,,! ,,lett] ,,( ,,petrus ,,p]egr9us ,,on ,,! ,,magnet1 ,a4,d4 #abfi ,,translat$ ,,by ,,bro!r ,,arnold1 ,m4,sc4 ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,la ,,salle ,,in/itute1 ,,troy ,,) ,,introductory ,,notice ,,by ,,bro!r ,,potamian1 ,d4,sc4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physics ,,9 ,,manhattan ,,college1 ,,new ,,york ,,new ,,york ,mc,g,r,a,w ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,mcmiv ,copyright1 #aijd1 by ,mc,graw ,publi%+ ,company ,,introductory ,! magnetic lore ( classic antiquity 0 scanty inde$1 be+ limit$ to ! attraction :i* ! lode/one manife/s = iron4 ,lucretius 7#ii-ee ,b4 ,c471 h[ev]1 9 8 poetical diss]tation on ! magnet1 conta9$ 9 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 ,book ,,vi4#a recognizes magnetic repulsion1 magnetic induction1 & to "s ext5t ! magnetic field ) its l9es ( =ce1 = 9 v]se #ajdj he writes3 ,(t f ! magnet1 too1 ! /eel rec$es1 ,repell$ by turns & re-attract$ close4 ,& 9 v]se #ajhe3 ,its viewless1 pot5t virtues m5 surprise2 ,its /range effects1 !y view ) wond'r+ eyes ,:5 )\t aid ( h+es1 l9ks or spr+s ,a p5dant *a9 we hold ( /eely r+s ,dropt f ! /one--! /one ! b9d+ s\rce-- ,r+ cleaves to r+ & owns magnetic =ce3 ,^? held above1 ! ones bel[ ma9ta91 ,circle 'nea? circle d[nw>d draws 9 va9 ,:il/ free 9 air disports ! oscillat+ *a94 ,! poet ,claudian 7#cfe-djh ,a4 ,d47 wrote a %ort idyll on ! attractive virtue ( ! lode/one & its symbolism2 ,/4 ,augu/9e 7#ced-dcj71 9 8 "w ,de ,civitate ,dei1 records ! fact t a lode/one1 held "u a silv] plate1 draws aft] x a scrap ( iron ly+ on ! plate4 ,abbot ,neckam1 ! ,augu/9ian 7#aaeg-abag71 di/+ui%es betwe5 ! prop]ties ( ! two ends ( ! lode/one1 & gives 9 8 ,de ,ut5silibus1 :at is p]haps ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! m>9]'s compass t we h4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ! ,dom9ican 7#aaic-abhj71 9 8 treatise1 ,de ,m9]alibus1 enum]ates diff]5t k9ds ( natural magnets & /ates "s ( ! prop]ties commonly attribut$ to !m2 ! m9/rel1 ,guyot de ,prov9s1 9 a fam\s satirical poem1 writt5 ab\t #abjh1 ref]s to ! directive quality ( ! lode/one & its use 9 navigation1 z d also ,c>d9al de ,vitry 9 8 ,hi/oria ,ori5talis 7#abae-abbj72 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 poet1 orator & philosoph]1 9 8 ,trsor des ,sci5ces1 a v]itable libr>y1 writt5 9 ,p>is 9 #abfj2 ,raymond ,lully1 ! ,enlight5$ ,doctor1 9 8 treatise1 ,de ,contemplatione1 begun 9 #abgb1 & ,guido ,gu9icelli1 ! poet-prie/ ( ,bologna1 :o di$ 9 #abgf4 ,! au?ors ( ^! le>n$ works 7 too busy ) ! p5 to f9d "t to devote to ! close & prolong$ /udy ( natural ph5om5a necess>y = fruitful discov]y1 & s _h to cont5t !mselves ) record+ & discuss+ 9 _! tomes ! sci5tific k ( _! age )\t mak+ any notable additions to x4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case ) su* contempor>ies ( !irs z ,rog] ,bacon1 ! ,franciscan1 & 8 ,gallic fri5d1 ,pi]re de ,m>ic\rt1 commonly call$ ,petrus ,p]egr9us1 ! subject ( ! pres5t notice1 a man ( academic culture & ( a practical r ?an speculative turn ( m9d4 ,( ! e>ly ye>s ( ,p]egr9us no?+ is kn[n save t he /udi$ probably at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & t he graduat$ ) ! highe/ s*ola/ic honors4 ,he owes 8 surname to ! village ( ,m>ic\rt1 9 ,pic>dy1 & ! appellation ,p]egr9us1 or ,pilgrim1 to 8 hav+ visit$ ! ,holy ,l& z a memb] ( "o ( ! crusad+ exp$itions ( ! "t4 ,9 #abfi we f9d him 9 ! eng9e]+ corps ( ! ,fr5* army !n besieg+ ,luc]a1 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 :i* _h revolt$ f ! au?ority ( its ,fr5* ma/]1 ,*>les ( ,anj\4 ,to ,p]egr9us 0 assign$ ! "w ( =tify+ ! camp & lay+ m9es z well z ( con/ruct+ eng9es = project+ /ones & fire-balls into ! beleagu]$ city4 ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( su* w>like preoccupations t ! idea seems to h occurr$ to him ( devis+ a piece ( me*anism to keep ! a/ronomical sph]e ( ,ar*im$es 9 uni=m rotation = a def9ite "t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w ov] ! new motor1 ,p]egr9us 0 gradually l$ to consid] ! m fasc9at+ problem ( p]petual motion itself ) ! result t he %[$1 at lea/ diagrammatically1 & to 8 own evid5t satisfaction1 h[ a :eel might be driv5 r\nd =ev] by ! p[] ( magnetic attraction4 ,elat$ ov] 8 imag9>y success1 ,p]egr9us ha/5$ to in=m a fri5d ( 8 at home2 & t 8 fri5d might ! m readily compreh5d ! me*anism ( ! motor & ! functions ( its p>ts1 he proce$s to set =? 9 a me?odical mann] all ! prop]ties ( ! lode/one1 mo/ ( :i* he himself _h discov]$4 ,x is a =tunate circum/ance t ?is ,pic>d fri5d ( 8 0 n a man le>n$ 9 ! sci5ces1 o!rwise we w\ld probably nev] h _h ! rem>kable exposition :i* ,p]egr9us gives ( ! ph5om5a & laws ( magnetism4 ,?is lett] ( #c1ejj words is ! fir/ great l&m>k 9 ! doma9 ( magnetic philosophy1 ! next be+ ,gilb]t's ,de ,magnete1 9 #afjj4 ,! lett] 0 address$ f ! tr5*es at ,luc]a1 ,s\!rn ,italy1 9 ,augu/1 #abfi1 to ,sig]us de ,f\cauc\rt1 8 8amicorum intimus10 ! de>e/ ( fri5ds4 ,a m enlight5$ fri5d1 h[ev]1 ?an ! knight ( ,f\cauc\rt 0 ,rog] ,bacon1 :o held ,p]egr9us 9 ! v highe/ e/eem1 z ! foll[+ gl[+ te/imony %[s3 8,!re are b two p]fect ma!maticians10 wrote ! ,engli% monk1 8,john ( ,london & ,petrus de ,mah>ne-,curia1 a ,pic>d40 ,fur!r on 9 8 ,opus ,t]tium1 ,bacon ?us appraises ! m]its ( ! ,pic>d3 8,i "k ( only "o p]son :o des]ves praise = 8 "w 9 exp]im5tal philosophy1 = he does n c>e = ! disc\rses ( m5 & _! wordy w>f>e1 b quietly & dilig5tly pursues ! works ( wisdom4 ,!re=e1 :at o!rs grope aft] bl9dly1 z bats 9 ! ev5+ twilight1 ?is man contemplates 9 all _! brilliancy because he is a ma/] ( exp]im5t4 ,h5ce1 he kn[s all natural sci5ce :e!r p]ta9+ to m$ic9e & al*emy1 or to matt]s cele/ial & t]re/rial4 ,he has work$ dilig5tly 9 ! smelt+ ( ores z also 9 ! work+ ( m9]als2 he is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all sorts ( arms & implem5ts us$ 9 milit>y s]vice & 9 hunt+1 besides :i* he is skill$ 9 agriculture & 9 ! measurem5t ( l&s4 ,x is impossible to write a useful or correct treatise 9 exp]im5tal philosophy )\t m5tion+ ?is man's "n4 ,moreov]1 he pursues k = its own sake2 = if he wi%$ to obta9 royal favor1 he c\ld easily f9d sov]eigns :o w\ld honor & enri* him40 ,?is la/ /atem5t is wor?y ( ! be/ utt]ances ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,say :at !y w1 ! mo/ ard5t plead]s ( our day = orig9al "w & laboratory me?ods _c surpass ! ,franciscan monk ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 8 d5unciation ( m]e book le>n+ or 9 8 advocacy ( exp]im5t & rese>*1 :ile 9 ,p]egr9us1 ! m$ivali/1 !y h ,bacon's imp]sonation ( :at a /ud5t ( sci5ce ought to be4 ,p]egr9us 0 a h>d work]1 nor a m]e !oriz]1 pref]r+1 ,procru/ean-l1 to make !ory fit ! facts r ?an facts ! !ory2 he 0 a brilliant discov]] :o knew at ! same "t h[ to use 8 discov]ies = ! b5efit ( mank9d2 he 0 a pione] ( sci5ce & a lead] 9 ! progress ( ! _w4 ,an analysis ( ! 8,epi/ola0 %[s t 7a7 ,p]egr9us 0 ! fir/ to assign a def9ite position to ! poles ( a lode/one1 & to give directions = det]m9+ :i* is nor? & :i* s\?2 7b7 ,he prov$ t unlike poles attract ea* o!r1 & t simil> ones repel2 7c7 ,he e/abli%$ by exp]im5t t e fragm5t ( a lode/one1 h[ev] small1 is a complete magnet1 ?us anticipat+ "o ( our fundam5tal laboratory illu/rations ( ! molecul> !ory2 7d7 ,he recogniz$ t a pole ( a magnet may neutralize a weak] "o ( ! same "n1 & ev5 rev]se its pol>ity2 7e7 ,he 0 ! fir/ to pivot a magnetiz$ ne$le & surr\nd x ) a graduat$ circle1 ,figs4 #b & #c4b 7f7 ,he det]m9$ ! position ( an object by its magnetic be>+ z done to-day 9 compass survey+2 & 7g7 ,he introduc$ into 8 p]petual motion ma*9e1 ,fig4 #d1 ! idea ( a magnetic motor1 a clev] idea1 inde$1 = a ?irte5? c5tury eng9e]4 ,?is rapid summ>y w s]ve to %[ t ! lett] ( ,p]egr9us is "o ( great int]e/ 9 physics z well z 9 navigation & geodesy4 ,= ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 x lay unnotic$ among ! libr>ies ( ,europe1 b x did n escape ,gilb]t1 :o makes frequ5t m5tion ( x 9 8 ,de ,magnete1 #afjj2 nor ! illu/ri\s ,jesuit writ]s1 ,cabu1 :o ref]s to x 9 8 ,philosophia ,magnetica1 #afbi1 & ,kir*]1 :o quotes f x 9 8 ,de ,arte ,magnetica1 #afda2 x 0 well kn[n to ,jean ,taisni]1 ! ,belgian plagi>i/1 :o transf]r$ a great "p ( x v]batim to ! pages ( 8 ,de ,natura ,magnetis1 #aefb1 )\t a ^w ( ackn[l$gm5t4 ,by ?is piece ( fraud1 ,taisni] acquir$ consid]able celebrity1 a fact t goes to %[ ! m]itori\s "* ( ! "w :i* he unscrupul\sly copi$4 ,?is memorable lett] is divid$ into two p>ts3 ! fir/ conta9s t5 *apt]s on ! g5]al prop]ties ( ! lode/one2 ! second has b ?ree *apt]s1 & %[s h[ ! au?or propos$ to use a lode/one = ! purpose ( produc+ cont9u\s rotation4 ,!re are _m manuscript copies ( ! lett] 9 ,european libr>ies3 ! ,bodleian has six2 ! ,vatican1 two2 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 "o2 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is1 "o2 ,leyd51 ,g5eva & ,tur91 "o ea*4 ,! ,leyd5 ,,ms4 has acquir$ special notoriety f a passage :i* appe>s ne> ! end ( x 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to magnetic decl9ation & its value giv53 b ,pr(4 ,w4 ,w5ckeba*1 ( ,! ,hague1 has %[n#c t ! l9es are spuri\s1 hav+ be5 int]polat$ 9 ! manuscript 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,leyd5 manuscript has also l$ "s writ]s to believe 9 a fictiti\s au?or ( ! lett]1 "o ,pet] ,adsig]1 or ,petrus ,adsig]us4 ,z said above1 ,sig]us 0 ! "n ( 8 c\ntryman1 to :om ,p]egr9us address$ 8 lett]1 ! ,epi/ola ad ,sig]um1 f ! tr5*es at ,luc]a1 9 ,augu/1 #abfi4 ,magnetic decl9ation 0 unkn[n to ,p]egr9us1 else he w\ld n h writt5 ! foll[+ words3 8,:]ev] a man may be1 he f9ds ! lode/one po9t+ to ! heav5s 9 accordance ) ! position ( ! m]idian0 7,*apt] ,x74 ,( c\rse1 ! geographical m]idian is ! "o "h meant1 z ! necessity ( a di/9ct magnetic m]idian _h n yet occurr$ to any "o4 ,nor 0 ?is important magnetic elem5t kn[n to ,columbus :5 he sail$ f ! %ores ( ! ,old ,_w 9 #adib z appe>s f ! surprise ) :i* he notic$ ! deviation ( ! ne$le f ,nor? z well z f ! con/]nation ( 8 pilots4 ,columbus has ! unque/ionable m]it ( be+ ! fir/ to obs]ve & record ! *ange ( decl9ation ) *ange ( place4 ,! fir/ pr9t$ edition ( ! ,epi/ola1 n[ v r>e1 0 prep>$ by ,a*illes ,gass]1 a physician ( ,l9dau1 a man well v]s$ 9 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 hi/ory & philosophy4 ,! "w 0 pr9t$ 9 ,augsburg 9 #aeeh4 ,a copy ( ?is e>ly pr9t is among ! treasures ( ! ,:eel] collection 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,new ,york4 ,x 0 f ?is text t ! translation :i* foll[s 0 made4 ,besides ! ,lat9 edition ( ,gass]1 #aeeh1 !re is also t ( ,libri 9 8 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ,ma?matiques1 #ahch2 ( ,b]telli1 #ahfh1 & ,hellmann1 #ahih4 ,b]telli's is a le>n$ & exhau/ive "w 9 :i* ! ,b>nabite monk1 sometimes call$ by mi/ake1 ,b>nabita1 in/ead ( ,b]telli1 collates & comp>es ! read+s ( ! two ,vatican codices ) o!r texts1 add+ copi\s ref]5ces & explanatory notes4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9o di ,bibliografia e di ,/oria delle ,sci5ze ,matemati*e e ,fisi*e = #ahfh4 ,( translations1 we h t :i* ,ri*>d ,ed5 made f ,taisni]'s pirat$ extracts1 ! fir/ dat$ edition appe>+ 9 #aegi4 ,cavallo's ,treatise on ,magnetism1 #ahjj1 also conta9s "s ( ! m rem>kable passages4 ,! only complete ,engli% translation t we h1 appe>$ 9 #aijb f ! s*ol>ly p5 ( ,pr(4 ,silvanus ,p4 ,?ompson1 ( ,london4 ,x is an dition de luxe beautifully rubricat$1 b limit$ to #bej copies4 ,! translation 0 bas$ on ! texts ( ,gass] & ,hellmann1 am5d$ by ref]5ce to a manuscript 9 ! au?or's possession1 dat$ #acia4 ,we are in=m$ t ,mr4 ,fleury ,p4 ,mottelay1 ( ,new ,york1 ! le>n$ translator ( ,gilb]t's ,de ,magnete1 possesses a manuscript v]sion by ,pr(4 ,peirce1 ( ,h>v>d1 ( ! ,p>is codex1 ( :i* he made a c>eful /udy 9 an endeavor to deciph] ! illegible p>ts4 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,lett] ,,( ,,p]egr9us ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,i ,,purpose ,,( ,,?is ,,"w ,de>e/ ( ,fri5ds3 ,at y\r e>ne/ reque/1 ,i w n[ make kn[n to y1 9 an unpoli%$ n>rative1 ! und\bt$ ?\gh hidd5 virtue ( ! lode/one1 conc]n+ :i* philosoph]s up to ! pres5t "t give u no in=mation1 because x is *>act]i/ic ( good ?+s to be hidd5 9 d>kness until !y are br\ght to light by application to public utility4 ,out ( affection = y1 ,i w write 9 a simple /yle ab\t ?+s entirely unkn[n to ! ord9>y individual4 ,nev]!less ,i w speak only ( ! manife/ prop]ties ( ! lode/one1 because ?is tract w =m "p ( a "w on ! con/ruction ( philosophical in/rum5ts4 ,! disclos+ ( ! hidd5 prop]ties ( ?is /one is l ! art ( ! sculptor by :i* he br+s figures & seals into exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh ,i may call ! matt]s ab\t :i* y inquire evid5t & ( ine/imable value1 !y are consid]$ by common folk to be illusions & m]e creations ( ! imag9ation4 ,b ! ?+s t are hidd5 f ! multitude w become cle> to a/rolog]s & /ud5ts ( nature1 & w con/itute _! delight1 z !y w also be ( great help to ^? t are old & m le>n$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,qualifications ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5t] ,y mu/ "k1 my de> fri5d1 t :oev] wi%es to exp]im5t1 %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ?+s1 & %\ld n be ignorant ( ! motion ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,he mu/ also be skilful 9 manipulation 9 ord] t1 by means ( ?is /one1 he may produce ^! m>vel\s effects4 ,?r\gh 8 own indu/ry he c1 to "s ext5t1 inde$1 correct ! errors t a ma!matician w\ld inevitably make if he 7 lack+ 9 dext]ity4 ,besides1 9 su* occult exp]im5tation1 great skill is requir$1 = v frequ5tly )\t x ! desir$ result _c be obta9$1 because !re are _m ?+s 9 ! doma9 ( reason :i* dem& ?is manual dext]ity4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,a ,,good ,,lode/one ,! lode/one select$ mu/ be di/+ui%$ by f\r m>ks--its color1 homog5eity1 weight & /r5g?4 ,its color %\ld be iron-l1 pale1 slightly blui% or indigo1 j z poli%$ iron becomes :5 expos$ to ! corrod+ atmosph]e4 ,i h nev] yet se5 a /one ( su* description :i* did n produce wond]ful effects4 ,su* /ones are f\nd mo/ frequ5tly 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 z is atte/$ by sailors :o frequ5t places on ! nor!rn seas1 notably 9 ,norm&y1 ,fl&]s & ,pic>dy4 ,?is /one %\ld also be ( homog5e\s mat]ial2 "o hav+ r$di% spots & small holes 9 x %\ld n be *os52 yet a lode/one is h>dly ev] f\nd entirely free f su* blemi%es4 ,on acc\nt ( uni=mity 9 its composition & ! compactness ( its inn]mo/ p>ts1 su* a /one is heavy & !re=e m valuable4 ,its /r5g? is kn[n by its vigor\s attraction = a l>ge mass ( iron2 fur!r on ,i w expla9 ! nature ( ?is attraction4 ,if y *ance to see a /one ) all ^! *>act]i/ics1 secure x if y c4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h[ ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,! ,,poles ,,( ,a ,,lode/one ,i wi% to in=m y t ?is /one be>s 9 itself ! lik5ess ( ! heav5s1 z ,i w n[ cle>ly demon/rate4 ,!re are 9 ! heav5s two po9ts m important ?an all o!rs1 because on !m1 z on pivots1 ! cele/ial sph]e revolves3 ^! po9ts are call$1 "o ! arctic or nor? pole1 ! o!r ! ant>ctic or s\? pole4 ,simil>ly y mu/ fully realize t 9 ?is /one !re are two po9ts /yl$ respectively ! nor? pole & ! s\? pole4 ,if y are v c>eful1 y c discov] ^! two po9ts 9 a g5]al way4 ,"o me?od = do+ s is ! foll[+3 ,) an in/rum5t ) :i* cry/als & o!r /ones are r\nd$ let a lode/one be made into a globe & !n poli%$4 ,a ne$le or an elongat$ piece ( iron is !n plac$ on top ( ! lode/one & a l9e is drawn 9 ! direction ( ! ne$le or iron1 ?us divid+ ! /one into two equal p>ts4 ,! ne$le is next plac$ on ano!r "p ( ! /one & a second m$ian l9e drawn4 ,if desir$1 ?is op]ation may be p]=m$ on _m diff]5t p>ts1 & und\bt$ly all ^! l9es w meet 9 two po9ts j z all m]idian or azimu? circles meet 9 ! two opposite poles ( ! globe4 ,"o ( ^! is ! nor? pole1 ! o!r ! s\? pole4 ,pro( ( ?is w be f\nd 9 a subsequ5t *apt] ( ?is tract4 ,a second me?od = det]m9+ ^! important po9ts is ?is3 ,note ! place on ! above-m5tion$ sph]ical lode/one :]e ! po9t ( ! ne$le cl+s mo/ frequ5tly & mo/ /rongly2 = ?is w be "o ( ! poles z discov]$ by ! previ\s me?od4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ?is po9t exactly1 break (f a small piece ( ! ne$le or iron s z to obta9 a fragm5t ab\t ! l5g? ( two f+]nails2 !n put x on ! spot :i* 0 f\nd to be ! pole by ! =m] op]ation4 ,if ! fragm5t /&s p]p5dicul> to ! /one1 !n t is1 unque/ionably1 ! pole s\ght2 if n1 !n move ! iron fragm5t ab\t until x becomes s2 m>k ?is po9t c>efully2 on ! opposite end ano!r po9t may be f\nd 9 a simil> mann]4 ,if all ?is has be5 done rightly1 & if ! /one is homog5e\s ?r\gh\t & a *oice specim51 ^! two po9ts w be diametrically opposite1 l ! poles ( a sph]e4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,h[ ,,to ,,discov] ,,! ,,poles ,,( ,a ,,lode/one ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,tell ,,:i* ,,is ,,nor? ,,& ,,:i* ,,s\? ,! poles ( a lode/one hav+ be5 locat$ 9 a g5]al way1 y w det]m9e :i* is nor? & :i* s\? 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a wood5 vessel r\nd$ l a platt] or di%1 & 9 x place ! /one 9 su* a way t ! two poles w be equidi/ant f ! edge ( ! vessel2 !n place ! di% 9 ano!r & l>g] vessel full ( wat]1 s t ! /one 9 ! fir/-m5tion$ di% may be l a sailor 9 a boat4 ,! second vessel %\ld be ( consid]able size s t ! fir/ may resemble a %ip float+ 9 a riv] or on ! sea4 ,i insi/ ^u ! l>g] size ( ! second vessel 9 ord] t ! natural t5d5cy ( ! lode/one may n be imp$$ by contact ( "o vessel aga9/ ! sides ( ! o!r4 ,:5 ! /one has be5 ?us plac$1 x w turn ! di% r\nd until ! nor? pole lies 9 ! direction ( ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s1 & ! s\? pole ( ! /one po9ts to ! s\? pole ( ! heav5s4 ,ev5 if ! /one be mov$ a ?\s& times away f its position1 x w return !reto a ?\s& times1 z by natural in/9ct4 ,s9ce ! nor? & s\? p>ts ( ! heav5s are kn[n1 ^! same po9ts w !n be easily recogniz$ 9 ! /one because ea* "p ( ! lode/one w turn to ! correspond+ "o ( ! heav5s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,h[ ,,"o ,,lode/one ,,attracts ,,ano!r ,:5 y h discov]$ ! nor? & ! s\? pole 9 y\r lode/one1 m>k !m bo? c>efully1 s t by means ( ^! ind5tations !y may be di/+ui%$ :5ev] necess>y4 ,%\ld y wi% to see h[ "o lode/one attracts ano!r1 !n1 ) two lode/ones select$ & prep>$ z m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,place "o 9 its di% t x may float ab\t z a sailor 9 a skiff1 & let its poles :i* h already be5 det]m9$ be equidi/ant f ! horizon1 i4 e41 f ! edge ( ! vessel4 ,tak+ ! o!r /one 9 y\r h&1 approa* its nor? pole to ! s\? pole ( ! lode/one float+ 9 ! vessel2 ! latt] w foll[ ! /one 9 y\r h& z if long+ to cl+ to x4 ,if1 conv]sely1 y br+ ! s\? end ( ! lode/one 9 y\r h& t[>d ! nor? end ( ! float+ lode/one1 ! same ph5om5on w occur2 namely1 ! float+ lode/one w foll[ ! "o 9 y\r h&4 ,"k !n t ?is is ! law3 ! nor? pole ( "o lode/one attracts ! s\? pole ( ano!r1 :ile ! s\? pole attracts ! nor?4 ,%\ld y proce$ o!rwise & br+ ! nor? pole ( "o ne> ! nor? pole ( ano!r1 ! "o y hold 9 y\r h& w seem to put ! float+ "o to flight4 ,if ! s\? pole ( "o is br\ght ne> ! s\? pole ( ano!r1 ! same w happ54 ,?is is because ! nor? pole ( "o seeks ! s\? pole ( ! o!r1 & !re=e repels ! nor? pole4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t f9ally ! nor? pole becomes unit$ ) ! s\? pole4 ,likewise if ! s\? pole is /ret*$ out t[>ds ! s\? pole ( ! float+ lode/one1 y w obs]ve ! latt] to be repell$1 :i* does n occur1 z said be=e1 :5 ! nor? pole is ext5d$ t[>ds ! s\?4 ,h5ce ! sill9ess ( c]ta9 p]sons is manife/1 :o claim t j z scammony attracts jaundice on acc\nt ( a simil>ity betwe5 !m1 s "o lode/one attracts ano!r ev5 m /rongly ?an x does iron1 a fact :i* !y suppose to be false al?\gh really true z %[n by exp]im5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,h[ ,,iron ,,t\*$ ,,by ,a ,,lode/one ,,turns ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,poles ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,x is well kn[n to all :o h made ! exp]im5t1 t :5 an elongat$ piece ( iron has t\*$ a lode/one & is !n fa/5$ to a light block ( wood or to a /raw & made float on wat]1 "o end w turn to ! /> :i* has be5 call$ ! ,sailor's /> because x is ne> ! pole2 ! tru? is1 h[ev]1 t x does n po9t to ! /> b to ! pole itself4 ,a pro( ( ?is w be furni%$ 9 a foll[+ *apt]4 ,! o!r end ( ! iron w po9t 9 an opposite direction4 ,b z to :i* end ( ! iron w turn t[>ds ! nor? & :i* to ! s\?1 y w obs]ve t t "p ( ! iron :i* has t\*$ ! s\? pole ( ! lode/one w po9t to ! nor? & conv]sely1 t "p :i* _h be5 9 contact ) ! nor? pole w turn to ! s\?4 ,?\gh ?is appe>s m>vel\s to ! un9itiat$1 yet x is kn[n ) c]ta9ty to ^? :o h tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h[ ,a ,,lode/one ,,attracts ,,iron ,if y wi% ! /one1 accord+ to its natural desire1 to attract iron1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,m>k ! nor? end ( ! iron & t[>ds ?is end approa* ! s\? pole ( ! /one1 :5 x w be f\nd to foll[ ! latt]4 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 to ! s\? "p ( ! iron pres5t ! nor? pole ( ! /one & ! latt] w attract x )\t any difficulty4 ,%\ld y1 h[ev]1 d ! opposite1 namely1 if y br+ ! nor? end ( ! /one t[>ds ! nor? pole ( ! iron1 y w notice ! iron turn r\nd until its s\? pole unites ) ! nor? end ( ! lode/one4 ,! same ?+ w occur :5 ! s\? end ( ! lode/one is br\ght ne> ! s\? pole ( ! iron4 ,%\ld =ce be ex]t$ at ei!r pole1 s t :5 ! s\? pole ( ! iron is made t\* ! s\? end ( ! /one1 !n ! virtue 9 ! iron w be easily alt]$ 9 su* a mann] t :at 0 be=e ! s\? end w n[ become ! nor? & conv]sely4 ,! cause is t ! la/ impression acts1 conf\nds1 or c\nt]acts & alt]s ! =ce ( ! orig9al movem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,:y ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole ,,( ,,"o ,,lode/one ,,attracts ,,! ,,s\? ,,pole ,,( ,,ano!r ,,& ,,vice ,,v]sa ,z already /at$1 ! nor? pole ( "o lode/one attracts ! s\? pole ( ano!r & conv]sely2 9 ?is case ! virtue ( ! /rong] becomes active1 :il/ t ( ! weak] becomes ob$i5t or passive4 ,i consid] ! foll[+ to be ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on3 ! active ag5t requires a passive subject1 n m]ely to be jo9$ to x1 b also to be unit$ ) x1 s t ! two make b "o by nature4 ,9 ! case ( ?is wond]ful lode/one ?is may be %[n 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take a lode/one :i* y may call ,a ,d1 9 :i* ,a is ! nor? pole & ,d ! s\?2 cut ?is /one into two p>ts1 s t y may h two di/9ct /ones2 place ! /one hav+ ! pole ,a s t x may float on wat] & y w obs]ve t ,a turns t[>ds ! nor? z be=e2 ! break+ did n de/roy ! prop]ties ( ! p>ts ( ! /one1 s9ce x is homog5e\s2 h5ce x foll[s t ! "p ( ! /one at ! po9t ( fracture1 :i* may be m>k$ ,b1 mu/ be a s\? pole2 ?is brok5 "p ( :i* we are n[ speak+ may be call$ ,a ,b4 ,! o!r1 :i* conta9s ,d1 %\ld !n be plac$ s z to float on wat]1 :5 y w see ,d po9t t[>ds ! s\? because x is a s\? pole2 b ! o!r end at ! po9t ( fracture1 lett]$ ,c1 w be a nor? pole2 ?is /one may n[ be nam$ ,c ,d4 ,if we consid] ! fir/ /one z ! active ag5t1 !n ! second1 or ,c ,d1 w be ! passive subject4 ,y w also notice t ! ends ( ! two /ones :i* be=e _! sep>ation 7 toge!r1 aft] break+ w become "o a nor? pole & ! o!r a s\? pole4 ,if n[ ^! same brok5 portions are br\ght ne> ea* o!r1 "o w attract ! o!r1 s t !y w aga9 be jo9$ at ! po9ts ,b & ,c1 :]e ! fracture occurr$4 ,?us1 by natural in/9ct1 "o s+le /one w be =m$ z be=e4 ,?is may be demon/rat$ fully by cem5t+ ! p>ts toge!r1 :5 ! same effects w be produc$ z be=e ! /one 0 brok54 ,z y w p]ceive f ?is exp]im5t1 ! active ag5t desires to become "o ) ! passive subject because ( ! simil>ity t exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce ,c1 be+ a nor? pole1 mu/ be br\ght close to ,b1 s t ! ag5t & its subject may =m "o & ! same /raight l9e 9 ! ord] ,a ,b1 ,c ,d & ,b & ,c be+ at ! same po9t4 ,9 ?is union ! id5tity ( ! extreme p>ts is reta9$ & pres]v$ j z !y 7 at fir/2 = ,a is ! nor? pole 9 ! entire l9e z x 0 9 ! divid$ "o2 s also ,d is ! s\? pole z x 0 9 ! divid$ passive subject1 b ,b & ,c h be5 made effectually into "o4 ,9 ! same way x happ5s t if ,a be jo9$ to ,d s z to make ! two l9es "o1 9 virtue ( ?is union due to attraction 9 ! ord] ,c ,d ,a ,b1 !n ,a & ,d w con/itute b "o po9t1 ! id5tity ( ! extreme p>ts w rema9 un*ang$ j z !y 7 be=e be+ br\ght toge!r1 = ,c is a nor? pole & ,b a s\?1 z dur+ _! sep>ation4 ,if y proce$ 9 a diff]5t fa%ion1 ?is id5tity or simil>ity ( p>ts w n be pres]v$2 = y w p]ceive t if ,c1 a nor? pole1 be jo9$ to ,a1 a nor? pole1 contr>y to ! demon/rat$ tru?1 & f ^! two l9es a s+le "o1 ,b ,a ,c ,d1 is =m$1 z ,d 0 a s\? pole be=e ! p>ts 7 unit$1 x is !n necess>y t ! o!r extremity %\ld be a nor? pole1 & z ,b is a s\? pole1 ! id5tity ( ! p>ts ( ! =m] simil>ity is de/roy$4 ,if y make ,b ! s\? pole z x 0 be=e !y unit$1 !n ,d mu/ become nor?1 ?\gh x 0 s\? 9 ! orig9al /one2 9 ?is way nei!r ! id5tity nor simil>ity ( p>ts is pres]v$4 ,x is becom+ t :5 ! two are unit$ into "o1 !y %\ld be> ! same lik5ess z ! ag5t1 o!rwise nature w\ld be call$ ^u to d :at is impossible4 ,! same incongruity w\ld occur if y 7 to jo9 ,b ) ,d s z to make ! l9e ,a ,b ,d ,c1 z is pla9 to any p]son :o reflects a mom5t4 ,nature1 !re=e1 aims at be+ & also at act+ 9 ! be/ mann] possible2 x selects ! =m] motion & ord] r ?an ! second because ! id5tity is bett] pres]v$4 ,f all ?is x is evid5t :y ! nor? pole attracts ! s\? & conv]sely1 & also :y ! s\? pole does n attract ! s\? pole & ! nor? pole does n attract ! nor?4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,virtue ,,( ,,! ,,lode/one ,c]ta9 p]sons :o 7 b poor inve/igators ( nature held ! op9ion t ! =ce ) :i* a lode/one draws iron1 is f\nd 9 ! m9]al ve9s !mselves f :i* ! /one is obta9$2 :5ce !y claim t ! iron turns t[>ds ! poles ( ! e>?1 only because ( ! num]\s iron m9es f\nd !re4 ,b su* p]sons are ignorant ( ! fact t 9 _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe ! lode/one is f\nd2 f :i* x w\ld foll[ t ! iron ne$le %\ld turn 9 diff]5t directions accord+ to ! locality2 b ?is is contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,secondly1 ^! individuals d n seem to "k t ! places "u ! poles are un9habitable because !re "o-half ! ye> is day & ! o!r half night4 ,h5ce x is mo/ silly to imag9e t ! lode/one %\ld come to u f su* places4 ,s9ce ! lode/one po9ts to ! s\? z well z to ! nor?1 x is evid5t f ! =ego+ *apt]s t we mu/ conclude t n only f ! nor? pole b also f ! s\? pole r ?an f ! ve9s ( ! m9es virtue fl[s into ! poles ( ! lode/one4 ,?is foll[s f ! consid]ation t :]ev] a man may be1 he f9ds ! /one po9t+ to ! heav5s 9 accordance ) ! position ( ! m]idian2 b all m]idians meet 9 ! poles ( ! _w2 h5ce x is manife/ t f ! poles ( ! _w1 ! poles ( ! lode/one receive _! virtue4 ,ano!r necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is is t ! ne$le does n po9t to ! pole />1 s9ce ! m]idians d n int]sect 9 t /> b 9 ! poles ( ! _w4 ,9 e region1 ! pole /> is always f\nd outside ! m]idian except twice 9 ea* complete revolution ( ! heav5s4 ,f all ^! consid]ations1 x is cle> t ! poles ( ! lode/one d]ive _! virtue f ! poles ( ! heav5s4 ,z reg>ds ! o!r p>ts ( ! /one1 ! "r conclusion is1 t !y obta9 _! virtue f ! o!r p>ts ( ! heav5s1 s t we may inf] t n only ! poles ( ! /one receive _! virtue & influ5ce f ! poles ( ! _w1 b likewise also ! o!r p>ts1 or ! entire /one f ! entire heav5s4 ,y may te/ ?is 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a r\nd lode/one on :i* ! poles are m>k$ is plac$ on two %>p /yles z pivots hav+ "o pivot "u ea* pole s t ! lode/one may easily revolve on ^! pivots4 ,hav+ done ?is1 make sure t x is equally balanc$ & t x turns smoo?ly on ! pivots4 ,repeat ?is sev]al times at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day & always ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,!n place ! /one ) its axis 9 ! m]idian1 ! poles re/+ on ! pivots4 ,let x be mov$ aft] ! mann] ( bracelets s t ! elevation & depression ( ! poles may equal ! elevation & depressions ( ! poles ( ! heav5s ( ! place 9 :i* y are exp]im5t+4 ,if n[ ! /one be mov$ accord+ to ! motion ( ! heav5s1 y w be delight$ 9 hav+ discov]$ su* a wond]ful secret2 b if n1 ascribe ! failure to y\r own lack ( skill r ?an to a defect 9 nature4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is position ,i consid] ! /r5g? ( ! lode/one to be be/ pres]v$4 ,:5 x is plac$ diff]5tly1 i4 e41 n 9 ! m]idian1 ,i ?9k its virtue is weak5$ or obscur$ r ?an ma9ta9$4 ,) su* an in/rum5t y w ne$ no timepiece1 = by x y c "k ! asc5dant at any h\r y please1 z well z all o!r dispositions ( ! heav5s :i* are s\ght = by a/rolog]s4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,measur+ ,,! ,,azimu? ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,! ,,moon ,,or ,,any ,,/> ,,on ,,! ,,horizon ,hav+ fully exam9$ all ! prop]ties ( ! lode/one & ! ph5om5a connect$ !re)1 let u n[ come to ^? in/rum5ts :i* dep5d = _! op]ation on ! k ( ^? facts4 ,take a r\nd$ lode/one1#d & aft] det]m9+ its poles 9 ! mann] already m5tion$1 file its two sides s t x becomes elongat$ at its poles & occupies less space4 ,! lode/one prep>$ 9 ?is wise is !n enclos$ )9 two capsules aft] ! fa%ion ( a mirror4 ,let ^! capsules be s jo9$ toge!r t !y _c be sep>at$ & t wat] _c ent]2 !y %\ld be made ( light wood & fa/5$ ) cem5t suit$ to ! purpose4 ,hav+ done ?is1 place !m 9 a l>ge vessel ( wat] on ! edges ( :i* ! two p>ts ( ! _w1 i4 e41 ! nor? & s\? po9ts1 h be5 f\nd & m>k$4 ,^! po9ts may be unit$ by a ?read /ret*$ across f nor? to s\?4 ,!n float ! capsules & place a smoo? /rip ( wood ov] !m 9 ! mann] ( a diamet]4 ,move ! /rip until x is equally di/ant f ! m]idian-l9e1 previ\sly det]m9$ & m>k$ by a ?read1 or else until x co9cides !re)4 ,!n m>k a l9e on ! capsules accord+ to ! position ( ! /rip1 & ?is w indicate =ev] ! m]idian ( t place4 ,let ?is l9e be divid$ at its middle by ano!r cutt+ x at "r angles1 :i* w give ! ea/ & we/ l9e2 ?us ! f\r c>d9al po9ts w be det]m9$ & indicat$ on ! edge ( ! capsules4 ,ea* qu>t] is to be subdivid$ into #ij p>ts1 mak+ #cfj 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! capsules4 ,engrave ^! divisions on !m z usually done on ! back ( an a/rolabe4 ,on ! top or edge ( ! capsules ?us m>k$ place a ?9 rul] l ! po9t] on ! back ( ! a/rolabe2 in/ead ( ! sights atta* two p]p5dicul> p9s1 "o at ea* end4 ,if1 !re=e1 y desire to take ! azimu? ( ! sun1 place ! capsules 9 wat] & let !m move freely until !y come to re/ 9 _! natural position4 ,hold !m firmly 9 "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r y move ! rul] until ! %ad[ ( ! p9s falls along ! l5g? ( ! rul]2 !n ! end ( ! rul] :i* is t[>ds ! sun w indicate ! azimu? ( ! sun4 ,%\ld x be w9dy1 let ! capsules be cov]$ ) a suitable vessel until !y h tak5 _! position nor? & s\?4 ,! same me?od1 namely1 by sight+1 may be foll[$ at night = det]m9+ ! azimu? ( ! moon & />s2 move ! rul] until ! ends ( ! p9s are 9 ! same l9e ) ! moon or />2 ! end ( ! rul] w !n indicate ! azimu? j z 9 ! case ( ! sun4 ,by means ( ! azimu? may !n be det]m9$ ! h\r ( ! day1 ! asc5dant1 & all ^? o!r ?+s usually det]m9$ by ! a/rolabe4 ,a =m ( ! in/rum5t is %[n 9 ! foll[+ figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,azimu? ,,compass ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,bett] ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,! ,,same ,,purpose ,9 ?is *apt] ,i w describe ! con/ruction ( a bett] & m effici5t in/rum5t4 ,select a vessel ( wood1 brass or any solid mat]ial y l1 circul> 9 %ape1 mod]ate 9 size1 %all[ b ( suffici5t wid?1 ) a cov] ( "s transp>5t sub/ance1 su* z glass or cry/al2 x w\ld be ev5 bett] to h bo? ! vessel & ! cov] transp>5t4 ,at ! c5tre ( ?is vessel fa/5 a ?9 axis ( brass or silv]1 hav+ its extremities 9 ! cov] above & ! vessel bel[4 ,at ! middle ( ?is axis let !re be two ap]tures at "r angles to ea* o!r2 ?r\gh "o ( !m pass an iron /ylus or ne$le1 ?r\gh ! o!r a silv] or brass ne$le cross+ ! iron "o at "r angles4 ,divide ! cov] fir/ into f\r p>ts & subdivide ^! into #ij p>ts1 z 0 m5tion$ 9 describ+ ! =m] in/rum5t4 ,m>k ! p>ts nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/4 ,add !reto a rul] ( transp>5t mat]ial ) p9s at ea* end4 ,aft] ?is br+ ei!r ! nor? or ! s\? pole ( a lode/one ne> ! cov] s t ! ne$le may be attract$ & receive its virtue f ! lode/one4 ,!n turn ! vessel until ! ne$le /&s 9 ! nor? & s\? l9e already m>k$ on ! in/rum5t2 aft] :i* turn ! rul] t[>ds ! sun if day-"t1 & t[>ds ! moon & />s at night1 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,by means ( ?is in/rum5t y c direct y\r c\rse t[>ds cities & isl&s & any o!r place :]ev] y may wi% to g by l& or sea1 provid$ ! latitude & longitude ( ! places are kn[n to y4 ,h[ iron rema9s susp5d$ 9 air by virtue ( ! lode/one1 ,i w expla9 9 my book on ! action ( mirrors4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! description ( ! in/rum5t illu/rat$ bel[4 7,see ,figs4 #b & #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,d\ble-,,pivot$ ,,ne$le ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,pivot$ ,,compass ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,mak+ ,a ,,:eel ,,( ,,p]petual ,,motion ,9 ?is *apt] ,i w make kn[n to y ! con/ruction ( a :eel :i* 9 a rem>kable mann] moves cont9u\sly4 ,i h se5 _m p]sons va9ly busy !mselves & ev5 becom+ exhau/$ ) mu* labor 9 _! endeavors to inv5t su* a :eel4 ,b ^! inv>iably fail$ to notice t by means ( ! virtue or p[] ( ! lode/one all difficulty c be ov]come4 ,= ! con/ruction ( su* a :eel1 take a silv] capsule l t ( a concave mirror1 & work$ on ! outside ) f9e c>v+ & p]=ations1 n only = ! sake ( beauty1 b also = ! purpose ( dim9i%+ its weight4 ,y %\ld manage also t ! eye ( ! unskill$ may n p]ceive :at is cunn+ly plac$ inside4 ,)9 let !re be iron nails or tee? ( equal weight fa/5$ to ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel 9 a slant+ direction1 close to "o ano!r s t _! di/ance ap>t may n be m ?an ! ?ickness ( a bean or a pea2 ! :eel itself mu/ be ( uni=m weight ?r\gh\t4 ,fa/5 ! middle ( ! axis ab\t :i* ! :eel revolves s t ! said axis may always rema9 immovable4 ,add !reto a silv] b>1 & at its extremity affix a lode/one plac$ betwe5 two capsules & prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,:5 x has be5 r\nd$ & its poles m>k$ z said be=e1 let x be %ap$ l an egg2 leav+ ! poles unt\*$1 file d[n ! int]v5+ p>ts s t ?us flatt5$ & occupy+ less space1 x may n t\* ! sides ( ! capsules :5 ! :eel revolves4 ,?us prep>$1 let x be atta*$ to ! silv] rod j z a preci\s /one is plac$ 9 a r+2 let ! nor? pole be !n turn$ t[>ds ! tee? or cogs ( ! :eel some:at slant+ly s t ! virtue ( ! /one may n fl[ diametrically into ! iron tee?1 b at a c]ta9 angle2 consequ5tly :5 "o ( ! tee? comes ne> ! nor? pole & ow+ to ! impetus ( ! :eel passes x1 x !n approa*es ! s\? pole f :i* x is r driv5 away ?an attract$1 z is evid5t f ! law giv5 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,!re=e su* a too? w\ld be con/antly attract$ & con/antly repell$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,p]petual ,,motion ,,:eel ,9 ord] t ! :eel may d its "w m spe$ily1 place )9 ! box a small r\nd$ weight made ( brass or silv] ( su* a size t x may be caught betwe5 ea* pair ( tee?2 consequ5tly z ! movem5t ( ! :eel is cont9u\s 9 "o direction1 s ! fall ( ! weight w be cont9u\s 9 ! o!r4 ,be+ caught betwe5 ! tee? ( a :eel :i* is cont9u\sly revolv+1 x seeks ! c5tre ( ! e>? 9 virtue ( its own weight1 !reby aid+ ! motion ( ! tee? & prev5t+ !m f com+ to re/ 9 a direct l9e ) ! lode/one4 ,let ! places betwe5 ! tee? be suitably holl[$ out s t !y may easily cat* ! body 9 its fall1 z %[n 9 ! diagram above4 7,fig4 #d47 ,f>ewell3 f9i%$ 9 camp at ! siege ( ,luc]a on ! eigh? day ( ,augu/1 ,anno ,dom9i ,,mcclxix4 ,,notes ,,e>ly ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,! ,,m>9]',s ,,compass ,! foll[+ are ! passages ref]r$ to 9 ! introductory notice3 ,abbot ,neckam 7#aaeg-abag71 9 8 ,de ,naturis ,r]um1 writes3 8,! sailors1 moreov]1 z !y sail ov] ! sea1 :5 9 cl\dy wea!r !y c no long] pr(it by ! light ( ! sun1 or :5 ! _w is wrapp$ up 9 ! d>kness ( ! %ades ( night & !y are ignorant to :at po9t _! %ip's c\rse is direct$1 ^! m>9]s t\* ! lode/one ) a ne$le1 :i* 7! ne$le7 is :irl$ r\nd 9 a circle until :5 its motion ceases1 its po9t looks direct to ! nor?4 7,cuspis ipsius sept5trionalem plagam respiciat470 ,9 8 ,de ,ut5silibus1 we read3 8,among o!r /ores ( a %ip1 !re mu/ be a ne$le m\nt$ on a d>t 7habeat etiam acum jaculo sup]positam7 :i* w oscillate & turn until ! po9t looks to ! nor?1 & ! sailors w ?us "k h[ to direct _! c\rse :5 ! pole /> is conceal$ ?r\gh ! tr\bl$ /ate ( ! atmosph]e40#e ,alex&] ,neckam 0 born at ,/4 ,albans 9 #aaeg1 jo9$ ! ,augu/9ian ,ord] & taught 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is f #aahj to #aahg1 aft] :i* he return$ to ,engl& to take *>ge ( a ,college ( 8 ,ord] at ,dun/able4 ,he 0 elect$ ,abbot ( ,cir5ce/] 9 #abac & di$ at ,kemsey1 ne> ,worce/]1 9 #abag4 ,! satirical poem ( ,guyot de ,prov9s1 writt5 ab\t #abjh1 conta9s ! foll[+ passage3 ,! m>9]s employ an art :i* _c deceive1 ,by ! prop]ty ( ! lode/one1 ,an ugly /one & br[n1 ,to :i* iron jo9ts itself will+ly ,!y h2 !y att5d to :]e x po9ts ,aft] !y h appli$ a ne$le to x2 ,& !y lay ! latt] on a /raw ,& put x simply 9 ! wat] ,:]e ! /raw makes x float4 ,!n ! po9t turns direct ,to ! /> ) su* c]ta9ty ,t no man w ev] d\bt x1 ,nor w x ev] g wrong4 ,:5 ! sea is d>k & hazy1 ,t "o sees nei!r /> nor moon1 ,!n !y put a light by ! ne$le ,& h no fe> ( los+ _! way4 ,! po9t turns t[>ds ! />2 ,& ! m>9]s are taught ,to foll[ ! "r way4 ,x is an art :i* _c fail4 ,prov9s1 f :i* ,guyot took 8 surname1 0 a small t[n 9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is4 ,c>d9al ,jacques de ,vitry1 9 8 ,hi/oria ,ori5talis1 ,cap4 #hi1 writes3 8,an iron ne$le1 aft] hav+ be5 9 contact ) ! lode/one1 turns t[>ds ! nor? />1 s t x is v necess>y = ^? :o navigate ! seas40 ,jacques de ,vitry 0 born at ,arg5teuil1 ne> ,p>is1 jo9$ ! f\r? crusade1 became ,bi%op ( ,ptolemais1 & di$ 9 ,rome 9 #abdd4 ,he wrote 8 8,description ( ,pale/9e10 :i* =ms ! fir/ book ( 8 ,hi/oria ,ori5talis1 9 ! ,ea/1 betwe5 #abae & #abbj4 ,alb]tus ,magnus 7#aaic-abhj7 9 8 ,de ,m9]alibus1 ,lib4 ,,ii41 ,tract #c1 ,cap4 #f1 writes3 8,x is ! end ( ! lode/one :i* makes ! iron t t\*$ x turn to ! nor? 7ad zoron7 & :i* is ( use to m>9]s2 b ! o!r end ( ! ne$le turns t[>d ! s\? 7ad aphron740 ,?is illu/ri\s ,bav>ian s*oolman jo9$ ! ,dom9ican ,ord] 9 8 y\?1 lectur$ to great audi5ces 9 ,cologne1 became bi%op ( ,ratisbonne 9 #abfj1 & di$ 9 #abhj4 ,?omas ,aqu9as ! greate/ ( s*oolm51 0 among 8 pupils4 ,9 ! ,spani% code ( laws1 begun 9 #abef1 dur+ ! reign ( ,alfonso el ,sabio1 & kn[n z ,las ,siete ,p>tidas1 we read3 8,j z m>9]s are guid$ dur+ ! night by ! ne$le1 :i* replaces = !m ! %ores & pole /> alike1 by %[+ !m ! c\rse to pursue bo? 9 fair wea!r & f\l1 s ^? :o are call$ ^u to advise ! ,k+ mu/ always be guid$ by a _s ( ju/ice40 ,brunetto ,lat9i1 9 8 ,trsor des ,sci5ces1 #abfj1 writes3 8,! sailors navigate ! seas guid$ by ! two />s call$ ! tramontanes1 & ea* ( ! two p>ts ( ! lode/one directs ! end ( ! ne$le to ! /> to :i* t "p itself turns40 ,brunetto ,lat9i 7#abcj-abid7 0 a man ( great em95ce 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 ,dante 0 among 8 pupils at ,flor5ce4 ,= political reasons1 he remov$ to ,p>is1 :]e he wrote 8 ,trsor & also 8 ,tesoretto4 ,he visit$ ,rog] ,bacon at ,ox=d ab\t #abfj4 ,9 8 treatise ,de ,contemplatione1 begun 9 #abgb1 ,raymond ,lully writes3 8,z ! ne$le1 aft] hav+ t\*$ ! lode/one1 turns to ! nor?1 s ! m>9]'s ne$le 7acus nautica7 directs !m ov] ! sea40 ,lully 0 born at ,palma 9 ! ,isl& ( ,majorca 9 #abcf2 he jo9$ ! ,?ird ,ord] ( ,/4 ,francis1 dy+ 9 #acae4 ,ri/oro d',arezzo1 9 8 ,libro della ,composizione del ,mundo1 writt5 9 #abhb1 has ! foll[+3 8,besides ?is1 !re is ! ne$le :i* guides ! m>9]1 & :i* is itself direct$ by ! /> call$ ! tramontane40#f ,! foll[+ metrical translation ( a poem by ,guido ,gu9icelli1 an ,italian prie/1 #abgf1 is f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,p>k ,b5jam91 ( ,new ,york3 ,9 :at /range regions 'nea? ! pol> /> ,may ! great hills ( massy lode/one rise1 ,virtue imp>t+ to ! ambi5t air ,to draw ! /ubborn iron2 :ile af> ,f t same /one1 ! hidd5 virtue flies ,to turn ! quiv]+ ne$le to ! ,be> ,9 spl5dor blaz+ 9 ! ,nor!rn skies4 ,! above extracts %[ t ! directive prop]ty ( ! magnetic ne$le 0 well kn[n 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,spa9 & ,italy 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! passage f ,neckam1 ! acum jaculo sup]positam has be5 con/ru$ by "s to mean a =m ( pivot$ ne$le1 :ile 9 ! lett] ( ,p]egr9us1 #abfi1 ! d\ble pivot$ =m is cle>ly describ$4 ,footnotes #a,) v few exceptions all ! works ref]r$ to 9 ?is notice w be f\nd 9 ! ,:eel] ,collection 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 ,new ,york4 #b;,x is probable t ,flavio ,gioja1 an ,italian pilot1 "s fifty ye>s lat]1 add$ ! compass-c>d & atta*$ x to ! magnet4 #c;,annali di ,matematica ,pura ed ,applicata1 #ahfe4 #d;,a t]rella1 or e>?k94 #e,! ,*ronicles & ,memoirs ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 by ,?omas ,wright 7#ahfc74 #f,! pole-/> 0 ?us nam$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france & ! nor? ( ,italy because se5 beyond ! m\nta9s 7! ,alps74 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication & copyright in=mation f ! orig9al2 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! ,u4,s4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typographical errors4 --,9 ! text v]sions1 enclos$ italiciz$ text 9 und]score4