file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ejefd-;h4htm or #ejefd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #ejefd_/pg#ejefd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#ejef d_/ejefd-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/hi/ory(9k 9cl#jj;davi ,transcrib]'s note3 ,words 9 fonts diff]5t f ! ma9 text1 us$ to d5ote emphasis1 h be5 surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,sup]scripts h be5 indicat$ by prec$+ ! sup]script$ lett]s ) 4 ,:5 m ?an "o "* 9 a r[ is sup]script$1 ! lett]s h be5 surr\nd$ by 4 ,an attempt has be5 made to transcribe ! h&writt5 text 9 plates us$ to %[ ! diff]5t k9ds ( ink4 ,:]e ! orig9al text 0 uncle>1 dots h be5 us$ to m>k illegible lett]s1 surr\nd illegible b obvi\s lett]s1 & surr\nd lett]s delet$ by ! orig9al scribe4 ,hyph5s h be5 add$ at ! end ( l9es :]e appropriate4 ,macrons & tildes on consonants )9 ! plates h n be5 reproduc$4 ,long] illegible sections 7 replac$ by illegible4 ,9 "s cases1 a descriptive ^w or phrase has be5 add$ & surr\nd$ by squ>e brackets1 = example ,hi]atic text4 ,"s corrections h be5 made to ! orig9al4 ,^! are describ$ 9 a second transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,hi/ory ,,( ,,ink ,,vox ,,dicta ,,p]it1 ,,lit]a ,,scripta ,,manet4 ,,?addeus ,,davids ,,co4 ,,new ,,york4 ,,snyd]1 ,,black ,,/urm1 ,,li?ograph]s1 #ib ,,william ,,/4 ,n4,y4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ink ,includ+ ,its ,etymology1 ,*emi/ry1 & ,bibliography4 ,new-,york2 ,?addeus ,davids ,co4 #abg ,william ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,francis ,,h>t ,,co4 ,pr9t]s1 #fc ,cortl&t ,/4 ,n4,y4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,ink4 ,ink ,,is hi/ory1 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w2 =1 :at is g5]ally d5om9at$ hi/ory--is ink diffus$ on pap] 9 c]ta9 def9ite l9es4 ,yet ink has no hi/ory writt5 or compos$ hi!rto4 ,9 view ( ?is defici5cy--:i* betrays a s+ul> neglig5ce 7on ! "p ( hi/orians & all lit]>y m57 & a ?\ghtless +ratitude to ?is indisp5sable means ( accompli%+ & pres]v+ _! "w--we propose to supply ! desid]atum1 by furni%+1 on ^! little pages1 :at is indicat$ by ! above title1 9 ! fulle/ s5se & wide/ scope ( ! t]m1 includ+ its etymology1 its *emi/ry1 & all t c be sugge/$ & ju/ifi$ by ! title1 or fairly dem&$ "u x1 or claim$ f x4 ,! great common error ( g5]al hi/orians1 anci5t & mod]n1 7) a v few exceptions among ! mod]ns17 has be51 t !y h giv5 to ! _w little else ?an n>rations & descriptions ( w>s & treaties1 ( gov]nm5tal *anges & political ev5ts1 omitt+ to record ! (t5 f> m important facts 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & ! arts ( utility1 by :i* ! progress ( civilization & ! developm5t ( ! human race 9 its high] capacities h be5 effect$ or aid$4 ,! great 8,in/aurator ( ! ,sci5ces0 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ^! omissions & defici5cies 9 all previ\s hi/ories1 & to indicate ! duty ( hi/orians to avoid ^! errors1--sett+ a good example 9 t respect1 9 ! specim51 or model "w1 :i* he produc$ z a patt]n1--8 hi/ory ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,sev5?4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 _m special hi/ories ( inv5tions & ( ! arts ( utility h be5 writt52 & ! num]\s cyclopa$i/s h l>gely contribut$ to ?is object2 /ill1 h[ev]1 leav+ _m vacancies to be fill$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( human k1 ( :i* ! "o be=e u c n be consid]$ ! lea/ wor?y ( ! labor ne$ful = its inve/igation4 ,,def9ition4 ,! ^w ,,ink has be5 v>i\sly def9$ by lexicograph]s1 cyclopa$i/s & *emi/s2 b ! foll[+ t]ms may be tak5 z fully express+ ! common qualities & ess5tial specific *>act]i/ics ( all sub/ances includ$ "u ! "n4 ,,ink is a color$ liquid employ$ 9 mak+ l9es1 *>act]s or figures on surfaces capable ( reta9+ ! m>ks s made4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 7vol4 xii4 p4 #chb1 #ahef17 gives ! foll[+ def9ition3 8,,ink4--,! t]m ink is usually re/rict$ to ! fluid employ$ 9 writ+ ) a p54 ,o!r k9ds ( ink are indicat$ by a second ^w1 su* z r$ ink1 ,indian ink1 m>k+ ink1 sympa!tic ink1 pr9t]s' ink1 etc4 ,common ink is1 h[ev]1 sometimes di/+ui%$ z writ+ ink40 ,z to ,,color1--black is & has always be5 pref]r$ 9 ord9>y uses4 ,= ornam5tal purposes & = occasionally useful di/9ctions1 v>i\s o!r t9ts h be5 & are adopt$--z blue1 r$1 gre51 purple1 violet1 yell[--& s on1 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! mak]1 or pur*as]1 or consum]4 ,! sub/ance employ$ to receive & pres]ve ! m>ks ?us made is n[ almo/ univ]sally ,pap]4 ,p>*m5t is /ill us$ 9 _m legal docum5ts & writ+s ( =m & c]emony4 ,cotton1 l95 & silk1 :5 wov5 into fabrics = g>m5ts & l uses1 are also subject$ to m>ks ( ink = ! purpose ( id5tify+ prop]ty4 ,s are wood5 & lea!rn surfaces 9 simil> conditions4 ,x is also employ$ 9 writ+ on /one1 9 ! q mod]n art ( li?ography4 ,?\gh its great orig9al & cont9ual employm5t is 9 writ+1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is also l>gely us$ 9 ! del9eation ( objects by arti/s4 ,ink & pa9t are mutually conv]tible to ea* o!r's uses1 b are yet s di/9ct 9 "* & objects1 t no "o reg>ds ! words z synonym\s1 & no precise def9ition is ne$$ to tea* ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,z1 = in/ance1 9 p5-&-ink draw+s & sket*es1 ! ink s]ves ! purpose ( pa9t4 ,s likewise 9 ! lett]s on sign-bo>ds1 c4 pa9t may be consid]$ z a sub/itute = ink4 ,! arti/ :o traces 8 "n on ! canvas 9 a corn] ( 8 pa9t+1 employs pa9t 9 a simil> mann]4 ,pr9t+-ink is us$ z black pa9t4 ,9 ! be/ r$ inks1 c>m9e 7a pa9t 9 wat]-colors7 is ! ess5tial +r$i5t4 ,indian ,ink is us$ "h only z pa9t1--9 ,*9a1 z ink4 ,,etymology4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ,engli% ^w 8,,ink10 & ( its repres5tatives 9 v>i\s mod]n languages1 has caus$ mu* p]plexity to philologi/s1 & has be5 ! subject ( _m errone\s conjectures4 ,we suffix ! names by :i* x is kn[n 9 ^? nations :o h mo/ employ$ x3 ,engli%1 ,ink4 ,l[-,dut*1 ,n$]-,duyts*1 ,holl&is*1 ,inkt4 ,g]man or ,deuts*1 ,d9te & ,t9te4 ,old ,g]man1 ,ank]1 ,t9cta1 ,t9ta & ,d9de4 ,dani%1 ,norwegian1 ,blaek1 7,india ,ink1 ,tus*47 ,norse1 ,icel&ic1 ,sw$i%1 ,blaeck1 7,india ,ink1 ,tusk47 ,fr5*1 ,encre4 ,old ,fr5*1 ,enque4 ,italian1 ,in*io/ro4 ,spani%1 ,t9ta4 ,portuguese1 ,t9ta4 ,illyrian1 ,+vas4 ,poli%1 ,incau/4 ,basque1 ,coransia4 ,lat91 ,atram5tum4 ,m$ival ,lat91 ,encau/um4 ,greek1 ,melan4 ,hebrew1 ,d'yo4 ,*aldee1 ,n'kaso4 ,arabic1 ,nikson1 ,anghas4 ,p]sian1 ,s'y'ah'o4 ,h9du/ani1 ,s'yaho1 ,ro%'na1 kali1 %ira1 mas1 & ,h9dui1 murakkat1 kalik1 midad4 ,sanscrit1 ,kali1 7,black47 ,arm5ian1 ,syuagh94 ,we might amuse ourselves by ext5d+ ?is tabul> li/ indef9itely4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 has be5 already %[n to illu/rate a few rem>kable facts :i* we wi% to pres5t t are connect$ ) ! etymology ( our subject2 b we pres5t a page ( ,li?ographic illu/rations :i* w enable any 8curi\s read]0 to trace ! ^w fur!r4 ,no diction>y ( ! ,engli% language gives u any help or light ab\t ! matt]4 ,web/] sugge/s 8in*io/ro10 7! ,italian ^w17 z ! s\rce ( d]ivation2 & all ! ,italian lexicograph]s agree t in*io/ro is f ! lat] ,lat9 ,,encau/um1 :i* is 9 fact ,greek1 1 7,encau/on17 8burn$-9 or corrod$40 ,encau/um became corrupt$ into 8en*au/rum10 f :i* ! transition to 8in*io/ro10 is by ! regul> =m ( d]ivation f ! ,lat9 to ! ,italian1--! ,l be=e a v[el giv+ place to a %ort ,i--z 8piano0 f ,,planus4 7,! ,,*1 9 ,italian is always s\nd$ h>d1 l ! ,engli% ,k47 ,leav+ ! ,fr5* ^w encre z on ! middle gr\nd betwe5 diff]5t etymologies1 & af=d+ no light ei!r way1--we f9d ! ,spani% & ,portugese 8t9ta10 & ! ,g]man 7a language widely remote f ^? ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula 9 orig9 & aff9ities7 8d9te1 t9te & t9cta10 =cibly rem9d+ u ( ! ,lat9 p>ticiple ,,t9ctus1 ,,t9cta1 ,,t9ctum1 f ! v]b ,,t+o1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,engli% by ,,t+e1 & o!r d]ivatives1 su* z 8t9cture10 c4 ,we _c refuse to recognize ! ,holl&-,dut* 8,inkt0 z f ! same root to :i* we h ?us trac$ ! correspond+ ^w 9 a language :i* we may call its 8c\s9-,g]man20 & x is h>d to exclude ! ,old ,fr5* 8,enque0 & mod]n 8,encre0 f ?is circle ( relation%ip4 ,!n1 we are some:at impress$ by ! discov]y ( ! ^w ,+vas 9 ! ,illyrian1 a language ( ! ,slavonic 7or m prop]ly ,slov5ic7 /ock1 l ! ,poli%1--&1 l t1 enri*$ by words d]iv$ f ! ,lat94 ,! ,poli%1 h[ev]1 pres5ts u ) ! actual ,graeco-,lat9 ,encau/rum4 ,/ill m remote f ! ,engli% & ,italian1 we f9d among ! ,ori5tals ( ! ,%emiti% race1 ,,anghas & ,,nikson 9 ! ,arabic1 & ,n',,ka%o 9 ! ,*aldee1 ) a manife/ resemblance 9 s\nd1 & ) an actual possession ( ! same elem5ts & radical lett]s1 ,n4 ,k4 ,yet we d n ?9k ( sugge/+ t ^! words _h a common orig9 ) ! correspond+ ones 9 ,european ,languages1 ?\gh s ne>ly co9cid5t 9 s\nd4 ,! case is simply "o ( accid5tal resemblance1 a rem>kable co9cid5ce1--7because occurr+ at ?ree diff]5t & remote po9ts17 b yet a co9cid5ce n :olly unp>allel$4 ,! probability is t ! ,engli% ^w1 l ! ,dut*1 ,g]man1 ,spani%1 c41 came f ! ,lat9 ,,t9ctum1 b x may be left 8an op5 "q20 = if we _h n ^! in/ances to direct ! =mation ( our op9ions1 we %\ld h no hesitation 9 ackn[l$g+ ! ,italian ,in*io/ro z ! true ,,etymon2 j z1 if we _h nei!r ( ^! 9 view1 we might suspect ! orig9 ( our ^w to be 9 ! ,ori5tal ,,anghas or ,,nikson4 ,! ,e?iopic ,,kalama at fir/ sight appe>s to be relat$ to ! ,h9du/ani ,,kali2 b ! latt] is m]ely ! ^w 9 all ! languages ( ,h9du/an = black1--:ile ! =m] is b a modification ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,calamus1 a re$ or p51--! in/rum5t 7naturally en\gh7 giv+ its "n to ! liquid :i* 0 ess5tial to its use4 ,! ^w ,,encau/um connects1 9 a v int]e/+ & in/ructive mann]1 bo? ) ! hi/ory & ! *emi/ry or manufacture ( our mod]n inks1 & is a satisfactory demon/ration ( ! utility ( su* etymological rese>*es z ^? 9 :i* we h be5 "h indulg+4 ,! "o great di/9ction betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n inks is ?is3 ,! old inks 7 ,,pa9ts2 ! writ+ inks n[ 9 use by all nations 7except+ ^? ( ,s\!rn ,asia7 are ,,dyes4 ,t is ! :ole diff]5ce4 ,x w\ld be well to give a def9ition or limitation ( ! words 8,anci5t0 & 8,mod]n40 ,no "o has done x hi!rto4 ,we w n attempt to fix ! po9t precisely1 b may reasonably say t ! p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ,septemb]1 ,a4,d4 #daj1 7:5 ,rome 0 tak5 by ,,al>ic & 8 ,visigo?s7 & ,decemb] #be1 ,a4,d4 #hjj1 7:5 ,k>l ! ,great1 o!rwise call$ ,*>lemagne1 0 cr[n$ 9 ,rome by ,pope ,leo ) ! title ( ,emp]or ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire7 conta9s ! int]val betwe5 antiquity & mod]n times4 ,! introduction ( ,pap] z ! common mat]ial ^u :i* significant *>act]s 7 to be m>k$ mu/ h _h a great ag5cy 9 produc+ a *ange 9 ! composition ( ! liquid employ$ 9 mak+ ! m>ks4 ,,p>*m5t 0 ! sub/ance 9 use1 among all ! ,european nations1 z ! sub/ratum ( manuscript1 f ! "t :5 ! ,egyptian papyrus w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,bo? ! p>*m5t & ! papyrus 7 writt5 ^u1 by ,romans1 ,greeks & ,hebrews1 ) p5s made ( small re$s1 dipp$ 9 a fluid compos$ ( c>bon1 7n dissolv$1 b7 held 9 a /ate ( susp5sion by an oil or a solution ( gum4 ,! lett]s 7 orig9ally pa9t$ on ! surface ( ! papyrus1 p>*m5t1 bo>d1 or o!r mat]ial s employ$--! ink n be+ imbib$ or absorb$ by ! sub/ance on :i* x 0 %$1 b rema9+ on ! surface1 capable ( be+ remov$ by wa%+1 scrap+1 rubb+1 or any simil> process4 ,! surface ?us cleans$ 0 !n 9 a /ate to receive a new inscription2 s t erasions & inscriptions might be indef9itely repeat$ ^u x1 z ^u a mod]n sign-bo>d4 ,,mod]n ,,ink1 on ! contr>y1 leaves its m>ks ^u pap]1 p>*m5t1 c41 by p5etrat+ ! mat]ial to su* a dep? t x _c be eras$ 7me*anically7 )\t ! removal or de/ruction ( ! surface :i* x has t+$4 ,*emical ag5cy1 z ( v>i\s acids1 *lor9e & its comp\nds1 is g5]ally employ$1 !re=e1 to dis*>ge ! color f mod]n writ+-ink-m>ks4 ,,c>bon1 9 all its common =ms1 7*>coal1 bitum9\s coal1 an?racite1 jet1 plumbago1 lignite1 ivory-black1 lamp-black & soot17 is :olly unalt]able 9 color by any ( ^! *emical means4 ,,pr9t+ ,,ink 7:i* is compos$ ( c>bon susp5d$ 9 a dry+ oil7 is1 9 ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 id5tical ) ! writ+-inks ( ! anci5t ,romans & ,greeks4 ,x is impress$ ^u ! surface ( pap]1 7t :i* is unsiz$ or bibul\s be+ commonly pref]r$17 & is reta9$ un*ang$ by ! action ( moi/ure1 on acc\nt ( ! insolubility ( ! c>bon & ! repulsion betwe5 oil & wat]4 ,^! two =ms ( ink are !re=e ! exact opposites ( ea* o!r1 9 ! qualities on :i* _! use & p]man5ce dep5d4 ,! mo/ important peculi>ity ( ! mod]n writ+-ink1 z contra/$ ) ! anci5t1 naturally sugge/$ ! two names :i* x bore 9 ! ,lat9 & ,greek ( ! middle ages1 or 7to speak m def9itely17 ! "t ( its inv5tion & fir/ employm5t4 ,x 0 a ,t9cta1 a ,,dye1 or ,,/a91 :i* t+$ & t9ctur$ ! mat]ial on :i* x 0 plac$1 ent]+ among its fibres z color+ fluids d into clo? 9 ! ord9>y processes ( manufacture4 ,x p5etrat$ ! sub/ance ( ! pap] 7z cau/ics or p[]ful *emical solv5ts & corrosives act on ! organic fibre73 x bit 91 or burn$ 91--& 0 !re=e well nam$ ,,encau/on & ,incau/um4 ,,*emi/ry or ,,composition ( ,,ink4 ,we d n propose to furni% recipes1 prescriptions1 directions or in/ructions = ! manufacture ( ?is article4 ,no m]e /atem5t 9 words c enable any "o to arrive at p]fection1 or excell5ce1 or practical success 9 ! production ( ?is article1 or any articles :atsoev]4 ,a skill & c>efulness1 :i* c be acquir$ only by long & labori\s exp]i5ce1 are indisp5sable to ! managem5t ( ! v>i\s processes4 ,"t is an ess5tial elem5t ( success 9 ?is peculi> art2 & t makes absolutely requisite also1 two o!r conditions1--pati5ce & capital4 ,we %all !re=e be brief on ?is po9t1--ref]r+ ^? :o wi% = m9ute details1 to ! cyclopa$ias1 diction>ies ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & ! l>g] works on practical *emi/ry4 ,! foll[+ we v5ture to pres5t z ! mo/ correct acc\nt ( ?is subject1 d]iv$ f ! late/ sci5tific & practical au?orities4 ,! composition ( ink v>ies accord+ to its colors1 & ! purposes to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,,common ,,black ,,writ+-,,ink is ! tannate ( ! sesquoxyd ( iron mix$ ) a small] quantity ( ! gallate ( ! sesquoxyd ( iron4 ,:5 9 ! liquid =m1 x is g5]ally ! tannate & gallate ( ! protoxyd2 b aft] be+ long kept1 7or put on ! pap] & dry+ !re17 x absorbs m oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e2 & ?us ! sal9e comp\nds become ! p]-tannate & p]-gallate1 :i* are black] ?an ! tannate & gallate ( ! protoxyd4 ,x is ?us & !re=e t good mod]n ink is kn[n by ! simple te/-quality ( d>k5+ by age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 writ+ becomes yell[1 pale or indi/9ct by age1 x is f ! decay ( ! imp]fectly comb9$ vegetable a/r+5t1--! m>ks on ! pap] or p>*m5t be+ !n little m ?an ! /a9 ( ! p]-oxyd 7t is ! sesquoxyd7 ( iron4 ,if ! writt5 surface be !n c>efully wa%$ or ev5 moi/5$ ) ! infusion ( nut-galls1 x w be r5d]$ black]1 & if be=e indi/9ct w become legible4 ,?is may sometimes be bett] accompli%$ by fir/ apply+ a weak solution ( oxalic acid or v dilute muriatic 7hydro-*loric7 acid1 & !n delicately lay+ on ! infusion ( galls4 ,:5 ! writ+ pap] has be5 made ( inf]ior rags1 blea*$ ) *lor9e1 ! be/ ink us$ ^u x is liable to become discolor$4 ,nut-gulls or gall-nuts 7,gall-t9ctori7 are excresc5ces gr[+ ^u ! leaves or twigs ( oak trees1 7especially ! ,qu]cus infectoria17 caus$ by ! puncture ( an insect 7! ,cynips gall-t9ctori7 :i* deposits its eggs 9 ! p]=ations ?us made4 ,! ,qu]cus infectoria is mo/ abundant 9 ,p]sia1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 f :i* c\ntries ! galls are br\ght 9 l>ge quantities to ! manufactories ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! be/ are call$ 8,,aleppo galls10 f ! "n ( ! ,syrian city :i* is ! *ief orig9al m>ket = !m4 ,^? f ,smyrna are also highly e/eem$4 ,!y conta9 ! vegetable a/r+5t pr9ciple call$ tann9 9 great] abundance ?an any o!r kn[n sub/ance4 ,?is is *emically resolv$ into ! acids kn[n z ! tannic & gallic4 ,all ! woods & b>ks employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( lea!r by ! tann+ ( hides conta9 ?is a/r+5t matt] 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,! oak & ! hemlock1 = in/ance1 are 9 ext5sive & famili> use = ?is purpose 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! blackness ( ink1 z has be5 already indicat$1 is d]iv$ f ! comb9ation ( ^! two acids ) oxydiz$ iron 9 sal9e comp\nds :i* are insoluble 9 wat]1 & are !re=e precipitat$ or deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! fluid1 unless held me*anically susp5d$ 9 x1 by gum1 sug> or "s simil> sub/ance :i* gives ! quality ( viscidity to its solutions4 ,! foll[+ w s]ve z a good =mula = mak+ common ink1 & w be en\gh to give an idea ( ! ord9>y & g5]al mode ( its composition3--8,take ( ,aleppo galls f9ely bruis$1 six ounces1--sulphate ( iron1 f\r ounces1--gum ,arabic1 f\r ounces1--wat]1 six p9ts4 ,boil ! galls 9 ! wat] = ab\t two h\rs1 occasionally add+ wat] to supply ! loss f evaporation2 !n add ! o!r +r$i5ts2 & keep ! :ole = two mon?s 9 a wood5 or glass vessel1 :i* is to be %ak5 at int]vals4 ,!n /ra9 ! ink into glass bottles1 add+ a few drops ( creosote to prev5t m\ld9ess40 ,besides its prop]ty ( viscidity1 ! gum possesses ! p[] ( prev5t+ ! ink f be+ too fluid3 & x also s]ves to protect ! vegetable matt] f decomposition4 ,! great desid]atum or requisite is t ! ink %\ld fl[ ) p]fect fre$om f ! p51 to all[ rapid writ+1 & t x %\ld adh]e to ! pap]1 or 8bite into x10 s z n to be effaceable by wa%+ or spong+4 ,! great defect to be avoid$ & prev5t$ is ! want ( durability4 ,! writ+ ink ( ! anci5ts 0 *>act]iz$ by great p]man5cy1 be+ compos$ ( f9ely pulv]iz$ c>bon mix$ ) a mucilag9\s or adhesive liquid4 ,,india or ,,*9a ,,ink is ( ?is composition3 x is =m$ ( lamp-black & size or f9e animal glue1 ) ! incid5tal addition ( p]fumes4 ,x is us$ 9 ,*9a ) a bru%1 bo? = writ+ & pa9t+ on ,*9ese pap]2 & x is employ$ 9 o!r c\ntries = mak+ draw+s 9 black & :ite1--! diff]5t dep?s ( %ade be+ produc$ by v>y+ ! degree ( dilution 9 wat]4 ,inks ( o!r colors ?an black 7 anci5tly us$ only = purposes ( ornam5tal & decorative writ+4 ,9 lat] & pres5t times1 r$ & blue inks h be5 ext5sively employ$ 9 rul+ acc\nt-books & o!r pap] = l uses4 ,blue ink1 )9 t5 or m ye>s pa/1 has be51 ) _m1 a pref]r$ fluid = common writ+4 ,blue ink1 :5 prop]ly made1 fl[s ) great ease & rapidity f ! p51 dries almo/ in/antly on ! pap]1 & has be5 suppos$ or expect$ to be q durable1 & un*angeable 9 color1 "u ord9>y vicissitudes4 ,yet1 exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ ! contr>y1--?\gh v>i\s & well-contriv$ *emical comb9ations h be5 attempt$ = ! purpose4 ,blue inks t *ange to black "s "t aft] writ+ are v popul>4 ,on well-made & high-pric$ pap]1 & ) gold p5s1 su* inks1 if prep>$ by good *emi/s1 may ultimately prove wor?y ( ! high e/eem 9 :i* !y are held2 b _! absolute & un*angeable durability is yet to be te/$ by exp]i5ce1 be=e !y c be safely employ$ = writ+s ( p]man5t value1 & reli$ on = use 9 mak+ records design$ = pres]vation & ref]5ce dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s4 ,!re is a comp\nd ( bi*romate ( pota% & extract ( logwood1 :i* =ms a v *eap & conv5i5t writ+ fluid4 ,dr4 ,ure pron\nces x 8a vile dye40 ,yet x may h its utilities1 9 localities remote f ! c5tres ( civilization & comm]ce1--z 9 ! new settlem5ts 9 we/]n ,am]ica1 9 ,au/ralia1 c41 & = travel]s 9 ,africa1 9 ! ,arctic & o!r b>b>\s or un9habit$ regions4 ,! foll[+ is ! be/ =mula :i* c be giv5 = ?is comp\nd2 & we pres5t x on ! highe/ *emical au?ority3--8,take ,bi*romate ( pota%1 #a-d oz4--,extract ( logwood #a oz4--,boil+ wat]1 #a gallon40 ,we h tak5 ! tr\ble to give ?is prescription or =mula1 because "s quacks h be5 p$dl+ x all ov] ! c\ntry1 at all sorts ( prices1 v>y+ 7accord+ to ! cr$ulity & lib]ality ( pur*as]s7 f #ej c5ts to #bej4 ,we give x = j :at x is wor?2 & t is--exactly :at ?is book co/s ! read]4 ,,bibliography4 ,! longe/ & mo/ valuable passage :i* we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( any ,engli% au?or1 :o has allud$ to our subject1 is ! foll[+1 f 8,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,writ+10 by ,?omas ,a/le1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,f4 ,a4 ,s4 c41 pp4 #bji to #bab1 #b;d edition1 ,london1 #ahjc4 8,,( ,,inks4 ,ink has n only be5 useful 9 all ages1 b /ill cont9ues absolutely necess>y to ! pres]vation & improvem5t ( e art & sci5ce1 & = conduct+ ! ord9>y transactions ( life4 8,daily exp]i5ce %[s t ! mo/ common objects g5]ally prove mo/ useful & b5eficial to mank9d4 ,! con/ant occasion we h = ,ink ev9ces its conv5i5ce & utility4 ,f ! important b5efits aris+ to society f its use1 & ! injuries individuals may suff] f ! frauds ( design+ m5 9 ! abuse ( ?is necess>y article1 x is to be wi%$ t ! legislature w\ld frame "s regulation to promote its improvem5t1 & prev5t knav]y & av>ice f mak+ x in/rum5tal to ! accompli%m5t ( any base purpose4 8,simple z ! composition ( ,ink may be ?\ght1 & really is--x is a fact well kn[n1 t we h at pres5t none equal 9 beauty & color to t us$ by ! anci5ts2 z w appe> by an inspection ( _m ( ! manuscripts above quot$1 especially ^? writt5 9 ,engl& 9 ! times ( ! ,saxons4 ,:at occasions s great a disp>ity8 ,does x arise f our ignorance1 or f our want ( mat]ials8 ,,f ,,nei!r1 b f ! neglig5ce ( ! pres5t race2 z v little att5tion w\ld soon demon/rate t we want nei!r skill nor +r$i5ts to make ,ink z good n[ z at any =m] p]iod4 8,x is an object ( ! utmo/ importance t ! ,records ( ,p>liam5t1 ! ,decisions & ,adjudications ( ! ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice1 ,conveyances f man to man1 ,wills1 ,te/am5ts1 & o!r ,in/rum5ts :i* affect prop]ty1 %\ld be writt5 ) ,ink ( su* durable quality z may be/ resi/ ! de/ructive p[]s ( "t & ! elem5ts4 ,! necessity ( pay+ great] att5tion to ?is matt] may be readily se5 by comp>+ ! ,rolls & ,records t h be5 writt5 f ! fifte5? c5tury to ! end ( ! sev5te5?1 ) ! writ+s we h rema9+ ( v>i\s ages f ! fif? to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,not)/&+ ! sup]ior antiquity ( ! latt]1 !y are 9 excell5t pres]vation2 b we frequ5tly f9d ! =m]1 ?\gh ( m mod]n date1 s mu* defac$ t !y are sc>cely legible4 8,inks are ( v>i\s sorts1 z--encau/ic or v>ni%1 ,indian ink1 gold & silv]1 purple1 black1 r$1 gre51 & v>i\s o!r colors4 ,!re 7 also secret & sympa!tic ,inks4 8,! ,ink us$ by ! anci5ts _h no?+ 9 common ) ours1 b ! color & gum4 ,gall-nuts1 copp]as & gum make up ! composition ( our ,ink2 :]eas soot1 or ivory-black1 0 ! *ief +r$i5t 9 t ( ! anci5ts2 s t v old *>t]s might be suspect$1 if writt5 ) ,ink entirely simil> to :at we use2 b ! mo/ acute & delicate disc]nm5t is necess>y 9 ?is matt]2 = "s ( ! black ,inks =m]ly us$ 7 liable to fade & decay1 & are f\nd to h turn$ r$1 yell[ or pale4 ,^? imp]fections are h[ev] r>e 9 manuscripts prior to ! t5? c5tury4 8,!re is a me?od ( reviv+ ! writ+2 b ?is exp$i5t %\ld n be haz>d$1 le/ a suspicion ( deceit may arise1 & ! support dep5d$ on be lo/4 8,,gold5 ,ink 0 us$ by v>i\s nations1 z may be se5 9 sev]al libr>ies1 & 9 ! ar*ives ( *ur*es4 ,,silv] ,ink 0 also common 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,r$ ,ink1 made ( v]milion1 c9nab>1 or purple1 is v frequ5tly f\nd 9 manuscripts2 b none are f\nd writt5 entirely ) ink ( t color4 ,! capital lett]s1 9 "s1 are made ) a k9d ( v>ni%1 :i* seems to be compos$ ( v]milion & gum4 ,gre5 ,ink 0 r>ely us$ 9 *>t]s1 b (t5 9 ,lat9 manuscripts1 especially 9 ^? ( ! latt] ages4 ,! gu>dians ( ! ,greek emp]ors or r ! ,reg5ts ( ! ,empire made use ( x 9 _! signatures1 till ! latt] ! mon>*s dur+ m9ority became ( age4 ,blue or ,yell[ ,ink 0 seldom us$ b 9 manuscripts4666 ,! yell[ has n be5 9 use1 z f> z we c le>n1 = six hundr$ ye>s4 8,metallic & o!r *>act]s 7 sometimes burni%$4 ,wax 0 us$ z a v>ni% by ! ,lat9s & ,greeks1 b mu* m by ! latt]1 ) :om x cont9u$ a long "t4 ,?is cov]+ or v>ni% 0 v frequ5t 9 ! n9? c5tury4 8,,color4 ,! color ( ,ink is ( no great assi/ance 9 au!nticat+ manuscripts & *>t]s4 ,!re is 9 my libr>y a long roll ( p>*m5ts1 at ! head ( :i* is a lett] t 0 c>ri$ ov] ! greate/ "p ( ,engl& by two dev\t monks1 reque/+ pray]s = ,lucia de ,v]e1 ,c\ntess ( ,ox=d1 a pi\s lady1 :o di$ 9 #aaii1--:o _h =m$ ! h\se or conv5t ( ,h5n+ham 9 ,essex1 & done _m o!r acts ( piety4 ,?is roll consi/s ( _m membranes or sk9s ( p>*m5t sew$ toge!r1--all ( :i*1 except ! fir/1 conta9 c]tificates f ! diff]5t religi\s h\ses t ! two monks _h visit$ !m1 & t !y _h ord]$ pray]s to be (f]$ up = ! ,c\ntess1 & _h ent]$ h] "n on _! bead-rolls4 ,x is obs]vable t "t ha? _h v diff]5t effects on ! v>i\s inks ) :i* ^! c]tificates 7 writt54 ,"s are z fre% & black z if writt5 ye/]day2 o!rs are *ang$ br[n2 & "s are ( a yell[ hue4 ,x may naturally be suppos$ t !re is a great v>iety ( h&writ+s ^u ?is2 b ! fact is o!rwise1 = !y may be r$uc$ to ?ree4 8,x may be said 9 g5]al1 t ,,black ink ( ! sev5?1 eigh?1 n9? & t5? c5turies1 at lea/ among ! ,anglo-,saxons1 pres]ves its orig9al blackness !reby mean+ t its 8=m _h n lo/ all its orig9al brightness0 mu* bett] ?an t ( succe$+ ages1--n ev5 except+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5?1 9 :i* x 0 frequ5tly v bad4 ,pale ink v r>ely occurs be=e ! f\r la/ c5turies4 ,illu/ration 8,pet] ,canip>ius1 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,v5ice1 wrote a curi\s book conc]n+ ,ink1 :i* is n[ sc>ce1 ?\gh !re is an edition ( x pr9t$ 9 ,london1 9 #affj1 qu>to4 ,! title is--,de ,atram5tis cujuscunque g5]is opus san novum4 ,hact5us nem9e promulgatum4 ,a ,,"w ,,actually ,,new1 ,,conc]n+ ,,inks ,,( ,,e ,,k9d ,,:atsoev]1--,,hi!rto ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,no ,,"o4 ,?is "w is divid$ into six p>ts4 ,! fir/ treats g5]ally ( ,inks made f ,,pyrites1 sulphurets ( iron & copp]1 /ones & metals4 ,! second treats m p>ticul>ly ( ,inks made f metals & ,,calxes4 ,bett] say calces1 or1 to speak *emically1 cry/alliz$ salts depriv$ ( _! 8wat] ( cry/allization10 or c>bonic acid1 by ! action ( heat4--,! ?ird treats ( ,ink made f soots & vitriols4--,! f\r? treats ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,inks us$ by ! libr>ii or book-writ]s1 pr(essional scribes or copyi/s ( manuscripts be=e ! inv5tion ( ! art ( ,pr9t+1 z well z by pr9t]s & engrav]s1 & ( /a9+ 7or writ+ ^u7 m>ble1 /ucco or scagliola1 & ( ,,encau/ic modes ( writ+2 z also ( liquids = pa9t+ or color+ ( lea!r1 clo?s made ( l95 or wool1 & = re/or+ inks t h be5 defac$ by "t1 z likewise _m me?ods ( effac+ writ+--re/or+ decay$ pap]--& ( v>i\s modes ( secret writ+4--,! fif? "p treats ( ,inks = writ+1 made 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ( v>i\s mat]ials & colors1--z f gums1 woods1 ! juice ( plants1 c41 & also ( diff]5t k9ds ( v>ni%es4--,! six? "p treats ( ! v>i\s op]ations ( extract+ vitriol1 & ( its *emical uses4 8,?is "w ab\nds ) a great v>iety ( philosophical1 *emical & hi/orical k1 & w give great ent]ta9m5t to ^? :o wi% = in=mation on ?is subject4 8,_m curi\s p>ticul>s conc]n+ ,ink w be f\nd 9 8,weck]us de ,secretis40 7,pr9t$ at ,basle1 9 #afab1 octavo47--,?is g5tleman also gives receipts = mak+ ,inks ( ! color ( ,gold & ,silv]1 compos$ z well ) ^? mat]ials z )\t !m1--also1 directions = mak+ a v>iety ( ,inks = secret writ+1 & = defac+ ( effac+ ,inks4 ,!re are _m m>vel\s p>ticul>s 9 ?is la/ "w1 :i* w n easily ga9 cr$it ) ! judici\s "p ( mank9d40 ,we h *os5 to give ,mr4 ,a/le's p>agraphs on ?is subject1 entire1 8pure & simple10 7) no corrections or alt]ations1 except z to a few p>ticul>s 9 spell+1 punctuation1 c417 includ+ "s unnecess>y =mal v]biage1--in/ead ( embody+ 8 facts & obs]vations 9 our own language4 ,we %all d likewise ) o!r au?ors ^: books we use 9 ?is "w1 z ! mo/ effectual way ( giv+ ea* ( !m due cr$it = _! sev]al discov]ies & /atem5ts1 &1 at ! same "t1 secur+ our own j claims to :at we h]e9 pres5t z ( our own discov]y or production4 ,b we w give no cr$it to a m]e compil] or plagi>i/4 ,mr4 ,a/le 0 keep] ( ! anci5t ,records ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 & ?us enjoy$ extraord9>y facilities = asc]ta9+ su* facts1 & mak+ su* obs]vations z he furni%es 9 8 v useful1 int]e/+1 & elegantly illu/rat$ book4 ,z to :at he says 79 8 sev5? p>agraph7 ab\t ! inexp$i5cy ( 8haz>d+0 any ef=t to revive writ+ :i* has fad$ or become illegible1 f fe> ( 8a suspicion ( deceit10--! caution mu/ ( c\rse be limit$ to cases :]e ! words propos$ to be re/or$ to legibility h ref]5ce to "s "q ( disput$ title1 or o!r matt] 9 litigation or controv]sy4 ,mr4 ,a/le w\ld n h hesitat$ 7any m ?an ,angelo ,mai7 to use any possible process = ! re/oration ( a palimpse/ manuscript ( a long-lo/ "w ( ,cic]o or ,livy1 or ( any docum5t wor? ! labor & ! "t requisite to revive ! lett]s or read !m4 ,mr4 ,a/le's slight lapse ( p5 or m9d 9 /at+ 7eigh? p>agraph7 t 8,blue or yell[ ink 0 seldom us$ except 9 manuscripts10 rem9ds u ( ,noah ,web/]'s reason1 giv5 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 qu>to diction>y1 = ! use ( ! ^w 8,il&0 in/ead ( 8,isl&10 viz41 t ! latt] spell+ 0 8f\nd only 9 books40 ,p]haps ! v5]able ,mr4 ,a/le w\ld h be5 z mu* a/oni%$ to le>n t he himself _h always writt5 manuscript1 :5ev] he put p5 to pap]1 z ! ,b\rgeois ,g5tilhomme1 9 ,moli]e's com$y1 0 to le>n t he 8_h be5 speak+ prose all 8 life40 ,a comp>atively rec5t au?or gives ! foll[+ z ! sum & sub/ance ( 8 k on ?is division ( ! subject ( our book4 ,,writ+-,,inks4 ,d>k-color$ liquids 7 us$ to /a9 lett]s previ\sly engrav$ on "s h>d sub/ance1 long be=e !y 7 made to fl[ 9 ! calamus or p5 = =m+ !m on a smoo? surface2 & ! ,*9ese made _! 8,indian ,ink0 9 ! same mann] z n[1 #aabj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era2 b1 only us$ x1 at t "t1 to black5 incis$ *>act]s4#a ,ink 0 t]m$ by ! anci5t ,lat9 au?ors atram5tum scriborium1#b or libr>ium1 to di/+ui% x f atram5tum sutorium or cal*antum4 ,x 0 made ( ! soot ( res91 or p\nd$ *>coal1 & o!r sub/ances1 mix$ ) gum1 & n1 l ours1 ( vitriol1 gall-nuts1 alum1 c4 ,! e>lie/ positive m5tion ( ink is p]haps ! passage 9 ,j]emiah1 9 ! ,vulgate1 8,ego scribebam 9 volum9e1 atram5to40#c ,footnote #a3 ,"h we might add1 )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t ,ink is /ill ext5sively us$ to 8black5 *>act]s10 )\t reg>d to ! dep? ( ! incision4 ,footnote #b3 ,! specim5 ( ! ,engli% language :i* we quote1 is n faultless2 & ! ,lat9 is execrable4 ,!re is no su* ^w z scriborium 9 any language1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,! ,romans call$ writ+-ink atram5tum scriptorum4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is is a v paltry piece ( p$antry4 ,:y c\ld n ?is au?or 7:o %[s t he does n und]/& ,lat917 give u ! text 9 ,engli%8 ,! passage is 9 ,j]emiah1 *ap4 ,,xxxvi1 v]se #ah3 8,i wrote !m ) ,ink 9 a book40 ,! only o!r ref]5ces 9 ! ,bible to ,ink1 are ! foll[+3 #b ,cor9?ians1 ,,iii1 #c3 8writt5 n ) ,ink1 b ! _s40 #b ,john1 ,,xii3 8,i w\ld write ) pap] & ,ink40 #c ,john1 ,,xiii3 8,i _h _m ?+s to write1 b ,i w n ) ,ink40 ,ezekiel1 ,,ix1 #b3 8) a writ]'s ink-horn by 8 side40 ,gold liquids1 & also silv]1 purple1 r$1 gre51 & blue inks1 7 ev5tually us$ 9 manuscripts aft] ! f\r? c5tury1--r$ & gold hav+ be5 employ$ mu* e>li]4 ,/4 ,j]ome speaks ( ri* decorations1 :i* mu/ h be5 execut$ ) color$ inks2 b1 be=e 8 "t1 ,ovid alludes n only to ! purple *>ta1 made use ( = f9e books1 :i* 7 also t+$ ) an oil drawn f c$>-wood1 to pres]ve !m1 b1 also to titles writt5 9 r$ ink1 :i* 7 ! fir/ k9d ( illum9ations4 ,! passage occurs 9 8 fir/ elegy1 8,ad ,librum30 8,nec te purpureo vel5t vacc9ia succo2 ,non e/ conv5i5s luctibus ille color4 ,nec titulus m9io1 nec c$ro *>ta notetur4 ,c&ida nec nigra cornua fronte g]as40 ,! la/ l9e prov+1 z ,casley obs]ves1 t ,ovid wrote ^u a roll4 ,?is au?or1 n hav+ be5 k9d en\gh to translate ,ovid = u1 we are compell$ to d x = him4 ,?is 8,elegy0 ( ! poet is address$ 8,to 8 ,book20 & ! foll[+ words conta9 ! mean+ ( ! f\r l9es above quot$3 ,nor %all huckleb]ries /a9 lit]ally1 ,,veil !e ) purple juice3 ,t color is n becom+ to lam5tations4 ,nor %all title 7or 8head-lett]07 be m>k$ ) v]milion1 or pap] ) c$>1 ,?\ %alt c>ry nei!r :ite nor black horns on ?y =ehead 7or front1 or frontispiece74 ,! ^w 8huckleb]ries10 we h rightly spell$ "h4 ,! diction>ies g5]ally are wrong 9 spell+ ! ^w 8:ortleb]ry40 ,huckleb]ry1 or ,hockleb]ry1 is f\nd 9 ! k9dr$ languages ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,diplomas 7 seldom writt5 9 gold or color$ inks2 b "s *>t]s ( ! ,g]man ,emp]ors are kn[n1 n only 9 gold1 b on purple vellum2 & ,leukfeld m5tions "o ( ! ye> #iab1 ornam5t$ also ) figures2 :ile sev]al e>ly ,engli% *>t]s h gold initial lett]s1 crosses1 c4 ,! black ink t has kept its color be/1 9 m$iaeval manuscripts1 is t us$ f ! t5? to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! signatures ( ! ,ea/]n ,emp]ors are frequ5tly 9 r$ ink4 ,color$ inks 7 common 9 m$iaeval manuscripts1--! r$ be+ mo/ usual = titles1 :i* has giv5 rise to ! t]m ,rubric4 ,! writ]s ( books 7t is1 ! copyi/s17 (t5 app5d$ _! names to ! end ( ! "w1 g5]ally 9 ink ( a diff]5t color f t ( ! body ( ! "w1 /at+ ! "t & place 9 :i* ! "w 0 execut$4 ,to ?is may be add$1 ) advantage1 "s in/ructive acc\nt ( ,,writ+ ,,in/rum5ts1 ^: hi/ory is closely connect$1 to a great ext5t1 ) t ( writ+ ,,fluids4 ,! ,egyptian1 & all o!r ori5tal & anci5t scribes1 :o wrote ^u /one1 employ$ 7( c\rse7 "s in/rum5t simil> 9 "* to ! *isel ( our mod]n tomb-/one cutt]s1 or monum5t lett]]s4 ,s ) ! ,greeks & ,romans1 writ+ on surfaces ( wax or wood1 ! in/rum5ts 7 ! graphium1 or glypheion1 7! grav]17 & ! /ilus1 or caelum1 all ( /eel or iron4 ,:5 ! use ( a d>k-color$ liquid or ,ink 0 introduc$1 !re arose a necessity = in/rum5ts ( v diff]5t mat]ial1 & great flexibility1 9 opposition to ! unyield+ rigidity ( ! tools previ\sly employ$4 ,!n 7 inv5t$ ! fir/ implem5ts prop]ly call$ ,p5s1 or really resembl+ :at we s d5om9ate & use4 ,^! 7 univ]sally made ( vegetable mat]ial1 gr[+ 9 ! tubul> =m1 ( conv5i5t size1 z ! calamus1 arundo1 juncus1 &1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! small] /ems ( v>i\s plants call$ 8re$s0 & 8ru%es0 9 ,engli%4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! uni=m employm5t ( ! hair-p5cil1 or bru%1 by ! ,*9ese1 f ! mo/ anci5t "t ( _! writ+4 ,! quill1 or fea!r-p51 0 introduc$ dur+ ! f\r? c5tury4 ,we h allud$ to ! palimpse/ manuscripts4 ,?is is ! t]m appli$ to p>*m5ts t h be5 twice writt5 ^u1--! fir/ writ+ be+ effac$ to make room = ! second4 ,dur+ ! p]iod commonly call$ 8! d>k ages10 ! monks & o!r scribes1 copyi/s or book-mak]s1 7 9 ! habit ( effac+ ! lett]s f old manuscripts1 9 ord] to make a clean surface = a new writ+4 ,9 ?is way 0 caus$ ! deplorable de/ruction ( an imm5se & an ine/imably valuable am\nt ( anci5t lit]ature1 ( ,greek & ,roman hi/ory1 poetry1 eloqu5ce & philosophy1 m]ely to make room = mass-books1 & o!r works ( /upid sup]/ition & mis-direct$ devotion1 or1 ( s*ola/ic !ology & philosophy1 n[ long ago univ]sally condemn$ & explod$4 ,)9 ! pa/ & pres5t g5]ation1 h[ev]1 ! le>n$ _w has be5 delight$ by ! surpris+ recov]y ( "s ( ^! long-lo/ treasures1 ?r\gh ! skilful & +5i\s labors ( ! des]v$ly fam\s ,c>d9al ,angelo ,mai1 & o!rs1 ^: rese>*es 9 ! libr>ies ( ,rome1 ,milan1 ,padua1 ,naples1 ,flor5ce1 & o!r cities1 h result$ 9 ! re/oration ( ine/imably preci\s writ+s1 ?us p>tially oblit]at$ or obscur$4 ,br&e's ,diction>y ( ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 & ,art1 gives a brief summ>y ( ! same g5]al facts 9 ! article 8,palimpse/40 ,! fulle/ & mo/ elaborate exposition ( ! composition & manufacture ( ,ink :i* we h be5 able to f9d1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! great ,fr5* 8,dictionnaire des ,arts et ,manufactures10 by an association ( di/+ui%$ savans1 9 two volumes1 imp]ial octavo1 ,p>is1 #ahec1 article1 ,,encre4 ,b1 ( all articles & treatises on ! subject1 :i* we h exam9$1 t 9 ! ,engli% ,p5ny ,cyclopa$ia has ! m]it ( conta9+1 if n ! be/ & longe/ acc\nt1 a v good & satisfactory "o1--because x expresses all ! ess5tial facts 9 ! fewe/ & be/-*os5 because p]fectly intelligible words4 ,z we d n attempt to furni% a text-book = ink-manufactur]s1 we d n transcribe 9 full1 or translate1 f ^! & o!r works ( great value on ?is subject4 ,t mod]n inks d n resi/ ! decompos+ & de/ructive p[] ( *emical ag5ts 7:e!r acids1 alkalies1 sal9e bodies or elem5ts17 z well z ! anci5t inks1 is ! result ( a necessity exi/+ 9 _! v composition & inv5tion1 & ev5 9 ! use = :i* !y 7 design$1 & to :i* !y are appli$4 ,a dye 7l mod]n ink7 is ! result ( *emical action1 & is !re=e subject to *emical re-ag5ts2 yet1 :5 well made1 x is pro( aga9/ me*anical action1 su* z wa%+1 rubb+1 & scrap+2 nor c x be remov$ f pap] to :i* x is appli$1 )\t de/roy+ t mat]ial1 or r5d]+ t "p ( x practically useless4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! anci5t inks1 :i* resi/ all *emical processes1 c be remov$ by me*anical action1 su* z has be5 nam$4 ,if a new ink 7 comp\nd$ ( ! two1 possess+ ! be/ prop]ties ( ea*1 any writ+ execut$ ) x c\ld be effac$ by ! jo9t or successive action ( me*anical & *emical applications4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! anci5t inks _h "o use = :i* writ+ ink is n[ nev] requir$2 & t 0 9 mak+ books1 or multiply+ copies ( manuscripts indef9itely = g5]al read+1 or publication4 ,! inv5tion & univ]sal employm5t ( ! art ( pr9t+ has :olly done away ) t4 ,( ,,indelible ,,inks1 or ^? us$ = m>k+ fabrics ( cotton1 l951 c41 = ! id5tification ( own]%ip1 x is n necess>y to give any p>ticul> description4 ,_! ord9>y composition is v g5]ally und]/ood to be a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 or "s simil> cau/ic1 appli$ ) a p5 ( prop] mat]ial1 to a portion ( ! surface ( ! clo?1 :i* has be5 previ\sly prep>$ by ! absorption ( a gummy or mucilag9\s fluid dri$ ^u x "u pressure4 ,,sympa!tic ,,inks are fluids employ$ 9 color+ draw+s made = p>lor amusem5t1 or ! div]sion ( *ildr5 & y\?4 ,z1 = in/ance1 a l&scape drawn 9 ord9>y colors ) a w9try aspect1 cl\dy or sombre sky1 sn[ on ! gr\nd1 & leafless trees1 if prop]ly t\*$ ) sympa!tic inks1 w1 at any "t1 :5 br\ght ne> a fire1 or o!rwise subject$ to a c]ta9 degree ( w>m?1 *ange to ! hues ( summ]1 ! sky becom+ ( a cle> blue1 ! trees 9 full foliage1 & ! turf ri* ) grass1 ea* ) its appropriate %ade ( v]dure1 z also fl[]s ( _! v>i\s natural colors1 c41 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! arti/1 ! :ole disappe>+ z ! picture gr[s cold4 ,! *loride1 ! nitrate1 ! acetate1 & ! sulphate ( cobalt1 =m sympa!tic inks1--! fir/1 blue1 & 7) ! addition ( nickel17 gre52 ! second1 r$4 ,*loride ( copp] gives a gamboge yell[2 bromide ( copp]1 a f9e ri* br[n4 ,lett]s writt5 ) a solution ( acetate ( lead1 are invisible until expos$ to ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* makes !m di/9ct1 ) ! lu/r\s greyi% black ( sulphuret ( lead1 ! same sub/ance :i* is call$ gal5a :5 x occurs z lead-ore4 ,a weak infusion ( galls or o!r vegetable a/r+5t1 w1 if appli$ to pap] 9 ! =m ( lett]s1 become legible :5 t\*$ ) any solution ( iron4 ,if writt5 ) a solution ( f]ro-cyanide ( pota%1 lett]s w rema9 invisible until t\*$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,,importance ,,( ,,good ,,ink4 ,a/le speaks v impressively & ju/ly on ?is po9t2 & we contribute to ?is "p ( our subject by call+ att5tion to facts almo/ daily occurr+ or br\ght to notice 9 ?is c\ntry1 especially 9 ! old] cities & /ates1 :]e t[n-records1 p>i%-regi/]s1 & o!r docum5ts ( anci5t date1 & ( high importance 9 hi/ory1 *ronology1 & g5ealogy1 7z well z 9 reg>d to ! title & inh]itance ( e/ates17 are f\nd obscur$ & oblit]at$1 caus+ losses1 public & private1 t ne$ b to be m5tion$ to be prop]ly e/imat$4 ,9 ! app5dix w be f\nd a fac-simile ( a %eet ^u :i* v>i\s specim5s ( ink 7 ?or\ghly & fairly te/$1 :i* is a brief b emphatic demon/ration ( a diff]5ce ( qualities by diff]5ce ( results4 ,to %[ :at c be done 9 ! pres]vation ( writ+ on mat]ial ev5 frail] ?an su* pap] z we employ1 we ne$ b produce ! specim5 ( ,egyptian writ+ on papyrus1 pron\nc$ by ,*ampollion to h be5 execut$ m ?an sixte5 hundr$ 7#afjj7 ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 yet /ill 9 pres]vation & legible1 z may be se5 by ! repres5tation we give ( x4 ,?is is und\bt$ly z old z any specim5 ( phonetic *>act]s or writt5 lett]s 7repres5t+ s\nds1 n ideas or objects17 extant1 made by m>k+ ) a fluid ^u any sub/ance4 ,!re are inscriptions ( lett]s ^u /one1 = :i* an e>li] date ( #djjj ye>s ,b4,c41 is claim$ ) tru?4 ,b ?is is ,,ink-writ+1 absolutely #cejj ye>s old6 ,! ,*9ese ass]t t !y _h ! art ( writ+ at a p]iod #biej ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 b !y h no records or monum5ts ( t date2 & _! *>act]s ev5 to ! pres5t "t1 are entire words1 repres5t+ objects1 ideas or ?+s1 n s\nds4 ,9 ! art ( pr9t+1 !y pret5d to h prec$$ ! ,european nations ab\t #bdjj ye>s1 dat+ _! inv5tion ( x f ! t5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,b !y h nev] advanc$ beyond ! fir/ =m ( ! art--lett]s engrav$ on solid wood5 blocks--! v me?od 9 use by ,ko/]1 & 8 associates1 until ! inv5tion ( moveable types by ,john ,gansfleis*1 o!rwise nam$ ,john ,gut5b]g or ,guttemb]g1 9 #adce4 ,9 bo? arts1 writ+ & pr9t+ alike1 ! ,*9ese h rema9$ /iff1 solid & immovable at ! fir/ /ep1 ) ! *>act]i/ic un*angeability ( ! yell[ races ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 s opposite to ! indef9itely progressive & self-improv+ en]gy ( ! nations ^: prog5itors proce$$ we/ f ! orig9al s\rce & c5tre ( ! e>?'s population4 ,! same ink s]ves ! ,*9ese bo? = writ+ & pr9t+1 z does ! same k9d ( pap]4 ,?is ink !y inv5t$ ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 be=e :i* "t !y wrote on bo>ds or bamboos4 ,hav+ next proce$$ to ! use ( silk5 clo? = ^! purposes1 ! prep>ation ( pap] f t mat]ial naturally foll[$4 ,_! ink1 be+ c>bonace\s & oleag9\s1 is1 ( c\rse1 7l t ( ! ,egyptians & all ! o!r anci5ts17 unfad+1 & unalt]able by *emical ag5cies1 ?\gh capable ( be+ effac$ or obscur$ by wat]y applications or exposure4 ,z to _! claim ( hav+ inv5t$ ! art ( pr9t+1 we %all h some?+ to say h]eaft]4 ,! ,aztecs 79 ,mexico1 be=e ! ,spani% discov]y & conque/17 ext5sively employ$ a picture-writ+1 z a means ( record+ ev5ts1 dur+ a p]iod n exce$+ two c5turies be=e t epo*4 ,!y _h ! art ( manufactur+ mat]ials z a basis ( su* writ+1 f ! ,agave or ,am]ican aloe1 & f cotton1 9 ! =m ( a v f9e clo?4 ,!y also us$ prep>$ sk9s = ! same purpose1 ! be/ specim5s ( :i* are pron\nc$ to be m beautiful ?an ! f9e/ vellum4 ,_! manuscripts 7 sometimes done up 9 rolls or scrolls1 & frequ5tly on tablets1 9 ! =m ( a fold+-scre54 ,_! inks appe> to h be5 color+ matt]s 9 wat]y solutions4 ,! olde/ ,pho5ician ink-writ+ ( :i* any specim5 has be5 pres]v$1 dates no lat] ?an ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & may be mu* old]4 ,a fac-simile ( a portion ( x w be f\nd among our illu/rations1 expla9$ by notes ref]r+ to ea* by its numb]4 ,greek manuscripts 9 ink 7on papyrus71 ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 are 9 exi/5ce4 ,we give specim5s ( ! olde/ kn[n1--"o writt5 9 ,egypt1 #bfj ,b4,c41 be+ an ord] f ,dioscorides1 an (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 to ano!r nam$ ,dorion4 ,! translation ( ! words is 8,dioscorides to ,dorion1 greet+4 ,( ! lett] to ,dorion ! copy is subjo9$40 99 99 99 ,we add o!r specim5s1 ( ! same & lat] p]iods4 ,( ,lat9 writ+ ) ink1 ! e>lie/ we c f9d is ! palimpse/ ( ,cic]o's book1 8,de ,republica10 :i* _h be5 p>tly effac$ to make room = a copy ( ,augu/9's comm5t>y on ! ,psalms4 ,x is believ$ by ! le>n$ t ! orig9al manuscript 0 execut$ at lea/ z e>ly z ! second or ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! re/oration ( ?is manuscript1 & ! discov]y ( ?is long-lo/ & e>ne/ly s\ght classic gem1 7 ! "w ( ,c>d9al ,mai1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,! orig9al words are ,,tet]rimus ,,et ,,ex ,,hac ,,vel----1 & are writt5 9 two columns on ! page1 :ile ! lat] writ+ runs completely across ! page4 ,( ! e>lie/ writ+ execut$ 9 ,france1 aft] t c\ntry receiv$ its "n f ^? :o conqu]$ x1 we give a specim5 f ! beg9n+ ( a *>t] ( ,k+ ,dagob]t ,i1 execut$ ,a4,d4 #fbh4 ,! words are--8,,quotiescumque ,,petitionibus0--8,h[ev] _m times to petitions10 c4 ,x is a confirmation ( a p>tition ( prop]ty betwe5 two heirs4 ,! monogrammatic autograph ( ! ,great ,k>l1 79 mod]n times call$ ,*>lemagne17 we pres5t also z an object ( int]e/4 ,a4,d4 #hjj4 ,! olde/ specim5 ( writ+ 9 ,great ,brita9 :i* has be5 pres]v$ to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 a book believ$ to be n lat] ?an ! ye> #fjj ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,a/le has pres]v$ an engrav$ specim5 ( x2 b ! priceless orig9al has s9ce be5 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x 0 said to be a book ( ,augu/94 ,a specim5 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 dates betwe5 ! ye>s #ffd & #fgj4 ,x is a *>t] ( ,sebbi1 ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,saxons1 & is easily read3--8,i1 ,sebbi1 ,k+10 c4 ,we subjo9 a few words f ! comm5cem5t ( a *>t] ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ^: reign comm5c$ 9 ,engl&1 ,a4,d4 #ajff3--,,w3 ,,dei ,,gra,,tia ,,rex1 c41 ,,sciatis ,,me ,,concessisse--8,william1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ,k+ c43 ,"k ye t ,i h grant$--0 ,,isaac ,d',,israeli1 9 8 ,curiosities ( ,lit]ature1 7vol4 #b1 page #ahj1 ( ! ,bo/on edition17 gives a treatise on ! 8,orig9 ( ! ,mat]ials ( ,writ+40 ,he comm5ces x ) ^! rem>kable words3 8,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! v>i\s sub/itutes = pap] be=e its discov]y40 ,n[1 ( all 8curiosities ( lit]ature10 ?is little s5t5ce is1 9 _m respects1 ! mo/ curi\s4 ,he talks ( sub/itutes = a ?+ n 9 exi/5ce1 & n ev5 a subject ( imag9ation1 conjecture1 or conception4 ,! "n ( ,d',israeli does n indicate an ,,iri% orig91 b !re is a /rong aff9ity betwe5 ?is & ^? curiosities ( lit]ature commonly call$ 8,iri% bulls40 ,z = in/ance1 x rem9ds u ( ! c\plet compos$ by an ,iri% (fic] ( a g>rison 9 ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 9 commemoration ( ! 8good works0 ( ,g5]al ,wade1 :o _h caus$ excell5t milit>y roads to be made ?r\gh "s ( ! previ\sly almo/ impassable morasses ( t region4 8,_h y se5 ^! roads be=e !y 7 made1 ,y'd h lift$ y\r h&s & bless$ ,g5]al ,wade40 ,n[1 by way ( comm5t on ,d',,israeli1 we w say t 8x is v curi\s10 & moreov] v /range1 if n ridicul\s1 t he & ,,a/le1 7f :om he copies )\t a full & fair ackn[l$gm5t17 :ile 8deeply compla9+ ( ! inf]iority ( our inks to ^? ( antiquity10 h utt]ly fail$ to asc]ta9 ! cause or ev5 to notice ! occasion ( x4 ,!y1 z well z o!r writ]s on ! subject1 obs]ve ! excell5ce ( ! ink employ$ 9 manuscripts ( e>li] ages1 d[n to ! twelf? c5tury1 & ! inf]iority ( ! ink us$ f t p]iod d[n to ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 )\t turn+ att5tion to ! great hi/orical fact t ! ,,fir/ ,,pap]-,,mill 9 ,europe 0 e/abli%$ 9 t same twelf? c5tury4 ,a peculi> ,,ca*exy 7a v>iety ( ! disease kn[n to psy*o-nosologi/s z ! caco!s scrib5di17 seems to be h]$it>y 9 ! ,d',israeli family4 ,,b5jam9 ,d',,israeli1 7! son ( ,isaac17 late ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 c41 :5 he rose 9 8 place1 z ! ,head or ,repres5tative ( ,h] ,maje/y's gov]nm5t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 to pron\nce a eulogy on ! rec5tly deceas$ ,duke ( ,well+ton1 _h ! impud5ce to repeat1 ^w = ^w1 a v bald translation ( ! loge deliv]$ by ,lam>t9e a few ye>s previ\s1 on occasion ( ! dea? ( "o ( ! ?ird-rate m>%als ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,! ,d',israeli family are evid5tly 8"s0 ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 :o1 7z we are told on good au?ority17 :5 !y left ,egypt borr[$ ev]y?+ !y c\ld get1 & nev]1 s f> z ! record %[s1 ei!r return$ ! articles s obta9$1 or made prop] ackn[l$gm5ts !re=4 ,! ,*9ese did manufacture pap] f ! b>k ( ! small bran*es ( a tree ( ! mulb]ry g5us1 7,morus ,multicaulis87 & also f old rags1 silk1 hemp1 & cotton1 z e>ly z ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 & x is suppos$ t f !m ! ,arabs d]iv$ _! k ( pap]-mak+1 an art :i* !y introduc$ into ,europe 9 ! =m] half ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! fir/ pap]-mill 0 put 9 op]ation 9 ,spa91 !n "u ! ,moori% dom9ion2 &1 9 #aaej1 ?is article1 z manufactur$ by !m1 _h become fam\s ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,we use ! words ,arab & ,moor indiscrim9ately "h4 ,! =m] is ! "n ( ! race2 ! latt] is limit$ to t portion f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! ,moor is ! ,arab ( ! ,,we/1 7,al ,mogreb1 ,el ,gh>b17 9 ! ,arabic1 d5om9at$ ,,mogrebyn1--a ^w :i* 9 ,roman & ,european m\?s has smoo!d & s(t5$ itself into a =m sugge/ive ( ! orig9 ( ,maurus & ,mauritania4 ,n[1 )\t com+ to a positive conclusion on ?is subject1 we feel au?oriz$ to pron\nce :at appe>s to be a reasonable op9ion1 d]iv$ f all ! facts :i* we h j plac$ be=e ! read]1--t ! introduction ( writ+-pap] among ,europeans1 0 ! occasion & cause ( ! inv5tion & g5]al employm5t ( mod]n writ+-ink by !m4 ,! fact t ! vegetable a/r+5ts =m a deep or blui% black color1 :5 comb9$ ) a salt ( iron1 _h be5 kn[n f "t immemorial4 ,among ! ,romans1 ! atram5tum sutorium1--8%oemak]'s ink10--0 appli$ to a solution ( sulphate ( iron employ$ by !m1 z x is ev5 to ?is day1 by work]s 9 lea!r1 to black5 ! surface ( t mat]ial4 ,?is x does by unit+ *emically ) ! tann9 & gallic acid1 by :i* ! hide 0 conv]t$ into lea!r1 ^: black5$ p>ticles are !re=e ess5tially id5tical ) mod]n ink4 ,! 8copp]as-wat]0 is to be f\nd 9 e %oemak]'s %op1 :]e x is us$ to color ! cut edges ( ! heels & ! re/ ( ! soles4 ,z soon z ! difficulty ( writ+ ) conv5i5ce & rapidity on pap]1 ) ! anci5t c>bonace\s ink1 became manife/1 ! resort to ! atram5tum sutorium z a sub/itute = ! atram5tum scriptorium1 0 a matt] ( c\rse1 & 0 b a simple adaptation ( a famili> sub/ance to a new purpose1 requir+ no great +5uity1 & no inv5tion :atev]4 ,= a "t1 p]haps ?r\gh a p]iod ( sev]al c5turies1 a mixture ( ! two k9ds ( ink 0 employ$ by ! ,romans2 & ?is 0 und\bt$ly ! be/ composition t 0 ev] inv5t$ = ! purpose ( delib]ate1 c>eful1 elegant writ+1 design$ & requir$ to be p]man5t & un*angeable "u con/ant exposure & h&l+1--z 9 ! case ( manuscript books be=e ! art ( pr9t+ 0 kn[n4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 & probably long be=e t1 a solution ( sulphate ( iron 0 commonly or frequ5tly add$ to ! c>bonace\s & oleag9\s mixture :i* we h describ$ z ! orig9al writ+-ink4 ,9 %ort1 ! atram5tum sutorium 0 add$1 9 mod]ate quantity1 to ! atram5tum scriptorium1 ?us con/itut+ x a ,,*emical z well z a ,,me*anical ink4 ,s1 mod]n ink may be improv$ 9 blackness1 durability & beauty1 & r5d]$ un*angeable 9 color "u ! action ( ! *lorides1 acids1 c41 by ! int]mixture ( a small quantity ( ! v f9e/ c>bon1 9 ! =m ( an impalpable p[d]4 ,b1 ! great difficulty is--t ! c>bon clogs ! p51 & r5d]s ! ink too ?ick to fl[ easily1 s t x c nev] be us$ = rapid or ord9>y writ+4 ,we c n give1 9 our own words1 a bett] acc\nt ( ?is matt] ?an we f9d 9 ! language ( a v le>n$ au?or 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 7volume #dh1 ,dec4 #ahbh74 ,! article "h cit$ is entitl$ 8,,! ,,recov]y ,,( ,,lo/ ,,writ+s10 & is nom9ally a review ( #a;,,gaii ,,in/itutionum ,,comm5t>ii3 #b;,,in/itutes ,,de ,,gaius1 ,,recemm5t ,,dec\v]tes ,,dans ,,un ,,palimpse/e ,,de ,,la ,,biblio!que ,,de ,,*apitre ,,de ,,v]one4 #c;,,jurisconsulti ,,ante-,,ju/9ianei ,,reliquiae ,,in$itae1 ex codice rescripto ,biblio!cae ,vaticanae1 curante ,,angelo ,,maio1 ,biblio!cae ejusdem ,praefecti4 ,! article beg9s on page #cdh ( ?is volume ( ! ,review4 ,we quote f page #cff2--8,! ink :i* ! anci5ts g5]ally us$1 0 compos$ ( lamp-black mix$ ) gum1 z we are in=m$ by ,dioscorides & o!rs1 :o give ! receipt recipe8 = mak+ x4 ,ink ( ?is k9d may be call$ c>bonic3 x possesses ! advantages ( extreme blackness & durability1 ! writ+ rema9+ fre% s long z ! sub/ance on :i* x is writt5 exi/s2 b z x does n s9k into ! pap]1 x is liable to ! great inconv5i5ce ( be+ easily & entirely remov$2 =1 if a wet sponge be appli$ to x1 ! writ+ may be wa%$ away1 & no traces ( ! *>act]s w rema94 ,! facility ) :i* docum5ts might be ?us oblit]at$1 gave occasion to fraud1 z an artful =g] 0 able to remove su* portions ( ! orig9al writ+ z he might desire to get rid (1 & ?us pr(it by ! abs5ce ( mat]ial words1 or ins]t 9 ! blanks :i* he _h made1 su* int]polations z might s]ve 8 turn4 ,_m common accid5ts1 by :i* books & writ+s 7 expos$ to wet1 or ev5 to damp1 7 also fatal1 or at lea/ highly injuri\s1 to compositions & munim5ts ( great value4 ,v>i\s exp$i5ts 7 !re=e attempt$ to rem$y an imp]fection f :i* _m mu/ h suff]$ sev]ely4 ,,pl9y in=ms u t x 0 usual1 9 8 "t1 to mix v9eg> ) ! ink1 to make x /rike into ! pap] or p>*m5t1 & t x1 9 "s degree1 answ]$ ! purpose4 ,x %\ld seem t vitriolic ink1 su* z we use at pres5t1 0 also adopt$ soon aft]w>ds1 :i* possesses1 9 p]fection1 ! quality t 0 desir$ ( s9k+ in/antly into ! pap]1 s z to make x f> m difficult to dis*>ge x )\t de/roy+ ! texture on :i* x is writt51 & ( be+ p]fectly secure aga9/ wat]1 by :i* ,indian & o!r c>bonic ,inks are s easily effac$4 ,,x ,,is ,,n1 h[ev]1 ,,equally ,,secure ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,"t2 = vitriolic ink gradually fades away1 becomes pal] by degrees1 turns br[n & yell[1 & is sc>cely legible2 & sometimes1 z ! p>*m5t gr[s yell[ & br[n ) age1 x disappe>s altoge!r4 ,a comp\nd k9d ( ink came next into use1 :i* unit$ ! advantages & avoid$ ! defects ( ! two simple sorts4 ,su* a mix$ ink 0 g5]ally us$ = sev]al c5turies2 & ) ?is1 ! manuscripts t are n[ mo/ fre% & legible appe> to h be5 writt54 ,x is evid5t t ! ink ) :i* ! orig9al works conta9$ 9 ! ,palimpse/ manuscripts t h be5 deciph]$ 7 writt51 0 at lea/ 9 "p vitriolic3 = ! lett]s :i* _h be5 rubb$ out 7 r5d]$ legible by ! application ( ! infusion ( galls4 ,9 ord] to remove ! orig9al writ+1 ! p>*m5ts on :i* ! mix$ ink _h be5 us$ 71 probably1 fir/ wa%$ to take (f ! c>bon1 & ?us p>tially to efface ! *>act]s1 & 7 aft]w>ds scrap$ or rubb$ ) pumice1 or "s o!r suitable sub/ance1 to complete ! process ( de/ruction1 by tak+ away me*anically ! color t ! vitriolic portion ( ! ink /ill pres]v$4 ,x is b too probable t _m manuscripts1 ! *>act]s ( :i* 7 entirely =m$ ( ! m anci5t c>bonic ink1 h be5 entirely de/roy$1 ! lett]s hav+ be5 wa%$ (f completely1 & by ! same simple means z ! writ+ ( a s*ool-boy on a slate2 :il/ ! p>*m5t /ill rema9s 9 our libr>ies1 & is cov]$ ) m mod]n compositions :i* h sacrilegi\sly & too successfully usurp$ ! place ( m anci5t & m valuable matt]4 ,! tirades ( ,cyril or ( ,j]ome1 or ! tawdry eloqu5ce ( ,*ryso/om1 are p]haps firmly e/abli%$ 9 qu>t]s f :5ce 8 ! ,m>gites ( ,hom]1 or ! com$ies ( ,m5&]1 7 mis]ably dislodg$4 8,a manuscript is call$ ,palimpse/1 f ! adjective or 1 signify+ twice rubb$2 ,,n z ! gloss>y ( ,du ,cange 7membrana it]um abrasa--*>ta deletilis7 w\ld seem to d5ote1 because ! p>*m5t _h twice und]gone abrasure1 or ! writ+ be5 twice oblit]at$1 b because x _h be5 twice prep>$ = writ+1 :i* 0 pr9cipally effect$ by rubb+ x ) pumice1 fir/ 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 aft] ! orig9al sk9 _h be5 cur$1 & aga9 by ! same process1 aft] ! orig9al writ+ _h be5 tak5 away by wa%+1 or 9 any o!r mann]4 ,! /rict & precise s5se ( ,palimpse/ is !re=e #8twice prep>$ = writ+2' ! repetition ( su* prep>ation be+ ! prevail+ idea 9 ! etymology1 & n erasure1 z "s h errone\sly suppos$4 ,x is said to be easy to remove f mod]n p>*m5t1 especially if :at is writt5 be ( "s /&+1 all traces ( writ+1 by rubb+ x ) pumice1 or simil> sub/ances2 & if ! surface be aft]w>ds poli%$1 no "o1 by m]ely look+ on x1 w ev] suppose t x _h ev] be5 writt5 ^u2 b1 if x be wa%$ by an infusion ( galls1 ! lett]s w be s f> re/or$1 p>ticul>ly if x be suff]$ to rema9 "s "t 9 ! light1 t x may be copi$ by a pati5t & practic$ p]son1 :o is gift$ ) good eyes3--s deeply _h ! iron ent]$ into ! s\l ( ! p>*m5t6 ,if ! eras$ lett]s 7 writt5 9 a bold l>ge h&1 ! task ( deciph]+ !m w ( c\rse be less tr\blesome1 & ! results m sure4 ,& su* are ! *>act]s ( ! m anci5t manuscripts2 =1 ! old] ! manuscript1 ! bett] & m legible is ! writ+1 z approa*+ m ne>ly to ! ages ( civility & ref9em5t4 ,! me?od ( writ+ 9 old times is also favorable1 x is said1 to ! re/oration ( works app>5tly oblit]at$4 ,! scribe did n use a fl[+ ink1 nor a f9ely po9t$ p51 z mod]n writ]s are wont2 nor 0 a small quantity appli$ s lightly & sp>+ly z to dry almo/ z fa/ z x t\*es ! pap]4 ,! anci5t ink 0 ?ick ) gum1 & 0 suppli$ copi\sly by a p5 ) a broad po9t1 usually made ( a re$2 & ! *>act]s 7 pa9t$ r ?an writt51 ! ink r resembl+ pa9t or v>ni% ?an our ?9 liquor4 ,z !y r>ely wrote 9 books1 x 0 n necess>y t ! page %\ld dry spe$ily1 or be dri$ by means ( s& & blott+-pap]1 9 ord] to prev5t ! loss ( "t1 & t ! p5man might turn ov] ! leaf imm$iately2 ! loose %eets or leaves1 on ! contr>y1 :i* 7 only to be b\nd up :5 ! :ole 0 complet$1 7 left to dry sl[ly1 s t ! pools ( ink :i* =m$ ! lett]s1 /ood long on ! surface ( ! p>*m5t2 & t "p ( ! fluid :i* 0 ( a p5etrat+ nature 0 gradually absorb$1 & sunk deeply into ! sub/ance ( ! sk91 s z to pres]ve to u--if we be n want+ to ourselves 9 dilig5ce--_m preci\s relics ( anci5t lore4 ,! re/oration ( ! orig9al writ+ 9 a palimpse/ manuscript w be be/ expla9$ by ref]r+ to "o ( ! _m k9ds ( sympa!tic ink1 :i* is 9 tru?1 mak+ common ink ex po/ facto1 or unit+ ! +r$i5ts ( :i* x is compos$1 aft] ! fact ( writ+4 ,if we write ) wat] 9 :i* copp]as has be5 dissolv$1 ! lett]s w be invisible2 b :5 ! pap] has be5 wa%$ ov] ) an infusion ( galls1 !y w appe> gradually1 & w 9 "t become tol]ably legible2 ! ink be+ ?us =m$ ^u ! pap]1 al?\gh mu* less p]fectly1 ?an 9 ! ord9>y mac]ation40 ,little or no?+ c be add$ to ! full & elaborate hi/ory ( anci5t & mod]n inks :i* is conta9$ 9 ?is extract1--s ?or\gh & complete 9 its analysis ( ! subject1 & s cle> 9 its di/9ct /atem5ts ( ! results ( inve/igations 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ acute m9ds ( ,europe h long be5 successfully employ$1 t we w n l+] ^u x ) m]e v]bal criticism4 ,we c n pres5t a m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! *ange 9 ! composition ( inks ab\t ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( ! art ( pr9t+1 ?an is furni%$ by ! annex$ fac-simile ( a page 9 ! ,,biblia ,,paup]um1 78,bible = poor folks107 ! olde/ pr9t$ book 9 ! _w4 ,?is extraord9>y book is ( unc]ta9 date4 7,no pr9t$ book has a date prior to #adeg47 ,!re are1 z we believe1 only two copies ( x 9 ,am]ica1 "o 9 ! possession ( ,,james ,,l5ox1 ( ,new-,york1--! o!r 9 ! ,,a/or ,,libr>y4 ,! mak] ( ?is book 0 ! unconsci\s inv5tor ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,wood-engrav+ 0 9 use = ages be=e x occurr$ to ! m9d ( man t a lett] might be z easily reproduc$ 9 t way z a picture or figure4 ,to convey scriptural hi/ory to ! m9ds ( ! common p1 ! wood-engrav]s 7^: art 0 inv5t$ to multiply & *eap5 ! production ( ,,play+-,,c>ds7 made little pictures repres5t+ sc5es describ$1 & ev5ts n>rat$1 9 ! ,bible4 ,= ! b5efit ( ! few :o c\ld read1 x 0 cu/om>y to write on ! m>g91 or at ! foot1 ( ! page on :i* ! woodcut 0 pr9t$1 a few words descriptive ( ! subject or object del9eat$4 ,?is 0 always done ) a p51 by a regul> scribe1 until1 "o day1 x occurr$ to ! wood-engrav] employ$ on ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 t ^! words might be z easily engrav$ z ! figures to :i* !y ref]r$1 & ( :i* !y 7 ! explanation4 ,he put t idea 9 practice3 & 9 an in/ant ! sublime ,,art ,,( ,,pr9t+ 0 an 8accompli%$ fact40 ,! advocates ( ! claims ( ,ko/]1 ,gansefleis*1 7or ,gut5b]g17 ,fau/ 7or ,fu/17 & ,s*oeff]1 to ?is inv5tion1 h wa/$ mu* labor 9 br++ =? conflict+ te/imony ab\t !m4 ,! long-=gott5 & n[ :olly unkn[n wood-engrav] ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um _h prec$$ !m by half ( a g5]ation4 ,su* books 7 9 exi/5ce be=e ,a4,d4 #adbj2 & ! e>lie/ date :i* ! ,ha>laem ,dut*m5 set up = ! fir/ pr9t+ ( _! fell[-t[nsman1 ,lawr5ce ,ko/]1 is #adbh4 ,& 8 pret5sions are aft] all v dubi\s4 ,inde$ !y h be5 g5]ally condemn$ z utt]ly fabul\s by bibliographical critics & typographical hi/orians4 ,we introduce x "h to %[ ! color & ! 7!reby indicat$7 composition ( ! ,,ink employ$4 ,x 0 writ+-ink4 ,x conta9$ sulphate ( iron 7copp]as71 9 comb9ation ) vegetable a/r+5t matt]1 & ) v little c>bon4 ,! vegetable sub/ance1 imp]fectly unit$ to ! m9]al +r$i5t1 has 79 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( organic matt]7 be5 decompos$ & 8resolv$ into its orig9al elem5ts40 ,x has disappe>$2 b ! ,,iron rema9s ) its yell[ /a91 an imp]i%able memorial ( t humble1 nameless workman1 m endur+ ?an t :i* ! pla9tive man ( ,uz desir$2 = if ^? words _h be5 8grav5 ) an ,,iron ,,p5 & lead 9 ! rock =ev]10 t anticipat$ et]nity might h fad$ ( realization by ! action ( ! ra91 ! fro/1 ! du/1 & innum]able imag9able atmosph]ic vicissitudes1 or1 7:at is worse17 8! wra? ( man40--,"s ,cambyses might h demoli%$ ! rock itself1 & left no m ( ! inscription ?an c n[ be read ( ^? once c>v$ on ! cliffs ( ,edom1 ! ,god-creat$ walls ( ,petra 9 ! valley ( ,,el ,,ghor4 ,?is pale ru/y ,,^w-,,/amp+ on ! fragile & easily combu/ible pap]1 has outla/$ ! inscriptions once visible 9 gigantic *>act]s on ! f\r sides ( ! ,memphitic pyramids2 & x is only an incid5tal result ( ! intellig5ce diffus$ & ! le>n+ promot$ by ! inv5tion ?us begun1 t we c n[ read ! long-buri$ records ( ,n9eveh1 ! epitaphs ( ! ,!baic k+s1 & ! grav+s on ! precipit\s fronts ( ! m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis4 ,all writ]s ^u ?is subject h /rangely ov]look$ ! fact t ! art ( impress+ or pr9t+ lett]s ) a metallic /amp or type on p>*m5t1 z a sub/itute = p5-"w1 is ab\t a ?\s& ye>s old] ?an ! p]iod above specifi$ z ! date ( ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n art ( pr9t+4 ,! ,,codex ,,arg5teus1 7! olde/ translation ( ! entire ,bible into any ,european language17 is a fam\s book1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala 9 ,sw$54 7,we give ! p>ticul>s ( its hi/ory 9 our ,app5dix47 ,?is 8antique0 is on purple vellum1 7:i* is p>*m5t made ( calf-sk917 & all ! lett]s are ,,silv]1 7:5ce ! "n ,codex ,arg5teus1 ! 8silv] book107 manife/ly impress$ on ! page by a metallic /amp or type1 ea* lett] evid5tly be+ on a sep>ate /ock or h&le1 & appli$ by manual pressure4 ,we give a specim5 ( ?is /yle ( "w4 ,x may be call$ pr9t+1 b c n be d5om9at$ manuscript1 = t is 7lit]ally7 8h&-writ+10 :i* ?is c]ta9ly is n4 ,9 our ,app5dix may be f\nd /ill e>li] in/ances ( ?is art z practic$ by ! anci5t ,romans on a small scale1 9 signatures1 trade-m>ks1 c4 ,! ,ed9burgh review ref]s to ,pl9y & ,dioscorides1 z furni%+ directions = ! manufacture ( ink4 ,! ,ed9burgh review] says 8receipts10--n recogniz+ ! broad di/9ction betwe5 a receipt & a recipe4 ,! =m] ( ^! two words 0 orig9ally int5d$ to convey ! idea t ! p]son :o signs ! pap] has got some?+3 ! latt] ^w1 or its repres5tative initial 77 means simply1 8take40 ,! directions ( ,pl9y are 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,c4 ,pl9ii ,secundi ,hi/oria ,naturalis4 ,lib4 ,,xxxv1 #be4 ,,atram5tum4 ,atram5tum quoque int] factitios erit1 quanquam e/ et t]ra gem9 orig9is4 ,aut enim salsug9is modo emanat1 aut t]ra ipsa sulphurei coloris ad hoc probatur4 ,inv5ti sunt pictores1 qui e sepulcris c>bones infectos effod]5t4 ,importuna haec omnia1 et novitia4 ,fit enim e fulig9e pluribus modis1 res9a vel pice exu/is4 ,propt] quod1 (fic9as etiam a$ificav]e1 fumum eum non emitt5tes4 ,laudatissimum eodem modo fit e t$is4 ,adult]atur =nacum balne>umque fulig9e1 quo ad volum9a scrib5da utuntur4 ,sunt qui et v9i faecem exsiccatam excoquant2 adfirmantque1 si ex bono v9o faex fu]it1 ,indici speciem id atram5tum praeb]e4 ,polygnotus et ,micon celeb]rimi pictores ,a!nis1 e v9aceis fac]e3 tryg9on appellant4 ,apelles comm5tus e/ ex ebore combu/o fac]e1 quod elephant9um vocavit4 ,adportatur et ,indicum1 inexploratae adhuc inv5tionis mihi4 ,fit etiam apud infectores ex flore nigro1 qui adha]escit ah5eis cort9is4 ,fit et e t$is ligno combu/o1 tritisque 9 mort>io c>bonibus4 ,mira 9 hoc sepi>um natura3 s$ ex 8 non fit4 ,omne autem atram5tum sole p]ficitur1 libr>ium gummi1 tectorum glut9o admixto4 ,quod autem aceto liquefactum e/1 aegre eluitur4 7,,translation47 8,,ink 7or lit]ally7 ,,black+4--,ink also may be set d[n among ! artificial 7or comp\nd7 drugs1 al?\gh x is a m9]al d]iv$ f two s\rces4 ,=1 x is sometimes develop$ 9 ! =m ( a sal9e effloresc5ce1--or is a real m9]al ( sulphure\s color--*os5 = ?is purpose4 ,!re h be5 pa9t]s :o dug up f graves color$ coals 7,,c>bon74 ,b all ^! are useless & new-fangl$ notions4 ,= x is made f soot 9 v>i\s =ms1 z 7= in/ance7 ( burnt ros9 or pit*4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y h built manufactories n emitt+ t smoke4 ,! ink ( ! v be/ quality is made f ! smoke ( tor*es4 ,an inf]ior article is made f ! soot ( furnaces & ba?-h\se *imneys4 ,!re are "s 7manufactur]s7 also1 :o employ ! dri$ lees ( w9e2 & !y ,,d say t if ! lees s employ$ 7 f good w9e1 ! quality ( ! ink is !reby mu* improv$4 ,polygnotus & ,micon1 celebrat$ pa9t]s at ,a!ns1 made _! black pa9t f burnt grape-v9es2 !y gave x ! "n ( ,,trygynon4 ,,apelles1 we are told1 made ,,8 f burnt ivory1 & call$ x elephant9a 8ivory-black40 ,indigo has be5 rec5tly import$1--a sub/ance ^: composition ,i h n yet inve/igat$4 ,! dy]s make !irs f ! d>k cru/ t gradually accumulates on brass-kettles4 ,ink is made also f tor*es 7p9e-knots71 & f *>coal p\nd$ f9e 9 mort>s4 8,! cuttle-fi%0 has a rem>kable quality 9 ?is respect2 b ! color+-matt] :i* x produces is n us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ink4 ,all ink is improv$ by exposure to ! sun's rays4 ,book-writ]s' ink has gum mix$ ) x1--weav]'s ink is made up ) glue4 ,ink ^: mat]ials h be5 liquifi$ by ! ag5cy ( an acid is eras$ ) great difficulty40 ,?is s\nds v mu* l nons5se3 b x is exactly :at ! 8,great ,naturali/10 ,pl9y1 meant :5 he wrote all t he knew1 & probably all t 0 !n kn[n on ! subject ( ink1 black pa9ts & dyes1 & v d>k-color$ fluids g5]ally1 :i* 7 !n employ$ by pa9t]s1 dy]s1 weav]s1 writ]s & physicians4 ,to make 8 *apt] on ?is subject fully intelligible to u1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact1 t ! great sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry _h no exi/5ce till _m c5turies aft] ,pl9y wrote4 ,& ?us1 x nev] occurr$ to him t !re 0 b "o sub/ance1 7n[ kn[n to be elem5t>y17 ,,c>bon1 :i* gave ! quality ( blackness to all ! mat]ials :i* he names1 ) ! exception ( "o salt ( copp]1 & probably "o ( iron1 7! sulphate17 & ,,indigo1 a purely vegetable sub/ance1 ! dri$ color+ matt] ( a plant 9 ,india1 7,indic(]a anil17 & nam$ by ! ,romans f ! c\ntry t produc$ x1 & fir/ made x kn[n to !m4 ,,p$anius ,,dioscorides1 born 9 ,anaz>bus1 7a city ( ,cilicia1 ab\t fifty miles f ,,t>sus1 ! bir?-place ( ! ,apo/le ,paul17 wrote a book on ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 or ! qualities ( drugs1 a little aft] ! "t :5 ,pl9y compos$ 8 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,nei!r ( !m seems to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ! o!r4 ,app>5tly1 !y liv$1 wrote & di$ ne>ly or actually cotempor>y1 9 ! same empire1 utt]ly ignorant ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce1--?\gh !y are n[ univ]sally recogniz$ z ! two mo/ em95t writ]s ( all antiquity on ! subjects ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,!y bo? liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,n]o1 & ! date ( ! active or middle "p ( bo? _! lives may be reasonably plac$ at or ab\t ! ye> #ajj ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,f ,dioscorides to ,,l9n,,u1 79 ! la/ c5tury17 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica made no actual progress & receiv$ no sci5tific improvem5t2 yet1 em95t z is ,dioscorides1 he 0 s little kn[n to 8 own g5]ation or t next foll[+1 t x is n[ impossible to asc]ta9 ! exact date ( 8 bir? or ( 8 dea?1 or any facts 9 8 life1 b t he wrote two books1 ( :i* t "h quot$ is ! be/ kn[n1 & has made him kn[n #agjj ye>s aft] 8 bir?4 7,we may m5tion t ?is ,dioscorides 01 9 no traceable degree1 relat$ to ! p]son ( ! same "n1 ^: manuscript we h copi$ 9 our illu/rations z ! olde/ extant specim5 ( ,greek ink-writ+47 ,we give a translation ( 8 brief b complete description ( ! ink us$ 9 8 "t1 & ! ,lat9 v]sion1 t ^? :o wi% may satisfy !mselves ( ! correctness ( our r5d]+4 ,x w be se5 t x occurs at ! close ( ! great "w ( ,dioscorides3-- ,atram5tum1 quo scribimus1 e fulig9e ta$>um collecta conficitur4 ,9 s+ulas gummi uncias t]nae fulig9is unciae adjiciuntur4 ,fit etiam e res9ae fulig9e et pictoria illa modo dicta4 ,hujus fulig9is autem sumi oportet m9am unam1 gummi sesquilibram1 taur9i glut9is et *alcan?i s+ulorum sesquiunciam4 ,idoneum e/ ad septica2 et conf]t ambu/is ex aqua paullo crassius inunctum et tamdiu dimissum1 donec cicatrix obducatur1 sanatis nimirum ulc]ibus sponte sua excidit4 ,atque jam1 c>issime ,aree1 tum pro op]is modo1 quem proposu]amus1 tum pro mat]iae auxiliorumque copia1 quam collig]e licuit1 hucusque dicta sufficiant4 ,libri qu9ti et ultimi de ,mat]ia ,m$ica f9is4 ,p$anii ,dioscoridis ,anaz>bei ,de ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,,translation4 ,! 8,,ink ) :i* we write is compos$ ( ! soot ( tor*es1 collect$4 8,to ea* ounce ( gum1 add ?ree ( soot4 8,x is also made ( ! soot ( res9 & ( t lately call$ #8pa9t]s' black4' ,( ?is soot1 h[ev]1--take "o ,,m9a1--( gum1 half a p\nd1--( ox-glue & ( copp]as1 ea*1 half an ounce4 8,x is a good application 9 cases ( gangr5e1 & is useful 9 scalds1 if a little ?ick5$ & employ$ z a salve1 & p]mitt$ to rema9 until a new cuticle is =m$1 :5 x w spontane\sly fall (f f ! heal$ sore4 8,& n[1 my v de> ,areas1 9 due proportion to ! "w :i* we _h und]tak51 & ! quantity ( ! mat]ials & contributions :i* we c\ld ga!r1 :at we h ?us f> said mu/ suffice4 8,end ( ! fif? & la/ book on ,! ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 8,! book ( ,p$anius ,dioscorides on ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica40 ,we h foll[$ ! text ( ,k>l ,gotleib ,kuhn4 ,m$icorum ,graecorum1 op]a quae extant4 ,leipzig1 #ahbi4 ,among ! fanta/ic trifles ) :i* ,,dean ,,swift 0 accu/om$ to amuse 8 leisure1 is a little /r+ ( v]ses on ?is subject :i* are app5d$1 n z be+ ( any poetic m]it1 b z a 8curiosity ( lit]ature0--n out ( place "h3-- ,on ,ink4 ,i am jet black1 z y may see1 ,! son ( pit* & gloomy night2 ,yet all :o "k me w agree ,i'm dead1 except ,i live 9 light4 ,sometimes 9 panegyric high1 ,l l(ty ,p9d>1 ,i c so>1 ,& raise a virg9 to ! sky1 ,or h] to a 99 99 99 99 99 ,my blood ?is day is v sweet1 ,to-morr[ ( a bitt] juice2 ,l milk1 'tis cri$ ab\t ! /reet ,& s appli$ to diff]5t use4 ,mo/ wondr\s is my magic p[]3 ,= ) "o color ,i c pa9t4 ,i'll make ! devil a sa9t ?is h\r1 ,next make a devil ( a sa9t4 ,?r\gh di/ant regions ,i c fly1 ,provide me ) b pap] w+s1 fairly %[ a reason :y ,!re %\ld be qu>rels among k+s4 ,&1 aft] all1 y'll ?9k x odd1 ,:5 le>n$ doctors w dispute1 ,t ,i %\ld po9t ! ^w ( ,god1 ,& %[ :]e !y c be/ confute4 ,let lawy]s bawl & /ra9 _! ?roats1 ',tis ,i t mu/ ! l&s convey1 ,& /rip _! cli5ts to _! coats1-- ,nay1 give _! v s\ls away4 ,we f9d also 9 ,pope's epi/le ( ,heloise to ,abeill>d an allusion to ! p[] ( lett]s1 z convey+ ideas1 :i* seems appropriate 9 ?is connexion z illu/rat+ ! uses ( ink4 ,heav5 fir/ taught lett]s = "s wret*'s aid1 ,"s bani%$ lov]1 or "s captive maid3 ,!y live1 !y speak1 !y brea! :at love inspires1 ,w>m f ! s\l1 & fai?ful to its fires2 ,! virg9's wi% )\t h] fe>s imp>t1 ,excuse ! blu%1 & p\r out all ! he>t1 ,spe$ ! s(t int]c\rse f s\l to s\l1 ,& waft a sigh f ,indus to ! pole4 ,! g5ius ( ,,byron 79 a playful fla%7 has illum9at$ our subject ) "o ( 8 mo/ brilliant passages3-- ,b words are ?+s3 & a small drop ( ,,ink1 ,fall+ l dew ^u a ?\ght1 produces ,t :i* makes ?\s&s 7p]haps millions7 ?9k4 ,a less di/+ui%$ poet has1 9 expressive1 & ?\gh 9 qua9t]1 humbl]1 yet 9 noble /ra91 said :at is equally appropriate 9 ?is place3-- ,books are a "p ( man's pr]ogative3 ,9 =mal ,,ink1 !y ?\ght & voices hold1 ,t we to !m our solitude may give1 ,& make "t pres5t travel z ( old4 ,,celsus1 :o liv$ 9 ?is _w1 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 has left a little memor&um on ?is subject :i* is wor? quot+4 ,we give 8 words entire3-- ,!re are two k9ds ( bald spots occurr+ on ! human head1--"o ( !m a baldness :i* creeps ov] ! scalp l a s]p5t1--! o!r %[+ itself 9 ! =m ( r\nd spaces uncov]$ by hair4 ,"s recomm5d ! use ( acrid irritant articles1 comb9$ ) oils1 c4 ,b !re is no?+ bett] = y ?an to h ! bald place %av$ e day ) a v dull razor1 &1 aft] hav+ done t1 y ne$n't d any?+ else b rub on ! place ?us %av$ a little atram5tum sutorium--78%oemak]s' ink10 8copp]as-wat]107--solution ( ! ,di-proto sulphate ( ! 7p]7 sesquoxyd ( iron4 ,! editor ( ! pr9t$ copy ( ! edition ( ! works ( ,,aulus ,,cornelius ,,celsus :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ,padua1 made a mat]ial error on ?is po9t4 ,! ^w 8sutorium0 7be+ un9telligible to ! ignorant monk :o sup]9t5d$ ! pr9t+7 0 *ang$ to 8scriptorium10--t is1 8writ+-ink10 in/ead ( 8%oemak]s'-ink40 ,x is well-kn[n t a solution ( copp]as prop]ly made1 w rem$y or prev5t premature baldness2 b we ass]t t no quantity ( lamp-black & gum1 or grease1 w be f\nd effectual = t purpose4 ,9 ! "t ( ,celsus1 ! sulphate ( iron 7copp]as7 _h n yet become an ess5tial +r$i5t ( writ+-ink2 & ev5 aft] t its comb9ation ) c>bonace\s & oleag9\s matt]s entirely neutraliz$ ! p[] :i* r5d]s x applicable & useful 9 su* cases4 ,,conclusion4 ,we h ?us h]e9 attempt$ ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise 7) :i* we began7 to produce a 8,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ink10--a ?+ nev] be=e done or ev5 propos$ to be done4 ,if n successful 9 our attempt1 we hope t we h at lea/1 9 ?is little book1 furni%$ h9ts & sugge/ions on ?is subject :i* ! le>n$ may employ h]eaft] :5 ! hi/ory ( ?is important mat]ial ( hi/ory %all be und]tak5 & execut$ on a l>g] scale4 ,9 view ( :i* possibility1 we may1 ) a p>donable self-gratulation1 say1--9 ! words ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1--8,we h giv5 to o!r & high] spirits occasion to reflect40 ,b we are lo? to leave ?is subject 7:i* has gr[n into our affections z we h dwelt ^u x7 )\t giv+ a bl[ or a kick to "o mon/r\s absurdity :i* has prevail$ among ! le>n$1 8falsely s-call$10--f ! "t :5 ! ,jesuits return$ f ,*9a ) _! 8edify+ & curi\s0 tales ab\t ! huge antiquity ( all ! arts & "s ( ! sci5ces ( civilization among ! p ( :at !y call$ ! 8,cele/ial ,empire10--a t]m :olly unkn[n to ! ,*9ese1 9 any =m or v>iation ( expression4 ,! simple facts are t--! ,*9ese d]iv$ _! k ( ,,ink 7( writ+ ) a color$ liquid7 f ,europe4 ,s did !y obta9 _! k ( ! art ( pr9t+1 c>ri$ to !m by ,v5etian travel]s1 8ov]l&10 j at ! mom5t be=e ! clumsy engrav$ wood-blocks 7 sup]s$$ by ! moveable types ( ,gansefleis* or ,gut5b]g4 ,s 0 x ) ! ,m>9]'s ,compass1 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 & all _! boa/$ 8inv5tions10--among :i* may be includ$ _! calculation ( eclipses backw>d ?r\gh fabul\s cycles ( c5turies1 & ! morals ( ,confucius or ,kong-foo-tsee1 a my?ical p]sonage unm5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*9a until ! cont5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t _h be5 made kn[n !re1--& t--_m ages aft] ! date ( 8 suppos$ life & dea?4 ,b = _! d]ivation & appropriation or !ft ( ! great arts f ! ,we/1 ! ,*9ese & all ,ori5tal nations1 f ! ,euphrates to ! ,pacific1 includ+ ! ,japanese1 w\ld h rema9$ to ?is day 9 ! condition 9 :i* ! ,mexicans & ,p]uvians 7 f\nd by ! ,spani% & ,italian robb]s :o fir/ explor$ ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 & murd]$ its inhabitants = _! l&1 & ! fruits & ! gold & silv] ( t l&4 ,:atev] arts ! ,*9ese or ,japanese or ,jesuits may h inv5t$ or pres]v$1 ! art ( ,,tell+ ,,! ,,tru? is evid5tly1 to all ( !m1 "o ( 8,,! ,,lo/ ,,arts18--lo/ irretrievably & =ev]6 ,illu/ration3 ,blackwood's ,black ,ink4 ,davids ,co's ,limpid ,writ+ ,fluid4-- ,h>rison's ,columbian ,ink4 ,/eel-,p5 ,ink1 ,?addeus ,davids4 ,mayn>d ,noye's ,black ,writ+ ,ink4-- ,writt51 ,augt4 #ad1 #ahee1 to te/ p]man5ce by long exposure to ,sun ,ra9-- ,james ,r4 ,*ilton1 ,,md4 ,*emi/ ,! above is a close fac-simile ( a pap] ^u :i* ,i wrote ) ,sev]al ,k9ds ( ,ink1 z x appe>$ aft] be+ expos$ to ! wea!r = five mon?s4 ,james ,r4 ,*ilton1 ,,md4 ,*emi/4 ,new ,york1 ,m>* #ae1 #ahef4 ,snyd]1 ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,no4 #a4--;,a fac simile ( ! olde/ ,hi]atic writ+ extant--ab\t ! #ae? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! hawk 7! emblem ( ,div9ity7 & ! man /& on some?+ t 8tet]s0--! circle betwe5 !m 7a s]p5t bit+ its own tail7 is ! anci5t symbol ( et]nity4 ,! ,deity ov]balances ! man4 ,no4 #b4--;,f a ,greek ,,ms4 buri$ at ,h]culaneum 9 ! ye> #bi ,b4,c4 ,no4 #c4--,writt5 on papyrus 9 ,egypt2 9 ! #c;d c5tury ,b4,c4 ,no4 #d4--,writt5 on papyrus #bfj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,no4 #e4--,specim5 ( a ,palimpse/ copy ( ,cic]o's 8,republic0 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y4 ,no4 #f4--,phnician writ+ on papyrus4 ,no4 #g4--;,f a ,p5tateu* 9 ! ,bibe4 ,nate4 ,p>is1 ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,no4 #h4--;,f a ,greek ,copy ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 writt5 9 gold on purple vellum1 ,a4,d4 #djj4 ,no4 #i4--;,f a ,,ms4 on papyrus writt5 9 ,egypt #c;d c5tury ,b4,c4 ,no4 #aj4--;,f a ,*>t] ( ,*ildeb]t ,,iii4 ,a4,d4 #gjc4 ,no4 #aa4--;,f a ,*>t] ( ,*>lemagne1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ghe4 ,no4 #ab4--;,f a ,*>t] ( ! ,emp]or ,conrad ,i4 ,a4,d4 #ihh4 ,no4 #ac4--,specim5 ( 8,roman ,saxon10 ,a4,d4 #fjj4 ,no4 #ad4--;,f a ,*>t] ( ,dagob]t ,i4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #fbj4 ,no4 #ae4--;,f an e>ly ,glic ,,ms4 ,no4 #af4--;,f a ,de$ ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,no4 #ag4--,! monogram signature to a ,*>t] ( ,*>lemagne ab\t ,a4,d4 #ghe4 ,no4 #ah4--;,f a ,*>t] ( ! reign ( ,hugh ,capet1 ,a4,d4 #ihh4 ,no4 #ai4--;,f a ,de$ ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,no4 #bj4--;,f a ,de$ ( ,/eph51 dat$ ,a4,d4 #aaci4 ,no4 #ba4--;,f a ,de$ ( ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,i4 ,no4 #bb4--;,f a ,,ms4 ( ,wyckliffe's translation ( ! ,bible4 ,no4 #bc4--8,set ,saxon10 ,a4,d4 #hej4 8,qui sub ,pontio ,pilato crucifixus e/1 et sepultus1 t]tia die resurrexit40 ,no4 #bd4--;,f a ,*>t] ( ,sebbi1 ,k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,saxons1 ,a4,d4 #ffd1 8,ego ,sebbi ,rex ,ea/ ,sax7onum7 pro--confirmatione ,subscripsi40 ,no4 #be4--,"p ( a ,*>t] ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 ,a4,d4 #hjj4 ,no4 #bf4--;,f a ,*>t] ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,a4,d4 #ajde4 ,no4 #bg4--;,f a ,de$ ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i4 ,no4 #bh4--;,f a ,de$ ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,no4 #bi4--;,f a ,de$ ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,edw>dus ,dei gratia ,rex ,anglias ,dom9us ,hib]ni1 ,dux ,aquitani1 c4 ,no4 #cj4--;,f ! ,w ( ,william ,mikelfeld1 ,nov4 #g1 #adci4 ,no4 #ca4--;,f a ,de$ ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,no4 #cb4--;,f a ,grant by ,william ,wallace4 ,no4 #cc4--;,f a ,de$ ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,no4 #cd4--;,f a ,de$ ( ! reign ( ,john4 ,no4 #ce4--;,autograph ( ,"l ,macaulay4 ,no4 #cf4--;,f a ,de$ ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,no4 #cg4--;,f an ,engli% translation ( ! works ( ,*auliac1 ,a4,d4 #adjj4 ,no4 #ch4--;,f a ,de$ ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,no4 #ci4--;,f a ,,ms4 9 ! r\nd$ h& ( ,italy1 #ae? c5tury4 ,no4 #dj4--,lett] f ,columbus to ! ,vic]oy ( ,ca/ile1 #ae? c5tury4 ,no4 #da4--,lett] ( ,anne ( ,brittany1 #aead4 ,no4 #db4--,signature ( 8,bay>d10 ! ,*evali]4 ,no4 #dc4--,lett] f ,*>les ,v4 to ,francis ,i4 ,no4 #dd4--,lett] f ,calv91 #aeei4 ,no4 #de4--,lett] ( ! ,e>l ( ,essex1 #aefg4 ,no4 #df4--,lett] ( ,cop]nicus1 #adgc4 ,no4 #dg4--,william ,h4 ,prescott4 ,no4 #dh4--,lett] ( ,*>les ! ,,xii ( ,sw$54 ,no4 #di4--,rosseau1 #ageg4 ,no4 #ej4--,lett] ( ,erasmus1 #adgf4 ,no4 #ea4--,lett] ( ,que5 ,elizabe? to ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france4 ,no4 #eb4--;,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51 #afbf4 ,no4 #ec4--;,*>les ,i4 to 8 si/]4 ,no4 #ed4--,oliv] ,cromwell1 #afdc4 ,no4 #ee4--;,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 ,june1 #agjf4 ,no4 #ef4--,! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia1 ,july1 #aggc4 ,no4 #eg4--,wa%+ton1 #f? ,sept4 #aghh4 ,no4 #eh4--,l\is ,,xvi1 ,june #cj1 #aggc4 ,no4 #ei4--,robespi]re4 ,no4 #fj4--,napoleon to ,s\lt4 ,no4 #fa4--,well+ton1 ,june #ai1 #ahae4 ,no4 #fb4--,"l ,byron1 ,nov4 #d1 #ahba4 ,no4 #fc4--,voltaire1 ,july #bi1 #ageg4 ,no4 #fd4--;,edmund ,burke4 ,no4 #fe4--,william ,pitt1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahjc4 ,no4 #ff4--,well+ton1 ,april #ba1 #ahcd4 ,! color$ engrav+ is an illu/ration ( ! picture writ+ ( ! ,mexicans1 f ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's great "w4 ,! blue bord] repres5ts a s]ies ( ye>s1 di/+ui%$ by ! dots4 ,! comp>tm5t ) five dots repres5t+ ! fif? ye> ( ! reign1 t ) t5 ! t5?1 & s on4 ,! pictures ( ! acts ( ! ,pr9ce be+ connect$ ) ea* special ye> by means ( a connect+ l9e4 ,! additional symbols h diff]5t significations--t ( ! fl[] signify+ a calamit\s ye>1 c4 ,9 ?is plate ,k+ ,acamapi* is repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ & six? ye> ( 8 reign2 at ! top ( ! page are w>like in/rum5ts1 signify+ 8 prep>ation = w>2 ! figures bel[1 on ! "r1 are ! f\r cities--,quahnahuac1 ,mezquic1 ,cuitlhuac & ,xo*imilco--repres5t$ by descriptive symbols4 ,! f\r heads on ! left are ^? ( ! respective k+s or *iefs ( ^! cities1 behead$ by ,acamapi*1 ea* di/+ui%$ by ! iconographic symbol by :i* 8 "n 0 express$ 9 ?is sy/em ( writ+4 ,^! picture records1 :i* w\ld h illu/rat$ ! unkn[n hi/ory ( ?is cont95t1 7 de/roy$ 9 8m\nta9 heaps0 by ! fir/ ,spani% ar*bi%op ( ,mexico--an act ( fanatical v&alism equall$ only by ! burn+ ( ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y1 & ! va/ ho>d ( ,moori% lit]ature at ,granada by ,xim5es4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #a4 #a4 ,hi]atic text #b4 4444 4 444 4 444 - - - #c4 - #d4 4 - ,snyd] ,black ,/urn #ib ,william ,/ ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #b4 #e4 tet]rimus et ex hac vel hom9es h]etici maxime quia non ds illam d$it -catur2 quia et legem ds d$it -v>et propt] c]tam #f4 ,phnician text #g4 1 #h4 - ,snyd] ,black ,/urn #ib ,william ,/ ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #c4 #i4 #aj4 fl\ri% repres5t+ 8,i7n7 ,c7hri/i7 ,n7om9e70 ,*ildeb]?s #aa4 ,et no/ra indulg5tia 9 aelimos9a #ab4 ,et ut hus cplacitationis pcept firm /abileq2 #ac4 abbas sirum pat] #ad4 quoti5scumque petitionibu ,snyd] ,black ,/urn #ib ,william ,/ ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #d4 #ae4 ,nirsatim9i curio annso #af4 ,w rex anglorum #ag4 ,,k>olvs #ah4 9 eisdem deg5tium orem no/re celsitud9is #ai4 h4 dei gra rex #bj4 ,s rex--,anno m4cxxix #ba4 ,ric>d di gra ,rex ,angl #bb4 ,,9 e big9yng 0 e wrd & e ,snyd] ,black ,/urn #ib ,william ,/ ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #e4 #bc4 qui sub pontio pilato crucifixus3 sepultus t]tia die resurrexit #bd4 ego sebbi rex ea/ sax pro #be4 dccclxxvo--,ego alfr$ gratia di rex hanc #bf4 nom9a hic c>axata sunt--,,eaduue>dus #bg4 ,i/ud />r recog e/ ,snyd]1 ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #f4 #bh4 ,w di gra rex--,sciatis me concessisse #bi4 ,edw>dus dei gra ,rex ,angl ,dom9us ,hibnie ,dux ,a #cj4 ,?is is ! la/e ,wil indentid ( me ,willia ,meklfeld ,esquy] be+ ,snyd]1 ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #g4 #ca4 ,edw>dus dei gr ,rex ,anglie c #cb4 ,wlls ,walays miles ,cu/os regni #cc4 ,ric>dus dei gratia ,rex ,anglie c4 #cd4 ,johannes ,dei ,gra ,rex ,angl #ce4 ,t ,b ,macaulay #cf4 ,h5ricus dei gr ,rex ,anglie ,francie ,snyd]1 ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #h #cg4 x 0 saide ab\e 9 e *apitle ( #ch4 ,h5ricus octavus dei gr ,angl ,francie rex #ci4 fecunditatem modo celi p] multra #dj4 ,seor dejado n se pu$e #da4 ,monsieur mon bon fr]e #db4 ,bay>t ,snyd] ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #i4 #dc4 monsr mon bon fr] ,*>les #dd4 le #bb de ,decembre #aeei #de4 ,i4 ,calu9 #df4 s+ul>j1 qua /udiosos prosequi solet #dg4 ,w ,h ,prescott #dh4 illegible ,snyd]1 ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aj4 #di4 ne r5tre pas dans l'ame aussi #ej4 at ego n possum omnem #ea4 affection solide ,amitie #eb4 ,vo/re approbation #ec4 ,i _c refuse ?is #ed4 reade & exp\nd ! ,scriptures ,snyd] ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #aa4 #ee4 happy success 9 ?is #ef4 ,j'ai lue le memoire #eg4 well affect$ to ! #eh4 votre am\r p\r le bi5 public #ei4 ,le comite a pris t\tes les mesures #fj4 les anglais ont bomb>d ,granville la division de bateaux canonni]s ayant bord la #bd;e lgre a m>* eux #fa4 ,well+ton ,wat]loo1 ,june #ai #ahae ,snyd] ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 #ab4 #fb4 ,!y are v civil ab\t 8,ca90 b al>med at its t5d5cy--z !y #fc4 faites je v\s en pris le mo9s #fd4 y h an arm$ ,tyranny to deal )2 #fe4 ,i conclude f y\r lett] #ff4 ,well+ton c ,snyd] ,black ,/urn1 #ib ,william ,/4 ,illu/ration ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,^w ,,ink ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,languages ,hebrew3,illu/ration ,*aldaic3,illu/ration ,d ,sanskrit3,illu/ration ,greek3 7,melan7 ,lat93,,atrameutum 7,scriptorum7 ,m$iaeval ,lat93,,encan/um ,*9a3,illu/ration ,m,h ,,%wuy 7liquid ,ink7 ,illu/ration ,m,h 7,*9ese ,ink7 ,canton dialect3 ,,mak ,,%uy ,h9do/an3,illu/ration ,,kali ,b5gal3,illu/ration ,,kali ,%+alese3,illu/ration ,burmese3,illu/ration ,malayhim3,illu/ration ,p]sia3,illu/ration ,,siyahi ,s9ic3,illu/ration ,turkey3,illu/ration ,,murekkeb ,arm5ia3,illu/ration ,?ibet3,illu/ration ,anamitic3,,muc,c ,,vi,t ,malay3,illu/ration ,,daw,t ,japan3,illu/ration ,java3 ,,manulysan ,egyptian3,illu/ration ,coptic3,illu/ration ,amh>ic3,illu/ration ,alg]ian3,illu/ration ,,simekh ,ae?iopic3,illu/ration ,arabic3,illu/ration ,,hbr1 ,,hibr1 ,,hib>4 ,old ,fr5*,,enque ,fr5*3,,encre ,breton,,ly\ ,prov9cal,,ancra ,l[ ,dut* ,g]man3,illu/ration 7,t9te47 ,flam&e ,,ink ,holl&ais ,spani%3,,t9ta ,portugese3,,t9ta ,italian3,,in*io/ro ,pi$montese3,,incio/r4 ,russian3,illu/ration ,letti%,,blakka ,lettaui%,,t9ta ,poli%3,,inkau/ ,hung>ian3,,t5ta ,bunda or ,argol5se3,,t9ta ,bohemia3,,+au/ ,basque3,,coransia ,illyrian3,,+oas ,dani%3,,bl,c ,sw$i%3,,bl,,ck ,lapl&i%3,,blekk ,gre5l&i%3,,blek ,icel&i%3,,blek ,engli%3,,ink ,old ,engli%,,enke1 ,,inke1 ,,ynke ,anglo-,saxon,,bl,c ,wel%3,,du1 ,,enge ,gaelic3,,dubhadh ,iri%3,illu/ration ,,dubh ,p]uvian3,,yanatullpu ,*ilian3,,*illcamom ,mexican3,,?lli ,gu>ani3,,tiv,,tirv 7,t9ta7 ,c>ibee ,isl&s3 ,o,,liti ,,or ,o,,litacle 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,"s corrections h be5 made to ! orig9al text1 includ+ /&>diz+ ! punctuation4 ,fur!r corrections are li/$ bel[3 p4 #ab unp>alell$ - unp>allel$ p4 #bf ,fl5n+ham - ,h5n+ham p4 #cf ,dictionaire - ,dictionnaire p4 #cf ps*yo - psy*o p4 #df elog - loge p4 #gg ,macauley - ,macaulay ,o!r spell+ & hyph5ation inconsi/5cies h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4