,,guidebook ,,( ,,palo ,,duro ,,canyon ,we/ ,texas ,/ate ,univ]sity ,geological ,society ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,geosci5ces ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geosci5ces 7geology1 geography1 an?ropology7 is h\s$ 9 ! ,sci5ce ,c5t] on ! campus ( ,we/ ,texas ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,additional dep>tm5tal space is f\nd 9 ! ,killgore ,rese>* ,c5t] & ,old ,ma94 ,! ,dep>tm5t (f]s a program ( /udy lead+ to a ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce & ,ba*elor ( ,arts degrees 9 geology & geography & a ,ba*elor ( ,g5]al ,/udies degree 9 an?ropology4 ,mo/ /ud5ts are enroll$ 9 ! ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce 9 geology degree1 design$ to meet ! ne$s ( /ud5ts prep>+ = a pr(essional c>e] 9 geology4 ,x requires a m9imum ( #ci seme/] h\rs ( geology1 plus support+ c\rsework 9 o!r sci5ces1 ma!matics1 & te*nical writ+ or c>tography4 ,! ,dep>tm5t also (f]s a ,ma/] ( ,sci5ce degree 9 geology4 ,rec5t !sis topics include ,geology ( ,=tress ,cliff ,quadrangle1 ,r&all ,c\nty1 ,texas & ,s$im5tology & ,petrology ( ! ,javel9a ,=mation1 ,big ,b5d ,national ,p>k1 ,brew/] ,c\nty1 ,texas4 ,memb]s ( ! dep>tm5tal faculty h a wide range ( academic int]e/s & come f a v>iety ( colleges & univ]sities4 ,special int]e/s ( ! faculty include /ratigraphy1 bio/ratigraphy1 geomorphology1 s$im5tology1 /ructural geology1 tectonics1 igne\s & metamorphic petrology1 petroleum geology1 paleontology1 c>tography1 ar*aeology1 & ,indians & _! culture ( ! s\? c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 addition1 ! ,dep>tm5t reta9s a broad conc]n = e>?-sci5ce education1 & (f]s c\rses 9 introductory e>? sci5ce & geology to meet /ud5t ne$s 9 ! ,univ]sity g5]al education & 9 tea*] education4 ,! ,dep>tm5t supports /ud5ts ) tea*+ & graduate assi/ant%ips1 und]graduate laboratory assi/ants1 & s*ol>%ips4 ,in=mation reg>d+ degree programs & f9ancial aid c be obta9$ f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geosci5ces1 ,we/ ,texas ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,box #ich1 ,canyon1 ,texas #gijaf or by call+ ! dep>tm5tal (fice at #hjf-fef-beha4 ,,=eword ,! ,we/ ,texas ,/ate ,univ]sity ,geological ,society 0 organiz$ 9 #aieh by /ud5ts ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology4 ,! objective ( ! ,society is to promote int]e/ 9 geology z an academic subject & z a pr(essional c>e]4 ,9 ord] to pres5t ! concepts ( geology to int]e/$ gr\ps1 ! ,palo ,duro ,canyon ,guidebook is sponsor$ by ! ,,wtsu ,geological ,society4 ,! ,geological ,society is indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,jack ,t4 ,hughes & to ,mr4 ,j]ry ,h>b\r = _! "w 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is guidebook4 ,,d ,,y ,,h ,a ,,gr\p ,,or ,,"k ,,( ,a ,,gr\p ,,:o ,,w\ld ,,l ,a ,,guid$ ,,field ,,trip ,,( ,,palo ,,duro ,,canyon8 ,,contact ,,! ,,we/ ,,texas ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,geological ,,society ,,at #fef-beha ,,= ,,in=mation4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,text ,page ,,introduction #a ,,ecology #b ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,area #d ,,geologic ,,hi/ory #e ,,paleontology #ad ,illu/rations ,figure #a4 ,geologic ,map ( ,palo ,duro ,canyon #f ,figure #b4 ,/ratigraphic ,section & ,geologic ,"t ,scale #g ,figure #c4 ,paleogeographic ,map ( ! ,p]mian ,p]iod #i ,figure #d4 ,paleogeographic ,map ( ! ,triassic ,p]iod #aa ,figure #e4 ,paleogeographic ,map ( ! ,plioc5e ,epo* #ac ,figure #f4 ,paleogeographic ,map ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo* #ae ,figure #g4 ,life ( ,triassic ,"t #ag ,figure #h4 ,plioc5e ,mammals #ai ,,introduction ,palo ,duro ,canyon ,/ate ,p>k is locat$ #ac miles ea/ ( ,canyon1 ,texas1 on ,/ate ,highway #bag & #ag miles s\!a/ ( ,am>illo1 ,texas4 ,! p>k encompasses ab\t #ae1jjj acres ( ea/]n ,r&all & we/]n ,arm/rong c\nties4 ,! initial p>k area 0 pur*as$ by ! ,/ate ( ,texas 9 #aica4 ,9 #aigc ! p>k b\nd>y 0 ext5d$ to incorporate a fam\s topographic /ructure1 ! ,ligh?\se 7frontispiece74 ,excell5t picnic & camp+ facilities are available )9 ! ,p>k4 ,ext5d+ away f ! canyon rim is a g5tly undulat+ l& surface call$ ! ,llano ,e/acado or ,/ak$ ,pla9s4 ,x is "p ( ! ,high ,pla9s1 a va/ pi$mont pla9 :i* ext5ds along ! ea/]n base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s f ,wyom+ to ,texas4 ,! ea/]n edge ( ?is pla9 is1 9 places1 an abrupt esc>pm5t 7cliff7 kn[n z ! caprock4 ,palo ,duro ,canyon is a we/w>d ext5sion ( ?is esc>pm5t t has be5 c>v$ into ! ,high ,pla9s by ! ,prairie ,dog ,t[n ,=k ( ! ,r$ ,riv]4 ,9 ! p>k area ! canyon is sev]al miles wide4 ,! canyon rim is ab\t #c1ejj feet above sea level & ! canyon floor1 al?\gh highly irregul> is approximately #b1gjj feet above sea level4 ,! maximum dep? ( ! canyon is ab\t #hjj feet4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey has publi%$ an excell5t topographical cont\r map ( ! canyon1 ! ,=tress ,cliff ,quadrangle4 ,x c be pur*as$ at ! p>k or f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,! ,p>k area normally receives ab\t #bj-cj in*es ( ra9fall p] ye> & has a fro/ free p]iod ( approximately #bjj-bdj days p] ye>4 ,! ye>ly temp]ature ranges f #j-gj;,f 9 ! w9t] & f #fe to #ajj;,f 9 ! summ]4 ,! wea!r is consid]$ fair ab\t #ge ( ! "t4 ,! nights are cool ev5 9 ! summ]4 ,,ecology ,palo ,duro ,canyon is "p ( ! esc>pm5t sy/em t =ms ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,llano ,e/acado or ,/ak$ ,pla9s4 ,! ,/ak$ ,pla9s 9 ?is area is a ne>ly-level to g5tly-roll+ t]ra9 cov]$ ) a mantle ( calc>e\s loess 7a w9d-bl[n silt7 t has giv5 rise to deep soils ) a clay-loam surface & a clay subsoil4 ,^! soils are ideally suit$ to ! gr[? ( %ort grasses1 especially blue grama & buffalo grass4 ,mesquite1 yucca1 prickly pe> cactus1 & =bs are common invad]s ( ov]graz$ areas4 ,_m %all[ lake bas9s 7playas7 dot ! pla9s ) a flora diff]5t f ! surr\nd+ areas4 ,9 ! playas1 pla9s grasses are displac$ by =bs t are suit$ to )/& ! prolong$ flood+ )9 ! %all[ bas9s4 ,ne> ! canyon1 ! deep soils c be se5 grad+ into %all[1 grayi%-br[n1 gravelly-loam soils4 ,! abundance ( grasses decreases & mid grasses su* z little blue/em & sideoats grama increase4 ,! mid grasses are bett] able to absorb nutri5ts f ! less f]tile soils ne> ! canyon rim ?an are ! %ort grasses4 ,especially conspicu\s are increas+ numb]s ( %rubs1 p>ticul>ly ! ev]gre5 & scale-leav$ junip]s4 ,j along ! rim ( ! canyon1 ! %rubby m\nta9 mahogany is f\nd4 ,! rugg$ t]ra9 ( ! sides ( ! canyon1 ext5d+ f ! ,ogallala d[nw>d ?r\gh ! ,trujillo & ,tecovas =mations to ! upp] "p ( ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,=mation1 %[s a v>iety ( soil types4 ,on ! /eep] slopes1 plants are unable to ga9 a foo?old z erosion removes soil mat]ial z fa/ z x is =m$4 ,on less-/eep areas1 ! well-dra9$ esc>pm5t soil is suit$ = ! developm5t ( sc>p woodl&4 ,! deep1 woody roots ( trees & %rubs are bett] able to obta9 ! deeply infiltrat+ moi/ure f ^! soils ?an are ! %all[ & fibr\s roots ( grasses4 ,! common plants on ! level areas are junip]s1 squaw-bu%1 & little-leav$ sumac4 ,on ! dri] slopes1 fea!r peabu%1 catclaw1 & salt-bu% are f\nd4 ,groves ( oak occur1 b n 9 ! abundance f\nd along ! esc>pm5t fur!r to ! s\?4 ,bel[ ! canyon slopes & ext5d+ to ! creek are a wide v>iety ( soils & a great div]sity ( plants4 ,mo/ ( ! plants ( ! pla9s & esc>pm5t are f\nd "h4 ,"s ( ! soils ( ! ne>ly level areas are deep1 high 9 f]tility1 & hold l>ge am\nts ( wat]4 ,tall grasses1 su* z indiangrass & swit*grass1 occur admix$ ) mid grasses2 a rank gr[? ( v9e-mesquite grass (t5 occurs 9 ! areas :]e run(f wat] collects2 & alkali sacaton grass gr[s on sal9e soils4 ,o!r trees & %rubs include hackb]ry1 soapb]ry1 waf] a%1 button bu%1 =e/]ia1 & ,texas buck?orn4 ,along ! creek1 cottonwoods1 will[s1 & salt c$> are common4 ,because ( ! v>i$ topography1 div]sity ( plant life1 & geographical locations1 ! canyon af=ds an ideal habitat = wildlife4 ,"s ( ! mammals t occur "h are ! coyote1 porcup9e1 jackrabbit1 cottontail rabbit1 raccoon1 opossum1 r+tail$ cat1 /rip$ skunk1 gray fox1 :ite-foot$ m\se1 woodrat1 & bat4 ,mammals t 7 once common b are n[ abs5t or extremely r>e are ! bison1 black be>1 black-foot$ f]ret1 lobo wolf1 c\g>1 & bobcat4 ,! moose & ,am]ican elk 7 introduc$ into ! canyon b are no long] to be f\nd4 ,:ite-tail$ de]1 mule de]1 & a\dad %eep h also be5 introduc$ & are /ill pres5t4 ,! mule de] is ! mo/ common4 ,a great _m types ( birds are f\nd ei!r z resid5ts ( or migrants to ! canyon4 ,a few are ! gold5 eagle1 r$-tail$ hawk1 sp>r[ hawk1 ,mississippi kite1 turkey vulture1 blue quail1 killde]1 nigh?awk1 roadrunn]1 r$-head$ woodpeck]1 gold5-front$ woodpeck]1 canyon wr51 mock+bird1 rob91 c>d9al1 mead[l>k1 ,bullock's oriole1 pa9t$ bunt+1 :ite-cr[n$ sp>r[1 & l>k sp>r[4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,area ,ar*eological /udies indicate t ! e>lie/ kn[n inhabitants ( ,palo ,duro ,canyon liv$ 9 ! canyon f ab\t #aj1jjj to #e1jjj ,b4,c4 ,^! e>ly m5 hunt$ bison & n[-ext9ct elephant-l mammo?s t roam$ ! area dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,ice ,age4 ,_! /one weapons & artifacts h be5 f\nd 9 ! canyon4 ,presumably ^! primitive p1 l ^? :o came lat]1 7 attract$ by /reams & spr+s 9 ! canyon1 & by game t came to fe$ !re4 ,rock expos$ 9 ! canyon provid$ mat]ial = tools & weapons4 ,?r\gh ! c5turies1 v>i\s tribes ( ,pla9s ,indians1 includ+ ,apa*e1 ,*ey5ne1 ,arapahoe1 ,ki[a1 & ,coman*e1 made use ( ! canyon z a camp+ gr\nd4 ,aft] ! arrival ( ! :ite man1 ! canyon became a favorite re/+ place = buffalo hunt]s & ,indian trad]s :o travell$ ! ,pla9s4 ,:ite m5 fir/ e/abli%$ resid5ce !re 9 #ahgf4 ,! la/ ,indian battle 9 ,texas 0 f\ght 9 ! canyon s\? ( ! ,p>k4 ,col4 ,ranald ,mack5zie & 8 raid]s1 on ,septemb] #be1 #ahgd1 attack$ a l>ge encampm5t ( ,coman*e1 ,*ey5ne1 ,ki[a1 & ,arapahoe 9 ! canyon4 ,!y de/roy$ ab\t #ajj lodges & #adjj horses & mules4 ,! damage inflict$ 0 sev]e & by ! foll[+ spr+ mo/ ( ! ,indians 7 return$ to ! res]vation 9 ,oklahoma4 ,,geologic ,,hi/ory ,! age ( ! e>? is calculat$ 9 t]ms ( billions ( ye>s4 ,= conv5i5ce1 geologic "t is divid$ into units1 call$ ,,p]iods1 ( diff]5t l5g?s 7,figure #a74 ,s$im5ts deposit$ dur+ ea* p]iod & ! fossiliz$ rema9s ( animals & plants f\nd 9 ^! s$im5ts give a p>tial record ( ! ev5ts & life ( t p]iod4 ,a ne>ly homog5e\s 7uni=m composition7 rock lay] may be id5tifi$ z a ,,=mation4 ,=mations are usually spread ov] a wide area l a l>ge blanket & are /ack$ on top ( ea* o!r ) ! olde/ at ! bottom & ! y\nge/ at ! top4 ,:5 view$ 9 ! walls ( ! canyon1 !y resemble a huge lay] cake & may be trac$ along ! canyon walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,,geologic ,,map ,,( ,,palo ,,duro ,,canyon ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,/ratigraphic section at ,palo ,duro ,canyon ) ,geologic ,"t-scale = ref]5ce4 ,,geologic ,,"t-,,scale ,,age ,m4,y4 ,,c5ozoic ,,quat4 ,,holoc5e ,,plei/oc5e #b ,,t]ti>y ,,plioc5e #ac ,,mioc5e #be ,,oligoc5e #cf ,,eoc5e #eh ,,paleoc5e #fc ,,mesozoic ,,cretace\s #ace ,,jurassic #aha ,,triassic #bcj ,,paleozoic ,,p]mian #bhj ,,p5nsylvanian #caj ,,mississippian #cde ,,devonian #dje ,,silurian #dbe ,,ordovician #ejj ,,cambrian #fjj ,,precambrian ,! l[e/ & olde/ expos$ =mation 9 ,palo ,duro ,canyon is ! ,qu>t]ma/]4 ,x 0 deposit$ ne> ! edge ( a %all[ sea t occupi$ a wide area 9 ,texas "s #bhj to #bcj million ye>s ago 7,figure #c74 ,?is 0 dur+ ! ,p]mian ,p]iod1 ! la/ p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic ,era4 ,! s$im5ts 9 ! p>k area 7 c>ri$ f ! ea/ & deposit$ 9 a ne>%ore environm5t4 ,s$im5t>y /ructures1 su* z crossb$s & ripplem>ks1 are pres5t ?r\gh\t ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,=mation4 ,halite ca/s sugge/ t !re 0 a high rate ( evaporation z s$im5tation occurr$4 ,gypsum 7alt]$ anhydrite7 is also int]pret$ to be an evaporite deposit4 ,! gypsum is n[ se5 z horizontal :ite lay]s ( alaba/] & sat9-sp> v>ieties )9 ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,=mation4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/] ,=mation is mo/ly silt/one & %ale1 & is commonly a di/9ctive r$ color4 ,?is r$ color is ! result ( comb9+ oxyg5 f ! air ) ! iron 9 ! s$im5ts 7oxidation7 mu* z a nail ru/s aft] x has be5 expos$ = a long p]iod4 ,! b$d$ gray zones repres5t times :5 !re 0 en\gh fre% wat] f ! l& to (fset tempor>ily ! oxidation process4 ,small] circul> gray areas h organic nuclei t produc$ local areas ( *emically alt]$ iron by a process call$ r$uction4 ,at ! close ( ! ,p]mian ,p]iod & ! ,paleozoic ,era1 ! ,panh&le region 0 uplift$ & a p]iod ( widespread erosion foll[$4 ,consequ5tly !re are no s$im5ts 9 ?is area to repres5t ! e>ly or middle portions ( ! ,triassic ,p]iod4 ,breaks1 su* z ?is1 9 ! s$im5t>y record are call$ ,,uncon=mities4 ,!y may h be5 caus$ by a lack ( deposition 9 ! area or by an int]val dur+ :i* erosion remov$ e>li] s$im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,paleogeographic map ( ! ,p]mian ,p]iod 7#bdj m4y47 ,! ,tecovas ,=mation 0 deposit$ 9 swamps1 lakes1 & /reams approximately #bjj million ye>s ago dur+ ! ,late ,triassic 7,figure #d74 ,! ,tecovas is mo/ly purpli% lav5d]1 yell[1 orange1 & buff silt/one & %ale4 ,! bright-color$ %ale ( ! ,tecovas ,=mation is easily foll[$ = _m miles4 ,am>illo 7! ,spani% ^w = yell[7 got its "n f ,am>illo ,creek :]e ! yell[ b$ ( ! ,tecovas ,=mation crops out f> f ,palo ,duro ,canyon4 ,! %ale ( ! ,tecovas =ms ! less /eep portions ( ! canyon walls & (t5 is cov]$ by talus 7wea!r$1 brok5 rock7 or vegetation4 ,! upp]mo/ ,tecovas is usually mantl$ ) b\ld]s f ! ov]ly+ s&/one ( ! ,trujillo ,=mation4 ,! ,tecovas ,=mation conta9s num]\s concretions or irregul>ly %ap$1 wea!r$ rocks4 ,! unusual %ape ( a concretion is ! result ( ! h>d5+ ( ! s$im5ts ar\nd a nucleus4 ,z ! rock wea!rs1 ! resi/ant mat]ial surr\nd+ ! nucleus rema9s4 ,mo/ ( ! concretions are compos$ ( limonite1 hematite1 manganite or calcite4 ,"s ( ! calcite concretions are a v>iety t]m$ 8sept>ian40 ,^! concretions h calcite ridges 9 a honeycomb patt]n ?r\gh\t ! rock4 ,"s ( ! concretions are simply nodul> or sph]ical aggregates4 ,also 9 ! ,tecovas1 geodes fill$ or l9$ int]nally ) calcite cry/als are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,paleogeographic map ( ! ,triassic ,p]iod 7#aha m4y47 ,ov]ly+ ! ,tecovas is ! ,trujillo ,=mation4 ,x 0 deposit$ by /reams t probably orig9at$ 9 an anci5t highl& s\!a/ ( ! pres5t ,panh&le4 ,^! /reams 7 fl[+ m ?an #aha million ye>s ago4 ,! s&/one conta9s "s alt]nat+ lay]s ( %ale & m>l-pebble conglom]ate4 ,! ,trujillo ,=mation is a resi/ant =mation & =ms "s ( ! upp] portions ( ! canyon walls4 ,! /eep portions are1 9 "p1 ! result ( a p]si/5t fracture sy/em common 9 ! ,trujillo ,=mation4 ,! s&/one & conglom]ate ( ! ,trujillo *>act]i/ically exhibit well-develop$ crossb$d+4 ,_! gray color is sometimes obscur$ by a cru/ ( r$ mud or iron /a94 ,! upp]mo/ r$ %ale conta9s m9]aliz$ wood4 ,! gray micace\s s&/one has _m r\nd s&/one concretions4 ,"s ( ^! are sept>ian concretions ) cracks fill$ by calcite4 ,o!rs may conta9 leaf impr9ts4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,jurassic s$im5ts 7 ev] deposit$ 9 ! region4 ,cretace\s rocks are also miss+ 9 ?is area al?\gh wat]-worn fossil oy/]s occur 9 ! gravel at ! base ( ! ov]ly+ ,ogallala4 ,^! fossils indicate t m>9e ,cretace\s s$im5ts 7 deposit$ ne>by & possibly cov]$ ! ,triassic deposits 9 ! region4 ,! rocks 7 !n erod$ away "s "t betwe5 ! end ( ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plioc5e ,epo*1 a span ( ab\t #ej million ye>s4 ,dur+ ! ,plioc5e ,epo*1 approximately #b-aj million ye>s ago1 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 aga9 uplift$4 ,s$im5ts 9 /reams & floodpla9s 7 deposit$ on ! erosional surface ( ! ,trujillo ,=mation 7,figure #e74 ,^! /ream-deposit$ s$im5ts are ! ,ogallala ,=mation4 ,! ,ogallala ,=mation1 :i* =ms ! upp] "p ( ! sequ5ce ( rocks expos$ 9 ! canyon1 is pres5t ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,panh&le4 ,! =mation is important z x is ! pr9cipal aquif] ( ! ,panh&le & supplies _m f>ms & cities 9 ! region ) wat]4 ,! ,ogallala is a silt/one & s&/one t has1 9 places1 be5 cem5t$ by silica :i* came f gr\ndwat]4 ,! =mation conta9s _m pockets ( common opal & ! basal "p is 9 _m places almo/ a *]t4 ,!re are also "s ?9 gray %ale l5ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,paleogeographic map ( ! ,plioc5e 7#aj m4y47 ,scatt]$ ov] ! ,ogallala are ,late ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e playa lake deposits up to #c million ye>s old4 ,"s ( ^! are fre% wat] lake deposits ( silt1 lime/one1 & w9d-transport$ s$im5ts or loess4 ,bel[ ^! s$im5ts is a lay] ( cali*e :i* 0 deposit$ by evaporation ( gr\ndwat] ri* 9 calcium c>bonate dur+ ,late ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,less ?an "o million ye>s ago1 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,epo* ( ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod1 ! ,prairie ,dog ,t[n ,=k ( ! ,r$ ,riv] began erod+ headw>d into ! ,llano ,e/acado 7,figure #f74 ,! caprock esc>pm5t is ! result ( diff]+ resi/ance to erosion4 ,! fa/] erosion ( s(t] lay]s "u ! m resi/ant ,ogallala & ,trujillo =mations =ms ! /eep slopes ( ! esc>pm5t4 ,! ,prairie ,dog ,t[n ,=k ( ! ,r$ ,riv] is ! small /ream fl[+ 9 ,palo ,duro ,canyon4 ,?r\gh\t ! pa/ million ye>s x has be5 sl[ly excavat+ ! canyon4 ,! rate ( *ange has be5 sl[ b cont9u\s1 c>v+ ! /eep colorful walls ( ,palo ,duro ,canyon1 an area ( geologic int]e/ & great sc5ic beauty4 ,,paleontology ,dur+ ! ,p]mian ,p]iod ! area t is n[ ,palo ,duro ,canyon ,/ate ,p>k1 0 a ne>ly-flat l& surface along ! edge ( a re/rict$ sea4 ,! sc>city ( fossils 9 ! ,qu>t]ma/] ,=mation indicates t plant & animal life 0 sp>se4 ,! environm5t 0 probably unsuit$ = plant life4 ,x is ?\ght t gr\ndwat] ne> ! surface evaporat$1 leav+ l>ge am\nts ( salt z a residue4 ,s9ce plants c\ld n gr[1 animals w\ld n h frequ5t$ ! area ei!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,headw>d erosion by ! ,pecos1 ,colorado1 ,brazos1 ,r$ & ,canadian ,riv]s isolate ! ,high ,pla9s by ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e 7#aj1jjj ye>s ago7 & cut ,palo ,duro ,canyon4 ,fossils & rocks ( ! ,tecovas ,=mation indicate t ! s$im5ts 7 deposit$ 9 a swamp & /ream environm5t 7,figure #g74 ,z "t w5t on & ! l& cont9u$ ris+1 ! climate became dri] & "s ( ! e>li] life =ms disappe>$4 ,rema9s ( ,metoposaurus 7#8,buettn]ia'71 ! la/ ( a long l9e ( giant amphibians1 are f\nd "h4 ,^! animals liv$ 9 l>ge ponds4 ,metoposaurus buri$ !mselves 9 ! bottom ( a pond & wait$ = fi% to pass4 ,) ! aid ( a ?ird eye 9 ! middle ( its head1 ! animal c\ld direct its huge m\? to its prey4 ,metoposaurus 0 s bulky t x is ?\ght t x did n leave ! wat] because its weak legs c\ld n support its weight on l&4 ,liv+ 9 %all[] areas ( ! swamp 7 a gr\p ( semiaquatic reptiles kn[n z phytosaurs4 ,phytosaurs look$ v mu* l giant crocodiles ) a no/ril on ! top ( _! heads1 :i* p]mitt$ !m to lie subm]g$ j bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!y probably f$ on fi% & small] reptiles4 ,phytosaurs rea*$ a l5g? ( #ej feet4 ,a heavily armor$ aetosaur1 ,desmatosu*us also liv$ 9 ! ,p>k area dur+ ! ,triassic4 ,!y atta9$ a l5g? ( ab\t #aj feet4 ,^! reptiles probably 7 h]bivor\s 7plant eat+74 ,a unique feature ( ,desmatosu*us 0 a fr+e ( backw>d-po9t+ horns ar\nd _! necks4 ,^! possibly s]v$ to protect !m f ! c>nivor\s 7meat eat+7 phytosaurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,life ( ,late ,triassic "t1 %[+ re/orations ( ! animals & plants t are n[ f\nd z fossils 9 ! ,*9le b$s ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,9 ! wat] is ! gigantic labyr9?odont amphibian1 ,eupelor1 an animal "s six feet or m 9 l5g?4 ,ly+ on ! bank is ! crocodile-l !codont reptile1 ,phytosaurus1 l>ge individuals ( :i* may be tw5ty or ?irty feet long4 ,beh9d ! phytosaur1 9 ! di/ance1 is ! armor$ !codont1 ,desmatosu*us1 t5 feet long1 & 9 ! =egr\nd is ! small1 bip$al !codont1 ,hesp]osu*us4 ,9 ! left backgr\nd are two individuals ( ! e>ly sauris*ian d9osaur1 ,coelophysis1 reptiles ab\t t5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,^! animals liv$ 9 a tropical environm5t ( mod]ate topography1 cross$ by _m sluggi% riv]s & dott$ ) lakes4 ,num]\s volcanoes rose above ! g5]al level ( ! l&4 ,l>ge1 arauc>ian trees 7 abundant1 /\t sc\r+ ru%es or horsetails t5 or fifte5 feet high 7 ev]y:]e1 & ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) abundant f]ns4 ,also f\nd 9 ! ,tecovas & ,trujillo =mations are fossil lung-fi% tee?4 ,lung-fi% are a type ( fi% t c brea! air1 enabl+ !m to move f pond to pond4 ,footpr9ts ( a *ick5-siz$ d9osaur h also be5 f\nd4 ,! ,middle ,triassic flora 0 dom9at$ by giant palm-l trees4 ,also f\nd are rema9s ( a few l>ge f]ns & horsetails4 ,z ! climate became dri] & ! swamps began to disappe>1 conif]\s 7ev]gre57 trees su* z ,arauc>ioxylon became pl5tiful4 ,^! trees c be f\nd 9 ! canyon today z petrifi$ wood4 ,! ,ogallala 9 ! p>k conta9s v few fossils4 ,a giant tortoise 0 f\nd ne> ! b5d :]e ! road beg9s to desc5d into ! canyon4 ,fossil se$s may be se5 9 ! exposure ( ! ,ogallala ne> ! ,coronado ,lodge4 ,m ext5sive ,late ,plioc5e fossil b$s are expos$ s\? ( ! p>k 9 ,cita ,canyon4 ,^! b$s are y\ng] ?an ! ,ogallala & are /ream & bas9 deposits4 ,! fauna & flora f\nd "h sugge/ a broad1 flat1 grassy pla9 mu* l ! pres5t l&scape 7,figure #h74 ,rema9s ( ma/odons1 l>ge1 elephant-l animals ) long upp] tusks t 7 us$ to dig up roots1 are f\nd "h4 ,sab]-too? cats1 also pres5t1 prey$ ^u ! ma/odons4 ,! rema9s ( ^!1 z well z bones ( camels1 pony-siz$ horses1 & slo?s #aj feet high h be5 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! canyon4 ,"s ( ^! animals are ?\ght to h liv$ 9 ! ,panh&le a m]e #aj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,amebelodon3 %ovel-tusk$ ma/odon ,teleoc]as3 %ort-legg$ rh9oc]os ,syn!toc]as3 sn\t-horn$ ev5-to$ ho($ mammal ,cranioc]as3 cranial-horn$ ev5-to$ ho($ mammal ,m]ycodus3 ext9ct pronghorn antelope ,hypolagus3 ext9ct rabbit ,epigaulus3 burr[+ horn$ rod5t ,aphelops3 long-legg$ rh9oc]os ,pro/h5nops3 ext9ct pecc>y ,o/eoborus3 %ort-fac$ dog ,pseudaelurus3 ext9ct cat ,hemicyon3 be>like dog ,procamelus3 llamalike camel ,megatylopus3 giant camel ,pliohippus3 ance/ral "o-to$ horse ,neohipp>ion3 ext9ct ?ree-to$ horse ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #bb4da ,plioc5e ,mammals4 ,e>ly ,plioc5e life ( ! s\!rn ,high ,pla9s4 7,mural by ,j4 ,h4 ,matt]nes1 c\rtesy ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum47 ,due to limit$ outcrops 9 ! ,canyon prop]1 ,plei/oc5e fossils are v r>e4 ,an excell5t collection ( fossils f ,palo ,duro ,canyon & ! ,panh&le area is on display at ! ,panh&le-,pla9s ,hi/orical ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,spectacul> ,palo ,duro1 8gr& canyon0 ( ! ,panh&le ,pla9s1 is an excit+ exp]i5ce4 ,"o ( ! nation's mo/ magnific5t sc5ic attractions1 x provides delightful drives & opportunities = hik+1 horseback rid+ & camp+ 9 season4 ,visit ,palo ,duro & enjoy x4 ,diamond ,%amrock ,,quality ,,rock ,,%op ,,ov]night ,,camp+ ,,lapid>y ,,equipm5t ,,quality ,,agate ,,jade1 ,,=eign ,,dome/ic ,,cu/om ,,silv]1 ,,gold ,,& ,,turquoise ,,"w #b ,miles ,we/ ( ,canyon on ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj ,r\te #a1 ,box #baa1 ,canyon1 ,texas #gijae ,,maggie ,,:itey ,,voelm 7#hjf7 #fee-gfca ,se>* ,drill+ ,co4 ,rot>y ,drill+ ,contractors ,oil ,gas ,produc]s ,,suite #djj ,,well+ton ,,squ>e ,,(fice ,,p>k #afaf ,s4 ,,k5tucky ,,am>illo1 ,,texas #giajb 7#hjf7 #cei-gfde ,,yucca ,,petroleum ,,co4 #cjj ,diamond ,%amrock ,build+ ,p4,o4 ,,box #behe ,,am>illo1 ,,texas #giaje ,telephone3 7#hjf7 #cgf-edca ,argonaut ,en]gy ,corporation ,,gl5 ,s4 ,,sod]/rom1 ,presid5t ,,lorne ,e4 ,,tj]nagel1 ,exec4 ,vice-,presid5t ,r4 ,l4 ,,patt]son1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ,production #abji ,we/ #g ,/4 ,suite #bjj ,am>illo1 ,texas #giaja #hjf_/cgc-fhhe ,w4,m4 ,,quack5bu% ,petroleum ,geologi/ #bcae ,h>mony ,am>illo1 ,texas #giajf #hjf-cee-bica ,,jack ,g4 ,,jones ,,consult+ ,,petroleum ,,geologi/ ,(fice3 ,,ac #hjf_/ceb-fhia #eejj ,mead[ ,gre5 ,dr4 ,po/ ,(fice ,box #hade ,am>illo1 ,texas #giaji ,,tu?ill ,,b>bee ,,petroleum ,,geologi/s ,s4 ,,kei? 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