,,guidebook ,,of ,,palo ,,duro ,,canyon ,west ,texas ,state ,university ,geological ,society ,,department ,,of ,,geosciences ,the ,department of ,geosciences 7geology1 geography1 anthropology7 is housed in the ,science ,center on the campus of ,west ,texas ,state ,university4 ,additional departmental space is found in the ,killgore ,research ,center and ,old ,main4 ,the ,department offers a program of study leading to a ,bachelor of ,science and ,bachelor of ,arts degrees in geology and geography and a ,bachelor of ,general ,studies degree in anthropology4 ,most students are enrolled in the ,bachelor of ,science in geology degree1 designed to meet the needs of students preparing for a professional career in geology4 ,it requires a minimum of #ci semester hours of geology1 plus supporting coursework in other sciences1 mathematics1 and technical writing or cartography4 ,the ,department also offers a ,master of ,science degree in geology4 ,recent thesis topics include ,geology of ,fortress ,cliff ,quadrangle1 ,randall ,county1 ,texas and ,sedimentology and ,petrology of the ,javelina ,formation1 ,big ,bend ,national ,park1 ,brewster ,county1 ,texas4 ,members of the departmental faculty have a wide range of academic interests and come from a variety of colleges and universities4 ,special interests of the faculty include stratigraphy1 biostratigraphy1 geomorphology1 sedimentology1 structural geology1 tectonics1 igneous and metamorphic petrology1 petroleum geology1 paleontology1 cartography1 archaeology1 and ,indians and their culture of the south central ,united ,states4 ,in addition1 the ,department retains a broad concern for earth-science education1 and offers courses in introductory earth science and geology to meet student needs in the ,university general education and in teacher education4 ,the ,department supports students with teaching and graduate assistantships1 undergraduate laboratory assistants1 and scholarships4 ,information regarding degree programs and financial aid can be obtained from the ,department of ,geosciences1 ,west ,texas ,state ,university1 ,box #ich1 ,canyon1 ,texas #gijaf or by calling the departmental office at #hjf-fef-beha4 ,,foreword ,the ,west ,texas ,state ,university ,geological ,society was organized in #aieh by students of the ,department of ,geology4 ,the objective of the ,society is to promote interest in geology as an academic subject and as a professional career4 ,in order to present the concepts of geology to interested groups1 the ,palo ,duro ,canyon ,guidebook is sponsored by the ,,wtsu ,geological ,society4 ,the ,geological ,society is indebted to ,professor ,jack ,t4 ,hughes and to ,mr4 ,jerry ,harbour for their work in the first edition of this guidebook4 ,,do ,,you ,,have ,a ,,group ,,or ,,know ,,of ,a ,,group ,,who ,,would ,,like ,a ,,guided ,,field ,,trip ,,of ,,palo ,,duro ,,canyon8 ,,contact ,,the ,,west ,,texas ,,state ,,university ,,geological ,,society ,,at #fef-beha ,,for ,,information4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,text ,page ,,introduction #a ,,ecology #b ,,history ,,of ,,man ,,in ,,the ,,area #d ,,geologic ,,history #e ,,paleontology #ad ,illustrations ,figure #a4 ,geologic ,map of ,palo ,duro ,canyon #f ,figure #b4 ,stratigraphic ,section and ,geologic ,time ,scale #g ,figure #c4 ,paleogeographic ,map of the ,permian ,period #i ,figure #d4 ,paleogeographic ,map of the ,triassic ,period #aa ,figure #e4 ,paleogeographic ,map of the ,pliocene ,epoch #ac ,figure #f4 ,paleogeographic ,map of the ,pleistocene ,epoch #ae ,figure #g4 ,life of ,triassic ,time #ag ,figure #h4 ,pliocene ,mammals #ai ,,introduction ,palo ,duro ,canyon ,state ,park is located #ac miles east of ,canyon1 ,texas1 on ,state ,highway #bag and #ag miles southeast of ,amarillo1 ,texas4 ,the park encompasses about #ae1jjj acres of eastern ,randall and western ,armstrong counties4 ,the initial park area was purchased by the ,state of ,texas in #aica4 ,in #aigc the park boundary was extended to incorporate a famous topographic structure1 the ,lighthouse 7frontispiece74 ,excellent picnic and camping facilities are available within the ,park4 ,extending away from the canyon rim is a gently undulating land surface called the ,llano ,estacado or ,staked ,plains4 ,it is part of the ,high ,plains1 a vast piedmont plain which extends along the eastern base of the ,rocky ,mountains from ,wyoming to ,texas4 ,the eastern edge of this plain is1 in places1 an abrupt escarpment 7cliff7 known as the caprock4 ,palo ,duro ,canyon is a westward extension of this escarpment that has been carved into the ,high ,plains by the ,prairie ,dog ,town ,fork of the ,red ,river4 ,in the park area the canyon is several miles wide4 ,the canyon rim is about #c1ejj feet above sea level and the canyon floor1 although highly irregular is approximately #b1gjj feet above sea level4 ,the maximum depth of the canyon is about #hjj feet4 ,the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey has published an excellent topographical contour map of the canyon1 the ,fortress ,cliff ,quadrangle4 ,it can be purchased at the park or from the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4 ,the ,park area normally receives about #bj-cj inches of rainfall per year and has a frost free period of approximately #bjj-bdj days per year4 ,the yearly temperature ranges from #j-gj;,f in the winter and from #fe to #ajj;,f in the summer4 ,the weather is considered fair about #ge of the time4 ,the nights are cool even in the summer4 ,,ecology ,palo ,duro ,canyon is part of the escarpment system that forms the eastern boundary of the ,llano ,estacado or ,staked ,plains4 ,the ,staked ,plains in this area is a nearly-level to gently-rolling terrain covered with a mantle of calcareous loess 7a wind-blown silt7 that has given rise to deep soils with a clay-loam surface and a clay subsoil4 ,these soils are ideally suited to the growth of short grasses1 especially blue grama and buffalo grass4 ,mesquite1 yucca1 prickly pear cactus1 and forbs are common invaders of overgrazed areas4 ,many shallow lake basins 7playas7 dot the plains with a flora different from the surrounding areas4 ,in the playas1 plains grasses are displaced by forbs that are suited to withstand the prolonged flooding within the shallow basins4 ,near the canyon1 the deep soils can be seen grading into shallow1 grayish-brown1 gravelly-loam soils4 ,the abundance of grasses decreases and mid grasses such as little bluestem and sideoats grama increase4 ,the mid grasses are better able to absorb nutrients from the less fertile soils near the canyon rim than are the short grasses4 ,especially conspicuous are increasing numbers of shrubs1 particularly the evergreen and scale-leaved junipers4 ,just along the rim of the canyon1 the shrubby mountain mahogany is found4 ,the rugged terrain of the sides of the canyon1 extending from the ,ogallala downward through the ,trujillo and ,tecovas formations to the upper part of the ,quartermaster ,formation1 shows a variety of soil types4 ,on the steeper slopes1 plants are unable to gain a foothold as erosion removes soil material as fast as it is formed4 ,on less-steep areas1 the well-drained escarpment soil is suited for the development of scarp woodland4 ,the deep1 woody roots of trees and shrubs are better able to obtain the deeply infiltrating moisture from these soils than are the shallow and fibrous roots of grasses4 ,the common plants on the level areas are junipers1 squaw-bush1 and little-leaved sumac4 ,on the drier slopes1 feather peabush1 catclaw1 and salt-bush are found4 ,groves of oak occur1 but not in the abundance found along the escarpment further to the south4 ,below the canyon slopes and extending to the creek are a wide variety of soils and a great diversity of plants4 ,most of the plants of the plains and escarpment are found here4 ,some of the soils of the nearly level areas are deep1 high in fertility1 and hold large amounts of water4 ,tall grasses1 such as indiangrass and switchgrass1 occur admixed with mid grasses2 a rank growth of vine-mesquite grass often occurs in the areas where runoff water collects2 and alkali sacaton grass grows on saline soils4 ,other trees and shrubs include hackberry1 soapberry1 wafer ash1 button bush1 foresteria1 and ,texas buckthorn4 ,along the creek1 cottonwoods1 willows1 and salt cedar are common4 ,because of the varied topography1 diversity of plant life1 and geographical locations1 the canyon affords an ideal habitat for wildlife4 ,some of the mammals that occur here are the coyote1 porcupine1 jackrabbit1 cottontail rabbit1 raccoon1 opossum1 ringtailed cat1 striped skunk1 gray fox1 white-footed mouse1 woodrat1 and bat4 ,mammals that were once common but are now absent or extremely rare are the bison1 black bear1 black-footed ferret1 lobo wolf1 cougar1 and bobcat4 ,the moose and ,american elk were introduced into the canyon but are no longer to be found4 ,white-tailed deer1 mule deer1 and aoudad sheep have also been introduced and are still present4 ,the mule deer is the most common4 ,a great many types of birds are found either as residents of or migrants to the canyon4 ,a few are the golden eagle1 red-tailed hawk1 sparrow hawk1 ,mississippi kite1 turkey vulture1 blue quail1 killdeer1 nighthawk1 roadrunner1 red-headed woodpecker1 golden-fronted woodpecker1 canyon wren1 mockingbird1 robin1 cardinal1 meadowlark1 ,bullock's oriole1 painted bunting1 white-crowned sparrow1 and lark sparrow4 ,,history ,,of ,,man ,,in ,,the ,,area ,archeological studies indicate that the earliest known inhabitants of ,palo ,duro ,canyon lived in the canyon from about #aj1jjj to #e1jjj ,b4,c4 ,these early men hunted bison and now-extinct elephant-like mammoths that roamed the area during the ,pleistocene ,ice ,age4 ,their stone weapons and artifacts have been found in the canyon4 ,presumably these primitive people1 like those who came later1 were attracted by streams and springs in the canyon1 and by game that came to feed there4 ,rock exposed in the canyon provided material for tools and weapons4 ,through the centuries1 various tribes of ,plains ,indians1 including ,apache1 ,cheyenne1 ,arapahoe1 ,kiowa1 and ,comanche1 made use of the canyon as a camping ground4 ,after the arrival of the white man1 the canyon became a favorite resting place for buffalo hunters and ,indian traders who travelled the ,plains4 ,white men first established residence there in #ahgf4 ,the last ,indian battle in ,texas was fought in the canyon south of the ,park4 ,col4 ,ranald ,mackenzie and his raiders1 on ,september #be1 #ahgd1 attacked a large encampment of ,comanche1 ,cheyenne1 ,kiowa1 and ,arapahoe in the canyon4 ,they destroyed about #ajj lodges and #adjj horses and mules4 ,the damage inflicted was severe and by the following spring most of the ,indians were returned to the reservation in ,oklahoma4 ,,geologic ,,history ,the age of the earth is calculated in terms of billions of years4 ,for convenience1 geologic time is divided into units1 called ,,periods1 of different lengths 7,figure #a74 ,sediments deposited during each period and the fossilized remains of animals and plants found in these sediments give a partial record of the events and life of that period4 ,a nearly homogeneous 7uniform composition7 rock layer may be identified as a ,,formation4 ,formations are usually spread over a wide area like a large blanket and are stacked on top of each other with the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top4 ,when viewed in the walls of the canyon1 they resemble a huge layer cake and may be traced along the canyon walls4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4 ,,geologic ,,map ,,of ,,palo ,,duro ,,canyon ,illustration3 ,figure #b4 ,stratigraphic section at ,palo ,duro ,canyon with ,geologic ,time-scale for reference4 ,,geologic ,,time-,,scale ,,age ,m4,y4 ,,cenozoic ,,quat4 ,,holocene ,,pleistocene #b ,,tertiary ,,pliocene #ac ,,miocene #be ,,oligocene #cf ,,eocene #eh ,,paleocene #fc ,,mesozoic ,,cretaceous #ace ,,jurassic #aha ,,triassic #bcj ,,paleozoic ,,permian #bhj ,,pennsylvanian #caj ,,mississippian #cde ,,devonian #dje ,,silurian #dbe ,,ordovician #ejj ,,cambrian #fjj ,,precambrian ,the lowest and oldest exposed formation in ,palo ,duro ,canyon is the ,quartermaster4 ,it was deposited near the edge of a shallow sea that occupied a wide area in ,texas some #bhj to #bcj million years ago 7,figure #c74 ,this was during the ,permian ,period1 the last period of the ,paleozoic ,era4 ,the sediments in the park area were carried from the east and deposited in a nearshore environment4 ,sedimentary structures1 such as crossbeds and ripplemarks1 are present throughout the ,quartermaster ,formation4 ,halite casts suggest that there was a high rate of evaporation as sedimentation occurred4 ,gypsum 7altered anhydrite7 is also interpreted to be an evaporite deposit4 ,the gypsum is now seen as horizontal white layers of alabaster and satin-spar varieties within the ,quartermaster ,formation4 ,the ,quartermaster ,formation is mostly siltstone and shale1 and is commonly a distinctive red color4 ,this red color is the result of combining oxygen from the air with the iron in the sediments 7oxidation7 much as a nail rusts after it has been exposed for a long period4 ,the bedded gray zones represent times when there was enough fresh water from the land to offset temporarily the oxidation process4 ,smaller circular gray areas have organic nuclei that produced local areas of chemically altered iron by a process called reduction4 ,at the close of the ,permian ,period and the ,paleozoic ,era1 the ,panhandle region was uplifted and a period of widespread erosion followed4 ,consequently there are no sediments in this area to represent the early or middle portions of the ,triassic ,period4 ,breaks1 such as this1 in the sedimentary record are called ,,unconformities4 ,they may have been caused by a lack of deposition in the area or by an interval during which erosion removed earlier sediments4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4 ,paleogeographic map of the ,permian ,period 7#bdj m4y47 ,the ,tecovas ,formation was deposited in swamps1 lakes1 and streams approximately #bjj million years ago during the ,late ,triassic 7,figure #d74 ,the ,tecovas is mostly purplish lavender1 yellow1 orange1 and buff siltstone and shale4 ,the bright-colored shale of the ,tecovas ,formation is easily followed for many miles4 ,amarillo 7the ,spanish word for yellow7 got its name from ,amarillo ,creek where the yellow bed of the ,tecovas ,formation crops out far from ,palo ,duro ,canyon4 ,the shale of the ,tecovas forms the less steep portions of the canyon walls and often is covered by talus 7weathered1 broken rock7 or vegetation4 ,the uppermost ,tecovas is usually mantled with boulders from the overlying sandstone of the ,trujillo ,formation4 ,the ,tecovas ,formation contains numerous concretions or irregularly shaped1 weathered rocks4 ,the unusual shape of a concretion is the result of the hardening of the sediments around a nucleus4 ,as the rock weathers1 the resistant material surrounding the nucleus remains4 ,most of the concretions are composed of limonite1 hematite1 manganite or calcite4 ,some of the calcite concretions are a variety termed 8septarian40 ,these concretions have calcite ridges in a honeycomb pattern throughout the rock4 ,some of the concretions are simply nodular or spherical aggregates4 ,also in the ,tecovas1 geodes filled or lined internally with calcite crystals are found4 ,illustration3 ,figure #d4 ,paleogeographic map of the ,triassic ,period 7#aha m4y47 ,overlying the ,tecovas is the ,trujillo ,formation4 ,it was deposited by streams that probably originated in an ancient highland southeast of the present ,panhandle4 ,these streams were flowing more than #aha million years ago4 ,the sandstone contains some alternating layers of shale and marl-pebble conglomerate4 ,the ,trujillo ,formation is a resistant formation and forms some of the upper portions of the canyon walls4 ,the steep portions are1 in part1 the result of a persistent fracture system common in the ,trujillo ,formation4 ,the sandstone and conglomerate of the ,trujillo characteristically exhibit well-developed crossbedding4 ,their gray color is sometimes obscured by a crust of red mud or iron stain4 ,the uppermost red shale contains mineralized wood4 ,the gray micaceous sandstone has many round sandstone concretions4 ,some of these are septarian concretions with cracks filled by calcite4 ,others may contain leaf imprints4 ,there is no evidence that ,jurassic sediments were ever deposited in the region4 ,cretaceous rocks are also missing in this area although water-worn fossil oysters occur in the gravel at the base of the overlying ,ogallala4 ,these fossils indicate that marine ,cretaceous sediments were deposited nearby and possibly covered the ,triassic deposits in the region4 ,the rocks were then eroded away some time between the end of the ,cretaceous ,period and the beginning of the ,pliocene ,epoch1 a span of about #ej million years4 ,during the ,pliocene ,epoch1 approximately #b-aj million years ago1 the ,rocky ,mountains were again uplifted4 ,sediments in streams and floodplains were deposited on the erosional surface of the ,trujillo ,formation 7,figure #e74 ,these stream-deposited sediments are the ,ogallala ,formation4 ,the ,ogallala ,formation1 which forms the upper part of the sequence of rocks exposed in the canyon1 is present throughout most of the ,panhandle4 ,the formation is important as it is the principal aquifer of the ,panhandle and supplies many farms and cities in the region with water4 ,the ,ogallala is a siltstone and sandstone that has1 in places1 been cemented by silica which came from groundwater4 ,the formation contains many pockets of common opal and the basal part is in many places almost a chert4 ,there are also some thin gray shale lenses4 ,illustration3 ,figure #e4 ,paleogeographic map of the ,pliocene 7#aj m4y47 ,scattered over the ,ogallala are ,late ,pliocene and ,pleistocene playa lake deposits up to #c million years old4 ,some of these are fresh water lake deposits of silt1 limestone1 and wind-transported sediments or loess4 ,below these sediments is a layer of caliche which was deposited by evaporation of groundwater rich in calcium carbonate during ,late ,pliocene and ,pleistocene time4 ,less than one million years ago1 during the ,pleistocene ,epoch of the ,quaternary ,period1 the ,prairie ,dog ,town ,fork of the ,red ,river began eroding headward into the ,llano ,estacado 7,figure #f74 ,the caprock escarpment is the result of differing resistance to erosion4 ,the faster erosion of softer layers under the more resistant ,ogallala and ,trujillo formations forms the steep slopes of the escarpment4 ,the ,prairie ,dog ,town ,fork of the ,red ,river is the small stream flowing in ,palo ,duro ,canyon4 ,throughout the past million years it has been slowly excavating the canyon4 ,the rate of change has been slow but continuous1 carving the steep colorful walls of ,palo ,duro ,canyon1 an area of geologic interest and great scenic beauty4 ,,paleontology ,during the ,permian ,period the area that is now ,palo ,duro ,canyon ,state ,park1 was a nearly-flat land surface along the edge of a restricted sea4 ,the scarcity of fossils in the ,quartermaster ,formation indicates that plant and animal life was sparse4 ,the environment was probably unsuited for plant life4 ,it is thought that groundwater near the surface evaporated1 leaving large amounts of salt as a residue4 ,since plants could not grow1 animals would not have frequented the area either4 ,illustration3 ,figure #f4 ,headward erosion by the ,pecos1 ,colorado1 ,brazos1 ,red and ,canadian ,rivers isolate the ,high ,plains by the end of the ,pleistocene 7#aj1jjj years ago7 and cut ,palo ,duro ,canyon4 ,fossils and rocks of the ,tecovas ,formation indicate that the sediments were deposited in a swamp and stream environment 7,figure #g74 ,as time went on and the land continued rising1 the climate became drier and some of the earlier life forms disappeared4 ,remains of ,metoposaurus 7#8,buettneria'71 the last of a long line of giant amphibians1 are found here4 ,these animals lived in large ponds4 ,metoposaurus buried themselves in the bottom of a pond and waited for fish to pass4 ,with the aid of a third eye in the middle of its head1 the animal could direct its huge mouth to its prey4 ,metoposaurus was so bulky that it is thought that it did not leave the water because its weak legs could not support its weight on land4 ,living in shallower areas of the swamp were a group of semiaquatic reptiles known as phytosaurs4 ,phytosaurs looked very much like giant crocodiles with a nostril on the top of their heads1 which permitted them to lie submerged just below the surface of the water4 ,they probably fed on fish and smaller reptiles4 ,phytosaurs reached a length of #ej feet4 ,a heavily armored aetosaur1 ,desmatosuchus also lived in the ,park area during the ,triassic4 ,they attained a length of about #aj feet4 ,these reptiles probably were herbivorous 7plant eating74 ,a unique feature of ,desmatosuchus was a fringe of backward-pointing horns around their necks4 ,these possibly served to protect them from the carnivorous 7meat eating7 phytosaurs4 ,illustration3 ,figure #g4 ,life of ,late ,triassic time1 showing restorations of the animals and plants that are now found as fossils in the ,chinle beds of ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 ,in the water is the gigantic labyrinthodont amphibian1 ,eupelor1 an animal some six feet or more in length4 ,lying on the bank is the crocodile-like thecodont reptile1 ,phytosaurus1 large individuals of which may be twenty or thirty feet long4 ,behind the phytosaur1 in the distance1 is the armored thecodont1 ,desmatosuchus1 ten feet long1 and in the foreground is the small1 bipedal thecodont1 ,hesperosuchus4 ,in the left background are two individuals of the early saurischian dinosaur1 ,coelophysis1 reptiles about ten feet in length4 ,these animals lived in a tropical environment of moderate topography1 crossed by many sluggish rivers and dotted with lakes4 ,numerous volcanoes rose above the general level of the land4 ,large1 araucarian trees were abundant1 stout scouring rushes or horsetails ten or fifteen feet high were everywhere1 and the ground was covered with abundant ferns4 ,also found in the ,tecovas and ,trujillo formations are fossil lung-fish teeth4 ,lung-fish are a type of fish that can breathe air1 enabling them to move from pond to pond4 ,footprints of a chicken-sized dinosaur have also been found4 ,the ,middle ,triassic flora was dominated by giant palm-like trees4 ,also found are remains of a few large ferns and horsetails4 ,as the climate became drier and the swamps began to disappear1 coniferous 7evergreen7 trees such as ,araucarioxylon became plentiful4 ,these trees can be found in the canyon today as petrified wood4 ,the ,ogallala in the park contains very few fossils4 ,a giant tortoise was found near the bend where the road begins to descend into the canyon4 ,fossil seeds may be seen in the exposure of the ,ogallala near the ,coronado ,lodge4 ,more extensive ,late ,pliocene fossil beds are exposed south of the park in ,cita ,canyon4 ,these beds are younger than the ,ogallala and are stream and basin deposits4 ,the fauna and flora found here suggest a broad1 flat1 grassy plain much like the present landscape 7,figure #h74 ,remains of mastodons1 large1 elephant-like animals with long upper tusks that were used to dig up roots1 are found here4 ,saber-tooth cats1 also present1 preyed upon the mastodons4 ,the remains of these1 as well as bones of camels1 pony-sized horses1 and sloths #aj feet high have been found in the vicinity of the canyon4 ,some of these animals are thought to have lived in the ,panhandle a mere #aj1jjj years ago4 ,illustration3 ,figure #h4 ,amebelodon3 shovel-tusked mastodon ,teleoceras3 short-legged rhinoceros ,synthetoceras3 snout-horned even-toed hoofed mammal ,cranioceras3 cranial-horned even-toed hoofed mammal ,merycodus3 extinct pronghorn antelope ,hypolagus3 extinct rabbit ,epigaulus3 burrowing horned rodent ,aphelops3 long-legged rhinoceros ,prosthennops3 extinct peccary ,osteoborus3 short-faced dog ,pseudaelurus3 extinct cat ,hemicyon3 bearlike dog ,procamelus3 llamalike camel ,megatylopus3 giant camel ,pliohippus3 ancestral one-toed horse ,neohipparion3 extinct three-toed horse ,illustration3 ,,figure #bb4da ,pliocene ,mammals4 ,early ,pliocene life of the southern ,high ,plains4 7,mural by ,j4 ,h4 ,matternes1 courtesy ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum47 ,due to limited outcrops in the ,canyon proper1 ,pleistocene fossils are very rare4 ,an excellent collection of fossils from ,palo ,duro ,canyon and the ,panhandle area is on display at the ,panhandle-,plains ,historical ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,spectacular ,palo ,duro1 8grand canyon0 of the ,panhandle ,plains1 is an exciting experience4 ,one of the nation's most magnificent scenic attractions1 it provides delightful drives and opportunities for hiking1 horseback riding and camping in season4 ,visit ,palo ,duro and enjoy it4 ,diamond ,shamrock ,,quality ,,rock ,,shop ,,overnight ,,camping ,,lapidary ,,equipment ,,quality ,,agate ,,jade1 ,,foreign ,,domestic ,,custom ,,silver1 ,,gold ,,and ,,turquoise ,,work #b ,miles ,west of ,canyon on ,u4,s4 ,highway #fj ,route #a1 ,box #baa1 ,canyon1 ,texas #gijae ,,maggie ,,whitey ,,voelm 7#hjf7 #fee-gfca ,search ,drilling ,co4 ,rotary ,drilling ,contractors ,oil ,gas ,producers ,,suite #djj ,,wellington ,,square ,,office ,,park #afaf ,s4 ,,kentucky ,,amarillo1 ,,texas #giajb 7#hjf7 #cei-gfde ,,yucca ,,petroleum ,,co4 #cjj ,diamond ,shamrock ,building ,p4,o4 ,,box #behe ,,amarillo1 ,,texas #giaje ,telephone3 7#hjf7 #cgf-edca ,argonaut ,energy ,corporation ,,glen ,s4 ,,soderstrom1 ,president ,,lorne ,e4 ,,tjernagel1 ,exec4 ,vice-,president ,r4 ,l4 ,,patterson1 ,vice-,president of ,production #abji ,west #g ,st4 ,suite #bjj ,amarillo1 ,texas #giaja #hjf_/cgc-fhhe ,w4,m4 ,,quackenbush ,petroleum ,geologist #bcae ,harmony ,amarillo1 ,texas #giajf #hjf-cee-bica ,,jack ,g4 ,,jones ,,consulting ,,petroleum ,,geologist ,office3 ,,ac #hjf_/ceb-fhia #eejj ,meadow ,green ,dr4 ,post ,office ,box #hade ,amarillo1 ,texas #giaji ,,tuthill ,,barbee ,,petroleum ,,geologists ,s4 ,,keith ,,tuthill ,,bill ,j4 ,,barbee #cjj ,fisk ,bldg4 ,amarillo1 ,texas ,,ph4 #cgc-cjbc ,,cambridge ,,nail ,,petroleum ,,exploration ,,services #hjc ,bank of the ,southwest ,bldg4 ,,amarillo1 ,,texas #giaji #hjf #cee-ibig ,geologist3 ,,thomas ,r4 ,,cambridge ,landman3 ,a4 ,l4 ,,nail ,,page ,,petroleum ,,ltd4 #ija ,,bank ,,of ,,the ,,southwest ,,building ,,amarillo1 ,,texas #giaji #hjf-cff-iehf #aa,,th ,,floor ,,royal ,,bank ,,bldg41 #cce-h,,th ,,ave4 ,s4,w4 ,,calgary1 ,,alberta ,t#b,p #a;,c#i #djc-bfi-hbba ,,alpar ,,resources1 ,,inc4 ,box #ajdf ,perryton1 ,texas #gijgj ,panhandle ,geological ,society ,box #bdgc ,amarillo1 ,texas ,petroleum ,library #eth ,floor ,petroleum ,bldg4 ,field trip ,guidebooks1 ,cross-,sections and ,other ,publications ,,geology ,,students ,,invited ,,and ,,welcome ,,dudley ,r4 ,,stanley ,consulting ,geologist #eejj ,meadowgreen ,drive ,box #gehf ,amarillo1 ,texas #giaji #cee-hjea ,,paradox ,,petroleum ,,co4 ,p4,o4 ,,box #ajjbe ,,amarillo1 ,,texas #giajf ,george ,dobervich ,frank ,rapstine ,dan ,taylor ,,phone 7#hjf7 #cee-eefb ,,hawk ,,energy ,,corporation ,,vernon ,h4 ,,robinett ,,bob ,,conley ,suite #bcj _/ ,wellington ,square ,amarillo1 ,texas #giajb #hjf-cei-gjba ,,james ,f4 ,o',,connell ,,consulting ,,geologist #cee-hjea #eggb ,canyon ,e-way ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gjjf ,amarillo4 ,texas #giaji ,texas ,panhandle ,sample ,log ,service ,plotted and described ,stratigraphic ,sample ,logs on current and old wildcat tests drilled in the ,oklahoma and ,texas ,panhandles and ,northeastern ,new ,mexico #ajaa ,w4 #ith ,amarillo1 ,texas #cgc-hebb ,,charles ,b4 ,,morgan ,,consulting ,,geologist #cee-hjea #eggb ,canyon ,e-way ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gehf ,amarillo1 ,texas #giaji ,,irwin ,,associates ,,geological ,,mechanical ,,civil ,,architectural 8,,county ,,maps0 ,professional ,drafting ,service ,,bill ,e4 ,,irwin #ejb ,petroleum ,bldg4 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #adjcb ,amarillo1 ,texas #giaja ,bus4 #hjf-cgc-dfaa ,res4 #hjf-fbb-jghi ,mesa ,petroleum ,co4 ,with ,compliments ,mesa ,petroleum ,co4 ,one ,mesa ,square ,amarillo1 ,texas ,,baker ,,taylor ,,drilling ,,company --,combining the finest in drilling equipment and skill to better serve the oil industry-- ,offering summer employment to ,w4,t4,s4,u4 students this year--as in the last twenty-five years4 ,illustration3 ,desert scene ,discover the world around you at ,west ,texas ,state ,university ,when you look toward the future1 include a good education in your plans4 ,west ,texas ,state ,university will help you learn about your world and prepare you for the future4 ,west ,texas ,state ,university ,canyon1 ,texas ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected several palpable typographical errors4 --,retained the list of corporate sponsors1 but with simplified stylesheet4 --,the original source had no date or copyright information4 ,based on external data1 original publication of this 7revised7 edition was within a year or two of #aihj4