,,goe!',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,col\rs2 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man3 ,,) ,,notes ,,by ,,*>les ,,lock ,,ea/lake1 ,r4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cic]o v>ietatem propri 9 coloribus nasci1 h9c 9 ali5um migr>e exi/imavit4 ,c]t non alibi natura copiosius aut majore lascivi opes suas comm5davit4 ,metalla1 gemmas1 m>mora1 flores1 a/ra1 omnia d5ique qu prog5uit suis etiam coloribus di/9xit2 ut v5ia debeatur si quis 9 tam num]os r]um sylv caligav]it4 ,,celio ,,calcagn9i4 ,,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet4 #ahdj ,,to ,,j]emiah ,,h>man1 ,esq4 ,de> ,sir1 ,i d$icate to y ! foll[+ translation z a te/imony ( my s9c]e gratitude & respect2 9 do+ s1 ,i b foll[ ! example ( ,portius1 an ,italian writ]1 :o inscrib$ 8 translation ( ,ari/otle's ,treatise on ,col\rs to "o ( ! ,m$ici4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ oblig$ & ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,c4 ,l4 ,,ea/lake4 ,,! ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,engli% writ]s :o h spok5 ( ,goe!'s ,doctr9e ( ,col\rs1#a h g5]ally conf9$ _! rem>ks to ^? p>ts ( ! "w 9 :i* he has und]tak5 to acc\nt = ! col\rs ( ! prismatic spectrum1 & ( refraction altoge!r1 on pr9ciples diff]5t f ! receiv$ !ory ( ,newton4 ,! less que/ionable m]its ( ! treatise consi/+ ( a well-arrang$ mass ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 _m ( :i* are important & int]e/+1 h ?us be5 9 a great measure ov]look$4 ,! translator1 aw>e ( ! opposition :i* ! !oretical views allud$ to h met )1 int5d$ at fir/ to make a selection ( su* ( ! exp]im5ts z seem m directly applicable to ! !ory & practice ( pa9t+4 ,f9d+1 h[ev]1 t ! alt]ations ?is w\ld h involv$ w\ld h be5 incompatible ) a cle> & connect$ view ( ! au?or's /atem5ts1 he pref]r$ giv+ ! !ory itself entire1 reflect+1 at ! same "t1 t "s sci5tific read]s may be curi\s to he> ! au?or speak = himself ev5 on ! po9ts at issue4 ,9 review+ ! hi/ory & progress ( 8 op9ions & rese>*es1 ,goe! tells u t he fir/ submitt$ 8 views to ! public 9 two %ort essays entitl$ ,contributions to ,optics4 ,among ! circum/ances :i* he supposes 7 unfav\rable to him on t occasion1 he m5tions ! *oice ( 8 title1 obs]v+ t by a ref]5ce to optics he mu/ h appe>$ to make pret5sions to a k ( ma!matics1 a sci5ce ) :i* he admits he 0 v imp]fectly acqua9t$4 ,ano!r cause to :i* he attributes ! sev]e treatm5t he exp]i5c$1 0 8 hav+ v5tur$ s op5ly to "q ! tru? ( ! e/abli%$ !ory3 b ?is la/ provocation c\ld n be ow+ to m]e inadv]t5ce on 8 "p2 inde$ ! l>g] "w1 9 :i* he alludes to ^! circum/ances1 is /ill m rem>kable = ! viol5ce ( 8 objections to ! ,newtonian doctr9e4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t mu* ( ! opposition ,goe! met ) 0 to be attribut$ to ! mann] z well z to ! sub/ance ( 8 /atem5ts4 ,_h he cont5t$ himself ) m]ely detail+ 8 exp]im5ts & %[+ _! application to ! laws ( *romatic h>mony1 leav+ x to o!rs to reconcile !m z !y c\ld ) ! pre-e/abli%$ sy/em1 or ev5 to d\bt 9 consequ5ce1 ! tru? ( "s ( ! ,newtonian conclusions1 he w\ld h enjoy$ ! cr$it he des]v$ = ! accuracy & ! utility ( 8 inve/igations4 ,z x 01 ! uncompromis+ expression ( 8 convictions only expos$ him to ! res5tm5t or sil5t neglect ( a great portion ( ! sci5tific _w1 s t = a "t he c\ld n ev5 obta9 a fair he>+ = ! less objectionable or r highly valuable communications conta9$ 9 8 book4 ,a specim5 ( 8 mann] ( allud+ to ! ,newtonian !ory w be se5 9 ! preface4 ,x 0 q natural t ?is _s %\ld call =? a some:at v9dictive feel+1 & ) x n a little unc&id z well z unsp>+ criticism4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,col\rs met ) ?is reception 9 ,g]many long be=e x 0 notic$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e a mild] & fair] treatm5t c\ld h>dly be expect$1 especially at a "t :51 ow+ p]haps to ! limit$ int]c\rse ) ! cont95t1 ,g]man lit]ature 0 f> less popul> ?an x is at pres5t4 ,?is la/ fact1 x is true1 c be ( little importance 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 = al?\gh ! *ange ( op9ion ) reg>d to ! g5ius ( an enlight5$ nation mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be b5eficial1 x is to be hop$ !re is no fa%ion 9 sci5ce1 & ! translator begs to /ate once = all1 t 9 advocat+ ! neglect$ m]its ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,col\rs1 he is f> f und]tak+ to def5d its imput$ errors4 ,suffici5t "t has1 h[ev]1 n[ elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( ?is "w 79 #ahaj7 to all[ a calm] & m c&id exam9ation ( its claims4 ,9 ?is m pleas+ task ,g]many has aga9 = "s "t l$ ! way1 & _m sci5tific inve/igators h foll[$ up ! h9ts & obs]vations ( ,goe! ) a due ackn[l$gm5t ( ! acut5ess ( 8 views4#b ,x may require m magnanimity 9 ,engli% sci5tific read]s to d ju/ice to ! m]its ( "o :o 0 s op5 &1 9 _m respects1 x is believ$1 s mi/ak5 an oppon5t ( ,newton2 b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! /atem5ts ( ,goe! conta9 m useful pr9ciples 9 all t relates to h>mony ( col\r ?an any t h be5 d]iv$ f ! e/abli%$ doctr9e4 ,x is no d]ogation ( ! m important tru?s ( ! ,newtonian !ory to say1 t ! views x conta9s seldom appe> 9 a =m calculat$ = direct application to ! arts4 ,! pr9ciple ( contra/1 s univ]sally exhibit$ 9 nature1 s app>5t 9 ! action & re-action ( ! eye itself1 is sc>cely h9t$ at4 ,! equal pret5sions ( sev5 col\rs1 z su*1 & ! fanciful analogies :i* _! assum$ proportions c\ld sugge/1 h r>ely f\nd fav\r ) ! vot>ies ( ta/e1--inde$ !y h long be5 ab&on$ ev5 by sci5tific au?orities4#c ,& "h ! translator /ops3 he is q aw>e t ! defects :i* make ! ,newtonian !ory s little available = /hetic application1 are f> f invalidat+ its m important conclusions 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ sci5tific m54 ,9 c>efully ab/a9+ !re=e f any comp>ison betwe5 ! two !ories 9 ^! latt] respects1 he may /ill be p]mitt$ to advocate ! cle>ness & fulness ( ,goe!'s exp]im5ts4 ,! ,g]man philosoph] r$uces ! col\rs to _! orig9 & simple/ elem5ts2 he sees & con/antly be>s 9 m9d1 & sometimes ably elucidates1 ! ph5om5a ( contra/ & gradation1 two pr9ciples :i* may be said to make up ! arti/'s _w1 & to con/itute ! *ief elem5ts ( beauty4 ,^! h9ts occur mo/ly 9 :at may be call$ ! sci5tific "p ( ! "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! portion expressly devot$ to ! /hetic application ( ! doctr9e1 ! au?or seems to h made b an inadequate use ( 8 own pr9ciples4 ,9 t "p ( ! *apt] on *emical col\rs :i* relates to ! col\rs ( plants & animals1 ! same g5ius & orig9ality :i* are display$ 9 ! ,essays on ,morphology1 & :i* h secur$ to ,goe! undisput$ rank among ! inve/igators ( nature1 are frequ5tly app>5t4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ,goe!'s !ory1 al?\gh x _c be a recomm5dation 9 a sci5tific po9t ( view1 is1 t x conta9s1 und\bt$ly ) v great improvem5ts1 ! g5]al doctr9e ( ! anci5ts & ( ! ,italians at ! revival ( lett]s4 ,! translator has endeav\r$1 9 "s notes1 to po9t out ! connexion betwe5 ?is !ory & ! practice ( ! ,italian pa9t]s4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,col\rs1 z fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahaj1 consi/s ( two volumes 9 #hvo41 & sixte5 plates1 ) descriptions1 9 #dto4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 a didactic1 a controv]sial1 & an hi/orical "p2 ! pres5t translation is conf9$ to ! fir/ ( ^!1 ) su* extracts f ! o!r two z seem$ necess>y1 9 fairness to ! au?or1 to expla9 "s ( 8 /atem5ts4 ,! polemical & hi/orical p>ts are frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! preface & else:]e 9 ! pres5t "w1 b x has n be5 ?\ght advisable to omit ^! allusions4 ,no alt]ations :atev] seem to h be5 made by ,goe! 9 ! didactic portion 9 lat] editions1 b he subsequ5tly wrote an additional *apt] on entoptic col\rs1 express+ 8 wi% t x might be ins]t$ 9 ! !ory itself at a p>ticul> place :i* he po9ts out4 ,! =m ( ?is additional essay is1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t f t ( ! re/ ( ! "w1 & ! translator has !re=e m]ely giv5 "s extracts f x 9 ! app5dix4 ,! polemical portion has be5 m ?an once omitt$ 9 lat] editions4 ,9 ! two fir/ p>ts ! au?or's /atem5ts are arrang$ num]ically1 9 ! /yle ( ,bacon's ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,?is1 we are told1 0 = ! conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce2 b _m passages are ?us sep>ately numb]$ :i* h>dly seem to h requir$ x4 ,! same arrangem5t is1 h[ev]1 /rictly foll[$ 9 ! translation to facilitate a comp>ison ) ! orig9al :]e x may be desir$2 & "h ! translator obs]ves1 t al?\gh he has sometimes p]mitt$ himself to make slight alt]ations1 9 ord] to avoid unnecess>y repetition1 or to make ! au?or's mean+ cle>]1 he feels t an apology may r be expect$ f him = hav+ omitt$ s little4 ,he 0 scrupul\s on ?is po9t1 hav+ once det]m9$ to translate ! :ole treatise1 p>tly1 z be=e /at$1 f a wi% to deal fairly ) a controv]sial writ]1 & p>tly because _m passages1 n directly be>+ on ! sci5tific views1 are /ill *>act]i/ic ( ,goe!4 ,! obs]vations :i* ! translator has v5tur$ to add are ins]t$ 9 ! app5dix3 ^! obs]vations are *iefly conf9$ to su* ( ! au?or's op9ions & conclusions z h direct ref]5ce to ! arts2 !y seldom int]f]e ) ! sci5tific propositions1 ev5 :]e ^! h be5 consid]$ mo/ vuln]able4 #a ,f>b5lehre--9 ! pres5t translation g5]ally r5d]$ ,!ory ( ,col\rs4 #b ,sixte5 ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,f>b5lehre1 ,dr4 ,johannes ,mll] devot$ a portion ( 8 "w1 ,zur v]glei*5d5 ,physiologie des ,gesi*tss9nes des ,m5s*5 und d] ,?i]e1 to ! critical exam9ation ( ,goe!'s !ory4 ,9 8 introductory rem>ks he expresses himself z foll[s--,= my own "p ,i readily ackn[l$ge t ,i h be5 greatly indebt$ to ,goe!'s treatise1 & c truly say t )\t hav+ /udi$ x = "s ye>s 9 connexion ) ! actual ph5om5a1 ! pres5t "w w\ld h>dly h be5 und]tak54 ,i h no hesitation 9 confess+ m p>ticul>ly t ,i h full fai? 9 ,goe!'s /atem5ts1 :]e !y are m]ely descriptive ( ! ph5om5a1 & :]e ! au?or does n ent] into explanations involv+ a decision on ! great po9ts ( controv]sy4 ,! names ( ,hegel1 ,s*ell+1 ,seebeck1 ,/eff5s1 may also be m5tion$1 & _m o!rs might be add$1 z au?orities m or less fav\rable to ! ,f>b5lehre4 #c ,:5 ,newton attempt$ to reckon up ! rays ( light decompos$ by ! prism1 says ,sir ,john ,leslie1 & v5tur$ to assign ! fam\s numb] sev51 he 0 app>5tly influ5c$ by "s lurk+ disposition t[>ds my/icism4 ,if any unprejudic$ p]son w fairly repeat ! exp]im5t1 he mu/ soon be conv9c$ t ! v>i\s col\r$ spaces :i* pa9t ! spectrum slide into ea* o!r by indef9ite %ad+s3 he may "n f\r or five pr9cipal col\rs1 b ! subord9ate spaces are evid5tly s multipli$ z to be incapable ( enum]ation4 ,! same illu/ri\s ma!matician1 we c h>dly d\bt1 0 betray$ by a passion = analogy1 :5 he imag9$ t ! prim>y col\rs are di/ribut$ ov] ! spectrum aft] ! proportions ( ! diatonic scale ( music1 s9ce ^? int]m$iate spaces h really no precise & def9$ limits4--,treatises on ,v>i\s ,subjects ( ,natural & ,*emical ,philosophy1 p4 #ei4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,( #ahaj4 ,x may naturally be ask$ :e!r1 9 propos+ to treat ( col\rs1 light itself %\ld n fir/ engage our att5tion3 to ?is we briefly & frankly answ] t s9ce s mu* has already be5 said on ! subject ( light1 x c h>dly be desirable to multiply repetitions by aga9 go+ ov] ! same gr\nd4 ,inde$1 /rictly speak+1 x is useless to attempt to express ! nature ( a ?+ ab/ract$ly4 ,effects we c p]ceive1 & a complete hi/ory ( ^? effects w\ld1 9 fact1 suffici5tly def9e ! nature ( ! ?+ itself4 ,we %\ld try 9 va9 to describe a man's "*1 b let 8 acts be collect$ & an idea ( ! "* w be pres5t$ to u4 ,! col\rs are acts ( light2 its active & passive modifications3 ?us consid]$ we may expect f !m "s explanation respect+ light itself4 ,col\rs & light1 x is true1 /& 9 ! mo/ intimate relation to ea* o!r1 b we %\ld ?9k ( bo? z belong+ to nature z a :ole1 = x is nature z a :ole :i* manife/s itself by _! means 9 an especial mann] to ! s5se ( sight4 ,! complet5ess ( nature displays itself to ano!r s5se 9 a simil> way4 ,let ! eye be clos$1 let ! s5se ( he>+ be excit$1 & f ! lighte/ brea? to ! wilde/ d91 f ! simple/ s\nd to ! highe/ h>mony1 f ! mo/ vehem5t & impassion$ cry to ! g5tle/ ^w ( reason1 /ill x is ,nature t speaks & manife/s h] pres5ce1 h] p[]1 h] p]vad+ life & ! va/ness ( h] relations2 s t a bl9d man to :om ! inf9ite visible is d5i$1 c /ill compreh5d an inf9ite vitality by means ( ano!r organ4 ,& ?us z we desc5d ! scale ( be+1 ,nature speaks to o!r s5ses--to kn[n1 misund]/ood1 & unkn[n s5ses3 s speaks %e ) h]self & to u 9 a ?\s& modes4 ,to ! att5tive obs]v] %e is n[h]e dead nor sil5t2 %e has ev5 a secret ag5t 9 inflexible matt]1 9 a metal1 ! smalle/ portions ( :i* tell u :at is pass+ 9 ! entire mass4 ,h[ev] manifold1 complicat$1 & un9telligible ?is language may (t5 seem to u1 yet its elem5ts rema9 ev] ! same4 ,) light poise & c\nt]poise1 ,nature oscillates )9 h] prescrib$ limits1 yet ?us arise all ! v>ieties & conditions ( ! ph5om5a :i* are pres5t$ to u 9 space & "t4 ,inf9itely v>i\s are ! means by :i* we become acqua9t$ ) ^! g5]al movem5ts & t5d5cies3 n[ z a simple repulsion & attraction1 n[ z an upsp>kl+ & vani%+ light1 z undulation 9 ! air1 z commotion 9 matt]1 z oxydation & de-oxydation2 b always1 unit+ or sep>at+1 ! great purpose is f\nd to be to excite & promote exi/5ce 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,! obs]v]s ( nature f9d+1 h[ev]1 t ?is poise & c\nt]poise are respectively unequal 9 effect1 h endeav\r$ to repres5t su* a relation 9 t]ms4 ,!y h ev]y:]e rem>k$ & spok5 ( a great] & less] pr9ciple1 an action & resi/ance1 a do+ & suff]+1 an advanc+ & retir+1 a viol5t & mod]at+ p[]2 & ?us a symbolical language has aris51 :i*1 f its close analogy1 may be employ$ z equival5t to a direct & appropriate t]m9ology4 ,to apply ^! designations1 ?is language ( ,nature to ! subject we h und]tak53 to enri* & amplify ?is language by means ( ! !ory ( col\rs & ! v>iety ( _! ph5om5a1 & ?us facilitate ! communication ( high] !oretical views1 0 ! pr9cipal aim ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,! "w itself is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ conta9s ! outl9e ( a !ory ( col\rs4 ,9 ?is1 ! innum]able cases :i* pres5t !mselves to ! obs]v] are collect$ "u c]ta9 lead+ ph5om5a1 accord+ to an arrangem5t :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! ,introduction2 & "h x may be rem>k$1 t al?\gh we h adh]$ ?r\gh\t to exp]im5t1 & ?r\gh\t consid]$ x z our basis1 yet ! !oretical views :i* l$ to ! arrangem5t allud$ to1 c\ld n b be /at$4 ,x is sometimes unreasonably requir$ by p]sons :o d n ev5 !mselves att5d to su* a condition1 t exp]im5tal in=mation %\ld be submitt$ )\t any connect+ !ory to ! read] or s*ol>1 :o is himself to =m 8 conclusions z he may li/4 ,surely ! m]e inspection ( a subject c pr(it u b little4 ,e act ( see+ leads to consid]ation1 consid]ation to reflection1 reflection to comb9ation1 & ?us x may be said t 9 e att5tive look on nature we already !orise4 ,b 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! possible abuse ( ?is ab/ract view1 9 ord] t ! practical d$uctions we look to %\ld be really useful1 we %\ld !orise )\t =gett+ t we are s do+1 we %\ld !orise ) m5tal self-possession1 &1 to use a bold ^w1 ) irony4 ,9 ! second "p#a we exam9e ! ,newtonian !ory2 a !ory :i* by its asc5dancy & consid]ation has hi!rto imp$$ a free inquiry into ! ph5om5a ( col\rs4 ,we combat t hypo!sis1 = al?\gh x is no long] f\nd available1 x /ill reta9s a traditional au?ority 9 ! _w4 ,its real relations to its subject w require to be pla9ly po9t$ out2 ! old errors mu/ be cle>$ away1 if ! !ory ( col\rs is n /ill to rema9 9 ! re> ( s _m o!r bett] inve/igat$ dep>tm5ts ( natural sci5ce4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is second "p ( our "w may appe> some:at dry z reg>ds its matt]1 & p]haps too vehem5t & excit$ 9 its mann]1 we may "h be p]mitt$ to introduce a sort ( allegory 9 a light] /yle1 z a prelude to t grav] portion1 & z "s excuse = ! e>ne/ness allud$ to4 ,we comp>e ! ,newtonian !ory ( col\rs to an old ca/le1 :i* 0 at fir/ con/ruct$ by its ar*itect ) y\?ful precipitation2 x 01 h[ev]1 gradually enl>g$ & equipp$ by him accord+ to ! exig5cies ( "t & circum/ances1 & moreov] 0 /ill fur!r =tifi$ & secur$ 9 consequ5ce ( feuds & ho/ile demon/rations4 ,! same sy/em 0 pursu$ by 8 successors & heirs3 _! increas$ wants )91 ! h>ass+ vigilance ( _! oppon5ts )\t1 & v>i\s accid5ts compell$ !m 9 "s places to build ne>1 9 o!rs 9 connexion ) ! fabric1 & ?us to ext5d ! orig9al plan4 ,x became necess>y to connect all ^! incongru\s p>ts & additions by ! /range/ gall]ies1 halls & passages4 ,all damages1 :e!r inflict$ by ! h& ( ! enemy or ! p[] ( "t1 7 quickly made good4 ,z occasion requir$1 !y deep5$ ! moats1 rais$ ! walls1 & took c>e !re %\ld be no lack ( t[]s1 battlem5ts1 & embrasures4 ,?is c>e & ^! ex]tions gave rise to a prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! great importance ( ! =tress1 & /ill upheld t prejudice1 al?\gh ! arts ( build+ & =tification 7 by ?is "t v mu* advanc$1 & p _h le>nt to con/ruct mu* bett] dwell+s & def5ces 9 o!r cases4 ,b ! old ca/le 0 *iefly held 9 hon\r because x _h nev] be5 tak51 because x _h repuls$ s _m assaults1 _h baffl$ s _m ho/ile op]ations1 & _h always pres]v$ its virg9 r5[n4 ,?is r5[n1 ?is influ5ce la/s ev5 n[3 x occurs to no "o t ! old ca/le is become un9habitable4 ,its great duration1 its co/ly con/ruction1 are /ill con/antly spok5 (4 ,pilgrims w5d _! way to x2 ha/y sket*es ( x are %[n 9 all s*ools1 & x is ?us recomm5d$ to ! rev]5ce ( susceptible y\?4 ,mean:ile1 ! build+ itself is already ab&on$2 its only inmates are a few invalids1 :o 9 simple s]i\sness imag9e t !y are prep>$ = w>4 ,?us !re is no "q "h respect+ a t$i\s siege or a d\btful w>2 s f> f x we f9d ?is eigh? wond] ( ! _w already nodd+ to its fall z a des]t$ piece ( antiquity1 & beg9 at once1 )\t fur!r c]emony1 to dismantle x f gable & ro( d[nw>ds2 t ! sun may at la/ %9e into ! old ne/ ( rats & owls1 & exhibit to ! eye ( ! wond]+ travell] t labyr9?9e1 incongru\s /yle ( build+1 ) its scanty1 make-%ift contrivances1 ! result ( accid5t & em]g5cy1 its int5tional artifice & clumsy repairs4 ,su* an inspection w1 h[ev]1 only be possible :5 wall aft] wall1 ar* aft] ar*1 is demoli%$1 ! rubbi% be+ at once cle>$ away z well z x c be4 ,to effect ?is1 & to level ! site :]e x is possible to d s1 to arrange ! mat]ials ?us acquir$1 s t !y c be h]eaft] aga9 employ$ = a new build+1 is ! ardu\s duty we h und]tak5 9 ?is ,second ,"p4 ,%\ld we succe$1 by a *e]ful application ( all possible ability & dext]ity1 9 raz+ ?is ,ba/ille1 & 9 ga9+ a free space1 x is ?us by no means int5d$ at once to cov] ! site aga9 & to encumb] x ) a new /ructure2 we propose r to make use ( ?is area = ! purpose ( pass+ 9 review a pleas+ & v>i$ s]ies ( illu/rative figures4 ,! ?ird "p is ?us devot$ to ! hi/orical acc\nt ( e>ly inquir]s & inve/igators4 ,z we be=e express$ ! op9ion t ! hi/ory ( an individual displays 8 "*1 s x may "h be well affirm$ t ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is sci5ce itself4 ,we _c cle>ly be aw>e ( :at we possess till we h ! means ( kn[+ :at o!rs possess$ be=e u4 ,we _c really & hone/ly rejoice 9 ! advantages ( our own "t if we "k n h[ to appreciate ! advantages ( =m] p]iods4 ,b x 0 impossible to write1 or ev5 to prep>e ! way = a hi/ory ( ! !ory ( col\rs :ile ! ,newtonian !ory exi/$2 = no ari/ocratic presumption has ev] look$ d[n on ^? :o 7 n ( its ord]1 ) su* intol]able arrogance z t betray$ by ! ,newtonian s*ool 9 decid+ on all t _h be5 done 9 e>li] times & all t 0 done ar\nd x4 ,) disgu/ & indignation we f9d ,prie/ley1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,optics1 l _m be=e & aft] him1 dat+ ! success ( all rese>*es into ! _w ( col\rs f ! epo* ( a decompos$ ray ( light1 or :at pret5d$ to be s2 look+ d[n ) a sup]cili\s air on ! anci5t & less mod]n inquir]s1 :o1 aft] all1 _h proce$$ quietly 9 ! "r road1 & :o h transmitt$ to u obs]vations & ?\ghts 9 detail :i* we c nei!r arrange bett] nor conceive m ju/ly4 ,we h a "r to expect f "o :o proposes to give ! hi/ory ( any sci5ce1 t he in=m u h[ ! ph5om5a ( :i* x treats 7 gradually kn[n1 & :at 0 imag9$1 conjectur$1 assum$1 or ?\ght respect+ !m4 ,to /ate all ?is 9 due connexion is by no means an easy task2 ne$ we say t to write a hi/ory at all is always a haz>d\s affair2 ) ! mo/ hone/ int5tion !re is always a dang] ( be+ di%one/2 = 9 su* an und]tak+1 a writ] tacitly ann\nces at ! outset t he means to place "s ?+s 9 light1 o!rs 9 %ade4 ,! au?or has1 nev]!less1 long d]iv$ pleasure f ! prosecution ( 8 task3 b z x is ! int5tion only t pres5ts itself to ! m9d z a :ole1 :ile ! execution is g5]ally accompli%$ portion by portion1 he is compell$ to admit t in/ead ( a hi/ory he furni%es only mat]ials = "o4 ,^! mat]ials consi/ 9 translations1 extracts1 orig9al & borr[$ comm5ts1 h9ts1 & notes2 a collection1 9 %ort1 :i*1 if n answ]+ all t is requir$1 has at lea/ ! m]it ( hav+ be5 made ) e>ne/ness & int]e/4 ,la/ly1 su* mat]ials1--n altoge!r unt\*$ x is true1 b /ill n exhau/$1--may be m satisfactory to ! reflect+ read] 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y are1 z he c easily comb9e !m accord+ to 8 own judgm5t4 ,?is ?ird "p1 conta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce1 does n1 h[ev]1 ?us conclude ! subject3 a f\r? supplem5t>y portion#b is add$4 ,?is conta9s a recapitulation or revision2 ) a view to :i*1 *iefly1 ! p>agraphs are head$ num]ically4 ,9 ! execution ( a "w ( ?is k9d "s ?+s may be =gott51 "s are ( necessity omitt$1 s z n to di/ract ! att5tion1 "s c only be arriv$ at z coroll>ies1 & o!rs may require to be exemplifi$ & v]ifi$3 on all ^! acc\nts1 po/scripts1 additions & corrections are indisp5sable4 ,?is "p conta9s1 besides1 "s deta*$ essays2 = example1 t on ! atmosph]ic col\rs2 = z ^! are introduc$ 9 ! !ory itself )\t any classification1 !y are "h pres5t$ to ! m9d's eye at "o view4 ,aga91 if ?is essay invites ! read] to consult ,nature h]self1 ano!r is int5d$ to recomm5d ! artificial aids ( sci5ce by circum/antially describ+ ! app>atus :i* w 9 future be necess>y to assi/ rese>*es into ! !ory ( col\rs4 ,9 conclusion1 x only rema9s to speak ( ! plates :i* are add$ at ! end ( ! "w2#c & "h we confess we are rem9d$ ( t incomplet5ess & imp]fection :i* ! pres5t und]tak+ has1 9 common ) all o!rs ( its class2 = z a good play c be 9 fact only half transmitt$ to writ+1 a great "p ( its effect dep5d+ on ! sc5e1 ! p]sonal qualities ( ! actor1 ! p[]s ( 8 voice1 ! peculi>ities ( 8 ge/ures1 & ev5 ! _s & fav\rable hum\r ( ! spectators2 s x is1 9 a /ill great] degree1 ) a book :i* treats ( ! appe>ances ( nature4 ,to be enjoy$1 to be turn$ to acc\nt1 ,nature h]self mu/ be pres5t to ! read]1 ei!r really1 or by ! help ( a lively imag9ation4 ,inde$1 ! au?or %\ld 9 su* cases communicate 8 obs]vations orally1 exhibit+ ! ph5om5a he describes--z a text1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1--p>tly z !y appe> to u uns\ght1 p>tly z !y may be pres5t$ by contrivance to s]ve 9 p>ticul> illu/ration4 ,explanation & description c\ld n !n fail to produce a lively impression4 ,! plates :i* g5]ally accompany works l ! pres5t are ?us a mo/ inadequate sub/itute = all ?is2 a physical ph5om5on exhibit+ its effects on all sides is n to be arre/$ 9 l9es nor d5ot$ by a section4 ,no "o ev] dreams ( expla9+ *emical exp]im5ts ) figures2 yet x is cu/om>y 9 physical rese>*es ne>ly alli$ to ^!1 because ! object is ?us f\nd to be 9 "s degree answ]$4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 su* diagrams repres5t m]e notions2 !y are symbolical res\rces1 hi]oglyphic modes ( communication1 :i* by degrees assume ! place ( ! ph5om5a & ( ,nature h]self1 & ?us r h9d] ?an promote true k4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance we c\ld n disp5se ) plates1 b we h endeav\r$ s to con/ruct !m t !y may be confid5tly ref]r$ to = ! explanation ( ! didactic & polemical portions4 ,"s ( ^! may ev5 be consid]$ z =m+ "p ( ! app>atus be=e m5tion$4 ,we n[ !re=e ref] ! read] to ! "w itself2 fir/1 only repeat+ a reque/ :i* _m an au?or has already made 9 va91 & :i* ! mod]n ,g]man read]1 especially1 s seldom grants3-- ,si quid novi/i rectius i/is ,c&idus imp]ti2 si non1 8 ut]e mecum4 #a ,! ,polemical "p4 #b ,?is preface mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ! "w 0 f9i%$1 = at ! conclusion ( ! hi/orical "p !re is only an apology = ! non-appe>ance ( ! supplem5t "h allud$ to4 #c ,9 ! pres5t translation ! necess>y plates accompany ! text4 ,,cont5ts ,introduction xxxvii ,,"p ,i4 ,,physiological ,,col\rs4 ,i4 ,effects ( ,light & ,d>kness on ! ,eye ,,ii4 ,effects ( ,black & ,:ite ,objects on ! ,eye ,,iii4 ,grey ,surfaces & ,objects ,,iv4 ,dazzl+ ,col\rless ,objects ,v4 ,col\r$ ,objects ,,vi4 ,col\r$ ,%ad[s ,,vii4 ,fa9t ,lights ,,viii4 ,subjective ,halos ,pa?ological ,col\rs--,app5dix ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,col\rs4 ,,ix4 ,dioptrical ,col\rs ,x4 ,dioptrical ,col\rs ( ! ,fir/ ,class ,,xi4 ,dioptrical ,col\rs ( ! ,second ,class--,refraction ,subjective ,exp]im5ts ,,xii4 ,refraction )\t ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r ,,xiii4 ,conditions ( ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r ,,xiv4 ,conditions "u :i* ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r increases ,,xv4 ,explanation ( ! =ego+ ,ph5om5a ,,xvi4 ,decrease ( ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r ,,xvii4 ,grey ,objects displac$ by ,refraction ,,xviii4 ,col\r$ ,objects displac$ by ,refraction ,,xix4 ,a*romatism & ,hyp]*romatism ,,xx4 ,advantages ( ,subjective ,exp]im5ts-- ,transition to ! ,objective ,objective ,exp]im5ts ,,xxi4 ,refraction )\t ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r ,,xxii4 ,conditions ( ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r ,,xxiii4 ,conditions ( ! ,increase ( ,col\r ,,xxiv4 ,explanation ( ! =ego+ ,ph5om5a ,,xxv4 ,decrease ( ! ,appe>ance ( ,col\r ,,xxvi4 ,grey ,objects ,,xxvii4 ,col\r$ ,objects ,,xxviii4 ,a*romatism & ,hyp]*romatism ,,xxix4 ,comb9ation ( ,subjective & ,objective ,exp]im5ts ,,xxx4 ,transition ,,xxxi4 ,catoptrical ,col\rs ,,xxxii4 ,p>optical ,col\rs ,,xxxiii4 ,epoptical ,col\rs ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,*emical ,,col\rs4 ,,xxxiv4 ,*emical ,contra/ ,,xxxv4 ,:ite ,,xxxvi4 ,black ,,xxxvii4 ,fir/ ,excitation ( ,col\r ,,xxxviii4 ,augm5tation ( ,col\r ,,xxxix4 ,culm9ation ,,xl4 ,fluctuation ,,xli4 ,passage ?r\gh ! ,:ole ,scale ,,xlii4 ,inv]sion ,,xliii4 ,fixation ,,xliv4 ,int]mixture1 ,real ,,xlv4 ,int]mixture1 ,app>5t ,,xlvi4 ,communication1 ,actual ,,xlvii4 ,communication1 ,app>5t ,,xlviii4 ,extraction ,,xlix4 ,nom5clature ,l4 ,m9]als ,,li4 ,plants ,,lii4 ,worms1 ,insects1 ,fi%es ,,liii4 ,birds ,,liv4 ,mammalia & ,human ,be+s ,,lv4 ,physical & ,*emical ,effects ( ! ,transmission ( ,light ?r\gh ,col\r$ ,m$iums ,,lvi4 ,*emical ,effect 9 ,dioptrical ,a*romatism ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,! ,facility ) :i* ,col\r appe>s ,! ,def9ite ,nature ( ,col\r ,comb9ation ( ! ,two ,pr9ciples ,augm5tation to ,r$ ,junction ( ! ,two ,augm5t$ ,extremes ,complet5ess ! ,result ( ,v>iety 9 ,col\r ,h>mony ( ! ,complete ,/ate ,facility ) :i* ,col\r may be made to t5d ei!r to ! ,plus or ,m9us side ,evanesc5ce ( ,col\r ,p]man5ce ( ,col\r ,,"p ,v4 ,,relation ,,to ,,o!r ,,pursuits4 ,relation to ,philosophy ,relation to ,ma!matics ,relation to ! ,te*nical ,op]ations ( ! ,dy] ,relation to ,physiology & ,pa?ology ,relation to ,natural ,hi/ory ,relation to ,g5]al ,physics ,relation to ! ,!ory ( ,music ,conclud+ ,obs]vations on ,t]m9ology ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,effect ,,( ,,col\r ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,moral ,,associations4 ,yell[ ,r$-,yell[ ,yell[-,r$ ,blue ,r$-,blue ,blue-,r$ ,r$ ,gre5 ,complet5ess & ,h>mony ,*>act]i/ic ,comb9ations ,yell[ & ,blue ,yell[ & ,r$ ,blue & ,r$ ,yell[-,r$ & ,blue-,r$ ,comb9ations ,non-,*>act]i/ic ,relation ( ! ,comb9ations to ,light & ,d>k ,consid]ations d]iv$ f ! ,evid5ce ( ,exp]i5ce & ,hi/ory /hetic ,influ5ce ,*i>o-,scuro ,t5d5cy to ,col\r ,keep+ ,col\r+ ,col\r 9 ,g5]al ,nature ,col\r ( ,p>ticul> ,objects ,*>act]i/ic ,col\r+ ,h>moni\s ,col\r+ ,g5u9e ,tone ,false ,tone ,weak ,col\r+ ,! ,motley ,dread ( ,!ory ,ultimate ,aim ,gr\nds ,pigm5ts ,allegorical1 ,symbolical1 ,my/ical ,application ( ,col\r ,conclud+ ,obs]vations ,,outl9e ,,( ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,si v]a no/ra sunt aut falsa1 erunt talia1 licet no/ra p] vitam def5dimus4 ,po/ fata no/ra pu]i qui nunc ludunt no/ri judices erunt4 ,,introduction4 ,! desire ( k is fir/ /imulat$ 9 u :5 rem>kable ph5om5a attract our att5tion4 ,9 ord] t ?is att5tion be cont9u$1 x is necess>y t we %\ld feel "s int]e/ 9 ex]cis+ x1 & ?us by degrees we become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! object ( our curiosity4 ,dur+ ?is process ( obs]vation we rem>k at fir/ only a va/ v>iety :i* presses indiscrim9ately on our view2 we are =c$ to sep>ate1 to di/+ui%1 & aga9 to comb9e2 by :i* means at la/ a c]ta9 ord] arises :i* admits ( be+ survey$ ) m or less satisfaction4 ,to accompli% ?is1 only 9 a c]ta9 degree1 9 any dep>tm5t1 requires an unremitt+ & close application2 & we f9d1 = ?is reason1 t m5 pref] sub/itut+ a g5]al !oretical view1 or "s sy/em ( explanation1 = ! facts !mselves1 in/ead ( tak+ ! tr\ble to make !mselves fir/ acqua9t$ ) cases 9 detail & !n con/ruct+ a :ole4 ,! attempt to describe & class ! ph5om5a ( col\rs has be5 only twice made3 fir/ by ,!ophra/us1#a & 9 mod]n times by ,boyle4 ,! pret5sions ( ! pres5t essay to ! ?ird place w h>dly be disput$4 ,our hi/orical survey ent]s into fur!r details4 ,"h we m]ely obs]ve t 9 ! la/ c5tury su* a classification 0 n to be ?\ght (1 because ,newton _h bas$ 8 hypo!sis on a ph5om5on exhibit$ 9 a complicat$ & second>y /ate2 & to ?is ! o!r cases t =c$ !mselves on ! att5tion 7 contriv$ to be ref]r$1 :5 !y c\ld n be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce2 j z an a/ronom] w\ld d1 if f :im he 7 to place ! moon 9 ! c5tre ( our sy/em2 he w\ld be compell$ to make ! e>?1 sun1 & planets revolve r\nd ! less] body1 & be =c$ to disguise & gloss ov] ! error ( 8 fir/ assumption by +5i\s calculations & plausible /atem5ts4 ,9 our prefatory obs]vations we assum$ ! read] to be acqua9t$ ) :at 0 kn[n respect+ light2 "h we assume ! same ) reg>d to ! eye4 ,we obs]v$ t all nature manife/s itself by means ( col\rs to ! s5se ( sight4 ,we n[ ass]t1 extraord9>y z x may 9 "s degree appe>1 t ! eye sees no =m1 inasmu* z light1 %ade1 & col\r toge!r con/itute t :i* to our vision di/+ui%es object f object1 & ! p>ts ( an object f ea* o!r4 ,f ^! ?ree1 light1 %ade1 & col\r1 we con/ruct ! visible _w1 & ?us1 at ! same "t1 make pa9t+ possible1 an art :i* has ! p[] ( produc+ on a flat surface a mu* m p]fect visible _w ?an ! actual "o c be4 ,! eye may be said to owe its exi/5ce to light1 :i* calls =?1 z x 71 a s5se t is ak9 to itself2 ! eye1 9 %ort1 is =m$ ) ref]5ce to light1 to be fit = ! action ( light2 ! light x conta9s correspond+ ) ! light )\t4 ,we are "h rem9d$ ( a significant adage 9 con/ant use ) ! anci5t ,ionian s*ool--,l is only kn[n by ,l2 & aga91 ( ! words ( an old my/ic writ]1 :i* may be ?us r5d]$1 ,if ! eye 7 n sunny1 h[ c\ld we p]ceive light8 ,if ,god's own /r5g? liv$ n 9 u1 h[ c\ld we delight 9 ,div9e ?+s8 ,?is imm$iate aff9ity betwe5 light & ! eye w be d5i$ by none2 to consid] !m z id5tical 9 sub/ance is less easy to compreh5d4 ,x w be m intelligible to ass]t t a dormant light resides 9 ! eye1 & t x may be excit$ by ! slighte/ cause f )9 or f )\t4 ,9 d>kness we c1 by an ef=t ( imag9ation1 call up ! brighte/ images2 9 dreams objects appe> to u z 9 broad daylight2 awake1 ! slighte/ ext]nal action ( light is p]ceptible1 & if ! organ suff]s an actual %ock1 light & col\rs spr+ =?4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ^? :o are wont to proce$ accord+ to a c]ta9 me?od1 may p]haps obs]ve t z yet we h n decid$ly expla9$ :at col\r is4 ,?is "q1 l ! def9ition ( light & ! eye1 we w\ld = ! pres5t evade1 & w\ld appeal to our inquiry itself1 :]e we h circum/antially %[n h[ col\r is produc$4 ,we h only !re=e to repeat t col\r is a law ( nature 9 relation ) ! s5se ( sight4 ,we mu/ assume1 too1 t e "o has ?is s5se1 t e "o kn[s ! op]ation ( nature on x1 = to a bl9d man x w\ld be impossible to speak ( col\rs4 ,t we may n1 h[ev]1 appe> too anxi\s to %un su* an explanation1 we w\ld re/ate :at has be5 said z foll[s3 col\r is an elem5t>y ph5om5on 9 nature adapt$ to ! s5se ( vision2 a ph5om5on :i*1 l all o!rs1 exhibits itself by sep>ation & contra/1 by commixture & union1 by augm5tation & neutralization1 by communication & dissolution3 "u ^! g5]al t]ms its nature may be be/ compreh5d$4 ,we d n press ?is mode ( /at+ ! subject on any "o4 ,^? :o1 l ourselves1 f9d x conv5i5t1 w readily adopt x2 b we h no desire to ent] ! li/s h]eaft] 9 its def5ce4 ,f "t immemorial x has be5 dang]\s to treat ( col\r2 s mu* s1 t "o ( our pr$ecessors v5tur$ on a c]ta9 occasion to say1 ,! ox becomes furi\s if a r$ clo? is %[n to him2 b ! philosoph]1 :o speaks ( col\r only 9 a g5]al way1 beg9s to rave4 ,nev]!less1 if we are to proce$ to give "s acc\nt ( our "w1 to :i* we h appeal$1 we mu/ beg9 by expla9+ h[ we h class$ ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* col\r is produc$4 ,we f\nd ?ree modes 9 :i* x appe>s2 ?ree classes ( col\rs1 or r ?ree exhibitions ( !m all4 ,! di/9ctions ( ^! classes are easily express$4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 we consid]$ col\rs1 z f> z !y may be said to belong to ! eye itself1 & to dep5d on an action & re-action ( ! organ2 next1 !y attract$ our att5tion z p]ceiv$ 91 or by means (1 col\rless m$iums2 & la/ly1 :]e we c\ld consid] !m z belong+ to p>ticul> sub/ances4 ,we h d5om9at$ ! fir/1 physiological1 ! second1 physical1 ! ?ird1 *emical col\rs4 ,! fir/ are fleet+ & n to be arre/$2 ! next are pass+1 b /ill = a :ile endur+2 ! la/ may be made p]man5t = any l5g? ( "t4 ,hav+ sep>at$ ^! classes & kept !m z di/9ct z possible1 ) a view to a cle>1 didactic exposition1 we h be5 enabl$ at ! same "t to exhibit !m 9 an unbrok5 s]ies1 to connect ! fleet+ ) ! some:at m endur+1 & ^! aga9 ) ! p]man5t hues2 & ?us1 aft] hav+ c>efully att5d$ to a di/9ct classification 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to d away ) x aga9 :5 a l>g] view 0 desirable4 ,9 a f\r? division ( our "w we h !re=e treat$ g5]ally :at 0 previ\sly detail$ "u v>i\s p>ticul> conditions1 & h ?us1 9 fact1 giv5 a sket* = a future !ory ( col\rs4 ,we w "h only anticipate our /atem5ts s f> z to obs]ve1 t light & d>kness1 brightness & obscurity1 or if a m g5]al expression is pref]r$1 light & its abs5ce1 are necess>y to ! production ( col\r4 ,next to ! light1 a col\r appe>s :i* we call yell[2 ano!r appe>s next to ! d>kness1 :i* we "n blue4 ,:5 ^!1 9 _! pure/ /ate1 are s mix$ t !y are exactly equal1 !y produce a ?ird col\r call$ gre54 ,ea* ( ! two fir/-nam$ col\rs c h[ev] ( itself produce a new t9t by be+ cond5s$ or d>k5$4 ,!y ?us acquire a r$di% appe>ance :i* c be increas$ to s great a degree t ! orig9al blue or yell[ is h>dly to be recognis$ 9 x3 b ! int5se/ & pure/ r$1 especially 9 physical cases1 is produc$ :5 ! two extremes ( ! yell[-r$ & blue-r$ are unit$4 ,?is is ! actual /ate ( ! appe>ance & g5]ation ( col\rs4 ,b we c also assume an exi/+ r$ 9 addition to ! def9ite exi/+ blue & yell[1 & we c produce contr>iwise1 by mix+1 :at we directly produc$ by augm5tation or deep5+4 ,) ^! ?ree or six col\rs1 :i* may be conv5i5tly includ$ 9 a circle1 ! elem5t>y doctr9e ( col\rs is alone conc]n$4 ,all o!r modifications1 :i* may be ext5d$ to inf9ity1 h ref]5ce m to ! application1--h ref]5ce to ! te*nical op]ations ( ! pa9t] & dy]1 & ! v>i\s purposes ( artificial life4 ,to po9t out ano!r g5]al quality1 we may obs]ve t col\rs ?r\gh\t are to be consid]$ z half-lights1 z half-%ad[s1 on :i* acc\nt if !y are s mix$ z reciprocally to de/roy _! specific hues1 a %ad[y t9t1 a grey1 is produc$4 ,9 ! fif? division ( our inquiry we _h propos$ to po9t out ! relations 9 :i* we %\ld wi% our doctr9e ( col\rs to /& to o!r pursuits4 ,important z ?is "p ( our "w is1 x is p]haps on ?is v acc\nt n s successful z we c\ld wi%4 ,yet :5 we reflect t /rictly speak+ ^! relations _c be describ$ be=e !y exi/1 we may console ourselves if we h 9 "s degree fail$ 9 endeav\r+ = ! fir/ "t to def9e !m4 ,= und\bt$ly we %\ld fir/ wait to see h[ ^? :om we h endeav\r$ to s]ve1 to :om we h int5d$ to make an agreeable & useful (f]+1 h[ su* p]sons1 we say1 w accept ! result ( our utmo/ ex]tion3 :e!r !y w adopt x1 :e!r !y w make use ( x & foll[ x up1 or :e!r !y w repel1 reject1 & suff] x to rema9 unassi/$ & neglect$4 ,mean:ile1 we v5ture to express :at we believe & hope4 ,f ! philosoph] we believe we m]it ?anks = hav+ trac$ ! ph5om5a ( col\rs to _! fir/ s\rces1 to ! circum/ances "u :i* !y simply appe> & are1 & beyond :i* no fur!r explanation respect+ !m is possible4 ,x w1 besides1 be gratify+ to him t we h arrang$ ! appe>ances describ$ 9 a =m t admits ( be+ easily survey$1 ev5 %\ld he n altoge!r approve ( ! arrangem5t itself4 ,! m$ical practition]1 especially him ^: /udy x is to wat* ov] ! organ ( sight1 to pres]ve x1 to assi/ its defects & to cure its disord]s1 we reckon to make especially our fri5d4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! physiological col\rs1 9 ! ,app5dix relat+ to ^? t are m /rictly pa?ological1 he w f9d himself q 9 8 own prov9ce4 ,we are n )\t hopes ( see+ ! physiological ph5om5a1--a hi!rto neglect$1 &1 we may add1 mo/ important bran* ( ! !ory ( col\rs1--completely inve/igat$ ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ^? individuals :o 9 our own times are treat+ ?is dep>tm5t ) success4 ,! inve/igator ( nature %\ld receive u cordially1 s9ce we enable him to exhibit ! doctr9e ( col\rs 9 ! s]ies ( o!r elem5t>y ph5om5a1 & at ! same "t enable him to make use ( a correspond+ nom5clature1 nay1 almo/ ! same words & designations z "u ! o!r rubrics4 ,x is true we give him r m tr\ble z a tea*]1 = ! *apt] ( col\rs is n n[ to be dismiss$ z h]et(ore ) a few p>agraphs & exp]im5ts2 nor w ! s*ol> submit to be s scantily ent]ta9$ z he has hi!rto be51 )\t murmur+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an advantage w aft]w>ds arise out ( ?is3 = if ! ,newtonian doctr9e 0 easily le>nt1 insurm\ntable difficulties pres5t$ !mselves 9 its application4 ,our !ory is p]haps m difficult to compreh5d1 b once kn[n1 all is accompli%$1 = x c>ries its application along ) x4 ,! *emi/ :o looks ^u col\rs z indications by :i* he may detect ! m secret prop]ties ( mat]ial ?+s1 has hi!rto f\nd mu* inconv5i5ce 9 ! d5om9ation & description ( col\rs2 nay1 "s h be5 induc$ aft] clos] & nic] exam9ation to look ^u col\r z an unc]ta9 & fallaci\s crit]ion 9 *emical op]ations4 ,yet we hope by means ( our arrangem5t & ! nom5clature be=e allud$ to1 to br+ col\r aga9 into cr$it1 & to awak5 ! conviction t a progressive1 augm5t+1 mutable quality1 a quality :i* admits ( alt]ation ev5 to inv]sion1 is n fallaci\s1 b r calculat$ to br+ to light ! mo/ delicate op]ations ( nature4 ,9 look+ a little fur!r r\nd u1 we are n )\t fe>s t we may fail to satisfy ano!r class ( sci5tific m54 ,by an extraord9>y comb9ation ( circum/ances ! !ory ( col\rs has be5 drawn into ! prov9ce & be=e ! tribunal ( ! ma!matician1 a tribunal to :i* x _c be said to be am5able4 ,?is 0 ow+ to its aff9ity ) ! o!r laws ( vision :i* ! ma!matician 0 legitimately call$ ^u to treat4 ,x 0 ow+1 aga91 to ano!r circum/ance3 a great ma!matician _h inve/igat$ ! !ory ( col\rs1 & hav+ be5 mi/ak5 9 8 obs]vations z an exp]im5tali/1 he employ$ ! :ole =ce ( 8 tal5t to give consi/5cy to ?is mi/ake4 ,7 bo? ^! circum/ances consid]$1 all misund]/&+ w\ld pres5tly be remov$1 & ! ma!matician w\ld will+ly co-op]ate ) u1 especially 9 ! physical dep>tm5t ( ! !ory4 ,to ! practical man1 to ! dy]1 on ! o!r h&1 our lab\r mu/ be altoge!r acceptable2 = x 0 precisely ^? :o reflect$ on ! facts result+ f ! op]ations ( dye+ :o 7 ! lea/ satisfi$ ) ! old !ory3 !y 7 ! fir/ :o p]ceiv$ ! insuffici5cy ( ! ,newtonian doctr9e4 ,! conclusions ( m5 are v diff]5t accord+ to ! mode 9 :i* !y approa* a sci5ce or bran* ( k2 f :i* side1 ?r\gh :i* door !y ent]4 ,! lit]ally practical man1 ! manufactur]1 ^: att5tion is con/antly & =cibly call$ to ! facts :i* occur "u 8 eye1 :o exp]i5ces b5efit or detrim5t f ! application ( 8 convictions1 to :om loss ( "t & money is n indiff]5t1 :o is desir\s ( advanc+1 :o aims at equall+ or surpass+ :at o!rs h accompli%$1--su* a p]son feels ! uns\ndness & errone\sness ( a !ory mu* soon] ?an ! man ( lett]s1 9 ^: eyes words consecrat$ by au?ority are at la/ equival5t to solid co92 ?an ! ma!matician1 ^: =mula always rema9s infallible1 ev5 al?\gh ! f\ndation on :i* x is con/ruct$ may n squ>e ) x4 ,aga91 to c>ry on ! figure be=e employ$1 9 ent]+ ?is !ory f ! side ( pa9t+1 f ! side ( /hetic#b col\r+ g5]ally1 we %all be f\nd to h accompli%$ a mo/ ?ank-wor?y (fice = ! arti/4 ,9 ! six? "p we h endeav\r$ to def9e ! effects ( col\r z address$ at once to ! eye & m9d1 ) a view to mak+ !m m available = ! purposes ( art4 ,al?\gh mu* 9 ?is portion1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t1 has be5 suff]$ to rema9 z a sket*1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t all !ory c 9 /rictness only po9t out lead+ pr9ciples1 "u ! guidance ( :i*1 practice may proce$ ) vig\r & be enabl$ to atta9 legitimate results4 #a ,! treatise to :i* ! au?or alludes 9 m g5]ally ascrib$ to ,ari/otle4--,t4 #b /hetic--belong+ to ta/e z m]e int]nal s5se1 f 1 to feel2 ! ^w 0 fir/ us$ by ,wolf4--,t4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,physiological ,,col\rs4 #a4 ,we naturally place ^! col\rs fir/1 because !y belong altoge!r1 or 9 a great degree1 to ! subject#a--to ! eye itself4 ,!y are ! f\ndation ( ! :ole doctr9e1 & op5 to our view ! *romatic h>mony on :i* s mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion has exi/$4 ,!y h be5 hi!rto look$ ^u z extr9sic & casual1 z illusion & infirmity3 _! appe>ances h be5 kn[n f anci5t date2 b1 z !y 7 too evanesc5t to be arre/$1 !y 7 bani%$ into ! region ( phantoms1 & "u ?is idea h be5 v v>i\sly describ$4 #b4 ,?us !y are call$ colores adv5ticii by ,boyle2 imag9>ii & phanta/ici by ,rizetti2 by ,buffon1 c\leurs accid5telles2 by ,s*]f]1 s*e9f>b5 7app>5t col\rs72 ocul> illusions & deceptions ( sight by _m2 by ,hamb]g]1 vitia fugitiva2 by ,d>w91 ocul> spectra4 #c4 ,we h call$ !m physiological because !y belong to ! eye 9 a heal?y /ate2 because we consid] !m z ! necess>y conditions ( vision2 ! lively alt]nat+ action ( :i*1 ) ref]5ce to ext]nal objects & a pr9ciple )9 x1 is ?us pla9ly indicat$4 #d4 ,to ^! we subjo9 ! pa?ological col\rs1 :i*1 l all deviations f a con/ant law1 af=d a m complete insight into ! nature ( ! physiological col\rs4 ,,effects ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,d>kness ,,on ,,! ,,eye4 #e4 ,! ret9a1 aft] be+ act$ ^u by light or d>kness1 is f\nd to be 9 two diff]5t /ates1 :i* are entirely oppos$ to ea* o!r4 #f4 ,if we keep ! eyes op5 9 a totally d>k place1 a c]ta9 s5se ( privation is exp]i5c$4 ,! organ is ab&on$ to itself2 x retires into itself4 ,t /imulat+ & grateful contact is want+ by means ( :i* x is connect$ ) ! ext]nal _w1 & becomes "p ( a :ole4 #g4 ,if we look on a :ite1 /rongly illum9$ surface1 ! eye is dazzl$1 & = a "t is incapable ( di/+ui%+ objects mod]ately light$4 #h4 ,! :ole ( ! ret9a is act$ on 9 ea* ( ^! extreme /ates1 & ?us we c only exp]i5ce "o ( ^! effects at a "t4 ,9 ! "o case 7#f7 we f\nd ! organ 9 ! utmo/ relaxation & susceptibility2 9 ! o!r 7#g7 9 an ov]/ra9$ /ate1 & sc>cely susceptible at all4 #i4 ,if we pass sudd5ly f ! "o /ate to ! o!r1 ev5 )\t suppos+ ^! to be ! extremes1 b only1 p]haps1 a *ange f bright to dusky1 ! diff]5ce is rem>kable1 & we f9d t ! effects la/ = "s "t4 #aj4 ,9 pass+ f bright daylight to a dusky place we di/+ui% no?+ at fir/3 by degrees ! eye recov]s its susceptibility2 /rong eyes soon] ?an weak ones2 ! =m] 9 a m9ute1 :ile ! latt] may require sev5 or eight m9utes4 #aa4 ,! fact t ! eye is n susceptible to fa9t impressions ( light1 if we pass f light to comp>ative d>kness1 has l$ to curi\s mi/akes 9 sci5tific obs]vations4 ,?us an obs]v]1 ^: eyes requir$ "s "t to recov] _! tone1 0 long "u ! impression t rott5 wood did n emit light at noon-day1 ev5 9 a d>k room4 ,! fact 01 he did n see ! fa9t light1 because he 0 9 ! habit ( pass+ f bright sun%9e to ! d>k room1 & only subsequ5tly rema9$ s long !re t ! eye _h "t to recov] itself4 ,! same may h happ5$ to ,doctor ,wall1 :o1 9 ! daytime1 ev5 9 a d>k room1 c\ld h>dly p]ceive ! electric light ( amb]4 ,our n see+ ! />s by day1 z well z ! improv$ appe>ance ( pictures se5 ?r\gh a d\ble tube1 is also to be attribut$ to ! same cause4 #ab4 ,if we pass f a totally d>k place to "o illum9$ by ! sun1 we are dazzl$4 ,9 com+ f a less] degree ( d>kness to light t is n dazzl+1 we p]ceive all objects cle>] & bett]3 h5ce eyes t h be5 9 a /ate ( repose are 9 all cases bett] able to p]ceive mod]ately di/9ct appe>ances4 ,prison]s :o h be5 long conf9$ 9 d>kness acquire s great a susceptibility ( ! ret9a1 t ev5 9 ! d>k 7probably a d>kness v slightly illum9$7 !y c /ill di/+ui% objects4 #ac4 ,9 ! act :i* we call see+1 ! ret9a is at "o & ! same "t 9 diff]5t & ev5 opposite /ates4 ,! greate/ brightness1 %ort ( dazzl+1 acts ne> ! greate/ d>kness4 ,9 ?is /ate we at once p]ceive all ! int]m$iate gradations ( *i>o-scuro1 & all ! v>ieties ( hues4 #ad4 ,we w proce$ 9 due ord] to consid] & exam9e ^! elem5ts ( ! visible _w1 z well z ! relation 9 :i* ! organ itself /&s to !m1 & = ?is purpose we take ! simple/ objects4 #a ,! ,g]man di/9ction betwe5 subject & object is s g5]ally und]/ood & adopt$1 t x is h>dly necess>y to expla9 t ! subject is ! individual1 9 ?is case ! behold]2 ! object1 all t is )\t him4--,t4 ,,ii4 ,,effects ,,( ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,objects ,,on ,,! ,,eye4 #ae4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! ret9a g5]ally is affect$ by brightness & d>kness1 s x is affect$ by s+le bright or d>k objects4 ,if light & d>k produce diff]5t results on ! :ole ret9a1 s black & :ite objects se5 at ! same "t produce ! same /ates toge!r :i* light & d>k occasion$ 9 succession4 #af4 ,a d>k object appe>s small] ?an a bright "o ( ! same size4 ,let a :ite disk be plac$ on a black gr\nd1 & a black disk on a :ite gr\nd1 bo? be+ exactly simil> 9 size2 let !m be se5 toge!r at "s di/ance1 & we %all pron\nce ! la/ to be ab\t a fif? "p small] ?an ! o!r4 ,if ! black circle be made l>g] by s mu*1 !y w appe> equal4#a #ag4 ,?us ,ty*o de ,brahe rem>k$ t ! moon 9 conjunction 7! d>k] /ate7 appe>s ab\t a fif? "p small] ?an :5 9 opposition 7! bright full /ate74 ,! fir/ cresc5t appe>s to belong to a l>g] disk ?an ! rema9+ d>k portion1 :i* c sometimes be di/+ui%$ at ! p]iod ( ! new moon4 ,black dresses make p appe> small] ?an light ones4 ,lights se5 beh9d an edge make an app>5t not* 9 x4 ,a rul]1 beh9d :i* ! flame ( a light j appe>s1 seems to u ind5t$4 ,! ris+ or sett+ sun appe>s to make a not* 9 ! horizon4 ,illu/ration #ah4 ,black1 z ! equival5t ( d>kness1 leaves ! organ 9 a /ate ( repose2 :ite1 z ! repres5tative ( light1 excites x4 ,we may1 p]haps1 conclude f ! above exp]im5t 7#af7 t ! unexcit$ ret9a1 if left to itself1 is drawn toge!r1 & occupies a less space ?an 9 its active /ate1 produc$ by ! excitem5t ( light4 ,h5ce ,kepl] says v beautifully3 ,c]tum e/ vel 9 ret9 causs pictur1 vel 9 spiritibus causs impressionis1 exsi/]e dilatationem lucidorum4--,p>alip4 9 ,vitellionem1 p4 #bbj4 ,s*]f] expresses a simil> conjecture4--,note ,a4 #ai4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 bo? impressions d]iv$ f su* objects rema9 9 ! organ itself1 & la/ = "s "t1 ev5 :5 ! ext]nal cause is remov$4 ,9 ord9>y exp]i5ce we sc>cely notice ?is1 = objects are seldom pres5t$ to u :i* are v /rongly reliev$ f ea* o!r1 & we avoid look+ at ^? appe>ances t dazzle ! sight4 ,9 glanc+ f "o object to ano!r1 ! succession ( images appe>s to u di/9ct2 we are n aw>e t "s portion ( ! impression d]iv$ f ! object fir/ contemplat$ passes to t :i* is next look$ at4 #bj4 ,if 9 ! morn+1 on wak+1 :5 ! eye is v susceptible1 we look int5tly at ! b>s ( a w9d[ reliev$ aga9/ ! dawn+ sky1 & !n %ut our eyes or look t[>ds a totally d>k place1 we %all see a d>k cross on a light gr\nd be=e u = "s "t4 #ba4 ,e image occupies a c]ta9 space on ! ret9a1 & ( c\rse a great] or less space 9 proportion z ! object is se5 ne> or at a di/ance4 ,if we %ut ! eyes imm$iately aft] look+ at ! sun we %all be surpris$ to f9d h[ small ! image x leaves appe>s4 #bb4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we turn ! op5 eye t[>ds ! side ( a room1 & consid] ! vision>y image 9 relation to o!r objects1 we %all always see x l>g] 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! surface on :i* x is ?r[n4 ,?is is easily expla9$ by ! laws ( p]spective1 accord+ to :i* a small object ne> cov]s a great "o at a di/ance4 #bc4 ,! duration ( ^! vision>y impressions v>ies ) ! p[]s or /ructure ( ! eye 9 diff]5t individuals1 j z ! "t necess>y = ! recov]y ( ! tone ( ! ret9a v>ies 9 pass+ f brightness to d>kness 7#aj73 x c be measur$ by m9utes & seconds1 inde$ mu* m exactly ?an x c\ld =m]ly h be5 by caus+ a light$ l9/ock to revolve rapidly1 s z to appe> a circle4--,note ,b4 #bd4 ,b ! =ce ) :i* an imp++ light impresses ! eye is especially wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! image ( ! sun la/s longe/2 o!r objects1 ( v>i\s degrees ( brightness1 leave ! traces ( _! appe>ance on ! eye = a proportionate "t4 #be4 ,^! images disappe> by degrees1 & dim9i% at once 9 di/9ctness & 9 size4 #bf4 ,!y are r$uc$ f ! cont\r inw>ds1 & ! impression on "s p]sons has be5 t 9 squ>e images ! angles become gradually blunt$ till at la/ a dim9i%$ r\nd image floats be=e ! eye4 #bg4 ,su* an image1 :5 its impression is no m obs]vable1 c1 imm$iately aft]1 be aga9 reviv$ on ! ret9a by op5+ & %utt+ ! eye1 ?us alt]nately excit+ & re/+ x4 #bh4 ,images may rema9 on ! ret9a 9 morbid affections ( ! eye = f\rte51 sev5te5 m9utes1 or ev5 long]4 ,?is indicates extreme weakness ( ! organ1 its inability to recov] itself2 :ile visions ( p]sons or ?+s :i* are ! objects ( love or av]sion indicate ! connexion betwe5 s5se & ?\ght4 #bi4 ,if1 :ile ! image ( ! w9d[-b>s be=e m5tion$ la/s1 we look ^u a light grey surface1 ! cross w !n appe> light & ! panes d>k4 ,9 ! fir/ case 7#bj7 ! image 0 l ! orig9al picture1 s t ! vision>y impression also c\ld cont9ue un*ang$2 b 9 ! pres5t in/ance our att5tion is excit$ by a contr>y effect be+ produc$4 ,v>i\s examples h be5 giv5 by obs]v]s ( nature4 #cj4 ,! sci5tific m5 :o made obs]vations 9 ! ,cordill]as saw a bright appe>ance r\nd ! %ad[s ( _! heads on "s cl\ds4 ,?is example is a case 9 po9t2 =1 :ile !y fix$ _! eyes on ! d>k %ad[1 & at ! same "t mov$ f ! spot1 ! comp5satory light image appe>$ to float r\nd ! real d>k "o4 ,if we look at a black disk on a light grey surface1 we %all pres5tly1 by *ang+ ! direction ( ! eyes 9 ! slighte/ degree1 see a bright halo float+ r\nd ! d>k circle4 ,a simil> circum/ance happ5$ to myself3 = :ile1 z ,i sat 9 ! op5 air1 ,i 0 talk+ to a man :o /ood at a little di/ance f me reliev$ on a grey sky1 x appe>$ to me1 z ,i slightly alt]$ ! direction ( my eyes1 aft] hav+ = "s "t look$ fix$ly at him1 t 8 head 0 encircl$ ) a dazzl+ light4 ,9 ! same way probably might be expla9$ ! circum/ance t p]sons cross+ dewy mead[s at sunrise see a brightness r\nd ea* o!r's heads#b2 ! brightness 9 ?is case may be also iridesc5t1 z ! ph5om5a ( refraction come into ! acc\nt4 ,?us aga9 x has be5 ass]t$ t ! %ad[s ( a balloon ?r[n on cl\ds 7 bord]$ ) bright & some:at v>iegat$ circles4 ,becc>ia made use ( a pap] kite 9 "s exp]im5ts on electricity4 ,r\nd ?is kite appe>$ a small %9+ cl\d v>y+ 9 size2 ! same brightness 0 ev5 obs]v$ r\nd "p ( ! /r+4 ,sometimes x disappe>$1 & if ! kite mov$ fa/] ! light appe>$ to float to & fro = a few mom5ts on ! place be=e occupi$4 ,?is appe>ance1 :i* c\ld n be expla9$ by ^? :o obs]v$ x at ! "t1 0 ! image :i* ! eye reta9$ ( ! kite reliev$ z a d>k mass on a bright sky2 t image be+ *ang$ into a light mass on a comp>atively d>k backgr\nd4 ,9 optical & especially 9 *romatic exp]im5ts1 :]e ! obs]v] has to d ) bright lights :e!r col\rless or col\r$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! spectrum :i* ! eye reta9s 9 consequ5ce ( a previ\s obs]vation does n mix ) ! succe$+ "o1 & ?us affect ! di/9ctness & purity ( ! impression4 #ca4 ,^! appe>ances h be5 expla9$ z foll[s3 ,t portion ( ! ret9a on :i* ! d>k cross 7#bi7 0 impress$ is to be consid]$ 9 a /ate ( repose & susceptibility4 ,on ?is portion !re=e ! mod]ately light surface act$ 9 a m lively mann] ?an on ! re/ ( ! ret9a1 :i* _h j be5 impress$ ) ! light ?r\gh ! panes1 & :i*1 hav+ ?us be5 excit$ by a mu* /rong] brightness1 c\ld only view ! grey surface z a d>k4 #cb4 ,?is mode ( explanation appe>s suffici5t = ! cases 9 "q1 b1 9 ! consid]ation ( ph5om5a h]eaft] to be adduc$1 we are =c$ to trace ! effects to high] s\rces4 #cc4 ,! eye aft] sleep exhibits its vital ela/icity m especially by its t5d5cy to alt]nate its impressions1 :i* 9 ! simple/ =m *ange f d>k to light1 & f light to d>k4 ,! eye _c = a mom5t rema9 9 a p>ticul> /ate det]m9$ by ! object x looks ^u4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is =c$ to a sort ( opposition1 :i*1 9 contra/+ extreme ) extreme1 int]m$iate degree ) int]m$iate degree1 at ! same "t comb9es ^! opposite impressions1 & ?us ev] t5ds to a :ole1 :e!r ! impressions are successive1 or simultane\s & conf9$ to "o image4 #cd4 ,p]haps ! peculi>ly grateful s5sation :i* we exp]i5ce 9 look+ at ! skilfully treat$ *i>o-scuro ( col\rless pictures & simil> works ( art arises *iefly f ! simultane\s impression ( a :ole1 :i* by ! organ itself is s\ght1 r ?an arriv$ at1 9 succession1 & :i*1 :atev] may be ! result1 c nev] be arre/$4 #a ,plate #a4 fig4 #a4 #b ,see ! ,life ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 vol4 i4 p4 #dec4 ,milan edition1 #ahjf4--,t4 ,,iii4 ,,grey ,,surfaces ,,& ,,objects4 #ce4 ,a mod]ate light is ess5tial to _m *romatic exp]im5ts4 ,?is c be pres5tly obta9$ by surfaces m or less grey1 & ?us we h at once to make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ?is simple/ k9d ( middle t9t1 ) reg>d to :i* x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve1 t 9 _m cases a :ite surface 9 %ad[1 or 9 a l[ light1 may be consid]$ equival5t to a grey4 #cf4 ,s9ce a grey surface is int]m$iate betwe5 brightness & d>kness1 x admits ( our illu/rat+ a ph5om5on be=e describ$ 7#bi7 by an easy exp]im5t4 #cg4 ,let a black object be held be=e a grey surface1 & let ! spectator1 aft] look+ /eadfa/ly at x1 keep 8 eyes unmov$ :ile x is tak5 away3 ! space x occupi$ appe>s mu* light]4 ,let a :ite object be held up 9 ! same mann]3 on tak+ x away ! space x occupi$ w appe> mu* d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,let ! spectator 9 bo? cases turn 8 eyes ?is way & t on ! surface1 ! vision>y images w move 9 l mann]4 #ch4 ,a grey object on a black gr\nd appe>s mu* bright] ?an ! same object on a :ite gr\nd4 ,if bo? comp>isons are se5 toge!r ! spectator c h>dly p]suade himself t ! two greys are id5tical4 ,we believe ?is aga9 to be a pro( ( ! great excitability ( ! ret9a1 & ( ! sil5t resi/ance :i* e vital pr9ciple is =c$ to exhibit :5 any def9ite or immutable /ate is pres5t$ to x4 ,?us inspiration already presupposes expiration2 ?us e sy/ole its dia/ole4 ,x is ! univ]sal =mula ( life :i* manife/s itself 9 ?is z 9 all o!r cases4 ,:5 d>kness is pres5t$ to ! eye x dem&s brightness1 & vice v]s3 x %[s its vital en]gy1 its fitness to receive ! impression ( ! object1 precisely by spontane\sly t5d+ to an opposite /ate4 ,,iv4 ,,dazzl+ ,,col\rless ,,objects4 #ci4 ,if we look at a dazzl+1 altoge!r col\rless object1 x makes a /rong la/+ impression1 & its aft]-vision is accompani$ by an appe>ance ( col\r4 #dj4 ,let a room be made z d>k z possible2 let !re be a circul> op5+ 9 ! w9d[-%utt] ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* may be clos$ or n at pleasure4 ,! sun be+ suff]$ to %9e ?r\gh ?is on a :ite surface1 let ! spectator f "s little di/ance fix 8 eyes on ! bright circle ?us admitt$4 ,! hole be+ !n clos$1 let him look t[>ds ! d>ke/ "p ( ! room2 a circul> image w n[ be se5 to float be=e him4 ,! middle ( ?is circle w appe> bright1 col\rless1 or some:at yell[1 b ! bord] w at ! same mom5t appe> r$4 ,aft] a "t ?is r$1 increas+ t[>ds ! c5tre1 cov]s ! :ole circle1 & at la/ ! bright c5tral po9t4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 is ! :ole circle r$ ?an ! edge beg9s to be blue1 & ! blue gradually encroa*es inw>ds on ! r$4 ,:5 ! :ole is blue ! edge becomes d>k & col\rless4 ,?is d>k] edge aga9 sl[ly encroa*es on ! blue till ! :ole circle appe>s col\rless4 ,! image !n becomes gradually fa9t]1 & at ! same "t dim9i%es 9 size4 ,"h aga9 we see h[ ! ret9a recov]s itself by a succession ( vibrations aft] ! p[]ful ext]nal impression x receiv$4 7#be1 #bf47 #da4 ,by sev]al repetitions simil> 9 result1 ,i f\nd ! comp>ative duration ( ^! appe>ances 9 my own case to be z foll[s3-- ,i look$ on ! bright circle five seconds1 & !n1 hav+ clos$ ! ap]ture1 saw ! col\r$ vision>y circle float+ be=e me4 ,aft] ?irte5 seconds x 0 altoge!r r$2 tw5ty-n9e seconds next elaps$ till ! :ole 0 blue1 & =ty-eight seconds till x appe>$ col\rless4 ,by %utt+ & op5+ ! eye ,i con/antly reviv$ ! image1 s t x did n q disappe> till sev5 m9utes _h elaps$4 ,future obs]v]s may f9d ^! p]iods %ort] or long] z _! eyes may be /rong] or weak] 7#bc71 b x w\ld be v rem>kable if1 not)/&+ su* v>iations1 a correspond+ proportion z to relative duration %\ld be f\nd to exi/4 #db4 ,b ?is rem>kable ph5om5on no soon] excites our att5tion ?an we obs]ve a new modification ( x4 ,if we receive ! impression ( ! bright circle z be=e1 & !n look on a light grey surface 9 a mod]ately light$ room1 an image aga9 floats be=e u2 b 9 ?is in/ance a d>k "o3 by degrees x is encircl$ by a gre5 bord] t gradually spreads inw>ds ov] ! :ole circle1 z ! r$ did 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,z soon z ?is has tak5 place a d+y yell[ appe>s1 &1 fill+ ! space z ! blue did be=e1 is f9ally lo/ 9 a negative %ade4 #dc4 ,^! two exp]im5ts may be comb9$ by plac+ a black & a :ite plane surface next ea* o!r 9 a mod]ately light$ room1 & !n look+ alt]nately on "o & ! o!r z long z ! impression ( ! light circle la/s3 ! spectator w !n p]ceive at fir/ a r$ & gre5 image alt]nately1 & aft]w>ds ! o!r *anges4 ,aft] a little practice ! two opposite col\rs may be p]ceiv$ at once1 by caus+ ! float+ image to fall on ! junction ( ! two planes4 ,?is c be m conv5i5tly done if ! planes are at "s di/ance1 = ! spectrum !n appe>s l>g]4 #dd4 ,i happ5$ to be 9 a =ge t[>ds ev5+ at ! mom5t :5 a gl[+ mass ( iron 0 plac$ on ! anvil2 ,i _h fix$ my eyes /eadfa/ly on x1 &1 turn+ r\nd1 ,i look$ accid5tally into an op5 coal-%$3 a l>ge r$ image n[ float$ be=e my eyes1 &1 z ,i turn$ !m f ! d>k op5+ to ! light bo>ds ( :i* ! %$ 0 con/ruct$1 ! image appe>$ half gre51 half r$1 accord+ z x _h a light] or d>k] gr\nd beh9d x4 ,i did n at t "t take notice ( ! subsequ5t *anges ( ?is appe>ance4 #de4 ,! aft]-vision occasion$ by a total dazzl+ ( ! ret9a corresponds ) t ( a circumscrib$ bright object4 ,! r$ col\r se5 by p]sons :o are dazzl$ ) sn[ belongs to ?is class ( ph5om5a1 z well z ! s+ul>ly beautiful gre5 col\r :i* d>k objects seem to we> aft] look+ long on :ite pap] 9 ! sun4 ,! details ( su* exp]im5ts may be inve/igat$ h]eaft] by ^? ^: "y eyes are capable ( endur+ su* trials fur!r = ! sake ( sci5ce4 #df4 ,) ^! examples we may also class ! black lett]s :i* 9 ! ev5+ light appe> r$4 ,p]haps we might ins]t "u ! same category ! /ory t drops ( blood appe>$ on ! table at :i* ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france _h seat$ himself ) ! ,duc de ,guise to play at dice4 ,v4 ,,col\r$ ,,objects4 #dg4 ,we h hi!rto se5 ! physiological col\rs display$ 9 ! aft]-vision ( col\rless bright objects1 & also 9 ! aft]-vision ( g5]al col\rless brightness2 we %all n[ f9d analog\s appe>ances if a giv5 col\r be pres5t$ to ! eye3 9 consid]+ ?is1 all t has be5 hi!rto detail$ mu/ be pres5t to our recollection4 #dh4 ,! impression ( col\r$ objects rema9s 9 ! eye l t ( col\rless ones1 b 9 ?is case ! en]gy ( ! ret9a1 /imulat$ z x is to produce ! opposite col\r1 w be m app>5t4 #di4 ,let a small piece ( bright-col\r$ pap] or silk /uff be held be=e a mod]ately light$ :ite surface2 let ! obs]v] look /eadfa/ly on ! small col\r$ object1 & let x be tak5 away aft] a "t :ile 8 eyes rema9 unmov$2 ! spectrum ( ano!r col\r w !n be visible on ! :ite plane4 ,! col\r$ pap] may be also left 9 its place :ile ! eye is direct$ to ano!r "p ( ! :ite plane2 ! same spectrum w be visible !re too1 = x arises f an image :i* n[ belongs to ! eye4 #ej4 ,9 ord] at once to see :at col\r w be evok$ by ?is contra/1 ! *romatic circle#a may be ref]r$ to4 ,! col\rs are "h arrang$ 9 a g5]al way accord+ to ! natural ord]1 & ! arrangem5t w be f\nd to be directly applicable 9 ! pres5t case2 = ! col\rs diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ?is diagram are ^? :i* reciprocally evoke ea* o!r 9 ! eye4 ,?us1 yell[ dem&s purple2 orange1 blue2 r$1 gre52 & vice v]s3 ?us aga9 all int]m$iate gradations reciprocally evoke ea* o!r2 ! simpl] col\r dem&+ ! comp\nd1 & vice v]s4--,note ,c4 #ea4 ,! cases "h "u consid]ation occur (t5] ?an we are aw>e 9 ord9>y life2 inde$1 an att5tive obs]v] sees ^! appe>ances ev]y:]e1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! un9/ruct$1 l our pr$ecessors1 consid] !m z tempor>y visual defects1 sometimes ev5 z symptoms ( disord]s 9 ! eye1 ?us excit+ s]i\s appreh5sions4 ,a few rem>kable in/ances may "h be ins]t$4 #eb4 ,i _h ent]$ an inn t[>ds ev5+1 &1 z a well-fav\r$ girl1 ) a brilliantly fair complexion1 black hair1 & a sc>let bodice1 came into ! room1 ,i look$ att5tively at h] z %e /ood be=e me at "s di/ance 9 half %ad[4 ,z %e pres5tly aft]w>ds turn$ away1 ,i saw on ! :ite wall1 :i* 0 n[ be=e me1 a black face surr\nd$ ) a bright light1 :ile ! dress ( ! p]fectly di/9ct figure appe>$ ( a beautiful sea-gre54 #ec4 ,among ! mat]ials = optical exp]im5ts1 !re are portraits ) col\rs & %ad[s exactly opposite to ! appe>ance ( nature4 ,! spectator1 aft] hav+ look$ at "o ( ^! = a "t1 w see ! vision>y figure tol]ably true to nature4 ,?is is con=mable to ! same pr9ciples1 & consi/5t ) exp]i5ce1 =1 9 ! =m] in/ance1 a negress ) a :ite head-dress w\ld h giv5 me a :ite face surr\nd$ ) black4 ,9 ! case ( ! pa9t$ figures1 h[ev]1 :i* are commonly small1 ! p>ts are n di/+ui%able by e "o 9 ! aft]-image4 #ed4 ,a ph5om5on :i* has be=e excit$ att5tion among ! obs]v]s ( nature is to be attribut$1 ,i am p]suad$1 to ! same cause4 ,x has be5 /at$ t c]ta9 fl[]s1 t[>ds ev5+ 9 summ]1 coruscate1 become phosphoresc5t1 or emit a mom5t>y light4 ,"s p]sons h describ$ _! obs]vation ( ?is m9utely4 ,i _h (t5 endeav\r$ to witness x myself1 & _h ev5 resort$ to artificial contrivances to produce x4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,june1 #agii1 late 9 ! ev5+1 :5 ! twilight 0 deep5+ into a cle> night1 z ,i 0 walk+ up & d[n ! g>d5 ) a fri5d1 we v di/9ctly obs]v$ a flame-l appe>ance ne> ! ori5tal poppy1 ! fl[]s ( :i* are rem>kable = _! p[]ful r$ col\r4 ,we approa*$ ! place & look$ att5tively at ! fl[]s1 b c\ld p]ceive no?+ fur!r1 till at la/1 by pass+ & repass+ repeat$ly1 :ile we look$ sideways on !m1 we succe$$ 9 r5ew+ ! appe>ance z (t5 z we pleas$4 ,x prov$ to be a physiological ph5om5on1 su* z o!rs we h describ$1 & ! app>5t coruscation 0 no?+ b ! spectrum ( ! fl[] 9 ! comp5satory blue-gre5 col\r4 ,9 look+ directly at a fl[] ! image is n produc$1 b x appe>s imm$iately z ! direction ( ! eye is alt]$4 ,aga91 by look+ sideways on ! object1 a d\ble image is se5 = a mom5t1 = ! spectrum !n appe>s ne> & on ! real object4 ,! twilight acc\nts = ! eye be+ 9 a p]fect /ate ( repose1 & ?us v susceptible1 & ! col\r ( ! poppy is suffici5tly p[]ful 9 ! summ] twilight ( ! longe/ days to act ) full effect & produce a comp5satory image4 ,i h no d\bt ^! appe>ances might be r$uc$ to exp]im5t1 & ! same effect produc$ by pieces ( col\r$ pap]4 ,^? :o wi% to take ! mo/ effectual means = obs]v+ ! appe>ance 9 nature--suppose 9 a g>d5--%\ld fix ! eyes on ! bright fl[]s select$ = ! purpose1 &1 imm$iately aft]1 look on ! gravel pa?4 ,?is w be se5 /udd$ ) spots ( ! opposite col\r4 ,! exp]im5t is practicable on a cl\dy day1 & ev5 9 ! brighte/ sun%9e1 = ! sun-light1 by enhanc+ ! brilliancy ( ! fl[]1 r5d]s x fit to produce ! comp5satory col\r suffici5tly di/9ct to be p]ceptible ev5 9 a bright light4 ,?us1 peonies produce beautiful gre51 m>igolds vivid blue spectra4 #ee4 ,z ! opposite col\r is produc$ by a con/ant law 9 exp]im5ts ) col\r$ objects on portions ( ! ret9a1 s ! same effect takes place :5 ! :ole ret9a is impress$ ) a s+le col\r4 ,we may conv9ce ourselves ( ?is by means ( col\r$ glasses4 ,if we look long ?r\gh a blue pane ( glass1 ev]y?+ w aft]w>ds appe> 9 sun%9e to ! nak$ eye1 ev5 if ! sky is grey & ! sc5e col\rless4 ,9 l mann]1 9 tak+ (f gre5 spectacles1 we see all objects 9 a r$ light4 ,e decid$ col\r does a c]ta9 viol5ce to ! eye1 & =ces ! organ to opposition4 #ef4 ,we h hi!rto se5 ! opposite col\rs produc+ ea* o!r successively on ! ret9a3 x n[ rema9s to %[ by exp]im5t t ! same effects c exi/ simultane\sly4 ,if a col\r$ object imp+es on "o "p ( ! ret9a1 ! rema9+ portion at ! same mom5t has a t5d5cy to produce ! comp5satory col\r4 ,to pursue a =m] exp]im5t1 if we look on a yell[ piece ( pap] plac$ on a :ite surface1 ! rema9+ "p ( ! organ has already a t5d5cy to produce a purple hue on ! col\rless surface3 9 ?is case ! small portion ( yell[ is n p[]ful en\gh to produce ?is appe>ance di/9ctly1 b1 if a :ite pap] is plac$ on a yell[ wall1 we %all see ! :ite t+$ ) a purple hue4 #eg4 ,al?\gh ?is exp]im5t may be made ) any col\rs1 yet r$ & gre5 are p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ = x1 because ^! col\rs seem p[]fully to evoke ea* o!r4 ,num]\s in/ances occur 9 daily exp]i5ce4 ,if a gre5 pap] is se5 ?r\gh /rip$ or fl[]$ musl91 ! /ripes or fl[]s w appe> r$di%4 ,a grey build+ se5 ?r\gh gre5 pallisades appe>s 9 l mann] r$di%4 ,a modification ( ?is t9t 9 ! agitat$ sea is also a comp5satory col\r3 ! light side ( ! waves appe>s gre5 9 its own col\r1 & ! %ad[$ side is t+$ ) ! opposite hue4 ,! diff]5t direction ( ! waves ) ref]5ce to ! eye produces ! same effect4 ,objects se5 ?r\gh an op5+ 9 a r$ or gre5 curta9 appe> to we> ! opposite hue4 ,^! appe>ances w pres5t !mselves to ! att5tive obs]v] on all occasions1 ev5 to an unpleasant degree4 #eh4 ,hav+ made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! simultane\s exhibition ( ^! effects 9 direct cases1 we %all f9d t we c also obs]ve !m by indirect means4 ,if we place a piece ( pap] ( a bright orange col\r on ! :ite surface1 we %all1 aft] look+ int5tly at x1 sc>cely p]ceive ! comp5satory col\r on ! re/ ( ! surface3 b :5 we take ! orange pap] away1 & :5 ! blue spectrum appe>s 9 its place1 imm$iately z ?is spectrum becomes fully app>5t1 ! re/ ( ! surface w be ov]spread1 z if by a fla%1 ) a r$di%-yell[ light1 ?us exhibit+ to ! spectator 9 a lively mann] ! productive en]gy ( ! organ1 9 con/ant con=mity ) ! same law4 #ei4 ,z ! comp5satory col\rs easily appe>1 :]e !y d n exi/ 9 nature1 ne> & aft] ! orig9al opposite ones1 s !y are r5d]$ m int5se :]e !y happ5 to mix ) a simil> real hue4 ,9 a c\rt :i* 0 pav$ ) grey lime/one flags1 betwe5 :i* grass _h gr[n1 ! grass appe>$ ( an extremely beautiful gre5 :5 ! ev5+ cl\ds ?rew a sc>cely p]ceptible r$di% light on ! pavem5t4 ,9 an opposite case we f9d1 9 walk+ ?r\gh mead[s1 :]e we see sc>cely any?+ b gre51 ! /ems ( trees & ! roads (t5 gleam ) a r$di% hue4 ,?is tone is n uncommon 9 ! works ( l&scape pa9t]s1 especially ^? :o practice 9 wat]-col\rs3 !y probably see x 9 nature1 & ?us1 unconsci\sly imitat+ x1 _! col\r+ is criticis$ z unnatural4 #fj4 ,^! ph5om5a are ( ! greate/ importance1 s9ce !y direct our att5tion to ! laws ( vision1 & are a necess>y prep>ation = future obs]vations on col\rs4 ,!y %[ t ! eye especially dem&s complet5ess1 & seeks to eke out ! colorific circle 9 itself4 ,! purple or violet col\r sugge/$ by yell[ conta9s r$ & blue2 orange1 :i* responds to blue1 is compos$ ( yell[ & r$2 gre51 unit+ blue & yell[1 dem&s r$2 & s ?r\gh all gradations ( ! mo/ complicat$ comb9ations4 ,t we are compell$ 9 ?is case to assume ?ree lead+ col\rs has be5 already rem>k$ by o!r obs]v]s4 #fa4 ,:5 9 ?is complet5ess ! elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$ are /ill appreciable by ! eye1 ! result is ju/ly call$ h>mony4 ,we %all subsequ5tly endeav\r to %[ h[ ! !ory ( ! h>mony ( col\rs may be d$uc$ f ^! ph5om5a1 & h[1 simply ?r\gh ^! qualities1 col\rs may be capable ( be+ appli$ to /hetic purposes4 ,?is w be %[n :5 we h gone ?r\gh ! :ole circle ( our obs]vations1 return+ to ! po9t f :i* we />t$4 #a ,plate #a1 fig4 #c4 ,,vi4 ,,col\r$ ,,%ad[s4 #fb4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we proce$ fur!r1 we h yet to obs]ve "s v rem>kable cases ( ! vivacity ) :i* ! sugge/$ col\rs appe> 9 ! neighb\rhood ( o!rs3 we allude to col\r$ %ad[s4 ,to arrive at ^! we fir/ turn our att5tion to %ad[s t are col\rless or negative4 #fc4 ,a %ad[ ca/ by ! sun1 9 its full brightness1 on a :ite surface1 gives u no impression ( col\r2 x appe>s black1 or1 if a contr>y light 7"h assum$ to diff] only 9 degree7 c act ^u x1 x is only weak]1 half-light$1 grey4 #fd4 ,two conditions are necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( col\r$ %ad[s3 fir/1 t ! pr9cipal light t+e ! :ite surface ) "s hue2 secondly1 t a contr>y light illum9e to a c]ta9 ext5t ! ca/ %ad[4 #fe4 ,let a %ort1 light$ c&le be plac$ at twilight on a %eet ( :ite pap]4 ,betwe5 x & ! decl9+ daylight let a p5cil be plac$ upright1 s t its %ad[ ?r[n by ! c&le may be light$1 b n ov]come1 by ! weak daylight3 ! %ad[ w appe> ( ! mo/ beautiful blue4 #ff4 ,t ?is %ad[ is blue is imm$iately evid5t2 b we c only p]suade ourselves by "s att5tion t ! :ite pap] acts z a r$di% yell[1 by means ( :i* ! complem5tal blue is excit$ 9 ! eye4--,note ,d4 #fg4 ,9 all col\r$ %ad[s1 !re=e1 we mu/ presuppose a col\r excit$ or sugge/$ by ! hue ( ! surface on :i* ! %ad[ is ?r[n4 ,?is may be easily f\nd to be ! case by att5tive consid]ation1 b we may conv9ce ourselves at once by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 #fh4 ,place two c&les at night opposite ea* o!r on a :ite surface2 hold a ?9 rod betwe5 !m upright1 s t two %ad[s be ca/ by x2 take a col\r$ glass & hold x be=e "o ( ! lights1 s t ! :ite pap] appe> col\r$2 at ! same mom5t ! %ad[ ca/ by ! col\r$ light & slightly illum9$ by ! col\rless "o w exhibit ! complem5tal hue4 #fi4 ,an important consid]ation sugge/s itself "h1 to :i* we %all frequ5tly h occasion to return4 ,col\r itself is a degree ( d>kness 2 h5ce ,kir*] is p]fectly "r 9 call+ x lum5 opacatum4 ,z x is alli$ to %ad[1 s x comb9es readily ) x2 x appe>s to u readily 9 & by means ( %ad[ ! mom5t a sugge/+ cause pres5ts itself4 ,we c\ld n refra9 f adv]t+ at once to a fact :i* we propose to trace & develop h]eaft]4--,note ,e4 #gj4 ,select ! mom5t 9 twilight :5 ! light ( ! sky is /ill p[]ful en\gh to ca/ a %ad[ :i* _c be entirely effac$ by ! light ( a c&le4 ,! c&le may be s plac$ t a d\ble %ad[ %all be visible1 "o f ! c&le t[>ds ! daylight1 & ano!r f ! daylight t[>ds ! c&le4 ,if ! =m] is blue ! latt] w appe> orange-yell[3 ?is orange-yell[ is 9 fact1 h[ev]1 only ! yell[-r$ light ( ! c&le diffus$ ov] ! :ole pap]1 & :i* becomes visible 9 %ad[4 #ga4 ,?is is be/ exemplifi$ by ! =m] exp]im5t ) two c&les & col\r$ glasses4 ,! surpris+ read9ess ) :i* %ad[ assumes a col\r w aga9 invite our att5tion 9 ! fur!r consid]ation ( reflections & else:]e4 #gb4 ,?us ! ph5om5a ( col\r$ %ad[s may be trac$ to _! cause )\t difficulty4 ,h5ce=? let any "o :o sees an in/ance ( ! k9d obs]ve only ) :at hue ! light surface on :i* !y are ?r[n is t+$4 ,nay1 ! col\r ( ! %ad[ may be consid]$ z a *romatoscope ( ! illum9$ surface1 = ! spectator may always assume ! col\r ( ! light to be ! opposite ( t ( ! %ad[1 & by an att5tive exam9ation may asc]ta9 ?is to be ! fact 9 e in/ance4 #gc4 ,^! appe>ances h be5 a s\rce ( great p]plexity to =m] obs]v]s3 =1 z !y 7 rem>k$ *iefly 9 ! op5 air1 :]e !y commonly appe>$ blue1 !y 7 attribut$ to a c]ta9 inh]5t blue or blue col\r+ quality 9 ! air4 ,! inquir] c1 h[ev]1 conv9ce himself1 by ! exp]im5t ) ! c&le 9 a room1 t no k9d ( blue light or reflection is necess>y to produce ! effect 9 "q4 ,! exp]im5t may be made on a cl\dy day ) :ite curta9s drawn be=e ! light1 & 9 a room :]e no trace ( blue exi/s1 & ! blue %ad[ w be only s mu* ! m beautiful4 #gd4 ,de ,saussure1 9 ! description ( 8 asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc1 says1 ,a second rem>k1 :i* may n be un9t]e/+1 relates to ! col\r ( ! %ad[s4 ,^!1 not)/&+ ! mo/ att5tive obs]vation1 we nev] f\nd d>k blue1 al?\gh ?is _h be5 frequ5tly ! case 9 ! pla94 ,on ! contr>y1 9 fifty-n9e in/ances we saw !m once yell[i%1 six times pale blui%1 eighte5 times col\rless or black1 & ?irty-f\r times pale violet4 ,"s natural philosoph]s suppose t ^! col\rs arise f accid5tal vap\rs diffus$ 9 ! air1 :i* communicate _! own hues to ! %ad[s2 n t ! col\rs ( ! %ad[s are occasion$ by ! reflection ( any giv5 sky col\r or int]position ( any giv5 air col\r3 ! above obs]vations seem to fav\r ?is op9ion4 ,! in/ances giv5 by ,de ,saussure may be n[ expla9$ & class$ ) analog\s examples )\t difficulty4 ,at a great elevation ! sky 0 g5]ally free f vap\rs1 ! sun %one 9 full =ce on ! sn[1 s t x appe>$ p]fectly :ite to ! eye3 9 ?is case !y saw ! %ad[s q col\rless4 ,if ! air 0 *>g$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( vap\r1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! light sn[ w\ld assume a yell[i% tone1 ! %ad[s 7 violet-col\r$1 & ?is effect1 x appe>s1 occurr$ (t5e/4 ,!y saw also blui% %ad[s1 b ?is happ5$ less frequ5tly2 & t ! blue & violet 7 pale 0 ow+ to ! surr\nd+ brightness1 by :i* ! /r5g? ( ! %ad[s 0 mitigat$4 ,once only !y saw ! %ad[ yell[i%3 9 ?is case1 z we h already se5 7#gj71 ! %ad[ is ca/ by a col\rless light1 & slightly illum9$ by a col\r$ "o4 #ge4 ,9 travell+ ov] ! ,h>z 9 w9t]1 ,i happ5$ to desc5d f ! ,brock5 t[>ds ev5+2 ! wide slopes ext5d+ above & bel[ me1 ! hea?1 e insulat$ tree & project+ rock1 & all masses ( bo?1 7 cov]$ ) sn[ or ho>-fro/4 ,! sun 0 s9k+ t[>ds ! ,od] ponds#a4 ,dur+ ! day1 ow+ to ! yell[i% hue ( ! sn[1 %ad[s t5d+ to violet _h already be5 obs]vable2 ^! might n[ be pron\nc$ to be decid$ly blue1 z ! illum9$ p>ts exhibit$ a yell[ deep5+ to orange4 ,b z ! sun at la/ 0 ab\t to set1 & its rays1 greatly mitigat$ by ! ?ick] vap\rs1 began to diffuse a mo/ beautiful r$ col\r ov] ! :ole sc5e ar\nd me1 ! %ad[ col\r *ang$ to a gre51 9 lightness to be comp>$ to a sea-gre51 9 beauty to ! gre5 ( ! em]ald4 ,! appe>ance became m & m vivid3 "o might h imag9$ oneself 9 a fairy _w1 = e object _h clo!d itself 9 ! two vivid & s beautifully h>monis+ col\rs1 till at la/1 z ! sun w5t d[n1 ! magnific5t spectacle 0 lo/ 9 a grey twilight1 & by degrees 9 a cle> moon-&-/>light night4 #gf4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful in/ances ( col\r$ %ad[s may be obs]v$ dur+ ! full moon4 ,! c&le-light & moon-light may be contriv$ to be exactly equal 9 =ce2 bo? %ad[s may be exhibit$ ) equal /r5g? & cle>ness1 s t bo? col\rs balance ea* o!r p]fectly4 ,a :ite surface be+ plac$ opposite ! full moon1 & ! c&le be+ plac$ a little on "o side at a due di/ance1 an opaque body is held be=e ! :ite plane1 ,a d\ble %ad[ w !n be se53 t ca/ by ! moon & illum9$ by ! c&le-light w be a p[]ful r$-yell[2 & contr>iwise1 t ca/ by ! c&le & illum9$ by ! moon w appe> ( ! mo/ beautiful blue4 ,! %ad[1 compos$ ( ! union ( ! two %ad[s1 :]e !y cross ea* o!r1 is black4 ,! yell[ %ad[ 7#gd7 _c p]haps be exhibit$ 9 a m /rik+ mann]4 ,! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! blue & ! int]pos+ black %ad[ make ! appe>ance ! m agreeable4 ,x w ev5 be f\nd1 if ! eye dwells long on ^! col\rs1 t !y mutually evoke & enhance ea* o!r1 ! increas+ r$ 9 ! "o /ill produc+ its contra/1 viz4 a k9d ( sea-gre54 #gg4 ,we are "h l$ to rem>k t 9 ?is1 & 9 all cases1 a mom5t or two may p]haps be necess>y to produce ! complem5tal col\r4 ,! ret9a mu/ be fir/ ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! dem&+ hue be=e ! respond+ "o c be di/9ctly obs]vable4 #gh4 ,:5 div]s are "u wat]1 & ! sunlight %9es into ! div+-bell1 ev]y?+ is se5 9 a r$ light 7! cause ( :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]71 :ile ! %ad[s appe> gre54 ,! v same ph5om5on :i* ,i obs]v$ on a high m\nta9 7#ge7 is pres5t$ to o!rs 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & ?us ,nature ?r\gh\t is 9 h>mony ) h]self4 #gi4 ,"s obs]vations & exp]im5ts :i* equally illu/rate :at has be5 /at$ ) reg>d to col\r$ objects & col\r$ %ad[s may be "h add$4 ,let a :ite pap] bl9d be fa/5$ inside ! w9d[ on a w9t] ev5+2 9 ?is bl9d let !re be an op5+1 ?r\gh :i* ! sn[ ( "s neighb\r+ ro( c be se54 ,t[>ds dusk let a c&le be br\ght into ! room2 ! sn[ se5 ?r\gh ! op5+ w !n appe> p]fectly blue1 because ! pap] is t+$ ) w>m yell[ by ! c&le-light4 ,! sn[ se5 ?r\gh ! ap]ture is "h equival5t to a %ad[ illum9$ by a contr>y light 7#gf71 & may also repres5t a grey disk on a col\r$ surface 7#ef74 #hj4 ,ano!r v int]e/+ exp]im5t may conclude ^! examples4 ,if we take a piece ( gre5 glass ( "s ?ickness1 & hold x s t ! w9d[ b>s be reflect$ 9 x1 !y w appe> d\ble ow+ to ! ?ickness ( ! glass4 ,! image :i* is reflect$ f ! "u surface ( ! glass w be gre52 ! image :i* is reflect$ f ! upp] surface1 & :i* %\ld be col\rless1 w appe> r$4 ,! exp]im5t may be v satisfactorily made by p\r+ wat] into a vessel1 ! inn] surface ( :i* c act z a mirror2 = bo? reflections may fir/ be se5 col\rless :ile ! wat] is pure1 & !n by t++ x1 !y w exhibit two opposite hues4 #a ,res]voirs 9 :i* wat] is collect$ f v>i\s small /reams1 to "w ! m9es4--,t4 ,,vii4 ,,fa9t ,,lights4 #ha4 ,light1 9 its full =ce1 appe>s purely :ite1 & x gives ?is impression also 9 its highe/ degree ( dazzl+ spl5d\r4 ,light1 :i* is n s p[]ful1 c also1 "u v>i\s conditions1 rema9 col\rless4 ,sev]al naturali/s & ma!maticians h endeav\r$ to measure its degrees--,lamb]t1 ,b\gu]1 ,rum=d4 #hb4 ,yet an appe>ance ( col\r pres5tly manife/s itself 9 fa9t] lights1 = 9 _! relation to absolute light !y resemble ! col\r$ spectra ( dazzl+ objects 7#ci74 #hc4 ,a light ( any k9d becomes weak]1 ei!r :5 its own =ce1 f :atev] cause1 is dim9i%$1 or :5 ! eye is s circum/anc$ or plac$1 t x _c be suffici5tly impress$ by ! action ( ! light4 ,^? appe>ances :i* may be call$ objective1 come "u ! head ( physical col\rs4 ,we w only adv]t "h to ! transition f :ite to r$ heat 9 gl[+ iron4 ,we may also obs]ve t ! flames ( lights at night appe> r$d] 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! eye4--,note ,f4 #hd4 ,c&le-light at night acts z yell[ :5 se5 ne>2 we c p]ceive ?is by ! effect x produces on o!r col\rs4 ,at night a pale yell[ is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f :ite2 blue approa*es to gre51 & rose-col\r to orange4 #he4 ,c&le-light at twilight acts p[]fully z a yell[ light3 ?is is be/ prov$ by ! purple blue %ad[s :i*1 "u ^! circum/ances1 are evok$ by ! eye4 #hf4 ,! ret9a may be s excit$ by a /rong light t x _c p]ceive fa9t] lights 7#aa73 if x p]ceive ^! !y appe> col\r$3 h5ce c&le-light by day appe>s r$di%1 ?us resembl+1 9 its relation to full] light1 ! spectrum ( a dazzl+ object2 nay1 if at night we look long & int5tly on ! flame ( a light1 x appe>s to increase 9 r$ness4 #hg4 ,!re are fa9t lights :i*1 not)/&+ _! mod]ate lu/re1 give an impression ( a :ite1 or1 at ! mo/1 ( a light yell[ appe>ance on ! ret9a2 su* z ! moon 9 its full spl5d\r4 ,rott5 wood has ev5 a k9d ( blui% light4 ,all ?is w h]eaft] be ! subject ( fur!r rem>ks4 #hh4 ,if at night we place a light ne> a :ite or greyi% wall s t ! surface be illum9$ f ?is c5tral po9t to "s ext5t1 we f9d1 on obs]v+ ! spread+ light at "s di/ance1 t ! b\nd>y ( ! illum9$ surface appe>s to be surr\nd$ ) a yell[ circle1 :i* on ! outside t5ds to r$-yell[4 ,we ?us obs]ve t :5 light direct or reflect$ does n act 9 its full =ce1 x gives an impression ( yell[1 ( r$di%1 & la/ly ev5 ( r$4 ,"h we f9d ! transition to halos :i* we are accu/om$ to see 9 "s mode or o!r r\nd lum9\s po9ts4 ,,viii4 ,,subjective ,,halos4 #hi4 ,halos may be divid$ into subjective & objective4 ,! latt] w be consid]$ "u ! physical col\rs2 ! fir/ only belong "h4 ,^! are di/+ui%$ f ! objective halos by ! circum/ance ( _! vani%+ :5 ! po9t ( light :i* produces !m on ! ret9a is cov]$4 #ij4 ,we h be=e notic$ ! impression ( a lum9\s object on ! ret9a1 & se5 t x appe>s l>g]3 b ! effect is n at an end "h1 x is n conf9$ to ! impression ( ! image2 an expansive action also takes place1 spread+ f ! c5tre4 #ia4 ,t a nimbus ( ?is k9d is produc$ r\nd ! lum9\s image 9 ! eye may be be/ se5 9 a d>k room1 if we look t[>ds a mod]ately l>ge op5+ 9 ! w9d[-%utt]4 ,9 ?is case ! bright image is surr\nd$ by a circul> mi/y light4 ,i saw su* a halo b\nd$ by a yell[ & yell[-r$ circle on op5+ my eyes at dawn1 on an occasion :5 ,i pass$ sev]al nights 9 a b$-c>riage4 #ib4 ,halos appe> mo/ vivid :5 ! eye is susceptible f hav+ be5 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,a d>k backgr\nd also height5s _! appe>ance4 ,bo? causes acc\nt = our see+ !m s /rong if a light is pres5t$ to ! eyes on wak+ at night4 ,^! conditions 7 comb9$ :5 ,desc>tes aft] sleep+1 z he sat 9 a %ip1 rem>k$ su* a vividly-col\r$ halo r\nd ! light4 #ic4 ,a light mu/ %9e mod]ately1 n dazzle1 9 ord] to produce ! impression ( a halo 9 ! eye2 at all ev5ts ! halos ( dazzl+ lights _c be obs]v$4 ,we see a spl5d\r ( ?is k9d r\nd ! image ( ! sun reflect$ f ! surface ( wat]4 #id4 ,a halo ( ?is description1 att5tively obs]v$1 is f\nd to be encircl$ t[>ds its edge ) a yell[ bord]3 b ev5 "h ! expansive action1 be=e allud$ to1 is n at an end1 b appe>s /ill to ext5d 9 v>i$ circles4 #ie4 ,sev]al cases seem to indicate a circul> action ( ! ret9a1 :e!r ow+ to ! r\nd =m ( ! eye itself & its diff]5t p>ts1 or to "s o!r cause4 #if4 ,if ! eye is press$ only 9 a slight degree f ! inn] corn]1 d>k] or light] circles appe>4 ,at night1 ev5 )\t pressure1 we c sometimes p]ceive a succession ( su* circles em]g+ f1 or spread+ ov]1 ea* o!r4 #ig4 ,we h already se5 t a yell[ bord] is app>5t r\nd ! :ite space illum9$ by a light plac$ ne> x4 ,?is may be a k9d ( objective halo4 7#hh47 #ih4 ,subjective halos may be consid]$ z ! result ( a conflict betwe5 ! light & a liv+ surface4 ,f ! conflict betwe5 ! excit+ pr9ciple & ! excit$1 an undulat+ motion arises1 :i* may be illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ) ! circles on wat]4 ,! /one ?r[n 9 drives ! wat] 9 all directions2 ! effect atta9s a maximum1 x reacts1 & be+ oppos$1 cont9ues "u ! surface4 ,! effect goes on1 culm9ates aga91 & ?us ! circles are repeat$4 ,if we h ev] rem>k$ ! conc5tric r+s :i* appe> 9 a glass ( wat] on try+ to produce a tone by rubb+ ! edge2 if we call to m9d ! int]mitt+ pulsations 9 ! rev]b]ations ( bells1 we %all approa* a conception ( :at may take place on ! ret9a :5 ! image ( a lum9\s object imp+es on x1 n to m5tion t z a liv+ & ela/ic /ructure1 x has already a circul> pr9ciple 9 its organisation4--,note ,g4 #ii4 ,! bright circul> space :i* appe>s r\nd ! %9+ object is yell[1 end+ 9 r$3 !n foll[s a gre5i% circle1 :i* is t]m9at$ by a r$ bord]4 ,?is appe>s to be ! usual ph5om5on :]e ! lum9\s body is some:at consid]able 9 size4 ,^! halos become great] ! m di/ant we are f ! lum9\s object4 #ajj4 ,halos may1 h[ev]1 appe> extremely small & num]\s :5 ! imp++ image is m9ute1 yet p[]ful1 9 its effect4 ,! exp]im5t is be/ made ) a piece ( gold-leaf plac$ on ! gr\nd & illum9$ by ! sun4 ,9 ^! cases ! halos appe> 9 v>iegat$ rays4 ,! iridesc5t appe>ance produc$ 9 ! eye :5 ! sun pi]ces ?r\gh ! leaves ( trees seems also to belong to ! same class ( ph5om5a4 ,,pa?ological ,,col\rs4 ,,app5dix4 #aja4 ,we are n[ suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! physiological col\rs to di/+ui% !m f ! pa?ological4 ,we "k :at appe>ances belong to ! eye 9 a heal?y /ate1 & are necess>y to enable ! organ to ex]t its complete vitality & activity4 #ajb4 ,morbid ph5om5a indicate 9 l mann] ! exi/5ce ( organic & physical laws3 = if a liv+ be+ deviates f ^? rules ) ref]5ce to :i* x is con/ruct$1 x /ill seeks to agree ) ! g5]al vitality ( nature 9 con=mity ) g5]al laws1 & ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse /ill proves ! con/ancy ( ^? pr9ciples on :i* ! univ]se has exi/$1 & by :i* x is held toge!r4 #ajc4 ,we w "h fir/ adv]t to a v rem>kable /ate 9 :i* ! vision ( _m p]sons is f\nd to be4 ,z x pres5ts a deviation f ! ord9>y mode ( see+ col\rs1 x might be fairly class$ "u morbid impressions2 b z x is consi/5t 9 itself1 z x (t5 occurs1 may ext5d to sev]al memb]s ( a family1 & probably does n admit ( cure1 we may consid] x z bord]+ only on ! nosological cases1 & !re=e place x fir/4 #ajd4 ,i 0 acqua9t$ ) two individuals n m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( age1 :o 7 ?us affect$3 bo? _h blui%-grey eyes1 an acute sight = ne> & di/ant objects1 by day-light & c&le-light1 & _! mode ( see+ col\rs 0 9 ! ma9 q simil>4 #aje4 ,!y agre$ ) ! re/ ( ! _w 9 d5om9at+ :ite1 black1 & grey 9 ! usual mann]4 ,bo? saw :ite unt+$ ) any hue4 ,"o saw a some:at br[ni% appe>ance 9 black1 & 9 grey a some:at r$di% t+e4 ,9 g5]al !y appe>$ to h a v delicate p]ception ( ! gradations ( light & d>k4 #ajf4 ,!y appe>$ to see yell[1 r$-yell[1 & yell[-r$1#a l o!rs3 9 ! la/ case !y said !y saw ! yell[ pass+ z x 7 ov] ! r$ z if glaz$3 "s ?ickly-gr\nd c>m9e1 :i* _h dri$ 9 a sauc]1 !y call$ r$4 #ajg4 ,b n[ a /rik+ diff]5ce pres5t$ itself4 ,if ! c>m9e 0 pass$ ?9ly ov] ! :ite sauc]1 !y w\ld comp>e ! light col\r ?us produc$ to ! col\r ( ! sky1 & call x blue4 ,if a rose 0 %[n !m beside x1 !y w\ld1 9 l mann]1 call x blue2 & 9 all ! trials :i* 7 made1 x appe>$ t !y c\ld n di/+ui% light blue f rose-col\r4 ,!y conf\nd$ rose-col\r1 blue1 & violet on all occasions3 ^! col\rs only appe>$ to !m to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by delicate %ades ( light]1 d>k]1 int5s]1 or fa9t] appe>ance4 #ajh4 ,aga9 !y c\ld n di/+ui% gre5 f d>k orange1 nor1 m especially1 f a r$ br[n4 #aji4 ,if any "o1 accid5tally conv]s+ ) ^! individuals1 happ5$ to "q !m ab\t surr\nd+ objects1 _! answ]s occasion$ ! greate/ p]plexity1 & ! int]rogator began to fancy 8 own wits 7 out ( ord]4 ,) "s me?od we may1 h[ev]1 approa* to a ne>] k ( ! law ( ?is deviation f ! g5]al law4 #aaj4 ,^! p]sons1 z may be ga!r$ f :at has be5 /at$1 saw few] col\rs ?an o!r p3 h5ce arose ! confusion ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,!y call$ ! sky rose-col\r1 & ! rose blue1 or vice v]s4 ,! "q n[ is3 did !y see bo? blue or bo? rose-col\r8 did !y see gre5 orange1 or orange gre58 #aaa4 ,?is s+ul> enigma appe>s to solve itself1 if we assume t !y saw no blue1 b1 in/ead ( x1 a light pure r$1 a rose-col\r4 ,we c compreh5d :at w\ld be ! result ( ?is by means ( ! *romatic diagram4 #aab4 ,if we take away blue f ! *romatic circle we %all miss violet & gre5 z well4 ,pure r$ occupies ! place ( blue & violet1 & 9 aga9 mix+ ) yell[ ! r$ produces orange :]e gre5 %\ld be4 #aac4 ,pr(ess+ to be satisfi$ ) ?is mode ( explanation1 we h nam$ ?is rem>kable deviation f ord9>y vision ,acyanoblepsia4#b ,we h prep>$ "s col\r$ figures = its fur!r elucidation1 & 9 expla9+ ^! we %all add "s fur!r details4 ,among ! examples w be f\nd a l&scape1 col\r$ 9 ! mode 9 :i* ! individuals allud$ to appe>$ to see nature3 ! sky rose-col\r1 & all t %\ld be gre5 v>y+ f yell[ to br[n r$1 ne>ly z foliage appe>s to u 9 autumn#c4--,note ,h4 #aad4 ,we n[ proce$ to speak ( morbid & o!r extraord9>y affections ( ! ret9a1 by :i* ! eye may be susceptible ( an appe>ance ( light )\t ext]nal light1 res]v+ = a future occasion ! consid]ation ( galvanic light4 #aae4 ,if ! eye receives a bl[1 sp>ks seem to spread f x4 ,9 "s /ates ( body1 aga91 :5 ! blood is heat$1 & ! sy/em mu* excit$1 if ! eye is press$ fir/ g5tly1 & !n m & m /rongly1 a dazzl+ & intol]able light may be excit$4 #aaf4 ,if ^? :o h be5 rec5tly c\*$ exp]i5ce pa9 & heat 9 ! eye1 !y frequ5tly see fi]y fla%es & sp>ks3 ^! symptoms la/ sometimes = a week or =tnight1 or till ! pa9 & heat dim9i%4 #aag4 ,a p]son suff]+ f e>-a*e saw sp>ks & balls ( light 9 ! eye dur+ ea* attack1 z long z ! pa9 la/$4 #aah4 ,p]sons suff]+ f worms (t5 exp]i5ce extraord9>y appe>ances 9 ! eye1 sometimes sp>ks ( fire1 sometimes spectres ( light1 sometimes frightful figures1 :i* !y _c by an ef=t ( ! w cease to see3 sometimes ^! appe>ances are d\ble4 #aai4 ,hypo*ondriacs frequ5tly see d>k objects1 su* z ?reads1 hairs1 spid]s1 flies1 wasps4 ,^! appe>ances also exhibit !mselves 9 ! incipi5t h>d cat>act4 ,_m see semi-transp>5t small tubes1 =ms l w+s ( insects1 bubbles ( wat] ( v>i\s sizes1 :i* fall sl[ly d[n1 if ! eye is rais$3 sometimes ^! congregate toge!r s z to resemble ! spawn ( frogs2 sometimes !y appe> z complete sph]es1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( l5ses4 #abj4 ,z light appe>$1 9 ! =m] in/ances1 )\t ext]nal light1 s also ^! images appe> )\t correspond+ ext]nal objects4 ,! images are sometimes transi5t1 sometimes !y la/ dur+ ! pati5t's life4 ,col\r1 aga91 frequ5tly accompanies ^! impressions3 = hypo*ondriacs (t5 see yell[-r$ /ripes 9 ! eye3 ^! are g5]ally m vivid & num]\s 9 ! morn+1 or :5 la/+4 #aba4 ,we h be=e se5 t ! impression ( any object may rema9 = a "t 9 ! eye3 ?is we h f\nd to be a physiological ph5om5on 7#bc73 ! excessive duration ( su* an impression1 on ! o!r b&1 may be consid]$ z morbid4 #abb4 ,! weak] ! organ ! long] ! impression ( ! image la/s4 ,! ret9a does n s soon recov] itself2 & ! effect may be consid]$ z a k9d ( p>alysis 7#bh74 #abc4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at 9 ! case ( dazzl+ lights4 ,if any "o looks at ! sun1 he may reta9 ! image 9 8 eyes = sev]al days4 ,boyle relates an in/ance ( t5 ye>s4 #abd4 ,! same takes place1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 ) reg>d to objects t are n dazzl+4 ,bs* relates ( himself t ! image ( an engrav+1 complete 9 all its p>ts1 0 impress$ on 8 eye = sev5te5 m9utes4 #abe4 ,a p]son incl9$ to fulness ( blood reta9$ ! image ( a bright r$ calico1 ) :ite spots1 _m m9utes 9 ! eye1 & saw x float be=e ev]y?+ l a veil4 ,x only disappe>$ by rubb+ ! eye = "s "t4 #abf4 ,s*]f] obs]ves t ! r$ col\r1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( a p[]ful impression ( light1 may la/ = "s h\rs4 #abg4 ,z we c produce an appe>ance ( light on ! ret9a by pressure on ! eyeball1 s by a g5tle pressure a r$ col\r appe>s1 ?us correspond+ ) ! aft]-image ( an impression ( light4 #abh4 ,_m sick p]sons1 on awak+1 see ev]y?+ 9 ! col\r ( ! morn+ sky1 z if ?r\gh a r$ veil3 s1 if 9 ! ev5+ !y doze & wake aga91 ! same appe>ance pres5ts itself4 ,x rema9s = "s m9utes1 & always disappe>s if ! eye is rubb$ a little4 ,r$ />s & balls sometimes accompany ! impression4 ,?is /ate may la/ = a consid]able "t4 #abi4 ,! aronauts1 p>ticul>ly ,zambecc>i & 8 companions1 relate t !y saw ! moon blood-r$ at ! highe/ elevation4 ,z !y _h asc5d$ above ! vap\rs ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh :i* we see ! moon & sun naturally ( su* a col\r1 x may be suspect$ t ?is appe>ance may be class$ ) ! pa?ological col\rs4 ,! s5ses1 namely1 may be s influ5c$ by an unusual /ate1 t ! :ole n]v\s sy/em1 & p>ticul>ly ! ret9a1 may s9k into a k9d ( in]tness & inexcitability4 ,h5ce x is n impossible t ! moon might act z a v subdu$ light1 & ?us produce ! impression ( ! r$ col\r4 ,! sun ev5 appe>$ blood-r$ to ! aronauts ( ,hamburgh4 ,if ^? :o are at "s elevation 9 a balloon sc>cely he> ea* o!r speak1 may n ?is1 too1 be attribut$ to ! inexcitable /ate ( ! n]ves z well z to ! ?9ness ( ! air8 #acj4 ,objects are (t5 se5 by sick p]sons 9 v>iegat$ col\rs4 ,boyle relates an in/ance ( a lady1 :o1 aft] a fall by :i* an eye 0 bruis$1 saw all objects1 b especially :ite objects1 glitt]+ 9 col\rs1 ev5 to an intol]able degree4 #aca4 ,physicians give ! "n ( ,*rupsia to an affection ( ! sight1 occurr+ 9 typhoid maladies4 ,9 ^! cases ! pati5ts /ate t !y see ! b\nd>ies ( objects col\r$ :]e light & d>k meet4 ,a *ange probably takes place 9 ! hum\rs ( ! eye1 ?r\gh :i* _! a*romatism is affect$4 #acb4 ,9 cases ( milky cat>act1 a v turbid cry/all9e l5s causes ! pati5t to see a r$ light4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d1 :i* 0 treat$ by ! application ( electricity1 ! r$ light *ang$ by degrees to yell[1 & at la/ to :ite1 :5 ! pati5t aga9 began to di/+ui% objects4 ,^! *anges ( !mselves w>rant$ ! conclusion t ! turbid /ate ( ! l5s 0 gradually approa*+ ! transp>5t /ate4 ,we %all be enabl$ easily to trace ?is effect to its s\rce z soon z we become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! physical col\rs4 #acc4 ,if aga9 x may be assum$ t a jaundic$ pati5t sees ?r\gh an actually yell[-col\r$ hum\r1 we are at once ref]r$ to ! dep>tm5t ( *emical col\rs1 & x is ?us evid5t t we c only ?or\ghly inve/igate ! *apt] ( pa?ological col\rs :5 we h made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! :ole range ( ! rema9+ ph5om5a4 ,:at has be5 adduc$ may !re=e suffice = ! pres5t1 till we resume ! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is portion ( our subject4 #acd4 ,9 conclusion we may1 h[ev]1 at once adv]t to "s peculi> /ates or dispositions ( ! organ4 ,!re are pa9t]s :o1 in/ead ( r5d]+ ! col\rs ( nature1 diffuse a g5]al tone1 a w>m or cold hue1 ov] ! picture4 ,9 "s1 aga91 a pr$ilection = c]ta9 col\rs displays itself2 9 o!rs a want ( feel+ = h>mony4 #ace4 ,la/ly1 x is also wor?y ( rem>k1 t savage nations1 un$ucat$ p1 & *ildr5 h a great pr$ilection = vivid col\rs2 t animals are excit$ to rage by c]ta9 col\rs2 t p ( ref9em5t avoid vivid col\rs 9 _! dress & ! objects t are ab\t !m1 & seem incl9$ to bani% !m altoge!r f _! pres5ce4--,note ,i4 #a ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to foll[ ! au?or's nom5clature ?r\gh\t--,t4 #b ,non-p]ception ( blue4 #c ,x has n be5 ?\ght necess>y to copy ! plates "h ref]r$ to4--,t4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,physical ,,col\rs4 #acf4 ,we give ?is designation to col\rs :i* are produc$ by c]ta9 mat]ial m$iums3 ^! m$iums1 h[ev]1 h no col\r !mselves1 & may be ei!r transp>5t1 semi-transp>5t yet transmitt+ light1 or altoge!r opaque4 ,! col\rs 9 "q are ?us produc$ 9 ! eye ?r\gh su* ext]nal giv5 causes1 or are m]ely reflect$ to ! eye :5 by :atev] means !y are already produc$ )\t u4 ,al?\gh we ?us ascribe to !m a c]ta9 objective "*1 _! di/9ctive quality /ill consi/s 9 _! be+ transi5t1 & n to be arre/$4 #acg4 ,!y are call$ by =m] inve/igators colores app>5tes1 fluxi1 fugitivi1 phanta/ici1 falsi1 v>iantes4 ,!y are also call$ speciosi & emphatici1 on acc\nt ( _! /rik+ spl5d\r4 ,!y are imm$iately connect$ ) ! physiological col\rs1 & appe> to h b little m reality3 =1 :ile 9 ! production ( ! physiological col\rs ! eye itself 0 *iefly effici5t1 & we c\ld only p]ceive ! ph5om5a ?us evok$ )9 ourselves1 b n )\t u1 we h n[ to consid] ! fact t col\rs are produc$ 9 ! eye by means ( col\rless objects2 t we ?us too h a col\rless surface be=e u :i* is act$ ^u z ! ret9a itself is1 & t we c p]ceive ! appe>ance produc$ ^u x )\t u4 ,9 su* a process1 h[ev]1 e obs]vation w conv9ce u t we h to d ) col\rs 9 a progressive & mutable1 b n 9 a f9al or complete1 /ate4 #ach4 ,h5ce1 9 direct+ our att5tion to ^! physical col\rs1 we f9d x q possible to place an objective ph5om5on beside a subjective "o1 & (t5 by means ( ! union ( ! two successfully to p5etrate f>!r into ! nature ( ! appe>ance4 #aci4 ,?us1 9 ! obs]vations by :i* we become acqua9t$ ) ! physical col\rs1 ! eye is n to be consid]$ z act+ alone2 nor is ! light ev] to be consid]$ 9 imm$iate relation ) ! eye3 b we direct our att5tion especially to ! v>i\s effects produc$ by m$iums1 ^? m$iums be+ !mselves col\rless4 #adj4 ,light "u ^! circum/ances may be affect$ by ?ree conditions4 ,fir/1 :5 x fla%es back f ! surface ( a m$ium2 9 consid]+ :i* catoptrical exp]im5ts invite our att5tion4 ,secondly1 :5 x passes by ! edge ( a m$ium3 ! ph5om5a ?us produc$ 7 =m]ly call$ p]ioptical2 we pref] ! t]m p>optical4 ,?irdly1 :5 x passes ?r\gh ei!r a m]ely light-transmitt+ or an actually transp>5t body2 ?us con/itut+ a class ( appe>ances on :i* dioptrical exp]im5ts are f\nd$4 ,we h call$ a f\r? class ( physical col\rs epoptical1 z ! ph5om5a exhibit !mselves on ! col\rless surface ( bodies "u v>i\s conditions1 )\t previ\s or actual dye 774--,note ,k4 #ada4 ,9 exam9+ ^! categories ) ref]5ce to our ?ree lead+ divisions1 accord+ to :i* we consid] ! ph5om5a ( col\rs 9 a physiological1 physical1 or *emical view1 we f9d t ! catoptrical col\rs are closely connect$ ) ! physiological2 ! p>optical are already some:at m di/9ct & indep5d5t2 ! dioptrical exhibit !mselves z entirely & /rictly physical1 & z hav+ a decid$ly objective "*2 ! epoptical1 al?\gh /ill only app>5t1 may be consid]$ z ! transition to ! *emical col\rs4 #adb4 ,if we 7 desir\s ( prosecut+ our inve/igation /rictly 9 ! ord] ( nature1 we ought to proce$ accord+ to ! classification :i* has j be5 made2 b 9 didactic treatises x is n ( s mu* consequ5ce to connect z to duly di/+ui% ! v>i\s divisions ( a subject1 9 ord] t at la/1 :5 e s+le class & case has be5 pres5t$ to ! m9d1 ! :ole may be embrac$ 9 "o compreh5sive view4 ,we !re=e turn our att5tion =?) to ! dioptrical class1 9 ord] at once to give ! read] ! full impression ( ! physical col\rs1 & to exhibit _! *>act]i/ics ! m /rik+ly4 ,,ix4 ,,dioptrical ,,col\rs4 #adc4 ,col\rs are call$ dioptrical :5 a col\rless m$ium is necess>y to produce !m2 ! m$ium mu/ be su* t light & d>kness c act ?r\gh x ei!r on ! eye or on opposite surfaces4 ,x is ?us requir$ t ! m$ium %\ld be transp>5t1 or at lea/ capable1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ( transmitt+ light4 #add4 ,accord+ to ^! conditions we divide ! dioptrical ph5om5a into two classes1 plac+ 9 ! fir/ ^? :i* are produc$ by means ( imp]fectly transp>5t1 yet light-transmitt+ m$iums2 & 9 ! second su* z are exhibit$ :5 ! m$ium is 9 ! highe/ degree transp>5t4 ,x4 ,,dioptrical ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,class4 #ade4 ,space1 if we assume x to be empty1 w\ld h ! quality ( absolute transp>5cy to our vision4 ,if ?is space is fill$ s t ! eye _c p]ceive t x is s1 !re exi/s a m or less mat]ial transp>5t m$ium1 :i* may be ( ! nature ( air & gas1 may be fluid or ev5 solid4 #adf4 ,! pure & light-transmitt+ semi-transp>5t m$ium is only an accumulat$ =m ( ! transp>5t m$ium4 ,x may !re=e be pres5t$ to u 9 ?ree modes4 #adg4 ,! extreme degree ( ?is accumulation is :ite2 ! simple/1 brighte/1 fir/1 opaque occupation ( space4 #adh4 ,transp>5cy itself1 empirically consid]$1 is already ! fir/ degree ( ! opposite /ate4 ,! int]m$iate degrees f ?is po9t to opaque :ite are inf9ite4 #adi4 ,at :atev] po9t %ort ( opacity we arre/ ! ?ick5+ m$ium1 x exhibits simple & rem>kable ph5om5a :5 plac$ 9 relation ) light & d>kness4 #aej4 ,! highe/ degree ( light1 su* z t ( ! sun1 ( phosphorus burn+ 9 oxyg51 is dazzl+ & col\rless3 s ! light ( ! fix$ />s is = ! mo/ "p col\rless4 ,?is light1 h[ev]1 se5 ?r\gh a m$ium b v slightly ?ick5$1 appe>s to u yell[4 ,if ! d5sity ( su* a m$ium be increas$1 or if its volume become great]1 we %all see ! light gradually assume a yell[-r$ hue1 :i* at la/ deep5s to a ruby-col\r4--,note ,l4 #aea4 ,if on ! o!r h& d>kness is se5 ?r\gh a semi-transp>5t m$ium1 :i* is itself illum9$ by a light /rik+ on x1 a blue col\r appe>s3 ?is becomes light] & pal] z ! d5sity ( ! m$ium is increas$1 b on ! contr>y appe>s d>k] & deep] ! m transp>5t ! m$ium becomes3 9 ! lea/ degree ( dimness %ort ( absolute transp>5ce1 always suppos+ a p]fectly col\rless m$ium1 ?is deep blue approa*es ! mo/ beautiful violet4 #aeb4 ,if ?is effect takes place 9 ! eye z "h describ$1 & may ?us be pron\nc$ to be subjective1 x rema9s fur!r to conv9ce ourselves ( ?is by objective ph5om5a4 ,= a light ?us mitigat$ & subdu$ illum9es all objects 9 l mann] ) a yell[1 yell[-r$1 or r$ hue2 &1 al?\gh ! effect ( d>kness ?r\gh ! non-transp>5t m$ium does n exhibit itself s p[]fully1 yet ! blue sky displays itself 9 ! cam]a obscura v di/9ctly on :ite pap]1 z well z e o!r mat]ial col\r4 #aec4 ,9 exam9+ ! cases 9 :i* ?is important lead+ ph5om5on appe>s1 we naturally m5tion ! atmosph]ic col\rs fir/3 mo/ ( ^! may be "h introduc$ 9 ord]4 #aed4 ,! sun se5 ?r\gh a c]ta9 degree ( vap\r appe>s ) a yell[ disk2 ! c5tre is (t5 dazzl+ly yell[ :5 ! edges are already r$4 ,! orb se5 ?r\gh a ?ick yell[ mi/ appe>s ruby-r$ 7z 0 ! case 9 #agid1 ev5 9 ! nor?72 ! same appe>ance is /ill m decid$1 ow+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 ! scirocco prevails 9 s\!rn climates3 ! cl\ds g5]ally surr\nd+ ! sun 9 ! latt] case are ( ! same col\r1 :i* is reflect$ aga9 on all objects4 ,! r$ hues ( morn+ & ev5+ are ow+ to ! same cause4 ,! sun is ann\nc$ by a r$ light1 9 %9+ ?r\gh a great] mass ( vap\rs4 ,! high] he rises1 ! yell[] & bright] ! light becomes4 #aee4 ,if ! d>kness ( inf9ite space is se5 ?r\gh atmosph]ic vap\rs illum9$ by ! day-light1 ! blue col\r appe>s4 ,on high m\nta9s ! sky appe>s by day int5sely blue1 ow+ to ! few ?9 vap\rs t float be=e ! endless d>k space3 z soon z we desc5d 9 ! valleys1 ! blue becomes light]2 till at la/1 9 c]ta9 regions1 & 9 consequ5ce ( increas+ vap\rs1 x altoge!r *anges to a v pale blue4 #aef4 ,! m\nta9s1 9 l mann]1 appe> to u blue2 =1 z we see !m at s great a di/ance t we no long] di/+ui% ! local t9ts1 & z no light reflect$ f _! surface acts on our vision1 !y are equival5t to m]e d>k objects1 :i*1 ow+ to ! int]pos$ vap\rs1 appe> blue4 #aeg4 ,s we f9d ! %ad[$ p>ts ( ne>] objects are blue :5 ! air is *>g$ ) ?9 vap\rs4 #aeh4 ,! sn[-m\nta9s1 on ! o!r h&1 at a great di/ance1 /ill appe> :ite1 or approa*+ to a yell[i% hue1 because !y act on our eyes z brightness se5 ?r\gh atmosph]ic vap\r4 #aei4 ,! blue appe>ance at ! l[] "p ( ! flame ( a c&le belongs to ! same class ( ph5om5a4 ,if ! flame be held be=e a :ite gr\nd1 no blue w be se51 b ?is col\r w imm$iately appe> if ! flame is oppos$ to a black gr\nd4 ,?is ph5om5on may be exhibit$ mo/ /rik+ly ) a spoonful ( light$ spirits ( w9e4 ,we may ?us consid] ! l[] "p ( ! flame z equival5t to ! vap\r :i*1 al?\gh inf9itely ?91 is /ill app>5t be=e ! d>k surface2 x is s ?91 t "o may easily see to read ?r\gh x3 on ! o!r h&1 ! po9t ( ! flame :i* conceals objects f our sight is to be consid]$ z a self-illum9at+ body4 #afj4 ,la/ly1 smoke is also to be consid]$ z a semi-transp>5t m$ium1 :i* appe>s to u yell[ or r$di% be=e a light gr\nd1 b blue be=e a d>k "o4 #afa4 ,if we n[ turn our att5tion to fluid m$iums1 we f9d t wat]1 depriv$ 9 a v slight degree ( its transp>5cy1 produces ! same effects4 #afb4 ,! infusion ( ! lignum nephriticum 7guil&9a ,l9ni71 :i* =m]ly excit$ s mu* att5tion1 is only a semi-transp>5t liquor1 :i* 9 d>k wood5 cups mu/ appe> blue1 b held t[>ds ! sun 9 a transp>5t glass mu/ exhibit a yell[ appe>ance4 #afc4 ,a drop ( sc5t$ wat]1 ( _s v>ni%1 ( sev]al metallic solutions1 may be employ$ to give v>i\s degrees ( opacity to wat] = su* exp]im5ts4 ,_s ( soap p]haps answ]s be/4 #afd4 ,! bottom ( ! sea appe>s to div]s ( a r$ col\r 9 bright sun%9e3 9 ?is case ! wat]1 ow+ to its dep?1 acts z a semi-transp>5t m$ium4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !y f9d ! %ad[s gre51 :i* is ! complem5tal col\r4 #afe4 ,among solid m$iums ! opal attracts our att5tion fir/3 its col\rs are1 at lea/1 p>tly to be expla9$ by ! circum/ance t x is1 9 fact1 a semi-transp>5t m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* sometimes light1 sometimes d>k1 sub/rata are visible4 #aff4 ,= ^! exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 ! opal-glass 7vitrum a/roides1 girasole7 is ! mo/ desirable mat]ial4 ,x is prep>$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & its semi-opacity is produc$ by metallic oxydes4 ,! same effect is produc$ also by melt+ pulv]is$ & calc9$ bones toge!r ) ! glass1 on :i* acc\nt x is also kn[n by ! "n ( be+las2 b1 prep>$ 9 ?is mode1 x easily becomes too opaque4 #afg4 ,?is glass may be adapt$ = exp]im5ts 9 v>i\s ways3 x may ei!r be made 9 a v slight degree non-transp>5t1 9 :i* case ! light se5 ?r\gh v>i\s lay]s plac$ "o ^u ! o!r may be deep5$ f ! lighte/ yell[ to ! deepe/ r$1 or1 if made orig9ally m opaque1 x may be employ$ 9 ?9n] or ?ick] lam94 ,! exp]im5ts may be successfully made 9 bo? ways3 9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to see ! bright blue col\r1 ! glass %\ld nei!r be too opaque nor too ?ick4 ,=1 z x is q natural t d>kness mu/ act weakly ?r\gh ! semi-transp>5t m$ium1 s ?is m$ium1 if too ?ick1 soon approa*es :it5ess4 #afh4 ,panes ( glass ?r[ a yell[ light on objects ?r\gh ^? p>ts :]e !y happ5 to be semi-opaque1 & ^! same p>ts appe> blue if we look at a d>k object ?r\gh !m4 #afi4 ,smok$ glass may be also m5tion$ "h1 & is1 9 l mann]1 to be consid]$ z a semi-opaque m$ium4 ,x exhibits ! sun m or less ruby-col\r$2 &1 al?\gh ?is appe>ance may be attribut$ to ! black-br[n col\r ( ! soot1 we may /ill conv9ce ourselves t a semi-transp>5t m$ium "h acts if we hold su* a glass mod]ately smok$1 & lit by ! sun on ! unsmok$ side1 be=e a d>k object1 = we %all !n p]ceive a blui% appe>ance4 #agj4 ,a /rik+ exp]im5t may be made 9 a d>k room ) %eets ( p>*m5t4 ,if we fa/5 a piece ( p>*m5t be=e ! op5+ 9 ! w9d[-%utt] :5 ! sun %9es1 x w appe> ne>ly :ite2 by add+ a second1 a yell[i% col\r appe>s1 :i* /ill increases z m leaves are add$1 till at la/ x *anges to r$4 #aga4 ,a simil> effect1 ow+ to ! /ate ( ! cry/all9e l5s 9 milky cat>act1 has be5 already adv]t$ to 7#aca74 #agb4 ,hav+ n[1 9 trac+ ^! ph5om5a1 arriv$ at ! effect ( a degree ( opacity sc>cely capable ( transmitt+ light1 we may "h m5tion a s+ul> appe>ance :i* 0 ow+ to a mom5t>y /ate ( ?is k9d4 ,a portrait ( a celebrat$ !ologian _h be5 pa9t$ "s ye>s be=e ! circum/ance to :i* we allude1 by an arti/ :o 0 kn[n to h consid]able skill 9 ! managem5t ( 8 mat]ials4 ,! v rev]5d individual 0 repres5t$ 9 a ri* velvet dress1 :i* 0 n a little admir$1 & :i* attract$ ! eye ( ! spectator almo/ m ?an ! face4 ,! picture1 h[ev]1 f ! effect ( ! smoke ( lamps & du/1 _h lo/ mu* ( its orig9al vivacity4 ,x 01 !re=e1 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a pa9t]1 :o 0 to clean x1 & give x a fre% coat ( v>ni%4 ,?is p]son began 8 op]ations by c>efully wa%+ ! picture ) a sponge3 no soon]1 h[ev]1 _h he gone ov] ! surface once or twice1 & wip$ away ! fir/ dirt1 ?an to 8 amazem5t ! black velvet dress *ang$ sudd5ly to a light blue plu%1 :i* gave ! ecclesia/ic a v secul>1 ?\gh some:at old-fa%ion$1 appe>ance4 ,! pa9t] did n v5ture to g on ) 8 wa%+3 he c\ld n compreh5d h[ a light blue %\ld be ! gr\nd ( ! deepe/ black1 /ill less h[ he c\ld s sudd5ly h remov$ a glaz+ col\r capable ( conv]t+ ! "o t9t to ! o!r4 ,at all ev5ts1 he 0 n a little disconc]t$ at hav+ spoilt ! picture to su* an ext5t4 ,no?+ to *>act]ize ! ecclesia/ic rema9$ b ! ri*ly-curl$ r\nd wig1 :i* made ! ex*ange ( a fad$ plu% = a h&some new velvet dress f> f desirable4 ,mean:ile1 ! mis*ief appe>$ irrep>able1 & ! good arti/1 hav+ turn$ ! picture to ! wall1 retir$ to re/ ) a m9d ill at ease4 ,b :at 0 8 joy ! next morn+1 :51 on exam9+ ! picture1 he beheld ! black velvet dress aga9 9 its full spl5d\r4 ,he c\ld n refra9 f aga9 wett+ a corn]1 ^u :i* ! blue col\r aga9 appe>$1 & aft] a "t vani%$4 ,on he>+ ( ?is ph5om5on1 ,i w5t at once to see ! miracul\s picture4 ,a wet sponge 0 pass$ ov] x 9 my pres5ce1 & ! *ange quickly took place4 ,i saw a some:at fad$1 b decid$ly light blue plu% dress1 ! folds "u ! arm be+ indicat$ by "s br[n /rokes4 ,i expla9$ ?is appe>ance to myself by ! doctr9e ( ! semi-opaque m$ium4 ,! pa9t]1 9 ord] to give additional dep? to 8 black1 may h pass$ "s p>ticul> v>ni% ov] x3 on be+ wa%$1 ?is v>ni% imbib$ "s moi/ure1 & h5ce became semi-opaque1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! black und]nea? imm$iately appe>$ blue4 ,p]haps ^? :o are practically acqua9t$ ) ! effect ( v>ni%es may1 ?r\gh accid5t or contrivance1 arrive at "s means ( exhibit+ ?is s+ul> appe>ance1 z an exp]im5t1 to ^? :o are fond ( inve/igat+ natural ph5om5a4 ,not)/&+ _m attempts1 ,i c\ld n myself succe$ 9 re-produc+ x4 #agc4 ,hav+ n[ trac$ ! mo/ spl5did in/ances ( atmosph]ic appe>ances1 z well z o!r less /rik+ yet suffici5tly rem>kable cases1 to ! lead+ examples ( semi-transp>5t m$iums1 we h no d\bt t att5tive obs]v]s ( nature w c>ry su* rese>*es fur!r1 & accu/om !mselves to trace & expla9 ! v>i\s appe>ances :i* pres5t !mselves 9 e-day exp]i5ce on ! same pr9ciple3 we may also hope t su* inve/igators w provide !mselves ) an adequate app>atus 9 ord] to place rem>kable facts be=e ! eyes ( o!rs :o may be desir\s ( in=mation4 #agd4 ,we v5ture1 once = all1 to call ! lead+ appe>ance 9 "q1 z g5]ally describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 a primordial & elem5t>y ph5om5on2 & we may "h be p]mitt$ at once to /ate :at we und]/& by ! t]m4 #age4 ,! circum/ances :i* come "u our notice 9 ord9>y obs]vation are1 = ! mo/ "p1 insulat$ cases1 :i*1 ) "s att5tion1 admit ( be+ class$ "u g5]al lead+ facts4 ,^! aga9 range !mselves "u !oretical rubrics :i* are m compreh5sive1 & ?r\gh :i* we become bett] acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 indisp5sable conditions ( appe>ances 9 detail4 ,f h5ce=? ev]y?+ is gradually arrang$ "u high] rules & laws1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n to be made intelligible by words & hypo!ses to ! und]/&+ m]ely1 b1 at ! same "t1 by real ph5om5a to ! s5ses4 ,we call ^! primordial ph5om5a1 because no?+ appreciable by ! s5ses lies beyond !m1 on ! contr>y1 !y are p]fectly fit to be consid]$ z a fix$ po9t to :i* we fir/ asc5d$1 /ep by /ep1 & f :i* we may1 9 l mann]1 desc5d to ! commone/ case ( e-day exp]i5ce4 ,su* an orig9al ph5om5on is t :i* has lately engag$ our att5tion4 ,we see on ! "o side light1 brightness2 on ! o!r d>kness1 obscurity3 we br+ ! semi-transp>5t m$ium betwe5 ! two1 & f ^! contra/s & ?is m$ium ! col\rs develop !mselves1 contra/$1 9 l mann]1 b soon1 ?r\gh a reciprocal relation1 directly t5d+ aga9 to a po9t ( union4#a #agf4 ,) ?is conviction we look ^u ! mi/ake t has be5 committ$ 9 ! inve/igation ( ?is subject to be a v s]i\s "o1 inasmu* z a second>y ph5om5on has be5 ?us plac$ high] 9 ord]--! primordial ph5om5on has be5 degrad$ to an inf]ior place2 nay1 ! second>y ph5om5on has be5 plac$ at ! head1 a comp\nd effect has be5 treat$ z simple1 a simple appe>ance z comp\nd3 ow+ to ?is contradiction1 ! mo/ caprici\s complication & p]plexity h be5 introduc$ into physical inquiries1 ! effects ( :i* are /ill app>5t4 #agg4 ,b :5 ev5 su* a primordial ph5om5on is arriv$ at1 ! evil /ill is t we refuse to recognise x z su*1 t we /ill aim at some?+ beyond1 al?\gh x w\ld become u to confess t we are arriv$ at ! limits ( exp]im5tal k4 ,let ! obs]v] ( nature suff] ! primordial ph5om5on to rema9 undi/urb$ 9 its beauty2 let ! philosoph] admit x into 8 dep>tm5t1 & he w f9d t important elem5t>y facts are a wor?i] basis = fur!r op]ations ?an insulat$ cases1 op9ions1 & hypo!ses4--,note ,m4 #a ,t is 7accord+ to ! au?or's /atem5t #aej4 #aea47 bo? t5d to r$2 ! yell[ deep5+ to orange z ! comp>atively d>k m$ium is ?ick5$ be=e brightness2 ! blue deep5+ to violet z ! light m$ium is ?9n$ be=e d>kness4--,t4 ,pg #gd ,,xi4 ,,dioptrical ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,class4--,,refraction4 #agh4 ,dioptrical col\rs ( bo? classes are closely connect$1 z w pres5tly appe> on a little exam9ation4 ,^? ( ! fir/ class appe>$ ?r\gh semi-transp>5t m$iums1 ^? ( ! second class w n[ appe> ?r\gh transp>5t m$iums4 ,b s9ce e sub/ance1 h[ev] transp>5t1 may be already consid]$ to p>take ( ! opposite quality 7z e accumulation ( a m$ium call$ transp>5t proves71 s ! ne> aff9ity ( ! two classes is suffici5tly manife/4 #agi4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 fir/ consid] transp>5t m$iums ab/ract$ly z su*1 z entirely free f any degree ( opacity1 & direct our :ole att5tion to a ph5om5on :i* "h pres5ts itself1 & :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( refraction4 #ahj4 ,9 treat+ ( ! physiological col\rs1 we h already _h occasion to v9dicate :at ,pg #ge 7 =m]ly call$ illusions ( sight1 z ! active en]gies ( ! heal?y & duly effici5t eye 7#b71 & we are n[ aga9 invit$ to consid] simil> in/ances confirm+ ! con/ancy ( ! laws ( vision4 #aha4 ,?r\gh\t nature1 z pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! relation :i* ?+s be> to ea* o!r1 b especially on ! relation :i* man1 ! mo/ important ( ^!1 be>s to ! re/4 ,h5ce ! _w divides itself into two p>ts1 & ! human be+ z subject1 /&s oppos$ to ! object4 ,?us ! practical man exhau/s himself 9 ! accumulation ( facts1 ! ?9k] 9 speculation2 ea* be+ call$ ^u to su/a9 a conflict :i* admits ( no peace & no decision4 #ahb4 ,b /ill ! ma9 po9t always is1 :e!r ! relations are truly se54 ,z our s5ses1 if heal?y1 are ! sure/ witnesses ( ext]nal relations1 s we may be conv9c$ t1 9 all in/ances :]e !y appe> to contradict reality1 !y lay ! great] & sur] /ress on true relations4 ,?us a di/ant object appe>s to u small]2 & precisely by ?is means we are aw>e ( di/ance4 ,we produc$ col\r$ appe>ances on col\rless objects1 ?r\gh col\rless m$iums1 & at ! same mom5t our att5tion 0 call$ to ! degree ( opacity 9 ! m$ium4 #ahc4 ,?us ! diff]5t degrees ( opacity 9 s-call$ transp>5t m$iums1 nay1 ev5 o!r physical & *emical prop]ties belong+ to !m1 are kn[n to our vision by means ( refraction1 & invite u to make fur!r trials 9 ord] to p5etrate m completely by physical & *emical means into ^? secrets :i* are already op5$ to our view on "o side4 #ahd4 ,objects se5 ?r\gh m$iums m or less transp>5t d n appe> to u 9 ! place :i* !y %\ld occupy accord+ to ! laws ( p]spective4 ,on ?is fact ! dioptrical col\rs ( ! second class dep5d4 #ahe4 ,^? laws ( vision :i* admit ( be+ express$ 9 ma!matical =mul are bas$ on ! pr9ciple t1 z light proce$s 9 /raight l9es1 x mu/ be possible to draw a /raight l9e f ! eye to any giv5 object 9 ord] t x be se54 ,if1 !re=e1 a case arises 9 :i* ! light arrives to u 9 a b5t or brok5 l9e1 t we see ! object by means ( a b5t or brok5 l9e1 we are at once in=m$ t ! m$ium betwe5 ! eye & ! object is d5s]1 or t x has assum$ ?is or t =eign nature4 #ahf4 ,?is deviation f ! law ( "r-l9$ vision is kn[n by ! g5]al t]m ( refraction2 &1 al?\gh we may take x = grant$ t our read]s are suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) its effects1 yet we w "h once m briefly exhibit x 9 its objective & subjective po9t ( view4 #ahg4 ,let ! sun %9e diagonally into an empty cubical vessel1 s t ! opposite side be illum9$1 b n ! bottom3 let wat] be !n p\r$ into ?is vessel1 & ! direction ( ! light w be imm$iately alt]$2 = a "p ( ! bottom is %one ^u4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! light ent]s ! ?ick] m$ium x deviates f its rectil9e> direction1 & appe>s brok53 h5ce ! ph5om5on is call$ ! break+ 7bre*ung7 or refraction4 ,?us mu* ( ! objective exp]im5t4 #ahh4 ,we arrive at ! subjective fact 9 ! foll[+ mode3--,let ! eye be sub/itut$ = ! sun3 let ! sight be direct$ 9 l mann] ,pg #gh diagonally ov] "o side1 s t ! opposite inn] side be entirely se51 :ile no "p ( ! bottom is visible4 ,on p\r+ 9 wat] ! eye w p]ceive a "p ( ! bottom2 & ?is takes place )\t our be+ aw>e t we d n see 9 a /raight l9e2 = ! bottom appe>s to u rais$1 & h5ce we give ! t]m elevation 7hebung7 to ! subjective ph5om5on4 ,"s po9ts1 :i* are p>ticul>ly rem>kable ) ref]5ce to ?is1 w be adv]t$ to h]eaft]4 #ahi4 ,7 we n[ to express ?is ph5om5on g5]ally1 we might "h repeat1 9 con=mity ) ! view lately tak51 t ! relation ( ! objects is *ang$ or d]ang$4 #aij4 ,b z x is our int5tion at pres5t to sep>ate ! objective f ! subjective appe>ances1 we fir/ express ! ph5om5on 9 a subjective =m1 & say1--a d]angem5t or displacem5t ( ! object se51 or to be se51 takes place4 #aia4 ,b t :i* is se5 )\t a limit+ outl9e may be ?us affect$ )\t our p]ceiv+ ! *ange4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if :at we look at has a visible t]m9ation1 we h an evid5t indication t a displacem5t occurs4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,pg #gi we wi% to asc]ta9 ! relation or degree ( su* a displacem5t1 we mu/ *iefly conf9e ourselves to ! alt]ation ( surfaces ) visible b\nd>ies2 9 o!r words1 to ! displacem5t ( circumscrib$ objects4 #aib4 ,! g5]al effect may take place ?r\gh p>allel m$iums1 = e p>allel m$ium displaces ! object by br++ x p]p5dicul>ly t[>ds ! eye4 ,! app>5t *ange ( position is1 h[ev]1 m obs]vable ?r\gh m$iums t are n p>allel4 #aic4 ,^! latt] may be p]fectly sph]ical1 or may be employ$ 9 ! =m ( convex or concave l5ses4 ,we %all make use ( all ^! z occasion may require 9 our exp]im5ts4 ,b z !y n only displace ! object f its position1 b alt] x 9 v>i\s ways1 we %all1 9 mo/ cases1 pref] employ+ m$iums ) surfaces1 n1 inde$1 p>allel ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 b /ill altoge!r plane1 namely1 prisms4 ,^! h a triangle = _! base1 & may1 x is true1 be consid]$ z portions ( a l5s1 b !y are p>ticul>ly available = our exp]im5ts1 inasmu* z !y v p]ceptibly displace ! object f its position1 )\t produc+ a rem>kable di/ortion4 #aid4 ,& n[1 9 ord] to conduct our obs]vations ) z mu* exactness z possible1 & to avoid all confusion & ambiguity1 we conf9e ourselves at fir/ to ,,subjective ,,exp]im5ts1 9 :i*1 namely1 ! object is se5 by ! obs]v] ?r\gh a refract+ m$ium4 ,z soon z we h treat$ ^! 9 due s]ies1 ! objective exp]im5ts w foll[ 9 simil> ord]4 ,,xii4 ,,refraction ,,)\t ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,col\r4 #aie4 ,refraction c visibly take place )\t our p]ceiv+ an appe>ance ( col\r4 ,to :atev] ext5t a col\rless or uni=mly col\r$ surface may be alt]$ z to its position by refraction1 no col\r consequ5t ^u refraction appe>s )9 x1 provid$ x has no outl9e or b\nd>y4 ,we may conv9ce ourselves ( ?is 9 v>i\s ways4 #aif4 ,place a glass cube on any l>g] surface1 & look ?r\gh ! glass p]p5dicul>ly or obliquely1 ! unbrok5 surface opposite ! eye appe>s altoge!r rais$1 b no col\r exhibits itself4 ,if we look at a pure grey or blue sky or a uni=mly :ite or col\r$ wall ?r\gh a prism1 ! portion ( ! surface :i* ! eye ?us embraces w be altoge!r *ang$ z to its position1 )\t our !re=e obs]v+ ! smalle/ appe>ance ( col\r4 ,,xiii4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,col\r4 #aig4 ,al?\gh 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts we h f\nd all unbrok5 surfaces1 l>ge or small1 col\rless1 yet at ! outl9es or b\nd>ies1 :]e ! surface is reliev$ ^u a d>k] or light] object1 we obs]ve a col\r$ appe>ance4 #aih4 ,outl9e1 z well z surface1 is necess>y to con/itute a figure or circumscrib$ object4 ,we !re=e express ! lead+ fact ?us3 circumscrib$ objects mu/ be displac$ by refraction 9 ord] to ! exhibition ( an appe>ance ( col\r4 #aii4 ,we place be=e u ! simple/ object1 a light disk on a d>k gr\nd 7,a74#a ,a displacem5t occurs ) reg>d to ?is object1 if we app>5tly ext5d its outl9e f ! c5tre by magnify+ x4 ,?is may be done ) any convex glass1 & 9 ?is case we see a blue edge 7,b74 #bjj4 ,we c1 to appe>ance1 contract ! circumf]5ce ( ! same light disk t[>ds ! c5tre by dim9i%+ ! object2 ! edge w !n appe> yell[ 7,c74 ,?is may be done ) a concave glass1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be gr\nd ?9 l common eye-glasses1 b mu/ h "s sub/ance4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to make ?is exp]im5t at once ) ! convex glass1 let a small] black disk be ins]t$ )9 ! light disk on a black gr\nd4 ,if we magnify ! black disk on a :ite gr\nd ) a convex glass1 ! same result takes place z if we dim9i%$ ! :ite disk2 = we ext5d ! black outl9e ^u ! :ite1 & we ?us p]ceive ! yell[ edge toge!r ) ! blue edge 7,d74 #bja4 ,^! two appe>ances1 ! blue & yell[1 exhibit !mselves 9 & ^u ! :ite3 !y bo? assume a r$di% hue1 9 proportion z !y m+le ) ! black4#b ,illu/ration #bjb4 ,9 ?is %ort /atem5t we h describ$ ! primordial ph5om5a ( all appe>ance ( col\r occasion$ by refraction4 ,^! und\bt$ly may be repeat$1 v>i$1 & r5d]$ m /rik+2 may be comb9$1 complicat$1 confus$2 b1 aft] all1 may be /ill re/or$ to _! orig9al simplicity4 #bjc4 ,9 exam9+ ! process ( ! exp]im5t j giv51 we f9d t 9 ! "o case we h1 to appe>ance1 ext5d$ ! :ite edge ^u ! d>k surface2 9 ! o!r we h ext5d$ ! d>k edge ^u ! :ite surface1 supplant+ "o by ! o!r1 pu%+ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,we w n[ endeav\r1 /ep by /ep1 to analyse ^! & simil> cases4 #bjd4 ,if we cause ! :ite disk to move1 9 appe>ance1 entirely f its place1 :i* c be done effectually by prisms1 x w be col\r$ accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* x app>5tly moves1 9 con=mity ) ! above laws4 ,if we look at ! disk a#c ?r\gh a prism1 s t x appe> mov$ to b1 ! out] edge w appe> blue & blue-r$1 accord+ to ! law ( ! figure ,b 7fig4 #a71 ! o!r edge be+ yell[1 & yell[-r$1 accord+ to ! law ( ! figure ,c 7fig4 #a74 ,= 9 ! fir/ case ! :ite figure is1 z x 71 ext5d$ ov] ! d>k b\nd>y1 & 9 ! o!r case ! d>k b\nd>y is pass$ ov] ! :ite figure4 ,! same happ5s if ! disk is1 to appe>ance1 mov$ f a to c1 f a to d1 & s ?r\gh\t ! circle4 #bje4 ,z x is ) ! simple effect1 s x is ) m complicat$ appe>ances4 ,if we look ?r\gh a horizontal prism 7a b#d7 at a :ite disk plac$ at "s di/ance beh9d x at e1 ! disk w be rais$ to f1 & col\r$ accord+ to ! above law4 ,if we remove ?is prism1 & look ?r\gh a v]tical "o 7c d7 at ! same disk1 x w appe> at h1 & col\r$ accord+ to ! same law4 ,if we place ! two prisms "o ^u ! o!r1 ! disk w appe> displac$ diagonally1 9 con=mity ) a g5]al law ( nature1 & w be col\r$ z be=e2 t is1 accord+ to its movem5t 9 ! direction1 e4g43#e #bjf4 ,if we att5tively exam9e ^! opposite col\r$ edges1 we f9d t !y only appe> 9 ! direction ( ! app>5t *ange ( place4 ,a r\nd figure leaves u 9 "s degree unc]ta9 z to ?is3 a quadrangul> figure removes all d\bt4 #bjg4 ,! quadrangul> figure a1#f mov$ 9 ! direction a b or a d exhibits no col\r on ! sides :i* are p>allel ) ! direction 9 :i* x moves3 on ! o!r h&1 if mov$ 9 ! direction a c1 p>allel ) its diagonal1 all ! edges ( ! figure appe> col\r$4#g #bjh4 ,?us1 a =m] position 7#bjc7 is "h confirm$2 viz4 to produce col\r1 an object mu/ be s displac$ t ! light edges be app>5tly c>ri$ ov] a d>k surface1 ! d>k edges ov] a light surface1 ! figure ov] its b\nd>y1 ! b\nd>y ov] ! figure4 ,b if ! rectil9e> b\nd>ies ( a figure c\ld be indef9itely ext5d$ by refraction1 s t figure & backgr\nd might only pursue _! c\rse next1 b n ov] ea* o!r1 no col\r w\ld appe>1 n ev5 if !y 7 prolong$ to inf9ity4 #a ,plate #b1 fig4 #a4 #b ,! au?or has omitt$ ! orange & purple 9 ! col\r$ diagrams :i* illu/rate ^! fir/ exp]im5ts1 f a wi% probably to pres5t ! elem5t>y contra/1 on :i* he lays a /ress1 9 great] simplicity4 ,! r$di% t+e w\ld be app>5t1 z /at$ above1 :]e ! blue & yell[ are 9 contact ) ! black4--,t4 #c ,plate #b1 fig4 #b #d ,plate #b1 fig4 #d #e ,9 ?is case1 accord+ to ! au?or1 ! refract+ m$ium be+ increas$ 9 mass1 ! appe>ance ( col\r is increas$1 & ! displacem5t is great]4--,t4 #f ,plate #b1 fig4 #c4 #g ,fig4 #b1 plate #a1 conta9s a v>iety ( =ms1 :i*1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a prism1 are int5d$ to illu/rate ! /atem5t 9 ?is & ! foll[+ p>agraph4 ,,xiv4 ,,conditions ,,"u ,,:i* ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,col\r ,,increases4 #bji4 ,we h se5 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts t all appe>ance ( col\r occasion$ by refraction dep5ds on ! condition t ! b\nd>y or edge be mov$ 9 ^u ! object itself1 or ! object itself ov] ! gr\nd1 t ! figure %\ld be1 z x 71 c>ri$ ov] itself1 or ov] ! gr\nd4 ,& we %all n[ f9d t1 by increas$ displacem5t ( ! object1 ! appe>ance ( col\r exhibits itself 9 a great] degree4 ,?is takes place 9 subjective exp]im5ts1 to :i*1 = ! pres5t1 we conf9e ourselves1 "u ! foll[+ conditions4 #baj4 ,fir/1 if1 9 look+ ?r\gh p>allel m$iums1 ! eye is direct$ m obliquely4 ,secondly1 if ! surfaces ( ! m$ium are no long] p>allel1 b =m a m or less acute angle4 ,?irdly1 ow+ to ! increas$ proportion ( ! m$ium1 :e!r p>allel m$iums be increas$ 9 size1 or :e!r ! angle be increas$1 provid$ x does n atta9 a "r angle4 ,f\r?ly1 ow+ to ! di/ance ( ! eye arm$ ) a refract+ m$ium f ! object to be displac$4 ,fif?ly1 ow+ to a *emical prop]ty t may be communicat$ to ! glass1 & :i* may be aft]w>ds increas$ 9 effect4 #baa4 ,! greate/ *ange ( place1 %ort ( consid]able di/ortion ( ! object1 is produc$ by means ( prisms1 & ?is is ! reason :y ! appe>ance ( col\r c be exhibit$ mo/ p[]fully ?r\gh glasses ( ?is =m4 ,yet we w n1 9 employ+ !m1 suff] ourselves to be dazzl$ by ! spl5did appe>ances !y exhibit1 b keep ! above well-e/abli%$1 simple pr9ciples calmly 9 view4 #bab4 ,! col\r :i* is outside1 or =emo/1 9 ! app>5t *ange ( an object by refraction1 is always ! broad]1 & we w h5ce=? call ?is a bord]3 ! col\r t rema9s next ! outl9e is ! n>r[]1 & ?is we w call an edge4 #bac4 ,if we move a d>k b\nd>y t[>ds a light surface1 ! yell[ broad] bord] is =emo/1 & ! n>r[] yell[-r$ edge foll[s close to ! outl9e4 ,if we move a light b\nd>y t[>ds a d>k surface1 ! broad] violet bord] is =emo/1 & ! n>r[] blue edge foll[s4 #bad4 ,if ! object is l>ge1 its c5tre rema9s uncol\r$4 ,its inn] surface is !n to be consid]$ z unlimit$ 7#aie73 x is displac$1 b n o!rwise alt]$3 b if ! object is s n>r[1 t "u ! above conditions ! yell[ bord] c rea* ! blue edge1 ! space betwe5 ! outl9es w be entirely cov]$ ) col\r4 ,if we make ?is exp]im5t ) a :ite /ripe on a black gr\nd1#a ! two extremes w pres5tly meet1 & ?us produce gre54 ,we %all !n see ! foll[+ s]ies ( col\rs3-- ,yell[-r$4 ,yell[4 ,gre54 ,blue4 ,blue-r$4 #bae4 ,if we place a black b&1 or /ripe1 on :ite pap]1#b ! violet bord] w spread till x meets ! yell[-r$ edge4 ,9 ?is case ! int]m$iate black is effac$ 7z ! int]m$iate :ite 0 9 ! la/ exp]im5t71 & 9 its /ead a spl5did pure r$ w appe>4#c ,! s]ies ( col\rs w n[ be z foll[s3-- ,blue4 ,blue-r$4 ,r$4 ,yell[-r$4 ,yell[4 #baf4 ,! yell[ & blue1 9 ! fir/ case 7#bad71 c by degrees meet s fully1 t ! two col\rs bl5d entirely 9 gre51 & ! ord] w !n be1 ,yell[-r$4 ,gre54 ,blue-r$4 ,9 ! second case 7#bae71 "u simil> circum/ances1 we see only ,blue4 ,r$4 ,yell[4 ,?is appe>ance is be/ exhibit$ by refract+ ! b>s ( a w9d[ :5 !y are reliev$ on a grey sky4#d #bag4 ,9 all ?is we are nev] to =get t ?is appe>ance is n to be consid]$ z a complete or f9al /ate1 b always z a progressive1 increas+1 &1 9 _m s5ses1 controllable appe>ance4 ,?us we f9d t1 by ! negation ( ! above five conditions1 x gradually decreases1 & at la/ disappe>s altoge!r4 #a ,plate #b1 fig4 #e1 left4 #b ,plate #b1 fig4 #e1 "r4 #c ,?is pure r$1 ! union ( orange & violet1 is consid]$ by ! au?or ! maximum ( ! col\r$ appe>ance3 he has appropriat$ ! t]m purpur to x4 ,see p>agraph #gjc1 & note4--,t4 #d ,! b&s or /ripes 9 fig4 #d1 plate #a1 :5 view$ ?r\gh a prism1 exhibit ! col\rs repres5t$ 9 plate #b1 fig4 #e4 ,,xv4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,ph5om5a4 #bah4 ,be=e we proce$ fur!r1 x is incumb5t on u to expla9 ! fir/ tol]ably simple ph5om5on1 & to %[ its connexion ) ! pr9ciples fir/ laid d[n1 9 ord] t ! obs]v] ( nature may be enabl$ cle>ly to compreh5d ! m complicat$ appe>ances t foll[4 #bai4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y to rememb] t we h to d ) circumscrib$ objects4 ,9 ! act ( see+1 g5]ally1 x is ! circumscrib$ visible :i* *iefly invites our obs]vation2 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 9 speak+ ( ! appe>ance ( col\r1 z occasion$ by refraction1 ! circumscrib$ visible1 ! deta*$ object solely occupies our att5tion4 #bbj4 ,= our *romatic exhibitions we c1 h[ev]1 divide objects g5]ally into prim>y & second>y4 ,! expressions ( !mselves d5ote :at we und]/& by !m1 b our mean+ w be r5d]$ /ill m pla9 by :at foll[s4 #bba4 ,prim>y objects may be consid]$ fir/ly z orig9al1 z images :i* are impress$ on ! eye by ?+s be=e x1 & :i* assure u ( _! reality4 ,to ^! ! second>y images may be oppos$ z d]iv$ images1 :i* rema9 9 ! organ :5 ! object itself is tak5 away2 ^? app>5t aft]-images1 :i* h be5 circum/antially treat$ ( 9 ! doctr9e ( physiological col\rs4 #bbb4 ,! prim>y images1 aga91 may be consid]$ z direct images1 :i*1 l ! orig9al impressions1 are convey$ imm$iately f ! object to ! eye4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ^!1 ! second>y images may be consid]$ z indirect1 be+ only convey$ to u1 z x 71 at second-h& f a reflect+ surface4 ,^! are ! mirror$1 or catoptrical1 images1 :i* 9 c]ta9 cases c also become d\ble images3 #bbc4 ,:51 namely1 ! reflect+ body is transp>5t1 & has two p>allel surfaces1 "o beh9d ! o!r3 9 su* a case1 an image may be reflect$ to ! eye f bo? surfaces1 & ?us arise d\ble images1 inasmu* z ! upp] image does n q cov] ! "u "o3 ?is may take place 9 v>i\s ways4 ,let a play+-c>d be held be=e a mirror4 ,we %all at fir/ see ! di/9ct image ( ! c>d1 b ! edge ( ! :ole c>d1 z well z t ( e spot ^u x1 w be b\nd$ on "o side ) a bord]1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! second reflection4 ,?is effect v>ies 9 diff]5t mirrors1 accord+ to ! diff]5t ?ickness ( ! glass1 & ! accid5ts ( poli%+4 ,if a p]son we>+ a :ite wai/coat1 ) ! rema9+ "p ( 8 dress d>k1 /&s be=e c]ta9 mirrors1 ! bord] appe>s v di/9ctly1 & 9 l mann] ! metal buttons on d>k clo? exhibit ! d\ble reflection v evid5tly4 #bbd4 ,! read] :o has made himself acqua9t$ ) our =m] descriptions ( exp]im5ts 7#hj7 w ! m readily foll[ ! pres5t /atem5t4 ,! w9d[-b>s reflect$ by plates ( glass appe> d\ble1 & by increas$ ?ickness ( ! glass1 & a due adaptation ( ! angle ( reflection1 ! two reflections may be entirely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,s a vase full ( wat]1 ) a plane mirror-l bottom1 reflects any object twice1 ! two reflections be+ m or less sep>at$ "u ! same conditions4 ,9 ^! cases x is to be obs]v$ t1 :]e ! two reflections cov] ea* o!r1 ! p]fect vivid image is reflect$1 b :]e !y are sep>at$ !y exhibit only weak1 transp>5t1 & %ad[y images4 #bbe4 ,if we wi% to "k :i* is ! "u & :i* ! upp] image1 we h only to take a col\r$ m$ium1 = !n a light object reflect$ f ! "u surface is ( ! col\r ( ! m$ium1 :ile t reflect$ f ! upp] surface pres5ts ! complem5tal col\r4 ,) d>k objects x is ! rev]se2 h5ce black & :ite surfaces may be "h also conv5i5tly employ$4 ,h[ easily ! d\ble images assume & evoke col\rs w "h aga9 be /rik+4 #bbf4 ,?irdly1 ! prim>y images may be consid]$ z pr9cipal images1 :ile ! second>y c be1 z x 71 annex$ to ^! z accessory images4 ,su* an accessory image produces a sort ( d\ble =m2 except t x does n sep>ate itself f ! pr9cipal object1 al?\gh x may be said to be always endeav\r+ to d s4 ,x is ) second>y images ( ?is la/ description t we h to d 9 prismatic appe>ances4 #bbg4 ,a surface )\t a b\nd>y exhibits no appe>ance ( col\r :5 refract$ 7#aie74 ,:atev] is se5 mu/ be circumscrib$ by an outl9e to produce ?is effect4 ,9 o!r words a figure1 an object1 is requir$2 ?is object und]goes an app>5t *ange ( place by refraction3 ! *ange is h[ev] n complete1 n clean1 n %>p2 b incomplete1 inasmu* z an accessory image only is produc$4 #bbh4 ,9 exam9+ e appe>ance ( nature1 b especially 9 exam9+ an important & /rik+ "o1 we %\ld n rema9 9 "o spot1 we %\ld n conf9e ourselves to ! insulat$ fact1 nor dwell on x exclusively1 b look r\nd ?r\gh all nature to see :]e some?+ simil>1 some?+ t has aff9ity to x1 appe>s3 = x is only by comb9+ analogies t we gradually arrive at a :ole :i* speaks = itself1 & requires no fur!r explanation4 #bbi4 ,?us we "h call to m9d t 9 c]ta9 cases refraction unque/ionably produces d\ble images1 z is ! case 9 ,icel& sp>3 simil> d\ble images are also app>5t 9 cases ( refraction ?r\gh l>ge rock cry/als1 & 9 o!r in/ances2 ph5om5a :i* h n hi!rto be5 suffici5tly obs]v$4#a #bcj4 ,b s9ce 9 ! case "u consid]ation 7#bbg7 ! "q relates n to d\ble b to accessory images1 we ref] to a ph5om5on already adv]t$ to1 b n yet ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,we allude to an e>li] exp]im5t1 9 :i* x appe>$ t a sort ( conflict took place 9 reg>d to ! ret9a betwe5 a light object & its d>k gr\nd1 & betwe5 a d>k object & its light gr\nd 7#af74 ,! light object 9 ?is case appe>$ l>g]1 ! d>k "o small]4 #bca4 ,by a m exact obs]vation ( ?is ph5om5on we may rem>k t ! =ms are n %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! gr\nd1 b t !y appe> ) a k9d ( grey1 9 "s degree1 col\r$ edge2 9 %ort1 ) an accessory image4 ,if1 !n1 objects se5 only ) ! nak$ eye produce su* effects1 :at may n take place :5 a d5se m$ium is int]pos$8 ,x is n t alone :i* pres5ts itself to u 9 obvi\s op]ation :i* produces & suff]s effects1 b likewise all pr9ciples t h a mutual relation only ( "s sort are effici5t accord+ly1 & inde$ (t5 9 a v high degree4 #bcb4 ,?us :5 refraction produces its effect on an object !re appe>s an accessory image next ! object itself3 ! real =m ?us refract$ seems ev5 to l+] beh9d1 z if resi/+ ! *ange ( place2 b ! accessory image seems to advance1 & ext5ds itself m or less 9 ! mode already %[n 7#bab-baf74 #bcc4 ,we also rem>k$ 7#bbd7 t 9 d\ble images ! fa9t] appe> only half sub/antial1 hav+ a k9d ( transp>5t1 evanesc5t "*1 j z ! fa9t] %ades ( d\ble %ad[s mu/ always appe> z half-%ad[s4 ,^! latt] assume col\rs easily1 & produce !m readily 7#fi71 ! =m] also 7#hj72 & ! same takes place 9 ! in/ance ( accessory images1 :i*1 x is true1 d n altoge!r quit ! real object1 b /ill advance or ext5d f x z half-sub/antial images1 & h5ce c appe> col\r$ s quickly & s p[]fully4 #bcd4 ,t ! prismatic appe>ance is 9 fact an accessory image we may conv9ce ourselves 9 m ?an "o mode4 ,x corresponds exactly ) ! =m ( ! object itself4 ,:e!r ! object be b\nd$ by a /raight l9e or a curve1 ind5t$ or wav+1 ! =m ( ! accessory image corresponds ?r\gh\t exactly ) ! =m ( ! object4#b #bce4 ,aga91 n only ! =m b o!r qualities ( ! object are communicat$ to ! accessory image4 ,if ! object is %>ply reliev$ f its gr\nd1 l :ite on black1 ! col\r$ accessory image 9 l mann] appe>s 9 its greate/ =ce4 ,x is vivid1 di/9ct1 & p[]ful2 b x is mo/ especially p[]ful :5 a lum9\s object is %[n on a d>k gr\nd1 :i* may be contriv$ 9 v>i\s ways4 #bcf4 ,b if ! object is b fa9tly di/+ui%$ f ! gr\nd1 l grey objects on black or :ite1 or ev5 on ea* o!r1 ! accessory image is also fa9t1 &1 :5 ! orig9al diff]5ce ( t9t or =ce is slight1 becomes h>dly disc]nible4 #bcg4 ,! appe>ances :i* are obs]vable :5 col\r$ objects are reliev$ on light1 d>k1 or col\r$ gr\nds are1 moreov]1 well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,9 ?is case a union takes place betwe5 ! app>5t col\r ( ! accessory image & ! real col\r ( ! object2 a comp\nd col\r is ! result1 :i* is ei!r assi/$ & enhanc$ by ! accordance1 or neutralis$ by ! opposition ( its +r$i5ts4 #bch4 ,b ! common & g5]al *>act]i/ic bo? ( ! d\ble & accessory image is semi-transp>5ce4 ,! t5d5cy ( a transp>5t m$ium to become only half transp>5t1 or m]ely light-transmitt+1 has be5 be=e adv]t$ to 7#adg1 #adh74 ,let ! read] assume t he sees )9 or ?r\gh su* a m$ium a vision>y image1 & he w at once pron\nce ?is latt] to be a semi-transp>5t image4 #bci4 ,?us ! col\rs produc$ by refraction may be fitly expla9$ by ! doctr9e ( ! semi-transp>5t m$iums4 ,= :]e d>k passes ov] light1 z ! bord] ( ! semi-transp>5t accessory image advances1 yell[ appe>s2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e a light outl9e passes ov] ! d>k backgr\nd1 blue appe>s 7#aej1 #aea74 #bdj4 ,! advanc+ =emo/ col\r is always ! broad]4 ,?us ! yell[ spreads ov] ! light ) a broad bord]1 b ! yell[-r$ appe>s z a n>r[] /ripe & is next ! d>k1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( augm5tation1 z an effect ( %ade4#c #bda4 ,on ! opposite side ! cond5s$ blue is next ! edge1 :ile ! advanc+ bord]1 spread+ z a ?9n] veil ov] ! black1 produces ! violet col\r1 precisely on ! pr9ciples be=e expla9$ 9 treat+ ( semi-transp>5t m$iums1 pr9ciples :i* w h]eaft] be f\nd equally effici5t 9 _m o!r cases4 #bdb4 ,s9ce an analysis l ! pres5t requires to be confirm$ by ocul> demon/ration1 we beg e read] to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5ts hi!rto adduc$1 n 9 a sup]ficial mann]1 b fairly & ?or\ghly4 ,we h n plac$ arbitr>y signs be=e him in/ead ( ! appe>ances !mselves2 no modes ( expression are "h propos$ = 8 adoption :i* may be repeat$ = ev] )\t ! ex]cise ( ?\ght & )\t lead+ any "o to ?9k2 b we invite him to exam9e intelligible appe>ances1 :i* mu/ be pres5t to ! eye & m9d1 9 ord] to enable him cle>ly to trace ^! appe>ances to _! orig91 & to expla9 !m to himself & to o!rs4 #a ,! date ( ! publication1 #ahaj1 is sometimes to be rememb]$4--,t4 #b ,! =ms 9 fig4 #b1 plate #a1 :5 se5 ?r\gh a prism1 are aga9 int5d$ to exemplify ?is4 ,9 ! plates to ! orig9al "w curvil9e> figures are add$1 b ! circles1 fig4 #a1 9 ! same plate1 may answ] ! same end4--,t4 #c ,! au?or has be=e obs]v$ t col\r is a degree ( d>kness1 & he "h means t increase ( d>kness1 produc$ by transp>5t m$iums1 is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 increase ( col\r4--,t4 ,,xvi4 ,,decrease ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,col\r4 #bdc4 ,we ne$ only take ! five conditions 7#baj7 "u :i* ! appe>ance ( col\r increases 9 ! contr>y ord]1 to produce ! contr>y or decreas+ /ate2 x may be z well1 h[ev]1 briefly to describe & review ! correspond+ modifications :i* are pres5t$ to ! eye4 #bdd4 ,at ! highe/ po9t ( complete junction ( ! opposite edges1 ! col\rs appe> z foll[s 7#baf73-- ,yell[-r$4 ,blue4 ,gre54 ,r$4 ,blue-r$4 ,yell[4 #bde4 ,:]e ! junction is less complete1 ! appe>ance is z foll[s 7#bad1 #bae73-- ,yell[-r$4 ,blue4 ,yell[4 ,blue-r$4 ,gre54 ,r$4 ,blue4 ,yell[-r$4 ,blue-r$4 ,yell[4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! surface /ill appe>s completely col\r$1 b nei!r s]ies is to be consid]$ z an elem5t>y s]ies1 always develop+ itself 9 ! same mann] & 9 ! same degrees2 on ! contr>y1 !y c & %\ld be resolv$ into _! elem5ts2 &1 9 do+ ?is1 we become bett] acqua9t$ ) _! nature & "*4 #bdf4 ,^! elem5ts !n are 7#aii1 #bjj1 #bja7-- ,yell[-r$4 ,blue4 ,yell[4 ,blue-r$4 ,:ite4 ,black4 ,blue4 ,yell[-r$4 ,blue-r$4 ,yell[4 ,"h ! surface itself1 ! orig9al object1 :i* has be5 hi!rto completely cov]$1 & z x 7 lo/1 aga9 appe>s 9 ! c5tre ( ! col\rs1 ass]ts its "r1 & enables u fully to recognise ! second>y nature ( ! accessory images :i* exhibit !mselves z edges & bord]s4--,note ,n4 #bdg4 ,we c make ^! edges & bord]s z n>r[ z we please2 nay1 we c /ill h refraction 9 res]ve aft] hav+ done away ) all appe>ance ( col\r at ! b\nd>y ( ! object4 ,hav+ n[ suffici5tly inve/igat$ ! exhibition ( col\r 9 ?is ph5om5on1 we repeat t we _c admit x to be an elem5t>y ph5om5on4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h trac$ x to an antec$5t & a simpl] "o2 we h d]iv$ x1 9 connexion ) ! !ory ( second>y images1 f ! primordial ph5om5on ( light & d>kness1 z affect$ or act$ ^u by semi-transp>5t m$iums4 ,?us prep>$1 we proce$ to describe ! appe>ances :i* refraction produces on grey & col\r$ objects1 & ?is w complete ! section ( subjective ph5om5a4 ,,xvii4 ,,grey ,,objects ,,displac$ ,,by ,,refraction4 #bdh4 ,hi!rto we h conf9$ our att5tion to black & :ite objects reliev$ on respectively opposite gr\nds1 z se5 ?r\gh ! prism1 because ! col\r$ edges & bord]s are mo/ cle>ly display$ 9 su* cases4 ,we n[ repeat ^! exp]im5ts ) grey objects1 & aga9 f9d simil> results4 #bdi4 ,z we call$ black ! equival5t ( d>kness1 & :ite ! repres5tative ( light 7#ah71 s we n[ v5ture to say t grey repres5ts half-%ad[1 :i* p>takes m or less ( light & d>kness1 & ?us /&s betwe5 ! two4 ,we invite ! read] to call to m9d ! foll[+ facts z be>+ on our pres5t view4 #bej4 ,grey objects appe> light] on a black ?an on a :ite gr\nd 7#cc72 !y appe> z a light on a black gr\nd1 & l>g]2 z a d>k on ! :ite gr\nd1 & small]4 7#af47 #bea4 ,! d>k] ! grey ! m x appe>s z a fa9t light on black1 z a /rong d>k on :ite1 & vice v]s2 h5ce ! accessory images ( d>k-grey on black are fa9t1 on :ite /rong3 s ! accessory images ( light-grey on :ite are fa9t1 on black /rong4 #beb4 ,grey on black1 se5 ?r\gh ! prism1 w exhibit ! same appe>ances z :ite on black2 ! edges are col\r$ accord+ to ! same law1 only ! bord]s appe> fa9t]4 ,if we relieve grey on :ite1 we h ! same edges & bord]s :i* w\ld be produc$ if we saw black on :ite ?r\gh ! prism4--,note ,o4 #bec4 ,v>i\s %ades ( grey plac$ next ea* o!r 9 gradation w exhibit at _! edges1 ei!r blue & violet only1 or r$ & yell[ only1 accord+ z ! d>k] grey is plac$ ov] or "u4 #bed4 ,a s]ies ( su* %ades ( grey plac$ horizontally next ea* o!r w be col\r$ con=mably to ! same law accord+ z ! :ole s]ies is reliev$1 on a black or :ite gr\nd above or bel[4 #bee4 ,! obs]v] may see ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! prism at "o glance1 by enl>g+ ! plate int5d$ to illu/rate ?is section4#a #bef4 ,x is ( great importance duly to exam9e & consid] ano!r exp]im5t 9 :i* a grey object is plac$ p>tly on a black & p>tly on a :ite surface1 s t ! l9e ( division passes v]tically ?r\gh ! object4 #beg4 ,! col\rs w appe> on ?is grey object 9 con=mity ) ! usual law1 b accord+ to ! opposite relation ( ! light to ! d>k1 & w be contra/$ 9 a l9e4 ,= z ! grey is z a light to ! black1 s x exhibits ! r$ & yell[ above ! blue & violet bel[3 aga91 z ! grey is z a d>k to ! :ite1 ! blue & violet appe> above ! r$ & yell[ bel[4 ,?is exp]im5t w be f\nd ( great importance ) ref]5ce to ! next *apt]4 #a ,x has be5 ?\ght unnecess>y to give all ! examples 9 ! plate allud$ to1 b ! lead+ in/ance ref]r$ to 9 ! next p>agraph w be f\nd 9 plate #c1 fig4 #a4 ,! grey squ>e :5 se5 ?r\gh a prism w exhibit ! effects describ$ 9 p>4 #beg4--,t4 ,,xviii4 ,,col\r$ ,,objects ,,displac$ ,,by ,,refraction4 #beh4 ,an unlimit$ col\r$ surface exhibits no prismatic col\r 9 addition to its own hue1 ?us n at all diff]+ f a black1 :ite1 or grey surface4 ,to produce ! appe>ance ( col\r1 light & d>k b\nd>ies mu/ act on x ei!r accid5tally or by contrivance4 ,h5ce exp]im5ts & obs]vations on col\r$ surfaces1 z se5 ?r\gh ! prism1 c only be made :5 su* surfaces are sep>at$ by an outl9e f ano!r diff]5tly t9t$ surface1 9 %ort :5 circumscrib$ objects are col\r$4 #bei4 ,all col\rs1 :atev] !y may be1 correspond s f> ) grey1 t !y appe> d>k] ?an :ite & light] ?an black4 ,?is %ade-l quality ( col\r 77 has be5 already allud$ to 7#fi71 & w become m & m evid5t4 ,if !n we beg9 by plac+ col\r$ objects on black & :ite surfaces1 & exam9e !m ?r\gh ! prism1 we %all aga9 h all t we h se5 exhibit$ ) grey surfaces4 ,illu/ration #bfj4 ,if we displace a col\r$ object by refraction1 !re appe>s1 z 9 ! case ( col\rless objects & accord+ to ! same laws1 an accessory image4 ,?is accessory image reta9s1 z f> z col\r is conc]n$1 its usual nature1 & acts on "o side z a blue & blue-r$1 on ! opposite side z a yell[ & yell[-r$4 ,h5ce ! app>5t col\r ( ! edge & bord] w be ei!r homog5e\s ) ! real col\r ( ! object1 or n s4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! app>5t image id5tifies itself ) ! real "o1 & appe>s to increase x1 :ile1 9 ! second case1 ! real image may be vitiat$1 r5d]$ indi/9ct1 & r$uc$ 9 size by ! app>5t image4 ,we proce$ to review ! cases 9 :i* ^! effects are mo/ /rik+ly exhibit$4 #bfa4 ,if we take a col\r$ draw+ enl>g$ f ! plate1 :i* illu/rates ?is exp]im5t#a1 & exam9e ! r$ & blue squ>es plac$ next ea* o!r on a black gr\nd1 ?r\gh ! prism z usual1 we %all f9d t z bo? col\rs are light] ?an ! gr\nd1 simil>ly col\r$ edges & bord]s w appe> above & bel[1 at ! outl9es ( bo?1 only !y w n appe> equally di/9ct to ! eye4 #bfb4 ,r$ is proportionally mu* light] on black ?an blue is4 ,! col\rs ( ! edges w !re=e appe> /rong] on ! r$ ?an on ! blue1 :i* "h acts z a d>k-grey1 b little diff]5t f black4 7#bea47 #bfc4 ,! extreme r$ edge w id5tify itself ) ! v]milion col\r ( ! squ>e1 :i* w ?us appe> a little elongat$ 9 ?is direction2 :ile ! yell[ bord] imm$iately und]nea? x only gives ! r$ surface a m brilliant appe>ance1 & is n di/+ui%$ )\t att5tive obs]vation4 #bfd4 ,on ! o!r h& ! r$ edge & yell[ bord] are het]og5e\s ) ! blue squ>e2 a dull r$ appe>s at ! edge1 & a dull gre5 m+les ) ! figure1 & ?us ! blue squ>e seems1 at a ha/y glance1 to be comp>atively dim9i%$ on ?is side4 #bfe4 ,at ! l[] outl9e ( ! two squ>es a blue edge & a violet bord] w appe>1 & w produce ! contr>y effect2 = ! blue edge1 :i* is het]og5e\s ) ! w>m r$ surface1 w vitiate x & produce a neutral col\r1 s t ! r$ on ?is side appe>s comp>atively r$uc$ & driv5 upw>ds1 & ! violet bord] on ! black is sc>cely p]ceptible4 #bff4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! blue app>5t edge w id5tify itself ) ! blue squ>e1 & n only n r$uce1 b ext5d x4 ,! blue edge & ev5 ! violet bord] next x h ! app>5t effect ( increas+ ! surface1 & elongat+ x 9 t direction4 #bfg4 ,! effect ( homog5e\s & het]og5e\s edges1 z ,i h n[ m9utely describ$ x1 is s p[]ful & s+ul> t ! two squ>es at ! fir/ glance seem pu%$ out ( _! relative horizontal position & mov$ 9 opposite directions1 ! r$ upw>ds1 ! blue d[nw>ds4 ,b no "o :o is accu/om$ to obs]ve exp]im5ts 9 a c]ta9 succession1 & respectively to connect & trace !m1 w suff] himself to be deceiv$ by su* an unreal effect4 #bfh4 ,a j impression ) reg>d to ?is important ph5om5on w1 h[ev]1 mu* dep5d on "s nice & ev5 tr\blesome conditions1 :i* are necess>y to produce ! illusion 9 "q4 ,pap] %\ld be t+$ ) v]milion or ! be/ m9ium = ! r$ squ>e1 & ) deep indigo = ! blue squ>e4 ,! blue & r$ prismatic edges w !n unite imp]ceptibly ) ! real surfaces :]e !y are respectively homog5e\s2 :]e !y are n1 !y vitiate ! col\rs ( ! squ>es )\t produc+ a v di/9ct middle t9t4 ,! real r$ %\ld n incl9e too mu* to yell[1 o!rwise ! app>5t deep r$ edge above w be too di/9ct2 at ! same "t x %\ld be some:at yell[1 o!rwise ! transition to ! yell[ bord] w be too obs]vable4 ,! blue mu/ n be light1 o!rwise ! r$ edge w be visible1 & ! yell[ bord] w produce a too decid$ gre51 :ile ! violet bord] und]nea? w\ld n give u ! impression ( be+ "p ( an elongat$ light blue squ>e4 #bfi4 ,all ?is w be treat$ m circum/antially h]eaft]1 :5 we speak ( ! app>atus int5d$ to facilitate ! exp]im5ts connect$ ) ?is "p ( our subject4#b ,e inquir] %\ld prep>e ! figures himself1 9 ord] fairly to exhibit ?is specim5 ( ocul> deception1 & at ! same "t to conv9ce himself t ! col\r$ edges1 ev5 9 ?is case1 _c escape accurate exam9ation4 #bgj4 ,mean:ile v>i\s o!r comb9ations1 z exhibit$ 9 ! plate1 are fully calculat$ to remove all d\bt on ?is po9t 9 ! m9d ( e att5tive obs]v]4 #bga4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we look at a :ite squ>e1 next ! blue "o1 on a black gr\nd1 ! prismatic hues ( ! opposite edges ( ! :ite1 :i* "h occupies ! place ( ! r$ 9 ! =m] exp]im5t1 w exhibit !mselves 9 _! utmo/ =ce4 ,! r$ edge ext5ds itself above ! level ( ! blue almo/ 9 a great] degree ?an 0 ! case ) ! r$ squ>e itself 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,! l[] blue edge1 aga91 is visible 9 its full =ce next ! :ite1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c be di/+ui%$ next ! blue squ>e4 ,! violet bord] und]nea? is also mu* m app>5t on ! :ite ?an on ! blue4 #bgb4 ,if ! obs]v] n[ comp>es ^! d\ble squ>es1 c>efully prep>$ & arrang$ "o above ! o!r1 ! r$ ) ! :ite1 ! two blue squ>es toge!r1 ! blue ) ! r$1 ! blue ) ! :ite1 he w cle>ly p]ceive ! relations ( ^! surfaces to _! col\r$ edges & bord]s4 #bgc4 ,! edges & _! relations to ! col\r$ surfaces appe> /ill m /rik+ if we look at ! col\r$ squ>es & a black squ>e on a :ite gr\nd2 = 9 ?is case ! illusion be=e m5tion$ ceases altoge!r1 & ! effect ( ! edges is z visible z 9 any case t has come "u our obs]vation4 ,let ! blue & r$ squ>es be fir/ exam9$ ?r\gh ! prism4 ,9 bo? ! blue edge n[ appe>s above2 ?is edge1 homog5e\s ) ! blue surface1 unites ) x1 & appe>s to ext5d x upw>ds1 only ! blue edge1 ow+ to its lightness1 is some:at too di/9ct 9 its upp] portion2 ! violet bord] und]nea? x is also suffici5tly evid5t on ! blue4 ,! app>5t blue edge is1 on ! o!r h&1 het]og5e\s ) ! r$ squ>e2 x is neutralis$ by contra/1 & is sc>cely visible2 mean:ile ! violet bord]1 unit+ ) ! real r$1 produces a hue resembl+ t ( ! pea*-blossom4 #bgd4 ,if ?us1 ow+ to ! above causes1 ! upp] outl9es ( ^! squ>es d n appe> level ) ea* o!r1 ! correspond5ce ( ! "u outl9es is ! m obs]vable2 = s9ce bo? col\rs1 ! r$ & ! blue1 are d>ks comp>$ ) ! :ite 7z 9 ! =m] case !y 7 light comp>$ ) ! black71 ! r$ edge ) its yell[ bord] appe>s v di/9ctly "u bo?4 ,x exhibits itself "u ! w>m r$ surface 9 its full =ce1 & "u ! d>k blue ne>ly z x appe>s "u ! black3 z may be se5 if we comp>e ! edges & bord]s ( ! figures plac$ "o above ! o!r on ! :ite gr\nd4 #bge4 ,9 ord] to pres5t ^! exp]im5ts ) ! greate/ v>iety & p]spicuity1 squ>es ( v>i\s col\rs are s arrang$#c t ! b\nd>y ( ! black & :ite passes ?r\gh !m v]tically4 ,accord+ to ! laws n[ kn[n to u1 especially 9 _! application to col\r$ objects1 we %all f9d ! squ>es z usual d\bly col\r$ at ea* edge2 ea* squ>e w appe> to be split 9 two1 & to be elongat$ upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,we may "h call to m9d ! exp]im5t ) ! grey figure se5 9 l mann] on ! l9e ( division betwe5 black & :ite 7#beg74d #bgf4 ,a ph5om5on 0 be=e exhibit$1 ev5 to illusion1 9 ! in/ance ( a r$ & blue squ>e on a black gr\nd2 9 ! pres5t exp]im5t ! elongation upw>ds & d[nw>ds ( two diff]5tly col\r$ figures is app>5t 9 ! two halves ( "o & ! same figure ( "o & ! same col\r4 ,?us we are /ill ref]r$ to ! col\r$ edges & bord]s1 & to ! effects ( _! homog5e\s & het]og5e\s relations ) respect to ! real col\rs ( ! objects4 #bgg4 ,i leave x to obs]v]s !mselves to comp>e ! v>i\s gradations ( col\r$ squ>es1 plac$ half on black half on :ite1 only invit+ _! att5tion to ! app>5t alt]ation :i* takes place 9 contr>y directions2 = r$ & yell[ appe> elongat$ upw>ds if on a black gr\nd1 d[nw>ds if on a :ite2 blue1 d[nw>ds if on a black gr\nd1 upw>ds if on a :ite4 ,all :i*1 h[ev]1 is q 9 accordance ) ! diffusely detail$ examples above giv54 #bgh4 ,let ! obs]v] n[ turn ! figures s t ! be=e-m5tion$ squ>es plac$ on ! l9e ( division betwe5 black & :ite may be 9 a horizontal s]ies2 ! black above1 ! :ite und]nea?4 ,on look+ at ^! squ>es ?r\gh ! prism1 he w obs]ve t ! r$ squ>e ga9s by ! addition ( two r$ edges2 on m accurate exam9ation he w obs]ve ! yell[ bord] on ! r$ figure1 & ! l[] yell[ bord] ^u ! :ite w be p]fectly app>5t4 #bgi4 ,! upp] r$ edge on ! blue squ>e is on ! o!r h& h>dly visible2 ! yell[ bord] next x produces a dull gre5 by m+l+ ) ! figure2 ! l[] r$ edge & ! yell[ bord] are display$ 9 lively col\rs4 #bhj4 ,aft] obs]v+ t ! r$ figure 9 ^! cases appe>s to ga9 by an addition on bo? sides1 :ile ! d>k blue1 on "o side at lea/1 loses some?+2 we %all see ! contr>y effect produc$ by turn+ ! same figures upside d[n1 s t ! :ite gr\nd be above1 ! black bel[4 #bha4 ,= z ! homog5e\s edges & bord]s n[ appe> above & bel[ ! blue squ>e1 ?is appe>s elongat$1 & a portion ( ! surface itself seems ev5 m brilliantly col\r$3 x is only by att5tive obs]vation t we c di/+ui% ! edges & bord]s f ! col\r ( ! figure itself4 #bhb4 ,! yell[ & r$ squ>es1 on ! o!r h&1 are comp>atively r$uc$ by ! het]og5e\s edges 9 ?is position ( ! figures1 & _! col\rs are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 vitiat$4 ,! blue edge 9 bo? is almo/ invisible4 ,! violet bord] appe>s z a beautiful pea*-blossom hue on ! r$1 z a v pale col\r ( ! same k9d on ! yell[2 bo? ! l[] edges are gre52 dull on ! r$1 vivid on ! yell[2 ! violet bord] is b fa9tly p]ceptible "u ! r$1 b is m app>5t "u ! yell[4 #bhc4 ,e inquir] %\ld make x a po9t to be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! appe>ances "h adduc$1 & n consid] x irksome to foll[ out a s+le ph5om5on ?r\gh s _m modify+ circum/ances4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 x is true1 may be multipli$ to inf9ity by diff]5tly col\r$ figures1 ^u & betwe5 diff]5tly col\r$ gr\nds4 ,"u all su* circum/ances1 h[ev]1 x w be evid5t to e att5tive obs]v] t col\r$ squ>es only appe> relatively alt]$1 or elongat$1 or r$uc$ by ! prism1 because an addition ( homog5e\s or het]og5e\s edges produces an illusion4 ,! inquir] w n[ be enabl$ to d away ) ?is illusion if he has ! pati5ce to g ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts "o aft] ! o!r1 always comp>+ ! effects toge!r1 & satisfy+ himself ( _! correspond5ce4 ,exp]im5ts ) col\r$ objects might h be5 contriv$ 9 v>i\s ways3 :y !y h be5 exhibit$ precisely 9 ! above mode1 & ) s mu* m9ut5ess1 w be se5 h]eaft]4 ,! ph5om5a1 al?\gh =m]ly n unkn[n1 7 mu* misund]/ood2 & x 0 necess>y to inve/igate !m ?or\ghly to r5d] "s portions ( our int5d$ hi/orical view cle>]4 #bhd4 ,9 conclusion1 we w m5tion a contrivance by means ( :i* our sci5tific read]s may be enabl$ to see ^! appe>ances di/9ctly at "o view1 & ev5 9 _! greate/ spl5d\r4 ,cut 9 a piece ( pa/ebo>d five p]fectly simil> squ>e op5+s ( ab\t an in*1 next ea* o!r1 exactly 9 a horizontal l9e3 beh9d ^! op5+s place five col\r$ glasses 9 ! natural ord]1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet4 ,let ! s]ies ?us adju/$ be fa/5$ 9 an op5+ ( ! cam]a obscura1 s t ! bright sky may be se5 ?r\gh ! squ>es1 or t ! sun may %9e on !m2 !y w ?us appe> v p[]fully col\r$4 ,let ! spectator n[ exam9e !m ?r\gh ! prism1 & obs]ve ! appe>ances1 already famili> by ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 ) col\r$ objects1 namely1 ! p>tly assi/+1 p>tly neutralis+ effects ( ! edges & bord]s1 & ! consequ5t app>5t elongation or r$uction ( ! col\r$ squ>es ) ref]5ce to ! horizontal l9e4 ,! results witness$ by ! obs]v] 9 ?is case1 entirely correspond ) ^? 9 ! cases be=e analys$2 we d n1 !re=e1 g ?r\gh !m aga9 9 detail1 especially z we %all f9d frequ5t occasions h]eaft] to return to ! subject4--,note ,p4 #a ,plate #c1 fig4 #a4 ,! au?or always recomm5ds mak+ ! exp]im5ts on an increas$ scale1 9 ord] to see ! prismatic effects di/9ctly4 #b ,nei!r ! description ( ! app>atus nor ! recapitulation ( ! :ole !ory1 s (t5 allud$ to by ! au?or1 7 ev] giv54--,t4 #c ,plate #c4 fig4 #a4 #d ,! grey squ>e is introduc$ 9 ! same plate1 fig4 #a1 above ! col\r$ squ>es4 ,,xix4 ,,a*romatism ,,& ,,hyp]*romatism4 #bhe4 ,=m]ly :5 mu* t is regul> & con/ant 9 nature 0 consid]$ z m]e ab]ration & accid5t1 ! col\rs aris+ f refraction 7 b little att5d$ to1 & 7 look$ ^u z an appe>ance attributable to p>ticul> local circum/ances4 #bhf4 ,b aft] x _h be5 assum$ t ?is appe>ance ( col\r accompanies refraction at all times1 x 0 natural t x %\ld be consid]$ z intimately & exclusively connect$ ) t ph5om5on2 ! belief obta9+ t ! measure ( ! col\r$ appe>ance 0 9 proportion to ! measure ( ! refraction1 & t !y mu/ advance p>i passu ) ea* o!r4 #bhg4 ,if1 aga91 philosoph]s ascrib$ ! ph5om5on ( a /rong] or weak] refraction1 n inde$ :olly1 b 9 "s degree1 to ! diff]5t d5sity ( ! m$ium1 7z pur] atmosph]ic air1 air *>g$ ) vap\rs1 wat]1 glass1 accord+ to _! increas+ d5sity1 increase ! s-call$ refraction1 or displacem5t ( ! object27 s !y c\ld h>dly d\bt t ! appe>ance ( col\r mu/ increase 9 ! same proportion2 & h5ce took x = grant$1 9 comb9+ diff]5t m$iums :i* 7 to c\nt]act refraction1 t z long z refraction exi/$1 ! appe>ance ( col\r mu/ take place1 & t z soon z ! col\r disappe>$1 ! refraction also mu/ cease4 #bhh4 ,aft]w>ds x 01 h[ev]1 discov]$ t ?is relation :i* 0 assum$ to correspond1 01 9 fact1 dissimil>2 t two m$iums c refract an object ) equal p[]1 & yet produce v dissimil> col\r$ bord]s4 #bhi4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 9 addition to ! physical pr9ciple to :i* refraction 0 ascrib$1 a *emical "o 0 also to be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,we propose to pursue ?is subject h]eaft]1 9 ! *emical division ( our inquiry1 & we %all h to describe ! p>ticul>s ( ?is important discov]y 9 our hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( col\rs4 ,:at foll[s may suffice = ! pres5t4 #bij4 ,9 m$iums ( simil> or ne>ly simil> refract+ p[]1 we f9d ! rem>kable circum/ance t a great] & less] appe>ance ( col\r c be produc$ by a *emical treatm5t2 ! great] effect is ow+1 namely1 to acids1 ! less] to alkalis4 ,if metallic oxydes are introduc$ into a common mass ( glass1 ! col\r$ appe>ance ?r\gh su* glasses becomes greatly increas$ )\t any p]ceptible *ange ( refract+ p[]4 ,t ! less] effect1 aga91 is produc$ by alkalis1 may be easily suppos$4 #bia4 ,^? k9ds ( glass :i* 7 fir/ employ$ aft] ! discov]y1 are call$ fl9t & cr[n glass2 ! fir/ produces ! /rong]1 ! second ! fa9t] appe>ance ( col\r4 #bib4 ,we %all make use ( bo? ^! d5om9ations z te*nical t]ms 9 our pres5t /atem5t1 & assume t ! refractive p[] ( bo? is ! same1 b t fl9t-glass produces ! col\r$ appe>ance m /rongly by "o-?ird ?an ! cr[n-glass4 ,! diagram 7,plate #c1 fig4 #b17 may s]ve 9 illu/ration4 #bic4 ,a black surface is "h divid$ into comp>tm5ts = m conv5i5t demon/ration3 let ! spectator imag9e five :ite squ>es betwe5 ! p>allel l9es a1 b1 & c1 d4 ,! squ>e ,no4 #a1 is pres5t$ to ! nak$ eye unmov$ f its place4 #bid4 ,b let ! squ>e ,no4 #b1 se5 ?r\gh a cr[n-glass prism g1 be suppos$ to be displac$ by refraction ?ree comp>tm5ts1 exhibit+ ! col\r$ bord]s to a c]ta9 ext5t2 aga91 let ! squ>e ,no4 #c1 se5 ?r\gh a fl9t glass prism h1 9 l mann] be mov$ d[nw>ds ?ree comp>tm5ts1 :5 x w exhibit ! col\r$ bord]s by ab\t a ?ird wid] ?an ,no4 #b4 #bie4 ,aga91 let u suppose t ! squ>e ,no4 #d1 has1 l ,no4 #b1 be5 mov$ d[nw>ds ?ree comp>tm5ts by a prism ( cr[n-glass1 & t !n by an oppositely plac$ prism h1 ( fl9t-glass1 x has be5 aga9 rais$ to its =m] situation1 :]e x n[ /&s4 #bif4 ,"h1 x is true1 ! refraction is done away ) by ! opposition ( ! two2 b z ! prism h1 9 displac+ ! squ>e by refraction ?r\gh ?ree comp>tm5ts1 produces col\r$ bord]s wid] by a ?ird ?an ^? produc$ by ! prism g1 s1 not)/&+ ! refraction is neutralis$1 !re mu/ be an excess ( col\r$ bord] rema9+4 7,! position ( ?is col\r1 z usual1 dep5ds on ! direction ( ! app>5t motion 7#bjd7 communicat$ to ! squ>e by ! prism h1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is ! rev]se ( ! appe>ance 9 ! two squ>es #b & #c1 :i* h be5 mov$ 9 an opposite direction47 ,?is excess ( col\r we h call$ ,hyp]*romatism1 & f ?is ! a*romatic /ate may be imm$iately arriv$ at4 #big4 ,= assum+ t x 0 ! squ>e ,no4 #e :i* 0 remov$ ?ree comp>tm5ts f its fir/ suppos$ place1 l ,no4 #b1 by a prism ( cr[n-glass g1 x w\ld only be necess>y to r$uce ! angle ( a prism ( fl9t-glass h1 & to connect x1 rev]s$1 to ! prism g1 9 ord] to raise ! squ>e ,no4 #e two degrees or comp>tm5ts2 by :i* means ! ,hyp]*romatism ( ! fir/ case w\ld cease1 ! figure w\ld n q return to its fir/ position1 & yet be already col\rless4 ,! prolong$ l9es ( ! unit$ prisms1 "u ,no4 #e1 %[ t a s+le complete prism rema9s3 aga91 we h only to suppose ! l9es curv$1 & an object-glass pres5ts itself4 ,su* is ! pr9ciple ( ! a*romatic telescopes4 #bih4 ,= ^! exp]im5ts1 a small prism compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t prisms1 z prep>$ 9 ,engl&1 is extremely well adapt$4 ,x is to be hop$ our own opticians w 9 future enable e fri5d ( sci5ce to provide himself ) ?is necess>y in/rum5t4 ,,xx4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,subjective ,,exp]im5ts4--,,transition ,,to ,,! ,,objective4 #bii4 ,we h pres5t$ ! appe>ances ( col\r z exhibit$ by refraction1 fir/1 by means ( subjective exp]im5ts2 & we h s f> arriv$ at a def9ite result1 t we h be5 enabl$ to d$uce ! ph5om5a 9 "q f ! doctr9e ( semi-transp>5t m$iums & d\ble images4 #cjj4 ,9 /atem5ts :i* h ref]5ce to nature1 ev]y?+ dep5ds on ocul> inspection1 & ^! exp]im5ts are ! m satisfactory z !y may be easily & conv5i5tly made4 ,e amateur c procure 8 app>atus )\t mu* tr\ble or co/1 & if he is a tol]able adept 9 pa/ebo>d contrivances1 he may ev5 prep>e a great "p ( 8 ma*9]y himself4 ,a few pla9 surfaces1 on :i* black1 :ite1 grey1 & col\r$ objects may be exhibit$ alt]nately on a light & d>k gr\nd1 are all t is necess>y4 ,! spectator fixes !m be=e him1 exam9es ! appe>ances at ! edge ( ! figures conv5i5tly1 & z long z he pleases2 he retires to a great] di/ance1 aga9 approa*es1 & accurately obs]ves ! progressive /ates ( ! ph5om5a4 #cja4 ,besides ?is1 ! appe>ances may be obs]v$ ) suffici5t exactness ?r\gh small prisms1 :i* ne$ n be ( ! pure/ glass4 ,! o!r desirable requisites 9 ^! glass in/rum5ts w1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out 9 ! section :i* treats ( ! app>atus4#a #cjb4 ,a great advantage 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 aga91 is1 t !y c be made at any h\r ( ! day 9 any room1 :atev] aspect x may h4 ,we h no ne$ to wait = sun%9e1 :i* 9 g5]al is n v propiti\s to nor!rn obs]v]s4 #a ,?is description ( ! app>atus 0 nev] giv54 ,,objective ,,exp]im5ts4 #cjc4 ,! objective exp]im5ts1 on ! contr>y1 necess>ily require ! sun-light :i*1 ev5 :5 x is to be _h1 may n always h ! mo/ desirable relation ) ! app>atus plac$ opposite to x4 ,sometimes ! sun is too high1 sometimes too l[1 & )al only a %ort "t 9 ! m]idian ( ! be/ situat$ room4 ,x *anges its direction dur+ ! obs]vation1 ! obs]v] is =c$ to alt] 8 own position & t ( 8 app>atus1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! exp]im5ts 9 _m cases become unc]ta94 ,if ! sun %9es ?r\gh ! prism x exhibits all inequalities1 l9es1 & bubbles 9 ! glass1 & ?us ! appe>ance is r5d]$ confus$1 dim1 & discol\r$4 #cjd4 ,yet bo? k9ds ( exp]im5ts mu/ be inve/igat$ ) equal accuracy4 ,!y appe> to be oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & yet are always p>allel4 ,:at "o ord] ( exp]im5ts exhibits ! o!r exhibits likewise1 & yet ea* has its peculi> capabilities1 by means ( :i* c]ta9 effects ( nature are made kn[n to u 9 m ?an "o way4 #cje4 ,9 ! next place !re are important ph5om5a :i* may be exhibit$ by ! union ( subjective & objective exp]im5ts4 ,! latt] exp]im5ts aga9 h ?is advantage1 t we c 9 mo/ cases repres5t !m by diagrams1 & pres5t to view ! compon5t relations ( ! ph5om5a4 ,9 proce$+1 !re=e1 to describe ! objective exp]im5ts1 we %all s arrange !m t !y may always correspond ) ! analog\s subjective examples2 = ?is reason1 too1 we annex to ! numb] ( ea* p>agraph ! numb] ( ! =m] correspond+ "o4 ,b we set out by obs]v+ g5]ally t ! read] mu/ consult ! plates1 t ! sci5tific inve/igator mu/ be famili> ) ! app>atus 9 ord] t ! tw9-ph5om5a 9 "o mode or ! o!r may be plac$ be=e !m4 ,,xxi4 ,,refraction ,,)\t ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,col\r4 #cjf 7#aie1 #aif74 ,t refraction may exhibit its effects )\t produc+ an appe>ance ( col\r1 is n to be demon/rat$ s p]fectly 9 objective z 9 subjective exp]im5ts4 ,we h1 x is true1 unlimit$ spaces :i* we c look at ?r\gh ! prism1 & ?us conv9ce ourselves t no col\r appe>s :]e !re is no b\nd>y2 b we h no unlimit$ s\rce ( light :i* we c cause to act ?r\gh ! prism4 ,our light comes to u f circumscrib$ bodies2 & ! sun1 :i* *iefly produces our prismatic appe>ances1 is itself only a small1 circumscrib$1 lum9\s object4 #cjg4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 consid] e l>g] op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! sun %9es1 e l>g] m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! sun-light is transmitt$ & made to deviate f its c\rse1 z s f> unlimit$ t we c conf9e our att5tion to ! c5tre ( ! surface )\t consid]+ its b\nd>ies4 #cjh 7#aig74 ,if we place a l>ge wat]-prism 9 ! sun1 a l>ge bright space is refract$ upw>ds by x on ! plane int5d$ to receive ! image1 & ! middle ( ?is illum9$ space w be col\rless4 ,! same effect may be produc$ if we make ! exp]im5t ) glass prisms hav+ angles ( few degrees3 ! appe>ance may be produc$ ev5 ?r\gh glass prisms1 ^: refract+ angle is sixty degrees1 provid$ we place ! recipi5t surface ne> en\gh4 ,,xxii4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,col\r4 #cji 7#aih74 ,al?\gh1 !n1 ! illum9$ space be=e m5tion$ appe>s inde$ refract$ & mov$ f its place1 b n col\r$1 yet on ! horizontal edges ( ?is space we obs]ve a col\r$ appe>ance4 ,t "h aga9 ! col\r is solely ow+ to ! displacem5t ( a circumscrib$ object may require to be m fully prov$4 ,! lum9\s body :i* "h acts is circumscrib$3 ! sun1 :ile x %9es & diffuses light1 is /ill an insulat$ object4 ,h[ev] small ! op5+ 9 ! lid ( a cam]a obscura be made1 /ill ! :ole image ( ! sun w p5etrate x4 ,! light :i* /reams f all p>ts ( ! sun's disk1 w cross itself 9 ! smalle/ op5+1 & =m ! angle :i* corresponds ) ! sun's app>5t diamet]4 ,on ! outside we h a cone n>r[+ to ! orifice2 )91 ?is apex spreads aga91 produc+ on an opposite surface a r\nd image1 :i* /ill increases 9 size 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! recipi5t surface f ! apex4 ,?is image1 toge!r ) all o!r objects ( ! ext]nal l&scape1 appe>s rev]s$ on ! :ite surface 9 "q 9 a d>k room4 #caj4 ,h[ little !re=e we h "h to d ) s+le sun-rays1 bundles or fasces ( rays1 cyl9d]s ( rays1 p5cils1 or :atev] else ( ! k9d may be imag9$1 is /rik+ly evid5t4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( c]ta9 diagrams ! sun-light may be assum$ to arrive 9 p>allel l9es1 b x is kn[n t ?is is only a fiction2 a fiction q all[able :]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! assumption & ! true appe>ance is unimportant2 b we %\ld take c>e n to suff] su* a po/ulate to be equival5t to a fact1 & proce$ to fur!r op]ations on su* a fictiti\s basis4 #caa4 ,let ! ap]ture 9 ! w9d[-%utt] be n[ enl>g$ at pleasure1 let x be made r\nd or squ>e1 nay1 let ! :ole %utt] be op5$1 & let ! sun %9e into ! room ?r\gh ! :ole w9d[2 ! space :i* ! sun illum9es w always be l>g] accord+ to ! angle :i* its diamet] makes2 & ?us ev5 ! :ole space illum9$ by ! sun ?r\gh ! l>ge/ w9d[ is only ! image ( ! sun plus ! size ( ! op5+4 ,we %all h]eaft] h occasion to return to ?is4 #cab 7#aii74 ,if we transmit ! image ( ! sun ?r\gh convex glasses we contract x t[>ds ! focus4 ,9 ?is case1 accord+ to ! laws be=e expla9$1 a yell[ bord] & a yell[-r$ edge mu/ appe> :5 ! spectrum is ?r[n on :ite pap]4 ,b z ?is exp]im5t is dazzl+ & inconv5i5t1 x may be made m agreeably ) ! image ( ! full moon4 ,on contract+ ?is orb by means ( a convex glass1 ! col\r$ edge appe>s 9 ! greate/ spl5d\r2 = ! moon transmits a mitigat$ light 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & c ?us ! m readily produce col\r :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t accompanies ! subdu+ ( light3 at ! same "t ! eye ( ! obs]v] is only g5tly & agreeably excit$4 #cac 7#bjj74 ,if we transmit a lum9\s image ?r\gh concave glasses1 x is dilat$4 ,"h ! image appe>s edg$ ) blue4 #cad4 ,! two opposite appe>ances may be produc$ by a convex glass1 simultane\sly or 9 succession2 simultane\sly by fa/5+ an opaque disk 9 ! c5tre ( ! convex glass1 & !n transmitt+ ! sun's image4 ,9 ?is case ! lum9\s image & ! black disk )9 x are bo? contract$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! opposite col\rs mu/ appe>4 ,aga91 we c pres5t ?is contra/ 9 succession by fir/ contract+ ! lum9\s image t[>ds ! focus1 & !n suff]+ x to exp& aga9 beyond ! focus1 :5 x w imm$iately exhibit a blue edge4 #cae 7#bja74 ,"h too :at 0 obs]v$ 9 ! subjective exp]im5ts is aga9 to be rem>k$1 namely1 t blue & yell[ appe> 9 & ^u ! :ite1 & t bo? assume a r$di% appe>ance 9 proportion z !y m+le ) ! black4 #caf 7#bjb1 #bjc74 ,^! elem5t>y ph5om5a occur 9 all subsequ5t objective exp]im5ts1 z !y con/itut$ ! gr\ndwork ( ! subjective ones4 ,! process too :i* takes place is ! same2 a light b\nd>y is c>ri$ ov] a d>k surface1 a d>k surface is c>ri$ ov] a light b\nd>y4 ,! edges mu/ advance1 & z x 7 pu% ov] ea* o!r 9 ^! exp]im5ts z 9 ! =m] ones4 #cag 7#bjd74 ,if we admit ! sun's image ?r\gh a l>g] or small] op5+ into ! d>k room1 if we transmit x ?r\gh a prism s plac$ t its refract+ angle1 z usual1 is und]nea?2 ! lum9\s image1 in/ead ( proce$+ 9 a /raight l9e to ! floor1 is refract$ upw>ds on a v]tical surface plac$ to receive x4 ,?is is ! mom5t to take notice ( ! opposite modes 9 :i* ! subjective & objective refractions ( ! object appe>4 #cah4 ,if we look ?r\gh a prism1 held ) its refract+ angle und]nea?1 at an object above u1 ! object is mov$ d[nw>ds2 :]eas a lum9\s image refract$ ?r\gh ! same prism is mov$ upw>ds4 ,?is1 :i* we "h m]ely m5tion z a matt] ( fact = ! sake ( brevity1 is easily expla9$ by ! laws ( refraction & elevation4 #cai4 ,! lum9\s object be+ mov$ f its place 9 ?is mann]1 ! col\r$ bord]s appe> 9 ! ord]1 & accord+ to ! laws be=e expla9$4 ,! violet bord] is always =emo/1 & ?us 9 objective cases proce$s upw>ds1 9 subjective cases d[nw>ds4 #cbj 7#bje74 ,! obs]v] may conv9ce himself 9 l mann] ( ! mode 9 :i* ! appe>ance ( col\r takes place 9 ! diagonal direction :5 ! displacem5t is effect$ by means ( two prisms1 z has be5 pla9ly en\gh %[n 9 ! subjective example2 = ?is exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 prisms %\ld be procur$ ( few degrees1 say ab\t fifte54 #cba7bjf1 #bjg74 ,t ! col\r+ ( ! image takes place "h too1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* x moves1 w be app>5t if we make a squ>e op5+ ( mod]ate size 9 a %utt]1 & cause ! lum9\s image to pass ?r\gh a wat]-prism2 ! spectrum be+ mov$ fir/ 9 ! horizontal & v]tical directions1 !n diagonally1 ! col\r$ edges w *ange _! position accord+ly4 #cbb7bjh74 ,:5ce x is aga9 evid5t t to produce col\r ! b\nd>ies mu/ be c>ri$ ov] ea* o!r1 n m]ely move side by side4 ,,xxiii4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,! ,,increase ,,( ,,col\r4 #cbc 7#bji74 ,"h too an increas$ displacem5t ( ! object produces a great] appe>ance ( col\r4 #cbd 7#baj74 ,?is increas$ displacem5t occurs1 #a4 ,by a m oblique direction ( ! imp++ lum9\s object ?r\gh m$iums ) p>allel surfaces4 #b4 ,by *ang+ ! p>allel =m = "o m or less acute angl$4 #c4 ,by increas$ proportion ( ! m$ium1 :e!r p>allel or acute angl$2 p>tly because ! object is by ?is means m p[]fully displac$1 p>tly because an effect dep5d+ on ! m]e mass co-op]ates4 #d4 ,by ! di/ance ( ! recipi5t surface f ! refract+ m$ium s t ! col\r$ spectrum em]g+ f ! prism may be said to h a long] way to travel4 #e4 ,:5 a *emical prop]ty produces its effects "u all ^! circum/ances3 ?is we h already ent]$ into m fully "u ! head ( a*romatism & hyp]*romatism4 #cbe 7#baa74 ,! objective exp]im5ts h ?is advantage t ! progressive /ates ( ! ph5om5on may be arre/$ & cle>ly repres5t$ by diagrams1 :i* is n ! case ) ! subjective exp]im5ts4 #cbf4 ,we c obs]ve ! lum9\s image aft] x has em]g$ f ! prism1 /ep by /ep1 & m>k its increas+ col\r by receiv+ x on a plane at diff]5t di/ances1 ?us exhibit+ be=e our eyes v>i\s sections ( ?is cone1 ) an elliptical base3 aga91 ! ph5om5on may at once be r5d]$ beautifully visible ?r\gh\t its :ole c\rse 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,let a cl\d ( f9e :ite du/ be excit$ along ! l9e 9 :i* ! image passes ?r\gh ! d>k space2 ! cl\d is be/ produc$ by f9e1 p]fectly dry1 hair-p[d]4 ,! m or less col\r$ appe>ance w n[ be pa9t$ on ! :ite atoms1 & pres5t$ 9 its :ole l5g? & bread? to ! eye ( ! spectator4 #cbg4 ,by ?is means we h prep>$ "s diagrams1 :i* w be f\nd among ! plates4 ,9 ^! ! appe>ance is exhibit$ f its fir/ orig91 & by ^! ! spectator c cle>ly compreh5d :y ! lum9\s image is s mu* m p[]fully col\r$ ?r\gh prisms ?an ?r\gh p>allel m$iums4 #cbh 7#bab74 ,at ! two opposite outl9es ( ! image an opposite appe>ance pres5ts itself1 beg9n+ f an acute angle2#a ! appe>ance spreads z x proce$s fur!r 9 space1 accord+ to ?is angle4 ,on "o side1 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! lum9\s image is mov$1 a violet bord] advances on ! d>k1 a n>r[] blue edge rema9s next ! outl9e ( ! image4 ,on ! opposite side a yell[ bord] advances into ! light ( ! image itself1 & a yell[-r$ edge rema9s at ! outl9e4 #cbi 7#bac74 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! movem5t ( ! d>k aga9/ ! light1 ( ! light aga9/ ! d>k1 may be cle>ly obs]v$4 ,illu/ration #ccj 7#bad74 ,! c5tre ( a l>ge object rema9s long uncol\r$1 especially ) m$iums ( less d5sity & small] angles2 b at la/ ! opposite bord]s & edges t\* ea* o!r1 ^u :i* a gre5 appe>s 9 ! c5tre ( ! lum9\s image4 #cca 7#bae74 ,objective exp]im5ts h be5 usually made ) ! sun's image3 an objective exp]im5t ) a d>k object has hi!rto sc>cely be5 ?\ght (4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 prep>$ a conv5i5t contrivance = ?is also4 ,let ! l>ge wat]-prism be=e allud$ to be plac$ 9 ! sun1 & let a r\nd pa/ebo>d disk be fa/5$ ei!r inside or outside4 ,! col\r$ appe>ance w aga9 take place at ! outl9e1 beg9n+ accord+ to ! usual law2 ! edges w appe>1 !y w spread 9 ! same proportion1 & :5 !y meet1 r$ w appe> 9 ! c5tre#b4 ,an int]cept+ squ>e may be add$ ne> ! r\nd disk1 & plac$ 9 any direction ad libitum1 & ! spectator c aga9 conv9ce himself ( :at has be5 be=e s (t5 describ$4 #ccb 7#baf74 ,if we take away ^! d>k objects f ! prism1 9 :i* case1 h[ev]1 ! glass is to be c>efully clean$1 & hold a rod or a l>ge p5cil be=e ! c5tre ( ! horizontal prism1 we %all !n accompli% ! complete immixture ( ! violet bord] & ! yell[-r$ edge1 & see only ! ?ree col\rs1 ! ext]nal blue1 & yell[1 & ! c5tral r$4 #ccc4 ,if aga9 we cut a long horizontal op5+ 9 ! middle ( a piece ( pa/ebo>d1 fa/5$ on ! prism1 & !n cause ! sun-light to pass ?r\gh x1 we %all accompli% ! complete union ( ! yell[ bord] ) ! blue edge ^u ! light1 & only see yell[-r$1 gre5 & violet4 ,! details ( ?is are fur!r ent]$ into 9 ! description ( ! plates4 #ccd 7#bag74 ,! prismatic appe>ance is ?us by no means complete & f9al :5 ! lum9\s image em]ges f ! prism4 ,x is !n only t we p]ceive its elem5ts 9 contra/2 = z x increases ^! contra/+ elem5ts unite1 & are at la/ intimately jo9$4 ,! section ( ?is ph5om5on arre/$ on a plane surface is diff]5t at e degree ( di/ance f ! prism2 s t ! notion ( an immutable s]ies ( col\rs1 or ( a p]vad+ simil> proportion betwe5 !m1 _c be a "q = a mom5t4 #a ,plate #d4 fig4 #a4 #b ,plate #d4 fig4 #b4 ,,xxiv4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,ph5om5a4 #cce 7#bah74 ,z we h already ent]$ into ?is analysis circum/antially :ile treat+ ( ! subjective exp]im5ts1 z all t 0 ( =ce !re is equally valid "h1 x w require no long details 9 addition to %[ t ! ph5om5a1 :i* are entirely p>allel 9 ! two cases1 may also be trac$ precisely to ! same s\rces4 #ccf 7#bai74 ,t 9 objective exp]im5ts also we h to d ) circumscrib$ images1 has be5 already demon/rat$ at l>ge4 ,! sun may %9e ?r\gh ! smalle/ op5+1 yet ! image ( ! :ole disk p5etrates beyond4 ,! l>ge/ prism may be plac$ 9 ! op5 sun-light1 yet x is /ill ! sun's image t is b\nd$ by ! edges ( ! refract+ surfaces1 & produces ! accessory images ( ?is b\nd>y4 ,we may fa/5 pa/ebo>d1 ) _m op5+s cut 9 x1 be=e ! wat]-prism1 yet we /ill m]ely see multipli$ images :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 mov$ f _! place by refraction1 exhibit col\r$ edges & bord]s1 & 9 ^! m]e accessory images4 #ccg 7#bce74 ,9 subjective exp]im5ts we h se5 t objects /rongly reliev$ f ea* o!r produce a v lively appe>ance ( col\r1 & ?is w be ! case 9 objective exp]im5ts 9 a mu* m vivid & spl5did degree4 ,! sun's image is ! mo/ p[]ful brightness we "k2 h5ce its accessory image w be en]getic 9 proportion1 & not)/&+ its really second>y dimm$ & d>k5$ "*1 mu/ be /ill v brilliant4 ,! col\rs ?r[n by ! sun-light ?r\gh ! prism on any object1 c>ry a p[]ful light ) !m1 = !y h ! highe/ & mo/ int5se s\rce ( light1 z x 71 = _! gr\nd4 #cch4 ,t we are w>rant$ 9 call+ ev5 ^! accessory images semi-transp>5t1 ?us d$uc+ ! appe>ances f ! doctr9e ( ! semi-transp>5t m$iums1 w be cle> to e "o :o has foll[$ u ?us f>1 b p>ticul>ly to ^? :o h suppli$ !mselves ) ! necess>y app>atus1 s z to be enabl$ at all times to witness ! precision & vivacity ) :i* semi-transp>5t m$iums act4 ,,xxv4 ,,decrease ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,col\r4 #cci 7#bdc74 ,if we c\ld af=d to be concise 9 ! description ( ! decreas+ col\r$ appe>ance 9 subjective cases1 we may "h be p]mitt$ to proce$ ) /ill great] brevity :ile we ref] to ! =m] di/9ct /atem5t4 ,"o circum/ance1 only on acc\nt ( its great importance1 may be "h recomm5d$ to ! read]'s especial att5tion z a lead+ po9t ( our :ole !sis4 #cdj 7#bdd1 #bdg74 ,! decl9e ( ! prismatic appe>ance mu/ be prec$$ by its sep>ation1 by its resolution into its elem5ts4 ,at a due di/ance f ! prism1 ! image ( ! sun be+ entirely col\r$1 ! blue & yell[ at l5g? mix completely1 & we see only yell[-r$1 gre51 & blue-r$4 ,if we br+ ! recipi5t surface ne>] to ! refract+ m$ium1 yell[ & blue appe> aga91 & we see ! five col\rs ) _! gradations4 ,at a /ill %ort] di/ance ! yell[ & blue sep>ate f ea* o!r entirely1 ! gre5 vani%es1 & ! image itself appe>s1 col\rless1 betwe5 ! col\r$ edges & bord]s4 ,! ne>] we br+ ! recipi5t surface to ! prism1 ! n>r[] ! edges & bord]s become1 till at la/1 :5 9 contact ) ! prism1 !y are r$uc$ to no?+4 ,,xxvi4 ,,grey ,,objects4 #cda 7#bah74 ,we h exhibit$ grey objects z v important to our inquiry 9 ! subjective exp]im5ts4 ,!y %[1 by ! fa9tness ( ! accessory images1 t ^! same images are 9 all cases d]iv$ f ! pr9cipal object4 ,if we wi% "h1 too1 to c>ry on ! objective exp]im5ts p>allel ) ! o!rs1 we may conv5i5tly d ?is by plac+ a m or less dull gr\nd glass be=e ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! sun's image ent]s4 ,by ?is means a subdu$ image w\ld be produc$1 :i* on be+ refract$ w\ld exhibit mu* dull] col\rs on ! recipi5t plane ?an ^? imm$iately d]iv$ f ! sun's disk2 & ?us1 ev5 f ! int5se sun-image1 only a fa9t accessory image w\ld appe>1 proportion$ to ! mitigation ( ! light by ! glass4 ,?is exp]im5t1 x is true1 w only aga9 & aga9 confirm :at is already suffici5tly famili> to u4 ,,xxvii4 ,,col\r$ ,,objects4 #cdb 7#bfj74 ,!re are v>i\s modes ( produc+ col\r$ images 9 objective exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we c fix col\r$ glass be=e ! op5+1 by :i* means a col\r$ image is at once produc$2 secondly1 we c fill ! wat]-prism ) col\r$ fluids2 ?irdly1 we c cause ! col\rs1 already produc$ 9 _! full vivacity by ! prism1 to pass ?r\gh proportionate small op5+s 9 a t9 plate1 & ?us prep>e small circumscrib$ col\rs = a second op]ation4 ,?is la/ mode is ! mo/ difficult2 = ow+ to ! cont9ual progress ( ! sun1 ! image _c be arre/$ 9 any direction at w4 ,! second me?od has also its inconv5i5ces1 s9ce n all col\r$ liquids c be prep>$ p]fectly bright & cle>4 ,on ^! acc\nts ! fir/ is to be pref]r$1 & des]ves ! m to be adopt$ because natural philosoph]s h hi!rto *os5 to consid] ! col\rs produc$ f ! sun-light ?r\gh ! prism1 ^? produc$ ?r\gh liquids & glasses1 & ^? :i* are already fix$ on pap] or clo?1 z exhibit+ effects equally to be dep5d$ on1 & equally available 9 demon/ration4 #cdc4 ,z x is ?us m]ely necess>y t ! image %\ld be col\r$1 s ! l>ge wat]-prism be=e allud$ to af=ds u ! be/ means ( effect+ ?is4 ,a pa/ebo>d scre5 may be contriv$ to slide be=e ! l>ge surfaces ( ! prism1 ?r\gh :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! light passes uncol\r$4 ,9 ?is scre5 op5+s ( v>i\s =ms may be cut1 9 ord] to produce diff]5t images1 & consequ5tly diff]5t accessory images4 ,?is be+ done1 we ne$ only fix col\r$ glasses be=e ! op5+s1 9 ord] to obs]ve :at effect refraction produces on col\r$ images 9 an objective s5se4 #cdd4 ,a s]ies ( glasses may be prep>$ 9 a mode simil> to t be=e describ$ 7#bhd72 ^! %\ld be accurately contriv$ to slide 9 ! grooves ( ! l>ge wat]-prism4 ,let ! sun !n %9e ?r\gh !m1 & ! col\r$ images refract$ upw>ds w appe> bord]$ & edg$1 & w v>y accord+ly3 = ^! bord]s & edges w be exhibit$ q di/9ctly on "s images1 & on o!rs w be mix$ ) ! specific col\r ( ! glass1 :i* !y w ei!r enhance or neutralize4 ,e obs]v] w be enabl$ to conv9ce himself "h aga9 t we h only to d ) ! same simple ph5om5on s circum/antially describ$ subjectively & objectively4 ,,xxviii4 ,,a*romatism ,,& ,,hyp]*romatism4 #cde 7#bhe1 #bij74 ,x is possible to make ! hyp]*romatic & a*romatic exp]im5ts objectively z well z subjectively4 ,aft] :at has be5 already /at$1 a %ort description ( ! me?od w suffice1 especially z we take x = grant$ t ! comp\nd prism be=e m5tion$ is 9 ! h&s ( ! obs]v]4 #cdf4 ,let ! sun's image pass ?r\gh an acute-angl$ prism ( few degrees1 prep>$ f cr[n-glass1 s t ! spectrum be refract$ upw>ds on an opposite surface2 ! edges w appe> col\r$1 accord+ to ! con/ant law1 namely1 ! violet & blue above & outside1 ! yell[ & yell[-r$ bel[ & )9 ! image4 ,z ! refract+ angle ( ?is prism is und]mo/1 let ano!r proportionate prism ( fl9t-glass be plac$ aga9/ x1 ) its refract+ angle upp]mo/4 ,! sun's image w by ?is means be aga9 mov$ to its place1 :]e1 ow+ to ! excess ( ! col\r+ p[] ( ! prism ( fl9t-glass1 x w /ill appe> a little col\r$1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ! direction 9 :i* x has be5 mov$1 ! blue & violet w n[ appe> und]nea? & outside1 ! yell[ & yell[-r$ above & inside4 #cdg4 ,if ! :ole image be n[ mov$ a little upw>ds by a proportionate prism ( cr[n-glass1 ! hyp]*romatism w disappe>1 ! sun's image w be mov$ f its place1 & yet w appe> col\rless4 #cdh4 ,) an a*romatic object-glass compos$ ( ?ree glasses1 ?is exp]im5t may be made /ep by /ep1 if we d n m9d tak+ out ! glasses f _! sett+4 ,! two convex glasses ( cr[n-glass 9 contract+ ! sun's image t[>ds ! focus1 ! concave glass ( fl9t-glass 9 dilat+ ! image beyond x1 exhibit at ! edges ! usual col\rs4 ,a convex glass unit$ ) a concave "o exhibits ! col\rs accord+ to ! law ( ! latt]4 ,if all ?ree glasses are plac$ toge!r1 :e!r we contract ! sun's image t[>ds ! focus1 or suff] x to dilate beyond ! focus1 col\r$ edges nev] appe>1 & ! a*romatic effect int5d$ by ! optician is1 9 ?is case1 aga9 atta9$4 #cdi4 ,b z ! cr[n-glass has always a gre5i% t9t1 & z a t5d5cy to ?is hue may be m decid$ 9 l>ge & /rong object-glasses1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances produce ! comp5satory r$1 7:i*1 h[ev]1 9 repeat$ exp]im5ts ) sev]al in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d did n occur to u17 philosoph]s h resort$ to ! mo/ extraord9>y modes ( expla9+ su* a result2 & hav+ be5 compell$1 9 support ( _! sy/em1 !oretically to prove ! impossibility ( a*romatic telescopes1 h felt a k9d ( satisfaction 9 hav+ "s app>5t gr\nd = d5y+ s great an improvem5t4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 we c only treat circum/antially 9 our hi/orical acc\nt ( ^! discov]ies4 ,,xxix4 ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,subjective ,,& ,,objective ,,exp]im5ts4 #cej4 ,hav+ %[n above 7#cah7 t refraction1 consid]$ objectively & subjectively1 mu/ act 9 opposite directions1 x w foll[ t if we comb9e ! exp]im5ts1 ! effects w reciprocally de/roy ea* o!r4 #cea4 ,let ! sun's image be ?r[n upw>ds on a v]tical plane1 ?r\gh a horizontally-plac$ prism4 ,if ! prism is long en\gh to admit ( ! spectator also look+ ?r\gh x1 he w see ! image elevat$ by ! objective refraction aga9 depress$1 & 9 ! same place 9 :i* x appe>$ )\t refraction4 #ceb4 ,"h a rem>kable case pres5ts itself1 b at ! same "t a natural result ( a g5]al law4 ,= s9ce1 z (t5 be=e /at$1 ! objective sun's image ?r[n on ! v]tical plane is n an ultimate or un*angeable /ate ( ! ph5om5on1 s 9 ! above op]ation ! image is n only depress$ :5 se5 ?r\gh ! prism1 b its edges & bord]s are entirely robb$ ( _! hues1 & ! spectrum is r$uc$ to a col\rless circul> =m4 #cec4 ,by employ+ two p]fectly simil> prisms plac$ next ea* o!r1 = ?is exp]im5t1 we c transmit ! sun's image ?r\gh "o1 & look ?r\gh ! o!r4 #ced4 ,if ! spectator advances ne>] ) ! prism ?r\gh :i* he looks1 ! image is aga9 elevat$1 & by degrees becomes col\r$ accord+ to ! law ( ! fir/ prism4 ,if he aga9 retires till he has br\ght ! image to ! neutraliz$ po9t1 & !n retires /ill f>!r away1 ! image1 :i* _h become r\nd & col\rless1 moves /ill m d[nw>ds & becomes col\r$ 9 ! opposite s5se1 s t if we look ?r\gh ! prism & ^u ! refract$ spectrum at ! same "t1 we see ! same image col\r$ accord+ to subjective & objective laws4 #cee4 ,! modes 9 :i* ?is exp]im5t may be v>i$ are obvi\s4 ,if ! refract+ angle ( ! prism1 ?r\gh :i* ! sun's image 0 objectively elevat$1 is great] ?an t ( ! prism ?r\gh :i* ! obs]v] looks1 he mu/ retire to a mu* great] di/ance1 9 ord] to depress ! col\r$ image s l[ on ! v]tical plane t x %all appe> col\rless1 & vice v]s4 #cef4 ,x w be easily se5 t we may exhibit a*romatic & hyp]*romatic effects 9 a simil> mann]1 & we leave x to ! amateur to foll[ out su* rese>*es m fully4 ,o!r complicat$ exp]im5ts 9 :i* prisms & l5ses are employ$ toge!r1 o!rs aga91 9 :i* objective & subjective exp]im5ts are v>i\sly int]mix$1 we res]ve = a future occasion1 :5 x w be our object to trace su* effects to ! simple ph5om5a ) :i* we are n[ suffici5tly famili>4 ,,xxx4 ,,transition4 #ceg4 ,9 look+ back on ! description & analysis ( dioptrical col\rs1 we d n rep5t ei!r t we h treat$ !m s circum/antially1 or t we h tak5 !m into consid]ation be=e ! o!r physical col\rs1 out ( ! ord] we ourselves laid d[n4 ,yet1 be=e we quit ?is bran* ( our inquiry1 x may be z well to /ate ! reasons t h weigh$ ) u4 #ceh4 ,if "s apology is necess>y = hav+ treat$ ! !ory ( ! dioptrical col\rs1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! second class1 s diffusely1 we %\ld obs]ve1 t ! exposition ( any bran* ( k is to be consid]$ p>tly ) ref]5ce to ! intr9sic importance ( ! subject1 & p>tly ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> necessities ( ! "t 9 :i* ! inquiry is und]tak54 ,9 our own case we 7 =c$ to keep bo? ^! consid]ations con/antly 9 view4 ,9 ! fir/ place we _h to /ate a mass ( exp]im5ts ) our consequ5t convictions2 next1 x 0 our especial aim to exhibit c]ta9 ph5om5a 7kn[n1 x is true1 b misund]/ood1 & above all1 exhibit$ 9 false connection17 9 t natural & progressive developm5t :i* is /rictly & truly con=mable to obs]vation2 9 ord] t h]eaft]1 9 our polemical or hi/orical inve/igations1 we might be enabl$ to br+ a complete prep>atory analysis to be> on1 & elucidate1 our g5]al view4 ,! details we h ent]$ into 7 on ?is acc\nt unavoidable2 !y may be consid]$ z a reluctant consequ5ce ( ! occasion4 ,h]eaft]1 :5 philosoph]s w look ^u a simple pr9ciple z simple1 a comb9$ effect z comb9$2 :5 !y w ackn[l$ge ! fir/ elem5t>y1 & ! second complicat$ /ates1 = :at !y are2 !n1 inde$1 all ?is /atem5t may be abridg$ to a n>r[] =m2 a lab\r :i*1 %\ld we ourselves n be able to accompli% x1 we bequea? to ! active int]e/ ( contempor>ies & po/]ity4 #cei4 ,) respect to ! ord] ( ! *apt]s1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t natural ph5om5a1 :i* are ev5 alli$ to ea* o!r1 are n connect$ 9 any p>ticul> sequ5ce or con/ant s]ies2 _! effici5t causes act 9 a n>r[ circle1 s t x is 9 "s sort indiff]5t :at ph5om5on is fir/ or la/ consid]$2 ! ma9 po9t is1 t all %\ld be z f> z possible pres5t to u1 9 ord] t we may embrace !m at la/ f "o po9t ( view1 p>tly accord+ to _! nature1 p>tly accord+ to g5]ally receiv$ me?ods4 #cfj4 ,yet1 9 ! pres5t p>ticul> in/ance1 x may be ass]t$ t ! dioptrical col\rs are ju/ly plac$ at ! head ( ! physical col\rs2 n only on acc\nt ( _! /rik+ spl5d\r & _! importance 9 o!r respects1 b because1 9 trac+ ^! to _! s\rce1 mu* 0 necess>ily ent]$ into :i* w assi/ our subsequ5t enquiries4 #cfa4 ,=1 hi!rto1 light has be5 consid]$ z a k9d ( ab/ract pr9ciple1 exi/+ & act+ indep5d5tly2 to a c]ta9 ext5t self-modifi$1 & on ! slighte/ cause1 produc+ col\rs out ( itself4 ,to div]t ! vot>ies ( physical sci5ce f ?is mode ( view+ ! subject2 to make !m att5tive to ! fact1 t 9 prismatic & o!r appe>ances we h n to d ) light z an uncircumscrib$ & modify+ pr9ciple1 b z circumscrib$ & modifi$2 t we h to d ) a lum9\s image2 ) images or circumscrib$ objects g5]ally1 :e!r light or d>k3 ?is 0 ! purpose we _h 9 view1 & su* is ! problem to be solv$4 #cfb4 ,all t takes place 9 dioptrical cases1--especially ^? ( ! second class :i* are connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( refraction1--is n[ suffici5tly famili> to u1 & w s]ve z an introduction to :at foll[s4 #cfc4 ,catoptrical appe>ances rem9d u ( ! physiological ph5om5a1 b z we ascribe a m objective "* to ! =m]1 we ?\ght ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 class+ !m ) ! physical examples4 ,x is ( importance1 h[ev]1 to rememb] t "h aga9 x is n light1 9 an ab/ract s5se1 b a lum9\s image t we h to consid]4 #cfd4 ,9 proce$+ onw>ds to ! p>optrical class1 ! read]1 if duly acqua9t$ ) ! =ego+ facts1 w be pleas$ to f9d himself once m 9 ! region ( circumscrib$ =ms4 ,! %ad[s ( bodies1 especially1 z second>y images1 s exactly accompany+ ! object1 w s]ve greatly to elucidate analog\s appe>ances4 #cfe4 ,we w n1 h[ev]1 anticipate ^! /atem5ts1 b proce$ z h]et(ore 9 :at we consid] ! regul> c\rse4 ,,xxxi4 ,,catoptrical ,,col\rs4 #cff4 ,catoptrical col\rs are su* z appe> 9 consequ5ce ( a mirror-l reflection4 ,we assume1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! light itself z well z ! surface f :i* x is reflect$1 is p]fectly col\rless4 ,9 ?is s5se ! appe>ances 9 "q come "u ! head ( physical col\rs4 ,!y arise 9 consequ5ce ( reflection1 z we f\nd ! dioptrical col\rs ( ! second class appe> by means ( refraction4 ,)\t fur!r g5]al def9itions1 we turn our att5tion at once to p>ticul> cases1 & to ! conditions :i* are ess5tial to ! exhibition ( ^! ph5om5a4 #cfg4 ,if we unroll a coil ( bright /eel-wire1 & aft] suff]+ x to spr+ confus$ly toge!r aga91 place x at a w9d[ 9 ! light1 we %all see ! prom95t p>ts ( ! circles & convolutions illum9$1 b nei!r respl5d5t nor iridesc5t4 ,b if ! sun %9es on ! wire1 ?is light w be cond5s$ into a po9t1 & we p]ceive a small respl5d5t image ( ! sun1 :i*1 :5 se5 ne>1 exhibits no col\r4 ,on retir+ a little1 h[ev]1 & fix+ ! eyes on ?is refulg5t appe>ance1 we disc]n sev]al small mirror$ suns1 col\r$ 9 ! mo/ v>i$ mann]2 & al?\gh ! impression is t gre5 & r$ pr$om9ate1 yet1 on a m accurate inspection1 we f9d t ! o!r col\rs are also pres5t4 #cfh4 ,if we take an eye-glass1 & exam9e ! appe>ance ?r\gh x1 we f9d ! col\rs h vani%$1 z well z ! radiat+ spl5d\r 9 :i* !y 7 se51 & we p]ceive only ! small lum9\s po9ts1 ! repeat$ images ( ! sun4 ,we ?us f9d t ! impression is subjective 9 its nature1 & t ! appe>ance is alli$ to ^? :i* we h adv]t$ to "u ! "n ( radiat+ halos 7#ajj74 #cfi4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 exhibit ?is ph5om5on objectively4 ,let a piece ( :ite pap] be fa/5$ b5ea? a small ap]ture 9 ! lid ( a cam]a-obscura1 & :5 ! sun %9es ?r\gh ?is ap]ture1 let ! confus$ly-roll$ /eel-wire be held 9 ! light1 s t x be opposite to ! pap]4 ,! sun-light w imp+e on & 9 ! circles ( ! wire1 & w n1 z 9 ! conc5trat+ l5s ( ! eye1 display itself 9 a po9t2 b1 z ! pap] c receive ! reflection ( ! light 9 e "p ( its surface w be se5 9 hair-l l9es1 :i* are also iridesc5t4 #cgj4 ,?is exp]im5t is purely catoptrical2 = z we _c imag9e t ! light p5etrates ! surface ( ! /eel1 & ?us und]goes a *ange1 we are soon conv9c$ t we h "h a m]e reflection :i*1 9 its subjective "*1 is connect$ ) ! !ory ( fa9tly act+ lights1 & ! aft]-image ( dazzl+ lights1 & z f> z x c be consid]$ objective1 ann\nces ev5 9 ! m9ute/ appe>ances1 a real effect1 indep5d5t ( ! action & reaction ( ! eye4 #cga4 ,we h se5 t to produce ^! effects n m]ely light b a p[]ful light is necess>y2 t ?is p[]ful light aga9 is n an ab/ract & g5]al quality1 b a circumscrib$ light1 a lum9\s image4 ,we c conv9ce ourselves /ill fur!r ( ?is by analog\s cases4 #cgb4 ,a poli%$ surface ( silv] plac$ 9 ! sun reflects a dazzl+ light1 b 9 ?is case no col\r is se54 ,if1 h[ev]1 we slightly scrat* ! surface1 an iridesc5t appe>ance1 9 :i* gre5 & r$ are conspicu\s1 w be exhibit$ at a c]ta9 angle4 ,9 *as$ & c>v$ metals ! effect is /rik+3 yet x may be rem>k$ ?r\gh\t t1 9 ord] to its appe>ance1 "s =m1 "s alt]nation ( light & d>k mu/ co-op]ate ) ! reflection2 ?us a w9d[-b>1 ! /em ( a tree1 an accid5tally or purposely int]pos$ object produces a p]ceptible effect4 ,?is appe>ance1 too1 may be exhibit$ objectively 9 ! cam]a-obscura4 #cgc4 ,if we cause a poli%$ plat$ surface to be s act$ on by aqua =tis t ! copp] )9 is t\*$1 & ! surface itself ?us r5d]$ r\gh1 & if ! sun's image be !n reflect$ f x1 ! spl5d\r w be rev]b]at$ f e m9ute/ prom95ce1 & ! surface w appe> iridesc5t4 ,s1 if we hold a %eet ( black unglaz$ pap] 9 ! sun1 & look at x att5tively1 x w be se5 to gli/5 9 its m9ute/ po9ts ) ! mo/ vivid col\rs4 #cgd4 ,all ^! examples are ref]able to ! same conditions4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! lum9\s image is reflect$ f a ?9 l9e2 9 ! second probably f %>p edges2 9 ! ?ird f v small po9ts4 ,9 all a v p[]ful & circumscrib$ light is requisite4 ,= all ^! appe>ances ( col\r aga9 x is necess>y t ! eye %\ld be at a due di/ance f ! reflect+ po9ts4 #cge4 ,if ^! obs]vations are made ) ! microscope1 ! appe>ance w be greatly increas$ 9 =ce & spl5d\r1 = we !n see ! smalle/ portion ( ! surfaces1 lit by ! sun1 glitt]+ 9 ^! col\rs ( reflection1 :i*1 alli$ to ! hues ( refraction1 n[ atta9 _! highe/ degree ( brilliancy4 ,9 su* cases we may obs]ve a v]mi=m iridesc5ce on ! surface ( organic bodies1 ! fur!r description ( :i* w be giv5 h]eaft]4 #cgf4 ,la/ly1 ! col\rs :i* are *iefly exhibit$ 9 reflection are r$ & gre51 :5ce we may inf] t ! l9e> appe>ance especially consi/s ( a ?9 l9e ( r$1 b\nd$ by blue on "o side & yell[ on ! o!r4 ,if ^! triple l9es approa* v ne> toge!r1 ! int]m$iate space mu/ appe> gre52 a ph5om5on :i* w (t5 occur to u z we proce$4 #cgg4 ,we frequ5tly meet ) ^! col\rs 9 nature4 ,! col\rs ( ! spid]'s web might be consid]$ exactly ( ! same class ) ^? reflect$ f ! /eel wire1 except t ! non-transluc5t quality ( ! =m] is n s c]ta9 z 9 ! case ( /eel2 on :i* acc\nt "s h be5 incl9$ to class ! col\rs ( ! spid]'s web ) ! ph5om5a ( refraction4 #cgh4 ,9 "m-(-pe>l we p]ceive inf9itely f9e organic fibres & lamell 9 juxta-position1 f :i*1 z f ! scrat*$ silv] be=e allud$ to1 v>i$ col\rs1 b especially r$ & gre51 may arise4 #cgi4 ,! *ang+ col\rs ( ! plumage ( birds may also be m5tion$ "h1 al?\gh 9 all organic in/ances a *emical pr9ciple & an adaptation ( ! col\r to ! /ructure may be assum$2 consid]ations to :i* we %all return 9 treat+ ( *emical col\rs4 #chj4 ,t ! appe>ances ( objective halos also approximate catoptrical ph5om5a w be readily admitt$1 :ile we aga9 d n d5y t refraction z well may "h come into ! acc\nt4 ,= ! pres5t we re/rict ourselves to "o or two obs]vations2 h]eaft] we may be enabl$ to make a full] application ( g5]al pr9ciples to p>ticul> examples4 #cha4 ,we fir/ call to m9d ! yell[ & r$ circles produc$ on a :ite or grey wall by a light plac$ ne> x 7#hh74 ,light :5 reflect$ appe>s subdu$1 & a subdu$ light excites ! impression ( yell[1 & subsequ5tly ( r$4 #chb4 ,let ! wall be illum9$ by a c&le plac$ q close to x4 ,! f>!r ! light is diffus$ ! fa9t] x becomes2 b x is /ill ! effect ( ! flame1 ! cont9uation ( its action1 ! dilat$ effect ( its image4 ,we might1 !re=e1 v fairly call ^! circles reit]at$ images1 because !y con/itute ! successive b\nd>ies ( ! action ( ! light1 & yet at ! same "t only pres5t an ext5d$ image ( ! flame4 #chc4 ,if ! sky is :ite & lum9\s r\nd ! sun ow+ to ! atmosph]e be+ fill$ ) light vap\rs2 if mi/s or cl\ds pass be=e ! moon1 ! reflection ( ! disk mirrors itself 9 !m2 ! halos we !n p]ceive are s+le or d\ble1 small] or great]1 sometimes v l>ge1 (t5 col\rless1 sometimes col\r$4 #chd4 ,i witness$ a v beautiful halo r\nd ! moon ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 #agii1 :5 ! b>omet] /ood high2 ! sky 0 cl\dy & vap\ry4 ,! halo 0 completely col\r$1 & ! circles 7 conc5tric r\nd ! light z 9 subjective halos4 ,t ?is halo 0 objective ,i 0 pres5tly conv9c$ by cov]+ ! moon's disk1 :5 ! same circles 7 nev]!less p]fectly visible4 #che4 ,! diff]5t ext5t ( ! halos appe>s to h a relation ) ! proximity or di/ance ( ! vap\r f ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 #chf4 ,z w9d[-panes lightly brea!d ^u increase ! brilliancy ( subjective halos1 & 9 "s degree give !m an objective "*1 s1 p]haps1 ) a simple contrivance 9 w9t]1 dur+ a quickly freez+ temp]ature1 a m exact def9ition ( ?is might be arriv$ at4 #chg4 ,h[ mu* reason we h 9 consid]+ ^! circles to insi/ on ! image & its effects1 is app>5t 9 ! ph5om5on ( ! s-call$ d\ble suns4 ,simil> d\ble images always occur 9 c]ta9 po9ts ( halos & circles1 & only pres5t 9 a circumscrib$ =m :at takes place 9 a m g5]al way 9 ! :ole circle4 ,all ?is w be m conv5i5tly treat$ 9 connexion ) ! appe>ance ( ! ra9b[4--,note ,q4 #chh4 ,9 conclusion x is only necess>y to po9t out ! aff9ity betwe5 ! catoptrical & p>optical col\rs4 ,we call ^? p>optical col\rs :i* appe> :5 ! light passes by ! edge ( an opaque col\rless body4 ,h[ ne>ly ^! are alli$ to ! dioptrical col\rs ( ! second class w be easily se5 by ^? :o are conv9c$ ) u t ! col\rs ( refraction ,pg #afc take place only at ! edges ( objects4 ,! aff9ity aga9 betwe5 ! catoptrical & p>optical col\rs w be evid5t 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,xxxii4 ,,p>optical ,,col\rs4 #chi4 ,! p>optical col\rs h be5 hi!rto call$ p]i-optical1 because a peculi> effect ( light 0 suppos$ to take place z x 7 r\nd ! object1 & 0 ascrib$ to a c]ta9 flexibility ( ! light to & f ! object4 #cij4 ,^! col\rs aga9 may be divid$ into subjective & objective1 because !y appe> p>tly )\t u1 z x 71 pa9t$ on surfaces1 & p>tly )9 u1 imm$iately on ! ret9a4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all f9d x m to our purpose to take ! objective cases fir/1 s9ce ! subjective are s closely connect$ ) o!r appe>ances already kn[n to u1 t x is h>dly possible to sep>ate !m4 #cia4 ,! p>optical col\rs !n are s call$ because ! light mu/ pass by an outl9e or edge to produce !m4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 always appe> 9 ?is case2 to produce ! effect v p>ticul> conditions are necess>y besides4 #cib4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t 9 ?is in/ance aga9 light does n act z an ab/ract diffusion 7#cfa71 ! sun %9es t[>ds an edge4 ,! volume ( light p\r$ f ! sun-image passes by ! edge ( a sub/ance1 & occasions %ad[s4 ,)9 ^! %ad[s we %all pres5tly f9d col\rs appe>4 #cic4 ,b1 above all1 we %\ld make ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations t be> ^u our pres5t inquiry 9 ! fulle/ light4 ,we1 !re=e1 place ! obs]v] 9 ! op5 air be=e we conduct him to ! limits ( a d>k room4 #cid4 ,a p]son walk+ 9 sun-%9e 9 a g>d51 or on any level pa?1 may obs]ve t 8 %ad[ only appe>s %>ply def9$ next ! foot on :i* he re/s2 f>!r f ?is po9t1 especially r\nd ! head1 x melts away into ! bright gr\nd4 ,= z ! sun-light proce$s n only f ! middle ( ! sun1 b also acts cross-wise f ! two extremes ( e diamet]1 an objective p>allax takes place :i* produces a half-%ad[ on bo? sides ( ! object4 #cie4 ,if ! p]son walk+ raises & spreads 8 h&1 he di/9ctly sees 9 ! %ad[ ( ea* f+] ! div]g+ sep>ation ( ! two half-%ad[s outw>ds1 & ! dim9ution ( ! pr9cipal %ad[ inw>ds1 bo? be+ effects ( ! cross action ( ! light4 #cif4 ,?is exp]im5t may be repeat$ & v>i$ be=e a smoo? wall1 ) rods ( diff]5t ?icknesses1 & aga9 ) balls2 we %all always f9d t ! f>!r ! object is remov$ f ! surface ( ! wall1 ! m ! weak d\ble %ad[ spreads1 & ! m ! =cible ma9 %ad[ dim9i%es1 till at la/ ! ma9 %ad[ appe>s q effac$1 & ev5 ! d\ble %ad[s become s fa9t1 t !y almo/ disappe>2 at a /ill great] di/ance !y are1 9 fact1 imp]ceptible4 #cig4 ,t ?is is caus$ by ! cross-action ( ! light we may easily conv9ce ourselves2 = ! %ad[ ( a po9t$ object pla9ly exhibits two po9ts4 ,we mu/ ?us nev] lose sight ( ! fact t 9 ?is case ! :ole sun-image acts1 produces %ad[s1 *anges !m to d\ble %ad[s1 & f9ally oblit]ates !m4 #cih4 ,in/ead ( solid bodies let u n[ take op5+s cut ( v>i\s giv5 sizes next ea* o!r1 & let ! sun %9e ?r\gh !m on a plane surface at "s little di/ance2 we %all f9d t ! bright image produc$ by ! sun on ! surface1 is l>g] ?an ! op5+2 ?is is because "o edge ( ! sun %9es t[>ds ! opposite edge ( ! op5+1 :ile ! o!r edge ( ! disk is exclud$ on t side4 ,h5ce ! bright image is m weakly light$ t[>ds ! edges4 #cii4 ,if we take squ>e op5+s ( any size we please1 we %all f9d t ! bright image on a surface n9e feet f ! op5+1 is on e side ab\t an in* l>g] ?an ! op5+2 ?us ne>ly correspond+ ) ! angle ( ! app>5t diamet] ( ! sun4 #djj4 ,t ! brightness %\ld gradually dim9i% t[>ds ! edges ( ! image is q natural1 = at la/ only a m9imum ( ! light c act cross-wise f ! sun's circumf]5ce ?r\gh ! edge ( ! ap]ture4 #dja4 ,?us we "h aga9 see h[ mu* reason we h 9 actual obs]vation to gu>d aga9/ ! assumption ( p>allel rays1 bundles & fasces ( rays1 & ! l hypo!tical notions4 #djb4 ,we might r consid] ! spl5d\r ( ! sun1 or ( any light1 z an inf9ite specul> multiplication ( ! circumscrib$ lum9\s image1 :5ce x may be expla9$ t all squ>e op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! sun %9es1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 accord+ z ! ap]tures are great] or small]1 mu/ give a r\nd image ( light4 #djc4 ,! above exp]im5ts may be repeat$ ?r\gh op5+s ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 & ! same effect w always take place at proportionate di/ances4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 we may /ill obs]ve t 9 a full light & :ile ! sun m]ely %9es pa/ an edge1 no col\r is app>5t4 #djd4 ,we !re=e proce$ to exp]im5ts ) a subdu$ light1 :i* is ess5tial to ! appe>ance ( col\r4 ,let a small op5+ be made 9 ! w9d[-%utt] ( a d>k room2 let ! cross+ sun-light :i* ent]s1 be receiv$ on a surface ( :ite pap]1 & we %all f9d t ! small] ! op5+ is1 ! dimm] ! light image w be4 ,?is is q obvi\s1 because ! pap] does n receive light f ! :ole sun1 b p>tially f s+le po9ts ( its disk4 #dje4 ,if we look att5tively at ?is dim image ( ! sun1 we f9d x /ill dimm] t[>ds ! outl9es :]e a yell[ bord] is p]ceptible4 ,! col\r is /ill m app>5t if a vap\r or a transp>5t cl\d passes be=e ! sun1 ?us subdu+ & dimm+ its brightness4 ,! halo on ! wall1 ! effect ( ! decreas+ brightness ( a light plac$ ne> x1 is "h =c$ on our recollection4 7#hh47 #djf4 ,if we exam9e ! image m accurately1 we p]ceive t ?is yell[ bord] is n ! only appe>ance ( col\r2 we c see1 besides1 a blui% circle1 if n ev5 a halo-l repetition ( ! col\r$ bord]4 ,if ! room is q d>k1 we disc]n t ! sky next ! sun also has its effect3 we see ! blue sky1 nay1 ev5 ! :ole l&scape1 on ! pap]1 & are ?us aga9 conv9c$ t z f> z reg>ds ! sun1 we h "h only to d ) a lum9\s image4 #djg4 ,if we take a some:at l>g] squ>e op5+1 s l>ge t ! image ( ! sun %9+ ?r\gh x does n imm$iately become r\nd1 we may di/9ctly obs]ve ! half-%ad[s ( e edge or side1 ! junction ( ^! 9 ! corn]s1 & _! col\rs2 j z 9 ! above-m5tion$ appe>ance ) ! r\nd op5+4 #djh4 ,we h n[ subdu$ a p>allactic light by caus+ x to %9e ?r\gh small ap]tures1 b we h n tak5 f x its p>allactic "*2 s t x c produce d\ble %ad[s ( bodies1 al?\gh ) dim9i%$ p[]4 ,^! d\ble %ad[s :i* we h hi!rto be5 describ+1 foll[ ea* o!r 9 light & d>k1 col\r$ & col\rless circles1 & produce repeat$1 nay1 almo/ innum]able halos4 ,^! effects h be5 (t5 repres5t$ 9 draw+s & engrav+s4 ,by plac+ ne$les1 hairs1 & o!r small bodies1 9 ! subdu$ light1 ! num]\s halo-l d\ble %ad[s may be increas$2 ?us obs]v$1 !y h be5 ascrib$ to an alt]nat+ flexile action ( ! light1 & ! same assumption has be5 employ$ to expla9 ! oblit]ation ( ! c5tral %ad[1 & ! appe>ance ( a light 9 ! place ( ! d>k4 #dji4 ,= ourselves1 we ma9ta9 t ^! aga9 are p>allactic d\ble %ad[s1 :i* appe> edg$ ) col\r$ bord]s & halos4 #daj4 ,aft] hav+ se5 & inve/igat$ ! =ego+ ph5om5a1 we c proce$ to ! exp]im5ts ) knife-blades1#a exhibit+ effects :i* may be ref]r$ to ! contact & p>allactic mutual int]section ( ! half-%ad[s & halos already famili> to u4 #daa4 ,la/ly1 ! obs]v] may foll[ out ! exp]im5ts ) hairs1 ne$les1 & wires1 9 ! half-light produc$ z be=e describ$ by ! sun1 z well z 9 t d]iv$ f ! blue sky1 & indicat$ on ! :ite pap]4 ,he w ?us make himself /ill bett] acqua9t$ ) ! true nature ( ?is ph5om5on4 #dab4 ,b s9ce 9 ^! exp]im5ts ev]y?+ dep5ds on our be+ p]suad$ ( ! p>allactic action ( ! light1 we c make ?is m evid5t by means ( two s\rces ( light1 ! two %ad[s f :i* int]sect ea* o!r1 & may be altoge!r sep>at$4 ,by day ?is may be contriv$ ) two small op5+s 9 a w9d[-%utt]2 by night1 ) two c&les4 ,!re are ev5 accid5tal effects 9 int]iors1 on op5+ & clos+ %utt]s1 by means ( :i* we c bett] obs]ve ^! appe>ances ?an ) ! mo/ c>eful app>atus4 ,b /ill1 all & ea* ( ^! may be r$uc$ to exp]im5t by prep>+ a box :i* ! obs]v] c look into f above1 & gradually dim9i%+ ! op5+s aft] hav+ caus$ a d\ble light to %9e 94 ,9 ?is case1 z might be expect$1 ! col\r$ %ad[1 consid]$ "u ! physiological col\rs1 appe>s v easily4 #dac4 ,x is necess>y to rememb]1 g5]ally1 :at has be5 be=e /at$ ) reg>d to ! nature ( d\ble %ad[s1 half-lights1 & ! l4 ,exp]im5ts also %\ld especially be made ) diff]5t %ades ( grey plac$ next ea* o!r1 :]e e /ripe w appe> light by a d>k]1 & d>k by a light] /ripe next x4 ,if at night1 ) ?ree or m lights1 we produce %ad[s :i* cross ea* o!r successively1 we c obs]ve ?is ph5om5on v di/9ctly1 & we %all be conv9c$ t ! physiological case be=e m fully treat$1 "h comes into ! acc\nt 7#ch74 #dad4 ,to :at ext5t ! appe>ances t accompany ! p>optical col\rs1 may be d]iv$ f ! doctr9e ( subdu$ lights1 f half-%ad[s1 & f ! physiological disposition ( ! ret9a1 or :e!r we %all be =c$ to take refuge 9 c]ta9 intr9sic qualities ( light1 z has hi!rto be5 done1 "t may tea*4 ,suffice x "h to h po9t$ out ! conditions "u :i* ! p>optical col\rs appe>1 & we may hope t our allusion to _! connexion ) ! facts be=e adduc$ by u w n rema9 unnotic$ by ! obs]v]s ( nature4 #dae4 ,! aff9ity ( ! p>optical col\rs ) ! dioptrical ( ! second class w also be readily se5 & foll[$ up by e reflect+ inve/igator4 ,"h1 z 9 ^? in/ances1 we h to d ) edges or b\nd>ies2 "h1 z 9 ^? in/ances1 ) a light1 :i* appe>s at ! outl9e4 ,h[ natural1 !re=e1 x is to conclude t ! p>optical effects may be height5$1 /r5g!n$1 & enri*$ by ! dioptrical4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! lum9\s image actually %9es ?r\gh ! m$ium1 we c "h only h to d ) objective cases ( refraction3 x is ^! :i* are /rictly alli$ to ! p>optical cases4 ,! subjective cases ( refraction1 :]e we see objects ?r\gh ! m$ium1 are q di/9ct f ! p>optical4 ,we h already recomm5d$ !m on acc\nt ( _! cle>ness & simplicity4 #daf4 ,! connexion betwe5 ! p>optical col\rs & ! catoptrical may be already inf]r$ f :at has be5 said3 = z ! catoptrical col\rs only appe> on scrat*es1 po9ts1 /eel-wire1 & delicate ?reads1 s x is ne>ly ! same case z if ! light %one pa/ an edge4 ,! light mu/ always be reflect$ f an edge 9 ord] to produce col\r4 ,"h aga91 z be=e po9t$ out1 ! p>tial action ( ! lum9\s image & ! subdu+ ( ! light are bo? to be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 #dag4 ,we add b few obs]vations on ! subjective p>optical col\rs1 because ^! may be class$ p>tly ) ! physiological col\rs1 p>tly ) ! dioptrical ( ! second ord]4 ,! great] "p h>dly seem to belong "h1 b1 :5 att5tively consid]$1 !y /ill diffuse a satisfactory light ov] ! :ole doctr9e1 & e/abli% its connexion4 #dah4 ,if we hold a rul] be=e ! eyes s t ! flame ( a light j appe>s above x1 we see ! rul] z x 7 ind5t$ & not*$ at ! place :]e ! light appe>s4 ,?is seems d$ucible f ! expansive p[] ( light act+ on ! ret9a 7#ah74 #dai4 ,! same ph5om5on on a l>ge scale is exhibit$ at sun-rise2 = :5 ! orb appe>s di/9ctly1 b n too p[]fully1 s t we c /ill look at x1 x always makes a %>p ind5tation 9 ! horizon4 #dbj4 ,if1 :5 ! sky is grey1 we approa* a w9d[1 s t ! d>k cross ( ! w9d[-b>s be reliev$ on ! sky2 if aft] fix+ ! eyes on ! horizontal b> we b5d ! head a little =w>d2 on half clos+ ! eyes z we look up1 we %all pres5tly p]ceive a bright yell[-r$ bord] "u ! b>1 & a bright light-blue "o above x4 ,! dull] & m monoton\s ! grey ( ! sky1 ! m dusky ! room1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m previ\sly unexcit$ ! eye1 ! liveli] ! appe>ance w be2 b x may be se5 by an att5tive obs]v] ev5 9 bright daylight4 #dba4 ,if we move ! head backw>ds :ile half clos+ ! eyes1 s t ! horizontal b> be se5 bel[1 ! ph5om5on w appe> rev]s$4 ,! upp] edge w appe> yell[1 ! "u edge blue4 #dbb4 ,su* obs]vations are be/ made 9 a d>k room4 ,if :ite pap] is spread be=e ! op5+ :]e ! sol> microscope is commonly fa/5$1 ! l[] edge ( ! circle w appe> blue1 ! upp] yell[1 ev5 :ile ! eyes are q op51 or only by half-clos+ !m s f> t a halo no long] appe>s r\nd ! :ite4 ,if ! head is mov$ backw>ds ! col\rs are rev]s$4 #dbc4 ,^! ph5om5a seem to prove t ! hum\rs ( ! eye are 9 fact only really a*romatic 9 ! c5tre :]e vision takes place1 b t t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 & 9 unusual motions ( ! eyes1 z 9 look+ horizontally :5 ! head is b5t backw>ds or =w>ds1 a *romatic t5d5cy rema9s1 especially :5 di/9ctly reliev$ objects are ?us look$ at4 ,h5ce su* ph5om5a may be consid]$ z alli$ to ! dioptrical col\rs ( ! second class4 #dbd4 ,simil> col\rs appe> if we look on black & :ite objects1 ?r\gh a p9-hole 9 a c>d4 ,in/ead ( a :ite object we may take ! m9ute light ap]ture 9 ! t9 plate ( a cam]a obscura1 z prep>$ = p>optical exp]im5ts4 #dbe4 ,if we look ?r\gh a tube1 ! f>!r end ( :i* is contract$ or v>i\sly ind5t$1 ! same col\rs appe>4 #dbf4 ,! foll[+ ph5om5a appe> to me to be m ne>ly alli$ to ! p>optical appe>ances4 ,if we hold up a ne$le ne> ! eye1 ! po9t appe>s d\ble4 ,a p>ticul>ly rem>kable effect aga9 is produc$ if we look t[>ds a grey sky ?r\gh ! blades ( knives prep>$ = p>optical exp]im5ts4 ,we seem to look ?r\gh a gauze2 a multitude ( ?reads appe> to ! eye2 ^! are 9 fact only ! reit]at$ images ( ! %>p edges1 ea* ( :i* is successively modifi$ by ! next1 or p]haps modifi$ 9 a p>allactic s5se by ! oppositely act+ "o1 ! :ole mass be+ ?us *ang$ to a ?read-l appe>ance4 #dbg4 ,la/ly1 x is to be rem>k$ t if we look ?r\gh ! blades t[>ds a m9ute light 9 ! w9d[-%utt]1 col\r$ /ripes & halos appe> on ! ret9a z on ! pap]4 #dbh4 ,! pres5t *apt] may be "h t]m9at$1 ! less reluctantly1 z a fri5d has und]tak5 to inve/igate ?is subject by fur!r exp]im5ts4 ,9 our recapitulation1 9 ! description ( ! plates & app>atus1 we hope h]eaft] to give an acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations4#b #a ,see ,newton's ,optics1 book iii4 #b ,! obs]vations "h allud$ to nev] appe>$4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,epoptical ,,col\rs4 #dbi4 ,we h hi!rto _h to d ) col\rs :i* appe> ) vivacity1 b :i* imm$iately vani% aga9 :5 c]ta9 conditions cease4 ,we h n[ to become acqua9t$ ) o!rs1 :i* x is true are /ill to be consid]$ z transi5t1 b :i*1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 become s fix$ t1 ev5 aft] ! conditions :i* fir/ occasion$ _! appe>ance cease1 !y /ill rema91 & ?us con/itute ! l9k betwe5 ! physical & ! *emical col\rs4 #dcj4 ,!y appe> f v>i\s causes on ! surface ( a col\rless body1 orig9ally1 )\t communication1 die or imm]sion 772 & we n[ proce$ to trace !m1 f _! fa9te/ indication to _! mo/ p]man5t /ate1 ?r\gh ! diff]5t conditions ( _! appe>ance1 :i* = easi] survey we "h at once summ>ily /ate4 #dca4 ,fir/ condition4--,! contact ( two smoo? surfaces ( h>d transp>5t bodies4 ,fir/ case3 if masses or plates ( glass1 or if l5ses are press$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,second case3 if a crack takes place 9 a solid mass ( glass1 *ry/al1 or ice4 ,?ird case3 if lamell ( transp>5t /ones become sep>at$4 ,second condition4--,if a surface ( glass or a poli%$ /one is brea!d ^u4 ,?ird condition4--,! comb9ation ( ! two la/2 fir/1 brea?+ on ! glass1 !n plac+ ano!r plate ( glass ^u x1 ?us excit+ ! col\rs by pressure2 !n remov+ ! upp] glass1 ^u :i* ! col\rs beg9 to fade & vani% ) ! brea?4 ,f\r? condition4--,bubbles ( v>i\s liquids1 soap1 *ocolate1 be]1 w9e1 f9e glass bubbles4 ,fif? condition4--,v f9e pellicles & lamell1 produc$ by ! decomposition ( m9]als & metals4 ,! pellicles ( lime1 ! surface ( /agnant wat]1 especially if impregnat$ ) iron1 & aga9 pellicles ( oil on wat]1 especially ( v>ni% on aqua =tis4 ,six? condition4--,if metals are heat$2 ! op]ation ( imp>t+ t9ts to /eel & o!r metals4 ,sev5? condition4--,if ! surface ( glass is beg9n+ to decompose4 #dcb4 ,fir/ condition1 fir/ case4 ,if two convex glasses1 or a convex & plane glass1 or1 be/ ( all1 a convex & concave glass come 9 contact1 conc5tric col\r$ circles appe>4 ,! ph5om5on exhibits itself imm$iately on ! slighte/ pressure1 & may !n be gradually c>ri$ ?r\gh v>i\s successive /ates4 ,we w describe ! complete appe>ance at once1 z we %all !n be bett] enabl$ to foll[ ! diff]5t /ates ?r\gh :i* x passes4 #dcc4 ,! c5tre is col\rless2 :]e ! glasses are1 s to speak1 unit$ 9 "o by ! /ronge/ pressure1 a d>k grey po9t appe>s ) a silv] :ite space r\nd x3 !n foll[1 9 decreas+ di/ances1 v>i\s insulat$ r+s1 all consi/+ ( ?ree col\rs1 :i* are 9 imm$iate contact ) ea* o!r4 ,ea* ( ^! r+s1 ( :i* p]haps ?ree or f\r might be c\nt$1 is yell[ on ! inn] side1 blue on ! out]1 & r$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,betwe5 two r+s !re appe>s a silv] :ite int]val4 ,! r+s :i* are f>!/ f ! c5tre are always ne>] toge!r3 !y are compos$ ( r$ & gre5 )\t a p]ceptible :ite space betwe5 !m4 #dcd4 ,we w n[ obs]ve ! appe>ances 9 _! gradual =mation1 beg9n+ f ! slighte/ pressure4 #dce4 ,on ! slighte/ pressure ! c5tre itself appe>s ( a gre5 col\r4 ,!n foll[ z f> z ! conc5tric circles ext5d1 r$ & gre5 r+s4 ,!y are wide1 accord+ly1 & no trace ( a silv] :ite space is to be se5 betwe5 !m4 ,! gre5 is produc$ by ! blue ( an imp]fectly develop$ circle1 mix+ ) ! yell[ ( ! fir/ circle4 ,all ! rema9+ circles are1 9 ?is slight contact1 broad2 _! yell[ & blue edges mix toge!r1 ?us produc+ a beautiful gre54 ,! r$1 h[ev]1 ( ea* circle1 rema9s pure & unt\*$2 h5ce ! :ole s]ies is compos$ ( ^! two col\rs4 #dcf4 ,a some:at /rong] pressure sep>ates ! fir/ circle by a slight int]val f ! imp]fectly develop$ "o3 x is ?us deta*$1 & may be said to appe> 9 a complete /ate4 ,! c5tre is n[ a blue po9t2 = ! yell[ ( ! fir/ circle is n[ sep>at$ f ?is c5tral po9t by a silv] :ite space4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! blue a r$ appe>s1 :i* is ?us1 9 all cases1 b\nd$ on ! outside by its blue edge4 ,! second & ?ird r+s f ! c5tre are q deta*$4 ,:]e deviations f ?is ord] pres5t !mselves1 ! obs]v] w be enabl$ to acc\nt = !m1 f :at has be5 or rema9s to be /at$4 #dcg4 ,on a /rong] pressure ! c5tre becomes yell[2 ?is yell[ is surr\nd$ by a r$ & blue edge3 at la/1 ! yell[ also retires f ! c5tre2 ! inn]mo/ circle is =m$ & is b\nd$ ) yell[4 ,! :ole c5tre itself n[ appe>s silv] :ite1 till at la/1 on ! /ronge/ pressure1 ! d>k po9t appe>s1 & ! ph5om5on1 z describ$ at fir/1 is complete4 #dch4 ,! relative size ( ! conc5tric circles & _! int]vals dep5ds on ! =m ( ! glasses :i* are press$ toge!r4 #dci4 ,we rem>k$ above1 t ! col\r$ c5tre is1 9 fact1 an undevelop$ circle4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 f\nd1 on ! slighte/ pressure1 t sev]al undevelop$ circles exi/ !re1 z x 71 9 ! g]m2 ^! c be successively develop$ be=e ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 #ddj4 ,! regul>ity ( ^! r+s is ow+ to ! =m ( ! convex glasses1 & ! diamet] ( ! col\r$ appe>ance dep5ds on ! great] or less] section ( a circle on :i* a l5s is poli%$4 ,we easily conclude f ?is1 t by press+ plane glasses toge!r1 irregul> appe>ances only w be produc$2 ! col\rs1 9 fact1 undulate l wat]$ silks1 & spread f ! po9t ( pressure 9 all directions4 ,yet1 ! ph5om5on z ?us exhibit$ is mu* m spl5did ?an 9 ! =m] in/ance1 & _c fail to /rike e spectator4 ,if we make ! exp]im5t 9 ?is mode1 we %all di/9ctly see1 z 9 ! o!r case1 t1 on a slight pressure1 ! gre5 & r$ waves appe>2 on a /rong]1 /ripes ( blue1 r$1 & yell[1 become deta*$4 ,at fir/1 ! out] sides ( ^! /ripes t\*2 on increas$ pressure !y are sep>at$ by a silv] :ite space4 #dda4 ,be=e we proce$ to a fur!r description ( ?is ph5om5on1 we may po9t out ! mo/ conv5i5t mode ( exhibit+ x4 ,place a l>ge convex glass on a table ne> ! w9d[2 ^u ?is glass lay a plate ( well-poli%$ mirror-glass1 ab\t ! size ( a play+-c>d1 & ! m]e weight ( ! plate w press suffici5tly to produce "o or o!r ( ! ph5om5a above describ$4 ,s1 also1 by ! diff]5t weight ( plates ( glass1 by o!r accid5tal circum/ances1 = in/ance1 by slipp+ ! plate on ! side ( ! convex glass :]e ! pressure _c be s /rong z 9 ! c5tre1 all ! gradations above describ$ c be produc$ 9 succession4 #ddb4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve ! ph5om5on x is necess>y to look obliquely on ! surface :]e x appe>s4 ,b1 above all1 x is to be rem>k$ t by /oop+ /ill m1 & look+ at ! appe>ance "u a m acute angle1 ! circles n only gr[ l>g] b o!r circles are develop$ f ! c5tre1 ( :i* no trace is to be discov]$ :5 we look p]p5dicul>ly1 ev5 ?r\gh ! /ronge/ magnifi]s4 #ddc4 ,9 ord] to exhibit ! ph5om5on 9 its greate/ beauty1 ! utmo/ att5tion %\ld be paid to ! cleanness ( ! glasses4 ,if ! exp]im5t is made ) plate-glass adapt$ = mirrors1 ! glass %\ld be h&l$ ) gloves4 ,! inn] surfaces1 :i* mu/ come 9 contact ) ! utmo/ nicety1 may be mo/ conv5i5tly clean$ be=e ! exp]im5t1 & ! out] surfaces %\ld be kept clean :ile ! pressure is increas$4 #ddd4 ,f :at has be5 said x w be se5 t an exact contact ( two smoo? surfaces is necess>y4 ,poli%$ glasses are be/ adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,plates ( glass exhibit ! mo/ brilliant col\rs :5 !y fit closely toge!r1 & = ?is reason ! ph5om5on w increase 9 beauty if exhibit$ "u an air-pump1 by exhau/+ ! air4 #dde4 ,! appe>ance ( ! col\r$ r+s may be produc$ 9 ! greate/ p]fection by plac+ a convex & concave glass toge!r :i* h be5 gr\nd on simil> segm5ts ( circles4 ,i h nev] se5 ! effect m brilliant ?an ) ! object-glass ( an a*romatic telescope1 9 :i* ! cr[n-glass & fl9t-glass 7 necess>ily 9 ! close/ contact4 #ddf4 ,a rem>kable appe>ance takes place :5 dissimil> surfaces are press$ toge!r2 = example1 a poli%$ cry/al & a plate ( glass4 ,! appe>ance does n at all exhibit itself 9 l>ge fl[+ waves1 z 9 ! comb9ation ( glass ) glass1 b x is small & angul>1 &1 z x 71 disjo9t$3 ?us x appe>s t ! surface ( ! poli%$ cry/al1 :i* consi/s ( inf9itely small sections ( lamell1 does n come s un9t]rupt$ly 9 contact ) ! glass z ano!r glass-plate w\ld4 #ddg4 ,! appe>ance ( col\r vani%es on ! /ronge/ pressure1 :i* s intimately unites ! two surfaces t !y appe> to make b "o sub/ance4 ,x is ?is :i* occasions ! d>k c5tre1 because ! press$ l5s no long] reflects any light f ?is po9t1 = ! v same po9t1 :5 se5 aga9/ ! light1 is p]fectly cle> & transp>5t4 ,on relax+ ! pressure1 ! col\rs1 9 l mann]1 gradually dim9i%1 & disappe> entirely :5 ! surfaces are sep>at$4 #ddh4 ,^! same appe>ances occur 9 two simil> cases4 ,if entirely transp>5t masses become p>tially sep>at$1 ! surfaces ( _! p>ts be+ /ill suffici5tly 9 contact1 we see ! same circles & waves m or less4 ,!y may be produc$ 9 great beauty by plung+ a hot mass ( glass 9 wat]2 ! diff]5t fissures & cracks enabl+ u to obs]ve ! col\rs 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,nature (t5 exhibits ! same ph5om5a 9 split rock cry/als4 #ddi4 ,?is appe>ance1 aga91 frequ5tly displays itself 9 ! m9]al _w 9 ^? k9ds ( /one :i* by nature h a t5d5cy to exfoliate4 ,^! orig9al lamell are1 x is true1 s intimately unit$1 t /ones ( ?is k9d appe> altoge!r transp>5t & col\rless1 yet1 ! int]nal lay]s become sep>at$1 f v>i\s accid5tal causes1 )\t altoge!r de/roy+ ! contact3 ?us ! appe>ance1 :i* is n[ famili> to u by ! =ego+ description1 (t5 occurs 9 nature1 p>ticul>ly 9 calc>e\s sp>s2 ! specul>is1 adul>ia1 & o!r m9]als ( simil> /ructure4 ,h5ce x %[s an ignorance ( ! proximate causes ( an appe>ance s (t5 accid5tally produc$1 to consid] x s important 9 m9]alogy1 & to atta* especial value to ! specim5s exhibit+ x4 #dej4 ,we h yet to speak ( ! v rem>kable inv]sion ( ?is appe>ance1 z relat$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,if1 namely1 in/ead ( look+ at ! col\rs by a reflect$ light1 we exam9e !m by a transmitt$ light1 ! opposite col\rs are said to appe>1 & 9 a mode correspond+ ) t :i* we h be=e describ$ z physiological2 ! col\rs evok+ ea* o!r4 ,in/ead ( blue1 we %\ld ?us see r$-yell[2 in/ead ( r$1 gre51 c41 & vice v]s4 ,we res]ve exp]im5ts 9 detail1 ! r z we h ourselves /ill "s d\bts on ?is po9t4 #dea4 ,if we 7 n[ call$ ^u to give "s g5]al explanation ( ^! epoptical col\rs1 z !y appe> "u ! fir/ condition1 & to %[ _! connexion ) ! previ\sly detail$ physical ph5om5a1 we might proce$ to d s z foll[s3-- #deb4 ,! glasses employ$ = ! exp]im5ts are to be reg>d$ z ! utmo/ possible practical approa* to transp>5ce4 ,by ! intimate contact1 h[ev]1 occasion$ by ! pressure appli$ to !m1 _! surfaces1 we are p]suad$1 imm$iately become 9 a v slight degree dimm$4 ,)9 ?is semi-transp>5ce ! col\rs imm$iately appe>1 & e circle compreh5ds ! :ole scale2 = :5 ! two opposites1 yell[ & blue1 are unit$ by _! r$ extremities1 pure r$ appe>s3 ! gre51 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 prismatic exp]im5ts1 :5 yell[ & blue t\*4 #dec4 ,we h already repeat$ly f\nd t :]e col\r exi/s at all1 ! :ole scale is soon call$ into exi/5ce2 a simil> pr9ciple may be said to lurk 9 ! nature ( e physical ph5om5on2 x already foll[s1 f ! idea ( pol> opposition1 f :i* an elem5t>y unity or complet5ess results4 #ded4 ,! fact t a col\r exhibit$ by transmitt$ light is diff]5t f t display$ by reflect$ light1 rem9ds u ( ^? dioptrical col\rs ( ! fir/ class :i* we f\nd 7 produc$ precisely 9 ! same way ?r\gh semi-opacity4 ,t "h1 too1 a dim9ution ( transp>5cy exi/s !re c sc>cely be a d\bt2 = ! adhesion ( ! p]fectly smoo? plates ( glass 7an adhesion s /rong t !y rema9 hang+ to ea* o!r7 produces a degree ( union :i* deprives ea* ( ! two surfaces1 9 "s degree1 ( its smoo?ness & transp>5ce4 ,! fulle/ pro( may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! l5s is mo/ /rongly press$ on ! o!r glass1 & :]e a p]fect union is accompli%$1 a complete transp>5ce takes place1 9 :i* we no long] p]ceive any col\r4 ,all ?is may be h]eaft] confirm$ 9 a recapitulation ( ! :ole4 #dee4 ,second condition4--,if aft] brea?+ on a plate ( glass1 ! brea? is m]ely wip$ away ) ! f+]1 & if we !n aga9 imm$iately brea! on ! glass1 we see v vivid col\rs glid+ ?r\gh ea* o!r2 ^!1 z ! moi/ure evaporates1 *ange _! place1 & at la/ vani% altoge!r4 ,if ?is op]ation is repeat$1 ! col\rs are m vivid & beautiful1 & rema9 long] ?an !y did ! fir/ "t4 #def4 ,quickly z ?is appe>ance passes1 & confus$ z x appe>s to be1 ,i h yet rem>k$ ! foll[+ effects3--,at fir/ all ! pr9cipal col\rs appe> ) _! comb9ations2 on brea?+ m /rongly1 ! appe>ance may be p]ceiv$ 9 "s ord]4 ,9 ?is succession x may be rem>k$1 t :5 ! brea? 9 evaporat+ becomes contract$ f all sides t[>ds ! c5tre1 ! blue col\r vani%es la/4 #deg4 ,! ph5om5on appe>s mo/ readily betwe5 ! m9ute l9es1 :i* ! action ( pass+ ! f+]s leaves on ! cle> surface2 a some:at r\gh /ate ( ! surface ( ! glass is o!rwise requisite4 ,on "s glass ! appe>ance may be produc$ by m]ely brea?+2 9 o!r cases ! wip+ ) ! f+]s is necess>y3 ,i h ev5 met ) poli%$ mirror-glasses1 "o side ( :i* imm$iately %[$ ! col\rs vividly2 ! o!r n4 ,to judge f "s rema9+ pieces1 ! =m] 0 orig9ally ! front ( ! glass1 ! latt] ! side :i* 0 cov]$ ) quicksilv]4 #deh4 ,^! exp]im5ts may be be/ made 9 cold wea!r1 because ! glass may be m quickly & di/9ctly brea!d ^u1 & ! brea? evaporates m sudd5ly4 ,9 sev]e fro/ ! ph5om5on may be obs]v$ on a l>ge scale :ile travell+ 9 a c>riage2 ! glasses be+ well clean$1 & all clos$4 ,! brea? ( ! p]sons )9 is v g5tly diffus$ ov] ! glass1 & imm$iately produces ! mo/ vivid play ( col\rs4 ,h[ f> !y may pres5t a regul> succession ,i h n be5 able to rem>k2 b !y appe> p>ticul>ly vivid :5 !y h a d>k object z a backgr\nd4 ,?is alt]nation ( col\rs does n1 h[ev]1 la/ long2 = z soon z ! brea? ga!rs 9 drops1 or freezes to po9ts ( ice1 ! appe>ance is at once at an end4 #dei4 ,?ird condition4--,! two =ego+ exp]im5ts ( ! pressure & brea?+ may be unit$2 namely1 by brea?+ on a plate ( glass1 & imm$iately aft] press+ ! o!r ^u x4 ,! col\rs !n appe> z 9 ! case ( two glasses unbrea!d ^u1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! moi/ure occasions "h & !re an int]ruption ( ! undulations4 ,on pu%+ "o glass away f ! o!r ! moi/ure appe>s iridesc5t z x evaporates4 #dfj4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be ass]t$ t ?is comb9$ exp]im5t exhibits no m ?an ea* s+le exp]im5t2 = x appe>s ! col\rs excit$ by pressure disappe> 9 proportion z ! glasses are less 9 contact1 & ! moi/ure !n evaporates ) its own col\rs4 #dfa4 ,f\r? condition4--,iridesc5t appe>ances are obs]vable 9 almo/ all bubbles2 soap-bubbles are ! mo/ commonly kn[n1 & ! effect 9 "q is ?us exhibit$ 9 ! easie/ mode2 b x may be obs]v$ 9 w9e1 be]1 9 pure _s1 & aga91 especially1 9 ! fro? ( *ocolate4 #dfb4 ,z 9 ! above cases we requir$ an inf9itely n>r[ space betwe5 two surfaces :i* are 9 contact1 s we c consid] ! pellicle ( ! soap-bubble z an inf9itely ?9 lam9a betwe5 two ela/ic bodies2 = ! appe>ance 9 fact takes place betwe5 ! air )91 :i* di/5ds ! bubble1 & ! atmosph]ic air4 #dfc4 ,! bubble :5 fir/ produc$ is col\rless2 !n col\r$ /ripes1 l ^? 9 m>ble pap]1 beg9 to appe>3 ^! at l5g? spread ov] ! :ole surface1 or r are driv5 r\nd x z x is di/5d$4 #dfd4 ,9 a s+le bubble1 suff]$ to hang f ! /raw or tube1 ! appe>ance ( col\r is difficult to obs]ve1 = ! quick rotation prev5ts any accurate obs]vation1 & all ! col\rs seem to mix toge!r2 yet we c p]ceive t ! col\rs beg9 at ! orifice ( ! tube4 ,! solution itself may1 h[ev]1 be bl[n into c>efully1 s t only "o bubble %all appe>4 ,?is rema9s :ite 7col\rless7 if n mu* agitat$2 b if ! solution is n too wat]y1 circles appe> r\nd ! p]p5dicul> axis ( ! bubble2 ^! be+ ne> ea* o!r1 are commonly compos$ alt]nately ( gre5 & r$4 ,la/ly1 sev]al bubbles may be produc$ toge!r by ! same means2 9 ?is case ! col\rs appe> on ! sides :]e two bubbles h press$ ea* o!r flat4 #dfe4 ,! bubbles ( *ocolate-fro? may p]haps be ev5 m conv5i5tly obs]v$ ?an ^? ( soap2 ?\gh small]1 !y rema9 long]4 ,9 ^!1 ow+ to ! heat1 an impulse1 a movem5t1 is produc$ & su/a9$1 :i* appe>s necess>y to ! developm5t & succession ( ! appe>ances4 #dff4 ,if ! bubble is small1 or %ut 9 betwe5 o!rs1 col\r$ l9es *ase ea* o!r ov] ! surface1 resembl+ m>bl$ pap]2 all ! col\rs ( ! scale are se5 to pass ?r\gh ea* o!r2 ! pure1 ! augm5t$1 ! comb9$1 all di/9ctly cle> & beautiful4 ,9 small bubbles ! appe>ance la/s = a consid]able "t4 #dfg4 ,if ! bubble is l>g]1 or if x becomes by degrees deta*$1 ow+ to ! bur/+ ( o!rs ne>1 we p]ceive t ?is impulsion & attraction ( ! col\rs has1 z x 71 an end 9 view2 = on ! highe/ po9t ( ! bubble we see a small circle appe>1 :i* is yell[ 9 ! c5tre2 ! o!r rema9+ col\r$ l9es move con/antly r\nd ?is ) a v]micul> action4 #dfh4 ,9 a %ort "t ! circle enl>ges & s9ks d[nw>ds on all sides2 9 ! c5tre ! yell[ rema9s2 bel[ & on ! outside x becomes r$1 & soon blue2 bel[ ?is aga9 appe>s a new circle ( ! same s]ies ( col\rs3 if !y approximate suffici5tly1 a gre5 is produc$ by ! union ( ! bord]-col\rs4 #dfi4 ,:5 ,i c\ld c\nt ?ree su* lead+ circles1 ! c5tre 0 col\rless1 & ?is space became by degrees l>g] z ! circles sank l[]1 till at la/ ! bubble bur/4 #dgj4 ,fif? condition4--,v delicate pellicles may be =m$ 9 v>i\s ways3 on ^! films we discov] a v lively play ( col\rs1 ei!r 9 ! usual ord]1 or m confus$ly pass+ ?r\gh ea* o!r4 ,! wat] 9 :i* lime has be5 slak$ soon skims ov] ) a col\r$ pellicle3 ! same happ5s on ! surface ( /agnant wat]1 especially if impregnat$ ) iron4 ,! lamell ( ! f9e t>t> :i* adh]es to bottles1 especially 9 r$ ,fr5* w9e1 exhibit ! mo/ brilliant col\rs1 on be+ expos$ to ! light1 if c>efully deta*$4 ,drops ( oil on wat]1 br&y1 & o!r fluids1 produce also simil> circles & brilliant effects3 b ! mo/ beautiful exp]im5t t c be made is ! foll[+3--,let aqua =tis1 n too /rong1 be p\r$ into a flat sauc]1 & !n ) a bru% drop on x "s ( ! v>ni% us$ by engrav]s to cov] c]ta9 portions dur+ ! process ( bit+ _! plates4 ,aft] quick commotion !re pres5tly appe>s a film :i* spreads itself out 9 circles1 & imm$iately produces ! mo/ vivid appe>ances ( col\r4 #dga4 ,six? condition4--,:5 metals are heat$1 col\rs rapidly succe$+ ea* o!r appe> on ! surface3 ^! col\rs c1 h[ev]1 be arre/$ at w4 #dgb4 ,if a piece ( poli%$ /eel is heat$1 x w1 at a c]ta9 degree ( w>m?1 be ov]spread ) yell[4 ,if tak5 sudd5ly away f ! fire1 ?is yell[ rema9s4 #dgc4 ,z ! /eel becomes hott]1 ! yell[ appe>s d>k]1 int5s]1 & pres5tly passes into r$4 ,?is is difficult to arre/1 = x ha/5s v quickly to bright blue4 #dgd4 ,?is beautiful blue is to be arre/$ if ! /eel is sudd5ly tak5 out ( ! heat & buri$ 9 a%es4 ,! blue /eel works are produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,if1 aga91 ! /eel is held long] ov] ! fire1 x soon becomes a light blue1 & s x rema9s4 #dge4 ,^! col\rs pass l a brea? ov] ! plate ( /eel2 ea* seems to fly be=e ! o!r1 b1 9 reality1 ea* successive hue is con/antly develop$ f ! prec$+ "o4 #dgf4 ,if we hold a p5knife 9 ! flame ( a light1 a col\r$ /ripe w appe> across ! blade4 ,! portion ( ! /ripe :i* 0 ne>e/ to ! flame is light blue2 ?is melts into blue-r$2 ! r$ is 9 ! c5tre2 !n foll[ yell[-r$ & yell[4 #dgg4 ,?is ph5om5on is d$ucible f ! prec$+ ones2 = ! portion ( ! blade next ! h&le is less heat$ ?an ! end :i* is 9 ! flame1 & ?us all ! col\rs :i* 9 o!r cases exhibit$ !mselves 9 succession1 mu/ "h appe> at once1 & may ?us be p]man5tly pres]v$4 #dgh4 ,rob]t ,boyle gives ?is succession ( col\rs z foll[s3--,a florido flavo ad flavum saturum et rubesc5tem 7quem artifices sangu9eum vocant7 inde ad languidum1 po/ea ad saturiorem cyaneum4 ,?is w\ld be q correct if ! words languidus & saturior 7 to *ange places4 ,h[ f> ! obs]vation is correct1 t ! diff]5t col\rs h a relation to ! degree ( temp] :i* ! metal aft]w>ds acquires1 we leave to o!rs to decide4 ,! col\rs are "h only indications ( ! diff]5t degrees ( heat4--,note ,r4 #dgi4 ,:5 lead is calc9$1 ! surface is fir/ greyi%4 ,?is greyi% p[d]1 ) great] heat1 becomes yell[1 & !n orange4 ,silv]1 too1 exhibits col\rs :5 heat$2 ! fracture ( silv] 9 ! process ( ref9+ belongs to ! same class ( examples4 ,:5 metallic glasses melt1 col\rs 9 l mann] appe> on ! surface4 #dhj4 ,sev5? condition4--,:5 ! surface ( glass becomes decompos$4 ,! accid5tal opacity 7bl9dw]d57 ( glass has be5 already notic$3 ! t]m 7bl9dw]d57 is employ$ to d5ote t ! surface ( ! glass is s affect$ z to appe> dim to u4 #dha4 ,:ite glass becomes bl9d soone/2 ca/1 & aft]w>ds poli%$ glass is also liable to be s affect$2 ! blui% less1 ! gre5 lea/4 #dhb4 ,( ! two sides ( a plate ( glass "o is call$ ! mirror side2 x is t :i* 9 ! ov5 lies upp]mo/1 on :i* "o may obs]ve r\ndi% elevations3 x is smoo!r ?an ! o!r1 :i* is und]mo/ 9 ! ov51 & on :i* scrat*es may be sometimes obs]v$4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! mirror side is plac$ fac+ ! int]ior ( rooms1 because x is less affect$ by ! moi/ure adh]+ to x f )91 ?an ! o!r w\ld be1 & ! glass is ?us less liable to become bl9d4 #dhc4 ,?is half-opacity or dimness ( ! glass assumes by degrees an appe>ance ( col\r :i* may become v vivid1 & 9 :i* p]haps a c]ta9 succession1 or o!rwise regul> ord]1 might be discov]$4 #dhd4 ,hav+ ?us trac$ ! physical col\rs f _! simple/ effects to ! pres5t in/ances1 :]e ^! fleet+ appe>ances are f\nd to be fix$ 9 bodies1 we are1 9 fact1 arriv$ at ! po9t :]e ! *emical col\rs beg92 nay1 we h 9 "s sort already pass$ ^? limits2 a circum/ance :i* may excite a fav\rable prejudice = ! consi/5cy ( our /atem5t4 ,by way ( conclusion to ?is "p ( our inquiry1 we subjo9 a g5]al obs]vation1 :i* may n be )\t its be>+ on ! common connect+ pr9ciple ( ! ph5om5a t h be5 adduc$4 #dhe4 ,! col\r+ ( /eel & ! appe>ances analog\s to x1 might p]haps be easily d$uc$ f ! doctr9e ( ! semi-opaque m$iums4 ,poli%$ /eel reflects light p[]fully3 we may consid] ! col\r produc$ by ! heat z a slight degree ( dimness3 h5ce a bright yell[ mu/ imm$iately appe>2 ?is1 z ! dimness increases1 mu/ /ill appe> deep]1 m cond5s$1 & r$d]1 & at la/ pure & ruby-r$4 ,! col\r has n[ rea*$ ! extreme po9t ( dep?1 & if we suppose ! same degree ( semi-opacity /ill to cont9ue1 ! dimness w\ld n[ spread itself ov] a d>k gr\nd1 fir/ produc+ a violet1 !n a d>k-blue1 & at la/ a light-blue1 & ?us complete ! s]ies ( ! appe>ances4 ,we w n ass]t t ?is mode ( explanation w suffice 9 all cases2 our object is r to po9t out ! road by :i* ! all-compreh5sive =mula1 ! v key ( ! enigma1 may be at la/ discov]$4--,note ,s4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,*emical ,,col\rs4 #dhf4 ,we give ?is d5om9ation to col\rs :i* we c produce1 & m or less fix1 9 c]ta9 bodies2 :i* we c r5d] m int5se1 :i* we c aga9 take away & communicate to o!r bodies1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 we ascribe a c]ta9 p]man5cy3 duration is _! prevail+ *>act]i/ic4 #dhg4 ,9 ?is view ! *emical col\rs 7 =m]ly di/+ui%$ ) v>i\s epi!ts2 !y 7 call$ colores proprii1 corporei1 mat]iales1 v]i1 p]man5tes1 fixi4 #dhh4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we obs]v$ h[ ! fluctuat+ & transi5t nature ( ! physical col\rs becomes gradually fix$1 ?us =m+ ! natural transition to our pres5t subject4 #dhi4 ,col\r becomes fix$ 9 bodies m or less p]man5tly2 sup]ficially1 or ?or\ghly4 #dij4 ,all bodies are susceptible ( col\r2 x c ei!r be excit$1 r5d]$ int5se1 & gradually fix$ 9 !m1 or at lea/ communicat$ to !m4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,*emical ,,contra/4 #dia4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( col\r$ appe>ances we _h occasion ev]y:]e to take notice ( a pr9ciple ( contra/3 s aga91 9 approa*+ ! prec9cts ( *emi/ry1 we f9d a *emical contra/ ( a rem>kable nature4 ,we speak "h1 ) ref]5ce to our pres5t purpose1 only ( t :i* is compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al names ( acid & alkali4 #dib4 ,we *>act]is$ ! *romatic contra/1 9 con=mity ) all o!r physical contra/s z a m & less2 ascrib+ ! plus to ! yell[ side1 ! m9us to ! blue2 & we n[ f9d t ^! two divisions correspond ) ! *emical contra/s4 ,! yell[ & yell[-r$ affect ! acids1 ! blue & blue-r$ ! alkalis2 ?us ! ph5om5a ( *emical col\rs1 al?\gh /ill necess>ily mix$ up ) o!r consid]ations1 admit ( be+ trac$ ) suffici5t simplicity4 #dic4 ,! pr9cipal ph5om5a 9 *emical col\rs are produc$ by ! oxydation ( metals1 & x w be se5 h[ important ?is consid]ation is at ! outset4 ,o!r facts :i* come into ! acc\nt1 & :i* are wor?y ( att5tion1 w be exam9$ "u sep>ate heads2 9 do+ ?is we1 h[ev]1 expressly /ate t we only propose to (f] "s prep>atory sugge/ions to ! *emi/ 9 a v g5]al way1 )\t ent]+ into ! nic] *emical problems & que/ions1 or presum+ to decide on !m4 ,our object is only to give a sket* ( ! mode 9 :i*1 accord+ to our conviction1 ! *emical !ory ( col\rs may be connect$ ) g5]al physics4 ,,xxxv4 ,,:ite4 #did4 ,9 treat+ ( ! dioptrical col\rs ( ! fir/ class 7#aee7 we h already 9 "s degree anticipat$ ?is subject4 ,transp>5t sub/ances may be said to be 9 ! highe/ class ( inorganic matt]4 ,) ^!1 col\rless semi-transp>5ce is closely connect$1 & :ite may be consid]$ ! la/ opaque degree ( ?is4 #die4 ,pure wat] cry/allis$ to sn[ appe>s :ite1 = ! transp>5ce ( ! sep>ate p>ts makes no transp>5t :ole4 ,v>i\s cry/allis$ salts1 :5 depriv$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ( moi/ure1 appe> z a :ite p[d]4 ,! accid5tally opaque /ate ( a pure transp>5t sub/ance might be call$ :ite2 ?us p\nd$ glass appe>s z a :ite p[d]4 ,! cessation ( a comb9+ p[]1 & ! exhibition ( ! atomic quality ( ! sub/ance might at ! same "t be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 #dif4 ,! kn[n undecompos$ e>?s are1 9 _! pure /ate1 all :ite4 ,!y pass to a /ate ( transp>5ce by natural cry/allization4 ,silex becomes rock-cry/al2 argile1 mica2 magnesia1 talc2 calc>e\s e>? & b>ytes appe> transp>5t 9 v>i\s sp>s4--,note ,t4 #dig4 ,z 9 ! col\r+ ( m9]al bodies ! metallic oxydes w (t5 invite our att5tion1 we obs]ve1 9 conclusion1 t metals1 :5 slightly oxydat$1 at fir/ appe> :ite1 z lead is conv]t$ to :ite lead by vegetable acid4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,black4 #dih4 ,black is n exhibit$ 9 s elem5t>y a /ate z :ite4 ,we meet ) x 9 ! vegetable k+dom 9 semi-combu/ion2 & *>coal1 a sub/ance especially wor?y ( att5tion on o!r acc\nts1 exhibits a black col\r4 ,aga91 if woods--= example1 bo>ds1 ow+ to ! action ( light1 air1 & moi/ure1 are depriv$ 9 "p ( _! combu/ibility1 !re appe>s fir/ ! grey !n ! black col\r4 ,s aga91 we c conv]t ev5 portions ( animal sub/ance to *>coal by semi-combu/ion4 #dii4 ,9 ! same mann] we (t5 f9d t a sub-oxydation takes place 9 metals :5 ! black col\r is to be produc$4 ,v>i\s metals1 p>ticul>ly iron1 become black by slight oxydation1 by v9eg>1 by mild acid f]m5tations2 = example1 a decoction ( rice1 c4 #ejj4 ,aga91 x may be inf]r$ t a de-oxydation may produce black4 ,?is occurs 9 ! prep>ation ( ink1 :i* becomes yell[ by ! solution ( iron 9 /rong sulphuric acid1 b :5 p>tly de-oxydis$ by ! infusion ( gall-nuts1 appe>s black4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,fir/ ,,excitation ,,( ,,col\r4 #eja4 ,9 ! division ( physical col\rs1 :]e semi-transp>5t m$iums 7 consid]$1 we saw col\rs antec$5tly to :ite & black4 ,9 ! pres5t case we assume a :ite & black already produc$ & fix$2 & ! "q is1 h[ col\r c be excit$ 9 !m8 #ejb4 ,"h1 too1 we c say1 :ite t becomes d>k5$ or dimm$ incl9es to yell[2 black1 z x becomes light]1 incl9es to blue4--,note ,u4 #ejc4 ,yell[ appe>s on ! active 7plus7 side1 imm$iately 9 ! light1 ! bright1 ! :ite4 ,all :ite surfaces easily assume a yell[ t+e2 pap]1 l951 wool1 silk1 wax3 transp>5t fluids aga91 :i* h a t5d5cy to combu/ion1 easily become yell[2 9 o!r words !y easily pass into a v slight /ate ( semi-transp>5ce4 #ejd4 ,s aga9 ! excitem5t on ! passive side1 ! t5d5cy to obscure1 d>k1 black1 is imm$iately accompani$ ) blue1 or r ) a r$di%-blue4 ,iron dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 & mu* dilut$ ) wat]1 if held to ! light 9 a glass1 exhibits a beautiful violet col\r z soon z a few drops only ( ! infusion ( gall-nuts are add$4 ,?is col\r pres5ts ! peculi> hues ( ! d>k topaz1 ! orphn9on ( a burnt-r$1 z ! anci5ts express$ x4 #eje4 ,:e!r any col\r c be excit$ 9 ! pure e>?s by ! *emical op]ations ( nature & art1 )\t ! admixture ( metallic oxydes1 is an important "q1 g5]ally1 inde$1 answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,x is p]haps connect$ ) ! "q--to :at ext5t *anges may be produc$ 9 ! e>?s ?r\gh oxydation8 #ejf4 ,und\bt$ly ! negation ( ! above "q is confirm$ by ! circum/ance t :]ev] m9]al col\rs are f\nd1 "s trace ( metal1 especially ( iron1 %[s itself2 we are ?us naturally l$ to consid] h[ easily iron becomes oxydis$1 h[ easily ! oxyde ( iron assumes diff]5t col\rs1 h[ inf9itely divisible x is1 & h[ quickly x communicates its col\r4 ,x 7 to be wi%$1 not)/&+1 t new exp]im5ts c\ld be made 9 reg>d to ! above po9t1 s z ei!r to confirm or remove any d\bt4 #ejg4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! susceptibility ( ! e>?s ) reg>d to col\rs already exi/+ is v great2 alum9\s e>? is ?us p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$4 #ejh4 ,9 proce$+ to consid] ! metals1 :i* 9 ! inorganic _w h ! almo/ exclusive pr]ogative ( appe>+ col\r$1 we f9d t1 9 _! pure1 indep5d5t1 natural /ate1 !y are already di/+ui%$ f ! pure e>?s by a t5d5cy to "s "o col\r or o!r4 #eji4 ,:ile silv] approximates mo/ to pure :ite1--nay1 really repres5ts pure :ite1 height5$ by metallic spl5d\r1--/eel1 t91 lead1 & s =?1 incl9e t[>ds pale blue-grey2 gold1 on ! o!r h&1 deep5s to pure yell[1 copp] approa*es a r$ hue1 :i*1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 increases almo/ to bright r$1 b :i* aga9 returns to a yell[ gold5 col\r :5 comb9$ ) z9c4 #eaj4 ,b if metals 9 _! pure /ate h s specific a det]m9ation t[>ds ?is or t exhibition ( col\r1 !y are1 ?r\gh ! effect ( oxydation1 9 "s degree r$uc$ to a common "*2 = ! elem5t>y col\rs n[ come =? 9 _! purity1 & al?\gh ?is or t metal appe>s to h a p>ticul> t5d5cy to ?is or t col\r1 we f9d "s t c g ?r\gh ! :ole circle ( hues1 o!rs1 t are capable ( exhibit+ m ?an "o col\r2 t91 h[ev]1 is di/+ui%$ by its comp>ative inaptitude to become col\r$4 ,we propose to give a table h]eaft]1 %[+ h[ f> ! diff]5t metals c be m or less made to exhibit ! diff]5t col\rs4 #eaa4 ,:5 ! clean1 smoo? surface ( a pure metal1 on be+ heat$1 becomes ov]spread ) a mantl+ col\r1 :i* passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( appe>ances z ! heat increases1 ?is1 we are p]suad$1 indicates ! aptitude ( ! metal to pass ?r\gh ! :ole range ( col\rs4 ,we f9d ?is ph5om5on mo/ beautifully exhibit$ 9 poli%$ /eel2 b silv]1 copp]1 brass1 lead1 & t91 easily pres5t simil> appe>ances4 ,a sup]ficial oxydation is probably "h tak+ place1 z may be inf]r$ f ! effects ( ! op]ation :5 cont9u$1 especially 9 ! m easily oxydizable metals4 #eab4 ,! same conclusion may be drawn f ! fact t iron is m easily oxydizable by acid liquids :5 x is r$ hot1 = 9 ?is case ! two effects concur ) ea* o!r4 ,we obs]ve1 aga91 t /eel1 accord+ly z x is h>d5$ 9 diff]5t /ages ( its colorification1 may exhibit a diff]5ce ( ela/icity3 ?is is q natural1 = ! v>i\s appe>ances ( col\r indicate v>i\s degrees ( heat4#a #eac4 ,if we look beyond ?is sup]ficial mantl+1 ?is pellicle ( col\r1 we obs]ve t z metals are oxydiz$ ?r\gh\t _! masses1 :ite or black appe>s ) ! fir/ degree ( heat1 z may be se5 9 :ite lead1 iron1 & quicksilv]4 #ead4 ,if we exam9e fur!r1 & look = ! actual exhibition ( col\r1 we f9d x mo/ frequ5tly on ! plus side4 ,! mantl+1 s (t5 m5tion$1 ( smoo? metallic surfaces beg9s ) yell[4 ,iron passes pres5tly into yell[ o*re1 lead f :ite lead to massicot1 quicksilv] f ?iops to yell[ turbi?4 ,! solutions ( gold & plat9um 9 acids are yell[4 #eae4 ,! exhibitions on ! m9us side are less frequ5t4 ,copp] slightly oxydiz$ appe>s blue4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ,prussian-blue1 alkalis are employ$4 #eaf4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ^! appe>ances ( col\r are ( s mutable a nature t *emi/s look ^u !m z deceptive te/s1 at lea/ 9 ! nic] gradations4 ,= ourselves1 z we c only treat ( ^! matt]s 9 a g5]al way1 we m]ely obs]ve t ! appe>ances ( col\r 9 metals may be class$ accord+ to _! orig91 manifold appe>ance1 & cessation1 z v>i\s results ( oxydation1 hyp]-oxydation1 ab-oxydation1 & de-oxydation4#b #a ,see p>4 #dgh4 #b ,z ^! t]ms are aft]w>ds ref]r$ to 7p>4 #ebe71 x 0 necess>y to pres]ve !m4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,augm5tation ,,( ,,col\r4#a #eag4 ,! augm5tation ( col\r exhibits itself z a cond5sation1 a fulness1 a d>k5+ ( ! hue4 ,we h be=e se51 9 treat+ ( col\rless m$iums1 t by increas+ ! degree ( opacity 9 ! m$ium1 we c deep5 a bright object f ! lighte/ yell[ to ! int5se/ ruby-r$4 ,blue1 on ! o!r h&1 increases to ! mo/ beautiful violet1 if we r>efy & dim9i% a semi-opaque m$ium1 itself light$1 b ?r\gh :i* we see d>kness 7#aej1 #aea74 #eah4 ,if ! col\r is positive1 a simil> col\r appe>s 9 ! int5s] /ate4 ,?us if we fill a :ite porcela9 cup ) a pure yell[ liquor1 ! fluid w appe> to become gradually r$d] t[>ds ! bottom1 & at la/ appe>s orange4 ,if we p\r a pure blue solution into ano!r cup1 ! upp] portion w exhibit a sky-blue1 t t[>ds ! bottom1 a beautiful violet4 ,if ! cup is plac$ 9 ! sun1 ! %ad[$ side1 ev5 ( ! upp] portion1 is already violet4 ,if we ?r[ a %ad[ ) ! h&1 or any o!r sub/ance1 ov] ! illum9$ portion1 ! %ad[ 9 l mann] appe>s r$di%4 #eai4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important appe>ances connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( col\rs1 = we "h manife/ly f9d t a diff]5ce ( quantity produces a correspond+ qualifi$ impression on our s5ses4 ,9 speak+ ( ! la/ class ( epoptical col\rs 7#deb1 #dhe71 we /at$ our conjecture t ! col\r+ ( /eel might p]haps be trac$ to ! doctr9e ( ! semi-transp>5t m$iums1 & we w\ld "h aga9 recall ?is to ! read]'s recollection4 #ebj4 ,all *emical augm5tation ( col\r1 aga91 is ! imm$iate consequ5ce ( cont9u$ excitation4 ,! augm5tation advances con/antly & unremitt+ly1 & x is to be obs]v$ t ! increase ( int5s5ess is mo/ common on ! plus side4 ,yell[ iron o*re increases1 z well by fire z by o!r op]ations1 to a v /rong r$3 massicot is increas$ to r$ lead1 turbi? to v]milion1 :i* la/ atta9s a v high degree ( ! yell[-r$4 ,an intimate saturation ( ! metal by ! acid1 & its sep>ation to inf9ity1 take place toge!r ) ! above effects4 #eba4 ,! augm5tation on ! m9us side is less frequ5t2 b we obs]ve t ! m pure & cond5s$ ! ,prussian-blue or cobalt glass is prep>$1 ! m readily x assumes a r$di% hue & incl9es to ! violet4 #ebb4 ,! ,fr5* h a happy expression = ! less p]ceptible t5d5cy ( yell[ & blue t[>ds r$3 !y say ! col\r has un il de r\ge1 :i* we might p]haps express by a r$di% glance 7e95 r?li*5 blick74 #a ,/eig]ung1 lit]ally gradual asc5t4 ,see ! note to p>4 #ebc4 ,,xxxix4 ,,culm9ation#a #ebc4 ,?is is ! consequ5ce ( /ill progress+ augm5tation4 ,r$1 9 :i* nei!r yell[ nor blue is to be detect$1 "h con/itutes ! acme4 #ebd4 ,if we wi% to select a /rik+ example ( a culm9ation on ! plus side1 we aga9 f9d x 9 ! col\r$ /eel1 :i* atta9s ! bright r$ acme1 & c be arre/$ at ?is po9t4 #ebe4 ,7 we "h to employ ! t]m9ology be=e propos$1 we %\ld say t ! fir/ oxydation produces yell[1 ! hyp]-oxydation yell[-r$2 t "h a k9d ( maximum exi/s1 & t !n an ab-oxydation1 & la/ly a de-oxydation takes place4 #ebf4 ,high degrees ( oxydation produce a bright r$4 ,gold 9 solution1 precipitat$ by a solution ( t91 appe>s bright r$3 oxyde ( ars5ic1 9 comb9ation1 ) sulphur1 produces a ruby col\r4 #ebg4 ,h[ f>1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( sub-oxydation may co-op]ate 9 "s culm9ations1 is matt] = inquiry2 = an influ5ce ( alkalis on yell[-r$ also appe>s to produce ! culm9ation2 ! col\r rea*+ ! acme by be+ =c$ t[>ds ! m9us side4 #ebh4 ,! ,dut* prep>e a col\r kn[n by ! "n ( v]milion1 f ! be/ ,hung>ian c9nab>1 :i* exhibits ! brighte/ yell[-r$4 ,?is v]milion is /ill only a c9nab>1 :i*1 h[ev]1 approximates ! pure r$1 & x may be conjectur$ t alkalis are us$ to br+ x ne>] to ! culm9at+ po9t4 #ebi4 ,vegetable juices1 treat$ 9 ?is way1 (f] v /rik+ examples ( ! above effects4 ,! col\r+-matt] ( turm]ic1 annotto1 dy]'s saffron1#b & o!r vegetables1 be+ extract$ ) spirits ( w9e1 exhibits t9ts ( yell[1 yell[-r$1 & hyac9?-r$2 ^!1 by ! admixture ( alkalis1 pass to ! culm9at+ po9t1 & ev5 beyond x to blue-r$4 #ecj4 ,no in/ance ( a culm9ation on ! m9us side has come to my k 9 ! m9]al & vegetable k+doms4 ,9 ! animal k+dom ! juice ( ! murex is rem>kable2 ( its augm5tation & culm9ation on ! m9us side1 we %all h]eaft] h occasion to speak4 #a ,culm9ation1 ! orig9al ^w4 ,x might h be5 r5d]$ maximum ( col\r1 b z ! au?or supposes an asc5t ?r\gh yell[ & blue to r$1 8 mean+ is bett] express$ by 8 own t]m4 #b ,curcuma1 ,bixa ,orellana1 ,c>?amus ,t9ctorius4 ,,xl4 ,,fluctuation4 #eca4 ,! mutability ( col\r is s great1 t ev5 ^? pigm5ts1 :i* may h be5 consid]$ to be def9$ & arre/$1 /ill admit ( slight v>iations on "o side or ! o!r4 ,?is mutability is mo/ rem>kable ne> ! culm9at+ po9t1 & is effect$ 9 a v /rik+ mann] by ! alt]nate employm5t ( acids & alkalis4 #ecb4 ,to express ?is appe>ance 9 dye+1 ! ,fr5* make use ( ! ^w vir]1 to turn f "o side to ! o!r2 !y ?us v adroitly convey an idea :i* o!rs attempt to express by t]ms indicat+ ! compon5t hues4 #ecc4 ,! effect produc$ ) litmus is "o ( ! mo/ kn[n & /rik+ ( ?is k9d4 ,?is col\r+ sub/ance is t5d]$ r$-blue by means ( alkalis4 ,! r$-blue is v readily *ang$ to r$-yell[ by means ( acids1 & aga9 returns to its fir/ /ate by aga9 employ+ alkalis4 ,! "q :e!r a culm9at+ po9t is to be discov]$ & arre/$ by nice exp]im5ts1 is left to ^? :o are practis$ 9 ^! op]ations4 ,dye+1 especially sc>let-dye+1 might af=d a v>iety ( examples ( ?is fluctuation4 ,,xli4 ,,passage ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,:ole ,,scale4 #ecd4 ,! fir/ excitation & gradual increase ( col\r take place m on ! plus ?an on ! m9us side4 ,s1 also1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! :ole scale1 col\r exhibits itself mo/ on ! plus side4 #ece4 ,a passage ( ?is k9d1 regul> & evid5t to ! s5ses1 f yell[ ?r\gh r$ to blue1 is app>5t 9 ! col\r+ ( /eel4 #ecf4 ,! metals may be arre/$ at v>i\s po9ts ( ! colorific circle by v>i\s degrees & k9ds ( oxydation4 #ecg4 ,z !y also appe> gre51 a "q arises :e!r *emi/s "k any in/ance 9 ! m9]al k+dom ( a con/ant transition f yell[1 ?r\gh gre51 to blue1 & vice v]s4 ,oxyde ( iron1 melt$ ) glass1 produces fir/ a gre51 & ) a m p[]ful heat1 a blue col\r4 #ech4 ,we may "h obs]ve ( gre5 g5]ally1 t x appe>s1 especially 9 an atomic s5se1 & c]ta9ly 9 a pure /ate1 :5 we mix blue & yell[3 b1 aga91 an impure & dirty yell[ soon gives u ! impression ( gre52 yell[ & black already produce gre52 ?is1 h[ev]1 is ow+ to ! aff9ity betwe5 black & blue4 ,an imp]fect yell[1 su* z t ( sulphur1 gives u ! impression ( a gre5i% hue3 ?us1 aga91 an imp]fect blue appe>s gre54 ,! gre5 ( w9e bottles arises1 x appe>s1 f an imp]fect union ( ! oxyde ( iron ) ! glass4 ,if we produce a m complete union by great] heat1 a beautiful blue-glass is ! result4 #eci4 ,f all ?is x appe>s t a c]ta9 *asm exi/s 9 nature betwe5 yell[ & blue1 ! opposite *>act]s ( :i*1 x is true1 may be done away atomically by due immixture1 &1 ?us comb9$1 to gre52 b ! true reconciliation betwe5 yell[ & blue1 x seems1 only takes place by means ( r$4 #edj4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 :i* appe>s unatta9able 9 inorganic sub/ances1 we %all f9d to be possible :5 we turn our att5tion to organic productions2 = 9 ^!1 ! passage ?r\gh ! :ole circle f yell[1 ?r\gh gre5 & blue1 to r$1 really takes place4 ,,xlii4 ,,inv]sion4 #eda4 ,aga91 an imm$iate inv]sion or *ange to ! totally opposite hue1 is a v rem>kable appe>ance :i* sometimes occurs2 at pres5t1 we are m]ely enabl$ to adduce :at foll[s4 #edb4 ,! m9]al *ameleon1 a "n :i* has be5 giv5 to an oxyde ( manganese1 may be consid]$1 9 its p]fectly dry /ate1 z a gre5 p[d]4 ,if we /rew x 9 wat]1 ! gre5 col\r displays itself v beautifully 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( solution1 b x *anges pres5tly to ! bright r$ opposite to gre51 )\t any app>5t int]m$iate /ate4 #edc4 ,! same occurs ) ! sympa!tic ink1 :i* may be consid]$ a r$di% liquid1 b :i*1 :5 dri$ by w>m?1 appe>s z a gre5 col\r on pap]4 #edd4 ,9 fact1 ?is ph5om5on appe>s to be ow+ to ! conflict betwe5 a dry & moi/ /ate1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 if we are n mi/ak51 by ! *emi/s4 ,we may look to ! improvem5ts ( "t to po9t out :at may fur!r be d$uc$ f ^! ph5om5a1 & to %[ :at o!r facts !y may be connect$ )4 ,,xliii4 ,,fixation4 #ede4 ,mutable z we h hi!rto f\nd col\r to be1 ev5 z a sub/ance1 yet "u c]ta9 circum/ances x may at la/ be fix$4 #edf4 ,!re are bodies capable ( be+ entirely conv]t$ into col\r+ matt]3 "h x may be said t ! col\r fixes itself 9 its own sub/ance1 /ops at a c]ta9 po9t1 & is !re def9$4 ,su* col\r+ sub/ances are f\nd ?r\gh\t nature2 ! vegetable _w af=ds a great quantity ( examples1 among :i* "s are p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$1 & may be consid]$ z ! repres5tatives ( ! re/2 su* z1 on ! active side1 madd]1 on ! passive side1 indigo4 #edg4 ,9 ord] to make ^! mat]ials available 9 use1 x is necess>y t ! col\r+ quality 9 !m %\ld be intimately cond5s$1 & ! t++ sub/ance ref9$1 practically speak+1 to an inf9ite divisibility4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & p>ticul>ly by ! well-kn[n means ( f]m5tation & decomposition4 #edh4 ,^! col\r+ sub/ances n[ atta* !mselves aga9 to o!r bodies4 ,?us1 9 ! m9]al k+dom !y adh]e to e>?s & metallic oxydes2 !y unite 9 melt+ ) glasses2 & 9 ?is case1 z ! light is transmitt$ ?r\gh !m1 !y appe> 9 ! greate/ beauty1 :ile an et]nal duration may be ascrib$ to !m4 #edi4 ,!y fa/5 on vegetable & animal bodies ) m or less p[]1 & rema9 m or less p]man5tly2 p>tly ow+ to _! nature1--z yell[1 = in/ance1 is m evanesc5t ?an blue1--or ow+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance on :i* !y appe>4 ,!y la/ less 9 vegetable ?an 9 animal sub/ances1 & ev5 )9 ?is latt] k+dom !re are aga9 v>ieties4 ,hemp or cotton ?reads1 silk or wool1 exhibit v diff]5t relations to col\r+ sub/ances4 #eej4 ,"h comes into ! acc\nt ! important op]ation ( employ+ mordants1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! int]m$iate ag5ts betwe5 ! col\r & ! recipi5t sub/ance2 v>i\s works on dye+ speak ( ?is circum/antially4 ,suffice x to h allud$ to processes by means ( :i* ! col\r reta9s a p]man5cy only to be de/roy$ ) ! sub/ance1 & :i* may ev5 increase 9 brightness & beauty by use4 ,,xliv4 ,,int]mixture1 ,,real4 #eea4 ,e int]mixture pre-supposes a specific /ate ( col\r2 & ?us :5 we speak ( int]mixture1 we "h und]/& x 9 an atomic s5se4 ,we mu/ fir/ h be=e u c]ta9 bodies arre/$ at any giv5 po9t ( ! colorific circle1 be=e we c produce gradations by _! union4 #eeb4 ,yell[1 blue1 & r$1 may be assum$ z pure elem5t>y col\rs1 already exi/+2 f ^!1 violet1 orange1 & gre51 are ! simple/ comb9$ results4 #eec4 ,"s p]sons h tak5 mu* pa9s to def9e ^! int]mixtures m accurately1 by relations ( numb]1 measure1 & weight1 b no?+ v pr(itable has be5 ?us accompli%$4 #eed4 ,pa9t+ consi/s1 /rictly speak+1 9 ! int]mixture ( su* specific col\r+ bodies & _! inf9ite possible comb9ations--comb9ations :i* c only be appreciat$ by ! nice/1 mo/ practis$ eye1 & only accompli%$ "u its influ5ce4 #eee4 ,! intimate comb9ation ( ^! +r$i5ts is effect$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?r\gh ! mo/ p]fect comm9ution ( ! mat]ial by means ( gr9d+1 wa%+1 c41 z well z by vehicles or liquid m$iums :i* hold toge!r ! pulv]iz$ sub/ance1 & comb9e organically1 z x 71 ! unorganic2 su* are ! oils1 res9s1 c4--,note ,v4 #eef4 ,if all ! col\rs are mix$ toge!r !y reta9 _! g5]al "* z 1 & z !y are no long] se5 next ea* o!r1 no complet5ess1 no h>mony1 is exp]i5c$2 ! result is grey1 :i*1 l app>5t col\r1 always appe>s some:at d>k] ?an :ite1 & some:at light] ?an black4 #eeg4 ,?is grey may be produc$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,by mix+ yell[ & blue to an em]ald gre51 & !n add+ pure r$1 till all ?ree neutralize ea* o!r2 or1 by plac+ ! primitive & int]m$iate col\rs next ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 proportion1 & aft]w>ds mix+ !m4 #eeh4 ,t all ! col\rs mix$ toge!r produce :ite1 is an absurdity :i* p h cr$ul\sly be5 accu/om$ to repeat = a c5tury1 9 opposition to ! evid5ce ( _! s5ses4 #eei4 ,col\rs :5 mix$ toge!r reta9 _! orig9al d>kness4 ,! d>k] ! col\rs1 ! d>k] w be ! grey result+ f _! union1 till at la/ ?is grey approa*es black4 ,! light] ! col\rs ! light] w be ! grey1 :i* at la/ approa*es :ite4 ,,xlv4 ,,int]mixture1 ,,app>5t4 #efj4 ,! int]mixture1 :i* is only app>5t1 naturally invites our att5tion 9 connexion ) ! =ego+2 x is 9 _m respects important1 &1 inde$1 ! int]mixture :i* we h di/+ui%$ z real1 might be consid]$ z m]ely app>5t4 ,= ! elem5ts ( :i* ! comb9$ col\r consi/s are only too small to be consid]$ z di/9ct p>ts4 ,yell[ & blue p[d]s m+l$ toge!r appe> gre5 to ! nak$ eye1 b ?r\gh a magnify+ glass we c /ill p]ceive yell[ & blue di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,?us yell[ & blue /ripes se5 at a di/ance1 pres5t a gre5 mass2 ! same obs]vation is applicable ) reg>d to ! int]mixture ( o!r specific col\rs4 #efa4 ,9 ! description ( our app>atus we %all h occasion to m5tion ! :eel by means ( :i* ! app>5t int]mixture is produc$ by rapid movem5t4 ,v>i\s col\rs are arrang$ ne> ea* o!r r\nd ! edge ( a disk1 :i* is made to revolve ) velocity1 & ?us by hav+ sev]al su* disks ready1 e possible int]mixture c be pres5t$ to ! eye1 z well z ! mixture ( all col\rs to grey1 d>k] or light]1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! t9ts z above expla9$4 #efb4 ,physiological col\rs admit1 9 l mann]1 ( be+ mix$ ) o!rs4 ,if1 = example1 we produce ! blue %ad[ 7#fe7 on a light yell[ pap]1 ! surface w appe> gre54 ,! same happ5s ) reg>d to ! o!r col\rs if ! necess>y prep>ations are att5d$ to4 #efc4 ,if1 :5 ! eye is impress$ ) vision>y images t la/ = a :ile1 we look on col\r$ surfaces1 an int]mixture also takes place2 ! spectrum is det]m9$ to a new col\r :i* is compos$ ( ! two4 #efd4 ,physical col\rs also admit ( comb9ation4 ,"h might be adduc$ ! exp]im5ts 9 :i* _m-col\r$ images are se5 ?r\gh ! prism1 z we h be=e %[n 9 detail 7#beh1 #bhd74 #efe4 ,^? :o h prosecut$ ^! inquiries h1 h[ev]1 paid mo/ att5tion to ! appe>ances :i* take place :5 ! prismatic col\rs are ?r[n on col\r$ surfaces4 #eff4 ,:at is se5 "u ^! circum/ances is q simple4 ,9 ! fir/ place x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! prismatic col\rs are mu* m vivid ?an ! col\rs ( ! surface on :i* !y are ?r[n4 ,secondly1 we h to consid] t ! prismatic col\rs may be ei!r homog5e\s or het]og5e\s1 ) ! recipi5t surface4 ,9 ! =m] case ! surface deep5s & enhances !m1 & is itself enhanc$ 9 return1 z a col\r$ /one is display$ by a simil>ly col\r$ foil4 ,9 ! opposite case ea* vitiates1 di/urbs1 & de/roys ! o!r4 #efg4 ,^! exp]im5ts may be repeat$ ) col\r$ glasses1 by caus+ ! sun-light to %9e ?r\gh !m on col\r$ surfaces4 ,9 e in/ance simil> results w appe>4 #efh4 ,! same effect takes place :5 we look on col\r$ objects ?r\gh col\r$ glasses2 ! col\rs be+ ?us accord+ to ! same conditions enhanc$1 subdu$1 or neutraliz$4 #efi4 ,if ! prismatic col\rs are suff]$ to pass ?r\gh col\r$ glasses1 ! appe>ances t take place are p]fectly analog\s2 9 ^! cases m or less =ce1 m or less light & d>k1 ! cle>ness & cleanness ( ! glass are all to be all[$ =1 z !y produce _m delicate v>ieties ( effect3 ^! w n escape ! notice ( e accurate obs]v] :o takes suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! inquiry to g ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts4 #egj4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion t sev]al col\r$ glasses1 z well z oil$ or transp>5t pap]s1 plac$ ov] ea* o!r1 may be made to produce & exhibit e k9d ( int]mixture at pleasure4 #ega4 ,la/ly1 ! op]ation ( glaz+ 9 pa9t+ belongs to ?is k9d ( int]mixture2 by ?is means a mu* m ref9$ union may be produc$ ?an t aris+ f ! me*anical1 atomic mixture :i* is commonly employ$4 ,,xlvi4 ,,communication1 ,,actual4 #egb4 ,hav+ n[ provid$ ! col\r+ mat]ials1 z be=e %[n1 a fur!r "q arises h[ to communicate ^! to col\rless sub/ances3 ! answ] is ( ! greate/ importance f ! connexion ( ! object ) ! ord9>y wants ( m51 ) useful purposes1 & ) comm]cial & te*nical int]e/s4 #egc4 ,"h1 aga91 ! d>k quality ( e col\r aga9 comes into ! acc\nt4 ,f a yell[1 t is v ne> to :ite1 ?r\gh orange1 & ! hue ( m9ium to pure r$ & c>m9e1 ?r\gh all gradations ( violet to ! deepe/ blue :i* is almo/ id5tifi$ ) black1 col\r /ill increases 9 d>kness4 ,blue once def9$1 admits ( be+ dilut$1 made light1 unit$ ) yell[1 & !n1 z gre51 x approa*es ! light side ( ! scale3 b ?is is by no means accord+ to its own nature4 #egd4 ,9 ! physiological col\rs we h already se5 t !y are less ?an ! light1 inasmu* z !y are a repetition ( an impression ( light1 nay1 at la/ !y leave ?is impression q z a d>k4 ,9 physical exp]im5ts ! employm5t ( semi-transp>5t m$iums1 ! effect ( semi-transp>5t accessory images1 taught u t 9 su* cases we h to d ) a subdu$ light1 ) a transition to d>kness4 #ege4 ,9 treat+ ( ! *emical orig9 ( pigm5ts we f\nd t ! same effect 0 produc$ on ! v fir/ excitem5t4 ,! yell[ t+e :i* mantles ov] ! /eel1 already d>k5s ! %9+ surface4 ,9 *ang+ :ite lead to massicot x is evid5t t ! yell[ is d>k] ?an :ite4 #egf4 ,?is process is 9 ! highe/ degree delicate2 ! gr[+ int5s5ess1 z x /ill increases1 t+es ! sub/ance m & m intimately & p[]fully1 & ?us indicates ! extreme f95ess1 & ! inf9ite divisibility ( ! col\r$ atoms4 #egg4 ,! col\rs :i* approa* ! d>k side1 & consequ5tly1 blue 9 p>ticul>1 c be made to approximate to black2 9 fact1 a v p]fect ,prussian blue1 or an indigo act$ on by vitriolic acid appe>s almo/ z a black4 #egh4 ,a rem>kable appe>ance may be "h adv]t$ to2 pigm5ts1 9 _! deepe/ & mo/ cond5s$ /ate1 especially ^? produc$ f ! vegetable k+dom1 su* z ! indigo j m5tion$1 or madd] c>ri$ to its int5se/ hue1 no long] %[ _! own col\r2 on ! contr>y1 a decid$ metallic %9e is se5 on _! surface1 9 :i* ! physiological comp5satory col\r appe>s4 #egi4 ,all good indigo exhibits a copp]-col\r 9 its fracture1 a circum/ance att5d$ to1 z a kn[n *>act]i/ic1 9 trade4 ,aga91 ! indigo :i* has be5 act$ on by sulphuric acid1 if ?ickly laid on1 or suff]$ to dry s t nei!r :ite pap] nor ! porcela9 c appe> ?r\gh1 exhibits a col\r approa*+ to orange4 #ehj4 ,! bright r$ ,spani% r\ge1 probably prep>$ f madd]1 exhibits on its surface a p]fectly gre51 metallic %9e4 ,if ?is col\r1 or ! blue be=e m5tion$1 is wa%$ ) a p5cil on porcela9 or pap]1 x is se5 9 its real /ate ow+ to ! bright gr\nd %9+ ?r\gh4 #eha4 ,col\r$ liquids appe> black :5 no light is transmitt$ ?r\gh !m1 z we may easily see 9 cubic t9 vessels ) glass bottoms4 ,9 ^! e transp>5t-col\r$ infusion w appe> black & col\rless if we place a black surface "u !m4 #ehb4 ,if we contrive t ! image ( a flame be reflect$ f ! bottom1 ! image w appe> col\r$4 ,if we lift up ! vessel & suff] ! transmitt$ light to fall on :ite pap] "u x1 ! col\r ( ! liquid appe>s on ! pap]4 ,e light gr\nd se5 ?r\gh su* a col\r$ m$ium exhibits ! col\r ( ! m$ium4 #ehc4 ,?us e col\r1 9 ord] to be se51 mu/ h a light )9 or beh9d x4 ,h5ce ! light] & bright] ! gr\nds are1 ! m brilliant ! col\rs appe>4 ,if we pass lac-v>ni% ov] a %9+ :ite metal surface1 z ! s-call$ foils are prep>$1 ! spl5d\r ( ! col\r is display$ by ?is int]nally reflect$ light z p[]fully z 9 any prismatic exp]im5t2 nay1 ! =ce ( ! physical col\rs is ow+ pr9cipally to ! circum/ance t light is always act+ ) & beh9d !m4 #ehd4 ,li*t5b]g1 :o ( necessity foll[$ ! receiv$ !ory1 ow+ to ! "t & circum/ances 9 :i* he liv$1 0 yet too good an obs]v]1 & too acute n to expla9 & classify1 aft] 8 fa%ion1 :at 0 evid5t to 8 s5ses4 ,he says1 9 ! preface to ,delaval1 ,x appe>s to me also1 on o!r gr\nds1 probable1 t our organ1 9 ord] to be impress$ by a col\r1 mu/ at ! same "t be impress$ by all light 7:ite74 #ehe4 ,to procure :ite z a gr\nd is ! *ief bus9ess ( ! dy]4 ,e col\r may be easily communicat$ to col\rless e>?s1 especially to alum3 b ! dy] has especially to d ) animal & vegetable products z ! gr\nd ( 8 op]ations4 #ehf4 ,ev]y?+ liv+ t5ds to col\r--to local1 specific col\r1 to effect1 to opacity--p]vad+ ! m9ute/ atoms4 ,ev]y?+ 9 :i* life is ext9ct approximates to :ite 7#did71 to ! ab/ract1 ! g5]al /ate1 to cle>ness#a1 to transp>5ce4 #ehg4 ,h[ ?is is put 9 practice 9 te*nical op]ations rema9s to be adv]t$ to 9 ! *apt] on ! privation ( col\r4 ,) reg>d to ! communication ( col\r1 we h especially to be> 9 m9d t animals & vegetables1 9 a liv+ /ate1 produce col\rs1 & h5ce _! sub/ances1 if depriv$ ( col\rs1 c ! m readily re-assume !m4 #a ,v]klrung1 lit]ally cl>ification4 ,,xlvii4 ,,communication1 ,,app>5t4 #ehh4 ,! communication ( col\rs1 real z well z app>5t1 corresponds1 z may easily be se51 ) _! int]mixture3 we ne$ n1 !re=e1 repeat :at has be5 already suffici5tly ent]$ into4 #ehi4 ,yet we may "h po9t out m circum/antially ! importance ( an app>5t communication :i* takes place by means ( reflection4 ,?is ph5om5on is well kn[n1 b /ill x is pregnant ) inf]5ces1 & is ( ! greate/ importance bo? to ! inve/igator ( nature & to ! pa9t]4 #eij4 ,let a surface col\r$ ) any "o ( ! positive col\rs be plac$ 9 ! sun1 & let its reflection be ?r[n on o!r col\rless objects4 ,?is reflection is a k9d ( subdu$ light1 a half-light1 a half-%ad[1 :i*1 9 a subdu$ /ate1 reflects ! col\rs 9 "q4 #eia4 ,if ?is reflection acts on light surfaces1 x is s f> ov]p[]$ t we c sc>cely p]ceive ! col\r :i* accompanies x2 b if x acts on %ad[$ portions1 a sort ( magical union takes place ) ! 4 ,%ad[ is ! prop] elem5t ( col\r1 & 9 ?is case a subdu$ col\r approa*es x1 light+ up1 t++1 & enliv5+ x4 ,& ?us arises an appe>ance1 z p[]ful z agreeable1 :i* may r5d] ! mo/ pleas+ s]vice to ! pa9t] :o kn[s h[ to make use ( x4 ,^! are ! types ( ! s-call$ reflexes1 :i* 7 only notic$ late 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 & :i* h be5 too seldom employ$ 9 _! full v>iety4 #eib4 ,! s*oolm5 call$ ^! col\rs colores notionales & int5tionales1 & ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( col\rs w g5]ally %[ t ! old inquir]s already obs]v$ ! ph5om5a well en\gh1 & knew h[ to di/+ui% !m prop]ly1 al?\gh ! :ole me?od ( treat+ su* subjects is v diff]5t f ours4 ,,xlviii4 ,,extraction4 #eic4 ,col\r may be extract$ f sub/ances1 :e!r !y possess x naturally or by communication1 9 v>i\s ways4 ,we h ?us ! p[] to remove x int5tionally = a useful purpose1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x (t5 flies contr>y to our wi%4 #eid4 ,n only are ! elem5t>y e>?s 9 _! natural /ate :ite1 b vegetable & animal sub/ances c be r$uc$ to a :ite /ate )\t di/urb+ _! texture4 ,a pure :ite is v desirable = v>i\s uses1 z 9 ! in/ance ( our pref]r+ to use l95 & cotton /uffs uncol\r$4 ,9 l mann] "s silk /uffs1 pap]1 & o!r sub/ances1 are ! m agreeable ! :it] !y c be4 ,aga91 ! *ief basis ( all dye+ consi/s 9 :ite gr\nds4 ,= ^! reasons manufactur]s1 aid$ by accid5t & contrivance1 h devot$ !mselves assidu\sly to discov] means ( extract+ col\r3 inf9ite exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 connexion ) ?is object1 & _m important facts h be5 arriv$ at4 #eie4 ,x is 9 accompli%+ ?is entire extraction ( col\r t ! op]ation ( blea*+ consi/s1 :i* is v g5]ally practis$ empirically or me?odically4 ,we w "h %ortly /ate ! lead+ pr9ciples4 #eif4 ,light is consid]$ z "o ( ! fir/ means ( extract+ col\r f sub/ances1 & n only ! sun-light1 b ! m]e p[]less day-light3 = z bo? lights--! direct light ( ! sun1 z well z ! d]iv$ light ( ! sky--k9dle ,bologna phosphorus1 s bo? act on col\r$ surfaces4 ,:e!r ! light attacks ! col\r alli$ to x1 &1 z x 71 k9dles & consumes x1 ?us r$uc+ ! def9ite quality to a g5]al /ate1 or :e!r "s o!r op]ation1 unkn[n to u1 takes place1 x is cle> t light ex]cises a great p[] on col\r$ surfaces1 & blea*es !m m or less4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5t col\rs exhibit a diff]5t degree ( durability2 yell[1 especially if prep>$ f c]ta9 mat]ials1 is1 9 ?is case1 ! fir/ to fly4 #eig4 ,n only light1 b air1 & especially wat]1 act /rongly 9 de/roy+ col\r4 ,x has be5 ev5 ass]t$ t ?read1 well soak$ & spread on ! grass at night1 blea*es bett] ?an t :i* is expos$1 aft] soak+1 to ! sun-light4 ,?us1 9 ?is case1 wat] proves to be a solv+ & conduct+ ag5t1 remov+ ! accid5tal quality1 & re/or+ ! sub/ance to a g5]al or col\rless /ate4 #eih4 ,! extraction ( col\r is also effect$ by re-ag5ts4 ,spirits ( w9e has a peculi> t5d5cy to attract ! juice :i* t+es plants1 & becomes col\r$ ) x (t5 9 a v p]man5t mann]4 ,sulphuric acid is v effici5t 9 remov+ col\r1 especially f wool & silk1 & e "o is acqua9t$ ) ! use ( sulphur vap\rs 9 blea*+4 #eii4 ,! /ronge/ acids h be5 recomm5d$ m rec5tly z m exp$iti\s ag5ts 9 blea*+4 #fjj4 ,! alkal9e re-ag5ts produce ! same effects by contr>y means--lixiviums alone1 oils & fat comb9$ ) lixiviums to soap1 & s =?4 #fja4 ,be=e we dismiss ?is subject1 we obs]ve ,pg #bdj t x may be well wor? :ile to make c]ta9 delicate exp]im5ts z to h[ f> light & air exhibit _! action 9 ! removal ( col\r4 ,x might be possible to expose col\r$ sub/ances to ! light "u glass bells1 )\t air1 or fill$ ) common or p>ticul> k9ds ( air4 ,! col\rs might be ^? ( kn[n fugacity1 & x might be obs]v$ :e!r any ( ! volatiliz$ col\r atta*$ itself to ! glass or 0 o!rwise p]ceptible z a deposit or precipitate2 :e!r1 aga91 9 su* a case1 ?is appe>ance w\ld be p]fectly l t :i* _h gradually ceas$ to be visible1 or :e!r x _h suff]$ any *ange4 ,skilful exp]im5tali/s might devise v>i\s contrivances ) a view to su* rese>*es4 #fjb4 ,hav+ ?us fir/ consid]$ ! op]ations ( nature z subs]vi5t to our proposes1 we add a few obs]vations on ! modes 9 :i* !y act aga9/ u4 #fjc4 ,! art ( pa9t+ is s circum/anc$ t ! mo/ beautiful results ( m9d & lab\r are alt]$ & de/roy$ 9 v>i\s ways by "t4 ,h5ce great pa9s h be5 always tak5 to f9d durable pigm5ts1 & s to unite !m ) ea* o!r & ) _! gr\nd1 t _! p]man5cy might be fur!r insur$4 ,! te*nical hi/ory ( ! s*ools ( pa9t+ af=ds suffici5t in=mation on ?is po9t4 #fjd4 ,we may "h1 too1 m5tion a m9or art1 to :i*1 9 relation to dye+1 we are mu* indebt$1 namely1 ! weav+ ( tape/ry4 ,z ! manufactur]s 7 enabl$ to imitate ! mo/ delicate %ades ( pictures1 & h5ce (t5 br\ght ! mo/ v>i\sly col\r$ mat]ials toge!r1 x 0 soon obs]v$ t ! col\rs 7 n all equally durable1 b t "s fad$ f ! tape/ry m quickly ?an o!rs4 ,h5ce ! mo/ dilig5t ef=ts 7 made to ensure an equal p]man5cy to all ! col\rs & _! gradations4 ,?is object 0 especially promot$ 9 ,france1 "u ,colb]t1 ^: regulations to ?is effect con/itute an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( dye+4 ,! gay dye :i* only aim$ at a transi5t beauty1 0 practis$ by a p>ticul> guild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 great pa9s 7 tak5 to def9e ! te*nical processes :i* promis$ durability4 ,& ?us1 aft] consid]+ ! artificial extraction1 ! evanesc5ce1 & ! p]i%able nature ( brilliant appe>ances ( col\r1 we are aga9 return$ to ! desid]atum ( p]man5cy4 ,,xlix4 ,,nom5clature4 #fje4 ,aft] :at has be5 adduc$ respect+ ! orig91 ! increase1 & ! aff9ity ( col\rs1 we may be bett] enabl$ to judge :at nom5clature w\ld be desirable 9 future1 & :at might be reta9$ ( t hi!rto 9 use4 #fjf4 ,! nom5clature ( col\rs1 l all o!r modes ( designation1 b especially ^? employ$ to di/+ui% ! objects ( s5se1 proce$$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f p>ticul> to g5]al1 & f g5]al back aga9 to p>ticul> t]ms4 ,! "n ( ! species became a g5]ic "n to :i* ! individual 0 aga9 ref]r$4 #fjg4 ,?is me?od might h be5 foll[$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! mutability & unc]ta9ty ( anci5t modes ( expression1 especially s9ce1 9 ! e>ly ages1 m reliance may be suppos$ to h be5 plac$ on ! vivid impressions ( s5se4 ,! qualities ( objects 7 describ$ indi/9ctly1 because !y 7 impress$ cle>ly on e imag9ation4 #fjh4 ,! pure *romatic circle 0 limit$1 x is true2 b1 specific z x 01 x appe>s to h be5 appli$ to innum]able objects1 :ile x 0 circumscrib$ by qualify+ *>act]i/ics4 ,if we take a glance at ! copi\sness ( ! ,greek & ,roman t]ms1 we %all p]ceive h[ mutable ! words 71 & h[ easily ea* 0 adapt$ to almo/ e po9t 9 ! colorific circle4--,note ,w4 #fji4 ,9 mod]n ages t]ms = _m new gradations 7 introduc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>i\s op]ations ( dye+4 ,ev5 ! col\rs ( fa%ion & _! designations1 repres5t$ an endless s]ies ( specific hues4 ,we %all1 on occasion1 employ ! *romatic t]m9ology ( mod]n languages1 :5ce x w appe> t ! aim has gradually be5 to introduce m exact def9itions1 & to individualise & arre/ a fix$ & specific /ate by language equally di/9ct4 #faj4 ,) reg>d to ! ,g]man t]m9ology1 x has ! advantage ( possess+ f\r monosyllabic names no long] to be trac$ to _! orig91 viz41 yell[ 7,gelb71 blue1 r$1 gre54 ,!y repres5t ! mo/ g5]al idea ( col\r to ! imag9ation1 )\t ref]5ce to any v specific modification4 #faa4 ,if we 7 to add two o!r qualify+ t]ms to ea* ( ^! f\r1 z ?us--r$-yell[1 & yell[-r$1 r$-blue & blue-r$1 yell[-gre5 & gre5-yell[1 blue-gre5 & gre5-blue1#a we %\ld express ! gradations ( ! *romatic circle ) suffici5t di/9ctness2 & if we 7 to add ! designations ( light & d>k1 & aga9 def9e1 9 "s measure1 ! degree ( purity or its opposite by ! monosyllables black1 :ite1 grey1 br[n1 we %\ld h a tol]ably suffici5t range ( expressions to describe ! ord9>y appe>ances pres5t$ to u1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves :e!r !y 7 produc$ dynamically or atomically4 #fab4 ,! specific & prop] t]ms 9 use might1 h[ev]1 /ill be conv5i5tly employ$1 & we h ?us made use ( ! words orange & violet4 ,we h 9 l mann] employ$ ! ^w purpur to designate a pure c5tral r$1 because ! secretion ( ! murex or purpura is to be c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t ( culm9ation by ! action ( ! sun-light on f9e l95 saturat$ ) ! juice4 #a ,?is description is suff]$ to rema9 because x acc\nts = ! t]m9ology employ$ ?r\gh\t4--,t4 ,l4 ,,m9]als4 #fac4 ,! col\rs ( m9]als are all ( a *emical nature1 & ?us ! modes 9 :i* !y are produc$ may be expla9$ 9 a g5]al way by :at has be5 said on ! subject ( *emical col\rs4 #fad4 ,among ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( m9]als1 ! description ( _! col\rs occupies ! fir/ place2 & great pa9s h be5 tak51 9 ! _s ( mod]n times1 to def9e & arre/ e su* appe>ance exactly3 by ?is means1 h[ev]1 new difficulties1 x appe>s to u1 h be5 creat$1 :i* occasion no little inconv5i5ce 9 practice4 #fae4 ,x is true1 ?is precision1 :5 we reflect h[ x arose1 c>ries ) x its own excuse4 ,! pa9t] has at all times be5 privileg$ 9 ! use ( col\rs4 ,! few specific hues1 9 !mselves1 admitt$ ( no *ange2 b f ^!1 innum]able gradations 7 artificially produc$ :i* imitat$ ! surface ( natural objects4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n to be wond]$ at t ^! gradations %\ld also be adopt$ z crit]ions1 & t ! arti/ %\ld be invit$ to produce t9t$ patt]ns ) :i* ! objects ( nature might be comp>$1 & accord+ to :i* !y 7 to receive _! designations4 #faf4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! t]m9ology ( col\rs :i* has be5 introduc$ 9 m9]alogy1 is op5 to _m objections4 ,! t]ms1 = in/ance1 h n be5 borr[$ f ! m9]al k+dom1 z 0 possible en\gh 9 mo/ cases1 b f all k9ds ( visible objects4 ,too _m specific t]ms h be5 adopt$2 & 9 seek+ to e/abli% new def9itions by comb9+ ^!1 ! nom5clators h n reflect$ t !y ?us altoge!r efface ! image f ! imag9ation1 & ! idea f ! und]/&+4 ,la/ly1 ^! individual designations ( col\rs1 employ$ to a c]ta9 ext5t z elem5t>y def9itions1 are n arrang$ 9 ! be/ mann] z reg>ds _! respective d]ivation f ea* o!r3 h5ce1 ! s*ol> mu/ le>n e s+le designation1 & impress an almo/ lifeless b positive language on 8 memory4 ,! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is w\ld be too =eign to our pres5t subject4#a #a ,^! rem>ks h ref]5ce to ! ,g]man m9]alogical t]m9ology4--,t4 ,,li4 ,,plants4 #fag4 ,! col\rs ( organic bodies 9 g5]al may be consid]$ z a high] k9d ( *emical op]ation1 = :i* reason ! anci5ts employ$ ! ^w concoction1 1 to designate ! process4 ,all ! elem5t>y col\rs1 z well z ! comb9$ & second>y hues1 appe> on ! surface ( organic productions1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! int]ior1 if n col\rless1 appe>s1 /rictly speak+1 negative :5 br\ght to ! light4 ,z we propose to communicate our views respect+ organic nature1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ano!r place1 we only ins]t "h :at has be5 be=e connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( col\rs1 :ile x may s]ve z an introduction to ! fur!r consid]ation ( ! views allud$ to3 & fir/1 ( plants4 #fah4 ,se$s1 bulbs1 roots1 & :at is g5]ally %ut out f ! light1 or imm$iately surr\nd$ by ! e>?1 appe>1 = ! mo/ "p1 :ite4 #fai4 ,plants re>$ f se$1 9 d>kness1 are :ite1 or approa*+ to yell[4 ,light1 on ! o!r h&1 9 act+ on _! col\rs1 acts at ! same "t on _! =m4 #fbj4 ,plants :i* gr[ 9 d>kness make1 x is true1 long %oots f jo9t to jo9t3 b ! /ems betwe5 two jo9ts are ?us long] ?an !y %\ld be2 no side /ems are produc$1 & ! metamorphosis ( ! plant does n take place4 #fba4 ,light1 on ! o!r h&1 places x at once 9 an active /ate2 ! plant appe>s gre51 & ! c\rse ( ! metamorphosis proce$s un9t]rupt$ly to ! p]iod ( reproduction4 #fbb4 ,we "k t ! leaves ( ! /em are only prep>ations & pre-significations ( ! in/rum5ts ( florification & fructification1 & accord+ly we c already see col\rs 9 ! leaves ( ! /em :i*1 z x 71 ann\nce ! fl[] f af>1 z is ! case 9 ! am>an?us4 #fbc4 ,!re are :ite fl[]s ^: petals h wr\ght or ref9$ !mselves to ! greate/ purity2 !re are col\r$ ones1 9 :i* ! elem5t>y hues may be said to fluctuate to & fro4 ,!re are "s :i*1 9 t5d+ to ! high] /ate1 h only p>tially emancipat$ !mselves f ! gre5 ( ! plant4 #fbd4 ,fl[]s ( ! same g5us1 & ev5 ( ! same k9d1 are f\nd ( all col\rs4 ,roses1 & p>ticul>ly mall[s1 = example1 v>y ?r\gh a great portion ( ! colorific circle f :ite to yell[1 !n ?r\gh r$-yell[ to bright r$1 & f !nce to ! d>ke/ hue x c exhibit z x approa*es blue4 #fbe4 ,o!rs already beg9 f a high] degree 9 ! scale1 z1 = example1 ! poppy1 :i* is yell[-r$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & :i* aft]w>ds approa*es a violet hue4 #fbf4 ,yet ! same col\rs 9 species1 v>ieties1 & ev5 9 families & classes1 if n con/ant1 are /ill pr$om9ant1 especially ! yell[ col\r3 blue is ?r\gh\t r>]4 #fbg4 ,a process some:at simil> takes place 9 ! juicy capsule ( ! fruit1 = x increases 9 col\r f ! gre51 ?r\gh ! yell[i% & yell[1 up to ! highe/ r$1 ! col\r ( ! r9d ?us indicat+ ! degree ( rip5ess4 ,"s are col\r$ all r\nd1 "s only on ! sunny side1 9 :i* la/ case ! augm5tation ( ! yell[ into r$1--! gradations cr[d+ 9 & ^u ea* o!r1--may be v well obs]v$4 #fbh4 ,_m fruits1 too1 are col\r$ int]nally2 pure r$ juices1 especially1 are common4 #fbi4 ,! col\r :i* is f\nd sup]ficially 9 ! fl[] & p5etrat+ly 9 ! fruit1 spreads itself ?r\gh all ! rema9+ p>ts1 col\r+ ! roots & ! juices ( ! /em1 & ?is ) a v ri* & p[]ful hue4 #fcj4 ,s1 aga91 ! col\r ( ! wood passes f yell[ ?r\gh ! diff]5t degrees ( r$ up to pure r$ & on to br[n4 ,blue woods are unkn[n to me2 & ?us 9 ?is degree ( organisation ! active side exhibits itself p[]fully1 al?\gh bo? pr9ciples appe> balanc$ 9 ! g5]al gre5 ( ! plant4 #fca4 ,we h se5 above t ! g]m pu%+ f ! e>? is g5]ally :ite & yell[i%1 b t by means ( ! action ( light & air x acquires a gre5 col\r4 ,! same happ5s ) "y leaves ( trees1 z may be se51 = example1 9 ! bir*1 ! "y leaves ( :i* are yell[i%1 & if boil$1 yield a beautiful yell[ juice3 aft]w>ds !y become gre5]1 :ile ! leaves ( o!r trees become gradually blue-gre54 #fcb4 ,?us a yell[ +r$i5t appe>s to belong m ess5tially to leaves ?an a blue "o2 = ?is la/ vani%es 9 ! autumn1 & ! yell[ ( ! leaf appe>s *ang$ to a br[n col\r4 ,/ill m rem>kable1 h[ev]1 are ! p>ticul> cases :]e leaves 9 autumn aga9 become pure yell[1 & o!rs increase to ! brighte/ r$4 #fcc4 ,o!r plants1 aga91 may1 by artificial treatm5t be entirely conv]t$ to a col\r+ matt]1 :i* is z f9e1 active1 & inf9itely divisible z any o!r4 ,indigo & madd]1 ) :i* s mu* is effect$1 are examples3 li*5s are also us$ = dyes4 #fcd4 ,to ?is fact ano!r /&s imm$iately oppos$2 we c1 namely1 extract ! col\r+ "p ( plants1 &1 z x 71 exhibit x ap>t1 :ile ! organisation does n on ?is acc\nt appe> to suff] at all4 ,! col\rs ( fl[]s may be extract$ by spirits ( w9e1 & t+e x2 ! petals mean:ile becom+ :ite4 #fce4 ,!re are v>i\s modes ( act+ on fl[]s & _! juices by re-ag5ts4 ,?is has be5 done by ,boyle 9 _m exp]im5ts4 ,roses are blea*$ by sulphur1 & may be re/or$ to _! fir/ /ate by o!r acids2 roses are turn$ gre5 by ! smoke ( tobacco4 ,,lii4 ,,worms1 ,,insects1 ,,fi%es4 #fcf4 ,) reg>d to creatures belong+ to ! l[] degrees ( organisation1 we may fir/ obs]ve t worms1 :i* live 9 ! e>? & rema9 9 d>kness & cold moi/ure1 are imp]fectly negatively col\r$2 worms br$ 9 w>m moi/ure & d>kness are col\rless2 light seems expressly necess>y to ! def9ite exhibition ( col\r4 #fcg4 ,creatures :i* live 9 wat]1 :i*1 al?\gh a v d5se m$ium1 suff]s suffici5t light to pass ?r\gh x1 appe> m or less col\r$4 ,zoophytes1 :i* appe> to animate ! pure/ calc>e\s e>?1 are mo/ly :ite2 yet we f9d corals deep5$ into ! mo/ beautiful yell[-r$3 9 o!r cells ( worms ?is col\r increases ne>ly to bright r$4 #fch4 ,! %ells ( ! cru/ace\s tribe are beautifully design$ & col\r$1 yet x is to be rem>k$ t nei!r l&-snails nor ! %ells ( cru/acea ( fre% wat]1 are adorn$ ) su* bright col\rs z ^? ( ! sea4 #fci4 ,9 exam9+ %ells1 p>ticul>ly su* z are spiral1 we f9d t a s]ies ( animal organs1 simil> to ea* o!r1 mu/ h mov$ increas+ly =w>d1 & 9 turn+ on an axis produc$ ! %ell 9 a s]ies ( *amb]s1 divisions1 tubes1 & prom95ces1 accord+ to a plan = ev] gr[+ l>g]4 ,we rem>k1 h[ev]1 t a t++ juice mu/ h accompani$ ! developm5t ( ^! organs1 a juice :i* m>k$ ! surface ( ! %ell1 probably ?r\gh ! imm$iate co-op]ation ( ! sea-wat]1 ) col\r$ l9es1 po9ts1 spots1 & %ad+s3 ?is mu/ h tak5 place at regul> int]vals1 & ?us left ! indications ( increas+ gr[? la/+ly on ! ext]ior2 mean:ile ! int]ior is g5]ally f\nd :ite or only fa9tly col\r$4 #fdj4 ,t su* a juice is to be f\nd 9 %ell-fi% is1 besides1 suffici5tly prov$ by exp]i5ce2 = ! creatures furni% x 9 its liquid & col\r+ /ate3 ! juice ( ! ink-fi% is an example4 ,b a mu* /rong] is exhibit$ 9 ! r$ juice f\nd 9 _m %ell-fi%1 :i* 0 s fam\s 9 anci5t times1 & has be5 employ$ ) advantage by ! mod]ns4 ,!re is1 x appe>s1 9 ! entrails ( _m ( ! cru/ace\s tribe a c]ta9 vessel :i* is fill$ ) a r$ juice2 ?is conta9s a v /rong & durable col\r+ sub/ance1 s mu* s t ! entire creature may be cru%$ & boil$1 & yet out ( ?is bro? a suffici5tly /rong t++ liquid may be extract$4 ,b ! little vessel fill$ ) col\r may be sep>at$ f ! animal1 by :i* means ( c\rse a conc5trat$ juice is ga9$4 #fda4 ,?is juice has ! prop]ty t :5 expos$ to light & air x appe>s fir/ yell[i%1 !n gre5i%2 x !n passes to blue1 !n to a violet1 gradually gr[+ r$d]2 & la/ly1 by ! action ( ! sun1 & especially if transf]r$ to cambric1 x assumes a pure bright r$ col\r4 #fdb4 ,?us we %\ld "h h an augm5tation1 ev5 to culm9ation1 on ! m9us side1 :i* we _c easily meet ) 9 inorganic cases2 inde$1 we might almo/ call ?is example a passage ?r\gh ! :ole scale1 & we are p]suad$ t by due exp]im5ts ! entire revolution ( ! circle might really be effect$1 = !re is no d\bt t by acids duly employ$1 ! pure r$ may be pu%$ beyond ! culm9at+ po9t t[>ds sc>let4 #fdc4 ,?is juice appe>s on ! "o h& to be connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( reproduction1 eggs be+ f\nd1 ! embryos ( future %ell-fi%1 :i* conta9 a simil> col\r+ pr9ciple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 animals rank+ high] 9 ! scale ( be+1 ! secretion appe>s to be> "s relation to ! developm5t ( ! blood4 ,! blood exhibits simil> prop]ties 9 reg>d to col\r2 9 its ?9ne/ /ate x appe>s yell[2 ?ick5$1 z x is f\nd 9 ! ve9s1 x appe>s r$2 :ile ! art]ial blood exhibits a bright] r$1 probably ow+ to ! oxydation :i* takes place by means ( brea?+4 ,! v5\s blood approa*es m to violet1 & by ?is mutability d5otes ! t5d5cy to t augm5tation & progression :i* are n[ famili> to u4 #fdd4 ,be=e we quit ! elem5t :5ce we d]iv$ ! =ego+ examples1 we may add a few obs]vations on fi%es1 ^: scaly surface is col\r$ ei!r altoge!r 9 /ripes1 or 9 spots1 & /ill (t5] exhibits a c]ta9 iridesc5t appe>ance1 indicat+ ! aff9ity ( ! scales ) ! coats ( %ell-fi%1 "m-(-pe>l1 & ev5 ! pe>l itself4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld n be =gott5 t w>m] climates1 ! influ5ce ( :i* ext5ds to ! wat]y regions1 produce1 embelli%1 & enhance ^! col\rs 9 fi%es 9 a /ill great] degree4 #fde4 ,9 ,otaheite1 ,=/] obs]v$ fi%es ) beautifully iridesc5t surfaces1 & ?is effect 0 especially app>5t at ! mom5t :5 ! fi% di$4 ,we may "h call to m9d ! hues ( ! *ameleon1 & o!r simil> appe>ances2 = :5 simil> facts are pres5t$ toge!r1 we are bett] enabl$ to trace !m4 #fdf4 ,la/ly1 al?\gh n /rictly 9 ! same class1 ! iridesc5t appe>ance ( c]ta9 mollusc may be m5tion$1 z well z ! phosphoresc5ce :i*1 9 "s m>9e creatures1 x is said becomes iridesc5t j be=e x vani%es4 #fdg4 ,we n[ turn our att5tion to ^? creatures :i* belong to light1 air & dry w>m?1 & x is "h t we fir/ f9d ourselves 9 ! liv+ region ( col\rs4 ,"h1 9 exquisitely organis$ p>ts1 ! elem5t>y col\rs pres5t !mselves 9 _! greate/ purity & beauty4 ,!y indicate1 h[ev]1 t ! creatures !y adorn1 are /ill l[ 9 ! scale ( organisation1 precisely because ^! col\rs c ?us appe>1 z x 71 unwr\ght4 ,"h1 too1 heat seems to contribute mu* to _! developm5t4 #fdh4 ,we f9d insects :i* may be consid]$ altoge!r z conc5trat$ col\r+ matt]2 among ^!1 ! co*9eals especially are celebrat$2 ) reg>d to ^! we obs]ve t _! mode ( settl+ on vegetables1 & ev5 ne/l+ 9 !m1 at ! same "t produces ^? excresc5ces :i* are s useful z mordants 9 fix+ col\rs4 #fdi4 ,b ! p[] ( col\r1 accompani$ by regul> organisation1 exhibits itself 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] 9 ^? insects :i* require a p]fect metamorphosis = _! developm5t--9 sc>ab1 & especially 9 butt]flies4 #fej4 ,^! la/1 :i* might be call$ true productions ( light & air1 (t5 exhibit ! mo/ beautiful col\rs1 ev5 9 _! *rysalis /ate1 indicat+ ! future col\rs ( ! butt]fly2 a consid]ation :i*1 if pursu$ fur!r h]eaft]1 mu/ und\bt$ly af=d a satisfactory insight into _m a secret ( organis$ be+4 #fea4 ,if1 aga91 we exam9e ! w+s ( ! butt]fly m accurately1 & 9 its net-l web discov] ! rudim5ts ( an arm1 & obs]ve fur!r ! mode 9 :i* ?is1 z x 71 flatt5$ arm is cov]$ ) t5d] plumage & con/itut$ an organ ( fly+2 we believe we recognise a law accord+ to :i* ! great v>iety ( t9ts is regulat$4 ,?is w be a subject = fur!r inve/igation h]eaft]4 #feb4 ,t1 aga91 heat g5]ally has an influ5ce on ! size ( ! creature1 on ! accompli%m5t ( ! =m1 & on ! great] beauty ( ! col\rs1 h>dly ne$s to be rem>k$4 ,,liii4 ,,birds4 #fec4 ,! m we approa* ! high] organisations1 ! m x becomes necess>y to limit ourselves to a few pass+ obs]vations2 = all ! natural conditions ( su* organis$ be+s are ! result ( s _m premises1 t1 )\t hav+ at lea/ h9t$ at ^!1 our rem>ks w\ld only appe> d>+1 & at ! same "t insuffici5t4 #fed4 ,we f9d 9 plants1 t ! consummate fl[] & fruit are1 z x 71 root$ 9 ! /em1 & t !y are n\ri%$ by m p]fect juices ?an ! orig9al roots fir/ af=d$2 we rem>k1 too1 t p>asitical plants :i* d]ive _! support f organis$ /ructures1 exhibit !mselves especially end[$ z to _! en]gies & qualities4 ,we might 9 "s s5se comp>e ! fea!rs ( birds ) plants ( ?is description2 ! fea!rs spr+ up z a la/ /ructural result f ! surface ( a body :i* has yet mu* 9 res]ve = ! completion ( ! ext]nal economy1 & ?us are v ri*ly end[$ organs4 #fee4 ,! quills n only gr[ proportionally to a consid]able size1 b are ?r\gh\t bran*$1 by :i* means !y prop]ly become fea!rs1 & _m ( ^! fea!r$ bran*es are aga9 subdivid$2 ?us1 aga91 recall+ ! /ructure ( plants4 #fef4 ,! fea!rs are v diff]5t 9 %ape & size1 b ea* /ill rema9s ! same organ1 =m+ & trans=m+ itself accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! "p ( ! body f :i* x spr+s4 #feg4 ,) ! =m1 ! col\r also becomes *ang$1 & a c]ta9 law regulates ! g5]al ord] ( hues z well z t p>ticul> di/ribution by :i* a s+le fea!r becomes p>ty col\r$1 ,x is f ?is t all comb9ation ( v>iegat$ plumage arises1 & :5ce1 at la/1 ! eyes 9 ! peacock's tail are produc$4 ,x is a result simil> to t :i* we h already unfold$ 9 treat+ ( ! metamorphosis ( plants1 & :i* we %all take an e>ly opportunity to prove4 #feh4 ,al?\gh "t & circum/ances compel u "h to pass by ?is organic law1 yet we are b\nd to ref] to ! *emical op]ations :i* commonly exhibit !mselves 9 ! t9t+ ( fea!rs 9 a mode n[ suffici5tly kn[n to u4 #fei4 ,plumage is ( all col\rs1 yet1 on ! :ole1 yell[ deep5+ to r$ is common] ?an blue4 #ffj4 ,! op]ation ( light on ! fea!rs & _! col\rs1 is to be rem>k$ 9 all cases4 ,?us1 = example1 ! fea!rs on ! brea/ ( c]ta9 p>rots1 are /rictly yell[2 ! scale-l ant]ior portion1 :i* is act$ on by ! light1 is deep5$ f yell[ to r$4 ,! brea/ ( su* a bird appe>s bright-r$1 b if we bl[ into ! fea!rs ! yell[ appe>s4 #ffa4 ,! expos$ portion ( ! fea!rs is 9 all cases v diff]5t f t :i*1 9 a quiet /ate1 is cov]$2 x is only ! expos$ portion1 = in/ance1 9 rav5s1 :i* exhibits ! iridesc5t appe>ance2 ! cov]$ portion does n3 f :i* indication1 ! fea!rs ( ! tail :5 ruffl$ toge!r1 may be at once plac$ 9 ! natural ord] aga94 ,,liv4 ,,mammalia ,,& ,,human ,,be+s4 #ffb4 ,"h ! elem5t>y col\rs beg9 to leave u altoge!r4 ,we are arriv$ at ! highe/ degree ( ! scale1 & %all n dwell on its *>act]i/ics long4 #ffc4 ,an animal ( ?is class is di/+ui%$ among ! examples ( organis$ be+4 ,e ?+ t exhibits itself ab\t him is liv+4 ,( ! int]nal /ructure we d n speak1 b conf9e ourselves briefly to ! surface4 ,! hairs are already di/+ui%$ f fea!rs1 inasmu* z !y belong m to ! sk91 inasmu* z !y are simple1 ?read-l1 n bran*$4 ,!y are h[ev]1 l fea!rs1 %ort]1 long]1 s(t]1 & firm]1 col\rless or col\r$1 & all ?is 9 con=mity to laws :i* might be def9$4 #ffd4 ,:ite & black1 yell[1 yell[-r$ & br[n1 alt]nate 9 v>i\s modifications1 b !y nev] appe> 9 su* a /ate z to rem9d u ( ! elem5t>y hues4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are all brok5 col\rs subdu$ by organic concoction1 & ?us d5ote1 m or less1 ! p]fection ( life 9 ! be+ !y belong to4 #ffe4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations connect$ ) morphology1 s f> z x relates to surfaces1 is ?is1 t ev5 9 quadrup$s ! spots ( ! sk9 h a relation ) ! p>ts und]nea? !m4 ,caprici\sly z nature "h appe>s1 on a ha/y exam9ation1 to op]ate1 %e nev]!less consi/5tly obs]ves a secret law4 ,! developm5t & application ( ?is1 x is true1 are res]v$ only = accurate & c>eful inve/igation & s9c]e co-op]ation4 #fff4 ,if 9 "s animals portions appe> v>iegat$ ) positive col\rs1 ?is ( itself %[s h[ f> su* creatures are remov$ f a p]fect organisation2 =1 x may be said1 ! nobl] a creature is1 ! m all ! m]e mat]ial ( :i* he is compos$1 is disguis$ by be+ wr\ght toge!r2 ! m ess5tially 8 surface corresponds ) ! int]nal organisation1 ! less c x exhibit ! elem5t>y col\rs4 ,:]e all t5ds to make up a p]fect :ole1 any deta*$ specific developm5ts _c take place4 #ffg4 ,( man we h little to say1 = he is entirely di/9ct f ! g5]al physiological results ( :i* we n[ treat4 ,s mu* 9 ?is case is 9 aff9ity ) ! int]nal /ructure1 t ! surface c only be sp>+ly end[$4 #ffh4 ,:5 we consid] t brutes are r encumb]$ ?an advantage\sly provid$ ) int]cutane\s muscles2 :5 we see t mu* t is sup]flu\s t5ds to ! surface1 z1 = in/ance1 l>ge e>s & tails1 z well z hair1 manes1 tufts2 we see t nature1 9 su* cases1 _h mu* to give away & to lavi%4 #ffi4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! g5]al surface ( ! human =m is smoo? & clean1 & ?us 9 ! mo/ p]fect examples1 ! beautiful =ms are app>5t2 = x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+1 t a sup]fluity ( hair on ! *e/1 arms1 & l[] limbs1 r indicates weakness ?an /r5g?4 ,poets only h sometimes be5 induc$1 probably by ! example ( ! f]9e nature1 s /rong 9 o!r respects1 to extol simil> attributes 9 _! r\gh h]oes4 #fgj4 ,b we h "h *iefly to speak ( col\r1 & obs]ve t ! col\r ( ! human sk91 9 all its v>ieties1 is nev] an elem5t>y col\r1 b pres5ts1 by means ( organic concoction1 a highly complicat$ result4--,note ,x4 #fga4 ,t ! col\r ( ! sk9 & hair has relation ) ! diff]5ces ( "*1 is beyond "q2 & we are l$ to conjecture t ! circum/ance ( "o or o!r organic sy/em pr$om9at+1 produces ! v>ieties we see4 ,a simil> hypo!sis may be appli$ to nations1 9 :i* case x might p]haps be obs]v$1 t c]ta9 col\rs correspond ) c]ta9 confirmations1 :i* has always be5 obs]v$ ( ! negro physiognomy4 #fgb4 ,la/ly1 we might "h consid] ! problematical "q1 :e!r all human =ms & hues are n equally beautiful1 & :e!r cu/om & self-conceit are n ! causes :y "o is pref]r$ to ano!r8 ,we v5ture1 h[ev]1 aft] :at has be5 adduc$1 to ass]t t ! :ite man1 t is1 he ^: surface v>ies f :ite to r$di%1 yell[i%1 br[ni%1 9 %ort1 ^: surface appe>s mo/ neutral 9 hue & lea/ incl9es to any p>ticul> or positive col\r1 is ! mo/ beautiful4 ,on ! same pr9ciple a simil> po9t ( p]fection 9 human con=mation may be def9$ h]eaft]1 :5 ! "q relates to =m4 ,we d n imag9e t ?is long-disput$ "q is to be ?us1 once = all1 settl$1 = !re are p]sons en\gh :o h reason to leave ?is significancy ( ! ext]ior 9 d\bt2 b we ?us express a conclusion1 d]iv$ f obs]vation & reflection1 su* z might sugge/ itself to a m9d aim+ at a satisfactory decision4 ,we subjo9 a few obs]vations connect$ ) ! elem5t>y *emical doctr9e ( col\rs4--,note ,y4 ,,lv4 ,,physical ,,& ,,*emical ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,light ,,?r\gh ,,col\r$ ,,m$iums4 #fgc4 ,! physical & *emical effects ( col\rless light are kn[n1 s t x is unnecess>y "h to describe !m at l5g?4 ,col\rless light exhibits itself "u v>i\s conditions z excit+ w>m?1 z imp>t+ a lum9\s quality to c]ta9 bodies1 z promot+ oxydation & de-oxydation4 ,9 ! modes & degrees ( ^! effects _m v>ieties take place1 b no diff]5ce is f\nd indicat+ a pr9ciple ( contra/ su* z we f9d 9 ! transmission ( col\r$ light4 ,we proce$ briefly to adv]t to ?is4 #fgd4 ,let ! temp]ature ( a d>k room be obs]v$ by means ( a v s5sible air-!rmomet]2 if ! bulb is !n br\ght to ! direct sun light z x %9es into ! room1 no?+ is m natural ?an t ! fluid %\ld indicate a mu* high] degree ( w>m?4 ,if ^u ?is we int]pose col\r$ glasses1 x foll[s aga9 q naturally t ! degree ( w>m? mu/ be l[]$2 fir/1 because ! op]ation ( ! direct light is already some:at imp$$ by ! glass1 & aga91 m especially1 because a col\r$ glass1 z a d>k m$ium1 admits less light ?r\gh x4 #fge4 ,b "h a diff]5ce 9 ! excitation ( w>m? exhibits itself to ! att5tive obs]v]1 accord+ to ! col\r ( ! glass4 ,! yell[ & ! yell[-r$ glasses produce a high] temp]ature ?an ! blue & blue-r$1 ! diff]5ce be+ consid]able4 #fgf4 ,?is exp]im5t may be made ) ! prismatic spectrum4 ,! temp]ature ( ! room be+ fir/ rem>k$ on ! !rmomet]1 ! blue col\r$ light is made to fall on ! bulb1 :5 a some:at high] degree ( w>m? is exhibit$1 :i* /ill increases z ! o!r col\rs are gradually br\ght to act on ! m]cury4 ,if ! exp]im5t is made ) ! wat]-prism1 s t ! :ite light c be reta9$ 9 ! c5tre1 ?is1 refract$ inde$1 b n yet col\r$ light1 is ! w>me/2 ! o!r col\rs1 /& 9 relation to ea* o!r z be=e4 #fgg4 ,z we "h m]ely describe1 )\t und]tak+ to d$uce or expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 we only rem>k 9 pass+1 t ! pure light is by no means abruptly & entirely at an end ) ! r$ division 9 ! spectrum1 b t a refract$ light is /ill to be obs]v$ deviat+ f its c\rse &1 z x 71 ins9uat+ itself beyond ! prismatic image1 s t on clos] exam9ation x w h>dly be f\nd necess>y to take refuge 9 invisible rays & _! refraction4 #fgh4 ,! communication ( light by means ( col\r$ m$iums exhibits ! same diff]5ce4 ,! light communicates itself to ,bologna phosphorus ?r\gh blue & violet glasses1 b by no means ?r\gh yell[ & yell[-r$ glasses4 ,x has be5 ev5 rem>k$ t ! phosphori :i* h be5 r5d]$ lum9\s "u violet & blue glasses1 become soon] ext+ui%$ :5 aft]w>ds plac$ "u yell[ & yell[-r$ glasses ?an ^? :i* h be5 suff]$ to rema9 9 a d>k room )\t any fur!r influ5ce4 #fgi4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 l ! =ego+1 may also be made by means ( ! prismatic spectrum1 :5 ! same results take place4 #fhj4 ,to asc]ta9 ! effect ( col\r$ light on oxydation & de-oxydation1 ! foll[+ means may be employ$3--,let moi/1 p]fectly :ite muriate ( silv]#a be spread on a /rip ( pap]2 place x 9 ! light1 s t x may become to a c]ta9 degree grey1 & !n cut x 9 ?ree portions4 ,( ^!1 "o may be pres]v$ 9 a book1 z a specim5 ( ?is /ate2 let ano!r be plac$ "u a yell[-r$1 & ! ?ird "u a blue-r$ glass4 ,! la/ w become a d>k] grey1 & exhibit a de-oxydation2 ! o!r1 "u ! yell[-r$ glass1 w1 on ! contr>y1 become a light] grey1 & ?us approa* ne>] to ! orig9al /ate ( m p]fect oxydation4 ,! *ange 9 bo? may be asc]ta9$ by a comp>ison ) ! unalt]$ specim54 #fha4 ,an excell5t app>atus has be5 contriv$ to p]=m ^! exp]im5ts ) ! prismatic image4 ,! results are analog\s to ^? already m5tion$1 & we %all h]eaft] give ! p>ticul>s1 mak+ use ( ! lab\rs ( an accurate obs]v]1 :o has be5 = "s "t c>efully prosecut+ ^! exp]im5ts4#b #a ,n[ g5]ally call$ *loride ( silv]3 ! t]m 9 ! orig9al is ,hornsilb]4--,t4 #b ,! individual allud$ to 0 ,seebeck3 ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts 0 publi%$ 9 ! second volume4--,t4 ,,lvi4 ,,*emical ,,effect ,,9 ,,dioptrical ,,a*romatism4 #fhb4 ,we fir/ invite our read]s to turn to :at has be5 be=e obs]v$ on ?is subject 7#bhe1 #bih71 to avoid unnecess>y repetition "h4 #fhc4 ,we c ?us give a glass ! prop]ty ( produc+ mu* wid] col\r$ edges )\t refract+ m /rongly ?an be=e1 t is1 )\t displac+ ! object mu* m p]ceptibly4 #fhd4 ,?is prop]ty is communicat$ to ! glass by means ( metallic oxydes4 ,m9ium1 melt$ & ?or\ghly unit$ ) a pure glass1 produces ?is effect1 & ?us fl9t-glass 7#bia7 is prep>$ ) oxyde ( lead4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d h be5 c>ri$ f>!r1 & ! s-call$ butt] ( antimony1 :i*1 accord+ to a new prep>ation1 may be exhibit$ z a pure fluid1 has be5 made use ( 9 holl[ l5ses & prisms1 produc+ a v /rong appe>ance ( col\r ) a v mod]ate refraction1 & pres5t+ ! effect :i* we h call$ hyp]*romatism 9 a v vivid mann]4 #fhe4 ,9 common glass1 ! alkal9e nature obvi\sly prepond]ates1 s9ce x is *iefly compos$ ( s& & alkal9e salts2 h5ce a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 exhibit+ ! relation ( p]fectly alkal9e fluids to p]fect acids1 might lead to useful results4 #fhf4 ,=1 c\ld ! maximum & m9imum be f\nd1 x w\ld be a "q :e!r a refract+ m$ium c\ld n be discov]$1 9 :i* ! increas+ & dim9i%+ appe>ance ( col\r1 7an effect almo/ indep5d5t ( refraction17 c\ld n be done away ) altoge!r1 :ile ! displacem5t ( ! object w\ld be unalt]$4 #fhg4 ,h[ desirable1 !re=e1 x w\ld be ) reg>d to ?is la/ po9t1 z well z = ! elucidation ( ! :ole ( ?is ?ird division ( our "w1 &1 inde$1 = ! elucidation ( ! doctr9e ( col\rs g5]ally1 t ^? :o are occupi$ 9 *emical rese>*es1 ) new views ev] op5+ to !m1 %\ld take ?is subject 9 h&1 pursu+ into m delicate comb9ations :at we h only r\ghly h9t$ at1 & prosecut+ _! inquiries ) ref]5ce to sci5ce z a :ole4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics4 #fhh4 ,we h hi!rto1 9 a mann] =cibly1 kept ph5om5a asund]1 :i*1 p>tly f _! nature1 p>tly 9 accordance ) our m5tal habits1 h1 z x 71 con/antly s\ght to be reunit$4 ,we h exhibit$ !m 9 ?ree divisions4 ,we h consid]$ col\rs1 fir/1 z transi5t1 ! result ( an action & re-action 9 ! eye itself2 next1 z pass+ effects ( col\rless1 light-transmitt+1 transp>5t1 or opaque m$iums on light2 especially on ! lum9\s image2 la/ly1 we arriv$ at ! po9t :]e we c\ld securely pron\nce !m z p]man5t1 & actually inh]5t 9 bodies4 #fhi4 ,9 foll[+ ?is ord] we h z f> z possible endeav\r$ to def9e1 to sep>ate1 & to class ! appe>ances4 ,b n[ t we ne$ no long] be appreh5sive ( mix+ or conf\nd+ !m1 we may proce$1 fir/1 to /ate ! g5]al nature ( ^! appe>ances consid]$ ab/ract$ly1 z an indep5d5t circle ( facts1 &1 9 ! next place1 to %[ h[ ?is p>ticul> circle is connect$ ) o!r classes ( analog\s ph5om5a 9 nature4 ,,! ,,facility ,,) ,,:i* ,,col\r ,,appe>s4 #fij4 ,we h obs]v$ t col\r "u _m conditions appe>s v easily4 ,! susceptibility ( ! eye ) reg>d to light1 ! con/ant re-action ( ! ret9a aga9/ x1 produce in/antane\sly a slight iridesc5ce4 ,e subdu$ light may be consid]$ z col\r$1 nay1 we ought to call any light col\r$1 inasmu* z x is se54 ,col\rless light1 col\rless surfaces1 are1 9 "s sort1 ab/ract ideas2 9 actual exp]i5ce we c h>dly be said to be aw>e ( !m4--,note ,z4 #fia4 ,if light imp+es on a col\rless body1 is reflect$ f x or passes ?r\gh x1 col\r imm$iately appe>s2 b x is necess>y "h to rememb] :at has be5 s (t5 urg$ by u1 namely1 t ! lead+ conditions ( refraction1 reflection1 c41 are n ( !mselves suffici5t to produce ! appe>ance4 ,sometimes1 x is true1 light acts ) ^! m]ely z light1 b (t5] z a def9$1 circumscrib$ appe>ance1 z a lum9\s image4 ,! semi-opacity ( ! m$ium is (t5 a necess>y condition2 :ile half1 & d\ble %ad[s1 are requir$ = _m col\r$ appe>ances4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 col\r appe>s in/antane\sly4 ,we f9d1 aga91 t by means ( pressure1 brea?+ heat 7#dcb1 #dga71 by v>i\s k9ds ( motion & alt]ation on smoo? clean surfaces 7#dfa71 z well z on col\rless fluids 7#dgj71 col\r is imm$iately produc$4 #fib4 ,! slighte/ *ange has only to take place 9 ! compon5t p>ts ( bodies1 :e!r by immixture ) o!r p>ticles or o!r su* effects1 & col\r ei!r makes its appe>ance or becomes *ang$4 ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,col\r4 #fic4 ,! physical col\rs1 & especially ^? ( ! prism1 7 =m]ly call$ colores emphatici1 on acc\nt ( _! extraord9>y beauty & =ce4 ,/rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 a high degree ( effect may be ascrib$ to all appe>ances ( col\r1 assum+ t !y are exhibit$ "u ! pure/ & mo/ p]fect conditions4 #fid4 ,! d>k nature ( col\r1 its full ri* quality1 is :at produces ! grave1 & at ! same "t fasc9at+ impression we sometimes exp]i5ce1 & z col\r is to be consid]$ a condition ( light1 s x _c disp5se ) light z ! co-op]at+ cause ( its appe>ance1 z its basis or gr\nd2 z a p[] ?us display+ & manife/+ col\r4 ,,! ,,def9ite ,,nature ,,( ,,col\r4 #fie4 ,! exi/5ce & ! relatively def9ite "* ( col\r are "o & ! same ?+4 ,light displays itself & ! face ( nature1 z x 71 ) a g5]al indiff]5ce1 in=m+ u z to surr\nd+ objects p]haps devoid ( int]e/ or importance2 b col\r is at all times specific1 *>act]i/ic1 significant4 #fif4 ,consid]$ 9 a g5]al po9t ( view1 col\r is det]m9$ t[>ds "o ( two sides4 ,x ?us pres5ts a contra/ :i* we call a pol>ity1 & :i* we may fitly designate by ! expressions plus & m9us4 ,plus4 ,m9us4 ,yell[4 ,blue4 ,action4 ,negation4#a ,light4 ,%ad[4 ,brightness4 ,d>kness4 ,=ce4 ,weakness4 ,w>m?4 ,coldness4 ,proximity4 ,di/ance4 ,repulsion ,attraction4 ,aff9ity ) acids4 ,aff9ity ) alkalis4 ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,pr9ciples4 #fig4 ,if ^! specific1 contra/$ pr9ciples are comb9$1 ! respective qualities d n !re=e de/roy ea* o!r3 = if 9 ?is int]mixture ! +r$i5ts are s p]fectly balanc$ t nei!r is to be di/9ctly recognis$1 ! union aga9 acquires a specific "*2 x appe>s z a quality by itself 9 :i* we no long] ?9k ( comb9ation4 ,?is union we call gre54 #fih4 ,?us1 if two opposite ph5om5a spr++ f ! same s\rce d n de/roy ea* o!r :5 comb9$1 b 9 _! union pres5t a ?ird appreciable & pleas+ appe>ance1 ?is result at once indicates _! h>moni\s relation4 ,! m p]fect result yet rema9s to be adv]t$ to4 ,,augm5tation ,,to ,,r$4 #fii4 ,blue & yell[ d n admit ( increas$ int5sity )\t pres5tly exhibit+ a new appe>ance 9 addition to _! own4 ,ea* col\r1 9 its lighte/ /ate1 is a d>k2 if cond5s$ x mu/ become d>k]1 b ?is effect no soon] takes place ?an ! hue assumes an appe>ance :i* we designate by ! ^w r$di%4 #gjj4 ,?is appe>ance /ill increases1 s t :5 ! highe/ degree ( int5sity is atta9$ x pr$om9ates ov] ! orig9al hue4 ,a p[]ful impression ( light leaves ! s5sation ( r$ on ! ret9a4 ,9 ! prismatic yell[-r$ :i* spr+s directly f ! yell[1 we h>dly recognise ! yell[4 #gja4 ,?is deep5+ takes place aga9 by means ( col\rless semi-transp>5t m$iums1 & "h we see ! effect 9 its utmo/ purity & ext5t4 ,transp>5t fluids1 col\r$ ) any giv5 hues1 9 a s]ies ( glass-vessels1 exhibit x v /rik+ly4 ,! augm5tation is unremitt+ly rapid & con/ant2 x is univ]sal1 & obta9s 9 physiological z well z 9 physical & *emical col\rs4 ,,junction ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,augm5t$ ,,extremes4 #gjb4 ,z ! extremes ( ! simple contra/ produce a beautiful & agreeable appe>ance by _! union1 s ! deep5$ extremes on be+ unit$1 w pres5t a /ill m fasc9at+ col\r2 inde$1 x might naturally be expect$ t we %\ld "h f9d ! acme ( ! :ole ph5om5on4 ,,complet5ess ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,v>iety4 #gjc4 ,& su* is ! fact1 = pure r$ appe>s2 a col\r to :i*1 f its excell5ce1 we h appropriat$ ! t]m purpur4#b #gjd4 ,!re are v>i\s modes 9 :i* pure r$ may appe>4 ,by br++ toge!r ! violet edge & yell[-r$ bord] 9 prismatic exp]im5ts1 by cont9u$ augm5tation 9 *emical op]ations1 & by ! organic contra/ 9 physiological effects4 #gje4 ,z a pigm5t x _c be produc$ by int]mixture or union1 b only by arre/+ ! hue 9 sub/ances *emically act$ on1 at ! high culm9at+ po9t4 ,h5ce ! pa9t] is ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t !re are ?ree primitive col\rs f :i* he comb9es all ! o!rs4 ,! natural philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 assumes only two elem5t>y col\rs1 f :i* he1 9 l mann]1 developes & comb9es ! re/4 ,,complet5ess ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,col\r4 #gjf4 ,! v>i\s appe>ances ( col\r arre/$ 9 _! diff]5t degrees1 & se5 9 juxtaposition1 produce a :ole4 ,?is totality is h>mony to ! eye4 #gjg4 ,! *romatic circle has be5 gradually pres5t$ to u2 ! v>i\s relations ( its progression are app>5t to u4 ,two pure orig9al pr9ciples 9 contra/1 are ! f\ndation ( ! :ole2 an augm5tation manife/s itself by means ( :i* bo? approa* a ?ird /ate2 h5ce !re exi/s on bo? sides a l[e/ & highe/1 a simple/ & mo/ qualifi$ /ate4 ,aga91 two comb9ations pres5t !mselves2 fir/ t ( ! simple primitive contra/s1 !n t ( ! deep5$ contra/s4 ,,h>mony ,,( ,,! ,,complete ,,/ate4 #gjh4 ,! :ole +r$i5ts ( ! *romatic scale1 se5 9 juxtaposition1 produce an h>moni\s impression on ! eye4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! physical contra/ & h>moni\s opposition 9 all its ext5t %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,! fir/ resides 9 ! pure re/rict$ orig9al dualism1 consid]$ 9 its antagoniz+ elem5ts2 ! o!r results f ! fully develop$ effects ( ! complete /ate4 #gji4 ,e s+le opposition 9 ord] to be h>moni\s mu/ compreh5d ! :ole4 ,! physiological exp]im5ts are suffici5tly conv9c+ on ?is po9t4 ,a developm5t ( all ! possible contra/s ( ! *romatic scale w be %ortly giv54#c ,,facility ,,) ,,:i* ,,col\r ,,may ,,be ,,made ,,to ,,t5d ,,ei!r ,,to ,,! ,,plus ,,or ,,m9us ,,side4 #gaj4 ,we h already _h occasion to take notice ( ! mutability ( col\r 9 consid]+ its s-call$ augm5tation & progressive v>iations r\nd ! :ole circle2 b ! hues ev5 pass & repass f "o side to ! o!r1 rapidly & ( necessity4 #gaa4 ,physiological col\rs are diff]5t 9 appe>ance z !y happ5 to fall on a d>k or on a light gr\nd4 ,9 physical col\rs ! comb9ation ( ! objective & subjective exp]im5ts is v rem>kable4 ,! epoptical col\rs1 x appe>s1 are contra/$ accord+ z ! light %9es ?r\gh or ^u !m4 ,to :at ext5t ! *emical col\rs may be *ang$ by fire & alkalis1 has be5 suffici5tly %[n 9 its prop] place4 ,,evanesc5ce ,,( ,,col\r4 #gab4 ,all t has be5 adv]t$ to z subsequ5t to ! rapid excitation & def9ition ( col\r1 immixture1 augm5tation1 comb9ation1 sep>ation1 n =gett+ ! law ( comp5satory h>mony1 all takes place ) ! greate/ rapidity & facility2 b ) equal quickness col\r aga9 altoge!r disappe>s4 #gac4 ,! physiological appe>ances are 9 no wise to be arre/$2 ! physical la/ only z long z ! ext]nal condition la/s2 ev5 ! *emical col\rs h great mutability1 !y may be made to pass & repass f "o side to ! o!r by means ( opposite re-ag5ts1 & may ev5 be annihilat$ altoge!r4 ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,col\r4 #gad4 ,! *emical col\rs af=d evid5ce ( v great duration4 ,col\rs fix$ 9 glass by fusion1 & by nature 9 gems1 defy all "t & re-action4 #gae4 ,! art ( dye+ aga9 fixes col\r v p[]fully4 ,! hues ( pigm5ts :i* might o!rwise be easily r5d]$ mutable by re-ag5ts1 may be communicat$ to sub/ances 9 ! greate/ p]man5cy by means ( mordants4 #a ,wirkung1 ,b]aubung2 ! la/ w\ld be m lit]ally r5d]$ privation4 ,! au?or has already frequ5tly made use ( ! t]ms active & passive z equival5t to plus & m9us4--,t4 #b ,:]ev] ?is ^w occurs incid5tally x is translat$ pure r$1 ! ,engli% ^w purple be+ g5]ally employ$ to d5ote a col\r simil> to violet4--,t4 #c ,no diagram or table ( ?is k9d 0 ev] giv5 by ! au?or4--,t4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,relation ,,to ,,o!r ,,pursuits--,,relation ,,to ,,philosophy4 #gaf4 ,! inve/igator ( nature _c be requir$ to be a philosoph]1 b x is expect$ t he %\ld s f> h atta9$ ! habit ( philosophiz+1 z to di/+ui% himself ess5tially f ! _w1 9 ord] to associate himself ) x aga9 9 a high] s5se4 ,he %\ld =m to himself a me?od 9 accordance ) obs]vation1 b he %\ld take he$ n to r$uce obs]vation to m]e notion1 to sub/itute words = ?is notion1 & to use & deal ) ^! words z if !y 7 ?+s4 ,he %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! lab\rs ( philosoph]s1 9 ord] to foll[ up ! ph5om5a :i* h be5 ! subject ( 8 obs]vation1 into ! philosophic region4 #gag4 ,x _c be requir$ t ! philosoph] %\ld be a naturali/1 & yet 8 co-op]ation 9 physical rese>*es is z necess>y z x is desirable4 ,he ne$s n an acqua9tance ) details = ?is1 b only a cle> view ( ^? conclusions :]e insulat$ facts meet4 #gah4 ,we h be=e 7#age7 allud$ to ?is important consid]ation1 & repeat x "h :]e x is 9 its place4 ,! wor/ t c happ5 to physical sci5ce z well z to _m o!r k9ds ( k is1 t m5 %\ld treat a second>y ph5om5on z a primordial "o1 & 7s9ce x is impossible to d]ive ! orig9al fact f ! second>y /ate71 seek to expla9 :at is 9 reality ! cause by an effect made to usurp its place4 ,h5ce arises an endless confusion1 a m]e v]biage1 a con/ant endeav\r to seek & to f9d subt]fuges :5ev] tru? pres5ts itself & ?reat5s to be ov]p[]+4 #gai4 ,:ile ! obs]v]1 ! inve/igator ( nature1 is ?us dissatisfi$ 9 f9d+ t ! appe>ances he sees /ill contradict a receiv$ !ory1 ! philosoph] c calmly cont9ue to op]ate 9 8 ab/ract dep>tm5t on a false result1 = no result is s false b t x c be made to appe> valid1 z =m )\t sub/ance1 by "s means or o!r4 #gbj4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inve/igator ( nature c atta9 to ! k ( t :i* we h call$ a primordial ph5om5on1 he is safe2 & ! philosoph] ) him4 ,! inve/igator ( nature is safe1 s9ce he is p]suad$ t he has "h arriv$ at ! limits ( 8 sci5ce1 t he f9ds himself at ! height ( exp]im5tal rese>*2 a height :5ce he c look back ^u ! details ( obs]vation 9 all its /eps1 & =w>ds into1 if he _c ent]1 ! regions ( !ory4 ,! philosoph] is safe1 = he receives f ! exp]im5tali/ an ultimate fact1 :i*1 9 8 h&s1 n[ becomes an elem5t>y "o4 ,he n[ ju/ly pays little att5tion to appe>ances :i* are und]/ood to be second>y1 :e!r he already f9ds !m sci5tifically arrang$1 or :e!r !y pres5t !mselves to 8 casual obs]vation scatt]$ & confus$4 ,%\ld he ev5 be incl9$ to g ov] ?is exp]im5tal gr\nd himself1 & n be av]se to exam9ation 9 detail1 he does ?is conv5i5tly1 in/ead ( l+]+ too long 9 ! consid]ation ( second>y & int]m$iate circum/ances1 or ha/ily pass+ !m ov] )\t becom+ accurately acqua9t$ ) !m4 #gba4 ,to place ! doctr9e ( col\rs ne>]1 9 ?is s5se1 )9 ! philosoph]'s rea*1 0 ! au?or's wi%2 & al?\gh ! execution ( 8 purpose1 f v>i\s causes1 does n correspond ) 8 int5tion1 he w /ill keep ?is object 9 view 9 an int5d$ recapitulation1 z well z 9 ! polemical & hi/orical portions ( 8 "w2 = he w h to return to ! consid]ation ( ?is po9t h]eaft]1 on an occasion :]e x w be necess>y to speak ) less res]ve4 ,,relation ,,to ,,ma!matics4 #gbb4 ,x may be expect$ t ! inve/igator ( nature1 :o proposes to treat ! sci5ce ( natural philosophy 9 its entire range1 %\ld be a ma!matician4 ,9 ! middle ages1 ma!matics 0 ! *ief organ by means ( :i* m5 hop$ to ma/] ! secrets ( nature1 & ev5 n[1 geometry 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( physics1 is ju/ly consid]$ ( fir/ importance4 #gbc4 ,! au?or c boa/ ( no atta9m5ts ( ?is k9d1 & on ?is acc\nt conf9es himself to dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce :i* are indep5d5t ( geometry2 dep>tm5ts :i* 9 mod]n times h be5 op5$ up f> & wide4 #gbd4 ,x w be univ]sally all[$ t ma!matics1 "o ( ! noble/ auxili>ies :i* c be employ$ by man1 has1 9 "o po9t ( view1 be5 ( ! greate/ use to ! physical sci5ces2 b t1 by a false application ( its me?ods1 x has1 9 _m respects1 be5 prejudicial to !m1 is also n to be d5i$2 we f9d x "h & !re reluctantly admitt$4 #gbe4 ,! !ory ( col\rs1 9 p>ticul>1 has suff]$ mu*1 & its progress has be5 incalculably ret>d$ by hav+ be5 mix$ up ) optics g5]ally1 a sci5ce :i* _c disp5se ) ma!matics2 :]eas ! !ory ( col\rs1 9 /rictness1 may be inve/igat$ q indep5d5tly ( optics4 #gbf4 ,b besides ?is !re 0 an additional evil4 ,a great ma!matician 0 possess$ ) an entirely false notion on ! physical orig9 ( col\rs2 yet1 ow+ to 8 great au?ority z a geomet]1 ! mi/akes :i* he committ$ z an exp]im5tali/ long became sanction$ 9 ! eyes ( a _w ev] fett]$ 9 prejudices4 #gbg4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t inquiry has endeav\r$ ?r\gh\t to keep ! !ory ( col\rs di/9ct f ! ma!matics1 al?\gh !re are evid5tly c]ta9 po9ts :]e ! assi/ance ( geometry w\ld be desirable4 ,_h n ! unprejudic$ ma!maticians1 ) :om he has _h1 or /ill has1 ! good =tune to be acqua9t$1 be5 prev5t$ by o!r occupations f mak+ common cause ) him1 8 "w w\ld n h want$ "s m]it 9 ?is respect4 ,b ?is v want may be 9 ! end advantage\s1 s9ce x may n[ become ! object ( ! enlight5$ ma!matician to asc]ta9 :]e ! doctr9e ( col\rs is 9 ne$ ( 8 aid1 & h[ he c contribute ! means at 8 comm& ) a view to ! complete elucidation ( ?is bran* ( physics4 #gbh4 ,9 g5]al x 7 to be wi%$ t ! ,g]mans1 :o r5d] su* good s]vice to sci5ce1 :ile !y adopt all t is good f o!r nations1 c\ld by degrees accu/om !mselves to "w 9 conc]t4 ,we live1 x mu/ be confess$1 9 an age1 ! habits ( :i* are directly oppos$ to su* a wi%4 ,e "o seeks1 n only to be orig9al 9 8 views1 b to be indep5d5t ( ! lab\rs ( o!rs1 or at lea/ to p]suade himself t he is s1 ev5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life & occupation4 ,x is v (t5 rem>k$ t m5 :o und\bt$ly h accompli%$ mu*1 quote !mselves only1 _! own writ+s1 j\rnals1 & comp5diums2 :]eas x w\ld be f> m advantage\s = ! individual1 & = ! _w1 if _m 7 devot$ to a common pursuit4 ,! conduct ( our neighb\rs ! ,fr5* is1 9 ?is respect1 wor?y ( imitation2 we h a pleas+ in/ance 9 ,cuvi]'s preface to 8 ,tableau lm5taire de l',hi/oire ,naturelle des ,animaux4 #gbi4 ,he :o has obs]v$ sci5ce & its progress ) an unprejudic$ eye1 might ev5 ask :e!r x is desirable t s _m occupations & aims1 ?\gh alli$ to ea* o!r1 %\ld be unit$ 9 "o p]son1 & :e!r x w\ld n be m suitable = ! limit$ p[]s ( ! human m9d to di/+ui%1 = example1 ! inve/igator & inv5tor1 f him :o employs & applies ! result ( exp]im5t8 ,a/ronom]s1 :o devote !mselves to ! obs]vation ( ! heav5s & ! discov]y or enum]ation ( />s1 h 9 mod]n times =m$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a di/9ct class f ^? :o calculate ! orbits1 consid] ! univ]se 9 its connexion1 & m accurately def9e its laws4 ,! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( col\rs w (t5 lead u back to ^! consid]ations4 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,te*nical ,,op]ations ,,( ,,! ,,dy]4 #gcj4 ,if 9 our lab\rs we h gone out ( ! prov9ce ( ! ma!matician1 we h1 on ! o!r h&1 endeav\r$ to meet ! practical views ( ! dy]2 & al?\gh ! *apt] :i* treats ( col\r 9 a *emical po9t ( view is n ! mo/ complete & circum/antial1 yet 9 t portion1 z well z 9 our g5]al obs]vations respect+ col\r1 ! dy] w f9d 8 views assi/$ f> m ?an by ! !ory hi!rto 9 vogue1 :i* fail$ to af=d him any assi/ance4 #gca4 ,x is curi\s1 9 ?is view1 to take a glance at ! works conta9+ directions on ! art ( dye+4 ,z ! ,ca?olic1 on ent]+ 8 temple1 spr9kles himself ) holy wat]1 & aft] b5d+ ! knee1 proce$s p]haps to conv]se ) 8 fri5ds on 8 affairs1 )\t any especial devotion2 s all ! treatises on dye+ beg9 ) a respectful allusion to ! accr$it$ !ory1 )\t aft]w>ds exhibit+ a s+le trace ( any pr9ciple d$uc$ f ?is !ory1 or %[+ t x has ?r[n light on any "p ( ! art1 or t x (f]s any useful h9ts 9 fur!rance ( practical me?ods4 #gcb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are m5 :o1 aft] hav+ become ?or\ghly & exp]im5tally acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( dyes1 h n be5 able to reconcile _! obs]vations ) ! receiv$ !ory2 :o h1 9 %ort1 discov]$ its weak po9ts1 & s\ght = a g5]al view m consonant to nature & exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we come to ! names ( ,ca/el & ,gli*1 9 our hi/orical review1 we %all h occasion to ent] into ?is m fully1 & an opportunity w !n pres5t itself to %[ t an assidu\s exp]i5ce 9 tak+ advantage ( e accid5t may1 9 fact1 be said almo/ to exhau/ ! k ( ! prov9ce to :i* x is conf9$4 ,! high & complete result is !n submitt$ to ! !ori/1 :o1 if he exam9es facts ) accuracy1 & reasons ) c&\r1 w f9d su* mat]ials em95tly useful z a basis = 8 conclusions4--,note ,a ,a4 ,,relation ,,to ,,physiology ,,& ,,pa?ology4 #gcc4 ,if ! ph5om5a adduc$ 9 ! *apt] :]e col\rs 7 consid]$ 9 a physiological & pa?ological view are = ! mo/ "p g5]ally kn[n1 /ill "s new views1 mix$ up ) !m1 w n be unacceptable to ! physiologi/4 ,we especially hope to h giv5 him cause to be satisfi$ by class+ c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* /ood alone1 "u analog\s facts1 & ?us1 9 "s measure1 to h prep>$ ! way = 8 fur!r inve/igations4 #gcd4 ,! app5dix on pa?ological col\rs1 aga91 is admitt$ to be scanty & unconnect$4 ,we reflect1 h[ev]1 t ,g]many c boa/ ( m5 :o are n only highly exp]i5c$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 b are likewise s di/+ui%$ = g5]al cultivation1 t x c co/ !m b little to revise ?is portion1 to complete :at has be5 sket*$1 & at ! same "t to connect x ) ! high] facts ( organisation4 ,,relation ,,to ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 #gce4 ,if we may at all hope t natural hi/ory w gradually be modifi$ by ! pr9ciple ( d$uc+ ! ord9>y appe>ances ( nature f high] ph5om5a1 ! au?or believes he may h giv5 "s h9ts & introductory views be>+ on ?is object also4 ,z col\r1 9 its inf9ite v>iety1 exhibits itself on ! surface ( liv+ be+s1 x becomes an important "p ( ! outw>d indications1 by means ( :i* we c discov] :at passes und]nea?4 #gcf4 ,9 "o po9t ( view x is c]ta9ly n to be too mu* reli$ on1 on acc\nt ( its indef9ite & mutable nature2 yet ev5 ?is mutability1 inasmu* z x exhibits itself z a con/ant quality1 aga9 becomes a crit]ion ( a mutable vitality2 & ! au?or wi%es no?+ m ?an t "t may be grant$ him to develop ! results ( 8 obs]vations on ?is subject m fully2 "h !y w\ld n be 9 _! place4 ,,relation ,,to ,,g5]al ,,physics4 #gcg4 ,! /ate 9 :i* g5]al physics n[ is1 appe>s1 aga91 p>ticul>ly fav\rable to our lab\rs2 = natural philosophy1 ow+ to indefatigable & v>i\sly direct$ rese>*1 has gradually atta9$ su* em95ce1 t x appe>s n impossible to ref] a b\ndless empiricism to "o c5tre4 #gch4 ,)\t ref]r+ to subjects :i* are too f> remov$ f our own prov9ce1 we obs]ve t ! =mul "u :i* ! elem5t>y appe>ances ( nature are express$1 altoge!r t5d 9 ?is direction2 & x is easy to see t ?r\gh ?is correspond5ce ( expression1 a correspond5ce 9 mean+ w necess>ily be soon arriv$ at4 #gci4 ,true obs]v]s ( nature1 h[ev] !y may diff] 9 op9ion 9 o!r respects1 w agree t all :i* pres5ts itself z appe>ance1 all t we meet ) z ph5om5on1 mu/ ei!r indicate an orig9al division :i* is capable ( union1 or an orig9al unity :i* admits ( division1 & t ! ph5om5on w pres5t itself accord+ly4 ,to divide ! unit$1 to unite ! divid$1 is ! life ( nature2 ?is is ! et]nal sy/ole & dia/ole1 ! et]nal collapsion & expansion1 ! inspiration & expiration ( ! _w 9 :i* we live & move4 #gdj4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t :at we "h express z numb] & re/rict to dualism is to be und]/ood 9 a high] s5se2 ! appe>ance ( a ?ird1 a f\r? ord] ( facts progressively develop+ !mselves is to be simil>ly und]/ood2 b actual obs]vation %\ld1 above all1 be ! basis ( all ^! expressions4 #gda4 ,iron is kn[n to u z a peculi> sub/ance1 diff]5t f o!r sub/ances3 9 its ord9>y /ate we look ^u x z a m]e mat]ial rem>kable only on acc\nt ( its fitness = v>i\s uses & applications4 ,h[ little1 h[ev]1 is necess>y to d away ) ! comp>ative insignificancy ( ?is sub/ance4 ,a two-fold p[] is call$ =?1#a :i*1 :ile x t5ds aga9 to a /ate ( union1 &1 z x 71 seeks itself1 acquires a k9d ( magical relation ) its l1 & propagates ?is d\ble prop]ty1 :i* is 9 fact b a pr9ciple ( reunion1 ?r\gh\t all bodies ( ! same k9d4 ,we "h fir/ obs]ve ! m]e sub/ance1 iron2 we see ! division t takes place 9 x propagate itself & disappe>1 & aga9 easily become re-excit$4 ,?is1 accord+ to our mode ( ?9k+1 is a primordial ph5om5on 9 imm$iate relation ) its idea1 & :i* ackn[l$ges no?+ e>?ly beyond x4 #gdb4 ,electricity is aga9 peculi>ly *>act]is$4 ,z a m]e quality we are unacqua9t$ ) x2 = u x is a no?+1 a z]o1 a m]e po9t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 dwells 9 all app>5t exi/5ces1 & at ! same "t is ! po9t ( orig9 :5ce1 on ! slighte/ /imulus1 a d\ble appe>ance pres5ts itself1 an appe>ance :i* only manife/s itself to vani%4 ,! conditions "u :i* ?is manife/ation is excit$ are inf9itely v>i$1 accord+ to ! nature ( p>ticul> bodies4 ,f ! rude/ me*anical friction ( v diff]5t sub/ances ) "o ano!r1 to ! m]e contiguity ( two entirely simil> bodies1 ! ph5om5on is pres5t & /irr+1 nay1 /rik+ & p[]ful1 & s decid$ & specific1 t :5 we employ ! t]ms or =mul pol>ity1 plus & m9us1 = nor? & s\?1 = glass & res91 we d s ju/ifiably & 9 con=mity ) nature4 #gdc4 ,?is ph5om5on1 al?\gh x especially affects ! surface1 is yet by no means sup]ficial4 ,x influ5ces ! t5d5cy or det]m9ation ( mat]ial qualities1 & connects itself 9 imm$iate co-op]ation ) ! important d\ble ph5om5on :i* takes place s univ]sally 9 *emi/ry1--oxydation1 & de-oxydation4 #gdd4 ,to introduce & include ! appe>ances ( col\r 9 ?is s]ies1 ?is circle ( ph5om5a 0 ! object ( our lab\rs4 ,:at we h n succe$$ 9 o!rs w accompli%4 ,we f\nd a primordial va/ contra/ betwe5 light & d>kness1 :i* may be m g5]ally express$ by light & its abs5ce4 ,we look$ = ! int]m$iate /ate1 & s\ght by means ( x to compose ! visible _w ( light1 %ade1 & col\r4 ,9 ! prosecution ( ?is we employ$ v>i\s t]ms applicable to ! developm5t ( ! ph5om5a1 t]ms :i* we adopt$ f ! !ories ( magnetism1 ( electricity1 & ( *emi/ry4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 to ext5d ?is t]m9ology1 s9ce we f\nd ourselves 9 an ab/ract region1 & _h to express m complicat$ relations4 #gde4 ,if electricity & galvanism1 9 _! g5]al "*1 are di/+ui%$ z sup]ior to ! m limit$ exhibition ( magnetic ph5om5a1 x may be said t col\r1 al?\gh com+ "u simil> laws1 is /ill sup]ior2 = s9ce x addresses itself to ! noble s5se ( vision1 its p]fections are m g5]ally display$4 ,comp>e ! v>i$ effects :i* result f ! augm5tation ( yell[ & blue to r$1 f ! comb9ation ( ^! two high] extremes to pure r$1 & ! union ( ! two inf]ior extremes to gre54 ,:at a f> m v>i$ s*eme is app>5t "h ?an t 9 :i* magnetism & electricity are compreh5d$4 ,^! la/ ph5om5a may be said to be inf]ior aga9 on ano!r acc\nt2 = ?\gh !y p5etrate & give life to ! univ]se1 !y _c address !mselves to man 9 a high] s5se 9 ord] to 8 employ+ !m /hetically4 ,! g5]al1 simple1 physical law mu/ fir/ be elevat$ & div]sifi$ itself 9 ord] to be available = elevat$ uses4 #gdf4 ,if ! read]1 9 ?is _s1 recalls :at has be5 /at$ by u ?r\gh\t1 g5]ally & 9 detail1 ) reg>d to col\r1 he w himself pursue & unfold :at has be5 "h only lightly h9t$ at4 ,he w augur well = sci5ce1 te*nical processes1 & art1 if x %\ld prove possible to rescue ! attractive subject ( ! doctr9e ( col\rs f ! atomic re/riction & isolation 9 :i* x has be5 bani%$1 9 ord] to re/ore x to ! g5]al dynamic fl[ ( life & action :i* ! pres5t age loves to recognise 9 nature4 ,^! consid]ations w press ^u u m /rongly :51 9 ! hi/orical portion1 we %all h to speak ( _m an ent]pris+ & intellig5t man :o fail$ to possess 8 contempor>ies ) 8 convictions4 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,music4 #gdg4 ,be=e we proce$ to ! moral associations ( col\r1 & ! /hetic influ5ces aris+ f !m1 we h "h to say a few words on its relation to melody4 ,t a c]ta9 relation exi/s betwe5 ! two1 has be5 always felt2 ?is is prov$ by ! frequ5t comp>isons we meet )1 sometimes z pass+ allusions1 sometimes z circum/antial p>allels4 ,! error :i* writ]s h fall5 into 9 try+ to e/abli% ?is analogy we w\ld ?us def9e3 #gdh4 ,col\r & s\nd d n admit ( be+ directly comp>$ toge!r 9 any way1 b bo? are ref]able to a high] =mula1 bo? are d]ivable1 al?\gh ea* = itself1 f ?is high] law4 ,!y are l two riv]s :i* h _! s\rce 9 "o & ! same m\nta91 b subsequ5tly pursue _! way "u totally diff]5t conditions 9 two totally diff]5t regions1 s t ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( bo? no two po9ts c be comp>$4 ,bo? are g5]al1 elem5t>y effects act+ accord+ to ! g5]al law ( sep>ation & t5d5cy to union1 ( undulation & oscillation1 yet act+ ?us 9 :olly diff]5t prov9ces1 9 diff]5t modes1 on diff]5t elem5t>y m$iums1 = diff]5t s5ses4--,note ,b ,b4 #gdi4 ,c\ld "s inve/igator rightly adopt ! me?od 9 :i* we h connect$ ! doctr9e ( col\rs ) natural philosophy g5]ally1 & happily supply :at has escap$ or be5 miss$ by u1 ! !ory ( s\nd1 we are p]suad$1 might be p]fectly connect$ ) g5]al physics3 at pres5t x /&s1 z x 71 isolat$ )9 ! circle ( sci5ce4 #gej4 ,x is true x w\ld be an und]tak+ ( ! greate/ difficulty to d away ) ! positive "* :i* we are n[ accu/om$ to attribute to music--a "* result+ f ! a*ievem5ts ( practical skill1 f accid5tal1 ma!matical1 /hetical influ5ces--& to sub/itute = all ?is a m]ely physical inquiry t5d+ to resolve ! sci5ce into its fir/ elem5ts4 ,yet consid]+ ! po9t at :i* sci5ce & art are n[ arriv$1 consid]+ ! _m excell5t prep>atory inve/igations t h be5 made relative to ?is subject1 we may p]haps /ill see x accompli%$4 ,,conclud+ ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,t]m9ology4 #gea4 ,we nev] suffici5tly reflect t a language1 /rictly speak+1 c only be symbolical & figurative1 t x c nev] express ?+s directly1 b only1 z x 71 reflect$ly4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 speak+ ( qualities :i* are only imp]fectly pres5t$ to obs]vation1 :i* might r be call$ p[]s ?an objects1 & :i* are ev] 9 movem5t ?r\gh\t nature4 ,!y are n to be arre/$1 & yet we f9d x necess>y to describe !m2 h5ce we look = all k9ds ( =mul 9 ord]1 figuratively at lea/1 to def9e !m4 #geb4 ,metaphysical =mul h bread? z well z dep?1 b on ?is v acc\nt !y require a correspond+ import2 ! dang] "h is vagu5ess4 ,ma!matical expressions may 9 _m cases be v conv5i5tly & happily employ$1 b !re is always an inflexibility 9 !m1 & we pres5tly feel _! inadequacy2 = ev5 9 elem5t>y cases we are v soon consci\s ( an incomm5surable idea2 !y are1 besides1 only intelligible to ^? :o are especially conv]sant 9 ! sci5ces to :i* su* =mul are appropriat$4 ,! t]ms ( ! sci5ce ( me*anics are m address$ to ! ord9>y m9d1 b !y are ord9>y 9 o!r s5ses1 & always h some?+ unpoli%$2 !y de/roy ! inw>d life to (f] f )\t an insuffici5t sub/itute = x4 ,! =mul ( ! corpuscul> !ories are ne>ly alli$ to ! la/2 ?r\gh !m ! mutable becomes rigid1 description & expression unc\?3 :ile1 aga91 moral t]ms1 :i* und\bt$ly c express nic] relations1 h ! effect ( m]e symbols 9 ! end1 & are 9 dang] ( be+ lo/ 9 a play ( wit4 #gec4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a writ] c\ld use all ^! modes ( description & expression ) p]fect comm&1 & ?us give =? ! result ( 8 obs]vations on ! ph5om5a ( nature 9 a div]sifi$ language2 if he c\ld pres]ve himself f pr$ilections1 /ill embody+ a lively mean+ 9 z animat$ an expression1 we might look = mu* in/ruction communicat$ 9 ! mo/ agreeable ( =ms4 #ged4 ,yet1 h[ difficult x is to avoid sub/itut+ ! sign = ! ?+2 h[ difficult to keep ! ess5tial quality /ill liv+ be=e u1 & n to kill x ) ! ^w4 ,) all ?is1 we are expos$ 9 mod]n times to a /ill great] dang] by adopt+ expressions & t]m9ologies f all bran*es ( k & sci5ce to embody our views ( simple nature4 ,a/ronomy1 cosmology1 geology1 natural hi/ory1 nay religion & my/icism1 are call$ 9 9 aid2 & h[ (t5 d we n f9d a g5]al idea & an elem5t>y /ate r hidd5 & obscur$ ?an elucidat$ & br\ght ne>] to u by ! employm5t ( t]ms1 ! application ( :i* is /rictly specific & second>y4 ,we are q aw>e ( ! necessity :i* l$ to ! introduction & g5]al adoption ( su* a language1 we also "k t x has become 9 a c]ta9 s5se indisp5sable2 b x is only a mod]ate1 unpret5d+ rec\rse to x1 ) an int]nal conviction ( its fitness1 t c recomm5d x4 #gee4 ,aft] all1 ! mo/ desirable pr9ciple w\ld be t writ]s %\ld borr[ ! expressions employ$ to describe ! details ( a giv5 prov9ce ( inve/igation f ! prov9ce itself2 treat+ ! simple/ ph5om5on z an elem5t>y =mula1 & d]iv+ & develop+ ! m complicat$ designations f ?is4 #gef4 ,! necessity & suitabl5ess ( su* a conv5tional language :]e ! elem5t>y sign expresses ! appe>ance itself1 has be5 duly appreciat$ by ext5d+1 = in/ance1 ! application ( ! t]m pol>ity1 :i* is borr[$ f ! magnet to electricity1 c4 ,! plus & m9us :i* may be sub/itut$ = ?is1 h f\nd z suitable an application to _m ph5om5a2 ev5 ! musician1 probably )\t tr\bl+ himself ab\t ^! o!r dep>tm5ts1 has be5 naturally l$ to express ! lead+ diff]5ce 9 ! modes ( melody by major & m9or4 #geg4 ,= ourselves we h long wi%$ to introduce ! t]m pol>ity into ! doctr9e ( col\rs2 ) :at "r & 9 :at s5se1 ! pres5t "w may %[4 ,p]haps we may h]eaft] f9d room to connect ! elem5t>y ph5om5a toge!r accord+ to our mode1 by a simil> use ( symbolical t]ms1 t]ms :i* mu/ at all times convey ! directly correspond+ idea2 we %all ?us r5d] m explicit :at has be5 "h only allud$ to g5]ally1 & p]haps too vaguely express$4 #a ,e9e ,entzweyung geht vor2 lit]ally1 a division takes place4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! two magnetic p[]s are previ\sly 9 ! b>1 & are !n sep>at$ at ! ends4--,t4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,effect ,,( ,,col\r ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,moral ,,associations4 #geh4 ,s9ce col\r occupies s important a place 9 ! s]ies ( elem5t>y ph5om5a1 fill+ z x does ! limit$ circle assign$ to x ) fulle/ v>iety1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d t its effects are at all times decid$ & significant1 & t !y are imm$iately associat$ ) ! emotions ( ! m9d4 ,we %all n be surpris$ to f9d t ^! appe>ances pres5t$ s+ly1 are specific1 t 9 comb9ation !y may produce an h>moni\s1 *>act]i/ic1 (t5 ev5 an inh>moni\s effect on ! eye1 by means ( :i* !y act on ! m9d2 produc+ ?is impression 9 _! mo/ g5]al elem5t>y "*1 )\t relation to ! nature or =m ( ! object on ^: surface !y are app>5t4 ,h5ce1 col\r consid]$ z an elem5t ( art1 may be made subs]vi5t to ! highe/ /hetical ends4--,note ,c ,c4 #gei4 ,p exp]i5ce a great delight 9 col\r1 g5]ally4 ,! eye requires x z mu* z x requires light4 ,we h only to rememb] ! refre%+ s5sation we exp]i5ce1 if on a cl\dy day ! sun illum9es a s+le portion ( ! sc5e be=e u & displays its col\rs4 ,t heal+ p[]s 7 ascrib$ to col\r$ gems1 may h aris5 f ! exp]i5ce ( ?is indef9able pleasure4 #gfj4 ,! col\rs :i* we see on objects are n qualities entirely /range to ! eye2 ! organ is n ?us m]ely habituat$ to ! impression2 no1 x is always pr$ispos$ to produce col\r ( itself1 & exp]i5ces a s5sation ( delight if some?+ analog\s to its own nature is (f]$ to x f )\t2 if its susceptibility is di/9ctly det]m9$ t[>ds a giv5 /ate4 #gfa4 ,f "s ( our e>li] obs]vations we c conclude1 t g5]al impressions produc$ by s+le col\rs _c be *ang$1 t !y act specifically1 & mu/ produce def9ite1 specific /ates 9 ! liv+ organ4 #gfb4 ,!y likewise produce a correspond+ influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u t p>ticul> col\rs excite p>ticul> /ates ( feel+4 ,x is relat$ ( a witty ,fr5*man1 ,il prt5doit que son ton de conv]sation avec ,madame toit *ang depuis qu'elle avoit *ang en cramoisi le meuble de son cab9et1 qui toit bleu4 #gfc4 ,9 ord] to exp]i5ce ^! influ5ces completely1 ! eye %\ld be entirely surr\nd$ ) "o col\r2 we %\ld be 9 a room ( "o col\r1 or look ?r\gh a col\r$ glass4 ,we are !n id5tifi$ ) ! hue1 x attunes ! eye & m9d 9 m]e unison ) itself4 #gfd4 ,! col\rs on ! plus side are yell[1 r$-yell[ 7orange71 yell[-r$ 7m9ium1 c9nab>74 ,! feel+s !y excite are quick1 lively1 aspir+4 ,,yell[4 #gfe4 ,?is is ! col\r ne>e/ ! light4 ,x appe>s on ! slighte/ mitigation ( light1 :e!r by semi-transp>5t m$iums or fa9t reflection f :ite surfaces4 ,9 prismatic exp]im5ts x ext5ds itself alone & widely 9 ! light space1 & :ile ! two poles rema9 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 be=e x mixes ) blue to produce gre5 x is to be se5 9 its utmo/ purity & beauty4 ,h[ ! *emical yell[ developes itself 9 & ^u ! :ite1 has be5 circum/antially describ$ 9 its prop] place4 #gff4 ,9 its highe/ purity x always c>ries ) x ! nature ( brightness1 & has a s]5e1 gay1 s(tly excit+ "*4 #gfg4 ,9 ?is /ate1 appli$ to dress1 hang+s1 c>pet+1 c41 x is agreeable4 ,gold 9 its p]fectly unmix$ /ate1 especially :5 ! effect ( poli% is sup]add$1 gives u a new & high idea ( ?is col\r2 9 l mann]1 a /rong yell[1 z x appe>s on sat91 has a magnific5t & noble effect4 #gfh4 ,we f9d f exp]i5ce1 aga91 t yell[ excites a w>m & agreeable impression4 ,h5ce 9 pa9t+ x belongs to ! illum9$ & emphatic side4 #gfi4 ,?is impression ( w>m? may be exp]i5c$ 9 a v lively mann] if we look at a l&scape ?r\gh a yell[ glass1 p>ticul>ly on a grey w9t]'s day4 ,! eye is gladd5$1 ! he>t exp&$ & *e]$1 a gl[ seems at once to brea! t[>ds u4 #ggj4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is col\r 9 its pure & bright /ate is agreeable & gladd5+1 & 9 its utmo/ p[] is s]5e & noble1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 extremely liable to contam9ation1 & produces a v disagreeable effect if x is sulli$1 or 9 "s degree t5ds to ! m9us side4 ,?us1 ! col\r ( sulphur1 :i* incl9es to gre51 has a some?+ unpleasant 9 x4 #gga4 ,:5 a yell[ col\r is communicat$ to dull & co>se surfaces1 su* z common clo?1 felt1 or ! l1 on :i* x does n appe> ) full en]gy1 ! disagreeable effect allud$ to is app>5t4 ,by a slight & sc>cely p]ceptible *ange1 ! beautiful impression ( fire & gold is trans=m$ into "o n undes]v+ ! epi!t f\l2 & ! col\r ( hon\r & joy rev]s$ to t ( ignom9y & av]sion4 ,to ?is impression ! yell[ hats ( bankrupts & ! yell[ circles on ! mantles ( ,jews1 may h ow$ _! orig94 ,,r$-,,yell[4 #ggb4 ,z no col\r c be consid]$ z /ation>y1 s we c v easily augm5t yell[ into r$di% by cond5s+ or d>k5+ x4 ,! col\r increases 9 en]gy1 & appe>s 9 r$-yell[ m p[]ful & spl5did4 #ggc4 ,all t we h said ( yell[ is applicable "h 9 a high] degree4 ,! r$-yell[ gives an impression ( w>m? & gladness1 s9ce x repres5ts ! hue ( ! int5s] gl[ ( fire1 & ( ! mild] radiance ( ! sett+ sun4 ,h5ce x is agreeable ar\nd u1 & aga91 z clo?+1 9 great] or less degrees is *e]ful & magnific5t4 ,a slight t5d5cy to r$ imm$iately gives a new "* to yell[1 & :ile ! ,engli% & ,g]mans cont5t !mselves ) bright pale yell[ col\rs 9 lea!r1 ! ,fr5*1 z ,ca/el has rem>k$1 pref] a yell[ enhanc$ to r$2 inde$1 9 g5]al1 ev]y?+ 9 col\r is agreeable to !m :i* belongs to ! active side4 ,,yell[-,,r$4 #ggd4 ,z pure yell[ passes v easily to r$-yell[1 s ! deep5+ ( ?is la/ to yell[-r$ is n to be arre/$4 ,! agreeable1 *e]ful s5sation :i* r$-yell[ excites1 increases to an intol]ably p[]ful impression 9 bright yell[-r$4 #gge1 ,! active side is "h 9 its highe/ en]gy1 & x is n to be wond]$ at t impetu\s1 robu/1 un$ucat$ m51 %\ld be especially pleas$ ) ?is col\r4 ,among savage nations ! incl9ation = x has be5 univ]sally rem>k$1 & :5 *ildr51 left to !mselves1 beg9 to use t9ts1 !y nev] sp>e v]milion & m9ium4 #ggf4 ,9 look+ /eadfa/ly at a p]fectly yell[-r$ surface1 ! col\r seems actually to p5etrate ! organ4 ,x produces an extreme excitem5t1 & /ill acts ?us :5 some:at d>k5$4 ,a yell[-r$ clo? di/urbs & enrages animals4 ,i h kn[n m5 ( education to :om its effect 0 intol]able if !y *anc$ to see a p]son dress$ 9 a sc>let cloak on a grey1 cl\dy day4 #ggg4 ,! col\rs on ! m9us side are blue1 r$-blue1 & blue-r$4 ,!y produce a re/less1 susceptible1 anxi\s impression4 ,,blue4 #ggh4 ,z yell[ is always accompani$ ) light1 s x may be said t blue /ill br+s a pr9ciple ( d>kness ) x4 #ggi4 ,?is col\r has a peculi> & almo/ indescribable effect on ! eye4 ,z a hue x is p[]ful1 b x is on ! negative side1 & 9 its highe/ purity is1 z x 71 a /imulat+ negation4 ,its appe>ance1 !n1 is a k9d ( contradiction betwe5 excitem5t & repose4 #ghj4 ,z ! upp] sky & di/ant m\nta9s appe> blue1 s a blue surface seems to retire f u4 #gha4 ,b z we readily foll[ an agreeable object t flies f u1 s we love to contemplate blue1 n because x advances to u1 b because x draws u aft] x4 #ghb4 ,blue gives u an impression ( cold1 & ?us1 aga91 rem9ds u ( %ade4 ,we h be=e spok5 ( its aff9ity ) black4 #ghc4 ,rooms :i* are hung ) pure blue1 appe> 9 "s degree l>g]1 b at ! same "t empty & cold4 #ghd4 ,! appe>ance ( objects se5 ?r\gh a blue glass is gloomy & melan*oly4 #ghe4 ,:5 blue p>takes 9 "s degree ( ! plus side1 ! effect is n disagreeable4 ,sea-gre5 is r a pleas+ col\r4 ,,r$-,,blue4 #ghf4 ,we f\nd yell[ v soon t5d+ to ! int5se /ate1 & we obs]ve ! same progression 9 blue4 #ghg4 ,blue deep5s v mildly into r$1 & ?us acquires a some:at active "*1 al?\gh x is on ! passive side4 ,its excit+ p[] is1 h[ev]1 ( a v diff]5t k9d f t ( ! r$-yell[4 ,x may be said to di/urb r ?an enliv54 #ghh4 ,z augm5tation itself is n to be arre/$1 s we feel an incl9ation to foll[ ! progress ( ! col\r1 n1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! case ( ! r$-yell[1 to see x /ill increase 9 ! active s5se1 b to f9d a po9t to re/ 94 #ghi4 ,9 a v att5uat$ /ate1 ?is col\r is kn[n to u "u ! "n ( lilac2 b ev5 9 ?is degree x has a some?+ lively )\t gladness4 #gij4 ,?is unquiet feel+ increases z ! hue progresses1 & x may be safely assum$1 t a c>pet ( a p]fectly pure deep blue-r$ w\ld be intol]able4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 :5 x is us$ = dress1 ribbons1 or o!r ornam5ts1 x is employ$ 9 a v att5uat$ & light /ate1 & ?us displays its "* z above def9$1 9 a peculi>ly attractive mann]4 #gia4 ,z ! high] dignit>ies ( ! *ur* h appropriat$ ?is unquiet col\r to !mselves1 we may v5ture to say t x unceas+ly aspires to ! c>d9al's r$ ?r\gh ! re/less degrees ( a /ill impati5t progression4 ,,r$4 #gib4 ,we are "h to =get ev]y?+ t bord]s on yell[ or blue4 ,we are to imag9e an absolutely pure r$1 l f9e c>m9e suff]$ to dry on :ite porcela94 ,we h call$ ?is col\r purpur by way ( di/9ction1 al?\gh we are q aw>e t ! purple ( ! anci5ts incl9$ m to blue4 #gic4 ,:oev] is acqua9t$ ) ! prismatic orig9 ( r$1 w n ?9k x p>adoxical if we ass]t t ?is col\r p>tly actu1 p>tly pot5ti1 includes all ! o!r col\rs4 #gid4 ,we h rem>k$ a con/ant progress or augm5tation 9 yell[ & blue1 & se5 :at impressions 7 produc$ by ! v>i\s /ates2 h5ce x may naturally be inf]r$ t n[1 9 ! junction ( ! deep5$ extremes1 a feel+ ( satisfaction mu/ succe$2 & ?us1 9 physical ph5om5a1 ?is highe/ ( all appe>ances ( col\r arises f ! junction ( two contra/$ extremes :i* h gradually prep>$ !mselves = a union4 #gie4 ,z a pigm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 x pres5ts itself to u already =m$1 & is mo/ p]fect z a hue 9 co*9eal2 a sub/ance :i*1 h[ev]1 by *emical action may be made to t5d to ! plus or ! m9us side1 & may be consid]$ to h atta9$ ! c5tral po9t 9 ! be/ c>m9e4 #gif4 ,! effect ( ?is col\r is z peculi> z its nature4 ,x conveys an impression ( gravity & dignity1 & at ! same "t ( grace & attractiv5ess4 ,! fir/ 9 its d>k deep /ate1 ! latt] 9 its light att5uat$ t9t2 & ?us ! dignity ( age & ! amiabl5ess ( y\? may adorn itself ) degrees ( ! same hue4 #gig4 ,hi/ory relates _m in/ances ( ! jeal\sy ( sov]eigns ) reg>d to ! quality ( r$4 ,surr\nd+ accompanim5ts ( ?is col\r h always a grave & magnific5t effect4 #gih4 ,! r$ glass exhibits a bright l&scape 9 s dreadful a hue z to inspire s5tim5ts ( awe4 #gii4 ,k]mes & co*9eal1 ! two mat]ials *iefly employ$ 9 dye+ to produce ?is col\r1 incl9e m or less to ! plus or m9us /ate1 & may be made to pass & repass ! culm9at+ po9t by ! action ( acids & alkalis3 x is to be obs]v$ t ! ,fr5* arre/ _! op]ations on ! active side1 z is prov$ by ! ,fr5* sc>let1 :i* incl9es to yell[4 ,! ,italians1 on ! o!r h&1 rema9 on ! passive side1 = _! sc>let has a t+e ( blue4 #hjj4 ,by means ( a simil> alkal9e treatm5t1 ! s-call$ crimson is produc$2 a col\r :i* ! ,fr5* mu/ be p>ticul>ly prejudic$ aga9/1 s9ce !y employ ! expressions--,sot en cramoisi1 m*ant en cramoisi1 to m>k ! extreme ( ! silly & ! repreh5sible4 ,,gre54 #hja4 ,if yell[ & blue1 :i* we consid] z ! mo/ fundam5tal & simple col\rs1 are unit$ z !y fir/ appe>1 9 ! fir/ /ate ( _! action1 ! col\r :i* we call gre5 is ! result4 #hjb4 ,! eye exp]i5ces a di/9ctly grateful impression f ?is col\r4 ,if ! two elem5t>y col\rs are mix$ 9 p]fect equality s t nei!r pr$om9ates1 ! eye & ! m9d repose on ! result ( ?is junction z ^u a simple col\r4 ,! behold] has nei!r ! wi% nor ! p[] to imag9e a /ate beyond x4 ,h5ce = rooms to live 9 con/antly1 ! gre5 col\r is mo/ g5]ally select$4 ,,complet5ess ,,& ,,h>mony4 #hjc4 ,we h hi!rto assum$1 = ! sake ( cle>] explanation1 t ! eye c be compell$ to assimilate or id5tify itself ) a s+le col\r2 b ?is c only be possible = an in/ant4 #hjd4 ,= :5 we f9d ourselves surr\nd$ by a giv5 col\r :i* excites its correspond+ s5sation on ! eye1 & compels u by its pres5ce to rema9 9 a /ate id5tical ) x1 ?is /ate is soon f\nd to be =c$1 & ! organ unwill+ly rema9s 9 x4 #hje4 ,:5 ! eye sees a col\r x is imm$iately excit$1 & x is its nature1 spontane\sly & ( necessity1 at once to produce ano!r1 :i* ) ! orig9al col\r compreh5ds ! :ole *romatic scale4 ,a s+le col\r excites1 by a specific s5sation1 ! t5d5cy to univ]sality4 #hjf4 ,to exp]i5ce ?is complet5ess1 to satisfy itself1 ! eye seeks = a col\rless space next e hue 9 ord] to produce ! complem5tal hue ^u x4 #hjg4 ,9 ?is resides ! fundam5tal law ( all h>mony ( col\rs1 ( :i* e "o may conv9ce himself by mak+ himself accurately acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5ts :i* we h describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ! physiological col\rs4 #hjh4 ,if1 aga91 ! entire scale is pres5t$ to ! eye ext]nally1 ! impression is gladd5+1 s9ce ! result ( its own op]ation is pres5t$ to x 9 reality4 ,we turn our att5tion !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ?is h>moni\s juxtaposition4 #hji4 ,z a v simple means ( compreh5d+ ! pr9ciple ( ?is1 ! read] has only to imag9e a moveable diametrical index 9 ! colorific circle4#a ,! index1 z x revolves r\nd ! :ole circle1 indicates at its two extremes ! complem5tal col\rs1 :i*1 aft] all1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree contra/s4 #haj4 ,yell[ dem&s ,r$-blue1 ,blue dem&s ,r$-yell[1 ,r$ dem&s ,gre51 & contr>iwise4 #haa4 ,9 proportion z "o end ( ! suppos$ index deviates f ! c5tral int5sity ( ! col\rs1 arrang$ z !y are 9 ! natural ord]1 s ! opposite end *anges its place 9 ! contra/$ gradation1 & by su* a simple contrivance ! complem5tal col\rs may be indicat$ at any giv5 po9t4 ,a *romatic circle might be made = ?is purpose1 n conf9$1 l our own1 to ! lead+ col\rs1 b exhibit+ !m ) _! transitions 9 an unbrok5 s]ies4 ,?is w\ld n be )\t its use1 = we are "h consid]+ a v important po9t :i* des]ves all our att5tion4#b #hab4 ,we be=e /at$ t ! eye c\ld be 9 "s degree pa?ologically affect$ by be+ long conf9$ to a s+le col\r2 t1 aga91 def9ite moral impressions 7 ?us produc$1 at "o "t lively & aspir+1 at ano!r susceptible & anxi\s--n[ exalt$ to gr& associations1 n[ r$uc$ to ord9>y ones4 ,we n[ obs]ve t ! dem& = complet5ess1 :i* is inh]5t 9 ! organ1 frees u f ?is re/ra9t2 ! eye relieves itself by produc+ ! opposite ( ! s+le col\r =c$ ^u x1 & ?us atta9s ! entire impression :i* is s satisfactory to x4 #hac4 ,simple1 !re=e1 z ^! /rictly h>moni\s contra/s are1 z pres5t$ to u 9 ! n>r[ circle1 ! h9t is important1 t nature t5ds to emancipate ! s5se f conf9$ impressions by sugge/+ & produc+ ! :ole1 & t 9 ?is in/ance we h a natural ph5om5on imm$iately applicable to /hetic purposes4 #had4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we may ass]t t ! *romatic scale1 z giv5 by u1 produces an agreeable impression by its +r$i5t hues1 we may "h rem>k t ^? h be5 mi/ak5 :o h hi!rto adduc$ ! ra9b[ z an example ( ! entire scale2 = ! *ief col\r1 pure r$1 is defici5t 9 x1 & _c be produc$1 s9ce 9 ?is ph5om5on1 z well z 9 ! ord9>y prismatic s]ies1 ! yell[-r$ & blue-r$ _c atta9 to a union4 #hae4 ,nature p]haps exhibits no g5]al ph5om5on :]e ! scale is 9 complete comb9ation4 ,by artificial exp]im5ts su* an appe>ance may be produc$ 9 its p]fect spl5d\r4 ,! mode1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! entire s]ies is connect$ 9 a circle1 is r5d]$ mo/ intelligible by t9ts on pap]1 till aft] mu* exp]i5ce & practice1 aid$ by due susceptibility ( ! organ1 we become p5etrat$ ) ! idea ( ?is h>mony1 & feel x pres5t 9 our m9ds4 #haf4 ,besides ^! pure1 h>moni\s1 self-develop$ comb9ations1 :i* always c>ry ! conditions ( complet5ess ) !m1 !re are o!rs :i* may be arbitr>ily produc$1 & :i* may be mo/ easily describ$ by obs]v+ t !y are to be f\nd 9 ! colorific circle1 n by diamet]s1 b by *ords1 9 su* a mann] t an int]m$iate col\r is pass$ ov]4 #hag4 ,we call ^! comb9ations *>act]i/ic because !y h all a c]ta9 significancy & t5d to excite a def9ite impression2 an impression1 h[ev]1 :i* does n altoge!r satisfy1 inasmu* z e *>act]i/ic quality ( necessity pres5ts itself only z a "p ( a :ole1 ) :i* x has a relation1 b into :i* x _c be resolv$4 #hah4 ,z we are acqua9t$ ) ! impressions produc$ by ! col\rs s+ly z well z 9 _! h>moni\s relations1 we may at once conclude t ! "* ( ! arbitr>y comb9ations w be v diff]5t f ea* o!r z reg>ds _! significancy4 ,we proce$ to review !m sep>ately4 ,,yell[ ,,& ,,blue4 #hai4 ,?is is ! simple/ ( su* comb9ations4 ,x may be said t x conta9s too little1 = s9ce e trace ( r$ is want+ 9 x1 x is defective z comp>$ ) ! :ole scale4 ,9 ?is view x may be call$ poor1 & z ! two contra/+ elem5ts are 9 _! l[e/ /ate1 may be said to be ord9>y2 yet x is recomm5d$ by its proximity to gre5--9 %ort1 by conta9+ ! +r$i5ts ( an ultimate /ate4 ,,yell[ ,,& ,,r$4 #hbj4 ,?is is a some:at prepond]at+ comb9ation1 b x has a s]5e & magnific5t effect4 ,! two extremes ( ! active side are se5 toge!r )\t convey+ any idea ( progression f "o to ! o!r4 ,z ! result ( _! comb9ation 9 pigm5ts is yell[-r$1 s !y 9 "s degree repres5t ?is col\r4 ,,blue ,,& ,,r$4 #hba4 ,! two ends ( ! passive side1 ) ! excess ( ! upp] end ( ! active side4 ,! effect ( ?is juxtaposition approa*es t ( ! blue-r$ produc$ by _! union4 ,,yell[-,,r$ ,,& ,,blue-,,r$4 #hbb4 ,^!1 :5 plac$ toge!r1 z ! deep5$ extremes ( bo? sides1 h some?+ excit+1 elevat$3 !y give u a pres5tim5t ( r$1 :i* 9 physical exp]im5ts is produc$ by _! union4 #hbc4 ,^! f\r comb9ations h also ! common quality ( produc+ ! int]m$iate col\r ( our colorific circle by _! union1 a union :i* actually takes place if !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 small quantities & se5 f a di/ance4 ,a surface cov]$ ) n>r[ blue & yell[ /ripes appe>s gre5 at a c]ta9 di/ance4 #hbd4 ,if1 aga91 ! eye sees blue & yell[ next ea* o!r1 x f9ds itself 9 a peculi> disposition to produce gre5 )\t accompli%+ x1 :ile x nei!r exp]i5ces a satisfactory s5sation 9 contemplat+ ! deta*$ col\rs1 nor an impression ( complet5ess 9 ! two4 #hbe4 ,?us x w be se5 t x 0 n )\t reason we call$ ^! comb9ations *>act]i/ic2 ! m s1 s9ce ! "* ( ea* comb9ation mu/ h a relation to t ( ! s+le col\rs ( :i* x consi/s4 ,,comb9ations ,,non-,,*>act]i/ic4 #hbf4 ,we n[ turn our att5tion to ! la/ k9d ( comb9ations4 ,^! are easily f\nd 9 ! circle2 !y are indicat$ by %ort] *ords1 = 9 ?is case we d n pass ov] an entire int]m$iate col\r1 b only ! transition f "o to ! o!r4 #hbg4 ,^! comb9ations may ju/ly be call$ non-*>act]i/ic1 inasmu* z ! col\rs are too ne>ly alike = _! impression to be significant4 ,yet mo/ ( ^! recomm5d !mselves to a c]ta9 degree1 s9ce !y indicate a progressive /ate1 ?\gh its relations c h>dly be appreciable4 #hbh4 ,?us yell[ & yell[-r$1 yell[-r$ & r$1 blue & blue-r$1 blue-r$ & r$1 repres5t ! ne>e/ degrees ( augm5tation & culm9ation1 & 9 c]ta9 relations z to quantity may produce no unpleasant effect4 #hbi4 ,! juxtaposition ( yell[ & gre5 has always some?+ ord9>y1 b 9 a *e]ful s5se2 blue & gre51 on ! o!r h&1 is ord9>y 9 a repulsive s5se4 ,our good =efa!rs call$ ^! la/ fool's col\rs4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,comb9ations ,,to ,,light ,,& ,,d>k4 #hcj4 ,^! comb9ations may be v mu* v>i$ by mak+ bo? col\rs light or bo? d>k1 or "o light & ! o!r d>k2 9 :i* modifications1 h[ev]1 all t has be5 f\nd true 9 a g5]al s5se is applicable to ea* p>ticul> case4 ,) reg>d to ! inf9ite v>iety ?us produc$1 we m]ely obs]ve3 #hca4 ,! col\rs ( ! active side plac$ next to black ga9 9 en]gy1 ^? ( ! passive side lose4 ,! active conjo9$ ) :ite & brightness lose 9 /r5g?1 ! passive ga9 9 *e]fulness4 ,r$ & gre5 ) black appe> d>k & grave2 ) :ite !y appe> gay4 #hcb4 ,to ?is we may add t all col\rs may be m or less brok5 or neutralis$1 may to a c]ta9 degree be r5d]$ nameless1 & ?us comb9$ p>tly toge!r & p>tly ) pure col\rs2 b al?\gh ! relations may ?us be v>i$ to inf9ity1 /ill all t is applicable ) reg>d to ! pure col\rs w be applicable 9 ^! cases4 ,,consid]ations ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,hi/ory4 #hcc4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! h>mony ( col\rs hav+ be5 ?us f> def9$1 x may n be irrelevant to review :at has be5 adduc$ 9 connexion ) exp]i5ce & hi/orical examples4 #hcd4 ,! pr9ciples 9 "q h be5 d]iv$ f ! con/itution ( our nature & ! con/ant relations :i* are f\nd to obta9 9 *romatic ph5om5a4 ,9 exp]i5ce we f9d mu* t is 9 con=mity ) ^! pr9ciples1 & mu* t is oppos$ to !m4 #hce4 ,m5 9 a /ate ( nature1 uncivilis$ nations1 *ildr51 h a great fondness = col\rs 9 _! utmo/ brightness1 & especially = yell[-r$3 !y are also pleas$ ) ! motley4 ,by ?is expression we und]/& ! juxtaposition ( vivid col\rs )\t an h>moni\s balance2 b if ?is balance is obs]v$1 ?r\gh in/9ct or accid5t1 an agreeable effect may be produc$4 ,i rememb] a ,hessian (fic]1 return$ f ,am]ica1 :o _h pa9t$ 8 face ) ! positive col\rs1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,indians2 a k9d ( complet5ess or due balance 0 ?us produc$1 ! effect ( :i* 0 n disagreeable4 #hcf4 ,! inhabitants ( ! s\? ( ,europe make use ( v brilliant col\rs = _! dresses4 ,! circum/ance ( _! procur+ silk /uffs at a *eap rate is fav\rable to ?is prop5sity4 ,! wom51 especially1 ) _! bright-col\r$ bodices & ribbons1 are always 9 h>mony ) ! sc5]y1 s9ce !y _c possibly surpass ! spl5d\r ( ! sky & l&scape4 #hcg4 ,! hi/ory ( dye+ tea*es u t c]ta9 te*nical conv5i5ces & advantages h _h great influ5ce on ! co/ume ( nations4 ,we f9d t ! ,g]mans we> blue v g5]ally because x is a p]man5t col\r 9 clo?2 s 9 _m di/ricts all ! c\ntry p we> gre5 twill1 because t mat]ial takes a gre5 dye well4 ,if a travell] 7 to pay att5tion to ^! circum/ances1 he might collect "s amus+ & curi\s facts4 #hch4 ,col\rs1 z connect$ ) p>ticul> frames ( m9d1 are aga9 a consequ5ce ( peculi> "* & circum/ances4 ,lively nations1 ! ,fr5* = in/ance1 love int5se col\rs1 especially on ! active side2 s$ate nations1 l ! ,engli% & ,g]mans1 we> /raw-col\r$ or lea!r-col\r$ yell[ accompani$ ) d>k blue4 ,nations aim+ at dignity ( appe>ance1 ! ,spani>ds & ,italians = in/ance1 suff] ! r$ col\r ( _! mantles to incl9e to ! passive side4 #hci4 ,9 dress we associate ! "* ( ! col\r ) ! "* ( ! p]son4 ,we may ?us obs]ve ! relation ( col\rs s+ly1 & 9 comb9ation1 to ! col\r ( ! complexion1 age1 & /ation4 #hdj4 ,! female sex 9 y\? is atta*$ to rose-col\r & sea-gre51 9 age to violet & d>k-gre54 ,! fair-hair$ pref] violet1 z oppos$ to light yell[1 ! brunettes1 blue1 z oppos$ to yell[-r$1 & all on good gr\nds4 ,! ,roman emp]ors 7 extremely jeal\s ) reg>d to _! purple4 ,! robe ( ! ,*9ese ,emp]or is orange embroid]$ ) r$2 8 att5dants & ! m9i/]s ( religion we> citron-yell[4 #hda4 ,p ( ref9em5t h a dis9cl9ation to col\rs4 ,?is may be ow+ p>tly to weakness ( sight1 p>tly to ! unc]ta9ty ( ta/e1 :i* readily takes refuge 9 absolute negation4 ,wom5 n[ appe> almo/ univ]sally 9 :ite & m5 9 black4 #hdb4 ,an obs]vation1 v g5]ally applicable1 may n be out ( place "h1 namely1 t man1 desir\s z he is ( be+ di/+ui%$1 is q z will+ to be lo/ among 8 fell[s4 #hdc4 ,black 0 int5d$ to rem9d ! ,v5etian noblem5 ( republican equality4 #hdd4 ,to :at degree ! cl\dy sky ( nor!rn climates may h gradually bani%$ col\r may also admit ( explanation4 #hde4 ,! scale ( positive col\rs is obvi\sly soon exhau/$2 on ! o!r h&1 ! neutral1 subdu$1 s-call$ fa%ionable col\rs pres5t inf9itely v>y+ degrees & %ades1 mo/ ( :i* are n unpleas+4 #hdf4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t ladies1 9 we>+ positive col\rs1 are 9 dang] ( mak+ a complexion :i* may n be v bright /ill less s1 & ?us to pres]ve a due balance ) su* brilliant accompanim5ts1 !y are induc$ to height5 _! complexions artificially4 #hdg4 ,an amus+ inquiry might be made :i* w\ld lead to a critique ( uni=ms1 liv]ies1 cockades1 & o!r di/9ctions1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples above h9t$ at4 ,x might be obs]v$1 g5]ally1 t su* dresses & insignia %\ld n be compos$ ( h>moni\s col\rs4 ,uni=ms %\ld be *>act]i/ic & dignifi$2 liv]ies might be ord9>y & /rik+ to ! eye4 ,examples bo? good & bad w\ld n be want+1 s9ce ! scale ( col\rs usually employ$ = su* purposes is limit$1 & its v>ieties h be5 (t5 en\gh tri$4#c ,,/hetic ,,influ5ce4 #hdh4 ,f ! moral associations connect$ ) ! appe>ance ( col\rs1 s+le or comb9$1 _! /hetic influ5ce may n[ be d$uc$ = ! arti/4 ,we %all t\* ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts to be att5d$ to aft] fir/ consid]+ ! g5]al condition ( pictorial repres5tation1 light & %ade1 ) :i* ! appe>ance ( col\r is imm$iately connect$4 ,,*i>o-,,scuro4 #hdi4 ,we apply ! t]m *i>o-scuro 7,helldunkel7 to ! appe>ance ( mat]ial objects :5 ! m]e effect produc$ on !m by light & %ade is consid]$4--,note ,d ,d4 #hej4 ,9 a n>r[] s5se a mass ( %ad[ light$ by reflexes is (t5 ?us designat$2 b we "h use ! expression 9 its fir/ & m g5]al s5se4 #hea4 ,! sep>ation ( light & d>k f all appe>ance ( col\r is possible & necess>y4 ,! arti/ w solve ! my/]y ( imitation soon] by fir/ consid]+ light & d>k indep5d5tly ( col\r1 & mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) x 9 its :ole ext5t4 #heb4 ,*i>o-scuro exhibits ! sub/ance z sub/ance1 inasmu* z light & %ade in=m u z to degrees ( d5sity4 #hec4 ,we h "h to consid] ! highe/ light1 ! middle t9t1 & ! %ad[1 & 9 ! la/ ! %ad[ ( ! object itself1 ! %ad[ x ca/s on o!r objects1 & ! illum9$ %ad[ or reflexion4 #hed4 ,! globe is well adapt$ = ! g5]al exemplification ( ! nature ( *i>o-scuro1 b x is n altoge!r suffici5t4 ,! s(t5$ unity ( su* complete rotundity t5ds to ! vap\ry1 & 9 ord] to s]ve z a pr9ciple = effects ( art1 x %\ld be compos$ ( plane surfaces1 s z to def9e ! gradations m4 #hee4 ,! ,italians call ?is mann] il piazzoso2 9 ,g]man x might be call$ das ,fl*5hafte4#d ,if1 !re=e1 ! sph]e is a p]fect example ( natural *i>o-scuro1 a polygon w\ld exhibit ! arti/-l treatm5t 9 :i* all k9ds ( lights1 half-lights1 %ad[s1 & reflexions1 w\ld be appreciable4--,note ,e ,e4 #hef4 ,! bun* ( grapes is recognis$ z a good example ( a picturesque complet5ess 9 *i>o-scuro1 ! m s z x is fitt$1 f its =m1 to repres5t a pr9cipal gr\p2 b x is only available = ! ma/] :o c see 9 x :at he has ! p[] ( produc+4 #heg4 ,9 ord] to make ! fir/ idea intelligible to ! beg9n]1 7= x is difficult to consid] x ab/ract$ly ev5 9 a polygon17 we may take a cube1 ! ?ree sides ( :i* t are se5 repres5t ! light1 ! middle t9t1 & ! %ad[ 9 di/9ct ord]4 #heh4 ,to proce$ aga9 to ! *i>o-scuro ( a m complicat$ figure1 we might select ! example ( an op5 book1 :i* pres5ts a great] div]sity4 #hei4 ,we f9d ! antique /atues ( ! be/ "t treat$ v mu* ) ref]5ce to ^! effects4 ,! p>ts int5d$ to receive ! light are wr\ght ) simplicity1 ! portion orig9ally 9 %ade is1 on ! o!r h&1 9 m di/9ct surfaces to make !m susceptible ( a v>iety ( reflexions2 "h ! example ( ! polygon w be rememb]$4--,note ,f ,f4 #hfj4 ,! pictures ( ,h]culaneum & ! ,aldobr&9i m>riage are examples ( antique pa9t+ 9 ! same /yle4 #hfa4 ,mod]n examples may be f\nd 9 s+le figures by ,raphael1 9 entire works by ,correggio1 & also by ! ,flemi% ma/]s1 especially ,rub5s4 ,,t5d5cy ,,to ,,col\r4 #hfb4 ,a picture 9 black & :ite seldom makes its appe>ance2 "s works ( ,polidoro are examples ( ?is k9d ( art4 ,su* works1 inasmu* z !y c atta9 =m & keep+1 are e/imable1 b !y h little attraction = ! eye1 s9ce _! v exi/5ce supposes a viol5t ab/raction4 #hfc4 ,if ! arti/ ab&ons himself to 8 feel+1 col\r pres5tly ann\nces itself4 ,black no soon] incl9es to blue ?an ! eye dem&s yell[1 :i* ! arti/ in/9ctively modifies1 & introduces p>tly pure 9 ! light1 p>tly r$d5$ & subdu$ z br[n1 9 ! reflexes1 ?us enliv5+ ! :ole4--,note ,g ,g4 #hfd4 ,all k9ds ( camayeu1 or col\r on simil> col\r1 end 9 ! introduction ei!r ( a complem5tal contra/1 or "s v>iety ( hue4 ,?us1 ,polidoro 9 8 black & :ite frescoes sometimes introduc$ a yell[ vase1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 #hfe4 ,9 g5]al x may be obs]v$ t m5 h at all times in/9ctively /riv5 aft] col\r 9 ! practice ( ! art4 ,we ne$ only obs]ve daily1 h[ soon amateurs proce$ f col\rless to col\r$ mat]ials4 ,paolo ,uccello pa9t$ col\r$ l&scapes to col\rless figures4--,note ,h ,h4 #hff4 ,ev5 ! sculpture ( ! anci5ts c\ld n be exempt f ! influ5ce ( ?is prop5sity4 ,! ,egyptians pa9t$ _! bas-reliefs2 /atues _h eyes ( col\r$ /ones4 ,porphyry drap]ies 7 add$ to m>ble heads & extremities1 & v>iegat$ /alactites 7 us$ = ! p$e/als ( bu/s4 ,! ,jesuits did n fail to compose ! /atue ( _! ,s4 ,luigi1 9 ,rome1 9 ?is mann]1 & ! mo/ mod]n sculpture di/+ui%es ! fle% f ! drap]y by /a9+ ! latt]4 ,,keep+4 #hfg4 ,if l9e> p]spective displays ! gradation ( objects 9 _! app>5t size z affect$ by di/ance1 arial p]spective %[s u _! gradation 9 great] or less di/9ctness1 z affect$ by ! same cause4 #hfh4 ,al?\gh f ! nature ( ! organ ( sight1 we _c see di/ant objects s di/9ctly z ne>] ones1 yet arial p]spective is gr\nd$ /rictly on ! important fact t all m$iums call$ transp>5t are 9 "s degree dim4 #hfi4 ,! atmosph]e is ?us always1 m or less1 semi-transp>5t4 ,?is quality is rem>kable 9 s\!rn climates1 ev5 :5 ! b>omet] is high1 ! wea!r dry1 & ! sky cl\dless1 = a v pron\nc$ gradation is obs]vable betwe5 objects b little remov$ f ea* o!r4 #hgj4 ,! appe>ance on a l>ge scale is kn[n to e "o2 ! pa9t]1 h[ev]1 sees or believes he sees1 ! gradation 9 ! slighte/ v>ieties ( di/ance4 ,he exemplifies x practically by mak+ a di/9ction1 = in/ance1 9 ! features ( a face accord+ to _! relative position z reg>ds ! plane ( ! picture4 ,! direction ( ! light is att5d$ to 9 l mann]4 ,?is is consid]$ to produce a gradation f side to side1 :ile keep+ has ref]5ce to dep?1 to ! comp>ative di/9ctness ( ne> & di/ant ?+s4 #hga4 ,9 proce$+ to consid] ?is subject1 we assume t ! pa9t] is g5]ally acqua9t$ ) our sket* ( ! !ory ( col\rs1 & t he has made himself well acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 *apt]s & rubrics :i* especially conc]n him4 ,he w ?us be enabl$ to make use ( !ory z well z practice 9 recognis+ ! pr9ciples ( effect 9 nature1 & 9 employ+ ! means ( art4 ,,col\r ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,nature4 #hgb4 ,! fir/ indication ( col\r ann\nces itself 9 nature toge!r ) ! gradations ( arial p]spective2 = arial p]spective is intimately connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( semi-transp>5t m$iums4 ,we see ! sky1 di/ant objects & ev5 comp>atively ne> %ad[s1 blue4 ,at ! same mom5t1 ! illum9at+ & illum9at$ objects appe> yell[1 gradually deep5+ to r$4 ,9 _m cases ! physiological sugge/ion ( contra/s comes into ! acc\nt1 & an entirely col\rless l&scape1 by means ( ^! assi/+ & c\nt]act+ t5d5cies1 appe>s to our eyes completely col\r$4 #hgc4 ,local col\rs are compos$ ( ! g5]al elem5t>y col\rs2 b ^! are det]m9$ or specifi$ accord+ to ! prop]ties ( sub/ances & surfaces on :i* !y appe>3 ?is specification is inf9ite4 #hgd4 ,?us1 !re is at once a great diff]5ce betwe5 silk & wool simil>ly dy$4 ,e k9d ( prep>ation & texture produces correspond+ modifications4 ,r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 poli%1 all are to be consid]$4 #hge4 ,x is !re=e "o ( ! p]nici\s prejudices ( art t ! skilful pa9t] mu/ nev] att5d to ! mat]ial ( drap]ies1 b always repres5t1 z x 71 only ab/ract folds4 ,is n all *>act]i/ic v>iety ?us done away )1 & is ! portrait ( ,leo ,x4 less excell5t because velvet1 sat91 & more51 are imitat$ 9 _! relative effect8 #hgf4 ,9 ! productions ( nature1 col\rs appe> m or less modifi$1 specifi$1 ev5 individualis$3 ?is may be readily obs]v$ 9 m9]als & plants1 9 ! fea!rs ( birds & ! sk9s ( bea/s4 #hgg4 ,! *ief art ( ! pa9t] is always to imitate ! actual appe>ance ( ! def9ite hue1 do+ away ) ! recollection ( ! elem5t>y +r$i5ts ( col\r4 ,?is difficulty is 9 no in/ance great] ?an 9 ! imitation ( ! surface ( ! human figure4 #hgh4 ,! col\r ( fle%1 z a :ole1 belongs to ! active side1 yet ! blui% ( ! passive side m+les ) x4 ,! col\r is altoge!r remov$ f ! elem5t>y /ate & neutralis$ by organisation4 #hgi4 ,to br+ ! col\r+ ( g5]al nature into h>mony ) ! col\r+ ( a giv5 object1 w p]haps be m atta9able = ! judici\s arti/ aft] ! consid]ation ( :at has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! =ego+ !ory4 ,= ! mo/ fancifully beautiful & v>i$ appe>ances may /ill be made true to ! pr9ciples ( nature4 ,,*>act]i/ic ,,col\r+4 #hhj4 ,! comb9ation ( col\r$ objects1 z well z ! col\r ( _! gr\nd1 %\ld dep5d on consid]ations :i* ! arti/ pre-e/abli%es = himself4 ,"h a ref]5ce to ! effect ( col\rs s+ly or comb9$1 on ! feel+s1 is especially necess>y4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! pa9t] %\ld possess himself ) ! idea ( ! g5]al dualism1 z well z ( p>ticul> contra/s1 n =gett+ :at has be5 adv]t$ to ) reg>d to ! qualities ( col\rs4 #hha4 ,! *>act]i/ic 9 col\r may be compreh5d$ "u ?ree lead+ rubrics1 :i* we "h def9e z ! p[]ful1 ! s(t1 & ! spl5did4 #hhb4 ,! fir/ is produc$ by ! prepond]ance ( ! active side1 ! second by t ( ! passive side1 & ! ?ird by complet5ess1 by ! exhibition ( ! :ole *romatic scale 9 due balance4 #hhc4 ,! p[]ful impression is atta9$ by yell[1 yell[-r$1 & r$1 :i* la/ col\r is to be arre/$ on ! plus side4 ,b little violet & blue1 /ill less gre51 are admissible4 ,! s(t effect is produc$ by blue1 violet1 & r$1 :i* 9 ?is case is arre/$ on ! m9us side2 a mod]ate addition ( yell[ & yell[-r$1 b mu* gre5 may be admitt$4 #hhd4 ,if x is propos$ to produce bo? ^! effects 9 _! full significancy1 ! complem5tal col\rs may be exclud$ to a m9imum1 & only s mu* ( !m may be suff]$ to appe> z is indisp5sable to convey an impression ( complet5ess4 ,,h>moni\s ,,col\r+4 #hhe4 ,al?\gh ! two *>act]i/ic divisions z above def9$ may 9 "s s5se be also call$ h>moni\s1 ! h>moni\s effect1 prop]ly s call$1 only takes place :5 all ! col\rs are exhibit$ toge!r 9 due balance4 #hhf4 ,9 ?is way ! spl5did z well z ! agreeable may be produc$2 bo? ( ^!1 h[ev]1 h ( necessity a c]ta9 g5]alis$ effect1 & 9 ?is s5se may be consid]$ ! rev]se ( ! *>act]i/ic4 #hhg4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! col\r+ ( mo/ mod]n pa9t]s is )\t "*1 =1 :ile !y foll[ _! g5]al in/9ctive feel+ only1 ! la/ result ( su* a t5d5cy mu/ be m]e complet5ess2 ?is1 !y m or less atta91 b ?us at ! same "t neglect ! *>act]i/ic impression :i* ! subject might dem&4 #hhh4 ,b if ! pr9ciples be=e allud$ to are kept 9 view1 x mu/ be app>5t t a di/9ct /yle ( col\r may be adopt$ on safe gr\nds = e subject4 ,! application requires1 x is true1 inf9ite modifications1 :i* c only succe$ 9 ! h&s ( g5ius4 ,,g5u9e ,,tone4 #hhi4 ,if ! ^w tone1 or r tune1 is to be /ill borr[$ 9 future f music1 & appli$ to col\r+1 x might be us$ 9 a bett] s5se ?an h]et(ore4 #hij4 ,= x w\ld n be unreasonable to comp>e a pa9t+ ( p[]ful effect1 ) a piece ( music 9 a %>p key2 a pa9t+ ( s(t effect ) a piece ( music 9 a flat key1 :ile o!r equival5ts might be f\nd = ! modifications ( ^! two lead+ modes4 ,,false ,,tone4 #hia4 ,! ^w tone has be5 hi!rto und]/ood to mean a veil ( a p>ticul> col\r spread ov] ! :ole picture2 x 0 g5]ally yell[1 = ! pa9t] in/9ctively pu%$ ! effect t[>ds ! p[]ful side4 #hib4 ,if we look at a picture ?r\gh a yell[ glass x w appe> 9 ?is tone4 ,x is wor? :ile to make ?is exp]im5t aga9 & aga91 9 ord] to obs]ve :at takes place 9 su* an op]ation4 ,x is a sort ( artificial light1 deep5+1 & at ! same "t d>k5+ ! plus side1 & neutralis+ ! m9us side4 #hic4 ,?is spuri\s tone is produc$ in/9ctively ?r\gh unc]ta9ty z to ! means ( atta9+ a g5u9e effect2 s t in/ead ( complet5ess1 monotony is ! result4 ,,weak ,,col\r+4 #hid4 ,x is ow+ to ! same unc]ta9ty t ! col\rs are sometimes s mu* brok5 z to h ! effect ( a grey camayeu1 ! h&l+ be+ at ! same "t z delicate z possible4 #hie4 ,! h>moni\s contra/s are (t5 f\nd to be v happily felt 9 su* pictures1 b )\t _s1 ow+ to a dread ( ! motley4 ,,! ,,motley4 #hif4 ,a picture may easily become p>ty-col\r$ or motley1 :5 ! col\rs are plac$ next ea* o!r 9 _! full =ce1 z x 7 only me*anically & accord+ to unc]ta9 impressions4 #hig4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 weak col\rs are comb9$1 ev5 al?\gh !y may be dissonant1 ! effect1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 is n /rik+4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! arti/ is communicat$ to ! spectator1 :o1 on 8 side1 c nei!r praise nor c5sure4 #hih4 ,x is also important to obs]ve t ! col\rs may be dispos$ rightly 9 !mselves1 b t a "w may /ill appe> motley1 if !y are falsely arrang$ 9 relation to light & %ade4 #hii4 ,?is may ! m easily occur z light & %ade are already def9$ 9 ! draw+1 & are1 z x 71 compreh5d$ 9 x1 :ile ! col\r /ill rema9s op5 to selection4 ,,dread ,,( ,,!ory4 #ijj4 ,a dread (1 nay1 a decid$ av]sion = all !oretical views respect+ col\r & ev]y?+ belong+ to x1 has be5 hi!rto f\nd to exi/ among pa9t]s2 a prejudice = :i*1 aft] all1 !y 7 n to be blam$2 = :at has be5 hi!rto call$ !ory 0 gr\ndless1 vacillat+1 & ak9 to empiricism4 ,we hope t our lab\rs may t5d to dim9i% ?is prejudice1 & /imulate ! arti/ practically to prove & embody ! pr9ciples t h be5 expla9$4 ,,ultimate ,,aim4 #ija4 ,b )\t a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole ( our !ory1 ! ultimate object w n be atta9$4 ,let ! arti/ p5etrate himself ) all t we h /at$4 ,x is only by means ( h>moni\s relations 9 light & %ade1 9 keep+1 9 true & *>act]i/ic col\r+1 t a picture c be consid]$ complete1 9 ! s5se we h n[ le>nt to atta* to ! t]m4 ,,gr\nds4 #ijb4 ,x 0 ! practice ( ! e>li] arti/s to pa9t on light gr\nds4 ,?is gr\nd consi/$ ( gypsum1 & 0 ?ickly spread on l95 or panel1 & !n levigat$4 ,aft] ! outl9e 0 drawn1 ! subject 0 wa%$ 9 ) a blacki% or br[ni% col\r4 ,pictures prep>$ 9 ?is mann] = col\r+ are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & ,fra ,b>tolomeo2 !re are also sev]al by ,guido4--,note ,i ,i4 #ijc4 ,:5 ! arti/ proce$$ to col\r1 & _h to repres5t :ite drap]ies1 he sometimes suff]$ ! gr\nd to rema9 unt\*$4 ,titian did ?is latt]ly :5 he _h atta9$ ! greate/ c]ta9ty 9 practice1 & c\ld accompli% mu* ) little lab\r4 ,! :iti% gr\nd 0 left z a middle t9t1 ! %ad[s pa9t$ 91 & ! high lights t\*$ on4--,note ,k ,k4 #ijd4 ,9 ! process ( col\r+1 ! prep>ation m]ely wa%$ z x 7 und]nea?1 0 always effective4 ,a drap]y1 = example1 0 pa9t$ ) a transp>5t col\r1 ! :ite gr\nd %one ?r\gh x & gave ! col\r life1 s ! p>ts previ\sly prep>$ = %ad[s exhibit$ ! col\r subdu$1 )\t be+ mix$ or sulli$4 #ije4 ,?is me?od _h _m advantages2 = ! pa9t] _h a light gr\nd = ! light portions ( 8 "w & a d>k gr\nd = ! %ad[$ portions4 ,! :ole picture 0 prep>$2 ! arti/ c\ld "w ) ?9 col\rs 9 ! %ad[s1 & _h always an int]nal light to give value to 8 t9ts4 ,9 our own "t pa9t+ 9 wat] col\rs dep5ds on ! same pr9ciples4 #ijf4 ,inde$ a light gr\nd is n[ g5]ally employ$ 9 oil-pa9t+1 because middle t9ts are ?us f\nd to be m transp>5t1 & are 9 "s degree enliv5$ by a bright gr\nd2 ! %ad[s1 aga91 d n s easily become black4 #ijg4 ,x 0 ! practice = a "t to pa9t on d>k gr\nds4 ,t9toret probably introduc$ !m4 ,titian's be/ pictures are n pa9t$ on a d>k gr\nd4 #ijh4 ,! gr\nd 9 "q 0 r$-br[n1 & :5 ! subject 0 drawn ^u x1 ! /ronge/ %ad[s 7 laid 92 ! col\rs ( ! lights impa/$ v ?ickly 9 ! bright p>ts1 & scumbl$ t[>ds ! %ad[s1 s t ! d>k gr\nd appe>$ ?r\gh ! ?9 col\r z a middle t9t4 ,effect 0 atta9$ 9 f9i%+ by frequ5tly go+ ov] ! bright p>ts & t\*+ on ! high lights4 #iji4 ,if ?is me?od especially recomm5d$ itself 9 practice on acc\nt ( ! rapidity x all[$ (1 yet x _h p]nici\s consequ5ces4 ,! /rong gr\nd increas$ & became d>k]1 & ! light col\rs los+ _! brightness by degrees1 gave ! %ad[$ portions m & m prepond]ance4 ,! middle t9ts became d>k] & d>k]1 & ! %ad[s at la/ q obscure4 ,! /rongly impa/$ lights alone rema9$ bright1 & we n[ see only light spots on ! pa9t+4 ,! pictures ( ! ,bolognese s*ool1 & ( ,c>avaggio1 af=d suffici5t examples ( ^! results4 #iaj4 ,we may "h 9 conclusion obs]ve1 t glaz+ d]ives its effect f treat+ ! prep>$ col\r und]nea? z a light gr\nd4 ,by ?is op]ation col\rs may h ! effect ( be+ mix$ to ! eye1 may be enhanc$1 & may acquire :at is call$ tone2 b !y ?us necess>ily become d>k]4 ,,pigm5ts4 #iaa4 ,we receive ^! f ! h&s ( ! *emi/ & ! inve/igator ( nature4 ,mu* has be5 record$ respect+ col\r+ sub/ances1 :i* is famili> to all by means ( ! press4 ,b su* directions require to be revis$ f "t to "t4 ,! ma/] mean:ile communicates 8 exp]i5ce 9 ^! matt]s to 8 s*ol>1 & arti/s g5]ally to ea* o!r4 #iab4 ,^? pigm5ts :i* accord+ to _! nature are ! mo/ p]man5t1 are naturally mu* s\ght aft]1 b ! mode ( employ+ !m also contributes mu* to ! duration ( a picture4 ,! fewe/ possible col\r+ mat]ials are to be employ$1 & ! simple/ me?ods ( us+ !m _c be suffici5tly recomm5d$4 #iac4 ,= f ! multitude ( pigm5ts col\r+ has suff]$ mu*4 ,e pigm5t has its peculi> nature z reg>ds its effect on ! eye2 besides ?is x has its peculi> quality1 requir+ a correspond+ te*nical me?od 9 its application4 ,! =m] circum/ance is a reason :y h>mony is m difficult ( atta9m5t ) _m mat]ials ?an ) few1 ! latt]1 :y *emical action & re-action may take place among ! col\r+ sub/ances4 #iad4 ,we may ref]1 besides1 to "s false t5d5cies :i* ! arti/s suff] !mselves to be l$ away )4 ,pa9t]s are always look+ = new col\r+ sub/ances1 & believe :5 su* a sub/ance is discov]$ t !y h made an advance 9 ! art4 ,!y h a great curiosity to "k ! practical me?ods ( ! old ma/]s1 & lose mu* "t 9 ! se>*4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury we 7 ?us long torm5t$ ) wax-pa9t+4 ,o!rs turn _! att5tion to ! discov]y ( new me?ods1 ?r\gh :i* no?+ new is accompli%$2 =1 aft] all1 x is ! feel+ ( ! arti/ only t in=ms e k9d ( te*nical process4 ,,allegorical1 ,,symbolical1 ,,my/ical ,,application ,,( ,,col\r4 #iae4 ,x has be5 circum/antially %[n above1 t e col\r produces a di/9ct impression on ! m9d1 & ?us addresses at once ! eye & feel+s4 ,h5ce x foll[s t col\r may be employ$ = c]ta9 moral & /hetic ends4 #iaf4 ,su* an application1 co9cid+ entirely ) nature1 might be call$ symbolical1 s9ce ! col\r w\ld be employ$ 9 con=mity ) its effect1 & w\ld at once express its mean+4 ,if1 = example1 pure r$ 7 assum$ to designate maje/y1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is w\ld be admitt$ to be a j & expressive symbol4 ,all ?is has be5 already suffici5tly ent]$ into4 #iag4 ,ano!r application is ne>ly alli$ to ?is2 x might be call$ ! allegorical application4 ,9 ?is !re is m ( accid5t & caprice1 inasmu* z ! mean+ ( ! sign mu/ be fir/ communicat$ to u be=e we "k :at x is to signify2 :at idea1 = in/ance1 is atta*$ to ! gre5 col\r1 :i* has be5 appropriat$ to hope8 #iah4 ,t1 la/ly1 col\r may h a my/ical allusion1 may be readily surmis$1 = s9ce e diagram 9 :i* ! v>iety ( col\rs may be repres5t$ po9ts to ^? primordial relations :i* belong bo? to nature & ! organ ( vision1 !re c be no d\bt t ^! may be made use ( z a language1 9 cases :]e x is propos$ to express simil> primordial relations :i* d n pres5t !mselves to ! s5ses 9 s p[]ful & v>i$ a mann]4 ,! ma!matician extols ! value & applicability ( ! triangle2 ! triangle is rev]$ by ! my/ic2 mu* admits ( be+ express$ 9 x by diagrams1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 ! law ( ! ph5om5a ( col\rs2 9 ?is case1 inde$1 we pres5tly arrive at ! anci5t my/]i\s hexagon4 #iai4 ,:5 ! di/9ction ( yell[ & blue is duly compreh5d$1 & especially ! augm5tation into r$1 by means ( :i* ! opposite qualities t5d t[>ds ea* o!r & become unit$ 9 a ?ird2 !n1 c]ta9ly1 an especially my/]i\s int]pretation w sugge/ itself1 s9ce a spiritual mean+ may be connect$ ) ^! facts2 & :5 we f9d ! two sep>ate pr9ciples produc+ gre5 on ! "o h& & r$ 9 _! int5s] /ate1 we c h>dly refra9 f ?9k+ 9 ! fir/ case on ! e>?ly1 9 ! la/ on ! heav5ly1 g5]ation ( ! ,elohim4--,note ,l ,l4 #ibj4 ,b we %all d bett] n to expose ourselves1 9 conclusion1 to ! suspicion ( en?usiasm2 s9ce1 if our doctr9e ( col\rs f9ds fav\r1 applications & allusions1 allegorical1 symbolical1 & my/ical1 w n fail to be made1 9 con=mity ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,,conclud+ ,,obs]vations4 ,9 review+ ?is lab\r1 :i* has occupi$ me long1 & :i* at la/ ,i give b z a sket*1 ,i am rem9d$ ( a wi% once express$ by a c>eful writ]1 :o obs]v$ t he w\ld gladly see 8 works pr9t$ at once z he conceiv$ !m1 9 ord] !n to g to ! task ) a fre% eye2 s9ce ev]y?+ defective pres5ts itself to u m obvi\sly 9 pr9t ?an ev5 9 ! cleane/ manuscript4 ,?is feel+ may be imag9$ to be /rong] 9 my case1 s9ce ,i _h n ev5 an opportunity ( go+ ?r\gh a fair transcript ( my "w be=e its publication1 ^! pages hav+ be5 put toge!r at a "t :5 a quiet1 collect$ /ate ( m9d 0 out ( ! "q4#e ,"s ( ! explanations ,i 0 desir\s ( giv+ are to be f\nd 9 ! introduction1 b 9 ! portion ( my "w to be devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( col\rs1 ,i hope to give a m detail$ acc\nt ( my inve/igations & ! vicissitudes !y und]w5t4 ,"o inquiry1 h[ev]1 may n be out ( place "h2 ! consid]ation1 namely1 ( ! "q1 :at c a man accompli% :o _c devote 8 :ole life to sci5tific pursuits8 :at c he p]=m z a tempor>y gue/ on an e/ate n 8 own1 = ! advantage ( ! proprietor8 ,:5 we consid] art 9 its high] "*1 we might wi% t ma/]s only _h to d ) x1 t s*ol>s %\ld be tra9$ by ! sev]e/ /udy1 t amateurs might feel !mselves happy 9 rev]5tially approa*+ its prec9cts4 ,= a "w ( art %\ld be ! effusion ( g5ius1 ! arti/ %\ld evoke its sub/ance & =m f 8 inmo/ be+1 treat 8 mat]ials ) sov]eign comm&1 & make use ( ext]nal influ5ces only to accompli% 8 p[]s4 ,b if ! pr(essor 9 ?is case has _m reasons = respect+ ! dilettante1 ! man ( sci5ce has e motive to be /ill m indulg5t1 s9ce ! amateur "h is capable ( contribut+ :at may be satisfactory & useful4 ,! sci5ces dep5d mu* m on exp]im5t ?an art1 & = m]e exp]im5t _m a vot>y is qualifi$4 ,sci5tific results are arriv$ at by _m means1 & _c disp5se ) _m h&s1 _m heads4 ,sci5ce may be communicat$1 ! treasure may be inh]it$1 & :at is acquir$ by "o may be appropriat$ by _m4 ,h5ce no "o p]haps ought to be reluctant to (f] 8 contributions4 ,h[ mu* d we n owe to accid5t1 to m]e practice1 to mom5t>y obs]vation4 ,all :o are end[$ only ) habits ( att5tion1 wom51 *ildr51 are capable ( communicat+ /rik+ & true rem>ks4 ,9 sci5ce x _c !re=e be requir$1 t he :o endeav\rs to furni% some?+ 9 its aid %\ld devote 8 :ole life to x1 %\ld survey & inve/igate x 9 all its ext5t2 = ?is1 9 mo/ cases1 w\ld be a sev]e condition ev5 = ! initiat$4 ,b if we look ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 especially ! hi/ory ( physics1 we %all f9d t _m important acquisitions h be5 made by s+le inquir]s1 9 s+le dep>tm5ts1 & v (t5 by unpr(essional obs]v]s4 ,to :atev] direction a man may be det]m9$ by incl9ation or accid5t1 :atev] class ( ph5om5a especially /rike him1 excite 8 int]e/1 fix 8 att5tion1 & occupy him1 ! result w /ill be = ! advantage ( sci5ce3 = e new relation t comes to light1 e new mode ( inve/igation1 ev5 ! imp]fect attempt1 ev5 error itself is available2 x may /imulate o!r obs]v]s & is nev] )\t its use z influ5c+ future inquiry4 ,) ?is feel+ ! au?or himself may look back )\t regret on 8 endeav\rs4 ,f ?is consid]ation he c d]ive "s enc\ragem5t = ! prosecution ( ! rema9d] ( 8 task2 & al?\gh n satisfi$ ) ! result ( 8 ef=ts1 yet re-assur$ by ! s9c]ity ( 8 int5tions1 he v5tures to recomm5d 8 pa/ & future lab\rs to ! int]e/ ( 8 contempor>ies & po/]ity4 ,multi p]transibunt et augebitur sci5tia4 #a ,plate #a1 fig4 #c4 #b ,see ,note ,c4 #c ,"s e>ly ,italian writ]s1 ,sicillo1 ,occolti1 ,r9aldi1 & o!rs1 h treat$ ?is subject 9 connexion ) ! suppos$ signification ( col\rs4--,t4 #d ,! ,engli% te*nical expressions flat & squ>e h an association ( mann]ism4--,t #e ,t[>ds ! close ( #ahjf1 :5 ,weim> 0 occupi$ by ,napoleon aft] ! battle ( ,j5a4--,t4 ,,notes4 ,,note ,a4--,p>4 #ah4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci obs]ves t a light object reliev$ on a d>k gr\nd appe>s magnifi$2 & aga91 ,objects se5 at a di/ance appe> out ( proportion2 ?is is because ! light p>ts transmit _! rays to ! eye m p[]fully ?an ! d>k4 ,a woman's :ite head-dress once appe>$ to me mu* wid] ?an h] %\ld]s1 ow+ to _! be+ dress$ 9 black4#a ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t ! excitation produc$ by light is propagat$ on ! ret9a a little beyond ! outl9e ( ! image4 ,pr(essor ,plateau1 ( ,gh5t1 has devot$ a v int]e/+ special memoir to ! description & explanation ( ph5om5a ( ?is nature4 ,see 8 ',mmoire sur l',irradiation1' publi%$ 9 ! #aa? vol4 ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,brussels4#b--,s4 ,f4 ,,note ,b4--,p>4 #bc4 ,! duration ( ocul> spectra produc$ by /rongly excit+ ! ret9a1 may be conv5i5tly measur$ by m9utes & seconds2 b to asc]ta9 ! duration ( m evanesc5t ph5om5a1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to o!r means4 ,! ,*evali] d',arcy 7,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,sc4 #agfe17 endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 ! duration ( ! impression produc$ by a gl[+ coal 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he atta*$ x to ! circumf]5ce ( a :eel1 ! velocity ( :i* 0 gradually increas$ until ! app>5t trace ( ! object =m$ a complete circle1 & !n measur$ ! duration ( a revolution1 :i* 0 obvi\sly t ( ! impression4 ,to asc]ta9 ! duration ( a revolution x is suffici5t m]ely to "k ! numb] ( revolutions describ$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,rec5tly m ref9$ exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d h be5 made by ,pr(essors ,plateau & ,:eat/one4--,s4 ,f4 #a ,trattato della ,pittura1 ,roma1 #ahag1 p4 #adc-bbc4 ,?is edition1 publi%$ f a ,vatican ,,ms41 conta9s _m obs]vations n includ$ 9 =m] editions4 #b ,a few notes 7m>k$ ) inv]t$ commas & ) ! signature ,s4 ,f47 h be5 k9dly furni%$ by a sci5tific fri5d4 ,,note ,c4--,p>4 #ej4 ,e treatise on ! h>moni\s comb9ation ( col\rs conta9s ! diagram ( ! *romatic circle m or less elaborately con/ruct$4 ,^! diagrams1 if int5d$ to exhibit ! contra/s produc$ by ! action & re-action ( ! ret9a1 h "o common defect4 ,! opposite col\rs are made equal 9 int5sity2 :]eas ! complem5tal col\r pictur$ on ! ret9a is always less vivid1 & always d>k] or light] ?an ! orig9al col\r4 ,?is v>iety und\bt$ly accords m ) h>moni\s effects 9 pa9t+4 ,! opposition ( two pure hues ( equal int5sity1 diff]+ only 9 ! ab/ract quality ( col\r1 w\ld imm$iately be pron\nc$ crude & inh>moni\s4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be /rictly correct to say t su* a contra/ is too viol5t2 on ! contr>y1 x appe>s ! contra/ is n c>ri$ f> en\gh1 = ?\gh diff]+ 9 col\r1 ! two hues may be exactly simil> 9 purity & int5sity4 ,complete contra/1 on ! o!r h&1 supposes dissimil>ity 9 all respects4 ,9 addition to ! m]e diff]5ce ( hue1 ! eye1 x seems1 requires diff]5ce 9 ! lightness or d>kness ( ! hue4 ,! spectrum ( a col\r reliev$ z a d>k on a light gr\nd1 is a light col\r on a d>k gr\nd1 & vice v]s4 ,?us1 if we look at a bright r$ waf] on ! :ite/ surface1 ! complem5tal image w be /ill light] ?an ! :ite surface2 if ! same waf] is plac$ on a black surface1 ! complem5tal image w be /ill d>k]4 ,! col\r ( bo? ^! spectra may be call$ gre5i%1 b x is evid5t t a col\r mu/ be sc>cely appreciable z su*1 if x is light] ?an :ite & d>k] ?an black4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rem>k$1 t ! :ite surface r\nd ! light gre5i% image seems t+$ ) a r$di% hue1 & ! black surface r\nd ! d>k image becomes slightly illum9at$ ) ! same col\r1 ?us 9 bo? cases assi/+ to r5d] ! image app>5t 7#eh74 ,! difficulty or impossibility ( describ+ degrees ( col\r 9 words1 has also _h a t5d5cy to mislead1 by convey+ ! idea ( m positive hues ?an ! physiological contra/ w>rants4 ,?us1 suppos+ sc>let to be reliev$ z a d>k1 ! complem5tal col\r is s light 9 degree & s fa9t 9 col\r1 t x %\ld be call$ a pe>ly grey2 :]eas ! !ori/s1 look+ at ! quality ( col\r ab/ract$ly1 w\ld call x a gre5-blue1 & ! diagram w\ld falsely pres5t su* a hue equal 9 int5sity to sc>let1 or z ne>ly equal z possible4 ,ev5 ! diff]5ce ( mass :i* good ta/e requires may be sugge/$ by ! physiological ph5om5a1 = unless ! complem5tal image is suff]$ to fall on a surface precisely z ne> to ! eye z t on :i* ! orig9al col\r 0 display$1 x appe>s l>g] or small] ?an ! orig9al object 7#bb71 & ?is 9 a rapidly increas+ proportion4 ,la/ly1 ! %ape itself soon becomes *ang$ 7#bf74 ,t vivid col\r dem&s ! comp>ative abs5ce ( col\r1 ei!r on a light] or d>k] scale1 z its contra/1 may be inf]r$ aga9 f ! fact t bright col\rless objects produce /rongly col\r$ spectra4 ,9 d>kness1 ! spectrum :i* is fir/ :ite1 or ne>ly :ite1 is foll[$ by r$3 9 light1 ! spectrum :i* is fir/ black1 is foll[$ by gre5 7#ci-dd74 ,all col\r1 z ! au?or obs]ves 7#bei71 is to be consid]$ z half-light1 inasmu* z x is 9 e case light] ?an black & d>k] ?an :ite4 ,h5ce no contra/ ( col\r ) col\r1 or ev5 ( col\r ) black or :ite1 c be s great 7z reg>ds lightness or d>kness7 z ! contra/ ( black & :ite1 or light & d>k ab/ract$ly4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5ces ( degree & ! diff]5ces ( k9d is important1 s9ce a j application ( contra/ 9 col\r may be c\nt]act$ by an undue diff]5ce 9 lightness or d>kness4 ,! m]e contra/ ( col\r is happily employ$ 9 "s ( ,guido's light] pictures1 b if int5se d>ks _h be5 oppos$ to 8 delicate c>nations1 _! comp>ative :it5ess w\ld h be5 unpleasantly app>5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fle%-col\r 9 ,giorgione1 ,seba/ian del ,piombo 78 be/ imitator71 & ,titian1 0 sometimes s extremely gl[+#a t ! deepe/ col\rs1 & black1 7 indisp5sable accompanim5ts4 ,! mann] ( ,titian z di/+ui%$ f 8 imitation ( ,giorgione1 is gold5 r ?an fi]y1 & 8 biograph]s are q correct 9 say+ t he 0 fond ( oppos+ r$ 7lake7 & blue to 8 fle%#b4 ,! correspond5ce ( ^! contra/s ) ! physiological ph5om5a w be imm$iately app>5t1 :ile ! occasional practice ( ,rub5s 9 oppos+ bright r$ to a /ill cool] fle%-col\r1 w be se5 to be equally consi/5t4 ,! effect ( :ite drap]y 7! comp>ative abs5ce ( col\r7 9 enhanc+ ! gl[ ( ,titian's fle%-col\r1 has be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out3#c ! %ad[s ( :ite ?us oppos$ to fle%1 (t5 pres5t1 aga91 ! physiological contra/1 h[ev] delicately1 accord+ to ! hue ( ! c>nation4 ,! lights1 on ! o!r h&1 are n1 & probably nev] 71 q :ite1 b f ! fir/1 p>took ( ! quality ( dep?1 a quality assum$ by ! col\ri/s to p]vade e "p ( a picture m or less4#d ,x 0 be=e obs]v$ t ! description ( col\rs 9 words may (t5 convey ideas ( too positive a nature1 & x may be rem>k$ g5]ally t ! col\rs employ$ by ! great ma/]s are1 9 _! ultimate effect1 m or less subdu$ or brok54 ,! physiological contra/s are1 h[ev]1 /ill applicable 9 ! mo/ comp>atively neutral scale4 ,aga91 ! works ( ! col\ri/s %[ t ^! oppositions are n conf9$ to l>ge masses 7except p]haps 9 works to be se5 only at a great di/ance72 on ! contr>y1 !y are m or less app>5t 9 e "p1 & :5 at la/ ! direct & int5tional op]ations ( ! arti/ may h be5 insuffici5t to produce !m 9 _! m9ut] degrees1 ! accid5tal results ( glaz+ & o!r me?ods may be said to ext5d ! contra/s to inf9ity4 ,9 su* productions1 :]e e smalle/ portion is an epitome ( ! :ole1 ! eye /ill appreciates ! fasc9at+ effect ( contra/1 & ! "w is pron\nc$ to be true & complete1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! words4 ,! ,v5etian me?od ( scumbl+ & glaz+ exhibits ^! m9ut] contra/s )9 ea* o!r1 & is ?us g5]ally consid]$ m ref9$ ?an ! sy/em ( break+ ! col\rs1 s9ce x ensures a full] gradation ( hues1 & produces ano!r class ( contra/s1 ^?1 namely1 :i* result f degrees ( transp>5ce & opacity4 ,9 "s ( ! ,flemi% & ,dut* ma/]s1 & sometimes 9 ,reynolds1 ! two me?ods are comb9$ 9 great p]fection4 ,! *romatic diagram does n appe> to be old] ?an ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is "o ( ^? happy adaptations ( exact] pr9ciples to ! objects ( ta/e :i* might h be5 expect$ f ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,t its true pr9ciple 0 duly felt is abundantly evid5t f ! works ( ! col\ri/s1 z well z f ! g5]al obs]vations ( e>ly writ]s4#e ,! m practical directions occasionally to be met ) 9 ! treatises ( ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & o!rs1 are con=mable to ! same sy/em4 ,"s ,italian works1 n writt5 by pa9t]s1 :i* pret5d to describe ?is h>mony1 are1 h[ev]1 v imp]fect4#f ,a passage 9 ,lodovico ,dolce's ,dialogue on ,col\rs is p]haps ! only "o wor? quot+4 ,he1 says t writ]1 :o wi%es to comb9e col\rs t are agreeable to ! eye1 w put grey next dusky orange2 yell[-gre5 next rose-col\r2 blue next orange2 d>k purple1 black1 next d>k-gre52 :ite next black1 & :ite next fle%-col\r4#g ,! ,dialogue on ,pa9t+1 by ! same au?or1 has ! reputation ( conta9+ "s ( ,titian's precepts3 if ! above passage may be trac$ to ! same s\rce1 x mu/ be confess$ t x is almo/ ! only "o ( ! k9d 9 ! treatise f :i* x is tak54 #a ,ardito v]am5te alquanto1 sanguigno1 e quasi fiammeggiante4--,zanetti della ,pittura ,v5eziana1 ,v54 #agga1 p4 #ij4 ,w>m z ! fle% col\r ( ! col\ri/s is1 x /ill nev] approa*es a positive hue1 if we except "s examples 9 frescoes & o!r works int5d$ to be se5 at a great di/ance4 ,zanetti1 speak+ ( a fresco by ,giorgione1 n[ almo/ oblit]at$1 comp>es ! col\r to un vivo raggio di coc5te sole4---,v>ie ,pitture a fresco dei ,pr9cipali ,mae/ri ,v5eziani4 ,v54 #agfj4 #b ,ridolfi4 #c ,zanetti1 ,i4 ii4 #d ,two great au?orities1 divid$ by m ?an ?ree c5turies1 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti & ,reynolds1 h recomm5d$ ?is subdu$ treatm5t ( :ite4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 says ! fir/1 t no surface %\ld be made s :ite t x _c be made m s4 ,9 :ite dresses aga91 x is necess>y to /op f> %ort ( ! la/ degree ( :it5ess4--,della ,pittura1 ,i4 ii41 comp>e ) ,reynolds1 vol4 i4 dis4 #h4 #e ,vas>i obs]ves1 ,l'unione nella pittura una discordanza dicolori div]si accordati insime4--,vol4 i4 c4 #ah4 ,?is obs]vation is repeat$ by v>i\s writ]s on art 9 ne>ly ! same words1 & at la/ appe>s 9 ,s&r>t3 ,concordia1 potissimum pictur decus1 9 discordi consi/it1 et quasi litigio colorum4--,p4 i4 c4 #e4 ,! s\rce1 p]haps1 is ,ari/otle3 he obs]ves1 ,we are delight$ ) h>mony1 because x is ! union ( contr>y pr9ciples hav+ a ratio to ea* o!r4--,problem4 #f ,see ,occolti ,trattato de' ,colori4 ,p>ma1 #aefh4 #g ,vol5do l'uomo accoppi>e insime colori *e all'oc*io dilett9o--porr insime il b]rett9o col leonato2 il v]de-giallo con l'inc>nato e rosso2 il tur*9o con l'arangi2 il morello col v]de oscuro2 il n]o col bianco2 il bianco con l'inc>nato4--,dialogo di ,m4 ,lodovico ,dolce nel quale si ragiona della qualit1 div]sit1 e propriet de' colori4 ,v5ezia1 #aefe4 ,,note ,d4--,p>4 #ff4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases !re c be no d\bt t ,goe! attributes ! contra/ too exclusively to ! physiological cause1 )\t mak+ suffici5t all[ance = ! actual diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! lights4 ,! purely physical nature ( "s col\r$ %ad[s 0 po9t$ out by ,pohlmann2 & ,dr4 ,eck]mann took "s pa9s to conv9ce ,goe! ( ! necessity ( mak+ su* a di/9ction4 ,goe! at fir/ adh]$ to 8 extreme view1 b "s "t aft]w>ds confess$ to ,dr4 ,eck]mann1 t 9 ! case ( ! blue %ad[s ( sn[ 7#gd71 ! reflection ( ! sky 0 und\bt$ly to be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,bo? causes may1 h[ev]1 op]ate toge!r1 he obs]v$1 & ! contra/ :i* a w>m yell[ light dem&s may height5 ! effect ( ! blue4 ,?is 0 all 8 oppon5t cont5d$4#a ,) a few su* exceptions1 ! g5]al !ory ( ,goe! ) reg>d to col\r$ %ad[s is und\bt$ly correct2 ! exp]im5ts ) two c&les 7#fh71 & ) col\r$ glass & fluids 7#hj71 z well z ! obs]vations on ! %ad[s ( sn[ 7#ge71 are conclusive1 = 9 all ^! cases only "o light is actually *ang$ 9 col\r1 :ile ! o!r /ill assumes ! complem5tal hue4 ,col\r$ %ad[s1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,mll] obs]ves1 are usually ascrib$ to ! physiological influ5ce ( contra/2 ! complem5t>y col\r pres5t$ by ! %ad[ be+ reg>d$ z ! effect ( int]nal causes act+ on t "p ( ! ret9a1 & n ( ! impression ( col\r$ rays f )\t4 ,?is explanation is ! "o adopt$ by ,rum=d1 ,goe!1 ,grot?uss1 ,br&es1 ,t\rtual1 ,pohlmann1 & mo/ au?ors :o h /udi$ ! subject4#b ,9 ! ,hi/orical ,"p ! au?or gives an acc\nt ( a sc>ce ,fr5* "w1 ,obs]vations sur les ,ombres ,colores1 ,p>is1 #aghb4 ,! writ]#c concludes t ! col\r ( %ad[s is z mu* ow+ to ! light t causes !m z to t :i* 7m fa9tly7 illum9es !m4 #a ,eck]mann's ,gespr*e mit ,goe!1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gf & #bhj4 #b ,elem5ts ( ,physiology1 by ,j4 ,mll]1 ,m4 ,d41 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,william ,baly1 ,m4,d4 ,london1 #ahci4 #c ,anonym\s1 hav+ only giv5 ! initials ,h4 ,f4 ,t4 ,,note ,e4--,p>4 #fi4 ,?is op9ion ( ! au?or is frequ5tly repeat$ 7#bja1 #cab1 #eia71 & z x seems at fir/ sight to be at v>iance ) a receiv$ pr9ciple ( art1 x may be z well at once to exam9e x4 ,9 ord] to see ! g5]al proposition 9 its true po9t ( view1 x w be necess>y to =get ! arbitr>y di/9ctions ( light & %ade1 & to consid] all su* modifications betwe5 highe/ brightness & absolute d>kness only z s _m less] degrees ( light4#a ,! au?or1 inde$1 by ! ^w %ad[1 always und]/&s a less] light4 ,! receiv$ notion1 z /at$ by ,du ,fresnoy1#b is mu* too positive & unconditional1 & is only true :5 we und]/& ! display+ light to compreh5d c]ta9 degrees ( half or reflect$ light1 & ! de/roy+ %ade to mean ! int5se/ degree ( obscurity4 ,!re are degrees ( brightness :i* de/roy col\r z well z degrees ( d>kness4#c ,9 g5]al1 col\r resides 9 a mitigat$ light1 b a v little obs]vation %[s u t diff]5t col\rs require diff]5t degrees ( light to display !m4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci frequ5tly inculcates ! g5]al pr9ciple above allud$ to1 b he z frequ5tly qualifies x2 = he n only rem>ks t ! highe/ light may be comp>ative privation ( col\r1 b obs]ves1 ) great tru?1 t "s hues are be/ display$ 9 _! fully illum9$ p>ts1 "s 9 _! reflections1 & "s 9 _! half-lights2 & aga91 t e col\r is mo/ beautiful :5 lit by reflections f its own surface1 or f a hue simil> to its own4#d ,! ,v5etians w5t fur!r ?an ,leon>do 9 ?is view & practice2 & he seems to allude to !m :5 he criticises c]ta9 pa9t]s1 :o1 9 aim+ at cle>ness & fulness ( col\r1 neglect$ :at1 9 8 eyes1 0 ( sup]ior importance1 namely1 gradation & =ce ( *i>o-scuro4#e ,t increase ( col\r supposes increase ( d>kness1 z s (t5 /at$ by ,goe!1 may be grant$ )\t difficulty4 ,to :at ext5t1 on ! o!r h&1 increase ( d>kness1 or r dim9ution ( light1 is accompani$ by increase ( col\r1 is a "q :i* has be5 v>i\sly answ]$ by v>i\s s*ools4 ,examples ( ! total negation ( ! pr9ciple are n want+1 nor are !y conf9$ to ! infancy ( ! art4 ,in/ances1 aga91 ( ! opposite t5d5cy are frequ5t 9 ,v5etian & e>ly ,flemi% pictures resembl+ ! augm5t+ ri*ness ( gems or ( /a9$ glass3#f inde$1 x is n impossible t ! increase ( col\r 9 %ade1 :i* is s rem>kable 9 ! pictures allud$ to1 may h be5 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! ri* & fasc9at+ effect ( /a9$ glass2 & ! ,v5etians1 9 ?is z 9 _m o!r respects1 may h improv$ on a h9t borr[$ f ! e>ly ,g]man pa9t]s1 _m ( :om pa9t$ on glass4#g ,at all ev5ts1 ! pr9ciple ( /ill increas+ 9 col\r 9 c]ta9 hues seems to h be5 adopt$ 9 ,fl&]s & 9 ,v5ice at an e>ly p]iod2#h :ile ,giorgione1 9 c>ry+ ! /yle to ! mo/ d>+ ext5t1 /ill recomm5d$ x by correspond+ gr&eur ( treatm5t 9 o!r respects4 ,! same g5]al t5d5cy1 except t ! te*nical me?ods are less transp>5t1 is1 h[ev]1 v /rik+ 9 "s ( ! pa9t]s ( ! s*ool ( ,umbria1 ! in/ructors or e>ly companions ( ,raphael4#i ,! influ5ce ( ^! examples1 z well z t ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 9 ,flor5ce1 is di/9ctly to be trac$ 9 ! works ( ! great arti/ j nam$1 b nei!r is s m>k$ z ! effect ( 8 emulation ( a ,v5etian pa9t] at a lat] p]iod4 ,! gl[+ col\r1 sometimes bord]+ on exagg]ation1 :i* ,raphael adopt$ 9 ,rome1 is und\bt$ly to be attribut$ to ! rivalry ( ,seba/ian del ,piombo4 ,?is pa9t]1 ! be/ ( ,giorgione's imitators1 arriv$ 9 ,rome1 invit$ by ,ago/9i ,*igi1 9 #aeaa1 & ! mo/ p[]ful ( ,raphael's frescoes1 ! ,heliodorus & ,mass ( ,bols5a1 z well z "s portraits 9 ! same /yle1 7 pa9t$ 9 ! two foll[+ ye>s4 ,9 ! h&s ( "s ( ,raphael's s*ol>s1 aga91 ?is extreme w>m? 0 occasionally c>ri$ to excess1 p>ticul>ly by ,pi]9o del ,vaga1 ) :om x (t5 deg5]at$ into r$ness4 ,! repres5tative ( ! gl[+ mann] 9 ,flor5ce 0 ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 &1 9 ! same quality1 consid]$ ab/ract$ly1 "s pa9t]s ( ! s*ool ( ,f]r>a 7 second to none4 ,9 ano!r ,note 7p>4 #agg7 "s fur!r consid]ations are (f]$1 :i* may p>tly expla9 ! preval5ce ( ?is /yle 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 "h we m]ely add1 t ! conditions "u :i* ! appe>ance itself is mo/ app>5t 9 nature are p]haps m obvi\s 9 ,v5ice ?an else:]e4 ,! col\r ( g5]al nature may be obs]v$ 9 all places ) almo/ equal conv5i5ce1 b ) reg>d to an important quality 9 liv+ nature1 namely1 ! col\r ( fle%1 p]haps !re are no circum/ances 9 :i* its effects at diff]5t di/ances c be s conv5i5tly comp>$ z :5 ! obs]v] & ! obs]v$ gradually approa* & glide pa/ ea* o!r on s smoo? an elem5t & 9 s undi/urb$ a mann] z on ! canals & 9 ! gondolas ( ,v5ice2#aj ! complexions1 f ! peculi> mell[ c>nations ( ! ,italian wom5 to ! sun-burnt features & limbs ( ! m>9]s1 pres5t+ at ! same "t ! fulle/ v>iety 9 ano!r s5se4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance--! col\r be+ always assum$ to be unimpair$ by int]pos$ atmosph]e--! reflections appe> k9dl$ to int5s] w>m?2 ! fi]y gl[ ( ,giorgione is /rik+ly app>5t2 ! col\r is se5 9 its l>ge/ relation2 ! mac*ia1#aa an expression s emphatically us$ by ,italian writ]s1 appe>s 9 all its quantity1 & ! reflections be+ ! focus ( w>m?1 ! hue seems to deep5 9 %ade4 ,a ne>] view gives ! detail ( cool] t9ts m p]ceptibly1#ab & ! =ms are at ! same "t m di/9ct4 ,h5ce ,lanzi is q correct :51 9 di/+ui%+ ! /yle ( ,titian f t ( ,giorgione1 he says t ,titian's 0 at once m def9$ & less fi]y4#ac ,9 a /ill ne>] obs]vation ! eye detects ! m9ute lights :i* ,leon>do da ,v9ci says are incompatible ) effects su* z ^? we h describ$#ad & :i*1 accord+ly1 we nev] f9d 9 ,giorgione & ,titian4 ,?is l>ge impression ( col\r1 :i* seems to require ! condition ( comp>ative di/ance = its full effect1 0 mo/ fitly employ$ by ! same great arti/s 9 works pa9t$ 9 ! op5 air or = l>ge alt>-pieces4 ,_! celebrat$ frescoes on ! ext]ior ( ! ,fondaco de' ,t$es*i at ,v5ice1 to judge f _! fa9t rema9s & ! descriptions ( e>li] writ]s1 7 rem>kable = extreme w>m? 9 ! %ad[s4 ,! old frescoes 9 ! op5 air ?r\gh\t ,friuli h (t5 ! same "*1 &1 ow+ to ! fulness ( effect :i* ?is treatm5t ensures1 are conspicu\s at a v great di/ance4#ae ,9 assum+ t ! ,v5etian pa9t]s may h acquir$ a ta/e = ?is bread?#af ( col\r "u ! circum/ances above allud$ to1 x is moreov] to be rememb]$ t ! "t = ?is agreeable /udy 0 ! ev5+2 :5 ! sun _h already set beh9d ! hills ( ,bassano2 :5 ! light 0 gl[+ b diffus$2 :5 %ad[s 7 s(t--conditions all agree+ ) ! "* ( _! col\r+3#ag above all1 :5 ! h\r invit$ ! fair] portion ( ! population to betake !mselves 9 _! gondolas to ! lagunes4 ,! sc5e ( ?is prom5ade 0 to ! nor? ( ,v5ice1 ! qu>t] 9 :i* ,titian at "o "t liv$4 ,a lett] exi/s writt5 by ,francesco ,priscianese1 giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 supp+ ) ! great pa9t] 9 company ) ,jacopo ,n>di1 ,pietro ,aret9o1 ! sculptor ,sansov9o1 & o!rs4 ,! writ] speaks ( ! beauty ( ! g>d51 :]e ! table 0 prep>$1 look+ ov] ! lagunes t[>ds ,murano1 :i* "p ( ! sea1 he cont9ues1 z soon z ! sun 0 d[n1 0 cov]$ ) a ?\s& gondolas1 grac$ ) beautiful wom51 & enliv5$ by ! h>mony ( voices & in/rum5ts1 :i* la/$ till midnight1 =m+ a pleas+ accompanim5t to our *e]ful repa/4#ah ,to return to ,goe!3 p]haps ! =ego+ rem>ks may w>rant ! conclusion t 8 idea ( col\r 9 %ad[ is n irreconcileable ) ! occasional practice ( ! be/ pa9t]s4 ,! highe/ examples ( ! /yle ?us def9$ are1 or 71 to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,giorgione#ai & ,titian1 & h5ce ! /yle itself1 ?\gh )9 t circle few d>e walk is to be consid]$ ! gr&e/ & mo/ p]fect4 ,its possible defects or abuse are n to be dissembl$3 9 addition to ! dang] ( exagg]ation#bj x is seldom unit$ ) ! pl5itude ( light & %ade1 or ) r\ndness2 yet1 :]e f9e examples ( bo? modes ( treatm5t may be comp>$1 ! *>m ( col\r has p]haps ! advantage4#ba ,! difficulty ( unit+ qualities s diff]5t 9 _! nature1 is prov$ by ! v r>e in/ances 9 :i* x has be5 accompli%$4 ,t9toret 9 endeav\r+ to add *i>o-scuro to ,v5etian col\r1 9 almo/ e in/ance fell %ort ( ! gl[+ ri*ness ( ,titian4#bb ,giacomo ,bassan & 8 imitators1 ev5 9 _! d>k effects1 /ill _h ! pr9ciple ( ! gem 9 view3 _! light1 9 c]ta9 hues1 is ! m9imum ( col\r1 _! l[] tones are ri*1 _! d>ks int5se1 & all is sp>kl+4#bc ,( ! great pa9t]s :o1 beg9n+1 on ! o!r h&1 ) *i>o-scuro1 s\ght to comb9e ) x ! full ri*ness ( col\r1 ,correggio1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 approa*$ p]fection ne>e/2 b we may p]haps conclude ) great] ju/ice t ! desir$ excell5ce 0 m completely atta9$ by ,rembr&t ?an by any ( ! ,italians4 #a ,leon>do da ,v9ci obs]ves3 ,l'ombra dim9uzione di luce1 t5ebre privazione di luce4 ,& aga93 ,sempre il m9or lume ombra del lume maggiore4--,trattato della ,pittura1 pp4 #bgd-bii4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! same edition be=e describ$ has be5 consult$ ?r\gh\t4 #b ,lux v>ium vivumque dabit1 nullum umbra colorem4 ,de ,arte ,graphic4 ,"k fir/ t light displays & %ade de/roys ,refulg5t nature's v>iegat$ dies4--,mason's ,translation4 #c ,a ,spani% writ]1 ,diego de ,c>valho e ,sampayo1 quot$ by ,goe! 7,f>b5lehre1 vol4 ii471 has a simil> obs]vation4 ,?is de/roy+ effect ( light is /rik+ 9 climates :]e ! sun is p[]ful1 & 0 n likely to escape ! notice ( a ,spani>d4 #d ,trattato1 pp4 #ajc1 #aba1 #abc1 #cbd1 c4 #e ,ib4 pp4 #he1 #acd4 #f ,absolute opacity1 to judge f ! old] specim5s ( /a9$ glass1 seems to h be5 consid]$ inadmissible4 ,! w9d[ 0 to admit light1 h[ev] modifi$ & v>i$1 9 ! =m prescrib$ by ! ar*itect1 & t =m 0 to be pres]v$4 ,?is has be5 un=tunately lo/ sight ( 9 "s mod]n glass-pa9t+1 :i*1 by exclud+ ! light 9 l>ge masses1 & adopt+ ! opacity ( pictures 7! rev]se ( ! influ5ce above allud$ to71 has int]f]$ ) ! ar*itectural symmetry 9 a mann] f> f desirable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we suppose pa9t+ at any p]iod to h aim$ at ! imitation ( /a9$ glass1 su* an imitation mu/ ( necessity h l$ to extreme =ce2 = ! pa9t] sets out by sub/itut+ a m]e :ite gr\nd = ! real light ( ! sky1 & w\ld ?us be compell$ to subdue e tone accord+ly4 ,9 su* an imitation 8 col\r w\ld soon deep5 to its int5se/ /ate2 inde$1 consid]able portions ( ! d>k] hues w\ld be lo/ 9 obscurity4 ,! e>ly ,flemi% pictures seldom err on ! side ( a gay sup]abundance ( col\r2 on ! contr>y1 !y are g5]ally rem>kable = comp>atively cool lights1 = extreme dep?1 & a c]ta9 subdu$ spl5d\r1 qualities :i* w\ld necess>ily result f ! imitation or influ5ce 9 "q4 #g ,see ,langlois1 ,pe9ture sur ,v]re4 ,r\51 #ahcb2 ,descamps1 ,la ,vie des ,pe9tres ,flam&s2 & ,gess]t1 ,ges*i*te d] ,glasmal]ei4 ,/utg>d1 #ahci4 ,! antiquity ( ! glass manufactory ( ,murano 7,v5ice7 is also n to be =gott54 ,vas>i objects to ! ,v5etian glass1 because x 0 d>k] 9 col\r ?an t ( ,fl&]s1 ,france1 & ,engl&2 b ?is v quality 0 m likely to h an advantage\s influ5ce on ! /yle ( ! e>ly oil-pa9t]s4 ,! use ( /a9$ glass 01 h[ev]1 at no p]iod v g5]al 9 ,italy4 #h ,zanetti1 ,della ,pittura ,v5eziana1 m>ks ! progress ( ! e>ly ,v5etian pa9t]s by ! gradual use ( ! w>m outl9e4 ,!re are "s mosaics 9 ,/4 ,m>k's :i* h ! effect ( fle%-col\r1 b on exam9ation1 ! only r$ col\r us$ is f\nd to be 9 ! outl9es & m>k+s4 ,_m ( ! draw+s ( ! old ma/]s1 height5$ ) r$ 9 ! %ad[s1 h ! same effect4 ,9 ^! draw+s ! arti/s judici\sly avoid$ col\r+ ! lips & *eeks mu*1 = ?is w\ld only h betray$ ! want ( g5]al col\r1 z is obs]vable :5 /atues are s treat$4 #i ,&rea di ,luigi1 call$ ,l',+egno1 & ,niccolo di ,fuligno1 are cit$ z ! mo/ prom95t examples4 ,see ,rumohr1 ,itali5is*e ,=s*ung54 ,p]og9o himself occasionally adopt$ a v gl[+ col\r4 ,! e>ly ,italian s*ools :i* adh]$ mo/ to ! ,byzant9e types appe> to h be5 also ! mo/ rem>kable = dep?1 or r d>kness1 ( col\r4 ,?is fidelity to cu/om>y repres5tation 0 sometimes1 z 9 ! s*ools ( ,umbria1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ^? ( ,si5a & ,bologna1 ! result ( a religi\s v5]ation = ! anci5t examples2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ,v5ice1 ! circum/ance ( frequ5t int]c\rse ) ! ,levant is also to be tak5 into ! acc\nt4 ,! ,greek pictures ( ! ,madonna1 n to m5tion o!r repres5tations1 7 extremely d>k1 9 exagg]at$ con=mity1 x is suppos$1 ) ! tradition respect+ h] real complexion 7see ,d',ag9c\rt1 vol4 iv4 p4 #a72 a belief :i* obta9$ s late z ,lomazzo's "t1 =1 speak+ ( ! ,madonna1 he obs]ves1 ,leggesi p] *e fu alquanto bruna4 ,giotto1 :o ) ! indep5d5ce ( g5ius betray$ a c]ta9 contempt = ^! traditions1 fail$ p]haps to unite improvem5t ) novelty :5 he sub/itut$ a pale :ite fle%-col\r = ! traditional br[n4 ,"s specim5s ( 8 works1 /ill exi/+ at ,padua1 pres5t a rem>kable contra/ 9 ?is respect ) ! e>lie/ productions ( ! ,v5etian & ,paduan arti/s4 ,8 works at ,flor5ce diff] z widely f ^? ( ! e>li] pa9t]s ( ,tuscany4 ,?is peculi>ity 0 inh]it$ by 8 imitators1 & at "o "t almo/ *>act]is$ ! ,flor5t9e s*ool4 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti 0 n p]haps ! fir/ :o object$ to x 7,vorrei io *e dai pittori fosse comp]ato il color bianco assai pi c>o *e le presiosissime gemme4--,della ,pittura1 ,i4 ii47 ,! atta*m5t ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo to ! grave "* ( ! ,*ri/ian types is exemplifi$ 9 8 deep col\r+1 z well z 9 o!r respects4 #aj ,holl& might be except$1 & 9 ,holl& simil> causes may h _h a simil> influ5ce4 #aa ,local col\r2 lit]ally1 ! blot4 #ab ,zanetti v5tures to s+le out ! picture ( ,tobit & ! ,angel 9 ,s4 ,m>ziale z ! fir/ example ( ,titian's own mann]1 & 9 :i* a direct imitation ( ,giorgione is no long] app>5t4 ,9 ?is picture ! lights are cool & ! blood-t9t v effective4 #ac ,m5o sfumato1 m5 focoso4--,/oria ,pittorica4 #ad ,la prima cosa *e de' colori si p]de nelle di/ante il lu/ro1 loro m9ima p>te4--,trattato1 p4 #bac2 & else:]e1 ,i lumi pr9cipali 9 picciol luogo son quelli *e 9 picciola di/anza sono i primi *e si p]dono all' oc*io4--p4 #abh4 #ae ,a colossal ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 ! usual subject1 is frequ5tly se5 occupy+ ! :ole height ( ! ext]nal wall ( a *ur*4 ,we h "h an example ( ! influ5ce ( religion1 su* z x 01 ev5 on ! /yle ( col\r+ & practical me?ods ( ! art4 ,! m]e sight ( ! image ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 ! type ( /r5g?1 0 consid]$ suffici5t to re9vigorate ^? :o 7 exhau/$ by ! lab\rs ( husb&ry4 ,! foll[+ is a specim5 ( ! inscriptions inculcat+ ?is belief3-- ,*ri/ophori ,sancti speciem quicumque tuetur1 ,illo namque die nullo languore t5etur4 ,h5ce ! practice ( pa9t+ ! figure on ! outside ( *ur*es1 h5ce its colossal size1 & h5ce ! p[]ful qualities 9 col\r above describ$4 ,see ,maniago1 ,/oria delle ,belle ,arti ,friulane4 #af ,! au?ority ( ,fuseli suffici5tly w>rants ! application ( ! t]m bread? to col\r2 he speaks ( ,titian's bread? ( local t9t4 #ag ,zanetti quotes an op9ion ( ! pa9t]s ( 8 "t to ! same effect3--,t5eano essi 7alcuni mae/ri7 p] cosa c]ta1 *e 9 molte op]e ,tiziano volesse f+]e il lume--quale si v$e nell' incl9>si del sole v]so la s]a4 ,gli orizzonti assai lum9osi dietro le montagne1 le ombre inc]te e pi le c>nagioni brunette e rosseggianti delle figure1 gl'induceano a cr$] que/o4--,lib4 ii4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci obs]ves1 ,quel corpo *e si trov] 9 m$iocre lume fia 9 lui poca diff]5za da' lumi all' ombre4 ,e que/o accade sul f> della s]a--e que/e op]e sono dolci ed hacci grazia ogni qualit di volto1 c4--p4 #ccf4 ,else:]e1 ,le ombre fatte dal sole od altri lumi p>ticol>i sono s5za grazia4--p4 #ceg2 see also p4 #bdg4 #ah ,see ,francesco ,priscianese ,de' ,primi ,pr9cipii della ,l+ua ,lat9a1 ,v5ice1 #aeej4 ,! lett] is at ! end ( ! "w4 ,x is quot$ 9 ,ticozzi's ,vite de' ,pittori ,vecelli1 ,milan1 #ahag4 #ai ,! works ( ,giorgione are extremely r>e4 ,! pictures be/ calculat$ to give an idea ( ! gl[+ mann] = :i* he is celebrat$1 are ! some:at e>ly works & sev]al ( ! alt>-pieces ( ,titian1 ! be/ specim5s ( ,palma ,vec*io1 & ! portraits ( ,seba/ian del ,piombo4 #bj ,zanetti & ,lodovico ,dolce m5tion ,lor5zo ,lotto z an in/ance ( ! excess ( ,giorgione's /yle4 ,titian himself sometimes ov]/epp$ ! m>k1 z 8 biograph]s confess1 & z appe>s1 among o!r in/ances1 f ! head ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! picture 7n[ 9 ! ,vatican7 9 :i* ! celebrat$ ,/4 ,seba/ian is introduc$4 ,raphael 0 criticis$ by "s c>d9als = a simil> defect4 ,see ,ca/iglione1 ,il ,cortigiano1 #a4 ii4 ,9 ! same p>agraph to :i* ! pres5t obs]vations ref]1 ! au?ority ( ,kir*] is quot$2 8 treatise1 ,ars magna lucis et umbrae1 0 publi%$ 9 ,rome 9 #afdf4 ,9 a portrait ( ,ni*olas ,p\ss91 engrav$ by ,cl\et1 ! pa9t] is repres5t$ hold+ a book1 :i*1 f ! title & ! circum/ance ( ,p\ss9 hav+ liv$ 9 ,rome 9 ,kir*]'s "t1 ,goe! supposes to be ! "w 9 "q4 ,! abuse ( ! pr9ciple above allud$ to1 is p]haps exemplifi$ 9 ! r$ half-t9ts obs]vable 9 "s ( ,p\ss9's figures4 ,! augm5tation ( col\r 9 subdu$ light 0 /ill m directly taught by ,lomazzo4 ,he composes ! half-t9ts ( fle% m]ely by dim9i%+ ! quantity ( :ite1 ! proportions ( ! o!r col\rs employ$ 7= he ent]s into m9ute details7 rema9+ unalt]$4 ,see 8 ,trattato della arte della ,pittura1 ,milan1 #aehd1 p4 #cja4 #ba ,9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 a picture attribut$ to ,titian--at all ev5ts a lucid ,v5etian picture--hangs next ! ,/4 ,george ( ,correggio4 ,aft] look+ at ! latt]1 ! ,v5etian "w appe>s glassy & unsub/antial1 b on rev]s+ ! ord] ( comp>ison1 ! ,correggio may be said to suff] m1 & = a mom5t its f9e transitions ( light & %ade seem *ang$ to heav9ess4 #bb ,! f9e/ works ( ,t9toret---! ,crucifixion & ! ,miracolo del ,s]vo 7consid]$ "h m]ely ) ref]5ce to _! col\r17 may be said to comb9e ! excell5ces ( ,titian & ,giacomo ,bassan1 on a gr& scale2 ! sp>kl+ cle>ness ( ! latt] is "o ( ! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ^! pictures4 ,t9toret is report$ to h once said t a union ( 8 own k ( =m ) ,bassan's col\r w\ld be ! p]fection ( pa9t+4 ,see ,v]ei ,notizie de' ,pittori di ,bassano2 ,v54 #agge1 p4 #fa4 #bc ,t ?is la/ quality1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ,bassan's be/ pictures1 0 held 9 high e/imation by ,paul ,v]onese1 is n only evid5t f t pa9t]'s own works1 b f ! circum/ance ( 8 pref]r+ to place 8 sons ) ,bassan r ?an ) any o!r pa9t]4 7,see ,bos*9i ,c>ta del ,naveg>1 p4 #bhj47 ,! ,baptism ( ,/a4 ,lucilla1 9 ,bos*9i's "t consid]$ ! f9e/ ( ,giacomo's works1 is /ill 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,val5t9o1 at ,bassano1 & may be consid]$ ! type ( ! lucid & sp>kl+ mann]4 ,,note ,f4--,p>4 #hc4 ,! au?or1 9 ^! in/ances1 seems to be anticipat+ 8 subsequ5t explanations on ! effect ( semi-transp>5t m$iums4 ,= an explanation ( ! g5]al view conta9$ 9 ^! p>agraphs respect+ ! gradual increase ( col\r f high light1 see ! la/ ,note4 ,! anonym\s ,fr5* "w be=e allud$ to1 among o!r int]e/+ examples1 conta9s a *apt] on %ad[s ca/ by ! upp] light ( ! sky & col\r$ by ! sett+ sun4 ,! effect ( ?is rem>kable comb9ation is1 t ! light on a wall is mo/ col\r$ imm$iately "u a project+ ro(1 & becomes comp>atively neutralis$ 9 proportion to its di/ance f ! edge ( ! d>ke/ %ade4 ,,note ,g4--,p>4 #ih4 ,! simple/ case ( ! ph5om5on1 :i* ,goe! calls a subjective halo1 & "o :i* at once expla9s its cause1 is ! foll[+4 ,reg>d a r$ waf] on a %eet ( :ite pap]1 keep+ ! eye /$fa/ly fix$ on a po9t at its c5t]4 ,:5 ! ret9a is fatigu$1 )draw ! head a little f ! pap]1 & a gre5 halo w appe> to surr\nd ! waf]4 ,by ?is slight increase ( di/ance ! image ( ! waf] itself on ! ret9a becomes small]1 & ! ocul> spectrum :i* be=e co9cid$ ) ! direct image1 be+ n[ relatively l>g]1 is se5 z a surr\nd+ r+4--,s4 ,f4 ,goe! m5tions cases ( ?is k9d1 b does n class !m ) subjective halos4 ,see ,p>4 #cj4 ,,note ,h4--,p>4 #aac4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are by no means uncommon4 ,sev]al int]e/+ ones are relat$ 9 ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell's article on ,light 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana4 ,c>eful inve/igation has1 h[ev]1 %[n t ?is defect ( vision arises 9 mo/1 if n 9 all cases1 f an inability to p]ceive ! r$1 n ! blue rays4 ,! t]ms are s conf\nd$ by ! individuals ?us affect$1 t ! comp>ison ( col\rs 9 _! pres5ce is ! only crit]ion4--,s4 ,f4 ,,note ,i4--,p>4 #ace4 ,! au?or m ?an once admits t ?is *apt] on ,pa?ological ,col\rs is v incomplete1 & expresses a wi% 7,p>4 #gcd7 t "s m$ical physiologi/s w\ld inve/igate ! subject fur!r4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds 9 a great degree accompli%$ by ,dr4 ,johannes ,mll]1 9 8 memoir b] die ,phanta/is*5 ,gesi*ts]s*e9ung54 ,cobl5tz1 #ahbf4 ,simil> ph5om5a h be5 also inve/igat$ ) great lab\r & success by ,purk9je4 ,= a collection ( extraord9>y facts ( ! k9d record$ by ^! writ]s1 ! read] may consult ,scott's ,lett]s on ,demonology & ,wit*craft4#a ,! in/ances adduc$ by ,mll] & o!rs are1 h[ev]1 int5d$ to prove ! inh]5t capacity ( ! organ ( vision to produce light & col\rs4 ,9 "s maladies ( ! eye1 ! pati5t1 x seems1 suff]s ! con/ant pres5ce ( light )\t ext]nal light4 ,! excit+ pr9ciple 9 ?is case is ?us prov$ to be )91 & ! conclusion ( ! physiologi/s is t ext]nal light is only "o ( ! causes :i* produce lum9\s & col\r$ impressions4 ,t ?is view 0 anticipat$ by ,newton may be ga!r$ f ! conclud+ qu]y 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,optics4 #a ,see also a curi\s passage on ! beatific vision ( ! monks ( ,m\nt ,a?os1 9 ,gibbon1 *ap4 #fc4 ,,note ,k4--,p>4 #adj4 ,catoptrical col\rs4 ,! col\rs includ$ "u ?is head are pr9cipally ^? ( fibres & groov$ surfaces2 !y c be produc$ artificially by cutt+ p>allel grooves on a surface ( metal f #bjjj to #aj1jjj 9 ! in*4 ,see ',brew/]'s ,optics1' p4 #abj4 ,! col\rs call$ by ,goe! p>optical1 correspond ) ^? produc$ by ! diffraction or inflection ( light 9 ! receiv$ !ory4--,see ,brew/]1 p4 #ie4 ,! ph5om5a includ$ "u ! title ',epoptical ,col\rs1' are g5]ally kn[n z ! col\rs ( ?9 plates4 ,!y v>y ) ! ?ickness ( ! film1 & ! col\r se5 by reflection always diff]s f t se5 by transmission4 ,! laws ( ^! ph5om5a h be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$4 ,see ,nobili1 & ,brew/]1 p4 #ajj4--,s4 ,f4 ,! col\rs produc$ by ! transmission ( pol>is$ light ?r\gh *ry/alis$ m$iums1 7 describ$ by ,goe!1 9 8 mode1 subsequ5tly to ! publication ( 8 g5]al !ory1 "u ! "n ( ,entoptic ,col\rs4 ,see note to ,p>4 #dhe4 ,,note ,l4--,p>4 #aej4 ,we h 9 ?is & ! next p>agraph ! outl9e ( ,goe!'s sy/em4 ,! examples t foll[ seem to e/abli% ! doctr9e "h laid d[n1 b !re are _m cases :i* x appe>s _c be expla9$ on su* pr9ciples3 h5ce1 philosoph]s g5]ally pref] ! !ory ( absorption1 accord+ to :i* x appe>s t c]ta9 m$iums h ! prop]ty ( absorb+ "s ( ! compon5t rays ( :ite light1 :ile !y all[ ! passage ( o!rs4#a ,:e!r all ! facts adduc$ by ,goe!--= in/ance1 t record$ 9 ,p>4 #agb1 are to be expla9$ by ?is doctr9e1 we leave to ! inve/igators ( nature to det]m9e4 ,dr4 ,eck]mann1 9 conv]s+ ) ,goe!1 ?us describ$ ! two lead+ ph5om5a 7#aef1 #aeh7 z se5 by him 9 ! ,alps4 ,at a di/ance ( eighte5 or tw5ty miles at mid-day 9 bright sun%9e1 ! sn[ appe>$ yell[ or ev5 r$di%1 :ile ! d>k p>ts ( ! m\nta91 free f sn[1 7 ( ! mo/ decid$ blue4 ,! appe>ances did n surprise me1 = ,i c\ld h pr$ict$ t ! mass ( ! int]pos$ m$ium w\ld give a deep yell[ tone to ! :ite sn[1 b ,i 0 pleas$ to witness ! effect1 s9ce x s entirely contradict$ ! errone\s views ( "s philosoph]s1 :o ass]t t ! air has a blue-t++ quality4 ,! obs]vation1 said ,goe!1 is ( importance1 & contradicts ! error y allude to completely4#b ,! same writ] has "s obs]vations to ! same effect on ! col\r ( ! ,rhone at ,g5eva4 ,a circum/ance ( an amus+ nature :i* he relates 9 confirmation ( ,goe!'s !ory1 des]ves to be ins]t$4 ,"h 7at ,/rasburg71 pass+ by a %op1 ,i saw a little glass bu/ ( ,napoleon1 :i*1 reliev$ z x 0 aga9/ ! d>k int]ior ( ! room1 exhibit$ e gradation ( blue1 f milky light blue to deep violet4 ,i =esaw t ! bu/ se5 f )9 ! %op ) ! light beh9d x1 w\ld pres5t e degree ( yell[1 & ,i c\ld n resi/ walk+ 9 & address+ ! own]1 ?\gh p]fectly unkn[n to me4 ,my fir/ glance 0 direct$ to ! bu/1 9 :i*1 to my great joy1 ,i saw at once ! mo/ brilliant col\rs ( ! w>m] k9d1 f ! pale/ yell[ to d>k ruby r$4 ,i eag]ly ask$ if ,i might be all[$ to pur*ase ! bu/2 ! own] repli$ t he _h only lately br\ght x ) him f ,p>is1 f a simil> atta*m5t to ! emp]or to t :i* ,i appe>$ to feel1 b1 z my ard\r seem$ f> to surpass 81 ,i des]v$ to possess x4 ,s invaluable did ?is treasure seem 9 my eyes1 t ,i c\ld n help look+ at ! good man ) wond] z he put ! bu/ into my h&s = a few franks4 ,i s5t x1 toge!r ) a curi\s m$al :i* ,i _h b\ght 9 ,milan1 z a pres5t to ,goe!1 & :5 at ,frank=t receiv$ ! foll[+ lett] f him4 ,! lett]1 :i* ,dr4 ,eck]mann gives entire1 ?us concludes--,:5 y return to ,weim> y %all see ! bu/ 9 bright sun%9e1 & :ile ! transp>5t c\nt5ance exhibits a quiet blue1#c ! ?ick mass ( ! brea/ & epaulettes gl[s ) e gradation ( w>m?1 f ! mo/ p[]ful ruby-r$ d[nw>ds2 & z ! granite /atue ( ,memnon utt]$ h>moni\s s\nds1 s ! dim glass image displays itself 9 ! pomp ( col\rs4 ,! h]o is victori\s /ill 9 support+ ! ,f>b5lehre4#d ,"o effect ( ,goe!'s !ory has be5 to invite ! att5tion ( sci5tific m5 to facts & appe>ances :i* _h be=e be5 unnotic$ or unexpla9$4 ,to ! above cases may be add$ ! v common1 b v important1 fact 9 pa9t+1 t a light w>m col\r1 pass$ 9 a semi-transp>5t /ate ov] a d>k "o1 produces a cold1 blui% hue1 :ile ! op]ation rev]s$1 produces extreme w>m?4 ,on ! judici\s application ( bo? ^! effects1 b especially ( ! latt]1 ! ri*ness & brilliancy ( ! be/-col\r$ pictures greatly dep5ds4 ,! pr9ciple is to be recognis$ 9 ! productions ( s*ools app>5tly opposite 9 _! me?ods4 ,?us ! practice ( leav+ ! gr\nd1 ?r\gh :i* a light col\r is app>5t1 z a means ( ensur+ w>m? & dep?1 is v common among ! ,dut* & ,flemi% pa9t]s4 ,! ,italians1 aga91 :o pref]r$ a solid "u-pa9t+1 speak ( int]nal light z ! mo/ fasc9at+ quality 9 col\r4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is entirely cov]$ by solid pa9t+1 z 9 ! works ( "s col\ri/s1 ! w>me/ t9ts 9 %ad[s & reflections h be5 f\nd necess>y to repres5t x4 ,?is 0 ! practice ( ,rembr&t frequ5tly1 & ( ,reynolds univ]sally1 b ! gl[ ( _! g5]al col\r is /ill ow+ to its be+ repeat$ly or ultimately enri*$ on ! above pr9ciple4 ,la/ly1 ! works ( ^? ma/]s :o 7 accu/om$ to pa9t on d>k gr\nds are (t5 heavy & opaque2 & ev5 :]e ?is influ5ce ( ! gr\nd 0 ov]come1 ! effects ( "t mu/ be con/antly dim9i%+ ! w>m? ( _! col\r+ z ! surface becomes rubb$ & ! d>k gr\nd m app>5t ?r\gh x4 ,! practice ( pa9t+ on d>k gr\nds 0 int5d$ by ! ,c>racci to compel ! /ud5ts ( _! s*ool to aim at ! direct imitation ( ! model1 & to acquire ! use ( ! bru%2 = ! d>k gr\nd c\ld only be ov]come by v solid pa9t+4 ,! result answ]$ _! expectations z f> z dext]ity ( p5cil 0 conc]n$1 b ! me?od 0 fatal to brilliancy ( col\r4 ,an intellig5t writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury#e relates t ,guido adopt$ 8 extremely light /yle f see+ ! rapid *ange 9 "s works ( ! ,c>racci soon aft] !y 7 done4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 to rem>k1 t ,guido's rem$y 0 ext]nal r ?an int]nal brilliancy2 & x is evid5t t s p[]less a brightness z :ite pa9t c only acquire ! spl5d\r ( light by great contra/1 &1 above all1 by be+ se5 ?r\gh ext]nal d>kness4 ,! secret ( ,van ,eyck & 8 contempor>ies is always assum$ to consi/ 9 ! vehicle 7v>ni% or oils7 he employ$2 b a f> m important condition ( ! spl5d\r ( col\r 9 ! works ( ^? ma/]s 0 ! c>eful pres]vation ( int]nal light by pa9t+ ?9ly1 b ultimately ) great =ce1 on :ite gr\nds4 ,9 "s ( ! e>ly ,flemi% pictures 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y at ,muni*1 x may be obs]v$1 t :]ev] an alt]ation 0 made by ! pa9t]1 s t a light col\r is pa9t$ ov] a d>k "o1 ! col\r is z opaque z 9 any ( ! m mod]n pictures :i* are g5]ally contra/$ ) su* works4 ,no quality 9 ! vehicle c\ld prev5t ?is opacity "u su* circum/ances2 & on ! o!r h&1 provid$ ! int]nal spl5d\r is by any means pres]v$1 ! vehicle is comp>atively unimportant4 ,x matt]s n 7say ! au?orities on ^! po9ts7 :e!r ! effect 9 "q is atta9$ by pa9t+ ?9ly ov] ! gr\nd1 9 ! mann] ( ! e>ly ,flemi% pa9t]s & sometimes ( ,rub5s1 or by pa9t+ a solid light prep>ation to be aft]w>ds ton$ to ri*ness 9 ! mann] ( ! ,v5etians4 ,among ! me*anical causes ( ! cle>ness ( col\rs sup]pos$ on a light prep>ation may be m5tion$ t ( c>eful gr9d+4 ,all writ]s on art :o h desc5d$ to practical details h insi/$ on ?is4 ,f ! appe>ance ( "s ,v5etian pictures x may be conjectur$ t ! col\rs ( ! solid "u-pa9t+ 7 sometimes less p]fectly gr\nd ?an ! scumbl+ col\rs 7! light hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! "o & to be reflect$ f ! o!r74 ,! ,flemi% pa9t]s appe> to h us$ c>efully-gr\nd pigm5ts univ]sally4 ,?is is v evid5t 9 ,flemi% copies f ,raphael1 :i*1 ?\gh equally impa/$ ) ! orig9als1 are to be detect$1 among o!r indications1 by ! f9ely-gr\nd col\rs employ$4 #a ,see ,mll]'s ,elem5ts ( ,physiology1 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,william ,baly1 ,m4,d4 ,! laws ( absorption1 x has be5 obs]v$1 h n be5 /udi$ ) s mu* success z ^? ( o!r ph5om5a ( physical optics1 b "s excell5t obs]vations on ! subject w be f\nd 9 ,h]s*ell's ,treatise on ,light 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,metropolitana1 ,,iii4 #b ,eck]mann's ,gespr*e mit ,goe!1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhj4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h made precisely ! same obs]vation4 ,a di/ant m\nta9 w appe> ( a m beautiful blue 9 proportion z x is d>k 9 col\r4 ,! illum9$ air1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! d>k mass1 be+ ?9n] t[>ds ! summit ( ! m\nta91 w exhibit ! d>kness z a deep] blue & vice v]s4--,trattato della ,pittura1 p4 #adc4 ,else:]e--,! air :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! eye & d>k m\nta9s becomes blue2 b x does n become blue 9 7be=e7 ! light "p1 & mu* less 9 7be=e7 ! portion t is cov]$ ) sn[4--p4 #bdd4 #c ,?is supposes ei!r t ! mass 0 consid]ably ?ick]1 or t !re 0 a d>k gr\nd beh9d ! head1 & a light gr\nd beh9d ! re/ ( ! figure4 #d ,eck]mann's ,gespr*e mit ,goe!1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdb4 #e ,scanelli1 ,microcosmo della ,pittura1 ,ces5a1 #afeg1 p4 #aad4 ,,note ,m4--,p>4 #agg4 ,)\t ent]+ fur!r into ! sci5tific m]its or dem]its ( ?is *apt] on ! ,fir/ ,class ( ,dioptrical ,col\rs1 x is to be obs]v$ t sev]al ( ! examples correspond ) ! obs]vations ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 & aga9 ) ^? ( a mu* old] au?ority1 namely1 ,ari/otle4 ,goe! himself admits1 & x has be5 rem>k$ by o!rs1 t 8 !ory1 9 _m respects1 closely resembles t ( ,ari/otle3 inde$ he confesses#a t at "o "t he _h an int5tion ( m]ely p>aphras+ t philosoph]'s ,treatise on ,col\rs4#b ,we h already rem>k$ 7,note on p>4 #aej7 t ,goe!'s notion ) reg>d to ! production ( w>m col\rs1 by ! int]position ( d>k transp>5t m$iums be=e a light gr\nd1 agrees ) ! practice ( ! be/ s*ools 9 col\r+2 & x is n impossible t ! same reasons :i* may make ?is "p ( ! doctr9e g5]ally acceptable to arti/s n[1 may h recomm5d$ ! v simil> !ory ( ,ari/otle to ! pa9t]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies3 at all ev5ts1 x appe>s t ! anci5t !ory 0 kn[n to ^? pa9t]s4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell on ! fact t ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle 7 en?usia/ically embrac$ & g5]ally inculcat$ at ! p]iod 9 "q2#c b x has n be5 obs]v$ t ! ,italian writ]s :o translat$1 p>aphras$1 & comm5t$ on ,ari/otle's ,treatise on ,col\rs 9 p>ticul>1 7 9 sev]al in/ances ! p]sonal fri5ds ( di/+ui%$ pa9t]s4 ,celio ,calcagn9i#d _h ! highe/ admiration = ,raphael2 ,lodovico ,dolce#e 0 ! eulogi/ ( ,titian2 ,portius1#f ^: amicable relations ) ! ,flor5t9e pa9t]s may be inf]r$ f v>i\s circum/ances1 lectur$ at ,flor5ce on ! ,ari/otelian doctr9es e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,italian translations 7 lat]1 b /ill prove t ^! /udies 7 und]tak5 ) ref]5ce to ! arts1 = "o ( !m is d$icat$ to ! pa9t] ,cigoli4#g ,! writ]s on art1 f ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti to ,borgh9i1 )\t m5tion+ lat] au?orities1 ei!r tacitly co9cide ) ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e1 or op5ly pr(ess to expla9 x4 ,x is true ?is is n always done 9 ! cle>e/ mann]1 & "s ( ^! writ]s might say ) ,lodovico ,dolce1 ,i speak ( col\rs1 n z a pa9t]1 = t w\ld be ! prov9ce ( ! div9e ,titian4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 8 writ+s1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 appe>s z an orig9al g5ius4 ,he n[ & !n alludes g5]ally to op9ions ( philosoph]s1 b he quotes no au?ority anci5t or mod]n4 ,nev]!less1 a passage on ! nature ( col\rs1 p>ticul>ly :]e he speaks ( ! col\rs ( ! elem5ts1 appe>s to be copi$ f ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1#h & f ! mode 9 :i* "s ( ,leon>do's propositions are /at$1 x has be5 suppos$#i t he _h be5 accu/om$ at ,flor5ce to ! =m ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,at all ev5ts1 "s ( ! mo/ important ( 8 obs]vations respect+ light & col\rs1 h a great analogy ) ^? conta9$ 9 ! treatise 9 "q4 ,! foll[+ examples w be suffici5t to prove ?is co9cid5ce2 ! correspond+ passages 9 ,goe! are indicat$1 z usual1 by ! numb]s ( ! p>agraphs2 ! ref]5ces to ,leon>do's treatise are giv5 at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,ari/otle4 ,a vivid & brilliant r$ appe>s :5 ! weak rays ( ! sun are temp]$ by subdu$ & %ad[y :ite1--#aed4 ,leon>do ,! air :i* is betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? at sun-rise or sun-set1 always inve/s :at is beyond x m ?an any o!r 7high]7 portion ( ! air3 ?is is because x is :it]4#aj ,a bright object loses its :it5ess 9 proportion to its di/ance f ! eye mu* m :5 x is illum9at$ by ! sun1 = x p>takes ( ! col\r ( ! sun m+l$ ) ! col\r 7temp]$ by ! mass7 ( ! air int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! brightness4#aa ,ari/otle4 ,if light is ov]spread ) mu* obscurity1 a r$ col\r appe>s2 if ! light is brilliant & vivid1 ?is r$ *anges to a flame-col\r4#ab--aej1 #afj4 ,leon>do4 ,?is 7! effect ( transp>5t col\rs on v>i\s gr\nds7 is evid5t 9 smoke1 :i* is blue :5 se5 aga9/ black1 b :5 x is oppos$ to ! 7light7 blue sky1 x appe>s br[ni% & r$d5+4#ac ,ari/otle4 ,:ite surfaces z a gr\nd = col\rs1 h ! effect ( mak+ ! pigm5ts#ad appe> 9 great] spl5d\r4--#eid1 #ijb4 ,leon>do4 ,to exhibit col\rs 9 _! beauty1 ! :ite/ gr\nd %\ld be prep>$4 ,i speak ( col\rs t are 7m or less7 transp>5t4#ae ,ari/otle4 ,! air ne> u appe>s col\rless2 b :5 se5 9 dep?1 ow+ to its ?9ness x appe>s blue2#af = :]e ! light is defici5t 7beyond x71 ! air is affect$ by ! d>kness & appe>s blue3 9 a v accumulat$ /ate1 h[ev]1 x appe>s1 z is ! case ) wat]1 q :ite4--#aee1 #aeh4 ,leon>do4 ,! blue ( ! atmosph]e is ow+ to ! mass ( illum9at$ air int]pos$ betwe5 ! d>kness above & ! e>?4 ,! air 9 itself has no col\r1 b assumes qualities accord+ to ! nature ( ! objects :i* are beyond x4 ,! blue ( ! atmosph]e w be ! m int5se 9 proportion to ! degree ( d>kness beyond x3 else:]e--if ! air _h n d>kness beyond x1 x w\ld be :ite4#ag ,ari/otle4 ,we see no col\r 9 its pure /ate1 b e hue is v>i\sly int]m+l$ ) o!rs3 ev5 :5 x is un9flu5c$ by o!r col\rs1 ! effect ( light & %ade modifies x 9 v>i\s ways1 s t x und]goes alt]ations & appe>s unlike itself4 ,?us1 bodies se5 9 %ade or 9 light1 9 m pron\nc$ or s(t] sun-%9e1 ) _! surfaces incl9$ ?is way or t1 ) e *ange exhibit a diff]5t col\r4 ,leon>do4 ,no sub/ance w ev] exhibit its own hue unless ! light :i* illum9es x is entirely simil> 9 col\r4 ,x v r>ely happ5s t ! %ad[s ( opaque bodies are really simil> 79 col\r7 to ! illum9$ p>ts4 ,! surface ( e sub/ance p>takes ( z _m hues z are reflect$ f surr\nd+ objects4#ah ,ari/otle4 ,s1 aga91 ) reg>d to ! light ( fire1 ( ! moon1 or ( lamps1 ea* has a diff]5t col\r1 :i* is v>i\sly comb9$ ) diff]5tly col\r$ objects4 ,leon>do4 ,we c sc>cely ev] say t ! surface ( illum9$ bodies exhibits ! real col\r ( ^? bodies4 ,take a :ite b& & place x 9 ! d>k1 & let x receive light by means ( ?ree ap]tures f ! sun1 f fire1 & f ! sky3 ! :ite b& w be tricol\r$4#ai ,ari/otle4 ,:5 ! light falls on any object & assumes 7= example7 a r$ or gre5 t9t1 x is aga9 reflect$ on o!r sub/ances1 ?us und]go+ a new *ange4 ,b ?is effect1 ?\gh x really takes place1 is n appreciable by ! eye3 ?\gh ! light ?us reflect$ to ! eye is compos$ ( a v>iety ( col\rs1 ! pr9cipal ( ^! only are di/+ui%able4 ,leon>do4 ,no col\r reflect$ on ! surface ( ano!r col\r1 t+es t surface ) its own col\r 7m]ely71 b w be mix$ ) v>i\s o!r reflections imp++ on ! same surface3 b su* effects1 he obs]ves else:]e1 are sc>cely1 if at all1 di/+ui%able 9 a v diffus$ light4#bj ,ari/otle4 ,?us1 all comb9ations ( col\rs are ow+ to ?ree causes3 ! light1 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! light appe>s1 su* z wat] or air1 & la/ly ! local col\r f :i* ! light happ5s to be reflect$4 ,leon>do4 ,all illum9$ objects p>take ( ! col\r ( ! light !y receive4 ,e opaque surface p>takes ( ! col\r ( ! int]v5+ transp>5t m$ium1 accord+ to ! d5sity ( su* m$ium & ! di/ance betwe5 ! eye & ! object4 ,! m$ium is ( two k9ds2 ei!r x has a surface1 l wat]1 c41 or x is )\t a common surface1 l ! air4#ba ,9 ! obs]vations on trees & plants m po9ts ( resemblance might be quot$2 ! passages correspond+ ) ,goe!'s views are mu* m num]\s4 ,x is rem>kable t ,leon>do1 9 opposition1 x seems to "s au?orities1#bb agrees ) ,ari/otle 9 reckon+ black & :ite z col\rs1 plac+ !m at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! scale4#bc ,l ,ari/otle1 aga91 he frequ5tly makes use ( ! t]m black1 = obscurity2 he ev5 goes fur!r1 = he seems to consid] t blue may be produc$ by ! actual mixture ( black & :ite1 provid$ !y are pure4#bd ,! anci5t au?or1 h[ev]1 expla9s himself on ?is po9t z foll[s--,we mu/ n attempt to make our obs]vations on ^! effects by mix+ col\rs z pa9t]s mix !m1 b by rem>k+ ! appe>ances z produc$ by ! rays ( light m+l+ ) ea* o!r4#be ,:5 we consid] t ,leon>do's ,treatise pr(esses to embrace ! subject ( imitation 9 pa9t+1 & t ,ari/otle's briefly exam9es ! physical nature & appe>ance ( col\rs1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! latt] su/a9s ! above comp>ison ) advantage2 & x is some:at extraord9>y t obs]vations indicat+ s ref9$ a k ( nature1 z reg>ds ! picturesque1 %\ld n h be5 tak5 into ! acc\nt1 = su* appe>s to be ! fact1 9 ! v>i\s op9ions & conjectures t h be5 express$ f "t to "t on ! pa9t+ ( ! ,greeks4 ,! treatise 9 "q mu/ h be5 writt5 :5 ,apelles pa9t$1 or imm$iately be=e2 & z a pro( t ,ari/otle's rem>ks on ! effect ( semi-transp>5t m$iums 7 n lo/ on ! arti/s ( 8 "t1 ! foll[+ passage f ,pl9y is subjo9$1 =1 ?\gh x is well kn[n1 x acquires additional int]e/ f ! =ego+ extracts4 ,he 7,apelles7 pass$ a d>k col\r ov] 8 pictures :5 f9i%$1 s ?9 t x increas$ ! spl5d\r ( ! t9ts1 :ile x protect$ ! surface f du/ & dirt3 x c\ld only be se5 on look+ into ! picture4 ,! effect ( ?is op]ation1 judici\sly manag$1 0 to prev5t ! col\rs f be+ too gl>+1 & to give ! spectator ! impression ( look+ ?r\gh a transp>5t cry/al4 ,at ! same "t x seem$ almo/ imp]ceptibly to add a c]ta9 dignity ( tone to col\rs t 7 too florid4 ,?is1 says ,reynolds1 is a true & arti/-l description ( glaz+ or scumbl+1 su* z 0 practis$ by ,titian & ! re/ ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s4 ,! acc\nt ( ,pl9y has1 9 ?is in/ance1 int]nal evid5ce ( tru?1 b x is fully confirm$ by ! foll[+ passage 9 ,ari/otle3--,ano!r mode 9 :i* ! effect ( col\rs is exhibit$ is :5 !y appe> ?r\gh ea* o!r1 z pa9t]s employ !m :5 !y glaze 77#bf a 7d>k7 col\r ov] a light] "o2 j z ! sun1 :i* is 9 itself :ite1 assumes a r$ col\r :5 se5 ?r\gh d>kness & smoke4 ,?is op]ation also ensures a v>iety ( col\rs1 = !re w be a c]ta9 ratio betwe5 ^? :i* are on ! surface & ^? :i* are 9 dep?4--,de ,s5su et ,s5sili4 ,ari/otle's notion respect+ ! d]ivation ( col\rs f :ite & black may p]haps be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ op9ion on ! v simil> !ory ( ,goe!4 ,goe! & ,seebeck reg>d col\r z result+ f ! mixture ( :ite & black1 & ascribe to ! diff]5t col\rs a quality ( d>kness 771 by ! diff]5t degrees ( :i* !y are di/+ui%$1 pass+ f :ite to black ?r\gh ! gradations ( yell[1 orange1 r$1 violet1 & blue1 :ile gre5 appe>s to be int]m$iate aga9 betwe5 yell[ & blue4 ,?is rem>k1 ?\gh x has no influ5ce 9 weak5+ ! !ory ( col\rs propos$ by ,newton1 is c]ta9ly correct1 hav+ be5 confirm$ exp]im5tally by ! rese>*es ( ,h]s*ell1 :o asc]ta9$ ! relative int5sity ( ! diff]5t col\r$ rays by illum9at+ objects "u ! microscope by _! means1 c4 ,ano!r c]ta9 pro( ( ! diff]5ce 9 brightness ( ! diff]5t col\r$ rays is af=d$ by ! ph5om5a ( ocul> spectra4 ,if1 aft] gaz+ at ! sun1 ! eyes are clos$ s z to exclude ! light1 ! image ( ! sun appe>s at fir/ z a lum9\s or :ite spectrum ^u a d>k gr\nd1 b x gradually passes ?r\gh ! s]ies ( col\rs to black1 t is to say1 until x c no long] be di/+ui%$ f ! d>k field ( vision2 & ! col\rs :i* x assumes are successively ^? int]m$iate betwe5 :ite & black 9 ! ord] ( _! illum9at+ p[] or brightness1 namely1 yell[1 orange1 r$1 violet1 & blue4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 aft] look+ = "s "t at ! sun we turn our eyes t[>ds a :ite surface1 ! image ( ! sun is se5 at fir/ z a black spectrum ^u ! :ite surface1 & gradually passes ?r\gh ! diff]5t col\rs f ! d>ke/ to ! lighte/1 & at la/ becomes :ite1 s t x c no long] be di/+ui%$ f ! :ite surface#bg--,see p> #dj1 #dd4 ,x is n impossible t ,ari/otle's enum]ation ( ! col\rs may h be5 d]iv$ f1 or confirm$ by1 ?is v exp]im5t4 ,speak+ ( ! aft]-image ( col\rs he says1 ,! impression n only exi/s 9 ! s5sorium 9 ! act ( p]ceiv+1 b rema9s :5 ! organ is at re/4 ,?us if we look long & int5tly on any object1 :5 we *ange ! direction ( ! eyes a respond+ col\r foll[s4 ,if we look at ! sun1 or any o!r v bright object1 & aft]w>ds %ut our eyes1 we %all1 z if 9 ord9>y vision1 fir/ see a col\r ( ! same k9d2 ?is w pres5tly be *ang$ to a r$ col\r1 !n to purple1 & s on till x ends 9 black & disappe>s4--,de ,insomniis4 #a ,ges*i*te d] ,f>b5lehre1 9 ! ,na*gelass5e ,w]ke4 ,cotta1 #ahcc4 #b ,! treatise 9 "q is ascrib$ by ,goe! to ,!ophra/us1 b x is includ$ 9 mo/ editions ( ,ari/otle1 & ev5 attribut$ to him 9 ^? :i* conta9 ! works ( bo? philosoph]s2 = in/ance1 9 ! ,ald9e ,pr9ceps edition1 #adif4 ,calcagn9i says1 ! treatise is made up ( two sep>ate works on ! subject1 bo? by ,ari/otle4 #c ,8 au?ority seems to h be5 equally great on subjects connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( vision2 ! ,italian translator ( a ,lat9 treatise1 by ,portius1 on ! /ructure & col\rs ( ! eye1 ?us op5s 8 d$ication to ! ,c>d9al ,ercole ,gonzaga1 ( ,mantua3--,gr&e anzi quasi inf9ito l'obligo *e ha il mondo con quel pi div9o *e umano spirito di ,ari/otile4 #d ,9 a lett] to ,ziegl] ! ma!matician1 ,calcagn9i speaks ( ,raphael z ! fir/ ( pa9t]s 9 ! !ory z well z 9 ! practice ( 8 art4 ,?is expression may1 h[ev]1 h _h ref]5ce to a rem>kable circum/ance m5tion$ 9 ! same lett]1 namely1 t ,raphael ent]ta9$ ! le>n$ ,fabius ( ,rav5na z a con/ant gue/1 & employ$ him to translate ,vitruvius into ,italian4 ,?is ,,ms4 translation1 ) m>g9al notes1 writt5 by ,raphael1 is n[ 9 ! libr>y at ,muni*4 ,passavant1 ,rafael von ,urb9o4 #e ,lodovico ,dolce's ,treatise on ,col\rs 7#aefe7 is 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 l 8 ,aret9o4 ,! abridg$ !ory ( ,ari/otle is foll[$ by a translation ( ! ,treatise ( ,antonius ,?ylesius on ,col\rs2 ?is is adapt$ to ! same colloquial =m1 & ! au?or is n ackn[l$g$3 ! book ends ) an absurd catalogue ( emblems4 ,! ,somma della ,filos(ia d',ari/otile1 publi%$ e>li] by ! same au?or1 is a v c>eless p]=mance4 #f ,a ,lat9 translation ( ,ari/otle's ,treatise on ,col\rs1 ) comm5ts by ,simon ,portius1 0 fir/ publi%$1 accord+ to ,goe!1 at ,naples 9 #aecg4 ,9 a lat] ,flor5t9e edition1 #aedh1 d$icat$ to ,cosmo ,i41 ,portius alludes to 8 hav+ lectur$ at an e>li] p]iod 9 ,flor5ce on ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle1 at :i* "t he translat$ ! treatise 9 "q4 ,ano!r ,lat9 translation1 ) notes1 0 publi%$ lat] 9 ! same c5tury at ,padua--,emanuele ,m>gu9o ,int]prete3 b by f> ! cle>e/ view ( ! ,ari/otelian !ory is to be f\nd 9 ! treatise ( ,antonio ,vidi ,sc>miglione ( ,fuligno 7,de ,coloribus1 ,m>purgi1 #aeia74 ,x is d$icat$ to ! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 ,( all ! p>aphrases ( ! anci5t doctr9e ?is comes ne>e/ to ! sy/em ( ,goe!2 b nei!r ?is nor any o!r ( ! works allud$ to ?r\gh\t ?is ,note are m5tion$ by ! au?or 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,col\rs1 except t ( ,portius4 #g ,an e>li] ,italian translation appe>$ 9 ,rome1 #aece4 ,see ,argelatus ,biblioteca degli ,volg>izzatori4 #h ,della ,pittura e della ,/atua1 ,lib4 ,i1 p4 #af1 ,milan edition1 #ahjd4 ,comp>e ) ! ,trattato della ,pittura1 p4 #ada4 ,o!r po9ts ( resemblance are to be met )4 ,! notion ( c]ta9 col\rs appropriat$ to ! f\r elem5ts1 occurs 9 ,ari/otle1 & is inde$ attribut$ to old] writ]s4 #i ,see ! notes to ! ,roman edition ( ! ,trattato della ,pittura4 #aj ,page #bcg4 #aa ,page #cja4 #ab ,9 ! ,treatise ,de ,igne1 by ,!ophra/us1 we f9d ! same notion ?us express$3 ,brightness 7 7 se5 ?r\gh a d>k col\r$ m$ium 7 7 appe>s r$2 z ! sun se5 ?r\gh smoke or soot3 h5ce ! coal is r$d] ?an ! flame4 ,sc>miglione1 f :om ,kir*] seems to h copi$1 obs]ves3--,itaque color realis e/ lux opaca2 licet id e plurimis app>5tiis collig]e4 ,luna enim 9 magn solis eclipsi rubra conspicitur1 quia t5ebris lux prp$itur ac veluti tegitur4--,de ,coloribus4 #ac ,page #abb4 #ad 3 translat$ flores by ,calcagn9i & ! re/1 by ,goe!1 die ,bl!1 ! bloom4 ,t ! ^w sometimes signifi$ pigm5ts is suffici5tly app>5t f ! foll[+ passage ( ,suidas 7quot$ by ,em]ic ,david1 ,disc\rs ,hi/oriques sur la ,pe9ture ,mod]ne7 1 4 ,v>iis pigm5tis ornat1 ut c]uss1 fuco1 et aliis similibus4 7,suid4 9 voc4 47 ,a panel prep>$ = pa9t+1 ) a :ite gr\nd consolidat$ ) wax1 & p]haps ma/ic1 0 f\nd 9 ,h]culaneum4 #ae ,page #aad4 #af 4 ,b :5 se5 9 dep?1 x appe>s 7ev57 9 its ne>e/ col\r1 blue1 ow+ to its ?9ness4 ,! ,lat9 int]pretations v>y v mu* ?r\gh\t4 ,! po9t :i* is *iefly important is h[ev] pla9 en\gh1 viz4 t d>kness se5 ?r\gh a light m$ium is blue4 #ag ,page #acf-dcj4 #ah ,page #aba1 #cjf1 #cbf1 #chg4 #ai ,page #cjf4 #bj ,page #ajd1 #cfi4 #ba ,page #bcf1 #bfj1 #cbh4 #bb ,de' semplici colori il primo il bianco3 beu* i filos(i non accettano n il bianco n il n]o nel num]o de' colori4--p4 #abe1 #ada4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 he sometimes adopts ! receiv$ op9ion4 #bc ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 9 l mann] obs]ves3--,aff]mano 7i filos(i7 *e le spezie de' colori sono sette1 cio1 *e il bianco ed il n]o sono i duoi e/remi1 infra i quali ve n' uno nel mezzo 7rosso7 e *e infra ciascuno di que/i duoi e/remi e quel del mezzo1 da ogni p>te ve ne sono due altri4 ,an absurd /atem5t ( ,lomazzo1 p4 #aij1 is copi$ v]batim f ,lodovico ,dolce 7,somma della ,filos4 d',ari/472 b else:]e1 p4 #cjf1 ,lomazzo agrees ) ,alb]ti4 ,ari/otle seems to h misl$ ! two fir/1 = aft] say+ !re are sev5 col\rs1 he appe>s only to m5tion six3 he says--,!re are sev5 col\rs1 if br[n is to be consid]$ equival5t to black1 :i* seems reasonable4 ,yell[1 aga91 may be said to be a modification ( :ite4 ,betwe5 ^! we f9d r$1 purple1 gre51 & blue4--,de ,s5su et ,s5sili4 ,p]haps x is 9 accordance ) ?is passage t ,leon>do da ,v9ci reckons eight col\rs4--,trattato1 p4 #abf4 #bd ,page #abb1 #adb1 #bcg4 #be ,on ! au?ority ( ?is explanation ! ^w has sometimes be5 translat$ 9 ! =ego+ extracts obscurity1 d>kness4 ,raffaello ,borgh9i1 9 8 attempt to describe ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle ) a view to pa9t+1 obs]ves--,!re are two pr9ciples :i* concur 9 ! production ( col\r1 namely1 light & transp>5ce4 ,b he soon loses ?is clue to ! be/ "p ( ! anci5t !ory1 & :5 he has to speak ( ! d]ivation ( col\rs f :ite & black1 he evid5tly und]/&s x 9 a m]e atomic s5se1 & adds--,i %all n at pres5t pursue ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 :o assumes black & :ite z pr9cipal col\rs1 & consid]s all ! re/ z int]m$iate betwe5 !m4--,il ,riposo1 #a4 ii4 ,accord+ly1 l ,lodovico ,dolce1 he proce$s to a subject :]e he 0 m at home1 namely1 ! symbolical mean+ ( col\rs4 #bf ,?is ^w is only /rictly appli$ to unctu\s sub/ances1 & may confirm ! views ( ^? writ]s :o h conjectur$ t asphaltum 0 a *ief +r$i5t 9 ! atram5tum ( ! anci5ts4 #bg ,elem5ts ( ,physiology1 by ,j4 ,mll]1 ,m4,d41 translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,william ,baly1 ,m4,d4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,,note ,n4--,p>4 #bdf4 ,! appe>ance ( :ite 9 ! c5tre1 accord+ to ! ,newtonian !ory1 arises f ea* l9e ( rays =m+ its own spectrum4 ,^! spectra1 sup]pos+ ea* o!r on all ! middle "p1 leave uncorrect$ 7unneutralis$7 col\rs only at ! two edges4--,s4 ,f4#a #a ,?is 0 object$ to ,goe! :5 8 ,beytrge sur ,optik fir/ appe>$2 he answ]$ ! objection by a col\r$ diagram 9 ! plates to ! ,f>b5lehre3 9 ?is he und]takes to %[ t ! assum$ gradual correction ( ! col\rs w\ld produce results diff]5t f ! actual appe>ance 9 nature4 ,,note ,o4--,p>4 #beb4 ,^! exp]im5ts ) grey objects1 :i* exhibit diff]5t col\rs z !y are on d>k or light gr\nds1 7 sugge/$1 ,goe! tells u1 by an obs]vation ( ,antonius ,lucas1 ( ,ltti*1 "o ( ,newton's oppon5ts1 &1 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 "o ( ! few :o made any well-f\nd$ objections4 ,lucas rem>ks1 t ! sun acts m]ely z a circumscrib$ image 9 ! prismatic exp]im5ts1 & t if ! same sun _h a light] backgr\nd ?an itself1 ! col\rs ( ! prism w\ld be rev]s$4 ,?us 9 ,goe!'s exp]im5ts1 :5 ! grey disk is on a d>k gr\nd1 x is edg$ ) blue on be+ magnifi$2 :5 on a light gr\nd x is edg$ ) yell[4 ,goe! ackn[l$ges t ,lucas _h 9 "s measure anticipat$ 8 own !ory4--,vol4 ii4 p4 #ddj4 ,,note ,p4--,p>4 #bhd4 ,! e>ne/ness & p]t9acity ) :i* ,goe! insi/$ t ! diff]5t col\rs are n subject to diff]5t degrees ( refrangibility are at lea/ calculat$ to prove t he 0 himself conv9c$ on ! subject1 &1 h[ev] extraord9>y x may seem1 8 conviction appe>s to h be5 ! result ( inf9ite exp]im5ts & ! fulle/ ocul> evid5ce4 ,he returns to ! "q 9 ! controv]sial division ( 8 "w1 9 ! hi/orical "p1 & aga9 9 ! description ( ! plates4 ,9 ! fir/ he endeav\rs to %[ t ,newton's exp]im5t ) ! blue & r$ pap] dep5ds entirely on ! col\rs be+ s contriv$ z to appe> elongat$ or curtail$ by ! prismatic bord]s4 ,if1 he says1 we take a light-blue in/ead ( a d>k "o1 ! illusion 79 ! latt] case7 is at once evid5t4 ,accord+ to ! ,newtonian !ory ! yell[-r$ 7r$7 is ! lea/ refrangible col\r1 ! violet ! mo/ refrangible4 ,:y1 !n1 does ,newton place a blue pap] in/ead ( a violet next ! r$8 ,if ! fact 7 z he /ates x1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! refrangibility ( ! yell[-r$ & violet w\ld be great] ?an 9 ! case ( ! yell[-r$ & blue4 ,b "h comes 9 ! circum/ance t a violet pap] conceals ! prismatic bord]s less ?an a d>k-blue pap]1 z e obs]v] may n[ easily conv9ce himself1 c4--,polemis*] ,!il1 p>4 #de4 ,desaguli]s1 9 repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 confess$ t if ! gr\nd ( ! col\rs 0 n black1 ! effect did n take place s well4 ,goe! adds1 n only n s well1 b n at all4--,hi/oris*] ,!il1 p4 #dei4 ,lucas ( ,ltti*1 "o ( ,newton's fir/ oppon5ts1 d5i$ t two diff]5tly-col\r$ silks are diff]5t 9 di/9ctness :5 se5 9 ! microscope4 ,ano!r exp]im5t propos$ by him1 to %[ ! uns\ndness ( ! doctr9e ( v>i\s refrangibility1 0 ! foll[+3--,let a t9 plate pa9t$ ) ! prismatic col\rs 9 /ripes be plac$ 9 an empty cubical vessel1 s t f ! spectator's po9t ( view ! col\rs may be j hidd5 by ! rim4 ,on p\r+ wat] into ?is vessel1 all ! col\rs become visible 9 ! same degree2 :]eas1 x 0 cont5d$1 if ! ,newtonian doctr9e 7 true1 "s col\rs w\ld be app>5t be=e o!rs4--,hi/oris*] ,!il1 p4 #dcd4 ,su* are ! argum5ts & exp]im5ts adduc$ by ,goe! on ?is subject2 !y h all probably be5 answ]$4 ,9 8 analysis ( ,newton's celebrat$ ,exp]im5tum ,crucis1 he %[s aga9 t by rev]s+ ! prismatic col\rs 7refract+ a d>k in/ead ( a light object71 ! col\rs t are ! mo/ refrangible 9 ,newton's exp]im5t become ! lea/ s1 & vice v]s4 ,)\t ref]5ce to ?is objection1 x is n[ admitt$ t ! diff]5ce ( col\r is n a te/ ( diff]5ce ( refrangibility1 & ! conclusion d$uc$ by ,newton is no long] admissible z a g5]al tru?1 t to ! same degree ( refrangibility ev] belongs ! same col\r1 & to ! same col\r ev] belongs ! same degree ( refrangibility4--,brew/]'s ,optics1 p4 #gb4 ,,note ,q--,p>4 #chg4 ,) ! exception ( two v inconclusive lett]s to ,sulpice ,boiss]e1 & "s incid5tal obs]vations 9 ! conclusion ( ! hi/orical portion "u ! head ( entoptic col\rs1 ,goe! nev] return$ to ! ra9b[4 ,among ! plates he gave ! diagram ( ,antonius de ,dom9is4 ,an int]e/+ *apt] on halos1 p>helia1 & p>asel51 w be f\nd 9 ,brew/]'s ,optics1 p4 #bgj4 ,,note ,r4--,p>4 #dgh4 ,! mo/ complete exhibition ( ! col\r+ or mantl+ ( metals 0 atta9$ by ! late ,cav4 ,nobili1 pr(essor ( physical sci5ce 9 ,flor5ce4 ,! g5]al mode 9 :i* ^! col\rs are produc$ is ?us expla9$ by him3#a-- ,a po9t ( plat9um is plac$ v]tically at ! di/ance ( ab\t half a l9e above a lam9a ( ! same metal laid horizontally at ! bottom ( a vessel ( glass or porcela94 ,into ?is vessel a solution ( acetate ( lead is p\r$ s z to cov] n only ! lam9a ( plat9um1 b two or ?ree l9es ( ! po9t z well4 ,la/ly1 ! po9t is put 9 communication ) ! negative pole ( a batt]y1 & ! lam9a ) ! positive pole4 ,at ! mom5t 9 :i* ! circuit is complet$ a s]ies ( col\r$ r+s is produc$ on ! lam9a "u ! po9t simil> to ^? obs]v$ by ,newton 9 l5ses press$ toge!r4 ,! scale ( col\rs ?us produc$ corresponds v ne>ly ) t obs]v$ by ,newton & o!rs 9 ?9 plates & films1 b x is full]1 = x ext5ds to =ty-f\r t9ts4 ,! foll[+ li/1 z giv5 by ,nobili1 is divid$ by him into f\r s]ies to agree ) ^? ( ,newton3 ! numb]s 9 brackets are ^? ( ,newton's scale4 ,! ,italian t]ms are untranslat$1 because ! col\rs 9 "s cases pres5t v delicate transitions4#b ,fir/ ,s]ies4 #a4 ,biondo arg5t9o 7#d74c #f4 ,fulvo acceso4 #b4 ,biondo4 #g4 ,rosso di rame 7#f74 #c4 ,biondo d'oro4 #h4 ,ocria4 #d4 ,biondo acceso 7#e74 #i4 ,ocria violacea4 #e4 ,fulvo4 #aj4 ,rosso violaceo 7#g74 ,second ,s]ies4 #aa4 ,violetto 7#h74 #bj4 ,giallo acceso4 #ab4 ,indaco 7#aj74 #ba4 ,giallo-rancio4 #ac4 ,blu c>ico4 #bb4 ,rancio 7#ac74 #ad4 ,blu4 #bc4 ,rancio-rossiccio4 #ae4 ,blu *i>o 7#aa7 #bd4 ,rancio-rosso4 #af4 ,cele/e4 #be4 ,rosso-rancio4 #ag4 ,cele/e giallognolo4 #bf4 ,lacca-rancia 7#ad74 #ah4 ,giallo *i>issimo 7#ab74 #bg4 ,lacca4 #ai4 ,giallo4 #bh4 ,lacca accesa 7#ae74 ,?ird ,s]ies4 #bi4 ,lacca-purpurea 7#af74 #cd4 ,v]de-giallo 7#bj74 #cj4 ,lacca-tur*9iccia 7#ag74 #ce4 ,v]de-rancio4 #ca4 ,porpora-v]dognola 7#ah74 #cf4 ,rancio-v]de 7#ba74 #cb4 ,v]de 7#ai74 #cg4 ,rancio-roseo4 #cc4 ,v]de giallognolo4 #ch4 ,lacca-rosea 7#bb74 ,f\r? ,s]ies4 #ci4 ,lacca-violacea 7#bd74 #dc4 ,v]de-giallo rossiccio 7#bh74 #dj4 ,violaceo-v]dognolo 7#be74 #dd4 ,lacca-rosea 7#cj74 #da4 ,v]de 7#bf74 #db4 ,v]de-giallo 7#bg74 ,^! t9ts1 ,pr(essor ,nobili obs]ves1 are dispos$ accord+ to ! ord] ( ! ?9 mantl+s :i* occasion !m2 ! col\r ( ! ?9ne/ film is numb]$ #a2 !n foll[ 9 ord] ^? produc$ by a gradual ?ick5+ ( ! m$ium4 ,i _c deceive myself 9 ?is arrangem5t1 = ! ?9 films :i* produce ! col\rs are all appli$ ) ! same electro-*emical process4 ,! batt]y1 ! solution1 ! di/ances1 c41 are always ! same2 ! only diff]5ce is ! "t ! effect is suff]$ to la/4 ,?is is a m]e in/ant = ! col\r ( ,no4 #a1 a little long] = ,no4 #b1 & s on1 increas+ = ! succe$+ numb]s4 ,o!r crit]ions1 h[ev]1 are n want+ to asc]ta9 ! place to :i* ea* t9t belongs4 ,! scale diff]s f t ( ,newton1 inasmu* z !re is no blue 9 ,nobili's fir/ s]ies & no gre5 9 ! second3 gre5 only appe>s 9 ! ?ird & f\r? s]ies4 ,! fir/ s]ies1 says ! ,pr(essor1 is rem>kable = ! fire & metallic appe>ance ( its t9ts1 ! second = cle>ness & brilliancy1 ! ?ird & f\r? = =ce & ri*ness4 ,! f\r?1 he obs]ves1 has ! qualities ( ! ?ird 9 a some:at less] degree1 b ! two gre5s are v ne>ly alike4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t r$ & gre5 are ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts 9 ! ?ird & f\r? s]ies1 blue & yell[ 9 ! second & fir/4 #a ,see ,memorie ed ,oss]vazioni1 edite et in$ite del ,cav4 ,pr(essor ,nobili1 ,fir5ze1 #ahcd4 #b ,! col\rs 9 "s ( ! comp\nd t]ms are 9 a mann] mutually neutralis+2 su* t]ms might1 no d\bt1 be am5d$4 #c ,! ?ree fir/ numb]s 9 ,newton's scale are black1 blue1 & :ite4 ,,note ,s4--,p>4 #dhe4 ,a *apt] on entoptic col\rs1 conta9$ 9 ! supplem5t to ,goe!'s works1 0 translat$ ) ! int5tion ( ins]t+ x among ! notes1 b on ! :ole x 0 ?\ght mo/ advisable to omit x4 ,l _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,col\rs x might h s]v$ z a specim5 ( :at may be a*iev$ by accurate obs]vation unassi/$ by a ma!matical f\ndation4 ,! :ole !ory ( ! pol>ization ( light has1 h[ev]1 be5 s fully inve/igat$ s9ce ,goe!'s "t1 t ! *apt] 9 "q w\ld probably h be5 f\nd to conta9 v little to int]e/ sci5tific read]s1 = :om x seems *iefly to h be5 int5d$4 ,"o obs]vation occurs 9 x :i* inde$ has m ref]5ce to ! arts2 9 ord] to make ?is intelligible1 ! lead+ exp]im5t mu/ be fir/ describ$1 & = ?is purpose ! foll[+ extracts may s]ve4 #c4a ,! exp]im5t1 9 its simple/ =m1 is to be made z foll[s3--let a tol]ably ?ick piece ( plate-glass be cut into sev]al squ>es ( an in* & a half2 let ^! be heat$ to a r$ heat & !n sudd5ly cool$4 ,! squ>es ( glass :i* d n split 9 ?is op]ation are n[ fit to produce ! entoptic col\rs4 #d4 ,9 our mode ( exhibit+ ! ph5om5on1 ! obs]v] is1 above all1 to betake himself1 ) 8 app>atus to ! op5 air4 ,all d>k rooms1 all small ap]tures 7=am9a exigua71#b are aga9 to be giv5 up4 ,a pure1 cl\dless sky is ! s\rce :5ce we are d]ive a satisfactory insight into ! appe>ances4 #e4 ,! atmosph]e be+ cle>1 let ! obs]v] lay ! squ>es above describ$ on a black surface1 s plac+ !m t two sides may be p>allel ) ! plane ( vision4 ,:5 ! sun is l[1 let him hold ! squ>es s z to reflect to ! eye t portion ( ! sky opposite to ! sun1 & he w !n p]ceive f\r d>k po9ts 9 ! f\r corn]s ( a light space4 ,if1 aft] ?is1 he turn t[>ds ! qu>t]s ( ! sky at "r angles ) t :]e 8 fir/ obs]vation 0 made1 he w see f\r bright po9ts on a d>k gr\nd3 betwe5 ! two regions ! figures appe> to fluctuate4 #f4 ,f ?is simple reflection we n[ proce$ to ano!r1 :i*1 b little m complicat$1 exhibits ! appe>ance mu* m di/9ctly4 ,a solid cube ( glass1 or 9 its /ead a cube compos$ ( sev]al plates1 is plac$ on a black mirror1 or held a little incl9$ above x1 at sun-rise or sun-set4 ,! reflection ( ! sky be+ n[ suff]$ to fall ?r\gh ! cube on ! mirror1 ! appe>ance above describ$ w appe> m di/9ctly4 ,! reflection ( ! sky opposite to ! sun pres5ts f\r d>k po9ts on a light gr\nd2 ! two lat]al portions ( ! sky pres5t ! contr>y appe>ance1 namely1 f\r light po9ts on a d>k gr\nd4 ,! space n occupi$ by ! corn] po9ts appe>s 9 ! fir/ case z a :ite cross1 9 ! o!r z a black cross1 expressions h]eaft] employ$ 9 describ+ ! ph5om5a4 ,be=e sun-rise or aft] sun-set1 9 a v subdu$ light1 ! :ite cross appe>s on ! side ( ! sun also4#c ,we ?us conclude t ! direct reflection ( ! sun produces a light figure1 :i* we call a :ite cross2 ! oblique reflection gives a d>k figure1 :i* we call a black cross4 ,if we make ! exp]im5t all r\nd ! sky1 we %all f9d t a fluctuation takes place 9 ! int]m$iate regions4 ,we pass ov] a v>iety ( obs]vations on ! modes ( exhibit+ ?is ph5om5on1 ! natural transp>5t sub/ances :i* exhibit x be/1 & ! detail ( ! col\rs se5 )9#d !m1 & proce$ to an in/ance :]e ! au?or 0 enabl$ to di/+ui% ! direct f ! oblique reflection by means ( ! entoptic app>atus1 9 a pa9t]'s /udy4 #dj4 ,an excell5t arti/1 un=tunately too soon tak5 f u1 ,f]d9& ,jagemann1 :o1 ) o!r qualifications1 _h a f9e eye = light & %ade1 col\r & keep+1 _h built himself a pa9t+-room = l>ge z well z small works4 ,! s+le high w9d[ 0 to ! nor?1 fac+ ! mo/ op5 sky1 & x 0 ?\ght t all necess>y requisites _h be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,b aft] our fri5d _h work$ = "s "t1 x appe>$ to him1 9 pa9t+ portraits1 t ! faces he copi$ 7 n equally well light$ at all h\rs ( ! day1 & yet 8 sitt]s always occupi$ ! same place1 & ! s]5ity ( ! atmosph]e 0 unalt]$4 ,! v>iations ( ! fav\rable & unfav\rable light _h _! p]iods dur+ ! day4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! light appe>$ mo/ unpleasantly grey & unsatisfactory2 x became bett]1 till at la/1 ab\t an h\r be=e noon1 ! objects _h acquir$ a totally diff]5t appe>ance4 ,ev]y?+ pres5t$ itself to ! eye ( ! arti/ 9 its greate/ p]fection1 z he w\ld mo/ wi% to transf] x to canvas4 ,9 ! aft]noon ?is beautiful appe>ance vani%$--! light became worse1 ev5 9 ! brighte/ day1 )\t any *ange hav+ tak5 place 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,z soon z ,i he>d ( ?is circum/ance1 ,i at once connect$ x 9 my own m9d ) ! ph5om5a :i* ,i _h be5 s long obs]v+1 & ha/5$ to prove1 by a physical exp]im5t1 :at a cle>-sight$ arti/ _h discov]$ entirely ( himself1 to 8 own surprise & a/oni%m5t4 ,i _h ! second#e entoptic app>atus br\ght to ! spot1 & ! effect on ?is 0 :at might be conjectur$ f ! above /atem5t4 ,at mid-day1 :5 ! arti/ saw 8 model be/ light$1 ! nor?1 direct reflection gave ! :ite cross2 9 ! morn+ & ev5+1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! unfav\rable oblique light 0 s unpleasant to him1 ! cube %[$ ! black cross2 9 ! int]m$iate h\rs ! /ate ( transition 0 app>5t4 ,! au?or proce$s to recall to 8 memory in/ances :]e works ( art _h /ruck him by ! beauty ( _! appe>ance ow+ to ! light com+ f ! qu>t] opposite ! sun1 9 direct reflection1 & adds1 ,s9ce ^! decid$ effects are ?us traceable to _! cause1 ! fri5ds ( art1 9 look+ at & exhibit+ pictures1 may enhance ! enjoym5t to !mselves & o!rs by att5d+ to a =tunate reflection4 #a ,! numb]s1 z usual1 indicate ! correspond+ p>agraphs 9 ! orig9al4 #b ,9 ! hi/orical "p1 ,goe! has to speak ( s _m foll[]s ( ,newton :o beg9 _! /atem5ts ) ,si p] =am5 exiguum1 t ! t]m is a sort ( by-^w ) him4 #c ,at mid-day on ! #bd? ( ,june ! au?or obs]v$ ! :ite cross reflect$ f e "p ( ! horizon4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! sun1 correspond+1 he supposes1 ) ! ext5t ( halos1 ! black cross appe>$4 #d ,:5ce ! t]m entoptic4 #e ,be=e describ$3 ! au?or describes sev]al o!rs m or less complicat$1 & sugge/s a portable "o4 ,su* plates1 :i* ne$ only be an in* & a qu>t] squ>e1 plac$ on ea* o!r to =m a cube1 might be set 9 a brass case1 op5 above & bel[4 ,at "o end ( ?is case a black mirror ) a h+e1 act+ l a cov]1 might be fa/5$4 ,we recomm5d ?is simple app>atus1 ) :i* ! pr9cipal & orig9al exp]im5t may be readily made4 ,) ?is we c\ld1 9 ! longe/ days1 bett] def9e ! circle r\nd ! sun :]e ! black cross appe>s1 c4 ,,note ,t4--,p>4 #dif4 ,s9ce ,goe! wrote1 all ! e>?s h be5 decompos$1 & h be5 %[n to be metallic bases unit$ ) oxyg52 b ?is does n invalidate 8 /atem5t4--,s4 ,f4 ,,note ,u4--,p>4 #ejb4 ,! cold nature ( black & its aff9ity to blue are assum$ by ! au?or ?r\gh\t2 if ! quality is opaque1 & consequ5tly greyi%1 su* an aff9ity is obvi\s1 b 9 _m f9e pictures1 int5se black seems to be consid]$ z ! la/ effect ( heat1 & 9 accompany+ crimson & orange may be said r to pres5t a diff]5ce ( degree ?an a diff]5ce ( k9d4 ,9 look+ at ! great picture ( ! globe1 we f9d ?is la/ result produc$ 9 climates :]e ! sun has greate/ p[]1 z we f9d x ! imm$iate effect ( fire4 ,! light p>ts ( black animals are (t5 ( a mell[ col\r2 ! spots & /ripes on sk9s & %ells are g5]ally surr\nd$ by a w>m hue1 & are br[n be=e !y are absolutely black4 ,9 combu/ion1 ! blackness :i* ann\nces ! complete ignition1 is prec$$ always by ! same mell[1 orange col\r4 ,! repres5tation ( ?is process 0 probably int5d$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! black & subdu$ orange ( _! vases3 inde$1 ! v col\rs may h be5 fir/ produc$ 9 ! kiln4 ,b )\t suppos+ t !y 7 reta9$ m]ely f ?is accid5t1 ! fact t ! comb9ation itself is extremely h>moni\s1 w\ld be suffici5t to acc\nt = its adoption4 ,_m ( ! rem>ks ( ,ari/otle#a & ,!ophra/us#b on ! production ( black1 are d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( ! action ( fire1 & on "o occasion1 ! =m] di/9ctly alludes to ! t]racotta kiln4 ,t ! above op9ion z to ! nature ( black 0 preval5t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 may be inf]r$ f ,lomazzo1 :o obs]ves1--,quanto all' orig9e e g5]azione de' colori1 la frigidit la madre della bian*ezza3 il calore padre del n]o4#c ,! positive coldness ( black may be said to beg9 :5 x approa*es grey4 ,:5 ,leon>do da ,v9ci says t black is mo/ beautiful 9 %ade1 he probably means to def9e its mo/ int5se & transp>5t /ate1 :5 x is fur!/ remov$ f grey4 #a ,de ,coloribus4 #b ,de ,igne4 #c ,trattato1 c4 p4 #aia1 ! re/ ( ! passage1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ab\nds ) absurdities4 ,,note ,v4--,p>4 #eee4 ,! nature ( vehicles or liquid m$iums to comb9e ) ! sub/ance ( col\rs1 has be5 frequ5tly discuss$ by mod]n writ]s on art1 & may p]haps be said to h receiv$ z mu* att5tion z x des]ves4 ,reynolds smiles at ! notion ( our n hav+ mat]ials equal to ^? ( =m] times1 & inde$1 al?\gh ! me?ods ( individuals w always diff]1 !re seems no reason to suppose t any great te*nical secret has be5 lo/4 ,9 ^! inquiries1 h[ev]1 :i* relate m]ely to ! me*anical causes ( bright & durable col\r+1 ! skill ( ! pa9t] 9 ! adequate employm5t ( ! high] res\rces ( 8 art is1 z if by common cons5t1 left out ( ! acc\nt1 & )\t dep>t+ f ?is mode ( consid]+ ! "q1 we w\ld m]ely repeat a conviction be=e express$1 viz4 t ! pres]vation ( int]nal brightness1 a quality compatible ) v>i\s me?ods1 has _h m to d ) ! spl5d\r & durability ( f9ely col\r$ pictures ?an any vehicle4 ,! obs]vations t foll[ are !re=e m]ely int5d$ to %[ h[ f> ! old] writt5 au?orities on ?is subject agree ) ! results ( mod]n inve/igation1 )\t at all assum+ t ! old me?ods1 if kn[n1 ne$ be implicitly foll[$4 ,on a c>eful exam9ation ( ! e>li] pictures1 x is said t a res9\s sub/ance appe>s to h be5 m+l$ ) ! col\rs toge!r ) ! oil2 t ! fracture ( ! indurat$ pigm5t is %9+1 & t ! surface resi/s ! ord9>y solv5ts4#a ,?is admixture ( res9\s solutions or v>ni%es ) ! solid is n allud$ to1 z f> z we h se51 by any ( ! writ]s on ,italian practice1 b z ! me?od corresponds ) t n[ preval5t 9 ,engl&1 ! above hypo!sis is n likely to be object$ to = ! pres5t4 ,v>i\s local circum/ances & relations might seem to w>rant ! supposition t ! ,v5etian pa9t]s us$ res9\s sub/ances4 ,an important bran* ( comm]ce betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,friuli & ,v5ice /ill consi/s 9 ! turp5t9e or fir-res94#b ,simil> sub/ances produc$ f v>i\s trees1 & kn[n "u ! common "n ( balsams1#c 7 import$ f ! ,ea/ ?r\gh ,v5ice1 = g5]al use1 be=e ! ,am]ican balsams#d 9 "s degree sup]s$$ !m2 & a ,v5etian pa9t]1 ,m>co ,bos*9i1 9 8 description ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 does n omit to speak ( ! abundance ( ma/ic produc$ 9 ! isl& ( ,scio4#e ,! te/imonies1 direct or indirect1 aga9/ ! employm5t ( any su* sub/ances by ! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 9 ! solid "p ( _! "w1 seem1 not)/&+1 v conclusive2 we beg9 ) ! writ] j nam$4 ,9 8 pr9cipal composition1 a poem#f describ+ ! practice & ! productions ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 ,bos*9i speaks ( c]ta9 col\rs :i* !y %unn$1 & adds3--,9 l mann] 7!y avoid$7 %9+ liquids & v>ni%es1 :i* ,i %\ld r call lack]s2#g = ! surface ( fle%1 if natural & unadorn$1 assur$ly does n %9e1 nature speaks z to ?is pla9ly4 ,aft] allud+ to ! possible alt]ation ( ?is natural appe>ance by means ( cosmetics1 he cont9ues3 ,=eign arti/s set su* great /ore by ^! v>ni%es1 t a %9+ surface seems to !m ! only desirable quality 9 art4 ,:at tra% x is !y prize6 fir-res91 ma/ic1 & s&>a*1 & l>*-res9 7n to say treacle71 /uff fit to poli% boots4#h ,if ^? great pa9t]s ( ours _h to repres5t arm\r1 a gold vase1 a mirror1 or any?+ ( ! k9d1 !y made x %9e ) 7simple7 col\rs4#i ,?is writ] s frequ5tly alludes to ! ,flemi% pa9t]s1 ( ^: great reputation he sometimes seems jeal\s1 t ! above /rong expression ( op9ion may h be5 po9t$ at !m4 ,on ! o!r h& x is to be obs]v$ t ! t]m =e/i]i1 /rang]s1 does n necess>ily mean transalp9e =eign]s1 b includes ^? ,italians :o 7 n ( ! ,v5etian /ate4#aj ,! directions giv5 by ,raphael ,borgh9i1#aa & aft] him by ,arm59i1#ab respect+ ! use & prep>ation ( v>ni%es made f ! v mat]ials 9 "q1 may ?us h be5 compreh5d$ 9 ! c5sure1 especially z "s ( ^! recipes 7 copi$ & republi%$ 9 ,v5ice by ,bisagno1#ac 9 #afdb--t is1 only six ye>s be=e ,bos*9i's poem appe>$4 ,ridolfi's ,lives ( ! ,v5etian ,pa9t]s#ad 7#afdh7 may be m5tion$ ) ! two la/4 ,8 only obs]vation respect+ ! vehicle is1 t ,giovanni ,bell9i1 aft] introduc+ himself by an artifice into ! pa9t+-room ( ,antonello da ,mess9a1 saw t pa9t] dip 8 bru% f "t to "t 9 l9se$ oil4 ,?is /ory1 relat$ ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! suppos$ ev5t1 is c]ta9ly n to be adduc$ z v /rik+ evid5ce 9 any way4#ae ,among ! next writ]s1 9 ord] ( "t prior to ,bisagno1 may be m5tion$ ,canep>io#af 7#afai74 ,8 "w1 ,de ,atram5tis conta9s a v>iety ( recipes = diff]5t purposes3 "o *apt]1 ,de atram5tis div]sicoloribus1 has a m direct ref]5ce to pa9t+4 ,8 obs]vations "u ?is head are by no means conf9$ to ! prep>ation ( transp>5t col\rs1 b he says little on ! subject ( v>ni%es4 ,aft] describ+ a mode ( pres]v+ :ite ( egg1 he says1 ,o!rs are accu/om$ to mix col\rs 9 liquid v>ni% & l9se$1 or nut-oil2 = a liquid & oily v>ni% b9ds ! 7diff]5t lay]s (7 col\rs bett] toge!r1 & ?us =ms a v fit glaz+ mat]ial4#ag ,on ! subject ( oils he obs]ves1 t l9se$ oil 0 9 great reque/ among pa9t]s2 :o1 h[ev]1 7 ( op9ion t nut-oil-excell$ x 9 giv+ brilliancy to pictures1 9 pres]v+ !m bett]1 & 9 r5d]+ ! col\rs m vivid4#ah ,lomazzo 7a ,milanese7 says no?+ on ! subject ( vehicles 9 8 pr9cipal "w1 b 9 8 ,idea del ,tempio della ,pittura1#ai he speaks ( gr9d+ ! col\rs 9 nut-oil1 & spike-oil1 & o!r ?+s1 ! & "h evid5tly means or1 & by o!r ?+s we are p]haps to und]/& o!r oils1 poppy oil1 dry+ oils1 c4 ,! directions ( ,raphael ,borgh9i & ,vas>i#bj _c c]ta9ly be consid]$ conclusive z to ! practice ( ! ,v5etians1 b !y are v cle> on ! subject ( v>ni%4 ,^! writ]s may be consid]$ ! e>lie/ ,italian au?orities :o h ent]$ mu* into practical me?ods4 ,9 ! few obs]vations on ! subject ( vehicles 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci's treatise1 !re is no?+1 z ,m4 ,m]ime obs]ves1 to %[ t he 0 9 ! habit ( mix+ v>ni% ) 8 col\rs4 ,c5n9i says b little on ! subject ( oil-pa9t+2 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti is !oretical r ?an practical1 & ! publi%$ extracts ( ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti's ,,ms4 *iefly relate to sculpture4 ,borgh9i & ,vas>i agree 9 recomm5d+ nut-oil 9 pref]5ce to l9se$-oil2 bo? recomm5d add+ v>ni% to ! col\rs 9 pa9t+ on walls 9 oil1 because ! "w does n !n require to be v>ni%$ aft]w>ds1 b 9 ! ord9>y modes ( pa9t+ on panel or clo?1 ! v>ni% is omitt$4 ,borgh9i expressly says1 t oil alone 7s5za pi7 is to be employ$2 he also recomm5ds a v sp>+ use ( x4 ,! treatise ( ,arm59i 7#aehg7 0 publi%$ at ,rav5na1 & he himself 0 ( ,fa5za1 s t 8 au?ority1 aga91 _c be consid]$ decisive z to ! ,v5etian practice4 ,aft] all1 he recomm5ds ! addition ( common v>ni% only = ! gr\nd or prep>ation1 z a consolidat+ m$ium1 = ! glaz+ col\rs1 & = ^? d>k pigm5ts :i* are sl[ 9 dry+4 ,_m ( 8 directions are copi$ f ! writ]s la/ nam$2 ! recipes = v>ni%es1 9 p>ticul>1 are to be f\nd 9 ,borgh9i4 ,*ri/(oro ,sorte#ba 7#aehj7 briefly alludes to ! subject 9 "q4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! me?ods ( di/emp]1 he obs]ves t ! same col\rs may be us$ 9 oil1 except t in/ead ( mix+ !m ) size1 !y are mix$ on ! palette ) nut-oil1 or 7if sl[ 9 dry+7 ) boil$ l9se$-oil3 he does n m5tion v>ni%4 ,! ,italian writ]s next 9 ord] are e>li] ?an ,vas>i1 & may !re=e be consid]$ orig9al1 b !y are all v concise4 ,! treatise ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ,biondo#bb 7#aedi71 rem>kable = its hi/orical mi/akes1 is n )\t int]e/ 9 o!r respects4 ,! li/ ( col\rs he gives is1 9 all probability1 a catalogue ( ^? 9 g5]al use 9 ,v5ice at ! p]iod he wrote4 ,) reg>d to ! vehicle1 he m]ely m5tions oil & size z ! m$iums = ! two di/9ct me?ods ( oil-pa9t+ & di/emp]1 & does n speak ( v>ni%4 ,! passages 9 ! ,dialogue ( ,doni#bc 7#aedi71 :i* relate to ! subject 9 "q1 are to ! same effect4 ,9 col\r+ 9 oil1 he obs]ves1 ! mo/ brilliant col\rs 7t we see 9 pictures7 are prep>$ by m]ely mix+ !m ) ! end ( a knife on ! palette4 ,speak+ ( ! p]i%able nature ( works 9 oil-pa9t+ z comp>$ ) sculpture1 he says1 t ! pla/] ( ,p>is 7gesso7 & ma/ic1 ) o!r +r$i5ts ( :i* ! gr\nd is prep>$1 are liable to decay1 c42 & else:]e1 9 comp>+ pa9t+ 9 g5]al ) mosaic1 t 9 ! =m] ! col\rs mu/ ( necessity be mix$ ) v>i\s ?+s1 su* z oils1 gums1 :ite or yolk ( egg1 & juice ( figs1 all :i* t5d to impair ! beauty ( ! t9ts4 ,?is catalogue ( vehicles is d]iv$ f all k9ds ( pa9t+ to en=ce ! argum5t1 & is by no means to be und]/ood z belong+ to "o & ! same me?od4 ,an int]e/+ little "w1#bd /ill 9 ! =m ( a dialogue 7,fabio & ,lauro71 appe>$ a ye> e>li]2 ! au?or1 ,paolo ,p9o1 0 a ,v5etian pa9t]4 ,9 speak+ ( ! practical me?ods ,fabio obs]ves1 z usual1 t oil-pa9t+ is ( all modes ( imitation ! mo/ p]fect1 b 8 reasons = ?is op9ion seem to h a ref]5ce to ! ,v5etian practice ( go+ ov] ! "w repeat$ly4 ,lauro asks :e!r x is n possible to pa9t 9 oil on ! dry wall1 z ,seba/ian del ,piombo did4 ,fabio answ]s1 ! "w _c la/1 = ! solidity ( ! pla/] is imp5etrable1 & ! col\rs1 :e!r 9 oil or di/emp]1 _c pass ! surface4 ,?is might seem to w>rant ! inf]5ce t absorb5t gr\nds 7 prep>$ = oil-pa9t+1 b !re are pro(s en\gh t res9s z well z oil 7 us$ ) ! gesso to make ! prep>ation compact4 ,see ,doni1 ,arm59i1 c4 ,?is writ]1 aga91 does n speak ( v>ni%4 ,^! appe> to be ! *ief ,v5etian & ,italian au?orities#be ( ! sixte5? & "p ( ! foll[+ c5tury2 & al?\gh ,bos*9i wrote late/1 he appe>s to h _h 8 in=mation f good s\rces1 & m ?an once di/9ctly quotes ,palma ,giovane4 ,9 all ^! in/ances x w be se5 t !re is no allusion to ! immixture ( v>ni%es ) ! solid col\rs1 except 9 pa9t+ on walls 9 oil1 & t ! processes ( di/emp] & oil are always consid]$ z sep>ate arts4#bf ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prohibition ( ,bos*9i _c be und]/ood to be univ]sal1 = x is q c]ta9 t ! ,v5etians v>ni%$ _! pictures :5 done4#bg ,aft] ,titian _h f9i%$ 8 :ole-l5g? portrait ( ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 x 0 plac$ 9 ! sun to be v>ni%$4#bh ,aga91 9 ! ar*ives ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,niccolo at ,treviso a sum is not$ 7,sept4 #ba1 #aeba 71 p] f> la v]nise da inv]nis> la ,pala dell' alt> gr&o1 & ! same day a second entry appe>s ( a paym5t to a pa9t]1 p] ess] v5uto a d> la v]nise alla ,pala1 c4#bi ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9 bo? ^! cases ! pictures 7 v>ni%$ z soon z done2#cj ! v>ni% employ$ 0 p]haps ! ?9 comp\nd ( naph?a 7oglio di sasso7 & melt$ turp5t9e 7oglio d'abezzo71 describ$ by ,borgh9i1 & aft] him by ,arm59i3 ! la/-nam$ writ] rem>ks t he _h se5 ?is v>ni% us$ by ! be/ pa9t]s 9 ,lomb>dy1 & _h he>d t x 0 pref]r$ by ,correggio4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is imm$iate v>ni%+ may h be5 t ! w>m res9\s liquid1 :atev] x 01 became unit$ ) ! col\rs1 & ?us at a future "t ! pigm5t may h acquir$ a consi/5cy capable ( resi/+ ! ord9>y solv5ts4 ,n only 0 ! surface ( ! picture requir$ to be w>m1 b ! v>ni% 0 appli$ soon aft] x 0 tak5 f ! fire4#ca ,_m ( ! treatises above quot$ conta9 directions = mak+ ! col\rs dry3#cb "s ( ^! recipes1 & _m 9 addition1 are to be f\nd 9 ,palom9o1 :o1 h[ev] defective z an hi/orian1#cc has left v copi\s practical details1 evid5tly ( anci5t date4 ,8 dry+ recipes are num]\s1 & al?\gh sug> ( lead does n appe>1 c>d5illo 7v]digris71 :i* is p]haps z objectionable1 is admitt$ to be ! be/ ( all dry]s4 ,x may excite "s surprise t ! ,spani% pa9t]s %\ld h be/[$ s mu* att5tion on ?is subject 9 a climate l !irs1 b ! rapidity ( _! execution mu/ h (t5 requir$ su* an assi/ance4#cd ,"o circum/ance allud$ to by ,palom9o1 9 8 v m9ute practical directions1 des]ves to be m5tion$4 ,aft] say+ :at col\rs %\ld be pres]v$ 9 _! sauc]s "u wat]1 & :at col\rs %\ld be m]ely cov]$ ) oil$ pap] because ! wat] injures !m1 he proce$s to communicate a curi\s mode ( pres]v+ oil-col\rs1 & ( transport+ !m f place to place4 ,! important secret is to tie !m 9 bladd]s1 ! mode ( do+ :i* he ent]s into ) great m9ut5ess1 z if ! inv5tion 0 rec5t4 ,x is true1 ,*ri/(oro ,sorte1 9 describ+ 8 practice 9 wat]-col\r draw+1 says he 0 9 ! habit ( pres]v+ a c]ta9 vegetable gre5 ) gum-wat] 9 a bladd]2 b z ! me?od 0 obvi\sly new to ,palom9o1 !re seems suffici5t reason to believe t oil-col\rs1 :5 once gr\nd1 _h1 up to 8 "t1 be5 kept 9 sauc]s & pres]v$ "u wat]4#ce ,among ! items ( exp5se 9 ! ,treviso docum5t be=e allud$ to1 we f9d a pan & sauc]s = ! pa9t]s4#cf ,?is is 9 accordance ) ,c5n9i's directions1 & ! same sy/em appe>s to h be5 foll[$ till aft] #agjj4cg ,! ,flemi% acc\nts ( ! e>ly practice ( oil-pa9t+ are all lat] ?an ,vas>i4 ,van ,m&]1 9 correct+ ! ,italian hi/orian 9 8 dates1 /ill foll[s 8 n>rative 9 o!r respects v]batim4 ,if ,vas>i's /ory is to be accept$ z true1 x might be inf]r$ t ! ,flemi% secret consi/$ 9 an oil v>ni% l copal4#ch ,vas>i says1 t ,van ,eyck boil$ ! oils ) o!r +r$i5ts2 t ! col\rs1 :5 mix$ ) ?is k9d ( oil1 _h a v firm consi/5ce2 t ! surface ( ! pictures s execut$ _h a lu/re1 s t !y ne$$ no v>ni% :5 done2 & t ! col\rs 7 9 no dang] f wat]4#ci ,c]ta9 col\rs1 z is well kn[n1 if mix$ ) oil alone1 may be wa%$ (f aft] a consid]able "t4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci rem>ks1 t v]digris may be ?us remov$4 ,c>m9e1 ,palom9o obs]ves1 may be wa%$ (f aft] six ye>s4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt ! ,italian writ]s recomm5d ! use ( v>ni% ) c]ta9 col\rs1 & x appe>s ! ,v5etians1 & p]haps ! ,italians g5]ally1 employ$ x solely 9 su* cases4 ,b x is some:at extraord9>y t ,vas>i %\ld tea* a mode ( pa9t+ 9 oil s diff]5t 9 its results 7inasmu* z ! "w ?us requir$ v>ni% at la/7 f ! ,flemi% me?od :i* he s mu* extols--a me?od :i* he says ! ,italians long endeav\r$ to f9d out 9 va94 ,if !y knew x1 x is evid5t1 assum+ 8 acc\nt to be correct1 t !y did n practice x4 #a ,see ,m>cucci ,saggio ,analitico-*imico sopra i colori1 c4 ,rome1 #ahaf1 & ,taylor's ,translation ( ,m]ime on ,oil-pa9t+1 ,london1 #ahci4 ,! la/-nam$ "w conta9s mu* useful in=mation4 #b ,italian writ]s ( ! #af? c5tury speak ( ?ree k9ds4 ,c>danus says1 t ( ! abies 0 e/eem$ mo/1 t ( ! l>ix next1 & t ( ! picea lea/4 ,! res9 extract$ by incision f ! la/ 7! p9us abies ,l9ni7 is kn[n by ! "n ( ,burgundy pit*2 :5 extract$ by fire x is black4 ,! ?ree v>ieties occur 9 ,italian treatises on art1 "u ! names ( oglio di abezzo1 trem5t9a & pece ,greca4 #c ,! concrete balsam b5zoe1 call$ by ! ,italians beluz9o1 & belzo9o1 is sometimes spok5 ( z a v>ni%4 #d ,m>cucci supposes t balsam ( copaiba 0 mix$ ) ! pigm5ts by ! 7lat]7 ,v5etians4 #e ,l',ar*ipelago con tutte le ,isole1 ,v54 #afeh4 ,! incid5tal notices ( ! rema9s ( antiquity 9 ?is "w w\ld be curi\s & important if !y c\ld be reli$ on4 ,9 describ+ ! isl& ( ,samos1 = in/ance1 ! au?or ass]ts t ! temple ( ,juno 0 9 tol]able pres]vation1 & t ! /atue 0 /ill !re4 #f ,la ,c>ta del ,naveg> ,pitoresco1 ,v54 #affj4 ,x is 9 ! ,v5etian dialect4 #g ,inv]iadure 7invetriature71 lit]ally ! glaz+ appli$ to e>!nw>e4 #h ,o de *e /razze se fan cav$al6 ,d'ogio d'avezzo1 ma/ici e s&raca2 ,e trem5t9a 7p] no'dir triaca7 ,robe1 *e ilu/r]ave ogni /ival4--p4 #cch4 ,! allit]ation ( ! words trem5t9a & triaca is ( c\rse lo/ 9 a translation4 #i ,i li ha fati /ralus] co' i colori4 ,bos*9i 0 at lea/ con/ant 9 8 op9ion4 ,9 ! second edition ( 8 ,ric*e ,m9]e della ,pittura ,v5eziana1 :i* appe>$ f\rte5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( 8 poem1 he repeats t ! ,v5etian pa9t]s avoid$ "s col\rs 9 fle% e similm5te i lu/ri e le v]nici4 #aj ,?us1 9 ! introduction to ! ,ric*e ,m9]e1 ,bos*9i calls ! ,milanese1 ,flor5t9e1 ,lomb>d1 & ,bolognese pa9t]s1 =e/i]i4 #aa ,il ,riposo1 ,fir5ze1 #aehd4 #ab ,de' ,v]i ,precetti della ,pittura1 ,rav5na1 #aehg4 #ac ,trattato della ,pittura fondato nell' autorit di molti eccell5ti 9 que/a pr(essione4 ,v5ezia1 #afdb4 ,bisagno rem>ks 9 8 preface1 t ! books on art 7 few1 & t pa9t]s 7 9 ! habit ( keep+ !m secret4 ,he ackn[l$ges t he has avail$ himself ( ! lab\rs ( o!rs1 b )\t m5tion+ 8 s\rces3 "s passages are copi$ f ,lomazzo4 ,he1 h[ev]1 lays claim to "s orig9al obs]vations1 & says he _h se5 mu* & disc\rs$ ) _m excell5t pa9t]s4 #ad ,le ,m]aviglie dell' ,arte1 ,v5ezia1 #afdh4 #ae ,x has be5 conjectur$ by "s t ?is /ory prov$ ! immixture ( v>ni%es ) ! col\rs1 & t ! oil 0 only us$ to dilute !m4 ,! epitaph on ,antonello da ,mess9a :i* exi/$ 9 ,vas>i's "t1 alludes to 8 hav+ mix$ ! col\rs ) oil4 #af ,petri ,m>i ,canep>ii ,de ,atram5tis cujuscumque g5]is1 ,v5et4 #afai4 ,x 0 republi%$ at ,rott]dam 9 #agah4 #ag ,ita quod magis ex hiis evadit atram5tum pictur summop]e idoneum4 ,?us1 if atram5tum is to be und]/ood1 z usual1 to mean a glaz+ col\r1 ! passage c only ref] to ! immixture ( v>ni% ) ! transp>5t col\rs appli$ la/ 9 ord]4 #ah ,9 a passage t foll[s respect+ ! mode ( extract+ nut-oil1 ,canep>ius appe>s to mi/ranslate ,gal51 c4 #g--;,de ,simplicium ,m$icam5torum facultatibus4 ,! obs]vations ( ,gal5 on ?is subject1 & on ! dry+ prop]ty ( l9se$1 may h giv5 ! fir/ h9t to ! inv5tors ( oil-pa9t+4 ,! cu/om ( dat+ ! orig9 ( ?is art f ,van ,eyck is l t ( dat+ ! comm5cem5t ( mod]n pa9t+ f ,cimabue4 ,! improv] is (t5 assum$ to be ! inv5tor4 #ai ,milan1 #aeij4 #bj ,! p>ticul>s "h allud$ to are to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,vas>i 7#aeej7 z well z ! second4--v4 i4 c4 #ba1 c4 #ba ,oss]vasioni nella ,pittura4 ,9 ,v5ezia1 #aehj4 ,sorte1 :o1 x appe>s1 0 a native ( ,v]ona1 _h work$ 9 8 y\? ) ,giulio ,romano1 at ,mantua1 & communicates ! me?ods taught him by t pa9t]1 = giv+ ! true effects ( p]spective 9 compositions ( figures4 ,he is1 p]haps1 ! e>lie/ :o describes ! process ( wat]-col\r pa9t+ z di/+ui%$ f di/emp] & z adapt$ to l&scape1 if ! art he describes des]ves ! "n4 #bb ,della nobilissima ,pittura e sua ,arte1 ,v5ezia1 #aedi4 ,biondo is s ignorant z to attribute ! ,la/ ,supp]1 by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 to ,mantegna4 #bc ,disegno del ,doni1 9 ,v5ezia1 #aedi4 #bd ,dialogo di ,pittura1 ,v5ezia1 #aedh4 ,p9o1 9 enum]at+ ! celebrat$ contempor>y arti/s1 does n include ,paul ,v]onese1 = a v obvi\s reason1 t pa9t] be+ at ! "t only ab\t #ag ye>s ( age4 ,sorte1 :o wrote ?irty ye>s lat]1 m5tions l'eccell5te ,mess] ,paul9o no/ro1 alone4 #be ,! ,dialogues ( ,lodovico ,dolce1 & v>i\s o!r works1 are n ref]r$ to "h1 z !y conta9 no?+ on ! subject 9 "q4 ,! late/ au?ority at all connect$ ) ! traditions ( ,v5etian practice1 is a c]ta9 ,giambati/a ,volpato1 ( ,bassano3 he di$ 9 #agjf1 & _h be5 intimate ) ,ridolfi4 ,! only circum/ance he has transmitt$ relat+ to practical details is t ,giacomo ,bassan1 9 ret\*+ on a dry surface1 sometimes adopt$ a me?od commonly practis$1 he says1 by ,paul ,v]onese 7& commonly practis$ /ill71 namely1 t ( dipp+ 8 bru% 9 spirits ( turp5t9e2 at o!r times he oil$ out ! surface 9 ! usual mann]4 ,volpato left a ,,ms4 :i* 0 ann\nc$ = publication 9 ,vic5za 9 #afhe1 b x nev] appe>$2 x1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds =m$ ! gr\nd-"w ( ,v]ci's ,notizie intorno alla ,vita e alle ,op]e de' ,pittori di ,bassano4 ,v5ezia1 #agge4 ,see also ,lett]a di ,giambati/a ,rob]ti sopra ,giacomo da ,ponte1 ,lugano1 #aggg4 ,ano!r ,,ms4 by ,natale ,mel*iori1 ( ab\t ! same date1 is pres]v$ at ,treviso & ,ca/el ,franco3 x ab\nds ) hi/orical mi/akes2 ! au?or says1 = in/ance1 t ! ,pietro ,m>tyre 0 begun by ,giorgione & f9i%$ by ,titian4 ,! recipes = v>ni%es & col\rs are v num]\s1 b !y are mo/ly copi$ f e>li] works4 #bf ,t di/emp] 0 n v highly e/eem$ by ! ,v5etians may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ obs]vation ( ,p9o3--,il modo di colorir guazzo imp]fetto et pi fragile et me non diletta onde lasciamolo all' oltremontani i quali sono privi della v]a via4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t ! ,v5etians sometimes pa9t$ 9 ?is /yle1 & ,volpato m5tions sev]al works ( ! k9d by ,bassan1 b he nev] h9ts t he began 8 oil pictures 9 di/emp]4 #bg ,bos*9i says1 t ! ,v5etians 7he especially means ,titian7 r5d]$ _! pictures sp>kl+ by f9ally t\*+ on a dry surface 7 secco74 ,! abs5ce ( v>ni% 9 ! solid col\rs1 ! ret\*+ ) _s ( turp5t9e1 & ev5 secco1 all suppose a dull surface1 :i* w\ld require v>ni%4 ,! latt] me?od1 allud$ to by ,bos*9i1 0 an exception to ! g5]al practice1 & n likely to be foll[$ on acc\nt ( its difficulty4 ,c>lo ,m>atti1 on ! au?ority ( ,palom9o1 us$ to say1 ,he mu/ be a skilful pa9t] :o c ret\* )\t oil+ out4 #bh ,see a lett] by ,francesco ,boc*i1 & ano!r by ,vas>i1 9 ! ,lett]e ,pittori*e ( ,bott>i4 ,! circum/ance is m5tion$ incid5tally2 ! po9t *iefly dwelt on is1 t "s p]sons :o pass$ 7 deceiv$1 & b[$ to ! picture1 suppos+ x to be ! pope4 #bi ,f$]ici1 ,memorie ,trevigiane1 ,v5ezia1 #ahjc4 ,! alt>-piece ( ,s4 ,niccolo at ,treviso is attribut$1 9 ! docum5t allud$ to1 to ,fra ,m>co ,p5sab5e1 a "n unkn[n2 ! pa9t+ is s excell5t z to h be5 ?\ght wor?y ( ,seba/ian del ,piombo3 = ?is op9ion1 h[ev]1 !re are no hi/orical gr\nds4 ,x 0 begun 9 #aebj1 b be=e x 0 q f9i%$ ! pa9t]1 :oev] he 01 abscond$3 x 0 !re=e complet$ by ano!r4 #cj ,titian's /ay 9 ,rome 0 %ort1 & ) respect to ! ,treviso alt>-piece1 a week or two only1 at mo/1 c h elaps$ betwe5 ! completion & ! v>ni%+4 ,c5n9i1 :o recomm5ds delay+ a ye> at lea/ be=e v>ni%+1 speaks ( pictures 9 di/emp]4 #ca ,see ,borgh9i1 ,arm59i1 _! ,v5etian copyi/ ,bisagno1 & ,palom9o4 ,! la/-nam$ writ]1 ?\gh ( ano!r s*ool & mu* m mod]n1 0 evid5tly well acqua9t$ ) ! anci5t me?ods3 he says1 ,se advi]te que siempre que se huvi]e de b>niz> alguna cosa convi5e que la p9tura y el b>niz e/n cali5tes4--,el ,museo ,pictorico1 v4 ii4 #cb ,burnt alum1 "o ( ! +r$i5ts recomm5d$1 might p]haps acc\nt = a %9+ fracture 9 ! indurat$ pigm5t 9 "s old pictures4 #cc ,( ! e>li] ,spani% writ]s ,pa*eco may be m5tion$ next to ,palom9o z conta9+ mo/ practical in=mation4 ,c>du*o1 ,de ,butron1 & o!rs1 seldom desc5d to su* details4 ,palom9o conta9s all ! directions ( ,pa*eco1 & _m 9 addition4 #cd ,see ,cean ,b]mudez1 ,sobre la ,escuela ,sevillana1 ,cadiz1 #ahjf4 ,! same reasons induc$ ! lat] ,v5etian ma*9i/s to pa9t on d>k gr\nds1 & to make use ( 7dry+7 oil 9 excess4 ,see ,zanetti1 ,della ,pittura ,v5eziana1 #a4 iv4 #ce ,borgh9i1 9 describ+ ! me?od ( mak+ a gold-size 7! same z ,c5n9i's71 speaks ( boil+ ! buccie de' colori 9 oil2 ?is only means ! sk9 or pellicle ( ! col\r itself--9 fact1 he proce$s to say t !y dissolve 9 boil+4 ,vas>i1 9 describ+ ! same process1 uses ! expression colori seccaticci4 #cf ,maggio #d 7#aebj7 ,p] un cad9 7cat9o7 p] dep5tori4 ,p] scudell9i p] li dep5tori4--,mem4 ,trev41 vol4 i4 p4 #aca4 ,pungileoni 7,memorie ,i/ori*e di ,antonio ,allegri7 quotes a note ( exp5ses relat+ to two oil-pictures by ,paolo ,gianotti2 among ! items we f9d colori1 tel>i1 et broc*ette4--vol4 ii4 p4 #ge4 #cg ,salmon1 9 8 ,polygraphice 7#agja71 gives ! foll[+ direction3--,oyl colors1 if n pres5tly us$1 w h a sk9 gr[ ov] !m1 to prev5t :i* put !m into a glass1 & put ! glass ?ree or f\r in*es "u wat]1 c4 #ch ,?is v>ni% appe>s to h be5 kn[n "s c5turies be=e ,van ,eyck's "t1 b he may h be5 ! fir/ to mix x ) ! col\rs4 #ci ,see ,vas>i1 ,life ( ,antonello da ,mess9a4 ,,note ,w4--,p>4 #fjh4 ,9 ! second volume ,goe! gives ! nom5clature ( ! ,greeks & ,romans at "s l5g?4 ,! g5]al notions ( ! anci5ts ) reg>d to col\rs are ?us describ$3--,! anci5ts d]ive all col\rs f :ite & black1 f light & d>kness4 ,!y say1 all col\rs are betwe5 :ite & black1 & are mix$ out ( ^!4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 suppose t !y und]/& by ?is a m]e atomic mixture1 al?\gh !y occasionally use ! ^w 2#a = 9 ! rem>kable passages1 :]e !y wi% to express a k9d ( reciprocal 7dynamic7 action ( ! two contra/+ pr9ciples1 !y employ ! words 1 union1 1 comb9ation2 ?us1 aga91 ! mutual influ5ce ( light & d>kness1 & ( col\rs among ea* o!r1 is describ$ by ! ^w 1 an expression ( simil> import4 ,! v>ieties ( col\rs are diff]5tly enum]at$2 "s m5tion sev51 o!rs twelve1 b )\t giv+ ! complete li/4 ,f a consid]ation ( ! t]m9ology bo? ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 x appe>s t !y sometimes employ$ g5]al = specific t]ms1 & vice v]s4 ,_! d5om9ations ( col\rs are n p]man5tly & precisely def9$1 b mutable & fluctuat+1 = !y are employ$ ev5 ) reg>d to simil> col\rs bo? on ! plus & m9us side4 ,_! yell[1 on ! "o h&1 incl9es to r$1 on ! o!r to blue2 ! blue is sometimes gre51 sometimes r$2 ! r$ is at "o "t yell[1 at ano!r blue4 ,pure r$ 7purpur7 fluctuates betwe5 w>m r$ & blue1 sometimes incl9+ to sc>let1 sometimes to violet4 ,?us ! anci5ts n only seem to h look$ ^u col\r z a mutable & fleet+ quality1 b appe> to h _h a pres5tim5t ( ! 7physical & *emical7 effects ( augm5tation & re-action4 ,9 speak+ ( col\rs !y make use ( expressions :i* indicate ?is k2 !y make yell[ r$d51 because its augm5tation t5ds to r$2 !y make r$ become yell[1 = x (t5 returns ?us to its orig94 ,! hues ?us specifi$ und]go new modifications4 ,! col\rs arre/$ at a giv5 po9t are att5uat$ by a /rong] light d>k5$ by a %ad[1 nay1 deep5$ & cond5s$ 9 !mselves4 ,= ! gradations :i* ?us arise ! "n ( ! species only is (t5 giv51 b ! m g5]ic t]ms are also employ$4 ,e col\r1 ( :atev] k9d1 c1 accord+ to ! same view1 be multipli$ into itself1 cond5s$1 enri*$1 & w 9 consequ5ce appe> m or less d>k4 ,! anci5ts call$ col\r 9 ?is /ate1 c4 ,!n foll[ ! designations ( g5]al /ates ( col\r & ^? ( specific hues4 ,ano!r essay on ! notions ( ! anci5ts respect+ ! orig9 & nature ( col\r g5]ally1 %[s h[ ne>ly ,goe! himself has foll[$ 9 ! same track4 ,! dilat+ effect ( light objects1 ! action & reaction ( ! ret9a1 ! col\r$ aft]-image1 ! g5]al law ( contra/1 ! effect ( semi-transp>5t m$iums 9 produc+ w>m or cold col\rs z !y are int]pos$ be=e a d>k or light backgr\nd--all ?is is ei!r di/9ctly express$ or h9t$ at2 b1 cont9ues ,goe!1 h[ a s+le elem5t divides itself into two1 rema9$ a secret = !m4 ,!y knew ! nature ( ! magnet1 9 amb]1 only z attraction2 pol>ity 0 n yet di/9ctly evid5t to !m4 ,& 9 v mod]n times h we n f\nd t sci5tific m5 h /ill giv5 _! almo/ exclusive att5tion to attraction1 & consid]$ ! imm$iately excit$ repulsion only z a m]e aft]-action8 ,an essay on ! ,pa9t+ ( ! ,anci5ts#b 0 contribut$ by ,he9ri* ,mey]4 #a ,see ,note on ,p>4 #agg4 #b ,vol4 ii4 p4 #fi1 fir/ edition4 ,,note ,x4--,p>4 #fgj4 ,?is agrees ) ! g5]al recomm5dation s (t5 giv5 by high au?orities 9 art1 to avoid a t9t$ look 9 ! col\r ( fle%4 ,! great example ( ,rub5s1 ^: practice 0 sometimes an exception to ?is1 may h[ev] %[ t no rule ( art is to be bl9dly or exclusively adh]$ to4 ,reynolds1 nev]!less1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 admiration = ?is great pa9t]1 consid]$ ! example dang]\s1 & m ?an once expresses himself to ?is effect1 obs]v+ on "o occasion t ,rub5s1 l ,b>occio1 is sometimes op5 to ! criticism made on an anci5t pa9t]1 namely1 t 8 figures look$ z if !y f$ on roses4 ,lodovico ,dolce1 :o is suppos$ to h giv5 ! viv voce precepts ( ,titian 9 8 ,dialogue1#a makes ,aret9o say3 ,i w\ld g5]ally bani% f my pictures ^? v]milion *eeks ) coral lips2 = faces ?us treat$ look l masks4 ,prop]tius1 reprov+ 8 ,cyn?ia = us+ cosmetics1 desires t h] complexion might exhibit ! simplicity & purity ( col\r :i* is se5 9 ! works ( ,apelles4 ,^? :o h writt5 on ! practice ( pa9t+ h always recomm5d$ ! use ( few col\rs = fle%4 ,reynolds & o!rs quote ev5 anci5t au?orities z record$ by ,pl9y1 & ,bos*9i gives sev]al descriptions ( ! me?od ( ! ,v5etians1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,titian1 to ! same effect4 ,!y us$1 he says1 e>?s m ?an any o!r col\r1 & at ! utmo/ only add$ a little v]milion1 m9ium1 & lake1 abhorr+ z a pe/il5ce biadetti1 gialli santi1 smalt9i1 v]di-azzurri1 giallol9i4#b ,else:]e he says1#c ,e>?s %\ld be us$ r ?an o!r col\rs3 aft] repeat+ ! above prohibit$ li/ he adds1 ,i speak ( ! imitation ( fle%1 = 9 o!r ?+s e col\r is good2 aga91 ,our great ,titian us$ to say t he :o wi%es to be a pa9t] %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ?ree col\rs1 :ite1 black1 & r$4#d ,assum+ ?is acc\nt to be a little exagg]at$1 x is /ill to be obs]v$ t ! monotony to :i* ! use ( few col\rs w\ld seem to t5d1 is prev5t$ by ! nature ( ! ,v5etian process1 :i* 0 suffici5tly con=mable to ,goe!'s doctr9e2 ! gradations be+ multipli$1 & ! effect ( ! col\rs height5$ by us+ !m z semi-opaque m$iums4 ,imm$iately aft] ! passage la/ quot$ we read1 ,he also gave ?is true precept1 t to produce a lively col\r+ 9 fle% x is n possible to f9i% at once4#e ,z ^! p>ticul>s may n be kn[n to all1 we add "s fur!r abridg$ extracts expla9+ ! ord] & me?ods ( ^! diff]5t op]ations4 ,! ,v5etian pa9t]s1 says ?is writ]1#f aft] hav+ drawn 9 _! subject1 got 9 ! masses ) v solid col\r1 )\t mak+ use ( nature or /atues4 ,_! great object 9 ?is /age ( _! "w 0 to di/+ui% ! advanc+ & retir+ portions1 t ! figures might be reliev$ by means ( *i>o-scuro--"o ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts ( col\r & =m1 & inde$ ( inv5tion4 ,hav+ decid$ on _! s*eme ( effect1 :5 ?is prep>ation 0 dry1 !y consult$ nature & ! antique2 n s]vilely1 b ) ! aid ( a few l9es on pap] 7quattro segni 9 c>ta7 !y correct$ _! figures )\t any o!r model4 ,!n return+ to _! bru%es1 !y began to pa9t sm>tly on ?is prep>ation1 produc+ ! col\r ( fle%4 ,! passage be=e quot$ foll[s1 /at+ t !y us$ e>?s *iefly1 t !y c>efully avoid$ c]ta9 col\rs1 & likewise v>ni%es & :atev] produces a %9+ surface4#g ,:5 ?is second pa9t+ 0 dry1 !y proce$$ to scumble ov] ?is or t figure ) a l[ t9t to make ! "o next x come =w>d1 giv+ ano!r1 at ! same "t1 an additional light--= example1 on a head1 a h&1 or a foot1 ?us deta*+ !m1 s to speak1 f ! canvas4 7,t9toret's ,prigionia di ,s4 ,rocco is "h quot$47 ,by ?us /ill multiply+ ^! well-und]/ood ret\*+s :]e requir$1 on ! dry surface1 7 secco7 !y r$uc$ ! :ole to h>mony4 ,9 ?is op]ation !y took c>e n to cov] entire figures1 b r w5t on gemm+ !m 7gioiel&ole7 ) vigor\s t\*es4 ,9 ! %ad[s1 too1 !y infus$ vig\r frequ5tly by glaz+ ) asphaltum1 always leav+ great masses 9 middle-t9t1 ) _m d>ks1 9 addition to ! p>tial glaz+s1 & few lights4 ,! introduction to ! subject ( ,v5etian col\r+1 9 ! poem by ! same au?or1 is also wor? transcrib+1 b z ! /yle is qua9t & v concise1 a translation is necess>ily a p>aphrase4#h ,! art ( col\r+ has ! imitation ( qualities = its object2 n all qualities1 b ^? second>y ones :i* are appreciable by ! s5se ( sight4 ,! eye especially sees col\rs1 ! imitation ( nature 9 pa9t+ is !re=e ju/ly call$ col\r+2 b ! pa9t] arrives at 8 end by indirect means4 ,he gives ! v>ieties ( tone 9 masses2#i he sm>tly imp+es lights1 he clo!s 8 prep>ation ) m delicate local hues1 he unites1 he glazes3 ?us ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! me?od1 on ! process4 ,= if we look at col\r ab/ract$ly1 ! mo/ positive may be call$ ! mo/ beautiful1 b if we keep ! end ( imitation 9 view1 ?is %all[ conclusion falls to ! gr\nd4 ,! ref9$ ,v5etian mann] is v diff]5t f m]e direct1 s$ul\s imitation4 ,e "o :o has a good eye may arrive at su* results1 b to atta9 ! mann] ( ,paolo1 ( ,bassan1 ( ,palma1 ,t9toret1 or ,titian1 is a v diff]5t und]tak+4#aj ,! effects ( semi-transp>5t m$iums 9 "s natural productions seem allud$ to 9 ! foll[+ passage--,nature sometimes accid5tally imitates figures 9 /ones & o!r sub/ances1 & al?\gh !y are necess>ily incomplete 9 =m1 yet ! pr9ciple ( effect 7dep?7 resembles ! ,v5etian practice4 ,9 a passage t foll[s !re appe>s to be an allusion to ! production ( ! atmosph]ic col\rs by semi-transp>5t m$iums4#aa #a ,dialogo della ,pittura1 intitolato l',aret9o4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aeeg2 ab\t tw5ty ye>s be=e ,titian's dea?4 ,9 ! d$ication to ! s5ator ,lor$ano1 ,lodovico ,dolce eulogises ! "w1 :i* he w\ld h>dly h done if x _h be5 entirely 8 own3 aga91 ! supposition t x may h be5 sugge/$ by ,aret9o1 w\ld be equally conclusive1 c\pl$ ) int]nal evid5ce1 z to ! orig9al s\rce4 #b ,introduction to ! ,ric*e ,m9]e della ,pittura ,v5eziana1 ,v5ezia1 #afgd4 ,! ,italian annotators on old] works on pa9t+ are sometimes at a loss to f9d mod]n t]ms equival5t to ! obsolete names ( pigm5ts4 7,see ,antologia dell ',arte ,pittorica47 ,! col\rs n[ 9 use correspond+ ) ,bos*9i's li/1 are probably yell[ lakes1 smalt1 v]dit]1 & ,naples yell[4 ,bos*9i (t5 c5sures ! practice ( o!r s*ools1 & 9 ?is emphatic condemnation he seems to h _h an eye to c]ta9 precepts 9 ,lomazzo1 & p]haps1 ev5 9 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o1 on "o occasion1 recomm5ds ,naples yell[1 lake1 & :ite = fle%4 ,! ,v5etian writ] (t5 speaks1 too1 9 no measur$ t]ms ( c]ta9 ,flemi% pictures1 probably because !y appe>$ to him too t9t$4 #c ,la ,c>ta del ,naveg> ,pitoresco1 p4 #cch4 #d ,ib4 p4 #cda4 ,9 describ+ ,titian's actual practice 7,ric*e ,m9]e71 he1 h[ev]1 adds yell[ 7o*re74 ,! r$ is also p>ticul>is$1 viz41 ! common t]ra rossa4 #e ,high examples "h aga9 prove t ! opposite sy/em may atta9 results q z successful4 #f ,introduction to ! ,ric*e ,m9]e4 #g ,see ,note to ,p>4 #eee4 ,"h aga91 assum+ ! description to be correct1 high au?orities might be oppos$ to ! ,v5etians4 #h ,! foll[+ quatra9 may s]ve z a specim52 ! au?or is speak+ ( ! importance ( ! col\r ( fle% z conducive to picturesque effect3-- ,importa el nudo2 e come b5 l'importa6 ,un quadro s5ta nudo come aponto ,un disn> s5za pan1 se b5 ghe zonto1 ,p] pi delicia1 confetura e torta4--p4 #cdf4 ,9 8 preface he anticipates1 & ?us answ]s ! objections to 8 ,v5etian dialect--,mi1 *e son ,v5etian 9 ,v5etia e *e p>lo de' ,pitori ,v5etiani h da &>me a /rave/ir8 ,gu>da el ,cielo4 #i ,! ^w ,mac*ia1 lit]ally a blot1 is g5]ally us$ by ,italian writ]s1 by ,vas>i = in/ance1 = ! local col\r4 ,bos*9i und]/&s by x ! relative dep? ( tones r ?an ! m]e diff]5ce ( hue4 ,by mac*ia1 he says1 ,i und]/& t treatm5t by :i* ! figures are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by diff]5t tones light] or d>k]4--,la ,c>ta del ,naveg>1 p4 #cbh4 ,else:]e1 ,col\r+ 7z practis$ by ! ,v5etians7 compreh5ds bo? ! mac*ia & draw+2 7p4 #cjj7 t is1 compreh5ds ! gradations ( light & d>k 9 objects1 & ! p>ts ( objects1 & consequ5tly1 _! ess5tial =m4 ,! mac*ia1 he adds1 is ! effect ( practice1 & is dictat$ by ! k ( :at is requisite = effect4 #aj ,ma l'ariv> a la mani]a1 al trato 7,v]bi gratia7 de ,paulo1 del ,bassan1 ,del ,ve*io1 ,t5toreto1 e di ,tician1 ,p] ,dio1 l' cosa da dev5t> mato4--p4 #bid1 #big4 #aa ,! traces ( ! ,ari/otelian !ory are q z app>5t 9 ,bos*9i z 9 ! o!r ,italian writ]s on art2 b z he wrote 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 8 au?ority 9 ?is respect is only important z an indication ( ! e>li] preval5ce ( ! doctr9e4 ,,note ,y4--,p>4 #fgb4 ,! au?or's conclusion "h is unsatisfactory1 = ! col\r ( ! black races may be consid]$ at lea/ q z negative z t ( ,europeans4 ,x w\ld be saf] to say t ! :ite sk9 is m beautiful ?an ! black1 because x is m capable ( indications ( life1 & indications ( emotion4 ,a degree ( light :i* w\ld fail to exhibit ! f9] v>ieties ( =m on a d>k surface1 w\ld be suffici5t to display !m on a light "o2 & ! delicate mantl+s ( col\r1 :e!r ! result ( action or emotion1 are m p]ceptible = ! same reason4 ,,note ,z4--,p>4 #fij4 ,! au?or appe>s to mean t a degree ( brightness :i* ! organ c be> at all1 mu/ ( necessity be remov$ f dazzl+1 :ite light4 ,! slighte/ t+e ( col\r to ?is brightness1 implies t x is se5 ?r\gh a m$ium1 & ?us1 9 pa9t+1 ! lighte/1 :ite/ surface %\ld p>take ( ! quality ( dep?4 ,goe!'s view "h aga9 accords1 x mu/ be admitt$1 ) ! practice ( ! be/ col\ri/s1 & ) ! precepts ( ! highe/ au?orities4--,see ,note ,c4 ,,note ,a ,a4--,p>4 #gcb4 ,ample details respect+ ! op9ions ( ,l\is ,b]tr& ,ca/el1 a ,jesuit1 are giv5 9 ! hi/orical "p4 ,! co9cid5ce ( "s ( 8 views ) ^? ( ,goe! is (t5 app>5t3 he objects1 = in/ance1 to ! arbitr>y selection ( ! ,newtonian spectrum2 obs]v+ t ! col\rs *ange ) e *ange ( di/ance betwe5 ! prism & ! recipi5t surface4--,f>b5l4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebg4 ,j]emias ,fri$ri* ,gli* 0 a dy] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/utg>dt3 he publi%$ an elaborate "w on ! te*nical details ( 8 own pursuit4--,f>b5l4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fcj4 ,,note ,b ,b4--,p>4 #gdh4 ,goe!1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,ca/el1 suppresses ! le>n$ ,jesuit's attempt at colorific music 7! clave9 oculaire71 f\nd$ on ! ,newtonian doctr9e4 ,ca/el 0 complim5t$1 p]haps ironically1 on hav+ be5 ! fir/ to rem>k t !re 7 b ?ree pr9cipal col\rs4 ,9 ass]t+ 8 claim to ! discov]y1 he admits t !re is no?+ new4 ,9 fact1 ! notion ( ?ree col\rs is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle2 = t philosoph] enum]ates no m 9 speak+ ( ! ra9b[1#a & ,s5eca calls !m by _! "r names4#b ,comp>e ) ,dante1 ,p>ad4 c4 #cc4 ,! relation betwe5 col\rs & s\nds is 9 l mann] adv]t$ to by ,ari/otle2 he says--,x is possible t col\rs may /& 9 relation to ea* o!r 9 ! same mann] z concords 9 music1 = ! col\rs :i* are 7to ea* o!r7 9 proportions correspond+ ) ! musical concords1 are ^? :i* appe> to be ! mo/ agreeable4#c ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! #af? c5tury1 ,arcimboldo1 a ,milanese pa9t]1 inv5t$ a colorific music2 an acc\nt ( 8 pr9ciples & me?od w be f\nd 9 a treatise on pa9t+ :i* appe>$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,ammae/rato dal quai ord9e ,mauro ,cremonese dalla viola1 musico dell' ,imp]adore ,ridolfo ,,ii4 trov sul gravicembalo tutte quelle consonanze *e dall' ,arcimboldo erano segnate coi colori sopra una c>ta4#d #a ,de ,meteor41 lib4 #c1 c4 ii4 & iv4 ,he obs]ves t ?is is ! only effect ( col\r :i* pa9t]s _c imitate4 #b ,de ,ignib4 cle/4 ,! description ( ! prism by ,s5eca is ano!r in/ance ( ! tru? ( ,ca/el's admission4 ,! ,roman philosoph]'s words are--,virgula solet fi]i vitrea1 /ricta vel pluribus angulis 9 modo clav tortuos2 hc si ex transv]so solem accipit colorem talem qualis 9 arcu vid]i solet1 r$dit1 c4 #c ,de ,s5su et s5sili4 #d ,il ,fig9o1 ov]o del ,f9e della ,pittura1 ,mantova1 #aeia1 p4 #bdi4 ,an acc\nt ( ! absurd inv5tion ( ! same pa9t] 9 compos+ figures ( fl[]s & animals1 & ev5 pa9t+ portraits 9 ?is way1 to ! great delight ( ! emp]or1 w be f\nd 9 ! same "w4 ,,note ,c ,c4--,p>4 #geh4 ,! moral associations ( col\rs h always be5 a m fav\rite subject ) poets ?an ) pa9t]s4 ,?is is to be trac$ to ! mat]ials & means ( description z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( repres5tation4 ,an image is m di/9ct = ! m9d :5 x is comp>$ ) some?+ t resembles x4 ,an object is m di/9ct = ! eye :5 x is comp>$ ) some?+ t diff]s f x4 ,association is ! auxili>y 9 ! "o case1 contra/ 9 ! o!r4 ,! poet1 ( necessity1 succe$s be/ 9 convey+ ! impression ( ext]nal ?+s by ! aid ( analog\s r ?an ( opposite qualities3 s f> f los+ _! effect by ?is means1 ! images ga9 9 di/9ctness4 ,comp>isons t are utt]ly false & gr\ndless nev] /rike u z su* if ! great end is accompli%$ ( plac+ ! ?+ describ$ m vividly be=e ! imag9ation4 ,9 ! common language ( laudatory description ! col\r ( fle% is l sn[ mix$ ) v]milion3 ^! are ! words us$ by ,aret9o 9 "o ( 8 lett]s 9 speak+ ( a figure ( ,/4 ,john1 by ,titian4 ,simil> in/ances )\t end might be quot$ f poets3 ev5 a contra/ c only be /rongly convey$ 9 description by ano!r contra/ t resembles x4#a ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld be easy to %[ t :5ev] poets h attempt$ ! pa9t]'s me?od ( direct contra/1 ! image has fail$ to be /rik+1 = ! m9d's eye _c see ! relation betwe5 two col\rs4 ,"u ! same category ( effect produc$ by association may be class$ ! moral qualities 9 :i* poets h judici\sly tak5 refuge :5 describ+ visible =ms & col\rs1 to avoid competition ) ! pa9t]s' elem5ts1 or r to atta9 _! end m completely4 ,b a little exam9ation w\ld %[ t v pleas+ moral associations may be connect$ ) col\rs :i* w\ld be f> f agreeable to ! eye4 ,all light1 positive col\rs1 light-gre51 light-purple1 :ite1 are pleas+ to ! m9d's eye1 & no degree ( dazzl+ spl5d\r is (f5sive4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 we h to d ) ! actual s5se ( vision1 ! susceptibility ( ! eye itself is to be consid]$1 ! law ( comp>ison is rev]s$1 col\rs become /rik+ by be+ oppos$ to :at !y are n1 & _! moral associations are n ow+ to ! col\rs !mselves1 b to ! modifications su* col\rs und]go 9 consequ5ce ( :at surr\nds !m4 ,?is view1 s naturally consequ5t on ! pr9ciples ! au?or has himself arriv$ at1 appe>s to be ov]look$ 9 ! *apt] "u consid]ation1 ! rem>ks 9 :i*1 9 o!r respects1 are acute & +5i\s4 #a ,su* z-- ,h] beauty hangs ^u ! *eek ( night1 ,l a ri* jewel 9 an ,e?iop's e>4 ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,,note ,d ,d4--,p>4 #hdi4 ,accord+ to ! usual acceptation ( ! t]m *i>o-scuro 9 ! arti/ _w1 x means n only ! mutable effects produc$ by light & %ade1 b also ! p]man5t diff]5ces 9 brightness & d>kness :i* are ow+ to ! v>ieties ( local col\r4 ,,note ,e ,e4--,p>4 #hee4 ,! mann]$ treatm5t ( light & %ade "h allud$ to by ! au?or is v seldom to be met ) 9 ! works ( ! col\ri/s2 ! ta/e may h fir/ aris5 f ! use ( pla/]-ca/s1 & 0 mo/ preval5t 9 ,france & ,italy 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,piazzetta repres5t$ x 9 ,v5ice1 ,subleyras 9 ,rome4 ,9 ,france ,re/\t taught 8 pupils t a globe ought to be repres5t$ z a polyh$ron4 ,greuze mo/ implicitly adopt$ ! doctr9e1 & 9 practice %[$ t he consid]$ ! r\nd *eeks ( a "y girl or an infant z bodies cut into facettes4#a #a ,see ,taylor's translation ( ,m]ime on oil-pa9t+1 p4 #bg4 ,b>ry1 9 a lett] f ,p>is1 speaks ( ,re/\t z ! only pa9t] :o resembl$ ! e>li] ,fr5* ma/]s3 ! mann] 9 "q is und\bt$ly sometimes v obs]vable 9 ,p\ss94 ,! ,engli% arti/ else:]e speaks ( ! broad1 happy mann] ( ,subleyras4--,works1 ,london1 #ahji4 ,,note ,f ,f4--,p>4 #hei4 ,all ?is 0 no d\bt sugge/$ by ,he9ri* ,mey]1 ^: *ief occupation 9 ,rome1 at "o "t1 0 mak+ sepia draw+s f sculpture 7see ,goe!'s ,italinis*e ,reise74 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! obs]vation respect+ ! treatm5t ( ! surface 9 ! antique /atues is v fanciful4 ,,note ,g ,g4--,p>4 #hfc4 ,?is obs]vation might h be5 sugge/$ by ! draw+s ( ,claude1 :i*1 ) ! slighte/ means1 exhibit an h>moni\s balance ( w>m & cold4 ,,note ,h ,h4--,p>4 #hfe4 ,! col\r+ ( ,paolo ,uccello1 accord+ to ,vas>i's acc\nt ( him1 0 occasionally s rem>kable t he might p]haps h be5 fairly includ$ among ! in/ances ( defective vision giv5 by ! au?or4 ,8 skill 9 p]spective1 indicat+ an eye = gradation1 may be also reckon$ among ! po9ts ( resemblance 7see ,p>4 #aje74 ,,note ,i ,i4--,p>4 #ijb4 ,! quotation be=e giv5 f ,bos*9i %[s t ! me?od describ$ by ! au?or1 & :i* is true ) reg>d to "s ( ! ,flor5t9e pa9t]s1 0 n practis$ by ! ,v5etians1 = _! fir/ pa9t+ 0 v solid4 ,x agrees1 h[ev]1 ) ! mann] ( ,rub5s1 _m ( ^: works suffici5tly corroborate ! acc\nt ( 8 process giv5 by ,descamps4 ,9 ! e>ly /ate ( ,rub5s's pictures1 says t writ]1#a ev]y?+ appe>$ l a ?9 wa%2 b al?\gh he (t5 made use ( ! gr\nd 9 produc+ 8 tones1 ! canvas 0 entirely cov]$ m or less ) col\r4 ,9 ?is sy/em ( leav+ ! %ad[s transp>5t f ! fir/1 ) ! gr\nd %9+ ?r\gh !m1 x w\ld h be5 obvi\sly de/ructive ( ri*ness to use :ite mix$ ) ! d>ks1 ! brightness1 9 fact1 already exi/$ und]nea?4 ,h5ce ! well-kn[n precept ( ,rub5s to avoid :ite 9 ! %ad[s1 a precept1 l _m o!rs1 belong+ to a p>ticul> practice1 & involv+ all ! conditions ( t practice4#b ,sc>miglione1 ^: ,ari/otelian treatise on col\r 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]many :5 ,rub5s 0 ?ree-&-tw5ty1 obs]ves1 ,pa9t]s1 ) consummate art1 lock up ! bright col\rs ) d>k ones1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 employ :ite1 ! poison ( a picture1 v sp>+ly4 7,artificiosissim pictores cl>os obscuris obsepiant et contra c&ido pictur>um v55o summ p>c5tes1 c47 #a ,la ,vie des ,pe9tres ,flam&s1 vol4 i4 #b ,! me?od he recomm5d$ = keep+ ! col\rs pure 9 ! lights1 viz4 to place ! t9ts next ea* o!r unmix$1 & !n slightly to unite !m1 may h deg5]at$ to a me?odical mann] 9 ! h&s ( 8 foll[]s4 ,bos*9i1 :o speaks ( ,rub5s himself ) due rev]5ce1 & is f> f conf\nd+ him ) 8 imitators1 contra/s su* a sy/em ) t ( ! ,v5etians1 & adds t ,titian us$ to say1 ,*i de imbrat> colori teme1 imbrata e ma*ia si m$emi4--,c>ta del ,naveg>1 p4 #cda4 ,! poem ( ,bos*9i is 9 _m respects polemical4 ,he wrote at a "t :5 ! ,flemi% pa9t]s1 hav+ adopt$ & modifi$ ! ,v5etian pr9ciples1 ?reat5$ to sup]s$e ! ,italian ma/]s 9 ! op9ion ( ! _w4 ,_! excell5ce1 too1 _h all ! *>m ( novelty1 = 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,v5ice produc$ no rem>kable tal5t1 & x 0 precisely ! age = h] to boa/ ( pa/ glories4 ,! contemptu\s mann] 9 :i* ,bos*9i speaks ( ! ,flemi% v>ni%es1 ( ! fe> ( mix+ t9ts1 c41 is ?us always to be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! "t & circum/ances4 ,s also 8 boa/+ t ! ,v5etian ma/]s pa9t$ )\t nature1 :i* may be an exagg]ation1 is po9t$ at ! ,naturali/i1 ,c>avaggio & 8 foll[]s1 :o copi$ nature lit]ally4 ,,note ,k ,k4--,p>4 #ijc4 ,! practice "h allud$ to is m frequ5tly obs]vable 9 slight works by ,paul ,v]onese4 ,8 gr\nd 0 (t5 pure :ite1 & 9 "s ( 8 works x is left z su*4 ,titian's :ite gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) a light w>m col\r1 probably at fir/1 & appe>s to h be5 simil> to t to :i* ,arm59i gives ! pref]5ce1 namely1 quella *e tira al color di c>ne *i>issima con un non s *e di fiammeggiante4#a #a ,v]i ,precetti della ,pittura1 p4 #abc4 ,,note ,l ,l4--,p>4 #iai4 ,! notion :i* ! au?or has "h v5tur$ to express may h be5 sugge/$ by ! rem>kable passage 9 ! la/ canto ( ,dante's ,p>adiso-- ,nella pr(onda e *i>a sussi/5za1 ,dell' alto lume p>remi tre giri ,di tre colori e d'una cont95za1 c4 ,aft] ! conclud+ p>agraph ! au?or ins]ts a lett] f a l&scape-pa9t]1 ,philipp ,otto ,runge1 :i* is int5d$ to %[ t ^? :o imitate nature may arrive at pr9ciples analog\s to ^? ( ! ,f>b5lehre4 ,,! ,,end4