,,! ,,tox9s ,,& ,,v5oms ,,& ,,_! ,,antibodies ,,by ,,em4 ,,pozzi-,,escot ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,by ,,alfr$ ,i4 ,,cohn1 ,,ph>4 ,d4 ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,fir/ ,,?\s& ,,new ,,york ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,limit$ #aijf ,copyright1 #aijf ,,by ,,alfr$ ,i4 ,,cohn ,,rob]t ,,drummond1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,new ,,york ,,introduction4 ,our k ( ! tox9s is ( q rec5t date4 ,x is h>dly tw5ty ye>s s9ce we began to acquire a k ( ! facts t are detail$ 9 ?is volume1 & to :i* mod]n m$ic9e owes its mo/ rec5t & m>vel\s progress1 p>ticul>ly 9 s]o!rapy4 ,9 ?is volume we h /udi$1 besides ! true tox9s--sub/ances ( cellul> orig9 & ( album9oid nature & unkn[n composition--o!r toxic sub/ances1 ! nitrog5iz$ alkaloidal bases introduc$ into sci5ce ?r\gh ! rese>*es ( ,selmi1 ,arm& ,gauti]1 & von ,behr+1 & :i* are highly hydrog5iz$ nitrog5\s cry/allizable pr9ciples ( def9ite *emical composition--! products ( ! m or less advanc$ break+ d[n ( album9oids4 ,al?\gh ^! pr9ciples diff] widely1 by reason ( _! physiological prop]ties z a :ole1 f ! toxic album9oids1 or true tox9s1 x appe>s prop] to consid] !m z products ( ! advanc$ decomposition ( ^! tox9s--& 9 ?is respect _! /udy becomes imp]ative1 ! m s z !y are v frequ5tly enc\nt]$ toge!r ) ! tox9s1 p>ticul>ly 9 s]p5t-v5oms1 :]e _! action is ex]t$ 9 addition to t ( ! true tox9s4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ?is collection we dwelt on ! ess5tially r$uc+ nature ( ! cellul> functionation4 ,to ?is functionation--caus+ ! splitt+ up or decomposition by hydrolysis ( nitrog5iz$ album9oid foods--is due ! =mation ( ^! toxic basic products )9 ! organism1 :e!r normally1 or because ( c]ta9 pa?ological conditions4 ,?is alone suffices to %[ t1 dur+ physiological life1 oxyg5 plays an ess5tially antitoxic rle )9 ! organism4 ,x is hop$ t ?is succ9ct rsum1 :i* x has be5 s\ght to make z cle> z possible1 w be ( s]vice to ^? :o1 :ile n sci5ti/s actively engag$ 9 sci5tific progress1 desire to be abrea/ ( ! k ( mod]n evolution1 b yet are n 9 a position to consult orig9al pap]s or l>ge treatises4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction iii ,,"p ,i4 ,,g5]alities ,,reg>d+ ,,tox9s ,,& ,,antitox9s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,alkaloidal ,,tox9s1 ,,ptoma9es1 ,,& ,,leucoma9es4 ,alkaloidal products ( cellul> life #a ,ptoma9es #d ,physiological action #e ,extraction #e ,classification1 etc4 #g ,leucoma9es #aj ,xan?ic leucoma9es #ab ,creat9ic leucoma9es #ac ,neur9ic leucoma9es #ac ,indet]m9ate leucoma9es #ad ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tox9s ,,& ,,antitox9s4 ,tox9s #ae ,action ( pa?og5ic bact]ia #af ,action ( tox9s #ag ,nature ( tox9s #ah ,orig9 ( tox9s #bj ,auto9toxications #ba ,g5]al mode ( action #bc ,con/itution ( tox9s2 ,ehrli*'s !ory #bd ,means ( def5se possess$ by ! organism aga9/ ! action ( tox9s #bh ,pa/eur's vacc9ation me?od #cj ,virus action #cj ,phagocytosis #cb ,antitox9s #cc ,mode ( action #ce ,=mation2 ,ehrli*'s !ory #ch ,s]o!rapy #da ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,tox9s ,,prop]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,i4 ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal ,,tox9s4 #db ,abr9 #db ,ric9 #dd ,rob9 #de ,toxicity ( ! vegetable dia/ases #de ,,ii4 ,,tox9s ,,f ,,mu%rooms #df ,phall9e #dh ,symptomatology #di ,antidia/ases #ea ,,iii4 ,,animal ,,tox9s #ec ,peptotox9 #ec ,alim5t>y ,intoxications #ee ,ur9>y tox9s #eg ,v>iation ( ur9>y toxicity #ei ,auto9toxications 7animal7 #fj ,gl&ul> secretions #fb ,supr>5al capsules #fc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,microbial ,,tox9s4 ,pyog5ic & pyretog5ic prop]ties #ff ,an?rax tox9 #fg ,tub]cul> tox9 #fi ,diph!ria tox9 #ga ,tetanus tox9 #gf ,malle9 #gi ,typhoid tox9 #hj ,*ol]a tox9 #hb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,v5oms4 ,g5]al nature ( v5oms #he ,v5om\s s]p5ts #hg ,nature ( s]p5t-v5oms #hh ,natural immunity t[>ds s]p5t-v5oms #ij ,artificial immunity t[>ds s]p5t v5oms #ia ,v5oms ( batra*ians & saurians #ib ,fi%-poisons #ie ,poisons ( ! hym5opt]a #if ,poisons ( scorpions #ig ,poison\s blood & s]ums #ih ,poison\s meats #ajj ,,tox9s ,,& ,,v5oms4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,g5]alities ,,reg>d+ ,,tox9s ,,& ,,antitox9s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,alkaloidal ,,tox9s1 ,,ptoma9es ,,& ,,leucoma9es4 ,alkaloidal ,products ( ,cellul> ,life4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! /udy ( ! true tox9s1 :i* are products ( an alkaloidal nature & ( unkn[n composition1 x is necess>y to say a few words reg>d+ ! mo/ def9ite ( ! toxic alkaloidal pr9ciples t are frequ5tly enc\nt]$ "u v>i\s conditions1 conjo9tly ) ! true tox9s1 p>ticul>ly 9 v5oms1 & :i*1 fur!rmore1 are closely alli$ to ^! album9oid tox9s4 ,^! pr9ciples are =m$ 9 ess5tially r$uc+ m$ia1 :e!r x be )9 ! body ( ! organism1 & by ! simple ex]cise ( its normal function1 9 :i* case ! pr9ciples be> ! g5]ic "n leucoma9es#a2 or :e!r due to ! action ( ana]obic microbes1 :5 !y are designat$ z ptoma9es4#b ,^! basic pr9ciples1 :i* are ess5tially ! products ( cellul> secretion1 are usually toxic1 & sometimes ev5 extremely s4 #a ,,arm& ,,gauti]3 ,sur les leucoma9es1 n\veaux alcaloides1 drivs de la trans=mation des sub/ances protiques des tissus vivants4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 #b;e srie1 ,,xliii1 p4 #aeh4 #b ,,arm& ,,gauti]3 ,communication sur les bases d'orig9e putrfactive4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 7#b71 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #cje4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 ptoma9es are ess5tially products =m$ dur+ putrefactive f]m5tation4 ,! toxic prop]ties ( extracts f ! cadav]ic fluids h long be5 kn[n4 ,already 9 #ahch ,panum#c _h met ) ^! products 9 snake v5oms4 ,b]gmann & ,s*mi$b]g#d 9 #ahfh isolat$ f septic pus a toxic sub/ance :i* !y nam$ seps92 & almo/ at ! same "t ,zuelz] & ,sonn5s*e9#e report$ hav+ isolat$ f anatomical prep>ations an alkaloid possess+ mydriatic prop]ties4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 due p>ticul>ly to ! rese>*es ( ,selmi & ,arm& ,gauti] t we are n[ s well in=m$ reg>d+ ^! toxic pr9ciples4 #c ,vir*[ ,ar*iv41 ,x1 p4 #cja4 #d ,m$ic4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahfh1 p4 #dig4 #e ,b]l94 ,kl94 ,wo*41 #ahfi1 ,no4 #b4 ,! labors ( ,arm& ,gauti] 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 8 ,trait de ,*imie ,applique la ,physiologie2 ^? ( ,selmi 9 ! ,actes de l',acadmie de ,bologne4 ,at fir/ sight1 !re appe>s to be a great diff]5ce betwe5 ^! alkaloidal bases1 ! ptoma9es & leucoma9es1 & ! album9oid tox9s prop]4 ,! toxic bases ( ! fir/ two gr\ps are q def9ite *emical products :i* c be g5]ally obta9$ q pure1 & frequ5tly 9 cry/all9e =m4 ,! tox9s prop]1 on ! o!r h&1 are highly complex album9oid sub/ances :i* greatly resemble ! true dia/ases 9 all _! prop]ties4 ,nev]!less1 betwe5 ! toxic alkaloids1 ptoma9es & leucoma9es1 & ! toxic album9oids1 or m prop]ly tox9s1 !re exi/s no absolutely %>p l9e ( dem>cation1 b !re is a gradual passage f ! "o to ! o!r by e int]m$i>y grade1 z a result ( ! break+ d[n ( ! album9oid molecule4 ,we %all see1 moreov]1 z we proce$1 t ^! sub/ances are =m$ "u coexi/5t circum/ances1 & t !y are1 h5ce1 f\nd toge!r1 :e!r x be 9 virus or 9 snake v5om4 ,we w fir/ consid] ! ptoma9es1 & !n ! leucoma9es4 ,ptoma9es4 ,?is "n is m specially res]v$ to designate ^? alkaloidal sub/ances1 g5]ally highly hydrog5iz$1 t are =m$ outside ! organism1 f ! f]m5tative action ( ana]obic microbes on album9oid sub/ances4 ,^! bases are g5]ally volatile1 ) an int5se & t5aci\s purul5t odor2 (t51 h[ev]1 !y possess a floral odor 7aubp9e1 syr+a71 & ev5 l t ( musk4 ,!y comb9e readily ) acids & ) ! *lorides ( ! heavy metals1 yield+ cry/allizable salts4 ,! ptoma9es af=d no specific reaction :]eby !y may be readily id5tifi$2 & _! id5tification is effect$ only aft] a pa9/ak+ analysis4 ,we mu/ "h call att5tion1 h[ev]1 to sev]al ( _! m common prop]ties1 beg9n+ ) _! basic "*1 _! oxidizability by ! air & consequ5tly _! well-def9$ r$uc+ p[]--a prop]ty t l$ ,selmi to propose a mixture ( f]ric *loride & potassium f]ricyanide z a reag5t = _! detection4#f ,!y are precipitat$ by all ! g5]al reag5ts = ! vegetable alkaloids4 ,selmi has giv5 sev]al reactions1 su* z ^? af=d$ by sulphuric1 hydro*loric1 & nitric acids1 :i* appe>1 h[ev]1 to apply mu* m to ! impurities pres5t ?an to ! bases !mselves4 #f ,sulle ptomane od alcalodi cadav]ici4 ,bologne1 ,,clxxxvii1 p4 #aa4 ,! physiological action ( ^! bases v>ies greatly2 9 "s ! action is an extremely toxic "o1 z 9 ! case ( neur9e & musc>9e1 :i* are true ptoma9es2 !re are o!rs1 su* z cadav]9e & putresc9e1 :i* are q innocu\s4 ,! physiological action ( ^! bases1 l t ( ! true tox9s1 is /udi$ by mak+ hypod]mic injections ( solutions ( ! bases 9 heal?y animals1 su* z gu9ea-pigs1 rabbits1 & dogs4 ,9 animals1 ! pr9cipal ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,selmi to foll[ ! injection ( ! sub/ances are ! foll[+3 ,at fir/ dilatation ( ! pupil1 !n con/riction2 tetanic convulsions1 soon foll[$ by muscul> relaxation1 & ret>dation1 r>ely accel]ation1 ( he>t-beat2 absolute loss ( cutane\s s5sibility2 loss ( muscul> contractility2 p>alysis ( ! vasomotors2 greatly ret>d$ respiration2 /upor1 foll[$ by dea? ) ! he>t 9 sy/ole4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t 9 a numb] ( cases :]e toxic rese>*es _h be5 made 9 ! pa/1 ^! bases _h be5 mi/ak5 = poisons :i* 7 believ$ to h be5 introduc$ into ! organism ) crim9al int5t4 ,no "o w ev] "k h[ _m h fall5 victims 9 ! pa/ to ignorance reg>d+ ! cellul> me*anism6 ,! extraction ( ^! bases is a t$i\s & difficult op]ation4 ,! mat]ials mu/ fir/ be exhau/$ ) wat] slightly acidulat$2 !n1 aft] precipitat+ ! album9oids by boil+ & defecat+ by add+ lead acetate1 ! liquid is evaporat$ to "o-half its volume & dialyz$ 9 a vacuum4#g #g ,,arm& ,,gauti]3 ,c4 r5d4 de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,cxiv1 p4 #abef4 ,ibid41 ,,xcvii1 p4 #bfd1 & ,,xciv1 p4 #afjj4 ,phosphomolybdate is !n add$ to ! dialyz$ liquid1 & ! precipitate =m$1 :i* n[ conta9s all ! bases1 decompos$ by boil+ ) lead acetate4 ,aft] remov+ ! excess ( lead1 !re is ?us obta9$ a limpid solution ( all ! alkaloidal bases 9 ! =m ( acetates4 ,^! are sep>at$ by alcohol & by means ( fractional precipitations ) v>i\s metallic salts1 dep5d+ ^u ! kn[n prop]ties ( ! bases4 ,9 ord] to facilitate _! /udy1 ! ptoma9es h be5 gr\p$ "u two di/9ct classes1 ! "o embrac+ ! cadav]ic or putrefactive ptoma9es1 ( undet]m9$ microbial orig91 ! o!r conta9+ ! ptoma9es =m$ by microbes ( kn[n "*4 ,ea* ( ^! two gr\ps is itself divid$ into subgr\ps1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,gr\p ,i4 ,,cadav]ic ,,ptoma9es ,,( ,,undet]m9$ ,,microbial ,,orig94 a4 ,am9es4 b4 ,guanid9es4 c4 ,oxam9es 7fatty or aromatic74 d4 ,amido ,acids4 e4 ,c>bopyridic ,acids & analogues4 f4 ,undet]m9$ ,ptoma9es4 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 ,,ptoma9es ,,( ,,kn[n ,,microbial ,,orig94 a4 ,ptoma9es extract$ f microbial cells4 b4 ,ptoma9es f pa?ological ur9es4 ,we w n "h ent] ^u a detail$ /udy ( ! bases belong+ to ea* ( ^! gr\ps4 ,?is subject is a va/ "o1 requir+ = its treatm5t a volume devot$ to x alone4 ,we w "h simply t\* ^u ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( sev]al ( ! bases ( ea* ( ! subgr\ps nam$4 ,,bases ,,( ,,gr\p ,i4 a4 ,am9es4--,among ^! we f9d ne>ly all ! fatty am9es1 su* z ! me?ylam9es & ! cyclic alkaloids su* z pyrid9e4 ,!y are =m$ p>ticul>ly by ! putrefaction ( fi%4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! bases are v toxic1 = in/ance trime?yl5e diam9e1 ! collid9es1 & ! p>vol9es4 b4 ,guanid9es4--,among ! products ( ord9>y putrefaction !re has be5 f\nd s f> only me?ylguanid9e1 ,c#b;,h#g,n#c4 ,?is is a highly toxic base ( :i* #j4b ,gm4 is fatal to a gu9ea-pig4 c4 ,oxam9es4--,"u ?is designation ! foll[+ bases are compris$3 #a4 ,neur9e bases2 #b4 oxyg5iz$ aromatic bases2 #c4 bases ( unkn[n con/itution4 ,among/ !m we f9d neur9e & *ol9e1 :i* are toxic1 & beta9e1 :i* is innocu\s4 ,!y are f\nd p>ticul>ly 9 putrid fi%4 d4 ,amido ,acids4--,^! ptoma9es1 :i* are usually innocu\s 9 small quantities1 are p>ticul>ly ! products ( ! decomposition ( album9oid sub/ances4 ,among !m we f9d glycocoll1 leuc9e1 & tyros9e1 z memb]s ( ?is gr\p4 e4 ,c>bopyridic & ,c>boqu9oleic ,acids4--,s f> only "o base is kn[n belong+ to ?is gr\p1 & t is morrhuic acid1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! decompos$ liv]s ( codfi%1 & :i* is a p[]ful appetiz] & /imulant 9 disassimilation4 f4 ,undet]m9$ ,ptoma9es4--,"u ?is head+ are class$ c]ta9 undet]m9$ bases1 su* z ^? f\nd 9 normal ur9es1 & 9 spoil$ meats & bread4 ,,bases ,,( ,,gr\p ,,ii4 a4 ,ptoma9es ,isolat$ f ,cultures ( ,pa?og5ic ,bact]ia4--,bact]ial cultures conta91 besides ! true tox9s1 a c]ta9 numb] ( alkaloidal bases :i* sometimes possess consid]able toxicity4 ,9 ! cultures ( /reptococcus pyog5es !re are f\nd trime?ylam9e & xan?ic bases2 9 ^? ( /aphylococcus pyog5es aureus are f\nd xan?ic bases & creat99e2 :ile pyocyan9e & pyoxan?9e are f\nd 9 ! cultures ( bacillus pyocyaneus1 etc4 b4 ,ptoma9es ,isolat$ f ,pa?ological ,ur9es4--,toxic ptoma9e bases h be5 f\nd 9 ! ur9es ( a l>ge numb] ( diseases4#h ,x is q probable t ^! bases are ! results ( a g5]al pa?ological condition due to "s bact]ial disease1 ! toxic products ( :i* are elim9at$ by ! kidneys4 #h ,,griffi?s3 ,c4 r5d4 de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,cxv1 pp4 #bhe & #ffg4 ,f ! ur9es ( epileptics ,griffi?s#i isolat$ a colorless base cry/alliz+ 9 prisms hav+ ! =mula ,c#ab;,h#ae,n#e,o#g1 & :i* 0 f\nd to be exce$+ly toxic2 ! same inve/igator isolat$ f ! ur9es ( eczemat\s subjects a ptoma9e :i* he nam$ eczem9e1#aj & :i* is also highly toxic4 #i ,e4 ,,p\*et3 ,contribution l'tude des matires extractives de l'ur9e1 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahhj2 ,ibid41 ,c4 r5d4 de l',acadmie des ,sc41 ,,xcvii1 p4 #aefj2 ,,b\*>d3 ,c4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biolog41 ,aug4 #ab1 #ahhb4 #aj ,,griffi?s3 ,c4 r5d4 de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,cxvi1 p4 #abjf4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ( cy/9uria !re are f\nd 9 ! ur9e sulphuriz$ ptoma9es1 & 9 measles ! ur9e conta9s an undet]m9$ ptoma9e1 rub$9e1 :i* is v poison\s4 ,typhotox9e1 a v toxic ptoma9e1 has be5 isolat$ f ! ur9e ( typhoid pati5ts2 erysipel9e1 a h>dly less toxic base1 exi/s 9 ! ur9e ( erysipelatic subjects2 :ile spasmotox9e1 tetanotox9e1 & tetan9e1 exce$+ly active alkaloids1 are f\nd 9 ! ur9es ( tetanus pati5ts4#aa #aa ,,brieg]3 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,ptoma9e1 dritt5 ,teil1 p4 #ic2 ,b]i*te d4 ,d4 ,*em4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahhf1 p4 #caei2 #ahhg1 p4 #fi4 ,z a g5]al rule1 all abnormal ur9es conta9 toxic bases2 ! kidneys appe>1 9 fact1 to s]ve z a means ( elim9at+ ! toxic products t =m 9 l>ge quantity :5ev]1 & = :atev] cause1 ! organism ceases to functionate normally1 :e!r x be z a :ole1 or 9 any "o ( its p>ts4#ab #ab ,,*>r93 ,les poisons de l'ur9e3 ,encyclopdie ,laut4 ,leucoma9es4#ac #ac ,,arm& ,,gauti]3 ,bull4 ,acad4 de ,mdec9 7#b71 ,,xv1 p4 #aae4 ,! leucoma9es are basic sub/ances1 ne>ly alli$ to ! ptoma9es1 b /ill m closely relat$ to ! ureides4 ,!y are =m$ directly or indirectly by ! break+ d[n ( protoplasmal album9oids4 ,! ag5ts t effect ! break+ d[n are ! hydrolyz+ f]m5ts ( ! economy4 ,x is well to recall "h t ^! ph5om5a ( hydrolyzation occur )9 ! cell itself & 9 a practically r$uc+ m$ium1 z we h already /at$4 ,! inmo/ me*anism ( ^! ph5om5a _c "h be detail$2 x w be f\nd describ$ by ,arm& ,gauti] 9 ! ,*imie ,biologique1 & 9 8 "w ,*imie de la ,cellule ,vivante4#ad #ad ,,arm& ,,gauti]3 ,leons de *imie biologique4 ,publi%$ by ,masson2 ,ibid41 ,*imie de la cellule vivante4 ,also publi%$ by ,masson4 ,! extraction ( ^! bases is an extremely delicate op]ation4 ,x is necess>y to op]ate ) a l>ge quantity ( sub/ance1 say #ej kilos4 ,! sub/ance is f9ely *opp$1 !n exhau/$ ) twice its weight ( wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid 7#j4b ,cc4 p] lit]7 & conta9+ a trace ( oil ( mu/>d1 :i* is int5d$ to act z an antiseptic4 ,! album9oids are precipitat$ by boil+1 ! solution !n filt]$1 evaporat$ 9 a vacuum at #fj ,c41 & ! bases extract$ ) #ie-p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! alkaloidal bases obta9$ 9 ?is mann] are sep>at$ by cry/allization f alcohol or by v>i\s o!r *emical me?ods1 ! description ( :i* we w n ent] ^u "h4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! /udy ( ! leucoma9es !y are class$ "u ?ree gr\ps1 accord+ to _! *emical aff9ities4 ,^! gr\ps are z foll[s3 #a4 ,xan?ic ,leucoma9es4--,! bases ( ?is gr\p appe> to h a composition resembl+ t ( uric acid4 ,:5 hydrolyz$1 !y yield urea & guanid9e4 ,!y are weak bases1 & exhibit bo? basic & weakly acid prop]ties4 ,!y all possess ! common *>act]i/ic ( be+ precipitat$ by copp] acetate 9 acid solution ) heat1 & by ammoniacal silv] nitrate 9 ! cold4 ,accord+ to ,kossel1 ^! bases are d]iv$ f ! nucleo-album9s :i* are f\nd 9 ! cell nuclei1 & :i* are1 z we "k1 sub/ances ri* 9 nitrog5 & phosphorus4 ,among ! bases ( ?is gr\p may be m5tion$ ad59e1 ,c#e;,h#e,n#e1 :i* is obta9$ f infusions ( tea4#ae ,?is base is non-toxic2 x 0 discov]$ by ,kossel1#af & x cry/allizes easily4 #ae ,,krug]3 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 7#c71 ,,viii1 p4 #fhg4 #af ,,kossel3 ,zeits*rift fr physiol4 ,*im41 ,x1 p4 #bdh2 & ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 7#c71 ,,iii1 p4 #bci4 ,"s o!rs ( ?is gr\p are3 ,guan9e1 ,c#e;,h#e,n#e,o1 non-toxic1 discov]$ by ,ung]2 pseudo-xan?9e1 obta9$ f muscul> tissues2 s>c9e1 ,c#e;,h#d,n#d,o1 also b slightly toxic1 discov]$ by ,s*]]2 xan?9e1 ,c#e;,h#d,n#d,o#b1 :i* is f\nd 9 _m ur9es1 & :i* acts z a /imulant on ! c>diac muscles2 p>axan?9e1 ,c#g;,h#h,n#d,o#b1 a toxic base f\nd 9 c]ta9 pa?ological ur9es2 caffe9e & !obrom9e1 p[]ful diuretic bases2 & c>n9e1 ,c#g;,h#h,n#d,o#c1 f meat1 a muscul> /imulant l caffe9e4 #b4 ,creat9ic ,leucoma9es4--,^! h = _! type guanid9e2 !y diff] f ! xan?ic bases 9 t !y are n precipitat$ by copp] acetate1 b frequ5tly are by ammoniacal silv] nitrate4 ,!y yield d\ble salts ) ! *lorides ( z9c & cadmium4 ,to ?is gr\p belong glycocyan9e1 ,c#c;,h#g,n#c,o#b1 & glycocyanid9e1 ,c#c;,h#g,n#c,o1 bo? v toxic2 creat9e1 ,c#d;,h#i,n#c,o#b1 only slightly toxic2 creat99e1 ,c#d;,h#g,n#c,o2 lysat9e1 :i* v easily decomposes to =m urea2 lysat99e1 xan?ocreat9e2 arg99e1 a vegetable base1 etc4 #c4 ,neur9ic ,leucoma9es4--,^! h none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! prec$+ bases2 _! type is neur9e1 a highly toxic base f\nd 9 ! bra91 n]ves1 & c]ta9 fi% ova4 ,^! bases are sometimes normally produc$ by ! animal economy1 & are also frequ5tly ! result ( microbic action4 ,!y are ! result ( ! simple ph5om5a ( f]m5tative hydrolyzation ( protagons & leci?9s4 ,among ^! bases are *ol9e1 a weak alkaloid1 & beta9e1 :i* appe>s to be non-toxic4 ,! =m] has ! =mula ,c#e;,h#ae,,no#b2 x 0 discov]$ by ,/ock]4 ,wurtz syn!siz$ x by comb9+ trime?ylam9e & glycol-mono*lorhydr9e1 & treat+ ! result+ hydro*loride ) silv] oxide4 ,beta9e1 ,c#e;,h#aa,,no#b1 is f\nd 9 beets2 x 0 discov]$ by ,s*eibl]4 ,neur9e is1 *emically1 trime?ylv9ylammonium hydrate4 #d4 ,undet]m9$ ,leucoma9es4--,among ^! bases sev]al are important 9 m ?an "o respect4 ,= in/ance sp]m9e1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! sp]m1 is a /rong base possess+ a p[]fully dynamic & tonic action on ! n]ves4 ,x acts z an oxidiz]4 ,sp]m9e 0 fir/ obta9$ by ,s*re9]#ag f ! sp]m ( mammif]s 9 :i* x occurs z a phosphate4 ,x has ! =mula ,c#e;,h#ad,n#b4 ,x 0 physiologically /udi$ by ,poehl1 ,t>*an(f1 ,weljam9(f1 & ,j(froy4#ah ,plasma9e1 a toxic base f\nd 9 ! blood & discov]$ by ,r4 ,wurtz1#ai has ! =mula ,c#e;,h#ae,n#e2 protam9e1 f fi% milt1 0 discov]$ by ,mico*]4#bj #ag ,liebig's ,ann4 d] ,*emie1 ,,cxciv1 p4 #fh4 #ah ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,phys4 ,*im4 ,russe1 #ahic1 ,no4 #b2 & ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 7#c71 ,,xii1 p4 #bdc4 #ai ,leucoma9es du ,sang ,normal1 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 #bj ,joh reab4 de ,?ir*51 #ahgd1 p4 #cda2 ,pic>d1 ,ibid41 p4 #cee4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tox9s ,,& ,,antitox9s4 ,we h already se51 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ! microbes & ! cells ( v>i\s organisms are capable ( secret+ def9ite products ( a toxic nature to :i* ! names ptoma9es & leucoma9es h be5 giv54 ,rese>*es1 :i* 7 begun sc>cely tw5ty ye>s ago1 h %[n t1 besides ^! cry/allizable & def9ite products1 we meet ) basic non-cry/allizable sub/ances ( unkn[n composition1 possess+ special toxic prop]ties1 sometimes ev5 ( extreme viol5ce4 ,^! sub/ances h be5 nam$ tox9s4 ,at fir/ ?is g5]ic "n 0 ext5d$ t[>d indef9ite basic organic products t c\ld be isolat$ f tissues & tumors bo? normal & abnormal2 lat] on1 h[ev]1 ! "n 0 appli$ to toxic sub/ances1 equally indef9ite1 isolat$ f ! culture m$ia ( microbes & ! active con/itu5t ( v>i\s v5oms4 ,x is only s9ce #ahhe1 :5 ,*>r9 call$ att5tion to !m1 t inve/igations began to be made reg>d+ !m4 ,9 #ahhh ,r\x & ,y]s91#ba 9 _! beautiful rese>*es on diph!ria1 po9t$ out ! dia/atic nature ( ! prop]ties ( ! active album9oid matt] exi/+ 9 ! cultures ( ! specific bacilli ( ?is disease4 ,f t p]iod1 ^! products began to take a m & m prom95t place1 f ye> to ye>1 9 ! /udy ( pa?ological affections1 &1 by develop+ ! k ( immunity1 !y h op5$ a new pa? to ! inve/igations ( !rapeutic te*nic4 #ba ,,r\x & ,,y]s92 ,mmoire sur ,diphtrie4 ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 #ahhh-ahhi4 ,x is due to ! k ( ^! pr9ciples t we h le>n$ t ! infecti\s microbes1 f> f act+ z !y 7 believ$ to d only a few ye>s ago1 & :i* ,pa/eur /rongly ma9ta9$ to be by vital p>asitism--su* z w\ld be ! case ) ! c>boniz+ bact]ia :i*1 accord+ to ,pa/eur1 act by div]t+ ! oxyg51 or caus+ capill>y embolisms--owe _! pa?og5ic action to ! toxic sub/ances :i* are ! products ( _! secretion1 & :i* spread ?r\gh\t ! organism1 ev5 ?\gh ! microbe frequ5tly is localiz$ 9 a v circumscrib$ spot1 z 9 tetanus & 9 diph!ria4 ,! idea ( intoxication by ^! products has n[ replac$ ! idea ( ! direct action ( ! microbe on ! elem5ts or ! liquids ( ! organism4 ,! occurr5ce t takes place 9 diph!ria & tetanus is "o ( ! be/ examples to cite 9 support ( ?is view4 ,"h1 9 fact1 ! pa?og5ic microbe is f\nd only 9 a v limit$ area 9 ! organism attack$--! false membrane1 9 ! case ( diph!ria1 or frequ5tly only a slight w\nd 9 ! case ( tetanus1 & ! microbe becomes localiz$ !re only4 ,n[1 9 bo? cases1 !re are g5]al ph5om5a ( toxic effects4 ,!re mu/ h5ce be a diffusion ( toxic sub/ances :i*1 di/ribut$ by ! blood1 affect ! diff]5t sy/ems & ex]t a toxic action on ! entire organism4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! tox9s act z toxic ag5ts only :5 9 a condition to be introduc$ into ! circulation subcutane\sly4 ,! cause ( ?is innocu\sness ( ! tox9s :5 giv5 p] os has frequ5tly be5 /udi$4 ,x appe>s to be q probable t ! cause ( ! att5uation ( ! morbid prop]ties is due to ! int]v5tion ( ! dige/ive microbes4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,levaditi & ,*>r9#bb2 x is also ! conclusion t is to be drawn f ! exp]im5ts ( ,mme4 ,met*nik(f & ( ,calmette#bc on ! modifications und]gone by a vegetable toxalbum91 abr91 & by s]p5t v5oms1 :5 ^! toxalbum9s are inoculat$ ) ! bacillus subtilis *romog5us4 ,moreov]1 ,*>r9 & ,lefvre1#bd on ! "o h&1 & ,n5cki1 ,sieb] & ,soman[sky1#be & ,c>rire1#bf on ! o!r h&1 h discov]$ t ! dige/ive f]m5ts1 p>ticul>ly tryps91 de/roy1 ev5 ?\gh b little1 ! tox9s secret$ by ! ,loeffl] & ,nicolai] bacilli4 ,?is is practically contr>y to ! op9ion ( ,behr+ & ( ,rauson1#bg accord+ to :i* ! innocu\sness ( ! microbial poisons :5 adm9i/]$ p] os is due exclusively to ! lack ( absorption4 #bb ,,*>r9 & ,,levaditi3 ,le sort de tox9es introduites dans le tube dige/if4 ,j\rnal de ,physiologie et de ,pa?ologie ,gnrales1 #ahih1 p4 #bbf4 #bc ,cit+ ,met*nik(f4 #bd ,c4 r5d4 de la ,soc4 de ,biologie1 #ahih4 #be ,c5tralblatt fr ,bakt41 #ahih4 #bf ,c4 r5d4 de la ,soc4 de ,biologie1 #ahii4 #bg ,deuts*e ,m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahih1 ,no4 #h4 ,nature ( ! ,tox9s4--,! molecules ( ! tox9s are v ne>ly l ^? ( ! dia/ases4 ,l ^!1 ! tox9s appe> to h a v complex1 & v un/able1 int]nal /ructure4 ,_! mode ( action frequ5tly dep5ds1 z 9 ! case ( ! dia/ases1 ^u ! m$ium 9 :i* !y occur4 ,aga91 l ! dia/ases1 !y are g5]ally de/roy$ by ! action ( suffici5tly prolong$ heat1 b less easily1 = !re are c]ta9 tox9s t resi/ a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,!y are1 l ! dia/atic album9oids1 insoluble 9 /rong alcohol1 & are precipitat$ f _! solutions on ! addition ( ?is reag5t4 ,!y easily adh]e to precipitates t =m 9 liquids 9 :i* !y occur 9 solution1 & possess ! rem>kable prop]ty ( dia/ases 9 t impond]able masses produce consid]able results4#bh #bh ,see ,,pozzi-,,escot3 ,les dia/ases et leurs applications1 publi%$ by ,masson1 #aijj2 & ,trait de ,physico-*imie4 ,al?\gh closely alli$ to c]ta9 alkaloidal bases1 ! tox9s are %>ply di/+ui%$ by ! rem>kable fact t _! action is nev] imm$iate1 b is always prec$$ by a p]iod ( incubation1 :i* may be q long4 ,l ! alkaloidal bases1 !y appe> to result f ! hydrolyz+ break+ d[n ( album9oids & nucleo-album9s1 & !y appe> to be int]m$i>y1 f a *emical po9t ( view1 betwe5 ^! bodies1 ! g5]al *>act]s ( :i* !y reta91 & ! alkaloids prop]1 or ptoma9es1 to :i* we h call$ att5tion1 & ! pr9cipal *emical & physiological prop]ties ( :i* !y possess4 ,no absolutely precise k is _h reg>d+ ! *emical nature & con/itution ( ^! rem>kable sub/ances4 ,a numb] ( analyses ( ^! sub/ances h be5 publi%$ :i*1 9 g5]al1 p]mit no def9ite conclusion to be drawn4#bi ,i h1 h[ev]1 elaborat$ sev]al speculative ideas reg>d+ ?is subject4#cj #bi ,reg>d+ ?is see ! works by ,,ko* & ,,brieg]1 ,deuts*e ,m$ic94 ,wo*5s*r41 ,oct4 #bb1 #ahia4 #cj ,,pozzi-,,escot3 ,nature des ,dia/ases4 ,publi%$ by ,j4 ,r\sset1 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,see also ,re*]*es de la ,nature ,*imique des ,dia/ases ,oxydantes4 ,revue gnr4 de *imie1 ,,vii1 pp4 #abi-acf2 & ,ap]u sur la nature *imique des ,dia/ases1 ,bullet9 de l',association de ,*imi/es1 #aijd1 p4 #gfi4--,proprits ,catalytiques de ,quelques ,dia/ases2 ,ibid41 #aijd1 p4 #abdg4 ,we mu/ "h call p>ticul> att5tion to ! ideas ( ,ehrli* reg>d+ ! con/itution ( ! tox9s4 ,accord+ to ?is sci5ti/1 _! molecules conta9 two functional gr\ps2 ! "o1 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n haptophore1 is t :i* enables ! tox9 to atta* itself to any cellul> elem5t :atev]1 & :i* x !n r5d]s non-toxic by means ( ! o!r1 or toxophore1 gr\p4 ,we w p>ticul>ize f>!r on reg>d+ ?is v important conception4 ,orig9 ( ! ,tox9s4--,^! toxic bodies result ei!r z ! products ( ! secretion ( microbial life1 or z ! result ( ! normal functionation ( cellul> life 9 ! high] vegetable or animal organisms4 ,!y are ! direct products ( life1 & d n result1 z 0 =m]ly believ$1 f a m or less pr(\nd modification ( ! m or less complex album9oids t s]ve z a food = ! v>i\s species ( microbes1 or = ! cellul> elem5ts4 ,! vegetable tox9s are less num]\s ?an ! animal tox9s4 ,!y are met )1 nev]!less1 9 almo/ all mu%rooms :i* are reput$ or kn[n to be toxic2 ! se$ ( ! ca/or plant conta9s a v toxic vegetable album9oid1 z is likewise ! case ) ,abrus precatorius 7jequirity-bean71 & c]ta9 o!rs4 ,! true physiological tox9s occupy a v important place 9 ! realization ( ! conditions t gov]n heal?1 sickness1 & dea?4 ,we w see lat] on t !y are met ) 9 q l>ge numb] 9 ! bladd]1 :5ce !y are void$ 9 ! ur9e4 ,_! numb] v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ to div]se influ5ces 7wak+1 slumb]1 eat+1 fa/+1 fatigue1 oxyg51 bra9work1 heal?1 disease1 etc474 ,x is necess>y "h to obs]ve t ! r5al sy/em s]ves = ! purification ( ! entire organism1 & t 9 ! case ( normal life we w f9d 9 ! r5al sy/em a l>ge portion ( ! products ( ! cellul> secretion ( ! organism1 & among ! numb] !re are f\nd1 z we "k1 a c]ta9 numb] ( alkaloidal bases4 ,we w take up lat] ! subject ( ur9>y toxicity4 ,auto9toxications4--,! tox9s are also enc\nt]$1 & (t5 9 "s numb]1 9 ! muscul> tissues & 9 ! blood1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( batra*ians1 mureids1 & saurians4 ,9 ! organism ^! tox9s1 develop$ by ! activity ( ! v>i\s cells1 may cause auto9toxication :5ev]1 = "o cause or ano!r1 _! normal elim9ation ceases4 ,al?\gh !re are an inf9ity ( diseases1 rem>k$ ,pr(4 ,b\*>d1 !re are b a few ways ( becom+ ill4 ,( ^! ways t ( auto9toxication is ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,:at else is x1 !n1 says ,pr(4 ,*>r91 9 ! la/ analysis1 b to die f affections ( ! kidney1 ! liv]1 ! he>t1 ! lung1 etc41 if x be n to succumb because ( ! lack ( oxyg51 ! accumulation ( c>bonic acid1 ! influ5ce ( ! num]\s ur9>y poisons1 ! action ( acids1 ( salts1 ( bili>y pigm5ts1 or ! effect ( noxi\s pr9ciples1 :i* ! hepatic cell mu/ normally de/roy or at lea/ att5uate4 ,^! auto9toxications1 always due to poor elim9ation ( toxic pr9ciples1 tox9s =m$ 9 v great numb] 9 ! organism1 & :i* ! normal modes ( evacuation or de/ruction d n elim9ate1 are always f\nd to be ! cause ( all diseases1 ev5 ^? t are manife/$ by attacks ( ! c]ebro-sp9al axis1 & t exhibit v>i\sly mania1 insanity1 symptoms ( hyp]excitability1 etc4 ,^! auto9toxications are controll$ by ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! latt] alone is ! cause ( a l>g] numb] ( maladies ?an is g5]ally believ$2 9 fact1 if ! me*anism ( nutrition be r$uc$ to its mo/ simple elem5ts1 x w be se5 to consi/ ( ! p5etration ( ! foods1 ( ! plasmatic pr9ciples1 to ! cells2 ( _! trans=mation )9 ! int]ior ( ! cells1 & f9ally ! rejection ( all ! matt] t c\ld n be utiliz$4 ,x is ! n]v\s sy/em t comm&s or dom9ates ?is me*anism1 t controls ! tak+-up ( assimilable elem5ts & ! elim9ation ( toxic pr9ciples1 ! fruit ( assimilation or disassimilation1 & 9 su* a mann]1 9 fact1 t ?is same n]v\s sy/em c1 at its w1 cause />vation1 or intoxicate4 ,! m>vel\s cures obta9$ by magnetic me?ods are due to no o!r causes ?an favorable *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,g5]al ,mode ( ,action4--,! tox9s1 ( :atev] k9d1 always behave l dia/ases1 9 ! s5se t _! def9ite action appe>s to be absolutely indep5d5t ( _! mass1 & t impond]able quantities suffice to cause s]i\s morbid affections & pr(\nd modifications 9 nutrition4 ,ko* has %[n t tub]cul9 is capable ( affect+ #fj trillion times its weight ( ! liv+ human be+4 ,accord+ to ,vaill>d "o milligramme ( tetanus tox9 w kill a horse weigh+ #fjj kilos4 ,^! two examples %[ :at an enorm\s p[] ! tox9s possess4 ,my views reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* dia/ases act ,i h develop$ at l5g? 9 my "w ,nature des ,dia/ases4 ,! close analogy betwe5 ^! sub/ances & ! tox9s1 an analogy ^u :i*1 moreov]1 ,i h dwelt at "s l5g?1 p]mits me to ref] ! read] :o is desir\s ( full] details to ! small "w j m5tion$4 ,! mode ( action ( dia/ases resembles s+ul>ly closely t ( ! catalytic sub/ances1 & we w admit1 = ! mom5t1 t !y act by int]m$i>y comb9ation1 result+ 9 _! rapid decomposition4 ,we owe to ,ehrli*#ca a new conception relative to ! nature & mode ( action ( ! dia/ases1 & :i* to-day plays an important rle 9 all our conceptions reg>d+ immunity4#cb #ca ,,ehrli*3 ,kl9is*es ,jahrbu*1 #ahig1 ,,vi4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 #aijj1 ,no4 #dhb1 p4 #dbd4 ,no?nagles' specielle ,pa?ologie und ,!rapie1 #aija1 ,,viii1 ,s*lussbetra*tung51 p4 #afc4 #cb ,to h a complete expos reg>d+ ?is "q1 x w be pr(itable to consult ,no4 #d ( ?is collection on ,srums ,immunisants4 ,accord+ to ?is sci5ti/1 ! complex molecule ( album9oid sub/ances is con/itut$ by a fix$ c5tral nucleus1 & by a numb] ( lat]al *a9s or receptors1 fix$ to ?is nucleus1 :i* possess div]se accessory functions1 & :i* s]ve1 p>ticul>ly1 = ! nutrition ( ! cells4 ,^! receptors h a great aff9ity = ! v>i\s sub/ances necess>y = ! support ( ! liv+ elem5ts1 & !y seize ^u ! alim5t>y sub/ances1 9 normal life1 j z a leaf ( ! ,diona seizes a fly :i* s]ves z its food4 ,9 ^! special conditions ! receptors may atta* !mselves to ! complex molecules ( album9oid sub/ances1 su* z ! diff]5t tox9s4 ,ehrli* supposes1 z we h already se51 t a tox9 conta9s two special gr\ps--a toxophore gr\p1 :i* poisons1 & a haptophore gr\p1 :i* comb9es ) ! receptor4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! toxophore gr\p ( a tox9 c act on an organism only :5 ! haptophore gr\p ( ! tox9 enc\nt]s a suitable atta*m5t or receptor4 ,! receptors atta*$ to ! liv+ protoplasmic molecule attract ! tox91 j z a lightn+-rod attracts ! lightn+4 ,x is h5ce cle>ly prov$ t ! toxig5ic poisons ex]t _! noxi\s action on ! cellul> elem5ts ( s5sitive organisms1 by ent]+ into comb9ation ) ^!4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t !y atta* !mselves1 9 a mo/ rigor\sly elective mann]1 to ! tissues1 & rapidly disappe> f ! g5]al circulation4 ,num]\s facts1 cle>ly e/abli%$1 atte/ ! reality ( ?is fixation or atta*m5t4 ,x is ?us t von ,behr+ & ,w]nicke#cc s\ght to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( antitox9 7we w see f>!r on t ?is "n is giv5 to ^? sub/ances :i* neutralize ! activity ( tox9s "u c]ta9 conditions7 :i*1 introduc$ a c]ta9 "t aft] ! introduction ( ! poison1 w save ! life ( ! animal4 ,!y h exp]im5t$ ) diph!ria tox91 :i* we w /udy lat]1 & !y h demon/rat$ t1 if ! antitoxic s]um be introduc$ imm$iately aft] ! tox91 a dose ( antitox9 twice z l>ge z t ( ! tox9 suffices to effect a cure4 #cc ,,von ,,behr+ & ,,w]nicke3 ,zeits*rift fr ,hygi5e1 ,,xii4 ,eight h\rs aft] ! adm9i/ration ( ! tox9 ! dose mu/ be trebl$1 :ile aft] ?irty-six h\rs x is necess>y to h rec\rse to a quantity ( antitox9 eight times z great4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t ! curative action ( ! antitox9 is s mu* ! less ! long] ! p]iod ( "t t has elaps$ betwe5 ! introduction ( ! tox9 & ! antitox94 ,?is is because ! tox9 has become s intimately atta*$ to ! tissues t ! antitox9 introduc$ has n ! p[] to de/roy ! comb9ation4 ,^! facts h be5 confirm$ by ,donitz#cd & by ! classic exp]im5ts ( ,decroly & ,r\sse4#ce #cd ,,donitz3 ,ueb] die ,gr5z5 d] ,wirksamkeit des ,diph!ria ,heils]ums4 ,deuts*e ,m$4 ,wo*41 ,no4 #bg1 #ahig4 #ce ,,decroly et ,,r\sse3 ,ar*4 ,int4 de ,ph>macodyn41 ,,iii & ,,vi2 ,maso93 ,ar*4 ,int]n4 de ,ph>macodyn41 ,,ii1 #aijc4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! case ) cold-blood$ animals1 :i*1 g5]ally1 are n affect$ by injections ( poison\s tox9s4 ,?us ,met*nik(f#cf & 8 pupils h be5 able to %[ t ! tox9s introduc$ into c]ta9 cold-blood$ animals 7,oryetes nasicorius7 may rema9 = sev]al mon?s )\t alt]ation 9 _! circulation4 #cf ,,met*nik(f3 ,l',immunit1 ,p>is1 #aijb2 ,,morg5ro?3 ,zur ,k5ntniss des ,tetanus des ,fros*es4 ,deuts*e ,m$4 ,wo*41 ,no4 #ce1 #ahih4 ,if we consid] ! facts ( ! !ory ( ,ehrli*'s lat]al *a9s1 :i* we h m5tion$1 we are l$ to well-def9$ conclusions reg>d+ ! mode ( action ( ! tox9s4 ,9 fact1 s9ce ^! tox9s exhibit a pron\nc$ *emical aff9ity = ! tissues1 & :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y c atta* !mselves only because ( ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 functional gr\ps ( ! protoplasmic molecules1 ?is union c take place only 9 c]ta9 specific c5t]s4 ,?is has be5 fully confirm$ by exp]im5ts 9 vitro4 ,x is kn[n1 s9ce ! rese>*es ( ,ehrli*1#cg ,wass]mann & ,takaki1#ch ,m>ie1#ci ,met*nik(f1#dj & a ho/ ( o!r sci5ti/s1 t ?is fixation is due to a cle>ly elective prop]ty4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! tetanus tox9 fixes itself only ^u ! n]v\s tissue1 & t 9 ?is action all passes z if ! n]v\s tissue _h be5 provid$ ) functional gr\ps possess+ an elective aff9ity = ! tetanic poison4 #cg ,,ehrli*3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 ,no4 #ab1 #ahih4 #ch ,,wass]mann & ,,takaki3 ,b]l4 ,kl94 ,wo*41 ,m$41 p4 #e1 #ahih4 #ci ,,m>ie3 ,sur les ,proprits ,antitoxiques aux ,c5tres ,n]veux de l',animal ,sa94 ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/41 #ahih1 p4 #a4 #dj ,,met*nik(f3 ,re*]*es sur l',influ5ce de l',organism sur les ,tox9es4 ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/41 #ahii1 p4 #hb4 ,means ( ,def5se ,possess$ by ! ,organism aga9/ ! ,action ( ,tox9s4--,we h already se5 t ! r5al organs s]ve = ! elim9ation ( ! tox9s normally produc$ 9 ! organism by ! simple play ( its cellul> me*anism4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! tox9s introduc$ f )\t into ! circulation are g5]ally f9ally elim9at$1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! meantime ! modifications !y h impr9t$ on ! economy may be transmitt$ h]$it>ily2 & t _! influ5ce on ! g5]al nutrition & ! normal functionation ( ! entire organism p]si/s ev5 aft] _! elim9ation4 ,mu* has be5 said reg>d+ ! elim9ation ( ^! tox9s by ! ur9e1 b ! exp]im5ts made by ,mt91 at ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur1 h %[n ! inaccuracy ( ?is assumption1 & x has be5 necess>y to seek ano!r4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t oxidation de/roys ! tox9s 9 vitro1 & x has be5 ?\ght t a process resembl+ dis9fection may well take place )9 ! tissues ( ! animal economy1 b no decision has be5 arriv$ at reg>d+ ! possible me*anism ( ?is action1 :i* "s attribute to ! action ( ! oxidiz+ f]m5ts ( ! organism1 or to ! action ( c]ta9 special cells4 ,accord+ to ,poehl1 !re is develop$ z de/roy] a sub/ance possess+ en]getic oxidiz+ prop]ties1 :i* he has isolat$ & nam$ sp]m9e1 & :i* is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! organic fluids & p>ticul>ly 9 ! leucocytes1 ! special rle ( :i* we w pres5tly /udy4 ,!re develops /ill ano!r cause ( elim9ation1 or1 to be m exact1 ( ! neutralization ( ! toxic pr9ciples 9 def5se ( ! organism aga9/ ! tox9s1 & t is ! =mation ( antitox9s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! t]m virus has be5 res]v$ to designate physiological liquids :i* 7 *>act]iz$1 :5 fir/ !y 7 kn[n1 by _! prop]ty ( transmitt+ to an organism c]ta9 functional affections1 b ! true "* ( :i* is to exp5d _! toxicity ^u ! microbes :i* occur & are reproduc$ 9 ! organism1 or ^u ! organiz$ pla/idul>y granulations1 z 9 ! case ( ! rabic virus1 ! special microbe ( :i* has n z yet be5 isolat$4 ,pa/eur1 :5 /udy+ rabies1 f\nd t ! bra9 & sp9al m>r[ ( rabid animals conta9$ ! pure rabic virus 9 consid]able quantity1 & t e p>ticle ( ! m>r[ 0 capable ( imp>t+ rabies to a p]fectly heal?y dog4 ,aft] hav+ asc]ta9$ ?is fact1 he f\nd t he c\ld att5uate ! action ( ! virus1 ei!r by pass+ ! virus ?r\gh c]ta9 animal organisms1 su* z ! monkey or rabbit1 by g5tly heat+1 or ev5 by all[+ x to oxidize & p>tially dry 9 ! air1 or else by submitt+ x to ! action ( antiseptics or alt]nat+ electric curr5ts ( v high t5sion4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t a deadly virus1 att5uat$ by "o ( ! means m5tion$1 may be inject$1 )\t dang] ( dea?1 into ! liv+ animal2 & :at is /ill bett]1 ! animal ?us treat$ acquires ! p[] ( resi/+ l>ge doses ( ! virus1 less & less att5uat$1 & t x is possible to rea* a po9t :]e ! animal economy may become habituat$ to v l>ge doses ( a highly virul5t virus )\t ! organism exp]i5c+ any visible illness--t is1 ! organism has be5 vacc9at$ ) reg>d to ! p>ticul> virus4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t ?is prop]ty is n peculi> to microbial virus alone1 b t x is common to ! v5oms ! toxicity ( :i* is ess5tially due to "s tox9s1 ) ! exception ( ^? ag5ts not$4 ,! att5uat$ viruses act1 z vacc9s1 ?r\gh _! soluble con/itu5ts1 :i*1 ei!r directly1 by modify+ ! nutrition ( c]ta9 cells1 or indirectly1 by induc+ reactions ( ! n]v\s c5t]s :i* preside ov] ?is nutrition1 pr(\ndly *ange ! conditions ( life & give rise to ! pa?ological condition--! vacc9$ /ate4 ,exp]im5ts by ,behr+ & ,kitasato#da h %[n t ! tumors ( a vacc9at$ animal1 fre$ f all organiz$ matt] visible "u ! microscope by filtration ?r\gh porcela91 conta9s pr9ciples capable ( directly or indirectly protect+ o!r animals f ! disease caus$ by ! correspond+ virus4 ,mean:ile1 exp]im5ts h %[n t ! vacc9at+ matt]s are totally elim9at$2 nev]!less1 aft] _! elim9ation1 ! immunity acquir$ rema9s ) ! animal1 :i* !n cont9ues to be protect$ aga9/ ! correspond+ virus4 #da ,deuts*e ,m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahij1 p4 #aaac4 ,int]e/ 9 ?is subject has incit$ num]\s rese>*es ) a reg>d to br++ to light ! me*anism ( ?is immunization2 & ?is w =m ! subject ( ano!r volume ( ?is collection4 ,we may /ate "h1 h[ev]1 t !re h be5 recogniz$ two concurr5t causes ( ?is pres]vative action2 ! "o1 call$ phagocytosis1 results f ! fact t ! microbe introduc$ into ! vacc9$ organism becomes incapable ( produc+ its usual tox9s1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! immunization r5d]s ! organism capable ( secret+ sub/ances possess+ an activity contr>y to t ( ! virus1 9 fact true c\nt]-poisons1 compris$ "u ! g5]al "n antitox9s4 ,phagocytosis4--,we h se5 t an organism subject$ to a toxic invasion t5ds to protect itself by prop] means ( def5se2 & "o ( ^? is ! direct putt+ into activity ( ! liv+ cellul> elem5ts !mselves1 & 9 p>ticul>1 ! leucocytes1 or :ite corpuscles1 f\nd 9 m or less numb]1 accord+ to pa?ological conditions1 9 ! blood & lymphatic fluids4#db #db ,x is necess>y "h to consult ! "w by ,,levaditi3 ,le ,leucocyte et ses ,granulations4 ,sci5tia1 ,naud1 publi%]1 ,p>is1 #aijc2 also ,,met*nik(f3 ,l',immunit1 ,p>is1 #aijb1 ,masson1 publi%]4 ,met*nik(f has %[n t ! mom5t a =eign elem5t1 p>ticul>ly a microbe1 ent]s ! organism1 ^! leucocytes come flock+ f all p>ts ( ! body1 collect ar\nd ! bact]ial elem5t1 p5etrate x1 & beg9 to dige/ x4 ,^! elem5ts h receiv$ ! "n phagocytes4 ,! "n *emotaxis has be5 giv5 to ! prop]ty by virtue ( :i* !y approa* 7positive *emotaxis7 or move away f 7negative *emotaxis7 c]ta9 sub/ances :i* affect !m p[]fully4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t ! leucocytes are attract$ by ! products secret$ by pa?og5ic microbes1 or saprophytes4 ,attract$ by ! latt]1 ! :ite corpuscles surr\nd1 envelop1 & f9ally dige/ !m2 & :5 x happ5s t all ! pa?og5ic microbes )9 an organism are absorb$1 ! organism survives1 :ile 9 ! contr>y case x succumbs4 ,att5tion mu/ be call$ to ?is attack by ! :ite corpuscles )9 ! limits :]e !y are normally conf9$4 ,x is a pa?ologic diap$esis--a leucocytosis provok$ by ! irritation ( ! tissues--& caus$ ei!r by ! pres5ce alone ( =eign elem5ts1 or by ! soluble products secret$ by !m4 ,:51 = any reason :atev]1 ?is phagocytic action is imp$$1 ! resi/ance ( ! organism to pa?og5ic infection ceases to be effective1 & ! organism may !re=e be invad$ by ! microbe4 ,num]\s causes may contribute to imp$e ?is action4 ,! ,antitox9s4 ,we h se5 t ! second means ( def5se possess$ by ! organism resides 9 ! action ( special products1 true def5sive secretions1 possess+ an activity contr>y to t ( ! tox9s1 & :i* are secret$ by ! cells ( ! organism "u ! influ5ce ( ! vacc9s4 ,?is is a prop]ty common to e organism1 & :i* is obs]v$ ev5 9 non-vacc9at$ subjects1 al?\gh 9 ?is case ! secretion =ms ) great difficulty & 9 small quantity4 ,:5 an organism subject$ to ! toxic action ( a bact]ial infection does n succumb to ! intoxication1 x em]ges f ! te/ gift$ ) a new prop]ty1 :i* may be augm5t$ by habituation1 & :i* bord]s on immunity4 ,at fir/ we 7 cont5t to vacc9ate small animals 9 ! laboratory1 b 9 proportion z ! discov]ies 9 ?is doma9 ext5d$1 & !re develop$ a ne$ = l>ge quantities ( antitox9s1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! l>g] animals1 p>ticul>ly horses & cattle4 ,f ! mom5t t l>ge quantities ( blood & antitoxic s]um 7 at comm&1 se>* 0 made = a means ( isolat+ ! antitox9 & det]m9+ its prop]ties4 ,exp]im5ts s f> made h %[n t ! antitox9s are sub/ances ( an album9oid nature1 ( unkn[n composition1 & :i* are v closely unit$ to ! album9oid sub/ances ( ! s]um4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ,behr+ & ,knorr oppose ! ass]tion reg>d+ ! album9oid nature ( tetanic antitox91 b _! reasons = ?is d n appe> to be well f\nd$4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! antitox9s are precipitable ) ! globul9s1 & possess q consid]able p[]s ( resi/ance t[>ds physical & *emical ag5ts4 ,?us !y are de/roy$ only at a temp]ature above #fj-fe ,c4 ,kept 9 ! dry /ate1 9 ! residue ( evaporat$ s]um1 & away f ! light & all oxidiz+ action1 x is possible to pres]ve _! activity = a v long "t4 ,!y are ess5tially humoral sub/ances2 !y are f\nd 9 ! blood ( vacc9at$ animals1 f :i* may be obta9$ antitoxic s]ums ) a specific b transi5t immunity2 & !y are also f\nd 9 ! plasmas ( ! lymph & exudates1 9 aque\s tumors1 & 9 ! milk4 ,!y are seldom f\nd 9 ! cells4 ,mode ( ,action4--,frequ5t att5tion has be5 paid to ! mode ( action ( ! antitox9s ^u ! tox9s1 a ph5om5on ( great importance 9 relation to ! ph5om5on ( immunity acquir$ aga9/ ! tox9s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( our k on ?is subject1 ! idea ( a de/ruction ( ! tox9 imm$iately sugge/$ itself1 & 0 advanc$ by von ,behr+4#dc ,accord+ to ?is sci5ti/ ! antibody inhibits ! morbig5ic action ( ! tox9 by neutraliz+ ! tox91 comb9+ ) ! latt] to =m a comp\nd ( a *emical nature :i* is devoid ( toxicity & )\t action on ! organism4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! influ5ce ( ! antitox9 on ! tox9 is direct1 & does n require ! int]v5tion ( ! liv+ cellul> protoplasm4 ,su* 0 also ! belief ( ,pr(4 ,ehrli*4#dd #dc ,,von ,,behr+ & ,,kitasato3 ,deuts*4 m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahij1 p4 #aaac4 #dd ,,ehrli*3 ,kl94 ,jahrb4 #ahig1 ,,vi1 p4 #bib4 ,bu*n]1 a little lat]1 believ$ t ! antitox91 in/ead ( act+ directly on ! tox91 ex]cis$ a direct influ5ce on ! liv+ elem5ts ( ! organism1 pres]v+ !m f intoxication4#de #de ,,bu*n]3 ,mn*5] m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahic1 p4 #dhj4 ,su* 0 also ! op9ion ( ,r\x#df2 & ,calmette demon/rat$ t a mixture ( v5om & ( a non-toxic antiv5om recov]$ its toxicity on be+ heat$ to #fh ,c1 :]eby ! antiv5om 0 de/roy$ 7,calmette3 ,le ,v59 des ,s]p5ts1 ,p>is1 #ahig1 p4 #eh72 & ,wass]mann arriv$ at ! same result4#dg #df ,,r\x3 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #ahid1 ,,viii1 p4 #gbd4 #dg ,,wass]mann3 ,zeits*r4 fr ,hygi5e4 ,! array ( pro(s (f]$ by ^! sci5ti/s1 :i* we _c "h enl>ge ^u )\t uselessly ext5d+ our subject1 w\ld t5d to make "o believe1 at fir/ glance1 t ! antitox9 does n act directly on ! tox91 b at ! pres5t "t ,bu*n]'s !ory appe>s unt5able4 ,num]\s rese>*es h prov$ conclusively t ! tox9 & ! antitox9 h a specific aff9ity = ea* o!r1 by virtue ( :i* ^! pr9ciples comb9e to =m a sub/ance free f all toxicity1 b un/able1 & :i* may be decompos$ by heat or c]ta9 o!r factors4#dh #dh ,j4 ,,danzsy3 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,,xvi1 p4 #cca4 ,"s rec5t exp]im5ts by ,j4 ,m>t9 & ,*]ry 7,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 #ahih1 ,,lxiii1 p4 #dbc7 h cle>ly br\ght out ?is fact4 ,^! au?ors made mixtures ( s]p5t v5om ) its antiv5om1 :i* !y filt]$ ?r\gh a lay] ( gelat91 "u ! supposition t1 if ! v5om & its antiv5om 7 n *emically comb9$1 ! =m] alone w\ld be able to pass ?r\gh into ! filtrate1 because its molecules are s mu* small]4 ,m>t9 & ,*]ry all[$ ! v5om & its antiv5om to rema9 9 contact = v>y+ p]iods be=e filt]+4 ,z ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out ) ?is idea1 !y h demon/rat$ t ! filtrate obta9$ aft] all[+ a few m9utes' contact betwe5 ! two sub/ances1 0 decid$ly toxic1 :ile t obta9$ aft] a contact ( half an h\r 0 absolutely non-toxic4 ,f ?is ! au?ors conclude t ! antitox9 ent]s into *emical union ) ! v5om1 b t ! comb9ation does n take place imm$iately1 & requires a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t = its accompli%m5t4 ,ehrli* & ,knorr h demon/rat$ t ! neutralization is less rapid 9 dilute solutions ?an 9 conc5trat$ ones4 ,pr(4 ,svante ,arrh5ius has complet$ our k reg>d+ ! mode ( comb9ation betwe5 ! tox9s & ! antitox9s1 by demon/rat+ ! occurr5ce ( limit$ reactions analog\s to ! e!rification ( an alcohol by an acid1 & 9 su* a mann] t !re always exi/s1 9 a mixture ( ^! two sub/ances1 a c]ta9 quantity ( free tox9 & antitox94 ,?is is an important modification ( ! g5]al ideas held 9 ?is respect4#di #di ,,svante ,,arrh5ius3 ,la ,physico-*imie des ,tox9es et des ,antitox9es4 ,confr5ces de la ,socit *imique de ,p>is1 ,may #bj1 #aijd4 ,see also ,,mads5 ,,& ,,arrh5ius3 ,te/krift r$ indivuls5 ( ,/ot5s ,s]um ,in/itut4 ,cop5hag51 #aijb4 ,x appe>s necess>y to br+ "h m cle>ly 9 evid5ce ! fact t ! antitox9 inhibits ! noxi\s action ( ! tox91 ev5 outside ! liv+ organism1 by unit+ ) x to =m a comp\nd 9 id5tically ! same mann] z :5 a /rong base & a /rong acid are br\ght toge!r4 ,z we h se51 all ! conditions ( environm5t t favor or ret>d ! =mation ( salts1 9 a l s5se influ5ce ! neutralization ( ! tox9 by its antitox94 ,=mation ( ,antitox9s4--,ehrli*'s !ory ( side *a9s1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 furni%es u ) an explanation ( ! =mation ( ! antitox9s 9 tumors4 ,let u suppose t1 9 ! organism1 a cell _h come into contact only ) c]ta9 toxic molecules incapable ( compromis+ its life1 & t ! only result 0 ! immobilization ( ! receptors :i* are unit$ ) ! haptophore gr\ps ( ! oppos+ tox9s4 ,x is kn[n t1 by virtue ( a prop]ty inh]5t 9 all liv+ organisms1 dur+ ! ph5om5a ( rep>ation1 !re is g5]ally an ov]production ( ! ne(orm$ p>ts4 ,9 ! case we "h speak (1 z ! receptors fill an important function 9 ! nutrition ( ! oppos+ cellul> elem5ts1 once !y become unit$ ) ! toxic haptophores1 !y become incapable ( fill+ _! normal function ( nutrition4 ,"u ^! conditions ! cells develop s l>ge a quantity ( receptors t1 fill+ ! cells1 & n f9d+ any m room1 !y spread into ! blood & o!r liquids ( ! organism4 ,"u ^! conditions1 e new injection ( tox9 into ! organism is absorb$ into ! blood :]e x meets ) ! free receptors :i* possess great avidity = ! haptophore gr\p ( its molecule1 & ! two gr\ps imm$iately unite1 be=e ! haptophore gr\p ( ! tox9 has be5 able to attack & intoxicate a cellul> elem5t4 ,we ?us see t ! receptors :i*1 :5 9 a free /ate 9 tumors1 play ! rle ( antitoxics or antitox9s1 become1 )9 ! cellul> elem5ts !mselves1 ! vehicle ( intoxications4 ,figuratively speak+1 s long z ^! fixators are atta*$ to ! molecule ( ! liv+ protoplasm !y attract ! tox94 ,accord+ to ?is +5i\s conception1 ! =mation ( antitox9s is h5ce absolutely indep5d5t ( ! action ( ! toxophore elem5ts on ! cellul> elem5ts1 & x suffices t ^! possess receptors or side *a9s capable ( unit+ ) ! haptophore gr\ps ( ! tox94 ,?is expla9s :y x has be5 possible to produce antitox9s f tox9s :i* h lo/ "s ( _! toxic prop]ties1 b :i* h pres]v$ _! prop]ty ( unit+ ) antitoxic sub/ances4 ,ehrli* gives ! "n toxoids to ^? modifi$ tox9s t h lo/ _! toxophore gr\ps1 :ile ! haptophore gr\p1 ! produc] ( ! immuniz+ sub/ance1 is /ill pres]v$ intact4 ,accord+ to ,met*nik(f's !ory1 :i* is v simil>1 x seems q possible t ! phagocytes1 ?anks to ! facility ) :i* !y absorb poisons1 occupy an important place z produc]s ( antitox9s4 ,x has n be5 possible s f> to v]ify ?is !ory 9 our at pres5t imp]fect k reg>d+ ?is subject4 ,! doma9 ( immunity has1 h[ev]1 made brilliant conque/s dur+ ^! la/ few ye>s1 s t we %\ld n despair ( arriv+ at a def9ite solution be=e long4 ,9 ! vacc9at$ animal ! antitox9 is reproduc$1 & x is possible to obta9 sev]al times1 f ! vacc9at$ animals1 successive portions ( antitoxic s]um4#ej ,! protective p[] ( ^! antitox9s is absolutely m>vel\s4 ,an animal accu/om$ gradually to ! tetanic virus yields a s]um conta9+ an antitox9 a ?\s& times m active ?an ! virus4 #ej ,,*4 ,,salmons5 et ,,?4 ,,mads53 ,rproduction de la sub/ance antitoxique4 ,ann4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 ,,xii1 p4 #gfb4 ,,r\x et ,,vaill>d3 ,ibid41 #ahic1 p4 #hc4 ,accord+ to ,vaill>d1 a qu9tillion? ( a cubic c5timet] ( ?is antitetanic s]um suffices to pres]ve "o gramme ( liv+ m\se f ! effects ( a dose ( tetanic s]um t w\ld o!rwise be surely fatal4 ,9 ! animal1 ! antitox9s are elim9at$ mo/ly by ! fluids ( ! body1 & p>ticul>ly by ! ur9e4 ,ehrli* has demon/rat$ t !y also pass into ! milk1 & ?is fact is confirm$ by a l>ge numb] ( obs]v]s4 ,x expla9s ! immunity acquir$ by nursl+s1 & :i* is transmitt$ by ! milk4 ,s]o!rapy4--,! se>* = antitox9s & _! rle 9 ! etiology ( infecti\s diseases are fundam5tal po9ts 9 actual !rapy4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! s]ums ( c]ta9 vacc9at$ animals enjoy v ext5d$ antitoxic !rapeutic prop]ties2 = in/ance1 ! s]um ( vacc9at$ rabbits is an antiv5om t[>ds erysipelas2 & ! /]iliz$ cultures ( ! pneumococcus or ( ! ,bacillus pyocyaneus prev5ts infection ( c>buncle 7an?rax74 ,! antiv5om\s s]um ( ! ass immuniz$ by injections ( increas+ doses ( ! v5om ( ! t]rible naja is a p]fect prophylactic & curative1 n only z reg>ds ! v5om ( ?is s]p5t1 b also aga9/ t ( ! crotalus1 trigonocephalus1 & vip]4 ,we %all take up ! /udy ( s]o!rapeutics 9 ano!r volume ( ?is collection4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,tox9s ,,prop]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,i4 ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal ,,tox9s4 ,! vegetable tox9s possess ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( be+ innocu\s1 & ( be+ almo/ completely devoid ( poison\sness1 :5 !y are absorb$ by ! inte/9es2 we c see1 f ?is1 h[ greatly !y diff] f ! poisons prop]4#ea #ea ,x is und]/ood t ! active pr9ciples ( mu%rooms are n compris$ "u ?is def9ition1 b !y w be /udi$ "u ! next head+4 ,! vegetable tox9s kn[n are q num]\s2 nev]!less our k reg>d+ !m is v incomplete4 ,our review ( !m w be *iefly descriptive4 ,_m ( ! legum9\s plants are poison\s1 ei!r because ( emanations exhal$ by !m1 or by reason ( _! alkaloids1 or because ( "s tox9s conta9$ 9 !m4 ,we %all comm5ce ) ^!4 ,abr94--,?is tox91 :i* 0 /udi$ 9 p>ticul> by ,w>d5 & ,waddell1#eb !n by ,kob]t#ec & de ,hell91#ed is f\nd 9 ! fruit ( ! ,legum9os1 ,abrus precatorius 7wild licorice1 or jequirity74 ,its "n 0 giv5 x by ,w>d5 & ,waddell1 :o discov]$ bo? its toxic nature & ! vegetable tox92 ! tox9 is f\nd only 9 ! se$s4 ,to extract x1 ! se$s are mac]at$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution filt]$ & precipitat$ ) alcohol2 ! precipitate :i* =ms is collect$ & dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 f :i* x is aga9 precipitat$ by add+ p[d]$ ammonium sulphate4 ,! precipitate is !n collect$ & submitt$ to dialysis 9 ord] to elim9ate ! ammonium sulphate4 ,! abr9 s obta9$ =ms an album9oid sub/ance#ee /able at #ajj ,c41 & possess+ rotatory p[]2 x liquefies />* pa/e1 & is extremely toxic4 ,"o milligramme suffices to kill a rabbit )9 sev]al h\rs4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t1 z is ! case ) all ! tox9s1 abr9 acts or kills only aft] a p]iod ( incubation :i* g5]ally exce$s tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #eb ,,w>d5 & ,,waddell3 ,non-bacill> ,nature ( ,abrus ,poison4 ,calcutta1 #ahhd4 #ec ,,kob]t3 ,arbeit4 aus dem ,ph>mak4 ,in/itut4 ,dorpat1 #ahic4 #ed ,,hell93 ,inaug4 ,diss]t4 ,dorpat1 #ahia4 #ee ,,ehrli*3 ,exp]im5t4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,immunitt4 ,deuts*4 ,m$4 ,wo*41 #ahia4 ,x is possible to vacc9ate an organism s z to )/& a le?al dose ( abr91 b x requires q a long "t2 x is effect$ by inject+ into a suitable animal v small doses ( ! sub/ance1 & increas+ ! quantity gradually4 ,rabbits :i* h be5 r5d]$ highly immune t[>ds v5oms are capable ( resi/+ )\t inconv5i5ce doses ( abr9 :i* are ord9>ily fatal2 & ! blood s]um af=d$ by !m conta9s a specific antibody = ! sub/ance4 ,ric94--,?is vegetable toxalbum9 has be5 /udi$ p>ticul>ly by ,/illm>k1#ef by ,dixon1#eg & ,?uson4#eh ,x is f\nd 9 ! se$s ( ! ca/or plant2 ?ree or f\r ( ! se$s suffice to cause a ga/ro5t]itis accompani$ by s]i\s symptoms & ev5 by dea?4 #ef ,,/illm>k3 ,arbeit4 aus dem ph>macol4 ,in/4 ,dorpat1 #ahhi4 #eg ,,dixon3 ,au/r4 ,m$4 ,gazette1 #ahhg4 #eh ,,?uson3 ,j\rn4 f4 prakt4 ,*em41 ,,xciv1 p4 #ddd4 ,x 0 fir/ isolat$ by ,p4 ,ehrli*1 by treat+ ! se$s ) lukew>m wat]1 & precipitat+ ! aque\s solution ) alcohol4 ,! toxalbum9 is soluble 9 wat]1 b on boil+ ! solution1 ! sub/ance loses 9 great measure its activity4 ,ric9 possesses consid]able activity4 #j4jjjjc ,gm4 suffice to kill a rabbit :5 inject$ hypod]mically2 #j4b ,gm4 are fatal to man4 ,! action is n imm$iate1 b foll[s a p]iod ( incubation4 ,ehrli* has %[n t1 ex]cis+ precaution1 x is possible to create1 z ) abr91 a condition ( tol]ance or habituation1 & 9 consequ5ce to cause ! =mation ( a specific antibody4 ,rob94--,?is toxic album9oid 0 obta9$ f ! b>k ( an ,acacia 7,rob9ia ,pseudacacia7 by ,p[] & ,cambi]1#ei by exhau/+ ) wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cj ,c41 & precipitat+ ! infusion ) alcohol4 ,! sub/ance is analog\s to ric91 & l ?is1 possesses p[]ful toxic prop]ties4 #ei ,,p[] & ,,cambi]3 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 & ,transact41 #ahij4 ,toxicity ( ! ,vegetable ,dia/ases4--,! dia/ases1 :i* h be5 treat$ ( 9 a volume ( ! ,encyclopdie ,laut1#fj & to :i* we w\ld ref] ! read] :o is desir\s ( m complete details1 develop p[]fully en]getic toxic prop]ties :5 inject$ into ! organism4 ,?us amylase causes1 :5 inject$ subcutane\sly1 a consid]able rise ( temp]ature1 b )\t any o!r toxic symptoms4 ,inv]t9 or sucrase 0 /udi$ by ,r\ssy "u ! "n pyretog591 b x appe>s probable t ?is dia/ase 0 n ! only sub/ance pres5t 9 ! product1 b t !re 7 pres5t r$uc+ dia/ases1 z we h already %[n 9 ! fir/ volume ( ?is collection1 devot$ to ! ph5om5a ( r$uction )9 ! liv+ organism4 #fj ,,pozzi-,,escot3 ,les ,dia/ases et leurs ,applications1 ,masson1 #aijj4 ,! pyretog59 ( ,r\ssy gives rise to an attack ( viol5t fev]1 b x loses all activity :5 heat$ to #hj-ajj ,c4 ,?r\gh 8 rese>*es1 ,r\ssy cle>ly demon/rat$1#fa = ! fir/ "t1 t ! fev] may cause ! =mation )9 ! blood ( a sub/ance cle>ly belong+ to ! class ( soluble f]m5ts or zymases4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t )9 ! animal economy !re exi/ _m f]m5ts ( ?is "*2 & exp]im5t has %[n t !y c1 at a giv5 p]iod & "u v>i\s influ5ces1 leave ! cells 9 :i* !y are normally localiz$1 pass into ! blood plasma1 & rea* ! n]v\s c5t]s1 :]e !y cause s]i\s effects4 ,we h already dwelt ^u ! me*anism ( auto9toxication ( ! organism4 ,! toxic action ( c]ta9 dige/ive dia/ases has be5 %[n by ,hildebr&t1 :o has demon/rat$ t #j4a ,gm4 ( peps9 is capable ( kill+ a rabbit 9 two or ?ree days4 #fa ,,r\ssy3 ,ap]u hi/orique sur les f]m5ts et f]m5tations4 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,j4 ,r\sset1 publ4 ,,ii4 ,,tox9s ,,f ,,mu%rooms4 ,mu%rooms are alim5t>y sub/ances ( ! highe/ ord]1 caus+ a g5]al /imulation ( ! entire organism4 ,! sub/ances met ) belong1 accord+ to _! composition1 to diff]5t classes--celluloses1 sug>s1 & amylace\s sub/ances1 alcohols1 acids1 fats1 a/r+5ts1 ess5tial oils1 res9s1 alkaloids1 & album9oids4 ,! /udy ( ! la/ only1 ! album9oids & dia/ases1 int]e/s u "h4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! album9oid sub/ances1 phall91 0 discov]$ 9 #ahij by ,kob]t4 ,p\*et also has isolat$ a :ole s]ies ( o!r toxic album9oids1 p>ticul>ly f ,amanita musc>ia 7,fly ,ag>ic74 ,!re are alim5t>y z well z toxic species 9 e possible v>iety among mu%rooms1 "s species consi/+ *iefly ( ! edible k9d1 o!rs consi/+ ( ! poison\s v>iety4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! toxicity ( mu%rooms1 great att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! treatm5t to :i* !y are subject$ :5 x is desir$ to utilize !m = alim5t>y purposes4 ,?us ! toxic pr9ciples ( sev]al v>ieties c be remov$1 & ! mu%rooms r5d]$ edible by v simple means4 ,p\*et has made a v +5i\s comp>ison betwe5 ! e!real1 alcoholic1 sal9e1 & aque\s extracts ( mu%rooms1 & bact]ial cultures4 ,! analogy is /rik+ z to ! pres5ce ( tox91 toxalbumose1 & albumoses m or less toxic2 x is moreov] n exagg]at$1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! classification g5]ally admitt$1 mu%rooms are no?+ m ?an ! v advanc$ repres5tatives ( a gr\p ! m simple memb]s ( :i* con/itute ! bact]ia4 ,! same au?or has %[n t phall9 obta9$ f ! juice ( ! ,fly ,ag>ic w kill a gu9ea-pig weigh+ #fjj grammes 9 "o h\r4 ,z we h already /at$1 x is ! phall9e to :i* ! ord9>y disord]s :i* mu%rooms cause are due4 ,accord+ to ,kob]t1 a #a3bej #jjj solution ( ?is sub/ance causes an int5se hemolysis1 ) all its disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,accord+ to ,p\*et1 ! fle% ( mu%rooms mu/ be comp>$ ) meat t has be5 kept = "s "t to become t5d]1 & x is well kn[n t ?\gh ?is t5d]+ process r5d]s ! meat m dige/ible1 x may also all[ ! meat to acquire noxi\s prop]ties1 due to ! pres5ce ( tox9s4 ,phall9 is ! type ( ^? toxic album9oids ( unkn[n composition :i* exi/ 9 mu%rooms1 & :i* are compris$ "u ! "n sapotox9s4 ,! intrav5\s injection ( phall9 into an animal1 9 ! proportion ( #a "p to #a #jjj #jjj p>ts ( body weight1 causes sudd5 dea? )9 "o m9ute2 9 ! proportion ( #a3e #jjj #jjj1 dea? occurs 9 ab\t ?ree m9utes2 9 ! proportion ( #a3ej #jjj #jjj1 dea? also occurs1 b is greatly ret>d$4 ,an injection ( #j4jjje ,gm4 p] kilo ( body weight ( animal causes solution ( ! blood corpuscles to su* an ext5t t ?irty m9utes lat] ! blood s]um is /rongly color$ r$1 z well z ! ve9s4 ,in/ead ( be+ easily alt]$ "u ! influ5ce ( an elevat$ temp]ature1 z are _m ( ! album9oid sub/ances1 :]eby _! toxic p[] is lo/1 phall9 may be boil$ = half an h\r ) wat] )\t und]go+ any noticeable alt]ation4 ,pellegr9i has obs]v$ t ! dri$ juice ( ,amanita ,phalloides 7,dea?-cup7 pres]ves its prop]ties = m ?an a ye>4 ,accord+ to a rec5t pap] by ,gillot1 ! symptoms ( poison+ by mu%rooms mu/ be ascrib$ to album9oids 7phall9 & albumose71 alkaloids 7musc>9e1 *ol9e1 or beta9e71 or to res9oids 7cambogic & ag>icic acids74 ,! alkaloids f\nd 9 mu%rooms are3 ,musc>id9e 7an oxyneur9e71 :i* possesses consid]able toxicity1 & ( :i* #j4jjjje ,gm4 suffices to kill a frog2 neur9e 7trime?yle?ylammonium hydroxide72 *ol9e 7trime?yloxye?ylammonium hydroxide72 mycetomusc>9e2 anhydromusc>9e 7an oxyneur9e72 & a :ole s]ies ( v>i\s beta9es4 ,symptomology4--,x is q natural to divide ?is symptomology into ?ree diff]5t p]iods2 t ( incubation1 t ( manife/ation ( symptoms1 & t ( t]m9ation4 ,! duration ( ! fir/ p]iod1 t ( incubation1 is exce$+ly v>iable2 x v r>ely la/s m ?an =ty-eight h\rs1 & becomes g5]al only a few h\rs aft] absorption4 ,c]ta9 conditions influ5ce ! duration2 fir/ly ! quantity ( mu%rooms +e/$1 !n ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 prep>$2 &1 to "s ext5t1 ! nature ( ! organism1 :e!r *ild or adult1 heal?y or 9 poor heal?4 ,:5 x is a "q ( ! m p>ticul>ly alkaloid-conta9+ mu%rooms1 especially :5 ! poison+ is due to musc>9e1 ! toxic symptoms g5]ally develop rapidly1 ! fir/ symptoms appe>+ ab\t "o h\r aft] ! +e/ion ( ! mu%rooms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! poison+ is due to "o ( ! album9oid gr\p1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( phall91 ! p]iod ( incubation is long]1 & may la/ t51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 or ev5 =ty-eight h\rs & m4 ,! symptoms beg9 ) dizz9ess & an indef9able s5sation ( be+ ill4 ,! second p]iod is *>act]iz$ *iefly by dige/ive & by n]v\s d]angem5ts4 ,! dige/ive d]angem5ts are evid5c$ by v viol5t & pa9ful vomit+1 & di>rheas ( *ol]aic or dys5t]ic "*4 ,! n]v\s d]angem5ts v>y accord+ to :e!r !y are develop$ by an alkaloid1 :i* causes delirium ) halluc9ation1 or by album9oids1 :i* cause depression1 ataxo-adynamia1 & /upor1 ^! be+ p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! action ( ! toxic album9oids4 ,z = ! p]iod ( t]m9ation1 x results ei!r 9 dea? or a cure4 ,if ! poison+ is due to phall91 dea? appe>s to be an almo/ inevitable consequ5ce1 z x occurs 9 #hj p] c5t4 or m ( ! cases4 ,! poison+ by ! alkaloids is less dang]\s1 & ! cure1 :5 x does occur1 is v rapid1 almo/ imm$iate1 9 fact1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! toxic album9oids ! cure is v sl[1 & att5d$ by relapses4 ,"o *>act]i/ic ( ^! toxalbum9s is t !y are apt to develop specific antitoxalbum9s4 ,?is fact has be5 v]ifi$ n only 9 ! case ( abr91 ric91 rob91 & _! analogues1 b also 9 t ( ! vegetable & animal dia/ases possess+ toxic prop]ties ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree only4 ,^! antibodies g5]ally exhibit _! action 9 vitro4 ,?us antiric9 ex]ts its antiagglut9ative action on ! ery?rocytes 9 vitro 9 a sal9e m$ium 9 :i* ! ery?rocytes _c live4 ,"h1 aga91 z 9 ! case ( ! antitox9s1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! antitoxalbum9 possesses a specific aff9ity by virtue ( :i* x unites *emically ) ! toxalbum9 to give rise to a new sub/ance :i* is devoid ( toxicity4 ,! fir/ antidia/ase obta9$ by immunization me?ods1 & accord+ to ! me*anism we h already se51 0 antiemuls91 obta9$ by ,hildebr&t4#fb ,?is antiemuls9 c\nt]acts1 bo? 9 vivo & 9 vitro1 ! specific action ( emuls94 ,^! /udies h be5 foll[$ by a l>ge numb] ( sci5ti/s1 p>ticul>ly by ,camus & ,gley1#fc ,c>not1 ,mesnil1#fd & ,*>ron & ,levaditi1#fe 9 ! case ( tryps92 & ,sa*s#ff 9 ! case ( animal peps94 ,gess>d#fg obta9$ a v active antityros9ase1 & ,mohl an antiurease4 #fb ,,hildebr&t3 ,weit]es b] hydrolyt4 ,f]m5te1 etc4 ,vir*4 ,ar*41 ,,cxxxi1 #ahie1 ,p4 #e4 #fc ,,camus & ,,gley3 ,compt4 r5d4 de la ,soc4 de ,biolog41 #ahig4 #fd ,,mesnil3 ,sur la dige/ion des act9ies4 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #aija4 #fe ,,*>r9 & ,,levaditi3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acadmie de/ ,sci5ces1 #aijj4 #ff ,,sa*s3 ,ueb] ,antiseptika4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,biolog41 #aija1 ,,xxvi4 #fg ,,gess>d3 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #aija1 p4 #fji2 ,comp4 r5d4 de la ,socit de ,biologie1 ,may1 #aijb4 ,! mo/ important rese>*es reg>d+ ?is subject h be5 publi%$ by ,morg5ro?1 ,briot1#fh & ,kors*um#fi on antilab 7or antir5net74 ,! rese>*es ( ^! au?ors h fully demon/rat$ t !re is consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s r5nets1 :i* _h h]et(ore be5 conf\nd$ "u "o head2 ?us !re is no diff]5ce :atev] betwe5 animal r5net & ! r5net extract$ by ,rosetti#gj f ,cyn>a c>dunculus 7c>doon7 s f> z _! coagulant action on milk is conc]n$1 yet ea* yields an antibody :i* is /rictly specific to itself4 ,f a sci5tific po9t ( view we see1 !re=e1 t ! prep>ation ( antidia/ases p]mits u to diff]5tiate c]ta9 dia/ases t c\ld o!rwise n be diff]5tiat$4 #fh ,,briot3 ,?se de ,doctorat s-,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 #aijj4 #fi ,,kors*um3 ,zeits*r4 f4 physiolog4 ,*emie1 #aijb1 ,,xxxi4 #gj ,,rosetti3 ,l',orosi1 giorn4 di *emica1 f>macia et sci5za aff9i1 #ahih4 ,,iii4 ,,animal ,,tox9s4 ,z we h %[n at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 c]ta9 dia/ases1 & p>ticul>ly ^? t are conc]n$ ) ! dige/ive processes1 peps91 tryps91 etc41 & :i* are produc$ 9 abundance by ! entire liv+ organism1 possess q cle>ly def9$ toxic prop]ties1 & sometimes to ev5 a consid]able ext5t4#ga #ga ,,gu/ave ,,saux3 ,de la toxicit des produits de la dige/ion peptique4 ,?se de doctorat1 ,bordeaux1 #aijb4 ,hemialbumose1 f :i* peptones are =m$1 is itself a dang]\s tox94 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! toxic action ( ! peptones & ( ! products ( dige/ion ( ! album9oids is due n to ! peptone itself1 b to ! m advanc$ products ( dige/ion1 alkaloidal products unque/ionably closely alli$ to ! ptoma9es4 ,nev]!less1 ! true peptones behave j l true poisons1 :5 !y are introduc$ hypod]mically into ! blood4#gb #gb ,,s*midt3 ,mhlheim1 ,ar*4 de physiol41 #ahhj4 ,brieg] has made u acqua9t$ ) a non-proteid sub/ance1 "u ! "n ( peptotox91 :i* is met ) at ! beg9n+ ( ! putrefaction ( album9oids4 ,?is tox91 :i* is n a prote91 is no?+ else b a ptoma9e4 ,x is n alt]$ by heat1 & possesses a v high toxicity4 ,brieg] claims t x is a hydroxyliz$ d]ivative ( an aromatic amide4#gc #gc ,,brieg]3 ,b]i*te d4 ,d4 *em4 ,gesells*41 ,,xix1 p4 #cabj2 & ,v]h&l4 d4 ,congress f4 inn]e ,m$41 ,,ii1 p4 #bgg4 ,besides ^! facts1 exp]im5t has %[n t ! leucocytes1 or :ite corpuscles1 ! def5sive rle ( :i* we h not$ 9 phagocytosis1 owe _! prop]ties to ! f]m5ts :i* !y secrete1 & p>ticul>ly to "s ( ! dige/ive f]m5ts4 ,^! :ite corpuscles are v ri* 9 f]m5ts ( all k9ds4 ,rossba* f\nd 9 !m amylase2 ,a*alme f\nd lipase1 casease1 & tryps92 & ! /udy ( immunity has br\ght to light a s]ies ( o!r f]m5ts1 ! alex9s or cytases 7microcytase & macrocytase71 :i* h an exce$+ly important rle to play4 ,x may easily be conceiv$ t "u c]ta9 circum/ances a "p or ! :ole ( ^! f]m5ts c pass into ! blood ( ! fluids ( ! body1 :5 !y give rise to s]i\s di/urbances 9 c]ta9 cases1 or conf] immunity 9 o!rs4 ,x is ?us t1 accord+ to ,gauti]1 ! rise ( temp]ature :i* *>act]izes fev] is a consequ5ce ( ! abnormal transudation ( ^! normal f]m5ts into ! blood1 & _! transmission by ! g5]al circulation to ! n]v\s c5t]s4 ,h[ev]1 x is n only 9 ! leucocytes t we meet ) ^! toxic dige/ive f]m5ts2 x appe>s q probable1 & has ev5 be5 p>tially demon/rat$1 t !y occur 9 a l>ge numb] ( o!r cellul> elem5ts4 ,x is n necess>y "h to dwell ^u ! =mation ( ! antibodies ( ?is gr\p ( active sub/ances4 ,! animal tox9s are animal dia/ases1 & we h se5 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph t ^! sub/ances yield specific antibodies ) great facility4 ,= ! re/1 we w dwell m fully on ^! antibodies ( ! animal tox9s 9 ano!r volume ( ?is collection1 specially devot$ to ! /udy ( ^! sub/ances1 & entitl$ ,les ,s]ums ,immunisants1 to :i* we ref] ! read] :o is desir\s ( obta9+ m complete details ?an he c obta9 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,alim5t>y ,intoxications4--,:at we h already /at$ p]mits u to und]/& ! ph5om5a ( indige/ion & botulism4 ,! toxic sub/ances =m )9 ! dige/ive tract :5 ! n]v\s conditions modify ! composition ( ! ga/ric juice1 & arre/ ! fl[ ( hydro*loric acid1 ! pres5ce ( :i* normally *ecks ! developm5t ( ! microbial flora1 s ri* )9 ! /oma*4 ,! result is ! production1 )9 ! organism1 ( all k9ds ( dang]\s tox9s4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! liv] does n functionate normally1 & ?is1 af=ds u a k ( ! me*anism by :i* foods t are mo/ :olesome may become toxic by reason ( poor dige/ion or poor assimilation4 ,! absorption ( spoil$ vi&s may1 a =tiori1 produce s]i\s results4 ,! alt]ation may be due n only to a bact]ial infection1 z 9 ta9t$ meat1 b x has also be5 prov$ t ! fle% ( an animal t has di$ ( t]ror or madness may be v dang]\s z a food1 ev5 aft] cook+1 because1 al?\gh !re are tox9s :i* are de/roy$ by a suffici5t heat1 !re are ptoma9es & c]ta9 tox9s t resi/ de/ruction "u ^! conditions4#gd #gd ,,poll9 & ,,labit3 ,exam5s des alim5ts suspects1 ,masson1 publi%]4 ,! use ( pres]v$ b spoil$ beef1 pres]v$ ham or birds1 sausages frequ5tly1 & pieces ( pork ta9t$ by sausage poison1 gives rise to a succession ( toxic symptoms ! pr9cipal ones ( :i* are dryness1 con/riction ( ! ph>ynx1 bili\s vomit+1 di>rhea1 dyspnea ) pulmon>y edema1 etc4 ,fi% & eggs are foods q frequ5tly capable ( develop+ s]i\s results2 ! same is ! case ) molluscs1 mussels1 oy/]s1 lob/]s1 & snails4 ,la/ly1 moldy bread1 spoil$ *eese1 putrid wat]1 & spoil$ vegetables !mselves1 are prop] ag5ts = det]m9+ attacks ( botulic poison+4 ,we h se51 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is volume1 t putrid meats conta9 ptoma9es1 :i* are among ! mo/ toxic alkaloidal bases4 ,we h %[n t ,brieg] has isolat$ f !m neurid9e1 putresc9e1 musc>9e1 & guanid9e2 t ,n5cki has isolat$ hydrocollid9e2 & t ,gauti] & ,et>d h obta9$ f !m p>vol9e--only to m5tion a few ( !m4 ,la/ly1 !re may develop )9 ! ga/ro9te/9al tract dang]\s putrefactions1 ! products ( :i* may ent] ! ve9s & art]ies f ! ileum 7a portion ( ! small inte/9e7 & be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! organism4 ,al?\gh su* poison+s occur1 !y d n imm$iately foll[ ! +e/ion ( ! spoil$ or toxic foods1 b !y are always prec$$ by a p]iod ( incubation v>y+ f sev]al h\rs to sev]al days4 ,^! alim5t>y poison+s are recogniz$ by a great physical depression1 accompani$ by vomit+ & p>alysis ( ! l[] extremities1 sweats1 & di>rheas4 ,9 "s cases !re occur cutane\s eruptions2 & :5 dea? happ5s1 ?is occurs only sev]al days lat]1 & g5]ally )\t be+ prec$$ by any great pa94 ,ur9>y ,tox9s4--,z we h already rem>k$ sev]al times1 x is by ! r5al way t ! organism voids its pr9cipal wa/e products4 ,we h se5 also t x is by ! kidneys t ! tox9s are elim9at$ 9 all pa?ological conditions4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! ur9es are always m or less toxic4 ,?is toxicity ( ! ur9es mu/ be attribut$ 9 ! fir/ place to ! cry/allizable organic pr9ciples 7ptoma9es & leucoma9es#ge7 :i* !y conta92 secondly1 to ! non-cry/allizable#gf extractive matt]s n s well kn[n2 & la/ly1 to ! sal9e sub/ances1 among :i* ! potassium salts are ! mo/ active4 ,we f9d ^! m9]al salts p>ticul>ly abundant "u normal conditions 9 ! ur9es ( ! h]bivora4 ,accord+ to ,b\*>d1 #j4ah ,gm4 ( potassium *loride are suffici5t to prove fatal to #ajjj ,gm4 ( liv+ organism2 a man excretes on ! av]age #b4e ,gm4 ( ?is salt1 & a rabbit excretes ab\t d\ble ?is quantity1 weight = weight4 #ge ,,adduco3 ,ar*4 ,ital4 de biolog41 #ahia4 #gf ,,p\*et3 ,?se de ,doctorat en ,mdec9e1 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( hypo!ses h be5 advanc$ reg>d+ ! toxicity ( ! ur9es4 ,wilson consid]s ! urea z be+ responsible = x2 ,/ad?ag5#gg believes x to be due to ! potassium salts1 etc4 ,b\*>d#gh 0 ! fir/ to recognize t ! toxicity ( ! ur9es is due to a numb] ( causes4 ,we w n dwell fur!r on ^! active pr9ciples :i*1 9 ! la/ analysis1 are no o!r ?an ^? t =m 9 ! v>i\s portions ( ! organism1 & :i* are elim9at$ by ! ur9e4 #gg ,,/ad?ag53 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,kl94 ,m$41 ,,xv4 #gh ,,b\*>d3 ,leons sur les ,auto9toxications4 ,x is self-evid5t1 & x has already be5 %[n1 t ! toxicity ( ! ur9es v>ies greatly accord+ to ! malady1 9 consequ5ce ( ! elim9ation ( tox9s by ! ur9es4 ,accord+ to ,b\*>d1 9 infecti\s maladies ! ur9es are twelve times m highly *>g$ ) tox9s ?an is blood s]um4 ,moreov]1 ! toxicity ( ! ur9es is consid]ably augm5t$ ! mom5t !re is ! lea/ febrile condition1 no matt] :at ! cause is4#gi #gi ,reg>d+ ?is po9t see ! excell5t "w by ,a4 ,,*>r93 ,poisons de l',organism4 ,masson1 publ4 ,ev5 9 ! normal condition1 ! ur9>y toxicity v>ies greatly2 & ?is is easily conceiv$ s9ce ! physiological ph5om5a t control ?is secretion und]go incessant rise & fall4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ur9es elim9at$ dur+ sleep are less active ?an ^? produc$ dur+ wak+1 because dur+ sleep ! elim9ation ( cellul> poisons is at a m9imum4 ,ex]cise1 walk+1 physical & intellectual labor1 ex]t _! portion ( influ5ce on ^! oscillations ( toxicity2 & ?is v>iation ( toxicity is due n to any "o v>iation 9 ! m9]al extractive matt]s1 b r m or less to ! organic toxic products4 ,we w n dwell fur!r on ?is subject1 b w simply ref] to ! "w by ,*>r91 already m5tion$1 = all supplem5t>y details4 ,auto9toxications4#hj--,! cells ( ! organism hav+1 z a :ole1 a life v mu* l t ( ! microbes1 x is q natural t among ! excret$ products ( ! liv+ tissues !re %\ld be f\nd ! same sub/ances =m$ z a result ( ! ana]obic f]m5tation ( album9oids4 ,exp]im5t has demon/rat$ t ?is is s1 & ,arm& ,gauti] has irrefutably prov5 ! exi/5ce ( ^! pr9ciples4#ha ,b\*>d 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! toxic nature ( muscle extract1#hb & ,rog]#hc e/abli%$ ! fact t ! toxicity ( ?is extract is due to f]m5t-tox9s2 x has s9ce be5 recogniz$ t aft] dea? ^! tox9s accumulate 9 ! muscles4 #hj ,,*4 ,,b\*>d3 ,des ,auto9toxications4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #ha ,bull4 ,acad1 de ,mdec9e 7#b71 ,x1 p4 #idg1 & ,,xx1 p4 #aae4 #hb ,,b\*>d3 ,leons sur les ,auto9toxications1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #hc ,,rog]3 ,toxicit des ,extraits des ,tissus ,normaux4 ,soc4 de ,biolog41 #ahia1 p4 #gbh4 ,! extract ( kidney made rapidly by cold process by triturat+ ! wa%$ kidney ) glyc]91 & precipitat+ ! glyc]9ic solution ) alcohol1 conta9s toxic f]m5ts to :i* ! "n hy/ozymes has be5 giv54#hd ,^! f]m5ts split up hippuric acid into b5zoic acid & glycocoll4 ,lp9e has likewise discov]$ 9 ! kidney a v toxic pyrog5ic sub/ance4#he ,rog] has giv5 u evid5ce ( ! toxic prop]ties ( ! liv]1 wa%$ & pulp$1 & !n /]iliz$ by filtration ?r\gh a por\s diaphragm4 ,?is sci5ti/ has %[n t ! toxic prop]ties are due to album9oids1 :i* lose _! activity :5 heat$ to #ajj;,c4#hf #hd ,x is well to recall "h t ! kidneys conta9 bo? r$uc+ & oxidiz+ f]m5ts1 z has be5 demon/rat$ by de ,rey-,pailhade1 & lat] by ,abel\s & ,gr>d4 #he ,l,,p9e3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,may #ac1 #ahhi2 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahia1 p4 #gbd4 #hf ,,rog]3 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol41 #ahia1 p4 #gbg4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! organs we h /udi$ are ess5tially r$uc]s1 & t ! m p[]ful r$uc]s yield ! mo/ toxic extracts4 ,we f9d "h a confirmation ( ,arm& ,gauti]'s views reg>d+ ! ana]obic orig9 ( ! toxic sub/ances =m$ )9 ! organism4#hg #hg ,,pozzi-,,escot3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 de ,mdec9e 7#c71 ,,xlvii1 p4 #djj4 ,see also ,,pozzi-,,escot3 ,etat actuel de nos ,connaissances sur les ,oxydases et les ,rductases4 ,dunod1 publ41 ,p>is4 #aijb4 ,blood s]um precipitat$ by alcohol af=ds products :i* possess v m>k$ toxic p[]4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! toxic products we speak ( "h are !rmog5ic dia/atic sub/ances d]iv$ f ! :ite blood corpuscles4 ,9 c]ta9 diseases ! blood s]um may acquire a high degree ( toxicity4 ,we w recur aga9 pres5tly to ?is prop]ty z a normal *>act]i/ic ( ! blood ( v>i\s animal species1 & w /udy x 9 great] detail 9 a future volume ( ?is collection1 devot$ to ! immuniz+ active pr9ciples4 ,gl&ul> ,secretions4--,on /udy+ ! v5oms we w see t a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! products are ! result ( gl&ul> secretion4 ,?is is a g5]al prop]ty ( ! gl&s2 & x 0 ,br[n-,sequ>d :o fir/ drew att5tion to ! rle play$ by ^! gl&s1 & to ! importance ( ! products t !y ?r[ into ! blood4#hh #hh ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,,cxiv1 pp4 #abcg1 #acah1 #acii1 & #aecd2 ,,cxv1 p4 #cge2 & ,,cxvi1 p4 #hef4 ,p4 ,noel %[$ lat] t ! te/icul> juice possesses a high degree ( activity1 :i* he attribut$ to an oxidiz+ f]m5t1 & :i* we h already m5tion$1 sp]m9e4 ,! great] numb] ( ! o!r gl&s conta9 proteid matt]s & v>i\s peptones1 m or less toxic1 ) amides & alkaloids4 ,p>ticul> m5tion mu/ be made ( ! ?yroid gl&1 ! secretions ( :i* ex]cise a p[]ful action on ! n]v\s c5t]s & on nutrition4#hi ,x appe>s reasonable to attribute to ! secretions ( ?is gl& a v p[]ful antitoxic action1 & ! fir/ pro( ( ?is fact is t ! organisms depriv$ ( ?is gl& become ! seat ( s]i\s d]angem5ts2 ! ur9es ( su* organisms become p>ticul>ly toxic1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! hypod]mic injections ( ! aque\s extract ( ! gl&1 :5 ! d]angem5ts spok5 ( exi/1 cause ! imm$iate disappe>ance ( ! d]angem5ts caus$ by ! excision ( ! gl&4#ij #hi ,,laulani3 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahid1 p4 #ahg4 #ij ,,gley3 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahia1 p4 #bej4 ,attempts h be5 made to isolate ! active pr9ciple ( ! gl&s4 ,notk9e isolat$ a tyroproteid1#ia :i* is n s5sibly toxic to animals :o /ill reta9 ! gl&1 b :i* becomes toxic :5 ! gl& is excis$4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is product is n ! pr9cipal ag5t ( ! ?yroid gl&4 #ia ,sema9e ,mdicale1 ,apr4 #c1 #ahie1 p4 #ach4 ,f ! rese>*es ( ,s*aeff]1 ,roos1 & ,sigmund ,fra5kel#ib x results t ! active pr9ciple ( ! gl& is n a tox91 b a purely *emical sub/ance1 a true leucoma9e1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ?yroantitox94 #ib ,wi5] ,m$4 ,bltt]1 ,no4 #dh2 & ,gesells*4 d4 ,a]zte 9 ,wi51 ,nov4 #bb1 #ahie4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,baumann q rec5tly extract$ f ! ?yroid gl& an iodiz$ sub/ance1 :i* he nam$ ?yroiod9e4#ic #ic ,zeits*r4 f4 ,physiol4 ,*em41 ,,xxi1 pp4 #cai & #dha2 & ,,xxii1 p4 #a4 ,,arm& ,,gauti]3 ,*imie ,biologique1 #b;d edit41 pp4 #ccj-ccb4 ,masson1 publ4 ,! supr>5al capsules also possess prop]ties t h (t5 attract$ ! att5tion ( physiologi/s dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,!y are consid]$ z be+1 j l ! ?yroid gl&1 produc]s ( antitox9s2 !y de/roy1 or seem to de/roy1 tox9s t are artificially introduc$ into ! circulation4 ,albanse#id ma9ta9s t ! function ( ! supr>5al capsules is to neutralize neur9e1 ! toxic product ( ! disassimilation ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 ?is view1 h[ev]1 is oppos$ by ,bo9et#ie & ,langlois4#if ,on ! contr>y1 x has be5 def9itely prov5 t ! supr>5al gl&s ex]t a specific action on ! poisons ( muscul> orig94 ,abel\s & ,langlois#ig h 9 fact demon/rat$ t ! alcoholic extract ( ! muscle ( a decapsulat$ animal has ! same prop]ties z ! extract ( tetaniz$ muscle2 ! decapsulat$ animal gives ergographic trac+s analog\s to ^? af=d$ by tetaniz$ animals4 ,! removal ( ! supr>5al capsule f an animal br+s results1 h5ce1 analog\s to ^? ( fatigue--t is to say1 t ! toxic sub/ances :i* accumulate z a result ( ! decapsulation resemble ^? t result f muscul> ex]tion4 ,! supr>5al capsules ex]t _! action fur!rmore on o!r toxic products z well1 z ,guieysse#ih has %[n1 & p>ticul>ly on ! exog5\s poisons4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be said t ! matt] conc]ns a mo/ important rle1 & we _c d bett] 9 ?is respect ?an to ref] ! read] to ! memoir pres5t$ by ,s]g5t & ,b]n>d to ! ,acadmie de ,mdec9e 9 #aijb & entitl$ l',insuffisance ,surrnale4#ii #id ,,alban,,se3 ,re*]*es sur les fonctions des capsules surrnales4 ,ar*4 ,itali5nes ,biol41 #ahib4 #ie ,,bo9et3 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 ,m*4 #ahif4 #if ,see ,compt4 r5d4 de ,biol4 et ,ar*4 ,physiologie1 #ahia-ahig4 #ig ,,langlois3 ,?se de doctorat en ,md41 ,p>is1 #ahig4 #ih ,,guieysse3 ,les capsules surrnales du cobaye1 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #aija4 #ii ,encyclopdie ,laut1 ,,cccxiv1 ,masson1 publ41 ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,microbial ,,tox9s4 ,!re is b "o way ( *>act]iz+ ! toxic poisons secret$ by microbes1 & t is to apply to !m ! "n ( ! microbes g5]at+ !m2 ?us ! soluble & toxic poison ( ! tetanus bacilli has receiv$ ! "n tetanus tox94 ,9 toxic microbial cultures x is necess>y to di/+ui% ! tox9s prop] f ! toxic alkaloids 7ptoma9es7 :i* g5]ally accompany !m2 ?is is easily accompli%$ by evaporat+ ! solution 9 a vacuum at ab\t #cj;,c41 & !n treat+ ) alcohol & e!r1 9 :i* ! alkaloids are soluble1 :ile ! true tox9s are insoluble4 ,by fractional precipitation ) alcohol x is easy to isolate ! peptones & true tox9s4 ,! microbial tox9s possess two ess5tial prop]ties2 "o ! pyog5ic prop]ty1 ?anks to :i* ! tox9s fir/ attract1 !n de/roy ! :ite blood corpuscles or leucocytes1 & trans=m !m into pus1 & ! o!r ! pyretog5ic prop]ty1 :i* appe>s to belong only q indirectly to ! pyog5ic sub/ance4 ,! tox9s 9 g5]al ret>d ! he>t action4 ,we w n speak ( ! di/9ctions x has be5 s\ght to e/abli% betwe5 ! sub/ances :i* possess ^! diff]5t prop]ties1 b w at once take up ! discussion ( sev]al ( ! microbial tox9s4 ,an?rax ,tox9#ajj 7f ,bacillus ,an?racis74--,we w describe ! prep>ation ( ?is tox9 z a type4 #ajj ,,arlo+1 ,,cornev91 ,,?omas3 ,le ,*>bon ,symptomatique1 #a/ edit41 ,p>is2 & ,,le ,,dantec3 ,la ,bactridie du ,*>bon1 ,masson1 publ42 ,,/raus3 ,le ,*>bon des ,animaux et de l',homme1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,! cultures ( ! bacillus are made 9 ,liebig's b\illon1 to :i* has be5 add$ #j4a ( fibr91 ! :ole be+ c>efully /]iliz$ = a long "t at #aaj ,c4 ,! cultures m$ium is inoculat$ ) a drop ( blood tak5 f ! he>t or sple5 ( an animal t has di$ ( an?rax4 ,at ! end ( a week1 ! culture is filt]$1 & ! filtrate acidulat$ ) a little acetic acid & precipitat$ by add+ p[d]$ ammonium sulphate4 ,! floccul5t precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dialyz$4 ,! dialyz$ solution is conc5trat$ 9 vacuo at #dj-de ,c41 & precipitat$ by add+ to x alcohol4 ,! precipitate =m$ is !n collect$ & dri$4#aja #aja ,,hank93 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #ab1 #ahhi1 & ,july #ab1 #ahij4 ,9 ?is mann] !re is obta9$ a grayi%-:ite sub/ance :i* is soluble 9 wat]1 & :i* is fatal 9 l>ge doses1 b :i*1 giv5 9 repeat$ small doses1 conf]s immunity aga9/ an?rax4 ,accord+ to ,hank91 x seems t ! toxic prop]ty ( ?is tox9 is due to an albumose4 ,m>*\x#ajb has be5 able to conf] immunity ^u %eep by inject+ fir/ small quantities ( ! filt]$ culture ( ! an?rax bacilli1 & !n ! virul5t an?rax itself4 #ajb ,annal4 ,in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,ix1 p4 #ghe4 ,! animals ?us r5d]$ immune yield a s]um :i* may be us$ z a vacc9 aga9/ an?rax1 & :i* ev5 possesses curative prop]ties "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,9 e case ! acquir$ immunity is only tempor>y4 ,we w recall to recollection ! me?od employ$ by ,pa/eur = vacc9at+ aga9/ an?rax1 us+ att5uat$ cultures1 a me?od :i* is practic$ daily at ! pres5t "t4#ajc #ajc ,,*amb]l&3 ,le ,*>bon et la ,vacc9ation ,*>bonneuse1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,,pet]mann3 ,annal4 ,in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,vi1 p4 #cb4 ,f ! cultures ( symptomatic an?rax 7,bacillus ,*auv7 ,*auve extract$ a v active tox9 :i* c )/& )\t impairm5t a temp]ature ( #aaj;,c4#ajd ,r\x#aje has %[n t ! s]um ( animals t h succumb$ to ! symptomatic an?rax is capable ( vacc9at+ aga9/ ?is disease2 we h "h a new pro( t ! antitox9 is 9 fact a product ( ! def5se ( ! cells ( ! organism1 & ! au?or m5tion$ has be5 able to vacc9ate gu9ea-pigs by inject+ into ! p]itoneum culture b\illon /]iliz$ by heat+ to #aae ,c4 or by filt]+ ?r\gh porcela94 #ajd ,,deuts*mann3 ,annal4 ,in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,viii1 p4 #djc4 #aje ,annal4 ,in/4 ,pa/eur1 ,feb4 #ahhh4 ,tub]cul> ,tox94--,! culture b\illons ( ,ko*'s bacillus conta9 "o or m active sub/ances :i* con/itute1 & :i* is at ! pres5t designat$ z1 tub]cul94#ajf ,ko*'s !rapeutic tub]cul9 is obta9$ by evaporat+ to "o-t5? its volume a culture b\illon ( ,ko*'s tub]cle bacilli prep>$ f a #d-p] c5t4 glyc]9ic mutton b\illon1 & filt]+ ?r\gh porcela94 ,by fractional precipitation x is possible to obta9 f ! crude tub]cul9 s prep>$ a product :i* is consid]$ z pure tub]cul91 & :i* possesses consid]able activity4 #ajf ,,auclair3 ,?se de doctorat1 ,p>is1 #ahig2 & ,ar*4 de ,mdec9e1 exp4 #ahih4 ,prolong$ boil+ on ! wat]-ba? completely de/roys ! activity ( ?is tub]cul91 :i* moreov] h>dly ev] keeps long] ?an ?ree weeks4 ,x has be5 f\nd possible to pres]ve x = an indef9ite p]iod1 h[ev]1 by add+ to x #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( glyc]94 ,x possesses all ! g5]al reactions ( album9oids4 ,tub]cul9 is n toxic 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,inject$ 9 small quantities into ! heal?y human be+#ajg & into heal?y animals1 x ex]ts no effect2 on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 9 tub]cul> organisms1 ev5 9 incipi5t /ages ( ! disease1 ev5 :]e x is almo/ impossible to make a cl9ical diagnosis1 ! injection ( v small quantities develops a lively & *>act]i/ic reaction4#ajh #ajg ,,ko*3 ,deuts*4 ,m$4 ,wo*41 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahij-ahig1 ,no4 #ad1 p4 #bji4 #ajh ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,v1 p4 #aia2 ,ar*4 de la ,soc4 ,biol4 de ,sa9t-,pt]sb\rg1 ,i1 p4 #bac4 ,grasset & ,v$el consid] ! tub]cul9 z an excell5t means ( diagnos+ tub]culosis 9 man1 b 9 su* a case x is necess>y to op]ate ) ! greate/ caution1 ) v small quantities ( ! tub]cul91 & to feel1 9 "s sort1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! pati5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( *ildr54 ,x is *iefly = ! diagnosis ( tub]culosis 9 cattle1 h[ev]1 t tub]cul9 is valuable4 ,?anks to ,noc>d1 ! proc$ure has to-day become a common practice4 ,! injection ( a fairly l>ge dose1 #j4c to #j4d ,gm41 accord+ to ! size ( ! animal1 causes1 9 ab\t t5 h\rs or s1 if ! animal is tub]cul\s1 a /rong febrile reaction ) an elevation ( temp]ature ( #a4e to #c ,c41 :]eas if ! animal is n tub]cul\s no su* reaction takes place4 ,cases 9 :i* tub]culosis is f> advanc$1 & 9 :i* ! organism is impregnat$ ) tub]cul91 d n react aft] ! injection ( tub]cul94#aji #aji ,,noc>d & ,,lecla9*e3 ,les ,maladies ,microbi5nes des ,animaux4 ,tub]cul9 does n conf] immunity1 & ! bacillus reta9s all its virul5ce1 ev5 9 inject$ tissues2 nev]!less1 ! return to heal? ( animals 9 :i* injections h be5 rec5tly made may be due to ! action ( l>ge doses ( ! s]um2 & on ! o!r h& ! tub]cul91 9 l>ge quantities1 may r5d] ! location unsuitable = ! developm5t ( ! tub]cle bacilli4 ,diph!ria ,tox94--,! mo/ *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! diph!ria bacillus is ! production1 9 culture m$ia1 ( a special toxic sub/ance :i* has be5 nam$ diph!ritic tox92 ?is "n1 h[ev]1 has come to be also ext5d$ to a liquid 9 :i* ! bacilli h liv$1 & :i* has be5 /]iliz$ by filtration or by any o!r suitable process4 ,r\x & ,y]s9#aaj 7 ! fir/ to affirm t diph!ria is an auto9toxication caus$ by a v active poison =m$ by ! microbe 9 ! re/rict$ locality :]e x develops4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is tox9#aaa a culture ( ! bacillus is fir/ made 9 a mutton b\illon made /rongly alkal9e ) sodium c>bonate 7#aj grams p] lit]71 & ) ! addition ( #b p] c5t4 ( peptone4 ,at ! end ( ab\t "o mon?1 ! culture be+ kept at ab\t #cg ,c41 ! liquid is filt]$ ?r\gh porcela94 ,x is indisp5sable to employ a v virul5t bacillus2 x is h5ce frequ5tly advantage\s to increase ! virul5ce & toxig5ic p[] ( ! bacilli x is desir$ to use4 #aaj ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,ii1 p4 #fcb1 & ,,viii1 p4 #faa4 #aaa ,see ,,spronk3 ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,ix1 p4 #ghe2 ,ibid41 ,x1 p4 #ccc2 ,,m>t91 ,ibid41 ,,xii1 p4 #bf2 ,,spronk1 ,ibid41 ,,xii1 p4 #gaa4 ,! toxic liquid obta9$ is exce$+ly p[]ful3 #j4a ,cc4 kills a rabbit 9 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,?is tox9 is v s5sitive to ! effects ( heat4 ,:5 heat$ to #fe ,c4 x loses almo/ all its toxicity2 at #gj ,c4 x becomes innocu\s2 & x only requires to be heat$ to #ajj ,c4 = fifte5 m9utes 9 ord] to lose all imm$iate activity ev5 9 l>ge doses4 ,nev]!less tox9s ?us weak5$ are capable ( prov+ fatal to an animal ev5 aft] five or six mon?s4 ,light1 oxyg51 ozone & all oxidiz]s de/roy ! active pr9ciple ( ! diph!ria tox91 :i* is1 moreov]1 r5d]$ almo/ inactive by organic acids4 ,?is tox9 is capable ( diffus+ ?r\gh animal membranes1 a fact t is 9 agreem5t ) ! toxic effect se5 9 a subject attack$ ) diph!ria1 & due to ! tox9 pass+ ?r\gh ! mucosa4 ,9 spite ( ?is prop]ty1 h[ev]1 ! diph!ritic poison may be tak5 into ! /oma* )\t any p]nici\s results4 ,r\x & ,y]s9 h %[n t1 l all ! dia/ases1 x may be precipitat$ f its solutions by ! developm5t1 )9 ^!1 ( c]ta9 precipitates1 p>ticul>ly calcium phosphate4 ,x is precipitat$ f its solutions by alcohol1 z has be5 obs]v$ also 9 ! case ( dia/atic solutions4 ,all ! toxic sub/ance is conta9$ 9 ! album9\s precipitate ?us obta9$2 b ! prolong$ action ( alcohol1 or repeat$ successive precipitations1 alt] x f9ally4 ,diph!ria tox9 is likewise precipitat$ by ! reag5ts = albumoses1 p>ticul>ly sodium sulphate 9 saturat$ solution4 ,?is proc$ure has be5 utiliz$ by ,brieg] & ,fra5kel = prep>+ ! pure tox91 :i* !y obta9$ 9 ! =m ( v light1 brilliant :ite1 amorph\s flocks1 af=d+ all ! pr9cipal reactions ( ! soluble albumoses 7biuret1 xan?oproteic1 ,millon's71 & :i* !y *>act]iz$ z a toxalbum94 ,on inject+ into heal?y animals ?is diph!ria tox9 att5uat$ by suffici5tly heat+ at #gj ,c1 employ+ at fir/ small doses1 & gradually increas+1 x is possible to immunize !m aga9/ diph!ria1 z 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,c>l ,fra5kel4 ,r\x & ,m>t91 :o h specially /udi$ ?is proc$ure1#aab h %[n t a horse may be easily immuniz$ by inject+ into ! animal ! tox9 dilut$ ) a ?ird ( its volume ( ,gram's iod9e solution1 & 9 successively increas+ doses4 ,! initial dose is #j4be ,cc42 !n1 aft] two days1 #j4e ,cc4 ( ! same tox9 is inject$1 & 9 l mann] ! dose is increas$ up to ! eighte5? day1 :5 ! pure tox9 is inject$1 at fir/ 9 small doses1 :i* are gradually increas$ s t at ! end ( two or ?ree mon?s injections ( #hj ,cc4 ( ! pure tox9 may be giv5 )\t dang]2 ! animal is !n completely immuniz$4 #aab ,contribution l'tude de la ,diphtrie4 ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,viii1 p4 #fji2 ,ibid41 p4 #fdj4 ,! s]um ( an animal r5d]$ immune 9 ?is mann] conta9s a diph!ria antitox9 :i* possesses high p[]4 ,a gu9ea-pig :i* has receiv$ an injection ( #j4ja ,cc4 ( ! antitox9 is p]fectly capable ( )/&+ a le?al dose ( #j4e ,cc4 ( ! tox94 ,! antidiph!ria s]um ?us obta9$1 & 9 almo/ limitless quantities1 f an immuniz$ animal1 is capable ( saturat+ ! !rapeutic diph!ritic tox91 & has to-day tak5 rank 9 !rapeutics z ! mo/ efficaci\s rem$y 9 diph!ria4 ,inject$ 9 v>y+ doses1 x conf]s a tempor>y b imm$iate immunity4 ,nev]!less antidiph!ria s]um mu/ n be consid]$ z an antidote2 & 9 pa?ological diph!ria1 ! m s]um is requir$ ! lat] x is us$4#aac ,9 c]ta9 cases1 if employ$ too late1 x may prove ineffective4 #aac ,,bayeux3 ,?se de ,doctorat1 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,! prev5tive action ( ! s]um is rem>kable4 ,9 #aj #jjj inoculat$ cases ,behr+ & ,ehrli* h _h b #aj cases ( diph!ria1 & ^! 71 moreov]1 ( a b5ign "*4 ,! duration ( ! immuniz+ action appe>s to be f ?ree weeks to two mon?s4 ,?is diph!ria antitox9 0 fir/ prep>$ by ,gur9 & ,mac#aad by add+ to ! antidiph!ria s]um a l>ge volume ( alcohol1 wa%+ ! precipitate1 & dry+ x 9 a vacuum4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 & loses its activity :5 heat$ to #fe ,c4 ,wass]mann#aae has propos$ to extract x f ! milk ( immuniz$ animals1 by fir/ coagulat+ ! milk by r5net 9 ! pres5ce ( sodium *loride1 filt]+1 & remov+ ! fat f ! cle> liquid by means ( *lor(orm4 ,aft] decant+1 ! cle> solution obta9$ is precipitat$ by add+ to x #cj to #cc p] c5t4 ( ammonium sulphate4 ,! precipitate is dri$ 9 a vacuum on a poli%$ porcela9 slab aft] hav+ fir/ be5 /rongly express$4 ,x is !n dissolv$ 9 wat]4#aaf #aad ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sc41 ,apr4 #e1 #ahie4 #aae ,zeits*r4 fr ,hygi5e1 ,,xviii1 p4 #bce4 #aaf ,,r\x & ,,m>t93 ,contribution l'tude de la ,diphtrie4 ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,viii1 p4 #eab4 ,tetanus ,tox94--,! fact t ! tetanus bacillus nev] p5etrates to ! int]ior ( ! organism enabl$ u long ago to =etell t x secretes a v p[]ful tox9 capable ( dialyz+ & diffus+ ?r\gh ! economy4 ,kuno ,fab] 0 ! fir/ to fully recognize ! fact t ! culture b\illon ( ?is bacillus1 fully /]iliz$ by filtration ?r\gh porcela91 possesses an exce$+ly high toxicity1 & ex]ts a toxic effect on #ej #jjj #jjj times its own weight ( liv+ organism4 ,brieg] _h previ\sly1 h[ev]1 extract$ ?ree ptoma9es f ! cultures ( ! bacillus--tetan91 tetanotox91 & spasmotox94#aag ,9 ord] to obta9 a highly active liquid1 ! same culture m$ium is inoculat$ sev]al times 9 succession1 b filt]+ ea* "t be=e ! new inoculation2 ! microbes greatly increase 9 numb] aft] ea* fre% inoculation1 & ! toxic sub/ance develop$ by !m accumulates4#aah #aag ,die ,pa?og5ese des ,tetanus4 ,b]l94 ,kl94 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahij1 ,no4 #ca4 #aah ,,naill>d3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,,cxx1 p4 #aaha4 ,exp]im5t has %[n t ! culture b\illon ?us obta9$ conta9s two k9ds ( toxic sub/ances#aai--;highly toxic alkaloidal bases 7ptoma9es1 tetan91 tetanotox91 etc471 & a true tox91 possess+ dia/atic prop]ties1 & ( almo/ incr$ible toxic p[]4 #aai ,annal4 ,in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,v1 #ae4 ,?is tox9 _h already be5 isolat$ by ,kitasato4 ,x is a toxalbum91 & is v s5sitive to ! action ( heat4 ,a temp]ature ( #fe ,c41 ma9ta9$ = #cj m9utes1 r5d]s x q inactive2 & x becomes oxidiz$ & is de/roy$ by ! action ( ! air 9 ! pres5ce ( light4 ,brieg] & ,bo]1#abj by precipitat+ ) z9c *loride ! filt]$ culture b\illon1 obta9$ a pure1 amorph\s tetanus tox91 :i* !y also consid]$ z a toxalbum91 & :i* possesses exce$+ly toxic prop]ties4 #abj ,deuts*e ,m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 ,no4 #di1 ,dec4 #c1 #ahif4 ,if a precipitate be caus$ to =m 9 ^! toxic solutions1 z1 = in/ance1 a precipitate ( calcium phosphate1 ?is c>ries d[n ) x all ! tox9 pres5t 9 ! liquid4 #j4jjje ,gm4 ( ?is precipitate is surely fatal to a gu9ea-pig4 ,dozon & ,c\rnemont h obs]v$ t ev5 9 doses ( #cjj to #djj ,gm4 ( ! filt]$ culture liquid1 ?is tox9 is n imm$iately toxic to a horse1 b kills ! animal only aft] a p]iod ( incubation ( at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! blood ( su* an animal1 h[ev]1 is imm$iately & directly fatal to animals into :i* x is inject$4#aba #aba ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol41 #ahic1 p4 #bid2 ,ibid41 #ahid1 p4 #hgh4 ,exp]im5t has %[n t animals t h be5 cur$ ( tetanus possess no immunity :atev] aga9/ tetanus2 nev]!less ,behr+ & ,kitasato#abb fir/1 & ,wass]mann & ,kitasato lat] on1 succe$$ 9 prep>+ a tetanus antitox94 ,to obta9 ?is1 ! immunization ( ! animal1 horse or c[1 is effect$ by inject+ increas+ quantities ( ! tox91 m or less att5uat$ by mix+ x ) ,gramm's iod9e solution2 ! immunization is easily & rapidly accompli%$ by ! process devis$ by ,r\x & ,vaill>d4#abc #abb ,deuts*4 ,m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahij4 #abc ,annal4 ,in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,vii1 p4 #fd4 ,! immuniz$ animals yield a s]um :i*1 mix$ ) tetanus cultures1 r5d]s ^! innocu\s1 & :i* enjoys an antitoxic p[] t bord]s on ! m>vel\s4#abd ,a qu9tillion? ( a cubic c5timet] ( ! s]um p] gramme weight ( a live m\se suffices to protect ! animal f an o!rwise fatal quantity ( tetanus tox94#abe #abd ,,noc>d3 ,bull4 de l',acad4 de ,mdec9e1 ,oct4 #bb1 #ahie4 #abe ,,naill>d3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 de ,sci5ces1 ,,cxx1 p4 #aaha4 ,?is s]um is nev]!less p[]less to pres]ve man 9 cases ( acute tetanus2 x conf]s an imm$iate1 b only transitory1 immunity4 ,z to its mode ( action1 x appe>s to cause a p]man5t condition ( excitation or ( nutritive reaction ( ! cells1 :i* makes ^! resi/ant to ! poison4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! o!r tox9s1 ! quantity ( antitox9 necess>y to protect an organism is s mu* great] ! lat] ! treatm5t is appli$4 ,malle9 7,tox9 ( ,gl&]s74--,among ! soluble products secret$ 9 ! culture m$ia by ! gl&]s bacilli1 !re are f\nd true tox9s to :i* are ascrib$ c]ta9 symptoms ( gl&]s infection4 ,^! tox9s h be5 isolat$ & designat$ by ! "n malle94 ,fir/ prep>$ by ,helman & ,kalm9o1 malle9 0 lat] on specially /udi$ by ,r\x & ,noc>d1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rese>*es ( ! la/-m5tion$ sci5ti/1 x has acquir$ great importance4#abf ,x is obta9$ by /]iliz+ at #aaj ,c4 cultures ( ! gl&]s bacillus made ) mutton b\illon ) ! addition ( salt1 glyc]91 & peptones4 ,to isolate ! tox9 ! culture b\illon is fir/ /]iliz$ by heat+ = half an h\r 9 an autoclave at #ajj ,c4 ,x is !n filt]$1 conc5trat$ to "o-t5? its volume on a wat]-ba?1 & filt]$ ?r\gh a ,*>d9 filt]4 ,! malle9 is ?us obta9$ 9 ! =m ( a br[n syrupy liquid conta9+ half its weight ( glyc]94 #abf ,,noc>d3 ,les ,maladies microbi5nes des animaux1 ,p>is4 ,?is solution keeps well :5 kept f air1 light1 & heat4 ,9 practice x is employ$ 9 #aj-p] c5t4 solution 9 ph5olat$ wat] 7#e3ajjj74 ,! malle9 may be precipitat$ f ! crude solution by ! addition ( alcohol1 z recomm5d$ by ,fo?4 ,fo?'s malle9 occurs z a :ite1 light p[d]1 v easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,malle9 enjoys a v important rle 9 vet]9>y !rapeutics1 a rle analog\s to t ( tub]cul91 p]mitt+ ! diagnosis ( incipi5t gl&]s4#abg #abg ,,/rauss3 ,ar*4 de ,mdic4 exprim5t1 #ahhf4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 animals already attack$ by gl&]s1 ev5 if ev] s slightly1 ! !rmic reaction nev] fails :5 #j4be ,cc4 ( ! malle9 solution is inject$4 ,9 heal?y animals1 h[ev]1 ! injection ( malle91 ev5 9 mu* l>g] quantities1 causes no app>5t effect4 ,9 animals attack$ by gl&]s ! reaction atta9s its maximum 9 twelve h\rs1 & sev]al days are requir$ = ! temp]ature to return to normal4#abh #abh ,,cadiot & ,,rog]3 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol41 #ahie1 p4 #ggj2 ,,wladimir[3 ,ar*4 des ,sci5ces ,biol4 de ,/4-,pt]sb\rg1 ,,iv1 p4 #cj2 ,,b\rges & ,m,,ry3 ,soc4 de ,biol41 ,feb4 #e1 #ahgh4 ,accord+ to ,noc>d1 malle9 possesses no immuniz+ prop]ties :atev]4#abi #abi ,,galti]3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,,xcii1 p4 #cjc2 ,,/rauss3 ,ar*4 de ,mdic4 exprim5t1 ,i1 p4 #dhi4 ,typhoid ,tox94--,?is is obta9$1 l ! o!r microbial tox9s1 f a culture1 prep>$ ) m or less difficulty1 f ,eb]?'s typhoid bacillus4 ,?is tox91 inject$ into gu9ea-pigs1 develops 9 !m typhoid fev]4 ,9 ! solution !re occurs a ptoma9e1 :i* has be5 isolat$ by ,brieg]1 & :i* gives rise to almo/ all ! ph5om5a ( typhoid fev]2 ?is ptoma9e is call$ typhotox94#acj #acj ,,brieg]3 ,microbes1 ,ptomanes et ,maladies1 ,do91 publ41 ,p>is1 #ahhg2 ,,luff3 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahhi4 ,! same au?or1 9 collaboration ) ,fra5kel1#aca lat] on isolat$ a toxalbum9 f ! culture b\illon ( ! typhoid bacillus4 ,san>elli#acb obta9$ an active tox9 by mac]at+ = sev]al days at #fj ,c4 a mon?-old culture ( ! typhoid bacillus made ) a #b-p] c5t4 glyc]9-b\illon4 ,*antemesse has also publi%$ a process :i* yields a highly virul5t tox94#acc #aca ,b]l94 ,kl94 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahij4 #acb ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,viii1 p4 #ajc4 #acc ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 p4 #bcb1 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahig4 ,congrs d',hygine de ,madrid1 #ahih4 ,*antemesse & ,widal#acd h %[n t on inject+ into an organism increas+ quantities ( ! /]iliz$ cultures ( ,eb]?'s ,bacillus1 x is possible to fully immunize an animal aga9/ ! bacillus itself1 & ev5 also aga9/ ! ,bacillus coli communis4 ,! op]ation1 h[ev]1 is t$i\s & pa9ful4 ,! s]um ( immuniz$ animals possesses prev5tive & curative prop]ties respect+ ! effects ( typhoid bacilli4 #acd ,annal4 l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,vi1 p4 #gee2 ,,san>elli3 ,ibid41 p4 #gba4 ,a dose ( ! filt]$ culture1 :i* is fatal to a gu9ea-pig1 becomes innocu\s :5 mix$ ) #j4e ,cc4 ( ! s]um ( a vacc9at$ gu9ea-pig2 #f ,cc4 ( ! s]um inject$ six h\rs aft] an injection ( ! virul5t culture1 h5ce :5 ?is is 9 full action1 suffice to save ! animal4#ace ,s f> z ! human be+ is conc]n$1 ! results obta9$ h n be5 suffici5tly satisfactory4 #ace ,,funck3 ,la ,sro?rapie de la ,fivre ,typhode1 ,i1 ,brussels1 #ahif4 ,! culture b\illon ( ! ,bacillus coli communis1 :i* is closely alli$ to ,eb]?'s bacillus1 also conta9s soluble toxic sub/ances :i* h be5 nam$ coli-bacillus tox94 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* is produc$ only 9 small quantity by ! microbe1 is fatal only 9 v l>ge doses4 ,*ol]a ,tox94--,v little is kn[n reg>d+ ! toxic products ( ! spirillium *ol]2 nev]!less1 ! fact t typical *ol]a exhibits e symptom ( ! action ( a toxic ag5t demon/rates q cle>ly ! elaboration ( "s toxic sub/ance )9 ! cultures ( ?is microbe4 ,villi]s#acf f\nd 9 x a liquid ptoma9e2 ,klebs#acg f\nd ano!r & cry/allizable ptoma9e2 :ile ,pitai discov]$ 9 x a tox9 unalt]able by heat1 & :i* he consid]$ z a toxopeptone4 ,accord+ to ,gamaleia#ach !re is pres5t a true tox91 alt]able by heat1 & ! reactions ( :i* entitle x to be consid]$ z a nucleo-album92 he has also f\nd 9 x a toxic nucle94 #acf ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,jan4 #ab1 #ahhe4 #acg ,,klebs3 ,allgem4 ,wi54 ,m$4 ,zeit41 #ahhg4 #ach ,ar*4 de ,md4 ,exprim41 ,,iv1 p4 #agc4 ,^! toxic sub/ances are f\nd1 accord+ to ,gamaleia1 ,pfeiff]1 & ,san>elli1#aci conf9$ dur+ ! life ( ! microbe )9 its cellul> envelope1 & does n diffuse ?r\gh ?is4 ,met*nik(f & ,r\x are ( ! contr>y op9ion1#adj h[ev]1 & !y h prep>$ a tox9 almo/ ins5sitive to a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c41 & precipitable f its solutions by ammonium sulphate or /rong alcohol2 ! tox9 is a toxalbum94 ,?is tox9 is q toxic2 "o-?ird ( a cubic c5timet] suffices to kill #ajj ,gm4 ( gu9ea-pig 9 #ah h\rs2 ) l>g] doses1 dea? is almo/ imm$iate4 #aci ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,ix1 p4 #abi4 #adj ,ibid41 ,x1 p4 #beg4 ,by immuniz+ gu9ea-pigs1 rabbits1 & horses ) ?is *ol]a tox91 ,met*nik(f & ,r\x obta9$ a s]um :i* is di/9ctly antitoxic = rabbits4 ,no?+ absolutely c]ta9 has be5 f\nd z to its action on man4#ada #ada ,,haffk9e3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #ahib2 ,,met*nik(f3 ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,vii1 p4 #djc2 & ,,r\x3 ,ibid41 ,x1 p4 #bec4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we w n dwell long] "h on ! tox9s ( microbial orig94 ,x appe>s evid5t1 h[ev]1 f :at has be5 /at$ above1 t ! great majority1 if n all1 ( ! virul5t microbes manife/ _! virul5ce by means ( toxic secretions4 ,almo/ e "o ( ^! tox9s has be5 ! subject ( /udy4 ,!y w\ld o!rwise n h int]e/$ u "h1 :]e our ma9 object 0 b to dwell ^u ! g5]al prop]ties4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,v5oms4 ,g5]al ,nature ( ,v5oms4--,! v5oms are m or less toxic products secret$ by c]ta9 reptiles1 batra*ians1 & fi%2 by a l>ge numb] ( inv]tebrates2 by ara*nids1 apids1 scorpionids1 araneids1 & a l>ge numb] ( o!r insects4 ,! v5oms are toxic pr9ciples v closely alli$ to ! microbial tox9s2 l ! latt]1 !y =m two classes1 ! "o alkaloidal1 ! o!r proteid1 possess+ a true dia/atic "*4 ,!y closely resemble ! microbial tox9s1 moreov]1 by ! fact t !y are capable ( be+ trans=m$ into vacc9s by att5uation ( _! virul5ce1 by ! action ( heat or *emical reag5ts1 & ( lead+ to habituation ( use & ! conf]5ce ( immunity4#adb ,moreov]1 l ! v>i\s viruses1 ! s]um ( immuniz$ animals is antiv5om\s1 s t if inject$ into ! ve9s or b5ea? ! sk9 ( non-immuniz$ animals1 ! s]um conf]s ^u !m an immunity aga9/ v5om :i* la/s = "s "t4 #adb ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,viii1 p4 #bha2 ,j\rn4 ( ,physiol41 ,,viii1 p4 #bjc2 & ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahid1 p4 #aaa4 ,^! v5oms1 l ! microbial tox9s1 possess b slight toxicity :5 absorb$ via ! /oma*4 ,fras]1 utiliz+ a me?od previ\sly advocat$1 succe$$1 by foll[+ ?is me?od1 9 vacc9at+ aga9/ s]p5t-v5om by caus+ ! absorption by animals ( con/antly increas+ doses ( v5om4 ,x 0 ?us possible to make ! animals )/& doses a ?\s& times great] ?an ! ord9>y le?al dose2 ! blood & s]ums ( ^! animals at ?is po9t possess$ immuniz+ prop]ties1 & ?is prop]ty pass$ by h]$ity to ! (fspr+1 to :i* x is transmitt$ by ! blood itself1 & by ! milk dur+ fe$+4 ,along ) ^! resemblances betwe5 ! v5oms & tox9s1 att5tion mu/ be call$ to a v important diff]5ce4 ,z we h already se51 ! action ( ! tox9s on ! organism is always prec$$ by a c]ta9 p]iod ( incubation2 ! action ( ! v5oms1 on ! contr>y1 is almo/ in/antane\s1 & 9 ?is respect !y behave l *emical ag5ts & alkaloidal tox9s4 ,if ! v5oms are pres]v$ 9 a moi/ condition1 !y *ange because !y und]go putrefaction1 :i* is g5]ally ! case ) all dia/atic sub/ances1 & p>ticul>ly ! tox9s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t animals :i* h be5 bitt5 by a v5om\s s]p5t1 b :i*1 = "s reason or o!r1 h n succumb$ to ! v5om1 nev] recov] _! =m] condition2 if !y 7 "y1 _! functions cease to develop1 & !y droop2 if !y are adults1 _! g5]al condition rema9s t ( /upefaction4 ,v5om\s ,s]p5ts4--,among ! v5om\s s]p5ts1#adc ! mo/ important z well z ! mo/ dang]\s are ! foll[+3 ,cobra di capello 7,naja tripudians1 ! hood$ cobra7 & its analogues1 ! black ,naja1 ,naja hag1 etc42 ! elops 7coral s]p5t72 ! bungurus ( ,b5gal & ,burmah2 ! ,platyc]cus prot]oglyphia1 :i* is f\nd *iefly 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean2 ! crotalian sol5oglyphs ( ! two ,am]icas1 & among :i* 9 p>ticul> are ! rattlesnake1 ! f]-de-lance 7! yell[ vip]7 ( ,m>t9ique2 ! surucucu ( ,guiana2 & ! moccas9s & copp]heads ( ,texas & ,florida4 ,la/ly1 ! entire gr\p ( vip]ian sol5oglyphs1 among :i* are ! ,e*idn1 ! bite ( "s ( :i*1 = in/ance ! daboia or e*idna1 is dreadful2 ! ,african vip]s1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! horn$ vip]1 ! bite ( :i* w kill a camel2 ! spr++ vip] ( ,congo1 & ! rh9oc]os-vip] ( ,gabun2 ! ,european vip]s1 ! mo/ dang]\s ( :i* is c]ta9ly ! asp ( ,france1 :i* is exce$+ly num]\s 9 c]ta9 regions4 #adc ,,calmette3 ,le ,v59 des ,s]p5ts1 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,! effects ( ! bites ( v5om\s s]p5ts on man & animals are g5]ally well kn[n to ! public2 x is well to recall !m1 nev]!less4 ,f ! mom5t ! bite has be5 inflict$1 complete symptoms ( poison+ develop1 att5d$ by a condition ( extreme & increas+ weakness1 ) vomit+1 hemorrhage1 & decomposition ( ! blood4 ,!re are1 besides1 p>ticul> effects :i* v>y ) e v5om4 ,! foll[+ table by ,calmette#add gives ! comp>ative toxicity ( v>i\s v5oms1 tak+ z ! /&>d ( comp>ison ! quantity suffici5t to kill a rabbit 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs3 ,naja tripudians #j4jjjdg ,naja hag #j4jjjc-j4jjjg ,acan?ophis ant>ctica #j4jja ,c]a/e #j4jjag-j4jjba ,haplocephalus v>iegatus #j4jjbe ,trigonocephalus #j4jjbe #add ,,calmette3 ,annal4 ,in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,viii1 p4 #bgf2 ,,ix1 p4 #bbi4 ,nature ( ,s]p5t-v5oms4--,^! v5oms are homog5e\s liquids1 some:at m d5se ?an wat]1 9 :i* !y are soluble1 slightly color$ gre5 or yell[1 transp>5t1 & insoluble 9 alcohol2 !y conta9 f #cj to #ce p] c5t4 ( solid matt]4 ,:5 fre%1 !y h a slightly acid reaction4 ,t[>ds *emical reag5ts1 & p>ticul>ly acids1 !y behave l album9oids2 almo/ all ! comb9ations !y af=d ) ! v>i\s album9oid reag5ts are active1 despite _! insolubility4 ,accord+ to ,gauti]1 !y are decompos$ by cau/ic pota%4 ,accord+ to num]\s rese>*es1 oxidiz]s l potassium p]manganate1 ! hypo*lorites1 hydrog5 p]oxide1 & gold *loride 79 #a solution7 de/roy ! v5oms2 9 c]ta9 cases :5 imm$iately inject$ hypod]mically 9 ! poison$ region1 ^! sub/ances are excell5t antidotes 9 vivo4#ade #ade ,,w9t] & ,,bly?3 ,! ,analy/1 #ahgg1 p4 #bjd2 ,,lac]da3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,,xciii1 p4 #dff2 ,,calmette3 ,annal4 ,in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,vi1 p4 #age1 & ,,viii1 p4 #bgh4 ,we %all n "h ent] ^u a detail$ /udy ( ! toxic album9oid pr9ciples ( s]p5t-v5oms2 moreov]1 our k is r vague1 z x is1 on a numb] ( po9ts4 ,x w suffice u to "k t1 tak5 altoge!r1 ! active album9oids ( ^! v5oms are num]\s1 & t ea* v5om has its own p>ticul> active con/itu5ts1 diff]+ accord+ to ! species & v>iety ( ! snake4 ,ea* "o ( ^! sub/ances acts m or less rapidly1 & may be associat$ ) diff]5t pr9ciples :i* give rise to ! v>iability ( ! action ( ^! toxic ag5ts4 ,among ^! toxic album9oids1 ! mo/ virul5t appe> to be true album9s & globul9s1 foll[$ by ! nucleo-album9s1 z we h already /at$2 !re are also f\nd 9 v5oms alkaloidal bases1 b ^! pr9ciples are pres5t only 9 v slight quantity4 ,^! bases are b v slightly toxic comp>$ ) ! tox9s t accompany !m4 ,natural ,immunity t[>ds ,s]p5t-v5oms4--,c]ta9 animals exhibit a natural immunity t[>d snake-bites2 among !m are ! snakes !mselves1 ! hog1 ! h$gehog1 & ! mongoos 7an ,egyptian rat72 ! blood ( ^! animals conta9s app>5tly an antitox94#adf #adf ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,,cxxi1 p4 #gde2 ,,jacodot3 ,ar*4 de ,mdec9e ,navale1 ,,vii1 p4 #cij4 ,fontana#adg _h rem>k$ t snakes 7 q unaffect$ by ! bite ( ! vip]1 ev5 :5 inoculat$ ) ! v5om hypod]mically4 ,physalix & ,b]tr&#adh confirm$ ^! /atem5ts1 & %[$ t ! snake p]fectly resi/$ quantities ( vip]-v5om capable ( kill+ at lea/ #bj gu9ea-pigs4 ,accord+ to ^! sci5ti/s1 ?is natural immunity is due to ! exi/5ce 9 ! blood ( toxic pr9ciples analog\s to ^? ( vip]'s v5om--pr9ciples t exi/ 9 ! labial gl&s ( ! snake1 & pass into ! blood & ! fluids via ! int]nal secretions4 ,^! writ]s1 & also ,calmette1 h %[n t ! blood ( v5om\s s]p5ts becomes antitoxic :5 heat$4 #adg ,trait sur le ,v59 de la ,vipre1 ,flor5ce1 #agha4 #adh ,ar*ives de ,physiologie1 #ahid1 p4 #dbc4 ,x has be5 kn[n = a long "t t ! h$gehog & ! mongoos eat c]ta9 v5om\s reptiles1 & eag]ly hunt = ! vip]s 9 p>ticul>4 ,:5 ! h$gehog is bitt51 :i* happ5s q (t5 despite its dext]ity1 x resi/s ! vip]-v5om q well4 ,physalix & ,b]tr&#adi h exp]im5tally demon/rat$ t ! h$gehog )/&s a dose ( vip]-v5om capable ( kill+ at lea/ #dj gu9ea-pigs4 ,lev9#aej has %[n t "y individuals are less resi/ant1 & x is conclud$ f ?is1 & p]haps incorrectly s1 t ! immunity ( ! h$gehog is naturally acquir$1 r ?an inh]5t4 ,b]tr& & ,physalix h nev]!less %[n t on heat+ ! blood ( ! h$gehog to #hh ,c4 x manife/s an antitoxic p[] t[>d s]p5t-v5om 9 vitro4 #adi ,bull4 ,musum ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 ,i1 p4 #bid2 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahii4 p4 #gg4 #aej ,deuts*e m$4 ,wo*41 #ahih1 p4 #fbi4 ,artificial ,immunity t[>d ,s]p5t-v5om4--,immunity may be conf]r$ ^u e individual by utiliz+ ! me?od ( habituation4 ,?is fact 0 simultane\sly elicit$ by ,calmette1 ,b]tr&1 & ,physalix4 ,to effect ! immunity ^! sci5ti/s prep>e an antiv5om\s s]um & inject x into animals1 giv+ at fir/ v small quantities ( ! dilut$ v5om1 & gradually increas+ ! doses1 & ! p]iods int]v5+ betwe5 ! injections4 ,at ! end ( ab\t two mon?s ( ?is treatm5t1 ! immunity has rea*$ its maximum4 ,c]ta9 rabbits1 ?us sl[ly inoculat$1 h be5 able to )/& #j4jd ,gm4 ( ! v5om ( ! naja at a s+le injection2 su* rabbits !n yield a vacc9al s]um4#aea #aea ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 #ahie1 p4 #bbi2 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,,cxxii1 p4 #bjc4 ,at ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur at ,lille !re is prep>$ 9 ?is mann] an antiv5om\s s]um f ! horse2 x is capable ( act+ ^u #bj #jjj times its own weight4 ,?is has r5d]$ great s]vice 9 ! treatm5t ( snake-bites1 p>ticul>ly 9 hot c\ntries1 :]e ! accid5ts are ( daily occurr5ce4 ,9 vitro x acts q z well prev5tively z !rapeutically4 ,x arre/s ! effects ( ! naja1 ! horn$ c]a/e1 ! trigonocephalus1 ! rattlesnake1 & ( almo/ e "o ( ! v5om\s s]p5ts kn[n4 ,! relatively consid]able immunity possess$ by c]ta9 snake-*>m]s1 & :i* passes = a magical gift1 is due to no?+ else b a natural immunity1 acquir$ p]haps by h]$ity1 & x always appe>s to foll[ z a result ( a nonfatal snake-bite4 ,v5oms ( ,batra*ians & ,saurians4--,we obs]ve "h a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ^! poisons & ^? ( snakes1 z we %all see4 ,^! latt]1 9 fact1 appe> to owe all _! toxicity to true tox9s :i* !y conta91 :ile ! poisons ( batra*ians & saurians are *iefly compos$ ( alkaloidal bases4#aeb #aeb ,,cloez3 ,compt4 r5d4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #eib4 ,! poison ( toads & frogs 7/udi$ by ,fau/1 ,b]tr&1 & ,physalix7 is *iefly secret$ by ! gl&s ( ! subcutane\s tissues ( ^! animals2 x has b a v slight action on ! unbrok5 sk91 b x rapidly inflames ! nasal & buccal conjunctival mucosa4 ,! poison is a yell[i% liquid1 milky & viscid1 ) a waxy odor & an insupportably bitt] ta/e4 ,x is /rongly acid & cau/ic4 ,:5 dri$1 ! poison yields to e!r a fatty matt] :i*1 :5 absorb$ by an animal1 plunges ! latt] into a coma t may end 9 dea?4 ,! residue insoluble 9 e!r conta9s ! non-toxic album9oids1 & ptoma9es1 su* z me?ylc>bylam9e1#aec & isocyanacetic acid1 result+ f ! decomposition ( a leci?9 t appe>s to be soluble 9 e!r4 #aec ,ibid41 ,,xcviii1 p4 #ech4 ,to obta9 ?is v5om1 ,physalix & ,b]tr&#aed sk9 ! toads1 fir/ *lor(orm$1 & dry ! sk9s 9 a vacuum ov] sulphuric acid2 ! sk9s are !n clean$ by treat+ ) c>bon disulphide to remove fatty matt]s1 & ! toxic pr9ciples remov$ by means ( #ie-p] c5t4 alcohol2 ! poison s obta9$1 h[ev]1 is impure4 ,a bett] proc$ure is to express ! p>otid gl&s :i* h be5 plac$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,fau/ f\nd 9 ?is v5om a pr9ciple :i* he nam$ bufon94 ,physalix & ,b]tr& isolat$ f x also a res9oid sub/ance soluble 9 alcohol & 9 a l>ge excess ( wat]2 ?is sub/ance1 :i* !y nam$ bufotal9e1 acts ^u ! he>t4 ,^! au?ors h also obta9$ ano!r sub/ance :i* has a p>alyz+ action1 & :i* !y h nam$ bufot594 #aed ,ibid41 ,,cxxviii1 pp4 #de-dh4 ,! poison ( ! common toad acts z a p>alyzant ^u ! he>t & on ! sp9al m>r[#aee2 t ( ! common frog possesses simil> prop]ties4 ,! poison ( ! tritons is q analog\s to t ( ! toads2 x conta9s a leci?9 hydrolyzable by wat] ) ! =mation ( alan91 =mic acid1 & alpha-isocyanopropionic acid4 #aee ,p4 ,,b]t3 ,compt4 r5d4 de la ,soc4 de ,biologie1 #ahhe1 p4 #ebd4 ,zalnosky#aef isolat$ f ! gl&s ( ! sk9 ( ! salam&] a :ite1 ?ick1 bitt] & alkal9e liquid poison1 conta9+ a highly poison\s alkaloid1 salam&r9e1 or sam&>9e1 :i* acts on ! bra91 ! m$ulla1 & ! sp9al cord1 & :i* has ! =mula ,c#ed;,h#fj,n#b,o#e2 x is a /rong base & yields cry/allizable salts4 #aef ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 #b1 ,,vi1 p4 #cdd4 ,fi%-poisons4#aeg--,v little accurate k is extant reg>d+ ^!4 ,_m fi% are poison\s1 & among !m are ! synanceia1 f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ocean betwe5 ! ,ne!rl& ,isles & ,new ,cal$onia2 consid]able numb]s are f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ! latt] locality4 ,^! fi% are provid$ ) sp9y rays :i* are 9 direct communication ) a poison\s sy/em hav+ its seat 9 ! dorsal f94 ,! prick ( "o ( ! sp9y rays ( ?is fi% may "u c]ta9 circum/ances result fatally1 & 9 e case x causes a rapid & pa9ful gangr5e4 #aeg ,,b(=d3 ,?se de doctorat en ,mdec9e--,les ,poissons v5imeux1 ,p>is1 #ahhi2 ,o4 ,,arcos3 ,?se de doctorat--,essais sur les accid5ts causs p> les poissons v5imeux1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,f ! res]voir ! poison is conduct$ to ! %>p extremity ( ! sp9es by a deep *annel ) :i* ea* sp9y ray is provid$2 ! animal has #bf poison-sacs1 two = ea* ray1 & ! sacs bur/ :5 ! correspond+ /+ is 9 any mann] compress$4 ,! poison is an odorless liquid hav+ a slight /yptic or acidul\s ta/e1 & exhibit+ a blui% fluoresc5ce2 x rapidly becomes turbid4 ,! weev]s1 :i* are num]\s on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & :i* are also met ) 9 ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 are likewise v dang]\s1 :i* expla9s _! popul> names vip]-weev]1 spid]weev]1 etc4 ,^! fi% are provid$ ) a d\ble set ( poison\s app>atus1 ! "o op]cul>1 :i* is ! m dang]\s1 & ! o!r dorsal4 ,! op]cul> sp9e has a d\ble *annel 9 connection ) a conical cavity holl[$ out 9 ! base ( ! op]cul> bone4 ,! bottom ( ?is cavity is provid$ ) special cells :i* secrete ! poison4 ,! dorsal gl&s h a simil> /ructure4 ,! poison ( ! weev] is a liquid1 limpid :5 ! fi% is alive1 & turbid :5 dead2 x has a slight blui% fluoresc5ce1 is neutral 9 reaction1 & is coagulat$ by acids & bases4 ,x acts z a p>alyzant1 its action be+ ex]t$ on ! m$ulla & sp9al cord2 x ret>ds ! he>t's action4 ,^! examples w suffice2 & we w n dilate fur!r on ?is subject1 because1 z already /at$1 b little is accurately kn[n reg>d+ ! subject1 & :at is kn[n may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,fi%-poisons always give rise to an int5se pa91 frequ5tly ) motor p>alysis1 foll[$ by p>alysis ( s5sation2 !y affect ! he>t1 arre/+ x 9 dia/ole2 & !y are m dang]\s to fi% & cold-blood$ animals ?an to mammif]s4 ,poisons ( ! ,hym5opt]a4#aeh--,! poison sy/em ( ! bee1 & ( su* insects z ! wasps1 bumblebees1 etc41 is kn[n to consi/ ( a holl[ /+ consi/+ ( two %>p ne$les communicat+ ) two poison-be>+ gl&s1 & =m+ a flexible tube4 ,"o ( ^! gl&s secretes an acid liquid 7=mic acid72 ! o!r secretes an alkal9e fluid4 #aeh ,,phil\ze3 ,v59 des ,abeilles4 ,annales de la ,socit ,l9n4 du ,ma9e-et-,loire1 ,,iv4 ,! action ( ! bee-poison is v (t5 b5ign1 b !re h be5 cases :]e dea? foll[$ ! infliction ( num]\s /+s4 ,our in=mation reg>d+ ! poison ( ! can?>ides & flies is v vague#aei2 ! same is true ( ! poisons ( v>i\s ara*nids1 ac>ides1 & myriapoda4 ,s f> z spid]s are conc]n$1 x is kn[n t _! poison is an oily liquid hav+ an acid & bitt] ta/e1 & conta9+ a toxalbum9 d]iv$ f ! sk9 ( ! insect4 ,! bite ( ! ord9>y spid] occasions simply a slight local pa91 ) r$ness2 t ( ! l>ge poison\s spid]1 h[ev]1 may kill ! l>g] animals1 & ev5 man4 #aei ,,joyeux-,,laffri,e3 ,?se de doctorat en ,mdec9e1 ,p>is1 #ahhc2 ,p4 ,,b]t3 ,compt4 r5d4 de la ,soc4 de ,biol41 ,,ii #d1 p4 #acf4 ,poison ( ,scorpions4#afj--,?is poison is a colorless1 acid liquid1 hav+ a high] specific gravity ?an wat]1 9 :i* liquid x is soluble4 ,! fam$ leg5d ( ! suicide ( scorpions is well kn[n to all4 ,x is /at$ t :5 ! insect f9ds itself 9 a position :]e its dea? is inevitable1 x /+s itself1 & dies f ! effects ( its own poison4 ,a simple me?od has ev5 be5 describ$ ( br++ ?is result ab\t exp]im5tally by surr\nd+ ! insect ) a circle ( fire4 ,b\nne1 ( ,madras1#afa :o has /udi$ ! proc$ure1 has demon/rat$ its entire falsity by %[+1 fir/ ( all1 t ! insect dies f ! effects ( ! excessive heat1 & fur!r1 t ! poison ( ! scorpion is h>mless to individuals ( ! species t furni% x4 #afj ,,calmette3 ,annales de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,x1 p4 #bcb4 #afa ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,,xlii1 p4 #ag4 ,met*9k(f#afb has confirm$ ^! facts1 & has moreov] demon/rat$ t ! blood ( ! scorpion possesses an und\bt$ antitoxic p[] aga9/ ! poison ( ! insect4 #afb ,,met*nik(f3 ,l',immunit1 p4 #cdd4 ,! poison ( ! scorpion s]ves x to kill ! insects :i* are its prey4 ,frogs & birds /ung by ! scorpion also g5]ally die4 ,a dose ( #j4jjje ,gm4 kills a gu9ea-pig 9 less ?an "o h\r2 & accord+ to ,calmette#afc less ?an #j4jjje w kill a :ite m\se 9 two h\rs4 ,oxidiz]s de/roy ! toxicity ( ! poison4 ,gu9ea-pigs immuniz$ aga9/ ! poison ( ! scorpion resi/ p]fectly v l>ge doses ( ! poison4 #afc ,,calmette3 ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,x1 p4 #bcb4 ,poison\s ,blood & ,s]ums4--,x is an almo/ g5]al fact t ! blood & blood s]um ( batra*ians1 eels1 lampreys1 snakes 7ev5 non-poison\s ones71 & h$gehogs are v poison\s4 ,mosso has f\nd 9 ! blood s]um ( ! lamprey a tox9 possess+ a /rong hemolytic p[]1 & :i* he has nam$ i*?yotox94 ,o4#e ,cc4 ( ?is s]um inject$ into a dog kills x 9 a few m9utes4 ,he also obs]v$1 9 #ahhh1 t ! blood ( ! eel1 9 l dose1 kills a dog almo/ imm$iately1 & t ! blood conta9s an i*?yotox9 analog\s to t ( ! lamprey4 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* appe>s to be closely alli$ to ! s]o-album9 ( ! blood1 has a phosphorus-l1 %>p1 & burn+ ta/e4 ,by dige/ion x loses its toxicity1 z well z by heat+ at #fh to #gj ,c4 ,x is easily obta9$ by precipitat+ ) ammonium sulphate ! s]um ( eels1 & dialyz+ ! precipitate dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! p[] ( ?is sub/ance is almo/ z great z t ( ! cobra poison1 #j4jjb ,gm4 be+ in/antly fatal p] kilo ( dog4 ,! blood ( snakes is likewise v toxic2 ! same is true ( ! blood ( ! vip]1 z #j4jb ,cc4 w kill a gu9ea-pig 9 two h\rs4 ,all ^! bloods lose _! toxicity :5 heat$ above #gj ,c4 ,! s]um ( ! h$gehog is peculi> 9 ?is respect2 :5 heat$ at #ch ,c4 = fifte5 m9utes x loses its toxicity1 b x !n possesses an immuniz+ p[] aga9/ ! poisons4 ,! subject possesses great int]e/1 because x 0 9 /udy+ ^! immuniz+ prop]ties t ,camus & ,gley1#afd & lat] on ,kossel#afe & ,t*i/[it*1#aff discov]$ ! fir/ anticytotox91#afg :i* !y obta9$ by treat+ ! animals ) increas+ quantities ( ! s]um ( eels4 ,on mix+ ! antitoxic s]um ( ^! animals 9 vitro ) ! r$ blood-corpuscles ( ! species furni%+ ! s]um & ( ! hemolytic s]um ( eels1 x is f\nd t ! blood-corpuscles kept q well4 #afd ,ar*ives int]nat4 de ,ph>macodynamie1 ,,iii & ,,iv4 #afe ,b]l9] ,kl94 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahie1 ,no4 #g4 #aff ,annal4 de l',in/it4 ,pa/eur1 ,,xiii1 p4 #djf4 #afg ,! "n cytases or alex9s has be5 giv5 to hemolyz+ dia/atic sub/ances :i* are f\nd 9 c]ta9 s]ums4 ,x has be5 kn[n = a long "t t ! s]um ( ! blood ( _m animals de/roys ! r$ blood-corpuscles ( o!r & diff]5t species4 ,! *emical composition ( ^! cytases or alex9s is n yet def9itely kn[n1 b ! sub/ances rank among ! album9oids2 !y are de/roy$ by a temp]ature ( #ee to #ef ,c41 & act only 9 sal9e solutions 7,ehrli* & ,morg5ro?1 ,b]l94 ,kl94 ,wo*41 pp4 #f & #dha74 ,! cytases or alex9s1 :i* w be /udi$ 9 ano!r volume ( ?is collection1 & :i* w discuss ! active pr9ciples ( ! immuniz+ s]ums1 con/itute "o ( ! num]\s soluble intraleucocyt>y f]m5ts1 & !y pass into ! s]\s liquids ( ! organism only z ! result ( a rupture ( or injury to ! phagocytes4 ,z to ! blood ( ! h$gehog1 we h already se5 t ,physalix & ,b]tr& h %[n t x may be a c\nt]-poison t[>ds s]p5t-v5om "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,9 its normal condition x is highly toxic4 ,poison\s ,meats4--,x is p>ticul>ly among ! fi% t we f9d ^! normally pres5t1 & x is a s+ul> fact t1 = a giv5 species1 ! toxicity frequ5tly dep5ds ^u ! p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,?us1 at ! p]iod ( spawn+1 c]ta9 fi% may be extremely poison\s1 or1 on ! contr>y1 may entirely cease to be s4 ,! an*ovy ballassa f ! %ores ( ,india occasions dea? ev5 9 v small quantity2 ! poison\s meltite ( ! same seas causes viol5t vomit+2 ! fugu ( ! ,japanese seas possesses an extreme poison\sness at ! spawn+ p]iod1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 x is p]fectly innocu\s at all o!r p]iods4 ,num]\s cases ( poison+ h be5 *ronicl$ e ye> by ! j\rnals1 due to ! +e/ion ( mussels2 9 ! fle% ( ^! cru/ace is f\nd a dang]\s tox91 me?ylotox94 ,! fle% ( oy/]s is also un:olesome at ! spawn+ p]iod4 ,! toxic symptoms caus$ by ^! animals become app>5t 9 n less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] +e/ion4 ,! poison+ due to ^! fre% meats mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be conf\nd$ ) t caus$ by ta9t$ or spoil$ meats4 ,,works ,,( ,,alfr$ ,i4 ,,cohn ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons4 ,indicators & ,te/-pap]s4 ,_! ,s\rce1 ,prep>ation1 ,application1 & ,te/s = ,s5sitiv5ess4 ,) ,tabul> ,summ>y ( ! ,application ( ,indicators4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #abmo1 ix #bfg pages4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,te/s & ,reag5ts4 ,*emical & ,microscopical1 kn[n by _! ,au?ors' ,names2 toge!r ) an ,index ( ,subjects4 #hvo1 iii #chc pages4 ,clo?1 #c4jj4 ,,translations4 ,fres5ius's ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,new ,au?oriz$ ,translation ( ! late/ ,g]man ,edition4 ,9 two volumes4 ,by ,alfr$ ,i4 ,cohn1 ,ph>4,d4 ,recalculat$ on ! basis ( ! late/ atomic weights1 & also greatly amplifi$ by ! translator4 #hvo1 #b vols41 upw>ds ( #bjjj pages1 #bhj figures4 ,clo?1 #ab4ej4 ,te*no-,*emical ,analysis4 ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,,lunge1 ,pr(essor at ! ,eidg5ssis*e ,polyte*nis*e ,s*ule1 ,zuri*4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation by ,alfr$ ,i4 ,cohn1 ,ph>4,d4 #abmo1 vii #acf pages1 #af figures4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,tox9s & ,v5oms & ,_! ,antibodies4 ,by ,,em4 ,,pozzi-,,escot4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation by ,alfr$ ,i4 ,cohn1 ,ph>4,d4 #abmo1 vii #aja pages4 ,clo?1 #a4jj1 net4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$1 b all o!r v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & acc5ts are z 9 ! orig9al1 ) ! exception ( ,symptomatology 79 ! cont5ts li/7 & symptomology 79 ! text7 :i* has be5 correct$ to symptomatology4 ,v>iations betwe5 ! treatm5t & phras+ ( head+s 9 ! table ( cont5ts & 9 ! text h n be5 *ang$4 ,italics are repres5t ?us italic & bold ?us bold4 ,subscripts are repres5t$ ?us #b ,! book beg9s ) a page ( adv]ts = works by ! translator1 ?is has be5 mov$ to ! end4