,the ,contemporary ,science ,series4 ,edited by ,havelock ,ellis4 ,i4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,sex4 ,by ,prof4 ,,patrick ,,geddes and ,j4 ,a4 ,,thomson4 ,with #ij ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 8,the authors have brought to the task--as indeed their names guarantee--a wealth of knowledge1 a lucid and attractive method of treatment1 and a rich vein of picturesque language40--,nature4 ,,ii4 ,,electricity ,,in ,,modern ,,life4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,de ,,tunzelmann4 ,with #hh ,illustrations4 8,a clearly-written and connected sketch of what is known about electricity and magnetism1 the more prominent modern applications1 and the principles on which they are based40--,saturday ,review4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,the ,,aryans4 ,by ,dr4 ,,isaac ,,taylor4 ,illustrated4 ,second ,edition4 8,canon ,taylor is probably the most encyclopdic all-round scholar now living4 ,his new volume on the ,origin of the ,aryans is a first-rate example of the excellent account to which he can turn his exceptionally wide and varied information4444 ,masterly and exhaustive40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,iv4 ,,physiognomy ,,and ,,expression4 ,by ,p4 ,,mantegazza4 ,illustrated4 8,brings this highly interesting subject even with the latest researches4444 ,professor ,mantegazza is a writer full of life and spirit1 and the natural attractiveness of his subject is not destroyed by his scientific handling of it40--,literary ,world 7,boston74 ,v4 ,,evolution ,,and ,,disease4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,sutton1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,with #ace ,illustrations4 8,the book is as interesting as a novel1 without sacrifice of accuracy or system1 and is calculated to give an appreciation of the fundamentals of pathology to the lay reader1 while forming a useful collection of illustrations of disease for medical reference40--,journal of ,mental ,science4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,village ,,community4 ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,gomme4 ,illustrated4 8,the fruit of some years of investigation on a subject which has of late attracted much attention1 and is of much importance1 inasmuch as it lies at the basis of our society40--,antiquary4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,criminal4 ,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,illustrated4 8,an ably written1 an instructive1 and a most entertaining book40--,law ,quarterly ,review4 8,the sociologist1 the philosopher1 the philanthropist1 the novelist--all1 indeed1 for whom the study of human nature has any attraction--will find ,mr4 ,ellis full of interest and suggestiveness40--,academy4 ,,viii4 ,,sanity ,,and ,,insanity4 ,by ,dr4 ,,charles ,,mercier4 ,illustrated4 8,he has laid down the institutes of insanity40--,mind4 8,taken as a whole1 it is the brightest book on the physical side of mental science published in our time40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,ix4 ,,hypnotism4 ,by ,dr4 ,,albert ,,moll4 ,second ,edition4 8,marks a step of some importance in the study of some difficult physiological and psychological problems which have not yet received much attention in the scientific world of ,england40--,nature4 ,x4 ,,manual ,,training4 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,,woodward1 ,director of the ,manual ,training ,school1 ,st4 ,louis4 ,illustrated4 8,there is no greater authority on the subject than ,professor ,woodward40--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,by ,e4 ,,sidney ,,hartland4 8,mr4 ,hartland's book will win the sympathy of all earnest students1 both by the knowledge it displays1 and by a thorough love and appreciation of his subject1 which is evident throughout40--,spectator4 ,,xii4 ,,primitive ,,folk4 ,by ,,elie ,,reclus4 8,an attractive and useful introduction to the study of some aspects of ethnography40--,nature4 8,for an introduction to the study of the questions of property1 marriage1 government1 religion1--in a word1 to the evolution of society1--this little volume will be found most convenient40--,scottish ,leader4 ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,marriage4 ,by ,professor ,,letourneau4 8,among the distinguished ,french students of sociology1 ,professor ,letourneau has long stood in the first rank4 ,he approaches the great study of man free from bias and shy of generalisations4 ,to collect1 scrutinise1 and appraise facts is his chief business4 ,in the volume before us he shows these qualities in an admirable degree4444 ,at the close of his attractive pages he ventures to forecast the future of the institution of marriage40--,science4 ,,xiv4 ,,bacteria ,,and ,,their ,,products4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,,sims ,,woodhead4 ,illustrated4 8,an excellent summary of the present state of knowledge of the subject40--,lancet4 ,,xv4 ,,education ,,and ,,heredity4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,guyau4 8,it is at once a treatise on sociology1 ethics1 and pdagogics4 ,it is doubtful whether among all the ardent evolutionists who have had their say on the moral and the educational question any one has carried forward the new doctrine so boldly to its extreme logical consequence40--,professor ,,sully in ,mind4 ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,man ,,of ,,genius4 ,by ,prof4 ,,lombroso4 ,illustrated4 8,by far the most comprehensive and fascinating collection of facts and generalizations concerning genius which has yet been brought together40--,journal of ,mental ,science4 ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,science4 ,by ,prof4 ,,karl ,,pearson4 ,illustrated4 8,the problems discussed with great ability and lucidity1 and often in a most suggestive manner1 by ,prof4 ,pearson1 are such as should interest all students of natural science40--,natural ,science4 ,,xviii4 ,,property3 ,,its ,,origin ,,and ,,development4 ,by ,,ch4 ,,letourneau1 ,general ,secretary to the ,anthropological ,society1 ,paris1 and ,professor in the ,school of ,anthropology1 ,paris4 8,m4 ,letourneau has read a great deal1 and he seems to us to have selected and interpreted his facts with considerable judgment and learning40--,westminster ,review4 ,,xix4 ,,volcanoes1 ,,past ,,and ,,present4 ,by ,prof4 ,,edward ,,hull1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 8,a very readable account of the phenomena of volcanoes and earthquakes40--,nature4 ,,xx4 ,,public ,,health4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,sykes4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 8,not by any means a mere compilation or a dry record of details and statistics1 but it takes up essential points in evolution1 environment1 prophylaxis1 and sanitation bearing upon the preservation of public health40--,lancet4 ,,xxi4 ,,modern ,,meteorology4 ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,growth ,,and ,,present ,,condition ,,of ,,some ,,branches ,,of ,,meteorological ,,science4 ,by ,,frank ,,waldo1 ,,ph4,d41 ,member of the ,german and ,austrian ,meteorological ,societies1 etc42 late ,junior ,professor1 ,signal ,service1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,with #aab ,illustrations4 8,the present volume is the best on the subject for general use that we have seen40--,daily ,telegraph4 ,,important ,,addition ,,to ,,the ,,series4 ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,germ-,,plasm3 ,a ,,theory ,,of ,,heredity4 ,by ,august ,weismann1 ,professor in the ,university of ,freiburg-in-,breisgau4 ,with #bd ,illustrations4 8,there has been no work published since ,darwin's own books which has so thoroughly handled the matter treated by him1 or has done so much to place in order and clearness the immense complexity of the factors of heredity1 or1 lastly1 has brought to light so many new facts and considerations bearing on the subject40--,british ,medical ,journal4 ,,xxiii4 ,,industries ,,of ,,animals4 ,by ,f4 ,,houssay4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 8,his accuracy is undoubted1 yet his facts out-marvel all romance4 ,these facts are here made use of as materials wherewith to form the mighty fabric of evolution40--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,xxiv4 ,,man ,,and ,,woman4 ,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,illustrated4 8,altogether we must congratulate ,mr4 ,ellis upon having produced a book which1 apart from its high scientific claims1 will1 by its straightforward simplicity upon points of delicacy1 appeal strongly to all those readers outside purely scientific circles who may be curious in these matters40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 8,this striking and important volume 444 should place ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis in the front rank of scientific thinkers of the time40--,westminster ,review4 ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,modern ,,capitalism4 ,by ,,john ,a4 ,,hobson1 ,m4,a4 8,every page affords evidence of wide and minute study1 a weighing of facts as conscientious as it is acute1 a keen sense of the importance of certain points as to which economists of all schools have hitherto been confused and careless1 and an impartiality generally so great as to give no indication of his ,mr4 ,hobson's personal sympathies40--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,xxvi4 ,,apparitions ,,and ,,thought-,,transference4 ,by ,,frank ,,podmore1 ,m4,a4 8,a very sober and interesting little book4444 ,that thought-transference is a real thing1 though not perhaps a very common thing1 he certainly shows40--,spectator4 ,,xxvii4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,comparative ,,psychology4 ,by ,professor ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan4 ,with ,diagrams4 8,a strong and complete exposition of ,psychology1 as it takes shape in a mind previously informed with biological science4444 ,well written1 extremely entertaining1 and intrinsically valuable40--,saturday ,review4 ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,origins ,,of ,,invention3 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,industry ,,among ,,primitive ,,peoples4 ,by ,,otis ,t4 ,,mason1 ,curator of the ,department of ,ethnology in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 8,a valuable history of the development of the inventive faculty40--,nature4 ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,brain3 ,a ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,nervous ,,system ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,education4 ,by ,,henry ,,herbert ,,donaldson1 ,professor of ,neurology in the ,university of ,chicago4 8,we can say with confidence that ,professor ,donaldson has executed his work with much care1 judgment1 and discrimination40--,the ,lancet4 ,,xxx4 ,,evolution ,,in ,,art3 ,,as ,,illustrated ,,by ,,the ,,life-,,histories ,,of ,,designs4 ,by ,professor ,,alfred ,c4 ,,haddon4 ,,the ,,contemporary ,,science ,,series4 ,,edited ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,,the ,,man ,,of ,,genius4 ,illustration3 ,,painters4 ,proportion to a million inhabitants4 ,,the ,,man ,,of ,,genius4 ,,by ,,cesare ,,lombroso1 ,professor of ,legal ,medicine at the ,university of ,turin4 ,,with ,,illustrations4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 #bd1 ,,warwick ,,lane1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 #ahia4 ,,preface4 ,it has never before happened that in the latest edition of a book ,i have had to disown so much in preceding editions2 my first imperfect and spontaneous idea has never before been so modified and transformed1 the final form being1 perhaps1 not even yet altogether attained4 ,the idea that genius was a special morbid condition had indeed often occurred to me1 but ,i had always repelled it2 and besides1 without a sure experimental basis1 ideas to-day do not count4 ,like still-born children1 they appear but for a moment1 to disappear at once4 ,i had been enabled to discover in genius various characters of degeneration which are the foundation and the sign of nearly all forms of congenital mental abnormality1 but the exaggerated extension which was at that time given to theories of degeneration1 and still more the vague and inexact character of that conception1 had repelled me2 so that ,i accepted the facts1 but not their ultimate consequences4 ,how1 in fact1 can one suppress a feeling of horror at the thought of associating with idiots and criminals those individuals who represent the highest manifestations of the human spirit8 ,but recent teratologic researches1 especially those of ,gegenbauer1 have shown that the phenomena of atavistic retrogression do not always indicate true degradation1 but that very often they are simply a compensation for considerable development and progress accomplished in other directions4 ,reptiles have more ribs than we have2 quadrupeds and apes possess more muscles than we do1 and an entire organ1 the tail1 which we lack4 ,it has been in losing these advantages that we have gained our intellectual superiority4 ,when this is seen1 the repugnance to the theory of genius as degeneration at once disappears4 ,just as giants pay a heavy ransom for their stature in sterility and relative muscular and mental weakness1 so the giants of thought expiate their intellectual force in degeneration and psychoses4 ,it is thus that the signs of degeneration are found more frequently in men of genius than even in the insane4 ,and again1 this theory has entered to-day on so certain a path1 and agrees so entirely with my studies on genius1 that it is impossible for me not to accept it1 and not to see in it an indirect confirmation of my own ideas4 ,i find this confirmation in the characters of degeneration recently discovered2#a and still more in the uncertainty of the theories which were at first advanced to explain the problem of genius4 ,thus ,joly affirms in a too convenient formula that 8it is not even necessary to refute the theory of insanity in genius20 for1 he says1 8strength is not weakness1 health is not disease1 and for the rest the cases quoted in favour of these hypotheses are only particular cases40#b ,but the physician knows that very often1 in the delirious and epileptic1 strength is precisely an index of disease4 ,as to the second objection1 it falls to the ground as facts accumulate4 ,it is certain that there have been men of genius presenting a complete equilibrium of the intellectual faculties2 but they have presented defects of affectivity and feeling2 though no one may have perceived it1 or1 rather1 recorded it4 ,up to recent years1 historians1 being chroniclers rather than psychologists1 very careful to transmit to us the adventures and pageantries of princes and peoples1 and the wars which have so much importance in the eyes of the multitude1 have neglected everything which concerns the psychology of thought4 ,they have very seldom informed us concerning the disorders and degenerative characters which exist in men of genius and their families2 while vanity1 which is extreme in men of genius1 has never allowed them1 save in rare instances 7such as ,cardan1 ,rousseau1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,renan71 to yield spontaneous revelations of themselves4 ,if ,richelieu had not on one single occasion been caught in an epileptic fit1 who could ever have guessed it8 ,if it had not been for the recent works of ,berti and ,mayor1 who would have believed that ,cavour twice attempted to kill himself8 ,if ,taine had not been one of those rare writers who understand what help psychiatry can give in the study of history1 he would never have been able to surprise those characteristics which make ,napoleon's moral insanity manifest to all4 ,carlyle's wife wrote the narration of her tortures2 few wives do as much1 and1 to tell the truth1 few husbands are anxious to publish such narratives4 ,many persons still regard as an angelic being the celebrated painter ,aiwosowski1 who succoured hundreds of poor persons and left his own wife and children to die of hunger4 ,it must be added that moral insanity and epilepsy which are so often found in association with genius are among the forms of mental alienation which are most difficult to verify1 so that they are often denied1 even during life1 although quite evident to the alienist4 ,there are still many estimable persons who doubt the insanity of ,king ,ludwig of ,bavaria1 and even openly deny it4#c ,there are1 also1 no individual cases in nature2 all particular cases are the expression and effect of a law4 ,and the fact1 now unquestioned1 that certain great men of genius have been insane1 permits us to presume the existence of a lesser degree of psychosis in other men of genius4 ,but1 adds ,joly1 genius is often precocious2 as ,raphael at fourteen years of age1 ,mozart at six1 ,michelangelo at sixteen2 and sometimes it is tardy1 with special characteristics1 as in ,alfieri4 ,this is true2 precocious originality is one of the characteristics of genius2 but precisely because genius is a neurosis1 an accidental circumstance may provoke it even at a comparatively late age1 and like every neurosis which depends on irritation of the cerebral cortex it may take on different aspects1 according to the spot attacked1 while preserving the same nature4 ,hailes1 in a much praised essay on genius in art1 maintains that genius is a continuation of the conditions of ordinary life2 thus1 as we all write prose we must all have a little genius4 ,but how then does it happen1 ,brunetire rightly objects1#d that one individual alone becomes a great painter or a great poet8 ,and how is it that so many philosophers affirm1 and quite truly1 that genius consists in an exaggerated development of one faculty at the expense of others8 ,the man of genius is a monster1 say others4 ,very well1 but even monsters follow well-defined teratologic laws4 ,brunetire remarks that there have been men of talent1 like ,addison and ,pope1 who were lacking in genius2 and men of genius1 like ,sterne1 who were lacking in talent4 ,these two facts1 however1 are not contradictory2 to be lacking in talent1 or rather in good sense or common sense1 is one of those characters of genius which witness to the presence of neurosis1 and indicate that hypertrophy of certain psychic centres is compensated by the partial atrophy of other centres4 ,as to the first assertion1 it confirms rather than destroys my conclusions4 ,certainly talent is not genius1 just as vice is not crime1 but there is a transition from one to the other in virtue of that law of continuity which may be observed in all natural phenomena4 ,natura non facit saltus4 ,i must confess here that very often in this book ,i have had to confound genius with talent2 not because they are not quite distinct1 but because the line that separates them1 like that which separates vice from crime1 is very difficult to define4 ,a man of scientific genius1 lacking in education and opportunities--a ,gorini1 for example--will appear more sterile than a man of talent1 who has been favoured by circumstances from the first4 ,for the rest--and this is the point which concerns us most--the morbid effects and analogies are the same in both1 since the man of talent1 even without genius1 presents various slight but real abnormalities4 ,a man of even ordinary talent may be so exhausted as to exhibit the pathological central reactions of the most powerful genius1 and to leave traces of degeneration in his offspring2 and1 although it is rare1 it is not impossible for the man of talent to descend from the neurotic and insane4 ,this may easily be explained3 talent1 like genius1 is accompanied by cortical excitation1 only in a less degree and in a smaller brain4 ,the true normal man is not the man of letters or of learning1 but the man who works and eats--fruges consumere natus4 ,but our nature1 it is customary to say1 revolts against a conception which tends to lower the most sublime manifestation of humanity to the level of the sorrowfully degenerate1 to idiocy and insanity4 ,it is sad1 ,i do not deny1 but has not nature caused to grow from similar germs1 and on the same clod of earth1 the nettle and the jasmine1 the aconite and the rose8 ,the botanist cannot be blamed for these coincidences2 and since they exist it is not a crime that he should record them as he finds them4 ,repugnance also is a sentiment1 not a reason2 and a sentiment1 moreover1 which has not been shared by the race generally1 who long ago reached conclusions--repugnant to the academic world1 which sometimes closes its eyes in order not to see--entirely in harmony with the results here presented4 ,we may see this in the most ancient etymologies2 in ,hebrew as well as in ,sanscrit the lunatic is synonymous with the prophet4 ,we may see it1 too1 in proverbs3 8,i matti ed i fancialli indovinano20 8,kinder und ,narren sprechen die ,wahrheit20 8,un fol advise bien un sage20 8,spe enim est morio valde opportune locutus40 ,the lunatic1 again1 among barbarous people is feared and adored by the masses who often confide to him supreme authority4 ,in modern times the same conviction has been preserved1 but in a form1 it must be confessed1 altogether disadvantageous to genius4 ,not only is fame 7and until recent years even liberty71 denied to men of genius during their lives1 but even the means of subsistence4 ,after death they receive monuments and rhetoric by way of compensation4 ,and why is this8 ,neither the jealousy of rivals nor the envy of mediocre men is enough to explain it4 ,the reason is that if we leave out certain great statesmen 7though there are exceptions--,bismarck1 for example71 men of genius are lacking in tact1 in moderation1 in the sense of practical life1 in the virtues which are alone recognized as real by the masses1 and which alone are useful in social affairs4 8,le bon sens vaut mieux que le gnie10 says an old ,french adage4 ,and as ,mirabeau said1 8,good sense is the absence of every strong passion1 and only men of strong passions can be great40 ,good sense travels on the well-worn paths2 genius1 never4 ,and that is why the crowd1 not altogether without reason1 is so ready to treat great men as lunatics1 while the lettered crowd cry out when--as ,i have attempted to do here--this general opinion is attached to a theory4 ,by some of those persons who have too much good sense--and who do not know that that destroys every great truth1 because we reach truth more by remote paths than by smooth and ordinary roads--it has been objected3 8,many of these defects that you find in great men may be found also in those who are not men of genius40 ,this is very true1 but it is by the quality and quantity that the abnormal character is marked2 and1 above all1 by the contradiction with the whole of the other characters of their personality1 that the abnormality appears4 ,cooks are vain1 but in those matters which refer to their occupation they are not so vain as to believe themselves gods4 ,the nobleman will boast of descent from a medival hero1 but not of being a sculptor4 ,we are all forgetful sometimes1 but not so far forgetful that we cannot recall our own names while at the same time we have an extraordinary memory for our own discoveries4 ,many have said what ,michelangelo said of monks1 but they have not afterwards spent large sums in fattening monasteries4 ,in short1 it is the doubling and contradiction of personality in genius which reveals the abnormality4 ,it has again been objected to me that these studies are deficient in utility4 ,to this ,i might reply with ,taine that it is not always necessary that the true should be useful4 ,yet numerous practical applications arise out of these researches2 they furnish us with explanations of those strange religious insanities which become the nucleus of great historical events4 ,the examination of the productions of the insane supply us with new sources of analysis and criticism for the study of genius in art and literature2 and1 above all1 these data bring an important element to the solution of penal questions1 for they overthrow for ever that prejudice by virtue of which only those are declared insane1 and therefore irresponsible1 whose reason has entirely departed1 a prejudice which has handed thousands of irresponsible creatures to the executioner4 ,they show us1 lastly1 that literary madness is not only a curious psychiatric singularity1 but a special form of insanity1 which hides impulses the more dangerous1 because not easy to perceive1 a form of insanity1 which1 like religious insanity1 may be transformed into a historical event4 ,c4 ,,lombroso4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,characteristics ,,of ,,genius4 ,,chapter ,i4 44444,,page ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,problem44444#a-d ,aristotle--,plato--,democritus--,felix ,plater--,pascal--,diderot--,modern writers on genius4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,genius ,,and ,,degeneration44444#e-cg ,the signs of degeneration--,height--,rickets--,pallor --,emaciation --,physiognomy--,cranium and ,brain--,stammering--,lefthandedness --,sterility--,unlikeness to ,parents--,precocity--,delayed development--,misoneism--,vagabondage--, unconsciousness--,instinctiveness --,somnambulism--,the ,inspiration of ,genius--,contrast--,intermittence --,double ,personality--,stupidity--,hypersthesia- -,parsthesia--,amnesia --,originality--,fondness for special words4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,latent ,,forms ,,of ,,neurosis ,,and ,,insanity ,,in ,,genius44444#ch-fe ,chorea and ,epilepsy--,melancholy--,megalomania--,f olie du doute--,alcoholism--,hallucinations--,mo ral ,insanity--,longevity4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,genius ,,and ,,insanity44444#ff-ii ,resemblance between genius and insanity--,men and women of genius who have been insane--,montanus--,harrington--,haller- -,schumann--,grard de ,nerval--,baudelaire--,concato--,mainlnd er--,comte--,codazzi--,bolyai --,cardan--,tasso--,swift--,newton--,rou sseau--,lenau--,szchnyi--,hoffmann --,foder--,schopenhauer--,gogol4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,genius4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,meteorological ,,influences ,,on ,,genius44444#ajj-aaf ,the influence of weather on the insane--,sensitiveness of men of genius to barometrical conditions--,sensitiveness to thermometrical conditions4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,climatic ,,influences ,,on ,,genius44444#aag-acb ,influence of great centres--,race and hot climate--,the distribution of great masters--,orographic influences--,influence of healthy race--,parallelism of high stature and genius--,explanations4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,race ,,and ,,heredity ,,on ,,genius ,,and ,,insanity44444#acc-aej ,race--,insanity--,the influence of sex--,the heredity of genius--,criminal and insane parentage and descent of genius--,age of parents--,conception4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,disease ,,on ,,genius44444#aea-aeb ,spinal diseases--,fevers--,injuries to the head and their relation to genius4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,civilization ,,and ,,of ,,opportunity44444#aec-afj ,large ,towns--,large ,schools--,accidents--,misery--,power--, education4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,genius ,,in ,,the ,,insane4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,insane ,,genius ,,in ,,literature44444#afa-agh ,periodicals published in lunatic asylums--,synthesis--,passion--,atavism- -,conclusion4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,art ,,in ,,the ,,insane44444#agi-bjh ,geographical distribution--,profession--,influence of the special form of alienation--,originality--,eccentricity- -,symbolism --,obscenity--,criminality and moral insanity--,uselessness--,insanity as a subject--,absurdity--,uniformity--,summa ry--,music among the insane4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,literary ,,and ,,artistic ,,mattoids44444#bji-bda ,definition--,physical and psychical characteristics--,their literary activity--,examples--,lawsuit mania--,mattoids of genius--,bosisio--,the dcadent poets--,verlaine--,mattoids in art4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,political ,,and ,,religious ,,lunatics ,,and ,,mattoids44444#bdb-cac ,part played by the insane in the progressive movements of humanity--,examples--,probable causes--,religious epidemics of the ,middle ,ages--,francis of ,assisi--,luther--,savonarola--,cola da ,rienzi --,san ,juan de ,dios--,campanella--,prosper ,enfantin--,lazzaretti --,passanante--,guiteau--,south ,americans4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,synthesis4 ,,the ,,degenerative ,,psychosis ,,of ,,genius4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,characteristics ,,of ,,insane ,,men ,,of ,,genius44444#cad-cbi ,characterlessness--,vanity--,precocity- -,alcoholism--,vagabondage-- ,versatility--,originality--,style--,rel igious doubts--,sexual abnormalities--,egoism--,eccentricity--, inspiration4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,analogy ,,of ,,sane ,,to ,,insane ,,genius44444#ccj-cce ,want of character--,pride--,precocity--,alcoholi sm--,degenerative signs--,obsession--,men of genius in revolutions4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,epileptoid ,,nature ,,of ,,genius44444#ccf-ceb ,etiology--,symptoms--,confessions of men of genius--,the life of a great epileptic--,napoleon--,saint ,paul--,the saints--,philanthropic hysteria4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,sane ,,men ,,of ,,genius44444#cec-ceh ,their unperceived defects--,richelieu--,sesostris--,foscol o--,michelangelo--,darwin4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,conclusions44444#cei-cfa ,,appendix44444#cfc-cff ,,index44444#cfg-cgj ,,the ,,man ,,of ,,genius4 ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,characteristics ,,of ,,genius4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,problem4 ,aristotle--,plato--,democritus--,felix ,plater--,pascal--,diderot--,modern writers on genius4 ,it is a sad mission to cut through and destroy with the scissors of analysis the delicate and iridescent veils with which our proud mediocrity clothes itself4 ,very terrible is the religion of truth4 ,the physiologist is not afraid to reduce love to a play of stamens and pistils1 and thought to a molecular movement4 ,even genius1 the one human power before which we may bow the knee without shame1 has been classed by not a few alienists as on the confines of criminality1 one of the teratologic forms of the human mind1 a variety of insanity4 ,this impious profanation is not1 however1 altogether the work of doctors1 nor is it the fruit of modern scepticism4 ,the great ,aristotle1 once the father1 and still the friend1 of philosophers1 observed that1 under the influence of congestion of the head1 8many persons become poets1 prophets1 and sybils1 and1 like ,marcus the ,syracusan1 are pretty good poets while they are maniacal2 but when cured can no longer write verse40#e ,and again1 8,men illustrious in poetry1 politics1 and arts1 have often been melancholic and mad1 like ,ajax1 or misanthropic1 like ,bellerophon4 ,even in modern times such characters have been noted in ,socrates1 ,empedocles1 ,plato1 and in many others1 especially poets40#f ,in the ,phdo1 ,plato affirms that 8delirium is by no means an evil1 but1 on the contrary1 when it comes by the gift of the gods1 a very great benefit4 ,in delirium1 the prophetesses of ,delphi and ,dodona performed a thousand services for the citizens of ,greece2 while in cold blood they were of little use1 or rather of none4 ,it often happened that1 when the gods afflicted men with fatal epidemics1 a sacred delirium took possession of some mortal1 and inspired him with a remedy for those misfortunes4 ,another kind of delirium1 that inspired by the ,muses1 when a simple and pure soul is excited to glorify with poetry the deeds of heroes1 serves for the instruction of future generations40 ,democritus was more explicit1 and would not believe that there could be a good poet who was not out of his mind3-- 8,excludit sanos ,helicone poetas ,democritus40#g ,it was1 evidently1 the observation of these facts1 wrongly interpreted and1 according to a common habit1 transformed into superstitions1 which caused ancient nations to venerate the insane as beings inspired from on high4 ,we possess not only the witness of history to this effect1 but also that of the words navi and mesugan in ,hebrew and nigrata in ,sanscrit1 in which the ideas of insanity and prophecy are confused and assimilated4 ,felix ,plater affirmed that he had known persons who1 although they excelled in certain arts1 were yet mad1 and betrayed their infirmity by a curious seeking for praise1 and by strange and indecent acts4 ,he had known at ,court an architect1 a celebrated sculptor1 and a distinguished musician1 who were mad4#h ,pascal1 later on1 repeated that extreme intelligence was very near to extreme madness1 and himself offered an example of it4 ,diderot wrote3 8,i conjecture that these men of sombre and melancholy temperament only owed that extraordinary and almost ,divine penetration which they possessed at intervals1 and which led them to ideas1 sometimes so mad and sometimes so sublime1 to a periodical derangement of the organism4 ,they then believed themselves inspired1 and were insane4 ,their attacks were preceded by a kind of brutish apathy1 which they regarded as the natural condition of fallen man4 ,lifted out of this lethargy by the tumult within them1 they imagined that it was ,divinity1 which came down to visit and exercise them4444 ,oh6 how near are genius and madness6 ,those whom heaven has branded for evil or for good are more or less subject to these symptoms2 they reveal them more or less frequently1 more or less violently4 ,men imprison them and chain them1 or raise statues to them40#i ,many examples of men who were at once mad and highly intelligent were offered by ,hcart in his ,stultitiana1 ou petite bibliographie des ,fous de ,valenciennes1 par un homme en dmence2 by ,delepierre1 an enthusiastic bibliophile1 in his curious ,histoire littraire des ,fous 7#ahfj72 by ,forgues1 in ,revue de ,paris 7#ahbf72 and by an anonymous writer in ,sketches of ,bedlam 7,london1 #ahgc74 ,on the other hand1 it was shown in ,llut's ,dmon de ,socrate 7#ahcf7 and ,amulette de ,pascal 7#ahdf71 in ,verga's ,lipemania del ,tasso 7#ahej7 and in my own ,pazzia di ,cardano 7#ahef71 that there are men of genius who have long been subject to hallucinations1 and even to monomania4 ,other proofs1 the more precious because impartial1 were supplied by ,rveill-,parise1 in his ,physiologie et ,hygine des hommes livrs aux travaux de l'esprit 7#ahef74 ,moreau 7de ,tours71 who delighted in the least verisimilar aspects of truth1 in his solid monograph1 ,psychologie ,morbide 7#ahei71 and ,j4 ,a4 ,schilling1 in his ,psychiatrische ,briefe 7#ahfc71 endeavoured to show1 by researches that were very copious although not very strict in method1 that genius is always a neurosis1 and often a true insanity4 ,hagen has more recently sought to prove a thesis which is partly the same in his ,verwandtschaft des ,genies mit dem ,irrsinn 7,berlin1 #ahgg71 and1 indirectly1 ,jrgen-,meyer1 in his admirable monograph1 ,genie und ,talent 7from the ,zeitschrift fr ,vlker-psychologie1 #ahgi74 ,these two writers have tried to explain the physiology of genius1 and1 singularly1 they have reached conclusions which were reached1 more by intuition than through close observation1 by an ,italian ,jesuit1 now quite forgotten--,bettinelli--in his book1 ,dell' entusiasmo nelle belle ,arti 7,milan1 #agfi74 ,radestock1 in his ,genie und ,wahnsinn 7,breslau1 #ahhd71 added little to the solution of the problem1 as he merely copied1 for the most part1 from his predecessors1 without profiting greatly by their work4 ,among recent writers1 ,i note ,tarnowski and ,tchukinova1 who to the ,russian translation of my book 7,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahhe7 have added many new documents from the history of ,russian literature2 ,maxime du ,camp1 who in his curious ,souvenirs ,littraires 7#ahhg71 has shown how many modern ,french writers have concealed within them the sorrowful seed of insanity2 ,ramos ,mejia1 who1 in his ,neurosis de los ,hombres ,celebres de la ,historia ,argentina 7,buenos ,ayres1 #ahhe71 shows how nearly all the great men of the ,south ,american ,republics were inebriate1 neurotic1 or insane2 ,a4 ,tebaldi1 who1 in his book ,ragione e ,pazzia 7,milan1 #ahhd71 brings fresh documents to the literature of insanity2 and1 finally1 that acute thinker and brilliant writer1 ,pisani-,dossi1 who has given us a curious study1#aj which is a monograph on madness in art2 as in my ,tre ,tribuni 7#ahhi7 ,i have attempted to do with the insane and semi-insane in their relation to politics4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,genius ,,and ,,degeneration4 ,the signs of degeneration--,height--,rickets--,pallor --,emaciation--,physiognomy--,cranium and ,brain--,stammering--,lefthandedness--,s terility--,unlikeness to ,parents--,precocity--,delayed development--,misoneism--,vagabondage--, unconsciousness--,instinctiveness--,somn ambulism--,the ,inspiration of ,genius--,contrast--,intermittence--,dou ble ,personality--,stupidity--,hypersthesia- -,parsthesia--,amnesia--,originality--,f ondness for special words4 ,the paradox that confounds genius with neurosis1 however cruel and sad it may seem1 is found to be not devoid of solid foundation when examined from various points of view which have escaped even recent observers4 ,a theory1 which has for some years flourished in the psychiatric world1 admits that a large proportion of mental and physical affections are the result of degeneration1 of the action1 that is1 of heredity in the children of the inebriate1 the syphilitic1 the insane1 the consumptive1 c42 or of accidental causes1 such as lesions of the head or the action of mercury1 which profoundly change the tissues1 perpetuate neuroses or other diseases in the patient1 and1 which is worse1 aggravate them in his descendants1 until the march of degeneration1 constantly growing more rapid and fatal1 is only stopped by complete idiocy or sterility4 ,alienists have noted certain characters which very frequently1 though not constantly1 accompany these fatal degenerations4 ,such are1 on the moral side1 apathy1 loss of moral sense1 frequent tendencies to impulsiveness or doubt1 psychical inequalities owing to the excess of some faculty 7memory1 sthetic taste1 c47 or defect of other qualities 7calculation1 for example71 exaggerated mutism or verbosity1 morbid vanity1 excessive originality1 and excessive pre-occupation with self1 the tendency to put mystical interpretations on the simplest facts1 the abuse of symbolism and of special words which are used as an almost exclusive mode of expression4 ,such1 on the physical side1 are prominent ears1 deficiency of beard1 irregularity of teeth1 excessive asymmetry of face and head1 which may be very large or very small1 sexual precocity1 smallness or disproportion of the body1 lefthandedness1 stammering1 rickets1 phthisis1 excessive fecundity1 neutralized afterwards by abortions or complete sterility1 with constant aggravation of abnormalities in the children4#aa ,without doubt many alienists have here fallen into exaggerations1 especially when they have sought to deduce degeneration from a single fact4 ,but1 taken on the whole1 the theory is irrefutable2 every day brings fresh applications and confirmations4 ,among the most curious are those supplied by recent studies on genius4 ,the signs of degeneration in men of genius they show are sometimes more numerous than in the insane4 ,let us examine them4 ,height4--,first of all it is necessary to remark the frequency of physical signs of degeneration1 only masqued by the vivacity of the countenance and the prestige of reputation1 which distracts us from giving them due importance4 ,the simplest of these1 which struck our ancestors and has passed into a proverb1 is the smallness of the body4 ,famous for short stature as well as for genius were3 ,horace 7lepidissimum homunculum dicebat ,augustus71 ,philopmen1 ,narses1 ,alexander 7,magnus ,alexander corpore parvus erat71 ,aristotle1 ,plato1 ,epicurus1 ,chrysippus1 ,laertes1 ,archimedes1 ,diogenes1 ,attila1 ,epictetus1 who was accustomed to say1 8,who am ,i8 ,a little man40 ,among moderns one may name1 ,erasmus1 ,socinus1 ,linnus1 ,lipsius1 ,gibbon1 ,spinoza1 ,hay1 ,montaigne1 ,mezeray1 ,lalande1 ,gray1 ,john ,hunter 7#e;ft4 #b;in471 ,mozart1 ,beethoven1 ,goldsmith1 ,hogarth1 ,thomas ,moore1 ,thomas ,campbell1 ,wilberforce1 ,heine1 ,meissonnier1 ,charles ,lamb1 ,beccaria1 ,maria ,edgeworth1 ,balzac1 ,de ,quincey1 ,william ,blake 7who was scarcely five feet in height71 ,browning1 ,ibsen1 ,george ,eliot1 ,thiers1 ,mrs4 ,browning1 ,louis ,blanc1 ,mendelssohn1 ,swinburne1 ,van ,does 7called the ,drum1 because he was not any taller than a drum71 ,peter van ,laer 7called the ,puppet74 ,lulli1 ,pomponazzi1 ,baldini1 were very short2 so also were ,nicholas ,piccinini1 the philosopher ,dati1 and ,baldo1 who replied to the sarcasm of ,bartholo1 8,minuit prsentia fama10 with the words1 8,augebit ctera virtus20 and again1 ,marsilio ,ficino1 of whom it was said1 8,vix ad lumbos viri stabat40 ,albertus ,magnus was of such small size that the ,pope1 having allowed him to kiss his foot1 commanded him to stand up1 under the impression that he was still kneeling4 ,when the coffin of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier was opened at ,goa in #ahij1 the body was found to be only four and a half feet in length4 ,among great men of tall stature ,i only know ,volta1 ,goethe1 ,petrarch1 ,schiller1 ,d',azeglio1 ,helmholtz1 ,foscolo1 ,charlemagne1 ,bismarck1 ,moltke1 ,monti1 ,mirabeau1 ,dumas pre1 ,schopenhauer1 ,lamartine1 ,voltaire1 ,peter the ,great1 ,washington1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,sterne1 ,arago1 ,flaubert1 ,carlyle1 ,tourgueneff1 ,tennyson1 ,whitman4 ,rickets4--,agesilaus1 ,tyrtus1 sop1 ,giotto1 ,aristomenes1 ,crates1 ,galba1 ,brunelleschi1 ,magliabecchi1 ,parini1 ,scarron1 ,pope1 ,leopardi1 ,talleyrand1 ,scott1 ,owen1 ,gibbon1 ,byron1 ,dati1 ,baldini1 ,moses ,mendelssohn1 ,flaxman1 ,hooke1 were all either rachitic1 lame1 hunch-backed1 or club-footed4 ,pallor4--,this has been called the colour of great men2 8,pulchrum sublimium virorum florem0 7,s4 ,gregory1 ,orationes ,,xiv474 ,it was ascertained by ,marro#ab that this is one of the most frequent signs of degeneration in the morally insane4 ,emaciation4--,the law of the conservation of energy which rules the whole organic world1 explains to us other frequent abnormalities1 such as precocious greyness and baldness1 leanness of the body1 and weakness of sexual and muscular activity1 which characterize the insane1 and are also frequently found among great thinkers4 ,lecamus#ac has said that the greatest geniuses have the slenderest bodies4 ,csar feared the lean face of ,cassius4 ,demosthenes1 ,aristotle1 ,cicero1 ,giotto1 ,st4 ,bernard1 ,erasmus1 ,salmasius1 ,kepler1 ,sterne1 ,walter ,scott1 ,john ,howard1 ,d',alembert1 ,fnelon1 ,boileau1 ,milton1 ,pascal1 ,napoleon1 were all extremely thin in the flower of their age4 ,others were weak and sickly in childhood2 such were ,demosthenes1 ,bacon1 ,descartes1 ,newton1 ,locke1 ,adam ,smith1 ,boyle1 ,pope1 ,flaxman1 ,nelson1 ,haller1 ,krner1 ,pascal1 ,wren1 ,alfieri1 ,renan4 ,sgur wrote of ,voltaire that his leanness recalled his labours1 and that his slight bent body was only a thin1 transparent veil1 through which one seemed to see his soul and genius4 ,lamennais was 8a small1 almost imperceptible man1 or rather a flame chased from one point of the room to the other by the breath of his own restlessness40#ad ,physiognomy4--,mind1 a celebrated painter of cats1 had a cretin-like physiognomy4 ,so also had ,socrates1 ,skoda1 ,rembrandt1 ,dostoieffsky1 ,magliabecchi1 ,pope1 ,carlyle1 ,darwin1 and1 among modern ,italians1 ,schiaparelli1 who holds so high a rank in mathematics4 ,cranium and ,brain4--,lesions of the head and brain are very frequent among men of genius4 ,the celebrated ,australian novelist1 ,marcus ,clarke1 when a child1 received a blow from a horse's hoof which crushed his skull4#ae ,the same is told of ,vico1 ,gratry1 ,clement ,,vi41 ,malebranche1 and ,cornelius1 hence called a ,lapide4 ,the last three are said to have acquired their genius as a result of the accident1 having been unintelligent before4 ,mention should also be made of the parietal fracture in ,fusinieri's skull2#af of the cranial asymmetry of ,pericles1 who was on this account surnamed ,squill-head 77 by the ,greek comic writers#ag2 of ,romagnosi1 of ,bichat1 of ,kant1#ah of ,chenevix1#ai of ,dante1 who presented an abnormal development of the left parietal bone1 and two osteomata on the frontal bone2 the plagiocephaly of ,brunacci and of ,machiavelli2 the ,illustration3 ,figs4 #a-c4 ,kant's ,skull4 8 #d4 ,volta's ,skull4 ,figs4 #e-f4 ,fusinieri's ,skull4 8 #g-h4 ,foscolo's ,skull4 extreme prognathism of ,foscolo 7#fh7 and his low cephalic-spinal and cephalic-orbital index2#bj the ultra-dolichocephaly of ,fusinieri 7index #gd71 contrasting with the ultra-brachycephaly which is characteristic of the ,venetians 7#hb to #hd72 the ,neanderthaloid skull of ,robert ,bruce2#ba of ,kay ,lye1#bb of ,san ,marsay 7index #fi71 and the ultra-dolichocephaly of ,o',connell 7index #gc71 which contrasts with the mesocephaly of the ,irish2 the median occipital fossa of ,scarpa2#bc the transverse occipital suture of ,kant1 his ultra-brachycephaly 7#hhe71 platycephaly 7index of height #gaa71 the disproportion between the superior portion of his occipital bone1 more developed by half1 and the inferior or cerebellar portion4 ,it is the same with the smallness of the frontal arch compared to the parietal4 ,in ,volta's skull#bd ,i have noted several characters which anthropologists consider to belong to the lower races1 such as prominence of the styloid apophyses1 simplicity of the coronal suture1 traces of the median frontal suture1 obtuse facial angle 7#gc71 but especially the remarkable cranial sclerosis1 which at places attains a thickness of #af millemetres2 hence the great weight of the skull 7#gec grammes74 ,the researches of other investigators have shown that ,manzoni1 ,petrarch1 and ,fusinieri had receding foreheads2 in ,byron1 ,massacra 7at the age of #cb71 ,humboldt1 ,meckel1#be ,foscolo1 ,ximenes1 and ,donizetti there was solidification of the sutures2 submicrocephaly in ,rasori1 ,descartes1 ,foscolo1 ,tissot1 ,guido ,reni1 ,hoffmann1 and ,schumann2 sclerosis in ,donizetti and ,tiedemann who1 moreover1 presented a bony crest between the sphenoid and the basilar apophysis2 hydrocephalus in ,milton1 ,linnus1 ,cuvier1 ,gibbon1 c4 ,the capacity of the skull in men of genius1 as is natural1 is above the average1 by which it approaches what is found in insanity4 7,de ,quatrefages noted that the greatest degree of macrocephaly was found in a lunatic1 the next in a man of genius47 ,there are numerous exceptions in which it descends below the ordinary average4 ,it is certain that in ,italy1 ,volta 7#a1hfj c4cm471 ,petrarch 7#a1fjb c4cm471 ,bordoni 7#a1fha c4cm471 ,brunacci 7#a1gja c4cm471 ,st4 ,ambrose 7#a1gib c4cm471 and ,fusinieri 7#a1fjd c4cm471 all presented great cranial capacity4 ,the same character is found to a still greater degree in ,kant 7#a1gdj c4cm471 ,thackeray 7#a1ffj c4cm471 ,cuvier 7#a1hcj c4cm471 and ,tourgueneff 7#b1jab c4cm474 ,le ,bon studied twenty-six skulls of ,french men of genius1 among whom were ,boileau1 ,descartes1 and ,jourdan4#bf ,he found that the most celebrated had an average capacity of #a1gcb cubic centimetres2 while the ancient ,parisians offered only #a1eei c4cm4 ,among the ,parisians of to-day scarcely #ab per cent4 exceed #a1gjj c4cm41 a figure surpassed by #gc per cent4 of the celebrated men4 ,but sub-microcephalic skulls may also be found in men of genius4 ,wagner and ,bischoff1#bg examining twelve brains of celebrated ,germans1 found the capacity very great in eight1 very small in four4 ,the latter was the case with ,liebig1 ,dllinger1 ,hausmann1 in whose favour advanced age may be advanced as an excuse2 but this reason does not exist for ,guido ,reni1 ,gambetta1 ,harless1 ,foscolo 7#adbf71 ,dante 7#adic71 ,hermann 7#aceh71 ,lasker 7#acjj74 ,shelley's head was remarkably small4 ,in the face of all these facts ,i shall not be taxed with temerity if ,i conclude that1 as genius is often expiated by inferiority in some psychic functions1 it is often associated with anomalies in that organ which is the source of its glory4 ,reference should here be made to the ventricular dropsy in ,rousseau's brain1#bh to the meningitis of ,grossi1 of ,donizetti1 and of ,schumann1 to the cerebral dema of ,liebig and of ,tiedemann4 ,in the last-named1 besides remarkable thickness of the skull1 especially at the forehead1 ,bischoff noted adherence of the dura mater to the bone1 thickening of the arachnoid and atrophy of the brain4 ,in the physician ,fuchs1 ,wagner found the fissure of ,rolando interrupted by a superficial convolution1 an anomaly which ,giacomini found only once in #cef cases1 and ,heschl once in #fcb4bi ,pascal's brain showed grave lesions of the cerebral hemispheres4 ,it has recently been discovered that ,cuvier's voluminous brain was affected by dropsy2 in ,lasker's there was softening of the corpora striata1 pachymeningitis1 hmorrhage1 and endarteritis deformans of the artery of the fissure of ,sylvius4#cj ,in eighteen brains of ,german men of science ,bischoff and ,rdinger found congenital anomalies of the cerebral convolutions1 especially of the parietal4#ca ,in the brains of ,wlfert and ,huber1 the third left frontal convolution was greatly developed with numerous meanderings4 ,in ,gambetta this exaggeration became a real doubling2 and the right quadrilateral lobule is divided into two parts by a furrow which starts from the occipital fissure2 of these two parts the inferior is subdivided by an incision with numerous branches1 arranged in the form of stars1 and the occipital lobe is small1 especially on the right4#cb 8,the comparative study of these brains10 writes ,herv1#cc 8shows that individual variations of the cerebral convolutions are more numerous and more marked in men of genius than in others4 ,this is especially the case in regard to the third frontal convolution which is not only more variable in men of genius1 but also more complex1 especially on one side1 while in ordinary persons it is very simple both on the left and on the right4 ,without doubt the individual arrangements which may be presented by the brains of men of remarkable intelligence may also be found in ordinary brains1 but only in rare exceptions40 ,i refer those who wish to form an idea of the development reached by ,broca's centre in some of the brains of the ,munich collection to ,rdinger's monograph1 and to the beautiful plates which accompany it4 ,one remarks especially the enormous size and the numerous superficial folds at the foot of the left convolution in the jurist ,wlfert1 who was remarkable among other qualities for his great oratorical talent4 ,on the other hand1 the convolution is much reduced and very simple on the left1 much developed in all its parts on the right1 in the brain of the pathologist ,buhl1 a professor whose speech was clear and facile1 but who was left-handed1 or at all events ambidextrous4 ,to these facts others may be added1 showing the morphological complexity of ,broca's convolution in distinguished men2 in the brains1 for instance1 of various men of science1 described and figured by ,r4 ,wagner4#cd ,among these was the illustrious geometrician1 ,gauss3 compared with ,gauss's brain that of an artisan called ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,gauss's ,brain4 8 #b4 ,frontal ,lobe of same4 8 #c4 ,brain of a ,german ,workman4 ,fig4 #d4 ,frontal ,lobe of same4 8 #e4 ,dirichlet's ,brain4 8 #f4 ,hermann's ,brain4 ,krebs was much less complicated1 and notably narrower in the frontal region4 ,the frontal convolutions were also inferior in development to those of ,gauss2 and the anterior lobes were voluminous in another celebrated mathematician1 ,professor ,de ,morgan1 whose brain is in ,bastian's possession4#ce ,stammering4--,men of genius frequently stammer4 ,i will mention3 ,aristotle1 sop1 ,demosthenes1 ,alcibiades1 ,cato of ,utica1 ,virgil1 ,manzoni1 ,erasmus1 ,malherbe1 ,c4 ,lamb1 ,turenne1 ,erasmus and ,charles ,darwin1 ,moses ,mendelssohn1 ,charles ,v41 ,romiti1 ,cardan1 ,tartaglia4 ,lefthandedness4--,many have been left-handed4 ,such were3 ,tiberius1 ,sebastian del ,piombo1 ,michelangelo1 ,flchier1 ,nigra1 ,buhl1 ,raphael of ,montelupo1 ,bertillon4 ,leonardo da ,vinci sketched rapidly with his left hand any figures which struck him1 and only employed the right hand for those which were the mature result of his contemplation2 for this reason his friends were persuaded that he only wrote with the left hand4#cf ,mancinism or leftsidedness is to-day regarded as a character of atavism and degeneration4#cg ,sterility4--,many great men have remained bachelors2 others1 although married1 have had no children4 8,the noblest works and foundations10 said ,bacon1#ch 8have proceeded from childless men1 which have sought to express the images of their minds1 where those of their bodies have failed4 ,so the care of posterity is most in them that have no posterity40 ,and ,la ,bruyre said1 8,these men have neither ancestors nor descendants2 they themselves form their entire posterity40 ,croker1 in his edition of ,boswell1 remarks that all the great ,english poets had no posterity4 ,he names ,shakespeare1 ,ben ,jonson1 ,milton1 ,otway1 ,dryden1 ,rowe1 ,addison1 ,pope1 ,swift1 ,gay1 ,johnson1 ,goldsmith1 ,cowper4 ,hobbes1 ,camden1 and many others1 avoided marriage in order to have more time to devote to study4 ,michelangelo said1 8,i have more than enough of a wife in my art40 ,among celibates may be mentioned also3 ,kant1 ,newton1 ,pitt1 ,fox1 ,fontenelle1 ,beethoven1 ,gassendi1 ,galileo1 ,descartes1 ,locke1 ,spinoza1 ,bayle1 ,leibnitz1 ,malebranche1 ,gray1 ,dalton1 ,hume1 ,gibbon1 ,macaulay1 ,lamb1 ,bentham1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,copernicus1 ,reynolds1 ,handel1 ,mendelssohn1 ,meyerbeer1 ,schopenhauer1 ,camons1 ,voltaire1 ,chateaubriand1 ,flaubert1 ,foscolo1 ,alfieri1 ,cavour1 ,pellico1 ,mazzini1 ,aleardi1 ,guerrazzi4 ,and among women3 ,florence ,nightingale1 ,catherine ,stanley1 ,gaetana ,agnesi 7the mathematician71 and ,luigia ,laura ,bassi4 ,a very large number of married men of genius have not been happy in marriage3 ,shakespeare1 ,dante1 ,marzolo1 ,byron1 ,coleridge1 ,addison1 ,landor1 ,carlyle1 ,ary ,scheffer1 ,rovani1 ,a4 ,comte1 ,haydn1 ,milton1 ,sterne1 ,dickens1 c4 ,st4 ,paul boasted of his absolute continence2 ,cavendish altogether lacked the sexual instinct1 and had a morbid antipathy to women4 ,flaubert wrote to ,george ,sand3 8,the muse1 however intractable1 gives fewer sorrows than woman4 ,i cannot reconcile one with the other4 ,one must choose40#ci ,adam ,smith said he reserved his gallantry for his books4 ,chamfort1 the misanthrope1 wrote3 8,if men followed the guidance of reason no one would marry2 for my own part1 ,i will have nothing to do with it1 lest ,i should have a son like myself40 ,a ,french poet has said3 8,les grands esprits1 d'ailleurs trs-estimables1 ,ont trs peu de talent pour former leurs semblables40#dj ,unlikeness to ,parents4--,nearly all men of genius have differed as much from their fathers as from their mothers 7,foscolo1 ,michelangelo1 ,giotto1 ,haydn1 c474 ,that is one of the marks of degeneration4 ,for this reason one notes physical resemblances between men of genius belonging to very different races and epochs2 for example1 ,julius ,csar1 ,napoleon1 and ,giovanni of the ,black ,bands2 or ,casti1 ,sterne1 and ,voltaire4 ,they often differ from their national type4 ,they differ by the possession of noble and almost superhuman characters 7elevation of the forehead1 notable development of the nose and of the head1 great vivacity of the eyes72 while the cretin1 the criminal1 and often the lunatic1 differ by the possession of ignoble features3 ,humboldt1 ,virchow1 ,bismarck1 ,helmholtz1 and ,holtzendorf1 do not show a ,german physiognomy4 ,byron was ,english neither in his face nor in his character2 ,manin did not show the ,venetian type2 ,alfieri and d',azeglio had neither the ,piedmontese character nor face4 ,carducci's face is not ,italian4 ,nevertheless1 one finds very notable and frequent exceptions4 ,michelangelo1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,raphael1 and ,cellini1 presented the ,italian type4 ,precocity4--,another character common to genius and to insanity1 especially moral insanity1 is precocity4 ,dante1 when nine years of age1 wrote a sonnet to ,beatrice2 ,tasso wrote verses at ten4 ,pascal and ,comte were great thinkers at the age of thirteen1 ,fornier at fifteen1 ,niebuhr at seven1 ,jonathan ,edwards at twelve1 ,michelangelo at nineteen1 ,gassendi1 the ,little ,doctor1 at four1 ,bossuet at twelve1 and ,voltaire at thirteen4 ,pico de la ,mirandola knew ,latin1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,chaldee1 and ,arabic1 in his childhood2 ,goethe wrote a story in seven languages when he was scarcely ten2 ,wieland knew ,latin at seven1 meditated an epic poem at thirteen1 and at sixteen published his poem1 ,die ,vollkommenste ,welt4 ,lopez de la ,vega composed his first verses at twelve1 ,calderon at thirteen4 ,kotzebue was trying to write comedies at seven1 and at eighteen his first tragedy was acted4 ,schiller was only nineteen when his epoch-making ,ruber appeared4 ,victor ,hugo composed ,irtamne at fifteen1 and at twenty had already published ,han d',islande1 ,bug-,jargal1 and the first volume of ,odes et ,ballades2 ,lamennais at sixteen dictated the ,paroles d'un ,croyant4 ,pope wrote his ode to ,solitude at twelve and his ,pastorals at sixteen4 ,byron wrote verses at twelve1 and at eighteen published his ,hours of ,idleness4 ,moore translated ,anacreon at thirteen4 ,meyerbeer at five played excellently on the piano4 ,claude ,joseph ,vernet drew very well at four1 and at twenty was already a celebrated painter4 ,at thirteen ,wren invented an astronomical instrument and offered it to his father with a ,latin dedication4 ,ascoli at fifteen published a book on the relation of the dialects of ,wallachia and ,friuli4 ,metastasio improvised at ten2 ,ennius ,quirinus ,visconti excited the admiration of all at sixteen months1 and preached when six years old4 ,at fifteen ,fnelon preached at ,paris before a select audience2 ,wetton at five could read and translate ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,hebrew1 and at ten knew ,chaldee1 ,syriac1 and ,arabic4 ,mirabeau preached at three and published books at ten4 ,handel composed a mass at thirteen1 at seventeen ,corinda and ,nero1 and at nineteen was director of the opera at ,hamburg4 ,raphael was famous at fourteen4 ,restif de la ,bretonne had already read much at four2 at eleven he had seduced young girls1 and at fourteen had composed a poem on his first twelve mistresses4 ,eichorn1 ,mozart1 and ,eybler gave concerts at six4 ,at thirteen ,beethoven composed three sonatas4 ,weber was only fourteen when his first opera1 ,das ,waldmdchen1 was represented4 ,cherubini at thirteen wrote a mass which filled his fellow-citizens with enthusiasm4 ,bacon conceived the ,novum ,organum at fifteen4 ,charles ,,xii4 manifested his great designs at the age of eighteen4#da ,this precocity is morbid and atavistic2 it may be observed among all savages4 ,the proverb1 8,a man who has genius at five is mad at fifteen0 is often verified in asylums4#db ,the children of the insane are often precocious4 ,savage knew an insane woman whose children could play classical music before the age of six1 and other children who at a tender age displayed the passions of grown men4 ,among the children of the insane are often revealed aptitudes and tastes--chiefly for music1 the arts1 and mathematics--which are not usually found in other children4 ,delayed ,development4--,delay in the development of genius may be explained1 as ,beard remarks1 by the absence of circumstances favourable to its blossoming1 and by the ignorance of teachers and parents who see mental obtusity1 or even idiocy1 where there is only the distraction or amnesia of genius4 ,many children who become great men have been regarded at school as bad1 wild1 or silly2 but their intelligence appeared as soon as the occasion offered1 or when they found the true path of their genius4 ,it was thus with ,thiers1 ,pestalozzi1 ,wellington1 ,du ,guesclin1 ,goldsmith1 ,burns1 ,balzac1 ,fresnel1 ,dumas pre1 ,humboldt1 ,sheridan1 ,boccaccio1 ,pierre ,thomas1 ,linnus1 ,volta1 ,alfieri4 ,thus ,newton1 meditating on the problems of ,kepler1 often forgot the orders and commissions given him by his mother2 and while he was the last in his class he was very clever in making mechanical playthings4 ,walter ,scott1 who also showed badly at school1 was a wonderful story-teller4 ,klaproth1 the celebrated ,orientalist1 when following the courses at ,berlin ,university1 was considered a backward student4 ,in examination once a professor said to him3 8,but you know nothing1 sir60 8,excuse me10 he replied1 8,i know ,chinese40 ,it was found that he had learnt this difficult language alone1 almost in secret4 ,gustave ,flaubert 8was the very opposite of a phenomenal child4 ,it was only with extreme difficulty that he succeeded in learning to read4 ,his mind1 however1 was already working1 for he composed little plays which he could not write1 but which he represented alone1 playing the different personages1 and improvising long dialogues40#dc ,domenichino1 whom his comrades called the great bullock1 when accused of being slow and not learning so fast as the other pupils1 replied3 8,it is because ,i work in myself40 ,sometimes children have only made progress when abandoned to their own impulses4 ,thus ,cabanis1 although intelligent1 was regarded at school as obstinate and idle1 and was sent home4 ,his father then decided to risk an experiment4 ,he allowed his son1 at fourteen years of age1 to study according to his own taste4 ,the experiment succeeded completely4 ,misoneism4--,the men who create new worlds are as much enemies of novelty as ordinary persons and children4 ,they display extraordinary energy in rejecting the discoveries of others2 whether it is that the saturation1 so to say1 of their brains prevents any new absorption1 or that they have acquired a special sensibility1 alert only to their own ideas1 and refractory to the ideas of others4 ,thus ,schopenhauer1 who was a great rebel in philosophy1 has nothing but words of pity and contempt for political revolutionaries2 and he bequeathed his fortune to men who had contributed to repress by arms the noble political aspirations of #ahdh4 ,frederick ,,ii41 who inaugurated ,german politics1 and wished to foster a national art and literature1 did not suspect the worth of ,herder1 of ,klopstock1 of ,lessing1 of ,goethe2#dd he disliked changing his coats so much that he had only two or three during his life4 ,the same may be said of ,napoleon and his hats4 ,rossini could never travel by rail2 when a friend attempted to accustom him to the train he fell down fainting1 remarking afterwards3 8,if ,i was not like that ,i should never have written the ,barbiere40 ,napoleon rejected steam1 and ,richelieu sent ,salomon de ,caus1 its first inventor1 to the ,bictre4 ,bacon laughed at ,gilbert and ,copernicus2 he did not believe in the application of instruments1 or even of mathematics1 to the exact sciences4 ,baudelaire and ,nodier detested freethinkers4#de ,laplace denied the fall of meteorites1 for1 he said1 with an argument much approved by the ,academicians1 how can stones fall from the sky when there are none there8 ,biot denied the undulatory theory4 ,voltaire denied fossils4 ,darwin did not believe in the stone age nor in hypnotism4#df ,robin laughed at the ,darwinian theory4 ,vagabondage4--,love of wandering is frequent among men of genius4 ,i will mention only ,heine1 ,alfieri1 ,byron1 ,giordano ,bruno1 ,leopardi1 ,tasso1 ,goldsmith1 ,sterne1 ,gautier1 ,musset1 ,lenau4 8,my father left me his wandering genius as a heritage10 wrote ,foscolo4 ,hlderlin1 after his much loved wife had entered a convent1 wandered for forty years without settling down anywhere4 ,every one knows of the constant journeys of ,petrarch1 of ,paisiello1 of ,lavoisier1 of ,cellini1 of ,cervantes1 at a time when travelling was beset by difficulties and dangers4 ,meyerbeer travelled for thirty years1 composing his operas in the train4 ,wagner travelled on foot from ,riga to ,paris4 ,one knows that sometimes1 at the ,universities1 professors are seized by the desire of change1 and to satisfy it forget all their personal interests4 ,unconsciousness and ,instinctiveness4--,the coincidence of genius and insanity enables us to understand the astonishing unconsciousness1 instantaneousness and intermittence of the creations of genius1 whence its great resemblance to epilepsy1 the importance of which we shall see later1 and whence also a distinction between genius and talent4 8,talent10 says ,jrgen-,meyer1#dg 8knows itself2 it knows how and why it has reached a given theory2 it is not so with genius1 which is ignorant of the how and the why4 ,nothing is so involuntary as the conception of genius40 8,one of the characters of genius10 writes ,hagen1 8is irresistible impulsion4 ,as instinct compels the animal to accomplish certain acts1 even at the risk of life1 so genius1 when it is dominated by an idea is incapable of abandoning itself to any other thought4 ,napoleon and ,alexander conquered1 not from love of glory1 but in obedience to an all-powerful instinct2 so scientific genius has no rest2 its activity may appear to be the result of a voluntary effort1 but it is not so4 ,genius creates1 not because it wishes to1 but because it must create40 ,and ,paul ,richter writes3 8,the man of genius is in many respects a real somnambulist4 ,in his lucid dream he sees farther than when awake1 and reaches the heights of truth2 when the world of imagination is taken away from him he is suddenly precipitated into reality40#dh ,haydn attributed the conception of the ,creation to a mysterious grace from on high3 8,when my work does not advance10 he said1 8,i retire into the oratory with my rosary and say an ,ave2 immediately ideas come to me40 ,when our ,milli produces1 almost without knowing it1 one of her marvellous poems1 she is agitated1 cries1 sings1 takes long walks1 and almost becomes the victim of an epileptic attack4 ,many men of genius who have studied themselves1 and who have spoken of their inspiration1 have described it as a sweet and seductive fever1 during which their thought has become rapidly and involuntarily fruitful1 and has burst forth like the flame of a lighted torch4 ,such is the thought that ,dante has engraved in three wonderful lines3-- 8,i' mi son un che1 quando ,amore spira1 noto ed in quel modo ,che detta dentro vo significando40#di ,napoleon said that the fate of battles was the result of an instant1 of a latent thought2 the decisive moment appeared2 the spark burst forth1 and one was victorious4 7,moreau47 ,kuh's most beautiful poems1 wrote ,bauer1 were dictated in a state between insanity and reason2 at the moment when his sublime thoughts came to him he was incapable of simple reasoning4 ,foscolo tells us in his ,epistolario1 the finest monument of his great soul1 that writing depends on a certain amiable fever of the mind1 and cannot be had at will3 8,i write letters1 not for my country1 nor for fame1 but for the secret joy which arises from the exercise of our faculties2 they have need of movement1 as our legs of walking40 ,mozart confessed that musical ideas were aroused in him1 even apart from his will1 like dreams4 ,hoffmann often said to his friends1 8,when ,i compose ,i sit down to the piano1 shut my eyes1 and play what ,i hear40#ej ,lamartine often said1 8,it is not ,i who think2 my ideas think for me40#ea ,alfieri1 who compared himself to a barometer on account of the continual changes in his poetic power1 produced by change of season1 had not the strength in ,september to resist a new1 or rather1 renewed1 impulse which he had felt for several days2 he declared himself vanquished1 and wrote six comedies4 ,in ,alfieri1 ,goethe1 and ,ariosto creation was instantaneous1 often even being produced on awaking4#eb ,this domination of genius by the unconscious has been remarked for many centuries4 ,socrates said that poets create1 not by virtue of inventive science1 but1 thanks to a very certain natural instinct1 just as diviners predict1 saying beautiful things1 but not having consciousness of what they say4#ec 8,all the manifestations of genius10 wrote ,voltaire to ,diderot1 8are the effects of instinct4 ,all the philosophers of the world put together would not be able to produce ,quinault's ,armide1 or the ,animaux ,malades de la peste1 which ,la ,fontaine wrote without knowing what he did4 ,corneille composed ,horace as a bird composes its nest40#ed ,thus the greatest conceptions of thought1 prepared1 so to say1 by former sensations1 and by exquisite organic sensibility1 suddenly burst forth and develop by unconscious cerebration4 ,thus also may be explained the profound convictions of prophets1 saints1 and demoniacs1 as well as the impulsive acts of the insane4 ,somnambulism4--,bettinelli wrote3 8,poetry may almost be called a dream which is accomplished in the presence of reason1 which floats above it with open eyes40 ,this definition is the more exact since many poets have composed their poems in a dream or half-dream4 ,goethe often said that a certain cerebral irritation is necessary to the poet2 many of his poems were1 in fact1 composed in a state bordering on somnambulism4 ,klopstock declared that he had received several inspirations for his poems in dreams4 ,voltaire conceived during sleep one of the books of his ,henriade2 ,sardini1 a theory on the flageolet2 ,seckendorf1 his beautiful ode to imagination1 which in its harmony reflects its origin4 ,newton and ,cardan resolved mathematical problems in dreams4 ,nodier composed ,lydia1 together with a complete theory of future destiny1 as the result of dreams which 8succeeded each other10 he wrote1 8with such redoubled energy1 from night to night1 that the idea transformed itself into a conviction40 ,muratori1 many years after he had ceased to write verse1 improvised in a dream a ,latin pentameter4 ,it is said that ,la ,fontaine composed in a dream his ,deux ,pigeons1 and that ,condillac completed during sleep a lesson interrupted in his waking hours4#ee ,coleridge's ,kubla ,khan was composed1 in ill health1 during a profound sleep produced by an opiate2 he was only able to recall fifty-four lines4 ,holde's ,phantasie was composed under somewhat similar conditions4 ,genius in ,inspiration4--,it is very true that nothing so much resembles a person attacked by madness as a man of genius when meditating and moulding his conceptions4 ,aut insanit homo aut versus facit4 ,according to ,rveill-,parise1 the man of genius exhibits a small contracted pulse1 pale1 cold skin1 a hot1 feverish head1 brilliant1 wild1 injected eyes4 ,after the moment of composition it often happens that the author himself no longer understands what he wrote a short time before4 ,marini1 when writing his ,adone1 did not feel a serious burn of the foot4 ,tasso1 during composition1 was like a man possessed4 ,lagrange felt his pulse become irregular while he wrote4 ,alfieri's sight was troubled4 ,some1 in order to give themselves up to meditation1 even put themselves artificially into a state of cerebral semi-congestion4 ,thus ,schiller plunged his feet into ice4 ,pitt and ,fox prepared their speeches after excessive indulgence in porter4 ,paisiello composed beneath a mountain of coverlets4 ,descartes buried his head in a sofa4 ,bonnet retired into a cold room with his head enveloped in hot cloths4 ,cujas worked lying prone on the carpet4 ,it was said of ,leibnitz that he 8meditated horizontally10 such being the attitude necessary to enable him to give himself up to the labour of thought4 ,milton composed with his head leaning over his easy-chair4#ef ,thomas and ,rossini composed in their beds4 ,rousseau meditated with his head in the full glare of the sun4#eg ,shelley lay on the hearthrug with his head close to the fire4 ,all these are instinctive methods for augmenting momentarily the cerebral circulation at the expense of the general circulation4 ,it is known that very often the great conceptions of thinkers have been organized1 or at all events have taken their start1 in the shock of a special sensation which produced on the intelligence the effect of a drop of salt water on a well-prepared voltaic pile4 ,all great discoveries have been occasioned1 according to ,moleschott's remark1 by a simple sensation4#eh ,some frogs which were to furnish a medicinal broth for ,galvani's wife were the origin of the discovery of galvanism2 the movement of a hanging lamp1 the fall of an apple1 inspired the great systems of ,galileo and ,newton4 ,alfieri composed or conceived his tragedies while listening to music1 or soon after4 ,a celebrated cantata of ,mozart's ,don ,giovanni came to him on seeing an orange1 which recalled a popular ,neapolitan air heard five years before4 ,the sight of a porter suggested to ,leonardo da ,vinci his celebrated ,giuda4 ,the movements of his model suggested to ,thorwaldsen the attitude of his ,seated ,angel4 ,salvator ,rosa owed his first grandiose inspirations to the scenes of ,posilipo4 ,hogarth conceived his grotesque scenes in a ,highgate tavern1 after his nose had been broken in a dispute with a drunkard4 ,milton1 ,bacon1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 liked to hear music before beginning to work4 ,bourdaloue tried an air on the violin before writing one of his immortal sermons4 ,reading one of ,spenser's odes aroused the poetic vocation in ,cowley4 ,a boiling teakettle suggested to ,watt the idea of the steam-engine4 ,in the same way a sensation is the point of departure of the terrible deeds produced by impulsive mania4 ,humboldt's nursemaid confessed that the sight of the fresh and delicate flesh of his child irresistibly impelled her to bite it4 ,many persons1 at the sight of a hatchet1 a flame1 a corpse1 have been drawn to murder1 incendiarism1 or the profanation of cemeteries4 ,it must be added that inspiration is often transformed into a real hallucination2 in fact1 as ,bettinelli well says1 the man of genius sees the objects which his imagination presents to him4 ,dickens and ,kleist grieved over the fates of their heroes4 ,kleist was found in tears just after finishing one of his tragedies3 8,she is dead10 he said4 ,schiller was as much moved by the adventures of his personages as by real events4#ei ,t4 ,grossi told ,verga that in describing the apparition of ,prina1 he saw the figure come before him1 and was obliged to relight his lamp to make it disappear4#fj ,brierre de ,boismont tells us that the painter ,martina really saw the pictures he imagined4 ,one day1 some one having come between him and the hallucination1 he asked this person to move so that he might go on with his picture4#fa ,contrast1 ,intermittence1 ,double ,personality4--,when the moment of inspiration is over1 the man of genius becomes an ordinary man1 if he does not descend lower2 in the same way personal inequality1 or1 according to modern terminology1 double1 or even contrary1 personality1 is the one of the characters of genius4 ,our greatest poets1 ,isaac ,disraeli remarked 7in ,curiosities of ,literature71 ,shakespeare and ,dryden1 are those who have produced the worst lines4 ,it was said of ,tintoretto that sometimes he surpassed ,tintoretto1 and sometimes was inferior to ,caracci4 ,great tragic actors are very cheerful in society1 and of melancholy humour at home4 ,the contrary is true of genuine comedians4 8,john ,gilpin10 that masterpiece of humour1 was written by ,cowper between two attacks of melancholia4 ,gaiety was in him the reaction from sadness4 ,it was singular1 he remarked1 that his most comic verses were written in his saddest moments1 without which he would probably never have written them4 ,a patient one day presented himself to ,abernethy2 after careful examination the celebrated practitioner said1 8,you need amusement2 go and hear ,grimaldi2 he will make you laugh1 and that will be better for you than any drugs40 8,my ,god10 exclaimed the invalid1 8but ,i am ,grimaldi60 ,dbureau in like manner went to consult an alienist about his melancholy2 he was advised to go to ,dbureau4 ,klopstock was questioned regarding the meaning of a passage in his poem4 ,he replied1 8,god and ,i both knew what it meant once2 now ,god alone knows40 ,giordano ,bruno said of himself3 8,in hilaritate tristis1 in tristitia hilaris40 ,ovidio justly remarked concerning the contradictions in ,tasso's style1 that 8when the inspiration was over1 he lost his way in his own creations1 and could no longer appreciate their beauty or be conscious of it40#fb ,renan described himself as 8a tissue of contradictions1 recalling the classic hirocerf with two natures4 ,one of my halves is constantly occupied in demolishing the other1 like the fabulous animal of ,ctesias1 who ate his paws without knowing it40#fc 8,if there are two such different men in you10 said his mistress to ,alfred de ,musset1 8could you not1 when the bad one rises1 be content to forget the good one80#fd ,musset himself confesses that1 with respect to her1 he gave way to attacks of brutal anger and contempt1 alternating with fits of extravagant affection2 8an exaltation carried to excess made me treat my mistress like an idol1 like a divinity4 ,a quarter of an hour after having insulted her ,i was at her knees2 ,i left off accusing her to ask her pardon2 and passed from jesting to tears40 ,stupidity4--,the doubling of personality1 the amnesia and the misoneism so common among men of science1 are the key to the innumerable stupidities which intrude into their writings3 quandoque bonus dormitat ,homerus4 ,flaubert made a very curious collection of these1 and called it the 8,dossier de la sottise humaine40 ,here are some examples3 8,the wealth of a country depends on its general prosperity0 7,louis ,napoleon74 8,she did not know ,latin1 but understood it very well0 7,victor ,hugo1 in ,les ,misrables74 8,wherever they are1 fleas throw themselves against white colours4 ,this instinct has been given them in order that we may catch them more easily4444 ,the melon has been divided into slices by nature in order that it may be eaten en famille2 the pumpkin1 being larger1 may be eaten with neighbours0 7,bernardin de ,saint ,pierre in ,harmonie de la ,nature74 8,it is the business of bishops1 nobles1 and the great officers of the ,state to be the depositaries and the guardians of the conservative virtues1 to teach nations what is good and what is evil1 what is true and what is false1 in the moral and spiritual world4 ,others have no right to reason on these matters4 ,they may amuse themselves with the natural sciences4 ,what have they to complain of80 7,de ,maistre in ,soires de ,st4 ,petersbourg1 #h;e ,entretien1 p4 #aca74 8,when one has crossed the bounds there are no limits left0 7,ponsard74 8,i have often heard the blindness of the council of ,francis ,i4 deplored in repelling ,christopher ,columbus1 when he proposed his expedition to the ,indies0 7,montesquieu1 in ,esprit des ,lois1 liv41 xxi41 chap4 xxii4 ,francis ,i4 ascended the throne in #aeae2 ,columbus died in #aejf74 8,bonaparte was a great gainer of battles1 but beyond that the least general is more skilful than he4444 ,it has been believed that he perfected the art of war1 and it is certain that he made it retrograde towards the childhood of art0 7,chateaubriand1 ,les ,buonaparte et les ,bourbons74 8,voltaire is nowhere as a philosopher1 without authority as a critic and historian1 out of date as a man of science0 7,dupanloup1 ,haute ducation intellectuelle74 8,grocery is respectable4 ,it is a branch of commerce4 ,the army is more respectable still1 because it is an institution1 the aim of which is order4 ,grocery is useful1 the army is necessary0 7,jules ,noriac in ,les ,nouvelles74 ,let us recall ,pascal1 at one time more incredulous than ,pyrrho1 at another1 writing like a ,father of the ,church2 or ,voltaire1 believing sometimes in destiny1 which 8causes the growth and the ruin of ,states02#fe sometimes in fatality which 8governs the affairs of the world02#ff sometimes in ,providence4#fg ,hypersthesia4--,if we seek1 with the aid of autobiographies1 the differences which separate a man of genius from an ordinary man1 we find that they consist in very great part in an exquisite1 and sometimes perverted1 sensibility4 ,the savage and the idiot feel physical pain very feebly2 they have few passions1 and they only attend to the sensations which concern more directly the necessities of existence4 ,the higher we rise in the moral scale1 the more sensibility increases2 it is highest in great minds1 and is the source of their misfortunes as well as of their triumphs4 ,they feel and notice more things1 and with greater vivacity and tenacity than other men2 their recollections are richer and their mental combinations more fruitful4 ,little things1 accidents that ordinary people do not see or notice1 are observed by them1 brought together in a thousand ways1 which we call creations1 and which are only binary and quaternary combinations of sensations4 ,haller wrote3 8,what remains to me except sensibility1 that powerful sentiment which results from a temperament vividly moved by the impressions of love and the marvels of science8 ,even to-day to read of a generous action calls tears from my eyes4 ,this sensibility has certainly given to my poems a passion which is not found elsewhere40#fh ,diderot said3 8,if nature has ever made a sensitive soul it is mine4 ,multiply sensitive souls1 and you will augment good and evil actions40#fi ,the first time that ,alfieri heard music he experienced as it were a dazzling in his eyes and ears4 ,he passed several days in a strange but agreeable melancholy2 there was an efflorescence of fantastic ideas2 at that moment he could have written poetry if he had known how1 and expressed sentiments if he had had any to express4 ,he concludes1 with ,sterne1 ,rousseau1 and ,george ,sand1 that 8there is nothing which agitates the soul with such unconquerable force as musical sounds40 ,berlioz has described his emotions on hearing beautiful music3 first1 a sensation of voluptuous ecstasy1 immediately followed by general agitation with palpitation1 oppression1 sobbing1 trembling1 sometimes terminating with a kind of fainting fit4 ,malibran1 on first hearing ,beethoven's symphony in ,c minor1 had a convulsive attack and had to be taken out of the hall4 ,musset1 ,goncourt1 ,flaubert1 ,carlyle had so delicate a perception of sounds that the noises of the streets and bells were insupportable to them2 they were constantly changing their abodes to avoid these sounds1 and at last fled in despair to the country4#gj ,schopenhauer also hated noise4 ,urquiza fainted on breathing the odour of a rose4 ,baudelaire had a very delicate sense of smell2 he perceived the odour of women in dresses2 he could not live in ,belgium1 he said1 because the trees had no fragrance4 ,guy de ,maupassant says of ,gustave ,flaubert3 8,from his early childhood the distinctive features of his nature were a great navet and a horror of physical action4 ,all his life he remained naf and sedentary4 ,it exasperated him to see people walking or moving about him1 and he declared in his mordant1 sonorous1 always rather theatrical voice1 that it was not philosophic4 #8,one can only think and write seated1' he said40#ga ,sterne wrote that intuition and sensibility are the only instruments of genius1 the source of the delicious impressions which give a more brilliant colour to joy1 and which make us weep with happiness4 ,it is known that ,alfieri and ,foscolo often fell at the feet of women who were very unworthy of them4 ,alfieri could not eat on the day when his horse did not neigh4 ,every one knows that the beauty and love of the ,fornarina inspired ,raphael's palette1 but very few know that he also composed one hundred sonnets in her honour4#gb ,dante and ,alfieri fell in love at nine years of age1 ,scarron at eight1 ,rousseau at eleven1 ,byron at eight4 ,at sixteen ,byron1 hearing that his beloved was about to marry1 almost fell into convulsions2 he was almost suffocated and1 although he had no idea of sex1 he doubted if he ever loved so truly in later years4 ,he had a convulsive attack1 ,moore tells us1 on seeing ,kean act4 ,the painter ,francia died of joy on seeing one of ,raphael's pictures4 ,ampre was so sensitive to the beauties of nature that he thought he would die of happiness on seeing the magnificent shores of ,genoa4 ,in one of his manuscripts he had left the journal of an unfortunate passion4 ,newton was so affected on discovering the solution of a problem that he was unable to continue his work4 ,gay-,lussac and ,davy1 after making a discovery1 danced about in their slippers4 ,it is this exaggerated sensibility of men of genius1 found in less degree in men of talent also1 which causes great part of their real or imaginary misfortunes4 8,this precious gift10 writes ,mantegazza1 8this rare privilege of genius1 brings in its train a morbid reaction to the smallest troubles from without2 the slightest breeze1 the faintest breath of the dog-days1 becomes for these sensitive persons the rumpled rose-petal which will not let the unfortunate sybarite sleep40#gc ,la ,fontaine perhaps thought of himself when he wrote3-- 8,un souffle1 une ombre1 un rien leur donne la fivre40 ,offences which for others are but pin-pricks for them are sharpened daggers4 ,when ,foscolo heard a mocking word from one of his friends he became indignant1 and said to her3 8,you wish to see me dead2 ,i will break my skull at your feet02 so saying1 he threw himself with great violence and lowered head against the edge of the marble mantlepiece2 a charitable bystander promptly seized him by the collar of his coat1 and saved his life by throwing him on the ground4 ,boileau and ,chateaubriand could not hear any one praised1 even their shoemakers1 without a certain annoyance4 ,hence the manifestations of morbid vanity which often approximate men of genius to ambitious monomaniacs4 ,schopenhauer was furious and refused to pay his debts to any one who spelled his name with a double 8p40 ,barthez could not sleep with grief because in the printing of his ,gnie the accent on the was divided into two4 ,whiston said he ought not to have published his refutation of ,newton's chronology1 as ,newton was capable of killing him4 ,poushkin was seen one day in the crowded theatre1 in a fit of jealousy1 to bite the shoulder of the wife of the ,governor-,general1 ,countess ,z41 to whom he was then paying attention4 ,any one who has had the rare fortune to live with men of genius is soon struck by the facility with which they misinterpret the acts of others1 believe themselves persecuted1 and find everywhere profound and infinite reasons for grief and melancholy4 ,their intellectual superiority contributes to this end1 being equally adapted to discover new aspects of truth and to create imaginary ones1 confirming their own painful illusions4 ,it is true1 also1 that their intellectual superiority permits them to acquire and to express1 regarding the nature of things1 convictions different from those adopted by the majority1 and to manifest them with an unshakeable firmness which increases the opposition and contrast4 ,but the principal cause of their melancholy and their misfortunes is the law of dynamism which rules in the nervous system4 ,to an excessive expenditure and development of nervous force succeeds reaction or enfeeblement4 ,it is permitted to no one to expend more than a certain quantity of force without being severely punished on the other side2 that is why men of genius are so unequal in their productions4 ,melancholy1 depression1 timidity1 egoism1 are the prices of the sublime gifts of intellect1 just as uterine catarrhs1 impotence1 and tabes dorsalis are the prices of sexual abuse1 and gastritis of abuse of appetite4 ,milli1 after one of her eloquent improvisations which are worth the whole existence of a minor poet1 falls into a state of paralysis which lasts several days4 ,mahomet after prophesying fell into a state of imbecility4 8,three suras of the ,koran10 he said one day to ,abou-,bekr1 8have been enough to whiten my hair40#gd ,in short1 ,i do not believe there has ever been a great man who1 even at the height of his happiness1 has not believed and proclaimed1 even without cause1 that he was unfortunate and persecuted1 and who has not at some moment experienced the painful modifications of sensibility which are the foundation of melancholia4 ,sometimes this sensibility undergoes perversion2 it consumes itself1 and is agitated around a single point1 remaining indifferent to all others4 ,certain series of ideas or sensations acquire1 little by little1 the force of a special stimulant on the brain1 and sometimes on the entire organism1 so that they seem to survive life itself4 ,heine1 who in his letters declared himself incapable of understanding the simplest things1 ,heine1 blind and paralytic1 when advised to turn towards ,god1 replied in his dying agony3 8,dieu me pardonnera2 c'est son mtier20 thus crowning with a stroke of supreme irony the most sthetically cynical life of our time4 ,the last words of ,aretino after extreme unction were1 it is said1 8,keep me from the rats now ,i am anointed40 ,the dying ,rabelais enveloped his head in his domino1 and said1 8,beati qui in ,domino moriuntur40 ,malherbe1 in his last illness1 reproached his nurse with the solecisms she committed1 and rejected the counsel of his confessor on account of its bad style4 ,the last words of ,bouhours the grammarian1 were1 8,je vais ou je va mourir3 l'un et l'autre se disent40 ,foscolo confesses that 8very active in some directions1 he was in others inferior to a man1 to a woman1 to a child40#ge ,it is known that ,corneille1 ,descartes1 ,virgil1 ,addison1 ,la ,fontaine1 ,dryden1 ,manzoni1 ,newton1 were almost incapable of expressing themselves in public4 ,d',alembert and ,mnage1 insensible to the sufferings of a surgical operation1 wept at a slight critical censure4 ,luce de ,lancival smiled when his legs were amputated1 but could not endure ,geoffrey's criticisms4 ,linnus1 at the age of sixty1 rendered paralytic and insensible by an apoplectic stroke1 was aroused when carried near to his beloved herbarium4#gf ,lagny was stretched out comatose1 insensible to the strongest stimulants1 when it occurred to some one to ask him the square of twelve1 he replied immediately1 8,one hundred and forty-four40 ,sebouyah1 the ,arab grammarian1 died of grief because the ,khalif ,haroun-al-,raschid did not agree with him on some grammatical point4 ,it should be observed here that men of genius1 at all events1 if men of science1 often present that species of mania which ,wechniakoff#gg and ,letourneau#gh have called monotypic4 ,such men occupy themselves throughout their whole lives with one single problem1 the first which takes possession of their brains1 and which henceforth rules them4 ,otto ,beckmann was occupied during the whole of his life with the pathology of the kidneys2 ,fresnel with light2 ,meyer with ants4 ,here is a new and striking point of resemblance with monomaniacs4 ,on account of this exaggerated and concentrated sensibility1 it becomes very difficult to persuade or dissuade either men of genius or the insane4 ,in them the roots of error1 as well as those of truth1 fix themselves more deeply and multiplexly than in other men1 for whom opinion is a habit1 an affair of fashion1 or of circumstance4 ,hence the slight utility of moral treatment as applied to the insane2 hence also the frequent fallibility of genius4 ,in the same way we can explain why it is that great minds do not seize ideas that the most vulgar intelligence can grasp1 while at the same time they discover ideas which would have seemed absurd to others3 their greater sensibility is associated with a greater originality of conception4 ,in exalted meditation thought deserts the more simple and easy paths which no longer suit its robust energy4 ,thus ,monge resolved the most difficult problems of a differential calculus1 and was embarrassed in seeking an algebraic root of the second degree which a schoolboy might have found4 ,one of ,lulli's friends used to say habitually on his behalf3 8,pay no attention to him2 he has no common sense3 he is all genius40 ,parsthesia4--,to the exhaustion and excessive concentration of sensibility must be attributed all those strange acts showing apparent or intermittent ansthesia1 and analgesia1 which are to be found among men of genius as well as among the insane4 ,socrates presented a photo-parsthesia which enabled him to gaze at the sun for a considerable time without experiencing any discomfort4 ,the ,goncourts1 ,flaubert1 ,darwin had a kind of musical daltonism4 ,amnesia4--,forgetfulness is another of the characters of genius4 ,it is said that ,newton once rammed his niece's finger into his pipe2 when he left his room to seek for anything he usually returned without bringing it4#gi ,rouelle generally explained his ideas at great length1 and when he had finished1 he added3 8,but this is one of my arcana which ,i tell to no one40 ,sometimes one of his pupils rose and repeated in his ear what he had just said aloud2 then ,rouelle believed that the pupil had discovered the arcanum by his own sagacity1 and begged him not to divulge what he had himself just told to two hundred persons4 ,one day1 when performing an experiment during a lecture1 he said to his hearers3 8,you see1 gentlemen1 this cauldron over the flame8 ,well1 if ,i were to leave off stirring it an explosion would at once occur which would make us all jump40 ,while saying these words1 he did not fail to forget to stir1 and the prediction was accomplished2 the explosion took place with a fearful noise3 the laboratory windows were all smashed1 and the audience fled to the garden4#hj ,sir ,everard ,home relates that he once suddenly lost his memory for half an hour1 and was unable to recognise the house and the street in which he lived2 he could not recall the name of the street1 and seemed to hear it for the first time4 ,it is told of ,ampre that when travelling on horseback in the country he became absorbed in a problem2 then1 dismounting1 began to lead his horse1 and finally lost it2 but he did not discover his misadventure until1 on arrival1 it attracted the attention of his friends4 ,babinet hired a country house1 and after making the payments returned to town2 then he found that he had entirely forgotten both the name of the place and from what station he had started4#ha ,one day ,buffon1 lost in thought1 ascended a tower and slid down by the ropes1 unconscious of what he was doing1 like a somnambulist4 ,mozart1 in carving meat1 so often cut his fingers1 accustomed only to the piano1 that he had to give up this duty to other persons4 ,of ,bishop ,mnster1 it is said that1 seeing at the door of his own ante-chamber the announcement3 8,the master of the house is out10 he remained there awaiting his own return4#hb ,of ,toucherel1 it is told by ,arago1 that he once even forgot his own name4 ,beethoven1 on returning from an excursion in the forest1 often left his coat on the grass1 and often went out hatless4 ,once1 at ,neustadt1 he was arrested in this condition1 and taken to prison as a vagabond2 here he might have remained1 as no one would believe that he was ,beethoven1 if ,herzog1 the conductor of the orchestra1 had not arrived to deliver him4 ,gioia1 in the excitement of composition1 wrote a chapter on the table of his bureau instead of on paper4 ,the ,abb ,beccaria1 absorbed in his experiments1 said during mass3 8,ite6 experientia facta est40 ,saint ,dominic1 in the midst of a princely repast1 suddenly struck the table and exclaimed3 8,conclusum est contra ,manicheos40 ,it is told of ,ampre that having written a formula1 with which he was pre-occupied1 on the back of a cab1 he started in pursuit as soon as the cab went off4#hc ,diderot hired vehicles which he then left at the door and forgot1 thus needlessly paying coachmen for whole days4 ,he often forgot the hour1 the day1 the month1 and even the person to whom he was speaking2 he would then speak long monologues like a somnambulist4#hd ,rossini1 conducting the orchestra at the rehearsal of his ,barbiere1 which was a fiasco1 did not perceive that the public and even the performers had left him alone in the theatre until he reached the end of an act4 ,originality4--,hagen notes that originality is the quality that distinguishes genius from talent4#he ,and ,jrgen-,meyer3 8,the imagination of talent reproduces the stated fact2 the inspiration of genius makes it anew4 ,the first disengages or repeats2 the second invents or creates4 ,talent aims at a point which appears difficult to reach2 genius aims at a point which no one perceives4 ,the novelty1 it must be understood1 resides not in the elements1 but in their shock40 ,novelty and grandeur are the two chief characters which ,bettinelli attributes to genius2 8for this reason10 he says1 8poets call themselves troubadours or trouvres40 ,cardan conceived the idea of the education of deaf mutes before ,harriot2 he caught a glimpse of the application of algebra to geometry and geometric constructions before ,descartes4#hf ,giordano ,bruno divined the modern theories of cosmology and of the origin of ideas4 ,cola di ,rienzi conceived ,italian unity1 with ,rome as capital1 four hundred years before ,cavour and ,mazzini4 ,stoppani admits that the geological theory of ,dante1 with regard to the formation of seas1 is at all points in accordance with the accepted ideas of to-day4 ,genius divines facts before completely knowing them2 thus ,goethe described ,italy very well before knowing it2 and ,schiller1 the land and people of ,switzerland without having been there4 ,and it is on account of those divinations which all precede common observation1 and because genius1 occupied with lofty researches1 does not possess the habits of the many1 and because1 like the lunatic and unlike the man of talent1 he is often disordered1 the man of genius is scorned and misunderstood4 ,ordinary persons do not perceive the steps which have led the man of genius to his creation1 but they see the difference between his conclusions and those of others1 and the strangeness of his conduct4 ,rossini's ,barbiere1 and ,beethoven's ,fidelio were received with hisses2 ,boito's ,mefistofele and ,wagner's ,lohengrin have been hissed at ,milan4 ,how many academicians have smiled compassionately at ,marzolo1 who has discovered a new philosophic world6 ,bolyai1 for his invention of the fourth dimension in anti-,euclidian geometry1 has been called the geometrician of the insane1 and compared to a miller who wishes to make flour of sand4 ,every one knows the treatment accorded to ,fulton and ,columbus and ,papin1 and1 in our own days1 to ,piatti and ,praga and ,abel1 and to ,schliemann1 who found ,ilium1 where no one else had dreamed of looking for it1 while learned academicians laughed4 8,there never was a liberal idea10 wrote ,flaubert1 8which has not been unpopular2 never an act of justice which has not caused scandal2 never a great man who has not been pelted with potatoes or struck by knives4 ,the history of human intellect is the history of human stupidity1 as ,m4 de ,voltaire said40#hg ,in this persecution1 men of genius have no fiercer or more terrible enemies than the men of academies1 who possess the weapons of talent1 the stimulus of vanity1 and the prestige by preference accorded to them by the vulgar1 and by governments which1 in large part1 consist of the vulgar4 ,there are1 indeed1 countries in which the ordinary level of intelligence sinks so low that the inhabitants come to hate not only genius1 but even talent4 ,originality1 though usually of an aimless kind1 is observed with some frequency among the insane--as we shall see later on--and especially among those inclined to literature4 ,they sometimes reach the divinations of genius3 thus ,bernardi1 at the ,florence ,asylum in #aebi1 wished to show the existence of language among apes4#hh ,in exchange for this fatal gift1 both the one and the other have the same ignorance of the necessities of practical life which always seems to them less important than their own dreams1 and at the same time they possess the disordered habits which renders this ignorance dangerous4 ,fondness for ,special ,words4--,this originality causes men of genius1 as well as the insane1 to create special words1 marked with their own imprint1 unintelligible to others1 but to which they attach extraordinary significance and importance4 ,such are the dignit of ,vico1 the individuit of ,carrara1 the odio serrato of ,alfieri1 the albero epogonico of ,marzolo1 and the immiarsi1 the intuarsi1 and the entomata of ,dante4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,latent ,,forms ,,of ,,neurosis ,,and ,,insanity ,,in ,,genius4 ,chorea and ,epilepsy--,melancholy--,megalomania--,f olie du doute--,alcoholism--,hallucinations--,mo ral ,insanity--,longevity4 ,it is now possible to explain the frequency among men of genius1 even when not insane1 of those forms of neurosis or mental alienation which may be called latent1 and which contain the germs and as it were the outlines of these disorders4 ,chorea and ,epilepsy4--,many men of genius1 like the insane1 are subject to curious spasmodic and choreic movements4 ,lenau and ,montesquieu left upon the floor of their rooms the signs of the movements by which their feet were convulsively agitated during composition2 ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,santeuil1 ,crbillon1 ,lombardini1 exhibited the most remarkable facial contortions4#hi ,there was a constant quiver on ,thomas ,campbell's thin lips4 ,chateaubriand was long subject to convulsive movements of the arm4 ,napoleon suffered from habitual spasm of the right shoulder and of the lips2 8,my anger10 he said1 one day after an altercation with ,lowe1 8must have been fearful1 for ,i felt the vibration of my calves1 which has not happened to me for a long time40 ,peter the ,great suffered from convulsive movements which horribly distorted his face4 ,carducci's face at certain moments1 writes ,mantegazza1 is a veritable hurricane2 lightnings dart from his eyes and his muscles tremble4#ij ,ampre could only express his thoughts while walking1 and when his body was in a state of constant movement4#ia ,socrates often danced and jumped in the street without reason1 as if by a freak4 ,julius ,csar1 ,dostoieffsky1 ,petrarch1 ,molire1 ,flaubert1 ,charles ,v41 ,saint ,paul1 and ,handel1 appear to have been all subject to attacks of epilepsy4 ,twice upon the field of battle the epileptic vertigo nearly had a serious influence on ,csar's fate4 ,on another occasion1 when the ,senate had decreed him extraordinary honours1 and had gone out to meet him with the consuls and prtors1 ,csar1 who at that moment was seated at the tribune1 failed to rise1 and received the ,senators as though they were ordinary citizens4 ,they retired showing signs of discontent1 and ,csar1 suddenly returning to himself1 immediately went home1 took off his clothes and uncovering his neck1 exclaimed that he was ready to deliver his throat to any one who wished to cut it4 ,he explained his behaviour to the ,senate as due to the malady to which he was subject2 he said that those who were affected by it were unable to speak standing1 in public1 that they soon felt shocks in their limbs1 giddiness1 and at last completely lost consciousness4#ib ,convulsions sometimes hindered ,molire from doing any work for a fortnight at a time4 ,mahomet had visions after an epileptic fit3 8,an angel appears to me in human form2 he speaks to me4 ,often ,i hear as it were the sound of cats1 of rabbits1 of bells3 then ,i suffer much40 ,after these apparitions he was overcome with sadness and howled like a young camel4 ,peter the ,great and his son by ,catherine were both epileptics4 ,it may be noted here that artistic creation presents the intermittence1 the instantaneousness1 and very often the sudden absences of mind which characterize epilepsy4 ,paganini1 ,mozart1 ,schiller1 and ,alfieri1 suffered from convulsions4 ,paganini was even subject to catalepsy4#ic ,pascal from the age of twenty-four had fits which lasted for whole days4 ,handel had attacks of furious and epileptic rage4 ,newton and ,swift were subject to vertigo1 which is related to epilepsy4 ,richelieu1 in a fit1 believed he was a horse1 and neighed and jumped2 afterwards he knew nothing of what had taken place4#id ,maudsley remarks that epileptics often believe themselves patriarchs and prophets4 ,he thinks that by mistaking their hallucinations for divine revelations they have largely contributed to the foundation of religious beliefs4 ,anne ,lee1 who founded the sect of ,shakers1 was an epileptic3 she saw ,christ come to her physically and spiritually4 ,the vision which transformed ,saint ,paul from a persecutor into an apostle seems to have been of the same order4 ,the ,siberian ,shamans1 who profess to have intercourse with spirits1 operate in a state of convulsive exaltation1 and choose their pupils by preference from among epileptic children4 ,melancholy4--,the tendency to melancholy is common to the majority of thinkers1 and depends on their hypersthesia4 ,it is proverbially said that to feel sorrow more than other men constitutes the crown of thorns of genius4 ,aristotle had remarked that men of genius are of melancholic temperament1 and after him ,jrgen-,meyer has affirmed the same4 8,tristes philosophi et severi10 said ,varro4 ,goethe1 the impassible ,goethe1 confesses that 8my character passes from extreme joy to extreme melancholy20 and elsewhere that 8every increase of knowledge is an increase of sorrow20 he could not recall that in all his life he had passed more than four pleasant weeks4 8,i am not made for enjoyment10 wrote ,flaubert4#ie ,giusti was affected by hypochondria1 which reached to delirium2 sometimes he thought he had hydrophobia4 ,corradi has shown#if that all the misfortunes of ,leopardi1 as well as his philosophy1 owe their origin to an exaggerated sensibility1 and a hopeless love which he experienced at the age of eighteen4 ,in fact1 his philosophy was more or less sombre according as his health was better or worse1 until the tendency was transformed into a habit4 8,thought10 he wrote1 8has long inflicted on me1 and still inflicts1 such martyrdom as to produce injurious effects1 and it will kill me if ,i do not change my manner of existence40#ig ,in his poems ,leopardi appears the most romantic and philanthropic of men4 ,in his letters1 on the other hand1 he appears cold1 indifferent to his parents1 and still more to his native country4 ,from the publications of his host and protector ,ranieri#ih may be seen how little grateful he was to his friends1 and that he was eccentric to the verge of insanity4 ,desiring death every moment in verse1 he took exaggerated pains to cling to life1 exposing himself to the sun for hours together1 sometimes eating only peaches1 at other times only flesh1 always in extremes4 ,no one hated the country more than he1 who so often sang its praises4 ,he hardly reached it before he wished to return1 and stayed with difficulty an entire day4 ,he made day night1 and night day4 ,he suspected every one2 one day he even suspected that he had been robbed of a box in which he preserved old combs4 ,the list of great men who have committed suicide is almost endless4 ,it opens with the names of ,zeno ,aristotle7871 ,hegesippus1 ,cleanthes1 ,stilpo1 ,dionysus of ,heraclea1 ,lucretius1 ,lucan1 and reaches to ,chatterton1 ,clive1 ,creech1 ,blount1 ,haydon1 ,david4 ,domenichino was led to commit suicide by the contempt of a rival2 ,spagnoletto by the abduction of his daughter2 ,nourrit by the success of ,dupr2 ,gros could not survive the decadence of his genius4 ,robert1 ,chateaubriand1 ,cowper1 ,rousseau1 ,lamartine on several occasions nearly put an end to their lives4 ,burns wrote in a letter3 8,my constitution and frame were ab origine blasted with a deep incurable taint of melancholia which poisons my existence40 ,schiller passed through a period of melancholy which caused him to be suspected of insanity4 ,in ,b4 ,constant's letters we read3 8,if ,i had had my dear opium1 it would have been the moment1 in honour of ennui1 to put an end to an excessive movement of love40#ii ,dupuytren thought of suicide even when he had reached the climax of fame4 ,pariset and ,cavour were only saved from suicide by devoted friends4 ,the latter twice attempted to kill himself4 ,lessmann1 the humorous writer1 who wrote the ,journal of a ,melancholiac1 hanged himself in #ahce during an attack of melancholia4 ,so died1 also1 the composer of ,masaniello1 ,fischer1 ,romilly1 ,eult von ,burg1 ,hugh ,miller1 ,ghring1 ,kuh 7the friend of ,mendelssohn71 ,jules ,uberti1 ,tannahill1 ,prvost-,paradol1 ,kleist1 who died with his mistress1 and ,majlth1 who drowned himself with his daughter4 ,george ,sand1 who seems1 however1 free from all neurosis1 declared that whether it was that bile made her melancholy1 or that melancholy made her bilious1 she had been seized at moments of her life by a desire for eternal repose--for suicide4 ,she attributed this to an affection of the liver4 8,it was an old chronic disorder1 experienced and fought with from early youth1 forgotten like an old travelling companion whom one believes one has left behind1 but who suddenly presents himself4 ,this temptation10 she continues1 8was sometimes so strange that ,i regarded it as a kind of madness4 ,it took the form of a fixed idea and bordered on monomania4 ,the idea was aroused chiefly by the sight of water1 of a precipice1 of phials40 ,george ,sand tells us that ,gustave ,planche was of strangely melancholy character4 ,edgar ,quinet suffered at times from unreasonable melancholy1 in this taking after his mother4 ,rossini experienced1 about #ahdh1 keen grief because he had bought a house at a slight loss4 ,he became really insane1 and took it into his head that he was reduced to extreme misery1 so that he must beg4 ,he believed that he had become an idiot4 ,he could1 indeed1 neither compose nor even hear music spoken of4 ,the care of ,sansone1 of ,ancona1 gradually restored him to fame and to his friends4 ,the great painter ,van ,leyden believed himself poisoned1 and during his latter years never rose from his bed4 ,mozart was convinced that the ,italians wished to poison him4 ,molire had numerous attacks of melancholia4#ajj ,voltaire was hypochondriacal4#aja 8,with respect to my body10 he wrote1 8it is moribund4444 ,i anticipate dropsy4 ,there is no appearance of it1 but you know that there is nothing so dry as a dropsical person4444 ,diseases1 more cruel even than kings1 are persecuting me4 ,doctors only are needed to finish me40 8,all this0 7travels1 pleasures1 c471 said ,grimm1 8did not prevent him from saying that he was dead or dying2 he was even very angry when one dared to assure him that he was still full of strength and life40 ,zimmermann was afraid sometimes of dying of hunger1 sometimes of being arrested2 he actually died of voluntary starvation1 the result of a fixed idea that he had no money to pay for food4 ,the poet ,gray1 the 8melancholy ,gray10 was of a gloomy and extremely reserved character4 ,abraham ,lincoln was a victim of constitutional melancholy1 which assumed a most dangerous form on one or two occasions in his earlier years4 ,chopin during the last years of his life was possessed by a melancholy which went as far as insanity4 ,an abandoned convent in ,spain filled his imagination with phantoms and terrors4 ,one day ,g4 ,sand and her son were late in returning from a walk4 ,chopin began to imagine1 and finally believed1 that they were dead2 then he saw himself dead1 drowned in a lake1 and drops of frozen water fell upon his breast4 ,they were real drops of rain falling upon him from the roof of the ruin1 but he did not perceive this1 even when ,george ,sand pointed it out4 ,some trifling annoyance affected him more than a great and real misfortune4 ,a crumpled petal1 a fly1 made him weep4#ajb ,cavour from youth believed himself deprived of domestic affections4 ,he saw no friends around2 he saw above him no ideal to realise2 he found himself alone4#ajc ,his condition reached such a point that1 to avoid greater evils and to leave an insipid life1 he wished to kill himself4 ,he hesitated only because he was doubtful about the morality of suicide4 8,but1 while this doubt exists1 it is best for me to imitate ,hamlet4 ,i will not kill myself3 no1 but ,i will put up earnest prayers to heaven to send me a rapid consumption which may carry me off to the other world40 ,at a very youthful age he sometimes gave himself up to strange attacks of bad temper4 ,one day1 at the ,castle of ,diluzers1 at ,balangero1 he threw himself into so violent a rage on being asked to study that he wished to kill himself with a knife and throw himself from the window4 ,these attacks were very frequent but of brief duration4#ajd ,when the hopes of war raised by the words of ,napoleon ,,iii4 to ,baron ,hbner seemed suddenly to give place in the ,emperor's mind to thoughts of peace1 ,cavour was carried away by such agitation that some extreme resolution was apprehended4 ,this is confirmed by ,castelli1 who went to his house and found him alone in his room4 ,he had burnt various papers1 and given orders that no one should be admitted4 ,the danger was plain4 ,he looked fixedly at ,castelli1 who spoke a few calm words calculated to affect him1 and then burst into tears4 ,cavour rose1 embraced him convulsively1 took a few steps distractedly about the room1 and then said slowly3 8,be at rest2 we will brave everything1 and always together40 ,castelli ran to reassure his friends1 but the danger had been very grave4#aje ,chateaubriand relates1 in his ,mmoires d'outre ,tombe1 that one day as a youth he charged an old musket1 which sometimes went off by itself1 with three balls1 inserted the barrel in his mouth and struck the stock against the ground4 ,the appearance of a passer-by suspended his resolution4 ,grard de ,nerval was never so much inspired as in those movements when1 according to the saying of ,alexandre ,dumas1 his melancholy became his muse4 8,werther1 ,ren1 ,antony10 says ,dumas1 8never uttered more poignant complaints1 more sorrowful sighs1 tenderer words1 or more poetic cries40 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill#ajf was seized during the autumn of #ahbf1 at the age of twenty1 by an attack of insanity which he himself could only describe in these words of ,coleridge's3 8,a grief without a pang1 void1 dark1 and drear1 ,a drowsy1 stifled1 unimpassioned grief1 ,which finds no natural outlet or relief ,in word1 or sigh1 or tear40 ,i quote these lines the more willingly as they show in their extreme energy that ,coleridge himself was affected by the same malady4 ,to this state of mind succeeded another in which ,mill sought to cultivate the feelings2 among other preoccupations he feared the exhaustion of musical combinations3 8,the octave consists only of five tones and two semi-tones1 which can be put together in only a limited number of ways1 of which but a small proportion are beautiful3 most of them1 it seemed to me1 must have been already discovered1 and there could not be room for a long succession of ,mozarts and ,webers to strike out1 as these had done1 entirely new and surpassingly rich veins of musical beauty4 ,this source of anxiety may1 perhaps1 be thought to resemble that of the philosophers of ,laputa1 who feared lest the sun should be burnt out40#ajg ,megalomania 7,delusions of grandeur74--,the delirium of melancholia alternates with that of grandiose monomania4 8,the title #8,son of ,david1'0 writes ,renan1 8was the first which ,jesus ,christ accepted1 probably without taking part in the innocent frauds by which it was sought to make it certain4 ,the family of ,david had1 in fact1 long been extinct40 ,later on he declared himself the son of ,god4 8,his ,father had given him all power2 nature obeyed him2 he could forgive sins2 he was superior to ,david1 to ,abraham1 to ,solomon1 to the prophets4 ,it is evident10 ,renan continues1 8that the title of ,rabbi1 with which he was at first contented1 no longer satisfied him2 even the title of ,prophet or ,messenger from ,god no longer corresponded to his conception4 ,the position which he attributed to himself was that of a superhuman being40 ,he declared that he was come to give sight to the blind1 and to blind those who think they see4 ,one day his ill humour with the ,temple called forth an imprudent expression3 8,this ,temple1 made by human hands10 he said1 8,i could1 if ,i liked1 destroy1 and in its place build another1 not made by human hands4 ,the ,queen of ,sheba10 he added1 8will rise up at the ,judgment against the men of to-day and condemn them1 because they came from the ends of the earth to hear ,solomon's wisdom2 yet a greater than ,solomon is here4 ,the men of ,nineveh will rise up at the ,judgment against the men of to-day and condemn them1 because they repented at the preaching of ,jonah2 yet a greater than ,jonah is here40 ,dante's pride1 legitimate as it may have been1 is proverbial4 ,it is well known that he placed himself 8sesto fra cotanto senno10 and declared himself superior to his contemporaries in style and the favourite of ,god3-- 8 444 e forse e nato ,chi l'uno e l'altro caccier di nido4444 444 perch tanta ,grazia in te luce prima che sei morto44440 ,at the ,institute ,dumas said with truth of ,hugo3 8,victor ,hugo was dominated by a fixed idea3 to become the greatest poet and the greatest man of all countries and all ages40 ,it is this1 according to ,dumas1 which explains the entire life and all the changes in ,victor ,hugo1 who began by being a ,catholic and monarchist4 8,he could not submit to be shut up within a government and a religion where he had not the right to say anything and the chance to be first4 ,the glory of ,napoleon long haunted ,victor ,hugo4 ,but the day came when he could no longer tolerate that any one should have glory equal to his own4 ,the great captain must give way to the great poet2 the giant of action must efface himself before the giant of thought4 ,is not ,homer greater than ,achilles8 ,victor ,hugo came to believe himself superior to all human beings4 ,he did not say1 #8,i am ,genius1' but he began to believe firmly that the world would say so4 ,his personages do not possess the characters of reality nor the proportions of man2 they are always above and beyond humanity1 sometimes reversed1 not to say upside down2 that was because ,nature had for him aspects that were seen by no other4 ,his eye enlarged everything2 he saw herbs as tall as trees2 he saw insects as large as eagles40 ,hegel believed in his own divinity4 ,he began a lecture with these words3 8,i may say with ,christ1 that not only do ,i teach truth1 but that ,i am myself truth40#ajh 8,man is the vainest of animals1 and the poet is the vainest of men10 wrote ,heine1 who knew4#aji ,and in another letter3 8,do not forget that ,i am a poet1 and1 as such1 convinced that men must forsake all and read my verses40 8,every one knows10 wrote ,george ,sand of her friend ,balzac1#aaj 8how the consciousness of greatness overflowed in him1 how he loved to speak of his works and to narrate them4 ,genial and ingenuous1 he asked advice from children1 but never waited for the answer1 or else opposed it with all the obstinacy of his superiority4 ,he never instructed1 but always talked very well indeed of himself1 of himself alone4 ,one evening1 having on a beautiful new dressing-gown1 he wished to go out1 thus clothed1 with a lamp in his hand1 to excite the admiration of the public40 ,chopin directed in his will that he should be buried in a white tie1 small shoes1 and short breeches4 ,he abandoned the woman whom he tenderly loved because she offered a chair to some one else before giving the same invitation to himself4#aaa ,giordano ,bruno declared himself illumined by superior light1 a messenger from ,god1 who knew the essence of things1 a ,titan who would destroy ,jupiter3 8,and what others see far ahead ,i leave behind40#aab ,and again3-- 8,nam me ,deus alter ,vertentis scli melioris non mediocrem ,destinat1 haud veluti1 media de plebe1 magistrum40 ,the poet ,lucilius did not rise when ,julius ,csar entered the college of poets because he believed himself his superior in the art of verse4 ,ariosto1 after receiving the laurel from ,charles ,v41 ran like a madman through the streets4#aac ,the celebrated surgeon ,porta would not suffer any medical paper to be read at the ,lombard ,institute without murmuring and showing his contempt2 as soon as a mathematical or philological paper was brought forward he became quiet and attentive4 ,comte gave out that he was the ,high ,priest of ,humanity4 ,wetzel intitled his works1 ,opera ,dei ,wetzelii4 ,rouelle1 the founder of chemistry in ,france1 quarrelled with all his disciples who wrote on chemistry4 ,they were1 he said1 ignorant bunglers1 plagiaries2 this latter term assumed so odious a significance in his mind that he applied it to the worst criminals2 for instance1 to express his horror of ,damiens he said he was a plagiary4 ,many men of genius1 while avoiding these excesses1 nevertheless believe that they embody in themselves absolute truth2 they modify scientific conclusions in their own interests1 and in accordance with the part they are themselves able to take4 ,delacroix1 become incapable of drawing beautiful lines1 declared1 8,colour is everything40 ,ingres said1 8,drawing is honesty1 drawing is honour40 ,chopin charged ,schubert and ,shakespeare with temerity because in these great men he always sought a correspondence with his own temperament4#aad ,the ,princess ,conti having said to ,malherbe1 8,i wish to show you some of the most beautiful verses in the world1 which you have not yet seen10 he replied immediately with emotion1 8,pardon me1 madame1 ,i have seen them2 for1 since they are the most beautiful in the world1 ,i must have written them myself40 ,folie du doute4--,among men of genius we often find the phenomena which characterizes that disorder termed by alienists folie du doute1 one of the varieties of melancholia4 ,in this form of insanity the subject has every appearance of mental health2 he reasons1 writes1 and speaks like other people2 everything goes well until he has to execute a definite action1 and in this he finds all sorts of imaginary dangers4 ,thus ,i have treated a woman who when she had to get up in the morning1 would hesitate for hours beside her bed1 with one arm in the sleeve of her chemise1 and the other sleeve hanging down1 until her husband came to her help4 ,sometimes the husband was obliged to give her a few slight blows to induce her to take action4 ,if she went for a walk and knocked against a stone1 or came across a puddle1 she would remain motionless2 her husband had then to carry her for a few instants4 ,in conversation she seemed the best and most sensible of mothers1 but woe to the unfortunate person who dropped any word she regarded with suspicion1 such as 8devil10 8death10 8,god02 she immediately seized him and cried out1 until he repeated a certain formula1 declaring a dozen times that the word had not been uttered to injure her4 ,a peasant1 affected by the same disorder1 was incapable of attending to his work1 unless some one was there to watch over him2 for1 said he1 8,i cannot make up my mind whether ,i ought to dig or to hoe1 to go to the field or to the hill1 and my uncertainty is so great that ,i end by doing nothing40 ,when ,johnson walked along the streets of ,london he was compelled to touch every post he passed2 if he omitted one he had to return4 ,he always went in or out of a door or passage in such a way that either his right or his left foot 7,boswell was not certain which7 should be the first to cross the threshold2 when he made any mistake in the movement1 he would return1 and1 having satisfactorily performed the feat1 rejoin his companions with the air of a man who had got something off his mind4 ,napoleon ,i4 could not pass through a street1 even at the head of his army1 without counting and adding up the rows of windows4 ,manzoni1 in a letter 7addressed to ,giorgio ,briano7 which has become famous1 declared that he was incapable of giving himself up to politics because he did not know how to decide on anything2 he was always in a state of uncertainty before every resolution1 even the most trifling4 ,he was afraid of drowning in the smallest puddle1 and could never resolve to go out alone2 he confessed on various occasions that1 from his youth up1 he had suffered from melancholy4#aae ,he passed whole days without being able to apply himself to anything1#aaf so that in a month there were five or six useful days during which he worked five hours1 and then he became incapable of thinking4#aag ,ugo ,foscolo said that 8very active in regard to some things1 he was in regard to others less than a man1 less than a woman1 less than a child40#aah ,tolstoi confesses that philosophic scepticism had led him into a condition approximating to madness2 let us add1 to folie du doute4 8,i imagined10 he said1 8that there existed nothing outside me1 either living or dead2 that the objects were not objects1 but vain appearances2 this state reached such a point that sometimes ,i turned suddenly round1 and looked behind me in the hope of seeing nothing where ,i was not40 8,the deplorable mania of doubt exhausts me10 cried ,flaubert1 8,i doubt about everything1 even about my doubts40#aai 8,i am embarrassed and frightened at my own ideas10 wrote ,maine de ,biran1 8every expression stops me and gives me scruples4 ,i have no confidence in anything that ,i publish1 and am always tempted to withdraw my works when they have scarcely appeared1 to substitute others which would certainly be worthless4 ,i always call those happy who are tied down to fixed labour1 who are not submitted to the torment of uncertainty1 to the indecision which poisons men who are masters of their time4 ,i am always trying my strength2 ,i commence1 and recommence again and again4 ,it is my fortune to be useless1 to be wanting in measure1 never to feel my existence1 never to have confidence in my capacity4 ,i am never happy wherever ,i am1 because ,i carry within my own organism a source of affliction and unrest4 ,i have only sufficient feeling of my own personality to feel my impotence1 which is a great torture4 ,i am always ready to do a number of things 444 and ,i do nothing40#abj ,the little miseries of existence were tortures for ,carlyle2 to have to pack his portmanteau was a grave affair of state2 the idea of ordering coats or buying gloves crushed him4 8,i have long renounced the omnibus10 wrote ,renan in his ,souvenirs de ,jeunesse1 8the conductors refuse to regard me as a serious traveller4 ,at the railway station1 unless ,i have the protection of an inspector1 ,i always obtain the worst place4444 ,i see too well that to do a good turn to one1 is usually to do a bad one to another4 ,the vision of the unknown person ,i am injuring stops short my zeal40 ,renan1 indeed1 is a most singular instance of these characteristics in connection with genius1 from his earliest years4 ,at mass his childish eye wandered over the roof of the chapel1 and he thought of the great men told of in books4 ,it was his dream to write books4 8,my gentleness10 he writes1 8which often arises from indifference1 my indulgence1 which is very sincere and which depends on a clear perception of the injustice of men to each other1 the conscientious habits which are a pleasure to me1 the indefinite endurance of ennui which ,i possess--having1 perhaps1 been inoculated in my youth--may be explained by my surroundings1 and the deep impressions ,i have received4 ,the paradoxical vow to preserve the clerical virtues without the faith which serves as basis for them1 and in a world for which they are not made1 produced1 so far as ,i am concerned1 the most amusing incidents4 ,if ever a comic writer wishes to amuse the public at my expense1 he needs but my collaboration2 ,i could tell him things far more amusing than he could invent40 ,a layman and a sceptic he preserved1 involuntarily1 the vow of poverty4 8,my dream would be to be housed1 fed1 clothed1 and warmed1 without having to think about it1 by someone who would take charge of me and leave me free4 ,the competence which ,i possess came late1 and in spite of myself4444 ,i always thought about writing2 it did not occur to me it could bring me any money4 ,what was my astonishment when ,i saw a gentleman of agreeable and intelligent appearance enter my garret1 compliment me on some articles ,i had published1 and offer to collect them in a volume4 ,he brought a stamped paper stipulating conditions ,i thought astonishingly generous1 so that when he asked me to include all my future writings in the same contract1 ,i consented4 ,the idea came to me to make some observations1 but ,i paused at sight of the document2 the thought that that beautiful sheet of paper would be lost stopped me4 ,i did well to stop40 ,the politeness which he wrongly believes he learnt at the seminary is not the raw and cold politeness of the priest1 but the special and excessive timidity of genius4 ,he could not1 he says1 treat even a dog with an air of authority4 ,but authority is the chief characteristic of priests4 ,to imagine as he does that men are always good and deserving could only be1 as he himself justly notes1 a continual danger4 8,notwithstanding all my efforts to the contrary1 ,i was predestined to be what ,i am1 a romantic protesting against romanticism1 an utopian preaching materialistic politics1 an idealist uselessly giving himself much trouble to appear bourgeois1 a tissue of contradictions4444 ,it is as a great observer ,challemel-,lacour has excellently said1 #8,he thinks like a man1 feels like a woman1 and acts like a child4' ,i do not complain1 since this moral constitution has procured me the most vivid intellectual joys that may be tasted40#aba ,but the most striking example of this permanent state of doubt is supplied by another philosopher1 the author of a journal of his own life1 ,amiel4 ,he was so tormented by doubt that the strength of his genius was only shown after his death1 when in his journal he revealed with absolute exactness the wound which gnawed him4 ,let us read a few of the most remarkable passages3-- 8,as life flees10 he says1 8,i mourn the loss of reality3 thought is sad without action1 and action is sad without thought3 the real is spoilt when the ideal has not added its perfume2 but the ideal1 when not made one with the real1 becomes a poison4 ,i have never learnt the art of writing2 it would have been useful to me1 but ,i was ashamed of the useful3 on the other hand1 ,i have acquired two opposed intellectual habits3 to note immediately passing impressions and to analyse them scientifically4444 ,this journal will be useful to no one1 and even for me it will serve rather to plan out life than to practice it2 it is a pillow of idleness4444 ,and even in style ,i am unequal4 ,always energetic and correct3 that results from my existence3 ,i see before me several expressions and ,i do not know which ,i ought to choose4 ,the unique expression is an act of courage which implies confidence in oneself4444 ,i discovered very early that it is easier to give up a wish than to gratify it4444 ,the idea may be modified1 but not the action1 so ,i abhor it1 for ,i fear useless remorse3 ,i thrust aside the idea of a family1 because every lost joy is the stab of a knife1 because every hope is an egg from which may proceed a serpent as well as a dove4444 ,action is my cross because it would be my dream2 but to be false to the ideal would soil the conscience and be an unpardonable error4444 ,it is my passion to injure my interests4 ,when a thing attracts me ,i flee from it40#abb ,every one may see the glorious kinship to genius of all these forms of disease4 ,and every one will think of the great poet-alienist who divined insanity in genius1 and left of it a monumental portrait in ,hamlet1 the man afflicted by folie du doute4 ,it is scarcely necessary to add that these great disordered minds must not be confused with the poor inmates1 without genius1 of our asylums4 ,although1 as diseased persons1 they belong to the same category1 and have some of the same characters1 they must not be identified with them4 ,while ordinary lunatics are reduced to inaction1 or the agitation of sterile delirium1 these disordered men of genius are the more active in the ideal life because the less apt for practical life4 ,further1 when we analyse more delicately this form of insanity1 or rather of impotence for practical action1 so common among men of genius1 we see that it is distinct from the other forms4 ,in scientific work these men do not lack precision1 or decision1 or audacity4 ,but by expending their strength on theoretical problems1 they end by failing with reference to practical things4 ,by carrying their glance above and beyond1 these sublimely far-sighted persons become1 like astronomers1 unable to perceive neighbouring objects4 ,the effects seem partly identical1 but the nature of the phenomena and their causes are absolutely different4 ,in his 8,dialogue of ,nature10 ,leopardi1 after having shown how the excellence of genius involves a greater intensity of life1 and consequently a more vivid sense of individual misfortune1 makes ,nature address him thus3 8,besides1 the delicacy of your own intelligence and the vivacity of your imagination will shut you out1 for a great part1 from your empire of yourself4 ,the brutes follow easily the ends that they propose to themselves1 with all their faculties and all their strength4 ,but men very rarely utilize all their power2 they are usually stopped by reason and imagination1 which create for them a thousand uncertainties in deliberation1 a thousand obstacles in execution4 ,those who are less apt or less accustomed to consider and balance motions are the most prompt in taking a resolution1 the most powerful in action4 ,but those who are like you1 the elect souls1 continually folded on themselves and outrun1 as it were1 by the greatness of their own faculties1 consequently powerless to govern themselves1 are most often subjected1 either in deliberation or execution1 to irresolution1 which is one of the greatest penalties which afflict human life4 ,add to this that the excellence of your aptitudes will enable you to surpass1 easily and briefly1 all other souls in the most profound sciences and the most difficult researches2 but1 nevertheless1 it will always be impossible or extremely difficult for you to learn or to put in practice a great many things1 insignificant in themselves1 but absolutely necessary in your relations with other men4 ,and at the same time you will find these things learnt and easily applied by minds1 not only inferior to yours1 but altogether contemptible40 ,alcoholism4--,many men of genius have abused alcoholic drinks4 ,alexander died1 it is said1 after having emptied ten times the goblet of ,hercules1 and it was without doubt in an alcoholic attack1 while pursuing naked the infamous ,thais1 that he killed his dearest friend4 ,csar was often carried home on the shoulders of his soldiers4 ,neither ,socrates1 nor ,seneca1 nor ,alcibiades1 nor ,cato1 nor ,peter the ,great 7nor his wife1 ,catherine1 nor his daughter1 ,elizabeth71 were remarkable for their abstinence4 ,one recalls ,horace's line3 8,narratur et prisci ,catonis spe mero caluisse virtus40 ,tiberius ,nero was called by the ,romans ,biberius ,mero4 ,septimius ,severus and ,mahomet ,,ii4 succumbed to drunkenness or delirium tremens4 ,among confirmed drunkards must be counted the ,constable de ,bourbon and ,avicenna1 who1 it was said1 devoted the second half of his life to showing the uselessness of the studies to which he had devoted the first half2 so also have been many famous painters1 such as the ,caracci1 ,jan ,steen1 ,barbatelli 7on this account nicknamed ,pocetta71 ,g4 ,morland1 ,turner2 and many poets and novelists1 such as ,murger1 ,grard de ,nerval1 ,alfred de ,musset1 ,kleist1 ,poe1 ,hoffmann1 ,addison1 ,steele1 ,carew1 ,sheridan1 ,burns1 ,charles ,lamb1 ,james ,thomson1 ,majlth1 ,hartley ,coleridge4 ,tasso wrote in a letter3 8,i do not deny that ,i am mad1 but ,i believe that my madness is caused by intoxication and love2 for ,i know that ,i drink too much40 ,coleridge1 on account of his lack of will1 and his abuse of alcoholic drinks and opium1 never succeeded in executing any of his gigantic projects2 in youth he was offered thirty guineas for a poem he had improvised1 but he never succeeded in getting it on to paper4 ,his son1 ,hartley1 a distinguished writer1 gave himself up to drink so entirely that he died of it4 ,it was said of him that he 8wrote like an angel and drank like a fish40 ,savage1 during the last days of his life almost lived on wine and died in a ,bristol prison4 ,helius1 a ,german poet of the sixteenth century1 affirmed that it was the greatest of shames to be beaten in drinking4 ,shenstone said of his comrade in poetry1 ,somerville1 that he was 8forced to drink himself into pains of the body1 in order to get rid of the pains of the mind40 ,madame de ,stal and ,de ,quincey abused opium2 the latter has left a vivid picture of his excesses in the ,confessions of an ,opium ,eater4 ,many musical composers were great drinkers2 such were ,dussek1 ,handel1 and ,glck1 who used to say that he loved money1 wine1 and fame for an excellent reason3 the first enabled him to obtain the second1 and the second1 by inspiring him1 procured him fame4 ,but besides wine he liked brandy1 and one day he drank so much that he died of it4#abc ,one may say the same of ,rovani and of ,praga4 ,hallucinations4--,we have already seen that hallucinations are so closely connected with artistic and genial creations that ,brierre de ,boismont associated them with the physiology of great men4 ,every one knows the celebrated hallucination of ,cellini in his cell1 those of ,brutus1 of ,csar1 of ,napoleon1 of ,swedenborg1 who believed that he had visited ,heaven1 conversed with the spirits of the great dead1 and seen the ,eternal ,father in person2 ,van ,helmont declared that he had seen his own soul in the form of a brilliant crystal2 ,kerner was visited by a spectre4 ,shelley thought he saw a child rise from the sea and clap its hands4 ,clare1 after having read some historical episode1 imagined that he was himself spectator and actor4 ,blake thought he really perceived the fantastic images reproduced by his pencil4 ,a celebrated professor was often subject to a similar illusion1 and he believed himself changed into ,confucius1 ,papirius1 and ,tamerlane4 ,hobbes confessed that he could not go in the dark without thinking that he saw visions of the dead4#abd ,bunyan heard voices4 ,when ,columbus was cast on the shores of ,jamaica he had an hallucination of hearing4 ,he heard a voice reproaching him for giving himself up to grief and for having but a weak faith in ,god3 8,what happens to you to-day is a deserved punishment for having served the masters of the world and not ,god4 ,all these tribulations are engraved on marble1 and are not brought about without reason40 ,later1 ,columbus declared that in him was accomplished an ancient prophecy announcing the end of the world on the day on which the universal diffusion of ,christianity would be realized4 ,according to the same prophecy1 only #aef years of existence remained for humanity4#abe ,malebranche declared that he had distinctly heard within himself the voice of ,god4 ,descartes1 after a long seclusion1 believed himself haunted by an invisible person who charged him to follow up the search for truth4#abf ,byron sometimes imagined he was haunted by a spectre2 he afterwards explained this himself by the extreme excitability of his brain4#abg ,dr4 ,johnson distinctly heard his mother call him 8,samuel60 although she was living in a distant town4 ,pope1 who suffered much from the bowels1 one day asked his doctor about an arm which seemed to protrude from the wall4 ,goethe assures us that he one day saw his own image coming to meet him4#abh ,when ,oliver ,cromwell was lying on his bed1 kept awake by extreme fatigue1 the curtain opened and a woman of gigantic proportions appeared and announced that he would be the greatest man in ,england4#abi ,moral ,insanity4--,complete absence of moral sense and of sympathy is frequently found among men of genius1 as well as among the morally insane4 ,it is an old proverb that 8,quo quisque est doctior eo est nequior40 ,aristotle1 in reply to the question1 8,why the most learned man is of all living beings the most unjust80 replies3 8,because he aims always at pleasures which can only be attained by injustice4 ,and1 besides1 knowledge resembles the stone which is good to sharpen instruments on1 but may also serve the murderer's turn40 ,and ,philip of ,comines says3 8,doctrina vel meliores reddit homines vel pejores pro cujusque natura40 ,and ,cardan3 8,sapientes cum calidissimi natura sint1 ac humidissimi1 nisi philosophia proficiant1 pessimi omnium sunt4 ,adiuvant ad scelera perpetranda industria quam ex studiis acquisuerunt1 et melancolia qu resoluto humore pinguiore gignitur ex superfluis studiis1 atque1 vigiliis10 c4 8,the older ,i grow10 wrote ,george ,sand1 8the more ,i reverence goodness because ,i see that this is the gift of which ,god is most avaricious4 ,where there is no intelligence1 that which is called goodness is merely stupidity4 ,where there is no strength the pretended goodness is apathy4 ,where there is strength and intelligence1 goodness can scarcely be found1 because experience and observation have given birth to suspicion and hate4 ,the souls devoted to the noblest principles are often the most rough and bitter1 because they have become diseased through deceptions4 ,one esteems them1 one admires them still1 but one cannot love them4 ,to have been unhappy without ceasing to be intelligent and good implies a very powerful organization1 and it is such that ,i seek and love4444 ,i am sick of great men 7forgive the expression72 ,i should like to see them all in ,plutarch4 ,there they do not make one suffer on the human side4 ,let them be cut in marble or cast in bronze1 and let them be silent4 ,so long as they live they are wicked1 persecuting1 fantastic1 despotic1 bitter1 suspicious4 ,they confuse in the same proud contempt the goats and the sheep4 ,they are worse to their friends than to their enemies4 ,god protect us from them2 be good--stupid if you will40#acj 8,i regret10 said ,valerius ,maximus1#aca 8to speak of the youth of ,themistocles1 when ,i see1 on the one hand1 his father disinheriting him with ignominy1 and1 on the other1 his mother1 from shame of such a son1 hanging herself with grief40 ,sallust1 who wrote such beautiful tirades on virtue1 passed his life in debauchery4 ,speusippus1 the disciple of ,plato1 was killed in the act of adultery4#acb ,democritus is said to have blinded himself because he could not look at a woman without desiring her4 ,aristippus1 under the mask of austerity1 abandoned himself to debauchery4 ,anaxagoras denied a deposit confided to him by strangers2 ,aristotle basely flattered ,alexander4 ,theognis wrote moral maxims1 particularly on a happy death1 and bequeathed his patrimony to a prostitute 7871 leaving his own family destitute4 ,euripides1 ,juvenal1 and ,aretino remarked that women of letters were nearly always licentious4 ,thus ,sappho1 ,philena1 and ,elephantina were prostitutes1 as was ,leontion1 philosopher and priestess1 who gave herself to all the philosophers2 and ,demophila who told little love stories1 and put them in practice4 ,at the ,renaissance1 ,veronica ,franco1 ,tullia of ,aragon1 and other prostitutes1 were as well known for their licentiousness as for their poetry4 ,voigt considers that immorality was a characteristic feature of the ,renaissance period4#acc ,in my ,uomo ,delinquente ,i have considered criminal genius4 ,sallust1 ,seneca1 and ,bacon were accused of peculation2 ,cremani was a forger1 ,demme a poisoner4 ,one may also refer to ,casanova1 who was declared to have forfeited his nobility for a crime the nature of which is not known1 and ,avicenna1 an epileptic1 who in old age plunged into debauchery1 and took opium in excess1 so that it was said of him that philosophy had not enabled him to live honestly1 nor medicine to live healthily4#acd ,among poets and artists criminality is1 unfortunately1 well marked4 ,many among them are dominated by passion which becomes the most powerful spur of their activity2 they are not protected by the logical criticism and judgment with which men of science are armed4 ,this is why we must count among criminals ,bonfadio1 ,rousseau1 ,aretino1 ,ceresa1 ,brunetto ,latini1 ,franco1 ,foscolo1 possibly ,byron4 ,observe that ,i leave out of the question ancient times and barbarous countries among which brigandage and poetry went hand in hand4 ,more criminal still seem to have been ,albergati1 a comic writer belonging to the highest aristocracy1 who killed his wife through jealousy2#ace ,muret1 the humanist1 condemned in ,france for sodomy2 and ,casanova1 so highly gifted for mathematical science and finance1 who stained his fine genius by a life of swindling and turpitude1 giving us in his ,mmoires a complete and cynical picture of it4 ,villon belonged to an honourable family2 he received the name by which he is known 7villon1 rascal1 robber71 when he became famous in scoundrelism1 to which he was led1 by his own confession1 by gaming and women4 ,he began by stealing objects of little value to give a good dinner to his mistresses and companions in idleness2 it was their wine that he stole4 ,his chief robbery was inspired by hunger when the woman1 at whose expense he lived1 turned him out of doors at night in winter4 ,it is to this woman whom1 in his ,petit ,testament he bequeaths his heart4 ,he is supposed to have joined a band of armed robbers1 who attacked travellers on the ,rueil road1 and being arrested a second time he with difficulty escaped the halter4 ,it has been said of the man of genius1 as of the madman1 that he is born and dies in isolation1 cold and insensible to family affection and social conventions4 ,men of letters1 it is true1 make much of the powerful cries of pain in artists and writers who have lost1 or been abandoned by1 a loved person4 ,but often1 as in ,petrarch's case1 this is only a pretext1 an opportunity for literary labours4#acf ,very often such cries were sincere 7or could they have been so powerful and effective87 but they were then intermittent explosions1 in opposition to the habitual state of these men1 or else temporary reactions against their ordinary apathy1 from which they were only drawn by personal vanity1 and the passion of sthetic and scientific researches4 ,bulwer ,lytton1 from the first days of his marriage ill-treated his wife by biting and insulting her1 so that the courier who accompanied them on the honeymoon refused to proceed to the end4 ,later he confessed to the wrong he had done her1 but wrote to her that a common life was insupportable1 and that he must live in liberty4 ,it is curious to observe that the writers who have been most chaste in their lives are least so in their writings1 and vice versa4 ,flaubert wrote in one of his letters1 8,poor ,bouilhet used to say to me1 #8,there never was so moral a man who loved immorality so much as you4' ,there is truth in that4 ,is it a result of my pride1 or of a certain perversity80#acg ,george ,sand and ,sallust offer the opposite phenomenon4 ,it is not known whether ,comte ever forgave an injury4 ,he certainly always preserved the rancour and the recollection of injuries1 and pursued1 even to the grave1 the memory of his unfaithful wife4 ,the amorous worship which he dedicated to ,clotilde de ,vaux was so little sincere that he determined beforehand the month1 day1 and hour when he should shed tears over her memory4#ach ,bacon employed all his eloquence for the condemnation of the greatest of his benefactors1 ,essex2 by cowardly complaisance to the king1 he introduced for the first time into the court of justice an odious abuse1 and submitted ,peacham to torture so as to be able to condemn him2 he sold justice at a price1 and1 as ,macaulay concludes1 he was one of those of whom we may say1 scientiis tanquam angeli1 cupiditatibus tanquam serpentes4 8,bridget10 confesses ,a4 de ,musset1 8calumniated1 exposed 7by her love7 to the insults of the world1 had to endure all the disdain and injury which an angry and cruel libertine can heap on the girl whom he pays4444 ,the days passed on and my fits of ill-humour and sarcasm took on a sombre and obstinate character40#aci ,byron's intimate friend1 ,hobhouse1 wrote of him that he was possessed by a diseased egoism4 ,even when he loved his wife he refused to dine with her1 so as not to give up his old habits4 ,he afterwards treated her so badly that1 in good faith1 and perhaps with reason1 she consulted specialists as to his mental condition4 ,napoleon's conduct towards his wife1 his brothers1 and towards those who trusted in him was that of a man without moral sense4 ,taine sums up the diagnosis in one word3 he was a condottiere4 8,a man's genius is no sinecure10 said ,carlyle's wife1 a most intelligent and cultivated woman1 who1 though capable of becoming 7as she had hoped and been assured7 her husband's fellow-worker1 was compelled to be his servant4 ,the idea of travelling in a carriage with his wife seemed to him out of the question2 he must have his brother with him2 he neglected her for other women1 and pretended that she was indifferent4 ,her chief duty was to preserve him from the most remote noises2 the second was to make his bread1 for he detested that of the bakers2 he obliged her to travel for miles on horseback as his messenger1 only saw her at meal-time1 and for weeks together never addressed a word to her1 although his prolonged silence caused her agony4 ,it was only after her death1 accelerated by his conduct1 that1 in a literary form1 he showed his repentance1 and narrated her history in affecting language1 but1 as his biographer adds1 if she had been still alive he would have tormented her afresh4 ,frederick ,,ii4 said1 like ,lacenaire1 that vengeance is the pleasure of the gods1 and that he would die happy if he could inflict on his enemies more evils than he had suffered from them4 ,he experienced real delight in morally tormenting his friends1 sometimes beating them2 if a courtier liked to pomade himself1 he soaked his clothes in oil2 he bargained with ,voltaire over sugar and chocolate1 and deprived him of his money4 ,donizetti treated his family brutally2 it was after a fit of savage anger1 in which he had beaten his wife1 that he composed1 sobbing1 the celebrated air1 ,tu che a ,dio spiegasti l'ali2#adj a remarkable instance of the double nature of personality in men of genius1 and at the same time of their moral insensibility4 ,houssaye narrates a similar scene1 in which ,a4 ,dumas was so carried away during a quarrel1 as to tear out his wife's hair4 ,she1 in despair1 wished to retire to a convent2 yet after some minutes he gaily wrote a comic scene1 and said to his friends3 8,if tears were pearls1 ,i would make myself a necklace of them40 ,byron used to beat the ,guiccioli1 and also his ,venetian mistress1 the gondolier's wife1 who1 however1 gave him as good4 ,fontenelle1 seeing his companion at table struck by apoplexy1 was not disconcerted2 he simply took advantage of the incident to change the sauce for the asparagus to vinegar2 out of deference to his friend's taste he had previously ordered butter4 ,it is sufficient to be present at any academy1 university1 faculty1 or gathering of men who1 without genius1 possess at least erudition1 to perceive at once that their dominant thought is always disdain and hate of the man who possesses1 almost or entirely1 the quality of genius4 ,the man of genius1 in his turn1 has nothing but contempt for others4 ,he believes he has all the more right to laugh at others1 from being himself sensitive to the slightest criticism2 he is even offended at praise given to another as blame directed to himself4 ,that is why at academical gatherings the greatest men only agree in praising the most ignorant person4 ,we have seen that ,chateaubriand was offended when his shoemaker was praised4 ,lisfranc called his colleague1 ,dupuytren1 a brigand1 and ,roux and ,velpeau forgers4 ,i have been able to observe men of genius when they had scarcely reached the age of puberty3 they did not manifest the deep aversions of moral insanity1 but ,i have noted among all a strange apathy for everything which does not concern them2 as though plunged in the hypnotic condition1 they did not perceive the troubles of others1 or even the most pressing needs of those who were dearest to them2 if they observed them1 they grew tender1 and even at once hastened to attend to them2 but it was a fire of straw1 soon extinguished1 and it gave place to indifference and weariness4 ,genius1 said ,schopenhauer1 is solitary4 ,genius1 wrote ,goethe1 is only related to its time by its defects4 ,this emotional ansthesia may be found even in philanthropists1 who possess the genius of sentiment1 and have made goodness and pity for the poor the pivot of their actions4 ,it is difficult to explain otherwise some pages in the ,gospel4 8,you think1 perhaps10 said ,jesus1 8that ,i have come to bring peace to the earth8 ,no1 ,i have come to throw down a sword there4444 ,in a household of five persons1 three will be against two1 and two against three4 ,i have come to bring division between father and son1 between mother and daughter1 between daughter-in-law and mother-in-law4 ,from this time a man's enemies will be of his own household40#ada 8,i have come to bring fire on to the earth3 if it burns already1 so much the better60#adb 8,i declare to you10 he added1 8whoever leaves house1 wife1 brothers1 and parents1 will receive a hundredfold in this world1 and in the world to come everlasting life40#adc 8,if any one comes to me and does not hate his father1 mother1 wife1 children1 brothers1 sisters1 and even his own life1 he cannot be my disciple40#add 8,he who loves his father and his mother more than me is not worthy of me2 he who loves his son or his daughter more than me1 is not worthy of me40#ade ,jesus said to a man1 8,follow me40 8,lord20 this man replied1 8let me first go and bury my father40 ,jesus answered3 8,the dead may bury their dead3 go1 you1 and preach the kingdom of ,god40#adf ,dante1 ,goethe1 ,leopardi1 ,byron1 and ,heine were reproached with hating their country4 ,tolstoi disapproves of patriotism4 ,schopenhauer said1 8,in the face of death ,i confess that ,i despise the ,germans for their unspeakable bestiality1 and am ashamed to belong to them40 ,longevity4--,this diseased apathy1 this diminution of affection1 which furnishes genius with a breastplate against so many assaults1 and which rapidly destroys fibres at once so delicate and so strong1 explains the remarkable longevity of men of genius1 in spite of their hypersthesia in other directions4 ,i have noted this character in #acd cases out of #adc4 ,sophocles1 ,humboldt1 ,fontenelle1 ,brougham1 ,xenophon1 ,cato the ,elder1 ,michelangelo1 ,petrarch1 ,bettinelli1 died at #ij2 ,passeroni1 ,auber1 ,manzoni1 ,xavier de ,maistre at #hi2 ,hobbes at #ib2 ,dandolo at #ig2 ,titian at #ii2 ,cassiodorus and ,mlle4 ,scudry at #id2 ,viennet and ,diogenes at #ia2 ,voltaire1 ,franklin1 ,watt1 ,john of ,bologna1 ,vincent de ,paul1 ,baroccio1 ,young1 ,talleyrand1 ,raspail1 ,grimm1 ,herschel1 ,metastasio at #hd2 ,victor ,hugo1 ,donatello1 ,goethe1 ,wellington at #hc2 ,zingarelli1 ,metternich1 ,theodore de ,beza1 ,lamarck1 ,halley at #hf2 ,bentham1 ,newton1 ,st4 ,bernard de ,menthon1 ,bodmer1 ,luini1 ,scarpa1 ,bonpland1 ,chiabrera1 ,carafa1 ,goldoni at #he2 ,thiers1 ,kant1 ,maffei1 ,amyot1 ,villemain1 ,wieland1 ,littr at #hj2 ,anacreon1 ,mercatori1 ,viviani1 ,buffon1 ,palmerston1 ,casti1 ,j4 ,bernouilli1 ,pinel at #ha2 ,galileo1 ,euler1 ,schlegel1 ,branger1 ,louis ,,xiv41 ,corneille1 ,cesarotti at #gh2 ,herodotus1 ,rossini1 ,cardan1 ,michelet1 ,boileau1 ,garibaldi1 ,archimedes1 ,paisiello1 ,saint ,augustine at #ge2 ,tacitus and ,b4 ,disraeli at #gf2 ,pericles at #gj2 ,thucydides at #fi2 ,hippocrates at #ajc2 and ,saint ,anthony at #aje4 ,according to ,beard the average life of #ejj men of genius is #ed1 and that of #ajj modern men of genius is #gj4 ,the average duration of life of #ce men of musical genius was #fc years1 and #h months4#adg ,but this fact does not exclude degeneration when1 as among persons with moral insanity1 it is united with an apathy which renders temperaments otherwise mobile1 insensible to the strongest griefs1 and ,i have shown in another book#adh that instinctive criminals1 living out of prison1 enjoy great longevity4 ,it should be added that longevity is not always found in genius2 many great men of genius1 such as ,raphael1 ,pascal1 ,burns1 ,keats1 ,byron1 ,mozart1 ,felix ,mendelssohn1 ,bellini1 ,bichat1 ,pico de la ,mirandola died before the age of forty4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,genius ,,and ,,insanity4 ,resemblance between genius and insanity--,men and women of genius who have been insane--,montanus--,harrington--,haller- -,schumann--,grard de ,nerval--,baudelaire--,concato--,mainlnd er--,comte--,codazzi--,bolyai--,cardan-- ,tasso--,swift--,newton--,rousseau--,len au--,szchnyi--,hoffmann--,foder--,schope nhauer--,gogol4 ,the resemblance between insanity and genius1 although it does not show that these two should be confounded1 proves at all events that one does not exclude the other in the same subject4 ,in fact1 without speaking of the numerous men of genius who at some period of their lives were subject to hallucinations or insanity1 or of those who1 like ,vico1 terminated a great career in dementia1 how many great thinkers have shown themselves all their lives subject to monomania or hallucinations6 ,in recent times insanity has shown itself in ,farini1 ,brougham1 ,southey1 ,govone1 ,gounod1 ,gutzkow1 ,monge1 ,fourcroy1 ,cowper1 ,rocchia1 ,ricci1 ,fenicia1#adi ,engel1 ,pergolese1 ,batjusckoff1 ,mrger1 ,william ,collins1 ,techner1 ,hlderlen1 ,von der ,west1 ,gallo1 ,spedalieri1 ,bellingeri1 ,salieri1 ,johannes ,mller1 ,lenz1 ,barbara1 ,fuseli1 ,petermann1 the caricaturist ,cham1 ,hamilton1 ,poe1 ,uhlrich4 ,in ,france1 remarks ,martini1 many young and original poets have died insane4#aej ,such also seems to have been the fate of ,briffault1 and of ,laurent attacked by a veritable mania of calumny4#aea ,among women ,gnderode1 ,stieglitz 7who both committed suicide with great deliberation71 ,brachmann1 ,l4 ,e4 ,landon lived and died insane4#aeb ,montanus1 a victim to solitude and a disordered imagination1 was convinced that he had become a grain of wheat4 ,he refused to move for fear of being swallowed by birds4#aec ,harrington is said to have imagined that diseases took the form of bees and flies1 and for this reason he retired to a cabin armed with a broom to disperse them4 ,haller believed that he was persecuted by men and damned by ,god on account of the vileness of his soul and his heretical works4 ,he could only soothe his excessive terror by enormous doses of opium and by converse with priests4#aed ,ampre burnt a treatise on the future of chemistry believing he had written it by ,satanic suggestion4 ,the great ,dutch artist1 ,van ,goes1 thought he was possessed4 ,carlo ,dolce1 a prey to religious monomania1 vowed only to paint religious pictures4 ,he devoted his pencil to ,madonnas1 though his ,madonna1 indeed1 is the portrait of ,balduini4 ,on his wedding-day he alone was missing2 after some hours he was found prostrated before the altar of the ,annunciation4 ,nathaniel ,lee1 the dramatist1 composed thirteen tragedies during the course of his disease2 one day a feeble dramatic colleague told him that it was easy to write like a madman4 8,it is not easy to write like a madman10 he replied1 8but it is very easy to write like a fool40 ,thomas ,lloyd1 who wrote excellent verse1 was a strange mixture of malice1 pride1 genius1 and insanity4#aee ,if he was not satisfied with his verses he put them in his glass to polish them1 as he said4 ,everything that he came across1 even coal1 paper1 and tobacco1 he was accustomed to mix with his food for hygienic reasons2 the carbon purified it1 stone imparted mineral virtues1 c4 ,charles ,lamb in early life had an attack of insanity which was hereditary in his family2 writing of this to ,coleridge1 he said3 8,at some future time ,i will amuse you with an account1 as full as my memory will permit1 of the strange turns my frenzy took4 ,i look back upon it at times with a gloomy kind of envy1 for1 while it lasted1 ,i had many1 many hours of pure happiness4 ,dream not1 ,coleridge1 of having tasted all the grandeur and wildness of fancy till you have gone mad4 ,all now seems to me vapid1 or comparatively so40 ,robert ,schumann 7#ahaj-ahef71 the precursor of the music of the future1 was the youngest son of a well-to-do bookseller in ,zwickau1 and met with no obstacles in the pursuit of his cherished art4 ,when a law student he met ,clara ,wieck1 the celebrated pianist1 and in her found an excellent and lovable companion2 but at the age of twenty-three he became subject to melancholia2 at forty-six he was pursued by turning-tables which knew everything2 he heard sounds which developed into concords and even whole compositions4 ,for several years he was afraid of being sent to a lunatic asylum2 ,beethoven and ,mendelssohn dictated musical combinations to him from their tombs4 ,in #ahed he threw himself into the ,rhine2 he was saved1 and died two years later in a private asylum at ,bonn4 ,the autopsy revealed osteophytes1 thickening of the cranial membranes and atrophy of the brain4#aef ,grard de ,nerval was subject to folie circulaire1 with alternate periods of exaltation and depression1 each of which lasted six months4 ,in his moments of calm he was a spiritualist2 he heard the spirits of ,adam1 ,moses1 and ,joshua in a piece of furniture2 and practised cabalistic exorcisms1 executing the dance of the ,babylonians4 ,during his stay at an asylum he imagined that it was the superintendent who was a victim to insanity4 8,he believes10 he said1 8that he is superintending an asylum1 but he is himself the madman and we feign madness in order to humour him40 ,with the honey of flowers he traced on paper symbols which radiated round a fantastic giantess who united the characters of ,diana1 ,saint ,rosalie1 and of an actress named ,colon with whom he believed he was in love4 ,in reality he adored her from a great distance1 sending her large bouquets1 and buying enormous opera-glasses in order to see her1 and superb canes with which to applaud her2 so that it was said of him that he ruined himself in orgies of opera-glasses and debaucheries of canes4 ,he had discovered a medival bed which was to serve for his amours1 and in order to set it in suitable surroundings he obtained an apartment and luxurious furniture4 ,in days of poverty the furniture was sold1 leaving the bed alone in the room1 then in a barn1 and at last it also disappeared1 and its proprietor passed his nights in taverns and low lodging-houses1 or writing beneath trees and porches4 ,later1 when he had ceased to see ,colon1 she became for him a kind of idol with which he lived and who in his mystic ideas became confounded partly with the saints and partly with the stars2 one day he declared that she was an incarnation of ,saint ,theresa4 ,when he heard that she had declared she had never loved him and only seen him once1 which was true1 he said3 8,what good if she had loved me80 and he added1 quoting a verse of ,heine1 8,he who loves for the second time without hope is a madman4 ,i am that madman4 ,the sky1 the sun1 the stars laugh at it2 ,i also laugh at it1 laugh at it and die of it40 ,one day1 at sunset1 he was on the balcony of a house4 ,he suddenly saw a phantom and heard a voice calling him4 ,he ran forward1 fell1 and was nearly killed4 ,that was his first attack1 characterised by hallucinations of sight and hearing4 ,towards the end of his life1 at the age of forty-six1 folie des grandeurs developed in him2 he spoke of his chteaux at ,ermenonville1 of his physical beauty which was astonishing1 he said1 to his attendants2 he bought up coins of ,nerva1 not wishing that the name of his ancestors should circulate as money1 yet ,nerval was only a pseudonym4 ,sometimes he gave out that he was a descendant of ,folobello de ,nerva whose history he wished to write1 and all whose male descendants presented1 according to him1 a supernatural sign1 the tetragramma of ,solomon1 on their breasts4 ,timid and cautious in his days of calm1 he became bold and noisy when the attack came on1 and even threatened his friends with weapons4 ,in spite of the low temperature he refused to leave off his summer clothes4 8,cold10 he declared1 8is a tonic and the ,lapps are never ill40 ,a few days after1 he hanged himself4#aeg ,baudelaire appears before us1 in the portrait placed at ,illustration3 ,,baudelaire4 the beginning of his posthumous works1 as the type of the lunatic possessed by the ,dlire des grandeurs4#aeh ,he was descended from a family of insane and eccentric persons4 ,it was not necessary to be an alienist to detect his insanity4 ,in childhood he was subject to hallucinations2 and from that period1 as he himself confessed1 he experienced opposing sentiments2 the horror and the ecstasy of life2 he was hypersthetic and at the same time apathetic2 he felt the necessity of freeing himself from 8an oasis of horror in a desert of ennui40 ,before falling into dementia he committed impulsive acts2 for instance1 he threw pots from his house against shop windows for the pleasure of hearing them break4 ,he changed his lodgings every month2 asked the hospitality of a friend in order to complete work he was engaged on1 and wasted his time in reading which had no relation to it whatever4 ,having lost his father1 he quarrelled with his mother's second husband1 and one day1 in the presence of friends1 attempted to strangle him4 ,sent out to ,india1 in order1 it is said1 to be put to business1 he lost everything and only brought back from his voyage a negress to whom he dedicated exotic poems4 ,he desired to be original at all costs2 gave himself to excess in wine before high personages1 dyed his hair green1 wore winter garments in summer1 and vice versa4 ,he experienced morbid passions in love4 ,he loved ugly and horrible women1 negresses1 dwarfs1 giantesses2 to a very beautiful woman he expressed a desire that he might see her suspended by the hands to the ceiling that he might kiss her feet2 and kissing the naked foot appears in one of his poems as the equivalent of the sexual act4 ,he was constantly dreaming of work1 calculating the hours and the lines necessary to pay his debts3 two months or more4 ,but that was all1 and the work was never begun4#aei ,proud1 misanthropic1 and apathetic1 he said of himself3 8,discontented with others and discontented with myself1 ,i desire to redeem myself1 to regard myself with a little pride in the silence and solitude of the night4 ,souls of those ,i have loved1 souls of those ,i have sung1 strengthen me1 sustain me1 remove from me the lies and the corrupting vapours of the world2 and thou1 ,o ,lord my ,god1 grant me grace to produce some fine lines which will prove to myself that ,i am not the last of men1 that ,i am not inferior to those whom ,i contemn40#afj ,and he had need of it1 for he called ,gustave ,planche imbecile1 ,dumas a farceur1 ,sue stupid1 ,fval an idiot1 ,george ,sand a ,veuillot without delicacy4 ,what he attacked in all these writers was the fame he wished to possess2 that is why he made fun of ,molire and ,voltaire4 ,with the progress of insanity he used to invert words1 saying 8shut0 when he meant to say 8open10 c4 ,he died of progressive general paralysis of the insane1 of which his excessive ambition was already a fore-running symptom4 ,concato was the son of a poor tailor1 the victim of grave cerebral affections4 ,he himself presented certain characters of degeneration1 such as pallor and large cheek bones2 during many years he was subject to various forms of insanity4 ,at the age of seventeen he was seized by the terror of sudden death1 and provided himself with nitre to prevent future cerebral crises4 ,at twenty he resolved to become a monk1 although in childhood he had been so little devout that he had fabricated false notes of confession4 ,afterwards he quarrelled with an ,austrian officer1 and then became afraid of all sentinels and soldiers4 ,he would never allow an officer to enter his house with his sword by his side2 and even in old age trembled at the sight of one of the city guards4 ,one night he dreamt he had committed a homicide1 and for many days he was a prey to strange terrors4 ,he suffered from claustrophobia3 woe to whomsoever tried to lock him up in a carriage or a room6 ,there were some days during which he considered himself the lowest of men4 ,he was so irascible that he used to say that1 to be in good health1 one must be angry at least once a day4 ,yet he was one of the greatest of ,european physicians4#afa ,mainlnder had a grandfather who1 after the death of a son1 carried religious mysticism to the extent of insanity1 and died of inflammation of the brain at the age of thirty-three4 ,a brother1 also insane1 wished to embrace ,buddhism4 ,as a youth1 looking at the sea at ,sorrento1 he felt impelled to throw himself in1 merely attracted by the purity of the water4 ,he educated himself and wrote his celebrated book1 ,die ,philosophie der ,erlsung1 but to realize his theories entirely1 he adopted a rule of absolute chastity1 and on the day on which his book was published hanged himself1 the better to confirm a passage which said3 8,in order that man may be redeemed it is necessary that he should recognize the value of not-being1 and desire intensely not to be40#afb ,the great ,auguste ,comte1 the initiator of the positivist philosophy1 was for ten years under the care of ,esquirol1 the famous alienist2 he recovered1 but only to repudiate1 without any cause1 the wife who had saved him2 later1 he--who had wished to abolish all priest-craft--believed himself the priest and apostle of a materialistic religion4 ,in his works1 amidst stupendous elucubrations1 genuinely maniacal ideas may be found1 as1 for example1 the prophecy that one day women will be fecundated without the help of the male4#afc ,it is said that mathematicians are exempt from psychical derangements1 but this is not true2 it is sufficient to recall not only ,newton and ,enfantin1 of whom ,i will speak at length1 but the two famous distractions of ,archimedes1 the hallucination of ,pascal1 and the vagaries of the mathematician ,codazzi 7not to be confounded with ,codazza74 ,codazzi was sub-microcephalic1 oxycephalic1 alcoholic1 sordidly avaricious2 to affective insensibility he added vanity so great that while still young he set apart a sum for his own funeral monument1 and refused the least help to his starving parents2 he admitted no discussion of his judgment even if it only concerned the cut of a coat2 and he had taken it into his head that he could compose melodic music with the help of the calculus4 ,all mathematicians admire the great geometer ,bolyai1 whose eccentricities were of an insane character2 thus he provoked thirteen officials to duels and fought with them1 and between each duel he played the violin1 the only piece of furniture in his house2 when pensioned he printed his own funeral card with a blank date1 and constructed his own coffin--a vagary which ,i have found in two other mathematicians who died in recent years4 ,six years later he had a similar funeral card printed1 to substitute for the other which he had not been able to use4 ,he imposed on his heir the obligation to plant on his grave an apple-tree1 in remembrance of ,eve1 of ,paris1 and of ,newton4#afd ,such was the great reformer of ,euclid4 ,cardan1 called by his contemporaries the greatest of men and the most foolish of children--,cardan1 who first dared to criticise ,galen1 to exclude fire from the number of the elements1 and to call witches and saints insane--this great ,cardan was the son1 cousin1 and father of lunatics1 and himself a lunatic all his life4 8,a stammerer1 impotent1 with little memory or knowledge10 he himself wrote1 8,i have suffered since childhood from hypno-fantastic hallucinations40 ,sometimes it was a cock which spoke to him in a human voice2 sometimes ,tartarus1 full of bones1 which displayed itself before him4 ,whatever he imagined1 he could see before him as a real object4 ,from the age of nineteen to that of twenty-six1 a genius1 similar to one which already protected his father1 gave him advice and revealed the future4 ,when he had reached the age of twenty-six he was not altogether deprived of supernatural aid2 a recipe which was not quite right forgot one day the laws of gravity1 and rose to his table to warn him of the error he was about to commit4#afe ,he was hypochondriacal1 and imagined he had contracted all the diseases that he read of3 palpitation1 sitophobia1 diarrha1 enuresis1 podagra1 hernia--all these diseases vanished without treatment1 or with a prayer to the ,virgin4 ,sometimes his flesh smelled of sulphur1 of extinguished wax2 sometimes he saw flames and phantoms appear in the midst of violent earthquakes1 while his friends perceived nothing4 ,persecuted by every government1 surrounded by a forest of enemies1 whom he knew neither by name nor by sight1 but who1 as he believed1 in order to afflict and dishonour him1 had condemned his much-loved son1 he ended by believing himself poisoned by the professors of the ,university of ,pavia1 who had invited him for this purpose4 ,if he escapes from their hands1 he owes it to the help of ,st4 ,martin and of the ,virgin4 ,yet such a man in theology had audaciously anticipated ,dupuis and ,renan6 ,he declares himself inclined to all vices--wine1 gaming1 lying1 licentiousness1 envy1 cunning1 deception1 calumny1 inconstancy2 he observes that four times during the full moon he found himself in a state of real mental alienation4 ,his sensibility was so perverted1 that he never felt comfortable except under the stimulus of some physical pain2 and in the absence of natural pain1 he procured it by artificial means1 biting his lips or arms until he fetched blood4 8,i sought causes of pain to enjoy the pleasure of the cessation of pain1 and because ,i perceived that when ,i did not suffer ,i fell into so grave and troublesome a condition1 that it was worse than any pain40 ,this fact helps us to understand many strange tortures which madmen have voluptuously imposed on themselves4#aff ,he had so blind a faith in the revelations of dreams1 that he printed a strange work ,de ,somniis1 conducted his medical consultations1 concluded his marriage1 and began his works 7for example1 that on the ,variet delle ,cose and ,sulle ,febbri7 in accordance with dreams4#afg ,he was impotent up to the age of thirty-four4 ,virility was given to him in a dream1 and to this gift was added1 not altogether happily1 the cause of his troubles--his future wife1 a brigand's daughter1 whom1 before this dream1 as he asserts1 he had never even seen4 ,his unhappy mania even led him to regulate his medical consultations according to his dreams1 as he himself boasts of doing in the case of ,borromeo's son4 ,it is possible to cite other examples1 sometimes comic1 sometimes strange or terrible4 ,i will quote one which unites all these characters3 his dream of the jewel4 ,it was in ,may1 #aefj1 when ,cardan was fifty-two years of age4 ,his son had just been publicly condemned for poisoning4 ,no misfortune could wound more deeply ,cardan's already sensitive soul4 ,he loved his son with all a father's tenderness1 as is witnessed by his fine verses1 ,de ,morte ,filii1 in which there is the imprint of real passion4 ,he hoped also for a grandson who should resemble himself4 ,drawn more and more into insane ideas by grief1 he saw in this condemnation the hands of persecutors4 8,thus overwhelmed1 ,i sought distraction in vain in study or in play4 ,in vain ,i bit myself and struck my arms and legs4 ,it was my third night of sleeplessness1 about two hours before dawn4 ,i saw that there was nothing else for me but to die or go mad4 ,therefore ,i prayed ,god to snatch me entirely away from life4 ,and then1 against my expectation1 sleep took possession of me1 and at the same time ,i heard a person approaching me1 whose form ,i could not see1 but who said1 #8,why grieve about your son8 ,put into your mouth the precious stone which you bear suspended from your neck1 and as long as you carry it there you will not think of your son4' ,on waking up1 ,i asked myself what connection there could be between forgetfulness and an emerald2 but as ,i had no other resource1 ,i recalled the sacred words1 #8,credidit et reputatum ei est ad justitiam'2 ,i put the emerald into my mouth1 and then1 against all expectation1 everything that recalled my son vanished from my memory4 ,it was so for a year and a half4 ,it was only during my meals1 and at my public lectures1 when ,i was unable to keep the precious stone in my mouth1 that ,i fell back into my old grief40 ,this singular cure had its pretext in the double sense of the ,italian word gioia1 which means at once 8joy0 and 8jewel40 ,cardan had1 however1 no need of the revelation of a genius1 for in his own works he had already recognized a consoling virtue in precious stones1 due to the bond of this absurd etymology4#afh ,a megalomaniac1 he called himself 8the seventh physician since the creation of the world20 he claimed to know the things which are before and above us1 and those which shall come after4#afi ,like ,rousseau and like ,haller1 ,cardan1 during the last days of his tormented existence1 wrote his own life2 he also foretold the exact date of his death1 which he looked for1 and perhaps himself brought about1 in order that his horoscope should not be made to lie4#agj ,what shall we say of ,tasso8 ,for those who do not know ,verga's monograph 7,lipemania del ,tasso71 it will be enough to quote the following letter3 8,so great is my grief1 that ,i am considered by others and by myself as mad1 when1 powerless to keep my sorrowful thoughts hidden1 ,i give myself up to long conversations with myself4 ,my troubles are at once human and diabolical2 the human are cries of men1 and especially of women1 and also the laughter of beasts2 the diabolical are songs1 c4 ,when ,i take into my hands a book to give myself up to study1 ,i hear voices sounding in my ear1 and distinguish the name of ,paul ,fulvius40 ,in his ,messaggiero1 which became with him1 later on1 a real hallucination1 he had already made the often-repeated confession of his madness1 which he attributed to wine and to women4 ,i am thus inclined to believe that he described himself in the character of ,thyrsis1 in that admirable stanza of the ,aminta1 which another monomaniac1 ,rousseau1 loved so much3-- 8,vivr fra i miei tormenti e fra le cure1 ,mie giuste furie1 forsennato1 errante2 ,paventer l'ombre solinghe e scure ,che il primo error mi recheranno avante2 ,e del sol che scopr le mie sventure ,a schivo ed in orror avr it sembiante3 ,temer me medesmo1 e da me stesso ,sempre fuggendo1 avr me sempre appresso40#aga ,one day1 certainly under the influence of some hallucination1 or in a maniacal attack1 he drew a knife1 and was about to attack a serving-man who entered the ducal chamber2 he was imprisoned1 says the ,tuscan ,ambassador1 more to cure him than to punish him4 ,the unfortunate poet went from one country to another1 but sorrowful visions everywhere threatened him2 and with them came ceaseless remorse1 suspicions of poison1 and the terrors of hell for the heresies of which he accused himself in three letters to the 8too-indulgent0 inquisitor4 8,i am always troubled by sad and wearisome thoughts10 he confesses to the physician ,cavallaro1 8by figures and phantoms2 also by a great weakness of memory1 therefore ,i beg of your lordship to think to strengthen my memory in the pills that you order for me40 8,i am frenzied10 he wrote to ,gonzaga1 8and ,i am surprised that they have not written to you of all the things that ,i say in talking to myself3 honours1 the good graces of emperors and kings which ,i dream of1 forming and re-forming them according to my fancy40 ,this curious letter shows us how sombre and sorrowful images alternated in him with others that were joyous1 like subjective colours in the retina4 ,some days later he wrote to ,cattaneo3 8,i have here much more need of the exorcist than of the physician1 for my trouble is caused by magic art4 ,i will tell you about my goblin4 ,the little thief has robbed me of many crowns2 he puts all my books upside down1 opens my chests1 hides my keys1 so that ,i do not know how to protect myself against him4 ,i am always unhappy1 but especially at night1 and ,i do not know if my trouble should be attributed to frenzy40 ,in another letter3 8,when ,i am awake ,i seem to see lights sparkling in the air2 sometimes my eyes are inflamed so that ,i fear ,i may lose my sight4 ,at other times ,i hear horrible noises1 hissings1 and tinklings1 the sound of bells1 and1 as it were1 clocks all striking the hour at the same time4 ,when ,i am asleep ,i seem to see a horseman throwing himself on me and casting me to the earth1 or else ,i imagine that ,i am covered by filthy beasts4 ,all my joints feel it2 my head becomes heavy1 and in the midst of so many pains and terrors sometimes there appears to me the image of the ,virgin1 beautiful and young1 with her ,son1 and crowned with a rainbow40 ,later he told ,cattaneo how a goblin carried away letters in which he was mentioned1 8and that is one of the miracles which ,i saw myself at the hospital4 ,thus ,i possess the certainty that these wonders must be attributed to a magician4 ,i have numerous proofs of it4 ,one day a loaf was taken from me1 beneath my eyes1 towards three o'clock40 ,when ill with acute fever he was cured1 thanks to an apparition of the ,virgin1 to whom he testified his gratitude in a sonnet4 ,he wrote and spoke to1 almost touched1 his genius1 who often resembled his former ,messaggiero1 and suggested to him ideas which he had not conceived before4 ,swift1 the inventor of irony and humour1 predicted even in youth that he would die insane1 as had been the case with a paternal uncle4 ,he was walking one day in a garden when he saw an elm almost completely deprived of foliage at the top4 8,like that tree10 he said1 8,i shall die at the top40 ,proud almost to monomania with the great1 he yet led a wild and vicious life1 and was known as the 8,mad ,parson40 ,though a clergyman1 he wrote irreligious books1 and it was said that before making him a bishop it would be desirable to baptise him4 ,his giddiness began1 as he himself tells us1 at the age of twenty-three1 so that his brain disease lasted for over fifty years4 ,vertiginosus1 inops1 surdus1 male gratus amicis1 as he defined himself1 he almost succumbed to the grief caused by the death of his beloved ,stella1 and at the same time he wrote his burlesque ,directions to ,servants4 ,some months later he lost his memory and only preserved his mordant loquacity2 he remained for a whole year without speaking or reading or recognising any one2 he would walk for ten hours a day1 eating his meals standing1 or refusing food1 and giving way to attacks of rage when any one entered his room4 ,with the development of some boils his condition seemed to improve2 he was heard to say several times3 8,i am a fool20 but the interval of lucidity was short4 ,he fell back into the stupor of dementia1 although his irony seemed to survive reason1 and even1 as it were1 life itself4 ,he died in #agde in a state of complete dementia1 leaving by a will made some years previously a sum of nearly #aa1jjj to a lunatic asylum4 ,a post-mortem examination showed softening of the brain and extreme effusion2 his skull 7examined in #ahee7 showed great irregularities from thickening and roughening1 signs of enlarged and diseased arteries1 and an extremely small cerebellar region4 ,in an epitaph which he had written for himself he summed up the cruel tortures of his soul now at rest1 8ubi sva indignatio ulterius cor lacerare nequit40 ,newton1 of whom it was truly said that his mind conquered the human race1 was in old age afflicted by mental disorder1 though of a less serious character than that of which we have just read4 ,it was probably during this illness that he wrote his ,chronology1 his ,apocalypse1 and the ,letters to ,bentley1 so inferior in value to the work of his earlier years4 ,in #afic1 after his house had been burnt a second time1 and after excess in study1 he is reported to have talked so strangely and incoherently to the archbishop that his friends were seriously alarmed4 ,at this time he wrote two letters which1 in their confused and obscure form1 seem to show that he had been suffering from delusions of persecution4 ,he wrote to ,locke 7#afic73 8,being of opinion that you endeavoured to embroil me with women1 and by other means1 ,i was so much affected with it1 as that when one told me you were sickly and would not live1 ,i answered1 'twere better if you were dead4 ,i desire you to forgive me this uncharitableness2 for ,i am now satisfied that what you have done is just1 and ,i beg your pardon for my having hard thoughts of you for it1 and for representing that you struck at the root of morality1 in a principle you laid in your book of ideas1 and designed to pursue in another book1 and that ,i took you for a ,hobbist4 ,i beg your pardon also for saying or thinking that there was a design to sell me an office or to embroil me4 ,i am your most humble and unfortunate servant1 ,is4 ,newton40#agb ,locke replied kindly1 and a month later ,newton again wrote to him3 8,the last winter1 by sleeping too often by my fire1 ,i got an ill habit of sleeping2 and a distemper1 which this summer has been epidemical1 put me further out of order1 so that when ,i wrote to you ,i had not slept an hour a night for a fortnight together1 and for five days together not a wink4 ,i remember ,i wrote to you1 but what ,i said of your book ,i remember not40 ,and in a letter to ,pepys he says that he has 8neither ate nor slept this twelvemonth1 nor have my former consistency of mind40#agc ,those who1 without frequenting a lunatic asylum1 wish to form a fairly complete idea of the mental tortures of a monomaniac1 have only to look through ,rousseau's works1 especially his later writings1 such as the ,confessions1 the ,dialogues1 and the ,rveries4 8,i have very ardent passions10 he writes in his ,confessions1 8and while under their influence1 my impetuosity knows no bounds2 ,i think only of the object which occupies me2 the entire universe besides is nothing to me2 but this only lasts a moment1 and the moment which follows throws me into a state of prostration4 ,a single sheet of fine paper tempts me more than the money to buy a ream of it4 ,i see the thing and am tempted2 if ,i only see the means of acquiring it ,i am not tempted4 ,even now1 if ,i see anything that tempts me1 ,i prefer taking it to asking for it40 ,this is the distinction between the kleptomaniac and the thief3 the former steals by instinct1 to steal2 the latter steals by interest1 to acquire3 the first is led away by anything that strikes him2 the second is attracted by the value of the object4 ,dominated by his senses1 ,rousseau never knew how to resist them4 ,the most insignificant pleasure1 he says1 so long as it was present1 fascinated him more than all the joys of ,paradise4 ,in fact1 a monk's dinner 7,father ,pontierre7 led him to apostasy1 and a feeling of repulsion caused him to abandon cruelly an epileptic friend on the road4 ,it was not only his passions that were morbid and violent2 his intelligence also was affected from his earliest days1 as he shows in his ,confessions3 8,my imagination has never been so cheerful as when ,i have been suffering4 ,my mind cannot beautify the really pleasant things that happen to me1 only the imaginary ones4 ,if ,i wish to describe spring well1 it must be in winter40 ,real evils had little hold on ,rousseau1 he tells us2 imaginary evils touched him more nearly4 8,i can adapt myself to what ,i experience1 but not to what ,i fear40 ,it is thus that people kill themselves through fear of death4 ,on first reading medical books ,rousseau imagined that he had the diseases which he found described1 and was astonished1 not to find himself healthy1 but to find himself alive4 ,he came to the conclusion that he had a polypus at the heart4 ,it was1 as he himself confesses1 a strange notion1 the overflow of an idle and exaggerated sensibility which had no better channel4 8,there are times10 he says1 8in which ,i am so little like myself that ,i might be taken for a man of quite different character4 ,in repose ,i am indolence and timidity itself1 and do not know how to express myself2 but if ,i become excited ,i immediately know what to say40 ,this unfortunate man went through a long series of occupations from the noblest to the most degrading2 he was an apostate for money1 a watchmaker1 a charlatan1 a music-master1 an engraver1 a painter1 a servant1 an embryo diplomatic secretary2 in literature and science he took up medicine1 music1 botany1 theology1 teaching4 ,the abuse of intellectual work1 especially dangerous in a thinker whose ideas were developed slowly and with difficulty1 joined to the ever-increasing stimulus of ambition1 gradually transformed the hypochondriac into a melancholiac1 and finally into a maniac4 8,my agitations and anger10 he wrote1 8affected me so much that ,i passed ten years in delirium1 and am only calm to-day40 ,calm6 ,when disease1 now become chronic1 no longer permitted him to distinguish what was real1 what was imaginary in his troubles4 ,in fact1 he bade farewell to the world of society1 in which he had never felt at home1 and retired into solitude2 but even in the country1 people from the town zealously pursued him1 and the tumult of the world and notions of amour-propre veiled the freshness of nature4 ,it is in vain for him to hide himself in the woods1 he writes in his ,rveries2 the crowd attaches itself to him and follows him4 ,we think once more of ,tasso's lines3-- 8e da me stesso ,sempre fuggendo1 avr me sempre appresso40 ,rousseau doubtless alluded to these lines when he wrote to ,corancez that ,tasso had been his prophet4 ,he wrote later that he believed that ,prussia1 ,england1 ,france1 the ,king1 women1 priests1 men1 irritated by some passages in his works1 were waging a terrible war against him1 with effects by which he explained the internal troubles from which he suffered4 ,in the refinement of their cruelty1 he says in the ,rveries1 his enemies only forgot one thing--to graduate their torments1 so that they could always renew them4 ,but the chief artifice of his enemies was to torture him by overwhelming him with benefits and with praise4 8,they even went so far as to corrupt the greengrocers1 so that they sold him better and cheaper vegetables4 ,without doubt his enemies thus wished to prove his baseness and their generosity40#agd ,during his stay in ,london his melancholia was changed into a real attack of mania4 ,he imagined that ,choiseul was seeking to arrest him1 abandoned his luggage and his money at his hotel1 and fled to the coast1 paying the innkeepers with pieces of silver spoons4 ,he found the winds contrary1 and in this saw another indication of the plot against him4 ,in his exasperation he harangued the crowd in bad ,english from the top of a hill2 they listened stupefied1 and he believed he had affected them4 ,but on returning to ,france his invisible enemies were not appeased4 ,they spied and misinterpreted all his acts2 if he read a newspaper1 they said he was conspiring2 if he smelled the perfume of a rose1 they suspected he was concocting a poison4 ,everything was a crime3 they stationed a picture-dealer at his door2 they prevented the door from shutting2 no visitor came whom they had not prejudiced against him4 ,they corrupted his coffee-merchant1 his hairdresser1 his landlord2 the shoeblack had no more blacking when ,rousseau needed him2 the boatman had no boats when this unfortunate man wished to cross the ,seine4 ,he demanded to be put in prison--and even that was refused him4 ,in order to take from him the one weapon which he possessed1 the press1 a publisher1 whom he did not know1 was arrested and thrown into the ,bastille4 ,the custom of burning a cardboard figure at the mi-carme had been abolished4 ,it is re-established1 certainly to make fun of him and to burn him in effigy2 in fact1 the clothes placed on it resembled his4#age ,in the country he meets a child who smiles at him2 he turns to respond1 and suddenly sees a man whom1 by his mournful face 7note the method of recognition71 he sees to be a spy placed by his enemies4 ,under the constant impression of this monomania of persecution he wrote his ,dialogues sur ,rousseau jug par ,rousseau1 in which1 in order to appease his innumerable enemies he presented a faithful and minute portrait of his hallucinations4 ,he began to distribute his defence1 in a truly insane manner1 by presenting a copy to any passer-by whose face did not appear prejudiced against him by his enemies4 ,it was dedicated3 8,a tous les ,franais aimant encore la justice et la vrit40 ,in spite of this title1 or1 perhaps1 because of it1 he found no one who accepted it with pleasure2 several even refused it4 ,no longer able to put trust in any mortal he turned1 like ,pascal1 to ,god1 to whom he addressed a very tender and familiar letter2 then in order to ensure the arrival of his letter at its destination1 he placed it together with the manuscript of the ,dialogues on the altar of ,ntre-,dame at ,paris4 ,then1 having found the railing closed1 he suspected a conspiracy of ,heaven against him4 ,dussaulx1 who saw him often in the last years of his life1 writes that he even distrusted his dog1 finding a mystery in his frequent caresses4#agf ,the dlire des grandeurs was never absent2 it may be seen continually in the ,confessions1 in which he defies the human race to show a better being than himself4 ,after all this testimony1 it does not seem to me that ,voltaire and ,corancez were altogether wrong in affirming that ,rousseau had been mad1 and that he confessed it himself4 ,numerous passages in the ,confessions and in ,grimm's letters allude to other affections such as paralysis of the bladder and spermatorrha1 which probably originated in the spinal cord1 and which certainly aggravated his melancholia4 ,it must also be remembered that from childhood1 ,rousseau1 like so many other subjects of degeneration1 showed sexual precocity and perversion2 it appears that he had no pleasure in his relations with women unless they beat him naked1 like a child1 or threatened to do so4#agg ,nicolaus ,lenau1 one of the greatest lyric poets of modern times1 ended1 forty years ago1 in the asylum of ,dbling at ,vienna1 a life which from childhood shows a mingling of genius and insanity4 ,he was born in #ahjb in ,hungary1 the son of a proud and vicious aristocrat1 and of a melancholy1 sensitive1 and ascetic mother4 ,at an early age he manifested tendencies to sadness1 to music1 and to mysticism4 ,he studied medicine1 law1 agriculture1 and especially music4 ,in #ahca ,kerner remarked in him strange fits of sadness and melancholy1 and noted that at other times he would spend whole nights in the garden playing his favourite violin4 8,i feel myself10 he wrote to his sister1 8gravitating towards misfortune2 the demon of insanity riots in my heart2 ,i am mad4 ,to you1 sister1 ,i say it1 for you will love me all the same40 ,this demon induced him to go1 almost aimlessly to ,america4 ,he returned to find himself fted and received with gladness by all2 but hypochondria1 in his own words1 had planted its teeth deep in his heart1 and everything was useless4#agh ,and1 in fact1 this unhappy heart had an attack of pericarditis1 from which it recovered only imperfectly4 ,from that time sleep1 once the only medicine for his troubles1 ceased to visit him2 every night he is surrounded by terrible visions4 8,one would say10 he wrote1 in a truly insane fashion1 8that the devil is hunting in my belly4 ,i hear there a perpetual barking of dogs and a funereal echo of hell4 ,without joking1 it is enough to make one despair40 ,that misanthropy which we have already noted in ,haller and ,swift and ,cardan and ,rousseau took possession of ,lenau in #ahdj with all the accompaniments of mania4 ,he is afraid and ashamed of men1 disgusted with them4 ,germany was preparing bouquets and triumphal arches in his honour1 but he fled1 and without any cause went to and fro from one country to another2 he was causelessly angry and impatient1 and felt himself incapable of work2 non est firmum sinciput1 it seemed1 as he himself said2 at the same time his appetite became as insane as his brain4 ,he returned with a strange taste to the mysticism of his childhood1 wished to study the ,gnostics1 and read over again the stories of sorcerers which he had found so attractive in his youth1 while he drank coffee enormously and smoked excessively4 ,it was incredible1 he observed1 how in moving his body1 in lighting or changing a cigar1 new ideas arose within him4 ,he wrote during entire nights1 wandered1 journeyed1 meditated a marriage1 projected great works1 and executed none4 ,it was the last flickering of a great spirit2 in #ahdd ,lenau complained more and more of headache1 of constant perspiration1 of extreme weakness4 ,his left hand and the muscles of the eyes and cheeks were paralysed1 and he began to write with orthographic errors and quibbles1 as ,wie gut es mir gut for mir geht2 or 8,i am not delirious1 but lyrical40 ,suddenly1 on the #abth of ,october1 he had a violent attack of suicidal mania4 ,he was restrained1 and furiously struck and broke everything1 burning his manuscripts4 ,gradually he became composed and intelligent again1 and even analyzed his attack minutely in that terrible1 chaotic poem the ,traumgewalien4 ,it was a ray of sunlight in the dark night2 it was1 as ,schilling well said1 genius for the last time dominating insanity4 ,in fact1 his condition was constantly getting worse2 another suicidal attack was followed by that fatal comfort1 that pleasant excitement which marks the commencement of general paralysis4 8,i enjoy life10 he said2 8,i am glad that the terrible visions of old have been succeeded by pleasant and delightful visions40 ,he imagined that he was in ,walhalla with ,goethe1 and that he had become ,king of ,hungary and was victorious in battle2 he made puns on his family name1 ,niembsch4 ,in #ahde he lost his sense of smell1 which had previously been very delicate1 and ceased to care for violets1 his favourite flowers4 ,he no longer recognised his old friends4 ,notwithstanding this sad condition1 he was still able to write a lyric marked by extravagant mysticism1 but not without the old beauty4 ,one day when conducted to ,plato's bust1 he said3 8,there is the man who invented stupid love40 ,another time1 hearing some one say1 8,here lives the great ,lenau10 the unfortunate man replied3 8,now ,lenau has become very1 very small10 and he wept for a long time4 8,lenau is unhappy0 were his last words4 ,he died on the #bast of ,august1 #ahej4 ,the autopsy only revealed a little serum in the ventricles and traces of progressive pericarditis4 ,in this same asylum at ,dbling died some years later another great man1 ,szchnyi1#agi the creator of ,danubian navigation1 the founder of the ,magyar ,academy1 the promoter of the revolution of #ahdh4 ,at the very apogee of the revolution1 when ,szchnyi was a minister1 he was heard one day begging ,kossuth1 one of his colleagues in the ,ministry1 not to let him be hanged4 ,it was looked upon as a joke1 but it was not so4 ,he foresaw the misfortunes which would fall on his country1 and wrongly judged himself responsible4 ,the monomania of persecution took possession of him1 and threatened to lead him to suicide4 ,he gradually became calm1 but exhibited a morbid loquacity1 strange in a diplomatist and conspirator1 and all day long he would stop the lunatics and idiots1 and1 what was worse1 the enemies of his country whom he met in prison1 and narrate to them the long confession of his imaginary sins4 ,in #ahej an old passion for chess awoke in him1 and took an insane character4 ,it became necessary to pay a poor student to play with him for ten or twelve hours at a time4 ,the unfortunate student went mad1 but ,szchnyi slowly became sane4 ,at the same time he began to lose an aversion for contact with human beings which had taken possession of him1 and which made it impossible for him even to see his relations4 ,there only remained of his morbid habits a certain repugnance to the bright country light1 and a great objection to leave his room4 ,on certain days of the month he consented to receive his much-loved children2 with a gesture he led them tenderly to his table1 and read what he had written2 but it required much diplomacy to bring him out into the park4 ,his intelligence remained clear2 it was even more robust than ever4 ,he kept himself acquainted with the whole ,german and ,magyar literary movement1 and he watched for the smallest sign of better fortune to come to his country4 ,when he saw an ,austrian intrigue hindering the completion of the eastern railway to which he had devoted himself so vigorously he wrote a letter to ,zichy1 in which he shows all his old power1 as may be seen from the following passages3 8,what has existed once often reappears in the world under another form and different conditions4 ,a broken bottle cannot be put together1 yet those poor fragments of glass are not lost2 they may be thrown into the furnace and become a vessel for ,tokay1 the king of wines1 to sparkle in1 while the broken bottle may have held but a very inferior wine4444 ,the greatest praise that can be given to a ,hungarian is to tell him that he has stood firm4 ,you know1 my friend1 our old proverb3 #8,stand firm1 even in the mire4' ,let us apply that motto2 distrust the reproaches even of our brothers to serve the common cause4 ,to remain at one's post1 in spite of the mud that fanatical or frivolous patriots throw in the faces of their brothers and companions in arms1 to remain obstinately there1 even when insult strikes one in the face--that should be the mot d'ordre of the present time40 ,in #aheh1 when the ,austrian ,ministry exerted pressure on the ,hungarian ,academy to abolish the articles of its statutes which constituted the culture of the ,magyar language1 its fundamental task1 ,szchnyi wrote another letter1 which describes his mental condition3 8,can ,i be silent when ,i see that noble seed crushed8 ,can ,i forget the services which that powerful benefactor has rendered us8 ,i ask--,i1 whose misfortune lies1 not in a vague confusion of ideas1 but1 on the contrary1 in the fatal gift of seeing too clearly1 too distinctly1 to make any illusion possible4 ,ought ,i not to raise a cry of alarm1 seeing our dynasty possessed by ,i know not what evil influence1 fighting against the most energetic of its peoples1 against that for whom the future reserves the highest destiny1 and not only contemning it but stifling it1 depriving it of its proper character1 shaking to its roots the secular tree of the empire4 ,founder of this ,academy1 it is my duty to-day to speak4 ,so long as my head is on my shoulders1 so long as my brain is not entirely obscured1 so long as the light of my eyes remains unveiled by eternal night1 ,i shall retain my right to decide concerning the rules4 ,our ,emperor will sooner or later understand that the assimilation of the races of the empire is merely the ,utopia of his ministers2 the day will come when all will detach themselves4 ,hungary alone1 which has no racial affinity with the other ,european nations1 will seek to accomplish its own destiny beneath the gis of the royal dynasty40 ,that was in #aheh4 ,in #ahei1 even before the outbreak of war1 he prophesied defeat1 and showed its results3 8,there are crises10 he said1 8which lead to cure when the sick person is not incurable40 ,he published at ,london a book in which1 in a strange and humorous1 but at the same time terrible way1 he traced the history of ,hungary's sufferings under ,bach's iron rule1 sketched the future of his country1 and counselled a policy of concord1 parallel but not servile to that of ,austria4 8,in truth10 he wrote himself1 8this book is miserable2 but do you know how the ,margaret ,island was formed8 ,according to an old legend1 the ,danube once occupied its site2 some carrion once1 no one knows how1 settled on to a sand-bank and became attached there4 ,whatever the river swept down1 froth1 leaves1 branches1 trees1 all were piled up there1 and at last a magnificent island arose4 ,my work is something like that carrion4 ,who knows what may arise out of it at last80 ,a few months later ,hbner succeeded ,bach1 and the ,liberal system was inaugurated4 ,szchnyi was wild with joy2 from his humble room he encouraged the minister1 sent him plans of reform1 inspired or wrote papers on the renewal of ,austria1 not forgetting ,hungary4 ,the dream was soon dissipated2 ,hbner was succeeded by ,thierry1 a bad disciple of ,bach1 armed with the old and superannuated systems of ,austria2 all reform was abandoned4 ,the unfortunate ,szchnyi resisted sorrowfully2 he called ,rechberg1 begged him to inform the ,emperor of his mistake while there was still time1 and submitted programmes for an ,austrian constitution and a ,hungarian constitution1 internal affairs to be treated separately1 and external affairs conjointly4 ,rechberg1 far less foreseeing than this inspired madman1 said1 shaking his head3 8,one can easily see that this project comes from a lunatic asylum40 ,worse still1 ,thierry1 suspecting a vulgar conspirator in the great ,magyar1 sent a troop of police to visit the asylum1 threatened to imprison him1 and deprived him of his papers4 ,the unhappy man1 whose madness was merely an irresistible need to serve his country at all costs1 had only one remorse2 he feared he had not sufficiently served his country1 and henceforth all hopes were closed4 ,he sought in vain to stifle his poignant grief by playing desperately at chess4 ,at last he shot himself with a revolver4 ,that was on the #hth of ,april1 #ahfj4 ,in #ahfg1 ,francis ,joseph was crowned ,king of ,hungary1 thus realizing the dreams of the ,dbling lunatic2 and ,rechberg1 who had laughed at them1 was called upon to put them in practice4 ,e4 ,t4 ,a4 ,hoffmann1 that strange poet1 artist1 and musician1 whose drawings ended in caricature1 his tales in extravagance1 and his music in a mere medley of sound1 but who was1 nevertheless1 the real creator of fantastic poetry1 was a drunkard4 ,many years before his death he wrote in his journal3 8,how is it that1 awake or asleep1 my thoughts are always running1 in spite of myself1 on this miserable theme of madness8 ,disorderly ideas seem to rise out of my mind like blood from opened veins40 ,he was so sensitive to atmospheric variations that he constructed a meteorological scale out of his subjective emotions4 ,for many years he was subject to a real monomania of persecution1 with hallucinations in which the fantasies of his stories were converted into realities4 ,the famous ,sicilian physiologist ,foder often declared that he could furnish bread for #bjj1jjj men with a single oven of very simple construction1 and that1 with forty soldiers he could overcome any army1 even #a1jjj1jjj strong4 ,when about fifty years of age he fell violently in love with a young girl who lived opposite him4 ,one fine day1 being in the street1 he gazed up rapturously at the charming maiden1 who1 to free herself from her wearisome adorer1 emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head4 ,foder1 however1 regarded this act as a manifestation of love1 and returned home full of joy4 ,in the courtyard he saw a fowl1 which1 as he declared1 had an extraordinary resemblance to the beloved maiden2 he immediately bought it1 covered it with kisses1 allowed the precious creature to do anything1 to soil his books1 and his clothes1 and even to perch on his bed4#ahj ,the most complete type of madness in genius is presented to us by ,schopenhauer4#aha ,he himself considered that he inherited his intelligence from his mother1 a literary woman full of vivacity1 but heartless2 while his character came from his father1 a banker1 who was misanthropic and eccentric to monomania4 ,from childhood his hearing was defective1 and he believed--and it is probably true--that he inherited his deafness1 his very large head1 and his brilliant eyes1 from his father4 ,he lived for some time in ,england under the care of a clergyman4 ,he learnt to know the ,english language and literature1 and also learnt to despise the bigotry of his hosts4 ,notwithstanding constant change of scene involved in his travels1 he was never cheerful1 and gave free course to his discontent with himself and his surroundings4 8,from my youth10 he says1 8,i have always been melancholy4 ,once1 when ,i was perhaps eighteen1 ,i ,illustration3 ,,schopenhauer4 thought to myself1 in spite of my youth1 that the world could not be the work of a ,god1 but rather of a devil4 ,during my education ,i certainly had to suffer too much from my father's temperament40 ,he was frightened by imaginary diseases4 ,in ,switzerland the ,alps aroused in him sadness rather than admiration4 ,his mother1 like all those who came in contact with him1 experienced the unhappy effects of his character1 for when1 in #ahjg1 he wished1 at the age of nineteen1 to come and see her at ,weimar1 she wrote to him1 8,i have always told you that it would be very difficult for me to live with you2 the more nearly ,i observe you1 the more this difficulty increases1 so far at least as ,i am concerned4 ,i do not hide from you that1 so long as you remain what you are now1 ,i would support any sacrifice rather than submit to it4 ,i do not misunderstand the foundation of goodness in you2 what separates me from you is not your heart1 not your inner1 but your outer1 self1 your views1 your judgments1 your manner of behaving2 in short1 ,i cannot harmonize with you in anything that concerns your external self4 ,even your ill-humour1 your lamentations over the inevitable1 your sombre face1 your extravagant opinions1 which you give forth like oracles1 and tolerate no opposition to1 oppress me1 shock my serenity1 and are no use to yourself4 ,your disagreeable discussions1 your lamentations over the stupidity of the world and human misery1 give me wretched nights and bad dreams40#ahb ,he became more and more estranged from his mother1 alleging that she had not respected his father's memory1 that she had dissipated the common fortune by her extravagance1 and had thus reduced him to the necessity of working for his living4 ,this effort was entirely repugnant to his nature4 ,in this he yielded to a feeling of anguish1 which1 by his own confession1 bordered on madness4 8,if there is nothing to cause me misery1 ,i am tormented by the thought that there must be something hidden from me4 ,misera conditio nostra40#ahc ,in #ahad ,schopenhauer left ,weimar to complete his great work4 ,he was convinced that he could and must open a new and only way to lead men of mind and heart to truth2 he felt in himself something more than mere science1 something demoniacal 7dmonisches74 ,in #ahac he had already said3 8,beneath my hand1 and still more in my head1 a work1 a philosophy1 is ripening1 which will be at once an ethic and a metaphysic1 hitherto so unreasonably separated1 just as man has been divided into body and soul4 ,the work grows1 and gradually becomes concrete1 like the ftus in its mother's womb4 ,i do not know what will appear at last4 ,i recognize a member1 an organ1 one part after another4 ,i write without seeking for results1 for ,i know that it all stands on the same foundation1 and will thus compose a vital and organic whole4 ,i do not understand the system of the work1 just as a mother does not understand the ftus that develops in her bowels1 but she feels it tremble within her4 ,my mind draws its food from the world by the medium of intelligence and thought2 this nourishment gives body to my work2 and yet ,i do not know why it should happen in me and not in others who receive the same food4 ,o ,chance6 sovereign of this world1 let me live in peace for a few years yet1 for ,i love my work as a mother loves her child4 ,when it is ripe and brought to the light1 then exercise your rights1 and claim interest for the delay4 ,but if1 in this iron century1 ,i succumb before that hour1 may these unripened principles and studies be received by the world as they are1 until perhaps some related mind appears who will collect and unite the members40 ,all the characteristic symptoms of the various steps that lead up to insanity1 the rapid passage from profound grief to excessive joy1 may be found in ,schopenhauer4 ,in a moment of tranquil reflection on himself1 in #ahad1 after having found that men were 8a soup of bread dipped in water with a little arsenic10 and after having declared that 8their egoism is like that which binds the dog to his master10 he wrote3 8,and now do not except yourself2 examine your loves and your friendships2 observe if your objective judgments are not in great part subjective and impure40 ,and in another page3 8,just as the most beautiful body contains within it fcal and mephitic gases1 so the noblest character offers traits of badness1 and the greatest genius presents traces of pettiness and excessive pride40 ,the same alternations may be found throughout his life2 sometimes1 a keen and contemptuous critic1 he shows haughty presumption2 at other times he descends to the lowest literary platitudes2 sometimes he wandered about the delightful suburbs of ,dresden lost in the contemplation of nature2 at other times he wallowed in prosaic love adventures1 from which distinguished friends were obliged to save him1 and this while he was elaborating his great work1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vorstellung1 which was to astonish the world4 8,he thus10 remarks ,von ,sedlitz1 8gave the example of a mania puerperii spiritualis1 such as sometimes takes possession of pregnant women40 ,schopenhauer himself told ,frauenstedt that at the time when he was writing his great work he must have been very strange in his person and behaviour1 as people took him for a madman4 ,one day when he was walking in a conservatory at ,dresden1 and1 while contemplating the plants1 talked aloud to himself and gesticulated1 an attendant came up and asked him who he was4 8,if you can tell me who ,i am10 replied ,schopenhauer1 8,i shall be very much obliged to you40 ,and he walked away leaving the astonished attendant fully persuaded that he was a lunatic4 ,with such a disposition it is not surprising that ,schopenhauer1 like many prophets1 believed that he was impelled by a demon or spirit4 8,when my intelligence had touched its apogee1 and was1 under favourable conditions1 at its point of greatest tension1 it was capable of embracing anything2 it could suddenly bring forth revelations and give birth to chains of thought well worthy of preservation40#ahd ,in #ahaf he wrote3 8,it happens to me among men as to ,jesus of ,nazareth when he had to awake his disciples always asleep40 ,even in old age he spoke of his great work in such a way as to exclude all doubt as to the inspiration which had produced it1 such a work only being possible under the influence of inspiration4 ,at that age he gazed with astonishment at his work1 especially at the fourth book1 as at a work written by some other person4 ,it is worth while recalling here the doubling of personality so common in men of genius4 ,after he had handed his book over to the publisher he set out for ,italy1 without awaiting its publication1 with the proud faith that he had given a revelation to the world4 ,his dlire des grandeurs at this period increased1 and the mental disturbance he underwent revealed itself later4 ,he wrote3 8,in enchanting ,venice1 ,love's arms held me long enfettered1 until an inner voice bade me break free and lead my steps elsewhere40 ,and again3 8,if ,i could only satisfy my desire to look upon this race of toads and vipers as my equals1 it would be a consolation to me40 ,while oscillating between mental exaltation and depression he heard of the collapse of his banking-house4 ,it is easy to understand the grief which this news caused him2 he was reduced to the necessity of living by philosophy1 instead of for philosophy1 as he had desired to do4 ,he twice sought to become a ,privatdozent in ,berlin1 but he was unsuccessful in these attempts4 ,his violent attacks on his contemporaries displeased his hearers1 and his passionate disputations1 and his tenacity in holding strange opinions1 which he gave forth as oracles1 rendered precarious his relations with friends and men of learning4 ,the invasion of cholera1 at the beginning of #ahca1 completed his troubles4 ,on the last night of #ahcj he had already had a dream1 which he looked upon as a prophecy1 foretelling his death in the new year4 8,this dream10 he wrote in his ,cogitata1 8influenced me in my departure from ,berlin immediately the cholera began in #ahca4 ,i had scarcely reached ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 when ,i had a very distinct vision of spirits4 ,they were1 as ,i think1 my ancestors1 and they announced to me that ,i should survive my mother1 at that time still living4 ,my father1 who was dead1 carried a light in his hand40 ,that this hallucination was accompanied by real brain affection is proved by the fact that at that time he 8fell into deep melancholy1 not speaking to any one for weeks together40 ,the doctors were alarmed1 and induced him to go to ,mannheim for change of scene4 ,more than a year later he returned to ,frankfort1 when the acute period of his illness had apparently passed4 ,signs of it remained1 however1 in his peculiar bearing1 his habit of gesticulating and talking aloud to himself as he walked through the streets of the city1 or sat at table in the restaurant1 and in his fury against 8such philosophasters as ,hegel1 ,schleiermacher1 and similar charlatans1 who shine like so many stars in the firmament of philosophy1 and rule the philosophic market40 ,he accused them of depriving him of the praise and fame he deserved1 by deliberately keeping silence concerning his work4 ,this was a fixed idea with him1 like the idea of his own infallibility1 even after he seemed to return to a relatively normal condition1 thanks to the fame which1 after a delay of thirty years1 at length crowned his name and his works4 ,his dlire des grandeurs1 his melancholy accompanied by morbid rage1 born of the idea of persecution1 had really shown themselves in him from childhood4 ,at six years of age he believed that his parents wished to abandon him4 ,as a student he was always morose4 ,one of the things which caused him most trouble was noise1 especially when produced by the whips of drivers4 8,to be sensitive to noise10 he wrote1 8is one of the numerous misfortunes which discount the privilege of genius40 8,qui non habet indignationem10 he wrote1 8non habet ingenium40 ,but his indignation was excessive1 a morbid rage4 ,one day when his landlady was chattering in the anteroom he came out and shook her so violently that he broke her arm1 and was fined for damages4 ,he was genuinely hypochondriacal4 ,he was driven from ,naples by the fear of small-pox1 from ,verona by the idea that he had been poisoned by snuff1 from ,berlin by the dread of cholera1 and previously by the conscription4 ,in #ahca1 he had a fresh attack of restlessness2 at the least sound in the street he put his hand to his sword2 his fear became real suffering2 he could not open a letter without suspecting some great misfortune2 he would not shave his beard1 but burnt it2 he hated women and ,jews and philosophers1 especially philosophers1 and loved dogs1 remembering them in his will4 ,he reasoned about everything1 however unimportant2 about his great appetite1 about the moonlight1 which suggested quite illogical ideas to him1 c4 ,he believed in table-turning1 and that magnetism could heal his dog's paws and restore his own hearing4 ,one night the servant dreamt that she had to wipe some ink stains2 in the morning he spilt some1 and the great philosopher deduced that 8everything happens necessarily40 ,he was contradiction personified4 ,he placed annihilation1 nirvana1 as the final aim of life1 and predicted 7which means that he desired71 one hundred years of life4 ,he preached sexual abstinence as a duty1 but did not himself practise it4 ,he who had suffered so much from the intolerance of others1 insulted ,moleschott and ,bchner1 and rejoiced when the ,government deprived them of their professorial chairs4 ,he lived on the first storey1 in case of fire2 would not trust himself to his hairdresser2 hid gold in the ink-pot1 and letters of change beneath the bed-clothes4 8,when ,i have no troubles10 he said 7like ,rousseau71 8it is then that ,i am most afraid40 ,he feared to touch a razor2 a glass that was not his own might communicate some disease2 he wrote business documents in ,greek or ,latin or ,sanskrit1 and disseminated them in books to prevent unforeseen and impossible curiosity1 which would have been much easier avoided by a simple lock and key4 ,though he regarded himself as the victim of a vast conspiracy of professors of philosophy1 concerted at ,gotha1 to preserve silence concerning his books1 he yet dreaded lest they should speak of them2 8,i would rather that worms should gnaw my body than that professors should gnaw my philosophy40 ,lacking all affection1 he even insulted his mother1 and drew from her example conclusions against the whole female sex1 8long of hair and short of sense40 ,yet1 while despising monogamy1 he recommended tetragamy1 to which he saw but one objection--the four mothers-in-law4 ,the same lack of affection made him despise patriotism1 8the passion of fools1 and the most foolish of passions20 he took part with the soldiers against the people1 and to the former and to his dog he left his property4 ,he was always preoccupied with himself1 not only with the self that was the creator of a new system1 but in hundreds of his letters he speaks with strange complaisance of his photograph1 of his portrait in oils and of a person who had bought it 8in order to place it in a kind of chapel1 like the image of a saint40 ,no one has1 for the rest1 maintained more openly than ,schopenhauer1 the relationship of genius to insanity4 8,people of genius10 he wrote1 8are not only unpleasant in practical life1 but weak in moral sense and wicked40 ,and elsewhere3 8,such men can have but few friends2 solitude reigns on the summits4444 ,genius is closer to madness than to ordinary intelligence4444 ,the lives of men of genius show how often1 like lunatics1 they are in a state of continual agitation40 99 99 99 99 99 ,nicola ,vasilyevitch ,gogol 7born #ahji71 after suffering from an unhappy love affair1 gave himself up for many years to unrestrained onanism1 and became eventually a great novelist4 ,having known ,poushkin he was attracted to the short story1 then he fell under the influence of the ,moscow school1 and became a humourist of the highest order4 ,in his ,dead ,souls he satirises the ,russian bureaucracy with so much vis comica as to show the need of putting an end to a form of government which is a martyrdom both for the victims and the executioners4 ,on the publication of his historical ,cossack romance1 ,taras ,bulba1 he reached the summit of his fame4 ,his admirers compared him to ,homer2 even the ,government patronized him4 ,then a new idea began to dominate him2 he thought that he painted his country with so much crudity and realism that the picture might incite to a revolution which would not be kept within reasonable limits1 and might overturn society1 religion1 and the family1 leaving him the remorse of having provoked it4 ,this idea took possession of his mind and dominated it1 as it had formerly been dominated by love1 by the drama1 and by the novel4 ,he then sought by his writings to combat western liberalism1 but the antidote attracted fewer readers than the poison4 ,then he abandoned work1 shut himself up in his house1 giving himself up to prayer to the saints1 and supplicating them to obtain ,god's pardon for his revolutionary sins4 ,he accomplished a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 from which he returned somewhat consoled1 when the revolution of #ahdh broke out1 and his remorse was again aroused4 ,he was constantly pursued by visions of the triumph of ,nihilism1 and in his alarm he called on ,holy ,russia to overthrow the pagan ,west1 and to found on its ruins the orthodox ,panslavist empire4 ,in #aheb1 the great novelist was found dead at ,moscow of exhaustion1 or rather of tabes dorsalis1 in front of the shrine before which he was accustomed to lie for days in silent prayer4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,genius4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,meteorological ,,influences ,,on ,,genius4 ,the influence of weather on the insane--,sensitiveness of men of genius to barometrical conditions--,sensitiveness to thermometrical conditions4 ,the ,influence of ,weather on the ,insane4--,a series of clinical researches1 which ,i carried on for six consecutive years1 has shown me with certainty that the mental condition of the insane is modified in a constant manner by barometrical and thermometrical influences4#ahe ,when the temperature rose above #be1 #cj1 and #cb ,c41 especially if the rise was sudden1 the number of maniacal attacks increased from #bi to #ej4 ,on the days on which the barometer showed sudden variations1 especially of elevation--and more particularly two or three days before and after the variation--the number of maniacal attacks rapidly increased from #cd to #df4 ,this meteoric sensibility1 as ,i term it1 increased in an inverse ratio to the integrity of the nervous tissues1 being very great in idiots and slightest in monomaniacs4 ,the study of #bc1fjb lunatics has shown me that the development of insanity generally coincides with the increase of monthly temperature and with the great barometrical perturbations in ,september and ,march2 the onset of heat1 acts more efficaciously1 however1 than the intense heat which follows2 and the heat which has become habitual in ,august acts much less harmfully4 ,the minimum number of outbreaks of insanity is found in the coldest months4 7,see ,plate47 ,this coincidence is seen best in the ,french lunatics studied by ,esquirol4#ahf ,the ,french figures present with most clearness the effect of thermometrical influences1 because in ,france the entry of lunatics into asylums1 being little impeded by red-tapeism1 follows closely on the outbreak4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,insane4 ,,insane4 ,month4 --------------- ,tempera- ,month4 --------------- ,tempera- ,italy4 ,france4 ture4 ,italy4 ,france4 ture4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,june #b1gjd #ee #ba #bi;,c4 ,october#a1fcg #dd #ab #gg;,c4 ,may #b1fdb #eh #af #ge;,c4 ,sept4 #a1fjd #dh #ai #jj;,c4 ,july #b1fad #eb #bc #ge;,c4 ,dec4 #a1ebi #ce #a #ja;,c4 ,august #b1bfa #de #ba #ib;,c4 ,feb4 #a1dbj #dj #e #gc;,c4 ,april #b1bcg #ej #af #ab;,c4 ,jan4 #a1dgf #db #a #fc;,c4 ,march #a1hbi #di #f #fj;,c4 ,nov4 #a1deb #dg #g #ag;,c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,now1 a similar influence may be noted in those to whom nature1 benevolently or malevolently1 has conceded the power of intellect more generously than to others4 ,there are few among these who do not confess that their inspiration is strangely subject to the influence of weather4 ,those who associate with them1 or who read their correspondence1 know that they suffer so greatly from this cause that they often complain to every one1 and struggle1 with the help of various artifices1 against the malignant influences which impede the free flight of their thought4 ,sensitiveness to ,barometrical ,conditions4--,montaigne wrote3 8,si la sant me sied et la clart d'un beau jour1 me voil honnte homme40 ,diderot wrote1 8,il me semble que j'ai l'esprit fou dans les grands vents40 ,giordani foretold storms two days beforehand4#ahg ,maine de ,biran1 a very spiritualistic philosopher1 wrote1 in his ,journal de ma ,vie ,intime1 8,i do not know how it is that in bad weather ,i feel my intelligence and will so unlike what they are in fine weather20 and again1 8,there are days in which my thought seems to break through the veils which surround it4 ,in some conditions of the weather ,i feel delight in good1 and adore virtue2 at other times ,i am indifferent to everything1 even to my duties4 ,are our sentiments1 our affections1 our principles1 related to the physical condition of our organs80#ahh ,the study of his ,journal shows us the justice of his doubts4 ,let us take #ahah4 ,in ,april we find two periods of good inspiration and four of bad1 although the weather was fine2 in ,may he was constantly sad1 and in ,november only cheerful during ten days4 8#ahae1 ,may4--,i am suffering from the nervous disposition which ,i experience in spring2 and though wishing to do too much1 ,i do nothing4444 8#bc ,may4--,i am happy because of the air that ,i breathe and the birds that are singing2 but inspiration passes away through the senses4 ,each season has not merely special forms of sensation1 but a certain way of understanding life which is peculiar to it4444 8#ag ,may4--,irresistible pleasure of thought3 inspiration4444 8#d1 #af1 #ag ,october4--,empty of ideas2 sad4444 8#ahaf1 #be ,january4--,sad and idle4 ,my life is useless4444 8#bd ,april4--,i am another man4 ,every day seems a feast day4 ,at this time of the year something seems to lift the soul to another region1 and to give it strength to surmount all impediments4444 8#ahag1 #ac ,april4--,excited4444 8#g ,may4--,working on ,condillac4444 8#aj1 #ah ,july4--,marvellous activity4444 8#ab ,october4--,am transformed2 thought turns to commonplace triviality4444 8#bb1 #bc1 #bh ,november4--,sterile agitation4 ,alteration of all my mental faculties4444 8#ahah1 #a ,april4--,northerly wind4 ,am weary1 sad1 suffering1 stolid4444 8#ahbj1 #ca ,march4--,at this time of the year it always happens to me that body and mind are alike heavy2 ,i have the consciousness of my degradation4444 8#ahba1 ,may4--,all this month ,i am sad1 and yield to external causes like a marionette4444 8#ba ,october4--,i feel myself newborn4 ,i was returning to work1 but the weather has changed2 the wind has turned to the south2 it is strong1 and ,i am another man4 ,i feel inert1 with a distaste for work1 and inclined to those sad and melancholy fantasies which are always so fatal to me44440 ,alfieri wrote1 8,i compare myself to a barometer4 ,i have always experienced more or less facility in writing1 according to the weight of the air2 absolute stupidity in the great solstitial and equinoxial winds1 infinitely less perspicacity in the evening than in the morning1 and a much greater aptness for creation in the middle of the winter or of summer than in the intermediate seasons4 ,this has made me humble1 as ,i am convinced that at these times ,i have had no power to do otherwise40 ,monod says that the phases of ,michelet's intellectual life followed the course of the seasons4#ahi ,poushkin's poetic inspiration was greatest during dark and stormy nights4 ,we catch a glimpse in these facts of an appreciable influence of barometrical conditions upon men of genius as upon the insane4 ,heat4--,thermometrical influence is much clearer and more evident4 ,napoleon1 who defined man as 8a product of the physical atmosphere and the moral atmosphere10 and who suffered from the faintest wind1 loved heat so much that he would have fires even in ,july4 ,voltaire and ,buffon had their studies warmed throughout the year4 ,rousseau said that the action of the sun in the dog-days aided him to compose1 and he allowed the rays of the mid-day sun to fall on his head4 ,byron said that he feared cold as much as a gazelle4 ,heine wrote in one of his letters1 8,it snows2 ,i have little fire in the room1 and my letter is cold40 ,spallanzani1 in the ,ionian ,islands1 found himself able to study for three times as many hours as in misty ,pavia4#aij ,leopardi confesses in his letters1 8,my temperament is inimical to cold4 ,i wait and invoke the reign of ,ormuzd40 ,giusti wrote in the spring1 8,inspiration is becoming favourable4444 ,if spring aids me as in all other things44440#aia ,paisiello could only compose beneath six quilts in the summer and nine in the winter4 ,similar facts are told of ,varillas1 ,mry1 and ,arnaud4 ,sylvester tells how1 when on board the ,invicta1 beneath the vivifying rays of a powerful sun1 the method of resolving a multiple equation occurred to him1 and he succeeded1 without pen or pencil4#aib ,lesage1 in his old age1 became animated as the sun advanced in the meridian1 gradually gaining his imaginative power1 together with his cheerfulness2 as the day declined1 his mental activity gradually diminished1 until he fell into a lethargy1 which lasted to the following day4#aic ,giordani could only compose in the sun1 or in the presence of abundant light and great heat4#aid ,foscolo wrote in ,november3 8,i keep near the fire2 my friends laugh at me1 but ,i am seeking to give my members heat which my heart will concentrate and sublime within40#aie ,and in ,december he writes3 8,my natural infirmity1 the fear of cold1 has constrained me to live near the fire1 and the fire has inflamed my eyelids40 ,milton confessed in his ,latin elegies that in winter his muse was sterile2 he could only write from the spring equinox to that of autumn4 ,in a letter he complains of the cold of #afgh1 and fears that1 if it lasts1 it will hinder the free development of his imagination4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 who tells us this in his ,life of ,milton1 may be believed on this point1 for imagination never smiled upon him1 only the cold and tranquil intelligence of criticism1 and he adds the commentary that all this must be the result of eccentricity of character1 he1 ,johnson1 never having experienced any effects from the variations of the weather4 ,poushkin often said that he found himself most disposed to composition in autumn2 the brilliant spring sunshine produced on him an impression of melancholy4 ,salvator ,rosa laughed in youth1 as ,lady ,morgan tells us in her ,life1 at the pretended influence of the weather on works of genius2 but in old age he became incapable of painting or thinking1 almost of living1 except in the heat of spring4 ,in reading ,schiller's correspondence with ,goethe one is struck by the singular influence which the gentle and imaginative poet attributed to the weather4 ,in ,november1 #ahag1 he wrote3 8,in these sad days1 beneath this leaden sky1 ,i have need of all my elasticity to feel alive1 and do not yet feel capable of serious work40 ,and in ,december3 8,i am going back to work1 but the weather is so dull that it is impossible to preserve the lucidity of the soul40 ,in ,july1 #ahah3 8,thanks to the fine weather ,i am better2 the lyric inspiration1 which obeys the will less than any other1 does not delay40 ,in ,december he complains that the necessity of completing ,wallenstein unfortunately coincides with an unfavourable period of the year1 8so that10 he writes1 8,i am obliged to use all my strength to preserve mental clearness40 ,and in ,may1 #agii3 8,i hope to make progress in my work if the weather continues fine40 ,all these examples allow us to suspect1 with some probability1 that heat1 with rare exceptions1 aids in the productions of genius1 as it aids in vegetation1 and also aids1 unfortunately1 in the stimulation of mania4 ,if historians1 who have squandered so much time and so many volumes in detailing minutely to us the most shameless exploits of kings1 had sought with as much care the memorable epoch in which a great discovery or a masterpiece of art was conceived1 they would no doubt have found that the hottest months and days have always been most fruitful for genius1 as for nature generally4 ,let us endeavour to find more precise proofs of this little-suspected influence4 ,dante wrote his first sonnet on the #aeth of ,june1 #abhb2 in the spring of #acjj he wrote the ,vita ,nuova2 on the #crd of ,april he began his great poem4#aif ,darwin had the earliest ideas of his great work first in ,march1 then in ,june4#aig ,petrarch conceived the ,africa in ,march1 #acch4 ,michelangelo's great cartoon1 the work which so competent a judge as ,cellini considered his most wonderful masterpiece1 was imagined and executed between ,april and ,july1 #aejf4 ,manzoni wrote his #e ,maggio in summer4 ,milton's great poem was conceived in the spring4 ,galileo discovered ,saturn's ring in ,april1 #afaa4 ,balzac wrote ,la ,cousine ,bette in ,august and ,september1 ,pre ,goriot in ,september1 ,la ,recherche de l',absolu in ,june to ,september4 ,sterne began ,tristram ,shandy in ,january1 the first of his sermons in ,april1 the famous one on errors of conscience in ,may4#aih ,giordano ,bruno composed his ,candelajo in ,july2 and in his witty dedication he attributed it to the heat of the dog-days4 ,voltaire wrote ,tancred in ,august4 ,byron wrote the fourth canto of ,childe ,harold in ,september1 his ,prophecy of ,dante in ,june1 his ,prisoner of ,chillon during the summer in ,switzerland4 ,giusti wrote of ,gingillino and ,pero3 8,here are the only leaves that ,april has drawn out of my head after fourteen months of idleness40 ,schiller1 it appears from his letters to ,goethe1 conceived ,don ,carlos and ,wallenstein in the autumn1 as well as ,fiesco and ,wilhelm ,tell2 ,wallensteins ,lager and ,letters on sthetics in ,september2 ,kabale und ,liebe in winter2 the ,magician1 the ,glove1 the ,ring of ,polycrates1 the ,cranes of ,ibycus1 and ,nadowessir's ,song in ,june2 the ,jungfrau von ,orleans in ,july4 ,goethe wrote ,werther in autumn2 ,mignon and other lyric poems in ,may2 ,cellini1 ,alexis1 ,euphrosyne1 ,metamorphosis of ,plants1 and ,parnass in ,june and ,july2 the ,xenien1 ,hermann und ,dorothea1 ,weststlichen ,divan1 and ,natrliche ,tochter in winter4 ,in the first days of ,march1 #aghh1 which1 he wrote1 were worth more to him than a whole month1 he dictated1 besides other poems1 the beginning of ,faust4#aii ,salorno's hymn to ,liberty was written in ,may4 ,rossini composed the ,semiramide almost entirely in ,february1 and in ,november the last part of the ,stabat ,mater4#bjj ,mozart composed the ,mitridate in ,october2 ,beethoven his ninth symphony in ,february4#bja ,donizetti composed ,lucia di ,lammermoor1 perhaps entirely1 in ,september2 in any case1 the famous ,tu che a ,dio spiegasti l'ale belongs to that date2 the ,figlia del ,reggimento was also composed in autumn2 ,linda de ,chamounix in spring2 ,rita in summer2 ,don ,pasquale and the ,miserere in winter4#bjb ,wagner composed ,der ,fliegende ,hollnder in the spring of #ahda4 ,canova modelled his first work1 ,orpheus and ,eurydice1 in ,october4#bjc ,michelangelo conceived his ,piet between ,september and ,october1 #adih1bjd the design of the ,libreria in ,december1 the model in wood of the tomb of ,pope ,julius in ,august4#bje ,leonardo da ,vinci conceived the equestrian statue of the ,sforza and began his book ,della luce e delle ,ombre in ,april2 for we find in his autograph manuscript these words3 8,on ,april the #bcrd1 #adib1 ,i commenced this book and recommenced the horse40 ,on the #bnd of ,july1 #adia1 he designed the pavilion of the ,duchess's ,bath2 on the #crd of ,march1 #aeji1 ,st4 ,christopher's ,canal4#bjf ,the first idea of the discovery of ,america came to ,columbus between ,may and ,june1 in #adgd1 in the form of a search for the western passage to ,india4#bjg ,galileo discovered the sun's spots contemporaneously with1 or before1 ,scheiner in ,april1 #afaa2bjh in ,december1 #afaj1 and even in ,september 7since he speaks of his observation having been made three months previously71 he discovered the analogy between the phases of ,venus and those of the moon2 in ,may1 #afji1 he invented the telescope2#bji in ,july1 #afaj1 he discovered two stars1 afterwards found to be the most luminous points of ,saturn's ring1 a discovery which1 according to his custom1 he expressed in verse3-- 8,altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi40 ,in ,january he found ,jupiter's satellites2 in ,november1 #afjb1 the isochronism of the oscillations of the pendulum4#baj ,kepler discovered the law which bears his name in ,may1 #afah2 the discovery of ,zucchi regarding ,jupiter took place in ,may2 that of ,tycho ,brahe in ,november4 ,fabricius discovered the first changing star in ,august1 #aedf4 ,cassini discovered the spots which indicate the rotation of ,venus in ,october and ,april 7#afff-fg71 and in ,october1 ,december1 and ,march 7#afga1 #afgb1 #afhd7 four satellites of ,saturn4 ,herschel discovered two in ,march1 #aghi4 ,in ,june1 #afca1 ,hevelius conceived the first ideas of selenography4#baa ,a satellite of ,saturn was discovered by ,huygens on the #beth of ,march1 #affe2 another by ,dawes and ,bond on the night of the #aith of ,september1 #ahdh4 ,two satellites of ,uranus were discovered by ,herschel in #aghg2 one of them1 considered as doubtful by ,herschel1 was again discovered by ,struve and ,lassel in ,october1 #ahdg2 the last1 ,ariel1 was discovered by ,lassel on the #adth of ,september1 #ahdg2 on the #hth of ,july in the same year he had also seen ,neptune's satellite for the first time4#bab ,uranus was discovered by ,herschel in ,march1 #agha4 ,the same astronomer observed the moon's volcanoes in ,april4 ,bradley discovered in ,september 7#agbh7 the aberration of light1 ,enke's and ,vico's fine observations on ,saturn took place in ,march and ,april 7#agce-ch74 ,of the comets discovered by ,gambart1 three were in ,july1 two in ,march and in ,may1 one in ,january1 ,april1 ,june1 ,august1 ,october1 ,december4#bac ,the last three comets discovered in #ahgg were perceived in ,october1 ,february1 and ,september2 in ,august ,hall observed the satellites of ,mars4 ,schiaparelli's discovery on falling stars dates from ,august1 #ahff4 ,we read in ,malpighi's journal that in ,july he made his great discoveries in the suprarenal glands4 ,it is curious to observe how some one month predominates in certain years3 for example1 ,january in #aghh and #agij1 and ,june in #agga1 during which he made thirteen discoveries4#bad ,the first idea of the barometer came to ,torricelli in ,may1 #afde1 as may be seen by his letters to ,ricci2 in ,march1 #afdd1 he had made the discovery1 of great moment at that time1 of the best way of making glasses for spectacles4 ,the first experiments of ,pascal on the equilibrium of fluids were made in ,september1 #afde4bae ,in ,march1 #ageb1 ,franklin began his experiments with lightning conductors1 and concluded them in ,september4 ,goethe declared that it was in ,may that his original ideas on the theory of colours arose1 and in ,june that he made his fine observations on the metamorphoses of plants4#baf ,hamilton discovered the calculus of ,quaternions on the #afth of ,october1 #ahdc4 ,volta invented the electric pile in the beginning of winter1 #agii-ahjj4 ,in the spring of #agge he invented the electrophore4 ,in the first days of ,november1 #aghd1 he discovered the production of hydrogen in organic fermentations4 ,his invention of the eudiometer took place in the spring1 about ,may4 ,in ,april of the same year 7#aggg7 ,volta wrote to ,barletta the famous letter in which he divined the electric telegraph4 ,in the spring of #aghh he constructed his great conductor4 ,luigi ,brugnatelli found out galvanoplasty in ,november1 #ahjf1 as is shown by a letter which the advocate ,zanino ,volta found in the correspondence of his grandfather4 ,nicholson discovered the oxydation of metals by means of the ,voltaic pile1 in the summer of #ahjj4 ,from the examination of ,galvani's manuscripts it appears that his studies on intestinal gases began in ,december1 #agac4 ,his first studies on the action of atmospheric electricity on the nerves of cold-blooded animals were undertaken1 as he himself writes1 8at the #bjth hour of the #bfth of ,april1 #aggf40 ,in ,september1 #aghf1 he began his experiments on the contractions of frogs1 whence the origin of galvanism4 ,in ,november1 #aghj1 he stated his experiments on the contractions of frogs by artificial electricity4#bag ,we see by ,lagrange's manuscripts1 published by ,boncompagni1 that he had the first idea of the ,calculus of ,variations on the #abth of ,june1 #agee2 on the #aith of ,may 7#agef7 he conceived the idea of the ,mcanique ,analitique2 in ,november1 #agei1 he found a solution of the problem of vibrating cords4#bah ,from the manuscripts of ,spallanzani1 which ,i have been able to examine in the ,communal ,library at ,reggio1 it appears that his observations on moulds began on the #bfth of ,september1 #aggj4 ,on the #hth of ,may1 #aghj1 ,spallanzani started1 to use his own words1 8the study of animals which are torpid through the action of cold20 in ,april and ,may1 #aggf1 he discovered the parthenogenesis of certain animals4 ,the #bnd of ,april1 #aghj1 was the richest day in experiments1 or rather deductions1 on the subject of ovulation4 8,it becomes clear10 he wrote on this same day1 after having made forty-three observations1 8that the ova are not fecundated in the womb2 that the sperm cells after emission remain apt for fecundation for a certain time1 that the vesicular fluid fecundates as well as the seminal1 that wine and vinegar are opposed to fecundation40 8,impatience10 adds this curious manuscript1 which enables us to assist at the incubation of these wonderful experiments1 8will not allow me to draw any more corollaries40 ,on the #gth of ,may1 #aghj1 he discovered that an infinitely small amount of semen sufficed for fecundation4 ,a letter to ,bonnet shows that ,spallanzani had1 during the spring of #agga1 the idea of studying the action of the heart on the circulation4 ,in ,march1 #aggc1 he undertook his studies on rotifera1 and in his manuscripts for ,may1 #agha1 may be found a plan of #afa new experiments on the artificial fecundation of frogs4 ,goffroy ,saint-,hilaire had his first ideas on the homologies of organisms in ,february4 ,davy discovered iodine in ,december4 ,humboldt made his first observations on the magnetic needle in ,november1 #agif2 in ,march1 #agic1 he observed the irritability of organic fibres4#bai ,the prolegomena of the ,cosmos was dictated in ,october4#bbj ,in ,july1 #ahja1 ,gay-,lussac discovered fluoric acid in fish-bones2 he completed the analysis of alum in ,july4#bba ,in ,september1 #ahdf1 ,morton used sulphuric ether as an ansthetic in surgery4 ,in ,october1 #ahdj1 ,armstrong invented the first hydro-electric machine4#bbb ,matteucci made his experiments with the galvanoscope in ,july1 #ahcj2 on torpedoes in the spring of #ahcf2 on electro-motor muscles in ,july1 #ahcg2 on the decomposition of acids in ,may1 #ahce1 he determined in ,may1 #ahcg1 the influence of electricity on the weather2 in ,june1 #ahcc1 he concluded his experiments on heat and magnetism4#bbc ,the reader who has had the patience to follow this wearisome catalogue to the end1 may convince himself that many men of genius have1 as it were1 a specific chronology2 that is to say1 a tendency to make their most numerous observations1 to accomplish their finest discoveries1 or their best sthetic productions1 at a special season or in one month rather than another3 ,spallanzani in the spring1 ,giusti and ,arcangeli in ,march1 ,lamartine in ,august1 ,carcano1 ,byron1 and ,alfieri in ,september1 ,malpighi and ,schiller in ,june and ,july1 ,hugo in ,may1 ,branger in ,january1 ,belli in ,november1 ,melli in ,april1 ,volta in ,november and ,december1 ,galvani in ,april1 ,gambart in ,july1 ,peters in ,august1 ,luther in ,march and ,april1 ,watson in ,september4 ,a more general kind of specific chronology1 a sort of intellectual calendar1 is presented when we sum up various intellectual creations--poetry1 music1 sculpture1 natural discoveries--of which the date of conception can be precisely fixed4 ,this may be seen from the following table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,physical1 ,literary ,chemical1 ,month4 and ,astronomical and ,total4 ,artistic ,discoveries4#bbd ,mathematical ,works4 ,discoveries4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,january #aja #cg -- #ach ,february #hb #ba #a #ajd ,march #ajd #de #e #aed ,april #ace #eb #e #aib ,may #adi #ce #i #aic ,june #abe #bd #e #aed ,july #aje #eb #e #afb ,august #aac #db -- #aee ,september #ach #dg #e #aij ,october #hc #de #d #acb ,november #ajc #db #e #aej ,december #hf #bg #b #aae ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,one observes at once that the most favourable month for sthetic creations is ,may2 then come ,september and ,april2 the minimum is presented by the months of ,february1 ,october1 and ,december4 ,the same may be observed partially with astronomical discoveries2 but here ,april and ,july predominate1 while for physical discoveries as well as for sthetic creations1 the months of ,may1 ,april1 and ,september stand first4 ,thus the advantage belongs to the months of early heat more than to the months of ,illustration3 ,,relation to average monthly temperature to admission of lunatics to asylum1 and to production of works of genius4 great heat1 as with insanity also2 in the same way the months of greatest barometric variation have an advantage over very hot and very cold months4 ,if we now group these data according to seasons1 which will allow us to include other data in which the exact month cannot be stated1 we shall find that the maximum of artistic and literary creation falls in spring1 #chh2 then comes summer1 with #cdg2 then autumn1 #cce2 and lastly1 winter1 with #bhj4 ,the majority of great physical1 chemical1 and mathematical discoveries took place in spring1 #bb2 then autumn1 #ae2 very few in summer1 #aj2 and only five in winter4 ,i have separated astronomical discoveries from physical1 and other discoveries1 because their precise dates are less doubtful and therefore more important4 ,we find #ace in autumn2 #aca in spring2 #abj in summer2 and only #hc in winter4 ,taking these #a1hga great discoveries altogether1 we find spring coming first1 with #eda2 then autumn1 with #dhe2 with #dgg in summer2 and #cfh in winter4 ,it is evident1 then1 that the first warm months distinctly predominate in the creations of genius1 as well as in organic nature generally1 although the question cannot be absolutely resolved on account of the scarcity of data1 as regards both quantity and quality4 ,it was1 however1 in the spring that the discovery of ,america was conceived1 as well as galvanism1 the barometer1 the telescope1 and the lightning conductor2 in the spring1 ,michelangelo had the idea of his great cartoon1 ,dante of his ,divina ,commedia1 ,leonardo of his book on light1 ,goethe of his ,faust2 it was in the spring that ,kepler discovered his law1 that ,milton conceived his great poem1 ,darwin his great theory1 and ,wagner the ,fliegende ,hollnder1 the first of his great music dramas4 ,it may be added that in the few cases in which we may follow1 day by day1 the traces of the works of great men1 we usually find that their activity increases in the warm months and decreases in the cold months4 ,thus in ,spallanzani's journals1 and especially during the years #aggg-gh and #aghj-ha1 in which he was undertaking his investigations into moulds1 digestion1 and fecundation1 ,i found #ej days of observation in ,march1 #fe in ,april1 #adc in ,may1 #da in ,june1 #cc in ,august1 #bd in ,september2 while there were only #ag in ,december1 #aj in ,november1 #ah in ,january1 #ag in ,july1 and #b in ,february4 ,if we examine the curious journal of his own observations1 which ,malpighi kept day by day for thirty-four years1 we find1 grouping the observations according to months1 ,july coming first with #ga days1 followed by ,june with #ff1 ,may #db1 ,october #dj1 ,january #cf1 ,september #cd1 ,april #cc1 ,march #ca1 ,august #bh1 ,november #bj1 ,december #ac4bbe ,out of over four hundred observations less than a fifth took place in the winter months4 ,it appears from ,galvani's manuscripts1 as examined by ,gherardi1 that between the years #aggb and #agha his investigations on irritability1 muscular movement1 the structure of the ear1 the tympanic bone1 and the organ of hearing1 all belong to the month of ,april1 while his work on cataract belongs to ,march1 and that on the hygiene of sight to ,january4 ,there seems1 therefore1 to be here a remarkable predominance for ,april1 though there is less certainty than in the preceding cases4 ,i imagine the objections that may be made against these conclusions2 the scarcity of data1 their doubtfulness1 the boldness of bringing within the narrow circle of statistics those sublime phenomena of intellectual creation which seem the least susceptible of calculation4 ,such objections may have weight with those who believe that statistics can only deal with large numbers--perhaps more remarkable for quantity than for quality--and who thrust aside a priori all reasoning on the data1 as though figures were not facts1 subject like all other facts to synthesis1 and had not their true value as materials for the thinker4 ,the facts ,i have brought forward1 though not large1 are at all events to be preferred to mere hypotheses1 or to the isolated statements of authors1 the more so as they are in harmony with these latter1 and may at least serve as an encouragement to a new series of fruitful psychometeoric researches4 ,it may be said also that the creations of genius cannot furnish great columns of figures4 ,it is very true1 however1 that in regard to many of them the chronological coincidence is connected with accidental circumstances entirely1 independent of the psychic condition4 ,thus naturalists have greater facilities for observation and experiment in warm months2 thus1 also1 the length and equability of equinoctial nights1 the difficulty of making examinations on foggy days1 the weariness and discomfort experienced on days that are very hot or very cold1 largely account for the predominance of discoveries in spring and autumn4 ,yet these are not the only determining circumstances4 ,in the case of anatomists1 for example1 bodies may be had at all seasons1 and principally in winter2 and1 again1 the long and clear winter nights1 in which the influence of refraction is less1 ought to be as favourable to the astronomers of temperate climates as the warm summer nights of northern climates which give us1 however1 a greater number of astronomical discoveries4 ,it is well known1 also1 that accidental circumstances influence even the phenomena of death1 birth1 murder1 when closely considered statistically4 ,if1 however1 all these phenomena conduce to the same result1 we are led to infer a similar cause common to all1 and this can only be found in meteorological influences4 ,i have grouped together sthetic creations and scientific discoveries because they are associated by that moment of psychic excitation and extreme sensibility which brings together the most remote facts1 the fecundating moment which has rightly been called generative1 a moment at which poets and men of science are nearer than is generally supposed4 ,was there not an audacious imagination in ,spallanzani's experiments1 in ,herschel's first attempts1 in the great discoveries of ,leverrier and ,schiaparelli1 born of hypothesis1 which calculation and observation transformed into axioms8 ,littrow1 speaking of the discovery of ,vesta1 observes that it was not the result of chance nor of genius alone1 but of genius favoured by chance4 ,the star discovered by ,piazzi had glimmered in ,zach's eyes1 but he1 with less genius than ,piazzi1 or in a moment of less perspicacity1 attached no importance to it4 ,the discovery of the solar spots only needed time1 patience1 and good fortune1 remarked ,secchi2 but it needed genius to discover their true theory4 ,how many learned natural philosophers1 observes ,arago1 in going down a river must have observed the fluttering of the vane at the mast-head1 without discovering1 like ,bradley1 the law of aberration4 ,and how many artists1 one might add1 must have seen hideous heads of porters1 without conceiving ,leonardo's ,judas1 or oranges without creating the cavatina of ,mozart's ,don ,giovanni4 ,there is1 however1 one last objection which seems more serious4 ,nearly all great intellectual creations1 and all discoveries of modern physics1 are the results of the slow and continuous meditations of men of science and their predecessors2 so that they form a kind of compilation1 the chronology of which is not easy to define1 because the date at which we are arrested indicates the moment of birth rather than of conception4 ,this objection1 however1 may be applied to nearly all human phenomena1 even the most sudden4 ,thus1 fecundation is a phenomenon which depends on the good nutrition of the organism1 and on heredity2 insanity1 death itself1 though apparently produced by sudden1 even casual1 circumstances1 are yet related on one side to the weather and on the other to organic conditions2 so that often1 one may say1 the precise date is fixed at birth4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,climatic ,,influences ,,on ,,genius4 ,influence of great centres--,race and hot climates--,the distribution of great masters--,orographic influences--- ,influence of healthy race--,parallelism of high stature and genius--,explanations4 ,buckle thought that most artists1 unlike men of science1 were produced in volcanic countries4#bbf ,jacoby1 in an excellent monograph1#bbg finds the greatest number of superior intelligences where the urban population is densest4 ,it seems impossible to deny that race 7the ,latin and ,greek races1 for example1 abound in great men71 political and scientific struggles1 wealth1 literary centres have a great influence on the appearance of men of genius4 ,who would maintain that the political struggles and great liberty of ,athens1 ,siena1 and ,florence have not contributed to produce in ancient times a more powerful display of genius than at other epochs and in other countries8 ,but when we recall the preponderating influence of meteorological phenomena on works of genius it becomes clear that a still more important place must be reserved for atmospheric and climatic conditions4 ,the ,influence of ,great ,centres1 of ,race1 and of ,hot ,climates4--,it is worth while to study the distribution of great artists in ,europe1 and especially in ,italy4 ,for musicians ,i have used the works of ,ftis#bbh and ,clment#bbi2 for painters and sculptors ,i have referred to ,ticozzi's two dictionaries4#bcj ,here are the results3-- ,,musicians ,,in ,,europe4 ,country4 ,number4 ,to one million inhabitants4 ,italy #abaj #dj4g ,belgium #ih #af4g ,germany #fej #ac4h ,france #dje #aj4g ,holland #ca #g4g ,greece #ae #g4e ,switzerland #bj #g4j ,denmark #ad #f4f ,austria #bci #f4e ,england #adi #d4f ,portugal #ag #c4f ,spain #fb #c4e ,ireland #g #a4d ,russia #cd #j4d ,sweden #i #j4b ,the countries which have furnished the greatest number of musicians after ,italy are ,belgium1 ,germany1 and ,france1 the countries which have the greatest density of population2 the poorest in musicians are ,ireland1 ,russia1 and ,sweden1 with a very slight density1 especially the two last4 ,the influence of volcanic soil and of ,latin race does not clearly appear1 when one notes the feeble proportions given by ,spain and ,greece compared to ,germany4 ,if1 however1 we study the distribution of musicians in the various regions of ,italy1 we see immediately that the hot and non-insular districts stand first2 then ,emilia and ,venetia2 ,piedmont1 the ,marches and ,umbria stand low1 and ,sardinia is completely absent4 ,we do not1 however1 obtain a sufficiently clear view of the orographic influences until we take the provinces separately4#bca ,we then see in a remarkable manner how the most populous centres come to the front1 including nearly all the provinces containing large towns1 except ,piedmont1 ,sardinia1 and ,sicily4 ,it is sufficient to mention ,naples1 ,rome1 ,venice1 ,milan1 ,bologna1 ,florence1 ,lucca1 ,parma1 and ,genoa4 ,here1 evidently1 we see the influence of healthy1 warm1 maritime1 and1 above all1 elevated regions2 often this influence even struggles against that of civilization and of great centres4 ,large cities prevail in the proportion of #g out of #i4 ,in the second line we see other important towns emerge1 or great maritime centres1 especially if volcanic3 ,palermo1 ,bari1 ,catania1 and especially mountainous countries1 ,bergamo1 ,brescia1 ,verona1 ,vicenza1 ,perugia1 ,siena4 ,the racial influence is not clear here2 the ,berber and ,semitic races do not1 however1 seem to favour art1 especially in hot regions1 and we may thus explain the paucity of musicians among the ,sardinians1 ,calabrians1 and ,sicilians4 ,the ,greco-,roman and ,etruscan races seem better endowed on the other hand1 whence the predominance of ,naples1 ,rome1 ,lucca1 and ,bologna4 ,the action of earthquakes1 which1 according to ,buckle1 has a large part in artistic creation1 is not very apparent4 ,if ,naples and ,aversa are placed in the first rank 7which could be explained by race and climate71 it is not so with ,calabria1 where earthquakes are so numerous4 ,the ,distribution of ,great ,masters4--,it must be remarked that quantity does not always correspond to quality2 it is sufficient to see that the regions that produced a ,bellini and a ,rossini appear to be the most sterile centres4 ,yet the appearance of a single great genius is more than equivalent to the birth of a hundred mediocrities4 ,if we take account of the proportion of great composers1 we see that the most favoured regions are hot and maritime1 especially ,naples1 closely followed by ,rome1 ,parma1 ,milan1 and ,cremona4 ,here the influences of density and of the school come in the third line1 after that of climate4 ,thus1 in searching ,clment's book1 and ,florimo's1#bcb we find that out of #aah great composers1 #dd1 or more than a third1 belong to ,italy2 and that among these last1 #bg1 or more than half1 are supplied by ,sicily 7,scarlatti1 ,pacini1 ,bellini71 and by ,naples and neighbouring places1 especially ,aversa 7,jomelli1 ,stradella1 ,piccinni1 ,leo1 ,feo1 ,vinci1 ,fenaroli1 the inventor of opra-bouffe1 ,speranza1 ,contumaci1 ,sala1 ,caffaro1 ,duni1 ,sacchini1 ,carafa1 ,paisiello1 ,cimarosa1 ,zingarelli1 ,mercadante1 ,durante1 the two ,ricci and ,petrella71 no doubt owing to the influence of ,greek race and warm climate4 ,of the other #ag1 a few belong to ,upper ,italy3 ,donizetti1 ,verdi1 ,allegri1 ,frescobaldi1 the two ,monteverdi1 ,salieri1 ,marcello1 ,paganini 7these last three to the sea-coast72 and all the others to ,central ,italy2 ,palestrina and ,clementi to ,rome1 and ,spontini1 ,lulli1 and ,pergolese1 to ,perugia and ,florence4#bcc ,if we compare the regions which have produced the greatest composers and relatively few minor masters1 we find that ,pesaro1 ,catania1 ,arezzo1 and ,alessandria come first4 ,the coincidence of musical geniuses and mediocrities1 both in large numbers1 is found at ,naples1 ,rome1 ,parma1 ,florence1 ,milan1 ,cremona1 and ,venice1 with an evident influence here also of warm maritime climate1 of the ,greco-,etruscan race and of great centres 7#e out of #g74 ,in painting we find that the large towns predominate both for number and celebrity1 with the exception of ,sardinia and ,sicily4 ,bologna1 ,florence1 ,venice1 and ,milan come first as regards number2 ,florence1 and in the second line ,verona1 ,naples1 ,rome1 and ,venice1 both for number and celebrity2 and we still find that1 after large towns1 mountainous countries give the highest figures as regards number4 ,it is sufficient to name ,perugia1 ,arezzo1 ,siena1 ,udine1 ,verona1 ,vicenza1 ,parma1 ,brescia4#bcd ,almost the same relations are observed in regard to sculptors and architects4 ,we see the great centres of civilization and hilly regions in the first rank2 ,florence especially1 then ,milan1 ,venice1 ,naples1 ,como1 ,siena1 ,verona1 ,massa1 and in the third line ,arezzo1 ,perugia1 ,vicenza1 ,bergamo1 ,macerata1 ,catania1 and ,palermo4#bce ,to summarize3 ,we see that the chief part is played by warm climate1 great centres of civilization1 mountainous and maritime regions2 some influence must also be attributed to the influence of the ,greek and ,etruscan races4 ,there is no constant relation between the regions which have produced great geniuses and those which have yielded second-rate geniuses1 with the exception of ,naples and ,florence4 ,for the last city we must bear in mind the influence of its commune1 which excited and nourished individual energies1 and to this chief cause we must add artistic disposition1 race1 and beauty of climate1 as with ,athens4 ,certainly1 ,florence enjoyed unquestioned supremacy in painting and sculpture2 it is enough to recall the names of ,donatello1 ,michelangelo1 ,verrochio1 ,baldinelli1 ,coccini1 ,cellini1 ,giotto1 ,masaccio1 ,andrea del ,sarto1 ,salviati1 ,allori1 ,bronzino1 ,pollaiolo1 ,fra ,angelico4 ,orographic influence4--,after the influence of heat and of great centres1 comes that of the slighter pressure of the air in hilly but not too mountainous regions4 ,this climatic influence alone can explain why we find so many poets1 and especially improvvisatori1 even women1 among the shepherds and peasants of the ,tuscan hills1 especially about ,pistoja1 ,buti1 ,valdontani4 ,it is enough to recall the shepherdess mentioned by ,giuliani in his book ,sulla ,lingua parlata in ,toscana1 and that singular ,frediani family with a father1 grandfathers1 and sons1 who were poets2 one of them is still alive and composes verses worthy of the poets of ancient ,tuscany4 ,yet peasants of the same race1 inhabiting the plain1 so far as ,i know1 offer nothing similar4 ,all flat countries--,belgium1 ,holland1 ,egypt--are deficient in men of genius2 so also with those1 like ,switzerland and ,savoy1 which1 being enclosed between very high mountains1 are endemically afflicted with cretinism and gotre2 marshy countries are still poorer in genius4 ,the few men of genius possessed by ,switzerland were born when the race had conquered the goitrous influence through admixture of ,french and ,italian immigrants--,bonnet1 ,rousseau1 ,tronchin1 ,tissot1 ,de ,candolle1 ,burlamagni1 ,pestalozzi1 ,sismondi4 ,urbino ,pesaro1 ,forl1 ,como1 ,parma1 have produced men of genius in greater number and of greater fame than ,pisa1 ,padua1 and ,pavia1 three of the most ancient and important university towns of ,italy2 it is enough to name ,raphael1 ,bramante1 ,rossini1 ,morgagni1 ,spallanzani1 ,muratori1 ,falloppio1 ,volta4 ,but1 to come to more definite examples1 we find that ,florence1 enjoying a mild temperature and in special degree a city of the hills1 has furnished ,italy with her most splendid cohort of great men3 ,dante1 ,giotto1 ,machiavelli1 ,lulli1 ,leonardo1 ,brunellesco1 ,guicciardini1 ,cellini1 ,fra ,angelico1 ,andrea del ,sarto1 ,nicolini1 ,capponi1 ,vespucci1 ,viviani1 ,lippi1 ,boccaccio1 ,alberti1 ,dati1 ,alamanni1 ,rucellai1 ,ghirlandajo1 ,donati2 ,pisa1 on the other hand1 with scientific conditions at least as favourable as ,florence1 being the seat of a flourishing university1 only offers us--if we except a few soldiers and statesmen of no great number and worth who were unable1 even with powerful allies1 to prevent her fall--,pisa only offers us ,nicola ,pisano1 ,giunta1 and ,galileo who1 although born there1 was of ,florentine parentage4 ,now ,pisa only differs from ,florence by being situated on a plain4 ,in ,lombardy1 the regions of mountain and lake1 like ,bergamo1 ,brescia1 and ,como1 have produced more great men than the flat regions4 ,i will mention ,bernardo ,tasso1 ,mascheroni1 ,donizetti1 ,tartaglia1 ,ugoni1 ,volta1 ,parini1 ,appiani1 ,mai1 ,cagnola2 while ,lower ,lombardy can only bring forward ,alciato1 ,beccaria1 ,oriani1 ,cavalleri1 ,aselli1 and ,bocaccini4 ,verona1 a town of the hills1 has produced ,maffei1 ,paolo ,veronese1 ,catullus1 ,pliny1 ,fracastoro1 ,bianchini1 ,sammicheli1 ,cagnola1 ,tiraboschi1 ,brusasorsi1 ,lorgna1 ,pindemonte2 and not to speak of artists1 economists1 and thinkers of the first order 7it is enough to name ,trezza71 ,i note that1 in a very accurate document1#bcf it appears that in #ahha1 there were #afj poets at ,verona1 many rising considerably above mediocrity4 ,on the other hand1 the wealthy and learned ,padua has only given to ,italy ,livy1 ,cesarotti1 ,pietro d',abano1 and a few others4 ,genoa and ,naples1 which unite the advantages of a climate at once warm1 maritime1 and hilly1 have produced men of genius at least as remarkable as those yielded by ,florence1 if not in such great number2 such are ,columbus1 ,doria1 ,mazzini1 ,paganini1 ,vico1 ,caracciolo1 ,pergolese1 ,genovesi1 ,cirillo1 ,filangeri4 ,in ,spain1 the influence of a warm climate is evident4 ,the whole of ,catalonia1 including ,barcelona1 though inhabited by a serious race1 has not produced artists1 having yielded only a single poet1 an imitator of ,petrarch4 ,seville1 on the contrary1 has produced ,cervantes1 ,velasquez and ,murillo2 ,cordova has yielded many men of genius1 such as ,seneca1 ,lucan1 ,morales1 ,mina1 ,gongora and ,cspedes1 at once painter1 sculptor1 and poet4 ,in the ,united ,states1 ,beard remarks1#bcg the influence of a dry and changeable climate favours in the ,north a remarkable spirit of progress1 the love of knowledge1 the agitation of public life and a great desire for novelty2 while in the ,south1 the moist and but slightly varying climate develops eminently conservative tendencies1 so that manufacturers in ,georgia have great difficulty in finding a market there for new stuffs or machines2 these are refused1 not because they are not good or useful1 but because they are new4 ,in ,germany it has been observed that regions enjoying a mild and healthy climate1 by reason of protecting mountains1 have produced the greatest poets and in greatest number4 ,the regions of the ,main and the ,neckar are renowned for their mild climate1 luxuriant vegetation1 and fertility1 and the greatest ,german poets come from these regions4 ,the ,main gave us the greatest of ,german poets1 ,goethe1 and many other dii minorum gentium1 genial and noteworthy poets1 although beneath that giant1 men such as ,klinger1 ,brne1 ,rckert1 ,bettina von ,arnim 7ne ,brentano71 c4 ,in the favoured region of the ,neckar were born ,schiller and ,victor von ,scheffel1 and throughout the ,swabian land1 we meet with many other great poets and thinkers1 such as ,wieland1 ,uhland1 ,justinus ,kerner1 ,hauff1 ,schubart1 ,mrike1 ,g4 ,schwab1 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,of ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,genius ,,to ,,stature ,,in ,,france4 ,b predominately ,belgic ,departments2 ,c ,celtic2 ,i ,iberian2 ,a ,arabic4 ,schelling1 ,mller1 ,hlderlin1 and others4 ,that hilly regions are richer than others in poets is shown in ,germany by ,hanover 7,klopstock1 ,stolberg1 ,iffland1 ,brger1 ,leisewitz1 ,bodenstedt1 ,hoffmann von ,fallersleben1 the two ,schlegels1 c472 by the ,rhine province 7,heine1 ,jacobi1 ,j4 ,mller1 ,brentano72 ,saxony1 one of the districts possessing a mild climate1 which has yielded the largest number of poets 7,krner1 ,gellert1 ,kstner1 ,rabener1 and1 above all1 ,lessing72 and ,thuringia 7,kotzebue1 ,rckert1 ,g4 ,freytag1 ,heinse1 ,musus1 ,gotter74 ,on the other hand1 the flat regions of ,germany or those with a severe climate1 have produced few poets4#bch ,as exceptions must be mentioned1 ,herder 7,mohrungen in ,east ,prussia71 ,m4 von ,schenkendorf 7,tilsit71 ,e4 ,m4 ,arndt 7,rgen71 ,luther 7,eisleben71 ,paul ,gerhardt 7,grfenhainichen71 the two ,humboldts1 ,paul ,heyse1 ,tieck1 ,gutzkow 7,berlin71 ,immermann 7,magdeburg71 ,wilhelm ,mller1 ,max ,mller1 ,moses ,mendelssohn 7,dessau74 ,westphalia1 again1 is mountainous1 but poor in poets4 ,the ,influence of ,healthy ,race and ,high ,stature4--,the regions which have furnished few artists1 or none1 are those which suffer from malaria or gotre3 ,calabria1 ,sassari1 ,grosseto1 ,aosta1 ,sondrio1 ,avellino1 ,caltanisetta1 ,chieti1 ,syracuse1 ,lecce4 ,if we compare the distribution of great artists in ,italy with the distribution of high stature1 we find a singular coincidence of maximum and minimum points4 ,the stature is very low in the regions ,i have just mentioned1 and very tall at ,florence1 ,lucca1 ,rome1 ,venice1 ,naples1 ,siena1 and ,arezzo1 not because there is any direct correspondence of intelligence to stature1 but because1 as ,i have elsewhere shown1#bci although stature reveals ethnic influences1 it is also the surest index of public health1 while mortality statistics have no exact relation to health1 because they do not sufficiently show the results of morbid influences1 such as gotre and cretinism1 which1 although they arrest the physical and mental growth1 do not increase the mortality4 ,if we examine the results furnished by the conscription in ,italy1 we find that those regions which1 from the excellence of their climate1 and apart from ethnic influences1 yield the greatest number of individuals of high stature1 and the smallest number of rejected individuals1 are the most fruitful in men of genius2 such are ,tuscany1 ,liguria1 and ,romagna4 ,on the other hand1 the regions which are poorest in men of high stature and men fit for military service--,sardinia1 ,basilicata1 and the valley of ,aosta--yield a smaller number of men of genius4 ,it is necessary to except ,calabria and ,valtellina where many are found1 notwithstanding shortness of stature1 but they appear in parts of the country which1 from their exposed or elevated position1 escape miasmatic influences and are proofs of the rule rather than exceptions to it4 ,this influence can be very well shown in ,france if we compare the list of men of genius produced in the eighteenth century 7as brought together by ,jacoby7 with the statistics of stature given by ,broca and ,topinard1#bdj and with the mortality of each province as furnished by ,bertillon4#bda ,we observe at once an evident parallelism between genius and height1 with only #aa exceptions out of #he1 and some of these #aa may be explained by the agglomerated population of great capitals 7,seine1 ,rhne1 ,bouches-du-,rhne7 which favour the development1 or rather the manifestation1 of genius1 as we have already seen to be the case in ,italy2 thus the exceptions in ,var1 ,hrault1 ,bouches-du-,rhne may be explained by relatively great density of population1 and by the southern climate1 which favours genius in spite of miasmatic influences4 ,at the same time1 if we may agree with ,jacoby concerning the favourable influence of great urban agglomerations1 such as ,paris1 ,lyons1 ,marseilles1 it must be added that it does not appear so clearly in other centres2 thus ,nord1 ,haut-,rhin1 ,pas-de-,calais1 ,loire1 although possessing a dense population1 do not yield a corresponding number of men of genius1 standing only in the third rank1 the ,loire1 indeed1 only in the fourth4#bdb ,if we compare the geographical distribution of men of genius with that of mortality1 we note more numerous failures of correspondence 7#bg7 with the height2 this is because the statistics of mortality do not indicate the influence of cretinism which exists in ,arige1 the ,basses and ,hautes-,alpes1 ,puy-de-,dme1 the ,pyrnes1 and the ,ardennes1 clearly showing itself in short stature and military exemption for gotre1 and1 as in ,valtellina in ,italy1 accompanied by a scarcity of intellect4 ,at the same time1 all the regions showing high mortality1 especially such as are malarious--the ,landes1 ,sologne1 ,morbihan1 ,corrze--offer a feebler proportion of men of genius1 with the exception of the great centres2 the contrary is found in more healthy districts4 ,orographic conditions appear to have great influence4 ,the sunny and fertile land of ,languedoc1 all mountainous regions not too much affected by gotre--,doubs1 ,cte-d',or1 ,ardennes--or those in which it has not succeeded in depressing the stature1 that is to say1 has been unable to produce endemic cretinism 7,jura7 give us1 when we have put aside all influence of density1 race1 and temperature1 a most notable proportion of men of genius4 ,this may be clearly seen in the table on the following page in which the high figures of gotre1 stammering1 and deaf-mutism1 correspond with low stature in ,corrze1 ,puy-de-,dme1 ,ardche1 ,arige1 the ,basses-,alpes1 and the ,pyrnes4 ,we have seen in ,var1 ,vaucluse1 and ,hrault that a southern climate1 perhaps on account of its greater fertility1 produces a great number of men of genius2 but countries that are cold1 but at the same time healthy and mountainous--,jura1 ,doubs1 ,meurthe--give still ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,stature #ahca-fj,progressive degree ,mountainous ,progressive of great talent ,departments4 degree of among #a1jjj exemptions4 inhabitants4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,haute-,vienne #hf #ed ,hautes-,alpes #ha #di ,corrze #he #ej ,puy-de ,dme #hd #ea ,ardche #hj #eh ,arige #fj #gi ,lozre #gd #gf ,basses-,alpes #ga #bb ,aveyron #fe #dd ,basses-,pyrnes #ea #fa ,pyrnes-,orientales #ej #eg ,hautes-,pyrnes #cg #gb ,vosges #be #df ,ardennes #h #cj ,jura #c #aj ,cte-d',or #b #e ,doubs #a #b ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gotrous ,cretins ,deaf-mutes ,stammerers ,mountainous among #a1jjj among #a1jjj among #a1jjj among #a1jjj ,departments4 inhabitants4inhabitants4inhabitants4inha bitants4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,haute-,vienne #ag #b4j #j4fa #b4bc ,hautes-,alpes #aaa #b4b #b4b #b4h ,corrze #ag #d4c #a4e #b4d ,puy-de ,dme #dd #c4f #a4b #a4i ,ardche #bi #f4h #a4c #c4i ,arige #hb #d4e #j4g #d4a ,lozre #bi #f4h #b4aj #c4d ,basses-,alpes #gf #f4c #j4f #g4e ,aveyron #ag #d4i #a4e #b4j ,basses-,pyrnes #ba #c4b #j4f #b4i ,pyrnes-,orientales #bd #c4e #a4h #b4j ,hautes-,pyrnes #fb #f4b #j4g #d4j ,vosges #ef #c4i #a4a #b4e ,ardennes #ag #j4e #j4h #e4b ,jura #eh #b4j #j4f #c4j ,cte-d',or #aa #c4a #j4h #a4g ,doubs #bb #b4i #j4f #a4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- higher figures1 and the same isothermal line passes through the ,seine-,infrieure and the ,seine-et-,oise1 both rich in men of genius2 and the ,vosges1 in which they are almost entirely absent1 the same line1 again1 passes through ,calvados and ,ain1 which are very rich in genius1 and ,sane-et-,loire and ,cher1 which are deficient in genius4 ,the nature of the soil has no influence whatever in the production of genius1 for we find the highest figures in the ,cte-d',or1 the ,meuse1 and the ,moselle1 where the soil is calcareous1 and the lowest figures in the ,nord and ,deux-,svres1 where the soil is of the same character2 other high figures are the ,doubs1 the ,jura1 and the ,meurthe1 where the soil is jurassic1 while the same soil offers very low figures in the ,hautes-,alpes1 the ,charente1 and the ,sane-et-,loire4 ,the influence of race is also very slight2 the descendants of the ,burgundians produced numerous men of genius in the ,jura and the ,doubs1 very few in the ,sane-et-,loire4 ,the ,haute-,garonne1 with the same race1 produces ten times as many men of genius as ,arige1 twice as many as ,gers1 five times as many as the ,landes4 ,in ,guienne1 the ,gironde gives twice as many as ,lot1 and in ,languedoc1 ,hrault gives seven times more than ,lozre4 ,explanation4--,the relation that we have found between genius and climate has been caught sight of long since by the people and the learned1 who agree in admitting a frequency of genius in regions which1 being hilly1 offer mild temperature4 ,the ,tuscan proverb says1 8,mountaineers1 great boots1 and keen heads40 ,vegetius wrote that climate influences not only the strength of the body1 but also that of the mind4 8,plaga cli non solum ad robur corporum sed etiam animorum facit0 7lib4 i4 cap4 #b74 ,athens1 the same author remarks1 was chosen by ,minerva for its subtle air which produces men of sagacity4 ,cicero said repeatedly that the keen air of ,athens gave birth to wise men2 the thick air of ,thebes only to torpid natures2 and ,petrarch1 in his ,epistolarium1 which is a kind of summary of his life1 remarks with great emphasis that all his chief works were composed1 or at all events meditated1 among the mild hills of ,vaucluse4 ,michelangelo said to ,vasari3 8,giorgio1 if anything good has come out of my brain1 ,i owe it to the subtle air of your ,arezzo40 ,zingarelli1 when asked how he had composed the melody of ,giulietta e ,romeo1 replied3 8,look at that sky1 and tell me if you do not feel capable of doing as much40 ,muratori1 in a letter to an inhabitant of ,siena1 wrote3 8,your air is admirable1 really producing fruitful minds40 ,macaulay remarks that ,scotland1 though one of the poorest countries in ,europe1 stands in the first rank for richness in men of genius2 it is sufficient to name ,michael ,scot1 ,napier1 the inventor of logarithms1 ,buchanan1 ,ben ,jonson1 and1 one may perhaps add1 ,newton4 ,on plains1 on the other hand1 men of genius are rare4 ,of ancient ,egypt1 a country of plains1 ,renan writes3 8,no revolutionary1 no reformer1 no great poet1 no artist1 no man of science1 no philosopher1 not even a great minister1 can be met in the history of ,egypt4444 ,in this sad valley of eternal slavery1 for thousands of years they cultivated the fields1 carried stones on their backs1 and were good officials1 living well without glory4 ,there was the same level of moral and intellectual mediocrity everywhere40#bdc ,and the same may be said in our days4 ,at first it seems surprising to see a condition of degeneration1 such as genius may be called1 developing at spots of maximum salubrity4 ,but if there are anrobic microbes1 some are robic2 many forms of degeneration1 such as gotre1 malaria1 and leprosy1 have a special habitat4 ,it is evident that we have to reckon with the dynamogenic influence of light1 with the stimulating action of the ozonized air of the hills1 and of a warm temperature4 ,we may understand this the better since we have already seen that heat augments the creative power of men of genius1 and the need of the brain for oxydated blood in order to work is well known4 ,this is confirmed by the fact that in mountains above an elevation of three thousand metres1 no man of genius has ever been produced4 ,the great ,mexican and ,peruvian civilizations flourished on the high tablelands1 but1 as ,nibbi has well shown1 they were not born there2#bdd in fact1 the ,mexican civilization is owing to the ,toltecas1 who came from the east1 and the pretended great men of ,mexico1 including its sixty presidents1 were not born on the tableland4 ,the same may be said of many men who were not quite justly termed illustrious1 such as ,echeveria in painting1 ,moizzos and ,cervantes in botany1 and ,ixtlihcochitl4#bde ,some men of true genius1 as ,garcilasso dela ,vega and ,alvares de ,vera1 were born something below three thousand metres at ,quito and ,bogota4#bdf ,there is here again a parallelism between genius and insanity4 ,those who live in mountainous regions are more liable to insanity than the inhabitants of the plains1 a fact which has long been embodied in proverbs concerning the air of ,monte ,baldo1 and the madmen of ,collio and ,tellio4 ,we may recall also the epidemics of ,monte ,amiata 7,lazzaretti71 of ,busca and ,montenero1 of ,verzegnis2 and we may remember1 too1 that the hills of ,judea and of ,scotland have produced prophets and half-insane persons gifted with second sight4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,race ,,and ,,heredity ,,on ,,genius ,,and ,,insanity4 ,race--,insanity--,the influence of sex--,the heredity of genius--,criminal and insane parentage and descent of genius--,age of parents--,conception4 ,race4--,we have seen that in ,italy the ,greek and the ,etruscan racial elements combine with the temperate and mountainous climate to produce men of genius2 the influence of race calling forth genius even where the climate is not happy4 ,we cannot otherwise explain the genius produced at ,modena1 ,mantua1 and ,lucca1 which possess the ,etruscan origin1 although not the delicious climate1 of ,florence4 ,the ,jews1 again1 offer us an eloquent example4 ,i have elsewhere shown 7,uomo ,bianco e l',uomo di ,colore and ,pensiero e ,meteore7 how1 owing to the bloody selection of medival persecutions1 and owing also to the influence of temperate climate1 the ,jews of ,europe have risen above those of ,africa and the ,east1 and have often surpassed the ,aryans4 ,it is not only a difference in general culture1 but we find more precocious and extended mental work applied to different sciences4 ,it is certainly thus in music1 the drama1 satirical and humorous literature1 journalism1 and in various branches of science4 ,this has been statistically proved by various writers1 as by ,jacobs in a very careful study on the ability of the ,jews in ,western ,europe and of ,jews in general4#bdg ,in #ajj1jjj celebrities-- ---------------------------------------- -- ,europeans4 ,jews4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,actors #ba #cd ,agriculture #b -- ,antiquaries #bc #bf ,architects #f #f ,artists #dj #cd ,authors #caf #bbc ,divines #acj #aje ,engineers #ac #i ,engravers #c -- ,lawyers #dd #dj ,medicals #ca #di ,merchants #ab #dc ,military #ef #f ,miscellaneous #d #c ,metaphysics #b #ah ,musicians #aa #ga ,natural ,science #bb #be ,naval #ab -- ,philologists #ac #abc ,poets #bj #cf ,political ,economy #bj #bf ,science #ea #eb ,sculptors #aj #ab ,sovereigns #ba -- ,statesmen #abe #hc ,travellers #be #ab ---------------------------------------- -- 8,the two lists are approximately equal in antiquaries1 architects1 artists1 lawyers1 natural science1 political economy1 science1 sculptors4 ,jews seem to have superiority as actors1 chess-players1 doctors1 merchants 7chiefly financiers71 in metaphysics1 music1 poetry1 and philology4444 ,of course1 ,jews have no ,darwin4 ,it took ,england #ahj years after ,newton before she could produce a ,darwin1 and as ,britishers are five times the number of ,jews1 even including those of ,russia1 it would take1 on the same showing1 #ijj years before they produce another ,spinoza1 or1 even supposing the double superiority to be true1 #dej years would be needed40 ,jews have given to the world musicians like ,meyerbeer1 ,halvy1 ,gutzkow1 ,mendelssohn1 ,offenbach1 ,rubinstein1 ,joachim1 ,benedict1 ,moscheles1 ,cowen1 ,sullivan1 ,goldmark1 ,strauss2 poets1 novelists1 humourists1 c41 like ,heine1 ,saphir1 ,camerini1 ,revere1 ,jung1 ,weill1 ,fortis1 ,gozlan1 ,moritz ,hartmann1 ,auerbach1 ,brne1 ,ratisbonne1 ,kompert1 ,grace ,aguilar1 ,franzos1 ,massarani1 ,lindau1 ,catulle ,mendes2 linguists like ,ascoli1 ,benfey1 ,munk1 ,fiorentino1 ,luzzato1 ,oppert1 ,bernhardi1 ,friedland1 ,weil1 ,lazarus1 ,steinthal2 physicians like ,valentin1 ,hermann1 ,haidenhain1 ,schiff1 ,casper1 ,stilling1 ,gluge1 ,traube1 ,fraenkel1 ,kuhn1 ,cohnheim1 ,hirsch1 ,liebreich1 ,bernstein1 ,remak1 ,weigert1 ,meynert1 ,hitzig1 ,westphal1 ,mendel1 ,leidesdorf1 ,benedikt2 philosophers like ,spinoza1 ,maimon1 ,sommerhausen1 ,moses ,mendelssohn2 naturalists like ,cohn2 economists like ,ricardo1 ,lassalle1 ,karl ,marx2 jurists and statesmen like ,stahl1 ,gans1 ,beaconsfield1 ,crmieux4 ,even in sciences in which the ,semite formerly showed no ability1 such as mathematics and astronomy1 we find such men as ,goldschmidt1 ,beer1 ,sylvester1 ,kronecker1 and ,jacobi4 ,it must be observed that a very large proportion of these men of genius have been radically creative2 revolutionary in politics1 and in religion1 and in science4 ,jews1 indeed1 initiated ,nihilism and ,socialism on the one hand1 ,mosaism and ,christianity on the other4 ,commerce owes to them the bill of exchange1 philosophy owes to them ,positivism1 literature the ,neo-humourism4 ,jacobs shows that this abundance of ,jewish men of genius of the first order is allied with a deficiency in men of the second order of intellect4 ,he explains the superiority by the higher level of education among the ,jews1 their devotion to family life1 the almost complete absence of priests and dogmas1 the facilities which the study of ,hebrew offers for investigations in philosophy and for that kind of music which forms part of their religious ceremonies4 ,it is difficult1 however1 to find a relationship between this rhythmical caterwauling and the sublime notes of ,meyerbeer and ,mendelssohn2 and ,jews possess more than enough of priests and dogmas4 ,i would add that if the ,jews have not yet produced men like ,newton1 ,darwin1 and ,michelangelo1 it is because they have not yet accomplished their ethnic evolution1 as they show by the obstinacy with which they cling to their ancient beliefs4 ,it is strange that among the factors of ,jewish superiority in genius ,jacobs does not mention the neurotic tendency1 the existence of which1 as we shall see1 he has himself shown4 ,this would also well explain the deficiency of ,jews in intellect of medium quality in which the morbid element is always less marked4 ,insanity4--,it is curious to note that the ,jewish elements in the population furnish four and even six times as many lunatics as the rest of the population4 ,jacobs1 who1 as we have seen1 does not suspect the correlation between genius and insanity1 gives a remarkable proof of it by pointing out that while ,englishmen have #c1jej per million afflicted with mental disease1 ,scotchmen have #c1djj1 and ,jews #c1ijj1 the proportion of insanity in the three races being related to the proportion of genius4 ,and while1 according to ,galton1 there are #bef1jjj of the mediocre class among a million ,englishmen1 ,jacobs reckons that there are only #bci1jjj among ,scotchmen1 and #bbb1jjj among ,jews4 ,servi found #a lunatic to #cia ,jews in ,italy1 nearly four times as many as among ,catholics4#bdh ,this fact has been made still clearer by ,verga#bdi who in #ahgj found the proportions of lunatics among ,catholics to be #a in #agge1 as against #a in #chd among ,jews4 ,mayr#bej 7in #ahga7 gives the proportion of lunatics in ,germany as follows3-- ,per #aj1jjj ,christians4 ,per #aj1jjj ,jews4 ,prussia #h4g #ad4a ,bavaria #i4h #be4b ,all ,germany #h4f #af4a ,this is a singular proportion or disproportion in a population among which the aged who supply so large a number of cases of senile dementia are numerous1 but where alcoholism is rare4 ,this fatal privilege has not attracted the attention of the leaders of that anti-,semitic movement which is one of the shames of contemporary ,germany4#bea ,they would be less irritated at the success of this race if they had thought of all the sorrows that are the price of it1 even at our epoch2 for if the tragedies of the past were more bloody1 the victims are not now less unhappy1 struck at the source of their glory1 and because of it1 deprived even of the consolation of being able1 as formerly1 to contribute to the most noble among the selections of species4 ,this is not true of the ,jews alone4 ,beard1 in his ,american ,nervousness1 remarks that the neurotic tendency which dominates ,north ,america makes of that country a land of great orators4 ,the influence of race is as visible in genius as in insanity4 ,education counts for little1 heredity for much4 8,by education10 said ,helvetius1 8you can make bears dance1 but never create a man of genius40#beb ,influence of ,sex4--,in the history of genius women have but a small place4 ,women of genius are rare exceptions in the world4 ,it is an old observation that while thousands of women apply themselves to music for every hundred men1 there has not been a single great woman composer4 ,yet the sexual difference here offers no obstacle4 ,out of six hundred women doctors in ,north ,america not one has made any discovery of importance2 and with few exceptions the same may be said of the ,russians4 ,in physical science1 it is true1 ,mary ,somerville emerges2 and in literature we have ,george ,eliot1 ,george ,sand1 ,daniel ,sterne1 and ,madame de ,stal2 in the fine arts1 ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,lebrun1 ,maraini2 ,sappho and ,mrs4 ,browning opened new paths for poetry2 ,eleonora d',arborea1 it is said 7but the assertion is contested71 initiated at the beginning of the fifteenth century legal reforms of almost modern character2 ,catherine of ,siena influenced the politics and religion of her time2 ,sarah ,martin1 a poor dressmaker1 influenced prison reform2 ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe played a large part in the abolition of slavery in the ,united ,states4 ,but of all these1 none touch the summits reached by ,michelangelo1 or ,newton1 or ,balzac4 ,even ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 who was very partial to the cause of women1 confessed that they lacked originality4 ,they are1 above all1 conservators4 ,even the few who emerge have1 on near examination1 something virile about them4 ,as ,goncourt said1 there are no women of genius2 the women of genius are men4 ,pulcheria1 ,marie dei ,medici1 ,louise1 mother of ,francis ,i41 ,maria ,christina1 ,maria ,thresa1 ,catherine ,,ii41 ,elizabeth1 displayed eminent political ability as rulers2 as in the field of democracy ,madame ,roland1 ,fonseca1 ,g4 ,sand1 ,madame ,adam2 ,mill affirms that when an ,indian state is ruled with vigour and vigilance1 three times out of four the ruler is a woman4 ,at the same time it is noted that when women rule1 men command1 just as when men rule1 women command4 ,in any case their number is too limited to compare them with masculine rulers4 ,as in politics1 so admirable examples of valour were given by ,caterina ,sforza and ,joan of ,arc1 ,annita ,garibaldi1 ,enrichetta ,castiglioni1 and many others4 ,these facts become more notable because unexpected and exceptional4 ,it may be said that the disparity would be much less if the predominance of men1 depriving women of the vote in politics and of action in war1 had not taken away from women the opportunity of manifesting their capacities4 ,but if there had been in women a really great ability in politics1 science1 c41 it would have shown itself in overcoming the difficulties opposed to it2 nor would arms have been lacking1 nor allies in the enemy's camp4 ,in revolutions 7except in religion7 women have always been in a small minority1 not being found1 for example1 in the ,english ,revolution1 or in that of the ,low ,countries1 or of the ,united ,states4 ,they never created a new religion1 nor were they ever at the head of great political1 artistic1 or scientific movements4 ,on the contrary1 women have often stood in the way of progressive movements4 ,like children1 they are notoriously misoneistic2 they preserve ancient habits and customs and religions4 ,in ,america there are tribes in which women keep alive ancient languages which the men have lost2 in ,sardinia1 ,sicily1 and some remote valleys of ,umbria1 many ancient prejudices and pagan rites1 perhaps of a prehistoric character--superstitious cures1 for instance--are preserved by women4 ,as ,goncourt remarks1 they only see persons in everything2 they are1 as ,spencer observes1 more merciful than just4 ,the ,heredity of ,genius4--,according to ,galton#bec and ,ribot1#bed genius is often hereditary1 especially in the musical art which furnishes so large a contingent to insanity4 ,thus ,palestrina1 ,benda1 ,dussek1 ,hiller1 ,eichhorn1 had sons who were very distinguished in music4 ,andrea ,amati was the most illustrious of a family of violinists at ,cremona2 ,beethoven's father was a tenor at the ,elector of ,cologne's chapel1 and his grandfather had been a singer and then maestro at the same chapel2 ,bellini was the son and nephew of musicians2 ,haydn had a brother who was an excellent organist and composer of religious music2 in ,mendelssohn's family there were several musical amateurs2 ,mozart was the son of a maestro of the chapel of the ,prince ,archbishop of ,salzburg2 ,palestrina had sons who died young but who left praiseworthy compositions preserved among their father's works4 ,the ,bach family perhaps presents the finest example of mental heredity4 ,it began in #aeej1 and passed through eight generations1 the last known member being ,wilhelm ,friedrich ,ernst1 ,kapellmeister to the ,queen of ,prussia1 who died in #ahde4 ,during two centuries this family produced a crowd of musicians of high rank4 ,the founder of the family was ,veit ,bach1 a ,presburg baker1 who amused himself with singing and playing4 ,he had two sons who were followed by an uninterrupted succession of musicians who inundated ,thuringia1 ,saxony1 and ,franconia during two centuries4 ,they were all organists or church singers4 ,when they became too numerous to live together and had to disperse1 they agreed to reunite on a fixed day once a year4 ,this custom was preserved up to the middle of the eighteenth century1 and sometimes one hundred and twenty persons of the name of ,bach met at the same spot4 ,ftis counts among them twenty-nine musicians of eminence4#bee ,among musicians may be named the ,adams1 the ,coustons1 the ,sangallos2 among painters1 the ,van der ,weldes1 the ,coypels1 the ,van ,eycks1 the ,murillos1 the ,veroneses1 the ,bellinis1 the ,caraccis1 the ,correggios1 the ,mieris1 the ,bassanos1 the ,tintorettos1 the ,caliaris1 the ,vanloos1 the ,teniers1 the ,vernets1 and especially the ,titians who produced a race of painters1 as shown in the following genealogy taken from ,ribot's excellent book3-- ,tiziano ,vecellio4 ,x ---------------------------------------- -- ,x ,x ------------ ,x ----------------- ,x ,francesco ,,tiziano ------------------- ----------- ----------- ,mario ,x ,fabricio ,cesare ----------- ,pomponio ,orazio ,tizianello ,tomaso4 ,among poets may be noted ,bacchylides1 the nephew of ,simonides and uncle of schylus who again had sons and nephews who were poets2 ,manzoni1 the nephew of ,beccaria2 ,lucan1 the nephew of ,seneca2 ,tasso1 the son of ,bernardo2 ,ariosto1 with a brother and nephew poets2 ,aristophanes1 with two sons who wrote comedies2 ,corneille1 ,racine1 ,sophocles1 ,coleridge1 who had sons and nephews who were poets2 the ,dumas1 father and son2 the brothers ,joseph and ,andr ,chenier1 ,alphonse and ,ernest ,daudet4 ,in the natural sciences we find the two ,plinies1 uncle and nephew1 the families of ,darwin1 ,euler1 ,de ,candolle1 ,hooker1 ,herschel1 ,jussieu1 ,saussure1 ,geoffroy ,st4 ,hilaire4 ,among philosophers we find the ,scaligers1 the ,vossius1 the ,fichtes1 and the brothers ,humboldt1 ,schlegel and ,grimm2 among statesmen the ,pitts1 ,foxes1 ,cannings1 ,walpoles1 ,peels1 and ,disraelis2 among archologists1 the ,viscontis4 ,aristotle1 himself the son of a scientific physician1 had sons and nephews who were men of science4 ,cassini1 an astronomer1 had a son1 who was a celebrated astronomer1 a grandson who was a member of the ,academy of ,sciences at the age of twenty-two1 and a more remote relation who was a distinguished naturalist and philologist4 ,here is the genealogical tree of the ,bernouilli family3-- ,jacques ,bernouilli ------------------------------ ,jacques ,jean ,nicolas ------------------------ ,nicolas ,daniel ,jean ------------ ,jean ,jacques ,all the members of this family were distinguished in some science2 at the beginning of this century there was a ,bernouilli who was a chemist of some distinction2 and in #ahfc there still lived at ,ble ,christophe ,bernouilli1 a professor of the natural sciences4 ,galton1 in a work of great value1 but in which he often commits the mistake 7from which ,i also cannot free myself7 of confusing talent with genius1 calculates a proportion of #dbe men of ability to a million among the male population over fifty years of age1 and the more select part of them as #bej to a million4 ,dealing with #cjj families1 containing #ajjj eminent men1 he concludes that the percentage of eminent kinsmen in these families would be as follows3-- #dh sons #da brothers #ca fathers #ad grandsons #bb nephews #ah uncles #ac cousins #ag grandfathers #c great-grandfathers #e great-uncles ,the probabilities of kinsmen of illustrious men rising to eminence are--#ae to #ajj in the case of fathers2 #ac to #ajj in the case of brothers2 #bd to #ajj in the case of sons4 ,galton remarks that these figures vary1 according as we are concerned with artists1 diplomatists1 soldiers1 c4 ,i am not1 however1 inclined to believe that this immense accumulation of fact authorizes us to accept a hereditary influence in genius as complete as in insanity4 ,in the first place1 in insanity the hereditary influence is exercised in a more intense and decisive manner1 as #dh to #hj2 and then if ,galton's law applies to judges and statesmen1 among whom adulation and the fetishistic adoration of a party or a caste can raise the son or grandson of a great man far above his merits1 it is quite otherwise with artists and poets1 who present an exaggerated hereditary action in brothers and sons and especially nephews1 but very little in grandparents and uncles4 ,and while in the heredity of genius the masculine sex prevails over the feminine in the proportion of #gj to #cj1 in the heredity of insanity there is scarcely any difference between the two sexes4#bef ,many men of genius have been thought to inherit from their mothers3 such are ,cicero1 ,condorcet1 ,cuvier1 ,buffon1 ,goethe1 ,sydney ,smith1 ,cowper1 ,napoleon1 ,cromwell1 ,chateaubriand1 ,scott1 ,byron1 ,lamartine1 ,saint ,augustine1 ,gray1 ,swift1 ,fontenelle1 ,ballanche1 ,manzoni1 ,kant1 ,wellington1 ,foscolo4 ,on the other hand1 ,bacon1 ,raphael1 ,weber1 ,schiller1 ,milton1 ,alberti1 ,tasso1 are said to inherit from their fathers4 ,yet1 it may be asked1 what was the celebrity of these fathers and mothers that one can feel assured they transmitted any genius to their children8 ,among most men of genius1 also1 there can be no heredity because of the predominance of sterility and of degeneration1 of which the aristocracy furnishes us with a remarkable proof4#beg ,with a few exceptions1 then1 such as the ,darwins1 the ,cassinis1 the ,bernouillis1 the ,saint ,hilaires1 the ,herschels1 men of genius only transmit to their descendants a slight tendency magnified in our eyes by the prestige of a great name3-- 8,rare volte risurge per li rami ,l'umana probitate40#beh ,who thinks of ,tizianello beside ,titian1 of ,nicomachus beside ,aristotle1 of ,orazio ,ariosto beside his great uncle2 or of the worthy professor ,christophe beside his great ancestor ,jacques ,bernouilli8 ,insanity1 on the other hand1 is often completely transmitted1 or even with greater intensity1 to succeeding generations4 ,cases of hereditary insanity in children and grandchildren1 the form of insanity often being the same as in the ancestor1 are very numerous4 ,all the descendants of a ,hamburg noble1 whom history registers as a great soldier1 were struck by insanity at the age of forty4#bei ,at ,connecticut ,asylum eleven members of the same family have arrived in succession4#bfj ,a watchmaker1 having recovered from an attack of insanity caused by the revolution of #aghi1 finally poisoned himself3 later on his daughter became insane1 and fell into a state of dementia2 one of his brothers struck a knife into his own abdomen2 another became a drunkard and died on the roadside2 a third refused food and perished from starvation2 his sister1 who was of good health1 had a son who was an epileptic lunatic1 a daughter who became insane after her confinement and rejected food1 an infant who refused to be suckled1 and two others who died of cerebral diseases4 ,in a family studied by ,berti1 in four generations of about eighty individuals descended from an insane melancholiac we find ten subject to insanity1 nearly always melancholia1 nineteen who were neurotic1 three who had special ability and three with criminal tendencies4 ,the disorder was aggravated in the later generations and developed at an earlier age4 ,in the third and fourth branches1 the insane and neurotic appeared in every generation2 in the others1 the hereditary influence passed over one generation in the men and two in the women4 ,the history of the so-called 8,jukes0 family#bfa shows that such an influence may be still more powerfully developed1 especially in association with alcoholism4 ,from the head of the family1 ,max ,jukes1 a great drunkard1 descended1 in #ge years1 #bjj thieves and murderers1 #bhj invalids attacked by blindness1 idiocy1 or consumption1 #ij prostitutes and #cjj children who died prematurely4 ,the various members of this family cost the state more than a million dollars4 ,these are not isolated facts4 ,but in what families can we find genius so fatally and progressively fruitful8 ,flemming and ,demaux1 again1 have shown that not only do drunkards transmit to their descendants1 tendencies to insanity and crime1 but that even habitually sober parents1 who at the moment of conception are in a temporary state of drunkenness1 beget children who are epileptic or paralytic1 idiotic or insane1 very often microcephalic1 or with remarkable weakness of mind which at the first favourable occasion is transformed into insanity4#bfb ,thus a single embrace1 given in a moment of drunkenness1 may be fatal to an entire generation4 ,what analogy can we find here with the rare and nearly always incomplete heredity of genius8 ,the ,criminal and ,insane ,parentage and ,descent of ,genius4--,the parallelism of genius to insanity is1 however1 still present4 ,we find that many lunatics have parents of genius1 and that many men of genius have parents or sons who were epileptic1 mad1 or1 above all1 criminal4 ,it is sufficient to study the history of the ,csars1 of ,charles ,v41 of ,peter the ,great4 ,we see a progressive degeneration in crime and insanity in relations or children1 rather than any conservation or increase of genius4 ,this fact confirms a posteriori the degenerative character of genius2 and at the same time reveals the relationship which it generally has with moral insanity4 ,commodus1 son of the virtuous ,marcus ,aurelius1 was a monster of cruelty4 ,the son of ,scipio ,africanus was an imbecile1 the son of ,cicero a drunkard4 ,luther's son was insubordinate and violent2 ,william ,penn's was a debauched scoundrel4 ,themistocles1 ,aristides1 ,pericles1 ,thucydides were unhappy in their children4 ,cardan had two sons who were criminals2 one1 of great ability1 was condemned to death for poisoning2 the other1 given up to gaming1 drinking1 and thieving1 was successively imprisoned at ,pavia1 ,milan1 ,cremona1 ,bologna1 ,piacenza1 ,naples4 ,when arrested he would promise reformation1 but as soon as he was free he at once returned to his old habits1 and even calumniated his father and attempted to get him imprisoned4#bfc ,cardan's father was eccentric and stammered2 he did not dress like other people1 and pursued various strange studies2 he had lost some part of his skull in consequence of a wound received in youth1 and he believed that he was guided by a spirit4 ,his mother was irascible2 when pregnant with him she attempted to abort4#bfd ,it appears that ,aretino's mother was a prostitute4 ,petrarch had a lazy and vicious son1 8the most refractory to letters that man of letters ever had20 he died at the age of twenty-four4#bfe ,rembrandt brought up his son ,titus1 with great care1 to be an artist2 but in spite of all efforts he could make nothing of him4 ,walter ,scott's son1 a cavalry officer1 was ashamed of his father's literary celebrity1 and boasted that he had never read one of his novels4 ,mozart's son1 when asked by ,bianchini if he liked music1 replied by throwing a handful of gold on the table3 8,that is the only music ,i like60 ,sophocles' son tried to represent his old father as imbecile4 ,frederick the ,great's father was morally insane and a drunkard2 ,peter the ,great had a son who was a drunkard and maniacal2 ,richelieu's sister imagined that her back was made of crystal2 his brother thought he was ,god the ,father2 ,niccolini's sister thought she was damned because of her brother's heresy1 and attempted to kill him2 ,hegel's sister was insane1 as also was ,diderot's2 ,lamb's sister killed her mother during a maniacal attack4 ,gray's father was a worthless scoundrel1 who used to beat his wife1 by whose exertions the children were supported4 ,thomas ,campbell's only son was hopelessly imbecile4 ,charles ,v4's mother suffered from melancholia2 his grandchildren and great-grandchildren were also insane3 ,don ,carlos1 brutal1 cruel1 and turbulent2 ,philip ,,iii41 subject to convulsions2 ,charles ,,ii41 an imbecile epileptic1 with whom the race was extinguished2 and ,alexander ,farnese1 a bastard grandson of eccentric genius4#bff ,the drunkenness of ,beethoven's father was notorious4 ,byron's mother was half-mad2 his father1 known as 8mad ,jack ,byron10 was dissolute and eccentric1 and is said to have committed suicide4 ,it has been said of ,byron that if ever there was a case in which hereditary influence could justify eccentricity of character it was his1 for he was descended from individuals in whom everything seemed calculated to destroy harmony of character and domestic peace4 ,alexander had a dissolute and perverse mother1 a drunken father4 ,plutarch's grandfather was much given to wine1 of which he delighted to celebrate the virtues2 and ,cimon's was a drunkard and debauched4 ,kerner had a maternal uncle who was mad2 his sister was melancholic and had two children1 of whom one was insane1 the other a somnambulist4#bfg ,the sons of ,tacitus1 ,carlini1 ,bernardin de ,saint-,pierre1 ,mercadante1 ,donizetti1 ,volta1 ,manzoni1 a daughter of ,victor ,hugo1 the father and brothers of ,villemain1 the sister of ,kant1 the brothers of ,zimmermann1 ,perticari1 and ,puccinotti were all insane4 ,d',azeglio1 who had a grandfather and a brother more than eccentric1 records a saying current at ,turin3 8,i ,taparei a l'an nen le grumele a port40#bfh ,the origins of ,renan's neurosis1 of which ,i have already spoken1 he has himself indicated in speaking of his religious and prematurely sacerdotal education1 that education of the seminary which when it once takes hold of a man never more leaves him1 and which is so productive of insanity4 ,the alienist will find other sources of neurosis and atavism in the little town of ,trguier in which ,renan was born4 ,on account of the frequency of consanguineous marriages and of the preponderance of the ecclesiastical element1 the place swarmed with the insane and semi-insane4 8,these inoffensive lunatics10 he writes1 8were a sort of institution1 a municipal affair4 ,we said1 #8our lunatics1' as at ,venice they say #8nostre carampane4' ,one met them nearly everywhere2 they saluted you1 greeted you with some nauseous pleasantry1 which yet raised a smile4 ,they were liked1 and they were useful4 ,i shall always remember the good lunatic ,brian1 who imagined that he was a priest1 and passed part of the day in church1 imitating the ceremonies of the mass2 all the afternoon the cathedral was filled with a nasal murmur2 it was the poor lunatic's prayer1 well worth any other40#bfi ,a still greater influence on ,renan's psychosis must be attributed to the insanity in his own family4 ,his paternal uncle1 semi-insane1 passed his days and nights at inns telling stories and legends to the peasants with whom he was a great favourite2 one night he was found dead on the roadside4 ,his grandfather1 an ardent and honest patriot1 lost his reason in #ahae1 through grief1 and used to walk about with an enormous tricoloured cockade1 exclaiming3 8,i should like to know who would dare to snatch from me this cockade60 ,he himself1 a seven-months' child1 remained for a long time small and weak1 and for this reason was the more easily disturbed by a sacerdotal education1 which inflames1 like a hot iron1 even the most tranquil spirits4 ,in ,schopenhauer1 also1 the insane and neurotic hereditary tendency was well marked4 ,on his father's side he was descended from an old family of ,dantzig merchants2 his great-grandfather was a man of very strong and energetic character2 his grandfather1 a man of quiet business habits1 seems to have brought the property into the family1 but the grandmother had an aunt and a grandmother who were insane4 ,schopenhauer's father seems to have been a skilled man of business2 a republican1 he possessed the native arrogance of a democratic patrician2 inclined to deafness from childhood1 he had attacks of rage from which even the domestic dog and cat fled terrified4 ,with the increase of his deafness he became more irritable1 and suffered1 if not from actual insanity1 at least from morbid fears4 ,it was suspected that he committed suicide4 ,he presented various characters of degeneration3 large ears1 very prominent eyes1 thick lips1 a short1 up-turned nose2 he was1 however1 of considerable height4 ,schopenhauer's mother1 married at the age of nineteen1 was witty and ambitious1 and1 as he himself said1 very frivolous4 ,his brother was imbecile from childhood4 ,this influence of insane heredity can to-day be controlled by statistics4 ,the ,prussian statistics for #ahgg show that among #aj1fgf lunatics1 morbid heredity may be traced in #f1cfi4bgj ,they are divided as follows3-- ,father or ,grandparents ,sisters or mother or uncles brothers per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ,insanity #hij #hfj #gfa ,serious ,neurosis #abd #fg #aca ,crime #aj #ja #ja ,alcoholism #ahj #ca #cc ,suicide #ag #bg #bc ,extraordinary talent #fc #ac #cf ,this seems to show that a considerable number of lunatics are descended from men of ability4 ,the number of brothers and sisters of lunatics endowed with ability1 surpassing that of suicidal1 alcoholistic1 or criminal brothers confirms the influence4 ,in twenty-two cases of hereditary insanity ,aubonel and ,thor observed two cases of sons of ability4#bga ,these facts were not unknown to old observers4 ,tassoni1 a very original writer1 in his ,pensieri ,diversi 7#afba7 discusses the question3 8,how it happens to wise fathers to have very foolish children1 and to very foolish fathers to have very wise children40 ,among the former he mentions the sons of ,scipio ,africanus1 ,anthony1 ,cicero1 ,agrippa ,posthumus1 ,claudius the son of ,drusus1 ,caligula1 of ,germanicus1 ,commodus1 of ,marcus ,aurelius1 ,lamprocles1 of ,socrates1 ,arrhidaeus1 of ,philip4 ,among many opinions1 more or less extravagant1 of learned men of his time1 he reports one to the effect that 8in great men the vital spirits assemble at the brain to fortify and give vigour to the powers of the intelligence2 it happens in consequence that the blood and sperm remain cold and languid1 and the children of such men1 especially the males1 are inclined to stupidity40 ,age of ,parents4--,this is one of the hereditary influences which often escape from view1 and are at present not clearly seen4 ,marro has shown the great influence of the advanced age of the parents on the intelligence or the insanity of the children4 ,very great is the number of men of genius1 and even of talent1 issued from aged fathers3 ,frederick ,,ii41 ,napoleon ,i41 ,sciacci1 ,bizzozzero1 ,rochefort1 ,dumas pre1 ,a4 ,jussieu1 ,balzac1 ,j4 ,cassini1 ,c4 ,vernet1 ,beaconsfield1 ,horace ,walpole1 ,william ,pitt1 ,racine1 ,adler1 ,auriac1 ,bclard1 ,schopenhauer4 ,from young fathers ,i have1 on the other hand1 only found ,victor ,hugo1 ,de ,girardin1 ,arneth1 ,barral1 ,bertillon1 ,sgur4 ,this influence may explain the longevity of men of genius4 ,conception4--,de ,candolle speaks of the influence which strong passion on the part of the parents at conception may have on the offspring1 and recalls the considerable number of bastards of genius4 ,erasmus boasted that he was not the fruit of wearisome conjugal duty4 ,isaac ,disraeli wrote in his 8,memoirs of ,toland0 that birth outside marriage creates strong and resolute characters4 ,among illegitimate sons were3 ,themistocles1 ,charles ,martel1 ,william the ,conqueror1 the ,duke of ,berwick whom ,montesquieu called the perfect man1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,boccaccio1 ,a4 ,dumas1 ,cardan1 ,d',alembert1 ,savage1 ,prior1 ,de ,girardin1 ,la ,harpe1 ,alexander ,farnese1 ,dupanloup4#bgb ,newton was conceived after his parents had spent two years of forced continence4 ,it will be seen from these and other facts how far we are yet from having exhausted the numerous sources of hereditary genius4 ,those who recall how many men of genius have been born of consumptive and drunken parents1 and who know how these two forms of degeneration are often transformed in the children into moral insanity1 will perceive that there can be other hereditary causes of genius which escape ordinary observers1 and are1 therefore1 little known4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,disease ,,on ,,genius4 ,spinal diseases--,fevers--,injuries to the head and their relation to genius4 ,grard de ,nerval in his book1 ,le ,rve et la ,vie1 after having confessed that he often wrote in a state of morbid exaltation1 adds that the old saying ,mens sana in corpore sano is false1 for many powerful minds have been allied to weak and diseased bodies4 ,conolly treated a man whose intelligence was aroused by the use of blisters1 and another whose ability was called forth during the initial period of phthisis and gout4 ,cabanis1 ,tissot1 and ,pomme observe that certain febrile conditions provoke extraordinary mental activity4 ,sylvester remarks that during the nocturnal fever of what he describes as a fortunate attack of bronchitis he was enabled to reach the solution of a mathematical problem4#bgc ,a man of genius1 ,maine de ,biran1 who was always ill1 well expresses the influence of infirmities on genius1 8,the feeling of existence10 he writes1 8is not found among the majority of men because with them it is continuous2 when a man does not suffer he does not think of himself2 disease alone and the habit of reflection enable us to distinguish ourselves40 ,it has frequently happened that injuries to the head and acute diseases1 those frequent causes of insanity1 have changed a very ordinary individual into a man of genius4 ,vico1 when a child1 fell from a high staircase and fractured his right parietal bone4 ,gratry1 a mediocre singer1 became a great master1 after a beam had fractured his skull4 ,mabillon1 almost an idiot from childhood1 fell down a stone staircase at the age of twenty-six1 and so badly injured his skull that it had to be trepanned2 from that time he displayed the characteristics of genius4 ,gall1 who narrates this fact1 knew a ,dane who had been half idiotic1 and who became intelligent at the age of thirteen1 after having rolled head foremost down a staircase4#bgd ,wallenstein was looked upon as a fool until one day he fell out of a window1 and henceforward began to show remarkable ability4 ,some years ago1 a cretin of ,savoy1 having being bitten by a mad dog1 became very intelligent during the last days of his life4 ,cases have been recorded in which ordinary persons have displayed extraordinary intelligence after diseases of the spinal cord4#bge 8,it is possible that my disease of the spinal cord may have given a morbid character to my later compositions10 wrote with true divination the unfortunate ,heine4 ,and the remark does not apply to his later writings only4 8,my mental excitement10 he wrote1 some months before his condition had become aggravated1 8is the effect of disease rather than of genius4 ,i have written verses to appease my suffering a little4444 ,in this horrible night of senseless pain my poor head is flung backwards and forwards1 shaking with pitiless gaiety the bells on my jester's cap40#bgf ,bclard turned from mere theories to experiment1 after a stroke of apoplexy4#bgg ,pasteur's greatest discoveries were made after a stroke of apoplexy4 ,bichat and ,schroeder van der ,kolk have observed that men with anchylosis of the neck possess remarkably bright intelligence4 ,it is a common saying that the hump-backed are keen and malicious4 ,rokitansky sought to explain this by the resulting curve of the aorta1 after giving origin to the vessels which supply the brain1 the volume of the heart and the arterial pressure in the head being thus augmented4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,civilization ,,and ,,of ,,opportunity4 ,large ,towns--,large ,schools--,accidents--,misery--,power--, education4 ,however clearly such laws as we have examined may seem to be ascertained1 the conclusions deduced from them must be accepted with a certain reserve2 since there exists a series of factors1 almost impossible to seize1 which intercept and confound all these influences1 not excepting even the orographic4 ,we have already seen how great agglomerations of individuals1 whatever the climate and race1 are sufficient to increase the number of artists and of talents4 ,but might not this be a purely factitious effect1 as1 for instance1 when individuals who have left their birthplace for some great capital 7as often happens in the case of infants and invalids71 are looked upon as natives of the latter8 ,this becomes certain1 if we remember the pernicious influence of great towns1 and consider with ,smiles1 that the life of large towns is not favourable to intellectual work1 that men who have had a great influence on their age have been brought up in solitude1 and that all the great men of ,england1 and even of ,london1 were born in the country1 though this fact is often ignored on account of their having fixed their residence in the capital4 ,carlyle says that a man born in ,london seems but the fraction of a man4 ,we read1 in the ,lives of the ,engineers1 that all great ,english engineers have been country-bred4 ,the establishment of a school of painting1 even when it is the result of an importation1 makes an artistic centre of a place which was not so previously1 and1 if the establishment goes back to a very distant time1 the number of artists becomes very large4 ,let us look1 for example1 at ,piedmont1 where1 assuredly1 a military education reinforced by climate and race1 and1 to a still greater degree1 by clerical influence1 retarded for a long time the development of the fine arts1 and especially of music4 ,up to #adfj1 celebrated painters were not numerous in ,piedmont1 and the only ones to be found there were of foreign origin1 such as ,bono and ,bondiforte4 ,but ,bondiforte1 who had been sent for from ,milan1 was immediately followed by ,sodoma1 ,martini1 ,giovannone1 ,vercellese4 ,ferro di ,valduggia was followed by ,lanini1 and ,tansi by ,valduggia1 in the same way as ,viotti's example attracted thither1 within a short time1 five celebrated violinists4 ,scarcely had a few distinguished painters--such as ,macrino and ,gaudenzio ,ferrari1 shown themselves at ,novara1 at ,alba1 and at ,vercelli1 than others were immediately seen to appear2 and1 in our own day1 wherever military influence has been entirely superseded by social1 this province has furnished1 in proportion to its size1 as many artists as the rest1 or even more1 and those of quite equal standing--e4g41 ,gastaldi1 ,mosso1 ,pittara1 c4 ,had any one undertaken1 #cjj years ago1 to draw up the statistics of ,scotch thought1 he would scarcely have found a single name to include in his list4 ,yet ,scotland1 delivered from the leaden mantle of religious intolerance1 has become1 as we have seen1 one of the richest centres in ,europe for bold and original thinkers4 ,on the other hand1 ,greece1 placed in ancient times by race and nature in the first rank1 as regards intellectual creation1 no longer shows any trace of her superiority4 ,nature and the race have not changed1 but slavery1 political struggles1 and hard living have exhausted all her strength2 for a nation does not afford itself the luxury of art and high thinking till its existence is assured and easy4 ,thus the influences of agglomeration might often have been disguised by the influence of national well-being4 ,not that the action of race and climate disappears1 but its manifestations remain latent4 ,the mighty intellect due to the ,tuscan race and climate1 reveals itself at the present day--after the enervating influence of the ,medici1 the priests1 and the linguistic pedants1 has done its work--in the improvisations of ,pistoian peasant women1 and the subtle epigrams of the ,florentine populace4 ,genius 7such as that of ,pacini1 ,carrara1 ,betti1 ,giusti1 ,guerrazzi1 ,carducci7 is no longer endemic1 but occurs sporadically4 ,it appears to me that1 in many cases1 social influences are more apparent than real--analogous rather to the peck of the chicken which cracks the egg-shell than to the spermatozoid which generates the embryo4 ,we see that ,florence1 like ,athens1 supplied at the epoch of republican agitations the maximum of ,italian genius4 ,but similar agitations in ,south ,america and in ,france 7#aghi7 did not yield as many great men2 but simply a number of men who1 being useful in the emergency of the time1 passed for great4#bgh ,one might even be inclined to suspect that the numerous great men who appeared at ,florence were themselves the cause of her revolutions4#bgi ,the same assertion holds good of opportunity4 ,opportunity appears1 sometimes1 to have assisted the development of genius4 ,thus ,mutius ,scaevola1 having been reproached by ,servius ,sulpicius with ignorance of his country's laws1 became a great jurisconsult4 ,it has often happened that stonecutters in the quarries of ,florence1 in the old ,republican times1 have become celebrated sculptors1 like ,mino da ,fiesole1 ,desiderio da ,settignano1 and ,cronaca4 ,canova and ,vincenzo ,vela were also quarrymen1 and ,hugh ,miller1 from working as a mason1 became a highly-esteemed geologist4 ,andrea del ,castagno1 a shepherd of ,mugello1 one day1 when overtaken by a storm1 took refuge in an oratory1 where a house-painter was daubing a picture of the ,virgin4 ,from thenceforth he felt an irresistible desire to imitate him1 and practised drawing figures in charcoal whenever he could2 so much so1 that his fame soon spread among the peasants1 and1 afterwards1 by the assistance of ,bernadino de' ,medici1 who enabled him to study1 he became a celebrated painter4 ,vespasiano de' ,bisticci1 a ,florentine paper-maker1 whose profession involved the handling of many books1 and contact with a great number of literary and learned men1 took to literature himself4 ,more frequently1 however1 opportunity is only the last drop which makes the vessel run over4 ,this is so true that the cases in which genius has manifested itself in spite of adverse circumstances and even violent opposition1 are innumerable4 ,it is sufficient to recall ,boccaccio1 ,goldoni1 ,muratori1 ,leopardi1 ,ascoli1 ,cellini1 ,cavour1 ,petrarch1 ,metastasio1 and1 finally1 ,socrates1 who was obliged to cut and carve stones4 ,all our recent great musicians--,wagner1 ,rossini1 ,verdi--were misunderstood in their youth4 ,long ago1 it was said1 8,he to whom ,nature would not tell it1 would not be told by a thousand ,athens and a thousand ,romes40#bhj ,circumstances1 then1 and a certain degree of civilization gain acceptance and toleration for genius and its discoveries which1 under other conditions1 would have either passed unnoticed1 or met with ridicule1 and even persecution4 ,history shows that great discoveries are rarely absolute novelties1 and that they have long existed as toys or curiosities4 8,steam10 says ,fournier1 8was a plaything for children in the time of ,hero of ,alexandria1 and ,anthemius of ,tralles4 ,the human mind and the needs of our race have to work by experience1 a million times over1 before deducing all the consequences of a fact4#bha ,in #agfe1 ,spedding offered portable gas1 prepared and ready for use1 to the corporation of ,whitehaven1 and was refused4 ,at a later date came ,chaussier1 ,minkelers1 ,lebon1 and ,windsor1 who had no other merit than that of appropriating his discovery4 ,coal had been known ever since the fifteenth century2 in #aedc ,blasco de ,garay appears to have propelled a vessel by steam and paddles in the port of ,barcelona2 the screw-steamer was invented before #agij4 ,when ,papin experimented with steam navigation1 he met with nothing but derision1 and was treated as a charlatan4 ,when the screw was at last applied1 ,sauvage1 who had invented it1 never saw it in action1 except from the prison where he was confined for debt4 ,daguerreotypy was guessed at in ,russia during the sixteenth century1 and again1 in ,italy1 by ,fabricius1 in #aeff4 ,it was afterwards discovered anew by ,thiphaigne de la ,roche4 ,galvanism was also discovered by ,cotugno and by ,duverney4 ,the theory of ,natural ,selection itself does not belong exclusively to ,darwin4 ,existing species1 it was already said by ,lucretius1 have only been able to maintain themselves by their cunning1 strength1 or swiftness2 others have succumbed4 ,and ,plutarch1 remarking that horses which have been pursued by wolves are swifter than others1 gives this reason--that1 the slower ones of the band having been overtaken and devoured1 only the more agile survived4 ,newton's law of attraction was already foreshadowed in works of the sixteenth century--more particularly in those of ,copernicus and ,kepler--and was nearly completed by ,hooke4 ,it has been the same with magnetism1 chemistry1 and even criminal anthropology4 ,civilization1 therefore1 does not produce men of genius1 and discoveries2 but it assists their development1 or1 more correctly speaking1 determines their acceptance4 ,it may therefore be admitted that genius can exist in any age and any country2 but1 as in the struggle for existence the greater number of beings are only born to become the prey of others1 so many men of genius1 if they do not meet with the favourable moment1 either remain unknown or are misunderstood4 ,while there are some civilizations which assist the development of genius1 others are injurious to it4 ,in those parts of ,italy1 for instance1 where civilization is most ancient1 and where it has been frequently renewed1 becoming stronger at each renewal1 though the temper of the people is more open1 the formation of genius is of rare occurrence4 ,in general1 when the average culture of a nation is of earlier date1 novelties are less eagerly received4 ,on the contrary1 in countries where civilization is recent1 as in ,russia1 new ideas are accepted with the greatest favour4 ,when the repetition of the same observation renders a new truth less difficult to accept1 then genius is not only recognized as useful and even necessary1 but received with acclamations4 ,the public1 perceiving the coincidence between a given civilization and the manifestation of genius1 thinks that the two are connected1 confusing the slight influence which determines the hatching of the chicks with the act of fecundation--which1 on the contrary1 depends on race1 atmospheric influences1 nutrition1 c4 ,this1 too1 is what takes place in our own day4 ,hypnotism exists to prove how many times1 even under our very eyes1 a scientific notion may be renewed1 and each time taken for a new discovery4 ,every age is not equally ripe for inventions without precedents1 or with too few2 and those which are not ripe1 are incapable of perceiving their inaptitude for adopting them4 ,in ,italy1 for twenty years1 the man who had discovered pellagrozeine was looked upon by the authorities as a madman4 ,at the present day the academic world1 always composed of intelligent mediocrities1 laughs at criminal anthropology1 is mildly sarcastic towards hypnotism1 and looks on homopathy as a joke4 ,perhaps even my friends and myself1 in laughing at spiritualism1 are misled by the misoneism latent in us all1 and1 like hypnotised persons1 are utterly unable even to perceive that such is the case4 ,misery is often the stimulus of genius4 ,it was necessity rather than natural inclination which drove ,dryden to become an author4 ,goldsmith1 when he had knocked at every door in vain1 took to writing4 ,and so again and again4 ,it is true also that extreme misery frequently ruins genius4 ,it placed immense difficulties in the way of ,columbus4 ,george ,stephenson's steam engine would have been an abortion1 if he had not been enabled at great sacrifice to educate his son4 ,meyerbeer1 who produced so laboriously1 and whose genius cannot be explained apart from his ,italian journeys and life1 would have been in a deplorable condition without wealth4 ,many men of genius1 on the other hand1 have been spoilt by wealth and power4 ,jacoby has shown that unlimited power hastens degeneration1 and tends to produce megalomania and dementia in those who possess it4 ,the influence of education has been investigated less than it deserves4 ,without the school1 many believe there would be no genius4 ,what1 it is said1 would have become of ,metastasio1 if he had not been picked up and educated8 ,giotto would merely have amazed the shepherds of his native valleys by daubing the walls of some chapel4 ,paganini would have been unheard of4 ,pitr1 in his admirable book1 ,usi e costumi della ,sicilia1 writes at length of certain wonderful poetasters1 who narrate fantastic lays of knighthood to the people of ,palermo1 yet they can neither read nor write4 ,who knows what they would do if they were educated8 ,those who have been among the mountains know the works produced by certain shepherds4 ,they are made with coarse instruments1 yet they reveal marvellous taste and delicacy4 ,such men give us the impression of so many aborted ,michelangelos2 they are men of genius who have lacked the opportunity of manifesting themselves4 ,but these facts do not neutralize others which show the pernicious influence of the school on genius4 ,hazlitt well said that whoever has passed through all the grades of classical instruction without having become a fool1 may consider himself to have escaped by miracle4 ,darwin feared to send his sons to school4 ,who can describe the martyrdom of the child of genius compelled to spend his brains over a quagmire of things in which he will succeed the less the more he is attracted in other directions8 ,he rebels1 and then begins a fierce struggle between the pupil of genius and the professor of mediocrity1 who cannot understand his fury and his instincts1 and who represses and punishes them4 ,balzac1 who proved this1 and was driven away from school after school1 has minutely analyzed this bitterness of the college in his wonderful study1 ,louis ,lambert4 ,one shudders on thinking of the youth of such lofty and serene intelligence1 treated with contempt as stupid and idle1 and his discourse on will which had cost him so much labour destroyed unread by an ignorant master4 ,and so1 also1 it was with ,valls4 ,verdi was unanimously rejected at the ,conservatorio of ,milan in #ahcb1 even as a paying pupil4 ,rossini was regarded as an idiot by his fellow-pupils1 and by his teacher1 as also was ,wagner4 ,coleridge has written with bitterness of his schooldays1 when1 he says1 his nature was always repressed4 ,howard was considered so stupid at school that he was sent to a druggist's4 ,pestalozzi was looked upon as a silly and incapable boy1 whose spelling and writing were incorrigibly bad4 ,crbillon as a youth was regarded as roguish and lazy1 and when he left the university he was labelled3 ,puer ingeniosus1 sed insignis nebulo4 ,cabanis as a boy showed very early signs of uncommon intelligence1 but the severe discipline of school only served to make him a dissembler1 and he was finally expelled4 ,diderot was regarded as the shame of his house4 ,verdi1 ,rossini1 ,howard1 ,cabanis1 would not allow themselves to be defeated1 but how many1 discouraged1 have lost faith in themselves6 ,it is useless to say that this struggle for existence results in the survival of the fittest2 for even the weakest men of genius are worth more than mediocrities1 and it is a sin to lose a single one4 ,we are not here dealing with a phenomenon like that presented by the struggle of lower organisms4 ,the case is even opposed1 since their great sensibility renders men of genius more fragile4 ,the persecutions of the school1 tormenting these beings when they are in their first youth and most sensitive1 cause us to lose those who1 being more fragile1 are better4 ,here1 therefore1 the struggle for existence suppresses the strongest1 or at all events the greatest4 ,the worst of this is that there is no remedy4 ,teachers are not men of genius1 and in any case they cannot1 and should not1 look to anything but the manufacture of mediocrity4 ,at all events1 let no obstacles be put in the way of genius4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,genius ,,in ,,the ,,insane4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,insane ,,genius ,,in ,,literature4 ,periodicals published in lunatic asylums--,synthesis--,passion--,atavism- -,conclusion4 ,the connection which1 as we have seen1 exists between genius and insanity is confirmed by the over-excitement of the intelligence1 and the temporary appearance of real genius frequently observed among the insane4 8,it seems10 writes ,charles ,nodier1 8as if the divergent and scattered rays of the diseased intellect were suddenly concentrated1 like those of the sun in a lens1 and then lent to the speech of the poor madman so much brilliancy that one may be permitted to doubt whether he had ever been more learned1 clear1 or persuasive while in full possession of his reason40#bhb 8,madness10 writes ,thophile ,gautier1#bhc 8which creates such enormous gaps1 does not always suspend all the faculties4 ,poems written during complete dementia often observe the rules of quantity extremely well4 ,domenico ,theotocopuli1 the ,greek painter1 whose master-pieces are admired in the ,spanish churches1 was insane4 ,we have seen in ,england1 scenes of lions and stallions fighting1 the work of an insane patient1 done on a board with a red-hot iron1 which looked like some of ,gricault's sketches rubbed in with bitumen40 ,under the influence of insanity1 8an ignorant peasant will make ,latin verses2 another will suddenly speak in an idiom which he has never learnt1 and of which he will not know a word after his recovery4 ,a woman will sing ,latin hymns and poems entirely unknown to her2 a child1 wounded in the head1 constructs syllogisms in ,german1 and is unable1 when no longer ill1 to utter a single expression in that language40#bhd ,winslow knew a gentleman1 incapable in his normal condition of doing a simple addition sum1 who became an excellent mathematician during his attacks of mania4 ,in the same way1 a woman who wrote poetry while in the asylum1 after her cure became once more a peaceable and prosaic housekeeper4 ,a monomaniac at the ,bictre lamented his detention in the following striking verse3-- 8,ah6 le pote de ,florence ,n'avait pas1 dans son chant sacr ,rv l'abme de souffrance ,de tes murs1 ,bictre excr40#bhe ,esquirol gives an account of a maniac who invented1 during the acute period of his malady1 a new kind of cannon which was afterwards adopted4 ,morel had under his care a madman1 subject to intermittent states in which all his faculties were more or less blunted1 if not actually lost1 who1 during his lucid intervals1 composed fine comedies4 ,john ,clare1 who wrote nonsense as soon as he began to express himself in prose1 in some of his tender and melancholy elegies rose to a rare perfection of style and the choicest ideas4#bhf ,leuret says1 in speaking of mania1 8,it has happened to me more than once to form too favourable an idea of the intellectual capacity of some persons1 when ,i could only judge of it by what they said or did during an attack of mania4 ,a patient whose conversation and flashes of wit had struck me1 sometimes turned out1 after his recovery1 to be a very ordinary man1 far inferior to the opinion ,i had conceived of him40#bhg ,marc has recorded the case of a young married woman of cultivated mind1 but merely ordinary intelligence1 who1 during the course of an attack of mania1 in which ideas of jealousy predominated1 8wrote to her husband letters which1 for their eloquence and the passionate energy of their style1 might easily be placed beside the most fervent passages of the ,nouvelle ,hloise4 ,when the attack was over her letters became simple and modest1 and no one1 on comparing them with the others1 would have believed that the two sets came from the same pen40#bhh ,excessive activity of the intellect1 writes ,dagonet1 is also sometimes observed in the depressive forms of mental aberration1 but much less frequently than in the expansive forms4 ,as a proof of this1 it is sufficient to cite the following letter1 written by a patient affected with melancholic delusion1 to her husband1 a country schoolmaster4 ,the letter was full of mistakes in spelling2 the woman who wrote it had no education1 and in her normal condition1 no eloquence2 but disease had transformed her by developing her intellectual faculties3-- 8,why did not the ,master of the universe open the tomb to me in my brilliant youth8 ,why1 at the same time1 did ,he not remove me from you1 since you do not love me1 and ,i am making you unhappy8 8,why did ,i become a mother8 ,to be unhappy--more than unhappy--to leave the children who are so dear to me4444 ,why do you hate me8 ,though ,i stood with my feet in boiling oil1 ,i should still say1 ,i love you6444 8,why did you not let me die8 ,you would be happy1--and ,i--my troubles would be over4444 ,my dear children would come and play by my grave4 ,i should still be near them--,i should still1 in the darkness of the grave1 hear them say1 #8,there is our mother6'0#bhi ,if this woman had fed her mind on the works of ,chateaubriand she could not have expressed herself with more poetry or imagination4 8,it has been known10 says ,tissot1 8that a young man1 whose tutor had never been able to teach him anything1 and who1 as the saying is1 could not put a noun and an adjective together1 spoke ,latin fluently1 after some days of malignant fever1 and developed ideas which till then had not struck him40#bij ,among other examples of what ,lecamus calls learned frenzies1 he cites ,mademoiselle ,antheman who1 during her delirium1 was of 8smiling countenance and agreeable humour4 ,having lost the use of her right hand through paralysis1 she painted and embroidered with her left1 with incredible dexterity2 and the productions of her mind were no less surprising than those of her hands4 ,she recited verses which showed the greatest possible vivacity and delicacy1 though they were the first she had ever composed40#bia 8,i am going to try10 says ,grard de ,nerval1 in his book entitled ,le ,rve et la ,vie1 8to transcribe the impressions of a long illness which ran its course entirely in the mysteries of my mind4 ,i do not know why ,i make use of the term illness1 for never--as far as ,i am concerned--did ,i feel better4 ,sometimes ,i thought my strength and activity were doubled2 it seemed that ,i knew and understood everything1 imagination gave me infinite delight4 ,in recovering what men called reason1 shall ,i have to regret the loss of this80 ,what mental practitioner has not heard similar words over and over again from the mouth of unhappy patients who1 after recovering their reason1 regretted their past state1 that new life1 that vita nuova1 which ,grard defines as 8,l'panchement du songe dans la vie relle60 ,increase of intellectual activity1 says ,dr4 ,parchappe1 is frequently met with in insanity2 it is even one of the most salient characteristics of this disease in its acute period4 ,the annals of science--adds the same author--contain a certain number of well-authenticated facts1 which have contributed to confirm the superstition of a supernatural heightening of the intellectual faculties1 and which explain1 up to a certain point1 how the love of the marvellous1 in credulous observers1 by exaggerating and distorting analogous facts1 has been able to gain credit for the wonderful tales which abound in the history of religious sects at all epochs1 and more especially in the history of diabolical possessions in the ,middle ,ages4#bib ,van ,swieten 7,comment41 #aaba7 relates that he had seen a woman who1 during her attacks of mania1 only spoke in verse1 which she composed with admirable facility1 although in health she had never shown the least poetic talent4 ,lorry cites the case of a lady of rank1 of very ordinary intellect1 who was subject to attacks of melancholy1 during which her intelligence was so far developed as to enable her to discuss the most difficult questions with eloquence4 ,a young girl of the people1 aged fourteen1 attacked with insanity in consequence of a religious revival1 talked on theological subjects as if she had devoted herself to this study2 she spoke like a preacher1 of ,god and of ,christian duties1 and gave sagacious answers to the objections which were made4#bic 8,i have had occasion10 writes ,morel1#bid 8to remark1 in some hypochondriac1 hysteric1 and epileptic patients1 an extraordinary intellectual activity at the critical periods of the disease4 ,it is not rarely observed that the attacks of exacerbation to which they are subject are preceded by an abnormal manifestation of the intellectual forces4 ,a young hypochondriacal patient1 confided to my care1 often astonished those who saw him by the facility of his elocution1 and the brilliancy with which he expressed his ideas4 ,at certain times he would compose1 in the course of a single night1 a piece of music or a play which possessed remarkable traits1 and some beauties of the first order4 ,but1 knowing the patient1 ,i was never mistaken in my prognostications from this state of things4 ,i knew that1 after three or four days of excitement1 this young man would fall into a dull stupor and become a prey to a torpid apathy which prevented him from feeling the instinct of his greatest natural necessities4 ,the case ended in complete dementia40 8,in the case of a hysterical patient1 with a predominance of exalted religious ideas1 ,i have also observed remarkable phenomena of intellectual reminiscence4 ,she had heard a great number of sermons1 and read still more4 ,i have heard her repeat word for word what she had read or what had been delivered in her presence4 ,we were able to follow her1 book in hand1 when1 under the influence of a nervous excitement which quickened her memory1 she recited sermons by well-known ,christian orators4 ,she was quite unable to repeat this phenomenon in her ordinary condition2 but1 as in the preceding case1 we knew what view to take of a fact of this nature--not to mention that it resembled a large number of other cases1 by means of which1 at different times1 the public credulity has been exploited4 ,in this woman the phenomenon always preceded a crisis of exacerbation followed by stupor4 8,let us now pass to the extreme concentration of the attention in a hypochondriacal patient relating her own sensations4 ,the following extracts are from a diary left to me by the patient in question4 ,it summarizes all that is experienced by this class of patients4 8,september #f1 #aheb1 #i p4m4 ,this evening1 on going to bed1 sharp pain in the sacral regions and in the thighs4 ,tearing pains in the left ear and eye while falling asleep4 ,i was overpowered by the feeling of fear4 ,i seemed to be rolling into bottomless abysses1 and to have1 as it were1 an iron hook fixed in my skull and heart1 and dragging them out4 8,september #g1 #aheb1 #g a4m4 ,lancinating pain in the eyes1 acute suffering in the eyelids4 ,pressure on the temples1 principally on the left1 eyes constantly watering1 larynx contracted2 a horrible1 never-ceasing devouring hunger1 which seems to make me start4 ,i am seized by an anger which makes me seem mad in the eyes of others4 ,if ,i could still cry out1 that would relieve me2 ,i am boiling over with anger1 and ,i look wild4 ,it is as though ,i had a little saw inside my head4 ,always this motion of sawing--of a wheel which keeps turning and carries me with it4 ,my bones feel to me like dead wood which burns like logwood4 8,september #h1 #aheb4 ,the whole day without having been able to do anything4 ,my forehead seemed encircled with a tight iron band4 ,i went to bed with a feeling of deep depression4 ,fear overpowers me--sometimes a feeling of hatred--a very little excusable jealousy of those who can act freely and work4 ,i have in my back something like little strings pulling in all directions1 making music like an accordion4 ,it is torturing4 ,the strongest man would fall dead with terror1 if he could see the reality of a person in my state of health4444 ,and they laugh at me4444 ,the doctors refuse to believe in my sufferings4 ,there are moments when all that ,i have ever seen in my life is before my eyes at once4 ,i feel myself lifted into the air or up to the roofs2 ,i feel a horror of myself4 ,it is like an old painting by ,rembrandt etched in aqua fortis4 8,dreams4--,dead horses1 headless1 dismembered--horrors of all kinds4444 ,then there are members of my family who appear to me2 but everything ,i see is distorted and reduced in size2 there is1 as it were1 a camera obscura in me1 and the reflector shows me everything in miniature4 ,i admit that ,i may be insane--but you1 too1 must admit at least that ,i am very ill10 c4 ,it is known1 says ,paulhan1#bie that with some dementia patients1 certain faculties remain intact2 they can1 for instance1 play at cards or draughts1 though their mind in general may be quite disorganized4 ,the same is found to be the case with idiots4 ,griesinger saw1 in the ,earlswood ,asylum1 a young man who had made1 all by himself1 a remarkable model of a man-of-war4 ,this individual's intelligence was very limited2 he had no idea whatever of numbers4 8,it more frequently happens10 adds the author1 8that complete idiots execute fairly good work in drawing or painting4 ,in such cases1 it is1 of course1 only a mechanical talent40 ,esquirol reports the case of a general suffering from mania1 whose 8delusions persist throughout the summer1 with some lucid intervals1 during which the patient writes comedies and vaudevilles which betray the incoherence of his ideas4444 ,in spite of the confusion of his mind1 the general conceives an idea for the perfecting of a certain weapon1 draws designs1 and manifests the desire of getting a model constructed40 ,one day1 he went to the foundry1 and1 on his return1 was seized with agitation and delirium4 ,a while later1 he paid a second visit to the foundry1 and 8the model having been executed1 gave an order for fifty thousand4 ,this order was the only act which gave the founder reason to suspect the general's malady4 ,his invention was afterwards officially adopted40 ,thus1 in the midst of general incoherence1 an important series of ideas was maintained and carried out to the end4 ,a writer not practised in mental disease1 ,esquiros whom we have already had occasion to quote1 mentions the following facts1 which are very significant3-- 8,dr4 ,leuret10 he says1 8related to us the history of a patient in the ,bictre who1 during his malady1 had shown a remarkable talent for writing1 though when in good health he would have been quite incapable of doing as much4 #8,i am not quite cured1' he said to the physician1 who thought him convalescent4 #8,i am still too clever for that4 ,when ,i am well1 ,i take a week to write a letter4 ,in my natural condition ,i am stupid2 wait till ,i become so again4' ,the same observer also cites the case of a merchant whose affairs were in danger4 ,during his illness1 this man found means to re-establish them2 the result of each of his attacks was the perfecting of some mechanism1 or the invention of some means for facilitating his industry2 and at the end of this invaluable insanity1 he was found to have recovered both his reason and his fortune4 8,we have been shown at ,montmartre1 in ,dr4 ,blanche's establishment1 traces of charcoal-drawings on a wall4 ,these half-effaced figures1 one of which represented the ,queen of ,sheba1 and the other some king1 were the work of a distinguished young author1 who has since recovered his reason4 ,this illness had developed a new talent1 which was non-existent1 or at least played a most insignificant part1 while he was in health4 8,it is said that ,marion ,delorme met1 in a madhouse1 with the first man who conceived the idea of applying the forces of steam to the needs of industry1 ,salomon de ,caus4 ,talents created by disease forsake the individual1 for the most part1 at the same time as the disease itself40#bif ,i had under treatment at ,pavia1 a peasant lad1 aged twelve1 who composed extremely original musical melodies1 and bestowed on his companions in misfortune nicknames which fitted so well that they always kept them4 ,with him was a little old man afflicted with rickets and pellagra who1 when asked whether he was happy1 replied1 like a philosopher of ancient ,greece1 8,all men are happy1 even the rich1 if they are only willing40 ,many of my pupils still remember ,b----1 by turns musician1 servant1 porter1 keeper of a cookshop1 tinman1 soldier1 public letter-writer1 but always unfortunate4 ,he left us an autobiography1 which1 apart from a few orthographical mistakes in spelling1 would be quite worth printing2 and he asked me for his discharge in terms which1 for an uneducated working man1 were wanting neither in beauty nor in originality4 ,not long ago ,i heard a poor hawker of sponges1 when insane1 thus conjecture and sum up the cardinal idea of the circulation of life3 8,we do not die4 ,when the soul is worn out it melts1 and is turned into another shape4 ,in fact1 when my father had buried a dead mule1 we afterwards saw mushrooms growing in great numbers on the same spot1 and the potatoes in the same place1 which were formerly very small1 grew to twice their usual size40 ,thus a vulgar mind1 enlightened by the energy of mania1 stumbles on theories which the greatest thinkers arrive at with difficulty4 ,g4 ,b41 a maniac1 nephew of a celebrated author1 said to me one day1 when ,i hesitated before permitting him to ride a somewhat skittish horse1 8,no fear1 doctor--similia similibus40 ,m4 ,g41 a merchant1 suffering from melancholia1 said to some one who had called him 8,count0 by mistake1 8,what count8 ,i have kept plenty of accounts--,i know no others60 8,why will you not shake hands with me80 ,i asked ,madame ,m----1 a sufferer from moral insanity1 one morning1 8,are you angry with me80 8,pallida virgo cupit1 rubicunda recusat10 she replied4 ,another time ,i asked her1 8,do you hope to leave this establishment soon80 ,she answered1 8,i shall leave it when those outside have recovered their reason40 ,v----1 a thief1 and insane1 made his escape during a walk which had been permitted him4 ,when overtaken and reproached with having betrayed the confidence reposed in him1 he replied1 8,i only wanted to try whether my knees were stiff or not40 ,b4 ,b41 a maniac woman1 over seventy years of age1 who had lost all her teeth1 made obscene remarks4 ,when remonstrated with for using expressions so unbecoming to her age1 she said1 8,old6 old6 ,why1 do you not see that ,i have not yet cut my teeth80 ,n4 ,b41 who became a poet through insanity1 writes with much subtlety1 but his verses do not scan4 ,his companion1 ,g4 ,r41 once told us that he lengthened the feet on purpose1 so that1 being well planted1 they should not be able to escape his memory4#big ,synthesis4--,the most original and general characteristic of the poets who are the product of insanity is precisely the forcing of the mind to a state so at variance with previous conditions of life and culture4 ,in many1 it is true1 the only result of this effect is a continuous flow of epigrams1 plays upon words1 and assonances--puns1 in short1 such as are praised in society as evidences of wit2 though it is no wonder that they should abound in lunatic asylums1 being1 as they are1 the very negative of truth and logic4 ,this tendency1 or1 at least1 the tendency to alliteration and rhyme1 is evident in all their works1 even those written in prose4 ,yet1 on the other hand1 we not rarely meet with improvised philosophers1 who in their utterances reproduce parts of the systems of the ,positivists1 of ,epicurus and ,comte2 the brain1 quickened by insanity1 being able to seize upon those salient points of truth from which the systems named took their rise1 and that because these men have less hatred of novelty1 and more originality1 than normal people4 ,their most salient characteristic--originality heightened to the point of absurdity--is due to the overflowing of the imagination which can no longer be restrained within the bounds of logic and common sense4 ,it is natural that the mind which has been most injured1 or is by nature the most deficient1 should exceed most in this respect4 ,we need only refer now to the pretended metamorphosis and journeyings of the soul of ,p---- of ,siena1 and the writings of ,m---- of ,pesaro1 who had carried his passion for the ,greek language so far as to invent a new idiom1 in which gravel was called lithiasis1 the sea1 equor1 convictions1 agonies1 the world1 a vase4#bih ,their more rapid association of ideas1 and livelier imagination1 often enable them to solve problems which more cultivated1 but normal1 intellects can scarcely attack with success4 ,another peculiarity characteristic of them1 but which1 be it noted1 is often found also in the writings of criminals1 is the tendency to speak of themselves or their companions1 and to write autobiographies1 abandoning themselves without restraint to the torrent of ambition or love4 ,but with insane persons the form of expression is much less artificial than that used by criminals1 in whose writings one finds more coherence but less creative power and originality4 ,the use of assonances in place of reasoning is entirely peculiar to the insane1 as also the use of special words1 or words used in a peculiar sense1 and the exaggerated importance attributed to the most trifling things4 8,c'est le travail des fous d'puiser leurs cervelles ,sur des riens fatigants1 sur quelques bagatelles10 said ,hcart in his ,gualana1 which1 by the way1 is only the work of a mattoid4 ,many of them1 though fewer than among the mattoids1 mingle drawing with poetry1 as though neither art by itself were sufficient for the impetus of their ideas4 ,their style lacks the polish which comes of much elaboration1 but abounds in incisive and vigorous sentences1 so that it often equals1 and even surpasses1 the productions of calmer and more refined art4 ,passion4--,this should not cause surprise any more than the tendency to versification in individuals who1 before losing their reason1 were ignorant of prosody1 when it is remembered that poetry--as ,byron well said and demonstrated in his own person--is the expression of passion under excitement1 and grows in vigour and effectiveness as the excitement increases4 ,that rhythm can relieve and express abnormal psychic excitement much better than prose can be deduced from the poetic inspirations of drunkards1 as well as from the spontaneous affirmations of insane poets4 8,je vous-cris en vers1 n'en soyez point choqu1 ,en prose je ne sais exprimer ma pense10 an insane criminal wrote to ,arboux1 clearly explaining this tendency4#bii ,a lunatic at ,pesaro gave this reason for some of his verses3 8,poetry is a spontaneous emanation from the mind--poetry is the cry of the soul pierced by a thousand griefs40#cjj ,atavism4--,vico had already guessed1 and ,buckle1 at a later date1 has admirably explained that1 among primitive peoples1 all thinkers and sages were poets4 ,in fact1 the earliest histories were put into a fixed form and handed down by the bards of ,gaul1 or by the ,toolkolos of ,tibet2 likewise in ,america1#cja the ,deccan1#cjb ,africa1#cjc and ,oceania4#cjd ,ellis writes that the ,polynesians have recourse to their ballads as to historical documents when any question arises regarding the deeds of their ancestors4 ,and as in ancient ,india1 so also in medival ,europe1 the sciences were explained in verse4 ,montucla speaks of a mathematical treatise of the thirteenth century written in verse2 an ,englishman versified the ,institutes of ,justinian1 and a ,pole wrote a rhyming work on heraldry4 ,history1 properly so called1 though written in prose was in the ,middle ,ages no less fabulous and full of fantastic absurdities and puns than poetry4 ,troyes was derived from ,troy1 ,nuremberg from ,nero1 the ,saracens from ,sara2 ,mahomet was a cardinal2 ,naples was built on a foundation of eggs2 after certain victories of the ,turks there were children born with #bb or #bc instead of #cb teeth4 ,turpin1 the ,macaulay of those times1 relates in his chronicle that the walls of ,pampeluna fell as soon as the followers of ,charlemagne had begun to pray4 ,ferrante was #bj cubits in height1 and had a face a cubit in length4 ,in short1 the history of those days was the same as the fairy tales still told at rustic firesides1 from which we can gather nothing but the uniform quality of human imbecility which becomes more fantastic the more ignorant it is4 ,a tendency to revert to ancestral conditions appears even in the prose of the mattoid or insane4 ,thus ,tanzi and ,riva1#cje speaking of some works by monomaniacs write as follows3-- 8,for the demonomaniacs of a hundred years ago--belated representatives of medival mysticism1 who typify the ancient form of paranoia--are now substituted the modern paranoiacs2 new alchemists who1 with their pseudo-scientific delusions1 and their vainglorious phrases1 revive in our day the style and thoughts of ,trithemius1 ,agrippa1 ,paracelsus1 and other men of the sixteenth century who were strange1 but learned and venerated students of occult science and magic4 ,paranoia follows the path of humanity through the centuries1 undergoing1 with a certain delay1 all its changes1 though often separated from it only by a slight interval4 ,as an example of this latter kind we may take the following passage from an extremely long autobiography1 written by a paranoiac1 in which the acute and accurate account of his own adventures is found in company with insane statements like the following3-- 8#8,it ought to be known that the aristocracy1 or persons descended from them1 secrete a certain1 as yet undefined1 substance which produces electricity4 ,in this way it is easy to understand how there can be communication between one nobly-born person and another--if one thinks for a moment of the telegraph and its electric batteries4 ,in this manner two nobles1 being placed in communication1 act upon each other as electric batteries1 transmitting every movement and thought by means of a thread1 as if the idea and way of thinking were so many strokes on the part of the manipulator of the telegraphic instrument4 ,the system1 as may be understood1 is infinitesimal1 for thought1 transmitted from one side1 forms on the other as many infinitesimal points as there are atoms forming the idea4'0 ,,mm4 ,riva and ,tanzi observe that many of the ancient alchemists expressed themselves in precisely the same way4 8,so10 they continue1 8nothing could be easier than to recognize a born paranoiac in the ,king of ,bavaria1#cjf misanthropic1 vain1 ambitious1 mystical1 romantic1 voluble1 subject to hallucinations1 eccentric in his acts1 his habits1 his judgment and his conduct1 perverted in his sthetic tastes1 in love1 in the ethical sentiments1 exaggerated and unbalanced in everything4 ,he was so profoundly impressed with the stamp of medival atavism that political journalism--hitting the mark with unconsciously scientific correctness--designated him as a ,sir ,percival come to life again40 ,the pathologic and atavistic origin of many of the literary productions of the insane explains the frequent inequalities of the style1 which is as feeble and slovenly when the excitement ceases1 as it was at first splendid and vigorous1 and the abrupt transition from stanzas worthy of a classic author to the scribbling of an idiot4 ,this origin also accounts for the extreme contradictions to be found in the writings of one and the same author--as is seen in ,farina and ,lazzaretti--their fondness for aphorisms and detached periods1 the abrupt and disconnected character of their style--which is both primitive and childish--and the monotonous repetition of certain words or phrases1 recalling the verses of the ,bible or the suras of the ,koran4 ,it also explains their propensity for continually dwelling on the same subject1 nearly always connected with matters out of the line of their own studies1 and 7what is more important7 of no advantage to themselves or others4 ,their works are nearly always autobiographical4 ,conclusion4--,summing up what has been said1 there is a special organization in all the writings of madmen1 even the absurdest--a true finality1 as ,paulhan calls it4 8,i understand by this10 he says1 8that1 as soon as one psychic element exists1 it tends to call forth others4 ,it is not the totality of the mind--if it is not itself co-ordinated--which determines the appearance of phenomena1 but the elements4 ,that is to say1 what is already systematized in the mind tends to acquire a more complete systematization4 ,if it is a sensation1 it will tend to awaken particular1 precise1 and appropriate ideas or acts2 if it is a general tendency--a pre-established mental organization--it will tend to make the mind interpret in such or such a manner the sensations which reach it4 8,as every psychic element is systematic1 and as1 when finality is not to be found in the totality of a psychic organism1 or of a series of actions1 or a theory1 or an argument1 or a passion 7and in this case all these facts are not really psychic elements71 it exists in the elements4 ,this tendency on the part of the elements to systematic association1 exercising itself without higher control1 without general direction1 ends in producing numerous discords in the totality of psychic operations4 ,the result is somewhat as though all the musicians in an orchestra were to play different tunes in as many different keys4 8,when1 in the constitution of society1 an association is dissolved1 a law of finality is broken and the elements 7the human beings who formed the association7 are restored to individual life4 ,they then enter upon new forms of social activity4 ,if1 for example1 a factory is closed1 the men and women who worked there and were united by a systematic association1 go to work again1 each on his or her own account1 either separately1 or in new associations1 in which some of them may chance to meet again4 ,the same thing takes place with the psychic elements1 wherever1 from one cause or another1 the bond which united them is broken2 they enter into new associations where they work1 each on its own account1 at the risk of producing nothing but incoherence4 ,this isolated activity of the elements is met with in a striking manner in mental disease4 8,the pun is a form of this disorder4 ,on analyzing it1 we find that it consists essentially in this3 ,a sound employed in a particular complexus 7consisting of the sound1 the ideas1 and the systematized images constituting the signification of the sound71 itself forming part of a more complex system1 separates itself at least partially from these two systems1 and becomes associated with other systems of ideas and images4 ,the association through a resemblance between certain parts of the words--for example1 by means of rhyme--is an essentially analogous fact4 ,here it is a sound which1 systematically associated with other sounds1 allies itself at the same time with different sounds1 in order to form simultaneously1 or at short intervals1 systems which do not harmonise together4 ,among the latter class may be reckoned the greater number of lapsus lingu and lapsus calami4 8,examples of this abound4 ,m4 ,regnard has cited several pieces of verse written by madmen1 which show in a high degree the mode of elementary systematic association4 ,sometimes one observes a remnant of intellectual co-ordination1 as in the following lines1 in which1 however1 incoherence is also abundantly manifested3-- 8#8,j'aime le feu de la fougre ,ne durant pas1 mais ptillant2 ,la fume est cre de got4 ,mais des cendres de3 l ,fou j'erre ,on peut tirer en s'amusant ,deux sous d'un sel qui lave tout1 ,de soude1 un sel qui lave tout4'#cjg ,at other times sense disappears altogether1 as in these lines1 also quoted by ,m4 ,regnard1 and composed by a patient whose mania was that of self-conceit1 and who had been insane for twenty-five years3-- 8#8,magnan6 mon souhait1 mdecin ,magnan ime1 ,adore de mon sort la force qui 444 t'anime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,admirant son beau crne 444 autre remord de ,phdre1 ,nargue ,legrand du ,saulle et sois un ,grand du ,cdre4'#cjh ,a good example of this phenomenon is afforded by the patient1 observed by ,trousseau1 who wrote down more than five hundred pages of words connected with one another by assonance or sense3 ,chat1 chapeau1 peau1 manchon1 main1 manches1 robe1 rose1 jupon1 pompon1 bouquet1 bouquetire1 cimetire1 bire1 c4#cji 8,one need not be either insane or imbecile to make puns and associate words together on account of superficial resemblances4 ,in this case1 instead of being a permanent dissociation of the more complex systems1 it is a momentary dissociation which gives rise to the phenomenon4 ,nothing is more natural--when one feels the need of unbending one's mind--than to restore to themselves the psychic elements retained in complex systems not necessary to life1 and to allow them a liberty which they sometimes abuse4 ,to continue the above comparison--which may be carried a long way--the workmen in the factory are not always at work2 they have their moments of rest and recreation1 and then usually occupy themselves with less complex systems40#caj ,those most prone to these rhythmic manifestations are1 in my opinion 7which is borne out by ,adriani and ,toselli71 chronic maniacs1 alcoholic maniacs1 and paralytics in the early stage--in whom1 however1 there is apt to be more rhyme than verse1 and more verse than sense4 ,melancholy patients would take the next place1 owing to the small number of these found in asylums2 they seem to find in versification a relief from their habitual silence1 or a defence against imaginary persecutions4 ,this is a much more important fact than would appear at first sight1 when connected with another1 already well known1 viz41 that all great thinkers and poets are constitutionally inclined to melancholy4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,art ,,in ,,the ,,insane4 ,geographical distribution--,profession--,influence of the special form of alienation--,originality--,eccentricity- -,symbolism--,obscenity--,criminality and moral insanity--,uselessness--,insanity as a subject--,absurdity--,uniformity--,summa ry--,music among the insane4 ,though the artistic tendency is very pronounced1 and might almost be called a general characteristic1 in some varieties of insanity1 few authors have paid sufficient attention to it4 ,the only exceptions are ,tardieu1 who1 in his tudes ,mdico-,lgales sur la folie1 remarks that the drawings of the insane are of great importance from the point of view of forensic medicine2 ,simon1#caa who1 in speaking of drawing among megalomaniacs1 observes that the imagination appears in them in inverse proportion to the intellect2 and ,frigerio1 who some time later gave a survey of the subject in an excellent essay1 published in the ,diario del ,manicomio di ,pesaro4#cab ,since then ,i have been able to make a completer examination of this subject1 thanks to the curious documents supplied to me by ,,mm4 ,riva1 ,toselli1 ,lolli1 ,frigerio1 ,tamburini1 ,maragliano1 and ,maxime du ,camp4 ,by comparing their observations with my own1 ,i find a total of #ajh mental patients with artistic tendencies1 of which3--#df were towards painting1 #aj sculpture1 #aa engraving1 #h music1 #e architecture1 #bh poetry4 ,the prevailing psychopathic forms in these #ajh cases were3--,in #be1 sensorial monomania and that of persecution2 #ba dementia1 #af megalomania1 #ad acute or intermittent mania1 #h melancholia1 #h general paralysis1 #e moral insanity1 #b epilepsy4 ,it is evident that those which predominate are the congenital and least readily curable forms 7monomania and moral insanity71 together with dementia1 and those forms which it accompanies1 or in which it is latent 7megalomania and paralysis74 ,let us now consider the special characteristics of these insane artists4 ,geographical distribution4--,in the districts where the artistic tendency is more marked among the sane1 the number of insane artists is also higher4 ,in fact1 ,i have found very few of the latter at ,turin1 ,pavia1 or ,reggio1 while at ,perugia1 ,lucca1 and ,siena they abound4 ,profession4--,only in a few cases could the tendency be explained by profession or habits acquired before the appearance of the disease4 ,we find among the insane artists mentioned above--#h ex-painters or sculptors1 #aj ex-architects1 carpenters1 or cabinet makers2 #aj former schoolmasters or priests1 #a telegraphist1 #b students1 #f sailors1 soldiers1 or officers of engineers4 ,among modern painters affected with insanity1 we may note ,gill1 ,cham1 ,chirico1 ,mancini1 and others4 ,in some cases1 former tendencies were accentuated by insanity4 ,thus1 a mechanician made drawings of machines1 two sailors constructed models of ships1 a major-domo traced1 on the floor1 pictures of tables prepared for a banquet1 with pyramids of fruit4 ,at ,reggio1 a cabinet-maker carved some very fine foliage and ornaments2 a naval officer at ,genoa at first carved models of ships1 and afterwards was continually occupied in depicting--though he had never learnt to paint--scenes at sea which1 he said1 consoled him for being debarred from his favourite element4 ,sometimes these men were inspired by insanity with a strange energy in their work1 8just as if10 as ,,mm4 de ,paoli and ,adriani wrote to me1 8they had been paid for it4 ,they cover the walls1 the tables1 and even the floor1 with painting40 ,one of them1 a painter1 who had formerly only reached mediocrity1 attained such perfection through his malady1 that a copy of one of ,raphael's ,madonnas1 executed by him during one of his attacks1 gained a prize medal at the ,exhibition4 ,mignoni1 the celebrated painter of ,reggio1 who became an inmate of the asylum at that town on account of dementia and megalomania1 remained idle there for fourteen years4 ,at last1 at the suggestion of ,dr4 ,zani1 he resumed his brush1 and covered the walls of the asylum with excellent frescoes4 ,one of them represented the story of ,count ,ugolino so vividly1 that one of the patients began to throw meat at it1 so that the father and children might not die of hunger1 and the grease spots are still to be seen4#cac ,of eight painters1 whose history ,adriani has related to me1 four kept their former skill while under the influence of acute or intermittent mania2 in two others1 it was so far weakened that one of them1 after his recovery1 sincerely deplored the work done during his illness4 ,influence of the special form of ,insanity4--,in many cases1 the choice of subject is inspired by the malady4 ,a melancholiac was continually carving a figure of a man with a skull in his hand4 ,a woman affected with megalomania was always working the word ,,dio 7,god7 into her embroidery4 ,most monomaniacs habitually allude to their imaginary misfortunes by means of special emblems4 ,a monomaniac1 who laboured under the delusion that he was being persecuted1 drew his enemies pursuing him on one side of the picture and ,justice defending him on the other4 ,alcoholic maniacs often make an excessive use of yellow in their pictures4 ,one painter1 in whom alcohol had completely destroyed the sense of colour1 became very skilful in the rendering of white1 and1 between his drunken fits1 became the best painter of snow-scenes in ,france4 ,an artist of note1 ,c----1 when affected with general paralysis1 lost his sense of proportion1 e4g41 he began to sketch a tree which1 if drawn in its entirety1 would have reached beyond the frame of the picture4 ,he collected the poorest oleographs and admired them1 and coloured everything green4 ,it is more usual1 however1 for insanity to transform into painters persons who have never been accustomed to handle a brush1 than for it to improve skilled artists4 ,sometimes the disease1 while suppressing some qualities of value to art1 causes the appearance of others which did not previously exist1 and gives to all a peculiar character4 ,insanity changed ,luke ,clennell from a painter to a poet1#cad while ,melmour1 a physician who fell into a state of dementia after the loss of his wife1 who died on their wedding-day1 took to literature and lost his previous aptitudes4 8,exaggeration pushed to its extreme--to the improbable1 or even the impossible10 says ,regnard1 8is one characteristic of paralytics4 ,one of these madmen painted a man touching the stars with his head and the earth with his feet40#cae ,daudet1 in ,jack1 speaks of insane artists whose pictures seemed to represent earthquakes or the inside of a ship during a storm4 ,individuals1 who previously had not the remotest idea of art1 are impelled by disease to paint1 especially at the periods of strongest excitement4 ,b----1 a mason1 became a painter while in the ,pesaro asylum4 ,his attacks of mania were always announced by an outbreak of his tendency to draw caricatures of the hospital staff1 whom he condemned1 in effigy1 to the strangest punishments4 ,for instance1 he painted the cook1 a stout and ruddy man1 in the attitude of an ,ecce ,homo1 behind a grating which prevented him from touching the most appetising viands4 ,this was the penalty for having refused ,b---- one of his favourite dishes4 ,the grotesque apotheosis of himself1 painted by the pederast and megalomaniac1 ,r----1 in which he excretes and fecundates eggs which symbolise worlds1 is characteristic of the boundless vanity and unbridled imagination of megalomaniacs and paralytics4 ,among the pictures executed by the patients at ,san ,servolo1 the most curious is one by a lunatic who1 in his lucid intervals1 paints fairly well1 though with excessive minuteness of detail2 but during his attacks this minuteness is so far exaggerated as to become grotesque4 ,nothing but an intense religious monomania could have inspired the singular self-crucifixion of the ,venetian shoemaker1 ,matteo ,lovat4 ,i have been able to procure an authentic picture of this strange performance which is reproduced below4 ,shortly afterwards ,lovat died in an asylum4#caf ,illustration ,one patient1 ,g----1 was a poor peasant woman1 utterly uneducated1 in whose family pellagra and insanity were both hereditary4 ,in the long isolation required by her state1 she developed great skill 7quite unknown before her illness7 in embroidering on linen1 with coloured threads pulled from her clothing1 an extraordinary number of figures1 which were faithful representations of her delusions4 ,her autobiography is1 so to speak1 traced in this embroidery2 in every piece of work she has represented herself1 sometimes struggling with the nurses or the nuns1 sometimes herding cows1 or occupied with other rustic work4 ,elsewhere she would depict tables spread for meals1 with an infinite variety of accessories4 ,but the most singular thing is that the outlines are drawn with a clearness which would be the envy of a professional caricaturist2 no shading whatever1 four stitches1 representing nose1 eyes1 and mouth1 were arranged with so much artistic judgment as to show clearly the individual expression of each face4 ,another artist in the same line1 though of less striking gifts1 is a certain ,i----1 suffering from moral insanity1 who shows numerous degenerative symptoms4 ,she1 too1 embroiders figures of men and women with considerable skill1 but always in harmony with her perverted sexual tendencies4#cag ,originality4--,disease often develops 7as we have already seen in the case of insane authors7 an originality of invention which may also be observed in mattoids1 because their imagination1 freed from all restraint1 allows of creations from which a more calculating mind would shrink1 for fear of absurdity1 and because intensity of conviction supports and perfects the work4 ,at ,pesaro there was a woman who drew1 or embroidered1 by a method peculiar to herself1 unravelling cloth1 and fastening the threads on paper by means of saliva4 ,another embroideress1 formerly given to drink1 executed butterflies which seemed to be alive4 ,she had applied to white embroidery the methods of coloured work1 and was able to produce marvellous effects of light and shade4 ,at ,macerata a patient1 with a number of pipe-stems1 constructed a model of the front of the asylum2 another had the idea of representing a song in sculpture4 ,at ,genoa1 a dementia patient carved pipes out of coal4 ,one ,zanini1 at ,reggio1 constructed a boot which was unique of its kind1 so that1 as he said1 no one else should be able to put it on4 ,this exceptional foot-gear was open on one side1 and tied up with string1 its edges were ornamental1 and worked with hieroglyphics4 ,m4 ,l---- of ,pesaro was constantly making requests to leave the asylum4 ,when told that there was no means of transporting him to his home1 he set about constructing one for himself4 ,this was a four-wheeled cart1 with an upright pole1 at the top of which was a pulley with a rope running through it4 ,one end of the rope was fastened to the axle of the fore-wheels1 the other to that of the hind-wheels4 ,an elastic cord was attached to the rope for a distance of four or five centimetres1 and by pulling this1 first at one end and then at the other1 a person standing on the cart was able to make the wheels go round4#cah ,in many arabesques drawn by a megalomaniac1 one can trace1 carefully hidden among the curves1 sometimes a ship1 sometimes an animal1 a human head1 or a railway train1 or even landscapes and towns2 though the essential character of arabesques is the absence of the human figure4 ,the best asylums of ,italy have sent to the exhibitions of ,siena and ,voghera1 models in relief of their respective buildings1 admirably executed by some of the patients4 ,that of the asylum at ,reggio could be taken to pieces1 and showed the inside arrangements1 staircases1 rooms1 with their furniture1 c41 all carefully finished4 ,even the trees1 ,i am told1 were copied accurately from nature4 ,a canon1 who had no technical knowledge of architecture1 began1 after an attack of melancholia1 to construct with cardboard and papier-mch1 models of temples and amphitheatres1 which excited great admiration4 ,dr4 ,virgilio has made me a present of some portraits of ,italian specialists1 nearly all of them exceedingly lifelike1 the work of a melancholia patient4 ,the note of originality only comes out in some accessory introduced into each picture1 such as a fly1 or a butterfly1 repeated persistently in every copy1 or in the way in which the artist's name is worked into the painting1 in vertical lines so as to form some sort of decorative ornament4 ,a work of extreme though useless skill and originality is the self-crucifixion of ,lovat1 already mentioned4 8,the monomaniac1 ,king ,louis of ,bavaria1 was the first who entirely understood ,wagner4 ,his prodigality in spending money1 and the creation of the theatre at ,bayreuth--one of his most original conceptions--have been known for years1 but the greatest manifestation of his genius is known only to a few4 ,three castles1 three palaces of splendid and indescribable beauty1 rose from the earth1 as if by enchantment4 ,he superintended even the minutest details himself4 ,king ,louis's madness was a dream with his eyes open4 ,by himself1 in the space of ten years1 he accomplished more than any twenty sovereigns1 aided by the artistic genius of the best ages4 ,certainly no one1 at the present day1 could produce another such hall1 #ge mtres in length 7without counting the two rooms at either end1 which would bring the length up to #ajj mtres71 a gallery illuminated by #ag great windows1 #cc rock-crystal chandeliers1 #dd candelabra1 and who knows what else60#cai ,eccentricity4--,but even originality ends by degenerating1 in all1 or nearly all1 into mere eccentricity1 which only seems logical when one enters into the idea of the delusion4 ,simon remarks that1 in manias of persecution1 and in paralytic megalomania1 the greater the mental disturbance the livelier the imagination1 and the more grotesque the fancies engendered by it4 ,he mentions the case of a painter1 who declared that he could see the interior of the earth1 filled with houses of crystal1 illuminated by electric light1 and pervaded by sweet odours4 ,he described the city of ,emma1 whose inhabitants have two noses and two mouths--one for ordinary food1 the other for sweet things--a silver chin1 golden hair1 three or four arms1 and only one leg resting on a little wheel4#cbj ,these bizarre creations arise in great part from the strange hallucinations to which the patients are subject4 ,we may see an example of this in the four-legged and seven-headed beasts painted by ,lazzaretti on his banners4 ,a melancholiac made himself a cuirass of stones1 to defend himself against his enemies4 ,another would continue all day drawing the map of the stains left by damp on the walls of his room4 ,later on it was discovered that he believed those lines to represent the topography of the regions which ,god had given him to rule over on earth4 ,this is one of the reasons why1 sometimes1 greater excellence in art is found in cases of dementia1 than in those of mania or melancholia4 ,symbolism4--,another characteristic trait of art in the insane is the mingling of inscriptions and drawings1 and1 in the latter1 the abundance of symbols and hieroglyphics4 ,all this closely recalls ,japanese and ,indian pictures1 and the ancient wall-paintings of ,egypt1 and is due in part to the same cause at work in these--the need of helping out speech or picture1 each powerless by itself to express a given idea with the requisite energy4 ,this cause is very evident in a case communicated to me by ,dr4 ,monti1 in which an architectural design1 though well and accurately drawn1 was rendered incomprehensible by the numerous inscriptions1 often in rhyme1 which had been crowded into it by its author1 an aphasiac1 who had suffered from dementia for fifteen years4 ,in some megalomaniacs this happens through the fancy they have for expressing their ideas in a language different from that of ordinary human beings4 ,such was the case of the master of the world1 fully treated of elsewhere1 by ,m4 ,toselli and myself4#cba ,the patient in question was a peasant named ,g---- ,l----1 #fc years of age1 with an easy and confident bearing1 prominent cheek-bones1 spacious forehead1 and expressive and penetrating look4 ,cranial capacity #aedd1 index #hb1 temperature1 #cg #f4 ,in the autumn of #ahga he became noted for vagrancy and excessive loquacity2 he stopped the most notable persons of the village in public places1 complaining of injustice which he alleged himself to have suffered2 he destroyed the vines1 devastated the fields1 and rushed about the streets1 threatening terrible vengeance4 ,gradually he began to identify himself with the ,deity1 and believe himself ruler of the universe1 and preached in the ,cathedral of ,alba on his lofty destiny4 ,in the asylum he remained calm as long as he was able to believe that his power was recognized by every one1 but at the first show of opposition he threatened--in the character of ruler and personification of the elements1 calling himself sometimes the son1 sometimes the brother1 or at others the father of the sun--to convulse the world with earthquakes1 overthrow kingdoms and empires1 and erect his throne on the ruins4 ,he was tired1 he said1 of keeping up so many armies1 and providing for so many idle persons2 it would be but just if the authorities and the rich were at least to send him a large sum of money1 to redeem themselves from what he called 8the debts of death40 ,in return for this payment he would allow them to live for ever4 ,the poor ought all to die1 as useless persons1 and it was preposterous that he had to support so many madmen in his own palace4 ,he therefore suggested to the doctor that it would be well to cut their heads off2 yet he waited on them with the greatest unselfishness when they were ill1 an inconsistency which is among the characteristics of paranoia4 ,he usually bestowed his scanty earnings on some rogue whom he entrusted with letters and commissions for the other world1 addressed to the sun1 the stars1 the weather1 ,death1 the lightning1 and other powers1 whose help he was in the habit of invoking1 and with whom he held confidential conversations at night4 ,he was quite pleased when some calamity had desolated the country1 this being the beginning of the judgments threatened by him1 and a sign that the weather1 the sun1 or the lightning1 had obeyed him4 ,he kept in a trunk some roughly-fashioned crowns which1 he said1 were the true royal and imperial crowns of ,italy1 ,france1 and other states4 ,those worn by the actual sovereigns of these states were no longer of any value1 having been usurped by wretched men1 doomed to speedy destruction1 unless they paid him their debts of death1 in letters of exchange to the amount of several hundred millions4 ,but his most characteristic eccentricities were the writings in which his delusion was manifested4 ,although able to read and write1 he scorned the use of the ordinary kind of writing1 and1 in a character of his own1 scrawled letters1 orders1 and cheques1 to the ,sun1 to ,death1 or to the civil and military authorities4 ,he always had his pockets full of these documents4 ,his writing consisted mainly of large capital letters1 mixed1 at intervals1 with signs and figures indicating objects or persons4 ,the words are usually separated by one or two large dots1 and he only wrote some of the letters of each word 7nearly always the consonants7 without any respect for the laws of syllabation4 ,in some of his writings1 the alphabet almost entirely disappears4 ,for instance1 in order to demonstrate his effective power1 he sketched a series of rough figures representing the elements and powers which were his familiar spirits1--the army ready1 at a sign from him1 to make war on all terrestrial powers contending with him for the dominion of the world4 ,these are--#a4 ,the ,eternal ,father4 #b4 ,the ,holy ,spirit4 #c4 ,st4 ,martin4 #d4 ,death4 #e4 ,time4 #f4 ,thunder4 #g4 ,lightning4 #h4 ,earthquake4 #i4 ,the ,sun4 #aj4 ,the ,moon4 #aa4 ,fire 7his minister of war74 #ab4 ,a very powerful man who has lived ever since the beginning of the world1 and is ,g4 ,l4's brother4 #ac4 ,the ,lion of ,hell4 #ad4 ,bread4 #ae4 ,wine4 ,the whole is followed of his usual signature--a two-headed eagle4 ,each of these powers is also indicated by letters placed beneath the figures1 thus1 the #ast,p4 ,d4 ,e42 the #bnd,l4 ,s4 ,p4 ,s41 c4 ,this mixture of letters1 hieroglyphics1 and figurative signs1 constitutes a kind of writing recalling the phonetico-ideographic stage through which primitive peoples 7the ,mexicans and ,chinese certainly7 passed1 before the discovery of alphabetic writing4 ,among the savages of ,america and ,australia1 writing consists in a more or less rough kind of painting2 e4g41 to indicate1 8would that ,i had the swiftness of a bird10 they depict a man with wings instead of arms4#cbb ,these characters are not so much writing as aids to memory still further connected together and vivified by traditional songs or stories4 ,some tribes1 however1 have attained to a somewhat less imperfect mode1 which resembles our rebus2 for instance1 the ,maya of ,america1 to signify a physician1 painted a man with a herb in his hand and wings to his feet2 an evident allusion to the rapidity with which he is obliged to hasten to those who require him4 ,rain is represented by a bucket4#cbc ,the ancient ,chinese represented malice by means of three women1 light by the sun and moon1 and the verb to listen by an ear between two doors4 ,this primitive writing shows us that the rhetorical tropes and figures of which our pedants are so proud1 are expressions of poverty rather than wealth on the part of the intellect4 ,in fact1 they are frequently found in the speech of idiots and of educated deaf-mutes4 ,after having used this system for a considerable time1 some more civilised races1 such as the ,chinese and ,mexicans1 took another step forward4 ,they classified the more or less picturesque figures referred to above1 and succeeded in forming ingenious combinations which1 without directly representing the idea1 indirectly suggested a reminiscence of it1 as in our charades4 ,besides this1 to prevent any uncertainty on the reader's part1 they placed either before or after these signs a sketch of the object to be expressed--a scanty remnant of the actual picture-writing of a previous age4 ,this certainly took place at a time when--the language once being fixed--it was observed how some people1 in writing down a given sign1 recalled the sound of the words which it suggested4 ,thus ,itzicoatl1 the name of a ,mexican king1 was written by drawing a serpent 7,coatl1 in ,mexican7 and a lance 7,itzli72 thus1 too1 in ,chinese1 the character tschen represents boat1 lance1 and table4#cbd ,our megalomaniac1 by reviving this custom1 affords one more proof that1 in the visible manifestation of their thoughts1 the insane frequently revert 7as also do criminals7 to the prehistoric stage of civilization4 ,in the present case1 it is quite easy to understand by what mental process ,g---- came to use this mode of writing4 ,under the megalomaniac delusion1 believing himself lord of the elements1 superior to all known or imaginable forces1 he could not make himself properly understood with the common words of ignorant and incredulous men2 neither could ordinary writing suffice to express ideas so new and marvellous4 ,the lion's claws1 the eagle's beak1 the serpent's tongue1 the lightning-flash1 the sun's rays1 the arms of the savage1 were much worthier of him1 and more calculated to inspire men with fear and respect for his person4 ,nor is this an isolated case4 ,one quite analogous to it is described by ,raggi in his excellent study of the writings of the insane4 ,prof4 ,morselli has furnished me with another and still more interesting instance4 8,the patient ,a4 ,t----0 he writes1 8was a joiner and cabinet-maker2 he had a certain skill in wood-carving1 and his furniture was much sought after4#cbe ,about seven years ago he was attacked with mental disease1 apparently melancholia1 and tried to commit suicide by throwing himself from the roof of the town hall4 ,he is now subject to attacks of excitement with systematized delusions4 ,his predominant ideas are political--republican and anarchist--on a certain groundwork of ambition4 ,he fancies himself changed into some great criminal2 sometimes he is ,gasperone1 sometimes ,il ,passatore1 at others ,passanante4 ,he is always drawing or carving1 and his work generally takes the form of trophies or allegorical figures4 8,the most curious of all these is a piece of carving which represents a man dressed as a soldier1 provided with wings1 and standing on an inlaid pedestal covered with allegorical inscriptions4 ,this figure has a trophy on its head1 and other objects are carved on or around it1 each of which expresses emblematically some one of ,t----'s delusions4 ,for instance1 the wings recall the fact that1 when his first attack came on1 he was in the square at ,porto ,recanati1 selling his carvings1 among which were several figures of angels1 at a soldo a-piece4 ,the #8,medal of the order of the ,pig' is a token of contempt1 wherewith he would like to decorate all the rich and powerful of the earth4 ,the helmet1 with a lantern hanging to the vizor 7a reminiscence of ,offenbach's ,brigands71 symbolises the gendarmes who escorted him to the asylum4 ,the cigar placed crosswise 7note the position7 represents his disdain for kings and tyrants2 and the position of the leg recalls a fracture of that limb sustained by him in his attempt at suicide4 8,the inscriptions on the pedestal are scraps of verse or extracts from newspapers which ,t---- is always quoting1 and to which he attaches some mysterious significance4 ,they always1 however1 refer to the state of slavery to which he is reduced 7i4e41 his detention in the asylum71 and the vengeance he will one day wreak on his captors4 8,the most remarkable thing1 however1 is the trophy resting on the head of the figure1 which is the graphic expression1 so to speak1 of a song#cbf either written by him or adapted from other popular poetry4 ,each phrase of the song has its symbol in the trophy4 ,thus the word poison in the first verse is represented by the cup2 the two daggers are likewise present2 the end of life and the tomb are figured by a kind of sarcophagus or closed chest2 love by two sprays of flowers4 ,the bell of the second stanza is easily recognisable2 the funereal music are the two trumpets crossed1 lower down4 ,the cross of the third stanza1 and the priest 7represented by a clerical hat7 are not forgotten4 ,it is curious that the gallows should be wanting to complete this trophy4 ,the spoon and fork1 by the by1 are ,t----'s favourite implements4 ,they denote that he eats and drinks in slavery1 or1 as he says1 in a convict-prison2 and for this reason1 he always wears a set1 carved in wood by himself1 in the button-hole of his coat1 or in his cap40 ,we may once more remind the reader that savages hand down their history by associating picture-signs with poetry4 ,a most interesting example of elaborate symbolic faculty in a monomaniac1 combined with higher artistic power than is usually found among the insane1 has been recorded with very full illustrations by ,dr4 ,william ,noyes4#cbg ,this patient studied art at ,paris under ,grome and returned to ,america to become an illustrator of books and magazines4 ,he developed systematic religious delusions1 and frequently worked them out in very beautiful and artistic shapes1 nine of which1 all executed in the asylum at which he was confined1 are here reproduced4 ,the circular design is one of a series of twelve charts 7one for each of the tribes of ,israel7 illustrating the progress of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,they were all delicately coloured in water colours1 the fine shading making it very difficult to give in black and white an adequate idea of the beauty of the original4 ,illustration 8,in the centre is the dove representing the ,holy ,spirit1 and surrounding it are seven different crosses ,st4 ,andrew1 ,st4 ,colomba1 ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,michael1 ,the ,prophet1 ,st4 ,evangeli1 ,royal ,priesthood1 and a close study will show the seven crosses1 most ingeniously worked together4 ,it is probable that in looking at the design closely for the first time one will suddenly see a new cross take shape before his eyes1 and this indeed is what the patient says occurs with him4 ,in describing the crosses he will say1 for example1 that in drawing the cross of ,st4 ,andrew the lines suddenly took a new shape and he found he had also made a cross of ,st4 ,michael4 ,this to him is a matter of deep significance1 and he feels that1 his work is directly controlled by a higher power1 and that the work of his fancy is really inspired4 8,outside these central crosses are the names of three ancient deities who were each characterized by some special attribute1 and under these the parts of the body that the artist conceives these deities especially to have represented1 and then comes the name of the ,biblical personage in whom these elements were finally exemplified and embodied4 ,to the left of the dove is ,venus1 representing ,blood1 exemplified in ,moses2 above is ,osiris1 representing ,flesh1 embodied in ,adam2 and to the right ,psyche1 representing ,water1 typified in ,noah4 ,these three are but the gross and material parts of ,man1 representing indeed necessary steps in his progress through life1 but secondary and subordinate to the higher part of his nature represented by ,truth and the ,spirit--which receive their ultimate embodiment in ,christ4 8,the ,lion denotes ,might1 and the ,eagle signifies ,emulation2 but it is uncertain just what symbolism is connected with the serpent twining round the cross1 and the open book crossed by a sword and pen1 unless indeed this last may mean the ,bible with the emblems of peace and war lying quietly within it1 and it seems not unlikely that the serpent is emblematic of the ,betrayal4 ,for the rest of the design1 however1 we need make no inferences1 as it corresponds closely with his description4 8,outside of the circle enclosing the crosses are the seals1 sealing the ,holy ,spirit4 ,in the large light triangles1 or rather rays of the sun1 are given the names of the twelve apostles1 forming the ,seal of the ,prophet4 ,above these1 in the same space1 are the signs of the zodiac in the extreme points of the triangle1 with the names of the parts of the body underneath1 that these signs correspond to in the ancient mythology2 this forms the ,seal of the ,zodiac4 ,between these large light coloured triangles are the twelve holy stones1 represented as ovals1 and with their names plainly distinguished in the cut1 making the ,seal of the ,holy ,stones4 ,in the small triangles directly above the ,holy ,stones are given the names of the twelve tribes of ,israel1 but the colour of these in the chart 7vermilion7 is such that the lettering does not come out in the photographic negative4 ,this gives the ,seal of the ,twelve ,tribes4 ,directly beneath the ,holy ,stones1 filling in the space between the bottom of each large triangle1 is the ,seal of the ,germ1 coloured dark green1 and running down on each side of the top of these large triangles are small triangles1 coloured dark red and forming the ,seal of the ,aceldama or ,bloody ,seal4 ,on the circumference are the names of the constellations of the zodiac1 and directly under these the names of the corresponding months of the year1 and under these again are the mythological representations of the constellations1 ,leo 7,july7 being at the top1 and then in order to the right come ,virgo 7,august71 ,libra 7,september71 ,scorpio 7,october71 ,sagittarius 7,november71 ,capricornus 7,december71 ,aquarius 7,january71 ,pisces 7,february71 ,aries 7,march71 ,taurus 7,april71 ,gemini 7,may71 ,cancer 7,june74 ,this gives the last sealing of the ,seed1 the ,seal of the ,sun4 8,it will be seen that beginning at the circumference at any point and going toward the centre there is a complete astronomical representation of the season of the year1 first the name of the constellation1 then in succession the month1 the constellation depicted pictorially1 the sign of the zodiac and the part of the human body corresponding in the old astronomy to this sign of the zodiac40 ,of the four designs reproduced together1 the first1 the ,shechinah1 or ,light of ,love1 represents that miraculous light or visible glory which was to the ,jews a symbol of the ,divine presence2 the second represents the angel ,sandalphon with the ,holy ,grail at the side and the letters ,alpha and ,omega at top 7the design must be inverted to make out the ,omega72 the third1 ,sub ,rosa1 and the fourth1 ,imp and ,frogs1 are graceful fancies which sufficiently explain themselves1 as does the ,witch4 ,while working on these sketches1 he made at the same time the design for a book-plate1 representing ,cupid learning the alphabet1 and the entire design1 he says1 is full of symbolism--a favourite word with him4 ,cupid has his finger on ,alpha1 signifying the beginning of his education2 above the book is ,cupid's target1 with a heart for ,illustration3 ,,shechinah4 ,illustration3 ,,sandalphon4 ,illustration3 ,,sub ,,rosa4 ,illustration3 ,,imp ,,and ,,frogs4 the centre1 that he has pierced with an arrow1 while the full quiver stands to the right4 ,the curious fish under the ,veritas represents the of the early ,christians1 while three crosses1 symbolic of the ,christian religion1 are in the upper left-hand corner1 brought out by heavy shading of the cross lines4 ,on the book of knowledge is perched the dove1 emblematic of purity1 while the olive branch at the left of the book and the palm under the ,fool's ,bauble give still other religious symbols4 ,the lamp of knowledge is burning brightly in front of ,cupid1 while at his feet are the square1 compass1 triangle1 and pencils1 symbolizing the designer's profession4 ,minuteness of ,detail4--,in some insane artists1 especially monomaniacs1 we find an opposite characteristic--the exaggeration of particular details--the general effect being lost in obscurity through their excessive efforts after verisimilitude4 ,thus1 in a landscape exhibited among those rejected from the ,turin salon1 not only was a general view of the country given1 but every separate blade of grass could be distinguished4 ,in another picture1 intended to be very imposing1 the strokes of the brush produced the effect of pencil shading4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,witch4 ,atavism4--,both minuteness and symbolism are themselves atavistic phenomena2 but1 in addition to them1 there may be noted 7in a large number of cases7 a ,illustration3 ,,arabesques ,,by ,,paranoiac ,,artist4 total absence of perspective1 while the rest of the execution shows clearly enough that the author is not wanting in artistic sense4 ,one would take him to be a true artist1 but one brought up in ,china or ancient ,egypt4 ,here we have evidently a kind of atavism explicable by arrested development of some one organ1 and a corresponding backwardness in the products of that organ4 ,a ,french captain1 suffering from paralysis1 drew figures stiff as ,egyptian profiles4 ,a megalomaniac of ,reggio executed a coloured bas-relief1 in which the disproportionate size of the feet and hands1 the extreme smallness of the faces1 and the stiffness of the limbs1 completely recall the work of the thirteenth century4 ,another patient1 at ,genoa1 carved bas-reliefs on pipes and on vases1 exactly similar to those of the ,neolithic ,age4 ,raggi has sent me some flints carved by a monomaniac entirely ignorant of archology1 which1 in the choice of figures and emblems1 recall the style of ,egyptian and ,phnician amulets4 ,in these instances we see the influence of similar psychical conditions at work4 ,arabesques4--,in some few patients1 ,m4 ,toselli has called my attention to a singular predilection for arabesques and ornaments which tend to assume a purely geometric form1 without loss of elegance4 ,this is the case with monomaniacs2 in cases of dementia and acute mania there prevails a chaotic confusion1 which1 however1 does not always imply absence of taste4 ,i have seen an instance of this in a kind of ship1 the work of a dementia patient1 composed of an enormous number of little slips of wood1 brilliantly coloured1 very thin1 and intertwined in an infinite variety of ways1 the general effect being very graceful4 ,obscenity4--,in some work done by erotomaniacs1 paralytics1 and demented patients1 the salient characteristic1 both of the drawings and of the verses1 is the most shameless indecency4 ,thus a cabinet-maker would carve virile members at every corner of a piece of furniture1 or at the summits of trees4 ,this1 too1 recalls many works of savages and of ancient races1 in which the organs of sex are everywhere prominent4 ,a captain at ,genoa was fond of drawing scenes in a brothel4 ,in many the obscene character is marked by the most singular pretexts1 as though it were demanded by artistic requirements4 ,a monomaniac priest used to sketch his figures nude1 and then artfully drape them by means of lines which revealed the generative organs4 ,he defended himself against criticism by saying that his figures could only appear indecent to those who were in search of evil4 ,m---- illustrated his strange and often beautiful verses with innumerable daubs1 representing animals of monstrous forms struggling with men and women1 or monks and nuns1 naked1 in the most shameless attitudes4 ,in others the indecency is1 if possible1 still more evident1 especially in cases of paralytic dementia4 ,i remember an old man who used to draw a vulva on the address of his letters to his wife1 surrounding it with obscene couplets in dialect4 ,it is a curious coincidence that two artists--one at ,turin and the other at ,reggio--who were both megalomaniacs1 should both have had sodomitic instincts1 which they combined with the delusion of being deities1 and lords of the world1 which they had created and emitted from their bodies4 ,one of them 7who1 nevertheless1 had a real artistic sense7 painted a full-length picture of himself1 naked1 among women1 ejecting worlds1 and surrounded by all the symbols of power4 ,this repeats1 and at the same time explains1 the ,ithyphallic divinity of the ,egyptians4 ,criminality and ,moral ,insanity4--,in this connection it is important to notice that the greater number of these artists show1 in addition to their other forms of mania1 a marked tendency to moral insanity1 especially in the form of unnatural vice4 ,the painter who produced the picture of 8,delirium0 was a pederast4 ,the man who constructed the marvellous model of the ,reggio ,asylum1 already alluded to1 was neither draughtsman1 sculptor1 nor engineer4 ,he was a madman1 and1 in addition1 a thief1 with unnatural tendencies4 ,this man1 whenever the fancy took him1 escaped from the asylum1 wandered about for some days1 began to steal when he had exhausted the small amount of money he had about him1 and when imprisoned declared himself a lunatic1 and so got acquitted and sent back to ,reggio1 when1 after a short interval1 he would repeat the same line of conduct4 ,dr4 ,tamburini told me that he1 too1 had been struck by the co-existence of artistic faculty and moral insanity in these patients4 ,uselessness4--,a characteristic common to many is the complete uselessness of the work to which they devote themselves2 and here ,i recall once more ,hcart's dictum3-- 8,c'est le travail des fous d'puiser leurs cervelles ,sur des riens fatigants1 sur quelques bagatelles40#cbh ,a ,genevan1 affected by persecutory monomania1 spent years in embroidering on egg-shells and lemons4 ,though her work was most beautiful1 it could be of no advantage to her1 for she kept it jealously concealed2 and ,i myself1 though she was very fond of me1 never saw any of it till after her death4 ,here we have1 as in the case of artists of genius1 the love of truth and beauty for their own sake alone1 only that the aim is reversed4 ,sometimes the work done1 though very useful in itself1 is of no advantage to the artist1 and has no connection with his profession4 ,thus a captain1 who had become insane1 presented me with the model of a bed for violent patients1 which1 ,i believe1 would be extremely useful in practice4 ,two other patients1 together1 made1 out of a piece of beef-bone1 some very neat match-boxes1 ornamented with carvings in relief1 which could be of no profit to themselves1 since they refused to part with them for money4 ,there are1 however1 some exceptions4 ,a melancholiac patient1 with homicidal and suicidal tendencies1 manufactured himself a very serviceable knife1 fork1 and spoon--metal ones not being allowed him--out of the bones which remained over from his dinner4 ,a caf-keeper at ,colligno1 a megalomaniac1 compounded excellent liqueurs out of the scraps left over from meals1 though of the most different kinds of food4 ,a criminal lunatic constructed himself a key out of a number of small pieces of wood joined together4 ,i do not count among these examples those who have prepared themselves real cuirasses of iron and stone--a piece of work in relation to the special delusion of persecutions1 and implying an amount of labour out of proportion to the advantage obtained4 ,illustration3 ,,delirium4 ,insanity as a subject4--,many choose insanity as the subject of their paintings4 ,professor ,virgilio has furnished me with a very curious portrait of an insane patient at the moment of attack--the eyes rolling1 the hair on end1 the arms extended4 ,under his feet is the epigraph3 8,delira0 78,he is raving074 ,this is the work of an alcoholic pederast4 ,i think that a sane artist would have some difficulty in painting a closer likeness of delirium4 ,this reminds me how frequently ,i have found1 among the poets of asylums1 the tendency to describe insanity2 and it has been a favourite theme with great poets who have suffered from ill-health--,tasso1 ,lenau1 ,barbara1 ,musset4 ,mancini1 immediately after his recovery1 painted a woman offering for sale the picture executed by a madman2 and ,gill1 in the hospital of ,sainte-,anne1 painted a raving maniac with terrible truth to nature4#cbi ,absurdity4--,one of the most salient characteristics of insane art is1 as might be expected1 absurdity1 either in drawing or colouring4 ,this is especially noteworthy in some maniacs1 owing to the exaggerated association of ideas1 through which the connecting links 7which would serve to explain the author's conception7 are totally lost4 ,thus1 an artist painted a 8,marriage at ,cana10 with all the figures of the apostles exceedingly well drawn2 but in place of the figure of ,christ was a large bunch of flowers4 ,paralytic patients draw objects without any sense of proportion2 their hens are the size of horses1 and their cherries of melons2 or1 while striving after perfection in the design1 the execution is merely childish4 ,one1 who believed himself a second ,horace ,vernet1 drew horses by means of four straight strokes and a tail4#ccj ,another drew all his figures upside down4 ,other dementia patients1 owing to the same amnesia which is apparent in their speech1 leave out the most essential points of their conception1 like ,m---- at ,pesaro1 who made an excellent drawing of a general1 seated1 but forgot the chair4 7,frigerio47 ,imitation4--,there are some who are very successful in imitation1 but can produce nothing original2 they will1 for instance1 copy the faade of the asylum1 or heads of animals1 with the minute accuracy of detail which characterizes primitive art4 ,in this branch ,i have seen successful work done by cretins and idiots1 the latter drawing in exactly the same manner as primitive man4 ,uniformity4--,many continually repeat the same idea2 thus one1 mentioned by ,frigerio1 filled sheets of paper with a bee gnawing the head of an ant2 another1 who believed that he had been shot1 would paint nothing but fire-arms2 a third confined himself to arabesques4 ,summary4--,these traits explain the instances of partial perfection to be found in dementia patients2 for a repetition of the same movement tends to bring it nearer and nearer to perfection4 ,at other times1 as we have seen in the extempore poets and authors of the asylum1 it is the tenacity and energy of the hallucinations which makes a painter of a man who was never one before4 ,blake was able to picture to himself1 as living and present1 persons already dead1 angels1 c4 ,this was the case1 also1 with the strange insane poet1 ,john ,clare1 who believed himself a spectator of the ,battle of the ,nile1 and the death of ,nelson2 and was firmly convinced that he had been present at the death of ,charles ,i4 ,in fact1 he described these events with such remarkable fidelity and accuracy1 that it is scarcely probable he could have done it so well had he been in full possession of his reason--the more so1 as he was entirely without culture4#cca ,this explains why insane painters and poets are so numerous4 ,it is easy to reproduce clearly what one sees clearly4 ,moreover1 the imagination is most unrestrained when reason is least dominant2 for the latter1 by repressing hallucinations and illusions1 deprives the average man of a true source of artistic and literary inspiration4 ,for the same reason1 too1 art itself1 may1 in its turn1 encourage the development of mental disease4 ,vasari relates that one ,spinelli1 a painter of ,arezzo1 having attempted to paint the deformity of ,lucifer1 the latter appeared to him in a dream and reproached him with having made him so ugly4 ,the painter was so affected by this apparition as to fall seriously ill2 and it continued to haunt him for years4#ccb ,music in the ,insane4--,musical ability is often diminished in those who1 previous to their illness1 cultivated this art with passion4 ,dr4 ,adriani observed that musicians1 under his care for insanity1 almost entirely lost their powers4 ,they could still play any piece1 but it was done quite mechanically and without expression4 ,other dementia patients would play the same piece1 sometimes even a few phrases1 over and over again4 ,donizetti1 in the last stage of dementia1 no longer recognized his favourite melodies4 ,his last works show traces of that fatal influence which critics have also observed in ,schumann's symphony of the 8,bride of ,messina10 composed during his attacks of insanity4#ccc ,these facts1 however1 do not contradict our assertion that insanity awakens new artistic qualities in persons not previously gifted in that way2 they only show that 7as we have seen in the case of professional painters7 it can give no additional power or skill to those who already possessed them when attacked by disease4 ,a megalomaniac--formerly a syphilitic patient--under the care of ,dr4 ,tamburini1 sang beautiful airs when under excitement1 at the same time1 instead of playing an accompaniment1 she improvised1 on the pianoforte1 two distinct motives which had no connection with each other or the air she was singing4 ,this fact confirms the observations of ,luys as to the independent action of the cerebral hemispheres4 ,a young man attacked by pellagra1 who recovered in my hospital1 composed expressive and original melodies4 ,m4 ,raggi told me that he had had under his care a melancholic patient who1 during her attacks1 played without enthusiasm1 and even with repugnance1 but1 when the fit passed off1 would spend whole days at the piano1 and execute the most difficult partitions with a truly artistic enthusiasm4 ,in the same way1 a paralytic showed1 through the whole course of his illness1 a genuine musical mania1 during which he imitated all instruments1 and agitated himself1 in frantic enthusiasm1 at the piano passages4 ,raggi also observed a paralytic dementia patient who1 after breaking his thigh-bone by a leap from a window1 rendered every bandage which could be devised useless by singing1 for days together1 motives from ,il ,trovatore at the top of his voice1 and accompanying his singing with abrupt rhythmical movements of the pelvis4 ,a fancy for monotonous chanting also showed itself in another paralytic1 who believed himself to be a great admiral4 ,in maniacs1 acute and joyous notes predominate1 and1 still more1 the repetition of the rhythm4 ,every one who has paid even a short visit to an asylum has noticed the frequency of singing and shouting and 8high and thin voices1 and with them a sound of hands40#ccd ,nor is it hard to understand this1 if we remember how ,spencer and ,ardig have shown that the law of rhythm is the most general form under which1 in the whole of nature1 energy is manifested1 from the crystal to the star1 or to the animal organism4 ,man1 therefore1 only follows a general organic law in giving way to this impulse1 which he does the more readily the less he is controlled by reason4 ,this explains the number of poets of the new school who are found in asylums4 ,this is the reason why savage nations have a natural inclination for music2 and a missionary told ,spencer that many to whom he taught the ,psalms1 with music1 in the evening1 could repeat them by heart on the following day4 ,savages1 in speaking1 make use of a sort of monotonous chant analogous to our recitative4 ,primitive poetry was always sung1 whence all the different words connected with singing applied to poetry and poets4 ,the mysterious magic formulas and recipes of the ancients#cce were also sung1 or chanted1 whence the word 8enchantment40 ,even at the present day1 in the neighbourhood of ,novi and ,oulx1 ,i have heard peasant-women1 in making inquiries of one another1 modulate their voices in true musical rhythm4 ,modern ,improvvisatori do not seem able to produce their verses except when singing1 and agitating all their muscles4 ,it must be remembered that1 according to the observations of ,herbert ,spencer1#ccf 8the act of singing employs and exaggerates the signs of the natural language of passion4 ,mental excitement is transformed into muscular energy4 ,an infant will laugh and bound in its nurse's arms at the sight of a brilliant colour1 or the hearing of a new sound40 ,strong sensations or painful emotions cause us to gesticulate2 in short1 they excite the muscular system1 which is acted upon in proportion to the intensity of the sensations4 ,slight pain calls forth a groan1 greater pain a cry3 the pitch of the voice varies with the force of the emotion1 so that1 in the strongest emotions1 it rises to the octave1 or higher2 and singing is always involuntarily accompanied by tremors and agitations of the muscles4 ,what could be more natural than that1 in the conditions in which the emotions are most energetic1 and so frequently atavistic1 as is the case in insanity1 these tendencies should be reproduced on a larger scale8 ,this1 too1 explains why so many morbid men of genius should be musicians3 ,mozart1 ,schumann1 ,beethoven1 ,donizetti1 ,pergolese1 ,fenicia1 ,ricci1 ,rocchi1 ,rousseau1 ,handel1 ,dussek1 ,hoffmann1 ,glck1 ,petrella4#ccg ,musical creation is the most subjective manifestation of thought1 the one most intimately connected with the affective emotions1 and having less relation to the external world than any other1 which causes it to stand more in need of the fervent but exhausting emotions of inspiration4 ,perhaps the study of these peculiarities of art in the insane1 besides showing us a new phase in this mysterious disease1 might be useful in sthetics1 or at any rate in art-criticism1 by showing that an exaggerated predilection for symbols1 and for minuteness of detail 7however accurate71 the complication of inscriptions1 the excessive prominence given to any one colour 7it is well known that some of our foremost painters are great sinners in this respect71 the choice of licentious subjects1 and even an exaggerated degree of originality1 are points which belong to the pathology of art4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,literary ,,and ,,artistic ,,mattoids4 ,definition--,physical and psychical characteristics--,their literary activity--,examples--,lawsuit mania--,mattoids of genius--,bosisio--,the dcadent poets--,verlaine--,mattoids in art4 ,we have just been considering1 in madmen1 the substantial character of genius under the appearance of insanity4 ,there is1 however1 a variety of these1 which permits the appearance of genius and the substantial character of the average man2 and this variety forms the link between madmen of genius1 the sane1 and the insane properly so called4 ,these are what ,i call semi-insane persons or mattoids4 ,this variety constitutes1 in the world of mental pathology1 a particular species of a genus distinguished by ,maudsley as 8odd1 queer1 strange0 persons of insane temperament1 and previously by ,morel4 ,legrand du ,saulle1 and ,schle 7,geisteskrankheit1 ii41 #ahhj7 regard them as hereditary neurotics1 ,raggi as neuropathics1 and now many as paranoiacs--a terminology which produces a hopeless confusion4 ,the graphomaniac1 representing the commonest variety1 has true negative characteristics--that is to say1 the features and cranial form are nearly always normal 7,bosisio1 ,cianchettini1 ,f----1 ,p----1 c474 ,his characteristics are not the result of heredity2 at most1 he is the son of a man of genius 7,flourens1 ,broussais1 ,spandri1 ,knester1 c474 ,this form of aberration is most frequently found in men2 ,i only know of one exception in ,europe--,louise ,michel--and it appears more especially in great cities1 worn out with civilization4 ,the mattoid shows far fewer signs of degeneracy than the insane properly so called3--,of #cc mattoids only #ba showed degenerative characters1 and of these last #ab had #b1 #b were found to have #c1 there were #b with #d1 and only #a with #f4 ,another negative characteristic is the survival of family affection1 and even of that for the human race in general1 sometimes reaching such a point as to become exaggerated altruism2 though1 in many cases1 vanity enters largely into the composition of this virtue4 ,thus ,bosisio thinks of and provides for the well-being of posterity1 and even of the dead4 ,thus ,d---- loves his wife and grandchildren1 and constantly works for his family2 ,cianchettini supported a deaf and dumb sister2 ,sbarbaro1 ,lazzaretti1 ,coccapieller1 adored their wives4 ,in prison1 a few days ago1 ,i had occasion to perform the operation of blood-transfusion1 and wasted much time in trying to find a healthy individual from whom to take the blood4 ,all refused2 but a consumptive mattoid1 as soon as he heard of the matter1 volunteered for the operation1 and was overwhelmed with shame when ,i would not make use of him4 ,they have an exaggerated conviction of their own personal merit and importance1 with the peculiar characteristic that this opinion shows itself rather in writing than in words or actions1 so that they do not show irritation at the contradictions and evils of practical life4 ,cianchettini compares himself to ,galileo and to ,jesus ,christ2 but sweeps the barrack-stairs4 ,passanante proclaims himself ,president of the ,political ,society while working as a cook4 ,mangione classified himself as a martyr to ,italy and to his own genius2 yet he condescended to act as a broker4 ,caissant claimed to be a cardinal1 but1 in the meantime1 he was a clever parasite1 and made large profits through his very insanity4 ,the shepherd ,bluet believed himself to be an apostle and count of ,permission1 and1 like the author of ,scottatinge1 deigned to address himself to none but royal personages4 ,yet he did not refuse to carry on the trade of a horse-breaker4 ,stewart1 the eccentric author of the ,new ,system of ,physical ,philosophy1 who travelled all over the world to discover the polarity of truth1 asserted that all the kings of the earth had entered into an alliance to destroy his works4 ,he therefore gave the latter to his friends1 with the request to wrap them up well1 and bury them in remote localities1--never revealing the latter1 except on their death-beds4 ,martin ,williams--brother of that ,jonathan ,williams1 who1 in an attack of insanity1 set fire to ,york ,minster1 and of ,john ,williams who struck out a new line in painting--published many works to prove the theory of perpetual motion4 ,after having convinced himself by means of thirty-six experiments of the impossibility of demonstrating it scientifically1 it was revealed to him in a dream that ,god had chosen him to discover the great cause of all things1 and perpetual motion2 and this he made the subject of many works4#cch ,these persons would not come under the heading of mattoids1 if1 in their writings1 the earnestness and persistence in one idea which make them resemble the monomaniac and the man of genius1 were not often associated with the pursuit of absurdity1 continual contradictions1 and the prolixity and utility of insanity4 ,one tendency overpowers all others--one which we find predominant in insane genius3 viz41 personal vanity4 ,thus1 out of #bae mattoids1 we find forty-four prophets4 ,filopanti1 in the ,dio ,liberale1 places his father ,berillo1 a carpenter1 and his mother ,berilla among the demigods4 ,he discovered three ,adams1 and gives a minute narrative1 year by year1 of the actions of each4 ,cordigliani prepared to insult the ,chamber of ,deputies in order to obtain an annuity from the ,government1 and thought this action much to his own credit4 ,guiteau thought he was saving the ,republic by the murder of the ,president1 and had himself called a great lawyer and philosopher4 ,in the same way ,passanante1 after having preached the abolition of capital punishment1 condemns the guilty members of the ,assembly to death2 and1 after having given orders to 8respect the forms of government10 insults the monarchy1 makes an attempt at regicide1 and proposes to 8abolish all misers and hypocrites40 ,a physician1 ,s----1 prints a statement that blood-letting exposes to an excess of light1 another announces in two thick volumes1 that diseases are elliptical4 ,critics have said1 referring to the works of ,dmons1 that his ,dialectic ,quintessence and sextessence are a true quintessence of absurdity4#cci ,gleizes affirms that flesh is atheistical4 ,fuzi 7a theologian7 asserts that the menstrual blood has the property of quenching conflagrations4 ,hannequin1 who used to write in the air with his fingers1 and had an aromal trumpet1 by means of which he communicated with the spirits dispersed through the air1 declares that in the future age many men shall become women and demigods4 ,henrion1 at the ,acadmie des ,inscriptions1 advanced the theory that ,adam was forty feet in height1 ,noah twenty-nine1 ,moses twenty-five1 c4 ,leroux1 the celebrated ,paris ,deputy1 who believed in metempsychosis and the cabbala1 defined love as 8the ideality of the reality of a part of the totality of the ,infinite ,being10 c41 and wished to insert the principle of the triad in the preamble of his ,constitution4 ,asgill maintained that men might live for ever1 if only they had faith4 ,it is true that1 here and there1 some new and vigorous notion emerges from the chaos of such minds1 because the only symptom of genius developed in them by psychosis is a less degree of aversion to novelty1 or1 to employ my own terminology1 of misoneism4#cdj ,thus1 for example1 amid the most absurd opinions1 ,cianchettini has some very fine passages3 8,all animals have the instinct of self-preservation1 with the minimum of fatigue1 of escaping from troublesome thoughts1 and of enjoying the delights of life2 and to obtain these things1 liberty is indispensable to them4 8,all animals1 except man1 gratify and always have gratified these instincts1 and perhaps will always continue to do so4 ,mankind alone1 constituted as a society1 find themselves fettered1 and in such a ,way that no one has ever succeeded1 not merely in bringing them into a state of peace and liberty1 but even in showing how they may attain this end4 8,well--,i propose to demonstrate this proposition4 ,and1 as a locked door cannot be opened without breaking it1 save by means of a key or a pick-lock2 so1 as man has lost his liberty by means of the tongue1 nothing but the tongue1 or its equivalents1 can set him free without injury to his nature40 ,amid the doggerel jargon of the ,scottatinge1 ,i find this beautiful line on ,italy-- 8,padrona e schiava sempre1 ai figli tuoi nemica40#cda ,we shall see1 in ,passanante's biography1 that sometimes1 in his writings and still more in his speeches1 he struck out vigorous and original ideas which1 in fact1 led many persons into error as to the nature and reality of his disease4 ,i may mention the sentence1 8,where the learned lose themselves1 the ignorant man may triumph10--and another1 8,history learnt from the people is more instructive than that which is studied in books40 ,bluet distinguishes 8the maid from the virgin1 in that the first has the will for evil without the power1 and the second has neither the power nor the will40 ,it is natural that mattoids should repeat in their conceptions the ideas of stronger politicians and thinkers1 but always in their own way1 and always exaggerated4 ,thus ,bosisio exaggerates the delicate consideration of our lovers of animals1 and anticipates the ideas of ,mlle4 ,clmence ,royer and ,comte on the necessity for the application of the ,malthusian theory4 ,in the same way1 ,detomasi1 a dishonest broker1 discovered a practical application 7except for the morbid eroticism which he added to it7 of the ,darwinian system of natural selection4 ,cianchettini wishes to put ,socialism into practice4 ,but the stamp of insanity is evident1 not so much in the exaggeration of their ideas1 as in the disproportion of the latter among themselves2 so that1 from some well-expressed and even sublime conception1 we pass suddenly to one which is more than mediocre and paradoxical1 nearly always opposed to the received ideas of the majority1 and at variance with the position and education of the author4 ,in short1 we have that by means of which ,don ,quixote1 instead of extorting our admiration1 makes us smile4 ,yet his actions1 in another age1 and even in a different man1 would have been admirable and heroic4 ,in any case1 among mattoids1 traits of genius are rather the exception than the rule4#cdb ,most of them show a deficiency rather than an exuberance of inspiration2 they fill entire volumes1 without sense or savour2 they eke out the commonplaceness of their ideas and the poverty of their style with a multitude of points of interrogation and exclamation1 with repeated signatures1 with special words coined by themselves1 as is the habit of monomaniacs2 thus ,menke already observed that some mattoids contemporary with himself had invented the words derapti felisan4 ,berbiguier created the word farfiderism4 ,a monomaniac1 ,le ,bardier1 wrote a work entitled ,dominatmosfheri intended to show farmers how to obtain double harvests1 and sailors to avoid storms4 ,he entitled himself ,dominatmosfherifateur4#cdc ,cianchettini invented the travaso of the idea2 ,pari invented cafungaia1 and morbozoo1 and we owe to ,wahltuch1 alitrologia and anthropomognotologia1 and to ,g---- lepidermocrinia and glossostomopatica4 ,we often find an eccentric handwriting1 with vertical lines cut by horizontal ones and transverse furrows1 even with unusually-formed letters1 as in ,cianchettini4 ,they frequently introduce drawings into their sentences1 as if to heighten their force1 thus returning 7as we have already seen to be the case with megalomaniacs7 to the ideographic writing of the ancients1 in which the figure served as a determining symbol4 ,wahltuch published two books on ,psychography1 a new kind of philosophic system which1 however1 has found a serious commentator in a sane philosopher--which speaks volumes for the seriousness of some philosophers4 ,according to this system1 ideas are represented by so many images impressed on each of the cerebral convolutions4 ,thus the symbol of ,physics is a lighted candle2 that of alitrology1 or the faculty of judgment1 is the nose 7or the sense of smell72 of ethics1 a ring2 and of motion1 a fishing-hook4 ,the author1 despairing 7and with good reason7 of making himself understood in words1 philosophises with his pencil1 and has crammed his book with diagrams of brains covered with such figurative signs4 ,in order to prove the applicability of these principles to literature1 he has presented us with a tragedy--,job--in which the characters have their heads covered with similar signs1 and chant verses worthy of the system1 e4g41 8,o that ,i could separate the two united conceptions of myself and impiety4 ,i am just4 ,satan is impious40#cdd ,the ,jesuit missionary1 ,paoletti1 wrote a book against ,st4 ,thomas1 and illustrated it with a drawing of the vessels used in the ,tabernacle1 so as to determine the future condition of the sons of ,adam with regard to predestination4 ,the ,divine and human wills are figured as two balls revolving in opposite directions1 and finally meeting at a common centre4 ,the titles of all their works show an exuberance which is really singular4 ,i possess one of eighteen lines1 not counting a note included in the title-page itself1 and intended to explain it4 ,a socialistic work published in ,australia1 by an ,italian1 and in pure ,italian1 has a title arranged in the shape of a triumphal arch4 ,it is precisely in the title-page that nearly all of them at once betray the taint of madness4 ,this example--from the work of the mattoid ,dmons--will suffice3 8,the demonstration of the fourth part of nothing is something2 everything is the quintessence extracted from the quarter of nothing and that which depends on it1 containing the precepts of the holy1 magic1 and devout invocations of ,dmons1 to discover the origin of the evils which afflict ,france40 ,many have the crotchet of mixing up with their sentences accumulated series of numbers1 which is also sometimes done by paralytics4 ,in a mad production of ,sovbira's1 entitled 8#fff10 all the verses are accompanied by the number #fff4 ,the strange thing is that1 at the same time1 a certain ,porter1 in ,england1 had published a work on the number #fff1 declaring it the most exquisite and perfect of numbers4#cde ,lazzaretti1 too1 had a singular partiality for this number4 ,spandri1 ,levron1 and ,c---- have a similar preference for the number #c4 ,a special characteristic found in mattoids1 and also1 as we have already seen1 in the insane1 is that of repeating some words or phrases hundreds of times in the same page4 ,thus1 in one of ,passanante's chapters1 the word riprovate occurs about #adc times4 ,some have had special paper manufactured for their works1 like ,wirgman1 who had it made with different colours on the same sheet1 at an enormous increase of expense1 so that a volume of four hundred pages cost him over #b1bjj sterling4 ,filon had every page of his book of a different colour4 ,another characteristic is that of employing an orthography and caligraphy peculiar to themselves1 with words in large type or underlined4 ,they will sometimes write even private letters in double column1 or with vertical lines traversed by horizontal and sometimes by diagonal ones4 ,they sometimes underline one letter in preference to others in the same word 7,passanante71 or they write in detached verses like those of the ,bible1 or introduce points after every two or three words1 as in the ,,ms4 7in my possession7 of a certain ,bellone1 or parentheses1 even one within the other1 as ,madrolle used to do1 or notes upon notes1 even in the title-page1 as in the case of ,cas---- and of ,la----4 ,the latter 7a ,university professor7 in a work of twelve pages has nine consisting of notes alone4 ,hepain invented a physiological language1 which consists in the main of our own letters reversed1 and of numbers used in their places4 ,many have a caligraphy quite peculiar to themselves1 close1 continuous1 with lengthened letters1 and always extremely legible4 ,many 7like some of the insane1 whom they surpass in this point7 continually intersperse their conversation with puns and plays on words4 ,a certain ,jassio wished to prove the analogy of the hand and the week in which ,god created the world1 by means of a pun on the words main and semaine4 ,hcart1 who had himself said that it is the peculiarity of the insane to occupy themselves with useless trifles1 wrote the biography of the madmen of ,valenciennes1 and the strange book entitled ,anagrammata1 pome en ,,vii4 chants1 ,x,c,ve dition 7as a matter of fact1 it was the first71 rev4 corr4 et augmente2 ,anagrammatopolis1 l'an ,,xiv4 de l're anagrammatique 7,valenciennes1 #ahba1 #af74 ,the book is almost entirely composed of inversions of words4 ,the following is an example3 8,lecteur2 il sied que je vous dise ,que le sbire fera la brise2 ,que le dupeur est sans pudeur1 ,qu'on peut maculer sans clameur4444 ,la nomade a mis la madonne ,a la paterne de ,ptronne ,quand le grand ,dacier tait diacre ,le caffier cultiv du fiacre40 ,and so on for twelve thousand lines1 concluding with this3 8,moi je vais poser mon repos40 ,here it is as well to note that1 on the margin of a copy of the ,anagrammata belonging to the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris is the following confession1 in the author's handwriting1 8,anagrams are one of the greatest inanities of which the human mind is capable2 one must be a fool to amuse one's self with them1 and worse than a fool to make them40 ,this is a correct diagnosis of his case4 ,filopanti1 in the ,dio ,liberale1 explains ,luther's propaganda by a caprice on the part of the ,deity1 who caused ,mars to become a monk4 ,the latter thus became ,martin1 and then ,martin ,luther4 ,the origin of ,gleizes' vegetarian mania was a dream1 in which he heard a voice crying in his ears1 8,gleizes means glise40 ,he thus thought himself suddenly appointed by ,god to preach his doctrine to mankind4 ,du ,monin has the plague decapitated1 8,take away this head from hence2 ,i fear that this head will deprive my people of their heads by a new mischief40#cdf ,but a still more prevalent characteristic is the singular copiousness of their writings4 ,bluet left behind no less than #ahj books1 each more foolish than the other4 ,we shall see how ,mangione1 who1 in addition1 was crippled in one hand and could not write1 deprived himself of food to defray the cost of printing1 and sometimes spent more than one hundred scudi per month to enable him to gratify his taste for authorship4 ,we know how many reams of paper ,passanante covered1 and how he attached more importance to the publication of a foolish letter of his than to his own life4 ,guiteau used so much paper as to incur a considerable debt which he was unable to pay4 ,the list of ,george ,fox's works is so long that the bibliographer ,lowndes does not venture to give it4 ,howerlandt's ,essay on ,tournay consists of #aag volumes4 ,sometimes they content themselves with writing and printing their vagaries1 and make no attempt to diffuse them among the public1 though they assume that the latter must be acquainted with them4 ,in these writings1 apart from their morbid prolixity1 let it be noted that the aim is either futile1 or absurd1 or in complete contradiction with their social position and previous culture4 ,thus two physicians write on hypothetic geometry and astrology2 a surgeon1 a veterinary surgeon and an obstetric practitioner1 on aerial navigation2 a captain on rural economy2 a sergeant on therapeutics2 and a cook on high political questions4 ,a theologian writes a treatise on menstrua1 a carter on theology4 ,two porters are the authors of tragedies1 and a custom-house officer of a work on sociology4 ,as to the subjects chosen1 an examination of #ahf insane books in my collection gives the following result3 #ea deal with ,personal ,topics #cf are works on ,medicine #bg 8 8 ,philosophy #be contain ,lamentations #g are ,dramatic #g 8 ,religious #f 8 ,poetry #d are on ,astronomy #d 8 8 ,physics #d 8 8 ,politics #d 8 8 ,political ,economy #c 8 8 ,rural 8 #b 8 8 ,veterinary ,medicine #b 8 8 ,literature #b 8 8 ,mathematics #a is on ,grammar #a 8 a ,dictionary --- #ahf ,i do not count miscellaneous works1 such as controversial treatises1 essays on mechanics1 studies in magnetism1 funeral orations1 eccentric theological works1 researches in literary history1 proclamations1 matrimonial advertisements1 c4 ,some statistics compiled by ,philomneste give a list of such books known in ,europe1 which are thus classified3 ,theology #hb ,prophecy 7esoteric mysticism7 #dd ,philosophy #cf ,politics #bh ,poetry and ,drama #i ,languages and ,grammar #h ,erotic ,literature #e ,hieroglyphics #c ,astronomy #b ,aeronautics #b ,chemistry #a ,physics #a ,zoology #a ,strategy #a ,chronology #a ,hygiene #a ,pedagogy #a ,archology #a ,while poetry prevails among the insane1 theology and prophecy predominate in the mattoids1 and so on in diminishing proportions for the more abstract1 uncertain and incomplete sciences1 as we see by the scarcity of the naturalists and mathematicians4 ,it is well to note the small number of atheists--three only1 amid such a swarm of theologians and philosophers 7#afb74 ,spiritualism1 on the other hand1 is so much in favour1 that ,philomneste gave up the task of cataloguing the works which treated of it4 ,all topics are welcome to mattoids1 even those most foreign to their profession or occupation2 but they are found to choose by preference the most grotesque and uncertain subjects1 or questions which it is impossible to solve4 ,such are the quadrature of the circle1 hieroglyphics1 exposition of the ,apocalypse1 air-balloons1 and spiritualism4 ,they are also fond of treating the subjects most talked of--what one might call the questions of the day4 ,speaking of ,dmons1 who has already been mentioned1 ,nodier said1 8,he was not a monomaniac--very much the contrary2 he was a many-sided madman1 always ready to repeat any strange thing that came to his ears1 a chameleon-like dreamer1 who insanely reflected the colours of the moment40#cdg ,thus1 at the time of our great national deficits1 projectors appeared by the dozen1 with proposals to restore the ,italian finances1 either by means of assignats1 or by the spoliation of the ,jews or the clergy1 by forced loans1 c4 ,later on1 came the social and religious problem 7,passanante1 ,lazzaretti1 ,bosisio1 ,cianchettini72 at the present moment the question most under discussion is that of the pellagra4 ,thus we have1 among others1 ,pari1 who has discovered the cause of the disease in certain fungi1 which fall from the roofs of dirty huts into the peasants' food1 and make them ill4 ,the proof is evident3 photograph the section of a hut1 and place it under the microscope1 and you will find1 on comparison1 that fungi are more numerous than in town houses where pellagra is unknown4 ,but why do these fungi produce the pellagra8 ,the reason is very simple4 ,these fungi contain the substance fungina1 which burns at #dg 7sic74 ,now1 when the outside temperature is at #ac and the body at #cb 7sic7 the two quantities of caloric are added together1 and we burn6 ,this is why sufferers from the pellagra appear scorched by the sun6 ,it is noteworthy that in nearly all--,bosisio1 ,cianchettini1 ,passanante1 ,mangione1 ,de ,tommasi1 ,b----1--the convictions set forth in their written works are exceedingly deep and firmly fixed4 ,they show as much absurdity and prolixity in their writings as they do common sense and prudence in their verbal answers--even rebutting objections with a single monosyllable1 and explaining their own eccentricities with so much good sense and sometimes acuteness that the unlearned may well take their fancies for wisdom2 while1 later on1 they relieve their insane impulses by covering reams of paper4 8,the guardian is the true sentinel of the people and government1 liberty1 the circulation of the press0--was a sentence of ,passanante's1 which at first seems a mere play on words1 but he explained it to experts in these terms3 8,the liberty of the press1 the free circulation of journals constitute a surveillance over the rights of the people40 ,when ,i asked ,bosisio why he was so eccentric as to wear sandals and walk about bare-headed and half-naked in the heat of ,july1 he replied1 8,to imitate the ,romans1 and to keep the head healthy1 and1 lastly1 to call public attention to my theories by some visible sign4 ,would you have stopped to speak to me if ,i had not been dressed like this80 ,moreover1 mattoids--the reverse being the case both with genius and with insanity--are united by common interest and sympathy1 and1 above all1 by hatred to the common enemy1 the man of genius4 ,they form a kind of free-masonry1--all the more powerful that it is irregular--founded on the common need of resisting the ridicule which inexorably attacks them on every side1 on the need of extirpating1 or at least opposing1 their natural antithesis1 genius4 ,though hating one another1 they are firmly united2 and though they do not enjoy one another's triumphs1 they rejoice in common over the victims who never fail to fall to the lot of one or the other4 ,for1 as we have seen1 the vulgar1 called upon to choose between the mattoid and the man of genius1 never hesitate to sacrifice the latter4 ,even at the present day1 many practitioners who take the dosimetricians seriously1 laugh at homopathy2 and the academic multitudes who laugh at ,schliemann and ,ardig never treated the archological discoveries of ,father ,secchi in the same way4 ,this is also shown by the emphatic and senseless addresses presented to ,coccapieller and ,sbarbaro by many individuals who were still more insane than their idols4#cdh ,this explains why1 in spite of the fact that universal suffrage was introduced under the ,roman ,republic of #ahdi1 the populace never thought of electing ,ciceruacchio to the parliament4 ,ciceruacchio was a rough workingman1 but he was sane4 ,one characteristic which further distinguishes mattoids from criminals and from many of the actually insane is an extreme abstemiousness1 which sometimes equals the excesses of the early ,cenobites4 ,bosisio lived on polenta without salt2 ,passanante on bread only2 ,lazzaretti often on nothing but a few potatoes2 ,mangione on peas1 beans1 rice1 c41 at thirteen sous a day4 ,this may be explained by their finding sufficient support and comfort in their own grotesque lucubrations1#cdi as is the case with ascetics and great thinkers2 and besides1 being usually poor1 they prefer to spend their small means in securing the triumph of their ideas rather than in satisfying their stomachs2 all the more so1 as nearly all of them 7,cianchettini1 ,bosisio1 ,f----1 for instance7 were scrupulously honest1 and almost excessively methodical1 keeping account even of scraps of waste-paper1 which they catalogued with singular order4 ,in short1 such men1 certainly insane in their writings1 and sometimes as much so as any patient in an asylum1 are scarcely so in the ordinary acts of life1 in which they show themselves full of good sense1 shrewdness1 and even of a sense of order2 so that they are quite the reverse of men of real genius--especially those inspired by madness1 whose ability in literature is nearly always in inverse proportion to their aptitude for practical life4 ,this is how it happens that many authors of medical eccentricities are practitioners of great repute4 ,three such are directors of hospitals4 ,the author of the ,scottatinge is a captain and commissariat officer4 ,another1 the inventor of almost prehistoric machines1 and author of works which are more than humorous1 fills an office which exposes him to continual contact with cultivated men who have never suspected him of madness4 ,five are professors1 two of whom are attached to a university2 three are deputies1 two senators1 one is a counsellor of state1 one counsellor of prefecture1 and another counsellor of the ,court of ,cassation4 ,three are provincial counsellors1 and five1 priests2 and nearly all of them are of advanced age and respected in their vocations4 ,frecot was mayor of ,hesloup1 ,leroux and ,asgill were members of parliament4 ,mattoid theologians--,simon ,morin1 ,lebreton1 ,geoffroi ,vallee1 ,vanini--have unfortunately been taken so seriously as to be burned alive or hanged4 ,joris's bones were burned with his writings under the gallows at ,ble4 ,kehler was beheaded for the sole offence of having corrected ,joris's proofs4 ,we shall see1 in the following chapter1 how many others--,smith1 ,fourier1 ,kleinov1 ,fox--found fanatical followers4 ,that calmness1 in spite of obstinate persistence in a delusion1 which distinguishes them from more ordinary insane patients1 may also be observed in monomaniacs--in even their most prominent characteristic--and is not rarely found in some of the stages of inebriety4 ,but1 precisely as in the ordinary insane1 so also in mattoids1 the calm sometimes suddenly ceases1 and gives place to impulsive forms of mania and delusion1 especially under the stimulus of hunger or irritated passion1 or during the return of the various neuroses which accompany and often generate the disease1 as in the cases of ,cordigliani and ,mangione4 ,this is why it is important to note that many are subject to symptoms which indicate the pre-existence of disturbance at the nervous centres4 ,giraud and ,spandri have convulsive movements of the face1 lowering of the right eyebrow1 and ptosis on the right side4 ,ansthesia was found in ,lazzaretti1 ,mangione1 and ,de ,tommasi2 delusions of short duration in ,cordigliani4 ,p----1 a young man of distinguished abilities1 became mattoid only after an attack of typhus fever4 ,kulmann became a prophet at eighteen1 after suffering from disease of the brain4 ,these impulsive outbursts make such cases extremely important to alienist physicians--who1 finding no similar cases in any of the better-known forms of mental disease1 often erroneously infer imposture1 or soundness of mind--and still more to politicians who1 by not at once placing such men 7at first1 it is true1 far more ridiculous than dangerous7 in asylums1 expose themselves to perils perhaps greater than those threatened by actual madmen1 who betray themselves at once1 thus making it possible to take measures for rendering them harmless4 ,there is a much more dangerous variety of these graphomaniacs--those whose disease was formerly known as 8lawsuit mania40 ,these individuals feel a continual craving to go to law against others1 while considering themselves the injured party4 ,they display an extraordinary activity1 and a minute knowledge of the law1 which they always try to interpret to their own advantage1 heaping up petition on petition1 memorial on memorial1 in such quantities as is difficult to imagine4 ,many attach themselves to some person1 to obtain whose influence they are continually scheming2 then they apply to the ,king or the ,parliament4 ,they are apt to succeed at first1 especially with members of ,parliament1 or at least to be considered merely as over-zealous suitors4 ,at last1 however1 when their persistence has wearied every one out1 they convert their forensic and literary violence into deeds1 certain that everything will be pardoned them in consideration of the justice of their cause--nay1 that their action will have the effect of deciding the suit in their favour4 ,this result1 to tell the truth1 sometimes ensues1 thanks to the institution of the jury4 ,thus ,g----1 having lost his cause1 shot at and wounded ,count ,colli1 but was acquitted through the singular eloquence he displayed before the jury4 ,ten years later1 he forced his way1 armed1 into an apartment which he had already sold1 and which1 nevertheless1 he insisted on having back4 ,as the erotomaniac falls in love with an ideal person1 and imagines himself loved by one who has never even seen him1 so they can see no aspect of the case but their own2 and the lawyers and judges who do not support them become enemies on whom they concentrate the fiercest hatred1 and whom they look on as the cause of every misfortune that may befall them4 ,it is not rare to find them constituting themselves judges in their own cause1 pronouncing sentence1 on their own responsibility1 on their adversaries1 and sometimes going the length of executing the same4 ,a certain ,b----1 from whom the parish priest had taken a field by a perfectly legal and regular contract1 took it into his head that he had the right to assault all the priests of his village1 8because10 he said1 8,catholicism is in opposition to the ,government40 ,for the same reason he tried to burn down the church2 and all this1 after a series of lawsuits and proclamations1 very just1 it may be conceded1 in principle1 but certainly not in application4 ,these persons have1 too1 a similar kind of handwriting1 with very much lengthened letters2 and they likewise abuse the alphabet4 ,their theme1 however1 is confined to their immediate circle1 and they show more violence in dealing with it2 they only touch by rebound1 as it were1 on social and religious questions4 ,yet the personal litigations of many of these suitors are mixed up with political differences2 and this is the kind from which most danger is to be expected in our day4 ,these are usually individuals whose scant education and extreme poverty do not allow them to air their ideas in print1 so that they have to relieve their feelings by deeds of violence4 ,such was ,sandon1 who caused such annoyance to ,napoleon and to ,billault1 and was a genuine political mattoid2 such1 too1 were ,cordigliani1 ,passanante1 ,mangione1 and ,guiteau4 ,krafft-,ebing speaks of a man who had founded a ,club of the ,oppressed1 for the assistance of those who could get no justice from the ,courts1 and forwarded its rules to the king4 ,mattoids of ,genius4--,not only is there an imperceptible gradation between sane and insane1 between madmen and mattoids1 but also between these last 7who are the very negation of genius7 and men of real genius4 ,so much so1 that among my collection there are certain individuals ,i find a difficulty in classifying4 ,such1 for instance1 is ,bosisio1 of ,lodi4 ,l4 ,bosisio1 of ,lodi1 fifty-three years of age1 has one cousin1 a crtin4 ,his mother is sane and intelligent2 his father intelligent1 but given to drink4 ,he had two brothers who died of meningitis4 ,as a young man he became a revenue officer2 left his native town in #ahdh1 and when nearly dying of hunger at ,turin1 threw himself from a balcony and broke his legs4 ,having obtained promotion in #ahei1 he fulfilled his duties in a satisfactory manner up to the year #ahff1 when--though still showing intelligence and accuracy in the duties of his office--he began to perform eccentric actions1 especially inexplicable in a member of the bureaucracy4 ,thus1 one day1 he bought all the birds for sale in the village of ,bussolengo1 and then opened their cages and set them at liberty4 ,he took to reading newspapers all day long1 and began to send energetic protests to the ,government1 petitioning them to put a stop to the disforesting of the country1 the massacre of birds1 c4 ,being dismissed from his post1 with a meagre pension1 he suddenly gave up all the luxuries of life1 and took no food but polenta without salt4 ,he left off1 one at a time1 all his clothes except shirt and drawers1 and spent all his scanty means in the purchase of books and papers1 and in publishing works on the regeneration of posterity1 which he distributed gratuitously--,criticism on ,my ,times1 ,the ,cry of ,nature1 8 #aac of the ,cry of ,nature40 ,to any one who studies these books1 and1 still more1 to one who hears him talk1 it is evident that he has worked out in his own head a system not entirely illogical4 ,we suffer loss1 he says1 through the grape disease1 through the diseases among the silkworms and crabs1 through floods4 ,all these things are caused by injury done to the globe through the destruction of forests and the extermination of birds1 and 7this is where we first perceive his madness7 the torture inflicted on it by the railways which pass over its surface4 ,in economical matters1 we are doing equally ill2 by raising ruinous loans we are compromising the future of that posterity whose champion he has appointed himself4 8,add to this10 he continues1 8that the ancient ,romans took much exercise1 had not the luxury that we have1 and did not take coffee4 ,all these things compromise posterity1 because they ruin the germs of humanity4 ,and what ruins them far more is the ill-treatment of women1 marriages for the sake of money1 and certain forms of ill-judged charity4 ,unhappy children1 crippled or consumptive1 are kept alive1 who1 if killed in time1 would not reproduce themselves2 and1 in the same way1 if1 instead of keeping sickly individuals alive in hospitals1 at great trouble and expense1 people were to help the strong and healthy when they fall ill1 the race would be improved4 ,and thieves and murderers--are they1 too1 not sick men who ought to be exterminated1 if the race is not to be ruined8 ,how deadly and bestial is human greed6 ,everything is neglected for the sake of satisfying the appetites1 without a thought for the fate of the generations who are to succeed us4444 ,the ill-omened mania for procreation1 which is inexorably precipitating all nations into an abyss whence one can see no outlet1 and which arrested the attention of ,malthus1 reminds me of the story of ,midas1 who asked of a god that everything which he touched might turn to gold4 ,the divinity consented2 but his first transports of joy were followed by grief and despair1 and his very food being changed into gold1 he saw himself condemned by himself to die of hunger40 ,i think there could be no better example than this to prove the existence of an active and powerful mind1 unsound on a single given point4 ,any one who knows the writings of ,clmence ,royer and ,comte will1 in fact1 find nothing insane in these ideas of ,bosisio's1 except his refusal to eat salt 7which he scarcely justifies by adducing the example of savages who are strong and healthy without it71 his notion of railways ruining the globe1 and his very airy fashion of dress4 ,for this last whim1 however1 he gives a tolerably good reason1 by alleging the example of ,roman simplicity1 and by the assertion 7not altogether without foundation7 that the wearing of a hat tends to promote baldness4 ,moreover1 he observed1 very justly1 that without those eccentric habits he would be unable to gain a hearing and promulgate his ideas4 ,a truly morbid symptom1 however1 is to be found in the fact that he based all his conclusions on the information gained from political journals--poor material1 indeed1 for study4 ,however1 he justified himself thus3 8,what can ,i do8 ,they are modern studies1 and ,i cannot do without them1 much as ,i dislike them1 as ,i have no other means of gaining information about mankind40 ,but the point where his insanity comes out most clearly is in the importance attached by him to the slightest fact gathered up in these sweepings of the political world4 ,if a child falls into the water at ,lisbon1 or a lady sets her skirts on fire1 he immediately infers from these facts the degeneracy of the race4 ,the student of hygiene must be astonished at seeing a man retain robust health 7and ,bosisio walks his twenty miles a day7 on unsalted polenta4 ,the psychologist cannot refuse to recognize in this case that madness acts like leaven on the intellectual powers1 and excites the psychic functions so as almost to reach the level of genius1 though not without traces of disease4 ,it is certain that if ,bosisio had been a student of law or medicine1 instead of a poor exciseman1 and had been grounded in the culture which he only gained at haphazard1 and under the influence of mental disease1 he might have become a ,clmence ,royer or a ,comte1 or at least another ,fourier2 for his philosophic system is1 in the main1 similar to that of the latter1 except for the peculiarities engrafted on it by mental aberration4 ,but1 when we think of the integrity of his life1 the method and order to be perceived in all his affairs1 can we dismiss him merely as a man of unsound mind8 ,and1 when we remember the relative novelty of his ideas1 can we confuse him with the many absurd mattoids already described8 ,certainly not4 ,let us suppose that ,giuseppe ,ferrari1 instead of a superior culture1 had only received ,bosisio's education2 we should certainly have had1 in place of a savant justly admired by the world1 something similar to ,bosisio4 ,certainly1 indeed1 those systems of historical arithmetic1 with kings and republics dying on a fixed day1 at the will of the author1 can only belong to the world of mental alienation4 ,the same thing might be said of ,michelet1 if one thinks of his fancy natural history1 his academic obscenities1 his incredible vanity1#cej and the later volumes of his ,history of ,france which are nothing but a tangled thicket of scandalous anecdotes and grotesque paradoxes4#cea ,so1 too1 of ,fourier and his disciples1 who predict with mathematical exactness that1 #hj1jjj years hence1 man will attain to the age of #add2 that in those days we shall have #cg millions of poets 7unhappy world672 likewise #cg millions of mathematicians equal to ,newton2 of ,lemercier1 who1 along with some very fine dramas1 wrote some in which speeches are assigned to ants1 seals1 and the ,mediterranean2 and of ,burchiello1 who asks painters to depict for him an earthquake in the air1 and describes a mountain giving a pair of spectacles to a bell-tower6 ,the same is true of the heir of ,confucius1 the astronomer who created the ,dio ,liberale2 of the pseudo-geologist who has discovered a secret of embalming bodies which might be known to any assistant demonstrator of anatomy1 and who believes that the world can be purified by cremation4 ,in ,italy1 a man has for many years been a professor in one of the great universities who1 in his treatises1 created the nation of the cagots1 and suggested a certain instrument for resuscitating the apparently drowned1 which would have been enough to suffocate a healthy person4 ,another talked of baths at a temperature of--#bj1 and the advantages of sea-water owing to the exhalations of the fish6 ,yet his volumes contain some very fine things1 and have reached a second edition1 and none of his colleagues ever suspected that his mind was not perfectly sound4 ,how is he to be classified8 ,he occupies a middle place between the madman1 the man of genius1 and the graphomaniac1 with which last he has in common the sterility of his aims1 and his calm and persistent search after paradoxes4 ,italy1 for the rest1 as ,i have shown in ,tre ,tribuni1#ceb has had1 and idolized1 for a brief quarter of an hour1 two mattoids of considerable gifts1 ,coccapieller and ,sbarbaro1 who1 in the midst of immoralities1 trivialities1 contradictions1 and paradoxes1 had a few traits of genius1#cec explicable by a less degree of misoneism1 and a greater facility in adopting new ideas4 ,dcadent ,poets4--,some acquaintance with this new variety of literary madmen will explain to us the existence1 in the seventeenth century1 of the ,french prcieux1 and1 at the present day1 that of the ,parnassiens1 ,symbolistes1 and ,dcadents4 8,i have read their verses10 says ,lematre1#ced 8and not even seen as much as the turkey in the fable1 who1 if he did not distinguish very well1 at least saw something4 ,i have been able to make nothing of these series of words1 which--being connected together according to the laws of syntax--might be supposed to have some sense1 and have none1 and which spitefully keep your mind on the stretch in a vacuum1 like a conundrum without an answer4444 8#8,en ta dentelle o n'est notoire ,mon doux vanouissement1 ,taisons pour l'tre sans histoire ,tel vu de lvres rsumant4 ,toute ombre hors d'un territoire ,se teinte itrativement ,a la lueur exhalatoire ,des ptales de remuement4'4444 8,one of them1 however1 has explained to us what they intended doing1 in a pamphlet modestly entitled1 ,trait du ,verbe1 by ,stphane ,mallarm4 ,by this it appears that they have invented two things--the symbol1 and #8poetic instrumentation4' 8,the invention of the symbolists seems to consist in not saying what feelings1 thoughts1 or states of mind they express by images4 ,but even this is not new4 ,a ,,symbol is1 in short1 an enlarged comparison of which only the second term is given--a connected series of metaphors4 ,briefly1 the symbol is the old #8allegory' of our fathers4#cee 8,now1 here is the second discovery made by our wild-eyed symbolists4 ,men have suspected1 ever since ,homer's time1 that there are relations1 correspondences1 affinities1 between certain sounds1 forms1 and colours1 and certain states of mind4 ,for instance1 it was felt that the repeated sound of a had something to do with the impression of freshness and peace produced by this line of ,virgil-- 8#8,pascitur in silva magna formosa juvenca4' ,it was known that sounds may1 like colours1 be striking or subdued2 like feelings1 sad or joyful4 ,but it was thought that these resemblances and relations are somewhat fugitive1 having nothing constant or sharply-defined1 and that they are1 at least1 hinted at by the sense of the words which compose the musical phrase4 8,now1 attend to this6 ,for these gentlemen1 a black1 e white1 i blue1 o red1 u yellow4 8,again1 black the organ1 white the harp1 blue the violin1 red the trumpet1 yellow the flute4 8,again1 the organ expresses monotony1 doubt1 and simplicity2 the harp1 serenity2 the violin1 passion and prayer2 the trumpet1 glory and ovation2 the flute1 smiles and ingenuousness4 8,it is difficult to make out to what degree the young symbolards still take account of the sense of words4 ,that degree1 however1 is1 in any case1 very slight1 and1 for my part1 ,i cannot well distinguish the passages where they are obscure from those where they are only unintelligible4 8,in short1 a poetry without thoughts1 at once primitive and subtle1 which does not 7like classic poetry7 express a connected series of ideas1 nor 7like the poetry of the ,parnassiens7 the physical world in its exact outlines1 but states of mind in which we can scarcely distinguish ourselves from surrounding objects1 where sensation is so closely united to sentiment2 where the latter grows so rapidly and naturally out of the former1 that it is quite sufficient for us to note down our sensations at random just as they present themselves1 to express ipso facto the emotions which they successively give rise to in the mind4 8,do you understand8444 ,neither do ,i4 ,one would have to be drunk in order to understand this40 ,i can only conceive that the poetry1 an attempt to define which has here been made1 could be that of a solitary1 a nerve-sufferer1 and almost a madman4 ,this poetry thus flourishes on the borderland between reason and madness4 ,yet these mattoids have their man of genius--,verlaine4 ,let us hear ,lematre on this subject3-- 8,i imagine he must be almost illiterate4 ,he has a strange head--the profile of ,socrates1 an enormous forehead1 a skull knobbed like a battered basin of thin copper4 ,he is not civilized1 he ignores all received codes of morality4 8,one day he disappears4 ,what has become of him8 ,it would be in character for him to have been publicly cast out from regular society4 ,i see him behind the grate of a prison1 like ,franois ,villon--not for having1 like him1 become an accomplice of thieves and rogues1 for the love of a free life1 but rather for an error of over-sensitiveness--for having avenged 7by an involuntary stab1 given1 as it were1 in a dream7 a love reprobated by the laws and customs of the modern and ,western world4 ,but1 though socially degraded1 he remains innocent4 ,he repents as simply as he sinned--with a ,catholic repentance1 all terror and tenderness1 without reasoning1 without pride of intellect4 ,in his conversion1 as in his sin1 he remains a purely emotional being4444 8,then1 it may be1 a woman took pity on him1 and he let himself be led like a little child4 ,he reappears1 but continues to live apart4 ,no one has ever seen him on the ,boulevards1 or in a theatre1 or at the ,salon4 ,he is somewhere at the other end of ,paris1 in the back-room of a wine-merchant's shop1 drinking blue wine4 ,he is as far from us as if he were an innocent satyr in the great forests4 ,when he is ill1 or at the end of his resources1 some doctor1 whom he knew formerly1 when in jail1 gets him into the hospital2 he stays there as long as he can and writes verses2 he hears queer1 sad songs whispered to him out of the folds of the cold white calico curtains4 ,he is not a dclass1 for he never had a class4 ,his case is rare and peculiar4 ,he finds means to live1 in a civilized society1 as he could live in a state of the freest nature4 8,it may be that he has sometimes felt for an instant the influence of some contemporary poets1 but these have done nothing for him1 save to awaken and reveal to him the extreme and painful sensibility which is his whole being4 ,in the main1 he is without a master4 ,he moulds language at his will1 not1 like a great writer because he knows it1 but1 like a child1 because he is ignorant of it4 ,he gives wrong senses to words in his simplicity4 ,little as we might expect it1 this poet1 whom his disciples regard as such a consummate artist1 writes on occasion 7if we may dare to speak out71 like a pupil of the technical schools1 or a second-rate chemist subject to lyric outbursts4 ,after this1 it is amusing to see him while posing as the impeccable artist1 the sculptor of strophes1 the gentleman who distrusts imagination1 write1 with the keenest sense of enjoyment3-- 8#8,a nous qui ciselons les mots comme des coupes ,et qui faisons des vers mus trs froidement4444 ,ce qu'il nous faut1 nous1 c'est1 aux lueurs des lampes1 ,la science conquise et le sommeil dompt4' ,yet this writer1 so wanting in ordinary technical skill1 has yet written--,i cannot tell how--verses of a penetrating sweetness1 a languid charm which is peculiarly his own1 and which perhaps arises from a union of these things--charm of sound1 clearness of feeling1 and partial obscurity in the words4 ,thus1 when he tells us that he is dreaming of an unknown woman1 who loves him1 who understands him1 and weeps with him1 he adds3-- 8#8,son nom8 ,je me souviens qu'il est doux et sonore1 ,comme ceux des aims que la vie exila4 ,son regard est pareil au regard des statues1 ,et pour sa voix lointaine1 et calme1 et grave1 elle a ,l'inflexion des voix chres qui se sont tues4' 8,i am also very fond of the ,chanson d',automne1 though certain words 7blme and suffocant7 are not perhaps used with entire accuracy1 and scarcely correspond with the 8languor0 described just before4 8,les sanglots longs ,des violons ,de l'automne ,blessent mon cur ,d'une langueur ,monotone4 ,tout suffocant ,et blme1 quand ,sonne l'heure1 ,je me souviens ,des jours anciens1 ,et je pleure4 ,et je m'en vais ,au voit mauvais ,qui m'emporte ,de a1 de l1 ,pareil la ,feuille morte4' 8,he celebrates the ,virgin in an exceedingly fine hymn3-- 8#8,je ne veux plus aimer que ma mre ,marie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,et1 comme j'tais faible et bien mchant encore1 ,aux mains lches1 les yeux blouis des chemins1 ,elle baissa mes yeux1 et me joignit les mains ,et m'enseigna les mots par lesquels on adore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,et tous ces bons efforts vers les croix et les claies1 ,comme je l'invoquais1 ,elle en ceignit mes reins4' 8,his piety inspires him with some very sweet lines3-- 8#8coutez la chanson bien douce ,qui ne pleure que pour vous plaire4 ,elle est discrte1 elle est lgre3 ,un frisson d'eau sur de la mousse6444 ,elle dit1 la voix reconnue1 ,que la bont c'est notre vie1 ,que de la haine et de l'envie ,rien ne reste1 la mort venue4444 ,accueillez la voix qui persiste ,dans son naf pithalame4 ,allez1 rien n'est meilleur l'me ,que de faire une me moins triste6444 ,je ne me souviens plus que du mal que j'ai fait4 ,dans tous les mouvements bizarres de ma vie1 ,de mes 8malheurs10 selon le moment et le lieu1 ,des autres et de moi1 de la route suivie1 ,je n'ai rien retenu que la grce de ,dieu4' 8,but1 even in the ,pomes ,saturniens1 we already meet with pieces of an oddity difficult to define--pieces which seem to belong to a poet who is slightly mad1 or perhaps to one who is only half awake1 and whose brain is darkened by the fumes of his dreams1 or of drink2 so that external objects only appear to him through a mist1 and the indolence of his memory prevents him from getting hold of the right words4 ,take this for an example3-- 8#8,la lune plaquait ses teintes de zinc ,par angles obtus2 ,des bouts de fume en forme de cinq ,sortaient drus et noirs des hauts toits pointus4 ,le ciel tait gris4 ,la bise pleurait ,ainsi qu'un basson4 ,au loin un matou frileux et discret ,miaulait d'trange et grle faon4 ,moi1 j'allais rvant du divin ,platon ,et de ,phidias1 ,et de ,salamine et de ,marathon1 ,sous l'il clignotant des bleus becs de gaz4' 8,that is all4 ,what is it8 ,it is an impression--the impression of a gentleman who walks about the streets of ,paris at night1 and thinks about ,plato and ,salamis1 and thinks it funny to think of ,plato and ,salamis #8sous l'il des becs de gaz4' ,why should it be funny8 ,i cannot tell4 8#8,aimez donc la raison3 que toujours vos crits ,empruntent d'elle seule et leur lustre et leur prix4' 8,one might almost say that ,paul ,verlaine is the only poet who has never expressed anything but sentiment and sensation1 and has expressed them for himself1 and for no one else1#cef which dispenses him from the obligation of showing the connection between his ideas1 since he knows it4 ,this poet has never asked himself whether he should be understood1 and he has never wished to prove anything4 ,this is why 7,sagesse excepted7 it is almost impossible to give a rsum of his collections1 or to state their main idea in a succinct form4 ,one can only characterise them by means of the state of mind of which they are most frequently the rendering--semi-intoxication1 hallucination which distorts objects1 and makes them resemble an incoherent dream2 uneasiness of the soul which1 in the terror of this mystery1 complains like a child2 then languor1 mystic sweetness1 and a lulling of the mind to rest1 in the ,catholic conception of the universe accepted in all simplicity4 8,there is something profoundly involuntary and illogical in the poetry of ,m4 ,paul ,verlaine4 ,he scarcely ever expresses movements of full consciousness or entire sanity4 ,it is on this account1 very often1 that the meaning of his song is clear--if it is so at all--to himself alone4 ,in the same way1 his rhythms1 are sometimes perceptible by no one but himself4 ,i do not refer here to the interlaced feminine rhymes1 alliterations1 assonances within the line itself1 of which none has made use more frequently or more successfully than he4 8,but there are two sides to him4 ,on one1 he looks very artificial4 ,he has an ,ars ,poetica of his own1 which is entirely subtle and mysterious1 and which1 ,i think1 he was very late in discovering3-- 8#8,de la musique avant toute chose1 ,et pour cela prfre l'impair ,plus vague et plus soluble dans l'air1 ,sans rien en lui qui pse ou qui pose4 ,il faut aussi que tu n'ailles point ,choisir tes mots sans quelque mprise3 ,rien de plus cher que la chanson grise ,o l'indcis au prcis se joint4444 ,car nous voulons la nuance encor1 ,pas la couleur1 rien que la nuance6 ,oh6 la nuance seule fiance ,le rve au rve1 et la flute au cor4444' 8,on the other side1 he is quite simple3-- 8#8,je suis venu1 calme orphelin1 ,riche de mes seuls yeux tranquilles1 ,vers les hommes des grandes villes3 ,ils ne m'ont pas trouv malin4' 8,or1 elsewhere3-- 8#8,j'ai peur d'un baiser ,connue d'une abeille4 ,je souffre et je veille ,sans me reposer1 ,j'ai peur d'un baiser4'0 ,thus far ,lematre4 ,it will be seen that the dcadents correspond exactly to the diagnosis of literary mattoids1 in all their old vacuity1 but with the appearance of novelty4 ,at the same time1 there are among them1 real men of genius who--amid the 7frequently atavistic7 oddities of mattoidism--have struck an original note4 ,all these cases show us that the gradations and transitions between sanity and insanity are far from being as hypothetical as ,livi asserts them to be4 ,moreover1 all this is in perfect harmony with the eternal evolution which we see going on in the ample realm of nature1 which1 as has been well said1 never proceeds by leaps1 but by successive and gradual transformations4 ,now1 it is natural that1 as these gradations exist in this very strange form of literary insanity1 they should also be found in the forms of criminal insanity1 and that1 in consequence1 many of those asserted to be guilty or mad1 are only half responsible1 although no human thought can trace the limits with entire certainty4 ,it is well to observe here1 what a different appearance madness assumes1 according to the age in which it occurs4 ,had ,bosisio lived in the ,middle ,ages1 or in ,spain or ,mexico at a later period1 the kind-hearted liberator of birds1 the martyr for posterity1 would have become a ,st4 ,ignatius or a ,torquemada--the ,positivist atheist an ultra-,catholic1 commanded by a cruel ,deity to immolate human victims2 but ,bosisio was an ,italian1 living in #ahgj4 ,this case affords an excellent explanation of the occurrence1 in remote times1 and among savage or slightly civilized nations1 of numerous outbreaks of epidemic insanity2 and shows that many historical events may have been the result of mania on the part of one or more persons4 ,cases in point are those of the ,anabaptists1 the ,flagellants1 the witch-mania1 the ,taeping revolution4 ,mental aberration gives rise in some men to ideas which1 though bizarre1 are sometimes gigantic and rendered more efficacious by a singular force of conviction1 so as to sweep along the feeble-minded multitude1 who are all the more attracted by any singularity in dress1 attitudes or abstinence 7which such disease alone can suggest and render possible71 that these phenomena are made inexplicable to them 7and therefore worthy of veneration7 by their ignorance and barbarism4 ,the ignorant man always adores what he cannot understand4 ,our poor sufferer from hallucinations wanted nothing but a favourable epoch to impress his ideas on the multitude--neither muscular strength1 nor a certain vigour of thought1 nor extraordinary endurance under privations1 nor disinterestedness1 nor conviction4 ,at another epoch1 ,italy would have found her ,mahomet in ,bosisio4 ,mattoids in ,art4--,at the competition opened at ,rome for designs for a proposed monument to ,victor ,emmanuel--the subject being an international one--mattoids came forward in crowds4 ,in fact1 we find1 in ,dossi's curious book1 not less than #ci out of #bif 7#ac per cent471 a number which would be raised to #be per cent4 if we add #ch more1 who1 in addition to their eccentricity1 gave tokens of being imbecile4 ,the most general characteristic of these productions is their stupidity4 ,one of them proposes a square stone box without a roof 7similar to the 8magnaneries0 or roofless stone buildings used in the ,south of ,france for silkworms71 which he calls a 8,right ,quadrangular ,tower0--destined to receive the late king's remains1 and protect them against the inundations of the ,tiber4 ,tr----'s monument--8destined to live for centuries0--consists of a column surrounded by obelisks1 by four flights of steps1 and four triangles1 each surrounded by twelve small spires4 ,each of the latter is to support a bust1 each of the columns a statue of some great ,italian2 with regard to six statues1 the artist reserves the right of changing them at the death of our illustrious men--,sella1 ,mamiani1 c4 ,this is a case for saying1 8,perish the astrologer60 ,another competitor--two1 in fact--have projected rooms to serve as public lavatories at the base of their columns4 ,there is a curious coincidence and emulation of hatred in nearly all2 most of them make use of celebrated monuments1 whose destruction is1 of course1 a sine qu non to the erection of theirs4 ,but1 if wanting in every sign of genius1 these designs are not deficient in allegorical symbols of the most grotesque type1 or in inscriptions4 ,some of them1 indeed1 are nothing but a mass of irrelevant inscriptions1 relating to everything in the world1 except the poor ,re ,galantuomo himself--but more particularly to the supposed genius of the artist4 ,here we find that the main characteristic of such minds--vanity1 heightened to the point of disease--makes each of them think his own production a masterpiece4 ,canfora declares that he is 8neither engineer nor architect1 but inspired by ,god alone40 ,a4 ,b4 does not send in his design to the ,committee1 because it is too grand2 and another ends by saying1 8,how mighty is the thought of the artist60 ,nearly all are absolutely ignorant of the art in which they claim to excel4 ,thus ,dossi found among the projectors1 teachers of mathematics and of grammar1 doctors in medicine and in law1 military men1 accountants1 and others who themselves asserted that they had never before handled pencil or compasses4 ,at the same time1 their far from humble social position bears out what ,i consider to be one of the principal points3 viz41 that we have before us 7as might be suspected7 idiots1 or persons actually insane1 but men quite respectable outside their special artistic mania4 ,such should be ,m----1 a member of the ,russian ,archological ,society1 of the ,hellenic ,syllage1 ,architect-in-chief of ,roumelia and the palaces of the ,sultan1 ,knight and ,commander of various ,orders1 c41 c4 ,when we compare these stupid abortions with the pictures inspired by insanity 7,i am not now speaking of those painters who1 like various poets and musicians1 in losing their reason1 lost artistically more than they gained--especially in right proportion and the harmony of colour71 we shall often find the absurd and disproportionate2 but also1 at the same time1 a true1 even excessive originality1 mingled with a savage beauty sui generis1 which1 up to a certain point1 recalls the masterpieces of medival1 and1 still more1 of ,chinese and ,japanese1 art1 so extraordinarily rich in symbols4 ,we shall see1 in short1 that art suffers here1 not from a defect1 but from an excess of genius1 which ends by crushing itself4 ,in conclusion1 it is very evident that the insane artist is as superior to the mattoid in the practice of his art1 as he is inferior to him in practical life2 that1 in short1 in the region of art1 the mattoid approaches nearest to the imbecile1 and the lunatic to the man of genius4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,political ,,and ,,religious ,,lunatics ,,and ,,mattoids4 ,part played by the insane in the progressive movements of humanity--,examples--,probable causes--,religious epidemics of the ,middle ,ages--,francis of ,assisi--,luther--,savonarola--,cola da ,rienzi--,san ,juan de ,dios--,campanella--,prosper ,enfantin--,lazzaretti--,passanante--,gu iteau--,south ,americans4 ,all this helps us to understand why the great progressive movements of nations1 in politics and religion1 have so often been brought about1 or at least determined1 by insane or half-insane persons4 ,the reason is that in these alone is to be found1 coupled with originality 7which is the special characteristic of the genius and the lunatic1 and still more of those who partake of the character of both71 the exaltation capable of generating a sufficient amount of altruism to sacrifice their own interests1 and their lives1 for the sake of making known the new truths1 and1 often1 of getting them accepted by a public to which innovations are always unwelcome1 and which frequently takes a bloody revenge on the innovator4 8,such persons10 says ,maudsley1 8are apt to seize on and pursue the bypaths of thought1 which have been overlooked by more stable intellects1 and so1 by throwing a side-light on things1 to discover unthought-of relations4 ,one observes this tendency of mind even in those of them who have no particular genius or talent2 for they have a novel way of looking at things1 do not run in the common groove of action1 or follow the ordinary routine of thought and feeling1 but discover in their remarks a certain originality and perhaps singularity1 sometimes at a very early period of life4 8,notable1 again1 is the emancipated way in which some of them discuss1 as if they were problems of mechanics1 objects or events round which the associations of ideas and feelings have thrown a glamour of conventional sentiment4 ,in regard to most beliefs1 they are usually more or less heterodox or heretical1 though not often constant1 being apt to swing round suddenly from one point to a quite opposite point of the compass of belief4444 ,inspired with strong faith in the opinions which they adopt1 they exhibit much zeal and energy in the propagation of them40#ceg ,they are careless of every obstacle1 and untroubled by the doubts which arise in the minds of calm and sceptical thinkers4 ,thus they are frequently social or religious reformers4 ,it should be understood that they do not create anything1 but only give a direction to the latest movements prepared by time and circumstances1 as also--thanks to their passion for novelty and originality--they are nearly always inspired by the latest discoveries or innovations1 and use these as their starting-point in guessing at the future4 ,thus ,schopenhauer wrote at an epoch in which pessimism was beginning to be fashionable1 together with mysticism1 and only fused the whole into one philosophic system4 ,csar found the ground prepared for him by the ,tribunes4 ,when1 says ,taine1 a new civilization produces a new art1 there are ten men of talent who express the idea of the public and group themselves round one man of genius who gives it actuality2 thus ,de ,castro1 ,moreto1 ,lopez de la ,vega1 round ,calderon2 ,van ,dyck1 ,jordaens1 ,de ,vos1 and ,snyders round ,rubens4 ,luther summed up in himself the ideas of many of his contemporaries and predecessors2 it is sufficient to mention ,savonarola4 ,the spherical shape of the earth had already been maintained by ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 and by ,dante1 before the discoveries of ,columbus1 which are also antedated by those of the ,canary ,islands1 ,iceland1 and ,cape ,verde4 ,if the new ideas are too divergent from prevalent popular opinion1 or too self-evidently absurd1 they die out with their author1 if1 indeed1 they do not involve him in their fall4 ,arnold of ,brescia1 ,knutzen1#ceh ,campanella1 tried to shake off the dominion of the clergy1 and take away the temporal power of the ,pope2 they were persecuted and crushed4 8,the insane person10 says ,maudsley1 8is in a minority of one in his opinion1 and so1 at first1 is the reformer1 the difference being that the reformer's belief is an advance on the received system of thought1 and so1 in time1 gets acceptance1 while the belief of the former1 being opposed to the common sense of mankind1 gains no acceptance1 but dies out with its possessor1 or with the few foolish persons whom it has infected40#cei ,of late years there has arisen in ,india1 owing to the efforts of ,keshub ,chunder ,sen1 a new religion which deifies modern rationalism and scepticism2 but here1 also1 the madness of ,keshub evidently outran the march of the times2 for the triumph of a similar religion is not probable1 even among us1 with our much greater progress in knowledge4 ,thus1 too1 ,buddhism1 finding the ground contested by the caste system in ,india1 took no firm hold there1 while it extended itself in ,china and ,tibet4 ,keshub was induced to take up this line of action by a form of madness analogous to that which we shall also see in ,b---- of ,modena4 ,in fact1 this strange rationalist believes in revelation1 and in #ahgi he declaimed1 8,i am the inspired prophet10 c4#cfj ,the same thing may be said of politics4 ,historical revolutions are never lasting1 unless the way has been prepared for them by a long series of events4 ,but the crisis is often precipitated--sometimes many years before its time--by the unbalanced geniuses who outrun the course of events1 foresee the development of intermediate facts which escape the common eye1 and rush1 without a thought of themselves1 on the opposition of their contemporaries1 acting like those insects which1 in flying from one flower to another1 transport the pollen which would otherwise have required violent winds1 or a long space of time to render it available for fertilization4 ,now1 if we add the immovable1 fanatical conviction of the madman to the calculating sagacity of genius1 we shall have a force capable1 in any age1 of acting as a lever on the torpid masses1 struck dumb before this phenomenon1 which appears strange and rare even to calm thinkers and spectators at a distance4 ,add further1 the influence which madness1 in itself1 already has over barbarous peoples at early periods1 and we may well call the force an irresistible one4 ,the importance of the madman among savages1 and the semi-barbarous peoples of ancient times1 is rather historical than pathological4 ,he is feared and adored by the masses1 and often rules them4 ,in ,india1 some madmen are held in high esteem1 and consulted by the ,brahmins--a custom of which many sects bear traces4 ,in ancient ,india the eight kinds of demonomania bore the names of the eight principal ,indian divinities2 the ,yakshia-graha have deep intelligence2 the ,deva-graha are strong1 intelligent1 and esteemed and consulted by the ,brahmins2 the ,gandharva-graha serve as choristers to the gods4 ,but1 in order to know what a point the veneration of the insane may reach1 and how little modern ,india has changed in this respect1 it is quite sufficient to observe that there exist at present in that country #dc sects which show particular zeal towards their divinity1 sometimes by drinking urine1 sometimes by walking on the points of sharp stones1 sometimes by remaining motionless for years exposed to the rays of the sun1 or by representing to their own imagination the corporeal image of the god1 and offering up to him1 also in imagination1 prayers1 flowers1 or food4#cfa ,the existence of endemic insanity among the ancient ,hebrews 7and1 by parity of reasoning1 among their congeners1 the ,phnicians1 ,carthaginians1 c4--the same words being used for prophet1 madman1 and wicked man7 is proved by history and language4 ,the ,bible relates that ,david1 fearing that he would be killed1 feigned madness1#cfb and that ,achish said1 8,have ,i need of madmen that ye have brought this fellow to play the madman in my presence80 ,this passage is evidence of their abundance1 and also of their inviolability1 which was certainly owing to the belief1 still common among the ,arabs1 which causes the word nabi 7prophet7 to be constantly used in the ,bible in the sense of madman1 and vice versa4 ,saul1 even before his coronation1 was suddenly seized with the prophetic spirit1 so much to the surprise of the bystanders that the event was made the occasion of a proverb--8,is ,saul also among the prophets80 ,one day1 after he had become king1 the spirit of an evil deity weighed upon him1 and he prophesied 7here raged7 in the house1 and attempted to transfix ,david with a lance4#cfc ,in ,jeremiah xxix4 #bf1 we read 8,the ,lord hath made thee priest1 444 for every man that is mad and maketh himself a prophet1 that thou shouldst put him in prison and in the stocks40 ,in #a ,kings xviii4 we see the prophets of the groves1 and of ,baal crying out like madmen1 and cutting their flesh4 ,in the ,first ,book of ,samuel we find ,saul as a prophet rushing naked through the fields4#cfd ,elsewhere we see prophets publicly approaching places of ill-fame1 cutting their hands1 eating filth1 c4 ,the ,medjdub of the ,arab1 and the ,persian ,davana are the modern analogues4#cfe 8,medjdubim10 says ,berbrugger1 8is the name given to these individuals who1 under the influence of special circumstances fall into a state which exactly recalls that of the ,convulsionnaires of ,st4 ,medard4 ,they are numerous in ,algeria1 where they are better known under the names of ,assawah or ,ammarim40 ,mula ,ahmed1 in the narrative of his journey 7translated by ,berbrugger7 speaks of 8,sidi ,abdullah1 the ,medjdub1 who brought the best influence to bear on the ,hammis1 his thievish and vicious fellow-citizens4 ,he would remain for three or five days like a log1 without eating1 drinking1 or praying4 ,he could do without sleep for forty days at the end of which1 he was seized with violent convulsions0 7p4 #bgh74 ,further on1 he speaks of one ,sidi ,abd-el-,kadr1 who wandered from place to place1 forgetful of himself and his family--an indifference probably due to his sainthood4 ,drummond ,hay shows us how far respect for the insane is carried in ,morocco1 and among the neighbouring nomadic tribes3 8,the ,moor tells us that ,god has retained their reason in heaven1 whilst their body is upon earth2 and that when madmen or idiots speak1 their reason is1 for the time1 permitted to return to them1 and that their words should be treasured up as those of inspired persons40#cff ,the author himself and an ,english consul were in danger of being killed by one of these novel saints1 who1 naked1 and often armed1 insist on acting out the strangest caprices which enter their heads2 and those who oppose them do so at their peril4 ,in ,barbary1 says ,pananti1#cfg the caravans are in the habit of consulting the mad santons 7,vasli71 to whom nothing is forbidden4 ,one of them strangled every person who came to the mosque2 another at the public baths violated a newly married bride1 and her companions congratulated the fortunate husband on the occurrence4 ,the ,ottomans#cfh extend to the insane the veneration which they have for dervishes1 and believe that they stand in a special relation to the ,deity4 ,even the ministers of religion receive them into their own houses with great respect4 ,they are called ,eulya1 ,ullah ,deli--8divine ones10 8sons of ,god0--or1 more accurately1 8madmen of ,god40 ,and the various sects of ,dervishes present phenomena analogous to those of madness4 ,every monastery#cfi has its own species of prayer or dance--or rather its own peculiar kind of convulsion4 ,some move their bodies from side to side1 others backwards and forwards1 and gradually quicken the motion as they go on with their prayer4 ,these movements are called ,mukabdi 7heightening of the divine glory71 or ,ovres ,tewhid 7praise of the unity of ,god74 ,the ,kufais are distinguished above all other orders by exaggerated sanctity4 ,they sleep little1 lying1 when they do1 with their feet in water1 and fast for weeks together4 ,they begin the chant of ,allah1 advancing the left foot and executing a rotatory movement with the right1 while holding each other by the forearm4 ,then they march forward1 raising their voices more and more1 quickening the motion of the dance1 and throwing their arms over each other's shoulders1 till1 worn out and perspiring1 with glazing eyes and pale faces1 they fall into the sacred convulsion 7haluk74 ,in this state of religious mania 7says our author7 they submit to the ordeal of hot iron1 and1 when the fire has burnt out1 cut their flesh with swords and knives4 ,in ,batacki1 when a man is possessed by an evil spirit1 he is greatly respected2 what he says is looked on as the utterance of an oracle1 and immediately obeyed4#cgj ,in ,madagascar1 the insane are objects of veneration4 ,in #ahfc many people were seized with tremors1 and impelled to strike those who came near them4 ,they were also subject to hallucinations and saw the dead queen coming out of her grave4 ,the king ordered these persons to be respected1 and for a space of at least two months1 soldiers were seen beating their officers1 and officials their superiors4 ,in ,china the only well-defined traits of insanity are to be found in the only ,chinese sect which was ever conspicuous1 in that sceptical nation1 for religious fanaticism4 ,the followers of ,tao#cga believe in demoniacal possession1 and endeavour to gather the future from the utterances of madmen1 thinking that the possessed person declares in words the thought of the spirit4 ,in ,oceania1 at ,tahiti1 a species of prophet was called ,eu-toa--i4e41 possessed of the divine spirit4 ,the chief of the island said that he was a bad man 7toato-eno74 ,omai1 the interpreter1 said that these prophets were a kind of madmen1 some of whom1 in their attacks1 were not conscious of what they were doing1 nor could they afterwards remember what they had done4#cgb ,with regard to ,america1 ,schoolcraft1 in that enormous medley entitled ,historical and ,statistical ,information of the ,indian ,tribes#cgc 7#ahed71 says that the regard for madmen is a characteristic trait of the ,indian tribes of the north1 and especially of ,oregon1 who are considered the most savage4 ,among these latter1 he mentions a woman who showed every symptom of insanity--sang in a grotesque manner1 gave away to others all the trifles she possessed1 and cut her flesh when they refused to accept them4 ,the ,indians treated her with great respect4 ,the ,patagonians#cgd have women-doctors and magicians who prophesy amid convulsive attacks4 ,men may also be elected to the priesthood1 but they must then dress as women1 and cannot be admitted unless they have1 from their childhood1 shown special qualifications4 ,what these are is shown by the fact that epileptics are appointed as a matter of course1 as possessing the divine spirit4 ,in ,peru1 besides the priests1 there were prophets who uttered their improvisations amid terrible contortions and convulsions4 ,they were venerated by the people1 but despised by the higher classes4#cge ,all revolutions in ,algeria and in the ,soudan#cgf are due to lunatics or neurotics who make1 of their own neurosis and the religious societies to which they attach themselves1 instruments for invigorating religious fanaticism and getting themselves accepted as inspired messengers of ,god4 ,such were the ,mahdi1 ,omar1 and a madman who headed the great revolt of the ,taepings in ,china4#cgg ,phenomena which present such complete uniformity must arise from like causes4 ,these seem to me to be reducible to the following3 #a4 ,the mass of the people1 accustomed to the few sensations habitual to them1 cannot experience new ones without wonder1 or strange ones without adoration4 ,adoration is1 ,i should say1 the necessary effect of the reflex movement produced in them by the overwhelming shock of the new impression4 ,the ,peruvians applied the word ,huacha 7divine7 to the sacred victim1 the temple1 a high tower1 a great mountain1 a ferocious animal1 a man with seven fingers1 a shining stone1 c4 ,in the same way the ,semitic ,el 7divine7 is synonymous with great1 light1 new1 and is applied to a strong man1 as well as to a tree1 a mountain1 or an animal4 ,after all1 it is quite natural that men should be struck by the phenomenon of one of their fellow-creatures completely changing his voice and gestures1 and associating together the strangest ideas--when we ourselves1 with all the advantages of science1 are often puzzled to understand the reasons for his actions4 #b4 ,some of these madmen possess 7as we have seen1 and shall see again1 in the ,middle ,ages and among the ,indians7 extraordinary muscular strength4 ,the people venerate strength4 #c4 ,they often show an extraordinary insensibility to cold1 to fire1 to wounds 7as among the ,arab ,santons1 and among our own lunatics71 and to hunger4 #d4 ,some1 affected either by theomania or ambitious mania1 having first declared themselves inspired by the gods1 or chiefs and leaders of the nation1 c41 drew after them the current of popular opinion1 already disposed in their favour4 #e4 ,the following is the principal reason4 ,many of these madmen must have shown a force of intellect1 or at any rate of will1 very much superior to those of the masses whom they swayed by their extravagances4 ,if the passions redouble the force of the intellect1 certain forms of madness 7which are nothing but a morbid exaltation of the passions7 may be said to increase it a hundred-fold4 ,their conviction of the truth of their own hallucinations1 the fluent and vigorous eloquence with which they give utterance to them--and which is precisely the effect of their real conviction--and the contrast between their obscure or ignoble past1 and their present position of power or splendour1 give to this form of insanity1 in the mind of the people1 a natural preponderance over sane but quiet habits of mind4 ,lazzaretti1 ,briand1 ,loyola1 ,molinos1 ,joan of ,arc1 the ,anabaptists1 c41 are proofs of this assertion4 ,and it is a fact that1 in epidemics of prophecy--such as those which prevailed in the ,cevennes1 and1 recently1 at ,stockholm--ignorant persons1 servant-maids1 and even children1 excited by enthusiasm1 are fired to deliver discourses which are often full of spirit and eloquence4 ,a maid-servant said1 8,can you put a piece of wood in the fire without thinking of hell8--the more wood1 the greater the flames40 ,another prophetess1 a cook1 cried out1 8,god pronounces curses on this wine of wrath 7i4e41 brandy71 and the sinners who drink of it shall be punished according to their sin1 and torrents of this wine of wrath shall flow in hell to burn them40 ,a child of four said1 8,may ,god in heaven call sinners to repentance6 ,go to ,golgotha--there are the festal robes60#cgh #f4 ,mania1 among barbarous people1 often takes the epidemic form1 as among the savage negroes of ,juidah1 among the ,abipones and among the ,abyssinians in those affections analogous to the tarantula which are called tigretier4 ,thus1 in ,greece1 an instance is recorded of an epidemic madness among the people of ,abdera1 who had been deeply moved by the recital of a tragedy2 and those ,thyades who appeared at ,athens and ,rome--worshippers of ,bacchus1 thirsting for luxury and blood1 and seized with sacred fury--were affected by erotico-religious insanity4 ,but this is more especially seen in the ,middle ,ages1 when mental epidemics were continually succeeding one another4 ,the strangest forms of madness were thus communicated1 like a true contagion1 from whole villages to whole nations1 from children to old men1 from the credulous to the most resolute sceptics4 ,demonomania1 more or less associated with nymphomania and convulsions1 c41 produced sometimes witches1 sometimes persons possessed with devils1 according as it was boasted of and displayed1 or suffered with horror1 by its victims4 ,it showed itself in the most obscene hallucinations 7especially of commerce with evil spirits1 or the animals which represented them71 in an antipathy to sacred things1 or those believed to be such 7e4g41 the bones said to be relics71 or in an extraordinary development1 sometimes of muscular1 sometimes of intellectual1 power1 so that they spoke languages of which they had previously only the slightest knowledge1 or recalled and connected the most remote and complicated reminiscences4 ,this form of insanity was sometimes associated with erotic ecstasies1 or partial ansthesia1 and often with a tendency to biting1 to murder1 or to suicide4 ,sometimes there was a shuddering horror1 oftener gloomy hallucinations2 but always a profound conviction of their truth4 ,when the prophetic enthusiasm became epidemic in the ,cevennes1 women1 and even children1 were reached by this contagion1 and saw ,divine commands in the sun and in the clouds4 ,thousands of women persisted in singing psalms and prophesying1 though they were hanged wholesale4 ,whole cities1 says ,villani1 seemed to be possessed of the devil4 ,at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 in #acgd1 there spread1 from epileptics and choreics to the people in general--affecting even decrepit old men and pregnant women--a mania for dancing in the public squares1 crying1 8,here ,sant ,johan1 so so1 vrisch und vro60 ,this was accompanied by religious hallucinations1 in which they saw heaven opened1 and within it1 the assembly of the blessed4 ,the subjects also had an antipathy to anything red1 unlike tarantula subjects who are madly attracted to red4 ,the mania extended to ,cologne1 where #ejj persons were seized with it2 thence to ,metz1 where there were #a1ajj dancers1 ,strasburg1 and other places4 ,nor did it cease speedily1 for it recurred periodically in subsequent years2 and on the day of ,st4 ,vitus 7probably chosen as a patron on account of the ,celtic etymology of his name7 thousands of dances took places near his relics4 ,in #afbc these pilgrimages still continued4#cgi ,most curious is that epidemic mania for pilgrimages1 developed among children in the ,middle ,ages4 ,when men's minds were cast down with grief for the loss of the ,holy ,land1 in #abab1 a shepherd-boy of ,cloes1 in ,vendme1 thought himself sent by ,god1 who had appeared to him in the shape of an unknown man1 accepted bread from him1 and entrusted him with a letter for the king4 ,all the sons of the neighbouring shepherds flocked to him2 #cj1jjj men became his followers4 ,soon there arose other prophets of eight years old1 who preached1 worked miracles1 and led hosts of delirious children to the new saint at ,cloes4 ,they made their way to ,marseilles1 where the sea was to withdraw its waves in order to let them pass over dry-shod to ,jerusalem4 ,in spite of the opposition of the king and their parents1 and the hardships of the journey1 they reached the sea1 were put on board ship by two unscrupulous merchants1 and sold as slaves in the ,east4 ,the first impulse towards the epidemic form caused by mania was the veneration for individuals affected by it1 which rendered them liable to be taken as models2 but the principal cause is just that isolation1 that ignorance1 which is the accompaniment of barbarism4 ,it is1 above all1 the advance of civilization1 the greater contact of a greater number of persons1 which gives definite form to the sense of individuality1 sharpening it by means of interest1 diffidence1 ambition1 emulation1 ridicule2 but1 above all1 by the continual variety of sensations and consequent variety of ideas4 ,thus it seldom happens that great masses of people are equally predisposed towards1 and impressed by1 the same movement4 ,in fact1 though epidemics of mental alienation have shown themselves1 even in the most recent times1 it has always been among the most ignorant classes of the population1 and in districts remote from the great centres of communication2 always1 moreover1 in mountainous countries 7certainly through atmospheric influences1 as well as on account of greater isolation7#chj--;as in ,cornwall1 ,wales1 ,norway1 ,brittany 7the barking women of ,josselin71 in the remotest colonies of ,america1 in the distant valley of ,morzines in ,france1 and the ,alpine gorge of ,verzegnis in ,italy1 where ,franzolini has so well described it4 ,thus1 at ,monte ,amiata 7where1 later on1 we shall find ,lazzaretti71 the chroniclers record that one ,audiberti lived in an extraordinary state of filth1 and was for this reason venerated as a saint4 ,not far from this place1 ,bartolomeo ,brandano1 a tenant of the ,olivetan monks1 who lived towards the end of the sixteenth century--perhaps overcome by the sufferings of his country during the occupation by the ,spanish army--was seized by religious monomania1 and believed himself to be ,john the ,baptist4 ,he assumed the dress of the saint1 and1 covered with a hair-shirt reaching to his knees1 with bare feet1 a crucifix in his hand1 and a skull under his arm1 he travelled through the district of ,siena1 preaching1 prophesying1 working miracles1 and finding proselytes4 ,he then went to ,rome1 and1 on the square of ,st4 ,peter's1 preached against the ,pope and the ,cardinals4 ,but ,clement ,,vii41 instead of having him hanged1 sent him to the ,tordinona prison1 where it was usual at that time to seclude the insane1 when they were not burnt at the stake as being possessed of demons4 ,when he came out of prison he returned to ,siena1 and several times insulted ,don ,diego ,mendoza1 commander of the ,spanish army2 but ,don ,diego1 unable to tell whether he were a saint1 a prophet1 or a madman1 had him seized and taken to the prison of ,talamone1 so that the governor might decide the question4 ,the ,siennese governor would have nothing to do with him1 and said1 8,if he is a saint1 saints are not sent to the galleys2 if he is a prophet1 prophets are not punished2 and if he is mad1 madmen are exempt from the laws40 ,brandano was thus liberated in a short time1 and1 after having preached a sermon to the prisoners1 he went away1 and returned to his prophecies and his exorcisms4 ,even recently1 in the remote village of ,busca1 in ,piedmont1 two saints have arisen1 one of whom had been a convict for twenty years1#cha and the other already had a congregation of over #cjj members4 ,not far from there1 in the ,alpine village of ,montenero1 there appeared1 in #ahhg1 the epidemic delirium of the second coming of ,christ1 in expectation of which event more than #c1jjj inhabitants assembled1 in spite of the snow4 ,about the same time a vagabond ,messiah was arrested at ,vezzola1 in the ,abruzzi4 ,the retrograde metamorphosis of the intellectual faculties passes through slighter gradations in the barbarian than in the civilized man4 ,the former is much less able to distinguish illusions from realities1 hallucinations from desires1 and the possible from the supernatural1 and also to keep his imagination in check4 ,the ,norwegian preaching epidemic of #ahdb was termed ,magdkrankheit--the maid-servants' disease--because it attacked servants1 hysterical women in general1 and children of the lower classes4 ,the ,redruth epidemic was diffused entirely among persons 8whose intellect is of the very lowest class02#chb whereas when1 in recent years1 the craze of magnetism1 and the still more foolish one of table-rapping1 appeared1 they never presented any other characteristic than that of widely diffused errors1 and mental alienation in this direction could only boast of isolated victims4 ,it is not long since the ,haytian negroes looked on certain trees which had been hung with cloths as images of saints2 and the ,nubians see their gods in the grotesque forms of splintered rocks4 ,the slightest cause predisposes the barbarian to terror2 and from terror to superstition is but a short step4 ,this last1 which disappears before the logic and the sarcasm of civilized people1 is the most important factor in the development of insanity4 ,ideler1#chc speaking of the ,stockholm epidemic of #ahdb1 mentions it as a historical fact that1 in the places where the disease first appeared1 people's minds had for a long time past been disturbed and excited by sermons and devotional exercises2 and that1 in these places1 the number of those affected had perceptibly increased4 ,this is the explanation of ancient and modern prophets1 and their sudden power which has left traces on the history of nations4 ,many unhappy persons affected by ambitious mania1 or theomania1 are looked upon as prophets1 and their delusions taken for revelations2 and this is the origin of a number of sects which have intensified the struggle between religion and liberty both in the ,middle ,ages and in modern times4 ,picard1 for example1 imagined himself to be a son of ,god1 sent on earth as a new ,adam1 to re-establish the natural laws1 which consisted1 according to him1 in going naked1 and in the community of women4 ,he met with believers and imitators1 and founded the sect of the ,adamites1 who were exterminated by the ,hussites in #acdg1 but were afterwards revived under the name of ,turlupins4 ,in the same way1 the ,anabaptists1 at ,mnster1 at ,appenzell1 and in ,poland1 believed that they saw luminous forms of angels and dragons fighting in the sky1 that they received orders to kill their brothers or their best-beloved children 7homicidal mania71 or to abstain from food for months together1 and that they could paralyze whole armies by their breath or by a look4 ,later on1 those sects of ,calvinists and ,jansenists which caused the shedding of so much blood1 had--as ,calmeil has demonstrated--an analogous origin4 ,this is also the origin of the belief in wizards and demoniacs4 ,if we glance over the lists of literary madmen and illuminati given by ,delepierre1 ,philomneste1 and ,adelung1 the number of followers found by many of them makes us laugh and sigh in the same breath at the extent of human folly4 ,let us mention1 for example1 ,kleinov1 who1 in the middle of the eighteenth century1 claimed to represent the ,king of ,zion1 whose sons his followers asserted themselves to be2 and ,joachim of ,calabria1 who declared that the ,christian era was to end in #abjj1 when a new ,messiah was to appear with a new gospel4 ,swedenborg1 who believed that he had spoken with the spirits of the various planets for whole days1 and even for months together1 who had seen the inhabitants of ,jupiter walking partly on their hands and partly on their feet1 those of ,mars speaking with their eyes1 and those of the ,moon with their stomachs1 incredible as it may seem1 has believers and followers even up to the present time4#chd ,irving1 in #ahcj1 asserted that he had received1 by divine inspiration1 the gift of unknown tongues1 and founded the sect of the ,irvingites4 ,john ,humphrey ,noyes1 of the ,united ,states1 believed himself to have the gift of prophecy1 and founded the sect of 8,perfectionists0 established at ,oneida1 who considered marriage and property as theft1 did not recognize human laws1 and believed every action1 even the commonest1 to be inspired by ,god4 ,at the beginning of the century that prophetess of monarchy1 ,julie de ,krdener1 possessed great influence4 ,she was hysterical1 and so far erotic as to throw herself on her knees in public before a tenor2 afterwards1 impelled by disappointment in love towards the ancient faith1 she believed herself chosen to redeem humanity1 and found in this belief the vigour of a burning eloquence4 ,she went to ,ble and turned the city upside down by preaching the speedy coming of the ,messiah4 ,twenty thousand pilgrims responded to her call2 the ,senate became alarmed and banished her4 ,she hastened to ,baden1 where four thousand people were waiting on the square to kiss her hands and her dress4 ,a woman offered her ten thousand florins to build a new church2 she distributed them to the poor 8whose reign was at hand40 ,she was exiled from ,baden1 and returned to ,switzerland1 followed by crowds4 ,though persecuted by the police1 she passed from town to town1 followed by acclamations and blessings4 ,she said that her works were dictated to her by angels4 ,napoleon1 who had treated her with contempt1 became1 for her1 the 8dark angel10 ,alexander of ,russia1 the angel of light4 ,her influence became the inspiration of the latter2 so much so1 that the idea of the ,holy ,alliance seems to be due to her alone4#che ,loyola1 when wounded1 turned his thoughts to religious subjects1 and1 terrified by the ,lutheran revolt1 planned and founded the great ,company4 ,he believed that he received the personal assistance of the ,virgin ,mary in his projects1 and heard heavenly voices encouraging him to persevere in them4 ,analogous phenomena may be observed in the lives of ,george ,fox and the early ,quakers4#chf ,francis of ,assisi4#chg--,the son of a religious woman1 ,francis of ,assisi was forced to devote himself to business after receiving only the elements of education from the priests of ,s4 ,giorgio4 ,being rich1 and able to spend money as he pleased1 he became the life and soul of the joyous companies of young men1 whose custom it was to go about the city by day and night1 singing and diverting themselves4 ,he seemed to be the son of a great prince rather than of a merchant4 ,the citizens of ,assisi called him 8the flower of youths10 and his companions deferred to him as to their leader4 ,he excelled in singing1 his biographers praise his sweet and powerful voice2 and he was also dexterous in feats of arms4 ,when taken prisoner1 in a skirmish between the burghers of ,perugia and those of ,assisi1 he encouraged his companions in prison1 and exhorted them to cheerfulness both by word and example4 ,his naturally refined and noble disposition was shown both in his person and manners1 and in a liberality which delighted in giving to the poor4 ,it is said that1 in his twenty-fourth year1 a severe illness confined him for a long time to his bed4 ,at the beginning of his convalescence1 he left the house1 leaning on a stick1 and stood still to gaze at the beautiful country which surrounds ,assisi1 but could find no pleasure in it1 as he had once done4 ,from that day forward1 he was sad and thoughtful4 ,he often left his companions1 and retired to a cave1 where he spent hours in meditation4 ,in order to relieve his sufferings1 he had recourse to prayer1 and prayed so fervently that one day he thought he saw before him ,christ nailed to the cross1 and felt 8the passion of ,christ impressed even upon his bowels1 upon the very marrow of his bones1 so that he could not keep his thoughts fixed upon it without being overflowed with grief40 ,he was then seen wandering about the fields with his face bathed in tears2 and when asked whether he felt ill1 he replied1 8,i am weeping for the passion of my ,lord ,jesus40 ,his friends said to him1 8,think of choosing a wife10 and he replied1 8,yes1 ,i am thinking of a lady--of the noblest1 the richest1 the most beautiful1 that was ever seen60 ,who was the lady of his thoughts1 he revealed on the day when1 laying aside the dress of his rank1 he threw a beggar's mantle over his shoulders1 to the unbounded anger of his father1 who in vain tried to imprison him1 and to the great scandal of every one4 ,by many1 we read in the ,fioretti1 he was thought a fool2 and as a madman he was mocked and driven away with stones1 by his relations and by strangers2 and he suffered patiently all mockery and harsh treatment1 as though he had been deaf and dumb4 ,francis of ,assisi1 however1 was original and great1 not through those qualities which he had in common with the vulgar herd of ascetics--abstinences1 mortifications1 prayers1 ecstasies1 visions--but on account of something which was1 without his knowing it1 the very negation of asceticism--the affirmation and the triumph of the gentlest and sweetest feelings of humanity4 ,the ascetic abhorred1 condemned1 and fled from nature1 life1 all human affections1 in order to steep himself in solitary contemplation3 ,francis1 by example and precept1 preached the love of nature1 concord1 mutual affection between human beings1 and work4 ,the ascetic called everything beautiful in the world the work of ,satan3 ,francis brought about a true revolution by calling it the work of ,god1 praising and thanking ,god for it4 ,it was a new kind of loving and passionate ,pantheism which inspired him with the ,song of the ,sun1 in which all creatures1 animate and inanimate1 are joined in fraternal embrace1 in which the beautiful and radiant sun1 the bright and precious moon and stars1 the wind1 the clouds1 the clear sky--water1 8useful1 humble1 precious1 and chaste10--fire1 shining1 joyous1 8hardy and strong10 ,mother ,earth1 who sustains and feeds us1 together with man1 who up to that time had been taught to despise everything that might distract him from the selfish thought of his fate in the next world--all these are called upon to sing the glory of the ,lord who is good1 to bless ,him for having made the universe so rich1 varied1 and beautiful1 so worthy to be loved4#chh ,if we think of this bold and far-reaching change1 we shall no longer smile in reading the ,song2 remembering1 too1 that it was the first attempt made by the ,italian people to express their religious feelings in the vulgar tongue4 ,for such a song to burst from the impassioned heart of ,francis1 the germs of universal love which he cherished there must already have come to perfect growth4 ,he must have freed himself entirely from the ancient terror1 which1 in the common superstitious belief1 peopled woods1 mountains1 air and water1 with hidden enemies4 ,as also1 in order to bring men back to mutual love1 in an age when 8those whom one wall and one ditch confined1 gnawed one another10 he had1 through the natural tendency to extremes1 to include1 not only ,brother ,sun and ,sister ,moon1 but even ,brother ,wolf4 ,having composed the ,song1 ,francis was so well pleased with it that he adapted to it a musical melody1 taught it to his disciples1 and thought of choosing among his followers some who should go about the world singing the praises of ,god1 and 8asking1 as their only recompense that their listeners should repent1 should call themselves just #8,god's jesters'--,joculatores ,domini40 ,thus he gave the first and most vigorous impulse to religious poetry in the vulgar tongue4 ,luther4--,luther#chi attributed his physical pains and his dreams to the arts of the devil1 though all those of which he has left us a description are clearly due to nervous phenomena4 ,he often suffered1 e4g41 from an anguish which nothing could lighten1 caused1 according to him1 by the anger of an offended ,god4 ,at #bg1 he began to be seized with attacks of giddiness1 accompanied by headaches and noises in the ears1 which returned at the ages of #cb1 #ch1 #dj1 and #eb1 especially when he was on a journey4 ,at thirty-eight1 moreover1 he had a real hallucination1 perhaps favoured by excessive solitude4 8,when1 in #aeba10 he writes1 8,i was in my ,patmos1 in a room which was entered by no one except two pages who brought me my food1 ,i heard1 one evening1 after ,i was in bed1 nuts moving inside a sack1 and flying of themselves against the ceiling and all round my bed4 ,scarcely had ,i gone to sleep1 when ,i heard a tremendous noise1 as if many berries were being thrown over2 ,i rose1 and cried1 #8,who art thou8' commended myself to ,christ10 c4 ,in the church at ,wittenberg1 he had just begun explaining the ,epistle to the ,romans1 and had reached the words1 8,the just shall live by faith10 when he felt these ideas penetrate his mind1 and heard that sentence repeated aloud several times in his ear4 ,in #aejg1 he heard the same words when on his journey to ,rome1 and again in a voice of thunder1 as he was dragging himself up the steps of the ,scala ,santa4 8,not seldom10 he confesses1 8has it happened to me to awake about midnight1 and dispute with ,satan concerning the ,mass10 and he details the many arguments adduced by the ,devil4 ,savonarola4--,but the illustration in every respect most apposite 7if it did not seem almost a national blasphemy to say so7 is that offered us by ,savonarola4 ,under the influence of a vision1 he believed himself1 even from his youth1 sent by ,christ to redeem the country from its corruption4 ,one day1 while speaking to a nun1 it seemed to him that heaven suddenly opened2 and he saw in a vision the calamities of the ,church1 and heard a voice commanding him to announce them to the people4 ,the visions of the ,apocalypse and of the ,old ,testament prophets passed in review before him4 ,in #adia he wished to leave off treating of politics in his sermons4 8,i watched all ,saturday1 and the whole night1 but at daybreak1 while ,i was praying1 ,i heard a voice say1 #8,fool1 dost thou not see that ,god will have thee go on in the same way8'0 ,in #adib1 while preaching during ,advent1 he had a vision of a sword1 on which was written1 8,gladius ,domini super terram40 ,suddenly1 the sword turned towards the earth1 the air was darkened1 there was a rain of swords1 arrows1 and fire1 and the earth became a prey to famine and pestilence4 ,from this moment1 he began to predict the pestilence which1 in fact1 afterwards came to pass4 ,in another vision1 becoming ambassador to ,christ1 he makes a long journey to ,paradise1 and there holds discourse with many saints and with the ,virgin1 whose throne he describes1 not forgetting the number of the precious stones with which it is adorned4#cij ,we shall see how a similar scene was described by ,lazzaretti4 ,savonarola was continually meditating on his dreams2 and he tried to distinguish which among his visions were produced by angels1 and which were the work of demons4 ,scarcely ever is he touched by a misgiving that he may possibly be in error4 ,in one of his dialogues he declares that 8to feign one's self a prophet in order to persuade others1 would be like making ,god ,himself an impostor4 ,might it not be10 continues the objector1 8that you were deceiving yourself8 ,no10 is the reply1 8,i worship ,god--,i seek to follow in ,his footsteps2 it cannot be that ,god should deceive me40#cia ,yet1 with the contradiction peculiar to unhinged minds1 he had written a short time before1 8,i am not a prophet1 neither the son of a prophet2 it is your sins that make me a prophet perforce40 ,moreover1 in one page he says that his prophetic illumination is independent of grace1 whereas1 a few pages back1 he had declared that the two were one and the same thing4 ,villari justly remarks that 8this is the singularity of his character1 that a man who had given to ,florence the best form of republic1 who dominated an entire people1 who filled the world with his eloquence and had been the greatest of philosophers--should make it his boast that he heard voices in the air1 and saw the sword of the ,lord60 8,but10 as the same author well concludes1 8the very puerility of his visions proves that he was the victim of hallucinations2 and a still stronger proof is their uselessness1 even hurtfulness1 as far as he himself was concerned4 8,what need was there1 if he wished to cheat the masses1 to write treatises on his visions1 to speak of them to his mother1 to write reflections on them on the margins of his ,bible8 ,those things which his admirers would have been most eager to hide1 those which the simplest intelligence would never have allowed to get into print1 these very productions he continued to publish and republish4 ,the truth is that1 as he often confessed1 he felt an inward fire burning in his bones1 and forcing him to speak2 and as he was himself swept away by the force of that ecstatic delirium1 so he succeeded in carrying with him his audience1 who were moved by his words in a way we find it hard to understand when we compare the impression produced with the text of the sermons themselves40 ,this helps us to understand how--exactly in the same manner as ,lazzaretti--he propagated his divine madness among the people1 not only epidemically1 by the contagion of ideas1 but producing actual insanity in persons1 who1 being nearly or quite without education1 preached and wrote extempore in consequence of their madness4 ,thus ,domenico ,cecchi#cib was the author of a work entitled ,sacred ,reform1 which contains the very just suggestions of relieving the ,great ,council from minor business1 taxing church property1 imposing a single tax1 and creating a militia1 also that of fixing the amount of girls' dowries4 ,in his preface1 he writes3 8,i set myself with my fancy to make such a work1 and ,i can make no other1 and by day and night methinks ,i have made such efforts that ,i might call them miraculous2 but it has come to pass that ,i myself stand amazed thereat40 ,a certain ,giovanni1 a ,florentine tailor1 seized with morbid enthusiasm1 wrote terzine in which he extolled the future glories of ,florence1 and produced verses worthy of ,lazzaretti1#cic and prophecies like the following1 8,yet it must needs be that the ,pisan shall descend1 with irons on his feet1 into the sewer1 since he has been the cause of so much woe40 ,if ,i were asked whether1 in our asylums1 we often meet with types analogous to these1 ,i should reply that there is1 perhaps1 not an asylum in ,italy which has not received one of these strange lunatics4 ,cola da ,rienzi4--,in #accj1 ,rome was sinking into chaos4 ,historians have left us an appalling picture of the disorders of the time1 the absence of any regular government1 and the lawless tyranny of the robber barons4 ,the general conditions of the age were favourable to popular movements4 ,king ,robert1 the protector of the barons was dead2 and ,todi 7#accg71 ,genoa 7under ,adorno1 in #acfg71 and ,florence 7#acfc71 had initiated a democratic rgime1 which ushered in the terrible ,ciompi revolution of #acgh4 ,a premature thrill of revolt ran through ,europe1 and was felt even in feudal and monarchical ,france1 where the movement was organized1 for a short time1 at ,paris1 under ,marcel4#cid ,under these circumstances1 ,cola--a young man1 born in the ,tiber district1 in #acac1 the son of an innkeeper and a washerwoman1 or water-seller1 who though at first little better than a field-labourer1 had studied as a notary1 and acquired a considerable knowledge of the history and antiquities of his country--saw his brother murdered by the wretches who formed the government1 or rather the misgovernment of ,rome4 ,then he--who1 as the anonymous historian tells us1 always had 8a fantastic smile0 on his lips1 and already1 when meditating on ancient books and the ruins of ,rome1 had often wept1 exclaiming1 8,where are the good ,romans of the old time8 ,where is their justice80--was seized1 as he afterwards acknowledged1#cie by an irresistible impulse to put into action the ideas which he had acquired from books4 ,in his capacity of notary1 he devoted himself to the protection of minors and widows1 and assumed the curious title of their ,consul1 just as there were1 in his time1 consuls of the carpenters1 cloth-workers1 and other guilds4 ,in #acdc1 in one of the numerous small revolutions of the period1 the people had attempted to overthrow the ,senate1 creating the government of the ,thirteen1 under the papal authority4 ,on that occasion1 ,cola was sent as spokesman of the people1 to ,avignon1 where he vividly depicted the evils prevalent in ,rome1 and1 by his bold and powerful eloquence1 amazed and won over the cool-headed prelates1 from whom he attained the appointment of notary to the ,urban ,chamber1 in #acdd4 ,on his return to ,rome1 he continued to exercise this office with exaggerated zeal1 and got himself called ,consul no longer of the widows1 but of ,rome4 ,he excelled others in courtesy1 was also inflexible in the administration of justice1 and never failed to involve himself in long harangues against those whom he called the dogs of the ,capitol4 ,one day1 in a moment of exaggerated fanaticism1 he cried to the barons1 in full assembly1 8,ye are evil citizens--ye who suck the blood of the people40 ,and1 turning to the officials and governors1 he warned them that it was their place to provide for the good of the ,state4 ,the result of this was a tremendous buffet dealt him by a chamberlain of the ,house of ,colonna4 ,he then took matters more calmly1 and began to depict the former glories and present miseries of ,rome1 by means of paintings1 in which the homicides1 adulterers1 and other criminals were represented by apes and cats1 the corrupt judges and notaries by foxes1 and the senators and nobles by wolves and bears4 ,on another day1 he exhibited the famous table of ,vespasian1 and invited the public1 including the nobles1 to a dramatic explanation of it4 ,he appeared1 arrayed in a ,german cloak with a white hood1 and a hat also white and surrounded by many crowns1 one of which was divided in the midst by a small silver sword4 ,the interpretation of these grotesque symbols1 which already indicate his madness 7the continual use of such being1 as already stated1 characteristic of monomaniacs1 till they end by sacrificing to their passion for symbols the very evidence of the things which they wish to represent71 is unknown4 ,thus1 applying--somewhat after his own fashion--the decree of the ,senate which granted to ,vespasian the right of making laws at his pleasure1 of increasing or diminishing the gardens of ,rome and of ,italy 7if he had been a scholar1 he would have said the area of the ,roman district71 and of making and unmaking kings1 he called on them to consider into what a state they had fallen4 8,remember that the jubilee is approaching1 and that you have made no provision of food or other necessaries4 ,put an end to your quarrels10 c4 ,but along with these1 he delivered other discourses which were1 to say the least1 eccentric2 e4g41 8,i know that men wish to find a crime in my speeches1 and that out of envy2 but1 thanks to heaven1 three things consume my enemies--luxury1 envy1 and fire40#cif ,these two last words were greatly applauded2 ,i do not understand them1 however1 especially the last4 ,i believe that they were applauded1 precisely because the audience did not understand them1 as happens to many street orators1 with whom resonant and meaningless words supply the place of ideas1 and are even greeted with greater enthusiasm4 ,the fact is1 that1 among the upper classes1 he passed for one of those persons of unsound mind who were then in great request for the amusement of society4#cig ,the nobles1 especially the ,colonna1 disputed the pleasure of his company with each other1 and he would tell them of the glories of his future government4 8,and when ,i am king or emperor1 ,i will make war on all of you4 ,i will have such an one hanged1 and such another beheaded40 ,he spared none of them1 and mentioned them by name1 one by one1 to their faces2 and1 all the time1 both to nobles and commons1 he continued to speak of the good state1 and of how he was going to restore it4 ,here ,i insert a parenthesis4 ,it has been said 7by ,petrarch in particular7 that he feigned madness1 and was a second ,brutus2 but when we see his love for pomp1 luxury1 strange symbols1 and garments1 gradually increasing as he advanced in his political career1 and after his rise to power1 we no longer have any doubt as to the reality of his madness4 ,he continued to put forth new symbolical pictures1 among others one with this inscription3 8,the day of justice is coming--,await this moment40 ,be it noted that this picture represented a dove bringing a crown of myrtle to a little bird4 ,the dove stood for the ,holy ,spirit 7as we shall see1 one of the favourite objects of his delirium7 and the bird was himself1 who was to crown ,rome with glory4 ,at last1 on the first day of ,lent1 #acdg1 he affixed to the door of ,san ,giorgio another placard3 8,before long1 the good ,state of ,rome shall be restored40 ,not being feared by the nobles1 who thought him mad1 he was able to conspire secretly1 or rather to keep up the ferment of public opinion1 by taking apart1 gradually1 one by one1 the men who seemed to him best adapted for the purpose1 and assigning them their posts on ,mount ,aventine1 towards the end of ,april1 on a day when the governor was to be absent4 ,in this assembly1 the only one which1 up to that time1 had been held in secret1 the mode of bringing about the ,good ,state was deliberated on4 ,here he showed the eloquence of a man who speaks from conviction1 and of things which are too true not to produce a deep impression4 ,he described the discord of the great1 the debasement of the poor1 the armed men roaming about in quest of plunder1 wives dragged from their marriage-beds1 pilgrims murdered at the gates1 priests drowned in sensual orgies1 no strength or wisdom among those who held the reigns of power4 ,from the nobles there was everything to fear and nothing to hope4 ,where were they1 in the midst of all these disorders8 ,they were leaving ,rome1 to enjoy a holiday on their estates1 while everything was going to wreck and ruin in the city4 ,as the members of the popular party were hesitating for want of funds1 he gave them a hint that these might be obtained from the revenues of the ,apostolic ,chamber1 reckoning #aj1jjj florins for the tax on salt alone1 #ajj1jjj for the hearth-tax1 figures which ,sismondi 7chapter xxxviii47 declares to be absolutely erroneous4 ,he also gave them to understand that he was acting in accordance with the wishes of the ,pope 7which was false71 and that he was able with the consent of the latter1 to seize upon the revenues of the ,holy ,see4 ,on ,may #ah1 #acdg1 in ,colonna's absence1 he had proclamation made through the streets1 by sound of trumpet1 that all citizens were to assemble in the night of the day following1 in the church of ,sant' ,angelo1 to take measures for the establishment of the ,good ,state4 ,on the #aith1 ,rienzi was present at the meeting1 in armour1 guarded by a hundred armed men1 and accompanied by the ,papal ,vicar1 and by three standards covered with the most extraordinary symbols--one of them representing ,liberty1 one ,justice1 and one ,peace4 ,among the measures which he caused to be adopted by this improvised assembly were some which would be well suited to our own times2 the following1 for instance3-- ,all lawsuits were to be terminated within fifteen days4 ,the ,apostolic ,chamber was to provide for the support of widows and orphans4 ,every district of ,rome was to have a public granary4 ,if a ,roman were killed in the service of his country1 his heirs to receive a hundred lire if he were a foot soldier1 and a hundred florins if a horseman4 ,the garrisons of cities and fortresses to be formed of men chosen from among the ,roman people4 ,every accuser who could not make good his accusation1 to be subject to the penalty which his victim would have incurred4 ,the houses of the condemned not to be destroyed 7as was then the case in all communities71 but to become the property of the municipality4 ,cola received from this popular assembly entire lordship over the city2 he associated the ,papal ,vicar with himself as a harmless assistant1 entitled himself ,tribune1 and performed an actual miracle in restoring peace where there had been chaos4 ,he saw the proud barons--even the rebellious and powerful prefect of ,vico--prostrate at his feet4 ,he executed severe justice upon the most powerful nobles as well as the populace4 ,members of the ,orsini1 ,savelli1 and ,gaetani families were hanged by him1 for violation of the laws2 and1 what is more1 even priests1 such as the monk of ,st4 ,anastasius who was accused of several murders4 ,by means of the so-called ,tribunal of ,peace1 he reconciled with each other #ahjj citizens1 who had previously been mortal enemies4 ,he abolished1 or1 more accurately speaking1 tried to abolish1 the servile use of the title ,don1 which is still rampant among us in the south2 he prohibited dicing1 concubinage1 and fraud in the sale of provisions--which last was the measure which conduced most to his popularity4 ,finally1 he created a true citizen militia1 a real national guard4 ,he caused the escutcheons of the nobles to be erased from all palaces1 equipages1 and banners1 saying that there was to be in ,rome no other lordship than the ,pope's and his own4 ,he re-established a tax on every hearth1 in all the towns and villages of the ,roman district1 and was obeyed even by the ,tuscan communities1 who might have claimed exemption4 ,the collectors were not sufficient for the work4 ,all the governors1 except two1 submitted2 and he finally appointed a kind of justice of the peace1 to decide even criminal cases4 ,he did even more4 ,he was the first to conceive1 what even ,dante had not thought of1 an ,italy neither ,guelf nor ,ghibelline1 under the headship of the ,roman municipality1 in which like ,marcel of ,paris1 he attempted to assemble a true national ,parliament4#cih ,he was the first man in ,italy to think of this1 and was only understood by thirty-five communes4 ,at ,avignon1 finally1 he was able to achieve what ,i consider his greatest enterprise3 to get himself pardoned1 after a course of speech and action so hostile to the ,papal ,court1 by those who never pardon--the clergy of that ferocious and implacable age2 and not only pardoned1 but sent back1 though for a short period and in an inferior capacity1 to a position fraught with the greatest dangers to that order4 ,but all these miracles1 alas6 lasted for a few days only4 ,the man who in his political ideas surpassed not only his contemporaries1 but many modern thinkers1 and preceded ,mazzini and ,cavour in the idea of unity1 was in fact a monomaniac1 as is recorded by the historians1 ,re and ,papencordt2 if he was great in conception1 he was uncertain and incapable in practical matters4 ,this was fully shown1 e4g41 when1 though he had his greatest enemy1 the prefect of ,vico1 in his hands1 he let him go1 keeping his son as a hostage2 and when he failed to profit by his unexpected victory over the barons4 ,always incapable of taking any resolution which was not merely theoretical1 he believed that everything he did was done by the grace of the ,holy ,spirit1#cii under whose auspices we have seen that he began his enterprize4 ,he was still further confirmed in his delusion by a heresy which had then recently sprung up1 according to which the ,holy ,spirit was to regenerate the world1 and especially by the fact1 very insignificant in itself1 that a dove alighted near him while he was showing the people one of his allegorical pictures4 ,to this dove he attributed his successful beginning1 as he ascribed to his prophetic inspiration the victory over the ,colonna#djj and that over the ,prefect4#dja ,in the most important affairs1 he believed that he heard in himself1 through the medium of a dream or other sign1 the voice of ,god1 with whom he took counsel1 and to whom he referred everything4 ,sustained by the prestige of this inspiration1 he furthermore enacted religious laws1 e4g41 one compelling confession once a year1 under pain of confiscation to the extent of one-third of a man's property4 ,he did not fail to exhibit the usual contradictions peculiar to the insane4 ,very religious himself1 he had no hesitation in comparing himself to ,christ1 only on account of the coincidence implied in his having gained a victory at the age of thirty-three4 ,after his defeat1 he again compared himself to him1 in a play upon numbers such as is common among the insane1 because he was for thirty-three months an exile in the ,majella1 in a wild and lonely hermitage1 surrounded by several persons subject to hallucinations1 followers of the ,holy ,spirit1 who prophesied that he would once more be victorious1 and even rule over the whole world4 ,the megalomaniac delirium which usually prevailed in his case1 explains the greater part of these contradictions4 ,he believed that in his own person were centred all the hopes of a ,messiah of ,italy1 who was to restore the ,roman ,empire1 nay1 even redeem the world4#djb ,at a moment when he must have thought himself near death1 in the prison at ,prague1#djc he thought himself the victim of diabolical imaginations1 or believed that he was obeying the will of heaven4 ,thus he wrote1 8,i kiss the key of the prison1 as it were the gift of ,god40 ,one day he arose from the throne and1 advancing towards his faithful followers1 said in a loud voice1 8,we command ,pope ,clement to present himself before our tribunal1 and to live at ,rome2 and we give the same command to the ,college of ,cardinals4 ,we cite to appear before us the two claimants1 ,charles of ,bohemia and ,ludwig of ,bavaria1 who take upon themselves the title of ,emperors4 ,we command all the electors of ,germany to inform us on what pretext they have usurped the inalienable right of the ,roman people--the ancient and legitimate sovereign of the empire40 ,then he drew his sword1 waved it three times towards the three divisions of the known world1 and said1 three times1 in a transport of ecstasy1 8,this1 too1 belongs to me60 ,all this because he had bathed in the porphyry basin of ,constantine--to the great scandal of his followers--and believed that he had thus succeeded to the power of that emperor4 ,while he was going on this course the ,papal ,legate1 by whose concurrence alone all these eccentricities could1 up to a certain point1 be justified1 protested with all the force his slight degree of energy would allow4 ,it would be pretty much as if the ,consul of ,san ,marino were to take it into his head1 on the strength of a majority of votes1 or because he had worn a hat belonging to ,napoleon ,i41 that he could summon before his tribunal the emperors of ,austria1 ,germany1 and ,russia1 with a few dukes into the bargain4 ,and if this would appear ridiculous in our own times1 when1 in theory at least1 right is esteemed above might1 what must it have seemed in that age8 ,nor was this a mere momentary aberration4 ,we still possess the diplomatic communication 7dated ,aug4 #abth71 destined for the emperors1 after that mad theatrical ceremony4 ,i extract some passages3#djd 8,in virtue of the same authority1 and of the favour of ,god1 the ,holy ,spirit1 and the ,roman people1 we say1 protest1 and declare that the ,roman ,empire1 the election1 jurisdiction1 and monarchy of the ,sacred ,empire belong1 by full right1 to the city of ,rome1 and to all ,italy1 for many good reasons which we shall mention at the proper place and time1 and after having summoned the dukes1 kings1 c41 to appear between this day and that of ,pentecost next following1 before us in ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 with their titles and claims2 failing which1 on the expiry of the term1 they will be proceeded against according to the forms of law1 and the inspiration of the ,holy ,spirit40 ,moreover1 he adds1 as though he had not yet expressed himself clearly enough1 8,besides what has been heretofore said1 in general and in particular1 we cite in person the illustrious princes1 ,louis1 ,duke of ,bavaria1 and ,charles1 ,duke of ,bohemia1 calling themselves emperors1 or elected to the empire2 and1 besides these1 the ,duke of ,saxony1 the ,marquis of ,brandenburg1 c41 that they may appear in the said place before us in person1 and before other magistrates1 failing which we shall proceed against them1 as contumacious10 c4 ,this was too much4 ,the mutual animosity of the ,colonna and the ,orsini was momentarily suspended4 ,they united their forces to combat him openly and conspire against him in secret4 ,an assassin1 sent by them to attempt the tribune's life1 was arrested1 and1 when put to the torture1 accused the nobles4 ,from that instant ,rienzi incurred the fate of a tyrant1 and adopted a tyrant's suspicions and rules of conduct4 ,shortly afterwards1 under various pretexts1 he invited to the capital his principal enemies1 among whom were many of the ,orsini and three of the ,colonna4 ,they arrived1 believing themselves called to a council or banquet2 and ,rienzi1 after inviting them to take their places at table1 had them arrested2 innocent and guilty had to undergo this terror alike4 ,after the people had been summoned to the spot1 by the sound of the great bell1 they were accused of a conspiracy to assassinate ,rienzi1 and not a single voice or hand was raised to defend the heads of the nobility4 ,they passed the night in separate rooms2 and ,stefano ,colonna1 battering at his prison door1 several times entreated that he might be freed by a swift death from so humiliating a position4 ,the arrival of a confessor1 and the sound of the funeral bell1 showed them what was awaiting them4 ,the great hall of the ,capitol1 where the trial was to take place1 was hung with white and red1 as was usual when a death-sentence was about to be pronounced4 ,all seemed ready for their condemnation1 when the tribune1 touched by fear or pity1 after a long speech to the people1 in their defence1 caused them to be acquitted1 and even granted them some offices 7such as the ,prefecture of arms71 which could not fail to be formidable weapons against him4 ,it was not the sort of thing which was done in those days2 and even ,petrarch thought he had been too lenient1 while the lower classes expressed their sense of his folly in a coarser and more energetic fashion4 ,such was his madness1 says the anonymous historian1 that he allowed his enemies to entrench themselves afresh1 and then sent a messenger to summon them to his presence4 ,the messenger was wounded1 whereupon he summoned them a second time1 and then had two of them painted1 hanging head downward4 ,they1 in their turn1 took the town of ,nepi from him1 for which he could devise no other retribution than the drowning of two dogs1 supposed to represent them4 ,after some bloodless and useless marches1 he returned to ,rome1 and1 having put on the dalmatica767 of the emperors1 had himself crowned for the third time4 ,worse still1 he at the same time expelled the ,papal legate1 ,bertrando1#dje thus throwing away his last anchor of safety at the moment when he needed it most4 ,besides the eccentricity of his consecration as ,knight of the ,holy ,spirit1 preceded by the bath in the vase of ,constantine 7which1 though it can readily be explained by the ideas of the period1 did him serious injury in the estimation of the majority1 and especially the religious1 as being an act of profanation71 he was guilty of the egregious political folly of declaring that1 after that ceremony1 the ,roman people had returned to the full possession of their jurisdiction over the world2 that ,rome was the head of the world1 that the monarchy of the empire and the election of the emperor were privileges of the city1 of the ,roman people1 and of ,italy4 ,this was clearly a declaration of war against both pope and emperor4 ,later on1 on ,august #aeth1 with his usual monomaniac tendency to symbolism1 he crowned himself with six wreaths of different plants--ivy1 because he loved religion2 myrtle1 because he honoured learning2 parsley1 because of its resistance to poison 7as the emperor was supposed to resist the malevolence of his enemies74 ,to these he added1 for no discoverable reason1 the mitre of the ,trojan king1 and a silver crown6 ,all this proves1 says ,gregorovius1 that it was his intention to get himself crowned emperor4 ,and1 as it was the custom of the ,roman emperors to promulgate edicts after their coronation1 so he1 immediately after this ceremony1 by political decrees confirmed to the whole of ,italy the right of ,roman citizenship4 ,alberto ,argentaro#djf adds that he threatened ,pope ,clement with deposition1 if he did not return to ,rome within the year1 and that he would have elected another pope4 ,villani says1#djg that he wished to reform the whole of ,italy in the ancient manner1 and subject it to the dominion of ,rome4 ,to understand how truly insane was this project1 it must be remembered that his sacred militia--that which he believed most faithful--numbered no more than #afjj men1 and that the whole army1 counting both horse and foot1 did not1 on an outside calculation1 exceed #bjjj4 ,after defeating the nobles1 without any merit on his part1 he1 who had formerly been so generous1 forbade the widows to weep for the dead2 and was guilty of words and actions which1 even in that ferocious age1 struck his ,sacred ,knights 7as he called them7 as so barbarous and foolish1 that they refused to bear arms for him any longer4 ,from this moment date1 on the one hand1 his undoubted insanity1 on the other1 the contempt of all honourable men1 vigorously expressed by ,petrarch himself in a well-known letter4 ,it can now be understood why he was1 even from the time of his first exploits1 so fond of pompous titles4 ,after calling himself 8,consul of the ,widows10 and 8,consul of ,rome10 he adopted the title of ,tribune1 which afterwards became 8,clement and ,severe ,tribune10 the contradiction being nothing to him1 so long as he could suggest the name of ,severinus ,boethius1 whose arms he had also adopted2 and1 not long after this 7referring1 with that kind of play upon words so dear to the insane and to idiots1 to his nomination in ,august71 8,august ,tribune40#djh ,we can also comprehend that1 stripped of all his power1 an exile and a prisoner1 he should have turned to the prosaic ,emperor ,charles ,,iv41 telling him his dreams1 as we shall see1 with complete confidence in their reality4 ,at ,rome1 after his first fall 7which was1 perhaps1 one cause of the indulgence with which he was treated by the pope71 there had been a new outburst of disorder1 which a tribune who has remained almost unknown--one ,baroncelli--in vain endeavoured to stem4 ,nor did ,rienzi himself meet with any better success on his return1 shorn of his ancient prestige1 and without that youthful audacity which1 united to a maniacal erethism1 had increased the strength of the poor scholar a hundredfold2 and he was overthrown by the populace themselves4 ,for men1 whether madmen of genius or complete geniuses1 have no power against the natural force of things4 ,marcel had no success at ,paris1 though he had far greater forces at his disposal1 and was allied with the ,jacquerie of the country districts4 ,but ,rienzi could not even succeed in realizing the prodigies of insane genius1 since he had by this time fallen into true dementia4 ,it appears that in the early stages of his government he was a sober and temperate man1 so much so that he had to make an effort to find time to eat4 ,from this he passed to the opposite extreme of continued orgies and actual dipsomania1 which he excused by alleging the effects of a poison which he believed to have been administered to him in prison4#dji ,i believe1 on the contrary1 that this phenomenon was occasioned by the progress of his malady1 since we see that it began in the early months of his first tribunate1#daj and since slow poisons produce emaciation1 not obesity1 in their victims4 8,at every hour he was eating dainties and drinking2 he observed neither time nor order2 he mixed ,greek with ,flavian wine2 he drank new wine at any hour4 ,he used to drink too much40 8,moreover he had now become enormously stout1 he had a face like a friar1 round and jovial as that of a bonze1 a ruddy complexion1 and a long beard4 ,his eyes were white1 and suddenly he would turn red as blood1 and his eyes would become inflamed40 ,in short1 as is usually the case with persons inclining to dementia1 his body became enormous1 and his eyes were often bloodshot1 while his face acquired an entirely brutal cast of expression4 ,his mind was much less active1 and his temper fundamentally changed1 while the fickleness1 restlessness1 and oddity1 which had served to excite great admiration for him in the mind of the populace1 now had so degenerated as to redound to his injury4 ,those who saw most of him said that he changed his mind1 as well as his expression of face1 from one minute to the next1 and was never constant to the same thought for a quarter of an hour together4 ,thus he began the siege of ,palestrina1 and then abandoned it2 he would appoint a skilful commander1 and then cashier him4 ,in later times1 when he was forced to impose taxes on wine and salt1 even for the poor1 he restrained his luxurious tendencies1 and became apparently temperate2 but his other evil propensities did not change4 ,to the intermittent generosity of which he had given proofs in his early period succeeded a cold selfishness1 which excited horror even in that cruel age--when1 for instance1 he had ,fra ,monreale beheaded1 for not repaying a sum of money which ,rienzi had lent him4 ,his friend ,pandolfo ,pandolfini1 respected by all ,rome as the model of an honourable man1 was beheaded by him1 without the shadow of a reason1 merely from envy of his reputation4 ,thus he sacrificed1 or despoiled of their property1 the best men in the country1 and passed from the extreme of timidity to that of ferocity4 ,he was seen to laugh and weep almost at the same time1 and in both cases without sufficient cause2 his paroxysms of joy were followed by sighs and tears4 ,but it is chiefly in his letters that the whole of his genius and of his madness is revealed4 ,the letters of ,cola da ,rienzi were sought for and collected with singular curiosity1 as though 7,petrarch several times writes to him7 8they had fallen from the ,antipodes1 or the sphere of the moon40 ,four collections of his letters are extant--at ,mantua1 at ,turin 7twenty-two closely written pages71 at ,paris1 and at ,florence 7the last-named being autographs74 ,they have been published and republished by ,gaye1 ,de ,sade1 ,hobhouse1 ,hoxemio1 ,pelzel1 and ,papencordt1#daa and would by themselves be sufficient material on which to base a diagnosis4 ,in fact1 there is not one of them which does not bear the impress1 either of a morbid vanity1 or of those trivial repetitions and plays upon words especially characteristic of the insane4 ,the first point to note is their great abundance1 in an age when very little was written4 ,when his residence in the ,capitol was sacked1 after his first flight1 what most surprised those who entered his private office was the mass of letters which had been drafted and never sent4 ,it was well known that the numerous staff of clerks employed by him could not keep pace with the amount of matter he dictated1 and that he was continually sending couriers not only to friendly republics1 but to indifferent or hostile potentates1 like the ,king of ,france1 who sent a jesting reply by an archer--a functionary somewhat analogous to a modern policeman4 ,thus1 too1 the lords of ,ferrara1 ,mantua1 and ,padua returned him his letters4 ,add to this their style1 their exaggerated length1 the addition of postscripts longer than the letter itself1 and the singular signature1 richer in laudatory titles than was ever used except by ,oriental princes4 ,these letters have1 indeed1 a flavour of their own1 a vivacity breaking loose from the restraints of the classical writers who served as his models1 an exuberant self-confidence which1 at first sight1 obliged the reader to put faith in the falsehoods with which they swarmed4 ,nay1 it seems that--as happens with some lunatics1 and some incorrigible liars--he ended by himself believing in his own fictions4 ,leaving aside many strange blunders1 surprising in a ,latin scholar1#dab and the prolixity already mentioned1 without dwelling on the very undiplomatic want of delicacy1 present to a morbid extent1 and all the more surprising in a statesman of that age1 when reserve was more general than at present1 one fact particularly strikes me--an inveterate habit of punning1 a symptom of extreme frivolity1 which was certainly not a characteristic of medival diplomacy4 ,what man in his senses would1 even in the depths of the ,dark ,ages1 have written as he did to ,pope ,clement1 in the letter dated ,august #e1 #acdg8-- 8,the grace of the ,holy ,spirit having freed the ,republic under my rule1 and my humble person having been1 at the beginning of ,august1 promoted to the militia1 there is attributed to me1 as in the signature1 the name and title of ,august4 8,given as above on the #eth of ,august1 8,,humble ,,creature1 8,candidate of the ,holy ,spirit1 ,nicol the ,severe and ,clement1 ,liberator of the ,city1 ,zealous for ,italy1 ,lover of the ,world1 who kisses the feet of the blessed40 ,note that1 after all this signature1 the letter goes on for three pages more1 on much more serious topics1 which he had postponed to the pun on 8,august40 ,in this respect1 a clear proof of his insanity is to be found in the letter which he wrote in the elation of his victory over the barons4 ,not to dwell on the strange familiarity with the ,deity which he shows1 when he writes 8that ,god formed to war those fingers which had been trained to the use of the pen0 7whereas1 as a matter of fact1 he had no knowledge whatever of the art of war71 it is well to note that1 among his gravest charges against the ,colonna was that of their having sacked a church where he had deposited his golden crown4 ,still more strange is the following claim to prophecy1 addressed to the clergy--who1 as dealing in such matters1 are likely to be most sceptical concerning them3 8,we should not forget to tell you that1 two days before these occurrences1 we had a vision of ,pope ,boniface1 who foretold our triumph over those tyrants4 ,we made a report thereof in full season1 and in the presence of the assembled ,romans1 and going into ,st4 ,peter's1 to the altar of ,st4 ,boniface1 we presented to him a chalice and a veil4 8,the vision1 at last1 thanks to ,heaven1 was fulfilled1 thanks to the help of the ,blessed ,martin1 ,his tribune40 7,here he forgets that1 two pages previously1 in the same letter1 he had attributed his victories to ,st4 ,laurence and ,st4 ,stephen47 8,as those traitors10 he continues1 8had plundered the pilgrims on the day of his festival1 that ,saint took vengeance on them1 by the hand of a tribune1 three days afterwards1 that is to say1 on the day of ,st4 ,columba1 who glorified the dove 7colomba7 of our flag40 ,note the puns in the above4 ,he concludes with some of those postscripts which are so frequent in the letters of monomaniacs1 and are found in nearly all of his3 8,given at the ,capitol1 on the very day of the victory--the #crd of ,november1 on which day there perished six tyrants of the house of ,colonna1 and none remained but the unhappy old man ,stefano ,colonna1 who is half dead4 ,he is the seventh1 and this is how ,heaven was willing to make the number of the slain ,colonna equal the crowns 7sic7 of our coronation1#dac and to the branches of the fruit-bearing tree which recall the seven gifts of the ,holy ,spirit40 ,absolute insanity is here shown1 both in the idea and the word1 in which he makes the ,deity intervene to extinguish a family of heroes for the sake of a sinister freak of language1 in honour of the man who1 a few pages previously--with a hypocrisy soon belied by facts--had written1 8,consistently with our character1 we were not willing to employ the severity of the sword--however just--against those whom we might bring back to grace without injury to freedom1 justice1 and peace40 ,both comic and insane is the way in which1 in another letter to ,rinaldo ,orsini 7,sept4 #bb1 #acdg71 he tries to disguise1 by a number of useless fictions1 the enormous error of which he had been guilty in setting at liberty the nobles arrested shortly before4 8,we wish that ,your ,paternity should know how1 having judged certain nobles1 lawfully suspected by the people and by us1 it pleased ,god that they should fall into our hands0 7,we see1 on the contrary1 that he had expressly invited them74 8,we caused them to be shut up in the dungeons of the ,capitol2 but1 finally 7our scruples and suspicions having been removed71 we made use of an innocent artifice 7sic7 to reconcile them not only with ourselves1 but with ,god1 wherefore we procured them the happy opportunity of making a devout confession4 ,it was on the #aeth of ,september that we sent confessors to each one of them1 in prison1 and as the latter were ignorant of our good intentions1 and believed that we were going to be severe1 they said to the nobles1 #8,the ,lord ,tribune will condemn you to death4' ,meanwhile the great bell of the ,capitol tolled without ceasing for the assembly1 and thus the terrified nobles gave themselves up for lost2 and1 in the expectation of death1 confessed devoutly and with tears4444 ,i then made a speech in praise of them10 c4 ,let the reader judge of the condition of the moral sense in a man who could write thus4 ,it should be noted1 besides1 that1 diplomatically1 an excuse of this sort 7especially in dealing with priests1 who1 being in the trade1 so to speak1 would know its exact value71 would not only be useless1 but even constitute a serious accusation4 ,nor is his conclusion less strange1 8,withal their hearts are so united to ours and to those of the people1 that this union must last for the good of our country2 because thus they see that we are impartial1 and do not wish to be as severe as we might be40 ,but his useless hypocrisies did not end there2 the confusion of the patricians probably suggested the order1 already mentioned1 that all citizens were to confess and receive the communion at least once a year1 under pain of losing a third of their goods--half the forfeited property to go to the parish church of the defendant1 the other to the city4 ,and the notaries were obliged to act as spies for every testator4 ,now1 ,rienzi1 in a postscript to the above letter 7and ,i repeat that ,i have frequently observed in monomaniacs this fad of postscripts occurring at the end of letters71 gives notice of his new edict1 adding1 8,it seemed to us fitting that1 as a second ,augustus provides for the temporal profit of the ,republic1 he should also seek to favour and promote its spiritual welfare40 ,this1 if one thinks about it1 was a usurpation of the special rights and duties of the pontiff1 even according to the most modern view of them1 as also when he prescribed to the clergy special ceremonies and ecclesiastical processions of his own invention1 and enacted decrees against the members of religious orders who should fail to return to ,rome4 ,this1 in fact1 was one of the principal accusations--and a just one--levelled against him at ,prague and at ,avignon1 and one which he only rebutted by false statements4 ,elsewhere he speaks of being inspired by the ,holy ,spirit1 with a confidence which would be altogether unintelligible except in a man who was perfectly sincere1 and therefore under the influence of hallucination4 ,a glance at other letters explains at once that the bath in the vase of ,constantine was for him what the tattooed marks on his forehead were to ,lazzaretti--one of those symbolic freaks to which the insane attach a peculiar significance2 in fact1 a kind of imperial investiture4 ,a long letter to ,charles ,,iv41 written from prison in ,july1 #acej1 dwelling on a supposed intrigue of his mother with the ,emperor ,henry ,,vii41 bears1 in subject-matter and style1 the unmistakable impress of insanity4#dad ,a little later 7,aug4 #ae1 #acej71 we find him writing to the emperor another letter full of senseless puns1 in which he tells him1 with doubly absurd freaks of thought and language1 how1 in the idea that the mother of ,severinus ,boethius was descended from the kings of ,bohemia 767 he had called ,boethius the younger and himself1 the ,severe2 and how he had adopted from them the device of the seven stars--matters which could neither interest the emperor nor be of advantage to himself1 but have all the characteristics of insanity4 ,so also1 when he wrote that he was persuaded by the prophecies of the ,majella hermits already mentioned1 that his second exaltation should be much more glorious than the first1 as the sun long hidden by the clouds appears more beautiful to the eye of the beholder3 ,perhaps the ,lord1 justly indignant at the wicked and unheard-of murder of ,rienzi's illustrious grandfather1 ,henry ,,vii41 and the losses in souls and bodies suffered by the world during the ,interregnum1 had raised up ,cola for the advantage of ,charles1 chosen him to re-establish the empire1 and ordained that he should be baptized in the ,lateran1 in the ,church of the ,baptist1 and in the bath of ,constantine1 that he might be the forerunner of the emperor1 as ,john the ,baptist was of ,christ4 ,charles1 it is true1 had said that the empire could only be restored by a miracle2 but was not this a miracle1 that one poor man should be able to succour the falling empire1 as ,st4 ,francis had succoured the ,church8 ,let him awake1 and gird on his sword--let him not count for anything the revelation of the friars1 since the whole ,old and ,new ,testaments were full of revelations3 he alone could become master of ,rome4 ,if he did not do so at once1 ,charles would lose at least one hundred thousand gold florins from the tax on salt and the other revenues of the city which had been increased by the approach of the ,jubilee4444 ,within a year and a half1 the pope should die1 and many cardinals be slain4444 ,in fifteen years there should be but one shepherd and one faith1 and the new pope1 the ,emperor ,charles1 and ,cola should be1 as it were1 a symbol of the ,trinity on earth4 ,charles should reign in the west1 the ,tribune in the east4 ,for the present1 he was content with supporting the emperor in his journey to ,rome--he was willing to open the way for him with the ,romans and the other peoples of ,italy1 who would otherwise be averse to the empire2 so that ,charles might come among them peaceably and without bloodshed1 and his arrival should not be the signal for mourning to the city and the whole nation1 as had that of former emperors4 ,so far did he go1 that the ,archbishop of ,prague wrote to him1 8that he wondered how the ,tribune1 who had done things which at first appeared to come from ,god1 could be so far from exercising the virtue of humility as to consider his own elevation the work of the ,holy ,spirit1 and to call himself the candidate of the latter0--words which may well be noted by those who see in his madness only the effect of the superstitions of the period4 ,the emperor replied1 with much common sense1 advising him to 8cease from ignorant hermits1 who think themselves to be walking in the spirit of humility1 without being able even to resist their sins and save their own souls1 and who speak fantastically of knowing hidden things and governing in the spirit all that is under heaven 4440 and telling him that1 out of love to ,god and his neighbours1 he has 8caused thee to be imprisoned as a sower of tares1 and1 withal1 out of love for thine own soul1 to cure it40 ,later on1 he counsels him to 8lay aside all these vagaries1 and1 whatever his origin may have been1 to remember that we are all ,god's creatures1 sons of ,adam1 made out of the earth10 c4 ,a curious lesson in democracy1 given by a king of ,bohemia to the ex-tribune of an ,italian republic6 ,but all was useless1 and when1 after many vicissitudes1 he once more acquired a shadow of his former power--by the aid of money obtained by sheer trickery--he announced the fact at ,florence1 in a pompous proclamation1 adding that 8women1 men1 boys1 priests1 and lay-folk had gone to meet him with palms and olive-branches1 and trumpets1 and cries of welcome40 ,these speeches seemed so very extravagant that their genuineness has been doubted by ,zeffirino ,re1 on the ground of the extreme improbability of ,petrarch's having defended him1 or the emperor regarded him with favour for a single moment1 had he really entertained ideas so eccentric and heretical4 ,but that1 however improbable1 such is the fact is already evident priori to any one who--even without examining these strange letters and still stranger circulars--has observed the progressive development of insanity in ,cola's career1 and knows that it was just through his unheard-of audacity that he triumphed1 and that the ,bohemians were not so much scandalized as struck dumb by his eloquence1#dae and afterwards astonished and deeply moved by his recantations4 ,moreover1 these writings were refuted by the ,bohemian bishops1 in a document which is still extant1 and afterwards retracted by himself4 ,with a delicacy of which historians have not taken sufficient account1 they were not consigned in their entirety to the ,papal ,court along with the person of the ,tribune1 whose condemnation1 indeed1 could bring neither pleasure nor profit to the host who had been already forced by political considerations to betray the confidence reposed in him4 ,he remained1 meanwhile1 an isolated phenomenon1 an enigma to historians1 since it was not so much history as the science of mental pathology which could succeed in completely explaining him4 ,that science has pointed out to us in ,rienzi all the characteristics of the monomaniac3 regular features and handwriting1 exaggerated tendency to symbolism and plays upon words--an activity disproportioned to his social position1 and original even to absurdity1 which entirely exhausted itself in writing--an exaggerated consciousness of his own personality1 which at first aided him with the populace1 and supplied the want of tact and practical ability1 but afterwards led him into absurdities--a defective moral sense--a calm marking the approach of dementia1 which was only disturbed by the abuse of alcohol1 or by a spirited opposition4#daf ,campanella4--,if ,cola da ,rienzi was a strange problem for historians until resolved by the modern psychiatric studies on monomania1 not less strange has been the problem presented by ,campanella1 who1 from being a humble and disdained monk in a forgotten district of ,calabria1 claimed to be a monarch and1 as it were1 a demi-god against the power of ,spain and of the ,pope1 and then suddenly became and died a zealot for both1 contradicting himself1 even against his own advantage1 certainly against that of his fame4 ,at last1 it seems to me1 the problem is approaching solution1 after the classical works of ,baldacchino1 of ,spaventa1 of ,fiorentino1 but1 above all1 of ,amabile1 especially since ,carlo ,falletti#dag has passed those powerful works through the alembic of his synthetic criticism and removed from this strange medal the stains deposited by legends and historical prejudices4 8,campanella10 remarks ,falletti1 8with his badly formed skull1 surmounted by seven inequalities--hills1 as he himself called them--possessed most sensitive nerves1 an acute intellect1 and easily exalted emotions40 ,the mystical education of the order to which he belonged completed the work of nature2 having entered a ,dominican monastery at the age of fourteen1 he always lived outside the real world4 ,he spent eight years in the schools of ,calabria amid disputes with his masters and fellow-pupils1 and then departed1 almost fled1 from ,cosenza and went to ,naples4 ,but no good fortune met him there4 ,soon after his arrival he chanced to speak slightingly of excommunication4 ,he was at once denounced1 imprisoned1 taken to ,rome1 tried1 and condemned4 ,on leaving prison he decided to go to ,padua2 on the way he was robbed of his manuscripts2 three days after reaching ,padua he was accused of using violence against the ,general of the ,dominicans2 hence a fresh imprisonment and fresh trial4 ,discharged and set at liberty1 he took part in public discussions1 but the doctrines he openly professed led to another trial and imprisonment4 ,he was only twenty-six1 and had already spent three years in prison4 ,at the age of twenty1 in the monastery at ,cosenza1 ,campanella had associated with a certain ,abramo1 from whom he received lessons in necromancy1 and who predicted that he would one day be a king4 ,this was the starting-point of his wild and ambitious imaginations4 ,it should be added that when studying astrology1 especially in #aeig1 he talked with many astrologers1 mathematicians1 and prelates who all held that the end of the world was approaching4 ,excited by their arguments1 he gave himself to the study of prophecy1 seeking it in the ,bible1 the ,fathers1 and the poets of antiquity2 and in the symbol of the white horses and the white-robed elders of the ,new ,zion he saw the brothers of ,saint ,dominic4 ,convinced that the prediction of the ,holy ,republic referred to the ,dominicans1 he retired to ,stilo4 ,all the political and social disorders of his time were for ,campanella manifest signs2 and to these were added earthquakes1 famines1 floods1 and comets4 ,evidently the prophecies were being fulfilled4 ,no doubt #afjj was the fatal year which would indicate the beginning of great changes and revolutions4 ,campanella spread the prophecies1 and prepared the ground for the ,holy ,republic4 ,there can be no question that these predictions and preparations led to a real rebellion1 because they fitted in with the miserable condition of ,calabria4 ,such prophecies pleased many who cherished desires of revenge4 ,in the ears of these exasperated people ,campanella's words sounded like a call to rebellion4 ,maurizio di ,rinaldi1 the leader of a band1 so understood it1 as did other bandits4 ,rinaldi cared little for religious reforms1 and knew nothing of what the seven seals of the ,apocalypse signified4 ,he understood1 however1 that his arm was needed1 and persuaded that it was not possible to fight against ,spain with writings and words and the weapons of brigands1 he sought the aid of the ,turks4 ,he was the real rebel1 the real martyr in the liberation of ,calabria from subjection to ,spain4 ,of all the chief persons concerned in this disturbance he alone confessed himself a rebel2 the others either denied the existence of a rebellion or professed their innocence4 ,seeing the old world doubled by the discovery of new lands1 and ,europe turned upside down by wars1 ,campanella thought of a universal monarchy with the ,pope and himself for king and pastor4 ,turn to his ,utopia of the ,city of the ,sun1 in which all are educated in common4 ,all the ,solarians call each other brother2 they are all sons of the great ,father adored on the summit of the mountain on which the city is built4 ,there is not1 and cannot be1 among them any selfishness4 ,all consider the common good1 and1 under the guidance of the priest and head1 live happily together2 since all are instructed1 and knowledge is the foundation of every honour1 there is a noble strife of intelligence4 ,the ,solarian citizens have made wonderful progress in the arts and sciences4 ,they have ships that plough the seas without sails and without oars2 and cars that are propelled by the force of the wind2 they have discovered how to fly1 and they are inventing instruments which will reveal new stars4 ,they know that the world is a great animal in whose body we live1 that the sea is produced by the sweat of the earth1 and that all the stars move4 ,they practise perpetual adoration1 offer up bloodless sacrifices1 and reverence1 but do not worship1 the sun and the stars4 ,all this simplicity1 happiness1 and prosperity are due in the first place to education and to communism1 and in the second place to the magistrates who are all priests4 ,the spiritual and temporal head is ,hoch1 who is assisted by ,pom1 ,sim1 and ,mor4 ,pom has charge of all that refers to war2 ,sim presides over the arts1 industries1 and instruction2 ,mor directs human generation and the education of children2 he regulates the sexual relationships in order to produce healthy and robust offspring1 only permitting the strong to procreate2 the rest are allowed to sacrifice to the terrestrial ,venus after fecundation has been ascertained4 ,the ,city of the ,sun is not in favour of war1 but does not refuse to fight2 in battle her citizens are invincible1 because they fight in defence of their country1 natural law1 justice1 and religion4 ,the felicity of the ,city of the ,sun rested1 therefore1 on a community of goods1 of women1 of pleasures1 and of knowledge2 on wholesome generation1 on sacerdotal government1 and on simplicity in religion4 ,campanella aimed at founding in ,calabria a fac-simile of the ,city of the ,sun4 ,the whole of his trial for heresy showed that he wished to reform religion and to render it more in harmony with human nature2 by his own confession it is proved that he wished to establish a sacerdotal government4 ,nauder affirms1 in fact1 that he aimed at becoming ,king of ,calabria in order to extend his authority thence over the whole world4 ,campanella's mind was in such a condition that it may be held1 with ,amabile1 that he saw the possibility of founding a republic similar to that described in the ,city of the ,sun4 ,naturally the head of this little ,holy ,republic1 the ,hoch of the ,city of the ,sun1 would be a philosopher1 and1 therefore1 himself4 ,all nations1 observing the felicity enjoyed by the citizens of the ,new ,sion1 would accept the new law1 and thus ,campanella would become the monarch and guide of the world4 ,only a lunatic would consider it possible to undertake the reorganization of society at a stroke1 ab imis fundamentis1 changing the form of government1 and overturning the most ancient customs1 institutions1 laws1 and traditions4 ,but the madness diminishes if this reorganization is the consequence of a profound and general upheaval1 like that proclaimed by the prophets for the end of the world4 ,in his writings1 certainly1 we find puerilities which go to prove his insanity2 if he had been an ordinary man they would not be remarkable2 they would harmonize with the common prejudices of the day2 but he had broken with theology1 and had undertaken to examine its ratio2 he had caught a glimpse of the modern state1 and he proposed reforms which for his time were most liberal and remarkable4 ,thus he writes3 8,law is the consent of all1 written and promulgated for the common good0 7,a4 pol41 #cb74 8,the laws should establish equality0 7,ibid4 #dj74 8,the laws should be such that the people can obey them with love and fear0 7,mon4 di ,spagna1 c4 xi474 8,heavy taxes should be levied on articles that are not necessary and are of luxury1 and light ones on necessaries0 7,b4 ii4 doc4 #aig1 p4 #ia74 8,there should be unity of government0 7,mon4 di ,spagna1 c4 xii474 8,the barons should be deprived of the jus carcerandi0 7,ibid4 c4 xiv474 8,they should be deprived of fortresses0 7,ibid472 a national army should be established2 education should be free 7,ibid472 medical aid should be gratuitous 7,b4 ii4 doc4 #ig1 p4 #hb74 ,in fact1 ,campanella proposed what ,sully1 ,richelieu1 ,colbert1 and ,louis ,,xiv4 did for the ,french nation4 ,now when a man who reasons so profoundly fails to see the absurdity and impossibility of becoming1 with a few followers in a remote country-side1 the monarch and reformer of the whole world1 he can only be insane4 ,and so he was judged by the more sagacious among his contemporaries4 ,thus ,father ,giacinto1 the confidant of ,richelieu1 wrote3 8,no one believes so easily any story that is told him1 and examines things that he believes to be de facto with less judgment40 ,and again3 8,i shall always hold him for a man wilder than a fly1 and less sensible in worldly affairs than a child40 ,peirescio called him 8bon homme40 ,following human intellect1 ,campanella reached ,pantheism1 the soul of things1 the transformation of animate and inanimate beings1 veneration of the sun1 that 8beneficent star1 living temple1 statue and venerable face of the true ,god40 ,stricken by adversity1 not assisted by his god1 he returned to ,catholicism1 to the angels and miracles1 to the future life which promises enjoyments which cannot be had on earth1 and the restoration of the beloved lost4 ,like all madmen1 incapable of moderation he became furiously intolerant2 hence his ferocious suggestions for oppressing the ,protestants1 and the title which he took of emissary of ,christ or of the ,most ,high4 ,he imagined that his works would serve to confute the ,protestants1 wrote and disputed against ,lutherans and ,calvinists1 wished to found colleges of priests for the diffusion of ,catholicism1 gave advice to those who would none of it for overthrowing heresy and propagating the true faith4 ,in short1 he ended as he had begun1 in a delirious dream of religious ambition1 which only varied in subject1 going from one pole to the opposite4 ,but1 ,i repeat1 this phenomenon of contradiction1 and of the passage from opposite excesses of feeling1 is one of the most marked characters of monomania1 and especially of religious monomania4 ,i remember nuns of whom ,i had charge at the asylum at ,pesaro1 who on first becoming insane were violent and blasphemous1 and later on in the course of their madness1 apostles of ,christianity2 and thus it is easy to see that the miserly may1 under the influence of insanity1 develop extraordinary prodigality4 ,we have seen ,lazzaretti1 a drunkard and a blasphemer1 become austere and pious under the influence of insanity2 and then from being a fanatical ,papist becoming and dying an ,anti-,papist1 when he found himself repulsed by the ,vatican4 ,recently ,de ,nino1 in his book ,il ,messia degli ,abruzzi1 has described a certain priest1 become a ,messiah1 who1 while insane1 attempted reforms1 at all events in rites1 and who1 during the last months of his life1 like ,campanella1 starved himself in penitence for his revolutionary sins1 and in spite of fasts and penances believed that he was damned4 ,san ,juan de ,dios4--,juan ,ciudad was born on ,march #h1 #adie1 in the town of ,montemor-o-,novo1 in ,portugal4#dah ,he seems to have been tormented by the spirit of adventure from his childhood1 as he left his father's house at the age of eight4 ,a priest took him as far as ,oropesa1 where he entered the service of a ,frenchman in the capacity of shepherd4 ,after some years he became tired of this work1 and1 being tall and strong1 enlisted as a soldier4 ,the life he led in the army cannot be described2 the officers set the example1 and plundered as greedily as the privates4 ,one of the former entrusted his share of the booty to ,juan1 who either lost or stole it4 ,he was condemned to death1 and was just going to be hanged1 when a superior officer1 passing by1 granted him his life1 but dismissed him from the army4 ,he then returned to ,oropesa1 and resumed his former position4 ,towards #aebh1 he enlisted a second time1 and marched under the orders of the ,count of ,oropesa4 ,when the war was over1 he returned to ,montemor-o-,novo1 to see his parents2 but he lost his memory1 and forgot his father's name4 ,he then left the place1 and went to ,ayamonte in ,andalusia1 where he became a shepherd4 ,it was there that he believed himself to have been called1 and1 later on1 to have had a dream in which he dedicated himself to ,god and to the poor4 ,those were the days when the ,barbary pirates flourished1 making descents on ill-defended countries1 and kidnapping their inhabitants1 whom they sold at ,fez1 ,algiers1 and ,tunis4 ,two religious orders had made it their special task to collect alms for the ransom of the ,catholics who were being sold in the slave-market4 ,it seems that ,juan ,ciudad had the intention of consecrating himself to this sacred duty4 ,he embarked for ,ceuta1 where he entered the service of an exiled and ruined ,portuguese family1 whom1 it is said1 he supported by his labour as an artizan4 ,after a time1 he grew weary of this life2 he left his master and sailed for ,gibraltar1 where he established a small trade in relics and other sacred objects4 ,the sale of these having brought him some money1 he left ,gibraltar and settled at ,granada1 where he opened a shop4 ,he was then aged #dc1 and was just about to undergo that mental convulsion which determined his vocation4 ,on the #bjth of ,january1 #aeci1 after hearing a sermon by ,juan d',avila1 he was seized with a fit of frantic devotion4 ,he confessed his sins in a loud voice1 rolled in the dust1 pulled out the hair of his head1 tore his clothes1 and rushed through the streets of ,granada1 imploring the mercy of ,god1 and followed by boys shouting after him as a madman4 ,he entered his library1 destroyed all the secular books in his possession1 gave away the sacred ones1 distributed his furniture and clothes to any one who was willing to have them1 and remained in his shirt1 beating his breast and calling on every one to pray for him4 ,the crowd followed him noisily as far as the cathedral1 where1 half-naked1 he again began his vociferations and bursts of despair4 ,the preacher1 ,juan d',avila1 having been informed of the conversion occasioned by his words1 listened to the poor man's confession1 consoled him1 and gave him advice1 which does not appear to have had much effect1 since1 on leaving him1 ,ciudad rolled himself on a dung-heap1 proclaiming his sins in a loud voice4 ,the crowd amused themselves by hissing him1 throwing stones and mud1 and otherwise maltreating him4 ,some1 however1 took pity on him1 and conducted him to the place set apart for the insane in the ,royal ,hospital4 ,he was subjected to the treatment then in vogue1 that is1 he was bound and scourged1 in order to deliver him from the evil spirit supposed to possess him4 ,this attack of mania appears to have been one of great violence4 ,in general1 with regard to mental maladies1 the more excessive the alienation1 the more easily it ceases4 ,it is said that1 in the midst of the blows inflicted on him1 he took avow 8to receive poor madmen1 and treat them as is fitting40 ,when the nervous exacerbation was calmed1 he employed himself in attending on the sick1 and1 later on1 obtained his liberty1 and a certificate attesting his sanity4 ,having made a vow to go on pilgrimage to the shrine of the ,virgin of ,guadalupe1 he started barefoot1 without a farthing1 in the middle of winter4 ,on his way through the forests and across the moors1 he picked up dry sticks and made them into a faggot1 which1 when he reached an inhabited place1 he gave in exchange for a little food and a night's lodging4 ,it is said that1 when he reached ,guadalupe1 he had a vision which exercised a decisive influence on him4 ,the ,virgin appeared to him1 and gave him the ,child ,jesus1 naked1 with clothes to cover him4 ,this was to show him that he ought to have pity on the weak1 shelter the destitute1 and clothe the poor--at least such was his interpretation4 ,his mission dates from that day1 and he executed it with so much the more zeal1 as he believed it to have been laid upon him by the ,virgin whom he adored4 ,dressed in a white garment1 which an ,hieronymite monk had given him1 with a wallet on his back1 and a pilgrim's staff in his hand1 he returned to ,oropesa1 and went to lodge in the poor-house4 ,the misery of the inmates so touched him1 that he went outside the city1 begged alms for them1 and gave them all that he received4 ,later on1 he took to selling faggots in the public square1 gave to the poor and sick all that he gained1 and slept in stables1 through the charity of their owners4 ,one day1 having seen a notice posted up in the square1 8,house to let for the poor10 he conceived the idea of making it into an asylum4 ,having begged money from the rich1 with which he bought mats1 blankets1 and utensils1 he received and sheltered forty-six sick and crippled paupers4 ,in order to maintain them1 he went about the streets at the dinner hour1 to collect from the rich the remnants of their meals1 crying1 8,do good1 my brethren2 it will return in blessing to yourselves40 ,juan de ,dios' example provoked emulation2 several men offered themselves to help him4 ,he instructed them in their new duties1 and thus became the head of a group1 which1 by multiplying1 has become the great congregation now in existence4 ,the resources now put at his disposal permitted him to treat the sick1 8as is fitting40 ,it is worthy of attention that ,juan de ,dios was a reformer in the manner of treating the sick1 only placing one patient in each bed4 ,he was the first to divide the sick into classes--he was1 in short1 the creator of the modern hospital1 and the founder of casual wards2 for he opened1 in connection with his hospital1 a house where the homeless poor and travellers without money could sleep4 ,it was at this period that he took the name of ,juan de ,dios4 ,the good done by him did not remain unknown1 and the name of ,juan de ,dios1 father of the poor1 was spread abroad through ,spain4 ,profiting by this1 he made a journey as far as ,granada1 and returned with abundant contributions4 ,he was exhausted by hard work and exposure rather than by years4 ,he treated himself with exaggerated austerity--always travelling on foot without shoes1 hat1 or linen--only covered with a single grey garment2 he fasted with extreme frequency1 and imposed on himself the most trying exertions4 ,he would rush through a burning house to save the sick1 he often threw himself into the water to save children2 he may be said to have died of the hardships he endured4 ,during his last days1 he sent for ,antonio ,martin1 his earliest disciple1 and recommended the work to his care4 ,feeling the approach of death1 he left his bed to pray1 and died on his knees4 ,he was born on ,march #h1 #adie1 and died on ,saturday1 ,march #h1 #aeej4 ,he had a splendid funeral2 sick men touched the bier in the hope of being healed2 the sheet which covered the corpse was torn to pieces1 and each rag became a relic4 ,he was canonised on ,september #ba1 #afcj1 by ,urban ,,viii41 and is now known as ,san ,juan de ,dios4#dai ,prosper ,enfantin4--,prosper ,enfantin1 though an engineer1 a railway director1 and otherwise connected with such rational and prosaic subjects as mathematics1 nevertheless1 in #ahej1 believed himself to be1 and in fact was1 the head of a new religion1 a variation of that of ,saint ,simon4 ,he had a handsome face and large forehead of an ,olympian cast2 he was very kind-hearted1 but profoundly convinced of his own infallibility on all subjects--on industrial and philosophical questions--on painting as well as on cooking4 ,he had what1 in the peculiar language of monomaniacs1 he called circumferential ideas1 in which every new fact found1 in its pre-established place1 the proper solution4 ,the new religion was to equalize men and women1 and to make the language of finance and industry poetical4 ,he himself represented the ,father1 and was always hoping to find the ,mother1 the free woman1 the ,eve1--a woman1 reasoning like man1 who1 knowing the needs and capabilities of women1 would make the confession of her sex without restriction1 so as to furnish the elements for a declaration of the rights and duties of women4 ,but the right woman was never found1 for ,madame de ,stal and ,george ,sand1 to whom he and his friends first turned1 laughed at them2 they sought her in the ,east1 at ,constantinople1 and found1 instead1 a prison6 ,but for all that1 he never lost his illusion4 ,he used to say that only great men could found a new religion4 ,his goodness was exquisite2 he constantly sacrificed himself for his followers--his sons1 as he called them4 ,these wore at one time1 like certain monomaniacs1 a symbolical uniform--white trousers to represent love1 red waist-coat for work1 and blue coat for faith4 ,this signified that his religion was founded on love1 strengthened the heart with work1 and was wholly encompassed by faith4 ,every one was to have his name written on his shirt-front1 and to wear1 in addition1 a collar adorned with triangles1 and a semi-circle which was to become a circle as soon as the ,mother1 the ,eve aforesaid1 had been found4 ,these are the symbols usual with the monomaniac and the mattoid4 ,this is seen in their programmes1 in which they announced--in type of various sizes--that3 8,man recalls the ,past1 ,woman represents the ,future1--the two united see the present40 ,yet1 in spite of all this1 he foresaw--and even tried to undertake--the ,suez ,canal1 and counted among his followers such men as ,chevalier1 ,lambert1 and ,jourdan4#dbj ,lazzaretti4--,an example the more curious as well as authentic1 as it has manifested itself in recent years1 under the eyes of all1 and has arrived at the dignity of an historic event1 is the case of ,david ,lazzaretti4#dba ,illustration3 ,david ,lazzaretti ,this man was born at ,arcidosso1 in #ahcd4 ,his father1 a carter1 appears to have been given to drink1 but was of great strength4 ,he had some relatives who were suicidal1 and others insane2 one1 in particular1 died a religious maniac1 and believed himself to be the ,eternal ,father4 ,lazzaretti's six brothers were all strong men1 of gigantic stature1 ranging from #aij to #aie m4 in height 7which1 however1 is not uncommon in that part of the country71 of quick wits and tenacious memory4 ,david was distinguished from the rest by his superior stature1 by the distinction and regularity of his features1 by greater intelligence1 by the large size of his head1 which was dolichocephalic in form1 and by his eyes1 which some found fascinating1 though to many 7says the advocate ,pugno7 they seemed to have the character of possession and of insanity4 ,it is asserted that he was hypospadic and perhaps impotent in his youth--anomalies of no slight importance1 if we remember that ,morel and1 especially1 ,legrand du ,saulle#dbb have often discovered them in hereditary madmen4 ,even from his childhood1 he showed those contradictions1 those tendencies to extremes in character1 which are frequent precursors of insanity4 ,thus1 when a boy he wished to become a monk2 later on1 after he had taken to his father's trade1 he began to lead an irregular life1 and gave himself up to alcoholic intemperance4 ,in the meantime1 however1 he cultivated his mind by a course of reading which was singular for a man in his position1 including ,dante and ,tasso2 and at fifteen he was called 8,thousand ,ideas0 from the strange songs he invented1#dbc though he could never succeed in learning the rules of grammar4 ,he was quarrelsome1 used the foulest language1 and was dreaded by all1 so much so that1 one day1 on the occasion of a festival1 unarmed and followed only by his brothers1 he put to flight the entire population of ,castel del ,piano4 ,yet he was easily excited by a speech1 a poem1 a sermon1 a play--anything that appeared noble and great4 ,he had an extreme veneration for ,christ and ,mahomet1 whom he used to call the two greatest men that had ever appeared in the world4 ,according to his own confessions1 he had1 at the age of fourteen1 various hallucinations of the same kind as those which proved so fatal to him in #ahgh4 ,it is certain1 besides1 that1 at one time in his youth1 he had a strong sympathy for a ,jewess of ,pittigliano1 awakened by the eloquence with which she defended her religion4 ,yet at that time he was accustomed to say that there were three things he abhorred--women1 churches1 and dancing4 ,in #ahei1 at twenty-five1 he enlisted as a volunteer in the cavalry2 and in #ahfj1 he took part in ,cialdini's campaign1 but rather as an officer's servant than as a soldier4 ,before starting1 he wrote a patriotic hymn1 which was sent to ,brofferio1 and surprised him by the novelty of its thoughts and the beauty of some of the verses1 contrasting strangely with the roughness of the phraseology1 and the numerous grammatical errors4 ,after this1 he again returned to his trade as a carter1 and at the same time to his habits of debauchery and foul language4 ,he also rejoined his wife1 whom he had married three years previously1 and for whom he felt a poetic affection which he carried so far as to write love-songs to her4 ,here1 again1 his ambitious ideas reappeared1 and induced him anew1 though so uncultivated1 to seek fame through his verses and tragedies1 which read like burlesques4 ,gradually1 his fantastic delusions took another direction4 ,in #ahfg1 at thirty-three1 he had--whether as an effect of drink1 or of political excitement--a return of the religious hallucinations of #ahdh1 in a more marked form than previously4 ,one day he disappeared1 in consequence of a vision of the ,madonna1 who had commanded him to go to ,rome1 and remind the ,pope 7who at first refused to receive him1 but afterwards treated him with courtesy1 though1 it is said1 not without advising him to try the remedy of a good shower-bath7 of his divine mission4 ,he then went to the hermitage of ,montorio ,romano1 in the ,sabine mountains1 inhabited by a ,prussian monk named ,ignazio ,micus4 ,the latter kept him with him for three months in the 8,grotto of the ,blessed ,amadeus10 directing him in his theological studies4 ,it is very probable--though on this point we can only conjecture1 as all direct evidence is wanting--that this monk assisted him to make the tattoo-marks on his forehead1 which he claimed to have received from the hand of ,st4 ,peter1 and which he hid under a lock of hair from the gaze of the profane1 showing them only to true believers4 ,this tattooing1 according to the testimony of medical men1 consists of an irregular parallelogram1 on the upper side of which are thirteen dots1 disposed in the form of a cross4 ,to this mark1 and to two others which he afterwards produced on himself1 on the deltoid muscle and the inside of the leg1 he attributed--through a tendency common among the insane--a strange and mysterious significance1 as seals of a special covenant with ,god4 ,illustration3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,from that moment a complete change took place in him1 such as is often observed in the insane4#dbd ,from being quarrelsome1 blasphemous1 and intemperate1 he became tractable1 gentle1 and abstemious to the point of living on bread and water in ,sabina1 and1 in the tempora on the mountains1 on herbs with salt and vinegar4 ,at other times he had no other food but polenta1 or soupe-maigre1 or bread with onions or garlic4 ,on the island of ,monte ,cristo1 in #ahgj1 he lived for over a month on six loaves1 garnished with a few herbs2#dbe and in the ,french monastery1 he got through several days on two potatoes a day4 ,what must have appeared still more strange1 and surprised even cultured minds1 was the fact that the chaotic and burlesque writer became sometimes elegant1 always effective--full of vigorous images supplied by a piety comparable alone to that of the early ,christians4 ,this1 in fact1 struck the clergy of the district1 who1 rightly seeing in him a repetition of the ancient prophets1 took him seriously1 all the more that1 according to their usual custom1 they perceived the means of making a profit out of him and getting a church rebuilt4 ,the people1 already justly astonished at his changed ways of life1 no less than by his tattooings1 his inspired speech1 his long neglected beard and grave bearing1 rushed in masses to hear him1 encouraged by the priests4 ,a procession was then organized1 in which ,lazzaretti1 accompanied by priests and by some of the most influential among the laity1 marched to ,arcidosso1 ,roccalbegna1 ,castel del ,piano1 ,pian ,castagnaio1 ,cinigiano1 and ,santafiora4 ,in all these places he was received with rejoicings by the people on their knees2 and the parish priests kissed his face and his hands and even his feet4 ,the construction of the church was begun1 and contributions to the building fund flowed in abundantly4 ,but though numerous1 the amounts were small1 the mountaineers being unable to give much4 ,the notion was then suggested of employing the labour of their arms4 ,the site of the church had been selected not far from ,arcidosso--about a hundred paces from the village1 at the spot called ,la ,croce dei ,canzacchi1 where1 by a strange fatality1 he was to receive his death-shot4 ,the faithful assembled by thousands to begin the building4 ,men1 women and children were employed in carrying fascines1 beams of wood1 and stones4 ,but1 unfortunately1 architecture1 like grammar1 has rules2 and in carrying them out prophetic inspiration is of little use without training4 ,thus1 as ,lazzaretti's verses remained lame1 so the materials collected with so much labour remained a useless heap1 like the tower which was to reach to heaven1 and never became more than a pile of stones4 ,in ,january1 #ahgj1 he founded the 8,society of the ,holy ,league10 a mutual assistance society which he called the symbol of charity4 ,in ,march of the same year1 after having assembled his followers at a ,last ,supper1 he set out1 accompanied by ,raffaello and ,giuseppe ,vichi1 for the island of ,monte ,cristo1 where he remained for some months1 writing epistles1 prophecies1 and sermons4 ,he then returned to ,montelabro1 where he wrote down the visions or prophetic inspirations which he had1 and where he was arrested for sedition 7,april #bgth74 ,after his liberation1#dbf he founded a society to which he gave the name of 8,christian ,families40 ,this was considered1 very erroneously1 as a proof of continued fraud2 and he was arrested1 but discharged1 through the efforts of the advocate ,salvi1 after seven months' imprisonment4 ,in #ahgc1 ,lazzaretti1 in obedience to other divine commands1 started on a journey1 passing through ,rome1 ,naples1 and ,turin1 whence he proceeded to the ,chartreuse at ,grenoble4 ,here he wrote the ,rules and ,discipline of the ,order of ,penitent ,hermits1 invented a system of cipher1 with a numerical alphabet1 and dictated the 8,book of the ,heavenly ,flowers10 in which it is written that 8,the great man shall descend from the mountains1 followed by a little band of mountain burghers40 ,to which are added the visions1 dreams1 and divine commands which he believed himself to have received in that place4 ,on his return to ,montelabro he found an immense crowd1 attracted both by devotion and curiosity1 encamped on the summit of the mountain1 to whom he addressed a sermon on the text1 8,god sees us1 judges us1 condemns us40 ,for this he was denounced to the authorities as tending to overthrow the government and promote civil war4 ,in the night of ,nov4 #ai1 #ahgd1 he was arrested a second time1 and brought before the court at ,rieti4 ,this time the authorities were desirous of obtaining the opinion of non-specialist experts1 who1 with inexplicable want of perception1 pronounced him to be of sound mind and a cunning knave4#dbg ,thus1 in spite of his strange publications and his tattoo marks1 he was condemned to fifteen months' imprisonment1 and one year of police supervision1 for fraud and vagabondage4 ,the sentence1 however1 was referred to the ,court of ,appeal at ,perugia2 and on the #bnd of ,august1 #ahge1 he was allowed to return to ,montelabro1 where he reconstituted his society1 and placed the priest ,imperiuzzi at the head of it4 ,his health had suffered in prison1 and for this reason--perhaps1 also1 to avoid new arrests1 and to enjoy the glory of easy martyrdom among the ,legitimist fanatics--he went to ,france in ,october4 ,being mysteriously carried1 as he expresses it1 by the ,divine power1 into the environs of a town in ,burgundy1 he produced a book1 which with good reason he calls 8mysterious10 entitled 8,my ,wrestling with ,god10 or 8,the ,book of the ,seven ,seals1 with the description and nature of the ,seven ,eternal ,cities0--a mixture of ,genesis and ,revelation1 with sentences and rhapsodies entirely of an insane character4 ,he also wrote a manifesto addressed to all the princes of ,christendom1 in which he calls himself the great ,monarch1 and invites them to make alliance with him1 for1 8at an unexpected time the end of the world shall be manifested to the ,latin nation in a way quite opposed to human pride40 ,in the same document he declares himself ,leader1 ,master1 ,judge1 and ,prince over all the potentates of earth4 ,these writings were copied for him by the priest ,imperiuzzi1 who corrected the most conspicuous mistakes2 and many of them attained not only the undeserved honour of appearing in print1 but also that of being translated into ,french1 by the aid of ,m4 ,lon du ,vachat1 and various ,italian and foreign reactionaries1 who had taken ,lazzaretti seriously4 ,however1 a short time after1 he was so far carried away by delirium as to begin inveighing against the corruptions of the priesthood and the practice of auricular confession1 for which he wished to substitute a public one4 ,thereupon the ,holy ,see declared his doctrines false and his writings subversive1 and the same man who had formerly written a work#dbh in favour of the ,pope1 now wrote1 and despatched on ,may #ad1 #ahgh1 an exhortation addressed to his brethren of the ,order of ,hermits1 against ,papal idolatry1 and the beast of the seven heads4 ,after all this1 with the usual contradictoriness of the insane1 he went to ,rome to lay aside his symbolic seal and his rod1 and retracted before the ,holy ,office2 yet1 afterwards1 returning to ,montelabro1 he continued to deliver addresses against the ,catholic ,church1 which1 he said1 had become a shopkeeping church1 and against the priests1 true atheists in practice1 who1 not believing themselves1 profit by the belief of others4 ,preaching the ,holy ,reformation1 and declaring himself the ,man of ,mystery1 the ,new ,christ1 ,leader and ,avenger1 he exhorted believers to separate themselves from the world1 and prove their separation by abstaining from food and from sexual intercourse1 even in the case of married persons1 who1 however1 if they indulged1 were required to pray for at least two hours1 naked1 outside their bed1 before the act4 ,he issued paper money for considerable sums1 in proportion to the means at the disposal of the community1 i4e41 up to #ajd1jjj francs2 but it should be noted that this was absolutely useless1 being kept shut up in a closed vase4 ,this idea savours unmistakably of insanity4 ,after announcing a great miracle1 he caused to be prepared1 with a part of the money collected1 banners and garments for the members1 embroidered with the animals which had appeared to him in his hallucinations--all of strange and grotesque shapes4 ,he had a richer one made for himself1 and1 for the rank and file1 a square piece of stuff to wear on the breast1 which showed a cross1 with two ,c's reversed1 ,c1 the usual emblem of the association4 ,in ,august1 #ahgh1 he assembled a larger number than ever1 and1 having prescribed prayers and fasts for three days and three nights1 delivered addresses1 some of which were public1 others private and reserved for believers 7who were divided into the various classes of ,priest-,hermits1 ,penitentiary ,hermits1 ,penitent ,hermits1 and simple associations of the ,holy ,league and ,christian ,brotherhood7 and caused the so-called ,confession of ,amendment to be made on the #adth1 #aeth1 and #afth ,august4 ,on the #agth1 the great banner with the inscription1 8,the ,republic is the ,kingdom of ,god10 was raised on the tower4 ,then1 having assembled all the members at the foot of a cross1 erected for the purpose1 the ,prophet administered the solemn oath of fidelity and obedience4 ,at this point1 one of ,david's brothers tried to persuade him to renounce his perilous enterprise1 but in vain2 for1 on the contrary1 he replied to those who pointed out the possibility of a conflict1 8,he would1 on the following day1 show them a miracle to prove that he was sent from ,god in the form of ,christ1 a judge and leader1 and therefore invulnerable1 and that every power on earth must yield to his will2 a sign from his rod of command was enough to annihilate all the forces of those who dared oppose him40 ,a member having remarked on the opposition of the government1 he added that 8he would ward off the balls with his hands1 and render harmless the weapons directed against himself and his faithful followers2 and the ,government ,carbineers themselves would act as a guard of honour to them40 ,more and more intoxicated with his delirium1 he wrote in all seriousness to the ,delegate of ,public ,safety--to whom he had already shown the preparations1 and1 later on1 given a half-promise to countermand the procession--8,that he was no longer able to do so1 having received superior orders to the contrary from ,god ,himself40 ,he threatened unbelievers with the ,divine wrath1 if1 through want of faith1 they rebelled against his will4 ,with such intentions1 on the morning of ,august #ahth1 he set out from ,montelabro at the head of an immense crowd1 going down towards ,arcidosso4 ,he was dressed in a royal cloak of purple embroidered with gold ornaments1 and crowned with a kind of tiara surmounted by a crest adorned with plumes2 and he held in his hand the staff which he called his rod of command4 ,his principal associates were dressed1 less richly than himself1 in strangely-fashioned robes of various colours1 according to their position in the hierarchy of the ,holy ,league4 ,the ordinary members were dressed in their every-day clothes1 without other mark of distinction than the emblematic breastplate previously described4 ,seven of the graduates of the ,brotherhood carried as many banners with the motto1 8,the ,republic is the ,kingdom of ,god40 ,they sang the ,davidian hymn1 each stanza of which ended with the refrain1 8,eternal is the ,republic10 c4 ,it is needless to relate what took place in those last hours4 ,the man who had shortly before called himself the ,king of kings1 and believed himself invulnerable1 fell1 struck by a shot fired by the orders1 perhaps by the hand1 of a delegate who had many a time been his guest4 ,it appears that he exclaimed as he fell1 under the influence of a last delusion1 8,the victory is ours60 ,it is certain that the procession he had arranged was not only unarmed1 but appeared to be in every way calculated to turn out perfectly harmless4 ,nocito has well remarked that an examination of the strange emblematic properties of the ,league proved beyond all doubt that the ,government had mistaken a monomaniac for a rebel4 ,he took his stand on that passage of the ,nicene ,creed1 which states that ,christ rose from the dead1 and ascended to the right hand of the ,father1 8,whence ,he shall come to judge the quick and the dead40 ,having waited in vain for the appearance of ,christ1 he came to believe that this part must be reserved for him4 ,christ had twelve apostles1 therefore he wished to have twelve4 ,christ had included ,st4 ,peter among the number1 and ,lazzaretti also determined to have a ,st4 ,peter1 who was distinguished by the badge of a pair of crossed keys on his breast4 ,in imitation of the forty days' fast1 ,lazzaretti fasted in mid-winter1 in the island of ,monte ,cristo1 and there received communications from ,god amid the noise of the tempest1 the crash of thunders1 and the shaking of the whole island4 ,there1 too1 he held a sort of ,last ,supper with his disciples1 on ,january #ae1 #ahgj1 in the course of which he said1 8,thus it has pleased ,him who directs me in all my works4 ,know that this supper carries with it the greatest of mysteries2 think that you are in a place which ,god has chosen for ,his dwelling--or1 to speak more correctly1 for ,his adoration4 ,here1 here1 not far from us1 on this soil1 shall be raised marvellous pyramids in honour of ,his most ,holy ,name1 and the said pyramids shall be an oracle of the ,divine ,majesty40 ,to say the truth1 he did not1 at this supper1 institute any sacrament4 ,but that nothing might be wanting in his mad idea of imitating ,jesus ,christ1 he evolved a sacrament of his own--that of the ,confession of ,amendment--at bottom a slight variation of auricular confession4 ,all this1 however1 was not sufficient4 ,david ,lazzaretti was determined to have his transfiguration and his earthquake1 and promised them for ,august #ah1 #ahgh4 ,when the surgeon was hesitating to operate on one of his sons for calculus1 he took the knife out of his hand1 and performed the operation4 ,the boy died under it1 but ,lazzaretti1 quite undisturbed1 kept on repeating1 8,the son of ,david cannot die40 ,at the post-mortem examination1 a second tattoo mark was discovered on his body4 ,this was the usual cross1 placed inside a reversed tiara4 ,his brothers1 questioned on the subject1 replied that he had had a golden seal made in ,france1 which he called the imperial seal1 and that after immersing it in boiling oil1 he had branded1 first his own flesh1 and then that of his sons and his wife4 ,with this impression 7which is1 in fact1 a convincing proof of the insensibility to pain peculiar to the insane1 and of their tendency to express their eccentric ideas by means of figures and symbols7 he claimed to leave a visible sign of the descent which1 in common with all his family1 he boasted from the ,emperor ,constantine4 ,however1 not satisfied with descent from a royal race1 he also wanted to rule the world in his own person1 though afterwards he was willing to content himself with the creation of a prince whom he would invest with it4 ,in a manifesto addressed 8to all ,christian princes10 he makes the following proclamation3-- 8,i address myself to all the princes of ,christendom--,catholics1 schismatics1 or heretics--provided only they have been baptized4 ,it matters little whether or not they have been invested with power or the government of nations1 so long as they are sprung from royal blood4 ,i call them all1 and the first one who shall present himself to me1 who is not under twenty years of age1 or over fifty1 and has no bodily imperfection1 ,i constitute him king in my stead40 ,the strange thing is1 that he was taken at his word by the ,comte de ,chambord1 who sent an embassy to him4 8,i have need10 he continued1 8of a ,christian alliance4 ,i am decided1 to-day1 to hasten this great enterprise2 and if they 7the ,christian princes7 do not come to me within the fixed time of three years1 from the date of publication of this programme1 ,i will leave ,europe and go to the unbelieving nations to do with them what ,i have not been able to do with ,christians4 8,but in that case1 woe to all of you1 princes of ,christendom4 ,ye shall be punished by the seven heads of the great ,antichrist1 which shall arise in the midst of ,europe1 and1 above all1 by a youth1 who1 after my departure1 shall advance from the regions of the north towards ,central ,france1 and shall pretend to be that which ,i myself am40 ,from henceforward1 there appears in ,david ,lazzaretti1 the fixed idea of being the ,king of kings and ,prince of all princes4 ,to the head of the municipal body of ,arcidosso1 who would not obey him1 he said1 8,i am the ,king of kings1 the ,monarch of all monarchs1 ,i bear on my shoulders all the princes of the world4 ,all the carbineers and soldiers there are1 are mine1 and dependent on me1 and there are no ropes that can bind me40 ,to ,minucci1 who was trying to escape unnoticed1 he said1 8,you do not know that ,i am the ,prince of princes1 the ,king of all the earth1 and if you try to run away1 ,i will have you stoned alive40 ,the witness ,g4 ,b4 ,rossi was present at the sermon on the #agth1 and heard ,david say that he was the ,king of kings1 ,christ the ,judge2 that the ,pope was no longer to reside at ,rome1 but that he 7,lazzaretti71 on certain conditions1 would provide him with another residence1 and that the king of ,italy1 too1 would be his subject4 ,the witness ,mariotti also deposed that he had heard ,david say in his sermon1 8that he had no fear of force1 and that1 even with a million of soldiers1 it was impossible for a subject to arrest his monarch40 ,lastly--not to lengthen the series of proofs--the witness ,giuseppe ,tonini heard him assert1 in the sermon1 that he was 8the ,king of kings1 and commanded the whole world20 while the witness ,valentino ,mazzetti says that ,lazzaretti was determined to hold the procession of ,aug4 #ahth at any cost1 and said1 8,do you think they are going to arrest us8 ,no1 no1 it is not possible for subjects to arrest their monarch40 ,the emblematic device he adopted is worth noting3 the double ,c1 to which he attached so much importance1 representing the first and second ,christ1 i4e41 ,christ1 the son of ,st4 ,joseph of ,nazareth1 and ,christ1 the son of the late ,joseph ,lazzaretti of ,arcidosso4 ,in truth1 it is not in any way comprehensible what relation ,christ could hold to ,constantine1 the latter to ,david1 and all these to ,lazzaretti4 ,but the relation exists precisely in those strange contradictions and absurdities1 which--amid the persistence of the ,prince idea--constantly come to the surface in monomaniacs1 so that some have wished to class their disease as dementia4 ,in fact1 although they keep up the character1 so to speak1 far better than general paralytics1 and try to give a plausible appearance to their delirium1 yet1 oftentimes1 when overpowered with the necessity of finding a vent for their persistent ambitious idea1 they pay no attention to the contradictions they fall into4 ,a ,pavia embroideress1 believing herself a descendant of the ,bonaparte family1 modelled her dress1 language1 and aspect with great success on those of the members of the reigning families4 ,yet1 while she asserted herself to be the daughter of ,marie ,louise1 she at the same time claimed ,victor ,emmanuel as her father2 as1 on other occasions1 she tried to persuade us that she had found the poison of vipers in the eggs she was eating4 ,thus1 though at first calling on the ,pope to liberate ,italy1 ,lazzaretti1 when excommunicated1 or merely treated with contempt by the ,pope1 wrote against ,papal idolatry4 ,though he wished to die a member of the ,catholic ,apostolic ,church1 he inveighed against auricular confession1 which is the very pivot of ,catholicism2 and1 while he called himself the son of ,david1 he also wished to be thought the son of ,constantine4 ,passanante4--,passanante1 the would-be regicide of ,naples1 has no morbid hereditary antecedents4#dbi ,at the age of #bi1 his height was #afc m41 and his weight #ea kilogrammes1 i4e41 #ad kilogrammes less than the ,neapolitan average4 ,his head may be described as almost sub-microcephalic--cephalic index #hb1 probable capacity #aeac4 ,his features show the characteristics of the ,mongol and the cretin--small and deeply-set eyes abnormally far apart1 zygomatic bones highly developed1 beard scanty4 ,the pupils show a low degree of mobility2 and the genitals are atrophied--a fact connected with that of almost complete anaphrodisia4 ,on the other hand1 the liver and spleen are hypertrophied1 which partly explains the increase of the temperature 7varying from #ch to #cgh at the arm-pits7 the weakness of the pulse 7#hh71 and the very slight degree of strength1 which1 moreover1 is less on the right side 7#fj kil47 than on the left 7#gh kil474 ,this last fact--which perhaps arises from an old burn on the hand--is most important1 because rendering the complete carrying out of the crime improbable1 especially taking into account the clumsy weapon with which he was armed1 and the unfavourable position which was the only one he could take4 ,the sensibility was perverted--the tactile presenting #e mm4 on the back of the hand 7where the normal sensitiveness is from #af to #bj71 and #g on the forehead1 where it is usually from #bj to #bb 7that on the palm of the hand was not registered74 ,on the contrary1 the sensitiveness of the skin to puncture was much weakened4 ,in prison he had attacks of delirium accompanied by hallucinations4 ,all these characteristics are clear indications of disease1 both in the abdominal viscera1 and in the nervous centres4 ,this result is even more evident from the psychological study of the case4 ,a merely superficial examination might have induced the belief that his affections and moral sentiments were normal4 ,he showed1 indeed1 a horror of crime1 lived a most frugal and abstemious life2 and1 while sometimes over-religious1 sometimes exaggeratedly patriotic1 always appeared to prefer the advantage of others to his own4 ,he thus presented to those unversed in the study of mental pathology1 the appearance1 as it were1 of a martyr to an idea which had been maturing for years1 the mouthpiece and tool of a powerful sect1 who might call for execration politically1 but as an individual commanded respect4 ,this view1 however1 is at once seen to be fallacious1 7even leaving aside the delirium1 which might have been the effect of imprisonment71 if we remember that1 as has already been said1 frugality and unselfishness are special characteristics of the mattoid1 and1 not seldom1 also of the insane1 some of whom seem to have more affection for their country1 and for humanity in general1 than for their families and themselves1 and if we notice the indifference or even pleasure with which1 in his writings1 he refers to the murders committed by his countrymen1 when1 8to the sound of axes1 they make foreigners give them money10 above all1 the enjoyment with which he records the cruel practical joke played on a poor man who was very fond of his cherry tree1 by digging up the latter1 bringing it back stripped of its fruit1 and leaving it at his front door4 ,this morbid apathy is especially revealed in the want of emotion shown after the crime1 in the face of the anger of the populace which was let loose against him4 ,yet even the greatest fanatics among political assassins1 such as ,orsini1 ,sand1 and ,nobiling1 have been overwhelmed by emotion after the deed1 and have often attempted suicide4 ,the true motive of the act is quite sufficient to prove this3 being dismissed from his situation on account of his political vagaries1 arrested as a vagabond1 and1 in addition1 ill-used by the police1 he thought--with a vanity as boundless as his impotence to gratify it1 or even to live--of imitating the heroes he had heard talked of in the clubs 7and against whom he had himself declaimed71 so as to find a way of ending his life by the hand of another4 8,as ,i found myself ill-used by my employers1 and felt a horror of life1 ,i formed the design of assassinating the king1 so as not to have to kill myself10 he said to the magistrate1 immediately after his arrest4 ,to the judge ,azzaritti1 8,i attempted the king's life in the certainty that ,i should be killed40 ,in fact1 two days previously1 he had been much more occupied with his dismissal from his place than with projects of regicide2 and at his arrest he did all he could to make his situation more serious1 reminding the delegate that he had forgotten his revolutionary card on which was written1 8,death to the ,king6 long live the ,republic60 ,it was a case of indirect suicide1 such as ,maudsley1 ,crichton1 ,esquirol1#dcj and ,krafft-,ebing have recorded in great numbers4 ,these1 however1 are only committed by the insane1 or by cowardly and immoral men2 and ,i insist upon this motive all the more that he formed at the same time the means of satisfying that incoherent vanity which in him predominated over the love of life4 ,it is well known that many vain suicidal maniacs enjoy the sight of their own death surrounded by pomp1 like the ,englishman who had a mass composed and executed in public1 and shot himself while the ,requiescat was being chanted4 ,if1 therefore1 we find in him any fanaticism1 it is not for politics1 but for his own ridiculous and ungrammatical effusions4 ,when he lost his temper and shed tears at the trial1 the outburst was not provoked by any insult to his party1 but by a refusal to permit the reading of one of his letters1 and when his reputation as a scullion was attacked by the assertion that he was continually reading instead of washing up the dishes1 which he flatly denied1 though the implied proof of unsoundness of mind would have been entirely in his favour4 ,his intelligence might be called unusual and original rather than superior to the average2 and appeared much more brilliant in his conversation than in his writings--in which it is difficult to find a vigorous expression1 such as we so frequently meet with in the works of the insane1 as distinguished from mattoids4 ,however1 searching here and there amid the enormous mass of his writings1 and piecing out their gaps1 we meet with some few fragments which are both original and curious4 ,for example1 though grotesque enough1 his idea of having deputies and officials chosen by lot1 like soldiers for the conscription1 8that they may not be so proud10 is not without originality4 ,equally striking is the idea of forcing the convicts1 who pass their time in enforced idleness1 to cultivate waste lands1 of calling out the young men for conscription before they have chosen a trade1 and of crying after the ,emperor ,william who 8wants five milliards from ,france03 8,he who sows thorns should be made to walk barefoot40 ,good1 too1 in its way1 though somewhat ,turkish1 is that of establishing a free inn for travellers in every village4 ,still more remarkable is this1 which1 if it had not been written some time previously1 might be taken as referring to his own case3 8,it is blamable that the authorities should exercise severity of punishment towards a man whose only idea is to change the form of government and attack the head of the ,state4 ,the country is the mother of all without distinction2 to all1 without distinction1 the law should be sister of death1 which has no respect for any1 but cuts them down when their time has come40 ,his contrast between man isolated and man in association with his fellows is worthy of ,giusti4 8,when you see him alone he is weak as a glass tumbler--if you see a glass1 think of the strength of man1 there is no great difference2 but1 united1 men become hard and have the strength of a thousand ,samsons40 ,where he really appeared superior to the average was in his viva-voce answers4 ,thus3 8,history studied practically among the people is more instructive than the history studied in books4 ,the people is the best teacher of history10 c4 ,to justify the literary pretensions which seemed so inconsistent with his position as a poor cook1 he replied1 8,where the learned man goes astray1 the ignorant often triumphs40 ,when asked what takes place in the conscience when one is about to commit a bad action1 he replied1 8,in us there are1 as it were1 two wills--one pushing us on1 the other holding us back1--and the one that proves strongest determines the action40 ,but it is precisely in his intermittent flashes of political insight1 so strange in his position1 that a morbid abnormality becomes evident4 ,for it must be remarked that they constitute rather the exception than the rule4 ,what we find1 as a rule1 is the commonplace and the absurd4 ,in the same code he proposes to hang coiners and burn thieves1 and abolish the death penalty6 ,he wishes to kill the king1 yet in another article he demands for him a pension of two-and-a-half millions6#dca ,guiteau4--,the same thing may be said of ,guiteau1 who presented an enormous number of degenerative characteristics4 ,his handwriting is quite that of the mattoid2 and he was descended from a family which counted among its members many lunatics and fanatics4 ,advocate1 theologian1 politician1 and swindler1 he had tried all trades1 and claimed to have made a great discovery about the birth of ,christ4 ,the fact is that he had spoilt a great deal of paper1 and issued one or two journals and ridiculous works on ,the ,existence of ,hell and on ,truth which he believed to be written under ,divine dictation4 ,he thought that ,god would pay his debts as a reward for his eccentric preachings2 it was in obedience to a ,divine command that he killed ,garfield--yet it was only done in revenge for his failure to appoint him ,u4,s4 consul at ,liverpool1 ambassador to ,austria1 c4--which showed great ingratitude on ,garfield's part1 considering the trouble ,guiteau had taken1 in his own belief1 to secure his election as ,president4#dcb ,south ,americans4--,the number of great men in the ,argentine ,republic suffering from cerebral affections is so considerable that it has enabled ,mejia to compose on this subject a work which is among the most curious and valuable produced in the ,new ,world4#dcc ,thus1 according to ,mejia1 ,rivadura was a hypochondriac1 and died of softening of the brain4 ,manuel ,garcia also suffered from hypochondria1 and finally succumbed to a brain affection4 ,admiral ,brown was subject to the delusion that he was persecuted4 ,varela was epileptic1 ,francia was a melancholiac1 ,rosas was morally insane1 and ,monteagudo was hysterical4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,synthesis4 ,,the ,,degenerative ,,psychosis ,,of ,,genius4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,characteristics ,,of ,,insane ,,men ,,of ,,genius4 ,characterlessness--,vanity--,precocity- -,alcoholism--,vagabondage--,versatility --,originality--,style--,religious doubts--,sexual abnormalities--,egoism--,eccentricity--, inspiration4 ,the conception of the morbid and degenerative character of genius is confirmed and completed more and more when its isolated phenomena are subjected to a more rigorous examination1 and1 as in chemical reactions1 to mutual contact4 ,if1 in fact1 we analyze the lives and works of those great diseased minds which have become famous in history1 we find that they can at once be distinguished by many characteristic traits from the average man1 and also1 in part1 from other geniuses1 who have completed their life's orbit without trace of madness4 ,i4 ,these insane geniuses have scarcely any character4 ,the full1 complete character1 8which bends not for any winds that blow10 is the distinctive mark of honest and sound-minded men4 ,tasso1 on the contrary1 declaims against courts1 and yet1 even to his last hour1 we find him perpetually coming back to beg their grudging favours4 ,cardan accuses himself of lying1 evil-speaking1 and gambling4 ,rousseau1 though so sensitive1 abandons to want the tenderest and kindest of friends1 casts off his children1 calumniates others and himself1 and apostatizes three times over--from ,catholicism1 from ,protestantism1 and1 what is worse1 from the religion of philosophy4 ,swift1 though an ecclesiastic1 wrote the obscene poem of the loves of ,strephon and ,chloe1 and belittled the church of which he was a dignitary1 though his pride reached the proportions of delirium4 ,lenau1 religious to fanaticism in ,savonarola1 shows himself in the ,albigenses even cynically sceptical2 he knows it1 confesses it1 and laughs at it4 ,schopenhauer denounced women1 and at the same time was too warm an admirer of the sex2 he professed to believe in the happiness of ,nirvana1 and then predicted for himself more than a hundred years of life4 ,,ii4 ,genius is conscious of itself1 appreciates itself1 and1 certainly1 has no monkish humility4 ,yet the conceit seething in diseased brains passes the limits of all truth and probability4 ,tasso and ,cardan covertly1 and ,mahomet openly1 declared themselves inspired by ,god1 and the slightest criticism1 therefore1 appeared to them as deadly persecution4 ,cardan wrote of himself1 8,my nature is placed on the very limits of human substance and conditions1 and within the confines of the immortals40#dcd ,rousseau believed that all men1 and sometimes even the elements1 were in a conspiracy against him4 ,perhaps it is on this very account that we have seen almost all these unhappy great spirits fly from association with other men4 ,swift humiliated and insulted cabinet ministers1 and wrote to a duchess desirous of making his acquaintance that the greater men were1 the lower must they bow before him4 ,lenau had inherited the pride of rank from his mother1 and in his delirium believed himself king of ,hungary4 ,,iii4 ,some of these unfortunate men have given strangely precocious proofs of their genius4 ,tasso could speak when six months old1 and knew ,latin at the age of seven4 ,lenau1 at a very early age1 composed most touching sermons1 and played the bagpipes and the violin with astonishing skill4 ,cardan at eight had apparitions and revelations of genius4 ,ampre was a mathematician at thirteen4 ,pascal1 at ten1 inspired by the noise made by a plate struck with a knife1 worked out a theory of sound1 and at fifteen composed his celebrated treatise on ,conic ,sections4 ,haller preached at four1 and devoured books at five4 ,,iv4 ,many of them have been excessive in their abuse of narcotics1 or of stimulants and intoxicants4 ,haller was in the habit of taking enormous doses of opium1 and ,rousseau was excessive in his use of coffee4 ,tasso was renowned as a drinker1 as also the modern poets ,kleist1 ,grard de ,nerval1 ,musset1 ,murger1 ,majlth1 ,praga1 and ,rovani1 as well as the very original ,chinese writer ,li-,tai-,p1 who was inspired by alcohol1 and died of it4 ,lenau also1 in his latter years1 was an immoderate consumer of wine1 coffee1 and tobacco4 ,baudelaire abused opium1 tobacco1 and wine4 ,cardan confessed himself an indefatigable drinker4 ,poe was a dipsomaniac2 so was ,hoffmann4 ,v4 ,nearly all of these great men1 moreover1 showed anomalies of the reproductive functions4 ,tasso1 who was guilty of exaggerated licentiousness in his youth1 was rigidly chaste after his thirty-eighth year4 ,on the other hand1 ,cardan1 impotent in his youth1 gave himself up to excess at thirty-five4 ,pascal1 sensual in his early youth1 afterwards believed even a mother's kiss to be a crime4 ,rousseau was affected by hypospadias and spermatorrha1 and1 like ,baudelaire1 was subject to a sexual perversion4 ,newton and ,charles ,,xii41 so far as is known1 were absolutely continent4 ,lenau wrote1 8,i have the painful conviction that ,i am unsuitable for marriage40#dce ,,vi4 ,instead of preferring the quiet seclusion of the study1 they cannot rest in any place1 and have to be continually travelling4 ,lenau removed from ,vienna to ,stokerau1 and then to ,gmnden1 and finally emigrated to ,america4 8,i need10 he said1 8a change of climate every now and then to stir up my blood40#dcf ,tasso was continually travelling from ,ferrara to ,urbino1 ,mantua1 ,naples1 ,paris1 ,bergamo1 ,rome1 and ,turin4 ,poe was the despair of his editors1 because he was continually wandering about between ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,richmond1 ,philadelphia1 and ,baltimore4 ,giordano ,bruno wandered to ,padua1 ,oxford1 ,wittenberg1 ,magdeburg1 ,helmstdt1 ,prague1 and ,geneva4 ,rousseau1 ,cardan1 ,cellini were constantly staying now at ,turin1 now at ,paris1 now at ,florence1 ,rome1 ,bologna1 or ,lausanne4 8,change of place10 says ,rousseau1#dcg 8is a necessity for me4 ,in the fine season1 ,i find it impossible to remain for more than two or three days in one place without suffering40 ,,vii4 ,sometimes they change their career and course of study several times in succession1 as though the mighty intellect could not find rest and relief in a single science4#dch ,swift1 in addition to his satiric poems1 wrote on the manufactures of ,ireland1 on theology1 on politics1 and on the history of the reign of ,queen ,anne4 ,cardan was at the same time a mathematician1 physician1 theologian1 and literary man4 ,rousseau was painter1 music-master1 charlatan1 philosopher1 botanist1 and poet2 and ,hoffmann1 magistrate1 caricaturist1 musician1 romance-writer1 and dramatist4 ,tasso--as did ,gogol after him--attempted all varieties of poetry1 epic1 dramatic1 and didactic1 in all metres4 ,newton and ,pascal1 in moments of aberration1 abandoned physics for theology4 ,lenau cultivated medicine1 agriculture1 law1 poetry1 and theology4 ,,viii4 ,these energetic and terrible intellects are the true pioneers of science2 they rush forward regardless of danger1 facing with eagerness the greatest difficulties--perhaps because it is these which best satisfy their morbid energy4 ,they seize the strangest connections1 the newest and most salient points2 and here ,i may mention that originality1 carried to the point of absurdity1 is the principal characteristic of insane poets and artists4 ,ampre always sought out the most difficult problems in mathematics--the abysses--as ,arago has noted4 ,rousseau1 in the ,devin du ,village1 had attempted the music of the future1 afterwards tried again by another insane genius1 ,schumann4 ,swift used to say that he only felt at his ease when treating the most difficult subjects1 and those most out of the line of his habitual occupations4 ,in fact1 in his ,directions to ,servants1 he seems1 not a theologian or a politician1 but a servant himself4 ,his ,confession of a ,thief was believed to have been really written by a well-known criminal1 so that the latter's accomplices1 thinking that they were discovered1 gave themselves up to justice4 ,in the prophecies of ,bickerstaff1 he assumed the character of a ,catholic1 and succeeded in deceiving the ,roman ,inquisition4 ,walt ,whitman is the creator of a rhymeless poetry1 which the ,anglo-,saxons regard as the poetry of the future1 and which certainly bears the imprint of strange and wild originality4 ,poe's compositions 7says ,baudelaire1 one of his greatest admirers7 seem to have been produced in order to show that strangeness may enter into the elements of the beautiful2 and he collected them under the title of ,arabesques and ,grotesques1 because these exclude the human countenance1 and his literature was extra-human4 ,here1 too1 we note the predilection of insane artists for arabesques1 and1 moreover1 for arabesques which suggest the human figure4#dci ,baudelaire himself created the prose poem1 and carried to the highest point the adoration of artificial beauty4 ,he was the first to find new poetic associations in the olfactory sense4#ddj ,,ix4 ,these morbid geniuses have a style peculiar to themselves--passionate1 palpitating1 vividly coloured--which distinguishes them from all other writers1 perhaps because it could only arise under maniacal influences4 ,so much so that all of them confess their inability to compose1 or even to think1 outside the moments of inspiration4 ,tasso wrote1 in one of his letters1 8,i am unsuccessful1 and find difficulty in everything1 especially in composition40#dda 8,my ideas10 ,rousseau confesses1 8are confused1 slow in arising and developing themselves1 nor can ,i express myself well except in moments of passion40 ,the eloquent and vivid exordiums of ,cardan's works1 so different from the rest of his tedious books1 show what a difference there was between the first and last moments of his inspiration4 ,haller1 though a successful poet himself1 used to say that the whole art of poetry consisted in its difficulty4 ,pascal began his #ahth ,provincial ,letter thirteen times4 ,perhaps it was this analogy in character and style that was the cause of ,swift's and ,rousseau's predilection for ,tasso1 and drew the severe ,haller towards ,swift2 while ,ampre was inspired by ,rousseau's eccentricities1 and ,baudelaire by those of ,poe 7whose works he translated7 and of ,hoffmann1 whom he idolized4#ddb ,x4 ,nearly all these great men were painfully preoccupied by religious doubts1 raised by the intellect1 and combated1 as a crime1 by the timid conscience and morbid emotions4 ,tasso was tormented by the fear of being a heretic4 ,ampre often said that doubts are the worst torture of man4 ,haller wrote in his journal1 8,my ,god6 give me--oh6 give me one drop of faith3 my mind believes in ,thee1 but my heart refuses--this is my crime40 ,lenau used to repeat1 towards the end of his life1 8,in those hours when my heart is suffering1 the idea of ,god passes away from me40 ,in fact1 the real hero of his ,savonarola is ,doubt1#ddc as is now admitted by all critics4 ,,xi4 ,all insane men of genius1 moreover1 are much preoccupied with their own ,ego4 ,they sometimes know and proclaim their own disease1 and seem as though they wished1 by confessing it1 to get relief from its inexorable attacks4 ,it is quite natural that1 being men of great intellect and therefore acute observers1 they should at last notice their own cruel anomalies and be struck by the spectacle of the ,ego which obtruded itself so painfully on their notice4 ,men in general1 but more particularly the insane1 love to speak of themselves1 and on this theme they even become eloquent4 ,all the more should we expect it in those whose genius is accompanied and quickened by mania4 ,it is thus we get those wonderful records of passion and grief1 monuments of phrenopathic poetry1 which reveal the great and unhappy personality of the writer4 ,cardan wrote1 not only his autobiography1 but also poems on his misfortunes1 and the work ,de ,somniis1 entirely composed of his dreams and hallucinations4 ,the poems of ,whitman are the glorification of the ,ego4 ,rousseau1 in his ,confessions1 ,dialogues1 ,rveries1 like ,de ,musset in his ,confessions1 and ,hoffmann in ,kreisler1#ddd only give a minute description of themselves and their own madness4 ,thus also ,poe1 as ,baudelaire has well remarked1 took as his text the exceptions of human life1 the hallucination which1 at first doubtful1 afterwards becomes a reasoned conviction2 absurdity enthroned in the region of intellect and governing it with a terrible logic2 hysteria occupying the place of the will2 the contradiction between the nerves and the mind carried so far that grief is driven to utter itself in laughter4 ,pascal1 who was driven by delirium into exaggerated humility1 who said that ,christianity suppressed the ,ego1 has not written his autobiography2 yet he1 too1 showed traces of his hallucinations in the celebrated ,amulet1 and1 in his ,penses1 subtly described himself when speaking of others4 ,it is certain that he was alluding to himself when he wrote that 8extreme genius is close to extreme folly1 and men are so mad that he who should not be so would be a madman of a new kind20 and when he observed that 8maladies influence our judgment and sense2 and while great ones perceptibly alter them1 even slight ones cannot but influence them in proportion20 and that 8men of genius have their heads higher1 but their feet lower than the rest of us2 they are all on the same level1 and stand on the same clay as ourselves1 children1 and brutes40 ,haller1 in his diary1 gives detailed notes of his own religious delusions1 and often confesses to having completely changed his character in the course of twenty-four hours1 and being 8giddy1 mad1 persecuted by ,god1 and scorned and despised by men40 ,lessmann who1 at a later time1 hanged himself1 wrote the humorous ,diary of a ,melancholiac 7#ahcd74 ,tasso1 in his letter to the ,duke of ,urbino1 and in the stanza already quoted1 clearly depicted his own insanity4 8,francesco10 he says elsewhere1 8,o ,francesco1 within my infirm limbs ,i have an infirm soul40#dde ,it is a curious fact that1 shortly before his first attack of mania1 he wrote these words1 8,as ,i do not deny that ,i am mad1 ,i must believe that my madness has been caused by drunkenness or love1 since ,i know well that ,i drink to excess10 c4#ddf ,dostoeffsky continually introduces semi-insane characters1 and especially epileptics1 in ,besi and ,the ,idiot1 and moral lunatics in ,crime and ,punishment4 ,grard de ,nerval was the author of ,aurelia1 which has been well called the 8,song of ,songs of ,fever10 and is a mixture of poetry and gibberish4 ,barbara wrote ,les ,dtraqus4 ,buston described his own hallucinations4 ,allix1 though not a medical man1 wrote on the treatment of the insane4 ,lenau1 twelve years before he actually succumbed to the attacks of insanity1 had foreseen and described it4 ,all his poems depict1 in colours painfully vivid1 suicidal and melancholic tendencies4 ,the reader may judge of this from the mere titles of some of his lyrics1 8,to a ,hypochrondriac10 8,the ,madman10 8,the ,diseased in ,soul10 8,the ,violence of a ,dream10 8,the ,moon of ,melancholy40 ,i do not think that it is possible to find1 in the most doleful pages of ,j4 ,ortis so accurate and vividly coloured a description of suicidal tendencies as in the following extract from the ,seelenkranke1 8,i carry a deep wound in my heart1 and will carry it in silence to the grave2 my life is broken from hour to hour4 ,one alone could comfort me1 444 but she lies in the grave4444 ,o my mother6 let thyself be moved by my entreaties1 if thy love still survives death1 if it is still permitted thee to care for thy child4444 ,oh6 let me soon escape from life6 ,i long for the night of death6 ,oh6 only help thy crazy son to lay aside his grief40 ,his ,traumgewalten is1 as ,i have already observed1 a terribly truthful picture of that hallucination which preceded or accompanied the first attack of suicidal mania2 and here the reader can easily trace in the phrases and ideas that disconnected and fragmentary character which is the mark of the delirious paralytic4 ,here is a specimen--8,the dream was so terrible1 so wild1 so frightful1 that ,i wish ,i could tell myself it was nothing but a dream2 444 yet ,i continue to weep1 and to feel that my heart beats2 ,i awaken1 and find the sheets and the pillow wet4444 ,did ,i seize them in my dream and wipe my face8 ,i do not know4444 ,while ,i was sleeping1 my hostile guests have been holding an orgy here4444 ,now they are gone1 those savages1 they are gone1 but ,i find their traces in my tears4 ,they have fled1 and left the wine on the table10 c4 ,he had previously1 in the ,albigenses1 dropped some allusions to the terrible impression made on him by his dreams3 8,terrible1 often1 is the might of dreams2 it shakes1 pains1 presses1 threatens1 and if the sleeper does not awaken in time1 in the twinkling of an eye1 he is a corpse40#ddg ,,xii4 ,the principal trace of the delusions of great minds is found in the very construction of their works and speeches1 in their illogical deductions1 absurd contradictions1 and grotesque and inhuman fantasies4 ,thus ,socrates was clearly of unsound mind when1 after having all but arrived1 intuitively1 at ,christian morality and ,judaic monotheism1 he directed his steps in accordance with a sneeze1 or the voice and signs of his imaginary genius4 ,thus ,cardan1 who had anticipated ,newton in discovering the laws of gravitation1 and ,dupuis in theology--who1 in his book ,de ,subtilitate1 explains as hallucinations the strange and portentous symptoms of the possessed1 and also of some of those hermits who were accounted saints1 comparing them to the delirium of quartan fever--,cardan was insane1 when he attributed to the influence of a genius1 not only his scientific inspirations1 but the creaking of the table and the vibration of the pen1 when he declared that he had been several times bewitched1 and when he produced his book ,on ,dreams1 which speaks to the mental pathologist as a pseudo-membrane would to the physical4 ,in this1 at first1 he puts on record the most accurate and curious observations on the phenomena of dreams--e4g41 how severe physical pains act with less energy1 slight ones with greater--a fact recently confirmed by psychiatrists2 that the insane are much given to dreaming2 that in a dream1 as on the stage1 a long series of ideas passes in a very short space of time2 and finally 7and this is a remark of much justice7 that men have dreams either entirely analogous to1 or entirely at variance with1 their own habits4 ,but1 after these clear and undoubted proofs of genius1 he re-affirms one of the most absurd and contemptible theories ever held by the populace of ancient times1 namely1 that the slightest accidental circumstance of a dream must be the revelation of a more or less distant future4 ,thus he draws up1 with the sincerest conviction1 a dictionary1 identical in form and origin 7which last is undoubtedly pathological7 with ,cabalistic productions4 ,every object1 every word1 which may find a place in a dream1 is there attached to a series of allusions which serve to interpret each other4 ,father may signify author1 husband1 son1 commander4 ,feet1 foundation of a house1 arts1 workmen1 c4 ,a horse1 appearing in a dream1 may signify flight1 riches1 or a wife4 ,shoemaker and physician are interchangeable in meaning4 ,in short1 it is not actual analogies which prevail1 but analogies in words1 in sounds1 even in terminations4 ,orior and morior have an equal prophetic value1 because 8since they differ from each other only by a single letter1 the one passes over to the other40 ,we are seized with compassion for human nature and for ourselves1 when we find him relating that a knight who suffered from the stone always1 if he dreamed of food1 had an attack on the following day1 and adding cibos enim et dolores degustare dicimus--as though nature were in the habit of amusing herself by making puns in ,latin4 ,yet this was the man who had intuitively divined the admirable theory of painful sensations in sleep already alluded to1 and who1 a physician1 and one of no mean distinction1 had clearly conceived the sympathetic action of the solar plexus4 ,newton himself can scarcely be said to have been sane when he demeaned his intellect to the interpretation of the ,apocalypse1 or the horns of ,daniel2 nor1 again1 when he wrote to ,bentley1 8,by means of the law of attraction1 one can very well understand the elongated orbits of comets2 but as to the nearly circular orbits of planets1 ,i see no possibility of obtaining their lateral difference1 and this can only be accomplished by ,god40 ,yet in his ,optics1 ,newton had inveighed against those who1 after the manner of the ,aristotelians admit occult properties in matter1 thus arresting the researches of natural philosophers1 without leading to any conclusion4 ,in fact1 a century later1 the true cause1 which had escaped ,newton's observations1 was discovered by ,la ,place4 ,ampre believed1 in all sincerity1 that he had found the method of squaring the circle4 ,pascal1 though he had been the first to study the laws of probability1 believed that the touch of a relic had power to cure a lachrymal fistula--a statement which he printed in one of his works4 ,rousseau makes of his own maniacal savagery the ideal type of man1 and believes that every natural production1 if agreeable to the sight or taste1 must be innocuous1 so that arsenic1 according to him1 could not be harmful4 ,his life is made up of contradictions3 he prefers the country1 and lives in the ,rue ,platonire2 he writes a treatise on education1 and sends his children to the foundling hospital2 he adjudicates on the claims of the various religions with the acuteness of an unbiassed sceptic1 and throws stones at trees in order to divine the future and decide the question of his own salvation2 nay1 he writes to the ,deity1 and lays his letters on the altars of churches1 as though they were ,his exclusive abode4 ,baudelaire finds the sublime in the artificial--8like the rouge which enhances the beauty of a handsome woman40 ,he carries out an insane idea by describing a metallic landscape1 with neither water nor vegetation4 8,all is rigid1 polished1 shining2 without heat and without sun2 in the midst of the eternal silence the blue water is enclosed1 like the ancient mirrors1 in a golden basin40 ,he finds his ideal in the ,latin of the ,decadence1 8the only tongue which can thoroughly render the language of passion10 and adores cats to such a degree as to address three poems to them4 ,lenau1 in his 8,moon of the ,hypochondric10 sees1 contrary to the usual practice of poets1 in the cold moon1 without water and without atmosphere1 8the sexton of the planets1 who1 with a silver thread entwined1 enchains the sleepers and draws them to death2 she beckons with her finger1 leads sleep-walkers astray1 and counsels the thief40 ,though1 as a young man1 he had frequently expressed his opinion that 8mysticism is a symptom of insanity10 he often showed mystical tendencies1 especially in his later poems4 ,in the ,koran1 there is not a single chapter which has any connection with another2 on the contrary1 it often happens that1 in the course of a single sura1 the ideas are interrupted1 and follow each other almost at random4 8,on ,mahomet10 writes ,morkos1 8the most contradictory verdicts may be pronounced1 for it is impossible to deny his great excellence1 while at the same time there is no disguising the fact that we find in him the most signal artifices of imposture1 the grossest ignorance1 and the greatest imprudence40 ,it appears to me1 moreover1 that the great writers who have been under the dominion of alcohol1 have a style peculiar to themselves1 whose characteristics are a deliberate eroticism1 and an inequality which is rather grotesque than beautiful1 owing to too unrestrained fancy1 frequent imprecations and abrupt transitions from the deepest melancholy to obscene gaiety1 and a marked preference for such subjects as madness1 drink1 and the gloomiest scenes of death4 8,poe10 says ,baudelaire1 8likes to place his figures against greenish or violet backgrounds1 surrounded by the phosphorescence of decay1 and the atmosphere of storms and orgies4 ,he throws himself into grotesquery for the love of the grotesque1 into horror for the love of the horrible40 ,the same thing is done by ,baudelaire himself1 who loves to describe the effects of alcohol or opium4 8,there are days when my heart faints in me1 and the mud overwhelms me10#ddh sang poor ,praga1 who killed himself with alcohol1 and who1 singing the praises of wine1 blasphemed thus3 8,let it come--the reproach of the sober man2 come--the contempt of the human race1--come1 the hell of the ,eternal ,father3 ,i will go down into it with my glass in hand40#ddi ,steen1 the drunken painter1 usually painted drinking scenes4 ,hoffmann's drawings ended in caricatures1 his tales in extra-human extravagancies1 his music in a senseless succession of sounds4 ,alfred de ,musset saw in the ladies of ,madrid1 8sous un col de cigne ,un sein vierge et dor comme la jeune vigne40 ,murger admired women with green lips and yellow cheeks--no doubt through a species of colour-blindness1 such as we have already met with among painters4 ,,xiii4 ,nearly all of these great men--for instance1 ,cardan1 ,lenau1 ,tasso1 ,socrates1 ,pascal--attached great importance to their dreams1 which1 no doubt1 assumed a more vivid and powerful colouring than those of sane persons4 ,,xiv4 ,many presented voluminous but very irregular skulls2 and1 like madmen1 have ended by serious alterations of the nervous centres4 ,pascal's cerebral substance was harder than is normally the case1 and the left lobe had suppurated4 ,the brain of ,rousseau revealed dropsy in the ventricles4 ,byron and ,foscolo1 great but eccentric geniuses1 both showed premature ossification of the sutures4 ,schumann died of chronic meningitis and cerebral atrophy4 ,,xv4 ,the insane characters of men of genius are scarcely ever found alone4 ,thus melancholia was associated and alternated with exaggerated self-esteem in ,chopin1 ,comte1 ,tasso1 ,cardan1 ,schopenhauer2 with alcoholic mania1 impulsive insanity1 or sexual perversion in ,baudelaire and ,rousseau2 with erratic and alcoholic mania and that of self-esteem1 in ,grard de ,nerval4 ,in ,coleridge1 the mania of morphia was associated with folie du doute4 ,,xvi4 ,but the most special characteristic of this form of insanity appears to reduce itself to an extreme exaggeration of two alternating phases1 viz41 erethism and atony1 inspiration and exhaustion1 which we see physiologically manifested in nearly all great intellects1 even the sanest--phases to which they1 all alike1 give a wrong interpretation1 according as their pride is gratified or offended4 8,an indolent soul1 afraid of every kind of business1 a bilious temperament1 which suffers easily and is sensitive to every discomfort1 seem as though they could not be combined in one character--yet they form the groundwork of mine40 ,such is ,rousseau's confession in ,letter ,,ii4 ,therefore1 as the ignorant man explains the modifications of his own ego by means of material and external objects1 they often attribute to a devil1 a genius1 or a ,god1 the happy inspiration of their exalted moments4 ,tasso1 speaking of his familiar spirit1 genius1 or messenger1 says1 8,it cannot be a devil1 since it does not inspire me with a horror for sacred things2 nor yet a natural creature1 for it causes to arise in me ideas which ,i never had before40 ,a genius inspires ,cardan with his written works1 his knowledge of spiritual matters1 his medical opinions2 ,tartini with his ,sonata1 ,mahomet with the pages of the ,koran4 ,van ,helmont asserted that he had seen a genius appear before him at all the most important moments of his life2 and1 in #afcc1 he discovered his own soul under the form of a shining crystal4 ,william ,blake often retired to the sea-shore to converse with ,moses1 ,homer1 ,virgil1 and ,milton1 with whom he believed himself to have been previously acquainted4 ,when questioned as to their appearance1 he replied1 8,they are shades full of majesty--grey1 but luminous1 and much taller than the generality of men40 ,socrates was counselled in his actions by a genius who1 as he expressed it1 was better than ten thousand teachers2 and he often advised his friends as to what they ought1 or ought not to do1 according as he had received instructions from his 4 ,it is certain that the vivid and richly-coloured style of all these great men--the clearness with which they describe their most grotesque eccentricities1 such as the ,liliputian ,academies1 or the horrors of ,tartarus1 denote that they saw and touched1 as it were1 with the certainty of hallucination1 all that they describe2 that1 in short1 in them inspiration and insanity became fused1 and resulted in a single product4 ,it may be said1 indeed1 of some--as of ,luther1 ,mahomet1 ,savonarola1 ,molinos1 and1 in modern times1 the chief of the ,taeping rebels--that this false explanation of the afflatus was of great service to them1 giving to their speeches and prophecies that air of truth only resulting from a profound conviction1 which alone can shake the popular ignorance and carry it in the wake of a new doctrine4 ,this characteristic is common to the insanity of genius and the most trivial aberrations of eccentricity4 ,when inspiration and high spirits fail together1 and depression of mind prevails1 then these great unfortunate ones1 interpreting their own condition still more strangely1 believe themselves to have been poisoned1 like ,cardan2 or to be condemned to eternal fire1 like ,haller and ,ampre2 or persecuted by inveterate enemies1 like ,newton1 ,swift1 ,barthez1 ,cardan1 and ,rousseau4 ,moreover1 in all these cases1 religious doubt1 raised by the intellect in despite of the heart1 appears to the subject himself as a crime1 and becomes both cause and instrument of new and real misfortunes4 ,,xvii4 ,yet the temper of these men is so different from that of average people that it gives a special character to the different psychoses 7melancholia1 monomania1 c47 from which they suffer1 so as to constitute a special psychosis1 which might be called the psychosis of genius4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,analogy ,,of ,,sane ,,to ,,insane ,,genius4 ,want of character--,pride--,precocity--,alcoholi sm--,degenerative signs--,obsession--,men of genius in revolutions4 ,but these characteristics are not confined to insane genius2 they are also met with1 though far less conspicuously among the great men freest from any suspicion of insanity1 those of whom the insane geniuses just mentioned are but the exaggeration and caricature4 ,it is thus that the complete and perfect character1 while conspicuously seen in ,socrates1 ,columbus1 ,cavour1 ,christ1 ,galileo1 ,spinoza1 is not to be found in ,napoleon1 ,bacon1 ,cicero1 ,seneca1 ,alcibiades1 ,alexander1 ,julius ,csar1 ,machiavelli1 ,carlyle1 ,frederick ,,ii41 ,dumas1 ,byron1 ,comte1 ,bulwer ,lytton1 ,petrarch1 ,aretino1 ,gibbon4 ,self-esteem1 carried to an almost incredible point1 has been noticed in ,napoleon1 ,hegel1 ,dante1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,lassalle1 ,balzac1 and ,comte2 and1 as we have already seen1 even in men of talent1 but not of genius1 as ,cagnoli1 ,lucius1 ,porta1 c4 ,precocity1 moreover1 does not fail to appear in normal men of genius1 such as ,mozart1 ,raphael1 ,michelangelo1 ,charles ,,xii41 ,stuart ,mill1 ,d',alembert1 ,lulli1 ,cowley1 ,otway1 ,prior1 ,pope1 ,addison1 ,burns1 ,keats1 ,sheffield1 ,hugo4 ,among these we also find the abuse of alcohol1 sexual deficiencies1 or excesses followed by sterility1 the tendency to vagrancy1 and impulsive acts of violence1 alternating1 or associated1 with convulsive movements4 ,bismarck once said to ,beust1 8,do you ever feel the wish to break anything as an amusement80 ,like ,gladstone and the ,belgian ,malon1 he often takes exercise by cutting down trees like a woodman4 ,we have also found1 in some of them1 numerous anomalies in the shape of the skull and conformation of the brain4 ,degenerative symptoms1 such as stammering1 lefthandedness1 precocity1 sterility1 abound in both1 as well as divergences from ancestral character4 ,there is also seen in them that invasion1 or rather possession1 by their subject which transforms the creature of the imagination into a true hallucination1 or an auto-suggestion4 ,flaubert says that his characters seized upon him1 and pursued him1 or that1 more correctly speaking1 he lived through them4 ,when he described the poisoning of ,madame ,bovary1 he felt the taste of arsenic on his tongue1 and showed symptoms of actual poisoning so far as to vomit4 ,dickens1 too1 was affected by sorrow and compassion for his characters1 as if they had been his own children4#dej 8,to my mind10 writes ,edmond de ,goncourt1 8my brother died of over-work1 and more especially the elaboration of literary form1 the chiselling of phrases1 the labour of style4 ,i can still see him taking up again pieces which we had written together1 and which1 at first1 had satisfied us1 working at them for hours1 for half a day at a time1 with an almost angry persistency4444 8,you must remember1 in short1 that all our work--and in this1 perhaps1 consists its originality1 an originality dearly bought--has its root in nervous illness2 that we drew our pictures of disease from our own experience1 and that1 by dint of analyzing1 studying1 dissecting ourselves1 we at last attained a kind of super-acute sensitiveness1 which was wounded on all sides by the infinite littlenesses of life4 ,i say we1 for1 when we wrote ,charles ,demailly1 ,i was more diseased than he4 ,alas6 he took the first place1 later on4 ,charles ,demailly6--it is a strange thing to write one's own history fifteen years in advance40#dea ,the obsession of genius sometimes attains such a point as actually to create a double personality1 and transform a philanthropist into an overbearing tyrant1 a melancholy man into a jovial reveller4 ,finally1 we have found1 even in the sanest and most complete genius1 the incomplete and rudimentary forms of mania--as melancholy1 megalomania1 hallucinations1 c4--a fact which helps to explain the convictions of certain prophets and founders of dynasties1 convictions so deeply rooted as to serve the purpose of inspiration1 as far as the mass of the people were concerned4 ,maudsley says that one of the conditions essential to the originality of genius is a disposition to be dissatisfied with the existing state of things4 ,we have also met with the use of peculiar words which is so frequent a characteristic of monomania1 and also those uncertainties which reach their extreme point in the madness of doubt4 ,the whole difference resolves itself1 at bottom1 into this3 that in sane genius the symptoms are less exaggerated1 the double personality is less conspicuous1 the choice of subjects connected with madness less frequent 7,shakespeare1 ,goncourt1 and ,daudet being exceptions71 and the note of absurdity less emphasized4 ,this1 however1 is scarcely ever wanting1 inasmuch as nothing is closer to the ridiculous than the sublime4 ,it is also not without importance to note that1 whenever genius appears in a race1 the number of the insane also increases4 ,of this fact we have found remarkable proofs among the ,italian1 ,german1 and ,english ,jews4 ,so much is this the case1 that it is the custom1 in ,german lunatic asylums1 to reckon genius in the parents among the etiological elements of insanity4 ,both genius and insanity are influenced by violent passions at the time of conception1 by advanced age1 or alcoholism in the parents2 and as1 in all degenerate natures1 genius is only exceptionally transmitted1 it almost always assumes the form of more and more aggravated neurosis1 and rapidly disappears1 thanks to that beneficent sterility through which nature provides for the elimination of monsters4 ,though all the proofs we have given should have been forgotten1 the fact would be quite sufficiently demonstrated by the pedigrees of ,peter the ,great1 the ,csars1 and ,charles ,v41 in which epileptics1 men of genius1 and criminals1 alternate with ever greater frequency1 till the line ends in idiocy and sterility4#deb ,in all these three types 7insanity1 insane genius1 and sane genius71 we see at work1 with nearly equal intensity1 the influence of race1#dec of hot climates1 of diminutions 7unless greatly exaggerated71 in the degree of atmospheric pressure1 and1 in frequent cases1 of maladies accompanied by a high temperature4 ,but the most convincing proof of all is offered by the insane who1 though not possessed of genius1 apparently acquire it1 for a time1 while under treatment4 ,these cases prove that geniality1 originality1 artistic and sthetic creation may show themselves in the least predisposed natures1 as a consequence of mental alienation4 ,finally1 not the least important proof is contained in the singular phenomenon of the mattoid1 who1 as distinguished from the really insane1 has all the appearances1 without the reality1 of genius4 ,taking all this into consideration1 we may confidently affirm that genius is a true degenerative psychosis belonging to the group of moral insanity1 and may temporarily spring out of other psychoses1 assuming their forms1 though keeping its own special peculiarities1 which distinguish it from all others4 ,the identity of genius with moral insanity is seen in that general alteration of the affective instincts1 which shows itself1 more or less disguised1 in all1#ded even in those rare altruistic persons with a genius for goodness to whom the name of saints has been given4 ,this also explains their longevity4 ,there is1 beyond all doubt1 some connection between all these observations1 and the fact1 established by ,tamburini and myself1 that the best artists of the asylums were all morally insane4 ,it should be remembered here1 that the ,klephts were brigands1 and that the moral character of many great conquerors has been so far subject to alteration as to make of them true brigands on a large scale4 ,arved ,barine1 in noticing the beauty of countenance of certain brigands figured in my work in ,l'uomo ,delinquente1 has very justly observed#dee that 8such a profession requires high intellectual endowments1 and precisely the same as those needed by conquerors1 who certainly have had no superabundance of moral sense4 ,history proves that the moral sense is in no degree a function of the intellect4 ,great men have been so often devoid of it1 that the world has been forced to invent for them a special morality which may be summed up in five words1 frequently uttered by such--from ,napoleon down to ,benvenuto ,cellini3 ,everything is permitted to genius40 ,men of genius are among the principal factors in true revolutions4#def ,history records the saying of ,tarquin that for the preservation of despotism it was necessary to cut down the tallest heads4 ,carlyle believed that the whole of history is that of great men4 ,emerson wrote that every new institution might be regarded as the prolonged shadow of some man of genius1 ,islamism of ,mahomet1 ,protestantism of ,calvin1 ,quakerism of ,fox1 ,methodism of ,wesley1 ,abolitionism of ,clarkson1 c4 ,men of genius1 wrote ,flaubert1#deg summarise in a single type many separate personalities1 and bring new persons to consciousness in the human race4 ,this is one of the causes of their immense influence4 ,and not only are they not misoneistic2 they are haters of old things and ardent lovers of the new and the unknown4 ,garibaldi1 when he pushed on into almost unknown regions of ,america1 said1 8,i love the unknown40#deh ,and ,christ carried his idea of the new world1 that was about to appear1 as far as complete communism4 ,many men of genius rule beyond the tomb3 ,csar was never so powerful 7wrote ,michelet7 as when he was a corpse2 and so ,william the ,silent4 ,max ,nordau even claims that all human progress is owing to despots of genius4 8,every revolution is the work of a minority whose individuality cannot conform to conditions which were neither calculated nor created for them40 ,the only real innovators known to history are tyrants endowed with ability and knowledge4 8,no revolution succeeds without a leader10 wrote ,machiavelli2 and elsewhere1 8,a multitude without a head is useless40 ,this is natural1 because the man of genius1 being essentially original and a lover of originality1 is the natural enemy of traditions and conservatism3 he is the born revolutionary1 the precursor and the most active pioneer of revolutions4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,epileptoid ,,nature ,,of ,,genius4 ,etiology--,symptoms--,confessions of men of genius--,the life of a great epileptic--,napoleon--,saint ,paul--,the saints--,philanthropic hysteria4 ,we may1 however1 enter more deeply into the study of the phenomena of genius by the light of modern theories on epilepsy4 ,according to the entirely harmonious researches of clinical and experimental observers1 this malady resolves itself into localised irritation of the cerebral cortex1 manifesting itself in attacks which are sometimes instantaneous1 sometimes of longer duration1 but always intermittent and always resting on a degenerative basis--either hereditary or predisposed to irritation by alcoholic influence1 by lesions of the skull1 c4#dei ,in this way we catch a glimpse of another conclusion1 viz41 that the creative power of genius may be a form of degenerative psychosis belonging to the family of epileptic affections4 ,the fact that genius is frequently derived from parents either addicted to drink1 of advanced age1 or insane1 certainly points to this conclusion1 as also does the appearance of genius subsequently to lesions of the head4 ,it is also indicated by frequent anomalies1 especially of cranial asymmetry2 the capacity of the skull being sometimes excessive1 sometimes abnormally small2 by the frequency of moral insanity1 and of hallucinations2 by sexual and intellectual precocity1 and not rarely by somnambulism4 ,to these we may add the prevalence of suicide1 which is1 on the other hand1 very common among epileptic patients2 the intermittence of bodily and mental functions1 more particularly the occurrence of amnesia and analgesia2 the frequent tendency to vagabondage2 religious feeling1 manifesting itself even in the case of atheists1 as with ,comte2 the strange terrors by which they are often seized 7,w4 ,scott1 ,byron1 ,haller72 the double personality1 the multiplicity of simultaneous delusions1 so common in epileptic cases2#dfj the frequent recurrence of delusions produced by the most trifling causes2 the same misoneism2 and the same relation to criminality1 which finds its point of union in moral insanity4 ,add to this the origin and ancestry of criminals and imbeciles1 which constantly show traces both of genius and epilepsy1 as may be seen in the genealogical charts given of the families of the ,csars and ,charles ,v42#dfa and the strange passion for wandering1 and for animals1 which ,i have also often found in degenerated1 and especially in epileptic1 subjects4#dfb ,the distractions of mind for which great men are so famous1 are often1 writes ,tonnini1 nothing else but epileptic absences4#dfc ,the greatest proof of all1 however1 is that affective insensibility1 that loss of moral sense1 common to all men of genius1 whether sane or insane1 which makes of great conquerors1 even in the most recent times1 nothing else than brigands on a large scale4 ,such conclusions may seem strange to persons unacquainted with the way in which the region of epilepsy has been extended in modern times1 so that many cases of headache 7hemicrania7 or simple loss of memory1 are now recognized as forms of epilepsy1 though in disguise2 their manifestation--as ,savage has observed--causing the disappearance of every trace of the pre-existing epilepsy4 ,it is sufficient1 however1 to recall to the reader the numerous men of genius of the first order who have been seized by motory epilepsy1 or by that kind of morbid irritability which is well known to supply its place4 ,among these we find such names as ,napoleon1 ,molire1 ,julius ,csar1 ,petrarch1 ,peter the ,great1 ,mahomet1 ,handel1 ,swift1 ,richelieu1 ,charles ,v41 ,flaubert1 ,dostoeffsky1 and ,st4 ,paul4#dfd ,to those acquainted with the so-called binomial or serial law1 according to which no phenomenon occurs singly--each one being1 on the contrary1 the expression of a series of less well-defined but analogous facts--such frequent occurrence of epilepsy among the most distinguished of distinguished men can but indicate a greater prevalence of this disease among men of genius than was previously thought possible1 and suggests the hypothesis of the epileptoid nature of genius itself4 ,in this connection1 it is important to note how1 in these men1 the convulsion made its appearance but rarely in the course of their lives4 ,now it is well known that1 in such cases1 the psychic equivalent 7here the exercise of creative power7 is more frequent and intense4#dfe ,but1 above all1 the identity is proved to us by the analogy of the epileptic seizure with the moment of inspiration4 ,this active and violent unconsciousness in the one case manifests itself by creation1 and in the other by motory agitation4 ,the demonstration is completed when we come to analyse this creative inspiration or strus which has often suggested epilepsy1 even to those ignorant of the recent discoveries with regard to its nature4 ,and this1 not only on account of its frequent association with insensibility to pain1 with irregularity of the pulse1 and with an unconsciousness which is often that of a somnambulist1 of its instantaneous occurrence and intermittent character2 but also because it is not seldom accompanied by convulsive movements of the limbs1 followed by amnesia1 and provoked by substances or conditions which cause or increase the excessive flow of blood to the brain2 or by powerful sensations2 and also because it may succeed or pass into hallucinations4 ,this resemblance between inspiration and the epileptic seizure1 moreover1 is demonstrated by an even directer and more cogent proof--the confessions of eminent men of genius1 which show how completely the one may be confounded with the other4 ,such confessions are those of ,goncourt#dff and ,buffon1 and especially of ,mahomet and ,dostoeffsky4 8,there are moments10 writes the latter 7in ,besi7--8and it is only a matter of five or six seconds--when you suddenly feel the presence of the eternal harmony4 ,this phenomenon is neither terrestrial nor celestial1 but it is an indescribable something1 which man1 in his mortal body1 can scarcely endure--he must either undergo a physical transformation or die4 ,it is a clear and indisputable feeling3 all at once1 you feel as though you were placed in contact with the whole of nature1 and you say1 #8,yes6 this is true4' ,when ,god created the world1 ,he said1 at the end of every day of creation1 #8,yes6 this is true6 this is good6' 444 ,and it is not tenderness1 nor yet joy4 ,you do not forgive anything1 because there is nothing to forgive4 ,neither do you love--oh6 this feeling is higher than love6 ,the terrible thing is the frightful clearness with which it manifests itself1 and the rapture with which it fills you4 ,if this state were to last more than five seconds1 the soul could not endure it1 and would have to disappear4 ,during those five seconds1 ,i live a whole human existence1 and for that ,i would give my whole life and not think ,i was paying it too dearly4' 8#8,you are not epileptic8' 8#8,no4' 8#8,you will become so4 ,i have heard that it begins just in that way4 ,a man subject to this malady#dfg has minutely described to me the sensation which precedes the attack2 and in listening to you1 ,i thought ,i heard him speaking4 ,he1 too1 spoke of a period of five seconds1 and said it was impossible to endure this condition longer4 ,remember ,mahomet's water-jar2 for the space of time it took to empty it1 the prophet was rapt into ,paradise4 ,your five seconds are the jar--,paradise is your harmony--and ,mahomet was epileptic6 ,take care you do not become so also1 ,kiriloff6'0#dfh ,and in the ,idiot 7vol4 i4 p4 #bif73-- 8 444 ,i remember1 among other things1 a phenomenon which used to precede his epileptic attacks1 when they came on in a waking state4 ,in the midst of the dejection1 the mental marasmus1 the anxiety1 which the madman experienced1 there were moments in which1 all of a sudden1 his brain became inflamed1 and all his vital forces suddenly rose to a prodigious degree of intensity4 ,the sensation of life1 of conscious existence1 was multiplied almost tenfold in these swiftly-passing moments4 8,a strange light illuminated his heart and mind4 ,all agitation was calmed1 all doubt and perplexity resolved itself into a superior harmony1 a serene and tranquil gaiety1 which yet was completely rational4 ,but these radiant moments were only a prelude to the last instant--that immediately succeeded by the attack4 ,that instant was1 in truth1 ineffable4 ,when1 at a later time1 after his recovery1 the prince reflected on this subject1 he said to himself1 #8,those fleeting moments1 in which our highest consciousness of ourselves--and therefore our highest life--is manifested1 are due only to disease1 to the suspension of normal conditions2 and1 if so1 it is not a higher life1 but1 on the contrary1 one of a lower order4' ,this1 however1 did not prevent his reaching a most paradoxical conclusion4 #8,what matter1 after all1 though it be a disease--an abnormal tension--if the result1 as ,i with recovered health remember and analyze it1 includes the very highest degree of harmony and beauty2 if at this moment ,i have an unspeakable1 hitherto unsuspected feeling of harmony1 of peace1 of my whole nature being fused in the impetus of a prayer1 with the highest synthesis of life8' 8,this farrago of nonsense seemed to the prince perfectly comprehensible2 and the only fault it had in his eyes was that of being too feeble a rendering of his thoughts4 ,he could not doubt1 or even admit the possibility of a doubt1 of the real existence of this condition of #8beauty and prayer1' or of its constituting #8the highest synthesis of life4' 8,but did he not in these moments experience visions analogous to the fantastic and debasing dreams produced by the intoxication of opium1 haschisch1 or wine8 ,he was able to form a sane judgment on this point when the morbid condition had ceased4 ,these moments were only distinguished--to define them in a word--by the extraordinary heightening of the inward sense4 ,if in that instant--that is to say1 in the last moment of consciousness which precedes the attack--the patient was able to say clearly1 and with full consciousness of the import of his words1 #8,yes1 for this moment one would give a whole lifetime1' there is no doubt that1 as far as he alone was concerned1 that moment was worth a lifetime4 8,no doubt1 too1 it is to this same instant that the epileptic ,mahomet alluded1 when he said that he used to visit all the abodes of ,allah in less time than it would take to empty his water-jar40 ,i will add here some lines from the ,correspondance of ,flaubert3-- 8,if sensitive nerves are enough to make a poet1 ,i should be worth more than ,shakespeare and ,homer4444 ,i who have heard through closed doors people talking in low tones thirty paces away1 across whose abdomen one may see all the viscera throbbing1 and who have sometimes felt in the space of a minute a million thoughts1 images1 and combinations of all kinds throwing themselves into my brain at once1 as it were the lighted squibs of fireworks40 ,let us now compare these descriptions of an attack1 which might be called one of psychic epilepsy 7and which corresponds exactly to the physiological idea of epilepsy--i4e41 cortical irritation71 with all the descriptions given us by authors themselves of the inspiration of genius4 ,we shall then see how perfect is the correspondence between the two sets of phenomena4 ,in order the better to illustrate these strange displacements of function in epileptic subjects1 ,i should call attention to an example1 cited by ,dr4 ,frigerio1 of an epileptic patient who1 at the moment of seizure1 felt the venereal desire awaken1 not in the generative organs1 but in the epigastrium1 accompanied by ejaculation4#dfi ,let me add that1 in certain cases1 it is not only isolated paroxysms which recall the psychic phenomenology of the epileptic1 but the whole life4 ,bourget remarks that1 8for the ,goncourts1 life reduces itself to a series of epileptic attacks1 preceded and followed by a blank40 ,and what the ,goncourts wrote has always been autobiography4 ,zola in his ,romanciers ,naturalistes gives us this confession by ,balzac3 8,he works under the influence of circumstances1 of which the union is a mystery2 he does not belong to himself2 he is the plaything of a force which is eminently capricious2 on some days he would not touch his brush1 he would not write a line for an empire4 ,in the evening when dreaming1 in the morning when rising1 in the midst of some joyous feast1 it happens that a burning coal suddenly touches this brain1 these hands1 this tongue3 a word awakens ideas that are born1 grow1 ferment4 ,such is the artist1 the humble instrument of a despotic will2 he obeys a master40 ,let us glance at the pictures which ,taine has given us of the greatest of modern conquerors1 and ,renan of the greatest of the apostles3-- 8,the principal characteristics of ,napoleon's genius10 says ,taine1 8are its originality and comprehensiveness4 ,no detail escapes him4 ,the quantity of facts which his mind stores up and retains1 the number of ideas which he elaborates and utters1 seem to surpass human capacity4 8,in the art of ruling men his genius was supreme4 ,his method of procedure--which is that of the experimental sciences--consisted in controlling every theory by a precise application observed under definite conditions4 ,all his sayings are fire-flashes4 #8,adultery1' said he to the ,conseil d',etat1 when the question of divorce was under discussion1 #8is not exceptional2 it is very common--c'est une affaire de canap4' #8,liberty1' he exclaimed1 on another occasion 7and he remained faithful all his life to the spirit of this exclamation71 #8is the necessity of a small and privileged class1 endowed by nature with faculties higher than those of the mass of mankind2 it may therefore be abridged with impunity4 ,equality1 on the contrary1 pleases the multitude40 8,he possesses a faculty which carries us back to the ,middle ,ages--an astounding constructive imagination4 ,what he accomplished is surprising2 but he undertook far more1 and dreamed much more even than that4 ,however vigorous his practical faculties may have been1 his poetic faculty was still stronger2 it was even greater than it ought to have been in a statesman4 ,we see greatness in him exaggerated into immensity1 and immensity degenerating into madness4 ,what aspiring1 monstrous conceptions revolved1 accumulated1 superseded each other in that marvellous brain6 #8,europe1' he said1 #8is a mole-hill2 there have never been great empires or great revolutions save in the ,east1 where there are six hundred millions of men4'0 ,in ,egypt1 he was thinking of conquering ,syria1 re-establishing the ,eastern ,empire at ,constantinople1 and returning to ,paris by way of ,adrianople and ,vienna4 ,the ,east allured him with the mirage of omnipotence2 in the ,east he caught a glimpse of the possibility that1 a new ,mahomet1 he might found a new religion4 ,confined to ,europe1 his dream was to re-create the empire of ,charlemagne2 to make ,paris the physical1 intellectual1 and religious capital of ,europe1 and assemble within its precincts the princes1 kings1 and popes1 who should have become his vassals4 ,by way of ,russia1 he would then advance towards the ,ganges1 and the supremacy of ,india4 8,the artist enclosed within the politician has issued from his sheath2 he creates in the region of the ideal and the impossible4 ,we know him for what he is--a posthumous brother of ,dante and ,michelangelo2 only these two worked on paper and in marble2 it was living man1 sensitive and suffering flesh1 that formed his material40 8,napoleon differs from modern men in character as much as do the contemporaries of ,dante and ,michelangelo4 ,the sentiments1 habits1 and morality professed by him are the sentiments1 habits1 and morality of the fifteenth century4 #8,i am not a man like other men1' he exclaimed2 #8the laws of morality and decorum were not made for me4' 8,mme4 de ,stal and ,stendhal compare ,napoleon psychologically to the lesser tyrants of the fourteenth century--,sforza and ,castruccio ,castracani4 ,such1 in fact1 he was4 8,on the evening of the #abth ,vendemiaire1 being present at the preparations made by the ,sections1 he said to ,junot1 #8,ah6 if the ,sections would only place me at their head1 ,i would answer for it that they should be in the ,tuileries within two hours1 and all these wretched ,conventionnels out of it6' ,five hours later1 being called to the assistance of ,barras and the ,convention1 he opened fire on the ,parisians1 like a good condottiere1 who does not give but lends himself to the first who offers1 to the highest bidder1 reserving for himself full liberty of action1 and the power of seizing everything1 should the occasion present itself4444 8,never1 even among the ,borgias and ,malatestas1 was there a more sensitive and impulsive brain1 capable of such electric accumulations and discharges4444 ,in him1 no idea remained purely speculative2 each one1 as it occurred1 had a tendency to embody itself in action1 and would have done so1 if not prevented by force4444 ,sometimes the outburst was so sudden that restraint did not come in time4 ,one day1 in ,egypt1 he upset a decanter of water over a lady's dress1 and1 taking her into his own room1 under the pretext of remedying the accident1 remained there with her for some time--too long--while the other guests1 seated around the table1 waited1 gazing at each other4 ,on another occasion he threw ,prince ,louis violently out of the room2 on yet another1 he kicked ,senator ,volney in the stomach4 8,at ,campo-,formio1 he threw down and broke a china ornament1 to put an end to the resistance of the ,austrian plenipotentiary4 ,at ,dresden1 in #ahac1 when ,prince ,metternich was most necessary to him1 he asked him1 brutally1 how much he received from ,england for defending her interests4 8,never was there a more impatient sensibility4 ,he throws garments that do not fit him into the fire4 ,his writing--when he tries to write--is a collection of disconnected and indecipherable characters4 ,he dictates so quickly that his secretaries can scarcely follow him--if the pen is behindhand1 so much the worse for it2 if a volley of oaths and exclamations give it time to catch up1 so much the better4 ,his heart and intellect are full to overflowing2 under pressure like this1 the extempore orator and the excited controversialist take the place of the statesman40 8,my nerves are irritable10 he said of himself2 and1 in fact1 the tension of accumulated impressions sometimes produced a physical convulsion2 he was not seldom seen to shed tears under strong emotion4 ,napoleon wept1 not on account of true and deep feeling1 but because 8a word--an idea by itself is a stimulus which reaches the inmost depth of his nature40 ,hence1 certain distractions1 consequent upon vomitings or fainting fits1 which caused1 it is said1 the loss of ,general ,vandamme's corps1 after the battle of ,dresden4 ,though the regulator is so powerful1 the balance of the works is1 from time to time1 in danger of being deranged4 8,an enormous degree of strength was necessary1 to co-ordinate1 to guide and to dominate passions of such vitality4 ,in ,napoleon1 this strength is an instinct of extraordinary force and harshness--an egoism1 not inert1 but active and aggressive1 and so far developed as to set up in the midst of human society a colossal ,i1 which can tolerate no life that is not an appendix1 or instrument of its own4 ,even as a child1 he showed the germs of this personality2 he was impatient of all restraint1 and had no trace of conscience2 he could brook no rivals1 beat those who refused to render homage to him1 and then accused his victims of having beaten him4 8,he looks upon the world as a great banquet1 open to every comer1 but where1 to be well served1 it is necessary for a man to have long arms1 help himself first1 and let others take what he leaves4 8#8,one has a hold over man through his selfish passions--fear1 greed1 sensuality1 self-esteem1 emulation4 ,if there are some hard particles in the heap1 all one has to do is to crush them4' ,such was the final conception arrived at by ,napoleon2 and nothing could induce him to change it1 because this conception is conditioned by his character2 he saw man as he needed to see him4 ,his egoism is reflected in his ambition--#8so much a part of his inmost nature that he cannot distinguish it from himself2 it makes his head swim4 ,france is a mistress who is his to enjoy4' ,in the exercise of his power he acknowledges neither intermediaries1 nor rivals1 nor limits1 nor hindrances4 8,to fill his office with zeal and success is not enough for him2 above and beyond the functionary1 he vindicates the rights of the man4 ,all who serve him must extinguish the critical sense in themselves2 their scarcely audible whispers are a conspiracy1 or an attack on his majesty4 ,he requires of them anything and everything--from the manufacture of false ,austrian and ,russian bank-notes in #ahji and #ahab1 to the preparation of an infernal machine1 to blow up the ,bourbons in #ahad4 ,he knows nothing of gratitude2 when a man is of no further use to him as a tool1 he throws him away4444 8,during a dance1 he would walk about among the ladies1 in order to shock them with unpleasant witticisms2 he was always prying into their private life1 and related to the empress herself the favours which1 more or less spontaneously1 they granted him4 8,what is still stranger1 he carried the same methods of proceeding into his relations with sovereigns and ambassadors of foreign states4 ,in his correspondence1 in his proclamations1 in his audiences1 he provoked1 threatened1 challenged1 offended2 he divulged their real or supposed amorous intrigues 7the bulletins #i1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 after the battle of ,jena1 evidently accuse the ,queen of ,prussia of having had an intrigue with the ,emperor ,alexander71 and reproaches them with a personal insult to himself1 in the employment of such or such a man4 ,he requires of them1 in short1 to modify their fundamental laws3 he has but a poor opinion of a government without the power of prohibiting things which may displease foreign governments40#dgj ,this is the completest view of ,napoleon ever given by any historian4 ,to any one acquainted with the psychological constitution of the epileptic1 it becomes clear that ,taine has here given us the subtlest and precisest pathological diagnosis of a case of psychic epilepsy1 with its gigantic megalomaniacal illusions1 its impulses1 and complete absence of moral sense4 ,it is not1 therefore1 only in moments of inspiration that genius approaches epilepsy2 and the same thing may be said of ,st4 ,paul4 ,st4 ,paul#dga was of low stature1 but stoutly made4 ,his health was always poor1 on account of a strange infirmity which he calls 8a thorn in the flesh10 and which was probably a serious neurosis4 ,his moral character was anomalous2 naturally kind and courteous1 he became ferocious when excited by passion4 ,in the school of ,gamaliel1 a moderate ,pharisee1 he did not learn moderation2 as the enthusiastic leader of the younger ,pharisees1 he was among the fiercest persecutors of the ,christians4444 ,hearing that there was a certain number of disciples at ,damascus1 he demanded of the high priest a warrant for arresting them1 and left ,jerusalem in a disturbed state of mind4 ,on approaching the plain of ,damascus at noon1 he had a seizure1 evidently of an epileptic nature1 in which he fell to the ground unconscious4 ,soon after this1 he experienced a hallucination1 and saw ,jesus himself1 who said to him in ,hebrew1 8,paul1 ,paul1 why persecutest thou me80 ,for three days1 seized with fever1 he neither ate nor drank1 and saw the phantom of ,ananias1 whom1 as head of the ,christian community1 he had come to arrest1 making signs to him4 ,the latter was summoned to his bed1 and calm immediately returned to the spirit of ,paul1 who from that day forward became one of the most fervid ,christians4 ,without desiring any more special instruction--as having received a direct revelation from ,christ himself--he regarded himself as one of the apostles1 and acted as such1 to the enormous advantage of the ,christians4 ,the immense dangers occasioned by his haughty and arrogant spirit were compensated a thousand times over by his boldness and originality1 which would not allow the ,christian idea to remain within the bounds of a small association of people 8poor in spirit10 who would have let it die out like ,hellenism1 but1 so to speak1 steered boldly out to sea with it4 ,at ,antioch he had a hallucination similar to that of ,mahomet at a later period2 he felt himself rapt into the third heaven1 where he heard unspeakable words1 which it is not lawful for a man to utter4 ,anomalies are also observable in his writings4 8,he lets himself be guided by words rather than ideas2 some one word which he has in his mind overpowers him and draws him off into a series of ideas very far removed from his main subject4 ,his digressions are abrupt1 the development of his ideas is suddenly cut short1 his sentences are often unfinished4 ,no writer was ever so unequal2 no literature in the world presents a sublime passage like #a ,corinthians xiii41 side by side with futile arguments and wearisome detail40#dgb ,epilepsy in men of genius1 therefore1 is not an accidental phenomenon1 but a true morbus totius substanti1 to express it in medical language4 ,hence we gather a fresh indication of the epileptoid nature of genius4 ,if1 as seems certain1 ,dostoeffsky described himself in the ,idiot1 we have another example of an epileptic genius1 whose whole course of life is determined by the psychology peculiar to the epileptic--impulsivity1 double personality1 childishness1 which goes back even to the earliest periods of human life1 and alternates with a prophetic penetration1 and with morbid altruism and the exaggerated affectivity of the saint4 ,this last fact is most important1 as bearing on the objection that the usual immorality of the epileptic would forbid us to connect this type with that of the saintly character4 ,this objection1 however1 has been partly eliminated by the researches of ,bianchi1 ,tonnini1 ,filippi1 according to whom there are cases1 though rare 7#af per cent471 of epileptic patients of good character1 who even manifest an exaggerated altruism1 though accompanied by excessive emotionalism4#dgc ,hysteria1 which is closely related to epilepsy1 and similarly connected with the loss of affectivity1 often shows us1 side by side with an exaggerated egoism1 certain bursts of excessive altruism1 which1 at the same time1 have their source in1 and depend on1 a degree of moral insanity1 and show us the morbid phenomenon in excessive charity4 8,there are some ladies10 justly observes ,legrand du ,saulle1#dgd 8who1 though remaining in the world1 take an ostentatious part in all the good works going on in their parish2 they collect for the poor1 work for the orphans1 visit the sick1 give alms1 watch by the dead1 ardently solicit the benevolence of others1 and do a great deal of really helpful work1 while at the same time neglecting their husbands1 children1 and household affairs4 8,these women ostentatiously and noisily proclaim their benevolence4 ,they set on foot a work of charity with as much ardour as bogus company-promoters launch a financial enterprise which is to result in hyperbolical dividends4 8,they go and come1 in constantly increasing numbers2 they instinctively act with a charming tact and delicacy1 think of everything necessary to be done1 whether in the midst of private mourning or public catastrophe1 and affect to blush on receiving tributes of admiration from grateful sufferers1 or deeply moved spectators4444 ,their ready tact and sympathy are surprising1 and the greater the trouble1 the more admirably do they seem to rise to the occasion--while the paroxysm lasts4 ,when their feelings are calmed1 the benevolent impulse passes away2 being essentially mobile and spasmodic1 they cannot do good deliberately and on reflection4 8,the #8charitable hysteric' is capable of achieving feats of courage which have been quoted and repeated1 and even become legendary4 8,they have been known to show extraordinary presence of mind1 resource1 and courage in saving the inmates of a burning house1 or in facing an armed mob during a riot4 ,if questioned on the following day1 these heroines will be found in a state of complete prostration2 and some of them candidly avow that they do not know what they have done1 and were at the time unconscious of danger4 8,at a time of cholera epidemic1 when fear causes such ill-advised and reprehensible derelictions of duty1 hysterical women have been known to show an extraordinary devotion2 nothing is repugnant to them1 nothing revolts their modesty or wearies out their endurance4444 8,for such persons1 devotion to others has become a need1 a necessary expenditure of energy1 and1 without knowing it1 they pathologically play the part of virtue4 ,people in general are taken in by it1 and1 for the sake of example1 it is just as well4 ,it was this consideration which induced me to ask and obtain a public acknowledgment of the services of a hysterical patient--at one time an inmate of a lunatic asylum--whose deeds of charity in the district where she lives are truly touching4 ,while constantly active in attendance on the sick1 and spending liberally on their behalf1 she confines her personal expenditure to what is strictly necessary1 her dress being the same at all seasons of the year4 ,now this lady shows a great variety of hysterical symptoms1 becomes intensely excited on the slightest occasion1 sleeps very badly1 and is a serious invalid4 8,lastly1 in private sorrows1 the hysteric patient often departs from the normal manifestations of grief4 ,at the loss of her children1 she remains calm1 serene1 resigned2 does not shed a tear1 thinks of everything that ought to be done1 gives numerous orders1 forgets none of the most painful details1 imposes on all around her the most dignified attitude1 and attends the funeral without breaking down4 ,people think that this mother is exceptionally gifted1 and has a courage superior to others4 ,this is a mistake2 she is weaker than they--she is #8suffering from disease4'0 ,in order fully to grasp the seeming paradoxes contained in these conclusions1 we must remember that many philanthropists love their neighbours1 but only at a distance1 and nearly always at the expense of the more physiological1 more general1 affections--love for their family1 their country1 c4 ,we must remember ,dostoeffsky's remark 7in ,the ,brothers ,karamanzov1 i4 p4 #cbe7 that 8,what one can love in one's fellow is a hidden and invisible man2 as soon as he shows his face1 love disappears4 ,one can love one's fellow-men in spirit1 but only at a distance2 never close at hand40 ,one also recalls ,sterne1 who was overcome with emotion at the sight of a dead ass1 and deserted his wife and his mother4 ,the greatest philanthropists--such men as ,beccaria and ,howard--have been harsh fathers and masters2 even the ,divine ,philanthropist was1 as we have seen1 hard towards his own family4#dge ,st4 ,paul1 before his conversion1 distinguished himself by his vehement and cruel persecution of the ,christians4 ,it is well known how1 only too often1 the man of real and fervent religion has to forget his family and make a duty of celibacy and hatred to the other sex4 ,thus ,st4 ,liberata was angry with her husband for weeping at parting from their children2 and1 according to the legend1 the mother of ,baruch replied to her son when1 during his martyrdom1 he implored her for water in his anguish1 8,thou shouldst desire no water now save that of heaven40#dgf ,these cases1 moreover1 show that1 very often1 exaggerated altruism is itself only a pathological phenomenon1 a hypertrophy of sentiment accompanied--as always happens in cases of hypertrophy--by loss and atrophy in other directions4#dgg ,we have seen in ,juan de ,dios1 in ,lazzaretti1 ,loyola1 and ,st4 ,francis1 of ,assisi1 saintliness showing itself1 in true psychic polarization1 as a perfect contrast to their former life in which the tendency to evil was strongly pronounced4 ,if we add to these phenomena1 so frequent in epileptic and hysteric patients1 all those others1 of clairvoyance1 thought-transference1 transposition of the senses1 fakirism1 mental vision1 temporary manifestations of genius1 and monoideism1 so frequently observed in these maladies1 phenomena so strange that many scientists1 unable to explain1 endeavour to deny them1 we can demonstrate the hysterical character of saintliness1 even in its least explicable manifestations--those of miracles4#dgh ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,sane ,,men ,,of ,,genius4 ,their unperceived defects--,richelieu--,sesostris--,foscol o--,michelangelo--,darwin4 ,but a graver objection is that afforded by those few men of genius who have completed their intellectual orbit without aberration1 neither depressed by misfortune nor thrown out of their course by madness4 ,such have been ,galileo1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,voltaire1 ,machiavelli1 ,michelangelo1 ,darwin4 ,each one of these showed1 by the ample volume and at the same time the symmetrical proportion of the skull1 force of intellect restrained by the calm of the desires4 ,not one of them allowed his great passion for truth and beauty to stifle the love of family and country4 ,they never changed their faith or character1 never swerved from their aim1 never left their work half completed4 ,what assurance1 what faith1 what ability they showed in their undertakings2 and1 above all1 what moderation and unity of character they preserved in their lives6 ,though they1 too1 had to experience--after undergoing the sublime paroxysm of inspiration--the torture inflicted by ignorant hatred1 and the discomfort of uncertainty and exhaustion1 they never1 on that account1 deviated from the straight road4 ,they carried out to the end the one cherished idea which formed the aim and purpose of their lives1 calm and serene1 never complaining of obstacles1 and falling into but a few mistakes--mistakes which1 in lesser men1 might even have passed for discoveries4 ,but ,i have already answered1 in the opening pages of this book1 the objection furnished by these rare exceptions1 pointing out that epilepsy and moral insanity 7which is its first variety7 often pass unobserved1 not only in distinguished men1 the prestige of whose name and work dazzles our judgment1 and prevents our discerning them1 but in those criminals to whom such researches might at least restore self-respect1 by depriving them of all responsibility4 ,who1 but for the revelations of some of his intimate friends1 would have suspected that ,cavour was repeatedly subject to attacks of suicidal mania1 or thought that ,richelieu was epileptic8 ,no one would have paid any attention to the morbid impulsiveness of ,foscolo1 or recorded it as a symptom1 if ,davis had not examined his skull after death4 ,who could make any assertion with regard to the moral sense of ,sesostris8 ,yet1 as ,arved ,barine justly remarks1#dgi his skull completely corresponds to the criminal type4 ,the low and narrow forehead1 prominent superciliary arch1 thick eyebrows1 eyes set close together1 long1 narrow1 aquiline nose1 hollow temples1 projecting cheek-bones1 strong jaws2 the expression not intelligent1 but animal1 fierce1 proud1 and majestic2 the head small in proportion to the body1 are all so many indications of the most complete absence of moral sense4 ,in all the biographies of ,michelangelo we do not discover one spot on that gentle and yet robust soul1 who trembled for the sorrows of his country as at the expression of beauty4 ,but the publication of his letters1#dhj and the keen researches of ,parlagreco1#dha have revealed physical anomalies never before suspected4 ,one of the most important is his complete indifference to women4 ,this may be observed in his works1 and his masterpieces were all masculine--,moses1 ,lorenzo1 ,giuliano de' ,medici1 c4 ,he never used1 it appears1 the living female model1 though he made use of corpses2 his ,bacchante is a virago with masculine muscles1 unformed breasts and no feminine touch4 ,in his many love sonnets1 written rather to follow the prevailing fashion than from any true inspiration of passion1 none bear the mark of being addressed to real women2 only fourteen times1 it is said1 does the word 8donna0 occur4 ,on the other hand1 in the ,barbera ,collection1 ,sonnets xviii4 and xii4 show a very marked admiration for the male1 and ,varchi considers that these are addressed to ,cavalieri who was of great physical beauty4 ,there are in existence two of his letters addressed to ,cavalieri 7,july #bh1 #aebc1 and ,july #bh1 #aecb71 which seem to be written to a mistress1 and in which1 humiliating himself1 he swears that1 if banished from the other's heart1 he will die4 ,there is a similar letter written to ,angelini4 ,this moral anomaly1 which he would share with many artists1 ,cellini1 ,sodoma1 c41 is not the only one met with4 8,in his letters10 writes ,parlagreco1 8may be seen constant contradictions between ideas that are great and generous1 and others that are puerile2 between will and speech2 between thought and action2 extreme irritability1 inconstant affection1 great activity in doing good1 sudden sympathies1 great outbursts of enthusiasm1 great fears1 sometimes unconsciousness of his own actions1 marvellous modesty in the field of art1 unreasonable vanity in the appearances of life--these are the various psychical manifestations in the life of ,buonarroti which lead me to believe that the great artist was affected by a neuropathic condition bordering on hysteria40 ,every day in his old age he discovered some sin in his past life1 and he sent money to ,florence for masses to be said and for alms to the poor1 and to enable poor girls to be married1 and1 which is stranger1 to be made nuns4 ,all this was to gain ,paradise 7,lett4 #ahg1 #bad1 #bdj1 #ccj71 to save his soul--he who had said3 8,it is not strange that the monks should spoil a chapel at the ,vatican1 since they have known how to spoil the whole world40 ,at some moments he feels that his conscience is clean and then he desires to die1 so that he may not fall back into evil2 but then his discouragement returns1 and he believes 7strange blasphemy71 that it was a sin to have been born an artist4 8,conosco di quant' era d'error carca ,l'affettuosa fantasia ,che l'arte mi fece idolo e monarca 444 ,le parole del mondo mi hanno tolto ,il tempo dato a contemplar ,iddio40 ,and he believes himself destined by ,god to a long life simply that he may complete the fabric of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,in old age he who had shown so little vanity where his work was concerned1 and so much modesty in speaking of it1 went about studying how he could best exhibit the nobility of his descent1 claiming to trace it in a direct line from the ,counts of ,canossa1 a claim which1 even if valid1 would not be worth a finger of his ,moses4 ,michelangelo tenderly loved his father and brother and nephews1 and enabled them to live in easy circumstances2 yet in his letters to them he frequently shows himself suspicious and treats them unjustly4 ,in #aedd1 he fell seriously ill at ,rome4 ,his nephew naturally hastened to his bedside4 ,michelangelo became very angry and wrote3 8,you are come to kill me and to see what ,i leave behind4444 ,know that ,i have made my will and that there is nothing here for you to think about4 ,therefore1 go in peace and do not write to me more40 ,three months after1 he changed his tone4 8,i will not fail in what ,i have often thought about1 that is1 in helping you40 ,he has himself left a confession of his almost morbid melancholy in a letter 7#ig71 to ,sebastiano del ,piombo3 8,yesterday evening ,i was happy because ,i escaped from my mad and melancholy humour40 ,without the recent biographical and autobiographical notes published by his son1#dhb no one could have imagined that ,darwin1 a model father and citizen1 so self-controlled and even so free from vanity1 was a neuropath4 ,his son tells us that for forty years he never enjoyed twenty-four hours of health like other men4 ,of the eight years devoted to the study of the cirripedes1 two1 as he himself writes1 were lost through illness4 ,like all neuropaths he could bear neither heat nor cold2 half an hour of conversation beyond his habitual time was sufficient to cause insomnia and hinder his work on the following day4 ,he suffered also from dyspepsia1 from spinal anmia and giddiness 7which last is known to be frequently the equivalent of epilepsy72 and he could not work more than three hours a day4 ,he had curious crotchets4 ,finding that eating sweets made him ill1 he resolved not to touch them again1 but was unable to keep his resolution1 unless he had repeated it aloud4 ,he had a strange passion for paper--writing the rough drafts of his correspondence on the back of proof-sheets1 and of the most important ,,mss4 which were thus rendered difficult to decipher4 ,he often instituted what he himself called 8fool's experiments0--e4g41 having a bassoon played close to the cotyledons of a plant4#dhc ,when about to make an experiment1 he seemed to be urged on by some inward force4 ,from a morbid dislike to novelty1 he used the millimetric tables of an old book which he knew to be inaccurate1 but to which he was accustomed4 ,he would not change his old chemical balance though aware that it was untrustworthy2 he refused to believe in hypnotism1 and also1 at first1 in the discovery of prehistoric stone weapons4#dhd ,he frequently1 says his daughter1 inverted his sentences1 both in speaking and writing1 and had a difficulty in pronouncing some letters1 especially w4 ,like ,skoda1 ,rockitanski1 and ,socrates1 he had a short snub nose1 and his ears were large and long4 ,nor were degenerative characteristics wanting among his ancestors4 ,it is true that he reckoned among them several men of intellect and almost of genius1 such as ,robert 7#afhb71 a botanist and intelligent observer2 and ,edward1 author of a ,gamekeeper's ,manual1 full of acute observations on animals4 ,his father had great powers of observation2 but his paternal grandfather1 ,erasmus--poet and naturalist at the same time--had a passionate temper and an impediment in his speech4 ,one of his sons1 ,charles1 a poet and collector1 resembled him in this respect4 ,finally1 another uncle1 ,erasmus1 a man of some intellect1 a numismatist and statistician1 ended by madness and suicide4 ,it might be objected that the fact of such different forms of psychosis--melancholy1 moral insanity1 monomania--being found either complete or undeveloped in men of genius1 excludes the special psychosis of genius1 and still more that of epilepsy4 ,but it may be answered that recent research1 which has enlarged the domain of epilepsy1 has also demonstrated that1 apart from impulsive and hallucinatory delusions1 epilepsy may be superadded to any form of mental alienation1 especially megalomania and moral insanity4 ,and1 as is the case in nearly all degenerative psychoses1 undeveloped forms of mental disease1 and recurring multiform delusions brought on by the most trivial causes1 especially predominate in epilepsy4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,conclusions4 ,between the physiology of the man of genius1 therefore1 and the pathology of the insane1 there are many points of coincidence2 there is even actual continuity4 ,this fact explains the frequent occurrence of madmen of genius1 and men of genius who have become insane1 having1 it is true1 characteristics special to themselves1 but capable of being resolved into exaggerations of those of genius pure and simple4 ,the frequency of delusions in their multiform characters of degenerative characteristics1 of the loss of affectivity1 of heredity1 more particularly in the children of inebriate1 imbecile1 idiotic1 or epileptic parents1 and1 above all1 the peculiar character of inspiration1 show that genius is a degenerative psychosis of the epileptoid group4 ,this supposition is confirmed by the frequency of a temporary manifestation of genius in the insane1 and by the new group of mattoids to whom disease gives all the semblance of genius1 without its substance4 ,what ,i have hitherto written may1 ,i hope 7while remaining within the limits of psychological observation71 afford an experimental starting-point for a criticism of artistic and literary1 sometimes also of scientific1 creations4 ,thus1 in the fine arts1 exaggerated minuteness of detail1 the abuse of symbols1 inscriptions1 or accessories1 a preference for some one particular colour1 an unrestrained passion for mere novelty1 may approach the morbid symptoms of mattoidism4 ,just so1 in literature and science1 a tendency to puns and plays upon words1 an excessive fondness for systems1 a tendency to speak of one's self1 and substitute epigram for logic1 an extreme predilection for the rhythm and assonances of verse in prose writing1 even an exaggerated degree of originality may be considered as morbid phenomena4 ,so also is the mania of writing in ,biblical form1 in detached verses1 and with special favourite words1 which are underlined1 or repeated many times1 and a certain graphic symbolism4 ,here ,i must acknowledge that1 when ,i see how many of the organs which claim to direct public opinion are infected with this tendency1 and how often young writers undertake to discuss grave social problems in the capricious phraseology of the lunatic asylum1 and the disjointed periods of ,biblical times1 as though our robust lungs were unable to cope with the vigorous and manly inspirations of the ,latin construction1 ,i feel grave apprehensions for the future of the rising generation4 ,on the other hand1 the analogy of mattoids with genius1 whose morbid phenomena only are inherited by them1 and with sane persons1 with whom they have shrewdness and practical sense in common1 ought to put students on their guard against certain systems1 springing up by hundreds1 more particularly in the abstract or inexact sciences1 and due to the efforts of men incompetent1 from a lack either of capacity or knowledge of the subject1 to deal with them4 ,in these systems declamation1 assonances1 paradoxes1 and conceptions often original1 but always incomplete and contradictory1 take the place of calm reasoning based on a minute and unprejudiced study of facts4 ,such books are nearly always the work of those true though involuntary charlatans1 the mattoids1 who are more widely diffused in the literary world than is commonly supposed4 ,nor is it only students who should be on their guard against them1 but especially politicians4 ,not that1 in an age of free criticism like our own1 there is any danger that these pretended reformers1 who are stimulated and guided solely by mental disease1 should be taken seriously2 but the obstacles justly opposed to them may1 by irritating1 sharpen and complete their insanity1 transforming a harmless delusion--whether ideological1 as in the case of most mattoids1 or sensorial1 as in monomaniacs--into active madness1 in which their greater intellectual power1 the depth and tenacity of their convictions1 and that very excess of altruism which compels them to occupy themselves with public affairs1 render them more dangerous1 and more inclined to rebellion and regicide1 than other insane persons4 ,when we reflect that1 on the other hand1 a genuine lunatic may give proof of temporary genius1 a phenomenon calculated to inspire the populace with an astonishment which soon produces veneration1 we find a solid argument against those jurists and judges who1 from the soundness and activity of the intellect1 infer complete moral responsibility1 to the total exclusion of the possibility of insanity4 ,we also see our way to an interpretation of the mystery of genius1 its contradictions1 and those of its mistakes which any ordinary man would have avoided4 ,and we can explain to ourselves how it is that madmen or mattoids1 even with little or no genius 7,passanante1 ,lazzaretti1 ,drabicius1 ,fourier1 ,fox71 have been able to excite the populace1 and sometimes even to bring about serious political revolutions4 ,better still shall we understand how those who were at once men of genius and insane 7,mahomet1 ,luther1 ,savonarola1 ,schopenhauer71 could--despising and overcoming obstacles which would have dismayed any cool and deliberate mind--hasten by whole centuries the unfolding of truth2 and how such men have originated nearly all the religions1 and certainly all the sects1 which have agitated the world4 ,the frequency of genius among lunatics and of madmen among men of genius1 explains the fact that the destiny of nations has often been in the hands of the insane2 and shows how the latter have been able to contribute so much to the progress of mankind4 ,in short1 by these analogies1 and coincidences between the phenomena of genius and mental aberration1 it seems as though nature had intended to teach us respect for the supreme misfortunes of insanity2 and also to preserve us from being dazzled by the brilliancy of those men of genius who might well be compared1 not to the planets which keep their appointed orbits1 but to falling stars1 lost and dispersed over the crust of the earth4 ,,appendix4 ,,poetry ,,and ,,the ,,insane4 ,the following letter was written by a druggist confined in the ,asylum of ,sainte-,anne3-- ,sainte-,anne1 le #bf fvrier #ahhj4 ,,madame1 ,veuillez agrer l'hommage ,de ce modeste sonnet ,et le tenir comme un gage ,de mon sincre respect4 ,,sonnet4 ,souvenez-vous1 reine des dieux1 ,vierge des vierges1 notre mre1 ,que vous tes sur cette terre ,l'ange gardien mystrieux4#dhe ,the same man addressed to ,m4 ,magnan a long poem on a dramatic representation accompanied by the following graceful envoi3-- ,v,n,r ,,docteur1 ,l'estime et la reconnaissance ,sont la seule monnaie du cur ,dont votre pauvre serviteur ,dispose pour la rcompense ,qu'il doit vos soins pleins d'honneur4 ,recevez donc cet humble hommage1 ,docteur admir1 rvr1 ,et j'ajouterai bien-aim1 ,si vous vouliez tenir pour gage ,qu'en cela du moins ,j',,ai ,,paye4#dhf ,the following lines are from a long satirical poem by a writer who appears to have cherished much less respect for his physician4 ,he believed that he had been changed into a beast1 and recognised a colleague in every horse or donkey he met4 ,he wished to browse in every field1 and only refrained from doing so out of consideration for his friends3-- ,les mdicastres sans vergogne ,qui changent en sale besogne ,le plus sublime des mandats1 ,ces infmes alinistes1 ,qui1 reconnus pour moralistes1 ,sont les pires des sclrats6 ,ils dtruisent les critures ,pour maintenir les impostures ,des ennemis du bien public4 ,ils prostituent leur justice ,pour se gorger du bnfice ,de leur satanique trafic4#dhg ,the author of the following lines on the same day made an attempt at suicide1 and then a homicidal attack on his mother4 ,,monsieur ,,le ,,docteur ,c4 ,,pitre 7#ac mai #ahhg74 ,un docteur minent sollicite ma muse4 ,certes l'honneur est grand2 mais le docteur s'amuse1 ,car1 dans ce noir sjour1 le pote attrist ,par le souffle divin n'est gure visit4444 ,faire des vers ici1 quelle rude besogne6 ,on pourra m'objecter que jadis1 en ,gascogne1 ,les rayons clatants d'un soleil du ,midi ,rveillaient quelquefois mon esprit engourdi2 ,il est vrai3 dans ,bordeaux1 cit fire et polie1 ,j'ai ft le bon vin1 j'ai chant la folie1 ,celle bien entendu qui porte des grelots4 ,mais depuis1 un destin fatal mon repos ,m'exile loin des bords de la belle ,gironde1 ,qu'enrichissent les vins les plus fameux du monde6 ,aussi plus de chansons1 de madrigaux coquets6 ,plus de sonnets savants1 de bacchiques couplets6 ,ma muse tout en pleurs a repli ses ailes1 ,comme un ange banni des sphres ternelles6 ,dans sa cage enferm l'oiseau n'a plus de voix4444 ,hlas6 je ne suis point le rossignol des bois1 ,pas mme le pinson1 pas mme la fauvette2 ,vous me flattez1 docteur1 en m'appelant pote4444 ,je ne suis qu'un mchant rimeur1 et je ne sais ,si ces alexandrins auront un grand succs4444 ,cependant mon dsir est de vous satisfaire2 ,votre estime m'honore et je voudrais vous plaire1 ,mais ,pgase est rtif quand il est enchan2 ,d'un captif en naissant le vers meurt condamn4 ,si vous voulez1 docteur1 que ma muse renaisse1 ,je ne vous dirai pas3 rendez-moi ma jeunesse4 ,non1 mais puisque vos soins m'ont rendu la sant1 ,ne pourriez-vous me rendre aussi la libert8 ,des vers6 ,pour que le ciel au pote en envoie ,que faut-il8 le grand air1 le soleil et la joie6 ,accordez-moi ces biens3 mon luth reconnaissant1 ,pour vous remercier comme un ,dieu bienfaisant1 ,peut-tre trouvera1 de mon cur interprte1 ,des chants dignes de vous1 et dignes d'un pote6 ,the following lines well express the solitary sadness of the melancholiac3-- ,a ,,se ,,stesso4 ,e con chi l'hai8 ,con tutti e con nessuno1 ,l'ho con il cielo1 che si tinge a bruno1 ,l'ho con il metro1 che non rende i lai1 ,che mi rodono il petto4 ,nell'odio altrui1 nel mal comun mi godo4 ,and these are of marvellous delicacy and truth3-- ,,tipo ,,fisico-,,morale ,,di ,p4 ,l4 ,,qui ,,ricoverato4 ,al primo aspetto ,chi ti vede1 saria ,costretto a dir che a te manca l'affetto2 ,e male s'apporria2 ,che invece spesse fiate1 ,sotto ruvido vel1 palpitan lene ,l'anime innamorate ,che s'accendon1 riscaldansi nel bene4 ,cos rosa dal petalo ,invisibile quasi ,mette l'effluvio dai raccolti vasi1 ,come dal gelsomino1 ,e i delicati odor dell'amorino2 ,nemico a tutti i giuochi1 ,di ,venere1 di ,bacco indarno i fuochi ,ti soffiano2 la cute ,e di tal forza che sembrano mute ,le vezzose lusinghe 444 ,e invano a darti il fiato spira l'etra4 ,m4 ,s4 ,the following little piece is a masterpiece of insane poetry3-- ,a ,,un ,,uccello ,,del ,,cortile4 ,da un virgulto ad uno scoglio ,da uno scoglio a una collina1 ,l'ala tua va pellegrina ,voli o posi a notte e d4 ,noi confitti al nostro orgoglio1 ,come ruote in ferrei perni1 ,ci stanchiamo in giri eterni1 ,sempre erranti e sempre qui6 ,,cavaliere ,y4 ,,index4 ,albertus ,magnus1 #g ,alcoholism in men of genius1 #ed1 #caf1 #cbe ,alexander the ,great1 #f1 #ed1 #adf ,alfieri1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bg1 #bh1 #ajc ,amiel1 #eb-ec ,ampre1 #bi1 #cd1 #fg1 #cae ,ansthesia of men of genius1 #cc ,anabaptists1 #bef ,arabesques by insane artists1 #bjj ,argentine men of genius1 #cac ,aristotle1 #h1 #ac ,art in the insane1 #agi et seq4 ,artists1 distribution of great ,european1 #aag et seq4 ,atavism in literature of the insane1 #agb ,bach1 #aci ,bacon1 #fa ,balzac1 #f1 #dg1 #cdb ,barometrical condition and genius1 #aja ,baudelaire1 #bh1 #fi-gb1 #caf1 #cbe ,beethoven1 #cd1 #fa1 #adf ,berlioz1 #bg ,bernouilli1 #ada ,blake1 ,w41 #f1 #ef ,bolyai1 #gc ,bruno1 ,g41 #be1 #ce1 #dg1 #ajf1 #caf ,buffon1 #cd1 #cci ,burns1 #da ,byron1 #g1 #i1 #bi1 #ef1 #fa1 #fb1 #ajc1 #adf ,cabanis1 #ag ,csar1 ,julius1 #ci1 #ed ,campanella1 #bhe-bia ,campbell1 ,t41 #f1 #ch1 #adf ,cardan1 #ba1 #ce1 #gd-gg1 #ade1 #cad1 #cbc ,carducci1 #ch ,carlo ,dolce1 #fg ,carlyle1 #g1 #fa ,casanova1 #ei ,cavendish1 #ad ,cavour1 #dc1 #ced ,cerebral characteristics of men of genius1 #h-ac1 #cbg ,chamfort1 #ad ,charity1 hysterical1 #cdi ,charles ,v41 #ac1 #adf ,chateaubriand1 #ch1 #dd ,chopin1 #dc1 #dg1 #dh ,choreic symptoms in men of genius1 #ch ,civilization on genius1 influence of1 #aec et seq4 ,clare1 ,j41 #afe ,clarke1 ,marcus1 #h ,climatic influences on genius1 #aag et seq4 ,codazzi1 #gc ,coleridge1 #bb1 #dd1 #ee ,coleridge1 ,hartley1 #ee ,columbus1 #ef ,comte1 #ae1 #fj1 #gc ,concato1 #gb ,conception of men of genius1 #adi ,cowley1 #bc ,cowper1 #bd ,cranial characteristics of men of genius1 #h-ac1 #cbg ,criminality of genius1 #eg et seq4 ,cuvier1 #aa ,dante1 #h1 #aa1 #ae1 #ce1 #df1 #ajf ,darwin1 #ac1 #ajf1 #cef-ceg ,dcadent poets1 #bcj et seq4 ,descartes1 #bb ,dickens1 #bc ,diderot1 #cd ,discoveries1 dates of1 #aje et seq4 ,disease on genius1 influence of1 #aea ,domenichino1 #ag ,donizetti1 #i1 #aa1 #fb ,dostoeffsky1 #h1 #cba1 #cci-cda ,double personality of men of genius1 #bd ,dreams1 genius working during1 #ba1 #cbf ,dumas pre1 #g1 #fb ,dupuytren1 #da ,education on genius1 influence of1 #aei-afj ,egoism of men of genius1 #cah-cai ,enfantin1 ,prosper1 #bie-bif ,epilepsy and genius1 #ch ,epileptoid nature of genius1 #ccf et seq4 ,erasmus1 #f1 #h1 #ac ,flaxman1 #g ,flaubert1 #g1 #ad1 #ag1 #bh1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #cca1 #cda ,florentine genius1 #abc1 #aed-aee ,foder1 #ia ,folie du doute of men of genius1 #dh et seq4 ,fontenelle1 #fb ,forgetfulness of men of genius1 #cc ,foscolo1 #i1 #aa1 #ah1 #bj1 #bi1 #ca1 #ajd1 #ajf ,francis of ,assisi1 #beh-bfj ,frederick ,,ii41 #fb ,french genius1 #abg ,galvani1 #aji-aaj1 #aad ,gambetta1 #aa1 #ab ,gauss1 #ab ,genius1 ,aristotle on1 #a2 ,plato on1 #b2 ,diderot on1 #c2 ,richter on1 #ai ,genius1 a neurosis1 #e2 distinct from talent1 #ai1 #ce2 in the insane1 #afa et seq42 in mattoids1 #bbf et seq42 its epileptoid nature1 #ccf et seq42 in the sane1 #cec et seq4 ,genius1 characteristics of men of1 #f2 height1 #f2 frequency of rickets1 #g2 pallor1 #g2 emaciation1 #g2 cranial and cerebral characteristics1 #h-ac1 #cbg2 stammering1 #ac2 lefthandedness1 #ac2 sterility1 #ac2 unlikeness to parents1 #ad2 physiognomy1 #ad2 precocity1 #ae1 #cae2 delayed development1 #af2 misoneism1 #ag2 vagabondage1 #ah1 #caf2 unconsciousness and instinctiveness1 #ai2 somnambulism1 #ba2 inspiration1 #bb2 double personality1 #bd2 stupidity1 #be2 hypersthesia1 #bf2 ansthesia1 #cc2 forgetfulness1 #cc2 originality1 #ce1 #cag-cah2 fondness for special words1 #cg2 frequency of chorea and epilepsy1 #ch2 melancholy1 #dj2 delusions of grandeur1 #de2 folie du doute1 #dh et seq42 alcoholism1 #ed1 #caf2 hallucinations1 #ef2 moral insanity1 #eg2 longevity1 #fd2 insanity1 #ff et seq42 meteorological influences on1 #ajj et seq42 climatic influences on1 #aag et seq42 influence of race1 #abf1 #acc2 influence of sex1 #acg2 influence of heredity1 #aci et seq42 relation to criminality1 #add et seq42 age of parents1 #adi2 conception1 #adi2 influence of disease on1 #aea2 influence of civilization on1 #aec et seq42 influence of education1 #aei-afj2 characteristics of insane1 #cad et seq42 analogy of sane and insane1 #ccj et seq42 in revolutions1 #ccd-cce ,giordani1 #ajd ,giusti1 #dj1 #ajd ,goethe1 #g1 #ae1 #ba1 #dj ,gogol1 #ih-ii ,goldsmith1 #f ,goncourts1 the1 #bh1 #cca1 #cci1 #cdb ,grandeur among men of genius1 delusions of1 #de ,graphomaniacs1 #bab et seq4 ,gray1 #dc ,guiteau1 #cac ,haller1 #fg1 #cai1 #cbj ,hallucinations of men of genius1 #ef-eg ,hamilton1 ,sir ,w4 ,r41 #aji ,hamlet1 #ec ,haydn1 #ai ,head injuries and genius1 #h1 #aea ,heat on genius1 influence of1 #ajc et seq4 ,height of men of genius1 #f ,heine1 #f1 #ajc1 #aeb ,hoffmann1 ,e4 ,t4 ,a41 #ij-ia ,hogarth1 #f ,howard1 ,john1 #h1 #cea ,hugo1 ,v41 #df ,hypersthesia of men of genius1 #bf ,insane1 art and the1 #agi et seq4 ,insane and the weather1 #ajj ,insane among savages1 the1 #bde ,insanity and genius1 #ff et seq41 #ac1 #adc1 #ade1 #adh1 #afa et seq41 #cad et seq41 #ccb ,insanity1 epidemics of religious1 #bea et seq4 ,inspiration1 genius in1 #bb ,instinctiveness of genius1 #ai ,jesus1 #de1 #fc ,jewish genius1 #acc-acg ,johnson1 ,dr41 #g1 #di1 #eg ,kant1 #h1 #aj ,kerner1 #adf ,keshub ,chunder ,sen1 #bdd ,klaproth1 #ag ,kleist1 #bc ,knutzen1 #bdd ,krdener1 ,julie de1 #beg ,lagrange1 #aaj ,lamartine1 #bj ,lamb1 ,c41 #f1 #ac1 #fg ,lamennais1 #ae ,laplace1 #ah ,lasker1 #aa ,lawsuit mania1 #bbd-bbf ,lazzaretti1 #bif-cjh ,lee1 ,n41 #fg ,leibnitz1 #bb ,lefthandedness of men of genius1 #ac ,lenau1 #ch1 #he-hg1 #cae1 #caf1 #cba1 #cbe ,lesage1 #ajd ,leopardi1 #g1 #da1 #ec1 #ajd ,linnus1 #cb ,literary mattoids1 #bji et seq4 ,longevity of men of genius1 #fd ,lovat's autocrucifixion1 #ahc ,loyola1 #beg ,luther1 #bfj-bfa ,mahomet1 #ca1 #ci1 #cbe ,maine de ,biran1 #ej1 #aja-ajc1 #aea ,mainlnder1 #gb ,malebranche1 #ef ,malibran1 #bg ,mallarm1 #bca ,malpighi1 #ajh1 #aad ,manzoni1 #di ,matteucci1 #aaa ,mattoids1 #bab et seq42 of genius1 #bbf et seq42 in art1 #bci2 in politics and religion1 #bdb et seq4 ,megalomania1 #de-dh ,melancholy in men of genius1 #dj-de ,mendelssohn1 ,f41 #g ,mendelssohn1 ,m41 #g1 #ac ,meteorological influences on genius1 #ajj et seq4 ,meyerbeer1 #ae ,michelangelo1 #ac1 #ae1 #ced-cef ,michelet1 #ajc1 #bbi ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #dd ,milton1 #h1 #ac1 #ajd ,misoneism of men of genius1 #ag ,molire1 #ci1 #db ,monge1 #cc ,moral insanity in men of genius1 #eg1 #bja1 #ccc ,mountainous regions and genius1 #abh et seq4 ,mozart1 #bj1 #db ,musicians1 distribution of great ,italian1 #abj et seq4 ,musset1 ,a4 de1 #fa ,napoleon1 #ah1 #ch1 #di1 #fa1 #ajc1 #cdb-cdf ,nerval1 ,grard de1 #dd1 #fh-fi1 #afd ,newton1 #ag1 #ba1 #hj-ha ,obscenity in art of the insane1 #bjj-bja ,originality of men of genius1 #ce1 #cag-cah2 in the insane1 #ahd-ahf ,orographic influences on men of genius1 #abb ,pallor of men of genius1 #g ,paganini1 #ci ,paranoia1 #agc ,parents of men of genius1 #add et seq4 ,passanante1 #cjh-cac ,pascal1 #ci1 #cae1 #caf1 #cbj ,patriotism and genius1 #fd ,peter the ,great1 #ci ,philanthropists and moral insanity1 #cea ,physiognomy of men of genius1 #h1 #ad ,poe1 #cah1 #cbj ,poetry and the insane1 #cfc-cff ,political mattoids1 #bdb et seq4 ,pope1 #g ,poushkin1 #cj1 #ajc1 #aje ,praga1 #cbf ,precocity of genius1 #ae1 #cae1 #ccj ,race on genius1 influence of1 #aag et seq41 #acc ,religious doubts of men of genius1 #cah ,religious mattoids1 #bdb et seq4 ,renan1 #ej-eb1 #adg ,restif de la ,bretonne1 #af ,revolutions and men of genius1 #ccd-cce ,richelieu1 #ci ,rickets in men of genius1 #g ,rienzi1 ,cola da1 #bfc-bhe ,rossini1 #bb1 #ce1 #db ,rouelle1 #cc1 #dh ,rousseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #aa1 #bb1 #ha-he1 #ajc1 #cad1 #cbd ,saint ,paul1 #cdg-cdh ,sand1 ,george1 #db ,san ,juan de ,dios1 #bia-bid ,sanity and genius1 #cec et seq4 ,savages and the insane1 #bde ,savonarola1 #bfa-bfc ,schiller1 #g1 #aj1 #ae1 #bb1 #bc1 #da1 #aje ,schopenhauer1 #ah1 #cj1 #ia-ih1 #adh1 #cae ,schumann1 #i1 #aa1 #fh ,scotch genius1 #aed ,scott1 ,walter1 #g1 #h1 #ag ,sesostris1 #ced ,sex in genius1 influence of1 #acf ,sexual abnormalities of men of genius1 #caf ,shelley1 #bb1 #ef ,socrates1 #h1 #ba1 #cc1 #ch ,somnambulism of men of genius1 #ba ,spallanzani1 #ajd1 #aaj ,spanish genius1 #abg ,stammering in men of genius1 #ac ,sterility of men of genius1 #ac ,sterne1 #g1 #h ,stupidities of men of genius1 #be ,suicide and genius1 #da ,swedenborg1 #bef ,swift1 #gi-hj1 #cae ,sylvester1 #ajd ,symbolism in insane art1 #ahg et seq4 ,szchnyi1 #hg-ij ,talent and genius1 #i ,tasso1 #ee1 #gg-gi1 #cad1 #caf1 #cba ,thackeray1 #aj ,thermometrical influences on genius1 #ajc ,tolstoi1 #ej ,torricelli1 #aji ,tourgueneff1 #g1 #aj ,unconsciousness of genius1 #ai ,vagabondage of men of genius1 #ah1 #caf ,vanity of men of genius1 #cae1 #ccj ,verlaine1 #bcb-bcg ,villon1 #ei ,volta1 #i1 #ag1 #aji ,voltaire1 #g1 #h1 #db ,weather on genius1 influence of1 #ajj et seq4 ,whitman1 ,walt1 #g1 #cah ,words1 fondness of men of genius for special1 #cg ,wlfert1 #aa ,xavier1 ,st4 ,francis1 #g ,zimmermann1 #dc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,george ,,moore4 ,cloth1 ,crown #hvo1 ,price #fs4 ,esther ,waters3 ,a ,novel ,,by ,,george ,,moore #8,strong1 vivid1 sober1 yet undaunted in its realism1 full to the brim of observation of life and character1 ,esther ,waters is not only immeasurably superior to anything the author has ever written before1 but it is one of the most remarkable works that has appeared in print this year1 and one which does credit not only to the author1 but the country in which it has been written4'--,the ,world4 #8,as we live the book through again in memory1 we feel more and more confident that ,mr4 ,moore has once for all vindicated his position among the half-dozen living novelists of whom the historian of ,english literature will have to take account4'--,daily ,chronicle4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #efh pages1 ,price #fs4 ,celibates4 #8,a remarkable book1 that adds to the reputation of its author4'--,speaker4 #8,excessively clever4'--,the ,times4 #8,these studies are amazingly clever4'--,the ,daily ,news4 #8,a sympathetic and masterly analysis of temperament4'--,the ,literary ,world4 ,other ,novels by ,george ,moore ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,a ,,drama ,,in ,,muslin4 ,seventh ,edition4 ,a ,,modern ,,lover4 ,new ,edition4 ,a ,,mummer',s ,,wife4 ,twentieth ,edition4 ,,vain ,,fortune4 ,new ,revised ,edition4 ,with ,five ,illustrations by ,,maurice ,,greiffenhagen4 ,second ,edition1 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #fs4 ,,modern ,,painting4 ,by ,,george ,,moore4 ,,impressions ,,and ,,opinions4 ,by ,,george ,,moore4 #8,his book is one of the best books about pictures that have come into our hands for some years4'--,st4 ,james's ,gazette4 #8,a more original1 a better informed1 a more suggestive1 and1 let us add1 a more amusing work on the art of to-day1 we have never read than this volume4'--,glasgow ,herald4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ibsen's ,prose ,dramas ,,edited ,,by ,,william ,,archer ,complete in ,five ,vols4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 each4 ,set of ,five ,vols41 in ,case1 #ags4 #f;d42 in ,half ,morocco1 in ,case1 #cbs4 #f;d4 #8,we seem at last to be shown men and women as they are2 and at first it is more than we can endure4444 ,all ,ibsen's characters speak and act as if they were hypnotised1 and under their creator's imperious demand to reveal themselves4 ,there never was such a mirror held up to nature before2 it is too terrible4444 ,yet we must return to ,ibsen1 with his remorseless surgery1 his remorseless electric-light1 until we1 too1 have grown strong and learned to face the naked--if necessary1 the flayed and bleeding--reality4'--,,speaker 7,london74 ,,vol4 ,i4 #8,a ,,doll',s ,,house1' #8,,the ,,league ,,of ,,youth1' and #8,,the ,,pillars ,,of ,,society4' ,with ,portrait of the ,author1 and ,biographical ,introduction by ,,william ,,archer4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 #8,,ghosts1' #8,,an ,,enemy ,,of ,,the ,,people1' and #8,,the ,,wild ,,duck4' ,with an ,introductory ,note4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 #8,,lady ,,inger ,,of ,,strat1' #8,,the ,,vikings ,,at ,,helgeland1' #8,,the ,,pretenders4' ,with an ,introductory ,note and ,portrait of ,ibsen4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 #8,,emperor ,,and ,,galilean4' ,with an ,introductory ,note by ,,william ,,archer4 ,,vol4 ,v4 #8,,rosmersholm1' #8,,the ,,lady ,,from ,,the ,,sea1' #8,,hedda ,,gabler4' ,translated by ,,william ,,archer4 ,with an ,introductory ,note4 ,the sequence of the plays in each volume is chronological2 the complete set of volumes comprising the dramas presents them in chronological order4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,library of ,humour ,cloth ,elegant1 ,large ,crown #hvo1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 per ,vol4 #8,the books are delightful in every way1 and are notable for the high standard of taste and the excellent judgment that characterise their editing1 as well as for the brilliancy of the literature that they contain4'--,,boston 7,u4,s4,a7 ,,gazette4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,issued4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,france4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,,elizabeth ,,lee4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,,paul ,,fr,,nzeny4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,germany4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,,hans ,m,,ller-,,casenov4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,c4 ,e4 ,,brock4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,italy4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,a4 ,,werner4 ,with #ej ,illustrations and a ,frontispiece by ,,arturo ,,faldi4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,america4 ,selected with a copious ,biographical ,index of ,american ,humorists1 by ,,james ,,barr4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,holland4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,a4 ,,werner4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,,dudley ,,hardy4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,ireland4 ,selected by ,d4 ,j4 ,o',,donoghue4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,,oliver ,,paque4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,spain4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction and ,notes1 by ,,susette ,m4 ,,taylor4 ,with numerous ,illustrations by ,h4 ,r4 ,,millar4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,russia4 ,translated1 with ,notes1 by ,e4 ,l4 ,,boole1 and an ,introduction by ,,stepniak4 ,with #ej ,illustrations by ,,paul ,,fr,,nzeny4 ,,the ,,humour ,,of ,,japan4 ,translated1 with an ,introduction by ,a4 ,m4 ,with ,illustrations by ,,george ,,bigot 7from drawings made in ,japan74 ,in preparation4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,great ,writers ,a ,,new ,,series ,,of ,,critical ,,biographies4 ,,edited ,,by ,,eric ,,robertson ,,and ,,frank ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,a ,complete ,bibliography to each ,volume1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,,anderson1 ,british ,museum1 ,london4 ,cloth1 ,uncut ,edges1 ,gilt ,top4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,issued4 ,,life ,,of ,,longfellow4 ,by ,professor ,,eric ,s4 ,,robertson4 ,,life ,,of ,,coleridge4 ,by ,,hall ,,caine4 ,,life ,,of ,,dickens4 ,by ,,frank ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,,life ,,of ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti4 ,by ,j4 ,,knight4 ,,life ,,of ,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,by ,colonel ,f4 ,,grant4 ,,life ,,of ,,darwin4 ,by ,g4 ,t4 ,,bettany4 ,,life ,,of ,,charlotte ,,bront4 ,by ,a4 ,,birrell4 ,,life ,,of ,,thomas ,,carlyle4 ,by ,r4 ,,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,life ,,of ,,adam ,,smith4 ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,,haldane1 ,m4,p4 ,,life ,,of ,,keats4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,rossetti4 ,,life ,,of ,,shelley4 ,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,,life ,,of ,,smollett4 ,by ,,david ,,hannay4 ,,life ,,of ,,goldsmith4 ,by ,,austin ,,dobson4 ,,life ,,of ,,scott4 ,by ,professor ,,yonge4 ,,life ,,of ,,burns4 ,by ,professor ,,blackie4 ,,life ,,of ,,victor ,,hugo4 ,by ,,frank ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,,life ,,of ,,emerson4 ,by ,,richard ,,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,life ,,of ,,goethe4 ,by ,,james ,,sime4 ,,life ,,of ,,congreve4 ,by ,,edmund ,,gosse4 ,,life ,,of ,,bunyan4 ,by ,canon ,,venables4 ,,life ,,of ,,crabbe4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,,kebbel4 ,,life ,,of ,,heine4 ,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,,life ,,of ,,mill4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,courtney4 ,,life ,,of ,,schiller4 ,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,nevinson4 ,,life ,,of ,,captain ,,marryat4 ,by ,,david ,,hannay4 ,,life ,,of ,,lessing4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,rolleston4 ,,life ,,of ,,milton4 ,by ,r4 ,,garnett1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,life ,,of ,,balzac4 ,by ,,frederick ,,wedmore4 ,,life ,,of ,,george ,,eliot4 ,by ,,oscar ,,browning4 ,,life ,,of ,,jane ,,austen4 ,by ,,goldwin ,,smith4 ,,life ,,of ,,browning4 ,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,,life ,,of ,,byron4 ,by ,hon4 ,,roden ,,noel4 ,,life ,,of ,,hawthorne4 ,by ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 ,,life ,,of ,,schopenhauer4 ,by ,professor ,,wallace4 ,,life ,,of ,,sheridan4 ,by ,,lloyd ,,sanders4 ,,life ,,of ,,thackeray4 ,by ,,herman ,,merivale and ,,frank ,t4 ,,marzials4 ,,life ,,of ,,cervantes4 ,by ,h4 ,e4 ,,watts4 ,,life ,,of ,,voltaire4 ,by ,,francis ,,espinasse4 ,,life ,,of ,,leigh ,,hunt4 ,by ,,cosmo ,,monkhouse4 ,,life ,,of ,,whittier ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,linton4 ,,life ,,of ,,renan4 ,by ,,francis ,,espinasse4 ,,life ,,of ,,thoreau4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,salt4 ,,library ,,edition ,,of #8,,great ,,writers1' ,demy #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth ,elegant1 in ,box1 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,cult ,,of ,,beauty3 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,personal ,,hygiene4 ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,thompson4 ,,extract ,,from ,,preface4 ,too much care cannot be taken of the exterior of the human body1 on which the general health so largely depends4 ,the most recent discoveries in science go to prove that cleanliness1 with proper attention to bodily exercise1 is the greatest enemy to disease and decay4 ,quackery has never been more rampant than it is to-day1 and advertised secret preparations for beautifying the person meet us at every turn4 ,it is with the object of showing how ,beauty may be preserved and aided on purely hygienic principles1 that this work has been written1 the greatest secret of ,beauty being ,health4 ,,contents-- ,,chapter ,i4--,,the ,,skin4 ,,chapter ,,ii4--,,the ,,hands4 ,,chapter ,,iii4--,,the ,,feet4 ,,chapter ,,iv4--,,the ,,hair4 ,,chapter ,v4--,,the ,,teeth4 ,,chapter ,,vi4--,,the ,,nose4 ,,chapter ,,vii4--,,the ,,eye4 ,,chapter ,,viii4--,,the ,,ear4 8#8,quackery1' says ,mr4 ,thompson1 #8was never more rampant than it is to-day' with regard to #8aids in beautifying the person4' ,his little book is based on purely hygienic principles1 and comprises recipes for toilet purposes which he warrants are #8practical and harmless4' ,these are virtues in any book of health and beauty1 and ,mr4 ,thompson's advice and guidance are1 we find1 not wanting in soundness and common-sense40--,saturday ,review4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,authorised ,,version ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #fs4 ,peer ,gynt3 ,a ,dramatic ,poem ,,by ,,henrik ,,ibsen ,,translated ,,by ,,william ,,and ,,charles ,,archer ,this ,translation1 though unrhymed1 preserves throughout the various rhythms of the ,original4 #8,to ,english readers this will not merely be a new work of the ,norwegian poet1 dramatist1 and satirist1 but it will also be a new ,ibsen4444 ,here is the imaginative ,ibsen1 indeed1 the ,ibsen of such a boisterous1 irresistible fertility of fancy that one breathes with difficulty as one follows him on his headlong course4444 8,peer ,gynt0 is a fantastical satirical drama of enormous interest1 and the present translation of it is a masterpiece of fluent1 powerful1 graceful1 and literal rendering4'--,the ,daily ,chronicle4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth #es4 ,the ,strike at ,arlingford 7,,play ,,in ,,three ,,acts47 ,,by ,,george ,,moore #8,it has the large simplicity of really great drama1 and ,mr4 ,moore1 in conceiving it1 has shown the truest instinct for the art he is for the first time essaying4'--,w4 ,a4 in ,the ,world4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,england ,,library4 ,,gravure ,,edition4 ,,printed ,,on ,,antique ,,paper4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,per ,,vol4 ,each ,volume with a ,frontispiece in ,photogravure4 ,by ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne4 ,,the ,,scarlet ,,letter4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,the ,,seven ,,gables4 ,,the ,,blithedale ,,romance4 ,,tanglewood ,,tales4 ,,twice-,,told ,,tales4 ,a ,,wonder-,,book ,,for ,,girls ,,and ,,boys4 ,,our ,,old ,,home4 ,,mosses ,,from ,,an ,,old ,,manse4 ,,the ,,snow ,,image4 ,,true ,,stories ,,from ,,history ,,and ,,biography4 ,,the ,,new ,,adam ,,and ,,eve4 ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,province ,,house4 ,by ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes4 ,,the ,,autocrat ,,of ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 ,,the ,,professor ,,at ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 ,,the ,,poet ,,at ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 ,,elsie ,,venner4 ,by ,,henry ,,thoreau4 ,,essays ,,and ,,other ,,writings4 ,,walden2 ,,or1 ,,life ,,in ,,the ,,woods4 ,a ,,week ,,on ,,the ,,concord4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crown #hvo1 about #cej pp4 each1 ,cloth ,cover1 #b_/f per ,vol42 ,half-,polished ,morocco1 ,gilt ,top1 #es4 ,count ,tolstoy's ,works4 ,the following ,volumes are already issued-- ,a ,,russian ,,proprietor4 ,,the ,,cossacks4 ,,ivan ,,ilyitch1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,,my ,,religion4 ,,life4 ,,my ,,confession4 ,,childhood1 ,,boyhood1 ,,youth4 ,,the ,,physiology ,,of ,,war4 ,,anna ,,kar,,nina #c_/f4 ,,what ,,to ,,do8 ,,war ,,and ,,peace4 7#d vols47 ,,the ,,long ,,exile1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories ,,for ,,children4 ,,sevastopol4 ,,the ,,kreutzer ,,sonata1 ,,and ,,family ,,happiness4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,god ,,is ,,within ,,you4 ,,work ,,while ,,ye ,,have ,,the ,,light4 ,uniform with the above-- ,,impressions ,,of ,,russia4 ,by ,dr4 ,,georg ,,brandes4 ,post #dto1 ,cloth1 ,price #as4 ,,patriotism ,,and ,,christianity4 ,to which is appended a ,reply to ,criticisms of the ,work4 ,by ,,count ,,tolstoy4 #a_/-;,booklets by ,count ,tolstoy4 ,bound in ,white ,grained ,boards1 with ,gilt ,lettering4 ,,where ,,love ,,is1 ,,there ,,god ,,is ,,also4 ,,the ,,two ,,pilgrims4 ,,what ,,men ,,live ,,by4 ,,the ,,godson4 ,,if ,,you ,,neglect ,,the ,,fire1 ,,you ,,don',t ,,put ,,it ,,out4 ,,what ,,shall ,,it ,,profit ,a ,,man8 #b_/-;,booklets by ,count ,tolstoy4 ,,new ,,editions1 ,,revised4 ,small #abmo1 ,cloth1 with ,embossed ,design on ,cover1 each containing ,two ,stories by ,count ,tolstoy1 and ,two ,drawings by ,h4 ,r4 ,millar4 ,in ,box1 ,price #bs4 each4 ,volume ,i4 contains-- ,,where ,,love ,,is1 ,,there ,,god ,,is ,,also4 ,,the ,,godson4 ,volume ,,ii4 contains-- ,,what ,,men ,,live ,,by4 ,,what ,,shall ,,it ,,profit ,a ,,man8 ,volume ,,iii4 contains-- ,,the ,,two ,,pilgrims4 ,,if ,,you ,,neglect ,,the ,,fire1 ,,you ,,don',t ,,put ,,it ,,out4 ,volume ,,iv4 contains-- ,,master ,,and ,,man4 ,volume ,v4 contains-- ,,tolstoy',s ,,parables4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,of ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth ,elegant1 ,price #c_/f per ,vol4 ,,english ,,fairy ,,and ,,other ,,folk ,,tales4 ,selected and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,,by ,,edwin ,,sidney ,,hartland4 ,with ,twelve ,full-,page ,illustrations by ,,charles ,e4 ,,brock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scottish ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales4 ,selected and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,,by ,,sir ,,george ,,douglas1 ,,bart4 ,with ,twelve ,full-,page ,illustrations by ,,james ,,torrance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,irish ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales4 ,selected and ,edited1 with an ,introduction1 ,,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,yeats4 ,with ,twelve ,full-,page ,illustrations by ,,james ,,torrance4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,compact ,,and ,,practical4 ,in ,limp ,cloth2 for the ,pocket4 ,price ,one ,shilling4 ,,the ,,european ,,conversation ,,books4 ,,french ,,italian ,,spanish ,,german ,,norwegian ,,contents4 ,hints to ,travellers--,everyday ,expressions--,arriving at and ,leaving a ,railway ,station--,custom ,house ,enquiries--,in a ,train--,at a ,buffet and ,restaurant--,at an ,hotel--,paying an ,hotel ,bill--,enquiries in a ,town--,on ,board ,ship--,embarking and ,disembarking--,excursion by ,carriage--,enquiries as to ,diligences--,enquiries as to ,boats--,engaging ,apartments--,washing ,list and ,days of ,week--,restaurant ,vocabulary--,telegrams and ,letters1 etc41 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the contents of these little handbooks are so arranged as to permit direct and immediate reference4 ,all dialogues or enquiries not considered absolutely essential have been purposely excluded1 nothing being introduced which might confuse the traveller rather than assist him4 ,a few hints are given in the introduction which will be found valuable to those unaccustomed to foreign travel4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 ,paternoster ,square 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,edition ,,in ,,new ,,binding4 ,in the new edition there are added about forty reproductions in fac-simile of autographs of distinguished singers and instrumentalists1 including ,sarasate1 ,joachim1 ,sir ,charles ,hall1 ,stavenhagen1 ,henschel1 ,trebelli1 ,miss ,macintyre1 ,jean ,grardy1 etc4 ,quarto1 cloth elegant1 gilt edges1 emblematic design on cover1 #fs4 ,may also be had in a variety of ,fancy ,bindings4 ,the ,music of the ,poets3 ,a ,,musicians' ,,birthday ,,book4 ,,edited ,,by ,,eleonore ,d',,esterre ,,keeling4 ,this is a unique ,birthday ,book4 ,against each date are given the names of musicians whose birthday it is1 together with a verse-quotation appropriate to the character of their different compositions or performances4 ,a special feature of the book consists in the reproduction in fac-simile of autographs1 and autographic music1 of living composers4 ,the selections of verse 7from before ,chaucer to the present time7 have been made with admirable critical insight4 ,english verse is rich in utterances of the poets about music1 and merely as a volume of poetry about music this book makes a charming anthology4 ,three sonnets by ,mr4 ,theodore ,watts1 on the 8,fausts0 of ,berlioz1 ,schumann1 and ,gounod1 have been written specially for this volume4 ,it is illustrated with designs of various musical instruments1 etc42 autographs of ,rubenstein1 ,dvork1 ,greig1 ,mackenzie1 ,villiers ,stanford1 etc41 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 8,to musical amateurs this will certainly prove the most attractive birthday book ever published40--,manchester ,guardian4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,attracting ,,great ,,attention4 ,a ,,new ,,society ,,novel4 ,foolscap #hvo1 in ,elegant ,paper ,cover1 #as4 #f;d42 cloth1 #bs4 ,,two ,,women ,,and ,a ,,man3 ,a ,,society ,,sketch ,,of ,,to-,,day4 ,,by ,,ellam ,,fenwicke-,,allan 7,,mrs4 ,,charlton-,,anne74 8,we are here introduced to those naughty1 naughty society women who smoke cigarettes after dinner1 break the bulk of the decalogue1 and say sweetly-spiteful things to each other while waiting for the men to appear4 ,these1 however1 are by the way4 ,the story really has for its theme the struggle for the soul of ,paul ,fane between his wife and a very seductive bad lot called ,lady ,maud1 the wife of a very wealthy and sterling man who never saw further than his nose4 ,lady ,maud is about the most finished study of a female devil we have ever come across1 with powers of hypocrisy passing belief1 and audacity in keeping with her hypocrisy4 ,mrs4 ,fane is her antithesis1 and it is only in keeping with poetical justice that the good influence should overrule the bad2 besides1 ,paul was not nearly such a fool as he looked1 though it was touch-and-go with him once4 ,if rather abrupt in places and somewhat saddening reading1 there is plenty of go about the tale1 and if the whole construction is somewhat light1 much is atoned for by the two splendidly contrasted characters of ,lady ,maud and ,mrs4 ,fane40--,,glasgow ,,daily ,,mail4 ,,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,,paternoster ,,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,scott ,,library4 ,cloth1 ,uncut ,edges1 ,gilt ,top4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 per ,volume4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,issued-- #a ,,romance ,,of ,,king ,,arthur4 #b ,,thoreau',s ,,walden4 #c ,,thoreau',s 8,,week40 #d ,,thoreau',s ,,essays4 #e ,,english ,,opium-,,eater4 #f ,,landor',s ,,conversations4 #g ,,plutarch',s ,,lives4 #h ,,religio ,,medici1 c4 #i ,,shelley',s ,,letters4 #aj ,,prose ,,writings ,,of ,,swift4 #aa ,,my ,,study ,,windows4 #ab ,,the ,,english ,,poets4 #ac ,,the ,,biglow ,,papers4 #ad ,,great ,,english ,,painters4 #ae ,,lord ,,byron',s ,,letters4 #af ,,essays ,,by ,,leigh ,,hunt4 #ag ,,longfellow',s ,,prose4 #ah ,,great ,,musical ,,composers4 #ai ,,marcus ,,aurelius4 #bj ,,teaching ,,of ,,epictetus4 #ba ,,seneca',s ,,morals4 #bb ,,specimen ,,days ,,in ,,america4 #bc ,,democratic ,,vistas4 #bd ,,white',s ,,selborne4 #be ,,defoe',s ,,singleton4 #bf ,,mazzini',s ,,essays4 #bg ,,prose ,,writings ,,of ,,heine4 #bh ,,reynolds' ,,discourses4 #bi ,,papers ,,of ,,steele ,,and ,,addison4 #cj ,,burns',s ,,letters4 #ca ,,volsunga ,,saga4 #cb ,,sartor ,,resartus4 #cc ,,writings ,,of ,,emerson4 #cd ,,life ,,of ,,lord ,,herbert4 #ce ,,english ,,prose4 #cf ,,ibsen',s ,,pillars ,,of ,,society4 #cg ,,irish ,,fairy ,,and ,,folk ,,tales4 #ch ,,essays ,,of ,,dr4 ,,johnson4 #ci ,,essays ,,of ,,william ,,hazlitt4 #dj ,,landor',s ,,pentameron1 c4 #da ,,poe',s ,,tales ,,and ,,essays4 #db ,,vicar ,,of ,,wakefield4 #dc ,,political ,,orations4 #dd ,,autocrat ,,of ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 #de ,,poet ,,at ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 #df ,,professor ,,at ,,the ,,breakfast-,,table4 #dg ,,chesterfield',s ,,letters4 #dh ,,stories ,,from ,,carleton4 #di ,,jane ,,eyre4 #ej ,,elizabethan ,,england4 #ea ,,writings ,,of ,,thomas ,,davis4 #eb ,,spence',s ,,anecdotes4 #ec ,,more',s ,,utopia4 #ed ,,sadi',s ,,gulistan4 #ee ,,english ,,fairy ,,tales4 #ef ,,northern ,,studies4 #eg ,,famous ,,reviews4 #eh ,,aristotle',s ,,ethics4 #ei ,,pericles ,,and ,,aspasia4 #fj ,,annals ,,of ,,tacitus4 #fa ,,essays ,,of ,,elia4 #fb ,,balzac4 #fc ,,de ,,musset',s ,,comedies4 #fd ,,coral ,,reefs4 #fe ,,sheridan',s ,,plays4 #ff ,,our ,,village4 #fg ,,master ,,humphrey',s ,,clock4 #fh ,,tales ,,from ,,wonderland4 #fi ,,jerrold',s ,,essays4 #gj ,,the ,,rights ,,of ,,woman4 #ga 8,,the ,,athenian ,,oracle40 #gb ,,essays ,,of ,,sainte-,,beuve4 #gc ,,selections ,,from ,,plato4 #gd ,,heine',s ,,travel ,,sketches4 #ge ,,maid ,,of ,,orleans4 #gf ,,sydney ,,smith4 #gg ,,the ,,new ,,spirit4 #gh ,,malory',s ,,book ,,of ,,marvellous ,,adventures4 #gi ,,helps' ,,essays ,,aphorisms4 #hj ,,essays ,,of ,,montaigne4 #ha ,,thackeray',s ,,barry ,,lyndon4 #hb ,,schiller',s ,,william ,,tell4 #hc ,,carlyle',s ,,german ,,essays4 #hd ,,lamb',s ,,essays4 #he ,,wordsworth',s ,,prose4 #hf ,,leopardi',s ,,dialogues4 #hg ,,the ,,inspector-,,general4 #hh ,,bacon',s ,,essays4 #hi ,,prose ,,of ,,milton4 #ij ,,plato',s ,,republic4 #ia ,,passages ,,from ,,froissart4 #ib ,,prose ,,of ,,coleridge4 #ic ,,heine ,,in ,,art ,,and ,,letters4 #id ,,essays ,,of ,,de ,,quincey4 #ie ,,vasari',s ,,lives ,,of ,,italian ,,painters4 #if ,,lessing',s ,,laocoon4 #ig ,,plays ,,of ,,maeterlinck4 #ih ,,walton',s ,,complete ,,angler4 #ii ,,lessing',s ,,nathan ,,the ,,wise4 ,may be had in the following ,bindings3--,cloth1 uncut edges1 gilt top1 #as4 #f;d42 ,half-,morocco1 gilt top1 antique2 ,red ,roan1 gilt edges1 etc4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 ,paternoster ,square4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,walter ,,scott',s ,,new ,,books4 ,,the ,,canterbury ,,poets4 ,,new ,,volume4 ,square #hvo1 cloth1 #as42 ,gravure edition1 with ,frontispiece ,portrait of ,,matthew ,,arnold in ,photogravure1 price #bs4 ,,the ,,strayed ,,reveller1 ,,empedocles ,,on ,,etna1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,,matthew ,,arnold1 ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,the text of ,arnold's #ahdi ,volume 7,,the ,,strayed ,,reveller7 and of his #aheb ,volume 7,,empedocles ,,on ,,etna7 is reproduced1 the original arrangement of the ,poems being preserved4 ,to these are added the ,poems of ,arnold's #ahec ,volume not contained in the two previous ,volumes4 ,the 8,,canterbury ,,poets0 edition will thus present a comprehensive collection of the highest literary interest and value of ,arnold's ,poems in their original renderings1 the early editions being now very rare and almost unprocurable4 ,the interesting ,preface which ,arnold contributed to the #ahec ,edition of his ,poems appears as an ,appendix to the ,volume4 ,,great ,,writers4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,top1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,library ,edition1 printed on ,large ,paper of extra quality1 in handsome ,binding1 ,demy #hvo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,new ,,volume4 ,,life ,,of ,,thoreau4 ,,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,salt4 ,with a ,bibliography by ,j4 ,p4 ,,anderson1 of the ,british ,museum4 ,,completion ,,of ,,third ,,and ,,last ,,volume4 ,,dramatic ,,essays4 ,,edited ,,by ,,william ,,archer ,,and ,,robert ,w4 ,,lowe4 ,three ,vols41 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 per ,vol41 each with a ,frontispiece ,portrait in ,photogravure4 ,,the ,,set ,,supplied ,,in ,,case ,,to ,,match1 ,,price #aj,s4 #f;,d4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,third ,volume now ready4 ,,dramatic ,,essays4 ,edited by ,william ,archer and ,robert ,w4 ,lowe4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,with a ,frontispiece ,portrait in ,photogravure of ,leigh ,hunt4 ,the ,first ,series contains the criticisms of ,,leigh ,,hunt1 both those collected by himself in #ahjg 7long out of print71 and the admirable articles contributed more than twenty years ago to ,the ,tatler1 and never republished4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,with a ,frontispiece ,portrait in ,photogravure of ,hazlitt4 ,the ,second ,series contains the criticisms of ,,william ,,hazlitt4 ,hazlitt's ,essays on ,kean and his contemporaries have long been inaccessible1 save to collectors4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,with a ,frontispiece ,portrait in ,photogravure of ,george ,henry ,lewes4 ,this ,volume contains hitherto uncollected criticisms by ,,john ,,forster1 ,,george ,,henry ,,lewes1 and ,selections from the writings of ,,william ,,robson 7,the ,old ,playgoer74 ,,each ,,volume ,,is ,,complete ,,in ,,itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,all ,,round ,,cycling4 ,foolscap #hvo1 ,cloth ,gilt1 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,contributions by ,g4 ,lacy ,hillier1 ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson1 etc41 etc4 ,,contents4 ,chapter ,i4--,,the ,,modern ,,cycle4 ,by ,g4 ,lacy ,hillier1 ,author of 8,cycling10 in the ,badminton ,library4 ,chapter ,,ii4--,,cycling ,,and ,,health4 ,by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson1 ,president1 ,society of ,cyclists4 ,chapter ,,iii4--,,cycling ,,for ,,ladies4 ,by ,c4 ,everett-,green1 ,author of 8,a ,great ,indiscretion10 etc4 ,chapter ,,iv4--,,the ,,camera ,,and ,,the ,,cycle4 ,by ,l4 ,rivers ,vine4 ,chapter ,v4--,,racing4 ,by ,g4 ,lacy ,hillier4 ,chapter ,,vi4--,a ,,cyclist',s ,,hobbies3 ,,fishing1 ,,natural ,,history1 ,,arch,,ology4 ,by ,john ,watson1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,author of 8,sylvan ,folk10 8,nature and ,woodcraft10 etc4 ,chapter ,,vii4--,a ,,model ,,cycling ,,tour3 #a4 ,,through ,,england ,,on ,,my ,,cycle4 ,by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson4 ,chapter ,,viii4--,a ,,model ,,cycling ,,tour3 #b4 ,,in ,,normandy4 ,by ,percy ,a4 ,thomas1 ,b4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tolstoy',s ,,great ,,masterpiece4 ,,new ,,edition ,,of ,,anna ,,kar,,nina4 ,large ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth ,elegant1 with ,ten ,illustrations by ,paul ,frnzeny1 and a ,frontispiece ,portrait of ,count ,tolstoy in ,photogravure4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,anna ,,kar,,nina4 ,a ,,novel4 ,,by ,,count ,,tolstoy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,new ,,laureate4 ,a ,new ,edition1 with a ,frontispiece ,portrait of ,mr4 ,austin in ,photogravure1 elegantly bound in ,art ,linen1 ,price #bs41 ,square #hvo4 ,may also be had in ,cloth1 ,cut ,edges1 ,price #as4 7uniform with the 8,canterbury ,poets074 ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,year4 ,a ,,poetic ,,calendar ,,from ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,alfred ,,austin4 ,selected and ,edited by ,a4 ,s4 ,with an ,introduction by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,,third ,,year ,,of ,,issue4 ,crown #hvo1 ,paper ,boards1 ,half-,antique1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,theatrical ,,world ,,of #ahie4 ,,by ,,william ,,archer4 ,with a ,prefatory ,letter by ,,arthur ,w4 ,,pinero1 an ,epilogue by ,,william ,,archer1 and a ,synopsis of ,playbills of #ahie by ,,henry ,,george ,,hibbert4 ,may still be obtained1 uniform with the above1 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 per vol4 ,,the ,,theatrical ,,world ,,for #ahic4 ,by ,,william ,,archer1 with an ,epistle ,dedicatory to ,robert ,w4 ,lowe4 ,,the ,,theatrical ,,world ,,of #ahid4 ,by ,,william ,,archer1 with an ,introduction by ,g4 ,,bernard ,,shaw1 an ,epilogue by the ,author1 and a ,synopsis of ,playbills of #ahid by ,,henry ,,george ,,hibbert4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,canterbury ,,poets4 ,,edited ,,by ,,william ,,sharp4 ,,in #a_/-,,monthly ,,volumes4 ,cloth1 ,cut and ,uncut ,edges1 #as42 ,red ,roan1 ,gilt ,edges1 #bs4 #f;d42 ,pad4 ,morocco1 ,gilt ,edges1 #es4 ,a ,,superior ,,edition ,,bound ,,in ,,art ,,linen1 ,,with ,,photogravure ,,frontispiece4 ,,price #bs4 #a ,,christian ,,year #b ,,coleridge #c ,,longfellow #d ,,campbell #e ,,shelley #f ,,wordsworth #g ,,blake #h ,,whittier #i ,,poe #aj ,,chatterton #aa ,,burns4 ,songs #ab ,,burns4 ,poems #ac ,,marlowe #ad ,,keats #ae ,,herbert #af ,,hugo #ag ,,cowper #ah ,,shakespeare',s ,,poems1 etc4 #ai ,,emerson #bj ,,sonnets ,,of ,,this ,,century #ba ,,whitman #bb ,,scott4 ,lady of the ,lake1 etc4 #bc ,,scott4 ,marmion1 etc4 #bd ,,praed #be ,,hogg #bf ,,goldsmith #bg ,,love ,,letters1 etc4 #bh ,,spenser #bi ,,children ,,of ,,the ,,poets #cj ,,jonson #ca ,,byron4 ,miscellaneous4 #cb ,,byron4 ,don ,juan4 #cc ,,the ,,sonnets ,,of ,,europe #cd ,,ramsay #ce ,,dobell #cf ,,pope #cg ,,heine #ch ,,beaumont ,,fletcher #ci ,,bowles1 ,,lamb1 etc4 #dj ,,sea ,,music #da ,,early ,,english ,,poetry #db ,,herrick #dc ,,ballades ,,and ,,rondeaus #dd ,,irish ,,minstrelsy #de ,,milton',s ,,paradise ,,lost #df ,,jacobite ,,ballads #dg ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,year #dh ,,australian ,,ballads #di ,,moore #ej ,,border ,,ballads #ea ,,song-,,tide #eb ,,odes ,,of ,,horace #ec ,,ossian #ed ,,fairy ,,music #ee ,,southey #ef ,,chaucer #eg ,,golden ,,treasury #eh ,,poems ,,of ,,wild ,,life #ei ,,paradise ,,regained #fj ,,crabbe #fa ,,dora ,,greenwell #fb ,,faust #fc ,,american ,,sonnets #fd ,,landor',s ,,poems #fe ,,greek ,,anthology #ff ,,hunt ,,and ,,hood #fg ,,humorous ,,poems #fh ,,lytton',s ,,plays #fi ,,great ,,odes #gj ,,meredith',s ,,poems #ga ,,imitation ,,of ,,christ #gb ,,uncle ,,toby ,,birthday ,,bk #gc ,,painter-,,poets #gd ,,women ,,poets #ge ,,love ,,lyrics #gf ,,american ,,humorous ,,verse4 #gg ,,minor ,,scotch ,,lyrics #gh ,,cavalier ,,lyrists #gi ,,german ,,ballads #hj ,,songs ,,of ,,beranger #ha ,,roden ,,noel',s ,,poems #hb ,,songs ,,of ,,freedom #hc ,,canadian ,,poems #hd ,,contemporary ,,scottish ,,verse #he ,,poems ,,of ,,nature4 #hf ,,cradle ,,songs4 #hg ,,ballads ,,of ,,sport4 #hh ,,matthew ,,arnold4 ,london3 ,,walter ,,scott1 ,,limited1 ,paternoster ,square4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,magnan1 ,annales ,mdico-,psychologiques1 #ahhg2 ,lombroso1 ,tre ,tribuni1 pp4 #c-i1 #af-bc1 #adh-aej2 ,saury1 tudes ,cliniques sur la ,folie ,hrditaire1 #ahhf4 #b ,psychologie du ,gnie1 #ahhc4 #c ,de ,renzis1 ,l'opera d'un ,pazzo1 #ahhg4 #d ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahhf4 #e ,de ,pronost41 i4 p4 #g4 #f ,problemata1 sect4 xxx4 #g ,horace1 ,ars ,poet41 #bif-big4 #h ,observationes in ,hom4 ,affect41 #afda1 lib4 #aj1 p4 #cje4 ,more singular examples in ,italy were collected by ,f4 ,gazoni1 in the ,hospitale dei folli incurabili1 #afbj4 #i ,diderot1 ,dictionnaire ,encyclopdique4 #aj ,i ,mattoidi e il ,monumente a ,vittorio ,emanuele1 #ahhe4 #aa ,magnan1 ,annales ,mdico-psych41 #ahhg2 ,djerine1 ,l',hrdit dans les ,maladies ,mentales1 #ahhf2 ,ireland1 ,the ,blot upon the ,brain1 #ahhe4 #ab ,i ,caratteri dei ,delinquenti1 #ahhf1 ,turin4 #ac ,md4 de l',esprit1 ii4 #ad ,lamartine1 ,cours de ,littrature1 ii4 #ae ,revue ,britannique1 #ahhd4 #af ,canesterini1 ,il ,cranio di ,fusinieri1 #ahge4 #ag ,plutarch1 ,life of ,pericles1 iii4 #ah ,kupfer1 8,der ,schdel ,kants10 in ,arch4 fr ,anth41 #ahha4 #ai ,welcker1 ,schiller's ,schdel1 #ahhc4 #bj ,mantegazza1 ,sul ,cranio di ,foscolo1 ,florence1 #ahhj4 #ba ,turner1 ,quarterly ,journal of ,science1 #ahfd4 #bb ,de ,quatrefages1 ,crania ,ethnica1 ,part i4 p4 #cj4 #bc ,zoja1 ,la ,testa di ,scarpa1 #ahhj4 #bd ,sul ,cranio di ,volta1 #ahgi1 ,turin4 #be ,welcker1 ,schiller's ,schdel1 #ahhc4 #bf ,revue ,scientifique1 #ahhb4 #bg ,wagner 7,das ,hirngewicht1 #ahgg7 gives these measurements of scientific men of ,gottingen3-- ,dirichlet ,mathematician ,age #ed #aebj g4 ,fuchs ,physician 8 #eb #adii g4 ,gauss ,mathematician 8 #gh #adib g4 ,hermann ,philologist 8 #ea #aceh g4 ,hausmann ,mineralogist 8 #gg #abbf g4 ,bischoff 7,hirngewichte bei ,mnchener ,gelehrten7 gives the following measurements3-- ,hermann ,geometrician ,age #fj #aeij g4 ,pfeufer ,physician 8 #fj #adhh g4 ,bischoff ,physician 8 #gi #adeb g4 ,melchior ,meyer ,poet 8 #fa #adae g4 ,arnoldi ,orientalist 8 #he #agcj g4 ,thackeray ,novelist 8 #eb #affj g4 ,abercrombie ,physician 8 #fd #aghj g4 ,cuvier ,naturalist 8 #fc #ahbi g4 ,doell ,archologist 8 #he #afej g4 ,schiller ,poet 8 #df #aehj g4 ,huber ,philosopher 8 #dg #adii g4 ,fallmerayer ,historian 8 #gd #acdi g4 ,liebig ,chemist 8 #gj #aceb g4 ,tiedemann ,physiologist 8 #gi #abed g4 ,harless ,chemist 8 #dj #abch g4 ,dllinger ,physiologist 8 #ga #abjg g4 ,the measurement of the cerebral area often gives superiority even to those men of genius who present a feeble weight4 ,fuchs had a cerebral surface of #bb1ajje square c4 and ,gauss of #ba1iehh2 while with the same weight the same surface in an unknown woman was #bj1daae and in a workman #ah1gfgb4 #bh ,bulletin de la ,socit d',anthropologie1 #ahfa4 #bi ,die tiefen ,windungen des ,menschenhirnes1 #ahgg4 #cj ,mendel1 ,centralblatt1 ,no4 #d1 #ahhd4 #ca ,ein ,beitrag zur ,anatomie der ,affenspalte und der ,interparietal ,furche beim ,menschen nach ,rasse1 ,geschlecht1 und ,individualitt1 #ahhf4 #cb ,bulletin de la ,socit d',anthropologie1 #ahhf1 p4 #ace4 #cc ,la ,circonvolution de ,broca1 ,paris1 #ahhh4 #cd ,vorstudien1 c41 #ast ,memoir1 #ahfj4 #ce ,le ,cerveau et la ,pense1 t4 ii4 p4 #df4 #cf ,gallichon in ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #ahfg4 #cg ,lombroso1 ,sul ,mancinismo motorio e sensorio nei sani e negli alienati1 #ahhe1 ,turin4 #ch ,essay ,,vii41 ,of ,parents and ,children4 #ci ,lettres ,georges ,sand1 ,paris1 #ahhe4 #dj ,destouches1 ,philos4 ,maris4 #da ,beard1 ,american ,nervousness1 #ahhg2 ,cancellieri1 ,intorno ,uomini dotati di gran memoria1 #agae2 ,klefeker1 ,biblioth4 eruditorum procacium1 ,hamburg1 #agag2 ,baillet1 ,de prcocibus eruditis1 #agae4 #db ,savage1 ,moral ,insanity1 #ahhf4 #dc ,guy de ,maupassant1 tude sur ,gustave ,flaubert1 ,paris1 #ahhe4 #dd ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahhc1 p4 #ib4 #de ,revue ,bleue1 #ahhg1 p4 #ag4 #df ,darwin's ,life1 #ahhg4 #dg ,genie und ,talent4 #dh ,fischer1 sthetik1 ii4 #a1 p4 #chf4 #di 8,i am one who1 when ,love inspires1 attend1 and according as he speaks within me1 so ,i express myself40 #ej ,schilling1 ,psychiat4 ,briefe1 p4 #dhf4 #ea ,ball1 ,leons des ,maladies ,mentales1 #ahha4 #eb ,radestock1 p4 #db4 #ec ,apologia4 #ed ,letter of ,april #bj1 #ageb4 #ee ,verga1 ,lazzaretti1 #ahhj4 #ef ,rveill-,parise1 p4 #bhe4 #eg ,arago1 uvres1 iii4 #eh ,kreislauf des ,lebens1 ,brief4 xviii4 #ei ,dilthey1 ,ueber ,einbildungskraft der ,dichter1 #ahhg4 #fj ,lazzaretti1 op4 cit41 #ahhj4 #fa ,des ,hallucinations1 p4 #cj4 ,recent investigations in hypnotism show that the hallucination often has the character of real sensation2 that1 for example1 visual suggestions may be modified by lenses4 ,see my ,nuove ,studii sull' ipnotismo4 #fb ,studi ,critici1 ,naples1 #ahhj1 p4 #ie4 #fc ,souvenirs1 p4 #gc1 ,paris1 #ahhc4 #fd ,confessions d'un ,enfant du ,sicle1 pp4 #bah1 #bea4 #fe ,introduction to ,essai sur les ,murs4 #ff ,sicle de ,louis ,,xiv41 #a4 #fg ,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 art4 ,climat4 #fh ,tagebuch1 ii4 p4 #abj4 #fi ,paradoxe sur le ,comdien4 #gj ,noise had become an obsession to ,jules de ,goncourt1 says his brother ,edmund1 in a note to the former's ,lettres3 8,it seemed to him that he had #8an ear in the pit of his stomach1' and indeed noise had taken1 and continued to take as his illness increased1 as it were in some ferie at once absurd and fatal1 the character of a persecution of the things and surroundings of his life4444 ,during the last years of his life he suffered from noise as from a brutal physical touch4444 ,this persecution by noise led my brother to sketch a gloomy story during his nightly insomnia4444 ,in this story a man was eternally pursued by noise1 and leaves the rooms he had rented1 the houses he had bought1 the forests in which he had camped1 forests like ,fontainebleau1 from which he is driven by the hunter's horn1 the interior of the pyramids1 in which he was deafened by the crickets1 always seeking silence1 and at last killing himself for the sake of the silence of supreme repose1 and not finding it then1 for the noise of the worms in his grave prevented him from sleeping4 ,oh1 noise1 noise1 noise6 ,i can no longer bear to hear the birds4 ,i begin to cry to them like ,dbureau to the nightingale1 #8,will you not be still1 vile beast8'0 7,lettres de ,jules de ,goncourt1 ,paris1 #ahhe47 #ga tude sur ,gustave ,flaubert1 ,paris1 #ahhe4 #gb ,among the fragments that have been preserved some are of great sweetness3-- 8,quanto fu dolce il giogo e la catena ,de' suoi candidi bracci al col mio volte1 ,che sciogliendomi io sento mortal pena2 ,d'altre cose non dico che son molte1 ,ch soverchia dolcezza a morte mena40 #gc ,mantegazza1 ,del ,nervosismo dei grandi uomini1 #ahha4 #gd ,journal des ,savants1 ,oct41 #ahfc4 #ge ,epistolario1 v4 #c1 p4 #afc4 #gf ,vicq d',azir1 ,elog41 p4 #bji4 #gg ,physiologie des ,gnies1 #ahge4 #gh ,science et ,matrialisme1 #ahij1 p4 #ajc4 #gi ,brewster1 ,life1 #ahef4 #hj ,revue ,scientifique1 #ahhh4 #ha ,michiels1 ,le ,monde du ,comique1 #ahhf4 #hb ,rveill-,parise1 op4 cit4 #hc ,perez1 ,l'enfant de trois sept ans1 #ahhf4 #hd ,scherer1 ,diderot1 #ahhj4 #he ,ueber die ,verwandtschaft des ,genies mit dem ,irrsinn1 #ahhg4 #hf ,bertolotti1 ,il ,testamento di ,cardano1 #ahhc4 #hg ,g4 ,flaubert1 ,lettres ,georges ,sand1 ,paris1 #ahhe4 #hh ,delepierre1 ,histoire ,littraire des fous1 ,paris1 #ahfj4 #hi ,rveill-,parise1 ,physiologie et ,hygine des hommes livrs aux travaux de l'esprit1 ,paris1 #ahef4 #ij ,mantegazza1 ,physiognomy and ,expression4 #ia ,arago1 ii4 p4 #hb4 #ib ,plutarch1 ,life1 c4 #ic ,radestock1 op4 cit4 #id ,moreau1 op4 cit41 p4 #ebc4 #ie ,correspondance1 p4 #aai1 #ahhg4 #if ,memorie dell ,istituto ,lombardo1 #ahgh4 #ig ,letter to ,giordani1 ,aug41 #ahag4 #ih ,sette ,anni di ,sodalizio4 #ii ,b4 de ,boismont1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfe4 #ajj ,hagen1 ,ueber die ,verwandtschaft1 c41 #ahgg4 #aja ,roger1 ,voltaire ,malade1 #ahhc4 #ajb ,g4 ,sand1 ,histoire de ,ma ,vie1 #i4 #ajc ,berti1 p4 #aed4 #ajd ,berti1 ,cavour ,avanti il #ahdh1 ,rome2 ,mayor1 in ,archivo di ,psichiatria1 vol4 iv4 #aje ,mayor1 op4 cit4 #ajf ,autobiography4 #ajg ,autobiography1 p4 #ade4 #ajh ,von ,sedlitz1 ,schopenhauer1 #ahgb4 #aji ,letters1 #ahhe4 #aaj ,histoire de ,ma ,vie1 v4 p4 #i4 #aaa ,g4 ,sand1 op4 cit4 #aab ,de ,immenso et innumerat41 iii4 #aac ,g4 ,menke1 ,de ciarlataneria eruditorum1 #aghj4 #aad ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahhc4 #aae ,letters1 p4 #fb4 #aaf ,ibid41 pp4 #fb1 #aai1 #abc4 #aag ,g4 ,sforza1 ,epistolario di ,a4 ,manzoni1 ,milan1 #ahhc4 #aah ,epistolario1 #c1 p4 #afc4 #aai ,correspondance1 p4 #aai4 #ahhg4 #abj ,journal de ma vie intime4 #aba ,souvenirs d',enfance et de ,jeunesse4 #abb ,amiel1 ,journal ,intime1 ,geneva1 #bnd ed41 #ahhi4 #abc ,clment1 ,musiciens clbres1 ,paris1 #ahfh4 #abd ,w4 ,irving1 ,life1 #ahhj4 #abe ,verga1 ,lazzaretti1c41 ,milan1 #ahhj4 #abf ,forbes ,winslow1 op4 cit41 p4 #abc4 #abg ,forbes ,winslow1 op4 cit41 p4 #abf4 #abh ,works1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #hc4 #abi ,dendy1 op4 cit41 p4 #da4 #acj ,correspondance1 vol4 ii4 letter #i4 #aca ,de ,factis ,dictisque ,memorabilibus1 ,lib4 vi4 ,cap4 #i4 #acb ,tertullian1 ,apologetica1 p4 #df4 ,but see ,a4 ,gellii ,noctes ,attic1 x4 p4 #ag4 #acc ,wiederbelebung des ,klassisch1 ,altert41 #ahhb4 #acd ,pouchet1 ,histoire des ,sciences ,naturelles dans le ,moyen ,age1 #ahgj4 #ace ,masi1 ,la vita ed i tempi di ,albergati1 #ahhb4 #acf ,laura had eleven children and ,petrarch himself two when he dedicated to her #bid sonnets4 ,in politics he turned from ,cola di ,rienzi to his enemy ,colonna and from ,robert to ,charles ,,iv4 7,famil1 xix4 #a4 p4 #cb74 ,he was too much occupied with himself1 says ,perrens1 to be occupied with his country4 #acg ,lettres ,g4 ,sand1 #ahhe4 #ach ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahhg1 p4 #fi4 #aci ,confessions d'un ,enfant du ,sicle1 pp4 #bej1 #bea4 #adj ,cottrau1 ,lettre d'un ,mlomane1 ,naples1 #ahhe4 #ada ,matthew x4 #cd-cf2 ,luke xii4 #ea-ec4 #adb ,luke xii4 #di4 ,see the ,greek text4 #adc ,luke xviii4 #bi-cj4 #add ,luke xiv4 #bf4 #ade ,matthew x4 #cg1 xvi4 #bd2 ,luke v4 #bc4 #adf ,matthew viii4 #ba2 ,luke v4 #bc4 #adg ,fiorentino1 ,la ,musica1 ,rome1 #ahhd4 #adh ,l',uomo ,delinquente1 #ahhi4 #adi ,mastriani1 ,sul ,genio e la ,follia1 ,naples1 #ahha4 #aej ,tra un ,sigaro e l'altro1 p4 #aid4 #aea ,max4 du ,camp1 ,souvenirs1 #ahhd4 #aeb ,schilling1 ,psychiatr4 ,briefe41 p4 #dhh1 #ahfc4 #aec ,zimmermann1 ,solitude4 #aed ,tagebuch1 #aghg1 ,berne4 #aee ,sketches of ,bedlam1 #ahbc4 #aef ,biographie1 by ,wasielewski1 ,dresden1 #aheh4 #aeg ,maxime du ,camp1 ,souvenirs littraires1 #ahhg4 #aeh ,brunetire1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahhg1 ,no4 #gjf4 ,revue ,bleue1 ,july1 #ahhg4 #aei ,maxime du ,camp1 ,souvenirs littraires4 #afj 8,a une ,heure du ,matin10 in ,petits ,pomes en ,prose4 #afa ,bufalini1 ,vita di ,concato1 #ahhd4 #afb ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahhf4 #afc ,littr1 ,a4 ,comte et la ,phil4 ,posit41 #ahfc4 #afd ,w4 de ,fonvielle1 ,comment se font les ,miracles1 #ahgi4 #afe ,de ,vita propria1 ch4 #de4 #aff ,byron said1 also1 that intermittent fevers came at last to be agreeable to him1 on account of the pleasant sensation that followed the cessation of pain4 #afg 8,one day ,i thought ,i heard very sweet harmonies in a dream4 ,i awoke1 and ,i found ,i had resolved the question of fevers3 why some are lethal and others not--a question which had troubled me for twenty-five years0 7,de ,somniis1 c4 iv474 8,in a dream there came to me the suggestion to write this book1 divided into exactly twenty-one parts2 and ,i experienced such pleasure in my condition and in the subtlety of these reasonings as ,i had never experienced before0 7,de ,subtilitate1 lib4 xviii4 p4 #iae74 #afh 8,jewels in sleep are symbolical of sons1 of unexpected things1 of joy also2 because in ,italian gioire means #8to enjoy' 7,de ,somniis1 cap4 #ba2 ,de ,subtilitate1 p4 #cch74 #afi ,buttrini1 ,girolamo ,cardano1 ,savona1 #ahhd4 #agj ,bertolotti 7,i ,testamenti di ,cardano1 #ahhh7 has shown that this legend has no foundation4 #aga 8,i shall live in the midst of my torments1 and among the cares that are my just furies1 wild and wandering2 ,i shall fear dark and solitary shades1 which will bring before me my first fault2 and ,i shall have in horror and disgust the face of the sun which discovered my misfortunes2 ,i shall fear myself1 and1 for ever fleeing from myself1 ,i shall never escape40 #agb ,brewster's ,memoirs of ,sir ,i4 ,newton1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj4 #agc ,brewster's ,memoirs of ,sir ,i4 ,newton1 vol4 ii4 p4 #id4 #agd ,dialogues1 i4 #age ,dialogues1 ii4 #agf ,bugeault1 tude sur l'tat mental de ,rousseau1 #ahgf1 p4 #abc4 #agg ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahhc4 #agh ,schurz1 ,lenaus ,werke1 vol4 i4 p4 #bge4 #agi ,kecskemetky1 ,s4 ,szchnys staatsmnn4 ,laufbahn1 c41 ,pesth1 #ahff4 #ahj ,costanzo1 ,follia anomale1 ,palermo1 #ahgf4 #aha ,gwinner1 ,schopenhauers ,leben1 #ahgh2 ,ribot1 ,la ,philosophie de ,schopenhauer1 #ahhe2 ,carl von ,sedlitz1 ,schopenhauer vom ,medizinischen ,standpunkt1 ,dorpat1 #ahgb4 #ahb ,gwinner1 p4 #bf4 #ahc ,memorabilien1 ii4 p4 #ccb4 #ahd ,parerga1 ii4 p4 #ch4 #ahe ,pensiero e ,meteore in ,biblioteca ,scientifica ,internazionale1 ,milan1 #ahgh2 ,azione degli ,astri e delle ,meteore sulla mente ,umana1 ,milan1 #ahga4 #ahf ,quetelet1 ,physique ,sociale1 ,book iv4 ch4 i4 #ahg ,mantegazza1 op4 cit4 #ahh ,e4 ,neville1 ,maine de ,biran1 ,sa ,vie1 c41 p4 #abi1 #ahed4 #ahi ,revue ,bleue1 #ahhh1 ,no4 #i4 #aij ,viaggio in ,sicilia1 vol4 vii4 #aia ,epistolario1 #ahgh4 #aib ,nature1 ,nov4 #ahhc4 #aic ,rveill-,parise1 ,physiologie des hommes livrs aux travaux de l'esprit1 pp4 #ceb-cee4 #aid ,giussani1 ,vita1 c41 p4 #ahh4 #aie ,epistolario1 p4 #cie4 #aif ,lebin1 ,sur l'poque de la composition de la ,vita ,nuova1 p4 #bh4 #aig ,life and ,letters1 vol4 i4 p4 #ea4 #aih ,stopfer1 ,vie de ,sterne1 ,paris1 #ahgj4 #aii ,goethe1 ,aus ,meinem ,leben4 #bjj ,zanolini1 ,rossini1 #ahgf4 #bja ,clment1 ,les ,musiciens ,clbres1 ,paris1 #ahgh4 #bjb ,alborghetti1 ,vita di ,donizetti1 #ahgf4 #bjc ,d',este1 ,memorie su ,canova1 #ahfd4 #bjd ,gotti1 ,vita di ,michelangelo1 ,florence1 #ahgc4 #bje ,milanesi1 ,lettere di ,michelangelo1 ,florence1 #ahge4 #bjf ,amoretti1 ,memorie storiche sulla vita e gli studi di ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,milan1 #ahgd4 #bjg ,w4 ,irving1 ,columbus1 vol4 i4 p4 #hai2 ,roselly de ,lorque1 ,vie de ,colomb41 #aheg4 #bjh ,according to ,secchi 7,soleil1 #ahge7 ,scheiner preceded ,galileo1 and was himself preceded by ,fabricio1 though the discovery of this last was not known until a later date4 #bji ,galilei1 ,opere1 vol4 i4 p4 #fi4 #baj ,arago1 uvres1 #ahea4 #baa ,hfer1 op4 cit4 #bab ,herschel1 ,outlines of ,astronomy1 #ahgd4 #bac ,arago1 ,notices ,biographiques1 #ahee4 #bad ,atti1 ,della ,vita di ,malpighi1 #aggd4 #bae ,hfer1 ,histoire de la ,chimie1 #ahfi4 #baf ,briefe an ,schiller4 #bag ,gherardi1 ,rapporti sui ,manoscritti di ,galvani1 #ahci4 #bah ,schiaparelli1 ,intorno ,alcune ,lettere inedite di ,lagrange1 #ahgg4 #bai ,humboldt1 ,correspondance1 ,paris1 #ahfh4 #bbj ,letters from ,humboldt to ,varnhagen4 #bba ,arago1 ,notices ,biographiques1 #ahee4 #bbb ,whewell1 ,history of the ,inductive ,sciences1 #aheg4 #bbc ,n4 ,bianchi1 ,vita di ,matteucci1 ,florence1 #ahgd4 #bbd ,the catalogue of small planets has been drawn from the ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes 7,paris1 #ahgg-h74 ,the list of comets has been taken from ,carl's ,repertorium der ,cometen ,astronomie 7,munich1 #ahfd74 ,it begins with the comet discovered by ,hevelius in #afgb1 and ends with that found by ,donati on the #bcrd of ,july1 #ahfd2 ,gambart's comets1 already separately enumerated1 have been excluded4 ,to keep the conditions analogous to those of the small planets1 all the comets to which ,carl does not assign a discoverer1 have been omitted2 this includes such as were expected from previous calculations or perceived with the naked eye by the general population4 ,all those that were discovered simultaneously by several observers1 unknown to one another1 have1 however1 been included1 for it is not a question of priority1 but of the psychological moment of the discovery4 ,three comets discovered in the months of ,february1 ,may1 and ,december1 were found in the southern hemisphere2 they must1 therefore1 with reference to season be registered as for ,august1 ,november1 and ,june1 and have so been counted4 #bbe ,atti1 ,della ,vita ed opere di ,malpighi1 ,bologna1 #aggd4 #bbf ,history of ,civilisation1 i4 #bbg tudes sur la ,selection1 c41 ,paris1 #ahha4 #bbh ,biographie ,universelle des ,musiciens1 ,paris1 #ahfh-hj4 #bbi ,histoire des ,musiciens ,clbres1 ,paris1 #ahgh4 #bcj ,dizionario dei ,pittori1 #aheh4 #bca ,naples #baf ,rome #abg ,venice #abd ,milan #ie ,bologna #ia ,florence #gj ,lucca #cg ,parma #cd ,genoa #cj ,turin #bg ,verona #bd ,brescia #bb ,mantua #ai ,modena #ai ,cremona #ag ,palermo #ag ,novara #ag ,bergamo #af ,bari #af ,ferrara #ae ,padua #ae ,pisa #ac ,reggio #ab ,piacenza #aa ,siena #aj ,ravenna #aj ,vicenza #aj ,perugia #i ,pesaro #i ,alessandria #h ,treviso #h ,catania #g ,arezzo #f ,lecce #f ,como #e ,ancona #e ,udine #e ,macerata #e ,caserta #d ,livorno #c ,forl #c ,messina #c ,rovigo #c ,chieti #c ,foggia #b ,cuneo #b ,pavia #b ,massa #b ,teramo #b ,siracusa #b ,ascoli #b ,campobasso #b ,belluno #a ,catanzaro #a ,avellino #a ,potenza #a ,reggio-,calabria #a ,caltanisetta #a #bcb ,la ,scuola ,musicale di ,napoli1 #ahhc4 #bcc ,see my ,pensiero e ,meteore1 #ahgb1 and ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 #ahhj1 p4 #aeg4 #bcd ,bologna #bfb ,florence #beb ,venice #ach ,milan #abg ,rome #ajj ,genoa #ajj ,naples #ie ,ferrara #he ,verona #hc ,siena #gc ,perugia #fh ,cremona #fe ,modena #fa ,pesaro #fa ,brescia #ej ,turin #df ,messina #dc ,padua #dj ,parma #ci ,vicenza #ci ,lucca #ch ,bergamo #cg ,udine #cf ,arezzo #cc ,ravenna #cj ,reggio #bi ,pisa #bi ,treviso #bd ,ascoli #bc ,novara #bb ,pavia #bj ,mantua #ai ,forl #ai ,como #ag ,ancona #af ,alessandria #ae ,belluno #ac ,macerata #ac ,piacenza #f ,caserta #f ,rovigo #e ,palermo #d ,salerno #c ,lecce #c ,cuneo #c ,massa #c ,catania #b ,livorno #a ,aquila #a ,siracusa #a #bce ,the difference with reference to painters is caused by the numerical weakness of ,udine and the superiority of ,catania and ,palermo4 #bcf ,il ,censimento dei ,poeti ,veronesi1 ,dec4 #ca1 #ahha4 #bcg ,american ,nervousness4 #bch ,see ,sternberg1 ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 vol4 x4 #ahhi1 p4 #chi4 #bci ,statura degli ,italiani1 #ahgd2 ,della ,influenza orografica nella ,statura1 #ahgh4 #bdj tude sur la ,taille4 #bda ,dmographie de la ,france1 #ahgh4 #bdb ,inhabitants to the square kilomtre3-- ,seine #cfcf4ef ,rhne #bbd4dj ,nord #bac4dj ,haut-,rhin #abc4jj ,pas-de-,calais #ajh4fj ,loire #ajf4ch ,manche #ajj4bj ,bouches-du-,rhne #ib4bg ,landes #cc4hj ,lozre #bg4ci ,hautes-,alpes #bc4dj ,basses-,alpes #ba4ij #bdc 8,les ,antiquits gyptiennes10 in ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,april1 #ahfe4 #bdd ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 vol4 viii4 fasc4 #c4 #bde ,libri1 ,histoire des ,mathmatiques1 vol4 iii4 #bdf ,de ,candolle1 ,histoire des ,sciences1 #ahgc4 #bdg ,joseph ,jacobs1 8,the ,comparative ,distribution of ,jewish ,ability10 ,journal of ,anthropological ,institute of ,great ,britain1 #ahhf1 pp4 #cea-cgi4 #bdh ,gli ,israeliti di ,europa1 #ahgb4 #bdi ,archivio di ,statistica1 ,rome1 #ahhj4 #bej ,die ,verbreit1 der ,blind1 c41 #ahgb4 #bea ,renan in his ,souvenirs de ,jeunesse remarks that since ,germany has given herself up to militarism she would have no men of genius1 if it were not for the ,jews1 to whom she should be at least grateful4 ,but he forgets ,haeckel1 ,virchow1 and ,wagner4 #beb ,one case is known in which parents zealously sought to educate and favour by every means poetic genius in their son4 ,the outcome of their fervent efforts was ,chapelain1 the too famous singer of the ,pucelle4 #bec ,hereditary ,genius1 #ahfh4 #bed ,l',hrdit ,psychologique1 #ahgh4 #bee ,biographie ,universelle des ,musiciens4 #bef ,ribot in his ,l',hrdit ,psychologique refers to ,french statistics of #ahfa according to which in #ajjj lunatics of each sex1 there was hereditary influence in #bfd men and in #bff women4 #beg ,galton himself remarks that of #ca great families of lawyers raised to the peerage before the end of the reign of ,george ,,iv41 twelve are extinct1 especially those which contracted alliances with heiresses4 ,out of #dhg families admitted to citizenship at ,berne from #aehc to #afed only #afh remained in #aghc4 8,when a grandee of ,spain is announced we expect to see an abortion0 7,ribot1 ,de l',hrdit1 p4 #hbj74 ,the ,french and ,italian nobility to-day has become for the most part an inert instrument in the hands of the clergy4 ,and how many of the sovereigns of ,europe yet preserve those ancestral virtues to the presumed transmission of which they owe in large part their throne and prestige8 #beh ,dante1 ,purgatorio1 canto vii4 #bei ,lucas1 ,de l',hrdit4 #bfj ,ribot1 ,l',hrdit ,psychologique4 #bfa ,dugdale1 ,the ,jukes4 #bfb ,acadmie des ,sciences1 #ahga4 ,five cases of epilepsy1 and of insanity1 two of general paralysis1 one of idiocy and several of microcephaly were observed under these circumstances4 ,the microcephalic condition which so often appears among the hereditary results of alcoholism may be understood when we recall the atrophies1 the cerebral scleroses 7a kind of histologic microcephaly7 which are so constantly found in the drunkard himself4 #bfc ,bertolotti1 ,testamenti di ,cardano1 #ahhb4 #bfd ,de ,vita ,propria4 #bfe ,famil ,,xiii4 #b1 ,,xxiii4 #ab4 #bff ,ireland1 ,the ,blot upon the ,brain1 #ahhe1 p4 #adg2 ,djerine1 ,l',hrdit dans les ,maladies1 #ahhf4 #bfg ,bilder aus mein4 ,knabenzeit1 #ahcg4 #bfh ,memorie1 p4 #cda4 ,i4e41 8,the heads of the ,taparelli are not in the right place40 ,taparelli was a family name of ,d',azeglio4 #bfi ,souvenirs d',enfance1 p4 #bj4 #bgj ,meynert1 ,jahresber4 fr ,psychiatr41 ,vienna1 #ahhj4 #bga ,ribot1 ,l',hrdit ,psychologique1 p4 #aga4 #bgb ,the same kind of influence may be traced among the insane and degenerate4 ,a son of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,madame de ,montespan1 conceived during a crisis of remorse and grief1 at the epoch of the ,jubilee1 was called 8l'enfant du jubil10 on account of his condition of permanent melancholy4 ,a man of talent1 subject to attacks of mental exaltation1 had several children1 of whom two1 conceived during these attacks1 were insane4 ,djerine1 ,l',hrdit dans les ,maladies du ,systme ,nerveux1 #ahhf4 #bgc ,nature1 ,nov41 #ahhc4 #bgd ,physiologie du ,cerveau1 p4 #ba4 #bge ,journal of ,mental ,science1 #ahgb4 #bgf ,correspondance ,indite1 ,paris1 #ahgg4 #bgg ,revue ,scientifique1 ,april1 #ahhh4 #bgh ,taine1 ,les origines de la ,france ,contemporaine1 ,paris #ahhe4 #bgi ,atlantic ,monthly1 #ahha4 #bhj 8,a cui natura non lo volle dire ,nol dirian mille ,atne e mille ,rome40 #bha ,e4 ,fournier1 ,le ,vieux-,neuf1 ,paris1 #ahhg4 #bhb ,ch4 ,nodier1 ,les ,bas bleus1 #ahdf1 p4 #bag4 #bhc ,voyage en ,italie1 ,paris1 #ahhj4 #bhd ,trlat1 ,recherches historiques sur la folie1 p4 #ha4 ,paris1 #ahci4 #bhe ,moreau1 ,psychologie morbide1 ,paris1 #ahei4 #bhf ,marc1 8,de la valeur des crits des alins02 ,journal de mdecine mentale1 #ahfd4 #bhg ,leuret1 ,fragments psychologiques sur la folie4 #bhh ,annales mdico-psychologiques1 tome iii4 p4 #ic1 #ahfd4 #bhi ,annales mdico-psychologiques1 #ahej1 p4 #dh2 ,parchappe1 ,symptomatologie de la folie4 #bij ,tissot1 ,des nerfs et de leurs maladies1 p4 #acc4 #bia ,mdecine de l'esprit1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb4 #bib ,symptomotalogie de la folie4 #bic ,j4 ,frank1 ,pathologie interne2 ,manie fantastique4 #bid ,trait des maladies mentales1 #aheh4 #bie ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahhh4 #bif ,esquiros1 ,paris au dix-neuvime sicle--,les maisons de fous1 tome ii4 p4 #afc4 #big ,see ,appendix4 ,i regret that in the ,english edition of my work it has not been found possible to give a more copious selection from the poems by the insane which ,i have at my disposal4 ,for these ,i must refer the reader to the original ,italian or to the ,french edition4 #bih ,see my ,l',uomo ,delinquente4 #bii ,les prisons de ,paris1 #ahha4 #cjj ,diario del ,manicomio di ,pesaro1 #ahgi4 #cja ,prescott1 ,conquest of ,peru1 i4 #cjb ,lieut4-,col4 ,mark ,wilks1 ,historical ,sketch of the ,south of ,india4 #cjc ,mungo ,park1 ,travels1 i4 #cjd ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,researches1 vol4 iv4 p4 #dfb1 #ahcd4 #cje ,la ,paranoia1 #ahhf4 #cjf ,ludwig ,,ii4 #cjg ,p4 ,regnard1 ,les maladies pidmiques de l'esprit1 p4 #cgj4 #cjh ,regnard1 ,les maladies1 c41 p4 #cij4 #cji ,quoted by ,m4 ,luys1 ,actions rflexes du cerveau1 p4 #agj #caj ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahhh1 ,no4 #h4 #caa ,annales ,med4 ,psych41 #ahgf4 #cab ,regnard has also touched upon the subject1 but without going into it deeply1 in his ,sorcellerie1 ,paris1 #ahhg4 #cac ,gazzetta del ,manicomio di ,reggio1 #ahfg4 #cad ,o4 ,delepierre1 ,histoire littraire des fous1 ,paris1 #ahfj4 #cae ,regnard1 op4 cit4 #caf ,ruggieri1 ,histoire du crucifiement opr sur sa propre personne par ,m4 ,lovat1 ,venice1 #ahjf4 #cag ,frigerio1 ,letter of ,november #b1 #ahhg4 #cah ,diario del ,manicomio di ,pesaro1 #ahgi4 #cai ,de ,renzis1 ,l'opera d'un pazzo1 ,rome1 #ahhg4 #cbj ,simon1 ,ann4 ,med4 ,psych41 #ahgf4 #cba ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 #ahhj4 #cbb ,steinthal1 ,entwicklung der ,schrift1 #aheb4 #cbc ,boddart1 ,palography of ,america1 ,london1 #ahfe4 #cbd ,lombroso1 ,uomo bianco ed uomo di colore1 #ahga4 #cbe ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 #ahha1 fasc4 iii4 #cbf 8,un veleno ho preparato ,due pugnali tengo in seno3 ,questo viver disgraziato ,finir una volta almeno ,t'amer fino alla tomba ,e anche morto t'amer4 ,la campana lamentosa ,soner la morte mia1 ,ed allor tu udrai curiosa ,quella funebre armonia4 ,t'amer1 ecc4 ecc4 ,una lunga e mesta croce ,nella via vedrai passar2 ,ed un prete sulla forca ,miserere recitar4 ,t'amer1 ecc4 ecc40 8,i have prepared a poison2 ,i have two daggers in my bosom2 this unhappy life1 at least1 shall end one day4 ,i will love thee to my grave1 and even when dead1 ,i will love thee still4 8,the mournful bell shall sound for my death1 and thou shall listen wonderingly to that funereal harmony4--,i will love thee1 c4 8,a long and sad cross 7i4e41 procession7 thou shalt see passing along the road1 and a priest standing by the gallows1 reciting the ,miserere4--,i will love thee1 c40 #cbg 8,paranoia3 ,a ,study of the ,evolution of ,systematized ,delusions of ,grandeur10 in ,american ,journal of ,psychology1 ,may1 #ahhh1 and ,may1 #ahhi4 #cbh ,hcart1 op4 cit4 #cbi ,magnan4 #ccj ,simon4 #cca ,delepierre4 #ccb ,vasari1 ,vite dei pittori celebri4 #ccc ,clment1 ,les musiciens clbres1 ,paris1 #ahgh4 #ccd 8,voci alte e fioche e suon di man con elle0 7,dante1 ,inf4 iii4 #bg47 #cce ,cato1 ,de ,re ,rustica4 #ccf ,essays1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dja1 c4 #ccg ,my attention was called many years ago to the frequent occurrence of insanity among great musicians by ,dr4 ,arnaldo ,bargoni1 and afterwards by ,mastriani1 of ,naples1 in an excellent article in ,roma1 #ahha4 #cch ,jasnot1 ,vrits positives1 #ahed4 #cci ,les fous littraires1 p4 #ea4 #cdj ,see ,tre ,tribuni1 #ahhg4 #cda 8,always mistress or slave--a foe to thine own children40 #cdb 8,il se trouvait l des philosophes plus forts que ,leibnitz1 mais sourdsmuets de naissance1 ne pouvant produire que les gestes de leurs ides et pousser des arguments inarticuls2 des peintres tourments de faire grand1 mais qui posaient si singulirement un homme sur ses pieds1 un arbre sur ses racines1 que toits leurs tableaux ressemblaient des vues de tremblements de terre ou des intrieurs de paquebots un jour de tempte4 ,des musiciens inventeurs de claviers intermdiaires1 des savants la faon du docteur ,hitisch1 de ces cervelles bric--brac1 o il y a de tout mais o l'on ne trouve rien1 cause du dsordre1 de la poussire1 et aussi parceque tous les objets sont casss1 incomplets1 incapables du moindre service0 7,daudet1 ,jack74 #cdc ,delepierre1 ,littrateur des fous4 #cdd ,staccar potessi i due concetti uniti ,di me ed empio4 ,io giusto4 ,empio ,satana4 #cde ,delepierre1 op4 cit4 #cdf 8,lve ce chef d'ici1 je crains que ce chef prive de chef les miens par un nouveau mchef40 #cdg ,philomneste1 ,les fous littraires1 #ahha4 #cdh 8,have you ever noticed10 writes ,daudet 7,jack1 ii4 #eh71 speaking of mattoids1 whom he called les rats1 8how these people seek each other in ,paris1 how they are attracted to each other1 how they group themselves with their grievances1 their demands1 their idle and barren vanities8 ,while1 in reality1 full of mutual contempt1 they form a ,mutual ,admiration ,society1 outside which the world is a blank to them40 #cdi 8,mais parmi ces groupes tapageurs qui s'en allaient frdonnant1 dclamant1 discutant encore1 personne ne prenait garde au froid sinistre de la nuit ni au brouillard humide qui tombait4 ,a l'entre de l'avenue1 on s'aperut que l'heure des omnibus tait passe4 ,tous ces pauvres diables en prirent bravement leur parti4 ,la chimre aux cailles d'or clairait et abrgeait leur route1 l'illusion leur tenait chaud1 et rpandus dans ,paris dsert1 ils se tournaient courageusement aux misres obscures de la vie4 8,l'art est un si grand magicien6 ,il cre un soleil qui luit pour tous comme l'autre1 et ceux qui s'en approchent1 mme les pauvres1 mme les laides1 mme les grotesques1 emportent un peu de sa chaleur et de son rayonnement4 ,ce feu du ciel imprudemment ravi1 que les rats gardent au fond de leurs prunelles1 les rend quelquefois redoutables1 le plus souvent ridicules1 mais leur existence en reoit une srnit grandiose1 un mpris du mal1 une grce souffrir que les autres misres ne connaissent pas0 7,daudet1 ,jack1 i4 p4 #c74 #cej 8,toute une littrature est ne de mon ,insecte et de mon ,oiseau4--,l',amour et la ,femme restent et resteront1 comme ayant deux bases1 l'une scientifique1 la nature mme1--l'autre morale1 le cur des citoyens4444 8,j'ai dfini l'histoire une rsurrection4--,c'est le titre le plus appropri mon #d volumes4444 8,en #ahgj1 dans le silence universel1 seul1 je parlai4 ,mon livre fait en #dj jours fut la seule dfense de la patrie44440 #cea ,he studies1 as an important document1 the journal of ,louis ,,xiv4's digestion1 and divides his reign into two periods--before and after the fistula4 ,in the same way ,francis ,i4's reign is divided into the periods before and after the abscess4 ,conclusions of the following kind abound3-- 8,de toute l'ancienne monarchie1 il ne reste la ,france qu'un nom1 ,henri ,,iv42 et deux chansons ,gabrielle et ,marlborough40 #ceb ,pp4 #aai1 #abj1 #aba4 #cec ,sbarbaro1 e4g41 in the midst of numberless absurdities1 wrote3 8,the man who feels no hatred for the foul and unjust things which cumber our social life is the false phantom of a citizen1 a eunuch in heart and mind0 7,forche1 #ba74 8,parliamentary systems do not work well1 since they do not allow of the best being at the top1 and nonentities at the bottom0 7,forche1 #c74 ,this1 however1 is borrowed from ,machiavelli's ,decades4 8,if you call me a malcontent10 he said to the ,council of ,public ,instruction1 8you do me honour3 progress is due to rebels and malcontents4 ,christ ,himself was a rebel and an agitator40 #ced ,revue politique et littraire1 #ahhh1 ,no4 #a4 #cee ,we have seen that a love of symbolism is one of the characteristics of monomaniacs4 #cef ,m4 ,jules ,tellier has not inaptly called him1 in ,victor ,hugo's style1 8l'homme-frisson40 #ceg ,responsibility in ,mental ,disease1 p4 #dg4 #ceh ,knutzen1 of ,schleswig1 in #afgd1 preached that there was neither ,god nor devil1 that priests and magistrates were useless and pernicious1 that marriage was unnecessary1 that man ended with death1 and that every one ought to be guided by his own inner consciousness of right4 ,for this reason he gave to his disciples the name of the ,conscientarii1 garnishing his discourses with grotesque quotations4 ,he went about begging and preaching in strange garments4 ,it is not known what became of him after #afgd4 ,his writings are ,epistola amici ad amicum1 ,schediasma de lacrimis ,christi1 c4 #cei ,responsibility1 p4 #ec4 #cfj ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahhj4 #cfa ,dubois1 ,people of ,india1 p4 #cfj4 #cfb #a ,samuel xxi4 #ad1 #ae4 #cfc ,ibid41 xix4 #i1 #aj1 #bc4 #cfd ,ibid41 xix4 #bd4 #cfe ,berbrugger1 ,exploration ,scientifique de l',algrie1 #ahee4 #cff ,western ,barbary1 p4 #fj4 #cfg ,travels1 p4 #acc4 #cfh ,beck1 ,allegemeine ,schilderung des ,othom4 ,reiches41 p4 #agg4 #cfi ,ibid41 p4 #ebi4 #cgj ,ida ,pfeiffer1 ,voyage1 vols4 v41 vi4 #cga ,medhurst1 ,state and ,prospects1 ,london1 #ahch1 p4 #ge4 #cgb ,cook1 ,voyages1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai4 #cgc ,vol4 iv4 p4 #di4 #cgd ,d',orbigny1 ,l',homme ,amricain1 ii4 p4 #ib4 #cge ,mller1 ,geschichte der ,urreligion1 ,basle1 #ahec4 #cgf ,revue ,scientifique1 #ahhg4 #cgg ,see my ,tre ,tribuni1 #ahhg4 #cgh ,ideler1 ,versuch einer ,theorie des ,wahnsinnes1 p4 #bcf 7#ahdb74 #cgi ,hecker1 ,tanzmanie1 ,berlin1 #ahcd1 p4 #abj4 ,traces exist even to-day1 as at ,echternach1 in ,luxembourg4 #chj ,pensiero e ,meteore1 #ahgh1 p4 #abi4 #cha ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 #ahhj1 ,fasc4 ii4 #chb ,nasse1 ,zeitschrift1 #ahad1 i4 p4 #bee4 #chc ,versuch1 i4 p4 #bgd4 #chd ,swedenborg1 by ,m4 de ,beaumont-,vassy1 #ahdb2 ,mattei1 ,em4 de ,swedenborg1 sa vie1 #ahfc4 #che ,mayor1 ,madame de ,krdener1 ,turin1 #ahhd4 #chf ,see ,macaulay1 ,history1 vol4 ii4 #chg ,bonghi1 ,vita di ,s4 ,f4 d',assisi1 #ahhe4 #chh ,bonghi4 #chi ,archiv fr ,psychiatrie1 #ahha4 #cij ,villari1 ,vita di ,savonarola1 pp4 #aa1 #cjd4 #cia ,de ,veritate ,prophetica1 #adig4 #cib ,villari1 p4 #djf4 #cic ,villari1 ii4 p4 #djh4 #cid ,see ,perrens1 ,e4 ,marcel1 #ahhj2 ,dmocratie en ,france dans le ,moyen ,age1 #ahge4 #cie ,letter to ,charles ,,iv4 ,document #cc in ,papencordt4 #cif 8,invidia e fuoco40 ,thus the anonymous historian1 and ,zeffirino ,re4 ,muratori reads juoco1 8gaming10 but not even thus can the sentence be explained2 for it was certainly other vices than envy and gambling that were consuming the nobility of those days4 #cig ,even after the first plbiscite1 ,stefano ,colonna1 in opposing him1 said1 8,if this madman makes me angry1 ,i will have him thrown from the ,capitol0 7p4 #cdi74 #cih ,see ,papencordt1 ,cola di ,rienzi1 #ahdd2 ,gregorovius1 ,geschichte der ,stadt ,rom1 vi4 p4 #bfg4 #cii ,papencordt4 #djj ,life1 i4 #cb4 #dja ,ibid41 i4 #ag4 #djb ,papencordt1 doc4 #hc4 #djc ,see letter to ,fra ,michele4 #djd ,hoxemio1 ,de actis pontif41 vols4 ii4 and iii4 #dje ,muratori1 ,cronaca ,estense1 xviii4 p4 #dji4 #djf ,chronaca1 p4 #adj4 #djg ,book x4 #djh ,gregorovius1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bid4 #dji 8,he said that they had bewitched him in prison0 7,anonimo74 #daj ,even within a few months from his first assumption of the tribunate he became 8addicted to rich food1 and began to multiply suppers1 banquets1 and revels of divers meats and wines4 ,about the end of ,december he began to grow stout and ruddy1 and eat with a better appetite0 7,anonimo1 p4 #ib74 #daa ,gaye1 ,carteggio inedito d'artisti1 ,florence1 #ahci2 ,hoxemio1 ,qui ,gesta ,pontificum1 c41 c41 ,leodii1 #ahbb1 ii4 pp4 #bgb-ead2 ,papencordt1 ,cola di ,rienzi1 ,hamburg1 #ahdg2 ,hobhouse1 ,historic ,illustrations of ,childe ,harold1 #ahah2 ,de ,sade1 ,mmoires de ,ptrarque1 iii4 #dab ,even in the autograph ,,mss4 we find cotidie for quotidie2 ,capitalo for ,capitolis2 patrabantur for perpetrabantur2 speraverim for spreverim2 michi for mihi4 ,i have already noted the strange blunder of explaining the ,pomrium--the district between the inner and outer walls of ,rome--by 8the garden of ,italy40 ,all this indicates a scholarship which was neither very full nor very accurate4 ,as to his caligraphy1 there is nothing particular to remark4 #dac ,among his vagaries1 we have already noted that of crowning himself with seven crowns4 ,in his seals there were seven stars and seven rays1 which1 under the second ,tribunate1 became eight4 #dad ,monomaniacs while remaining constant to a fixed erroneous idea1 vary1 to a degree which amounts to contradiction1 in the accessory details4 ,it is thus that ,i explain the fact that1 in his second tribunate he claimed to be the son1 not of the emperor1 but of a bastard of his4 ,there has been found1 near the ,ponte ,senatorio1 in excavating the ruins of a building1 restored apparently by ,rienzi1 this inscription dictated by him--according to ,gabrini--in order to publish to the world his disgraceful delusion3 8,nicolaus1 ,tribunus1 ,severus1 ,clemens1 ,laurentii1 ,teutonici filius1 ,gabrinius1 ,romae ,senator10 with a timid allusion to a ,german1 who was not ,henry1 but an illegitimate son of his 7,gabrini1 ,osservazioni storico-critiche sulla ,vita di ,rienzi1 #agjf1 p4 #if74 #dae ,anonimo1 p4 #ib4 #daf ,see for other proofs my ,tre ,tribuni1 #ahhg4 #dag ,p4 ,c4 ,falletti1 ,del carattere di ,fra ,tommaso ,campanella1 ,turin1 #ahhi2 ,rivista ,storica ,italiana1 vol4 vi4 fasciculo #b2 ,amabile1 ,fra ,t4 ,campanella e la sua congiura1 ,naples1 #ahhb2 ,fra ,t4 ,c4 nei ,castelli di ,napoli1 c41 vol4 ii42 ,fra ,t4 ,pignatelli e la sua congiura1 #ahhg2 ,berti1 ,lettere inedite di ,t4 ,campanella1 #ahgh2 ,idem1 ,nuovi documenti su ,campanella1 #ahha4 #dah ,abb ,saglier1 ,vie de ,saint ,jean de ,dios2 ,m4 du,camp1 ,la ,charit ,paris1 #ahhe4 #dai ,it is a curious point1 that all these saints 7,lazzaretti1 ,loyola1 c47 began by leading a wild life4 #dbj ,maxime du ,camp1 ,souvenirs ,littraires1 #ahhb 7#bnd ed47 #dba ,see the paper on ,david ,lazzaretti1 by ,nocito and ,lombroso1 in the ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 #ahha1 vol4 i4 fasc4 ii4 iii42 ,verga1 ,lazzaretti e la pazzia sensoria1 ,milan1 #ahhj2 ,caravaggio1 ,inchiesta e ,relazione su ,arcidosso1 #ahgh1 ,gazzetta ,ufficiale1 for ,october #a1 ,no4 #cba4 #dbb ,signes physiques des manies raisonnantes1 #ahgf4 #dbc ,verga1 ,lazzaretti1 #ahhj4 #dbd ,at ,pesaro ,i had under my care several nuns from ,roman convents1 whose language ,i never heard surpassed in obscene blasphemy4 ,i have also attended exceedingly devout ,jews1 whose first symptom was the wish to be baptised1 and who1 immediately after their recovery1 became more orthodox than before4 #dbe ,deposition of the witness ,vichi4 #dbf ,his first arrest took place in the island of ,monte ,cristo1 for preaching sedition among the fishermen4 ,thence1 he was transferred to ,orbetello 7see ,verga1 ,su ,lazzaretti e la follia sensoria1 #ahhj74 #dbg ,nocito and ,lombroso1 ,davide ,lazzaretti 7,archivio di ,psichiatria1 #ahhj1 ii4 ,turin74 ,in this article are detailed the causes of the error into which the experts fell--an error which cost the country an enormous expenditure and several human lives4 #dbh ,lo ,statute ,civile del ,regno ,pontificio in ,italia4 #dbi ,see ,lombroso1 ,remarks on the ,passanante ,trial1 #ahgf1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 #dcj ,esquirol mentions a madwoman who said to him1 8,i have not the courage to kill myself2 ,i must kill some one else1 so that ,i can die40 ,she attempted the life of her daughter4 #dca ,in spite of all this1 six ,italian mental specialists have declared ,passanante free from all suspicion of insanity2 and he is still confined in a convict prison4 #dcb ,see1 for further details1 ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 vol4 iv4 #dcc ,las ,neurosis de los ,hombres celebres en la ,historia ,argentina1 by ,jos ,maria ,ramon ,mejia1 ,buenos ,ayres1 #ahgh4 #dcd ,de ,vita ,propria4 #dce ,schurz1 ii4 #dcf ,ibid41 p4 #bhc4 #dcg ,january1 #agfe4 #dch ,of #de insane writers referred to by ,philomneste 7op4 cit47 there were--#ae who devoted themselves to poetry1 #ab to theology1 #e to prophecy1 #c to autobiography1 #b to mathematics1 #b to mental pathology1 #b to politics4 ,poetry predominates for the reason above given1 while1 on the other hand1 theology1 philosophy1 and the like are more prominent in the mattoids4 #dci ,page #bjj4 #ddj ,he declares that musk reminds him of scarlet and gold1 and describes 8perfumes which have the smell of infants' flesh1 or of the dawn10 c41 c4 #dda ,manso1 ,vita1 p4 #bdi4 #ddb ,du ,vin1 i4 #ahhj4 #ddc ,schurz1 i4 #cbh4 #ddd ,kreisler is1 like himself1 full of strange ideals1 always at war with reality1 and ends by becoming insane4 #dde 8,francesco1 inferma1 entro le membra inferme ,ho l'anima40 #ddf ,epistolario1 iii4 #a4 #ddg 8,mad ,nat ,lee10 who was for a long time an inmate of ,bedlam1 minutely describes the insanity of genius in his poems2 e4g41 in ,csar ,borgia3-- 8,like a poor lunatic that makes his moan1 ,and1 for a while1 beguiles his lookers-on1 ,he reasons well4 ,his eyes their wildness lose1 ,he vows his keepers his wronged sense abuse1 ,but if you hit the cause that hurts his brain1 ,then his teeth gnash1 he foams1 he shakes his chain40 ,see ,winslow1 ,obscure ,diseases of the ,brain1 p4 #baj1 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,see also the chapter 8,on the ,art of ,insanity10 for proofs of a like tendency on the part of insane painters4 #ddh 8,vi son dei giorni che il mio cor vien meno ,e il fango mi conquista40 #ddi 8,venga l'obbrobrio--dell'uomo sobrio2 ,venga il disprezzo del genere umano2 ,venga l'inferno--del ,padre ,eterno2 ,vi scender col mio bicchiere in mano40 #dej ,see ,dilthey1 ,dichterische ,einbildungskraft und ,wahnsinn1 ,leipzig1 #ahhf4 #dea ,letter from ,edmond de ,goncourt to ,emile ,zola 7,lettres de ,jules de ,goncourt1 ,paris1 #ahhe74 #deb ,djerine1 ,de l',hrdit dans les ,maladies1 #ahhf2 ,ribot1 ,de l',hrdit1 #ahgh2 ,ireland1 ,the ,blot upon the ,brain1 #ahhe4 #dec ,see ,part ,,ii41 pp4 #abf-acb4 ,i must rectify a mistake ,i have made in not assigning sufficient importance to the influence of race in ,france4 ,in fact1 in revising my studies on a large scale1 ,i find that the departments peopled by the ,belgio-,germanic race yield the maximum proportion of geniuses as #dj per cent41 while the ,celtic departments yielded only #ace per cent41 and the ,iberian #bj per cent4 #ded ,t4 ,gautier1 according to the ,goncourts1 often declared that he could not--on account of his youth--convince himself that he was really the father of his daughter 7,journal des ,goncourt1 #ahhh74 8,la ,fontaine was not far removed from a bad man10 says ,bourget4 8,what are we to think of a husband who deserts his young wife and his child1 without any motive whatever80 ,stendhal 7,beyle7 hated his father and was hated by him2 he always declared his invincible repugnance towards compulsory family affection 7,bourget1 ,essais de ,psychologie1 p4 #caj74 8,i consecrated myself to grief for her10 wrote ,chateaubriand of ,pauline de ,baumont4 8 444 ,she had not been dead six months1 when her place was filled in my heart0 7,ibid474 #dee ,revue ,littraire1 ,aug4 #ae1 #ahhg1 ,no4 #c4 #def ,lombroso1 ,delitti politici1 #ahij4 #deg ,correspondance1 #ahhi1 p4 #ech4 #deh ,feeri1 ,nuova ,antologia1 #ahhi4 #dei ,see ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 vol4 ii42 ,l',uomo ,delinquente1 part iii4 #dfj ,encphale1 ,no4 #e1 #ahhg4 #dfa ,see the table in ,djerine1 op4 cit4 #dfb ,mahomet had a strange fondness for his monkey2 ,richelieu for his squirrel2 ,crbillon1 ,helvetius1 ,bentham1 ,erskine1 for cats--the latter also for a leech4 ,schopenhauer was very fond of dogs1 and named them his heirs2 and ,byron had a regular menagerie of ten horses1 eight dogs1 three monkeys1 five cats1 five peacocks1 an eagle1 and a bear4 ,alfieri had a passion for horses4 7,smiles1 op4 cit47 #dfc ,le ,epilessie1 p4 #ai1 ,turin1 #ahhj4 #dfd ,shenstone1 ,darwin1 ,swift1 and ,walter ,scott were subject to giddiness 7,smiles74 #dfe ,see ,l',uomo ,delinquente1 part iii4 p4 #fbc4 #dff 8,there is a fatality10 says ,goncourt1 8in the first chance which suggests your idea4 ,then there is an unknown force1 a superior will1 a sort of necessity of writing which command your work and guide your pen2 so much so1 that sometimes the book which leaves your hands does not seem to have come out of yourself2 it astonishes you1 like something which was in you1 and of which you were unconscious4 ,that is the impression which ,sur ,philomne gives me0 7,journal des ,goncourt1 ,paris1 #ahhh74 ,even ,buffon1 who had said that invention depends on patience1 adds1 8,one must look at one's subject for a long time2 then it gradually unfolds and develops itself2 you feel a slight electric shock strike your head and at the same time seize you at the heart2 that is the moment of genius40 #dfg ,evidently the author himself4 #dfh ,dostoeffsky1 ,besi1 ,paris4 #dfi ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 ix4 #a41 p4 #hi4 #dgj ,taine1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes--,dec4 #ahhf1 and ,jan4 #ahhg4 #dga ,renan1 in ,les ,aptres4 #dgb ,renan4 #dgc ,tonnini1 ,epilessie1 #ahhf2 ,archivio di ,psichiatria1 #ahhf4 #dgd ,les ,hystriques1 ,paris1 #ahhc4 #dge ,vinson1 ,les religions actuelles1 #ahhd2 ,luke ii4 #di2 ,matt4 xii4 #dh2 ,mark iii4 #cc4 #dgf ,anfosso1 ,la ,lgende religieuse au moyen-ge1 #ahhg4 #dgg ,on altruism in moral insanity and epilepsy1 see ,l',uomo ,delinquente1 pp4 #eef1 #eeg4 ,we have seen ,st4 ,francis love even the stars1 the water1 the fire1 c41 and--abandon his family6 #dgh ,lombroso1 ,studii sull'ipnotismo1 #crd ed42 ,azam1 ,hypnotisme1 ,double ,conscience2 ,beaunis1 ,le somnambulisme provoqu1 ,la suggestion mentale2 ,drs4 ,h4 ,bourru and ,p4 ,burot1 ,dugay1 ,richet1 ,janet1 ,revue ,philosophique1 #ahhd-hi2 ,krafft-,ebing1 ,ueber den ,hypnotismus1 #ahhi2 ,jendrassik1 ,ueber die ,suggestion1 #ahhg2 ,binet and ,fer1 ,la ,polarisation1 #ahhe2 ,ibid41 ,le magntisme animal2 ,beard1 ,nature and ,phenomena of ,trance1 ,new ,york1 #ahhj2 ,lombroso and ,ottolenghi1 ,nuovi ,studii sull'ipnotismo1 #ahij1 and ,sulla ,transmissione del ,pensiero1 #ahia4 #dgi ,revue ,littraire1 #ahhg4 #dhj ,michelangelo ,buonarroti2 ,epistolario1 publicato da ,g4 ,milanese4 #ahhh4 #dha ,michelangelo ,buonarroti1 di ,f4 ,parlagreco1 #ahhh4 #dhb ,life and ,letters of ,charles ,darwin1 #ahhh4 #dhc ,life and ,letters of ,charles ,darwin1 vol4 i4 p4 #adi4 #dhd ,letters1 vol4 i4 #dhe ,quoted by ,parant4 ,regnard1 ,sorcellerie1 #ahhg4 #dhf ,regnard1 ,sorcellerie1 #ahhg4 #dhg ,ibid4