,,manual ,,( ,,ori5tal ,,antiquities ,,includ+ ,,! ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 & ,indu/rial ,arts ,,( ,,*ald,a1 ,,assyria1 ,,p]sia1 ,,syria1 ,,jud,a1 ,,ph,,nicia1 ,,& ,,c>?age4 ,,by ,,erne/ ,,babelon1 ,libr>ian ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,m$als & ,antiques 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is4 ,,new ,,edition1 ,,) ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,! ,,rec5t ,,discov]ies ,,at ,,susa4 ,) ,two ,hundr$ & ,fifty-five ,illu/rations4 ,,new ,,york3 ,g4,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,london3 ,h4 ,,grevel ,,& ,,co41 #aijf4 ,pr9t$ & b\nd by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury1 ,engl&4 ,,preface4 ,! doma9 :i* we are ab\t to trav]se 9 ?is little "w embraces all ! civilisations ( ! anci5t ,ea/ except t ( ,egypt4 ,x includes ! ,*aldans1 ! ,assyrians1 ! ,p]sians be=e ,alex&]1 ! ,hittites ( ,syria1 ,cappadocia1 & ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,jews1 ! ,phnicians1 & ev5 ,cyprus1 end+ ) ! ,c>?ag9ians & _! colonies4 ,s va/ a field1 :i*1 9 ! monum5tal "w ( ,,mm4 ,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 occupies f\r volumes1 c only be explor$ "h 9 a summ>y mann]1 & ! au?or claims no m ?an to h writt5 a mode/ abridgm5t4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! div]sity & remot5ess f "o ano!r ( ! peoples t we h j enum]at$1 t ! subject lacks cohesion & unity4 ,if ! read] w h ! goodness to foll[ u to ! conclusion1 he w be1 on ! contr>y1 /ruck by ! p]fect homog5eity ( ! book & ! connection ( all its p>ts4 ,! picture1 s to speak1 conta9s _m figures1 b all concur 9 a common action1 & ! spectator grasps1 at ! fir/ glance1 ! h>mony ( ! composition4 ,=1 9 ^! old ,ea/]n civilisations :i* held sway ov] ! _w be=e ,greece & ,rome1 only two /reams ( arti/ic influ5ce are really to be trac$--t :i* rises 9 ,egypt & t :i* issues f ,assyria4 ,(t5 !y took a p>allel c\rse1 side by side1 %>+ l bro!rs ! empire ( ! arts2 sometimes !y oppos$ or ob/9ately exclud$ "o ano!r2 or else !y jo9$ =ces1 m+l$ closely ) "o ano!r1 & unit$ _! orig9al capacities 9 a common fund4 ,b if ^! v>y+ conditions produc$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries a local & indig5\s art :i* is nei!r purely ,egyptian nor purely ,assyrian1 we c always decompose its elem5ts & make a *emical analysis ( x1 s to speak2 &1 :5 we h re/or$ to ,egypt t :i* prop]ly belongs to h]1 & to ,assyria all t has be5 borr[$ f h]1 we p]ceive t no?+ rema9s at ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,?us x may be said t1 prop]ly speak+1 !re is no ,p]sian art1 or ,hittite art1 or ,jewi% art1 or ,phnician or ,c>?ag9ian art2 ev]y:]e we f9d ! =ms ( ,egypt or ^? ( ,assyria gr\p$1 mix$1 p]haps alt]$1 9 proportions :i* v>y accord+ to "t1 environm5t1 & political conditions4 ,leav+ ,egypt on "o side1 x is ! ,asiatic1 or1 m /rictly1 ! ,*aldo-,assyrian /ream t we h und]tak5 to /udy exclusively4 ,we see x at its s\rce1 almo/ on ! site ( t ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 :]e ,g5esis & ! ,*aldan leg5ds place ! ance/ors ( mank9d2 we foll[ x into ,assyria1 & obs]ve its progress & trans=mations4 ,be=e long x ov]fl[s & passes on all sides beyond ! limits ( ! bas9 ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates2 on "o side1 9 ,p]sia1 x invades ! palaces ( ,susa & ,p]sepolis2 on ! o!r side1 among ! ,hittites1 ! ,araman populations ( ,syria1 & ! ,jews1 x spreads & divides into _m rivulets1 until x arrives at ! fronti] ( ,egypt & ! he>t ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,f> f los+ itself 9 ! waves ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 x rea*es all ! %ores ( t great lake1 ,cyprus1 ,sicily1 ,africa1 ,spa92 ev5 pass+ beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,x seem$ to u1 !n1 t x w\ld be a "w ( int]e/ to draw a picture ( ,*aldo-,assyrian art n only 9 its native c\ntry :]e x develops at its ease1 b 9 its _m ramifications among ! neighb\r+ nations :]e x comes into collision ) its rival & is int]pret$ by =eign]s1 until ! day :5 ,greece snat*es ! tor* ( ! arts f ! fail+ h& ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is ,asiatic art1 z we %all see1 has no cause to be a%am$ by ! side ( ! ,egyptian art4 ,*alda possesses a g5ius z spontane\s z t ( ,egypt1 & ! valley ( ! ,euphrates is n less f]tile ?an t ( ! ,nile4 ,! ambitions ( h] ar*itects & sculptors 7 z high & noble z ^? ( ! arti/s :o fl\ri%$ at ! c\rt ( ! ,ph>aohs1 & ! /ag$ t[]s 7 ! equals ( ! ,pyramids4 ,bo? nations pursu$ an ideal :i* conta9s a "p ( ! tru?1 = 9 mak+ a build+ colossal & impos+ by its size1 !y ?\ght t !y atta9$ to supreme greatness & p]fection4 ,! ,greeks1 ?r\gh _! great] ref9em5t1 did n fall into ^! excesses4 ,b :o w ev] be able to say h[ mu* ! p[]ful orig9ality ( ! ,hell5ic g5ius borr[$ f ! imp]fect models furni%$ by ,egypt & ,assyria8 ,:o w ev] be able to def9e ) cle>ness & precision ! k9d ( influ5ce :i* ,*aldo-,assyrian art1 9 p>ticul>1 import$ by ! %ips ( ,phnicia into all m>itime c\ntries1 _h on ! orig9 ( art 9 t y\ng] civilisation ( :i* ,a!ns 0 ! c5tre8 ,! anci5t peoples ( ,asia1 :i* =m a compact gr\p f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! arts1 are also ak9 9 ! complete de/ruction :i* has ov]tak5 _! ar*itectural monum5ts4 ,z if by a provid5tial *a/isem5t1 f ! table-l& ( ,iran to ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 at ,susa1 at ,babylon1 at ,n9eveh1 z at ,j]usalem1 ,tyre1 ,c>?age1 & ,gades1 no?+ is left ( ^? temples1 palaces1 & t[]s :i* ?rew a *all5ge 9 ! face ( ,heav51 & :i* wore out s _m g5]ations ( slaves 9 ! build+ ( !m4 ,:ile ! ,pyramids /ill rise opposite to ! ,p>!non1 & our a/oni%m5t is /ill excit$ by ! impos+ ru9s ( ,egypt1 ,greece & ,rome1 no?+ rema9s ( ! gr& monum5ts :i* 7 ! pride ( ! capitals ( ,asia4 ,ev]y:]e we h to dig into ! b[els ( ! e>? & uncov] ! base ( crumbl$ walls4 ,ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to du/ l ! image ) ! feet ( clay1 & a %r\d ( a%es cov]s t _w ! mat]ial culture ( :i* is to be br\ght to life aga91 z f> z possible1 9 ! foll[+ pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! fir/ ,engli% edition1 ,m4 ,babelon's "w 0 some:at enl>g$1 & occasionally revis$ by ! translator--,mr4 ,b4,t4,a4 ,evetts1 !n ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian ,antiquities1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! pres5t edition w be f\nd a new *apt] by ! au?or on ! rec5t f9ds at ,susa4 ,a4,s4,g4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,*ald,,an ,,art4 ,,page #a4 ,,ar*itecture #c #b4 ,,/atues ,,& ,,bas-,,reliefs #bb #c4 ,,m9or ,,sculpture ,,& ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts #ce #d4 ,,engrav$ ,,seals #dd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,assyrian ,,ar*itecture4 #a4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,build+ #eb #b4 ,,palaces #ff #c4 ,,temples ,,& ,,/ag$ ,,t[]s #gb #d4 ,,t[ns ,,& ,,_! ,,=tifications #gi ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,assyrian ,,sculpture ,,& ,,pa9t+4 #a4 ,,/atues1 ,,/el1 ,,obelisks #he #b4 ,,bas-,,reliefs #ia #c4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,enamell+ #aad ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts ,,9 ,,assyria4 #a4 ,,c]amics #aba #b4 ,,metals #abe #c4 ,,wood ,,& ,,ivory #acd #d4 ,,lea!r ,,& ,,textiles #ach #e4 ,,ornam5ts ,,& ,,seals #adb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,p]sian ,,art4 #a4 ,,civil ,,ar*itecture #adg #b4 ,,sculpture #aei #c4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,enamell+ #afg #d4 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,sepul*ral ,,monum5ts #agb #e4 ,,engrav$ ,,/ones ,,& ,,ornam5ts #ahj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,hittites4 #a4 ,,hittite ,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,syria #ahf #b4 ,,hittite ,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,cappadocia #aia #c4 ,,hittite ,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or #aii ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,jewi% ,,art4 #a4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,j]usalem #bje #b4 ,,! ,,decoration ,,& ,,furniture ,,( ,,! ,,temple #bbc #c4 ,,civil ,,ar*itecture #bcj #d4 ,,tombs #bcc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,ph,,nicia ,,& ,,cyprus4 #a4 ,,temples #bci #b4 ,,civil ,,ar*itecture #bdf #c4 ,,tombs #bec #d4 ,,ph,,nician ,,sculpture #bfb #e4 ,,cypriote ,,sculpture #bfi #f4 ,,ph,,nician ,,& ,,cypriote ,,pott]y #bgg #g4 ,,ph,,nician ,,glass #bhc #h4 ,,bronzes ,,& ,,ornam5ts #bhh #i4 ,,engrav$ ,,/ones #bid ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,discov]ies ,,at ,,susa4 #a4 ,m4 ,,de ,,morgan',s ,,mission ,,9 ,,susiana #bii #b4 ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,ru9s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,rec5t ,,discov]ies #cjc #c4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,build+ #cac #d4 ,,/one ,,sculpture #caf #e4 ,,bronze ,,metal-,,"w #cbf #f4 ,,jewell]y ,,& ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts #cca ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,brick f ,tello #e #b4 ,plan ( ! palace at ,tello #i #c4 ,section ( pill> #aj #d4 ,corbell$ vault+ at ,mugheir #ad #e4 ,socket = pivot ( door f ,tello #ah #f4 ,t]ra-cotta cone f ,tello #ah #g4 ,dra9age pipe at ,mugheir #bj #h4 ,f\ndation cyl9d] f ,khorsabad #bb #i4 ,bas-relief f ,tello #bc #aj4 ,bas-relief f ,tello #bd #aa4 ,! ,vulture ,/ela #be #ab4 ,! ,vulture ,/ela #be #ac4 ,! ,vulture ,/ela #bf #ad4 ,*aldan head #bg #ae4 ,*aldan head #bg #af4 ,*aldan /atue #bh #ag4 ,*aldan /atue #bi #ah4 ,foot ( ,*aldan vase #ca #ai4 ,bas-relief f ,tello #cb #bj4 ,bas-relief f ,tello #cb #ba4 ,! 8,caill\ ,mi*aux0 #cd #bb4 ,/ela ( ,m>duk-nad9-akhi #cd #bc4 ,*aldan /atuette 9 bronze #ce #bd4 ,*aldan /atuette #cf #be4 ,canephoros ( ,kudurmapuk #cg #bf4 ,*aldan /atuette 9 bronze #ch #bg4 ,*aldan /atuette 9 t]ra-cotta #dj #bh4 ,*aldan /atuette 9 alaba/] #db #bi4 ,bas-relief on ! tablet ( ! god ,samas #db #cj4 ,*aldan head 9 /eatite #dc #ca4 ,*aldan cyl9d] #de #cb4 ,*aldan cyl9d] #df #cc4 ,*aldan cyl9d] #df #cd4 ,cyl9d] ( ,s>gani #dg #ce4 ,*aldan cyl9d] #dh #cf4 ,tomb at ,w>ka #ea #cg4 ,masonry at ,khorsabad #ec #ch4 ,section ( wall at ,khorsabad #ec #ci4 ,vault$ & dom$ h\ses #ef #dj4 ,vault$ dra9 #eg #da4 ,vault$ dra9 at ,khorsabad #eh #db4 ,vault$ dra9 at ,khorsabad4 ,slope ( ! bricks #ei #dc4 ,faade ) pila/]s #fb #dd4 ,base ( column #fb #de4 ,assyrian capital #fc #df4 ,capital ( ,sassanian p]iod f ,w>ka #fb #dg4 ,%r9e ) columns #fd #dh4 ,base ( small column #fe #di4 ,plan ( ,dur-,s>ruk9 #fg #ej4 ,plan ( ! palace ( ,s>gon #fh #ea4 ,s\?-ea/]n faade ( ! palace ( ,s>gon #fi #eb4 ,birds'-eye view ( ! palace ( ,s>gon #ga #ec4 ,! /ag$ t[] ( ,khorsabad #ge #ed4 ,temple ( ! god ,haldia #gg #ee4 ,walls ( ,babylon #hj #ef4 ,*aldan plan ( a =tress #ha #eg4 ,assyrian plan ( a =tress #hb #eh4 ,siege ( a =tress #hc #ei4 ,plan ( a gate at ,khorsabad #hd #fj4 ,gate ( ,khorsabad #hd #fa4 ,/atue ( ,assur-nasir-pal #hf #fb4 ,/atue 9 ! h>eem at ,khorsabad #hg #fc4 ,/ela ( ,samsi-,rammanu #hh #fd4 ,/ela ( ,assurbanipal #hi #fe4 ,obelisk ( ,%almanes] #hi #ff4 ,assur-nasir-pal sacrific+ a bull #ia #fg4 ,g5ius ) ! beak ( an eagle #ib #fh4 ,two-w+$ g5ius #ib #fi4 ,f\r-w+$ g5ius1 ,khorsabad #ic #gj4 ,w+$ & human-head$ lion #id #ga4 ,front face ( a w+$ bull #ie #gb4 ,battle sc5e #if #gc4 ,! ,assyrian army 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry #ig #gd4 ,siege ( a =tress #ih #ge4 ,navigation sc5e #ii #gf4 ,eunu*s #aja #gg4 ,assurbanipal & 8 que5 #ajb #gh4 ,jewi% type f a bas-relief f ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib #ajc #gi4 ,assurbanipal 9 8 *>iot #ajb #hj4 ,s>gon #aje #ha4 ,w\nd$ lioness #ajg #hb4 ,slaves c>ry+ a lion & birds4 ,bas-relief #ajh #hc4 ,envoy br++ apes z tribute #aji #hd4 ,fragm5t ( ?re%old1 ,k\yunjik #aaa #he4 ,slaves dragg+ a w+$ bull #aab #hf4 ,de]-hunt4 ,bas-relief #aac #hg4 ,pa9t+ on pla/]1 ,nimr\d #aae #hh4 ,portion ( an enamell$ ar*ivolt at ,khorsabad #aaf #hi4 ,enamell$ brick1 ,nimr\d #aag #ij4 ,izdub>4 ,t]ra-cotta #abb #ia4 ,head ( a mon/]4 ,t]ra-cotta #abb #ib4 ,tablet ) figure ( bo> 9 relief #abc #ic4 ,! ,div9e ,"m4 ,t]ra-cotta #abd #id4 ,i/>4 ,t]ra-cotta #abd #ie4 ,gates ( ,balawat #abf #if4 ,fragm5t ( metal b& ( ,balawat gates #abg #ig4 ,bronze di%1 ,nimr\d #abh #ih4 ,assyrian ar*]s #abh #ii4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ! ,assyrian helmet #abh #ajj4 ,bronze lion #abi #aja4 ,bronze sir5 #abi #ajb4 ,bronze sir5 #acj #ajc4 ,! demon ( ! s\?-we/ w9d #acj #ajd4 ,bronze plaque #aca #aje4 ,bronze plaque #acb #ajf4 ,/&>d 9 a bas-relief f ,khorsabad #acc #ajg4 ,foot ( a piece ( furniture #acc #ajh4 ,t5t s]v+ z ! royal /able #acf #aji4 ,s5na*]ib's ?rone4 ,bas-relief #acf #aaj4 ,assyrian *>iot #acg #aaa4 ,ivory plaque #acg #aab4 ,assur-nasir-pal (f]+ a libation #aci #aac4 ,ri*ly cap>ison$ horse & rid] #adj #aad4 ,assyrian deities c>ri$ 9 procession #adb #aae4 ,ar*aic ,assyrian cyl9d] #add #aaf4 ,assyrian cyl9d] #ade #aag4 ,assyrian cyl9d] #ade #aah4 ,assyrian cyl9d] #ade #aai4 ,m$ian cyl9d] #adf #abj4 ,plat=m ( ! palace ( ,cyrus #adi #aba4 ,basem5t at ,p]sepolis #aej #abb4 ,gate & w9d[s ( ! palace ( ,d>ius #aea #abc4 ,p]sepolitan capital #aec #abd4 ,plan ( ! ,apadna ( ,artax]xes #aed #abe4 ,susian capital re/or$ #aee #abf4 ,base ( a column #aef #abg4 ,faade ( ! ,apadna ( ,artax]xes #aeg #abh4 ,cyrus4 ,bas-relief #afj #abi4 ,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis #afa #acj4 ,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis #afb #aca4 ,bas-relief f ,p]sepolis #afc #acb4 ,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis #afd #acc4 ,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis #afe #acd4 ,portico at ,p]sepolis #aff #ace4 ,! lion frieze #afh #acf4 ,susian ar*] #afi #acg4 ,poly*rome decoration ( ! palace ( ,artax]xes #aga #ach4 ,! t[] ( ,jur4 ,re/oration #agc #aci4 ,! ,gabr-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman #agf #adj4 ,tomb ( ,cambyses ,i4 #agg #ada4 ,faade ( tomb at ,nakh%-i-,ru/am #agh #adb4 ,cyl9d] ( ,d>ius #aha #adc4 ,p]sian cyl9d] #ahb #add4 ,p]sian seal #ahb #ade4 ,seal ( ,artax]xes #ahb #adf4 ,p]sian seal4 ,conical #ahb #adg4 ,p]sian seal #ahc #adh4 ,de ,luynes' bas-relief #ahd #adi4 ,! lion ( ,m>a% #ahf #aej4 ,/ela f ,birejik #ahg #aea4 ,fragm5ts ( sculpture f ,c>*emi% #ahh #aeb4 ,bas-relief at ,rum-,qalah #ahi #aec4 ,/ela at ,m>a% #ahi #aed4 ,! sph9x ( ,euyuk #aib #aee4 ,rock sculptures at ,iasili-,kaa #aic #aef4 ,rock sculptures at ,iasili-,kaa #aid #aeg4 ,rock sculptures at ,iasili-,kaa #aid #aeh4 ,rock sculpture at ,iasili-,kaa #aie #aei4 ,rock sculpture ( ,iasili-,kaa #aie #afj4 ,rock sculpture ( ,iasili-,kaa #aif #afa4 ,tomb ( ,gh]dek-,kaasi #aif #afb4 ,sculpture at ,iasili-,kaa #aih #afc4 ,rock sculptures at ,ghiaur ,kalesi #aii #afd4 ,rock sculpture at ,ibriz #bjj #afe4 ,rock sculpture at ,nymphio #bja #aff4 ,boss ( ,t>kudimme #bjc #afg4 ,hittite cyl9d] #bjc #afh4 ,site ( ! ,temple on ,m\nt ,moriah #bjf #afi4 ,plan ( ,h]od's re/oration #baa #agj4 ,! ,jews' ,wail+-place #bac #aga4 ,! we/]n door4 ,pres5t /ate #bae #agb4 ,int]ior view ( ! ,d\ble ,gate #baf #agc4 ,plan ( ,h]od's ,temple #bah #agd4 ,bird's-eye view ( ,h]od's ,temple #bai #age4 ,! ,alt> ( ,burnt-(f]+s #bba #agf4 ,egyptian naos & *]ubim #bbe #agg4 ,egyptian ark & naos #bbe #agh4 ,egyptian table ( (f]+s #bbf #agi4 ,sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick #bbf #ahj4 ,capital ( ! bronze columns #bbg #aha4 ,! braz5 sea #bbh #ahb4 ,movable bas9 #bbi #ahc4 ,! tomb ( ,abraham at ,hebron #bcc #ahd4 ,absalom's tomb #bcd #ahe4 ,sepul*ral *amb] at ,m$an ,salih #bce #ahf4 ,! monoli? ( ,siloam #bcf #ahg4 ,tomb 9 ! valley ( ,h9nom #bcg #ahh4 ,%r9e at ,a9 el-,hayt #bdj #ahi4 ,co9 ( ,paphos #bda #aij4 ,plan ( ! ,giganteja #bdd #aia4 ,roman wall at ,byrsa #bde #aib4 ,t]ra-cotta h\se #bdh #aic4 ,plan ( ! h>b\rs at ,c>?age #bej #aid4 ,jetty ( ,?apsus #beb #aie4 ,tomb at ,amri?4 ,plan #bec #aif4 ,tomb at ,amri?4 ,section #bec #aig4 ,sepul*ral *amb] at ,amri? #bed #aih4 ,mighzal at ,amri? #bed #aii4 ,! ,burj el-,bezzk #bee #bjj4 ,*amb] ( ! ,burj el-,bezzk #bee #bja4 ,! ,burj el-,bezzk4 ,re/oration #bee #bjb4 ,section ( a tomb at ,sada #bef #bjc4 ,entrance ( a tomb at ,gebal #bef #bjd4 ,! s>cophagus ( ,e%munaz> #beg #bje4 ,s>cophagus 9 human =m #beh #bjf4 ,tomb at ,ama?us #bfj #bjg4 ,sepul*ral *amb] at ,ama?us #bfj #bjh4 ,plan ( a tomb at ,c>?age #bfa #bji4 ,phnician slab at ,amri? #bfc #baj4 ,cypriote /atue #bfe #baa4 ,votive /ela f ,c>?age #bff #bab4 ,/ela f ,lilybum #bfg #bac4 ,/ela ( ,hadrumetum #bfh #bad4 ,colossal head f ,a?i5o #bgj #bae4 ,! colossus ( ,ama?us #bgb #baf4 ,! prie/ ) ! dove #bgc #bag4 ,bas-relief ( ,h]acles & ,eurytion #bgd #bah4 ,s>cophagus f ,ama?us #bge #bai4 ,phnician *>iot 9 t]ra-cotta #bgg #bbj4 ,pygmy 9 t]ra-cotta #bgh #bba4 ,pygmy 9 t]ra-cotta #bgh #bbb4 ,t]ra-cotta head f s>cophagus #bgi #bbc4 ,a/>te4 ,phnician t]ra-cotta #bgi #bbd4 ,t]ra-cotta f ,cyprus #bhj #bbe4 ,cypriote t]ra-cotta #bhj #bbf4 ,cypriote t]ra-cotta #bha #bbg4 ,cypriote t]ra-cotta #bha #bbh4 ,mask f ,c>?age #bhb #bbi4 ,t]ra-cotta mask f ,c>?age #bhb #bcj4 ,transp>5t glass vase be>+ "n ( ,s>gon #bhe #bca4 ,phnician glass #bhg #bcb4 ,glass vase f ,j]usalem #bhh #bcc4 ,pat]a f ,pale/r9a #bhi #bcd4 ,di% f ,dali #bij #bce4 ,h&le ( a bronze crat] #bia #bcf4 ,phnician gold ornam5t #bib #bcg4 ,phnician e>r+s #bic #bch4 ,cyl9d] 9 ! ,de ,cl]cq collection #bid #bci4 ,cyl9d] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum #bie #bdj4 ,sc>aboid seal #big #bda4 ,sc>aboid seal #big #bdb4 ,bone cyl9d]1 %[+ ! e>lie/ /age ( cunei=m writ+ #cje #bdc4 ,fragm5t ( an ,elamite tablet inscrib$ ) ari?metical calculations #cjf #bdd4 ,cyl9d] %[+ giants1 lions1 & bulls1 glaz$ pott]y #cjg #bde4 ,brick ,column4 ,susa #cae #bdf4 ,triumphal /ela ( ,n>am-,s9 #cah #bdg4 ,fragm5t ( bas-relief repres5t+ figure ( ,negrito type #cbc #bdh4 ,/ela ( ,hammurabi1 on :i* 8 code ( laws is engrav$ #cbd #bdi4 ,kudurru 7unf9i%$71 ,kassite p]iod #cbe #bej4 ,bronze bas-relief fragm5t #cbh #bea4 ,bronze /atuette4 ,temple ( ,%u%9ak #cca #beb4 ,gold & silv] /atuettes #ccb #bec4 ,silv] mask4 ,elamite p]iod #ccc #bed4 ,head-dress4 ,elamite p]iod #ccd #bee4 ,figure ( a woman1 ivory #cce ,,ori5tal ,,antiquities4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,*ald,,an ,,art4 ,! ext5sive region ( ,we/]n ,asia to :i* ! ,greeks gave ! "n ( ,mesopotamia 0 already1 at ! p]iod :i* lies f>!/ back among ! memories ( mank9d1 ! c5tre ( a mighty civilisation rivall+ t ( ,egypt1 & disput+ ) ! latt] ! glory ( hav+ =m$ ! cradle ( ! arts 9 ! anci5t ,ea/4 ,babylon & ,n9eveh 7 by turns1 accord+ to ! c\rse ( political ev5ts1 ! intellectual he>? at :i* ! bold & orig9al g5ius 0 k9dl$1 :i* m>ks ! arti/ic productions ( ,*alda & ,assyria1 & ! reflection ( :i* is %[n 9 ! monum5ts ( ,p]sia1 ,juda1 ,phnicia1 & ,c>?age1 ! isl& ( ,cyprus1 & ! ,hittite races4 ,yet x is nei!r 9 ! capital ( ,*alda nor 9 t ( ,assyria t ! olde/ traces h hi!rto be5 f\nd ( ?is great civilisation1 ext9ct n[ = tw5ty-f\r c5turies2 x is n among ! ru9s ( ^! fam\s cities t we c he>1 z x 71 an e*o ( ! fir/ wail+s ( ! g5ius ( pla/ic art1 obs]ve its grop+ ef=ts1 t\* ) our f+] its rude/ attempts4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 =m]ly s f]tile1 call$ ,l[] ,*alda1 :]e1 accord+ to ! popul> tradition pres]v$ by ,b]osus1 ! fi%-god ,oannes taught m5 9 ! beg9n+ 8all t s]ves to s(t5 life10 ! travell] comes1 almo/ at e /ep1 ^u artificial m\nds kn[n z tells1 conceal+ "u a veil ( du/ ! rema9s ( cities :i* yield 9 po9t ( antiquity nei!r to ,babylon nor ,n9eveh2 & x is !re t mod]n ar*ologi/s h _h ! good =tune to dis9t] ru9s f> m anci5t ?an ^? ( ! palaces ( ,s>gon1 ,assurbnipal1 or ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,?\gh a numb] ( tumuli rema9 unexplor$1 &1 z we may conjecture1 future excavations w af=d mu* new matt] = sci5ce1 nev]!less a brilliant light has already be5 ?r[n by num]\s & important discov]ies on ! ori5tal orig9 ( art & on ! degree ( mat]ial culture rea*$ by ! nation :i* f\nd$ ,babel & ! o!r ,*aldan t[ns ( ,g5esis4 ,! ru9s ( ,abu ,habbah1 id5tifi$ ) ! two ,sipp>as 7,seph>vaim1 t ( ! god ,samas & t ( ! goddess ,anunit71 h yield$ to our curiosity sev]al monum5ts ( ! highe/ int]e/2 ^? ( ,abu ,%ahre9 7,eridu71 ,s5k]eh 7,l>sa71 ,mugheir 7,ur1 ! native city ( ,abraham71 ! great necropolis ( ,w>ka 7,uruk1 ! ,ere* ( ! ,bible71 are sites :i* h all furni%$ already an important h>ve/ ( rema9s belong+ to ! mo/ di/ant ages1 incomplete z _! exploration has be54 ,b ! ext5sive & me?odical excavations und]tak5 f #ahgg to #ahha by ,m4 ,e4 de ,s>zec at ,tello 7,tell ,loh7 h enri*$ ! ,l\vre ) a collection ( monum5ts unique 9 ! museums ( ,europe1 & enable u to give1 at ! pres5t "t1 an exact & precise acc\nt ( ! "* ( ,*aldan ar*itecture & sculpture long be=e ,n9eveh & ,babylon _h succe$$ 9 impos+ _! supremacy ^u ^! regions4 ,tello1 fifte5 h\rs nor? ( ,mugheir1 twelve h\rs ea/ ( ,w>ka1 seems to repres5t ! anci5t ,sirpurla4#a ,its ru9s1 :i* cov] a space ( f\r miles & a qu>t]1 consi/ ( a s]ies ( m\nds at a %ort di/ance f ! c\rse ( an anci5t canal dug by ! h& ( man1 ! ,%att el ,hai1 :i* />ts f ! ,euphrates & fl[s into ! ,tigris twelve h\rs bel[ ,bagdad4 ,! pr9cipal tell conta9$ ! sub/ructures ( a palace :i* 01 two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e our era1 ! dwell+ ( a pr9ce nam$1 accord+ to ,assyriologi/s1 ,gudea4 ,hi!r we mu/ especially transport ourselves1 z well z to ! m\nds ( ,mugheir1 ,w>ka1 & ,abu ,%ahre91 :]e ! ,engli% explor]s ,l(tus & ,taylor made "s excavations ) good results4 ,! n>rative ( ^! excavations & ! monum5ts :i* !y h yield$ to our museums1 w help u to det]m9e ! peculi> features ( an ess5tially self-made art1 born spontane\sly on ! soil :]e x fl\ri%$1 & app>5tly 9 no degree borr[$ f its neighb\rs4 ,i4 ,,ar*itecture4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal *>act]s ( ,*aldo-,assyrian ar*itecture is ! exclusive use ( bricks z ! con/ructive mat]ial4 ,?is is requir$ by ! v nature ( ! soil ( ,mesopotamia1 9 :i* build+-/one & wood suitable = c>p5t]s' "w are entirely want+1 :ile ! clay is ?ick1 adhesive1 & peculi>ly adapt$ = fa%ion+ 9 ! m\ld & bak+ 9 ! kiln4 ,accord+ly1 :ile ! mod]n inhabitants ( ! c\ntry cont9ue to make bricks1 _! manufacture is already record$ 9 ! biblical rem9isc5ces ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel3 8,g to10 say ! m5 :o w\ld build a t[] t %\ld rea* to ,heav51 8let u make brick & burn !m ?or\ghly3 & !y _h brick = /one & slime _h !y = mort>40#b ,! prophet ,nahum in=ms u ( ! me?od ( brick-mak+3 8,draw !e wat]s10 he says10 444 g into clay1 & tread ! mort>1 make /rong ! brick-kiln40#c ,!re 7 two k9ds ( bricks4 ,! unbak$ brick is a squ>e ( :iti% clay1 mix$ ) f9e /raw & simply dri$ 9 ! sun :5 x comes out ( ! m\ld2 x 0 g5]ally f #h 94 to #a ft4 squ>e by #d 94 ?ick4 ,! mon? 9 :i* ! heat ( summ] fir/ becomes intol]able 9 ^! regions1 namely ! mon? ( ,sivan 7,may-,june7 0 call$ 8! brick mon?10 or t 9 :i* ! clay cakes 7 submitt$ to ! action ( ! sun4 ,to judge by :at is done 9 ,egypt at ! pres5t day1 "o workman c\ld by himself make f "o ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$ bricks a day4 ,! bak$ brick 0 subject$ to ! action ( fire 9 prop] kilns1 l ^? ( our mod]n bricky>ds2 x acquir$1 ?r\gh ! bak+1 a r$di% col\r1 & 0 less s5sible ?an ! crude brick to ! decompos+ action ( damp2 x 0 also m limit$ 9 its dim5sions1 9 ord] t ! heat might p5etrate ! int]nal sub/ance ( ! mass1 )\t dang] ( calc9ation on ! surface4 ,on "o side ( e brick1 bak$ or unbak$1 ! "n & (ficial titles ( ! reign+ pr9ce 7 /amp$ by means ( a matrix or a die us$ z a seal2 ?us1 at ,tello mo/ ( ! bricks 7 m>k$ ) ! "n ( ,gudea1 & at ,babylon bricks ( ,nebu*adnezz> are f\nd by hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,brick f ,tello 7,l\vre74 ,:ile describ+ ! con/ruction ( ! =tifications at ,babylon1 ,h]odotus %[s ! process foll[$ by ! ,*aldans 9 build+ a wall3 8,z !y dug ! moat1 !y made bricks ( ! e>? tak5 out ( ! tr5*1 & :5 !y _h made a c]ta9 numb] ( bricks !y bak$ !m 9 kilns4 ,!n1 us+ boil+ bitum5 z mort>1 & ins]t+ mats ( wov5 re$s at e ?irtie? c\rse ( bricks1 !y built fir/ ! bord]s ( ! moat1 & next ! wall itself 9 ! same way40#d ,mesopotamia possesses abundant wells ( bitum51 notably at ,hit & at ,kalah ,%]gat2 z = ! tall re$s :i* /ill gr[ 9 abundance 9 ! m>%es ( ,l[] ,*alda1 _! employm5t 9 build+ _h ! effect ( giv+ m solidity & cohesion to ! c\rses ( bricks4 ,= walls less c>efully con/ruct$1 or = p>tition-walls 9 ! int]ior ( ! h\ses1 a simple mort> ( clay 0 us$ in/ead ( bitum54 ,9 great /ructures1 su* z ,birs ,nimr\d at ,babylon1 ! bricks are b\nd toge!r by mort> made ( lime1 solid en\gh to /& all te/s4 ,! ru9s ( ,mugheir h reveal$ ! use ( a mixture ( a%es & lime1 :i* is /ill employ$ by ! natives1 & call$ by !m %>r4 ,! necess>ily limit$ size ( bricks bak$ 9 kilns or dri$ 9 ! sun mu/ h help$ to br+ ab\t a spe$i] dis9tegration ( ! /ructures1 & h be5 a s]i\s ob/acle to ! erection ( walls ( a height to be comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) t ( ! ,egyptian temples4 ,at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> 9 ,mesopotamia ! ra9 falls 9 torr5ts1 &1 filt]+ ?r\gh walls 9 bad repair1 w\ld soon op5 cracks & br+ ab\t ! ru9 ( ! /ructure4 ,9 ^! l[l&s furr[$ ) wat]c\rses1 ! crude brick ( ! f\ndations (t5 on ?is acc\nt ran ! risk ( return+ to its condition ( clayey mud )\t consi/5cy4 ,greek tradition relates t ! ,m$es & ,*aldans saw a "p ( ! walls ( ,n9eveh fall ( !mselves1 :5 !y prolong$ a blockade :i* =c$ ! besieg$ to admit ! wat]s ( ! ,tigris dur+ _m weeks into ! moats b5ea? ! ramp>ts4 ,! cunei=m inscriptions !mselves1 :ile ! empire f\nd$ by ,nebu*adnezz> 0 fl\ri%+1 (t5 po9t out temples & palaces fall+ to ru91 :i* ! k+s /rive )\t ceas+ to repair or rebuild4 ,! old sanctu>ies ( primitive ,*alda1 ,e-saggil1 ,e-zida1 ! ,temple ( ! ,great ,light1 ,e-p>ra1 ,e-anna1 ,e-ulb>1 & o!rs consecrat$ to ,s91 to ,samas1 to ,nana1 to ,bel ,m>duk1 to ,nebo1 are re/or$ at great exp5se by ,nabonidus1 ! la/ ,k+ ( ,babylon1 :o sets himself ! task ( recall+ 9 8 inscriptions ! mat]ial difficulties ( ?is "w wor?y ( a pi\s antiqu>ian4 ,let no "o be surpris$ aft] ?is at ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! ru9s ( ,mesopotamia1 & ^? ( ,egypt z we n[ see !m4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,nile build+-/one ab\nds1 & ! ar*itect has only to make 8 *oice among ! v>i\s qualities ( mat]ial4 ,accord+ly he hews out gigantic monoli?s1 erects impos+ly maje/ic pylons1 re>s to an a]ial height =e/s ( pill>s :i* seem to uphold ! sky1 plants 9 ! middle ( ! des]t ^? massive ,pyramids :i* w defy to ! end ( "t ev5 ! mo/ det]m9$ ( ,v&als4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 on ! contr>y1 !re is n[ no?+ b ! uni=m pla9 ( ! des]t1 brok5 "h & !re by m\nds ( dbris cov]$ ) s&2 "h x may be said ) tru? t ! v ru9s h p]i%$4 ,only 9 ?\ght c ! ar*ologi/ recon/ruct va/ build+s 9 accordance ) ! va/ mat]ial buri$ 9 disord] 9 ! mud4 ,! use ( bricks 9 build+ has be51 to a great] ext5t ?an political ev5ts1 ! auxili>y ( ,jehovah's wra? aga9/ ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,if ! nature ( ! soil =c$ ! ,mesopotamian ar*itect to build ) bricks1 ! neighb\rhood ( riv]s & canals = irrigation & ! want ( outlet = ! wat] oblig$ him at ! same "t to h rec\rse to an exp$i5t peculi> to ,*aldo-,assyrian ar*itecture4 ,he _h to raise ! actual dwell+ on an artificial t]race remov$ f ! level ( a soil impregnat$ ) un:olesome damp4 ,?is plat=m or basem5t ( unbak$ brick on :i* ! build+ 0 plac$ is met ) ev]y:]e1 n only at ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 b f ! beg9n+ 9 ! sub/ructures ( ,mugheir1 ,tello1 ,w>ka1 & ,abu ,%ahre94 ,9 ! palace ( ! patesi ,gudea1 ! mass =ms a sort ( imm5se p$e/al #ci ft4 high1 & ne>ly #fee ft4 at ! base2 at ! pres5t day ! sides =m 9 relation to ! pla9 a slope ( #afd ft4 ,=m]ly ! plat=m 0 m\nt$ by a g5tle slope int5d$ = horses & *>iots1 & by "o or m flights ( /eps :i* broke ! outl9e ( ! t]race4 ,! /one /aircases by :i* ! t]race ( ! palaces ( ,p]sepolis is asc5d$1 are /ill 9 place2 9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 :]e !y 7 built ( brick1 !y h almo/ ev]y:]e disappe>$4 ,h[ev]1 ,taylor discov]$ two on ! side ( ! plat=m ( ! palace ( ,abu ,%ahre92 "o has only twelve /eps #b ft4 broad2 b ! o!r 0 a monum5tal /aircase ( /one1 #af ft4 broad1 ) a slope ( m ?an #fe ft4 ,! edifice :i* surm\nts ! plat=m at ,tello is ( bricks cem5t$ toge!r ) bitum52 its ext]ior walls are #e ft4 #aj 94 ?ick1 & =m a p>allelogram #agc ft4 long & #aja ft4 broad4 ,l ! palaces ( ,w>ka & ,mugheir1 its ori5tation is accord+ to ! ,assyrian cu/om--t is to say1 ! angles are turn$ t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts1 n ! sides z 9 ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,! two long] sides bulge slightly t[>ds ! middle1 ?us describ+ two opposite elliptical curves--a peculi>ity :i* gives to ! plan ( ! edifice some?+ ( ! appe>ance ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,plan ( ! palace at ,tello 7aft] ,heuzey74 a b>rel1 or ( two trapeziums jo9$ at ! base4 ,! out] surface ( ! walls is n ev]y:]e uni=m & flat2 ! adjac5t sides ( ! nor!rn angle are ornam5t$ by projections alt]nately curv$ & rectil9eal--a sy/em ( decoration :i* has also be5 obs]v$ at ,w>ka1 among ! ru9s ( ! temple call$ ,wuswas1 & is f\nd lat] 9 ! ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,! great nor?-ea/]n faade exhibits 9 ! middle1 besides ! outw>d swell ( :i* we h spok51 a projection #c ft4 #c 94 ?ick & #ah ft4 long4 ,! w+s ( ?is projection are =m$ ( squ>e pila/]s & half-columns #a ft4 #g 94 9 diamet]1 :i* recall ! clu/]$ pill>s ( our ca!drals1 & =m "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ peculi>ities ( ! primitive ar*itecture ( ,*alda4 ,taylor#e & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,section ( pill> 7aft] ,heuzey74 ,l(tus#f _h already rem>k$1 at ,abu ,%ahre9 & ,w>ka respectively1 pill>s & half-columns ( brick-"w2 ,m4 de ,s>zec has f\nd ! same ar*itectural features 9 "o ( ! second>y m\nds ( ,tello1 :i* he calls ! tell ( pill>s1#g & :i* seems to repres5t ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ! god ,n9 ,girsu4 ,two ( ^! pill>s1 :i* measur$ #f ft4 9 ?ickness1 & 7 sep>at$ by a space ( #f ft41 /ill consi/$ ( tw5ty-f\r c\rses ( bricks4 8,ea* pill>10 says ,m4 de ,s>zec1 8is =m$ ( a clu/] ( f\r r\nd columns close toge!r1 & built entirely ( brickwork4444 ,if "o ( ! f\r r\nd columns is tak5 to pieces x is f\nd t e alt]nate c\rse is =m$ ( a circul> brick 9 ! c5tre1 r\nd :i* radiate eight triangul> bricks groov$ at _! int]ior angle1 & r\nd$ on ! out] surface1 s t !y describe by _! union a complete circle4 ,9 ! next c\rse ! circle is compos$1 on ! contr>y1 ( eight triangul> bricks end+ 9 a po9t1 :i* are unit$ at ! c5tre ( ! column1 & ( six o!r curv$ bricks :i* enclose ! fir/ eight4 ,! space betwe5 ! f\r circles ?us =m$ is fill$ up ) two l>ge bricks holl[$ out 9 ! =m ( an arc ( a circle1 :i* fit exactly into x4 ,^! curi\s pill>s1 ?us +5i\sly con/ruct$1 recall ! ,egyptian ord]1 modell$ ^u vegetable =ms1 :i* imitates f\r lotus-/alks 9 a b\quet2 !y %[ h[ skilfully ! ,*aldans c\ld disp5se ) ! /one column4 ,! base consi/$ ( a squ>e mass ( bricks =m+ a p$e/al project+ on all sides #b ft4 #aa 94 beyond ! %aft4 ,! :ole gr\p 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick b$ ( pla/]40#h ,yet1 :atev] skill 0 display$ 9 ! manufacture ( ^! specially m\ld$ bricks1 r\nd1 triangul>1 or =m+ a section ( a circle1 pill>s ( ?is con/ruction c\ld n1 l ! ,egyptian column1 %[ suffici5t solidity to support a heavy mass2 !y w\ld soon h b5t "u ! burd54 ,accord+ly !y c\ld only be employ$ exceptionally & almo/ entirely = decoration1 :e!r to support ! ro( ( a gr& /aircase or to %elt] ! cella 9 :i* a deity deliv]$ 8 oracles4 ,! defective side ( ,*aldan ar*itecture1 !re=e1 consi/s 9 ! lack ( /one supports ris+ pr\dly into space l ! ,egyptian column1 & uphold+ on _! bold heads1 q z well z ! ?icke/ walls1 ! foot ( ! ar*1 ! ar*itraves1 ! ro(1 ! upp] t]races or ! upp] /ories ( ! build+4 ,b ! pro( t ! ar*itects w\ld h hewn columns ( /one1 if nature _h furni%$ !m ) ! necess>y mat]ial1 is j ?is +5i\s artifice by :i* !y succe$$ 9 replac+ !m2 & moreov] !y did n hesitate to employ small columns ( wood or metal 9 ! con/ruction ( small build+s1 su* z ! %r9es ( _! gods4 ,a /ela ( ,k+ ,nabu-ablu-idd9 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #ijj71 f\nd at ,abu ,habbah1 repres5ts ! %r9e ( ! god ,samas1 support$ by small wood5 pill>s1 cov]$ ) plates ( bronze ov]lapp+ ea* o!r s z to resemble ! trunk ( a palm tree 7see fig4 #bi74 ,! base & ! capital are alike2 !y are compos$ ( a d\ble volute %ap$ l a lotus-fl[]1 approa*+ some:at ! ,ionic capital2 9 %ort1 ! ,*aldans knew h[ to make use ( ! column 9 m9or ar*itecture4 ,"o doorway at lea/ 0 op5$ 9 ea* faade ( ! palace ( ,tello1 b ^! op5+s 7 n on ! axis ( ! /ructure1 nor ev5 symmetrical4 ,! pr9cipal side 7! nor?-ea/7 _h two entrances2 ! l>ge/1 ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! swell1 _h an op5+ #c ft4 #aa 94 broad4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ at a lat] p]iod--t is to say1 at ! "t ne> ! ,*ri/ian era :5 ! ,grco-,p>?ian k+s ( ,*>ac5e conceiv$ ! idea ( re/or+ ,tello & in/all+ !mselves !re4 ,l ! ,arab h\ses ( our day1 ! out] walls ( ! palace ( ,gudea %[ no o!r op5+s2 !re are nei!r w9d[s nor lights ( any sort1 admitt+ ! air & ! day1 & look+ out ov] ! c\ntry or ! t[n4 ,let u n[ p5etrate into ! int]ior ( ! ,*aldan edifice1 ( :i* ! bl9d & dumb walls leave 9 our imag9ation an impression ( gloom & cold uni=mity4 ,! walls seem nev] to h exhibit$ ! smalle/ ar*itectural decoration2 !y are entirely b>e1 & only *>act]is$ f "t to "t by depressions & projections2 no traces ( m\ld+s1 ( pl9?s1 ( cornices1 & ( ^? devices to :i* ! ar*itects ( all c\ntries h rec\rse 9 ord] to break ! l9es ( ! walls1 & to call =? effects ( light & %ade4 ,x mu/ be suppos$ t ! int]ior decoration ( ! palace consi/$ entirely ( col\r+ & hang+ drap]ies4 ,! ?ickness ( ! wall v>ies f #h ft4 #f 94 to #b ft4 #g 94 ,all ! p>titions cut "o ano!r at "r angles1 =m+ ?irty-six squ>e or rectangul> *amb]s2 ! l>ge/ measures #ci ft4 #d 94 by #ab ft4 #b 941 & ! smalle/ #aj ft4 #aa 94 by #i ft4 #i 94 ,! disproportion :i* exi/s1 especially 9 ! /ate saloon1 betwe5 ! l5g? & bread?1 ! extreme ?ickness ( ! walls1 ev5 ( ^? :i* are ! lea/ important 9 ! /ructure1 =m ess5tial peculi>ities to :i* we %all draw att5tion lat] 9 ! ,assyrian edifices4 ,at ,n9eveh x has be5 prov$ t x is ! ?ru/ ( ! semicircul> vault+1 :i* ro(s ! *amb]s1 t has =c$ ! ar*itect to br+ ! p>allel walls ne> to "o ano!r & to give !m an enorm\s ?ickness4 ,are we1 9 ! abs5ce ( palpable pro(1 to draw ! same conclusion ) reg>d to ! palaces ( old ,*alda8 ,are we au?oris$ to ass]t t ! vault 0 kn[n ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e our era8 ,9 a ^w1 h[ 7 ! halls ( ,gudea's build+ cov]$8 ,0 x ev]y:]e by means ( transv]se raft]s support+ a floor & a t]race8 or 0 x (t5] by a brick$ vault8 ,z f> z we h read ,m4 de ,s>zec's n>rative1 or ,m4 ,heuzey's /udies on ! excavations ( ,tello1 we h f\nd no direct answ] to ?is "q4 ,p]haps ! pres5t /ate ( ! ru9s or ! successive alt]ations to :i* ! primitive /ructure has be5 subject$ d n all[ a categorical solution ( ! problem to be giv54 ,h[ev]1 important indications au?orise u to believe t ! ,*aldans ( ! "t ( ,gudea already und]/ood ! vault & us$ x = ro(+ _! h\ses4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ev5 ( ! palace ( ,tello1 ,m4 de ,s>zec f\nd small vault$ passages1 #c ft4 #c 94 high & #a ft4 #aa 94#i ?ick1 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation2 9 "o ( ! second>y m\nds he br\ght to light a small vault$ dra9 :i* c>ri$ ! sewage ( ! t[n f> away into ! pla94 ,taylor f\nd1 9 an und]gr\nd *amb] ( ! necropolis at ,mugheir1 ! mo/ primitive k9d ( vault t has ev] be5 kn[n--t call$ ! corbell$ vault4 ,9 ?is false vault ! c\rses ( bricks asc5d 9 p>allel r[s on ea* side until !y meet "o ano!r1 e fre% c\rse project+ p]ceptibly beyond t b5ea? x1 until ! opposite c\rses t\* & =m "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,corbell$ vault+ at ,mugheir 7aft] ,taylor74 ,x 01 !n1 z x seems1 ! ,*aldans :o inv5t$ ! vault2#aj ! want ( timb] compell$ !m 9 e>ly times to contrive to def5d !mselves at once aga9/ ! heavy ra9s & ! ard\r ( a torrid sun2 ! creation ( ! vault 0 9 _! case in/9ctive & spontane\s4 ,!y rais$1 two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e our era1 vaults & domes l ^? :i* are built to ?is day by ! rude/ masons at ,mos\l or ,bagdad4 ,no d\bt ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,*aldan ru9s & ! insuffici5t explorations :i* h be5 und]tak5 among !m d n enable u to say :e!r ^! ,proto-,*aldans knew e k9d ( vault1 z ! ,assyrians did 9 ! age ( ! ,s>gonids1 or ! ,babylonians at ! epo* ( ,nebu*adnezz>2 b ! rem>kable p]fection obs]v$ 9 _! monum5tal /ructures1 & 9 ! v manufacture ( ! bricks1 are s _m argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! inf]5ce t ! palaces & h\ses ( ! ,*aldans 9 ! "t ( ,gudea 7 surm\nt$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by semicircul> vaults or by cupolas1 z 7 lat]1 accord+ to ,/rabo1#aa ! h\ses ( ! ,babylonians4 ,! vaults support$ a t]race =m$ ( clay2 ?is lay] ( e>? w\ld be less ?ick ov] rooms ro($ only ) a ceil+ ( palm-beams & re$-matt+4 ,! asc5t 0 by /aircases1 an example ( :i* seems to h be5 f\nd 9 ! palace at ,tello4#ab ,:ile cle>+ away ! mat]ial accumulat$ betwe5 ! c\rts ,a & ,b1 ! workm5 employ$ by ! ,fr5* explor] came into contact 7at ! po9t ,h7 ) a /ructure ( bak$ brickwork1 :i* proves t ! ,*aldans at ! remote/ epo* _h already inv5t$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & *>act]i/ic elem5ts ( _! ar*itecture--! zikkurat or /ag$ t[]4 ,! l[] lay]s 9 ! palace ( ,gudea alone exi/1 & are compos$ ( two solid masses 9 /ages "o above ! o!r4 ,9 its pres5t condition ! upp] t]race is a mass #bf ft4 squ>e1 #ac ft4 less on all sides ?an ! l[] /age2 p]haps !re /ill exi/s a ?ird & l[] /ep1 :i* has n be5 rea*$ by ! s\nd+s1 :i* are imp]fect at ?is po9t4 ,! zikkurat ( ,tello 0 n 9 any case s l(ty or s important a /ructure z ^? ( ! ,n9evite palaces or ^? repres5t$ by ! ru9s ( ,babil or ,birs ,nimr\d at ,babylon4 ,x 0 ev5 mu* less consid]able ?an t :i* ,taylor obs]v$ at ,abu ,%ahre91 & :i* 0 equally old4 ,^! t[]s always _h1 f ! fir/1 sev5 /ages1 ea* pa9t$ ( a diff]5t col\r1 & connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! sun 7,samas71 ! moon 7,s971 & ! five planets ( ! a/ronomical sy/em ( ! ,*aldans4 ,! disposition ( ! royal ap>tm5ts %[$ a /rik+ analogy ) t :i* we %all meet ) aga9 lat] 9 ! palaces ( ,n9eveh2 !re 7 ! conv5i5ce & com=t :i* we f9d 9 ! palaces ( mod]n ori5tal sov]eigns4 ,to ! ,*aldans aga9 we mu/ give ! cr$it ( hav+ inv5t$ t ar*itectural arrangem5t :i* spr+s f ! necessities ( ori5tal life1 & is s well fitt$ to its ne$s t = f\r ?\s& ye>s x has nev] v>i$4 ,!re 7 9 ! palace ( ,gudea ?ree int]ior c\rts 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 fig4 #b71 r\nd ea* ( :i* ! rooms radiat$1 & f :i* !y receiv$ air & light4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree gr\ps _h its own entrance1 & communicat$ ) ! next gr\p only by a s+le passage easy to gu>d or to close4 ,! gr\p ( *amb]s situat$ 9 ! nor!rn angle 7,c7 0 especially isolat$ & remov$ f ! o!rs2 x 0 ! h>eem or wom5's ap>tm5ts4 ,at ! ea/]n angle 7,b7 7 ! rooms compos+ ! s]aglio or selamlik--t is to say1 ! "p ( ! palace inhabit$ by ! k+ & 8 (fic]s2 !re 0 ! saloon = (ficial receptions1 ( :i* we h giv5 ! dim5sions4 ,?is "p ( ! royal dwell+ communicat$ on "o side ) a /ate c\rty>d1 measur+ #ee ft4 #h 94 by #fh ft4 #i 941 & on ! o!r ) ! outside by means ( a small] room s]v+ z an ante*amb]2 beside ! door op5+ on ! faade1 boxes or recesses _h be5 arrang$ 9 :i* ! gu>ds 7 po/$4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( *amb]s1 on ! s\?-ea/ 7,a71 =m$ ! ,khan--t is to say1 ! dep5d5cies ( ! palace1 ! kit*5s1 ! slaves' lodg+s1 & ! /ables4 ,all ! rooms 7 pav$ ) bricks2 !y v r>ely l$ into "o ano!r1 & _h an op5+ look+ on to ! c\rt4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! doorways1 t :i* op5$ into ! /ate saloon1 0 ( ! unusual bread? ( #f ft4 #f 942 x 0 probably a fold+ door4 ,"u ea* ( ! pr9cipal doors !re 0 a great ?re%old ( m>ble or alaba/]1 sometimes cov]$ ) an inscription & plac$ on a b$ ( bitum5 & cru%$ bricks2 "u ?is concrete1 f9ally1 cyl9d]s ( preci\s /one & talismanic amulets 7 g5]ally f\nd4 ,! leaves ( ! door turn$ on pivots1 ! po9t ( :i* re/$ 9 a cavity holl[$ out = ?is purpose 9 a great block ( diorite4 ,m4 de ,s>zec br\ght to ! ,l\vre a l>ge numb] ( ^! natural blocks1 :i* 7 f\nd buri$ 9 ! pavem5t s z only to rise an in* or two above ! surface4 ,on ! smoo? surface ( ea* ( !m x is se5 t ! socket1 holl[$ out 9 ! =m ( a conical cup1 has und]gone an incessant friction2 r\nd ! hole an inscription1 sometimes circul>1 0 engrav$ 7fig4 #e74 ,to prev5t ! wood5 pivot ( ! doors f we>+ out too rapidly1 x 0 envelop$ 9 a metal %ea?1 :i* took ! =m ( a funnel1 & :i* 0 fix$ to ! wood by means ( nails4 ,"o ( ^! bronze cups has be5 f\nd at ,tello1 /ill 9 place on ! socket4#ac ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,socket = pivot ( door1 f ,tello 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,t]ra-cotta cone f ,tello 7,l\vre74 ,! discov]ies ( ,l(tus & ,taylor %[ u h[ ! faades & ! rooms ( ! ,*aldan palaces 7 decorat$4 ,! pr9cipal faade ( ! build+s at ,abu ,%ahre9 & ,w>ka _h a mural decoration ( a k9d z primitive z x 0 s+ul>4#ad ,fir/ x 0 pla/]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( clay /ucco2 !n1 be=e ?is pla/] 0 completely dry1 cones ( bak$ clay 7 buri$ 9 x1 l metal nails4 ,only ! head ( ^! cones is visible on ! surface ( ! wall4 ,:ile ! /em is plung$ into ! ?ick clay & /icks !re unse54 ,to ! heads ( ^! cones1 dispos$ at regul> di/ances1 & act+ p]haps also z talismans1 v>i\s col\rs are appli$2 !y are black1 r$1 :ite1 or yell[4 ,moreov]1 ea* head is sep>at$ f its neighb\rs by col\r$ geometrical l9es1 s t x became to ! eye ! c5tre ( a loz5ge or a squ>e4 ,if ! int]ior ( ! rooms 0 l9$ 9 mono*rome ) :ite /ucco1 or ) fresco pa9t+1 no?+ ( ?is decoration is left4 ,b we h 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities1 al?\gh always mu* mutilat$1 ! rema9s ( ano!r m orig9al sy/em ( wall decoration1 ( :i* ! ,*aldans are ! inv5tors--t is to say1 enamell$ bricks4 ,by apply+ a col\r$ pa/e1 :i* ! fire w\ld vitrify1 to "o ( ! surfaces ( ! bricks be=e bak+1 a glaze or enamel 0 produc$1 closely unit$ to ! clay & immovably solid4 ,x 0 aga9 necessity & _! ungrateful climate :i* induc$ ! ,*aldans to h rec\rse to ?is +5i\s me?od4 ,!y 7 9 great ne$ ( a rem$y = ! want ( /one & a means ( prev5t+ ! heavy ra9s f spoil+ ! col\rs appli$ to ! walls4 ,!y succe$$ s p]fectly 9 ?is t ev5 at ! pres5t day ! brilliancy ( ^! glaz$ tiles is n affect$4 ,! col\rs ) :i* !y are pa9t$ are ( ! simple/1 & v>y little2 !y are blue1 :ite1 black1 yell[ & r$4 ,un=tunately1 ^? f9e fragm5ts :i* h be5 br\ght to our museums are only s f> int]e/+ t !y tea* u ! te*nical me?ods ( a manufacture :i* involves t ( opaque glass2 ev5 ^? :i* are lea/ mutilat$ conta9 at ! mo/ a few floral designs or portions ( ! figures ( animals1 & moreov] ^! la/ are n old] ?an ! epo* ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,! tr5*es dug among ! massive t]races ( ,*alda h reveal$ o!r curi\s details ( con/ruction4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 :at /eps 7 tak5 to prev5t ! sewage ( ! h\ses or ! ra9-wat] :i* fell ^u !m f filt]+ ?r\gh ! plat=ms ( crude brick on :i* ! build+s /ood2 a rapid dis9tegration w\ld h foll[$4 ,!y1 !re=e1 plann$ a complete sy/em ( wat]-*annels & dra9age4 ,9 "o ( ! m\nds at ,tello1 ,m4 de ,s>zec f\nd a s]ies ( cyl9drical pipes or tubes ( bak$ clay1 fitt$ into "o ano!r1 & =m+ toge!r a conduit = ! wat]4#ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,dra9age pipe at ,mugheir 7aft] ,l(tus74 ,b ! place :]e ?is me?od has be5 c>ri$ out ) peculi>ly +5i\s skill is ! necropolis at ,mugheir4 ,! top ( ! plat=m1 9 ! body ( :i* ! tombs are sunk1 is cov]$ ) a brick pavem5t laid ) special c>e1 9 :i* e *9k is fill$ up ) bitum54 ,"u ?is upp] cru/ ! c(f9s are rang$ 9 ord]1 "o above ! o!r1 ea* "o be+ plac$ sep>ately 9 a small *amb]4 ,at int]vals brick tubes are met )1 fitt$ into "o ano!r & =m+ a sort ( imm5se flue hidd5 9 ! /ructure4 ,! l[] extremity ( ! pipes op5$ into a dra92 ! upp] end1 on a level ) ! surface ( ! pavem5t ( ! t]race1 0 furni%$ ) a cap pi]c$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( small holes l a skimm]4 ,?r\gh ^! ! ra9-wat] 0 c>ri$ (f1 & ?is sy/em ( dra9age 0 s wond]fully well und]/ood & c>ri$ out1 t x has rema9$ intact to our own day1 &1 accord+ to ,l(tus1 ! tombs h be5 s well pres]v$ t !y are f\nd p]fectly dry1 includ+ ! bodies & _! furniture4 ,we %all see ! ,assyrians take simil> precautions to pres]ve ! t]races ( ! ,n9evite palaces f ! p]colation ( wat]4 ,! con/ruction ( a temple or palace 0 ! occasion ( a religi\s c]emony analog\s to t :i* we call ! lay+ ( ! fir/ /one4 ,9 a holl[ =m$ 9 ! f\ndation-wall a cyl9d] ( bak$ clay 0 deposit$ 7fig4 #h71 on :i* an inscription 0 writt5 describ+ ! erection ( ! build+ & sett+ =? ! piety & great de$s ( ! pr9ce2 ?is cyl9d] 0 accompani$ by v>i\s talismanic objects3 cones & /atuettes ( bronze & bak$ clay1 cyl9drical seals1 votive tablets1 sometimes ( silv] or gold4 ,among ! f\ndations ( ! palace ( ,gudea1 ,m4 de ,s>zec f\nd f\r ( ^! cavities 9 ! wall measur+ #a ft4 #a 94 by #aj 94 by #d 942 !y /ill conta9$ ! cyl9d]s & amulets deposit$ !re4 ,hid+-places ( ! same k9d h be5 obs]v$ at ,s5k]eh1 at ,mugheir1 & among ! ru9s ( almo/ all ! ,*aldan & ,assyrian build+s4 ,! ,assyrians !mselves1 :5 !y wi%$ to re/ore an old ru9$ temple1 took pa9s fir/ to f9d out ! hid+-place ( ! f\ndation-cyl9d] or timm5nu4 ,! la/ k+ ( ,babylon1 ,nabonidus1 relates 9 "o ( ! (ficial inscriptions ( 8 reign h[ he happ5$ to f9d ! timm5nu ( ! e>lie/ build]s ( ! temple ( ! ,sun at ,l>sa4 ,k+ ,kurigalzu 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #acej71 & lat] ,es>haddon 7,b4,c4 #fhj-ffg71 & ,nebu*adnezz> himself1 _h repair$ ?is v5]at$ sanctu>y1 & s\ght va9ly = ! hid+-place ( ! talismans4 8,!n ,i1 ,nabonidus1 inspir$ by my piety t[>ds ! goddess ,i/> ( ,agade1 my sov]eign1 caus$ an excavation to be made4 ,! gods ,samas & ,rammanu grant$ me _! con/ant fav\r1 & ,i f\nd ! f\ndation-cyl9d] ( ! temple ( ,e-,ulb>40 ,x bore ! "n ( ! k+ ,sagasaltias 7ab\t b4c4 #aejj74 ,aft] read+ ! inscription1 ,nabonidus re/or$ x to its place & himself made ano!r cyl9d] to record 8 rese>*es & 8 own works2 he deposit$ x 9 ! f\ndation by ! side ( ! anci5t cyl9d]4 ,mod]n explor]s1 no d\bt also fav\r$ by ,samas & ,rammanu1 f\nd 9 a suffici5tly good /ate ( pres]vation ! my/]i\s hid+-places & ! preci\s objects :i* _h be5 pi\sly plac$ !re #eej ye>s be=e our era4#af ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,f\ndation-cyl9d] f ,khorsabad 7,l\vre74 ,,ii4 ,,/atues ,,& ,,bas-,,reliefs4 ,! discov]ies ( ,m4 de ,s>zec at ,tello1 & ^? ( o!r explor]s 9 ,*alda1 all[ u to g back almo/ to ! orig9 ( sculpture 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,our museums possess1 9 fact1 bas-reliefs & /atues belong+ to a rudim5t>y /age ( art1 ! remote age ( :i* is /ill atte/$ by ! ar*aic inscriptions :i* accompany !m1 & ^! mo/ anci5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,bas-relief f ,tello 7,l\vre74 monum5ts are foll[$1 z 9 ! case ( ,egypt & ,greece1 by o!r /atues & bas-reliefs :i*1 desc5d+ a *ronological scale across ! ages1 repres5t ! graduat$ phases ( arti/ic progress 9 ,*alda be=e ! ,n9evite supremacy 0 impos$ ^u ?is c\ntry4 ,among ! fragm5ts ( sculpture at ,tello1 t :i* ,m4 ,heuzey consid]s mo/ primitive1 & :i* %\ld be plac$ at ! head ( ! productions ( ori5tal sculpture1 is a bas-relief ( greyi% lime/one1 #aj 94 broad & #e 94 high4 ,f\r figures alone rema9 ( ! complicat$ sc5e :i* decorat$ ?is /one panel4 ,"o ( !m is seat$1 ) ! pr(ile turn$ to ! left2 x is a be>dless man r ?an a woman1 & 8 face is half cov]$ by an exagg]at$ eye se5 f ! front z 9 *ildr5's draw+s4 ,8 hair consi/s ( two long tresses fall+ to 8 %\ld]s1 & almo/ to be mi/ak5 = ! lappets ( ! high ti>a ) :i* he is cr[n$4 ,?is ti>a seems to be adorn$ ) two bulls' horns4 ,! bu/ is drap$ ) a l>ge %awl :i* leaves ! "r %\ld] b>e4 ,! h&1 rais$ to a level ) ! face1 looks l a simple =k2 x holds a cup1 z if ! sc5e repres5t$ a libation1 & 9 fact we /ill see a "p ( ! deity to :om ! (f]+ is direct$4 ,on ! "r a be>d$ man ) squ>e %\ld]s1 cr[n$ ) a l[ cap1 dress$ 9 a l>ge robe )\t folds1 holds 9 8 "r h& a sort ( club1 ) :i* he seems to deliv] a bl[ ^u ! head ( 8 companion1 :om he seizes by ! h&4 ,x w be se5 t ! explanation ( ?is picture is exce$+ly d\btful2 b look+ f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( art1 we mu/ recognise 9 x )\t hesitation a fragm5t :i* comes d[n f remote antiquity4 ,! relief is l[1 ! outl9e ( ! figures is timid & unc]ta91 ! details are disproportion$1 z if ! rude *isel :i* c>v$ !m _h be5 held 9 ! unskilful h&s ( a *ild2 ! design is full ( elem5t>y mi/akes1 ?\gh lime/one is s(t & easily work$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bas-relief f ,tello 7,l\vre74 ,a m advanc$ art m>ks ! fragm5t ( a bas-relief :i* ,m4 ,heuzey call$ 8! ,eagle & ,lion ,tablet10 & :i* is dat$ by an inscription m5tion+ ! k+ ,ur-,n9a 7,b4,c4 #bejj74 ,an eagle is se5 "h ) outspread w+s /&+ ^u a lion4 ,! sculpture is equally flat & )\t modell+1 b ! graceful outl9e ( ! figures is cle>ly *isell$1 & ) a sur] h&2 ! extremities ( ! w+ fea!rs ( ! eagle are ind5t$1 ! body ( ! lion is rem>kably correct 9 outl9e1 except ! head1 :i* /ill rema9s b>b>\s4 ,a ?ird /age ( ,*aldan sculpture may be repres5t$ by ! 8,vulture ,/ela10 on :i* ! names ( two k+s h be5 read1 "o ( :om is ! son ( ,ur-,n9a4 ,! ?ree fragm5ts ( ?is lime/one /ela are c>v$ on bo? sides4 ,on "o ( !m a flock ( vultures c>ry away human rema9s 9 _! flight--heads1 h&s1 & arms4 ,! human heads d5ote an art :i* has left ! grop+s ( *ildhood beh9d3 !y are entirely %av$1 ! nose is always aquil9e1 ! eye ( an exagg]at$ size & triangul>4 ,! vultures1 m rudely drawn1 are nev]!less well *>act]is$ by _! long curv$ beak & _! claws ( exagg]at$ l5g?2 ! m>k+s ( ! fea!rs & w+s are br\ght out4 ,on ano!r fragm5t ( ! same /ela x seems t we witness ! con/ruction ( a sepul*ral tumulus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! ,vulture ,/ela 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,! ,vulture ,/ela 7,l\vre74 ,m5 dress$ 9 a %ort tunic1 fr+$1 & tight5$ at ! wai/1 c>ry on _! heads wick] baskets1 probably conta9+ e>? to cov] ! pile ( corpses heap$ "o ^u ! o!r 9 symmetrical & alt]nate r[s4 ,! ?ird piece ( ! same monum5t seems to repres5t a sc5e ( c>nage4 ,z = ! back ( ! /ela1 x is less ornam5t$2 h[ev]1 on "o ( ! fragm5ts 7fig4 #ac71 a pole surm\nt$ by an eagle ) outspread w+s is se51 & !n a l>ge human head1 incomplete b highly int]e/+2 x exhibits1 f an anatomical po9t ( view1 ! same "* z ! small] heads :i* we h j consid]$2 b its head-dress is a mo/ curi\s feature1--a sort ( ti>a decorat$ ) bulls' horns4 8,by an ar*aic conv5tionality10 obs]ves ,m4 ,heuzey1 8^! two horns are se5 9 pr(ile1 curv$ =w>ds & backw>ds2 b 9 reality !y 7 atta*$ to ! sides ( ! cap4444 ,! cap is also surm\nt$ by a cre/ ( f\r l>ge fea!rs1 9 ! middle ( :i* rises a cone decorat$ ) a qua9t head also cr[n$ by a cresc5t2 ?is little decorative head1 drawn 9 full face1 has an exce$+ly long & broad nose )\t any sign ( a m\?1 s t x may be d\bt$ :e!r x be ! head ( a man or ( an animal40#ag ,! same ti>a is f\nd ) unimportant modifications on ,assyrian cyl9d]s & bas-reliefs1 9 :i* x =ms ! head-dress ( deities or pontiffs4 ,! arti/ic sup]iority ( ! bas-reliefs ( ! ,vulture ,/ela ov] ! monum5ts quot$ previ\sly is abundantly evid5t1 & already all[s u a =eta/e ( ! sob] & vigor\s art reveal$ to u by ! l>ge /atues f\nd 9 ! palace ( ,gudea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,! ,vulture ,/ela 7,l\vre74 ,x 0 9 ! mo/ spaci\s c\rt ( ! palace t ,m4 de ,s>zec f\nd assembl$ ne>ly all ! ,*aldan /atues :i* he _h transport$ to ! museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,to ! numb] ( t51 !y are ( blacki% diorite ) a blui% t+e2 all are headless & be> inscriptions 9 ! "n ( ,gudea or ( ,ur-,bau4 ,at ! mom5t ( discov]y !y 7 ly+ on ! slabs ( ! c\rt-y>d1--on "o side ^? :i* repres5t upright figures1 on ! o!r ! seat$ /atues4 ,a sep>ate head1 appe>+ to belong to "o ( ! /atues1 0 also f\nd 9 ! same c\rty>d4 ,! o!r heads 7 une>!d else:]e1 & x is impossible to say :e!r !y _h be5 remov$ f ! headless /atues t we "k4 ,all ^! heads1 ?\gh exhibit+ common *>act]i/ics1 are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by peculi>ities :i* disclose ! surpris+ skill & ! fecundity ( ! ,*aldan g5ius at ?is remote epo*4 ,! man's head 7fig4 #ad7 f\nd 9 ! great c\rty>d is ( life-size1 ! hair & be>d completely %av51 z 9 c]ta9 ,egyptian /atues4 ,! eyebr[s =m an exagg]at$ projection above enorm\s eyes2 ! skull is rem>kably elongat$2 ! mutilat$ nose alone prev5ts u f hav+ ! complete type ( ! ,*aldan race1 ) its h>d features & ?ick1 s5sual lips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,*aldan head 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,*aldan head 7,l\vre74 ,9 a neighb\r+ tell ,m4 de ,s>zec f\nd ano!r head ( ! same size & ( an equally int]e/+ type4 ,x is less sev]e 9 aspect ?an ! prec$+ "o1 b c>v$ ) equal skill4 ,! face is r\nd & almo/ smil+1 ! *9 broad & p[]ful1 ! nose flat4 ,! v orig9al head-dress is compos$ ( a wooll5 cap fitt+ closely to ! head1 & furni%$ ) a ?ick bord]1 :i*1 turn+ up1 =ms a sort ( cr[n2 ! me%es ( ! wooll5 tissue are conv5tionally m>k$ by a numb] ( symmetrical rolls4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day 9 ,l[] ,*alda ! ,*ri/ian prie/s ( ! ,*aldan rite envelop _! heads 9 a turban ( black /uff1 :i* all[s ( a simil> arrangem5t4#ah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,*aldan /atue 7,l\vre74 ,z = ! headless /atues :e!r seat$ or /&+1 !y h all ! same *>act]i/ics1 exhibit an id5tical type1 & are inconte/ably ( ! same s*ool ( sculpture4 ,"h is a p]sonage seat$ on a sort ( /ool n fully c>v$ out2 he recalls involunt>ily ! ,greek /atues ( ! sacr$ way ( ! ,bran*id at ,miletus1 & is 9 ! same religi\s attitude4 ,a cloak )\t sleeves is cross$ ov] 8 brea/ & ?r[n back ov] 8 %\ld]2 a h&some fr+e1 delicately ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,*aldan /atue 7,l\vre74 c>v$1 falls ov] ! :ole dep? 9 front2 ! h&s are clasp$ on ! brea/ 9 ! ori5tal po/ure ( m$itation & devotion2 ! b>e feet are *isell$ ) an att5tion to detail nev] to be surpass$ 9 lat] times1 ev5 by ! ,n9evite arti/s4 ,on ! knees ( ! p]sonage lies a tablet int5d$ to receive an inscription or a design4 ,9 fact1 ano!r /atue l ?is1 ?\gh ( small] proportions1 holds on its knees a simil> tablet1 on :i* ! plan ( a =tress ) its ba/ions & po/]ns is engrav$ 9 outl9e1 j z an ar*itect ( ! pres5t day w\ld draw x4 ,a graduat$ rule1 t is to say1 "o subdivid$ into fractions ( unequal b proportional l5g?1 #aj 94 long1 is c>v$ 9 relief beside ! plan1 = :i* x s]ves z a scale2 f9ally1 at ! side lies ! /yle ) :i* ! ar*itect engrav$ 8 design 7see fig4 #ec74 ,! /&+ /atues answ] almo/ to ! same description2 !y also are b>e-foot$1 ) ! h&s cross$ ^u ! brea/ b ! arrangem5t ( ! long %awl1 :i* seems to =m ! only g>m5t ( all ^! p]sonages1 becomes m intelligible4 ,! ,arab /ill drapes himself 9 ! same fa%ion 9 8 burnoos1--t g>m5t1 at once s simple & s dignifi$1 ( ! %eph]d ( ! des]t4 ,x is a piece ( wooll5 /uff1 ! bord]s ( :i* are adorn$ ) a fr+e2 x is fold$ 9 two1 & wrapp$ r\nd ! body obliquely1 s t x cov]s "o arm & leaves ! o!r b>e2 ! upp] corn]1 held fa/ by wrapp+ ! g>m5t once r\nd1 is en\gh to keep ! :ole 9 place4 ,we %all f9d ?is l>ge %awl aga9 on ! ,n9evite bas-reliefs1 j z we %all obs]ve ! p]si/5ce & exagg]ation ( ?is sob] & n]v\s /yle1 :i*1 z e>ly z ! ,proto-,*aldan epo*1 lays too mu* /ress on ! muscles1 & l+]s ) an excessive fondness ov] anatomical details4 ,! ,*aldan /atues 7 int5d$ to be se5 all r\nd1 & n laid flat aga9/ a wall2 !y are completely f9i%$ beh9d z well z 9 front4 ,comp>$ ) ! /atues f\nd 9 ! temples ( ,cyprus1 = in/ance1 !y %[ u t ! arti/ has s\ght to sp>e nei!r 8 "t nor 8 tr\ble4 ,amid ?is sobriety ( treatm5t & ?is uni=mity ( attitudes we feel t ,*aldan art is already f> f ! hesitation & incorrectness ( ! fir/ age2 ! *isel attacks ! h>de/ /one ) vig\r & success2 ! arti/'s h& is exp]i5c$ & sure ( itself4 ,?is ar*aic art is above all reali/ic1 & aims at a precise & ev5 affect$ foll[+ ( nature4 ,! b>e %\ld] is modell$ & copi$ ) surpris+ tru?1 ! h&s & feet are /udi$ ev5 to ! knuckles1 ! nails1 ! wr9kles ( ! sk94 ,at ! same "t ! figures are ?ick-set &1 x may be said1 f> too %ort--a fact :i* contributes to increase ! impression ( /r5g? & muscul> en]gy produc$ by an att5tive obs]vation ( !m4 ,! suppl5ess ( ! ,*aldan g5ius at ! "t ( ,gudea appe>s aga9 9 a s+ul> monum5t ( ! ,de ,s>zec collection1 :i* may be tak5 to be ! foot ( a vase r ?an ! base ( a small column 7fig4 #ah74 ,small figures 9 high relief1 nude1 & seat$ on ! gr\nd1 lean aga9/ a cyl9drical /em4 ,! be/ pres]v$ figure has an oval face ( r>e ref9em5t1 & ( a type entirely =eign to t ( ! l>ge /atues2 ) 8 be>d cut 9 a po9t1 & 8 head cov]$ ) a wooll5 turban1 he looks /raight 9 front ( him ) a smil+ aspect2 9 all ,assyrian sculpture no c\nt5ance ( su* orig9ality c\ld p]haps be f\nd4 ,we d n "k :at is ! mean+ ( ^! little figures cr\*$ r\nd ?is sort ( bas94 ,!y seem to hold ! place ( ! w+$ bulls & lions or o!r fanta/ic g5ii1 :om ,assyrian art w soon multiply ev]y:]e 9 ! capacity ( ar*itectural supports or ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,foot ( ,*aldan vase 7,l\vre74 ,9 front ( ! palace at ,tello /ood a l>ge /one bas9 decorat$ ) sculpture1 "s fragm5ts ( :i* h come d[n to u4 ,?is monoli?ic tr\gh1 #h ft4 #b 94 long by #a ft1 #g 94 broad1 s]v$1 p]haps1 to wat] ! camels & ! flocks :i* halt$ at ! gate ( ,gudea's dwell+2 or r1 on acc\nt ( its ri* ornam5tation1 may we believe t x 0 a bas9 consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! temple1 l ! braz5 sea 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem1 or ! vase ( ,ama?us8 ,h[ev] x may be1 !re 71 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,bas-relief f ,tello 7aft] ,heuzey74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,bas-relief f ,tello 7,rev4 ar*41 t4 i41 #ahhg1 p4 #bfe74 on its two long] surfaces1 9 l[ relief1 wom5 ) arms out/ret*$1 hold+ magic vases1 f :i* two jets ( liquid gu%$1 on ea* side ( an e> ( corn1 a graceful symbol ( ! prov]bial f]tility ( ,mesopotamia1 enclos$ by ! sacr$ /reams ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 :i* 7 ador$ "u ! "n ( ,nah>aim1 ! two riv]s p> excell5ce4 ,! fragm5t reproduc$ "h 7fig4 #ai7 %[s u t ! ,proto-,*aldans already gave to fl[+ wat] ! conv5tional =m ( undulat+ l9es 7see also fig4 #cd72 ! woman is drawn ) surpris+ tru?4#ai ,! same te*nical skill is rem>k$ 9 a bas-relief f ,tello1 :i* repres5ts a be>d$ p]sonage1 9 full face1 ) a co/ume 9 :i* ,m4 ,heuzey has recognis$ ! fleecy /uff call$ kaunakes by ! ,greeks4 ,obs]ve ! delicacy ) :i* ! ,*aldan arti/s treat$ ! co/ume & ! be>d4 ,x may almo/ be said t ,mesopotamian art has no fur!r progress to make1 & t x already %[s its full proportions at ! fabul\sly remote epo* repres5t$ by ! antiquities ( ,tello4 ,!re is less modell+ 9 ! figures :i* adorn ! upp] "p ( ! ,caill\ ,mi*aux2 ! relief ^u x is dry & flat1 & ! draw+ affects a hi]atic /iffness :i* w\ld sugge/ an epo* ( decad5ce1 or at lea/ a "t :5 ,*aldan art 0 arre/$ 9 its upw>d m>*4 ,?is monum5t1 dat$ 9 ! reign ( ,m>duk-nad9-akhi1 ,k+ ( ,babylon ab\t ,b4,c4 #aabj1 0 p]haps a /one roll$ d[n by ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 :i* 0 made into a sacr$ object2 ! cunei=m inscription conta9s ! donation ( a l&$ e/ate1 settl$ z a d[ry4#bj ,! curi\s figures1 "u ! protection ( :i* ?is contract is plac$1 %[ u1 z !y d 9 _m cyl9d]s1 t at ?is epo* ,*aldan my?ology 0 turn$ to pr(it by ! arti/s1 :o knew h[ to unite human to animal =ms )\t fall+ into mon/rosity or de=mity1 & to give symbolical figures to ! />s & to ! invisible g5ii conceiv$ by _! wild imag9ation4 ,! draw+ ( ^! /range figures is n unskilful2 !y inspire t]ror )\t deg5]at+ into ! c>icature & grotesque =ms :i* m>k ! images ( ! gods among b>b>\s peoples4 ,*aldan art is z le>n$ z ! secrets ( its my?ology are complicat$4 ,exam9e1 = in/ance1 ?is w+$ goat ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,! ,caill\ ,mi*aux 7,cab9et des ,mdailles74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,/ela ( ,maduk-nad9-akhi 7,briti% ,museum74 ly+ be=e an alt>2 ! angul> outl9es ( its horns are r5d]$ ) tru?1 ! muscles ( its legs1 p]haps badly plac$ anatomically1 are analys$ 9 _! smalle/ details1 & ! movem5t ( ?is animal1 :i* is mak+ an ef=t to rise1 is v natural1 ?\gh lack+ 9 life & suppl5ess4 ,we %all recognise ! same *>act]s ( dryness & rud5ess 9 ! black basalt /ela ( ! same k+1 ,m>duk-nad9-akhi4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,caill\ ,mi*aux1 ! relief is flat1 no?+ supple1 graceful1 or amiable2 ! ,*aldan g5ius _c smile4 ,( ^? ample g>m5ts ( ! ,ori5tal1 ^? drap]ies ) :i* ! ,greek arti/ w be able to produce s p[]ful an effect1 ! ,*aldan arti/ is satisfi$ ) scrat*+ 9 outl9e1 s to speak1 ! folds & fr+es2 he makes heavy embroid]$ copes ( !m1 l ^? ( ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,b1 9 comp5sation1 he looks at ^! embroid]ies ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 & excels 9 analys+ & reproduc+ ! ri*ness ( ! tissue1 ! innum]able & complicat$ =ms ( ! design4 ,we c h5ce=? =esee t ! sculptor1 los+ sight ( syn!sis s z to place 8 ideal exclusively 9 ! inf9itely little1 w nev] rid himself ( ! n>r[ =mula 9 :i* he s e>ly imprison$ 8 tal5t4 ,all 8 figures 9 /atu>y or 9 ! bas-reliefs1 s highly f9i%$ 9 detail1 %[ z a :ole a hi]atic & conv5tional /iffness1 :i* w unhappily desc5d z a h]itage to ! ,assyrian arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,*aldan /atuette 9 bronze 7,l\vre74 ,,iii4 ,,m9or ,,sculpture ,,& ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts4 ,! ,*aldans c\ld "w 9 bronze z skilfully z 9 /one4 ,m4 de ,s>zec has collect$ "s bronze figures :i*1 comp>$ ) o!r monum5ts already secur$1 all[ u to fix "s precise l&m>ks 9 ! gradual developm5t ( ! art ( ca/+ & *isell+ metals 9 ,*alda4 ,a c]ta9 /atuette ( a man or woman 7fig4 #bc7 may be consid]$ ! mo/ rudim5t>y attempt4#ba ,x has simply ! %ape ( a cyl9drical /em1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is furni%$ ) two arms & a human head l ! xoana ( ! ,greeks4 ,?is head1 surm\nt$ by small horns1 is /rangely b>b>\s2 x recalls ! art ( ! m5 ( ! bronze age & ! mo/ ru/ic ( ! ,cypriote t]ra-cottas4 ,progress is manife/ 9 o!r ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,*aldan /atuette 7,l\vre74 bronzes--sep>at$1 p]haps1 f ! =m] by sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,^! are /atuettes :i*1 in/ead ( be+ fix$ on a base1 end 9 a rev]s$ & mu* elongat$ cone1 :i* mu/ h s]v$ to plunge !m into a s(t matt] su* z mort>4 ,"o repres5ts a recumb5t bull1 ! o!r 7fig4 #bd7 a kneel+ man hold+ 9 8 h&s ! base ( ! cone2 he is be>d$ & cov]$ ) ! ti>a ) sev]al pairs ( horns1 res]v$ = gods & g5ii4 ,a ?ird1 la/ly1 is a woman c>ry+ a basket on h] head1 ^: body has rem>kably ! appe>ance ( an elongat$ +ot4 ,?is canephoros1 ^: female =m is only indicat$ by ! brea/s & ! wid? ( ! hips1 leads u naturally to speak ( ano!r canephoros 7fig4 #be71 f\nd at ,afaj on ! ,euphrates1 be>+ ! "n ( ! k+ ,kudurmapuk 7,b4,c4 #bjjj74 ,x may be se5 by ?is /atuette t ! art ( work+ 9 bronze foll[$ closely ! progress ( sculpture 9 /one4 ,?\gh ! head & arms are /ill ! "w ( half-tra9$ arti/s1 ! head is v rem>kable2 ! ar* ( ! eyebr[s & ! eyes are treat$ z 9 ! l>ge diorite /atues2 ! hair is completely %av$4 ,! same *>act]s are obs]v$ 9 a rem>kable figure ( a be>d$ prie/1 we>+ a ti>a ( mod]ate height1 dress$ 9 a long tunic ) fl\nc$ fr+es4#bb ,"h is a mutilat$ /atuette f ,tello 7fig4 #bf72 x is a god /&+ on a cr\*+ lion2 ! head ( ! ro>+ bea/ has a f]oci\s & natural expression1 b ! god's robe is cyl9drical1 )\t amplitude & )\t modell+1 & ! arti/ has tri$ 9 va9 to conceal ?is /iffness1 :i* betrays 8 impot5ce1 by engrav+ ! fr+es & rosettes ( ! drap]y4 ,rem>k t ! long hairs ( ! lion are treat$ l ! wooll5 %ag ( ! prie/'s cap :i* we exam9$ j n[ 7fig4 #ae74 ,! animal has v small w+s2 8 =elegs are ^? ( a bull1 8 h9d-legs end 9 lion's claws2 ! /udy ( nature "h is p]fect1 b 9 ^? conv5tional l9es :i* are meant to express ! swell ( ! muscles1 we feel ! t5d5cy to exagg]ation & trivial rud5ess :i* we rem>k$ 9 ! /atues4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,canephoros ( ,kudurmapuk 7,l\vre74 ,9 "o ( ! small] m\nds at ,tello1 ,m4 de ,s>zec discov]$ a fragm5t ( a l>ge bronze /atue4 8,x 010 he says1 8a life-siz$ bull's horn1 ( bronze plat+ m\nt$ on a wood5 frame1 b ! wood 0 c>bonis$ by ! action ( fire40#bcbd ,he _h also f\nd a sword1 :i* 0 /ol5 & de/roy$ by an ,arab4 ,b we c cite ano!r weapon ( ! same k9d 9 ! possession ( ,colonel ,hanbury2 ! blade1 curv$ l a scy!1 & triangul>1 be>s a votive inscription 9 ! "n ( ! ,assyrian k+ ,rammannir>i1 ! son ( ,pudil 7,b4,c4 #acjj74 ,! curi\s peculi>ity ( ?is weapon is t on "o ( its surfaces a small recumb5t de] is to be se5 engrav$1 & ?is is ! mak]'s m>k3 f ?is "t onw>d ! jeal\sy ( craftsm5 comes into play & decl>es itself by ! same measures z 9 our day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,*aldan /atuette 9 bronze 7,l\vre74 ,surpris+ z ! ph5om5on is at fir/ sight1 ,*aldan pott]y 0 f> f foll[+ ! progress ( sculpture4 ,! excavations ( ,tello h enri*$ ! museum ( ! ,l\vre ) five hundr$ t]ra-cotta cones1 be>+ ! "n ( ,gudea & ,ur-,bau1 b ^! are only indu/rial products1 )\t arti/ic "*1 & belong+ to ! brick manufacture4 ,! necropoles ( ,w>ka & ,mugheir1 :]e we might h expect$ to meet ) works ( art1 z 9 ! tombs ( ,greece or ,etruria1 h only furni%$ co>se vases :i* be> witness to ! complete inf]iority ( pott]y among ! ,*aldo-,assyrians4 ,!y are all s+ul>ly b>b>\s & ru/ic1 :e!r !y come f ! ar*aic tombs ( ,w>ka & ,mugheir1 or issue f ! ru9s ( ! palaces :]e1 nev]!less1 ! art ( sculpture so>s & displays itself 9 its p]fect developm5t4 ,assyrian pott]y1 ev5 t ( ! be/ epo*1 resembles1 sometimes s mu* z to be mi/ak5 = x1 ! mo/ ar*aic pott]y ( ,greece prop] & ! ,isl&s ( ! gean4 ,b "h x is only ! beg9n+ ( art1 ! fir/ ef=t ( ! pott] :o be=e long w fa%ion ma/]pieces2 !re1 on ! contr>y1 ^! vulg> kit*5 receptacles =m ! :ole art1 & repres5t at once ! />t & ! f9i%4 ,?is neglect ( c]amics by ! ,*aldo-,assyrian arti/s results f geological & climatic causes analog\s to ^? :i*1 z we %all see1 develop$ sculpture 9 bas-relief to ! detrim5t ( sculpture 9 ! r\nd4 ,x is especially ow+ to ! bad quality ( ! clay 9 ,mesopotamia1 :i*1 ?\gh q fit to be turn$ into squ>e bricks1 has n a f9e en\gh gra9 = ! purpose ( fa%ion+ f x ! fragile frame ( a broad crat]1 or ( a slim amphora1 & /ill less = ! purpose ( l5d+ itself to all ! details ( face & drap]y 9 graceful & sl5d] figur9es l ^? ( ,tanagra1 ,cyme1 or ,myr9a4 ,! cohesion ( ! ,mesopotamian clay is s imp]fect t ! ,babylonian t]ra-cottas :i* h come d[n to u crumble almo/ at ! fir/ t\*1 9 spite ( ! process ( bak+ to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,x is obs]v$ t1 to give "s consi/5cy to ! body ( ! vases & to prev5t cracks1 ! pott] has be5 oblig$ to mix ! clayey pa/e ) *opp$ /raw4 ,x 0 impossible !n to make ! sides ?91 or to fa%ion !m ) art2 consequ5tly x w\ld n h be5 natural to decorate ) ri* & c>eful pa9t+ vases :i* c\ld only be heavy & co>se4 ,x 0 en\gh to trace out geometrical designs1 b&s ( col\r1 ovals1 symmetrical fe/oons r\nd ! neck ( ! amphor2 no?+ 9 ?is sort ( decoration has be5 borr[$ f ! animal or vegetable _w or f hi/ory1 ( :i* ! arti/ c\ld1 h[ev]1 make s wond]ful a use 9 ! decoration ( metal vases1 or ( knicknacks 9 ivory1 wood1 or /one4 ,! ,*aldan t]ra-cotta figur9es1 h[ev] co>se !y may be1 are n entirely dive/$ ( int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( art & my?ology1 & ,m4 ,heuzey has be5 able to appreciate !m ) delicacy f ?is po9t ( view4#be ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,*aldan /atuette 9 t]ra-cotta4 ,! /atuettes collect$ 9 great quantities by ,l(tus1 at ,w>ka1 are ( solid clay1 & 7 manufactur$ 9 a m\ld 9 "o piece2 ! back is flat & modell$ ) ! h&4 ,! clay is ( a gre5i% grey1 or sometimes br[n2 x is well bak$ & v h>d4 ,! attitude ( ^! grotesque little figures (f]s s+ul>ly /rik+ analogies to ! t]ra-cotta figur9es ( ! fir/ ,egyptian dyna/y2 !y are m5 9 long robes1 ) _! be>ds cut 9 ! ,assyrian fa%ion1 wom5 dress$ 9 tight tunics & we>+ fall+ head-dresses l ! ,egyptian figur9es2 _! h&s are clasp$ on _! brea/ 9 ! religi\s attitude :i* we "k already f ! ,tello /atues4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to give ! precise date ( ^! figur9es1 :i*1 p]haps1 = ! mo/ "p1 are n ant]ior to ! "t ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,besides1 we %all return to !m lat] on4 ,x is en\gh = ! mom5t to obs]ve h[ little v>i$ & meagre 0 ! !me work$ out by ! ,*aldan modell]s 9 clay1 at a "t :5 sculpture & ! o!r arts 7 nev]!less already mo/ fl\ri%+4 ,! monum5ts :i* we h j review$ all[ u to appreciate ! degree ( prosp]ity & p]fection atta9$ side by side ) ! high] bran*es ( art by v>i\s indu/ries 9 ,*alda1 su* z tape/ry1 weav+1 & ! embroid]y ( /uffs4 ,! /ela ( ,m>duk-nad9-akhi1 = example 7fig4 #bb71 be>s witness to ! wond]ful skill ( ! wom5 ( ! royal h>eem1 or ( ! m5 employ$ 9 ! work%op1 :5ce issu$ t robe ) gold5 fr+e1 cov]$ ) elegant designs & preci\s /ones set 9 ! web ( ! tissue1 t ti>a adorn$ ) fea!rs & wide-op5 daisies1 ^? s&als1 ! broad loz5ge-%ap$ /it*es ( :i* c be c\nt$4 ,m4 ,heuzey#bf has demon/rat$ t ! /uff call$ kaunakes 77 by ! ,greeks1 :o gave ?is "n to a ,babylonian g>m5t1 goes back at lea/ z f> z ! epo* ( ,gudea4 ,! repres5tation ( ?is wooll5 tissue %[s sev]al s]ies ( tufts arrang$ 9 r[s "o above ! o!r2 ! pr9ciple ( ! manufacture ( ! kaunakes is ! same z t ( plu% or velvet1 only ! wooll5 pile is long] & arrang$ less closely4 ,?is sort ( mat]ial1 inv5t$ by ! ,*aldans1 cont9u$ to be made by ! ,assyrians & ,p]sians2 9 ?is way ! ,greeks came to "k x1 & ,ari/ophanes speaks ( x 9 8 com$y ( ! ,wasps4 ,g>m5ts made ( kaunakes are frequ5tly met ) on ! ,*aldan monum5ts1 especially on ! cyl9d]s1 :]e !y h be5 mi/ak5 = robes ( a ga!r$ & gauff]$ mat]ial4 ,!y are worn bo? by wom5 & by m51 z is prov$ by ! be>d$ p]sonage :om we reproduc$ above 7fig4 #bj71 & a female /atuette 9 alaba/] :i* %[s all ! *>act]i/ics ( ,*aldan art contempor>y ) ! monum5ts ( ,tello 7fig4 #bh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,*aldan /atuette 9 alaba/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,bas-relief ( ! tablet ( ! god ,samas 7,briti% ,museum74 ,! tablet ( ! god ,samas 7fig4 #bi71 f\nd at ,abu-,habbah 7,seph>vaim71 & dat$ 9 ! reign ( ! ,babylonian k+ ,nabupal-idd9 7,b4,c4 #hej71 %[s toge!r ! two pr9cipal ,*aldan g>m5ts--t made ( kaunakes1 & t ( a pla9 mat]ial1 op5 9 front1 :i* we %all (t5 meet ) aga9 9 ,assyria4 ,moreov]1 ?is bas-relief1 if x is closely /udi$1 ?r[s a rem>kable light on ! diff]5t indu/ries 9 wood1 iron1 /one & we>+ mat]ial4 ,! tab]nacle 9 :i* ! god ,samas is seat$ on 8 ?rone seems to be an iron ni*e1 ! upp] "p be+ curv$ to imitate a %all[ vault2 9 ! front ( ! %r9e !re are small pill>s ( wood or iron2 ! /em is cov]$ ) scales 9 imitation ( ! trunk ( ! palm-tree1 & made1 no d\bt1 ( plates ( metal laid ov] x2 = base & capital !re are volutes some?+ l ! ,ionic capital4 ,! sol> disk1 ! symbol ( ! god1 is support$ by cords held 9 ! h&s ( two g5ii1 :o seem to play a purely ornam5tal & decorative "p4 ,! ?rone ( ! god1 & ! table on :i* ! radiat$ disk is plac$1 are elegantly sculptur$ pieces ( furniture1 & reveal a civilisation :i* /rives aft] ! highe/ ref9em5t 9 its luxuries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,*aldan head 9 /eatite 7,l\vre74 ,z = ornam5ts ( preci\s metal1 none h yet be5 f\nd 9 ,*alda1 ?\gh we "k t f ! mo/ di/ant ages gold & silv] fl[$ into ,babylon & ! t[ns ( ,*alda z well z into ,egypt4 ,! goldsmi?'s art mu/ h be5 on a p> ) t ( ! seal-engrav]1 ! monum5ts ( :i* are s num]\s1 z we %all n[ see4 ,to ^! bran*es ( art belongs a small head 9 /eatite1 c>v$ 9 ! r\nd & =m+ ! gem ( ! ,tello collection2 bett] ?an any?+ else1 ?is head1 treat$ 9 s reali/ic &1 at ! same "t1 s highly f9i%$ a mann]1 br+s u into contact1 s to speak1 ) ! brilliant sup]iority ( ! ,*aldan arti/ :5 he devotes himself to ^! second>y =ms ( art1 :i* at ! pres5t day require ! use ( ! magnify+-glass1 & 9 :i* we are at a loss :e!r to admire mo/ ! pati5ce ( ! arti/1 ! /ead9ess ( 8 h&1 or ! delicacy ( 8 tal5t4 ,,iv4 ,,*ald,,an ,,seal-,,engrav+4#bg ,?\gh we d n yet possess m ?an a limit$ numb] ( pieces ( sculpture & /atues1 ^? impos+ witnesses ( ,*aldan art 9 ! "t ( ,gudea or ,hammurabi1 we c at lea/ supply ?is want by ! num]\s & v>i$ productions ( ! seal-engrav]'s art4 ,! ,*aldans inv5t$ ! c>v+ ( preci\s /ones1 & no p ev] made a m con/ant use ( ^? cyl9d]s1 cones & seals ( e =m1 on :i* are se51 engrav$ 9 l9es f9e & deep1 ! same images :i* monum5tal sculpture drew ^u ! walls ( temples & palaces4 ,^! /ones c>v$ 9 intaglio1 :e!r hmatite1 porphyry1 *alc$ony1 m>bles or onyx ( e v>iety1 7 worn r\nd ! neck1 on ! f+]1 on ! wri/1 or fa/5$ to ! g>m5t2 !y 7 at ! same "t prophylactic amulets aga9/ sickness or wit*craft1 & seals ) :i* impressions 7 made at ! end ( public or private docum5ts4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,*aldan cyl9d]s reveals to our eyes ! v orig9 ( seal-engrav+1 ! fir/ attempts to c>ve ! r\nd1 ovoid1 or cyl9drical gems ( ! necklaces ( ! /one age4 ,! bur9 & ! pun*eon1 h&l$ = ! fir/ "t1 d n yet trace out m ?an zigzags1 loz5ges1 /raight & semicircul> l9es cross+ "o ano!r4 ,soon attempts are made to trace build+s1 figures ( animals1 antelopes fe$+ 7fig4 #ca71 or fi%4 ,! jo9ts & swells ( ! quadrup$s' bodies are repres5t$ by r\nd holes1 ! limbs by simple /rokes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,*aldan cyl9d] 7,de ,cl]cq collection74 ,soon1 ) great] ma/]y ov] 8 in/rum5ts1 ! arti/--= we may n[ give him ?is "n--w seek to reproduce on ! cyl9d]s ! human figure1 & !n t ( ! div9e be+s or ! h]oes begott5 ( popul> fancy1 ^: image is to increase ! talismanic virtue ( ! /one4 ,!re are mon/]s /&+ on _! h9d-legs1 /ruggl+ ) "o ano!r1 & giants kill+ lions or human-fac$ quadrup$s4 ,m4 ,m5ant has rem>k$ t ! figures ( animals are always repres5t$ 9 pr(ile1 :ile ! human figures1 ) long be>ds1 are 9 full face ev5 :5 ! body is 9 pr(ile4 ,!re are d\ble-fac$ g5ii1 quadrup$s ) a s+le head & two bodies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable cyl9d]s ( ?is primitive epo* is1 )\t contradiction1 t ( ! ri* ,de ,cl]cq collection1 ! design ( :i* we give "h 7fig4 #cb74 ,m5 & v>i\s animals are "h se53 a goat ) wavy horns br[s+ on ! leaf ( a tree2 a rh9oc]os1 antelopes1 bulls1 fi%1 an eagle1 & "s trees2 two demons subdu+ fanta/ic animals1 scorpions1 & palm-trees4 ,we ?9k ( ! biblical sc5e ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ! e>?ly p>adise surr\nd$ by all ! liv+ be+s 9 creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,*aldan cyl9d] 7,de ,cl]cq47 ,fre% progress is m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( inscriptions at ! sides ( ! figur$ sc5es4 ,e possessor ( a cyl9d] makes a po9t ( hav+ 8 "n or t ( a fav\rite deity engrav$ ^u x4 ,accord+ly ! names ( sev]al patesis1 :o gov]n$ ,*aldan t[ns ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e our era1 h be5 f\nd ^u cyl9d]s4 ,! cyl9d] on :i* ,m4 ,opp]t read ! "n ( ,asr9ilu1 patesi ( ,umaln>u 7fig4 #cc71 repres5ts an episode 9 ! ,*aldan epic4 ,! h]o ,izdub>1 ) curly be>d & hair1 seizes ) ea* h& by a h9d-leg two lions hang+ head d[nw>ds4 ,! sc5e is complet$ by trees1 an antelope1 a small human figure1 a lion-head$ scorpion1 a human-head$ bull4 ,:at is "h especially /rik+ is ! ar*aism ( ! cunei=m signs1 =m$ ( /rokes1 :i* cross "o ano!r1 b h n yet ! =m ( w$ges1 :i* !y are to assume lat]1 & also ! modell+ & suppl5ess ( mo/ ( ! figures2 ! in/rum5t is no long] felt ?r\gh ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,*aldan cyl9d] 7,de ,cl]cq74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,cyl9d] ( ,s>gani 7,de ,cl]cq74 ,*aldan seal-engrav+ rea*es its apogee ) ano!r cyl9d] ( ! ,de ,cl]cq collection1 :i* has ! advantage ( be+ dat$1 at lea/ relatively3 x be>s ! "n ( ,s>gani or ,s>gon ! ,fir/1 k+ ( ,agade1 ab\t #chjj ye>s be=e our era4 ,m4 ,m5ant m5tions x z m>k+ an important /age 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,! picture1 :i* is v simple1 is compos$ ( two symmetrical sc5es3 ,izdub>1 ) "o knee on ! gr\nd1 on ! bank ( a riv]1 holds ) bo? h&s ! sacr$ ampulla1 f :i* a d\ble jet ( wat] escapes1 & at :i* a bull ) long /riat$ horns comes to dr9k4#bh ,"h ! arti/ possesses all ! secrets ( 8 art3 nev]1 at any epo*1 w he be able to reproduce ) great] delicacy & tru? ! p[]ful muscles ( ! bull & ! giant4 ,& z x mu/ c]ta9ly be admitt$ t monum5tal sculpture advances z rapidly z seal-engrav+1 ,i d n "k :i* %\ld a/oni% u mo/--! degree ( p]fection to :i* ! ,*aldans _h c>ri$ ! pla/ic arts1 or ! prodigi\sly di/ant epo* to :i* su* monum5ts transport u4 ,a cyl9d] 9 ! museum at ,new ,york 7fig4 #ce71 :i* f ! *>act]s ( ! writ+ seems almo/ contempor>y ) t ( ,s>gon ! ,fir/1 is execut$ ) a /ill great] p]fection4 ,! play & graceful suppl5ess ( ! muscles ( ! bull & ! lion are r5d]$ ) ! precision :i* ! direct /udy ( nature br+s1 & ) ! ease :i* betrays an arti/ :o c ov]come te*nical difficulties4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,*aldan cyl9d] 7,new ,york ,museum1 aft] ,m5ant74 ,if all ,*aldan cyl9d]s c\ld be class$ *ronologically & by s*ools1 epo*s ( p]fection or ( decad5ce w\ld no d\bt be obs]v$1 & also great] activity 9 "s arti/ic c5tres ?an 9 o!rs1 ! *oice ( subjects be+ modifi$ f t[n to t[n & f age to age4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we c only haz>d conjectures ) reg>d to ?is4 ,m4 ,m5ant looks ^u ! cyl9d]s :i* repres5t ! goddess ,i/> hold+ h] *ild ^u h] knees & receiv+ ! homage ( ! fai?ful1 z issu+ f ! work%ops ( ,uruk 7,ere*72 x is ! prototype ( ! div9e "m ^: wor%ip is to spread ev5 into ,greece4 ,at ,ur cyl9d]s ( v diff]5t types1 b ( a dry execution1 :i* is r a m>k ( decad5ce ?an ( ar*aism1 7 manufactur$3 !re are sc5es ( wor%ip or initiation into my/]ies1 & sacrifices1 among :i* t ( ! kid is ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,on c]ta9 monum5ts ,m4 ,m5ant recognises a repres5tation ( human sacrifices3 ! mo/ m>k$ sc5e ( ?is k9d %[s u a sacrific]1 :o1 rais+ 8 "r h&1 br&i%es a dagg] ov] a kneel+ *ild1 :om he seems to prep>e to slay1 9 ! pres5ce ( a pontiff & ( ! /atue ( ! god4 ,"o ( ! commone/ figures on ,*aldan cyl9d]s is t ( ! goddess ,i/>1 sometimes deck$ ) ri* ornam5ts1 sometimes entirely nak$1 9 full face1 ) h] h&s clasp+ h] brea/s3 ?is la/ type1 pr(usely reproduc$ by ! modell]s 9 clay1 0 p]petuat$ all ov] ! ,ea/ up to ! "t ( ! ,greek & ,roman supremacies4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,assyrian ,,ar*itecture4 ,assyria1 because %e lies ne>] to ! m\nta9s ?an ,*alda1 & because ! use ( /one1 )\t ev] be+ exclusive1 0 m frequ5t 9 nor!rn ?an 9 s\!rn ,mesopotamia1 has left u important ru9s :i* h already be5 p>tly explor$1 & :i* all[ u to recon/ruct ! =ms ( h] ar*itecture1 )\t mat]ial gaps1 f ! n9? to ! sev5? c5tury be=e our era4 ,9 temples1 palaces1 /ag$ t[]s1 & =tresses1 ! art ( build+ is reveal$ to our eyes by means ( ! excavations ( :i* ,n9eveh & its environs h be5 ! object4 ,b no?+ is left ( private ar*itecture1 & ! same mu/ be said ( sepul*ral ar*itecture1 or r ?is latt] did n exi/ 9 ,assyria1 :i* has only yield$ to our explor]s a few j>s fill$ ) bones4 ,! corpses 7 g5]ally c>ri$ away into ,l[] ,*alda1 :i* cont9u$ to be = long ages a sort ( ,campo ,santo1 or va/ cemet]y at ! s]vice ( ! inhabitants ( all ,mesopotamia4 ,d[n to ! pres5t day1 ! ,p]sians1 ev5 ( ! mo/ di/ant prov9ces1 make a po9t ( hav+ _! dead buri$ at ,nejef & ,k]bela1 ne> ! mosque ( ,ali1 ! great sa9t ( ! ,%iite ,mussulmans4 ,?is traditional sup]/ition is turn$ to pr(it by a company ( c>ri]s1 :o annually transport m ?an t5 ?\s& corpses4 ,! necropolis ( ,mugheir & ! surr\nd+ tells belongs !re=e bo? to ,*alda & to ,assyria2 corpses are pil$ up !re by hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 b beyond ! sy/em ( dra9age1 organis$ 9 ord] to cat* ! ra9-wat]1 x (f]s no?+ ( great int]e/4 ,!re 7 no sepul*ral monum5ts2 & z = ! tombs !mselves1 !y are g5]ally little brick /ructures ) no?+ rem>kable ab\t !m2 ! furniture consi/+ ( t]ra-cotta vases & figur9es1 amulets & cyl9d]s1 is ( ! mo/ wret*$ description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,tomb at ,w>ka 7aft] ,taylor74 ,! pr9cipal build+s ( ,assyria1 :i* h be5 me?odically & almo/ completely explor$1 are ^? ( ,khorsabad1 "s leagues to ! nor? ( ,n9eveh1 & ^? ( ,k\yunjik & ,nimr\d4 ,sev]al hillocks 9 :i* a collection ( important /ructures w\ld ) equal c]ta9ty be f\nd1 su* z ! hill ( ,nebi ,yunus1 :]e ,arab tradition fixes ! tomb ( ! prophet ,jonah1 & ,arvil on ! site ( ,arbela1 h n yet be5 te/$ by ! explor]'s pick2 o!rs1 su* z ! artificial m\nds ( ,kalah ,%]gat1 ,balawat1 & ,k>amles1 h only be5 incompletely explor$1 & ?\gh epigraphic mat]ial1 extremely valuable = hi/ory1 & bas-reliefs ( ! highe/ arti/ic int]e/1 h be5 extract$ f !m1 f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view at lea/ _! imp]fect excavation tea*es u no?+ new4 ,! ,babylonian build+s ( ! epo* ( ,nebu*adnezz> & ,nabonidus mu/ h resembl$ ! ,n9evite palaces & temples 9 =m & ar*itectural arrangem5t2 b up to ! pres5t "t we c only speak ( !m by conjecture1 or accord+ to ! inexact descriptions ( ,greek travell]s1 & we _c regret too mu* t ! enorm\s ,babylonian tells1 su* z ^? call$ ! ,kasr or ,palace1 ,tell ,amran1 ,babil & ,birs ,nimr\d h yield$ h>dly any?+ yet ( _! ar*ological treasures4 ,we mu/1 !n1 = ! pres5t1 conf9e ourselves to ! description ( ! ru9s ( ,khorsabad1 ,nimr\d1 & ,k\yunjik1 9 ord] to recon/ruct ! pr9cipal =ms ( ,mesopotamian ar*itecture at ! mo/ spl5did p]iod ( ! ,n9evite empire4 ,i4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,con/ruction4 ,! lime/one :i* is furni%$ 9 abundance by ! l[e/ spurs ( ! m\nta9s ( ,kurdi/an enabl$ ! ar*itects ( ,n9eveh n to employ brick exclusively1 & sometimes to erect walls ( trimm$ a%l>4 ,!y us$ lime/one especially = ! basem5ts ( ! build+s1 :i* 7 m p>ticul>ly expos$ to ! action ( damp1 s fatal to crude brick2 !y also _h rec\rse to x = ! con/ruction ( ! ramp>ts ( ! royal palaces4 ,b ev5 "h1 on acc\nt ( ! de>ness ( ! mat]ials1 :i* x 0 necess>y to seek at a di/ance & to sp5d mu* "t 9 hew+1 /one is only employ$ = ! out] fac+ ( ! wall2 ! build]s use x sp>+ly1 & are z nigg>dly ( x z !y are prodigal ( brick4 ,accord+ly1 ! walls :i* enclose ! t]race ( ,s>gon's palace at ,khorsabad are only ( /one on ! surface2 ! int]ior1 or r ! nucleus ( ! /ructure1 is ( brick4 ,! blocks on _! ext]nal & visible surface are ( v>iable l5g?1 b are plac$ ^u "o ano!r 9 v regul> c\rses ( equal height & ) cross$ jo9ts4 ,head]s p5etrate l w$ges into ! mass ( ! t]race to ease ! lay]s ( brick & b9d !m to ! /one /ructure4 ,9 ! l[] c\rses ( ! ramp>t ( ! palace at ,khorsabad !re are regul>ly hewn blocks f #h ft4 #b 94 to #i ft4 #aj 94 squ>e2 ! blocks dim9i% 9 volume 9 proportion to ! ne>ness ( ! lay]s to ! summit ( ! ramp>t1 :i* 0 #ei ft4 high1 includ+ ! battlem5ts1 :i* =m$ a p>apet all r\nd ! t]race4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,masonry at ,khorsabad 7aft] ,place74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,section ( wall at ,khorsabad 7aft] ,place74 ,! int]ior or ext]ior walls ( ! build+ :i* /ood ^u ?is gigantic base _h no ne$ to fe> ! infiltration ( wat] or ! attacks ( enemies3 _! solidity might be less5$ )\t inconv5i5ce1 by economis+ ! /one4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y are ( brick1 bak$ or crude1 & /one is sc>cely employ$ 9 !m except = ! l9+ & pav+ ( a few rooms4 ,9 t case great slabs ( lime/one or gypsum are set upright z a pl9? aga9/ ! l[] "p ( ! wall1 to pres]ve x f corrosion2 !y are adju/$ end to end by ! edge1 & x 0 suffici5t1 9 ord] to fix !m1 to p\r betwe5 _! po/]ior surface & ! wall mort> :i* (t5 only imp]fectly adh]$3 ! out] & only visible surface ( ^! slabs 0 decorat$ ) bas-reliefs :i* s]v$ = ! adornm5t ( ! halls4 ,z = ! walls !mselves1 !y 7 /raight & p]p5dicul> 9 contra/ to ^? ( ! ,egyptian build+s1 :i*1 se5 f )\t1 seem to lean inw>ds1 & give to ! :ole build+ ! appe>ance ( a truncat$ pyramid4 ,! ,assyrian walls rise v]tically1 ev5 :5 !y enclose vault$ *amb]s1 or :5 !y =m "p ( /ag$ pyramids2 ea* /age =ms a p]p5dicul> t]race1 n a slop+ "o4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! p>titions :i* sep>ate ! halls sometimes look l "o block set up on end2 ! jo9ts & ! c\rses ( ! brickwork _c be detect$1 to su* an ext5t h ! con/ruct+ mat]ials be5 sold]$ toge!r 9 a p]fect amalgam ( beat5 clay4 ,?is peculi>ity1 notic$ by ,victor ,place at ,khorsabad1 c only be expla9$ by admitt+ t ! bricks 7 employ$ 9 ! build+ :ile !y 7 /ill saturat$ ) wat]1 & be=e ! process ( dry+ 0 f9i%$4 ,_! natural dampness1 add$ to t ( ! clayey mort> :i* b\nd !m to "o ano!r1 has =m$ a sort ( muddy pa/e :i* mu/ h tak5 ye>s to h>d51 b :i* 0 p>ticul>ly effective aga9/ ! dis9tegration ( ! wall1 s9ce x became 9 ?is way entirely homog5e\s4 ,x 0 ! extraord9>y ?ickness ( ^! walls :i* prev5t$ !m f giv+ way "u _! own weight1 & ev5 all[$ !m to uphold ^? heavy b$s ( clay :i* =m ! vaults & t]races ( ! h\ses4 ,!y ?us protect$ ! halls mo/ effectively f ! ard5t heat ( ! sun4 ,at ! pres5t day ! inhabitants ( ,bagdad & ,mos\l take refuge1 dur+ summ]1 9 _! sirdab1 a half-und]gr\nd room ) extremely ?ick brick walls1 ! s+le op5+ ( :i* looks to ! nor?4 ,! p ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 subject to ! same climatic conditions1 c]ta9ly act$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,z = ! pr9ces1 !y _h1 to def5d !m aga9/ ! sun1 walls f #ac ft4 to #bf ft4 ?ick1 & vault+s z enorm\s z ! walls4 ,nev]!less1 ! mode ( build+ ) clay :i* we h j notic$ 0 v defective2 ?is is ! weak side ( ,n9evite & ,babylonian build+s1 & we und]/& :y ! k+s are unceas+ly oblig$1 z !y relate 9 _! inscriptions1 to repair or rebuild walls :i* crumble "u ! dissolv+ action ( wat] f ! sky4 ,! unusual ?ickness ( ! walls1 ! long1 n>r[ =m ( all ! *amb]s1 are also ju/ifi$ by ! employm5t ( ! vault z ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! ,assyrian build+s4 ,v4 ,place une>!d at ,khorsabad a great doorway surm\nt$ by a semicircul> ar*4 ,! sides ( ! doorway1 z well z ! ar* itself1 are ( brick2 !re are ?ree r[s ( v\ssoirs "o above ! o!r1 =m+ z x 7 ?ree conc5tric door-frames half-fitt+ into "o ano!r4 ,all ! v\ssoirs1 :i* h issu$ f a s+le m\ld1 h a slightly trapezoidal %ape1 l ! /one v\ssoirs ( our mo/ c>efully built edifices4 ,! height ( ! doorway1 "u ! key/one1 is #ai ft4 #h 941 & ! bread? #aa ft4 ,at o!r po9ts1 ,place recognis$ t ! enorm\s accumulation ( mat]ials :i* fill$ up ! halls c\ld only come f ! fall+ 9 ( ! clay vaults4 ,"s blocks /ill1 at ! "t ( ! excavations1 =m$ an ar*1 sometimes sev]al y>ds 9 diamet]1 solid en\gh to s]ve z %elt] = ! %eph]ds ( ! neighb\rhood2 !y 71 on ! concave side1 cov]$ ) c>efully laid /ucco1 or ) pa9t+s 9 fresco--a circum/ance :i* proves positively t ^! blocks are sections ( crumbl$ vaults4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,vault$ & dom$ h\ses 7aft] ,lay>d74 ,! squ>e *amb]s 7 surm\nt$ by a dome2 !re are 9 ! palace ( ,s>gon two ( ^! rooms z mu* z #dd ft4 squ>e4 ,9 a bas-relief discov]$ at ,k\yunjik 7fig4 #ci7 a gr\p ( h\ses figures1 among :i* "s are surm\nt$ by hemisph]ical cupolas1 o!rs by elongat$ domes 9 ! =m ( sug>-loaves4 ,! h\ses ( ,babylon 7 vault$1 z ,/rabo tells u4 ,! ,mesopotamian palaces ( ! ,a*m5id1 ,p>?ian1 or ,sassanian epo*1 ! halls ( :i* are surm\nt$ by domes :i* sc>cely yield 9 boldness to ^? ( ,/4 ,sophia1 evid5tly only h&$ on ! ,assyro-,*aldan tradition :i* is also repres5t$ be=e our eyes by ! mod]n h\ses ( ,mos\l1 ,bagdad & s\!rn ,p]sia4 ,! te*nical me?ods ( contempor>y masons also d n fail to make kn[n to u :at /eps _! ance/ors ( ! "t ( ,s>gon or ,nebu*adnezz> took to supply ! want ( wood1 & 9 consequ5ce to d )\t a previ\s ar*$ framework3 travell]s tell u t !y h obs]v$ ! commone/ workm5 ( ! c\ntry erect+ _! hemisph]ical or elliptical cupolas by lay]s 9 r+s1 laid "o above ! o!r1 & n>r[+ 9 proportion to _! ne>ness to ! key/one2 x is ! same pr9ciple z t ( ! corbell$ vault+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,vault$ dra9 7aft] ,lay>d74 ,! place :]e x has be5 possible to obs]ve ! employm5t ( ! vault 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,assyrian palaces1 is 9 ! v b[els ( ! basem5ts ( ^! edifices4 ,a va/ corridor1 surm\nt$ by a semicircul> vault+1 0 discov]$ by ! ,engli% explor]s1 9 ! flanks ( ! m\nd ( ,nimr\d2 ! l[] c\rses are ( enorm\s slabs ( /one1 all ! re/ is brick4 ,9 ! sci5tific sy/em ( dra9s :i* c>ri$ (f ! sewage ( ! palace ( ,s>gon1 ,place di/+ui%$ e k9d ( vault+3 ! po9t$ or ogival vault1 ! semicircul> vault1 ! flat-ar*$ vault1 ! %all[ vault1 ! elliptical vault4 ,nev]1 at any po9t 9 _! hi/ory1 did ! ,egyptians ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,vault$ dra9 at ,khorsabad 7aft] ,place74 or ! ,romans pu% ! application ( ! vault to an equal degree ( p]fection4 ,9 mo/ ( ! halls ( ,s>gon's palace a slab pi]c$ ) a hole 0 rem>k$ 9 ! middle ( ! bricks :i* =m ! pavem5t3 ?is 0 ! orifice ( a v]tical conduit op5+ into a vault$ dra9 conceal$ 9 ! t]race4 ,"o ( ^! dra9s _h an ogival vault+1 ! description ( :i* we w borr[ f ,,mm4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez4#bi 8,! bricks compos+ x are trapezoidal 9 %ape1 two ( _! sides be+ slightly r\nd$--! "o concave1 ! o!r convex4 ,! radius ( ?is curve v>ies ) ea* brick1 be+ gov]n$ by its de/9$ place 9 ! vault4 ,^! bricks g !re=e 9 pairs1 & z !re are f\r c\rses ( bricks on ea* side ( ! vault1 f\r sep>ate & diff]5t m\lds w\ld be requir$1 besides a fif?1 ( :i* we %all pres5tly h to speak4 ,! f\r n>r[ sides ( ^! bricks diff] s5sibly f "o ano!r4 ,! two curv$ faces1 be+ at diff]5t di/ances f ! c5tre1 are ( unequal l5g?s2 :ile1 z ! l[] oblique edge is "s in*es bel[ ! upp] 9 ! curve1 ^! two edges h diff]5t directions4 ,9 _! dis9cl9ation to use /one v\ssoirs ! ,assyrian build]s "h f\nd !mselves compell$ to m\ld bricks ( v complicat$ =m1 & ! way 9 :i* !y accompli%$ _! task speaks volumes = _! skill40 ,! two upp] v\ssoirs meet+ & t\*+ "o ano!r by "o ( _! corn]s1 ! triangul> space left empty betwe5 _! edges 0 fill$ up ei!r by w$ge-%ap$ bricks or by mort>4 ,! dra9 :i* we h j giv5 z an example is #d ft4 #g 94 high "u ! key/one & #c ft4 #h 94 broad2 ! explor]s 7 able to foll[ x to a l5g? ( #baf feet4 ,to facilitate its con/ruction ! ar*itect conceiv$ ! +5i\s idea ( build+ x ^u an incl9$ plane--t is to say1 t all ! r[s ( v\ssoirs1 in/ead ( be+ p]p5dicul>1 lean consid]ably backw>ds1 & are support$ "o ^u ! o!r2 ?is sy/em1 :i* did n at all affect ! solidity ( ! vault+1 all[$ ! build]s to d )\t circul> wood5 frames4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,vault$ dra9 at ,khorsabad4 ,slope ( ! bricks 7aft] ,place74 ,s mu* te*nical skill devot$ to ! con/ruction ( simple subt]ranean conduits makes u p>ticul>ly regret t ! deplorable quality ( ! mat]ial did n all[ ! vaults & domes ( ! palaces to exi/ till our day4 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 n only vault$ halls 9 ! ,n9evite build+s2 a c]ta9 numb] ( !m 7 cov]$ by flat ro(s =m$ ( beams ( palm-wood1 popl>-wood or c$>-wood1 :i* support$ light t]races4 ,! bas-relief at ,k\yunjik :i* we cit$ above %[s u flat ro(s side by side ) p>abolic & sph]oidal cupolas4 ,nev]!less1 :at we said ab\t ! use ( /one 9 ! ,n9evite /ructures we c repeat "h on ! subject ( timb]4 ,n9eveh1 n be+ too remote f ! wood$ m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 ,kurdi/an & ,masius1 :]e =e/s ( p9es1 bee*es1 & oaks gr[1 did n deprive h]self ( ! use ( ^! woods 9 h] /ructures2 %e _h panell$ halls 9 h] palaces1 &1 at ! apogee ( h] p[]1 :5 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( slaves plac$ _! /r5g? at ! s]vice ( h] mon>*s1 %e _h ! timb] ( ! ,amanus & ! ,lebanon transport$ into h] build+s4 ,! k+ ,assur-nasir-pal 7,b4,c4 #hhb-heg7 relates 9 "o ( 8 inscriptions t he _h an enorm\s quantity ( p9es1 c$>s1 & oaks cut d[n 9 ! ,amanus & ! ,lebanon 9 ord] to h !m c>ri$ to ,n9eveh1 & to employ !m 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 palace & ! temples ( 8 fav\rite gods4 ,o!r pr9ces1 su* z ,s>gon1 ,s5na*]ib1 ,assurbanipal & ,nebu*adnezz>1 make ! same boa/ ( hav+ utilis$1 9 ! build+s :i* !y erect$ or repair$1 beams br\ght f ! ,amanus & ! ,lebanon4 8,i caus$ ! talle/ c$>s ( ,lebanon10 says ,nebu*adnezz>1 8to be br\ght to ,babylon2 ! sanctu>y ( ,e-,kua1 9 :i* ! god ,m>duk dwells1 0 fre%ly cov]$ ) beams ( c$>-wood40#cj ,?is is ! wood ( res9\s nature1 8! od\r ( :i* is good10 add ! inscriptions4 ,at ! ,briti% ,museum fragm5ts ( a c$> beam1 collect$ among ! ru9s ( ,assur-nasir-pal's palace at ,nimr\d1 are pres]v$4 ,:o w ev] be able to say :at ef=ts & h[ _m human lives 7 requir$ to transport ^! gigantic raft]s across a r\gh c\ntry )\t any roads = traffic1 f ! ,lebanon z f> z ! banks ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates8 ,accord+ly x may be affirm$ t ! use ( wood 0 always exceptional 9 ! ,*aldo-,assyrian /ructures2 x 0 nev] introduc$ except z an exotic elem5t1 ( :i* ! mon>*s boa/ on acc\nt ( its r>ity4 ,! climate & ! nature ( ! ,mesopotamian soil 7 bett] suit$ by ?ick vault+s1 :i*1 !n z at ! pres5t day1 nev] ceas$ to be ! rule !re4 ,q z little z ! ,*aldans1 & = ! same motives1 did ! ,assyrians make a frequ5t & regul> use ( ! column z an elem5t ( _! ar*itecture4 ,victor ,place notices1 l ! explor]s ( ,l[] ,*alda1 sev]al faades 9 ! palace ( ,s>gon adorn$ ) pila/]s & half-columns ( brick1 project+ beyond ! plane ( ! walls1 & hav+ no object except to relieve ! monotony ( ! /ructure4 ,p]haps1 too1 ^! half-columns1 :i* are f\nd 9 gr\ps ( sev51 _h1 l ! two fam\s pill>s 9 ! ,temple ( ,solomon1 a my/ical & symbolical mean+1 ! numb] sev5 play+ an ess5tial "p among ! my?ological conceptions ( ! ,*aldo-,assyrians4 ,else:]e a few bases ( columns & a few monoli?ic capitals h be5 f\nd1 :i* prove t ! ,assyrians us$ /one supports = monum5tal por*es1 z we asc]ta9$ 9 ! palace ( ,tello4 ,a fragm5t ( a bas-relief pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 & com+ f ! palace ( ,assurbanipal1 %[s u 7fig4 #dc7 ! faade ( a great build+ adorn$ ) a project+ ro(1 support$ by f\r pila/]s & f\r columns4 ,! base ( ^! columns re/s on ! back ( gigantic lions1 :i* seem to advance to meet "o ano!r1 two & two4 ,on ! back ( ! lion ! ar*itect has plac$ a c\ss9et1 surm\nt$ by a torus & by ! /em ( ! column4 ,9 ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ,k\yunjik1 f\r bases ( columns 7 f\nd /ill 9 place1 & seem+ to belong to a cov]$ gall]y2 !re 7 also two small w+$ bulls ) human heads1 cr[n$ ) ! ti>a1 & support+ on _! back a sph]oidal base decorat$ ) geometrical designs 9 relief4 ,at ,nimr\d ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d notic$ also two cr\*+ sph9xes be>+ bases ( columns 7fig4 #dd72 accord+ to ! same ar*itectural pr9ciple ! foot ( ! ar*es re/$ ^u ! gigantic bulls :i* flank$ ! *ief entrances ( ! palaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,faade ) pila/]s 7f bas-relief 9 ,briti% ,museum repres5t+ ,babylon74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,base ( column 7aft] ,lay>d74 ,! /em ( ! columns 0 probably ( wood1 pa9t$ or cov]$ ) a metallic envelope4 ,r\nd ! inn] c\rty>ds !re 71 z 9 ! c\rts ( ori5tal palaces 9 our own day1 porticoes =m$ ( c$> beams re/+ on bases analog\s to ^? :i* we h j notic$4 ,/rabo#ca rem9ds u t 9 ,babylon beams ( palm-wood 7 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses3 8,!y are c>eful10 he says1 8to wrap r\nd ea* palm-wood pill> ) ru%-cords1 :i* are !n cov]$ ) sev]al coats ( pa9t40 ,?+s 7 n done q 9 ?is way 9 ! h\ses ( ! ri* & 9 pr9cely resid5ces4 ,a fragm5t ( a c$> beam ( ! size ( a man 0 discov]$ at ,khorsabad4 ,x 0 /ill ov]laid ) a plat+ ( bronze decorat$ ) designs 9 rep\ss1 :i* imitate ! b>k ( a palm-trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,assyrian capital 7aft] ,place1 ,n9ive et l',assyrie1 pl4 #ce74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,capital ( ,sassanian p]iod f ,w>ka 7,briti% ,museum74 ,an enorm\s block ( lime/one1 #ci ft4 #c 94 high1 br\ght to light at ,khorsabad1 comprises an entire capital & a "p ( ! /em at ! same "t 7fig4 #de72 x is almo/ ! only ,assyrian capital kn[n4 ,x affects ! sph]oidal =m1 & its convex "p is decorat$ ) a d\ble l9e ( curv$ fe/oons 9 relief2 !re 0 a simil> ornam5t1 no d\bt1 at ! base4 ,sev]al capitals f ,w>ka are also pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 b !y 7 f\nd among ru9s ( ! ,sassanian epo*4 ,nev]!less ! resemblance :i* "s ( !m be> to ! ar*itectural features ( ! bas-reliefs is s close t !y are probably repres5tatives ( a /yle inh]it$ f a =m] p]iod4 ,!y are ( t =m1 s well kn[n 9 ! sculptures1 :i* has ! "* ( ! ,ionic ord]1 & 0 probably its orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,%r9e ) columns 7,botta1 ,les ,monum5ts de ,n9ive1 pl4 #aad74 ,9 imitation ( _! s\!rn neighb\rs ! ,assyrians us$ ! column especially 9 *apels ( little importance1 9 :i* ! supports _h no vault or t]race to uphold4 ,bas-reliefs f ,khorsabad & ,k\yunjik repres5t sanctu>ies ! ro( ( :i* is support$ by small columns ) a base & a capital1 :i* p>take at once ( ! ,ionic & ( ! ,doric ord] ( ! ,greeks 7fig4 #dg74 ,^! little /ructures recall ! ,*aldan %r9e ( ! god ,samas 7fig4 #bi74 ,an object :i* appe>s to be ! base ( a small column exi/s 9 ! ,nimr\d ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is ( s&/one1 &1 to judge f its size1 x mu/ h =m$ "p ( a small *apel or %r9e1 su* z we see 9 ! sculptures4 ,! ornam5tal design ^u x is p>tly simil> to t ( ! l>ge capital figur$ above1 b pres5ts "s v>iations f x4 ,!re is a small hole into :i* ! pill> 0 d\btless fa/5$ by a peg or metal d[el4 ,! ,assyrian palace1 l ,arab h\ses1 develop$ itself entirely 9 area1 & n 9 height2 !re 0 r>ely a second /ory on ! plat=m4 ,nev]!less su* a second /ory exi/s sometimes2 x is !n op5 at ! sides1 & ! ro( is support$ by small columns4 ,^! columns1 ( wood r ?an ( /one or brick1 =m a gall]y ov] ! faade1 & !y are adorn$ at _! upp] extremity ) a d\ble volute z a capital4 ,bas-reliefs %[ u h\ses ?us surm\nt$ by a colonnade1 :i* supports a light1 flat ro( ( wood5 beams4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h\ses 9 ,kurdi/an are /ill built on ! same l9es1 & %[ an id5tical arrangem5t 9 two /ories2 ! l[] )\t w9d[s1 ! upp] op5 at ! sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,base ( small column 7,briti% ,museum74 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,assyrians1 l ! ,*aldans1 n hav+ at _! disposal build+-/one 9 great abundance1 7 oblig$ to con/ruct _! edifices almo/ exclusively ( brick1 ! capabilities ( :i* !y tri$ to ! utmo/4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t !y nev] _h ^? halls ( columns :i* are ! triumph ( ,egyptian ar*itecture4 ,h[ev] ?ick "o may suppose pill>s ( brick1 or columns =m$ ( bricks m\ld$ 9 ! %ape ( segm5ts ( a circle1 to be1 ^! supports w nev] (f] ! same gu>antee ( solidity z ! /one column4 ,:]ev] a heavy burd51 su* z a vault or a t]race1 _h to be support$1 great walls 7 rais$ ( an extraord9>y ?ickness1 :i* x w\ld h be5 imprud5t to pi]ce ) w9d[s capable ( dim9i%+ its resi/ance4 ,air & light only p5etrat$ into ! ap>tm5ts by ! doors2 (t51 too1 an op5+ 0 contriv$ at ! summit ( ! vault or dome1 =m$ ( a cyl9drical pipe ( burnt clay c>ri$ ?r\gh ! entire ?ickness ( ! /ructure4 ,,ii4 ,,palaces4 ,! t[n ( ,dur-,s>ruk9 7! ,=tress ( ,s>gon7 /ood ?ree leagues nor? ( ,n9eveh1 on ! ,khasw]1 "o ( ! bran*es ( ! ,tigris1 :]e ! ,kurdi% village ( ,khorsabad has be5 built4 ,discov]$ 9 #ahdc by ,e4 ,botta1 ,fr5* ,consul at ,mos\l1 x 0 almo/ completely excavat$ by ?is illu/ri\s explor] & 8 successor1 ,victor ,place1 & x is f ,khorsabad t mo/ ( ! ,assyrian monum5ts 9 ! ,l\vre come4 ,x 0 ! cu/om t ea* ( ! ,n9evite mon>*s %\ld h a special palace built at "s di/ance f ! great ,assyrian capital1 & ?is became ! royal resid5ce r\nd :i* /ood ! dwell+s ( ! c\rt-(fic]s1 ! gu>ds1 ! s]vants1 & all p]sons :o dep5d$ ^u ! pr9ce or liv$ at 8 exp5se4 ,dur-,s>ruk9 0 built by ,s>gon1 ! fa!r ( ,s5na*]ib1 ab\t ! ye> #gaj be=e our era4 ,! palace & ! t[n :i* 0 annex$ to x =m$ a gr\p ( /ructures conta9$ )9 a =tifi$ enclosure 7fig4 #di7 ! plan ( :i* 0 a squ>e ( #eije feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,plan ( ,dur-,s>ruk9 7aft] ,place1 pl4 #b74 ,! wall ( circumvallation1 ! angles ( :i* po9t$ to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s1 z 9 ! ,*aldan build+s1 0 cr[n$ ) battlem5ts & pi]c$ by eight gates protect$ by t[]s4 ,! k+'s palace 7fig4 #ej7 /ood almo/ 9 ! middle ( ! nor?-ea/]n faade1 & a "p ( its /ructure :i* project$ beyond ! ramp>ts _h ! appe>ance ( an enorm\s ba/ion4 ,! /ructure ( ?is palace 0 support$ by a plat=m :i* =m$ an acropolis ne>ly tw5ty-five acres 9 area4 ,! mass ( clay :i* _h to be br\ght to raise ! t]race & ! walls ( ! palace has be5 e/imat$ at #dh1bcc1jjj cubic feet4 ,! plat=m ov]look$ ! t[n1 & 0 rea*$ by /aircases1 de/roy$ at ! pres5t day1 b :i* mu/ h be5 analog\s to ! monum5tal /aircase :i* =m$ ! asc5t to ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib1 & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,plan ( ! palace ( ,s>gon 7aft] ,place1 pl4 #g74 ! traces ( :i* ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d recognis$4 ,z at ,tello1 a g5tle asc5t on an incl9$ plane 0 =m$ = ! passage ( vehicles4 ,! royal ap>tm5ts built ^u ! t]race compris$ no less ?an two hundr$ & n9e m or less spaci\s rooms1 ! walls ( :i*1 laid b>e by ,botta & ,place1 are /ill sometimes tw5ty-six feet high & always rea* at lea/ t5 feet 9 ! p>ts mo/ demoli%$4 ,x 0 n easy to det]m9e ! de/9ation ( ^! diff]5t halls4 ,h[ev]1 by comp>ison ) ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,s\?-ea/]n faade ( ! palace ( ,s>gon 7re/oration by ,place1 pl4 #bj74 pres5t ,turki% & ,p]sian palaces1 9 :i* an analog\s arrangem5t has be5 p]petuat$1 ) ! same usages1 ! foll[+ p>ts h be5 di/+ui%$ at ,dur-,s>ruk9 z 9 ! palace ( ,tello3 ! s]aglio1 t is to say1 ! reception-rooms & ! dwell+-rooms ( ! pr9ce & ! m5 atta*$ to 8 p]son2 ! h>eem1 or ap>tm5ts ( ! wom5 & _! *ildr52 ! khan1 or ! resid5ce ( ! slaves1 ! kit*5s1 ! /ables1 & ! (fices4 ,! s]aglio1 ! mo/ luxuri\s & mo/ highly decorat$ "p1 includ$ t5 c\rts & m ?an sixty rooms1 adorn$ ) ^? bas-reliefs 9 /one :i* are n[ ! glory ( ! ,l\vre4 ,!y 7 pav$ ) squ>e bricks fix$ 9 bitum54 ,:]e ! gr\nd 0 n to be cov]$ ) c>pet1 z be=e ! door1 !re 0 a /one pavem5t 9 :i* ! designs1 skilfully c>v$ 9 relief1 imitat$ ^? ( ! c>pets !mselves4 ,to ! build+s ( ! s]aglio1 situat$ on ! nor?-ea/1 is atta*$ ! /ag$ t[] ( :i* we %all speak f>!r on4 ,! pr9cipal c\rt ( ! s]aglio _h an area ( #c1bjb squ>e feet1 & eight doors =m$ a means ( communication betwe5 x & ! rooms ( ?is "p ( ! palace2 mo/ ( ^! op5+s are flank$ ) colossal lions or bulls support+ ! feet ( semicircul> ar*es4 ,! h>eem1 :i* occupi$1 on ! s\?1 a surface ( m ?an #id1gbf squ>e feet1 =m$ a gr\p ( /ructures communicat+ ) ! re/ ( ! palace by two doors only4 ,x 01 ) its l(ty bl9d walls1 a sort ( prison 9 ! v bosom ( ! =tress4 ,)91 !re 7 sev]al c\rts & isolat$ suites ( rooms1 9 :i* ! ap>tm5ts ( ! wom5 7 sep>ately arrang$4 ,! walls ( ! pr9cipal c\rt mu/ h be5 decorat$ ) true ,asiatic luxury1 = ! foot ( ^! walls1 :5 !y 7 laid b>e ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 0 /ill cov]$ ) a l9+ ( enamell$ bricks repres5t+ animals & my?ological sc5es4 ,x 0 "h t ! %aft ( a column 0 f\nd1 ( wood cov]$ ) a bronze %ea?1 s t x is n ra% to affirm t ?is c\rt 0 furni%$ ) a portico all r\nd1 & p]haps ev5 ) an upp] /ory ) op5 sides4 ,! khan1 situat$ t[>ds ! ea/]n angle ( ! /ructure1 occupi$ an ev5 l>g] space ?an ! h>eem2 ! treasury or bit kutalli1 ! cell>s1 gran>ies1 & /oreh\se ( dome/ic ut5sils1 h be5 di/9ctly recogniz$1 z well z magaz9es ( objects ( all sorts1 c>ri$ (f z plund] by ,s>gon 9 8 exp$itions1 & weapons ( ! *ase & ( w>3 9 ! v /ables1 ! pres5ce ( iron r+s fix$ 9 ! wall has be5 asc]ta9$1 to :i* horses & camels 7 atta*$3 la/ly1 ! small b num]\s rooms ( ! s]vants & slaves h be5 excavat$4 ,ctesias br+s ! numb] ( p]sons atta*$ to ! s]vice ( ! palace ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,bird's-eye view ( ! palace ( ,s>gon at ,khorsabad 7re/oration by ,place1 pl4 #ah bis74 k+s ( ,p]sia up to fifte5 ?\s&3 x may easily be suppos$ t an equal numb] ( h&s 0 employ$ at ! c\rt ( ! haughty k+ ( ,n9eveh4 ,! palace ( ,s>gon1 ! be/-pres]v$ ( ,assyrian edifices1 & t ( :i* ! excavation 0 direct$ ) ! greate/ consi/5cy & me?od1 des]v$ to be tak5 z ! mo/ p]fect type ( ! ,n9evite palaces4 ,! rese>*es ( ! ,engli% explor]s1 ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d1 ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son1 ,g4 ,smi?1 & ,h4 ,rassam1 h procur$1 x is true1 = ! ,briti% ,museum ! incomp>able gall]ies ( ,assyrian monum5ts kn[n z ^? ( ,nimr\d & ,k\yunjik f ! "n ( ! pr9cipal tells explor$2 !y h made kn[n ! site ( ! royal resid5ces ( ,assur-nasir-pal1 ,%almanes]1 ,s5na*]ib1 ,es>haddon1 ,assur-bani-pal1 & exhum$ ! f9e sculptures :i* decorat$ _! halls2 b f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view ^! excavations tea* u no?+ rem>kable & orig9al1 or r !y only confirm :at we "k ( ! art ( build+ among ! ,assyrians f ! /udy ( ,khorsabad2 ! elem5ts & pr9ciples ( build+ %[ !mselves to be id5tical ?r\gh\t1 &1 save = second>y modifications & v>iable proportions1 x may be said t ! arrangem5t & adornm5t ( ,assyrian palaces 7 ev]y:]e ! same1 & issu$ f an uni=m type creat$ 9 ,*alda1 :i* 0 nev] rem>kably modifi$4 ,,iii4 ,,temples ,,& ,,/ag$ ,,t[]s4 ,x 0 also 9 ,*alda1 z we h se51 t ^? t[]s 9 /ages 7zikkurat7 7 inv5t$1 pa9t$ 9 bright & v>i$ col\rs1 :i* con/itute "o ( ! orig9al features ( ,mesopotamian ar*itecture4 ,if ! /ag$ t[]s ( ,mugheir1 ,tello & ,abu ,%ahre91 are too mu* de/roy$ = u to be able to re/ore _! diff]5t /eps except 9 ?\ght1 we are sure1 nev]!less1 t ^! old ,*aldan edifices 7 simil> to ! t[]s ! l[] /ories ( :i* 7 excavat$ at ,k\yunjik1 ,nimr\d1 ,khorsabad1 & f9ally at ,babylon1 :]e /ood1 f ! remote/ antiquity1 ! two fam\s temples call$ ,e-saggil & ,e-zida & :]e ,nebu*adnezz> built1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( 8 inscriptions1 ! fam\s ,t[] ( ! ,sev5 ,lights4 ,:o c say :e!r ?is ar*itectural =m 0 n inspir$ by ! sight ( ! pyramids 9 /eps ( ! ,nile valley8 ,9 any case ! ,greek hi/orians agree 9 affirm+ t ! /ag$ t[]s 7 ( a height comp>able to t ( ! l(tie/ ,egyptian pyramids1 & ! mass ( ! m\nds ( dbris :i* repres5t ! ru9s ( ^! t[]s is a sure w>rant ( ?is ass]tion4 ,birs-,nimr\d at ,babylon is /ill1 at ! pres5t day1 #bce feet high1 & x has c]ta9ly lo/ at lea/ half ( its primitive height4 ,! ru9 ( ,babil is /ill #acj feet high4 ,:at ,european monum5t is !re1 ev5 if built ( hewn /one1 :i*1 aft] crumbl+ 9 ^u itself1 w\ld rea* #acj feet aft] ?irty c5turies ( ru9 & decay8 ,x is improbable1 !n1 t ,/rabo des]ves to be tax$ ) exagg]ation :5 he assigns ! height ( a /adium ( #eia ft4 #i 941 to ! temple ( ,bel at ,babylon4 ,h]odotus describes ! same build+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,?is temple is squ>e1 & ea* side is two /adia 9 l5g? 7#a1ahc ft4 #f 9474 ,9 ! c5tre is a massive t[]1 ( "o /adium 9 l5g? & bread?2 on ?is t[] /&s ano!r t[]1 & ano!r aga9 ^u ?is1 & s on up to eight4 ,a spiral /aircase has be5 built outside lead+ r\nd all ! t[]s4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! asc5t !re is a room1 & !re are seats ^u :i* visitors re/2 ^u ! la/ t[] /&s a l>ge %r9e1 9 :i* is a l>ge b$ ) ri* cov]+s1 & ne> x a gold5 table40 ,mod]n excavations enable u to affirm t ?is description is exact 9 all po9ts1 & t all ! /ag$ t[]s ( ,assyria & ,*alda 7 con/ruct$ ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,! zikkurat ( ! palace at ,khorsabad1 plac$ to ! ea/ ( ! s]aglio build+s1 has /ill at ! pres5t day ?ree complete /eps & ! beg9n+ ( a f\r?2 ! fir/ describes on ! gr\nd a squ>e ( #ada ft4 ea* way2 ea* /age is #bj feet high1 :i* gives u reason to believe t ! /ructure 0 z high z x 0 broad at ! base--a peculi>ity already not$ by ,h]odotus & ,/rabo 9 ! temple ( ,bel4 ,! /ages laid b>e by ! ,fr5* excavations 7 /ill p>tly col\r$ by means ( enamell$ /ucco1 ! l[e/ /age :ite1 ! second black1 ! ?ird r$di% purple1 ! f\r? blue4 ,among ! ru9s ( ! t[] 7 f\nd num]\s fragm5ts ( enamell$ bricks1 col\r$ v]milion1 silv] grey & gold1 :i* proves t ! t[] _h sev5 /ages ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ,h]odotus 7i4 #ih71 gives to ! =tress ( ,ecbatana1 9 ,m$ia1 ! arrangem5t ( a gigantic t[] 9 /ages1 ! col\rs ( :i* are simil> to ^? ( ! zikkurat ( ,khorsabad4 ,!re 71 accord+ to him1 sev5 conc5tric enclosures1 ! mo/ spaci\s be+ z l>ge z ,a!ns1 :ile ! battlem5ts ( ea* enclosure rose high] ?an ^? outside !m4 8,! battlem5ts ( ! fir/ wall are ( :ite /one2 ^? ( ! second ( black /one2 ^? ( ! f\r? blue2 ^? ( ! fif? v]milion4444 ,! two la/ walls are plat$1 ! "o ) silv]1 ! o!r ) gold40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,! /ag$ t[] ( ,khorsabad 7re/oration by ,v4 ,place74 ,! explor]s ( ,mugheir ?\ght t !y recognis$1 9 spite ( ! bad /ate ( ! ru9s1 t ! zikkurat ( ,ur 0 con/ruct$ 9 su* a way t ! /ages did n rise exactly 9 ! middle ( ! squ>e plat=m ( ! l[] /age :i* s]v$ z _! base2 !y 7 ne>] to "o ( ! sides1 s t !y pres5t on "o side mu* n>r[] t]races ?an on ! o!r ?ree4 ,?is obs]vation is confirm$ by a bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 un=tunately v r\gh1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we di/+ui% cle>ly ! great] wid? ( ! t]races on "o side & _! correspond+ n>r[ness on ! o!r4 ,on ! o!r h& ! slope ( ea* t]race proves t x asc5d$ l a screw1 & t !re 0 no /aircase cut 9 ea* ( ! /ages to put !m 9 communication ) ea* o!r4 ,?is is1 moreov]1 :at is obs]v$ at ,khorsabad3 ! asc5t to ! summit ( ! ru9s ( ! f\r? /age is by a quadrangul> slop+ pa? :i* m\nts g5tly z x w9ds r\nd 9 a spiral =m4 ,diodorus ,siculus in=ms u t ! top ( ! /ag$ t[]s 0 occupi$ by /atues1 = :i* ! zikkurat w\ld only =m a sort ( p$e/al3 8,at ! summit ( ! asc5t10 he says1 8,semiramis plac$ ?ree gold5 /atues wr\ght ) ! hamm]40 ,^! /atues 7 p]haps 9 ! int]ior ( ! sanctu>y :i* g5]ally cr[n$ ! build+2 ev]y?+ makes x probable also t little *apels 7 con/ruct$ at ea* /age 9 ! ?ickness ( ! /ructure1 & t ea* ( !m 0 consecrat$ to ! /ell> deity ( :om ! col\r ( ! /age 0 emblematic4 ,! *apel on ! summit 0 cov]$ by a gild$ cupola1 :i* glitt]$ "u ! glori\s sunlight ( ! pure ea/]n sky1 & dazzl$ all behold]s4 ,nebu*adnezz> relates 9 8 inscriptions t he ov]laid ! dome ( ! sanctu>y ( ,bel ,m>duk 8) plates ( wr\ght gold s t x %one l ! day40 ,does n ,h]odotus tell u t ! la/ /age ( ! citadel ( ,ecbatana 0 gild$8 ,f9ally1 ,taylor pick$ up among ! ru9s on ! summit ( ! zikkurat at ,abu ,%ahre91 a l>ge quantity ( ?9 plates ( gold1 /ill furni%$ ) ! gild$ nails1 :i* _h s]v$ to fix !m to ! walls4 ,besides ^! sanctu>ies erect$ on ! top ( /ag$ t[]s1 9 :i* ! prie/s pass$ ! night 9 wat*+ ! c\rses ( ! />s1 !re 7 o!r temples n provid$ ) simil> basem5ts4 ,?us1 on a bas-relief f ! palace ( ,s>gon1 we see a repres5tation ( ! pillage ( ! temple ( ! god ,haldia at ,musasir1 9 ,arm5ia 7fig4 #ed74 ,?is sanctu>y1 built ^u a t]race l t ( a palace1 has a faade decorat$ ) a triangul> p$im5t1 l a ,greek temple4 ,in/ead ( a portico ) columns to support ! p$im5t1 !re are ?ick pila/]s to ! numb] ( six1 adorn$ at int]vals ) project+ horizontal l9es1 & ) disks1 :i* are se5 ^u ! faade also1 & may be tak5 = votive buckl]s4 ,betwe5 ! two middle pila/]s is ! door ( ! temple1 ! op5+ ( :i* is enclos$ by an ar*itrave 9 /one2 on ea* side ( ! door & ( ! same height z x1 are two colossal g5ii 9 human =m1 c>v$ 9 /one & hold+ lances1 ! po9ts ( :i* rise ev5 high] ?an ! pill>s2 beh9d !m are lions2 la/ly1 "s di/ance 9 front ( ! door1 two gigantic bas9s1 probably ( bronze1 re/+ on tripods1 recall ! great vessel f\nd be=e ! faade ( ! palace ( ,tello1 ! braz5 sea 9 ! temple ( ,solomon1 ! vase f ! temple ( ,ama?us3 !y 7 bas9s = lu/ral wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,temple ( ! god ,haldia 7aft] a bas-relief at ,khorsabad1 ,botta1 pl4 #ada74 ,! description giv5 by ,h]odotus & ! au?or ( ,bel & ! ,dragon ( ! fam\s temple ( ,bel-,m>duk1 9 ,babylon1 acqua9ts u some:at closely ) ! int]ior arrangem5t ( ! *apel :i* cr[n$ ! zikkurat4 ,!re 0 no?+1 ,h]odotus relates1 9 ! way ( furniture b a b$ & a gold5 table2 ! walls 7 panell$ ) plates ( gold1 silv]1 & ivory4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,greek hi/orian is confirm$ by ! text ( ! cunei=m inscriptions3 8,i conceiv$ ! idea10 says ,nebu*adnezz>1 8( re/or+ ,e-saggil1 ! temple ( ,m>duk4 ,i _h ! talle/ c$>s br\ght f ,lebanon2 ! sanctu>y ( ,e-kua1 9 :i* ! god dwells1 0 cov]$ ) c$> beams & ov]laid ) gold & silv]40 ,else:]e relat+ ! con/ruction ( ! t[] ( ,borsippa1 :]e /ood ! temple ( ,e-zida consecrat$ to ! god ,nebo1 ! same pr9ce expresses himself z foll[s3 8,9 ! middle ( ,borsippa ,i rebuilt ,e-zida1 ! et]nal h\se4 ,i rais$ x to ! highe/ degree ( magnific5ce ) gold1 silv]1 o!r metals1 /one1 enamell$ bricks1 beams ( p9e & c$> wood4 ,i cov]$ ) gold ! wood ( ,nebo's re/+-place4 ,! po/s ( ! door ( oracles 7 plat$ ) silv]4 ,i encru/$ ) ivory ! po/s1 ! ?re%old & ! l9tel ( ! door ( ! re/+-place4 ,i cov]$ ) silv] ! c$> po/s ( ! door ( ! wom5's *amb]40 ,on ! gold5 table 9 ! temple ( ,m>duk1 ,nebu*adnezz> lays1 z he rec\nts himself1 (f]+s ( e k9d3 honey1 cream1 milk1 ref9$ oil2 to draw ^u himself heav5ly bless+s he p\rs out great draughts ( ! w9e ( diff]5t c\ntries into ! goblet ( ,m>duk1 & ,z>panit ! ,babylonian ,a/>te4#cb ,,iv4 ,,t[ns ,,& ,,_! ,,=tifications4 ,9 8 description ( ,babylon1 z ,nebu*adnezz> & ! k+s ( 8 dyna/y made x1 ,h]odotus expresses himself z foll[s3 8,?is city1 situat$ 9 a va/ pla91 =ms a p]fect squ>e ( :i* ea* side is #abj /adia long1 s t ! circumf]5ce is #dhj /adia40 ,pausanias says t ,babylon 0 ! greate/ city t ! sun _h ev] se5 9 8 c\rse2 ,ari/otle seems to comp>e x to ! ,peloponnese 9 size4#cc ,classical au?ors also assign to ! walls ( ! ,*aldan capital a height ( #bjj royal cubits 7#cdb ft47 & a ?ickness ( #he ft4 ,!y are said to be pi]c$ by a hundr$ gates1 flank$ by two hundr$ & fifty t[]s & protect$ by a l>ge moat1 into :i* ! wat]s ( ! ,euphrates 7 turn$4 ,! exactness ( ^! descriptions1 :i* at fir/ might seem hyp]bolical1 has be5 confirm$1 z f> z ! ?ickness ( ! walls is conc]n$1 by ! excavations at ,khorsabad1 ! ramp>ts ( :i* are #gh ft4 & ev5 #ij ft4 ?ick :]e !y are furni%$ ) ba/ions4 ,! ext5t ( ! city itself 0 v]ifi$ on ! spot betwe5 #aheb & #ahed by ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,mesopotamia4 ,! great enclosure ( ,babylon1 t is to say1 ! enl>g$ ,babylon ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 accord+ to ,m4 ,opp]t1 is #aii squ>e miles 9 area--t is to say1 sev5 times ! ext5t ( ! =tifi$ enclosure ( ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,walls ( ,babylon 7,briti% ,museum74 ,p>is4 ,a rais$ road1 #aif ft4 broad1 ran along ! int]ior ( ?is ramp>t1 & sep>at$ x f ! int]ior wall1 itself f\r times z long z ! circumf]5ce ( ,p>is2 ! two conc5tric walls be> 9 ! cunei=m texts ! names ( ,imgur ,bel & ,nimitti ,bel4 ,a view ( ! walls ( ,babylon seems to be giv5 9 "o ( ! bas-reliefs f ,k\yunjik1 :i* repres5t ! campaign ( ,assurbanipal aga9/ 8 bro!r ,samas-sum-uk91 k+ ( ,babylon 7,b4,c4 #fea-fdh74 ,nebu*adnezz> says t 8 own fa!r ,nabopolass> began to build ! walls1 & t he himself f9i%$ !m2 b ?is does n mean t ! e>li] city1 call$ by ,h]odotus ! ,royal ,city1 0 n surr\nd$1 z 9 ! bas-relief1 by a d\ble wall l ! lat]4 ,diodorus says t ,semiramis surr\nd$ ! we/]n "p ( ! city ) ?ree walls1 & two ( ^! are id5tifi$ by ,m4 ,opp]t4#cd ,fifty pr9cipal /reets1 tw5ty-five ( :i* 7 p>allel to ! ,euphrates1 & tw5ty-five at "r angles to x1 lead+ to ! hundr$ gates1 divid$ ! city into regul> squ>es2 a s+le bridge1 =m$ ( wood5 planks re/+ on /one piles1 0 ?r[n across ! ,euphrates1 :i* cut ! city 9 two diagonally4 ,! limits ( ! wall ( ,n9eveh are n yet exactly kn[n2 b ! te/imony ( ! ,bible gives u reason to believe t ?is city sc>cely yield$ 9 po9t ( size to ,babylon4 ,! be/ mode ( reconcil+ ! /atem5ts ( mod]n explor]s ) ^? ( ! ,book ( ,jonah & ! hi/orian ,ctesias1 is1 p]haps1 to adopt ! sugge/ion ( ,s*rad]1#ce & to suppose t 8! ,great ,city0 ( ,g5esis x4 #ab 0 a gr\p compos$ ( ! f\r t[ns !re enum]at$1 ( :i* ,n9eveh prop] 0 ! *ief1 & gave its "n to ! :ole gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--;,*aldan plan ( a =tress4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( textual evid5ce1 ! v sculptures ( ! ,assyrians place be=e our eyes num]\s =tresses 9 plan or 9 a bird's-eye view4 ,"o ( ! /atues f ,tello repres5ts ! patesi ,gudea z an ar*itect1 hold+ on 8 knees a tablet on :i* is c>v$ 9 outl9e ! plan ( a /ronghold 7fig4 #ef74 ,!re are six gates flank$ by t[]s1 & ! walls are surm\nt$ by battlem5ts4 ,9 all ! bas-reliefs 9 :i* sieges are repres5t$1 ! =tress is se5 to be compos$ ( sev]al conc5tric walls support$ by t[]s ( great] elevation ?an ! ramp>t f :i* !y project1 & surm\nt$ by d5ticulat$ battlem5ts 7figs4 #eh & #gd71 :i* /& out on corbels beyond ! p]p5dicul> surface ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,assyrian plan ( a =tress 7f a bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum74 ,might we n imag9e ourselves 9 pres5ce ( a nave m9iature ( ! middle ages1 repres5t+ ! siege ( a feudal ca/le1 :5 we exam9e 9 ! gall]ies ( our museums ^! ,assyrian bas-reliefs1 on :i* are c>v$ ! sieges ( =tresses1 :i* to def5d !mselves aga9/ batt]+-rams1 arr[s1 & projectiles ( all sorts1 are provid$ ) r$ans & r\nd t[]s1 battlem5t$ pi]c$ ) loopholes1 & furni%$ ) a sy/em ( def5ce :i* looks l ourdeys & ma*icolations8 ,z 9 ! middle ages1 a gate is nev] op5$ 9 ! wall ( a =tifi$ enclosure )\t be+ provid$ ) a drawbridge1 %elt]$ by two /rong t[]s1 & def5d$ by a project+ /ructure compos$ ( ano!r ramp>t & two new ba/ions4 ,! gate is ! weak po9t2 x is ! flaw 9 ! cuirass1 ! natural brea* by :i* ! enemy might ent]3 e sy/em ( def5ce is !re +5i\sly accumulat$1 & ! walls are ?ick] at t po9t4 ,^! tall t[]s1 ^! ?ick walls 7 gu>d$ by bodies ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,siege ( a =tress 7f a bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum74 ( soldi]s always on ! look-out1 :o f\nd "h a pleasant %ade to protect !m f a scor*+ sun1 to :i* ev5 ! inhabitants ( ! city f\nd _! way :5 !y met to discuss _! affairs or to conv]se ^u ! news ( ! day4 ,on ea* side ( ^! long passages recesses 7 made1 & ev5 actual halls = ! gu>ds4 ,sev]al ( ! dramas relat$ 9 ! ,biblical books are develop$ 9 su* places1 "u su* vaults4 ,! pres5t /ate ( "o ( ! entrances ( ,khorsabad enables u to asc]ta9 t ! cu/om ( assembl+ at ! city gate goes back to ! "t ( ! ,*aldo-,assyrians4 ,?is gate 0 /ill surm\nt$ by its semicircul> ar* decorat$ ) an ar*ivolt 9 enamell$ bricks4 ,! /ructure =m$ a projection ( #hb feet f ! wall2 built on a rectangul> plan1 x 0 itself pi]c$ by an op5+ def5d$ by two project+ ba/ions4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ?is fir/ /ructure1 a c\rt 0 rea*$ :i* gave access to ! op5+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,plan ( a gate at ,khorsabad 7aft] ,place1 pl4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,gate ( ,khorsabad 7re/oration by ,place1 pl4 #h7 9 ! ramp>t prop] flank$ by two squ>e t[]s4 ,?r\gh ?is gate a second c\rt 0 rea*$1 sep>at$ aga9 f a ?ird c\rt by a new op5+2 la/ly1 ! wall at ! bottom ( ?is ?ird c\rt _h aga9 an ap]ture :i* gave access to ! t[n4 ,?us x 0 necess>y to pass successively ?r\gh f\r doors to p5etrate into ,dur-,s>ruk91 & a /ructure1 symmetrical ) t on ! outside1 project$ f ! wall into ! int]ior ( ! =tress4 ,^! massive /ructures =m$ by !mselves a real /ronghold1 #bb1ife feet squ>e1 ) vault$ passages & gall]ies1 ! *ief ( :i* is n less ?an #bgh ft4 long4 ,x is cle> t su* build+s1 :i* w\ld inv>iably s]ve z meet+-places1 =m fre% & cool retreats 9 c\ntries :]e ! heat is su* t x 0 impossible to ga!r 9 ! ,=um or 9 ! ,agora1 z at ,rome or ,a!ns4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,assyrian ,,sculpture ,,& ,,pa9t+4 ,i4 ,,/atues1 ,,/el1 ,,& ,,obelisks4 ,! brilliant p]iod ( ,*aldan /atu>y1 :i* rea*$ ! apogee ( its developm5t 9 ! monum5ts ( ,tello1 came to an end ) ! fall ( ! petty pr9cipalities :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,l[] ,mesopotamia be=e ! ,n9evite supremacy4 ,*aldan /atu>y did n emigrate to ,assyria ) ! o!r arts1 or r ! ,assyrians disda9$ to receive x4 ,! pr9cipal cause :i* prev5t$ ?is art f develop+ among ! ,n9evites 0 ! ne>ness ( ! alaba/] qu>ries1 & ! abs5ce ( m>ble1 diorite1 porphyry & o!r k9ds ( /one :i* all[ ( be+ c>v$ 9 ! r\nd4 ,alaba/] c only be hewn 9 ?91 flat pieces1 :i*1 = ?is reason1 l5d !mselves admirably to be c>v$ 9 bas-relief1 b are unsuitable = /atu>y4 ,an alaba/] /atue ( ord9>y human proportions w\ld be extremely fragile1 & w\ld run ! risk ( crumbl+ away 9 flakes1 at any rate 9 ! ?9ne/ p>ts1 su* z ! feet & h&s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! abundance ( alaba/] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,n9eveh caus$ ! ,assyrians to disp5se ) ! importation f di/ant c\ntries1 at great co/1 ( blocks ( diorite & porphyry l ^? :i* ! ,*aldans1 :o possess$ nei!r alaba/] nor any o!r /one1 7 oblig$ to procure at any price4 ,at lea/ we mu/ admit t up to ! pres5t "t ! excavations 9 ,assyria h sc>cely yield$ to our curiosity any?+ t c enable u to ass]t t /atu>y fl\ri%$ 9 ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! few ,assyrian /atues t h come d[n to u prove ! pov]ty & neglect$ condition ( ?is bran* ( sculpture4 ,! pr9cipal objects t c be cit$ are two /atues ( ! god ,nebo at ! ,briti% ,museum1 a /atue ( ! ,k+ ,assur-nasir-pal 7,b4,c4 #hhb-heg71 & two o!r figures ( prie/s :i* took ! place ( ,c>yatids at ,khorsabad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,/atue ( ,assur-nasir-pal 7,briti% ,museum74 ,! /atue ( ,assur-nasir-pal repres5ts ?is k+ dress$ 9 a long robe )\t folds & devoid ( ornam5t1 :i* almo/ gives him ! appe>ance ( a cyl9drical ,t]m9us4 ,8 be>d & hair lie close to 8 head & neck1 & 9 ea* "p x is evid5t t ! arti/1 ?r\gh want ( skill or on acc\nt ( ! difficulties he felt 9 deal+ ) ! block :i* he _h to fa%ion1 did n d>e to attribute to ! limbs a suppl5ess & ease t w\ld h damag$ _! solidity1 nor to give to ! be>d & ! delicate p>ts ( 8 "w a f9i% :i* w\ld h run ! risk ( splitt+ ! /one4 ,! fr+es ( ! robe are only indicat$ by slight /rokes ( ! bur92 ! arms are unit$ to ! bu/1 & s are ! sceptre & ! crook :i* ! mon>* holds 9 8 h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,/atue 9 ! h>eem at ,khorsabad 7aft] ,place74 ,! ,atlantes f\nd 9 front ( ! enamell$ walls ( ! h>eem at ,khorsabad seem to h be5 employ$ 9 ! /ructure z true columns2 on _! head-dress !y support a squ>e pl9? :i* be>s witness to _! ar*itectural function2 _! figures are ( m ?an human /ature4 ,f ! sacr$ vase :i* !y press rev]5tly to _! brea/1 & :i* we h already se5 9 ,*alda1 fl[ f\r /reams1 :i* recall ! f\r riv]s ( ,p>adise 9 ,g5esis2 two ( ^! liquid jets fall directly ^u _! feet1 :ile ! two o!rs1 ris+ ov] _! %\ld]s1 fall d[n _! back to _! feet 9 slightly undulat+ b&s4#cf ,! sc5es ^u ! bas-reliefs 9 ! int]ior ( ! palace *amb]s sometimes repres5t processions 9 :i* deities1 /&+ or seat$1 are c>ri$ ^u litt]s by prie/s or slaves 7fig4 #aad73 s !re 7 /atues at ,n9eveh4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ^! discov]ies give any o!r impression ( ,assyrian /atu>y ?an t :i* we h describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,/ela ( ,samsi-,rammanu 7,briti% ,museum74 ,in/ead ( /atues1 ! ,assyrians (t5 erect$ /el & obelisks--a k9d ( monum5t :i* holds1 s to speak1 ! middle place betwe5 /atues & bas-reliefs4 ,among ! /el ! mo/ f9i%$ type is t ( ,k+ ,samsi-,rammanu ,,iii4 7,b4,c4 #hbb--hji74 ,x is a monoli? ( slightly trapezoidal =m1 r\nd$ 9 ! upp] "p4 ,! sides are cov]$ ) a cunei=m inscription :i* relates ye> by ye> ! milit>y exploits ( ! pr9ce4 ,on ! ant]ior surface1 surr\nd$ by a bord] :i* =ms a frame1 ! k+1 9 high relief & se5 9 pr(ile1 /&s 9 adoration be=e ! planet>y symbols4 ,x is cle> at ! fir/ glance t ! arti/ has be5 bold] ?an he w\ld h be5 9 deal+ ) a /atue 9 ! r\nd4 ,! feet & arms are fre] & n held s closely to ! figure2 f> f treat+ ! details ( ! co/ume r\ghly1 he takes pleasure1 on ! contr>y1 9 lay+ exagg]at$ /ress ^u !m4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum are small /el ( a lat] date1 be>+ figures ( ,assur-bani-pal 7,b4,c4 #ffh-fff74 ,!y %[ ! k+ hold+ a basket ^u 8 head1 9 ! same attitude z ! e>ly ,canephor ( ,*alda 7see above1 p4 #cg1 fig4 #be74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,/ela ( ,assur-bani-pal 7,briti% ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,obelisk ( ,%almanes] 7,briti% ,museum74 ,assyrian obelisks1 :i* h no?+ 9 common ) ! gigantic ,egyptian monoli?s to :i* ?is "n is giv51 are1 l ! /el1 l>ge b\nd>y /ones set up 9 hon\r ( ! exploits ( "s pr9ce1 sometimes on ! v field ( battle1 or on ! ru9s ( a conqu]$ t[n4 ,! mo/ complete & be/ pres]v$ ( ^! monum5ts is ! obelisk ( ,%almanes] ,,iii4 7,b4,c4 #heg-hbb7 f\nd at ,nimr\d4 ,?is is a monoli? sc>cely m ?an #f feet high2 x is a squ>e pill>1 slightly pyramidal 9 =m4 ,! upp] "p is arrang$ 9 /eps :i* rec$e f "o ano!r on all sides2 ! summit =ms a plat=m1 & has no?+ to surm\nt x3 p]haps a /atuette ( ! k+ or 8 fav\rite deity =m]ly /ood !re4 ,! f\r faces ( ! obelisk are cov]$ ) inscriptions & bas-reliefs arrang$ 9 r[s "o above ! o!r4 ,! l[] "p1 :i* is entirely b>e1 mu/ h be5 buri$ up to a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! gr\nd4 ,z we see1 ! /el & obelisks1 :i* take ! place ( /atues1 are 9 a te*nical po9t ( view d]iv$ f ! bas-reliefs4 ,if any ,assyrian /atues are br\ght u by future discov]ies1 !y w always be few 9 numb]1 & poor & timid 9 /yle2 !re is no?+ among !m to be comp>$ to ! ,*aldan /atues1 & above all no?+ to be plac$ side by side ) ! innum]able ,egyptian /atues1 ! /yle ( :i* sometimes almo/ atta9s to ! p]fection ( ,greek art2 ,assyria also 0 de/9$ to approa* ?is ideal1 b only 9 bas-relief4 ,su* 0 ! logical consequ5ce ( ! natural diff]5ce ( ! environm5ts 9 :i* ! empires ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 ^? two poles ar\nd :i* ! :ole ( ! anci5t ,ea/ gravitates1 7 evolv$4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 /one suit$ = sculpture exi/s 9 pr(usion1 & z !re 0 abundant mat]ial 9 ! h&s ( ! arti/1 he 0 able to devote himself to incessant exp]im5ts1 essays & trials1 :i*1 progressively repeat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 only /opp$ at ! ?re%old ( ,greek art4 ,9 ,mesopotamia !re 0 little or no /one to c>ve2 x 0 only r>ely & at great exp5se t preci\s blocks 7 br\ght ) mu* tr\ble f a long di/ance1 & ^! 7 too de> & too sc>ce to all[ ( num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,,ii4 ,,bas-,,reliefs4 ,to conceal ! pov]ty ( ! mat]ial ( _! brick or clay /ructures1 ! ,assyrians1 z we h said1 conceiv$ ! idea ( l9+ ! walls ) ?9 slabs ( lime/one or gypse\s alaba/] ( a yell[i% %ade1 :i* !y extract$ at small exp5se f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( ,n9eveh4 ,^! slabs c\ld be sculptur$ & poli%$ ) m>vell\s ease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,assur-nasir-pal sacrific+ a bull 7,bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum74 ,! mo/ anci5t bas-reliefs t ! excavations 9 ,assyria h br\ght to light come f ! palace ( ,assur-nasir-pal 7,b4,c4 #hhb-heg7 at ,calah 7,nimr\d74 ,:at a di/ance !re is betwe5 ?is epo* & t ( ! ru9s ( ,tello6 ,b f ! reign ( ?is pr9ce to ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury--t is to say1 dur+ ?ree c5turies--!re is an abundance ( docum5ts = ! hi/ory ( sculpture2 !y h be5 dis9t]r$ pr9cipally f ! palaces ( ,assur-nasir-pal1 ,%almanes]1 ,samsi-,rammanu1 ,rammanu-nir>i1 ,tigla?-,piles]1 ,s>gon1 ,s5na*]ib1 ,es>haddon & ,assurbanipal1--palaces :i* ^! pr9ces _h built 9 ord] to immortalise _! fame1 & ! walls ( :i* !y cov]$ ) ! sc5es ( _! val\r & ! n>rative ( _! exploits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,g5ius ) ! beak ( an eagle 7,bas-relief at ! ,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,two-w+$ g5ius 7,bas-relief at ! ,briti% ,museum74 ,besides ! int]ior walls ( ! *amb]s1 no bas-reliefs 7 f\nd 9 ! palaces except on ! pr9cipal faade4 ,^! sculptures on ! faade h peculi> *>act]i/ics ^u :i* we mu/ lay /ress4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are exclusively devot$ to religi\s & my?ological subjects3 n ! smalle/ allusion is f\nd to ! exploits ( ! pr9ce4 ,!y repres5t especially div9e h]oes1 w+$ g5ii ) human bodies & eagles' claws & beaks1 w+$ lions & bulls :i* gu>d ! royal resid5ce & def5d ! approa*es to x1 :e!r aga9/ evil spirits or aga9/ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,f\r-w+$ g5ius1 ,khorsabad 7,l\vre1 #i ft4 #aj 94 high74 =eign invasion4 ,accord+ly ! figures 9 ^! ext]ior sculptures are ( colossal proportions1 z x is fitt+ = gods & h]oes4 ,!re 0 also a reason drawn f ! laws ( p]spective 9 ?is enl>gem5t ( ! figures1 s9ce ! faade ( ! palace 0 int5d$ to be se5 at a great] di/ance4 ,! w+$ bulls at ! ,l\vre1 :i* come f ,khorsabad1 are f #ac ft4 to #af ft4 high4 ,! gr\ps :i* repres5t ,izdub>1 ! ,assyrian ,h]cules1 /rangl+ a lion "u 8 arm1 are z mu* z #ai ft4 ,! ,assyrians multipli$ _! w+$ bulls at ! entrance ( ! doors4 ,tw5ty-six pairs ( !m 7 f\nd 9 ! palace ( ,s>gon1 & z _m z t5 9 a s+le faade ( ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib4 ,assyrian texts speak ( !m z kirubi 7*]ubim87 or s$i 7g5ii74 ,! consid]able projection ( _! figures f ! walls makes !m p>take ( ! bas-relief & ( ! /atue 9 ! r\nd at ! same "t4 ,"s ( ^! bulls h a relief ( ab\t #h 942 plac$ at ! corn] ( ! doors to support ! ar*ivolt1 !y seem$1 l ,atlas uphold+ ! _w1 to be> ^u _! heads ! :ole mass ( ! build+4 ,c>v$ on two sides1 !y are l /atues half-buri$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,!y 7 g5]ally arrang$ 9 f\rs1 two be+ on ! plane ( ! wall1 fac+ "o ano!r on ea* side ( ! door1 & ! o!r two fac+ ! visitor z he ent]$1 :ile _! heads /ood out f ! faade & _! h9d] p>ts rema9$ inside ! passage4 ,! visitor arriv+ f )\t saw be=e him at once ! bodies ( ! fir/ two 9 pr(ile & ! full face ( ! two o!rs4 ,be=e ! build+ or )9 ! doorway he /ill saw at ! same "t full faces & bodies 9 pr(ile4 ,by an illusion1 he seem$ to behold cont9ually1 & 9 e position1 ! :ole ( a be>d$ mon/]1 ) 8 ?ick mane on 8 *e/1 8 neck furni%$ ) tufts ( hair1 8 legs1 9 :i* ! muscles1 speak+ emblems ( mat]ial /r5g?1 are p[]fully m>k$1 8 w+s =m$ ( r[s ( plumes1 & rea*+1 l gigantic fans1 z high z ! ar*ivolt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,w+$ & human-head$ lion 7,briti% ,museum74 ,except 9 ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib1 ^! w+$ bulls1 9 ord] t ! illusion may be m complete1 are repres5t$ ) five legs2 two h9d legs & ?ree =e legs1 ( :i* two are /raight & "o is b5t4 ,! object ( ?is trick 0 always to %[ f\r legs1 :atev] might be ! position ( ! spectator4 ,9 fact1 /&+ be=e ! bea/1 ! spectator sees 8 two =e legs2 on ! side1 "o ( ^! two be+ no long] visible1 ! arti/ has replac$ x by a ?ird :i* is se5 9 pr(ile 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,?is qua9t device ( ! ,assyrian sculptor is nev] met ) 9 ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,front face ( a w+$ bull f ,khorsabad 7,l\vre74 ,! philosophical idea express$ 9 ^! bulls & lions1 ^! impassible & maje/ic s5t9els1 is t ( physical /r5g?1 calm & sure ( itself2 x is ! conception ( ! ,egyptian sph9xes & ( ! ,grco-,roman ,h]cules 9 repose1 ) a half-smile ^u 8 face4 ,only1 :ile 9 ! ,greek ,h]cules ! human elem5t alone comes 91 & 9 ! ,egyptian ,sph9x !re are only two elem5ts1 ! man & ! lion1 f\r1 & ev5 m1 are f\nd 9 ! ,assyrian ,kirubu3 ! man1 ! bull1 ! lion1 & ! eagle4 ,! arti/'s *ief m]it is t he 0 able to give fair proportions to ?is fanta/ic bea/1 & to comb9e ^! v>i\s elem5ts :i* he borr[$ f nature1 s z to create a figure ( h>moni\s =ms1 9 :i* no?+ %ocks ! ta/e1 & ! expression ( :i* is noble1 maje/ic1 & natural4 ,to u1 ?\gh we are ! *ildr5 ( ano!r civilisation1 no?+ seems grotesque or de=m$ 9 ^! f9e & vigor\s creations ( ! ,assyrian g5ius1 :i* c\ld1 z skilfully z ! ,egyptian g5ius1 associate ! human =m ) ! animal =m 9 ! symbolic repres5tation ( deity & ( sup]natural be+s4 ,x is on ! banks ( ! ,tigris t we f9d ! prototypes ( ! ,loves1 ! ,c5taurs1 ! ,*imras1 ! ,sph9xes1 ! ,gryphons1 ! ,pegasi1 ! ,hippocampi ( ,greek art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,battle sc5e 7,bas-relief f ,nimr\d1 ,briti% ,museum74 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! s]ies ( bas-reliefs f ! halls ( ,s>gon's palace at ,khorsabad1 plac$ end to end1 w\ld =m a l9e a mile & a half long4 ,^? :o h visit$ ! ,briti% ,museum w rememb] ! ,nimr\d & ,k\yunjik gall]ies1 & ! ,assyrian ,basem5t1 ea* "o ( :i* is l>g] ?an ! ,assyrian gall]y at ! ,l\vre4 ,:at a quantity ( mat]ial = writ+ ! hi/ory ( ,assyrian sculpture dur+ ?ree c5turies is "h 9 our h&s6 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 e campaign1 t is to say1 betwe5 two spr+tides1 ! k+ _h bas-reliefs sculptur$ to exhibit be=e m5's eyes 8 pr[ess 9 ! *ase or 9 w>1 & ! manifold episodes ( (ficial life4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! sculptures 9 ! int]ior ( ! palaces are always 9 hon\r ( ! pr9ce4 ,ev]y?+ is = ! k+1 :o symbolizes ! life ( 8 :ole p2 he does ev]y?+1 & no?+ is accompli%$ except by 8 h&s or by 8 ord]s2 n[h]e is ! f]oci\s egotism ( ,ea/]n mon>*s m conspicu\s ?an 9 ^! bas-reliefs4 ,egyptian sculptures (t5 conta9 sc5es ( civil life f :i* ! ,ph>aoh is exclud$3 agricultural lab\r1 games1 fe/ivals1 public m>kets1 & _m o!r episodes 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! anci5t ,egyptian ,fellahe54 ,9 ,assyria we f9d no?+ ( ?is sort2 ! speak+ walls repeat1 )\t a mom5t's pause1 ! w>like *ronicle ( ! k+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,! ,assyrian army 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry 7,bas-relief f ,nimr\d1 ,briti% ,museum74 ,?is exclusively (ficial side ( ! ,n9evite sculptures compell$ art to conf9e itself to ab/ract types1 creat$ once = all1 :i*1 multipli$ to satiety1 produce a c]ta9 fatigue 9 our m9ds4 ,!re is no m ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,siege ( a =tress 7,bas-relief f ,khorsabad1 ,l\vre74 proportion or scale 9 ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs ?an among ! ,egyptians or ! ,*9ese2 p]spective is abs5t1 or r ! arti/s made va9 ef=ts to calculate & reproduce its effects4 ,m5 are tall] ?an ! *>iots t !y m\nt & ! horses :i* draw !m2 !y ev5 ov]top ! =tresses t !y besiege4 ,z 9 ,egypt1 ! k+ is always repres5t$ z tall] ?an 8 m9i/]s1 & 9 g5]al ! ,assyrians are tall] ?an _! enemies4 ,greek h]oes1 9 classical art1 are also (t5 tall] ?an ! w>riors :o surr\nd !m2 ! same facts h be5 rem>k$ 9 ,*9ese art4 ,! practice is nave1 b x is common to all arts & easily expla9$ by ! abs5ce ( p]spective4 ,at ! pres5t day1 :5 our arti/s c at _! pleasure arrange sev]al planes 9 _! pictures1 & produce di/ances & backgr\nds 9 ! sc5es :i* !y wi% to r5d]1 !y are satisfi$ to make ! important sc5e /& out & place ! pr9cipal actors 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,be=e p]spective 0 und]/ood & _m planes c\ld ?us be creat$1 !re 0 no means ( br++ out ! pr9cipal actors except ! device ( a disproportionate enl>gem5t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,assyrian arti/ %[s a fondness = picturesque spots1 m\nta9s1 & riv]s4 ,b he r5d]s !m ) ! /range/ errors 9 ! relative proportions ( ! objects3 = in/ance1 ! fi% among ! waves are z l>ge z ! boats2 ! birds 9 ! =e/s are z l>ge z ! trees or ! hunt]s2 ! vultures on ! field ( battle are z big z ! horses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,navigation sc5e 7,bas-relief f ,khorsabad1 ,l\vre74 ,:5 ! arti/ wi%es to reproduce ! human c\nt5ance1 he always places ! eye 9 full1 ev5 :5 ! face is 9 pr(ile4 ,:5 ! sculptor is oblig$ to repres5t 8 figures 9 full face1 or 9 any o!r attitude ?an ! simple pr(ile1 he is mu* emb>rass$1 & %[s 8 hesitation & 8 incapacity2 unable to =e%ort5 ! feet1 he draws !m entirely 9 pr(ile1 :ile ! :ole ( ! upp] portion ( ! body is 9 full face--an error :i* gives an appe>ance ( dislocation to ! figure4 ,he turns ! heads r\nd z if !y 7 put on ! wrong way2 ! h&s pres5t ! same de=mity3 x might sometimes be suppos$ t ! arti/ has put !m on backw>ds4 ,! pr9cipal ef=ts ( ! sculptor 7 aim$ at ! head1 ! legs1 & ! arms4 ,he makes ! muscles /& out enorm\sly1 :ile !y are n always 9 _! prop] anatomical position4 ,bold curves =m ! outl9e ( ! knee-cap & m>k ! leg-muscles & ! biceps2 ! feet & h&s are n only cle>ly c>v$ out1 b *isell$ to an excessive dep?4 ,! ,assyrians sc>cely knew m ?an two types ( ! human head1 :i* !y con/antly reproduce3 ! be>d$ head & ! be>dless head4 ,an attempt may be made1 h[ev]1 to e/abli% m exact def9itions & di/9ctions4 ,! be>d$ head may we> its hair curl$ 9 v %ort r+lets1 or else ! be>d & ! hair may be twi/$ 9 p>allel & symmetrical tresses3 ?is la/ =m is res]v$ = figures ( gods1 h]oes1 k+s1 ! *ief function>ies ( ! c\rt1 & soldi]s4 ,! be>dless heads mu/ be recognis$ z ! type set ap>t to repres5t eunu*s4 ,^! p]sonages1 "s ( :om play$ an important "p at c\rt1 l ! ,kisl>-,agha1 or *ief ( ! black eunu*s at ,con/ant9ople1 are *>act]is$ by _! fle%y & s5sual c\nt5ances4 ,among ! works ( ,*aldan & ,egyptian art !re are faces :i* belong to old m51 to "y m51 & to *ildr54 ,9 ,assyria x may be said t ! faces nev] *ange1 or r ?ree or f\r fix$ types are exclusively met )3 k+s1 (fic]s1 slaves1 & ev5 gods1 h all ! same physiognomy1 :i* belongs to ! age betwe5 y\? & maturity4 ,:5 *ildr5 are met )1 !y h a prematurely old appe>ance1 & _! /ature alone di/+ui%es !m4 ,! ,n9evite arti/s r>ely repres5t$ wom51 & :5 !y did s prov$ _! absolute inexp]i5ce4 ,_! veil$ wom5 h vulg> features1 f :i* all ideas ( physical beauty are bani%$4 ,exam9e ! sc5e 9 :i* ,k+ ,assurbanipal & "o ( 8 wives are dr9k+ f goblets 7fig4 #gg74 ,! face ( ! que5 is almo/ mascul9e 9 appe>ance2 ev5 h] hair is dress$ l t ( m52 %e we>s a peculi> diadem1 & is drap$ 9 sumptu\s robes1 embroid]$ & enri*$ ) jewels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,eunu*s 7,bas-relief f ,khorsabad1 ,l\vre74 ,! ,assyrian sculptor _h n ! skill to draw a true portrait & to /udy individual lik5ess1 except p]haps 9 c]ta9 royal heads4#cg ,nor _h he ! skill ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,assurbanipal & 8 que5 7,bas-relief f ,k\yunjik1 ,briti% ,museum74 to give to ! types :i* he creat$ ! lea/ expression1 betray+ any motion :atev] ( joy or sadness3 8 figures rema9 impassive1 :e!r tak+ "p 9 joy\s banquets1 9 ! excitem5t ( hunt+1 9 battle1 or ev5 amid/ ! mo/ atroci\s tortures4 ,! c\nt5ance ( ! ,assyrian is always imp]turbable1 nev] laughs & nev] weeps2 ! ge/ures ( 8 arms alone are design$ to express & int]pret 8 impressions4 ,! h& rais$ & drawn back to ! height ( ! nape ( ! neck is a sign ( introduction or ( an appeal2 ! h& rais$ 9 front ( ! m\? is a sign ( m\rn+ & ( viol5t grief2 ! h&s held 9 su* a way t "o grasps ! wri/ ( ! o!r1 make a ge/ure :i* implies an ackn[l$gm5t ( s]vitude & absolute submission1 due only to ! sov]eign or to ! gods4 ,assyrians are sometimes se5 9 ! act ( pray]1 rais+ "o h& z high z ! face1 :ile ! o!r hangs loosely by ! side2 b "s adopt ! ,*ri/ian po/ure 9 pray]1 rais+ _! two h&s & press+ ! palms aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,jewi% type1 f a bas-relief f ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib 7,briti% ,museum74 ,z ! bas-reliefs ( ! ,n9evite palaces are specially devot$ to ! repres5tation ( ! milit>y campaigns ( ! k+s aga9/ =eign nations1 ! arti/ has (t5 be5 l$ to draw m5 or wom5 ( di/ant c\ntries1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,assyrians by _! national co/ume or by c]ta9 e?nographical *>act]i/ics4 ,x is sometimes possible to und]/& ^! di/9ctions betwe5 ,assyrians & =eign]s 9 ! sculptures3 = in/ance1 ! ,jewi% type c\ld sc>cely be bett] express$ at ! pres5t day ?an x is 9 ! figure ( "o ( ! captives com+ to make _! submission to ,k+ ,s5na*]ib 9 8 camp be=e ! walls ( ,la*i% 7fig4 #gh74 ,moreov]1 ) reg>d to ! human =m1 ! scope ( ,assyrian sculpture 0 greatly limit$ 9 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,assurbanipal 9 8 *>iot 7,bas-relief f ,k\yunjik1 ,l\vre74 consequ5ce ( ! false mode/y ( ! ,ea/1 :i* 0 9 exi/5ce 9 anci5t times z x is 9 our own day among ! ,arabs1 & prev5t$ ! arti/ f /udy+ ! human frame 9 ! nude & 9 ! liv+ model4 ,! ,assyrian1 l ! ,arab1 is always drap$ 9 8 ?ick burnoos1 & ?is fa%ion1 obs]v$ ) religi\s /rictness1 contribut$ to no small ext5t to ! sudd5 arre/ ( ! progress ( art4 ,! long l95 tunic1 g>ni%$ ) embroid]ies1 only all[s ! head1 feet & =e-arm to be se52 ! work+ dress ( ! slaves1 or sometimes ! tunic ( ! soldi]s1 desc5ds no fur!r ?an ! knee2 ! l>ge fr+$ %awl1 :5 x is worn1 envelops ! body l ! ,arab burnoos & ! ,roman toga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,s>gon 7,bas-relief f ,khorsabad1 ,l\vre74 ,! ,assyrian1 !re=e1 9 consequ5ce ( a ,semitic prejudice1 c\ld nev] express natural & ideal beauty3 h]e9 lies 8 inf]iority 9 comp>ison ) ! ,egyptian sculptor2 we "k f ?\s&s ( examples h[ ! arti/s ( ,!bes or ,memphis treat$ ! human torso1 & sev]al ( _! /atues & ev5 ( _! bas-reliefs are ma/]pieces4 ,r>ely has ! ,n9evite sculptor v5tur$ to repres5t ! human =m 9 ! /ate ( nudity1 except 9 ! case ( ! goddess ,i/>1 & 9 t ( a few figures ( slaves or ( corpses ly+ on ! battle-field2 & ^! exceptional cases betray 8 complete want ( exp]i5ce4 ,he tri$ to rem$y ! defect :i* we h j indicat$ by /riv+ aft] p]fection 9 details4 ,no art has treat$ ) great] complaisance & ref9em5t all ! features ( ! co/ume1 n =gett+ a s+le tress ( ! hair or a s+le fr+e 9 ! drap]y4 ,"h is1 = in/ance1 a bas-relief f ,khorsabad 7fig4 #hj71 :i* repres5ts ,s>gon att5d$ by an eunu*4 ,obs]ve ) :at inimitable p]fection ! embroid]y ( ! ti>a1 ( ! mantle decorat$ ) rosettes1 & ( ! robe ) its elegant diap] patt]n is r5d]$2 ! silky s(tness ( ! fr+es 9 ! eunu*'s dress is almo/ to be felt4 ,! h&s & feet1 be>d & hair1 ( ! two figures1 are treat$ ) ! delicacy ( a cameo4 ,second>y matt]s ?us assume an exagg]at$ importance detrim5tal to ! effect ( ! :ole2 ! muscles are s /rongly m>k$ t !y become mon/r\s2 ! relative proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body are no long] con=m$ to nature4 ,9 ?is respect aga9 ,assyrian sculpture rema9s greatly inf]ior to its rival on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,x _c be too (t5 repeat$ t ! m9ute /udy ( detail & devotion to ! inf9itely little ru9$ ,assyrian art by help+ to make x =get ! g5]al features ( ! "w2 ! sculptor1 l$ a/ray by ?is false object1 look$ at 8 figures too closely1 omitt+ to improve _! proportions & to give !m m suppl5ess1 life1 & movem5t2 ev5 :5 mo/ f9i%$1 !y always give u an impression ( geometrical /iffness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,w\nd$ lioness 7,bas-relief f ,k\yunjik1 ,briti% ,museum74 ,if ! direct /udy ( bodily =ms 0 neglect$ by ! ,assyrian arti/ 9 ! case ( human be+s1 x 0 n s 9 ! case ( animals4 ,accord+ly ,n9evite sculpture %[s itself to f> great] advantage 9 ! repres5tation ( ! animals ( diff]5t k9ds f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,9 ?is prov9ce x may claim a consid]able sup]iority ov] ,egyptian art1 & rea*es1 9 ! "t ( ,assurbanipal1 t is to say1 at ! mom5t be=e ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 a degree ( p]fection :i* may su/a9 comp>ison ) ! f9e/ creations ( ,hell5ic art4 ,its ma/]piece is ! figure ( a lioness succumb+ to ! %afts ( ! hunt]s1 f ! palace ( ,assurbanipal at ,k\yunjik4 ,h] sp9al column is brok5 by an arr[ :i* pi]ces x ?r\gh2 ! blood gu%es 9 /reams f ! w\nd1 b ?\gh on ! po9t ( expir+1 ! savage bea/ makes a h]oic ef=t to raise h]self ^u h] =elegs & to utt] a la/ ro>4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ?is dramatic attitude ) s mu* tru?1 ! arti/s mu/ (t5 h foll[$ ! royal hunt+ exp$itions & witness$ t]rible sc5es 9 ! des]ts :]e ! wild bea/s _h _! haunts4 ,o!r bas-reliefs %[ u1 ) an almo/ equally successful execution1 lions spr++ on to ! royal *>iot1 da%+ boldly t[>ds ! boats :i* pl\gh ! wat]s ( ! riv]1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ly+ c>elessly asleep on ! pla91 & lazily /ret*+ out _! limbs1 ! modell+ ( :i* is free & tru?ful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,slaves c>ry+ a lion & birds4 ,bas-relief f ,khorsabad 7aft] ,place74 ,next to ! lion1 ! ,assyrian arti/ takes ! greate/ pleasure 9 repres5t+ ! horse4 ,9 "o sc5e x is ! wild horse1 />t+ & b\nd+ z he is caught by ! lasso ( ! hunt]s2 9 ano!r x is ! w>-horse1 da%+ at full gallop t[>ds ! enemy1 & ridd5 by a w>rior :o draws 8 b[ or br&i%es 8 lance2 or aga9 x is ! draught-horse1 h>ness$ to ! royal *>iot1 trampl+ corpses "u 8 feet1 or draw+ ! heavy waggons 9 :i* ! booty f ! enemy's c\ntry is transport$ into ,assyria4 ,su* 0 ! skill ( ! arti/1 t naturali/s h be5 able to decide f ! /udy ( ! bas-reliefs :at bre$s ( horses 7 produc$ 9 ,assyria4 ,! dog1 ! goat & ! %eep1 ! ibex & ! wild bo>1 ! bison & ! wild ass1 ! de] & ! gazelle1 ! camel & ! drom$>y1 are also among ! animals :i* frequ5tly occur 9 ! bas-reliefs design$ to p]petuate ! memory ( p>ticul>ly successful hunt+ exp$itions1 or ( ! capture ( h]ds belong+ to a vanqui%$ p4 ,! arti/ took pleasure 9 plac+ !m 9 ! mo/ fanciful attitudes1 sometimes ) ! happie/ effect4 ,x 0 also 8 delight to introduce 9 procession ! figures ( =eign animals1 s5t to ! ,k+ ( ,assyria by tribut>y nations1 su* z ! elephant1 ! ape1 & ! rh9oc]os4 ,b ! r>ity ( su* animals 9 ,mesopotamia expla9s ! peculi> clums9ess ( ! ,assyrian sculptor 9 ! reproduction ( !m4 ,"h are apes treat$ ) an almo/ grotesque navet2 !y look l m5 disguis$ 9 ! sk9s ( animals1 & try+ to walk on all f\rs 7fig4 #hc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,envoy br++ apes z tribute 7,bas-relief f ,nimr\d1 ,briti% ,museum74 ,among birds we f9d ! eagle1 ! vulture & ! g]falcon hov]+ heavily & ungracefully ov] ! battlefields1 ?\gh ! anatomical details ( ^! birds are sometimes execut$ ) skill4#ch ,! o/ri*1 a sacr$ bird1 appe>s on cyl9d]s & among ! embroid]$ designs on (ficial robes4 ,locu/s1 t plague ( ! :ole ,ea/1 figure 9 ! "* ( (f]+s to ! gods1 &1 no d\bt1 repres5t legions ( evil spirits4 ,9 ! riv]s eels1 crabs1 & fi% are plac$4 ,9 ! field1 on ! m\nta9s1 or on ! riv]-banks we f9d palms & trees ( e species1 onions1 e>s ( corn1 lotus-fl[]s1 v9es1 m>%-plants4 ,b if ! scrupul\s imitation ( nature sometimes leaves no?+ to be desir$ 9 ^! sculptur$ =ms1 ignorance ( ! laws ( p]spective has =c$ ! arti/ to employ devices ( *ildi% simplicity4 ,?us1 to indicate t trees gr[ on ea* side ( a /ream1 he has plac$ !m upright on ! fur!r bank1 & /em d[nw>ds on ! ne>]4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 he wi%es1 = in/ance1 to %[ u :at passes )9 ! enclosure ( a =tress 7see fig4 #eg71 he is r$uc$ to display x on ! gr\nd ) ! ba/ions & battlem5ts 9 pr(ile ar\nd x1 turn$ outw>d l ! po9ts ( a coronet2 at ! same "t he arranges all 8 sc5es )9 ?is enclosure 9 divisions "o above ! o!r1 )\t reg>d = ! laws ( proportion1 & )\t ev5 tak+ ! tr\ble to conta9 himself1 z he has done ) reg>d to ! enclosure1 )9 ! spaces m>k$ out by radii />t+ f ! c5tre4 ,by a fur!r neglect ( p]spective1 9 ! repres5tation ( an ox or o!r horn$ animal1 he places ! horn 9 pr(ile project+ =w>ds f ! head4 ,besides ! bas-reliefs :i* 7 display$ ^u ! walls ( ! palace-*amb]s1 !re 7 second>y pieces ( sculpture 9 :i* ! orig9ality ( ! ,assyrian g5ius comes to light4 ,a notable example is f\nd 9 ! decoration ( ! ?re%olds ( ! palaces1 :i* 7 c>v$ 9 su* a way t !y look$ l ri* c>pets4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is a l>ge slab ( gypsum f\nd at ,k\yunjik1 7fig4 #hd71 9 :i* ! lotus or tulip-fl[] is comb9$ ) rosettes1 op5 daisies & geometrical designs mo/ h>moni\s 9 effect2 no?+ m elegant 9 decorative sculpture has ev] be5 conceiv$4 ,to sum up1 ,assyrian sculpture triumphs 9 ! bas-relief1 & 9 ! pati5t & m9ute lab\r ( ornam5tal design4 ,if ! "w ( ! ,n9evite *isel is comp>$ to t ( ! ,greeks 9 ! ar*aic p]iod1 d[n to ! appe>ance ( ! g9etan s*ool1 a surpris+ aff9ity w be obs]v$ betwe5 !m4 ,! /ela ( ,ari/ion1 t primitive ,a!nian bas-relief1 kn[n "u ! incorrect "n ( ! ,w>rior ( ,m>a?on1 looks1 at fir/ sight1 z if x _h be5 tak5 f ! walls ( ,s>gon's or ,s5na*]ib's palace4 ,at ,khorsabad a cippus1 acquir$ by ,victor ,place1 is adorn$ ) p>allel flut+s t]m9at+ 9 a hemisph]e ( elegant palmettes2 x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a ,greek /ela4#ci ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--;,fragm5t ( ?re%old1 ,k\yunjik 7,briti% ,museum74 ,if we comp>e ! sculpture ( ,k\yunjik1 ,nimr\d1 ,khorsabad & ,kalah ,%]gat ) "o ano!r1 we obs]ve1 b5ea? ! g5]al uni=mity t we h indicat$1 diff]5ces important en\gh to enable u to *>act]ise ! progress ( art dur+ ! ?ree c5turies be=e ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 & n simply ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,slaves dragg+ a w+$ bull4 ,bas-relief f ,k\yunjik 7,briti% ,museum74 ! result ( ! v>y+ tal5t ( ! arti/s4 ,we seem to be able to di/+ui% 9 ,assyrian art1 z we le>n to "k x 9 ! bas-reliefs1 ?ree p]iods or ?ree successive developm5ts4 ,"u ,assur-nasir-pal ! figures are already bold & p[]ful1 b ?ick-set1 & !y appe> 9 small numb]s 9 ! sc5es repres5t$2 _! motions are sob]1 b full ( tru?4 ,! arti/ has ! s+ul> habit1 only obs]v$ 9 ,assyrian art1 ( cov]+ a portion ( 8 figures ) long inscriptions expla9+ ! sc5es :i* he int5ds to portray 7see fig4 #hc72 we h already se5 t ! ,*aldan /atues ( ,gudea are cov]$ ) inscriptions1 & ,h]odotus' /atem5t#dj t ! figures ( 8,seso/ris0 9 ,ionia1 d\btless ! ,hittite figures describ$ bel[1 bore inscriptions across _! brea/s is probably bas$ on a confusion ) ! ,assyrian figures 9 ,syria & else:]e4 ,"u ,s>gon & ,s5na*]ib1 ! sculptors became m exp]i5c$ & m ambiti\s4 ,9 _! works ! figures are f> m num]\s1 & concur m visibly 9 a common action2 !y h m life & movem5t2 ! sc5es repres5t+ battles1 hunt+ exp$itions1 ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 or slaves engag$ 9 public works are m v>i$2 ! ge/ures ( ! figures are m m>k$ & m en]getic1 ! muscles ( ! legs & arms m deeply outl9$2 la/ly1 ! human =ms are no long] cov]$ ) inscriptions2 ^! are plac$ at ! side1 z explanatory leg5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;,de] hunt4 ,bas-relief f ,khorsabad 7aft] ,place74 ,9 ! "t ( ,assurbanipal1 a m natural art1 & "o :i* con=m$ m to ! true pr9ciples ( sculpture 9 bas-relief1 came into be+4 ,in/ead ( giants1 we f9d on ! contr>y small figures =m+ a s]ies ( pictures1 conta9+ ! greate/ v>iety ( sc5e1 & full ( fre%ness & action4 ,?is art rea*es its apogee 9 ! figure ( ! lioness :i* we h cit$ 7fig4 #ha74 ,x mu/ be add$ t all ! p>ts ( ! same bas-relief are seldom sculptur$ by ! same arti/1 & t figures ( v unequal m]it are met )4 ,! ma/]'s *isel res]v$ = itself ! pr9cipal p]sonages1 ! royal tra9 & ! (fic]s :o surr\nd$ x2 ! disciples work$ at ! second>y portions1 ! corpses ( ! enemy1 ! processions ( prison]s1 ! backgr\nd ( ! l&scape4 ,matt]s 7 n manag$ diff]5tly ) reg>d to ! sculptures ( ! ,p>!non4 ,,iii4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,enamell+4 ,! bricks :i* compos$ ! /ructure ( ! walls 9 ,*aldan or ,assyrian edifices 7 n[h]e visible4 ,above ! slabs sculptur$ 9 bas-relief & "u ! spr+ ( ! vaults a :ite /ucco 0 appli$1 made ( pla/] & lime1 l t /ill us$ by ! ,ori5tals to coat _! h\ses2 ?is cu/om expla9s ! phrase 8:it$ sepul*res0 9 ! ,gospels4 ,x 0 d\btless on a pla/] ( ?is nature t ! my/]i\s h& ( :i* ! ,book ( ,daniel speaks trac$ out ,bel%azz>'s s5t5ce ( condemnation on ! night ( ! ill-fam$ banquet3 ! sacr$ writ] says t ! h& wrote 8on ! pla/] ( ! wall40 ,?is /ucco 0 (t5 decorat$ ) pa9t+s 9 di/emp]1 at any rate 9 ! pr9cipal *amb]s1 above ! l9e ( ! bas-reliefs4 ,mod]n explor]s h collect$ "s fragm5ts ( ^! frescoes or decorative pa9t+s2 at ,w>ka1 among ! ru9s ( ! temple call$ ,wuswas1 ,l(tus acquir$ "s :i* belong to ! remote/ ,*aldan p]iod4 ,at ,khorsabad1 ,v4 ,place f\nd on "s pieces ( /ucco elegant rosettes =m$ by ! application & juxtaposition ( v decid$ col\rs3 :ite1 yell[1 gre51 r$1 & black4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( ?is pa9t+ is a bord] ( bulls pa9t$ :ite on a yell[ gr\nd1 _! =m be+ reliev$ by a broad black outl9e 7fig4 #hg74 ,above is a r[ ( blue battlem5ts2 bel[ fe/oons ( _m col\rs4 ,! effect is h>moni\s1 ?\gh ! t9ts are flat1 & 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( all modell+ 9 ! figures4#da ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,pa9t+ on pla/]1 ,nimr\d 7aft] ,lay>d74 ,! application ( /ucco ( diff]5t col\rs is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 ! con/ruction ( ! /ag$ t[]s1 ! t]races ( :i* are1 beg9n+ f ! l[e/1 :ite1 black1 r$1 yell[1 v]milion1 silv] & gold4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! *amb]s1 to avoid ! disagreeable contra/ betwe5 ! uni=m :it5ess ( ! /one bas-reliefs & ! brilliancy ( ! _m-col\r$ pa9t+s1 ! fa%ion 0 to col\r ! figures 9 ! bas-reliefs !mselves4 ,"s traces ( col\r+ may /ill be recognis$ 9 ! sculptures pres]v$ 9 our museums1 & ?\gh x is true t !y are be+ gradually effac$1 !y 7 q evid5t :5 ! slabs 7 dis9t]r$4 ,! be>d1 hair1 weapons1 & ev5 ! face & co/ume ( ! figures 7 col\r$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! pa9t+s on pla/]1 s t ?is pa9t$ /ucco seem$ to be ! cont9uation ( ! bas-reliefs4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 evid5t traces ( v]milion pa9t#db on ! figures ( demons 9 ! ,assyrian basem5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,assyrians obey$ ! same laws ( /hetics z ! m$ival arti/s1 :o appli$ poly*rome col\r+ to _! m>ble or /one /atues1 to br+ !m into p]fect h>mony ) ! ri* decoration :i* fill$ _! ca!drals f ! floor to ! key/one ( ! vault4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,portion ( an enamell$ ar*ivolt at ,khorsabad 7aft] ,v4 ,place74 ,enamell$ brick play$ ! same "p z pa9t+ 9 fresco1 only x 0 m solid & 0 bett] able to resi/ ! action ( damp4 ,9 ,*alda1 :]e x ra9s (t5] ?an 9 ,assyria1 great] use has be5 made ( enamell$ brick ?an 9 ! latt] c\ntry4 ,! ,n9evite arti/s sc>cely ev] employ$ ?is me?od ( decoration1 except r\nd ! pr9cipal doorways & to make an elegant bord] = ! ar*ivolt4 ,! bricks ( brilliant col\rs1 :i* are conspicu\s f a di/ance1 are ornam5t$ ) floral designs & rosettes 9 exquisite ta/e4 ,9 ,s>gon's palace ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,enamell$ brick1 ,nimr\d 7aft] ,lay>d74 ,v4 ,place f\nd ne>ly all ! bricks ( ! ar*ivolt ( a door4 ,betwe5 two bord]s ( :ite rosettes is a broad frieze conta9+ w+$ g5ii & symbolical animals be>+ ! same attributes z ! simil> figures 9 ! bas-reliefs 7fig4 #hh74 ,on ! l[] pl9? ( ! *ief door ( ! h>eem !re figur$ on ! enamell$ bricks a lion1 an eagle1 a bull1 & a pl\gh2 at ! turn ( ! angle /ood ! k+4 ,at ,nimr\d mo/ rem>kable enamell$ fragm5ts 7 also discov]$ depict+ portions ( soldi]s1 weapons & *>iots1 & ev5 p>ts ( inscriptions4 ,on a s+le brick1 f\nd by ,lay>d1 a k+ is se5 (f]+ a libation & att5d$ by two w>riors 7fig4 #hi74 ,b 9 g5]al ea* figure 0 made up ( a l>ge numb] ( bricks1 s9ce ! re/rict$ dim5sions ( a bak$ brick did n all[ m ?an a "p ( ! subject to be plac$ ^u x4 ,! design 0 execut$ & ! vitrifiable col\rs appli$ be=e ! bak+2 ! arti/ _h to apportion to ea* brick ! diff]5t p>ts ( a figure 9 su* a mann] t :5 !y 7 put toge!r !re might be p]fect agreem5t 9 ! l9es :i* _h to jo92 ! m>ks to indicate _! position1 set on ! backs ( ! tiles1 made ?is op]ation1 :i* requir$ great te*nical skill1 mu* easi]4 ,at ,babylon1 :]e enamell$ brick play$ a f> great] "p 9 ! decoration ( build+s ?an at ,n9eveh1 ! device 0 adopt$1 9 ord] to replace col\r$ sculpture 9 /one1 ( /amp+ bricks ) figures or p>ts ( figures 9 relief4 ,imag9e a slab ( s(t clay sev]al squ>e y>ds 9 size2 on ! surface ( ?is ! :ole picture 0 modell$ 9 relief z x might h be5 c>v$ on /one4 ,:5 ?is op]ation 0 f9i%$1 ! slab ( clay 0 cut into rectangul> pieces ( ! size ( ord9>y bricks4 ,^! pieces1 provid$ ) a m>k to indicate _! position1 7 !n sep>ately coat$ ) col\r & v>ni%1 & aft]w>ds bak$4 ,subsequ5tly !y 7 jo9$ toge!r ) bitum51 :i* =m$ a /rong mort>1 & 9 ?is "w ( recon/ruct+ ! design ! workman 0 guid$ by ! position-m>ks4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ orig9 ( ! mosaics 9 relief made by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! ,a*m5id palaces ( ,susa 7 decorat$ by ! same me?ods1 & ,p]sian arti/s imitat$ ! ,babylonians 9 _! execution ( ! great brick bas-reliefs ) :i* ! exp$ition conduct$ by ,m4 ,dieulafoy has enri*$ ! ,l\vre4 ,un=tunately only unimportant fragm5ts ( bricks modell$ 9 relief h be51 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 br\ght to ,europe4 ,travell]s pick up hundr$s ( fragm5ts ( flat enamell$ bricks l ^? at ,n9eveh on e m\nd :i* cov]s ! ru9s ( ,*alda4 ,^? :i* h be5 deposit$ 9 our museums repres5t floral designs1 rosettes1 g5ii1 animals1 & human figures4 ,only skilfully direct$ excavations c\ld br+ to light complete pictures & sc5es analog\s to ^? display$ ^u ! walls ( ! ,n9evite & ,susian palaces4 ,diodorus1 foll[+ ,ctesias1 relates t at ,babylon1 on ! walls ( ! palace built by ,nebu*adnezz>1 b :i* he attributes to ,semiramis1 !re 7 sc5es ( e sort pa9t$ on brick4 8,animals ( e k9d10 he says1 87 "h to be se51 copi$ accord+ to all ! rules ( art ) reg>d bo? to =m & col\r4 ,! :ole repres5t$ ! hunt+ ( v>i\s animals1 ! dim5sions ( :i* exce$$ f\r cubits4 ,9 ! mid/ 0 ,semiramis on horseback1 hurl+ a javel9 at a pan!r1 & beside h]1 h] husb& ,n9us /rik+ ) 8 lance a lion :i* he is attack+ at close qu>t]s40 ,b]osus is no d\bt speak+ ( enamell$ bricks 9 8 description ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,temple ( ,bel1 9 :i* 7 se5 8m>vell\s mon/]s ( e sort pres5t+ ! greate/ v>iety ( =ms40 ,la/ly1 ! prophet ,ezekiel1 :o liv$ at ,babylon1 says1 speak+ ( ,j]usalem3 8%e saw m5 p\rtray$ ^u ! wall1 ! images ( ! ,*aldans p\rtray$ ) v]milion1 gird$ ) girdles ^u _! lo9s1 exce$+ 9 dy$ attire ^u _! heads1 all ( !m pr9ces to look to1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,babylonians ( ,*alda40 ,! art ( enamell+ brick1 h&$ d[n by ! ,babylonians to ! ,p]sians ( ! ,a*m5id p]iod1 long rema9$ fl\ri%+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! decoration ( ! mosques ( ,br\ssa1 ,tabriz1 & ,ispahan1 :i* excites ! admiration ( e travell]1 is bas$ on ! same pr9ciples z t ( ! ,n9evite1 ,babylonian1 & ,susian palaces4 ,only1 in/ead ( figures ( liv+ be+s1 :i* ! ,koran does n tol]ate1 ! enamell$ tiles be> religi\s inscriptions 9 ornam5tal ,cufic *>act]s1 & elegant designs ( fl[]s & trees4 ,e "o has _h ! opportunity ( see+ specim5s f ! work%ops :i* 7 /ill fl\ri%+ 9 ! la/ c5tury 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ! productions ( :i* adorn ! palaces & ! ri*e/ mosques ( ! ,mussulman _w4 ,?is art is directly d]iv$ f ! ,*aldo-,assyrians1 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t _! successors1 d[n to our own times1 h n made ! smalle/ progress 9 x4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,indu/rial ,,arts4 ,i4 ,,c]amics4 ,! causes :i* imp$$ ! developm5t ( pott]y 9 primitive ,*alda _h ! same unhappy influ5ce on ,assyrian pott]y & on ,*aldan pott]y 9 ! age ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,?\gh a few t]ra-cottas are fa%ion$ ) a c]ta9 elegance & pres5t graceful features1 _! walls are always extremely ?ick1 on acc\nt ( ! friable nature ( ! clay1 & ! types creat$ by ! modell] are totally want+ 9 v>iety4 ,botta f\nd "u ! pavem5t ( ! c\rty>ds at ,khorsabad little cavities conta9+1 besides cyl9d]s & o!r amulets1 t]ra-cotta /atuettes ( talismanic "*1 int5d$ to conjure & drive away ! inf]nal p[]s4 8,^! /atuettes10 says ,m4 ,heuzey1 8are design$ ) a rem>kably sure h&1 9 grey clay1 :i* is almo/ crude1 & pitt$ ) small holes1 z if x _h be5 mix$ ) *opp$ /raw or hay1 accord+ to ! process foll[$ 9 ! manufacture ( bricks40#dc ,! example :i* we reproduce repres5ts ! h]o ,izdub>1 s (t5 drawn ^u ! bas-reliefs & cyl9d]s z he is "h1 t is to say1 ) curl$ be>d & long hair 9 r+lets4 ,8 c\nt5ance is expressive1 & %[s signs ( c>eful "w4 ,! same praise mu/ be giv5 to ! head ( a fanta/ic animal1 also f\nd at ,khorsabad 7fig4 #ia72 ?is head1 9 :iti% clay1 is cov]$ ) a glaze ( a f9e blui% gre51 resembl+1 & p]haps imitat$ f1 ,egyptian pott]y2 a simil> figure ( a mon/] ro>+ at w+$ g5ii appe>s among ! bronze monum5ts2 9 bo? cases ! art is reali/ic1 & has r5d]$ ugl9ess & f]ocity ) all ! =ce ( ideal expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--;,izdub>4 ,t]ra-cotta 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia--;,head ( a mon/]4 ,t]ra-cotta 7,l\vre74 ,! t]ra-cotta vases discov]$ dur+ ! excavations 9 ,assyria no d\bt d5ote a real progress :5 comp>$ ) ,*aldan c]amics2 b !y are /ill no?+ b heavy amphor1 ) or )\t h&les1 ) a m or less elongat$ neck & a m or less broad5$ body1 & !y c\ld nev] be comp>$ to any b ! mo/ ar*aic productions ( ,greece4 ,!y are sometimes decorat$ ) br[n or yell[i% pa9t+s1 or ) designs 9 relief1 repres5t+ floral scrolls1 geometrical l9es or diap]s1 b nev] ) any?+ t reflects ! beauty ( ! ,n9evite sculptures4 ,among !m all !re are no vases :i* =m$ "p ( ! luxuries ( a ref9$ civilisation1 z ! ,greek vases did2 nei!r 9 ,assyria nor 9 ,*alda h any clay vessels be5 discov]$ except vulg> j>s & pots4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! place to notice fragm5ts ( two small circul> vases ( /eatite or soap/one discov]$ at ,nimr\d & ,%]if ,khan1 ne> ,k\yunjik4 ,!y are probably ( ! age ( ! ,s>gonids1 & are d$icat$ to c]ta9 deities4 ,! ?9 walls give ^! vessels almo/ ! appe>ance ( porcela91 ( :i* ,lay>d suppos$ !m to be1 & ! figures c>v$ ^u !m 9 relief1 give !m an arti/ic "* :i* ! ,assyrians c\ld nev] imp>t to _! pott]y4 ,"o ( ! fragm5ts is engrav$ by ,lay>d4#dd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,tablet ) figure ( bo> 9 relief 7,briti% ,museum74 ,at ,babylon1 :i!r ! seat ( gov]nm5t 0 transf]r$ aft] ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 ! modell]s seem to h made a great arti/ic ef=t4 ,mr4 ,rassam obta9$ f ! ru9s ( ! s\!rn capital a small t]ra-cotta tablet1 #a 94 by #b 941 on :i* ! figure ( a bo>1 su* z liv$ among ! re$s & m>%es ( ,mesopotamia1 is modell$ 9 relief4 ,! =ms ( ! animal are "h reproduc$ ) all ! excell5ce ( ! lat] ,assyrian arti/s1 by ,az>u1 ( ! tribe ,esaggilai 7d\btless connect$ ) ! great ,*aldan ,temple71 ^: "n inscrib$ on ! back adds to ! int]e/ ( ! little "w4 ,solid figur9es h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,! ,div9e ,"m4 ,t]ra-cotta 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--;,i/>4 ,t]ra-cotta 7,l\vre74 be5 f\nd 9 ,*alda1 l ^? 9 ,assyria1 m\ld$ on "o side only 9 gre5i% clay1 =m+ rem>kable examples ( ,babylonian art4 ,! *ronological position ( ^! figur9es is1 h[ev]1 difficult to det]m9e1 b !y seem to u to be1 p]haps1 contempor>y ) ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,!y repres5t prie/s or gods1 /&+ upright 9 _! long robes1 ) _! h&s clasp$ 9 ! attitude ( respect2 wom5 dress$ 9 fr+$ g>m5ts1 c>ry+ a vase ^u _! brea/2 nude goddesses1 /&+ upright1 & suckl+ ! div9e *ild4 ,"o ( ^! la/ 7fig4 #ic7 is1 says ,m4 ,heuzey1 8,a purely ,asiatic type1 ! r full =ms ( :i* are modell$ ) *>m+ tru? & r>e delicacy2 ,i d n fe> to describe x z a little wond] ( its k9d40#de ,ano!r & common] example is ! goddess ,i/>1 nude & hold+ h] h&s aga9/ h] brea/s1 adorn$ ) bracelets & necklaces1 ) h] hair elaborately dress$3 ?is naturalism & immode/ fre$om 9 ! repres5tation ( ,i/> =m a contra/ ) ! ord9>y habit ( ,*aldo-,assyrian art4 ,?is s]ies ( figur9es is *ronologically t]m9at$ by ! /atuettes ( ! ,a*m5id or ,p>?ian epo*1 modell$ ( ! same clay1 b %[+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( decad5ce4 ,! =ms are less c>efully /udi$2 sometimes ,i/>1 ! goddess ( ,ere*1 is repres5t$ 9 ^! figur9es ( t]ra-cotta or alaba/]1 half-recl9+ on a banquet+ c\*1 l t describ$ by ,h]odotus 9 ! temple ( ,bel-,m>duk at ,babylon2 h] head is (t5 cr[n$ ) ! cresc5t1 h] prop] symbol1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a g>net or o!r sp>kl+ /one is set4 ,9 %ort1 ^! co>se images ( ! voluptu\s goddess condemn at once ! art & ! mann]s ( ! p :o produc$ !m4 ,,ii4 ,,metals4 ,! art ( work+ 9 metals1 :i* 0 already s highly develop$ among ! primitive ,*aldans1 rea*$ its apogee "u ! ,s>gonids4 ,we f9d /atuettes1 bas-reliefs 9 rep\ss1 vases & ut5sils ( e sort1 weapons & ornam5ts1 s t !re is no use ( ! preci\s metals1 or ( iron & bronze1 to :i* !y 7 n put by ! indu/ry ( ,n9evite craftsm54 ,among ! ru9s ( ,s>gon's palace1 objects ( iron & bronze1 su* z hooks1 r+s1 *a9s1 pickaxes1 hamm]s1 pl\gh-%>es1 weapons1 fragm5ts ( *>iots1 & tools ( all sorts1 7 pick$ up4 ,f ! /rictly arti/ic po9t ( view1 we h already describ$ ! wood5 pill>s plat$ ) ov]lapp+ scales ( bronze1 s z to imitate ! b>k ( ! palm tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,gates ( ,balawat4 ,re/oration4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,assyrian monum5ts 9 bronze hi!rto discov]$ is ! fam\s decoration ( ! gates ( ! palace ( ,%almanes] ,,iii4 7#heg-hbb71 at ,balawat4 ,x consi/s ( metal b&s1 #i 94 broad1 decorat$ 9 rep\ss ) reliefs repres5t+ ! campaigns ( ,%almanes]4 ,!y 7 fix$ horizontally1 at int]vals1 on wood5 gates1 :i* may h be5 q #g or #h y>ds high2 ! sc5es are reproduc$ ^u !m ) ! same ease & ! same details z on ! lime/one slabs3 battles1 l&scapes1 trees1 riv]s & m\nta9s are to be se52 ! figures1 h[ev]1 are treat$ m r\ghly1 & ! muscles are m>k$ ) less precision & delicacy4 ,ea* b& 7fig4 #if7 is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts by a r[ ( rosettes1 imitat+ ! heads ( nails4 8,tak+ !m all 9 all10 says ,m4 ,p]rot1 8^! bronze reliefs are among ! works :i* d mo/ hon\r to ,assyrian art40#df ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--;,fragm5t ( metal b& ( ,balawat gates 7,briti% ,museum74 ,! p]fection ( ! "w 9 c]ta9 ,assyrian bronze vessels makes ^! monum5ts real ma/]pieces4 ,pat] f\nd at ,n9eveh1 sometimes incru/$ ) gold & silv]1 pres5t on _! inn] surface1 9 an exquisite /yle1 conc5tric zones ( rosettes & symmetrical fe/oons ( figures engrav$ 9 outl9e or /&+ out 9 relief 7fig4 #ig74 ,symbols are enc\nt]$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--;,bronze di%1 ,nimr\d 7,briti% ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--;,assyrian ar*]s4 7,bas-relief 9 ,briti% ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,v>i\s =ms ( ! ,assyrian helmet4 :i* h evid5tly be5 borr[$ f ,egypt1 su* z ! w+$ sc>abu & ! figures ( ,ha?or & ,bes4 ,simil> 9 =m1 9 ! metal ( :i* !y are compos$1 9 ! gold & silv] incru/ations1 & ev5 9 ! *oice ( subjects1 to ! ,phnician vessels f ,cyprus 7figs4 #bcc & #bcd71 ! pat] ( ,n9eveh are n1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ,assyrian manufacture2 !y 7 br\ght ?i!r by ,phnician comm]ce1 & 7 probably fa%ion$ 9 ! work%ops ( ,tyre or ,sidon1 :]e ! arti/ic traditions ( ,egypt & ,assyria 7 unit$4 ,! glass f\nd among ! ,assyrian ru9s 0 also probably ( ,phnician manufacture1 z x w be se5 9 ! *apt] on ,phnician art4 ,mu* m exclusively ,assyrian are ! bronze seals :i* ! bas-reliefs %[ u 9 ! h&s ( prie/s or g5ii4 ,we f9d among !m lions' heads1 fl[]s & elegant rosettes on ! bottom1 on ! bord]1 or at ! po9t at :i* ! h&les are atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--;,bronze lion 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,bronze sir54 ,! equipm5t ( an ,assyrian soldi] consi/s ( a b[ & arr[s1 a lance or javel91 a club1 a sword1 a dagg]1 a helmet1 a coat ( mail1 & a buckl]2 ! batt]+-rams :i* sap ! walls _h a metal c>apace & head4 ,might x n be imag9$ t ^! ,assyrian soldi]s1 we>+ ! conical helmet1 & entirely cov]$1 ) ! exception ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--;,bronze sir54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,! demon ( ! ,s\?-we/ w9d4 ,bronze 7,l\vre74 ( _! arms1 nose & eyes1 ) a long coat ( iron mail1 7 m$ival knights8 ,! %ape ( ! ,assyrian helmet v>ies accord+ to ! "t1 & p]haps also accord+ to milit>y rank4 ,!re is ! helmet =m$ ( a conical bas91 )\t ornam5t1 ! helmet provid$ ) *eek-pieces1 z among ! ,greeks1 ! helmet decorat$ ) an elegant cre/ be>+ an aigrette ( fea!rs or ( horsehair4 ,b ! ess5tial =m is always t ( a hemisph]ical bas91 cov]+ ! head1 b leav+ ! face b>e4 ,a votive %ield1 pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 has1 l ^? repres5t$ 9 ! bas-reliefs1 ! =m ( a l>ge r\nd disk1 convex 9 its c5tral "p2 ?is metal disk1 #cd 94 9 diamet]1 is decorat$ l ! pat] ) a c5tral rosette & sev]al conc5tric zones conta9+ lions & bulls 9 relief4 ,! prec$+ examples prove ! exi/5ce ( a manufacture ( metals :i* _h rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection1 & 0 9 possession ( all ! te*nical me?ods4 ,accord+ly1 we believe t ! scanty numb] ( /atues or /atuettes 9 bronze ( human be+s or ( ,assyrian deities mu/ be attribut$ to an un=tunate *ance4 ,!y mu/ h be5 produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 z 9 anci5t ,*alda1 & a good pro( ( ?is is ! l>ge c['s head dis9t]r$ ne> ,bagdad & pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum#dg2 ano!r example is ! /atuette ( a lion f\nd at ,khorsabad 7fig4 #ajj72 ?is has1 d\btless1 s]i\s defects1 su* z a s+ul> disproportion betwe5 ! head & ! body1 betwe5 ! =e legs & ! h9d legs2 b :at tru? ( expression 9 ! muzzle ) its gap+ m\?1 & 9 ^? p[]ful claws6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--;,bronze plaque4 ,de ,cl]cq collection4 ,a /atuette 9 ,m4 de ,vog's collection1 f\nd at ,van1 repres5ts a sort ( sir5 :i* seems to h act$ z an ornam5t atta*$ to a vessel or a piece ( furniture 7figs4 #aja & #ajb74 ,! ori5tal appe>ance ( ! head1 ! hair 9 r+lets1 ! l>ge eyes1 ! bracelets ^u ! out/ret*$ arms beh9d ! w+s1 & ! arti/ically m>k$ fea!rs1 make ( ?is little monum5t "o ( ! mo/ preci\s relics ( ! art ( work+ 9 bronze among ! ,assyrians4 ,a simil> figure is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 ?is in/ance ! loose r+ by :i* ! vessel 0 held is /ill 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,bronze plaque4 ,de ,cl]cq collection 7o!r side74 ,! ,l\vre possesses ! figure ( a mon/] ) f\r w+s :i* repres5ts ! demon ( ! s\?-we/ w9d1 z ! cunei=m inscription ^u x tea*es u 7fig4 #ajc74 ,no?+ c be imag9$ m hide\s & m expressive ?an ! head ) its gl>+ eyes1 ro>+ ?roat1 horn$ br[s1 crook$ f+]s & fle%less body ) lion's claws4 ,x leads u naturally to cite a bronze plaque f ! collection ( ,m4 de ,cl]cq1 9 :i* ,m4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau has recognis$ a repres5tation ( ! ,assyrian hell4 ,"o ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,/&>d 9 a bas-relief f ,khorsabad 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,foot ( a piece ( furniture4 ,de ,vog collection4 side 7fig4 #ajd7 is occupi$ by a mon/] ) f\r w+s & eagle's claws1 look+ ov] ! top ( ! plaque2 on ! o!r side 7fig4 #aje7 ! mon/]'s head is se51 & "u x sc5es arrang$ 9 f\r r[s3 fir/ ! symbolical figures ( ! />s1 !n a procession ( sev5 creatures dress$ 9 long robes & hav+ ! heads ( v>i\s animals3 ^! are ! heav5ly g5ii call$ ,igigis4 ,bel[ ?is we witness a fun]al sc5e3 two creatures ) human bodies comb9$ ) ! head & body ( a fi%1 l ! god ,oannes1 /& by a b$ on :i* a corpse is laid out1 swa!d 9 its mummy-clo!s2 ne> !m /& two mon/]s l ! demons :i* appe> 9 a battle sc5e belong+ to ! campaigns ( ,assur-nasir-pal1 &1 ( l>g] size1 on ! walls ( ,assurbanipal's palace2 !y face "o ano!r 9 ! same attitude "h z !re1 & seem to be disput+ or qu>rell+4 ,! l[e/ r[ %[s a /ream ( wat] 9 :i* are fi%4 ,9 a boat is a kneel+ horse2 on 8 back is a mon/] hold+ s]p5ts 9 8 h&s2 lion-cubs are spr++ =w>ds t[>ds him2 ano!r mon/] /&s on ! br9k ( ! wat]2 9 ! backgr\nd are trees & fragm5ts ( diff]5t k9ds1 look+ l ! rema9s ( a banquet4 ,!re is "s arti/ic m]it 9 sev]al portions ( ?is curi\s sc5e4 ,! mon/] on ! o!r side is boldly design$1 & 8 =m is vigor\s & supple4 ,9 ! *isell+ ( a royal /&>d 7fig4 #ajf71 ! arti/ really atta9$ to ! highe/ te*nical skill3 ! bulls' heads & ! lions' heads arrang$ along ! pole are ma/]pieces ( ta/e1 & might be propos$ z models at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! palaces fragm5ts ( ?rones h be5 f\nd =m$ ( bronze plat+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pieces1 f\nd at ,van1 belongs to ,m4 de ,vog 7fig4 #ajg72 ! deep sculpture 9 ! claws ( ! cr\*+ lion rem9ds ! spectator ( a bronze /atuette f ,tello 7fig4 #bf74 ,,iii4 ,,wood ,,& ,,ivory4 ,no p ( antiquity c>ri$ z f> z ! ,*aldo-,assyrians _! ta/e = elegant furniture1 :i* is z delicately sculptur$ among !m z ! mo/ preci\s bronze ut5sils4 ,we %all nev] "k1 d\btless1 except ?r\gh ! te/imony ( lit]ature1 :at t c>v$ wood-"w 01 & :at ^? ceil+s ( c$> 71 to :i* ! prophets ( ,israel allude ) su* jeal\s en?usiasm1 & :i* ! k+s boa/ ( hav+ _h execut$1 speak+ to u 9 _! inscriptions ( palaces 9 :i* 8! gates are ( ebony1 ) fitt+s ( silv] plat+ & poli%$ iron1 ! pill>s ( cypress-wood1 ! po/s ( c$> c>v$ by skilful craftsm51 & coat$ ) plates ( wr\ght metal40 ,b ! bas-reliefs place be=e our eyes wood5 furniture 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( ! ,assyrian g5ius is conspicu\s1 & :i* reveal to u a p gorg$ ) weal?1 among :om luxury 9 furniture holds an important place4 ,! animal & vegetable k+doms are turn$ to pr(it by ! craftsm5 ) a/oni%+ skill 9 ! decoration ( ! tables1 /ools1 b$s1 tripods1 umbrellas & fly-flaps4 ,at e opportunity lions' heads & claws1 goats1 pan!rs & bulls occur1 fancifully arrang$1 b always 9 p]fect h>mony & excell5t ta/e2 fl[]s1 fe/oons1 undulat+ & int]lac+ l9es1 rosettes & geometrical figures are all f\nd 9 endless v>iety & 9 p]fect equilibrium2 n[h]e has su* "w be5 bett] done1 nei!r 9 ,egypt nor 9 ,greece4 ,! bas-relief 7fig4 #gg71 :i* repres5ts ,assurbanipal dr9k+ ) "o ( 8 wives1 %[s u "s ( ! furniture ( a royal palace4 ,! pr9ce recl9es ^u a divan1 ! que5 sitt+ ^u a *air1 ) a /ool "u h] feet2 be=e !m is a table4 ,are n ! sculptur$ c\*1 ! table ) its feet c>v$ 9 ! =m ( lions' claws1 & ! *air1 lavi%ly decorat$ ) sculpture & ivory ornam5ts1 z ri* & z skilful 9 workman%ip z any su* objects to be f\nd 9 ,european draw+-rooms8 ,ano!r bas-relief 7fig4 #ajh7 %[s a t5t erect$ 9 ! op5 pla9 dur+ a milit>y exp$ition2 x is simply ! /ables1 z x seems4 ,notice ! elegance ( ! wood5 pill>s1 ! %afts ( :i* are decorat$ ) geometrical designs1 & t]m9ate 9 floral ornam5ts on :i* sl5d] kids1 ready to spr+1 are pois$4 ,wood =m$ ! framework ( ^! *airs1 c(f]s1 & %r9es1 b disappe>$ m or less completely "u ! bronze or gold plat+1 ! incru/ations ( ivory1 col\r$ glass1 lapis lazuli1 & brilliant /ones1 or1 la/ly1 ! embroid]$ rugs & ! c>pets4 ,9 ! camp be=e ,la*i%1 ,s5na*]ib sits ^u a ?rone1 ! sides ( :i* are compos$ ( ?ree r[s ( figures1 rais+ _! arms to su/a9 ! b>s ( ! *air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,t5t s]v+ z ! royal /able 7,bas-relief 9 ,briti% ,museum74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--,s5na*]ib's ?rone4 ,bas-relief 7,briti% ,museum47 ,wood 0 ! ess5tial "p ( ! /ructure ( ! *>iots1 ! :eels ( :i* h spokes turn$ 9 ! la!1 & ! body ( :i* is ( wov5 wick]-"w1 :ile ! pole1 describ+ a graceful curve1 ends 9 an elegant horse's head or 9 ! head ( a de]1 a bull1 a lion or a swan4 ,! v weapons1 lances1 dagg]s & b[s h %afts1 hilts1 & h&les c>v$ into figures ( animals1 cr\*+1 sleep+1 spr++ or fold$ 9 two1 simil> to ! figures drawn & c>v$ by ! m$ival decorators4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--;,assyrian *>iot 7f a bas-relief74 ,^! objects1 h[ev]1 are n always ( wood2 (t5e/1 p]haps1 !y are ( bone or ivory1 z x is prov$ by ! ivory tablets & ! toilette articles1 su* z combs & p9s1 :i* ! excavations h br\ght to light4#dh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--;,ivory plaque 7,briti% ,museum74 ,b side by side ) ^! knick-knacks 9 ! ,n9evite /yle1 !re are o!rs :i*1 ?\gh f\nd 9 ,mesopotamia1 seem to be ( =eign orig94 ,witness to ?is is borne by an ivory plaque f\nd at ,nimr\d1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly "p ( ! incru/ation ( a piece ( furniture 7fig4 #aaa74 ,! relief is cle>1 ! "w highly f9i%$2 ! figure1 :i* holds 9 its h& a l>ge lotus-/alk1 has woolly hair l an ,e?iopian1 & be>s ! ,egyptian ,uru on its br[4 ,ano!r tablet f ,nimr\d repres5ts ! head ( a woman1 ^: hair is arrang$ 9 ,egyptian fa%ion4 ,%e is enclos$ 9 a frame :i* resembles a w9d[ ) a balu/rade1 ! capitals ( :i*1 orig9al 9 /yle1 seem to h be5 col\r$4 ,an ivory /atuette ( ! goddess ,i/>1 f\nd at ,nimr\d1 has ! same heavy coiffure 9 successive rolls1 & re/+ ^u ! %\ld]s2 "h we h aga9 ! ,egyptian /yle ) an exagg]at$ naturalism prop] only to ! ,phnicians4 ,we may conclude t ^! ivories 7 fa%ion$1 l ! bronze di%es1 9 ! work%ops ( ,phnicia4 ,!nce c>avans transport$ all ^! small objects z f> z ,n9eveh2 we "k t ! m]*ants ( ,tyre & ,sidon _h num]\s /ores 9 ! v he>t ( ,mesopotamia4 ,phnician comm]ce 0 ! great vehicle by :i* ,egyptian & ,assyrian art 0 c>ri$ abroad4 ,,iv4 ,,lea!r ,,& ,,/uffs4 ,! art ( embroid]y & tape/ry1 :i* we h se5 s highly develop$ 9 primitive ,*alda1 & a mo/ rem>kable example ( :i* 0 furni%$ u 9 ! co/ume ( ,m>duk-nad9-akhi1 did n cease to fl\ri% dur+ ! :ole exi/5ce ( ! ,n9evite empire1 & 0 m prosp]\s ?an ev] at ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,c robes ( great] ri*ness be imag9$ ?an ^! worn by ,assur-nasir-pal1 ,s>gon1 ,s5na*]ib1 or ,assurbanipal8 ,are !re1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 any embroid]ies or tape/ries ( m wond]ful delicacy or 9 m exquisite ta/e8 ,assyrian /uffs are celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! anci5t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--;,assur-nasir-pal#di (f]+ a libation 7,bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% ,museum74 _w = ! beauty ( _! v>i$ t9ts1 & above all = ! m>vell\s embroid]ies :i* ! *isel ( ! ,assyrian sculptor has s delicately reproduc$8 ,all ?is decoration1 9 :i* we f9d figures 9 adoration be=e ! sacr$ tree or ! symbol ( ! supreme deity1 g5ii /ruggl+ ) lions1 fights betwe5 animals1 ! my/ical p9econe1 fl[]s1 & a hundr$ o!r v>i$ designs elegantly & symmetrically arrang$1 reveals extraord9>y manual skill4 ,hi/ory1 my?ology1 botany1 & real or fanciful zoology are turn$ to pr(it ) inimitable p]fection1 & we are =c$ to take ev]y?+ lit]ally t has be5 relat$ by anci5t au?ors ab\t ! tape/ries :i* adorn$ ! palace-*amb]s4 ,9 ! banquet+-hall ( ,ahasu]us1 k+ ( ,p]sia1 !re 71 accord+ to ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,ri*ly cap>ison$ horse & rid] 7,bas-relief 9 ! ,l\vre74 ,book ( ,e/h]1 :ite1 gre51 & blue hang+s1 fa/5$ ) cords ( f9e l95 & purple to silv] r+s & pill>s ( m>ble4 ,9 ! description ( a picture portray+ ! adv5tures ( ,!mi/ocles1 ,philo/ratus ! ,eld] also speaks ( ! v>i\s subjects embroid]$ by ! ,babylonians ^u _! /uffs1 & ( ! gold5 ?reads skilfully m+l$ ) ! tissue2 we h se5 t ! ,babylonian /uff call$ kaunakes1 & *>act]is$ by r[s ( long fr+es1 0 /ill celebrat$ among ! ,p]sians & ! ,greeks4 ,pl9y1 ! natural hi/orian1 claims = ! tape/ry-weav]s ( ,babylon ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 sup]ior to all _! rivals 9 o!r c\ntries 9 ! art ( h>monis+ col\rs & repres5t+ figures4 8,9 fact10 says ,m4 ,e4 ,mntz1 8! words1 ,babylonian tape/ries1--,babylonica p]i/romata1 recur con/antly 9 ! ,lat9 poets1 :o are nev] satisfi$ ) prais+ !m4 ,roman connoisseurs b\ght su* hang+s = _! weight 9 gold4 ,metellus ,scipio sp5t #hjj1jjj se/]ces 9 tricl9>ia ,babylonica4 ,n]o paid1 = ! same /uffs1 an ev5 high] price3 #d1jjj1jjj se/]ces40#ej ,?us ! ,ea/1 :i* rema9s to our days ! classical l& ( embroid]y & tape/ry1 has only p]petuat$ ! traditions bequea!d to h] by ,n9eveh & ,babylon :5 !y ceas$ to exi/4 ,! indu/ries ( saddle-mak+ & work+ 9 lea!r1 :i* are /ill s fl\ri%+ among ! ,turks1 ,p]sians1 & ,arabs1 c be trac$ back1 accord+ to tradition1 to ! ,assyrians :o rais$ !m to ! dignity ( an art4 ,notice ! h>ness ( ! k+'s *>iot horses4 ,! lea!r /raps1 embroid]$ ) r$ & yell[ ?reads1 =m v>iegat$ trimm+s4 ,sometimes a lea!r b&1 cross+ ! *e/ & fa/5$ on ! )]s1 is decorat$ ) a d\ble r[ ( tassels1 & f9i%$ (f by bells4 ,ano!r embroid]$ b& desc5ds f ! top ( ! head1 & su/a9s "u ! jaw a tassel =m$ ( ?ree tufts1 "o above ! o!r1 also adorn$ ) bells4 ,above ! head rises a sup]b plume ) a triple cre/4 ,! head-piece is adorn$ ) rosettes1 & above ! horse's eyes !re is a b& =m$ ( ov]lapp+ scales1 jo9$ to ! head-/all by a d\ble tassel4 ,ev]y?+1 includ+ ev5 ! /rap :i* holds ! bit1 & t pass$ "u ! no/rils1 is reliev$ by rosettes & brilliant trimm+s1 & probably also by metal disks1 p]haps ( gold & silv]4 ,v4 ,,ornam5ts ,,& ,,cyl9drical ,,seals4 ,! excavations 9 ,*alda & ,assyria h1 d[n to ?is day1 sc>cely furni%$ u ) any ornam5ts ( gold or silv]4 ,h[ev]1 we "k f ! inscriptions t ^! metals occupi$ ! fir/ rank1 & 7 abundantly employ$ 9 ! ornam5ts ( ! ,n9evites & ,babylonians4 ,! tombs ( primitive ,*alda conta9$ bronze bracelets & e>-r+s ( ! simple/ =m4 ,^! are circul> r+s1 sometimes ?9n] at ! two ends1 :i* are bo? po9t$4 ,at ,khorsabad ,botta f\nd necklaces =m$ ( preci\s /ones pi]c$ ) holes1 :i* 7 sph]oidal 9 =m or elongat$ l olives2 ^! balls ( m>ble1 jasp]1 *alc$ony1 ame?y/1 lapis lazuli1 7 sometimes mix$ ) cyl9d]s or o!r seals ( conical %ape4 ,at ,k\yunjik a necklace 0 discov]$1 =m$ ( little gold5 balls alt]nat+ ) little cyl9d]s ( ! same metal4 ,a bronze bracelet at ! ,l\vre has lions' heads at ! two extremities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--;,assyrian deities c>ri$ 9 procession4 ,bas-relief 7aft] ,lay>d74 ,b we le>n m f ! bas-reliefs ab\t ! ta/e = ornam5t among ! ,assyrians1 & ab\t ! goldsmi?s' "w at ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,k+s & g5ii we> necklaces1 e>-r+s1 diadems1 & bracelets4 ,_! =ms are always elegant & pres5t great v>iety4 ,! diadems are circles1 p]haps ( gold1 broad] 9 ! middle1 & g5]ally decorat$ ) a rosette1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* a glitt]+ gem 0 d\btless conspicu\s4 ,deities c>ri$ 9 procession we> high ti>as also surm\nt$ by a rosette1 ! ess5tial elem5t ( :i* is a preci\s /one4 ,bracelets are worn above ! elb[ & on ! =e-arm2 ^! are circul> disks1 sometimes clos$ & decorat$ ) rosettes1 at o!r times end+ 9 two lions'1 de]s'1 rams'1 or s]p5ts' heads2 "s are twi/$ two or ?ree times r\nd ! arm4 ,among ! ornam5ts :i* hang f ! necklace1 ! cross1 ( t =m :i* we call ! ,maltese cross1 mu/ be cit$2 ! same symbol1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! ,egyptian crux ansata1 is also f\nd 9 ! e>-r+s 7fig4 #fc74 ,z = seal-engrav+1 its abundant examples d n surpass 9 arti/ic m]it ! ,*aldan "w :i* we h already describ$4 ,assyrian cyl9d]s1 t is to say1 ^? :i* 7 especially manufactur$ at ,n9eveh1 are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,babylon & ,*alda by a dri] & m comm]cial /yle ( "w4#ea ,inscriptions are r>]1 & engrav$ 9 ,n9evite *>act]s3 ! my?s repres5t$ by ! engrav]s are ! same z at ,babylon1 b ! figures h a m mod]n appe>ance3 = in/ance1 ! w+$ bulls ) human heads1 & ! g5ii ) eagle's beaks & f\r w+s1 are copi$ f ! bas-reliefs 9 ! palaces ( ,khorsabad1 ,nimr\d & ,k\yunjik4 ,! ,assyrian cyl9d]s ( ! ar*aic epo* pres5t ! te*nical *>act]i/ics t we h already indicat$ 9 ,*alda3 ! jo9ts ( ! limbs are r5d]$ by means ( a drill produc+ small hemisph]ical holes1 & ! re/ ( ! body is execut$ ) ano!r in/rum5t :i* holl[$ out p>allel l9es4 ,^! peculi>ities are cle>ly di/+ui%$ on a f9e cyl9d] :i* we give aft] ,m4 ,m5ant 7fig4 #aae73 x repres5ts ?ree figures :o seem to sacrifice ^u a tripod to ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! sev5 planets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--;,ar*aic ,assyrian cyl9d] 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--;,assyrian cyl9d]4 ,de ,cl]cq collection 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,! cyl9d]s ( ! ,s>gonid epo* prove a progress p>allel to t ( ,*aldan glyptics2 ! traces left by ! action ( ! saw & ! drill h disappe>$ to make room = ! modell+ ( ! figures1 :i* sometimes rea* a degree ( suppl5ess true to nature4 ,we w cite z examples a cyl9d] ( ! ,de ,cl]cq collection1 repres5t+ two g5ii 9 adoration be=e ! sacr$ tree 7fig4 #aaf71 & a cyl9d] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7fig4 #aag7 on :i* ! god ,rammanu is se51 arm$ ) a b[ & arr[s1 /&+ ^u a cr\*+ lion & receiv+ ! homage ( a pontiff4 ,! two cyl9d]s are v f9e3 on ! fir/1 extreme exactness is to be notic$ 9 ! details ( ! co/ume1 & great delicacy 9 ! features ( ! two g5ii4 ,on ! second1 on ! contr>y1 ! =ms h a fre] & easi] pose1 & ! sc5e has m life2 ! palm is rem>kable = tru?2 ! ibexes1 above all1 are absolutely pure 9 design2 ! modell+ ( _! ?ighs & flanks rem9ds u ( ! lions on ! ,*aldan cyl9d] :i* we admir$ be=e 7see fig4 #ce72 x also rem9ds u ( ! fam\s lioness among ! sculptures ( ,assurbanipal's palace 7fig4 #ha71 :i* is probably contempor>y ) x4 ,assyrian glyptics has produc$ no?+ m highly f9i%$2 l sculpture on a l>g] scale1 x excels 9 ! r5d]+ ( animal =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,assyrian cyl9d]4 ,de ,cl]cq collection 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,assyrian cyl9d]4 ,de ,cl]cq collection 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,p]sian ,,art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,m$ian cyl9d] 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,! mo/ anci5t#eb monum5ts ( ,p]sia date f no e>li] p]iod ?an ! reign ( ,cyrus 7,b4,c4 #edi-ebi74 ,if any ,p]sian art exi/$ 9 ! previ\s epo*1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 no m ?an a satrapy ( ! ,m$ian empire1 its traces h n yet be5 f\nd4 ,m$ian art is sc>cely kn[n at all1 except by a cyl9drical seal at ! ,briti% ,museum1 be>+ a ,m$ic inscription1 ^u :i* a rid] is se5 fight+ ) a lion3 ! rid]'s high ti>a is *>act]i/ic1 b ! lion is copi$ f a ,n9evite cyl9d] 7fig4 #aai74 ,no d\bt ?is monum5t w\ld n be en\gh by itself to prove t ,m$ian art 0 tribut>y to ,assyrian art2 b ! description giv5 u by ,h]odotus ( ! =tress ( ,ecbatana confirms ! hypo!sis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is natural to suppose t ! ,p]sians1 :o 7 ! vassals & consequ5tly ! political & religi\s heirs ( ! ,m$es1 %\ld h borr[$ f ! latt] c]ta9 arti/ic traditions1 if ,m$ian art _h any orig9ality ( its own4 ,n[1 :ile a ?reefold =eign influ5ce--t ( ! ,*aldo-,assyrians1 ! ,egyptians1 & ! ,ionic ,greeks1 is conspicu\s 9 ,p]sian works ( art1 !re is no?+ t c be ref]r$ to ,m$ia4 ,! monum5ts ( ! ,a*m5id dyna/y are ga!r$ toge!r ^u ?ree pr9cipal sites1 ! ru9s ( :i* h be5 explor$ 9 a fairly complete mann]3 ,susa1 :]e ! ,a*m5ids1 includ+ ,d>ius & 8 successors1 erect$ _! palaces at ! spot on :i* ! old capital ( ,elam1 de/roy$ by ,assurbanipal1 =m]ly /ood2 ,p]sepolis1 ! impos+ rema9s ( :i* =m two gr\ps1 call$ at ! pres5t day ,takht-i-,jem%id & ,nakh%-i-,ru/am2 la/ly1 ! pile ( ru9s at ,me%$-,murgab & ,mad>-i-,soleiman1 two ,p]sian villages 9 ! valley ( ! ,polv>1 on ! road f ,ispahan to ,%iraz1 :]e1 )\t d\bt1 ! anci5t city ( ,pas>gad mu/ h be54 ,i4 ,,civil ,,ar*itecture4 ,:5 ,cyrus _h 8 new capital1 ,pas>gad1 built 9 ! valley ( ! ,polv>1 he _h complet$ ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,crsus1 f9i%$ ! conque/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & made himself ma/] ( ,babylon4 ,! precise date ( ! monum5ts ( ,me%$-,murgab is fix$ by ! cunei=m inscriptions1 :i*1 :ile !y are all compos$ 9 hon\r ( ,cyrus1 are writt5 9 ?ree v]sions1 ,p]sian1 ,m$ic1 & ,assyrian1 & consequ5tly we _c place !m e>li] ?an ! conque/ ( ,*alda 9 ,b4,c4 #ech4 ,9 8 victori\s exp$itions ?r\gh regions remote f ! table-l& ( ,f>s1 8 native c\ntry1 su* z ,mesopotamia1 ,lydia1 & ! coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,cyrus _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ monum5ts :i* mu/ h a/oni%$ him by _! ar*itecture1 & palaces :i* seem$ to him f> f9] ?an ^? inhabit$ hi!rto by 8 ance/ors1 pr9ces ( prov]bial au/]ity & simplicity4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ = himself a royal resid5ce z sumptu\s z ^? ( ,crsus & ,nabonidus1 & ( import+ into ! he>t ( ,p]sia ! ar*itecture ( ,babylon & ! ,hell5ic ar*itecture ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,8 milit>y successes assi/$ him wond]fully 9 ?is und]tak+4 ,! prison]s ( w> :om he captur$ at ,babylon & 9 ! ,greek cities ( ,ionia became ! workm5 :o built 8 palaces2 & he allur$ ! ar*itects1 :om he c\ld n c>ry away by =ce1 by load+ !m ) weal? & hon\rs4 ,! successors ( ,cyrus cont9u$1 l him1 to appeal to ! arti/s ( ,greece1 ^: volunt>y exile f _! native c\ntry has (t5 be5 rem>k$ by hi/orians4 ,pl9y1 = in/ance1 cites a work] 9 bronze1 ,telephanes ( ,phoca1 :o pass$ among 8 contempor>ies z a wor?y rival ( ,polycletus1 ,myron1 & ,py?agoras1 & :om ! k+s ( ,p]sia1 ,d>ius & ,x]xes1 attract$ to _! c\rt1 :]e he ex]cis$ 8 craft dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 c>e]4#ec ,! /ructures begun by ,cyrus at ,pas>gad1 :i* 7 nev] f9i%$ on acc\nt ( 8 dea?1 :i* abruptly end$ ! "w1 receive _! inspiration bo? f ,greek & ,assyrian art2 !re is no?+ to be ref]r$ to ! ar*itectural types ( ,egypt1 n yet invad$ by ! ,p]sian conqu]ors4 ,! palaces /& ^u plat=ms l ^? ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon2 b ^! sub/ructures foll[ ! ,greek me?od ( build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--,plat=m ( ! palace ( ,cyrus 7aft] ,dieulafoy74 ,! monum5t call$ by ! mod]n ,p]sians ,takht-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman 78?rone ( ! "m ( ,solomon07 is no?+ m ?an ! plat=m ( ,cyrus' palace 7fig4 #abj74 ,x is a /ructure built ( l>ge /ones1 9 :i* mort> is replac$ by iron clamps4 ,! fac+s are seldom trimm$1 b only r\gh hewn1 & surr\nd$ by a d\ble m\ld+ l ru/icat$ /onework ) m>g9al draft+s4 ,! c\rses are alt]nate r[s ( head]s & /ret*]s4 ,! nucleus ( ! /ructure is a mass ( blocks arrang$ 9 horizontal lay]s1 always level ) ! fac+ c\rses4 ,m4 ,dieulafoy#ed obs]ves t ! ,lydians practis$ ?is me?od ( build+ f ! eigh? c5tury be=e our era4 ,! ,assyrians did n proce$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,at ,khorsabad1 = in/ance1 no clamps b9d ! /ones ( ! fac+ to "o ano!r2 ! wall is /raight & absolutely v]tical1 :ile 9 ! ,takht-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman ! upp] c\rses rec$e f "o ano!r l /eps1 9 ord] to give great] ?ickness to ! base4 ,ov] ! great] "p ( ! fac+1 position m>ks h be5 detect$1 c>v$ ^u !m by ! /one-cutt]s1 9 ord] to "k ! place ( ea* hewn /one4 ,^! m>ks are conv5tional signs1 :i* d n belong1 x is true1 to any alphabet1 b :i*--a matt] wor?y ( rem>k--are ! same z ^? discov]$ 9 ,greek build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,basem5t at ,p]sepolis 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e1 ,p]se anci5ne74 ,! palaces ( ,p]sepolis 7 erect$ by ,d>ius & ,x]xes only fifty ye>s aft] ^? at ,pas>gad2 b 9 ?is %ort int]val ,egypt _h be5 conqu]$ by ,cambyses2 & aft] t ev5t ! monum5ts ( ! ,ph>aohs 7 de/9$1 = ! same reason z ^? ( ,assyria & ,asia ,m9or1 to ex]cise a direct influ5ce ^u ,p]sian art4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 c\ld nev] fuse ^! het]og5e\s elem5ts toge!r & assimilate !m to its own "*1 b c\ld only gr\p !m 9 a hybrid /yle4 ,! build+s ( ,p]sepolis are /ill /&+ to a consid]able ext5t1 & its ru9s1 ris+ 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ amphi!atre ( grey m>ble rocks1 are an object ( en?usia/ic admiration to all travell]s4 ,! palaces re/ ^u a plat=m built on ! model ( t ( ,takht-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman4 ,! out] coat+ ( ?is basem5t is =m$ ( c>efully trimm$ a%l>1 & ! blocks1 fitt$ toge!r )\t mort>1 are fix$ by iron clamps4 ,bett] pres]v$ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--;,gate & w9d[s ( ! palace ( ,d>ius 7aft] ,dieulafoy74 ?an ! ru9s ( ,pas>gad1 ^? ( ,p]sepolis enable u to recon/ruct m p]fectly ! pr9cipal =ms ( ,a*m5id ar*itecture4 ,! plat=m ( ! ,p]sepolitan palaces 0 asc5d$ by a flight ( a hundr$ & elev5 /eps1 broad en\gh to be m\nt$ by t5 m5 abrea/2 a g5tly incl9$ roadway1 =m$ on "o side ( ! plat=m1 enabl$ c>riages to rea* ! summit3 "h we h precisely1 except 9 po9t ( mat]ial & mann] ( con/ruction1 ! plat=m ( ! ,assyrian palaces4 ,! summit ( ! t]race 0 cr[n$1 z at ,khorsabad1 ) a r[ ( battlem5ts4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! artificial m\nd call$ ,takht-i-,jem%id by ! ,p]sians is t x is only an imm5se basem5t support+ ?ree o!r t]races ( small] area ^u x4 ,^! t]races are ( unequal height1 & communicate ) "o ano!r2 !y are rea*$ by /one /aircases4 ,! gr& /aircase1 lead+ to ! second plat=m1 is adorn$ ) a colonnade & flank$ by gigantic human-head$ bulls1 simil> to ^? at ,n9eveh4 ,^u ! highe/ ( ^! ?ree plat=ms 7 built f\r palaces1 ^u ! walls ( :i* ! names ( ,d>ius1 ,x]xes & ,artax]xes ,o*us h be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! build+s at ,p]sepolis & ,susa1 ! doorways & w9d[-frames take ! =m ( a rectangul> p>allelogram1 & 9 _! ar*itectural decoration1 besides ! traditional influ5ce ( ,*alda & ,assyria1 ! new exotic elem5t1 t we h indicat$ above1 may be recognis$2 x is ! intrusion ( ,ph>aonic art4 ,! doors1 fram$ 9 ?ree ,grco-,ionian ar*itraves1 project+ "o beyond ! o!r1 are surm\nt$1 z well z ! w9d[s1 by an ,egyptian ornam5t above a l9e ( alt]nate ovals & disks4 ,9 ! ?ickness ( ! doorway sculptures 9 relief1 copi$ f ^? ( ! ,*aldo-,assyrian palaces1 %[ u ! k+ 9 close combat ) a lion or fanta/ic animal1 or else ! k+ sitt+ on 8 ?rone r5d]+ ju/ice at 8 palace gate1 or aga9 ! pr9ce solemnly advanc+1 surr\nd$ by 8 (fic]s & dress$ 9 8 c]emonial robes4 ,m4 ,dieulafoy#ee recognis$ t ! great] numb] ( ! w9d[s 7 condemn$ to less5 ! air & light 9 ! int]ior ( ! rooms2 ^! w9d[s fill$ up by a ?9n] wall1 =m$1 on ! ext]ior1 ni*es :i* broke ! uni=mity ( ! faade4 ,doors1 w9d[s1 /aircases & ! pila/]s arrang$ at ! corn]s1 are ( :ite lime/one or ( grey porphyry ) blue ve9s2 b ! walls 9 :i* ^! ar*itectural features occur are ( bak$ brick coat$ ) enamell$ tiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,p]sepolitan capital 7aft] ,dieulafoy74 ,! ar*itecture ( ! ,a*m5id palaces includes ! pi] & ! column z ! supports ( ! /ructure4 ,among ! ru9s ( ,pas>gad at pres5t only ?ree pi]s & "o column1 ! height ( :i* /ill exce$s #cf feet1 are /&+4 ,b at ,p]sepolis & at ,susa1 ! ,p]sepolitan capital1 ) all its elegance & ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,plan ( ! ,apadna ( ,artax]xes 7aft] ,dieulafoy74 orig9ality1 has be5 /udi$ 9 all its v>ieties4 ,x is f\nd 9 e "p1 b notably 9 ! great /ate saloon or apadna ( ! palaces4 ,x is ?irte5 times z high z its diamet] at ! base3 its sl5d] =m reveals ! imitation 9 /one ( an orig9al /ructure support$ by light trunks ( trees4 ,! apadna ( ! palace ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis1 situat$ on ! middle plat=m1 cov]$ an area ( ne>ly an acre & a qu>t]1 & its ro( 0 su/a9$ by a hundr$ columns4 ,be=e ! ant]ior faade rose a portico gu>d$ by two gigantic bulls ) human heads1 p>tly built into ! /ructure l ^? 9 ! ,assyrian edifices4 ,! apadna ( ! palace ( ,artax]xes at ,susa 7fig4 #abd7 0 ( no less gigantic proportions1 & _h a d\ble portico on ?ree ( its sides2 x cov]s an area ( an acre & a half4 ,! columns are n less ?an #ah feet #d in*es 9 diamet]2 slightly conical 9 %ape1 !y are compos$ ( long cyl9drical drums1 plac$ end to end1 ! base & capital be+ sep>at$ f ! %aft4 ,two v>ieties may be di/+ui%$4#ef ,! simple/ type is to be se5 9 ! int]ior halls ( ! palace ( ,x]xes at ,p]sepolis4 ,! base is =m$ ( two tori plac$ "o above ! o!r on a squ>e p$e/al2 ! %aft is decorat$ all r\nd ) =ty-eight flut+s2 ! capital includes a s]ies ( ornam5ts borr[$ f ! ar*itecture ( ,egypt2 x is ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,susian capital re/or$ 7,l\vre74 develop$ 9 a succession ( bells & inv]t$ volutes1 above :i* two bulls' heads are arrang$1 ev5 ) ! int]columniations2 ?is is ! bicephalic capital1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,a*m5id ar*itecture1 :i* has nev] be5 employ$ except 9 ,p]sia4 ,o!r columns diff]1 b only 9 ! base1 f t :i* we h j describ$2 ! d\ble torus support+ ! %aft is sometimes plac$1 n on a squ>e p$e/al1 b on a cyl9drical drum1 decorat$ ) tw5ty-f\r v]tical l9es & gr[+ gradually broad] 9 ! l[] "p1 s z to pres5t ! =m ( a mu* elongat$ ogee or ( a bell4 ,at ,susa1 in/ead ( l9es1 ! ornam5t ( ! base is sometimes =m$ ( elegant inv]t$ foliage 7fig4 #abf74 ,! comp>ative /udy ( ! ,a*m5id column1 toge!r ) ! monum5ts ( ,egypt & ,greece1 has l$ ,m4 ,dieulafoy to conclude t ! outl9es ( ! ,p]sepolitan column are ,egyptian1 b t its /ructure is compos$ ( ,grco-,ionian elem5ts4 ,^! volutes1 /r+s ( ovals1 & tori at ! base1 _h already become classical 9 ! ,hell5ic _w long be=e ,cyrus1 s9ce !y are f\nd ev]y:]e1 at ,myc51 ,sege/a & ,sel9us1 9 ,attica & 9 ,ionia3 "h aga9 we are =c$ to recognise t ! ar*itect1 ev5 :5 he copies motives d]iv$ f ,egypt or ,assyria1 is imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ,hell5ic art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,base ( a column 7aft] ,dieulafoy74 ,besides columns1 ! ,p]sepolitan & ,susian palaces _h pila/]s plac$ at ! extremities ( ! porticoes1 z cont9uations ( ! faades4 ,9 ! faades ( ! palace ( ,d>ius at ,p]sepolis two squ>e pila/]s ( porphyry are se51 s p]fectly pres]v$ t 9 ! upp] "p !y /ill h holes1 cut to receive ! ends ( ! entablature4 ,!y w\ld suffice to prove1 if any pro( 7 want+1 t 9 ^! /ructures1 ! columns1 :i* are plac$ at long int]vals & are tall & sl5d]1 did n support /one b wood5 ar*itraves4 ,^! 7 enorm\s beams :i* =m$ a l9e ev5 ) ! tops ( ! columns1 &1 runn+ f capital to capital1 & plac$ 9 grooves contriv$ ) ?is object1 contribut$ to give homog5eity & solidity to ! /ructure4 ,^u ^! great beams ! raft]s ( ! ro( 7 arrang$1 & !n a flat ceil+ support+ nei!r a t]race nor a second /ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--;,faade ( ! ,apadna ( ,artax]xes 7re/oration by ,m4 ,dieulafoy74 ,x is important n to lose sight ( ! fact t ! palaces1 ! elem5ts ( :i* we h j describ$1 con/itute an (ficial k9d ( ar*itecture implant$ 9 ,p]sia by ! 8k+s ( k+s0 :o 7 pleas$ ) ! monum5ts t !y _h obs]v$ 9 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,spr++ f ! caprice ( sov]eigns1 ?is =eign ar*itecture nev] took root 9 ! c\ntry1 & 0 n requir$ by ! nature ( ! gr\nd & ! necessities ( exi/5ce on ! m\nta9\s table-l& ( ,p]sia2 x disappe>$ ) ! ,a*m5id dyna/y4 ,b by ! side ( ?is conv5tional ar*itecture !re 0 t creat$ by ! natives ( ! c\ntry1 because x _h be5 impos$ ^u !m z a condition ( life4 ,z well z ! p ( ,*alda & ,assyria1 ! ,p]sians mu/ h kn[n h[ to build vault$ h\ses1 alone capable ( protect+ !m f ! rays ( a too ard5t sun2 !y also built1 at lea/ 9 ! cantons ( ,susiana1 h\ses ) t]races1 support$ by palm beams & trellis-"w arrang$ ov] ! rooms :i* 7 n>r[ l passages4 ,/rabo tells u ?is :ile speak+ ( ,susiana3 8,to protect ! rooms f ! excessive heat1 ! ro(s are cov]$ ) two cubits' dep? ( e>?2 ! weight ( ?is e>? obliges ! p to build all ! h\ses long & n>r[1 because1 al?\gh ! beams mu/ n be v long1 nev]!less ! rooms mu/ be spaci\s2 o!rwise ! p w\ld be /ifl$40 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 s9ce ! climatic conditions ( ! c\ntry h n *ang$1 ! me?od ( build+ h\ses is ! same z t practis$ by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,iran4 ,travell]s f9d h\ses1 accord+ to ! weal? ( ! own]1 surm\nt$ by vaults1 domes1 & t]races1 wond]fully suit$ to local requirem5ts4 ,x is1 !n1 q c]ta9 t ! ,iranians 9 ! "t ( ! ,a*m5ids knew ! vault & ! cupola z well z _! neighb\rs on ! banks ( ! ,tigris4 ,b h ! vaults & domes ( ,p]sia1 m =tunate ?an ^? :i* rose above ! ,mesopotamian edifices1 come d[n to u1 at lea/ 9 a few in/ances8 ,m4 ,dieulafoy believes s4 ,! ru9s held to be ( ! ,sassanian epo* at ,s>vi/an1 ,firuzabad1 & ,f]a%bad1 w\ld date1 9 8 op9ion1 f ! ,a*m5id p]iod4 ,a c]ta9 res]ve1 h[ev]1 is requir$1 f ! *ronological po9t ( view1 9 speak+ ( ^! monum5ts 9 :i* ! travell] c /ill see brick cupolas support$ by p5d5tives1#eg ^! cupolas be+ #ig ft4 high & #di ft4 9 diamet]1 semicircul> vaults1 po9t$ vaults ne>ly simil> to ^? ( our ,go?ic *ur*es ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--9 %ort1 all ! elem5ts ( ,sassanian & ,byzant9e ar*itecture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! decoration ( ^! build+s seems to h be5 rem>kably poor2 at ,s>vi/an ! int]ior columns are heavy & badly hewn1 ! cornice plac$ at ! foot ( ! vault+ is compos$ ( no?+ b a s]rat$ ornam5t2 ! int]ior walls mu/ h be5 coat$ ) r$ pa9t2 ! ext]ior walls 7 smoo?1 & ev5 ! faade %[$ no decoration except gr\ps ( half-columns buri$ 9 ! masonry4 ,n ! smalle/ trace has be5 rem>k$ among ^! ru9s ( bricks1 :e!r enamell$ or be>+ figures 9 relief1 or ( ^? slabs imitat+ ! wall sculptures ( ,assyria :i* 7 su* *>act]i/ic elem5ts ( ,a*m5id art4 ,! same reflections are applicable to ! monum5t ( ,firuzabad1 ! ar*itectural decoration ( :i* has pres]v$1 p]haps only by tradition1 elem5ts ( ,p]sepolitan orig94 ,,ii4 ,,sculpture4 ,9 sculpture1 ev5 m ?an 9 ar*itecture1 ! triple influ5ce1 ,*aldo-,assyrian1 ,egyptian & ,grco-,ionian1 :i* is dom9ant among ! works ( ! ,a*m5ids1 is to be trac$4 ,l ! ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,cyrus4 ,bas-relief 7aft] ,dieulafoy74 sculptures ( ,n9evite palaces1 ^? ( ,pas>gad & ,p]sepolis are 9 l[ relief1 ! figures be+ always plac$ 9 pr(ile1 & arrang$ = ! purpose ( l9+ ! l[] portion ( ! walls4 ,9 ! execution1 h[ev]1 ! *isel ( a ,greek arti/ is felt1 or at lea/ ( "o :o has /udi$ "u ,greek ma/]s4 ,m4,l4 ,heuzey#eh rem9ds u t an ar*aic ,greek s*ool exi/$ 9 ,!ssaly1 :i* 0 rem>kably fl\ri%+1 & ! productions ( :i*1 su* z ! bas-relief kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,exaltation ( ! ,fl[]1 7 closely analog\s 9 ! details & ! f9i% ( ! "w to ! ,p]sepolitan & ,susian sculptures2 !re are ! same drap]ies ) broad flat folds1 & ! same me?ods ( treatm5t 9 ! muscles ( ! face & limbs4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,p]sian sculpture kn[n is ! fam\s bas-relief 9 :i* ! full-l5g? portrait ( ,cyrus himself has be5 pres]v$ = u 7fig4 #abh74 ,cyrus1 ( ,iranian orig91 has a face l t ( an ,european2 he has no?+ 9 common ) ,egyptian & ,assyrian faces2 ! top ( 8 head is bald or %av$1 8 be>d is slightly curl$1 8 hair is %ort & matt$4 ,b ev]y?+ else 9 ?is royal figure is ( =eign importation4 ,8 head is cr[n$ ) a triple disk surr\nd$ by ,uri1 9 ! fa%ion ( ,egyptian deities2 ! k+ is furni%$ ) w+s1 l ! g5ii ( ,assyria & ,*alda1 & ^! w+s1 ) r[s ( well-m>k$ fea!rs1 are l ^? ( ! ,n9evite mon/]s4 ,ev5 ! bord] ( ! robe is decorat$ ) a broad ,assyrian fr+e2 f9ally1 ! k+ holds 9 8 "r h& a /atuette1 ! headdress ( :i* is surm\nt$ by ! ,egyptian ,uru4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--;,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e74 ,aft] ! portrait ( ,cyrus 9 *ronological ord] ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e74 come ! bas-reliefs ( ,p]sepolis4 ,^! are sometimes episodes 9 ! ,*aldo-,assyrian epic ( ,izdub>1 :i*1 imitat$ n only 9 ,p]sia b also 9 ! ,greek _w1 gave bir? to ! leg5ds ( ,h]acles & ,!seus1 s (t5 repres5t$ on ar*aic ,greek monum5ts4 ,9 o!r bas-reliefs ! c\rt-(fic]s walk 9 procession ) ! tribut>y satraps1 or else 7fig4 #abi7 ! 8k+ ( k+s0 himself1 calm & impassive l a ,colossus :om no?+ c t]rify1 plunges 8 dagg]1 )\t mov+ a muscle ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca--;,bas-relief f ,p]sepolis 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e74 ( 8 face1 into ! he>t ( a lion1 a bull or a fanta/ic animal1 :i* rises erect ^u its h9d legs1 ready to dev\r him4 ,d n ! exagg]at$ muscles ( ! bea/ betray a s]vile copy ( ! ,assyrian mon/]s8 ,else:]e1 on ! wall :i* bord]s ! /aircase ( ! palace ( ,d>ius1 a lion dev\rs a bull 7fig4 #acj72 he bites him on ! ?igh1 & furi\sly digs 8 p[]ful claws into 8 haun*es4 ,?\gh ! lifelike attitude ( ! two animals /rikes u1 x rem9ds u1 at ! same "t1 ( ! ,*aldo-,assyrian cyl9d]s 9 :i* a simil> subject is reproduc$4 ,f>!r on1 on ! same wall ( ! /aircase1 s]vants appe> to m\nt ! /airs1 ) _! h&s load$ ) pres5ts ( all k9ds :i* !y are ab\t to (f] to ! 8k+ ( k+s02 ,assyrian sculptures conta9 analog\s sc5es4 ,! same mu/ be said ( ! bas-relief ( ! c5tral door ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e74 ( ,d>ius' palace1 9 :i* ! pr9ce is se5 att5d$ by two s]vants1 "o hold+ ! umbrella & ! o!r ! fly-flap 7see fig4 #abb72 h[ _m times ?is subject is repeat$ on ! ,n9evite walls1 ) ! same nave repres5tation ( ! k+1 l a ,greek h]o1 z ( colossal /ature 9 comp>ison ) ! p]sons ( 8 suite1 9 ord] to exhibit 8 sup]iority & /r5g?6 ,on "o ( ! walls ( ! apadna ( ,x]xes' palace1 ! pr9ce sitt+ on a high ?rone1 ) a canopy above 8 head & 8 feet ^u a foot/ool1 is se5 surr\nd$ by 8 gu>ds4 ,he is receiv+ a p]sonage ( high rank1 d\btless a satrap1 :o is br++ on 8 %\ld] ! tribute ( 8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--;,bas-relief at ,p]sepolis 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e74 prov9ce4 ,9 ! comp>tm5ts bel[ r[s ( ,p]sian soldi]s are drawn up 9 l9e1 probably ^? t compos$ ! fam\s gu>d ( ! ,immortals2 !y c>ry lances1 b[s & quiv]s1 & h swords at _! sides4 ,! ?rone is ( a truly ,assyrian =m4 8,! canopy1 made ( wov5 /uff10 says ,m4 ,dieulafoy1#ei 8is decorat$ ) a v curi\s design4 ,ea* /rip is compos$ ( two simil> b&s heavily embroid]$4 ,a b& cov]$ ) rosettes is foll[$ by a b& adorn$ ) bulls l ^? :i* decorate ! cornice ( ! royal tombs2 9 ! c5tre appe>s ! w+$ emblem ( ,ahura-,mazda4 ,! l[] b& ends 9 a trimm+ cov]$ ) rosettes1 & a ?ick fr+e2 r\nd pat*es adorn ! angles4 ,! position ( ! w+$ emblems on ! top give ?is piece ( drap]y ! appe>ance ( an ,egyptian t5t1 b ! procession ( bulls1 ! trimm+s1 ! fr+es1 & ! ri* embroid]y are ( ,assyrian orig940 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,portico at ,p]sepolis 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e74 ,! symbolic figure ( ,ormuzd1 ) 8 w+$ disk1 is a reproduction ( ! simil> div9e figure s (t5 se5 hov]+ ov] ! k+ & 8 soldi]s on ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs4 ,sc5es ( mo/ significant cruelty also pass$ f ,*aldo-,assyrian sculpture into ,p]sian sculpture4 ,on ! bas-relief :i* ,d>ius caus$ to be c>v$ ^u ! rock ( ,behi/un1 to rec\nt 8 exploits to di/ant po/]ity1 ! k+ is hold+ 8 b[ z ,s5na*]ib does1 & plac+ 8 foot on ! brea/ ( a prison] :o holds out 8 h&s 9 supplication1 :ile n9e o!r k+s /& b\nd ) *a9s1 ) _! h&s beh9d _! backs & cords ar\nd _! necks#fj4 ,l ! porticoes ( ,n9evite palaces1 ^? ( ,p]sepolis are g>ni%$ ) human-head$ bulls2 ! latt] h pres]v$ ! walk+ attitudes1 ! curl$ hair1 & (t5 ev5 ! high ti>a decorat$ ) rosettes & fea!rs1 :i* *>act]ise _! eld] bro!rs on ! banks ( ! ,tigris4 ,only1 :ile ! ,assyrian bulls are sometimes plac$ ev5 ) ! surface ( ! faade & fac+ "o ano!r 9 ! doorway1 ! ,p]sepolitan bulls1 on ! contr>y1 are always plac$ p>allel on ea* side ( ! op5+ & look outw>ds1 fac+ ! t]race4 ,f9ally1 9 ! sculpture ( ^! gigantic mon/]s ! ,p]sian arti/ %[s himself sup]ior to ! ,assyrian arti/3 :ile pres]v+ ! animals 9 ! same hi]atic po/ure1 he has _h ! skill to s(t5 ! modell+ ( ! limbs1 & to give to ! w+s a m elegant & graceful curve2 ! bulls h only f\r legs in/ead ( five2 _! flanks are m supple & plump]2 ! horns1 emblems ( /r5g?1 :i* surr\nd ! head ( ! ,n9evite mon/]s1 are suppress$2 ! anatomical =ms & ! respective proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body are m closely /udi$2 we h "h ,assyrian art int]pret$ by arti/s =m$ 9 ! s*ool ( ! ,greeks4 ,,iii4 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,enamell+4 ,! art ( enamell+ brick1 inv5t$ by ! ,*aldans1 did n p]i% ) ,babylon4 ,! ,a*m5ids ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--,! lion frieze2 re/oration by ,m4 ,dieulafoy 7,l\vre74 adopt$ x1 & seem to h br\ght x to p]fection2 ! same is true1 z x seems1 ( t +5i\s & delicate process :i* consi/$ ( /amp+ sc5es 9 relief ^u bricks1 a numb] ( :i* ?us =m$ an enamell$ frieze1 int5d$ to replace ! sculptur$ slabs ( ,n9eveh4 ,x 0 at ,susa t ?is sy/em ( decoration seems to h rea*$ its ideal p]fection2 at any rate1 x is only among ! ru9s ( ?is capital t we c /udy x 9 detail1 ?anks to ! discov]ies ( ,m4 ,dieulafoy1 :i* add a new *apt] to ! hi/ory ( art4 ,x has be5 possible to recon/ruct at ! ,l\vre two entire friezes dis9t]r$ at ,susa be=e ! faade ( ! apadna ( ! palace ( ,artax]xes ,mnemon4 ,t ( ! lions 7fig4 #ace7 is compos$ ( bricks 9 relief1 #a ft4 #b 94 long by #g 94 high & #i 94 ?ick4 ,! lions1 n9e 9 numb]1 are ea* #aa ft4 #c 94 long by #e ft4 #f 94 high4 ,! gr\nd1 on :i* ! figures /& out1 is a flat surface ( a turquoise-blue col\r2 ! lions1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( a greyi%-:ite col\r1 h c]ta9 p>ts ( _! body1 = in/ance ! mane1 ( a wat]y gre5i% blue2 & o!rs1 = in/ance ! swell ( ! muscles1 ( a deep yell[4 ,!y are treat$ 9 ! ,assyrian mann]1 to su* an ext5t t1 if x 7 n = ! relief1 !y w\ld exactly resemble ! enamell$ lions on flat bricks at ,khorsabad4 ,z at ,n9eveh1 ! muscles are exagg]at$1 ! head & =ep>t ( ! lion too small4 ,! procession ( wild bea/s is fram$ 9 sev]al l9es ( elegant symmetrical designs3 r[s ( *evrons1 ( ,egyptian palmettes1 & ( ,assyrian daisies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--,susian ar*] 7,l\vre74 ,! frieze ( ! ar*]s 7fig4 #acf7 repres5ts a procession ( w>riors 9 relief1 l ^? on ! m>ble slabs ( ,p]sepolis2 ?is is ! mo/ wond]ful specim5 ( poly*rome ,p]sian enamell+4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ! composition is =m$1 in/ead ( be+1 z 9 ! lion frieze1 bak$ bricks 9 ! =m ( elongat$ p>allelopip$s1 are little squ>es1 ( :i* ea* side is #a ft4 #a 94 long1 & #c 94 ?ick1 made ( artificial concrete1 :i* comb9es ! :it5ess ( pla/] ) ! resi/ance ( lime/one4 ,! soldi]s are repres5t$ 9 pr(ile & on ! m>*4 ,!y c>ry on ! left %\ld] a b[ col\r$ yell[1 & a quiv] ( r$di% br[n4 ,!y hold 9 _! h&s a pike1 ! %aft ( :i* ends 9 a silv] knob4 ,_! tunics1 ! col\r ( :i* alt]nates f "o figure to ano!r1 is gold5 yell[ or :ite2 ! %ape ( x is ! same = all1--n>r[1 op5 at ! side1 ) v broad ga!r$ sleeves2 x falls to ! ankles & %[s a c]ta9 v>iety ( ornam5t2 ! /uff is spangl$ sometimes ) gre5 or blue daisies1 sometimes ) designs 9 ! =m ( loz5ges2 ! bord] is embroid]$4 ,a gre5i% turban1 twi/$ into rolls1 is plac$ on ! head ( ^! ori5tal soldi]s1 :o we> bracelets1 e>-r+s1 & yell[ or sky-blue lea!r boots2 _! be>d & hair are dress$ 9 r+lets1 9 ! ,assyrian fa%ion4 ,?is is d\btless ! ri* co/ume :i* provok$ ! declamations ( ,greek rhetoricians aga9/ ! effem9acy & corruption ( ! ,p]sians4 ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,h]odotus 7vii4 #hc71 ! twi/$ turban on ! hair1 ! gold5 ornam5ts1 & ! silv] knob on ! javel91 7 ! di/9ctive m>ks ( ! ?\s& knights & ! t5 ?\s& immortals :o =m$ ! escort ( ! 8k+ ( k+s40 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !n1 t we are 9 pres5ce ( a gr\p ( ?is fam\s troop ( janiss>ies1 :om ! ,a*m5pi mon>*s recruit$ 9 great "p f among ! blacks ( ,india2 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! figures on ! frieze acquir$ by ,m4 ,dieulafoy actually h a sk9 col\r$ ( a deep br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,poly*rome decoration ( ! palace ( ,artax]xes 7,l\vre74 ,x is obs]v$1 f a te*nical po9t ( view1 t all ! figures ( "o frieze came out ( ! same m\ld1 & t !y are exact repetitions "o ( ano!r1 ?\gh v>i\sly col\r$4 ,! vitre\s coat is transp>5t & iridesc5t1 l ! enamel on porcela92 ! gamut ( ! col\rs is poor3 blue1 gre51 yell[1 black1 & :ite4 ,^! decid$ t9ts mu/1 on acc\nt ( _! brilliancy1 h produc$ a /rik+ effect2 & "u ! hot sun ( ,susiana1 ! portico walls ( ,artax]xes' palace sp>kl$ m m>vell\sly ?an ev5 ! ri*ly decorat$ tiles ( ,mussulman mosques & palaces4 ,! int]ior ( ! apadna seems to h be5 simply col\r$ by means ( a r$ mono*rome /ucco1 almo/ completely conceal$1 h[ev]1 by ! ri* c>pets & embroid]$ drap]ies ) :i* ! walls ( all ! *amb]s 7 hung4 ,,iv4 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,sepul*ral ,,monum5ts4 ,ormuzd 7,ahura-,mazda71 ! great deity ( ! ,p]sians1 0 n to h1 accord+ to ! regulations 9 ! ,ave/a1 ei!r temples or /atues4 ,! conception ( ! supreme & only ,god1 p]fect 9 all ?+s1 0 too va/ to sugge/ any %elt] = him except ! vault ( heav5 9 :i* he dwelt4 ,h]odotus did n fail to obs]ve ?is *>act]i/ic ( ,mazdeism & ?is abs5ce ( temples among ! ,p]sians3 8,! cu/om ( ! ,p]sians10 he says1 8is n to raise /atues1 temples & alt>s to ! gods2 on ! contr>y1 !y treat ^? :o d s z madm53 9 my op9ion1 ?is is because !y d n believe1 l ! ,greeks1 t ! gods h a human =m40 ,h[ev]1 ,ormuzd is (t5 repres5t$ on ! monum5ts ( ! ,a*m5id dyna/y2 he has ! =m ( a man cr[n$ ) ! ti>a & enclos$ 9 a w+$ disk 7fig4 #ada74 ,?is is exactly1 except 9 ! modifications br\ght ab\t by ! progress ( art1 ! figure ( ! deity 9 ! ,assyrian monum5ts4#fa ,?us ?is symbol1 borr[$ f ,mesopotamia1 is a transgression ( ! precepts ( ! ,ave/a1 & an act ( tol]ance :i* only p5etrat$ into ! monum5tal sculpture ( palaces & tombs1 & into ! glyptic art4 ,! only symbol admitt$ by ! ,ave/a is ! all-purify+ flame4 ,h5ce ! cultus ( ! sacr$ fire & ! fire-alt>s1 call$ pyrea or ate%-gahs1 erect$ 9 ! op5 air on heights4 ,! ate%-gahs are ! only monum5ts :i* repres5t ! religi\s ar*itecture ( ! ,p]sians4 ,_! rema9s are num]\s1 b !y d n pres5t _m features ( ar*ological int]e/4 ,sev]al ( !m are se5 at a %ort di/ance f ,nakh%-i-,ru/am :i* seem to be e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,cyrus4 ,on a plat=m rea*$ on all sides by a few /eps1 an alt> is erect$ 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ pyramid1 ) f\r sides4 ,at ! corn]s small columns1 atta*$ to ! /ructure1 support semicircul> ar*es1 :i* su/a9 ! /one slab on :i* ! sacr$ fire 0 light$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,! t[] ( ,jur4 ,re/oration by ,m4 ,dieulafoy4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( ,asia ! ,a*m5ids g5]ally gave to ! fire-alt>s ! =m ( ,grco-,lycian *apels4 ,9 ! sculptures ( a royal tomb at ,nakh%-i-,ru/am we see a k+ 9 adoration be=e ,ormuzd1 & a fire-alt>1 :i* has ! =m ( a squ>e block ( masonry ) projections 9 imitation ( pila/]s1 support+ an entablature =m$ ( ?ree /eps "o above ! o!r2 ! highe/1 l>g] ?an ! o!r two1 =ms ! plat=m on :i* ! fire is light$ 7fig4 #ada74fb ,! ar*itectural influ5ce ( ,assyria is manife/ 9 ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 fire-alt>s4 ,ne> ,firuzabad are ! ru9s ( ,jur1 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! rema9s ( an ate%-gah n9ety-"o feet high1 describ$ by travell]s1 & app>5tly a copy ( ! /ag$ t[]s 7zikkurat7 ( ,*alda & ,assyria1 a type ( :i*1 ! mo/ complete 9 exi/5ce1 is "h h&$ d[n to u4 ,m4 ,dieulafoy rem>ks t ! ate%-gah at ,jur resembles ! m9>et ( ! mosque ( ,ibn ,tln1 "o ( ! olde/ ,mussulman edifices4 ,?us types ( religi\s ar*itecture inv5t$ by ! ,*aldans ex]cis$ _! influ5ce ev5 on ! mod]n art ( ! ,ea/4#fc ,! fun]al rites impos$ by ! ,ave/a _h ano!r consequ5ce--t ( creat+ a k9d ( ar*itecture unkn[n 9 any c\ntry besides ,p]sia4 ,human corpses might nei!r be committ$ directly to ! gr\nd1 nor burnt1 nor ?r[n into ! riv]1 = ?is w\ld h caus$ pollution to wat]1 e>?1 & fire4 ,cities ( ! dead _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 remote & des]t$ spots3 ^! 7 tall r\nd t[]s call$ dakhmas1 built ( masonry1 & %[+ no ar*itectural ornam5t ev5 r\nd ! top4 ,^! t[]s support$ a wood5 trellis-"w on :i* ! corpses 7 laid2 birds ( prey came & tore ^! ab&on$ bodies to pieces3 !y (t5 c>ri$ (f sep>ate limbs to a di/ance1 :]e wild bea/s dev\r$ :at 0 left ( !m4 ,t :i* rema9$ 9 ! *>nel-h\se 0 buri$1 b previ\sly cov]$ ) wax to avoid all direct contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,h]odotus has pres]v$ a rem9isc5ce ( ^! di/ress+ practices4 8,! corpse ( a ,p]sian0 he says1 8is n buri$ until x has be5 torn to pieces by dogs or birds ( prey4444 ,! ,p]sians cov] ! dead body ) wax1 aft] :i* !y int] x40 ,!re is /ill at ! pres5t day 9 ,p]sia a c]ta9 numb] ( ru9s ( ! sepul*ral t[]s ( ! ,mazdeans1 & "o ( ! be/ kn[n is n f> f ,teh]an4 ,b ! dakhmas only s]v$ = popul> burials2 = ! ,a*m5id k+s1 at any rate1 broke ! ,mazdean law1 :i* p]haps itself made 9 practice an exception 9 fav\r ( ! royal family4 ,! tombs ( ! ,a*m5id pr9ces c be divid$1 f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view1 into two l>ge classes1 accord+ z !y are or are n ant]ior to ! conque/ ( ,egypt4 ,! =m] are conceiv$ accord+ to ! /yle & plan ( ,grco-,ionian tombs1 ! latt] accord+ to ! ,egyptian hypoga4 ,9 ! valley ( ,polv>-,rud1 two & a half miles to ! s\? ( ,takht-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman1 /&s a small rectangul> edifice1 ! probable bury+-place ( ,m&ane1 ! "m ( ,cyrus2 ! ,p]sians call x ,gabr-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman1 8tomb ( ! "m ( ,solomon0 7fig4 #aci74 ,! ar*aic ,greek "* ( ?is monum5t is /rik+4 ,con/ruct$ ( l>ge blocks 9 regul> c\rses1 )\t mort>1 ! /ones be+ cut & fitt$ ) ! greate/ exactness1 x is provid$ ) a triangul> p$im5t1 ! only "o ev] obs]v$ 9 a monum5t ( anci5t ,p]sia2 x is rea*$ by six /eps runn+ all r\nd ! little build+4 ,! ro( is =m$ ( flat slabs1 slop+ on ea* side accord+ to ! incl9ation ( ! p$im5t4 ,r\nd ! ro( is a cornice compos$ ( a rev]s$ ogee enclos$ )9 two fillets1 an ar*itectural decoration f\nd repeat$ r\nd ! door1 ! d\ble frame ( :i* is copi$ f t ( ! ,greek build+s 9 ! ,ionian /yle4 ,! inn] *amb] measures sc>cely six squ>e y>ds4 ,r\nd ,gabr-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman 0 a c\rty>d surr\nd$ by a portico2 ! *apel 0 n exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rty>d1 b /ood at ! bottom ( x2 s t an op5 space 0 left 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--,! ,gabr-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman 7aft] ,dieulafoy74 ,n f> f ?is is ! tomb ( ,cambyses ! ,fir/1 ! fa!r ( ,cyrus4 ,x is s dilapidat$ t only "o faade is almo/ intact2 ?is is en\gh1 h[ev]1 to enable u to comp>e x ) ano!r tomb at ,nakh%-i-,ru/am 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,bo? ( !m 7 squ>e t[]s1 con/ruct$ ( f9e & regul> masonry1 ! mort> be+ replac$ by iron clamps4 ,! t[]1 solid at ! base1 conta9s 9 its upp] "p a *amb]1 ! ceil+ ( :i* is =m$ ( l>ge slabs fitt$ toge!r2 a /aircase built outside gave access to a small door4 ,! ext]ior faade is furni%$ on its f\r sides ) false w9d[s2 ! idea has ev5 be5 adopt$ ( build+ ! back ( ^! ni*es ( black basalt1 9 ord] to give !m ! appe>ance ( true ap]tures4 ,! summit ( ! edifice is compos$ ( a cornice adorn$ ) a r[ ( d5ticulations4 ,:5 to all ^! details we add ! ru/ication ( ! /ones & ! position-m>ks f\nd on ! blocks1 x w be recognis$ t ! ar*itect & workm5 came f ,asia ,m9or & copi$ 9 s]vile fa%ion ! sepul*ral /ructures ( t c\ntry4 ,! ar*itectural =m ( ^! t[]s rem9ds u ( ! ,lycian tombs at ,telmessus1 ,antiphellus1 ,ap]l1 & ,myra1 & above all ( ! celebrat$ ,h>py tomb at ,xan?us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--,tomb ( ,cambyses ,i4 7,re/oration by ,m4 ,dieulafoy74 ,! descriptions giv5 by ,/rabo 7x4 #c1 #g71 & ,arrian 7vi4 #bi71 foll[+ ,ari/obulus1 ( ! tomb ( ,cyrus1 enable u to ass]t t x 0 l ! squ>e t[]s ( ,me%$-,murgab & ,nakh%-i-,ru/am3 8,! tomb /ood 9 ! middle ( ! k+'s g>d5s2 x 0 surr\nd$ by trees1 runn+ wat] & s(t turf4 ,x 0 a squ>e t[]1 l[ en\gh to be hidd5 "u ! ?ick trees :i* surr\nd$ x4 ,! base 0 solid & compos$ ( l>ge cubical blocks4 ,9 ! upp] "p 0 ! sepul*ral *amb]1 cov]$ ) a /one ro(4 ,x 0 ent]$ by a n>r[ door4 ,ari/obulus saw 9 x a gold5 c\*1 a table ) cups = libations1 a gild$ tub = wa%+ & ba?+1 & a quantity ( g>m5ts & ornam5ts4 ,!re 0 a communication1 by means ( an inn] /aircase1 ) ! *amb] 9 :i* liv$ ! prie/s :o gu>d$ ! tomb40 ,x is n p]missible1 !n1 to d\bt t1 9 ! "t ( ,cyrus1 ! k+s ( ,p]sia _h tombs built l ^? ( ,lycia1 & t ! t[]s :i* we h describ$ pres]ve = u specim5s ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--;,faade ( tomb at ,nakh%-i-,ru/am 7aft] ,fl&9 & ,co/e1 ,p]se anci5ne74 ,b aft] ! conque/ ( ,egypt1 ,d>ius1 :o1 z we saw1 admir$ ! monum5ts 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 resolv$ to h a sepul*ral cave hewn = himself1 9 ! =m ( a speos1 9 ! side ( ! rock1 & analog\s to ! sepul*ral hypoga ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,8 successors act$ l him4 ,! cav]ns ( ,d>ius & ! pr9ces ( 8 dyna/y1 :i* are to be se5 9 ! rocks ( ,nakh%-i-,ru/am & ,takht-i-,jem%id1 ne> ,p]sepolis1 diff] 9 all po9ts f ! tombs ( ,cambyses ,i4 & ,cyrus3 :ile ! latt] are squ>e t[]s ( masonry1 ^? ( ! second ,a*m5id dyna/y are cut out side by side 9 ! v]tical wall ( ! m\nta91 & ! faade1 l t ( ! hypoga at ,b5i-,hassan1 is decorat$ ) bas-reliefs4 ,to rea* ^! *amb]s x 0 necess>y 9 ! "t ( ! ,a*m5ids1 z 9 our own day1 to be hoi/$ by ropes to a level ) ! ap]ture4 ,! ext]ior sculptures are int]e/+4 ,a colonnade ) bicephalic capitals supports an ar*itrave1 ! frieze ( :i* is adorn$ ) a procession ( lions & surm\nt$ ) bas-reliefs4 ,two r[s ( soldi]s fully arm$ raise _! h&s to su/a9 a sort ( plat=m1 ! bord]s ( :i* are decorat$ ) two symbolical figures ( lions provid$ ) bulls' horns4 ,^! ,p]sian w>riors rem9d ! spectator ( ! ,assyrian soldi]s :o =m ! decoration ( ,s5na*]ib's ?rone4 ,on ! plat=m /&s ,d>ius on a p$e/al 9 /eps1 dress$ 9 ! p]sis describ$ by ,h]odotus1 cr[n$ ) ! cid>is1 re/+ ! end ( 8 b[ on ! gr\nd & /ret*+ out 8 h&4 ,opposite him is a light$ fire-alt> & ! image ( ,ormuzd4 ,r\nd ?is bas-relief & s]v+ z its frame /& ! figures ( ! satraps :o help$ ,d>ius to slay ,gaumates4 ,! door ( ! cave is op5$ 9 ! c5tral int]columniation4 ,! int]ior ( ! *amb]s 0 z sev]e z possible2 ! ro( is hewn into ! =m ( a vault2 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( ,ormuzd !re is no trace any:]e ( pa9t+ or inscription4 ,! cavities = ! s>cophagi are =m$ 9 ! side walls1 z 9 ! sepul*ral cav]ns ( ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 & ,phnicia4 ,v4 ,,engrav$ ,,gems ,,& ,,ornam5ts4 ,! glyptic art & ! jewell]y ( ! ,p]sians ma9ta9 nobly & )\t any sign ( decad5ce ! arti/ic traditions ( ,*alda & ,assyria4 ,assurbanipal & ,nebu*adnezz>1 :5 !y made exp$itions into ! mo/ di/ant prov9ces ( ,p]sia1 ,m$ia1 & ,arm5ia1 _h spread ?r\gh all ^! c\ntries ! productions ( ,assyrian indu/ry & ! ta/e = luxury & works ( art2 _! arti/s recruit$ _! disciples !re3 l ,alex&]1 !y c>ri$ ! tor* ( civilisation ev]y:]e by _! arms1 & :5 ! ,a*m5ids took up _! resid5ce at ,susa & ,ecbatana1 !y f\nd ! inhabitants pr(\ndly impregnat$ ) ,*aldo-,assyrian ideas & cu/oms4 ,to z high a degree z ! ,babylonians1 ! ,p]sians love full dress & ornam5ts3 ea* citiz5 ( di/9ction has 8 cyl9d] or 8 seal hung f 8 neck2 he is cov]$ ) bracelets1 r+s1 necklaces2 8 ti>a is decorat$ ) pe>ls & sp>kl+ /ones2 8 tunic1 delicately embroid]$1 is encru/$ ) gems4 ,9 8 h\se he displays a luxury 9 furniture :i*1 h&$ on to ! ,p>?ians1 w a/oni% ! ,romans & ,byzant9es3 cups ( gold & silv] enri*$ ) cry/al & col\r$ glass1 & adorn$ ) figures 9 relief2 *airs1 c\*es & tables ov]laid ) silv]1 gold1 & c>v$ ivory4 ,9 %ort1 ev]y?+ begott5 ( ! passion = luxury among ! ,*aldans 9 ! matt] ( tape/ry1 embroid]y1 & goldsmi?s' "w1 is also f\nd among ! ,p]sians4 ,only1 ! ,p]sians 7 n s]vile imitators2 !y c\ld give an orig9al turn to ! productions ( _! indu/ry1 ev5 :5 !y copi$ ! ,assyrians4 ,!re is 9 _! cyl9d]s & _! seals a dry & n]v\s execution :i* *>act]ises !m z di/9ctly z ! bulls ( ,p]sepolis are di/+ui%$ f ! ,n9evite mon/]s4 ,x goes )\t say+ also t ! inscriptions & ! details ( co/ume give an absolutely precise "* to ! classification ( ! productions ( ! glyptic art "u ! ,a*m5ids4 ,"h is1 = in/ance1 ! cyl9d] ( ,d>ius1 pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! :ole sc5e is evid5tly copi$ f ,assyrian seals1 b ! figure ( ! rampant lion & ^? ( ! horses are q diff]5t 9 treatm5t f ,n9evite art2 ! d5ticulat$ ti>a ( ! pr9ce1 ! disk ( ,ormuzd hov]+ 9 ! air1 & f9ally ! inscription trac$ ) ma!matical regul>ity1 complete ! pro(s ( ,p]sian orig9 9 ?is f9e cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,cyl9d] ( ,d>ius 7aft] ,j4 ,m5ant74 ,z we remove ourselves *ronologically f ! orig9 ( ! art1 m p]ceptible modifications are introduc$ into ! te*nique1 & new =eign influ5ces are reveal$ 9 ,p]sian "w4 ,a cyl9d] 7fig4 #adc71 :i* belongs to a ,russian collector1 repres5ts a sc5e :i* might be suppos$ to be imitat$ f ! bas-relief at ,behi/un4 ,d>ius is "h se5 slay+ ) 8 lance a kneel+ enemy1 ^: head-dress is ,egyptian4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,p]sian cyl9d] 7aft] ,j4 ,m5ant74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--,p]sian seal4 ,conical4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,seal ( ,artax]xes 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,p]sian seal4 ,conical4 ,! special di/9ctions ( ! productions ( ! gem-engrav]'s art "u ! ,a*m5id dyna/y are ! sobriety & exactness ( ! "w & ! conv5tional "* ( ! figur$ sc5es2 besides ?is1 9 consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ,egypt & ,phnicia1 ! fa%ion spreads m & m ( sub/itut+ = cyl9d]s conical1 rhomboidal or sph]ical /ones1 flatt5$ on "o side1 9 ord] to =m a field = ! engrav+4 ,on ^! cones ( *alc$ony or agate ! mo/ common subjects are3 ! 8k+ ( k+s0 /&+ or kneel+1 cr[n$ ) ! d5ticulat$ ti>a or ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,p]sian seal 7,cab9et des mdailles74 cid>is1 & draw+ 8 b[--a type analog\s to t ( ! co9s kn[n "u ! "n ( ,d>ies2 ! k+ /abb+ a lion :i* /&s erect be=e him2 a pontiff be=e ! fire-alt>1 ador+ ,ormuzd2 sph9xes & gryphons :i* rem9d u ( ! ,assyrian kirubu4 ,an opal seal 7fig4 #ade7 obta9$ at ,susa by ,m4 ,dieulafoy1 %[s two sph9xes cr[n$ ) ! ti>a ( ,upp] ,egypt 9 adoration be=e ! w+$ disk ( ,ormuzd2 9 ! c5tre1 9 a little m$allion1 is ! portrait ( ! ,a*m5id pr9ce1 no d\bt ,artax]xes ,mnemon4 ,! delicate execution ( ! royal portrait is /rik+1 & ! elegant =ms ( ! sph9xes are no less wor?y ( rem>k4 ,z among ! ,assyro-,*aldans1 x is 9 ! repres5tation ( animals--lions1 de]1 antelopes1 sph9xes1 & gryphons--t ! g5ius ( ! ,p]sian engrav] reveals its full /r5g?4 ,! w+$ & horn$ gryphon f\nd on an engrav$ gem 7fig4 #adg7 is significantly analog\s to a small lime/one bas-relief 9 ! ,de ,luynes collection 7fig4 #adh7 :i* %[s 9 :at fa%ion ,p]sian art int]pret$ ! ,assyrian kirubu1 & ! modifications :i* x requir$4 ,! mon/] has ! body & =e paws ( a lion2 8 h9d legs1 arm$ ) p[]ful claws1 are ^? ( an eagle2 he has ! e>s ( an ox & ! horns ( a wild goat2 8 eye1 face1 & half-op5 beak belong to ! falcon2 a bri/l+ mane adorns a neck pr\dly ar*$ l t ( a horse2 he has a lion's tail2 8 great w+s ) well-m>k$ fea!rs resemble 9 _! developm5t ^? ( ! ,p]sepolitan bulls4 ,we "k no?+ 9 ,p]sian art sup]ior to ?is figure1 ! symbol ( /r5g? & p[]1 9 :i* s _m discordant elem5ts are comb9$ ) s =tunate a h>mony4#fd ,at ,susa & ,p]sepolis1 z at ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 m9or sculpture 0 n inf]ior to sculpture on a gr& scale1 & ! /yle ( ! engrav] sometimes produc$ z noble & z /rik+ effects z ! *isel ( ! /atu>y3 ! copy did n yield to ! model4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,de ,luynes' bas-relief 7,cab9et des mdailles74 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,hittites4#fe ,! "n ( ,hittites 7,khatti1 ,kheta7 appe>s simultane\sly 9 ! ,bible1 ! hi]oglyphic docum5ts1 & ! cunei=m texts4 ,x is giv5 to populations ( diff]5t orig9 :o inhabit$ ,syria f ! ,euphrates to ! bord]s ( ,egypt1 & also ,cappadocia & ! great] "p ( ,asia ,m9or f ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia to ! banks ( ! ,halys & ! ,h]mus4 ,b ! c\ntry :i* 0 p>ticul>ly ! c5tre ( ! ,hittite dom9ions1 & 9 :i* !y e/abli%$ a homog5e\s & la/+ empire1 is ,nor!rn ,syria1 t is to say1 ! t]ritory :i* ext5ds f ! great b5d ( ! ,euphrates to ! ,orontes1 & f ! limits ( ! ,araman oases ( ,palmyra & ,damascus to ! m\nta9s ( ! ,taurus4 ,on ! ,euphrates !y built ! =tress ( ,c>*emi% 7,j]ablus71 :i* rema9$ l a ?reat5+ *all5ge 9 ! face ( ,n9eveh until ! day :51 ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #gaj1 ! ,assyrians ga9$ possession ( x2 on ! ,orontes _! *ief t[ns 7 ,kade% & ,hama?4 ,x is among ! ru9s ( ^! cities or 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntry1 includ+ ,cilicia1 a geographical app5dage ( ,syria1 & also among ! sp>sely scatt]$ ru9s ( ,cappadocia & ,asia ,m9or1 t ! rema9s ( ,hittite civilisation h rec5tly be5 discov]$1 & t ! works ( its peculi> art h be5 f\nd :i* we are ab\t to describe 9 a few words4 ,i4 ,,hittite ,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,syria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,! lion ( ,m>a% 7aft] ,wright1 pl4 #bg74 ,! ,hittite art ( ,syria is d]iv$ f ,assyrian art2 x has no?+ orig9al ei!r 9 ! conception ( its =ms or 9 its te*nical execution4 ,to *>act]ise x 9 "o ^w1 we might call x ,assyrian art int]pret$ by b>b>ians4 ,9 all its manife/ations x is inf]ior to its model1 l ! works ( ! b>b>ians :o copi$ ,greek & ,roman art4 ,9 imitation ( ! ,assyrians1 ! ,hittites conf9$ !mselves almo/ exclusively to sculpture 9 bas-relief4 ,at ,m>a%1 on ! ,pyramus 9 ,cilicia1 x is true1 a fragm5t>y torso has be5 obta9$2 b ?is is almo/ ! only example ( a ,hittite /atue 9 ! r\nd t we c cite4 ,?is figure1 ( co>se workman%ip1 is dress$ 9 a fr+$ cloak l t :i* is to be se5 ev]y:]e on ! walls ( ,n9evite palaces4#ff ,! bulls & o!r w+$ mon/]s1 plac$ at ! entrance ( ,assyrian & ,p]sian palaces1 :i* keep ! mean betwe5 /atu>y & ! bas-relief1 also f9d _! p>allel among ! ,hittites4 ,!re is at ! ,imp]ial ,museum at ,con/ant9ople a basalt lion1 f\nd at ,m>a%1 ! head & neck ( :i* are completely dis5gag$ f ! /one block2 ! =e paws are ev5 ) ! front surface ( ! wall1 & ! body ( ! bea/ is cont9u$ r\nd ! corn]4 ,?us x is sculptur$ on two sides 9 imitation ( ! ,n9evite bulls1 & ! ext5t ( s]vility 9 ! copy is f9ally prov$ by an inscription 9 ,hittite hi]oglyphs cov]+ ! =e paws1 9 accordance ) ! s+ul> fa%ion obs]v$ at ,n9eveh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--,/ela f ,birejik 7,briti% ,museum74 ,assyrian influ5ce is ev5 m obvi\sly conspicu\s at ,c>*emi%1 a fact to :i* witness is borne by two figures /&+ on a cr\*+ lion1 :i* rem9d u ( ! rock sculptures ( ,s5na*]ib at ,bavian & ,mal?aiyah4#fg ,is n a pseudo-,assyrian /yle also to be detect$ 9 ?is figure#fh 7fig4 #aej7 surm\nt$ by ! w+$ disk1 ) 8 tunic op5 9 front8 ,h[ev]1 8 cyl9drical ti>a1 8 twi/$ hair1 & ! peculi> disks :i* he holds 9 8 two h&s1 are features :i* ! arti/ did n copy f ,mesopotamia4 ,l ! ,babylonian ,i/>1 ! ,hittite ,a/>te is repres5t$ /&+1 9 full face & entirely nude2 %e holds h] brea/s ) ! same indec5t ge/ure1 ! fir/ example ( :i* belongs to ! pla/ic art ( ,*alda4 ,nev]!less ,a/>te is w+$ & cr[n$ ) a conical ti>a :i* are peculi>ities ( ,hittite symbolism4 ,! prie/ess p]=m+ adoration be=e h] is veil$1 l ! figures ( ,assyrian wom54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,fragm5ts ( sculpture f ,c>*emi% 7f ! ,graphic1 ,dec4 #ahhj74 ,sculptures 9 debas$ imitation ( ! ,n9evite reliefs 7 rang$ on a s]ies ( slabs 9 ! ,hittite palaces1 z at ,khorsabad or ,k\yunjik4 ,at ,s9j]li1 ,m4 ,o4 ,pu*/e9 f\nd /ill 9 place1 t is to say1 l9+ ! l[] portion ( ! wall ( an edifice1 a complete set ( bas-reliefs repres5t+ a de] hunt1 a man /ruggl+ ) a fanta/ic g5ius1 & a tra9 ( prison]s ( w>4#fi ,9 ano!r tell 9 ! same region1 ?ree slabs plac$ end to end conta9 a sc5e f a lion hunt2 ! k+ is 9 8 *>iot ) 8 *>iote]1 & draws 8 b[4 ,ev]y?+ "h--! =m ( ! *>iot1 ! h>ness ( ! horses1 ! co/ume ( ! pr9ce cov]$ ) 8 coat ( mail--betrays a copy ( ,n9evite sculpture4 ,ev5 ! lion1 ! anatomical =ms ( :i* are le>n$ly reproduc$1 br+s to our memory ! hunt+ exp$itions ( ,assurbanipal4 ,b at ! same "t ! inf]iority ( ! imitator is conspicu\s 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! sc5e1 :i* lacks life & movem5t3 ! lion all[s ! javel9s to be ?ru/ into 8 eye & haun*es 9 ! mo/ b5evol5t mann]4 ,:at a diff]5ce f ! vig\r & li!ness ( ! t]rible bea/s :i* b\nd ro>+ ar\nd ! hunt]s1 true sons ( ,nimrod6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--;,bas-relief at ,rum-,qalah 7,gazette ar*ol4 #ahhc47 ,:5 we leave ! regions :i* lie ne> ! ,euphrates1 ! imitation ( ,assyria1 ?\gh equally p]ceptible1 is1 p]haps1 less s]vile & m free2 a l>g] numb] ( orig9al elem5ts ent] into ! composition ( ! sc5es4 ,at ,rum-,qalah a bas-relief repres5ts a be>d$ p]sonage1 we>+ a cap1 & dress$ 9 a long tunic1 drawn ap>t z if 9 imitation ( ! =m ( ! droop+ w+s ( ,assyrian g5ii4 ,at 8 girdle he c>ries a dagg]2 9 8 left h& is a sort ( lyre1 9 8 "r a palm-bran*2 ! h&le ( a lea!rn bag is pass$ ov] 8 arm4 ,! co>s5ess ( ! workman%ip makes ! imitation itself almo/ unrecognisable4 ,on a basalt /ela at ,m>a% 7fig4 #aec7 two wom51 sitt+ on *airs ) backs1 are sep>at$ by a table simil> to ^? t we h se5 9 ,assyria2 ! co/ume ( ^! wom5 has also mu* analogy to ! ,n9evite g>m5ts2 h[ev]1 _! high ti>a1 "u _! long veil1 seems to be indig5\s4 ,! same *>act]i/ics ( imp]fect & co>se imitation are to be obs]v$ 9 o!r pieces ( sculpture f ! same place2 ! only features :i* are p>ticul>ly orig9al are ! expression ( ! faces1 ! diadem1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! hair3 ! spectator feels t he is on ! conf9es ( a t]ritory :i* is already com+ "u ! direct influ5ce ( ! ,hell5ic art ( ,asia ,m9or4#gj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,/ela at ,m>a% 7aft] ,hirs*feld74 ,accord+ to ^! examples1 two gr\ps ( cle>ly di/+ui%$ ,hittite monum5ts may be e/abli%$ 9 ,syria itself3 ^? ( ,c>*emi% & ! region ( ! ,euphrates1 :i* are col\rless copies ( ,assyrian works2 & ^? ( we/]n ,syria & especially ( ,cilicia1 :i*1 ?\gh also d]iv$ f ,n9evite art1 sep>ate !mselves f x to a great] ext5t1 are rud]1 & conta9 elem5ts at once m orig9al & m b>b>\s4 ,z peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! ,hittites1 we w po9t out ! diadem1 ! high cap ( ! wom51 to :i* a long veil is fitt$1 &1 above all1 ! %oes ) turn$-up po9ts4 ,^! %oes1 worn by m5 & wom51 h be5 describ$ z ! *ief m>k ( ! ,hittite monum5ts2 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! %oes are /ill worn1 9 our own day1 n only 9 ,syria b ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or1 by ! mo/ v>i\s races4 ,,ii4 ,,hittite ,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,cappadocia4 ,a canton ( anci5t ,cappadocia1 ! ,pt]ia ( ,h]odotus1 on ! ,halys1 :]e ! fir/ meet+ betwe5 ,cyrus & ,crsus took place1 conta9s a consid]able numb] ( ,hittite ru9s :i* h be5 p>ticul>ly explor$ by ,,mm4 ,p]rot & ,guillaume1 & =m a gr\p by !mselves 9 ! hi/ory ( ori5tal art4 ,! village ( ,boghaz-,keui1 ! anci5t capital ( ! ,pt]ians has /ill1 besides its =tifications #c miles 9 circumf]5ce1 bas-reliefs c>v$ ^u rocks :i* are call$ ,iasili-,kaa1 8! inscrib$ /one10 & rema9s ( build+s n completely indi/+ui%able4 ,! royal palace1 almo/ ras$ to ! level ( ! gr\nd1 is a p>allelogram #acf ft4 by #ahe ft4 ,9 ! blocks :i* compose ! wall1 holes are obs]v$ = iron clamps1 z 9 ! ,a*m5id edifices2 z 9 ! latt] also1 ! /ones are l>ge b irregul>2 ! upp] portion ( ! wall 0 ( brick-"w1 z at ,n9eveh & ,p]sepolis2 la/ly1 ! palace ( ,boghaz-,keui 0 built on an artificial t]race4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! rooms1 details peculi> to pr9cely resid5ces 9 all ori5tal c\ntries are to be recognis$4 ,! pr9cipal door =ms an indep5d5t /ructure1 to be comp>$ to t ( ! palace at ,khorsabad3 x is #eh ft4 high2 two lions' heads1 orig9al 9 /yle1 project on ea* side ( ! ap]ture1 above monoli?ic doorpo/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,! sph9x ( ,euyuk 7f ,p]rot & ,guillaume#ga74 ,! palace ( ,euyuk1 z well z t ( ,boghaz-,keui1 pres5ts /rik+ features ( resemblance to ^? ( ,n9eveh2 its t]race1 #hab ft4 squ>e1 /ill rises to ! height ( #ci ft4 ,! corn]s are turn$ t[>ds ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,! pr9cipal doorway is #aa ft4 broad1#ga & on ea* side /& two sph9xes1 9 place ( ! human-head$ bulls4 ,next to ^!1 all along ! faade1 0 a s]ies ( bas-reliefs1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* 0 ! same z t ^u ! faades ( ,khorsabad & ,k\yunjik2 only1 ! sph9x1 :i* is n ,assyrian1 discloses ano!r =eign influ5ce--t ( ,egypt4 ,cappadocian art 0 able to int]pret ! ,egyptian type1 &1 on ?is occasion1 did n limit itself to a dull copy4 8,9 ,egypt10 obs]ves ,m4 ,p]rot1 8! sph9x1 to :atev] v>iety ( ! type x belongs1 is always repres5t$ 9 ! recl9+ po/ure1 nev] /&+ z "h3 in/ead ( be+ treat$ z a bas-relief & plac$ 9 front ( ! doorway1 x is sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd & set on bo? sides ( ! entrance1 p]p5dicul> to ! pa?1 t[>ds ! axis ( :i* x looks40#gb ,besides1 9 ! sph9xes on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 ! extremities ( ! hair1 on ea* side ( ! head1 fall /raight )\t =m+ ! curls :i* we see "h4 ,at ,euyuk1 ! ,egyptian sph9x is treat$ 9 ! ,assyrian /yle2 ! place :i* x occupies on ! sides ( ! doorway1 & ! position ( its paws1 turn x into a sort ( compromise betwe5 ,egypt & ,assyria1 :i* vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 ?is l& ( ,cappadocia1 9 arti/ic influ5ce z 9 political prepond]ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,rock sculptures at ,iasili-,kaa 7aft] ,p]rot & ,guillaume74 ,?is d\ble t5d5cy is also obs]v$ at ,iasili-,kaa4 ,"h a rectangul> *amb] has be5 f\nd #ha ft4 by #cg ft41 hewn 9 ! rock on ?ree sides2 ! walls are cov]$ ) bas-reliefs =m+ a pl9?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,rock sculptures at ,iasili-,kaa 7aft] ,p]rot & ,guillaume74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--,rock sculptures at ,iasili-,kaa 7aft] ,p]rot & ,guillaume74 ,ano!r small] *amb] & a corridor conta9 simil> sculptures2 ! height ( ! figures v>ies f #d ft4 #f 94 to #b ft4 #c 94 ,two processions ( figures g r\nd ! l>g] *amb] & meet "o ano!r3 on ! "r1 wom5 dress$ 9 long robes ) tra9s1 _! hair fall+ ^u _! %\ld]s1 we>+ a r\nd ti>a l ! wom5 at ,m>a%2 on ! left ! m51 ) ! conical cap assign$ by ,h]odotus to ! ,cimm]ians1 & a %ort tunic rea*+ no l[] ?an ! knees 9 front1 b long] beh9d4 ,9 ea* gr\p ! figures gr[ l>g] 9 proportion to _! ne>ness to ! c5tre4 ,_m ( !m are n human be+s1 b w+$ g5ii1 satyrs ) goats' feet1 dog-head$ mon/]s4 ,ne>ly all hold 9 _! h&s sceptres1 curv$ /aves1 two-edg$ hat*ets2 "s /& ^u quadrup$s4 ,two are se5 p]*$ ^u a two-head$ eagle2 ano!r1 accompani$ by a kid1 /&s on ! %\ld]s ( two port]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,rock sculpture at ,iasili-,kaa 7,p]rot & ,guillaume74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,rock sculpture ( ,iasili-,kaa 7aft] ,p]rot & ,guillaume74 ,close to ! entrance ( ?is va/ hall1 a sep>ate relief repres5ts a giant /&+ on two m\nta9s4 ,?is p]sonage holds 9 8 "r h& a %r9e1 & 9 8 left h& has a sort ( long /aff1 ! l[] end ( :i* is curv$ l a crosi]2 he we>s a hemisph]ical skull-cap1 & is dress$ 9 a long robe op5 at ! side4 ,! %r9e :i* ?is deity holds is provid$ ) two ,ionic columns support+ ! w+$ disk2 b5ea? ! disk is a figure betwe5 two bulls se5 9 full face4 ,at "s di/ance a gr\p ( two figures is obs]v$4 ,"o ( !m1 ( colossal proportions1 is f\nd else:]e /&+ ^u a quadrup$4 ,"h1 he we>s a highly decorat$ conical ti>a1 & is arm$ ) a sword & clo!d 9 a %ort tunic4 ,he /ret*es out 8 "r h& z if to c>ry or to seize a *ild /&+ be=e him4 ,! second figure1 protect$ by ! deity1 :o passes 8 left arm r\nd 8 neck & holds 8 h&1 is ! same z he :om we notic$ j be=e4 ,! sculptures :i* decorate ! walls ( ! ve/ibule 9 ! palace ( ,euyuk h s great an analogy to ^? ( ,iasili-,kaa t x is impossible n to recognise _! common /yle & orig94 ,we obs]ve among !m a woman1 seat$ ^u a ?rone1 ) h] hair fl[+ d[n ^u h] %\ld]s1 decorat$ ) a necklace & bracelets1 :o rem9ds u ( ! ,assyrian que5 %>+ ! banquet ( ,assurbanipal2 %e raises a goblet to h] lips1 & holds a fl[] 9 h] h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,rock sculpture ( ,iasili-,kaa 7aft] ,p]rot & ,guillaume74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--,tomb ( ,gh]dek-,kaasi 7aft] ,p]rot & ,guillaume74 ,all ^! sc5es are prie/ly & religi\s1 & n1 z 9 ,assyria1 devot$ to ! glory ( ! k+ & to ! memory ( 8 w>like exploits4 ,!y ref] to ! wor%ip ( ! god ,mn or ( ! goddess ,m or ,enio1 ! ,cappadocian "n ( ,anatis or ,a/>te1 ^: rites ,/rabo describes z p]=m$ 9 ! two t[ns ( ,comana4 ,to ?is ,cappadocian civilisation1 aga91 purely ori5tal & ant]ior to ,greek influ5ce z x is1 ! sculpture ( tombs obs]v$ at ,gh]dek-,kaasi1 ne> ,boghaz-,keui & ,euyuk1 mu/ be ref]r$4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! caves hewn 9 ! rock1 l ^? ( ,phnicia & ,nakh%-i-,ru/am1 has a faade adorn$ ) a portico ) ?ree l[ colonnades1 ! /yle ( :i* closely resembles ! ,greek ,doric ord] 7fig4 #afa74 ,at ! extremities ( ?is portico are ! doors ( two *amb]s int5d$ to conta9 s>cophagi4 ,bo? ( !m h w9d[s op5$ 9 ! wall ( rock2 ! sepul*ral c\*es are hewn 9 ! wall l alcoves4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ^! monum5ts :i* p>takes ( ! "* bo? ( ! ,phrygian tombs & ( ^? ( ,nakh%-i-,ru/am2 & p]haps !y are n ant]ior to ! de/ruction ( ,pt]ia by ,crsus 9 ,b4,c4 #edi4 ,to sum up3 we mu/ conclude1 ) ,m4 ,p]rot1#gc t ! monum5ts ( ,boghaz-,keui & ,euyuk1 witnesses ( primitive ,cappadocian civilisation1 und]w5t ,assyrian influ5ce z well z ^? ( ,nor!rn ,syria4 ,! palaces look l 8a r$uc$ copy ( ! great royal edifices on ! banks ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates40 ,! w+$ figures1 ! mon/]s ) eagles' & lions' heads1 are ,assyrian1 & s are ! deities borne on ! backs ( diff]5t quadrup$s1 ! fl[]s 9 ! h&s ( ! figures & ! w+$ disk1 ! symbol ( ! deity4 ,v>i\s elem5ts ( ! ,cappadocian sculptures seem1 ^u no less evid5ce1 to h be5 borr[$ f ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ev5 f ! ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or1 b ?is is exceptional4 ,9 any case !re is no?+ orig9al & individual 9 ?is ,hittite art ( ,pt]ia1 except ! eagle ) two heads 7fig4 #afb71 :i* is evid5tly connect$ ) ! mo/ anci5t ,asiatic wor%ip1 & sugge/s rem9isc5ces ( ! ,sir5s2 except also ! long curv$ lituus1 ! robe cut 9 ! =m ( a *asuble1 ! peak$ ti>a1 ! po9t$ %oes2 details ( dress m int]e/+ = ! hi/ory ( co/ume ?an = t ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,sculpture at ,iasili-,kaa4 ,! connection ( ! sculptures ( ,pt]ia ) ^? ( ,hittite ,syria is q cle>2 !re are ! same hi]oglyphs1 ! same %ort tunic1 ! same long robe1 ! same %oes1 ! same peak$ ti>a1 & ! same r\nd skull-cap4 ,! female g>m5ts are almo/ id5tical at ,m>a% & ,iasili-,kaa2 ! deities h simil> attributes2 ! lion & ! bull are ! animals :i* bo? regions pref] to repres5t4 ,we mu/ conclude t ! same semi-b>b>\s race1 p[]less to free itself1 :e!r 9 art or politics1 f ! yoke ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 inhabit$ bo? ! slopes ( ! ,taurus2 we w n[ exam9e h[ f> ?is ,hittite race ext5d$ its bran*es t[>ds ! we/1 & :at monum5ts x left 9 ,asia ,m9or beyond ! ,halys4 ,,iii4 ,,hittite ,,monum5ts ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,taurus & beyond ! ,halys1 ! monum5ts belong+ to ,hittite civilisation are1 z 9 ,cappadocia1 bas-reliefs c>v$ on ! sides ( rocks or n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,rock sculptures at ,ghiaur-,kalesi 7aft] ,p]rot & ,guillaume1 pl4 x474 ,at ,kalaba1 ne> ,ancyra1 9 ,galatia1 ,m4 ,p]rot discov]$ a l>ge slab 7#d ft4 #d 94 by #b ft4 #f 947 on :i* is c>v$ a lion1 analog\s 9 /yle to ^? :i* we h met 9 ,syria or 9 ,cappadocia4#gd ,a n9e h\rs' j\rney s\?-we/ ( ,ancyra1 among ! ru9s call$ ,ghiaur-,kalesi1 ! same s*ol> f\nd two l>ge figures1 cut ?is "t on ! side ( ! rock4 ,^! are w>riors1 l sev]al ( ^? at ,boghaz-,keui2 bo? we> a conical helmet or ti>a1 to :i* a piece ( /uff is atta*$ beh9d1 :i* cov]s ! nape ( ! neck2 !y are clo!d 9 a %ort tunic1 drawn 9 at ! wai/ by a sa%2 _! feet are %od ) curv$ boots4 ,! sculpture at ,ibriz1 9 ,lycaonia1 consi/s ( an inscription 9 ,hittite hi]oglyphs & two colossal figures1 "o #ai ft4 #i 94 high1 ! o!r #aa ft4 #i 94 ,a prie/ is /&+ 9 adoration be=e 8 deity4 ,! god holds 9 8 left h& an e> ( corn1 & 9 8 "r h& ! bran*es ( a v9e :i* gr[s f ! gr\nd beh9d him4 ,8 ti>a is provid$ ) sev]al pairs ( horns1 & 8 be>d & hair are curl$ 9 ! ,assyrian fa%ion4 ,! pontiff is ?or\ghly ,assyrian 9 appe>ance & co/ume2 8 robe edg$ ) fr+es is decorat$ ) squ>e or loz5ge-%ap$ designs1 :i* rem9d u ( ! tunic ( ,m>duk-nad9-akhi 7fig4 #bb71 & also ( ! ornam5ts ( ! ,phrygo-,hell5ic tomb call$ t ( ,midas4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--,rock sculpture at ,ibriz 7f ,wright1 ,empire ( ! ,hittites74 ,! ru9s ( ,eflat\n1 9 ,lycaonia1 sc>cely consi/ ( any?+ m at ! pres5t day ?an ! faade ( a ru9$ edifice2 x is adorn$ ) a bas-relief 9 :i* ! w+$ sol> disk is to be di/+ui%$1 ! symbol ( ! deity 9 ,egypt & 9 ,assyria2 bel[ are two o!r small] disks2 !n come two r[s ( figures ) _! arms rais$ above _! head1 z if to support an entablature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--,rock sculpture at ,nymphio 7,revue ar*41 t4 xiii1 #ahff74 ,hittite monum5ts gr[ m r>e z we leave ,cilicia1 ,lycaonia1 ,cappadocia & ,phrygia to p5etrate into m we/]n regions4 ,h[ev]1 fre% monum5ts are met ) e day 9 ,lydia & ev5 on ! coa/ ( ,ionia1 accompani$ by hi]oglyphs :i* d n all[ u to d\bt ( ! orig9 ( ! p :o c>v$ !m on ! rocks4 ,h]odotus attribut$ to ,seso/ris two ,hittite bas-reliefs1 ne> ,smyrna1 :i* are to be se5 at ! pres5t day4 ,"o1 at ! village ( ,nymphio1 on ! side ( a rock :i* ov]hangs a bran* ( ! riv] ,h]mus1 rises at lea/ #afb ft4 above ! rav9e4 ,9 a ni*e1 #h ft4 high1 a w>rior is se5 we>+ ! conical ti>a & clo!d 9 a %ort tunic2 he c>ries a lance & a b[2 he is %od ) ! po9t$ boots4 ,! second monum5t allud$ to by ,h]odotus has be5 lately discov]$ by ,m4 ,humann2 x is less well pres]v$1 & repres5ts an almo/ exactly simil> w>rior4#ge ,besides traces ( ,hittite inscriptions1 ! /yle ( ^! rock sculptures1 ! co/ume & attitude ( ! figures connect !m inevitably ) ! bas-reliefs ( ,cilicia1 ,lycaonia1 ,cappadocia & ,syria2 !re is ! same indi/9ct outl9e & ! same lack ( modell+4 ,:]ev] ! ,hittite p w5t1 !y rema9$ feeble imitators2 ! works ( art :i* !y h left u c be ref]r$ to two or ?ree types1 copi$ f ,assyrian & sometimes f ,egyptian sculpture1 b always mu* inf]ior to ! model4 ,less m$iocre is ! manufacture ( models 9 s]p5t9e :i* h come d[n to u1 & :i* 7 employ$ by ,hittite or ,lydo-,phrygian goldsmi?s 9 mak+ metal ornam5ts or talismanic figures4 ,! two mo/ curi\s ( ^! matrices are t :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,cab9et de ,mdailles "u ! "n ( ,baphomet1 & ano!r1 f\nd a few ye>s ago ne> ,?yatira 9 ,monia4#gf ,! latt]1 :i* is #c 94 high by #d 94 broad & 94 ?ick1 %[s u a nak$ woman1 ) h] h&s ^u h] brea/s l ! ,babylonian ,i/>2 next a man1 p]haps ,bel-,m>duk1 clo!d 9 ! ,*aldan robe ) a s]ies ( fr+es "o above ! o!r4 ,f>!r on !re is a lion ) a r+1 int5d$ to hang ! ornam5t :5 x came out ( ! m\ld2 a sort ( alt>2 &1 f9ally1 ! planet>y symbols f\nd on a l>ge numb] ( ,assyrian monum5ts4 ,9 ! glyptic art1 ,hittite engrav]s surpass$ !mselves1 & %[$ !mselves wor?y ( _! ,n9evite ma/]s4 ,f> be x f u to treat ) disda9 ! seal-impressions on t]ra-cotta1 ! seals ( preci\s /one & ! cyl9d]s1 ! inscriptions & figures ^u :i* h only rec5tly attract$ ! att5tion ( ar*ologi/s4 ,! silv] seal1 n[ lo/1 ( ! k+ ,t>kudimme1 be>s a bil+ual inscription 9 ,hittite hi]oglyphs & 9 ,assyrian cunei=m4 ,a cyl9d] at ! ,l\vre1 f\nd at ,ad91 9 ,lydia1 %[s a sc5e ( pres5tation to a deity 7fig4 #afg74 ,?ree figures walk 9 ! same direction1 ) _! h& ^u _! m\?1 c>ry+ ! curv$ sceptre :i* we notic$ 9 ! rock sculptures ( ,iasili-,kaa2 a l>ge table1 support$ by two lions1 is lad5 ) (f]+s4 ,!n comes an ,assyrian g5ius ) two faces1 a deity sitt+ ^u a ?rone1 & "s second>y figures4 ,m4 ,heuzey#gg has obs]v$ t ?\gh ! subject is almo/ entirely ,assyrian1 !re is1 nev]!less1 a national elem5t 9 x2 ?is is ! decorative "p ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! ornam5tal design occupies1 inde$1 a consid]able place on ! surface2 x is compos$ ( a d\ble bord] ( int]lac+ l9es & symmetrical scrolls1 :i* are nev] met ) except 9 monum5ts ( ! ,hittite glyptic art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--;,boss ( ,t>kudimme 7aft] ,wright74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,hittite cyl9d] 7,l\vre74 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,jewi% ,,art4 ,pale/9e1 :i* unites ,syria to ,egypt1 0 inhabit$ by num]\s ,semitic & ,canaaniti% tribes :i* h left u v meagre rema9s ( _! art4 ,l t ( ! ,hittites1 ?is art drew its inspiration bo? f ,assyria & ,egypt1 ?\gh x nev] did m ?an imp]fectly imitate !m4 ,ph>aonic influ5ce is1 h[ev]1 m deeply to be felt "h ?an among ! ,hittites1 s9ce ,pale/9e 0 ne>] to ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! mo/ important inhabitants ( ?is region 7 ! ,jews1 & 9 spite ( ! pov]ty ( our ar*ological docum5ts1 num]\s s*ol>s h1 = ?ree c5turies1 tak5 a special int]e/ 9 ! works ( ?is p :o play$ s extraord9>y a "p on ! /age ( ! _w4 ,x mu/ be add$ t almo/ all ^! rese>*es h be5 conc5trat$ ^u ! exploration ( ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem & its furniture1 :i* 9 fact 7 ! highe/ ef=t ( ,jewi% art2 & ?\gh ! monum5ts !mselves are no long] 9 our h&s or be=e our eyes1 !re is n a s+le edifice 9 all ori5tal or classical antiquity ( :i* we possess writt5 descriptions s circum/antial & s num]\s4 ,a hundr$ re/orations ( ! ,temple1 tak+ ^! z _! basis1 h be5 attempt$2 ! lea/ complicat$ sy/em1 & t :i* has obta9$ ! greate/ sci5tific cr$it1 is t ( ,m4 de ,vog4 ,we w correct & complete x by means ( ! m rec5t rese>*es ( ,engli% explor]s4 ,accord+ly1 all ! art ( ,pale/9e be+ conc5trat$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem & its furniture1 we %all only speak incid5tally ( ! few o!r ru9s ant]ior to ! ,mac$onian epo* t h be5 rem>k$1 :e!r 9 ,juda or among o!r nations ( s\!rn ,syria1 & ev5 among ! ,nabatan ,arabs4 ,i4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,j]usalem4 ,! city ( ,j]usalem occupies at ! pres5t day ! s\!rn extremity ( a plateau b\nd$ on ! ea/ by ! ,valley ( ,k$ron1 & on ! we/ & s\? by ! ,valley ( ,h9nom4 ,?is plateau is cut 9 two f nor? to s\? by a rav9e call$ ! ,tyropon ,valley1 s t x =ms two hills--"o on ! ea/1 ,m\nt ,moriah1 ! s\!rn extremity ( :i*1 call$ ,ophel1 0 ,sion or ! city ( ,david2 ! o!r on ! we/1 ( mu* l>g] ext5t1 to :i* ! "n ( ,sion is improp]ly giv5 at ! pres5t day1 & to :i* ! city began to ext5d only "u ! k+s ( ,judah4 ,:5 ,solomon asc5d$ ! ?rone1 ,j]usalem consi/$ only ( ,sion or ! city ( ,david--t is to say1 ! n>r[ hill ( ,ophel1 betwe5 ! ,k$ron & ,tyropon valleys4 ,m\nt ,moriah1 on ! nor?1 0 giv5 up to cultivation1 & a ri* man ( ,j]usalem1 ,araunah1 possess$ "s gr\nd !re1 ) a ?re%+-floor on :i* camels & ox5 trod out ! corn at ! "t ( h>ve/4 ,david _h b\ght ! field ( ,araunah 9 ord] to build ^u x ! ,temple ( ! true ,god1 & be=e beg9n+ ! con/ruction he _h erect$ an alt> on ! ?re%+-floor 9 ord] t sacrifice might at once be (f]$ to ,jehovah4 ,! mat]ials 7 collect$ 9 great "p be=e ! "w began2 ar*itects1 workm5 & arti/s recruit$ at ,tyre1 ?anks to ! assi/ance ( ,k+ ,hiram1 ha/5$ to ! spot1 & ! build+ began 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,solomon's reign 7,b4,c4 #ajac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--,site ( ! ,temple on ,m\nt ,moriah4#gh ,! summit ( ,m\nt ,moriah1 ! c5tre ( :i* =m$ ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah1 _h to be levell$ 9 ord] to s]ve z ! site ( ! /ructure ( ! temple4 ,9 "o place ! holl[s _h to be fill$1 9 ano!r ! ridges _h to be cut away4 ,! c5tral cre/ 0 !re=e surr\nd$ by an imm5se quadrangul> rockwork b\nd$ by ,cyclopean walls ( ! height ( ! truncat$ summit4 ,^! support+ walls1 extraord9>ily ?ick1 =m$ ( enorm\s blocks fa/5$ by iron clamps1 7 also embank$ on ! outside at ! base1 & all ! empty spaces & int]/ices betwe5 ! int]ior wall & ! liv+ rock 7 fill$ up ) a nucleus ( rockwork1 s z to =m on ! upp] "p a squ>e plat=m4 ,a ,f ,g ,l is ! ?re%+-floor ?us surr\nd$4 ,at ! nor?-we/]n angle--t is to say1 ,a ,b ,c ,d--x 0 necess>y n to con/ruct a support+ ramp>t & fill up ! declivity ( ! m\nt1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to cut away ! natural rock into ! =m ( an angle1 s t at ?is po9t ! enclosure ( ! temple 0 b\nd$ by a natural wall ris+ p]p5dicul>ly to ! height ( #bf ft4 ,a tr5* dug by ! ,engli% explor]s at ! nor?-ea/]n angle ,b ,l ,k prov$ t at ?is po9t1 on ! contr>y1 ! artificial rockwork ( ! temple basem5t mu/ h rea*$ ! colossal height ( #abc feet4 ,on ! s\?1 at ,e ,f ,g ,h1 a labyr9? ( vaults & corridors1 support+ a mass ( collect$ mat]ial1 0 contriv$ 9 ! sub/ructure1 :i* at ! s\?-ea/]n angle1 at ! po9t ,g1 =ms at ! pres5t day a t]race #de ft4 high2 & yet ! accumulat$ rubbi% causes ! foot ( ! wall to be m ?an #fe ft4 bel[ ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd6 ,by ! sy/em ( levell+ :i* we h describ$ an irregul> quadrilat]al 0 obta9$1 ! ea/]n & s\!rn sides ( :i* are #aebj ft4 & #afaa ft4 long1 & ! nor!rn & s\!rn side #ajag ft4 & #iba ft4 ,z ,m\nt ,moriah ext5d$ 9 a nor!rn direction beyond ! temple enclosure1 ! plat=m 0 on ?is side accessible to all com]s4 ,to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce1 & turn ! new /ructure into an isolat$ citadel z well z a temple1 a broad tr5* 0 hewn 9 ! rock on ! nor?-ea/1 ,a ,b2 & on ! nor?-we/1 ,b ,l1 a gigantic moat call$ ,birket-,isral1 :i* at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh fill$ up to ! ext5t ( two-?irds1 is /ill #ajd ft4 broad & #fe ft4 deep4 8,?us10 concludes ,m4 de ,vog1 8we h a l>ge quadrilat]al excavat$ on ! nor?1 support$ on ! s\? by vault$ sub/ructures1 & surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by t]races & on ! f\r? side by a broad moat4 ,su* is ! entirely homog5e\s :ole ( ! ,h>am e%-,%]if2 su* almo/ x has exi/$ = long c5turies1 = successive de/ructions & rebuild+s h little alt]$ ! primitive plan40#gi ,we %all see directly1 9 ! company ( ! same s*ol>1 t ?is imm5se p$e/al1 ! "w ( ,solomon1 0 only modifi$ & enl>g$ by ,h]od on "o ( its sides4 ,h[ev]1 ! plat=m ?us prep>$ 0 n q level ) ! natural cre/ ( rock :i* cr[ns ,moriah4 ,! culm9at+ po9t ( ?is rock1 call$ ,sakhra1 /ill rose #af ft4 above ! t]race4 ,in/ead ( sapp+ ?is peak ( *alky lime/one & remov+ x1 x 0 tak5 z ! level ( a second plat=m above ! fir/1 b conc5tric ) x & mu* small]4 ,?is is ! upp] t]race :i* at ! pres5t day supports ! dom$ build+ improp]ly call$ ! ,mosque ( ,om>1 :i* w\ld bett] be designat$ by its true "n1 ,kubbet es-,sakhra1 8,dome ( ! ,rock40 ,accord+ to ,m4 de ,vog1 ! ?re%+-floor ( ,araunah1 on :i* ,david set up ! alt> ( ,jehovah1 0 a little to ! nor? ( ! ,sakhra1 :]e lat] ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+s 0 plac$4 ,aft] build+ ! plat=m1 ,solomon occupi$ himself ) ! /ructure prop]ly s call$4 ,! temple1 or m pla9ly1 ! h\se ( ,jehovah1 0 to be enclos$ 9 two conc5tric c\rts4 ,solomon _h only "t to f9i% ! fir/ c\rt1--t :i* imm$iately surr\nd$ ! edifice1 & !n ! ea/]n side ( ! second2 ?is 0 n complet$ till long aft] 8 dea?1 9 ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,z soon z ! int]ior build+ 0 ready1 ,solomon resolv$ to devote x to ! wor%ip ( ,god1 )\t wait+ = ! completion ( ! second c\rt4 ,he celebrat$ ! solemn d$ication ( ! temple only sev5 ye>s aft] ! lay+ ( ! fir/ /one ( ! sub/ructure4 ,! ,bible has bequea!d to u ! description ( ! int]ior magnific5ce ( ?is sanctu>y1 built & decorat$ by ,phnician workm51 & ( ! works ( art collect$ )9 x by ! mo/ sumptu\s ( ,jewi% mon>*s4 ,! ar*itecture & ! int]ior ornam5ts 7 all ,egyptian 9 /yle1 l ! ,phnician temples !mselves4 ,b no?+ is left ( ! build+ ( ,solomon except ! ci/]ns & ! ea/]n side ( ! second c\rt4 ,?is c\rt is decorat$ ) a portico1 "u :i* ,solomon _h ! royal ?rone plac$ on :i* he sat :5 he 0 pres5t at public c]emonies2 x 0 /ill call$1 ev5 aft] ,h]od1 ! ,por* ( ,solomon4 ,"u ! k+s ( ,judah !re 7 num]\s works ( enl>gem5t & re/oration2 b all 0 de/roy$ 9 ,b4,c4 #ehh1 :5 ,j]usalem 0 tak5 by ! ,*aldans4 ,nebuz>-adan1 ,nebu*adnezz>'s lieut5ant1 caus$ ! temple to be set on fire1 & all 0 ov] ) ! leg5d>y magnific5ce ( ! son ( ,david4 ,fifty-two ye>s lat] ! ,jews :o _h be5 tak5 captive to ,babylon 7 set free by ,cyrus1 & _! lead] ,z]ubbabel at once und]took to re/ore ! temple ( ! true ,god4 ,! "w1 h9d]$ by ! jeal\sy ( ! ,sam>itans1 0 n f9i%$ till ,b4,c4 #eaf4 ,suffici5tly simil> 9 plan to t ( ,solomon1 ! new temple 0 less beautiful & less gr& 9 its proportions2 ! old m5 wept :5 !y rememb]$ ! =m] h\se4 ,9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ! new temple und]w5t _m modifications1 at lea/ 9 its ext]ior1 al?\gh ! orig9al plan 0 n upset to any consid]able ext5t4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 ! ext]ior enclosure 0 ext5d$ on ! nor?1 & at ! nor?-ea/]n angle ! =tress nam$ ,b>is 0 built1 :i* ,h]od alt]$ 9 lat] times & :i* became ! fam\s t[] ( ,antonia4 ,h[ev] ! temple ( ,z]ubbabel la/$ = ne>ly five c5turies )\t be+ de/roy$1 & _h ! good =tune1 r>e 9 ! anci5t ,ea/1 to pass ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ,seleucid rule & ! ,roman conque/ "u ,pompey1 )\t be+ ei!r pillag$ or demoli%$4 ,h]od1 a man ( ,iduman race1 appo9t$ k+ ( ! ,jews by ! ,romans1 conceiv$ ! project ( mak+ himself popul> among 8 p by rebuild+ ! temple 9 all ! spl5d\r :i* ,solomon _h orig9ally be/[$ ^u x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he br\ght all 8 ef=ts to be> ^u ! enclosure1 :i* he resolv$ to enl>ge2 he d\bl$ x1 accord+ to ,josephus4 ,in/ead ( f\r /adia 9 circumf]5ce x grew to six1 pres]v+ its =m] l5g? on ! smalle/ side1 s t 9 fact x became geometrically d\ble 9 area4 ,?is enl>gem5t took place on ! s\?1 t[>ds ,ophel1 s t ! actual edifice ( ! temple1 in/ead ( /&+ 9 ! middle ( its p]ibolus1 0 remov$ to ! nor?4 ,! t[] ( ,b>is or ,antonia cont9u$ to =m ! nor!rn b\nd>y4 ,9 ! annex$ figure1 ,a ,b ,c ,d is ! anci5t p]ibolus1 ,t ! temple1 & ,c ,d ,e ,f ! squ>e portion add$ by ,h]od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 8,9 ord] to c>ry out ?is plan10 says ,m4 de ,vog1 8,h]od _h ! anci5t t]races ras$ to ! gr\nd & rebuilt1 z well z ! colonnades :i* cr[n$ !m4 ,only he respect$ & enclos$ ! ea/]n colonnade call$ ! ,por* ( ,solomon & its f9e support+ wall4 ,?is is ! only "p ( ! =m] temple t he seems to h pres]v$3 all ! re/ 0 de/roy$ 9 ord] to be born aga91 re/or$ to y\?1 & enl>g$2 ! inn] sanctu>y 0 demoli%$ to its f\ndations40#hj ,! "w und]tak5 by ,h]od began ab\t ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ah4 ,t5 ?\s& workm5 7 employ$ ^u x "u ! direction ( a ?\s& prie/s1 :o alone might "w ) _! h&s 9 ! ,holy ,place & ! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,eighte5 mon?s 7 en\gh to raise ! inn] build+1 b eight ye>s 7 requir$ to rebuild ! c\rt & ! colonnades4 ,! accessory /ructures 7 n f9i%$ till ! ye> #fd aft] ,*ri/1 9 ! reign ( ,n]o2 at ?is date ! "w 0 occupy+ eighte5 ?\s& workm54 ,! =ego+ hi/orical consid]ations compel u to conclude1 ) ,m4 de ,vog1 t ! ,h>am-e%-,%]if repres5ts ! v enclosure enl>g$ by ,h]od4 ,9 fact1 ! s\!rn side ( ! ,h>am is #iai ft4 long1 ! circumf]5ce is #e1jjf ft41 :i*1 ) ! addition ( #ejh ft4 = ! projection =m$ by ! t[] ( ,antonia1 make #e1ead ft4--t is to say1 six times ! l5g? ( ! s\!rn side4 ,besides1 ,h]od c\ld n develop ! enclosure on ! nor? on acc\nt ( ! t[] ( ,b>is & ! gigantic moat ,birket-,isral1 :i* b\nd$ x on t side1 nor on ! ea/ on acc\nt ( ! abrupt declivity :i* =ms ! side ( ! valley ( ,k$ron1 nor on ! we/ :]e ! ,tyropon valley is4 ,! enl>gem5t c\ld only take place on ! s\?1 &1 moreov]1 z ! gr\nd 0 slop+1 x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to remove ! declivity1 to proce$ z ,solomon _h done3 t is to say1 to con/ruct an imm5se artificial plat=m1 support$ on ?ree sides by high t]races4 ,! great sub/ructures ( ! ,h>am e%-,%]if are ! rema9s ( ,h]od's gigantic "w4 ,if s9ce ! "t ( t pr9ce ! /ructure ( ! temple has be5 sev]al times ov]?r[n f top to bottom & cont9ually rebuilt1 ^! successive re/orations h n alt]$ ! orig9al plan ( ! sub/ructure2 ! fragm5ts ( wall :i* rema9$ 9 place s]v$ z bases = ! new edifices4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t 9 ^! walls diff]5t lay]s ( masonry are p]ceiv$ "o above ! o!r l geological /rata1 ! orig9al ,h]odian c\rses be+ naturally ! l[e/4 ,! mo/ anci5t masonry visible1 ! l[e/1 is =m$ ( ! l>ge/ blocks2 ! c\rses are f a y>d to two y>ds high2 ! l5g? ( ! blocks v>ies betwe5 #g yds4 & #b ft4 ,"o block is to be obs]v$ at ! s\?-ea/]n angle :i* is #ac y>ds long4 ,ea* lay] rec$es #b 94 f t b5ea? x2 ! /ones1 c>efully trimm$1 are laid )\t mort>4 ,^! l>ge blocks are m>g9al-draft$--t is to say1 ea* /one is1 z x 71 b\nd$ by a groove :i* m>ks ! c\rses & ! jo9ts4 ,besides ! groove1 ea* block is fram$ 9 a *isell$ b& smoo? b n deep1 :i* =ms a second frame1 c>v$ )9 ! groove r\nd ! surface ( ! hewn block4 ,! l[] masonry ( ! temple is1 !n1 draft$ & *isell$ at ! edge2 besides1 at int]vals1 ! surface ( ! blocks is provid$ ) project+ t5ons1 no d\bt contriv$ to facilitate ! plac+ ( !m4 ,! be/ pres]v$ portion ( ?is masonry is ! ,heit el ,maghreby1 8! we/]n wall10 :]e ! ,jews come e ,friday to weep ov] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & to await ! ,messiah2 x is ! ,wail+-place4 ,rec5t ,engli% excavations1 c>ri$ #ajg ft4 bel[ ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd1 h prov$ t ?is masonry is to be f\nd all r\nd ! enclosure ( ! ,h>am4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #agj4--,! ,jews' ,wail+-place 7aft] ,m4 de ,vog74 ,! sy/em ( con/ruction imm$iately above ! draft$ blocks is *>act]is$ by ,roman masonry =m$ ( smoo? /ones )\t grooves1 _! out] surface be+ c>efully flut$ by means ( a *isel ) v f9e tee?4 ,! blocks1 ab\t a y>d squ>e1 are laid ) %>p-edg$ jo9ts4 ,?is sy/em is especially rem>k$ on ! we/]n & s\!rn sides4 ,! foll[+ sy/ems1 9 ! ord] ( _! position "o above ! o!r1 d n des]ve to be describ$2 !y are relatively mod]n & belong to all epo*s1 b *iefly to ! ,s>ac5ic p]iod4 ,n f> f ! ,wail+-place1 #ci ft4 f ! s\?-ea/]n corn]1 is ! celebrat$ beg9n+ ( ! bridge :i* unit$ ! temple to ! city1 cross+ ov] ! ,tyropon2 x belongs to ! fir/ sy/em ( ! sub/ructure1 & =ms "p ( x4 ,! ,engli% excavations h br\ght "o ( ! pi]s to light2 !y h %[n t ! roadway ( ! bridge is #bie ft4 long1 & t ! bread? ( ea* ar* am\nts to #af y>ds4 ,:ile digg+ at ! foot ( ! pi] a pavem5t 0 discov]$ :i* no d\bt repres5ts ! /reet :i* pass$ along !re be=e ,h]od's epo*1 or r ev5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple by ! ,*aldans4 ,"s f\ndation is =m$ = ?is conjecture by ! fact t :5 ! ,engli% broke up ?is pavem5t & dug l[] /ill !y f\nd ! extrados ( a vault3 ?is 0 no?+ less ?an ! ar* ( ano!r bridge ( colossal masonry1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies _h be5 buri$ "u masses ( rubbi%3 ,h]od1 & p]haps ,z]ubbabel be=e him1 built ov] ! ru9s )\t ev5 try+ to cle> away ! bridge4 ,:o kn[s :e!r ?is ar*1 call$ ,rob9son's ar*1 f ! excavator's "n1 is n ! rema9s ( a bridge erect$ by ,solomon8 ,9 ! mass ( sub/ructure b5ea? ! ,h>am1 ! exi/5ce ( vaults & ( a network ( corridors ( draft$ masonry has be5 prov$1 & ^! mu/1 f ! "* ( ! "w1 be contempor>y ) ,h]od4 ,on ! plat=m1 two ci/]ns are se5 :i* probably date f ,solomon's "t1 if !y are n ev5 e>li]1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t !y h be5 subject$ to successive re/orations4 ,"o is "u ! rock ,sakhra1 ! o!r 9 front ( ! mosque ( ,el ,aksa3 ! latt]1 especially1 :i* is ! l>ge/1 is a sup]b artificial grotto1 upheld by pila/]s contriv$ 9 ! side ( ! rock4 ,! desc5t into t "u ! rock ,sakhra is by a flight ( fifte5 /eps2 9 ! c5tre is a well :i* by means ( a subt]ranean canal op5s into ! valley ( ,k$ron1 & 0 p]haps us$ by ,araunah ! ,jebusite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,! we/]n door4 ,pres5t /ate 7aft] ,m4 de ,vog74 ,! out] enclosure built by ,h]od 0 pi]c$ by sev]al gates giv+ access to ! t]race1 :i* are /ill p>tly pres]v$4 ,!y are subt]ranean ) reg>d to ! plat=m2 _! ?re%old 0 ( c\rse on a level ) ! gr\nd outside1 & !y op5$ on ! /aircases =m$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! t]race4 ,at ! pres5t day1 z ! gr\nd outside has be5 rais$ by rubbi% ( all k9ds1 ,h]od's doorways are fill$ up ei!r entirely or p>tly4 ,! ,we/]n ,gate 7fig4 #aga71 ne> ! ,wail+-place1 is at ! pres5t day buri$ to ! ext5t ( two-?irds4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a great monoli?ic l9tel #af ft4 long1 & its /ructure belongs to ! ,h]odian sy/em ( masonry1 b x has und]gone subsequ5t alt]ations )94 ,! two mo/ important ( ! anci5t gates are on ! s\!rn side2 !y are call$ ! ,d\ble ,gate & ! ,triple ,gate1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( _! ar*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,int]ior ,view ( ! ,d\ble ,gate4 ,! two ar*$ ap]tures ( ! ,d\ble ,gate give access to a l>ge ve/ibule1 ! vault+ ( :i* is support$ by an enorm\s c5tral column2 "h ! hotte/ h\rs ( ! day might be pass$ 9 com=t4 ,f ?is ve/ibule !re is an asc5t to ! upp] plat=m by two p>allel flights ( /eps sep>at$ by a r[ ( pill>s4 ,!re is no?+ left ( ! "t ( ,h]od b ! two out] jambs ( ! door1 ! middle pi]1 two monoli?ic l9tels simil> to ^? ( ! ,we/]n ,gate1 &1 la/ly1 ! c5tral column ( ! ve/ibule4 ,?is column is squat1 = x is only f\r ( its own diamet]s 9 height2 x has no base4 ,its capital1 :i* broad5s into ! =m ( a basket1 is decorat$ ) acan?us leaves 9 v l[ relief all r\nd4 ,! ,triple ,gate1 also situat$ on ! s\!rn side ( ! ,h>am1 #fg y>ds f ! ,d\ble ,gate1 is simil> to ! latt]1 except t in/ead ( two ar*es x has ?ree2 besides ?is1 a triple slop+ corridor l$ to ! upp] plat=m4 ,! ,gold5 ,gate1#ha op5$ 9 ! ea/]n side ( ! enclosure1 0 9 its orig9al =m simil> to ! ,d\ble ,gate & ! ,triple ,gate2 &1 l !m1 x is ab\t #f yds4 bel[ ! level ( ! plat=m to :i* x gave access2 no?+ is left ( ! fir/ /ructure except ! two monoli?ic jambs #aj ft4 & #ac ft4 high1 :i* seem to be ev5 e>li] ?an ,h]od's build+4 ,on ! nor?1 !re 0 only "o entrance1 on a level ) ! plat=m1 :i* communicat$ ) ! outside by a bridge ?r[n across ! great moat4 ,n[ t we h arriv$ at ! t]race we are go+ to pass ?r\gh ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+s4 ,!y are comm&$ by ! t[] ( ,antonia1 :i* 0 built by ! ,asmonan k+s1 "u ! "n ( ,b>is1 & enl>g$ & embelli%$ by ,h]od2 x occupi$ ! nor?-ea/]n angle ( ! /ructure4 ,its base 0 a sc>p$ rock1 ! flanks ( :i* _h be5 cut away by human h&s2 its out] wall ( enclosure 0 ?ree cubits ?ick4 ,an enorm\s tr5* cut 9 ! rock isolat$ ! =tress on ! nor?1 & f\r turrets flank$ ! out] curta9s at ! angles4 ,two flights ( /eps l$ /raight d[n f ! =tress into ! out] c\rt ( ! ,temple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,plan ( ,h]od's temple 7aft] ,m4 de ,vog74#hb ,! great out] c\rt 0 on ?ree ( its sides surr\nd$ by a d\ble portico--t is to say1 by two r[s ( columns ( ! ,doric ord]1 #be cubits high2 ! ro(1 upheld by ?is d\ble portico1 :i* 0 #cj cubits broad1 re/$ ^u ! out] wall4 ,or ! s\?1 in/ead ( a portico !re 0 a basilica1 t is to say1 8a build+ ) ?ree naves ( unequal height1 support$ by columns40 ,! aisles 7 #cb ft4 broad & #ej ft4 high2 ! c5tral nave 0 #dh ft4 broad & #ajj ft4 high4 ,!re 7 #da columns 9 ea* r[1 :i* gave #ged ft4 = ! :ole l5g? ( ! basilica4 ,! c5tral nave 0 support$ by ?ree r[s ( ,cor9?ian columns1 & !re 7 columns atta*$ to ! side walls :i* correspond$ to ea* r[4 ,! build+ _h a panell$ ceil+ ( c>v$ wood4 ,! basilica op5$ on ! bridge :i* cut ! valley ( ! ,tyropon1 & its axis 0 9 a /raight l9e ) ! axis ( ! bridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--;,bird's-eye view ( ,h]od's ,temple 7,re/oration by ,m4 de ,vog74 ,su* 0 ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles1 accessible to all visitors4 ,a b>ri]1 only ?ree cubits high1 prev5t$ pr(ane intrud]s f p5etrat+ into ! enclosure res]v$ = ! ,israelites1 :i* 0 conta9$ )9 t ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,m4 de ,vog ?9ks t ?is l[ wall ( sep>ation1 on ! s\!rn side1 mu/ h correspond$ to ! b\nd>y ( ! out] enclosure ( ! anci5t temple ( ,solomon4 ,! enclosure res]v$ = ! ,israelites includ$ ! wom5's c\rt & ! m5's c\rt1 or t ( ,israel4 ,f ! ,g5tiles' c\rt access 0 obta9$ to ! wom5's c\rt by a flight ( f\rte5 /eps4 ,?is c\rt _h1 at its f\r angles1 squ>e *amb]s :i* s]v$ = ! /ores ( ! ,temple1 = ! ablutions & o!r pi\s ex]cises2 !re 0 also ! ,treasury *amb]1 9 :i* ! specie 0 kept :i* 0 co9$ = ! exclusive use ( ! temple4 ,betwe5 ^! *amb]s rose porticoes4 ,on ! inn] side1 ! wom5's c\rt 0 sep>at$ f ! c\rt ( ,israel by a s]ies ( build+s :i* op5$ on ! c\rt ( ,israel1 & ! entrance into ?is c\rt 0 by ?ree gates1 ea* provid$ ) por*es & five /eps4 ,! pr9cipal gate1 celebrat$ "u ! "n ( ! ,gate ( ,nicanor1 on acc\nt ( its f9e ar*itectural proportions & ! ri*ness ( its con/ruction1 0 a fold+ gate ( ,cor9?ian bronze3 tw5ty m5 7 ne$$ to op5 & %ut x2 be=e x 0 a semicircul> flight ( fifte5 /eps4 ,! c\rt ( ,israel1 res]v$ = ! m5 :o _h accompli%$ c]ta9 acts ( purification1 0 #aa cubits broad4 ,! *amb]s :i* surr\nd$ x on ?ree sides 7 us$ z app5dages to ,div9e wor%ip2 _! faade 0 provid$ ) por*es4 ,ea* ( !m 0 consecrat$ to a special s]vice3 ! sk9s ( victims 7 salt$ & wa%$ 9 !m1 musical in/rum5ts1 salt1 ! p]petual fire1 & wood 7 kept 9 !m2 ! hall 9 :i* ! ,sanh$rim held its sessions 0 "o ( !m4 ,a /ep "o cubit broad1 :i* ! prie/s alone might cross1 sep>at$ ! c\rt ( ,israel f ! c\rt ( ! prie/s1 &1 9 ! middle ( ?is c\rt1 ! temple prop]ly s call$ & ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s /ood4 8,! alt> ( burnt (f]+s 0 =m$ ( ?ree /ages ( r\gh-hewn /one1 ea* /age a cubit less on all sides ?an t b5ea? x2 ! base =m$ a squ>e ( #cb cubits2 ! total height 0 #ae cubits high2 ! asc5t 0 by an incl9e situat$ on ! s\?1 #cj cubits long2 two small] /aircases l$ to ! int]m$iate plat=m4 ,on ! upp] surface ! sacrificial fire burnt1 & at ! f\r corn]s 7 horns on :i* ! blood 0 spr9kl$ & libations ( w9e & wat] 7 p\r$4 ,a conduit situat$ at ! s\!rn corn] ( ! alt> receiv$ ^! liquids1 & c>ri$ !m (f into ! subt]ranean dra9s1 & !nce into ! valley ( ,k$ron40#hc ,at ! nor? ( ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s six r[s ( iron r+s 7 se5 fix$ to ! gr\nd 9 ord] to fa/5 ! animals to !m2 !re 7 also eight small columns to :i* ! victims 7 susp5d$ t !y might be cut to pieces & flay$1 & eight tables ^u :i* ! fle% 0 plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--,! ,alt> ( ,burnt-(f]+s 7,re/oration74 ,! temple prop]ly s-call$1 :i* /ood #bb cubits to ! we/ ( ! alt> ( burnt (f]+s1 0 built on a t]race six cubits high1 m\nt$ by a flight ( twelve /eps4 ,!re 0 ?us a diff]5ce ( #bg ft4 betwe5 ! level ( ! temple plat=m & ! c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,z = ! ar*itectural arrangem5t ( ! build+1 x 0 simil> to t ( ,solomon4 ,! ant]ior pylon 0 #ajj cubits high & #bj deep2 at ea* extremity !re 7 *amb]s 9 :i* ! sacr$ knives 7 kept1 :i* 7 us$ = slay+ ! victims4 ,! ,holy ,place or ,hekal1 & ! ,holy ( ,holies or ,debir1 only sep>at$ by a veil1 7 bo? #fj cubits high1 #cj broad1 & toge!r #fe cubits long measur$ f outside4 8,a s]ies ( ?irty *amb]s & ?ree /ories 0 atta*$ to ! sanctu>y1 z 9 ! anci5t temple1 = a l5g? ( #ae cubits1 measur$ )\t1 & ?is gave to ! sanctu>y outside ! appe>ance ( a basilica4 ,! :ole edifice 0 ro($ ) t]races1 on :i* gild$ po9ts 7 fix$ to drive away ! birds40#hd ,! ,jewi% ,temple 0 "o ( ! gr&e/ ar*itectural works t ! g5ius ( ! anci5ts produc$4 ,! successive enclosures rais$ "o above ! o!r1 & cr[n$ by ! gigantic pylons ( ! sanctu>y1 built ( :ite m>ble1 7 ! result ( an inspiration ( g5ius t has nev] be5 realis$ except 9 ?is in/ance1 & all antiquity _h b "o voice to proclaim its impos+ maje/y4 8,:5 ! rays ( ! ris+ sun /ruck ^u ! metal plates :i* cov]$ ! doors & ro( ( ! sanctu>y1 :5 !y illum9at$ ! gild+ on ! faade1 & ! gigantic gold5 v9e :i* spread its t5drils ov] ! :ite m>ble ( ! pronaos1 ! spectator's eyes 7 dazzl$1 & he 0 =c$ to turn !m away1 & ! /rang] :o p]ceiv$ ! temple 9 ! di/ance ?\ght he saw a m\nta9 cov]$ ) glitt]+ sn[40#he ,su* 0 ! temple ( ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob1 re/or$ by ,h]od1 9 :i* _m ( ! sc5es ( ! ,gospels took place1 & :i* 0 de/9$ = s dramatic & m\rnful a fate4 ,at once a public m>ket1 a h\se ( pray]1 & a =tress1 x 0 condemn$ to be ! tomb ( ,jewi% nationality4 ,besieg$ & tak5 by ! ,romans1 aft] a resi/ance unique 9 ! annals ( antiquity = its h]oic desp]ation1 x succumb$ be=e ! viol5ce ( ,titus1 & 0 pr(an$ by ,roman legion>ies ) tor*es & pickaxes 9 _! h&s4 ,! e*o ( its fall1 solemnly m>k$ 9 ! pages ( human de/9y1 /ill res\nds among u1 = x 0 ! ov]?r[ ( antiquity1 & ! irrep>able de/ruction ( ! old civilisation ( ! ,ea/4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,decoration ,,& ,,furniture ,,( ,,! ,,temple4 ,! h\se ( ! ,et]nal 0 adorn$ ) unhe>d-( spl5d\r2 preci\s woods1 gold1 silv]1 ivory & gems--no?+ 0 sp>$ by ?is p1 jeal\s = ! hon\r ( _! ,god2 ! accessories also ( ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 sacr$ vessels1 knives1 bas9s & ut5sils ( e k9d 7 works ( art 9 :i* ! *isell] & ! metal-f\nd] _h ea* emulat$ ! o!r's skill4 ,b ! arti/s :o decorat$ ! =m] temple1 let u n =get x1 7 ,phnicians4 ,n[1 ! ,phnicians always conf9$ !mselves to ! imitation ( ,egypt & ,assyria2 _! te*nique has a hybrid "*1 :i* is1 l ,syria itself f a geographical po9t ( view1 a sort ( compromise betwe5 ,asia & ,egypt4 ,on ^! pr9ciples ( criticism alone c we attempt to re/ore ! decoration & furniture ( ,solomon's temple4 ,! veil hung betwe5 ! ,holy ,place & ! ,holy ( ,holies1 & conceal+ ! latt] f sight1 0 a l>ge piece ( silk1 on :i* ! skilful h& ( ,ea/]n embroid]esses _h repres5t$ ! image ( ! _w2 ! f\r col\rs :i* ent]$ into its composition 7 ! symbols ( ! elem5ts3 purple repres5t$ ! sea1 saffron fire1 hyac9? air1 byssus e>?4 ,! inn] walls 7 panell$ ) c>v$ planks ( c$>4 ,9 ! ,holy ,place ^! wood-c>v+s repres5t$ colocyn?s & op5 fl[]s2 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 palm-trees & fanta/ic animals or *]ubim 7 mix$ ) ! fl[]s4 ,?is decoration 0 reliev$ by plates ( gold fix$ on ! wood ) nails ( ! same metal4 ,! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant1 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 0 %elt]$ "u ! w+s ( two imm5se *]ubim ( wood ov]laid ) plates ( gold4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ^! mon/r\s figures 7 borr[$ f ! animal _w1 l ^? ( ! w+$ bulls 9 ! ,n9evite palaces4 ,accord+ to ! ,bible1 ! *]ubim are w+$ & h bulls' feet2 !y draw ,jehovah 9 8 *>iot or c>ry ,him ^u _! back1 l ! ,assyrian deities4 ,ea* *]ub has at ! same "t a human face & a lion's face4 ,!y =m a sil5t procession ^u ! c$> panels1 ! leaves ( ! olive-wood doors1 & ! veil be=e ! ,holy ( ,holies1 alt]nat+ ) palms & colocyn?s1 :i*1 at ,j]usalem1 are sub/itut$ = ! ,egyptian lotus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,egyptian naos & *]ubim 7,m4 de ,vog1 p4 #cc74 ,9 ! ,holy ( ,holies !re 7 two colossal /atues ( *]ubs1 #aj cubits high1 ov]laid ) gold1 :i* gu>d$ ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,ea* *]ub _h two gigantic w+s1 "o outspread & droop$ ov] ! ark :i* x ov]%ad[$1 ! o!r symmetrically outspread 9 ! opposite direction & rais$ t[>ds ! ceil+4 ,m4 de ,vog +5i\sly comp>es ) ?is description ! ,egyptian repres5tations ( two figures ) long w+s1 kneel+ on ea* side ( ! symbolic sc>abu or ! sol> disk support$ by uri1 :i* !y cov] ) _! w+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,egyptian ark & naos 7f an ,egyptian pa9t+74 ,! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant itself resembl$ ^? naoi or b>i :i* we see c>ri$ by ,egyptian prie/s ^u _! %\ld]s4 ,x 0 ( acacia-wood 7%ittim71 cov]$ ) plates ( gold bo? inside & outside4 ,x 0 ab\t #a y>ds long1 #b ft4 #h 94 broad & high4 ,! lid 0 call$ ! ,?rone ( ,jehovah4 ,! ark conta9$ ! two tables ( /one ^u :i* ! law ( ,s9ai 0 engrav$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--;,egyptian table ( (f]+s 7,m4 de ,vog1 p4 #cc74 ,9 ! ,holy ,place 0 ! alt> ( inc5se1 on :i* inc5se 0 burnt 9 hon\r ( ,jehovah2 ?is 0 probably a sort ( tripod1 surm\nt$ by a b[l ) a light$ brazi]4 ,!re 0 also ! table ( %ew-bread & ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/icks4 ,! table1 on :i* twelve loaves 7 plac$ e week1 0 und\bt$ly analog\s to ! tables ( (f]+s to ! gods s (t5 repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian bas-reliefs1 ) loaves pil$ ^u w9e-pit*]s2 furniture ( ! same k9d also seems to be spok5 ( 9 ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ,nebu*adnezz]4 ,! bas-relief on ! ,ar* ( ,titus at ,rome repres5ts ,jewi% captives c>ry+ on _! %\ld]s ! furniture ( _! ru9$ temple1 & among ?is spoil figures ! table ( %ew-bread su* z x 0 9 ,h]od's ,temple1 "u ! =m ( a squ>e cippus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--,sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick 7,m4 de ,vog1 p4 #cc47 ,! sev5-bran*$ c&le/icks1 t5 9 numb]1 _h a peculi> =m1 also reveal$ to u by ! ,ar* ( ,titus & "s o!r monum5ts4 ,on ! base ) two /eps a c5tral /em is fix$1 to :i* six bran*es are fitt$1 ?ree on ea* side1 arrang$ 9 ! %ape ( a fan4 ,ea* ( ! sev5 bran*es is adorn$ ) ?ree fl[]s & a socket4 ,on ! base1 fanta/ic animals are se5 9 relief4 ,hiram-,abi1 ! fam\s work] 9 metals f ,tyre1 9 ,solomon's pay1 also 8made lamps & tongs ( gold1 & b[ls & snuff]s & basons & spoons & c5s]s ( pure gold10#hf %ovels & goblets ( bronze4 ,! c&le/icks & o!r treasures ( ! ,temple1 c>ri$ away to ,rome by ,titus1 7 seiz$ by ,g5s]ic dur+ ! sack ( ! city by ! ,v&als 7,a4,d4 #dee74 ,!y 7 remov$ to ,c>?age1 b1 on ! conque/ ( ! ,v&als by ,belis>ius1 7 tak5 9 triumph to ,con/ant9ople4 ,! ,jews petition$ ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian to re/ore ^! treasures to ! ,holy ,city1 to :i* !y rightfully belong$1 & he is said to h ord]$ t !y %\ld be s5t to "o ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es 9 ,j]usalem1 b we he> no m ( _! fate 9 ! pages ( hi/ory4#hg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--;,capital ( ! bronze columns4 7,re/oration by ,m4 de ,vog74 ,9 ! c\rt ( ! prie/s1 be=e ! ve/ibule ( ! ,temple1 !re 7 two sep>ate bronze columns1 rem9d+ u ( ,egyptian obelisks1 nam$ ,ja*9 & ,boaz4 ,! re/oration ( ^! two columns1 m>vels ( ,phnician art1 & inve/$ 9 ! eyes ( ! ,jews ) a talismanic p[]1 has (t5 be5 attempt$4 ,!y 7 holl[1 & _! metal walls 7 #c 94 ?ick4 8,_! capital1 #e cubits high1 _h ! =m ( fleur-de-lis1 ! l[] "p ( :i*1 swell+ outw>ds1 0 cov]$ ) a reticulat$ ornam5t enclos$ )9 two r[s ( pomegranates40#hh ,! total height ( ea* column 0 #da ft41 ! diamet] ( ! %aft 0 #f ft4 #e 941 ! pomegranates1 #bjj 9 numb]1 =m$ a d\ble coll> r\nd ea* capital4 ,9 ! c\rt ( ! prie/s1 ne> ! alt> ( burnt-(f]+s1 :i* 0 itself cov]$ ) bronze1 ! fam\s braz5 sea 0 plac$1 a great res]voir f :i* ! prie/s drew wat] to purify !mselves be=e ! sacrifice4 ,?is bronze bas91 :i* resembl$ ! calyx ( a tulip1 0 five cubits high 7#h ft4 #g 9471 & t5 cubits 7#ag ft4 #b 947 9 diamet]2 its ext]ior 0 decorat$ ) two r[s ( colocyn?s 9 relief3 ! wall 0 #c ft4 ?ick1 z 9 ! bronze columns2 x conta9$ at lea/ #h1hjj gallons4 ,in/ead ( feet1 ! braz5 sea 0 upheld by twelve bronze figures ( ox51 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 :i*1 9 accordance ) ! proportion ( ! bas91 mu/ h be5 l>g] ?an life4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--,! braz5 sea4 7,re/oration47 ,?is gigantic bas9 0 fix$ & immovable2 = ! purpose ( draw+ wat]1 :eel$ bas9s _h be5 con/ruct$1 t5 9 numb]1 also ( bronze1 into :i* ! wat] int5d$ = c]emonial purposes 0 p\r$4 ,ea* _h f\r :eels1 l a *>iot2 ! :eels support$ a squ>e box1 above :i* 0 plac$ ! cyl9drical bas91 l>ge en\gh to conta9 f #aej to #agj gallons4 ,! walls ( ! receptacle & ( ! box :i* support$ x 7 decorat$ ) palms1 colocyn?s1 ox5 & w+$ lions 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,movable bas94 7,re/oration47 ,su* 7 ! pr9cipal features ( ! temple furniture2 small] ut5sils1 knives1 p9c]s1 tongs1 di%es1 are sc>cely kn[n to u4 ,an exact idea ( !m c1 h[ev]1 be =m$ by an exam9ation ( ! products ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian indu/ry1 especially ( ! di%es1 vases1 & ut5sils f\nd among ! sub/ructures ( ! ,phnician temples 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,v>i\s passages 9 ! ,bible enum]ate ! ornam5ts ( ! prie/s1 su* z ! ephod1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 cases1 signifies ! liturgical ve/m5t2 9 o!rs a sort ( sacr$ casket1 conta9+ two talismanic cubes1 call$ urim & ?ummim4 ,! prie/ly co/ume ( ,a>on is an embroid]$ g>m5t 9 :i* gems are set1 accord+ to ! ,book ( ,exodus4 ,z e>ly z ! p]iod ( ,g5esis1 we see ! *ildr5 ( ,israel mak+ use ( seals ( preci\s /one1 precisely z _! neighb\rs ! ,egyptians & ,*aldans did4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( gems c>v$ 9 intaglio h come d[n to u :i* be> names app>5tly ,jewi%3 ,%ebaniah1 ,na?anyahu1 ,hananyahu1 ,obadyahu4 ,^! seals = ! mo/ "p only be> ! "n ( _! possessor2 !y h nei!r ornam5t nor symbol4 ,,iii4 ,,civil ,,ar*itecture4 ,! temple ( ,j]usalem1 9 :i* ! national life ( ! ,jews 0 conc5trat$1 0 also1 z we h said1 ! summ>y ( _! art & indu/ry4 ,9 va9 h _m ar*ologi/s1 dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s1 made ef=ts to discov] 9 ,pale/9e1 or 9 ! o!r regions ( s\!rn ,syria1 & ev5 9 ! he>t ( ,arabia1 traces ( an art :i* might h fl\ri%$ 9 ^! regions be=e ! arrival ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,travell]s h inde$ obs]v$ at ,ala-,safat1 at ,jebel-,musa1 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 on ! ,bahr-el-,huleh 9 ,galilee1 ne> ,hesban1 & 9 _m o!r places1 dolm5s & upright /ones1 analog\s to ^? 9 ,africa1 9 ,brittany1 & on ,salisbury ,pla91 & rema9s ( walls ( ,cyclopean masonry1 no d\bt built by ^? giants1 ! ,rephaim & ! ,anakim1 :o1 z ! ,bible tells u1 7 ! fir/ inhabitants ( ^! regions4 ,c]ta9 circles ( great blocks1 l ^? ( ,m9yeh & ,deir ,ghuzaleh 9 ! l& ( ,moab1 may h m>k$ ! b\nds ( sacr$ enclosures1 temples 9 ! op5 air1 t is to say1 ( ^? bmo?1 or 8high places0 ( :i* ! ,scriptures s (t5 speak4 ,b ^! b>b>ic rema9s1 l ! bord]s ( c]ta9 wells at :i*1 p]haps1 ! flocks ( ! patri>*s slak$ _! ?ir/1 h little int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( art4 ,no idea c be =m$ ( civil ar*itecture except by imag9>y re/orations4 ,solomon's palace1 :i* communicat$ ) ! temple & 0 situat$ to ! s\?1 ^u ,ophel1 0 demoli%$ & rebuilt tw5ty times ) incessant modifications1 until its f9al ru94 ,! pr9cipal build+1 /&+ 9 ! middle ( a spaci\s c\rt1 enclos$ by support+ walls :i* b\nd$ ! hill l ! temple-enclosure1 0 call$ ! ,h\se ( ,lebanon1 aft] ! place :5ce ! timb] 0 br\ght ( :i* x 0 p>tly con/ruct$4 ,x 0 #ajj cubits long1 #ej broad & #cj high2 its walls 7 built ( l>ge blocks2 =ty-five c$> columns 7 c\nt$ 9 x1 divid$ into ?ree r[s1 & support+ ar*itraves ( ! same sweet-smell+ wood4#hi ,?is edifice 0 us$ z an ars5al3 l ! mon>*s ( ,n9eveh1 ! k+s ( ,judah _h a magaz9e ( weapons 9 _! palace4 ,beh9d 7 ! royal ap>tm5ts1 consi/+ ( a hall ( columns1 & ano!r room panell$ ) c$>1 call$ ! ?rone-room2 9 front ( ! =m] /ood a por* #ej cubits long by #cj broad4 ,!re 7 also ! selamlik & ! h>eem1 arrang$ z 9 all ori5tal palaces4 ,! (fices communicat$ ) ! city by means ( ! ,horse ,gate2 ! ,upp] ,gate gave access to ! temple-enclosure4 ,?is is ! ext5t ( our in=mation ^u ! subject ( ,solomon's palace4 ,! palace ( ,hyrcanus1 at ,arak el-,emir1 & ! =tifications ( ,j]usalem & ( ! ,t[] ( ,antonia1 are purely ,grco-,roman1 & d n come )9 ! sph]e ( our "w4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,engli% explor]s discov]$ by _! s\nd+s on ! slope ( ,ophel1 above ,k$ron1 a =tifi$ wall :i* pres5ts sev]al k9ds ( masonry "o above ! o!r2 ! l[e/ masonry is p]haps e>li] ?an ! rebuild+ ( ! ramp>ts by ,nehemiah aft] ! ,babylonian captivity3 9 ?is case x w\ld date1 if n f ! reigns ( ,david & ,solomon1 at lea/ f ! "t ( ,jo?am & ,manasseh4 ,! base ( ! quadrangul> ba/ions is =m$ ( v regul> c\rses1 sometimes ru/icat$2 ! blocks are #h ft4 long by #c ft4 #c 94 high2 ! m>g9al draft is ev5 f\nd 9 places4 ,?is tradition ( bevell$ masonry has be5 already notic$ 9 ! ,h]odian sub/ructure ( ! ,temple2 x is also to be se5 9 ! wall ( ,hebron 7fig4 #ahc74 ,9 a c\ntry :i* g5]ally lacks dr9k+ wat]1 ! build+ ( ci/]ns is a matt] ( importance1 & ?is is ! case 9 ,juda4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable works ( ?is k9d is t :i* c>ries ! wat]s ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,virg9 to ! ,pool ( ,siloam4 ,9 ! tunnel an inscription has be5 f\nd :i* enables u to fix ! date ( ! "w ab\t ! reign ( ,k+ ,hezekiah1 & tea*es u by :at me?ods ?is subt]ranean canal1 #a1gej ft4 long1 0 successfully hewn 9 ! rock4 ,two b&s ( workm5 attack$ ! m\nta9 on bo? sides at once1 & ! m9]s1 aft] num]\s w9d+s1 :i* increas$ ! lab\r & ! l5g? ( ! tunnel1 at la/ /ruck 8pick aga9/ pick10 says ! inscription1 8& he>d "o ano!r %\t0 on ea* side ( ! b>ri]4 ,?us ! wat] 0 c>ri$ along a passage n m ?an #b ft4 broad & ( a height :i* v>ies f #a ft4 #e 94 to #ad ft4 #g 94 ,b bold z ?is "w may appe> 9 ! h&s ( ,jewi% eng9e]s1 :o possess$ nei!r compass nor exact geometrical in/rum5ts1 x tea*es u no?+ f ! po9t ( view ( art1 any m ?an ! aqu$ucts hewn 9 ! rock :i* are f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,pale/9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--,! tomb ( ,abraham at ,hebron 7aft] ,vog1 p4 #aai74 ,,iv4 ,,tombs4 ,pale/9e & ! nor?-ea/ ( ,arabia are cov]$ ) sepul*ral monum5ts1 b !re are few :i* date f ! pre-,hell5ic epo*4 ,abraham b\ght a cave call$ ,ma*pelah f ! ,hittites ( ,hebron = #djj %ekels ( silv]1 & 0 buri$ !re1 z well z ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--;,absalom's tomb 7aft] ,f4 de ,saulcy1 ,voyage aut\r de la ,m] ,morte74 ! o!r patri>*s ( 8 race4 ,! site ( ! cave is at ! pres5t day cov]$ by a mosque1 & 9 ! crypt ( ?is mosque ! bodies ( ! patri>*s are suppos$ to lie4 ,n[1 ! wall ( ! crypt1 a sup]b piece ( masonry ( impos+ appe>ance1 is inconte/ably contempor>y ) ,h]od2 !re is ! same m>g9al draft t we h /udi$ 9 ! enclosure ( ! temple built by t pr9ce4 ,! tomb call$ ,absalom's is also a small build+ n e>li] ?an ! "t ( ! ,seleucids1 & if x pres]ves1 l ! ,pale/9ian /ructures ( ! same epo*1 a few ar*itectural rem9isc5ces ( ,phnician art1 x has columns1 capitals1 & m\ld+s :i* are entirely ,greek4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 occupy ourselves ) ^! monum5ts1 or ) ! tomb ( ! ,maccabees at ,mod91 or ) ! n less celebrat$ hypoga kn[n "u ! "n ( ,kebr-el-,melk1 or 8,tombs ( ! ,k+s10 ,tomb ( ,jeho%aphat1 ( ,sa9t ,james1 ) its ,doric portico1 or ,tomb ( ,za*>ias3 sepul*ral *amb]s :i* are visit$ by pilgrims 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem1 & ! date ( :i* ,saulcy has 9 va9 tri$ to place ev5 f>!r back ?an ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,! tomb ( ,jo%ua1 among ! ru9s kn[n "u ! "n ( ,khirbet-,tibneh1 nor?-we/ ( ,jifneh 7,gophna71 does n seem to be m anci5t4 ,9 ,arabia1 at ,m$an ,salih1 sev]al tombs h be5 obs]v$ hewn 9 ! rock1 ! faade & inn] arrangem5t ( :i* are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,pale/9ian caves4 ,!re are ,greek columns1 p$im5ts & m\ld+s mix$ ) a few traditional motives1 ! orig9al bir?place ( :i* is 9 ,assyria or on ! banks ( ! ,nile2 cavities = s>cophagi are arrang$ ar\nd ! *amb]s z 9 ! ,jewi% tombs4 ,! inscriptions obta9$ at ,m$an ,salih prove t ^! bury+-places 7 =m$ dur+ ! fir/ eighty ye>s ( our era4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,sepul*ral *amb] at ,m$an ,salih4 7,d\ghty1 ,doc4 ,epigr4 du nord de l',arabie47 ,h[ev]1 at ! village ( ,siloam1 ne> ,j]usalem1 !re is a tomb1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,egyptian ,monoli?1 :i* seems to be f> e>li] ?an all ^? ( :i* we h spok52 !re are "s :o w\ld ev5 assign x to ! epo* ( ,solomon4 ,?is trapezoidal monoli?1 ,egyptian 9 /yle1 is #ac ft4 high1 & ! plat=m measures #ai ft4 #aj 94 by #ag ft4 #aj 94 ,! door :i* looks we/w>d gives access to a squ>e ante-*amb] :i* leads into a room #h ft4 long on ea* side4 ,! ceil+ ( ! *amb] is slightly convex1 l _m ,egyptian hypoga2 two l>ge ni*es are contriv$ 9 ! walls4 ,outside1 ! monum5t is provid$ ) an ,egyptian cornice4 ,all t5ds to demon/rate t ?is tomb is e>li] ?an ! ,babylonian captivity1 9 spite ( ! ar*itectural alt]ations to :i* x has be5 subject$ at a relatively mod]n p]iod4 ,besides1 to :atev] date ! sepul*ral caves ( ,pale/9e belong1 !y are all conceiv$ 9 accordance ) ! same traditional type1 :i* is also t ( ,phnicia1 & :i* we %all f9d at ,c>?age2 !re is always a speos hewn 9 ! rock1 a faade ) ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 or ,greek ornam5ts1 accord+ to ! date1 !n a ve/ibule giv+ admission ?r\gh a l[1 n>r[ doorway into a sepul*ral *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,! monoli? ( ,siloam 7aft] ,saulcy1 ,voyage aut\r de la ,m] ,morte74 ,f ?is *amb] ! visitor p5etrates ?r\gh "o ( sev]al ap]tures into o!r rooms2 & r\nd ^! m or less num]\s *amb]s ! cavities = s>cophagi are cut4 ,?us ! cave ( ,ma*pelah at ,hebron mu/ h be5 arrang$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,abraham1 & 9 ! same fa%ion1 )\t d\bt1 ! sepul*ral cav]n 0 =m$ 9 :i* ! a%es ( ! k+s ( ,j]usalem 7 deposit$4 ,! discov]y ( ! hypogum conta9+ ! s>cophagi ( ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,david w\ld d\btless be m important = epigraphy ?an = ar*ology prop]ly s call$4 ,x w\ld only confirm ! v]dict pron\nc$ ^u ,jewi% art3 t x is entirely want+ 9 v>iety & orig9ality 9 e in/ance except 9 ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,tomb 9 ! valley ( ,h9nom 7aft] ,saulcy74 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ph,,nician ,,& ,,cypriote ,,art4 ,! ,phnicians1 e/abli%$ on ! coa/ ( nor!rn ,syria1 7 n simply ! ag5ts ( comm]ce2 !y also c>ri$ ! art ( ! great ,asiatic civilisations to all ! coa/s ^u :i* !y set up _! factories1 & among all ! races ) :om !y =m$ relations ( bus9ess4 ,_! manufactur$ products h no m m>k$ orig9ality ?an ^? ( ! ,jews & ,canaanites3 a mixture ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian art is obs]v$ 9 !m4 ,^! two p[]ful =eign factors1 if !y _h be5 br\ght into action by an +5i\s & enquir+ p1 w\ld no d\bt h begott5 a new art :i* w\ld h summ$ !m up & absorb$ !m1 by comb9+ !m ) ! peculi> inv5tions ( ! national g5ius3 ?is 0 ! case 9 ,greece1 = example4 ,b ! ,phnicians1 exclusively occupi$ ) bus9ess1 7 cont5t to seek sometimes f ,assyria & sometimes f ,egypt ! elem5ts ( a ba/>d indu/ry1 9 :i* ! exotic =ms are s little disguis$ & s imp]fectly fus$ t x is z easy z possible to detect !m4 ,if anci5t au?ors & epigraphic texts atte/ ! importance ( ! ,phnician factories 9 ,greece1 ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,gaul1 ,spa91 & ,africa1 none ( ! great nations ( antiquity has left few] mat]ial traces ?an ?is ( its indu/rial & arti/ic life4 ,9 ,syria1 ,cyprus1 ,malta1 & ,c>?age we h great tr\ble 9 f9d+ ve/iges ( ! /ructures rais$ by ! ,phnician ar*itects1 or /atues or ornam5ts :i* c be attribut$ to ! craftsm5 ( ?is nation3 ! hi/orian ( art is oblig$ to glean 9 any direction t he c ! poor waifs & /rays :i* he consid]s1 9 spite ( himself1 z extremely preci\s1 b :i* he w\ld (t5 disda9 if !y came f ,assyria or ,egypt4 ,cyprus1 p>tly inhabit$ by a ,hell5ic population & ?r[n by nature l a bridge betwe5 ,asia & ,greece1 sc>cely =ms an exception to ?is rule1 al?\gh x (f]s by itself alone a l>g] mat]ial = ori5tal ar*ology ?an all ! o!r ,phnician c\ntries put toge!r4 ,i4 ,,temples4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian influ5ce into ,syria1 ! ,semitic & ,canaaniti% races ( ?is c\ntry held ! high places 7bmo?7 9 v5]ation4 ,on ! highe/ summit ( ! m\nta9s1 9 spots :i* recall$ anci5t memories1 on peaks t _h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 /one alt>s 7 rais$ & victims 7 immolat$ ^u !m2 ! surr\nd+ =e/ became a sacr$ grove4 ,9 ! same way our ,celtic ance/ors erect$ _! dolm5s4 ,soon1 "u ,egyptian influ5ce1 ! ,phnicians began to con/ruct temples4 ,! maab$ 7temple7 ( ,amri?#ij is /ill an ,egyptian temple on a small scale2 z 9 ! latt]1 !re is a cella or tab]nacle ( /one1 )9 :i* ! div9e image 0 conta9$4 ,x is compos$ ( slabs erect$ on ?ree sides4 ,"o side rema9$ op51 & 0 only clos$ by a curta94 ,! monoli?ic slab ( ! ro( is adorn$ on its f\r edges ) a light bord] ) m\ld+s1 & projects l eaves above ! door2 9 ! int]ior x is cut 9 a semicircul> =m1 s t x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a %all[ vault4 ,! rock :i* =ms ! base has be5 isolat$ f ! m\nta9 by sapp+1 & ?us ! *apel1 includ+ ?is natural p$e/al1 rea*es #bb feet 9 height4 ,at ! edge ( ! surr\nd+ c\rt 7 c]ta9 /ructures1 d\btless a colonnade bord]+ ! sacr$ enclosure2 b ?is has disappe>$4 ,! maab$ ( ,amri? is ! mo/ important rema9+ repres5tative ( ! temples ( ,phnicia4 ,at ,a9 el-,hayt1 h[ev]1 two %r9es h be5 discov]$ simil> to t ( ,amri?2 "o 7fig4 #ahh7 tol]ably well pres]v$1 consi/s ( a monoli?ic cella1 re/+ on a sub/ructure ( l>ge blocks2 ! :ole is #ag ft4 high4 ,above ! door a r[ ( ,egyptian uri is se52 ! ceil+ )9 is p]ceptibly cut into ! =m ( a vault on :i* two pairs ( w+s1 surr\nd+ ! ,egyptian sol> disk1 are sculptur$ 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--,%r9e at ,a9 el-,hayt 7,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie74 ,! fam\s temples ( ,melk>? at ,tyre1 & ( ,a/>te at ,sidon & at ,gebal 7,byblos71 :i* excit$ ! admiration ( anci5t travell]s1 are no long] kn[n except 9 memory4 ,! maab$ ( ,amri? alone gives u "s idea ( _! ar*itectural arrangem5t2 !y consi/$ ( c\rts1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* rose ! %r9e ( ! deity built ^u a plat=m4 ,! ,phnician & ,canaaniti% temple %[$ !re=e a /rong resemblance to ! temple ( ,j]usalem & also to ! great mosque ( ,mecca1--! only monum5t :i* p]petuates ?is ar*itectural type among u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,co9 ( ,paphos ,no?+ b a few fragm5ts is n[ left ( ! temples built by ! ,phnicians 9 ,cyprus4 ,! great prosp]ity ( ?is isl& "u ! ,romans & 9 ! middle ages is ! direct cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! monum5ts ( an e>li] age4 ,! sup]b ca!drals ( ,famagu/a & ,nicosia1 ! f9e *ur*es built "u ! ,lusignan dyna/y1 ! =midable ramp>ts con/ruct$ by ! ,v5etians1 rose at ! exp5se ( anci5t build+s1 ! mat]ials ( :i* 7 turn$ to pr(it z /one-qu>ries4 ,! celebrat$ sanctu>y ( ,a/>te at ,paphos1 = in/ance1 is only kn[n to u by ! conv5tional repres5tation ( x ^u co9s belong+ to ! ,roman p]iod4 ,we are able to di/+ui% 9 ?is figure a c\rt surr\nd$ by a balu/rade1 & beyond ! c\rt a /ructure :i* rem9ds u ( ! pylons ( ,egyptian temples3 x is a gigantic gate betwe5 two t[]s1 provid$ ) a l>ge ap]ture ?r\gh :i* we p]ceive ! sacr$ /one1 flank$ by two c&elabra2 above hov] ! /> & cresc5t4 ,! ro(1 on :i* doves are re/+1 0 support$ by columns =m+ a portico4 ,tacitus1 :o relates ! visit ( ,titus to ! temple ( ,paphos1 says t ! goddess 0 repres5t$ 9 x "u 8! =m ( a circul> block1 ris+ 9 ! =m ( a cone1 gradually dim9i%+ f ! base to ! summit40 ,?is description corresponds ) ! /one :i* ! m$als %[ u4 ,accord+ to ! excavations c>ri$ on by ,p4 di ,cesnola on ! site ( ! temple1 ! build+ 0 almo/ #bbj ft4 long by #afd ft4 broad2 ! p]ibolus measur$ #fhh ft4 by #edj ft42 ! pr9cipal gate1 p]haps t :i* figures on ! co91 _h an ap]ture m ?an #af ft4 broad4 ,! temple ( ,golgoi 7,a?i5o71 ! ru9s ( :i* 7 dis9t]r$ by ,cesnola1 0 a rectangul> build+ con/ruct$ ( bricks dri$ 9 ! sun2 ! sub/ructure alone 0 ( /one4 ,on ! nor? & on ! ea/ 7 doors ) wood5 frames4 ,)91 wood5 pill>s1 surm\nt$ by /one capitals1 support$ ! ro(1 =m$ ( pieces ( wood plac$ close toge!r1 on :i* mats & re$s 7 arrang$ ) a ?ick lay] ( beat5 e>?4 ,! ext]ior ( ! temple1 coat$ ) :ite r\gh-ca/1 mu/ h be5 ( a mo/ mode/ appe>ance4 ,! int]ior1 on ! contr>y1 0 lad5 ) ! ri*e/ ornam5ts4 ,9 ! middle ( ! enclosure a tall cone ( grey /one 0 f\nd1 a y>d high1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! sacr$ /one ( ! goddess1 & rem9ds u ( ! image at ,paphos describ$ by ,tacitus4 ,r\nd ! my/ic cone1 a :ole population ( /one /atues pa9t$ 9 brilliant col\rs1 set 9 a l9e along ! walls or rang$ 9 files 9 ! c5tre ( ! build+1 =m$1 z at ,tello1 ! dumb tra9 ( wor%ipp]s ( ! goddess4 ,votive (f]+s 7 hung on ! walls above a r[ ( bas-reliefs1 analog\s to ^? ( ! ,assyrian palaces4 ,/one lamps 9 ! =m ( %r9es1 fa/5$ to ! walls1 light$ up ?is curi\s sc5e4 ,9 ! temple ( ,curium1 ,cesnola asc]ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( a crypt to :i* a /aircase gave access2 x 0 compos$ ( f\r subt]ranean *amb]s cut 9 ! =m ( apses 9 ! rock & communicat+ ) "o ano!r by doors & a passage4 ,^! *amb]s are ab\t #bb ft4 long on ea* side1 & #ac ft4 high2 x 0 "h t ! fam\s treasure ( ,curium 0 f\nd1 consi/+ ( ! plate ( ! temple1 & ( votive (f]+s made to ! deity4 ,! rec5t excavations :i* we h %ortly describ$1 ?\gh !y h sc>cely br\ght m ?an sub/ructures to light1 yet enable u to describe ! ,cypriote temples ) "s exactness4 ,:ile ^? ( ,phnicia are built on heights1 rem9d+ u ( ! primitive high-places1 ! sanctu>ies ( ,cyprus are g5]ally 9 ! pla91 9 ! mid/ ( f]tile fields1 l ! temples ( ,egypt4 ,! %r9e ( ! deity 0 "u ! op5 sky l ! ,greek temples2 ar\nd1 & at a great] or less di/ance1 rose a gall]y cov]$ ) a ro( support$ )9 by colonnades =m+ a portico1 & )\t re/+ ^u ! wall ( enclosure4 ,a ,phnician inscription ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ relates ! erection ( sev]al temples to v>i\s deities1 notably to ! god ,sadambaal & to ! goddess ,a/>te 9 ! isl& ( ,gaulos 7,gozo74 ,! rema9s ( ^! sanctu>ies are /ill 9 exi/5ce3 !y are call$ ! ,giganteja1 or 8,giant's dwell+10 & consi/ ( two neighb\r+ enclosures n communicat+ ) "o ano!r4 ,con/ruct$ ( irregul> masonry1 =m$ ( enorm\s blocks1 !y are p>allel1 & _! gates op5 on ! same faade2 ?\gh "o is l>g] ?an ! o!r !y bo? foll[ ! same int]ior arrangem5t4 ,ea* is compos$ ( two oval or elliptical *amb]s next to "o ano!r1 & communicat+ by a n>r[ passage2 ! f>!r *amb] conta9s also a semicircul> apse4 ,! great temple is #aai feet long f ! entrance to ! bottom ( ! apse2 its greate/ bread? is #ge feet4 ,! area is uncov]$2 9 "o ( ^! enclosures a conical /one has be5 discov]$ analog\s to ^? 9 ! temples ( ,phnicia & ,cyprus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--,plan ( ! ,giganteja4 7,n\v4 ,annales de l',in/itut ar*4 de ,rome1 #ahcb1 pl4 ii47 ,at ,malta1 ru9s ( temples h be5 discov]$ con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciples z ! ,giganteja ( ,gozo4 ,! ,hagi> ,kim1 8/ones ( adoration10 ne> ! village ( ,casat ,cr5di1 pres5ts id5tical ar*itectural features1 ) ! enorm\s blocks ( its irregul> masonry4 ,! plan1 h[ev]1 is a little m complicat$3 x is a s]ies ( sev5 ellipsoid *amb]s built next to "o ano!r4 ,n a s+le /one is left above gr\nd ( ! temples rais$ by ! ,phnicians 9 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 ,spa91 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--,roman wall at ,byrsa 7,b\l1 ,f\illes ,c>?age74 & ev5 ,c>?age1 ,! fam\s sanctu>y ( ,a/>te1 :i* /ood on ! sc>p$ peak :i* ov]looks ,eryx1 9 ,sicily1 has p]i%$2 s has ! temple ( ,baal-,hammon at ,m>sala 7,lilybum7 & ! ,s>do-,phnician sanctu>ies ( ,baal-,samaim1 ,a/>te1 ,e%mun1 & ,baal-,hammon indicat$ by ! ,punic inscriptions discov]$ at ,sulci4 ,! temple ( ,melk>?1 at ,gades1 s mu* resort$ to 9 ! "t ( ,/rabo has left no traces4 ,x is 9 va9 t ! "n ( ! p[]ful city ( ,c>?age & ( ! illu/ri\s m5 :om %e br\ght =? excite our en?usia/ic curiosity2 to no purpose has ! site ^u :i* %e 0 built become ,fr5* soil3 ! ,romans respect$ no?+ 9 ! city ( _! mo/ =midable enemies4 ,! de/ruction :i* foll[$ ,scipio's conque/1 9 ! ye> #adf be=e our era1 0 sy/ematic1 & ext5d$ to ! v f\ndation ( ! walls4 ,:at did escape 0 alt]$ & trans=m$ = ! pr(it ( ! ,roman colony :i* rose ^u ! ,punic ru9s1 & :i* 0 itself ^u two occasions ! object ( a savage demolition4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ ,phnician to be expect$ f ! ar*ological excavations at ,c>?age f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view2 except mutilat$ inscriptions1 almo/ all t is discov]$ is ,roman1 ,*ri/ian1 or ,byzant9e4 ,! ,*apel ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 ne> :i* ,b\l und]took 8 excavations1 /&s on ! site ( ! fam\s temple ( ,e%mun 9 ! middle ( ! acropolis ( ,byrsa2 on ! neighb\r+ hill 0 ! temple ( ,tanit1 :om ! ,romans call$ ,virgo cle/is2 betwe5 ,byrsa & ! h>b\r1 beside ! =um1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* ,i c>ri$ on "s excavations ) ,m4,s4 ,re9a* 9 #ahhd1 rose ! temple ( ,baal-,hammon4 ,to ^! topographical indications ! memorials ( ! sanctu>ies ( ,hannibal's city are limit$4 ,,ii4 ,,civil ,,ar*itecture4 ,if h>dly any?+ is left ( ! ,phnician temples on all ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! /ate ( ! case is almo/ ! same ) reg>d to civil monum5ts4 ,! position ( ! =midable ramp>ts ( ,tyre1 :i* held conqu]ors ( cities l ,s>gon1 ,nebu*adnezz>1 & ,alex&] s long 9 *eck1 c ) difficulty be recognis$ at a s+le po9t3 x is probably m>k$ by a subm>9e wall ( enorm\s blocks1 bond$ ) a concrete 9 :i* lime is mix$ ) cru%$ bricks2 ^! walls1 accord+ to ,arrian1 7 #adg ft4 high4 ,! enclosure ( ,banias 7,balaneum71 betwe5 ,tortosa & ,latakieh1 is /ill p>tly /&+2 b is x ( ,phnician or ( ,pelasgic orig98 ,x ext5ds to a l5g? ( ab\t #a1igj ft42 ! wall1 pi]c$ by ?ree gates1 f #bf ft4 to #cb ft4 broad1 is built ( blocks ( grey lime/one ( irregul> =m1 :i* are nei!r trimm$ nor cem5t$4 ,x is f #af ft4 to #bf ft4 ?ick1 &1 9 places1 is /ill z mu* z #cb ft4 high4 ,brok5 l9es1 recesses & projections seem to ann\nce ! approa*+ appe>ance ( ba/ions & t[]s 9 ! art ( =tification4 ,! ,pelasgic walls ( ,euba1 ,tiryns & ,sipylus pres5t analog\s features4 ,:at rema9s ( ! sub/ructures ( ! walls ( ,aradus1 ,b]ytus1 & ,sidon1 indicates ! employm5t ( l>ge & f9e blocks irregul>ly laid4 ,9 ! ,c>?ag9ian ramp>ts ( ,eryx1 9 ,sicily1 ! /ones be> ,phnician lett]s :i* act$ z position m>ks = ! masons1 b ?is =tifi$ enclosure does n date f an e>li] p]iod ?an ! f\r? c5tury1 & ! ,punic ar*itects mu/ h imitat$ _! neighb\rs ! ,greeks4 ,! walls ( ,c>?age1 :i* r\s$ ! a/oni%m5t ( ! anci5ts1 7 f six to sev5 leagues 9 circumf]5ce2 !y consi/$1 at lea/ at c]ta9 po9ts1 ( ?ree conc5tric walls1 arrang$ 9 /eps 9 consequ5ce ( ! declivity ( ! gr\nd4 ,no?+ is left ( !m except a sort ( talus at int]vals1 :i* s]ves z ! b\nd>y ( cultivat$ fields4 ,con/ruct$ ( hewn /one1 !y 71 accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( anci5t writ]s1 #gg ft4 high & #cd ft4 ?ick2 ! t[]s 7 /ill high] & /rong]4 ,s9ce temples & ramp>ts h always be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! mo/ solid =m1 & t mo/ capable ( resi/+ ! attacks ( "t & ( m51 if v little ( ^! is left !re is a mu* /rong] reason :y h>dly any?+ %\ld rema9 ( civil monum5ts & private h\ses4 ,9 ! s(t lime/one ( ! ,phnician coa/ ! primitive inhabitants hew$ out _! dwell+s l ,troglodytes4 ,9 lat] times1 by ! aid ( civilisation1 ! tombs alone 7 op5$ 9 ! sides ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! liv+ cut out enorm\s blocks ( /one ) _! picks1 9 :i* !y hew$ doors & *amb]s4 ,at ,amri? !re is a monoli?ic h\se cut 9 ?is fa%ion1 :i* ,m4 ,r5an consid]s z ! type ( ! g5us4 ,x is #ih ft4 squ>e & #ga ft4 high2 ! walls are #b ft4 #g 94 ?ick2 9 ! int]ior ?ree *amb]s are divid$ by ?9 p>titions contriv$ dur+ ! holl[+ ( ! rock4 ,sometimes only ! l[] "p ( ! walls h be5 hewn 9 ! rock1 :i* ?us only =ms a monoli?ic pl9? "o or sev]al y>ds high1 & complet$ to ! ro( by light masonry4 ,at ,cyprus traces ( /ructures :i* c\ld be attribut$ to ! p]iod ( ,phnician dom9ion are s\ght 9 va94 ,! only monum5ts :i* give "s idea ( ! civil ar*itecture ( ?is fam\s isl& are models ( h\ses 9 t]ra-cotta1 f\nd at ,dali & pres]v$ at ! ,l\vre 7#g 94 high74 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! little build+s has a door gu>d$ by a sph9x4 ,at ! two w9d[s appe> ! heads ( wom52 on ea* side ( ! door1 columns ) capitals 9 ! =m ( lotus-fl[]s support a project+ ro(4 ,b ( :at ar*itectural value c su* a toy1 modell$ 9 s co>se a mann]1 be8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--,t]ra-cotta h\se4 7,l\vre47 ,! pov]ty ( monum5ts is ev5 m absolute 9 ! case ( ,c>?age & ! we/]n bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,:at travell]s :o visit ! site ( ! old city admire above ev]y?+ are ! unhe>d-( ef=ts made by ! anci5ts to cat* ! wat] f ! sky & /ore x 9 va/ cov]$ bas9s1 or else to br+ wat] f spr+s at great di/ances4 ,n[h]e ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 :]e !re has always be5 ! greate/ anxiety to provide wat]--n at ,j]usalem1 :]e ! ,siloam aqu$uct 0 tunnell$1 nor at ,tyre1 :]e ! aqu$uct 0 dug :i* br\ght ! wat]s ( ,ras el-,a9 into ! city--are su* gr& traces left ( ! works und]tak5 ) ?is useful object4 ,only ! gigantic viaduct :i* goes = sev]al leagues to br+ ! wat]s ( ,m\nt ,zagh\an to ,c>?age1 does n date1 z x is at ! pres5t day1 f an e>li] p]iod ?an ! reign ( ,hadrian2 & ! same mu/ be said ( ^? imm5se vault$ ci/]ns1 ne> ,byrsa1 9 :i* a :ole ,arab village lodges at ! pres5t day1 & 9 :i* t\ri/s take drives3 x has nev] be5 possible to say exactly h[ mu* is ant]ior to ! p]iod at :i* ! ,roman colony 0 f\nd$4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 two hundr$ ye>s be=e our era1 c]ta9ly knew ! vault & ! dome1 ! natural & primordial elem5ts ( ori5tal ar*itecture1 z well z ! ,romans4 ,! walls1 vaults1 & domes ( ! ci/]ns ( ,c>?age are ( a m$iocre /one1 furni%$ by ! qu>ries ( ,zagh\an3 small irregul> blocks are buri$ 9 a v ?ick mort> ( lime1 s excell5t t x unites ) ! /one & gives to ! :ole /ructure ! homog5e\s "* ( "o s+le imm5se block4 ,! ,byzant9e ru9s :i* cov] ! pla9 ( ,c>?age are built ) equally bad mat]ials & an equally good cem5t4 ,we mu/ n[ enquire :e!r any trace rema9s ( ! con/ructions :i* ! ,phnicians mu/ h ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,plan ( ! h>b\rs at ,c>?age 7aft] ,daux1 ,emporia phnici5s74 und]tak5 9 ord] to e/abli% or ma9ta9 ^? ports on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s 9 :i* _! vessels f\nd a sure refuge4 ,^! works mu/ h %[n ! mo/ *>act]i/ic side ( ! art ( build+ among ?is nation ( m]*ants4 ,h[ev]1 !y h p]i%$ almo/ entirely l ! re/1 or else !y are /ill buri$ "u ! s&4 ,tyre & ,sidon _h two h>b\rs1 ( :i* only ! site is n[ to be di/+ui%$4 ,! two h>b\rs at ,c>?age1 ! comm]cial h>b\r & ! co?on or milit>y h>b\r1 are /ill !re1 b ?ree-qu>t]s ( !m are cov]$ ) s&1 & !y no long] conta9 m ?an a pool ( %all[ wat]4 ,l5g?y & co/ly excavations1 ( :i* ^? und]tak5 at ,utica may give "s idea1 c\ld alone tell u :at !y =m]ly 74 ,at pres5t we c only confirm ! exactness ( ,appian's description :5 he says3 8,! h>b\rs ( ,c>?age 7 con/ruct$ 9 su* a way t %ips pass$ f "o into ! o!r2 on ! side ( ! sea !y _h only "o entrance1 #gj ft4 broad1 :i* 0 clos$ by iron *a9s4 ,! fir/ h>b\r1 int5d$ = m]*ant vessels1 0 furni%$ ) num]\s & v>i\s moor+-cables4 ,9 ! middle ( ! second !re 0 an isl&2 r\nd ?is isl&1 z on all ! edges ( ! bas91 7 l>ge quays4 ,! quays pres5t$ a s]ies ( docks :i* c\ld conta9 a hundr$ & tw5ty vessels4 ,above ! docks1 /oreh\ses _h be5 con/ruct$ = ! rigg+4 ,be=e ea* dock rose two columns ( ! ,ionic ord]1 :i* gave to ! circuit ( ! h>b\r & ! isl& ! appe>ance ( a portico4 ,9 ! isl& a pavilion _h be5 built = ! admiral1 f :i* trumpet-signals s\nd$1 & ord]s 7 transmitt$ by ! h]ald1 & 9 :i* ! admiral kept 8 look-out4 ,! isl& 0 situat$ ne> ! m\?2 its surface _h a p]ceptible elevation above ! plane ( ! wat]1 s t ! admiral might see all t pass$ on ! sea )\t ^? :o 7 com+ f ! op5 be+ able to di/+ui% :at 0 be+ done )9 ! h>b\r4 ,ev5 ! m]*ants :o f\nd %elt] 9 ! fir/ bas9 c\ld n see ! ars5als 9 ! second2 a d\ble wall sep>at$ !m f x1 & a special entrance gave !m admission into ! t[n )\t hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! milit>y h>b\r40 ,g at ! pres5t day to ,c>?age1 & y w obs]ve ) a/oni%m5t ! mode/ ext5t ( ^! two res]voirs1 :i* =m$ ! h>b\r ( ! great ,african city4 ,!y are p>allel to ! sea1 f :i* a n>r[ /rip ( l& sep>ates !m2 ! admiral's isl& is /ill 9 ! c5tre ( ! co?on1 :i* is circul> 9 =m1 & communicates by a n>r[ canal ) ! m]*ant h>b\r2 ! latt] =ms a l>ge rectangle1 & op5s into ! ,m$it]ranean by a m\? a few y>ds wide4 ,! ,c>?ag9ian vessels 7 sc>cely l>g] ?an our fi%+-smacks4 ,! jetty :i* %elt]$ !m on _! entrance into ! h>b\r ( ,c>?age has left a trace m>k$ by l>ge blocks1 :i* at c]ta9 po9ts rea* ! level ( ! sea4 ,! two h>b\rs ( ,utica 7 n m spaci\s3 "o 0 only #cbh ft4 by #ajh ft41 ! o!r #ghj ft4 by #cbg ft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--;,jetty ( ,?apsus4 7,re/oration by ,daux1 ,emporia phnici5s47 ,( all ! ,phnician t[ns1 t :i* has pres]v$ ! mo/ rem>kable rema9s ( its anci5t jetty is ,?apsus 7,dimas71 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,tunis4 ,! mole :i*1 ?\gh dilapidat$1 /ill rises #h ft4 above ! waves1 is #hej ft4 long1 & its bread? is #ce ft4 ,! peculi>ity ( its con/ruction is t x is pi]c$ by a s]ies ( small passages1 arrang$ 9 ?ree r[s3 _! object 0 to dead5 ! viol5ce ( ! %ock ( ! waves1 by all[+ !m to pass ?r\gh ! op5+s4 ,"h aga9 x is unc]ta9 :e!r we are look+ at a "w exclusively ,phnician1 ,roman1 or ,byzant9e4 ,,iii4 ,,tombs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--,tomb at ,amri?4 ,plan 7aft] ,r5an74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--,tomb at ,amri?4 ,section 7aft] ,r5an74 ,! mo/ important ( ! monum5ts discov]$ 9 ,phnicia are ! tombs4 ,ne>ly all are hewn 9 ! rock1 & are1 z 9 ,juda & ,arabia1 great caves 9 :i* ! s>cophagi ( an entire family 7 deposit$4 ,! necropolis ( ,m>a? 7,amri?71 explor$ by ,m4 ,r5an1 furni%$ specim5s ( tombs :i* seem to be ! mo/ anci5t1 ! mo/ spaci\s1 & hewn ) ! greate/ skill4 ,! desc5t into !m is by a %aft1 z 9 ,egypt1 & not*es are cut 9 ! wall ( ! rock into :i* ! h&s & feet mu/ be ins]t$2 b 9 ! m rec5t tombs a flight ( /eps is sub/itut$ = ! %aft4 ,at ! bottom a l[ door is f\nd on two sides1 lead+ into a l>g] or small] numb] ( rectangul> *amb]s4 ,^! rooms communicate ) "o ano!r by means ( passages 9 :i* a few /eps are g5]ally f\nd1 s t ! mo/ di/ant *amb]s are at a l[] level ?an ! o!rs4 ,sometimes !re are ev5 two /ories ( *amb]s2 9 ! p>tition ( rock :i* =ms ! int]m$iate ceil+ a %aft is pi]c$ by :i* !y are ent]$ f above4 ,! s>cophagi are rang$ r\nd ! walls1 or plac$ 9 ni*es or cavities = c(f9s1 holl[$ out on ! sides3 once fill$1 ^! ni*es 7 clos$ by a l>ge slab1 on :i* an inscription might be writt5 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,! necropoles ( ,tyre & ,adlun pres5t ! same types ( sepul*ral caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--,sepul*ral *amb] at ,amri? 7aft] ,r5an74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--,mighzal at ,amri? 7,re/oration by ,m4 ,r5an74 ,n[1 may we ask1 :at 0 ! out] aspect ( a ,phnician necropolis 9 :i* ! tombs 7 ?us hidd5 "u ! gr\nd8 ,(t51 especially :5 ! tombs 7 ^? ( ri* m51 a /ela or cippus ( small size appe>$ above !m1 & m>k$ ! position ( ! cave & ! op5+ ( ! %aft4 ,tomb/ones ( ?is k9d1 ei!r monoli?s or con/ruct$ ( masonry1 are scatt]$ ov] ! pla9 ( ,amri?2 !y are call$ on ! spot meghazil 79 ! s+ul>1 mighzal72 "o ( !m 7fig4 #aih7 is describ$ by ,m4 ,r5an z 8a ma/]-piece ( proportion1 elegance1 & maje/y03 x is #cb ft4 high1 & consi/s ( a base f :i* f\r lions project1 two cyl9drical drums plac$ "o above ! o!r & decorat$ ) d5ticulat$ sculpture1 &1 f9ally1 a small hemisph]ical dome c>v$ 9 ! block4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--,! ,burj el-,bezzk4 ,section 7aft] ,r5an74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--;,*amb] ( ! ,burj el-,bezzk 7aft] ,r5an74 ,a sepul*ral monum5t at ,amri?1 ! ,burj el-,bezzk1 is entirely di/+ui%$ f caves & /ructures ( ! =m :i* we h j describ$2 x rises above ! gr\nd1 l an ord9>y h\se1 & is built1 )\t mort>1 ( regul> masonry1 ) blocks #af ft4 long4 ,x t]m9at$ =m]ly 9 a pyramidal ro(1 & its full height 0 #eb ft4 ,9 ! int]ior1 !re are only two *amb]s "o above ! o!r1 ea* communicat+ ) ! outside by a n>r[ ap]ture4 ,r\nd ! walls ( ^! *amb]s !re 7 num]\s ni*es = c(f9s1 sep>at$ "o f ano!r by p>titions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--,! ,burj el-,bezzk4 ,re/oration4 7,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie47 ,! necropolis ( ,sidon1 :i* is m consid]able ?an t ( ,amri?1 pres5ts ! same peculi>ities3 ! caves are con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann]2 only at ! pres5t day no meghazil are any long] to be se5 ne> ! orifice ( ! %aft4 ,9 ! poore/ caves ! corpses 7 laid ^u ! gr\nd or deposit$ 9 graves2 9 o!r sepul*res cavities = c(f9s are hewn out all r\nd ! *amb]s2 9 ! ri*e/1 f9ally1 ! bodies 7 plac$ 9 s>cophagi buri$ 9 ! floor ( ! *amb]4 ,! hypoga ( ,gebal diff] f ! type obs]v$ at ,sidon1 ,tyre1 & ,amri?1 by ! peculi>ity t ! desc5t into !m is nei!r by a %aft nor by a /aircase2 ! ap]ture is =m$ 9 ! v]tical side ( ! m\nta91 & is sometimes surm\nt$ by a p$im5t & a few decorative m\ld+s 7fig4 #bjc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--,section ( a tomb at ,sada 7aft] ,r5an74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--;,entrance ( a tomb at ,gebal 7aft] ,r5an74 ,( all ! s>cophagi f\nd 9 ! ,phnician necropoles1 p]haps n "o c be attribut$ to an e>li] date ?an ! reign ( ,cyrus4 ,! simple/ are ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--,! s>cophagus ( ,e%munaz>4 7,l\vre47 l>ge monoli?ic tr\ghs1 provid$ ) a convex or triangul> lid4 ,"s ( !m are decorat$ ) g>l&s1 foliage1 & *aplets2 ! corn]s ( ! lid are sometimes provid$ ) acrot]ia4 ,! only ones :i* h a real arti/ic int]e/ are ! s>cophagi 9 ! =m ( human figures1 or r ( mummy-cases1 ! head ( ! dead p]son1 & sometimes ! arms also1 be+ c>v$ 9 relief on ! lid4 ,^! sepul*ral urns 7 col\r$ 9 imitation ( ! wood5 s>cophagi ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* !y copy 9 _! =m2 :ile ! c>v$ "w ( ! faces %[s u t ,assyrian influ5ce 0 dom9ant 9 ,phnicia long aft] ! disappe>ance ( ,n9eveh4 ,! s>cophagi ( ,tabnit & ,e%munaz>1 :i* only date f ! ye> ,b4,c4 #cej1 disclose to u a rem>kable peculi>ity 9 ! means adopt$ by ! ,phnicians1 m]*ants & navigators be=e all ?+s1 9 ord] to furni% ! tombs ( _! dead ) /one c(f9s4 ,^! peculi> monum5ts1 ( black amphibolite1 issue f ! ,egyptian qu>ries ( ,hammamat ne> ,cosseir1 & !y orig9ally conta9$ ,egyptian mummies4 ,phnician sailors /ole !m or b\ght !m = money2 ! a%es :i* !y conta9$ 7 ?r[n to ! f\r w9ds1 ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions & ! ,egyptian sc5es1 c>v$ or pa9t$ ^u ! pla/] :i* cov]$ ! /one1 7 entirely or p>tly remov$ & replac$ by ! epitaphs ( ,tabnit & ,e%munaz>4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ,phnician s>cophagi are ?us borr[$ c(f9s1 & by no means ! "w ( indig5\s arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--,s>cophagus 9 human =m4 7,l\vre47 ,s>cophagi 9 ! =m ( ! human figure h be5 discov]$ 9 ne>ly all ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! ,phnicians e/abli%$ _! factories1 9 ,cyprus1 ,sicily1 & ,malta1 & !y ev]y:]e pres5t ! same *>act]i/ics3 only ! head ( ! dead man is 9 relief4 ,at ,sada1 a s>cophagus 0 f\nd 9 :i* ! arms are c>v$ beside ! body2 ! sleeve ( ! g>m5t ends above ! elb[1 & ! left h& holds an alaba/ron4 ,9 ! museum at ,pal]mo a s>cophagus is pres]v$ :i* came f ,solus1 ! lid ( :i* has ! =m ( a true recl9+ /atue l a m$ival tomb3 x is a woman clo!d 9 a long peplos ov] a %ort tunic1 ! sleeves ( :i* end at ! %\ld]2 ! left h& also holds a vase = p]fume4#ia ,besides /one s>cophagi1 lead5 & t]ra-cotta tr\ghs h be5 f\nd 9 ! necropoles ( ! ,syrian coa/1 & also c(f9s ( c$>-wood1 decorat$ ) metal ornam5ts1 g5]ally bronze lions' heads4 ,! sepul*ral *amb]s ( ,phnicia conta9 mortu>y furniture n )\t int]e/4 ,x consi/s ( alaba/ra ( glass1 t]ra-cotta & alaba/]1 /&+ aga9/ ! wall2 & ( idols 9 t]ra-cotta1 repres5t+ ,baal-,hammon sitt+ betwe5 two rams1 ! god ,bes1 ( ,egyptian orig91 ! god ,pygmu1 ,a/>te sitt+ or /&+ ) a dove 9 h] h&1 &1 la/ly1 t]ra-cotta *>iots hold+ "o or two figures1 ) two or f\r horses h>ness$ to !m4 ,besides ^! objects ( ,phnician manufacture1 amulets & /atuettes1 import$ f ,egypt1 are f\nd4 ,! body ( ! deceas$ 0 envelop$ 9 b&s2 ! m\? & eyes 7 (t5 cov]$ ) gold leaf1 & ri* m5 (t5 plac$ a complete mask1 =m$ ( gold leaf1 9 :i* all ! features ( ! face are m>k$3 x is ?us se5 to :at an ext5t ,egyptian habits 7 implant$ 9 ,phnicia4 ,lamps1 amphor1 amulets & ornam5ts are also f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ! ,syrian coa/4 ,wom5 7 buri$ ) _! necklaces1 _! r+s1 _! bracelets1 _! e>-r+s1 _! metal mirror1 _! pyxes = cosmetics & p]fumes1 & _! toilet articles4 ,r+s1 provid$ ) engrav$ /ones :i* s]v$ z seals1 are also f\nd2 n[h]e1 except 9 ,cyprus1 h weapons be5 discov]$ 9 ! tombs ( ?is nation ( m]*ants4 ,9 ! ,cypriote necropolis at ,dali 7,idalion7 !re are (t5 at ! side ( ! corpses pieces ( pott]y ) geometrical decorations1 bronze weapons1 gold ornam5ts1 metal di%es ) figures engrav$ on ! inn] side1 /atuettes ( ,a/>te1 ( w>riors1 ( *>iots & ( rid]s simil> to ^? on ! ,phnician coa/4 ,among ! tombs at ,ama?us :i* are ,phnician & date f ! f\r? c5tury1 !re are "s con/ruct$ ( f9e regul> masonry1 ) a door fram$ 9 a fillet1 & a flat ro(1 or "o ) a d\ble slope l ^? ( our h\ses4 ,^! tombs sometimes conta9 sev]al *amb]s1 along ! walls ( :i* ! s>cophagi 7 set 9 a r[1 sometimes 9 ! human =m1 sometimes ) a triangul> lid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--,tomb at ,ama?us 7aft] ,cesnola1 ,cyprus74 ,! ,pho5ician tombs f\nd 9 ,malta1 9 ,sicily & 9 ,s>d9ia1 pres5t ! same arrangem5t z ^? on ! coa/s ( ,syria & ,cyprus3 ! desc5t into ! cave is by a sunk5 %aft or by a flight ( /eps1 & ! *amb]s resemble ^? t we h describ$4 ,at ,c>alis & at ,?>ras pyramidal cippi h be5 f\nd 9 situ1 above gr\nd1 :i* m>k$ ! position ( ! burial-places1 z we h already se5 9 ,phnicia3 9 ^! tombs ! furniture is import$ f ,egypt1 ,etruria & ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--,sepul*ral *amb] at ,ama?us 7aft] ,cesnola1 ,cyprus74 ,! necropolis ( ,mehdia1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,tunis1 conta9s tombs1 ! desc5t into :i* is by %afts z at ,aradus4 ,! tombs ( ,?9a 7,!n7 ne> ,sfax1 ^? ( ,c>?age on ! hill ne> ! t[n call$ ,jebel ,kawi1 h all be5 violat$ 9 antiquity or by ! ,arabs4 ,con/ruct$ on an uni=m plan1 !y consi/ ( a rectangul> *amb]1 ! desc5t into :i* is by a flight ( /eps4 ,all r\nd ?is room1 ! orifices ( ! c(f9-ni*es are se5 l ! m\?s ( ov5s4 ,! /aircase may h z _m z t5 /eps2 ! *amb] is #f ft4 high1 f #ai ft4 to #ba ft4 long1 & #i ft4 broad4 ,! walls are coat$ ) a :ite /ucco :i* sometimes 0 adorn$ ) figures 9 relief2 ! fragm5t>y subjects :i* ,i 0 able to detect seem$ to me to be ,greek & p]haps ,roman 9 /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--,plan ( a tomb at ,c>?age 7,b\l1 ,f\illes ,c>?age74 ,to sum up1 ! ,phnician tomb repres5t$ only two types3 ! erect tomb above gr\nd1 & ! subt]ranean tomb4 ,! fir/ 0 monoli?ic1 or built l a h\se2 ! second 0 ei!r on a level ) its entrance 9 ! side ( ! rock1 or else x 0 rea*$ f above by means ( a %aft or a /aircase4 ,bo? conta9$ a great] or small] numb] ( *amb]s accord+ to ! numb] ( corpses to be buri$ 9 x4 ,^! bodies 71 save 9 r>e exceptions1 plac$ 9 s>cophagi sometimes deposit$ 9 cavities contriv$ 9 ! wall ( ! *amb]1 sometimes 9 dit*es hewn out 9 ! floor1 sometimes simply deposit$ along ! walls4 ,! mortu>y furniture v>i$ accord+ to ! weal? ( ! families2 x includ$1 toge!r ) amulets & figures ( deities1 all ! toilet articles & ornam5ts us$ by ! deceas$ dur+ 8 e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,,iv4 ,,ph,,nician ,,sculpture4 ,phnicia1 x mu/ n be =gott51 0 by turns subject$ to ! yoke ( ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians1 :o introduc$ into x1 ) _! g>risons1 _! art1 _! cu/oms1 _! indu/ries & all t *>act]is$ ! peculi> g5ius ( _! civilisation4 ,! conqu]ors 7 ! ma/]s ( ! ,phnician arti/s1 & ! few objects :i* came f ! h&s ( ! latt] 7 inspir$ by ,egypt or ,assyria2 x is only f ! "t ( ,alex&] t a ?ird elem5t1 ,greek art1 beg9s to reveal its action 9 ,syria4 ,! field ( /udy (f]$ by ,phnician sculpture is rem>kably limit$3 x consi/s ( ! bas-reliefs ( c]ta9 s>cophagi1 ( votive /el & ( meagre fragm5ts ( /one /atues4 ,! s>cophagi 9 human =m1 ( :i* we h already spok51 ?\gh n ( an e>li] date ?an ! ,hell5ic epo*1 %[ u v cle>ly ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian influ5ces at "w 9 ,syria4 ,if ! =m ( ! tr\ghs is ,egyptian1 if ! f9e/ ( !m h actually be5 import$ f ,egypt1 ! sculptures ) :i* !y are decorat$ are altoge!r ,assyrian4 ,! symmetrically undulat+ curls ( ! be>d are l ^? ( ! ,n9evite colossi2 only x is to be obs]v$ t ! arti/ c h&le 8 *isel l a ,greek4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,seleucids1 ! physiognomy ( ^! heads :i* /& out 9 high relief on ! lid ( ! sepul*ral tr\gh1 gr[s m & m ,hell5ic1 & is modifi$ 9 accordance ) ,greek models2 s t if a *ronological classification ( all ^! monum5ts is und]tak51 ! mo/ anci5t w\ld be ^? 9 :i* ,egyptian & ,assyrian influ5ce is mo/ m>k$2 ! mo/ rec5t are ^? 9 :i* ! ,greek /yle f9ally prevail$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--,phnician slab at ,amri? 7aft] ,r5an74 ,9 ! r>e fragm5ts ( build+s ant]ior to ! ,mac$onian epo*1 obs]v$ 9 ,phnicia1 ! elem5ts ( decorative sculpture are borr[$ f ,egypt & ,assyria3 n[h]e has an orig9al motive ( indig5\s inspiration be5 f\nd4 ,! gate ( a /ructure describ$ by ,m4 ,r5an at ,umm el-,awamid has a l9tel on :i* two small figures ( ,egyptian appe>ance are sculptur$ 9 adoration be=e ! w+$ disk support$ by uri4#ib ,! ,phnicians import$ ?is sol> globe1 ev5 m anci5t 9 ,egypt ?an 9 ,assyria1 into e coa/4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,cyprus1 ,malta1 ,s>d9ia & ,c>?age1 :]e x is c>v$ on ! votive /el ( ,tanit & ,baal-,hammon4 ,! sph9x is also "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ,phnician sculptures3 n only its =m1 b ev5 its po/ure1 is copi$ f ! sph9xes ( ! ,egyptian temples2 x recl9es on a p$e/al1 & has ^u its head ! p%5t & ! uru2 b x has m ?an ! ,ph>aonic sph9x--namely1 w+s borr[$ f ! ,assyrian & ,p]sian g5ii4 ,o!r fragm5ts ( ar*itecture %[ u ! motives ( _! decoration1--rosettes1 palmettes1 guillo*es & d5ticulat$ designs ( ,assyria4 ,a/>te1 on ! /ela ( ! k+ ( ,gebal1 ,jehaw-melek1 has ! co/ume1 attitude1 & attributes ( ! ,egyptian ,isis1 :ile ! k+1 /&+ be=e h]1 resembles ! ,n9evite mon>*s 9 adoration be=e _! fav\rite deities1 or ,d>ius & ,x]xes on ! bas-reliefs ( ,p]sepolis4 ,a /ela at ,amri? repres5ts a deity /&+ on a lion1 an ,assyrian subject already reproduc$ 9 ,hittite bas-reliefs2 a /ill great] simil>ity is se5 9 ! lion's cub held by ! figure z by ! h]o ,izdub>1 & ! en]getic modell+ ( 8 limbs be>s witness t ! arti/ 0 educat$ at ! s*ool ( ,n9eveh4 ,& yet ! god's head-dress1 & ! w+$ disk plac$ above 8 head1 are ,egyptian 9 =m4#ic ,! /udy ( sculpture 9 ! r\nd leads to ! same conclusions4 ,! ,phnician patci1 images ( ! god ,pumai 7a ^w f :i* ,pygmy & ,pygmalion are d]iv$71 7 only copies ( ! ,egyptian gods ,bes or ! embryo ,ptah3 ?is type ( ugl9ess unit$ to /r5g? 0 c>v$ 9 wood at ! b[s ( ! %ips1 9 ord] to t]rify ! enemy4 ,:ile /atues f\nd 9 ,phnicia are clo!d ) ! ,egyptian %5ti1 lions =m+ ! doorpo/s at ,umm el-,awamid are only half sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd3 ! head1 =e-qu>t]s & front paws are ! only p>ts c>v$4 ,no?+ c\ld m directly recall ! lions ( ! ,assyrian palaces4 ,if ! ,*aldans1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,gudea1 7 accu/om$ to erect 9 _! temples /atues ( k+s1 ( pontiffs1 or ev5 ( private individuals1 ^: image ?us rema9$ always pres5t be=e ! eyes ( ! deity1 ! ,phnicians took c>e n to r5\nce ?is habit4 ,m4 ,r5an relates t 9 an und]gr\nd *amb] ne> ! maab$ ( ,amri? a consid]able numb] ( fragm5ts ( :ite lime/one /atues 0 discov]$2 !y 7 also f\nd at ,cyprus 7fig4 #baj74 ,^! /atues are iconic 9 "*2 !y are portraits ( ! 8ma/]s ( ! sacrifices10 z ! ,phnician texts call ! devotees :o _h !mselves repres5t$ 9 ! v act ( accompli%+ _! v[s1 9 ord] t ! deity might n =get !m4 ,! ar*aic /atues lately f\nd on ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns seem also to h1 if n ! same iconic "*1 at any rate ! same symbolic mean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,cypriote /atue 7,new ,york ,museum74 ,c>?age1 :i* 0 a city ( w>riors z well z ( m]*ants1 _h despoil$ all ! t[ns t %e _h conqu]$ ( _! arti/ic weal?1 9 ord] to adorn h] temples & palaces4 ,?is sy/ematic depr$ation 0 s great a sc&al 9 antiquity t :5 ,scipio took possession ( ,rome's haughty rival1 he invit$ ! inhabitants ( ! ,sicilian t[ns to come & po9t out _! arti/ic prop]ty1 & resume _! own]%ip ( x2 all t 0 n reclaim$ 0 c>ri$ away to ,rome1 & a nation ( /atues 0 se5 pass+ along 9 procession beh9d ! triumphal c>4 ,besides ^! ,grco-,roman works1 ! fruit ( pillage1 :i* adorn$ ! public places ( ,c>?age1 !re 7 ^? :i* 7 ! "w ( ! ,greek arti/s :om ,c>?age 0 pleas$ to summon to h] bosom2 !re 7 also ^? ( ,c>?ag9ian craftsm5 educat$ at ! s*ool ( ! ,greeks3 ^! la/ alone int]e/ u "h1 & ! scanty specim5s :i* exi/ ( !m confirm u 9 ! op9ion t ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 n m arti/ic ?an ! ,phnicians4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--,votive /ela f ,c>?age4 7,corpus inscript4 ,semitic47 ,^! monum5ts consi/ almo/ exclusively ( votive /el ant]ior to ! tak+ ( ,c>?age by ! ,romans 9 ,b4,c4 #adf4 ,^! b\nd>y /ones1 f #aa 94 to #ai 94 long by ab\t #e 94 broad1 7 int5d$ to be fix$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & !re=e ! l[] "p is /ill 9 ! r\gh2 ! upp] "p1 trimm$ on its f\r sides1 is p>ticul>ly well smoo!d on "o ( its l>g] faces2 on ?is side alone is f\nd a votive inscription address$ to ! goddess ,tanit1 ! ,punic ,a/>te1 & to ,baal-,hammon4 ,above ! inscription v>i\s symbols are repres5t$ 9 engrav$ l9es1 r>ely 9 relief4 ,! /ela t]m9ates 9 an imitation ( a gabl$ ro(1 (t5 provid$ ) two acrot]ia4 ,! decoration ( ^! ,punic /el is1 h[ev]1 /ill ,greek1 z is prov$ by ! design ( ! acrot]ia1 ovals1 triglyphs1 volutes1 p$im5ts1 & ev5 ,ionic columns :i* figure 9 x4 ,! symbols1 c>v$ 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s fa%ion by workm5 :o c\ld n claim ! title ( arti/s1 are borr[$ f ! ,punic religion & f ! fauna & flora ( ,africa4 ,! commone/ is ! op5 h&1 rais$ t[>ds ! sky & g5]ally set at ! po9t ( ! gable2 ! ,arab /ill pa9ts x 9 black on ! :ite lime ) :i* he pla/]s 8 h\se3 x av]ts ! evil eye4 ,we f9d also ! ,egyptian uru2 ! sol> disk ) ! cresc5t1 a symbol ( ,tanit2 ! ram1 ! symbol ( ,baal-,hammon2 ! caduceus1 ! horse1 ! elephant1 ! bull1 ! rabbit1 fi%1 ! palm1 ! rudd]1 ! an*or1 ! hat*et1 ! lotus-fl[]1 vases ( v>i\s %apes1 %ips & fruit4 ,we also meet ) ! ,div9e ,"m hold+ h] *ild 9 h] arms2 a "y *ild /&+ or cr\*+ ) an apple 9 its h&2 or a fun]al banquet1 z on ,greek /el4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4--,/ela f ,lilybum4 7,corpus inscript4 ,semit47 ,! great female deity ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,pan!on1 ,tanit1 is f\nd n only "u ! =m ( a human figure1 b v (t5 "u t ( a symbol difficult to describe4 ,x is a sort ( triangul> mannik9 7fig4 #bab71 ! traditional & deg5]ate repres5tation ( a sacr$ /one2 ?is triangle is furni%$ ) protub]ances 9 its upp] "p1 & resembles to "s ext5t a man clo!d 9 a long robe1 :o /raddles 8 legs & raises 8 out/ret*$ arms to heav53 ?is sacr$ cone ) arms corresponds well en\gh to ! description by ,tacitus ( ! ,paphian ,aphrodite4 ,! supreme ,tr9ity1 consi/+ ( ,baal-,hammon1 ,tanit & ,e%mun1 is also frequ5tly symbolis$ by ?ree cippi ( unequal height1 plac$ side by side1 & jo9$ on a common base4 ,?is symbol is also repres5t$ on ! /el at ,hadrumetum & ,lilybum2 ! cippi are broad] at ! base ?an at ! summit1 & ! middle "o is surm\nt$ by ! sol> disk & ! rev]s$ cresc5t4 ,sometimes a fire-alt> s]v$ by a pontiff burns at ! feet ( ?is symbolical figure 7fig4 #bab74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4--,/ela ( ,hadrumetum4 7,gazette ar*41 #ahhd1 pl4 vii47 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,punic /el t c be cit$ 0 f\nd at ,hadrumetum 7fig4 #bac74 ,an image ( two columns is se5 ^u x1 support+ a complicat$ entablature4 ,! base ( ! columns is v elegant1 & resembles a l>ge vase f :i* acan?us leaves em]ge2 f ! middle ( ?is tuft ( leaves a flut$ /em rises1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is fa%ion$ l a woman's bu/4 ,?is woman is se5 9 full face1 & holds h] h&s clasp$ ^u h] brea/1 :i* is also adorn$ ) ! r\nd disk & ! cresc5t2 %e has a simil> disk ^u h] head4 ,9 ! entablature a r[ ( lotus-fl[]s1 a w+$ disk support$ by two uri1 & a r[ ( uri se5 9 full face & ) heads erect are di/+ui%$2 ev]y?+ 9 ?is monum5t is ori5tal1 or1 r1 ,egyptian4 ,ev5 9 ,s>d9ia & ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s ! votive /el ( ,tanit & ,baal-,hammon enable u to foll[ ! track ( ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ,egyptian art 9 ,c>?ag9ian symbolism4 ,v4 ,,cypriote ,,sculpture4 ,if ! v ve/iges ( ,cypriote ar*itecture h disappe>$1 x is n s ) ! works ( ! sculptor4 ,! qu>t] ( a c5tury :i* has j pass$ has se5 dis9t]r$ z if by en*antm5t f ! b[els ( ! great ea/]n isl&1 & !n transport$ into ! *ief museums ( ,con/ant9ople1 ,p>is1 ,london1 ,b]l91 & especially ,new ,york1 hundr$s ( /one /atues & ?\s&s ( t]ra-cotta figur9es ( /range appe>ance1 ) picturesque head-dresses & ) fooli%ly-smil+ visages1 :i* =m a gr\p ap>t 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 s9ce !y are nei!r purely ,asiatic nor purely ,greek4 ,save 9 r>e exceptions1 ! monum5ts ( ,cypriote sculpture 7 n import$ f abroad2 !y are ! "w ( t mix$ race ( ,greeks & ,asiatics1 :i*1 by means ( ! ,phnician %ips1 0 9 con/ant relation ) ,syria1 ,egypt1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! productions ( ,cypriote sculpture :i* seem to be ! mo/ anci5t rem9d u ( ! figures 9 ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs2 ! co/ume is ! same3 a conical cap1 a curl$ be>d1 a long tunic1 & a %ort cloak pass$ ov] ! %\ld]4 ,h[ev]1 !re are ess5tial diff]5ces3 ! muscles are f> f be+ express$ ) ! same vig\r2 no figure we>s t long be>d l a regul> screw1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,n9evite sculpture4 ,we feel t ! ,cypriote arti/ works at a di/ance f a model :i* he only sees ) ! eye ( memory1 or else t he imitates at second-h&1 & is compell$ to int]pret a ,phnician "w :i* is itself only an int]pretation ( an ,assyrian prototype4 ,! mo/ anci5t /atues discov]$ 9 ! temple ( ,golgoi may date back f ! epo* at :i* ! ,assyrian conqu]or ,s>gon erect$ at ,citium 7,l>naca7 ! triumphant /ela on :i* he relates t 8 vessels h vanqui%$ ,cyprus4 ,!y are ( all sizes4 ,!re is a colossal head #b ft4 #i 94 high 7fig4 #bad74 ,x we>s a conical helmet2 ! eyes are prom95t1 ! nose is /raight & regul>1 ! m\? small b full-lipp$1 ! *eek-bones project+2 ! be>d is compos$ ( long p>allel tresses slightly curl$ at ! end4 ,?is f9e head1 m ?an half ori5tal1 may be consid]$ z ! type ( its k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4--;,colossal head f ,a?i5o4 7,new ,york ,museum47 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,s>gonid dyna/y1 ,cyprus 0 giv5 up to ,egyptian influ5ce1 :i* reign$ !re dur+ ! p]iod :i* ext5ds f ! fall ( ,n9eveh1 at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 to ! ,a*m5id dyna/y4 ,b "h aga9 ! imitation is only p>tial1 & n z s]vile z 9 ,phnicia4 ,we f9d ,egyptian fa%ion modifi$ 9 ,cyprus by ! ta/e ( a =eign race4 ,! figures are half-nude in/ead ( be+ entirely drap$2 !y h no g>m5t except ! %5ti1 ti$ r\nd ! wai/ & adorn$ ) uri2 ! bu/ is b>e2 ! arms are b>e1 b adorn$ ) bracelets & held close to ! body2 ! headdress is ! ,egyptian p%5t sc>cely modifi$2 ! hair1 cut /raight & fall+ 9 compact masses beh9d ! be>dless head1 rem9ds u ( ! ,klaft4#id ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 b especially "u ! ,p]sian dom9ion1 we witness ! int]p5etration ( ! two influ5ces--t ( ,egypt & t ( ,assyria--9 ,cypriote art3 x is ! m>riage ( ! two /yles1 ! union ( ! two /reams4 ,9 ! /atues at ,a?i5o1 = in/ance1 ! head is ,assyrian 9 ! features ( ! face1 ! curl$ be>d & ! headdress =m$ ( a peak$ cap1 b all ! re/ is ,egyptian3 ! nude torso1 ! necklace1 ! %5ti r\nd ! wai/ qua9tly load$ ) ornam5ts1 ! symbolical mean+ ( :i* ! arti/ no long] und]/&s4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is hybrid /yle is ! fam\s colossus ( ,ama?us1 :i* is #ac ft4 #aa 94 high & #f ft4 broad across ! %\ld]s4 ,he is a ,h]cules :o (f]s a mixture ( ! a?letic proportions ( ! ,assyrian ,izdub>1 ) ! type ( ugl9ess symboliz$ 9 ! god ,bes4 ,he has %ort horns1 a l[ =ehead1 l>ge e>s2 8 hair & be>d are treat$ 9 ! ,assyrian mann]2 he has a lion's sk9 r\nd 8 wai/2 9 8 two p[]ful h&s1 press$ aga9/ 8 brea/1 he holds ! h9d paws ( a lioness4 ,is he n ! giant ,izdub>1 :om ,assyrian arti/s s (t5 took pleasure 9 repres5t+8 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 tattoo$ arms1 8 hairy sk91 8 lion's sk9 fa/5$ r\nd 8 body1 8 be/ial & ,sil5us-l face1 8 legs l ! paws ( a wild bea/1 are all copi$ f ^? figures ( ! god ,bes1 :i* ! excavations 9 ! ,nile valley br+ to light by hundr$s4 ,at ! same "t ! arti/ h&les 8 *isel z a ,greek might4 ,! limbs are plump & r\nd$3 no m ( ^? exagg]at$ muscles :i* *>act]ise ,assyrian art2 no?+ ,ea/]n 9 ! insignificant features ( ! face4 ,we h already1 9 c]ta9 po9ts1 ! ,hell5ic ,h]acles1 ) :om ! ,cypriote god is soon to be conf\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--,! colossus ( ,ama?us4 7,gazette ar*41 #ahgi1 pl4 xxi47 ,9 fact1 ! ?ird elem5t :i* comes into ,cypriote sculpture is ! ,greek elem5t1 ) all its ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--,! prie/ ) ! dove4 7,new ,york ,museum47 me?ods1 z ! colonies on ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or und]/ood !m z e>ly z ! six? c5tury4 ,9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #ejj ,cyprus made an alliance ) ! cities ( ,ionia2 & ,cimon's exp$ition 9 ,b4,c4 #dej det]m9$ ! def9ite prepond]ance ( ,hell5ic civilisation 9 t isl&4 ,! /atues 9 :i* ,greek inspiration is recognis$ h some?+ orig9al :i* di/+ui%$ !m at fir/ sight 7fig4 #baj74 ,! physiognomy recalls t =c$ smile :i* has be5 call$ ! g9etan smile2 ! heads are fre$ f ^? conical head-dresses s de> to ori5tal art1 :i* ,greek art repudiat$ 9 ord] to replace !m by a diadem or a high cr[n2 ! hair is no long] 9 r+lets & sc>cely =ms a r[ ( flat curls to frame ! =ehead2 ! play ( ! drap]y is q diff]5t f t :i* comes f ,n9eveh1 & reveals a good ta/e :i* is q *>m+4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,cypriote monum5ts1 :i* correspond to ?is description1 only =m a bran* ( ,greek ar*aic art1 & we mu/ no long] treat ( !m 9 a book devot$ to ! ,ea/4 ,let u only cite1 z an example1 ! fam\s /atue ( ! prie/ ) ! dove1 :i* seems to date f ! ,grco-,p]sian p]iod4 ,x is a colossal /atue #h ft4 high1 repres5t+ a man hold+ 9 8 h&s a cup & a pigeon4 ,8 head-dress consi/s ( a hemisph]ical cap :i* t]m9ates 9 ! head ( an animal2 ?ree tresses ( hair1 a *>act]i/ic sign ( ,greek ar*aism1 fall symmetrically f ! back ( 8 head on ! front ( ea* %\ld]4 ,! r[s ( curls 9 ! be>d :i* cov]s 8 m\? & *9 are visibly imitat$ f ! ,assyrian fa%ion ( dress+ ! hair4 ,! fr+es & drap]ies ( ! g>m5t /ill rem9d u1 inde$1 z well z ! squ>e =m ( ! %\ld]s & brea/1 ( ! /atues ( ,tello2 b h[ mu* m ample & h>moni\sly arrang$ !y are6 ,we h "h ,greek ta/e /ill imprison$ 9 ! hi]atic =mula bequea!d to x by ! ,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4--;,bas-relief ( ,h]acles & ,eurytion4 7,colonna-,ceccaldi1 ,monum4 antiques de ,cypre1 pl4 v47 ,to ! same ,grciz+ art belong all ^? iconic /atues f ! temples ( ,golgoi & ,ama?us1 :i*1 in/ead ( ! peak$ cap or ( ! p%5t1 we> on _! heads g>l&s ( foliage or ( n>cissus1 m or less high & m or less ri*1 b inf9ite 9 _! v>iety4 ,l ! /atues f\nd 9 ,phnicia to :i* we allud$ above1 !y are portraits ( prie/s1 prie/esses1 or o!r p]sonages :o (f] to ! god = p]petuity ! object :i* !y hold 9 _! h&3 a fl[]1 a fruit1 a bran*1 a pat]a1 a pyx1 an alaba/ron1 a bull's head or a pigeon4 ,few bas-reliefs h be5 notic$ 9 ,cyprus4 ,h[ev]1 a colossal /atue ( ,h]acles 9 ! ,grciz+ /yle1 f\nd at ,golgoi1 _h a p$e/al decorat$ ) a mo/ rem>kable bas-relief1 rem9d+ u ( ^? 9 ! ,n9evite palaces4 ,! gr\nd is pa9t$ r$ to make ! figures /& out2 ! relief is l[ & flat1 ! anatomical details ( ! figures are c>efully /udi$ & exagg]at$ 9 ! ,assyrian mann]4 ,! sc5e repres5ts ,h]acles driv+ away ! h]ds ( ,g]yon1 a subject :i* seems to be ( ,tyrian orig94 ,h]acles1 nude1 ) ! lion's sk9 on 8 back1 0 probably hold+ 8 b[1 :i* has disappe>$ z well z 8 head2 l ! giant ,izdub>1 he is ( colossal /ature2 be=e him is ! dog ,or?ros1 ) ?ree heads1 already pi]c$ by an arr[ %ot at him by ,h]acles2 ,eurytion flees ) 8 h]ds2 8 be>d & hair are treat$ 9 ! ,assyrian mann]4 ,he c>ries a :ole tree1 ) :i* he 0 no d\bt la%+ 8 ox52 ?is tree is treat$ l ^? t figure on ! walls ( ,n9eveh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--,s>cophagus f ,ama?us4 7,new ,york ,museum47 ,c]ta9 ,cypriote s>cophagi are also decorat$ ) ,greek subjects1 treat$ 9 ! ori5tal mann]3 ! bir? ( ,*rysaor1 :o issues f ! neck ( ,m$usa1 = in/ance1 is se52 banquet+ sc5es & bull or bo> hunts are f\nd4 ,a picture repres5t$ on ! pr9cipal side ( a s>cophagus f ,ama?us 7fig4 #bah7 is copi$ 9 s]vile fa%ion f ! sculptures ( ,assyria & ,egypt2 !re are r[s ( pe>ls1 lotus-fl[]s & daisies2 a climb+ plant is ev5 to be rem>k$ "h l ! sacr$ tree on ! ,n9evite bas-reliefs4 ,"o ( ! figures holds ! ,asiatic umbrella1 & ! tassels ( ! horses are ,assyrian4 ,h[ev]1 ! figures ( ! cortge are ,greek 9 /yle1 attitude & co/ume4 ,on ! small] sides are two ori5tal subjects3 at "o end f\r figures ( ,a/>te 9 full face1 ( ! type reproduc$ 9 pr(usion 9 ,*alda & ,phnicia2 at ! o!r f\r figures ( ! god ,pygmu1 :o is made up1 z we h se51 ( ,bes & ,izdub> toge!r4 ,9 two words1 ,cypriote sculpture1 fruitful z x is1 lacks v>iety1 l ,egyptian sculpture & ,assyrian sculpture1 its two mi/resses4 ,x lives only by borr[+1 & has inv5t$ no?+4 ,:at *>act]ises ! /one /atues :i* x produc$ is immobility & hi]atic /iffness1 toge!r ) f9i% 9 ! details & decoration4 ,!y h no features :i* proce$ f a reali/ic /udy ( nature4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ^! /atues1 int5d$ to be set 9 r[s along ! inn] walls ( ! temples1 are sc>cely at all modell$ beh9d1 & are flatt5$ z if !y _h be5 c>v$ out ( slabs ( insuffici5t ?ickness2 moreov]1 ?\gh broad 9 ! *e/1 !y are n>r[ 9 ! hips & feet2 ! legs are press$ closely toge!r1 s t !y h to "s degree ! appe>ance ( rev]s$ cones4 ,cypriote art has no orig9ality except 9 ! ,hell5ic elem5t1 :i* x assimilates2 ! ,cypriote arti/ is a ,greek :o has s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip among ! ,ori5tals4 ,,vi4 ,,ph,,nician ,,& ,,cypriote ,,c]amics4 ,! triple influ5ce t we h rem>k$ 9 ,phnician & ,cypriote sculpture is obs]v$ no less cle>ly 9 pott]y4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,assyria c>ri$ on ! arti/ic education ( ,phnicia2 !n x 0 ,egypt till ! end ( ! six?2 f9ally ,greece ent]s into ! li/s 9 h] turn1 br++ h] peculi> g5ius :i*1 especially 9 ,cyprus1 jo9s h&s ) its two eld] bro!rs4 ,! ,phnicians1 !n1 le>nt fir/ ( all f ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians h[ to model clay1 & to fa%ion ( x figures & vases ( e =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--,phnician *>iot 9 t]ra-cotta4 7,l\vre47 ,9 ! li/ ( t]ra-cottas f ,phnicia :i* dep5d ^u ,n9evite art1 & :i* 7 f\nd at ,amri? 7,m>a?us71 *>iots hold+ f\r w>riors & drawn by two or f\r horses hold ! fir/ rank4 ,! figures1 g5]ally be>d$1 & we>+ ! conical cap1 pres5t 9 _! features ! pure/ ,semitic type1 l c]ta9 ,babylonian t]ra-cottas2 ! h>ness ( ! horses %[s ! m9ute detail ( ! ,n9evite equipages4 ,besides ^! *>iots1 figur9es h be5 obta9$ f ! ,phnician necropoles1 :i* repres5t ,a/>te1 nude1 /&+ upright1 c>ry+ h] h& to h] brea/1 or else sitt+ & clo!d 9 a long robe d[n to h] feet )\t folds2 %e (t5 we>s a high cala?os ( ,asiatic orig91 :i* has be5 obs]v$ on ! head ( captives 9 ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--,pygmy 9 t]ra-cotta4 7,l\vre47 ,we "k t c]amics 0 nev] highly develop$ 9 ,assyria & ,*alda2 accord+ly1 z soon z ,egyptian influ5ce c\ld %[ itself 9 ! political sph]e 9 ,phnicia1 ! pseudo-,egyptian /yle 0 n sl[ to replace ! pseudo-,assyrian /yle 9 c]amics4 ,! figur9es ( ! new s*ool1 fa%ion$ l ! prec$+ ones 9 orange-r$ clay1 repres5t wom5 /&+ or sitt+1 sometimes suckl+ a *ild1 hold+ a fan1 a pigeon1 or ! lun> disk4 ,! ,phnicians ev5 le>n$ f ! ,egyptians to coat _! /atuettes ) gre5 or blue enamel1 analog\s to t :i* is call$ ,egyptian faence1 s t x is sometimes difficult to say :e!r ! enamell$ /atuettes f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,phnicia are import$ f ,egypt or are works ( native indu/ry4 ,9 _! c\rse ( s]vile imitation ,phnician craftsm5 h reproduc$ ev5 ! hi]oglyphic *>act]s1 :i* !y di/ort$ because !y did n und]/& ! s5se ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--,pygmy 9 t]ra-cotta4 7,l\vre47 ,! type mo/ frequ5tly copi$ by ! ,phnicians is ! grotesque god ,bes or ! embryo god ,ptah1 :om !y turn$ into ! god ,pygmu1 call$ ,patcus by ,h]odotus4 ,?is l>ge-head$ & b&y-legg$ dw>f1 ( repulsive obesity1 ! type ( de=mity & ugl9ess1 is met ) ev]y:]e 9 ,phnician pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--,t]ra-cotta head f s>cophagus4 7,l\vre47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--;,a/>te4 ,phnician t]ra-cotta4 7,l\vre47 ,! pseudo-,hell5ic or ,grciz+ /yle has furni%$ num]\s t]ra-cotta monum5ts 9 ,phnicia1 z is atte/$ by ! l>ge head f\nd 9 ! necropolis ( ,amri?1 :i* is no?+ less ?an "p ( ! lid ( a s>cophagus 9 human =m4 ,! head is vulg>1 & has nei!r an ,egyptian nor an ,assyrian appe>ance2 x 0 inspir$ by ,greek art1 b to "s ext5t foll[$ ori5tal tradition4 ,among ! ,phnician /atuettes :i* may be ref]r$ to ,greek ar*aic art !re are figur9es ( ,aphrodite /&+ upright1 clo!d 9 a long tunic1 ! folds ( :i* ! goddess grasps 9 "o h&1 :ile %e holds a pigeon 9 ! o!r4 ,tresses ( hair fall ov] ! brea/ on ea* side ( ! head4 ,on o!r occasions ! co/ume ( ^! wom5 is compos$ ( a long robe & a mantle fa/5$ by a broo* on ! %\ld]2 !y hold _! arms close to ! sides ( ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--,t]ra-cotta f ,cyprus4 7,l\vre47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--;,cypriote t]ra-cotta4 7,l\vre47 ,! clay ( ,cyprus l5ds itself bett] ?an t ( ,phnicia to m\ld+ & to bak+1 !re=e 9 v e>ly times x c\ld be utilis$ = ?is purpose2 & a consid]able numb] ( its productions take u back to a v primitive /age ( art4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,cypriote figur9es foll[ ori5tal & ,asiatic traditions4 ,!y repres5t ,a/>te1 ! goddess ( fecundity2 !y are modell$ ) ! ?umb1 ) l9es trac$ ) a po9t1 & b&s ( black or r$ = all _! ornam5t4 8,! head is almo/ =mless10 says ,m4 ,p]rot2#ie 8a curv$1 beak-l nose1 a pair ( l>ge r\nd eyes1 & mon/r\s e>s may be di/+ui%$1 ea* ( ! latt] pi]c$ ) two holes at ! place ( atta*m5t ( ! heavy elaborate e>r+s worn by ,phnician & ,babylonian wom54 ,! arms are b5t r\nd horizontally1 s t ! h&s lie ei!r on ! *e/ or ! /oma*4444 ,! extreme wid? ( ! hips seems to give a promise ( mat]nity4 ,! scrat*es on ! clay may be meant to repres5t a lo9-clo?4 ,! legs are held tightly clos$2 !y tap] rapidly d[nw>ds1 & end 9 feet sc>cely l>ge en\gh to give /ability40 ,to ! same p]iod belong ^? vases 9 ! =m ( animals or human heads1 ^? /range /atuettes ( foot-soldi]s1 ( rid]s cov]$ ) speckl$ arm\r1 & ( w>-*>iots1 :i* "o might suppose to be modell$ by *ildr54 ,cypriote figur9es are s num]\s1 h[ev]1 t !y c be arrang$ 9 a scale s z to m>k )\t gaps ! gradual /ages 9 ! progress ( ! art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--;,cypriote t]ra-cotta4 7,l\vre47 ,9 ,cyprus ! grotesque god ,pygmu1 :om we notic$ 9 ,phnicia1 is (t5 met )1 & he (f]s ! same *>act]i/ics "h z on ! coa/4 ,we h always ! mixture ( ! pseudo-,egyptian & pseudo-,assyrian /yles comb9$ 9 diff]5t degrees ) ! ar*aic ,greek /yle4 ,we w cite1 foll[+ ,m4 ,heuzey1 "s /atuettes ( wom5 ) _! hair dress$ 9 ,egyptian fa%ion1 & m>k$ by ! ge/ure ( ! div9e "m1 hold+ h] h& to h] brea/1 & by ! ge/ure ( ! goddess ( g5]ation 7fig4 #bbg72 ?is la/1 :i* rem9ds u ( ! ,aphrodite ( ,cnidos1 is n f\nd 9 purely ori5tal art4 ,"h we cat* 9 ! v act ! fusion ( ,asiatic traditions ) ,hell5ic ideas4 ,su* 0 ! skill ( ,cypriote arti/s 9 pott]y t !y manufactur$ t]ra-cotta /atues ( life-size2 9 ?is case !y h all ! *>act]i/ics t we notic$ 9 /atu>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--;,cypriote t]ra-cotta4 7,l\vre47 ,phnician vessels c>ri$ f> away into ! :ole bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean ! products ( ,phnician1 ,rhodian1 & ,cypriote pott]y4 ,at ,cor9?1 = in/ance1 a small aryballus 9 ! =m ( a helmet$ head1 ( pseudo-,egyptian /yle & ( ,phnician workman%ip1 0 f\nd4 ,! helmet cov]s ! :ole head1 except ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?4 ,!re is an ,egyptian c>t\*e conta9+ ! "n ( ! k+ ,uahabra 7,apries71 ,b4,c4 #eii--efi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--,mask f ,c>?age4 7,l\vre47 ,on ! site ( ,c>?age1 a l>ge mask 9 t]ra-cotta col\r$ r$di%-br[n 0 dis9t]r$1 :i* recalls at once ! mask ( ,amri? & ! lids ( ! ,egyptian s>cophagi 9 human =m 7fig4 #bbh74 ,! hair is dress$ 9 ,egyptian fa%ion1 ! e>s pi]c$ to receive r+s1 & ! *eeks m>k$ ) a groove at ! natural limit ( ! be>d4 ,! modell+ alone is r ,assyrian1 & %[s signs ( ,asiatic s(tness4 ,9 ! excavations ne> ! h>b\rs ,i obta9$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( ,punic pott]y t c be cit$ 7fig4 #bbi74 ,! *e]ful smile ( ?is head ( ,a/>te gives x a /rong family lik5ess to ! head ( ,tanit on ,c>?ag9ian co9s1 & ev5 to ! ar*aic heads ( ,a!na on ! mo/ anci5t tetradra*ms ( ,a!ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,t]ra-cotta mask f ,c>?age4 7,cab9et des ,mdailles47 ,! t]ra-cottas f\nd at ,?>ras & at ,sulci 9 ,s>d9ia1 pres5t ! same types & ! same hybrid "* z ^? ( all ,phnician c\ntries4 ,ev5 ! ,*aldan goddess has be5 obs]v$ among !m1 nude1 9 full face1 hold+ h] h&s to h] brea/1 & sometimes disguis$ 9 an ,egyptian head-dress2 figures ( ,pygmies1 & ( ,a/>te sitt+ on a ?rone1 hold+ a pigeon or a lun> disk1 h also be5 f\nd4 ,?us1 f "o end ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ! o!r1 :]ev] ! ,phnicians e/abli%$ _! factories1 !y c>ri$ ) !m _! hybrid art1 9 :i* ! fusion ( ! elem5ts is n suffici5tly m>k$ to prev5t ^? t are borr[$ f be+ recognis$4 ,! dissection & analysis ( ea* ( ! products ( ,phnician art1 bo? 9 ! t]ra-cottas & 9 sculpture1 enable u to re/ore to ,assyria1 ,egypt1 & ,greece :at belongs to ea* ( !m2 ?is "w done1 no?+ is left :i* is ! prop]ty ( ! ,phnicians except ! execution4 ,,vii4 ,,ph,,nician ,,glass4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y's te/imony ! inv5tion ( glass has long be5 attribut$ to ! ,phnicians4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( 8 acc\nt3 8,9 t "p ( ,syria :i* is call$ ,phnicia1 & :i* lies next to ,juda1 a m>% nam$ ,c5devia exi/s at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,c>mel4 ,x is reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( ! riv] ,belus 7,nahr-,halu71 :i*1 aft] a c\rse ( five miles1 falls into ! ,m$it]ranean n f> f ! colony ( ,ptolemais4 ,! wat]s ( ?is riv] fl[ sl[ly2 !y are deep1 muddy & unheal?y1 b religi\s rites h made !m sacr$4 ,! ,belus only deposits s& at its m\?2 & ?is s&1 =m]ly unfit = any use1 becomes :ite & pure z soon z ! waves ( ! sea h roll$ & wa%$ x4 ,! bank measures at ! mo/ five hundr$ paces1 & yet = _m c5turies ?is small space has suffic$ = ! manufacture ( glass4 ,x is relat$ t nitre-m]*ants1 alight+ on ?is %ore1 7 ab\t to prep>e _! meal1 :5 !y p]ceiv$ t !re 7 no /ones to support ! pots4 ,!y ran 9 all directions )\t f9d+ any1 & !n 9 despair !y took ! blocks ( nitre ) :i* ! vessels 7 lad5 & made an impromptu furnace4 ,b sc>cely 0 ! fire light$1 :5 ! salt melt+ mix$ ) ! s&1 & /reams ( a transp>5t liquid1 unkn[n till !n1 7 se5 to fl[4 ,su* 0 ! orig9 ( glass40#if ,x is easy en\gh to recognise ! k]nel ( hi/orical tru? conta9$ 9 ! fable e*o$ by ,pl9y4 ,! ,phnician m]*ants hav+ light$ _! fire by *ance 9 ! cavity ( a rock :i* conc5trat$ ! heat1 obta9$ a comm5cem5t ( vitrification ( nitric salt3 9 ?is no d\bt ! inv5tion ( ! ,phnicians consi/$4 ,!y _h discov]$ :ite transp>5t glass1 :ile be=e !m ! ,egyptians & ! ,assyrians only knew an opaque glass produc$ by ! combu/ion ( c]ta9 plants4 ,opaque glass1 or r glass pa/e1 seems to be ( ,egyptian orig94 ,! vitre\s sub/ance s]ves z a v>ni% to t]ra-cotta f ! "t ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 & x is f\nd ?us employ$ on ! po/s ( ! sepul*ral door ( ! /ep-pyramid at ,sakk>a4 ,9 lat] times x is appli$ z a glaze to sc>abi1 sepul*ral figur9es1 & pa9t+s4 ,soon x 0 p]ceiv$ t ?is mat]ial _h consi/5cy en\gh to be us$ by itself3 8,f t "t10 says ,m4 ,frhn]1 8! manufacture ( :at we call glass-w>e1 t is to say1 ( small ornam5ts1 beads1 armlets1 & figur9es ( opaque glass1 iso*rome1 or ( sev]al col\rs1 0 inv5t$2 x did n /op "h1 & comm]ce spread its products ev]y:]e40#ig ,! inv5tion ( glass-bl[+ soon foll[$3 ! olde/ col\r$ glass vase kn[n be>s ! "n ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 7,eighte5? ,dyna/y74 ,:ite glass appe>s 9 ,egypt mu* lat]2 bottles ( transp>5t glass1 pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 are ( ! ,tw5ty-six? ,dyna/y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--,transp>5t glass vase be>+ "n ( ,s>gon4 7,briti% ,museum47 ,9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 ! progress mu/ h be5 ! same z 9 ,egypt2 ! vitre\s sub/ance 0 employ$ at fir/ z v>ni% on bricks1 /atuettes & vases2 !n opaque glass & f9ally transp>5t glass 7 arriv$ at gradually1 p]haps "u ! influ5ce ( ,egypt4 ,assyrian objects ( vitre\s pa/e1 su* z r+s1 necklace-beads1 small vases1 are n r>e 9 our museums2 b transp>5t :ite glass seems to h be5 import$ f ,phnicia1 & nev] us$ to m ?an a limit$ ext5t 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! celebrat$ transp>5t glass vase ( ,s>gon 7,b4,c4 #gbb-gje7 at ! ,briti% ,museum is well kn[n3 9 spite ( its cunei=m inscription1 x is ,phnician 9 /yle & matt]1 s t we are oblig$ to suppose t x 0 execut$ 9 ! work%ops ( ,sidon at ! "t :5 ,s>gon 0 ma/] ( ! c\ntry4 8,?is vase10 says ,m4 ,frhn]1 8is ! prototype ( ! ungu5t-flasks ( :i* we h s _m specim5s 9 alaba/] 7alaba/ra7 ( ,egyptian & ,phnician manufacture4 ,v heavy 9 =m1 & consequ5tly ( a v ar*aic /yle1 x resembles a purse2 its walls are ?ick1 & two squ>e app5dages =m ! h&les4 ,! te*nical process foll[$ 9 its manufacture is no less primitive1 = x 0 n bl[n2 ! workman took a piece ( cool$ glass2 !n ) a la! he r\nd$ ! body & holl[$ out ! int]ior1 exactly z if he 7 work+ 9 alaba/]4 ,to put x 9 its true place1 we mu/ rememb] t ! ,phnicians 7 ! fir/ to produce :ite glass ( ?is purity ( tone40 ,b be=e *ance taught !m to utilise ! f9e s& on ! banks ( ! ,belus & to manufacture f x t f9e transp>5t glass s mu* vaunt$ by anci5t au?ors1 ! ,phnicians _h borr[$ f _! neighb\rs ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians ! art ( employ+ vitrifiable matt] z enamel4 ,at ,rhodes1 ,salzmann discov]$ enamell$ vases ( ,phnician orig92 ! geograph] ,scylax in=ms u1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,phnician m]*ants export$ objects ( vitre\s pa/e1 t is to say1 amulets & necklace beads1 ev5 beyond ! pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,! necropoles ( ,cyprus h furni%$ "s glasses ) ?ick walls1 slightly transp>5t1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly manufactur$ 9 ! work%ops ( ,tyre or ,sidon4 ,m4 ,g4 ,rey br\ght f ,phnicia to ! ,l\vre an idol ( vitre\s pa/e 9 ! =m ( a cone plac$ betwe5 two quadrup$s2 b ! mo/ int]e/+ ,phnician monum5t 9 vitre\s pa/e t we c cite is ! necklace f ,?>ras 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,x is =m$ ( =ty beads1 two cyl9d]s1 f\r bulls' heads1 & a l>ge grotesque mask ( ,pygmu 7,l\vre74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4--,phnician glass4 7,l\vre47 ,f ! =ego+ facts1 x results t ?\gh ! ,phnicians _h = _m ages a monopoly ( ! glass-manufacture1 !y _c be consid]$ z its inv5tors4 ,!y only made admirable use ( ! mat]ial plac$ by nature 9 _! h&s4 ,! wond]ful prop]ties ( ! s& ( ! ,belus are vaunt$ n only by ,pl9y b by ,josephus & ,tacitus4 ,! glass manufactur$ by ! ,phnicians 0 pur] & cle>] ?an t ( ,egypt1 & consequ5tly m s\ght aft]2 n only alaba/ra & amphoriskoi1 wor?y ( m$ival ,v5etian arti/s1 issu$ f _! work%ops1 b also false gems ( col\r$ vitre\s pa/e1 imitat+ preci\s /ones s z to be mi/ak5 = !m2 h5ce ! prosp]ity & reputation ( ! manufactures ( ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,lucian says ( ! complexion ( a beautiful "y girl t x is m diaphan\s ?an ! glass ( ,sidon4#ih ,?is la/ city 0 ! c5tre ( ! ,phnician glass manufacture f ! remote/ antiquity to ! ,roman p]iod2 b rema9s ( anci5t furnaces1 glass fragm5ts ( v>i\s col\rs1 & scori1 h be5 f\nd at ,tyre1 :i* atte/ ! exi/5ce !re also ( important glass-works4 ,a f9e glass flask1 m\ld$ & decorat$ ) fruit1 f\nd at ,j]usalem1 has be5 attribut$ to ! age ( ! indep5d5ce ( ,juda2 b x may well be n e>li] ?an ! ,grco-,roman p]iod1 l ! ornam5ts ( vitre\s pa/e f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ! k+s by ,saulcy4 ,^! objects1 z well z flakes ( gre5i% glass1 f\nd 9 ,pale/9e1 probably came f ! work%ops ( ,hebron or ,aleppo1 :i* are 9 activity to ! pres5t day1 & produce be=e our eyes vases :i* imitate ! anci5t specim5s to p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--;,glass vase f ,j]usalem4 7,l\vre47 ,! glass-work]s ( ,tyre & ,sidon sign$ _! works at ! ,grco-,roman p]iod1 l _! colleagues ! pott]s4 ,^? ( ,sidon add$ ! "n ( ! work%op to _! own2 ! ,greek or ,lat9 /amp plac$ 9 relief on ! ?umb-re/ or h&les _h ! d\ble advantage ( giv+ ! "n ( ! manufactur] & ( pres5t+ a r\gh surface1 :i* made x easi] to hold ! vase4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ! ,sidonian glass-work]s1 ,artas1 liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era2 ! productions ( 8 work%ops are f\nd ) 8 m>k 9 all ! c\ntries bord]+ ^u ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,,viii4 ,,bronzes ,,& ,,ornam5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al sides ( ,phnician art consi/s ( ! manufacture ( bronze1 silv] or gold di%es1 on :i* v>i\s subjects 9 ,assyro-,egyptian /yle are ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4--,pat]a f ,pale/r9a4 7,kir*] ,museum1 ,rome47 *isell$1 engrav$1 or ev5 hamm]$ 9 rep\ss4 ,! skill ( ! ,tyrian & ,sidonian arti/s 9 ?is bran* ( art 0 celebrat$ f ! highe/ antiquity4 ,solomon appeals to !m = ! furniture ( ,jehovah's ,temple2 9 ,hom]1 ,a*illes (f]s z a prize = ! races1 9 ! games organis$ = ! fun]al ( ,patroclus1 8a crat] ( *isell$ silv]1 hold+ six measures1 & )\t rival on e>? = beauty3 skilful ,sidonian craftsm5 made x20 else:]e ! poet speaks ( a silv] crat]1 ! "w ( ,hephai/os1 :i* a k+ ( ,sidon gives to ,m5elaus4 ,! ,phnician di%es f\nd at ,nimr\d 7fig4 #ib71 9 ,cyprus1 & at "s po9ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s1 are specim5s ( ^? goldsmi?s' works :i* a/oni%$ ,hom]'s ,greeks4 ,!y are pat] )\t feet1 %all[ & hemisph]ical1 su* z ^? se5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,assyrians 9 ! bas-reliefs ( ,n9eveh4 ,! figures :i* decorate !m are on ! inn] surface1 & arrang$ 9 conc5tric zones4 ,engrav$ or hamm]$ 9 rep\ss1 ^! subjects seem sometimes to repres5t1 n trivial figures nor images ( deities1 b1 on ! contr>y1 g5re pictures1 & sc5es l ^? 9 ! ,egyptian pa9t+s4 ,?us ! subject :i* decorates ! silv]-gilt pat]a 7fig4 #bcc7 discov]$ 9 #ahgf at ,pale/r9a1 ! anci5t ,prne/e1 9 ,latium1 has be5 +5i\sly expla9$ by ,m4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau4#ii ,9 ! conc5tric zone bord]$ by a long s]p5t a small drama is develop$ 9 relief 9 a s]ies ( successive phases2 x might be call$ 8,a ,hunt+ ,day1 or ,piety ,rew>d$4 ,an ori5tal play 9 two acts & n9e tableaux40 ,we see3 7#a7 ! h]o leav+ 8 h\se 9 8 w>-*>iot2 7#b7 he alights to %oot a de]2 7#c7 capture ( ! de]2 7#d7 halt 9 a wood aft] ! hunt2 ! horses are unh>ness$2 7#e7 prep>ations = ! meal1 9 :i* ! de] is to be eat52 7#f7 an ape attacks ! h]o1 :o1 =tunately1 is protect$ by a w+$ deity2 7#g7 ! ape is pursu$ & ?r[n d[n by ! horses2 7#h7 ! hunt] kills ! savage bea/2 7#i7 triumphal entry into ! h\se4 ,! int]pretation w\ld be complete if a my?ical "n c\ld be giv5 to ! h]o ( ! drama4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--;,di% f ,dali4 7,l\vre47 ,hunt+ sc5es ( ! same k9d1 b n s easy to expla91 decorate a silv] di% f ,cre 9 ,etruria1 ( ! same manufacture z ! pat] ( ,phnicia1 or ,cyprus4 ,on "o ( ! silv] di%es f ,dali 7,idalion7 possess$ by ! ,l\vre1 !re is a lion hunt2 on ! pat]a f ,ama?us !re is ! siege ( a =tress4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce--;,h&le ( a bronze crat]4 7,new ,york ,museum47 ,! treasury ( ,curium furni%$ ,cesnola ) a l>ge numb] ( ^! pat] 9 silv] or electrum1 on :i* appe>$ engrav$ subjects ( ! same inspiration & ! same /yle3 figures ) f\r w+s1 /ruggl+ ) a lion2 ,a/>te ) h] h& ^u h] brea/1 beside hide\s patci1 ,isis-,ha?or1 ,egyptian sph9xes & sp>r[-hawks2 hunts1 battles1 religi\s sacrifices4 ,ev]y:]e on ^! monum5ts1 :i*1 z ! ,hom]ic poems %[ u1 7 s greatly s\ght = by ! ,greeks ( ! h]oic age1 & import$ by ,sidonian m]*ants1 we f9d copies ( ! usual designs on ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian monum5ts1 an unconsci\s mixture ( hybrid sc5es1 :i* h no?+ orig9al except ?is qua9t amalgam itself1 ev5 m /rik+ "h ?an 9 ! o!r manife/ations ( ,phnician & ,cypriote art4 ,if we _h a l>g] numb] ( ^! curi\s di%es1 we %\ld f9d1 no d\bt1 t ! motives are little v>i$1 (t5 repeat$1 ev5 9 subjects z int]e/+ z ! ,hunt+ ,day1 & t ! ef=t ( imag9ation "h made by ! ,phnician arti/ has be5 little inv5tive4 ,=tunately = ! reputation ( ,phnician & ,cypriote goldsmi?s1 o!r monum5ts %[ t _! metallurgy 0 n limit$ to ^! int]e/+ pat]4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,cesnola br\ght f 8 excavations 9 ,cyprus a fragm5t ( a l>ge bronze crat]1 ! h&les ( :i* are decorat$ 9 ! mo/ orig9al fa%ion4 ,we "h f9d lions /&+ on _! h9d legs hold+ no*o1 & clo!d 9 fi%es' scales1 l ! god ,anu 9 ,assyro-,*aldan symbolism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,phnician gold ornam5t4 ,9 ,cypriote furniture & ornam5ts we obs]ve ! same *>act]i/ics ( a hybrid art4 ,!re are little silv] vases *isell$ 9 ! ,assyrian /yle ) r>e elegance1 h&les ( sceptres1 & o!r preci\s ut5sils l ^? ( ,n9eveh4 ,c]ta9 ornam5ts1 int5d$ = wom5's head-dresses1 are ( exquisite workman%ip2 s are ! e>-r+s1 ! necklaces ( gold1 gems & glass2 ) figures ( lions1 rams1 de]1 masks ) curl$ be>ds 9 ! ,assyrian fa%ion1 heads ( ,isis-,ha?or & lotus-fl[]s4 ,"s ( ^! necklaces & bracelets end 9 lions' or s]p5ts' heads1 & =m models :i* ,greek arti/s ne$$ only to copy1 = !y are ma/]pieces 9 _! k9d4 ,we h se5 t ! ,n9evite excavations br\ght to light ivory tablets c>v$ by ,phnician arti/s1 & import$ into ,mesopotamia by comm]ce3 plaques ( ! same /yle h be5 obta9$ f ,phnicia itself3 !y 7 ornam5ts ( preci\s caskets4 ,^! products ( ,phnician indu/ry 7 import$ into all ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 &1 at ,pale/r9a1 9 ,latium1 an ivory tablet 0 f\nd1 on :i* a vessel mann$ by r[]s is engrav$1 simil> to ^? 9 ! ,egyptian pa9t+s4 ,o/ri*-eggs1 f\nd 9 ,etruria1 arrang$ to s]ve z vases1 are adorn$ ) engrav$ figures1 ! ,phnician "* ( :i* c\ld sc>cely be disput$3 !re are zones ( w>riors on foot1 on horseback1 & 9 _! w>-*>iots2 files ( animals1 fights ( lions ) bulls 9 semi-,egyptian /yle2 ! frame ( ^! sc5es is borr[$ f ,assyria2 ! :ole is reliev$ by iridesc5t col\rs4#ajj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--,phnician e>-r+s4 ,if we _h 9 ,phnicia bas-reliefs l ^? ( ,assyria1 & pa9t+s l ^? ( ,egypt1 we %\ld be able to give "s acc\nt ( ^? brilliant /uffs ( dy$ purple1 describ$ by classical antiquity ) s mu* en?usiasm4 ,x 0 to ! ,tyrian god1 ,melk>?1 t tradition assign$ ! inv5tion ( ?is dye1 obta9$1 z x is well kn[n1 f ! juice ( a m>9e %ell1 ! murex1 :i* is f\nd especially on ! coa/ ( ,phnicia4 ,we c only affirm1 accord+ to lit]>y te/imony1 t ! work%ops ( ,tyre & ,sidon produc$ /uffs 9 abundance1 ! col\r ( :i*1 z ! anci5ts rem>k$1 in/ead ( be+ alt]$ & det]iorat$ by a bright light1 0 only r5d]$ m vivid & brilliant by x4 ,,ix4 ,,engrav$ ,,gems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--;,cyl9d] 9 ! ,de ,cl]q collection 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,! glyptic art1 ?r\gh ! multiplicity ( its productions1 is "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ,phnician ar*ology1 & tea*es u m ?an ! mis]able fragm5ts :i* rema9 ( pott]y or sculpture4 ,"h1 m cle>ly ?an 9 ! o!r bran*es ( art1 we f9d imitation ( ,egypt & ,assyria tak5 = grant$1 z a witness ( ! pov]ty ( inv5tion ( ! ,phnician intellect4 ,two cyl9d]s exi/ 9 ! ,de ,cl]cq collection :i* be> a cunei=m inscription by ! side ( ,egyptian figures4 ,t :i* we give z an example 7fig4 #bch71 aft] ,m4 ,m5ant1#aja is ! seal ( 8,annipi1 son ( ,addume ! ,sidonian40 ,?us ! own] ( ! cyl9d] is a ,phnician2 he has inscrib$ 8 "n 9 ,assyrian beside ! god ,set1#ajb ,reseph1 ! w>rior god1 & ,horus ) ! hawk's head4 ,! /yle ( ! inscription1 l t ( ! figures1 betrays1 h[ev]1 ! unskilful h& ( ! ,sidonian imitator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--;,cyl9d] at ! ,briti% ,museum 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,we possess1 on ! o!r h&1 cyl9d]s on :i* ! figures are purely ,assyrian1 :ile ! inscription is 9 ,phnician or ,aramaic *>act]s4 ,?is "o at ! ,briti% ,museum is ! 8seal ( ,akadban1 son ( ,gebrod ! eunu*1 wor%ipp] ( ,hadad0 7fig4 #bci74 ,! /yle ( ! figures & ! details ( ! co/ume are s cle>ly ,assyrian t ?is monum5t discloses to u ! plagi>i/ic me?od to :i* ! idle imag9ation ( ! ,phnicians _h rec\rse4 ,^! m]*ants f\nd x simpl] & spe$i] to appropriate ,assyrian or ,p]sian cyl9d]s1 satisfi$ ) hav+ _! names engrav$ ^u !m4 ,!y did n blu% to we> dur+ _! life ! ornam5ts ( o!r nations1 until _! a%es %\ld re/ 9 s>cophagi /ol5 f ! ,egyptians4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,cyprus1 !y tri$ to engrave cyl9d]s = !mselves4 ,! rec5t excavations h dis9t]r$ a l>ge quantity ( !m1 &1 by ! side ( cyl9d]s br\ght f ! cont95t by comm]ce1 "s h be5 f\nd :i* 7 c]ta9ly manufactur$ 9 ! isl&4 ,b :at a/oni%es u 9 ^! monum5ts is _! extreme b>b>ism2 ! design is mo/ summ>y1 ! figures are sc>cely sket*$1 & ! *isel has only made r\gh scrat*es on ! jasp]1 ! hmatite1 or ! *alc$ony4 ,& ev5 ! figures ( m5 or animals1 ! trees & ! geometrical ornam5ts ) :i* ! ,cypriote cyl9d]s are cov]$1 are copi$ by unskilful workm5 f ! productions ( ! ,assyro-,p]sian or ,egyptian glyptic art4 ,aft] all1 ,phnician cyl9d]s are r>e en\gh4 ,practical be=e ev]y?+1 ! m]*ants ( ,tyre & ,c>?age pref]r$ flat seals ( multiple =m to cyl9d]s1 ! use ( :i* 0 difficult2 !y manufactur$ sc>abi1 sc>aboids1 ellipsoids1 cones1 octagonal conoids1 ^! la/ especially 9 ! ,aramo-,p]sian p]iod1 & la/ly bezels = r+s4 ,among ! num]\s gems :i* h come d[n to u1 & :i* mu/ be attribut$ ei!r to ! ,phnicians !mselves or to ! ,araman populations ( ,syria1 "s h /ill pres]v$ _! m\nt+3 a r+ 9 ! =m ( a horse-%oe enabl$ ! own] to turn ! /one on its axis & to hang x f a necklace4 ,! inscription ( "o or two l9es1 :5 x exi/s1 gives ! "n ( ! own]1 8 fa!r's "n1 & sometimes 8 quality4 ,! subjects1 naturally m limit$ ?an ^? ( ! cyl9d]s1 are always ( ,egyptian1 ,p]sian1 or ,assyro-,*aldan inspiration4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 ! w+$ & radiat$ disk1 de]1 lions1 bulls1 sph9xes1 gryphons1 ! div9e bu/ 9 a w+$ disk1 a pontiff sacrific+ at an alt>1 or 9 adoration be=e ! pyreum4 ,! ,l\vre possesses a sc>aboid ( r$ agate acquir$ 9 ,mesopotamia by ,m4 de ,s>zec2 a god is se5 ^u x1 hold+ a s]p5t 9 ea* h&1 l ! ,egyptian ,horus2 he has f\r w+s1 & be>s on 8 head ! sol> disk support$ by two horns4 ,! "n1 ,baalna?an1 indicates t its own] 0 probably an ,ammonite or a ,moabite4 ,x may be admitt$1 ) ,m4 de ,vog1#ajc t among ! ,phnician1 ,araman & ,jewi% intagli1 ^? 9 :i* ,egyptian influ5ce appe>s exclusive are ! mo/ anci5t1 t is to say1 ant]ior to ! ,assyrian rule 9 ,syria4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--,sc>aboid seal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--,sc>aboid seal 7aft] ,m5ant74 ,f ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! action ( ,assyria appe>s 9 ! ,aramo-,phnician glyptic art1 sometimes alli$ to ! ,egyptian influ5ce1 sometimes exclusive z on a sc>abu 9 ! museum at ,vi5na1 be>+ ! "n ( ,akhotmelek1 wife ( ,josuah1 on :i* a deity is se5 sitt+ on a ?rone & receiv+ a libation f a /&+ pontiff 7fig4 #bdj74 ,a f9e sc>abu 9 gre5 jasp] at ! ,briti% ,museum 7fig4 #bda71 ) ! "n1 9 ,phnician *>act]s1 ( ,hodo1 ! scribe1 %[s a pr9cipal sc5e inspir$ by an ,assyrian cyl9d]1 :ile on ! field ! ,egyptian crux ansata figures1 & ! sc>aboidal =m ( ! gem is c]ta9ly ( ,ph>aonic orig94 ,9 ?is hybrid c\pl+ ( ,egyptian to ,assyrian art ! lea/ tra9$ obs]v] c disc]n :at belongs to ea* ( ! two con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! position ( ! out/ret*$ w+s1 "o rais$1 ! o!r l[]$1 be=e & n beh9d ! figures1 ! uri1 ! p%5t1 ! %5ti1 ! hawk-head$ gods1 ! lotus-fl[]1 ! sph9x1 & ! crux ansata1 prop]ly belong to ,egypt4 ,! long-fr+$ robe ( ! prie/s1 ! curl$ hair & be>d1 ! cyl9drical ti>a1 ! fire-alt>1 ! sacr$ tree1 & ! lions are1 besides o!r features1 ! prop]ty ( ,assyria & ,*alda4 ,! writ+ alone is ,aramaic or ,phnician4 ,at ! ,a*m5id epo*1 seals are f\nd 9 ,phnicia1 ! workman%ip ( :i* %[s signs ( ,p]sian influ5ce2 sometimes ev5 ! leg5d1 al?\gh ,araman1 gives u a ,p]sian "n4 ,f ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 la/ly1 ! glyptic art1 foll[+ ! same laws z ! o!r bran*es ( art1 is rapidly invad$ by ! ,greek g5ius4 ,engrav$ /ones ) ,cypriote or ,phnician leg5ds %[ subjects inconte/ably int]pret$ by ,greek arti/s1 ev5 :5 ! incid5ts are ori5tal2 at la/ we f9d ,greek subjects1 s t ! ori5tal influ5ce is only %[n by ! leg5d1 :i* /ill rema9s ,phnician4 ,we are !n arriv$ at ! age ( ,alex&]1 & ! anci5t civilisations ( ! ,ea/ h ceas$ to live4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,ar*,,ological ,,discov]ies ,,at ,,susa4 ,i4 ,m4 ,,de ,,morgan',s ,,mission ,,9 ,,susiana4 ,! progress ( ori5tal ar*ology leads u f "o surprise to ano!r4 ,ye> aft] ye> discov]ies are made 9 rapid succession1 :i* we wat* ) brea?less int]e/ z !y trans=m & elucidate "s *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? primitive civilizations f :i* our own is 9 "p d]iv$4 ,foll[+ ! discov]ies made 9 ,*alda1 ,assyria1 & ,phnicia1 ano!r region ( ! ,ea/ n[ takes its turn 9 ?r[+ light on ! pa/--! c\ntry ( ,elam1 or ,susiana1 a region hi!rto almo/ unkn[n to u1 al?\gh 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w x play$ an important "p4 ,! ru9s ( ,susa1 situat$ at ! nor? ( ,ahwaz1 =m a numb] ( imm5se tells :i* cov] an ext5t ( f\r & a half to six squ>e miles on bo? banks ( ! riv] ,k]kha4 ,! pla91 :i* is dom9at$ by ^! maje/ic m\nds z f> z ! banks ( ! ,k>n1 /ret*es f> to ! nor?1 :]e x is b\nd$ by ! ,bakhtiy>i m\nta9s4 ,s\?w>d x ext5ds to ! ,%att al ,arab & ,l[] ,*alda4 ,:at new mat]ial may we draw f ?is anci5t soil ( ,elam1 to provide food = our *imra-l appetite = univ]sal k2 a soil :]e c\ntless g5]ations ( human be+s lie buri$1 pil$ on ea* o!r l s _m geological /ratifications1 & surr\nd$ by all ! appurt5ances ( _! e>?ly exi/5ce8 ,! ,greeks h m]ely transmitt$ to u baseless fables conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,elam4 ,ignor+ all local traditions1 ! writ]s ( ! ,mac$onian p]iod relat$ t ! my?ical f\nd] ( ?is region 0 ,memnon1 son ( ,ti?onus1 & ( ,aurora2 t he l$ a body ( black w>riors to ! aid ( ,troy :5 besieg$ by ! ,greeks1 & 0 sla9 9 a duel by ,a*illes4 ,eos1 or ,aurora1 wept = h] son1 & accord+ to a pretty fiction x is ! te>s ( ?is inconsolable "m :i* =m ! morn+ dew4 ,classical antiquity 0 cradl$ 9 su* poetic /ories ( ! my/]i\s regions ( ! ris+ sun1 )\t any attempt to discov] ! actual facts4 ,x is ! ,bible alone t has pres]v$ ! "n ( "o ( ! k+s ( ,susa1 ,*$orlaom]1 a contempor>y ( ,abraham4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( deciph]+ ! ,*aldan cunei=m texts has r5d]$ u acqua9t$ ) isolat$ episodes ( ! political relations betwe5 ! ,elamites & ! ,babylonians & ,n9evites4 ,9 #ahaj ,macdonald ,k9ne> & ,montei? accompani$ ,g5]al ,malcolm on 8 mission to ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia2 9 #ahbf ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 & lat] aga9 ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d1 visit$ ! tells ( ,susa1 & copi$ sev]al inscriptions :i* _h be5 laid b>e by ! heavy ra9s4 ,z ! monum5ts em]g$ f ! rubbi%1 x became evid5t t only excavation c\ld compel ! m\nds ( ,susa to yield ! secrets !y conta9$4 ,^! excavations 7 comm5c$ 9 #ahea by ,sir ,k5ne? ,l(tus & ,colonel ,williams1 :o cle>$ ! wells ( ! palace ( ,d>ius ,i41 son ( ,hy/aspes4 ,! rese>*es 7 !n ab&on$1 & x 0 only 9 #ahhe t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t commission$ ,m4 ,dieulafoy to c>ry on ! "w begun by ,l(tus4 ,he laid b>e ! ,apadana ( ,artax]xes1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum ! magnific5t ,a*m5id fragm5ts describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ( ?is volume 7p4 #adf et seq74 ,b v>i\s rema9s & fragm5ts ( inscriptions ( an age f> m remote %[$ t m]ely ! surface ( ! ru9s _h be5 t\*$1 & t x w\ld be necess>y to und]take sy/ematic excavations ( great] dep?4 ,a diplomatic treaty sign$ ,may #ab?1 #ahie1 r5ew$ & confirm$ 9 ,p>is 9 #aijj by ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia1 accord$ to ,france ! exclusive "r to c>ry out ar*ological excavations ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,m4 ,jacques de ,morgan 0 appo9t$ ,delegate-,g5]al ( ,antiquities 9 ,p]sia1 ) a special mission to c>ry on ! rese>*es at ,susiana4 ,aft] enc\nt]+ difficulties ( e k9d1 ,m4 de ,morgan1 accompani$ by a numb] ( colleagues1 among :om we mu/ m5tion "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( contempor>y ,assyriologi/s1 ,pre ,v4 ,s*eil1 arriv$ at ! site ( ! ru9s ( ,susa on ! #af? ( ,decemb]1 #ahig1 & comm5c$ "w !re4 ,! fir/ results s5t to ,p>is =m$ a special exhibition at ! ,gr& ,palais des ,*amps ,elyses1 9 ! spr+ ( #aija1 & occasion$ great surprise & admiration4 ,^! rema9s consi/ ( imm5se numb]s ( inscrib$ bricks1 ( bas-reliefs1 ( /el cov]$ ) cunei=m writ+ ( mo/ ar*aic appe>ance1 & ( works ( art ( a /yle hi!rto unkn[n4 ,?us1 9 beg9n+ ! publication ( ^! monum5ts1 & ! translation ( ! texts1 ,m4 ,s*eil c\ld write )\t exagg]ation or hyp]bole3 8,x is "h t ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry ( ,elam beg9s02 & he !n proce$s to deal ) ^? great problems ( hi/ory1 ( :i* ! solution _h become ! "q ( ! mom5t4 ,:at 7 ! e>lie/ civilizations ( ! ,ea/1 & to :at p]iod d !y c>ry u back8 ,to :at e?nic gr\ps d ! ,elamites belong8 ,:at connection is !re betwe5 ,elam1 ,anzan1 & ,susa1 ! ?ree names giv5 9 ! orig9al texts to ,susiana8 ,did !re actually exi/ 9 t c\ntry a comb9ation ( in/itutions1 political or religi\s1 ( a di/9ctive & indep5d5t "*8 ,:at languages & :at races ( mank9d met 9 t region :i* adjo9s ! l& ( ! ,semites1 ! ,arians1 & p]haps ! ,turanians8 ,^! are que/ions ( deep mom5t1 & !y h obta9$ f ! e>ly excavat+ campaigns a hesitat+ & p>tial reply1 :i* does n satisfy our ?ir/ = ! :ole tru? reg>d+ ! orig9s ( ! e>lie/ civilizations4 8,! proto-ar*aic texts10 says ,m4 ,s*eil regretfully1 8w %[ h[ limit$ is our k bo? ( ! orig9s1 :i* are cont9ually becom+ m remote1 & ( ! prim>y factors ( civilization1 ! numb] ( :i* is /eadily increas+40 ,we c only give a g5]al sket* ( ! ar*ological results obta9$ up to ,july #aije1 ! date ( ! inauguration at ! ,l\vre ( ! gall]y devot$ to ! objects discov]$ up to t "t4 ,! "w is /ill proce$+1 & we may hope t x w be br\ght to a conclusion )\t int]ruption4 ,betwe5 ,janu>y #a1 #ahig & ,april #ae1 #aije ,m4 de ,morgan has dug m ?an #bhj1jjj cubic metres ( e>? & dbris ( all k9ds1 & he e/imates fur!r t x w be necess>y to remove #a1bhj1jjj cubic metres 9 ord] to br+ ! excavations to a f9al conclusion4 ,work+ at ! rate ( #ce1jjj cubic metres ye>ly1 ! ar*ological excavations at ,susa w occupy n less ?an #ce ye>s4#ajd ,,ii4 ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,ru9s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,rec5t ,,discov]ies4 ,! rese>*es we h j describ$1 s f> z !y h be5 c>ri$ at pres5t1 %[ t _m ( ! m\nds ( ,susa1 =m$ ( an accumulation ( dbris & cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( s& deposit$ by ! des]t w9ds1 7 inhabit$ f prehi/oric times to ! ,arab p]iod4 ,! prehi/oric rema9s are f\nd at a dep? ( ov] #hj feet1 bel[ ! evid5ces ( m advanc$ civilizations4 ,aft] digg+ ?r\gh ! accumulat$ rema9s ( =ty c5turies1 ! virg9 soil is rea*$1 & "h are f\nd work$ fl9ts1 primitive pott]y1 & o!r objects simil> to ^? f\nd on all prehi/oric sites4 ,above ! level ( ! work$ fl9ts1 & ! r\gh1 h&-made pott]y1 %ap$ )\t ! aid ( ! :eel1 ano!r civilization is f\nd1 m advanc$1 al?\gh /ill prehi/oric1 :i* produc$ vases 9 s&/one & calcite ( v>i\s sizes1 &--f> m important & fundam5tal--seals or /amps1 pro(s ( a culture widely remov$ f b>b>ism4 ,^! seals are hemisph]ical 9 =m1 & pi]c$ ) a hole = susp5sion4 ,! base or flat face is decorat$ ) figures ( animals engrav$ 9 rudim5t>y fa%ion by means ( ! drill & po9t4 ,! mo/ usual subject is a lion1 or lion's head4 ,b n[h]e at ?is level ( ! rema9s has ! slighte/ trace ( writ+ be5 f\nd4 ,! dwell+s 7 huts1 made ei!r ( beat5 e>? or ( crude bricks4 ,a ?ick lay] ( c9d]s & o!r unequivocal indications1 enable u to ass]t t ?is primitive civilization disappe>$ ow+ to ! massacre ( ! inhabitants & ! burn+ ( _! dwell+s4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod1 to :i* x is impossible to assign ev5 an approximate date1 ,susa suff]$ f "s =eign invasion1 & ! pillag]s in/all$ !mselves 9 place ( ! indig5\s inhabitants1 :om !y de/roy$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a new civilization we f9d above ! rema9s ( ! prehi/oric p1 & :i* introduces u to ! doma9 ( actual hi/ory1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,elam-,anzanite p]iod4 ,x is to ?is invad+ race t ,susa owes h] fir/ writt5 docum5ts4 ,^! inscriptions1 al?\gh !y are 9 a language almo/ unkn[n to u1 are und\bt$ly ! mo/ important t ?is p]iod has hi!rto yield$4 ,! e>lie/ text kn[n is engrav$ on a bone cyl9d] 7fig4 #bdb74 ,! m]e appe>ance ( ! signs /rikes u ) ! remote antiquity to :i* !y mu/ be assign$2 !y are actually hi]oglyphs4 ,among !m app>5tly !re c be di/+ui%$ an insect1 a d\ble comb1 a quadrup$1 a bird1 "s gra9s ( :eat1 & a man c>ry+ a d\ble load on 8 %\ld]s4 ,on ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d] two bulls are depict$1 ea* ) 8 head ov] a mang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--;,bone cyl9d]1 %[+ ! e>lie/ /age ( cunei=m writ+ 7,l\vre74 ,?is object1 :i* s f> seems to be ! sole repres5tative ( ! e>lie/ /age ( cunei=m writ+1 & :i* leads u to "q :e!r ?is mode ( writ+ 0 n inv5t$ at ,susa1 is foll[$ by a s]ies ( clay tablets rang+ 9 size f #b to #i in*es at ! sides1 & ) ! pr9cipal face cov]$ ) writ+1 ( :i* ! signs are almo/ cunei=m4 ,dr4 ,s*eil1 h[ev]1 says ( ^! t app>5tly 8we h "h a sy/em ( cunei=m writ+ o!r ?an t ( primitive ,*aldan1 or at lea/ ! result ( an extremely indep5d5t evolution1 v diff]5t to t :i* has giv5 u ! signs kn[n z ! ,babylonian3 evid5tly ^! signs1 in/ead ( be+ extremely ar*aic are l9e> 9 "*1 & geometric r ?an hi]oglyphic40 ,dr4 ,s*eil recognises t ^! texts are ari?metical1 & he has already be5 able to di/+ui% ! elem5ts ( ,elamite num]ation 7fig4 #bdc74 ,any "o /udy+ !m f ! po9t ( view ( workman%ip1 w notice1 z ,dr4 ,s*eil aga9 obs]ves1 t ! signs are inscrib$ ) a neatness & c]ta9ty t indicate previ\s long practice on ! "p ( ! scribe4 ,n[h]e c we disc]n errors or r\gh "w1 su* z w\ld be ! results ( e>ly attempts & exp]im5ts4 ,?us we arrive at ! conclusion t ^? texts 7 writt5 by ! invad]s1 :o 7 already 9 possession ( ?is sy/em ( writ+ :5 !y arriv$ at ,susa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--;,fragm5t ( an ,elamite tablet inscrib$ ) ari?metical calculations 7,l\vre74 ,x is at ?is p]iod t we fir/ f9d cyl9d]s cov]$ ) repres5tations ( animals1 engrav$ on ! surface be=e ! tablets 7 bak$ or dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,^! cyl9d]s are ( gre5i% enamell$ pa/e & v h>d2 only a small numb] has be5 discov]$ at pres5t1 b impressions made ) "s ( ! objects ( ?is class agree = ! great] "p ) ! clay tablets4 ,we give a reproduction ( "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ^! impressions 7fig4 #bdd74 ,"h we c di/+ui% giants1 leonocephalic & taurocephalic1 tam+ lions & bulls app>5tly = amusem5t4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! /yle is v rem>kable1 & recalls t ( c]ta9 animals on ! f9e/ ( ! ,*aldan cyl9d]s4 ,( ?is same civilization !re is also a l>ge numb] ( alaba/] vases2 ^! are frequ5tly decorat$ ) incis$ l9es1 =m+ geometric designs2 9 "s in/ances ^! vases h animal =ms1 su* z ducks1 pigs1 fi%1 or seat$ monkeys1 types g5]ally figur$ 9 a summ>y & rudim5t>y fa%ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--;,cyl9d] %[+ giants1 lions1 & bulls1 glaz$ pott]y 7,l\vre74 ,above ! proto-,elamite zone ! ru9s become confus$ & belong to diff]5t p]iods4 ,x is obvi\s t ! soil ( ,susa 0 con/antly ov]turn$ & pillag$4 ,happily ! beacon light ( hi/ory n[ beg9s to guide our foot/eps1 & enables u to classify *ronologically ^? rema9s1 :i* are discov]$ 9 disord]4 ,! writt5 texts1 :i* are increas+ly num]\s1 f ?is "t are divid$ into two ma9 classes2 ! fir/ writt5 9 a ,semitic dialect1 ! second 9 ! ,anzanite language4 ,?is %[s t 9 ! c\ntry ( ,elam at t remote p]iod an e?nic dualism exi/$1 :i* corresponds ) ! d\ble "n = ! capital ( ,anzan & ,susa--a dualism :i* c]ta9 sculptur$ repres5tations ( ! human figure also exhibit f ! an?ropological & e?nological po9t ( view4 ,! ,anzanite inscriptions are /ill only p>tly deciph]able1 not)/&+ ! insight %[n by ,dr4 ,s*eil 9 comm5c+ a /udy ( !m4 ,z to ! inscriptions 9 ! ,elamite language1 ov] a ?\s& h be5 br\ght to ! ,l\vre4 ,!y are on slabs ( /one1 on blocks :i* h s]v$ z sockets = doors1 & yet m are inscrib$ ) a /ylus on bricks4 ,^! h be5 deciph]$ by ,dr4 ,s*eil2 !y give ! names ( ! k+s by ^: comm&s ! build+s 7 erect$1 9 :i* !y 7 employ$4 ,) ! help ( ^! clues1 & guid$ by "s m explicit texts & by ! in=mation ab\t ,susa already af=d$ u 9 ! inscriptions ( ,*alda & ,assyria1 x has be5 possible to e/abli% ! fir/ l&m>ks ( ! hi/ory ( t p[]ful ,elamite empire1 ^: complete annals w %ortly provide a new *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,anci5t ,_w4 ,aft] ! my?ical p]iod1 9 :i* su* k+s z ,humbaba & ,kudur appe>1 ^: names s f> only occur 9 leg5d>y poems & /ories1 ! e>lie/ hi/orical texts introduce u to ! pr9ces ( ,elam z vassals ( ! ,mesopotamian suz]a9s4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is call$ ,ur-iti-,adad1 vassal successively ( ! two k+s ( ,agade1 ,s>gani-s>-ali1 & ,n>am-,s91 ab\t ,b4,c4 #cgej4 ,"o ( 8 successors1 ,k>ibu-,sa-,sus9ak1 patesi ( ,susa1 sakkanak ( ,elam1 boa/s ( hav+ built ! temple ( ! god ,sugu 8! anci5t10 & ( hav+ con/ruct$ ! canal ( ,sidur2 he is a vassal ( ,dungi1 k+ ( ,ur1 & ( ,gudea1 patesi ( ,sirpurla4 ,to ! rule ( ! patesis at ,elam succe$$ t ( ! ,sukkal-mah4 ,?is 0 occasion$ by a *ange 9 ! suz]a9ty1 :i* f be+ ,*aldan n[ became ,elamite4 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #bbhj ! k+ ( ,susa1 ,kudur-,nakhunta1 effect$ ! conque/ ( ,mesopotamia & decorat$ 8 capital ) ! spoils ( ! t[ns ( ,*alda2 notable among ^! 0 ! /atue ( ! goddess ,nana1 :i* he caus$ to be transport$ f ,uruk 7,ere*7 to ,susa4 ,long aft]1 ,hammurabi1 k+ ( ,babylon1 deliv]$ ,*alda f ! dom9ation ( ,elam1 & "o ( 8 successors1 ,kuri-galsu1 ev5 succe$$ 9 ent]+ ,susa z a conqu]or4 ,b lat] aga9 ! ,susians ga9$ _! rev5ge2 !y took ,babylon by assault1 & c>ri$ away ! /atue ( ,bel4 ,a k+ ( ,susa1 ,%utruk-,nakhunta1 boa/s ( hav+ deva/at$ ,*alda1 & ( hav+ seiz$ ! /el ( ,meli%ikhu2 he records t he took "s hundr$s ( t[ns1 br\ght back sev]al k+s z captives1 & built a l>ge numb] ( temples at ,susa4 ,8 gr&son1 ,%ilkhak-9-,%u%9ak1 re/or$ ^! build+s1 :]e ! /el1 ! kudurru1 & ! /atues ( ,*aldan div9ities 7 plac$1 ) all ! preci\s objects tak5 f ! t[ns ( ! ,tigris valley4 ,! names ( ab\t tw5ty o!r ,susian k+s are kn[n2 !y belong to two or ?ree diff]5t dyna/ies1 & we c trace ! exi/5ce ( conflict+ races 9 ,susa itself4 ,?is fact is fur!r %[n by ! v>iety ( languages :i* are f\nd writt5 9 cunei=m "*4 ,by turns conqu]ors & conqu]$1 ! ,susians pass$ f ! rle ( oppressors to t ( oppress$2 raid succe$$ to raid1 ) results z contradictory z ! gu/s ( w9d 9 a gale4 ,! k+s ( ,n9eveh1 :o dur+ ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c4 became ! mo/ p[]ful rul]s ( ?is "p ( ! _w1 7 ! dom9at+ p[] 9 ,*alda & con/itut$ !mselves protectors ( ! c\ntry aga9/ ! incursions ( ! ,susians4 ,"u ,s>gon1 k+ ( ,assyria 7,b4,c4 #gbb-gje7 & 8 successors !re began a mighty /ruggle1 :i* end$ ) ! ru9 ( ,susa by ,assurbanipal 9 ,b4,c4 #fdg4 ,we mu/ "h recall t /range & tragic episode ( ! annals ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y4 ,! k+ ( ,n9eveh1 relat+ 8 conque/s 9 ! l& ( ,elam1 records t sixte5 c5turies e>li] ,kudur-,nakhunta1 k+ ( ,susa1 _h invad$ ,mesopotamia1 & c>ri$ away ! /atues ( ! ,*aldan gods1 m especially ! image ( ! great goddess ,nan1 :i* ?us rema9$ prison] until he1 ,assurbanipal1 w5t to h] rescue3 8,! ,k+ ( ,elam1 ,kudur-,nakhunta plac$ 8 h&s on ! temples ( ! c\ntry ( ,accad1 & he c>ri$ away ! /atue ( ! goddess ,nana3 ,8 days _h be5 multipli$ & 8 p[] 0 v great4 ,! great gods p]mitt$ ^! ?+s1 & = ! space ( #afce ye>s ?is image rema9$ 9 ! p[] ( ! ,elamites4 ,t is :]e=e ,i1 ,assurbanipal1 ! pr9ce :o adores ! great gods1 ,i conqu]$ ! l& ( ,elam4444 ,! /atue ( ! goddess ,nana _h be5 9 adv]sity = #afce ye>s2 %e _h be5 c>ri$ into captivity 9 ,elam a c\ntry :i* 0 n consecrat$ to h]4 ,! goddess ) ! gods1 h] fa!rs1 proclaim$ my "n z sov]eign ( ! nations1 f ?is "t =?1 & %e entru/$ to me ! task ( rescu+ h] /atue4 ,%e said3 ,assibanipal w cause me to come =? f ,elam1 a l& ( ! enemy & w e/abli% me aga9 9 ! ,temple ,e-anna4 ,?is div9e comm& 0 pron\nc$ 9 bygone days1 b x 0 only ^? ( my own "t :o expla9$ x4 ,!n ,i seiz$ ! h&s ( ! /atue ( ! great goddess1 &1 9 ord] to rejoice h] he>t1 ,i caus$ h] to take a direct road to ! ,temple ,e-anna4 ,! fir/ day ( ! mon? ( ,kislev1 ,i caus$ h] to ent] into ! city ( ,uruk1 & ,i re9/at$ h] 9 ! et]nal tab]nacle ( ,e-anna1 ! temple ( h] *oice40 ,! ,n9evite bas-reliefs1 :i* accompany ^! curi\s inscriptions1 effectively repres5t a procession ( ,assyrian prie/s & soldi]s1 c>ry+ ! reconqu]$ anci5t idols on _! %\ld]s ) great pomp4 ,at ! "t ( ! de/ruction by ,assurbanipal1 ,elamite ,susa conta9$1 n only ! objects ( art1 ! /atues & valuable monum5ts relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ,elam & ! cult ( h] gods1 b also1 "u ! title ( spolia opima1 all ! valuables :i* _h be5 br\ght by ! k+s ( ,elam f _! exp$itions into ,*alda z trophies ( victory4 ,assurbanipal recov]$ ! great] "p ( ^! objects1 & replac$ !m 9 ! t[ns f :i* !y _h be5 tak52 ! booty 0 imm5se1 z he himself records4 ,b mu* w\ld naturally h be5 effectually conceal$1 & ?is he w\ld be =c$ to leave beh9d at ! "t ( ! sack ( ! t[n2 he also left a numb] ( objects ( second>y importance1 su* z c]ta9 /atues1 /el1 & kudurru1 :i* _h orig9ally come f ,*alda4 ,und]m9+ & inc5di>ism de/roy$ all t c\ld n be lad5 on ! backs ( ! soldi]y & animals ( ! ,assyrian army1 & ?us ,assurbanipal effect$ ! complete ru9 ( ,susa4 ,?is expla9s ! circum/ance t a numb] ( monum5ts & objects ( ,*aldan orig9 are f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,susa among o!rs indig5\s to ,elam4 ,! capital ( ,elam appe>s to h be5 built once m aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,assyrians1 = a cyl9d] ( ,nebu*adnezz> in=ms u t ?is pr9ce built _m temples !re1 z well z at ,babylon4 ,susa nev] aga9 really recov]$ h] anci5t spl5d\r until ! "t ( ! second dyna/y ( ! ,a*m5id k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,d>ius1 son ( ,hy/aspes1 made x ! capital ( 8 realms1 & until ! rise ( ,alex&ria1 ,susa rema9$ ! mo/ important c5tre ( art1 & ( ,p]sian civilization 7see ,*apt] ,v474 ,at ?is p]iod1 ,susa 0 once m ! !atre ( ev5ts simil> to ^? :i* s _m c5turies be=e _h agitat$ h] exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! entire ,ea/1 ,susa1 z well z ,babylon1 & ev5 ,s>dis1 _h fall5 into ! p[] ( ! ,p]sian ,a*m5ids1 & :5 ,d>ius &1 lat]1 ,x]xes1 invad$ ,greece 9 ,b4,c4 #dib & #dhj1 ! ,hell5ic sanctu>ies 7 pillag$ 9 _! turn4 ,! ,p]sians c>ri$ away _! treasures1 /atues1 & ex-votos across ,asia z f> z ,susa1 & !re plac$ !m 9 _! own temples z trophies ( _! victories4 ,:51 9 8 turn1 ,alex&] 9 ,b4,c4 #cca invad$ ! ,ea/1 z av5g] ( ! ,hell5ic race1 he laid a heavy h& on ! treasures ( ,susa2 9 t capital he discov]$ ! great works ( art ( ,greece1 m especially ! bronze /atues ( ! ,tyrannicides1 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton1 :i* ,x]xes _h c>ri$ away f ,a!ns3 ^! ! conqu]+ ,mac$onians 7 delight$ to re/ore to ! ,a!nians4 ,! temple ( ,didyma ne> ,miletus1 l all o!rs1 _h be5 pillag$ by ,d>ius1 & its treasures c>ri$ (f4 ,:at mu/ h be5 ! a/oni%m5t ( ,m4 de ,morgan :5 he discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 excavations a huge bronze knuckle-bone1 weigh+ m ?an #aeb lb4 & be>+ a ,greek inscription ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 record+ t ?is s+ul> object 0 d$icat$ by a dwell] 9 ,miletus to ,apollo ,didymu4 ,?us we f9d an ex-voto f ! ,temple ( ,didyma c>ri$ to ,susa by ! ,p]sians "u ,d>ius1 & :i* has n[ f\nd its way to ! banks ( ! ,se9e1 an object ( a/oni%m5t to visitors to ! ,l\vre4 ,?is enorm\s knuckle-bone is provid$ ) two h&les to facilitate transport4 ,! upp] "o1 worn ?r\gh by long-cont9u$ friction1 %[s traces ( ! iron b> or hook pass$ ?r\gh x = its long j\rney f ,miletus to ,susa4 ,?us hi/ory--,proteus ) 8 ?\s& =ms--repeats itself unceas+ly "u its _m trans=mations2 ev5 mod]n times furni% u ) num]\s episodes simil> to ^? j relat$4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,build+4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !re c be no /udy ( ! ar*itecture 9 elevation1 z ! ru9s af=d no examples ( build+ 9 /one4 ,we are =c$ to conf9e ourselves to exam9+ ! gr\nd plans ( ! build+s1 ! pavem5ts1 & ! f\ndations4 ,ev]y?+ else has fall5 to pieces1 or be5 r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,9 "s ( ! tells ( ,*aldea1 h[ev]1 rema9s ( temples & palaces h be5 f\nd ) ! l[] c\rses /ill 9 position4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is t we h be5 able to give ,m4 de ,s>zec's recon/ruction ( ! plan ( ! palace ( ,gudea at ,tello 7fig4 #b1 p4 #i74 ,! ,am]ican ,ar*ological ,mission has also discov]$ at ,niff] 7,nippur7 ! l[] c\rses ( a zikkurat1 or /ag$ t[]1 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,9 ?is region ! build+ mat]ials 7 frequ5tly kiln-bak$ bricks1 & mort> made ( bitum5 ( su* exquisite quality z to r5d] ! walls ( su* consi/5cy t at ! pres5t day x is necess>y to use p[d] to demoli% !m4 ,at ,susa1 s f> z inve/igations h be5 c>ri$ at pres5t1 x appe>s t crude bricks 7 usually employ$ 9 build+1 & )\t ! bitum5 mort>1 ) ! result t ! walls 7 easily demoli%$1 bo? by ! pick-axe ( ! int5tional deva/ator & by ! corrosive action ( ! wea!r4 8,?us on all sides10 says ,m4 de ,morgan1 8reigns ! greate/ ( confusion ( pil$-up mat]ials40 ,"o exception has ?us f> be5 f\nd1 a small temple ( ! god ,%u%9ak1 :]e ! plan c be trac$1 ow+ to ! basem5t hav+ be5 con/ruct$ ( bak$ bricks1 ) revetm5ts ( glaz$ s&/one4 ,l>ge numb]s ( tiles h also be5 f\nd1 enamell$ ) yell[ or pale gre5 & be>+ ! "n ( k+ ,%utruk-,nakhunta4 ,?is is ! class ( decoration :i* develop$ dur+ ! ,a*m5id p]iod1 ( :i* we h previ\sly giv5 "s specim5s4#aje ,! hid+-places f\nd "u ! pavem5t ( ! temple yield$ a numb] ( votive objects1 :i* are exce$+ly int]e/+ & valuable4 ,( ^! we %all speak lat]2 we mu/ n[ only m5tion ! brick columns1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* has be5 /udi$1 & ( :i* we give a repres5tation 7fig4 #bde74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4--;,brick ,column1 ,susa4 ,?is column is compos$ ( a numb] ( bricks1 all ( :i* be> ! "n & protocol =mula ( ! royal build]1 ,%utruk-,nakhunta4 ,"s ( ^! bricks are squ>e1 o!rs r\nd1 & o!rs are segm5ts ( circles4 ,! figure "h giv5 suffici5tly indicates h[ !y are arrang$1 & x w be se5 t ! pr9ciple is precisely ! same z 9 ! simil> con/ructions at ,tello 7see p4 #aj1 fig4 #c74 ,obs]vations made on ! spot %[ t ! column 0 work$ ov] f ! f\ndation aft] its con/ruction1 = _m bricks ) ! "n ( ,%utruk-,nakhunta are rev]s$1 & !re are o!rs ) names ( o!r k+s4 ,to obta9 m precise in=mation on ,elamite ar*itecture & build+1 we mu/ wait = fur!r discov]ies1 :i* w surely n be long def]r$4 ,,iv4 ,,/one ,,sculpture4 ,! e>lie/ example ( ! sculptor's art f\nd by ! de ,morgan ,mission up to ! pres5t "t is a ,*aldan /ela1 transport$ f ,babylonia to ,susa z ! result ( "s victory4 ,x is an obelisk ( black diorite1 simil> to ! /atues discov]$ by ,m4 de ,s>zec at ,tello1 ( pyramidal =m ) a rectangul> base4 ,x measures #d ft4 #c 94 9 height4 ,! f\r faces are cov]$ ) cunei=m inscriptions 9 a language :i* is a mixture ( ,sum]ian & ,semitic4 ,! writ+ is v f9e1 inscrib$ ) c>e & delicacy1 & ! text comprises n less ?an #g1fjj signs4 ,x ref]s to a k+ nam$ ,mani%tu-,irba1 z pur*as] ( l&s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kis1 to ! nor? ( ,babylon4 ,?is monum5t is purely epigraphic1 & be>s no sculptures1 at any rate 9 its pres5t condition4#ajf ,ano!r example dates back to ! same p]iod1 & is also ,*aldan 9 orig94 ,x is a fragm5t ( s&/one pavem5t 7#cg #ag in*es7 on :i* is sculptur$ 9 relief "o ( ^? fanta/ic g5ii peculi> to ,*aldan my?ology4 ,he has a human head1 & is /&+1 hold+ ) bo? h&s ! b\ghs ( a sacr$ tree simil> to t repres5t$ on ! ,*aldan cyl9d]s4 ,! eye is enorm\s & disproportionate1 ! nose prom95t & ar*$1 ! *9 retreat+3 above ! m\? !re is a small droop+ m\/a*e1 :ile ! be>d1 =m$ at fir/ ( small regul> curls1 divides into a s]ies ( /raight locks & falls squ>e ov] ! brea/4 ,a /rip$ b&1 f9i%$ ) an ornam5t %ap$ l ! e> ( an animal1 =ms ! head-dress1 & f x a heavy coil or twi/ ( hair falls to ! %\ld]4 ,!re is a pair ( imm5se horns on ! top ( ! head4 ,! body ends at ! lo9s ) animal's feet & a lion's tail4 ,! /yle & type ( ?is g5ius recalls 9 a /rik+ mann] ! mo/ ar*aic ( ! bas-reliefs ( ,tello4#ajg ,on o!r /one reliefs are unfold$ be=e our eyes a convoy ( prison]s 9 *a9s1 or aga91 ! episodes ( a siege1 ! immolation ( prison]s1 vultures dev\r+ ! corpses on a field ( battle2 on ano!r !re is a figure ( a god ) long twi/$ be>d1 & massive %\ld]s1 placidly seat$ on 8 ?rone & receiv+ ! homage ( ! pr9ce :o is "u 8 protection4 ,^! sc5es1 at once expressive & sev]ely simple1 are excell5t specim5s ( primitive ,*aldan art z reveal$ to u at ,tello4 ,import$ into ,susa by conque/1 !re is no?+ ,susian ab\t !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--,triumphal /ela ( ,n>am-,s94 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! ,*aldan monum5ts discov]$ 9 ! rubbi% ( ! ,elamite capital is und\bt$ly ! triumphal /ela ( ! k+ ,n>am-,s9 7fig4 #bdf71 :i* attract$ mu* att5tion imm$iately aft] ! notification ( its discov]y by ,m4 de ,morgan & ,dr4 ,s*eil 9 #ahih4 ,?is /ela is sculptur$ on a block ( s&/one1 cov]$ ) bas-reliefs & inscriptions4 ,x is #f ft4 #d 94 high & #c ft4 #b 94 wide2 ! outl9e is irregul> & ! sculptor has utiliz$ ! :ole = 8 composition1 )\t attempt+ to get rid ( ! irregul>ities1 z ?\gh ! block itself possess$ some:at ( a sacr$ "* & 0 held inviolate1 ev5 be=e ! addition ( ! sculptures ) :i* x is decorat$4 ,a prim>y inscription relates t ,n>am-,s91 k+ ( ,agade 9 l[] ,*alda1 #djjj ,b4,c4 caus$ ?is /ela to be erect$1 9 ord] t !re %\ld be engrav$ on x ! acc\nt ( 8 w>like de$s aga9/ ! p ( ,lulubi4 ,b ! /ela be>s a second inscription1 add$ long aft] ! "t ( ,n>am-,s94 ,?is new cunei=m text is n ,*aldan2 x is 9 ! ,anzanite language & be>s ! "n ( ,*utruk-,nakhunta1 k+ ( ! ,elamites4 ,not)/&+ ! unc]ta9ty :i* /ill att5ds ! int]pretation ( ,anzanite texts1 ,dr4 ,s*eil has be5 able to asc]ta9 t 9 ?is inscription1 ,*utruk-,nakhunta boa/s t he has c>ri$ (f ! /ela ( ,n>am-,s9 f ! t[n ( ,sipp>a 9 ,*alda1 aft] a victory1 & has _h x remov$ to ,susa1 & caus$ ?is inscription to be cut on x1 m5tion+ 8 victory & ! removal ( ! /ela4 ,?us ?is monum5t1 discov]$ by ,m4 de ,morgan1 0 orig9ally a trophy ( victory ( ! ,*aldan k+1 ,n>am-,s91 :i* lat] became a simil> trophy ( ,*utruk-,nakhunta1 :5 ! ,elamites took v5geance on ! ,*aldans & succe$$ 9 invad+ ,*alda4 ,! curi\s bas-relief :i* decorat$ ! great] "p ( ! /ela1 dates back to primitive times1 & repres5ts1 n ! conque/ ( ! ,elamite k+s1 b ^? f> e>li] victories ( ! ,*aldan1 ,n>am-,s94 ,m4 de ,morgan ?us describes x3 8,! k+1 victori\s ov] ! ,lulubis & _! allies1 is pursu+ 8 enemies 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,at ! head ( 8 army he climbs ! heights2 corpses cov] ! gr\nd & roll ov] ! precipices2 ! vanqui%$1 :o h tak5 refuge 9 ! =e/1 are implor+ m]cy f _! conqu]ors1 to escape fall+ "u _! weapons4 ,! />s ( heav51 fav\rable to ! armies ( ,agade1 are illum9at+ ) _! gl[ ! glories ( ,n>am-,s94 ,su* is ! motif t guid$ ! sculptor1 & su* no d\bt 0 ! lead+ idea giv5 him by ! k+4 ,z to ! int]pretation1 ! arrangem5t ( ! figures1 & gr\p+ ( ! :ole sc5e1 t is ! "w ( ! arti/4 8,! composition ( ! bas-relief ( ,susa is clev] 9 its simplicity4 ,only eight arm$ m5 are figur$1 to repres5t ! army ( ,agade1 :i* is l$ by ,n>am-,s9 9 p]son4 ,two act z sc\ts 9 ! =e/1 :ile six repres5t ! body ( ! troops4 ,?ree m5 are fall+ dead & "o w\nd$ "u ! bl[s ( ! k+1 to express ! c>nage wr\ght on ! foe by ! conqu]or1 & f\r fugitives are hold+ up _! h&s to figure ! submission ( ! conqu]$4 ,two trees rem9d u by _! %ape1 ( ! sp>sely wood$ =e/s :i* cov] ! m\nta9s ( ,kurdi/an40 ,su* is ! summ>y syn!sis ( ! victories ( ,n>am-,s91 ! sight ( :i* mu/ h /ruck ! imag9ation ( ! ,*aldans1 rem9d+ !m ( ! m\nta9\s & wood$ c\ntry :i* _h be5 ! !atre ( s t]rible a slaught]4 ,! c\ntry :i* =ms a sett+ = ?is sc5e is depict$ ) ! same simplicity we f9d lat] 9 ! ,*aldan & ,n9evite sculptures1 & may be comp>$ m especially ) ! ,*aldan "w on ! ,vulture ,/ela f\nd by ,m4 de ,s>zec at ,tello 7see pp4 #be1 #bf1 figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac74 ,an enorm\s cone1 ) v>i\s undulations surr\nd+ x1 repres5ts ! m\nta9\s c\ntry t is p]vad$ by ! army ( ,n>am-,s94 ,a few trees sugge/ ! =e/1 sup]pos$ regi/]s take ! place ( p]spective4 ,! figure ( ! k+ is colossal1 to ass]t 8 sup]iority--a conv5tion possess$ by ,*aldan art1 9 common ) ! art ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,8 calm attitude indicates t he has ga9$ ! victory )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,on him1 ?us figur$ aft] ! mann] ( a ,greek h]o z a demi-god1 ! arti/ has conc5trat$ 8 pr9cipal ef=ts2 x is he on :om att5tion mu/ be c5tr$4 ,8 body is well proportion$ & well drawn1 al?\gh /iff5$ into a conv5tional attitude1 ! eye is l>ge1 ! nose %ort1 ! be>d silky & fl[+ long ov] ! brea/1 & ! work+ ( ! muscles is p[]ful & rem>kably reali/ic4 ,x may be object$ t ! figure is too n>r[1 & we %\ld consid] x altoge!r too sl5d]1 7 x n t ! same defect appe>s 9 ! o!r figures4 8,! only def5sive arm\r worn by ,n>am-,s910 rem>ks ,m4 de ,morgan1 is a casque4 ,?is is a po9t$ cap1 ogive 9 =m1 :i* re/s on a b& surr\nd+ ! =ehead4 ,?is b& has two po9t$ pads rea*+ to ! top ( ! cap--"o 9 front1 ! o!r beh9d--& is adorn$ ) two horns1 ^: curves h>monise ) ! outl9e ( ! head-dress4 ,a metal scre5 falls ov] ! nape ( ! neck1 protect+ ! neck & %\ld]s4 ,) 8 left arm ! k+ is clasp+ to 8 brea/ 8 b[ & battle-axe1 9 ! "r h& he holds an arr[1 hesitat+ z ! suppliants kneel be=e him1 :e!r to deal "o m bl[ ) 8 weapons4444 8,n>am-,s9 f\ght half nak$1 we>+ only "o tight n>r[ g>m5t1 :i* af=ds full value to all ! p>ts ( 8 body4 8,! tunic1 cross$ on ! *e/1 is embroid]$ at ! coll>2 x is drawn tightly r\nd ! body & knott$ at ! side4 ,two long folds fall bel[ ! knee2 on ! neck is an amulet2 heavy bracelets are on ! wri/s1 & a long girdle r\nd ! wai/4 ,! legs are b>e1 & on ! feet are s&als ) flat soles1 simil> to ^? worn at ! pres5t day by _m ,ori5tals1 fix$ on by /raps pass$ betwe5 ! toes1 & fa/5$ toge!r above ! ankle40 ,on close exam9ation x w be se5 t ! two gr\ps ( w>riors depict$1 ! victors & ! vanqui%$1 cle>ly indicate _! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics1 f ! e?nical & an?ropological po9t ( view4 ,! fir/--! conqu]ors--h ! ,semitic pr(ile1 :ile ! second--! conqu]$--h a pr(ile approa*+ ! ,negritic type4 ,?us1 9 ?is c>efully sculptur$ piece ( s remote a date1 we f9d realism1 :i* is mo/ m9ute 9 detail1 associat$ ) mo/ fanta/ic conv5tions z reg>ds ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! composition--a d\ble *>act]i/ic :i*1 z we h repeat$ly ma9ta9$1 has always rema9$ ! orig9al /amp ( ori5tal art4 ,! e?nic peculi>ities ( ! ,negrito race are ev5 m /rik+ly indicat$ on a fragm5t ( bas-relief :i* repres5ts ! bu/ ( "s p]son1 nude1 be>d$1 ) a small cord ti$ r\nd ! head 7fig4 #bdg74 ,:at liv+ realism !re is 9 ?is lean body1 bony & loose jo9t$6 ,:at close /udy ( nature 9 ! knitt+ ( ! muscles1 ! crisp ?ick be>d1 ! enorm\s project+ lips1 ! nose ) its di/5d$ c>tilages1 & ! disproportionate eye pres5t$ full face6 ,9 all ?is is !re n an am\nt ( "* :i* bespeaks a s9c]e art1 obs]vant ( nature1 & capable ( r5d]+ x ) brutal frankness8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--;,fragm5t ( bas-relief repres5t+ figure ( ,negrito type4 ,! celebrat$ code ( laws ( ,hammurabi1 ! mo/ important monum5t :i* up to ! pres5t "t has be5 exhum$ f ! ru9s ( ,susa1 is1 also1 n ( ,susian orig9 7fig4 #bdh74 ,hammurabi 0 k+ ( ,babylon1 & ! /ela on :i* 8 law is engrav$ 0 tak5 f ,*alda4 ,! text itself tells u its orig94 ,x 0 orig9ally at ,sipp>a1 9 ! temple ( ! sun1 ! god :o inspir$ ! precepts engrav$ on ! monum5t4 ,%utruk-,nakhunta caus$ x to be transport$ to ,susa aft] 8 victori\s campaign into ,*alda4 ,x is a block ( diorite1 ) a circumf]5ce ( ab\t #f feet at ! base1 & is #g ft4 #c 94 9 height4 ,x resembles an enorm\s ovoid pebble1 c>efully poli%$ b n %ap$1 a *>act]i/ic :i* we h obs]v$ 9 ! /ela ( ,n>am-,s9 & a l>ge numb] ( ,*aldan monum5ts1 ,! :ole surface is cov]$ ) f9e close writ+1 engrav$ ) mo/ c>eful precision4 ,! space at ! top ( ! /ela is res]v$ = repres5tations 9 high relief ( ! god ,samas1 hold+ out 8 h& to ! k+1 :o is /&+ be=e him1 giv+ him ! /ylus1 ) :i* to write 8 laws4 ,! co/ume bo? ( god & k+ is purely ,*aldan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--,/ela ( ,hammurabi1 on :i* 8 code ( laws is engrav$4 ,aga9 ,*aldan 9 orig91 al?\gh ( f> lat] date1 is a small diorite fragm5t ( bas-relief call$ ! bas-relief ( ! ,sp9n]4#ajh ,x repres5ts a woman sitt+ on a /ool1 h] legs cross$ & feet beh9d 9 ! tailor's attitude4 ,%e is hold+ h] sp9dle ) bo? h&s2 9 front ( h] is a fi% ly+ on a table1 & beh9d h] a slave is wav+ ! fly-flap4 ,! r\nd *ubby faces ( ! figures recall ! bas-reliefs ( ,khorsabad1 :i* repres5t ! eunu*s ( ! ,n9evite palace4 ,among o!r /one monum5ts ) :i* ! excavations at ,susa h enri*$ ! ,l\vre ,museum1 !re is a consid]able s]ies ( l>ge ovoid diorite blocks1 simil> to ! fam\s ,caill\ ,mi*aux1 :i* is figur$ e>li] 9 ! book 7page #cd1 fig4 #ba74 ,! orig9al "n ( ^! objects is ,kudurru1 :i* corresponds ) ! idea ( 8limit1 b\nd>y40 ,^! are titles ( rural prop]ties giv5 to important p]sonages1 or to temples1 by ! k+s ( ,babylon4 ,9 addition to ! inscriptions1 :i* fix our att5tion1 ^! kudurru are cov]$ ) bas-reliefs ( mon/r\s figures ( gods & demons1 "u ^: sup]vision ! contract is plac$1 or :o w\ld puni% ^? :o %\ld d>e to *ange ! object & its inscriptions4 ,^? bas-reliefs1 :]e ! ,babylonian div9ities are se5 accompani$ by _! totems1 are only ( m$iocre workman%ip1 b ! figures c>v$ on !m are exce$+ly int]e/+ & curi\s4 ,at ! top ( ^! objects !re is g5]ally ! figure ( ! cele/ial s]p5t roll$ up or out/ret*$4 ,! kudurru f\nd at ,susa d n diff] f ^? ( ,*alda1 & are und\bt$ly import$ f t c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4--,kudurru 7unf9i%$71 ,kassite p]iod4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is t ( ,melisihu1 k+ ( ,babylon4#aji ,ano!r1 :i* des]ves special notice1 is t ( 8,nazi-m>uttas1 k+ ( ,kis1 son ( ,kurig-alzu1 desc5dant ( ,burna-buryas1 k+ ( ,babylon40#aaj ,by way ( a specim5 we give "h an illu/ration ( "o :i* (f]s a special peculi>ity--x is unf9i%$ 7fig4 #bdi74 ,x w be se5 t ! figures are w+$4 ,huntsm51 gods1 s]p5ts1 lions1 & birds1 ! usual decorations ( ! kudurru1 are well engrav$1 b ! cunei=m text is abs5t4 ,! space res]v$ = x is fram$ by two columns1 ! body ( a s]p5t & a cr5ellat$ frieze4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ?is object mu/ h be5 seiz$ 9 ,*alda by ! ,susians1 be=e x _h be5 utilis$ & consecrat$4 ,f ?is g5]al sket* ( ! /one sculptures :i* s f> h be5 recov]$ f ! ru9s ( ,susa1 "o ess5tial fact /&s out prom95tly2 /one-c>v+ 0 n practis$ 9 ,susa3 all ! monum5ts hi!rto discov]$ 7 br\ght f ,*alda4 ,!y are ,*aldan sculptures import$ into ,susa by ! victori\s ,elamites4 ,v4 ,,bronze ,,metal-,,"w4 ,ow+ to ! fact t !y liv$ 9 a c\ntry :]e /one c\ld n be obta9$ )\t great difficulty1 ! ,susians built _! h\ses1 palaces1 & temples ) brick3 & x 0 d\btless due to ! same cause t !y %[$ !mselves s eag] to c>ry (f ! /one /atues & bas-reliefs t adorn$ ! ,*aldan cities1 & :i* !y seiz$ by "r ( conque/1 to embelli% _! own capital4 ,! same reason w also expla9 ! extraord9>y developm5t we f9d 9 ! metal-work+ ( ! ,elamites f ! e>lie/ times4 ,) !m1 bronze took ! place ( /one4 ,!y made bronze /atues1 bronze bas-reliefs1 bronze beams1 & su* 0 _! k & te*nical dext]ity1 t we might almo/ ass]t )\t fe> ( exagg]ation1 t bronze metal-work+ 0 z advanc$ ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e our era1 z x has ev] be5 9 mod]n times4 ,m4 de ,morgan br+s ?is to ! pro( by exhibit+ at ! ,l\vre1 among 8 ,susian discov]ies1 a bronze cyl9d] #ad ft4 #c 94 9 l5g?1 ca/ 9 "o piece1 l a cannon ( av]age calibre1 & cov]$ ov] ! :ole surface ) ar*aic cunei=m inscriptions1 9 ! "n ( ! ,elamite k+1 ,%ilhak-9-,%u%9ak4 ,ano!r cyl9d] ( ! same class1 b n q s long1 is l>g] 9 diamet]4 ,:at c h be5 ! purpose ( ^! colossal tubes1 :i* are cyl9drical1 except at ! ends :]e !y are squ>$8 ,"o ( !m is inlaid ) small gold /uds4 ,x is improbable t !y 7 columns2 x appe>s m likely t !y 7 plac$ horizontally z beams1 or rail+s1 int5d$ = ! protection ( a nation ( giants4 ,ano!r bronze object n less /range1 is a species ( alt>1 or r a sacrificial table4 ,?is also is made 9 "o s+le ca/+1 #e ft4 #c 94 long1 #bg 94 broad1 & #ab 94 deep4 ,x is pi]c$ l a /one s9k1 to all[ liquids to escape1 & r\nd ! sides x is decorat$ ) two enorm\s s]p5ts4 ,!re are also five human bu/s1 ,atlas-l figures1 :o support ! alt> on _! p[]ful %\ld]s4 ,un=tunately1 ?is colossal object has be5 mutilat$ ) unusual fury2 x be>s _m traces ( bl[s f a mallet1 & all ! protrud+ p>ts h suff]$4 ,! five ,atlas heads h be5 brok5 (f & h disappe>$4 ,! victori\s pillag]s1 x appe>s1 only /opp$ _! v5geance :5 _! /r5g? 0 exhau/$1 & :5 ! enorm\s metal slab1 r$uc$ to a %apeless block )\t projections1 resi/$ all _! ef=ts4 ,a l>ge numb] ( o!r objects f\nd by ,m4 de ,morgan1 bo? 9 /one & bronze1 be> alas6 simil> traces ( ! m]ciless & brutal hatr$ display$ by ! v>i\s races :i* disput$ ! dom9ation ( ,elam4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is treatm5t1 x is impossible to judge ! sacrificial table f ! arti/ic side4 ,= ?is po9t ( view we mu/ turn to a bronze bas-relief1 dat$ 9 ! reign ( ,%utruk-,nakhunta1 :i* may be consid]$ ! e>lie/ arti/ic monum5t1 well-pres]v$ 9 ! ess5tial portions1 :i* is also actually ,elamite 7fig4 #bej74 ,?is bas-relief is damag$ at ! sides1 & pieces h be5 viol5tly brok5 (f1 b a fragm5t /ill rema9s1 #c ft4 #c 94 9 l5g?1 & ab\t #b ft4 9 height4 ,! mo/ deeply cut reliefs project ab\t half an in*4 8,x consi/s10 says ,m4 de ,morgan1 8( ?ree sup]pos$ regi/]s2 ! upp] "o is almo/ completely de/roy$1 & only en\gh rema9s to enable u to discov] ! subject depict$ on x3 ^! are figures ( human be+s & ( animals4 ,! middle regi/] is r m ?an #af 94 9 height1 & on x are sev5 figures #ad 94 high1 walk+ t[>ds ! "r4 ,! l[] regi/] 0 greatly neglect$ & m]ely conta9s draw+s ( birds & trees1 work$ ) ! bur94444 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4--;,bronze bas-relief fragm5t 7,l\vre74 8,! sev5 p]sonages 9 ! middle regi/] are all alike4 ,! left h& is l[]$ & holds a b[ ) a d\ble curve1 :ile ! "r br&i%es a l>ge curv$ dagg] ov] ! head4 ,beh9d ! "r %\ld] ! quiv] c be se5 full ( arr[s1 & ! /rap worn across ! brea/4 ,!y we> l>ge head-dresses1 bel[ :i* hangs _! long hair4 ,! be>d is worn long1 & f _! g5]al appe>ance !y appe> to belong to ! ,semitic races4 ,! tunic :i* cov]s ! body is conf9$ at ! wai/ by a belt1 & falls bel[ ! knees1 op5 9 front4 ,al?\gh !y are c>efully /udi$ & r5d]$ ) tol]ably correct proportions1 ^! figures are f> f pres5t+ ! arti/ic qualities ( ! sculptures on ! /ela ( ,n>am-,s94 ,!y are /iff1 too sl5d]1 _! limbs are lanky1 & _! feet disproportionately long4 8,not)/&+ ^! defects1 !y are sup]ior to ,assyrian "w1 & %[ t ! ,elamites possess$ arti/ic in/9cts to :i* we are n accu/om$ among ,semitic p ( ?is p]iod40#aaa ,! inscriptions accompany+ ^! figures are 9 ! ,elamite language2 !y are votive1 & ref] to ! build+ ( temples 9 hon\r ( v>i\s div9ities4 ,?us1 possess+ no /one = c>v+ bas-reliefs comp>able to ^? ( ,n9eveh1 ! ,susians suppli$ ! defici5cy by ca/+ gigantic bas-reliefs 9 bronze4 ,_! k ( metallurgy1 :i* 0 s m>vell\sly develop$1 ext5d$ yet fur!r3 hav+ no means ( obta9+ great blocks ( diorite su* z 7 employ$ by ! ,*aldans = ! /atue ( ,gudea at ,tello1 !y dem&$ ( _! bronze-f\nd]s1 /atues ( t metal1 simil> to ^? ( _! neighb\rs4 ,!y succe$$ 9 produc+ /atues m ?an life-size at "o s+le ca/+1 9 solid bronze4 ,on ent]+ ! ,salle ,susi5ne at ! ,l\vre1 "o's att5tion is imm$iately drawn to ! bronze /atue ( que5 ,napir-,asu1 wife ( k+ ,unta%-,gal1 :o reign$ ,b4,c4 #aejj4 ,?is /atue1 ( :i* ! head un=tunately is lo/1 is life-size4 ,) out/ret*$ f+]s ! que5 crosses h] h&s ov] ! brea/1 on h] wri/s !re are quadruple bracelets1 & on ! f\r? f+] ( ! left h& %e is we>+ a r+2 ! anatomical details ( ! f+]-jo9ts are p>ticul>ly well r5d]$4 ,! co/ume consi/s ( a long fr+$ robe t falls to ! feet4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! skirt is bell-%ap$1 & is /rip$ & spr9kl$ ) />s1 no d\bt int5d$ = spangles work$ into ! tissue4 ,! bodice is tight-fitt+1 & %[s ! outl9es ( ! figure2 on ! %\ld] !re is a jewell$ fibula1 & d[n ! l5g? ( ! sleeves !re are elegant clasps4 ,f9ally1 a l>ge embroid]$ %awl is ?r[n ov] ! %\ld]s2 "o end hangs 9 a po9t 9 front1 l ! enorm\s w+ ( "s bird4 ,x is1 inde$1 m>vell\s t su* details c\ld be accurately r5d]$ 9 a /atue ( solid bronze1 weigh+ ,i "k n h[ _m tons4 ,9 addition to ^! gigantic specim5s ( ,elamite bronze-ca/+1 we possess a l>ge numb] ( votive /atuettes 9 bronze z well z ut5sils ( e k9d & =m4 ,9 ! f\ndations ( ! temple ( ! god ,%u%9ak1 m especially1 a numb] ( bronze /atuettes 7 discov]$4 ,^! repres5t g5]ally figures ( m5 /&+1 ! h&s rais$ to ! body1 ei!r hold+ a bird z ?\gh mak+ an (f]+ to ! god1 or 9 o!r in/ances 9 ! ,*aldan attitude ( pray] 7fig4 #bea74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4--;,bronze /atuette4 ,temple ( ,%u%9ak 7,l\vre74 ,9 ! example we give "h1 ! figure is hold+ a bird ) bo? h&s1 ! head is completely %av$ z 9 ! diorite /atues f ! palace ( ,gudea 7see p4 #bg1 fig4 #ad74 ,9 all ^! in/ances1 ! metal-"w ( ,susa is a copy or imitation ( ,*aldan sculpture4 ,,vi4 ,,jewell]y ,,& ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,arts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s5sational discov]ies effect$ by ! ,fr5* ,mission 9 ,susa 0 t ( ,janu>y #bb1 #aijd1 :5 a gold & a silv] /atuette 7 f\nd 9 p]fect pres]vation & orig9al 9 /yle 7fig4 #beb74 ,t !y 7 votive (f]+s is %[n by _! hav+ be5 f\nd "u ! pavem5t ( ! ,temple ( ,%u%9ak ) o!r (f]+s ( less surpass+ int]e/1 among :i* 0 a small diorite /aff ) ! head ( a lion 9 gold filigree1 execut$ ) m>vell\s delicacy4 ,z x is necess>y to make a selection 9 ord] to keep )9 limits1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) describ+ ! gold /atuette4 ,x is #b 94 9 height1 n includ+ ! bronze p$e/al on :i* x is plac$4 ,x 0 work$ ov] ) ! bur9 & pun* aft] be+ ca/1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! bronze /atuettes1 ! figure recalls ! products ( ,*aldan art 7comp>e1 = example1 fig4 #bg1 p4 #dj74 ,x repres5ts a man /&+ dress$ 9 a g>m5t delicately fr+$ r\nd ! l[] edge1 bel[ :i* ! feet are p>tly visible4 ,8 "r arm is rais$1 ! h& out/ret*$ 9 ! attitude ( pray]2 ) ! left he is hold+ a "y bird to 8 brea/1 an (f]+ to ! god ^: protection he is implor+2 aga9 ! usual subject ( ! bronze /atuettes4 ,he has a long be>d1 8 nose is /raight & prom95t1 8 eyes disproportionately l>ge1 & ! *9 is retreat+4 ,8 abundant hair is express$ by f9e reticulat$ l9es1 & on 8 imm5se head !re is a ti>a1 :i* resembles 9 =m a twi/$ piece ( mat]ial4 ,! dress on ! front ( ! body is spr9kl$ ) small />s2 r\nd 8 wai/ is a girdle1 & ! skirt ( 8 robe is dott$ ) small holes made ) a pun*1 :i* no d\bt repres5t embroid]ies or gems work$ into ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4--;,gold & silv] /atuettes 7,l\vre74 ,! silv] /atuette f\nd ) ! gold figure is almo/ exactly l x1 & is also 9 p]fect pres]vation4 ,bo? are probably figures ( ! k+ :o 0 f\nd] ( ! temple1 & supreme pontiff2 he is br++ to ! god ! victim to be sacrific$ on ! occasion ( lay+ ! fir/ /one4 ,we might dwell at l5g? on ! want ( proportion 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ^! /atuettes2 ! head is too l>ge1 ! e>s badly plac$1 ! *9 too l[ on ! *e/4 ,!y are nev]!less exquisite examples ( goldsmi?'s "w1 ( unusual size1 & ess5tial z illu/rat+ ! hi/ory ( ,elamite art4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4--,silv] mask4 ,elamite p]iod 7,l\vre74 ,!re is ano!r piece1 t w\ld be ev5 m important ?an ^! /atuettes _h x rea*$ u 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation 7fig4 #bec74 ,?is is a silv] mask 9 rep\ss "w1 & "o h& ( ! same metal1 :i* =m$ "p ( a /atue probably ( wood1 ! nude p>ts1 ! face & h&s1 be+ ( silv]4 ,num]\s silv] /uds :i* rema9 rivet$ 9 position mu/ h be5 int5d$ to fix ! metal to ! wood4 ,! wood has decompos$1 & only ! oxidis$ metal rema9s4 ,! /atue mu/ h be5 "o-?ird ( life-size4 ,judg+ f ! features1 ! head repres5ts a woman ( ,semitic type2 x may p]haps h be5 an image ( ! goddess ,nana4 ,! two h&s 7 clos$1 hold+ "s objects :i* h n[ disappe>$1 ! l>ge eyes 7 made ( c>v$ ivory1 & ! pupil1 :i* has also disappe>$1 0 probably made ( "s glitt]+ gem4 ,at ! same "t t ! silv] mask 0 recov]$1 two head-dresses ( glaz$ s&/one 7 f\nd 7fig4 #bed74 ,"o ( ^! is 9 ! =m ( a wig divid$ into two p>ts1 "o cov]+ ! head1 ! o!r fall+ ov] ! neck4 ,! front ( ! headpiece is decorat$ ) a project+ gold button 9 ! c5tre1 & !re are also ?irty-five gold /uds arrang$ 9 front2 ! back & sides are decorat$ ) silv] & brass /uds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4--;,head-dress4 ,elamite p]iod 7,l\vre74 ,! second ( ^! head-dresses is also 9 glaz$ s&/one1 & is a k9d ( cap or turban1 %ap$ l ! knob ( a /ick1 & decorat$ ov] ! :ole surface ) n9e r[s ( bronze disks held 9 place by nails ( ! same metal arrang$ qu9cunx fa%ion4#aab ,?is k9d ( cap 0 usual among ! ,*aldans1 & we f9d examples bo? on bas-reliefs & cyl9d]s4 ,!re are num]\s objects 9 ivory :i* date back to ! primitive p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( ,elam4 ,^! consi/ ( engrav$ plaques1 figures ( animals1 /atuettes1 & small implem5ts4 ,( ?is s]ies we mu/ call att5tion to a delightful ivory figure #d 94 high1 ( :i* un=tunately ! head is miss+ 7fig4 #bee74 ,x repres5ts a woman /&+1 h] h&s cross$ on h] brea/1 z 9 ! ,tello /atues4 ,h] co/ume consi/s ( a long dress rea*+ to ! ankles made 9 "o piece ) only a trimm+ ( braid r\nd ! bottom1 & a diff]5t patt]n ( braid on ! bosom4 ,x cov]s ! %\ld]s l a cape1 leav+ ! =e-arms b>e4 ,! modell+ ( ! arm has be5 /udi$ ) elaborate c>e4 ,a fr+$ %awl 9 n>r[ pleats is ?r[n ov] ! "r %\ld] above ! dress1 & falls ov] ! back & ! front z l[ z ! knee4 ,a hole pi]c$ 9 ! neck %[s t ! head mu/ h be5 sep>ate & fix$ on2 possibly x 0 ( gold1 & a deep groove on ! bord] ( ! cape at ! neck & ov] ! elb[ indicates t x also 0 ( gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4--;,figure ( a woman1 ivory 7,l\vre74 ,! li/s ( objects ( all k9ds f\nd up to ! pres5t "t1 ) ! f9e works ( art we h be5 consid]+1 h already fill$ sev]al volumes3 ,?is means t ^! indu/rial objects almo/ enable u to evoke ! daily life ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,elam4 ,!re are cyl9d]s1 "s 9 glaz$ pott]y1 o!rs 9 ivory1 hmatite1 *alc$ony1 & jasp]1 :i* 7 employ$ to seal _! contracts2 alaba/] vases ( v>i\s %apes2 an imm5se numb] ( small gold1 silv]1 & bronze r+s1 & also flat disks 9 ^! metals1 :i* may h be5 us$ = money2 a dove 9 lapis-lazuli1 /udd$ ) gold2 magnific5t gold bracelets & o!rs ( silv] & bronze1 (t5 work$ ) great delicacy1 p9s1 fibul1 p5dants1 beads 9 glass1 alaba/]1 lapis-lazuli1 & pott]y1 sometimes incis$ ) geometric designs3 dome/ic ut5sils1 heads ( /aves or sceptres1 axes1 knives1 & v>i\s weapons3 !re is no?+ miss+ ( ! ord9>y outfit ( ! subjects ( ,%utruk-,nakhunta1 k+ ( ,elam1 ! great conqu]or & build]4 ,two horns made ( alaba/]1 be>+ inscriptions 9 ! "n ( ?is pr9ce1 mu/ h belong$ to an enorm\s bull's head4#aac ,!re are numb]s ( objects ( a votive "*1 :i* appe> to h be5 ?r[n 9 quantities into ! f\ndations ( ! temple ( ,%u%9ak4 ,griff9s' heads 9 gold1 animals' heads 9 pott]y1 lions c>v$ 9 agate 9 ! r\nd1 bulls' heads 9 lapis1 p5dants 9 c>nelian m\nt$ 9 gold1 %eets ( gold ) ,anzanite inscriptions4 ,!re is ample space 9 ?is new field ( ar*ology = /udy+ ^! objects1 = classify+ & comp>+ !m1 & draw+ f !m all ! in=mation t c be af=d$ by _! exam9ation4 ,want ( space =bids our dwell+ long] on ?is subject1 & = ! same reason we w say no?+ ab\t ! num]\s monum5ts ( ! p]iod ( ! ,p]sian ,a*m5ids1 nor ) yet /rong] reason1 ( ! "t ( ! ,p>?ians1 ,arsacids1 & ,sassanians1 :i* does n ent] into ! s*eme ( our pres5t volume4 ,& yet1 9 br++ ?is rapid sket* to a conclusion1 we w rem>k t1 ( all ! discov]ies made by ,m4 de ,morgan1 t :i* is p]haps mo/ admir$ by ! public is ! gold jewell]y1 set ) preci\s /ones1 :i* came f ! tomb ( a woman ( ! p]iod ( ! ,p]sian ,a*m5ids4 ,x is advisable to comp>e x f a te*nical po9t ( view ) ! m anci5t jewell]y ( ! ,elamite p]iod4 ,^! bracelets1 p5dants1 & gold beads1 ^! multiple r[s ( ! ri*e/ necklaces1 be> witness to ! extraord9>y luxury ( ! c\rts ( ,d>ius & ,x]xes1 & may well dazzle u4 ,noticeable among ^! treasures are p5dants =m$ ( m9ute gold curls1 9 imitation ( ! curl$ & wavy manes ( lions4 ,"h ,i believe we f9d an arti/ic innovation ( /rik+ orig9ality 9 a =m ( art b\nd by conv5tions & traditions4 ,! sett+ ( ! gems 9 gold m\nts ( m>vell\s delicacy has n 9 any civilisation atta9$ a high] level ?an 9 ,a*m5ian ,susa4 ,x is necess>y to use a magnify+ glass to exam9e ?is m9ute & delicate "w4 ,"h is ! p]fection ( ! goldsmi?'s art1 & ^! ,p]sian jewels ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 n[ =m a prepond]ant & ess5tial factor 9 ! "q r\nd :i* s mu* controv]sy rages1 ( ! orig9 ( cloisonn jewell]y4 ,,index4 ,absalom1 ,tomb (1 #bcd4 ,abu ,habbah1 #b1 #ab1 #db4 ,abu ,%ahre91 #b1 #c1 #aj1 #ah1 #gc1 #gf4 ,a*m5id dyna/y1 ,palaces (1 #ef1 #aah1 #adg ff4 jewell]y1 #ccg4 ,addume1 #bid4 8g9etan smile10 #bgc4 ,afaj1 #cf4 ,agade1 #dg1 #cjh1 #cai1 #cbj4 ,ahasu]us1 #aci4 ,ahura-mazda1 #afe1 #aff1 #agb1 #agi4 ,a9 el-,hayt1 #bdj4 ,alaba/]1-- ?re%olds (1 #ag4 /atuette (1 #db4 uses (1 9 ,assyrian ar*itecture1 #he4 ,phnician mortu>y vases (1 #bei4 vases1 #cjg1 #cce4 beads1 #ccf4 horns1 #ccf4 ,ala-,safat1 #bcj4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 #cab4 ,alt> ( burnt-(f]+s1 !1 #bba4 bronze1 #cbg4 ,amanus1 #fj4 ,ama?us1-- vase (1 #ca1 #gg4 tombs at1 #bfj4 colossus (1 #bga1 #bgb4 iconic /atues f1 #bgd4 s>cophagus f1 #bia4 pat]a f1 #bia4 ,ame?y/1 #adb4 ,ampulla1 sacr$1 on cyl9d]1 #dg4 ,amri?1 #bci1 #bdh1 #bec1 #bfd1 #bgg4 ,amulets1 #ag1 #ba1 #dd1 #ea1 #bei4 ,animals1-- figures (1 on ,*aldan tiles1 #ai4 repres5tation (1 9 ,assyrian sculpture1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,annipi1 #bid4 ,antiphellus1 #agg4 ,antonia1 ,t[] (1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bah1 #bcb4 ,anunit1 ! goddess1 #b4 ,anzan1 #cjb4 ,anzanite inscription1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cai4 on gold %eets1 #ccf4 8,apadna0 ( ,p]sian palaces1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afh1 #cja4 ,ap]l1 #agg4 ,apes1 9 ,assyrian sculpture1 #aji4 ,appian1 on h>b\rs ( ,c>?age1 #bej4 ,aradus1 #bdg4 ,arak et ,emir1 #bcb4 ,araunah1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bae4 ,arbela 7see ,arvil74 ,ar*1 use (1 by ,assyrians1 #ee4 ( ,titus1 #bbf4 ,ar*]s1 frieze (1 at ,susa1 #afi1 #agj4 ,ar*itraves1 #gg1 #aeb4 ,ar*ivolt1 at ,khorsabad1 #aaf4 ,ari/ophanes1 #da4 ,ari/otle1 on ,babylon1 #gi4 ,ark1 ,jewi%1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,arm5ia1 #gf4 ,arrangem5t ( rooms 9 ,*aldan palaces1 #af4 ,arrian1 on tomb ( ,cyrus1 #agg4 ,artax]xes ,mnemon1 #afh1 #ahc4 ,artax]xes ,o*us1 #aeb4 ,arvil1 #ea4 ,asmonan k+s ( ,juda1 #bah4 ,asr9ilu1 #df4 ,assurbanipal1 #fj1 #gb1 #ib1 #caj4 campaign (1 aga9/ 8 bro!r1 #hj4 z canephoros1 #hi4 ) 8 wife1 #aja1 #ajb4 progress ( sculpture 9 "t (1 #aac4 furniture (1 #ace4 ,assur-nasir-pal1 #fj1 #fa1 #gb1 #ia1 #ib1 #ach1 #aci4 /atue (1 #hf4 progress ( art "u1 #aab4 ,a/>te1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bfj1 #bfd1 #bgi4 8,ate%-gahs10 #agc1 #agd4 ,a?i5o1 #bdb1 #bgj1 #bga4 ,attitude ( pray] 7see ,,ge/ures74 ,baal-,hammon1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,baal-,samaim1 #bde4 ,babel1 ,t[] (1 #d4 ,babil1 m\nd (1 #af1 #eb1 #gc4 ,babylon1 #a1 #fj1 #aah4 walls (1 #e1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha4 modell+ 9 clay at1 #ci1 #abc4 build+s at1 #eb4 temple ( ,bel at1 #gc4 ext5t (1 #gi4 ,bagdad1 #ae4 ,bahr-el-,huleh1 #bcj4 ,balaneum 7see ,banias74 ,balawat1 #ea4 gates (1 #abf1 #abg4 ,banias1 #bdf4 8,baphomet10 #bjb4 ,b>is1 ,t[] ( 7see ,,antonia74 ,basalt /ela1 #cd4 ,base ( columns1 #aa1 #ab1 #dc1 #fd1 #fe4 ,basem5t 7see ,,plat=m74 ,basilica ( ,h]od1 #bai4 ,bas91 movable1 9 ,jewi% ,temple1 #bbi4 ,bas9s be=e temples1 #ca1 #gg4 ,basket1 my/ical1 #cf1 #cg1 #hi4 ,bas-reliefs1-- ,*aldan1 #bc-f1 #cbd4 ,assyrian1 #ed1 #ia-c1 #caa4 ,p]sian1 #aei-ff4 ,hittite1 #ahg-ia1 #aic-bjb4 ,phnician1 #bfb-d4 ,c>?ag9ian1 #bff-i4 ,cypriote1 #bgd-f4 ,elamite1 bronze1 #cbg4 ,battlem5ts1-- ( plat=m at ,khorsabad1 #ec4 ( walls ( ,assyrian t[ns1 #ha1 #hb1 #aaj4 ( plat=m at ,p]sepolis1 #aeb4 ,bavian1 #ahg4 ,beads1 #ccf4 ,bel1 ! god-- temple (1 at ,babylon1 #g1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #aai1 #abe4 ,bel & ! ,dragon1 ,book (1 #gg4 ,belis>ius1 #bbg4 ,bel%azz>1 #aad4 ,belus1 ! riv]1 #bhc1 #bhg4 ,b]osus1 #b1 #aai4 ,b]ytus1 #bdg4 ,bes1 ! god1 #bei1 #bfd1 #bga1 #bgb4 ,birds1 treatm5t (1 9 ,*aldan art1 #be4 9 ,assyrian art1 #aji4 (f]$ to ! gods1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,birejik1 /ela f1 #ahg4 ,birket-,isral1 #bjh4 ,birs ,nimr\d1 ,m\nd (1 #f1 #af1 #eb1 #gc4 ,bit-kutalli1 #gj4 ,bitum51 use (1 z mort>1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #ag1 #bj1 #cad4 ,bo> on ,babylonian tablet1 #abh4 ,boaz1 ! column s-call$1 #bbg4 ,boghaz-,keui1 #aia4 ,borsippa1 #gh4 ,botta1 ,e41 #ff1 #adb4 ,b\l1 ,m41 #bdf4 ,bracelets1 ,assyrian1 #adb1 #adc4 ,elamite1 #cce4 ,a*m5ian1 #ccg4 8,braz5 ,sea0 9 ,jewi% ,temple1 #gg1 #bbh4 ,bran*id1 #bh4 ,brick column at ,susa1 #cae4 ,bricks1-- use (1 by ,*aldans1 #c-h1 #aj1 #ag1 #ai4 by ,assyrians1 #ec1 #fe1 #gd1 #aaf-bj4 by ,p]sians1 #afg-gb4 by ,hittites1 #aia4 by ,elamites1 #cad4 ,bronze1 #ab1 #ah1 #ce-g1 #fc1 #gj1 #abe-cd1 #bbg-i1 #bhh-ib4 use (1 9 ,susa1 #cbf4 alt>1 #cbg4 cyl9d]s1 #cbg4 bas-relief1 #cbg4 /atues1 #ccj4 knuckle-bone1 ,temple ( ,didyma1 #cac4 ,bulls1-- w+$ & human-head$1 #ib-f1 #aed1 #afg1 #bbd4 9 ,assyrian decorative designs1 #aad1 #aae4 9 ,p]sian sculpture1 #afb1 #afc4 on ,elamite cyl9d]s1 #cje1 #cjg4 ,bulls' horns on ti>a1 #bc1 #bf4 ,bur91 #de1 #cjh4 ,burj el-,bezzk1 #bee4 ,byrsa1 #bdf4 ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 #aei4 8,caill\ ,mi*aux10 #cc1 #cd1 #cbe4 ,calah1 #ia4 ,cambyses ,i41 #agf4 ,cambyses ,,ii41 #aej4 ,c&le/icks1 ,jewi%1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,canephoros1 #cf1 #cg1 #hi4 ,canopy ( ,p]sian ?rone1 #afe4 ,capitals1 #ab1 #dc1 #fc1 #fd1 #aee1 #aef1 #bbg1 #bdb1 #bdh4 ,cap ( ,*aldan /atue1 #bh1 #ccd4 ,c>alis1 #bfj4 ,c>*emi%1 #ahe4 ,c>?age1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,c>yatids1 #hf1 #hg1 #cbg4 ,casat ,cr5di1 #bdd4 ,c$>-wood1 use (1 9 ,assyria & ,babylon1 #fj1 #fa1 #gh4 ,cemet]y1 ,assyrian1 #ej4 ,c]amics1-- ,*aldan1 #ch-dj4 ,assyrian1 #aba-e4 ,phnician1 #bgg-i4 ,cypriote1 #bhj-a4 ,c>?ag9ian1 #bhb4 ,cesnola1 ,p4 di1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,*air1 ,assyrian1 #ace4 ,*alc$ony1 #dd1 #adb1 #ahb1 #cce4 ,*>ac5e1 #ab4 ,*>iots1 ,assyrian1 #acf1 #acg4 ,*$orlaom]1 #cjj4 ,*]ubim1 #ic1 #bbd4 ,cid>is1 #agi4 ,cippi1 #aaa1 #bfj1 #bfh4 ,ci/]ns1-- ,jewi%1 #bae1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,c>?ag9ian1 #bdi4 ,citium1 #bgj4 ,clamps1 use (1 9 build+1 #adi1 #aej1 #aia4 ,clay1 9 build+1 #d1 #f1 #ci1 #dj1 #ed1 #ef4 tablets1 ,elamite1 #cje4 ,cl]cq1 ,m4 de1 #de1 #df1 #dg4 ,cl]mont-,ganneau1 on ,phnician pat]a1 #bij4 ,cloisonn1 #ccg4 ,c(f9s1 at ,mugheir1 #bj4 ,phnician1 #bef-i4 ,colocyn?s1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,columns1-- ,*aldan1 #i-ab4 ,assyrian1 #fa-f4 ,p]sian1 #aec-f4 ,jewi%1 #bag1 #bbg1 #bca4 ,cypriote1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdh4 ,elamite1 #cae4 ,concrete1 #ag4 ,cone1 my/ical1 #bdb4 ,cones1 #ah1 #ba1 #cf1 #ch4 ,contracts "u protection ( gods1 #cbf4 ,corbell$ vault1 #ad4 ,c\rts1-- ( ,*aldan palaces1 #af1 #ag4 ( ,assyrian palaces1 #fi1 #gj4 ( ,jewi% ,temple1 #bah-ba4 ,crat]1 #bib4 ,cross1 z ,assyrian ornam5t1 #adc4 ,ctesias1 #gj1 #ha1 #aai4 ,cunei=m writ+1 orig9 (1 #cje1 #cjf4 ,curium1 #bdc4 ,cyl9d]1-- f\ndation1 #ba1 #bb4 inscrib$1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjg4 huge bronze1 #cbg4 ,elamite1 #cce4 seals1 #cce4 ,cyl9drical seals1 #ag1 #ba1 #dd-i1 #adb-e1 #adf1 #ahj-d1 #bjc1 #bid-h4 ,cyrus1 #adf4 8 portrait1 #afj4 ,dakhmas1 #agd1 #age4 ,dali1 #bei4 ,daniel1 ,book (1 #aad4 ,d>ius1 #aej1 #aeb1 #cja1 #cab4 bas-relief (1 #aff4 tomb (1 #agh-hj4 cyl9drical seal (1 #aha4 ,david1 #bje1 #bcb4 ,decoration1-- ( ,*aldan vases1 #ci1 #dj4 ( ,*aldan walls1 #i1 #ab4 ( ,assyrian vases1 #abb1 #abc4 ( ,hittite cyl9d]1 #bjc4 ( ,holy ,place 9 ,jewi% ,temple1 #bbd4 ( ,phnician sculpture1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,deir ,ghuzaleh1 #bca4 ,demons1 #aaf1 #acj1 #acb-d4 ,didyma1 ,temple (1 #cac4 ,dieulafoy1 ,m41 #aah1 #adi1 #afe1 #agd4 ,dimas1 #beb4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 #gf1 #hj1 #aai4 ,diorite1 #ag1 #bf1 #caf1 #cbc4 ,disk1 w+$1 #aff1 #agb1 #ahg1 #bja1 #bdj1 #bfc1 #bfi1 #bif4 ,disks1 metal1 us$ z money 787 #cce4 ,divan1 ,assyrian1 #ace4 ,div9e ,"m1 ,!1 #dh1 #abd1 #bfg1 #bha4 ,dolm5s1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,domes1 #ae1 #ef1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,doors1 #ag1 #aeb4 8,d\ble ,gate0 ( ,jewi% ,temple1 #baf1 #bag4 ,d[ry1 record (1 #cc4 ,dra9age1 #bj1 #ba1 #ea1 #eg-i4 ,drap]y1-- treatm5t (1 9 ,*aldan sculpture1 #cd1 #ce4 treatm5t (1 9 ,assyrian sculpture1 #aje4 treatm5t (1 9 ,p]sian sculpture1 #afa1 #afe1 #aff4 9 ,cypriote art1 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,drill1 use (1 by ,assyrian seal-engrav]s1 #add4 ,dungi1 #cji4 ,dur-,s>ruk91 #ff1 #fi4 ,eagle & ,lion ,tablet1 #bd4 ,e-anna1 ,temple (1 #f1 #caj1 #caa4 ,ecbatana1 #gd1 #ge1 #adf4 ,eflat\n1 #bjj4 ,egyptian /yle1-- 9 pat] f ,assyria1 #abh4 9 ivories f ,assyria1 #acg1 #ach4 9 ,p]sian ar*itecture1 #aef4 s>cophagi 9 ,phnicia1 #beg1 #beh4 ,e-kua1 ,temple (1 #fj1 #gh4 ,elam1 #bii4 ,elam-,anzanite p]iod1 #cjd4 ,elephant 9 ,assyrian sculpture1 #aji4 ,embroid]y1-- ,*aldan1 #cd1 #da4 ,assyrian1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ach-da4 ,p]sian1 #agb1 #ahj4 ,jewi%1 #bbd4 ,enamell$ bricks1 #ai1 #gj1 #gd1 #hc1 #aaf-bj1 #aec1 #afg-gb1 #ccf4 ,enamell$ /atuettes 9 ,phnicia1 #bgh4 ,enio1 ! 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glass vase ( ,s>gon1 #bhf4 ,furniture1-- ,*aldan1 #dc4 ,assyrian1 #acd-f4 ( ,jewi% temple1 #bbc-g4 ,gabr-i-,mad>-i-,soleiman1 #age4 ,gates1-- ( ,assyrian =tresses1 #hb-d4 ( ,balawat1 #abf1 #abg4 ( ,jewi% ,temple1 #bae-ag4 ,gaulois1 #bdc4 ,gaumates1 #agi4 ,g5esis1-- on bricks at ,babel1 #d4 on ! 8,great ,city10 #ha4 ,g5ii1-- on ! 8,caill\ ,mi*aux10 #cc4 we> ti>a ) horns1 #cf4 on ,*aldan cyl9drical seals1 #de4 be=e temple ( ,haldia1 #gg4 on faades ( ,assyrian palaces1 #ib-if4 id5tifi$ ) *]ubim1 #ic1 #bbd4 9 ,p]sia1 #afa4 animal's feet & tail1 #cag4 ,g5s]ic1 #bbg4 ,ge/ures1-- 9 ,assyrian bas-reliefs1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,*aldan attitude ( pray]1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,ghiaur-,kalesi1 #aii4 ,giants1 #cjg4 ,giganteja1 #bdc4 ,glass1 #bhc-h4 vase ( ,s>gon1 #bhe4 transp>5t1 inv5tion (1 by ,phnicians1 #bhc4 opaque1 orig9 (1 9 ,egypt1 #bhd4 manufacture (1 at ,tyre & ,sidon1 #bhg4 ,glaz$ /atuettes 9 ,phnicia1 #bgh4 s&/one1 #cad1 head-dress1 #ccd4 ,glaz$ tiles1-- 9 ,*alda1 #ai4 9 ,assyria1 #aaf-bj4 9 ,p]sia1 #afg-gb4 9 ,susa1 #cad4 ,gold-- disks z money1 #cce4 r+s1 #cce4 /uds1 #cbh1 #ccd4 /atuette1 #cca4 filigree1 #cca4 sett+s = gems1 #ccg4 p5dants1 #ccg4 8,gold5 ,gate0 ( ,jewi% ,temple1 #bag4 ,golgoi1 #bdb4 ,gophna1 #bce4 ,gozo1 #bdc4 ,grco-,p>?ian k+s1 #ab4 8,great ,city10 ,!1 #ha4 ,greek-- arti/s 9 ,p]sia1 #adh1 #afj4 influ5ce 9 ,cypriote art1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgf1 #bha4 influ5ce 9 ,jewi% art1 #bcd1 #bcf4 ,griff9's head1 #ccf4 ,gudea1 #cji4 palace (1 at ,tello1 #c1 #h-bj4 cones be>+ "n (1 #ch4 /atues (1 #bf-i4 plan ( =tress ^u /atue (1 #ha4 inscriptions ^u /atues (1 #aab4 ,gypsum1 #ec4 ,hadrian1 #bdi4 ,hadrumetum1 #bfh4 ,hmatite1 #dd1 #ccd4 ,hagi> ,kim1 #bbd4 ,hair-- %av$ 9 ,*aldan /atuettes1 #cf4 treatm5t (1 9 ,assyrian sculpture1 #ajj4 9 ,p]sian art1 #afj1 #agj4 9 ,hittite art1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid1 #aif1 #bjj4 9 ,phnician art1 #bfb4 9 ,cypriote art1 #bgj1 #bgc1 #bgd4 treatm5t (1 9 ,elamite art1 #cbi4 %av$ 9 ,elamite /atuettes1 #cca4 ,haldia1 ! 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8,div9e ,"m10 #abd4 on ar*aic s*ool ( art 9 ,!ssaly1 #afj4 ,hezekiah1 #bcc4 ,hi]oglyphs1 ,elamite1 #cje4 8,high places10 #bca1 #bci4 ,h9nom1 valley (1 #bje4 ,hiram1 #bjf4 ,hiram-,abi1 #bbf4 ,hit1 #e4 ,holy ( ,holies1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,holy ,place1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbf4 ,horn1 bronze1 discov]$ at ,tello1 #cg4 ,horns1-- z ornam5ts ( head-dress1 #bc1 #bf1 #cf1 #bjj1 #cag1 #cba4 ( bronze /atuette1 #ce4 bull's1 alaba/]1 #ccf4 ,horses 9 ,assyrian sculpture1 #ajh1 #ada4 ,h\ses1 ,phnician & ,cypriote1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,humann1 ,m41 #bja4 ,humbaba1 #cjh4 ,hyrcanus1 palace (1 #bcb4 ,iasili-,kaa1 #aia1 #aic-h4 ,ibn ,tln1 mosque (1 #agd4 ,ibriz1 #bjj4 ,iconic /atues1 #bfe1 #bgd4 ,idalion1 #bei4 ,ilu1 ! god1 #agb 7note74 8,immortals10 !1 #afe1 #agj4 ,inscriptions on figures on bas-reliefs1 #aab4 ,ionia1 #aab4 ,ionic capital1 #ab1 #dc1 #fd4 ,iron1 #dc1 #abe4 ,i/>1 ! goddess1 #di1 #abd1 #abe1 #ahh1 #bjb4 ,ivory1 #acg1 #ach1 #cce4 ,izdub>1-- on ,*aldan cyl9drical seals1 #df1 #dg4 on ,assyrian bas-reliefs1 #ic4 /atuettes (1 #aba1 #abb4 9 ,p]sian art1 #afb4 comp>$ ) colossus ( ,ama?us1 #bga4 ,ja*91 columns s call$1 #bbg4 ,james1 ,sa9t1 tomb (1 #bcd4 ,jasp]1 #cce4 ,jebel-,musa1 #bcj4 ,jeho%aphat1 tomb (1 #bcd4 ,j]ablus1 #ahe4 ,j]usalem1-- ext5t (1 #bje4 glass vase f\nd at1 #bhh4 ,jetty ( ,?apsus1 #beb4 ,jewell]y1 ,a*m5ian1 #ccf4 ,jews 9 ,assyrian sculpture1 #ajc4 ,jifneh1 #bce4 ,jo9ts1 treatm5t (1 9 ,*aldan seal-engrav+1 #de4 ,jonah1 ,book (1 on size ( ,n9eveh1 #ha4 ,jo%ua1 tomb (1 #bce4 ,jo?am1 #bcb4 ,jur1 #agc1 #agd4 ,ju/9ian1 #bbg4 ,kade%1 #ahe4 ,kalaba1 #aii4 ,kalah ,%]gat1 #e1 #ca1 #aaa4 ,k>amles1 #ea4 ,k>ibu-sa-,sus9ak1 #cjh4 ,kasr1 m\nd ( !1 #eb4 8,kaunakes10 #cb1 #da1 #db4 ,kebr-el-,melk1 #bcd4 ,k$ron1 valley (1 #bje1 #bab1 #bba1 #bcb4 ,k]bela1 #ej4 ,khan1-- ( palace at ,tello1 #ag4 ( palace at ,khorsabad1 #fi4 ,khorsabad1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed1 #ee1 #fc1 #ff-gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #gi1 #hc1 #hf1 #ic1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aca1 #adb1 #adi1 #cbd4 8,kirubi0 id5tifi$ ) *]ubim1 #ic4 comb9ation ( v>i\s elem5ts 91 #ie4 modification (1 9 ,p]sian art1 #ahc4 ,kis1 #cag1 #cbf4 8,klaft10 #bga4 ,k\yunjik1 #ea1 #eb1 #ef1 #gb1 #gc1 #aaa4 ,kubbet es-,sakhra1 #bjh4 ,kudur1 #cjh4 ,kudurmapuk1 #cf4 ,kudur-,nakhunta1 #cji1 #caj4 ,kudurru1 #cji1 #caa1 #cbe4 ,kurigalzu1 #ba1 #cji4 ,la*i%1 #ajc1 #acf4 ,lagas1 #c 7note74 ,lapis-lazuli1 #adb4 ,l>naca1 #bgj4 ,l>sa1 #b1 #ba4 ,lay>d1 ,sir ,a4 ,h41 #fb1 #fh1 #gb1 #abc1 #cjj4 ,lea!r1 work+ 91 among ,assyrians1 #ada4 ,lebanon1 #fj1 #gh4 ,lime/one1 #bc1 #eb1 #aec4 ,lion1 #cjd1 #cjg4 head 9 gold filigree1 #cca4 ,lioness 9 ,assyrian bas-relief1 #ajg4 ,lions1 w+$1 #ib1 #id4 9 ,hittite art1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahi4 9 ,assyrian art1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,l(tus1 ,mr41 #c1 #aj1 #ah1 #ba1 #dj1 #aad4 ,lotus1-- 9 bas-reliefs1 #aaj4 on ivory plaque f ,assyria1 #acg4 columns imitat+ /alks (1 #aa4 on sculptur$ ?re%old1 #aaj4 ,l\vre1 #bf1 #cjc1 #cac4 ,loz5ge ornam5t 9 ,*alda1 #ai1 #de4 ,lulubi1 p (1 #cai4 ,lycian tombs1 comp>$ ) ,p]sian1 #agg4 ,lydian me?od ( build+1 #adi4 8,maab$10 #bci-da4 ,maccabees1 tomb ( !1 #bcd4 ,temple1 9 "t ( !1 #baj4 ,ma*icolations1 #hb4 ,ma*pelah1 #bcc4 ,malta1 #bdd4 ,mal?aiyah1 #ahg4 ,manasseh1 #bji1 #bcb4 ,m&ane1 tomb (1 #age4 ,mani/u-,irba1 #caf4 ,m>a%1-- lion at1 #ahf4 basalt /ela at1 #aij4 ,m>ble1 #dd4 ,m>duk-nad9-akhi1 #cc1 #cd1 #da4 ,m>g9al draft+1-- 9 ,p]sian masonry1 #adi4 9 ,jewi% masonry1 #bac1 #bcb1 #bcd4 ,matt+ us$ 9 brickwork1 #e4 to cov] ! ro(s1 #ae1 #bdb4 ,m4 de ,morgan1 #cja1 et seq4 on ,n>am-,s91 #cbj1 #cba4 ,mecca1 mosque (1 #bda4 ,m$an ,salih1 #bce4 ,m$ian art1 #adf4 ,mehdia1 #bfj4 ,melisihu1 #cbe4 ,memnon1 #cjj4 ,m5ant1-- on cyl9drical seal ( ,s>gon ,i41 #dg4 on seals f ,uruk1 #dh4 on repres5tation ( human sacrifices1 #di4 ,me%$-,murgab1 #adg4 ,mesopotamia1-- want ( /one & timb] 91 #c1 #d4 quality ( clay 91 #d1 #ci4 quantity ( ra9 91 #f4 ,metals 9 ,assyria1 #abe-cd4 ,metellus ,scipio1 #ada4 ,mi*aux1 ! ,caill\ ,mi*aux1 #cc1 #cd1 #cbe4 8,mighzal10 #bed4 ,miletus1 #bh4 ,m9yeh1 #bca4 ,moab1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,models ( h\ses f ,cyprus1 #bdh4 ,money1 probable use ( metal disks1 #ccf4 ,monoli? ( ,siloam1 #bce4 ,moriah1 ,m\nt1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,mort> us$ 9 ,assyria1 #ed4 us$ 9 ,elam1 #cad4 ,m\lds1 ,hittite1 #bjb4 ,mugheir1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #h1 #ad1 #bj1 #ba1 #ch1 #ea1 #gc1 #ge4 ,mntz1 ,m41 on ,babylonian embroid]y1 #adj4 ,musasir1 #gf4 ,muscles1 treatm5t (1 9 ,assyrian art1 #ajj4 ,myra1 #agg4 ,my?ological figures 9 ,*aldan art1 #cc4 ,nabonidus1-- re/oration ( build+s by1 #g1 #bb4 f\ndation-cyl9d] (1 #ba1 #bb4 ar*itecture ( "t (1 #eb4 ,nabopolass>1 #hj4 ,nabu-ablu-idd91-- /ela (1 #ab1 #db4 8,nah>aim10 #cb4 ,nahum1 on brick-mak+1 #d4 ,nakh%-i-,ru/am1 #adg1 #agc1 #agf1 #agi4 ,"n1 /amp$ ^u bricks1 #e1 #caf4 ,nana1 ! goddess1 #g1 #cji1 #caj1 #ccc4 ,napir-,asu1 ,que51 #ccj4 ,n>am-,s91 #cjh1 #cah4 /ela1 #cai et seq4 ,nazi-,m>uttas1 #cbe4 ,nebi ,yunus1 #ea4 ,nebo1 ! god1 #g1 #hf4 ,nebu*adnezz>1 #da1 #gi1 #aai1 #bji1 #bbf4 bricks be>+ "n (1 #e4 ar*itecture ( "t (1 #eb4 br+s c$>s f ,lebanon1 #fj1 #gh4 builds ,t[] ( ! ,sev5 ,lights1 #gc4 re/ores ,e-saggil1 #gh4 re/ores ,e-zida1 #gh4 builds walls ( ,babylon1 #hj4 ,nebuz>-adan1 #bji4 ,necropolis1-- at ,mugheir1 #ad1 #bj1 #ba1 #ch4 at ,w>ka1 #ch4 at ,m>a?1 #bec-e4 at ,sidon1 #bee1 #bef4 at ,dali1 #bei4 at ,ama?us1 #bfj4 at ,mehdia1 #bfj4 at ,?9a1 #bfa4 at ,tyre1 #bed4 at ,adlun1 #bed4 at ,gebal1 #bef4 at ,c>alis1 #bfj4 at ,?>ras1 #bfj4 at ,jebel ,kawi1 #bfa4 ,negritic type1 #cbb4 ,nehemiah1 #bcb4 ,nejef1 #ej4 ,n]o1 #ada1 #baa4 ,nicanor1 ,gate (1 #bbj4 ,nimr\d1 #ea1 #eb1 #fa1 #fb1 #gb1 #aaa4 ,n9eveh1-- walls (1 #f4 vault+ at1 #ac4 ext5t (1 #ha4 ,n9 ,girsu1 #aj4 ,n9us1 #aai4 ,num]ation1 ,elamite1 #cjf4 ,nymphio1 #bja4 ,oannes1 #b4 ,onyx1 #dd4 ,ophel1 hill (1 #bje1 #baj1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,opp]t1 #df1 #gi1 #ha4 ,ori5tation ( ,*alda build+s1 #h4 ( ,assyrian build+s1 #fg4 ,ornam5ts1 #adb1 #adc4 ,ourdeys1 #hb4 ,ovoid gems1 #de4 ,pa9t$ bricks1-- ,*aldan1 #ai4 ,assyrian1 #gd1 #aaf-bj4 ,p]sian1 #afg-gb4 ,pa9t+1-- on faades ( ,*aldan palace1 #ah1 #ai4 on /ucco 9 ,assyrian palaces1 #ef1 #aad1 #aae4 on ,assyrian bas-reliefs1 #aae1 #aaf4 on ,assyrian vases1 #abb4 on walls ( ,p]sian build+s1 #aei1 #agb4 9 ,cypriote pott]y1 #bhj4 ,palace1-- ( ,gudea at ,tello1 #h-bb4 ( ,s>gon at ,khorsabad1 #fg-gb4 ( ,cyrus at ,mad>-i-,soleiman1 #adh-ej4 ( ,d>ius at ,nakh%-i-,ru/am1 #aej4 ( ,x]xes1 #aej-h4 ( ,artax]xes1 #aeg4 ( ,solomon1 #bca4 ,pale/r9a1 #bij1 #bic4 ,palm-wood1 use (1 9 ro(+ h\ses1 #ae1 #fj1 #aeh4 pill>s (1 #fc4 ,paphos1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,p>?ians1 #ab1 #ef4 ,p>titions ( rooms1 #ac1 #ed1 #ee4 ,pas>gad1 #adg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #afj4 ,passages1 vault$1 at ,tello1 #ad4 ,patci1 #bfd4 ,pat]1 #abg1 #abh1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,patesi1 #h1 #df1 #ha1 #cjh4 ,pausanias1 on size ( ,babylon1 #gi4 ,p$im5ts1 #gf1 #gg1 #age1 #bce1 #bef1 #bfg4 ,p5dants1 #ccf1 #ccg4 ,p5d5tives1 #aei 7note74 ,p]rot1-- on ,assyrian v\ssoirs1 #eh1 #ei4 on gates ( ,balawat1 #abf1 #abg4 on ,hittite sph9x1 #aic4 on ,hittite bas-reliefs1 #aii4 on ,cypriote t]ra-cottas1 #bhj4 ,p]sepolis1 #h1 #adg1 #aej1 #afb4 ,p]sepolitan capital1 #aec-f4 ,p]sis1 #agi4 ,p]spective1 ignorance ( laws (1 among ,assyrians1 #ih1 #aaj4 ,philo/ratus1 #adj4 ,phnician bronzes 9 ,assyria1 #abi4 ivories 9 ,assyria1 #ach4 arti/s employ$ 9 ,jewi% ,temple1 #bbd4 ,pila/]s1 #i1 #fa1 #gg4 ,pill>s1 #aj1 #aa1 #fc4 7see ,,columns74 ,p9e-cone 9 ,assyrian art1 #aaa1 #aci4 ,pipes = dra9age1 #bj4 ,pivot ( door1 #ag1 #ah4 ,place1 ,m4 ,v41 #ed1 #ee1 #fa1 #ff1 #aag4 ,plan ( ,*aldan =tress1 #bi1 #ha4 ,plaque1-- ( bronze1 #aca-d4 ( ivory1 #acg1 #ach4 ,pla/]1 use (1 9 ,*alda1 #aa1 #ah4 9 ,assyria1 #ef1 #aad1 #aae4 9 ,p]sia1 #agb4 ,plat=ms ( build+s1-- 9 ,*alda1 #h4 9 ,assyria1 #eb1 #ec1 #fg1 #fh4 9 ,p]sia1 #adi-eb4 9 ,juda1 #bjg1 #bjh4 9 ,susa1 #cad4 ,pl9y1-- on ,babylonian embroid]y1 #adj4 on ,telephanes1 #adh4 on inv5tion ( glass1 #bhc4 ,porphyry1 #dd1 #aec4 ,position-m>ks on masonry1 #adi4 on bricks1 #aag1 #aah4 ,pott]y1 inf]iority (1 9 ,*alda1 #ch1 #ci4 prehi/oric1 ,elam1 #cjd4 ,prne/e1 pat]a f1 #bhi-ic4 ,prehi/oric rema9s1 ,susa1 #cjc4 ,progress ( art 9 ,assyria1 #aaa-ac4 9 ,cyprus1 #bgj-c4 ,p%5t1 #bfc-ga4 ,pt]ia1 #aia4 ,pudil1 #ch4 ,pygmu1 ! god1 #bei1 #bgf1 #bgi4 ,rammanu1 ! god1 #bb1 #add4 ,rammanu-nir>i1 #ch1 #ib4 ,ras el-,a91 #bdi4 ,rassam1 ,mr4 ,h41 #gb4 ,rawl9son1 ,sir ,h41 #gb1 #cjj4 ,r5an1 ,m4 ,e41 #bfc1 #bfe4 ,reseph1 ! god1 #bid4 ,r+s1 #cce4 ,rob9son's ,ar*1 #bad4 ,rule1 graduat$1 #bi4 ,sacrifice1 human1 #di4 ,sadambaal1 ! god1 #bdc4 ,sagasaltias1 #bb4 ,sakhra1 #bjh4 ,sakkanak1 #cjh4 ,samas1 ! god1 #b1 #bb1 #cbc1 #cbd4 %r9e (1 #ab1 #db1 #dc1 #fd4 ,samas-sum-uk91 #hj4 ,samsi-,rammanu ,,iii41 #hh1 #ib4 ,s&als1 #cbb4 ,s&/one1 #cjd1 #cag4 ,s>cophagi1 ,phnician1 #bef-i4 ,s>gani 7see ,,s>gon ,i474 ,s>gani-s> ali1 #cjh4 ,s>gon ,i41 #dg1 #dh4 ,s>gon ,,ii41 #ec1 #eg1 #ij1 #fa1 #ff1 #gf1 #ib1 #ic1 #if1 #ajf1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #bgj1 #bhe4 ,s>vi/an1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,s>zec1 ,m4 de1 #b1 #aj4 ,sassanian build+s1 #ef1 #fc1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,saulcy1 ,f4 de1 #bce4 ,s*eil1 ,pre ,v41 #cja4 on inscriptions1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cai4 ,s*rad]1 ,e41 #ha4 ,scipio ,africanus1 #bff4 ,seals1-- ,*aldan1 #dd-i4 ,assyrian1 #adc-e4 ,m$ian1 #adf4 ,p]sian1 #ahj-c4 ,hittite1 #bjc4 ,jewi%1 #bcj4 ,phnician1 #bid-h4 ,elamite1 #cjd1 #cce4 ,selamlik1 #af4 ,seleucids1 #baj1 #bcd4 ,semiramis1 #gf1 #hj1 #aai4 ,s5k]eh1 #b1 #ba4 ,s5na*]ib1 #fj1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb1 #ib1 #ic1 #ajc1 #aac1 #aci 7note74 ,seph>vaim1 #b1 #db4 ,sepul*ral ar*itecture 9 ,assyria1 #ej4 t[]s 9 ,p]sia1 #ad ,s]aglio1 #af1 #fi4 ,seso/ris1 #aab1 #bja4 ,set1 ! god1 #bid4 ,sewage1 disposal (1 #bj4 ,%almanes] ,,iii41 #gb1 #hi1 #abf4 8,%>ur10 #f4 ,%at el-,hai1 #c4 8,%5ti10 #bfd4 ,%ew-bread1 #bbf4 ,%ilkhak 9 ,%u%9ak1 #cji4 ,%u%9ak1 ,temple (1 #cad1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccf4 ,%utruk-,nakhunta1 #cji1 #cad1 #cae1 #cai1 #cbc1 #ccf4 ,sidon1 #bdg1 #bej1 #bee1 #bhi4 ,sidur canal1 #cjh4 ,siloam1 #bcb1 #bce4 ,silv]1 use (1-- 9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 #ba4 9 ,elam1 /atuette1 #ccb4 mask1 rep\ss1 #ccc4 /uds1 #ccd4 r+s1 #cce4 disks1 #ccf4 ,s91 ! god1 #af4 ,s9j]li1 #ahh4 ,sipp>a1 #b1 #cbc4 ,sir5s1 bronze1 #abi-cj4 ,sirpurla1 #c4 ,sivan1 #d4 ,smi?1 ,g41 #gb4 ,sockets = pivot ( door1 #ag1 #ah1 #cjh4 ,solomon1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bae1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bce4 palace (1 #bca-b4 por* (1 #bji1 #baa4 ,solus1 #beh4 ,sophia1 *ur* ( ,sa9t1 #ef1 #aei 7note74 ,sph9xes1-- ,p]sian1 #ahc4 ,hittite1 #aib1 #aic4 ,phnician1 #bfc4 ,/ables1 #ag1 #fi1 #gj1 #acf4 ,/ag$ t[]s1 #ae1 #af1 #gb-f1 #agd1 #cad4 ,/aircases1 #h1 #fg1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,/&>d1 ,assyrian1 #acc1 #acd4 ,/ate saloon 9 ,*aldan palace1 #ag4 ,/atues1-- f ,tello1 #bf-cj4 ( ,assur-nasir-pal1 #hf4 c>yatid1 #hf1 #hg4 iconic1 9 ,cyprus1 #bfe4 captur$ by ,scipio at ,c>?age1 #bff4 colossal1 9 ,cyprus1 #bgj-bgb4 ( prie/ ) dove1 #bgc4 bronze f ,elam1 #ccj4 ,/atuettes1-- bronze1 f ,*alda1 #ce-h4 ( canephoros1 #cf1 #cg4 kneel+1 ) cone1 #cf4 ( figure /&+ ^u lion1 #cg1 #ch4 t]ra-cotta1 f ,w>ka1 #dj4 alaba/]1 f ,*alda1 #db4 t]ra-cotta f ,khorsabad1 #aba1 #abb4 ( ,izdub>1 #abb4 ( ,i/>1 #abc-be4 t]ra-cotta1 f ,phnicia & ,cyprus1 #bgg-hb4 ( ,div9e ,"m1 #abd1 #bha4 f ,elam1 bronze1 #ccj4 gold1 #ccb4 silv]1 #ccb4 ivory1 #cce4 ,/eatite1 #dc1 #abc4 ,/ela1-- ! 8,vulture ,/ela10 #bd-f1 #cba4 ( ,samsi-,rammanu1 #hh4 ( ,assurbanipal1 z canephoros1 #hi4 ,hittite1 f ,birejik1 #ahg4 votive1 f ,c>?age1 #bff4 ,*aldan f ,elam1 #cag4 ( ,mani%tu ,irba1 #caf4 ( ,n>am-,s91 #cai et seq4 ,/one1-- want (1 9 ,mesopotamia1 #d4 /aircase (1 at ,abu ,%ahre91 #h4 scanty use (1 9 ,assyria1 #ej1 #fe4 fac+ (1 at ,khorsabad1 #eb1 #ec4 use (1 9 ,p]sia1 #adi4 want (1 9 ,p]sia1 #cbf4 ,/ool1 #ace4 ,/rabo1-- on use ( vault 9 ,babylonia1 #ae1 #ef4 on use ( palmwood pill>s at ,babylon1 #fc4 on height ( temple ( ,bel1 #gc4 on tomb ( ,cyrus1 #agg4 on rites ( ,cappadocian ,a/>te1 #aig4 ,/ucco1 #ah1 #aad1 #agb4 ,/uffs manufactur$ 9 ,*alda1 #da4 9 ,assyria1 #aje1 #ach1 #aci4 ,/ylus1 #cjh1 #cbd4 ,sukkal-mah1 #cji4 ,sulci1 #bhb4 ,sum]ian language1 #caf4 ,susa1 #adg1 #afh4 ,mission 91 #bii et seq4 ,susiana1 #aeh4 ,sword1 ,*aldan1 #bg4 ,tablet1 ,eagle & ,lion1 #bd4 ,tablets1-- votive1 #ba4 clay1 ,elam1 #cje4 ,tabnit1 #beg4 ,tacitus1 on temple ( ,paphos1 #bdb4 ,takht-i-,jem%id1 #aeb1 #agi4 ,takht-i-mad>-i-,soleiman1 #adi4 ,talisman1 #ag1 #bcj4 ,tanit1 ! goddess1 #bdf1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,tape/ry1 #ach-dj4 ,t>kudimme1 #bjc4 ,taylor1 ,j4 ,e41 #c1 #h1 #i1 #ah1 #gf4 ,telephanes ( ,phoca1 #adh4 ,tell ,amran1 #eb4 ,tello1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ad1 #ah1 #bj1 #bc1 #cb1 #gc1 #ha1 #he1 #cae1 #cag1 #cah4 ,tells1 #b1 #aj1 #cjj4 ,telmessus1 #agg4 ,temple ( ! ,great ,light1 #f4 ( ,e-anna1 #caj4 ,temple ( ,didyma1 #cac4 ( ,%u%9ak1 #cad1 #ccj1 #cca1 #ccf4 ,t5t1 #acf4 ,t]race 7see ,,plat=m74 ,t]ra-cotta1 #ch1 #ci-da1 #ea1 #aba-e1 #bdh1 #bgg4 ,?apsus1 #beb4 ,?>ras1 #bfj4 ,!n 7see ,,?9a74 ,!ssaly1 ar*aic s*ool ( art 91 #afj4 ,?9a1 #bfa4 ,?re%olds1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,?rone1-- ( ,s5na*]ib1 #acf4 ( ,d>ius1 #afe4 ,?yatira1 #bjb4 ,ti>a1-- on ,tello bas-relief1 #bc4 on ,vulture ,/ela1 #bf4 on ,m>duk-nad9-akhi1 #da4 ( ,s>gon1 #ajf4 on ,m$ian cyl9d]1 #adf4 ( ,p]sian human-head$ bulls1 #afg4 ( ,d>ius1 #aha4 on /ela f ,birejik1 #ahh4 ( ,hittite deity1 #aie4 on ,elamite /atuette1 #ccb4 ,tigla?-,piles]1 #ib4 ,tigris1 !1 #cb4 ,timb]1 use (1 9 ,assyria1 #fj1 #fa4 8,timm5nu10 #ba1 #bb4 ,titus1 ar* (1 #bbf4 ,tomb1-- ( ,m&ane1 #age4 ( ,cambyses ,i41 #agf1 #agg4 ( ,cyrus1 #agg4 ( ,d>ius1 #agi4 ,tombs1-- at ,mugheir1 #bj1 #ba4 at ,w>ka1 #ch4 9 ,assyria1 #ej4 ( ,a*m5ids1 #age-hj4 at ,m>a?1 #bec-ee4 at ,sidon1 #bee1 #bef4 at ,dali1 #bei4 at ,ama?us1 #bfj4 at ,mehdia1 #bfj4 at ,?9a1 #bfa4 at ,tyre1 #bed4 at ,adlun1 #bed4 at ,gebal1 #bef4 at ,c>alis1 #bfj4 at ,?>ras1 #bfj4 at ,jebel ,kawi1 #bfa4 ,totems1 ) ,babylonian deities1 #cbe4 ,t[]1-- ( ,sev5 ,lights1 #gc4 /ag$ 7see ,,zikkurat74 ( ,jur1 #agc1 #agd4 ,trees1 ,treatm5t (1 9 ,assyrian art1 #aaj4 ,tr9ity1 ,phnician1 #bfh4 ,triple gate ( ,jewi% ,temple1 #bag4 ,tulip 9 ,assyrian decorative design1 #aaj4 ,tunnel ( ,siloam1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,turanians1 #cjb4 ,types ( human figure 9 ,assyrian art1 #ajj-b4 9 ,*aldan art1 #cba1 #cbb4 9 ,elamite art1 #cbi1 #ccc4 ,tyre1 #bdi1 #bhg4 ,tyropon1 valley (1 #bje1 #bab1 #bad1 #bai4 ,umaln>u1 #df4 ,umbrella1-- ,assyrian1 #ace4 ,p]sian1 #afd4 ,umm el-,awamid1 #bfc4 ,ur1 #b1 #dh1 #ge4 ,uru1-- on ivory plaque f ,assyria1 #acg4 9 head-dress ( ,cyrus1 #afa4 9 ,phnician sculpture1 #bdj1 #bfc4 on /ela ( ,hadrumetum1 #cfi4 ,ur-,bau1 #ch4 ,urim & ,?ummim1 #bcj4 ,ur-iti-,adad1 #cjh4 ,ur-,n9a1 #bd4 ,uruk1 #b1 #dh1 #cji4 ,utica1 #beb4 ,v&als1 seizure ( treasures ( ,jewi% temple by1 #bbg4 ,vases1-- ,assyrian1 #abb1 #abc4 ,*aldan1 #ci4 ,elamite1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cce4 ,vault1-- at ,tello1 #ad4 at ,mugheir1 #ad4 at ,babylon 9 "t ( ,/rabo1 #ae4 at ,khorsabad1 #ee1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei4 9 dra9 at ,nimr\d1 #eg4 9 ,p]sia1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,veil 9 ,jewi% ,temple1 #bbd4 ,v]milion1 use (1 9 ,assyrian art1 #aaf1 #aai4 ,vog1 ,m4 de1 #bje4 on plat=m ( ,jewi% ,temple1 #bjh4 on ,h]od's re/oration1 #baa4 on ,gold5 ,gate1 #bag 7note74 on alt> ( burnt (f]+s1 #bba4 on *amb]s atta*$ to ,temple1 #bbb4 on appe>ance ( ,temple1 #bbb1 #bbc4 on *]ubim1 #bbe4 on columns be=e ,temple1 #bbg4 ,v\ssoirs1 #ee1 #eh1 #ei4 8,vulture ,/ela10 #bd-f1 #cba4 ,walls1-- ( ,*aldan palace1 #ab1 #ac4 ( ,assyrian palace1 #ed-f4 ( ,babylon1 #gi1 #hj4 ( ,n9eveh1 #ha4 ( ,khorsabad1 #gi4 ( ,jewi% ,temple1 #bab-ad4 ( ,j]usalem1 #bcb4 ( ,banias1 #bdf4 ( ,c>?age1 #bdg4 ( ,eryx1 #bdg4 ( ,elam1 #cad4 ,w>ka1 #b1 #i1 #ah1 #dj1 #fc1 #aad4 ,weapons1-- ,*aldan1 #cg1 #ch4 ,assyrian1 #abi1 #acg4 ,w9d[s ( ,p]sian palaces1 #aeb4 ,wom51 treatm5t (1 9 ,assyrian art1 #aja4 ,wood1-- want (1 9 ,*alda1 #d4 use (1 9 ,assyria1 #fj1 #acd-g4 ,woodwork1 c>v$1 #acd-g4 ,wuswas1 #i1 #aj1 #aad4 ,xan?us1 #agg4 ,x]xes1 #adh1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aed1 #afd4 ,za*>ias1 tomb (1 #bcd4 ,zagh\an1 #bdi4 ,z>panit1 ! goddess1 #gh4 ,z]ubbabel1 #baj1 #bad4 ,zikkurat1-- 9 ,*alda1 #ae1 #af4 9 ,assyria1 #gb-f4 9 ,p]sia1 #agd4 9 ,elam1 #cad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ & b\nd by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury1 ,engl&4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! au?ority ( a syllab>y & a bil+ual text enables u to correct ! pronunciation ( ?is "n to ,lagas4 ,see ,p9*es 9 ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 vol4 iii41 p4 #bd4 ,translator's note4 #b ,g5esis xi4 #c4 #c ,nahum iii4 #ad4 #d ,h]odotus i4 #agi4 #e ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 vol4 xv41 p4 #djf4 #f ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,*alda & ,susiana1 p4 #age4 #g ,dc\v]tes en ,*alde1 p4 #fb4 #h ,see ,heuzey1 ,un palais *alden1 pp4 #cg-eh4 #i ,e4 de ,s>zec1 ,dc\v]tes en ,*alde1 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 #aj ,see1 h[ev]1 ,g>/ang1 ,! ,?ird ,egyptian ,dyna/y1 ,con/able1 #aijd1 pp4 #bh-bi1 plates1 v41 xiv4 #aa ,/rabo xvi4 ,i1 #e4 #ab ,e4 de ,s>zec1 op4 cit41 p4 #cg4 #ac ,e4 de ,s>zec1 op4 cit41 p4 #ei4 #ad ,l(tus1 ,travels & ,rese>*es1 pp4 #ahg-ahi4 #ae ,e4 de ,s>zec1 op4 cit41 p4 #fj4 #af ,m4 ,babelon's /atem5t t ! cyl9d] ( ,sagasaltias 0 f\nd by mod]n explor]s ) t ( ,nabonidus is un=tunately inaccurate4 ,only ! records ( ,nabonidus 7 discov]$4 ,see ,taylor1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 vol4 xv4 #ag ,heuzey1 ,gazette ,ar*41 #ahhd1 p4 #aie4 #ah ,e4 de ,s>zec1 ,dc\v]tes1 p4 #fa4 #ai ,l4 ,heuzey1 ,un palais *alden1 pp4 #ei-aag4 #bj ,see ! translation :i* ,i h giv5 ( x 9 ,l5ormant & ,babelon1 ,hi/oire anci5ne de l',ori5t1 vol4 v41 p4 #hd4 #ba ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #aib f4 ,eng4 ed4 #bb ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #aie1 fig4 #ajf4 #bc ,e4 de ,s>zec1 ,dc\v]tes1 p4 #fa4 #bd ,revue ar*ologique1 #ahhc 7#c;e srie1 t4 ii47 pl4 xx4 #be ,les figur9es antiques du ,muse du ,l\vre1 p4 #a ff4 #bf ,revue ar*ol41 mai-ju91 #ahhg4 #bg ,see especially ,j4 ,m5ant1 ,la ,glyptique ori5tale1 t4 i41 & ,l4 de ,cl]cq1 ,catalogue de sa collection1 fasc4 #a-c4 #bh ,heuzey1 ,un palais *alden1 p4 #ia4 #bi ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,assyria & ,*alda1 vol4 i41 p4 #bbh f4 ,eng ,ed4 #cj ,l5ormant & ,babelon1 ,hi/4 ,anc4 de l',ori5t1 vol4 iv41 p4 #daa4 #ca xvi41 #a1 #e4 #cb ,l5ormant & ,babelon1 ,hi/4 anc4 de l',ori5t1 v4 iv41 p4 #dab4 #cc ,:at ,ari/otle really says is3 8,x is n a wall t makes a city1 = ! ,peloponnese might be enclos$ )9 a wall4 ,babylon1 p]haps1 is a city ( su* sort1 & s is any o!r1 ! walls ( :i* enclose a nation r ?an a city4 ,!y say t :5 ,babylon _h be5 tak5 = ?ree days "p ( ! inhabitants 7 unaw>e ( ! fact40--,pol4 i4 #c4 #cd ,exp4 en ,msopotamie1 t4 i41 p4 #aid ff4 #ce ,cun4 ,inscr4 & ! ,o4,t41 vol4 i41 p4 #gi4 #cf ,heuzey1 ,un ,palais ,*alden1 p4 #ha4 #cg ,m5ant1 ,rem>ques sur les portraits des rois assyro-*aldens1 #ahhb4 #ch ,lay>d1 ,monum5ts ( ,n9eveh1 vol4 i41 pl4 #bf1 & passim4 #ci ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 vol4 i41 p4 #beg4 #dj ,h]od4 ii4 #ajf #da ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bid ff4 #db ,cf4 ,ezekiel xxiii4 #ad4 #dc ,l4 ,heuzey1 ,les ,figur9es de t]re cuite du ,muse du ,l\vre1 p4 #a4 #dd ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 p4 #ceh4 #de ,heuzey1 op4 cit41 p4 #b4 #df ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bag4 #dg ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art1 vol4 ii41 p4 #adc4 #dh ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #cai ff4 #di ,wrongly call$ ,s5na*]ib by ,m4 ,babelon4 #ej ,e4 ,mntz1 ,la ,tapiss]ie1 p4 #bb4 #ea ,see especially ,j4 ,m5ant1 ,la ,glyptique ,ori5tale1 t4 ii4 #eb ,= ! rec5t discov]ies at ,susa & discussion ( ,elamite rema9s1 see ,*apt] ,,ix4 ( ?is volume4 #ec ,heuzey1 9 ! ,revue politique et littraire1 #ahhf1 p4 #ffa4 #ed ,l'art antique de la ,p]se1 t4 i41 p4 #h4 #ee ,l'art antique de la ,p]se1 t4 ii41 p4 #cg4 #ef ,dieulafoy1 op4 cit41 t4 ii41 p4 #hj4 #eg ,p5d5tives are g5]ally held to h be5 introduc$ into ar*itecture sev]al c5turies aft] our era1 & to h fir/ appe>$ 9 a p]fect =m 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople1 ! dome ( :i*1 z ,procopius says 7,de dificiis1 ,bk4 ,i41 c4 i47 seems to hang by a gold5 *a9 f ! sky4 #eh ,revue politique et littraire1 #ahhf1 p4 #ffa4 #ei ,op4 cit41 t4 iii41 p4 #ahf4 #fj ,l5ormant & ,babelon1 ,hi/4 anc4 de l',ori5t1 t4 vi41 p4 #ah1 f4 #fa ,! exi/5ce ( a supreme god1 ,ilu1 among ! ,assyrian deities is n prov$1 ?\gh assum$ by ,m4 ,babelon1 :o supposes t ! w+$ figure on ! ,assyrian bas-reliefs is ,ilu4 #fb ,co/e & ,fl&91 ,la ,p]se anci5ne1 pl4 #afd4 #fc ,dieulafoy1 ,l'art antique de la ,p]se1 t4 iv41 p4 #gi4 #fd ,comp>e ,fl&9 & ,co/e1 ,p]se anci5ne1 pl4 #aeb4 #fe ,see especially ,w4 ,wright1 ,! ,empire ( ! ,hittites1 #hvo1 #bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahhf2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/4 de l'art dans l'antiquit1 t4 iv41 pp4 #dhc to #hab2 ,o4 ,hirs*feld1 ,die ,fels5-reliefs 9 ,kle9asi5 und das ,volk d] ,hittit] 7,abh&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,akademie1 #ahhf74 #ff ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #edg4 #fg ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #edi4 #fh ,!re is "s d\bt :e!r ?is figure is ,hittite at all4 ,x may be ( ,babylonian orig94 7,see ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/41 t4 iv41 #eej f47 ,! boots are s slightly turn$ up at ! po9ts t !y are m l ^? worn by ,babylonian k+s ?an ! *>act]i/ic boots ( ! ,hittites4 ,! /ela 0 br\ght f ! ca/le ( ,birejik1 n f ! site ( ,c>*emi%1 z ,m4 ,babelon /ates4 #fi ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #ecd4 #gj ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #eei4 #ga ,p]rot & ,guillaume1 ,exploration ar*ol4 de la ,galatie1 etc41 pl4 lxv4 #gb ,hi/4 de l'art dans l'antiquit1 t4 iv4 p4 #ffg4 #gc ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #fig4 #gd ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #gac4 #ge ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #gej4 #gf ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,rev4 ,ar*ol41 #ahhe 7#c se4 t4 v471 p4 #ed1 ff4 #gg ,gazette ar*ol41 #ahhg 7t4 xiii4 p4 #fj74 #gh ,f ,wilson & ,w>r51 ,! ,recov]y ( ,j]usalem1 p4 #bih 7#ahga74 #gi ,m4 de ,vog1 ,le ,temple de ,jrusalem1 p4 #c4 #hj ,m4 de ,vog1 ,le ,temple de ,jrusalem1 pp4 #ba & #bb4 #ha ,?is "n is at pres5t giv5 to a build+ :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ?is door ( ! ,temple4--,m4 de ,vog1 ,le ,temple de ,jrusalem1 p4 #ab1 note4 #hb ,a1 ,ophel4--,b1 ,bridge4--,c1 ,tyropon4--,d1 ,causeway4--,e1 ,t[] ( ,b>is or ,antonia4--,f1 ,portico4--,g1 ,c\rt ( ! ,g5tiles4--,h1 ,c\rt ( ! wom54--,k1 ,c\rt ( ,israel4--,l1 ,alt> ( burnt-(f]+s4--,m1 ,c\rt ( ! prie/s4--,n1 ,solomon's por*4 ,o1 ,moat call$ ,birket ,isral4 ,,pp1 ,d\ble gate & triple gate4--,q1 ,gold5 gate4--,r1 ,k$ron valley4 #hc ,m4 de ,vog1 ,le ,temple1 p4 #ef4 #hd ,m4 de ,vog1 ,le ,temple1 p4 #cg4 #he ,m4 de ,vog1 ,le ,temple1 p4 #eh4 #hf #a ,k+s vii4 #di-ej4 #hg ,procopius1 ,de ,bello ,v&alico1 ii41 *ap4 #i2 ,!ophanes1 ,*ronographia1 p4 #afh1 & ,georg4 ,c$r5us1 ,hi/4 ,comp41 p4 #fjf 7,ed4 ,bonn1 #ahcc7 #hh ,m4 de ,vog1 ,le ,temple1 p4 #cd2 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv4 p4 #cae ff4 #hi ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 op4 cit41 t4 iv41 p4 #dfc4 #ij ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie pl4 #aj #ia ,see ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,phnicia & its ,dep5d5cies1 vol4 i41 p4 #aic ,eng4 ,ed44 #ib ,r5an1 ,mission de ,phnicie1 p4 #daa4 #ic ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,phnicia1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ab4 #id ,see ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,phnicia1 etc41 vol4 ii41 p4 #abc #ie ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,phnicia1 etc41 vol4 ii41 p4 #adh f4 #if ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 xxxvi4 #fg4 #ig ,w4 ,frhn]1 ,la ,v]r]ie ,antique1 ,coll4 ,*>vet1 p4 #aj4 #ih ,amores1 *4 xxvi4 #ii ,l'imag]ie phnici5ne et la my?ologie iconologique *ez les ,grecs1 "p i41 #ahhj4 #ajj ,see ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,phnicia1 etc4 vol4 ii4 p4 #djd f4 #aja ,m5ant1 ,la ,glyptique ori5tale1 t4 ii4 #ajb ,! figure repres5t+ ! god ,set has n a hawk's head1 z ,m4 ,babelon /ates1 foll[+ ,m4 ,m5ant4 ,"h1 z always1 ,set has ! head ( a nondescript animal1 some:at resembl+ an ass6 #ajc ,revue ar*ol4 t4 xxvii4 #ahfh1 p4 #dcb ff4 #ajd ,9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ! discov]ies1 ! results are publi%$1 & ! monum5ts reproduc$ & comm5t$ on1 9 ! va/ publication entitl$ ,dlgation en ,p]se1 ,mmories publis s\s la direction de ,m4 ,j4 de ,morgan1 dlgu-gnral 7qu>to1 ,l]\x1 editeur1 ,p>is74 ,eight volumes h already appe>$1 ! n9? is 9 ! press 7,novemb] #aije74 #aje ,see pp4 #afh1 #afi1 #aga 7figs4 #ace1 #acf1 #acg74 #ajf ,mmoires de la ,mission1 vol4 i41 pl4 ix4 #ajg ,mmoires de la ,mission1 vol4 vii41 pl4 i41 fig4 ,a4 #ajh ,mmoires de la ,mission1 vol4 i41 pl4 xi4 #aji ,mmoires de la ,mission1 vol4 ii41 pl4 xxiv4 #aaj ,mmoires de la ,mission1 vol4 ii41 pl4 xviii41 xix4 #aaa ,mmoires1 vol4 i4 7#aijj71 pp4 #afc-afd4 #aab ,mmoires de la ,mission1 vol4 vii41 pl4 x4 #aac ,mmoires de la ,mission1 vol4 xix1 p4 #ij & pl4 iii4 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 burn !m ?r\ghly burn !m ?or\ghly pg #d repres5ts ?is k+ dresse repres5ts ?is k+ dress$ pg #hd if x 7 n = ! relief if 7 n = ! relief pg #afi ) unhe>d-( sp5d\r ) unhe>d-( spl5d\r pg #bbc ,memories publis s\s ,mmories publis s\s pg #cjc