,,prote/antism ,,& ,,ca?olicity ,,comp>$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,effects ,,on ,,! ,,civilization ,,( ,,europe4 ,,writt5 ,,9 ,,spani% ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,j4 ,,balmes4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5*4 ,second ,edition4 ,,baltimore3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john ,,murphy ,,co4 ,no4 #agh ,,m>ket ,,/reet4 ,,pittsburg3 ,,george ,,quigley4 ,sold by ,booksell]s g5]ally4 #ahea4 ,,ent]$1 accord+ to ! ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> eighte5 hundr$ & fifty1 by ,,john ,,murphy ,,co41 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,m>yl&4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,among ! _m & important evils :i* h be5 ! necess>y result ( ! pr(\nd revolutions ( mod]n times1 !re appe>s a good extremely valuable to sci5ce1 & :i* w probably h a b5eficial influ5ce on ! human race1--,i mean ! love ( /udies hav+ = _! object man & society4 ,! %ocks h be5 s rude1 t ! e>? has1 z x 71 op5$ "u our feet2 & ! human m9d1 :i*1 full ( pride & haught9ess1 b lately advanc$ on a triumphal c> amid acclamations & cries ( victory1 has be5 al>m$ & /opp$ 9 its c>e]4 ,absorb$ by an important ?\ght1 ov]come by a pr(\nd reflection1 x has ask$ itself1 ,:at am ,i8 :5ce d ,i come8 :at is my de/9ation8 ,religi\s que/ions h rega9$ _! high importance2 & :5 !y might h be5 suppos$ to h be5 scatt]$ by ! brea? ( indiff]5ce1 or almo/ annihilat$ by ! a/oni%+ developm5t ( mat]ial int]e/s1 by ! progress ( ! natural & exact sci5ces1 by ! cont9ually increas+ ard\r ( political debates1--we h se5 t1 s f> f hav+ be5 /ifl$ by ! imm5se weight :i* seem$ to h ov]:elm$ !m1 !y h reappe>$ on a sudd5 9 all _! magnitude1 9 _! gigantic =m1 pr$om9ant ov] society1 & rea*+ f ! heav5s to ! abyss4 ,?is disposition ( m5's m9ds naturally drew _! att5tion to ! religi\s revolution ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 x 0 natural t !y %\ld ask :at ?is revolution _h done to promote ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,unhappily1 great mi/akes h be5 made 9 ?is inquiry4 ,ei!r because !y h look$ at ! facts ?r\gh ! di/ort$ m$ium ( sect>ian prejudice1 or because !y h only consid]$ !m sup]ficially1 m5 h arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t ! re=m]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury conf]r$ a signal b5efit on ! nations ( ,europe1 by contribut+ to ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 ( ! arts1 ( human lib]ty1 & ( e ?+ :i* is compris$ 9 ! ^w civilization4 ,:at d hi/ory & philosophy say on ?is subject8 ,h[ has man1 ei!r individually or collectively1 consid]$ 9 a religi\s1 social1 political1 or lit]>y po9t ( view1 be5 b5efit$ by ! re=m ( ! sixte5? c5tury8 ,did ,europe1 "u ! exclusive influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 pursue a prosp]\s c>e]8 ,did ,ca?olicity impose a s+le fett] on ! movem5ts ( civilization8 ,?is is ! exam9ation :i* ,i propose to make 9 ?is "w4 ,e age has its peculi> wants2 & x is mu* to be wi%$ t all ,ca?olic writ]s 7 conv9c$1 t ! complete exam9ation ( ^! que/ions is "o ( ! mo/ urg5t necessities ( ! times 9 :i* we live4 ,bell>m9e & ,bossuet h done :at 0 requir$ = _! times2 we ought to d ! same = ours4 ,i am fully aw>e ( ! imm5se ext5t ( ! que/ions ,i h adv]t$ to1 & ,i d n flatt] myself t ,i %all be able to elucidate !m z !y des]ve2 b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i promise to ent] on my task ) ! c\rage :i* is inspir$ by a love ( tru?2 & :5 my /r5g? %all be exhau/$1 ,i %all sit d[n ) tranquillity ( m9d1 9 expectation t ano!r1 m vigor\s ?an myself1 w c>ry into effect s important an ent]prise4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,am]ican ,,edition4 ,! "w ( ,balmes on ! comp>ative influ5ce ( ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicity on ,european civilization1 :i* is n[ pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican public1 0 writt5 9 ,spani%1 & won = ! au?or among 8 own c\ntrym5 a v high reputation4 ,a ,fr5* edition 0 publi%$ simultane\sly ) ! ,spani%1 & ! "w has s9ce be5 translat$ into ! ,italian & ,engli% languages1 & be5 widely circulat$ z "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ productions ( ! age1 & mo/ admirably suit$ to ! exig5cies ( our times4 ,:5 ,prote/antism c\ld no long] ma9ta9 its position 9 ! field ( !ology1 compell+ its vot>ies by its endless v>iations to esp\se op5 infidelity1 or to fall back ^u ! anci5t *ur*1 x adopt$ a new mode ( def5ce1 9 po9t+ to its pret5d$ a*ievem5ts z ! lib]ator ( ! human m9d1 ! fri5d ( civil & religi\s fre$om1 ! patron ( sci5ce & ! arts2 9 a ^w1 ! active elem5t 9 all social ameliorations4 ,?is is ! *]i%$ idea & boa/$ argum5t ( ^? :o attempt to uphold ,prote/antism z a sy/em4 ,!y claim = x ! m]it ( hav+ fre$ ! intellect ( man f a degrad+ bondage1 giv5 a nobl] impulse to ent]prise & indu/ry1 & s[n 9 e direction ! se$ ( national & individual prosp]ity4 ,look+ at facts sup]ficially1 or ?r\gh ! di/ort$ m$ium ( prejudice1 !y tell u t ! re=m]s ( ! #af? c5tury contribut$ mu* to ! developm5t ( sci5ce & ! arts1 ( human lib]ty1 & ( e ?+ :i* is compris$ 9 ! ^w civilization4 ,to combat ?is delusion1 s well calculat$ to ensn>e ! m9ds ( m5 9 ?is mat]iali/ic & utilit>ian age1 ! au?or und]took ! "w1 a translation ( :i* is "h pres5t$ to ! public4 ,:at d hi/ory & philosophy say on ?is subject8 ,h[ has man1 ei!r individually or collectively1 consid]$ 9 a religi\s1 social1 political1 or lit]>y po9t ( view1 be5 b5efit$ by ! re=m ( ! #af? c5tury8 ,did ,europe1 "u ! exclusive influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 pursue a prosp]\s c>e]8 ,did ,ca?olicity impose a s+le fett] on ! movem5ts ( civilization8 ,su* is ! important inve/igation :i* ! au?or propos$ to himself1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t he has accompli%$ 8 task ) ! mo/ brilliant success8 ,possess$ ( a p5etrat+ m9d1 cultivat$ by pr(\nd /udy & adorn$ ) ! mo/ v>i$ erudition1 & guid$ by a fe>less love ( tru?1 he trav]ses ! :ole ,*ri/ian era1 comp>+ ! gigantic a*ievem5ts ( ,ca?olicity1 9 cur+ ! evils ( mank9d1 elevat+ human nature1 & diffus+ light & happ9ess1 ) ! results ( :i* ,prote/antism may boa/2 & he proves1 ) ! tor* ( hi/ory & philosophy 9 8 h&1 t ! latt]1 f> f hav+ ex]t$ any b5eficial influ5ce ^u society1 has ret>d$ ! great "w ( civilization :i* ,ca?olicity comm5c$1 & :i* 0 advanc+ s prosp]\sly "u h] auspici\s guidance4 ,he does n say t no?+ has be5 done = civilization by ,prote/ants2 b he ass]ts & proves t ,prote/antism has be5 greatly unfavorable1 & ev5 injuri\s to x4 ,by ?us expos+ ! %ort-com+s1 or r evils ( ,prote/antism1 9 a social & political po9t ( view1 z ,bossuet & o!rs _h exhibit$ !m "u ! !ological aspect1 ,balmes has r5d]$ a mo/ important s]vice to ,ca?olic lit]ature4 ,he has suppli$ ! age ) a "w1 :i* is peculi>ly adapt$ to its wants1 & :i* mu/ comm& a g5]al att5tion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,ca?olic1 9 p]us+ its pages1 w le>n to admire /ill m ! glori\s "* ( ! fai? :i* he pr(esses3 ! ,prote/ant1 if s9c]e1 w op5 8 eyes to ! incompatibility ( 8 pr9ciples ) ! happ9ess ( mank9d3 :ile ! s*ol> 9 g5]al w f9d 9 x a va/ am\nt ( in=mation1 on ! mo/ vital & int]e/+ topics1 & pres5t$ 9 a /yle ( eloqu5ce seldom equall$4 ,! read] is reque/$ to be> 9 m9d t ! au?or 0 a native ( ,spa91 & !re=e he mu/ n be surpris$ to f9d mu* t relates m p>ticul>ly to t c\ntry4 ,9 fact1 ! fe> t ,prote/antism might be introduc$ !re seems to h be5 ! motive :i* induc$ him to und]take ! "w4 ,he 0 evid5tly a man ( /rong national z well z religi\s feel+1 & he dread$ its introduction bo? politically & religi\sly1 z he consid]$ t x w\ld be injuri\s to 8 c\ntry 9 bo? po9ts ( view4 ,he ?\ght t x w\ld de/roy ! national unity1 z x c]ta9ly did 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,a v int]e/+ "p ( ! "w is t :]e he /ates ! relations ( religion & political fre$om2 %[s t ,ca?olicity is by no means adv]se to ! latt]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 highly favorable to x2 & proves by extracts f ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as & o!r great ,ca?olic div9es1 t !y ent]ta9$ ! mo/ enlight5$ political views4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he %[s t ,prote/antism 0 unfavorable to civil lib]ty1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact1 t arbitr>y p[] made great progress 9 v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe soon aft] its appe>ance4 ,! reason ( ?is 01 t ! moral control ( religion be+ tak5 away1 physical re/ra9t became ! m necess>y4 ,! au?or1 on ?is subject1 naturally expresses a pref]5ce = mon>*y1 x be+ a *]i%$ inh]itance f 8 =efa!rs2 b1 x w be notic$ t ! pr9ciples :i* he lays d[n z ess5tial to a "r adm9i/ration ( civil affairs1 reg>d ! sub/ance & n ! =m ( gov]nm5t2 are z necess>y "u a republican z "u ! mon>*ical sy/em2 &1 if duly obs]v$1 !y _c fail to ensure ! happ9ess ( ! p4 ,?is portion ( ! volume w be read ) peculi> int]e/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ought to comm& an att5tive consid]ation4 ,9 prep>+ ?is edition ( ! "w f ! ,engli% translation by ,messrs4 ,han=d & ,k]%aw1 c>e has be5 tak5 to revise ! :ole ( x1 to comp>e x ) ! orig9al ,fr5*1 & to correct ! v>i\s errors1 p>ticul>ly ! mi/akes 9 translation4 ,a biographical notice ( ! illu/ri\s writ] has also be5 prefix$ to ! volume1 to give ! read] an insight into 8 em95t "*1 & ! valuable s]vices he has r5d]$ to 8 c\ntry & to society at l>ge4 ,,baltimore1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahej4 ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,james ,balmes 0 born at ,vi*1 a small city 9 ,catalonia1 9 ,spa91 on ! #bh? ( ,augu/1 #ahaj4 ,8 p>5ts 7 poor1 b not$ = _! indu/ry & religion1 & !y took c>e to tra9 him f 8 *ildhood to habits ( rigid piety4 ,e morn+1 aft] ! holy sacrifice ( mass1 8 "m pro/rate be=e an alt> d$icat$ to ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 implor$ ?is illu/ri\s doctor to obta9 = h] son ! gifts ( sanctity & k4 ,h] pray]s 7 n disappo9t$4 ,f sev5 to t5 ye>s ( age1 ,balmes appli$ himself ) great ardor to ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,! two foll[+ ye>s 7 devot$ to a c\rse ( rhetoric1 & ?ree ye>s m 7 allott$ to philosophy2 a n9? ye> 0 occupi$ ) ! prolegom5a ( !ology4 ,su* 0 ! ord] ( /udies 9 ! sem9>y ( ,vi*4 ,:ile ?us labor+ to /ore 8 m9d ) k1 ,balmes pres]v$ an irreproa*able l9e ( conduct4 ,call$ to ! ecclesia/ical /ate1 he submitt$ readily to ! /rict discipl9e :i* ?is vocation requir$1 & he 0 se5 n[h]e b "u ! p>5tal ro(1 at ! *ur*1 9 "s religi\s community1 or 9 ! episcopal libr>y4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 he 0 admitt$ to a b5efice1 ! rev5ue ( :i*1 ?\gh small1 enabl$ him to complete 8 education4 ,9 #ahbf1 he w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,c]v]a1 :i* at t "t 0 ! c5tre ( public in/ruction 9 t "p ( ,spa94 ,x numb]$ f\r colleges1 9 all ( :i* an enlight5$ piety prevail$1 af=d+ ! "y ,balmes a mo/ favorable opportunity ( develop+ 8 r>e qualities4 ,"h1 ! frame & habit ( 8 m9d 7 obs]vable to all1 9 8 deep & animat$ look1 9 8 grave & mode/ demeanor1 & 9 8 me?od ( /udy4 ,he w\ld read a few pages ov] a table1 8 head re/+ ^u 8 h&s2 !n1 wrapt 9 8 mantle1 he w\ld sp5d a long "t 9 reflection4 ,! true me?od ( /udy1 he us$ to say1 is to read little1 to select good au?ors1 & to ?9k mu*4 ,if we conf9$ ourselves to a k ( :at is conta9$ 9 books1 ! sci5ces w\ld nev] advance a /ep4 ,we mu/ le>n :at o!rs h n kn[n4 ,dur+ my m$itations 9 ! d>k1 my ?\ghts f]m5t1 & my bra9 burns l a boil+ cauldron4 ,devot$ to ! acquisition ( k1 he cultivat$ retirem5t z a means ( facilitat+ ! atta9m5t ( 8 object4 ,8 ?ir/ = le>n+ 0 s int5se1 t x held him "u absolute sway1 & he f\nd x necess>y at a lat] p]iod to (f] a sy/ematic resi/ance to its exclusive dem&s4 ,pursu+ 8 favorite me?od ( /udy1 ,balmes rema9$ f\r ye>s at ! ,univ]sity ( ,c]v]a1 read+ no o!r works ?an ! ,sum ( ,/4 ,?omas1 & ! comm5t>ies ^u x by ,bell>m9e1 ,su>ez & ,cajetan4 ,if he made any exception f ?is rule1 x 0 9 favor ( ,*ateaubri&'s ,gnie du ,*ri/anisme4 ,e ?+1 said he1 is to be f\nd 9 ,/4 ,?omas2 philosophy1 religion1 politics3 8 writ+s are an inexhau/ible m9e4 ,hav+ ?us /r5g!n$ 8 m9d by a due application to philosophical & !ological /udies1 he proce$$ to enl>ge 8 sph]e ( k by read+ a great] v>iety ( au?ors4 ,9 tak+ up a "w1 he fir/ look$ at ! table ( cont5ts1 & :5 x sugge/$ an idea or fact :i* seem$ to op5 be=e him a new pa?1 he read t "p ( ! volume :i* develop$ ?is idea or fact2 ! re/ 0 ov]look$4 ,9 ?is way1 he accumulat$ a ri* /ore ( v>i$ erudition4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two he knew by memory ! tabul> cont5ts ( an extraord9>y numb] ( volumes2 he _h le>n$ ! ,fr5* language2 he spoke & wrote ,lat9 bett] ?an 8 native tongue1 & _h be5 admitt$ successively to ! degrees ( ba*elor & lic5tiate 9 !ology4 ,! virtues ( 8 y\?1 f> f hav+ be5 weak5$ by ^! /udies1 _h acquir$ great] /r5g? & maturity4 ,z he approa*$ ! solemn p]iod ( 8 ord9ation1 he became /ill m rem>kable = ! gravity & mode/y ( 8 deportm5t4 ,he prep>$ himself = 8 elevation to ! prie/hood by a retreat ( "o hundr$ days4 ,aft] 8 promotion to ! sac]dotal dignity1 :i* took place 9 8 native city1 he return$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,c]v]a1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 /udies1 & p]=m$ ! duties ( assi/ant pr(essor4 ,"h also he began to manife/ 8 political views2 b1 always ) t discretion & mod]ation = :i* ! ,spani% cl]gy h be5 ) few exceptions di/+ui%$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,at t p]iod ,spa9 0 agitat$ by two conflict+ p>ties1 t ( ,m>ia ,*ri/9a & ! o!r ( ,don ,c>los4 ,balmes avoid$ all que/ions :i* 7 r calculat$ to enc\rage ! _s ( faction ?an promote ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #ahce he ev9c$ ?is circumspection 9 a rem>kable degree1 :5 ! doctorate :i* _h be5 conf]r$ ^u him1 requir$ him to deliv] an address 9 honor ( ! reign+ mon>*4 ,m>ia ,*ri/9a 0 !n ! que5 reg5t1 & civil w> 0 ab\t to comm5ce 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,catalonia2 b ,balmes p]=m$ 8 task )\t allusion to politics1 & )\t (f5d+ ! adh]5ts ( ei!r p>ty4 ,aft] two ye>s ( /udy at ,c]v]a1 :]e he appli$ himself to !ology & law1 our au?or return$ to ,vi*1 :]e he det]m9$ to sp5d f\r ye>s m 9 retirem5t1 = ! purpose ( matur+ 8 "* & k4 ,9 ?is solitude1 he devot$ himself to hi/ory1 poetry & politics1 b pr9cipally to ma!matics1 ( :i* he obta9$ a pr(essor%ip 9 #ahcg4 ,dur+ all ^! lit]>y labors1 ,balmes 0 actuat$ by a lively fai?1 & a s9c]e1 unassum+ piety4 ,religi\s m$itation1 int]m+l$ ) sci5tific reflections1 0 ! con/ant occupation ( 8 m9d2 he did n neglect1 h[ev]1 ! ext]ior practices ( devotion4 ,besides ! celebration ( ! holy sacrifice1 he frequ5tly visit$ ! bless$ sacram5t1 & paid 8 homage to ! ,b4 ,virg9 9 "s solit>y *apel4 ,! ,foll[+ ( ,*ri/1 ! ,sum ( ! angelic doctor1 & ! ,holy ,scriptures1 7 always 9 8 h&s1 & he took pleasure 9 read+ ! ascetic writ]s ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,9 ?is way did he prep>e himself1 until ! age ( ?irty1 to become "o ( ! mo/ solid & gift$ m9ds ( our "t1 & to act ! important "p to :i* he 0 call$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,! fir/ lit]>y ef=t ( ,balmes be=e ! public1 0 a prize essay :i* he wrote on cl]ical celibacy4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by ano!r production ( 8 p51 entitl$ ,obs]vations on ! ,prop]ty ( ! ,cl]gy1 9 a social1 political1 & comm]cial po9t ( view1 :i* 0 elicit$ by ! clamor+ ( ! revolution>y army "u ,esp>t]o = ! spoliation ( ! cl]gy4 ,! le>n+1 philosophy & eloqu5ce ( ! writ] 9 ?is "w1 excit$ ! wond] & admiration ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ /atesm5 9 ! c\ntry4 ,"s mon?s aft]1 he publi%$ 8 ,political ,consid]ations on ! ,condition ( ,spa91 9 :i* he _h ! c\rage to def5d ! rights ( bo? p>ties 9 ! c\ntry1 & to sugge/ means ( a conciliatory nature = re/or+ public ord] & tranquillity4 ,amid/ ^! political ef=ts1 ,balmes did n lay aside 8 peculi> functions z a m9i/] ( ,god4 ,! edification ( ! fai?ful1 ! religi\s in/ruction ( y\?1 & ! def5ce ( ! fai? aga9/ ! assaults ( h]esy & rationalism1 7 con/ant objects ( 8 att5tion4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 #ahdj1 he translat$ & publi%$ ! ,maxims ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,sales = e day 9 ! ye>2 he also compos$ a species ( cate*ism = ! in/ruction ( "y p]sons1 :i* 0 v ext5sively circulat$4 ,at ! same "t he und]took ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t "w1 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! p]nici\s influ5ce ex]t$ among 8 c\ntrym5 by ,guizot's lectures on ,european civilization1 & to neutralize ! facilities (f]$ "u ! regime ( ,esp>t]o = ! success ( a ,prote/ant ,propag&ism 9 ,spa94 ,! occasion & object ( ?is "w r5d]$ x exp$i5t t x %\ld be publi%$ simultane\sly 9 ,spani% & 9 ,fr5*1 & ) ?is view our au?or visit$ ,france1 & aft]w>ds1 to ext5d 8 obs]vations1 pass$ into ,engl&4 ,on 8 return to ,b>celona1 t[>ds ! close ( #ahdb1 ,balmes became a collaborator 9 ! edit+ ( ! ,civilizacion1 a mon?ly p]iodical ( great m]it1 devot$ to lit]>y reviews1 & to solid in/ruction on ! curr5t topics ( ! day4 ,8 connection ) ?is "w la/$ only eighte5 mon?s4 ,he !n comm5c$ a review ( 8 own1 entitl$ ! ,soci$ad1 a philosophical1 political1 & religi\s j\rnal1 :i* acquir$ a great reputation dur+ ! "o ye> ( its exi/5ce4 ,driv5 soon aft] into retirem5t by ! di/urbances ( ! times1 ,balmes compos$ ano!r philosophical "w1 ,el ,crit]io1 :i* is a c\rse ( logic adapt$ to e capacity4 ,f ! national upris+ t ov]?rew ! gov]nm5t ( ,esp>t]o1 !re arose a g5]al feel+ ( patriotic indep5d5ce1 :i* call$ = ! cessation ( civil /rife1 & ! h>moniz+ ( ! two p>ties t divid$ ! nation4 ,_m ( ! adh]5ts ( ,m>ia ,*ri/9a1 :o 7 ! nobility & ! b\rgeoisie1 recogniz$ ! excesses ( ! revolution>y faction :i* !y _h call$ to _! aid1 :ile ! ,c>li/s 7 n all 9 favor ( absolute mon>*y1 & numb]$ an impos+ majority among ! l[] classes4 ,all ^! m5 ( wise & mod]ate views long$ to see a rem$y appli$ to ! w\nds ( _! afflict$ c\ntry2 & ) "o accord !y turn$ _! eyes ^u ,balmes1 z ! only individual capable ( conduct+ ?is important affair4 ,he _h already1 9 8 ,political ,consid]ations1 indicat$ ! pr9cipal idea ( 8 policy = putt+ an end to ! national evils2 x 0 a matrimonial alliance betwe5 ! ,que5 & ! son ( ,don ,c>los4 ,"u ^! circum/ances he comm5c$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdd1 a new j\rnal1 entitl$ ,p5sami5to de la ,nacion1 ! object ( :i* 0 to d5\nce ! revolution>y _s z ! enemy ( all j & peaceful gov]nm5t1 & to inspire ! ,spani% p ) a prop] rev]5ce = ! religi\s1 social & political inh]itance receiv$ f _! ance/ors1 & ) a due respect = ! reasonable ameliorations ( ! age4 ,9 ?is _s ! diff]5t que/ions ( ! day 7 discuss$ ) en]gy & calmness1 & especially ! project ( an alliance betwe5 ! ,que5 & ! son ( ,don ,c>los1 :i* ,balmes consid]$ ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,?is measure1 su* z he propos$ x1 01 to use ! language ( 8 biograph]1 ! reconciliation ( ! pa/ & ! future1 ( au?ority & lib]ty1 ( mon>*y & repres5tative gov]nm5t4 ,su* 0 ! patriotism1 dignity & =ce1 ) :i* our au?or conduct$ 8 hebdomadal1 t x won ! e/eem ( a l>ge portion ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 among ! ,c>li/s1 :ile x also acquir$ favor among an imm5se numb] 9 ! opposite p>ty4 ,to support its views1 a daily j\rnal1 ! ,conciliador1 0 />t$ by a body ( "y b f]vid & brilliant writ]s1 & no?+ x w\ld seem 0 want+ to insure a triumph = ! fri5ds ( ,spa94 ,prud5ce1 en]gy1 mod]ation1 reason & eloqu5ce1 ) a majority ( ! p on _! side1 des]v$ & %\ld h comm&$ success2 b !y c\ld n prevail aga9/ diplomatic influ5ce & c\rt intrigue4 ,balmes le>n$ ) equal surprise & affliction1 9 ! retirem5t ( 8 native m\nta9s1 t ! gov]nm5t _h resolv$ to (f] ! ,que5 9 m>riage to ! infant ,don ,francisco1 & ! infanta to ! ,duke ( ,montp5si]4 ,?is 0 a sev]e /roke to ! s9c]e & ard5t patriotism ( ,balmes4 ,he might h resi/$ ?is policy ) ! p[] & eloqu5ce ( 8 p51 b he pref]r$ a sil5t resignation to ! heat ( political /rife1 & ! ,p5sami5to de la ,nacion1 al?\gh a lucrative publication1 0 discont9u$ on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahdf4 ,dur+ t same ye>1 our au?or collect$ into "o volume 8 v>i\s essays on politics1 z well = 8 own v9dication z = ! diffusion ( s\nd in/ruction on ! condition ( ,spa94 ,! foll[+ ye> he complet$ 8 ,elem5t>y c\rse ( ,philosophy4 ,b 8 physical /r5g? 0 n equal to ^! ardu\s labors4 ,to re-e/abli% 9 "s degree 8 decl9+ heal?1 he travell$ 9 ,spa9 & ,france1 & rema9$ sev]al weeks 9 ,p>is4 ,! intellectual & moral corruption :i* 0 gnaw+ at ! v vitals ( ! ,fr5* nation1 & ?reat5$ all ,europe ) its infection1 fill$ him ) increas$ anxiety4 ,he pr$ict$ ! dissolution ( society1 & a return to b>b>ism1 unless ?+s w\ld take "s unexpect$ turn ?r\gh ! special int]position ( ,provid5ce4 ,?is la/ hope 0 ! only res\rce left1 9 8 op9ion1 = ! salvation ( society & civilization1 & he exult$ :5 he beheld ,pius ,,ix op5+ a new c>e] = ,italy1 & consecrat+ ! aspirations & movem5ts ( all :o advocat$ legitimate re=m & rational lib]ty4 ,! political ameliorations1 h[ev]1 ( ! sov]eign ,pontiff appe>$ to ! oppon5ts ( lib]alism 9 ,spa91 at v>iance ) ! great opposition :i* ,balmes _h always exhibit$ to ! revolution>y _s4 ,h5ce1 x became necess>y = him to pay ! j tribute ( 8 admiration to ! illu/ri\s individual :o sat 9 ! *air ( ,pet]1 & to proclaim ! em95t virtues ( ! pr9ce & ! pontiff4 ,?is he did ) surpass+ eloqu5ce1 9 a bro*ure entitl$ ,pius ,,ix1 ! brilliant /yle ( :i* is only equall$ by its wisdom ( ?\ght4 ,9 ?is "w1 he sket*es ) graphic p51 ! acts ( ! papal policy1 %[+ t ! holy see is ! be/ guide ( m5 9 ! pa? ( lib]ty & progress1 t ,pius ,,ix %[s a pr(\nd k ( ! evils t afflict society1 & possesses all ! en]gy & firmness necess>y to apply _! prop] rem$y4 ,balmes 0 full ( hope = ! future1 9 contemplat+ ! c\rse ( ! great head ( ! *ur*1 & he *]i%$ ?is hope to ! la/ mom5t ( 8 life4 ,8 essay on ! policy ( ,pius ,,ix 0 ! la/ production ( 8 p54 ,8 c>e] 9 lit]ature 0 brief1 b brilliant & effective4 ,eight ye>s only _h elaps$ s9ce 8 appe>ance z a writ]1 & he _h labor$ ) em95t success 9 e dep>tm5t ( k4 ,! le>n$ div9e1 ! pr(\nd philosoph]1 ! enlight5$ publici/1 he has /amp$ ^u 8 age ! impress ( 8 g5ius1 & bequea!d to po/]ity a ri* legacy 9 8 immortal works4 ,9 ! moral z well z 9 ! intellectual po9t ( view1 8 m]it may be summ$ up 9 ^? words ( ,wisdom3 ,be+ made p]fect 9 a %ort space1 he fulfill$ a long "t4 *ap4 iv4 ,?is di/+ui%$ ecclesia/ic1 ! boa/ ( ! ,spani% cl]gy & ! ,catalan p1 di$ at ,vi*1 8 native city1 on ! #i? ( ,july1 #ahdh1 9 ! same _s ( lively fai? & f]v5t piety :i* _h always m>k$ 8 life4 ,8 fun]al took place on ! #aa?1 ) all ! pomp t c\ld be furni%$ by ! civil & ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,! municipality decre$ t "o ( ! public places %\ld be nam$ aft] him4 ,balmes 0 little bel[ ! middle height1 & ( weak & sl5d] frame4 ,b ! appe>ance ( feeble heal? :i* he exhibit$1 0 combatt$ by ! animation ( 8 looks4 ,8 =ehead & lips bore ! impress ( en]gy1 :i* 0 to be se5 also 9 8 eyes1 black1 deep-set1 & ( unusual brightness4 ,! expression ( 8 c\nt5ance 0 a mixture ( vivacity1 op5ness1 melan*oly & /r5g? ( m9d4 ,a c>eful obs]v] ( all 8 sac]dotal duties1 he f\nd 9 ! practices ( piety1 ! vigor :i* he display$ 9 8 intellectual labors4 ,! di/ribution ( 8 "t 0 extremely me?odical1 & 8 pleasures consi/$ only 9 ! society ( 8 fri5ds4 ,to ! prospect ( temporal honors & ! favor ( ! great1 he 0 ins5sible2 nei!r did he seek aft] ecclesia/ical dignities or lit]>y di/9ctions4 ,8 aim 0 ! diffusion ( tru?1 n ! acquisition ( a great reputation4 ,^! qualities1 h[ev]1 ) 8 em95t tal5ts1 v>i$ erudition1 & invaluable writ+s1 h won = him a univ]sal fame4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,"n ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,prote/antism1 ,page #be ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,:at ought to be attribut$ to ! g5ius ( its f\nd]s--,diff]5t causes assign$ = x--,errors on ?is subject--,op9ions ( ,guizot--,( ,bossuet--,true cause ( ,prote/antism to be f\nd 9 ! social condition ( ,european nations1 #bh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,extraord9>y ,,ph5om5on ,,9 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*4 ,div9ity ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* prov$ by its relations ) ! human m9d--,rem>kable ackn[l$gm5t ( ,m4 ,guizot--,consequ5ces ( t ackn[l$gm5t1 #ch ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,prote/antism ,,& ,,! ,,human ,,m9d4 ,prote/antism conta9s a pr9ciple ( dissolution--,x t5ds naturally to de/roy all fai?--,dang]\s direction giv5 to ! human m9d--,description ( ! human m9d1 #db ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,fai? ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces4 ,in/9ct ( fai?--,?is in/9ct ext5ds to all ! sci5ces--,newton1 ,desc>tes--,obs]vations on ! hi/ory ( philosophy--,proselytism--,pres5t condition ( ! human m9d1 #df ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,diff]5t ,,religi\s ,,wants ,,( ,,nations--,,ma!matics--,,moral ,,sci5ces4 ,important error committ$ by ,prote/antism1 ) reg>d to ! religi\s gov]nm5t ( ! human m9d1 #ej ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,indiff]5ce ,,& ,,fanaticism4 ,two opposite evils1 fruits ( ,prote/antism--,orig9 ( fanaticism--,! ,*ur* has prep>$ ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d--,private int]pretation ( ! ,bible--,passage f ,o',callaghan--,description ( ! ,bible1 #ec ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fanaticism--,,its ,,def9ition--,,fanaticism ,,9 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*4 ,connexion betwe5 fanaticism & religi\s feel+--,impossibility ( de/roy+ x--,means ( dim9i%+ x--,! ,*ur* has us$ ^! means1 & ) :at result8--,obs]vations on ! pret5d$ ,ca?olic fanatics--,description ( ! religi\s excitem5t ( ! f\nd]s ( ord]s 9 ! ,*ur*1 #eg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,incr$ulity ,,& ,,religi\s ,,indiff]5ce ,,9 ,,europe ,,! ,,fruits ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,lam5table symptoms ( ^! f ! beg9n+ ( ,prote/antism--,rem>kable religi\s crisis 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--,bossuet & ,leibnitz--,! ,jans5i/s--,_! influ5ce--,diction>y ( ,bayle--,! epo* :5 t "w appe>$--,/ate ( op9ions among ! ,prote/ants1 #fj ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,cont9u$ ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,important "q ) reg>d to ! cont9uance ( ,prote/antism--,religi\s indiff]5ce ) respect to man collectively & individually--,european societies ) relation to ,mahometanism & idolatry--,h[ ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism are capable ( def5d+ ! tru?--,intimate connexion betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,european civilization1 #fd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,positive ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,prote/antism ,,are ,,repugnant ,,to ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,civilization4 ,doctr9es ( ,prote/antism divid$ into positive & negative--,s+ul> ph5om5on3 "o ( ! pr9cipal dogmas ( ! f\nd]s ( ,prote/antism repugnant to ,european civilization--,em95t s]vice :i* ,ca?olicity has done to civilization by def5d+ free w--,nature ( error--,nature ( tru?1 #fh ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,effects ,,:i* ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,prote/antism ,,into ,,spa9 ,,w\ld ,,h ,,produc$4 ,pres5t /ate ( religi\s ideas 9 ,europe--,victories ( religion--,/ate ( sci5ce & lit]ature--,condition ( mod]n society--,conjectures on ! future influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity--,is x probable t ,prote/antism w be introduc$ into ,spa98--,engl&--,h] connexion ) ,spa9--,pitt--,nature ( religi\s ideas 9 ,spa9--,situation ( ,spa9--,h[ %e may be reg5]at$1 #gj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,prote/antism ,,& ,,ca?olicity ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,social ,,progress--,,prelim9>y ,,c\p ,d',,il4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! p>allel--,lib]ty--,vague mean+ ( ! ^w--,european civilization *iefly due to ,ca?olicity--,ea/ & ,we/--,conjectures on ! de/9ies ( ,ca?olicity amid ! cata/rophies t may ?reat5 9 ,europe--,obs]vations on philosophical /udies--,fatalism ( a c]ta9 mod]n hi/orical s*ool1 #gi ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,did ,,!re ,,exi/1 ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,:5 ,,*ri/ianity ,,appe>$1 ,,ano!r ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,reg5]ation8 ,condition1 religi\s1 social1 & sci5tific1 ( ! _w at ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity--,roman law--,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian ideas !reon--,evils ( ! political organization ( ! empire--,sy/em adopt$ by ,*ri/ianity2 h] fir/ c>e 0 to *ange ideas--,*ri/ianity & ,paganism ) reg>d to ! tea*+ ( moral doctr9es--,prote/ant prea*+1 #hd ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,difficulties ,,:i* ,,*ri/ianity ,,_h ,,to ,,ov]come ,,9 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,social ,,reg5]ation--,,slav]y--,,c\ld ,,x ,,h ,,be5 ,,de/roy$ ,,m ,,spe$ily ,,?an ,,x ,,0 ,,by ,,*ri/ianity8 ,! ,*ur* 0 n only a great & productive s*ool1 b %e 0 also a reg5]at+ association--,:at %e _h to d--,difficulties :i* %e _h to ov]come--,slav]y--,by :om 0 x aboli%$8--,op9ion ( ,m4 ,guizot--,imm5se numb] ( ! slaves--,caution necess>y 9 ! abolition ( slav]y--,0 imm$iate abolition possible8--,refutation ( ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,guizot1 #ij ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ideas ,,& ,,mann]s ,,( ,,antiquity ,,respect+ ,,slav]y--,,! ,,*ur* ,,beg9s ,,by ,,improv+ ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,slaves4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* n only employs h] doctr9es1 h] maxims1 & h] _s ( *>ity1 b also makes use ( practical means 9 ! abolition ( slav]y--,po9t ( view 9 :i* ?is hi/orical fact ought to be consid]$--,false ideas ( ! anci5ts on ! subject--,hom]1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle--,*ri/ianity began =?) to combat ^! errors--,*ri/ian doctr9es on ! connexion betwe5 ma/] & slave--,! ,*ur* employs h]self 9 improv+ ! condition ( slaves1 #id ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,means ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,*ur* ,,to ,,enfran*ise ,,slaves4 #a/4 ,%e zeal\sly def5ds ! lib]ty ( ! enfran*is$--,manumission 9 ! *ur*es--,effects ( ?is practice--#b;d4 ,r$emption ( captives--,zeal ( ! ,*ur* 9 practis+ & ext5d+ ! r$emption ( captives--,prejudices ( ! ,romans on ?is po9t--,! zeal ( ! ,*ur* = ?is object contributes1 9 an extraord9>y degree1 to ! abolition ( slav]y--,! ,*ur* protects ! lib]ty ( ! free1 #ajb ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,subject4 #c;d4 ,sy/em ( ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to slaves belong+ to ,jews--,motives :i* actuat$ ! ,*ur* 9 ! enfran*isem5t ( h] own slaves--,h] indulg5ce to !m--,h] g5]osity t[>ds ! fre$--,! slaves ( ! ,*ur* consid]$ z consecrat$ to ,god--,salut>y effects ( ?is way ( view+ !m--#d?4 ,lib]ty is grant$ to ^? :o wi% to embrace ! mona/ic /ate--,effects ( ?is practice--,conduct ( ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to ! ord9ation ( slaves--,abuses introduc$ 9 ?is respect *eck$--,discipl9e ( ! ,spani% ,*ur* on ?is po9t1 #ajf ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,/4 ,,augu/9 ,,& ,,/4 ,,?omas ,,( ,,aqu9 ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,slav]y--,,recapitulation4 ,doctr9e ( ,/4 ,augu/9 on ?is subject--,importance ( ?is doctr9e ) respect to ! abolition ( slav]y--,refutation ( ,m4 ,guizot--,doctr9e ( ,/4 ,?omas on ! same subject--,m>riage ( slaves--,regulation ( canon law on t subject--,rsum ( ! means employ$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ! abolition ( slav]y--,refutation ( ,m4 ,guizot--,! abolition ( slav]y exclusively due to ,ca?olicity--,prote/antism _h no %>e !re91 #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,contra/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,civilization4 ,picture ( mod]n civilization--,civilizations n ,*ri/ian--,civilization is compos$ ( ?ree elem5ts3 ! individual1 ! family1 & ! society--,! p]fectness ( ^! ?ree elem5ts dep5ds on ! p]fectness ( doctr9es1 #aae ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,! ,,individual--,,( ,,! ,,feel+ ,,( ,,individuality ,,out ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! individual & ! citiz5--,( ! individuality ( b>b>ians accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot--,:e!r 9 antiquity individuality belong$ exclusively to ! b>b>ians--,tw(old pr9ciple ( ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce--,?is feel+ inf9itely modifi$--,picture ( b>b>ian life--,true "* ( individuality among ! b>b>ians--,av[al ( ,m4 ,guizot--,! feel+ ( individuality1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( ,m4 ,guizot1 belongs 9 a c]ta9 way to all ! anci5t nations1 #aah ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,individual ,,became ,,absorb$ ,,by ,,! ,,anci5t ,,society4 ,respect = man unkn[n to ! anci5ts--,:at has be5 se5 9 mod]n revolutions--,tyranny ( public p[] ov] private int]e/s--,explanation ( a tw(old ph5om5on1 :i* pres5ts itself to u 9 antiquity & 9 mod]n societies n ,*ri/ian--,op9ion ( ,ari/otle--,rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( mod]n democracy1 #abf ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,individuality ,,"u ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ca?olicity4 ,! feel+ ( true indep5d5ce 0 possess$ by ! fai?ful ( ! primitive ,*ur*--,error ( ,m4 ,guizot on ?is po9t3 #a/1 dignity ( consci5ce su/a9$ by ! ,*ri/ian society2 #b;d1 feel+ ( duty2 language ( ,/4 ,cyprian2 #c;d1 developm5t ( ! int]ior life2 #d?1 def5ce ( free w by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*--,conclusion1 #aca ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,( ,,! ,,family--,,monogamy--,,m>riage-,,tie ,,indissoluble4 ,woman ennobl$ by ,ca?olicity alone--,practical means employ$ by ! ,*ur* to raise woman--,*ri/ian doctr9e on ! dignity ( woman--,monogamy--,diff]5t conduct ( ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism on ?is po9t--,firmness ( ,rome ) respect to m>riage--,effects ( t firmness--,doctr9e ( ,lu!r--,indissolubility ( m>riage--,( divorce among ,prote/ants--,effects ( ,ca?olic doctr9e ) reg>d to ?is sacram5t1 #ace ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,passion ,,( ,,love4 ,pret5d$ rigor ( ,ca?olicity ) respect to unhappy m>riages--,two sy/ems ( gov]n+ ! passions--,prote/ant sy/em--,ca?olic sy/em--,examples--,passion ( gambl+--,explosion ( ! passions 9 "t ( public tr\bles--,( ! passion ( love--,its incon/ancy--,m>riage alone is n a suffici5t control--,:at is want$ to make x a control--,( ! unity & fixity ( ,ca?olic doctr9e--,conclusion1 #adj ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,( ,,virg9ity ,,9 ,,its ,,social ,,aspect4 ,( ! ennoblem5t ( woman by virg9ity--,conduct ( ,prote/antism on ?is po9t--,close analysis ( ! he>t ( woman--,( virg9ity ) respect to population--,engl&--,s]i\s ?\ghts requir$ = ! m9d ( woman--,salut>y influ5ce ( mona/ic cu/oms--,g5]al me?od ( appreciation1 #adf ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,( ,,*ivalry1 ,,& ,,! ,,mann]s ,,( ,,! ,,b>b>ians ,,9 ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,woman4 ,! life ( feudal lords accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot--,! passions & fai? 9 *ivalry--,*ivalry did n ennoble woman1 x suppos$ h] to be ennobl$--,( ! respect ( ! ,g]mans = woman--,analysis ( a passage ( ,tacitus--,reflections on t hi/orian--,x is difficult ?or\ghly to und]/& ! mann]s ( ! ,g]mans--,action ( ,ca?olicity--,important di/9ction betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,ca?olicity--,t ! ,g]mans ( !mselves 7 incapable ( giv+ dignity to woman1 #aej ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,consci5ce ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,:at ! public consci5ce is--,influ5ce ( ! feel+s on ! public consci5ce 9 g5]al--,education contributes to =m ! consci5ce--,/ate ( ! public consci5ce 9 mod]n times--,:at has be5 able to =m ! public consci5ce 9 ,europe--,successive conte/s ma9ta9$ by ,*ri/ian morality1 #aeg ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,consci5ce ,,accord+ ,,to ,,montesquieu--,,honor--,,virtue4 ,in/itution ( c5sors accord+ to ,montesquieu--,two k9ds ( prejudice 9 ! au?or ( ! ,esprit des ,lois--,he assigns honor z ! pr9ciple ( mon>*ies1 & virtue z t ( republics--,explanation ( ! feel+ ( honor--,:at is requir$ to /r5g!n ?is feel+--,! c5sorial p[] replac$ by ! religi\s--,examples--,contra/s1 #afa ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,prote/antism ,,& ,,ca?olicity ,,on ,,! ,,public ,,consci5ce4 ,ca?olicity consid]$ z a cre$--,z an in/itution--,ideas1 9 ord] to be efficaci\s1 mu/ be realiz$ 9 an in/itution--,:at ,prote/antism has done to de/roy ,*ri/ian morality--,:at x has done to pres]ve x--,:at is ! real p[] ( prea*+ among ,prote/ants--,( ! sacram5t ( p5ance ) relation to ! public consci5ce--,( ! degree to :i* ! ,ca?olic religion raises morality--,( unity 9 ! s\l--,unity simplifies--,( ! great numb] ( morali/s )9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*--,( ! peculi> =ce ( ideas--,di/9ction betwe5 ideas ) respect to _! peculi> =ce--,:e!r ! human race is a fai?ful deposit>y ( ! tru?--,h[ ! tru? has be5 pres]v$ among ! ,jews--,! native p[] ( ,s*ools--,in/itutions are requir$1 n only to tea*1 b also to apply doctr9es--,( ! press ) relation to ! pres]vation ( ideas--,( intuition--,( disc\rses1 #afe ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,( ,,g5tl5ess ,,( ,,mann]s ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,:]e9 g5tl5ess ( mann]s consi/s--,diff]5ce betwe5 g5tle & effem9ate mann]s--,influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 s(t5+ mann]s--,pagan & ,*ri/ian societies--,slav]y--,pat]nal au?ority--,public games--,reflections on ,spani% bull-fights1 #agb ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,( ,,! ,,amelioration ,,( ,,mann]s ,,by ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,elem5ts adapt$ to p]petuate h>%ness ( mann]s 9 ! bosom ( mod]n society--,conduct ( ! ,*ur* 9 ?is respect--,rem>kable canons & facts--,/4 ,ambrose & ! ,emp]or ,!odosius--,! ,truce ( ,god--,v rem>kable regulations ( ! ecclesia/ical au?ority on ?is subject1 #age ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,public ,,b5efic5ce ,,9 ,,europe4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicity ) respect to public b5efic5ce--,p>adox ( ,montesquieu--,rem>kable canons ( ! ,*ur*--,injury done by ,prote/antism to ! developm5t ( public b5efic5ce--,! value ( philan?ropy1 #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,( ,,tol]ance ,,9 ,,matt]s ,,( ,,religion4 ,! "q ( intol]ance has be5 exam9$ ) bad fai?--,:at tol]ance is--,tol]ance ( op9ions--,( error--,tol]ance 9 ! individual--,) religi\s m5--,) unbeliev]s--,two k9ds ( religi\s m5--,two k9ds ( unbeliev]s--,tol]ance 9 society--,:at is its orig98--,s\rce ( ! tol]ance :i* prevails 9 society at pres5t1 #ahi ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,co]cion ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,intol]ance is a g5]al fact 9 hi/ory--,dialogues ) ! p>tisans ( univ]sal tol]ance--,does !re exi/ a "r ( puni%+ doctr9es8--,rese>*es into ! orig9 ( t "r--,disa/r\s influ5ce ( ,prote/antism & infidelity 9 ?is matt]--,( ! importance :i* ,ca?olicity atta*es to ! s9 ( h]esy--,inconsi/5cy ( c]ta9 timid ,voltairians--,ano!r reflection on ! "r ( puni%+ doctr9es--,rsum1 #aif ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,( ,,! ,,inquisition ,,9 ,,spa94 ,in/itutions & legislation f\nd$ on intol]ance--,causes ( ! rigor display$ 9 ! e>ly times ( ! ,inquisition--,?ree epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa93 aga9/ ! ,jews & ,moors2 aga9/ ! ,prote/ants2 aga9/ ! unbeliev]s--,sev]ities ( ! ,inquisition--,causes ( ^? sev]ities--,conduct ( ! ,popes 9 t matt]--,mildness ( ! ,roman ,inquisition--,! intol]ance ( ,lu!r ) respect to ! ,jews--,! ,moors & ,moriscoes1 #bjc ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,second ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,inquisition ,,9 ,,spa94 ,new ,inquisition attribut$ to ,philip ,,ii4--,op9ion ( ,m4 ,lacordaire--,prejudice aga9/ ,philip ,,ii4--,obs]vations on ! "w call$ ,inquisition ,dvoile--,rapid c\p d'il at ! second epo* ( ! ,inquisition--,trial ( ,c>ranza--,obs]vation on ?is trial1 & on ! p]sonal qualities ( ! illu/ri\s accus$--,:y !re is s mu* p>tiality aga9/ ,philip ,,ii4--,reflections on ! policy ( t mon>*--,s+ul> anecdote ( a prea*] :o 0 compell$ to retract--,reflections on ! influ5ce ( ! _s ( ! age1 #baj ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,!mselves4 ,conduct ( ,prote/antism ) respect to religi\s in/itutions--,:e!r ^! in/itutions h be5 ( importance 9 hi/ory--,sophism on ! subject ( ! real orig9 ( religi\s in/itutions--,_! correct def9ition--,( association among ! e>ly fai?ful--,! fai?ful disp]s$ 9 ! des]ts--,relations betwe5 ! ,papacy & religi\s in/itutions--,( an ess5tial want ( ! human he>t--,( ,*ri/ian p5siv5ess--,( ! ne$ ( associations = ! practice ( p]fection--,( v[s--,a v[ is ! mo/ p]fect act ( lib]ty--,true notion ( lib]ty1 #bai ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,! ,,e>ly ,,solit>ies4 ,"* ( religi\s in/itutions 9 a hi/orical po9t ( view--,! ,roman empire--,! b>b>ians--,! e>ly ,*ri/ians--,condition ( ! ,*ur* :5 ,*ri/ianity asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s--,life ( ! fa!rs ( ! des]t--,influ5ce ( ! solit>ies on philosophy & mann]s--,! h]oism ( p5ance saves morality--,! mo/ corrupt+ climate *os5 = ! triumph ( ! mo/ au/]e virtues1 #bbi ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,influ5ce ( mona/]ies 9 ! ,ea/--,:y civilization triumph$ 9 ! ,we/ & p]i%$ 9 ! ,ea/--,influ5ce ( ! ,ea/]n mona/]ies on ,arabian civilization1 #bcd ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,peculi> "* ( religi\s in/itutions 9 ! ,we/--,/4 ,b5$ict--,/ruggle ( ! monks aga9/ ! decl9e ( ?+s--,orig9 ( mona/ic prop]ty--,! possessions ( ! monks s]ve to create respect = prop]ty--,population becomes spread ov] ! c\ntry--,sci5ce & lett]s 9 cloi/]s ,gratian--ar\ses ! /udy ( law1 #bch ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,( ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,dur+ ,,! ,,second ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,9 ,,! ,,we/--,,! ,,milit>y ,,ord]s4 ,"* ( ! milit>y ord]s--,op9ion ( ! ,crusades--,! f\ndation ( ! milit>y ord]s is a cont9uation ( ! ,crusades1 #bdb ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,subject--,,europe ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4 ,trans=mation ( ! mona/ic _s 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury--,religi\s in/itutions arise e :]e--,"* ( ,european oppos$ to t ( o!r civilizations--,mixture ( v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! _s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--,semi-b>b>\s society--,*ri/ianity & b>b>ism--,a delusion common 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory--,condition ( ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--,w>s become m popul>--,:y ! intellectual movem5t began 9 ,spa9 soon] ?an 9 ! re/ ( ,europe--,ebullition ( evil dur+ ! c\rse ( ! twelf? c5tury--,tan*me--,eon--,! ,mani*ees--,vaudois--,religi\s movem5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--,! m5dicant & prea*+ ord]s--,! "* ( ^! ord]s--,_! influ5ce--,_! relations ) ! ,papacy1 #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,religi\s ,,ord]s ,,= ,,! ,,r$emption ,,( ,,captives4 ,multitude ( ,*ri/ians r$uc$ to slav]y--,religi\s ord]s = ! r$emption ( captives 7 necess>y--,! ,ord] ( ! ,tr9ity & t ( ,m]cy--,/4 ,pet] ,arm5gol1 #bef ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,univ]sal ,,advance ,,( ,,civilization ,,imp$$ ,,by ,,prote/antism4 ,effects ( ,prote/antism on ! progress ( civilization 9 ! _w1 beg9n+ ) ! sixte5? c5tury--,:at enabl$ civilization1 dur+ ! middle ages1 to triumph ov] b>b>ism--,picture ( ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,! civiliz+ missions ( ! #af? c5tury int]rupt$ by ! s*ism ( ,lu!r--,:y ! action ( ! ,*ur* on b>b>\s nations has lo/ p[] dur+ ?ree c5turies--,:e!r ! ,*ri/ianity ( our days is less adapt$ to propagate ! fai? ?an t ( ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*--,*ri/ian missions 9 ! e>ly times ( ! ,*ur*--,:at ! real mission ( ,lu!r has be51 #bfj ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,jesuits4 ,_! importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european civilization--,causes ( ! hatr$ :i* has be5 excit$ aga9/ !m--,"* ( ! ,jesuits--,contradiction ( ,m4 ,guizot on ?is subject--,:e!r x be true1 z ,m4 ,guizot says1 t ! ,jesuits h de/roy$ nations 9 ,spa9--,facts & dates--,unju/ accusations aga9/ ! ,company ( ,jesus1 #bfh ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions--,,_! ,,pres5t ,,necessity4 ,pres5t /ate ( religi\s in/itutions--,picture ( society--,inability ( indu/ry & comm]ce to satisfy ! he>t ( man--,condition ( m9ds ) respect to religion--,religi\s in/itutions w be necess>y to save exi/+ society--,no?+ fix$ 9 t society--,means are want+ = social organization--,! m>* ( ,european nations has be5 p]v]t$--,physical means ( re/ra9+ ! masses--,moral means are requir$--,religi\s in/itutions reconcilable ) ! advancem5t ( mod]n times1 #bgd ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,religion ,,& ,,lib]ty4 ,r\sseau--,! ,prote/ants ,div9e law--,orig9 ( p[]--,false int]pretation ( ! div9e law--,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om--,on pat]nal au?ority--,relations betwe5 pat]nal au?ority & civil p[]1 #bha ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,society1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,ca?olic ,,!ologians4 ,doctr9es ( !ologians on ! orig9 ( society--,! "* ( ,ca?olic !ologians comp>$ to t ( mod]n writ]s--,/4 ,?omas--,bell>m9--,su>ez--,/4 ,alphonsus de ,liguori--,fa!r ,conc9a--,billu>t--,! ,comp5dium ( ,salamanca1 #bhh ,,*apt] ,l4 ,,( ,,div9e ,,law1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,ca?olic ,,doctors4 ,on ! div9e law--,div9e orig9 ( civil p[]--,9 :at mann] ,god communicates ?is p[]--,r\sseau--,on pacts--,! "r ( life & dea?--,! "r ( w>--,p[] mu/ necess>ily emanate f ,god--,puff5dorf--,hobbes1 #bih ,,*apt] ,,li4 ,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,ca?olic ,,doctors4 ,direct or indirect communication ( civil p[]--,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two op9ions important 9 "s respects2 9 o!rs1 n s--,:y ,ca?olic !ologians h s zeal\sly ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( m$iate communication1 #cje ,,*apt] ,,lii4 ,,on ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,language ,,"u ,,! ,,spani% ,,mon>*y4 ,influ5ce ( doctr9es on society--,flatt]y lavi%$ on p[]--,dang] ( ?is flatt]y--,lib]ty ( spee* on ?is po9t 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies--,m>iana--,saav$ra--,9 ! abs5ce ( religion & morality1 ! mo/ rigor\s political doctr9es are incapable ( sav+ society--,:y ! cons]vative s*ools ( our days are p[]less--,s5eca--,cic]o--,hobbes--,bell> m91 #caa ,,*apt] ,,liii4 ,,( ,,! ,,faculties ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,p[]4 ,( ! faculties ( civil p[]--,calumnies ( ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*--,def9ition ( law accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas--,g5]al reason & g5]al w--,! v5]able ,palafox--,hobbes--,grotius--,! doctr9es ( c]ta9 ,prote/ants favorable to despotism--,ju/ification ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #cag ,,*apt] ,,liv4 ,,on ,,resi/ance ,,to ,,! ,,civil ,,p[]4 ,( resi/ance to ! civil p[]--,p>allel betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicity on ?is po9t--,unf\nd$ appreh5sions ( c]ta9 m9ds--,attitude ( revolutions 9 ?is age--,! pr9ciple inculcat$ by ,ca?olicity on ! obligation ( obey+ ! lawful au?orities--,prelim9>y que/ions--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! two p[]s--,conduct ( ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism ) reg>d to ! sep>ation ( ! two p[]s--,! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual p[] a gu>antee ( lib]ty to ! p--,extremes :i* meet--,! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,?omas on ob$i5ce1 #cbd ,,*apt] ,,lv4 ,,on ,,resi/ance ,,to ,,de ,,facto ,,gov]nm5ts4 ,gov]nm5ts exi/+ m]ely de facto--,"r ( resi/ance to ^! gov]nm5ts--,napoleon & ! ,spani% nation--,fallacy ( ! doctr9e e/abli%+ ! obligation ( ob$i5ce to m]e de facto gov]nm5ts--,inve/igation ( c]ta9 difficulties--,accompli%$ facts--,h[ we are to und]/& ! respect due to accompli%$ facts1 #ccj ,,*apt] ,,lvi4 ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,all[$ ,,to ,,resi/ ,,! ,,civil ,,p[]4 ,on resi/ance to lawful au?ority--,! doctr9es ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance on ! assass9ation ( a k+--,a reflection on ! inviolability ( k+s--,extreme cases--,doctr9e ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 ,c>d9al ,bell>m91 ,su>ez1 & o!r !ologians--,! ,abb de ,lam5nais' errors--,he is wrong 9 imag9+ t 8 doctr9e1 condemn$ by ! ,pope1 is ! same z ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu9's--,a p>allel betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas & ^? ( ! ,abb de ,lam5nais--,a ^w on ! temporal p[] ( ! ,popes--,anci5t doctr9es on resi/ance to p[]--,language ( ! ,c\nsellors ( ,b>celona--,! doctr9e ( c]ta9 !ologians on ! case ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff's fall+ into h]esy 9 8 private capacity--,:y ! ,*ur* has be5 calumni\sly accus$ ( be+ sometimes favorable to despotism1 & sometimes to an>*y1 #ccf ,,*apt] ,,lvii4 ,,on ,,political ,,society ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ,*ur* & political =ms--,prote/antism & lib]ty--,language ( ,m4 ,guizot--,! /ate ( ! "q bett] def9$--,europe at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury--,social ari/ocracy1 & democracy1 #cdc ,,*apt] ,,lviii4 ,,on ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! idea ent]ta9$ ( mon>*y at ?is p]iod--,! application ( ?is idea--,diff]5ce betwe5 mon>*y & despotism--,! nature ( mon>*y at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury--,its relations ) ! ,*ur*1 #cdf ,,*apt] ,,lix4 ,,on ,,ari/ocracy ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! nobility & ! cl]gy--,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two ari/ocracies--,! nobility & mon>*y--,diff]5ces betwe5 !m--,an int]m$iate class betwe5 ! ?rone & ! p--,! causes ( ! fall ( ! nobility1 #cdh ,,*apt] ,,lx4 ,,on ,,democracy ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! op9ion ent]ta9$ ( democracy--,! prevail+ doctr9es ( t epo*--,! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle neutralis$ by ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity--,on ca/es--,a passage f ,m4 ,guizot on ca/es--,influ5ce ( ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy 9 prev5t+ an h]$it>y succession--,! consequ5ces result+ f a m>ri$ cl]gy--,ca?olicity & ! p--,developm5t ( ! indu/rial classes 9 ,europe--,! ,hanseatic ,conf$]ation--,e/abli%m5t ( ! trades-corporations ( ,p>is--,indu/rial movem5t 9 ,italy & ,spa9--,calv9ism & ! democratic elem5t--,prote/antism & ! democrats ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 #cej ,,*apt] ,,lxi4 ,,value ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,political ,,=ms--,,"* ,,( ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,europe4 ,value ( political =ms--,ca?olicity & lib]ty--,mon>*y 0 ess5tial--,"* ( ,european mon>*y--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,europe & ,asia--,quotation f ,c\nt de ,mai/re--,an in/itution = ! limit+ ( p[]--,political lib]ty n indebt$ to ,prote/antism--,influ5ce ( ,c\ncils--,! ari/ocracy ( tal5t enc\rag$ by ! ,*ur*1 #cef ,,*apt] ,,lxii4 ,,h[ ,,mon>*y ,,0 ,,/r5g!n$ ,,9 ,,europe4 ,mon>*y 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is /r5g!n$ 9 ,europe--,its prepond]ance ov] free in/itutions--,:y ! ^w lib]ty is a sc&al to "s p--,prote/antism contribut$ to ! de/ruction ( popul> in/itutions1 #cfa ,,*apt] ,,lxiii4 ,,two ,,sorts ,,( ,,democracy4 ,two sorts ( democracy--,_! p>allel m>* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe--,_! *>act]s--,_! causes & effects--,:y absolutism became necess>y 9 ,europe--,hi/orical facts--,france--,engl&--,sw$5--,d5m>k--, g]many1 #cfd ,,*apt] ,,lxiv4 ,,conte/ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,?ree ,,social ,,elem5ts4 ,conte/ betwe5 mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy--,h[ mon>*y came to prevail--,fatal effects ( ! weak5+ ( ! political influ5ce ( ! cl]gy--,advantages :i* might h aris5 f ?is influ5ce to popul> in/itutions--,relations ( ! cl]gy ) all p[]s & classes ( society1 #cgj ,,*apt] ,,lxv4 ,,political ,,doctr9es ,,be=e ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,p>allel betwe5 ! political doctr9es ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ^? ( mod]n publici/s1 & ^? :i* prevail$ 9 ,europe be=e ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism--,prote/antism has prev5t$ ! homog5eity ( ,european civilization--,hi/orical pro(s1 #cgd ,,*apt] ,,lxvi4 ,,( ,,political ,,doctr9es ,,9 ,,spa94 ,ca?olicity & politics 9 ,spa9--,real /ate ( ! "q--,five causes contribut$ to ! ov]?r[ ( popul> in/itutions 9 ,spa9--,diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n lib]ty--,! ,commun]os ( ,ca/ille--,! policy ( h] k+s--,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic & ,xim5es--,*>les ,v4--,philip ,,ii41 #cgg ,,*apt] ,,lxvii4 ,,political ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,religi\s ,,intol]ance4 ,political lib]ty & religi\s intol]ance--,europe 0 develop$ "u ! exclusive influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity--,picture ( ,europe f ! elev5? to ! f\rte5? c5tury--,condition ( ! social problem at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury--,temporal p[] ( ! ,popes--,its "*1 orig91 & effects1 #chb ,,*apt] ,,lxviii4 ,,unity ,,9 ,,fai? ,,reconcil$ ,,) ,,political ,,lib]ty4 ,x is false t unity ( fai? is oppos$ to political lib]ty--,impiety is alli$ ) lib]ty or despotism1 accord+ to circum/ances--,mod]n revolutions--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! revolution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & t ( ,france--,p]nici\s effects ( ! ,fr5* revolution--,lib]ty impossible )\t morality--,rem>kable passage f ,/4 ,augu/9 on =ms ( gov]nm5t1 #chh ,,*apt] ,,lxix4 ,,intellectual ,,developm5t ,,"u ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ca?olicity4 ,ca?olicity 9 its relations ) intellectual developm5t--,:at is ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( submission to au?ority--,:at are ! effects ( ?is pr9ciple ) respect to all ! sci5ces--,p>allel betwe5 anci5ts & mod]ns--,god--,man--,society--,nature1 #cib ,,*apt] ,,lxx4 ,,hi/orical ,,analysis ,,( ,,intellectual ,,developm5t4 ,hi/orical inve/igation ( ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity on ! developm5t ( ! human m9d--,refutation ( "o ( ,m4 ,guizot's op9ions--,john ,erig5a--,roscel9 & ,abel>d--,/4 ,anselm1 #cih ,,*apt] ,,lxxi4 ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,human ,,intellect ,,9 ,,europe4 ,religion & ! human intellect 9 ,europe--,diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellectual developm5t ( ! nations ( antiquity & ^? ( ,europeans--,causes t h accel]at$ ?is developm5t 9 ,europe--,orig9 ( ! _s ( subtilty--,s]vice :i* ! ,*ur* r5d]$ to ! human m9d by h] opposition to ! subtilties ( ! innovators--,p>allel betwe5 ,roscel9 & ,/4 ,anselm--,reflections on ,/4 ,b]n>d--,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu9--,advantage ( 8 dictator%ip 9 ! s*ools--,adv5t ( ,/4 ,?omas 9 ! middle ages ( imm5se advantage to me human m9d1 #djd ,,*apt] ,,lxxii4 ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,f ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,progress ( ! human m9d f ! elev5? c5tury to our own times--,diff]5t phases--,prote/antism & ,ca?olicity 9 _! relations to le>n+1 to criticism1 to ! le>n$ languages1 to ! f\ndation ( univ]sities1 to ! progress ( lit]ature & ! arts1 to my/icism1 to high philosophy1 to metaphysics1 to e?ics1 to religi\s philosophy1 & to ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 #dab ,,*apt] ,,lxxiii4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,"w--,,decl>ation ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,summ>y ( ! "w--,! au?or submits x to ! judgm5t ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 #dai ,,notes ,,app5dix ,,index ,,table ,,( ,,notes4 ,,note ,,page #a #dba4 ,gibbon & ,bossuet's ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations4 #b #dba4 ,intol]ance ( ,lu!r & ! o!r ,coryphi ( ,prote/antism4 #c #dba4 ,orig9 ( ! "n ,prote/antism4 #d #dbb4 ,obs]vations on names4 #e #dbb4 ,( abuses 9 ! ,*ur*4 #f #dbc4 ,( ! unity & h>moni\s action ( ,ca?olicism--,happy idea ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,sales4 #g #dbc4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,prote/ants ) reg>d to its weakness--,lu!r1 ,melanc?on1 ,beza1 ,calv91 ,grotius1 ,pap91 ,puff5dorf & ,leibnitz--,( a po/hum\s "w by ,leibnitz on religion4 #h #dbd4 ,on human k--,l\is ,vives4 #i #dbe4 ,on ma!matics--,exim5o1 a ,spani% ,jesuit4 #aj #dbe4 ,h]esies ( ! e>ly ages--_! "*4 #aa #dbe4 ,sup]/ition & fanaticism ( ,prote/antism--,lu!r's devil1 ,zw+lius's phantom1 ,melanc?on's progno/ics1 ,ma?ias ,h>lem1 ! ,tailor ( ,leyd51 ,k+ ( ,sion2 ,h]mann1 ,ni*olas ,hacket1 & o!rs1 vision>ies & fanatics4 #ab #dbg4 ,visions ( ,ca?olics--,/4 ,!resa1 h] visions4 #ac #dbh4 ,bad fai? ( ! f\nd]s ( ,prote/antism--,passages prov+ ?is--,ravages committ$ by incr$ulity aft] t "t--,gruet--,rem>kable passages f ,montaigne4 #ad #dbi4 ,extravagance ( ! e>ly h]esies1 a pro( ( ! /ate ( k 9 ^? times4 #ae #dcj4 ,canons & o!r docum5ts :i* %ew ! solicitude ( ! ,*ur* to improve ! lot ( slaves1 & ! v>i\s means :i* %e us$ to complete ! abolition ( slav]y4 #a4 ,canons int5d$ to improve ! lot ( slaves4 #b4 ,canons int5d$ to def5d ! fre$1 & to protect ^? :o 7 recomm5d$ to ! ,*ur*4 #c4 ,canons & o!r docum5ts relat+ to ! r$emption ( captives4 #d4 ,canons relat+ to ! protection ( ! fre$4 #dcf4 #e4 ,canons conc]n+ ! slaves ( ,jews4 #f4 ,canons conc]n+ ! enfran*isem5t ( ! slaves ( ! ,*ur*4 #g4 ,conduct ( ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to mod]n slav]y--,apo/olic lett]s ( ,/4 ,gregory ,,xvi4--,slave trade--,doctr9e1 conduct1 & influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to ! abolition ( ! trade1 & ( slav]y 9 ! ,colonies--,passage f ,rob]tson4 #af #ddb4 ,doctr9es ( ,plato & ,ari/otle t\*+ infanticide--,_! doctr9e on ! rights ( society4 #ag #ddd4 ,degradation ( woman 9 anci5t times1 especially 9 ,rome4 #ah #ddd4 ,! ,g]mans ( ,tacitus judg$ accord+ to subsequ5t ev5ts4 #ai #dde4 ,corruption ( anci5t mann]s4 #bj #dde4 ,diff]5t op9ions ( religion & philosophy on ! p[] ( ideas--,h[ f> x is true t e idea requires an in/itution4 #ba #ddf4 ,*ri/ianity is /ill 9 our days ! s\rce ( mildness ( mann]s4 #bb #ddg4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* on b>b>ian legislation--,c\ncils ( ,tol$o--,:at ! indulg5ce ( ! crim9al code among ! b>b>ians proves4 #bc #ddi4 ,con/ant int]v5tion ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public b5efic5ce--,regulations ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t on ?is subject--,prop]ty ( hospitals consid]$ z t ( ! ,*ur*4 #bd #dej4 ,ref]5ce to ! foll[+ note4 #be #dej4 ,di/9ction betwe5 civil & religi\s intol]ance--,error ( ,r\sseau on ?is po9t--,false doctr9e ( ! ,contrat ,social4 #bf #deb4 ,passages f old laws relative to ! ,inquisition--,pragmatic sanction ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella--,laws ( ,philip ,,ii4 & ,,iii4--,pragmatic sanction ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella conc]n+ ! relations ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition ) ,rome--,passage f ,don ,antonio ,p]ez1 :i* m5tions ! anecdote ( ! prea*] at ,madrid--,lett] f ,phillip ,,ii4 to ,arias ,montano1 on ! subject ( ! libr>y ( ! ,escurial4 #bf #def4 7,app5dix47 ,a few words on ,puigblan*1 ,vill5euve1 & ,llor5te4 #bg #deh4 ,religi\s in/itutions 9 an hi/orical po9t ( view--,la/ c\p-d'il at _! orig9 & developm5t--,details ) respect to ! v[ ( *a/ity :i* virg9s & wid[s made 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*4 #bh #dei4 ,rem>kable texts expla9+ ! passage ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ! #ac? *apt] ( 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans--,cic]o--,horace4 #bi #dfb4 ,a rem>kable fact4 #cj #dfc4 ,quotations f ,p4 ,fr4 ,john de ,/e4-,m>ie1 & f ,p4 ,zeballos4 #ca #dgj4 ,/4 ,?omas rem9ds pr9ces ( _! duties4 #cb #dga4 ,! op9ion ( ,d4 ,felix d',amat1 bi%op ( ,palmyra1 on ! ob$i5ce due to de facto gov]nm5ts4 #cc #dga4 ,rem>kable passages f ,/4 ,?omas & ,su>ez1 on ! disputes :i* may arise betwe5 gov]nors & ! gov]n$--,fa!r ,m>quez on ! same subject4 #cd #dge4 ,*>t] ( ,h]m&ad betwe5 ! k+doms ( ,leon & ,galicia & t ( ,ca/ille1 = ! pres]vation & def5ce ( _! fu]os & lib]ties4 #ce #dgf4 ,a rem>kable passage f ,capmany on ! organization ( ! indu/rial classes--,! orig9 & salut>y effects ( ! in/itution ( trades-corporation4 #cf #dhj4 ,reflections ( ,c\nt de ,mai/re on ! causes :i* r5d] ! celebration ( ,g5]al ,c\ncils less frequ5t4 #cg #dhj4 ,indication ( hi/orical s\rces = ! confirmation ( c]ta9 facts4 #ch #dhj4 ,texts ( ,/4 ,?omas on political =ms--,o!r texts ( ,/4 ,?omas to prove t ! law1 & n ! w ( man1 %\ld gov]n--,op9ions ( ,p4 ,m>iana--,op9ions ( ! v5]able ,palafox on ! subject ( impo/s1 tak5 f 8 ,memoir to ! ,k+--,sev]e language ( ! same au?or aga9/ tyranny & ^? :o advise or excuse x--,passage f ,p4 ,m>quez on ! "r ( levy+ tributes 9 g5]al2 its p>ticul> application to ,ca/ile--,! op9ion ( ! same au?or relative to ! "r ( ! supreme au?ority to ! prop]ty ( its subjects--,a case 9 :i*1 accord+ to him1 t au?ority may dispose ( ?is prop]ty4 #ci #dhd4 ,ref]5ce to hi/orical s\rces to asc]ta9 ! m>* ( ! developm5t ( mon>*ical p[] 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ,spa94 #dj #dhd4 ,a j obs]vation ( ,c\nt de ,mai/re on ! conduct ( ! ,popes comp>$ to t ( o!r sov]eigns4 #da #dhe4 ,passages 9 :i* ,/4 ,anselm exp\nds 8 views on religi\s subjects--,intellectual movem5t aris+ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* )\t transgress+ ! b\nds ( fai?--,ano!r passage prov+ t ! demon/ration appli$ by ,desc>tes to ! exi/5ce ( ,god _h be5 discov]$ by ,/4 ,anselm--,corroborative ,docum5ts 9 support ( a refutation ( ,m4 ,guizot's errors on ! doctr9es ( ,abel>d4 ,,prote/antism ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,ca?olicity4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,"n ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,!re is a fact 9 exi/5ce among civiliz$ nations1 v important on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! ?+s :i* x affects--a fact ( transc5d5t importance1 on acc\nt ( ! numb]1 v>iety1 & consequ5ce ( its influ5ces--a fact extremely int]e/+1 because x is connect$ ) ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,?is fact is ,prote/antism4 ,l a clap ( ?und]1 x attract$ at once ! att5tion ( all ,europe2 on "o side x spread al>m1 & on ! o!r excit$ ! mo/ lively sympa?y3 x grew s rapidly1 t its adv]s>ies _h n "t to /rangle x 9 its cradle4 ,sc>cely _h x begun to exi/1 & already all hope ( /opp+1 or ev5 re/ra9+ x1 0 gone2 :51 embold5$ by be+ treat$ ) respect & consid]ation1 x became e day m d>+2 if exasp]at$ by rig\r1 x op5ly resi/$ measures ( co]cion1 or r$\bl$ & conc5trat$ its =ces1 to make m vigor\s attacks4 ,discussions1 ! pr(\nd inve/igations & sci5tific me?ods :i* 7 us$ 9 combat+ x1 contribut$ to develop ! _s ( inquiry1 & s]v$ z vehicles to propagate its ideas4 ,by creat+ new & prevail+ int]e/s1 x made itself p[]ful protectors2 by ?r[+ all ! passions into a /ate ( fury1 x ar\s$ !m 9 its favor4 ,x avail$ itself1 by turns1 ( /ratagem1 =ce1 s$uction1 or viol5ce1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( times & circum/ances4 ,x attempt$ to make its way 9 all directions2 ei!r de/roy+ imp$im5ts1 or tak+ advantage ( !m1 if !y 7 capable ( be+ turn$ to acc\nt4 ,:5 introduc$ into a c\ntry1 x nev] re/$ until x _h obta9$ gu>antees = its cont9u$ exi/5ce2 & x succe$$ 9 do+ s ev]y:]e4 ,aft] hav+ obta9$ va/ e/abli%m5ts 9 ,europe--:i* x /ill reta9s--x 0 transport$ into o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & infus$ into ! ve9s ( simple & unsuspect+ nations4 ,9 ord] to appreciate a fact at its j value1 to embrace x 9 all its relations1 & to di/+ui% prop]ly betwe5 !m1 x is necess>y to exam9e :e!r ! con/itut+ pr9ciple ( ! fact c be asc]ta9$1 or at lea/ :e!r we c obs]ve 9 its appe>ance any *>act]i/ic trait capable ( reveal+ its inw>d nature4 ,?is exam9ation is v difficult :5 we h to d ) a fact ( ! k9d & importance ( t :i* n[ occupies our att5tion4 ,9 matt]s ( ?is sort1 numb]s ( op9ions accumulate 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 9 favor ( all :i* argum5ts h be5 s\ght4 ,! inquir]1 9 ! mid/ ( s _m & su* v>i\s objects1 is p]plex$1 disconc]t$1 & conf\nd$2 & if he wi% to place himself 9 a m advantage\s po9t ( view1 he f9ds ! gr\nd s cov]$ ) fragm5ts1 t he _c make 8 way )\t risk ( los+ himself at e /ep4 ,! fir/ glance :i* we give to ,prote/antism1 :e!r we consid] its actual condition1 or :e!r we reg>d ! v>i\s phases ( its hi/ory1 %[s u t x is v difficult to f9d any ?+ con/ant 9 x1 any ?+ :i* c be assign$ z its con/itu5t "*4 ,unc]ta9 9 its op9ions1 x modifies !m cont9ually1 & *anges !m 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,vague 9 its t5d5cies1 & fluctuat+ 9 its desires1 x attempts e =m1 & essays e road4 ,x c nev] atta9 to a well-def9$ exi/5ce2 & we see x e mom5t ent] new pa?s1 to lose itself 9 new labyr9?s4 ,ca?olic controv]siali/s h pursu$ & assail$ x 9 e way2 ask !m :at has be5 ! result8 ,!y w tell y t !y _h to cont5d ) a new ,proteus1 :i* always escap$ ! fatal bl[ by *ang+ its =m4 ,if y wi% to assail ! doctr9es ( ,prote/antism1 y d n "k :]e to direct y\r attacks1 = !y are unkn[n to y1 & ev5 to itself4 ,on ?is side x is invuln]able1 because x has no tangible body4 ,?us1 no m p[]ful argum5t has ev] be5 urg$1 ?an t ( ! immortal ,bi%op ( ,meaux--viz4 ,y *ange2 & t :i* *anges is n ! tru?4 ,an argum5t mu* fe>$ by ,prote/antism1 & ) ju/ice2 because all ! v>i\s =ms :i* are assum$ to evade its =ce1 only s]ve to /r5g!n x4 ,h[ j is ! expression ( t great man6 ,at ! v title ( 8 book1 ,prote/antism mu/ tremble3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations6 ,a hi/ory ( v>iations mu/ be a hi/ory ( error4 7,see note #a at ! end ( ! vol47 ,^! unceas+ *anges1 :i* we ought n to be surpris$ at f9d+ 9 ,prote/antism1 because !y ess5tially belong to x1 %[ u t x is n 9 possession ( ! tru?2 !y %[ u also1 t its mov+ pr9ciple is n a pr9ciple ( life1 b an elem5t ( dissolution4 ,x has be5 call$ ^u1 & up to ?is "t 9 va91 to fix itself1 & to pres5t a compact & uni=m body4 ,h[ c t be fix$1 :i* is1 by its nature1 kept float+ ab\t 9 ! air8 ,h[ c a solid body be =m$ ( an elem5t1 ! ess5tial t5d5cy ( :i* is t[>ds an incessant division ( p>ticles1 by dim9i%+ _! reciprocal aff9ity1 & increas+ _! repell5t =ce8 ,x w easily be se5 t ,i speak ( ! "r ( private judgm5t 9 matt]s ( fai?1 :e!r x be look$ ^u z a matt] ( human reason alone1 or z an individual inspiration f heav54 ,if !re be any ?+ con/ant 9 ,prote/antism1 x is und\bt$ly ! sub/itution ( private judgm5t = public & lawful au?ority4 ,?is is always f\nd 9 union ) x1 & is1 prop]ly speak+1 its fundam5tal pr9ciple3 x is ! only po9t ( contact among ! v>i\s ,prote/ant sects1--! basis ( _! mutual resemblance4 ,x is v rem>kable t ?is exi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 un9t5tionally1 & sometimes aga9/ _! express wi%es4 ,h[ev] lam5table & disa/r\s ?is pr9ciple may be1 if ! coryphi ( ,prote/antism _h made x _! rally+ po9t1 & _h con/antly act$ up to x 9 !ory & practice1 !y w\ld h be5 consi/5t 9 error4 ,:5 m5 saw !m ca/ into "o abyss aft] ano!r1 !y w\ld h recognis$ a sy/em1--false und\bt$ly2 b1 at any rate1 a sy/em4 ,z x is1 x has n be5 ev5 t3 if y exam9e ! words & ! acts ( ! fir/ ,re=m]s1 y w f9d t !y made use ( ?is pr9ciple z a means ( resi/+ ! au?ority :i* controll$ !m1 b t !y nev] dream$ ( e/abli%+ x p]man5tly2 t if !y labor$ to upset lawful au?ority1 x 0 = ! purpose ( usurp+ ! comm& !mselves2 t is to say1 t !y foll[$1 9 ?is respect1 ! example ( revolutioni/s ( all k9ds1 ( all ages1 & ( all c\ntries4 ,ev]ybody kn[s h[ f> ,lu!r c>ri$ 8 fanatical intol]ance2 he :o c\ld n be> ! slighte/ contradiction1 ei!r f 8 own disciples or anybody else1 )\t giv+ way to ! mo/ s5seless fits ( passion1 & ! mo/ unwor?y outrages4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ( ,engl&1 :o f\nd$ !re :at is call$ ! lib]ty ( ?9k+1 s5t to ! scaffold ^? :o did n ?9k z he did2 & x 0 at ! in/igation ( ,calv9 t ,s]vetus 0 burnt alive at ,g5eva4 ,i insi/ ^u ?is po9t1 because x seems to me to be ( great importance4 ,m5 are b too mu* incl9$ to pride2 & if !y he>d x con/antly repeat$1 )\t contradiction1 t ! innovators ( ! sixte5? c5tury proclaim$ ! fre$om ( ?\ght1 a secret int]e/ might be excit$ 9 _! favor2 _! viol5t declamations might be reg>d$ z ! expressions ( a g5]\s movem5t1 & _! ef=ts z a noble attempt to ass]t ! rights ( intellectual fre$om4 ,let x be kn[n1 nev] to be =gott51 t if ^! m5 proclaim$ ! pr9ciple ( free exam9ation1 x 0 = ! purpose ( mak+ use ( x aga9/ legitimate au?ority2 b t !y attempt$1 z soon z !y c\ld1 to impose ^u o!rs ! yoke ( _! own op9ions4 ,_! con/ant endeav\r 01 to de/roy ! au?ority :i* came f ,god1 9 ord] to e/abli% _! own ^u its ru9s4 ,x is a pa9ful necessity to be oblig$ to give pro(s ( ?is ass]tion2 n because !y are difficult to f9d1 b because "o _c adduce ! mo/ inconte/able ( !m )\t call+ to m9d words & de$s :i* n only cov] ) disgrace ! f\nd]s ( ,prote/antism1 b are ( su* a nature1 t !y _c be m5tion$ )\t a blu% on ! *eek1 or writt5 )\t a /a9 ^u ! pap]4#b ,prote/antism1 :5 view$ 9 a mass1 appe>s only a %apeless collection ( innum]able sects1 all oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & agree+ only 9 "o po9t1 viz4 9 prote/+ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we only f9d among !m p>ticul> & exclusive names1 commonly tak5 f ! names ( _! f\nd]s2 9 va9 h !y made a ?\s& ef=ts to give !mselves a g5]al "n expressive ( a positive idea2 !y are /ill call$ aft] ! mann] ( philosophical sects4 ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 ,zu+lians1 ,anglicans1 ,soc9ians1 ,arm9ians1 ,anabapti/s1 all ^! names1 ( :i* ,i c\ld furni% an endless ho/1 only s]ve to exhibit ! n>r[ness ( ! circle 9 :i* ^! sects are enclos$2 & x is only necess>y to pron\nce !m1 to %[ t !y conta9 no?+ univ]sal1 no?+ great4 ,ev]ybody :o kn[s any ?+ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion mu/ be conv9c$ by ?is fact alone1 t ^! sects are n truly ,*ri/ian4 ,b :at occurr$ :5 ,prote/antism attempt$ to take a g5]al "n1 is s+ul>ly rem>kable4 ,if y exam9e its hi/ory1 y w see t all ! names :i* x attempt$ to give itself fail$1 if !y conta9$ any positive idea1 or any m>k ( ,*ri/ianity2 b t x adopt$ a "n tak5 by *ance at ! ,diet ( ,spires2 a "n :i* c>ries ) x its own condemnation1 because x is repugnant to ! orig91 to ! _s1 to ! maxims1 to ! entire hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 a "n :i* does n express t unity--t union :i* is insep>ably connect$ ) ! ,*ri/ian "n2 a "n :i* is peculi>ly becom+ to x1 :i* all ! _w gives to x by acclamation1 :i* is truly its own--viz4 ,prote/antism4#c ,)9 ! va/ limits m>k$ out by ?is "n1 !re is room = e error & = e sect4 ,y may d5y ) ! ,lu!rans ! lib]ty ( man1 or r5ew ) ! ,arm9ians ! errors ( ,pelagius4 ,y may admit ) "s t real pres5ce1 :i* y are free to reject ) ! ,calv9i/s & ,zu+lians2 y may jo9 ) ! ,soc9ians 9 d5y+ ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 y may atta* y\rself to ,episcopalians1 to ,puritans1 or1 if y please1 to ! extravagances ( ! ,quak]s2 x is ( no consequ5ce1 = y always rema9 a ,prote/ant1 = y prote/ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 y\r field is s ext5sive1 t y c h>dly escape f x1 h[ev] great may be y\r w&]+s2 x conta9s all ! va/ ext5t t we behold on com+ =? f ! gates ( ! ,holy ,city4#d ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,causes ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ! causes ( ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism 9 ,europe1 ( its developm5t1 & ( its success8 ,?is is a "q well wor?y ( be+ exam9$ to ! bottom1 because x w lead u to inquire into ! orig9 ( ?is great evil1 & w put u 9 a condition to =m ! be/ idea ( ?is ph5om5on1 s (t5 b s imp]fectly describ$4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to look = ! causes ( an ev5t ( ?is nature & importance1 9 circum/ances ei!r trivial 9 !mselves1 or circumscrib$ by places & ev5ts ( a limit$ k9d4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t va/ results c be produc$ by trifl+ causes2 & if x be true t great ev5ts sometimes h _! comm5cem5t 9 little ones1 x is no less c]ta9 t ! comm5c+ po9t is n ! cause2 & t to be ! comm5cem5t ( a ?+1 & to be its real cause1 are expressions ( a widely diff]5t mean+4 ,a sp>k produces a dreadful conflagration1 b x is because x falls ^u a heap ( inflammable mat]ials4 ,t :i* is g5]al mu/ h g5]al causes2 & t :i* is la/+ & deeply root$ mu/ h la/+ & pr(\nd causes4 ,?is law is true alike 9 ! moral z 9 ! physical ord]2 b its applications _c be p]ceiv$ )\t great difficulty1 especially 9 ! moral ord]1 :]e ?+s ( great importance are sometimes clo!d 9 a mean ext]ior2 :]e ea* effect is f\nd alli$ ) s _m causes at once1 connect$ ) !m by ties s delicate1 t1 possibly1 ! mo/ att5tive & pi]c+ eye may miss altoge!r1 or reg>d z a trifle1 t :i* p]haps has produc$ v great results3 trifl+ ?+s1 on ! o!r h&1 are frequ5tly s cov]$ ) glitt]1 t9sel1 & p>ade1 t x is v easy to be deceiv$ by !m4 ,we are always too mu* incl9$ to judge by appe>ances4 ,x w appe> f ^! pr9ciples1 t ,i am n dispos$ to give great importance to ! rivalry excit$ by ! prea*+ ( indulg5ces1 or to ! excesses :i* may h be5 committ$ by "s inf]iors 9 ?is matt]2 ^! ?+s may h be5 an occasion1 a pretext1 a signal to comm5ce ! conte/1 b !y 7 ( too little importance 9 !mselves to put ! _w 9 flames4 ,!re w\ld be1 p]haps1 m app>5t plausibility 9 seek+ = ! causes ( ,prote/antism 9 ! *>act]s & positions ( ! fir/ re=m]s2 b ?is also w\ld be unsatisfactory4 ,p lay great /ress on ! viol5ce & fury ( ! writ+s & spee*es ( ,lu!r1 & %[ h[ apt ?is savage eloqu5ce 0 to inflame m5's m9ds1 & drag !m into ! new errors by ! deadly hatr$ aga9/ ,rome ) :i* x inspir$ !m4 ,too mu* /ress also is laid on ! sophi/ical art1 ! ord] & elegance ( ! /yle ( ,calv92 qualities :i* s]v$ to give an appe>ance ( regul>ity to ! %apeless mass ( new errors1 & make !m m acceptable to m5 ( good ta/e4 ,! tal5ts & o!r qualities ( ! v>i\s innovators are describ$ 9 ! same way ) m or less tru?4 ,i w n d5y to ,lu!r1 ,calv91 & ! o!r f\nd]s ( ,prote/antism1 ! titles on :i* _! sad celebrity is f\nd$2 b ,i v5ture to ass]t t we _c attribute to _! p]sonal qualities ! pr9cipal influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( ?is evil1 )\t palpably mi/ak+ & und]rat+ ! importance ( ! evil itself1 & =gett+ ! in/ructions ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,if we exam9e ^! m5 ) imp>tiality1 we %all f9d t _! qualities 7 n great] ?an ^? ( o!r sect>ian lead]s1 if s great4 ,_! tal5ts1 _! le>n+1 & _! k1 h pass$ ?r\gh ! crucible ( criticism1 & !re is1 ev5 among ,prote/ants1 no well-in/ruct$ & imp>tial p]son :o does n n[ consid] ! extravagant eulogiums :i* h be5 lavi%$ ^u !m1 z ! exagg]ations ( p>ty4 ,!y are class$ among ! numb] ( ^? turbul5t m5 :o are well fitt$ to excite revolutions2 b ! hi/ory ( all times & c\ntries1 & ! exp]i5ce ( e day1 tea* t m5 ( ?is k9d are n uncommon1 & t !y arise ev]y:]e :5 a sad comb9ation ( ev5ts af=ds !m a fit opportunity4 ,:5 causes m 9 proportion to ,prote/antism1 by _! ext5t & importance1 are s\ght =1 two are commonly po9t$ out3 ! necessity ( re=m1 & ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,!re 7 num]\s abuses1 says "o p>ty2 legitimate re=m 0 neglect$3 ?is neglig5ce produc$ revolution4 ,! human intellect 0 9 fett]s1 says ano!r2 ! m9d long$ to break its *a9s2 ,prote/antism 0 only a gr& ef=t = ! fre$om ( human ?\ght1 a great movem5t t[>ds lib]at+ ! human m9d4 ,x is true1 t ^! two op9ions po9t out causes ( great importance & ( wide ext5t3 bo? are well adapt$ to make p>tisans4 ,! "o1 by e/abli%+ ! necessity ( re=m1 op5s a wide field = ! c5sure ( neglect$ laws & relax$ morals2 ?is !me always f9ds sympa?y 9 ! he>t ( man1--indulg5t t[>ds its own defects1 b /]n & inexorable t[>ds ! faults ( o!rs4 ,) respect to ! o!r op9ion1 :i* raises ! cry ( ! movem5t ( religi\s lib]ty & ! fre$om ( ! human m9d1 x is sure to be widely adopt$3 !re are always a ?\s& e*oes to a cry :i* flatt]s our pride4 ,i d n d5y t a re=m 0 necess>y2 to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 ,i ne$ only glance at hi/ory1 & li/5 to ! compla9ts ( sev]al great m51 ju/ly reg>d$ by ! ,*ur* z among ! mo/ *]i%$ ( h] sons4 ,i read 9 ! fir/ decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 t "o ( ! objects ( ! ,c\ncil 0 ! re=m ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy & p2 ,i le>n f ! m\? ( ,pius ,,iv41 :5 confirm+ ! said ,c\ncil1 t "o ( ! objects = :i* x 0 assembl$1 0 ! correction ( morals1 & ! re-e/abli%m5t ( discipl9e4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 ,i am n incl9$ to give to abuses s mu* influ5ce z has be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,i mu/ also say1 t x appe>s to me t we give a v bad solution ( ! "q1 :51 to %[ ! real cause ( ! evil1 we insi/ on ! fatal results produc$ by ^! abuses4 ,^! words also1 a new movem5t ( lib]ty1 appe> to me altoge!r insuffici5t4 ,i %all say1 !n1 ) fre$om1 9 spite ( my respect = ^? :o ent]ta9 ! fir/ op9ion1 & my e/eem = ! tal5ts ( ^? :o ref] all to ! _s ( lib]ty1 t ,i _c f9d 9 ei!r t analysis1 at once philosophical & hi/orical1 :i*1 )\t w&]+ f ! gr\nd ( hi/ory1 exam9es facts1 cle>s !m up1 %[s _! inw>d nature1 _! relations & connections4 ,if m5 h w&]$ s mu* 9 ! def9ition & explanation ( ,prote/antism1 x is because !y h n suffici5tly obs]v$ t x is n only a fact common to all ages ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 b t its importance & its p>ticul> *>act]i/ics are ow+ to ! epo* :5 x arose4 ,?is simple consid]ation1 f\nd$ on ! con/ant te/imony ( hi/ory1 cle>s up e ?+2 we h no long] to seek 9 ! doctr9es ( ,prote/antism = any ?+ s+ul> or extraord9>y2 all its *>act]i/ics prove t x 0 born 9 ,europe1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i %all develop ^! ideas1 n by fanciful reason+s or gratuit\s suppositions1 b by adduc+ facts :i* nobody c d5y4 ,x is indisputable t ! pr9ciple ( submission to au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai? has always enc\nt]$ a vigor\s resi/ance 9 ! human m9d4 ,i %all n po9t out "h ! causes ( ?is resi/ance2 ,i propose to d s 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w2 ,i %all cont5t myself at pres5t ) /at+ ?is fact1 & rem9d+ ^? :o may be incl9$ to call x 9 "q1 t ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* has always be5 accompani$ by ! hi/ory ( h]esies4 ,?is fact has pres5t$ diff]5t phases accord+ to ! *anges ( "t & place4 ,sometimes mak+ a rude mixture ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 sometimes comb9+ ! doctr9es ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ) ! dreams ( ! ,ea/1 or corrupt+ ! purity ( fai? by ! subtilties & *ican]ies ( ,grecian sophi/ry2 ?is fact pres5ts u ) z _m diff]5t aspects z !re are conditions ( ! m9d ( man4 ,b we always f9d 9 x two g5]al *>act]i/ics1 :i* cle>ly %[ t x has always _h ! same orig91 not)/&+ ! v>iation 9 its object & 9 ! nature ( its results3 ^! two *>act]i/ics are1 hatr$ ( ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! _s ( sect4 ,9 all ages sects h aris51 oppos+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & e/abli%+ z dogmas ! errors ( _! f\nd]s3 x 0 natural = ! same ?+ to happ5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,n[1 if t age _h be5 an exception to ! g5]al rule1 x seems to me1 look+ at ! nature ( ! human m9d1 t we %\ld h _h to answ] ?is v difficult "q1 ,h[ is x possible t no sect appe>$ 9 t age8 ,i say1 !n1 error hav+ once aris5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 no matt] :at may h be5 its orig91 occasion1 & pretext--a c]ta9 numb] ( foll[]s hav+ assembl$ ar\nd its bann]--,prote/antism =?) pres5ts itself be=e me 9 all its ext5t1 ) its transc5d5t importance1 its divisions1 & subdivisions2 ,i see x1 ) boldness & en]gy1 mak+ a g5]al attack on all ! doctr9es & discipl9e taught & obs]v$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 place ( ,lu!r1 ,zu+lius1 & ,calv91 let u suppose ,arius1 ,ne/orius1 & ,pelagius2 9 place ( ! errors ( ! =m]1 let !m tea* ! errors ( ! latt]2 x w all lead to ! same result4 ,! errors w excite sympa?y2 !y w f9d def5d]s2 !y w animate en?usia/s2 !y w spread1 !y w be propagat$ ) ! rapidity ( fire1 !y w be diffus$1 !y w ?r[ sp>ks 9 all directions2 !y w all be def5d$ ) a %[ ( k & erudition2 cre$s w *ange unceas+ly2 a ?\s& pr(essions ( fai? w be drawn up2 ! liturgy w be alt]$1--w be de/roy$2 ! bonds ( discipl9e w be brok52 we %all h to sum up all 9 "o ^w1 ,prote/antism4 ,h[ did x happ5 t ! evil 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 necess>ily s ext5sive1 s great1 & s important8 ,x 0 because ! society ( t "t 0 diff]5t f any o!r t _h prec$$ x2 t :i* at o!r times w\ld only h produc$ a p>tial fire1 necess>ily caus$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury a frightful conflagration4 ,europe 0 !n compos$ ( a numb] ( imm5se /ates1 ca/1 s to speak1 9 ! same m\ld1 resembl+ ea* o!r 9 ideas1 mann]s1 laws & in/itutions1 drawn toge!r incessantly by an active communication :i* 0 kept up alt]nately by rival & common int]e/s2 k f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 language an easy means ( diffusion2 9 f9e1 mo/ important ( all1 !re _h become g5]al ov] all ,europe a rapid means ( dissem9at+ ideas & feel+s1 a creation :i* _h fla%$ f ! human m9d l a miracul\s illum9ation1 a presage ( colossal de/9ies1 viz4 ! press4 ,su* is ! activity ( ! m9d ( man1 & ! ard\r ) :i* x embraces all sorts ( innovation1 t :5 once ! /&>d ( error 0 plant$1 a multitude ( p>tisans 7 sure to rally r\nd x4 ,! yoke ( au?ority once ?r[n (f1 9 c\ntries :]e inve/igation 0 s active1 :]e s _m discussions 7 c>ri$ on1 :]e ideas 7 9 su* a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce1 & :]e all ! sci5ces began to g]m9ate1 x 0 impossible = ! re/less m9d ( man to rema9 fix$ on any po9t1 & a sw>m ( sects 0 necess>ily produc$4 ,!re is no middle pa?2 ei!r civiliz$ nations mu/ rema9 ,ca?olic1 or run ?r\gh all ! =ms ( error4 ,if !y d n atta* !mselves firmly to ! an*or ( tru?1 we %all see !m make a g5]al attack ^u x1 we %all see !m assail x 9 itself1 9 all t x tea*es1 9 all t x prescribes4 ,a man ( free & active m9d w rema9 tranquil 9 ! peaceful regions ( tru?1 or he w seek = x ) re/lessness & disquietude4 ,if he f9d only false pr9ciples to re/ on1--if he feel ! gr\nd move "u 8 feet1 he w *ange 8 position e mom5t1 he w leap f error to error1 & precipitate himself f "o abyss to ano!r4 ,to live amid errors1 & be cont5t$ ) !m1 to transmit error f g5]ation to g5]ation1 )\t modification or *ange1 is peculi> to ^? :o vegetate 9 debasem5t & ignorance2 !re ! m9d ( man is n active1 because x is asleep4 ,f ! po9t ( view :]e we h n[ plac$ ourselves1 we c see ,prote/antism su* z x is4 ,f ?is comm&+ position we see e ?+ 9 its place1 & x is possible = u to appreciate its dim5sions1 to p]ceive its relations1 calculate its influ5ce1 & expla9 its anomalies4 ,m5 !re assume _! true position2 z !y are se5 9 close proximity ) ! great mass ( ev5ts1 !y appe> 9 ! picture z v small figures1 = :i* o!rs may be sub/itut$ )\t inconv5i5ce2 :i* may be plac$ ne>] or f>!r (f1 & ! features & complexion ( :i* are n ( any consequ5ce4 ,( :at importance1 !n1 are ! en]gy ( "*1 ! passion1 & boldness ( ,lu!r1 ! lit]>y poli% ( ,melanc?on1 & ! sophi/ical tal5ts ( ,calv98 ,we are conv9c$1 t to lay /ress ^u all ?is1 is to lose our "t1 & expla9 no?+4 ,:at 7 ^! m51 & ! o!r coryphi ( ,prote/antism8 ,0 !re any ?+ really extraord9>y ab\t !m8 ,we %all f9d m5 l !m ev]y:]e4 ,!re are "s among !m :o did n surpass m$iocrity2 & x may be said ( almo/ all1 t if !y _h n obta9$ an unhappy celebrity1 !y w\ld h>dly h be5 celebrat$ at all4 ,:y1 !n1 did !y effect su* great ?+s8 ,!y f\nd a mass ( combu/ibles1 & !y set !m on fire4 ,c]ta9ly ?is 0 n difficult1 & yet x 0 all !y did4 ,:5 ,i see ,lu!r1 mad ) pride1 commit ^? extravagances :i* 7 ! subject ( s _m lam5tations on ! "p ( 8 fri5ds--:5 ,i see him grossly insult all :o oppose him1 put himself 9 a passion1 & vomit =? a torr5t ( impure words aga9/ all ^? :o d n humble !mselves 9 8 pres5ce1 ,i am sc>cely mov$ by any o!r feel+ ?an pity4 ,?is man1 :o _h ! extraord9>y mania ( call+ himself ! ,no?>ius ,dei1 became deliri\s2 b he brea!d1 & 8 brea? 0 foll[$ by a t]rible conflagration3 x 0 because a p[d]-magaz9e 0 at h& on :i* he ?rew a sp>k4 ,nev]!less1 l a man bl9d$ by insanity1 he cri$ out1 ,behold my p[]6 ,i brea!1 & my brea? puts ! _w 9 flames6 ,b1 y w ask me1 :at 0 ! real influ5ce ( abuses8 ,if we take c>e n to leave ! po9t ( view :]e we n[ are1 we %all see t !y 7 an occasion1 & t !y sometimes af=d$ food1 b t !y did n ex]cise all ! influ5ce :i* has be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,d ,i wi%1 !n1 to d5y1 or to excuse !m8 ,n at all4 ,i c appreciate ! compla9ts ( "s m51 :o are wor?y ( ! mo/ pr(\nd respect2 b :ile lam5t+ ! evil1 ^! m5 nev] pret5d$ to detail ! consequ5ces4 ,! j man :5 he raises 8 voice aga9/ vice1 ! m9i/] ( ! sanctu>y :5 he is burn+ ) zeal = ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 express !mselves 9 acc5ts s l\d & vehem5t1 t !y mu/ n always be tak5 lit]ally4 ,_! :ole he>ts are op5$1 &1 inflam$ z !y are ) a zeal\s love ( ju/ice1 !y make use ( burn+ words4 ,m5 )\t fai? int]pret _! expressions malici\sly1 exagg]at+ & misrepres5t+ !m4 ,x appe>s to me to be cle>1 f :at ,i h j %[n1 t ! pr9cipal cause ( ,prote/antism is n to be f\nd 9 ! abuses ( ! middle ages4 ,all t c be said is1 t !y af=d$ opportunities & pretexts = x4 ,to ass]t ! contr>y w\ld be to ma9ta9 t !re 7 always num]\s abuses 9 ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+1 ev5 9 ! "t ( h] primitive f]vor1 & ( t prov]bial purity ( :i* our oppon5ts h said s mu*2 = ev5 !n !re 7 sw>ms ( sects :o prote/$ aga9/ h] doctr9es1 d5i$ h] div9e au?ority1 & call$ !mselves ! true ,*ur*4 ,! case is ! same1 & ! inf]5ce _c be d5i$4 ,if y allege ! ext5t & rapid propagation ( ,prote/antism1 ,i w rem9d y t su* 0 also ! case ) o!r sects2 ,i w repeat to y ! words ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ) reg>d to ! ravages ( ,arianism3 ,all ! _w groans1 & is full ( a/oni%m5t at f9d+ itself ,arian4 ,i w repeat1 aga91 t if y obs]ve any ?+ rem>kable & peculi> belong+ to ,prote/antism1 x ought n to be attribut$ to abuses1 b to ! epo* :5 x appe>$4 ,i believe ,i h said en\gh to give an idea ( ! influ5ce :i* abuses c\ld ex]t2 yet1 z x is a subject :i* has occupi$ mu* att5tion1 & on :i* _m mi/akes h be5 made1 x w be well to rev]t to x once m1 to make our ideas on ! subject /ill cle>]4 ,t lam5table abuses _h crept 9 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! middle ages1 t ! corruption ( mann]s _h be5 great1 & t1 consequ5tly1 re=m 0 requir$1 is a fact :i* _c be d5i$4 ,?is fact is prov$ to u1 ) respect to ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 by irreproa*able witnesses1 su* z ,/4 ,pet] ,dami51 ,/4 ,gregory ,,vii41 & ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,"s c5turies lat]1 ev5 aft] _m abuses _h be5 correct$1 !y 7 /ill b too consid]able1 z is witness$ by ! compla9ts ( m5 :o 7 inflam$ ) a desire ( re=m4 ,we _c =get ! al>m+ words address$ by ,c>d9al ,julian to ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv41 on ! subject ( ! disord]s ( ! cl]gy1 especially ^? ( ,g]many4 ,hav+ fully av[$ ! tru? on ?is po9t1 & my op9ion t ! cause ( ,ca?olicity does n require dissimulation or falsehood to def5d x1 ,i %all devote a few words to exam9+ "s important que/ions4 ,are we to blame ! c\rt ( ,rome or ! bi%ops = ^! great abuses8 ,i v5ture to ?9k t !y 7 to be attribut$ to ! evils ( ! "t alone4 ,let u call to m9d ! ev5ts :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! mid/ ( ,europe2 ! dissolution ( ! decrepit & corrupt empire ( ,rome2 ! irruption & inundation ( nor!rn b>b>ians2 _! fluctuations1 _! w>s1 sometimes ) ea* o!r1 & sometimes ) ! conqu]$ nations1 & t = s _m ages2 ! e/abli%m5t & absolute reign ( feudalism1 ) all its inconv5i5ces1 its evils1 its tr\bles1 & disa/]s2 ! invasion ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & _! dom9ion ov] a l>ge portion ( ,europe2 n[1 let any reflect+ man ask himself :e!r su* revolutions mu/ n ( necessity produce ignorance1 corruption ( morals1 & ! relaxation ( all discipl9e4 ,h[ c\ld ! ecclesia/ical society escape be+ deeply affect$ by ?is dissolution1 ?is de/ruction ( ! civil society8 ,c\ld %e help p>ticipat+ 9 ! evils ( ! horrible /ate ( *aos into :i* ,europe 0 !n plung$8 ,b 7 ! _s & ard5t desire ( re=m+ abuses ev] want+ 9 ! ,*ur*8 ,x c be %[n t !y 7 n4 ,i w n m5tion ! sa9ts :om %e did n cease to produce dur+ ^! unhappy p]iods2 hi/ory proves _! numb] & _! virtues1 :i*1 s vividly contra/+ ) ! corruption ( ! age1 %[ t ! div9e flames :i* desc5d$ on ! ,apo/les _h n be5 ext+ui%$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is fact proves mu*2 b !re is ano!r /ill m rem>kable1 a fact less subject to dispute1 & :i* we _c be accus$ ( exagg]at+2 a fact :i* is n limit$ to individuals1 b :i* is1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ complete expression ( ! _s by :i* ! :ole body ( ! ,*ur* 0 animat$2 ,i mean1 ! con/ant meet+ ( c\ncils1 9 :i* abuses 7 reprov$ & condemn$1 & 9 :i* sanctity ( morals & ! obs]vance ( discipl9e 7 cont9ually inculcat$4 ,happily ?is consol+ fact is indisputable2 x is op5 to e eye2 & to be aw>e ( x1 "o only ne$s to consult a volume ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 or ! proce$+s ( c\ncils4 ,!re is no fact m wor? our att5tion2 & ,i w add1 t p]haps all its importance has n be5 obs]v$4 ,let u rem>k :at passes 9 o!r societies3 we see t 9 proportion to ! *ange ( ideas & mann]s1 laws ev]y:]e und]go a rapid modification2 & if mann]s & ideas come to be directly oppos$ to laws1 ! latt]1 r$uc$ to sil5ce1 are soon ei!r aboli%$ or trodd5 "u foot4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort has happ5$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,corruption has ext5d$ itself ev]y:]e to a lam5table degree2 ! m9i/]s ( religion h all[$ !mselves to be c>ri$ away by ! /ream1 & h =gott5 ! sanctity ( _! vocation2 b ! sacr$ fire did n cease to burn 9 ! sanctu>y2 ! law 0 !re con/antly proclaim$ & inculcat$2 &1 wond]ful spectacle6 ! m5 :o !mselves violat$ x frequ5tly assembl$ to condemn !mselves1 to c5sure _! own conduct1 & ?us to r5d] m public & m palpable ! contra/ :i* exi/$ betwe5 _! in/ructions & _! actions4 ,simony & incont95ce 7 ! prevail+ vices2 if y op5 ! canons ( c\ncils1 y w f9d !m ev]y:]e ana!matiz$4 ,n[h]e d y f9d a /ruggle s prolong$1 s con/ant1 s p]sev]+1 ( "r aga9/ wrong2 y always see1 ?r\gh\t s _m ages1 ! law1 oppos$ face to face to ! irregul> passions1 ma9ta9 itself firm & immovable1 )\t yield+ a s+le /ep1 )\t all[+ !m a mom5t ( repose or peace until !y 7 subjugat$4 ,& ?is con/ancy & t5acity ( ! ,*ur* 7 n useless4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 at ! "t :5 ,prote/antism appe>$1 we f9d abuses comp>atively less num]\s1 morals p]ceptibly improv$1 discipl9e become m /rict1 & obs]v$ ) suffici5t regul>ity4 ,! "t :5 ,lu!r declaim$ 0 n l t :5 ,/4 ,pet] ,dami5 & ,/4 ,b]n>d deplor$ ! evils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! *aos 0 r$uc$ to =m2 ord]1 light1 & regul>ity _h made rapid progress2 & an inconte/able pro( t ! ,*ur* 0 n !n plung$ 9 su* ignorance & corruption z is alleg$1 is1 t %e produc$ ! great assemblage ( sa9ts :o %$ s mu* lu/re on ! age1 & ! m5 :o display$ _! em95t wisdom at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,let u rememb] t great re=ms require mu* "t2 t !y met ) mu* resi/ance bo? f ! cl]gy & laity2 t = hav+ und]tak5 !m ) firmness1 & urg$ !m ) vig\r1 ,gregory ,,vii4 has be5 *>g$ ) ra%ness4 ,let u n judge ( m5 )\t reg>d to times & places2 & let u n pret5d to measure e ?+ accord+ to our own limit$ ideas2 ages move 9 an imm5se orbit1 & ! v>iety ( circum/ances produces situations s /range & complicat$ t we c h>dly =m an idea ( !m4 ,bossuet1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations1 aft] hav+ diff]5tly class$ ! _s :i* guid$ c]ta9 m51 be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 _! attempts at re=m1 & hav+ cit$ ! ?reat5+ words ( ,c>d9al ,julian on ! subject ( abuses1 adds3 ,x is ?us t1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?is c>d9al1 ! greate/ man ( 8 times1 deplor$ ^! evils1 & =esaw _! fatal effects2 by :i* he seems to h pr$ict$ ^? t ,lu!r 0 ab\t to br+ on all ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ! fir/ place on ,g]many2 & he 0 n deceiv$ :5 he ?\ght t ! neglect ( re=mation1 & ! increas$ hatr$ aga9/ ! cl]gy1 0 ab\t to produce a sect m dang]\s to ! ,*ur* ?an ! ,bohemians4 7,hi/4 des ,v>iat4 liv4 i47 ,x is inf]r$ f ^! words t ! illu/ri\s ,bi%op ( ,meaux f\nd "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ,prote/antism 9 ! omission ( a legitimate re=m made 9 "t4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ n suppose f ?is t ,bossuet meant1 9 any degree1 to excuse ! promot]s ( x1 or t he _h any idea ( sanction+ _! int5tions2 on ! contr>y1 he rank$ !m z turbul5t innovators1 :o1 f> f promot+ ! real re=m :i* 0 desir$ by wise & prud5t m51 only s]v$ to r5d] x m difficult1 by introduc+1 by ! means ( _! errone\s doctr9es1 ! _s ( disob$i5ce1 s*ism1 & h]esy4 ,9 spite ( ! au?ority ( ,bossuet1 ,i _c p]suade myself to look ^u abuses z "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ,prote/antism2 b x is n necess>y to repeat :at ,i h said 9 support ( ?is op9ion4 ,x may n1 h[ev]1 be useless to repeat1 t ! au?ority ( ,bossuet is misappli$ :5 us$ to ju/ify ! int5tions ( ! re=m]s1 s9ce ! illu/ri\s prelate is ! fir/ to decl>e !m highly culpable1 & to obs]ve1 t if abuses 7 9 exi/5ce1 _! int5tion 0 n to correct !m1 b r to make !m a pretext = ab&on+ ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*1 ?r[+ (f ! yoke ( lawful au?ority1 break+ ! b&s ( discipl9e1 & introduc+ !reby disord] & lic5ti\sness4 ,h[1 inde$1 c we attribute to ! re=m]s ! real _s ( re=m1 :5 almo/ all ( !m prov$ ! contr>y by ! ignom9y ( _! own conduct8 ,if !y _h condemn$1 by ! au/]ity ( _! morals1 or by devot+ !mselves to a sev]e asceticism1 ! relaxations ( :i* !y compla9$1 !re might be a "q :e!r _! extravagances 7 n ! effects ( exagg]at$ zeal1 & if "s excess 9 ! love ( virtue _h n drawn !m into error4 ,b !y did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,let u he> on ?is po9t an eye-witness1 a man :o c]ta9ly _c be accus$ ( fanaticism1 s9ce ! connection :i* he _h ) ! lead]s ( ,prote/antism has r5d]$ him culpable 9 ! eyes ( _m4 ,behold :at ,erasmus said1 ) 8 usual wit & bitt]ness3 ,! re=m1 z f> z x has gone1 has be5 limit$ to ! secul>ization ( a few nuns & ! m>riage ( a few prie/s2 & ?is great trag$y f9i%es ) an ev5t altoge!r comic1 s9ce e ?+ is w\nd up1 z 9 com$ies1 by a m>riage4 ,?is %[s to conviction ! true _s ( ! innovators ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is cle> t1 f> f wi%+ ! re=mation ( abuses1 !y wi%$ r to increase !m4 ,?is b>e consid]ation ( facts has l$ ,m4 ,guizot1 on ?is po9t1 into ! pa? ( tru?1 :5 he rejects ! op9ion ( ^? :o pret5d1 t ! ,re=mation 0 an attempt conceiv$ & execut$ simply ) ! int5tion ( recon/ruct+ a pure & primitive ,*ur*4 ,! ,re=mation1 he said1 0 n a m]e attempt at religi\s amelioration1 or ! fruit ( a ,utopian humanity & virtue4 7,hi/oire ,gnrale de la ,civilisation en ,europe1 d\zime leon47 ,we %all h n[ no difficulty 9 appreciat+ at its j value ! explanation :i* ! same writ] gives ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,! ,re=mation1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 0 a great attempt at ! lib]ation ( human ?\ght--an upris+ ( ! m9d ( man4 ,?is attempt1 accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot1 arose out ( ! en]getic movem5t giv5 to ! human m9d1 & ! /ate ( inaction into :i* ! ,roman ,*ur* _h fall52 x arose f ?is1 t ! human m9d advanc$ rapidly & impetu\sly1 :ile ! ,*ur* rema9$ /ation>y4 ,explanations ( ?is k9d1 & ?is "o 9 p>ticul>1 are v apt to draw admir]s & proselytes2 ^! ideas are high1 & plac$ on a level s l(ty & ext5d$1 t !y _c be look$ at closely by ! g5]ality ( read]s2 &1 moreov]1 !y appe> 9 brilliant imag]y1 :i* bl9ds ! sight & prejudices ! judgm5t4 ,t :i* re/ra9s fre$om ( ?\ght1 z und]/ood by ,m4 ,guizot & o!r ,prote/ants is1 au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?3 x 01 !n1 aga9/ ?is au?ority t ! upris+ ( ! m9d decl>$ itself2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! m9d rebell$1 because x advanc$1 :ile ! ,*ur*1 immovable 9 h] doctr9es1 01 accord+ to ! expression ( ,m4 ,guizot1 9 a /ation>y /ate4 ,:atev] may be ! disposition ( m9d ( ,m4 ,guizot t[>ds ! dogmas ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 he ought1 z a philosoph]1 to h se5 t x 0 a great mi/ake to po9t out z ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( "o p]iod1 t :i* _h be5 at e "t a glori\s title = ! ,*ur*4 ,= m ?an eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ! ,*ur* has be5 /ation>y 9 h] dogmas1 & x is no equivocal pro( t %e possesses ! tru?3 ! tru? is un*angeable1 because x is "o4 ,:at ! ,*ur* 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 %e _h be5 be=e1 & %e has be5 s9ce4 ,%e _h no?+ p>ticul>1 %e adopt$ no new *>act]i/ic4 ,! reason1 !n1 by :i* x is attempt$ to expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 viz4 ! upris+ ( ! m9d1 _c advance ! explanation a s+le /ep2 & if ?is be ! reason :y ,m4 ,guizot comp>es ! ,*ur* to gov]nm5ts gr[n old1 we w tell him t %e has _h ?is old age f h] cradle4 ,m4 ,guizot1 z if he _h himself felt ! weakness ( 8 reason+1 pres5ts 8 ?\ghts 9 gr\ps1 & z x 7 ple-mle2 he p>ades be=e 8 read]s ideas ( diff]5t k9ds1 )\t tak+ pa9s to classify or di/+ui% !m2 "o w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k t he meant to di/ract !m by v>iety1 & conf\nd !m by mixture4 ,judg+1 inde$1 f ! context ( 8 disc\rse1 ! epi!ts in]t & /ation>y1 :i* he applies to ! ,*ur*1 d n appe>1 accord+ to 8 int5tion1 to relate to matt]s ( fai?2 & he gives u to und]/& t he speaks r ( ! pret5sions ( ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to politics & /ate economy4 ,he has tak5 pa9s1 else:]e1 to repel z calumnies1 ! *>ges ( tyranny & intol]ance :i* h be5 s (t5 made aga9/ ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,we f9d "h an incoh]5ce ( ideas :i* 0 n to be expect$ 9 s cle> a m9d2 & z _m p]sons may sc>cely be incl9$ to believe h[ f> ?is incoh]5ce ext5ds1 x is necess>y to give 8 words lit]ally3 !y w %[ u into :at inconsi/5cies great m9ds c fall :5 !y are plac$ 9 a false position4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! human m9d1 ! spiritual p[]1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 _h fall5 into an in]t & /ation>y condition4 ,! political influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ! c\rt ( ,rome1 0 mu* dim9i%$2 ,european society no long] 0 rul$ by x2 x _h pass$ "u ! control ( lay gov]nm5ts4 ,nev]!less1 ! spiritual p[] pres]v$ all its pret5sions1 all its clat1 all its ext]nal importance4 ,!re happ5$ 9 ?is respect1 :at has m ?an once happ5$ to old gov]nm5ts4 ,! great] "p ( ! compla9ts made aga9/ x 7 h>dly bett] f\nd$4 ,x is evid5t t ,m4 ,guizot1 9 ?is passage1 does n po9t out any ?+ :i* is at all connect$ ) lib]ty1 any ?+ :i* is n q ( ano!r k9d3 :y does he n d s8 ,! c\rt ( ,rome1 he tells u1 _h se5 its political influ5ce dim9i%$1 & yet x pres]v$ its pret5sions2 ! direction ( ,european society no long] belong$ to x1 b ,rome kept its pomp & its ext]nal importance4 ,is any ?+ "h meant besides ! rivalries ( :i* political affairs _h be5 ! subject8 ,did ,m4 ,guizot =get :at he himself said "s pages be=e1 viz4 t x did n appe> to him to be reasonable to assign ! rivalry ( k+s ) ! ecclesia/ical p[] z ! cause ( ,prote/antism1 & t su* a cause 0 n adequate to ! ext5t & importance ( ! ev5t8 ,al?\gh all ?is has no direct connection ) fre$om ( ?\ght1 /ill1 if any "o be incl9$ to attribute ! upris+ ( ! m9d to ! intol]ance ( ! c\rt ( ,rome1 let him li/5 to ,m4 ,guizot3 ,x is n true1 says he1 t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! c\rt ( ,rome 0 v tyrannical2 t abuses1 prop]ly s call$1 7 !n m num]\s1 m cry+1 ?an !y _h be5 at o!r times2 nev]1 p]haps1 on ! contr>y1 _h ! ecclesia/ical p[] be5 m easy1 m tol]ant1 m dispos$ to let ?+s g _! own way4 ,provid$ t x 0 n itself call$ 9 "q1 provid$ t ! rights :i* x _h =m]ly enjoy$ 7 all[$ 9 !ory1 t ! same exi/5ce 0 secur$1 & ! same tributes 7 paid to x1 x w\ld will+ly h all[$ ! human m9d to rema9 at peace1 if ! human m9d _h done ! same 9 respect to x4 ,?us ,m4 ,guizot seems to h =gott5 :at he _h urg$ ) ! view ( %[+ t ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 a great attempt at ! lib]ation ( human ?\ght--a rebellion ( ! m9d ( man4 ,he does n allege any ?+ :i* 0 an ob/acle to ! fre$om ( man's ?\ghts2 & he himself ackn[l$ges t !re 0 no?+ to provoke ?is rebellion1 z1 = example1 intol]ance or cruelty2 he has himself j told u t ! ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 f> f be+ tyrannical1 0 easy & tol]ant1 & t1 if left to itself1 x w\ld will+ly h all[$ ! human m9d to rema9 tranquil4 ,x is1 !n1 evid5t1 t ! great attempt at ! lib]ation ( ! human m9d is1 9 ,m4 ,guizot's m\?1 only a vague1 undef9$ expression1--a brilliant veil ) :i* he seems to h wi%$ to cov] ! cradle ( ,prote/antism1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ inconsi/5t ) 8 own op9ions4 ,he rev]ts to ! political rivalries :i* he be=e reject$4 ,abuses h no importance 9 8 eyes2 he _c f9d 9 !m ! real cause2 & he =gets :at he _h j ass]t$ 9 ! prec$+ lecture1 viz4 t if necess>y re=m _h be5 made 9 "t1 ! religi\s revolution might h be5 avoid$4 ,he tries to give a picture ( ! ob/acles to ! lib]ty ( ?\ght1 & endeav\rs to rise to ! g5]al consid]ations :i* embrace all ! importance & influ5ces ( ! human m9d2 b he /ops at clat1 at ext]nal importance1 & political rivalries2 he l[]s 8 flight to ! level ( tributes & s]vices4 ,?is incoh]5ce ( ideas1 ?is weakness ( reason+1 & =getfulness ( ass]tions previ\sly made1 w appe> /range only to ^? :o are accu/om$ r to admire ! high flights ( tal5t$ m5 ?an to /udy _! ab]rations4 ,x is true t ,m4 ,guizot 0 9 a position 9 :i* x 0 v difficult to avoid be+ dazzl$ & deceiv$4 ,if x be true t we _c obs]ve att5tively :at passes on ! gr\nd ar\nd u )\t n>r[+ our view ( ! horizon1--if ?is me?od leads ! obs]v] to =m a collection ( isolat$ facts r ?an comp>e g5]al maxims1 x is n less c]ta9 t1 by ext5d+ our obs]vations ov] a l>g] space1 we run ! risk ( _m illusions4 ,too great g5]alization bord]s on hypo!sis & fancy4 ,! m9d1 :5 tak+ an immod]ate flight 9 ord] to get a g5]al view ( ?+s1 no long] sees !m z !y really are2 p]haps sometimes ev5 loses sight ( !m altoge!r4 ,!re=e x is t ! l(tie/ m9ds %\ld frequ5tly rememb] ! words ( ,bacon3 ,we d n want w+s1 b lead4 ,too imp>tial n to confess t abuses _h be5 exagg]at$1--too good a philosoph] n to see t !y c\ld n h _h s great an effect1--,m4 ,guizot1 :o 0 prev5t$ by 8 s5se ( dignity & dec5cy f jo9+ ! cr[d :o incessantly raise ! cry ( cruelty & intol]ance1 has made an ef=t to d ju/ice to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 b1 un=tunately1 8 prejudices aga9/ ! ,*ur* w\ld n all[ him to see ?+s 9 _! true light4 ,he 0 aw>e t ! orig9 ( ,prote/antism mu/ be s\ght 9 ! human m9d itself2 b1 kn[+ ! age & epo* :5 he 0 speak+1 he ?\ght x 0 necess>y to propitiate 8 audi5ce by frequ5t appeals to lib]ty1 9 ord] t 8 disc\rse might be well receiv$4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 aft] hav+ temp]$ ! bitt]ness ( 8 reproa*es aga9/ ! ,*ur* by a few s(t words1 he res]ves all t is noble1 gr&1 & g5]\s = ! ideas :i* produc$ ! ,re=mation1 & ?r[s on ! ,*ur* all ! %ad[s ( ! picture4 ,:ile ackn[l$g+ t ! pr9cipal cause ( ,prote/antism is to be f\nd 9 ! human m9d1 x is easy to ab/a9 f ^! unju/ comp>isons2 & ,m4 ,guizot might h avoid$ ! inconsi/5cy to :i* we h allud$4 ,he might h discov]$ ! orig9 ( ! fact 9 ! "* ( ! human m9d2 he might1 at ! same "t1 h %[n ! greatness & importance ( x1 :ile simply expla9+ ! nature & position ( ! societies 9 :i* x appe>$4 ,9 f9e1 he might h obs]v$ t x 0 no extraord9>y ef=t1 b a m]e repetition ( :at has happ5$ 9 e age2 & a ph5om5on1 ! "* ( :i* dep5d$ on ! p>ticul> /ate ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* x 0 produc$4 ,?is way ( consid]+ ,prote/antism z an ord9>y ev5t1 increas$ & develop$ by ! circum/ances 9 :i* x arose1 appe>s to me to be z philosophical z x is little att5d$ to4 ,i %all support x by ano!r obs]vation1 :i* w supply u ) reasons & examples at ! same "t4 ,! /ate ( mod]n society = ?ree hundr$ ye>s has be5 su*1 t all ! ev5ts t h occurr$ h acquir$ a "* ( g5]alization1 & consequ5tly an importance1 :i* di/+ui%es !m f all ! ev5ts ( a simil> k9d :i* occurr$ at o!r times & 9 a diff]5t social /ate4 ,if we exam9e ! hi/ory ( antiquity1 we %all see t all ! ev5ts !re9 occurr+ 7 isolat$ 9 "s sort f ea* o!r2 ?is 0 :at r5d]$ !m less b5eficial :5 !y 7 good1 & less injuri\s :5 !y 7 bad4 ,c>?age1 ,rome1 ,sp>ta1 ,a!ns1 all ^! nations m or less advanc$ 9 ! c>e] ( civilization1 ea* foll[$ its own pa?1 & progress$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,ideas1 mann]s1 political con/itutions1 succe$$ ea* o!r1 )\t our be+ able to p]ceive any influ5ce ( ! ideas ( "o nation on ^? ( ano!r1 or ( ! mann]s ( "o nation on ^? ( ano!r2 we d n f9d any evid5ce ( a t5d5cy to br+ nations to "o common c5tre4 ,we also rem>k t1 except :5 =c$ to int]mix1 anci5t nations c\ld be a long "t 9 close proximity )\t los+ _! peculi>ities1 or suff]+ any important *ange by ! contact4 ,obs]ve h[ diff]5t is ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,europe 9 mod]n times4 ,a revolution 9 "o c\ntry affects all o!rs2 an idea s5t =? f ! s*ools agitates nations & al>ms gov]nm5ts4 ,no?+ is isolat$1 e ?+ is g5]al1 & acquires by expansion a t]rible =ce4 ,x is impossible to /udy ! hi/ory ( "o nation )\t see+ all ! o!rs make _! appe>ance on ! /age2 & we _c /udy ! hi/ory ( a sci5ce or an art )\t discov]+ a ?\s& connections ) objects :i* d n belong to sci5ce or to art4 ,all nations are connect$1 objects are assimilat$1 relations increase4 ,! affairs ( "o nation are int]e/+ to all ! o!rs1 & !y wi% to take "p 9 !m4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! idea ( non-int]v5tion 9 politics is1 & always w be1 impracticable2 x is1 inde$1 natural = u to int]f]e 9 t 9 :i* we are int]e/$4 ,^! examples1 al?\gh tak5 f ?+s ( a diff]5t k9d1 appe> to me v well calculat$ to illu/rate my idea ( ! religi\s ev5ts ( t p]iod4 ,prote/antism1 x is true1 is !reby /ripp$ ( ! philosophic mantle by :i* x has be5 cov]$ f its infancy2 x loses all "r to be consid]$ z full ( =esight1 magnific5t projects1 & high de/9ies1 f its cradle1 b ,i d n see t its importance & ext5t are !reby dim9i%$2 ! fact itself1 9 a ^w1 is unimpair$1 b ! real cause ( ! impos+ aspect 9 :i* x has pres5t$ itself to ! _w is expla9$4 ,e ?+1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 is se5 9 its j dim5sions2 individuals are sc>cely p]ceiv$1 & abuses appe> only :at !y really are--opportunities & pretexts2 va/ plans1 l(ty & g5]\s ideas1 & ef=ts at indep5d5ce ( m9d1 are only gratuit\s suppositions4 ,!nce ambition1 w>1 ! rivalry ( k+s1 take _! position z causes m or less influ5tial1 b always 9 ! second rank4 ,all ! causes are e/imat$ at _! real value2 9 f9e1 ! pr9cipal causes be+ once po9t$ out1 x is ackn[l$g$ t ! fact 0 sure to be accompani$ 9 its developm5t by a multitude ( subord9ate ag5ts4 ,!re rema9s /ill an important "q 9 ?is matt]1 viz4 :at 0 ! cause ( ! hatr$1 or r ! feel+ ( exasp]ation1 on ! "p ( sect>ians aga9/ ,rome8 ,0 x ow+ to "s great abuse1 "s great wrong on ! "p ( ,rome8 ,!re is b "o answ] to make1 viz4 t 9 a /orm1 ! waves always da% ) fury aga9/ ! immovable rock :i* resi/s !m4 ,s f> f attribut+ to abuses all ! influ5ce :i* has be5 assign$ to !m on ! bir? & developm5t ( ,prote/antism1 ,i am conv9c$1 on ! contr>y1 t all imag9able legitimate re=ms1 & ! greate/ degree ( will+ness on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* au?orities to comply ) e exig5ce1 w\ld n h be5 able to prev5t t unhappy ev5t4 ,he has paid little att5tion to ! extreme incon/ancy & fickl5ess ( ! human m9d1 & /udi$ its hi/ory to little purpose1 :o does n recognise 9 ! ev5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury "o ( ^? great calamities :i* ,god alone c av]t by a special int]v5tion ( 8 provid5ce4#e ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,extraord9>y ,,ph5om5on ,,9 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*4 ,! proposition conta9$ 9 ! conclud+ l9es ( ! la/ *apt] sugge/s a coroll>y1 :i*1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 (f]s a new demon/ration ( ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,h] exi/5ce = eighte5 c5turies1 9 spite ( s _m p[]ful adv]s>ies1 has always be5 reg>d$ z a mo/ extraord9>y ?+4 ,ano!r prodigy1 too little att5d$ to1 & ( n less importance :5 ! nature ( ! human m9d is tak5 into acc\nt1 is1 ! unity ( ! ,*ur*'s doctr9es1 p]vad+1 z x does1 all h] v>i\s in/ructions1 & ! numb] ( great m9ds :i* ?is unity has always enclos$ )9 h] bosom4 ,i p>ticul>ly call ! att5tion ( all ?9k+ m5 to ?is po9t2 & al?\gh ,i _c hope to develop ?is idea 9 a suitable mann]1 ,i am sure !y w f9d 9 x matt] = v s]i\s reflection4 ,?is me?od ( consid]+ ! ,*ur* may p]haps recomm5d itself to ! ta/e ( "s read]s on ano!r acc\nt1 viz4 because ,i %all lay aside ,revelation1 9 ord] to consid] ,ca?olicity1 n z a ,div9e religion1 b z a s*ool ( philosophy4 ,no "o :o has /udi$ ! hi/ory ( lett]s c d5y t ! ,*ur* has1 9 all ages1 possess$ m5 illu/ri\s = sci5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur* is no?+ b ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 9 ,europe1 9 ,africa1 & 9 ,asia2 ! li/ ( le>n$ m5 :o pres]v$1 aft] ! irruption ( ! ,b>b>ians1 "s rema9s ( anci5t k1 is compos$ ( *ur*m54 ,9 mod]n times y _c po9t out a bran* ( human k1 9 :i* a consid]able numb] ( ,ca?olics h n figur$ 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,?us !re has be51 = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( le>n$ m51 :o 7 ,ca?olics1 t is1 m5 unit$ 9 ! pr(ession ( ! doctr9es taught by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,let u lay aside = a mom5t ! div9e *>act]i/ics ( ,ca?olicity1 to consid] x only z a s*ool or sect2 ,i say1 t 9 ! fact :i* ,i h po9t$ out1 we f9d a ph5om5on s extraord9>y1 t its equal _c be f\nd else:]e1 & t no ef=t ( reason c expla9 x1 accord+ to ! natural ord] ( human ?+s4 ,x is c]ta9ly n new 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d = a doctr9e1 m or less reasonable1 to be pr(ess$ = a "t by a c]ta9 numb] ( le>n$ & enlight5$ m52 ?is has be5 %[n 9 s*ools ( philosophy bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,b = a cre$ to ma9ta9 itself = _m ages1 by pres]v+ ! adhesion ( m5 ( le>n+ ( all times & ( all c\ntries--( m9ds diff]+ among !mselves on o!r po9ts--( m5 oppos$ 9 int]e/s & divid$ by rivalries1 is a ph5om5on new1 unique1 & n to be f\nd any:]e b 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x always has be51 & /ill is1 ! practice ( ! ,*ur*1 :ile "o 9 fai? & doctr9e1 to tea* unceas+ly--to excite discussion on all subjects--to promote ! /udy & exam9ation ( ! f\ndations on :i* fai? itself reposes--to scrut9ize = ?is purpose ! anci5t languages1 ! monum5ts ( ! remote/ times1 ! docum5ts ( hi/ory1 ! discov]ies ( sci5tific obs]vation1 ! lessons ( ! highe/ & mo/ analytic sci5ces1 & to pres5t h]self ) a g5]\s confid5ce 9 ! great lyceums1 :]e m5 replete ) tal5ts & k conc5trate1 z 9 a focus1 all t !y h le>n$ f _! pr$ecessors1 & all t !y !mselves h collect$3 & nev]!less we see h] always p]sev]e ) firmness 9 h] fai? & 9 ! unity ( h] doctr9es2 we see h] always surr\nd$ by illu/ri\s m51 :o1 ) _! br[s cr[n$ ) ! laurels ( a hundr$ lit]>y conte/s1 humble !mselves1 tranquil & s]5e1 be=e h]1 )\t fe> ( dimm+ ! brightness ( ! glory :i* surr\nds _! heads4 ,we ask ^? :o see 9 ,ca?olicity only "o ( ! innum]able sects by :i* ! e>? has be5 cov]$1 to po9t out else:]e a simil> fact2 to expla9 to u h[ ! ,*ur* has be5 able to %[ u a ph5om5on1 con/antly exi/+1 s oppos$ to ! ev]-v>y+ _s ( ! human m9d2 let !m tell u by :at secret talisman ! ,sov]eign ,pontiffs h be5 able to d :at o!r m5 h f\nd impossible4 ,^? m51 :o b[$ _! heads at ! comm& ( ! ,vatican1 :o h laid aside _! own op9ions to adopt ^? ( a man call$ ! ,pope1 7 n simple & ignorant m54 ,look at !m att5tively2 y w see 9 ! boldness ( _! mi5 _! k ( _! own intellectual p[]2 y w read 9 _! bright & p5etrat+ eyes ! flame ( g5ius :i* burns 9 _! brea/s4 ,!y are ! same m5 :o h fill$ ! highe/ places 9 ! academies ( ,europe2 :o h spread _! fame ov] ! _w1 & ^: names h be5 h&$ d[n to future g5]ations4 ,exam9e ! hi/ory ( all ages1 se>* all ! c\ntries ( ! _w1 & if y f9d any:]e su* an extraord9>y comb9ation ( k 9 union ) fai?1 ( g5ius 9 submission to au?ority1 & ( discussion )\t brea* ( unity1 y w h made an important discov]y1 & sci5ce w h to expla9 a new ph5om5on4 ,b y "k well t y _c d s4 ,?is is ! reason :y y h rec\rse to new /ratagems 9 ord] to ca/ a %ade on ! brightness ( ?is fact2 = y feel t imp>tial reason & common s5se mu/ draw f x ! conclusion t !re is 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* some?+ :i* is n to be f\nd else:]e4 ,^! facts1 say our adv]s>ies1 are c]ta92 ! reflections :i* !y sugge/ are dazzl+ at fir/ sight2 b if we exam9e ! subject ?or\ghly1 we %all see ! difficulties !y raise disappe>4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* we h se5 realiz$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & :i* is n f\nd else:]e1 only proves t !re has always be5 9 ! ,*ur* a fix$ sy/em1 :i* has be5 develop$ ) uni=m regul>ity4 ,! ,*ur* knew t union is ! s\rce ( /r5g?2 t union _c exi/ )\t unity ( doctr9e2 & t unity _c be pres]v$ )\t submission to au?ority4 ,?is simple obs]vation e/abli%$1 & con/antly ma9ta9$1 ! pr9ciple ( submission4 ,su* is ! explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! idea1 we grant1 is pr(\ndly wise1 ! s*eme is gr&1 ! sy/em is extraord9>y2 b !y d n prove any ?+ 9 favor ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ,ca?olicism4 ,?is is ! be/ reply :i* !y c make2 x is easy to %[ t ! difficulty rema9s entire4 ,inde$1 if x be true t !re has exi/$ a society on e>? :i* has be5 = eighte5 c5turies guid$ by "o fix$ & con/ant pr9ciple--a society :i* has kn[n h[ to b9d to ?is pr9ciple em95t m5 ( all ages & c\ntries1 ! foll[+ que/ions mu/ be ask$ ( our adv]s>ies3--,:y has ! ,*ur* alone possess$ ?is pr9ciple1 & monopoliz$ ?is idea8 ,if o!r sects h be5 9 possession ( x1 :y h !y n act$ on x8 ,all ! philosophic sects h disappe>$1 "o aft] ano!r2 ! ,*ur* alone rema9s4 ,o!r religions1 9 ord] to pres]ve "s sort ( unity1 h be5 compell$ to %un ! light1 to avoid discussion1 to hide !mselves 9 ! ?icke/ %ades4 ,:y has ! ,*ur* pres]v$ h] unity :ile seek+ ! light1 :ile publi%+ h] books 9 op5 day1 :ile lavi%+ all sorts ( in/ruction1 & f\nd+ ev]y:]e colleges1 univ]sities1 & e/abli%m5ts ( e description1 :]e all ! spl5dor ( k & erudition has be5 conc5trat$8 ,x is n en\gh to say t !re 0 a plan--a sy/em2 ! difficulty lies 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?is plan & ?is sy/em2 x consi/s 9 expla9+ h[ !y 7 conceiv$ & execut$4 ,if we _h to d ) a small numb] ( m51 9 limit$ circum/ances1 times1 & c\ntries1 = ! execution ( a limit$ project1 !re w\ld be no?+ extraord9>y2 b we h to d ) a p]iod ( eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 ) all ! c\ntries ( ! _w1 ) circum/ances ! mo/ v>i$1 ! mo/ diff]5t1 & ! mo/ oppos$ to ea* o!r2 we h to d ) a multitude ( m5 :o did n meet toge!r1 or act 9 conc]t4 ,h[ is all ?is to be expla9$8 ,if x 7 a plan & a sy/em devis$ by man1 we %\ld ask1 ,:at 0 ! my/]i\s p[] ( ,rome :i* enabl$ h] to unite ar\nd h] s _m illu/ri\s m5 ( all times & ( all c\ntries8 ,h[ did ! ,roman ,pontiff1 if he be only ! *ief ( a sect1 manage to fasc9ate ! _w to ?is ext5t8 ,:at magician ev] did su* wond]s8 ,m5 h long declaim$ aga9/ 8 religi\s despotism2 :y has no "o be5 f\nd to wre/ ! sceptre f 8 grasp8 :y has n a pontifical ?rone be5 rais$ capable ( disput+ ! pre-em95ce ) 81 & ( ma9ta9+ itself ) equal spl5dor & p[]8 ,%all we attribute x to 8 temporal p[]8 ,?is p[] is v limit$4 ,rome 0 n able to cont5d 9 arms ) any ( ! o!r ,european p[]s4 ,%all we attribute x to ! peculi> "*1 to ! k or ! virtues ( ! m5 :o h occupi$ ! ,papal ?rone8 ,!re has be51 dur+ ^! eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 an inf9ite v>iety 9 ! *>act]s & 9 ! tal5ts & virtues ( ! ,popes4 ,= ^? :o are n ,ca?olics1 :o d n see 9 ! ,roman ,pontiff ! vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/1--! rock on :i* ,he has built ,8 ,*ur*1--! duration ( ?is au?ority mu/ be ! mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5on2 & x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! que/ions mo/ wor?y ( be+ exam9$ by ! sci5ce :i* devotes itself to ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d2 h[ !re exi/$ = _m c5turies an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( le>n$ m51 always fai?ful to ! doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,see8 ,m4 ,guizot himself1 9 comp>+ ,prote/antism ) ! ,roman ,*ur*1 seems to h felt ! =ce ( ?is tru?2 & its light appe>s to h made him confus$ 9 8 rem>ks4 ,let u li/5 aga9 to ?is writ]1 ^: tal5ts & r5[n h dazzl$1 on ?is po9t1 s _m read]s1 :o d n exam9e ! solidity ( pro(s :5 !y are clo!d 9 brilliant images1 & :o applaud all k9ds ( ideas :5 !y are convey$ to !m 9 a torr5t ( en*ant+ eloqu5ce2 m5 :o1 pret5d+ to intellectual indep5d5ce1 subscribe1 )\t inquiry1 to ! decisions ( ! lead]s ( _! s*ool2 :o receive _! doctr9es ) submission1 & d>e n ev5 raise _! heads to ask = ! titles ( _! au?ority4 ,m4 ,guizot1 l all ! great m5 among ,prote/ants1 0 aw>e ( ! imm5se void :i* exi/s amid its v>i\s sects1 & ( ! =ce & vig\r :i* is conta9$ 9 ,ca?olicity2 he has n be5 able to free himself f ! rule ( great m9ds1--a rule :i* is explicitly confirm$ by ! writ+s ( ! greate/ m5 ( ! ,re=mation4 ,aft] po9t+ out ! incon/ant progress ( ,prote/antism1 & ! error :i* x has introduc$ into ! organization ( intellectual society1 ,m4 ,guizot proce$s ?us3 ,p h n kn[n h[ to reconcile ! rights & necessities ( tradition ) ^? ( lib]ty2 & ! cause ( x und\bt$ly has be51 t ! ,re=mation did n fully und]/& & accept ei!r its pr9ciples or its effects4 ,:at sort ( a religion mu/ t be :i* does n fully und]/& & accept its pr9ciples or its effects8 ,did a m =mal condemnation ( ! ,re=mation ev] issue out ( ! m\? ( man8 c\ld any ?+ ( ! k9d ev] be said ( ! sects ( philosoph]s1 anci5t or mod]n8 ,c ! ,re=mation1 !n1 aft] ?is1 pret5d to direct m5 or society8 ,!nce arises1 cont9ues ,m4 ,guizot1 a c]ta9 air ( inconsi/5cy & n>r[ness ( _s1 :i* has (t5 giv5 advantages ov] x to its oppon5ts4 ,! latt] knew v well :at !y did & :at !y wi%$2 !y asc5d$ to ! pr9ciples ( _! conduct1 & av[$ all _! consequ5ces4 ,!re nev] 0 a gov]nm5t m consi/5t1 m sy/ematic ?an t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,b :5ce 0 ! orig9 ( a sy/em s consi/5t8 ,:5 we consid] ! fickl5ess & incon/ancy ( ! human m9d1 d n ?is sy/em1 ?is consi/5cy1 & ^! fix$ pr9ciples1 speak volumes to ! philosoph] & man ( good s5se8 ,we h obs]v$ ^? t]rible elem5ts ( dissolution :i* h _! s\rce 9 ! m9d ( man1 & :i* h acquir$ s mu* =ce 9 mod]n society2 we h se5 ) :at fatal p[] !y de/roy & annihilate all in/itutions1 social1 political1 & religi\s1 )\t ev] succe$+ 9 mak+ a brea* 9 ! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity1--)\t alt]+ t sy/em1 s fix$ & s consi/5t4 ,is !re no conclusion to be drawn f all ?is 9 fav\r ( ,ca?olicity8 ,to say t ! ,*ur* has done t :i* no s*ools1 or gov]nm5ts1 or societies1 or religions c\ld d1 is x n to confess t %e is wis] ?an e ?+ human8 ,& does x n cle>ly prove t %e does n owe h] orig9 to human ?\ght1 & t %e is d]iv$ f ! bosom ( ! ,creator8 ,?is society--=m$1 y say1 by m5--?is gov]nm5t1 direct$ by m51 has endur$ = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s2 x ext5ds to all c\ntries1 x addresses ! savage 9 ! =e/1 ! b>b>ian 9 8 t5t1 ! civiliz$ man 9 ! mo/ popul\s cities2 x reckons among its *ildr5 ! %eph]d clo!d 9 sk9s1 ! labor]1 ! p[]ful nobleman2 x makes its laws he>d alike by ! simple me*anic at 8 "w1 & ! man ( le>n+ 9 8 closet absorb$ 9 ! pr(\nde/ speculations4 ,?is gov]nm5t has always _h1 accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot1 a full k ( its actions & its wi%es2 x has always be5 consi/5t 9 its conduct4 ,is n ?is av[al its mo/ conv9c+ apology1 its mo/ eloqu5t panegyric2 & %all x n be consid]$ a pro( t x conta9s )9 itself some?+ m ?an human8 ,a ?\s& times h ,i beheld ?is prodigy ) a/oni%m5t2 a ?\s& times h my eyes be5 fix$ ^u t imm5se tree :i* ext5ds its bran*es f ea/ to we/1 f nor? to s\?2 ,i see b5ea? its %ade a multitude ( diff]5t nations1 & ! re/less g5ius ( man repos+ 9 tranquillity at its feet4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 at ! p]iod :5 ?is div9e religion fir/ appe>$1 ,i see1 amid/ ! dissolutions ( all sects1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s philosoph]s cr[d to he> h] words4 ,9 ,greece1 9 ,asia1 on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 9 all ! c\ntries :]e1 a %ort "t be=e1 sw>m$ innum]able sects1 ,i see appe> on a sudd5 a g5]ation ( great m51 ab\nd+ 9 le>n+1 9 k1 9 eloqu5ce1 & all agree+ 9 ! unity ( ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,9 ! ,we/1 a multitude ( b>b>ians ?r[ !mselves on an empire fall+ to decay2 a d>k cl\d desc5ds ^u an horizon *>g$ ) calamities & disa/]s2 !re1 9 ! mid/ ( a p subm]g$ 9 ! corruption ( morals1 & hav+ lo/ ev5 ! remembrance ( _! anci5t gr&eur1 ,i see ! only m5 :o c be call$ wor?y heirs ( ! ,roman "n1 seek1 9 ! retirem5t ( _! temples1 an asylum = ! au/]ity ( _! morals2 x is !re t !y pres]ve1 increase1 & enri* ! treasure ( anci5t k4 ,b my admiration rea*es its height1 :5 ,i obs]ve t sublime intellect1 wor?y heir ( ! g5ius ( ,plato1 :i*1 aft] hav+ s\ght ! tru? 9 all ! s*ools1 9 all ! sects1 & ) indomitable boldness run ?r\gh all human errors1 feels itself subjugat$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & trans=ms ! free?9k] into ! great ,bi%op ( ,hippo4 ,9 mod]n times ! s]ies ( great m5 :o %one 9 ! times ( ,leo ,x4 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 passes be=e my eyes4 ,i see ! illu/ri\s race /ill cont9ue ?r\gh\t ! calamities ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 & 9 ! n9ete5? ,i see fre% h]oes1 :o1 aft] hav+ foll[$ error 9 all directions1 come to hang _! trophies at ! gates ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is prodigy8 ,has a sect or religion l x ev] be=e be5 se58 ,^! m5 /udy e ?+1 dispute on e ?+1 reply to e ?+1 "k e ?+2 b always agree+ 9 unity ( doctr9e1 !y b5d _! noble & intellectual br[s 9 respectful ob$i5ce to fai?4 ,d we n seem to behold ano!r planet>y sy/em1 :]e globes ( fire revolve 9 _! va/ orbits 9 ! mid/ ( imm5sity1 always drawn to _! c5tre by a my/]i\s attraction8 ,t c5tral =ce1 :i* all[s no ab]ration1 takes f !m no?+ ( _! ext5t1 or ( ! gr&eur ( _! movem5t2 b x inundates !m ) light1 :ile giv+ to _! motion a m maje/ic regul>ity4#f ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,prote/antism ,,& ,,! ,,m9d4 ,?is fix$ness ( idea1 ?is unanimity ( w1 ?is wisdom & con/ancy ( plan1 ?is progress ) a firm /ep t[>ds a def9ite object & end2 &1 9 f9e1 ?is admirable unity1 ackn[l$g$ 9 favor ( ,ca?olicism by ,m4 ,guizot himself1 h n be5 imitat$ by ,prote/antism1 ei!r 9 good or evil4 ,prote/antism1 inde$1 has n a s+le idea1 ( :i* x c say3 ,?is is my own4 ,x has attempt$ to appropriate to itself ! pr9ciple ( private judgm5t 9 matt]s ( fai?2 & if sev]al ( its oppon5ts h be5 too will+ to accord x1 x 0 because !y 7 unable to f9d !re9 any o!r con/itutive elem5t2 x 0 also because !y felt t ,prote/antism1 9 boa/+ ( hav+ giv5 bir? to su* a pr9ciple1 labor$ to ?r[ disgrace on itself1 l a fa!r :o boa/s ( hav+ unwor?y & deprav$ sons4 ,x is false1 h[ev]1 t ,prote/antism produc$ ?is pr9ciple ( private judgm5t1 s9ce x 0 itself ! (fspr+ ( t pr9ciple4 ,t pr9ciple1 be=e ! ,re=mation1 0 =m$ 9 ! bosom ( all sects2 x is ! real g]m ( all errors2 9 proclaim+ x1 ,prote/ants only yield$ to a necessity :i* is common to all ! sects sep>at$ f ! ,*ur*4 ,!re 0 !re9 no plan1 no =esight1 no sy/em4 ,! m]e resi/ance to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* includ$ ! necessity ( unlimit$ private judgm5t1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! und]/&+ z supreme judge2 ev5 _h ! coryphi ( ,prote/antism wi%$ f ! fir/ to oppose ! consequ5ces & applications ( ?is "r1 ! b>ri] 0 brok51 & ! torr5t c\ld n h be5 conf9$4 ,! "r ( exam9+ :at we ought to believe1 says a celebrat$ ,prote/ant1 7,g]many1 by ,mad4 de ,/al1 "p iv4 *ap4 #b71 is ! f\ndation ( ,prote/antism4 ,! fir/ ,re=m]s did n ?9k ?us2 !y ?\ght !mselves able to place ! pill>s ( ,h]cules ( ! m9d accord+ to _! own lights2 b !y 7 mi/ak5 9 hop+ to make ^? :o _h reject$ all au?ority ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,ca?olic religion submit to _! decisions z infallible4 ,?is resi/ance on _! "p proves1 t !y 7 n l$ by any ( ^? ideas1 :i*1 al?\gh errone\s1 %[1 9 "s measure1 nobl5ess & g5]osity ( he>t2 & t x is n ( !m t ! human m9d c say3 ,!y h err$1 b x 0 9 ord] to give me m lib]ty ( action4 ,! religi\s revolution ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 did n und]/& ! true pr9ciples ( intellectual lib]ty2 x lib]at$ ! human m9d1 & yet pret5d$ to gov]n x by law4 ,b x is 9 va9 = man to /ruggle aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s3 ,prote/antism endeavor$1 )\t success1 to limit ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,x rais$ its voice aga9/ x1 & sometimes appe>$ to attempt its total de/ruction2 b ! "r ( private judgm5t1 :i* 0 9 its own bosom1 rema9$ !re1 develop$ itself1 & act$ !re 9 spite ( x4 ,!re 0 no middle c\rse = ,prote/antism to adopt3 x 0 compell$ ei!r to ?r[ itself into ! arms ( au?ority1 & ?us ackn[l$ge itself 9 ! wrong1 or else all[ ! dissolv+ pr9ciple to ex]t s mu* influ5ce on its v>i\s sects1 z to de/roy ev5 ! %ad[ ( ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & debase ,*ri/ianity to ! rank ( a s*ool ( philosophy4 ,! cry ( resi/ance to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* once rais$1 ! fatal results might be easily imag9$2 x 0 ?us easy to =esee t t poison$ g]m1 9 its developm5t1 mu/ cause ! ru9 ( all ! ,*ri/ian tru?s2 & :at c\ld prev5t its rapid developm5t 9 a soil :]e f]m5tation 0 s active8 ,ca?olics 7 n want+ to proclaim l\dly ! greatness & imm95ce ( ! dang]2 & x mu/ be all[$ t _m ,prote/ants =esaw x cle>ly4 ,no "o is ignorant t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( ! sect gave _! op9ions on ?is po9t1 ev5 f ! beg9n+4 ,m5 ( ! greate/ tal5t nev] f\nd !mselves at ease 9 ,prote/antism4 ,!y always felt t !re 0 an imm5se void 9 x2 ?is is ! reason :y !y h con/antly incl9$ ei!r t[>ds irreligion or t[>ds ,ca?olic unity4 ,"t1 ! be/ judge ( op9ions1 has confirm$ ^! melan*oly progno/ics4 ,?+s h n[ rea*$ su* a pass1 t ^? only :o are v ill in/ruct$1 or :o h a v limit$ grasp ( m9d1 c fail to see t ! ,*ri/ian religion1 z expla9$ by ,prote/ants1 is no?+ m ?an an op9ion--a sy/em made up ( a ?\s& incoh]5t p>ts1 & :i* is degrad$ to ! level ( ! s*ools ( philosophy4 ,if ,*ri/ianity /ill seems to surpass ^! s*ools 9 "s respects1 & pres]ves "s features :i* _c be f\nd 9 :at is ! pure inv5tion ( ! m9d ( man1 x ought n to be a matt] ( a/oni%m5t4 ,x is ow+ to t sublimity ( doctr9e & t sanctity ( morality :i*1 m or less disfigur$1 always %9es :ile a trace is pres]v$ ( ! words ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b ! feeble light :i* /ruggles ) d>kness aft] ! sun has sunk bel[ ! horizon1 _c be comp>$ to t ( day3 d>kness advances & spreads2 x ext+ui%es ! expir+ reflection1 & night comes on4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity among ,prote/ants4 ,a glance at ^! sects %[s u t !y are n purely philosophical1 b x %[s u at ! same "t t !y h n ! *>act]s ( true religion4 ,*ri/ianity has no au?ority !re92 & is !re l a be+ out ( its prop] elem5t1--a tree depriv$ ( its roots3 its face is pale & disfigur$ l t ( a corpse4 ,prote/antism talks ( fai?1 & its fundam5tal pr9ciple de/roys x2 x endeavors to exalt ! gospel1 & its own pr9ciple1 by subject+ t gospel to private judgm5t1 weak5s its au?ority4 ,if x speak ( ! sanctity & purity ( ,*ri/ian morality1 x is rem9d$ t "s ( its diss5t+ sects d5y ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 & t !y all may d s accord+ to ! pr9ciple on :i* x re/s4 ,! ,div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ once d\bt$1 ! ,god-made man is r$uc$ to ! rank ( a great philosoph] & legislator2 ,he has no long] ! au?ority necess>y to give to ,8 laws ! augu/ sanction :i* r5d]s !m s holy 9 ! eyes ( m52 ,he c no long] impr9t ^u !m ! seal :i* raises !m above all human ?\ghts1 & ,8 sublime in/ructions cease to be lessons fl[+ f ! lips ( uncreat$ ,wisdom4 ,if y deprive ! human m9d ( ! support ( au?ority ( "s k9d or o!r1 on :at c x dep5d8 ,ab&on$ to its own deliri\s dreams1 x is =c$ aga9 into ! gloomy pa?s :i* l$ ! philosoph]s ( ! anci5t s*ools to *aos4 ,reason & exp]i5ce are "h agre$4 ,if y sub/itute ! private judgm5t ( ,prote/ants = ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 all ! great que/ions respect+ ,god & man rema9 )\t solution4 ,all ! difficulties are left2 ! m9d is 9 d>kness1 & seeks 9 va9 = a light to guide x 9 safety3 /unn$ by ! voices ( a hundr$ s*ools1 :o dispute )\t be+ able to ?r[ any light on ! subject1 x relapses into t /ate ( disc\ragem5t & pro/ration 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity f\nd x1 & f :i*1 ) s mu* ex]tion1 %e _h )drawn x4 ,d\bt1 pyrrhonism1 & indiff]5ce become ! lot ( ! greate/ m9ds2 va9 !ories1 hypo!tical sy/ems1 & dreams take possession ( m5 ( m mod]ate abilities2 ! ignorant are r$uc$ to sup]/itions & absurdities4 ,( :at use1 !n1 w\ld ,*ri/ianity h be5 on ! e>?1 & :at w\ld h be5 ! progress ( humanity8 ,happily = ! human race1 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 n ab&on$ to ! :irlw9d ( ,prote/ant sects4 ,9 ,ca?olic au?ority %e has f\nd ample means ( resi/+ ! attacks ( sophi/ry & error4 ,:at w\ld h become ( h] )\t x8 ,w\ld ! sublimity ( h] doctr9es1 ! wisdom ( h] precepts1 ! unction ( h] c\nsels1 h be5 n[ any ?+ m ?an a beautiful dream1 relat$ 9 en*ant+ language by a great philosoph]8 ,yes1 ,i mu/ repeat1 )\t ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* !re is no security = fai?2 ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/ becomes a matt] ( d\bt2 ,8 mission is disput$2 9 fact1 ! ,*ri/ian religion disappe>s4 ,if %e _c %[ u h] heav5ly titles1 give u full c]ta9ty t %e has come f ! bosom ( ! ,et]nal1 t h] words are ^? ( ,god ,himself1 & t ,he has condesc5d$ to appe> on e>? = ! salvation ( m51 %e has !n lo/ h] "r to dem& our v5]ation4 ,r$uc$ to ! level ( human ideas1 %e mu/1 !n1 submit to our judgm5t l o!r m]e op9ions2 at ! tribunal ( philosophy %e may endeavor to ma9ta9 h] doctr9es z m or less reasonable2 b %e w always be liable to ! reproa* ( hav+ wi%$ to deceive u1 by pass+ h]self (f z div9e :5 %e 0 only human2 & 9 all discussions on ! tru? ( h] doctr9es1 %e w h ?is fatal presumption aga9/ h]1 viz4 t ! acc\nt ( h] orig9 0 an impo/ure4 ,prote/ants boa/ ( _! indep5d5ce ( m9d1 & reproa* ! ,ca?olic religion ) violat+ ! mo/ sacr$ rights1 by dem&+ a submission :i* outrages ! dignity ( man4 ,"h extravagant declamation ab\t ! /r5g? ( our und]/&+ is introduc$ ) good effect2 & a few s$uctive images & expressions1 su* z bold flights & glitt]+ w+s1 c41 are en\gh to delude _m read]s4 ,let ! human m9d enjoy all its rights2 let x boa/ ( possess+ t sp>k ( div9ity call$ ! intellect2 let x pass ov] all nature 9 triumph1 obs]v+ all ! be+s by :i* x is surr\nd$1 & congratulate itself on its own imm5se sup]iority1 9 ! mid/ ( ! wond]s ) :i* x has kn[n h[ to embelli% its abode2 let x po9t out1 z pro(s ( its /r5g? & gr&eur1 ! *anges :i* are ev]y:]e work$ by its pres5ce2 by its intellectual =ce & boldness x has acquir$ ! complete ma/]y ov] nature4 ,let u ackn[l$ge ! dignity & elevation ( our m9ds to %[ our gratitude to our ,creator1 b let u n =get our weakness & defects4 ,:y %\ld we deceive ourselves by fancy+ t we "k :at we are really ignorant (8 ,:y =get ! incon/ancy & v>iabl5ess ( our m9ds1 & conceal ! fact1 t ) respect to _m ?+s1 ev5 ( ^? ) :i* we are suppos$ to be acqua9t$1 we h b confus$ ideas8 ,h[ delusive is our k1 & :at exagg]at$ notions we h ( our progress 9 in=mation8 ,does n "o day contradict :at ano!r _h affirm$8 ,"t runs its c\rse1 laughs at our pr$ictions1 de/roys our plans1 & cle>ly %[s h[ va9 are our projects4 ,:at h ^? g5iuses :o h desc5d$ to ! f\ndations ( sci5ce1 & ris5 by ! bolde/ flights to ! l(tie/ speculations1 told u8 ,aft] hav+ rea*$ ! utmo/ limits ( ! space :i* x is p]mitt$ to ! human m9d to range ov]1--aft] hav+ trodd5 ! mo/ secret pa?s ( sci5ce1 & sail$ on ! va/ ocean ( moral & physical nature1 ! greate/ m9ds ( all ages h return$ dissatisfi$ ) ! results4 ,!y h se5 a beautiful illusion appe> be=e _! eyes1--! brilliant image :i* en*ant$ !m has vani%$2 :5 !y ?\ght !y 7 ab\t to ent] a region ( light1 !y h f\nd !mselves surr\nd$ ) d>kness1 & !y h view$ ) affright ! ext5t ( _! ignorance4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! greate/ m9ds h s little confid5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! human intellect1 al?\gh !y _c b be fully aw>e t !y are sup]ior to o!r m54 ,! sci5ces1 9 ! pr(\nd obs]vation ( ,pascal1 h two extremes :i* meet ea* o!r3 ! fir/ is1 ! pure natural /ate ( ignorance 9 :i* m5 are at _! bir?2 ! o!r extreme is1 t at :i* great m9ds arrive :51 hav+ rea*$ ! utmo/ ext5t ( human k1 !y f9d t !y "k no?+1 & t !y are /ill 9 ! same /ate ( ignorance z at fir/4 7,p5ses1 #a p>tie1 art4 #f47 ,ca?olicism says to man1 ,?y intellect is weak1 ?\ ha/ ne$ ( a guide 9 _m ?+s4 ,prote/antism says to him1 ,?\ art surr\nd$ by light1 walk z ?\ wilt2 ?\ can/ n h a bett] guide ?an ?yself4 ,:i* ( ! two religions is mo/ 9 accordance ) ! lessons ( ! highe/ philosophy8 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t ! greate/ m9ds among ,prote/ants h all felt a c]ta9 t5d5cy t[>ds ,ca?olicism1 & h se5 ! wisdom ( subject+ ! human m9d1 9 "s ?+s1 to ! decision ( an infallible au?ority4 ,inde$1 if an au?ority c be f\nd unit+ 9 its orig91 its duration1 its doctr9es1 & its conduct1 all ! *>act]i/ics ( div9ity1 :y %\ld ! m9d refuse to submit to h]2 & :at has x to ga9 by w&]+1 at ! m]cy ( its illusions1 on ! mo/ s]i\s subjects1 9 pa?s :]e x only meets ) recollections ( errors1 ) w>n+s & delusions8 ,if ! human m9d has conceiv$ too great an e/eem = itself1 let x /udy its own hi/ory1 9 ord] to see & und]/& h[ little security is to be f\nd 9 its own /r5g?4 ,ab\nd+ 9 sy/ems1 inexhau/ible 9 subtilties2 z ready 9 conceiv+ a project z incapable ( ma9ta9+ x2 full ( ideas :i* arise1 agitate1 & de/roy ea* o!r1 l ! insects :i* ab\nd 9 lakes2 n[ rais+ itself on ! w+s ( sublime inspiration1 & n[ creep+ l a reptile on ! face ( ! e>?2 z able & will+ to de/roy ! works ( o!rs1 z x is impot5t to con/ruct any durable ones ( its own2 urg$ on by ! viol5ce ( passion1 swoll5 ) pride1 conf\nd$ by ! inf9ite v>iety ( objects :i* pres5t !mselves to x2 confus$ by s _m false lights & s _m deceptive appe>ances1 ! human m9d1 :5 left entirely to itself1 resembles ^? brilliant meteors :i* d>t at r&om ?r\gh ! imm5sity ( ! heav5s1 assume a ?\s& ecc5tric =ms1 s5d =? a ?\s& sp>ks1 dazzle = a mom5t by _! fanta/ic spl5d\r1 & disappe> )\t leav+ ev5 a reflect$ light to illum9ate ! d>kness4 ,behold ! hi/ory ( man's k6 ,9 t imm5se & confus$ heap ( tru?1 error1 sublimity1 absurdity1 wisdom1 & folly1 are collect$ ! pro(s ( my ass]tions1 & to t d ,i ref] any "o :o may be incl9$ to accuse me ( hav+ ov]*>g$ ! picture4#g ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,fai? ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces4 ,! tru? ( :at ,i h j advanc$ ) respect to ! weakness ( our intellect1 is prov$ by ! fact t ! h& ( ,god has plac$ at ! bottom ( our s\ls a pres]vative aga9/ ! excessive *angeability ( our m9ds1 ev5 9 ?+s :i* d n reg>d religion4 ,)\t ?is pres]vative all social in/itutions w\ld be de/roy$1 or r nev] w\ld h _h exi/5ce2 )\t x ! sci5ces w\ld n h advanc$ a /ep1 & :5 x _h disappe>$ f ! human he>t1 individuals & society w\ld h be5 swall[$ up by *aos4 ,i allude to a c]ta9 t5d5cy to def] to au?ority--to ! in/9ct ( fai?1 if ,i may s call x--an in/9ct :i* we ought to exam9e ) great att5tion1 if we wi% to "k any ?+ ( ! human m9d1 & ! hi/ory ( its developm5t4 ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t x is impossible to comply ) ! mo/ urg5t necessities1 or p]=m ! mo/ ord9>y acts ( life1 )\t respect+ ! au?ority ( ! /atem5t ( o!rs2 x is easy to und]/& t1 )\t ?is fai?1 all ! treasures ( hi/ory & exp]i5ce w\ld soon be dissipat$1 & t ev5 ! f\ndation ( all k w\ld disappe>4 ,^! important obs]vations are calculat$ to %[ h[ va9 is ! *>ge aga9/ ! ,ca?olic religion1 ( requir+ no?+ b fai?2 b ?is is n my only object "h2 ,i wi% to pres5t ! matt] "u ano!r aspect1 & place ! "q 9 su* a position z to make ?is tru? ga9 9 ext5t & int]e/1 )\t los+ any ?+ ( its immovable firmness4 ,9 look+ ov] ! hi/ory ( human k1 & glanc+ at ! op9ions ( our contempor>ies1 we con/antly obs]ve t ! m5 :o boa/ ! mo/ ( _! _s ( inquiry & fre$om ( ?\ght1 only e*o ! op9ions ( o!rs4 ,if we exam9e ) att5tion t great /udy :i*1 "u ! "n ( sci5ce1 has made s mu* noise 9 ! _w1 we %all obs]ve t x conta9s at bottom a l>ge portion ( au?ority2 & t if a p]fectly free _s ( inquiry 7 to be introduc$ into x1 ev5 ) respect to po9ts ( pure reason1 ! greate/ "p ( ! edifice ( sci5ce w\ld be de/roy$1 & v few m5 w\ld rema9 9 possession ( its secrets4 ,no bran* ( k1 :atev] may be ! cle>ness & exactitude ( :i* x boa/s1 is an exception to ?is rule4 ,d n ! natural & exact sci5ces1 ri* z !y are 9 evid5t pr9ciples1 rigor\s 9 _! d$uctions1 ab\nd+ 9 obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 dep5d1 nev]!less1 = a great _m ( _! tru?s1 ^u o!r tru?s ( a high] nature2 ! k ( :i* necess>ily requires a delicacy ( obs]vation1 a p[] ( calculation1 a cle> & p5etrat+ c\p d'il1 :i* belongs to few8 ,:5 ,newton proclaim$ to ! sci5tific _w ! fruit ( 8 pr(\nd calculations1 h[ _m ( 8 disciples c\ld flatt] !mselves t !y 7 able to confirm !m by _! own convictions8 ,i d n except f ?is "q _m ( ^? :o1 by labori\s ef=ts1 _h be5 able to compreh5d some?+ ( ?is great man2 !y _h foll[$ ! ma!matician 9 8 calculations1 !y _h a full k ( ! mass ( facts & exp]i5ce :i* ! naturali/ expos$ to _! view2 !y _h li/5$ to ! reasons on :i* ! philosoph] re/$ 8 conjectures2 9 ?is way !y ?\ght t !y 7 fully conv9c$1 & t !y did n owe _! ass5t to any ?+ b ! =ce ( reason & evid5ce4 ,well1 take away ! "n ( ,newton1 efface f ! m9d ! pr(\nd impression made by ! au?ority ( ! man :o made s extraord9>y a discov]y1 & has employ$ s mu* g5ius 9 support+ x1--take away1 ,i repeat x1 ! %ade ( ,newton1 & y w directly see1 9 ! m9ds ( 8 disciples1 _! pr9ciples vacillate1 _! reason+s become less conv9c+ & exact1 & _! obs]vations appe> less 9 accordance ) ! facts4 ,!n1 he :o ?\ght himself a p]fectly imp>tial obs]v]1 a p]fectly indep5d5t ?9k]1 w see & und]/& to h[ great an ext5t he 0 en?rall$ by ! =ce ( au?ority1 by ! asc5d5cy ( g5ius2 he w f9d t1 on a v>iety ( po9ts1 he ass5t$ )\t be+ conv9c$2 & t1 in/ead ( be+ a p]fectly indep5d5t philosoph]1 he 0 only an ob$i5t & accompli%$ pupil4 ,i appeal ) confid5ce to ! te/imony1 n ( ! ignorant1 n ( ^? :o h only a smatt]+ ( sci5tific k1 b ( real m5 ( le>n+1 ( ^? :o h devot$ mu* "t to ! v>i\s bran*es ( /udy4 ,let !m look into _! own m9ds1 let !m exam9e anew :at !y call _! sci5tific convictions1 let !m ask !mselves1 ) p]fect calmness & imp>tiality1 :e!r1 ev5 on ^? subjects 9 :i* !y consid] !mselves ! mo/ advanc$1 _! m9ds are n frequ5tly controll$ by ! asc5d5cy ( "s au?or ( ! fir/ rank4 ,i believe !y w be compell$ to ackn[l$ge t1 if !y /rictly appli$ ! me?od ( ,desc>tes ev5 to "s ( ! que/ions :i* !y h /udi$ ! mo/1 !y w\ld f9d t !y believe r ?an are conv9c$4 ,su* always has be51 & su* always w be1 ! case4 ,x is a ?+ deeply root$ 9 ! nature ( our m9ds1 & x _c be prev5t$4 ,p]haps ! regulation is a matt] ( absolute necessity2 p]haps x conta9s mu* ( t in/9ct ( pres]vation :i* ,god1 ) s mu* wisdom1 has diffus$ ?r\gh\t society2 p]haps x is int5d$ to c\nt]act ! _m elem5ts ( dissolution :i* society conta9s )9 its bosom4 ,und\bt$ly1 x is (t5 v mu* to be regrett$ t m5 s]vilely foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( o!rs1 & injuri\s consequ5ces n unfrequ5tly are ! result4 ,b x w\ld be /ill worse1 if m5 con/antly held !mselves 9 an attitude ( resi/ance to all o!rs1 = fe> ( deception4 ,woe to man & to society1 if ! philosophic mania ( wi%+ to submit all matt]s to a rigor\s exam9ation 7 to become g5]al 9 ! _w2 & woe to sci5ce1 if ?is rigor\s1 scrupul\s1 & indep5d5t scrut9y 7 ext5d$ to e ?+4 ,i admire ! g5ius ( ,desc>tes1 & ackn[l$ge ! signal s]vices :i* he has r5d]$ to sci5ce2 b ,i h m ?an once ?\ght t1 if 8 me?od ( d\bt+ became g5]al = any "t1 society w\ld be de/roy$4 ,& x seems to me t1 among le>n$ m5 !mselves1 among imp>tial philosoph]s1 ?is me?od w\ld d great h>m2 at lea/1 x may be suppos$ t ! numb] ( m5 devoid ( s5se 9 ! sci5tific _w w\ld be consid]ably increas$4 ,happily !re is no dang] ( ?is be+ ! case4 ,if x be true t !re is always 9 man a c]ta9 t5d5cy t[>ds folly1 !re is also always to be f\nd !re a fund ( good s5se :i* _c be de/roy$4 ,:5 c]ta9 individuals ( heat$ imag9ations attempt to involve society 9 _! delirium1 society answ]s ) a smile ( d]ision2 or if x all[s itself to be s$uc$ = a mom5t1 x soon returns to its s5ses1 & repels ) indignation ^? :o h endeavor$ to lead x a/ray4 ,passionate declamation aga9/ vulg> prejudice1 aga9/ docility 9 foll[+ o!rs & will+ness to believe all )\t exam9ation1 is only consid]$ z wor?y ( contempt by ^? :o are intimately acqua9t$ ) human nature4 ,are n ^! feel+s p>ticipat$ 9 by _m :o belong n to ! vulg>8 ,are n ! sci5ces full ( gratuit\s suppositions1 & h !y n _! weak po9ts1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 we are satisfi$1 z if !y af=d$ a firm basis to re/ ^u8 ,! "r ( possession & prescription is also "o ( ! peculi>ities :i* ! sci5ces pres5t to u2 & x is well wor?y ( rem>k t1 )\t ev] hav+ borne ! "n1 ?is "r has be5 ackn[l$g$ by a tacit b unanim\s cons5t4 ,h[ c ?is be8 ,/udy ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 & y w f9d at e /ep ?is "r ackn[l$g$ & e/abli%$4 ,h[ is x1 amid ! cont9ual disputes :i* h divid$ philosoph]s1 t we see an old op9ion make a long resi/ance to a new "o1 & sometimes succe$ 9 prev5t+ its e/abli%m5t8 ,x is because ! old op9ion 0 9 possession1 & 0 /r5g!n$ by ! "r ( prescription4 ,x is ( no importance t ! words 7 n us$1 ! result 0 ! same2 ?is is ! reason :y discov]]s h s (t5 be5 despis$1 oppos$1 & ev5 p]secut$4 ,x is necess>y to make ?is av[al1 al?\gh x may be repugnant to our pride1 & may sc&alize "s s9c]e admir]s ( ! progress ( k4 ,^! advances h be5 num]\s2 ! field ov] :i* ! human m9d has ex]cis$ itself1 & its sph]e ( action1 are imm5se2 ! works by :i* x has prov$ its p[] are admirable2 b !re is always 9 all ?is a l>ge portion ( exagg]ation1 & x is necess>y to make a consid]able all[ance1 especially 9 ! moral sci5ces4 ,x _c ju/ly be inf]r$1 f ^! exagg]at$ /atem5ts1 t our intellect is capable ( advanc+ 9 e pa? ) p]fect ease & activity2 no d$uction c be drawn f x to contradict ! fact :i* we h j e/abli%$1 viz4 ! m9d ( man is almo/ always 9 subjection1 ev5 imp]ceptibly1 to ! au?ority ( o!r m54 ,9 e age !re appe> a small numb] ( privileg$ spirits1 :o1 by nature sup]ior to all ! re/1 s]ve z guides 9 ! v>i\s c>e]s2 a num]\s cr[d1 :o ?9k !mselves le>n$1 foll[ !m ) precipitation1 &1 fix+ _! eyes on ! /&>d :i* has be5 rais$1 ru% brea?lessly aft] x2 & yet1 /range z x is1 !y all boa/ ( _! indep5d5ce1 & flatt] !mselves t !y are di/+ui%+ !mselves by pursu+ ! new pa?2 "o w\ld imag9e t !y _h discov]$ x1 & t !y 7 walk+ 9 x guid$ by _! own light & inspirations4 ,necessity1 ta/e1 or a ?\s& o!r circum/ances1 lead u to cultivate ?is or t bran* ( k2 our own weakness con/antly tells u t we h no creative p[]2 t we _c produce any ?+ ( our own1 & t we are incapable ( /rik+ out a new pa?2 b we flatt] ourselves t we %>e "s "p ( ! glory belong+ to ! illu/ri\s *ief ^: bann] we foll[2 we sometimes w succe$ 9 p]suad+ ourselves1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! rev]ies1 t we d n fight "u anybody's /&>d1 & t we are only r5d]+ homage to our own convictions1 :51 9 reality1 we are ! proselytes ( o!rs4 ,h]e9 common s5se %[s itself to be wis] ?an our weak reason2 & ?us language1 :i* gives su* deep expression to ?+s1 :]e we f9d1 )\t kn[+ :5ce !y come1 s mu* tru? & exactitude1 gives u a sev]e admonition on ! subject ( ^! va9 pret5sions4 ,9 spite ( u1 language calls ?+s by _! "r names1 & kn[s h[ to class u & our op9ions accord+ to ! lead] t we foll[4 ,:at is ! hi/ory ( sci5ce b ! hi/ory ( ! conte/s ( a small numb] ( illu/ri\s m58 ,if we glance ov] anci5t & mod]n times1 & br+ into view ! v>i\s bran*es ( k1 we %all see a numb] ( s*ools f\nd$ by a philosoph] ( ! fir/ rank1 & !n fall+ "u ! direction ( ano!r ^: tal5ts h made him wor?y to succe$ ! f\nd]4 ,?us ! ?+ goes on1 until circum/ances hav+ *ang$1 or ! _s ( vitality be+ gone1 ! s*ool dies a natural dea?1 unless a man ( bold & indep5d5t m9d appe>s1 :o takes ! old s*ool & de/roys x1 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 own doctr9es on ! ru9s4 ,:5 ,desc>tes de?ron$ ,ari/otle1 did he n imm$iately take 8 place8 ,!n philosoph]s pret5d$ to indep5d5ce--an indep5d5ce :i* 0 contradict$ by ! v "n !y bore1 t ( ,c>tesians4 ,l nations :o1 9 times ( rebellion1 cry out = lib]ty1 de?rone _! old k+1 & aft]w>ds submit to ! fir/ man :o has ! boldness to seize ! vacant ?rone4 ,x is ?\ght 9 our age1 z x has be5 9 times gone by1 t ! human m9d acts ) p]fect indep5d5ce1 ow+ to declamation aga9/ au?ority 9 sci5tific matt]s1 & ! exaltation ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,! op9ion has become g5]al t1 9 ^! times1 ! au?ority ( any "o man is wor? no?+2 x has be5 ?\ght t e man ( le>n+ acts accord+ to 8 own convictions alone4 ,moreov]1 sy/ems & hypo!ses h lo/ all cr$it1 & a great desire = exam9ation & analysis has become preval5t4 ,?is has made p believe n only t au?ority 9 sci5tific matt]s is completely gone1 b t x is h5ce=? impossible4 ,at fir/ sight !re appe>s to be "s tru? 9 ?is2 b if we look att5tively ar\nd u1 we %all obs]ve t ! numb] ( lead]s is only some:at increas$1 & ! "t ( _! comm& some:at %ort5$4 ,our age is truly "o ( commotions1 lit]>y & sci5tific revolutions1 l ^? 9 politics1 :]e nations imag9e t !y possess m lib]ty because ! gov]nm5t is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a great] numb] ( p]sons1 & because !y f9d m facility 9 gett+ rid ( _! rul]s4 ,!y de/roy ^? m5 to :om b a %ort "t be=e !y h giv5 ! names ( fa!rs & lib]ators2 !n1 ! fir/ transport be+ pass$1 !y all[ o!r m5 to impose ^u !m a yoke 9 reality n less heavy4 ,besides ! examples af=d$ u by ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ c5tury1 at ! pres5t day we see only great names succe$ ea* o!r1 & ! lead]s ( ! human m9d take ea* o!r's places4 ,9 ! field ( politics1 :]e "o w\ld imag9e ! _s ( fre$om ought to h full scope1 d we n see m5 :o take ! lead2 & are !y n look$ ^u z ! g5]als ( an army dur+ a campaign8 ,9 ! p>liam5t>y ar5a1 d we see any ?+ b two or ?ree bodies ( combatants1 p]=m+ _! evolutions "u _! respective *iefs ) p]fect regul>ity & discipl9e8 ,^! tru?s are well und]/ood by ^? :o occupy ^! high positions6 ,!y are acqua9t$ ) our weakness1 & !y "k t m5 are commonly deceiv$ by m]e words4 ,a ?\s& times mu/ !y h be5 tempt$ to smile1 :51 contemplat+ ! field ( _! triumphs1 & see+ !mselves surr\nd$ by foll[]s :o1 pr\d ( _! own intellig5ce1 admire & applaud !m1 !y h he>d "o ( ! mo/ ard5t ( _! disciples boa/ ( 8 unlimit$ fre$om ( ?\ght1 & ( ! complete indep5d5ce ( 8 op9ions & 8 votes4 ,su* is man1 z %[n to u by hi/ory & ! exp]i5ce ( e day4 ,! inspiration ( g5ius1 t sublime =ce :i* raises ! m9ds ( "s privileg$ m51 w always ex]cise1 n only ov] ! ignorant1 b ev5 ov] ! g5]ality ( m5 :o devote !mselves to sci5ce1 a real fasc9ation4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! insult :i* ! ,ca?olic religion (f]s to reason :51 pres5t+ titles :i* prove h] div9ity1 %e asks = t fai? :i* m5 grant s easily to o!r m5 9 matt]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ev5 9 ?+s ) :i* !y consid] !mselves to be ! be/ acqua9t$8 ,is x an insult to human reason to po9t out to him a fix$ & c]ta9 rule ) respect to matt]s ( ! greate/ importance1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 %e leaves him p]fectly free to ?9k z he pleases on all ! v>i\s que/ions :i* ,god has left to 8 discretion8 ,9 ?is ! ,*ur* only %[s h]self to be 9 accordance ) ! lessons ( ! highe/ philosophy4 ,%e %[s a pr(\nd k ( ! human m9d1 & %e deliv]s x f all ! evils :i* are inflict$ by its fickl5ess1 its incon/ancy1 & its ambition1 comb9$ z ^! qualities are ) an extraord9>y t5d5cy to def] to ! op9ions ( individuals4 ,:o does n see t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* puts !reby a *eck on ! _s ( proselytism1 ( :i* society has _h s mu* reason to compla98 ,s9ce !re is 9 man ?is irresi/ible t5d5cy to foll[ ! foot/eps ( ano!r1 does %e n conf] an em95t s]vice on humanity1 by %[+ x a sure way ( foll[+ ! example ( a ,god inc>nate8 ,does %e n ?us take human lib]ty "u h] protection1 & at ! same "t save f %ipwreck ^? bran*es ( k :i* are ! mo/ necess>y to individuals & to society8#h ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,wants ,,( ,,nations--,,ma!matics--,,moral ,,sci5ces4 ,! progress ( society1 & ! high degree ( civilization & ref9em5t to :i* mod]n nations h atta9$1 w no d\bt be urg$ aga9/ ! au?ority :i* seeks to ex]cise jurisdiction ov] ! m9d4 ,9 ?is way m5 w attempt to ju/ify :at !y call ! emancipation ( ! human m9d4 ,= my own "p1 ?is objection seems to h s little solidity1 & to be s little support$ by facts1 t1 f ! progress ( society1 ,i %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 conclude t !re is ! m ne$ ( t liv+ rule :i* is deem$ indisp5sable by ,ca?olics4 ,to say t society 9 its infancy & y\? may h requir$ ?is au?ority z a *eck1 b t ?is *eck has become useless & degrad+ s9ce ! human m9d has rea*$ a high] degree ( developm5t1 is completely to mi/ake ! connection :i* exi/s betwe5 ! v>i\s conditions ( our m9d & ! objects ov] :i* ?is au?ority ext5ds4 ,! true idea ( ,god1 ! orig91 ! end1 & ! rule ( human conduct1 toge!r ) all ! means ) :i* ,god has furni%$ u to atta9 to our high de/9y1 su* are ! subjects ) :i* fai? deals1 & ) respect to :i* ,ca?olics cont5d t x is necess>y to h an infallible rule4 ,!y ma9ta9 t )\t ?is x w\ld be impossible to avoid ! mo/ lam5table errors1 & to protect tru? f ! effects ( human passions4 ,?is consid]ation w suffice to %[1 t private judgm5t w\ld be mu* less dang]\s among nations /ill less advanc$ 9 ! c>e] ( civilization4 ,!re is1 inde$1 9 a "y nation1 a great fund ( natural c&or & simplicity1 :i* admirably disposes x to receive ) docility ! in/ructions conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ volume4 ,su* a p w reli% ^? ?+s :i* are easily to be und]/ood1 & w b[ ) humility be=e ! sublime obscurity ( ^? pages :i* x has pleas$ ,god to cov] ) a veil ( my/]y4 ,moreov]1 ! condition ( ?is p1 z yet exempt f ! pride ( k1 w\ld create a sort ( au?ority1 s9ce !re w\ld be f\nd )9 its bosom only a small numb] ( m5 able to exam9e div9e revelation2 & ?us a c5tre = ! di/ribution ( in/ruction w\ld be naturally =m$4 ,b x is f> o!rwise ) a nation f> advanc$ 9 ! c>e] ( k4 ,) ! latt]1 ! ext5sion ( k to a great] numb] ( individuals1 by augm5t+ pride & fickl5ess1 multiplies sects1 & ends by revolutioniz+ ideas & corrupt+ ! pure/ traditions4 ,a "y nation is devot$ to simple occupations2 x rema9s atta*$ to its anci5t cu/oms2 x li/5s ) respect & docility to ! ag$1 :o1 surr\nd$ by _! *ildr5 & gr&-*ildr51 relate ) emotion ! hi/ories & ! maxims :i* !y h receiv$ f _! ance/ors4 ,b :5 society has rea*$ a great degree ( developm5t1 :5 respect = ! fa!rs ( families & v5]ation = gray hairs h become weak5$2 :5 pomp\s titles1 sci5tific display1 & gr& libr>ies make m5 conceive a high idea ( _! intellectual p[]s2 :5 ! multitude & activity ( communications widely diffuse ^? ideas1 :i*1 :5 put 9 motion1 h an almo/ magical p[] ( affect+ m5's m9ds1 !n x is necess>y1--x is indisp5sable to h an au?ority1 always liv+1 always ready to act :5ev] x is want$1--to cov] ) a protect+ gis ! sacr$ deposit ( tru?s :i* are ! same 9 all times & places2 tru?s )\t ! k ( :i* man w\ld be left to ! m]cy ( 8 own errors & caprices f ! cradle to ! grave2 tru?s on :i* society re/s z its sure/ f\ndation2 tru?s :i* _c be de/roy$ )\t %ak+ to pieces ! :ole social edifice4 ,! lit]>y & political hi/ory ( ,europe = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s af=ds b too _m pro(s ( ?is4 ,religi\s revolution broke out at ! mom5t :5 x 0 capable ( do+ ! mo/ h>m3 x f\nd society agitat$ by all ! activity ( ! human m9d1 & x de/roy$ ! control :5 x 0 mo/ necess>y4 ,und\bt$ly1 x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ depreciat+ ! m9d ( man by *>g+ x ) faults :i* x has n1 or by exagg]at+ ^? :i* x has2 b x is no less improp] to puff x up by exalt+ its /r5g? too mu*4 ,! latt] w\ld be injuri\s to x 9 sev]al ways1 & w\ld be little likely to advance its progress2 x w\ld also1 if prop]ly und]/ood1 be little con=mable to t gravity & discretion :i* ought to di/+ui% true sci5ce4 ,inde$1 to m]it ! "n1 sci5ce ought to %[ ! folly ( be+ va9 ( :at does n rightly belong to x2 x ought to "k its limits1 & h suffici5t c&or & g5]osity to ackn[l$ge its weakness4 ,!re is a fact 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 :i*1 by reveal+ ! intr9sic weakness ( ! m9d1 palpably %[s ! flatt]y ( ^? unmeasur$ eulogies :i* are sometimes lavi%$ on x1 & also demon/rates to u h[ dang]\s x w\ld be to ab&on x to itself )\t any guide4 ,?is fact is1 ! obscurity :i* increases 9 proportion z we approa* ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5ce2 s t ev5 9 ^? sci5ces ! tru?1 evid5ce1 & exactness ( :i* are consid]$ ! be/ e/abli%$1 x seems t no firm gr\nd is to be obta9$ :5 we attempt to g to ! bottom ( !m2 & ! m9d1 n f9d+ any security1 recoils 9 ! fe> ( meet+ ) some?+ to ?r[ d\bt & unc]ta9ty on ! tru?s ( :i* x 0 conv9c$4 ,i d n p>ticipate 9 ! ill-humor ( ,hobbes aga9/ ! ma!matics4 ,devot$ to _! progress1 & deeply conv9c$ z ,i am ( ! advantages :i* _! /udy conf]s on ! o!r sci5ces & on society1 ,i %all n attempt to und]rate _! m]it1 or d5y any ( _! great claims2 b :o c say t !y are an exception to ! g5]al rule8 ,h !y n _! weak po9ts & _! d>ksome pa?s8 ,x is true t1 :5 we conf9e ourselves to ! explanation ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ^! sci5ces1 & ! d$uction f !m ( ! mo/ elem5t>y propositions1 ! m9d is on firm gr\nd1 :]e no fe> ( mak+ a false /ep occurs to x4 ,i put aside at pres5t ! obscurity :i* w\ld be f\nd 9 ideology & metaphysics1 if !y 7 to discuss c]ta9 po9ts accord+ to ! writ+s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ philosoph]s4 ,let u conf9e ourselves to ! circle to :i* ! ma!matics are naturally conf9$4 ,:o t has /udi$ !m is ignorant t y may rea* a po9t 9 _! !ories1 :]e ! m9d f9ds no?+ b obscurity8 ,! demon/ration is be=e our eyes2 x has be5 develop$ 9 all its p>ts2 & yet ! m9d wav]s1 feel+ )9 itself a k9d ( unc]ta9ty :i* x _c well describe4 ,x sometimes happ5s t1 aft] reason+ a long "t1 ! tru? ru%es ^u u l ! light ( day2 b x is n until we h walk$ 9 d>kness = a long p]iod4 ,:5 we fix our att5tion ^u ^? ?\ghts :i* w&] 9 our m9ds l mov+ lights1 on ^? almo/ imp]ceptible emotions :i*1 on ^! occasions1 arise1 & !n die away 9 ! s\l1 we obs]ve t ! m9d1 9 ! mid/ ( its fluctuations1 seeks in/9ctively = ! an*or :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! au?ority ( ano!r4 ,to reassure ourselves completely1 we !n invoke ! au?ority ( "s great ma!maticians1 & we rejoice t ! fact is plac$ beyond a d\bt by ! s]ies ( great m5 :o h always view$ x 9 ! same light4 ,b p]haps our ignorance & pride w n admit ! tru? ( ^! reflections4 ,let u1 !n1 /udy ^! sci5ces1 or at lea/ read _! hi/ory1 & we %all be conv9c$ t !y af=d num]\s pro(s ( ! weakness ( ! intellect4 ,did n ! extraord9>y inv5tion ( ,newton & ,leibnitz f9d _m oppon5ts 9 ,europe8 ,7 !re n requir$ to e/abli% x1 bo? ! sanction ( "t & ! t\*/one ( exp]i5ce1 :i* made manife/ ! tru? ( _! pr9ciples & ! exactness ( _! reason+s8 ,d y believe t1 if ?is inv5tion 7 aga91 = ! fir/ "t1 to make its appe>ance 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 ev5 =tifi$ ) all ! pro(s :i* h be5 br\ght =w>d to /r5g!n x1 & surr\nd$ ) all ! light :i* s _m explanations h %$ ^u x1--d y believe1 ,i say1 t x w\ld n ne$ a second "t ! "r ( prescription1 to rega9 its tranquil & undi/urb$ empire8 ,x is easy to suppose t ! o!r sci5ces h no little %>e 9 ?is unc]ta9ty aris+ f ! weakness ( ! human m9d2 z ,i d n imag9e t ?is ass]tion w be call$ 9 "q1 ,i pass on to a few rem>ks on ! peculi> "* ( ! moral sci5ces4 ,! fact has n be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to1 t !re is no /udy m deceptive ?an t ( ! moral sci5ces2 ,i say deceptive1 because ?is /udy1 s$uc+ ! m9d by an appe>ance ( facility1 draws x into difficulties :i* x is no easy matt] to ov]come4 ,x may be comp>$ to ^? tranquil wat]s :i*1 al?\gh app>5tly b %all[1 are 9 reality unfa?omably deep4 ,famili>iz$ f our infancy ) ! language ( ?is sci5ce1 surr\nd$ by its cont9ual applications1 & hav+ be=e our eyes its tru?s "u a palpable =m1 we possess a c]ta9 facility ( speak+ readily on _m p>ts ( ! subject2 & we h ! ra%ness to suppose t x w\ld n be difficult to ma/] its highe/ pr9ciples & its mo/ delicate relations4 ,b wond]ful z x is1 sc>cely h we quitt$ ! pa? ( common s5se1 & attempt$ to g beyond ^? simple impressions :i* we h receiv$ f our mo!rs1 :5 we f9d ourselves 9 a labyr9? ( confusion4 ,if ! m9d gives itself up to subtilties1 x ceases to li/5 to ! voice ( ! he>t1 :i* speaks to x ) equal simplicity & eloqu5ce2 if x does n repress its pride1 & att5d to ! wise c\nsels ( good s5se1 x w be guilty ( despis+ ^? salut>y & necess>y tru?s1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ by society to be transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation3 x is !n1 :ile grop+ its way 9 ! d>k1 t x falls into ! wilde/ extravagances1 ! lam5table effects ( :i* are s (t5 exemplifi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces4 ,if we obs]ve att5tively1 we %all f9d some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,! ,creator has tak5 c>e to supply u ) k necess>y = ! purposes ( life1 & = ! atta9m5t ( our de/9y2 b x has n pleas$ ,him to gratify our curiosity by discov]+ to u :at 0 n necess>y4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s ?+s ,he has communicat$ to ! m9d a p[] :i* r5d]s x capable ( con/antly add+ to its k2 b1 ) respect to moral tru?s1 x has be5 left /]ile4 ,:at man is requir$ to "k1 has be5 deeply engrav5 on 8 he>t1 9 *>act]s simple & intelligible2 or is conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ volume2 & moreov]1 he has _h po9t$ out to him1 9 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 a fix$ rule1 to :i* he c apply to h 8 d\bts expla9$4 ,) respect to ! re/1 man has be5 plac$ 9 su* a position1 t if he attempt to ent] into matt]s :i* are too subtle1 he only w&]s backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! same road1 at ! extremities ( :i* he f9ds on ! "o side skepticism1 on ! o!r pure tru?4 ,p]haps "s mod]n ideologi/s w urge1 9 opposition to ?is1 ! result ( _! own analytical lab\rs4 ,be=e m5 began to analyze facts1 !y w say1 & :ile !y indulg$ 9 fanciful sy/ems1 & satisfi$ !mselves ) v]bal disputes )\t critical exam9ation1 all ?is might be true2 b n[ t we h expla9$ all ! ideas ( moral good & evil1 9 s p]fect a way1 & h sep>at$ ! prejudice 9 !m f ! true philosophy2 n[ t ! :ole sy/em ( morality is bas$ ^u ! simple pr9ciples ( pleasure & pa91 & we h giv5 ! cle>e/ ideas ( ^! ?+s1 su*1 = example1 z ! s5sations produc$ 9 u by an orange2 to ma9ta9 y\r ass]tion1 is to be ungrateful t[>ds sci5ce1 & to und]rate ! fruit ( our lab\rs4 ,i am aw>e ( ! lab\rs ( "s moral ideologi/s1 & ,i "k ) :at deceptive simplicity !y develop _! !ories1 by giv+ to ! mo/ difficult ?+s an easy turn1 :i* affects to make !m intelligible to ! mo/ limit$ m9ds4 ,?is is n ! place to exam9e ^! analytical inve/igations1 & _! results4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 rem>k t1 9 spite ( _! promis$ simplicity1 x does n appe> t ei!r society or sci5ce makes mu* progress ?r\gh _! means1 & t ^! op9ions1 al?\gh b a %ort "t broa*$1 are already sup]annuat$4 ,?is is n a matt] ( a/oni%m5t to u2 = x 0 easy to p]ceive t1 9 spite ( _! positiv5ess1 if ,i may be all[$ to use ! expression1 ^! ideologi/s are z hypo!tical z _m ( _! pr$ecessors1 :o are load$ by !m ) s>casms & contempt4 ,!y are a poor1 n>r[-m9d$ s*ool1 devoid ( ! tru?1 & n ev5 adorn$ by ! brilliant dreams ( great m52 a pr\d & delud$ s*ool1 :o fancy !y expla9 a fact1 :5 !y only obscure x2 & prove a ?+1 :5 !y only ass]t x2 & imag9e t !y analyze ! human he>t1 :5 !y take x to pieces4 ,if su* is ! human m9d2 if su* is its inability 9 matt]s ( sci5ce1 :e!r physical or moral1 t x has n advanc$ a s+le /ep beyond ! limit prescrib$ by a b5efic5t ,provid5ce2 :at s]vice has ,prote/antism r5d]$ to mod]n society1 by impair+ ! =ce ( au?ority1 t p[] :i* c\ld alone pres5t an effectual b>ri] to man's unhappy w&]+s8#i ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,indiff]5ce ,,& ,,fanaticism4 ,9 reject+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 adopt+ ?is resi/ance z its only pr9ciple1 ,prote/antism 0 compell$ to seek its :ole support 9 man2 ?us to mi/ake ! true "* ( ! human m9d1 & its relations ) religi\s & moral tru?1 0 to ?r[ itself1 accord+ to circum/ances1 into ! opposite extremes ( fanaticism & indiff]5ce4 ,x may seem /range t ^! opposite errors %\ld emanate f ! same s\rce2 & yet no?+ is m c]ta94 ,prote/antism1 by appeal+ to man alone 9 religi\s matt]s1 _h only two c\rses to adopt2 ei!r to suppose m5 to be inspir$ by ,heav5 = ! discov]y ( tru?1 or to subject all religi\s tru?s to ! exam9ation ( reason4 ,to submit religi\s tru?s to ! judgm5t ( reason 0 soon] or lat] to produce indiff]5ce2 on ! o!r h&1 private inspiration mu/ eng5d] fanaticism4 ,!re is a univ]sal & con/ant fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d--viz4 its decid$ incl9ation to inv5t sy/ems 9 :i* ! reality ( ?+s is completely laid aside1 & :]e we only see ! work+s ( a _s :i* has *os5 to quit ! ord9>y pa? 9 ord] to give itself up to its own inspirations4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy is little else ?an a p]petual repetition ( ?is ph5om5on1 :i* ! human m9d %[s1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 9 all ?+s :i* admit ( x4 ,:5 ! m9d has conceiv$ a peculi> idea1 x reg>ds x ) t bl9d & exclusive pr$ilection :i* is f\nd 9 ! love ( ! fa!r = 8 *ildr54 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is prejudice1 ! m9d developes its ideas & accommodates facts to suit x2 t :i* at fir/ 0 only an +5i\s & extravagant idea1 becomes ! g]m ( important doctr9es2 & if x arise 9 a p]son ( an ard5t disposition1 fanaticism1 ! cause ( s mu* madness1 is ! consequ5ce4 ,! dang] is v mu* increas$ :5 ! new sy/em applies to religi\s matt]s1 or is imm$iately connect$ ) !m4 ,! extravagances ( a diseas$ m9d are !n look$ ^u z inspirations f ,heav52 ! fev] ( delirium z a div9e flame2 & a mania ( be+ s+ul> z an extraord9>y vocation4 ,pride1 unable to brook opposition1 rises aga9/ all t x f9ds e/abli%$2 x insults all au?ority2 x attacks all in/itutions2 x despises ev]ybody2 x conceals ! grosse/ viol5ce "u ! mantle ( zeal1 & ambition "u ! "n ( apo/le%ip4 ,! dupe ( himself r ?an an impo/or1 ! wret*$ maniac sometimes becomes deeply p]suad$ t 8 doctr9es are true1 & t he has receiv$ ! comm&s ( ,heav54 ,z !re is some?+ extraord9>y & /rik+ 9 ! fi]y language ( ! madman1 he communicates to ^? :o li/5 to him a portion ( 8 insanity1 & makes1 9 a %ort "t1 a consid]able numb] ( proselytes4 ,! m5 capable ( play+ ! fir/ "p 9 ?is sc5e ( madness are n num]\s1 x is true2 b unhappily ! majority ( m5 are fooli% en\gh to be easily l$ away4 ,hi/ory & exp]i5ce suffici5tly prove t ! cr[d are easily attract$1 & t to =m a p>ty1 h[ev] crim9al1 extravagant1 or ridicul\s1 x is only necess>y to raise a /&>d4 ,i wi% to take ?is opportunity ( mak+ an obs]vation :i* ,i h nev] se5 po9t$ out--viz4 t ! ,*ur*1 9 h] conte/ ) h]esy1 has r5d]$ an important s]vice to ! sci5ce :i* devotes itself to ! exam9ation ( ! true "*1 t5d5cy1 & p[] ( ! human m9d4 ,! zeal\s gu>dian ( all great tru?s1 %e has always kn[n h[ to pres]ve !m unimpair$2 %e 0 fully acqua9t$ ) ! weakness ( ! m9d ( man1 & its extreme pron5ess to folly & extravagance2 %e has foll[$ x closely 9 all its /eps1 has wat*$ x 9 all its movem5ts1 & has con/antly resi/$ x ) en]gy1 :5 x attempt$ to pollute ! pure f\nta9 ( :i* %e is ! gu>dian4 ,dur+ ! long & viol5t conte/s :i* %e has _h ) x1 ! ,*ur* has made manife/ its incurable folly2 %e has exhibit$ x on e side1 & has %[n x 9 all its =ms4 ,?us x is t1 9 ! hi/ory ( h]esies1 %e has made an abundant collection ( facts1 & has pa9t$ an extremely int]e/+ picture ( ! human m9d1 :]e its *>act]i/ic physiognomy is fai?fully repres5t$2 a picture :i* w d\btless be ( great s]vice 9 ! composition ( ! important "w :i* is yet unwritt5--viz4 ! true hi/ory ( ! human m9d4#aj ,c]ta9 x is t ! rav+s & extravagances ( fanaticism h n be5 want+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe = ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,_! monum5ts /ill rema92 9 :atev] direction we turn our /eps1 we f9d bloody traces ( ! fanatical sects produc$ by ,prote/antism1 & eng5d]$ by its fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,no?+ c\ld conf9e ?is deva/at+ torr5t1 nei!r ! viol5t "* ( ,lu!r1 nor ! furi\s ef=ts :i* he made to oppose e "o :o taught doctr9es diff]5t f 8 own4 ,impiety succe$$ impiety1 extravagance extravagance1 fanaticism fanaticism4 ,! pret5d$ ,re=mation 0 soon divid$ into z _m sects z !re 7 f\nd m5 ) ! +5uity to inv5t & ! boldness to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( _! own4 ,?is 0 necess>ily ! case2 = besides ! dang] ( leav+ ! human m9d )\t a guide on all que/ions ( religion1 !re 0 ano!r cause fruitful 9 fatal results1 ,i mean ! private int]pretation ( ! sacr$ books4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t ! be/ ?+s may be abus$1 & t ^! div9e volumes1 :i* conta9 s mu* in/ruction = ! m9d1 & s mu* consolation = ! he>t1 are full ( dang] to ! pr\d4 ,h[ great w ?is be1 if y add to ! ob/9ate resolution ( resi/+ all au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?1 ! false p]suasion t ! mean+ ( ! ,scriptures is ev]y:]e cle>1 & t1 9 all cases1 ! inspirations ( ,heav5 may be expect$ to solve e d\bt8 ,:at w happ5 to ^? :o turn ov] _! pages ) a long+ desire to f9d "s text :i*1 m or less tortur$1 may seem to au?orize _! sophisms1 subtilties1 & absurdities8 ,!re nev] 0 a great] mi/ake ?an t :i* 0 committ$ by ! ,prote/ant lead]s1 :5 !y plac$ ! ,bible 9 ! h&s ( all = self-int]pretation2 nev] 0 ! nature ( t sacr$ volume m completely lo/ sight (4 ,x is true t ,prote/antism _h no o!r me?od to pursue1 & t e objection :i* x c\ld make to ! private int]pretation ( ! sacr$ text w\ld be a /rik+ inconsi/5cy1 an apo/asy f its own pr9ciples1 & a d5ial ( its own orig92 b at ! same "t1 ?is is its mo/ decid$ condemnation4 ,:at claim1 inde$1 c t religion h to tru? & sanctity ^: fundam5tal pr9ciple conta9s ! g]m ( sects ! mo/ fanatical--! mo/ injuri\s to society8 ,x w\ld be difficult to collect into s n>r[ a space1 9 opposition to ?is ess5tial error ( ,prote/antism1 s _m facts & conv9c+ pro(s ( ?is1 z are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es1 writt5 by a ,prote/ant1 ,o',callaghan1 :i*1 ,i h no d\bt1 my read]s w ?ank me = quot+ "h4 ,l$ away1 says ,o',callaghan1 by _! _s ( opposition to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ! fir/ ,re=m]s l\dly proclaim$ ! "r ( int]pret+ ! ,scriptures accord+ to ea* "o's private judgm5t2 b 9 _! eag]ness to emancipate ! p f ! au?ority ( ! ,pope1 !y proclaim$ ?is "r )\t explanation or re/riction3 & ! consequ5ces 7 fe>ful4 ,impati5t to und]m9e ! papal jurisdiction1 !y ma9ta9$ )\t exception1 t ea* individual has an inconte/able "r to int]pret ! ,scriptures = himself2 & z ?is pr9ciple1 c>ri$ to ! fulle/ ext5t1 0 n su/a9able1 !y 7 oblig$ to rely = support ^u ano!r1 viz4 t ! ,bible is an easy book1 )9 ! compreh5sion ( all m9ds1 & t ! div9e revelations conta9$ 9 x are always cle> to all2 two propositions :i*1 :e!r we consid] !m toge!r or ap>t1 _c )/& a s]i\s attack4 ,! private judgm5t ( ,munc] f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures t titles ( nobility & great e/ates are impi\s usurpations1 contr>y to ! natural equality ( ! fai?ful1 & he invit$ 8 foll[]s to exam9e if ?is 7 n ! case4 ,!y exam9$ into ! matt]1 prais$ ,god1 & !n proce$$ by fire & sword to extirpate ! impi\s & possess !mselves ( _! prop]ties4 ,private judgm5t made ! discov]y 9 ! ,bible t e/abli%$ laws 7 a p]man5t re/riction on ,*ri/ian lib]ty2 &1 behold1 ,john ( ,leyd51 ?r[+ away 8 tools1 put himself at ! head ( a mob ( fanatics1 surpris$ ! t[n ( ,mun/]1 proclaim$ himself k+ ( ,sion1 & took f\rte5 wives at a "t1 ass]t+ t polygamy is ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 & ! privilege ( ! sa9ts4 ,b if ! crim9al madness ( ^! m5 9 ano!r c\ntry is afflict+ to ! fri5ds ( humanity & ( real piety1 c]ta9ly ! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 dur+ a great "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 is n calculat$ to console !m4 ,dur+ t p]iod an imm5se numb] ( fanatics appe>$1 sometimes toge!r & sometimes 9 succession1 intoxicat$ ) extravagant doctr9es & mis*iev\s passions1 f ! fi]ce rav+s ( ,fox to ! m me?odical madness ( ,b>clay2 f ! =midable fanaticism ( ,cromwell to ! silly pr(anity ( ',praise ,god ,b>ebones4' ,piety1 reason1 & good s5se seem$ to be ext9ct on e>?1 & to be succe$$ by an extravagant j>gon1 a religi\s fr5zy1 & a zeal )\t discretion4 ,all quot$ ! ,scriptures1 all pret5d$ to h _h inspirations1 visions1 & spiritual ec/asies1 & all1 inde$1 _h equal claims to !m4 ,x 0 /rongly ma9ta9$ t x 0 prop] to aboli% ! prie/hood & ! royal dignity1 because prie/s 7 ! m9i/]s ( ,satan1 & k+s ! delegates ( ! :ore ( ,babylon1 & t ! exi/5ce ( bo? 7 inconsi/5t ) ! reign ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,! fanatics condemn$ sci5ce z a ,pagan inv5tion1 & univ]sities z sem9>ies ( anti*ri/ian impiety4 ,bi%ops 7 n protect$ by ! sanctity ( _! functions1 or k+s by ! maje/y ( ! ?rone2 bo?1 z objects ( contempt & hatr$1 7 m]cilessly put to dea? by ^! fanatics1 ^: only book 0 ! ,bible1 )\t note or comm5t4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! en?usiasm = pray]1 prea*+1 & ! read+ ( ! sacr$ books 0 at ! highe/ po9t2 ev]ybody pray$1 prea*$1 & read1 b nobody li/5$4 ,! greate/ atrocities 7 ju/ifi$ by ! ,scriptures2 9 ! mo/ ord9>y transactions ( life1 scriptural language 0 made use (2 national affairs1 =eign & dome/ic1 7 discuss$ 9 ! phraseology ( ,holy ,writ4 ,!re 7 scriptural plots1 conspiracies1 & proscriptions2 & all ?is 0 n only ju/ifi$ b ev5 sanctifi$ by quotations f ! ^w ( ,god4 ,^! facts1 atte/$ by hi/ory1 h (t5 a/oni%$ & al>m$ m5 ( virtue & piety1 b ! read]1 too mu* imbu$ ) 8 own ideas1 =gets ! lesson to be le>nt by ?is fatal exp]i5ce2 namely1 t ! ,bible )\t note or comm5t 0 n int5d$ to be read by rude & ignorant m54 ,! majority ( mank9d mu/ be cont5t to receive ! in/ructions ( o!rs1 & are n enabl$ to tru/ !mselves4 ,! mo/ important tru?s 9 m$ic9e1 9 jurisprud5ce1 9 physics1 9 ma!matics1 mu/ be receiv$ f ^? :o dr9k at ! f\nta9 head4 ,! same plan has 9 g5]al be5 pursu$ ) respect to ,*ri/ianity2 & :5ev] ! dep>ture f x has be5 wide en\gh1 'society has be5 %ak5 to its f\ndation4' ,^! words ( ,o',callaghan d n require any comm5t4 ,x _c be said t !y are hyp]bolical or declamatory1 z !y are only a simple & fai?ful n>ration ( ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,! recollection ( ^! ev5ts %\ld suffice to prove ! dang] ( plac+ ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 )\t note or comm5t1 into ! h&s ( all1 z ,prote/antism does1 "u ! pret5ce1 t ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* is useless = und]/&+ ! holy books2 & t e ,*ri/ian has only to li/5 to ! dictates :i* g5]ally emanate f 8 passions & heat$ imag9ation4 ,by ?is error alone1 if x _h committ$ no o!r1 ,prote/antism is self-reprov$ & condemn$2 = x is a religion :i* has e/abli%$ a pr9ciple de/ructive to itself4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! madness ( ,prote/antism on ?is po9t1 & to see h[ false & dang]\s is ! position :i* x has assum$ ) reg>d to ! human m9d1 x is n necess>y to be a !ologian1 or a ,ca?olic2 x is en\gh to h read ! ,scriptures ) ! eyes ( a philosoph] or a man ( lit]ature4 ,"h is a book :i* comprises1 )9 a limit$ compass1 ! p]iod ( f\r ?\s& ye>s1 & advances fur!r t[>ds ! mo/ di/ant future1 by embrac+ ! orig9 & de/9y ( man & ! univ]se--a book :i*1 ) ! cont9u$ hi/ory ( a *os5 p1 int]m+les1 9 its n>rations & prophecies1 ! revolutions ( mighty empires--a book :i*1 side by side ) ! magnific5t pictures ( ! p[] & spl5dor ( ,ea/]n mon>*s1 describes1 9 simple colors1 ! pla9 dome/ic mann]s1 ! c&or1 & innoc5ce ( a "y nation--a book 9 :i* hi/orians relate1 sages proclaim _! maxims ( wisdom1 apo/les prea*1 & doctors in/ruct--a book 9 :i* prophets1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! div9e ,_s1 ?und] aga9/ ! errors & corruptions ( ! p1 & ann\nce ! v5geance ( ! ,god ( ,s9ai1 or p\r =? inconsolable lam5tations on ! captivity ( _! bre?r51 & ! desolation & solitude ( _! c\ntry2 :]e !y relate1 9 wond]ful & sublime language1 ! magnific5t spectacles :i* are pres5t$ to _! eyes2 :]e1 9 mom5ts ( ec/asy1 !y see pass be=e !m ! ev5ts ( society & ! cata/rophes ( nature1 al?\gh veil$ 9 my/]i\s figures & visions ( obscurity--a book1 or r a collection ( books1 :]e are to be f\nd all sorts ( /yles & all v>ieties ( n>rative1 epic maje/y1 pa/oral simplicity1 lyric fire1 s]i\s in/ruction1 grave hi/orical n>rative1 & lively & rapid dramatic action2 a collection ( books1 9 f9e1 writt5 at v>i\s times & 9 v>i\s languages1 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & "u ! mo/ peculi> & extraord9>y circum/ances4 ,mu/ n all ?is confuse ! heads ( m5 :o1 puff$ up ) _! own conceit1 grope ?r\gh ^! pages 9 ! d>k1 ignorant ( climates1 times1 laws1 cu/oms1 & mann]s8 ,!y w be puzzl$ by allusions1 surpris$ by images1 deceiv$ by expressions2 !y w he> ! ,greek & ,hebrew1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ^? remote ages1 n[ spok5 9 a mod]n idiom4 ,:at effects mu/ all ^! circum/ances produce on ! m9ds ( read]s :o believe t ! ,bible is an easy book1 to be und]/ood )\t difficulty by all8 ,p]suad$ t !y d n require ! in/ructions ( o!rs1 !y mu/ ei!r resolve all ^! difficulties by _! own reflections1 or tru/ to t individual inspiration :i* !y believe w n be want+ to expla9 to !m ! l(tie/ my/]ies4 ,:o1 aft] ?is1 c be a/oni%$ t ,prote/antism has produc$ s _m absurd vision>ies & furi\s fanatics8#aa ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,fanaticism--,,its ,,def9ition4--,,fanaticism ,,9 ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to *>ge a religion ) falsehood1 m]ely because fanatics are to be f\nd )9 its bosom4 ,?is w\ld be to reject all1 because none are to be f\nd exempt f !m4 ,a religion1 !n1 is n to be condemn$ because x has !m1 b because x produces !m1 urges !m on1 & op5s a field = !m4 ,if we obs]ve closely1 we %all f9d at ! bottom ( ! human he>t an abundant s\rce ( fanaticism2 ! hi/ory ( man af=ds u _m pro(s ( ?is inconte/able tru?4 ,imag9e :atev] delusion y please1 relate ! mo/ extravagant visions1 inv5t ! mo/ absurd sy/em1 if y only take c>e to give to all a religi\s color+1 y may be sure t y w h en?usia/ic foll[]s1 :o w he>tily devote !mselves to ! propagation ( y\r doctr9es1 & w esp\se y\r cause bl9dly & ard5tly2 9 o!r words1 y w h "u y\r /&>d a troop ( fanatics4 ,philosoph]s h devot$ _m pages to declamation aga9/ fanaticism2 !y h1 z x 71 assum$ ! mission ( bani%+ x f ! e>?4 ,!y h tir$ mank9d ) philosophical lectures1 & h ?und]$ aga9/ ! mon/] ) all ! vigor ( _! eloqu5ce4 ,!y us$ ! ^w1 h[ev]1 9 s wide a s5se z to include all k9d ( religion4 ,b1 if !y _h conf9$ !mselves to attack+ real fanaticism1 ,i believe !y w\ld h done mu* bett] if !y _h devot$ "s "t to ! exam9ation ( ?is matt] 9 an analytic _s1 & _h treat$ x1 aft] s do+1 maturely1 calmly1 & )\t prejudice4 ,inasmu* z ^! philosoph]s 7 aw>e t fanaticism is a natural infirmity ( ! human m9d1 !y c\ld1 if !y 7 m5 ( s5se & wisdom1 h _h little hope ( bani%+ ! accurs$ mon/] f ! _w by reason+ & eloqu5ce2 = ,i am n aw>e t1 up to ! pres5t "t1 philosophy has rem$i$ any ( ! important evils t afflict humanity4 ,among ! num]\s errors ( ! philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 "o ( ! pr9cipal 0 ! mania = types2 !re 0 =m$ 9 ! m9d a type ( ! nature ( man1 ( society1 9 a ^w1 ( e ?+2 & e ?+ t c\ld n be adju/$ to ?is type1 e ?+ t c\ld n be m\ld$ into ! requir$ =m1 0 s subject$ to ! fury ( philosoph]s1 z to make x c]ta91 at lea/1 t ! want ( pliability did n g unpuni%$4 ,b d ,i mean to d5y ! exi/5ce ( fanaticism 9 ! _w8 ,!re is mu* ( x4 ,d ,i d5y t x is an evil8 ,x is a v great "o4 ,c x be extirpat$8 ,x _c4 ,h[ c its ext5t be dim9i%$1 its =ce weak5$1 & its viol5ce *eck$8 ,by direct+ man wisely4 ,c ?is be done by philosophy8 ,we %all pres5tly see4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( fanaticism8 ,we mu/ beg9 by def9+ ! real mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,by fanaticism is meant1 tak+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ signification1 ! /rong excitem5t ( a m9d p[]fully act$ on by a false or exagg]at$ op9ion4 ,if ! op9ion be true1 if x be conf9$ )9 j limits1 !re is no fanaticism2 or1 if !re be any1 x is only ) respect to ! means employ$ 9 def5d+ ! op9ion4 ,b 9 t case !re is an errone\s judgm5t1 s9ce x is believ$ t ! tru? ( ! op9ion au?orizes ! means2 t is to say1 !re is already error or exagg]ation4 ,if a true op9ion be su/a9$ by legitimate means1 if ! occasion be opportune1 :atev] may be ! excitem5t or eff]vesc5ce ( m9d1 :atev] may be ! en]gy ( ! ef=ts & ! sacrifices made1 !n !re is en?usiasm ( m9d & h]oism ( action1 b no fanaticism4 ,7 x o!rwise1 ! h]oes ( all times & c\ntries might be /igmatiz$ z fanatics4 ,fanaticism1 9 ?is g5]al s5se1 ext5ds to all ! subjects :i* occupy ! human m9d2 ?us !re are fanatics 9 religion1 9 politics1 ev5 9 sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,nev]!less1 accord+ to etymology & cu/om1 ! ^w is prop]ly appli$ to religi\s matt]s only2 !re=e ! ^w1 :5 us$ alone1 means fanaticism 9 religion1 :il/1 :5 appli$ to o!r ?+s1 x is always accompani$ by a qualify+ epi!t2 ?us we say political fanatics1 lit]>y fanatics1 c4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 religi\s matt]s m5 h a /rong t5d5cy to give !mselves to a dom9ant idea1 :i* !y desire to communicate to all ar\nd !m1 & propagate ev]y:]e4 ,!y sometimes g s f> z to attempt ?is by ! mo/ viol5t means4 ,! same fact appe>s1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 o!r matt]s2 b x acquires 9 religi\s ?+s a "* diff]5t f :at x assumes else:]e4 ,x is !re t ! human m9d acquires increas$ =ce1 frightful en]gy1 & unb\nd$ expansion2 !re are no m difficulties1 ob/acles1 or fett]s2 mat]ial int]e/s entirely disappe>2 ! greate/ suff]+s acquire a *>m2 torm5ts are no?+2 dea? itself is a s$uctive illusion4 ,?is ph5om5on v>ies ) individuals1 ) ideas1 ) ! mann]s ( ! nation 9 ^: bosom x is produc$2 b at bottom x is always ! same4 ,if we exam9e ! matt] ?or\ghly1 we %all f9d t ! viol5ces ( ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet1 & ! extravagant disciples ( ,fox1 h a common orig94 ,x is ) ?is passion z ) all o!rs2 :5 !y produce great evils1 x is because !y deviate f _! legitimate objects1 or because !y /rive at ^? objects by means :i* are n con=mable to ! dictates ( reason & prud5ce4 ,fanaticism1 !n1 rightly und]/ood1 is no?+ b misguid$ religi\s feel+2 a feel+ :i* man has )9 him f ! cradle to ! tomb1 & :i* is f\nd to be diffus$ ?r\gh\t society 9 all p]iods ( its exi/5ce4 ,va9 h be5 ! ef=ts made up to ?is "t to r5d] m5 irreligi\s2 a few individuals may give !mselves up to ! folly ( complete irreligion2 b ! human race always prote/s aga9/ ^? :o endeavor to /ifle ! s5tim5t ( religion4 ,n[ ?is feel+ is s /rong & active1 x ex]cises s unb\nd$ an influ5ce on man1 t no soon] has x be5 div]t$ f its legitimate object1 & quitt$ ! "r pa?1 ?an x is se5 to produce lam5table results2 !n x is t two causes1 f]tile 9 great disa/]s1 are f\nd 9 comb9ation1 complete bl9dness ( ! und]/&+ & irresi/ible en]gy ( ! w4 ,9 declaim+ aga9/ fanaticism1 _m ,prote/ants & philosoph]s h ?\ght prop] to ?r[ a l>ge %>e ( blame on ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 c]ta9ly !y ought to h be5 m mod]ate 9 ?is respect if _! philosophy _h be5 good4 ,x is true ! ,*ur* _c boa/ ( hav+ cur$ all ! follies ( man2 %e _c pret5d to h bani%$ fanaticism s completely z n to h "s fanatics among h] *ildr52 b %e may ju/ly boa/ t no religion has tak5 m effectual means ( cur+ ! evil4 ,x may1 moreov]1 be affirm$1 t %e has tak5 h] measures s well1 t :5 x does make its appe>ance1 %e conf9es x )9 su* limits t x may exi/ = a "t1 b _c produce v dang]\s results4 ,its m5tal errors & deliri\s dreams1 :i*1 if enc\rag$1 lead m5 to ! commission ( ! greate/ extravagances & ! mo/ horrible crimes1 are kept "u control :5 ! m9d possesses a salut>y conviction ( its own weakness & a respect = infallible au?ority4 ,if !y be n ext+ui%$ at _! bir?1 at lea/ !y rema9 9 a /ate ( isolation1 !y d n injure ! deposit ( true doctr9e1 & ! ties :i* unite all ! fai?ful z memb]s ( ! same body are n brok54 ,) respect to revelations1 visions1 prophecies1 & ec/asies1 z long z !y pres]ve a private "* & d n affect ! tru?s ( fai?1 ! ,*ur*1 g5]ally speak+1 tol]ates !m & ab/a9s f int]f]5ce1 leav+ ! discussion ( ! facts to criticism1 & all[+ ! fai?ful an entire lib]ty ( ?9k+ z !y please2 b if ! affair assumes a m important aspect1 if ! vision>y calls 9 "q po9ts ( doctr9e1 %e imm$iately %[s h] vigilance4 ,att5tive to e voice rais$ aga9/ ! in/ructions ( h] ,div9e ,ma/]1 %e fixes an obs]vant eye on ! innovator4 ,%e exam9es :e!r he be a man deceiv$ 9 matt]s ( doctr9e or a wolf 9 %eep's clo?+2 %e raises h] w>n+ voice1 %e po9ts out to all ! fai?ful ! error or ! dang]1 & ! voice ( ! ,%eph]d recalls ! w&]+ %eep2 b if he refuse to li/5 to h]1 & pref] to foll[ 8 own caprices1 %e sep>ates him f ! flock1 & decl>es him to resemble ! wolf4 ,f t mom5t all ^? :o are s9c]ely desir\s ( cont9u+ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*1 c no m be infect$ ) ! error4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,prote/ants w reproa* ,ca?olics ) ! numb] ( vision>ies :o h exi/$ 9 ! ,*ur*2 !y w recall ! revelations & visions ( a great numb] ( sa9ts :o are v5]at$ on our alt>s2 !y w accuse u ( fanaticism1--a fanaticism1 !y w say1 :i*1 f> f be+ limit$ 9 its effects to a n>r[ circle1 has be5 able to produce ! mo/ important results4 ,d n ! f\nd]s ( religi\s ord]s alone1 !y w say1 af=d u a spectacle ( a long succession ( fanatics1 :o1 self-delud$1 ex]cis$ ^u o!rs1 by _! words & example1 ! greate/ fasc9ation t 0 ev] se58 ,z ?is is n ! place to enl>ge ^u ! subject ( religi\s communities1 :i* ,i propose to d 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) ! obs]vation1 t ev5 suppos+ t all ! visions & revelations ( our sa9ts & ! heav5ly inspirations ) :i* ! f\nd]s ( religi\s ord]s believ$ !mselves to h be5 favor$ 7 delusions1 our oppon5ts w\ld n be 9 any way ju/ifi$ 9 ?r[+ on ! ,*ur* ! reproa* ( fanaticism4 ,&1 fir/1 x is easy to see t1 z f> z individual visions are conc]n$1 z long z !y are ?us limit$1 !re may be delusion1 or1 if y w1 fanaticism2 b ?is fanaticism w n be injuri\s to any "o1 or create confusion 9 society4 ,if a poor woman believe h]self to be peculi>ly fav\r$ by ,heav51 if %e fancy t %e he>s ! words ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 t %e conv]ses ) angels :o br+ h] messages f ,god1 all ?is may excite ! cr$ulity ( "s & ! raill]y ( o!rs1 b c]ta9ly x w n co/ society a drop ( blood or a te>4 ,z to ! f\nd]s ( religi\s ord]s1 9 :at way are !y subject to ! *>ge ( fanaticism8 ,let u pass 9 sil5ce ! pr(\nd respect :i* _! virtues des]ve1 & ! gratitude :i* humanity owes !m = ! ine/imable b5efits conf]r$2 let u suppose t !y 7 deceiv$ 9 all _! inspirations2 we may c]ta9ly call ?is delusion1 b n fanaticism4 ,we d n f9d 9 !m ei!r fr5zy or viol5ce2 !y are m5 diffid5t 9 !mselves1 :o1 :5 !y believe t !y are call$ by ,heav5 to a great design1 nev] comm5ce ! "w )\t hav+ pro/rat$ !mselves at ! feet ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff2 !y submit to 8 judgm5t ! rules = ! e/abli%m5t ( _! ord]s1 !y ask 8 in/ruction1 li/5 to 8 decision ) docility1 & d no?+ )\t hav+ obta9$ 8 p]mission4 ,h[1 !n1 d ^! f\nd]s ( ord]s resemble ! fanatics1 :o1 putt+ !mselves at ! head ( a furi\s multitude1 kill1 de/roy1 & leave ev]y:]e beh9d !m traces ( blood & ru98 ,we see 9 ! f\nd]s ( religi\s ord]s m5 :o1 deeply impress$ ) an idea1 devote !mselves to realize x1 h[ev] great may be ! sacrifice4 ,_! conduct con/antly %[s a fix$ idea1 :i* is develop$ accord+ to a preconc]t$ plan1 & is always highly social & religi\s 9 its object3 above all1 ?is is submitt$ to au?ority1 maturely exam9$ & correct$ by ! c\nsels ( prud5ce4 ,an imp>tial philosoph]1 :atev] may be 8 religi\s op9ions1 may f9d 9 all ?is m or less illusion & prejudice1 or prud5ce & address2 b he _c f9d fanaticism1 = !re is no?+ !re :i* resembles x4#ab ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,infidelity ,,& ,,indiff]5ce ,,9 ,,europe1 ,,! ,,fruits ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,! fanaticism ( sects1 :i* is excit$1 kept alive1 & n\ri%$ 9 ,europe1 by ! private judgm5t ( ,prote/antism1 is c]ta9ly an evil ( ! greate/ magnitude2 yet x is n s mis*iev\s or al>m+ z ! infidelity & religi\s indiff]5ce = :i* mod]n society is indebt$ to ! pret5d$ ,re=mation4 ,br\ght on by ! sc&al\s extravagances ( s _m sects ( soi-disant ,*ri/ians1 infidelity & religi\s indiff]5ce1 :i* h _! root ev5 9 ! v pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism1 began to %[ !mselves ) al>m+ symptoms 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 !y h acquir$ ) "t great diffusion1 !y h p5etrat$ all ! bran*es ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 h produc$ an effect on languages1 & h endang]$ all ! conque/s :i* civilization _h ga9$ dur+ s _m ages4 ,ev5 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & amid ! hot disputes & religi\s w>s :i* ,prote/antism _h enk9dl$1 infidelity spread 9 an al>m+ mann]2 & x is probable t x 0 ev5 m common ?an x appe>$ to be1 z x 0 n easy to ?r[ (f ! mask at a p]iod s ne> to ! "t :5 religi\s convictions _h be5 s deeply root$4 ,x is v likely t infidelity 0 propagat$ disguis$ "u ! mantle ( ! ,re=mation1 & t sometimes enli/+ "u ! bann] ( "o sect & sometimes ( ano!r1 x labor$ to weak5 !m all1 9 ord] to set up its own ?rone on ! g5]al ru9 ( fai?4 ,x does n require a great ef=t ( logic to pass f ,prote/antism to ,deism2 f ,deism to ,a!ism1 !re is b a /ep2 & !re mu/ h be51 at ! "t :5 ^! errors 7 broa*$1 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons ) reason+ p[]s en\gh to c>ry !m out to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 z expla9$ by ,prote/ants1 is only a k9d ( philosophic sy/em m or less reasonable2 z1 :5 fully exam9$1 x has no div9e "*4 ,h[1 !n1 c x gov]n a reflect+ & indep5d5t m9d8 ,yes1 "o glance at ! fir/ exhibitions ( ,prote/antism mu/ h be5 en\gh to incl9e all ^? to religi\s indiff]5ce :o1 naturally dis9cl9$ to fanaticism1 _h lo/ ! an*or ( ! ,*ur*'s au?ority4 ,:5 we consid] ! language & conduct ( ! sect>ian lead]s ( t "t1 we are /rongly incl9$ to suspect t !y laugh$ at all ,*ri/ian fai?2 t !y conceal$ _! indiff]5ce or _! ,a!ism "u /range doctr9es :i* s]v$ z a /&>d1 & t !y propagat$ _! writ+s ) v bad fai?1 :ile !y disguis$ _! p]fidi\s int5tion ( pres]v+ 9 ! m9ds ( _! p>tisans sect>ian fanaticism4 ,?us1 li/5+ to ! dictates ( good s5se1 ! fa!r ( ! fam\s ,montaigne1 al?\gh he _h se5 z yet only ! preludes ( ! ,re=mation1 said1 t ?is beg9n+ ( evil w\ld easily deg5]ate into execrable ,a!ism4 ,a v rem>kable te/imony1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ to u by 8 son himself1 :o 0 c]ta9ly nei!r weak nor hypocritical4 7,essais de ,montaigne1 liv4 ii4 *ap4 #ab47 ,:5 ?is man pron\nc$ s wise a judgm5t on ! real t5d5cy ( ,prote/antism1 did he imag9e t 8 own son w\ld confirm ! ju/ness ( 8 pr$iction8 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ,montaigne 0 "o ( ! fir/ skeptics t became fam\s 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 requisite1 at t "t1 = m5 to be cauti\s 9 decl>+ !mselves ,a!i/s or indiff]5ti/s1 among ,prote/ants !mselves2 & x may readily be imag9$ t all unbeliev]s _h n ! boldness ( ,gruet2 yet we may believe ! celebrat$ !ologian ( ,tol$o1 ,*acon1 :o said at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ ?ird ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t ! h]esy ( ! ,a!i/s1 ( ^? :o believ$ no?+1 _h great /r5g? 9 ,france & 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,religi\s controv]sy cont9u$ to occupy ! att5tion ( all ! savants ( ,europe1 & dur+ ?is "t ! gangr5e ( infidelity made great progress4 ,?is evil1 f ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 assum$ a mo/ al>m+ aspect4 ,:o is n dismay$ at read+ ! pr(\nd ?\ghts ( ,pascal on religi\s indiff]5ce8 & :o has n felt1 9 read+ !m1 ! emotion :i* is caus$ 9 ! s\l by ! pres5ce ( a dreadful evil8 ,?+s 7 n[ mu* advanc$1 & unbeliev]s 7 n f> f be+ 9 a position1 to take _! rank among ! s*ools :o disput$ = ! upp] h& 9 ,europe4 ,) m or less ( disguise1 !y _h already = a long "t %[n !mselves "u ! =m ( ,soc9ianism2 b t did n suffice1 = ,soc9ianism bore at lea/ ! "n ( a religi\s sect1 & irreligion began to feel itself /rong en\gh to appe> "u its own "n4 ,! la/ "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury pres5ts a crisis :i* is v rem>kable ) respect to religion2--a crisis :i* p]haps has n be5 well exam9$1 al?\gh x exhibits "s v rem>kable facts2 ,i allude to a lassitude ( religi\s disputes1 m>k$ by two t5d5cies diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & yet v natural3 "o t[>ds ,ca?olicity & ! o!r t[>ds ,a!ism4 ,e "o kn[s h[ mu* disput+ !re _h be5 up to ?is "t on religion2 religi\s controv]sies 7 ! prevail+ ta/e1 & x may be said t !y =m$ ! pr9cipal occupation n only ( ecclesia/ics1 bo? ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 b ev5 ( ! well-educat$ laity4 ,?is ta/e p5etrat$ ! palaces ( k+s & pr9ces4 ,! natural result ( s _m controv]sies 0 to disclose ! radical error ( ,prote/antism3 !n ! m9d1 :i* c\ld n rema9 firm on su* slipp]y gr\nd1 0 oblig$1 ei!r to adopt au?ority1 or ab&on itself to ,a!ism or complete indiff]5ce4 ,^! t5d5cies made !mselves v p]ceptibly felt2 ?us x 0 t at ! v "t :5 ,bayle ?\ght ,europe suffici5tly prep>$ = 8 infidelity & skepticism1 !re 0 go+ on an animat$ & s]i\s correspond5ce = ! reunion ( ! ,g]man ,prote/ants ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,m5 ( education are acqua9t$ ) ! discussions :i* took place betwe5 ! ,lu!ran ,molanus1 abbot ( ,lockum1 & ,*ri/oph]1 at fir/ ,bi%op ( ,tyna1 & aft]w>ds ( ,new/ad4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 ! two mo/ rem>kable m5 at t "t 9 ,europe ( bo? communions1 ,bossuet & ,leibnitz1 is ano!r monum5t ( ! importance ( ^! negotiations4 ,! happy mom5t 0 n yet come2 political consid]ations1 :i* ought to h vani%$ 9 ! pres5ce ( su* l(ty int]e/s1 ex]cis$ a mis*iev\s influ5ce on ! great s\l ( ,leibnitz1 & he did n pres]ve1 ?r\gh\t ! progress ( ! discussions & negotiations1 ! s9c]ity1 good fai?1 & elevation ( view1 :i* he _h ev9c$ at ! comm5cem5t4 ,! negotiation did n succe$1 b ! m]e fact ( its exi/5ce %[s cle>ly en\gh ! void :i* 0 felt 9 ,prote/antism2 = we _c believe t ! two mo/ celebrat$ m5 ( t communion1 ,molanus & ,leibnitz1 w\ld h advanc$ s f> 9 s important a negotiation1 unless !y _h obs]v$ among !mselves _m indications ( a disposition to return to ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*4 ,add to ?is1 ! decl>ation ( ! ,lu!ran univ]sity ( ,helm/ad 9 favor ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 & ! fre% attempts at a reunion made by a ,prote/ant pr9ce1 :o address$ himself to ,pope ,clem5t ,,xi41 & y h /rong reasons = believ+ t ! ,re=mation felt itself mortally w\nd$4 ,if ,god _h be5 will+ to p]mit t s great a result %\ld appe> to h be5 effect$ 9 any way by human means1 ! deep convictions preval5t among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,prote/ants might p]haps h greatly contribut$ to heal ! w\nds :i* _h be5 inflict$ ^u religi\s unity by ! revolutioni/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b ! pr(\nd wisdom ( ,god _h decid$ o!rwise4 ,9 all[+ m5 to pursue _! own opposite & p]v]se incl9ations1 ,he 0 pleas$ to *a/ise !m by means ( _! own pride4 ,! t5d5cy t[>ds unity 0 no long] dom9ant 9 ! next c5tury1 b gave place to a philosophic skepticism1 indiff]5t t[>ds all o!r religions1 b ! deadly enemy ( ! ,ca?olic4 ,x may be said t at t "t !re 0 a comb9ation ( ! mo/ fatal influ5ces to h9d] ! t5d5cy t[>ds unity f atta9+ its object4 ,already 7 ! ,prote/ant sects divid$ & subdivid$ into numb]less p>ties1 & al?\gh ,prote/antism 0 !reby weak5$1 yet1 nev]!less1 x 0 diffus$ ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe2 ! g]m ( d\bt 9 religi\s matt]s _h inoculat$ ! :ole ( ,european society4 ,!re 0 no tru? :i* _h escap$ attack2 no error or extravagance :i* _h n _h apo/les & proselytes2 & x 0 mu* to be fe>$ t m5 w\ld fall into t /ate ( fatigue & disc\ragem5t :i* is ! result ( great ef=ts made )\t success1 & into t disgu/ :i* is always produc$ by endless disputes & great sc&als4 ,to complete ! mis=tune1 & to br+ to a climax ! /ate ( lassitude & disgu/1 !re 0 ano!r evil1 :i* produc$ ! mo/ fatal results4 ,! *ampions ( ,ca?olicity cont5d$1 ) boldness & success1 aga9/ ! religi\s innovations ( ,prote/ants4 ,languages1 hi/ory1 criticism1 philosophy1 all t is mo/ preci\s1 ri*1 & brilliant 9 human k1 _h be5 employ$ 9 ! noble/ way 9 ?is important /ruggle2 & ! great m5 :o 7 mo/ prom95t among ! def5d]s ( ! ,*ur* seem$ to console h] = ! sad losses :i* %e _h su/a9$ by ! tr\bles ( ano!r age4 ,b :ile %e embrac$ 9 h] arms ^! zeal\s sons1 ^? :o boa/$ ! mo/ ( be+ call$ h] *ildr51 %e obs]v$ 9 "s ( !m1 ) surprise & dread1 an attitude ( disguis$ ho/ility2 & 9 _! ?9ly veil$ language & conduct %e c\ld easily p]ceive t !y m$itat$ giv+ h] a fatal bl[4 ,always ass]t+ _! submission & _! ob$i5ce1 b nev] submitt+ or obey+2 cont9ually extoll+ ! au?ority & div9e orig9 ( ! ,*ur*1 & c>efully conceal+ _! hatr$ ( h] exi/+ laws & in/itutions "u cov] ( pr(ess$ zeal = ! re-e/abli%m5t ( anci5t discipl9e2 !y sapp$ ! f\ndations ( morality1 :ile !y claim$ to be its e>ne/ advocates2 !y disguis$ _! hypocrisy & pride "u false humility & affect$ mode/y2 !y call$ ob/9acy firmness1 & wilful bl9dness /r5g? ( m9d4 ,?is rebellion pres5t$ an aspect m dang]\s ?an any h]esy2 _! honey$ words1 /udi$ c&or1 respect = antiquity1 & ! %[ ( le>n+ & k1 w\ld h contribut$ to bl9d ! be/ in=m$1 if ! innovators _h n be5 di/+ui%$ by ! con/ant & unfail+ *>act]i/ic ( all errone\s sects1 viz4 hatr$ ( au?ority4 ,!y 7 se5 f "t to "t /ruggl+ aga9/ ! decl>$ enemies ( ! ,*ur*1 def5d+1 ) great display ( le>n+1 ! tru? ( h] sacr$ dogmas1 cit+1 ) respect & def]5ce1 ! writ+s ( ! holy fa!rs1 & decl>+ t !y adh]$ to tradition1 & _h a pr(\nd v5]ation = ! decisions ( c\ncils & ,popes4 ,!y p>ticul>ly prid$ !mselves on be+ call$ ,ca?olics1 h[ev] mu* _! language & conduct 7 inconsi/5t ) ! "n4 ,nev] did !y get rid ( ! m>vell\s infatuation ) :i* !y d5i$ _! exi/5ce z a sect2 & ?us did !y ?r[ 9 ! way ( ill-in=m$ p]sons ! unhappy sc&al ( a dogmatical dispute1 go+ on app>5tly )9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* h]self4 ,! ,pope decl>$ !m h]etics2 all true ,ca?olics b[$ to ! decision ( ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 f all p>ts ( ! _w a voice 0 unanim\sly rais$ to pron\nce ana!ma aga9/ all :o did n li/5 to ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet]2 b !y !mselves1 d5y+ & elud+ all1 p]si/$ 9 consid]+ !mselves z a body ( ,ca?olics oppress$ by ! _s ( relaxation1 abuse1 & intrigue4 ,?is sc&al gave ! f9i%+ /roke to ! lead+ ( m5 a/ray1 & ! fatal gangr5e :i* 0 infect+ ,european society soon develop$ itself ) frightful rapidity4 ,! religi\s disputes1 ! multitude & v>iety ( sects1 ! animosity :i* !y %[$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 all contribut$ to disgu/ ) religion itself :oev] 7 n held fa/ by ! an*or ( au?ority4 ,to e/abli% indiff]5ce z a sy/em1 a!ism z a cre$1 & impiety z a fa%ion1 !re 0 only want+ a man labori\s en\gh to collect1 unite1 & pres5t 9 a body all ! num]\s mat]ials :i* 7 scatt]$ 9 a multitude ( works2 a man :o knew h[ to give to all ?is a philosophical complexion suitable to ! prevail+ ta/e1 & :o c\ld give to sophi/ry & declamation t s$uctive appe>ance1 t deceptive =m & dazzl+ %[1 by :i* ! productions ( g5ius are always m>k$1 9 ! mid/ ev5 ( _! wilde/ vag>ies4 ,su* a man appe>$ 9 ! p]son ( ,bayle4 ,! noise :i* 8 fam\s diction>y made 9 ! _w1 & ! favor :i* x enjoy$ f ! beg9n+1 %[ h[ well ! au?or _h tak5 advantage ( 8 opportunity4 ,! diction>y ( ,bayle is "o ( ^? books :i*1 consid]$ ap>t f _! sci5tific & lit]>y m]it1 always s]ve to d5ote a rem>kable epo*1 because !y pres5t1 toge!r ) ! fruits ( ! pa/1 ! cle> p]ception ( a long future4 ,! au?or ( su* a "w is n di/+ui%$ s mu* on acc\nt ( 8 own m]it1 z because he has kn[n h[ to become ! repres5tative ( ideas previ\sly diffus$ 9 society1 b float+ ab\t 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty2 & yet 8 "n recalls a va/ hi/ory1 ( :i* he is ! p]sonification4 ,! publication ( ,bayle's "w may be reg>d$ z ! solemn inauguration ( ! *air ( infidelity 9 ,europe4 ,! sophi/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd at h& an abundant repository ( facts & argum5ts2 b to r5d] ! ?+ complete1 !re 0 want+ a h& capable ( ret\*+ ! old pa9t+s1 ( re/or+ _! fad$ colors1 & ( %$d+ ov] all ! *>ms ( imag9ation & ! ref9em5t ( wit2 !re 0 want+ a guide to lead mank9d by a fl[]y pa? to ! bord]s ( ! abyss4 ,sc>cely _h ,bayle desc5d$ into ! tomb1 :5 !re appe>$ above ! lit]>y horizon a "y man1 ^: great tal5ts 7 equall$ by 8 malice & audacity2 ,voltaire4 ,x 0 necess>y to draw ! read]'s att5tion to ! p]iod :i* ,i h j describ$1 to %[ him h[ great 0 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,prote/antism 9 produc+ & e/abli%+ 9 ,europe ! irreligion1 a!ism1 & fatal indiff]5ce :i* h caus$ s _m evils 9 mod]n society4 ,i d n mean to *>ge all ,prote/ants ) impiety2 & ,i will+ly ackn[l$ge ! s9c]ity & firmness ( _m ( _! mo/ illu/ri\s m51 9 /ruggl+ aga9/ ! progress ( irreligion4 ,i am n ignorant t m5 sometimes adopt a pr9ciple & repudiate its consequ5ces1 & t x w\ld1 !re=e1 be v unju/ to class !m ) ^? :o op5ly accept ^? consequ5ces2 b on ! o!r h&1 h[ev] pa9ful x may be to ,prote/ants to av[ t _! sy/em leads to a!ism1 x is nev]!less a fact :i* _c be d5i$4 ,all t !y c claim ( me on ?is po9t is1 n to crim9ate _! int5tions2 aft] t1 !y _c compla9 if1 guid$ by ! in/ructions ( hi/ory & philosophy1 ,i develop _! fundam5tal pr9ciple to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,x w\ld be useless to sket*1 ev5 9 ! mo/ rapid mann]1 :at has pass$ 9 ,europe s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,voltaire3 ! ev5ts are s rec5t1 & h be5 s (t5 discuss$1 t all t ,i c\ld say w\ld be only a useless repetition4 ,i %all bett] atta9 my object by (f]+ "s rem>ks on ! actual /ate ( religion 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries4 ,amid s _m revolutions1 & :5 s _m heads 7 turn$2 :5 all ! f\ndations ( society 7 %ak51 & ! /ronge/ in/itutions 7 torn out ( ! soil 9 :i* !y _h be5 s deeply root$2 :5 ev5 ,ca?olic tru? itself c\ld n h be5 su/a9$ )\t ! manife/ aid ( ! arm ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 we may imag9e ! fate ( ! fragile edifice ( ,prote/antism1 expos$1 l all ! re/1 to s _m & su* viol5t attacks4 ,no "o is ignorant ( ! numb]less sects :i* ab\nd 9 ,great ,brita91 ( ! deplorable condition ( fai? among ! ,swiss ,prote/ants1 ev5 on ! mo/ important po9ts4 ,t !re might be no d\bt z to ! real /ate ( ! ,prote/ant religion 9 ,g]many1 t is1 9 its native c\ntry1 :]e x 0 fir/ e/abli%$ z 9 its de>e/ patrimony1 ! ,prote/ant m9i/]1 ,b>on ,/>ck1 has tak5 c>e to tell u1 t 9 ,g]many !re is n "o s+le po9t ( ,*ri/ian fai? :i* has n be5 op5ly attack$ by ! ,prote/ant m9i/]s !mselves4 ,! real /ate ( ,prote/antism appe>s to me to be truly & =cibly depict$ by a curi\s idea ( ,j4 ,hey]1 a ,prote/ant m9i/]4 ,hey] publi%$1 9 #ahah1 a "w entitl$ ,c\p d'il sur les ,confessions de ,foi2 n kn[+ h[ to get out ( ! difficulty 9 :i* all ,prote/ants f\nd !mselves plac$ :5 !y _h to *oose a symbol1 he propos$ ! simple exp$i5t ( gett+ rid ( all symbols4 ,! only way t ,prote/antism has ( pres]v+ itself1 is to violate z mu* z possible its own fundam5tal pr9ciple1 by )draw+ ! "r ( private judgm5t1 induc+ ! p to rema9 fai?ful to ! op9ions 9 :i* !y h be5 educat$1 & c>efully conceal+ f !m ! inconsi/5cy into :i* !y fall1 :5 !y submit to ! au?ority ( a private individual1 aft] hav+ reject$ ! au?ority ( ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,b ?+s are n tak+ ?is c\rse2 & 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( "s ,prote/ants to foll[ x1 ,bible ,societies1 work+ ) a zeal wor?y ( a bett] cause1 9 promot+ among all classes ! private int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 w\ld suffice to keep alive always ! _s ( inquiry4 ,?is diffusion ( ! ,bible op]ates z a con/ant appeal to private judgm5t1 :i*1 aft] p]haps caus+ _m days ( sorr[ & m\rn+ to society1 w ev5tually de/roy ! rema9s ( ,prote/antism4 ,all ?is has n escap$ ! notice ( its disciples2 & "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable among !m h rais$ _! voices to po9t out ! dang]4#ac ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,cont9uance ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,aft] hav+ cle>ly %[n ! intr9sic weakness ( ,prote/antism1 x is natural to ask ?is "q3 ,if x be s feeble1 ow+ to ! radical defects ( its con/itution1 :y has x n by ?is "t completely disappe>$8 ,if x be> 9 its own brea/ ! se$s ( dea?1 h[ has x be5 able s long to )/& su* p[]ful adv]s>ies1 z ,ca?olicity1 on ! "o h&1 & irreligion or ,a!ism1 on ! o!r8 ,9 ord] to resolve ?is "q satisfactorily1 x is necess>y to consid] ,prote/antism 9 two po9ts ( view2 z embody+ a fix$ cre$1 & z express+ a numb] ( sects1 :o1 9 spite ( _! num]\s mutual diff]5ces1 agree 9 call+ !mselves ,*ri/ians1 & pres]ve a %ad[ ( ,*ri/ianity1 al?\gh !y reject ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is necess>y to consid] ,prote/antism 9 ?is d\ble po9t ( view1 s9ce its f\nd]s1 :ile endeavor+ to de/roy ! au?ority & dogmas ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 7 compell$ to =m a sy/em ( doctr9es to s]ve z a symbol = _! foll[]s4 ,consid]$ 9 ! fir/ aspect1 x has almo/ entirely disappe>$2 we %\ld r say x sc>cely ev] _h exi/5ce4 ,?is tru? is suffici5tly evid5t f :at ,i h said ( ! v>iations & actual condition ( ,prote/antism 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe2 "t has %[n h[ mu* ! pret5d$ ,re=m]s 7 deceiv$1 :5 !y fanci$ t !y c\ld fix ! columns ( ,h]cules ( ! human m9d1 to repeat ! expression ( ,madame de ,/al4 ,:o n[ def5ds ! doctr9es ( ,lu!r & ,calv98 ,:o respects ! limits :i* !y prescrib$8 ,:at ,prote/ant ,*ur* di/+ui%es itself by ! ardor ( its zeal 9 pres]v+ any p>ticul> dogmas8 ,:at ,prote/ant n[ holds ! div9e mission ( ,lu!r1 or believes ! ,pope to be ,anti*ri/8 ,:o wat*es ov] ! purity ( doctr9e1 & po9ts out errors8 ,:o opposes ! torr5t ( sect>ianism8 ,d we f9d1 9 _! writ+s1 or 9 _! disc\rses1 ! en]getic tones ( conviction1 or ! zeal ( tru?8 ,9 f9e1 :at a wide diff]5ce d we f9d :5 we comp>e ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ) ! ,ca?olic6 ,inquire into ! fai? ( ! latt]1 & y w he> f ! m\? ( ,gregory ,,xvi41 ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ! same t ,lu!r he>d f ,leo ,x4 ,comp>e ! doctr9e ( ,leo ,x4 ) t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 y w always f9d x ! same up to ! ,apo/les1 & to ,jesus ,*ri/ himself4 ,if y attempt to assail a dogma1 if y try to attack ! purity ( morals1 ! voice ( ! anci5t ,fa!rs w d5\nce y\r errors1 & 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury y w imag9e t ! old ,leos & ,gregories are ris5 f ! tomb4 ,if y\r int5tions are good1 y w f9d indulg5ce2 if y\r m]its are great1 y w be treat$ ) respect2 if y occupy an elevat$ position 9 ! _w1 y w h att5tion paid to y4 ,b if y attempt to abuse y\r tal5ts by introduc+ novelty 9 doctr9e2 if1 by y\r p[]1 y aspire to dem& a modification ( fai?2 & if1 to avoid tr\bles or prev5t s*ism1 or conciliate any "o1 y ask = a compromise or ev5 an ambigu\s explanation2 ! answ] ( ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet] w be1 ,nev]6 fai? is a sacr$ deposit :i* we _c alt]2 tru? is immutable2 x is "o3 & to ?is reply ( ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ) a ^w w bani% all y\r hopes1 w be add$ ^? ( ! mod]n ,a?anasiuses1 ,gregories ( ,nazianz51 ,ambroses1 ,j]omes1 & ,augu/9s4 ,always ! same firmness 9 ! same fai?1 ! same un*angeabl5ess1 ! same en]gy 9 pres]v+ ! sacr$ deposit intact1 9 def5d+ x aga9/ ! attacks ( error1 9 tea*+ x to ! fai?ful 9 all its purity1 & 9 transmitt+ x unalt]$ to future g5]ations4 ,w x be said t ?is is ob/9acy1 bl9dness1 & fanaticism8 ,b1 eighte5 c5turies gone by1 ! revolutions ( empires1 ! mo/ fe>ful cata/rophes1 an inf9ite v>iety ( ideas & mann]s1 ! mo/ sev]e p]secutions1 ! d>kness ( ignorance1 ! conflicts ( passion1 ! lights ( k1--none ( ^! h be5 able to enlight5 ?is bl9dness1 to b5d ?is ob/9acy1 or ext+ui% ?is fanaticism4 ,c]ta9ly a reflect+ ,prote/ant1 "o ( ^? :o "k h[ to rise above ! prejudices ( education1 :5 fix+ 8 eyes on ?is picture1 ! tru? ( :i* he _c b ackn[l$ge1 if he is well in=m$ on ! "q1 w feel /rong d\bts arise )9 him z to ! tru? ( ! in/ruction he has receiv$2 he w at lea/ feel a desire ( exam9+ m closely ?is great prodigy :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* pres5ts to u4 ,b to return4 ,we see ! ,prote/ant sects melt+ away daily1 & ?is dissolution mu/ con/antly increase2 nev]!less1 we h no reason to be a/oni%$ t ,prote/antism1 inasmu* z x consi/s ( a numb] ( sects :o pres]ve ! "n & "s rema9s ( ,*ri/ianity1 does n :olly disappe>2 = h[ c\ld x disappe>8 ,ei!r ,prote/ant nations mu/ be completely swall[$ up by irreligion or a!ism1 or !y mu/ give up ,*ri/ianity & adopt "o ( ! religions :i* are e/abli%$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,n[ bo? ^! suppositions are impossible2 !re=e ?is false =m ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 & w be pres]v$1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 until ,prote/ants return to ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*4 ,let u develop ^! ideas4 ,:y _c ,prote/ant nations be completely swall[$ up by irreligion & a!ism1 or indiff]5ce8 ,because su* a mis=tune may happ5 to an individual1 b n to a nation4 ,by means ( false books1 errone\s reason+s1 & cont9ual ef=ts1 "s individuals may ext+ui% ! lively s5tim5ts ( _! he>ts1 /ifle ! voice ( consci5ce1 & trample "u foot ! dictates ( common s5se2 b a nation _c d s4 ,a p always pres]ves a l>ge fund ( c&or & docility1 :i*1 amid ! mo/ fatal errors & ev5 ! mo/ atroci\s crimes1 compels x to l5d an att5tive e> to ! inspirations ( nature4 ,:atev] may be ! corruption ( morals1 :atev] may be ! errors ( op9ion1 !re w nev] be m ?an a small numb] ( m5 f\nd capable ( /ruggl+ = a long "t aga9/ !mselves1 9 ! attempt to eradicate f _! he>ts t fruitful g]m ( good feel+s1 t preci\s se$ ( virtu\s ?\ghts1 ) :i* ! b5efic5t h& ( ! ,creator has enri*$ our s\ls4 ,! conflagration ( ! passions1 x is true1 produces lam5table pro/ration1 & sometimes t]rible explosions2 b :5 ! fire is ext+ui%$1 man returns to himself1 & 8 m9d becomes aga9 accessible to ! voice ( reason & virtue4 ,an att5tive /udy ( society proves t ! numb] ( m5 is happily v small :o are1 z x 71 /eel$ aga9/ tru? & virtue2 :o reply ) frivol\s sophi/ry to ! admonitions ( good s5se2 :o oppose ) cold /oicism ! sweete/ & mo/ g5]\s inspirations ( nature1 & v5ture to display1 z an illu/ration ( philosophy1 firmness1 & elevation ( m9d1 ! ignorance1 ob/9acy1 & b>r5ness ( an icy he>t4 ,! g5]ality ( mank9d1 m simple1 m c&id1 m natural1 are consequ5tly ill-suit$ to a sy/em ( a!ism1 or indiff]5ce4 ,su* a sy/em may take possession ( ! pr\d m9d ( a le>n$ vision>y2 x may be adopt$1 z a conv5i5t op9ion1 by dissipat$ y\?2 & 9 times ( agitation1 x may influ5ce a few fi]y spirits2 b x w nev] be able to e/abli% itself 9 society z a normal condition4 ,no1 by no means4 ,an individual may be irreligi\s1 b families & society nev] w4 ,)\t a basis on :i* ! social edifice mu/ re/2 )\t a great creative idea1 :5ce w fl[ ! ideas ( reason1 virtue1 ju/ice1 obligation1 & "r1 :i* are z necess>y to ! exi/5ce & pres]vation ( society z blood & n\ri%m5t are to ! life ( ! individual1 society w\ld be de/roy$2 )\t ! sweet ties by :i* religi\s ideas unite toge!r ! memb]s ( a family1 )\t ! heav5ly h>mony :i* !y infuse into all its connections1 ! family w\ld cease to exi/1 or at lea/ w\ld be only a rude & transi5t union1 resembl+ ! int]c\rse ( animals4 ,god has happily gift$ all 8 creatures ) a m>vell\s in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,guid$ by t in/9ct1 families & society repudiate ) indignation ^? degrad+ ideas :i*1 bla/+ by _! fatal brea? all ! g]ms ( life1 break+ all ties1 upsett+ all laws1 make bo? ( !m retrograde t[>ds ! mo/ abject b>b>ism1 & f9i% by scatt]+ _! memb]s l du/ be=e ! w9d4 ,! repeat$ lessons ( exp]i5ce ought to h conv9c$ c]ta9 philosoph]s t ^! ideas & feel+s1 engrav5 on ! he>t ( man by ! f+] ( ! ,au?or ( nature1 _c be eradicat$ by declamation or sophi/ry4 ,if a few ephem]al triumphs h occasionally flatt]$ _! pride1 & made !m conceive false hopes ( ! result ( _! ef=ts1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts has soon %[n !m1 t to pride !mselves on ^! triumphs 0 to act l a man :o1 on acc\nt ( hav+ succe$$ 9 infus+ unnatural s5tim5ts into ! he>ts ( a few mo!rs1 w\ld flatt] himself t he has bani%$ mat]nal love f ! _w4 ,society 7,i d n mean ! populace or ! commonalty7--society w be religi\s1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ sup]/iti\s2 if x does n believe 9 reasonable ?+s1 x w 9 extravagant ones2 & if x h n a div9e religion1 x w h a human "o3 to suppose ! contr>y1 is to dream2 to /ruggle aga9/ ?is t5d5cy1 is to /ruggle aga9/ an et]nal law2 to attempt to re/ra9 x1 is to attempt to re/ra9 ) a weak arm a body laun*$ ) an imm5se =ce--! arm w be de/roy$1 b ! body w cont9ue its c\rse4 ,m5 may call ?is sup]/ition1 fanaticism1 ! result ( error2 b to talk ?us c only s]ve to console !m = _! failure4 ,s9ce1 !n1 religion is a real necessity1 we h !re9 an explanation ( ! ph5om5on :i* hi/ory & exp]i5ce pres5t to u1 namely1 t religion nev] :olly disappe>s1 & t :5 *anges take place1 ! two rival religions1 dur+ _! /ruggles1 m or less protract$1 occupy successively ! same gr\nd4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ,prote/antism _c entirely disappe> unless ano!r religion takes its place4 ,n[1 z 9 ! actual /ate ( civilization1 no religion c replace x b ! ,ca?olic1 x is evid5t t ,prote/ant sects w cont9ue to occupy1 ) m or less v>iation1 ! c\ntries :i* !y h ga9$4 ,inde$1 h[ is x possible1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( civilization among ,prote/ant nations1 t ! follies ( ! ,koran1 or ! absurdities ( idolatry1 %\ld h any *ance ( success among !m8 ,! _s ( ,*ri/ianity circulates 9 ! ve9s ( mod]n society2 its seal is set ^u all legislation2 its light is %$ ^u all bran*es ( k2 its phraseology is f\nd 9 all languages2 its precepts regulate morals2 habits & mann]s h assum$ its =m2 ! f9e arts brea! its p]fume1 & all ! monum5ts ( g5ius are full ( its inspirations4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 a ^w1 p]vades all p>ts ( t great1 v>i$1 & f]tile civilization1 :i* is ! glory ( mod]n society4 ,h[ !n1 is x possible = a religion entirely to disappe> :i* possesses1 ) ! mo/ v5]able antiquity1 s _m claims to gratitude1 s _m ende>+ ties1 & s _m glori\s recollections8 ,h[ c\ld x give place1 among ,*ri/ian nations1 to "o ( ^? religions :i*1 at ! fir/ glance1 %[ ! f+] ( man1 & indicate1 z _! di/9ctive m>k1 degradation & debasem5t8 ,al?\gh ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism saps ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 al?\gh x disfigures its beauty1 & l[]s its sublimity1 yet ! rema9s :i* x pres]ves ( ,*ri/ianity1 its idea ( ,god1 & its maxims ( morality1 raise x f> above all ! sy/ems ( philosophy1 & all ! o!r religions ( ! _w4 ,if1 !n1 ,prote/antism has pres]v$ "s %ad[ ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 x 0 because1 look+ at ! condition ( ! nations :o took "p 9 ! s*ism1 x 0 impossible = ! ,*ri/ian "n :olly to disappe>2 & n on acc\nt ( any pr9ciple ( life conta9$ 9 ! bosom ( ! pret5d$ ,re=mation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consid] ! ef=ts ( politicians1 ! natural atta*m5t ( m9i/]s to _! own int]e/s1 ! illusions ( pride :i* flatt] m5 ) ! fre$om !y w enjoy 9 ! abs5ce ( all au?ority1 ! rema9s ( old prejudices1 ! p[] ( education1 & su* l causes1 & y w f9d a complete solution ( ! "q4 ,!n y w no long] be surpris$ t ,prote/antism cont9ues to reta9 possession ( _m ( ^? c\ntries :]e x un=tunately became deeply root$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,positive ,,doctr9es ,,( ,,prote/antism ,,repugnant ,,to ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,civilization4 ,! be/ pro( ( ! extreme weakness ( ,prote/antism1 consid]$ z a body ( doctr9e1 is ! little influ5ce :i* its positive doctr9es h ex]cis$ 9 ,european civilization4 ,i call its positive doctr9es ^? :i* x attempts to e/abli% z its own2 & ,i di/+ui% !m ?us f its o!r doctr9es1 :i* ,i call negative1 because !y are no?+ b ! negation ( au?ority4 ,! latt] f\nd favor on acc\nt ( _! con=mity ) ! incon/ancy & *angeabl5ess ( ! human m9d2 b ! o!rs1 :i* h n ! same means ( success1 h all disappe>$ ) _! au?ors1 & are n[ plung$ 9 oblivion4 ,! only "p ( ,*ri/ianity :i* has be5 pres]v$ among ,prote/ants1 is t :i* 0 necess>y to prev5t ,european civilization f los+ among !m its nature & "*2 & ?is is ! reason :y ! doctr9es :i* _h too direct a t5d5cy to alt] ! nature ( ?is civilization h be5 repudiat$1 we %\ld r say1 despis$ by x4 ,!re is a circum/ance "h well wor?y ( att5tion1 & :i* has n p]haps be5 notic$1 viz4 ! fate ( ! doctr9e held by ! fir/ re=m]s ) respect to free-w4 ,x is well kn[n t "o ( ! fir/ & mo/ important errors ( ,lu!r & ,calv9 consi/$ 9 d5y+ free-w4 ,we f9d ?is fatal doctr9e pr(ess$ 9 ! works :i* !y h left u4 ,does x n seem t ?is doctr9e ought to h pres]v$ its cr$it among ! ,prote/ants1 & t !y ought to h fi]cely ma9ta9$ x1 s9ce su* is commonly ! case ) errors :i* s]ve z a nucleus 9 ! =mation ( a sect8 ,x seems1 also1 t ,prote/antism be+ widely spread1 & deeply root$ 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe1 ?is fatali/ doctr9e ought to h ex]cis$ a /rong influ5ce on ! legislation ( ,prote/ant nations4 ,wond]ful z x is1 su* has n be5 ! case2 ,european morali/s h despis$ x2 legislation has n adopt$ x z a basis2 civilization has n all[$ itself to be direct$ by a pr9ciple :i* sapp$ all ! f\ndations ( morality1 & :i*1 if once appli$ to morals & laws1 w\ld h sub/itut$ = ,european civilization & dignity ! b>b>ism & debasem5t ( ,mahometanism4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is fatal doctr9e has p]v]t$ "s individuals2 x has be5 adopt$ by sects m or less num]\s2 & x _c be d5i$ t x has affect$ ! morality ( "s nations4 ,b x is also c]ta91 t1 9 ! g5]ality ( ! great human family1 gov]nm5ts1 tribunals1 adm9i/ration1 legislation1 sci5ce1 & morals1 h n li/5$ to ?is horrible doctr9e ( ,lu!r1--a doctr9e :i* /rips man ( 8 free w1 :i* makes ,god ! au?or ( s91 :i* *>ges ! ,creator ) ! responsibility ( all ! crimes ( ,8 creatures1 & repres5ts ,him z a tyrant1 by affirm+ t ,8 precepts are impossible2 a doctr9e :i* mon/r\sly conf\nds ! ideas ( good & evil1 & removes all /imulus to good de$s1 by tea*+ t fai? is suffici5t = salvation1 & t all ! good works ( ! j are only s9s4 ,public op9ion1 good s5se1 & morality "h side ) ,ca?olicity4 ,^? ev5 :o 9 !ory embrace ^! fatal religi\s doctr9es1 usually reject !m 9 practice2 ?is is because ,ca?olic in/ruction on ^! important po9ts has made s deep an impression on !m2 because s /rong an in/9ct ( civilization has be5 communicat$ to ,european society by ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,?us ! ,*ur*1 by repudiat+ ! de/ructive errors taught by ,prote/antism1 pres]v$ society f be+ debas$ by ^! fatali/ doctr9es4 ,! ,*ur* =m$ a b>ri] aga9/ ! despotism :i* is en?ron$ :]ev] ! s5se ( dignity is lo/2 %e 0 a f5ce aga9/ ! demoralization :i* always spreads :5ev] m5 ?9k !mselves b\nd by bl9d necessity1 z by an iron *a92 %e also fre$ ! human m9d f ! /ate ( abjection into :i* x falls :5ev] x ?9ks itself depriv$ ( ! gov]nm5t ( its own conduct1 & ( ! p[] ( influ5c+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,9 condemn+ ^? errors ( ,lu!r1 :i* 7 ! bond ( ,prote/antism at its bir?1 ! ,pope rais$ ! al>m aga9/ an irruption ( b>b>ism into ! ord] ( ideas2 he sav$ morality1 laws1 public ord]1 & society2 ! ,vatican1 by secur+ ! noble s5tim5t ( lib]ty 9 ! sanctu>y ( consci5ce1 pres]v$ ! dignity ( man2 by /ruggl+ aga9/ ,prote/ant ideas1 by def5d+ ! sacr$ deposit confid$ to x by its ,div9e ,ma/]1 ! ,roman ,see became ! tutel>y div9ity ( future civilization4 ,reflect on ^! great tru?s1 und]/& !m ?or\ghly1 y :o speak ( religi\s disputes ) cold indiff]5ce1 ) app>5t mock]y & pity1 z if !y 7 only s*ola/ic pu]ilities4 ,nations d n live on bread alone2 !y live also on ideas1 on maxims1 :i*1 conv]t$ into spiritual alim5t1 give !m greatness1 /r5g?1 & en]gy1 or1 on ! contr>y1 weak5 !m1 r$uce !m1 & condemn !m to /upidity4 ,look ov] ! face ( ! globe1 exam9e ! p]iods ( human hi/ory1 comp>e times ) times1 & nations ) nations1 & y w see t ! ,*ur*1 by giv+ s mu* importance to ! pres]vation ( ^! transc5d5t tru?s1 by accept+ no compromise on ?is po9t1 has und]/ood & realiz$ bett] ?an any o!r tea*]1 ! elevat$ & salut>y maxim1 t tru? ought to reign 9 ! _w2 t on ! ord] ( ideas dep5ds ! ord] ( ev5ts1 & t :5 ^! great problems are call$ 9 "q1 ! de/9ies ( humanity are involv$4 ,let u recapitulate :at we h said2 ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism is "o ( de/ruction2 ?is is ! cause ( its incessant v>iations1 ( its dissolution & annihilation4 ,z a p>ticul> religion x no long] exi/s1 = x has no peculi> fai?1 no positive "*1 no gov]nm5t1 no?+ t is ess5tial to =m an exi/5ce2 ,prote/antism is only a negative4 ,if !re is any ?+ to be f\nd 9 x ( a positive nature1 x is no?+ m ?an ve/iges & ru9s2 all is )\t =ce1 )\t action1 )\t ! _s ( life4 ,x _c %[ an edifice rais$ by its own h&s2 x _c1 l ,ca?olicity1 /& 9 ! mid/ ( its va/ works & say1 ,^! are m9e4 ,prote/antism c only sit d[n on a heap ( ru9s1 & say ) tru?1 ,i h made ?is pile4 ,z long z sect>ian fanaticism la/$1 z long z ?is flame1 enk9dl$ by furi\s declamation1 0 kept alive by unhappy circum/ances1 ,prote/antism %[$ a c]ta9 degree ( =ce1 :i*1 al?\gh x 0 n ! sign ( vigor\s life1 at lea/ indicat$ ! convulsive en]gy ( delirium4 ,b t p]iod has pass$1 ! action ( "t has disp]s$ ! elem5ts t f$ ! flame1 & none ( ! attempts :i* h be5 made to give to ! ,re=mation ! "* ( a "w ( ,god1 h be5 able to conceal ! fact t x 0 ! "w ( human passions4 ,let u n be deceiv$ by ! ef=ts :i* are n[ be+ made2 :at is act+ "u our eyes is n liv+ ,prote/antism1 x is ! op]ation ( false philosophy1 p]haps ( policy1 sometimes ( sordid int]e/ disguis$ "u ! "n ( policy4 ,e "o kn[s h[ p[]ful ,prote/antism 0 9 excit+ di/urbances & caus+ disunion4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t evil-m9d$ m5 se>* 9 ! b$ ( ?is exhau/$ torr5t = "s rema9s ( its impure wat]s1 & kn[+ !m to conta9 a deadly poison1 pres5t !m to ! unsuspect+ 9 a gold5 cup4 ,b x is 9 va9 = weak man to /ruggle aga9/ ! arm ( ! ,almighty1 ,god w n ab&on ,8 "w4 ,not)/&+ all 8 attempts to deface ! "w ( ,god1 man _c blot out ! et]nal *>act]s :i* di/+ui% tru? f error4 ,tru? 9 itself is /rong & robu/3 z x is ! ensemble ( ! relations :i* unite ?+s toge!r1 x is /rongly connect$ ) !m1 & _c be sep>at$ ei!r by ! ef=ts ( man or by ! revolution ( "t4 ,error1 on ! contr>y1 ! ly+ image ( ! great ties :i* b9d toge!r ! compact mass ( ! univ]se1 /ret*es ov] its usurp$ doma9 l ^? dead bran*es ( ! =e/ :i*1 devoid ( sap1 af=d nei!r fre%ness nor v]dure1 & only s]ve to imp$e ! advance ( ! travell]4 ,confid+ m51 d n all[ y\rselves to be s$uc$ by brilliant appe>ances1 pomp\s disc\rse1 or false activity4 ,tru? is op51 mode/1 )\t suspicion1 because x is pure & /rong2 error is hypocritical & o/5tati\s1 because x is false & weak4 ,tru? resembles a woman ( real beauty1 :o1 consci\s ( h] *>ms1 despises ! affectation ( ornam5t2 error1 on ! contr>y1 pa9ts & ornam5ts h]self1 because %e is ugly1 )\t expression1 )\t grace1 )\t dignity4 ,p]haps y may be pleas$ ) its labori\s activity4 ,"k1 !n1 t x has no /r5g? b :5 x is ! rally+ cry ( a faction2 !n1 inde$1 x is rapid 9 action & f]tile 9 viol5t measures4 ,x is l ! meteor :i* explodes & vani%es1 leav+ beh9d x no?+ b d>kness1 dea?1 & de/ruction2 tru?1 on ! contr>y1 l ! sun1 s5ds =? its bright & /eady beams1 f]tilizes ) its g5ial w>m?1 & %$s on e side life1 joy1 & beauty4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,effects ,,:i* ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,prote/antism ,,into ,,spa9 ,,w\ld ,,h ,,produc$4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! real effect :i* ! introduction ( ,prote/ant doctr9es w\ld h _h 9 ,spa91 we %all d well1 9 ! fir/ place1 to take a survey ( ! pres5t /ate ( religion 9 ,europe4 ,9 spite ( ! confusion ( ideas :i* is "o ( ! prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( ! age1 x is und5iable t ! _s ( infidelity & irreligion has lo/ mu* ( its /r5g?1 & t :]e x /ill exi/s x has m]g$ into indiff]5ce1 in/ead ( pres]v+ its sy/ematic =m ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,) ! lapse ( "t declamation ceases2 m5 gr[ tir$ ( cont9ually repeat+ ! same insult+ language2 _! m9ds resi/ ! intol]ance & bad fai? ( sects2 sy/ems betray _! empt9ess1 op9ions _! errone\sness1 judgm5ts _! precipitation1 & reason+s _! want ( exactitude4 ,"t %[s _! c\nt]feit int5tions1 _! deceptive /atem5ts1 ! littl5ess ( _! ideas1 & ! mis*iev\sness ( _! projects2 tru? beg9s to recov] its empire1 ?+s rega9 _! real names1 &1 ?anks to ! new direction ( ! public m9d1 t :i* be=e 0 consid]$ innoc5t & g5]\s is n[ look$ ^u z crim9al & vile4 ,! deceitful masks are tak5 (f1 & falsehood is discov]$ surr\nd$ by ! discr$it :i* ought always to h accompani$ x4 ,irreligi\s ideas1 l all ^? :i* are preval5t 9 an advanc$ /ate ( society1 w\ld n1 & c\ld n be conf9$ to m]e speculation2 !y invad$ ! doma9 ( practice1 & labor$ to ga9 ! upp] h& 9 all bran*es ( adm9i/ration & politics4 ,b ! revolution :i* !y produc$ 9 society became fatal to !mselves2 = !re is no?+ :i* bett] exposes ! faults & errors ( a sy/em1 & undeceives m5 on ! subject1 ?an ! t\*/one ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re is 9 our m9ds a c]ta9 p[] ( view+ an object "u a v>iety ( aspects1 & an un=tunate aptitude = support+ ! mo/ extravagant proposition by a multitude ( sophisms4 ,9 m]e disputation1 x is difficult = ! mo/ reason+ m9ds to keep cle> ( ! sn>es ( sophi/ry4 ,b :5 we come to exp]i5ce1 x is o!rwise2 ! m9d is sil5t1 & facts speak2 & if ! exp]i5ce has be5 on a l>ge scale1 & appli$ to objects ( great int]e/ & importance1 x is difficult = ! mo/ speci\s argum5ts to c\nt]act ! conv9c+ eloqu5ce ( ! result4 ,h5ce x is t a man ( mu* exp]i5ce obta9s an in/9ct s sure & delicate1 t :5 a sy/em is b expla9$ he c po9t out all its inconv5i5ces4 ,inexp]i5ce1 presumptu\s & prejudic$1 appeals to argum5t 9 support ( its doctr9es2 b good s5se1 t preci\s & ine/imable quality1 %akes its head1 %rugs its %\ld]s1 & ) a tranquil smile leaves its pr$iction to be te/$ by "t4 ,x is n necess>y n[ to insi/ on ! practical results ( ^? doctr9es ( :i* infidelity 0 ! motto2 we h said en\gh on t subject4 ,suffice x to say1 t ^? same m5 :o seem to belong to ! la/ c5tury by _! pr9ciples1 int]e/s1 recollections1 or = o!r reasons1 h be5 oblig$ to modify _! doctr9es1 to limit _! pr9ciples1 to palliate _! propositions1 to cool ! w>m? & passion ( _! invectives2 & :5 !y wi% to give a m>k ( _! e/eem & v5]ation = ^? writ]s :o 7 ! delight ( _! y\?1 !y are compell$ to decl>e t ^? m5 7 great philosoph]s1 b philosoph]s ( ! cab9et2 z if 9 reality :at !y call ! k ( ! cab9et 0 n ! mo/ dang]\s ignorance4 ,x is c]ta9 t ^! attempts h _h ! effect ( ?r[+ discr$it on irreligion z a sy/em4 ,if p d n reg>d x ) horror1 at lea/ !y look ^u x ) mi/ru/4 ,irreligion has labor$ 9 all ! bran*es ( sci5ce1 9 ! va9 hope t ! heav5s w\ld cease to relate ! glories ( ,god1 t ! e>? w\ld dis[n ,him :o laid its f\ndations1 & t all nature w\ld give te/imony aga9/ ! ,"l :o gave x exi/5ce & life4 ,^! same labors h bani%$ ! sc&al\s division :i* _h begun betwe5 religion & sci5ce2 s t ! anci5t acc5ts ( ! man ( ,hus h aga9 res\nd$1 )\t di%onor to sci5ce1 9 ! m\?s ( m5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & :at %all we say ( ! triumphs ( religion 9 all t is noble1 t5d]1 & sublime on e>?8 ,h[ gr& are ! op]ations ( ,provid5ce display$ !re96 ,admirable disp5sation6 ,! my/]i\s h& :i* gov]ns ! univ]se seems to hold 9 res]ve = e great crisis ( society an extraord9>y man4 ,at ! prop] mom5t ?is man pres5ts himself2 he advances1 himself ignorant :i!r he is go+1 b he advances ) a firm /ep t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( ! high mission = :i* ,provid5ce has de/9$ him4 ,a!ism 0 ba?+ ,france 9 a sea ( te>s & blood2 an unkn[n man sil5tly trav]ses ! ocean4 ,:ile ! viol5ce ( ! tempe/ r5ds ! sails ( 8 vessel1 he li/5s att5tively to ! hurricane--he is lo/ 9 ! contemplation ( ! maje/y ( ! heav5s4 ,w&]+ 9 ! solitudes ( ,am]ica1 he asks ( ! wond]s ( creation ! "n ( _! ,au?or2 ! ?und] on ! conf9es ( ! des]t1 ! l[ murmur+ ( ! =e/s1 & ! beauties ( nature answ] him ) canticles ( love & h>mony4 ,! view ( a solit>y cross reveals to him my/]i\s secrets2 ! traces ( an unkn[n mission>y awak5 important recollections :i* connect ! new _w ) ! old2 a monum5t 9 ru9s1 ! hut ( a savage1 excite 9 8 m9d ?\ghts :i* p5etrate to ! f\ndations ( society & to ! he>t ( man4 ,intoxicat$ ) ^! spectacles1 8 m9d full ( sublime conceptions1 & 8 he>t inundat$ ) ! *>ms ( s mu* beauty1 ?is man returns to 8 native soil4 ,:at does he f9d !re8 ,! bloody traces ( ,a!ism2 ! ru9s & a%es ( anci5t temples dev\r$ by ! flames or de/roy$ by viol5ce2 ! rema9s ( a multitude ( innoc5t victims1 buri$ 9 ! graves :i* =m]ly af=d$ an asylum to p]secut$ ,*ri/ians4 ,he obs]ves1 h[ev]1 t some?+ is 9 agitation2 he sees t religion is ab\t to r$esc5d ^u ,france1 l consolation ^u ! un=tunate1 or ! brea? ( life ^u a corpse4 ,f t mom5t he he>s on all sides a conc]t ( cele/ial h>mony2 ! inspirations ( m$itation & solitude revive & f]m5t 9 8 great s\l2 transport$ out ( himself1 & ravi%$ into ec/asy1 he s+s ) a tongue ( fire ! glories ( religion1 he reveals ! delicacy & beauty ( ! relations betwe5 religion & nature1 & 9 surpass+ language he po9ts out to a/oni%$ m5 ! my/]i\s gold5 *a9 :i* connects ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,t man 0 ,*ateaubri&4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t ! confusion :i* has be5 introduc$ into ideas _c be correct$ 9 a %ort "t1 & t x is n easy to eradicate ! deep traces ( ! ravages ( irreligion4 ,m5's m9ds1 x is true1 are tir$ ( ! irreligi\s sy/em2 society1 :i* _h lo/ its balance1 is g5]ally ill at ease2 ! family feels its ties relax$1 & individuals sigh aft] a ray ( light1 a drop ( hope & consolation4 ,b :]e %all ! _w f9d ! rem$y :i* is want+8 ,w x foll[ ! be/ road--! only road8 ,w x re-ent] ! fold ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*8 ,alas6 ,god alone kn[s ! secrets ( ! future2 ,he alone has cle>ly unfold$ be=e ,8 eyes ! great ev5ts :i* are no d\bt await+ humanity4 ,he alone kn[s :at w be ! result ( t activity1 ( t en]gy1 :i* aga9 urges m5 to ! exam9ation ( great political & religi\s que/ions2 & ,he alone kn[s :at1 to future g5]ations1 w be ! result ( ! triumphs obta9$ by religion1 9 ! f9e arts1 9 lit]ature1 9 sci5ce1 9 politics1 9 all ! op]ations c>ri$ on by ! human m9d4 ,z to u1 c>ri$ away z we are by ! rapid & precipitate c\rse ( revolution1 h>dly h we "t to ca/ a fleet+ glance ^u ! *aos 9 :i* our c\ntry is involv$4 ,:at c we confid5tly pr$ict8 ,all t we c be sure ( is1 t we are 9 an age ( disquietude1 ( agitation1 ( transition2 t ! multipli$ examples & w>n+s ( s _m disappo9t$ expectations1 ! fruits ( fe>ful revolutions & unhe>d-( cata/rophes1 h ev]y:]e ?r[n discr$it ^u irreligi\s & disorganiz+ doctr9es1 )\t hav+ e/abli%$ ! legitimate empire ( true religion4 ,he>ts sick ( s _m mis=tunes are will+ly op5 to hope2 b m9ds are 9 a /ate ( great unc]ta9ty z to ! future3 p]haps !y ev5 anticipate a new s]ies ( calamities4 ,ow+ to revolutions1 to ! ef=ts ( indu/ry1 to ! activity & ext5sion ( comm]ce1 to ! progress & prodigi\s diffusion ( pr9t+1 to sci5tific discov]ies1 to ! ease1 rapidity1 & univ]sality ( communication1 to ! ta/e = travell+1 to ! dissolv+ action ( ,prote/antism1 ( incr$ulity1 & skepticism1 ! human m9d c]ta9ly n[ pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> phases ( its hi/ory4 ,reason1 imag9ation1 & ! he>t are 9 a /ate ( agitation1 ( movem5t1 & ( extraord9>y developm5t1 & %[ u at ! same "t ! mo/ s+ul> contra/s1 ! mo/ ridicul\s extravagances1 & ! mo/ absurd contradictions4 ,obs]ve ! sci5ces1 & y w no long] f9d ^? l5g!n$ labors1 t indefatigable pati5ce1 t calm & tranquil progress1 :i* *>act]iz$ ^! /udies at o!r epo*s2 b y w f9d !re a _s ( obs]vation1 & a t5d5cy to place que/ions 9 t transc5d5tal po9t ( view :]e may be discov]$ ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 !m1 ! ties by :i* !y are connect$1 & ! way 9 :i* !y ?r[ light ^u ea* o!r4 ,que/ions ( religion1 ( politics1 ( legislation1 ( morals1 ( gov]nm5t1 are all m+l$1 /& prom95tly =w>d1 & give to ! horizon ( sci5ce a gr&eur & imm5sity :i* x did n previ\sly possess4 ,?is progress1 ?is confusion1 ?is *aos1 if y l to call x s1 is a fact :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 /udy+ ! _s ( ! age1 9 exam9+ ! religi\s condition ( ! "t2 = x is n ! "w ( a s+le man1 or ! effect ( accid5t2 x is ! result ( a multitude ( causes1 ! fruit ( a great numb] ( facts2 x is an expression ( ! pres5t /ate ( intellig5ce2 a symptom ( /r5g? & disease1 an ann\ncem5t ( *ange & ( transition1 p]haps a sign ( consolation1 p]haps a presage ( mis=tune4 ,& :o has n obs]v$ ! f]tility ( imag9ation & unb\nd$ rea* ( ?\ght 9 t lit]ature1 s v>i\s1 s irregul>1 & s vague1 b at ! same "t s ri* 9 f9e images1 9 delicate feel+1 & 9 bold & g5]\s ?\ght8 ,y may talk z mu* z y please ( ! debasem5t ( sci5ce1 ( ! fall+ (f 9 /udy4 ,y may speak 9 a tone ( d]ision ( ! lights ( ! age1 & turn ) regret to ages m /udi\s & m le>n$2 !re w be "s exagg]ation1 tru? & error1 9 all ?is1 z !re always is 9 declamation ( ?is k9d2 b :atev] may be ! degree ( utility belong+ to ! pres5t labors ( ! human m9d1 nev]1 p]haps1 0 !re a "t :5 x display$ m activity & en]gy1 nev] 0 x agitat$ by a movem5t s g5]al1 s lively1 s v>i\s1 & nev]1 p]haps1 did x desire1 ) a m excusable curiosity & impati5ce1 to raise a "p ( ! veil :i* cov]s ! b\ndless future4 ,:at w be able to gov]n elem5ts s p[]ful & s opposite8 ,:at c calm ?is tempe/u\s sea8 ,:at w give ! union1 ! connection1 ! consi/5cy necess>y to =m1 out ( ^! repulsive & discordant elem5ts1 a :ole compact & capable ( resi/+ ! action ( "t8 ,w ?is be done by ,prote/antism1 ) its fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* e/abli%es & diffuses & sanctions ! dissolv+ pr9ciple ( private int]pretation 9 matt]s ( religion1 & realizes ?is unhappy notion by circulat+ among all classes ( society copies ( ! ,bible8 ,nations num]\s1 pr\d ( _! p[]1 va9 ( _! k1 r5d]$ dissipat$ by pleasure1 ref9$ by luxury1 cont9ually expos$ to ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! press1 & possess+ means ( communication :i* w\ld h appe>$ fabul\s to _! ance/ors2 nations 9 :om all ! viol5t passions h an object1 all intrigues an exi/5ce1 all corruptions a veil1 all crimes a title1 all errors an advocate1 all int]e/s a support2 nations :i*1 w>n$ & deceiv$1 /ill vacillate 9 a /ate ( dreadful unc]ta9ty betwe5 tru? & falsehood2 sometimes look+ at ! tor* ( tru? z if !y meant to be guid$ by its light1 & !n aga9 s$uc$ by an ignis fatuus2 sometimes mak+ an ef=t to rule ! /orm1 & !n ab&on+ !mselves to its viol5ce2 mod]n nations %[ u a picture z extraord9>y z x is int]e/+1 :]e hopes1 fe>s1 progno/ics1 & conjectures h free scope1 & nobody c pret5d to pr$ict ) accuracy1 & ! wise man mu/ await 9 sil5ce ! dn\em5t m>k$ out 9 ! secret decrees ( ,god1 :]e alone are cle>ly writt5 ! ev5ts ( all "t1 & ! future de/9ies ( m54 ,b x may be easily und]/ood t ,prote/antism1 on acc\nt ( its ess5tially dissolv+ nature1 is incapable ( produc+ any ?+ 9 morals or religion to increase ! happ9ess ( nations1 = x is impossible = ?is happ9ess to exi/ z long z m5's m9ds are at w> on ! mo/ important que/ions :i* c occupy !m4 ,:5 ! obs]v]1 amid ?is *aos & obscurity1 seeks = a ray ( light to illum9ate ! _w--= a p[]ful pr9ciple capable ( putt+ an end to s mu* confusion & an>*y1 & ( br++ back m5's m9ds to ! pa? ( tru?1 ,ca?olicity imm$iately pres5ts h]self to him1 z ! only s\rce ( all ^! b5efits4 ,:5 we consid] ) :at clat & ) :at p[] ,ca?olicity ma9ta9s h]self aga9/ all ! unprec$5t$ attempts :i* are made to de/roy h]1 our he>ts are fill$ ) hope & consolation2 & we feel incl9$ to hail ?is div9e religion1 & to congratulate h] on ! new triumph :i* %e is ab\t to a*ieve on e>?4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,europe1 inundat$ by a torr5t ( b>b>ians1 saw at once ov]:elm$ all ! monum5ts ( anci5t civilization & ref9em5t4 ,legislators & _! laws1 ! empire & its p[] & spl5dor1 philosoph]s & ! sci5ces1 ! arts & _! *ef-d'uvres1 all disappe>$2 & ^? imm5se regions1 :]e _h fl\ri%$ all ! civilization & ref9em5t t _h be5 ga9$ dur+ s _m ages1 7 sudd5ly plung$ into ignorance & b>b>ism4 ,nev]!less1 ! sp>k ( light :i* _h appe>$ to ! _w 9 ,pale/9e1 cont9u$ to %9e amid ! *aos3 9 va9 did :irlw9ds ?reat5 to ext+ui% x2 kept alive by ! brea? ( ! ,et]nal1 x cont9u$ to %9e4 ,ages roll$ away1 & x appe>$ ) great] brilliancy2 & :51 p]*ance1 ! nations only expect$ a beam ( light to guide !m 9 ! d>kness1 !y f\nd a respl5d5t sun1 ev]y:]e diffus+ life & light3 & :o %all say t !re is n res]v$ = h] 9 ! secrets ( ! ,et]nal1 ano!r triumph m difficult1 b n less useful1 n less brilliant8 ,if 9 o!r times t religion in/ruct$ ignorance1 civiliz$ b>b>ism1 poli%$ rud5ess1 s(t5$ f]ocity1 & pres]v$ society f be+ always ! prey ( ! fi]ce/ brutality & ! mo/ degrad+ /upidity1 w x be less glori\s = h] to correct ideas1 to h>monize & ref9e feel+s1 to e/abli% ! et]nal pr9ciples ( society1 to curb ! passions1 to remove animosities1 to remove excesses1 to gov]n all m9ds & he>ts8 ,h[ honorable w x be to h]1 if1 :ile regulat+ all ?+s1 & unceas+ly /imulat+ all k9ds ( k & improvem5t1 %e c inspire ) a prop] _s ( mod]ation t society :i* s _m elem5ts1 devoid ( c5tral attraction1 ?reat5 e mom5t ) dissolution & dea?6 ,x is n giv5 to man to p5etrate ! future2 b 9 ! same way z ! physical _w w\ld be brok5 up by a t]rible cata/rophe1 if x 7 depriv$ = a mom5t ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* gives unity1 ord]1 & conc]t to ! v>i\s movem5ts ( ! sy/em2 9 ! same way1 if society1 full z x is ( motion1 ( communication1 & life1 7 n plac$ "u ! direction ( a con/ant & univ]sal regulat+ pr9ciple1 we c\ld n fix our eyes on ! lot ( future g5]ations )\t ! greate/ al>m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fact :i* is consol+ 9 ! highe/ degree1 viz4 ! wond]ful progress :i* ,ca?olicity has made 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,x is ga9+ /r5g? 9 ,france & ,belgium3 ! ob/9acy ) :i* x is combat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,europe %[s h[ mu* x is fe>$4 ,9 ,engl& its progress has be5 rec5tly s great t x w\ld n be cr$it$ )\t ! mo/ irresi/ible evid5ce2 & 9 ! =eign missions x has %[n an ext5t ( ent]prise & fruitfulness1 wor?y ( ! "t ( its greate/ asc5d5cy & p[]4 ,:5 o!r nations t5d t[>ds unity1 %all we commit ! gross mi/ake ( adopt+ s*ism8 at a "t :5 o!r nations w\ld be happy to f9d )9 _! bosoms a vital pr9ciple capable ( re/or+ ! p[] :i* incr$ulity has de/roy$1 %all ,spa91 :i* pres]ves ,ca?olicity1 & alone possesses x full & complete1 all[ ! g]m ( dea? to be introduc$ into h] bosom1 !reby r5d]+ impossible ! cure ( h] evils1 or r entail+ on h]self complete & c]ta9 ru98 ,amid ! moral reg5]ation t[>ds :i* nations are advanc+1 seek+ to quit ! pa9ful position 9 :i* !y h be5 plac$ by irreligi\s doctr9es1 is x possible to ov]look ! imm5se advantage :i* ,spa9 /ill pres]ves ov] mo/ ( !m8 ,spa9 is "o ( ^? lea/ affect$ by ! gangr5e ( irreligion2 %e /ill pres]ves religi\s unity1 t ine/imable inh]itance ( a long l9e ( ages4 ,is x possible to ov]look ! advantage ( t unity if prop]ly made use (1 t unity :i* is mix$ up ) all our glories1 :i* awak5s su* noble recollections1 & :i* may be made s wond]ful an in/rum5t 9 ! reg5]ation ( social ord]8 ,if ,i am ask$ my op9ion ( ! ne>ness ( ! dang]1 & if ,i ?9k ! pres5t attempts ( ,prote/ants h any probability ( success1 ,i mu/ draw a di/9ction 9 my reply4 ,prote/antism is extremely weak1 bo? on acc\nt ( its own nature1 & ( its age & decay+ condition4 ,9 endeavor+ to introduce itself into ,spa91 x w h to cont5d ) an adv]s>y full ( life & /r5g?1 & deeply root$ 9 ! soil4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,i ?9k t its direct action is n to be fe>$2 & yet1 if x %\ld succe$ 9 e/abli%+ itself 9 any "p ( our c\ntry1 h[ev] limit$ may be its doma91 x is sure to produce fe>ful results4 ,x is evid5t t we %all !n h 9 ! mid/ ( u a new apple ( discord1 & x is n difficult to =esee t collisions w frequ5tly arise4 ,prote/antism 9 ,spa91 besides its intr9sic weakness1 w labor "u ! disadvantage ( n f9d+ its natural alim5t4 ,h5ce x w be oblig$ to take advantage ( any support t is (f]$2 x w imm$iately become ! po9t ( reunion = ! discont5t$2 & al?\gh fail+ 9 its int5d$ object1 x w succe$ 9 becom+ ! nucleus ( new p>ties & ! bann] ( factions4 ,sc&al1 /rife1 demoralization1 tr\bles1 & p]haps cata/rophes1--su* w be ! imm$iate & infallible results ( ! introduction ( ,prote/antism among u4 ,on ?is po9t ,i appeal to ! c&id op9ion ( e man :o is well acqua9t$ ) ,spa94 ,b ?is is n all3 ! "q is enl>g$1 & acquires an incalculable importance1 if we consid] x ) ref]5ce to =eign politics4 ,:at a lev] w be af=d$ to =eign]s = all k9ds ( attempts 9 our unhappy c\ntry6 ,h[ gladly w ^?1 :o are p]haps on ! look-out = su* an aid1 avail !mselves ( x6 ,!re is 9 ,europe a nation rem>kable = h] imm5se p[]1 & wor?y ( respect on acc\nt ( ! great progress :i* %e has made 9 ! arts & sci5ces2 a nation t holds 9 h] h&s p[]ful means ( action 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & kn[s h[ to use !m ) wond]ful discretion & sagacity4 ,z t nation has tak5 ! lead 9 mod]n times 9 pass+ ?r\gh all ! phases ( political & religi\s revolution1 & has se51 dur+ fe>ful convulsions1 ! passions 9 all _! nak$ness1 & crime 9 all its =ms1 %e is bett] acqua9t$ ?an all o!rs ) _! causes4 ,n misl$ by ! va9 names "u :i*1 at su* p]iods1 ! l[e/ passions & ! mo/ sordid int]e/s disguise !mselves1 %e is too mu* on h] gu>d to all[ ! tr\bles :i* h inundat$ o!r c\ntries ) te>s & blood1 to be easily excit$ )9 h]self4 ,h] int]nal peace is n di/urb$ by ! agitation & heat ( disputes2 al?\gh %e may expect to h to enc\nt]1 soon] or lat]1 difficulties & emb>rassm5ts1 %e enjoys1 9 ! mean "t1 ! tranquillity :i* is secur$ to h] by h] con/itution1 h] mann]s1 h] ri*es1--&1 above all1 by ! ocean :i* surr\nds h]4 ,plac$ 9 s advantage\s a position1 t nation wat*es ! progress ( o!rs1 = ! purpose ( atta*+ !m to h] c> by gold5 *a9s1 if !y are simple en\gh to li/5 to h] flatt]y2 at lea/ %e attempts to h9d] _! advance1 :5 a noble indep5d5ce is ab\t to free !m f h] influ5ce4 ,always att5tive to h] own aggr&izem5t1 by means ( comm]ce & ! arts1 & by a policy em95tly m]cantile1 %e hides h] self-int]e/ "u all sorts ( disguises2 & al?\gh religion & politics1 :]e %e has to d ) ano!r p1 are q indiff]5t to h]1 %e kn[s h[ to make an adroit use ( ^! p[]ful arms1 to make fri5ds1 to defeat h] enemies1 & to enclose all )9 ! net ( comm]ce1 :i* %e is always ext5d+ 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,h] sagacity mu/ necess>ily h p]ceiv$ h[ mu* progress %e w h made 9 add+ ,spa9 to ! numb] ( h] colonies1 :5 %e has p]suad$ ! ,spani% p to frat]nize ) h] 9 religion2 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! sympa?y :i* su* a frat]nization w\ld e/abli% betwe5 !m1 z because %e w\ld f9d !re9 a sure me?od ( /ripp+ ! ,spani% p ( t peculi> "* & grave appe>ance :i* di/+ui%es !m f all o!rs1 by depriv+ !m ( ! only national & reg5]ative idea :i* rema9s to !m aft] s _m convulsions2 f t mom5t1 9 tru?1 ,spa91 t pr\d nation1 w\ld be r5d]$ accessible to all k9ds ( =eign impressions1 docile & pliable 9 b5d+ to all op9ions1 & subject to ! int]e/s ( h] a/ute protectors4 ,let x n be =gott5 t !re is no o!r nation t conceives h] plans ) s mu* =esight1 prep>es !m ) s mu* prud5ce1 executes !m ) s mu* ability & p]sev]ance4 ,z %e has rema9$ s9ce h] great revolutions1 t is1 s9ce ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 a settl$ condition1 & entirely free f ! convulsions und]gone s9ce t "t by o!r ,european nations1 %e has be5 able to foll[ a regul> political sy/em1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal2 & h] politicians h be5 =m$ to ! p]fect sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 by con/antly inh]it+ ! exp]i5ce & views ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,h] /atesm5 well "k h[ important x is to be prep>$ be=eh& = e ev5t4 ,!y deeply /udy :at may aid or imp$e !m 9 o!r nations4 ,!y g out ( ! sph]e ( politics3 !y p5etrate to ! he>t ( e nation ov] :i* !y propose to ext5d _! influ5ce3 !y exam9e :at are ! conditions ( its exi/5ce2 :at is its vital pr9ciple2 :at are ! causes ( ! /r5g? & en]gy ( e p4 ,dur+ ! autumn ( #ahje1 ,pitt gave a d9n] 9 ! c\ntry to "s ( 8 fri5ds4 ,:ile ?us engag$1 a despat* 0 br\ght to him ann\nc+ ! surr5d] ( ,mack at ,ulm1 ) #dj1jjj m51 & ! m>* ( ,napoleon on ,vi5na4 ,pitt communicat$ ! fatal news to 8 fri5ds1 :o cri$ out1 ,all is lo/2 !re is no long] any res\rce aga9/ him4 ,!re is "o /ill left1 repli$ ! m9i/]1 if ,i c excite a national w> 9 ,europe2 & t w> mu/ beg9 9 ,spa94 ,yes1 g5tlem51 he add$1 ,spa9 w be ! fir/ c\ntry to comm5ce ! patriotic w> :i* %all give lib]ty to ,europe4 ,su* 0 ! importance attribut$ by ?is pr(\nd /atesman to a national idea2 he expect$ f x :at ! /r5g? ( all ! gov]nm5ts c\ld n effect1 ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon1 & ! lib]ation ( ,europe4 ,b x n uncommonly happ5s t ! m>* ( ev5ts is su*1 t ^! same national ideas1 :i* "o "t 7 ! p[]ful auxili>ies ( ambiti\s cab9ets1 become1 at ano!r1 ! greate/ ob/acles2 & !n1 in/ead ( enc\rag+1 x becomes _! int]e/ to ext+ui% !m4 ,z ! nature ( ?is "w w n all[ me to ent] into ! details ( politics1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) appeal+ to ! judgm5t ( ^? :o h obs]v$ ! l9e ( conduct pursu$ by ,engl& dur+ our w> & revolution1 s9ce ! dea? ( ,f]d9& ,,vii4 ,if we consid] :at ! int]e/s ( t p[]ful nation require = ! future1 we may conjecture ! "p :i* %e w take4 ,! means ( sav+ a nation1 by deliv]+ x f int]e/$ protectors1 & ( secur+ h] real indep5d5ce1 are to be f\nd 9 great & g5]\s ideas1 deeply root$ 9 ! p2 9 feel+s engrav$ on _! he>ts by ! action ( "t1 by ! influ5ce ( p[]ful in/itutions1 by anci5t mann]s & cu/oms2 9 f9e1 9 t unity ( religi\s ?\ght1 :i* makes a :ole p z "o man4 ,!n ! pa/ is unit$ ) ! pres5t1 ! pres5t is connect$ ) ! future2 !n arises 9 ! m9d t en?usiasm :i* is ! s\rce ( great de$s2 !n are f\nd dis9t]e/$ness1 en]gy1 & con/ancy2 because ideas are fix$ & elevat$1 because he>ts are great & g5]\s4 ,x is n impossible t dur+ "o ( ! convulsions :i* di/urb our unhappy c\ntry1 m5 may arise among/ u bl9d en\gh to attempt to introduce ! ,prote/ant religion into ,spa94 ,we h _h w>n+s en\gh to al>m u2 we h n =gott5 ev5ts :i* %[$ pla9ly en\gh h[ f> "s w\ld sometimes h gone1 if ! great majority ( ! nation _h n re/ra9$ !m by _! disapprobation4 ,we d n dread ! outrages ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii42 b :at we d fe> is1 t advantage may be tak5 ( a viol5t rupture ) ! ,holy ,see1 ( ! ob/9acy & ambition ( "s ecclesia/ics1 ( ! pretext ( e/abli%+ tol]ation 9 our c\ntry1 or "s o!r pretext1 to attempt to introduce among/ u1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 ! doctr9es ( ,prote/antism4 ,we c]ta9ly h no ne$ ( import+ tol]ation f abroad2 x already exi/s among/ u s fully1 t no "o is afraid ( be+ di/urb$ on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s op9ions4 ,:at w\ld be ?us introduc$ & e/abli%$ 9 ,spa91 w\ld be a new sy/em ( religion1 provid$ ) e ?+ necess>y = ga9+ ! upp] h&2 & = weak5+1 &1 if possible1 de/roy+ ,ca?olicity4 ,!n w\ld res\nd 9 our e>s1 ) a =ce con/antly increas+1 ! fi]ce declamation :i* we h he>d = sev]al ye>s2 ! va9 ?reat5+s ( a p>ty :o are deliri\s1 because !y are on ! po9t ( expir+4 ,! av]sion ) :i* ! nation reg>ds ! pret5d$ ,re=mation1 we h no d\bt1 w\ld be look$ ^u z rebellion2 ! pa/orals ( bi%ops w\ld be treat$ z insidi\s p]suasions1 & ! f]v5t zeal ( our prie/s z s$ition2 ! unanimity ( ,ca?olics to pres]ve !mselves f contagion w\ld be d5\nc$ z a diabolical conspiracy1 devis$ by intol]ance & p>ty _s1 & execut$ by ignorance & fanaticism4 ,amid ! ef=ts ( ! "o p>ty1 & ! resi/ance ( ! o!r1 we %\ld see enact$1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! sc5es ( times gone by2 & al?\gh ! _s ( mod]ation1 :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is age1 w\ld n all[ ! p]petration ( excesses :i* h /a9$ ! annals ( o!r nations1 !y w\ld n be )\t imitators4 ,we mu/ n =get t1 ) respect to religion 9 ,spa91 we _c calculate on ! coldness & indiff]5ce :i* o!r nations w\ld n[ display on a simil> occasion4 ,) ! latt]1 religi\s feel+s h lo/ mu* ( _! =ce1 b 9 ,spa9 !y are /ill deep1 lively1 & en]getic2 & if !y 7 to come into op5 & av[$ opposition to ea* o!r1 ! %ock w\ld be viol5t & g5]al4 ,al?\gh we h witness$ lam5table sc&als1 & ev5 fe>ful cata/rophes 9 religi\s matt]s1 yet1 up to ?is "t1 p]v]se int5tions h be5 always conceal$ by a mask1 m or less transp>5t4 ,sometimes ! attack 0 made aga9/ a p]son *>g$ ) political ma*9ations2 sometimes aga9/ c]ta9 classes ( citiz5s1 :o 7 accus$ ( imag9>y crimes4 ,if1 at times1 ! revolution exce$$ its b\nds1 x 0 said t x 0 impossible to re/ra9 x1 & ?us ! vexations1 ! insults1 ! outrages heap$ ^u all t 0 mo/ sacr$ ^u e>?1 7 only ! inevitable results1 & ! "w ( a mob t no?+ c\ld re/ra94 ,!re has always be5 m or less ( disguise2 b if ! dogmas ( ,ca?olicity 7 attack$ delib]ately1 & ) sang froid2 if ! mo/ important po9ts ( discipl9e 7 trodd5 "u foot2 if ! mo/ augu/ my/]ies 7 turn$ into ridicule1 & ! mo/ holy c]emonies treat$ ) public contempt2 if *ur* 7 rais$ aga9/ *ur*1 & pulpit aga9/ pulpit1 :at w\ld be ! result8 ,x is c]ta9 t m9ds w\ld be v mu* exasp]at$2 & if1 z might be fe>$1 al>m+ explosions did n ensue1 at lea/ religi\s controv]sy w\ld assume a "* s viol5t t we %\ld believe ourselves transf]r$ to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is a common ?+ among u = ! pr9ciples :i* prevail 9 politics to be entirely oppos$ to ^? :i* rule 9 society2 x may !n easily happ5 t a religi\s pr9ciple1 reject$ by society1 may f9d support among influ5tial /atesm54 ,we %\ld !n see reproduc$1 "u m important circum/ances1 a ph5om5on :i* we h witness$ = s _m ye>s1 viz4 gov]nm5ts attempt+ to alt] ! c\rse ( society by =ce4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal diff]5ces betwe5 our revolution & ^? ( o!r c\ntries2 x is1 at ! same "t1 a key :i* expla9s ! greate/ anomalies4 ,ev]y:]e else revolution>y ideas took possession ( society1 & aft]w>ds ext5d$ !mselves to ! sph]e ( politics2 ) u !y fir/ rul$ 9 ! political sph]e1 & aft]w>ds /rove to desc5d into ! social sph]e2 society 0 f> f be+ prep>$ = su* innovations2 ?is 0 ! cause ( %ocks s viol5t & s frequ5t4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is want ( h>mony t ! gov]nm5t ( ,spa9 ex]cises s little influ5ce ov] ! p2 ,i mean by influ5ce1 t moral asc5d5cy :i* does n require to be accompani$ by ! idea ( =ce4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is is an evil1 s9ce x t5ds to weak5 t au?ority :i* is indisp5sably necess>y = all societies4 ,b on m ?an "o occasion x has be5 a great b5efit4 ,x is no slight advantage t 9 pres5ce ( a s5seless & incon/ant gov]nm5t !re is f\nd a society full ( calmness & wisdom1 & t t society pursues its quiet & maje/ic m>*1 :ile ! gov]nm5t is c>ri$ away by ra%ness4 ,we may expect mu* f ! "r in/9ct ( ! ,spani% nation1 f h] prov]bial gravity1 :i* s _m mis=tunes h only augm5t$1 & f t fact1 :i* tea*es h] s well h[ to disc]n ! true pa? to happ9ess1 by r5d]+ h] deaf to ! insidi\s sugge/ions ( ^? :o seek to lead h] a/ray4 ,al?\gh = s _m ye>s1 ow+ to a fatal comb9ation ( circum/ances1 & a want ( h>mony betwe5 ! social & political ord]1 ,spa9 has n be5 able to obta9 a gov]nm5t :i* und]/&s h] feel+s & in/9cts1 foll[s h] incl9ations1 & promotes h] prosp]ity1 we /ill *]i% ! hope t ! day w come :5 f h] own bosom1 s f]tile 9 future life1 w come =? ! h>mony :i* %e seeks1 & ! equilibrium :i* %e has lo/4 ,9 ! mean "t1 x is ( ! highe/ importance t all m5 :o h a ,spani% he>t 9 _! brea/s1 & :o d n wi% to see ! vitals ( _! c\ntry torn to pieces1 %\ld unite & act 9 conc]t to pres]ve h] f ! g5ius ( evil4 ,_! unanimity w prev5t ! se$s ( p]petual discord f be+ scatt]$ ^u our soil1 w w>d (f ?is additional calamity1 & w pres]ve f de/ruction ^? preci\s g]ms1 :5ce may arise1 ) r5ovat$ vigor1 our civilization1 :i* has be5 s mu* injur$ by disa/r\s ev5ts4 ,! s\l is ov]:elm$ ) pa9ful appreh5sions at ! ?\ght t a day may come :5 religi\s unity w be bani%$ f among u2 t unity :i* is id5tifi$ ) our habits1 our cu/oms1 our mann]s1 our laws2 :i* gu>d$ ! cradle ( our mon>*y 9 ! cav]n ( ,covadonga1 & :i* 0 ! emblem on our /&>d dur+ a /ruggle ( eight c5turies aga9/ ! =midable cresc5t2 t unity :i* develop$ & illu/rat$ our civilization 9 times ( ! greate/ difficulty2 t unity :i* foll[$ our t]rible t]cios1 :5 !y impos$ sil5ce ^u ,europe2 :i* l$ our sailors :5 !y discov]$ ! new _w1 & guid$ !m :5 !y = ! fir/ "t made ! circuit ( ! globe2 t unity :i* su/a9s our soldi]s 9 _! mo/ h]oic exploits1 & :i*1 at a rec5t p]iod1 gave ! climax to _! _m glori\s de$s 9 ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon4 ,y :o condemn s ra%ly ! "w ( ages2 y :o (f] s _m insults to ! ,spani% nation1 & :o treat z b>b>ism & ignorance ! regulat+ pr9ciple ( our civilization1 d y "k :at x is y insult8 ,d y "k :at inspir$ ! g5ius ( ,gonzalva1 ( ,f]d9&o ,cortez1 ( ! conqu]or ( ,lepanto8 ,d n ! %ades ( ,g>cilazo1 ( ,h]r>a1 ( ,ercilla1 ( ,fray ,luis de ,leon1 ( ,c]vantes1 ( ,lope de ,vega1 inspire y ) any respect8 ,c y v5ture to break ! tie :i* connects u ) !m1 to make u ! unwor?y po/]ity ( ^! great m58 ,d y wi% to place an impassable b>ri] betwe5 _! fai? & ours1 betwe5 _! mann]s & ours1 to make u de/roy all our traditions1 & to =get our mo/ inspir+ recollections8 ,d y wi% to pres]ve ! great & augu/ monum5ts ( our ance/ors' piety among u only z a sev]e & eloqu5t reproa*8 ,w y cons5t to see dri$ up ! mo/ abundant f\nta9s to :i* we c h rec\rse to revive lit]ature1 to /r5g!n sci5ce1 to reorganize legislation1 to re-e/abli% ! _s ( nationality1 to re/ore our glory1 & replace ?is nation 9 ! high position :i* h] virtues m]it1 by re/or+ to h] ! peace & happ9ess :i* %e seeks ) s mu* anxiety1 & :i* h] he>t requires8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,ca?olicity ,,& ,,prote/antism ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,social ,,progress4 ,,prelim9>y ,,c\p ,d',,il4 ,aft] hav+ plac$ ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism 9 contra/1 9 a religi\s po9t ( view1 9 ! picture :i* ,i h j drawn2 aft] hav+ %[n ! sup]iority ( ! "o ov] ! o!r1 n only 9 c]ta9ty1 b also 9 all t reg>ds ! in/9cts1 ! feel+s1 ! ideas1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! human m9d1 x seems to me prop] to approa* ano!r "q1 c]ta9ly n less important1 b mu* less und]/ood1 & 9 ! exam9ation ( :i* we %all h to cont5d aga9/ /rong antipa?ies1 & to dissipate _m prejudices & errors4 ,amid ! difficulties by :i* ! "q t ,i am ab\t to und]take is surr\nd$1 ,i am support$ by a /rong hope t ! int]e/ ( ! subject1 & its analogy ) ! sci5tific ta/e ( ! age1 w invite a p]usal2 & t ,i %all !reby avoid ! dang] :i* commonly ?reat5s ^? :o write 9 favor ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 t ( be+ judg$ )\t be+ he>d4 ,! "q may be /at$ ?us3 ,:5 we comp>e ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism1 :i* d we f9d ! mo/ favorable to real lib]ty1 to ! real progress ( nations1 to ! cause ( civilization8 ,lib]ty6 ,?is is "o ( ^? words :i* are z g5]ally employ$ z !y are little und]/ood2 words :i*1 because !y conta9 a c]ta9 vague idea1 easily p]ceiv$1 pres5t ! deceptive appe>ance ( p]fect cle>ness1 :ile1 on acc\nt ( ! multitude & v>iety ( objects to :i* !y apply1 !y are susceptible ( a v>iety ( mean+s1 &1 consequ5tly1 are extremely difficult to compreh5d4 ,:o c reckon ! numb] ( applications made ( ! ^w lib]ty8 ,!re is always f\nd 9 ?is ^w a c]ta9 radical idea1 b ! modifications & graduations to :i* ! idea is subject are inf9ite4 ,! air circulates ) lib]ty2 we move ! soil ar\nd ! plant1 to enable x to gr[ & increase ) lib]ty2 we clean out ! b$ ( a /ream to all[ x to fl[ ) lib]ty2 :5 we set free a fi% 9 a net1 or a bird 9 a cage1 we give !m _! lib]ty2 we treat a fri5d ) fre$om2 we h free me?ods1 free ?\ghts1 free expressions1 free successions1 free w1 free actions2 a prison] has no lib]ty2 nor h boys1 girls1 or m>ri$ p2 a man behaves ) great] fre$om 9 a =eign c\ntry2 soldi]s are n free2 !re are m5 free f conscription1 f contributions2 we h free votes1 free ackn[l$gm5ts1 free int]pretation1 free evid5ce2 fre$om ( comm]ce1 ( in/ruction1 ( ! press1 ( consci5ce2 civil fre$om1 & political fre$om2 we h fre$om j1 unju/1 rational1 irrational1 mod]ate1 excessive1 limit$1 lic5ti\s1 seasonable1 unseasonable4 ,b ,i ne$ n pursue ! endless enum]ation4 ,x seem$ to me necess>y to dwell ^u x = a mom5t1 ev5 at ! risk ( fatigu+ ! read]2 p]haps ! remembrance ( all ?is may s]ve to engrave deeply on our m9ds ! tru?1 t :51 9 conv]sation1 9 writ+1 9 public discussions1 9 laws1 ?is ^w is s frequ5tly employ$ z appli$ to objects ( ! highe/ importance1 x is necess>y to consid] maturely ! numb] & nature ( ! ideas :i* x embraces 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! mean+ t ! subject ne$s1 ! modifications :i* ! circum/ances require1 & ! precaution dem&$ 9 ! case4 ,:atev] may be ! acceptation 9 :i* ! ^w lib]ty is tak51 x is app>5t t x always implies ! abs5ce ( a cause re/ra9+ ! ex]cise ( a p[]4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 9 ord] to fix 9 ea* case ! real mean+ ( ! ^w1 x is indisp5sable to pay att5tion to ! circum/ances z well z to ! nature ( ! p[]1 ! ex]cise ( :i* is to be prev5t$ or limit$1 )\t los+ sight ( ! v>i\s objects to :i* x applies1 ! conditions ( its ex]cise1 z also ! "*1 p[]1 & ext5t ( ! means :i* are employ$ to re/ra9 x4 ,to expla9 ?is matt]1 let x be propos$ to =m a judgm5t on ! proposition1 ,man ought to enjoy lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,x is "h affirm$ t fre$om ( ?\ght 9 man ought n to be re/ra9$2 b d y speak ( physical =ce ex]cis$ directly on ?\ght itself8 ,9 t case ! proposition is entirely va92 = z su* an application ( =ce is impossible1 x is useless to say t x ought n to be employ$4 ,d y mean to say t x is n all[able to re/ra9 ! expression ( ?\ght2 t is to say1 t ! lib]ty ( manife/+ ?\ght ought n to be h9d]$ or re/ra9$8 ,y h1 !n1 made a great /ep1 y h plac$ ! "q on a diff]5t foot+4 ,or if y d n mean to say t e man1 at all times1 9 all places1 & on all subjects1 has a "r to give utt]ance to all t comes into 8 head1 & t 9 any way he may ?9k prop]1 y mu/ !n specify ! ?+s1 ! p]sons1 ! places1 ! times1 ! subjects1 ! conditions2 9 %ort1 y mu/ note a v>iety ( circum/ances1 y mu/ prohibit altoge!r 9 "s cases1 limit 9 o!rs1 b9d 9 "s1 loos5 9 o!rs2 9 f9e1 make s _m re/rictions1 t y w make little progress 9 e/abli%+ y\r g5]al pr9ciple ( fre$om ( ?\ght1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ s simple & s cle>4 ,ev5 9 ! sanctu>y ( ?\ght1 :]e human sight does n ext5d1 & :i* is op5 to ! eye ( ,god alone1 :at means ! lib]ty ( ?\ght8 ,is x ow+ to *ance t laws are impos$ on ?\ght to :i* x is oblig$ to submit "u pa9 ( los+ itself 9 *aos8 ,c x despise ! rules ( s\nd reason8 ,c x refuse to li/5 to ! c\nsels ( good s5se8 ,c x =get t its object is tru?8 ,c x disreg>d ! et]nal pr9ciples ( morality8 ,?us we f9d1 9 exam9+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w lib]ty1 ev5 z appli$ to :at is c]ta9ly fre] ?an any ?+ else 9 man1 viz4 ?\ght--we f9d su* a numb] & v>iety ( mean+s t we are =c$ to make _m di/9ctions1 & necessity compels u to limit ! g5]al proposition1 if we wi% to avoid say+ any ?+ 9 opposition to ! dictates ( reason & good s5se1 ! et]nal laws ( morality1 ! int]e/s ( individuals1 & ! peace & pres]vation ( society4 ,& :at may n be said ( s _m claims ( lib]ty :i* are con/antly prop\nd$ 9 language int5tionally vague & equivocal8 ,i avail myself ( ^! examples to prev5t a confusion ( ideas2 = 9 def5d+ ! cause ( ,ca?olicity1 ,i h no ne$ ( plead+ = oppression1 or ( applaud+ tyranny1 or ( approv+ ! conduct ( ^? :o h trodd5 "u foot m5's mo/ sacr$ rights4 ,yes1 ,i say1 sacr$2 = aft] ! augu/ religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ has be5 prea*$1 man is sacr$ 9 ! eyes ( o!r m5 on acc\nt ( 8 orig9 & div9e de/9y1 on acc\nt ( ! image ( ,god :i* is reflect$ 9 him1 & because he has be5 r$eem$ ) ineffable goodness & love by ! ,son ( ! ,et]nal4 ,?is div9e religion decl>es ! rights ( man to be sacr$2 = its augu/ ,f\nd] ?reat5s ) et]nal puni%m5t n only ^? :o kill a man1 ^? :o mutilate or rob him1 b ev5 ^? :o (f5d him 9 words3 ,he :o %all say to 8 bro!r1 ,?\ fool1 %all be 9 dang] ( hell-fire4 7,matt4 v4 #bb47 ,?us speaks our div9e ,"l4 ,our he>ts swell ) g5]\s indignation1 :5 we he> ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ reproa*$ ) a t5d5cy t[>ds oppression4 ,x is true t1 if y conf\nd ! _s ( real lib]ty ) t ( demagogues1 y w n f9d x 9 ,ca?olicity2 b1 if y avoid a mon/r\s misnom]1 if y give to ! ^w lib]ty its reasonable1 j1 useful1 & b5eficial signification1 !n ! ,ca?olic religion may fe>lessly claim ! gratitude ( ! human race1 = %e has civiliz$ ! nations :o embrac$ h]1 & civilization is true lib]ty4 ,x is a fact n[ g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & op5ly confess$1 t ,*ri/ianity has ex]cis$ a v important & salut>y influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,european civilization2 if ?is fact has n yet _h giv5 to x ! importance :i* x des]ves1 x is because x has n be5 suffici5tly appreciat$4 ,) respect to civilization1 a di/9ction is sometimes made betwe5 ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity & t ( ,ca?olicity2 its m]its are lavi%$ on ! =m]1 & /9t$ to ! latt]1 by ^? :o =get t1 ) respect to ,european civilization1 ,ca?olicity c always claim ! pr9cipal %>e2 &1 = _m c5turies1 an exclusive "o2 s9ce1 dur+ a v long p]iod1 %e work$ alone at ! great "w4 ,p h n be5 will+ to see t1 :5 ,prote/antism appe>$ 9 ,europe1 ! "w 0 bord]+ on completion2 ) an inju/ice & +ratitude :i* ,i _c describe1 !y h reproa*$ ,ca?olicity ) ! _s ( b>b>ism1 ignorance1 & oppression1 :ile !y 7 mak+ an o/5tati\s display ( ! ri* civilization1 k1 & lib]ty1 = :i* !y 7 pr9cipally indebt$ to h]4 ,if !y did n wi% to fa?om ! intimate connection betwe5 ,ca?olicity & ,european civilization1 if !y _h n ! pati5ce necess>y = ! long inve/igations into :i* ?is exam9ation w\ld lead !m1 at lea/ x w\ld h be5 prop] to take a glance at ! condition ( c\ntries :]e ! ,ca?olic religion has n ex]t$ all h] influ5ce dur+ c5turies ( tr\ble1 & comp>e !m ) ^? 9 :i* %e has be5 pr$om9ant4 ,! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 bo? subject to great revolutions1 bo? pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 b 9 su* a way t ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple 0 weak & vacillat+ 9 ! ,ea/1 :ile x 0 en]getic & deeply root$ 9 ! ,we/2 ^!1 we say1 w\ld h af=d$ two v good po9ts ( comp>ison to e/imate ! value ( ,*ri/ianity )\t ,ca?olicity1 :5 ! civilization & ! exi/5ce ( nations 7 at /ake4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! revolutions 7 multipli$ & fe>ful2 ! *aos 0 at its height2 &1 nev]!less1 out ( *aos came light & life4 ,nei!r ! b>b>ism ( ! nations :o inundat$ ^? c\ntries1 & e/abli%$ !mselves !re1 nor ! furi\s assaults ( ,islamism1 ev5 9 ! days ( its greate/ p[] & en?usiasm1 c\ld succe$ 9 de/roy+ ! g]ms ( a ri* & f]tile civilization4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 on ! contr>y1 all t5d$ to old age & decay2 no?+ reviv$2 &1 "u ! bl[s ( ! p[] :i* 0 ineffectual aga9/ u1 all 0 %ak5 to pieces4 ,! spiritual p[] ( ,rome1 & its influ5ce on temporal affairs1 h c]ta9ly borne fruits v diff]5t f ^? produc$1 "u ! same circum/ances1 by its viol5t oppon5ts4 ,if ,europe 7 de/9$ "o day aga9 to und]go a g5]al & fe>ful revolution1 ei!r by a univ]sal spread ( revolution>y ideas or by a viol5t invasion ( social & propriet>y rights by paup]ism2 if ! colossus ( ! ,nor?1 seat$ on its ?rone amid et]nal sn[s1 ) k 9 its head1 & bl9d =ce 9 its h&s1 possess+ at once ! means ( civilization1 & unceas+ly turn+ t[>ds ! ,ea/1 ! ,s\?1 & ! ,we/ t covet\s & crafty look :i* 9 hi/ory is ! *>act]i/ic m>* ( all invad+ empires2 if1 avail+ itself ( a favorable mom5t1 x 7 to make an attempt on ! indep5d5ce ( ,europe1 !n we %\ld p]haps h a pro( ( ! value ( ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple 9 a great extremity2 !n we %\ld feel ! p[] ( ! unity :i* is proclaim$ & support$ by ,ca?olicity1 & :ile call+ to m9d ! middle ages1 we %\ld come to ackn[l$ge "o ( ! causes ( ! weakness ( ! ,ea/ & ! /r5g? ( ! ,we/4 ,!n w\ld be rememb]$ a fact1 :i*1 ?\gh b ( ye/]day1 is fall+ into oblivion1 viz4 t ! nation ^: h]oic c\rage broke ! p[] ( ,napoleon 0 prov]bially ,ca?olic2 & :o kn[s :e!r1 9 ! attempts made 9 ,russia aga9/ ,ca?olicity1 attempts :i* ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/ has deplor$ 9 su* t\*+ language--:o kn[s :e!r !re be n ! secret influ5ce ( a pres5tim5t1 p]haps ev5 a =esight ( ! necessity ( weak5+ t sublime p[]1 :i* has be5 9 all ages1 :5 ! cause ( humanity 0 9 "q1 ! c5tre ( great attempts8 ,b let u return4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,european civilization has %[n life & brilliancy2 b x is a mi/ake to attribute ?is ph5om5on to ,prote/antism4 ,9 ord] to exam9e ! ext5t & influ5ce ( a fact1 we ought n to be cont5t ) ! ev5ts :i* h foll[$ x2 x is also necess>y to consid] :e!r ^! ev5ts 7 already prep>$2 :e!r !y are any ?+ m ?an ! necess>y result ( ant]ior facts2 & we mu/ take c>e n to reason 9 a way :i* is ju/ly decl>$ to be sophi/ical by logicians1 po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc3 aft] t1 !re=e on acc\nt ( x4 ,)\t ,prote/antism1 & be=e x1 ,european civilization 0 already v mu* advanc$1 ?anks to ! labors & influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic religion2 ! greatness & spl5dor :i* x subsequ5tly display$ 7 n ow+ to x1 b arose 9 spite ( x4 ,errone\s ideas on ?is matt] h aris5 f ! fact1 t ,*ri/ianity has n be5 deeply /udi$2 & t1 )\t ent]+ into a s]i\s exam9ation ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 m5 h too (t5 cont5t$ !mselves ) tak+ a sup]ficial view ( ! pr9ciples ( bro!rhood :i* %e has s mu* recomm5d$4 ,9 ord] fully to und]/& an in/itution1 x is n en\gh to rema9 satisfi$ ) its lead+ ideas2 x is necess>y to foll[ all its /eps1 see h[ x realizes its ideas1 & h[ x triumphs ov] ! ob/acles t oppose x4 ,we %all nev] =m a complete idea ( an hi/orical fact1 unless we c>efully /udy its hi/ory4 ,n[ ! /udy ( ,*ur* hi/ory 9 its relations ) civilization1 is /ill incomplete4 ,x is n t ecclesia/ical hi/ory has n be5 pr(\ndly /udi$2 b x may be said t s9ce ! _s ( social analysis has be5 develop$1 t hi/ory has n yet be5 made ! subject ( ^? admirable labors :i* h ?r[n s mu* light ^u x 9 a critical & dogmatical po9t ( view4 ,ano!r imp$im5t to ! complete compreh5sion ( ?is matt] is1 t an exagg]at$ importance is giv5 to ! int5tions ( m51 & ! great m>* ( ev5ts is too mu* neglect$4 ,! greatness ( ev5ts is measur$1 & _! nature judg$ (1 by ! imm$iate means :i* produces !m1 & ! objects ( ! m5 ^: actions are treat$ (2 ?is is a v important error4 ,! eye ought to range ov] a wid] field2 we ought to obs]ve ! successive developm5t ( ideas1 ! influ5ce :i* !y h ex]cis$ on ev5ts1 ! in/itutions :i* h sprung f !m2 b x is necess>y to see all ^! ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 t is1 on a l>ge scale1 )\t /opp+ to consid] p>ticul> & isolat$ facts4 ,x is an important tru?1 :i* ought to be deeply engrav5 on ! m9d1 t :5 "o ( ^? great facts :i* *ange ! lot ( a consid]able portion ( ! human race is develop$1 x is r>ely und]/ood by ^? :o take "p 9 x1 & figure z ! pr9cipal actors4 ,! m>* ( humanity is a gr& drama2 ! p>ts are play$ by p]sons :o pass by & disappe>3 man is v little2 ,god alone is great4 ,nei!r ! actors :o figur$ on ! sc5e 9 ! anci5t empires ( ! ,ea/1 nor ,alex&] invad+ ,asia & r$uc+ numb]less nations into s]vitude1 nor ! ,romans subjugat+ ! _w1 nor ! b>b>ians ov]turn+ ! empire & break+ x 9 pieces1 nor ! ,mussulm5 rul+ ,asia & ,africa & m5ac+ ! indep5d5ce ( ,europe1 knew1 or c\ld "k1 t !y 7 ! in/rum5ts 9 ! great designs :]e( we admire ! execution4 ,i mean to %[ f ?is1 t :5 we h to d ) ,*ri/ian civilization1 :5 we collect & analyze ! facts :i* di/+ui% its m>*1 x is n necess>y1 or ev5 (t5 prop]1 to suppose t ! m5 :o h contribut$ to x 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann] und]/ood1 to ! full ext5t1 ! results ( _! own ef=ts4 ,x is glory en\gh = a man to be po9t$ out z ! *os5 in/rum5t ( ,provid5ce1 )\t ! necessity ( attribut+ to him great ability or l(ty ambition4 ,x is en\gh to obs]ve t a ray ( light has desc5d$ f heav5 & illum9$ 8 br[2 x is ( little importance :e!r he =esaw t ?is ray1 by reflection1 0 de/9$ to %$ a brilliant light on future g5]ations4 ,little m5 are commonly small] ?an !y ?9k !mselves1 b great m5 are (t5 great] ?an !y imag9e2 if !y d n "k all _! gr&eur1 x is because !y are ignorant t !y are ! in/rum5ts ( ! high designs ( ,provid5ce4 ,ano!r obs]vation :i* we ought always to h pres5t 9 ! /udy ( ^! great ev5ts is1 t we %\ld n expect to f9d !re a sy/em1 ! connection & h>mony ( :i* are app>5t at ! fir/ c\p d'il4 ,we mu/ expect to see "s irregul>ities & objects ( an unpleasant aspect2 x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! *ildi% impati5ce ( anticipat+ ! "t2 x is indisp5sable to ab&on t desire :i* we always h1 9 a great] or less degree1 & :i* always urges u to seek e ?+ 9 con=mity ) our own ideas1 & to see e ?+ advance 9 ! way mo/ pleas+ to u4 ,d y n see nature h]self s v>i$1 s ri*1 s gr&1 lavi% h] treasures 9 disord]1 hide h] ine/imable preci\s /ones & h] mo/ valuable ve9s ( metal 9 masses ( e>?8 ,see h[ %e pres5ts huge *a9s ( m\nta9s1 inaccessible rocks1 & fe>ful precipices1 9 contra/ ) h] wide & smil+ pla9s4 ,d y n obs]ve ?is app>5t disord]1 ?is prodigality1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* numb]less ag5ts "w1 9 secret conc]t1 to produce ! admirable :ole :i* en*ants our eyes & ravi%es ! lov] ( nature8 ,s ) society2 ! facts are disp]s$1 scatt]$ "h & !re1 frequ5tly (f]+ no appe>ance ( ord] or conc]t2 ev5ts succe$ ea* o!r1 act on ea* o!r1 )\t ! design be+ discov]$2 m5 unite1 sep>ate1 co-op]ate1 & cont5d1 & nev]!less "t1 t indisp5sable ag5t 9 ! production ( great works1 goes on1 & all is accompli%$ accord+ to ! de/9ies m>k$ out 9 ! secrets ( ! ,et]nal4 ,?is is ! m>* ( humanity2 ?is is ! rule = ! philosophic /udy ( hi/ory2 ?is is ! way to compreh5d ! influ5ce ( ^? productive ideas1 ( ^? p[]ful in/itutions1 :i* f "t to "t appe> among m5 to *ange ! face ( ! e>?4 ,:5 9 a /udy ( ?is k9d we discov] act+ at ! bottom ( ?+s a productive idea1 a p[]ful in/itution1 ! m9d1 f> f be+ fright5$ at meet+ ) "s irregul>ities1 is inspir$1 on ! contr>y1 ) fre% c\rage2 = x is a sure sign t ! idea is full ( tru?1 t ! in/itution is fraught ) life1 :5 we see !m pass ?r\gh ! *aos ( ages1 & come safe out ( ! frightful ordeals4 ,( :at importance is x t c]ta9 m5 7 n influ5c$ by ! idea1 t !y did n answ] ! object ( ! in/itution1 if ! latt] has surviv$ its revolutions1 & ! =m] has n be5 swall[$ up 9 ! /ormy sea ( ! passions8 ,to m5tion ! weaknesses1 ! mis]ies1 ! faults1 ! crimes ( m51 is to make ! mo/ eloqu5t apology = ! idea & ! in/itution4 ,9 view+ m5 9 ?is way1 we d n take !m out ( _! prop] places1 & we d n require f !m m ?an is reasonable4 ,we see !m enclos$ 9 ! deep b$ ( ! great torr5t ( ev5ts1 & we d n attribute to _! intellects1 or to _! w1 any ?+ t exce$s ! sph]e appo9t$ = !m2 we d n1 h[ev]1 fail to appreciate 9 a prop] mann] ! nature & ! greatness ( ! works 9 :i* !y take "p1 b we avoid giv+ to !m an exagg]at$ importance1 by honor+ !m ) eulogiums :i* !y d n des]ve1 or reproa*+ !m unju/ly4 ,times & circum/ances are n mon/r\sly conf\nd$2 ! obs]v] sees ) calmness & sang froid ! ev5ts :i* pass be=e 8 eyes2 he speaks n ( ! empire ( ,*>lemagne z he w\ld ( t ( ,napoleon1 & is n hurri$ into bitt] invectives aga9/ ,gregory ,,vii4 because he did n adopt ! same l9e ( political conduct z ,gregory ,,xvi4 ,obs]ve t ,i d n ask f ! philosophical hi/orian an impassive indiff]5ce to good & evil1 to ju/ice & inju/ice2 ,i d n claim indulg5ce = vice1 nor w\ld ,i refuse to virtue its eulogy4 ,i h no sympa?y ) t s*ool ( hi/oric fatalism1 :i* w\ld br+ back to ! _w ! de/9y ( ! anci5ts2 a s*ool :i*1 if x acquir$ influ5ce1 w\ld corrupt ! be/ "p ( hi/ory1 & /ifle ! mo/ g5]\s emotions4 ,i see 9 ! m>* ( society a plan1 a h>mony1 b n a bl9d necessity2 ,i d n believe t ev5ts are m+l$ up toge!r indiscrim9ately 9 ! d>k urn ( de/9y1 nor t fatalism holds ! _w enclos$ 9 an iron circle4 ,b ,i see a wond]ful *a9 /ret*+ ov] ! c\rse ( c5turies1 a *a9 :i* does n fett] ! movem5ts ( individuals or ( nations1 & :i* accommodates itself to ! ebb & fl[ :i* are requir$ by ! nature ( ?+s2 at its t\* great ?\ghts arise 9 ! m9ds ( m53 ?is gold5 *a9 is susp5d$ by ! h& ( ! ,et]nal1 x is ! "w ( inf9ite intellig5ce & ineffable love4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,did ,,!re ,,exi/ ,,at ,,! ,,epo* ,,:5 ,,*ri/ianity ,,appe>$ ,,any ,,o!r ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,reg5]ation8 ,9 :at condition did ,*ri/ianity f9d ! _w8 ,?is is a "q :i* ought to fix all our att5tion1 if we wi% to appreciate correctly ! bless+s conf]r$ by t div9e religion on individuals & on society1 if we are desir\s ( kn[+ ! real "* ( ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,c]ta9ly at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 society pres5t$ a d>k picture4 ,cov]$ ) f9e appe>ances1 b infect$ to ! he>t ) a mortal malady1 x pres5t$ an image ( ! mo/ repugnant corruption1 veil$ by a brilliant g>b ( o/5tation & opul5ce4 ,morality 0 )\t reality1 mann]s )\t mode/y1 ! passions )\t re/ra9t1 laws )\t au?ority1 & religion )\t ,god4 ,ideas 7 at ! m]cy ( prejudices1 ( religi\s fanaticism1 & philosophical subtilties4 ,man 0 a pr(\nd my/]y to himself2 he did n "k h[ to e/imate 8 own dignity1 = he r$uc$ x to ! level ( brutes2 & :5 he attempt$ to exagg]ate its importance1 he did n "k h[ to conf9e x )9 ! limits m>k$ out by reason & nature3 & x is well wor?y ( obs]vation1 t :ile a great "p ( ! human race groan$ 9 ! mo/ abject s]vitude1 h]oes1 & ev5 ! mo/ abom9able mon/]s1 7 elevat$ to ! rank ( gods4 ,su* elem5ts mu/1 soon] or lat]1 h produc$ social dissolution4 ,ev5 if ! viol5t irruption ( ! b>b>ians _h n tak5 place1 society mu/ h be5 ov]turn$ soon] or lat]1 = x did n possess a f]tile idea1 a consol+ ?\ght1 or a beam ( hope1 to pres]ve x f ru94 ,idolatry _h lo/ its /r5g?2 x 0 an exp$i5t exhau/$ by "t & by ! gross abuse :i* ! passions _h made ( x4 ,its fragile tissue once expos$ to ! dissolv+ influ5ce ( philosophical obs]vation1 idolatry 0 entirely disgrac$2 & if ! root$ =ce ( habit /ill ex]cis$ a me*anical influ5ce on ! m9ds ( m51 t influ5ce 0 nei!r capable ( re-e/abli%+ h>mony 9 society1 nor ( produc+ t fi]y en?usiasm :i* inspires great actions--en?usiasm :i* 9 virg9 he>ts may be excit$ by sup]/ition ! mo/ irrational & absurd4 ,to judge ( !m by ! relaxation ( morals1 by ! en]vat$ weakness ( "*1 by ! effem9ate luxury1 by ! complete ab&onm5t to ! mo/ repulsive amusem5ts & ! mo/ %ameful pleasures1 x is cle> t religi\s ideas no long] possess$ ! maje/y ( ! h]oic age2 no long] efficaci\s1 !y only ex]t$ on m5's m9ds a feeble influ5ce1 :ile !y s]v$ 9 a lam5table mann] z in/rum5ts ( dissolution4 ,n[ x 0 impossible = x to be o!rwise3 nations :o _h obta9$ ! high degree ( cultivation ( ! ,greeks & ,romans2 nations :o _h he>d _! great sages dispute on ! gr& que/ions ( div9ity & man1 c\ld n cont9ue 9 ! /ate ( simplicity :i* 0 necess>y to believe ) good fai? ! intol]able absurdities ( :i* ,paganism is full2 & :atev] may h be5 ! disposition ( m9d among ! ignorant portion ( ! p1 assur$ly ^? :o 7 rais$ above ! common /&>d did n believe !m--^? :o li/5$ to philosoph]s z enlight5$ z ,cic]o1 & :o daily enjoy$ ! malici\s raill]ies ( _! satirical poets4 ,if religion 0 impot5t1 0 !re n ano!r means1 viz4 k8 ,be=e we exam9e :at 0 to be hop$ f ?is1 x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t k nev] f\nd$ a society1 nor 0 x ev] able to re/ore "o t _h lo/ its balance4 ,9 look+ ov] ! hi/ory ( anci5t times1 we f9d at ! head ( "s nations em95t m5 :o1 ?anks to ! magic influ5ce :i* !y ex]cis$ ov] o!rs1 dictat$ laws1 correct$ abuses1 rectifi$ ideas1 re=m$ morals1 & e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t on wise pr9ciples2 ?us secur+1 9 a m or less satisfactory mann]1 ! happ9ess & prosp]ity ( ^? :o 7 confid$ to _! c>e4 ,b we %\ld be mu* mi/ak5 if we imag9$ t ^! m5 proce$$ accord+ to :at we call sci5tific comb9ations4 ,g5]ally simple & rude1 !y act$ accord+ to ! impulses ( _! g5]\s he>ts1 only guid$ by ! wisdom & good s5se ( ! fa!r ( a family 9 ! managem5t ( 8 dome/ic affairs3 nev] did ^! m5 adopt = _! rule ! wret*$ subtilties :i* we call !ories1 ! crude mass ( ideas :i* we disguise "u ! pomp\s "n ( sci5ce4 ,7 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ days ( ,greece ^? ( ,plato & ,ari/otle8 ,! pr\d ,romans1 :o conqu]$ ! _w1 c]ta9ly _h n ! ext5t & v>iety ( k ( ! ,augu/an age2 & yet :o w\ld ex*ange ! times or ! m58 ,mod]n times also c %[ important evid5ces ( ! /]ility ( sci5ce 9 creat+ social in/itutions2 :i* is ! m evid5t z ! practical effects ( ! natural sci5ces are ! m visible4 ,x seems t 9 ! latt] sci5ces man has a p[] :i* he has n 9 ! =m]2 al?\gh1 :5 ! matt] is fully exam9$1 ! diff]5ce does n appe> s great z at ! fir/ view4 ,let u briefly comp>e _! respective results4 ,:5 man seeks to apply ! k :i* he has acquir$ ( ! great laws ( nature1 he f9ds himself compell$ to pay respect to h]2 z1 :atev] might be 8 wi%es1 8 weak arm c\ld n cause any great b\lev]sem5t1 he is oblig$ to make 8 attempts limit$ 9 ext5t1 & ! desire ( success induces him to act 9 con=mity ) ! laws :i* gov]n ! bodies he has to d )4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! application made ( ! social sci5ces4 ,!re man is able to act directly & imm$iately on society itself1 on its et]nal f\ndations2 he does n consid] himself necess>ily b\nd to make 8 attempts on a small scale1 or to respect ! et]nal laws ( society2 he is able1 on ! contr>y1 to imag9e ^? laws z he pleases1 indulge 9 z _m subtilties z he ?9ks prop]1 & br+ ab\t disa/]s :i* humanity lam5ts4 ,let u rememb] ! extravagances :i* h f\nd favor1 ) respect to nature1 9 ! s*ools ( philosophy1 anci5t & mod]n1 & we %all see :at w\ld h become ( ! admirable ma*9e ( ! univ]se1 if philosoph]s _h _h full p[] ov] x4 ,desc>tes said1 ,give me matt] & motion1 & ,i w =m a _w6 ,he c\ld n d]ange an atom 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,r\sseau1 9 8 turn1 dream$ ( plac+ society on a new basis1 & he upset ! social /ate4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 has little p[] 9 ! organization ( society3 ?is ought to be rememb]$ 9 mod]n times1 :5 x boa/s s mu* ( its pret5d$ f]tility4 ,x attributes to its own labors :at is ! fruit ( ! lapse ( ages1 ( ! in/9ctive law ( nations1 & sometimes ( ! inspirations ( g5ius2 n[ nei!r ?is in/9ct ( nations nor g5ius at all resembles sci5ce4 ,b )\t pu%+ any fur!r ^! g5]al consid]ations1 :i* are1 nev]!less1 v useful 9 lead+ u to a k ( man1 :at c\ld be hop$ f ! false light ( sci5ce :i* 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ru9s ( ! anci5t s*ools at ! "t we are speak+ (8 ,h[ev] limit$ ! k ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ev5 ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 may h be5 on ^! subjects1 we mu/ all[ t ! names ( ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle comm& "s degree ( respect1 & t amid _! errors & mi/akes !y give u ?\ghts :i* are really wor?y ( _! l(ty g5ius4 ,b :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 ! g]ms ( k plant$ by !m _h be5 de/roy$2 dreams _h tak5 ! place ( high & fruitful ?\ghts1 ! love ( disputation _h replac$ t ( wisdom1 sophi/ry & subtilties _h be5 sub/itut$ = mature judgm5t & sev]e reason+4 ,! anci5t s*ools _h be5 upset1 o!rs z /]ile z !y 7 /range _h be5 =m$ out ( _! ru9s2 on all sides !re appe>$ a sw>m ( sophi/s l ! impure insects :i* ann\nce ! corruption ( a dead body4 ,! ,*ur* has pres]v$ = u a v valuable means ( judg+ ( ! sci5ce ( t "t1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly h]esies4 ,)\t speak+ ( :at !re9 des]ves all our indignation1 z1 = example1 _! pr(\nd immorality1 c we f9d any ?+ m empty1 absurd1 or pitiable8#ad ,! ,roman legislation1 s praisewor?y = its ju/ice & equity1 its wisdom & prud5ce1 & mu* z x des]ves to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ preci\s ornam5ts ( anci5t civilization1 0 yet incapable ( prev5t+ ! dissolution ) :i* society 0 ?reat5$4 ,nev] did x owe its safety to jurisconsults2 s great a "w is beyond ! sph]e ( action ( jurisprud5ce4 ,let u suppose ! laws z p]fect z possible1 jurisprud5ce c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t1 jurisconsults animat$ by ! pure/ feel+s & guid$ by ! mo/ hone/ int5tions1 :at w\ld all ?is avail if ! he>t ( society is corrupt1 if moral pr9ciples h lo/ _! =ce1 if mann]s are 9 cont9ual opposition ) laws8 ,let u consid] ! picture ( ,roman mann]s su* z _! own hi/orians h pa9t$ !m2 we %all n f9d ev5 a reflection ( ! equity1 ju/ice1 & good s5se :i* made ! ,roman laws des]ve ! glori\s "n ( writt5 reason4 ,to give a pro( ( imp>tiality1 ,i purposely omit ! blemi%es f :i* ! ,roman law 0 c]ta9ly n exempt1 = ,i d n desire to be accus$ ( wi%+ to l[] e ?+ :i* is n ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet ,i mu/ n pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! important fact1 t x is by no means true t ,*ri/ianity _h no %>e 9 p]fect+ ! jurisprud5ce ( ,rome2 ,i d n mean m]ely dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 :i* does n admit ( a d\bt1 b ev5 at a prior p]iod4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s "t be=e ! com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ! numb] ( ! ,roman laws 0 v consid]able1 & t _! /udy & arrangem5t already occupi$ ! att5tion ( _m ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s m54 ,we "k f ,suetonius 7,9 ,cs>4 c4 #dd7 t ,julius ,cs> _h und]tak5 ! extremely useful task ( cond5s+ into a small numb] ( books ^? :i* 7 ! mo/ select & necess>y among ! imm5se collection ( laws2 a simil> idea occurr$ to ,cic]o1 :o wrote a book on ! me?odical dige/ ( ! civil law 7de jure civili 9 arte r$ig5do71 z ,aulus ,gellius atte/s4 7,noct4 ,att4 lib4 i4 c4 #bb47 ,accord+ to ,tacitus1 ?is "w also occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,c]ta9ly ^! projects %[ t legislation 0 n 9 its infancy2 b x is n ! less true t ! ,roman law1 z we possess x1 is 9 great "p ! product ( lat] ages4 ,_m ( ! mo/ fam\s juri/s1 ^: op9ions =m a consid]able "p ( ! law1 liv$ long aft] ! com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,z to ! con/itutions ( ! emp]ors1 _! v names rem9d u ( ! "t :5 !y 7 dige/$4 ,^! facts be+ e/abli%$1 ,i %all obs]ve t x does n foll[ t because ! emp]ors & juri/s 7 pagans1 ! ,*ri/ian ideas _h no influ5ce on _! works4 ,! numb] ( ,*ri/ians 0 imm5se 9 all places2 ! cruelty alone ) :i* !y _h be5 p]secut$1 ! h]oic c\rage :i* !y _h display$ 9 ! face ( torm5ts & dea?1 mu/ h drawn ^u !m ! att5tion ( ! :ole _w2 & x is impossible t ?is %\ld n h excit$1 among m5 ( reflection1 curiosity en\gh to exam9e :at ?is new religion taught its proselytes4 ,! read+ ( ! apologies = ,*ri/ianity already writt5 9 ! fir/ ages ) s mu* =ce ( reason+ & eloqu5ce1 ! works ( v>i\s k9ds publi%$ by ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 ! homilies ( ,bi%ops to _! p1 conta9 s mu* wisdom1 brea! su* a love = tru? & ju/ice1 & proclaim s l\dly ! et]nal pr9ciples ( morality1 t x 0 impossible = _! influ5ce n to be felt ev5 by ^? :o condemn$ ! religion ( ,*ri/4 ,:5 doctr9es hav+ = _! object ! greate/ que/ions :i* affect man are spread ev]y:]e1 propagat$ ) f]v5t zeal1 receiv$ ) love by a consid]able numb] ( disciples1 & ma9ta9$ by ! tal5t & k ( illu/ri\s m51 ^! doctr9es make a pr(\nd impression 9 all directions1 & affect ev5 ^? :o w>mly combat !m4 ,_! influ5ce 9 ?is case is imp]ceptible1 b x is n ! less true & real4 ,!y act l ! exhalations :i* impregnate ! atmosph]e2 ) ! air we inhale sometimes dea?1 & sometimes a salut>y odor :i* purifies & /r5g!ns u4 ,su* mu/ necess>ily h be5 ! case ) a doctr9e :i* 0 prea*$ 9 s extraord9>y a mann]1 propagat$ ) s mu* rapidity1 & ! tru? ( :i*1 seal$ by torr5ts ( blood1 0 def5d$ by writ]s su* z ,ju/91 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,ir5u1 & ,t]tullian4 ,! pr(\nd wisdom1 ! ravi%+ beauty ( ^! doctr9es1 expla9$ by ! ,*ri/ian doctors1 mu/ h call$ att5tion to ! s\rces :5ce !y fl[$2 x 0 natural t curiosity ?us excit$ %\ld put ! holy ,scriptures into ! h&s ( _m philosoph]s & juri/s4 ,w\ld x be /range if ,epictetus _h imbib$ "s ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & if ! oracles ( jurisprud5ce _h imp]ceptibly receiv$ ! inspiration ( a religion ^: p[]1 spread+ 9 a wond]ful mann]1 took possession ( all ranks ( society8 ,burn+ zeal = tru? & ju/ice1 ! _s ( bro!rhood1 gr& ideas ( ! dignity ( man1 ! cont9u$ !mes ( ,*ri/ian in/ruction1 c\ld n rema9 conf9$ among ! *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur*4 ,m or less rapidly !y p5etrat$ all classes2 & :51 by ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 !y acquir$ political influ5ce & imp]ial au?ority1 x 0 only ! repetition ( an ord9>y ph5om5on2 :5 a sy/em has become v p[]ful 9 ! social ord]1 x ends by ex]t+ an empire1 or at lea/ an influ5ce1 9 ! political4 ,i leave ^! obs]vations to ! judgm5t ( ?9k+ m5 ) p]fect confid5ce2 ,i am sure t if !y d n adopt !m1 at lea/ !y w n consid] !m unwor?y ( reflection4 ,we live at a "t fruitful 9 great ev5ts1 & :5 important revolutions h tak5 place2 !re=e we are bett] able to und]/& ! imm5se effects ( indirect & sl[ influ5ces1 ! p[]ful asc5d5cy ( ideas1 & ! irresi/ible =ce ) :i* doctr9es "w _! way4 ,to ?is want ( vital pr9ciples capable ( reg5]at+ society1 to all ^? elem5ts ( dissolution :i* society conta9$ )9 itself1 0 jo9$ ano!r evil ( no slight importance1--! vice ( its political organization4 ,! _w be+ "u ! yoke ( ,rome1 hundr$s ( nations diff]+ 9 mann]s & cu/oms 7 heap$ toge!r 9 confusion1 l spoils on ! field ( battle1 & con/ra9$ to =m a factiti\s body1 l trophies plac$ ^u a spe>4 ,! unity ( ! gov]nm5t be+ viol5t1 c\ld n be advantage\s2 & moreov]1 z x 0 despotic1 f ! emp]or d[n to ! l[e/ proconsul1 x w be se5 t x c\ld n produce any o!r result ?an ! debasem5t & degradation ( nations1 & t x 0 impossible = !m to display t elevation & en]gy ( "* :i* are ! preci\s fruit ( a feel+ ( self-dignity & love = national indep5d5ce4 ,if ,rome _h pres]v$ h] anci5t mann]s1 if %e _h reta9$ 9 h] bosom w>riors z celebrat$ = ! simplicity & au/]ity ( _! lives z = ! r5[n ( _! victories1 "s ( ! qualities ( ! conqu]ors might h be5 communicat$ to ! conqu]$1 z a "y & robu/ he>t reanimates ) its vigor a body att5uat$ by disease4 ,un=tunately su* 0 n ! case4 ,! ,fabiuses1 ! ,camilluses1 ! ,scipios1 w\ld n h ackn[l$g$ _! unwor?y po/]ity2 ,rome1 ! mi/ress ( ! _w1 l a slave1 0 trodd5 "u ! feet ( mon/]s :o m\nt$ to ! ?rone by p]jury & viol5ce1 /a9$ _! sceptres ) corruption & cruelty1 & fell by ! h&s ( assass9s4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,s5ate & p _h disappe>$2 only va9 imitations ( !m 7 left1 ve/igia mori5tis lib]tatis1 z ,tacitus calls !m1 ve/iges ( expir+ lib]ty2 & ?is royal p1 :o =m]ly dispos$ ( k+doms1 consul%ips1 legions1 & all1 !n ?\ght only ( two ?+s1 food & games1 ,qui dabat olim ,imp]ium1 fasces1 legiones1 omnia1 nunc se ,cont9et1 atque duas tantum res anxius optat1 ,panem et ,circ5ses4--,,juv5al1 ,satire ,x4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! pl5itude ( "t ,*ri/ianity appe>$2 & )\t ann\nc+ any *ange 9 political =ms1 )\t int]m$dl+ 9 ! temporal & e>?ly1 x br\ght to mank9d a tw(old salvation1 by call+ !m to ! pa? ( et]nal felicity1 b at ! same "t b\ntifully supply+ !m ) ! only means ( pres]vation f social dissolution1 ! g]m ( a reg5]ation sl[ & pacific1 b gr&1 imm5se1 & la/+1 & secure f ! revolutions ( ages2 & ?is pres]vative aga9/ social dissolution1 ?is g]m ( invaluable improvem5ts1 0 a pure & l(ty doctr9e1 diffus$ among all mank9d1 )\t exception ( age1 sex1 & condition1 z ! ra9 :i* falls l a mild dew on an arid & ?ir/y soil4 ,no religion has ev] equall$ ,*ri/ianity 9 k ( ! hidd5 means ( influ5c+ man2 none has ev]1 :5 do+ s1 paid s high a complim5t to 8 dignity2 & ,*ri/ianity has always adopt$ ! pr9ciple1 t ! fir/ /ep 9 ga9+ possession ( ! :ole man is t ( ga9+ 8 m9d2 & t x is necess>y1 9 ord] ei!r to de/roy evil or to effect good1 to adopt intellectual means3 !reby x has giv5 a mortal bl[ to ! sy/ems ( viol5ce :i* prevail$ be=e its exi/5ce2 x has proclaim$ ! :olesome tru?1 t 9 influ5c+ m51 ! weake/ & mo/ unwor?y me?od is =ce2 a fruitful & b5eficial tru?1 :i* op5$ to humanity a new & happy future4 ,only s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era d we f9d ! lessons ( ! sublime/ philosophy taught to all classes ( ! p1 at all times & 9 all places4 ,! l(tie/ tru?s relat+ to ,god & man1 ! rules ( ! pure/ morality1 are n communicat$ to a *os5 numb] ( disciples 9 hidd5 & my/]i\s in/ructions2 ! philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 bold]2 x has v5tur$ to reveal to man ! :ole nak$ tru?1 & t 9 public1 ) a l\d voice1 & t g5]\s boldness :i* is ! insep>able companion ( ! tru?4 ,t :i* ,i tell y 9 ! d>k1 speak ye 9 ! light2 & t :i* y he> 9 ! e>1 prea* ye ^u ! h\setop4 7,matt4 x4 #bg47 ,z soon z ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism met face to face1 ! sup]iority ( ! =m] 0 r5d]$ palpable1 n only by its doctr9es !mselves1 b by ! mann] 9 :i* x propagat$ !m4 ,x might easily be imag9$ t a religion s wise & pure 9 its tea*+s1 & :i*1 9 propagat+ !m1 address$ itself directly to ! m9d & he>t1 mu/ quickly drive f its usurp$ dom9ion ! religion ( impo/ure & falsehood4 ,&1 inde$1 :at did ,paganism d = ! good ( man8 ,:at moral tru?s did x tea*8 ,h[ did x *eck ! corruption ( mann]s8 ,z to morals1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :y h n ! gods *os5 to take c>e ( ^? ( _! ador]s1 & prev5t _! irregul>ities8 ,z to ! true ,god1 x is ) ju/ice t ,he has neglect$ ^? :o did n s]ve ,him4 ,b :5ce comes x t ^? gods1 ! prohibition ( ^: wor%ip is compla9$ ( by ungrateful m51 h n e/abli%$ laws to lead _! ador]s to virtue8 ,0 x n reasonable t1 z m5 und]took _! my/]ies & sacrifices1 ! gods1 on _! side1 %\ld und]take to regulate ! mann]s & actions ( m58 ,x is repli$1 t no "o is wick$ b because he wi%es to be s4 ,:o d\bts ?is8 b ! gods ought n on t acc\nt to conceal f _! wor%ipp]s precepts t might s]ve to make !m practise virtue4 ,!y 71 on ! contr>y1 "u ! obligation ( publi%+ ^? precepts al\d1 ( admoni%+ & rebuk+ s9n]s by _! prophets2 ( publicly ?reat5+ puni%m5t to ^? :o did evil1 & promis+ rew>ds to ^? :o did well4 ,0 !re ev] he>d1 9 ! temples ( ! gods1 a l\d & g5]\s voice tea*+ any ?+ ( ! k9d8 7,de ,civit4 lib4 ii4 c4 #d47 ,! holy doctor aft]w>ds pa9ts a d>k picture ( ! infamies & abom9ations :i* 7 committ$ 9 ! spectacles & sacr$ games celebrat$ 9 honor ( ! gods--games & %[s at :i* he _h himself assi/$ 9 8 y\?2 he cont9ues ?us3 ,!nce x comes t ^! div9ities h tak5 no c>e to regulate ! morals ( ! cities & nations :o adore !m1 or to av]t by _! ?reats ^? dreadful evils :i* injure n only fields & v9ey>ds1 h\ses & prop]ties1 or ! body :i* is subject to ! m9d1 b ! m9d itself1 ! directress ( ! body1 :i* 0 dr5*$ ) _! iniquities4 ,or if x be pret5d$ t !y did make su* m5aces1 let !m be %[n & prov$ to u4 ,b let !re n be alleg$ a few secret words :isp]$ 9 ! e>s ( a small numb] ( p]sons1 & :i*1 ) a great deal ( my/]y1 7 to tea* virtue4 ,x is necess>y to po9t out1 to "n ! places consecrat$ to ! assemblies--n ^? 9 :i* 7 celebrat$ games ) lascivi\s words & ge/ures2 n ^? fea/s call$ fuites1 & :i* 7 solemniz$ ) ! mo/ unbridl$ lic5se2 b ! assemblies :]e ! p 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! precepts ( ! gods = ! repression ( av>ice1 mod]at+ ambition1 re/ra9+ immode/y2 ^? :]e ^! un=tunate be+s le>n :at ,p]seus desires !m to "k1 :5 he says1 9 sev]e language1 ',le>n1 ,o unhappy mortals1 ! reason ( ?+s1 :at we are1 :y we come into ! _w1 :at we ought to d1 h[ mis]able is ! t]m ( our c>e]1 :at b\nds we ought to prescribe to ourselves 9 ! pursuit ( ri*es1 :at use we ought to make ( !m1 :at we owe to our neighbor1 9 f9e1 ! obligations we owe to ! rank we occupy among m54' ,let !m tell u 9 :at places !y h be5 accu/om$ to in/ruct ! p 9 ^! ?+s by ord] ( ! gods2 let !m %[ u ^! places1 z we %[ !m *ur*es built = ?is purpose :]ev] ! ,*ri/ian religion has be5 e/abli%$4 7,de ,civit4 lib4 ii4 c4 #f47 ,?is div9e religion 0 too deeply acqua9t$ ) ! he>t ( man ev] to =get ! weakness & incon/ancy :i* *>act]ize x2 & h5ce x has ev] be5 h] inv>iable rule ( conduct unceas+ly to inculcate to him1 ) untir+ pati5ce1 ! salut>y tru?s on :i* 8 temporal well-be+ & et]nal happ9ess dep5d4 ,man easily =gets moral tru?s :5 he is n con/antly rem9d$ ( !m2 or if !y rema9 9 8 m9d1 !y are !re l /]ile se$s1 & d n f]tilize 8 he>t4 ,x is good & highly salut>y = p>5ts con/antly to communicate ?is in/ruction to _! *ildr51 & t x %\ld be made ! pr9cipal object ( private education2 b x is necess>y1 moreov]1 t !re %\ld be a public m9i/ry1 nev] los+ sight ( x1 diffus+ x among all classes & ages1 repair+ ! neglig5ces ( families1 & reviv+ recollections & impressions :i* ! passions & "t con/antly efface4 ,?is sy/em ( con/ant prea*+ & in/ruction1 practis$ at all times & 9 all places by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is s important = ! enlight5m5t & morality ( nations1 t x mu/ be look$ ^u z a great good1 t ! fir/ ,prote/ants1 9 spite ( _! desire to de/roy all ! practices ( ! ,*ur*1 h nev]!less pres]v$ t ( prea*+4 ,we ne$ n be ins5sible on ?is acc\nt to ! evils produc$ at c]ta9 times by ! declamation ( "s facti\s or fanatical m9i/]s2 b z unity _h be5 brok51 z ! p _h be5 precipitat$ into ! p]il\s pa?s ( s*ism1 we say t x mu/ h be5 extremely useful = ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ important notions ) respect to ,god & man & ! fundam5tal maxims ( morality1 t su* tru?s %\ld be frequ5tly expla9$ to ! p by m5 :o _h long /udi$ !m 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,no d\bt ! mortal bl[ giv5 to ! hi]>*y by ! ,prote/ant sy/em1 & ! degradation ( ! prie/hood :i* 0 ! consequ5ce1 h depriv$ its prea*]s ( ! sacr$ *>act]i/ics ( ! ,holy ,_s2 no d\bt x is a great ob/acle to ! efficacy ( _! prea*]s1 t !y _c pres5t !mselves z ! ano9t$ ( ! ,"l1 & t !y are only1 z an able writ] has said1 m5 clo!d 9 black1 :o m\nt ! pulpit e ,sunday to speak reasonable ?+s2 b at lea/ ! p cont9ue to he> "s fragm5ts ( ! excell5t moral disc\rses conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 !y h (t5 be=e _! eyes ! edify+ examples spread ov] ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 &1 :at is /ill m preci\s1 !y are rem9d$ frequ5tly ( ! ev5ts 9 ! life ( ,jesus ,*ri/1--( t admirable life1 ! model ( all p]fection1 :i*1 ev5 :5 consid]$ 9 a human po9t ( view1 is ackn[l$g$ by all to be ! pure/ sanctity p> excell5ce1 ! noble/ code ( morality t 0 ev] se51 ! realization ( ! f9e/ beau idal t philosophy 9 its l(tie/ ?\ghts has ev] conceiv$ "u human =m1 & :i* poetry has ev] imag9$ 9 its mo/ brilliant dreams4 ,?is we say is useful & highly salut>y2 = x w always be salut>y = nations to be n\ri%$ ) ! :olesome food ( moral tru?s1 & to be excit$ to virtue by su* sublime examples4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,difficulties ,,:i* ,,*ri/ianity ,,_h ,,to ,,ov]come ,,9 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,social ,,reg5]ation4--,,( ,,slav]y4--,,c\ld ,,x ,,be ,,de/roy$ ,,) ,,m ,,promptness ,,?an ,,x ,,0 ,,by ,,*ri/ianity8 ,al?\gh ! ,*ur* atta*$ ! greate/ importance to ! propagation ( tru?1 al?\gh %e 0 conv9c$ t to de/roy ! %apeless mass ( immorality & degradation t met h] sight1 h] fir/ c>e %\ld be to expose error to ! dissolv+ fire ( true doctr9es1 %e did n conf9e h]self to ?is2 b1 desc5d+ to real life1 & foll[+ a sy/em full ( wisdom & prud5ce1 %e act$ 9 su* a mann] z to enable humanity to ta/e ! preci\s fruit :i* ! doctr9es ( ,jesus ,*ri/ produce ev5 9 temporal ?+s4 ,! ,*ur* 0 n only a great & fruitful s*ool2 %e 0 also a reg5]ative association2 %e did n diffuse h] g5]al doctr9es by ?r[+ !m abroad at haz>d1 m]ely hop+ t !y w\ld fructify ) "t2 %e develop$ !m 9 all _! relations1 appli$ !m to all subjects1 inoculat$ laws & mann]s ) !m1 & realiz$ !m 9 in/itutions :i* af=d$ sil5t b eloqu5t in/ructions to future g5]ations4 ,n[h]e 0 ! dignity ( man ackn[l$g$1 slav]y reign$ ev]y:]e2 degrad$ woman 0 di%onor$ by ! corruption ( mann]s1 & debas$ by ! tyranny ( man4 ,! feel+s ( humanity 7 trodd5 "u foot1 infants 7 ab&on$1 ! sick & ag$ 7 neglect$1 b>b>ity & cruelty 7 c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* ( atrocity 9 ! prevail+ laws ( w>2 9 f9e1 on ! summit ( ! social edifice 0 se5 an odi\s tyranny1 su/a9$ by milit>y =ce1 & look+ d[n ) an eye ( contempt on ! un=tunate nations t lay 9 fett]s at its feet4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s x c]ta9ly 0 no slight task to remove error1 to re=m & improve mann]s1 aboli% slav]y1 correct ! vices ( legislation1 impose a *eck on p[]1 & make x h>monize ) ! public int]e/1 give new life to individuals1 & reorganize family & society2 & yet no?+ less ?an ?is 0 done by ! ,*ur*4 ,let u beg9 ) slav]y4 ,?is is a matt] :i* is ! m to be fa?om$1 z x is a "q em95tly calculat$ to excite our curiosity & affect our he>ts4 ,:at aboli%$ slav]y among ,*ri/ian nations8 ,0 x ,*ri/ianity8 ,0 x ,*ri/ianity alone1 by its l(ty ideas on human dignity1 by its maxims & its _s ( frat]nity & *>ity1 & also by its prud5t1 g5tle1 & b5efic5t conduct8 ,i tru/ ,i %all prove t x 04 ,no "o n[ v5tures to d\bt t ! ,*ur* ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! abolition ( slav]y2 ?is is a tru? too cle> & evid5t to be que/ion$4 ,m4 ,guizot ackn[l$ges ! successful ef=ts ) :i* ! ,*ur* labor$ to improve ! social condition4 ,he says3 ,no "o d\bts t %e /ruggl$ ob/9ately aga9/ ! great vices ( ! social /ate2 = example1 aga9/ slav]y4 ,b1 9 ! next l9e1 & z if he 7 reluctant to e/abli% )\t any re/riction a fact :i* mu/ necess>ily excite 9 favor ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! sympa?ies ( all humanity1 he adds3 ,x has be5 (t5 repeat$ t ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! mod]n _w 0 entirely due to ,*ri/ianity4 ,i believe t ?is is say+ too mu*2 slav]y exi/$ = a long "t 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ian society )\t excit+ a/oni%m5t or mu* opposition4 ,m4 ,guizot is mu* mi/ak5 if he expects to prove t ! abolition ( slav]y 0 n due exclusively to ,*ri/ianity1 by ! m]e repres5tation t slav]y exi/$ = a long "t amid ,*ri/ian society4 ,to proce$ logically1 he mu/ fir/ see :e!r ! sudd5 abolition ( x 0 possible1 if ! _s ( peace & ord] :i* animates ! ,*ur* c\ld all[ h] ra%ly to ent] on an ent]prise :i*1 )\t ga9+ ! desir$ object1 might h convuls$ ! _w4 ,! numb] ( slaves 0 imm5se2 slav]y 0 deeply root$ 9 laws1 mann]s1 ideas1 & int]e/s1 individual & social2 a fatal sy/em1 no d\bt1 b ! eradication ( :i* all at once x w\ld h be5 ra% to attempt1 z its roots _h p5etrat$ deeply & spread widely 9 ! b[els ( ! l&4 ,9 a c5sus ( ,a!ns !re 7 reckon$ #bj1jjj citiz5s & #dj1jjj slaves2 9 ! ,peloponnesian w> no less ?an #bj1jjj pass$ ov] to ! enemy4 ,?is we le>n f ,?ucydides4 ,! same au?or tells u1 t at ,*io ! numb] ( slaves 0 v consid]able1 & t _! defection1 :5 !y pass$ ov] to ! ,a!nians1 r$uc$ _! ma/]s to great extremities4 ,9 g5]al1 ! numb] ( slaves 0 s v great ev]y:]e t ! public safety 0 (t5 compromis$ !reby4 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y to take precautions to prev5t _! act+ 9 conc]t4 ,x is necess>y1 says ,plato 7,dial4 #f1 de ,leg471 t slaves %\ld n be ( ! same c\ntry1 & t !y %\ld diff] z mu* z possible 9 mann]s & desires2 = exp]i5ce has _m times %[n1 9 ! frequ5t defections :i* h be5 witness$1 among ! ,mess5ians1 & 9 o!r cities t _h a great numb] ( slaves ( ! same language1 t great evils commonly result f x4 ,ari/otle 9 8 ,gov]nm5t 7b4 i4 c4 #e7 gives v>i\s rules z to ! mann] 9 :i* slaves ought to be treat$2 x is rem>kable t he is ( ! same op9ion z ,plato1 = he says3 ,t !re %\ld n be _m slaves ( ! same c\ntry4 ,he tells u 9 8 ,politics 7b4 ii4 c4 #g71 ,t ! ,!ssalians 7 r$uc$ to great emb>rassm5ts on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( _! ,p5e/es1 a sort ( slaves2 ! same ?+ happ5$ to ! ,sp>tans on acc\nt ( ! ,helotes4 ,! ,p5e/es h (t5 rebell$ 9 ,!ssaly2 & ! ,sp>tans1 dur+ _! rev]ses1 h be5 m5ac$ by ! plots ( ! ,helotes4 ,?is 0 a difficulty :i* requir$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( politicians4 ,!y did n "k h[ to prev5t ! inconv5i5ces induc$ by ?is imm5se multitude ( slaves4 ,ari/otle lam5ts ! difficulty !re 0 9 f9d+ ! be/ way ( treat+ !m2 & we see t x 0 ! subject ( grave c>es2 ,i w transcribe 8 own words3 ,9 tru?1 he says1 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is class ( m5 ought to be treat$ is a ?+ difficult & full ( emb>rassm5t2 = if !y are treat$ mildly1 !y become insol5t1 & wi% to become equal to _! ma/]s2 if !y are treat$ h>%ly1 !y conceive hatr$1 & conspire4 ,at ,rome1 ! multitude ( slaves 0 su* t :51 at a c]ta9 p]iod1 x 0 propos$ to give !m a di/9ctive dress1 ! ,s5ate oppos$ ! measure1 fe>+ t if !y knew _! own numb]s ! public safety w\ld be endang]$2 & c]ta9ly ?is precaution 0 n va91 = already1 a long "t be=e1 ! slaves _h caus$ great commotions 9 ,italy4 ,plato1 9 support ( ! advice :i* ,i h j quot$1 /ates1 ,t ! slaves _h frequ5tly deva/at$ ,italy ) piracy & robb]y4 ,9 m rec5t times ,sp>tacus1 at ! head ( an army ( slaves1 0 ! t]ror ( t c\ntry = "s "t1 & engag$ ! be/ g5]als ( ,rome4 ,! numb] ( slaves _h rea*$ su* an excess1 t _m ma/]s reckon$ !m by hundr$s4 ,:5 ! ,prefect ( ,rome1 ,p$anius ,secundus1 0 assass9at$1 f\r hundr$ slaves :o belong$ to him 7 put to dea?4 7,tac4 ,ann4 b4 xiv47 ,pud5tila1 ! wife ( ,apulcius1 _h s _m t %e gave f\r hundr$ to h] son4 ,!y became a matt] ( pomp1 & ! ,romans vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 _! numb]4 ,:5 ask$ ?is "q1 quod pascit s]vos1 h[ _m slaves does he keep1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,juv5al 7,sat4 #c1 v4 #adj71 !y wi%$ to be able to %[ a great numb]4 ,! ?+ _h rea*$ su* a pass t1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! cortege ( a family resembl$ an army4 ,x 0 n only 9 ,greece & ,italy t ?is abundance ( slaves 0 f\nd2 at ,tyre !y arose aga9/ _! ma/]s1 &1 by _! imm5se numb]s1 !y 7 able to massacre !m all4 ,if we turn our eyes t[>ds b>b>\s nations1 )\t speak+ ( "s ! be/ kn[n1 we le>n f ,h]odotus t ! ,scy?ians1 on _! return f ,m$ia1 f\nd _! slaves 9 rebellion1 & 7 compell$ to ab&on _! c\ntry to !m4 ,cs> 9 8 ,comm5t>ies 7de ,bello ,gall4 lib4 vi47 be>s witness to ! multitude ( slaves 9 ,gaul4 ,z _! numb] 0 ev]y:]e s consid]able1 x is cle> t x 0 q impossible to prea* fre$om to !m )\t sett+ ! _w on fire4 ,unhappily we h1 9 mod]n times1 ! means ( =m+ a comp>ison :i*1 al?\gh on an inf9itely small] scale1 w answ] our purpose4 ,9 a colony :]e black slaves ab\nd1 :o w\ld v5ture to set !m at lib]ty all at once8 ,n[ h[ mu* are ! difficulties increas$1 :at colossal dim5sions does n ! dang] assume1 :5 y h to d1 n ) a colony1 b ) ! _w8 ,_! intellectual & moral condition r5d]$ !m incapable ( turn+ su* an advantage to _! own b5efit & t ( society2 9 _! debasem5t1 urg$ on by ! hatr$ & ! desire ( v5geance :i* ill-treatm5t _h excit$ 9 _! m9ds1 !y w\ld h repeat$1 on a l>ge scale1 ! bloody sc5es ) :i* !y _h already1 9 =m] times1 /a9$ ! pages ( hi/ory2 & :at w\ld !n h happ5$8 ,society1 ?us endang]$1 w\ld h be5 put on its gu>d aga9/ pr9ciples favor+ lib]ty2 h5ce=? x w\ld h reg>d$ !m ) prejudice & suspicion1 & ! *a9s ( s]vitude1 in/ead ( be+ loos5$1 w\ld h be5 ! m firmly rivet$4 ,out ( ?is imm5se mass ( rude1 savage m51 set at lib]ty )\t prep>ation1 x 0 impossible = social organization to arise2 = social organization is n ! creation ( a mom5t1 especially ) su* elem5ts z ^!2 & 9 ?is case1 s9ce x w\ld h be5 necess>y to *oose betwe5 slav]y & ! annihilation ( social ord]1 ! in/9ct ( pres]vation1 :i* animates society z well z all be+s1 w\ld und\bt$ly h br\ght ab\t ! cont9uation ( slav]y :]e x /ill exi/$1 & its re-e/abli%m5t :]e x _h be5 de/roy$4 ,^? :o compla9 t ,*ri/ianity did n accompli% ! "w ( aboli%+ slav]y ) suffici5t promptitude1 %\ld rememb] t1 ev5 suppos+ a sudd5 or v rapid emancipation possible1 & to say no?+ ( ! bloody revolutions :i* w\ld necess>ily h be5 ! result1 ! m]e =ce ( circum/ances1 by ! insurm\ntable difficulties :i* x w\ld h rais$1 w\ld h r5d]$ su* a measure absolutely useless4 ,let u lay aside all social & political consid]ations1 & apply ourselves to ! economical "q4 ,fir/1 x 0 necess>y to *ange all ! relations ( prop]ty4 ,! slaves play$ a pr9cipal "p !re92 !y cultivat$ ! l&1 & work$ z me*anics2 9 a ^w1 among !m 0 di/ribut$ all t is call$ labor2 & ?is di/ribution be+ made on ! supposition ( slav]y1 to take away ?is w\ld h made a disruption1 ! ultimate consequ5ces ( :i* c\ld n be e/imat$4 ,i w suppose t viol5t spoliations _h tak5 place1 t a rep>tition or equalization ( prop]ty _h be5 attempt$1 t l&s _h be5 di/ribut$ to ! emancipat$1 & t ! ri*e/ proprietors _h be5 compell$ to hold ! pickaxe & ! pl\gh2 ,i w suppose all ^! absurdities & mad dreams to be realiz$1 & ,i say t ?is w\ld h be5 no rem$y2 = we mu/ n =get t ! production ( ! means ( subsi/5ce mu/ be 9 proportion to ! wants ( ^? !y are int5d$ to support1 & t ?is proportion w\ld h be5 de/roy$ by ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,! production 0 regulat$1 n exactly accord+ to ! numb] ( ! individuals :o !n exi/$1 b on ! supposition t ! majority 7 slaves2 n[ we "k t ! wants ( a freeman are great] ?an ^? ( a slave4 ,if at ! pres5t "t1 aft] eighte5 c5turies1 :5 ideas h be5 correct$1 mann]s s(t5$1 laws ameliorat$2 :5 nations & gov]nm5ts h be5 taught by exp]i5ce2 :5 s _m public e/abli%m5ts = ! relief ( indig5ce h be5 f\nd$2 :5 s _m sy/ems h be5 tri$ = ! division ( labor2 :5 ri*es are di/ribut$ 9 a m equitable mann]2 if x is /ill s difficult to prev5t a great numb] ( m5 f becom+ ! victims ( dreadful mis]y1 if t is ! t]rible evil1 :i*1 l a fatal nightm>e1 torm5ts society1 & ?reat5s its future1 :at w\ld h be5 ! effect ( a univ]sal emancipation1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 at a "t :5 slaves 7 n consid]$ by ! law z p]sons1 b z ?+s2 :5 _! conjugal union 0 n look$ ^u z a m>riage2 :5 _! *ildr5 7 prop]ty1 & subject to ! same rules z ! prog5y ( animals2 :51 9 f9e1 ! unhappy slave 0 ill-treat$1 torm5t$1 sold1 or put to dea?1 accord+ to ! caprices ( 8 ma/]8 ,is x n evid5t t ! cure ( su* evils 0 ! "w ( ages8 ,d n humanity & political & social economy unanim\sly tell u ?is8 ,if mad attempts _h be5 made1 ! slaves !mselves w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to prote/ aga9/ !m2 !y w\ld h adh]$ to a s]vitude :i* at lea/ secur$ to !m food & %elt]2 !y w\ld h reject$ a lib]ty :i* 0 inconsi/5t ev5 ) _! exi/5ce4 ,su* is ! ord] ( nature3 man1 above all1 requires :]e) to live2 & ! means ( subsi/5ce be+ want+1 lib]ty itself w\ld cease to please him4 ,x is n necess>y to allude to ! individual examples ( ?is1 :i* we h 9 abundance2 entire nations h giv5 signal pro(s ( ?is tru?4 ,:5 mis]y is excessive1 x is difficult = x n to br+ ) x degradation1 /ifle ! mo/ g5]\s s5tim5ts1 & take away ! magic ( ! words indep5d5ce & lib]ty4 ,! common p1 says ,cs>1 speak+ ( ! ,gauls 7lib4 vi4 de ,bello ,gall471 are almo/ on a level ) slaves2 ( !mselves !y v5ture no?+2 _! voice is ( no avail4 ,!re are _m ( t class1 :o1 load$ ) debts & tributes1 or oppress$ by ! p[]ful1 give !mselves up into s]vitude to ! nobles1 :o ex]cise ov] ^? :o h ?us deliv]$ !mselves up ! same rights z ov] slaves4 ,examples ( ! same k9d are n want+ 9 mod]n times2 we "k t 9 ,*9a !re is a great numb] ( slaves ^: s]vitude is ow+ entirely to ! incapacity ( !mselves or _! fa!rs to provide = _! own subsi/5ce4 ,^! obs]vations1 :i* are support$ by facts t no "o c d5y1 evid5tly %[ t ,*ri/ianity has display$ pr(\nd wisdom 9 proce$+ ) s mu* caution 9 ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,x did all t 0 possible 9 favor ( human lib]ty2 if x did n advance m rapidly 9 ! "w1 x 0 because x c\ld n d s )\t compromitt+ ! und]tak+--)\t creat+ s]i\s ob/acles to ! desir$ emancipation4 ,su* is ! result at :i* we arrive :5 we h ?or\ghly exam9$ ! *>ges made aga9/ "s proce$+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we look into !m by ! light ( reason1 we comp>e !m ) ! facts1 & 9 ! end we are conv9c$ t ! conduct blam$ is p]fectly 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( ! highe/ wisdom & ! c\nsels ( ! s\nde/ prud5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 does ,m4 ,guizot mean1 :51 aft] hav+ all[$ t ,*ri/ianity labor$ ) e>ne/ness = ! abolition ( slav]y1 he accuses x ( hav+ cons5t$ = a long "t to its cont9uance8 ,is x logical !nce to inf] t x is n true t ?is imm5se b5efit is due exclusively to ,*ri/ianity8 ,t slav]y endur$ = a long "t 9 pres5ce ( ! ,*ur* is true2 b x 0 always decl9+1 & x only la/$ z long z 0 necess>y to realize ! b5efit )\t viol5ce--)\t a %ock--)\t compromitt+ its univ]sality & its cont9uation4 ,moreov]1 we ought to subtract f ! "t ( its cont9uance _m ages1 dur+ :i* ! ,*ur* 0 (t5 proscrib$1 always reg>d$ ) av]sion1 & totally unable to ex]t a direct influ5ce on ! social organization4 ,we ought also1 to a great ext5t1 to make exception ( lat] times1 z ! ,*ur* _h only begun to ex]t a direct & public influ5ce1 :5 ! irruption ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians took place1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! corruption :i* infect$ ! empire & spread 9 a frightful mann]1 produc$ su* a p]turbation1 su* a confus$ mass ( languages1 cu/oms1 mann]s1 & laws1 t x 0 almo/ impossible to make ! regulat+ p[] produce salut>y fruits4 ,if1 9 lat] times1 x has be5 difficult to de/roy feudality2 if !re rema9 to ?is day1 aft] ages ( /ruggles1 ! remnants ( t con/itution2 if ! slave-trade1 al?\gh limit$ to c]ta9 c\ntries & circum/ances1 /ill m]its ! univ]sal reprobation :i* is rais$ ?r\gh\t ! _w aga9/ its infamy2 h[ c we v5ture to express our a/oni%m5t--h[ c we v5ture to make x a reproa* aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 t slav]y cont9u$ "s ages aft] %e _h proclaim$ m5's frat]nity ) ea* o!r1 & _! equality be=e ,god8 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ideas ,,& ,,mann]s ,,( ,,antiquity ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,slav]y4--,,! ,,*ur* ,,beg9s ,,by ,,improv+ ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,slaves4 ,happily ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 wis] ?an philosoph]s2 %e knew h[ to conf] on humanity ! b5efit ( emancipation1 )\t inju/ice or revolution4 ,%e knew h[ to reg5]ate society1 b n 9 riv]s ( blood4 ,let u see :at 0 h] conduct ) respect to ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,mu* has be5 already said ( ! _s ( love & frat]nity :i* animates ,*ri/ianity1 & t is suffici5t to %[ t its influ5ce 9 ?is "w mu/ h be5 great4 ,b p]haps suffici5t c>e has n be5 tak5 9 seek+ ! positive & practical means :i* ! ,*ur* employ$ = ?is end4 ,9 ! d>kness ( ages1 9 circum/ances s complicat$ or v>i\s1 w x be possible to discov] any traces ( ! pa? pursu$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 accompli%+ ! de/ruction ( t slav]y "u :i* a l>ge portion ( ! human race groan$8 ,w x be possible to d any ?+ m ?an praise h] ,*ri/ian *>ity8 ,w x be possible to po9t out a plan1 a sy/em1 & to prove ! exi/5ce & developm5t ( x1 n by ref]r+ to a few expressions1 to elevat$ ?\ghts1 g5]\s s5tim5ts1 & ! isolat$ actions ( a few illu/ri\s m51 b by exhibit+ positive facts1 & hi/orical docum5ts1 :i* %[ :at 7 ! esprit de corps & t5d5cy ( ! ,*ur*8 ,i believe t ?is may be done1 & ,i h no d\bt t ,i %all be able to d x1 by avail+ myself ( :at is mo/ conv9c+ & decisive 9 ! matt]1 viz4 ! monum5ts ( ecclesia/ical legislation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w n be amiss to rememb] :at ,i h already po9t$ out1 viz4 t :5 we h to d ) ! conduct1 designs1 & t5d5cies ( ! ,*ur*1 x is by no means necess>y to suppose t ^! designs 7 conceiv$ 9 _! fulle/ ext5t by ! m9d ( any individual 9 p>ticul>1 nor t ! m]it & all ! prud5ce ( t conduct 0 und]/ood by ^? :o took "p 9 x4 ,x is n ev5 necess>y to suppose t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians und]/ood all ! =ce ( ! t5d5cies ( ,*ri/ianity ) respect to ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,:at requires to be %[n is1 t ! result has be5 obta9$ by ! doctr9es & conduct ( ! ,*ur*1 z ) ,ca?olics1 7al?\gh !y "k h[ to e/eem at _! j value ! m]it & greatness ( ea* man17 individuals1 :5 ! ,*ur* is conc]n$1 disappe>4 ,_! ?\ghts & w are no?+2 ! _s :i* animates1 vivifies1 & directs ! ,*ur*1 is n ! _s ( man1 b t ( ,god himself4 ,^? :o belong n to our fai? w employ o!r names2 b at lea/ we %all agree 9 ?is1 t facts1 consid]$ 9 ?is way1 above ! m9d & ! w ( individuals1 pres]ve mu* bett] _! real dim5sions2 & ?us ! great *a9 ( ev5ts 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory rema9s unbrok54 ,let x be said t ! conduct ( ! ,*ur* 0 inspir$ & direct$ by ,god2 or t x 0 ! result ( in/9ct2 t x 0 ! developm5t ( a t5d5cy conta9$ 9 h] doctr9es2 we w n n[ /ay to consid] ! expressions :i* may be us$ by ,ca?olics1 or by philosoph]s2 :at we h to %[ is1 t ?is in/9ct 0 noble & well-direct$2 t ?is t5d5cy _h a great object 9 view1 & knew h[ to atta9 x4 ,! fir/ ?+ t ,*ri/ianity did = slaves1 0 to de/roy ! errors :i* oppos$1 n only _! univ]sal emancipation1 b ev5 ! improvem5t ( _! condition2 t is1 ! fir/ =ce :i* %e employ$ 9 ! attack 01 accord+ to h] cu/om1 ! =ce ( ideas4 ,?is fir/ /ep 0 ! m necess>y1 z ! same ?+ applies to all o!r evils1 z well z to slav]y2 e social evil is always accompani$ by "s error :i* produces or fom5ts x4 ,!re exi/$ n only ! oppression & degradation ( a l>ge portion ( ! human race1 b1 moreov]1 an accr$it$ error1 :i* t5d$ m & m to l[] t portion ( humanity4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 slaves 7 a mean race1 f> bel[ ! dignity ( freem53 !y 7 a race degrad$ by ,jupit] himself1 m>k$ by a /amp ( humiliation1 & pr$e/9$ to _! /ate ( abjection & debasem5t4 ,a dete/able doctr9e1 no d\bt1 & contradict$ by ! nature ( man1 by hi/ory & exp]i5ce2 b :i*1 nev]!less1 reckon$ di/+ui%$ m5 among its def5d]s1 & :i* we see proclaim$ = ages1 to ! %ame ( humanity & ! sc&al ( reason1 until ,*ri/ianity came to de/roy x1 by und]tak+ to v9dicate ! rights ( man4 ,hom] tells u 7,odys4 #ag7 t ,jupit] has depriv$ slaves ( half ! m9d4 ,we f9d 9 ,plato a trace ( ! same doctr9e1 al?\gh he expresses himself1 z he is accu/om$ to d1 by ! m\? ( ano!r2 he v5tures to advance ! foll[+3 ,x is said t1 9 ! m9d ( slaves1 !re is no?+ s\nd or complete2 & t a prud5t man ought n to tru/ t class ( p]sons2 :i* is equally atte/$ by ! wise/ ( our poets4 ,"h ,plato cites ! above-quot$ passage ( ,hom] 7,dial4 #h1 de ,legibus74 ,b x is 9 ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle t we f9d ?is degrad+ doctr9e 9 all its de=mity & nak$ness4 ,"s h wi%$ to excuse ?is philosoph]1 b 9 va92 8 own words condemn him )\t appeal4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 "w1 he expla9s ! con/itution ( ! family1 & attempts to /ate ! relations ( husb& & wife1 ( ma/] & slave2 he /ates t1 z ! wife is by nature diff]5t f ! husb&1 s is ! slave f ! ma/]4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,?us ! woman & ! slave are di/+ui%$ by nature itself4 ,let x n be said t ?is is an expression t escap$ f ! p5 ( ! writ]2 x 0 /at$ ) a full k1 & is a rsum ( 8 !ory4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt]1 :]e he cont9ues to analyze ! elem5ts :i* compose ! family1 aft] hav+ /at$ t a complete family is =m$ ( free p]sons & slaves1 he alludes p>ticul>ly to ! latt]1 & beg9s by combat+ an op9ion :i* he ?9ks too favorable to !m3 ,!re are "s1 he says1 :o ?9k t slav]y is a ?+ out ( ! ord] ( nature1 s9ce x is ! law itself :i* makes "s free & o!rs slaves1 :ile nature makes no di/9ction4 ,be=e combat+ ?is op9ion1 he expla9s ! relations betwe5 ma/] & slave1 by us+ ! comp>ison ( arti/ & in/rum5t1 & t ( ! s\l & body2 he cont9ues ?us3 ,if we comp>e man to woman1 we f9d t ! fir/ is sup]ior1 !re=e he comm&s2 ! woman is inf]ior1 !re=e %e obeys4 ,! same ?+ ought to take place among all m54 ,?us x is t ^? among !m :o are z inf]ior ) respect to o!rs1 z ! body is ) respect to ! s\l1 & ! animal to man2 ^? ^: p[]s pr9cipally consi/ 9 ! use ( ! body1 ! only s]vice t c be obta9$ f !m1 !y are naturally slaves4 ,we %\ld imag9e1 at fir/ sight1 t ! philosoph] spoke only ( idiots2 8 words w\ld seem to indicate ?is2 b we %all see1 by ! context1 t su* is n 8 int5tion4 ,x is evid5t t if he spoke only ( idiots1 he w\ld prove no?+ aga9/ ! op9ion :i* he desires to combat2 = ! numb] ( !m is no?+ ) respect to ! g5]ality ( m54 ,if he spoke only ( idiots1 ( :at use w\ld be a !ory f\nd$ on s r>e & mon/r\s an exception8 ,b we h no ne$ ( conjectures z to ! real int5tion ( ! philosoph]1 he himself takes c>e to expla9 x to u1 & tells u at ! same "t = :at reason he v5tures to make use ( expressions :i* seem1 at fir/1 to place ! matt] on ano!r level4 ,8 int5tion is no?+ less ?an to attribute to nature ! express design ( produc+ m5 ( two k9ds2 "o born = slav]y1 ! o!r = lib]ty4 ,! passage is too important & too curi\s to be omitt$4 ,x is ?is3 ,nature has tak5 c>e to create ! bodies ( free m5 diff]5t f ^? ( slaves2 ! bodies ( ! latt] are /rong1 & prop] = ! mo/ necess>y labors3 ^? ( freem51 on ! contr>y1 well =m$1 al?\gh ill adapt$ = s]vile works1 are prop] = civil life1 :i* consi/s 9 ! managem5t ( ?+s 9 w> & peace4 ,nev]!less1 ! contr>y (t5 happ5s4 ,to a free man is giv5 ! body ( a slave2 & to a slave ! s\l ( a free man4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 if ! bodies ( "s m5 7 z mu* m p]fect ?an o!rs1 z we see is ! case 9 ! image ( ! ,gods1 all ! _w w\ld be ( op9ion t ^! m5 %\ld be obey$ by ^? :o _h n ! same beauty4 ,if ?is is true 9 speak+ ( ! body1 x is /ill m s 9 speak+ ( ! s\l2 al?\gh x is n s easy to see ! beauty ( ! s\l z t ( ! body4 ,?us x _c be d\bt$ t !re are "s m5 born = lib]ty1 z o!rs are = slav]y2 a slav]y :i* is n only useful to ! slaves !mselves1 b1 moreov]1 j4 ,a mis]able philosophy1 :i*1 9 ord] to support t degrad$ /ate1 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to su* subtilties1 & v5tur$ to impute to nature ! int5tion ( creat+ diff]5t ca/es1 "s born to comm& & o!rs to obey2 a cruel philosophy1 :i* ?us labor$ to break ! bonds ( frat]nity ) :i* ! ,au?or ( nature has desir$ to knit toge!r ! human race1 pret5d+ to raise a b>ri] betwe5 man & man1 & inv5t+ !ories to support inequality2 n t inequality :i* is ! necess>y result ( all social organization1 b an inequality s t]rible & degrad+ z t ( slav]y4 ,*ri/ianity raises its voice1 & by ! fir/ words :i* x pron\nces on slaves1 decl>es !m equal to all m5 9 ! dignity ( nature1 & 9 ! p>ticipation ( ! graces :i* ! ,div9e ,_s diffuses ^u e>?4 ,we mu/ rem>k ! c>e ) :i* ,/4 ,paul insi/s on ?is po9t2 x seems z if he _h 9 view ^? degrad+ di/9ctions :i* h aris5 f a fatal =getfulness ( ! dignity ( man4 ,! ,apo/le nev] =gets to inculcate to ! fai?ful t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! slave & ! freeman4 ,= 9 "o ,_s 7 we all baptiz$ into "o body1 :e!r ,jews or ,g5tiles1 :e!r bond or free4 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #ac47 ,= y are all *ildr5 ( ,god1 by fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,= z _m ( y z h be5 baptiz$ 9 ,*ri/ h put on ,*ri/4 ,!re is nei!r ,jew nor ,greek2 !re is nei!r bond or free2 !re is nei!r male or female4 ,= y are all "o 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 7,gal4 iii4 #bf-bh47 ,:]e !re is nei!r ,g5tile nor ,jew1 circumcision nor uncircumcision1 b>b>ian or ,scy?ian1 bond or free2 b ,*ri/ is all & 9 all4 7,colos4 iii4 #aa47 ,! he>t dilates at ! s\nd ( ! voice ?us l\dly proclaim+ ! great pr9ciples ( holy frat]nity & equality4 ,aft] hav+ he>d ! oracles ( ,paganism inv5t+ doctr9es to degrade /ill m ! unhappy slaves1 we seem to awake f a pa9ful dream1 & to f9d ourselves 9 ! light ( day 9 ! mid/ ( ! delightful reality4 ,! imag9ation delights to contemplate ! millions ( m5 :o1 b5t "u degradation & ignom9y1 at ?is voice rais$ _! eyes t[>ds ,heav51 & 7 animat$ ) hope4 ,x 0 ) ?is tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity z ) all g5]\s & fruitful doctr9es2 !y p5etrate ! he>t ( society1 rema9 !re z a preci\s g]m1 &1 develop$ by "t1 produce an imm5se tree :i* ov]%ad[s families & nations4 ,:5 ^! doctr9es 7 diffus$ among m51 !y c\ld n fail to be misund]/ood & exagg]at$4 ,?us !re 7 f\nd "s :o pret5d$ t ,*ri/ian fre$om 0 ! proclamation ( univ]sal fre$om4 ,! pleas+ words ( ,*ri/ easily res\nd$ 9 ! e>s ( slaves3 !y he>d !mselves decl>$ *ildr5 ( ,god1 & bre?r5 ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 !y saw t !re 0 no di/9ction made betwe5 !m & _! ma/]s1 betwe5 !m & ! mo/ p[]ful lords ( ! e>?2 is x1 !n1 /range t m5 only accu/om$ to *a9s1 to labor1 to e k9d ( tr\ble & degradation1 exagg]at$ ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 & made applications ( !m :i* 7 nei!r j 9 !mselves1 nor capable ( be+ r$uc$ to practice8 ,we "k1 f ,/4 ,j]ome1 t _m1 he>+ !mselves call$ to ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 believ$ t !y 7 !reby fre$4 ,p]haps ! ,apo/le allud$ to ?is error :51 9 8 fir/ epi/le to ,timo?y1 he said1 ,:osoev] are s]vants "u ! yoke1 let !m c\nt _! ma/]s wor?y ( all honor2 le/ ! "n ( ! ,"l & ,8 doctr9es be blasphem$4 7#a ,timo?y vi4 #a47 ,?is error _h be5 s g5]al1 t aft] ?ree c5turies x 0 /ill mu* cr$it$2 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,gangres1 held ab\t #cbd1 0 oblig$ to excommunicate ^? :o1 "u pret5ce ( piety1 taught t slaves ought to quit _! ma/]s1 & )draw f _! s]vice4 ,?is 0 n ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 besides1 we h cle>ly %[n t x w\ld n h be5 ! "r way to a*ieve univ]sal emancipation4 ,!re=e ?is same ,apo/le1 f ^: m\? we h he>d su* g5]\s language 9 favor ( slaves1 frequ5tly inculcates to !m ob$i5ce to _! ma/]s2 b let u obs]ve1 t :ile fulfill+ ?is duty impos$ by ! _s ( peace & ju/ice :i* animates ,*ri/ianity1 he s expla9s ! motives on :i* ! ob$i5ce ( slaves ought to be bas$1 he calls to m9d ! obligations ( ma/]s 9 su* affect+ & en]getic words1 & e/abli%es s expressly & conclusively ! equality ( all m5 be=e ,god1 t we _c help see+ h[ great 0 8 compassion = t unhappy portion ( humanity1 & h[ mu* 8 ideas on ?is po9t diff]$ f ^? ( a bl9d & h>d5$ _w4 ,!re is 9 ! he>t ( man a feel+ ( noble indep5d5ce1 :i* does n p]mit him to subject himself to ! w ( ano!r1 except :5 he sees t ! claims to 8 ob$i5ce are f\nd$ on legitimate titles4 ,if !y are 9 accordance ) reason & ju/ice1 &1 above all1 if !y h _! roots 9 ! great objects ( human love & v5]ation1 8 und]/&+ is conv9c$1 8 he>t is ga9$1 & he yields4 ,b if ! reason = ! comm& is only ! w ( ano!r1 if x is only man aga9/ man1 ^! ?\ghts ( equality f]m5t 9 8 m9d1 !n ! feel+ ( indep5d5ce burns 9 8 he>t1 he puts on a bold front1 & 8 passions are excit$4 ,!re=e1 :5 a will+ & la/+ ob$i5ce is to be obta9$1 x is necess>y t ! man %\ld be lo/ sight ( 9 ! rul]1 & t he %\ld only appe> z ! repres5tative ( a sup]ior p[]1 or ! p]sonification ( ! motives :i* conv9ce ! subject ( ! ju/ice & utility ( 8 submission2 ?us he does n obey ! w ( ano!r because x is t w1 b because x is ! repres5tative ( a sup]ior p[]1 or ! int]pret] ( tru? & ju/ice2 !n man no long] consid]s 8 dignity outrag$1 & ob$i5ce becomes tol]able & pleas+4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t su* 7 n ! titles on :i* 0 f\nd$ ! ob$i5ce ( slaves be=e ,*ri/ianity3 cu/om plac$ !m 9 ! rank ( brutes2 & ! laws1 outdo+ x if possible1 7 express$ 9 language :i* _c be read )\t indignation4 ,ma/]s comm&$ because su* 0 _! pleasure1 & slaves 7 compell$ to obey1 n on acc\nt ( sup]ior motives or moral obligations1 b because !y 7 ! prop]ty ( _! ma/]s1 horses gov]n$ by ! bridle1 & m]e me*anical ma*9es4 ,0 x1 !n1 /range t ^! unhappy be+s1 dr5*$ ) mis=tune & ignom9y1 conceiv$ & *]i%$ 9 _! he>ts t deep rancor1 t viol5t hatr$1 & t t]rible ?ir/ = v5geance1 :i* at ! fir/ opportunity explod$ s fe>fully8 ,! horrible massacre ( ,tyre1 ! example & t]ror ( ! univ]se1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,ju/92 ! repeat$ revolts ( ! ,p5e/es 9 ,!ssaly1 ( ! ,helotes 9 ,sp>ta2 ! defections ( ! slaves ( ,*io & ,a!ns2 ! insurrection "u ! comm& ( ,h]donius1 & ! t]ror :i* x spread 9 all ! families ( ,rome2 ! sc5es ( blood1 ! ob/9ate & desp]ate resi/ance ( ! b&s ( ,sp>tacus2 0 all ?is any ?+ b ! natural result ( ! sy/em ( viol5ce1 outrage1 & contempt ) :i* slaves 7 treat$8 ,is x n :at we h se5 repeat$ 9 mod]n times1 9 ! cata/rophes ( ! negro colonies8 ,su* is ! nature ( man1 :oev] s[s contempt & outrage w reap fury & v5geance4 ,*ri/ianity 0 well aw>e ( ^! tru?s2 & ?is is ! reason :y1 :ile prea*+ ob$i5ce1 x took c>e to f\nd x on ,div9e au?ority4 ,if x confirm$ to ma/]s _! rights1 x also taught !m an exalt$ s5se ( _! obligation4 ,:]ev] ,*ri/ian doctr9es prevail$1 slaves might say3 ,x is true t we are un=tunate2 bir?1 pov]ty1 or ! rev]ses ( w> h condemn$ u to mis=tune2 b at lea/ we are ackn[l$g$ z m5 & bre?r52 betwe5 u & our ma/]s !re is a reciprocity ( rights & obligations4 ,let u he> ! ,apo/le3 ,y1 slaves1 obey ^? :o are y\r ma/]s accord+ to ! fle%1 ) fe> & trembl+1 9 ! simplicity ( y\r he>ts1 z to ,jesus ,*ri/ himself4 ,n s]v+ to ! eye1 z x 7 pleas+ m51 b1 z ! s]vants ( ,*ri/1 do+ ! w ( ,god f ! he>t4 ,) a good w s]v+1 z to ! ,"l1 & n to m54 ,kn[+ t :atsoev] good ?+s any man %all d1 ! same %all he receive f ! ,"l1 :e!r he be bond or free4 ,& y1 ma/]s1 d ! same ?+ to !m1 =be>+ ?reat5+s1 kn[+ t ! ,"l bo? ( !m & y is 9 heav51 & !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,him4 7,eph4 vi4 #e-i47 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians he inculcates ! same doctr9e ( ob$i5ce anew1 bas+ x on ! same motives2 =1 to console ! un=tunate slaves1 he tells !m3 ,y %all receive ( ! ,"l ! rew>d ( inh]itance3 s]ve ye ! ,"l ,*ri/4 ,= he t do? wrong %all receive = t :i* he ha? done wrongfully1 & !re is no respect ( p]sons ) ,god 7,colos4 iii4 #bd1 #be72 & l[] d[n1 address+ himself to ma/]s3 ,ma/]s1 d to y\r s]vants t :i* is j & equal1 kn[+ t y also h a ,ma/] 9 heav54 7iv4 #a47 ,! diffusion ( su* b5efic5t doctr9es necess>ily t5d$ to improve greatly ! condition ( slaves2 _! imm$iate effect 0 to s(t5 t excessive rigor1 t cruelty :i* w\ld be incr$ible if x 7 n incontrov]tibly prov$4 ,we "k t ! ma/] _h ! "r ( life & dea?1 & t he abus$ t p[] ev5 to putt+ a slave to dea? f caprice1 z ,qu9tus ,flam9ius did 9 ! mid/ ( a fe/ival4 ,ano!r caus$ "o ( ^! un=tunate be+s to be ?r[n to ! fi%es1 because he broke a glass ( cry/al4 ,?is is relat$ ( ,v$ius ,pollio2 & ?is horrible cruelty 0 n conf9$ to ! circle ( a few families subject to a ma/] devoid ( compassion2 no1 cruelty 0 =m$ into a sy/em1 ! fatal b necess>y result ( errone\s notions on ?is po9t1 & ( ! =getfulness ( ! s5tim5ts ( humanity4 ,?is viol5t sy/em c\ld only be support$ by con/antly trampl+ ^u ! slave2 & !re 0 no cessation ( tyranny until ! day :5 he1 ) sup]ior p[]1 attack$ 8 ma/] & de/roy$ him4 ,an anci5t prov]b said1 ,s _m slaves1 s _m enemies4 ,we h already se5 ! ravages committ$ by m5 ?us r5d]$ savage by rev5ge1 :5ev] !y 7 able to break _! *a9s2 b c]ta9ly1 :5 x 0 desir$ to t]rify !m1 _! ma/]s did n yield to !m 9 f]ocity4 ,at ,sp>ta1 on "o occasion :5 !y fe>$ ! ill-w ( ! ,helotes1 !y assembl$ !m all at ! temple ( ,jupit]1 & put !m to dea?4 7,?ucyd4 b4 iv47 ,at ,rome1 :5ev] a ma/] 0 assass9at$1 all 8 slaves 7 condemn$ to dea?4 ,we _c read 9 ,tacitus )\t a %udd] 7,ann4 l4 xiv4 #dc7 ! horrible sc5e :i* 0 witness$ :5 ! prefect ( ! t[n1 ,p$anius ,secundus1 0 assass9at$ by "o ( 8 slaves4 ,n less ?an f\r hundr$ 7 to die2 all1 accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om1 7 to be l$ to puni%m5t4 ,?is cruel & pitiable spectacle1 9 :i* s _m ( ! innoc5t 7 to suff] dea?1 excit$ ! compassion ( ! p1 :o rais$ a tumult to prev5t ?is horrid but*]y4 ,! ,s5ate1 9 d\bt1 delib]at$ on ! affair1 :5 an orator nam$ ,cassius ma9ta9$ ) en]gy t x 0 necess>y to complete ! bloody execution1 n only 9 ob$i5ce to ! anci5t cu/om1 b also because )\t x x w\ld be impossible to pres]ve !mselves f ! ill-w ( ! slaves4 ,8 words are all dictat$ by inju/ice & tyranny2 he sees on all sides dang]s & conspiracies2 he c imag9e no o!r safegu>ds ?an =ce & t]ror4 ,! foll[+ passage is above all rem>kable 9 8 spee*1 z %[+ 9 a few words ! ideas & mann]s ( ! anci5ts 9 ?is matt]3 ,our ance/ors1 says ! s5ator1 always mi/ru/$ ! "* ( slaves1 ev5 ( ^? :o1 born on _! possessions & 9 _! h\ses1 might be suppos$ to h conceiv$ f _! cradle an affection = _! ma/]s2 b z we h slaves ( =eign nations1 diff]+ 9 cu/oms & religion1 ?is rabble c only be re/ra9$ by t]ror4 ,cruelty prevail$1 ! boldness ( ! p 0 repress$1 ! way 0 fill$ ) soldi]s1 & ! f\r hundr$ un=tunate be+s 7 l$ to puni%m5t4 ,to s(t5 ?is cruel treatm5t1 to bani% ^! frightful atrocities1 ought to h be5 ! fir/ effect ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es2 & we may re/ assur$ t ! ,*ur* nev] lo/ sight ( s important an object4 ,%e devot$ all h] ef=ts to improve z mu* z possible ! condition ( slaves2 9 puni%m5ts %e caus$ mildness to be sub/itut$ = cruelty2 & :at 0 m important ?an all1 %e labor$ to put reason 9 ! place ( caprice1 & to make ! impetuosity ( ma/]s yield to ! calmness ( judges2 t is to say1 %e e day assimilat$ ! condition ( slaves m & m to t ( freem51 by mak+ "r & n might reign ov] !m4 ,! ,*ur* nev] =got ! noble lesson :i* ! ,apo/le gave :5 writ+ to ,philemon1 & int]c$+ 9 favor ( a fugitive slave nam$ ,onesimus2 he spoke 9 8 favor ) a t5d]ness :i* ?is unhappy class _h nev] be=e inspir$3 ,i besee* !e1 he says to him1 = my son ,onesimus4 ,receive him z my own b[els2 no m z a slave1 b z a mo/ de> bro!r4 ,if he ha? wrong$ !e 9 any ?+1 or is 9 ?y debt1 put t to my acc\nt4 7,epis4 to ,phil47 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira1 held 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 subjects ! woman :o %all h beat5 h] slave s z to cause h] dea? 9 ?ree days to _m ye>s ( p5ance2 ! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 held 9 #edi1 ord]s t if a slave guilty ( a fault take refuge 9 a *ur*1 he is to be re/or$ to 8 ma/]1 b n )\t hav+ exact$ f ! latt] a promise1 confirm$ by oa?1 t he w n d him any h>m2 t if ! ma/]1 9 violation ( 8 oa?1 maltreat ! slave1 he %all be sep>at$ f ! communion ( ! fai?ful & ! sacram5ts4 ,?is canon %[s u two ?+s3 ! habitual cruelty ( ma/]s1 & ! zeal ( ! ,*ur* to s(t5 ! treatm5t ( slaves4 ,to re/ra9 ?is cruelty1 no?+ less ?an an oa? 0 requir$2 & ! ,*ur*1 always s c>eful 9 ^! ?+s1 yet consid]$ ! matt] important en\gh to ju/ify & require ! invocation ( ! sacr$ "n ( ,god4 ,! favor & protection :i* ! ,*ur* grant$ to slaves rapidly ext5d$4 ,x seems t 9 "s places ! cu/om 0 introduc$ ( requir+ a promise on oa?1 n only t ! slave :o _h tak5 refuge 9 ! *ur* %\ld n be ill-treat$ 9 8 p]son1 b ev5 t no extraord9>y "w %\ld be impos$ on him1 & t he %\ld we> no di/9ctive m>k4 ,?is cu/om1 produc$ no d\bt by zeal = humanity1 b :i* may h occasion$ "s inconv5i5ces by relax+ too mu* ! ties ( ob$i5ce1 & all[+ excesses on ! "p ( slaves1 appe>s to be allud$ to 9 a regulation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,epaone 7n[ ,abbon1 accord+ to "s71 held ab\t #eag4 ,?is ,c\ncil labors to /op ! evil by prescrib+ a prud5t mod]ation2 b )\t )draw+ ! protection already grant$4 ,x orda9s1 9 ! #ci? canon1 ,t if a slave1 guilty ( any atroci\s (f5ce1 takes refuge 9 a *ur*1 he %all be sav$ f corporal puni%m5t2 b ! ma/] %all n be compell$ to swe> t he w n impose on him additional labor1 or t he w n cut (f 8 hair1 9 ord] to make kn[n 8 fault4 ,obs]ve t ?is re/riction is introduc$ only 9 ! case :5 ! slave %all h committ$ a he9\s (f5ce1 & ev5 9 ?is case all ! p[] all[$ to ! ma/] consi/s 9 impos+ on ! slave extraord9>y labor1 or di/+ui%+ him by cutt+ 8 hair4 ,p]haps su* indulg5ce may be consid]$ excessive2 b we mu/ obs]ve t :5 abuses are deeply root$1 !y _c be eradicat$ )\t a vigor\s ef=t4 ,at fir/ sight x (t5 appe>s z if ! limits ( prud5ce 7 pass$2 b ?is app>5t excess is only ! inevitable oscillation :i* is obs]v$ be=e ?+s rega9 _! "r position4 ,! ,*ur* _h !re9 no wi% to protect crime1 or give unm]it$ indulg5ce2 h] object 0 to *eck ! viol5ce & caprice ( ma/]s2 %e did n wi% to all[ a man to suff] torture or dea? because su* 0 ! w ( ano!r4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( j laws & legitimate tribunals1 ! ,*ur* has nev] oppos$2 b %e has nev] giv5 h] cons5t to acts ( private viol5ce4 ,! _s ( opposition to ! ex]cise ( private =ce1 :i* includes social organization1 is cle>ly %[n to u 9 ! #ae? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,m]ida1 held 9 #fff4 ,i h already %[n t slaves =m$ a l>ge portion ( prop]ty4 ,z ! division ( labor 0 made 9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 slaves 7 absolutely necess>y to ^? :o possess$ prop]ty1 especially :5 x 0 consid]able4 ,n[ ! ,*ur* f\nd ?is to be ! case2 & z %e c\ld n *ange ! organization ( society on a sudd51 %e 0 oblig$ to yield to necessity1 & admit slav]y4 ,b if %e wi%$ to introduce improvem5ts 9 ! lot ( slaves 9 g5]al1 x 0 good = h] to set ! example h]self3 ?is example is f\nd 9 ! canon ,i h j quot$4 ,!re1 aft] hav+ =bidd5 ! bi%ops & prie/s to maltreat ! s]vants ( ! ,*ur* by mutilat+ _! limbs1 ! ,c\ncil orda9s t if a slave commit an (f5ce1 he %all be deliv]$ to ! secul> judges1 b s t ! bi%ops %all mod]ate ! puni%m5t inflict$ on him4 ,we see by ?is canon t ! "r ( mutilation ex]cis$ by private ma/]s 0 /ill 9 use2 & p]haps x 0 /ill m /rongly e/abli%$1 s9ce we see t ! ,c\ncil limits itself to int]dict+ t k9d ( puni%m5t to ecclesia/ics1 )\t say+ any ?+ z to laym54 ,no d\bt1 "o ( ! motives = ?is prohibition made to ecclesia/ics1 0 to prev5t _! %$d+ human blood1 & ?us r5d]+ !mselves incapable ( ex]cis+ _! l(ty m9i/ry1 ! pr9cipal act ( :i* is ! augu/ sacrifice 9 :i* !y (f] a victim ( peace & love2 b ?is does n 9 any way detract f ! m]it ( ! regulation1 or at all dim9i% its influ5ce on ! improvem5t ( ! condition ( slaves4 ,x 0 ! sub/itution ( public v5geance = private2 x 0 aga9 to proclaim ! equality ( slaves & freem5 ) respect to ! effusion ( _! blood2 x 0 to decl>e t ! h&s :i* _h %$ ! blood ( a slave1 _h contract$ ! same /a9 z if !y _h %$ t ( a freeman4 ,n[1 x 0 necess>y to inculcate ^! salut>y tru?s on m5's m9ds 9 e way1 = !y ran 9 direct contradiction to ! ideas & mann]s ( antiquity2 x 0 necess>y to labor assidu\sly to de/roy ! %ameful & cruel exceptions :i* cont9u$ to deprive ! majority ( mank9d ( a p>ticipation 9 ! rights ( humanity4 ,!re is1 9 ! canon :i* ,i h j quot$1 a rem>kable circum/ance1 :i* %[s ! solicitude ( ! ,*ur* to re/ore to slaves ! dignity & respect ( :i* !y _h be5 depriv$4 ,to %ave ! hair ( ! head 0 among ! ,go?s a v ignom9i\s puni%m5t2 :i*1 accord+ to ,lucas de ,tuy1 0 to !m m cruel ?an dea? itself4 ,x w be und]/ood1 t :atev] 0 ! =ce ( prejudice on ?is po9t1 ! ,*ur* might h all[$ ! %av+ ( ! hair )\t incurr+ ! /a9 :i* 0 atta*$ to ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,yet %e 0 n will+ to all[ x1 :i* %[s u h[ att5tive %e 0 to de/roy ! m>ks ( humiliation impress$ on slaves4 ,aft] hav+ enjo9$ prie/s & bi%ops to deliv] crim9al slaves to ! judges1 %e comm&s !m n to all[ !m to be %av$ ignom9i\sly4 ,no c>e 0 too great 9 ?is matt]2 to de/roy "o aft] ano!r ! odi\s exceptions :i* affect$ slaves1 x 0 necess>y to seize ^u all favorable opportunities4 ,?is necessity is cle>ly %[n by ! mann] 9 :i* ! elev5? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #fge1 expresses itself4 ,?is ,c\ncil1 9 its #f? canon1 =bids bi%ops !mselves to judge crimes ( a capital nature1 z x also =bids !m to ord] ! mutilation ( memb]s4 ,behold 9 :at t]ms x 0 consid]$ necess>y to /ate t ?is rule admitt$ ( no exception2 n ev51 says ! ,c\ncil1 ) respect to ! slaves ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! evil 0 great1 x c\ld n be cur$ )\t assidu\s c>e4 ,ev5 ! "r ( life & dea?1 ! mo/ cruel ( all1 c\ld n be extirpat$ )\t mu* tr\ble2 & cruel applications ( x 7 made 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury1 s9ce ! ,c\ncil ( ,epaone1 9 its #cd? canon1 orda9s t ! ma/] :o1 ( 8 own au?ority1 %all take away ! life ( 8 slave1 %all be cut (f = two ye>s f ! communion ( ! ,*ur*4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury1 simil> attempts 7 /ill made1 & ! ,c\ncil ( ,worms1 held 9 #hfh1 labor$ to repress !m1 by subject+ to two ye>s ( p5ance ! ma/] :o1 ( 8 own au?ority1 %all h put 8 slave to dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,means ,,employ$ ,,by ,,! ,,*ur* ,,to ,,enfran*ise ,,slaves4 ,:ile improv+ ! condition ( slaves & assimilat+ x z mu* z possible to t ( freem51 x 0 necess>y n to =get ! univ]sal emancipation2 = x 0 n en\gh to ameliorate slav]y1 x 0 necess>y to aboli% x4 ,! m]e =ce ( ,*ri/ian notions1 & ! _s ( *>ity :i* 0 spread at ! same "t ) !m ov] ! _w1 made s viol5t an attack on ! /ate ( slav]y1 t !y 7 sure soon] or lat] to br+ ab\t its complete abolition4 ,x is impossible = society to rema9 = a long "t "u an ord] ( ?+s :i* is =mally oppos$ to ! ideas ) :i* x is imbu$4 ,accord+ to ,*ri/ian maxims1 all m5 h a common orig9 & ! same de/9y2 all are bre?r5 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 all are oblig$ to love ea* o!r ) all _! he>ts1 to assi/ ea* o!r 9 _! necessities1 to avoid (f5d+ ea* o!r ev5 9 words2 all are equal be=e ,god1 = !y w all be judg$ )\t exception ( p]sons4 ,*ri/ianity ext5d$ & took root ev]y:]e--took possession ( all classes1 ( all bran*es ( society2 h[1 !n1 c\ld ! /ate ( slav]y la/--a /ate ( degradation :i* makes man ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 all[s him to be sold l an animal1 & deprives him ( ! sweete/ ties ( family & ( all p>ticipation 9 ! advantages ( society8 ,two ?+s s opposite c\ld n exi/ toge!r2 ! laws 7 9 favor ( slav]y1 x is true2 x may ev5 be said t ,*ri/ianity did n make a direct attack on ^? laws4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :at did x d8 ,x /rove to make itself ma/] ( ideas & mann]s1 communicat$ to !m a new impulse1 & gave !m a diff]5t direction4 ,9 su* a case1 :at did laws avail8 ,_! rigor 0 relax$1 _! obs]vance 0 neglect$1 _! equity began to be d\bt$1 _! utility 0 disput$1 _! fatal effects 7 rem>k$1 & !y gradually fell into desuetude1 s t sometimes x 0 n necess>y to /rike a bl[ to de/roy !m4 ,!y 7 ?r[n aside z ?+s ( no use2 or1 if !y des]v$ ! tr\ble ( an express abolition1 x 0 only = ! sake ( c]emony2 x 0 a body int]r$ ) honor4 ,b let x n be suppos$1 aft] :at ,i h j said1 t 9 attribut+ s mu* importance to ,*ri/ian ideas & mann]s1 ,i mean t ! triumph ( ^! ideas & mann]s 0 ab&on$ to t =ce alone1 )\t t co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* :i* ! "t & circum/ances requir$4 ,q ! contr>y3 ! ,*ur*1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 call$ to h] aid all ! means ! mo/ conducive to ! desir$ result4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 requisite1 to secure ! "w ( emancipation1 to protect f all assault ! lib]ty ( ! fre$--lib]ty :i* unhappily 0 (t5 attack$ & put 9 great dang]4 ,! causes ( ?is melan*oly fact may be easily f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( anci5t ideas & mann]s1 9 ! cupidity ( p[]ful m51 ! sy/em ( viol5ce made g5]al by ! irruptions ( ! b>b>ians1 9 ! pov]ty1 neglect1 & total want ( education & morality 9 :i* slaves mu/ h be5 :5 !y quitt$ s]vitude4 ,x mu/ be suppos$ t a great numb] ( !m did n "k all ! value ( lib]ty2 t !y did n always conduct !mselves1 9 _! new /ate1 accord+ to ! dictates ( reason & ! exig5ces ( ju/ice2 & t1 newly ent]$ on ! possession ( ! rights ( freem51 !y did n "k h[ to fulfil all _! new obligations4 ,b ^! diff]5t inconv5i5ces1 insep>able f ! nature ( ?+s1 7 n to h9d] ! consummation ( an ent]prise call$ = bo? by religion & humanity1 & x 0 prop] to be resign$ to !m f ! consid]ation ( ! num]\s motives = excus+ ! conduct ( ! enfran*is$2 ! /ate :i* ^! m5 _h j quitt$ _h *eck$ ! developm5t ( _! moral & intellectual faculties4 ,! lib]ty ( newly-emancipat$ slaves 0 protect$ aga9/ ! attacks ( inju/ice1 & clo!d ) an inviolable sanctity1 f ! "t t _! enfran*isem5t 0 connect$ ) ?+s :i* !n ex]cis$ ! mo/ p[]ful asc5d5cy4 ,n[ ! ,*ur*1 & all t belong$ to h]1 0 9 ?is influ5tial position2 !re=e ! cu/om1 :i* 0 !n introduc$1 ( p]=m+ ! manumission 9 ! *ur*es1 0 und\bt$ly v favorable to ! progress ( lib]ty4 ,?is cu/om1 by tak+ ! place ( anci5t usages1 caus$ !m to be =gott52 x 01 at ! same "t1 a tacit decl>ation ( ! value ( human lib]ty 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & a proclamation1 ) additional au?ority1 ( ! equality ( m5 be=e ,him2 = ! manumission 0 made 9 ! same place :]e x 0 s (t5 read1 t be=e ,him !re 0 no exception ( p]sons2 :]e all e>?ly di/9ctions disappe>$1 & all m5 7 comm+l$ & unit$ by ! sweet ties ( frat]nity & love4 ,?is me?od ( manumission m cle>ly inve/$ ! ,*ur* ) ! "r ( def5d+ ! lib]ty ( ! enfran*is$4 ,z %e _h be5 witness to ! act1 %e c\ld te/ify to ! spontaneity & ! o!r circum/ances :i* assur$ its validity2 %e c\ld ev5 insi/ on its obs]vance1 by repres5t+ t ! promis$ lib]ty c\ld n be violat$ )\t pr(an+ ! sacr$ place1 )\t break+ a pl$ge :i* _h be5 giv5 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god himself4 ,! ,*ur* did n =get to turn ^! circum/ances to ! advantage ( ! fre$4 ,?us we see t ! fir/ ,c\ncil ( ,orange1 held 9 #dda1 orda9s1 9 its #g? canon1 t x 0 necess>y to *eck1 by ecclesia/ical c5sures1 :oev] desir$ to r$uce to any k9d ( s]vitude slaves :o _h be5 emancipat$ )9 ! enclosure ( ! *ur*4 ,a c5tury lat] we f9d ! same prohibition repeat$ 9 ! #g? canon ( ! fif? ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 held 9 #edi4 ,! protection giv5 by ! ,*ur* to fre$ slaves 0 s manife/ & kn[n to all1 t ! cu/om 0 introduc$ ( especially recomm5d+ !m to h]4 ,?is recomm5dation 0 sometimes made by w1 z ! ,c\ncil ( ,orange1 :i* ,i h j quot$1 gives u to und]/&2 = x ord]s t ! emancipat$ :o _h be5 recomm5d$ to ! ,*ur* by w1 %all be protect$ f all k9ds ( s]vitude1 by ecclesia/ical c5sures4 ,b ?is recomm5dation 0 n always made 9 a te/am5t>y =m4 ,we read 9 ! six? canon ( ! six? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #ehi1 t :5 any enfran*is$ p]sons _h be5 recomm5d$ to ! ,*ur*1 nei!r !y nor _! *ildr5 c\ld be depriv$ ( ! protection ( ! ,*ur*3 "h !y speak 9 g5]al1 )\t limitation to cases 9 :i* !re _h be5 a w4 ,! same regulation may be se5 9 ano!r ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #fcc1 :i* simply says1 t ! ,*ur* w receive "u h] protection only ! enfran*is$ ( individuals :o %all h tak5 c>e to recomm5d !m to h]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all p>ticul> recomm5dation1 & ev5 :5 ! manumission _h n be5 made 9 ! ,*ur*1 %e did n cease to int]e/ h]self 9 def5d+ ! fre$1 :5 _! lib]ty 0 endang]$4 ,he :o has any reg>d = ! dignity ( man1 & any feel+ ( humanity 9 8 he>t1 w c]ta9ly n f9d x amiss t ! ,*ur* int]f]$ 9 affairs ( ?is k9d2 inde$1 %e act$ z e g5]\s man %\ld d1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( protect+ ! weak4 ,we %all n be displeas$1 !re=e1 to f9d 9 ! tw5ty-n9? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,agde 9 ,langu$oc1 held 9 #ejf1 a regulation comm&+ ! ,*ur*1 9 case ( necessity1 to und]take ! def5ce ( ^? to :om _! ma/]s _h giv5 lib]ty 9 a lawful way4 ,! zeal ( ! ,*ur* 9 all times & places = ! r$emption ( captives has no less contribut$ to ! great "w ( ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,we "k t a consid]able portion ( slaves ow$ _! s]vitude to ! rev]ses ( w>4 ,! mild "* :i* we see 9 mod]n w>s w\ld h appe>$ fabul\s to ! anci5ts4 ,woe to ! vanqui%$6 might !n be said ) p]fect tru?2 !re 0 no?+ b slav]y or dea?4 ,! evil 0 r5d]$ /ill great] by a fatal prejudice1 :i* 0 felt ) respect to ! r$emption ( captives--a prejudice :i* 01 nev]!less1 f\nd$ on a trait ( rem>kable h]oism4 ,no d\bt ! h]oic firmness ( ,regulus is wor?y ( all admiration4 ,! hair /&s ^u our head :5 we read ! p[]ful description ( ,horace2 ! book falls f our h&s at ?is t]rible passage3 ,f]tur pudic conjugis osculum ,p>vosque natos1 ut capitis m9or1 ,ab se removisse1 et virilem ,torvus humi posuisse vultum4--,lib4 iii4 od4 #e4 ,nev]!less1 if we lay aside ! deep impression :i* su* h]oism produces on u1 & ! en?usiasm at all t %[s a great s\l1 we mu/ confess t ?is virtue bord]$ on f]ocity2 & t1 9 ! t]rible disc\rse ( ,regulus1 t is a cruel policy1 aga9/ :i* ! s5tim5ts ( humanity w\ld /rongly recoil1 if ! m9d 7 n1 z x 71 pro/rat$ at ! sight ( ! sublime dis9t]e/$ness ( ! speak]4 ,*ri/ianity c\ld n cons5t to su* doctr9es2 x c\ld n all[ ! maxim to be ma9ta9$ t1 9 ord] to r5d] m5 brave 9 battle1 x 0 necess>y to deprive !m ( hope4 ,! wond]ful traits ( valor1 ! magnific5t sc5es ( =ce & con/ancy1 :i* %9e 9 e page ( ! hi/ory ( mod]n nations1 eloqu5tly %[ t ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 n deceiv$2 g5tl5ess ( mann]s may be unit$ ) h]oism4 ,! anci5ts 7 always 9 excess1 ei!r 9 c[>dice or f]ocity2 betwe5 ^! two extremes !re is a middle way1 & t has be5 taught to mank9d by ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 accordance ) its pr9ciples ( frat]nity & love1 reg>d$ ! r$emption ( captives z "o ( ! wor?ie/ objects ( its *>itable zeal4 ,:e!r we consid] ! noble traits ( p>ticul> actions1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u by hi/ory1 or obs]ve ! _s :i* guid$ ! conduct ( ! ,*ur*1 we %all f9d !re9 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ claims ( ! ,*ri/ian religion to ! gratitude ( mank9d4 ,a celebrat$ writ] ( our times1 ,m4 de ,*ateaubri&1 has describ$ to u a ,*ri/ian prie/ :o1 9 ! =e/s ( ,france1 volunt>ily made himself a slave1 :o devot$ himself to slav]y = ! ransom ( a ,*ri/ian soldi]1 & ?us re/or$ a husb& to 8 desolate wife1 & a fa!r to ?ree un=tunate orphan *ildr54 ,! sublime spectacle :i* ,za*>y (f]s u1 :5 endur+ slav]y ) calm s]5ity = ! love ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & = ! unhappy be+ = :om he has sacrific$ 8 lib]ty1 is n a m]e fiction ( ! poet4 ,m ?an once1 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*1 su* examples 7 se52 & he :o has wept ov] ! sublime dis9t]e/$ness & unspeakable *>ity ( ,za*>y1 may be sure t 8 te>s are only a tribute to ! tru?4 ,we h kn[n1 says ,/4 ,clem5t ! ,pope1 _m ( ours :o h devot$ !mselves to captivity1 9 ord] to ransom _! bre?r54 7,fir/ ,lett] to ! ,cor9?4 c4 #ee47 ,! r$emption ( captives 0 s c>efully provid$ = by ! ,*ur* t x 0 regulat$ by ! anci5t canons1 & to fulfil x1 %e sold1 if necess>y1 h] ornam5ts1 & ev5 ! sacr$ vessels4 ,:5 unhappy captives 7 9 "q1 h] *>ity & zeal knew no b\nds1 & %e w5t s f> z to orda9 t1 h[ev] bad might be ! /ate ( h] affairs1 _! ransom %\ld be provid$ = 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 7,caus4 #ab1 #e1 #b47 ,9 ! mid/ ( revolutions produc$ by ! irruption ( b>b>ians1 we see t ! ,*ur*1 always con/ant 9 h] designs1 =got n ! noble ent]prise 9 :i* %e 0 engag$4 ,! b5efic5t regulations ( ! anci5t canons fell n into =getfulness or desuetude1 & ! g5]\s words ( ! holy ,bi%op ( ,milan1 9 favor ( slaves1 f\nd an e*o :i* ceas$ n to be he>d amid ! *aos ( ^? unhappy times4 ,we see by ! fif? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,mcon1 held 9 #ehe1 t prie/s und]took ! ransom ( captives by devot+ to x ! ,*ur* prop]ty4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 held 9 #fbe1 inflicts ! puni%m5t ( susp5sion f 8 functions on ! bi%op :o %all h de/roy$ ! sacr$ vessels2 b ) g5]\s =esight1 x adds1 = any o!r motive ?an ! r$emption ( captives2 & long aft]w>ds1 9 ! twelf? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,v]neuil1 held 9 #hdd1 we f9d t ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* 0 us$ = t m]ciful purpose4 ,:5 ! captive 0 re/or$ to lib]ty1 ! ,*ur* did n deprive him ( h] protection2 %e 0 c>eful to cont9ue x1 by giv+ him lett]s ( recomm5dation1 = ! d\ble purpose ( protect+ him f new tr\ble dur+ 8 j\rney1 & ( furni%+ him ) ! means ( repair+ 8 losses dur+ 8 captivity4 ,we f9d a pro( ( ?is new k9d ( protection 9 ! second canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,lyons1 held 9 #ehc1 :i* orda9s t bi%ops %all /ate 9 ! lett]s ( recomm5dation :i* !y give to captives1 ! date & price ( _! ransom4 ,! zeal = ?is "w 0 display$ 9 ! ,*ur* ) s mu* ardor1 t x w5t s f> z to commit acts ( imprud5ce :i* ! ecclesia/ical au?ority 0 compell$ to *eck4 ,^! excesses1 & ?is mi/ak5 zeal1 prove h[ great 0 ! _s ( *>ity4 ,we "k by a ,c\ncil1 call$ t ( ,/4 ,patrick1 held 9 ,irel& 9 ! ye> #dea or #def1 t "s ( ! cl]gy v5tur$ to procure ! fre$om ( captives by induc+ !m to run away4 ,! ,c\ncil1 by its ?irty-second canon1 v prud5tly *ecks ?is excess1 by orda9+ t ! ecclesia/ic :o desires to ransom captives mu/ d s ) 8 own money2 = to /eal !m1 by induc+ !m to run away1 0 to expose ! cl]gy to be consid]$ z robb]s1 :i* 0 a di%onor to ! ,*ur*4 ,a rem>kable docum5t1 :i*1 :ile %[+ u ! _s ( ord] & equity :i* guides ! ,*ur*1 at ! same "t enables u to judge h[ deeply 0 engrav$ on m5's m9ds ! maxim1 t x is holy1 m]itori\s1 & g5]\s to give lib]ty to captives2 = we see t "s p]sons _h p]suad$ !mselves t ! excell5ce ( ! "w ju/ifi$ seiz+ !m =cibly4 ,! dis9t]e/$ness ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t is n less laudable4 ,:5 %e _h employ$ h] funds 9 ! ransom ( a captive1 %e did n desire f him any recomp5se1 ev5 :5 he _h x 9 8 p[] to dis*>ge ! debt4 ,we h a c]ta9 pro( ( ?is 9 ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,gregory1 :]e we see t t ,pope reassures "s p]sons :o _h be5 fre$ ) ! money ( ! ,*ur*1 & :o fe>$ t aft] a "t !y w\ld be call$ ^u to pay ! sum exp5d$ = _! advantage4 ,! ,pope ord]s t no "o1 at any "t1 %all v5ture to di/urb ei!r !m or _! heirs1 see+ t ! sacr$ canons all[ ! employm5t ( ! goods ( ! ,*ur* = ! ransom ( captives4 7,l4 #g1 ep4 #ad47 ,! zeal ( ! ,*ur* = s holy a "w mu/ h contribut$ 9 an extraord9>y way to dim9i% ! numb] ( slaves2 ! influ5ce ( x 0 s mu* ! m salut>y1 z x 0 develop$ precisely at ! "t :5 x 0 mo/ ne$$1 t is1 9 ^? ages :5 ! dissolution ( ! ,roman empire1 ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians1 ! fluctuations ( s _m peoples1 & ! f]ocity ( ! invad+ nations1 r5d]$ w>s s frequ5t1 revolutions s con/ant1 & ! empire ( =ce s habitual & prevail+4 ,)\t ! b5efic5t & lib]at+ int]v5tion ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! imm5se numb] ( slaves bequea!d by ! old society to ! new1 f> f dim9i%+1 w\ld h be5 augm5t$ m & m2 = :]ev] ! law ( brute =ce prevails1 if x be n *eck$ & s(t5$ by a p[]ful elem5t1 ! human race becomes rapidly debas$1 ! necess>y result ( :i* is ! increase ( slav]y4 ,?is lam5table /ate ( agitation & viol5ce 0 9 itself v likely to r5d] ! ef=ts :i* ! ,*ur* made to aboli% slav]y useless2 & x 0 n )\t inf9ite tr\ble t %e prev5t$ :at %e succe$$ 9 pres]v+ on "o side1 f be+ de/roy$ on ! o!r4 ,! abs5ce ( a c5tral p[]1 ! complication ( social relations1 almo/ always badly det]m9$1 (t5 affect$ by viol5ce1 & always depriv$ ( ! gu>antee ( /ability & consi/5cy1 0 ! reason :y !re 0 no security ei!r = ?+s or p]sons1 & t :ile prop]ties 7 unceas+ly invad$1 p]sons 7 depriv$ ( _! lib]ty4 ,s t x 0 at t "t necess>y to fight aga9/ ! viol5ce ( individuals1 z _h be5 =m]ly done aga9/ mann]s & legislation4 ,we see t ! ?ird canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,lyons1 held ab\t #eff1 excommunicates ^? :o unju/ly reta9 free p]sons 9 slav]y2 9 ! sev5te5? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 held 9 #fbe1 x is =bidd51 "u ! same p5alty1 to pursue free p]sons 9 ord] to r$uce !m to slav]y3 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,london1 held 9 #aajb1 ! b>b>\s cu/om ( deal+ 9 m51 l animals1 is proscrib$3 & 9 ! sev5? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,cobl5tz1 held 9 #ibb1 he :o takes away a ,*ri/ian to sell him is decl>$ guilty ( homicide2 a rem>kable decl>ation1 :5 we see lib]ty valu$ at z high a price z life itself4 ,ano!r means ( :i* ! ,*ur* avail$ h]self to aboli% slav]y 01 to pres]ve = ! un=tunate :o _h be5 r$uc$ to t /ate by mis]y1 a sure means ( quitt+ x4 ,we h already rem>k$ above t indig5ce 0 "o ( ! causes ( slav]y1 & we h se5 t ?is 0 frequ5tly ! cause among ! ,gauls1 z is evid5c$ by a passage ( ,cs>4 ,we also "k t by virtue ( an anci5t law1 he :o _h fall5 into slav]y c\ld n recov] 8 lib]ty )\t ! cons5t ( 8 ma/]2 z ! slave 0 really prop]ty1 no "o c\ld dispose ( him )\t ! cons5t ( 8 ma/]1 & lea/ ( all himself4 ,?is law 0 9 accordance ) ,pagan doctr9es1 b ,*ri/ianity reg>d$ ! ?+ diff]5tly2 & if ! slave 0 /ill 9 h] eyes a prop]ty1 he did n cease to be a man4 ,?us on ?is po9t ! ,*ur* refus$ to foll[ ! /rict rules ( o!r prop]ties2 & :5 !re 0 ! lea/ d\bt1 at ! fir/ favorable opportunity %e took ! side ( ! slave4 ,^! obs]vations make u und]/& all ! value ( ! new law introduc$ by ! ,*ur*1 :i* orda9$ t p]sons :o _h be5 sold by necessity %\ld be able to return to _! =m] condition by re/or+ ! price :i* !y _h receiv$4 ,?is law1 :i* is expressly laid d[n 9 a ,fr5* ,c\ncil1 held ab\t #faf at ,boneuil1 accord+ to ! common op9ion1 op5$ a wide field = ! conque/s ( lib]ty2 x support$ 9 ! he>t ( ! slave a hope :i* urg$ him to seek & put into op]ation ! means ( obta9+ 8 ransom1 & x plac$ 8 lib]ty )9 ! p[] ( any "o :o1 t\*$ ) 8 unhappy lot1 0 will+ to pay or l5d ! necess>y sum4 ,let u rememb] :at we h said ( ! ard5t zeal :i* 0 awak5$ 9 s _m he>ts = works ( ?is k9d2 let u call to m9d t ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* 0 always consid]$ z well employ$ :5 x 0 us$ = ! succor ( ! un=tunate1 & we %all und]/& ! incalculable influ5ce ( ! regulation :i* we h j m5tion$4 ,we %all see t x 0 to close "o ( ! mo/ abundant s\rces ( slav]y1 & prep>e a wide pa? to univ]sal emancipation4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,subject4 ,! conduct ( ! ,*ur* ) respect to ! ,jews also contribut$ to ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,?is s+ul> p1 :o be> on _! =ehead ! m>k ( proscription1 & are f\nd disp]s$ among all nations1 l fragm5ts ( insoluble matt] float+ 9 a liquid1 seek to console !mselves 9 _! mis=tune by accumulat+ treasures1 & appe> to wi% to av5ge !mselves = ! contemptu\s neglect 9 :i* !y are left by o!r nations1 by ga9+ possession ( _! weal? by means ( insatiable usury4 ,9 times :5 revolutions & s _m calamities mu/ necess>ily h produc$ di/ress1 ! odi\s vice ( unfeel+ av>ice mu/ h _h a fatal influ5ce4 ,! h>%ness & cruelty ( anci5t laws & mann]s conc]n+ debtors 7 n effac$1 lib]ty 0 f> f be+ e/imat$ at its j value1 & examples ( p]sons :o sold x to relieve _! necessities 7 n want+2 x 0 !re=e important to prev5t ! p[] ( ! weal?y ,jews f rea*+ an exorbitant ext5t1 to ! detrim5t ( ! lib]ty ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! unhappy notoriety :i*1 aft] s _m c5turies1 atta*es to ! ,jews 9 ?is matt]1 proves t ?is dang] 0 n imag9>y2 & facts ( :i* we are n[ witnesses are a confirmation ( :at we advance4 ,! celebrat$ ,h]d]1 9 8 ,adra/us1 v5tures to progno/icate t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 f _! sy/ematic & calculat+ conduct1 w 9 "t make slaves ( all ,*ri/ians4 ,if ?is extraord9>y & extravagant appreh5sion c\ld ent] ! head ( a di/+ui%$ man1 9 circum/ances :i* are c]ta9ly inf9itely less favorable to ! ,jews1 :at 0 to be fe>$ f ?is p 9 ! unhappy times ( :i* we speak8 ,f ^! consid]ations1 e imp>tial obs]v]1 e man :o is n "u ! influ5ce ( ! wret*$ desire ( tak+ ! "p ( e k9d ( sect1 9 ord] to h ! pleasure ( accus+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ev5 at ! risk ( speak+ aga9/ ! int]e/s ( humanity2 e obs]v] :o is n "o ( ^? :o are less al>m$ by an irruption ( ,caffres ?an by any regulation by :i* ! ecclesia/ical p[] appe>s 9 ! smalle/ degree to ext5d ! circle ( its pr]ogative2 e man1 ,i say1 :o is nei!r ?us bitt]1 little1 nor pitiful1 w see1 n only )\t be+ sc&aliz$1 b ev5 ) pleasure1 t ! ,*ur*1 ) prud5t vigilance1 wat*$ ! progress ( ! ,jews1 & lo/ no opportunity ( favor+ _! ,*ri/ian slaves1 until !y 7 no long] all[$ to h any4 ,! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 held 9 #ech1 by its #ac? canon1 =bids ,jews to compel ,*ri/ian slaves to d ?+s contr>y to ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is regulation1 :i* gu>anti$ ! lib]ty ( ! slave 9 ! sanctu>y ( consci5ce1 r5d]$ him respectable ev5 9 ! eyes ( 8 ma/]3 x 0 besides a solemn proclamation ( ! dignity ( man1 x 0 a decl>ation t slav]y c\ld n ext5d its dom9ion ov] ! sacr$ region ( ! m9d4 ,yet ?is 0 n en\gh2 x 0 prop] also t ! recov]y ( _! lib]ty %\ld be facilitat$ to ! slaves ( ,jews4 ,?ree ye>s only pass away2 a f\r? ,c\ncil is held at ,orleans2 let u obs]ve ! progress :i* ! "q _h made 9 s %ort a "t4 ,?is ,c\ncil1 by its #cj? canon1 all[s ! ,*ri/ian slaves :o %all take refuge 9 ! *ur* to be ransom$1 on pay+ to _! ,jewi% ma/] ! prop] price4 ,if we pay att5tion1 we %all see t su* a regulation mu/ h produc$ abundant results 9 favor ( lib]ty1 z x gave ,*ri/ian slaves ! opportunity ( fly+ to ! *ur*es1 & !re implor+1 ) m effect1 ! *>ity ( _! bre?r51 to ga9 ! price ( _! ransom4 ,! same ,c\ncil1 9 its #ca/ canon1 orda9s t ! ,jew :o %all p]v]t a ,*ri/ian slave %all be condemn$ to lose all 8 slaves2 a new sanction giv5 to ! security ( ! slave's consci5ce--a new way op5$ to lib]ty4 ,! ,*ur* con/antly advanc$ ) t unity ( plan--t admirable consi/5cy--:i* ev5 h] enemies h ackn[l$g$ 9 h]4 ,9 ! %ort int]val betwe5 ! p]iod allud$ to & ! latt] "p ( ! same c5tury1 h] progress 0 m p]ceptible4 ,we obs]ve1 9 ! canonical regulations ( ! latt] p]iod1 a wid] scope1 &1 if we may s speak1 great] boldness4 ,9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,mcon1 held 9 #eha or #ehb1 canon #af1 ,jews are expressly =bidd5 to h ,*ri/ian slaves2 & x is all[$ to ransom ^? :o are 9 _! possession = twelve s\s4 ,we f9d ! same prohibition 9 ! #ad? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #ehi2 s t at ?is "t ! ,*ur* %[s :at h] desire is2 %e is unwill+ t a ,*ri/ian %\ld be 9 any way ! slave ( a ,jew4 ,con/ant 9 h] design1 %e *eck$ ! evil by all ! means 9 h] p[]2 if x 0 necess>y1 limit+ ! "r ( sell+ slaves1 :5 !re 0 dang] ( _! fall+ into ! h&s ( ,jews4 ,?us we see t1 by ! #i? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*lons1 held 9 #fej1 x is =bidd5 to sell slaves out ( ! k+dom ( ,clovis1 le/ !y %\ld fall into ! p[] ( ,jews4 ,yet ! int5tion ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t 0 n und]/ood by all1 & h] views 7 n second$ z !y ought to h be52 b %e did n cease to repeat & inculcate !m4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury !re 7 f\nd cl]gy & laity :o sold _! ,*ri/ian slaves to ,jews4 ,! ,*ur* labor$ to *eck ?is abuse4 ,! t5? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #feg1 by its #g? canon1 =bids ,*ri/ians1 & especially cl]ics1 to sell _! slaves to ,jews2 ! ,c\ncil adds ^! noble words3 ,!y _c be ignorant t ^! slaves h be5 r$eem$ by ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 :]e=e !y ought r to buy ?an sell !m4 ,?is ineffable goodness ( a ,god made man1 :o _h %$ ,8 blood = ! r$emption ( all m51 0 ! p[]ful motive :i* urg$ ! ,*ur* to int]e/ h]self ) s mu* zeal 9 ! enfran*isem5t ( slaves2 &1 inde$1 0 x n en\gh to inspire horror = s degrad+ an inequality1 to ?9k t ^! same m51 r$uc$ to ! level ( brutes1 _h be51 z well z _! ma/]s1 z well z ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*s ^u e>?1 ! objects ( ! m]ciful int5tions ( ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,s9ce our ,r$eem]1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 said ,pope ,s4 ,gregory1 has deign$1 9 ,8 goodness1 to assume ! fle% ( man1 9 ord] to re/ore to u our pri/9e lib]ty1 by break+1 ?r\gh ! means ( ,8 ,div9e grace1 ! bonds ( s]vitude1 :i* held u captives1 x is a salut>y de$ to re/ore to m51 by enfran*isem5t1 _! native lib]ty2 =1 9 ! beg9n+1 nature made !m all free1 & !y h only be5 subject$ to ! yoke ( s]vitude by ! law ( nations4 7,l4 #e1 lett4 #gb47 ,dur+ all times ! ,*ur* has consid]$ x v necess>y to limit1 z mu* z possible1 ! ali5ation ( h] prop]ty2 & x may be said t ! g5]al rule ( h] conduct 9 ?is po9t 0 to tru/ v little to ! discretion ( any "o ( h] m9i/]s individually2 %e ?us endeavor$ to prev5t dilapidations1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 frequ5t4 ,z h] possessions 7 disp]s$ on all sides1 & intru/$ to m9i/]s *os5 f all classes ( ! p1 & expos$ to ! v>i\s influ5ces :i* ! relations ( blood1 fri5d%ip1 & a ?\s& o!r circum/ances1 ! effects ( diff]5ce ( "*1 k1 prud5ce1 & ev5 ( times & places1 always ex]cise1 ! ,*ur* %[$ h]self v wat*ful 9 giv+ h] sanction to ! p[] ( ali5ation2 &1 :5 requisite1 %e knew h[ to act ) salut>y rigor aga9/ ^? m9i/]s :o1 neglect+ _! duty1 wa/$ ! funds confid$ to !m4 ,we h se5 t1 9 spite ( all ?is1 %e 0 n /opp$ by any consid]ation :5 ! ransom ( captives 0 9 "q2 x may be also %[n t1 ) respect to prop]ty 9 slaves1 %e saw ?+s 9 a diff]5t light1 & *ang$ h] rigor into indulg5ce4 ,:5 slaves _h fai?fully s]v$ ! ,*ur*1 ! ,bi%ops c\ld grant !m _! lib]ty1 & add a gift to assi/ !m 9 ma9ta9+ !mselves4 ,?is judgm5t z to ! m]it ( slaves appe>s to h be5 confid$ to ! discretion ( ! ,bi%ops2 & x is evid5t t su* a regulation op5$ a wide door to _! *>ity2 at ! same "t1 x /imulat$ ! slaves to behave !mselves1 s z to des]ve s preci\s a recomp5se4 ,z x might happ5 t ! succe$+ ,bi%op might raise d\bts z to ! suffici5cy ( ! motives :i* induc$ 8 pr$ecessor to give lib]ty to a slave1 & attempt aft]w>ds to call x 9 "q1 x 0 orda9$ t !y %\ld respect ! appo9tm5ts ( _! pr$ecessors on ?is po9t1 & leave to ! enfran*is$ n only _! lib]ty1 b also ! gratuity :i* _h be5 giv5 to !m 9 l&s1 v9ey>ds1 or h\ses3 ?is is prescrib$ 9 ! #g? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,agde 9 ,langu$oc1 held 9 ! ye> #ejf4 ,let x n be object$ t manumission is =bidd5 by ! canons ( ?is ,c\ncil 9 o!r places2 !y speak only 9 g5]al t]ms1 & allude n to cases :]e slaves _h m]it$ well4 ,ali5ations or mortgages made by a ,bi%op :o left no prop]ty 7 to be revok$4 ,?is regulation itself %[s t x alludes to cases 9 :i* ! ,bi%ops _h act$ aga9/ ! canons4 ,yet if he _h giv5 lib]ty to any slaves1 ! rigor ( ! law 0 mitigat$ 9 _! favor1 & x 0 orda9$ t ! enfran*is$ %\ld cont9ue to enjoy _! lib]ty4 ,?is is orda9$ by ! #i? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 held 9 #eda4 ,?is canon only imposes on ! enfran*is$ ! obligation ( l5d+ _! s]vices to ! ,*ur*2 s]vices :i* 7 evid5tly only ^? ( ! enfran*is$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %e recomp5s$ !m ) ! protection :i* %e always grant$ to m5 9 ?is condition4 ,z ano!r pro( ( ! indulg5ce ( ! ,*ur* ) respect to slaves1 may be cit$ ! #aj? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,cel*ite1 9 ,engl&1 held 9 #haf1 ! result ( :i* mu/ h be5 to enfran*ise1 9 a few ye>s1 all ! ,engli% slaves ( ! ,*ur*es exi/+ 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! ,c\ncil 0 obs]v$4 ,inde$1 ?is canon orda9$ t1 at ! dea? ( a ,bi%op1 all 8 ,engli% slaves %\ld be set at lib]ty2 x add$1 t ea* ( ! o!r ,bi%ops & ,abbots might enfran*ise ?ree slaves on ! occasion1 by giv+ ea* ( !m ?ree s\s4 ,su* regulations smoo!d ! way m & m1 & prep>$ circum/ances & m5's m9ds1 s t1 "s "t lat]1 0 witness$ t noble sc5e1 :]e1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,armagh1 9 #aagb1 lib]ty 0 giv5 to all ! ,engli% :o 7 slaves 9 ,irel&4 ,! advantage\s conditions enjoy$ by ! slaves ( ! ,*ur* 7 s mu* ! m valuable1 because a regulation newly introduc$ prev5t$ _! los+ !m4 ,if !y c\ld h pass$ into ! h&s ( o!r ma/]s1 9 ?is case !y w\ld h lo/ ! b5efits :i* !y d]iv$ f liv+ "u ! rule ( s k9d a mi/ress4 ,b happily1 x 0 =bidd5 to ex*ange !m = o!rs2 & if !y left ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 x 0 = fre$om4 ,we h a positive pro( ( ?is regulation 9 ! decretals ( ,gregory ,,ix4 7l4 #c1 t4 #ai1 *aps4 #c & #d74 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ?is docum5t ! slaves ( ! ,*ur* are reg>d$ z consecrat$ to ,god2 !reon is f\nd$ ! regulation :i* prev5ts _! pass+ into o!r h&s & leav+ ! ,*ur*1 except z freem54 ,we also see !re t ! fai?ful1 = ! good ( _! s\ls1 _h ! cu/om ( (f]+ _! slaves to ,god & ! ,sa9ts4 ,by plac+ !m ?us 9 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 !y put !m out ( common deal+ & prev5t$ _! aga9 fall+ into pr(ane s]vitude4 ,x is useless to enl>ge on ! salut>y effect :i* mu/ h be5 produc$ by ^! ideas & mann]s1 9 :i* we see religion s intimately alli$ ) ! cause ( humanity2 x is en\gh to obs]ve1 t ! _s ( t age 0 highly religi\s1 & t :i* 0 atta*$ to ! cause ( religion 0 sure to ride 9 safety4 ,religi\s ideas1 by con/antly develop+ _! /r5g? & direct+ _! action to all bran*es1 7 int5d$ 9 a special mann] to relieve m5 by all possible means f ! yoke ( slav]y4 ,on ?is subject we may be all[$ to rem>k a canonical regulation ( ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,9 a ,c\ncil at ,rome1 held 9 #eie1 & presid$ ov] by t ,pope1 a new means ( escap+ f _! degrad$ /ate 0 (f]$ to slaves1 by decid+ t lib]ty %\ld be giv5 to all ^? :o desir$ to embrace ! mona/ic life4 ,! words ( ! holy ,pope are wor?y ( att5tion2 !y %[ ! asc5d5cy ( religi\s motives1 & h[ mu* ^! motives prepond]at$ ov] consid]ations & int]e/s ( a worldly nature4 ,?is important docum5t is f\nd 9 ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,gregory2 x may be read 9 ! notes at ! end ( ! volume4 ,to imag9e t su* regulations w\ld rema9 b>r51 is to mi/ake ! _s ( ^? times3 on ! contr>y1 !y produc$ ! mo/ important effects4 ,we may =m an idea ( !m by read+ 9 ! decree ( ,gratian 7,di/94 #ed1 c4 #ab71 t !y l$ to sc&al2 slaves fl$ f ! h\ses ( _! ma/]s & took refuge 9 mona/]ies1 "u pretext ( religion4 ,x 0 necess>y to *eck ?is abuse1 aga9/ :i* compla9ts arose on all sides4 ,)\t wait+ to consid] :at ^! abuses !mselves indicate1 is x difficult to imag9e t ^! regulations ( ! ,*ur* mu/ h _h valuable results8 ,!y n only ga9$ lib]ty = a great _m slaves1 b also rais$ !m v mu* 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 = !y plac$ !m 9 a /ate :i* e day ga9$ importance & acquir$ an imm5se pre/ige & a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,we may =m an idea ( ! pr(\nd *ange :i* took place e day 9 ! organization ( society1 ?anks to ^! v>i\s means1 by fix+ our att5tion = a mom5t on :at result$ ) respect to ! ord9ation ( slaves4 ,! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t 0 9 accordance ) h] doctr9es4 ,! slave 0 a man l o!r m51 & he c\ld be orda9$ z well z ! greate/ noble4 ,yet :ile he 0 subject to ! p[] ( 8 ma/]1 he 0 devoid ( ! indep5d5ce necess>y = ! dignity ( ! sacr$ m9i/ry2 !re=e x 0 requir$ t he %\ld n be orda9$ until he _h be5 previ\sly set at lib]ty4 ,no?+ c\ld be m j1 reasonable1 & prud5t1 ?an ! limit ?us plac$ on a discipl9e o!rwise s noble & g5]\s--a discipl9e :i* 0 9 itself an eloqu5t prote/ 9 favor ( ! dignity ( man4 ,! ,*ur* solemnly decl>$ t ! mis=tune ( be+ a slave did n r$uce him bel[ ! level ( o!r m51 = %e did n ?9k x unwor?y ( h] to *oose h] m9i/]s f among ^? :o _h be5 9 s]vitude4 ,by plac+ 9 s honorable a sph]e ^? :o _h be5 slaves1 %e labor$ ) l(ty g5]osity to disp]se ! prejudices :i* exi/$ aga9/ ^? :o 7 plac$ 9 t unhappy condition1 & creat$ /rong & effective ties betwe5 !m & ! mo/ v5]at$ class ( freem54 ,! abuse :i* !n crept 9 ( conf]r+ ord]s on slaves1 )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s1 is above all wor?y ( our att5tion2 an abuse1 x is true1 altoge!r contr>y to ! sacr$ canons1 & :i* 0 *eck$ by ! ,*ur* ) praisewor?y zeal1 b :i* is n ! less useful 9 enabl+ ! obs]v] duly to appreciate ! pr(\nd effect ( religi\s ideas & in/itutions4 ,)\t attempt+ 9 any way to excuse :at 0 blamable !re91 we may v well make use ( ! abuse itself1 by consid]+ t x frequ5tly happ5s t abuses are only exagg]ations ( a good pr9ciple4 ,religi\s ideas accord b ill ) slav]y1 al?\gh support$ by laws2 !nce ! incessant /ruggle1 repeat$ "u diff]5t aspects1 b always direct$ t[>ds ! same end1 viz4 univ]sal emancipation4 ,x appe>s to u t we may n[ ! m confid5tly avail ourselves ( ?is k9d ( argum5t1 z we h se5 ! mo/ dreadful attempts at revolution treat$ ) indulg5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciples ) :i* ! revolutioni/s 7 imbu$ & ! objects :i* !y _h 9 view2 objects :i*1 z e "o kn[s1 7 no?+ less ?an an entire *ange 9 ! organization ( society4 ,! abuse to :i* we h allud$1 is atte/$ by ! curi\s docum5ts :i* are f\nd collect$ 9 ! decree ( ,gratian 7,di/4 #ed1 c4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab74 ,:5 we exam9e ^! docum5ts ) att5tion1 we f9d1 #a/1 t ! numb] ( slaves ?us fre$ 0 v consid]able1 s9ce ! compla9ts on ?is subject 7 almo/ univ]sal3 #b;d1 t ! ,bi%ops 7 g5]ally 9 favor ( ! slaves2 t !y c>ri$ _! protection v f>2 t !y labor$ 9 all ways to realize ^! doctr9es ( equality2 inde$1 x is affirm$ 9 ^! docum5ts t !re 0 h>dly a ,bi%op :o c\ld n be *>g$ ) ?is repreh5sible compliance3 #c;d1 t slaves 7 aw>e ( ?is _s ( protection1 & 7 eag] to ?r[ (f _! *a9s & ca/ !mselves into ! arms ( ! ,*ur*3 #d?1 t ?is comb9ation ( circum/ances mu/ h produc$ 9 m5's m9ds a movem5t v favorable to lib]ty2 & t ?is affectionate communication e/abli%$ betwe5 slaves & ! ,*ur*1 !n s p[]ful & influ5tial1 mu/ soon h weak5$ slav]y1 & rapidly h promot$ ! advance ( nations t[>ds t lib]ty :i* completely triumph$ a few c5turies lat]4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,spa91 ^: civiliz+ influ5ce has receiv$ s _m eulogiums f m5 c]ta9ly b little atta*$ to ,ca?olicity1 equally displays h] l(ty views & consummate prud5ce on ?is po9t4 ,*>itable zeal 9 favor ( slaves 0 s ard5t1 ! t5d5cy to raise !m to ! sacr$ m9i/ry s decid$1 t x 0 necess>y to all[ free scope to ?is g5]\s impulse1 :ile reconcil+ x z mu* z possible ) ! sacr$ness ( ! m9i/ry4 ,su* 0 ! tw(old object ( ! discipl9e introduc$ into ,spa91 by virtue ( :i* x 0 all[$ to conf] sacr$ ord]s on ! slaves ( ! ,*ur*1 on _! be+ previ\sly enfran*is$4 ,?is is ord]$ by ! #gd? canon ( ! f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #fcc2 x is also inf]r$ f ! #aa? canon ( ! n9? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 :i* orda9s t ,bi%ops %all n introduce ! slaves ( ! ,*ur* among ! cl]gy )\t hav+ previ\sly giv5 !m _! lib]ty4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is regulation 0 ext5d$ by ! #ah? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,m]ida1 9 #fff1 :i* gives to p>i%-prie/s ! "r ( select+ cl]ks among ! slaves ( _! own *ur*1 ) ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ !m accord+ to _! means4 ,?is wise discipl9e prev5t$1 )\t any inju/ice1 all ! difficulties t might h ensu$ f ! ord9ation ( slaves2 :ile x 0 a v mild way ( effect+ ! mo/ b5efic5t results1 s9ce 9 conf]r+ ord]s on ! slaves ( ! ,*ur*1 x 0 easy to *oose f among !m su* z 7 mo/ des]v+ by _! intellectual & moral qualifications4 ,at ! same "t1 x 0 af=d+ ! ,*ur* a mo/ favorable & honorable mode ( lib]at+ h] slaves1 by enroll+ !m among h] m9i/]s4 ,f9ally1 ! ,*ur* by h] g5]\s conduct t[>ds slaves1 gave a salut>y example to ! laity4 ,we h se5 t %e all[$ ! p>o*ial cl]gy1 z well z ! bi%ops1 ! privilege ( sett+ !m free2 & ?is mu/ h r5d]$ x less pa9ful = laym5 to emancipate _! slaves1 :5 circum/ances seem$ to call ! latt] to ! sacr$ m9i/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,doctr9es ,,( ,s4 ,,augu/9e ,,& ,s4 ,,?omas ,,aqu9as ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,slav]y4--,r,,sum ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,?us did ! ,*ur*1 by a v>iety ( means1 break ! *a9s ( slav]y1 )\t ev] exce$+ ! limits m>k$ out by ju/ice & prud5ce3 ?us did %e bani% f among ,*ri/ians t degrad+ condition1 s contr>y to _! exalt$ ideas on ! dignity ( man1 & _! g5]\s feel+s ( frat]nity & love4 ,:]ev] ,*ri/ianity %all be introduc$1 *a9s ( iron %all be turn$ into g5tle ties1 & humiliat$ m5 %all raise _! ennobl$ heads4 ,) :at pleasure d we read ! rem>ks ( "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,s4 ,augu/9e1 on ?is po9t 7,de ,civit4 ,dei1 l4 xix4 c4 #ad1 #ae1 #af74 ,he e/abli%es 9 a few words ! obligation incumb5t ^u all :o rule--fa!rs1 husb&s1 & ma/]s--to wat* ov] ! good ( ^? :o are "u !m3 he lays d[n ! advantage ( ^? :o obey1 z "o ( ! f\ndations = ob$i5ce2 he says t ! j d n rule f ambition or pride1 b f duty & ! desire ( do+ good to _! subjects3 ,neque enim dom9&i cupiditate imp]ant1 s$ (ficio consul5di1 nec pr9cip&i sup]bia1 s$ provid5di mis]icordia2 & by ^! noble maxims he proscribes all op9ions :i* t5d to tyranny1 or f\nd ob$i5ce on any degrad+ notions2 b on a sudd51 z if ?is great m9d appreh5d$ "s reply 9 violation ( human dignity1 he gr[s w>m1 he boldly faces ! "q2 he rises to 8 full height1 &1 giv+ free scope to ! noble ?\ghts t f]m5t 9 8 m9d1 he invokes ! idea ( nature & ! w ( ,god 9 favor ( ! dignity ( man ?us m5ac$4 ,he says3 ,?us wills ! ord] ( nature2 ?us has man be5 creat$ by ,god4 ,he has giv5 him to rule ov] ! fi%es ( ! sea1 ! birds ( ! air1 & ! reptiles t crawl on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,he has orda9$ t reason+ creatures1 made accord+ to ,8 own image1 %all rule only ov] creatures devoid ( reason4 ,he has n e/abli%$ ! dom9ion ( man ov] man1 b t ( man ov] ! brute4 ,?is passage ( ,s4 ,augu/9e is "o ( ^? bold features :i* %9e =? 9 writ]s ( g5ius1 :5 griev$ by ! sight ( a pa9ful object1 !y all[ _! g5]\s ideas & feel+s to h free scope1 & cease to re/ra9 _! d>+ en]gies4 ,/ruck by ! =ce ( ! expression1 ! read]1 9 susp5se & brea?less1 ha/5s to read ! succe$+ l9es2 he fe>s t ! au?or may be mi/ak51 s$uc$ by ! nobl5ess ( 8 he>t1 & c>ri$ away by ! =ce ( 8 g5ius4 ,b1 ) inexpressible pleasure1 he f9ds t ! writ] has 9 no degree dep>t$ f ! pa? ( true doctr9e1 :51 l a brave *ampion1 he has desc5d$ into ! ar5a to def5d ! cause ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,?us does ,s4 ,augu/9e n[ appe> to u3 ! sight ( s _m un=tunate be+s groan+ 9 slav]y1 victims ( ! viol5ce & caprice ( _! ma/]s1 afflict$ 8 g5]\s m9d4 ,by ! light ( reason & ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 he saw no reason :y s consid]able a portion ( ! human race %\ld be condemn$ to live 9 su* debasem5t2 :]e=e1 :5 proclaim+ ! doctr9es ( submission & ob$i5ce1 he labors to discov] ! cause ( su* ignom9y2 & n be+ able to f9d x 9 ! nature ( man1 he seeks = x 9 s91 9 mal$iction4 ,! primitive j m51 says he1 7 r e/abli%$ z pa/ors ov] _! flocks1 ?an z k+s ov] o!r m52 :]eby ,god gives u to und]/& :at 0 call$ = by ! ord] ( creation1 & :at 0 requir$ by ! puni%m5t ( s92 = ! condition ( slav]y has1 ) reason1 be5 impos$ on ! s9n]4 ,?us we d n f9d ! ^w slave 9 ! ,scriptures be=e ! day :5 ! j man1 ,noah1 gave x z a puni%m5t to 8 guilty son2 :5ce x foll[s t ?is ^w came f s91 & n f nature4 ,?is mann] ( consid]+ slav]y z ! (fspr+ ( s91 z ! fruit ( ! ,div9e mal$iction1 0 ( ! highe/ importance4 ,by protect+ ! dignity ( human nature1 t doctr9e completely de/roy$ all ! prejudices ( natural sup]iority :i* ! pride ( free m5 c\ld ent]ta94 ,!reby also1 slav]y 0 depriv$ ( all its suppos$ value z a political pr9ciple or means ( gov]nm5t3 x c\ld only be reg>d$ z "o ( ! numb]less sc\rges inflict$ on ! human race by ! ang] ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,h5ce=? slaves _h a motive = resignation1 :ile ! absolute p[] ( ma/]s 0 *eck$1 & ! compassion ( all free m5 0 p[]fully excit$4 ,all 7 born 9 s91 all might h be5 9 a /ate ( slav]y4 ,to make a boa/ ( lib]ty w\ld h be5 l ! conduct ( a man :o1 dur+ an epidemic1 %\ld boa/ ( hav+ pres]v$ 8 heal?1 & imag9e t on t acc\nt he _h a "r to insult ! unhappy sick4 ,9 a ^w1 ! /ate ( slav]y 0 a sc\rge1 no?+ m2 l pe/il5ce1 w>1 fam9e1 or any ?+ else ( ! k9d4 ,! duty ( all m5 0 to labor to rem$y & aboli% x4 ,su* doctr9es did n rema9 /]ile4 ,proclaim$ 9 ! face ( day1 !y 7 he>d 9 all p>ts ( ! ,ca?olic _w2 & n only 7 !y put 9 practice1 z we h se5 by numb]less examples1 b !y 7 c>efully pres]v$ z a preci\s !ory1 ?r\gh\t ! confusion ( ! times4 ,aft] ! lapse ( eight c5turies1 we see !m repeat$ by "o ( ! brighte/ lights ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7,i4 p4 q4 xcvi4 art4 #d74 ,t great man does n see 9 slav]y ei!r diff]5ce ( race or imag9>y inf]iority or means ( gov]nm5t2 he only consid]s x z a sc\rge inflict$ on humanity by ! s9s ( ! fir/ man4 ,su* is ! repugnance ) :i* ,*ri/ians h look$ ^u slav]y3 we see f ?is1 h[ false is ! ass]tion ( ,m4 ,guizot3 ,x does n seem t ,*ri/ian society 0 surpris$ or mu* (f5d$ by x4 ,x is true !re 0 n t bl9d di/urbance & irritation :i*1 despis+ all b>ri]s & pay+ no att5tion to ! rules ( ju/ice or ! c\nsels ( prud5ce1 ran ) fooli% ha/e to efface ! m>k ( degradation & ignom9y4 ,b if t di/urbance & irritation are meant :i* are caus$ by ! sight ( oppression & outrages committ$ aga9/ man1 s5tim5ts :i* c well accord ) longanimity & holy resignation1 & :i*1 )\t *eck+ = a mom5t ! action ( *>itable zeal1 nev]!less avoid precipitat+ ev5ts1 pref]r+ mature arrangem5t 9 ord] to secure a complete result2 h[ c ?is p]turbation ( m9d & holy indignation be bett] prov$ to h exi/$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* ?an by ! facts & doctr9es :i* we h j quot$8 ,:at m eloqu5t prote/ aga9/ ! cont9uance ( slav]y c y h ?an ! doctr9e ( ^! two illu/ri\s doctors8 ,!y decl>e x1 z we h j se51 to be ! fruit ( mal$iction1 ! *a/isem5t ( ! prev>ication ( ! human race2 & !y only ackn[l$ge its exi/5ce by consid]+ x z "o ( ! great sc\rges t afflict humanity4 ,i h expla9$1 ) suffici5t evid5ce1 ! pr(\nd reasons :i* induc$ ! ,*ur* to recomm5d ob$i5ce to slaves1 & %e _c be reproa*$ on t acc\nt ) =gett+ ! rights ( humanity4 ,we mu/ n suppose on t acc\nt t ,*ri/ian society 0 want+ 9 ! boldness necess>y = tell+ ! :ole tru?2 b x told only ! pure & :olesome tru?4 ,:at took place ) respect to ! m>riages ( slaves is a pro( ( :at ,i advance4 ,we "k t _! union 0 n reg>d$ z a real m>riage1 & t ev5 t union1 su* z x 01 c\ld n be contract$ )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s1 "u pa9 ( be+ consid]$ z void4 ,"h 0 a flagrant violation ( reason & ju/ice4 ,:at did ! ,*ur* d8 ,%e directly reprobat$ s gross a violation ( ! rights ( nature4 ,let u he> :at ,pope ,adrian ,i4 said on ?is subject3 ,accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/les1 z 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ we ought n to deprive ei!r slaves or freem5 ( ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 s x is n all[$ 9 any way to prev5t ! m>riage ( slaves2 & if _! m>riages h be5 contract$ 9 spite ( ! opposition & repugnance ( _! ma/]s1 nev]!less !y ought n to be dissolv$ 9 any way4 7,de ,conju4 ,s]v41 lib4 iv4 tom4 #i1 c4 #a47 ,& let x n be suppos$ t ?is regulation1 :i* secur$ ! lib]ty ( slaves on "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts1 0 re/rict$ to p>ticul> circum/ances2 no1 x 0 some?+ m2 x 0 a proclamation ( _! fre$om 9 ?is matt]4 ,! ,*ur* 0 unwill+ to all[ t man1 r$uc$ to ! level ( ! brute1 %\ld be =c$ to obey ! caprice or ! int]e/ ( ano!r1 )\t reg>d to ! feel+s ( 8 he>t4 ,/4 ,?omas 0 ( ! same op9ion1 = he op5ly ma9ta9s t1 ) respect to ! contract+ ( m>riage1 slaves are n oblig$ to obey _! ma/]s 7#b;a4 #b1 q4 #ajd1 art4 #e74 ,9 ! ha/y sket* :i* ,i h giv51 ,i believe t ,i h kept ! promise :i* ,i made at ! beg9n+1 n to advance any proposition )\t support+ x by und5iable docum5ts1 & n to all[ myself to be misl$ by en?usiasm 9 favor ( ,ca?olicity1 s z to conc$e to x t to :i* x is n entitl$4 ,by pass+1 rapidly x is true1 ! c\rse ( ages1 we h %[n1 by conv9c+ pro(s1 :i* h be5 furni%$ by times & places ! mo/ v>i\s1 t x 0 ,ca?olicity t aboli%$ slav]y1 9 spite ( ideas1 mann]s1 int]e/s1 & laws1 :i* oppos$ ob/acles app>5tly inv9cible2 & t x has done s )\t inju/ice1 )\t viol5ce1 )\t revolutions1--) ! mo/ exquisite prud5ce & ! mo/ admirable mod]ation4 ,we h se5 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* make s ext5sive1 s v>i$1 & s efficaci\s an attack on slav]y1 t t odi\s *a9 0 brok5 )\t a s+le viol5t /roke4 ,expos$ to ! action ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts1 x gradually relax$ & fell to pieces4 ,h] proce$+s may be ?us recapitulat$3-- ,fir/1 %e l\dly tea*es ! tru? conc]n+ ! dignity ( man2 %e def9es ! obligations ( ma/]s & slaves2 %e decl>es !m equal be=e ,god1 & ?us completely de/roys ! degrad+ !ories :i* /a9 ! writ+s ev5 ( ! greate/ philosoph]s ( antiquity4 ,%e !n comes to ! application ( h] doctr9es3 %e labors to improve ! treatm5t ( slaves2 %e /ruggles aga9/ ! atroci\s "r ( life & dea?2 %e op5s h] temples to !m z asylums1 & :5 !y dep>t !nce1 prev5ts _! be+ ill-treat$2 %e labors to sub/itute public tribunals = private v5geance4 ,at ! same "t t ! ,*ur* gu>antees ! lib]ty ( ! enfran*is$1 by connect+ x ) religi\s motives1 %e def5ds t ( ^? born free2 %e labors to close ! s\rces ( slav]y1 by display+ ! mo/ active zeal = ! r$emption ( captives1 by oppos+ ! av>ice ( ! ,jews1 by procur+ = m5 :o 7 sold1 easy means ( recov]+ _! lib]ty4 ,! ,*ur* gives an example ( mildness & dis9t]e/$ness2 %e facilitates emancipation1 by admitt+ slaves into mona/]ies & ! ecclesia/ical /ate2 %e facilitates x by all ! o!r means t *>ity sugge/s2 & ?us x is t1 9 spite ( ! deep roots ( slav]y 9 anci5t society--9 spite ( ! p]turbation caus$ by ! irruptions ( ! b>b>ians--9 spite ( s _m w>s & calamities ( e k9d1 :i* 9 great measure p>alyz$ ! effect ( all regulat+ & b5efic5t action--yet we see slav]y1 t di%onor & leprosy ( anci5t civilization1 rapidly dim9i% among ,*ri/ians1 until x f9ally disappe>s4 ,surely 9 all ?is we d n discov] a plan conceiv$ & conc]t$ by m54 ,b we d obs]ve !re91 9 ! abs5ce ( t plan1 su* unity ( t5d5cies1 su* a p]fect id5tity ( views1 & su* simil>ity 9 ! means1 t we h ! cle>e/ demon/ration ( ! civiliz+ & lib]at+ _s conta9$ 9 ,ca?olicity4 ,accurate obs]v]s w no d\bt be gratifi$ 9 behold+1 9 ! picture :i* ,i h j exhibit$1 ! admirable concord ) :i* ! p]iod ( ! empire1 t ( ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians1 & t ( feudality1 all t5d$ t[>ds ! same end4 ,!y w n regret ! poor regul>ity :i* di/+ui%es ! exclusive "w ( man2 !y w love1 ,i repeat x1 to collect all ! facts scatt]$ 9 ! seem+ disord]1 f ! =e/s ( ,g]many to ! fields ( ,botia--f ! banks ( ! ,?ames to ^? ( ! ,tib]4 ,i h n inv5t$ ^! facts2 ,i h po9t$ out ! p]iods1 & cit$ ! ,c\ncils4 ,! read] w f9d1 at ! end ( ! volume1 9 ! orig9al & 9 full1 ! texts ( :i* ,i h j giv5 an ab/ract--a rsum3 ?us he may fully conv9ce himself t ,i h n deceiv$ him4 ,if su* _h be5 my int5tion1 surely ,i %\ld h avoid$ desc5d+ to ! level gr\nd ( facts2 ,i %\ld h pref]r$ ! vague regions ( !ory2 ,i %\ld h call$ to my aid high s\nd+ & s$uctive language1 & all ! means ! mo/ likely to en*ant ! imag9ation & excite ! feel+s2 9 f9e1 ,i %\ld h plac$ myself 9 "o ( ^? positions :]e a writ] c suppose at 8 pleasure ?+s :i* h nev] exi/$1 & made ! be/ use ( ! res\rces ( imag9ation & inv5tion4 ,! task :i* ,i h und]tak5 is r m difficult1 p]haps less brilliant1 b c]ta9ly m useful4 ,we may n[ inquire ( ,m4 ,guizot :at 7 ! o!r causes1 ! o!r ideas1 ! o!r pr9ciples ( civilization1 ! great developm5t ( :i*1 to avail myself ( 8 words1 0 necess>y to aboli% ?is evil ( evils1 ?is iniquity ( iniquities4 ,ought he n to expla91 or at lea/ po9t out1 ^! causes1 ideas1 & pr9ciples ( civilization1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 assi/$ ! ,*ur* 9 ! abolition ( slav]y1 9 ord] to save ! read] ! tr\ble ( seek+ or div9+ !m8 ,if !y did n arise 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e did !y arise8 ,7 !y f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( anci5t civilization8 ,b c\ld ^! rema9s ( a scatt]$ & almo/ annihilat$ civilization effect :at t same civilization1 9 all its vigor1 p[]1 & spl5dor1 nev] did or ?\ght ( do+8--,7 !y 9 ! individual indep5d5ce ( ! b>b>ians8 ,b t individuality1 ! insep>able companion ( viol5ce1 mu/ consequ5tly h be5 ! s\rce ( oppression & slav]y4 ,7 !y f\nd 9 ! milit>y patronage introduc$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot1 by ! b>b>ians !mselves2 patronage :i* laid ! f\ndation ( t ari/ocratical organization :i* 0 conv]t$ at a lat] p]iod into feudality8 ,b :at c\ld ?is patronage--an in/itution likely1 on ! contr>y1 to p]petuate slav]y among ! indig5t 9 conqu]$ c\ntries1 & to ext5d x to a consid]able portion ( ! conqu]ors !mselves--:at c\ld ?is patronage d = ! abolition ( slav]y8 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! idea1 ! cu/om1 ! in/itution1 :i*1 born out ( ,*ri/ianity1 contribut$ to ! abolition ( slav]y8 ,let any "o po9t out to u ! epo* ( its =mation1 ! "t ( its developm5t2 let him %[ u t x _h n its orig9 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & we w !n confess t ! latt] _c exclusively lay claim to ! glori\s title ( hav+ aboli%$ t degrad$ condition2 & he may be sure t ?is %all n prev5t our exalt+ t idea1 cu/om1 or in/itution :i* took "p 9 ! great & noble ent]prise ( lib]at+ ! human race4 ,we may be all[$1 9 conclusion1 to inquire ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 ( ^? ungrateful daught]s :o1 aft] hav+ quitt$ ! bosom ( _! "m1 attempt to calumniate & di%onor h]1 :]e 7 y :5 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* accompli%$ 9 ,europe ! imm5se "w ( ! abolition ( slav]y8 & h[ c y v5ture to reproa* h] ) sympa?iz+ ) s]vitude1 degrad+ man1 & usurp+ 8 rights8 ,c y1 !n1 pres5t any su* claim entitl+ y to ! gratitude ( ! human race8 ,:at "p c y claim 9 t great "w :i* prep>$ ! way = ! developm5t & gr&eur ( ,european civilization8 ,ca?olicity alone1 )\t y\r concurr5ce1 complet$ ! "w2 & %e alone w\ld h conduct$ ,europe to its l(ty de/9ies1 if y _h n come to int]rupt ! maje/ic m>* ( its mighty nations1 by urg+ !m into a pa? bord]$ by precipices1--a pa? ! end ( :i* is conceal$ by d>kness :i* ! eye ( ,god alone c pi]ce4#ae ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,contra/ ,,betwe5 ,,two ,,ord]s ,,( ,,civilization4 ,,we h se5 t ,european civilization owes to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* its f9e/ ornam5t1 its mo/ valuable victory 9 ! cause ( humanity1 ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,x 0 ! ,*ur* t1 by h] doctr9es1 z b5efic5t z elevat$1 by a sy/em z efficaci\s z prud5t1 by h] unb\nd$ g5]osity1 h] indefatigable zeal1 h] inv9cible firmness1 aboli%$ slav]y 9 ,europe2 t is to say1 %e took ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! reg5]ation ( humanity1 & laid ! fir/ /one = ! wide & deep f\ndation ( ,european civilization2 we mean ! emancipation ( slaves1 ! abolition = ev] ( s degrad+ a /ate1--univ]sal lib]ty4 ,x 0 impossible to create & organize a civilization full ( gr&eur & dignity1 )\t rais+ man f 8 /ate ( abjection1 & plac+ him above ! level ( animals4 ,:5ev] we see him cr\*+ at ano!r's feet1 await+ ) anxiety ! ord]s ( 8 ma/] or trembl+ at ! la%2 :5ev] he is sold l a bea/1 or a price is set ^u 8 p[]s & 8 life1 civilization w nev] h its prop] developm5t1 x w always be weak1 sickly1 & brok52 = ?us humanity be>s a m>k ( ignom9y on its =ehead4 ,aft] hav+ %[n t x 0 ,ca?olicity t remov$ t ob/acle to all social progress1 by1 z x 71 cleans+ ,europe ( ! disgu/+ leprosy ) :i* x 0 infect$ f head to foot1 let u exam9e :at x has done t[>ds creat+ & erect+ ! magnific5t edifice ( ,european civilization4 ,if we s]i\sly reflect on ! vitality & fruitfulness ( ?is civilization1 we %all f9d !re9 new & p[]ful claims on ! "p ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to ! gratitude ( nations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is prop] to glance at ! va/ & int]e/+ picture :i* ,european civilization pres5ts to u1 & to sum up 9 a few words its pr9cipal p]fections2 !reby we %all be enabl$ ! m easily to acc\nt to ourselves = ! admiration & en?usiasm ) :i* x inspires u4 ,! individual animat$ by a lively s5se ( 8 own dignity1 ab\nd+ 9 activity1 p]sev]ance1 en]gy1 & ! simultane\s developm5t ( all 8 faculties2 woman elevat$ to ! rank ( ! consort ( man1 &1 z x 71 recomp5s$ = ! duty ( ob$i5ce by ! respectful reg>ds lavi%$ ^u h]2 ! g5tl5ess & con/ancy ( family ties1 protect$ by ! p[]ful gu>antees ( good ord] & ju/ice2 an admirable public consci5ce1 ri* 9 maxims ( sublime morality1 9 laws ( ju/ice & equity1 9 s5tim5ts ( honor & dignity2 a consci5ce :i* survives ! %ipwreck ( private morality1 & does n all[ unblu%+ corruption to rea* ! height :i* x did 9 antiquity2 a g5]al mildness ( mann]s1 :i* 9 w> prev5ts great excesses1 & 9 peace r5d]s life m tranquil & pleas+2 a pr(\nd respect = man1 & all t belongs to him1 :i* makes private acts ( viol5ce v uncommon1 & 9 all political con/itutions s]ves z a salut>y *eck on gov]nm5ts2 an ard5t desire ( p]fection 9 all dep>tm5ts2 an irresi/ible t5d5cy1 sometimes ill-direct$1 b always active1 to improve ! condition ( ! _m2 a secret impulse to protect ! weak1 to succ\r ! un=tunate--an impulse :i* sometimes pursues its c\rse ) g5]\s ardor1 & :i*1 :5ev] x is unable to develop itself1 rema9s 9 ! he>t ( society1 & produces !re ! uneas9ess & disquietude ( remorse2 a cosmopolitan _s ( univ]sality1 ( propag&ism1 an inexhau/ible fund ( res\rces to gr[ "y aga9 )\t dang] ( p]i%+1 & = self-pres]vation 9 ! mo/ important junctures2 a g5]\s impati5ce1 :i* longs to anticipate ! future1 & produces an incessant movem5t & agitation1 sometimes dang]\s1 b :i* are g5]ally ! g]ms ( great b5efits1 & ! symptoms ( a /rong pr9ciple ( life2 su* are ! great *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ,european civilization2 su* are ! features :i* place x 9 a rank imm5sely sup]ior to t ( all o!r civilizations1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,read ! hi/ory ( antiquity2 ext5d y\r view ov] ! :ole _w2 :]ev] ,*ri/ianity does n reign1 & :]e ! b>b>\s or savage life no long] prevails1 y w f9d a civilization :i* 9 no?+ resembles our own1 & :i* _c be comp>$ ) x = a mom5t4 ,9 "s ( ^! /ates ( civilization1 y w p]haps f9d a c]ta9 degree ( regul>ity & "s m>ks ( p[]1 = !y h endur$ = c5turies2 b h[ h !y endur$8 ,)\t movem5t1 )\t progress2 !y are devoid ( life2 _! regul>ity & duration are ^? ( a m>ble /atue1 :i*1 motionless itself1 sees ! waves ( g5]ations pass by4 ,!re h also be5 nations ^: civilization display$ motion & activity2 b :at motion & :at activity8 ,"s1 rul$ by ! m]cantile _s1 nev] succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ _! int]nal happ9ess on a firm basis2 _! only object 0 to invade new c\ntries :i* tempt$ _! cupidity1 to p\r into _! colonies _! sup]abundant population1 & e/abli% num]\s factories 9 new l&s3 o!rs1 cont9ually cont5d+ & fight+ = a few measures ( political fre$om1 =got _! social organization1 took no c>e ( _! civil lib]ty1 & act$ 9 ! n>r[e/ circle ( "t & space2 !y w\ld n be ev5 wor?y ( hav+ _! names pres]v$ = po/]ity1 if ! g5ius ( ! beautiful _h n %one !re ) indescribable *>m1 & if ! monum5ts ( _! k1 l a mirror1 _h n pres]v$ ! bright rays ( ,ea/]n le>n+3 o!rs1 great & t]rible1 x is true1 b tr\bl$ by inte/9e diss5sions1 be> inscrib$ ^u _! front ! =midable de/9y ( conque/2 ?is de/9y !y fulfill$ by subjugat+ ! _w1 & imm$iately _! rapid & inevitable ru9 approa*$3 o!rs1 9 f9e1 excit$ by viol5t fanaticism1 rag$ l ! waves ( ocean 9 a /orm2 !y ?rew !mselves ^u o!r nations l a deva/at+ torr5t1 & ?reat5$ to involve ,*ri/ian civilization itself 9 _! deaf5+ upro>2 b _! ef=ts 7 va92 _! waves broke aga9/ insurm\ntable b>ri]s2 !y repeat$ _! attempts1 b1 always compell$ to retire1 !y fell back aga91 & spread !mselves on ! bea* ) a sull5 ro>3 & n[ look at ! ,ea/]n nations2 behold !m l an impure pool1 :i* ! heat ( ! sun is ab\t to dry up2 see ! sons & successors ( ,mahomet & ,om> on _! knees at ! feet ( ! ,european p[]s1 begg+ a protection1 :i* policy sometimes af=ds !m1 b only ) disda94 ,su* is ! picture pres5t$ to u by e civilization1 anci5t & mod]n1 except t ( ,europe1 t is1 ! ,*ri/ian4 ,x alone at once embraces e ?+ great & noble 9 ! o!rs2 x alone survives ! mo/ ?or\gh revolutions2 x alone ext5ds itself to all races & climates1 & accommodates itself to =ms ( gov]nm5t ! mo/ v>i\s2 x alone1 9 f9e1 unites itself ) all k9ds ( in/itutions1 :5ev]1 by circulat+ 9 !m its f]tile sap1 x c produce its sweet & salut>y fruits = ! good ( humanity4 ,& :5ce comes ! imm5se sup]iority ( ,european civilization ov] all o!rs8 ,h[ has x become s noble1 s ri*1 s v>i$1 s fruitful2 ) ! /amp ( dignity1 ( nobility1 & ( l(t9ess2 )\t ca/es1 )\t slaves1 )\t eunu*s1 )\t any ( ^? mis]ies :i* prey ^u o!r anci5t & mod]n nations8 ,x (t5 happ5s t we ,europeans compla9 & lam5t m ?an ! mo/ un=tunate portion ( ! human race ev] did2 & we =get t we are ! privileg$ *ildr5 ( ,provid5ce1 & t our evils1 our %>e ( ! unavoidable patrimony ( humanity1 are v slight1 are no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ^? :i* h be51 & /ill are1 suff]$ by o!r nations4 ,ev5 ! ext5t ( our good =tune itself r5d]s u difficult to please1 & exce$+ly fa/idi\s4 ,we are l a man ( high rank1 accu/om$ to live respect$ & e/eem$ 9 ! mid/ ( ease & pleasure1 :o is indignant at a slight+ ^w1 is fill$ ) disquietude & affliction at ! mo/ trifl+ contradiction1 & =gets ! multitude ( m5 :o are plung$ 9 mis]y1 ^: nak$ness is cov]$ ) a few rags1 & :o meet ) a ?\s& insults & refusals be=e !y c obta9 a morsel ( bread to satisfy ! crav+s ( hung]4 ,! m9d1 :5 contemplat+ ,european civilization1 exp]i5ces s _m diff]5t impressions1 is attract$ by s _m objects t at ! same "t claim its att5tion & pref]5ce1 t1 *>m$ by ! magnific5t spectacle1 x is dazzl$1 & kn[s n :]e to comm5ce ! exam9ation4 ,! be/ way 9 su* a case is to simplify1 to decompose ! complex object1 & r$uce x to its simple/ elem5ts4 ,! individual1 ! family1 & society2 ^! we h ?or\ghly to exam9e1 & ^! ought to be ! subjects ( our inquiries4 ,if we succe$ 9 fully und]/&+ ^! ?ree elem5ts1 z !y really are 9 !mselves1 & ap>t f ! slight v>iations :i* d n affect _! ess5ce1 ,european civilization1 ) all its ri*es & all its secrets1 w be pres5t$ to our view1 l a f]tile & beautiful l&scape lit up by ! morn+ sun4 ,european civilization is 9 possession ( ! pr9cipal tru?s ) respect to ! individual1 to ! family1 & to society2 x is to ?is t x owes all t x is & all t x has4 ,n[h]e h ! true nature1 ! true relations & object ( ^! ?ree ?+s be5 bett] und]/ood ?an 9 ,europe2 ) respect to !m we h ideas1 s5tim5ts1 & views :i* h be5 want+ 9 o!r civilizations4 ,n[1 ^! ideas & feel+s1 /rongly m>k$ on ! face ( ,european nations1 h inoculat$ _! laws1 mann]s1 in/itutions1 cu/oms1 & language2 !y are inhal$ ) ! air1 = !y h impregnat$ ! :ole atmosph]e ) _! vivify+ aroma4 ,to :at is ?is ow+8 ,to ! fact1 t ,europe1 = _m c5turies1 has _h )9 its bosom a p[]ful pr9ciple :i* pres]ves1 propagates1 & fructifies ! tru?2 & x 0 especially 9 ^? times ( difficulty1 :5 ! disorganiz$ society _h to assume a new =m1 t ?is reg5]at+ pr9ciple _h ! greate/ influ5ce & asc5d5cy4 ,"t has pass$ away1 great *anges h tak5 place1 ,ca?olicity has und]gone va/ vicissitudes 9 its p[] & influ5ce on society2 b civilization1 its "w1 0 too /rong to be easily de/roy$2 ! impulse :i* _h be5 giv5 to ,europe 0 too p[]ful & well secur$ to be easily div]t$ f its c\rse4 ,europe 0 l a "y man gift$ ) a /rong con/itution1 & full ( heal? & vigor2 ! excesses ( labor or ( dissipation r$uce him & make him gr[ pale2 b soon ! hue ( heal? returns to 8 c\nt5ance1 & 8 limbs recov] _! suppl5ess & vigor4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,( ,,! ,,individual--,,( ,,! ,,feel+ ,,( ,,individual ,,indep5d5ce ,,accord+ ,,to ,m4 ,,guizot4 ,,! individual is ! fir/ & simple/ elem5t ( society4 ,if ! individual is n well con/itut$1 if he is ill und]/ood & ill appreciat$1 !re w always be an ob/acle to ! progress ( real civilization4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ obs]ve1 t we speak "h only ( ! individual1 ( man z he is 9 himself1 ap>t f ! num]\s relations :i* surr\nd him :5 we come to consid] him z a memb] ( society4 ,b let x n be imag9$ f ?is1 t ,i wi% to consid] him 9 a /ate ( absolute isolation1 to c>ry him to ! des]t1 to r$uce him to ! savage /ate1 & analyze ! individuality z x appe>s to u 9 a few w&]+ hordes1 a mon/r\s exception1 :i* is only ! result ( ! degradation ( our nature4 ,equally useless w\ld x be to revive ! !ory ( ,r\sseau1 t pure ,utopianism :i* c only lead to error & extravagance4 ,we may sep>ately exam9e ! pieces ( a ma*9e1 = ! bett] und]/&+ ( its p>ticul> con/ruction2 b we mu/ take c>e n to =get ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 & n lose sight ( ! :ole1 ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,)\t t1 ! judgm5t we %\ld =m ( !m w\ld c]ta9ly be errone\s4 ,! mo/ wond]ful & sublime picture w\ld be only a ridicul\s mon/rosity1 if its gr\ps & figures 7 consid]$ 9 a /ate ( isolation f its o!r p>ts2 9 ?is way1 ! prodigies ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raffael might be tak5 = ! dreams ( a madman4 ,man is n alone 9 ! _w1 nor is he born to live alone4 ,besides :at is he 9 himself1 he is a "p ( ! great s*eme ( ! ,univ]se4 ,besides ! de/9y :i* belongs to him 9 ! va/ plan ( creation1 he is rais$1 by ! b\nty ( 8 ,mak]1 to ano!r sph]e1 above all e>?ly ?\ghts4 ,good philosophy requires t we %\ld =get no?+ ( all ?is4 ,x n[ rema9s = u to consid] ! individual & individuality4 ,9 consid]+ man1 we may ab/ract f 8 quality ( citiz51--an ab/raction :i*1 f> f lead+ to any extravagant p>adoxes1 is likely to make u ?or\ghly und]/& a rem>kable peculi>ity ( ,european civilization1 "o ( ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 :i* w be alone suffici5t to enable u to avoid conf\nd+ x ) o!rs4 ,all w readily und]/& t !re is a di/9ction to be made betwe5 ! man & ! citiz51 & t ^! two aspects lead to v diff]5t consid]ations2 b x is m difficult to say h[ f> ! limits ( ?is di/9ction %\ld ext5d2 to :at ext5t ! feel+ ( indep5d5ce %\ld be admitt$2 :at is ! sph]e :i* ought to be assign$ to purely individual developm5t2 9 f9e1 :atev] is peculi> to our civilization on ?is po9t4 ,we mu/ ju/ly e/imate ! diff]5ce :i* we f9d h]e9 betwe5 our /ate ( society & t ( o!rs2 we mu/ po9t out its s\rce1 & its result2 we mu/ c>efully weigh its real influ5ce on ! advance ( civilization4 ,?is task is difficult2 ,i repeat x1--= we h "h v>i\s que/ions1 great & important1 x is true1 b delicate & pr(\nd1 & v easily mi/ak51--x is n )\t mu* tr\ble t we c fix our eyes ) c]ta9ty on ^! vague1 indet]m9ate1 & float+ objects1 :i* are connect$ toge!r by no p]ceptible ties4 ,we "h meet ) ! fam\s p]sonal indep5d5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot1 0 br\ght by ! b>b>ians f ! ,nor?1 & play$ s important a "p1 t we ought to look ^u x z "o ( ! *ief & mo/ productive pr9ciples ( ,european civilization4 ,?is celebrat$ publici/1 analyz+ ! elem5ts ( ?is civilization1 & po9t+ out ! %>e :i* ! ,roman empire & ! ,*ur* _h !re91 9 8 op9ion1 f9ds a rem>kable pr9ciple ( productiv5ess 9 ! feel+ ( individuality1 :i* ! ,g]mans br\ght ) !m1 & inoculat$ into ! mann]s ( ,europe4 ,x w n be useless to discuss ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,guizot on ?is important & delicate matt]4 ,by ?us expla9+ ! /ate ( ! "q1 we %all remove ! important errors ( "s p]sons1 errors produc$ by ! au?ority ( ?is writ]1 ^: tal5t & eloqu5ce h un=tunately giv5 plausibility & semblance ( tru? to :at is 9 reality only a p>adox4 ,! fir/ c>e we ought to take1 9 combat+ ! op9ions ( ?is writ]1 is n to attribute to him :at he has n really said2 besides1 z ! matt] we are treat+ ( is liable to _m mi/akes1 we %all d well to transcribe ! words ( ,m4 ,guizot at l5g?4 ,:at we require to "k1 he says1 is ! g5]al condition ( society among ! b>b>ians4 ,n[ x is v difficult1 n[-a-days1 to give an acc\nt ( x4 ,we c und]/&1 )\t too mu* tr\ble1 ! municipal sy/em ( ,rome1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 _! influ5ce has cont9u$ d[n to our times2 we f9d traces ( !m 9 _m in/itutions & exi/+ facts4 ,we h a ?\s& means ( recognis+ & expla9+ !m4 ,! mann]s1 ! social condition ( ! b>b>ians1 h entirely p]i%$2 we are compell$ to div9e !m1 by ! mo/ anci5t hi/orical docum5ts1 or by an ef=t ( imag9ation4 ,:at has be5 pres]v$ to u ( ! mann]s ( ! b>b>ians is1 inde$1 little2 ?is is an ass]tion :i* ,i w n d5y4 ,i w n dispute ) ,m4 ,guizot ab\t ! au?ority :i* ought to belong to facts :i* require to be fill$ up by an ef=t ( ! imag9ation1 & :i* compel u to h rec\rse to ! dang]\s exp$i5t ( div9+4 ,z = ! re/1 ,i am aw>e ( ! nature ( ^! que/ions2 & ! reflections :i* ,i h j made1 z well z ! t]ms :i* ,i h us$1 prove t ,i d n ?9k x possible to proce$ ) rule & compass 9 su* an exam9ation4 ,nev]!less1 ,i h ?\ght x prop] to w>n ! read] on ?is po9t1 & combat ! delusion into :i* he might be l$ by a doctr9e :i*1 :5 fully exam9$1 is1 ,i repeat x1 only a brilliant p>adox4 ,!re is a feel+1 a fact1 cont9ues ,m4 ,guizot1 :i* x is above all necess>y to und]/& well1 9 ord] to repres5t to ourselves ) tru? :at a b>b>ian 03 ?is is1 ! pleasure ( individual indep5d5ce--! pleasure ( play+ amid ! *ances ( ! _w & ( life1 ) p[] & lib]ty2 ! joys ( activity )\t labor2 ! ta/e = an adv5tur\s de/9y1 full ( surprises1 vicissitudes1 & p]ils4 ,su* 0 ! rul+ feel+ ( ! b>b>ian /ate1 ! moral necessity :i* put ^! masses ( m5 9 motion4 ,to-day1 9 ! regul> society 9 :i* we live1 x is difficult to repres5t to "o's self ?is feel+1 ) all ! influ5ce :i* x ex]cis$ ov] ! b>b>ians ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,!re is only "o "w1 9 my op9ion1 9 :i* ?is "* ( b>b>ism is describ$ ) all its =ce1 viz4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,engl& by ! ,normans1 ( ,m4 ,?i]ry--! only book :]e ! motives1 ! incl9ations1 ! impulses :i* actuate man 9 a social /ate bord]+ on b>b>ism1 are felt & describ$ ) a tru? really ,hom]ic4 ,n[h]e d we see s cle>ly :at a b>b>ian 01 & :at 0 8 life4 ,we also f9d some?+ ( ?is1 al?\gh 9 a v inf]ior degree1 9 my op9ion1 9 a mann] mu* less simple1 mu* less true1 9 ! romances ( ,mr4 ,coop] on ! ,am]ican savages4 ,!re is 9 ! life ( ! savages ( ,am]ica1 9 ! relations & feel+s :i* exi/ 9 ^? =e/s1 some?+ :i* rem9ds "o1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( ! mann]s ( ! anci5t ,g]mans4 ,no d\bt ^! pictures are a little ideal1 a little poetical2 ! unfavorable side ( b>b>ian life & mann]s is n display$ 9 all its crudity4 ,i d n speak m]ely ( ! evils :i* ^! mann]s produce 9 ! individual social condition ( ! b>b>ian himself4 ,9 ?is passionate love ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 !re 0 some?+ m rude & co>se ?an "o w\ld imag9e f ! "w ( ,m4 ,?i]ry2 !re 0 a degree ( brutality1 ( indol5ce1 ( apa?y1 :i* is n always fai?fully describ$ 9 8 pictures4 ,nev]!less1 :5 "o exam9es ! ?+ to ! bottom1 9 spite ( brutality1 co>s5ess1 & ?is /upid egotism1 ! ta/e = individual indep5d5ce is a noble moral feel+1 :i* draws its p[] f ! moral nature ( man3 x is ! pleasure ( feel+ himself a man--! s5tim5t ( p]sonality1 ( spontane\s action 9 8 free developm5t4 ,g5tlem51 x 0 by ! ,g]man b>b>ians t ?is feel+ 0 introduc$ into ! civilization ( ,europe2 x 0 unkn[n to ! ,roman _w1 unkn[n to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 unkn[n to almo/ all ! anci5t civilizations3--:5 y f9d lib]ty 9 ! anci5t civilizations1 x is political lib]ty1 ! lib]ty ( ! citiz54 ,x is n ) 8 p]sonal lib]ty t ! man is prepossess$1 b ) 8 lib]ty z a citiz54 ,he belongs to an association--he is devot$ to an association--he is ready to sacrifice himself = an association4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*3 !re prevail$ a feel+ ( great atta*m5t to ! ,*ri/ian corporation--( devotion to its laws--a /rong desire ( ext5d+ its empire2 ! religi\s feel+ produc$ a reaction on ! man himself--on 8 s\l--an int]nal /ruggle to subdue 8 own w1 & make x submit to ! dem&s ( 8 fai?4 ,b ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 ! ta/e = lib]ty %[+ itself at any haz>d1 ) h>dly any o!r object ?an its own satisfaction--?is feel+1 ,i repeat1 0 unkn[n to ! ,roman & ,*ri/ian society4 ,x 0 br\ght 9 by ! b>b>ians1 & plac$ 9 ! cradle ( mod]n civilization4 ,x has play$ s great a "p1 x has produc$ su* noble results1 t x is impossible n to br+ x to light z "o ( ! fundam5tal elem5ts !re(4 7,hi/oire ,gnrale de la ,civilisation en ,europe1 leon #b47 ,?is feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 exclusively attribut$ to a nation--?is vague1 undef9able feel+--a s+ul> mixture ( nobl5ess & brutality1 ( b>b>ism & civilization--is 9 "s degree poetical1 & is v likely to s$uce ! fancy2 b1 un=tunately1 !re is 9 ! contra/1 int5d$ to increase ! effect ( ! picture1 some?+ extraord9>y1 ,i w ev5 say contradictory1 :i* excites ! suspicion ( cool reason t !re is "s hidd5 error :i* compels x to be on its gu>d4 ,if x be true t ?is ph5om5on ev] exi/$1 :at 0 its orig98 ,w x be said t x 0 ! result ( climate8 ,b h[ c x be imag9$ t ! sn[s ( ! nor? protect$ :at 0 n f\nd 9 ! ard5t s\?8 ,h[ comes x t ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce 0 want+ precisely 9 ^? s\!rn c\ntries ( ,europe1 :]e ! feel+ ( political indep5d5ce 0 develop$ ) s mu* =ce8 & w\ld x n be a /range ?+1 n to say an absurdity1 if ^! diff]5t climates _h divid$ ^! two k9ds ( lib]ty betwe5 !m1 l an inh]itance8 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t ?is feel+ arose f ! social /ate4 ,b 9 t case1 x _c be made ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( "o nation3 x mu/ be said1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t ! feel+ belong$ to all ! nations :o 7 9 ! same social condition z ! ,g]mans4 ,besides1 ev5 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 h[ c\ld t :i* 0 peculi> to b>b>ism h be5 a g]m1 a fruitful pr9ciple ( civilization8 ,?is feel+1 :i* mu/ h be5 effac$ by civilization1 c\ld n ev5 pres]ve itself 9 ! mid/ !re(1 mu* less contribute to its developm5t4 ,if its p]petuation 9 "s =m 0 absolutely necess>y1 :y did n ! same ?+ take place 9 ! bosom ( o!r civilizations8 ,surely ! ,g]mans 7 n ! only p :o pass$ f b>b>ism to civilization4 ,b ,i d n pret5d to say t ! b>b>ians ( ! nor? did n pres5t "s rem>kable peculi>ity 9 ?is po9t ( view2 & ,i d n d5y t we f9d 9 ,european civilization a feel+ ( p]sonality1 if ,i may s speak1 unkn[n to o!r civilizations4 ,b :at ,i v5ture to affirm is1 t x is little philosophical to h rec\rse to my/]ies & enigmas to expla9 ! individuality ( ! ,g]mans1 & t x is useless to seek 9 _! b>b>ism ! cause ( ! sup]iority :i* ,european civilization possesses 9 ?is respect4 ,to =m a cle> idea ( ?is "q1 :i* is z complicat$ z x is important1 x is fir/ ( all necess>y to specify1 9 ! be/ way we c1 ! real nature ( ! b>b>ian individuality4 ,9 a pamphlet :i* ,i publi%$ "s "t ago1 call$ ,obs]vations ,sociales1 ,politiques1 et ,economiques1 sur les ,bi5s du ,cl]g1 ,i h incid5tally t\*$ ^u ?is individuality1 & attempt$ to give cle> ideas on ?is po9t4 ,z ,i h n *ang$ my op9ion s9ce t "t1 b1 on ! contr>y1 z x has be5 confirm$1 ,i w transcribe :at ,i !n said1 z foll[s3 ,:at 0 ?is feel+8 ,0 x peculi> to ^? nations8 ,0 x ! result ( ! influ5ce ( climate1 ( a social position8 ,0 x p]*ance a feel+ =m$ 9 all places & at all times1 b :i* is "h modifi$ by p>ticul> circum/ances8 ,:at 0 its =ce1 its t5d5cy8 ,h[ f> 0 x j or unju/1 noble or degrad+1 pr(itable or injuri\s8 ,:at b5efits did x conf] on society2 :at evils8 ,h[ 7 ^! evils combat$1 by :om1 by :at means1 & ) :at result8 ,^! que/ions are num]\s1 b !y are n s complicat$ z !y appe> at fir/ sight2 :5 once ! fundam5tal idea %all be cle>$ up1 ! o!rs w be und]/ood )\t difficulty1 & ! !ory1 :5 simplifi$1 w imm$iately be confirm$ & support$ by hi/ory4 ,!re is a /rong1 active1 an inde/ructible feel+ 9 ! human he>t :i* urges m5 to self-pres]vation1 to avoid evils1 & to atta9 to _! well-be+ & happ9ess4 ,:e!r y call x self-love1 in/9ct ( pres]vation1 desire ( happ9ess or ( p]fection1 egotism1 individuality1 or :atev] "n y give to x1 ?is feel+ exi/s2 we h x )9 u4 ,we _c d\bt ( its exi/5ce2 x accompanies u at e /ep1 9 all our actions1 f ! "t :5 we fir/ see ! light till we desc5d into ! tomb4 ,?is feel+1 if y w obs]ve its orig91 its nature1 & its object1 is no?+ b a great law ( all be+s appli$ to man2 a law :i*1 be+ a gu>antee = ! pres]vation & p]fect+ ( individuals1 admirably contributes to ! h>mony ( ! univ]se4 ,x is cle> t su* a feel+ mu/ naturally incl9e u to hate oppression1 & to suff] ) impati5ce :at t5ds to limit & fett] ! use ( our faculties4 ,! cause is easily f\nd2 all ?is gives u uneas9ess1 to :i* our nature is repugnant2 ev5 ! t5d]e/ infant be>s ) impati5ce ! tie t fa/5s him 9 8 cradle2 he is uneasy1 he is di/urb$1 he cries4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! individual1 :5 he is n totally devoid ( k ( himself1 :5 8 intellectual faculties are at all develop$1 w feel ano!r s5tim5t arise 9 8 m9d :i* has no?+ 9 common ) ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation ) :i* all be+s are animat$1 a s5tim5t :i* belongs exclusively to intellig5ce2 ,i mean1 ! feel+ ( dignity1 ( value ( ourselves1 ( t fire :i*1 enk9dl$ 9 our he>ts 9 our e>lie/ ye>s1 is n\ri%$1 ext5d$1 & support$ by ! alim5t af=d$ to x by "t1 & acquires t imm5se p[]1 t expansion :i* makes u s re/less1 active1 & agitat$ dur+ all p]iods ( our life4 ,! subjection ( "o man to ano!r w\nds ?is feel+ ( dignity2 = ev5 suppos+ x to be reconcil$ ) all possible fre$om & mildness1 ) ! mo/ p]fect respect = ! p]son subject$1 ?is subjection reveals a weakness or a necessity :i* compels him 9 "s degree to limit ! free use ( 8 faculties4 ,su* is ! second orig9 ( ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,x foll[s f :at ,i h j said1 t man always be>s )9 himself a c]ta9 love ( indep5d5ce1 t ?is feel+ is necess>ily common to all times & c\ntries1 = we h f\nd its roots 9 ! two mo/ natural feel+s ( man--viz4 ! desire ( well-be+ & ! consci\sness ( 8 own dignity4 ,x is evid5t t ^! feel+s may be modifi$ & v>i$ indef9itely1 on acc\nt ( ! inf9ity ( situations 9 :i* ! individual may be plac$1 morally & physically4 ,)\t leav+ ! sph]e :i* is m>k$ out = !m by _! v ess5ce1 ^! feel+s may v>y z to /r5g? or weakness on ! mo/ ext5sive scale2 !y may be moral or immoral1 j or unju/1 noble or vile1 advantage\s or injuri\s4 ,consequ5tly !y may contribute to ! individual ! greate/ v>iety ( incl9ations1 ( habits1 ( mann]s2 & !reby give v diff]5t features to ! physiognomy ( nations1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> & *>act]i/ic mann] 9 :i* !y affect ! individual4 ,^! notions be+ once cle>$ up by a real k ( ! con/itution ( ! he>t ( man1 we see h[ all que/ions :i* relate to ! feel+ ( individuality mu/ be resolv$2 we also see t x is useless to h rec\rse to my/]i\s language or poetical explanations1 = 9 all ?is !re is no?+ t c be submitt$ to a rigor\s analysis4 ,! ideas :i* man =ms ( 8 own well-be+ & dignity1 ! means :i* he employs to promote ! "o & pres]ve ! o!r1 ^! are :at w settle ! degrees ( en]gy1 w det]m9e ! nature & signalize ! t5d5cy ( all ^! feel+s2 t is to say1 all w dep5d on ! physical & moral /ate ( society & ! individual4 ,n[1 suppos+ all o!r circum/ances to be equal1 give a man true ideas ( 8 own well-be+ & dignity1 su* z reason & above all ! ,*ri/ian religion tea*1 & y w =m a good citiz52 give false1 exagg]at$1 absurd ideas1 su* z are ent]ta9$ by p]v]t$ s*ools & promulgat$ by agitators at all times & 9 all c\ntries1 & y spread ! fruitful se$s ( di/urbance & disord]4 ,9 ord] to complete ! cle>+ up ( ! important po9t :i* we h und]tak5 to expla91 we mu/ apply ?is doctr9e to ! p>ticul> fact :i* n[ occupies u4 ,if we fix our att5tion on ! nations :o invad$ & ov]turn$ ! ,roman empire1 conf9+ ourselves to ! facts :i* hi/ory has pres]v$ ( !m1 to ! conjectures :i* are au?oriz$ by ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 plac$1 & to ! g5]al data :i* mod]n sci5ce has be5 able to collect f ! imm$iate obs]vation ( ! diff]5t tribes ( ,am]ica1 we %all be able to =m an idea ( :at 0 ! /ate ( society & ( ! individual among ! invad+ b>b>ians4 ,9 _! native c\ntries1 among _! m\nta9s1 9 _! =e/s cov]$ ) fro/ & sn[1 !y _h _! family ties1 _! relation%ips1 _! religion1 traditions1 cu/oms1 mann]s1 atta*m5t to _! h]$it>y soil1 _! love ( national indep5d5ce1 _! en?usiasm = ! great de$s ( _! ance/ors1 & = ! glory acquir$ 9 battle2 9 f9e1 _! desire ( p]petuat+ 9 _! *ildr5 a race /rong1 valiant1 & free2 !y _h _! di/9ctions ( family1 _! division into tribes1 _! prie/s1 *iefs1 & gov]nm5t4 ,)\t discuss+ ! "* ( _! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & lay+ aside all t might be said ( _! mon>*y1 _! public assemblies1 & o!r simil> po9ts1 que/ions :i* are =eign to our subject1 & :i* besides are always 9 "s degree hypo!tical & imag9>y1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) mak+ a rem>k :i* none ( my read]s w d5y1 viz4 t among !m ! organization ( society 0 su* z might h be5 expect$ f rude & sup]/iti\s ideas1 gross habits1 & f]oci\s mann]s2 t is to say1 t _! social condition did n rise above ! level :i* _h naturally be5 m>k$ out = x by two imp]i\s necessities3 fir/1 t complete an>*y %\ld n prevail 9 _! =e/s2 & second1 t 9 w> !y %\ld h "s "o to lead _! confus$ hordes4 ,born 9 rigor\s climates1 cr[d+ on ea* o!r by _! rapid increase1 & on t acc\nt obta9+ ) difficulty ev5 ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ^! nations saw be=e _! eyes ! abundance & ! luxuries ( ample & well-cultivat$ regions2 !y 7 at ! same "t urg$ on by extreme want1 & /rongly excit$ by ! pres5ce ( plund]4 ,!re 0 no?+ to oppose !m b ! feeble legions ( an effem9ate & decay+ civilization2 _! own bodies 7 /rong1 _! m9ds full ( c\rage & audacity2 _! numb]s augm5t$ _! boldness2 !y left _! native soil )\t pa92 a _s ( adv5ture & ent]prise develop$ itself 9 _! m9ds1 & !y ?rew !mselves on ! ,empire l a torr5t :i* falls f ! m\nta9s1 & inundates ! neighbor+ pla9s4 ,h[ev] imp]fect 0 _! social condition1 & h[ev] rude 7 its ties1 x suffic$1 nev]!less1 9 _! native soil1 & amid _! anci5t mann]s2 if ! b>b>ians _h rema9$ 9 _! =e/s1 x may be said t t =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* answ]$ its purpose 9 its way1 w\ld h be5 p]petuat$2 = x 0 born ( necessity1 x 0 adapt$ to circum/ances1 x 0 root$ 9 _! habits1 sanction$ by "t1 & connect$ ) traditions & recollections ( e k9d4 ,b ^! ties 7 too weak to be transport$ )\t be+ brok54 ,^! =ms ( gov]nm5t 71 z we h j se51 s suit$ to ! /ate ( b>b>ism1 & consequ5tly s circumscrib$ & limit$1 t !y c\ld n be appli$ )\t difficulty to ! new situation 9 :i* ^! nations f\nd !mselves almo/ sudd5ly plac$4 ,let u imag9e ^! savage *ildr5 ( ! =e/ precipitat$ on ! s\?2 _! fi]ce *iefs prec$e !m1 & !y are foll[$ by cr[ds ( wom5 & *ildr52 !y take ) !m _! flocks & rude baggage2 !y cut to pieces num]\s legions on _! way2 !y =m intr5*m5ts1 cross dit*es1 scale ramp>ts1 ravage ! c\ntry1 de/roy =e/s1 burn popul\s cities1 & take ) !m imm5se numb]s ( slaves captur$ on ! way4 ,!y ov]turn e ?+ t opposes _! fury1 & drive be=e !m multitudes :o flee to avoid fire & sword4 ,9 a %ort "t see ^! same m51 elat$ ) victory1 enri*$ by imm5se booty1 inur$ by s _m battles1 fires1 sack+s1 & massacres1 transport$1 z if by en*antm5t1 into a new climate1 "u ano!r sky1 & swimm+ 9 abundance1 9 pleasure1 9 new enjoym5ts ( e k9d4 ,a confus$ mixture ( idolatry & ,*ri/ianity1 ( tru? & falsehood1 is become _! religion2 _! pr9cipal *iefs are dead 9 battle2 families are conf\nd$ 9 disord]1 races mix$1 old mann]s & cu/oms alt]$ & lo/4 ,^! nations1 9 f9e1 are spread ov] imm5se c\ntries1 9 ! mid/ ( o!r nations1 diff]+ 9 language1 ideas1 mann]s1 & usages2 imag9e1 if y c1 ?is disord]1 ?is confusion1 ?is *aos1 & tell me :e!r ! ties :i* =m$ ! society ( ^! nations are n de/roy$ & brok5 into a ?\s& pieces1 & :e!r y d n see b>b>ian & civiliz$ society disappe> toge!r1 & all antiquity vani% )\t any ?+ new tak+ its place8 ,& at ?is mom5t1 fix y\r eyes ^u ! gloomy *ild ( ! ,nor?1 :5 he feels all ! ties t b\nd him to society sudd5ly loos5$1 :5 all ! *a9s t re/ra9$ 8 f]ocity break2 :5 he f9ds himself alone1 isolat$1 9 a position s new1 s s+ul>1 s extraord9>y1 ) an obscure recollection ( 8 late c\ntry & )\t affection = t :i* he has j occupi$2 )\t respect = law1 fe> ( man1 or atta*m5t to cu/om4 ,d y n see him1 9 8 impetu\s f]ocity1 indulge )\t limit 8 habits ( viol5ce1 w&]+1 plund]1 & massacre8 ,he confides 9 8 /rong arm & activity ( foot1 & l$ by a he>t full ( fire & c\rage1 by an imag9ation excit$ by ! view ( s _m diff]5t c\ntries & by ! haz>ds ( s _m travels & combats1 he ra%ly und]takes all ent]prises1 rejects all subjection1 ?r[s (f all re/ra9t1 & delights 9 ! dang]s ( fre% /ruggles & adv5tures4 ,d y n f9d "h ! my/]i\s individuality1 ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 9 all its philosophical reality & all ! tru? :i* is assign$ to x by hi/ory8 ,?is brutal individuality1 ?is fi]ce feel+ ( indep5d5ce1 :i* 0 n reconcileable ) ! well-be+ or ) ! true dignity ( ! individual1 conta9$ a pr9ciple ( et]nal w> & a cont9ually w&]+ mode ( life1 & mu/ necess>ily produce ! degradation ( man & ! complete dissolution ( society4 ,f> f conta9+ ! g]m ( civilization1 x 0 ?is t 0 be/ adapt$ to r$uce ,europe to ! savage /ate2 x /ifl$ society 9 its cradle2 x de/roy$ e attempt made to reorganize x1 & complet$ ! annihilation ( all t rema9$ ( ! anci5t civilization4 ,! obs]vations :i* h j be5 made may be m or less well f\nd$1 m or less happy1 b at lea/ !y d n pres5t ! inexplicable inconsi/5cy1 n to say contradiction1 ( ally+ b>b>ism & brutality ) civilization & ref9em5t2 !y d n give ! "n ( an em95t & fruitful pr9ciple ( ,european civilization to t :i* a little fur!r on is po9t$ out z "o ( ! /ronge/ ob/acles to ! progress ( social organization4 ,z ,m4 ,guizot1 on ?is la/ po9t1 agrees ) ! op9ion :i* ,i h j /at$1 & %[s ! incoh]5ce ( 8 own doctr9es1 ! read] w all[ me to quote 8 own words4 ,x is cle>1 he says1 t if m5 h no ideas ext5d+ beyond _! own exi/5ce1 if _! intellectual horizon is limit$ to !mselves1 if !y give !mselves up to ! caprices ( _! own passions & wills1 if !y h n among !m a c]ta9 numb] ( common notions & feel+s1 ar\nd :i* !y rally2 x is cle>1 ,i say1 t no society c be possible among !m2 t su* individual1 :5 he ent]s into any association1 w be a pr9ciple ( di/urbance & dissolution4 ,:5ev] individuality almo/ absolutely prevails1 or man only consid]s himself1 or 8 ideas d n ext5d beyond himself1 or he obeys only 8 own passions1 society1 ,i mean "o ) any ?+ ( ext5t or p]man5cy1 becomes almo/ impossible4 ,n[ su* 0 ! moral condition ( ! conqu]ors ( ,europe at ! p]iod ( :i* we speak4 ,i h po9t$ out1 9 ! la/ lecture1 t we owe ! en]getic feel+ ( individual lib]ty & humanity to ! ,g]mans4 ,n[1 9 a /ate ( extreme rud5ess & ignorance1 ?is feel+ is egotism 9 all its brutality1 9 all its unsociability4 ,f ! fif? to ! eigh? c5tury1 su* 0 ! case among ! ,g]mans4 ,!y consult$ only _! own int]e/s1 _! own passions1 _! own wills2 h[ c\ld ?is accord ) ! social /ate8 ,x 0 attempt$ to make !m ent] x2 !y attempt$ x !mselves2 !y soon left x f "s sudd5 act1 "s sally ( passion or misund]/&+4 ,e mom5t we see society attempt$ to be =m$2 e mom5t we see x brok5 by ! act ( man1 by ! want ( ! moral conditions necess>y = its subsi/5ce4 ,su*1 g5tlem51 7 ! two prevail+ causes ( ! /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,z long z !y la/$1 b>b>ism cont9u$4 7,hi/oire ,gnrale de la ,civilisation en ,europe1 leon #c47 ,) respect to 8 !ory ( individuality1 ,m4 ,guizot has met ) ! common fate ( m5 ( great tal5ts4 ,!y are =cibly /ruck by a s+ul> ph5om5on1 !y conceive an ard5t desire ( f9d+ its cause1 & !y fall into frequ5t errors1 l$ away by a secret t5d5cy always to po9t out a new1 unexpect$1 a/oni%+ orig94 ,9 8 va/ & p5etrat+ view ( ,european civilization1 9 8 p>allel betwe5 ?is & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ones ( antiquity1 he discov]$ a v rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! individuals ( ! =m] & ( ! latt]4 ,he saw 9 ! man ( mod]n ,europe1 some?+ nobl]1 m indep5d5t ?an 9 ! ,greek or ,roman2 x 0 necess>y to po9t out ! orig9 ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,n[ ?is 0 n an easy task1 consid]+ ! peculi> situation 9 :i* ! philosophical hi/orian f\nd himself4 ,f ! fir/ glance :i* he took at ! elem5ts ( ,european civilization1 ! ,*ur* pres5t$ h]self to him z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & ! mo/ influ5tial ag5ts on ! organization ( society2 & he saw issue f h] ! impulse :i* 0 mo/ capable ( lead+ ! _w to a great & happy future4 ,he _h already expressly ackn[l$g$ ?is1 & _h paid homage to ! tru? 9 magnific5t language2 9 ord] to expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 %\ld he aga9 h rec\rse to ,*ri/ianity1 to ! ,*ur*8 ,?is w\ld h be5 conc$+ to h] ! :ole ( ! great "w ( civilization2 & ,m4 ,guizot 0 desir\s1 at all haz>ds1 ( giv+ h] coadjutors4 ,!re=e1 fix+ 8 eyes ^u ! b>b>ian hordes1 he expects to discov] 9 ! sw>?y br[s1 ! savage c\nt5ances1 & ! m5ac+ looks ( ^! *ildr5 ( ! =e/1 a type1 some:at rude b /ill v j1 ( ! noble indep5d5ce1 ! elevation1 & dignity :i* ! ,european be>s 9 8 features4 ,aft] hav+ expla9$ ! my/]i\s p]sonality ( ! ,g]mans1 & %[n t1 f> f be+ an elem5t ( civilization1 x 0 a s\rce ( disord] & b>b>ism2 x is besides necess>y to exam9e ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! civilization ( ,europe & o!r civilizations1 ) respect to ! feel+ ( dignity2 x is necess>y to det]m9e ) precision :at modifications h be5 und]gone by a feel+1 :i*1 consid]$ by itself1 is1 z we h se51 common to all m54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no f\ndation = ?is ass]tion ( ,m4 ,guizot1 t ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 ! ta/e = lib]ty1 display+ itself at all haz>ds1 ) sc>cely any o!r object ?an its own satisfaction1 0 unkn[n to ,roman society4 ,x is cle> t 9 su* a comp>ison1 x is n meant to allude to ! feel+ ( indep5d5ce 9 ! savage /ate1 9 ! /ate ( b>b>ism2 = z well might x be said t civiliz$ nations c\ld n h ! di/9ctive "* ( b>b>ism4 ,b lay+ aside t circum/ance ( f]ocity1 we w say t ! feel+ 0 v active1 n only among ! ,romans1 b also among ! o!r mo/ celebrat$ nations ( antiquity4 ,:5 y f9d 9 anci5t civilization1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 lib]ty1 x is political lib]ty1 ! lib]ty ( ! citiz54 ,x is n ) 8 p]sonal lib]ty t ! man is prepossess$1 x is ) 8 lib]ty z a citiz52 he belongs to an association1 he is devot$ to an association1 he is ready to sacrifice himself = an association4 ,i w n d5y t ?is _s ( sacrifice = ! b5efit ( an association did exi/ among anci5t nations2 ,i ackn[l$ge also t x 0 accompani$ by rem>kable peculi>ities1 :i* ,i int5d to expla9 fur!r on2 yet x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! ta/e = lib]ty1 ) sc>cely any o!r object ?an its own satisfaction1 0 n m active ) anci5t nations ?an ) u4 ,inde$1 :at 0 ! object ( ! ,phnicians1 ! ,greeks ( ! ,ar*ipelago & ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :5 !y und]took ^? voyages :i*1 = su* remote times1 7 z bold & p]il\s z ^? ( our mo/ intrepid sailors8 ,0 x1 inde$1 to sacrifice !mselves = an association t !y s\ght new t]ritories ) s mu* ard\r1 9 ord] to amass !re money1 gold1 & all k9ds ( articles ( value8 ,7 !y n l$ by ! desire ( acquir+ to gratify !mselves8 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! association8 ,:]e d y f9d x "h8 ,d y see any ?+ b ! individual1 ) 8 passions & ta/es1 & 8 ard\r 9 satisfy+ !m8 ,& ! ,greeks--^? ,greeks s en]vat$1 s voluptu\s1 s spoil$ by pleasures1 _h !y n ! mo/ lively feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 ! mo/ ard5t desire ( liv+ ) p]fect fre$om1 ) no o!r object b to gratify !mselves8 ,_! poets s++ ( nect> & ( love2 _! free c\rtesans receiv+ ! homage ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s citiz5s1 & mak+ sages =get _! philosophical mod]ation & gravity2 & ! p celebrat+ _! fe/ivals amid ! mo/ fe>ful dissolut5ess2 did !y also only sacrifice on ! alt>s ( association8 ,_h !y n ! desire ( gratify+ !mselves8 ,) respect to ! ,romans1 p]haps x w\ld n be s easy to demon/rate ?is1 if we _h to speak ( :at are call$ ! glori\s times ( ! ,republic2 b we h to deal ) ! ,romans ( ! empire1 ) ^? :o liv$ at ! "t ( ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians2 ) ^? ,romans1 gre$y ( pleasures1 & dev\r$ by t ?ir/ = excess ( :i* hi/ory has pres]v$ su* %ameful pictures4 ,_! sup]b palaces1 _! magnific5t villas1 _! delici\s ba?s1 _! spl5did fe/ive halls1 _! tables load$ ) ri*es1 _! effem9ate dresses1 _! voluptu\s dissipation2 d !y n %[ u individuals :o1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! association to :i* !y belong$1 only ?\ght ( gratify+ _! own passions & caprices2 liv$ 9 ! greate/ luxury1 ) e delicacy & all imag9able spl5d\r2 _h no c>e b to enjoy society1 to lull !mselves asleep 9 pleasure1 to gratify all _! passions1 & give way to a burn+ love ( _! own satisfactions & amusem5ts8 ,x is n easy1 !n1 to imag9e :y ,m4 ,guizot exclusively attributes to ! b>b>ians ! pleasure ( feel+ !mselves m51 ! feel+ ( p]sonality1 ( human spontane\sness 9 its free developm5t4 ,c we believe t su* s5tim5ts 7 unkn[n to ! victors ( ,m>a?on & ,plata1 to ^? nations :o h immortaliz$ _! names by s _m monum5ts8 ,:51 9 ! f9e arts1 9 ! sci5ces1 9 eloqu5ce1 9 poetry1 ! noble/ traits ( g5ius %one =? on all sides1 _h !y n among !m ! pleasure ( feel+ !mselves m51 ! feel+ & ! p[] ( ! free developm5t ( all _! faculties8 & 9 a society :]e glory 0 s passionately lov$1 z we see x 0 among ! ,romans1 9 a society :i* %[s u m5 l ,cic]o & ,virgil1 & :i* produc$ a ,tacitus1 :o /ill1 aft] n9ete5 c5turies1 makes e g5]\s he>t ?rill ) emotion1 0 !re no pleasure 9 feel+ !mselves m51 no pride 9 appreciat+ _! own dignity8 ,0 !re no feel+ ( ! spontane\sness ( man 9 8 own free developm5t8 ,h[ c we imag9e t ! b>b>ians ( ! nor? surpass$ ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 ?is respect8 ,:y1 !n1 ^! p>adoxes1 ?is confusion ( ideas8 ,( :at avail are ^! brilliant expressions mean+ no?+8 ,( :at use are ^! obs]vations1 ( a false delicacy1 :]e ! m9d at fir/ sight discov]s vagu5ess & inexactitude2 & :]e x f9ds1 aft] a complete exam9ation1 no?+ b incoh]5cy & rev]y8 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,individual ,,0 ,,absorb$ ,,by ,,anci5t ,,society4 ,,if we pr(\ndly /udy ?is "q1 )\t suff]+ ourselves to be l$ into error & extravagance1 by ! desire ( pass+ = deep obs]v]s2 if we call to our aid a j & cool philosophy1 support$ by ! facts ( hi/ory1 we %all see t ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t civilizations & our own ) respect to ! individual is1 t1 9 antiquity1 man1 consid]$ z man1 0 n prop]ly e/eem$4 ,anci5t nations did n want ei!r ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 or ! pleasure ( feel+ !mselves m52 ! fault 0 n 9 ! he>t1 b 9 ! head4 ,:at !y want$ 0 ! compreh5sion ( ! dignity ( man2 ! high idea :i* ,*ri/ianity has giv5 u ( ourselves1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ) admirable wisdom1 x has %[n u our infirmities4 ,:at anci5t societies want$1 :at all ^?1 :]e ,*ri/ianity does n prevail1 h want$1 & w cont9ue to want1 is ! respect & ! consid]ation :i* surr\nd e individual1 e man1 inasmu* z he is a man4 ,among ! ,greeks ! ,greeks are e ?+2 /rang]s1 b>b>ians1 are no?+3 9 ,rome1 ! title ( ,roman citiz5 makes ! man2 he :o wants ?is is no?+4 ,9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 ! infant :o is born de=m$1 or depriv$ ( "s memb]1 excites compassion1 & becomes an object ( ! t5d]e/ solicitude2 x is en\gh t he is man1 & un=tunate4 ,among ! anci5ts1 ?is human be+ 0 reg>d$ z useless & contemptible2 9 c]ta9 cities1 z = example at ,lac$mon1 x 0 =bidd5 to n\ri% him1 &1 by comm& ( ! magi/rates *>g$ ) ! regulation ( bir?s1 horrible to relate6 he 0 ?r[n into a dit*4 ,he 0 a human be+2 b :at matt]8 ,he 0 a human be+ :o w\ld be ( no use2 & society1 )\t compassion1 did n wi% to und]take ! *>ge ( 8 support4 ,if y read ,plato & ,ari/otle1 y w see ! horrible doctr9e :i* !y pr(ess$ on ! subject ( abortion & infanticide2 y w see ! means :i* ^! philosoph]s imag9$1 9 ord] to prev5t ! excess ( population2 & y w be s5sible ( ! imm5se progress :i* society has made1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 all t relates to man4 ,are n ! public games1 ^? horrible sc5es :]e hundr$s ( m5 7 slaught]$ to amuse an inhuman multitude1 an eloqu5t te/imony to ! little value atta*$ to man1 :5 he 0 sacrific$ ) s mu* b>b>ism = reasons s frivol\s8 ,! "r ( ! /ronge/ 0 ex]cis$ among ! anci5ts 9 a horrible mann]2 & ?is is "o ( ! causes to :i* mu/ be attribut$ ! /ate ( annihilation1 s to speak1 9 :i* we see ! individual ) respect to society4 ,society 0 /rong1 ! individual 0 weak2 society absorb$ ! individual1 & arrogat$ to itself all imag9able rights ov] him2 & if ev] he made opposition to society1 he 0 sure to be cru%$ by x ) an iron h&4 ,:5 we read ! explanation :i* ,m4 ,guizot gives u ( ?is peculi>ity ( anci5t civilizations1 we might suppose t !re exi/$ among !m a patriotism unkn[n to u2 a patriotism :i*1 c>ri$ to exagg]ation1 & /ripp$ ( ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 produc$ a k9d ( annihilation ( ! individual 9 pres5ce ( society4 ,if he _h reflect$ deeply on ! matt]1 ,m4 ,guizot w\ld h se5 t ! diff]5ce is n 9 ! feel+s ( antiquity1 b 9 ! imm5se fundam5tal revolution :i* has tak5 place 9 ideas2 h5ce he w\ld easily h conclud$1 t ! diff]5ce obs]v$ 9 _! feel+s mu/ h be5 ow+ to ! diff]5ces 9 ! ideas !mselves4 ,inde$1 x is n /range t ! individual1 see+ ! little e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held1 & ! unlimit$ p[] :i* society arrogat$ to itself ov] 8 indep5d5ce & 8 life1 7= x w5t s f> z to gr9d him to p[d]1 :5 he oppos$ x17 on 8 side =m$ an exagg]at$ idea ( society & ! public au?ority1 s z to annihilate himself 9 8 own he>t be=e ?is fe>ful colossus4 ,f> f consid]+ himself z a memb] ( an association ! object ( :i* 0 ! safety & happ9ess ( e individual1 ! b5efits ( :i* requir$ f him "s sacrifices 9 return1 he reg>d$ himself z a ?+ devot$ to ?is association1 & compell$1 )\t hesitation1 to (f] himself z a holocau/ on its alt>s4 ,su* is ! condition ( man2 :5 a p[] acts ^u him1 = a long "t1 unlimit$ly1 8 indignation is excit$ aga9/ x1 & he rejects x ) viol5ce2 or else he humbles1 he debases1 he annihilates himself be=e ! /rong influ5ce :i* b9ds & pro/rates him4 ,let u see if ?is be n ! contra/ :i* anci5t societies con/antly af=d u2 ! bl9de/ submission & annihilation on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! _s ( insubord9ation1 ( resi/ance1 %[+ itself 9 t]rible explosions4 ,x is ?us1 & ?us only1 t x is possible to und]/& h[ societies1 ^: normal condition 0 confusion & agitation1 pres5t u ) su* a/oni%+ examples z ,leonidas ) 8 ?ree hundr$ ,sp>tans p]i%+ at ,!rmopyl1 ,svola ?ru/+ 8 h& into ! fire1 ,regulus return+ to ,c>?age to suff] & die1 & ,m>cus ,curtius1 all arm$1 leap+ into ! *asm :i* _h op5$ 9 ! mid/ ( ,rome4 ,all ^! ph5om5a1 :i* at fir/ sight appe> inexplicable1 are expla9$ :5 we comp>e !m ) :at has tak5 place 9 ! revolutions ( mod]n times4 ,t]rible revolutions h ?r[n "s nations into confusion2 ! /ruggle ( ideas & int]e/s1 inflam+ _! passions1 has made !m =get _! true social relations1 dur+ int]vals ( great] or less duration4 ,:at has happ5$8 ,at ! same "t t unlimit$ fre$om 0 proclaim$1 & ! rights ( individuals 7 incessantly extoll$1 !re arose 9 ! mid/ ( society a cruel p[]1 :i*1 conc5trat+ 9 its own h&s all public au?ority1 inflict$ on !m ! sev]e/ bl[s4 ,at su* p]iods1 :5 ! =midable maxim ( ! anci5ts1 ! salus populi1 t pretext = s _m frightful attempts 0 9 full =ce1 !re arose1 on ! o!r h&1 t mad & f]oci\s patriotism :i* sup]ficial m5 admire 9 ! citiz5s ( anci5t republics4 ,"s writ]s h lavi%$ eulogiums on ! anci5ts1 &1 above all1 on ! ,romans4 ,x seem$ z if1 to gratify _! ard5t wi%es1 mod]n civilization mu/ be m\ld$ accord+ to ! anci5t4 ,!y made absurd attempts2 !y attack$ ! exi/+ social sy/em ) unexampl$ viol5ce2 !y labor$ to de/roy1 or at lea/ to /ifle1 ,*ri/ian ideas conc]n+ ! individual & society1 & !y s\ght _! inspiration f ! %ades ( ! anci5t ,romans4 ,x is rem>kable t1 dur+ ! %ort "t t ! attempt la/$1 !re 7 se51 z 9 anci5t ,rome1 admirable traits ( /r5g?1 ( valor1 ( patriotism1 9 fe>ful contra/ ) cruelties & crimes )\t example4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a great & g5]\s nation !re appe>$ aga91 to affright ! human race1 ! bloody spectres ( ,m>ius & ,sylla2 s true x is t man is ev]y:]e ! same1 & t ! same ord] ( ideas 9 ! end produces ! same ord] ( ev5ts4 ,let ! ,*ri/ian ideas disappe>1 let old ones rega9 _! =ce1 & y w see t ! mod]n _w w resemble ! anci5t "o4 ,happily = humanity1 ?is is impossible4 ,all ! attempts hi!rto made to produce su* a result h be5 necess>ily ( %ort cont9uance1 & su* w be ! case 9 future4 ,b ! bloody page :i* ^! crim9al attempts h left 9 hi/ory (f]s an abundant subject = reflection to ! philosoph] :o desires to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! intimate & delicate relations betwe5 ideas & facts4 ,!re he w see fully exhibit$ ! va/ s*eme ( social organization1 & he w be able to appreciate at its j value ! b5eficial or injuri\s influ5ce ( ! v>i\s religi\s & ! diff]5t philosophical sy/ems4 ,! p]iods ( revolutions1 t is to say1 ^? /ormy times :5 gov]nm5ts are swall[$ up "o aft] ano!r l edifices built ^u a volcanic soil1 h all ?is di/9ctive "*1 ! tyranny ( ! int]e/s ( public au?ority ov] private int]e/s4 ,nev] is ?is p[] feebl]1 or less la/+2 b nev] is x m viol5t1 m mad4 ,e ?+ is sacrific$ to its safety or its v5geance2 ! %ade ( its enemies pursues x & makes x cont9ually tremble2 its own consci5ce torm5ts x & leaves x no repose2 ! weakness ( its organization1 its in/able position1 w>n x at e /ep ( its approa*+ fall1 & 9 its impot5t despair x makes ! convulsive ef=ts ( "o dy+ 9 agony4 ,:at1 !n1 9 its eyes are ! lives ( citiz5s1 if !y excite ! slighte/1 ! mo/ remote suspicion8 ,if ! blood ( ?\s&s ( victims c\ld procure = x a mom5t ( security1 & add a few days to its exi/5ce1 ,p]i% my enemies1 x says2 ?is is requir$ = ! safety ( ! /ate1 t is1 = m9e6 ,:y ?is fr5zy1 ?is cruelty8 ,x is because ! anci5t gov]nm5t1 hav+ be5 ov]turn$ by =ce1 & ! new hav+ be5 en?ron$ 9 ! same way1 ! idea ( "r has disappe>$ f ! sph]e ( p[]4 ,legitimacy does n protect x1 ev5 its novelty betrays its little value2 e ?+ =ebodes its %ort exi/5ce4 ,/ripp$ ( ! reason & ju/ice :i* x is oblig$ to invoke 9 its own support1 x seeks = bo? 9 ! v necessity ( p[]1 a social necessity1 :i* is always visible1 & x proclaims t ! safety ( ! p is ! supreme c>e4 ,!n ! prop]ty & lives ( individuals are no?+2 !y are annihilat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! bloody spectre :i* arises 9 ! mid/ ( society2 arm$ ) =ce1 & surr\nd$ by gu>ds & scaffolds1 x says1 ,i am ! public p[]2 to me is confid$ ! safety ( ! p2 x is ,i :o wat* ov] ! int]e/s ( society4 ,n[1 d y "k :at is ! result ( ?is absolute want ( respect = ! individual1 ( ?is complete annihilation ( man 9 pres5ce ( ! al>m+ p[] :i* claims to repres5t society8 ,x is t ! feel+ ( association reappe>s 9 diff]5t directions2 no long] a feel+ direct$ by reason1 =esight1 & b5efic5ce1 b a bl9d1 in/9ctive feel+1 :i* urges man n to rema9 alone1 )\t def5ce1 9 ! mid/ ( a society :i* is conv]t$ into a field ( battle & a va/ conspiracy2 m5 !n unite ei!r to su/a9 p[]1 :51 influ5c$ by ! :irlw9d ( revolution1 !y are id5tifi$ ) x1 & reg>d x z _! only ramp>t1 or to ov]turn x1 if1 "s motive hav+ urg$ !m into ! opposite ranks1 !y see _! mo/ t]rible enemy 9 ! exi/+ p[]1 & a sword cont9ually susp5d$ ov] _! heads4 ,^! m5 belong to an association1 are devot$ to an association1 are ready to sacrifice !mselves = x1 = !y _c live alone2 !y "k1 !y compreh5d1 at lea/ in/9ctively1 t ! individual is no?+2 = z ! re/ra9ts t ma9ta9 social ord] h be5 brok51 ! individual no long] has a tranquil sph]e :]e he c live 9 peace & indep5d5ce1 confid5t t a p[] f\nd$ on legitimacy & guid$ by reason & ju/ice wat*es ov] ! pres]vation ( public ord] & ! respect due to individual rights4 ,!n timid m5 are al>m$ & humbl$1 & beg9 to repres5t t fir/ sc5e ( s]vitude :]e ! oppress$ is se5 to kiss ! h& ( ! oppressor1 & ! victim to rev]5ce ! execution]4 ,d>+ m5 resi/ & cont5d1 or r1 conspir+ 9 ! d>k1 !y prep>e t]rible explosions4 ,no "o !n belongs to himself2 ! individual is absorb$ on all sides1 ei!r by ! =ce :i* oppresses or by t :i* conspires4 ,! tutel>y div9ity ( individuals is ju/ice2 :5 ju/ice vani%es1 !y are no m ?an imp]ceptible gra9s ( du/ c>ri$ away by ! w9d1 or drops ( wat] 9 ! /ormy waves ( ocean4 ,imag9e to y\rself societies :]e ?is pass+ fr5zy does n prevail1 x is true1 b :i* are yet devoid ( true ideas on ! rights & duties ( individuals1 & ( ^? ( public au?ority2 societies :]e !re are "s w&]+1 unc]ta91 obscure1 imp]fect notions !reon1 /ifl$ by a ?\s& prejudices & errors2 societies "u :i*1 nev]!less1 public au?ority is organiz$ "u "o =m or ano!r1 & has become consolidat$1 ?anks to ! =ce ( habit1 & ! abs5ce ( all o!r gov]nm5t bett] calculat$ to satisfy urg5t necessities2 y w !n h an idea ( ! anci5t societies1 we %\ld r say1 societies )\t ,*ri/ianity1 & y w und]/& ! annihilation ( ! individual be=e ! =ce ( public p[]1 ei!r "u an ,asiatic despotism or ! turbul5t democracy ( ! anci5t republics4 ,& :at y w !n see w be precisely :at y h obs]v$ 9 mod]n societies at times ( revolution1 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ^! ! evil is transitory & noisy1 l ! ravages ( ! tempe/1 :ile among ! anci5ts x 0 ! normal /ate1 l ! vitiat$ atmosph]e :i* injures & corrupts all t brea! x4 ,let u exam9e ! cause ( ^! two opposite ph5om5a1 ! l(ty patriotism ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & ! /ate ( pro/ration & political degradation 9 :i* o!r nations lay1 & 9 :i* ^? /ill lie :o are n "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity2 :at is ! cause ( ?is individual abnegation :i* is f\nd at ! bottom ( two feel+s s contr>y8 & :y d we n f9d among any ( ^? nations t individual developm5t :i* is obs]v$ 9 ,europe1 & :i* ) u is connect$ ) a reasonable patriotism1 f :i* ! feel+ ( a legitimate p]sonal indep5d5ce is n exclud$8 ,x is because 9 antiquity man did n "k himself1 or :at he 02 x is because 8 true relations ) society 7 view$ ?r\gh a ?\s& prejudices & errors1 & consequ5tly 7 v ill und]/ood4 ,?is w %[ t admiration = ! patriotism1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & h]oic self-d5ial ( ! anci5ts has be5 sometimes c>ri$ too f>1 & t ^! qualities1 f> f reveal+ 9 ! m5 ( antiquity a great] p]fection ( ! individual1 a sup]ior elevation ( m9d to t ( ! m5 ( mod]n times1 r indicate ideas less elevat$ & feel+s less indep5d5t ?an our own4 ,p]haps "s bl9d admir]s ( ! anci5ts w be a/oni%$ at ^! ass]tions4 ,let !m consid] ! wom5 ( ,india ?r[+ !mselves on ! fun]al-pile aft] ! dea? ( _! husb&s1 & slaves putt+ !mselves to dea? because !y c\ld n survive _! ma/]s1 & !y w see t p]sonal self-d5ial is n an infallible sign ( elevation ( m9d4 ,sometimes man does n und]/& 8 own dignity2 he consid]s himself devot$ to ano!r be+1 absorb$ by him1 & !n he reg>ds 8 own exi/5ce only z a second>y ?+1 :i* has no object b to m9i/] to ! exi/5ce ( ano!r4 ,we d n wi% to und]rate ! m]it :i* rightly belongs to ! anci5ts2 we d n wi% to l[] _! h]oism1 z f> z x is j & laudable1 any m ?an we wi% to attribute to ! mod]ns an egoti/ical individuality1 :i* prev5ts _! sacrific+ !mselves = _! c\ntry3 our only object is to assign to e ?+ its place1 by dissipat+ prejudices :i* are excusable up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b d lam5table mis*ief by falsify+ ! pr9cipal features ( anci5t & mod]n hi/ory4 ,?is annihilation ( ! individual among ! anci5ts arose also f ! weakness & imp]fection ( 8 moral developm5t1 & f 8 want ( a rule = 8 own guidance1 :i* compell$ society to int]f]e 9 all t conc]n$ him1 z if public reason 0 call$ ^u to supply ! defect ( private reason4 ,if we pay att5tion1 we %all obs]ve t 9 c\ntries :]e political lib]ty 0 ! mo/ *]i%$1 civil lib]ty 0 almo/ unkn[n4 ,:ile ! citiz5s flatt]$ !mselves t !y 7 v free1 because !y took "p 9 ! public delib]ations1 !y want$ t lib]ty :i* is mo/ important to man1 t :i* we n[ call civil lib]ty4 ,we may =m an idea ( ! ?\ghts & mann]s ( ! anci5ts on ?is po9t1 by read+ "o ( _! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s1 ,ari/otle4 ,9 ! eyes ( ?is philosoph]1 ! only title :i* r5d]s a man wor?y ( ! "n ( citiz51 seems to be ! p>ticipation 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! republic2 & ^! ideas1 app>5tly v democratic & calculat$ to ext5d ! rights ( ! mo/ num]\s class1 f> f proce$+1 z "o w\ld suppose1 f an exagg]ation ( ! dignity ( man1 0 connect$ 9 8 m9d ) a pr(\nd contempt = man himself4 ,8 sy/em 0 to res]ve all honor & consid]ation = a v limit$ numb]2 ! classes ( citiz5s :o 7 ?us condemn$ to degradation & nullity 7 all labor]s1 artisans1 & tradesm54 7,pol4 l4 vii4 c4 #i1 #ab2 l4 viii4 c4 #a1 #b2 l4 iii4 c4 #a47 ,?is !ory suppos$1 z may be se51 v curi\s ideas on individuals & society1 & is an additional confirmation ( :at ,i h said respect+ ! ecc5tricities1 n to say mon/rosities1 :i* we see 9 ! anci5t republics4 ,let u nev] =get t "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! evil 0 ! want ( an intimate k ( man2 x 0 ! little value :i* 0 plac$ ^u 8 dignity z man2 ! individual1 depriv$ ( guides to direct him1 c\ld n conciliate e/eem2 9 a ^w1 !re 0 want+ ! light ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* 0 alone capable ( illum9at+ ! *aos4 ,! feel+ ( ! dignity ( man is deeply engrav5 on ! he>t ( mod]n society2 we f9d ev]y:]e1 writt5 9 /rik+ *>act]s1 ?is tru?1 t man1 by virtue ( 8 title ( man1 is respectable & wor?y ( high consid]ation2 h5ce x is t all ! s*ools ( mod]n times t h fooli%ly und]tak5 to exalt ! individual1 at ! imm95t risk ( produc+ fe>ful p]turbations 9 society1 h adopt$ z ! con/ant !me ( _! in/ructions1 ?is dignity & nobility ( man4 ,!y ?us di/+ui% !mselves 9 ! mo/ decid$ mann] f ! democrats ( antiquity2 ! latt] act$ 9 a n>r[ sph]e1 )\t dep>t+ f a c]ta9 ord] ( ?+s1 )\t look+ beyond ! limits ( _! own c\ntry2 9 ! _s ( mod]n democrats1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d a t5d5cy to invade all bran*es1 an ard5t propag&ism :i* embraces ! :ole _w4 ,!y nev] invoke mean ideas2 man1 8 reason1 8 imprescriptible rights1 ^! are _! p]petual !me4 ,ask !m :at is _! design1 & !y w tell y t !y desire to level all ?+s1 to av5ge ! sacr$ cause ( humanity4 ,?is exagg]ation ( ideas1 ! pretext & motive = s _m crimes1 %[s u a valuable fact1 viz4 ! imm5se progress :i* ,*ri/ianity has giv5 to ideas ) relation to ! dignity ( our nature4 ,:5 !y h to mislead societies :i* owe _! civilization to ,*ri/ianity1 !y f9d no bett] means ?an to invoke ! dignity ( human nature4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! enemy ( all t is crim9al1 c\ld n cons5t to see society ov]turn$1 "u ! pret5ce ( def5d+ & rais+ ! dignity ( man2 ?is is ! reason :y a great numb] ( ! mo/ ard5t democrats h indulg$ 9 insults & s>casms aga9/ religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z hi/ory l\dly proclaims t all our k & feel+ ( :at is true1 j1 & reasonable on ?is po9t1 is due to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 x has be5 rec5tly attempt$ to make a mon/r\s alliance betwe5 ,*ri/ian ideas & ! mo/ extravagant ( democratic !ories4 ,a celebrat$ man has und]tak5 ?is ent]prise2 b true ,*ri/ianity1 t is1 ,ca?olicity1 rejects ^! adult]\s alliances2 x ceases to ackn[l$ge its mo/ em95t apologi/s :5 !y h quitt$ ! pa? ( et]nal tru?4 ,de ,lam5nais n[ w&]s 9 ! d>kness ( error1 embrac+ a deceitful %ad[ ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! voice ( ! supreme ,pa/or ( ! ,*ur* has w>n$ ! fai?ful aga9/ be+ dazzl$ by ! illusion ( a "n illu/ri\s by s _m titles4#af ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,individuality ,,"u ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ca?olicity4 ,,if we give a j & legitimate mean+ to ! ^w individuality1 tak+ ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce 9 an acceptation :i* is n repugnant to ! p]fection ( ! individual1 & does n oppose ! con/itutive pr9ciples ( all society2 moreov]1 if we seek ! v>i\s causes :i* h influ5c$ ! developm5t ( ?is feel+1 )\t speak+ ( t :i* we h already po9t$ out z "o ( ! mo/ important1 viz4 ! true notion ( man1 & 8 connections ) 8 fell[s1 we %all f9d _m ( !m :i* are q wor?y ( att5tion 9 ,ca?olicity4 ,m4 ,guizot 0 greatly deceiv$ :51 putt+ ! fai?ful ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! same rank ) ! anci5t ,romans1 he ass]t$ t bo? 7 equally want+ 9 ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,he describes ! fai?ful z absorb$ by ! association ( ! ,*ur*1 entirely devot$ to h]1 ready to sacrifice !mselves = h]2 s t1 accord+ to him1 x 0 ! int]e/s ( ! association :i* induc$ !m to act4 ,!re is an error "h2 b z ?is error has orig9at$ 9 a tru?1 x is our duty to di/+ui% ! ideas & ! facts ) mu* att5tion4 ,!re is no d\bt t f ! cradle ( ,*ri/ianity ! fai?ful h _h an extreme atta*m5t to ! ,*ur*1 & x 0 always well und]/ood among !m1 t !y c\ld n leave ! communion ( ! ,*ur* )\t ceas+ to be numb]$ among ! true disciples ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is equally und5iable t1 9 ! words ( ,m4 ,guizot1 ,!re prevail$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* a feel+ ( /rong atta*m5t to ! ,*ri/ian corporation1 ( devotion to its laws1 & an ard5t desire to ext5d its empire2 b x is n true t ! orig9 & s\rce ( all ^! feel+s 0 ! _s ( association alone1 to ! exclusion ( all developm5t ( real individuality4 ,! ,*ri/ian belong$ to an association1 b t association 0 reg>d$ by him z a means ( obta9+ et]nal happ9ess1 z ! %ip 9 :i* he 0 emb>k$1 amid ! tempe/s ( ! _w1 to arrive safe 9 ! port ( et]nity3 & al?\gh he believ$ x impossible to be sav$ out ( ! ,*ur*1 he did n und]/& f t t he 0 devot$ to ! ,*ur*1 b to ,god4 ,! ,roman 0 ready to sacrifice himself = 8 c\ntry2 ! ,*ri/ian1 = 8 fai?4 ,:5 ! ,roman di$1 he di$ = 8 c\ntry2 ! fai?ful did n die = ! ,*ur*1 b = ,god4 ,if we op5 ! monum5ts ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 & read ! acts ( ! m>tyrs1 we %all !n see :at pass$ 9 t t]rible mom5t1 :5 ! ,*ri/ian1 fully ar\s+ himself1 %[$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! in/rum5ts ( torture1 burn+ piles1 & ! mo/ horrible puni%m5ts1 ! true pr9ciple :i* act$ on 8 m9d4 ,! judge asks 8 "n2 he decl>es x1 & adds1 ,i am a ,*ri/ian4 ,he is ask$ to sacrifice to ! gods4 ,we only sacrifice to "o ,god1 ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>?4 ,he is reproa*$ ) ! disgrace ( foll[+ a man :o has be5 nail$ to ! cross2 = him ! ignom9y ( ! cross is a glory1 & he l\dly proclaims t ! ,crucifi$ is 8 ,savi\r & 8 ,god4 ,he is ?reat5$ ) tortures2 he despises !m1 = !y are pass+1 & rejoices 9 be+ able to suff] some?+ = 8 ,ma/]4 ,! cross ( puni%m5t is already prep>$1 ! pile is light$ be=e 8 eyes1 ! execution] raises ! fatal axe to /rike (f 8 head2 :at does x matt] to him8 all ?is is b = a mom5t1 & aft] t mom5t comes a new life ( ineffable & endless happ9ess4 ,we ?us see :at influ5c$ 8 he>t2 x 0 ! love ( 8 ,god & ! int]e/ ( 8 et]nal happ9ess4 ,consequ5tly1 x is utt]ly false t ! ,*ri/ian1 l m5 ( ! anci5t republics1 de/roy$ 8 individuality 9 ! association to :i* he belong$1 all[+ himself to be absorb$ 9 t association l a drop ( wat] 9 ! imm5sity ( ocean4 ,! ,*ri/ian belong$ to an association :i* gave him ! rule ( 8 fai? & conduct2 he reg>d$ t association z f\nd$ & direct$ by ,god himself2 b 8 m9d & 8 he>t 7 rais$ to ,god1 & :5 foll[+ ! voice ( ! ,*ur*1 he believ$ t he 0 engag$ ) 8 own individual affair1 :i* 0 no?+ less ?an 8 et]nal happ9ess4 ,?is di/9ction is q necess>y 9 an affair :i* has relations s v>i\s & delicate t ! slighte/ confusion may produce consid]able errors4 ,"h a hidd5 fact reveals itself to u1 :i* is inf9itely preci\s1 & ?r[s mu* light ^u ! developm5t & p]fect+ ( ! individual 9 ,*ri/ian civilization4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t !re %\ld be a social ord] to :i* ! individual mu/ submit2 b x is also prop] t he %\ld n be absorb$ by society to su* an ext5t t he _c be conceiv$ b z =m+ "p ( x1 & rema9s depriv$ ( 8 own sph]e ( action4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 nev] w\ld true civilization be completely develop$2 z x consi/s 9 ! simultane\s p]fect+ ( ! individual & ( society1 x is necess>y1 = its exi/5ce1 t bo? %\ld h a well det]m9$ sph]e1 :]e _! peculi> & respective movem5ts may n *eck & emb>rass ea* o!r4 ,aft] ^! reflections1 to :i* ,i especially call ! att5tion ( all ?9k+ m51 ,i w po9t out a ?+ :i* has1 p]haps1 n yet be5 rem>k$2 x is1 t ,*ri/ianity has em95tly contribut$ to create t individual sph]e 9 :i* man1 )\t break+ ! ties :i* connect him ) society1 is free to develop all 8 peculi> faculties4 ,f ! m\? ( an ,apo/le w5t =? t g5]\s expression :i* /rictly limits political p[]3 ,we ought to obey ,god r ?an man4 7,acts v4 #bi47 ,ob$ire oportet ,deo magis quam hom9ibus4 ,! ,apo/le !reby proclaims t ! individual %\ld cease to ackn[l$ge p[]1 :5 p[] exacts f him :at he believes to be contr>y to 8 consci5ce4 ,x 0 among ,*ri/ians t ?is great example 0 witness$ = ! fir/ "t2 individuals ( all c\ntries1 ( all ages1 ( bo? sexes1 ( all conditions1 brav+ ! ang] ( au?ority1 & all ! fury ( popul> passions1 r ?an pron\nce a s+le ^w contr>y to ! pr9ciples :i* !y pr(ess$ 9 ! sanctu>y ( consci5ce2 & ?is1 n ) arms 9 _! h&s1 9 ! mid/ ( popul> commotions1 :]e _! impetu\s passions are excit$1 :i* communicate to ! m9d tempor>y en]gy1 b 9 ! solitude & obscurity ( dungeons1 amid ! fe>ful calmness ( ! tribunals1 t is1 9 t situation :]e man1 alone & isolat$1 _c %[ =ce & dignity )\t reveal+ ! elevation ( 8 ideas1 ! nobl5ess ( 8 feel+s1 ! unalt]able firmness ( 8 consci5ce1 & ! greatness ( 8 s\l4 ,*ri/ianity engrav$ ?is tru? deeply on ! he>t ( man1 t individuals h duties to p]=m1 ev5 :5 ! :ole _w is ar\s$ aga9/ !m2 t !y h an imm5se de/9y to fulfil1 & t x is entirely _! own affair1 ! responsibility ( :i* re/s ^u _! own free w4 ,?is important tru?1 unceas+ly inculcat$ by ,*ri/ianity at all times1 to bo? sexes1 to all conditions1 mu/ h p[]fully contribut$ to excite 9 man an active & ard5t feel+ ( p]sonality4 ,?is feel+1 ) all its sublimity1 comb9+ ) ! o!r inspirations ( ,*ri/ianity1 all full ( dignity & gr&eur1 has rais$ ! human m9d f ! du/1 :]e ignorance & rude sup]/itions1 & sy/ems ( viol5ce1 :i* oppress$ x on all sides1 _h plac$ & reta9$ x4 ,h[ /range & surpris+ to ! e>s ( ,pagans mu/ h be5 ^? en]getic words ( ,ju/91 :i* nev]!less express$ ! disposition ( m9d ( ! majority ( ! fai?ful1 :51 9 8 ,apology1 address$ to ,anton9us ,pius1 he said1 ,z we h n plac$ our hopes on pres5t ?+s1 we contemn ^? :o kill u1 dea? be+1 moreov]1 a ?+ :i* _c be avoid$4 ,?is full & entire self-consci\sness1 ?is h]oic contempt ( dea?1 ?is calm _s ( a man :o1 support$ by ! te/imony ( intimate feel+1 sets at defiance all ! p[]s ( e>?1 mu/ h t5d$ ! m to enl>ge ! m9d1 z !y did n emanate f t cold /oical impassibility1 ! con/ant ef=t ( :i* 0 to /ruggle aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s )\t any solid motive4 ,! ,*ri/ian feel+ _h its orig9 9 a sublime fre$om f all t is e>?ly1 9 a pr(\nd conviction ( ! hol9ess ( duty1 & 9 t und5iable maxim1 t man1 9 spite ( all ! ob/acles :i* ! _w places 9 8 way1 %\ld walk ) a firm /ep t[>ds ! de/9y :i* is m>k$ out = him by 8 ,creator4 ,^! ideas & feel+s toge!r communicat$ to ! s\l a /rong & vigor\s temp]1 :i*1 )\t rea*+ 9 any ?+ ! savage h>%ness ( ! anci5ts1 rais$ man to all 8 dignity1 nobl5ess1 & gr&eur4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ^! preci\s effects 7 n conf9$ to a small numb] ( privileg$ individuals1 b t1 9 con=mity ) ! g5ius ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 !y ext5d$ to all classes2 = "o ( ! noble/ *>act]s ( t div9e religion is ! unlimit$ expansion :i* x gives to all t is good2 x kn[s no di/9ction ( p]sons1 & makes its voice p5etrate ! obscure/ places ( society4 ,x 0 n only to ! elevat$ classes & philosoph]s1 b to ! g5]ality ( ! fai?ful1 t ,/4 ,cyprian1 ! light ( ,africa1 address$ himself1 :51 summ+ up 9 a few words all ! gr&eur ( man1 he m>k$ ) a bold h& ! sublime position :]e our s\l ought to ma9ta9 itself ) con/ancy4 ,nev]1 he says1 nev] w he :o feels himself to be ! *ild ( ,god admire ! words ( man4 ,he falls f 8 noble/ /ate :o c admire any ?+ b ,god4 7,de ,spectaculis47 ,sublime words1 :i* make u boldly raise our heads1 & fill our he>ts ) noble feel+s2 words :i*1 diffus+ !mselves ov] all classes1 l a f]tiliz+ w>m?1 7 capable ( inspir+ ! humble/ ( m5 ) :at previ\sly seem$ exclusively res]v$ = ! transports ( ! poet3 ,os hom9i sublime d$it1 clumque tu]i ,jussit1 et erectos ad sid]a toll]e cultus4 ,! developm5t ( ! moral life1 ! int]ior life1 t life 9 :i* man1 reflect+ on himself1 is accu/om$ to r5d] a circum/antial acc\nt ( all 8 actions1 ( ! motives :i* actuate him1 ( ! goodness or ! wick$ness ( ^? motives1 & ! object to :i* !y t5d1 is pr9cipally due to ,*ri/ianity1 to its unceas+ influ5ce on man 9 all 8 conditions1 9 all situations1 9 all mom5ts ( 8 life4 ,su* a progress ( ! individual life 9 all t x has mo/ intimate1 mo/ active1 & mo/ int]e/+ = ! he>t ( man1 0 incompatible ) t absorption ( ! individual by society1 ) t bl9d self-d5ial1 9 :i* man =got himself1 to ?9k only ( ! association ( :i* he =m$ a "p4 ,?is moral & int]ior life 0 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 because !y want$ pr9ciples = support+1 rules = guid+1 & inspirations = excit+ & n\ri%+ x4 ,?us at ,rome1 :]e ! political elem5t tries its asc5d5cy ov] m9ds1 :5 en?usiasm becomes ext+ui%$ by ! effect ( inte/9e diss5sions1 :5 e g5]\s feel+ becomes /ifl$ by ! insupportable despotism :i* succe$s to ! la/ agitations ( ! republic1 we see bas5ess & corruption develop !mselves ) fe>ful rapidity4 ,! activity ( m9d :i* be=e occupi$ itself 9 debates ( ! ,=um & ! glori\s exploits ( w>1 no long] f9d+ food1 gave itself up to s5sual pleasures ) an ab&onm5t :i* we c h>dly imag9e n[-a-days1 9 spite ( ! loos5ess ( morals :i* we s ju/ly deplore4 ,?us we see among ! anci5ts only ^! two extremes1 ei!r ! mo/ exalt$ patriotism1 or ! complete pro/ration ( ! faculties ( ! s\l1 :i* ab&ons itself )\t res]ve to ! dictates ( its irregul> passions2 !re man 0 ! slave ei!r ( 8 own passions1 ( ano!r man1 or ( society4 ,s9ce ! moral tie :i* unit$ m5 to ,ca?olic society has be5 brok51 s9ce religi\s belief has be5 weak5$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! individual indep5d5ce :i* ,prote/antism has proclaim$ 9 religi\s matt]s1 x has unhappily become possible = u to conceive1 by means ( examples f\nd 9 ,european civilization1 :at man /ill depriv$ ( real k ( himself1 8 orig9 & de/9y1 mu/ h be54 ,we w indicate 9 ano!r place ! po9ts ( resemblance :i* are f\nd betwe5 anci5t & mod]n society 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! influ5ce ( religi\s ideas is enfeebl$4 ,x is en\gh n[ to rem>k1 t if ,europe _h completely lo/ ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to ! insane desires ( "s m51 a g5]ation w\ld n h pass$ away )\t !re be+ reviv$ among u ! individual & society su* z !y 7 among ! anci5ts1 except ! modifications :i* ! diff]5ce ( ! mat]ial /ate ( ! two civilizations w\ld necess>ily produce4 ,! doctr9e ( free w1 s l\dly proclaim$ by ,ca?olicity1 & su/a9$ by h] ) su* vig\r1 n only aga9/ ! old ,pagan tea*+1 b p>ticul>ly aga9/ sect>ians at all times1 & especially aga9/ ! f\nd]s ( ! pret5d$ ,re=mation1 has also contribut$ m ?an is imag9$ to develop & p]fect ! individual1 to raise 8 ideas ( indep5d5ce1 nobl5ess1 & dignity4 ,:5 man comes to consid] himself z con/ra9$ by ! irresi/ible =ce ( de/9y1 & atta*$ to a *a9 ( ev5ts ov] :i* he has no control--:5 he comes to suppose t ! op]ations ( 8 m9d1 ^? active pro(s ( 8 fre$om1 are b va9 illusions--he soon annihilates himself2 he feels himself assimilat$ to ! brute2 he ceases to be ! pr9ce ( liv+ be+s1 ! rul] ( ! e>?2 he is no?+ m ?an a ma*9e fix$ 9 its place1 :i* is compell$ to p]=m its "p 9 ! great sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,! social ord] ceases to exi/2 m]it & dem]it1 praise & blame1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 are only unmean+ words4 ,if man enjoys or suff]s1 x is only 9 ! same way z a %rub1 :i* is sometimes brea!d ^u s(tly by ! zephyrs1 & sometimes bla/$ by ! nor? w9d4 ,h[ diff]5t x is :5 man is consci\s ( 8 lib]ty6 ,!n he is ma/] ( 8 de/9y2 good & evil1 life & dea?1 are be=e 8 eyes2 he c *oose1 & no?+ c violate ! sanctu>y ( 8 consci5ce4 ,!re ! s\l is en?ron$1 !re %e is seat$1 full ( dignity1 & ! :ole _w rag+ aga9/ h]1 ! univ]se fall+ ^u h] fragile body1 _c =ce h] w4 ,! moral ord] is display$ be=e u 9 all its gr&eur2 we see good 9 all its beauty1 & evil 9 all its de=mity2 ! desire ( do+ well /imulates1 & ! fe> ( do+ ill re/ra9s u2 ! sight ( ! recomp5se :i* c be obta9$ by an ef=t ( free w1 & :i* appe>s at ! end ( ! pa? ( virtue1 r5d]s t pa? m sweet & peaceful1 & communicates activity & en]gy to ! s\l4 ,if man is free1 !re rema9s some?+ great & t]rible1 ev5 9 8 crime1 9 8 puni%m5t1 & ev5 9 ! despair ( hell4 ,:at is man depriv$ ( lib]ty & yet puni%$8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is absurd proposition1 a *ief dogma ( ! f\nd]s ( ,prote/antism8 ,?is man is a weak & mis]able victim1 9 ^: torture a cruel omnipot5ce delights2 a ,god :o has creat$ him 9 ord] to see him suff]2 a tyrant ) inf9ite p[]1 t is1 ! mo/ dreadful ( mon/]s4 ,b if man is free1 :5 he suff]s1 he suff]s because he has des]v$ x2 & if we contemplate him 9 ! mid/ ( despair1 plung$ into an ocean ( horrors1 8 br[ furr[$ by ! j lightn+s ( ! ,et]nal1 we seem to he> him /ill pron\nce ^? t]rible words ) a haughty be>+ & pr\d look1 non s]viam1 ,i w n obey4 ,9 man1 z 9 ! univ]se1 all is wond]fully unit$2 all ! faculties ( man h delicate & intimate relations ) ea* o!r1 & ! movem5t ( "o *ord 9 ! s\l makes all ! o!rs vibrate4 ,x is necess>y to call att5tion to ?is reciprocal dep5d5ce ( all our faculties on ea* o!r1 9 ord] to anticipate an objection :i* may be made4 ,we %all be told1 all t has be5 said only proves t ,ca?olicity has develop$ ! individual 9 a my/ical s5se4 ,no1 ! obs]vations :i* ,i h made %[ some?+ m ?an ?is2 !y prove t we owe to ,ca?olicity ! cle> idea & lively feel+ ( moral ord] 9 all its greatness & beauty2 !y prove t we owe h] ! real /r5g? ( :at we call consci5ce1 & t if ! individual believes himself to be call$ to a mighty de/9y1 confid$ to 8 own free w1 & ! c>e ( :i* belongs entirely to him1 x is to ,ca?olicity he owes t belief2 !y prove t ,ca?olicity has giv5 man ! true k :i* he has ( himself1 ! appreciation ( 8 dignity1 ! respect :i* is paid to him z man2 !y prove t %e has develop$ 9 our s\ls ! g]ms ( ! noble/ & mo/ g5]\s feel+s2 = %e has rais$ our ?\ghts by ! l(tie/ conceptions1 dilat$ our he>ts by ! assurance ( a lib]ty :i* no?+ c take away1 by ! promise ( an inf9ite rew>d1 et]nal happ9ess1 :ile %e leaves 9 our h&s life & dea?1 & makes u 9 a c]ta9 mann] ! arbit]s ( our own de/9y4 ,9 all ?is !re is m ?an m]e my/icism2 x is no?+ less ?an ! developm5t ( ! entire man2 no?+ less ?an ! true1 ! only noble1 j1 & reasonable individuality2 no?+ less ?an ! collect$ p[]ful impulses :i* urge ! individual t[>ds p]fection 9 e s5se2 x is no?+ less ?an ! fir/1 ! mo/ indisp5sable1 ! mo/ fruitful elem5t ( real civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,( ,,! ,,family4--,,monogamy4--,,indissolubilit y ,,( ,,! ,,conjugal ,,tie4 ,,we h se5 :at ! individual owes to ,ca?olicity2 let u n[ see :at ! family owes h]4 ,x is cle> t ! individual1 be+ ! fir/ elem5t ( ! family1 if x is ,ca?olicity :i* has t5d$ to p]fect him1 ! improvem5t ( ! family w ?us h be5 v mu* h] "w2 b )\t insi/+ on ?is inf]5ce1 ,i wi% to consid] ! conjugal tie 9 itself1 = :i* purpose x is necess>y to call att5tion to woman4 ,i w n repeat "h :at %e 0 among ! ,romans1 & :at %e is /ill among ! nations :o are n ,*ri/ians2 hi/ory1 & /ill m ! lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome1 af=d u sad or r %ameful pro(s on ?is subject2 & all ! nations ( ! e>? (f] u too _m evid5ces ( ! tru? & exactness ( ! obs]vation ( ,bu*anan1 viz4 t :]ev] ,*ri/ianity does n prevail1 !re is a t5d5cy to ! degradation ( woman4 ,p]haps on ?is po9t ,prote/antism w be unwill+ to give way to ,ca?olicity2 x w ass]t t 9 all t affects woman ! ,re=mation has 9 no degree prejudic$ ! civilization ( ,europe4 ,we w n n[ inquire :at evils ,prote/antism has occasion$ 9 ?is respect2 ?is "q w be discuss$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! "w2 b x _c be d\bt$1 t :5 ,prote/antism appe>$1 ! ,ca?olic religion _h already complet$ its task z f> z woman is conc]n$4 ,no "o1 inde$1 is ignorant t ! respect & consid]ation :i* are giv5 to wom51 & ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]cise on society1 date fur!r back ?an ! fir/ "p ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ,ca?olicity _c h _h ,prote/antism z a coadjutor2 x act$ entirely alone 9 ?is po9t1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( all true civilization2 & if x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ,*ri/ianity has plac$ woman 9 ! rank :i* prop]ly belongs to h]1 & :i* is mo/ conducive to ! good ( ! family & ( society1 ?is is a homage paid to ,ca?olicity2 = at ! "t :5 woman 0 rais$ f abjection1 :5 x 0 attempt$ to re/ore h] to ! rank ( companion ( man1 z wor?y ( him1 ^? diss5t+ sects t also call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians did n exi/1 & !re 0 no o!r ,*ri/ianity ?an ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 t :5 ,i give titles & hon\rs to ,ca?olicity1 ,i avoid hav+ rec\rse to vague g5]alities1 & endeav\r to support my ass]tions by facts4 ,! read] w naturally expect me to d ! same "h1 & to po9t out to him :at are ! means :i* ,ca?olicity has employ$ to give respect & dignity to woman2 he %all n be deceiv$ 9 8 expectation4 ,fir/1 & be=e desc5d+ to details1 we mu/ obs]ve t ! gr& ideas ( ,*ri/ianity ) respect to humanity mu/ h contribut$1 9 an extraord9>y mann]1 to ! improvem5t ( ! lot ( woman4 ,^! ideas1 :i* appli$ )\t any diff]5ce to woman z well z to man1 7 an en]getic prote/ aga9/ ! /ate ( degradation 9 :i* "o-half ( ! human race 0 plac$4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e made ! exi/+ prejudices aga9/ woman vani% = ev]2 x made h] equal to man by unity ( orig9 & de/9y1 & 9 ! p>ticipation ( ! heav5ly gifts2 x enroll$ h] 9 ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( man1 ) 8 fell[s & ) ,jesus ,*ri/2 x consid]$ h] z ! *ild ( ,god1 ! coheiress ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 z ! companion ( man1 & no long] z a slave & ! vile in/rum5t ( pleasure4 ,h5ce=? t philosophy :i* _h attempt$ to degrade h]1 0 sil5c$2 t unblu%+ lit]ature :i* treat$ wom5 ) s mu* insol5ce f\nd a *eck 9 ! ,*ri/ian precepts1 & a reprim& no less eloqu5t ?an sev]e 9 ! dignifi$ mann] 9 :i* all ! ecclesia/ical writ]s1 9 imitation ( ! ,scriptures1 express$ !mselves on woman4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! b5efic5t influ5ce :i* ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es mu/ h ex]cis$ by !mselves1 ! desir$ end w\ld n h be5 completely atta9$1 _h n ! ,*ur* und]tak51 ) ! w>me/ en]gy1 to accompli% a "w ! mo/ necess>y1 ! mo/ indisp5sable = ! good organization ( ! family & society1 ,i mean ! re=mation ( m>riage4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e on ?is po9t is v simple3 "o ) "o exclusively1 & = ev]4 ,b ! doctr9e w\ld h be5 p[]less1 if ! ,*ur* _h n und]tak5 to apply x1 & if %e _h n c>ri$ on ?is task ) inv9cible firmness2 = ! passions1 above all ^? ( man1 rebel aga9/ su* a doctr9e2 & !y w\ld und\bt$ly h trodd5 x "u foot1 if !y _h n met ) an insurm\ntable b>ri]1 :i* did n leave !m ! mo/ di/ant hope ( triumph4 ,c ,prote/antism1 :i* applaud$ ) su* s5seless joy ! sc&al ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & accommodat$ itself s basely to ! desires ( ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel1 boa/ ( hav+ contribut$ to /r5g!n t b>ri]8 ,:at a surpris+ diff]5ce6 ,dur+ _m c5turies1 amid circum/ances ! mo/ v>i\s1 & sometimes ! mo/ t]rible1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* /ruggles ) intrepidity aga9/ ! passions ( pot5tates1 to ma9ta9 unsulli$ ! sanctity ( m>riage4 ,nei!r promises nor ?reats c\ld move ,rome2 no means c\ld obta9 f h] any ?+ contr>y to ! in/ructions ( h] ,div9e ,ma/]3 ,prote/antism1 at ! fir/ %ock1 or r at ! fir/ %ad[ ( ! slighte/ emb>rassm5t1 at ! m]e fe> ( displeas+ a pr9ce :o c]ta9ly 0 n v p[]ful1 yields1 humbles itself1 cons5ts to polygamy1 betrays its own consci5ce1 op5s a wide door to ! passions1 & gives up to !m ! sanctity ( m>riage1 ! fir/ pl$ge = ! good ( ! family1 ! f\ndation-/one ( true civilization4 ,prote/ant society on ?is po9t1 wis] ?an ! miscall$ re=m]s :o attempt$ to guide x1 ) admirable good s5se repudiat$ ! consequ5ces ( ! conduct ( its *iefs2 al?\gh x did n pres]ve ! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity1 x at lea/ foll[$ ! salut>y impulse :i* x _h receiv$ f !m1 & polygamy 0 n e/abli%$ 9 ,europe4 ,b hi/ory records facts :i* %[ ! weakness ( ! pret5d$ re=mation1 & ! vivify+ p[] ( ,ca?olicity4 ,x tells u to :om x is ow+ t ! law ( m>riage1 t palladium ( society1 0 n falsifi$1 p]v]t$1 de/roy$1 amid ! b>b>\s ages1 amid ! mo/ fe>ful corruption1 viol5ce1 & f]ocity1 :i* prevail$ ev]y:]e1 z well at ! "t :5 invad+ nations pass$ pell-mell ov] ,europe1 z 9 t ( feudality1 & :5 ! p[] ( k+s _h already be5 prepond]ant1--hi/ory w tell :at tutel>y =ce prev5t$ ! torr5t ( s5suality f ov]fl[+ ) all its viol5ce1 ) all its caprices1 f br++ ab\t ! mo/ pr(\nd disorganization1 f corrupt+ ! "* ( ,european civilization1 & precipitat+ x into t fe>ful abyss 9 :i* ! nations ( ,asia h be5 = s _m c5turies4 ,prejudic$ writ]s h c>efully se>*$ ! annals ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory = ! diff]5ces betwe5 popes & k+s1 & h tak5 occasion !re9 to reproa* ! ,c\rt ( ,rome ) its intol]ant ob/9acy respect+ ! sanctity ( m>riage2 if ! _s ( p>ty _h n bl9d$ !m1 !y w\ld h und]/ood t1 if ?is intol]ant ob/9acy _h be5 relax$ = a mom5t1 if ! ,roman ,pontiff _h giv5 way "o /ep be=e ! impetuosity ( ! passions1 ?is fir/ /ep once made1 ! desc5t into ! abyss w\ld h be5 rapid2 !y w\ld h admir$ ! _s ( tru?1 ! deep conviction1 ! lively fai? ) :i* t augu/ see is animat$2 no consid]ation1 no fe>1 has be5 able to sil5ce h]1 :5 %e _h occasion to rem9d all1 & especially k+s & pot5tates1 ( ?is comm&m5t3 ,!y %all be two 9 "o fle%2 man %all n sep>ate :at ,god has jo9$4 ,by %[+ !mselves inflexible on ?is po9t1 ev5 at ! risk ( ! ang] ( k+s1 n only h ! popes p]=m$ ! sacr$ duty :i* 0 impos$ on !m by _! augu/ "* z *iefs ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !y h execut$ a political *ef d'uvre1 & greatly contribut$ to ! repose & well-be+ ( nations4 ,=1 says ,voltaire1 ! m>riages ( pr9ces 9 ,europe decide ! de/9y ( nations2 & nev] has !re be5 a c\rt entirely devot$ to debau*]y1 )\t produc+ revolutions & rebellions4 7,essai sur l',hi/oire gnrale1 t4 iii4 c4 #aja47 ,?is correct rem>k ( ,voltaire w suffice to v9dicate ! pope1 toge!r ) ,ca?olicity1 f ! calumnies ( _! wret*$ detractors3 x becomes /ill m valuable1 & acquires an imm5se importance1 if x is ext5d$ beyond ! limits ( ! political ord] to ! social4 ,! imag9ation is affright$ at ! ?\ght ( :at w\ld h happ5$1 if ^! b>b>\s k+s1 9 :om ! spl5dor ( ! purple ill disguis$ ! sons ( ! =e/1 if ^? haughty seigneurs1 =tifi$ 9 _! ca/les1 clo!d 9 mail1 & surr\nd$ by _! timid vassals1 _h n f\nd a *eck 9 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 if at ! fir/ glance at a new beauty1 if at ! fir/ passion :i*1 :5 enk9dl$ 9 _! he>ts1 w\ld h inspir$ !m ) a disgu/ = _! legitimate sp\ses1 !y _h n _h ! always-pres5t recollection ( an inflexible au?ority4 ,!y c\ld1 x is true1 load a bi%op ) vexations2 !y c\ld sil5ce him ) ?reats or promises2 !y might control ! votes ( a p>ticul> ,c\ncil by viol5ce1 by intrigue1 by subornation2 b1 9 ! di/ance1 ! p[] ( ! ,vatican1 ! %ad[ ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 appe>$ to !m l an al>m+ vision2 !y !n lo/ all hope2 all /ruggles became useless2 ! mo/ viol5t endeavors w\ld nev] h giv5 !m ! victory2 ! mo/ a/ute intrigues1 ! mo/ humble entreaties1 w\ld h obta9$ ! same reply3 ,"o ) "o only1 & = ev]4 ,if we read b ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages1 ( t imm5se sc5e ( viol5ce1 :]e ! b>b>ian1 /riv+ to break ! bonds :i* civilization attempt$ to impose on him1 appe>s s vividly2 if we recollect t ! ,*ur* 0 oblig$ to keep gu>d incessantly & vigilantly1 n only to prev5t ! ties ( a m>riage f be+ brok51 b ev5 to pres]ve virg9s 7& ev5 ^? :o 7 d$icat$ to ,god7 f viol5ce2 we %all cle>ly see t1 if %e _h n oppos$ h]self1 z a wall ( brass1 to ! torr5t ( s5suality1 ! palaces ( k+s & ! ca/les ( seigneurs w\ld h spe$ily become _! s]aglios & h>ems4 ,:at w\ld h happ5$ 9 ! o!r classes8 ,!y w\ld h foll[$ ! same c\rse2 & ! wom5 ( ,europe w\ld h rema9$ 9 ! /ate ( degradation 9 :i* ! ,mussulman wom5 /ill are4 ,z ,i h m5tion$ ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 ,i w reply 9 pass+ to ^? :o pret5d to expla9 monogamy & polygamy by climate alone4 ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans h be5 = a long "t "u ! same sky1 & _! religions h be5 e/abli%$1 by ! vicissitudes ( ! two races1 sometimes 9 cold & sometimes 9 mild & temp]ate climates2 & yet we h n se5 ! religions accommodate !mselves to ! climates2 b r1 ! climates h be51 z x 71 =c$ to b5d to ! religions4 ,european nations owe et]nal gratitude to ,ca?olicity1 :i* has pres]v$ monogamy = !m1 "o ( ! causes :i* und\bt$ly h contribut$ ! mo/ to ! good organization ( ! family1 & ! exaltation ( woman4 ,:at w\ld n[ be ! condition ( ,europe1 :at respect w\ld woman n[ enjoy1 if ,lu!r1 ! f\nd] ( ,prote/antism1 _h succe$$ 9 inspir+ society ) ! indiff]5ce :i* he %[s on ?is po9t 9 8 comm5t>y on ,g5esis8 ,z to :e!r we may h sev]al wives1 says ,lu!r1 ! au?ority ( ! patri>*s leaves u completely free4 ,he aft]w>ds adds t x is a ?+ nei!r p]mitt$ nor prohibit$1 & t he does n decide any ?+ !reupon4 ,unhappy ,europe6 if a man1 :o _h :ole nations z foll[]s1 _h utt]$ su* words "s c5turies e>li]1 at ! "t :5 civilization _h n yet receiv$ an impulse /rong en\gh to make x take a decid$ l9e on ! mo/ important po9ts1 9 spite ( false doctr9es4 ,unhappy ,europe6 if at ! "t :5 ,lu!r wrote1 mann]s _h n be5 already =m$1 if ! good organization giv5 to ! family by ,ca?olicity _h n be5 too deeply root$ to be torn up by ! h& ( man4 ,c]ta9ly ! sc&al ( ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel w\ld n !n h rema9$ an isolat$ example1 & ! culpable compliance ( ! ,lu!ran doctors w\ld h produc$ bitt] fruits4 ,:at w\ld t vacillat+ fai?1 t unc]ta9ty1 t c[>dice ) :i* ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* 0 se5 to tremble at ! m]e dem& ( su* a pr9ce z ! ,l&grave1 h avail$1 to control ! fi]ce impetuosity ( b>b>\s & corrupt$ nations8 ,h[ w\ld a /ruggle1 la/+ = ages1 h be5 su/a9$ by ^? :o1 at ! fir/ m5ace ( battle1 gave way1 & 7 r\t$ be=e ! %ock8 ,besides monogamy1 x may be said t !re is no?+ m important ?an ! indissolubility ( m>riage4 ,^? :o1 dep>t+ f ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 ?9k t x is useful 9 c]ta9 cases to all[ divorce1 s z to dissolve ! conjugal tie1 & p]mit ea* ( ! p>ties to m>ry aga91 /ill w n d5y t !y reg>d divorce z a dang]\s rem$y1 :i* ! legislator only avails himself ( ) regret1 & only on acc\nt ( crime or fai?lessness2 !y w see1 also1 t a great numb] ( divorces w\ld produce v great evils1 & t 9 ord] to prev5t ^! 9 c\ntries :]e ! civil laws all[ ! abuse ( divorce1 x is necess>y to surr\nd ?is p]mission ) all imag9able precaution2 !y w consequ5tly grant t ! mo/ efficaci\s mann] ( prev5t+ corruption ( mann]s1 ( gu>anty+ ! tranquillity ( families1 & ( oppos+ a firm b>ri] to ! torr5t ( evils :i* is ready to inundate society1 is to e/abli% ! indissolubility ( m>riage z a moral pr9ciple1 to base x ^u motives :i* ex]cise a p[]ful asc5d5cy ov] ! he>t1 & to keep a con/ant re/ra9t on ! passions1 to prev5t !m f slipp+ d[n s dang]\s a declivity4 ,x is cle> t !re is no "w m wor?y ( be+ ! object ( ! c>e & zeal ( ! true religion4 ,n[1 :at religion b ! ,ca?olic has fulfill$ ?is duty8 ,:at o!r religion has m p]fectly accompli%$ s salut>y & difficult a task8 ,c]ta9ly n ,prote/antism1 = x did n ev5 "k h[ to p5etrate ! dep? ( ! reasons :i* guid$ ! conduct ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t4 ,i h tak5 c>e to d ju/ice 9 ano!r place to ! wisdom :i* ,prote/ant society has display$ 9 n giv+ itself up entirely to ! impulse :i* its *iefs wi%$ to communicate to x4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ f ?is t ,prote/ant doctr9es h n _h lam5table consequ5ces 9 c\ntries call+ !mselves re=m$4 ,let u he> :at a ,prote/ant lady1 ,madame de ,/al1 says 9 h] book on ,g]many1 speak+ ( a c\ntry :i* %e loves & admires3 ,love1 %e says1 is a religion 9 ,g]many1 b a poetical religion :i* tol]ates v freely all t s5sibility c excuse4 ,x _c be d5i$ t 9 ! ,prote/ant prov9ces ! facility ( divorce is injuri\s to ! sanctity ( m>riage4 ,!y *ange husb&s z quietly z if !y 7 arrang+ ! incid5ts ( a drama3 ! good nature ( ! man & woman prev5ts ! mixture ( any bitt]ness ) _! easy ruptures2 & z !re is among ! ,g]mans m imag9ation ?an real passion1 ! mo/ curi\s ev5ts take place ) s+ul> tranquillity4 ,yet x is ?us t mann]s & *>act]s lose all consi/5cy2 ! p>adoxical _s de/roys ! mo/ sacr$ in/itutions1 & !re are no well e/abli%$ rules on any subject4 7,de l',allemagne1 p4 #a1 c4 #c47 ,misl$ by _! hatr$ aga9/ ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & excit$ by _! rage = innovation 9 all ?+s1 ! ,prote/ants ?\ght !y _h made a great re=m 9 secul>iz+ m>riage1 if ,i may s speak1 & 9 reject+ ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 :i* decl>$ x a real sacram5t4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] ^u a dogmatical discussion ( ?is matt]2 ,i %all cont5t myself ) obs]v+1 t by depriv+ m>riage ( ! augu/ seal ( a sacram5t1 ,prote/antism %[$ t x _h little k ( ! human he>t4 ,to consid] m>riage1 n z a simple civil contract1 b z a real sacram5t1 0 to place x "u ! augu/ %ade ( religion1 & to raise x above ! /ormy atmosph]e ( ! passions2 & :o c d\bt t ?is 0 absolutely necess>y to re/ra9 ! mo/ active1 caprici\s1 & viol5t passion ( ! he>t ( man8 ,! civil laws are insuffici5t to produce su* an effect4 ,motives are requir$1 :i*1 be+ drawn f a high] s\rce1 ex]t a m efficaci\s influ5ce4 ,! ,prote/ant doctr9e ov]turn$ ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* ) respect to m>riage1 & gave up matt]s ( ?is k9d exclusively to ! civil p[]4 ,"s "o w p]haps ?9k t ! increase ( ! secul> p[] on ?is po9t c\ld n b s]ve ! cause ( civilization1 & t to drive ! ecclesia/ical au?ority f ?is gr\nd 0 a magnific5t triumph ga9$ ov] explod$ prejudices1 a valuable victory ov] unju/ usurpation4 ,delud$ man6 ,if y\r m9d possess$ any l(ty ?\ght1 if y\r he>t felt ! vibration ( ^? h>moni\s *ords :i* display ! passions ( man ) s mu* delicacy & exactness1 & tea* ! be/ means ( direct+ !m1 y w\ld see1 y w\ld feel1 t to place m>riage "u ! mantle ( religion1 & to )draw x z mu* z possible f pr(ane int]f]5ce1 0 to purify1 to embelli%1 & to surr\nd x ) ! mo/ en*ant+ beauty2 = ?us is t preci\s treasure1 :i* is bla/$ by a look1 & t>ni%$ by ! slighte/ brea?1 inviolably pres]v$4 ,w\ld y n wi% to h ! nuptial b$ veil$ & /rictly gu>d$ by religion8 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,( ,,! ,,passion ,,( ,,love4 ,b x w be said to ,ca?olics1 ,d y n see t y\r doctr9es are too h>d & rigor\s8 ,!y d n consid] ! weakness & incon/ancy ( ! human he>t1 & require sacrifices above its /r5g?4 ,is x n cruel to attempt to subject ! mo/ t5d] affections1 ! mo/ delicate feel+s1 to ! rigor ( a pr9ciple8 ,cruel doctr9e1 :i* endeavors to hold toge!r1 b\nd to ea* o!r by a fatal tie1 ^? :o no long] love1 :o feel a mutual disgu/1 :o p]haps hate ea* o!r ) a pr(\nd hatr$6 ,:5 y answ] ^! two be+s :o long to be sep>at$1 :o w\ld r die ?an rema9 unit$1 ) an et]nal ,nev]1 %[+ !m ! div9e seal :i* 0 plac$ ^u _! union at ! solemn mom5t1 d y n =get all ! rules ( prud5ce8 ,is n ?is to provoke despair8 ,prote/antism1 accommodat+ itself to our infirmity1 acc$es m easily to ! dem&s1 sometimes ( caprice1 b (t5 also ( weakness2 its indulg5ce is a ?\s& times pref]able to y\r rigor4 ,?is requires an answ]2 x is necess>y to remove ! delusion :i* produces ^! argum5ts1 too apt1 unhappily1 to mislead ! judgm5t1 because !y beg9 by s$uc+ ! he>t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is an exagg]ation to say t ! ,ca?olic sy/em r$uces unhappy c\ples to ! extremity ( despair4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* prud5ce requires t !y %\ld sep>ate1 & !n nei!r ! doctr9es nor ! practice ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* oppose ! sep>ation4 ,x is true t ?is does n dissolve ! conjugal tie1 & t nei!r ( ! p>ties c m>ry aga94 ,b x _c be said t "o ( !m is subject to tyranny2 !y are n compell$ to live toge!r1 consequ5tly !y d n suff] ! intol]able torm5t ( rema9+ unit$ :5 !y abhor ea* o!r4 ,v well1 we %all be told1 ! sep>ation be+ pron\nc$1 ! p>ties are fre$ f ! puni%m5t ( liv+ toge!r2 b !y _c contract new ties1 consequ5tly !y are =bidd5 to gratify ano!r passion :i*1 p]haps1 _! he>t conceals1 & :i* may h be5 ! cause ( ! disgu/ or ! hatr$ :5ce arose ! unhapp9ess or discord ( _! fir/ union4 ,:y n consid] ! m>riage z altoge!r dissolv$8 ,:y %\ld n ! p>ties become entirely free8 ,p]mit !m to obey ! feel+s ( _! he>ts1 :i*1 newly fix$ on ano!r object1 already =esee happi] days4 ,"h1 no d\bt1 ! answ] seems difficult1 & ! =ce ( ! difficulty becomes urg5t2 b1 nev]!less1 x is "h t ,ca?olicity obta9s ! mo/ signal triumph2 x is "h x cle>ly %[s h[ pr(\nd is its k ( ! he>t ( man1 h[ prud5t its doctr9es1 & h[ wise & provid5t its conduct4 ,its rigor1 :i* seems excessive1 is only necess>y sev]ity2 ?is conduct1 f> f m]it+ ! reproa* ( cruelty1 is a gu>antee = ! repose & well-be+ ( man4 ,b x is a ?+ :i* x is difficult to und]/& at fir/ sight2 ?us we are compell$ to develop ?is matt] by ent]+ into a pr(\nd exam9ation ( ! pr9ciples :i* ju/ify by ! light ( reason ! conduct pursu$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 let u exam9e ?is conduct1 n only 9 respect to m>riage1 b 9 all t relates to ! direction ( ! he>t ( man4 ,9 ! direction ( ! passions !re are two sy/ems1 ! "o ( compliance1 ! o!r ( resi/ance4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! !y are yield$ to z !y advance2 an inv9cible ob/acle is nev] oppos$ to !m2 !y are nev] left )\t hope4 ,a l9e is trac$ ar\nd !m :i*1 x is true1 prev5ts !m f exce$+ a c]ta9 b\nd>y2 b !y are giv5 to und]/& t if !y come to place _! foot ^u ?is limit1 x w retire a little fur!r2 s t ! compliance is 9 proportion to ! en]gy & ob/9acy ( _! dem&s4 ,9 ! second sy/em1 a l9e is equally m>k$ out to ! passions :i* !y _c pass2 b x is a l9e fix$1 immovable1 & ev]y:]e gu>d$ by a wall ( brass4 ,9 va9 d !y attempt to pass x2 !y h n ev5 ! %ad[ ( hope2 ! pr9ciple :i* resi/s !m w nev] *ange1 w nev] cons5t to any k9d ( compromise4 ,!re=e1 no res\rce rema9s b to take t c\rse :i* is always op5 to man1 t ( s94 ,! fir/ sy/em all[s ! fire to break out1 to prev5t an explosion2 ! second h9d]s ! beg9n+ ( x1 9 ! fe> ( be+ compell$ to arre/ its progress4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! passions are fe>$ & regulat$ at _! bir?1 & hopes ( re/ra9+ !m :5 !y h gr[n up are ent]ta9$2 9 ! second1 x is ?\ght t1 if x is difficult to re/ra9 !m :5 !y are feeble1 x w be /ill m s :5 !y are /r5g!n$4 ,9 ! "o1 !y act on ! supposition t ! passions are weak5$ by indulg5ce2 9 ! o!r1 x is believ$ t gratification1 f> f satiat+1 only r5d]s !m e day m dev\r+4 ,x may be said1 g5]ally speak+1 t ,ca?olicity foll[s ! second ( ^! sy/ems2 t is to say1 ) respect to ! passions1 h] con/ant rule is to *eck !m at ! fir/ /ep1 to deprive !m ( all hope f ! fir/1 & to /ifle !m1 if possible1 9 _! cradle4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t we speak "h ( ! sev]ity ) respect to ! passions !mselves1 n ) respect to man1 :o is _! prey2 x is v consi/5t to give no truce to passion1 & to be indulg5t t[>ds ! p]son "u its influ5ce2 to be inexorable t[>ds ! (f5ce1 & to treat ! (f5d] ) extreme mildness4 ,) respect to m>riage1 ?is sy/em has be5 act$ on by ,ca?olicity ) a/oni%+ firmness2 ,prote/antism has tak5 ! opposite c\rse4 ,bo? are agre$ on ?is po9t1 t divorce1 foll[$ by ! dissolution ( ! conjugal tie1 is a v great evil2 b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t ! ,ca?olic sy/em does n leave ev5 ! hope ( a conjuncture 9 :i* ?is dissolution w be p]mitt$2 x =bids x absolutely1 )\t any re/riction2 x decl>es x impossible3 ! ,prote/ant sy/em1 on ! contr>y1 cons5ts to x 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,prote/antism does n possess ! div9e seal :i* gu>anties ! p]petuity ( m>riage1 & r5d]s x sacr$ & inviolable2 ,ca?olicity does possess ?is seal1 impresses x on ! my/]i\s tie1 & f t mom5t m>riage rema9s "u ! %ad[ ( an augu/ symbol4 ,:i* ( ! two religions is ! mo/ prud5t 9 ?is po9t8 ,:i* acts ) ! mo/ wisdom8 ,to answ] ?is "q1 let u lay aside ! dogmatical reasons1 & ! intr9sical morality ( ! human actions :i* =m ! subject ( ! laws :i* we are n[ exam9+2 & let u see :i* ( ! two sy/ems is ! mo/ conducive to ! difficult task ( manag+ & direct+ ! passions4 ,aft] hav+ consid]$ ! nature ( ! human he>t1 & consult$ ! exp]i5ce ( e day1 x may be affirm$ t ! be/ way to repress a passion is to leave x )\t hope2 to comply ) x1 to all[ x cont9ual indulg5ces1 is to excite x m & m2 x is to play ) fire amid a heap ( combu/ibles1 by all[+ ! flame to be lit1 f "t to "t1 9 ! va9 confid5ce ( be+ always able to put out ! conflagration4 ,let u take a rapid glance at ! mo/ viol5t passions ( ! he>t ( man1 & obs]ve :at is _! ord9>y c\rse1 accord+ to ! sy/em :i* is pursu$ 9 _! reg>d4 ,look at ! gambl]1 :o is rul$ by an indef9able re/lessness1 :i* is made up ( an insatiable cupidity & an unb\nd$ prodigality1 at ! same "t4 ,! mo/ enorm\s =tune w n satisfy him2 & yet he risks all1 )\t hesitation1 to ! haz>d ( a mom5t4 ,! man :o /ill dreams ( imm5se treasures amid ! mo/ fe>ful mis]y1 re/lessly pursues an object :i* resembles gold1 b :i* is n x1 = ! possession !re( does n satisfy him4 ,8 he>t c only exi/ amid unc]ta9ty1 *ances1 & p]ils4 ,susp5d$ betwe5 hope & fe>1 he seems to be pleas$ ) ! rapid succession ( lively emotions :i* unceas+ly agitate & torm5t him4 ,:at rem$y w cure ?is malady--?is dev\r+ fev]8 ,w y recomm5d to him a sy/em ( compliance8 w y tell him to gamble1 b only to a c]ta9 am\nt1 at c]ta9 times1 & 9 c]ta9 places8 ,:at w y ga9 by ?is8 ,no?+ at all4 ,if ^! means 7 good = any ?+1 !re w\ld be no gambl] 9 ! _w :o w\ld n be cur$ ( 8 passion2 = !re is no "o :o has n (t5 m>k$ out = himself ^! limits1 & (t5 said to himself1 ,y %all only play till su* an h\r1 9 su* a place1 & to su* an am\nt4 ,:at is ! effect ( ^! palliations--( ^! impot5t precautions--on ! unhappy gambl]8 ,t he mis]ably deceives himself4 ,! passion cons5ts1 only 9 ord] to ga9 /r5g?1 & ! bett] to secure ! victory3 ?us x ga9s gr\nd2 x con/antly enl>ges its sph]e2 & leads its victim aga9 into ! same1 or into great] excesses4 ,d y wi% to make a radical cure8 ,if !re be a rem$y1 x mu/ be to ab/a9 completely2 a rem$y :i* may appe> difficult at fir/1 b w be f\nd ! easie/ 9 practice4 ,:5 ! passion f9ds itself depriv$ ( all hope1 x w beg9 to dim9i%1 & 9 ! end w disappe>4 ,no man ( exp]i5ce w raise ! lea/ d\bt z to ! tru? ( :at ,i h said2 e "o w agree ) me1 t ! only way to de/roy ! =midable passion ( gambl+ is to deprive x at once ( all food1 to leave x )\t hope4 ,let u pass to ano!r example1 m analog\s to ! subject :i* ,i int5d to expla94 ,let u suppose a man "u ! influ5ce ( love4 ,d y believe t ! be/ way to cure 8 passion w be to give him opportunities1 ev5 ?\gh v r>e1 ( see+ ! object ( 8 passion8 ,d y ?9k t x w be salut>y to au?orize him to cont9ue1 :ile y =bid him to multiply1 ^! dang]\s int]views8 ,w su* a precaution qu5* ! flame :i* burns 9 8 he>t8 ,y may be sure t x w n4 ,! limits w ev5 augm5t its =ce4 ,if y all[ x any food1 ev5 ) ! mo/ p>simoni\s h&1 if y p]mit x ! lea/ success1 y see x con/antly increase1 until x upset e ?+ t opposes x4 ,b take away all hope1 s5d ! lov] on a long j\rney1 or place be=e him an imp$im5t :i* precludes ! probability1 or ev5 ! possibility1 ( success2 !n1 except 9 v r>e cases1 y w obta9 at fir/ di/raction1 & !n =getfulness4 ,is n ?is ! daily tea*+ ( exp]i5ce8 ,is x n ! rem$y :i* necessity e day sugge/s to ! fa!rs ( families8 ,! passions resemble fire4 ,!y are ext+ui%$ by a l>ge quantity ( wat]2 b a few drops only r5d] !m m ard5t4 ,let u raise our ?\ghts /ill high]2 let u obs]ve ! passions act+ 9 a wid] field1 9 m ext5d$ regions4 ,:5ce comes x t s _m /rong passions are awak5$ at times ( public di/urbance8 ,x is1 because !n !y all hope to be gratifi$2 x is1 because ! highe/ ranks1 ! olde/ & mo/ p[]ful in/itutions1 hav+ be5 ov]turn$1 & replac$ by o!rs1 :i* 7 hi!rto imp]ceptible1 all ! passions see a road op5 be=e !m1 amid ! tempe/ & confusion2 ! b>ri]s app>5tly insurm\ntable1 ! sight ( :i* prev5t$ _! exi/5ce1 or /rangl$ !m 9 ! cradle1 d n exi/2 z all is !n unprotect$ & def5celess1 x is only requir$ to h boldness & intrepidity en\gh to /& amid ! ru9s ( all t 0 old4 ,reg>d+ ?+s 9 ! ab/ract1 !re is no?+ m /rik+ly absurd ?an h]$it>y mon>*y1 ! succession secur$ to a family :i* may at any "t place on ! ?rone a *ild1 a fool1 or a wret*3 & yet 9 practice !re is no?+ m wise1 prud5t1 & provid5t4 ,?is has be5 taught by ! long exp]i5ce ( ages1 x has be5 %[n by reason1 & prov$ by ! sad w>n+s ( ^? nations :o h tri$ elective mon>*y4 ,n[1 :at is ! cause ( ?is8 ,x is :at we are endeavor+ to expla94 ,h]$it>y mon>*y precludes all ! hopes ( irregul> ambition2 )\t t1 society always conta9s a g]m ( tr\ble1 a pr9ciple ( revolt1 :i* is n\ri%$ by ^? :o conceive a hope ( "o day obta9+ ! comm&4 ,9 quiet times1 & "u an h]$it>y mon>*y1 a subject1 h[ev] ri*1 h[ev] di/+ui%$ he may be = 8 tal5t or 8 val\r1 _c1 )\t madness1 hope to be k+2 & su* a ?\ght nev] ent]s 8 head4 ,b *ange ! circum/ances1--admit1 ,i w n say1 ! probability1 b ! possibility ( su* an ev5t1 & y w see t !re w imm$iately be ard5t c&idates4 ,x w\ld be easy to develop ?is doctr9e m at l5g?1 & apply x to all ! passions ( man2 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! fir/ ?+ to be done :5 y h to subdue a passion1 is to oppose to x an insurm\ntable b>ri]1 :i* x c h no hope ( pass+4 ,!n ! passion rages = a little "t1 x rebels aga9/ ! ob/acle t resi/s x2 b :5 x f9ds t to be immovable1 x rec$es1 x is ca/ d[n1 &1 l ! waves ( ! sea1 x falls back murmur+ to ! level :i* has be5 m>k$ out = x4 ,!re is a passion 9 ! he>t ( man1 a passion :i* ex]ts a p[]ful influ5ce on ! de/9ies ( 8 life1 & too (t51 by its deceitful illusions1 =ms a long *a9 ( sadness & mis=tune4 ,?is passion1 :i* has = its necess>y object ! pres]vation ( ! human race1 is f\nd1 9 "s =m1 9 all ! be+s ( nature2 b1 inasmu* z x resides 9 ! s\l ( an intellig5t be+1 x assumes a peculi> "* 9 man4 ,9 brutes1 x is only an in/9ct1 limit$ to ! pres]vation ( ! species2 9 man1 ! in/9ct becomes a passion2 & t passion1 enliv5$ by ! fire ( imag9ation1 r5d]$ subtile by ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 incon/ant & caprici\s1 because x is guid$ by a free w1 :i* c indulge 9 z _m :ims z !re are diff]5t impressions = ! s5ses & ! he>t1 is *ang$ into a vague1 fickle feel+1 :i* is nev] cont5t$1 & :i* no?+ c satisfy4 ,sometimes x is ! re/lessness ( a man 9 a fev]2 sometimes ! fr5zy ( a madman2 sometimes a dream1 :i* ravi%es ! s\l into regions ( bliss2 sometimes ! angui% & ! convulsions ( agony4 ,:o c describe ! v>iety ( =ms "u :i* ?is deceitful passion pres5ts itself8 ,:o c tell ! numb] ( sn>es :i* x lays = ! /eps ( unhappy mortals8 ,obs]ve x at its bir?1 foll[ x 9 its c>e]1 up to ! mom5t :5 x dies out l an expir+ lamp4 ,h>dly has ! d[n appe>$ on ! face ( man1 :5 !re arises 9 8 he>t a my/]i\s feel+1 :i* fills him ) tr\ble & uneas9ess1 )\t 8 be+ aw>e ( ! cause4 ,a pleas+ melan*oly glides into 8 he>t1 ?\ghts be=e unkn[n ent] 8 m9d1 s$uctive images p]vade 8 imag9ation1 a secret attraction acts on 8 s\l1 unusual gravity appe>s 9 8 features1 all 8 incl9ations take a new direction4 ,! games ( *ildhood no long] please him2 e ?+ %[s a new life1 less innoc5t1 less tranquil2 ! tempe/ does n yet rage1 ! sky is n d>k5$1 b cl\ds1 t+$ ) fire1 are ! sad presage ( :at is to come4 ,:5 he becomes adolesc5t1 t :i* 0 hi!rto a feel+1 vague1 my/]i\s1 incompreh5sible1 ev5 to himself1 becomes1 f t "t1 m decid$2 objects are se5 m cle>ly1 !y appe> 9 _! real nature2 ! passion sees1 & seizes on !m4 ,b d n imag9e t x becomes m con/ant on t acc\nt4 ,x is z va91 z *angeable1 z caprici\s z ! multitude ( objects :i* by turns pres5t !mselves to x4 ,x is con/antly delud$1 x pursues fleet+ %ad[s1 seeks a satisfaction :i* x nev] f9ds1 & awaits a happ9ess :i* x nev] atta9s4 ,) an excit$ imag9ation1 a burn+ he>t1 ) 8 :ole s\l transport$1 & all 8 faculties subdu$1 ! ard5t "y man is surr\nd$ by a brilliant *a9 ( illusions2 he communicates ^! to all t environs him2 he gives great] spl5dor to ! light ( heav51 he clo!s ! e>? ) ri*] v]dure & m brilliant color+1 he %$s on all ! reflection ( 8 own en*antm5t4 ,9 manhood1 :5 ! ?\ghts are m grave & fix$1 :5 ! he>t is m con/ant1 ! w m firm1 & resolutions m la/+2 :5 ! conduct :i* gov]ns ! de/9ies ( life is subject$ to rule1 &1 z x 71 confirm$ 9 its fai?1 ?is my/]i\s passion cont9ues to agitate ! he>t ( man1 & x torm5ts him ) unceas+ disquietude4 ,we only obs]ve t ! passion is become /rong] & m en]getic1 ow+ to ! developm5t ( ! physical organization2 ! pride :i* inspires man ) indep5d5ce ( life1 ! feel+ ( great] /r5g?1 & ! abundance ( new p[]s1 r5d] him m decid$1 bold1 & viol5t2 :ile ! w>n+s & lessons ( exp]i5ce h made him m provid5t & crafty4 ,we no long] see ! c&or ( 8 e>li] ye>s4 ,he n[ kn[s h[ to calculate2 he is able to approa* 8 object by cov]t ways1 & to *oose ! sure/ means4 ,woe to ! man :o does n provide 9 "t aga9/ su* an enemy6 ,8 exi/5ce w be consum$ by a fev] ( agitation2 amid disquietudes & torm5ts1 if he does n die 9 ! fl[] ( 8 age1 he w gr[ old /ill rul$ by ?is fatal passion2 x w accompany him to ! tomb1 surr\nd+ him1 9 8 la/ days1 ) ^? repulsive & hide\s =ms :i* are exhibit$ 9 a c\nt5ance furr[$ by ye>s1 & 9 eyes :i* are already veil$ by ! %ades ( dea?4 ,:at plan %\ld be adopt$ to re/ra9 ?is passion1 to conf9e x )9 j limits1 & prev5t its br++ mis=tune to individuals1 disord] to families1 & confusion to society8 ,! inv>iable rule ( ,ca?olicity1 9 ! morality :i* %e tea*es1 z well z 9 ! in/itutions :i* %e e/abli%es1 is repression2 ,ca?olicism does n all[ a desire %e decl>es to be culpable 9 ! eyes ( ,god2 ev5 a look1 :5 accompani$ by an impure ?\ght4 ,:y ?is sev]ity8 ,= two reasons2 on acc\nt ( ! intr9sic morality :i* !re is 9 ?is prohibition2 & also1 because !re is pr(\nd wisdom 9 /ifl+ ! evil at its bir?4 ,x is c]ta9ly easi] to prev5t a man's cons5t+ to evil desires1 ?an x is to h9d] 8 gratify+ !m :5 he has all[$ !m to ent] 8 inflam$ he>t4 ,!re is pr(\nd reason 9 secur+ tranquillity to ! s\l1 by n all[+ x to rema91 l ,tantalus1 ) ! wat] at 8 burn+ lips4 ,quid vis vid]e1 quod non licet hab]e8 ,:y d y wi% to see t :i* y are =bidd5 to possess8 is ! wise obs]vation ( ! au?or ( ! admirable ,imitation ( ,*ri/2 ?us summ+ up1 9 a few words1 all ! prud5ce :i* is conta9$ 9 ! holy sev]ity ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,! ties ( m>riage1 by assign+ a legitimate object to ! passions1 /ill d n dry up ! s\rce ( agitation & ! caprici\s re/lessness :i* ! he>t conceals4 ,possession cloys & disgu/s1 beauty fades & decays1 ! illusions vani%1 & ! *>ms disappe>2 man1 9 ! pres5ce ( a reality :i* is f> f rea*+ ! beauty ( ! dreams inspir$ by 8 ard5t imag9ation1 feels new desires arise 9 8 he>t2 tir$ ) :at he possesses1 he ent]ta9s new illusions2 he seeks else:]e ! ideal happ9ess :i* he ?\ght he _h f\nd1 & quits ! unpleas+ reality :i* ?us deceives 8 brighte/ hopes4 ,give1 !n1 ! re9s to ! passions ( man2 all[ him 9 any way to ent]ta9 ! illusion t he c make himself any new ties2 p]mit him to believe t he is n atta*$ = ev]1 & )\t recall1 to ! companion ( 8 life2 & y w see t disgu/ w soon take possession ( him1 t discord w be m viol5t & /rik+1 t ! ties w beg9 to we> out be=e !y are contract$1 & w break at ! fir/ %ock4 ,proclaim1 on ! contr>y1 a law :i* makes no exception ( poor or ri*1 weak or p[]ful1 vassals or k+s1 :i* makes no all[ance = diff]5ce ( situation1 ( "*1 heal?1 or any ( ^? numb]less motives :i*1 9 ! h&s ( passions1 & especially ^? ( p[]ful m51 are easily *ang$ into pretexts2 proclaim t ?is law is f heav51 %[ a div9e seal on ! m>riage tie1 tell ! murmur+ passions t if !y w gratify !mselves !y mu/ d s by immorality2 tell !m t ! p[] :i* is *>g$ ) ! pres]vation ( ?is div9e law w nev] make crim9al compliances1 t x w nev] disp5se ) ! infraction ( ! div9e law1 & t ! crime w nev] be )\t remorse2 y w !n see ! passions become calm & resign$2 ! law w be diffus$ & /r5g!n$1 w take root 9 cu/oms2 y w h secur$ ! good ord] & tranquillity ( families = ev]1 & society w be indebt$ to y = an imm5se b5efit4 ,n[ ?is is exactly :at ,ca?olicity has done1 by ef=ts :i* la/$ = ages2 x is :at ,prote/antism w\ld h de/roy$1 if ,europe _h g5]ally foll[$ its doctr9e & example1 if ! p _h n be5 wis] ?an _! deceitful guides4 ,prote/ants & false philosoph]s1 exam9+ ! doctr9es & in/itutions ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ?r\gh _! prejudices & animosity1 h n und]/ood ! admirable p[] ( ! two *>act]i/ics impress$ at all times & 9 all places on ! ideas & works ( ,ca?olicity1 viz4 unity & fixity2 unity 9 doctr9es1 & fixity 9 conduct4 ,ca?olicity po9ts out an object1 & wi%es u to pursue x /raight =w>d4 ,x is a reproa* to philosoph]s & ,prote/ants1 t aft] hav+ declaim$ aga9/ unity ( doctr9e1 !y also declaim$ aga9/ fixity ( conduct4 ,if !y _h reflect$ on man1 !y w\ld h und]/ood t ?is fixity is ! secret ( guid+ & rul+ him1 &1 :5 desirable ( re/ra9+ 8 passions1 ( exalt+ 8 m9d :5 necess>y1 & ( r5d]+ him capable ( great sacrifices & h]oic actions4 ,!re is no?+ worse = man ?an unc]ta9ty & indecision2 no?+ t weak5s & t5ds m to make him useless4 ,indecision is to ! w :at skepticism is to ! m9d4 ,give a man a def9ite object1 & if he w devote himself to x1 he w atta9 x4 ,let him hesitate betwe5 two diff]5t ways1 )\t a fix$ rule to guide 8 conduct2 let him be ignorant ( 8 int5tion2 let him n "k :i!r he is go+1 & y w see 8 en]gy relax1 8 /r5g? dim9i%1 & he w /op4 ,d y "k by :at secret great m9ds gov]n ! _w8 ,d y "k :at r5d]s !m capable ( h]oic actions8 ,& h[ all ^? :o surr\nd !m are r5d]$ s8 ,x is t !y h a fix$ object1 bo? = !mselves & = o!rs2 x is t !y see t object cle>ly1 desire x ard5tly1 /rive aft] x directly1 ) firm hope & lively fai?1 )\t all[+ any hesitation 9 !mselves or 9 o!rs4 ,alex&]1 ,cs>1 ,napoleon1 & ! o!r h]oes ( anci5t & mod]n times1 no d\bt ex]cis$ a fasc9at+ influ5ce by ! asc5d5cy ( _! g5ius2 b ! secret ( ?is asc5d5cy1 ! secret ( _! p[]1 & ( t =ce ( impulse by :i* !y surm\nt$ all1 0 ! unity ( ?\ght1 ! fixity ( plan1 :i* produc$ 9 !m t inv9cible1 irresi/ible "* :i* gave !m an imm5se sup]iority ov] o!r m54 ,?us ,alex&] pass$ ! ,granicus1 und]took & complet$ 8 wond]ful conque/ ( ,asia2 ?us ,cs> pass$ ! ,rubicon1 put ,pompey to flight1 triumph$ at ,ph>salia1 & made himself ma/] ( ! _w2 ?us did ,napoleon disp]se ^? :o p>ley$ ab\t ! fate ( ,france1 conqu]$ 8 enemies at ,m>5go1 obta9$ ! cr[n ( ,*>lemagne1 al>m$ & a/oni%$ ! _w by ! victories ( ,au/]litz & ,j5a4 ,)\t unity !re is no ord]1 )\t fixity !re is no /ability2 & 9 ! moral z 9 ! physical _w1 )\t ord] & /ability no?+ prosp]s4 ,prote/antism1 :i* has pret5d$ to advance ! individual & society by de/roy+ religi\s unity1 has introduc$ into cre$s & in/itutions ! multiplicity & fickl5ess ( private judgm5t2 x has ev]y:]e spread confusion & disord]1 & has alt]$ ! nature ( ,european civilization by inoculat+ x ) a disa/r\s pr9ciple :i* has caus$ & w cont9ue to cause lam5table evils4 ,& let x n be suppos$1 t ,ca?olicity1 on acc\nt ( ! unity ( h] doctr9es & ! fixity ( h] conduct1 is oppos$ to ! progress ( ages4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t t :i* is "o f advanc+1 & !re may be movem5t 9 a sy/em :i* has "s fix$ po9ts4 ,! univ]se ^: gr&eur a/oni%es u1 ^: prodigies fill u ) admiration1 ^: beauty & v>iety en*ant u1 is unit$1 is rul$ by laws con/ant & fix$4 ,behold "s ( ! reasons :i* ju/ify ! /rictness ( ,ca?olicity1 behold :y %e has n be5 able to comply ) ! dem&s ( a passion :i*1 once let loose1 has no b\nd>y or b>ri]1 introduces tr\ble into he>ts1 disord] into families1 takes away ! dignity ( mann]s1 di%onors ! mode/y ( wom51 & l[]s !m f ! noble rank ( ! companions ( m54 ,i d n d5y t ,ca?olicity is /rict on ?is po9t2 b %e c\ld n give up ?is /rictness )\t r5\nc+ at ! same "t ! sublime functions ( ! depository ( s\nd morality1 ! vigilant s5t9el :i* gu>ds ! de/9ies ( humanity4#ag ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,virg9ity ,,9 ,,its ,,social ,,aspect4 ,we h se51 9 ! fifte5? *apt]1 ) :at jeal\sy ,ca?olicity endeavors to veil ! secrets ( mode/y2 ) :at p]sev]ance %e imposes ! re/ra9t ( morality on ! mo/ impetu\s passion ( ! human he>t4 ,%e %[s u all ! importance :i* belongs to ! contr>y virtue1 by cr[n+ ) pe]less spl5dor ! total ab/95ce f s5sual pleasure1 viz4 virg9ity4 ,frivol\s m9ds1 & pr9cipally ^? :o are inspir$ by a voluptu\s he>t1 d n und]/& h[ mu* ,ca?olicity has ?us contribut$ to ! elevation ( woman2 b su* w n be ! case ) reflect+ m5 :o are capable ( see+ t all t t5ds to raise to ! highe/ degree ( delicacy ! feel+ ( mode/y1 all t =tifies morality1 all t contributes to make a consid]able numb] ( wom5 models ( ! mo/ h]oic virtue1 equally t5ds to place wom5 above ! atmosph]e ( gross passion4 ,woman !n ceases to be pres5t$ to ! eyes ( man z ! m]e in/rum5t ( pleasure2 none ( ! attractions ) :i* nature has end[$ h] are lo/ or dim9i%$1 & %e has no long] to dread becom+ an object ( contempt & disgu/1 aft] hav+ be5 ! unhappy victim ( pr(ligacy4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is pr(\ndly acqua9t$ ) ^! tru?s2 & :ile %e wat*$ ov] ! sanctity ( ! conjugal tie1 :ile %e creat$ 9 ! bosom ( ! family ?is admirable dignity ( ! matron1 %e cov]$ ) a my/]i\s veil ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,*ri/ian virg91 & %e c>efully gu>d$ ! sp\ses ( ! ,"l 9 ! seclusion ( ! sanctu>y4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,lu!r1 ! gross pr(an] ( ,ca?>9e de ,bor1 to act 9 defiance ( ! pr(\nd & delicate wisdom ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t4 ,aft] ! apo/ate monk _h violat$ ! sacr$ seal set by religion on ! nuptial b$1 8 0 ! un*a/e h& to te> away ! sacr$ veil ( virg9s consecrat$ to ,god3 x 0 wor?y ( 8 h>d he>t to excite ! cupidity ( pr9ces1 to induce !m to seize ^u ! possessions ( ^! def5celess virg9s1 & expel !m f _! abodes4 ,see him ev]y:]e excite ! flame ( s5suality1 & break ?r\gh all control4 ,:at w become ( virg9s devot$ to ! sanctu>y8 ,l timid doves1 w !y n fall into ! sn>es ( ! lib]t9e8 ,is ?is ! way to increase ! respect paid to ! female sex8 ,is ?is ! way to increase ! feel+ ( mode/y & to advance humanity8 ,0 ?is ! way 9 :i* ,lu!r gave a g5]\s impulse to future g5]ations1 p]fect$ ! human m9d1 & gave vigor & spl5dor to ref9em5t & civilization8 ,:at man ) a t5d] & s5sitive he>t c endure ! %ameless declamation ( ,lu!r1 especially if he has read ! ,cyprians1 ! ,ambroses1 ! ,j]omes1 & ! o!r %9+ lights ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 on ! sublime honor ( ! ,*ri/ian virg98 ,:o1 !n1 w object to see1 dur+ ages :5 ! mo/ savage b>b>ism prevail$1 ^? seclud$ dwell+s :]e ! sp\ses ( ! ,"l secur$ !mselves f ! dang]s ( ! _w1 incessantly employ$ 9 rais+ _! h&s to heav51 to draw d[n ^u ! e>? ! dews ( div9e m]cy8 ,9 times & c\ntries ! mo/ civiliz$1 h[ sad is ! contra/ betwe5 ! asylums ( ! pure/ & l(tie/ virtue1 & ! ocean ( dissipation & pr(ligacy6 ,7 ^! abodes a remnant ( ignorance1 a monum5t ( fanaticism1 :i* ! coryphi ( ,prote/antism did well to sweep f ! e>?8 ,if ?is be s1 let u prote/ aga9/ all t is noble & dis9t]e/$2 let u /ifle 9 our he>ts all en?usiasm = virtue2 let e ?+ be r$uc$ to ! grosse/ s5suality2 let ! pa9t] ?r[ away 8 p5cil1 ! poet 8 lyre2 let u =get our greatness & our dignity2 let u degrade ourselves1 say+1 ,let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die6 ,no2 true civilization c nev] =give ,prote/antism = ?is immoral & impi\s "w2 true civilization c nev] =give x = hav+ violat$ ! sanctu>y ( mode/y & innoc5ce1 = hav+ employ$ all its ef=ts to de/roy respect = virg9ity2 ?us tread+ "u foot a doctr9e pr(ess$ by all ! human race4 ,x did n respect :at 0 v5]at$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! prie/esses ( ,c]es1 by ! ,romans 9 _! ve/als1 by ! ,gauls 9 _! druidesses1 by ! ,g]mans 9 _! prophetesses4 ,x has c>ri$ ! want ( respect = mode/y f>!r ?an 0 ev] done by ! dissolute nations ( ,asia1 & ! b>b>ians ( ! new _w4 ,x is c]ta9ly a disgrace = ,europe to h attack$ :at 0 respect$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 to h treat$ z a mi/ak5 prejudice ! univ]sal belief ( ! human race1 sanction$1 moreov]1 by ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at invasion ( b>b>ians 0 equal to ?is attack ( ,prote/antism on all t ought to be mo/ inviolable among m58 ,x has set ! fatal example 9 mod]n revolutions ( ! crimes :i* h be5 committ$4 ,:5 we see1 9 w>like rage1 ! b>b>ity ( ! conqu]ors remove all re/ra9t f a lic5ti\s soldi]y1 & let !m loose aga9/ ! abodes ( virg9s consecrat$ to ,god1 !re is no?+ b :at may be conceiv$4 ,b :5 ^! holy in/itutions are p]secut$ by sy/em1 :5 ! passions ( ! populace are excit$ aga9/ !m1 by grossly assail+ _! orig9 & object1 ?is is m ?an brutal & inhuman4 ,x is a ?+ :i* _c be describ$1 :5 ^? :o act 9 ?is way boa/ ( be+ ,re=m]s1 foll[]s ( ! pure ,gospel1 & proclaim !mselves ! disciples ( ,him :o1 9 ,8 sublime c\ncils1 has po9t$ out virg9ity z "o ( ! noble/ virtues t c adorn ! ,*ri/ian's cr[n4 ,n[1 :o is ignorant t ?is 0 "o ( ! works to :i* ,prote/antism devot$ itself ) ! greate/ ardor8 ,woman )\t mode/y w be an inc5tive to s5suality1 b w nev] attract ! s\l by ! my/]i\s feel+ :i* is call$ love4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t al?\gh ! mo/ urg5t desire ( ! he>t ( woman is to please1 yet z soon z %e =gets mode/y %e becomes displeas+ & disgu/+4 ,?us x is wisely orda9$ t :at w\nds h] he>t ! mo/ %>ply1 becomes ! puni%m5t ( h] fault4 ,h5ce1 e ?+ t ma9ta9s 9 woman ! delicate feel+ ( mode/y1 elevates h]1 adorns h]1 gives h] great] asc5d5cy ov] ! he>t ( man1 & creates = h] a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! dome/ic z well z 9 ! social ord]4 ,^! tru?s 7 n und]/ood by ,prote/antism :5 x condemn$ virg9ity4 ,x is true ?is virtue is n a necess>y condition ( mode/y1 b x is its beau idal & type ( p]fection2 & c]ta9ly we _c de/roy ?is model1 by d5y+ its beauty1 by condemn+ its imitation z injuri\s1 )\t do+ great injury to mode/y itself1 :i*1 cont9ually /ruggl+ aga9/ ! mo/ p[]ful passion ( ! he>t ( man1 _c be pres]v$ 9 all its purity1 unless x be accompani$ by ! greate/ precautions4 ,l a fl[] ( inf9ite delicacy1 ( ravi%+ col\rs1 ( ! sweete/ p]fume1 x c sc>cely support ! slighte/ brea? ( w9d2 its beauty is de/roy$ ) extreme facility1 & its p]fume readily evaporates4 ,b y w p]haps urge aga9/ virg9ity ! injury :i* x does to population2 y w consid] ! (f]+s :i* are made on ! alt> by ?is virtue z s mu* tak5 f ! multiplication ( ! human race4 ,=tunately ! obs]vations ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ political economi/s h de/roy$ ?is delusion1 orig9at$ by ,prote/antism1 & support$ by ! incr$ul\s philosophy ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,facts h %[n1 9 a conv9c+ mann]1 two tru?s ( equal importance 9 v9dicat+ ,ca?olic doctr9es & in/itutions2 #a1 t ! happ9ess ( nations is n necess>ily 9 proportion to ! increase ( _! population2 #b1 t ! augm5tation & dim9ution ( ! population dep5d on _m concurr5t causes2 t religi\s celibacy1 if x be among !m1 has an insignificant influ5ce4 ,a false religion & an illegitimate & egoti/ical philosophy h attempt$ to assimilate ! secrets ( ?is increase ( ! human race to t ( o!r liv+ be+s4 ,all idea ( religion has be5 tak5 away2 !y h se5 9 humanity only a va/ field :]e no?+ 0 to be left /]ile4 ,?us !y h prep>$ ! way = ! doctr9e :i* consid]s individuals z ma*9es f :i* all possible pr(it %\ld be drawn4 ,no m 0 ?\ght ( *>ity1 or ! sublime in/ructions ( religion ) respect to ! dignity & de/9ies ( man2 ?us indu/ry has become cruel1 & ! organization ( labor1 e/abli%$ on a basis purely mat]ial1 increases ! pres5t1 b fe>fully m5aces ! future well-be+ ( ! ri*4 ,h[ pr(\nd are ! designs ( ,provid5ce6 ,! nation :i* has c>ri$ ^! fatal pr9ciples to ! fulle/ ext5t n[ f9ds itself ov]*>g$ ) m5 & products4 ,frightful mis]y dev\rs h] mo/ num]\s classes1 & all ! ability ( h] rul]s w n be able to avoid ! rock %e is runn+ on1 urg$ by ! p[] ( ! elem5ts to :i* %e has ab&on$ h]self4 ,! em95t pr(essors ( ,ox=d :o1 x seems1 beg9 to see ! radical vices ( ,prote/antism1 w\ld f9d "h a ri* subject = m$itation1 if !y w\ld exam9e h[ f> ! pret5d$ re=m]s ( ! #af? c5tury h contribut$1 9 prep>+ ! critical situation 9 :i* ,engl& f9ds h]self1 9 spite ( h] imm5se progress4 ,9 ! physical _w all is dispos$ by numb]1 weight1 & measure2 ! laws ( ! univ]se %[ inf9ite calculation--inf9ite geometry2 b let u n imag9e t we c express all by our imp]fect signs1 & include e ?+ 9 our limit$ comb9ations2 let u1 above all1 avoid ! fooli% error ( assimilat+ too mu* ! moral & ! physical _w--( apply+ indiscrim9ately to ! fir/ :at only belongs to ! second1 & ( upsett+ by our pride ! my/]i\s h>mony ( ! creation4 ,man is n born simply = multiplication ( 8 species2 ?is is n ! only "p :i* he is int5d$ to p]=m 9 ! great ma*9e ( ! univ]se2 he is a be+ accord+ to ! image & lik5ess ( ,god--a be+ :o has 8 prop] de/9y--a de/9y sup]ior to all t surr\nds him on e>?4 ,d n debase him1 d n level him ) ! e>?1 by inspir+ him ) e>?ly ?\ghts alone2 d n oppress 8 he>t1 by depriv+ him ( noble & elevat$ s5tim5ts--by leav+ him no ta/e = any b mat]ial enjoym5ts4 ,if religi\s ?\ghts lead him to an au/]e life--if ! incl9ation to sacrifice ! pleasures ( ?is life on ! alt> ( ! ,god :om he adores takes possession ( 8 he>t--:y %\ld y h9d] him8 ,:at "r h y to despise a feel+ :i* c]ta9ly requires great] /r5g? ( m9d ?an is necess>y = ab&on+ "o's self to pleasure8 ,^! consid]ations1 :i* affect bo? sexes1 h /ill great] =ce :5 !y are appli$ to ! female4 ,) h] lively imag9ation1 h] feel+ he>t1 & ard5t m9d1 %e has great] ne$ ?an man ( s]i\s inspiration1 ( grave1 solemn ?\ghts1 to c\nt]balance ! activity ) :i* %e flies f object to object1 receiv+ ) extreme facility impressions ( e ?+ %e t\*es1 &1 l a magnetic ag5t1 communicat+ !m 9 h] turn to all t surr\nds h]4 ,all[1 !n1 a portion ( t sex to devote itself to a life ( contemplation & au/]ity2 all[ "y girls & matrons to h always be=e _! eyes a model ( all ! virtues--a sublime type ( _! noble/ ornam5t1 :i* is mode/y4 ,?is w c]ta9ly n be )\t utility4 ,be assur$1 ^! virg9s are n tak5 away f _! families1 nor f society--bo? w recov] ) usury :at y imag9e !y h lo/4 ,9 fact1 :o c measure ! salut>y influ5ce :i* ! sacr$ c]emonies ) :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* celebrates ! consecration ( a virg9 to ,god1 mu/ h ex]cis$ on female morals6 ,:o c calculate ! holy ?\ghts1 ! *a/e inspirations :i* h gone =? f ^? sil5t abodes ( mode/y1 erect$ sometimes 9 solit>y places1 & sometimes 9 cr[d$ cities6 ,d y n believe t ! virg9 ^: he>t beg9s to be agitat$ by an ard5t passion1 t ! matron :o has all[$ dang]\s feel+s to ent] h] s\l1 h n (t5 f\nd _! passions re/ra9$ by ! remembrance ( a si/]1 a relative1 a fri5d1 :o1 9 "o ( ^! sil5t abodes1 raises h] pure he>t to ,heav51 (f]+ z a holocau/ to ! ,div9e ,son ( ! bless$ ,virg9 all ! en*antm5ts ( y\? & beauty8 ,all ?is _c be calculat$1 x is true2 b ?is1 at lea/1 is c]ta91 t no ?\ght ( levity1 no incl9ation to s5suality has aris5 !refrom4 ,all ?is _c be e/imat$2 b c we e/imate ! salut>y influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! morn+ dew ^u plants8 c we e/imate ! vivify+ effect ( light ^u nature8 & c we und]/& h[ ! wat] :i* filt]s ?r\gh ! b[els ( ! e>? f]tilizes x by produc+ fruits & fl[]s8 ,!re is1 !n1 an inf9ity ( causes ( :i* we _c d5y ! exi/5ce & ! p[]1 b :i* x is nev]!less impossible to submit to rigor\s exam9ation4 ,! cause ( ! impot5ce ( e "w exclusively emanat+ f ! m9d ( man is1 t 8 m9d is incapable ( embrac+ ! ensemble ( ! relations :i* exi/ 9 facts ( ?is k9d2 x is impossible = him to appreciate prop]ly ! indirect influ5ces--sometimes hidd51 sometimes imp]ceptible--:i* act !re ) an inf9ite delicacy4 ,?is is ! reason :y "t dispels s _m illusions1 belies s _m progno/ics1 proves ! weakness ( :at 0 reckon$ /rong1 & ! /r5g? ( :at 0 consid]$ weak4 ,inde$1 "t br+s to light a ?\s& relations1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 n suspect$1 & puts into action a ?\s& causes :i* 7 ei!r unkn[n or despis$3 ! results advance 9 _! developm5t1 appe>+ e day 9 a m evid5t mann]1 until at l5g? we f9d ourselves 9 su* a situation t we c no long] %ut our eyes to ! evid5ce ( facts1 or any long] evade _! =ce4 ,"o ( ! greate/ mi/akes made by ! oppon5ts ( ,ca?olicity is ?is4 ,!y c only see ?+s "u "o aspect2 !y d n und]/& h[ a =ce c act o!rwise ?an 9 a /raight l9e2 !y d n see t ! moral _w1 z well z ! physical1 is compos$ ( relations inf9itely v>i$1 & ( indirect influ5ces1 sometimes act+ ) m =ce ?an if !y 7 direct4 ,all =m a sy/em correlative & h>moni\s1 ! p>ts ( :i* x is necess>y to avoid sep>at+1 m ?an is absolutely ne$ful = becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! hidd5 & delicate ties :i* connect ! :ole4 ,x is necess>y1 moreov]1 to all[ = ! action ( "t1 t indisp5sable elem5t 9 all complete developm5t1 9 e la/+ "w4 ,i tru/ ,i %all be p>don$ = ?is %ort digression1 necess>y = ! inculcation ( ! great tru?s :i* h n be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to 9 exam9+ ! great in/itutions f\nd$ by ,ca?olicity4 ,philosophy is n[ compell$ to )draw propositions advanc$ too boldly1 & to modify pr9ciples appli$ too g5]ally4 ,x w\ld h avoid$ ?is tr\ble & mortification by be+ cauti\s & circumspect 9 its inve/igations4 ,9 league ) ,prote/antism1 x decl>$ deadly w> aga9/ ! great ,ca?olic in/itutions2 x l\dly appeal$ aga9/ moral & religi\s c5tralization4 ,& n[ a unanim\s %\t is rais$ f all qu>t]s ( ! _w 9 fav\r ( ! pr9ciple ( unity4 ,! in/9ct ( nations seeks = x2 philosoph]s exam9e ! secrets ( sci5ce to discov] x4 ,va9 ef=ts6 ,no o!r f\ndation c be e/abli%$ ?an t :i* is already laid2 duration dep5ds ^u solidity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,( ,,*ivalry ,,& ,,b>b>ian ,,mann]s1 ,,9 ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,on ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,wom54 ,an indefatigable zeal = ! sanctity ( m>riage1 & an anxi\s solicitude to c>ry ! pr9ciple ( mode/y to ! highe/ degree ( delicacy1 are ! two rules :i* h guid$ ,ca?olicity 9 h] ef=ts = ! elevation ( woman4 ,^! are ! two great means %e has employ$ 9 atta9+ h] object1 & h5ce comes ! influ5ce & importance ( wom5 9 ,europe4 ,m4 ,guizot is1 !re=e1 wrong 9 say+ t x is to ! developm5t1 to ! necess>y prepond]ance ( dome/ic mann]s 9 ! feudal sy/em1 t ?is *ange1 ?is improvem5t 9 _! condition is *iefly ow+4 ,i w n discuss ! great] or less influ5ce ( ! feudal sy/em on ! developm5t ( ,european mann]s4 ,und\bt$ly :5 ! feudal "l %all h 8 wife1 8 *ildr51 & sc>cely any o!rs 9 8 h\se1 !y alone w =m 8 p]man5t society2 !y alone w %>e 8 int]e/s1 8 de/9y4 ,x is impossible = dome/ic influ5ce n to acquire great p[]4 7,leon #d47 ,b if ! "l1 return+ to 8 ca/le1 f\nd "o wife !re1 & n _m1 to :at 0 t ow+8 ,:o =bade him to abuse 8 p[] by turn+ 8 h\se into a h>em8 ,:o bridl$ 8 passions & prev5t$ 8 mak+ victims ( 8 timid vassals8 ,surely ^! 7 ! doctr9es & morals introduc$ into ,europe1 & deeply root$ !re by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 x 0 ! /rict laws :i* %e impos$ z a b>ri] to ! invasions ( ! passions2 !re=e1 ev5 if we suppose t feudality did produce ?is good1 x is /ill ow+ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,t :i* has no d\bt t5d$ to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ( feudality 9 all t raises & ennobles wom51 is a fact t appe>s v evid5tly at t p]iod1 & is dazzl+ at fir/ sight4 ,?is is ! brilliant _s ( *ivalry1 :i*1 ris+ out ( ! bosom ( ! feudal sy/em1 & rapidly diffus+ itself1 produc$ ! mo/ h]oic actions1 gave bir? to a lit]ature ri* 9 imag9ation & feel+1 & contribut$ 9 great measure to s(t5 & humanize ! savage mann]s ( ! feudal lords4 ,?is p]iod is p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ = ! _s ( gallantry2 n ! gallantry :i* consi/s g5]ally 9 ! t5d] relations ( ! two sexes1 b a greatly exagg]at$ gallantry on ! "p ( man1 comb9+1 9 a rem>kable way1 ! mo/ h]oic c\rage ) ! mo/ lively fai? & ! mo/ ard5t religion4 ,god & 8 lady2 su* is ! con/ant ?\ght ( ! knight2 ?is absorbs all 8 faculties1 occupies all 8 "t1 & fills up all 8 exi/5ce4 ,z long z he c obta9 a victory ov] ! infidels1 & is support$ by ! hope ( (f]+ at ! feet ( 8 lady ! trophies ( 8 triumph1 no sacrifice co/s him any ?+1 no j\rney fatigues1 no dang] affrights1 no ent]prise disc\rages him4 ,8 excit$ imag9ation transports him into a _w ( fancy2 8 he>t is on fire2 he und]takes all1 he f9i%es all2 & ! man :o has j f\ght l a lion on ! pla9s ( ,spa91 or ( ,pale/9e1 melts l wax at ! "n ( ! idol ( 8 he>t2 !n he turns 8 eyes amor\sly t[>ds 8 c\ntry1 & is intoxicat$ ) ! idea t "o day1 sigh+ "u ! ca/le ( 8 belov$1 he may obta9 a pl$ge ( h] affection1 or a promise ( love4 ,woe to any "o :o is bold en\gh to dispute 8 treasure1 or indiscreet en\gh to fix 8 eyes on ^? battlem5ts4 ,! lioness :o has be5 robb$ ( h] cubs is n m t]rible1 ! =e/ torn to pieces by ! hurricane is n m agitat$ ?an 8 he>t2 no?+ c /op 8 v5geance1 he mu/ de/roy 8 rival or die4 ,9 exam9+ ?is mixture ( mildness & f]ocity1 ( religion & passion1 :i*1 no d\bt1 has be5 exagg]at$ by ! fancies ( *ronicl]s & tr\bad\rs1 b :i* mu/ h _h a real type1 we %all obs]ve t x 0 v natural at t "t1 & t x is n s contradictory z x appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,inde$1 no?+ 0 m natural ?an viol5t passions among m5 ^: ance/ors1 n long be=e1 _h come f ! =e/s ( ! nor? to pit* _! bloody t5ts on ! site ( ru9$ cities2 no?+ 0 m natural ?an t !re %\ld be no o!r judge ?an /r5g? ( arm among m5 ^: only pr(ession 0 w>1 & :o liv$ 9 an embryo society1 :]e !re 0 no public law /rong en\gh to re/ra9 private passions4 ,no?+1 too1 0 m natural to ^? m5 ?an a lively s5se ( religion1 = religion 0 ! only p[] :i* !y ackn[l$g$2 %e _h en*ant$ _! imag9ations by ! spl5d\r & magnific5ce ( h] temples1 by ! maje/y & pomp ( h] wor%ip4 ,%e _h fill$ !m ) a/oni%m5t1 by plac+ be=e _! eyes ! mo/ sublime virtue1 by address+ !m 9 language z l(ty z x 0 sweet & ins9uat+2 language1 no d\bt1 imp]fectly und]/ood by !m1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 conv9c$ !m ( ! hol9ess & div9ity ( ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies & precepts1 inspir$ !m ) respect & admiration1 & also ex]cis+ a p[]ful influ5ce on _! m9ds1 enk9dl$ en?usiasm & produc$ h]oism4 ,?us we see t all t 0 good 9 ?is exalt$ s5tim5t emanat$ f religion2 if we take away fai?1 we %all f9d no?+ b ! b>b>ian1 :o knew no o!r law ?an 8 spe>1 & no o!r rule ( conduct ?an ! inspirations ( 8 fi]y s\l4 ,! m we p5etrate into ! _s ( *ivalry & exam9e 9 p>ticul> ! feel+s :i* x pr(ess$ t[>ds wom51 ! m we %all see t1 in/ead ( rais+ !m1 x supposes !m already rais$ & surr\nd$ by respect4 ,*ivalry does n give a new place to wom52 x f9ds !m already hon\r$ & respect$2 & inde$1 if x 7 n s1 h[ c\ld x imag9e a gallantry s exagg]at$1 s fanta/ical8 ,b if we imag9e to ourselves ! beauty ( a virg9 cov]$ by ! veil ( ,*ri/ian mode/y2 if we imag9e ?is *>m increas$ by illusion1 we %all !n und]/& ! madness ( ! knight4 ,if we imag9e1 at ! same "t1 ! virtu\s matron1 ! companion ( man1 ! "m ( a family1 ! only woman 9 :om 7 conc5trat$ all ! affections ( husb& & *ildr51 ! ,*ri/ian wife1 we %all und]/& :y ! knight 0 intoxicat$ at ! m]e idea ( obta9+ s mu* happ9ess1 :y 8 love 0 m ?an a s5sual feel+1 x 0 a respect1 a v5]ation1 a wor%ip4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to f9d ! orig9 ( ?is k9d ( wor%ip 9 ! mann]s ( ! ,g]mans2 on ! /r5g? ( "s expressions ( ,tacitus1 ! social amelioration ( woman's lot has be5 attribut$ to ! respect ) :i* ! b>b>ians surr\nd$ h]4 ,m4 ,guizot rejects ?is ass]tion1 & ju/ly combats x by obs]v+ t :at ,tacitus tells u ( ! ,g]mans 0 n exclusively applicable to !m1 s9ce phrases simil> to ^? ( ,tacitus1 & s5tim5ts & cu/oms analog\s to ^? ( ! anci5t ,g]mans1 are met ) 9 ! /atem5ts ( _m obs]v]s ( savage or b>b>\s nations4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is wise rem>k1 ! same op9ion has be5 ma9ta9$3 x is necess>y1 !n1 to combat x aga94 ,! passage ( ,tacitus is ?is3 ,inesse qu9 etiam sanctum aliquid et providum putant1 nec aut consilia eorum asp]nantur1 aut responsa negligunt4 ,vidimus sub ,divo ,vespasiano ,vell$am diu apud pl]osque num9is loco habit>e4 7,de ,mor4 ,g]m47 ,!y g s f> z to ?9k t !re is 9 wom5 some?+ holy & prophetical2 !y d n despise _! c\nsels1 & !y li/5 to _! pr$ictions4 ,9 ! "t ( ! div9e ,vespasian1 we h se5 ! great] "p ( !m = a long "t reg>d ,vell$a z a goddess4 ,x seems to me t x is mi/ak+ ! passage ( ,tacitus1 to ext5d its mean+ to dome/ic mann]s1 & to see 9 x a trait ( m>ri$ life4 ,if we att5d to ! hi/orian's words1 we %all see t su* an explanation is f> f 8 idea4 ,8 words only relate to ! sup]/ition :i* made ! p attribute to "s wom5 ! prophetic "*4 ,ev5 ! example *os5 by ,tacitus s]ves to %[ ! tru? & ju/ness ( ?is obs]vation4 ,vell$a1 he says1 0 reg>d$ z a goddess4 ,9 ano!r "p ( 8 works1 ,tacitus expla9s 8 idea by tell+ u1 ( ?is same ,vell$a1 t ?is girl ( ! nation ( ,bruct]es enjoy$ great p[]1 ow+ to an anci5t cu/om among ! ,g]mans1 :i* made !m look ^u _m wom5 z prophetesses1 &1 9 f9e1 ) ! progress ( sup]/ition1 z real div9ities4 ,ea virgo nationis ,bruct] late imp]itabat1 vet]e apud ,g]manos m quo pl]asque fm9>um fatidicas et augesc5te sup]/itione arbitrantur deas4 7,hi/4 #d47 ,! text :i* ,i h j quot$ proves to demon/ration t ,tacitus speaks ( sup]/ition & n ( family regulations1 v diff]5t ?+s2 z x might easily happ5 t "s wom5 7 reg>d$ z div9ities1 :ile ! re/ ( _! sex only occupi$ a place 9 society inf]ior to t :i* belong$ to !m4 ,at ,a!ns1 great importance 0 giv5 to ! prie/esses ( ,c]es2 at ,rome to ! ,ve/als1 ! ,py?onesses2 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,sibyls %[s t x 0 n peculi> to ! ,g]mans to attribute ! prophetical "* to wom54 ,x is n = me n[ to expla9 ! cause ( ^! facts2 x is en\gh = my purpose to /ate !m2 p]haps1 on ?is po9t1 physiology might ?r[ light on ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,:5 ,tacitus1 9 ! same "w1 describes ! sev]ity ( ! mann]s ( ! ,g]mans ) respect to m>riage1 x is easy to obs]ve t ! ord] ( sup]/ition & ! ord] ( ! family 7 among !m v diff]5t4 ,we h no long] "h any ?+ ( ! sanctum et providum2 we f9d only a jeal\s au/]ity 9 ma9ta9+ ! l9e ( duty2 & we see woman1 in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z a goddess1 giv5 up to ! v5geance ( ! husb&1 if %e has be5 unfai?ful4 ,?is curi\s passage proves t ! p[] ( man ov] woman 0 n mu* limit$ by ! cu/oms ( ! ,g]mans4 ,accisis cr9ibus1 says ,tacitus1 nudatam coram prop9quis expellit domo m>itus1 ac p] omnem vicum v]b]e agit4 ,aft] hav+ cut (f h] hair1 ! husb& drives h] f 8 h\se 9 pres5ce ( h] relations1 & beats h] ) rods ignom9i\sly ?r\gh ! village4 ,c]ta9ly ?is puni%m5t gives u an idea ( ! infamy :i* 0 atta*$ to adult]y among ! ,g]mans2 b x 0 little calculat$ to increase ! respect ent]ta9$ = !m publicly2 ?is w\ld h be5 great] _h !y be5 /on$ to dea?4 ,:5 we read 9 ,tacitus ! description ( ! social /ate ( ! ,g]mans1 we mu/ n =get t "s traits ( _! mann]s are purposely embelli%$ by him1 :i* is v natural = a writ] ( 8 s5tim5ts4 ,we mu/ n =get t ,tacitus 0 indignant & afflict$ at ! sight ( ! fe>ful corruption ( mann]s at t "t 9 ,rome4 ,he pa9ts1 x is true1 9 gl[+ col\rs1 ! sanctity ( m>riage among ! ,g]mans2 b :o does n see t1 :5 do+ s1 he _h be=e 8 eyes matrons :o1 accord+ to ,s5eca1 reckon$ _! ye>s n by ! succession ( consuls1 b by *ange ( husb&s1 & wom5 )\t a %ad[ ( mode/y1 giv5 up to ! greate/ pr(ligacy8 ,we c easily see to :om he alludes :5 he makes ^! sev]e rem>ks3 ,nemo enim illic vitia ridet1 nec corrump]e et corrumpi sculum vocatur4 ,!re vice is n laugh$ at1 & corruption is n call$ ! fa%ion4 ,a /rong expression1 :i* describes ! age1 & expla9s to u ! secret joy ) :i* ,tacitus ca/ 9 ! face ( ,rome1 s ref9$ & s corrupt$1 ! pure image ( ,g]man mann]s4 ,t :i* %>p5$ ! raill]y ( ,juv5al &5v5om$ 8 bitt] satires1 excit$ ! indignation ( ,tacitus1 & drew f 8 grave philosophy ^! sev]e reprim&s4 ,o!r in=mation :i* we possess %[s u t ! pictures ( ,tacitus are embelli%$1 & t ! mann]s ( ?is p 7 f> f be+ z pure z he wi%es to p]suade u4 ,p]haps !y may h be5 /rict ) respect to m>riage2 b x is c]ta9 t polygamy 0 n unkn[n among !m4 ,cs>1 an eye-witness1 relates1 t ! ,g]man k+ ,ariovi/us _h two wives 7,de ,bello ,gallico1 l4 i472 & ?is 0 n a solit>y in/ance1 = ,tacitus himself tells u t a few ( !m _h sev]al wives at once1 n on acc\nt ( s5suality1 b = di/9ction4 ,exceptis admodum paucis1 qui non libid9e1 s$ ob nobilitatem1 pluribus nuptiis ambiuntur4 ,?is di/9ction1 non libid9e s$ ob nobilitatem1 is amus+2 b x is cle> t ! k+s & nobles1 "u "o pret5ce or ano!r1 all[$ !mselves great] lib]ty ?an ! sev]e hi/orian w\ld h approv$ (4 ,:o c tell :at 0 ! /ate ( morality among ^? =e/s8 ,if we may be all[$ to conjecture by analogy1 f ! resemblance :i* may naturally be suppos$ to exi/ among ! diff]5t nations ( ! ,nor?1 :at an idea might we conceive ( x f c]ta9 cu/oms ( ! ,britons1 :o1 9 bodies ( t5 or twelve1 _h _! wives 9 common2 *iefly bro!rs ) bro!rs1 & fa!rs ) sons2 s t !y 7 compell$ to di/+ui% ! families conv5tionally1 by giv+ ! *ildr5 to him :o _h fir/ m>ri$ ! woman6 ,x is f ,cs>1 an eye-witness1 t we also le>n ?is3 ,uxores hab5t 7,britanni7 d5i duod5ique int] se communes1 et maxime fratres cum fratribus et p>5tes cum lib]is2 s$ si qui sunt ex 8 nati1 eorum hab5tur lib]i a quibus primum virg9es quque duct sunt4 7,de ,bello ,gallico1 l4 v47 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! pr9ciple ( monogamy 0 n s mu* respect$ among ! ,g]mans z p h be5 will+ to suppose2 an exception 0 made 9 fav\r ( ! nobles1 t is1 ( ! p[]ful2 & t 0 en\gh to deprive ! pr9ciple ( all its =ce1 & to prep>e its ru94 ,9 su* a matt]1 to e/abli% an exception to ! law 9 fav\r ( ! p[]ful1 is almo/ to abrogate x4 ,x may be said1 ,i admit1 t ! p[]ful w nev] want means ( violat+ x2 b x is "o ?+ = ! p[]ful to violate ! law1 & ano!r = ! law itself to retire be=e !m1 leav+ ! way op53 9 ! fir/ case1 ! employm5t ( =ce does n de/roy ! law--! v %ock :i* breaks x1 makes its exi/5ce felt1 & visibly %[s ! wrong & inju/ice2 9 ! second case1 ! law pro/itutes itself1 if ,i may s speak2 ! passions h no ne$ ( =ce to op5 = !mselves a passage1 ! law itself op5s ! door = !m4 ,f t "t x rema9s degrad$ & disgrac$2 its own bas5ess has und]m9$ ! moral pr9ciple on :i* x 0 f\nd$2 &1 ow+ to its own fault1 x becomes itself ! subject ( animadv]sion to ^? :o are /ill compell$ to obs]ve x4 ,?us ! "r ( polygamy1 once recognis$ among ! ,g]mans 9 fav\r ( ! great1 mu/1 ) "t1 h become g5]al among ! o!r classes ( ! p2 & x is v probable t ?is 0 ! case :5 ! conque/ ( m productive c\ntries1 ! enjoym5t ( m g5ial climates1 & "s improvem5t 9 _! social condition furni%$ !m m abundantly ) ! means ( gratify+ _! incl9ations4 ,an evil s great c\ld only be )/ood by ! inflexible sev]ity ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,nobles & k+s /ill _h a /rong incl9ation t[>ds ! privileges :i* we h se5 _! pr$ecessors enjoy+ be=e !y embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!nce x came t1 9 ! fir/ c5turies aft] ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians1 ! ,*ur* _h s mu* tr\ble 9 re/ra9+ _! viol5t incl9ations4 ,w\ld n ^? :o h endeavor$ to f9d among ! ,g]mans s l>ge a portion ( ! con/itutive elem5ts ( mod]n civilization h %[n m wisdom1 if !y _h recognis$1 9 ! mann]s :i* we h be5 exam9+1 "o ( ! causes :i* made ! /ruggles betwe5 ! secul> pr9ces & ! ,*ur* s frequ5t8 ,i d n see :y we %\ld seek 9 ! =e/s ( ! b>b>ians = ! orig9 ( "o ( ! f9e/ attributes ( our civilization1 or :y we %\ld give to ^? nations virtues ( :i* !y %[$ s little evid5ce :5 !y invad$ ! c\ntries ( ! s\?4 ,)\t monum5ts1 )\t hi/ory--almo/ )\t any index z to _! social condition--x is difficult1 n to say impossible1 to "k any ?+ c]ta9 ) respect to _! mann]s2 b ,i ask1 :at mu/ h be5 _! morality1 9 ! mid/ ( su* ignorance1 su* sup]/ition1 & su* b>b>ism8 ,! little t we "k ab\t ^! nations has be5 necess>ily tak5 f ! ,roman hi/orians2 & un=tunately ?is is n "o ( ! pure/ s\rces4 ,x almo/ always happ5s t obs]v]s1 especially :5 !y are conqu]ors1 only give "s slight notions ) reg>d to ! political /ate ( a p1 & are almo/ sil5t z to _! social & dome/ic condition4 ,9 ord] to =m an idea ( ?is "p ( ! condition ( a nation1 x is necess>y to m+le ) !m1 & be intimate ) !m2 n[ ?is is g5]ally prev5t$ by _! diff]5t /ates ( civilization1 especially :5 ! obs]v]s & ! obs]v$ are exasp]at$ aga9/ ea* o!r by long ye>s ( w> & slaught]4 ,add to ?is1 t1 9 su* cases1 ! att5tion is p>ticul>ly attract$ by :at favors or opposes ! designs ( ! conqu]ors1 :o = ! mo/ "p atta* no great importance to moral subjects2 ?is w %[ u h[ x is t nations :o are obs]v$ 9 ?is way are only sup]ficially kn[n1 & :y su* /atem5ts ) respect to religion & mann]s are unwor?y ( mu* confid5ce4 ,! read] w judge :e!r ^! reflections are out ( place 9 e/imat+ ! value ( :at ! ,romans h told u ab\t ! /ate ( ! b>b>ians4 ,x is en\gh to fix our eyes on ! sc5es ( blood & horror prevail+ = c5turies1 :i* %[ u1 on ! "o h&1 ! ambition ( ,rome1 :i*1 n cont5t ) ! empire ( ! !n kn[n _w1 wi%$ to ext5d its p[] ov] ! mo/ di/ant =e/s ( ! ,nor?2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! indomitable _s ( b>b>ian indep5d5ce1 break+ 9 pieces ! *a9s :i* 7 attempt$ to be impos$ ^u !m1 & de/roy+1 by _! bold incursions1 ! ramp>ts :i* ! skill ( ! ,roman g5]als labor$ to raise aga9/ !m4 ,see1 !n1 :at we ought to ?9k ( b>b>ian society1 z describ$ by ,roman hi/orians4 ,:at %all we ?9k1 if we consult ! few traits :i* ! b>b>ians !mselves h left u1 ( _! mann]s & maxims ) respect to _! social condition8 ,x is always risk+ mu* to seek 9 b>b>ism = ! orig9 ( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful results ( civilization1 & to attribute to vague & sup]/iti\s feel+s :at1 dur+ c5turies1 =ms ! normal /ate ( ! mo/ advanc$ nations4 ,if ^! noble s5tim5ts1 :i* are repres5t$ to u z emanat+ f ! b>b>ians1 really exi/$ among !m1 h[ did !y avoid p]i%+ 9 ! mid/ ( _! migrations & revolutions8 ,h[ did !y alone rema91 :5 e ?+ relat+ to ! social condition ( ! b>b>ians disappe>$8 ,^! s5tim5ts w\ld n h be5 pres]v$ 9 a /ation>y /ate1 b we %\ld h se5 !m /ripp$ ( _! sup]/ition & grossness1 purifi$1 ennobl$1 & made reasonable1 j1 salut>y1 *ivalr\s1 & wor?y ( civiliz$ nations4 ,su* ass]tions h1 f ! fir/ sight1 ! "* ( bold p>adoxes4 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 we h to expla9 great ph5om5a 9 ! social ord]1 x is r m philosophical to seek = _! orig9 9 ideas :i* = a long "t h ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on society1 9 mann]s & in/itutions emanat+ f !m1 9 laws1 9 f9e1 :i* h be5 recognis$ & respect$ = _m c5turies z e/abli%$ by ,div9e p[]4 ,:y1 !n1 attempt to expla9 ! respect 9 :i* wom5 are held 9 ,europe1 by ! sup]/iti\s v5]ation :i* b>b>\s nations (f]$ 9 _! =e/s to ,vell$a1 ,aur9ia1 & ,gauna8 ,reason & good s5se tell u t ! real orig9 ( ?is wond]ful ph5om5on is n to be f\nd !re1 & t we mu/ seek else:]e = ! causes :i* h contribut$ to produce x4 ,hi/ory reveals to u ^! causes1 & r5d]s !m palpable to u1 by %[+ u facts :i* leave no d\bt z to ! s\rce :5ce ?is p[]ful & salut>y influ5ce emanat$4 ,be=e ,*ri/ianity1 woman1 oppress$ by ! tyranny ( man1 0 sc>cely rais$ above ! rank ( slav]y2 h] weakness condemn$ h] to be ! victim ( ! /rong4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 by its doctr9es ( frat]nity 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 & equality be=e ,god1 de/roys ! evil 9 its root1 by tea*+ man t woman ought n to be 8 slave1 b 8 companion4 ,f t mom5t ! amelioration ( woman's lot 0 felt :]ev] ,*ri/ianity 0 spread2 & woman1 z f> z ! degradation ( anci5t mann]s all[$1 began to ga!r ! fruit ( a doctr9e :i* 0 to make a complete *ange 9 h] condition1 by giv+ h] a new exi/5ce4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! amelioration ( woman's lot3 a s5sible1 palpable cause1 :i* is easily %[n )\t mak+ any gratuit\s supposition1 a cause :i* is n f\nd$ on conjecture1 b :i* appe>s evid5t on ! fir/ glance at ! mo/ notori\s facts ( hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 ,ca?olicity1 by ! sev]ity ( its morality1 by ! l(ty protection :i* x af=ds to ! delicate feel+ ( mode/y1 correct$ & purifi$ mann]s2 ?us x v mu* elevat$ woman1 ^: dignity is incompatible ) corruption & lic5ti\sness4 ,9 f9e1 ,ca?olicity itself1 or ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 7& obs]ve1 ,i d n say ,*ri/ianity17 by its firmness 9 e/abli%+ & pres]v+ monogamy & ! indissolubility ( ! m>riage tie1 re/ra9$ ! caprices ( man1 & made him conc5trate 8 affections on "o wife1 :o c\ld n be divorc$4 ,?us woman pass$ f a /ate ( slav]y to t ( ! companion ( man4 ,! in/rum5t ( pleasure 0 *ang$ into ! "m ( a family1 respect$ by h] *ildr5 & s]vants4 ,?us 0 creat$ 9 ! family id5tity ( int]e/s2 ?us 0 gu>anti$ ! education ( *ildr51 :i* produc$ ! close intimacy :i* among u unites husb& & wife1 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,! atroci\s "r ( life & dea? 0 de/roy$2 ! fa!r _h n ev5 ! "r to inflict puni%m5ts too sev]e2 & all ?is admirable sy/em 0 /r5g!n$ by ties /rong b mild1 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( s\nd morality1 su/a9$ by prevail+ mann]s1 gu>anti$ & protect$ by ! laws1 =tifi$ by reciprocal int]e/s1 sanction$ by "t1 & ende>$ by love4 ,?is is ! truly satisfactory explanation ( ! enigma2 ?is is ! orig9 ( ! honor & dignity ( woman 9 ,europe2 !nce we h d]iv$ ! organization ( ! family1--an ine/imable b5efit :i* ,europeans possess )\t appreciat+ x1 )\t be+ suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) x1 & wat*+ ov] its pres]vation z !y ought4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is important matt]1 ,i h purposely di/+ui%$ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,ca?olicity1 9 ord] to avoid a confusion 9 words1 :i* w\ld h entail$ a confusion 9 ?+s4 ,9 reality1 ! true1 ! only ,*ri/ianity is ,ca?olicity2 b1 un=tunately1 we _c n[ employ ^! words indiscrim9ately1 n only on acc\nt ( ,prote/antism1 b also on acc\nt ( ! mon/r\s philosophico-,*ri/ian nom5clature :i* ranks ,*ri/ianity among philosophical sects1 z if x 7 no?+ m ?an a sy/em imag9$ by man4 ,z ! pr9ciple ( *>ity plays a great "p :]ev] ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is f\nd1 & z ?is pr9ciple is evid5t ev5 to ! eyes ( ! incr$ul\s1 philosoph]s :o h wi%$ to p]sev]e 9 _! incr$ulity )\t incurr+ ! sc&al\s epi!t ( disciples ( ,voltaire1 h adopt$ ! words frat]nity & humanity1 to make !m ! !me ( _! in/ructions2 !y h cons5t$ to give to ,*ri/ianity ! *ief glory ( orig9at+ its sublime ideas & g5]\s s5tim5ts3 ?us !y appe> n to contradict ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ z ! philosophy ( ! age gone by 9 its madness did2 b !y pret5d to accommodate all to ! pres5t "t1 & prep>e ! way = a great] & happi] future4 ,= ^! philosoph]s ,*ri/ianity is n a div9e religion2 by no means4 ,) !m x is an idea1 =tunate1 magnific5t1 & fruitful 9 gr& results1 b purely human2 x is ! result ( long & pa9ful human labors4 ,poly!ism1 ,judaism1 ! philosophy ( ! ,ea/1 ( ,egypt1 ( ,greece1 7 all prep>atory to t great "w4 ,jesus ,*ri/1 accord+ to !m1 only m\ld$ into =m an idea :i* 0 9 embryo 9 ! bosom ( humanity4 ,he fix$ & develop$ x1 &1 by r$uc+ x to practice1 made ! human race to take a /ep ( great importance 9 ! pa? ( progress into :i* x has ent]$4 ,b1 ,he is always1 9 ! eyes ( ^! philosoph]s1 no?+ m ?an a philosoph] ( ,judea1 z ,socrates 0 ( ,greece1 & ,s5eca ( ,rome4 ,/ill we %\ld rejoice t !y grant to ,him ?is human exi/5ce1 & d n trans=m ,him into a my?ological be+1 by consid]+ ! ,gospel n>rative z a m]e allegory4 ,?us1 at ! pres5t "t1 x is ( ! fir/ importance to di/+ui% betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,ca?olicity1 :5ev] we h to br+ to light & pres5t to ! gratitude ( mank9d ! unspeakable b5efits = :i* !y are indebt$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is necess>y to %[ t :at has reg5]at$ ! _w 0 n an idea ?r[n at haz>d among all ^? :o h /ruggl$ = pref]5ce & pre-em95ce2 b t x 0 a collection ( tru?s s5t f ,heav51 transmitt$ to ! human race by a ,god made ,man1 by means ( a society =m$ & au?oriz$ by ,himself1 9 ord] to p]petuate to ! end ( "t ! "w :i* ,8 ^w _h e/abli%$1 :i* ,8 miracles _h sanction$1 & :i* ,he _h seal$ ) ,8 blood4 ,x is consequ5tly necess>y to exhibit ?is society1 t is1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 realiz+ 9 h] laws & in/itutions ! inspirations & in/ructions ( h] ,div9e ,ma/]1 & accompli%+ ! l(ty mission ( lead+ m5 t[>ds et]nal happ9ess1 :ile ameliorat+ _! condition "h bel[1 & consol+ !m 9 ?is l& ( mis=tune4 ,9 ?is way we =m a correct idea ( ,*ri/ianity1 if we may s speak1 or r we %[ x z x really is1 n z m5 va9ly repres5t x4 ,& obs]ve1 t we ought nev] to fe> = ! tru?1 :5 ! facts ( hi/ory are fully & se>*+ly exam9$4 ,if 9 ! va/ field into :i* our inve/igations lead u1 we sometimes f9d ourselves 9 obscurity1 walk+ = a long "t 9 d>k vaults :i* ! rays ( ! sun d n visit1 & :]e ! soil "u our feet ?reat5s to swall[ u up1 let u fe> no?+1 let u advance ) c\rage & confid5ce2 amid ! d>ke/ w9d+s we %all discov] at a di/ance ! light t %9es ^u ! end ( our j\rney2 we %all see tru? seat$ on ! ?re%old1 placidly smil+ at our t]rors & anxieties4 ,to philosoph]s1 z well z to ,prote/ants1 we w\ld say1 if ,*ri/ianity 7 n realiz$ 9 a visible society1 always 9 contact ) man1 & provid$ ) ! au?ority necess>y = tea*+ & guid+ him1 x w\ld be only a !ory1 l all o!rs t h be5 & /ill are se5 on ! e>?2 consequ5tly x w\ld be ei!r altoge!r /]ile1 or at lea/ unable to produce any ( ^? great works :i* endure unimpair$ = ages4 ,n[ "o ( ^! is und\bt$ly ,*ri/ian m>riage1 & ! family organization :i* has be5 its imm$iate consequ5ce4 ,x w\ld h be5 va9 to advance notions favorable to ! dignity ( woman & t5d+ to improve h] lot1 if ! sanctity ( m>riage _h n be5 gu>anti$ by a p[] g5]ally ackn[l$g$ & rev]$4 ,t p[] is cont9ually /ruggl+ aga9/ ! passions :i* labor to ov]come x2 :at w\ld h happ5$ if !y _h _h to cont5d ) no o!r ob/acle ?an a philosophic !ory1 or a religi\s idea )\t reality 9 society1 & )\t p[] to obta9 submission & ob$i5ce8 ,we h1 !n1 no ne$ ( recurr+ to t extravagant philosophy :i* seeks = light 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness1 & :i*1 on see+ ord] arise out ( *aos1 has conceiv$ ! s+ul> notion ( affirm+ t x 0 produc$ by x4 ,if we f9d 9 ! doctr9es1 9 ! laws ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ! orig9 ( ! sanctity ( m>riage & ! dignity ( woman1 :y %\ld we seek = x 9 ! mann]s ( brutal b>b>ians1 :o _h no veil = mode/y & ! privacy ( ! nuptial c\*8 ,let u he> ,cs> speak+ ( ! ,g]mans3 ,nulla e/ occultatio1 quod et promiscui 9 flum9ibus p]luuntur1 et pellibus aut rh5orum tegum5tis utuntur1 magna corporis p>te nuda4 7,de ,bello ,gall41 l4 vi47 ,i h be5 oblig$ to oppose au?ority to au?ority2 ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( de/roy+ ! fanta/ical sy/ems into :i* m5 h be5 s$uc$ by an ov] love ( subtilty1 by ! mania ( f9d+ extraord9>y causes = ph5om5a1 ! orig9 ( :i* may easily be discov]$ :5 we h rec\rse1 9 good fai? & s9c]ity1 to ! concurr+ in/ructions ( philosophy & hi/ory4 ,x 0 highly necess>y1 9 ord] to cle> up "o ( ! mo/ delicate que/ions 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 & to f9d ! s\rce ( "o ( ! mo/ fruitful elem5ts ( ,european civilization4 ,my task 0 no?+ less ?an to expla9 ! organization ( families1 t is1 to fix "o ( ! poles on :i* ! axis ( society turns4 ,let ,prote/antism boa/ ( hav+ introduc$ divorce1 ( hav+ depriv$ m>riage ( ! beautiful & sublime "* ( a sacram5t1 ( hav+ )drawn f ! c>e & protection ( ! ,*ur* ! mo/ important act ( human life2 let x rejoice 9 hav+ de/roy$ ! sacr$ asylums ( virg9s consecrat$ to ,god2 let x declaim aga9/ ! mo/ angelic & h]oic virtue2 let u1 aft] hav+ def5d$ ! doctr9e & conduct ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* at ! tribunal ( philosophy & hi/ory1 conclude by appeal+ to ! judgm5t1 n inde$ ( high philosophy1 b ( good s5se & feel+4#ah ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,consci5ce ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,:5 enum]at+1 9 ! tw5tie? *apt]1 ! *>act]i/ics :i* m>k ,european civilization1 ,i po9t$ out1 z "o ( !m1 an admirable public consci5ce1 ri* 9 sublime maxims ( morality1 9 rules ( ju/ice & equity1 9 s5tim5ts ( honor & dignity1 a consci5ce :i* survives ! %ipwreck ( private morality1 & does n all[ ! op5 corruption to g s f> z x did 9 anci5t times4 ,we mu/ n[ expla9 m at l5g? 9 :at ?is public consci5ce consi/s1 :at is its orig91 :at are its results1 %[+ at ! same "t :at %>e ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism h _h 9 its =mation4 ,?is delicate & important "q is1 ,i w v5ture to say1 unt\*$2 at lea/ ,i d n "k t x has yet be5 attempt$4 ,m5 con/antly speak ( ! excell5ce ( ,*ri/ian morality1 & on ?is po9t all ! sects1 all ! s*ools ( ,europe are agre$2 b !y d n pay suffici5t att5tion to ! way 9 :i* t morality has become pr$om9ant1 by fir/ de/roy+ ,pagan corruption1 !n by ma9ta9+ itself = c5turies 9 spite ( ! ravages ( infidelity1 s z to =m an admirable public consci5ce2 a b5efit :i* we n[ enjoy )\t appreciat+ x z we ought1 & )\t ev5 ?9k+ ( x4 ,9 ord] fully to compreh5d ?is matt]1 x is above all necess>y to =m a cle> idea ( :at is meant by consci5ce4 ,consci5ce 9 ! g5]al1 or r ideological s5se ( ! ^w1 means ! k :i* ea* man has ( 8 own acts4 ,?us we say t ! s\l is consci\s ( its ?\ghts1 ( ! acts ( its w1 & ( its s5sations2 s t ! ^w consci5ce1 tak5 9 ?is s5se1 expresses a p]ception ( :at we d & feel4 ,appli$ to ! moral ord]1 ?is ^w signifies ! judgm5t :i* we ourselves =m ( our actions z good or evil4 ,?us1 :5 we are ab\t to p]=m an action1 consci5ce po9ts x out to u z good or bad1 & consequ5tly lawful or unlawful2 & x ?us directs our conduct4 ,! action be+ p]=m$1 x tells u :e!r we h done well or ill1 x excuses or condemns u1 x rew>ds u ) peace ( m9d1 or puni%es u ) remorse4 ,?is explanation be+ giv51 we %all easily und]/& :at is meant by public consci5ce2 x is no?+ b ! judgm5t =m$ ( _! actions by ! g5]ality ( m54 ,x results f ?is t1 l private consci5ce1 ! public consci5ce may be "r or wrong1 /rict or relax$2 & t !re mu/ be diff]5ces on ?is po9t among societies ( m51 ! same z !re are among individuals2 t is to say1 t1 z 9 ! same society we f9d m5 ^: consci5ces are m or less "r or wrong1 m or less /rict or relax$1 we mu/ also f9d societies sup]ior to o!rs 9 ! ju/ice ( ! judgm5t :i* !y =m on actions1 & 9 ! delicacy ( _! moral appreciation4 ,if we obs]ve closely1 we %all see t individual consci5ce is ! result ( widely diff]5t causes4 ,x is an error to suppose t consci5ce resides solely 9 ! intellig5ce2 x is also root$ 9 ! he>t4 ,x is a judgm5t1 x is true2 b we judge ( ?+s 9 a v diff]5t way accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* we feel !m4 ,add to ?is1 t ! feel+s h an imm5se influ5ce on moral ideas & actions2 ! result is1 t consci5ce is =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( all ! causes :i* =cibly act on our he>ts4 ,communicate to two *ildr5 ! same moral pr9ciples1 by tea*+ !m f ! same book & "u ! same ma/]2 b suppose t "o 9 8 own family sees :at he is taught con/antly practis$1 :ile ! o!r sees !re no?+ b indiff]5ce to x2 suppose1 moreov]1 t ^! two *ildr5 gr[ up ) ! same moral & religi\s conviction1 s t z f> z ! intellect is conc]n$ !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 nev]!less1 d y believe t _! judgm5t ( ! morality ( actions w be ! same8 ,by no means2 & :y8 ,because ! "o has only convictions1 :ile ! o!r has also feel+s4 ,9 ! "o1 ! doctr9e enlight5s ! m9d2 :ile1 9 ! o!r1 example engraves x con/antly on ! he>t4 ,?us :at "o reg>ds ) indiff]5ce1 ! o!r looks ^u ) horror2 :at ! "o does ) neglig5ce1 ! o!r p]=ms ) ! greate/ c>e2 & ! same subject t to "o is ( slight int]e/1 is to ! o!r ( ! highe/ importance4 ,public consci5ce1 :i*1 9 fact1 is ! sum ( private consci5ces1 is subject to ! same influ5ces z !y are2 s t m]e in/ruction is n en\gh = x1 & x requires ! concurr5ce ( o!r causes to act on ! he>t1 z well z ! m9d4 ,:5 we comp>e ,*ri/ian ) pagan society1 we in/antly see t ! =m] mu/ be inf9itely sup]ior to ! latt] on ?is po9t2 n only on acc\nt ( ! purity ( its morality1 & ! /r5g? ( ! pr9ciples & motives sanction+ x1 b also because x foll[s ! wise c\rse ( cont9ually inculcat+ ?is morality1 & impress+ x /rongly on ! m9d by con/ant repetition4 ,by ?is con/ant repetition ( ! same tru?s1 ,*ri/ianity has done :at o!r religions nev] c\ld d2 none ( !m1 inde$1 h ev] succe$$ 9 organiz+ & putt+ into practice s important a sy/em4 ,b ,i h said en\gh on ?is po9t 9 ! f\rte5? *apt]2 x is useless to repeat x "h2 ,i pass on to "s obs]vations on ! public consci5ce 9 ,europe4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 g5]ally speak+1 reason & ju/ice prevail 9 t public consci5ce4 ,if y exam9e laws & actions1 y w n f9d ^? %ock+ acts ( inju/ice or ^? revolt+ immoralities :i* are to be met ) among o!r nations4 ,!re are c]ta9ly evils1 & v grave ones1 b !y are at lea/ ackn[l$g$1 & call$ by _! "r names4 ,we d n he> good call$ evil1 or evil good2 t is to say1 society1 9 c]ta9 ?+s1 is l ^? p]sons ( good pr9ciples & bad morals :o are ! fir/ to ackn[l$ge t _! conduct is blamable1 & t _! words & de$s contradict ea* o!r4 ,we (t5 lam5t ! corruption ( morals1 ! pr(ligacy ( our l>ge t[ns2 b :at is all ! corruption & pr(ligacy ( mod]n society comp>$ ) ! debau*]y ( ! anci5ts8 ,x c]ta9ly _c be d5i$ t !re is a fe>ful ext5t ( dissolut5ess 9 "s ( ! capitals ( ,europe4 ,! records ( ! police1 z well z ^? ( ! b5evol5t e/abli%m5ts :]e ! fruits ( crime are receiv$1 %[ %ock+ demoralization4 ,9 ! highe/ classes dreadful ravages are caus$ by conjugal infidelity1 & all sorts ( dissipation & disord]2 yet ^! excesses are v f> f rea*+ ! ext5t :i* !y did among ! be/-gov]n$ nations ( antiquity1 ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,s t our society1 :i* we s bitt]ly lam5t1 w\ld h appe>$ to !m a model ( mode/y & decorum4 ,ne$ we call to m9d ! infam\s vices !n s common & s public1 & :i* h sc>cely a "n among u n[1 :e!r x be because !y are s r>ely committ$1 or because ! fe> ( public consci5ce =ces !m to hide !mselves 9 ! d>k places1 &1 s to speak1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?8 ,ne$ we recall to m9d ! infamies :i* /a9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts z (t5 z !y describe ! mann]s ( _! times8 ,names illu/ri\s 9 sci5ce & 9 arms h pass$ d[n to po/]ity ) /a9s s black t we _c cons5t to describe !m4 ,n[1 h[ corrupt mu/ h be5 ! /ate ( ! o!r classes1 :5 su* degradation 0 attribut$ to m5 :o1 by _! elevat$ positions or o!r circum/ances1 7 ! lights ( society6 ,y talk ( ! av>ice :i* is s preval5t n[-a-days2 b look at ! usur]s ( antiquity :o suck$ ! blood ( ! p ev]y:]e2 read ! satirical poets1 & y w see :at 0 ! /ate ( mann]s on ?is po9t2 consult1 9 f9e1 ! annals ( ! ,*ur*1 & y w see :at pa9s %e took to dim9i% ! effects ( ?is vice2 read ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,rome1 & y w f9d ! curs$ ?ir/ = gold1 & l5d]s )\t m]cy1 :o1 aft] hav+ impud5tly robb$1 c>ri$ 9 triumph ! fruits ( _! rap9e to live ) sc&al\s o/5tation1 & buy votes aga9 to raise !m to comm&4 ,no1 9 ,european civilization1 among nations taught & elevat$ by ,*ri/ianity1 su* evils w\ld n be long tol]at$4 ,if we suppose adm9i/rative disord]1 tyranny1 & corruption ( morals c>ri$ z f> z y please1 /ill public op9ion w\ld raise its voice & fr[n on ! oppressors4 ,p>tial inju/ice may be committ$1 b rap9e w nev] be =m$ into a %ameless sy/em1 or be reg>d$ z ! rule ( gov]nm5t4 ,rely ^u x1 ! words ju/ice1 morality1 humanity1 :i* con/antly res\nd 9 our mid/1 are n va9 words2 ?is language produces great results2 x de/roys imm5se evils4 ,^! ideas impregnate ! atmosph]e we brea!2 !y frequ5tly re/ra9 ! arm ( crim9als1 & resi/ ) incr$ible =ce mat]iali/ic & utilit>ian doctr9es2 !y cont9ue to ex]t an incalculable influ5ce on society4 ,we h among u a feel+ ( morality :i* mollifies & gov]ns all2 :i* is s p[]ful t vice is compell$ to assume ! appe>ance ( virtue1 & cov] itself ) _m veils1 9 ord] to escape becom+ ! subject ( public execration4 ,mod]n society1 x w\ld seem1 ought to h inh]it$ ! corruption ( ! old1 s9ce x 0 =m$ out ( its ru9s1 at a "t :5 its morals 7 mo/ dissolute4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 t ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians1 f> f improv+ society1 contribut$1 on ! contr>y1 to make x worse2 & ?is1 n only on acc\nt ( ! corruption belong+ to _! fi]ce & brutal mann]s1 b also on acc\nt ( ! disord] introduc$ among ! nations !y invad$1 by violat+ laws1 ?r[+ _! mann]s & cu/oms into confusion1 & de/roy+ all au?ority4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! improvem5t ( public op9ion among mod]n nations is a v s+ul> fact2 & t ?is progress c only be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! active & en]getic pr9ciple :i* has exi/$ 9 ! bosom ( ,europe = s _m c5turies4 ,let u obs]ve ! conduct ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t--x is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ important facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages4 ,imag9e an age :5 corruption & inju/ice mo/ unblu%+ly rais$ _! heads1 & y w see t1 h[ev] impure & disgu/+ ! fact may be1 ! law is always pure2 t is to say1 t reason & ju/ice always f\nd "s "o to proclaim !m1 ev5 :5 !y appe>$ to be li/5$ to by nobody4 ,! /ate ( ignorance 0 ! d>ke/1 lic5ti\s passions 7 uncontroll$2 b ! in/ructions & admonitions ( ! ,*ur* 7 nev] want+2 x is ?us t1 amid/ ! d>ke/ night1 ! ligh?\se %9es f af>1 to guide ! m>9]s 9 safety4 ,:5 9 read+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* we see on all sides assembl$ c\ncils proclaim+ ! pr9ciples ( ! gospel morality1 :ile at e /ep we meet ) ! mo/ sc&al\s proce$+s2 :5 we con/antly he> inculcat$ ! laws :i* are s (t5 trodd5 "u foot1 x is natural to ask1 ( :at use 0 all ?is1 & ( :at b5efit 7 in/ructions ?us unhe$$8 ,let u n believe t ^! proclamations 7 useless1 nor lose c\rage if we h to wait long = _! fruits4 ,a pr9ciple :i* is proclaim$ = a long "t 9 society w 9 ! end acquire influ5ce2 if x is true1 & consequ5tly conta9s an elem5t ( life1 x w prevail 9 ! end ov] all t opposes x1 & w rule ov] all ar\nd x4 ,all[1 !n1 ! tru? to speak--all[ x to prote/ cont9ually2 ?is w prev5t ! prescription ( vice4 ,?us vice w pres]ve its prop] "n2 & y w prev5t misguid$ m5 f deify+ _! passions1 & plac+ !m on _! alt>s aft] hav+ ador$ !m 9 _! he>ts4 ,be confid5t t ?is prote/ w n be useless4 ,tru? 9 ! end w be victori\s & triumphant2 = ! prote/s ( tru? are ! voice ( ,god condemn+ ! usurpations ( ,8 creatures4 ,?is is :at really happ5$2 ,*ri/ian morality1 fir/ cont5d+ ) ! corrupt mann]s ( ! empire1 & aft]w>ds ) ! brutality ( ! b>b>ians1 _h = c5turies rude %ocks to su/a92 b at la/ x triumph$ ov] all1 & succe$$ 9 gov]n+ legislation & public morals4 ,we d n mean to say t x succe$$ 9 rais+ law & morals to ! degree ( p]fection :i* ! purity ( ! gospel morality requir$1 b at lea/ x did away ! mo/ %ock+ inju/ice2 x bani%$ ! mo/ savage cu/oms2 x re/ra9$ ! lic5se ( ! mo/ %ameless mann]s2 x ev]y:]e gave vice its prop] "n2 x pa9t$ x 9 its real colors1 & prev5t$ its be+ deifi$ z impud5tly z x 0 among ! anci5ts4 ,9 mod]n times1 x has _h to cont5d aga9/ ! s*ool :i* proclaims t private int]e/ is ! only pr9ciple ( morals2 x has n be5 able1 x is true1 to prev5t ?is fatal doctr9e f caus+ great evils1 b at lea/ x has s5sibly dim9i%$ !m4 ,unhappy = ! _w w be ! day :5 m5 %all say )\t disguise1 ,my own advantage is my virtue2 my honor is :at is useful to myself2 all is good or evil1 accord+ z x is pleas+ or displeas+ to me4 ,unhappy = ! _w w be ! day :5 su* language w no long] be repudiat$ by public consci5ce4 ,! opportunity n[ pres5t+ itself1 & wi%+ to expla9 s important a matt] z fully z possible1 ,i w make "s obs]vations on an op9ion ( ,montesquieu respect+ ! c5sors ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,?is digression w n be =eign to ! purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,public ,,consci5ce ,,accord+ ,,to ,,montesquieu--,,honor--,,virtue4 ,montesquieu has said t republics are pres]v$ by virtue1 & mon>*ies by honor4 ,he obs]ves1 moreov]1 t honor r5d]s ! c5sors1 :o 7 requir$ among ! anci5ts1 unnecess>y among u4 ,true x is1 t 9 mod]n times !re are no c5sors *>g$ ) wat*+ ov] ! public morals2 b ! cause ( ?is is n z /at$ by ?is fam\s publici/4 ,among ,*ri/ian nations1 ! m9i/]s ( religion are ! natural c5sors ( public morals4 ,! pl5itude ( ?is (fice belongs to ! ,*ur*1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! c5sorial p[] ( ! anci5ts 0 purely civil1 :ile t ( ! ,*ur* is a religi\s p[]1 :i* has its orig9 & sanction 9 div9e au?ority4 ,! religion ( ,greece & ,rome nei!r did1 nor c\ld1 ex]cise ?is c5sorial p[] ov] morals4 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is1 x is en\gh to read ! passage f ,/4 ,augu/9e1 quot$ 9 ! f\rte5? *apt]--a passage s int]e/+ on ?is matt]1 t ,i w v5ture to ask ! read] to p]use x aga94 ,?is is ! reason :y we f9d among ! ,greeks & ,romans c5sors :o are n se5 among ,*ri/ian nations4 ,^! c5sors 7 an addition to ! ,pagan religion1 ! impot5ce ( :i* !y cle>ly %[$--a religion :i* 0 mi/ress ( society1 & yet c\ld n fulfil "o ( ! fir/ duties ( all religions--t ( wat*+ ov] ! public morals4 ,:at ,i ass]t is s p]fectly true1 t 9 proportion z ! influ5ce ( religion & ! asc5d5cy ( its m9i/]s h be5 l[]$ among mod]n nations1 ! anci5t c5sors h reappe>$ 9 "s sort 9 ! in/itution ( police4 ,:5 moral means are want+1 x is necess>y to h rec\rse to physical ones2 viol5ce is sub/itut$ = p]suasion1 & in/ead ( a zeal\s & *>itable mission>y1 del9qu5ts fall into ! h&s ( ! m9i/]s ( public ju/ice4 ,mu* has be5 already writt5 ( ! sy/em ( ,montesquieu1 ) respect to ! pr9ciples on :i* ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t are bas$2 b p]haps suffici5t att5tion has n be5 paid to ! ph5om5on :i* has s]v$ to mislead him4 ,z ?is "q is intimately connect$ ) ! po9t :i* ,i h j t\*$ ^u1 9 relation to ! exi/5ce ( ! c5sorial au?ority1 ,i %all expla9 myself at "s l5g?4 ,9 ! "t ( ,montesquieu1 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 n s fully und]/ood z x n[ is ) respect to its social importance2 & al?\gh on ?is po9t ! au?or ( ! ,esprit des ,lois has done homage to h]1 x is well to rememb] :at 7 8 anti*ri/ian prejudices dur+ 8 y\?1 & also t ?is "w is /ill f> f r5d]+ to ! true religion :at is due to h]4 ,! ideas ( an irreligi\s philosophy :i*1 "s ye>s lat]1 misl$ s _m f9e intellects1 _h begun at t "t to ga9 ! asc5dant1 & ,montesquieu _h n suffici5t /r5g? ( m9d to make a decid$ opposition to ! prejudices :i* ?reat5$ univ]sal dom9ion4 ,to ?is cause we mu/ add ano!r1 :i*1 al?\gh di/9ct f ! la/1 yet _h ! same orig91 viz4 a prejudice 9 favor ( all t 0 old1 & a bl9d admiration = e ?+ ,roman or ,grecian4 ,x seem$ to ! philosoph]s ( t "t1 t social & political p]fection _h rea*$ _! greate/ height among ! anci5ts1 t !re 0 no?+ to be add$ to or tak5 f x1 & t ev5 9 religion ! fables & fe/ivals ( antiquity 7 a ?\s& times pref]able to ! fai? & wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! new philosoph]s1 ! heav5 ( ! ,apocalypse c\ld n su/a9 a comp>ison ) t ( ! ,elysian fields2 ! maje/y ( ,jehovah 0 inf]ior to t ( ,jupit]2 all ! l(tie/ ,*ri/ian in/itutions 7 a legacy ( ignorance & fanaticism2 ! mo/ holy & b5efic5t in/itutions 7 ! "w ( tortu\s & int]e/$ views--! vehicle & expression ( sordid int]e/s2 public au?ority 0 only an atroci\s tyranny2 & ! only noble1 j1 & salut>y in/itutions 7 ^? ( ,paganism4 ,!re e ?+ 0 wise1 & ev9c$ pr(\nd designs highly advantage\s to society2 ! anci5ts alone _h enjoy$ social advantages1 & _h succe$$ 9 organiz+ public au?ority1 ) gu>antees = ! lib]ty ( citiz5s4 ,mod]n nations %\ld bitt]ly lam5t n be+ able to m+le 9 ! agitation ( ! =um1 be+ depriv$ ( su* orators z ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o1--hav+ no ,olympic games1 or conte/s ( a?let2 9 f9e1 !y mu/ always regret a religion :i*1 al?\gh full ( illusion & falsehood1 gave to all nature a dramatic int]e/1 gave life to f\nta9s1 riv]s1 cascades1 & seas1 peopl$ ! fields1 ! mead[s1 & ! woods ) beautiful nymphs1 gave to man gods z ! companions ( 8 he>?1 & above all1 knew h[ to r5d] life pleasant & *>m+1 by giv+ full scope to all ! passions1 & deify+ !m "u ! mo/ en*ant+ =ms4 ,h[1 9 ! mid/ ( su* prejudices1 0 x possible to discov] ! tru? 9 mod]n in/itutions8 ,e ?+ 0 9 ! mo/ deplorable /ate ( confusion2 all t 0 e/abli%$ 0 condemn$ )\t appeal1 & e "o :o attempt$ to def5d x 0 consid]$ a fool or a knave4 ,religion & political con/itutions1 :i* seem$ de/9$ soon to disappe>1 c\ld reckon on no o!r support ?an ! prejudices or ! int]e/s ( gov]nm5ts4 ,lam5table ab]ration ( ! human m9d6 ,:at w\ld ^! writ]s n[ say if !y c\ld arise f _! tombs8 ,& yet a c5tury has n yet elaps$ s9ce ! epo* :5 _! s*ool began to acquire its influ5ce4 ,!y h1 = a long "t1 rul$ ! _w at _! pleasure2 & !y h only %$ torr5ts ( blood1 heap+ lesson ^u lesson1 & deception ^u deception1 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,b let u return to ,montesquieu4 ,?is publici/1 :o 0 s mu* affect$ by ! atmosph]e 9 :i* he liv$1 & :o _h no small %>e 9 p]v]t+ ! age1 saw ! facts :i* are "h s app>5t2 he recognis$ ! results ( t public op9ion :i* has be5 creat$ among ,european nations by ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b :ile obs]v+ ! effects1 he did n asc]ta9 ! real causes1 & labor$ 9 e way to accommodate !m to 8 own sy/em4 ,9 comp>+ anci5t ) mod]n society1 he discov]$ betwe5 !m a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! conduct ( m52 he obs]v$ t we see accompli%$ among u ! noble/ & mo/ h]oic actions1 :ile we avoid a great "p ( ! vices :i* defile ! anci5ts2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,montesquieu1 l o!rs1 c\ld n help see+ t m5 among u h n always t high moral aim :i* ought to be ! motive ( _! laudable conduct4 ,av>ice1 ambition1 love ( pleasure1 & o!r passions1 /ill reign 9 ! _w1 & are easily discov]$ ev]y:]e4 ,/ill ^! passions d n rea* ! excess !y did among ! anci5ts2 !re is a my/]i\s p[] :i* re/ra9s !m2 be=e giv+ way to _! impulses1 !y ?r[ a cauti\s glance ar\nd !m1 & d n indulge 9 c]ta9 excesses unless !y are sure ( be+ able to d s 9 secret4 ,!y h great dread ( be+ se5 by man2 !y c only live 9 solitude & d>kness4 ,! au?or ( ! ,esprit des ,lois ask$ himself :at is ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,m51 he said to himself1 (t5 act1 n f moral virtue1 b f respect = ! judgm5t :i* o!r m5 w pass ^u _! actions2 ?is is to act f honor4 ,n[1 ?is is ! case 9 ,france & 9 ! o!r mon>*ies ( ,europe2 x mu/ be1 !re=e1 ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( mon>*ical gov]nm5ts2 x mu/ be ! base ( t =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! di/9ction betwe5 a republic & despotism4 ,let u he> ! au?or himself3 ,dans quel gov]nem5t1 says he1 faut il des c5seurs8 ,il en faut dans une rpublique1 o le pr9cipe du gov]nem5t e/ la v]tu4 ,ce ne sont pas seulem5t les crimes qui detruis5t la v]tu1 mais encore les neglig5ces1 les fautes1 une c]ta9e tideur dans l'am\r de la patrie1 des exemples dang]eux1 des sem5ces de corruption2 ce qui ne *oque po9t les lois1 mais les lude2 ce qui ne les dtruit pas1 mais les affaiblit4 ,t\t cela doit tre corrig p> les c5seurs4 99 99 99 ,dans les mon>*ies il ne faut po9t de c5seurs1 elles sont fondes sur l'honneur2 et la nature de l'honneur e/ d'avoir p\r c5seur t\t l'univ]s4 ,t\t homme qui y manque e/ s\mis aux repro*es de ceux mmes qui n'en ont po9t4 7,de l',esprit des ,lois1 liv4 v4 *ap4 #ai47 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ?is publici/4 ,b if we reflect on ! matt]1 we %all see t he 0 wrong 9 transf]r+ to politics1 & expla9+ by simply political causes1 a fact purely social4 ,montesquieu po9ts out1 z ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( mon>*ies1 :at is ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( all mod]n ,european society2 he seems n to h und]/ood :y ! in/itution ( c5sors 0 n necess>y 9 ,europe1 any m ?an he did ! real reason :y !y 7 requir$ among ! anci5ts4 ,mon>*ical =ms h n exclusively prevail$ 9 ,europe4 ,p[]ful republics h exi/$ !re2 & !re are /ill "s n to be despis$4 ,mon>*y itself has und]gone num]\s modifications2 x has be5 alli$ sometimes ) democracy1 sometimes ) ari/ocracy2 sometimes its p[] has be5 v limit$1 & sometimes x has be5 unb\nd$2 & yet we always f9d ?is re/ra9t :i* ,montesquieu speaks (1 & :i* he calls honor2 t is1 a p[]ful influ5ce /imulat+ to good de$s & det]r+ f bad1 & all ?is f respect = ! judgm5ts :i* o!r m5 w pass4 ,dans les mon>*ies1 says ,montesquieu1 il ne faut po9t de c5seurs1 elles sont fondes sur l'honneur2 et la nature de l'honneur e/ d'avoir p\r c5seur t\t l'univ]s2 rem>kable words1 :i* reveal to u ! ideas ( ! writ]1 & at ! same "t %[ u ! orig9 ( 8 mi/ake4 ,!y w assi/ u 9 solv+ ! enigma4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is po9t z fully z ! importance ( ! subject requires1 & ) z mu* cle>ness z ! multitude & intricacy ( its relations dem&1 ,i %all endeav\r to convey my ideas ) z mu* precision z possible4 ,respect = ! judgm5t ( o!rs is a feel+ innate 9 man2 consequ5tly x is 9 8 nature to d or avoid _m ?+s on acc\nt ( ?is judgm5t4 ,all ?is is f\nd$ on ! simple fact ( self-love3 ?is is no?+ b love ( our own good fame1 ! desire ( appe>+ to advantage1 & ! fe> ( appe>+ to disadvantage1 9 ! eyes ( our fell[s4 ,^! ?+s are s simple & cle>1 t !y d n require or ev5 admit ( pro(s or comm5ts4 ,honor is a /imulant m or less active1 or a re/ra9t m or less p[]ful1 accord+ to ! degree ( sev]ity :i* we expect 9 ! judgm5ts ( o!rs4 ,?us x is t ! mis]1 :5 among ! g5]\s1 makes an ef=t to appe> lib]al2 ! prodigal re/ra9s himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! lov]s ( /rict economy2 9 meet+s :]e decorum g5]ally reigns we see t ev5 lib]t9es control !mselves1 :ile m5 ^: mann]s are usually correct all[ !mselves c]ta9 fre$oms 9 lic5ti\s societies4 ,n[ ! society 9 :i* we live is1 z x 71 "o va/ company4 ,if we "k t /rict pr9ciples prevail !re1 if we he> ev]y:]e proclaim$ ! rules ( s\nd morality1 if we ?9k t ! g5]ality ( ! m5 ) :om we live give ! "r "n to e action1 )\t all[+ ! irregul>ity ( _! conduct to falsify _! judgm5t1 we see ourselves surr\nd$ on all sides by witnesses & judges :o _c be corrupt$2 & ?is *ecks u at e /ep :5 we wi% to d evil1 & urges u on :5 we wi% to d good4 ,x w be f> o!rwise if we h reason to expect indulg5ce f ! society 9 :i* we move4 ,9 ?is case1 & suppos+ u all to ent]ta9 ! same convictions1 vice w n appe> to u s horrible1 crime s dete/able1 or corruption s disgu/+2 our ideas ) reg>d to ! morality ( our conduct w be v diff]5t1 & 9 ! end our actions w %[ ! fatal influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* we live4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t1 9 ord] to infuse into our he>ts a feel+ ( honor /rong en\gh to produce good1 x is necess>y t pr9ciples ( s\nd morality %\ld regulate society1 & t !y %\ld be g5]ally & fully believ$4 ,?is be+ grant$1 social habits w be =m$1 :i* w regulate mann]s2 & ev5 if ^! habits d n succe$ 9 h9d]+ ! corruption ( a great numb] ( individuals1 !y w1 nev]!less1 be suffici5t to compel vice to adopt c]ta9 disguises1 :i*1 al?\gh hypocritical1 w n fail to add to ! decorum ( mann]s4 ,! salut>y effects ( ^! habits w /ill cont9ue aft] ! fai? on :i* _! moral pr9ciples are bas$ has be5 consid]ably weak5$1 & society w /ill ga!r 9 abundance ! b5efic5t fruits ( ! despis$ or =gott5 tree4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( ! morality ( mod]n nations3 al?\gh lam5tably corrupt1 !y are /ill n s bad z ! anci5ts4 ,!y pres]ve 9 _! legislation1 & 9 _! morals1 a fund ( morality & dignity :i* ! ravages ( irreligion h n be5 able to de/roy4 ,public op9ion nev] dies2 e day x c5sures vice1 & extols ! beauty & advantages ( virtue2 x reigns ov] gov]nm5ts & nations1 & ex]cises ! p[]ful asc5d5cy ( an elem5t :i* is f\nd univ]sally diffus$4 ,outre l',aropage1 says ,montesquieu1 il y avait ,a?nes des g>di5s des murs et des g>di5s des lois4 ,a ,lacdmone1 t\s les vieill>ds tai5t c5seurs4 ,a ,rome1 deux magi/rats p>ticuli]s avai5t la c5sure4 ,comme le ,s5at veille sur le peuple1 il faut que des c5seurs ai5t les yeux sur le peuple et sur le ,s5at4 ,il faut qu'ils rtabliss5t dans la rpublique t\t ce qui a t corrompu1 qu'ils not5t la tideur1 jug5t les nglig5ces1 et corrig5t les fautes1 comme les lois puniss5t les crimes4 7,de l',esprit des ,lois1 liv4 v4 *ap4 #g47 ,9 describ+ ! duties ( ! c5sors ( antiquity1 ! au?or seems to /ate ! functions ( religi\s au?ority4 ,to p5etrate :]e ! civil laws d n ext5d2 to correct1 & 9 "s measure to *a/ise1 :at !y leave unpuni%$2 to ex]cise ov] society an influ5ce m delicate & m9ute ?an t :i* belongs to legislation1--su* are ! objects ( ! c5sorial p[]2 & :o does n see t t p[] has be5 replac$ by religi\s au?ority8 & t if ! =m] has be5 unnecess>y among mod]n nations1 x is ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( ! latt]1 or to ! influ5ce :i* x has ex]cis$ = _m c5turies8 ,x _c be d5i$ t religi\s au?ority has = a long "t ga9$ a decid$ asc5d5cy ov] m5's m9ds & he>ts2 ?is fact is writt5 9 e page ( ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,z to ! results ( t influ5ce1 s calumniat$ & ill und]/ood1 we meet ) !m e day1--we :o see ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice & s\nd morality /ill reign+ ov] public consci5ce1 9 spite ( ! ravages :i* irreligion & immorality h committ$ among individuals4 ,! p[]ful influ5ce ( public consci5ce w be be/ expla9$ by "s examples4 ,let u suppose t ! ri*e/ ( nobles1 or ! mo/ p[]ful ( mon>*s1 indulg$ 9 ! abom9able excesses ( a ,tib]ius1 a ,n]o1 or ! o!r mon/]s :o disgrac$ ! imp]ial ?rone1 :at w\ld happ58 ,we w n pr$ict2 b we are confid5t t ! univ]sal %\t ( indignation & horror w\ld be s l\d1 & ! mon/] w\ld be s cru%$ "u ! load ( public execration1 t x appe>s to u impossible = him to exi/4 ,x seems to u an ana*ronism1 an impossibility at ?is "t4 ,ev5 if we admit t !re might be m5 immoral en\gh to commit su* enormities1 suffici5tly p]v]t$ 9 m9d & he>t to exhibit su* depravity1 we see t x w\ld be an outrage aga9/ univ]sal morals1 & t su* a spectacle c\ld n /& = a mom5t 9 pres5ce ( public op9ion4 ,i c\ld draw numb]less contra/s1 b ,i %all cont5t myself ) "o1 :i*1 :ile x rem9ds u ( a f9e trait 9 anci5t hi/ory1 exhibits1 ) ! virtue ( a h]o1 ! mann]s ( ! "t & ! melan*oly condition ( ! public consci5ce4 ,let u suppose t a g5]al ( mod]n ,europe captures by assault a t[n 9 :i* a di/+ui%$ lady1 ! wife ( "o ( ! pr9cipal lead]s ( ! enemy1 falls into ! h&s ( ! soldi]s4 ,! beautiful prison] is br\ght to ! g5]al2 :at %\ld be 8 conduct8 ,e "o w imm$iately say1 t %e ought to be treat$ ) ! mo/ delicate att5tion1 t %e ought to be imm$iately set at lib]ty & all[$ to rejo9 h] husb&4 ,su* conduct appe>s to u s /rictly obligatory1 s mu* accord+ to ! ord] ( ?+s1 & s con=mable to our ideas & s5tim5ts1 t !re c]ta9ly does n appe> to u to be any peculi> m]it 9 adopt+ x4 ,we %\ld say t ! g5]al _h p]=m$ a /rict & sacr$ duty1 :i* he c\ld n evade )\t cov]+ himself ) %ame & ignom9y4 ,we c]ta9ly %\ld n immortalize su* an action 9 hi/ory2 we %\ld all[ x to pass unnotic$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,n[1 ?is is :at ,scipio did ) respect to ! wife ( ,m>donius at ! tak+ ( ,c>?ag5a2 & anci5t hi/ory records ?is g5]osity z an et]nal monum5t ( 8 virtues4 ,?is p>allel expla9s bett] ?an any comm5t>y ! imm5se progress ( morality & public consci5ce "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[1 su* conduct1 :i* among u is consid]$ z simple1 natural1 & /rictly obligatory1 does n fl[ f ! honor belong+ to mon>*ies1 z ,montesquieu ass]ts1 b f m l(ty notions ( human dignity1 f a cle>] k ( ! true /ate ( society1 f a morality ! pur] & m p[]ful because x is e/abli%$ on et]nal f\ndations4 ,?is1 inde$1 is f\nd & felt ev]y:]e1 x gov]ns ! good & is respect$ ev5 by ! bad2 ?is is :at w\ld /op ! lic5ti\s man1 :o1 9 a case ( ?is sort1 w\ld be incl9$ to indulge 8 cruelty or 8 o!r passions4 ,! au?or ( ! ,esprit des ,lois w\ld d\btless h p]ceiv$ ^! tru?s if he _h n be5 prejudic$ by ! favorite di/9ction e/abli%$ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w1 & :i* ?r\gh\t b\nd him to an inflexible sy/em4 ,we "k :at a preconceiv$ sy/em is--"o t s]ves z ! m\ld = a "w4 ,l ! b$ ( ,procru/us1 ideas & facts1 "r or wrong1 are accommodat$ to ! sy/em2 :at is too mu* is tak5 away1 & :at is want+ is add$4 ,?us ,montesquieu f9ds 9 political motives1 f\nd$ on ! republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! reason = ! p[] ex]cis$ ov] ,roman wom5 by _! husb&s4 ,! cruel rights giv5 to fa!rs ov] _! *ildr51 ! unlimit$ pat]nal p[] e/abli%$ by ! ,roman laws1 also appe>$ to him to fl[ f political causes1 z if x 7 n evid5t t ^! two regulations ( ! anci5t ,roman law 7 ow+ to causes purely dome/ic & social1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! =m ( gov]nm5t4#ai ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,prote/antism ,,& ,,ca?olicity ,,on ,,! ,,public ,,consci5ce4 ,we h def9$ ! nature ( public consci5ce2 we h po9t$ out its orig9 & effects4 ,x n[ rema9s to exam9e :e!r ,prote/antism has _h any %>e 9 =m+ x1 & :e!r x is fairly entitl$ to ! glory ( hav+ be5 ( any s]vice to ,european civilization on ?is po9t4 ,we h already %[n t ! orig9 ( ?is public consci5ce is to be f\nd 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[ ,*ri/ianity may be consid]$ "u two aspects--z a doctr9e1 & z an in/itution int5d$ to realize t doctr9e2 t is to say1 ,*ri/ian morality may be consid]$ 9 itself1 or z taught & inculcat$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,to =m ! public consci5ce1 & make ,*ri/ian morality regulate x1 x 0 n en\gh to ann\nce ?is doctr9e2 !re 0 /ill requir$ a society1 n only to pres]ve x 9 all its purity1 t x might be transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b to prea* x incessantly to man1 & apply x cont9ually to all ! acts ( life4 ,we mu/ obs]ve t ideas1 h[ev] p[]ful !y may be1 h only a prec>i\s exi/5ce until !y are realiz$1 & become embodi$1 z x 71 9 an in/itution :i*1 :ile x is animat$1 mov$1 & guid$ by !m1 s]ves !m z a ramp>t aga9/ ! attacks ( o!r ideas & o!r int]e/s4 ,man is =m$ ( body & s\l2 ! :ole _w is a collection ( spiritual & corporeal be+s--a sy/em ( moral & physical relations2 ?us x is t all ideas1 ev5 ! greate/ & ! l(tie/1 beg9 to fall into oblivion :5 !y h no outw>d expression--no organ by :i* !y make !mselves he>d & respect$4 ,!y are !n conf\nd$ & ov]:elm$ amid ! confusion ( ! _w1 & 9 ! end disappe> altoge!r4 ,!re=e1 all ideas t are to h a la/+ influ5ce on society1 necess>ily t5d to create an in/itution to repres5t !m1 9 :i* !y may be p]sonifi$2 n satisfi$ ) address+ !mselves to ! m9d1 & ) desc5d+ to practice by indirect means1 !y seek to give =m to matt]1 !y pres5t !mselves to ! eyes ( humanity 9 a palpable mann]4 ,^! obs]vations1 :i* ,i submit ) confid5ce to ! judgm5t ( s5sible m51 conta9 a condemnation ( ! ,prote/ant sy/em4 ,s f> f ! pret5d$ ,re=mation be+ able to claim any "p 9 ! salut>y ev5ts :i* we are expla9+1 we %\ld r say t1 by its pr9ciples & conduct1 x w\ld h be5 an ob/acle 9 _! way1 if1 z 0 happily ! case1 ,europe _h n be5 ( adult age 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & consequ5tly almo/ incapable ( los+ ! doctr9es1 feel+s1 habits1 & t5d5cies :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h communicat$ to x dur+ an education ( s _m c5turies4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ ?+ t ,prote/antism did 0 to attack au?ority1 n by a m]e act ( resi/ance1 b by proclaim+ resi/ance to be a real "r1 by e/abli%+ private judgm5t z a dogma4 ,f t mom5t ,*ri/ian morality rema9$ )\t support1 = !re 0 no long] a society :i* c\ld claim ! "r ( expla9+ & tea*+ x2 t is to say1 x 0 r$uc$ to ! level ( ^? ideas :i*1 n be+ repres5t$ or support$ by an in/itution1 & n hav+ any au?oriz$ organ to expla9 !m1 possess$ no direct means ( act+ on society1 & _h no means ( protection :5 attack$4 ,b ,i %all be told t ,prote/antism has pres]v$ ! in/itution :i* realizes ?is idea2 = x has pres]v$ its m9i/]s1 wor%ip1 & prea*+--9 a ^w1 all t tru? requires 9 deal+ ) man4 ,i w n d5y t !re is "s tru? 9 ?is1 & ,i w repeat :at ,i h n hesitat$ to affirm 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ?is "w1 ,t we ought to reg>d x z a great good1 t ! fir/ ,prote/ants1 9 spite ( _! desire to upset all ! practices ( ! ,*ur*1 h yet pres]v$ t ( prea*+4 ,i add$ 9 ! same place3 ,x is n necess>y to d5y on ?is acc\nt ! evils produc$ at c]ta9 times by ! declamation ( "s m9i/]s1 ei!r furi\s or fanatical2 b z unity 0 brok51 & z ! p _h be5 hurri$ into ! p]il\s pa? ( s*ism1 we say t x mu/ h be5 v conducive to ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ important ideas conc]n+ ,god & man1 & ! fundam5tal maxims ( morality1 = su* tru?s to be frequ5tly expla9$ to ! p by m5 :o _h long /udi$ !m 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,i repeat "h :at ,i !re said3 prea*+ practis$ among ,prote/ants mu/ h _h v good effects2 b ?is only am\nts to say+1 t x did n d s mu* mis*ief z 0 to be fe>$ f its own pr9ciples4 ,on ?is po9t1 !y 7 l m5 ( immoral op9ions1 :o are n s bad z !y w\ld be1 7 _! he>ts 9 accordance ) _! m9ds3 !y _h ! good =tune to be inconsi/5t4 ,prote/antism _h proclaim$ ! abolition ( au?ority1 & ! "r ( private judgm5t )\t limit2 b 9 practice x did n q act up to ^! doctr9es4 ,?us1 x devot$ itself ) ardor to :at x call$ gospel prea*+1 & its m9i/]s 7 call$ gospell]s4 ,s t1 at ! v "t :5 !y j e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple t e individual _h ! free "r ( private judgm5t1 & ought to be guid$ by reason or private inspiration alone1 )\t li/5+ to any ext]nal au?ority1 ,prote/ant m9i/]s 7 se5 spread+ !mselves ev]y:]e1 & claim+ to be ! legitimate organs ( ! div9e ^w4 ,! bett] to und]/& ! /range nature ( su* a doctr9e1 we mu/ rememb] ! maxims ( ,lu!r ) respect to ! prie/hood4 ,we "k t ?is h]esi>*1 emb>rass$ by ! hi]>*y :i* con/itutes ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur*1 pret5d$ to ov]turn x at "o bl[1 by ma9ta9+ t all ,*ri/ians are prie/s1 & t1 to ex]cise ! sacr$ m9i/ry1 a simple appo9tm5t is necess>y1 :i* adds no?+ ess5tial or *>act]i/ic to ! quality ( prie/s1 :i* is ! univ]sal patrimony ( all ,*ri/ians4 ,x foll[s f ?is doctr9e1 t ! ,prote/ant prea*] want+ a mission is n di/+ui%$ f o!r ,*ri/ians by any *>act]i/ic2 he _c1 consequ5tly1 speak to !m ) any au?ority2 he is n all[$1 l ,jesus ,*ri/1 to speak quasi pote/atem hab5s 7z hav+ au?ority72 he is no?+ m ?an an orator :o addresses ! p ) no o!r "r ?an :at he d]ives f 8 education1 k1 or eloqu5ce4 ,?is prea*+ )\t au?ority1 :i*1 9 reality & accord+ to ! prea*]'s own pr9ciples1 0 only human1 al?\gh x committ$ ! gl>+ inconsi/5cy ( pret5d+ to be div9e1 may1 no d\bt1 h contribut$ some?+ to ! pres]vation ( good moral pr9ciples :5 !y 7 already ev]y:]e e/abli%$2 b x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 unable to e/abli% !m 9 a society :]e !y 7 unkn[n1 especially if x _h _h to /ruggle ) o!r pr9ciples directly oppos$ to x1 & support$ by anci5t prejudices1 by deeply root$ passions1 & by /rong int]e/s4 ,yes1 we repeat x1 ?is prea*+ w\ld h be5 unable to introduce its pr9ciples into su* a society2 unable to pres]ve !m 9 safety amid ! mo/ al>m+ revolutions & ! mo/ unexampl$ cata/rophes2 unable to imp>t !m to b>b>\s nations1 :o1 pr\d ( _! triumph1 li/5$ to no o!r voice ?an t ( _! f]oci\s in/9ct2 unable to make ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$ b[ be=e ^! pr9ciples1 to m\ld ! mo/ diff]5t nations into "o p1 by /amp+ on _! laws1 in/itutions1 & mann]s ! same seal1 9 ord] to =m f !m t admirable society1 t assemblage ( nations1 or r t "o great nation1 :i* is call$ ,europe4 ,9 a ^w1 ,prote/antism1 f its v con/itution1 w\ld h be5 incapable ( realiz+ :at ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has done4 ,moreov]1 ?is attempt$ prea*+ pres]v$ by ,prote/antism is1 at bottom1 an ef=t to imitate ! ,*ur* t x may n rema9 un>m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( s r$\btable an adv]s>y4 ,x requir$ a means ( influ5c+ ! p1--a *annel op5 to communicate1 at ! w ( ea* usurp] ( religi\s au?ority1 diff]5t int]pretations ( ! ,bible2 ?is is ! reason :y1 9 spite ( viol5t declamation aga9/ all t emanat$ f ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 x pres]v$ ! valuable practice ( prea*+4 ,b ! be/ way to feel ! inf]iority ( ,prote/antism 9 reg>d to ! k & compreh5sion ( ! means prop] to ext5d & /r5g!n morality1 & make x prevail 9 all ! acts ( life1 is to obs]ve1 t x has int]rupt$ all communication betwe5 ! consci5ce ( ! fai?ful & ! direction ( ! prie/2 x only leaves to ! latt] a g5]al direction1 :i*1 ow+ to its be+ ext5d$ ov] all at ! same "t1 is ex]t$ ) effect ov] none4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to ! consid]ation ( ! abolition ( ! sacram5t ( ,p5ance among ,prote/ants1 we may re/ assur$ t !y h !reby giv5 up "o ( ! mo/ legitimate1 p[]ful1 & g5tle means ( r5d]+ human conduct con=mable to ! pr9ciples ( s\nd morality4 ,its action is legitimate2 = no?+ c be m legitimate ?an direct & intimate communication betwe5 ! consci5ce ( man :o is to be judg$ by ,god1 & ! consci5ce ( ! man :o repres5ts ,god on e>?2--an action :i* is p[]ful1 because ?is intimate communication1 e/abli%$ betwe5 man & man1 betwe5 s\l & s\l1 id5tifies1 z x 71 ! ?\ghts & affections2 because1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god alone1 to ! exclusion ( e o!r witness1 admonitions h m =ce1 precepts m au?ority1 & advice m unction & sweetness to p5etrate into ! inmo/ s\l2--an action full ( g5tl5ess1 = x supposes ! volunt>y manife/ation ( ! consci5ce :i* seeks guidance--a manife/ation :i* is comm&$1 x is true1 by au?ority1 b :i* _c be en=c$ by viol5ce1 z ,god alone is ! judge ( its s9c]ity2--an action1 ,i repeat1 :i* is g5tle1 = ! m9i/] is compell$ to ! /ricte/ secrecy2 all imag9able precautions h be5 tak5 by ! ,*ur* to prev5t a betrayal1 & man may re/ ) tranquillity 9 ! assurance t ! secrets ( 8 consci5ce w nev] be reveal$4 ,b y w ask me1 d y believe all ?is is necess>y to e/abli% & pres]ve a good /ate ( morality8 ,if morality is to be any ?+ m ?an a m]e worldly probity1 :i* is expos$ to de/ruction at ! fir/ %ock ( int]e/1 or easily s$uc$ by ! passions2 if x is to be a morality delicate1 /rict1 & pr(\nd1 ext5d+ ov] all ! acts ( life1 guid+ & rul+ ! he>t ( man1 & trans=m+ x into t beau idal :i* we admire 9 ,ca?olics :o are really devot$ to ! obs]vances & practices ( _! religion2 if ?is is ! morality :i* y mean1 x is necess>y1 und\bt$ly1 t1 plac$ "u ! inspection ( religi\s au?ority1 x %\ld be direct$ & guid$ by a m9i/] ( ! sanctu>y1 by a fai?ful communication ( ! secrets ( our he>ts & ! numb]less temptations :i* cont9ually assail our weak nature4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 & ,i w add1 t x is po9t$ out by exp]i5ce & taught by philosophy4 ,i d n mean to say1 t ,ca?olics alone are capable ( p]=m+ virtu\s actions2 ?is w\ld be to contradict ! exp]i5ce ( e day4 ,i only wi% to prove ! efficacy ( a ,ca?olic in/itution :i* is despis$ by ,prote/ants4 ,i speak ( ! great influ5ce :i* ?is in/itution has 9 infus+ into our he>ts1 & pres]v+ 9 !m1 a morality :i* is cordial1 con/ant1 & applicable to all ! acts ( our s\ls4 ,no d\bt1 !re is 9 man a mon/r\s mixture ( good & evil2 ,i "k t x is n giv5 him to atta9 9 ?is life to t ineffable degree ( p]fection :i* consi/s 9 a p]fect con=mity ) ,div9e tru? & hol9ess--a p]fection :i* he w n be able ev5 to conceive until ! mom5t :51 /ripp$ ( 8 mortal body1 he w be plung$ into ! pure ocean ( light & love4 ,b we _c be p]mitt$ to d\bt t man1 9 ?is e>?ly abode1 9 ! l& ( mis]y & d>kness1 c1 nev]!less1 atta9 to ! univ]sal1 delicate1 & pr(\nd /ate ( morality :i* ,i h j describ$2 &1 h[ev] mu* ! pres5t corruption ( ! _w may be a too legitimate subject ( affliction1 x mu/ be all[$ t we /ill f9d1 9 our own days1 a consid]able numb] ( honorable exceptions 9 ! multitude ( p]sons :o con=m to ! /rict rule ( gospel morality 9 _! conduct1 _! wi%es1 & ev5 9 _! ?\ghts & inmo/ affections4 ,to atta9 to ?is degree ( morality 7& obs]ve1 ,i d n say ( evangelical p]fection1 b ( m]e morality71 x is necess>y t ! religi\s pr9ciple %\ld be visibly pres5t to ! eyes ( ! s\l1 t x %\ld act cont9ually ^u h]1 urg+ on or re/ra9+ h] 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( circum/ances :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( life1 occur to mislead f ! pa? ( duty4 ,! life ( man is1 z x 71 a *a9 compos$ ( an inf9ite v>iety ( acts1 :i* _c be con/antly 9 accordance ) reason & ! et]nal law1 unless x rema9s con/antly 9 ! h&s ( a fix$ & univ]sal regulator4 ,& let x n be said t su* a /ate ( morality is a beau idal1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* w\ld br+ su* confusion into ! acts ( ! s\l1 & complication ( ! :ole life1 z 9 ! end to make x insupportable4 ,no1 ?is is n a m]e fancy2 x is a reality :i* is frequ5tly se5 by our eyes1 n only 9 ! cloi/] & ! sanctu>y1 b amid ! confusion & di/ractions ( ! _w4 ,t :i* e/abli%es a fix$ rule _c br+ confusion into ! acts ( ! s\l1 or complicate ! affairs ( life4 ,q ! contr>y2 in/ead ( confusion1 x s]ves to di/+ui% & illum9ate2 in/ead ( complicat+1 x puts 9 ord] & simplifies4 ,e/abli% ?is rule1 & y w h unity2 & ) unity g5]al ord]4 ,ca?olicity is always di/+ui%$ by its extreme vigilance ) respect to morality1 by its c>e 9 regulat+ all ! acts ( life1 & ev5 ! mo/ secret movem5ts ( ! he>t4 ,sup]ficial obs]v]s h declaim$ aga9/ ! prolixity ( morali/s--aga9/ ! m9ute & detail$ /udy :i* !y make ( human actions consid]$ "u a moral aspect2 !y %\ld h obs]v$1 t if ,ca?olicity is ! religion 9 ! bosom ( :i* has appe>$ s great a numb] ( morali/s1 by :om all human actions h be5 exam9$ 9 ! greate/ detail1 x is because ?is religion has = its object to moralize = ! :ole man1 z x 71 9 all 8 relations ) ,god1 ) 8 neighbor1 & ) himself4 ,x is cle> t su* an ent]prise requires a m pr(\nd & att5tive exam9ation ?an w\ld be necess>y1 if x _h only to give to man an imp]fect morality1 /opp+ at ! surface ( actions1 & n p5etrat+ to ! bottom ( ! he>t4 ,) respect to ,ca?olic morali/s1 & )\t attempt+ to excuse ! excess into :i* "s among !m h fall51 ei!r by too great subtility1 or by a _s ( p>ty & dispute 7excesses :i* _c be imput$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 s9ce %e has te/ifi$ h] displeasure :5 %e has n expressly condemn$ !m71 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ?is abundance1 ?is sup]fluity1 if y w1 ( moral /udies1 has contribut$ m ?an p ?9k to direct m9ds to ! intimate /udy ( man1 by furni%+ a multitude ( facts & obs]vations to ^? :o h subsequ5tly wi%$ to devote !mselves to ?is important sci5ce4 ,n[1 c !re be a m wor?y or m useful object = our labors8 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w1 ,i propose to develop ! relations ( ,ca?olicity ) ! progress ( sci5ce & lit]ature2 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 ent] m fully on ! matt] n[4 ,/ill ,i may be all[$ briefly to obs]ve1 t ! developm5t & education ( ! human m9d h be5 pr9cipally !ological2 & t on ?is po9t1 z well z on _m o!rs1 philosoph]s are m indebt$ to !ologians ?an !y seem to imag9e4 ,let u return to ! comp>ison ( ! ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic influ5ce on ! =mation & pres]vation ( a s\nd public consci5ce4 ,we h %[$ t ,ca?olicity1 hav+ con/antly ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple ( au?ority :i* ,prote/antism rejects1 has giv5 to moral ideas a =ce & influ5ce :i* ,prote/antism c\ld n4 ,prote/antism1 inde$1 by its nature & fundam5tal pr9ciples1 has nev] giv5 to ^! ideas any o!r support ?an !y might h d]iv$ f a s*ool ( philosophy4 ,b y w p]haps ask me1 d y n ackn[l$ge ! =ce ( ^! ideas2 a =ce peculi> to !m1 & inh]5t 9 _! nature1 & :i* frequ5tly *anges ! face ( ! _w1 by decid+ its doctr9es8 ,d y n "k t !y always1 9 ! end1 =ce a passage1 9 spite ( e ob/acle1 & ( all resi/ance8 ,h y =gott5 ! tea*+ ( all hi/ory2 & d y pret5d to deprive human ?\ght ( t vital1 creative =ce1 :i* r5d]s man sup]ior to all t surr\nds him8 ,su* is ! common panegyric on ! /r5g? ( ideas2 ?us we see !m trans=m$ e mom5t into all-p[]ful be+s1 ^: magical w& is capable ( *ang+ e ?+ at _! pleasure4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i am full ( respect = human ?\ght1 & all[ t !re is mu* tru? 9 :at is call$ ! =ce ( an idea2 yet ,i mu/ beg leave to (f] a few obs]vations to ^! en?usia/s1 n directly to combat _! op9ion1 b to make "s necess>y modifications4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ideas1 9 ! po9t ( view 9 :i* we are n[ consid]+ !m1 mu/ be divid$ into two ord]s2 "s flatt]+ our passions1 ! o!rs *eck+ !m4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! =m] h an imm5se expansive =ce4 ,!y h a motion ( _! own2 !y act 9 all places2 !y ex]t a rapid1 viol5t p[]2 "o w\ld say t !y ov]fl[ ) life & activity4 ,! latt] h great difficulty 9 mak+ _! way2 !y advance sl[ly1 !y _c pursue _! c>e] )\t an in/itution to secure _! /ability4 ,& :y8 ,because x is n ! ideas !mselves :i* act 9 ! =m] case1 b ! passions :i* accompany !m1 & assume _! names2 ?us mask+ :at is repulsive 9 !m at fir/ sight4 ,9 ! latt] case1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! tru? t speaks4 ,n[1 9 ?is l& ( mis=tune1 ! tru? is b little att5d$ to2 = x leads to good2 & ! he>t ( man1 z ! ,scripture says1 is incl9$ to evil f 8 y\?4 ,^? :o vaunt s mu* ! native =ce ( ideas1 %\ld po9t out to u1 9 anci5t or mod]n hi/ory1 "o idea :i*1 )\t go+ out ( its own circle1 t ( ! purely philosophical ord]1 is entitl$ to ! glory ( hav+ mat]ially contribut$ to ! amelioration ( individuals & society4 ,x is commonly said t ! =ce ( ideas is imm5se2 t once %[n among m51 !y w fructify soon] or lat]2 t once deposit$ 9 ! bosom ( humanity1 !y w rema9 !re z a preci\s legacy1 & contribute wond]fully to ! improvem5t ( ! _w1 to ! p]fection t[>ds :i* ! human race advances4 ,no d\bt ^! ass]tions conta9 "s tru?2 z man is an intellig5t be+1 all t imm$iately affects 8 m9d mu/ c]ta9ly influ5ce 8 de/9y4 ,?us no great *ange is work$ 9 society )\t be+ fir/ realiz$ 9 ! ord] ( ideas2 all t is e/abli%$ contr>y to our ideas1 or )\t !m1 mu/ be weak & pass+4 ,b x is by no means to be suppos$ t e useful idea conta9s 9 itself a cons]vative =ce capable ( disp5s+ ) all in/itutions2 t is to say1 ) support & def5ce1 ev5 dur+ times ( social disord]3 betwe5 ^! two propositions !re is a gulf :i* _c be clos$ )\t contradict+ all hi/ory4 ,n[ humanity1 consid]$ by itself1 & giv5 up to its own /r5g?1 z x appe>s to philosoph]s1 is n s safe a deposit>y z p wi% to suppose4 ,unhappily we h melan*oly pro(s ( ?is tru?3 we see too cle>ly t ! human race1 f> f be+ a fai?ful tru/ee1 has b too mu* imitat$ ! conduct ( a fooli% sp5d?rift4 ,9 ! cradle ( ! human race1 we f9d great ideas on ! unity ( ,god1 on man1 on relations ( man ) ,god & _! fell[m54 ,^! ideas 7 c]ta9ly true1 salut>y1 & fruitful3 & yet1 :at did man d ) !m8 ,did he n lose !m by modify+1 mutilat+1 & di/ort+ !m 9 ! mo/ deplorable way8 ,:]e 7 !y :5 ,jesus ,*ri/ came into ! _w8 ,:at _h humanity done ) !m8 ,"o nation alone pres]v$ !m2 b 9 :at way8 ,fix y\r att5tion on ! *os5 p1 ! ,jews1 & y w see t !re 0 a cont9ual /ruggle betwe5 tru? & error2 y w see t1 by an inconceivable bl9dness1 !y incessantly incl9$ to idolatry2 !y _h a con/ant t5d5cy to sub/itute ! abom9ations ( ! ,g5tiles = ! sublime law ( ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,& d y "k h[ ! tru? 0 pres]v$ among ?is p8 ,obs]ve x well2 x 0 support$ by ! /ronge/ in/itutions t c be imag9$2 x 0 arm$ ) all ! means ( def5ce ) :i* an inspir$ legislator c\ld surr\nd x4 ,x w be said t !y 7 a h>d-he>t$ nation1 9 ! language ( ! ,scriptures2 unhappily1 s9ce ! fall ( our fir/ p>5t1 ?is h>dness ( he>t is become ! patrimony ( humanity2 ! he>t ( man is incl9$ to evil f 8 y\?2 ages be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,jews1 ,god _h cov]$ ! e>? ) ! wat]s ( heav51 & _h blott$ out man f ! face ( ! _w2 = all fle% _h corrupt$ its way4 ,we mu/ conclude f ?is1 t ! pres]vation ( great moral ideas requires p[]ful in/itutions2 x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t !y _c be ab&on$ to ! fickl5ess ( ! human m9d )\t be+ disfigur$1 or ev5 lo/4 ,i w say1 moreov]1 t in/itutions are n only necess>y to tea*1 b also to apply !m4 ,moral ideas1 especially ^? :i* op5ly contradict ! passions1 are nev] r$uc$ to practice )\t great ef=ts2 n[ ! ideas !mselves d n suffice to make ^! great ef=ts1 & means ( action are requir$ capable ( connect+ ideas ) facts2 ?is is "o ( ! reasons ( ! impot5ce ( philosophical s*ools :5 !y attempt to con/ruct any ?+4 ,!y are (t5 p[]ful 9 de/roy+2 mom5t>y action is en\gh = ?is1 & ?is action may be easily acquir$ 9 a mom5t ( en?usiasm4 ,b :5 !y wi% to e/abli% & r$uce _! conceptions to practice1 !y are impot5t2 _! only res\rce is :at is call$ ! =ce ( ideas4 ,n[1 z ideas con/antly v>y & *ange--an incon/ancy ( :i* ^! s*ools !mselves af=d ! fir/ example--x happ5s t :at we he> !m ann\nce "o mom5t z an infallible means ( human progress1 is ! next r$uc$ to a m]e object ( curiosity4 ,^! la/ obs]vations anticipate ! objection t may be urg$ aga9/ u ) respect to ! imm5se =ce :i* pr9t+ has giv5 to ideas4 ,b ?is is s f> f be+ a pres]v]1 t x may be said to be ! be/ de/roy] ( all op9ions4 ,if we measure ! imm5se orbit :i* ! human m9d has pass$ ?r\gh s9ce t important discov]y1 we %all see t ! consummation ( op9ions 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression7 is increas$ 9 a prodigi\s degree4 ,! hi/ory ( ! human race1 especially s9ce ! press has become p]iodical1 appe>s to be ! repres5tation ( a rapid drama1 :]e ! decorations *ange e mom5t1 :]e ! sc5es succe$ ea* o!r1 sc>cely all[+ ! spectator to cat* any ( ! au?or's words4 ,half ( ?is c5tury has n yet pass$ away1 & already x seems z if _m c5turies _h elaps$1 s great has be5 ! numb] ( s*ools :i* h be5 born & are dead1 ( reputations :i*1 aft] be+ rais$ to ! highe/ pit* ( r5[n1 h be5 soon =gott54 ,?is rapid succession ( ideas1 s f> f contribut+ to increase _! =ce1 necess>ily r5d]s !m weak & unproductive4 ,! natural ord] 9 ! progress ( ideas is ?is3 at fir/ to make _! appe>ance1 !n to be realiz$ 9 an in/itution repres5t+ !m1 & 9 f9e to ex]t _! influ5ce on facts by means ( an in/itution 9 :i* !y are p]sonifi$4 ,n[1 x is necess>y t dur+ ^! trans=mations1 :i* ess5tially require "t1 ideas %\ld pres]ve _! cr$it1 if !y are to produce any favorable result4 ,b :5 !y succe$ ea* o!r too rapidly1 "t is want+ = _! successive trans=mations2 new ideas /rive to discr$it ! old ones1 & consequ5tly to r5d] !m useless4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! /r5g? ( ideas1 t is1 ( philosophy1 0 nev] s little to be reli$ on z n[1 to produce any ?+ durable & consi/5t 9 ! moral ord]3 9 ?is respect1 ! ga9 to mod]n society may well be que/ion$4 ,m is conceiv$1 b less matur$2 :at ! m9d ga9s 9 ext5t1 x loses 9 dep?1 & ! pret5sion 9 !ory makes a sad contra/ ) ! impot5ce ( practice4 ,( :at importance is x t our pr$ecessors 7 n s ready z we are 9 improvis+ a discussion on great social & political que/ions1 if !y nev]!less organiz$ & f\nd$ su* admirable in/itutions8 ,! ar*itects :o rais$ ! a/oni%+ monum5ts ( ages :i* we call b>b>\s1 7 c]ta9ly n s le>n$ or s cultivat$ z ^? ( our "t2 & yet :o has ! boldness ev5 to comm5ce :at !y h f9i%$8 ,?us x is 9 ! social & political ord]4 ,let u rememb] t great ?\ghts are produc$ r by intuition ?an by reason+2 9 practice1 success dep5ds m ^u ! invaluable quality call$ tact1 ?an ^u enlight5$ reflection2 & exp]i5ce (t5 tea*es t he :o kn[s mu*1 sees little4 ,! g5ius ( ,plato w\ld n h be5 ! be/ guide = ,solon or ,lycurgus2 & all ! k ( ,cic]o w\ld n h succe$$ 9 do+ :at 0 done by ! tact & good s5se ( two unlett]$ m5 l ,romulus & ,numa4#bj ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,on ,,g5tl5ess ,,( ,,mann]s ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,a c]ta9 g5]al g5tl5ess ( mann]s1 :i* 9 w> prev5ts great atrocities1 & 9 peace r5d]s life m quiet & agreeable3--su* is "o ( ! valuable qualities :i* ,i h po9t$ out z =m+ ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ,european civilization4 ,?is is a fact :i* does n require pro(2 we see & feel x ev]y:]e :5 we look ar\nd2 x is evid5t to all :o op5 ! pages ( hi/ory1 & comp>e our times ) any o!rs4 ,:]e9 does ?is g5tl5ess ( mann]s 9 mod]n times consi/8 :at is ! cause ( x8 :at has fav\r$ x8 :at has oppos$ x8 ,^! int]e/+ que/ions directly apply to our pres5t subject2 = !y lead /raight to ! exam9ation ( o!r que/ions1 su* z ! foll[+3 has ,ca?olicity contribut$ 9 any way to ?is g5tl5ess ( mann]s2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 has x oppos$ or ret>d$ x8 9 f9e1 :at "p has ,prote/antism play$ 9 ! "w1 = good or evil8 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ det]m9e :]e9 g5tl5ess ( mann]s consi/s4 ,al?\gh we h "h to deal ) an idea :i* e "o sees1 or r feels1 we mu/ /ill endeavor to expla9 & analyze x by a def9ition z complete & exact z possible4 ,g5tl5ess ( mann]s consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( =ce2 s t mann]s w be m or less g5tle accord+ z =ce is less or m employ$4 ,?us1 we mu/ n conf\nd g5tle ) *>itable mann]s2 ! latt] "w good1 ! =m] only exclude ! idea ( =ce4 ,we mu/ also di/+ui% g5tle mann]s f ^? t are pure1 & con=mable to reason & ju/ice4 ,immorality is (t5 g5tle1 :51 in/ead ( resort+ to =ce1 x makes use ( s$uction & /ratagem4 ,?is g5tl5ess ( mann]s consi/s 9 direct+ ! human m9d1 n by viol5ce :i* con/ra9s ! body1 b by reasons :i* address !mselves to ! intellect1 or by appeals to ! passions4 ,?us x is t g5tle mann]s are n always "u ! influ5ce ( reason2 b _! rule is always intellectual1 al?\gh !y are (t5 made ! slaves ( ! passions by gold5 *a9s ( _! own =mation4 ,if g5tl5ess ( mann]s consi/s 9 n mak+ use1 9 human transactions1 ( o!r means ?an ^? ( conviction1 p]suasion1 or s$uction1 x is cle> t ! mo/ advanc$ society--t is1 t 9 :i* intellig5ce has be5 mo/ develop$--%\ld always p>ticipate m or less 9 ?is social advantage4 ,!re ! m9d rules1 because x is /rong2 :ile mat]ial =ce disappe>s1 because ! body has less /r5g?4 ,moreov]1 9 societies v mu* advanc$1 :]e relations & int]e/s are necess>ily mu* multipli$1 !re is an indisp5sable want ( means capable ( act+ 9 a univ]sal & la/+ mann]1 & applicable to all ! details ( life4 ,^! means are1 unque/ionably1 moral & intellectual3 ! m9d op]ates )\t de/ruction1 :ile =ce da%es viol5tly aga9/ ob/acles1 & breaks itself to pieces1 if x _c ov]turn !m4 ,?us x is ! cause ( cont9ual commotions1 :i* _c subsi/ 9 a society :i* has num]\s & complicat$ relations1 )\t ?r[+ into confusion & de/roy+ society itself4 ,we always obs]ve 9 "y nations a lam5table abuse ( =ce4 ,no?+ is m natural3 ! passions ally !mselves ) =ce1 because !y resemble x2 !y are en]getical z viol5ce1 & rude z its %ocks4 ,:5 society has rea*$ a great degree ( developm5t1 ! passions are divorc$ f =ce1 & become alli$ ) ! intellig5ce2 !y cease to be viol5t1 9 ord] to become artful4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 if x is ! p :o /ruggle1 !y make w> on1 !y cont5d )1 & de/roy ea* o!r2 9 ! second case1 !y cont5d ) ! arms ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & contrab&4 ,gov]nm5ts attack1 9 ! fir/ case1 by arms & invasions2 & 9 ! second by diplomacy4 ,9 ! fir/ epo*1 w>riors are e ?+2 9 ! second1 !y are no?+2 !y h n a v important "p to play :5 negotiation1 & n fight+1 is requir$4 ,:5 we look at anci5t civilization1 we obs]ve a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! "* ( its mann]s & ! g5tl5ess ( ours4 ,nei!r ! ,greeks nor ,romans ev] reg>d$ ?is preci\s quality 9 ! light 9 :i* we reg>d x1 = ! honor ( ,european civilization4 ,^? nations became en]vat$1 b !y did n become g5tle2 we may say t _! mann]s 7 made effem9ate1 b !y 7 n s(t5$2 = we see !m make use ( =ce on all occasions1 :5 nei!r vigor ( body nor en]gy ( m9d 0 requir$4 ,!re is no?+ m wor?y ( obs]vation ?an ?is peculi>ity ( anci5t civilization1 especially ( t ( ,rome4 ,n[ ?is ph5om5on1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to u to be v /range1 has v deep causes4 ,besides ! pr9cipal ( ^! causes1 :i* is1 ! want ( an elem5t ( civilization su* z t :i* mod]n nations h _h 9 ,*ri/ian *>ity1 we %all f9d among ! anci5ts1 if we desc5d to ! details ( _! social organization1 c]ta9 causes :i* necess>ily h9d]$ ?is g5tl5ess ( mann]s be+ e/abli%$ among !m4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 slav]y1 "o ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( _! social & dome/ic organization1 0 an et]nal ob/acle to ! introduction ( ?is preci\s quality4 ,! man :o has ! p[] ( ?r[+ ano!r to ! fi%es1 & ( puni%+ ) dea? ! crime ( break+ a glass2 he :o dur+ a fea/1 to gratify 8 caprice1 c take away ! life ( "o ( 8 bre?r52 he :o c re/ ^u a voluptu\s c\*1 surr\nd$ by ! mo/ sumptu\s magnific5ce1 :ile he kn[s t hundr$s ( m51 cr[d$ toge!r 9 d>k vaults1 "w incessantly = 8 cupidity & 8 pleasures2 he :o c he> )\t emotion ! lam5tations ( a cr[d ( unhappy be+s implor+ a morsel ( bread to pass ?r\gh ! night's mis]y :i* is to unite _! labors & fatigues ( ! ev5+ ) ^? ( ! morn+1 su* a man may h effem9ate1 b he _c h g5tle mann]s2 8 he>t may become en]vat$1 b x w n cease to be cruel4 ,?is 0 precisely ! situation ( ! free man 9 anci5t society3 ! organization ( :i* we h j /at$ ! results 0 reg>d$ z indisp5sable2 !y c\ld n ev5 conceive ! possibility ( any o!r ord] ( ?+s4 ,:at remov$ ?is ob/acle8 0 x n ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 by aboli%+ slav]y1 aft] hav+ ameliorat$ ! cruel lot ( slaves8 ,^? :o rev]t to ! #ae?1 #af?1 #ag?1 #ah?1 & #ai? *apt]s ( ?is "w1 ) ! notes app5d$ to !m1 w f9d ! tru? ( ?is demon/rat$ by inconte/able reasons & docum5ts4 ,9 ! second place1 ! "r ( life & dea?1 giv5 by ! laws to ! pat]nal p[]1 introduc$ into families an elem5t ( sev]ity :i* c\ld n b produce injuri\s effects4 ,happily1 ! he>ts ( fa!rs 7 cont9ually cont5d+ aga9/ ! p[] ?us grant$ by law3 b if ?is feel+ did n prev5t "s de$s ! p]usal ( :i* makes u %udd]1 mu/ we n suppose t1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life1 cruel sc5es con/antly rem9d$ ! memb]s ( families ( ?is atroci\s "r ) :i* ! *ief 0 inve/$8 ,w n he :o is possess$ ( ! p[] ( kill+ ) impunity1 be frequ5tly hurri$ into acts ( cruel despotism8 ,n[ ?is tyrannical ext5sion ( ! rights ( pat]nal au?ority1 c>ri$ f> beyond ! limits po9t$ out by nature1 0 tak5 away by ! =ce ( laws & mann]s :i* 7 mu* aid$ by ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity 7see ! #bd? *ap4 ( ?is "w74 ,to ! two causes :i* ,i h j po9t$ out1 may be add$ ano!r p]fectly analog\s1 viz4 ! despotism :i* ! husb& ex]cis$ ov] 8 wife1 & ! little respect :i* 0 paid to h]4 ,public spectacles 71 among ! ,romans1 ano!r elem5t ( sev]ity & cruelty4 ,:at c\ld be expect$ ( a p ^: pr9cipal amusem5t is to look coolly ^u homicide--:o took pleasure 9 witness+ ! slaught] 9 ! ar5a ( hundr$s ( m5 fight+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 or aga9/ wild bea/s8 ,z a ,spani>d1 ,i feel call$ ^u "h to ins]t a p>agraph1 9 reply to ! obs]vations :i* w be made aga9/ me on ?is po9t3 ,i allude to ! ,spani% bull-fights4 ,i %all naturally be ask$1 ,is x n 9 a ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic c\ntry t ! cu/om ( mak+ m5 fight aga9/ animals is pres]v$8 ,! objection1 h[ev] plausible x may seem1 c be answ]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to avoid any misund]/&+1 ,i decl>e t ?is popul> amusem5t is1 9 my op9ion1 b>b>\s1 & ought1 if possible1 to be completely extirpat$4 ,b aft] ?is full & explicit av[al1 let me be p]mitt$ to make a few obs]vations1 to scre5 ! honor ( my c\ntry4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 t !re is 9 ! human he>t a secret ta/e = risks & dang]s2 9 ord] to make an adv5ture int]e/+1 x is necess>y t ! h]o %\ld be encompass$ ) great & multipli$ p]ils2 if a hi/ory is to excite curiosity to a high degree1 x mu/ n be an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( peaceful & happy ev5ts4 ,we wi% to f9d ourselves frequ5tly 9 ! pres5ce ( extraord9>y & surpris+ facts2 &1 h[ev] unpleasant may be ! av[al1 our he>ts1 :ile !y feel ! t5d]e/ compassion = ! un=tunate1 seem to require ! contemplation ( sc5es ( a m viol5t & excit+ "*4 ,h5ce ! ta/e = trag$ies3 h5ce ! love ( sc5es 9 :i* ! actors incur great risks1 9 appe>ance or 9 reality4 ,x is n my duty "h to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?is ph5om5on2 x is en\gh = me "h to po9t out its exi/5ce to %[ =eign]s :o accuse u ( be+ b>b>ians1 t ! ta/e ( ! ,spani% p = bull-fights is only ! application to a p>ticul> case1 ( an incl9ation inh]5t ev]y:]e 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,^? :o1 ) respect to ?is cu/om ( ! ,spani% p1 affect s mu* humanity1 w\ld d well to answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,to :at is ow+ ! pleasure tak5 by ! multitude 9 e exhibition1 :5 ! actors run any risk 9 "o way or ano!r8 ,:5ce comes x t all w\ld will+ly be pres5t at ! bloodie/ battle1 if !y c\ld d s )\t dang]8 ,:5ce comes x t ev]y:]e an imm5se multitude assembles to witness ! agonies & ! la/ convulsions ( a crim9al on ! gibbet8 ,:5ce comes x1 9 f9e1 t =eign]s1 :5 at ,madrid1 r5d] !mselves accomplices 9 ! b>b>ity ( ,spani>ds by assi/+ at ^! bull-fights8 ,i say ?is1 n 9 any degree to excuse a cu/om :i* appe>s to me to be unwor?y ( a civiliz$ p1 b to %[ t 9 ?is po9t1 z well z 9 almo/ all t relates to ! ,spani% p1 !re are exagg]ations :i* ought to be r$uc$ )9 reasonable limits4 ,let u add an important obs]vation1 :i* is ! be/ excuse t c be made = ?is repreh5sible exhibition3 in/ead ( fix+ our att5tion on ! spectacle itself1 let u consid] ! evils t fl[ f x4 ,n[1 ,i ask1 h[ _m m5 die 9 ,spa9 9 bull-fights8 ,! numb] is extremely small1 & altoge!r insignificant 9 proportion to ! frequ5cy ( ^! spectacles2 s t if a comp>ison 7 made betwe5 ! accid5ts :i* occur 9 consequ5ce ( ?is amusem5t & ^? t happ5 9 o!r sports1 su* z horse-races & o!rs ( ! same k9d1 we %\ld p]haps f9d t bull-fights1 h[ev] b>b>\s !y may be 9 !mselves1 /ill d n des]ve all ! ana!mas ) :i* =eign]s h load$ !m4 ,to return to our pr9cipal object1 h[1 we ask1 is x possible to comp>e an amusem5t :i*1 p]haps1 may n co/ ! life ( "o man dur+ _m ye>s1 to ^? t]rible %[s 9 :i* dea? 0 a necess>y condition = ! pleasure ( ! spectators8 ,aft] ! triumph ( ,trajan ov] ! ,dacians1 ! public games la/$ tw5ty-?ree days1 & ! fe>ful numb] ( six ?\s& gladiators 0 sla94 ,su* 7 ! amusem5ts at ,rome1 n only ( ! populace1 b ( ! highe/ classes2 su* 7 ! horrible spectacles requir$ by a p :o add$ voluptu\sness to ! mo/ atroci\s cruelty4 ,?is is a mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( :at ,i h said1 viz4 t mann]s may be effem9ate )\t be+ g5tle1 & t ! brutality ( unb\nd$ luxury is n inconsi/5t ) ! in/9ct ( blood-?ir/y f]ocity4 ,x is impossible t su* spectacles %\ld be tol]at$ among mod]n nations1 h[ev] corrupt _! mann]s may be4 ,! pr9ciple ( *>ity has ext5d$ its empire too univ]sally = su* excesses to be r5ew$4 ,?is *>ity1 x is true1 does n induce m5 to d all ! good to ea* o!r t !y ought2 b1 at lea/1 x prev5ts _! coldly p]petrat+ evil1 & assi/+ quietly at ! slaught] ( _! bre?r5 to gratify ! pleasure ( ! mom5t4 ,*ri/ianity1 at its bir?1 ca/ into society ! se$ ( ?is av]sion to homicide4 ,:o is n aw>e ( ! repugnance ( ,*ri/ians = ! %[s ( ! ,g5tiles--a repugnance prescrib$ & kept alive by ! admonitions ( ! e>ly pa/ors ( ! ,*ur*8 ,x 0 an ackn[l$g$ fact1 t ,*ri/ian *>ity prohibit$ ! be+ pres5t at games :]e homicide =m$ "p ( ! spectacle4 ,z = u1 said "o ( ! apologi/s ( ! e>ly ages1 we make little diff]5ce betwe5 committ+ murd] & see+ x committ$4#ba ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,mann]s ,,by ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,mod]n society ought1 x w\ld seem1 to be di/+ui%$ = sev]ity & cruelty1 s9ce x 0 =m$ f t ( ! ,romans & b>b>ians1 f bo? ( :om x %\ld h inh]it$ ^! qualities4 ,:o is n aw>e ( ! fi]ce mann]s ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians8 ,! hi/orians ( t "t h left u /atem5ts t make u %udd] :5 we read !m4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&2 &1 inde$1 x 0 excusable to consid] ! la/ cata/rophe z ne>1 :5 s _m o!r melan*oly ones _h already be5 heap$ ^u humanity4 ,! imag9ation _c figure to itself :at w\ld h happ5$ to ! _w at ?is crisis1 if ,*ri/ianity _h n exi/$4 ,ev5 suppos+ t society w\ld h be5 organiz$ anew "u "o =m or ano!r1 x is c]ta9 t private & public relations w\ld h rema9$ 9 a /ate ( lam5table disord]1 & t legislation w\ld h be5 unju/ & inhuman4 ,?us ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* on civil legislation 0 an ine/imable b5efit2 ?us ev5 ! p[] ( ! cl]gy 9 temporal ?+s 0 "o ( ! greate/ safegu>ds ( ! highe/ int]e/s ( society4 ,attacks are (t5 made ^u ?is temporal p[] ( ! cl]gy & ?is influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 9 worldly affairs4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 t ?is p[] & influ5ce 7 br\ght ab\t by ! v nature ( ?+s2 t is to say1 !y 7 natural1 &1 consequ5tly1 to assail !m is to declaim 9 va9 aga9/ ! =ce ( ev5ts1 ( :i* no man c\ld h9d] ! realization4 ,?is p[] & influ5ce1 besides1 7 legitimate2 = :5 society is 9 dang]1 no?+ c be m legitimate ?an t t :i* c save x %\ld save x4 ,n[1 at ! "t we speak (1 ! ,*ur* alone c\ld save society4 ,! ,*ur*1 :i* is n an ab/ract be+1 b a real & sub/antial society1 act$ ^u civil society by real & sub/antial means4 ,if ! purely mat]ial int]e/s ( society 7 9 "q1 ! m9i/] ( ! ,*ur* ought1 9 "s way or o!r1 to take "p 9 ! direction ( ^? int]e/s4 ,^! reflections are s natural & simple1 t _! tru? mu/ be se5 by good s5se4 ,all ^? :o "k any ?+ ( hi/ory are n[ g5]ally agre$ on ?is po9t2 & if we are n aw>e h[ mu* x g5]ally co/s ! human m9d to ent] ^u ! pa? ( tru?1 &1 above all1 h[ mu* bad fai? !re has be5 9 ! exam9ation ( ^! que/ions1 we %all h a difficulty 9 und]/&+ t s mu* "t %\ld h be5 requir$ to br+ ! _w to agree on a ?+ :i* is app>5t to ^? :o read hi/ory4 ,b let u return to our subject4 ,?is extraord9>y mixture ( ! cruelty ( a cultivat$ b corrupt$ p ) ! atroci\s f]ocity ( a b>b>\s "o1 pr\d ( its triumphs1 & intoxicat$ ) blood dur+ long w>s1 plac$ 9 ,european society a g]m ( sev]ity & cruelty :i* f]m5t$ !re = ages1 & ! rema9s ( :i* we f9d at a late p]iod4 ,! precept ( ,*ri/ian *>ity 0 9 m5's heads1 b ,roman cruelty & b>b>ian f]ocity /ill prevail$ 9 _! he>ts2 ideas 7 pure & b5efic5t1 s9ce !y proce$$ f a religion ( love1 b !y enc\nt]$ a t]rible resi/ance 9 ! habits1 mann]s1 in/itutions1 & laws1 = all ^! 7 m or less disfigur$ by ! two mix$ pr9ciples :i* ,i h j po9t$ out4 ,if we reflect ^u ! con/ant & ob/9ate /ruggle betwe5 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! elem5ts :i* cont5d$ ) h]1 we %all cle>ly see t ,*ri/ian ideas c\ld nev] h prevail$ 9 legislation & mann]s1 if ,*ri/ianity _h be5 a religi\s idea ab&on$ to human caprice1 z ,prote/ants imag9e2 x 0 necess>y = x to be realiz$ 9 a p[]ful in/itution1 9 a /rongly con/itut$ society1 su* z we f9d 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! ef=ts made by ! ,*ur*1 ,i w po9t out "s ( ! regulations :i* %e made = ! purpose ( improv+ mann]s4 ,private animosities 7 v viol5t at ! "t ( :i* we speak2 & "r 0 decid$ by =ce1 & ! _w 0 ?reat5$ ) becom+ ! patrimony ( ! /ronge/4 ,public law did n exi/1 or 0 hurri$ away & conf\nd$ by outrages :i* its feeble h& c\ld nev] prev5t or repress2 x 0 altoge!r p[]less 9 r5d]+ mann]s pacific1 & 9 subject+ m5 to reason & ju/ice4 ,!n we see t ! ,*ur*1 besides ! in/ruction & ! g5]al admonitions insep>able f h] sacr$ mission1 adopt$ at t "t c]ta9 measures calculat$ to re/ra9 ! torr5t ( viol5ce :i* ravag$ & de/roy$ e ?+4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,arles1 celebrat$ 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 betwe5 #ddc & #deb1 orda9s1 9 its #ej? canon1 t ! ,*ur* %\ld be int]dict$ to ^? :o h public animosities1 until !y 7 reconcil$4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,ang]s1 celebrat$ 9 #dec1 proscribes1 by its #c;d canon1 acts ( viol5ce & mutilation4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,agde1 9 ,langu$oc1 celebrat$ 9 #ejf1 orda9s1 9 its #ca/ canon1 t enemies :o w\ld n be reconcil$ %\ld be admoni%$ by ! prie/s1 & excommunicat$ if !y did n foll[ _! apo/olical c\nsels4 ,! ,franks at t "t _h ! cu/om ( go+ arm$1 & !y always ent]$ ! *ur*es ) _! arms4 ,x w be und]/ood t su* a cu/om mu/ h produc$ great evils2 ! h\se ( pray] 0 (t5 conv]t$ into an ar5a ( blood & v5geance4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alons-sur-,saone1 9 its #ag? canon1 pron\nces excommunication aga9/ all laym5 :o excite tumults1 or draw _! swords to /rike any "o 9 ! *ur*es or 9 _! prec9cts4 ,?us1 we see ! prud5ce & =esight :i* dictat$ ! #bi? canon ( ! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 celebrat$ 9 #ech1 :i* =bids any "o to be pres5t at mass or vesp]s1 arm$4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! uni=mity ( design & plan pursu$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 c\ntries ! mo/ di/ant f ea* o!r1 & at times :5 communication c\ld n be frequ5t1 we f9d regulations analog\s to ^? :i* we h po9t$ out4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,l]ida1 held 9 #edf1 orda9s1 by its #g? canon1 t he :o %all h sworn n to be reconcil$ ) 8 enemy1 %all be depriv$ ( ! p>ticipation ( ! body & blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/ until he has done p5ance = 8 oa? & be5 reconcil$4 ,c5turies pass$ away1 acts ( viol5ce cont9u$1 ! precept ( frat]nal *>ity1 :i* obliges u to love ev5 our enemies1 always met ) op5 resi/ance 9 ! h>% "* & fi]ce passions ( ! desc5dants ( ! b>b>ians2 b ! ,*ur* did n cease to prea* ! div9e comm&2 %e cont9ually inculcat$ & labor$ to r5d] x efficaci\s by means ( spiritual p5alties4 ,m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! celebration ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,arles1 :]e we h se5 ! *ur* =bidd5 to ^? :o 7 op5ly at v>iance2 we !n see ! ,c\ncil ( ,worms1 held 9 #hfh1 pron\nc+1 9 its #da/ canon1 excommunication aga9/ enemies :o refus$ to be reconcil$4 ,x w suffice to h "s idea ( ! disord]s ( t "t1 to "k :e!r x 0 possible to appease ! viol5ce ( animosities dur+ ?is long p]iod4 ,"o w\ld fancy t ! ,*ur* w\ld h be5 we>i$ ( inculcat+ a precept :i* ! unhappy /ate ( circum/ances s (t5 r5d]$ fruitless2 b su* 0 n ! case3 %e cont9u$ to speak z %e _h spok5 = ages2 %e nev] lo/ h] confid5ce t h] words w\ld produce fruit 9 ! pres5t1 & w\ld be productive 9 ! future4 ,su* is h] sy/em2 "o w\ld ?9k t %e he>d ^! words con/antly repeat$1 ,cry out1 cry out )\t ceas+2 raise ?y voice l a trumpet4 ,x is !n t %e triumphs ov] all resi/ance2 :5 %e _c ex]t h] p[] ov] ! w ( a nation1 %e makes h] voice he>d ) indefatigable dilig5ce 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,!re %e assembles sev5 ?\s& :o h n b5t ! knee to ,baal2 & :ile %e endeavors to confirm !m 9 fai? & good works1 %e prote/s1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 aga9/ ^? :o resi/ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,let u imag9e t1 amid ! dissipation & di/raction ( a popul\s city1 we ent] a sacr$ place1 :]e s]i\sness & mod]ation reign1 9 ! bosom ( sil5ce & religi\s retirem5t2 !re a m9i/] ( ! sanctu>y1 surr\nd$ by a *os5 numb] ( ! fai?ful1 utt]s f "t to "t "s s]i\s & solemn words4 ,?is is ! p]sonification ( ! ,*ur* 9 times disa/r\s f weak5$ fai? & corrupt$ morals4 ,"o ( ! rules ( conduct ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be51 n to b5d be=e ! p[]ful4 ,:5 %e has proclaim$ a law1 %e has proclaim$ x = all1 )\t di/9ction ( rank4 ,9 ! "t ( ! p[] ( ^? petty tyrants1 :o1 "u diff]5t names1 p]secut$ ! p1 ?is conduct ( ! ,*ur* contribut$ 9 an extraord9>y degree to r5d] ! ecclesia/ical laws popul>2 = no?+ 0 m likely to make a law tol]able to ! p ?an to %[ t x appli$ to nobles1 & ev5 to k+s4 ,9 ! times ( :i* we speak1 hatr$ & viol5ce among plebeians 7 sev]ely proscrib$2 b ! same law ext5d$ to great m5 & to royalty4 ,a %ort "t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl&1 we f9d a v curi\s example 9 t c\ntry1 applicable to ?is "q4 ,x is no?+ less ?an excommunication pron\nc$ aga9/ ?ree k+s 9 ! same ye>1 & 9 ! same t[n2 all ^! 7 compell$ by ! ,c\ncils to d p5ance = ! crimes :i* !y _h committ$4 ,! t[n ( ,ll&aff1 9 ,wales1 )9 ! metropolitan see ( ,cant]bury1 witness$ ! celebration ( ?ree ,c\ncils1 9 ! ye> #efj4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,monric1 k+ ( ,glamorgan1 0 excommunicat$ = hav+ put to dea? ,k+ ,c9?a1 al?\gh he _h sworn ! peace on ! sacr$ relics2 9 ! second1 ,k+ ,morcant 0 excommunicat$ = hav+ put to dea? ,friac1 8 uncle1 9 ^: favor he _h equally sworn ! peace2 9 ! ?ird1 ,k+ ,guidn]t 0 excommunicat$ = hav+ put to dea? 8 bro!r1 ! competitor = ! ?rone4 ,?us1 ^! b>b>ian *iefs1 j *ang$ into k+s1 & prone to slaught]1 are compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( a sup]ior p[]1 & to expiate by p5ance ! murd] ( _! relatives & ! violation ( sacr$ engagem5ts2 x is useless to po9t out h[ mu* ?is mu/ h contribut$ to ! improvem5t ( mann]s4 ,x 0 easy1 ! enemies ( ! ,*ur* w say--^? :o endeavor to l[] ! m]it ( h] acts--x 0 easy to prea* g5tl5ess ( mann]s1 to impose ! obs]vance ( div9e precepts on *iefs ^: p[] 0 limit$1 & :o _h only ! "n ( k+s2 x 0 easy to manage ^? petty b>b>ian *iefs1 :o1 r5d]$ fanatical by a religion ( :i* !y und]/ood no?+1 humbly b[$ be=e ! fir/ prie/ :o v5tur$ to m5ace !m on ! "p ( ,god4 ,b ( :at importance 0 t8 ,:at influ5ce c\ld x h on ! c\rse ( great ev5ts8 ,! hi/ory ( ,european civilization pres5ts a va/ !atre1 :]e ev5ts mu/ be /udi$ on a l>ge scale1 & :]e none b ! mo/ important sc5es ex]cis$ any influ5ce on ! _s ( nations4 ,let u obs]ve1 t ^! petty b>b>ian k+s 7 ! orig9 ( ! pr9cipal families :i* n[ occupy ! mo/ important ?rones ( ! _w4 ,to place ! g]m ( real civilization 9 _! he>ts1 0 to graft ! tree :i* 0 "o day to ov]%ad[ ! e>?4 ,b )\t /ay+ to %[ ! futility ( su* reason+1 & z our oppon5ts desire great sc5es capable ( influ5c+ ,european mann]s on a l>ge scale1 let u op5 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ ages1 & we %all soon f9d a page :i* r$\nds to ! et]nal honor ( ,ca?olicity4 ,! :ole ( ! kn[n _w 0 subject to an emp]or1 ^: "n1 !n univ]sally v5]at$1 w cont9ue to be respect$ by ! remote/ po/]ity4 ,9 an important city1 ! rebelli\s inhabitants put to dea? ! comm&] ( ! g>rison2 ! emp]or1 transport$ ) ang]1 ord]s !m to be ext]m9at$4 ,return+ to himself1 he revokes ! ord]2 b x 0 too late1 ! ord] 0 execut$1 & ?\s&s ( victims _h be5 involv$ 9 ! horrible c>nage2 at ! news ( ?is dreadful cata/rophe1 a bi%op quits ! c\rt ( ! emp]or1 leaves ! city1 & writes to him 9 ?is grave language3 ,i d>e n (f] ! sacrifice if y attempt to be pres5t at x2 ! blood ( "o innoc5t p]son w\ld suffice to =bid me2 h[ mu* m ! massacre ( a l>ge numb]4 ,! emp]or1 confid5t 9 8 p[]1 takes no notice ( ?is lett]1 & goes t[>ds ! *ur*4 ,:5 he arrives at ! door1 he f9ds himself 9 ! pres5ce ( a v5]able man1 :o1 ) a grave & /]n c\nt5ance1 /ops him & =bids him to ent] ! *ur*4 ,?\ ha/ imitat$ ,david 9 crime1 he says1 imitate him also 9 p5ance4 ,! emp]or yields1 humbles himself1 & submits to ! regulations ( ! bi%op1 & religion & humanity ga9 an immortal triumph4 ,?is unhappy city 0 ,!ssalonica2 ! emp]or 0 ,!odosius2 ! prelate 0 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,milan4 ,we f9d face to face1 9 ?is sublime fact1 =ce & ju/ice p]sonifi$4 ,ju/ice triumphs ov] =ce2 b :y8 ,because he :o repres5ts ju/ice1 repres5ts x 9 ! "n ( ,heav52 because ! sacr$ ve/m5ts & ! impos+ attitude ( ! man :o /ops ! emp]or rem9ds ,!odosius ( ! div9e mission ( ! holy bi%op1 & ( ! (fice :i* he holds 9 ! sacr$ m9i/ry4 ,put a philosoph] 9 ! place ( ! bi%op1 & tell him to arre/ ! pr\d culprit by an injunction ( do+ p5ance1 & y w see :e!r human wisdom c d z mu* z ! ,ca?olic prie/ speak+ 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,put1 if y please1 a bi%op ( ! ,*ur*1 :o has ackn[l$g$ spiritual supremacy 9 ! civil p[]1 & y w see :e!r 9 8 m\? words h ! same effect 9 obta9+ s glori\s a triumph4 ,! _s ( ! ,*ur* 0 always ! same2 h] arms 7 always direct$ t[>ds ! same end2 h] language 0 always equally /rict1 equally /rong1 :e!r %e spoke to ! ,roman plebeian or a b>b>ian1 :e!r %e address$ h] admonitions to a patrician ( ! empire or to a noble ,g]man4 ,%e 0 no m afraid ( ! purple ( ! ,cs>s ?an ( ! fr[ns ( ! long-hair$ k+s4 ,! p[] :i* %e possess$ dur+ ! middle ages 0 n exclusively ow+ to h] hav+ pres]v$ alone ! light ( sci5ce & ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t2 b x 0 also ow+ to ! inv9cible firmness1 :i* no resi/ance & no attack c\ld de/roy4 ,:at w\ld ,prote/antism h effect$ 9 su* difficult & dang]\s circum/ances8 ,)\t au?ority1 )\t a c5tre ( action1 )\t security = h] own fai?1 )\t confid5ce 9 h] res\rces1 :at means w\ld %e h _h to assi/ h] 9 re/ra9+ ! torr5t ( viol5ce--t impetu\s torr5t1 :i*1 aft] hav+ inundat$ ! _w1 0 ab\t to de/roy ! rema9s ( anci5t civilization1 & oppos$ to all attempts at social reorganization an ob/acle almo/ insurm\ntable8 ,ca?olicity1 ) its ard5t fai?1 its p[]ful au?ority1 its undivid$ unity1 its well-compact$ hi]>*y1 0 able to und]take ! l(ty ent]prise ( improv+ mann]s2 & x br\ght to ! und]tak+ t con/ancy :i* is inspir$ by consci\s /r5g?1 & t boldness :i* animates a m9d secure ( triumph4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 imag9e t ! conduct ( ! ,*ur*1 9 h] mission ( improv+ mann]s1 always br\ght h] into collision ) =ce4 ,we also see h] employ indirect means1 limit h] dem&s to :at %e c\ld obta91 & ask = z little1 9 ord] to obta9 z mu* z possible4 ,9 a capitul>y ( ,*>lemagne1 giv5 at ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #hac1 & consi/+ ( tw5ty-six articles1 :i* are no?+ m ?an a sort ( confirmation & rsum ( ! five ,c\ncils held a little be=e 9 ,france1 we f9d 9 an app5dix ( two articles ! me?od ( proce$+ judicially aga9/ ^? :o1 "u pretext ( ! "r call$ faida1 excit$ tumults on ,sundays1 holidays1 & also work+ days4 ,we h already se5 above t !y _h rec\rse to ! holy relics1 to give great] au?ority to ! oa?s ( peace & fri5d%ip tak5 by k+s t[>ds ea* o!r--an augu/ act1 9 :i* ,heav5 0 invok$ to prev5t ! effusion ( blood1 & to e/abli% peace on e>?4 ,we see 9 ! capitul>y :i* we h j quot$1 t ! respect = ,sundays & holidays 0 made use ( to br+ ab\t ! abolition ( ! b>b>\s cu/om1 :i* au?oriz$ ! relations ( a murd]$ man to av5ge 8 dea? 9 ! blood ( ! murd]]4 ,! deplorable /ate ( ,european society at t "t is vividly pa9t$ by ! means :i* ! ecclesia/ical p[] 0 compell$ to use1 to dim9i% 9 "s degree ! disa/]s occasion$ by ! prevail+ viol5ce4 ,n to attack1 n to maltreat any "o1 n to h rec\rse to =ce to obta9 rep>ation or to gratify a desire ( v5geance1 appe>s to u to be s j1 s reasonable1 & s natural1 t we c h>dly imag9e ano!r way ( act+4 ,if1 n[1 a law 7 promulgat$1 to =bid "o to attack "o's enemy on su* or su* a day1 at su* or su* an h\r1 x w\ld appe> to u ! height ( folly & extravagance4 ,b x 0 n s at t "t2 su* prohibitions 7 made cont9ually1 n 9 obscure hamlets1 b 9 great t[ns1 9 v num]\s assemblies1 :5 bi%ops 7 pres5t 9 hundr$s1 & :]e c\nts1 dukes1 pr9ces1 & k+s 7 ga!r$ toge!r4 ,?is law1 by :i* au?ority 0 glad to make ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice respect$1 at lea/ on c]ta9 days1--pr9cipally on ! great solemnities1--?is law1 :i* n[ w\ld appe> to u s /range1 01 9 a c]ta9 way1 & = a long p]iod1 "o ( ! *ief po9ts ( public & private law 9 ,europe4 ,x w be und]/ood t ,i allude to ! truce ( ,god1 a privilege ( peace v necess>y at t "t1 z we see x v (t5 r5ew$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,( all t ,i might say on ?is po9t1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) select+ a few ( ! decisions ( ,c\ncils at ! "t4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tubuza1 9 ! diocese ( ,elne1 9 ,r\ssillon1 held by ,guifr$1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,n>bonne1 9 #ajda1 e/abli%$ ! truce ( ,god1 f ! ev5+ ( ,friday until ,monday morn+4 ,nobody dur+ t "t c\ld take any ?+ by =ce1 or rev5ge any injury1 or require any pl$ge 9 surety4 ,^? :o violat$ ?is decree 7 liable to ! same legal composition z if !y _h m]it$ dea?2 9 default ( :i*1 !y 7 excommunicat$ & bani%$ f ! c\ntry4 ,! practice ( ?is ecclesia/ical regulation 0 consid]$ s advantage\s1 t _m o!r ,c\ncils 7 held 9 ,france dur+ ! same ye>1 on ! same subject4 ,moreov]1 c>e 0 tak5 frequ5tly to repeat ! obligation1 z we see by ! ,c\ncil ( ,sa9t ,gilles1 9 ,langu$oc1 held 9 #ajdb1 & by t ( ,n>bonne1 held 9 #ajde4 ,9 spite ( ^!1 repeat$ ef=ts did n obta9 all ! desir$ fruit2 ?is is indicat$ by ! *anges :i* we obs]ve 9 ! regulations ( ! law4 ,?us we see t1 9 ! ye> #ajdg1 ! truce ( ,god 0 fix$ = a less "t ?an 9 #ajda2 ! ,c\ncil ( ,telugis1 9 ! same diocese ( ,elne1 held 9 #ajdg1 only orda9s t x is =bidd5 to any "o 9 all ! comt ( ,r\ssillon to attack 8 enemy betwe5 ! h\rs ( none on ,sunday & prime on ,monday2 ! law 0 !n mu* less ext5sive ?an 9 #ajda1 :51 z we h se51 ! truce ( ,god 0 ext5d$ f ,friday ev5+ till ,monday morn+4 ,we f9d 9 ! same ,c\ncil a rem>kable regulation1 ! object ( :i* 0 to pres]ve f all attack m5 :o 7 go+ to *ur* or return+ f x1 or :o 7 accompany+ wom54 ,9 #ajed1 ! truce ( ,god _h ga9$ gr\nd2 we see x ext5d$1 n only f ,friday ev5+ till ,monday morn+ aft] sunrise1 b ov] consid]able p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,?us we see t ! ,c\ncil ( ,n>bonne1 held by ,ar*bi%op ,guifr$1 9 #ajde1 aft] hav+ includ$ 9 ! truce ( ,god ! "t f ,friday ev5+ till ,monday morn+1 decl>es x obligatory dur+ ! foll[+ p]iods3 f ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,adv5t till ! octave ( ! ,epiphany2 f ,qu9quagesima ,sunday till ! octave ( ,ea/]2 f ! ,sunday prec$+ ! ,asc5sion till ! octave ( ,p5teco/2 ! fe/ival days ( ,our ,lady1 ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ( ,/4 ,laur5ce1 ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ( ,all ,sa9ts1 ( ,/4 ,m>t91 ( ,/4 ,j & ,pa/eur1 titul>ies ( ! ,*ur* ( ,n>bonne1 & all fa/+ days1 "u pa9 ( ana!ma & p]petual bani%m5t4 ,! same ,c\ncil gives "s o!r regulations1 s beautiful t we _c pass !m ov] 9 sil5ce1 :5 we are engag$ 9 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 improv+ mann]s4 ,! #i? canon =bids ! cutt+ ( olive-trees2 a reason = x is giv51 :i*1 9 ! eyes ( juri/s1 w n appe> suffici5tly g5]al or adequate1 b :i*1 9 ! eyes ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 is a beautiful symbol ( ! b5eficial influ5ce ex]cis$ ov] society by religion4 ,?is is ! reason giv5 by ! ,c\ncil3 ,x is1 x says1 t ! olive-trees may furni% matt] = ! holy *rism1 & fe$ ! lamps t burn 9 ! *ur*es4 ,su* a reason 0 sure to produce m effect ?an any t c\ld be drawn f ,ulpian & ,ju/9ian4 ,x is orda9$ 9 ! #aj? canon t %eph]ds & _! flocks %all enjoy at all times ! security ( ! truce2 ! same favor is ext5d$ by ! #aa? canon to all h\ses )9 ?irty paces ( ! *ur*es4 ,! #ah? canon =bids ^? :o h a suit1 to take any active /eps1 to commit ! lea/ viol5ce1 until ! cause has be5 judg$ 9 pres5ce ( ! bi%op & "l ( ! place4 ,! o!r canons =bid ! robb+ ( m]*ants & pilgrims1 & ! commission ( wrong aga9/ any "o1 "u pa9 ( be+ sep>at$ f ! ,*ur*1 if ! crime be committ$ dur+ ! "t ( ! truce4 ,9 proportion z we advance 9 ! #aa? c5tury1 we see ! salut>y practice ( ! truce ( ,god m & m inculcat$2 ! ,popes int]pose _! au?ority 9 its favor4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,gironne1 held by ,c>d9al ,hugues-le-,blanc1 9 #ajfh1 ! truce ( ,god is confirm$ by ! au?ority ( ,alex&] ,,ii41 "u pa9 ( excommunication2 ! ,c\ncil held 9 #ajhj1 at ,lillebonne1 9 ,norm&y1 gives u reason to suppose t ! truce 0 !n g5]ally e/abli%$1 s9ce x orda9s1 by its fir/ canon to bi%ops & lords1 to take c>e t x 0 obs]v$1 & to inflict on (f5d]s aga9/ x c5sures & o!r p5alties4 ,9 ! ye> #ajic1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,troja1 9 ,apulia1 held by ,urban ,,ii41 cont9ues ! truce ( ,god4 ,to judge ( ! ext5t ( ?is canonical regulation1 we %\ld "k t ?is ,c\ncil consi/$ ( sixty-five bi%ops4 ,! numb] 0 mu* great] at ! ,c\ncil ( ,cl]mont1 9 ,auv]gne1 held by ! same ,urban ,,ii41 9 #ajie2 x reckon$ no less ?an ?irte5 ar*bi%ops1 two hundr$ & tw5ty bi%ops1 & a great numb] ( abbots4 ,! fir/ canon ( ?is ,c\ncil confirms ! truce = ,?ursday1 ,friday1 ,saturday1 & ,sunday2 x wi%es1 moreov]1 t x %\ld be obs]v$ on all ! days ( ! week1 ) respect to monks1 cl]gy1 & wom54 ,! canons #bi & #cj orda91 t if a man pursu$ by an enemy take refuge ne> a cross1 he %\ld be 9 safety1 z if he _h f\nd asylum 9 a *ur*4 ,! sublime sign ( r$emption1 aft] hav+ giv5 salvation to ! _w1 by dr9k+ on ,calv>y ! blood ( ! ,son ( ,god1 _h already prov$ a refuge1 dur+ ! sack ( ,rome1 to ^? :o fl$ f ! fury ( ! b>b>ians2 c5turies lat]1 we f9d x erect$ on ! roads1 to save ! un=tunate1 :o1 by embrac+ x1 escap$ _! enemies1 :o 7 ?us det]r$ f v5geance4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,r\51 held 9 #ajif1 ext5d+ /ill fur!r ! b5efit ( ! truce1 orda9s ! obs]vance ( x f ! ,sunday be=e ,a% ,w$nesday till ! second fea/ aft] ! octave ( ,p5teco/1 f sunset on ,w$nesday prec$+ ,adv5t to ! octave ( ,epiphany1 & e week f ,friday aft] sunset till ! ,monday foll[+ at sunrise2 9 f9e1 on all ! fea/s & vigils ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,apo/les4 ,! #b;d canon ( ! same ,c\ncil secures p]petual peace to all cl]gy1 monks1 & nuns1 to wom51 to pilgrims1 to m]*ants & _! s]vants1 to ox5 & horses ( labor1 to c>m5 & labor]s2 x gives ! same privileges to all l&s t belong to sacr$ in/itutions2 all su* p]sons1 animals1 & l&s are protect$ f ! attacks ( pillage & all k9ds ( viol5ce4 ,at ?is "t ! law felt itself /rong]2 x c\ld n[ call = ob$i5ce 9 a firm] tone2 we see1 inde$1 t ! ?ird canon ( ! same ,c\ncil enjo9s ^u all :o h rea*$ ! age ( twelve1 to engage by oa? to obs]ve ! truce2 9 ! f\r? canon1 all :o refuse to take ?is oa? are excommunicat$4 ,"s ye>s aft]1 9 #aaae1 ! truce1 in/ead ( compris+ c]ta9 /at$ p>ts ( ! ye>1 embraces :ole ye>s2 ! ,c\ncil ( ,troja 9 ,apulia1 held 9 t ye> by ,pope ,pascal1 e/abli%es ! truce = ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,popes pursu$ ) ardor ! "w ?us comm5c$2 !y sanction$ x ) _! au?ority1 & ext5d$ ! obs]vance ( ! truce by means ( _! influ5ce1 !n univ]sal & p[]ful ov] all ,europe4 ,al?\gh ! truce 0 app>5tly only a te/imony ( respect paid to religion by ! viol5t passions1 :i*1 9 h] favor1 cons5t$ to susp5d _! ho/ilities1 x 01 9 reality1 a triumph ( "r ov] might1 & "o ( ! mo/ admirable devices ev] us$ to improve ! mann]s ( a b>b>\s p4 ,! man :o1 dur+ f\r days ( ! week1 & dur+ long p]iods ( ! ye>1 0 compell$ to susp5d ! ex]cise ( =ce1 0 necess>ily l$ to m g5tle mann]s2 he mu/1 9 ! end1 entirely r5\nce x4 ,! difficulty is n1 to conv9ce a man t he does ill1 b to make him lose ! habit ( do+ s2 & x is well kn[n t habits are eng5d]$ by ! repetition ( acts1 & are lo/ :5 !y cease = a "t4 ,no?+ is m pleas+ to ! ,*ri/ian s\l ?an to see ! ,popes labor+ to ma9ta9 & ext5d ?is truce4 ,!y r5ew ! comm& ( x ) a p[] ! m efficaci\s & univ]sal accord+ to ! numb] ( bi%ops :o assi/ at ! ,c\ncils :]e _! supreme au?ority presides4 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 op5$ by ,pope ,calixtus ,,ii4 9 p]son1 9 #aaai1 a decree confirm+ ! truce is promulgat$4 ,?irte5 ar*bi%ops1 m ?an two hundr$ bi%ops1 & a great numb] ( abbots & ecclesia/ics1 di/+ui%$ = _! rank1 assi/$ at ?is ,c\ncil4 ,! same comm& is r5ew$ at ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 held "u ! c>e ( ! same ,pontiff1 ,calixtus ,,ii41 9 #aabc4 ,!re 7 assembl$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 & m ?an six hundr$ abbots4 ,9 #aacj1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,cl]mont1 9 ,auv]gne1 held by ,innoc5t ,,ii41 insi/s on ! same po9t1 & repeats ! regulations conc]n+ ! obs]vance ( ! truce4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,avignon1 held 9 #abji1 by ,hugh1 ,bi%op ( ,riez1 & ,milon1 not>y ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 bo? legates ( ! ,holy ,see1 confirms ! laws be=e enact$ on ! subject ( ! peace & ! truce1 & condemns ! rebelli\s :o d>e to infr+e !m4 ,9 ! ye> #abae1 at ! ,c\ncil ( ,montpelli]1 assembl$ by ,rob]t de ,c\ron1 & presid$ ov] by ,c>d9al ,b5av5t1 9 8 (fice z legate ( ! prov9ce1 all ! regulations e/abli%$ at diff]5t times = ! public safety1 & m rec5tly to secure peace betwe5 "l & "l1 & t[n & t[n1 are r5ew$ & confirm$4 ,^? :o h reg>d$ ! int]v5tion ( ! ecclesia/ical p[] 9 civil affairs z a usurpation ( ! rights ( public au?ority1 %\ld tell u h[ x is possible to usurp t :i* does n exi/1 & h[ a p[] :i* is unable to ex]cise ! au?ority :i* ought to belong to x1 c reasonably compla9 :5 t au?ority passes into ! h&s ( ^? :o h =ce & skill to make use ( x4 ,at t "t1 ! public au?ority did n at all compla9 ( ^! pret5d$ usurpations4 ,gov]nm5ts & nations look$ ^u !m z j & legitimate2 =1 z we h said above1 !y 7 natural & necess>y1 !y 7 br\ght ab\t by ! =ce ( ev5ts1 !y 7 ! result ( ! situation ( affairs4 ,c]ta9ly1 x w\ld n[ seem extraord9>y to see bi%ops provide = ! security ( roads1 publi% edicts aga9/ inc5di>ies1 aga9/ robb]s1 aga9/ ^? :o cut d[n olive-trees & commit o!r injuries ( ! k9d2 b1 at ! "t we are speak+ (1 ?is proce$+ 0 v natural1 & m1 x 0 necess>y4 ,?anks to ! c>e ( ! ,*ur*1 to t incessant solicitude :i* has be5 s9ce s inconsid]ately blam$1 ! f\ndations ( ! social edifice1 9 :i* we n[ dwell 9 peace1 7 laid2 an organization 0 realiz$ :i* w\ld h be5 impossible )\t ! influ5ce ( religion & ! action ( ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,if y wi% to "k :e!r any fact ( :i* y h to judge is ! result ( ! nature ( ?+s1 or ! fruit ( well contriv$ comb9ations1 obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* x appe>s1 ! places :]e x takes its rise1 ! times :i* witness its appe>ance2 & if y %all f9d x reproduc$ at once 9 places f> di/ant f ea* o!r1 by m5 :o c h _h no conc]t1 be assur$ t x is n ! result ( human contrivance1 b ( ! =ce ( ev5ts4 ,^! conditions are f\nd unit$ 9 a palpable mann] 9 ! action ( ! ecclesia/ical p[] on public affairs4 ,op5 ! ,c\ncils ( ^? times1 & ev]y:]e ! same facts meet y\r eyes2 ?us1 to quote a few examples1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,pal5tia1 9 ! k+dom ( ,leon1 held 9 #aabi1 decrees1 9 its #ab? canon1 exile or seclusion 9 a mona/]y1 aga9/ ^? :o attack ! cl]gy1 monks1 m]*ants1 pilgrims1 & wom54 ,let u pass into ,france2 ! ,c\ncil ( ,cl]mont1 9 ,auv]gne1 held 9 #aacj1 pron\nces1 9 its #ac? canon1 excommunication aga9/ inc5di>ies4 ,9 #aaeg1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 9 ! #c;d canon1 ord]s to be respect$1 dur+ w>1 ! p]sons ( ! cl]gy1 ( monks1 wom51 travell]s1 labor]s1 & v9e-dress]s4 ,let u pass into ,italy2 ! #aa? ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 a ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 convok$ 9 #aagi1 =bids1 9 its #bb;d canon1 to maltreat or di/urb monks1 cl]gy1 pilgrims1 m]*ants1 peasants1 ei!r travell+ or engag$ 9 ! labors ( agriculture1 & animals labor+ 9 ! fields4 ,9 its #bd? canon1 ! same ,c\ncil excommunicates ^? :o make slaves (1 or rob1 ,*ri/ians on voyages ( comm]ce1 or = o!r lawful purposes2 ^? :o plund] ! %ipwreck$ are subject$ to ! same p5alty1 unless !y make re/itution4 ,let u g to ,engl&2 !re ! ,c\ncil ( ,ox=d1 held 9 #abbb1 by ,/eph5 ,langton1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 =bids1 by its #bj? canon1 any "o to h robb]s 9 _! s]vice4 ,9 ,sw$51 ! ,c\ncil ( ,arbog51 held 9 #acif1 by ,h5ry1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,upsala1 directs1 by its #e? canon1 t *ur*-burial %all be refus$ to pirates1 ravi%]s1 inc5di>ies1 highway robb]s1 oppressors ( ! poor1 & o!r malefactors2 s t 9 all p>ts1 & at ! same p]iods1 we see ! same fact appe>1 viz4 ! ,*ur* /ruggl+ aga9/ inju/ice & viol5ce1 & endeavor+ to sub/itute 9 _! /ead ! empire ( law & ju/ice4 ,9 :at _s mu/ !y read ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 :o d n feel ! beauty ( ! picture pres5t$ to u by ! multitude ( regulations1 sc>cely indicat$ "h1 all t5d+ to protect ! weak aga9/ ! /rong8 ,! cl]gy & monks1 on acc\nt ( ! weakness consequ5t on _! peaceful pr(ession1 f9d 9 ! canons :i* we h j quot$ peculi> protection2 b ! same is grant$ to females1 to pilgrims1 to m]*ants1 to villag]s1 travell+1 or engag$ 9 rural labors1 & to bea/s ( labor--9 a ^w1 to all t is weak2 & obs]ve1 t ?is protection is n a m]e pass+ ef=t ( g5]osity1 b a sy/em practis$ 9 widely diff]5t places1 cont9u$ = c5turies1 develop$ & appli$ by all ! means t *>ity sugge/s--a sy/em inexhau/ible 9 res\rces & contrivances1 bo? 9 produc+ good & 9 prev5t+ evil4 ,& surely x _c be said t ! ,*ur* 0 influ5c$ 9 ?is by views ( self-int]e/3 :at int]e/$ motive c\ld %e h 9 prev5t+ ! spoliation ( an obscure travell]1 ! viol5ce inflict$ on a poor labor]1 or ! insult (f]$ to a def5celess woman8 ,! _s :i* !n animat$ h]1 :atev] might be ! abuses :i* 7 introduc$ dur+ unhappy times1 01 z x n[ is1 ! _s ( ,god himself--t _s :i* cont9ually communicates to h] s m>k$ an incl9ation t[>ds goodness & ju/ice1 & always urges h] to realize1 by any possible means1 h] sublime desires4 ,i leave ! read] to judge :e!r or n ! con/ant ef=ts ( ! ,*ur* to bani% ! dom9ion ( =ce f ! bosom ( society 7 likely to improve mann]s4 ,i n[ speak only ( times ( peace2 = ,i ne$ n /ay to prove t dur+ ! "t ( w> t influ5ce mu/ h _h ! happie/ results4 ,! v victis ( ! anci5ts has disappe>$ f mod]n hi/ory1 ?anks to ! div9e religion :i* knew h[ to inspire man ) new ideas & new feel+s--?anks to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ^: zeal = ! r$emption ( captives has s(t5$ ! fi]ce maxims ( ! ,romans1 :o1 z we h se51 _h consid]$ x necess>y to take f brave m5 ! hope ( be+ r$eem$ f s]vitude1 :5 by ! *ances ( w> !y _h fall5 into ! h&s ( _! enemies4 ,! read] may rev]t to ! sev5? *apt] ( ?is "w1 & ! ?ird p>agraph ( ! fifte5? note1 :]e !re are1 9 ! orig9al text1 num]\s docum5ts t may be quot$ 9 support ( our ass]tion2 he w ?us be bett] able to judge ( ! gratitude :i* is due to ! *>ity1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & indefatigable zeal ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 favor ( ! un=tunate1 :o groan$ 9 bondage 9 ! p[] ( _! enemies4 ,we mu/ also consid] t1 slav]y once aboli%$1 ! sy/em 0 necess>ily improv$2 = if ^? :o surr5d]$ c\ld no long] be put to dea?1 or be kept 9 slav]y1 ! only ?+ to be done 01 to reta9 !m = ! "t necess>y to prev5t _! do+ mis*ief1 or until !y 7 ransom$4 ,n[1 ?is is ! mod]n sy/em1 :i* consi/s 9 reta9+ prison]s till ! end ( ! w>1 or until !y are ex*ang$4 ,al?\gh ! amelioration ( mann]s1 z ,i h said above1 consi/s1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! exclusion ( =ce1 we mu/ yet avoid consid]+ ?is exclusion ( =ce 9 ! ab/ract1 & believ+ t su* an ord] ( ?+s 0 possible1 by virtue ( ! m]e developm5t ( m9d4 ,all is connect$ 9 ?is _w2 x is n en\gh1 to con/itute ! real improvem5t ( mann]s1 t !y avoid viol5ce z mu* z possible2 !y mu/ also be b5evol5t4 ,z long z !y are n s1 !y w be less g5tle ?an en]vat$2 ! use ( =ce w n be bani%$ f society1 b x w rema9 artificially disguis$4 ,x w be und]/ood1 !n1 t we are oblig$ "h to take a survey ( ! pr9ciple :5ce ,european civilization has drawn ! _s ( b5evol5ce :i* di/+ui%es x2 we %all ?us succe$ 9 %[+ t ! g5tl5ess ( our pres5t mann]s is pr9cipally ow+ to ,ca?olicity4 ,!re is1 besides1 9 ! exam9ation ( ! pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce1 s mu* importance ( its own1 indep5d5tly ( its connection ) ! "q :i* n[ occupies u1 t we _c avoid devot+ "s pages to x1 9 ! c\rse ( an analytical review ( ! elem5ts ( our civilization4#bb ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,public ,,b5efic5ce ,,9 ,,europe4 ,nev] w mann]s be p]fectly g5tle )\t ! exi/5ce ( public b5efic5ce2 s t g5tl5ess ( mann]s & b5efic5ce1 al?\gh di/9ct1 are si/]s4 ,public b5efic5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 0 unkn[n among ! anci5ts4 ,individuals might be b5efic5t !re1 b society 0 )\t compassion4 ,?us1 ! f\ndation ( public e/abli%m5ts ( b5efic5ce =m$ no "p ( ! sy/em ( adm9i/ration among anci5t nations4 ,:at1 !n1 did !y d ) ! un=tunate8 ,we w answ] ) ! au?or ( ! ,gnie de ,*ri/ianisme1 t !y _h no res\rces b infanticide & slav]y4 ,*ri/ianity hav+ become pr$om9ant ev]y:]e1 we see ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* employ$ 9 de/roy+ ! rema9s ( cruel cu/oms4 ,9 ! ye> #ddb1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,vaison1 e/abli%+ a regulation = ! legitimate possession ( f\ndl+s1 decrees ecclesia/ical c5sure aga9/ ^? :o di/urb by importunate reproa*es *>itable p]sons :o h receiv$ *ildr54 ,! ,c\ncil adopts ?is measure ) ! view ( protect+ a b5efic5t cu/om2 =1 adds ! canon1 ^! *ildr5 7 expos$ to be eat5 by dogs4 ,!re 7 /ill f\nd fa!rs unnatural en\gh to kill _! *ildr54 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,l]ida1 held 9 #edf1 imposes sev5 ye>s ( p5ance on ^? :o commit su* a crime2 & t ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #ehi1 =bids1 9 ! #ag? canon1 p>5ts to commit ?is crime4 ,/ill1 ! difficulty did n consi/ 9 correct+ ^! excesses2 crimes ?us oppos$ to ! fir/ notions ( morality--s mu* 9 contradiction to ! feel+s ( nature--t5d$ to _! own extirpation4 ,! difficulty consi/$ 9 f9d+ prop] means to organize a va/ sy/em ( b5efic5ce1 to provide con/ant succor1 n only = *ildr51 b = old m51 = ! sick1 = ! poor incapable ( liv+ by _! own labor2 9 a ^w1 = all ! necessit\s4 ,famili>iz$ z we are ) su* a sy/em univ]sally e/abli%$1 we see no?+ 9 x b :at is simple & natural2 we c h>dly f9d any m]it 9 x4 ,b let u suppose = a mom5t t su* in/itutions d n exi/2 let u transport ourselves to ! times :5 !re 0 n ev5 ! fir/ idea ( !m1 :at cont9u$ ef=ts w\ld !re n be requir$ to e/abli% & organize !m6 ,x is cle> t by ! m]e ext5sion ( ,*ri/ian *>ity 9 ! _w ! v>i\s wants ( humanity mu/ h be5 m frequ5tly succor$1 & ) m efficacy1 ?an !y 7 be=e2 & ?is ev5 if we suppose t ! ex]cise ( *>ity 0 limit$ to purely individual means4 ,assur$ly1 !re w\ld always h be5 a great numb] ( ! fai?ful :o w\ld h rememb]$ ! doctr9es & example ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,our ,savi\r did n cont5t ,himself ) tea*+ u by 8 disc\rses ! obligation ( lov+ our neighbor z ourselves1 nor ) a b>r5 affection1 b by giv+ food to ! hungry1 dr9k to ! ?ir/y1 clo!s to ! nak$2 by visit+ ! sick & prison]s4 ,he %[$ u 9 8 own conduct a model ( ! practice ( *>ity4 ,he c\ld h %[n 9 a ?\s& ways ! p[] :i* belong$ to ,him 9 heav5 & on e>?2 8 voice c\ld h controll$ all ! elem5ts1 /opp$ ! motions ( ! />s1 & susp5d$ all ! laws ( nature2 b ,he delight$ above all 9 display+ 8 b5efic5ce2 ,he only atte/$ 8 div9ity by miracles :i* heal$ or consol$ ! un=tunate4 ,8 :ole life is summ$ up 9 ! sublime simplicity ( ^! two words ( ! sacr$ text3 p]transiit b5efaci5do2 ,he w5t ab\t do+ good4 ,:atev] good might be expect$ f ,*ri/ian *>ity :5 left to its own inspiration1 & act+ 9 a sph]e purely individual1 x 0 n desirable to leave x 9 ?is /ate4 ,x 0 necess>y to realize x 9 p]man5t in/itutions1 & n to leave ! consolation ( ! un=tunate to ! m]cy ( man & pass+ circum/ances2 ?is is ! reason :y !re 0 s mu* wisdom & =esight 9 ! idea ( f\nd+ e/abli%m5ts ( b5efic5ce4 ,x 0 ! ,*ur* t conceiv$ & execut$ ?is idea4 ,!re9 %e only appli$ to a p>ticul> case h] g5]al rule ( conduct2 :i* is1 nev] to leave to ! w ( individuals :at c be connect$ ) an in/itution3 & obs]ve1 t ?is is "o ( ! causes ( ! /r5g? inh]5t 9 all t belongs to ,ca?olicity4 ,z ! pr9ciple ( au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai? pres]ves to h] unity & con/ancy !re91 s ! rule ( intru/+ e ?+ to in/itutions secures ! solidity & duration ( all h] works4 ,^! two pr9ciples h an intimate connection2 = if y exam9e !m att5tively1 ! "o supposes t %e di/ru/s ! intellect ( man1 ! o!r1 t %e di/ru/s 8 individual w & capacity4 ,! "o supposes t man is n suffici5t ( himself to atta9 to1 & pres]ve ! k (1 c]ta9 tru?s2 ! o!r1 t he is s feeble & caprici\s1 t x is unwise to leave to 8 weakness & incon/ancy ! c>e ( do+ good4 ,n[1 nei!r "o nor ! o!r is injuri\s to man2 nei!r "o nor ! o!r l[]s 8 prop] dignity4 ,! ,*ur* only tells him1 t he is1 9 reality1 subject to error1 incl9$ to evil1 incon/ant 9 8 designs1 & v mis]able 9 8 res\rces4 ,^! are melan*oly tru?s2 b ! exp]i5ce ( e day atte/s !m1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion expla9s !m1 by e/abli%+1 z a fundam5tal dogma1 ! fall ( man 9 ! p]son ( our fir/ p>5t4 ,prote/antism1 foll[+ pr9ciples diametrically opposite1 applies ! same _s ( individuality to ! w z to ! intellig5ce2 x is ev5 ! natural enemy ( in/itutions4 ,)\t go+ fur!r ?an our pres5t subject1 we see t its fir/ /ep1 on its appe>ance1 0 to de/roy :at exi/$1 )\t 9 any way replac+ x4 ,w x be believ$ t ,montesquieu w5t s f> z to applaud ?is "w ( de/ruction8 ,?is is ano!r pro( ( ! fatal influ5ce ex]t$ ov] m9ds by ! pe/il5tial atmosph]e ( ! la/ c5tury3 ,h5ri ,,viii41 says ,montesquieu1 v\lant r=m] l'glise d',anglet]re1 dtruisit les mo9es3 nation p>esseuse elle-mme1 et qui entret5ait la p>esse des autres1 p>ceque1 practiquant l'hospitalit1 une inf9it de g5s oisifs1 g5tilhommes et b\rgeois1 passoi5t leur vie c\rir de c\v5t en c\v5t4 ,il ta encore les hpitaux1 o le bas peuple tr\vait sa subsi/5ce1 comme les g5tilhommes tr\vai5t la leur dans les mona/res4 ,depuis ce *angem5t1 l'esprit de comm]ce et d'indu/rie s'tablit en ,anglet]re4 7,de l',esprit des ,lois1 liv4 xxiii4 *ap4 #ai47 ,t ,montesquieu %\ld praise ?is conduct ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & ! de/ruction ( mona/]ies1 = ! mis]able reason1 t x 0 good to deprive ! idle ( ! hospitality ( ! monks1 is a notion :i* ought n to a/oni% u1 z su* vulg> ideas 7 9 accordance ) ! ta/e ( ! philosophy :i* _h !n begun to prevail4 ,x attempt$ to f9d pr(\nd economical & political reasons = all t 0 9 opposition to ! in/itutions ( ,ca?olicity2 & ?is 0 n difficult1 = a prejudic$ m9d always f9ds 9 books1 z well z 9 facts1 :at x seeks4 ,we might inquire ( ,montesquieu1 h[ev]1 :at is become ( ! prop]ty ( ! mona/]ies8 ,z ^! ri* spoils 7 9 great "p giv5 to ! same nobles :o f\nd hospitality ) ! monks1 we might obs]ve to him1 t x 0 a s+ul> way ( dim9i%+ ! idl5ess ( p1 to give !m z _! own ! prop]ty :i* !y _h previ\sly enjoy$ z gue/s4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t to take to ! h\ses ( ! nobles ! prop]ty :i* _h support$ ! hospitality :i* ! monks %[$ !m1 0 c]ta9ly to save !m ! tr\ble ( runn+ f mona/]y to mona/]y4 ,b :at we _c tol]ate is1 to he> vaunt$ z a political *ef-d'uvre1 ! suppression ( ! hospitals :]e ! poor p f\nd _! subsi/5ce4 ,:at6 are ^! y\r l(ty views1 & is y\r philosophy s devoid ( compassion1 t y ?9k ! de/ruction ( ! asylums ( mis=tune prop] means = enc\rag+ indu/ry & comm]ce8 ,! wor/ ( x is1 t ,montesquieu1 s$uc$ by ! desire ( (f]+ new & piquant obs]vations1 goes s f> z to d5y ! utility ( hospitals1 pret5d+ t1 9 ,rome1 !y make all live 9 com=t except ^? :o labor4 ,he does n wi% to h !m 9 ri* nations or 9 poor ones4 ,he supports ?is cruel p>adox by a reason /at$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,qu& la nation e/ pauvre1 says he1 la pauvret p>ticulire drive de la misre gnrale1 et elle e/1 p\r a9si dire1 la misre gnrale4 ,t\s les hpitaux du monde ne saurai5t gurir cette pauvret p>ticulire2 au contraire l'esprit de p>esse qu'ils inspir5t augm5te la pauvret gnrale1 et p> consqu5t la p>ticulire4 ,?us1 hospitals are repres5t$ z dang]\s to poor nations1 & consequ5tly condemn$4 ,let u n[ li/5 to :at is said ( ri* ones3 ,j'ai dit que les nations ri*es avai5t beso9 d'hpitaux1 p>ceque la =tune y tait sujette a mille accid5ts2 mais on s5t que les rec\rs passag]s vaudrai5t bi5 mieux que les tablissem5ts p]ptuels4 ,le mal e/ mom5tan2 il faut donc des sec\rs de mme nature1 et qui soi5t applicables l'accid5t p>ticuli]4 7,de l',esprit des ,lois1 liv4 xxiii4 *ap4 #ai47 ,x is difficult to f9d any ?+ m empty or m false4 ,und\bt$ly1 if we 7 to judge1 by ^! passages1 ( ! ,esprit des ,lois1 ! m]it ( :i* has be5 s mu* exagg]at$1 we %\ld be compell$ to condemn x 9 t]ms m sev]e ?an ^? employ$ by ,m4 de ,bonald1 :5 he call$ x ! mo/ pr(\nd ( sup]ficial works4 ,happily = ! poor1 & = ! good ord] ( society1 ,europe 9 g5]al has n adopt$ ^! maxims2 & on ?is po9t1 z on _m o!rs1 prejudices aga9/ ,ca?olicity h be5 laid aside1 9 ord] to cont9ue1 ) m or less modification1 ! sy/em :i* %e taught4 ,we f9d 9 ,engl& h]self a consid]able numb] ( e/abli%m5ts ( b5efic5ce2 & x is n believ$ 9 t c\ntry t x is necess>y1 9 ord] to excite ! activity ( ! poor1 to expose !m to ! dang] ( dy+ ( hung]4 ,we %\ld always rememb] t ! sy/em ( public e/abli%m5ts = b5efic5ce1 n[ g5]al 9 ,europe1 w\ld n h exi/$ )\t ,ca?olicity2 inde$1 we may re/ assur$1 t if ! religi\s s*ism _h tak5 place be=e ! f\ndation & organization ( ?is sy/em1 ,european society w\ld n n[ h enjoy$ ^! e/abli%m5ts :i* d x s mu* honor1 & are s preci\s an elem5t ( good gov]nm5t & public tranquillity4 ,x is "o ?+ to f\nd & ma9ta9 an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d1 :5 a great numb] ( simil> ones already exi/1--:5 gov]nm5ts possess imm5se res\rces1 & /r5g? suffici5t to protect all int]e/s2 b x is a v diff]5t ?+ to e/abli% a multitude ( !m 9 all places1 :5 !re is no model to be copi$1 :5 x is necess>y to improvise 9 a ?\s& ways ! indisp5sable res\rces1--:5 public au?ority has no pre/ige or =ce to control ! viol5t passions t /ruggle to ga9 e ?+ t !y c fe$ on4 ,n[1 9 mod]n times1 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ,prote/antism1 ! fir/ only ( ^! ?+s has be5 done2 ! second 0 accompli%$ c5turies be=e by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 & let x be obs]v$1 t :at has be5 done 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries 9 favor ( public b5efic5ce1 has be5 done by adm9i/rative acts ( ! gov]nm5t1 acts :i* 7 necess>ily inspir$ by ! view ( ! happy results already obta9$ f simil> in/itutions4 ,b ,prote/antism1 by itself1 consid]$ z a sep>ate ,*ur*1 has done no?+1 & x c\ld d no?+2 = 9 all places :]e x pres]ves any ?+ ( hi]>*ical organization1 x is ! m]e in/rum5t ( ! civil p[]2 consequ5tly x _c !re act by its own inspirations4 ,su* is ! vice ( its con/itution4 ,its prejudice aga9/ ! religi\s in/itutions1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 make x /]ile 9 ?is respect4 ,?us1 inde$1 x is depriv$ ( "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful elem5ts possess$ by ,ca?olicity to accompli% ! mo/ ardu\s & labori\s works ( *>ity4 ,= ! great works ( *>ity1 x is necess>y to be free f worldly atta*m5ts & self-love2 & ^! qualities are f\nd 9 an em95t degree 9 p]sons :o are devot$ to *>ity 9 religi\s in/itutions4 ,!re !y comm5ce ) t fre$om :i* is ! root ( all ! re/--! abs5ce ( self-love4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has n be5 in/igat$ to ?is by ! civil p[]2 %e has consid]$ x z "o ( h] own peculi> duties to provide = ! un=tunate4 ,h] bi%ops h always be5 look$ ^u z ! protectors & ! natural inspectors ( b5efic5t e/abli%m5ts4 ,!re=e !re 0 a law :i* plac$ hospitals "u ! *>ge ( ! bi%ops2 & !nce x comes t t class ( *>itable in/itutions has always occupi$ a di/+ui%$ place 9 canonical legislation4 ,! ,*ur*1 f remote times1 has made laws conc]n+ hospitals4 ,?us1 we see ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on place "u ! au?ority ( ! bi%op ! cl]gy resid+ 9 ,pto*s1--t is1 z expla9$ by ,zon>us1 9 ! e/abli%m5ts de/9$ to support & provide = ! poor3 ,su*1 he says1 z ^? :]e orphans & ! old & infirm are receiv$ & c>$ =4 ,! ,c\ncil makes use ( ?is expression1 accord+ to ! tradition ( ! holy ,fa!rs2 !reby indicat+ t regulations _h be5 made ( old by ! ,*ur* conc]n+ e/abli%m5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,! le>n$ also "k :at ! anci5t diaconies 71--places ( *>ity1 :]e poor wid[s1 orphans1 old m51 & o!r un=tunate p]sons1 7 receiv$4 ,:5 ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians _h introduc$ ev]y:]e ! reign ( =ce1 ! possessions :i* hospitals already _h1 & ^? :i* !y aft]w>ds ga9$1 7 expos$ to unb\nd$ rapacity4 ,! ,*ur* did all %e c\ld to protect !m4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to take !m1 "u ! sev]e/ p5alties2 ^? :o made ! attempt 7 puni%$ z murd]]s ( ! poor4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 held 9 #edi1 =bids1 9 its #ac? canon1 tak+ ! prop]ty ( hospitals2 ! #ae? canon ( ! same ,c\ncil confirms ! f\ndation ( a hospital at ,lyons1 a f\ndation due to ! *>ity ( ,k+ ,*ildeb]t & ,que5 ,ultrogo?a4 ,! ,c\ncil takes measures to secure ! safety & good managem5t ( ! funds ( t hospital2 all violat+ ^! regulations are ana!matiz$ z guilty ( homicide ( ! poor4 ,we f9d1 ) respect to ! poor1 9 v anci5t ,c\ncils1 regulations ( *>ity & police at ! same "t1 q simil> to measures n[ adopt$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries4 ,= example1 p>i%es are enjo9$ to make a li/ ( _! poor1 to ma9ta9 !m1 c4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,t\rs1 held 9 #eff or #efg1 by its #e? canon ord]s e t[n to ma9ta9 its poor2 & ! prie/s 9 ! c\ntry1 z well z ! fai?ful1 to ma9ta9 _! own1 9 ord] to prev5t m5dicants f w&]+ ab\t ! t[ns & prov9ces4 ,) respect to lep]s1 ! #ba/ canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 be=e quot$1 prescribes to bi%ops to take p>ticul> c>e ( ^! un=tunate be+s 9 all dioceses1 & to furni% !m ) food & clo?+ out ( ! ,*ur* funds2 ! ,c\ncil ( ,lyons1 held 9 #ehc1 9 its #f? canon orda9s t ! lep]s ( e t[n & t]ritory %all be support$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,*ur* "u ! c>e ( ! bi%op4 ,! ,*ur* _h a regi/] ( ! poor1 int5d$ to regulate ! di/ribution :i* 0 made to !m ( a portion ( ! ecclesia/ical prop]ty2 x 0 expressly =bidd5 to dem& any ?+ f ! poor = be+ inscrib$ 9 ?is book ( *>ity4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 held 9 #hgd1 9 ! second ( its five articles =bids receiv+ any ?+ f ! poor ?us inscrib$1 & t "u pa9 ( deposition4 ,zeal = improv+ ! condition ( prison]s1 a k9d ( *>ity :i* has be5 s mu* display$ 9 mod]n times1 is extremely anci5t 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,we mu/ obs]ve t 9 ! six? c5tury !re 0 already an inspector ( prisons2 ! ar*deacon or ! provo/ ( ! *ur* 0 oblig$ to visit prison]s on all ,sundays2 no class ( crim9als 0 exclud$ f ! b5efit ( ?is solicitude4 ,! ar*deacon 0 b\nd to le>n _! wants1 & to furni% !m1 by means ( a p]son recomm5d$ by ! bi%op1 ) food & all !y /ood 9 ne$ (4 ,?is 0 ord]$ by ! #bj? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,orleans1 held 9 #edi4 ,x w\ld be too long to enum]ate ev5 a small "p ( ! ord9ances :i* atte/ ! zeal ( ! ,*ur* = ! com=t & consolation ( ! un=tunate2 besides1 x w\ld be beyond my purpose1 = ,i h only und]tak5 to comp>e ! _s ( ,prote/antism ) t ( ,ca?olicity ) respect to works ( *>ity4 ,yet1 & z ! developm5t ( ?is "q has naturally l$ me to /ate sev]al hi/orical facts1 ,i %all allude to ! #ada/ canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 enjo9+ ^u prelates to f\nd1 accord+ to ! example ( _! pr$ecessors1 a hospital to receive all ! poor t ! rev5ues ( ! ,*ur* 7 able to support4 ,preb5d>ies 7 b\nd to give to ! hospital ! t5? ( _! fruits2 "o ( !m 0 appo9t$ to receive ! poor & /rang]s1 & to wat* ov] ! adm9i/ration ( ! hospital4 ,su* 0 ! rule ( preb5d>ies4 ,9 ! rule de/9$ = ! canonesses1 ! same ,c\ncil orda9s t a hospital %all be e/abli%$ close to ! h\se1 & t x %all itself conta9 a place res]v$ = poor wom54 ,!re=e1 7 !re se51 _m c5turies lat]1 9 v>i\s places1 hospitals ne> to preb5dal *ur*es4 ,z we approa* our own times1 we ev]y:]e see innum]able in/itutions f\nd$ = *>ity4 ,ought we n to admire ! fruitfulness ) :i* !re arise1 on all sides1 z _m res\rces z are necess>y to succ\r all ! un=tunate8 ,we _c calculate ) precision :at w\ld h happ5$ if ,prote/antism _h n appe>$1 b at lea/ !re is a conjecture au?oriz$ by reasons ( analogy4 ,if ! developm5t ( ,european civilization _h be5 fully c>ri$ out "u ! pr9ciple ( religi\s unity1 if ! s-call$ ,re=mation _h n plung$ ,europe into cont9ual revolutions & reactions1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 produc$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* "s g5]al sy/em ( b5efic5ce1 :i*1 organiz$ on a gr& scale & 9 con=mity ) ! new progress ( society1 w\ld h be5 able to prev5t or effectually to rem$y ! sore ( paup]ism1 t canc] ( mod]n nations4 ,:at 0 n to be expect$ f all ! intellig5ce & all ! res\rces ( ,europe1 work+ 9 conc]t to obta9 ?is great result8 ,unhappily1 ! unity ( fai? 0 brok52 au?ority1 ! prop] c5tre1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 0 reject$4 ,f t "t ,europe1 :i* 0 de/9$ to become a nation ( bro!rs1 0 *ang$ into a mo/ fi]cely-conte/$ battle-field4 ,hatr$1 eng5d]$ by religi\s diff]5ces1 prev5t$ any unit$ ef=ts = new arrangem5ts2 & ! necessities :i* arose out ( ! bosom ( ! social & political organization1 :i* 0 = ,europe ! fruit ( s _m c5turies ( labor1 c\ld n be provid$ =4 ,bitt] disputes1 rebellions1 & w>s 7 acclimatiz$ among u4 ,let u rememb] t ! ,prote/ant s*ism n only prev5t$ ! union ( all ! ef=ts ( ,europe to atta9 ! end 9 "q1 b1 moreov]1 x has be5 ! reason :y ,ca?olicism has n be5 able to act 9 a regul> mann] ev5 9 ^? c\ntries :]e x has pres]v$ its complete empire1 or a decid$ pr$om9ance4 ,9 ^! c\ntries x has be5 compell$ to hold itself 9 an attitude ( def5ce2 x has be5 oblig$1 by ! attacks ( its enemies1 to employ a great "p ( its res\rces 9 def5d+ its own exi/5ce3 x is v probably = ?is reason t ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,europe is entirely diff]5t f :at x w\ld h be5 on a contr>y supposition2 & p]haps 9 ! latt] case !re w\ld n h exi/$ ! sad necessity ( exhau/+ itself 9 impot5t ef=ts aga9/ an evil1 :i*1 accord+ to all appe>ances1 & unless hi!rto unkn[n means c be devis$1 appe>s )\t rem$y4 ,i %all be told t ! ,*ur* 9 ?is case w\ld h _h an excessive au?ority ov] all t relates to *>ity1 & w\ld h unju/ly usurp$ ! civil p[]4 ,?is is a mi/ake2 ! ,*ur* has nev] claim$ any ?+ t is n q con=mable to h] indelible "* ( protector ( all ! un=tunate4 ,dur+ "s c5turies1 x is true1 we h>dly he> any o!r voice or p]ceive any o!r action ?an h]s1 9 all t relates to b5efic5ce2 b we mu/ obs]ve t ! civil p[] dur+ t "t 0 v f> f possess+ a regul> & vigor\s adm9i/ration1 capable ( do+ )\t ! aid ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! latt] 0 s f> f be+ actuat$ by any motives ( ambition1 t h] d\ble *>ge ( spiritual & temporal ?+s impos$ on h] all sorts ( sacrifices4 ,?ree c5turies h pass$ away s9ce ! ev5t ( :i* we n[ lam5t ! fatal results4 ,europe dur+ ?is p]iod has be5 submitt$ 9 great "p to ! influ5ce ( ,prote/antism1 b x has made no progress !reby4 ,i _c believe t ^! ?ree c5turies w\ld h pass$ away "u ! exclusive influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 )\t produc+ 9 ! bosom ( ,europe a degree ( *>ity suffici5t to raise ! sy/em ( b5efic5ce to ! height dem&$ by ! difficulties & new int]e/s ( society4 ,if we look at ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* f]m5t 9 m9ds devot$ to ! /udy ( ?is grave "q1 we %all always f9d !re association "u "o =m or ano!r4 ,n[ association has be5 at all times "o ( ! favorite pr9ciples ( ,ca?olicity1 :i*1 by proclaim+ unity 9 fai?1 proclaims x also 9 all ?+s2 b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t a great numb] ( associations :i* are conceiv$ & e/abli%$ 9 our days are no?+ b an agglom]ation ( int]e/s2 !y want unity ( w & ( aim1 conditions :i* c be obta9$ only by means ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,yet ^! two conditions are indisp5sably necess>y to accompli% great works ( b5efic5ce1 if any ?+ else is requir$ ?an a m]e measure ( public adm9i/ration4 ,z to ! adm9i/ration itself1 x is ( little avail :5 x is n vigor\s2 & un=tunately1 9 acquir+ ! necess>y vigor1 its action becomes some:at /iff & h>%4 ,!re=e x is t ,*ri/ian *>ity is requir$1 :i*1 p5etrat+ on all sides l a balsam1 s(t5s all t is h>% 9 human action4 ,i pity ! un=tunate :o 9 _! necessities f9d only ! succor ( ! civil au?orities1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,9 reports pres5t$ to ! public1 philan?ropy may & w exagg]ate ! c>e :i* x lavi%es on ! un=tunate1 b ?+s w n be s 9 reality4 ,! love ( our bre?r51 :5 x is n f\nd$ on religi\s pr9ciple1 is z fruitful 9 words z x is b>r5 9 de$s4 ,! sight ( ! poor1 ( ! sick1 ( impot5t old age1 is too disagreeable = u long to be> x1 unless we are urg$ to x by v p[]ful motives4 ,ev5 mu* less c we hope t a vague feel+ ( humanity w suffice to make u enc\nt]1 z we %\ld1 ! con/ant c>es requir$ to console ^! un=tunate be+s4 ,:5 ,*ri/ian *>ity is want+1 a good adm9i/ration w no d\bt en=ce punctuality & exactitude--all t c be dem&$ ( m5 :o receive a sal>y = _! s]vices3 b "o ?+ w be want+1 :i* no?+ c replace & money _c buy1 viz4 love4 ,b x w be ask$1 h y no fai? 9 philan?ropy8 ,no2 = z ,m4 de ,*ateaubri& says1 philan?ropy is only ! false co9 ( *>ity4 ,x 0 !n p]fectly reasonable t ! ,*ur* %\ld h a direct influ5ce 9 all bran*es ( b5efic5ce1 = %e knew bett] ?an any o!rs h[ to make ,*ri/ian *>ity active1 by apply+ x to all k9ds ( necessities & mis]ies4 ,!re9 %e did n gratify h] ambition1 b f\nd food = h] zeal2 %e did n claim a privilege1 b ex]t$ a "r4 ,9 f9e1 if y w p]sev]e 9 call+ su* a desire ambition1 y _c d5y at lea/ t x 0 ambition ( a new k9d4 ,an ambition truly wor?y ( glory & rew>d1 is t :i* claims ! "r ( succor+ & consol+ ! un=tunate4#bc ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,on ,,tol]ation ,,9 ,,religi\s ,,matt]s4 ,! "q ( ! improvem5t ( mann]s1 treat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 naturally leads me to ano!r1 suffici5tly ?orny 9 itself1 & r5d]$ /ill m s by innum]able prejudices4 ,i allude to tol]ation 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,! ^w ,ca?olicity1 to c]ta9 p]sons1 is ! synonyme ( intol]ance2 & ! confusion ( ideas on ?is po9t has become su*1 t no m labori\s task c be und]tak5 ?an to cle> !m up4 ,x is only necess>y to pron\nce ! ^w intol]ance1 to raise 9 ! m9ds ( "s p all sorts ( black & horrible ideas4 ,legislation1 in/itutions1 & m5 ( pa/ times1 all are condemn$ )\t appeal1 ! mom5t !re is se5 ! slighte/ appe>ance ( intol]ance4 ,m ?an "o cause contributes to ?is univ]sal prejudice4 ,yet1 if call$ ^u to po9t out ! pr9cipal "o1 we w\ld repeat ! pr(\nd maxim ( ,cato1 :o1 :5 accus$ at ! age ( eighty-six ( c]ta9 (f5ces ( 8 pa/ life1 committ$ at times long gone by1 said1 ,x is difficult to r5d] an acc\nt ( "o's own conduct to m5 belong+ to an age diff]5t f t 9 :i* "o has liv$4 ,!re are "s ?+s ( :i* "o _c accurately judge )\t1 n only a k ( !m1 b also a complete appreciation ( ! times :5 !y occurr$4 ,h[ _m m5 are capable ( atta9+ to ?is8 ,!re are few :o are able to succe$ 9 free+ _! m9ds f ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds !m2 b !re are few] /ill :o c d ! same ) _! he>ts4 ,! age 9 :i* we live is precisely ! rev]se ( ! ages ( intol]ance2 & ?is is ! fir/ difficulty :i* meets u 9 discuss+ que/ions ( ?is k9d4 ,! prejudice & bad fai? ( "s :o h appli$ !mselves to ?is subject1 h contribut$ also 9 a consid]able degree to errone\s op9ions4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! _w :i* _c be und]valu$ by %[+ only "o side ( x2 = ?us consid]$1 all ?+s are false1 or r are n !mselves4 ,all bodies h ?ree dim5sions2 only to look at "o is n to =m an idea ( ! body itself1 b ( a quantity v diff]5t f x4 ,take any in/itution1 ! mo/ j & useful t c be imag9$1 !n all ! inconv5i5ces & evils :i* x has caus$1 tak+ c>e to br+ toge!r into a few pages :at 9 reality 0 spread ov] a great _m ages2 !n y\r hi/ory w be disgu/+1 hide\s1 & wor?y ( execration4 ,let a p>tisan ( democracy describe to y 9 a n>r[ compass1 & by means ( hi/orical facts1 all ! inconv5i5ces & evils ( mon>*y1 ! vices & ! crimes ( k+s2 h[ w mon>*y !n appe> to y8 ,b let a p>tisan ( mon>*y pa9t to y1 9 8 turn1 by ! same me?od ( hi/orical facts1 democracy & demagogues2 & :at w y !n ?9k ( democracy8 ,assemble 9 "o picture all ! evils occasion$ to nations by a high degree ( developm5t ( ! social /ate2 civilization & ref9em5t w !n appe> dete/able4 ,by seek+ & select+ 9 ! annals ( ! human m9d c]ta9 traits1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce may be made ! hi/ory ( folly1 & ev5 ( crime4 ,by heap+ toge!r ! fatal accid5ts t h occurr$ to ma/]s ( ! heal+ art1 _! b5efic5t pr(ession may be repres5t$ z a c>e] ( homicide4 ,9 a ^w1 e ?+ may be falsifi$ by proce$+ 9 ?is way4 ,god himself w\ld appe> to u z a mon/] ( cruelty & tyranny1 if1 tak+ away 8 goodness1 wisdom1 & ju/ice1 we only att5d$ to ! evils :i* we see 9 a _w creat$ by 8 p[] & gov]n$ by 8 provid5ce4 ,hav+ laid d[n ^! pr9ciples1 let u apply !m4 ,! _s ( ! age1 p>ticul> circum/ances1 & an ord] ( ?+s q diff]5t f ours1 are all =gott51 & ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s intol]ance ( ,ca?olics is compos$ by tak+ c>e to cond5se into a few pages1 & pa9t 9 ! blacke/ col\rs1 ! sev]ity ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ( ,philip ,,ii41 ( ,m>y ( ,engl&1 ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & e ?+ ( ! k9d t occurr$ dur+ ?ree c5turies4 ,! read] :o receives1 almo/ at ! same mom5t1 ! impression ( ev5ts :i* occurr$ dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s1--! read]1 accu/om$ to live 9 society :]e prisons are be+ conv]t$ into h\ses ( recreation1 & :]e ! puni%m5t ( dea? is vigor\sly oppos$1 c he behold ! appe>ance ( d>ksome dungeons1 ! in/rum5ts ( puni%m5t1 ! san-b5itos & scaffolds1 )\t be+ deeply mov$8 ,he w bewail ! un=tunate lot ( ^? :o p]i%2 he w be indignant aga9/ ! au?ors ( :at he calls horrible atrocities4 ,no?+ has be5 said to ?is c&id read] ( ! pr9ciples & conduct ( ,prote/ants at ! same "t2 he has n be5 rem9d$ ( ! cruelty ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ( ,elizabe? ( ,engl&4 ,?us all 8 hatr$ is direct$ aga9/ ,ca?olics1 & he is accu/om$ to reg>d ,ca?olicity z a religion ( tyranny & blood4 ,b w a judgm5t ?us =m$ be j8 ,w ?is be a s5t5ce pass$ ) a full k ( ! cause8 ,:at w\ld imp>tiality direct u to d1 if we met ) a d>k picture1 pa9t$ 9 ! way we h describ$1 ( mon>*y1 democracy1 or civilization1 ( sci5ce1 or ( ! heal+ art8 ,:at we %\ld d1 or r :at we ought to d1 is to ext5d our view fur!r1 to exam9e ! subject 9 its diff]5t phases2 to inquire into its good z well z its evil3 ?is w\ld be to look ^u ^! evils z !y really are1 t is1 spread at great di/ances ov] ! c\rse ( c5turies2 ?is w\ld weak5 ! impression !y _h made ^u u3 9 a ^w1 we %\ld ?us be j1 we %\ld take ! balance 9 h& to weigh ! good & evil1 to comp>e ! "o ) ! o!r1 z we ought always to d :5 we h duly to appreciate ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,9 ! case 9 "q1 we %\ld act 9 ! same way1 9 ord] to provide aga9/ ! error into :i* we may be l$ by ! false /atem5ts & exagg]ations ( c]ta9 m51 ^: evid5t int5tion x has be5 to falsify facts by repres5t+ only "o side ( !m4 ,! ,inquisition no long] exi/s1 & assur$ly !re is no probability ( its be+ re-e/abli%$2 ! sev]e laws 9 =ce on ?is matt] 9 =m] times no long] exi/2 !y are ei!r abrogat$ or !y are fall5 into desuetude3 no "o1 !re=e1 has an int]e/ 9 repres5t+ ?is in/itution 9 a false po9t ( view4 ,x may be imag9$ t "s m5 _h an int]e/ 9 ?is :ile !y 7 engag$ 9 de/roy+ _! anci5t laws1 b t once atta9$1 ! ,inquisition & its laws are become a hi/orical fact1 :i* ought to be exam9$ "h ) att5tion & imp>tiality4 ,we h "h two que/ions1 t ( pr9ciple1 & t ( its application2 9 o!r words1 t ( intol]ance1 & t ( ! mann] ( %[+ x4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ^! two ?+s1 :i*1 al?\gh v closely connect$1 are v diff]5t4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! fir/4 ,! pr9ciple ( univ]sal tol]ation is n[ proclaim$1 & all k9d ( intol]ance is condemn$ )\t appeal4 ,b :o takes c>e to exam9e ! real mean+ ( ^! words8 :o und]takes to analyze ! ideas :i* !y conta9 by ! light ( reason1 & expla9 !m by means ( hi/ory & exp]i5ce8 ,v few4 ,!y are pron\nc$ me*anically2 !y are con/antly employ$ to e/abli% propositions ( ! highe/ importance1 )\t ev5 ! suspicion t !y conta9 ideas1 ! "r or wrong compreh5sion & application ( :i* is e ?+ = ! pres]vation ( society4 ,few p]sons consid] t ^! words include que/ions z pr(\nd z !y are delicate1 & ! :ole ( a l>ge portion ( hi/ory2 v few obs]ve t1 accord+ to "o solution giv5 to ! problem ( tol]ation1 all ! pa/ is condemn$1 & all ! pres5t ov]turn$2 no?+ is left !reby to build on = ! future b a mov+ b$ ( s&4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! mo/ conv5i5t way 9 su* a case is1 to adopt & employ ^! words su* z we already f9d !m 9 circulation1 9 ! same way z we take & circulate ! curr5t co91 )\t consid]+ :e!r x be compos$ ( alloy or n4 ,b :at is ! mo/ conv5i5t is n always ! mo/ useful2 &1 z :5 receiv+ co9s ( value1 we c>efully exam9e !m1 s we ought to weigh words ! mean+ ( :i* is ( su* p>am\nt importance4 ,tol]ation--:at is ! mean+ ( ?is ^w8 ,x means1 prop]ly speak+1 ! pati5ce ) :i* we suff] a ?+ :i* we judge to be bad1 b :i* we ?9k x desirable n to puni%4 ,?us1 "s k9ds ( sc&als are tol]at$2 pro/itutes are tol]at$2 su* & su* abuses are tol]at$2 s t ! idea ( tol]ation is always accompani$ by ! idea ( evil4 ,:5 tol]ation is ex]cis$ 9 ! ord] ( ideas1 x always supposes a misund]/&+1 or error4 ,no "o w say t he tol]ates ! tru?4 ,we h an obs]vation to make "h4 ,! phrase to tol]ate op9ions is commonly us$3 n[1 op9ion is v diff]5t f error4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! difficulty appe>s great2 b if we exam9e ! ?+ well1 we %all be able to expla9 x4 ,:5 we say t we tol]ate an op9ion1 we always mean an op9ion contr>y to our own4 ,9 ?is case1 ! op9ion ( ano!r is1 accord+ to u1 an error2 = x is impossible to h an op9ion on any po9t :atev]--t is1 to ?9k t a ?+ is or is n1 is 9 "o way or 9 ano!r--)\t ?9k+ at ! same "t t ^? :o judge o!rwise are deceiv$4 ,if our op9ion is only an op9ion--t is1 if our judgm5t1 al?\gh bas$ on reasons :i* appe> to u to be good1 has n atta9$ to a degree ( complete c]ta9ty--our judgm5t ( ano!r w be only a m]e op9ion2 b if our conviction has become completely e/abli%$ & confirm$--t is1 if x has atta9$ to c]ta9ty--we %all be sure t ^? :o =m a judgm5t oppos$ to ours are deceiv$4 ,!nce x foll[s1 t ! ^w tol]ation1 appli$ to op9ions1 always means ! tol]ation ( an error4 ,he :o says1 yes1 ?9ks no is false2 & he :o says1 no1 ?9ks yes is a mi/ake4 ,?is is only an application ( ! well-kn[n pr9ciple1 t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be at ! same "t4 ,b1 we %all be ask$1 ,:at d y mean :5 y use ^! words1 'to respect op9ions8' is x always und]/ood t we respect errors8 ,no2 = ^! words c h two diff]5t & equally reasonable mean+s4 ,! fir/ is f\nd$ on ! feebl5ess ( ! conviction ( ! p]son f :om ! respect comes4 ,:5 on any p>ticul> po9t we h only j =m$ an op9ion1 x is und]/ood t we h n rea*$ c]ta9ty2 consequ5tly1 we "k t !re are reasons on ! o!r side4 ,9 ?is s5se1 we may well say t we respect ! op9ions ( o!rs3 we express !reby our conviction t x is possible t we are deceiv$--t x is possible ! tru? is n on our side4 ,9 ! second mean+1 to respect op9ions is to respect1 sometimes ^? :o pr(ess !m1 sometimes _! good fai?1 sometimes _! int5tions4 ,?us1 :5 we say t we respect prejudices1 x is cle> t we d n mean a real respect pr(ess$ 9 ?is place4 ,we see ?us1 t ! expression 'to respect ! op9ions ( o!rs' has a v diff]5t mean+1 accord+ z ! p]son f :om ! respect comes has or has n assur$ convictions 9 ! contr>y s5se4 ,9 ord] ! bett] to und]/& :at tol]ation is1 :at its orig9 & its effects1 x is necess>y1 be=e we exam9e x 9 society1 to r$uce x to its simple/ elem5t4 ,let u analyze tol]ation consid]$ 9 ! individual4 ,an individual is call$ tol]ant1 :5 he is habitually 9 a disposition ( m9d to be> )\t irritation or di/urbance op9ions contr>y to 8 own4 ,?is tol]ation w be> diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! diff]5t matt]s to :i* x relates4 ,9 religi\s matt]s1 tol]ance z well z intol]ance may be f\nd 9 ^? :o h religion z well z 9 ^? :o h none2 s t nei!r ( ^! situations1 ) respect to religion1 necess>ily implies ! "o or ! o!r4 ,"s p imag9e t tol]ance is peculi> to ! incr$ul\s1 & intol]ance to ! religi\s2 b !y are mi/ak54 ,:o is m tol]ant ?an ,/4 ,francis de ,sales8 :o m intol]ant ?an ,voltaire8 ,tol]ance 9 religi\s m5--t tol]ance :i* does n come f want ( fai?1 & :i* is n inconsi/5t ) an ard5t zeal = ! pres]vation & propagation ( ! fai?--is born ( two pr9ciples1 *>ity & humility4 ,*>ity1 :i* makes u love all m51 ev5 our greate/ enemies2 *>ity1 :i* inspires u ) compassion = _! faults & errors1 & obliges u to reg>d !m z bro!rs1 to employ all ! means 9 our p[] to )draw !m f be+ fatally deceiv$2 *>ity1 :i* =bids u ev] to reg>d !m z depriv$ ( ! hope ( salvation z long z !y live4 ,r\sseau has said1 t x is impossible to live 9 peace ) ^? t "o believes to be damn$4 ,we d n1 & we _c1 believe 9 ! condemnation ( any man z long z he lives2 h[ev] great may be 8 iniquity1 ! m]cy ( ,god & ! value ( ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/ are /ill great]4 ,we are s f> f ?9k+ ) ! philosoph] ( ,g5eva1 t to love su* p w\ld be to hate ,god1 t no "o c\ld ma9ta9 su* a doctr9e among u )\t ceas+ to belong to our fai?4 ,! o!r s\rce ( tol]ance is ,*ri/ian humility3 humility1 :i* inspires u ) a pr(\nd s5se ( our weakness1 & makes u consid] all t we h z giv5 by ,god2 humility1 :i* makes u consid] our advantages ov] our neighbor z s _m m p[]ful motives = ackn[l$g+ ! lib]ality ( ,provid5ce2 humility1 :i*1 plac+ be=e our eyes ! spectacle ( humanity 9 its prop] light1 makes u reg>d ourselves & all o!rs z memb]s ( ! great family ( ! human race1 fall5 f its anci5t dignity by ! s9 ( our fir/ p>5t2 humility1 :i* %[s u ! p]v]se incl9ations ( our he>ts1 ! d>kness ( our m9ds1 & ! claims :i* man has to pity & indulg5ce 9 8 faults & errors2 humility1 t virtue sublime ev5 9 its abasem5t4 ,if humility is s pleas+ to ,god1 is ! admirable obs]vation ( ,/4 ,!resa1 x is because x is ! tru?4 ,?is is ! virtue :i* r5d]s u indulg5t t[>ds all m51 by nev] all[+ u to =get t we ourselves1 p]haps1 m ?an any o!rs1 h ne$ ( indulg5ce4 ,yet = a man to be tol]ant1 9 ! full ext5t ( ! ^w1 x is n en\gh = him to be humble & *>itable2 ?is is a tru? :i* exp]i5ce tea*es & reason expla9s to u4 ,9 ord] p]fectly to cle> up a po9t1 ! obscurity ( :i* produces ! confusion :i* almo/ always prevails 9 ^! que/ions1 let u make a comp>ison betwe5 two m5 equally religi\s1 ^: pr9ciples are ! same1 b ^: conduct is v diff]5t4 ,let u suppose two prie/s bo? di/+ui%$ = le>n+ & em95t virtue4 ,! "o has pass$ 8 life 9 retirem5t1 surr\nd$ by pi\s p]sons1 & hav+ no int]c\rse ) any b ,ca?olics3 ! o!r has be5 a mission>y 9 c\ntries :]e diff]5t religions are e/abli%$1 he has be5 oblig$ to live & conv]se ) m5 ( cre$s diff]5t f 8 own2 he has be5 "u ! necessity ( witness+ ! e/abli%m5t ( temples ( a false religion close to ^? ( ! true "o4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian *>ity w be ! same ) bo? ^! prie/s2 bo? w look ^u fai? z a gift ( ,god1 :i* he has receiv$1 & mu/ pres]ve2 _! conduct1 h[ev]1 w be v diff]5t1 if !y meet ) a man ( a fai? diff]5t f _! own1 or ( none at all4 ,! fir/1 :o1 nev] hav+ _h int]c\rse ) any b ! fai?ful1 has always he>d religion spok5 ( ) respect1 w be horrifi$1 w be indignant1 at ! fir/ ^w he %all he> aga9/ ! fai? or c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*2 x w be impossible1 or ne>ly s1 = him to rema9 calm dur+ a conv]sation or discussion on ! "q3 ! second1 accu/om$ to su* ?+s1 to he> 8 fai? impugn$1 to dispute ) m5 ( cre$s oppos$ to 8 own1 w rema9 tranquil2 he w engage 9 a discussion ) coolness1 if x be necess>y2 he w skilfully avoid "o1 if prud5ce %all advise su* a c\rse4 ,:5ce comes ?is diff]5ce8 ,x is n difficult to discov]4 ,! second ( ^! prie/s1 by int]c\rse ) m51 by exp]i5ce1 by contradiction1 has obta9$ a cle> notion ( ! real condition ( m5's m9ds 9 ! _w2 he is aw>e ( ! fatal comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* has l$ a great numb] ( un=tunate p]sons into error1 & keeps !m !re2 he kn[s h[1 9 "s measure1 to put himself 9 _! place2 & ! m lively is 8 s5se ( ! b5efit conf]r$ ^u him by ,provid5ce1 ! m mild & indulg5t he is t[>ds o!rs4 ,! o!r may be z virtu\s1 z *>itable1 & z humble z y please2 b h[ c y expect ( him t he w n be deeply mov$1 & give utt]ance to 8 indignation1 ! fir/ "t t he he>s t d5i$ :i* he has always believ$ ) ! mo/ lively fai?8 ,he has up to ?is "t met ) no opposition 9 ! _w1 b a few argum5ts 9 books4 ,c]ta9ly he 0 n ignorant t !re exi/$ h]etics & unbeliev]s1 b he has n frequ5tly met ) !m1 he has n he>d !m /ate _! hundr$ diff]5t sy/ems1 & he has n witness$ ! errone\s cre$s ( m5 ( all sorts1 ( diff]5t *>act]s1 & ! mo/ v>i$ m9ds2 ! lively susceptibility ( 8 m9d1 :i* has nev] met ) resi/ance1 has n be5 blunt$2 = ?is reason1 al?\gh end[$ ) ! same virtues1 &1 if y w1 ) ! same k z ! o!r1 he has n acquir$ t p5etration1 t vivacity1 s to speak1 ) :i* a man ( practis$ intellect ent]s into ! m9ds ( ^? ) :om he has to deal1 disc]ns ! reasons1 seizes ! motives :i* bl9d !m & h9d] !m f obta9+ a k ( ! tru?4 ,?us tol]ance1 9 a p]son :o is religi\s1 supposes a c]ta9 degree ( g5tl5ess ( m9d1 ! fruit ( int]c\rse ) m51 & ! habits !reby eng5d]$2 yet ?is quality is consi/5t ) ! deepe/ conviction1 & ! pure/ & mo/ ard5t zeal = ! propagation ( ! tru?4 ,9 ! moral1 z 9 ! physical _w1 friction poli%es1 use we>s away1 & no?+ c rema9 = a long "t 9 an attitude ( viol5ce4 ,a man w be indignant1 once1 twice1 a hundr$ times1 :5 he he>s 8 mann] ( ?9k+ attack$2 b x is impossible = him to rema9 s always2 he w1 9 ! end1 become accu/om$ to opposition2 he w1 by habit1 be> x calmly4 ,h[ev] sacr$ may be 8 articles ( belief1 he w cont5t himself ) def5d+ & putt+ !m =w>d at conv5i5t opportunities2 9 all o!r cases1 he w keep !m 9 ! bottom ( 8 s\l1 z a treasure :i* he is desir\s to pres]ve f any ?+ t may injure !m4 ,tol]ance1 !n1 does n suppose any new pr9ciples 9 a man1 b r a quality acquir$ by practice2 a disposition ( m9d1 into :i* a man f9ds himself ins5sibly l$2 a habit ( pati5ce1 =m$ 9 him by con/antly hav+ to be> ) :at he disapproves (4 ,n[1 if we consid] tol]ance 9 m5 :o are n religi\s1 we %all obs]ve t !re are two ways ( be+ irreligi\s4 ,!re are m5 :o n only h no religion1 b :o h an animosity aga9/ x1 ei!r on acc\nt ( "s fatal error !y ent]ta91 or because !y f9d x an ob/acle to _! designs4 ,^! m5 are extremely intol]ant2 & _! intol]ance is ! wor/ ( all1 because x is n accompani$ by any moral pr9ciple :i* c re/ra9 x4 ,a man ?us circum/anc$ feels himself1 z x 71 cont9ually at w> ) himself & ! human race2 ) himself1 because he mu/ /ifle ! cries ( 8 own consci5ce3 ) ! human race1 because all prote/ aga9/ ! mad doctr9e t pret5ds to bani% ! wor%ip ( ,god f ! e>?4 ,!re=e we f9d among m5 ( ?is k9d mu* rancor & sple52 !re=e _! words are full ( gall2 !re=e !y h con/antly rec\rse to raill]y1 insult1 & calumny4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( m5 :o1 al?\gh devoid ( religion1 are n /rongly prejudic$ aga9/ ! fai?4 ,!y live 9 a k9d ( skepticism1 into :i* ! read+ ( bad books1 or ! obs]vations ( a sup]ficial & frivol\s philosophy1 h l$ !m2 !y are n atta*$ to religion1 b !y are n its enemies4 ,_m ( !m ackn[l$ge ! importance ( religion = ! good ( society1 & "s ( !m ev5 feel )9 !mselves a c]ta9 desire to return to ! fai?2 9 _! mom5ts ( recollection & m$itation1 !y rememb] ) pleasure ! days :5 !y (f]$ to ,god an ob$i5t _s & a pure he>t2 & at ! sight ( ! rapid c\rse ( life1 !y p]haps love to *]i% ! hope ( becom+ reconcil$ ) ! ,god ( _! fa!rs1 be=e !y desc5d into ! grave4 ,^! m5 are tol]ant2 b1 if c>efully exam9$1 _! tol]ance is n a pr9ciple or a virtue1 x is only a necessity result+ f _! position4 ,x is difficult to be indignant at ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :5 we h none ( our own--:51 consequ5tly1 we d n come into collision ) any4 ,x is difficult to be viol5tly oppos$ to religion1 :5 we consid] x z a ?+ necess>y = ! welf>e ( society2 !re c be no hatr$ or rancor t[>ds fai? 9 a s\l :i* desires its m]cy1 & :i*1 p]haps1 fixes its eyes ^u x z ! la/ beam ( hope amid ! t]rors ( an al>m+ future4 ,tol]ance1 9 ?is case1 is no?+ /range2 x is natural & necess>y4 ,intol]ance w\ld be inconceivable & extravagant1 & c\ld arise only f a bad he>t4 ,9 apply+ ^! rem>ks to society in/ead ( individuals1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t tol]ance1 z well z intol]ance1 may be consid]$ 9 gov]nm5t1 or 9 society4 ,x sometimes happ5s t gov]nm5t & society are n agre$2 :ile ! =m] ma9ta9s "o pr9ciple1 ! rev]se may prevail 9 ! latt]4 ,z gov]nm5ts are compos$ ( a limit$ numb] ( individuals1 all t has be5 said ( tol]ance1 consid]$ individually1 may be appli$ to !m4 ,let u n =get1 h[ev]1 t m5 plac$ 9 au?ority are n free to give !mselves up )\t limit to ! impulses ( _! own op9ions or feel+s2 !y are (t5 =c$ to immolate _! own feel+s on ! alt> ( public op9ion4 ,!y may1 ow+ to peculi> circum/ances1 oppose or imp$e t op9ion = a "t2 b x w soon /op !m1 & =ce !m to *ange _! c\rse4 ,z soon] or lat] gov]nm5t becomes ! expression ( ! ideas & feel+s ( society1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) consid]+ tol]ance 9 ! latt]2 we %all obs]ve t society1 ) respect to tol]ance1 foll[s ! same pa? z individuals4 ,?is is ) x n ! effect ( a pr9ciple1 b ( a habit4 ,m5 ( diff]5t cre$s1 :o live toge!r = a long "t 9 ! same society1 end by tol]at+ ea* o!r2 !y are l$ to ?is by gr[+ we>y ( collision ) ea* o!r1 & by ! wi% = a k9d ( life m quiet & peaceful4 ,b :5 m51 ?us divid$ 9 cre$1 f9d !mselves face to face = ! fir/ "t1 a %ock m or less rude is ! inevitable result4 ,! causes ( ?is ph5om5on are to be f\nd 9 human nature itself2 x is "o ( ^? necessities aga9/ :i* we /ruggle 9 va94 ,"s mod]n philosoph]s h imag9$ t society is indebt$ to !m = ! _s ( tol]ation :i* prevails !re2 !y h n se5 t x is mu* r a fact sl[ly br\ght ab\t by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 ?an x is ! fruit ( _! doctr9es4 ,inde$1 :at h !y said t is new8 ,!y h recomm5d$ univ]sal frat]nity2 b ?is has always be5 "o ( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y h exhort$ m5 ( all ! diff]5t religions to live 9 peace toge!r2 b be=e !y _h op5$ _! m\?s to tell !m ?is1 m5 began to adopt ?is c\rse 9 _m c\ntries ( ,europe2 =1 unhappily1 religions 9 _m c\ntries 7 s num]\s & diff]5t1 t none ( !m c\ld pret5d to exclusive dom9ion4 ,x is true t "s infidel1 philosoph]s h a claim1 & a deplorable "o1 9 support ( _! pret5sions ) respect to ! developm5t ( tol]ation2 x is1 t1 by _! ef=ts to dissem9ate infidelity & skepticism1 !y h succe$$ 9 mak+ g5]al1 9 nations & gov]nm5ts1 t false tol]ation :i* has no?+ virtu\s1 b is indiff]5ce ) respect to all religions4 ,inde$1 :y is tol]ance s g5]al 9 our age8 or1 r1 9 :at does our tol]ance consi/8 ,if y obs]ve well1 y w f9d t x is no?+ b ! result ( a social condition p]fectly simil> to t ( ! individual :o has no cre$1 b :o does n hate cre$s1 because he consid]s !m z conducive to ! public good1 & *]i%es a vague hope ( "o day f9d+ a la/ asylum !re94 ,all t is good 9 ?is is 9 no degree ow+ to ! infidel philosoph]s1 b may r be said to be a prote/ aga9/ !m4 ,inde$1 :5 !y c\ld n obta9 ! supreme comm&1 !y lavi%$ calumnies & s>casms on all t is mo/ sacr$ 9 heav5 & on e>?2 &1 :5 !y did raise !mselves to p[]1 !y ov]turn$ ) indescribable fury all t exi/$1 & de/roy$ millions ( victims 9 exile or on ! scaffolds4 ,! multitude ( religions1--infidelity1 indiff]5ce1 ! improvem5t ( mann]s1 ! lassitude produc$ by w>s1--indu/rial & comm]cial organization1 :i* e day becomes m p[]ful 9 society1--communication r5d]$ m frequ5t among m5 by means ( travell+1--! diffusion ( ideas by ! press2--su* are ! causes :i* h produc$ 9 ,europe t univ]sal tol]ance :i* has tak5 possession ( all1 & has be5 e/abli%$ 9 fact :5 x c\ld n by law4 ,^! causes1 z x is easy to obs]ve1 are ( diff]5t k9ds2 no doctr9e c pret5d to an exclusive influ5ce2 !y are ! result ( a ?\s& diff]5t influ5ces1 :i* act simultane\sly on ! developm5t ( civilization4#bd ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,co]cion ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,h[ mu*1 dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 0 said aga9/ intol]ance6 ,a philosophy less sup]ficial ?an t :i* !n prevail$ w\ld h reflect$ a little m on a fact :i* may be appreciat$ 9 diff]5t ways1 b ! exi/5ce ( :i* _c be d5i$4 ,9 ,greece1 ,socrates di$ dr9k+ hemlock4 ,rome1 ^: tol]ance has be5 s mu* vaunt$1 tol]at$1 inde$1 =eign gods2 b ^! 7 only =eign 9 "n1 s9ce !y =m$ a "p ( t sy/em ( pan!ism :i* 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ,roman religion2 gods1 :o1 9 ord] to be decl>$ gods ( ,rome1 only ne$$ ! m]e =mality1 z x 71 ( receiv+ ! "n ( citiz5s4 ,b ,rome did n admit ! gods ( ,egypt any m ?an ! ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian religion4 ,%e _h1 no d\bt1 _m false ideas ) respect to ^! religions2 b %e 0 suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) !m to "k t !y 7 ess5tially diff]5t f h] own4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,pagan emp]ors is ! hi/ory ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ur*2 z soon z !y became ,*ri/ians1 a sy/em ( p5al legislation 0 comm5c$ aga9/ ^? :o diff]$ f ! religion ( ! /ate4 ,9 subsequ5t c5turies1 intol]ance cont9u$ "u v>i\s =ms2 x has be5 p]petuat$ d[n to our times1 & we are n s free f x z "s w\ld wi% to make u believe4 ,! emancipation ( ,ca?olics 9 ,engl& is b ( rec5t date2 ! viol5t disputes ( ! ,prussian gov]nm5t ) ! ,pope1 on ! subject ( c]ta9 arbitr>y acts ( t gov]nm5t aga9/ ! ,ca?olic religion1 are ( ye/]day2 ! "q ( ,argau1 9 ,switz]l&1 is /ill p5d+2 & ! p]secution ( ,ca?olicity by ! ,russian gov]nm5t is pursu$ 9 z sc&al\s a mann] z at any =m] p]iod4 ,?us x is ) religi\s sects4 ,z to ! tol]ation ( ! humane philosoph]s ( ! #ah? c5tury1 x 0 exemplifi$ 9 ,robespi]re4 ,e gov]nm5t pr(ess+ a religion is m or less intol]ant t[>ds ^? :i* x does n pr(ess2 & ?is intol]ance is dim9i%$ or de/roy$1 only :5 ! pr(essors ( ! obnoxi\s religions are ei!r fe>$ on acc\nt ( _! great p[]1 or despis$ on acc\nt ( _! weakness4 ,apply to all times & c\ntries ! rule :i* we h j laid d[n1 y w ev]y:]e f9d x exact2 x is an abridgm5t ( ! hi/ory ( gov]nm5ts 9 _! relations ) religions4 ,! ,prote/ant gov]nm5t ( ,engl& has always be5 intol]ant t[>d ,ca?olics2 & x w cont9ue to be s1 m or less1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,russia & ,prussia w cont9ue to act z !y h done up to ?is "t1 ) ! exception ( modifications requir$ by diff]5ce ( times2 9 ! same way1 9 c\ntries :]e ,ca?olicity prevails1 ! ex]cise ( ! ,prote/ant wor%ip w always be m or less int]f]$ )4 ,i %all be told ( ! in/ance ( ,france z a pro( ( ! contr>y2 9 t c\ntry1 :]e ! imm5se majority pr(ess ! ,ca?olic religion1 o!r wor%ips are all[$1 )\t any disposition on ! "p ( ! /ate to di/urb !m4 ,?is tol]ation w p]haps be attribut$ to public op9ion2 x comes1 ,i ?9k1 f ?is1 t no fix$ pr9ciple prevails !re 9 ! gov]nm5t3 all ! policy ( ,france1 int]nal & ext]nal1 is a con/ant compromise to get out ( difficulties 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,?is is %[n by facts2 x appe>s f ! well-kn[n op9ions ( ! small numb] ( m5 :o1 = "s ye>s1 h rul$ ! de/9ies ( ,france4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to e/abli% 9 pr9ciple univ]sal tol]ation1 & refuse to gov]nm5t ! "r ( violat+ consci5ces 9 religi\s matt]s2 nev]!less1 9 spite ( all t has be5 said1 philosoph]s h n be5 able to make a v cle> exposition ( _! pr9ciple1 /ill less h !y be5 able to procure its g5]al adoption z a sy/em 9 ! gov]nm5t ( /ates4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ! ?+ is n q s simple z has be5 suppos$1 ,i w beg leave to ask a few que/ions ( ^! soi-disant philosoph]s4 ,if a religion :i* requir$ human sacrifices 7 e/abli%$ 9 y\r c\ntry1 w\ld y tol]ate x8 ,no4 ,& :y8 ,because we _c tol]ate su* a crime4 ,b !n y w be intol]ant2 y w violate ! consci5ces ( o!rs1 by proscrib+1 z a crime1 :at 9 _! eyes is a homage to ! ,div9ity4 ,?us ?\ght _m nations ( old1 & s ?9k "s n[4 ,by :at "r d y make y\r consci5ce prevail ov] !irs8--,x matt]s n2 we %all be intol]ant1 b our intol]ance w be = ! good ( humanity4--,i applaud y\r conduct2 b y _c d5y t x is a case 9 :i* intol]ance ) respect to a religion appe>s to y a "r & a duty4 ,/ill fur!r3 if y proscribe ! ex]cise ( ?is atroci\s wor%ip1 w\ld y all[ ! doctr9e to be taught :i* prea*es z holy & salut>y ! practice ( human sacrifices8 ,no2 = t w\ld be p]mitt+ ! tea*+ ( murd]4 ,v well1 b y mu/ ackn[l$ge t ?is is a doctr9e ) respect to :i* y h a "r to be1 & are oblig$ to be1 intol]ant4 ,let u pursue our subject4 ,y are aw>e1 no d\bt1 ( ! sacrifices (f]$ 9 antiquity to ! goddess ( ,love1 & ! infam\s wor%ip :i* 0 paid to h] 9 ! temples ( ,babylon & ,cor9?4 ,if su* a wor%ip reappe>$ among y1 w\ld y tol]ate x8 ,no2 = x is contr>y to ! sacr$ laws ( mode/y4 ,w\ld y all[ ! doctr9e on :i* x 0 bas$ to be taught8 ,no2 = ! same reason4 ,?is1 !n1 is ano!r case 9 :i* y believe y h ! "r & ! obligation to violate ! consci5ces ( o!rs2 & ! only reason y c assign = x is1 t y are compell$ to d s by y\r own consci5ce4 ,moreov]1 suppose t "s m51 ov]-excit$ by read+ ! ,bible1 desir$ to e/abli% a new ,*ri/ianity1 9 imitation ( ,ma!w ( ,ha>lem or ,john ( ,leyd52 suppose t ^! sect>ies began to propagate _! doctr9es1 to assemble toge!r 9 bodies1 & t _! fanatical declamation s$uc$ a portion ( ! p1 w\ld y tol]ate ?is new religion8 ,no2 = ^! m5 might r5ew ! bloody sc5es ( ,g]many 9 ! #af? c5tury1 :51 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & to fulfil1 z !y said1 ! ord] ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ! ,anabapti/s invad$ all prop]ty1 de/roy$ all exi/+ p[]1 & spread ev]y:]e desolation & dea?4 ,?is w\ld be to act ) z mu* ju/ice z prud5ce2 b y _c d5y t y w\ld !reby commit an act ( intol]ance4 ,:at1 !n1 becomes ( univ]sal tol]ation1 t pr9ciple s evid5t1 s pr$om9ant1 if y are compell$ at e /ep to limit1 & ,i w say m1 to lay x aside1 & act 9 a way diametrically opposite to x8 ,y w say t ! security ( ! /ate1 ! good ord] ( society1 & public morality compel y to act 9 ?is way4 ,b !n1 :at sort ( a pr9ciple is x t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 is 9 opposition to ! int]e/s ( morality & to society1 & to ! safety ( ! /ate8 ,d y ?9k t ! m5 aga9/ :om y declaim did n int5d also to protect ^! int]e/s1 by act+ ) t intol]ance :i* is s revolt+ to y8 ,x has be5 ackn[l$g$ at all times & 9 all c\ntries1 z an inconte/able pr9ciple1 t ! public au?ority has1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! "r ( prohibit+ c]ta9 acts1 9 violation ( ! consci5ces ( individuals :o claim ! "r ( p]=m+ !m4 ,if ! con/ant te/imony ( hi/ory 7 n en\gh1 at lea/ ! dialogue :i* we h j held ought to conv9ce u ( ?is tru?2 we h se5 t ! mo/ ard5t advocates ( tol]ance may well be compell$1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to be intol]ant4 ,!y w\ld be oblig$ to be s 9 ! "n ( humanity1 ( mode/y1 ( public ord]2 univ]sal tol]ation1 !n1 ) respect to doctr9es & religions--t tol]ation :i* is proclaim$ z ! duty ( e gov]nm5t--is an error2 x is a !ory :i* _c be put 9 practice4 ,we h cle>ly %[n t intol]ance has always be51 & /ill is1 a pr9ciple recognis$ by all gov]nm5ts1 & ! application ( :i*1 m or less indulg5t or sev]e1 dep5ds on circum/ances1 & above all1 on ! p>ticul> po9t ( view 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t consid]s ?+s4 ,a great "q ( "r n[ pres5ts itself--a "q :i* seems1 at fir/ sight1 to require to be solv$ by condemn+ all intol]ance1 bo? ) respect to doctr9es & acts2 b :i*1 :5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 leads to a v diff]5t result4 ,if we grant t ! m9d is incapable ( completely remov+ ! difficulty by means ( direct reason+1 x is n ! less c]ta9 t indirect means1 & ! reason+ call$ ad absurdum1 are "h suffici5t to %[ u ! tru?1 at lea/ z f> z x is necess>y = u to "k x z a guide = human prud5ce1 always unc]ta94 ,! "q is ?is3 ,by :at "r d y h9d] a man f pr(ess+ a doctr9e1 & act+ 9 con=mity ) x1 if he is conv9c$ t x is true1 & t he only fulfils 8 duty1 or ex]cises a "r1 by act+ z x prescribes8 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! prohibition be+ va9 & ridicul\s1 !re mu/ be a p5alty atta*$ to x2 n[1 if y inflict ?is p5alty1 y puni% a man :o1 accord+ to 8 own consci5ce1 is innoc5t4 ,puni%m5t by ! h& ( ju/ice supposes culpability2 & no "o is culpable )\t be+ s fir/ 9 8 consci5ce4 ,culpability has its root 9 ! consci5ce2 & we _c be responsible = ! violation ( a law1 unless t law has address$ u ?r\gh our consci5ce4 ,if our consci5ce tells u t an action is bad1 we _c p]=m x1 :atev] may be ! injunctions ( ! law :i* prescribes x2 on ! contr>y1 if consci5ce tells u t an action is a duty1 we _c omit x1 :atev] may be ! prohibitions ( ! law4 ,?is is1 9 a few words1 & 9 all its =ce1 ! :ole argum5t t c be alleg$ aga9/ intol]ance 9 reg>d to doctr9es & facts emanat+ f !m4 ,let u n[ see :at is ! real value ( ^! obs]vations1 app>5tly s conclusive4 ,x is app>5t t ! admission ( ?is pr9ciple w\ld r5d] impossible ! puni%m5t ( any political crime4 ,brutus1 :5 plung+ 8 dagg] into ! he>t ( ,cs>2 ,jacques ,clem5t1 :5 he assass9at$ ,h5ry ,,iii41 act$1 no d\bt1 "u ! influ5ce ( an excitem5t ( m9d1 :i* made !m view _! attempts z de$s ( h]oism2 & yet1 if !y _h bo? be5 br\ght be=e a tribunal1 w\ld y h ?\ght !m entitl$ to impunity--! "o on acc\nt ( 8 love ( c\ntry1 & ! o!r on acc\nt ( 8 zeal = religion8 ,mo/ political crimes are committ$ "u a conviction ( do+ well2 & ,i d n speak m]ely ( ^? times ( tr\ble1 :5 m5 ( p>ties ! mo/ oppos$ are fully p]suad$ t !y h "r on _! side4 ,conspiracies contriv$ aga9/ gov]nm5ts 9 times ( peace are g5]ally ! "w ( "s individuals :o look ^u !m z illegal & tyrannical2 :5 work+ to ov]?r[ !m1 !y are act+ 9 con=mity ) _! own pr9ciples4 ,judges puni% !m ju/ly :5 !y inflict on !m ! p5alties appo9t$ by legislators2 & yet1 nei!r legislators :5 !y decree ! p5alty1 nor ! judges :5 !y inflict x1 are1 or c be1 ignorant ( ! condition ( m9d ( ! del9qu5t :o has violat$ ! law4 ,x may be said1 t compassion & indulg5ce ) respect to political crimes increase e day1 = ^! reasons4 ,i %all reply1 t if we lay d[n ! pr9ciple t human ju/ice has n ! "r to puni%1 :5 ! del9qu5t acts accord+ to 8 conviction1 we mu/ n only mitigate our puni%m5ts1 b ev5 aboli% !m4 ,9 ?is case1 capital puni%m5t w\ld be a real murd]1 a f9e a robb]y1 & o!r p5alties s _m acts ( viol5ce4 ,i %all rem>k 9 pass+1 t x is n true t sev]ity t[>ds political crimes dim9i%es z mu* z x is said to d2 ! hi/ory ( ,europe ( late ye>s af=ds u "s pro(s to ! contr>y4 ,we d n n[ see ^? cruel puni%m5ts :i* 7 9 use at o!r times2 b t is n ow+ to ! consci5ce ( ! crim9al be+ consid]$ by ! judge1 b to ! improvem5t ( mann]s1 :i*1 be+ ev]y:]e diffus$1 has necess>ily influ5c$ p5al legislation4 ,x is extraord9>y t s mu* sev]ity has be5 pres]v$ 9 laws relat+ to political crimes1 :5 s great a numb] ( legislators among ! diff]5t nations ( ,europe knew well t !y !mselves1 at o!r times1 _h committ$ ! same crimes4 ,& !re is no d\bt t m ?an "o man1 9 ! discussion ( c]ta9 p5al laws1 has incl9$ to indulg5ce1 f ! pres5tim5t t ^! v laws might "o day apply to himself4 ,! impunity ( political crimes w\ld br+ ab\t ! subv]sion ( social ord]1 by r5d]+ all gov]nm5t impossible4 ,)\t dwell+ long] on ! fatal results :i* ?is doctr9e w\ld h1 let u obs]ve1 t ! b5efit ( impunity 9 favor ( ! illusions ( consci5ce w\ld n be due to political crimes alone1 b w\ld be applicable also to ^? ( an ord9>y k9d4 ,(f5ces aga9/ prop]ty are crimes ( ?is nature2 & yet we "k t _m at =m] p]iods reg>d$1 & t un=tunately "s /ill reg>d1 prop]ty z a usurpation & an inju/ice4 ,(f5ces aga9/ ! sanctity ( m>riage are ord9>ily consid]$ crimes2 & yet h !re n be5 sects 9 ^: sight m>riage 0 unlawful1 & o!rs :o h desir$1 & /ill desire1 a community ( wom58 ,! sacr$ laws ( mode/y & respect = innoc5ce h alike be5 reg>d$ by "s sects z an unju/ infr+em5t ( ! lib]ty ( man2 to violate ^! laws1 !re=e1 0 a m]itori\s action4 ,at ! "t :5 ! mi/ak5 ideas & bl9d fanaticism ( ! m5 :o pr(ess$ ^! pr9ciples 7 und\bt$1 w\ld any "o h be5 f\nd to d5y ! ju/ice ( ! *a/isem5t :i* 0 inflict$ on !m :51 9 pursuance ( _! doctr9es1 !y committ$ a crime1 or ev5 :5 !y _h ! audacity to diffuse _! fatal maxims 9 society8 ,if x 7 unju/ to puni% ! crim9al = act+ accord+ to 8 consci5ce1 all imag9able crimes w\ld be p]mitt$ to ! a!i/1 ! fatali/1 ! disciple ( ! doctr9e ( private int]e/2 = by de/roy+1 z !y d1 ! basis ( all morality1 ^! m5 d n act aga9/ _! consci5ces2 !y h none4 ,if su* an argum5t 7 to hold good1 h[ (t5 w\ld we h reason to *>ge tribunals ) inju/ice1 :5 !y inflict any puni%m5t on m5 ( ?is class4 ,by :at "r1 we w\ld say to magi/rates1 d y puni% ?is man1 :o1 n admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 does n ackn[l$ge himself culpable 9 8 own eyes1 or consequ5tly 9 y\rs8 ,y h made a law1 by virtue ( :i* y puni% him2 b ?is law has no p[] ov] ! consci5ce ( ?is man1 = y are 8 equals2 & he does n ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( any sup]ior1 to give y ! p[] ( controll+ 8 lib]ty4 ,by :at "r d y puni% ano!r1 :o is conv9c$ t all 8 actions are ! effect ( necess>y causes1 t free-w is a *im]a1 & :o1 9 ! action :i* y *>ge on him z a crime1 believes t he _h no m p[] ( re/ra9+ himself ?an ! wild bea/1 :5 he ?r[s himself ^u ! prey be=e 8 eyes1 or ^u any o!r animal t excites 8 fury8 ,) :at ju/ice d y puni% him1 :o is p]suad$ t all morality is a lie2 t !re is no o!r pr9ciple ?an individual int]e/2 t good & evil are no?+ b ?is int]e/1 well or ill und]/ood8 ,if y make him und]go any puni%m5t1 x w n be because he is culpable 9 8 own consci5ce2 y w puni% him = be+ deceiv$ 9 8 calculation1 = hav+ ill-und]/ood ! probable result ( ! action :i* he 0 ab\t to commit4 ,su* are ! necess>y & inevitable d$uctions f ! doctr9e1 :i* refuses to ! public au?ority ! p[] ( puni%+ crimes committ$ 9 consequ5ce ( an error ( ! m9d4 ,b ,i %all be told t ! "r ( puni%m5t only ext5ds to actions1 & n to doctr9es2 t actions ought to be subject to ! law1 b t doctr9es are entitl$ to unb\nd$ lib]ty4 ,d y mean doctr9es %ut up 9 ! m9d & n outw>dly manife/$8 ,x is cle> t n only ! "r1 b also ! possibility ( puni%+ !m is want+1 = ,god alone c tell ! secrets ( ! he>t ( man4 ,if av[$ doctr9es are meant1 !n ! pr9ciple is false2 & we h j %[n t ^? :o ma9ta9 x 9 !ory1 f9d x impossible to r$uce x to practice4 ,9 f9e1 we %all be told t1 h[ev] absurd 9 its results may be ! doctr9e :i* we h be5 combat+1 x is /ill impossible to ju/ify ! puni%m5t ( an action :i* 0 ord]$ or au?oriz$ by ! consci5ce ( ! man :o committ$ x4 ,h[ is ?is difficulty to be solv$8 ,h[ is ?is great ob/acle to be remov$8 ,is x lawful 9 any case to treat z culpable ! man :o is n s at ! tribunal ( 8 own consci5ce8 ,al?\gh ?is "q seems entirely to turn ^u "s po9t on :i* m5 ( all op9ions are agre$1 !re is nev]!less a wide diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ,ca?olics on "o side & unbeliev]s & ,prote/ants on ! o!r4 ,! fir/ lay x d[n z an inconte/able pr9ciple1 t !re are errors ( ! und]/&+ :i* are faults2 ! o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 ?9k1 t all errors ( ! und]/&+ are innoc5t4 ,! fir/ consid] error 9 reg>d to great moral & religi\s tru?s1 z "o ( ! grave/ (f5ces :i* man c commit aga9/ ,god2 _! oppon5ts look ^u errors ( ?is k9d ) great indulg5ce1 & !y ought to d s 9 ord] to be consi/5t4 ,ca?olics admit ! possibility ( inv9cible ignorance ) respect to "s v important tru?s2 b ) !m ?is possibility is limit$ to c]ta9 circum/ances1 out ( :i* !y decl>e man to be culpable3 _! oppon5ts con/antly extol lib]ty ( ?\ght1 )\t any o!r re/riction ?an t impos$ by ! ta/e ( ea* "o 9 p>ticul>2 !y con/antly affirm t man is free to hold ! op9ions :i* he ?9ks prop]2 !y h gone s f> z to p]suade _! foll[]s t !re are no culpable errors or op9ions1 t man is n oblig$ to se>* into ! secret recesses ( 8 s\l1 to make sure t !re are no secret causes :i* induce him to reject ! tru?2 !y h 9 ! end mon/r\sly conf\nd$ physical ) moral lib]ty ( ?\ght2 !y h bani%$ f op9ions ! ideas ( lawful & unlawful1 & h giv5 m5 to und]/& t su* ideas are n applicable to ?\ght4 ,t is to say1 9 ! ord] ( ideas1 !y h conf\nd$ "r ) fact1 decl>+1 9 ?is respect1 ! uselessness & incompet5cy ( all laws1 div9e & human4 ,s5seless m56 z if x 7 possible = t :i* is mo/ noble & elevat$ 9 human nature to be exempt f all rule2 z if x 7 possible = ! elem5t :i* makes man ! k+ ( ! creation1 to be exempt$ f concurr+ 9 ! ineffable h>mony ( all p>ts ( ! univ]se ) !mselves & ) ,god2 z if ?is h>mony c\ld exi/1 or ev5 be conceiv$ 9 man1 unless x 7 decl>$ to be ! fir/ ( human obligations to adh]e con/antly to tru?4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr(\nd reasons :i* ju/ify ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :5 %e consid]s ! s9 ( h]esy z "o ( ! greate/ t man c commit4 ,y1 :o smile1 ) pity & contempt at ^! words1 ! s9 ( h]esy2 y1 :o consid] ?is doctr9e z ! inv5tion ( prie/s to rule ov] consci5ces1 by retr5*+ ! lib]ty ( ?\ght2 by :at "r d y claim ! p[] ( condemn+ h]esies :i* are oppos$ to y\r or?odoxy8 ,by :at "r d y condemn ^? societies t pr(ess op9ions ho/ile to prop]ty1 public ord]1 & ! exi/5ce ( au?ority8 ,if ! ?\ght ( man is free1 if y _c attempt to re/ra9 x )\t violat+ sacr$ rights1 if x is an absurdity & a contradiction to wi% to oblige a man to act aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 or disobey its dictates--:y d y int]f]e ) ^? m5 :o desire to de/roy ! exi/+ /ate ( society8 ,:y baffle1 :y oppose ^? d>k conspiracies1 :i*1 f "t to "t1 s5d "o ( _! memb]s to assass9ate a k+8 ,y invoke y\r convictions to decl>e unju/ & cruel ! intol]ance :i* has be5 practis$ at c]ta9 times aga9/ y\r enemies2 b y mu/ rememb] t su* societies & su* m5 c also invoke _! convictions4 ,y say t ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* are human inv5tions2 !y say t ! doctr9es prevail+ 9 society are also human inv5tions4 ,y say t ! anci5t social ord] 0 a monopoly2 !y say ! pres5t social ord] is a monopoly4 ,9 y\r eyes1 ! anci5t au?orities 7 tyrannical2 9 !irs ! pres5t ones are s4 ,y pret5d$ to de/roy :at exi/$1 9 ord] to f\nd new in/itutions conducive to ! good ( humanity2 to-day ^! m5 hold ! same language4 ,y h proclaim$ holy ! w> :i* 0 wag$ aga9/ anci5t p[]2 !y proclaim holy ! w> aga9/ pres5t p[]4 ,:5 y avail$ y\rselves ( ! means :i* (f]$ !mselves1 y pret5d$ t necessity r5d]$ !m legitimate2 !y decl>e to be n less legitimate ! only means :i* !y possess1 t ( comb9ations1 ( prep>+ = _! opportunity1 & ( ha/5+ x by assass9at+ great m54 ,y h pret5d$ to make all op9ions respect$1 ev5 a!ism1 & y h taught t nobody has a "r to prev5t y\r act+ 9 con=mity ) y\r pr9ciples2 b ! fanatics 9 "q h also _! horrible pr9ciples & _! dreadful convictions4 ,d y require a pro( ( ?is8 ,see !m amid ! gayety ( public celebrations1 glide1 pale & gloomy1 among ! joyful multitude1 *oose ! fitt+ mom5t to ca/ desolation ov] a royal family1 & cov] a nation ) m\rn+1 :ile !y accumulate on _! own heads ! public execration1 c]ta91 moreov]1 ( f9i%+ _! lives on ! scaffold4 ,b our adv]s>ies w say1 su* convictions are inexcusable4 ,y\rs are s also4 ,all ! diff]5ce is1 t y h contriv$ y\r ambiti\s & fatal sy/ems amid ease & pleasure1 p]haps 9 opul5ce1 & "u ! %ad[ ( p[]1 :ile !y h conceiv$ _! abom9able doctr9es 9 ! bosom ( obscurity1 pov]ty1 mis]y1 & despair4 ,inde$1 ! inconsi/5cy ( "s m5 is %ock+ to ! la/ degree4 ,to ridicule all religions1 to decry ! spirituality & immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 to ov]turn all morality1 & sap its deepe/ f\ndations1 all ?is !y h consid]$ excusable1 & we may ev5 say1 wor?y ( praise2 moreov]1 ! writ]s :o h und]tak5 ?is fatal task are wor?y ( apo!osis2 m5 mu/ expel ! ,div9ity f 8 temples to place !re ! names & bu/s ( ! lead]s ( _! s*ools2 "u ! vaults ( spl5did basilicas1 :]e repose ! a%es ( ,*ri/ians await+ ! resurrection1 !y mu/ raise ! mausoleum ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau1 9 ord] t future g5]ations1 :5 !y desc5d into _! d>k & sil5t abodes1 may receive ! inspirations ( _! g5ius4 ,b h !y1 !n1 a "r to compla9 t prop]ty1 & dome/ic life1 & social ord] are attack$8 ,prop]ty is sacr$2 b is x m sacr$ ?an ,god8 ,h[ev] great may be ! importance ( ! tru?s relat+ to ! family & to society1 are !y ( a sup]ior ord] to ! et]nal pr9ciples ( morality1 or r1 are !y any ?+ m ?an ! application ( ^! pr9ciples8 ,b let u resume ! ?read ( our disc\rse4 ,:5 ! pr9ciple1 t !re are culpable errors1 is once e/abli%$ 7a pr9ciple :i* 9 practice1 if n 9 !ory1 mu/ be receiv$ by all m51 b :i* ,ca?olicity alone c logically ma9ta9 9 !ory71 x is easy to see ! reason ( ! puni%m5ts :i* human p[] decrees aga9/ ! propagation & tea*+ ( c]ta9 doctr9es2 & we c und]/& :y x is legitimate to puni%1 )\t consid]+ ! conviction t animat$ ! culprit1 ! actions :i* are ! result ( 8 doctr9es4 ,! law %[s t ?is mortal error has exi/$1 or c exi/2 b 9 ?is case x decl>es ! error itself to be culpable2 & if man adduces ! te/imony ( 8 own consci5ce1 ! law rem9ds him t x is 8 duty to rectify 8 consci5ce4 ,su* is1 9 tru?1 ! f\ndation ( a legislation :i* has appe>$ s unju/2 a f\ndation :i* x is necess>y to po9t out1 9 ord] to v9dicate a great _m human laws f a deep disgrace2 = x w\ld be a great disgrace to claim ! "r ( puni%+ a man :o 0 really innoc5t4 ,su* an absurd "r is s f> f belong+ to human ju/ice1 t x does n belong ev5 to ,god4 ,! inf9ite ju/ice ( ,god w\ld cease to be :at x is1 if x c\ld puni% ! innoc5t4 ,p]haps ano!r orig9 w be assign$ = ! "r :i* gov]nm5ts possess1 ( puni%+ ! propagation ( c]ta9 doctr9es & ! actions committ$ 9 consequ5ce ( !m1 :5 ! crim9al has act$ f ! deepe/ conviction4 ,gov]nm5ts1 x may be said1 act 9 ! "n ( society1 :i*1 l e be+1 possesses ! "r ( self-def5ce4 ,!re are c]ta9 doctr9es :i* m5ace its exi/5ce2 x has1 !re=e1 ( necessity & "r1 ! p[] ( resi/+ ^? :o promulgate !m4 ,su* a reason1 h[ev] plausible x may appe>1 is liable to ?is grave objection1 t x de/roys at "o bl[ ! idea ( puni%m5t & ju/ice4 ,to w\nd an aggressor 9 self-def5ce is n to *a/ise b to resi/ him4 ,if we consid] society 9 ?is po9t ( view1 ! crim9al l$ to puni%m5t w no long] be a real crim9al1 b ! un=tunate victim ( a ra% & unequal /ruggle4 ,! voice ( ! judge condemn+ him w no long] be ! augu/ voice ( ju/ice2 8 s5t5ce w only be ! act ( society av5g+ ! attack made ^u x4 ,! ^w puni%m5t w !n assume q a diff]5t mean+2 ! gradations ( x w dep5d entirely ^u calculations1 & n on ju/ice4 ,we mu/ rememb] ?is2 if we suppose t society1 by virtue ( ! "r ( self-def5ce1 inflicts a puni%m5t ^u ! man :om x consid]s q innoc5t1 x no long] judges or condemns1 b fights & /ruggles4 ,t :i* is p]fectly suitable ) respect to ! relations betwe5 "o society & ano!r1 is 9 no way suitable to society 9 its relations ) individuals4 ,x !n appe>s l a combat betwe5 a giant & a pigmy4 ,! giant takes ! pigmy 9 8 h&1 & cru%es him aga9/ a /one4 ,! doctr9e :i* ,i h j expla9$ evid5tly %[s ! value ( ! mu* vaunt$ pr9ciple ( univ]sal tol]ation2 x has be5 demon/rat$ t t pr9ciple is z impracticable 9 fact z x is unsu/a9able 9 !ory2 consequ5tly all ! accusations made aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* on ! subject ( intol]ance are ov]turn$4 ,x has be5 cle>ly %[n t intol]ance is 9 "s measure ! "r ( all public p[]2 ?is has always be5 ackn[l$g$2 x is ackn[l$g$ /ill1 g5]ally speak+1 :5 philosoph]s1 ! p>tisans ( tol]ance1 atta9 to p[]4 ,no d\bt1 gov]nm5ts h a ?\s& times abus$ ?is pr9ciple2 no d\bt1 m ?an once ! tru? has be5 p]secut$ 9 virtue ( x2 b :at d m5 n abuse8 ,_! duty1 !n1 z good philosoph]s1 0 n to e/abli% pr9ciples t _c be su/a9$1 & are extremely dang]\s2 n to declaim to satiety aga9/ ! times & in/itutions :i* h prec$$ u2 b to endeavor to propagate s5tim5ts ( mildness & indulg5ce1 &1 above all1 n to impugn important tru?s1 )\t :i* society _c be su/a9$1 & :i* _c be de/roy$ )\t ab&on+ ! _w to ! empire ( =ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 to despotism & tyranny4 ,m5 h attack$ dogmas2 b !y h n be5 will+ to see t morality 0 intimately connect$ ) dogmas1 & t x 0 itself a dogma4 ,by proclaim+ unb\nd$ lib]ty ( ?\ght1 !y h ass]t$ ! impeccability ( ! m9d2 error has ceas$ to figure among ! faults ( :i* m5 c be guilty4 ,!y h =gott5 t1 9 ord] to w1 x 0 necess>y to "k2 & t to w rightly1 x 0 necess>y to "k truly4 ,if we exam9e ! great] "p ( ! errors ( our he>ts1 we %all see t !y h _! s\rce 9 a misund]/&+2 is x possible1 !n1 t x %\ld n be ! duty ( man to pres]ve 8 m9d f error8 ,b s9ce x has be5 said t op9ions are ( little importance1 t man is free to *oose su* z please him1 ev5 9 matt]s ( religion & morality1 tru? has lo/ its value2 its intr9sic wor? is no long] :at x 0 9 ! eyes ( man2 & too _m consid] !mselves exempt f attempt+ to atta9 x1--a deplorable condition ( m9d1 :i* is "o ( ! greate/ evils afflict+ society4#be ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,on ,,! ,,inquisition ,,9 ,,spa94 ,i f9d myself naturally l$ to make a few obs]vations on ! intol]ance ( c]ta9 ,ca?olic pr9ces1 on ! ,inquisition1 & 9 p>ticul> on t ( ,spa94 ,i mu/ make a rapid exam9ation ( ! *>ges aga9/ ,ca?olicity on acc\nt ( its conduct dur+ ! la/ c5turies4 ,! dungeons1 ! burn+s ( ! ,inquisition1 & ! intol]ance ( "s ,ca?olic pr9ces1 h furni%$ ! enemies ( ! ,*ur* ) "o ( _! mo/ effective argum5ts 9 depreciat+ h]1 & r5d]+ h] ! object ( odium & hatr$2 & x mu/ be all[$ t !y h1 9 attacks ( ?is k9d1 _m advantages1 :i* give !m good prospects ( success4 ,inde$ 7z we h said above1 = ! g5]ality ( read]s1 :o1 )\t und]tak+ to exam9e ?+s to ! bottom1 navely all[ !mselves to be l$ away by a subtle writ]2 z we h said1 = all ^? :o h s5sitive he>ts1 & are prompt to pity ! un=tunate71 :at is m likely to excite indignation ?an ! exhibition ( d>k dungeons1 in/rum5ts ( torture1 san-b5itos1 & burn+s8 ,imag9e :at effect mu/ be produc$1 amid our tol]ation1 our g5tle mann]s1 our humane p5al codes1 by ! sudd5 exhibition ( ! sev]ities1 ! cruelties ( ano!r age2 ! :ole exagg]at$ & gr\p$ into "o picture1 :]e are %[n all ! melan*oly sc5es :i* occurr$ 9 diff]5t places1 & 7 spread ov] a long p]iod ( "t4 ,!y take c>e to rem9d u t all ?is 0 done 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( peace & love2 !reby ! contra/ is r5d]$ m vivid1 ! imag9ation is excit$1 ! he>t becomes indignant2 & ! result is1 t ! cl]gy1 magi/rates1 k+s1 & popes ( ^? remote times1 appe> l a troop ( execution]s1 ^: pleasure consi/s 9 torm5t+ & desolat+ ! human race4 ,writ]s1 :o h v5tur$ to act 9 ?is way1 h c]ta9ly n add$ to _! reputation = delicacy ( consci5ce4 ,!re is a rule :i* orators & writ]s ought nev] to =get1 viz4 t x is n all[able to excite ! passions1 until !y h conv9c$ ! reason1 unless x _h be5 conv9c$ be=e4 ,besides1 !re is a degree ( bad fai? 9 appeal+ to ! feel+s ) respect to matt]s :i* ought to be exam9$ by ! light ( reason alone1 if !y are to be exam9$ prop]ly4 ,9 su* a case we ought n to beg9 by mov+1 b by conv9c+2 to d o!rwise is to deceive ! read]4 ,i am n go+ to write ! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 or ( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* v>i\s c\ntries h adopt$ ) respect to religi\s intol]ance2 ?is w\ld be impossible )9 my n>r[ limits2 besides1 x w\ld lead me away f ! object ( my "w4 ,ought we to draw f ! ,inquisition 9 g5]al1 t ( ,spa9 9 p>ticul>1 or f ! great] or less intol]ance ( ! legislation ( "s c\ntries1 an accusation aga9/ ,ca?olicity8 ,c x1 9 ?is respect1 be put 9 comp>ison ) ,prote/antism8 ,su* are ! que/ions ,i h to exam9e4 ,?ree ?+s at fir/ pres5t !mselves to ! eyes ( ! obs]v]3 #a/1 ! legislation & in/itutions proce$+ f ! pr9ciple ( intol]ance2 #b;d1 ! use :i* has be5 made ( ?is legislation & ^! in/itutions2 #c;d1 ! intol]ant acts :i* h be5 committ$ illegally4 ,) respect to ! latt]1 ,i mu/ say at once t !y h no?+ to d ) ! "q4 ,! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & o!r atrocities committ$ 9 ! "n ( religion1 ought n to tr\ble ! apologi/s ( religion3 to r5d] h] responsible = all t has be5 done 9 h] "n1 w\ld be to act ) manife/ inju/ice4 ,man is end[$ ) s /rong & lively a s5se ( ! excell5ce ( virtue1 t he endeavors to cov] ! greate/ crimes ) h] mantle2--w\ld x be reasonable to bani% virtue f ! e>? on t acc\nt8 ,!re are1 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 t]rible p]iods1 :]e a fatal gidd9ess seizes ^u ! m9d2 rage1 inflam$ by disord]1 bl9ds ! intellect & *anges ! he>t2 evil is call$ good1 & good evil2 ! mo/ horrible attempts are made "u ! mo/ respectable names4 ,hi/orians & philosoph]s1 9 treat+ ( su* p]iods1 %\ld "k :at ought to be _! l9e ( conduct2 /rictly accurate 9 ! n>ration ( su* facts1 !y ought to bew>e ( draw+ f !m a judgm5t z to ! prevail+ ideas & in/itutions4 ,society !n resembles a man 9 a /ate ( delirium2 we %\ld ill judge ( ! ideas1 "*1 & conduct ( su* a man1 f :at he says & does 9 t deplorable condition4 ,:at p>ty1 9 ^? calamit\s times1 c boa/ ( n hav+ committ$ great crimes8 ,if we fix our eyes on ! p]iod j m5tion$1 d we n see ! lead]s ( bo? p>ties assass9at$ by treason8 ,admiral ,coligny di$ by ! h&s ( ! assass9s :o began ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 b ! ,duke ( ,guise _h be5 also assass9at$ by ,poltrot1 be=e ,orleans4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 0 assass9at$ by ,jacques ,clem5t2 b ?is same ,h5ry ,,iii4 _h trea*]\sly murd]$ ! o!r ,duke ( ,guise 9 ! corridors ( 8 palace1 & 8 bro!r1 ! ,c>d9al1 9 ! t[] ( ,m\l9s2 ?is same ,h5ry ,,iii4 _h tak5 "p 9 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,we see atrocities committ$ by ! ,ca?olics2 b did n _! oppon5ts also commit !m8 ,let u ?r[ a veil ov] ^! cata/rophes1 ov] ^! afflict+ pro(s ( ! mis]y & p]v]sity ( ! human he>t4 ,! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is only ! application to a p>ticul> case ( t doctr9e ( intol]ance1 :i*1 to a great] or less degree1 is t ( e exi/+ p[]4 ,?us1 we h only to exam9e ! "* ( t p>ticul> application1 & see :e!r its enemies are correct 9 _! *>ges aga9/ x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ obs]ve t ^? :o extol antiquity1 sadly falsify hi/ory1 if !y pret5d t intol]ance only appe>$ aft] ! "t :51 accord+ to !m1 ! ,*ur* _h deg5]at$ f h] primitive purity4 ,z = myself1 ,i see t f ! e>lie/ times1 :5 ! ,*ur* began to ex]t political influ5ce1 h]esy began to figure 9 ! codes z a crime2 & ,i h nev] be5 able to discov] a p]iod ( complete tol]ance4 ,i mu/ "h make an important rem>k1 :i* %[s "o ( ! causes ( ! rigor display$ 9 lat] c5turies4 ,! ,inquisition 0 fir/ direct$ aga9/ ! ,mani*ean h]etics2 t is1 aga9/ ! sect>ies :o at all times 7 treat$ ) ! greate/ sev]ity4 ,9 ! #aa? c5tury1 :5 ! puni%m5t ( fire _h n yet be5 appli$ to ! crime ( h]esy1 ! ,mani*eans 7 except$ f ?is rule4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ,pagan emp]ors1 ^! sect>ies 7 treat$ ) extreme rigor4 ,9 ! ye> #bif1 we see ,diocletian & ,maximilian1 by an edict1 condemn+ to diff]5t puni%m5ts ! ,mani*eans :o _h n abjur$ _! dogmas1 & consign+ _! lead]s to ! fire4 ,^! sect>ies h always be5 consid]$ z great crim9als2 & to puni% !m has always be5 judg$ necess>y1 n only = ! int]e/s ( religion1 b ev5 = ! morals & good ord] ( society4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! rigor ( ! ,inquisition at its comm5cem5t3 if we add to ?is1 ! turbul5t "* ( ! sects :i*1 "u v>i\s names1 arose 9 ! #aa?1 #ab?1 & #ac? c5turies1 we %all h two ( ! causes t contribut$ to produce ^? sc5es :i* n[ we c sc>cely cr$it4 ,9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( ^? c5turies1 & fix+ our att5tion on ! tr\bles & disa/]s :i* ravag$ ! s\? ( ,france1 we cle>ly see t x 0 n a dispute z to a p>ticul> dogma1 b t ! :ole social sy/em 0 compromis$4 ,! sect>ies ( ^? times 7 precursors ( ^? ( ! #af? c5tury2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! latt]1 if we except ! frantic ,anabapti/s1 7 less democratic1 less apt to address ! multitude4 ,amid ! cruelties ( ^? times1 :5 long ages ( viol5ce & revolution _h giv5 an excessive prepond]ance to brute =ce1 :at c\ld be expect$ f gov]nm5ts incessantly m5ac$ ) su* imm95t dang]8 ,x is cle> t ! laws1 & _! application1 mu/ sav\r ( ! times4 ,z to ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 :i* 0 only an ext5sion ( t :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 we mu/ divide x1 ) respect to its duration1 into ?ree great p]iods2--we omit ! "t ( its exi/5ce 9 ! k+dom ( ,aragon1 be=e its introduction into ,ca/ille4 ,! fir/ ( ^! compreh5ds ! "t :5 ! ,inquisition 0 pr9cipally direct$ aga9/ ! relaps$ ,jews & ,moors1 f ! day ( its in/allation "u ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 till ! middle ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 ,! second ext5ds f ! "t :5 x began to conc5trate its ef=ts to prev5t ! introduction ( ,prote/antism into ,spa91 until t dang] entirely ceas$2 t is1 f ! middle ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 till ! com+ ( ! ,b\rbons4 ,! ?ird & la/ p]iod is t :5 ! ,inquisition 0 limit$ to repress infam\s crimes1 & exclude ! philosophy ( ,voltaire2 ?is p]iod 0 cont9u$ until its abolition 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is cle> t1 ! in/itution be+ successively modifi$ accord+ to circum/ances at ^! diff]5t epo*s1--al?\gh x always rema9$ fundam5tally ! same1--! comm5cem5t & t]m9ation ( ea* ( ^! ?ree p]iods :i* we h po9t$ out _c be precisely m>k$2 nev]!less1 ^! ?ree p]iods really exi/$ 9 its hi/ory1 & pres5t u ) v diff]5t *>act]s4 ,e "o kn[s ! peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* ! ,inquisition 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns2 yet x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! ,bull ( e/abli%m5t 0 solicit$ by ,que5 ,isabella2 t is1 by "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ sov]eigns 9 our hi/ory1--by t que5 :o /ill1 aft] ?ree c5turies1 pres]ves ! respect & admiration ( all ,spani>ds4 ,isabella1 f> f oppos+ ! w ( ! p 9 ?is measure1 only realiz$ ! national wi%4 ,! ,inquisition 0 e/abli%$ *iefly aga9/ ! ,jews2 ! ,papal ,bull _h be5 s5t 9 #adgh2 n[1 be=e ! ,inquisition publi%$ its fir/ edict1 dat$ ,seville1 9 #adha1 ! ,cortes ( ,tol$o1 9 #adhj1 _h adopt$ sev]e measures on ! subject4 ,to prev5t ! injury :i* ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians might occasion to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 ! ,cortes _h ord]$ t unbaptiz$ ,israelites %\ld be oblig$ to we> a di/9ctive m>k1 dwell 9 sep>ate qu>t]s1 call$ ,juiv]ies1 & return !re be=e night4 ,anci5t regulations aga9/ !m 7 r5ew$2 ! pr(essions ( doctor1 surgeon1 %opkeep]1 b>b]1 & tav]n-keep]1 7 =bidd5 !m4 ,intol]ance 01 !re=e1 popul> at t "t4 ,if ! ,inquisition be ju/ifi$ 9 ! eyes ( fri5ds to mon>*y1 by con=mity ) ! w ( k+s1 x has an equal claim to be s 9 ! eyes ( lov]s ( democracy4 ,no d\bt ! he>t is griev$ at read+ ! excessive sev]ities ex]cis$ at t "t aga9/ ! ,jews2 b mu/ !re n h be5 v grave causes to provoke su* excesses8 ,! dang] :i* ! ,spani% mon>*y1 n yet well e/abli%$1 w\ld h incurr$ if ! ,jews1 !n v p[]ful on acc\nt ( _! ri*es & _! alliances ) ! mo/ influ5tial families1 _h be5 all[$ to act )\t re/ra9t1 has be5 po9t$ out z "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! causes4 ,x 0 greatly to be fe>$ t !y w\ld league ) ! ,moors aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! respective positions ( ! ?ree nations r5d]$ ?is league natural3 ?is is ! reason :y x 0 look$ ^u z necess>y to break a p[] :i* 0 capable ( compromis+ anew ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,x is necess>y also to obs]ve1 t at ! "t :5 ! ,inquisition 0 e/abli%$1 ! w> ( eight hundr$ ye>s aga9/ ! ,moors 0 n yet f9i%$4 ,! ,inquisition 0 project$ be=e #adgd2 x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #adhj1 & ! conque/ ( ,granada did n take place till #adib4 ,?us x 0 f\nd$ at ! "t :5 ! ob/9ate /ruggle 0 ab\t to be decid$2 x 0 yet to be kn[n :e!r ! ,*ri/ians w\ld rema9 ma/]s ( ! :ole p59sula1 or :e!r ! ,moors %\ld reta9 possession ( "o ( ! mo/ f]tile & beautiful prov9ces2 :e!r ^! enemies1 %ut up 9 ,granada1 %\ld pres]ve a position1 excell5t = _! communication ) ,africa1 & a means = all ! attempts :i*1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,cresc5t might be dispos$ to make aga9/ u4 ,n[1 ! p[] ( ! ,cresc5t 0 v great1 z 0 cle>ly %[n by its ent]prises aga9/ ! re/ ( ,europe 9 ! next c5tury4 ,9 su* em]g5cies1 aft] ages ( fight+1 & at ! mom5t :i* 0 to decide ! victory = ev]1 h combatants ev] be5 kn[n to conduct !mselves ) mod]ation & mildness8 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! sy/em ( repression pursu$ 9 ,spa91 ) respect to ! ,jews & ! ,moors1 0 inspir$1 9 great measure1 by ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation3 we c easily believe t ! ,ca?olic pr9ces _h ?is motive be=e !m :5 !y decid$ on ask+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 9 _! dom9ions4 ,! dang] 0 n imag9>y3 x 0 p]fectly real4 ,9 ord] to =m an idea ( ! turn :i* ?+s might h tak5 if "s precaution _h n be5 adopt$1 x is en\gh to recollect ! insurrections ( ! la/ ,moors 9 lat] times4 ,yet x w\ld be wrong1 9 ?is affair1 to attribute all to ! policy ( royalty2 & x is necess>y "h to avoid exalt+ too mu* ! =esight & designs ( m52 = my "p1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,f]d9& & ,isabella naturally foll[$ ! g5]ality ( ! nation1 9 ^: eyes ! ,jews 7 odi\s :5 !y p]sev]$ 9 _! cre$1 & suspect$ :5 !y embrac$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,two causes contribut$ to ?is hatr$ & animadv]sion4 ,fir/1 ! excit$ /ate ( religi\s feel+ !n g5]al 9 all ,europe1 & especially 9 ,spa92 #b;d1 ! conduct by :i* ! ,jews _h drawn ^u !mselves ! public indignation4 ,! necessity ( re/ra9+ ! cupidity ( ! ,jews1 = ! sake ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ri/ians1 0 ( anci5t date 9 ,spa93 ! old assemblies ( ,tol$o _h attempt$ x4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5turies ! evil rea*$ its height2 a great "p ( ! ri*es ( ! p59sula _h pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,jews1 & almo/ all ! ,*ri/ians f\nd !mselves _! debtors4 ,!nce ! hatr$ ( ! p aga9/ ! ,jews2 !nce ! frequ5t tr\bles :i* agitat$ "s t[ns ( ! p59sula2 !nce ! tumults :i* m ?an once 7 fatal to ! ,jews1 & 9 :i* _! blood fl[$ 9 abundance4 ,x 0 difficult = a p accu/om$ = ages to set !mselves free by =ce ( arms1 to resign !mselves peacefully & tranquilly to ! lot prep>$ = !m by ! artifices & exactions ( a /range race1 ^: "n1 moreov]1 bore ! recollection ( a t]rible mal$iction4 ,9 lat] times1 an imm5se numb] ( ,jews 7 conv]t$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion2 b ! hatr$ ( ! p 0 n ext+ui%$ !reby1 & mi/ru/ foll[$ ^! conv]ts into _! new /ate4 ,x is v probable t a great numb] ( ^! conv]sions 7 h>dly s9c]e1 z !y 7 p>tly caus$ by ! sad position 9 :i* ! ,jews :o cont9u$ 9 ,judaism 7 plac$4 ,9 default ( conjectures f\nd$ on reason 9 ?is respect1 we w reg>d z a suffici5t corroboration ( our op9ion1 ! multitude ( ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians :o 7 discov]$ z soon z c>e 0 tak5 to f9d out ^? :o _h be5 guilty ( apo/acy4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t ! di/9ction betwe5 new & old ,*ri/ians 0 introduc$2 ! latt] d5om9ation 0 a title ( honor1 & ! =m] a m>k ( ignom9y2 ! conv]t$ ,jews 7 contemptu\sly call$ m>ranos1--impure m51 pigs4 ,) m or less f\ndation1 !y 7 accus$ ( horrible crimes4 ,9 _! d>k assemblies !y committ$1 x 0 said1 atrocities :i* c\ld h>dly be believ$1 = ! honor ( humanity4 ,= example1 x 0 said t1 to rev5ge !mselves on ! ,*ri/ians & 9 contempt ( religion1 !y crucifi$ ,*ri/ian *ildr51 tak+ c>e to *oose = ! purpose ! greate/ day among ,*ri/ian solemnities4 ,!re is ! (t5-repeat$ hi/ory ( ! knight ( ! h\se ( ,guzman1 :o1 be+ hidd5 "o night 9 ! h\se ( a ,jew ^: daught] he lov$1 saw a *ild crucifi$ at ! "t :5 ! ,*ri/ians celebrat$ ! in/itution ( ! sacrifice ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,besides infanticide1 !re 7 attribut$ to ! ,jews1 sacrileges1 poison+s1 conspiracies1 & o!r crimes4 ,t ^! rumors 7 g5]ally believ$ by ! p is prov$ by ! fact1 t ! ,jews 7 =bidd5 by law to ex]cise ! pr(essions ( doctor1 surgeon1 b>b]1 & tav]n-keep]2 ?is %[s :at degree ( confid5ce 0 plac$ 9 _! morality4 ,x is useless to /ay to exam9e ! f\ndations = ^! s9i/] accusations4 ,we are n ignorant h[ f> popul> cr$ulity w g1 above all :5 x is "u ! influ5ce ( excit$ feel+s1 :i* makes x view all ?+s 9 ! same light4 ,x is en\gh = u to "k t ^! rumors circulat$ ev]y:]e & ) cr$it1 to und]/& :at mu/ h be5 ! public indignation aga9/ ! ,jews1 & consequ5tly h[ natural x 0 t au?ority1 yield+ to ! impulse ( ! g5]al m9d1 %\ld be urg$ to treat !m ) excessive rigor4 ,! situation 9 :i* ! ,jews 7 plac$ is suffici5t to %[1 t !y might h attempt$ to act 9 conc]t to resi/ ! ,*ri/ians2 :at !y did aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,pet] ,arbues %[s :at !y 7 capable ( do+ on o!r occasions4 ,! funds necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( ! murd]1 ! pay ( ! assass9s1 & ! o!r exp5ses requir$ = ! plot1 7 collect$ by means ( volunt>y contributions impos$ on !mselves by all ! ,jews ( ,aragon4 ,does n ?is %[ an advanc$ /ate ( organization1 :i* might h become fatal if x _h n be5 wat*$4 ,9 allud+ to ! dea? ( ,/4 ,pet] ,arbues1 ,i wi% to make an obs]vation on :at has be5 said on ?is subject1 z prov+ ! unpopul>ity ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa94 ,:at m evid5t pro(1 we %all be told1 c y h ?an ! assass9ation ( ! ,inquisitor8 ,is x n a sure sign t ! indignation ( ! p 0 at its height1 & t !y 7 q oppos$ to ! ,inquisition8 ,w\ld !y o!rwise h be5 hurri$ into su* excesses8 ,if by '! p' y mean ! ,jews & _! desc5dants1 ,i w n d5y t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 0 inde$ v odi\s to !m2 b x 0 n s ) ! re/ ( ! nation4 ,! ev5t we are speak+ ( gave rise to a circum/ance :i* proves j ! rev]se4 ,:5 ! report ( ! dea? ( ! ,inquisitor 0 spread ?r\gh ! t[n1 ! p made a fe>ful tumult to av5ge 8 dea?4 ,!y spread ?r\gh ! t[n1 !y w5t 9 cr[ds 9 pursuit ( ! new ,*ri/ians1 s t a bloody cata/rophe w\ld h ensu$1 _h n ! "y ,ar*bi%op ( ,s>agossa1 ,alphonsus ( ,aragon1 pres5t$ himself to ! p on horseback1 & calm$ !m by ! assurance t all ! rigor ( ! laws %\ld fall on ! heads ( ! guilty4 ,0 ! ,inquisition z unpopul> z x has be5 repres5t$2 & w x be said t its adv]s>ies 7 ! majority ( ! p8 ,:y1 !n1 c\ld n ! tumult at ,s>agossa h be5 avoid$ 9 spite ( all ! precautions :i* 7 no d\bt tak5 by ! conspirators1 at t "t v p[]ful by _! ri*es & influ5ce8 ,at ! "t ( ! greate/ rigor aga9/ ! ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians1 !re is a fact wor?y ( att5tion4 ,p]sons accus$1 or ?reat5$ ) ! pursuit ( ! ,inquisition1 took e means to escape ! action ( t tribunal3 !y left ! soil ( ,spa9 & w5t to ,rome4 ,w\ld ^? :o imag9e t ,rome has always be5 ! hotb$ ( intol]ance1 ! firebr& ( p]secution1 h imag9$ ?is8 ,! numb] ( causes comm5c$ by ! ,inquisition1 & summon$ f ,spa9 to ,rome1 is c\ntless1 dur+ ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ! exi/5ce ( t tribunal2 & x mu/ be add$1 t ,rome always incl9$ to ! side ( indulg5ce4 ,i d n "k t x w\ld be possible to cite "o accus$ p]son :o1 by appeal+ to ,rome1 did n ameliorate 8 condition4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition at t "t is full ( conte/s betwe5 ! ,k+s & ,popes2 & we con/antly f9d1 on ! "p ( ! ,holy ,see1 a desire to re/ra9 ! ,inquisition )9 ! b\nds ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,! l9e ( conduct prescrib$ by ! c\rt ( ,rome 0 n always foll[$ z x ought to h be52 ?us we see ! ,popes compell$ to receive a multitude ( appeals1 & mitigate ! lot t w\ld h befall5 ! appellants1 if _! cause _h be5 def9itely decid$ 9 ,spa94 ,we also see ! ,pope "n ! judge ( appeal1 at ! solicitation ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 :o desir$ t causes %\ld be f9ally decid$ 9 ,spa93 ! fir/ ( ^! judges 0 ,dr4 ,inigo ,manrique1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,seville4 ,nev]!less1 at ! end ( a %ort "t1 ! same ,pope1 9 a ,bull ( ! #b;d ( ,augu/1 #adhc1 said t he _h receiv$ new appeals1 made by a great numb] ( ! ,spani>ds ( ,seville1 :o _h n d>$ to address !mselves to ! judge ( appeal = fe> ( be+ arre/$4 ,su* 0 !n ! excitem5t ( ! public m9d2 su* 01 at t "t1 ! necessity ( prev5t+ inju/ice1 or measures ( undue sev]ity4 ,! ,pope add$1 t "s ( ^? :o _h _h rec\rse to 8 ju/ice _h already receiv$ ! absolution ( ! ,apo/olical ,p5it5ti>y1 & t o!rs 7 ab\t to receive x2 he aft]w>ds compla9$ t indulg5ces grant$ to div]s accus$ p]sons _h n be5 suffici5tly respect$ at ,seville2 9 f9e1 aft] sev]al o!r admonitions1 he obs]v$ to ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 t m]cy t[>ds ! guilty 0 m pleas+ to ,god ?an ! sev]ity :i* x 0 desir$ to use2 & he gave ! example ( ! good ,%eph]d foll[+ ! w&]+ %eep4 ,he end$ by exhort+ ! sov]eigns to treat ) mildness ^? :o volunt>ily confess$ _! faults1 desir+ !m to all[ !m to reside at ,seville1 or 9 "s o!r place !y might *oose2 & to all[ !m ! enjoym5t ( _! prop]ty1 z if !y _h n be5 guilty ( ! crime ( h]esy4 ,moreov]1 x is n to be suppos$ t ! appeals admitt$ at ,rome1 & by virtue ( :i* ! lot ( ! accus$ 0 improv$1 7 f\nd$ on errors ( =m & inju/ice committ$ 9 ! application ( ! law4 ,if ! accus$ _h rec\rse to ,rome1 x 0 n always to dem& rep>ation = an inju/ice1 b because !y 7 sure ( f9d+ indulg5ce4 ,we h a pro( ( ?is 9 ! consid]able numb] ( ,spani% refugees convict$ at ,rome ( hav+ fall5 into ,judaism4 ,two hundr$ & fifty ( !m 7 f\nd at "o "t2 yet !re 0 n "o capital execution4 ,"s p5ances 7 impos$ on !m1 & :5 !y 7 absolv$1 !y 7 free to return home1 )\t ! lea/ m>k ( ignom9y4 ,?is took place at ,rome 9 #adih4 ,x is a rem>kable ?+ t ! ,roman ,inquisition 0 nev] kn[n to pron\nce ! execution ( capital puni%m5t1 al?\gh ! ,apo/olic ,see 0 occupi$ dur+ t "t by ,popes ( extreme rigor & sev]ity 9 all t relates to ! civil adm9i/ration4 ,we f9d 9 all p>ts ( ,europe scaffolds prep>$ to puni% crimes aga9/ religion2 sc5es :i* sadd5 ! s\l 7 ev]y:]e witness$4 ,rome is an exception to ! rule2 ,rome1 :i* x has be5 attempt$ to repres5t z a mon/] ( intol]ance & cruelty4 ,x is true1 t ! ,popes h n prea*$1 l ,prote/ants1 univ]sal tol]ation2 b facts %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,popes & ,prote/ants4 ,! ,popes1 arm$ ) a tribunal ( intol]ance1 h n spill$ a drop ( blood2 ,prote/ants & philosoph]s h %$ torr5ts4 ,:at advantage is x to ! victim to he> 8 execution]s proclaim tol]ation8 ,x is add+ ! bitt]ness ( s>casm to 8 puni%m5t4 ,! conduct ( ,rome 9 ! use :i* %e made ( ! ,inquisition1 is ! be/ apology ( ,ca?olicity aga9/ ^? :o attempt to /igmatize h] z b>b>\s & sangu9>y4 ,9 tru?1 :at is !re 9 common betwe5 ,ca?olicity & ! excessive sev]ity employ$ 9 ?is place or t1 9 ! extraord9>y situation 9 :i* _m rival races 7 plac$1 9 ! pres5ce ( dang] :i* m5ac$ "o ( !m1 or 9 ! int]e/ :i* ! k+s _h 9 ma9ta9+ ! tranquillity ( _! /ates1 & secur+ _! conque/s f all dang]8 ,i w n ent] into a detail$ exam9ation ( ! conduct ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition ) respect to ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians2 & ,i am f> f ?9k+ t ! rigor :i* x employ$ aga9/ !m 0 pref]able to ! mildness recomm5d$ & display$ by ! ,popes4 ,:at ,i wi% to %[ "h is1 t rigor 0 ! result ( extraord9>y circum/ances1--! effect ( ! national _s1 & ( ! sev]ity ( cu/oms 9 ,europe at t "t4 ,ca?olicity _c be reproa*$ ) excesses committ$ = ^! diff]5t reasons4 ,/ill m1 if we pay att5tion to ! _s :i* prevails 9 all ! in/ructions ( ! ,popes relat+ to ! ,inquisition2 if we obs]ve _! manife/ incl9ation to range !mselves on ! side ( mildness1 & to suppress ! m>ks ( ignom9y ) :i* ! guilty1 z well z _! families1 7 /igmatiz$1 we h a "r to suppose t1 if ! ,popes _h n fe>$ to displease ! k+s too mu*1 & to excite divisions :i* might h be5 fatal1 _! measures w\ld h be5 c>ri$ /ill fur!r4 ,if we recollect ! negotiations :i* took place ) respect to ! noisy affair ( ! claims ( ! ,cortes ( ,aragon1 we %all see to :i* side ! c\rt ( ,rome lean$4 ,z we are speak+ ( intol]ance ) reg>d to ! ,judaiz]s1 let u say a few words z to ! disposition ( ,lu!r t[>ds ! ,jews4 ,does x n seem t ! pret5d$ re=m]1 ! f\nd] ( indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 ! furi\s declaim] aga9/ ! oppression & tyranny ( ! ,popes1 %\ld h be5 animat$ ) ! mo/ humane s5tim5ts t[>ds t p8 ,no d\bt ! eulogi/s ( ?is *iefta9 ( ,prote/antism ought to ?9k ?us also4 ,i am sorry = !m2 b hi/ory w n all[ u to p>take ( ?is delusion4 ,accord+ to all appe>ances1 if ! apo/ate monk _h f\nd himself 9 ! place ( ,torquemada1 ! ,judaiz]s w\ld n h be5 9 a bett] position4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! sy/em advis$ by ,lu!r1 accord+ to ,seck5dorf1 "o ( 8 apologi/s8 ,_! synagogues ought to be de/roy$1 _! h\ses pull$ d[n1 _! pray]-books1 ! ,talmud1 & ev5 ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to be tak5 f !m2 _! rabbis ought to be =bidd5 to tea*1 & be compell$ to ga9 _! livelihood by h>d labor4 ,! ,inquisition1 at lea/1 did n proce$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 b aga9/ ! ,judaiz]s2 t is1 aga9/ ^? :o1 aft] be+ conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 relaps$ into _! errors1 & add$ sacrilege to _! apo/acy1 by ! ext]nal pr(ession ( a cre$ :i* !y dete/$ 9 secret1 & :i* !y pr(an$ by ! ex]cise ( _! old religion4 ,b ,lu!r ext5d$ 8 sev]ity to ! ,jews !mselves2 s t1 accord+ to 8 doctr9es1 no reproa* c be made aga9/ ! sov]eign :o expell$ ! ,jews f _! dom9ions4 ,! ,moors & ! ,mooriscoes no less occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! ,inquisition at t "t2 & all t has be5 said on ! subject ( ! ,jews may be appli$ to !m ) "s modifications4 ,!y 7 also an abhorr$ race--a race :i* _h be5 cont5d$ ) = eight c5turies4 ,:5 !y reta9$ _! religion1 ! ,moors inspir$ hatr$2 :5 !y abjur$ x1 mi/ru/2 ! ,popes int]e/$ !mselves 9 _! favor also 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,we ought to rem>k a ,bull issu$ 9 #aecj1 :i* is express$ 9 language q evangelical3 x is !re said1 t ! ignorance ( ^! nations is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( _! faults & errors2 ! fir/ ?+ to be done to r5d] _! conv]sion solid & s9c]e 01 accord+ to ! recomm5dation conta9$ 9 ?is ,bull1 to endeavor to enlight5 _! m9ds ) s\nd doctr9e4 ,x w be said t ! ,pope grant$ to ,*>les ,v4 ! ,bull :i* releas$ him f ! oa? tak5 9 ! ,cortes ( ,s>agossa 9 ! ye> #aeai2 an oa?1 by :i* he _h engag$ n to make any *ange ) respect to ! ,moors2 :]eby1 x is said1 ! ,emp]or 0 enabl$ to complete _! expulsion4 ,b1 we mu/ obs]ve1 t ! ,pope = a long "t resi/$ t concession2 &1 t if he at l5g? compli$ ) ! wi%es ( ! ,emp]or1 x 0 only because he ?\ght t ! expulsion ( ! ,moors 0 indisp5sable to secure ! tranquillity ( ! k+dom4 ,:e!r ?is 0 true or n1 ! ,emp]or1 & n ! ,pope1 0 ! bett] judge2 ! latt]1 plac$ at a great di/ance1 c\ld n "k ! real /ate ( ?+s 9 detail4 ,moreov]1 x 0 n ! ,spani% mon>* alone :o ?\ght s2 x is relat$ t ,francis ,i41 :5 a prison] at ,madrid1 "o day conv]s+ ) ,*>les ,v41 told him t tranquillity w\ld nev] be e/abli%$ 9 ,spa91 if ! ,moors & ,mooriscoes 7 n expell$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,second ,,epo* ,,( ,,! ,,inquisition ,,9 ,,spa94 ,x has be5 said t ,philip ,,ii4 f\nd$ a new ,inquisition 9 ,spa91 m t]rible ?an t ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns2 at ! same "t ! ,inquisition ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella receives a c]ta9 degree ( indulg5ce1 :i* is refus$ to t ( _! successors4 ,at ! v outset1 we f9d an important hi/orical mi/ake 9 ?is ass]tion4 ,philip did n e/abli% a new ,inquisition2 he ma9ta9$ t :i* ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns _h left him1 & :i* ,*>les ,v41 8 fa!r & pr$ecessor1 _h p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ to him by w4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,cortes ( ,cadiz1 9 ! project = ! abolition ( ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition1 excuses ! conduct ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 & blames ) sev]ity t ( ,philip ,,ii42 x attempts to make all ! fault & odium fall on t pr9ce4 ,an illu/ri\s ,fr5* writ]1 v rec5tly treat+ ( ?is important "q1 has all[$ himself to be l$ into ! same errors1 ) t c&or :i* sometimes accompanies g5ius4 ,!re 71 says ,m4 ,lacordaire1 9 ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 two solemn p]iods1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$2 ! "o at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 "u ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 be=e ! ,moors 7 expell$ f ,granada1 _! la/ asylum2 ! o!r1 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5?1 "u ,philip ,,ii41 :5 ,prote/antism ?reat5$ to propagate itself 9 ,spa94 ,! ,committee ( ! ,cortes has p]fectly di/+ui%$ ^! two epo*s2 & :ile x /igmatizes ! ,inquisition ( ,philip ,,ii41 expresses itself ) mod]ation ) respect to t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,aft] ^! words ! writ] quotes a text1 :]e x is affirm$ t ,philip ,,ii4 0 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,inquisition2 if t in/itution atta9$ 9 ! end to a high degree ( p[]1 x 0 ow+1 x says1 to ! ref9$ policy ( t pr9ce4 ,we read1 a little fur!r on1 t ,philip ,,ii4 0 ! inv5tor ( ! auto-da-f1 to t]rify h]etics2 & t ! fir/ ( ^! bloody spectacles 0 se5 at ,seville 9 #aeei4 7,mmoire p\r le rtablissem5t de l',ordre des ,frres ,pre*eurs1 *ap1 vi47 ,sett+ aside ! hi/orical mi/ake ) respect to ! auto-da-fs1 x is well kn[n t nei!r ! san-b5itos nor ! fagots 7 ! inv5tion ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,su* mi/akes easily escape a writ] :o is satisfi$ ) allud+ to a fact incid5tally2 if we br+ =w>d ?is "o1 x is because x conta9s an accusation aga9/ a mon>* to :om1 = a long "t1 too little ju/ice has be5 done4 ,philip ,,ii4 cont9u$ ! "w :i* _h be5 begun by 8 pr$ecessors2 if !y are excus$1 he ought n to be treat$ ) great] sev]ity4 ,f]d9& & ,isabella direct$ ! ,inquisition aga9/ ! apo/ate ,jews2 :y c\ld n ,philip ,,ii4 avail himself ( x aga9/ ,prote/ants8 ,b ,i %all be told he abus$ 8 "r & c>ri$ rigor to excess4 ,c]ta9ly !re 0 n m indulg5ce 9 ! times ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,are ! num]\s executions at ,seville & o!r places =gott58 ,or :at ,m>iana says 9 8 hi/ory1 & ! public measures tak5 by ! ,popes = ! purpose ( *eck+ ! excessive sev]ity8 ,! words quot$ aga9/ ,philip ,,ii4 are tak5 f ! "w call$ ,la ,inquicitin s9 mascura 7! ,inquisition unveil$17 publi%$ 9 ,spa9 9 #ahaa4 ,we may judge ( ! value ( ?is au?ority1 :5 we "k t ! au?or ( ! book 0 di/+ui%$ till 8 dea? by a deep hatr$ to ! ,spani% k+s4 ,! book be>s ! "n ( ,na?anael ,jomtob2 b ! real au?or is a well-kn[n ,spani>d1 :o1 9 8 latt] writ+s1 seems to h und]tak5 to av5ge1 by 8 unb\nd$ exagg]ations & furi\s invectives1 all t he _h previ\sly attack$2 a writ] :o assails1 ) an intol]able p>tiality1 all t pres5ts itself be=e him--religion1 c\ntry1 classes ( society1 individuals1 & op9ions--insult+ & te>+ to pieces all1 z if he _h be5 seiz$ ) a sally ( passion1 & n ev5 sp>+ ! m5 ( 8 own p>ty4 ,is x1 !n1 surpris+ t ?is writ] reg>d$ ,philip ,,ii4 z ,prote/ants & philosoph]s d1 t is1 z a mon>* plac$ on ! e>? = ! disgrace & mis=tune ( humanity1--a mon/] ( ,ma*iavellianism1 anxi\s to diffuse d>kness1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 himself 9 safety 9 8 cruelty & p]fidy8 ,i w n und]take to ju/ify1 on all po9ts1 ! policy ( ,philip ,,ii42 ,i w n d5y t !re are exagg]ations 9 ! eulogiums :i* "s ,spani% writ]s h giv5 to t pr9ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d\bt$1 t ,prote/ants & ! political enemies ( ,philip ,,ii4 h ev] be5 c>eful to d5\nce him4 ,& d y "k :y ,prote/ants h done ?is8 ,x is because x 0 he :o prev5t$ ,prote/antism f p5etrat+ into ,spa92 x 0 he :o1 at t p]iod ( agitation1 ma9ta9$ ! cause ( ,ca?olicity4 ,let u set aside ! great ev5ts ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 ( :i* ea* "o w judge z he pleases2 let u limit ourselves to ,spa94 ,we d n fe> to ass]t1 t ! introduction ( ,prote/antism into t c\ntry 0 imm95t & inevitable )\t ! sy/em :i* he pursu$4 ,:e!r ,philip us$ ! ,inquisition = political purposes1 9 c]ta9 cases1 is n ! "q we h to exam9e "h2 b at lea/ x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t x 0 n a m]e in/rum5t ( ambiti\s projects2 x 0 an in/itution /r5g!n$ & ma9ta9$ 9 pres5ce ( an imm95t dang]4 ,x appe>s1 f ! proce$+s ( ! ,inquisition at ?is "t1 t ,prote/antism began to spread 9 an incr$ible mann] 9 ,spa92 em95t ecclesia/ics1 monks1 nuns1 secul>s ( di/9ction1 9 a ^w1 individuals ( ! mo/ influ5tial classes1 7 atta*$ to ! new errors4 ,c\ld ! ef=ts ( ,prote/ants to introduce _! cre$ into ,spa9 rema9 altoge!r unproductive1 :5 !y employ$ e /ratagem 9 _! ardor to introduce _! books8 ,!y w5t s f> z to place _! prohibit$ writ+s 9 casks ( ,*ampagne & ,burgundy w9e1 ) s mu* art z to deceive ! cu/om-h\se m53 ?us wrote ! ,spani% ,ambassador at ,p>is4 ,to p]ceive ! :ole dang]1 x is en\gh to obs]ve ) att5tion ! /ate ( m9ds 9 ,spa9 at ?is "t2 besides1 inconte/able facts come 9 support ( conjectures4 ,! ,prote/ants1 tak+ great c>e to declaim aga9/ abuses1 repres5t$ !mselves z re=m]s1 & labor$ to draw to _! side all :o 7 animat$ by an ard5t desire = re=m4 ,?is desire = re=m _h exi/$ = a long "t 9 ! ,*ur*2 b ) "s x 0 inspir$ by bad int5tions2 9 o!r words1 ! speci\s "n ( re=m conceal$ ! real int5tion ( _m1 :i* 0 to de/roy4 ,at ! same "t1 ) "s s9c]e ,ca?olics1 ?is desire1 al?\gh pure 9 pr9ciple1 w5t to imprud5t zeal1 & rea*$ an ill-regulat$ ardor4 ,x is probable t su* zeal1 c>ri$ to too great an ext5t1 01 ) _m1 *ang$ into acrimony2 !nce a c]ta9 facility 9 receiv+ ! insidi\s sugge/ions ( ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,_m p :o _h begun ) indiscreet zeal1 p]haps fell into exagg]ation1 !n into bitt]ness1 & f9ally into h]esy4 ,spa9 0 n exempt f ?is disposition ( m9d1 f :5ce ! c\rse ( ev5ts might h drawn v bitt] results1 if ,prote/antism _h obta9$ any foot+ on our soil4 ,we "k t ! ,spani>ds at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! re=m+ zeal1 & _! boldness 9 express+ _! op9ions4 ,let u rem>k1 moreov]1 t religi\s discord be+ once introduc$ into a c\ntry1 m9ds are excit$ by disputes1 !y are irritat$ by frequ5t %ocks1 & x sometimes happ5s t respectable m5 precipitate !mselves into excesses :i* !y w\ld h abhorr$ a %ort "t be=e4 ,x is difficult to say ) precision :at w\ld h happ5$ if ! rigor _h be5 at all relax$ on ?is po9t4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t1 :5 read+ "s passages ( ,luis ,vives1 ( ,arias ,montanus1 ( ,c>ranza1 & ( ! consultation ( ,mel*ior ,cano1 we c fancy we f9d1 at ! bottom ( _! m9ds1 a sort ( disquietude & agitation1 :i* may be/ be comp>$ to ^? heavy murmur+s :i* ann\nce f af> ! comm5cem5t ( a tempe/4 ,! fam\s trial ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 ,fray ,b>tolom de ,c>ranza1 is "o ( ! facts :i* are mo/ frequ5tly cit$ to %[ ! arbitr>y nature ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition4 ,we c]ta9ly _c see )\t emotion1 %ut up 9 prison = _m ye>s1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 9 ,europe1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 honor$ ) ! intimate confid5ce ( ,philip ,,ii4 & ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 alli$ 9 fri5d%ip ) ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( ! "t1 & kn[n to all ,*ri/5dom by ! brilliant "p :i* he _h play$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t4 ,! process la/$ sev5te5 ye>s2 & al?\gh ! cause 0 c>ri$ to ,rome1 :]e ! ,ar*bi%op mu/ h f\nd p[]ful fri5ds1 a decl>ation ( innoc5ce 9 8 favor c\ld n be obta9$4 ,)\t /ay+ to notice ! _m incid5ts ( a cause s long & s complicat$1 )\t insi/+ on ! m or less reason :i* ! disc\rses & writ+s ( ,c>ranza may h af=d$ = suspicions aga9/ 8 fai?1 ,i am q c]ta91 9 my own m9d1 t1 9 8 own consci5ce & be=e ,god1 he 0 p]fectly innoc5t4 ,"h is a pro( t places my op9ion beyond a d\bt4 ,a %ort "t aft] ! judgm5t 0 giv51 he fell ill2 8 malady 0 suppos$ to be mortal1 & ! sacram5ts 7 adm9i/]$ to him4 ,at ! mom5t ( receiv+ ! ,viaticum1 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge conc\rse1 he decl>$1 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]1 t he _h nev] left ! ,ca?olic fai?1 t 8 consci5ce acquitt$ him ( all ! accusations made aga9/ him2 & he confirm$ 8 decl>ation by call+ to witness ,god1 9 ^: pres5ce he 01 :om he 0 ab\t to receive "u ! mo/ sacr$ species1 & be=e ^: awful tribunal he 0 9 a few mom5ts to appe>4 ,?is pa!tic act drew te>s f all pres5t2 all suspicions aga9/ him 7 dissipat$ z by a brea?1 & a new sympa?y 0 add$ to t :i* 8 cont9u$ mis=tunes _h excit$4 ,! ,sov]eign ,pontiff did n d\bt ! s9c]ity ( ! decl>ation1 z a magnific5t epitaph 0 plac$ ^u 8 tomb1 :i* c]ta9ly w\ld n h be5 all[$ if !re _h be5 ! lea/ d\bt ( x4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld be ra% to refuse to believe a decl>ation s explicit f ! m\? ( su* a man z ,c>ranza1 expir+1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,aft] hav+ paid ?is tribute to ! k1 virtues1 & mis=tunes ( ,c>ranza1 x rema9s = u to exam9e :e!r1 :atev] may h be5 ! purity ( 8 consci5ce1 x c be ju/ly said t 8 trial 0 a p]fidi\s intrigue1 c>ri$ on by envy & hatr$4 ,?is is n ! place to exam9e ! imm5se proc$ure 9 ?is case2 b s9ce allusion has be5 made to x to condemn ,philip ,,ii4 & ! adv]s>ies ( ,c>ranza1 ,i wi%1 9 my turn1 to make "s obs]vations1 to endeavor to place ! affair 9 its prop] light4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 is x n a/oni%+ t a trial devoid ( all f\ndation %\ld h _h s extraord9>y a duration8 ,at lea/ !re mu/ h be5 "s appe>ance ( x4 ,besides1 if ! cause _h be5 decid$ 9 ,spa91 ! l5g? ( ! trial might n h be5 s extraord9>y4 ,b x 0 n s2 ! cause rema9$ p5d+ 9 ,rome _m ye>s4 ,7 ! judges s bl9d or s wick$ t !y c\ld n discov] ! calumny1 or t !y want$ ! virtue to de/roy x1 suppos+ x to h be5 z cle> & evid5t z x has be5 pret5d$8 ,x may be repli$ to ?is1 t ! intrigues ( ,philip ,,ii41 :o 0 det]m9$ on ! de/ruction ( ! ,ar*bi%op1 prev5t$ ! tru? f appe>+2 9 pro( ( ?is ass]tion1 h we n ! difficulties :i* ! k+ made to all[ ! prison] to be transf]r$ to ,rome8 ,x 0 necess>y1 x is said1 = ,pius ,v4 to effect ?is by ! ?reat ( excommunication4 ,i w n d5y t ,philip ,,ii4 attempt$ to aggravate ! situation ( ! ,ar*bi%op1 & wi%$ = a s5t5ce little favorable to ! illu/ri\s accus$4 ,yet1 be=e decid+ t ! conduct ( ! k+ 0 crim9al1 we mu/ "k :e!r he act$ ?us f p]sonal res5tm5t1 f conviction1 or f ! suspicion t ! ,ar*bi%op incl9$ t[>ds ,lu!ranism4 ,c>ranza1 be=e 8 disgrace1 0 highly favor$ & e/eem$ by ,philip1 z appe>s f ! missions :i* 7 confid$ to him 9 ,engl&1 & f 8 elevation to ! fir/ ecclesia/ical dignity 9 ,spa94 ,h[1 !n1 c we presume t s mu* good-w 0 conv]t$ on a sudd5 into p]sonal & viol5t hatr$8 ,is x n1 at lea/1 necess>y t hi/ory %\ld af=d a fact 9 support ( ?is conjecture8 ,n[1 ,i f9d ?is n[h]e 9 hi/ory1 nor am ,i aw>e t o!rs h done s4 ,if ,philip took s decid$ a "p aga9/ ! ,ar*bi%op1 x 0 evid5tly because he believ$1 or /rongly suspect$ him ( be+ h]etical4 ,9 t case1 ,philip may h be5 ra%1 imprud5t--all t y please2 b x _c be said t1 9 ! pursuit1 he 0 mov$ by ! _s ( v5geance1 or by l[ animosity4 ,o!r m5 ( ! "t 7 equally accus$4 ,among ! re/1 ,mel*ior ,cano4 ,c>ranza himself seem$ to be suspici\s2 he bitt]ly compla9$ t ,mel*ior ,cano _h v5tur$ to say t ! ,ar*bi%op 0 z h]etical z ,lu!r4 ,b ,salaz> de ,m5doza1 :5 relat+ ! fact 9 ! life ( ,c>ranza1 ass]ts t ,cano1 he>+ ?is1 op5ly d5i$ x1 say+1 t he _h said no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,inde$1 ! m9d is easily incl9$ to believe him2 m5 ) intellects z favor$ z 81 h1 9 _! own dignity1 too p[]ful a pres]vative aga9/ bas5ess1 to all[ !m to be suspect$ ( play+ ! infam\s "p ( calumniators4 ,i d n believe t x is necess>y to seek = ! cause ( ! mis=tunes ( ,c>ranza 9 private hatr$ or jeal\sy2 x is f\nd 9 ! critical circum/ances ( ! "t1 & 9 ! "* ( ?is illu/ri\s man himself4 ,! grave symptoms :i* produc$ al>m le/ ,prote/antism might make proselytes 9 ,spa92 ! ef=ts ( ! ,prote/ants to introduce _! books & emiss>ies !re2 ! exp]i5ce ( :at happ5$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! k+dom ( ,france1 creat$ s mu* dread 9 m5's m9ds1 r5d]$ !m s fe>ful & mi/ru/ful1 t ! lea/ suspicion ( error1 above all1 9 p]sons elevat$ 9 dignity or di/+ui%$ = _! k1 occasion$ disquietude & appreh5sion4 ,we are aw>e ( ! hot disputes :i* took place ) respect to ! ,polyglot ( ,antw]p & ,arias ,montanus1 & we are n ignorant ( ! suff]+s ( ! fam\s ,fray ,luis de ,leon1 & "s o!r illu/ri\s m5 ( t "t4 ,ano!r conjuncture :i* contribut$ to pu% ?+s to extremes 01 ! political situation ( ,spa9 ) respect to /rang]s4 ,! ,spani% mon>*y _h too _m enemies & rivals = h] n to h reason to fe> t h]esy1 9 ! h&s ( h] adv]s>ies1 w\ld become a means ( introduc+ discord & civil w> into h] bosom4 ,^! causes unit$1 naturally r5d]$ ,philip suspici\s & mi/ru/ful2 ! hatr$ ( h]esy comb9+ 9 8 m9d ) ! desire ( self-pres]vation1 he %[$ himself sev]e & inexorable ) respect to all t c\ld affect ! purity ( ! ,ca?olic fai? 9 8 empire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! "* ( ,c>ranza 0 n exactly :at 0 requir$1 9 su* critical times1 to avoid all dang]\s w&]+s4 ,we p]ceive1 9 read+ 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,cate*ism1 t he 0 a man ( acute p5etration1 ( va/ erudition1 ( pr(\nd le>n+1 ( sev]e "*1 & ( a he>t g5]\s & frank4 ,he spoke 8 ?\ghts )\t circumlocution1 )\t reg>d to ! displeasure :i* 8 words might give to ?is p]son or t4 ,:5 he believ$ t he _h discov]$ an abuse1 he po9t$ x out & condemn$ x op5ly1 :]e9 he resembl$ 8 suppos$ adv]s>y1 ,mel*ior ,cano1 9 m features ?an "o4 ,! accusations aga9/ him 9 ! trial 7 f\nd$1 n only on 8 writ+s1 b also on "s ( 8 s]mons & private conv]sations4 ,i "k n to :at ext5t he exce$$ ! j limits2 b ,i hesitate n to affirm1 t a man :o wrote 9 ! tone :i* we f9d 9 8 works1 mu/ h express$ himself viva voce ) great =ce1 & p]haps ) excessive boldness4 ,x mu/ be add$1 to speak ! :ole tru?1 t :5 treat+ ( ju/ification1 9 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,cate*ism1 he does n expla9 himself ) all ! cle>ness desirable1 & is want+ 9 ! simplicity requir$ by ! unhappy circum/ances ( ! times4 ,m5 v]s$ 9 ?is delicate matt] "k h[ delicate c]ta9 po9ts are4 ,^! po9ts 7 !n ! subject ( ! errors ( ,g]many2 & x may be easily imag9$ h[ mu* ! att5tion mu/ h be5 fix$ on ! words ( ,c>ranza1 & h[ al>m+ ! lea/ %ad[ ( ambiguity mu/ h be54 ,x is c]ta9 t1 at ,rome he 0 n acquitt$ ( all ! accusations2 he 0 compell$ to abjure a s]ies ( propositions1 ) respect to :i* he 0 judg$ liable to suspicion2 & "s p5ances 7 impos$ on him4 ,c>ranza on 8 dea?-b$ prote/$ 8 innoc5ce2 b he took c>e to decl>e t he did n reg>d ! s5t5ce ( ! ,pope z unju/4 ,! explanation ( ! enigma is ?is3 ! innoc5ce ( ! he>t is n always accompani$ by ! prud5ce ( ! lips4 ,i h dwelt ^u ?is fam\s cause because x involves consid]ations :i* /rik+ly exhibit ! _s ( ! age4 ,^! consid]ations h1 besides1 ! advantage ( %[+ ! tru? 9 its prop] light1 & prev5t e ?+ be+ expla9$ accord+ to ! wret*$ measure ( ! malice ( m54 ,!re is unhappily a t5d5cy to expla9 all 9 ?is way2 & x may be truly said1 t m5 too (t5 give a j f\ndation = x2 yet1 :5ev] !re is no evid5t necessity to d s1 we ought to ab/a9 f condemnation4 ,! picture ( ! hi/ory ( humanity is sombre en\gh 9 itself2 let u n take pleasure 9 d>k5+ x /ill m by new /a9s4 ,we (t5 call crime t :i* 0 only ignorance4 ,man is incl9$ to evil2 b he is n less subject to error1 & error is n always culpable4 ,moreov]1 ,i believe t to ,prote/ants !mselves 7 ow+ ! rigor & anxi\s mi/ru/ :i* ! ,inquisition ( ,spa9 display$ at t "t4 ,!y excit$ a religi\s revolution2 & x is a con/ant law1 t all revolutions ei!r de/roy ! p[] assail$1 or r5d] x m h>% & sev]e4 ,:at be=e 0 look$ ^u z indiff]5t1 is n[ consid]$ z suspect$2 & :at1 9 all o!r circum/ances1 w\ld only h appe>$ a fault1 is n[ reg>d$ z a crime4 ,m5 are 9 cont9ual dread ( see+ lib]ty conv]t$ into lic5ti\sness2 & z revolutions de/roy all1 :ile !y pr(ess to re=m1 :oev] v5tures to speak ( re=m1 runs ! risk ( be+ blam$ z a di/urb]4 ,ev5 prud5t conduct is /igmatiz$ z hypocritical caution2 frank & s9c]e language is t]m$ insol5ce & dang]\s sugge/ion2 res]ve is a concealm5t full ( cunn+2 ev5 sil5ce itself assumes a mean+--x becomes al>m+ dissimulation4 ,we h se5 s _m ?+s come to pass 9 our days1 t we are plac$ 9 an incomp>able situation easily to und]/& ! v>i\s phases ( ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,x is an und\bt$ fact1 t ,prote/antism produc$ a reaction 9 ,spa94 ,its errors & excesses 7 ! reason :y ! ecclesia/ical & civil p[] inf9itely re/ra9$ ! lib]ty :i* _h be5 previ\sly enjoy$ 9 all t relat$ to religion4 ,spa9 0 pres]v$ f ! ,prote/ant doctr9es1 :5 all ! probabilities 7 9 favor ( _! be+ introduc$ !re1 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,x is cle> t ?is c\ld n be obta9$ )\t extraord9>y ef=ts4 ,spa91 at t "t1 appe>s to me l a place besieg$ by a p[]ful enemy1 :]e ! lead]s cont9ually wat*$1 n only aga9/ attacks f )\t1 b also aga9/ treason f )94 ,i w confirm ^! obs]vations by an example1 :i* w s]ve = _m o!rs4 ,let u rememb] :at took place ) respect to ,bibles 9 ! vulg> tongue2 we %all !n h an idea ( :at pass$ ) relation to all ! re/1 accord+ to ! natural ord] ( ?+s4 ,i h be=e me a te/imony ( :at ,i h j said1 z respectable z x is wor?y ( int]e/--t ( ,c>ranza himself4 ,he> :at he says 9 8 prologue to 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,*ri/ian ,cate*ism3 ,be=e ! h]esies ( ,lu!r _h come f ! inf]nal regions to ! light ( ?is _w1 ,i d n "k t ! ,holy ,scriptures 9 ! vulg> tongue 7 any:]e =bidd54 ,9 ,spa91 ,bibles 7 translat$ into x by ord] ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 at ! "t :5 ! ,moors & ,jews 7 all[$ to live among ! ,*ri/ians accord+ to _! own law4 ,aft] ! expulsion ( ! ,jews f ,spa91 ! judges ( religion f\nd t "s ( ^? :o _h be5 conv]t$ to our holy fai? in/ruct$ _! *ildr5 9 ,judaism1 & taught !m ! c]emonies ( ! law ( ,moses by means ( ^? ,bibles 9 ! vulg> tongue1 :i* !y took c>e to h pr9t$ 9 ,italy1 9 ! t[n ( ,f]r>a4 ,?is is ! real cause :y ,bibles 9 ! vulg> tongue 7 =bidd5 9 ,spa92 b ! possession & read+ ( !m 7 always all[$ to colleges & mona/]ies1 z well z to p]sons ( di/9ction above all suspicion4 ,c>ranza cont9ues to give1 9 a few words1 ! hi/ory ( ^! prohibitions 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & o!r c\ntries2 !n he adds3 ,9 ,spa91 :i* 01 & /ill is1 by ! grace & goodness ( ,god1 pure f ! cockle1 c>e 0 tak5 to =bid g5]ally all ! translations ( ! ,scriptures 9 ! vulg> tongue1 9 ord] to prev5t /rang]s hav+ an opportunity ( hold+ controv]sy ) simple & ignorant p]sons1 & also because !y _h1 & /ill h1 exp]i5ce ( c]ta9 p>ticul> cases1 & ( ! errors :i* began to arise 9 ,spa9 f ! ill-und]/ood read+ ( c]ta9 passages ( ! ,bible4 ,:at ,i h j /at$ is ! real hi/ory ( :at took place2 ?is is :y ! ,bible 9 ! vulg> tongue 0 prohibit$4 ,?is curi\s passage ( ,c>ranza %[s u1 9 a few words1 ! progress ( ?+s4 ,at fir/ !re 0 no prohibition2 b ! abuse committ$ by ! ,jews provok$ "o1 al?\gh /ill conf9$1 z we h j se51 )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,aft]w>ds came ! ,prote/ants1 upsett+ all ,europe by means ( _! ,bibles2 ,spa9 is ?reat5$ ) ! introduction ( ! new errors2 x is discov]$ t "s p]sons h be5 misl$ by ! false int]pretation ( c]ta9 passages ( ! ,bible2 !y are compell$ to take away ?is weapon f ^! /rang]s1 :o attempt to use x to s$uce simple p3 f t "t ! prohibition becomes rigor\s & g5]al4 ,to return to ,philip ,,ii41 let u n =get t ?is mon>* 0 "o ( ! firme/ def5d]s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 & t 9 him 0 p]sonifi$ ! policy ( ! fai?ful ages1 amid ! v]tigo :i*1 "u ! impulse ( ,prote/antism1 _h tak5 possession ( ,european policy4 ,if ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 amid ^! great p]turbations1 c\ld reckon on a p[]ful protection f ! pr9ces ( ! e>?1 x 0 9 great measure ow+ to ,philip ,,ii4 ,?is age 0 critical & decisive 9 ,europe4 ,if x is true t he 0 un=tunate 9 ,fl&]s1 x is n less und\bt$ t 8 p[] & ability af=d$ a c\nt]poise to ! ,prote/ant p[]1 :i* prev5t$ x mak+ itself ma/] ( ,europe4 ,ev5 suppos+ t ! ef=ts ( ,philip _h only ! result ( ga9+ "t1 by break+ ! fir/ %ock ( ! ,prote/ant policy1 ?is 0 n a slight s]vice r5d]$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 !n attack$ on s _m sides4 ,:at w\ld h happ5$ to ,europe1 if ,prote/antism _h be5 introduc$ into ,spa9 z into ,france8 if ! ,hugu5ots _h be5 able to c\nt on ! assi/ance ( ! ,p59sula8 ,& :at w\ld h happ5$ 9 ,italy1 if %e _h n be5 held 9 respect by ! p[] ( ,philip8 ,w\ld n ! sect>ies ( ,g]many h succe$$ 9 introduc+ _! errors !re8 ,"h ,i appeal to all m5 :o are acqua9t$ ) hi/ory1 :e!r1 if ,philip _h ab&on$ 8 mu*-decri$ policy1 ! ,ca?olic religion w\ld n h run ! risk ( f9d+ itself1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "u ! h>d necessity ( exi/+ only z a tol]at$ religion 9 ! g5]ality ( ! k+doms ( ,europe8 ,n[1 we "k :at ?is tol]ation is wor? to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ,engl& has told u = c5turies2 ,prussia %[s u at ?is mom5t1 & ,russia adds h] te/imony 9 a mann] /ill m lam5table4 ,su* is ! po9t ( view 9 :i* we mu/ consid] ,philip ,,ii4 ,"o is =c$ to all[ t1 consid]$ 9 ?is way1 t pr9ce is a great hi/orical p]sonage1--"o ( ^? :o h left ! deepe/ m>ks on ! policy ( ! age :i* foll[$1--"o ( ^? :o ex]t ! greate/ influ5ce aft] !m on ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,spani>ds1 :o ana!matize ! f\nd] ( ! ,escurial1 h y1 !n1 =gott5 our hi/ory1 or d y e/eem x ( no value8 ,d y /igmatize him z an odi\s tyrant8 ,d y n "k t1 9 d5y+ 8 glory1 9 cov]+ x ) ignom9y1 y efface a feature ( y\r own glory1 & ?r[ into ! mud ! diadem :i* encircl$ ! br[s ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella8 ,if y _c p>don ,philip ,,ii4 = hav+ su/a9$ ! ,inquisition1--if t reason alone obliges y to load 8 "n ) execration1 d ! same ) 8 illu/ri\s fa!r1 ,*>les ,v42 &1 go+ back to ,isabella ( ,ca/ille1 write also on ! li/ ( ! tyrants & sc\rges ( humanity t "n :i* 0 v5]at$ by bo? worlds1 & :i* is ! emblem ( ! glory & p[] ( ! ,spani% mon>*y4 ,!y all took "p 9 ! fact :i* excites y\r indignation2 d n curse "s1 :ile y lavi% hypocritical indulg5ce on ! o!rs4 ,if t indulg5ce is f\nd 9 y\r words1 x is t ! feel+ ( nationality :i* beats 9 y\r bosom compels y to p>tiality--to inconsi/5cy2 y recoil :5 y are ab\t to efface ! glories ( ,spa9 ) a /roke ( ! p5--to )] all h] laurels--to d5y y\r c\ntry4 ,we h no?+ left1 un=tunately1 b great recollections2 let u at lea/ avoid despis+ !m3 ^! recollections are1 9 a nation1 l ! titles ( anci5t nobility 9 a fall5 family2 !y raise ! m9d1 !y =tify ! s\l 9 adv]sity2 &1 n\ri%+ hope 9 ! bottom ( ! he>t1 !y s]ve to prep>e :at is to come4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ! introduction ( ,prote/antism into ,spa9 w\ld h be51 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 civil w>2 & ?is w> w\ld h be5 m fatal to u ?an to o!r p1 because ! circum/ances 7 mu* m critical = u4 ,! unity ( ! ,spani% mon>*y c\ld n h resi/$ ! %ocks & di/urbances ( inte/9e diss5sion2 ! diff]5t p>ts 7 s het]og5e\s among !mselves1 & 7 s slightly unit$1 t ! lea/ bl[ w\ld h p>t$ !m4 ,! laws & mann]s ( ! k+doms ( ,nav>re & ,aragon 7 v diff]5t f ^? ( ,ca/ille2 a lively feel+ ( indep5d5ce1 support$ by frequ5t meet+s ( _! own ,cortes1 0 kept alive 9 ! he>ts ( ^? unconqu]$ nations2 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h avail$ !mselves ( ! fir/ opportunity to %ake (f a yoke :i* 0 n pleas+ to !m4 ,moreov]1 9 ! o!r prov9ces1 factions 7 n want+ to di/ract ! c\ntry4 ,! mon>*y w\ld h be5 mis]ably divid$ at a "t :5 x 0 necess>y to make head 9 ! affairs ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,! ,moors 7 /ill 9 sight ( our coa/s2 ! ,jews _h n _h "t to =get ,spa93 c]ta9ly bo? w\ld h avail$ !mselves ( ! conjuncture to raise !mselves by means ( our discords4 ,on ! policy ( ,philip dep5d$ n only ! tranquillity1 b p]haps ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,spani% mon>*y4 ,he is n[ accus$ ( hav+ be5 a tyrant2 if he _h pursu$ ano!r c\rse1 he w\ld h be5 tax$ ) incapacity & weakness4 ,"o ( ! mo/ unju/ attacks ( ! enemies ( religion aga9/ h] fri5ds is1 to attribute bad fai? to !m1 to accuse !m ( hav+ 9 e ?+ false int5tions1 tortu\s & int]e/$ views4 ,:5 !y speak ( ! ,ma*iavellianism ( ,philip ,,ii41 !y suppose t ! ,inquisition1 :ile app>5tly only religi\s 9 its object1 01 9 reality1 an ob$i5t in/rum5t ( policy 9 ! h&s ( a crafty mon>*4 ,no?+ is m speci\s to ! man 9 ^: eyes hi/ory is only a matt] = piquant & malici\s obs]vations2 b no?+ is m false accord+ to facts4 ,"s p1 see+ 9 ! ,inquisition an extraord9>y tribunal1 h n be5 able to imag9e ! exi/5ce ( t exceptional tribunal1 )\t suppos+1 9 ! mon>* :o su/a9$ & enc\rag$ x1 pr(\nd reasons1 & views c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an appe>s on ! surface ( ?+s4 ,!y h n be5 will+ to see t an epo* has its _s1 its own mann] ( reg>d+ ?+s1 its own sy/em ( action1 bo? 9 do+ good & 9 prev5t+ evil4 ,dur+ ^? times1 :5 all ! nations ( ,europe appeal$ to fire & sword to decide que/ions ( religion1 :5 ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics burnt _! adv]s>ies1 :5 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many assi/$ at ! bloodie/ sc5es1 to br+ a h]etic to ! scaffold 0 a natural & cu/om>y ?+1 :i* gave no %ock to prevail+ ideas4 ,we feel our hair gr[ /iff on our heads at ! m]e idea ( burn+ a man alive4 ,plac$ 9 society :]e ! religi\s s5tim5t is consid]ably dim9i%$2 accu/om$ to live among m5 :o h a diff]5t religion1 & sometimes none at all2 we _c br+ ourselves to believe t x c\ld be at t "t q an ord9>y ?+ to see h]etics or ! impi\s l$ to puni%m5t4 ,b1 if we read ! au?ors ( ! "t1 we %all see ! imm5se diff]5ce on ?is po9t betwe5 _! mann]s & ours2 & we %all rem>k1 t our language ( mod]ation & tol]ation w\ld n ev5 h be5 und]/ood by ! man ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,d y "k :at ,c>ranza himself1 :o suff]$ s mu* f ! ,inquisition1 ?\ght ( ?is matt]8 ,e "t t he has occasion to t\* on ?is po9t 9 ! "w :i* ,i h quot$1 he expresses ! ideas ( 8 "t1 )\t ev5 /ay+ to prove !m2 he gives !m z und\bt$ pr9ciples4 ,9 ,engl&1 ) ,que5 ,m>y1 he did n fe> to express 8 op9ions z to ! rigor ) :i* h]etics ought to be treat$2 & he 0 c]ta9ly f> f suspect+ t 8 "n w\ld "o day be made use ( to attack ?is intol]ance4 ,k+s & peoples1 ecclesia/ics & secul>s1 7 all agre$ on ?is po9t4 ,:at w\ld be said n[-a-days ( a k+ :o w\ld c>ry ) 8 own h&s ! wood to burn h]etics1 & w\ld condemn blasphem]s to h _! tongues pi]c$ ) a hot iron8 ,n[1 ! fir/ ( ^! ?+s is relat$ ( ,/4 ,f]d9&1 & we "k t ! second 0 done by ,/4 ,l\is4 ,we n[ exclaim 9 see+ ,philip ,,ii4 assi/+ at an auto-da-f2 b1 if we consid] t ! c\rt1 ! great m51 all t 0 mo/ select 9 society1 surr\nd$ ! k+ on ^! occasions1 we %all und]/& t1 if ?is spectacle is horrible & intol]able to u1 x 0 n s 9 ! eyes ( ^? m51 widely diff]5t f u 9 ideas & feel+s4 ,& let x n be said t !y 7 =c$ !re by ! w ( ! mon>*1--t !y 7 compell$ to obey3 ?is 0 n ! effect ( ! mon>*'s w2 x 0 only a consequ5ce ( ! _s ( ! age4 ,no mon>* w\ld h be5 suffici5tly p[]ful to p]=m su* a c]emony1 if ! _s ( ! age _h be5 oppos$ to x2 besides1 no mon>* is s h>d & ins5sible z n to feel ! influ5ce ( ! times 9 :i* he lives4 ,suppose ! mo/ absolute despot ( our "t1 ,napoleon1 at ! height ( 8 p[]1 or ! pres5t ,emp]or ( ,russia1 & see :e!r !y c\ld ?us violate ! mann]s ( ! age4 ,an anecdote is relat$ :i* is little adapt$ to confirm ! op9ion ( ^? :o ass]t t ! ,inquisition 0 a political in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ,philip4 ,z x pa9ts 9 a curi\s & int]e/+ mann] ! cu/oms & ideas ( ! age1 ,i w ins]t x "h4 ,philip ,,ii4 held 8 c\rt at ,madrid2 a c]ta9 prea*]1 9 a s]mon deliv]$ 9 pres5ce ( ! k+1 advanc$1 t sov]eigns _h an absolute p[] ov] ! p]sons z well z ov] ! prop]ty ( _! subjects4 ,! proposition 0 n ( a nature to displease a k+2 ! prea*] at "o bl[ reliev$ k+s f all control ov] ! ex]cise ( _! p[]4 ,n[1 x seems t at t "t all m5 7 n 9 su* abject subjection to despotic control z we h be5 l$ to believe2 "s "o 0 f\nd to d5\nce to ! ,inquisition ! words 9 :i* ! prea*] _h n be5 a%am$ to flatt] ! absolute p[] ( k+s4 ,surely ! orator _h *os5 a secure asylum2 & our read]s may well suppose t ?is d5unciation com+ into collision ) ! p[] ( ,philip1 ! ,inquisition w\ld h ma9ta9$ a prud5t sil5ce4 ,yet x 0 n s3 ! ,inquisition made an inquiry1 f\nd ! proposition contr>y to s\nd doctr9e1 & ! prea*]1 :o 0 p]haps f> f expect+ su* a rew>d1 _h div]s p5ances impos$ on him1 & 0 condemn$ to retract publicly 8 proposition 9 ! same place :]e he _h made x4 ,! retractation took place ) all ! c]emonies ( a juridical proce$+2 ! prea*] decl>$ t he retract$ 8 proposition z errone\s2 he expla9$ ! reasons by read+1 z he _h be5 direct$1 ! foll[+ words1 well wor?y ( rem>k3 ,inde$1 messieurs1 k+s h no o!r p[] ov] _! subjects ?an t :i* is giv5 to !m by ! div9e & human law2 !y h none proce$+ f _! own free & absolute w4 ,?is is relat$ by ,d4 ,antonio ,p]ez1 z may be se5 at l5g? 9 ! note :i* corresponds to ! pres5t *apt]4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t he 0 n a fanatical p>tisan ( ! ,inquisition4 ,?is took place at ! "t :i* "s p]sons nev] m5tion )\t /igmatiz+ x ) ! words obscurantism1 tyranny1 & sup]/ition4 ,yet ,i d\bt :e!r1 at a "t ne>] to u--t1 = example1 :5 x is ass]t$ t light & lib]ty dawn$ on ,spa9 "u ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iii4--a public & solemn condemnation ( despotism w\ld h be5 c>ri$ s f>4 ,?is condemnation1 at ! "t ( ,philip ,,ii41 did z mu* honor to ! tribunal :i* ord]$ x z to ! mon>* :o cons5t$ to x4 ,) respect to k1 x is a calumny to say t a design 0 =m$ to ma9ta9 & p]petuate ignorance4 ,c]ta9ly ! conduct ( ,philip does n indicate su* a design1 :5 we see ?is pr9ce1 n cont5t ) favor+ ! great ent]prise ( ! ,polyglot ( ,antw]p1 recomm5d+ to ,arias ,montanus to devote to ! pur*ase ( *os5 works1 pr9t$ or manuscript1 ! money :i* w\ld rev]t to ! pr9t] ,plant9us1 to :om ! k+ _h advanc$ a l>ge sum to aid 9 ! ent]prise4 ,?is *os5 collection 0 to be plac$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! mona/]y ( ! ,escurial1 :i* 0 !n built4 ,! k+ _h also *>g$ ,don ,francis de ,alaba1 8 ambassador 9 ,france1 to collect 9 t k+dom ! be/ books :i* x 0 possible = him to procure1 z he himself says 9 8 lett] to ,arias ,montanus4 ,no2 ! hi/ory ( ,spa91 ) respect to intol]ance 9 religi\s matt]s1 is n s black z x has be5 repres5t$4 ,:5 =eign]s reproa* u ) cruelty1 we w reply t1 :5 ,europe 0 /a9$ ) blood by civil w>s1 ,spa9 0 at peace4 ,z to ! numb] ( p]sons :o p]i%$ on ! scaffold or di$ 9 exile1 we *all5ge ! two nations :o claim to be at ! head ( civilization1 ,france & ,engl&1 to %[ u _! /ati/ics on t subject at ! same "t1 & to comp>e !m ) ours3 we d n fe> ! comp>ison4 ,9 proportion z ! dang] ( ! introduction ( ,prote/antism into ,spa9 dim9i%$1 s did ! rigor ( ! ,inquisition4 ,we may obs]ve1 moreov]1 t ! proc$ure ( t tribunal always became mild]1 9 accordance ) ! _s ( crim9al legislation 9 ! o!r c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,?us we see ! auto-da-f becom+ m r>e z we approa* our own times1 s t1 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! ,inquisition 0 only a %ad[ ( :at x _h be54 ,x is useless to insi/ on ?is po9t1 :i* nobody d5ies1 & on :i* we are 9 unison ) ! mo/ ard5t enemies ( t tribunal2 & ?is x is :i*1 9 our eyes1 proves1 9 ! mo/ conv9c+ mann]1 t we mu/ seek 9 ! ideas & mann]s ( ! "t1 :at p h attempt$ to f9d 9 ! cruelty1 9 ! wick$ness1 or 9 ! ambition ( m54 ,if ! doctr9es ( ^? :o plead = ! abolition ( ! puni%m5t ( dea? are c>ri$ into effect1 po/]ity1 :5 read+ ! executions ( our "t1 w be seiz$ ) ! same horror ) :i* we view ! puni%m5t ( times pa/1 & ! gibbet & ! guillot9e w figure 9 ! same rank z ! anci5t ,quemad]os4#bf ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,!mselves4 ,religi\s in/itutions are ano!r ( ^? po9ts :]eon ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicity are 9 complete opposition to ea* o!r3 ! fir/ abhors1 ! second loves !m2 ! "o de/roys !m1 ! o!r e/abli%es & enc\rages !m4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ,prote/antism1 :5ev] x is introduc$1 is to attack religi\s in/itutions by its doctr9es & its acts2 x labors to de/roy !m imm$iately2 "o w\ld say t ! pret5d$ ,re=mation _c behold )\t irritation ^? holy abodes1 :i* cont9ually rem9d x ( ! ignom9i\s apo/acy ( its f\nd]4 ,religi\s v[s1 especially t ( *a/ity1 h be5 ! subject ( ! mo/ cruel invectives on ! "p ( ,prote/ants2 b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t :at is said n[1 & :at has be5 repeat$ = ?ree c5turies1 is only ! e*o ( ! fir/ voice :i* 0 rais$ 9 ,g]many2 & :at 0 t voice8 ,x 0 ! voice ( a monk )\t mode/y1 :o p5etrat$ into ! sanctu>y & c>ri$ away a victim4 ,all ! pomp ( le>n+ employ$ to combat a sacr$ dogma is insuffici5t to hide s impure an orig94 ,?r\gh ! excitem5t ( ! false prophet we p]ceive ! impure flames :i* dev\r 8 he>t4 ,let u obs]ve 9 pass+1 t ! same ?+ took place ) respect to ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy4 ,prote/ants1 f ! beg9n+1 c\ld n endure ?is2 !y ?rew (f ! mask1 & condemn$ x )\t disguise2 !y attempt$ to combat x ) a c]ta9 o/5tation ( le>n+2 b1 at ! bottom ( all _! declamation1 :at d we f9d8 ,! clamor ( a prie/ :o has =gott5 8 duty2 :o /rives aga9/ ! remorse ( 8 consci5ce1 & endeavors to hide 8 %ame by dim9i%+ ! horror ( ! sc&al by ! allegations ( falsehood4 ,if su* conduct _h be5 pursu$ by ! ,ca?olics1 all ! arms ( ridicule w\ld h be5 employ$ to cov] !m ) contempt1 to /amp x1 z x des]ves1 ) ! br& ( infamy2 b x 0 a man :o decl>$ deadly w> aga9/ ,ca?olicity3 t 0 en\gh to turn away ! contempt ( philosoph]s1 & f9d indulg5ce = ! declamation ( a monk ^: fir/ argum5t aga9/ celibacy 01 to pr(ane 8 v[s & consummate a sacrilege4 ,! re/ ( ! di/urb]s ( t age imitat$ ! example ( s wor?y a ma/]4 ,all dem&$ & requir$ f ,scripture & philosophy a veil to cov] _! weakness & bas5ess4 ,j puni%m5t6 bl9dness ( ! m9d 0 ! result ( corruption ( ! he>t2 impud5ce s\ght & obta9$ ! companion%ip ( error4 ,nev] is ! m9d m vile ?an :51 to excuse a fault1 x becomes ! accomplice ( x2 !n x is n deceiv$1 b pro/itut$4 ,?is hatr$ ( religi\s in/itutions has be5 inh]it$ by philosophy f ,prote/antism4 ,?is is ! reason :y all revolutions1 excit$ & guid$ by ,prote/ants or philosoph]s1 h be5 signaliz$ by _! intol]ance t[>ds ! in/itutions !mselves1 & by _! cruelty t[>ds ^? :o belong$ to !m4 ,:at ! law c\ld n d 0 complet$ by ! dagg] & ! tor* ( ! inc5di>y4 ,:at escap$ ! cata/rophe 0 left to ! sl[ puni%m5t ( mis]y & fam9e4 ,on ?is po9t1 z well z on _m o!rs1 x is manife/ t ! infidel philosophy is ! daught] ( ! ,re=mation4 ,x is useless to seek = a m conv9c+ pro( ( ?is ?an ! p>allel ( ! hi/ories ( bo?1 9 all t relates to ! de/ruction ( religi\s in/itutions2 ! same flatt]y ( k+s1 ! same exagg]ation ( ! civil p[]1 ! same declamation aga9/ ! pret5d$ evil inflict$ on society1 ! same calumnies2 we h only to *ange ! names & ! dates4 ,& we mu/ also rem>k ?is peculi>ity1 t1 9 ?is matt]1 ! diff]5ce :i*1 app>5tly1 ought to h result$ f ! progress ( tol]ation & ! s(t5+ ( mann]s 9 rec5t times1 has sc>cely be5 felt4 ,b is x true t religi\s in/itutions are z contemptible z !y h be5 repres5t$8 is x true t !y d n ev5 des]ve att5tion1 & t all ! que/ions relat+ to !m c be solv$ by m]ely pron\nc+ ! ^w fanaticism8 ,does n ! man ( obs]vation1 ! real philosoph]1 f9d 9 !m any ?+ wor?y ( attract+ 8 att5tion8 ,x is difficult to believe t su* 0 ! nullity ( ^! in/itutions1 ^: hi/ory is s gr&1 & :i* /ill pres]ve 9 _! exi/5ce ! promise ( a great future4 ,x is difficult to believe t su* in/itutions are n wor?y ( att5tion 9 ! highe/ degree1 & t _! /udy is :olly devoid ( lively int]e/ & solid pr(it4 ,we see !m appe> at e epo* ( ,*ur* hi/ory2 _! memorials & monum5ts are f\nd e mom5t "u our feet2 !y are pres]v$ 9 ! regions ( ,asia1 9 ! s&s ( ,africa1 9 ! cities & solitudes ( ,am]ica2 9 f9e1 :51 aft] s mu* adv]sity1 we see !m m or less prosp]\s 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe1 s5d+ =? aga9 fre% %oots 9 ^? l&s :]e _! roots _h be5 ! mo/ deeply torn up1 !re naturally arises 9 ! m9d a _s ( curiosity to exam9e ?is ph5om5on1 to inquire :at is ! orig91 ! g5ius1 & ! "* ( ^! in/itutions4 ,^? :o love to desc5d into ! he>t ( philosophical que/ions discov]1 at fir/ sight1 t !re mu/ be !re an abundant m9e ( ! mo/ preci\s in=mation = ! sci5ce ( religion1 ( society1 & ( man4 ,he :o has read ! lives ( ! anci5t fa!rs ( ! des]t )\t be+ t\*$1 )\t feel+ pr(\nd admiration1 & be+ fill$ ) grave & l(ty ?\ghts2 he :o1 tread+ "u 8 feet ) indiff]5ce ! ru9s ( an anci5t abbey1 has n call$ up 9 fancy ! %ades ( ! c5obites :o liv$ & di$ !re2 he :o passes coldly ?r\gh ! corridors & cells ( conv5ts half-demoli%$1 & feels no recollections1 & n ev5 ! curiosity to exam9e1--he may close ! annals ( hi/ory1 & may cease to /udy ! beautiful & ! sublime4 ,!re exi/ = him no hi/orical ph5om5a1 no beauty1 no sublimity2 8 m9d is 9 d>kness1 8 he>t is 9 ! du/4 ,) ! int5tion ( hid+ ! intimate connection :i* subsi/s betwe5 religi\s in/itutions & religion h]self1 x has be5 said t %e c exi/ )\t !m4 ,?is is an incontrov]tible tru?1 b ab/ract & :olly useless--a b>r5 & isolat$ ass]tion1 :i* c ?r[ no light ^u sci5ce1 nor s]ve z any practical guide--an insidi\s tru?1 :i* only t5ds entirely to *ange ! :ole /ate ( ! "q1 & p]suade m5 t :5 religi\s in/itutions are conc]n$1 religion has no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,!re is "h a gross sophism1 :i* is too mu* employ$1 n only on ?is "q1 b on _m o!rs4 ,?is consi/s 9 reply+ to all difficulties by a proposition p]fectly true 9 itself1 b :i* has no?+ to d ) ! "q4 ,by ?is means1 att5tion is turn$ ano!r way2 ! palpable tru? :i* is pres5t$ to ! m9d makes m5 w&] f ! pr9cipal object1 & induces !m to take t = a solution :i* is only a di/raction4 ,) respect1 = example1 to ! support ( ! cl]gy & div9e wor%ip1 x is said1 ,temporals are altoge!r diff]5t f spirituals4 ,:5 ! m9i/]s ( religion are sy/ematically calumniat$1 ,religion1 !y say1 is "o ?+1 & h] m9i/]s are ano!r4 ,if x is wi%$ to repres5t ! conduct ( ,rome = _m c5turies z an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( inju/ice1 ( corruption1 & ( invasion ( "r1 all reply is anticipat$ by say+1 ,! supremacy ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff has no?+ to d ) ! vices ( ,popes or _! ambition4 ,reflections p]fectly j1 & tru?s palpable1 no d\bt1 :i* are v useful 9 c]ta9 cases1 b :i* writ]s ( bad fai? cunn+ly employ to conceal f ! read] ! real object !y h 9 view4 ,su* are ! juggl]s :o attract ! att5tion ( ! simple multitude on "o side1 :ile _! companions p]=m _! crim9al op]ations on ! o!r4 ,because a ?+ is n necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ano!r1 x does n foll[ t ! fir/ does n orig9ate 9 ! second1--does n f9d 9 ! _s ( ! latt] its peculi> & p]man5t exi/5ce1 & t a sy/em ( intimate & delicate relation does n subsi/ betwe5 !m4 ,! tree c subsi/ )\t fl[]s & fruits2 ^! c c]ta9ly fall )\t de/roy+ ! trunk2 b z long z ! tree %all exi/1 w x ev] cease to give pro(s ( its vigor & its beauty1 & to (f] its fl[]s to ! eye1 & its fruits to ! ta/e8 ,! /ream may con/antly fl[ 9 its cry/al b$ )\t ! gre5 m>g9 :i* embelli%es its sides2 b :ile its s\rce is n dri$ up--z long z ! f]tiliz+ wat] p5etrates ! gr\nd1 c its favor$ banks rema9 dry1 b>r51 )\t color & ornam5t8 ,let u apply ^! images to our subject4 ,x is c]ta9 t religion c exi/ )\t religi\s communities1 & t _! ru9 does n necess>ily entail t ( religion h]self4 ,m ?an once x has be5 se5 t 9 c\ntries :]e religi\s in/itutions h be5 de/roy$1 ! ,ca?olic fai? has be5 long pres]v$4 ,b x is n less c]ta91 t !re is a necess>y dep5d5ce betwe5 !m & religion2 t is1 t %e has giv5 be+ to !m1 t %e animates !m ) h] _s1 & n\ri%es !m ) h] sub/ance3 ?is is ! reason :y !y imm$iately g]m9ate :]ev] ! ,ca?olic fai? takes root2 & if !y h be5 driv5 f a c\ntry :]e %e cont9ues to exi/1 !y w reappe>4 ,)\t allud+ to ! examples ( o!r c\ntries1 d we n see ?is ph5om5on take place 9 ,france 9 a rem>kable mann]8 ,! numb] ( conv5ts ( m5 & wom5 :i* are aga9 e/abli%$ on ! ,fr5* soil is already v consid]able4 ,:o w\ld h told ! m5 ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 ! ,legislative ,assembly1 ! ,conv5tion1 t half a c5tury %\ld n elapse )\t see+ religi\s in/itutions reappe> & fl\ri% 9 ,france1 9 spite ( all _! ef=ts to de/roy ev5 _! memory8 ,if t happ51 !y w\ld h said1 x w be because ! revolution :i* we are mak+ w n be all[$ to triumph--because ,europe w h aga9 impos$ despotism ^u u2 !n1 & !n only1 w be witness$ 9 ,france--9 ,p>is--9 ?is capital ( ! ,*ri/ian _w--! re-e/abli%m5t ( religi\s in/itutions1 t legacy ( fanaticism & sup]/ition1 transmitt$ to u by ! ideas & mann]s ( an age :i* has pass$ away1 nev] to return4 ,s5seless m56 y\r revolution has triumph$2 y h conqu]$ ,europe2 ! old pr9ciples ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y h be5 eras$ f legislation1 in/itutions1 & mann]s2 ! g5ius ( w> has l$ y\r doctr9es 9 triumph ov] ,europe1 & !y 7 gild$ by ! rays ( y\r glory4 ,y\r pr9ciples1 all y\r recollections h aga9 triumph$ at a rec5t p]iod2 !y /ill live 9 all _! =ce & pride1 p]sonifi$ 9 "s m5 :o glory 9 be+ ! heirs ( :at !y call ! glori\s ,revolution ( '#hi2 & yet1 9 spite ( s _m triumphs1 al?\gh y\r revolution has only rec$$ z mu* z 0 necess>y ! bett] to secure its conque/s1 religi\s in/itutions h aga9 aris5--!y ext5d1 !y are propagat$ ev]y:]e1 & !y rega9 an important place 9 ! annals ( our times4 ,to prev5t ?is revival1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y to extirpate religion2 x 0 n en\gh to p]secute h]2 fai? rema9$ l a preci\s g]m cov]$ by /ones & ?orns2 ,provid5ce s5ds d[n a ray ( t div9e /> :i* s(t5s /ones1 & gives life & f]tility2 ! tree rises aga9 9 all its beauty1 9 spite ( ! ru9s :i* h9d]$ its gr[? & developm5t1 & its leaves are imm$iately cov]$ ) *>m+ blossoms3--behold ! religi\s in/itutions :i* y ?\ght 7 = ev] annihilat$6 ,! example :i* we h j m5tion$ cle>ly %[s ! tru? ( :at we wi% to e/abli%1 ) respect to ! intimate connection :i* exi/s betwe5 religion & religi\s in/itutions4 ,*ur* hi/ory furni%es pro(s 9 support ( ?is tru?4 ,besides1 ! m]e k ( religion1 & ( ! nature ( ! in/itutions ( :i* we speak1 w\ld suffice to prove x to u1 ev5 if we _h n hi/ory & exp]i5ce 9 our favor4 ,! =ce ( g5]al prejudice on ?is subject is su*1 t x is necess>y to desc5d to ! root ( ?+s1 to %[ ! complete mi/ake ( our adv]s>ies4 ,:at are religi\s in/itutions consid]$ g5]ally8 ,putt+ aside ! diff]5ces1 ! *anges1 ! alt]ations necess>ily produc$ by v>iety ( times1 c\ntries1 & o!r circum/ances1 we w say t a religi\s in/itute is a society ( ,*ri/ians liv+ toge!r1 "u c]ta9 rules1 = ! purpose ( practis+ ! ,gospel precepts4 ,we include1 9 ?is def9ition1 ev5 ! ord]s :i* are n b\nd by a v[4 ,x w be se5 t we h consid]$ ! religi\s in/itution 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se1 lay+ aside all t !ologians & canoni/s say ) respect to ! conditions indisp5sable to con/itute or complete its ess5ce4 ,we mu/1 moreov]1 obs]ve t we ought n to exclude f ! honorable d5om9ation ( religi\s in/itutes1 ^? associations :i* possess all ! conditions except ! v[s4 ,! ,ca?olic religion is f]tile en\gh to produce good by means & =ms widely diff]5t4 ,9 ! g5]ality ( religi\s in/itutions1 %e has %[n u :at man c d by b9d+ himself by a v[1 = 8 :ole life1 to a holy abnegation ( 8 own w2 b %e has also wi%$ to %[ u t1 :ile leav+ him at lib]ty1 %e c\ld atta* him by a v>iety ( ties1 & make him p]sev]e until dea?1 z if he _h be5 oblig$ by a p]petual v[4 ,! congregation ( ! oratory ( ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 :i* is f\nd 9 ?is latt] category1 is c]ta9ly wor?y ( figur+ among religi\s in/itutions z "o ( ! f9e/ monum5ts ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i am aw>e t ! v[ is compris$ 9 ! ess5ce ( religi\s in/itutes1 z !y are commonly und]/ood2 b my only object n[ is1 to v9dicate ?is k9d ( association aga9/ ,prote/ants4 ,n[ we "k t !y condemn indiscrim9ately1 associations b\nd by v[s & ^? :i* only consi/ ( ! p]man5t & free adhesion ( ! p]sons :o compose !m4 ,all t has ! =m ( a religi\s community is reg>d$ by !m ) a look ( ang]4 ,:5 !y proscrib$ ! religi\s ord]s1 !y includ$ 9 ! same fate ^? :i* _h v[s & ^? :i* _h n4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 def5d+ !m1 we mu/ class !m toge!r4 ,moreov]1 ?is w n prev5t our consid]+ ! v[ 9 itself1 & ju/ify+ x be=e ! tribunal ( philosophy4 ,i d n imag9e t x is necess>y to say m to %[ t ! object ( religi\s in/itutions--t is1 z we h j said1 ! putt+ 9 practice ( ! ,gospel c\nsels--is 9 p]fect uni=mity ) ! ,gospel itself4 ,& let u well obs]ve t1 :atev] may be ! "n1 :atev] may be ! =m ( ! in/itutions1 !y h always = _! object some?+ m ?an ! simple obs]vance ( ! precepts2 ! idea ( p]fection is always includ$1 !n1 ei!r 9 ! active or ! contemplative life4 ,to keep ! ,div9e comm&m5ts is indisp5sable to all ,*ri/ians :o wi% to possess et]nal life2 ! religi\s ord]s attempt a m difficult pa?2 !y aim at p]fection4 ,?is is ! object ( ! m5 :o1 aft] hav+ he>d ^! words f ! m\? ( _! ,div9e ,ma/]3 ,if y wi% to be p]fect1 g sell all y h1 & give x to ! poor1 h n dep>t$ sorr[ful1 l ! "y man 9 ! ,gospel1 b h embrac$ ) c\rage ! ent]prise ( quitt+ all & foll[+ ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we h n[ inquir$ :e!r association is ! be/ means to c>ry into execution s holy an object4 ,x w\ld be easy = me to %[ ?is by adduc+ v>i\s texts ( ,scripture1 :]e ! true _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ! w ( our ,div9e ,ma/]1 are cle>ly %[n on ?is po9t2 b ! ta/e ( our age1 & ! self-evid5ce ev5 ( ! tru?s 9 "q1 w>n u to avoid1 z mu* z possible1 all t savors ( !ological discussion4 ,i w remove ! "q1 !n1 f ?is level1 to consid] x 9 a light purely hi/orical & philosophical2 t is to say1 )\t accumulat+ citations & texts1 ,i w prove t religi\s in/itutes are p]fectly con=mable to ! _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 & t consequ5tly t _s has be5 deplorably mi/ak5 by ,prote/ants1 :5 !y h condemn$ or de/roy$ !m4 ,if philosoph]s1 :ile !y d n admit ! tru? ( religion1 /ill av[ t x is useful & beautiful1 ,i w prove to !m t !y _c condemn ^? in/itutions :i* are ! necess>y result ( x4 ,9 ! cradle ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 m5 pres]v$1 9 all _! en]gy & purity1 ! sp>ks f ! tongues ( ! ,holy ,_s2 9 ^? times1 :5 ! words & examples ( its ,div9e ,f\nd] 7 /ill fre%1 :5 ! numb] ( ! fai?ful :o _h _h ! happ9ess ( see+ & he>+ ,him 0 /ill v great 9 ! ,*ur*1 we see ! ,*ri/ians1 "u ! direction ( ! ,apo/les !mselves1 unite1 h all _! prop]ty 9 common2 ?us =m+ only "o family1 ! ,fa!r ( :i* 0 9 heav51 & :i* _h only "o he>t & "o s\l4 ,i w n dispute z to ! ext5t ( ?is primitive proce$+2 ,i w ab/a9 f analyz+ ! v>i\s circum/ances :i* accompani$ x1 & f exam9+ h[ f> x resembl$ ! religi\s in/itutions ( latt] times2 x is en\gh to /ate its exi/5ce1 & %[ !refrom :at is ! true _s ( religion ) respect to ! mo/ prop] means to realize evangelical p]fection4 ,i w only allude to ! fact1 t ,cassian1 9 ! description :i* he gives ( ! comm5cem5t ( religi\s in/itutions1 assigns z _! cradle ! proce$+ we h j m5tion$1 & :i* is report$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,accord+ to ! same au?or1 ?is k9d ( life 0 nev] :olly int]rupt$2 s t !re 7 always "s f]v5t ,*ri/ians :o cont9u$ x2 ?us atta*+1 by a cont9u$ *a91 ! exi/5ce ( ! monks to ! primitive associations ( ! apo/olical times4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! k9d ( life ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 & trac$ ! alt]ations ( ! times t foll[$1 ,cassian cont9ues ?us3 ,^? :o pres]v$ ! apo/olical f]vor 9 ?is way1 recall+ primitive p]fection1 quitt$ t[ns1 & ! society ( ^? :o believ$ t !y 7 all[$ to live ) less sev]ity2 !y began to *oose secret & retir$ places1 :]e !y c\ld foll[ 9 private ! rules :i* !y rememb]$ to h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,apo/les = ! :ole body ( ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al4 ,?us comm5c$ ! =mation ( ! discipl9e ( ^? :o _h quitt$ t contagion1 z !y liv$ sep>ate f ! re/ ( ! fai?ful2 ab/a9+ f m>riage1 & hav+ no communication ) ! _w1 ev5 ) _! own families4 ,9 ! progress ( "t1 ! "n ( monks 0 giv5 to !m1 9 consid]ation ( _! s+ul> & solit>y life4 7,collat4 #ah1 cap4 #e47 ,times ( p]secution imm$iately foll[$1 :i*1 ) "s int]ruptions1 t may be call$ mom5ts ( repose1 la/$ till ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,!re 71 !n1 dur+ ?is "t1 "s ,*ri/ians :o attempt$ to cont9ue ! mode ( life ( ! apo/olical ye>s4 ,cassian cle>ly indicates ?is 9 ! passage :i* we h j read4 ,he omits to say t ?is primitive life 0 necess>ily modifi$1 9 its ext]ior =m1 by ! calamities ) :i* ! ,*ur* 0 afflict$ at t p]iod4 ,9 all t "t we ought n to look = ,*ri/ians liv+ 9 community2 we %all f9d !m confess+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) imp]turbable calmness1 on ! rack1 amid all torm5ts1 9 ! circus1 :]e !y 7 torn to pieces by wild bea/s1 on ! scaffold1 :]e !y quietly gave up _! heads to ! axe ( ! execution]4 ,b obs]ve :at happ5$ ev5 dur+ ! "t ( p]secution2 ! ,*ri/ians1 ( :om ! _w 0 n wor?y1 pursu$ 9 ! t[ns l wild bea/s1 w&]$ ab\t 9 solitude1 seek+ refuge 9 ! des]ts4 ,! solitudes ( ! ,ea/1 ! s& & rocks ( ,arabia1 ! mo/ inaccessible places ( ! ,!bad1 receive ^? troops ( fugitives1 :o dwell 9 ! abodes ( wild bea/s1 9 ab&on$ graves1 9 dri$-up ci/]ns1 9 ! deepe/ cav]ns1 only ask+ = an asylum = m$itation & pray]4 ,& d y "k ! result ( ?is8 ,^! des]ts1 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ians w&]$1 l a few gra9s ( s& driv5 by ! w9d1 became peopl$1 z x 7 by magic1 ) innum]able religi\s communities4 ,!re !y m$itat$1 pray$1 & read ! ,gospel2 h>dly _h ! fruitful se$ t\*$ ! e>?1 :5 ! preci\s plant arose 9 a mom5t4 ,admirable are ! designs ( ,provid5ce6 ,*ri/ianity1 p]secut$ 9 ! t[ns1 f]tilizes & embelli%es ! des]ts2 ! preci\s gra9 requires = its developm5t nei!r ! moi/ure ( ! e>? nor ! breeze ( a mild atmosph]e2 :5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air on ! w+s ( ! /orm1 ! se$ loses no?+ ( its vitality2 :5 ?r[n on a rock1 x does n p]i%4 ,! fury ( ! elem5ts avails no?+ aga9/ ! "w ( ,god1 :o has made ! nor? w9d ,8 c\rs]3 ! rock ceases to be b>r5 :5 ,he pleases to f]tilize x4 ,did ,he n make pure wat] spr+ =? at ! my/]i\s t\* ( ,8 ,prophet's rod8 ,:5 peace 0 giv5 to ! ,*ur* by ! conqu]or ( ,max5tius1 ! g]ms conta9$ 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ianity 7 able to develop !mselves ev]y:]e2 f t mom5t ! ,*ur* 0 nev] )\t religi\s communities4 ,) hi/ory 9 our h&s1 we may defy ! enemies ( religi\s in/itutions to po9t out any p]iod1 h[ev] %ort1 :5 ^! in/itutions _h entirely disappe>$4 ,"u "s =m or 9 "s c\ntry1 !y h always p]petuat$ ! exi/5ce :i* !y _h receiv$ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fact is c]ta9 & con/ant1 & is f\nd 9 e page ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 x plays an important "p 9 all ! great ev5ts 9 ! annals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! we/ & 9 ! ea/1 9 mod]n & 9 anci5t times1 9 ! prosp]ity & 9 ! adv]sity ( ! ,*ur*2 :5 ! pursuit ( religi\s p]fection 0 an honor 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 z well z :5 x 0 an object ( p]secution1 raill]y1 & calumny4 ,:at cle>] pro( c !re be t !re is an intimate connection betwe5 religi\s in/itutions & religion h]self8 ,:at m is requir$ to %[ u t !y are h] spontane\s fruit8 ,9 ! moral & 9 ! physical ord] ( ?+s1 ! con/ant appe>ance ( ! "o foll[+ ! o!r1 is reg>d$ z a pro( ( ! reciprocal dep5d5ce ( two ph5om5a4 ,if ^! ph5om5a h t[>ds ea* o!r ! relations ( cause & effect--if we f9d 9 ! ess5ce ( ! "o all ! pr9ciples t are requir$ 9 ! production ( ! o!r1 ! fir/ is call$ ! cause & ! o!r ! effect4 ,:]ev] ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is e/abli%$1 religi\s communities are f\nd "u "s =m or o!r2 !y are1 !re=e1 its spontane\s effect4 ,i d n "k :at reply c be made to s conclusive an argum5t4 ,by view+ ! "q 9 ?is way1 ! favor & protection :i* religi\s in/itutions always f\nd ) ! ,pontiff is naturally expla9$4 ,x 0 8 duty to act 9 con=mity ) ! _s :i* animates ! ,*ur*1 ( :i* he is ! *ief rul] ^u e>?2 x is c]ta9ly n ! ,pope :o has made ! regulation1 t "o ( ! means mo/ apt to lead m5 to p]fection is to unite !mselves 9 associations "u c]ta9 rules1 9 con=mity ) ! in/ructions ( _! ,div9e ,ma/]4 ,! ,et]nal ,"l ?us rul$ 9 ! secrets ( ,8 inf9ite wisdom1 & ! conduct ( ! ,popes c\ld n be contr>y to ! designs ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,x has be5 said t int]e/$ views int]pos$2 x has be5 said t ! policy ( ! ,popes f\nd 9 ^! in/itutions a p[]ful means ( su/a9+ & aggr&iz+ itself4 ,b c y n see any ?+ b ! sordid in/rum5ts ( cunn+ policy 9 ! societies ( ! primitive fai?ful1 9 ! mona/]ies ( ! solitudes ( ! ,ea/1 9 t cr[d ( in/itutions :i* h _h = _! object only ! sanctification ( _! own memb]s & ! amelioration ( "s ( ! great evils ( humanity8 ,a fact s g5]al1 s great1 s b5efic5t1 _c be expla9$ by views ( int]e/ & n>r[ designs2 its orig9 is high] & nobl]2 & he :o w n seek = x 9 heav5 ought at lea/ to seek = x 9 some?+ great] ?an ! projects ( a man or ! policy ( a c\rt2 he ought to seek = l(ty ideas1 sublime feel+s1 capable1 if !y d n m\nt to heav51 at lea/ ( embrac+ a l>ge "p ( ! e>?2 no?+ less is "h requir$ ?an "o ( ^? ?\ghts :i* preside ov] ! de/9ies ( ! human race4 ,"s p]sons may be incl9$ to imag9e private designs on ! "p ( ! ,popes1 because !y see _! au?ority int]f]e 9 all ! f\ndations ( lat] ages1 & _! approbation con/itute ! validity ( ! rules ( religi\s in/itutions2 b ! c\rse pursu$ 9 ?is respect by ecclesia/ical discipl9e %[s u t ! mo/ active int]v5tion ( ! ,popes1 f> f emanat+ f private views1 has be5 call$ = by a necessity ( prev5t+ an excessive multiplication ( ! religi\s ord]s 9 consequ5ce ( an indiscreet zeal4 ,?is vigilance 9 prev5t+ abuses 0 ! orig9 ( ?is supreme int]v5tion4 ,9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies ! t5d5cy to new f\ndations 0 s /rong t ! mo/ s]i\s inconv5i5ces w\ld h result$ f x1 )\t a cont9ual wat*fulness on ! "p ( ! ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,?us we see ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff ,innoc5t ,,iii4 orda91 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 t :oev] wi%$ to f\nd a new religi\s h\se %all be b\nd to adopt "o ( ! approv$ rules & in/itutions4 ,b let u pursue our design4 ,i c und]/& h[ ^? :o d5y ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & turn into ridicule ! c\nsels ( ! ,gospel1 br+ !mselves to d5y all t is cele/ial & div9e 9 ! _s ( ! religi\s communities2 b ! tru? ( religion once e/abli%$1 ,i _c conceive h[ m5 :o boa/ ( foll[+ its laws c decl>e !mselves ! enemies ( ^! in/itutions consid]$ 9 !mselves4 ,h[ c he :o admits ! pr9ciple refuse ! consequ5ce8 ,h[ c he :o loves ! cause reject ! effect8 ,!y mu/ ei!r affect a religion hypocritically1 or !y pr(ess )\t compreh5d+ x4 ,9 default ( any o!r pro( ( ! anti-evangelical _s :i* guid$ ! lead]s ( ! pret5d$ ,re=mation1 _! hatr$ to an in/itution s evid5tly f\nd$ on ! ,gospel itself %\ld suffice4 ,did n ^! en?usia/s = read+ ! ,bible )\t note or comm5t--!y :o pret5d to f9d all its passages s cle>--did !y n rem>k ! pla9 & easy s5se ( t multitude ( passages :i* recomm5d self-abnegation1 ! r5unciation ( all possessions1 & ! privation ( all pleasures8 ,^! words are pla9--!y _c be tak5 9 any o!r signification--!y d n require = _! compreh5sion a pr(\nd /udy ( ! sacr$ sci5ces1 or t ( languages2 & yet !y h n be5 he>d3 we %\ld r say1 !y h n be5 li/5$ to4 ,! intellect has und]/ood1 b ! passions h reject$ !m4 ,z to ^? philosoph]s :o h reg>d$ religi\s in/itutions z va9 & contemptible1 if n dang]\s1 x is cle> t !y h m$itat$ b little on ! human m9d1 & on ! deep feel+s ( our he>ts1 full z !y are ( my/]y4 ,z _! he>ts h felt no?+ at ! sight ( ^? numb]s ( m5 & wom5 assembl$ = ! purpose ( sanctify+ !mselves or o!rs1 or ( reliev+ wants1 & consol+ ! un=tunate1 x is b too cle> t _! s\ls h be5 dri$ up by ! brea? ( skepticism4 ,to r5\nce = ev] all ! pleasures ( life2 to live 9 solitude1 !re to (f] "o's self1 9 au/]ity & p5ance1 z a holocau/ to ! ,mo/ ,high3 ?is1 c]ta9ly is a matt] ( horror to ^? philosoph]s :o h only view$ ! _w ?r\gh _! own prejudices4 ,b humanity has o!r ?\ghts2 x feels itself attract$ by ^? objects :i* philosoph]s f9d s va91 s devoid ( int]e/1 s wor?y ( horror4 ,wond]ful are ! secrets ( our he>ts6 ,al?\gh en]vat$ by pleasure1 & involv$ 9 ! :irlw9d ( amusem5t & mir?1 we _c avoid be+ seiz$ ) deep emotion at ! sight ( au/]ity & recollection ( s\l4 ,solitude1 & ev5 sadness itself1 ex]t an inexpressible influ5ce ov] u4 ,:5ce comes t en?usiasm :i* moves a :ole nation1 excites & makes x foll[1 z if by en*antm5t1 ! /eps ( a man ^: br[ is m>k$ by recollection1 ^: features display au/]ity ( life1 ^: clo!s & mann]s %[ fre$om f all t is e>?ly1 & =getfulness ( ! _w8 ,n[1 x is a fact1 prov$ by ! hi/ory bo? ( true & ( false religions2 s p[]ful a means ( attract+ respect & e/eem has n rema9$ unkn[n to impo/ure3 lic5ti\sness & corruption1 desir\s ( mak+ _! =tunes 9 ! _w1 h m ?an once felt ! imp]i\s necessity ( disguis+ !mselves "u ! mantle ( au/]ity & purity4 ,:at at fir/ sight might appe> ! mo/ oppos$ to our feel+s1 ! mo/ repugnant to our ta/es--?is %ade ( sadness diffus$ ov] ! recollection & solitude ( ! religi\s life--is precisely :at en*ants & attracts u ! mo/4 ,! religi\s life is solit>y & p5sive2 !re=e x is beautiful1 & its beauty is sublime4 ,no?+ is m apt ?an ?is sublimity to move our he>ts deeply1 & make indelible impressions on !m4 ,9 reality1 our s\l has ! "* ( an exile2 x is affect$ by melan*oly objects only2 x has n atta9$ to t noisy joy :i* requires to borr[ a t9t ( melan*oly only = ! sake ( a happy contra/4 ,9 ord] to clo! beauty ) its mo/ s$uctive *>ms1 x is necess>y t a te> ( angui% %\ld fl[ f h] eyes1 t h] =ehead %\ld assume an air ( sadness1 & h] *eeks gr[ pale ) a melan*oly remembrance4 ,9 ord] t ! life ( a h]o excite a lively int]e/ 9 u1 x is requisite t mis=tune be 8 companion1 lam5tation 8 consolation--t disa/] & +ratitude be ! rew>d ( 8 virtues4 ,if y wi% t a picture ( nature or art %\ld /rongly attract our att5tion1 take possession ( & absorb ! p[]s ( our s\l1 x is necess>y t a memorial ( ! no?+ness ( man1 & an image ( dea?1 %\ld be pres5t$ to our m9ds2 our he>ts %\ld be appeal$ to by ! feel+s ( a tranquil sadness2 we desire to see sombre t9ts on a monum5t 9 ru9s--! cross rem9d+ u ( ! abode ( ! dead1 ! massive walls cov]$ ) moss1 & po9t+ out ! anci5t dwell+ ( "s p[]ful man1 :o1 aft] hav+ liv$ on e>? = a %ort "t1 has disappe>$4 ,joy does n satisfy u1 x does n fill our he>ts2 x intoxicates & dissipates !m = a few mom5ts2 b man does n f9d !re 8 happ9ess1 because ! joys ( e>? are frivol\s1 & frivolity _c atta* a travell] :o1 f> f 8 c\ntry1 walks pa9fully ?r\gh ! valley ( te>s4 ,!nce x comes t1 :ile sorr[ & te>s are accept$--we %\ld r say1 are c>efully s\ght = by art--:5ev] a deep impression is to be made ^u ! s\l1 joy & smiles are inexorably bani%$4 ,oratory1 poetry1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 h all con/antly foll[$ ! same rule2 or1 r1 h always be5 gov]n$ by ! same in/9ct4 ,x c]ta9ly requir$ a l(ty _s & a he>t ( fire to decl>e t ! s\l is naturally ,*ri/ian4 ,9 ^! few words an illu/ri\s ?9k] has kn[n h[ to express all ! relations :i* unite ! fai?1 morality1 & c\nsels ( ?is div9e religion1 ) all t is mo/ intimate1 delicate1 & noble 9 our he>ts4 ,d y "k ,*ri/ian p5siv5ess2 t grave & elevat$ feel+ :i* is pa9t$ on ! =ehead ( ! ,*ri/ian1 l a memorial ( sorr[ on t ( an illu/ri\s proscrib$ "o2 ?is feel+ :i* mod]ates ! enjoym5ts ( life by ! image ( ! tomb1 & lights up ! dep?s ( ! grave ) ! rays ( hope2 t p5siv5ess s natural & consol+1 s grave & noble1 :i* causes diadems & sceptres to be trodd5 "u foot l du/1 & ! greatness & spl5dor ( ! _w to be despis$ z a pass+ illusion8 ,?is melan*oly1 c>ri$ to its p]fection1 vivifi$ & f]tiliz$ by grace1 & subject$ to a holy rule1 is :at presides ov] ! f\ndation ( religi\s in/itutions1 & accompanies !m z long z !y pres]ve _! primitive f]vor1 :i* !y receiv$ f m5 :o 7 guid$ by div9e light1 & animat$ by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,?is holy melan*oly1 :i* c>ries ) x fre$om f all e>?ly ?+s1 is ! feel+ :i* ! ,*ur* wi%es to in/il into & pres]ve 91 ! religi\s ord]s1 :5 %e surr\nds _! sil5t abodes ) a %ade ( retirem5t & m$itation4 ,t amid ! fury & ! convulsions ( p>ties1 a mad & sacrilegi\s h&1 secretly excit$ by malice1 %\ld plunge a fratricidal dagg] into an innoc5t he>t1 or set fire to a peaceful dwell+1 may be conceiv$2 =1 unhappily1 ! hi/ory ( man ab\nds 9 crimes & fr5zies2 b t ! ess5ce ( religi\s in/itutions %\ld be attack$1 t _! _s %\ld be consid]$ n>r[ & imbecile1 t !y %\ld be depriv$ ( ! noble titles :i* give honor to _! orig91 & ! beauties :i* adorn _! hi/ory1 c be all[$ nei!r by ! intellect nor by ! he>t4 ,a false philosophy1 :i* dries up & )]s all t x t\*es1 has und]tak5 s mad a task4 ,b1 sett+ aside religion & reason1 lit]ature & ! f9e arts h rebell$ aga9/ ?is attempt2 lit]ature & ! f9e arts1 :i* h ne$ ( old recollections1 & :i* are indebt$ = _! wond]s to l(ty ?\ghts1 to grave & noble sc5es1 & deep & melan*oly feel+s2 lit]ature & ! arts1 :i* delight 9 transport+ ! m9d ( man into regions ( light1 9 guid+ ! imag9ation ?r\gh new & unkn[n pa?s1 & 9 rul+ ! he>t by my/]i\s *>ms4 ,no2 a ?\s& times no6 ,z long z ! religion ( t ,god made man1 :o _h n :]e to repose 8 head1 & :o sat d[n by a well on ! wayside to re/1 l an humble travell]1 %all la/2 ( t ,god-man1 ^: appe>ance 0 ann\nc$ to ! nations by a my/]i\s voice com+ f ! des]t--by ! voice ( a man clo!d 9 a goat-sk91 ^: re9s 7 b\nd ) a lea!rn girdle1 & :o liv$ on no?+ b locu/s & wild honey3 z long z ?is div9e religion %all la/1 no?+ w be m holy or m wor?y ( our respect ?an ^? in/itutions1 ! true & orig9al object ( :i* is to realize :at ,heav5 int5d$ to tea* man by su* eloqu5t & sublime lessons4 ,times1 vicissitudes1 & revolutions1 succe$ ea* o!r2 ! in/itution w *ange its =m1 w und]go alt]ations1 w be affect$ m or less by ! weakness ( m51 by ! corrosive action ( "t1 & ! de/ructive p[] ( ev5ts2 b x w live--x w nev] p]i%4 ,if "o society rejects x1 x w seek an asylum 9 ano!r2 driv5 f t[ns1 x w take refuge 9 =e/s2 if !re pursu$1 x w flee to ! horrors ( ! des]t4 ,!re w always be1 9 "s privileg$ he>ts1 an e*o = ! voice ( t sublime religion1 :i*1 hold+ 9 h] h& a /&>d ( sorr[ & love--! sacr$ /&>d ( ! suff]+s & dea? ( ! ,son ( ,god--! ,cross1 w proclaim to m53 ,wat* & pray1 t y ent] n into temptation2 if y assemble to pray1 ! ,"l w be 9 ! mid/ ( y2 all fle% is b grass2 life is a dream2 above y\r heads is an ocean ( light & happ9ess2 "u y\r feet an abyss2 y\r life on e>? is a pilgrimage1 an exile4 ,!n %e m>ks 8 =ehead ) ! my/]i\s a%es1 tell+ him1 ,?\ art du/1 & unto du/ ?\ %alt return4 ,we %all p]haps be ask$ :y ! fai?ful _c practise evangelical p]fection :ile liv+ 9 ! bosom ( _! families1 )\t assembl+ 9 communities8 ,we %all reply1 t we h no int5tion ( d5y+ ! possibility ( t practice1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w2 & we will+ly ackn[l$ge t a great numb] ( ,*ri/ians h done s at all times1 & d s n[2 b ?is does n prove t ! sure/ & easie/ means is n t ( ! life 9 community ) o!rs :o h ! same object 9 view1 & 9 retirem5t f all ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,lay+ aside = a mom5t all consid]ation ( religion1 are y n aw>e ( ! asc5d5cy :i* ! _s ( repeat$ examples ex]ts on ^? ) :om we live8 ,d y n "k h[ easily our _s fails :5 we f9d ourselves alone 9 a difficult ent]prise8 ,d y n "k t1 9 ! greate/ mis=tunes1 x is a consolation to behold o!rs p>ticipate 9 our sorr[s8 ,on ?is po9t1 z well z on all o!rs1 religion accords ) s\nd philosophy1 & bo? unite 9 expla9+ to u ! pr(\nd mean+ conta9$ 9 ^? words ( ,scripture3 ,v soli6 ,wo to him :o is alone6 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 ,i wi% to say a few words on ! v[s :i* commonly accompany religi\s in/itutes4 ,p]haps !y are "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! viol5t antipa?y ( ,prote/antism aga9/ ^! in/itutions4 ,v[s r5d] ?+s fix$ & /able2 & ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism does n admit ( fixity or /ability4 ,ess5tially sep>at+ & an>*ical1 ?is pr9ciple rejects unity & de/roys ! hi]>*y2 dissolv+ 9 its nature1 x all[s ! m9d nei!r to rema9 9 a p]man5t fai? nor to be subject to rule4 ,= if virtue itself is only a vague entity1 :i* has no fix$ f\ndation--a be+ :i* is f$ on illusions1 & :i* _c endure ! application ( any c]ta9 & con/ant rule1 ?is holy necessity ( do+ well1 ( con/antly walk+ 9 ! pa? ( p]fection1 mu/ be incompreh5sible to x1 & 9 ! highe/ degree repugnant2 ?is necessity mu/ appe> to x inconsi/5t ) lib]ty2 z if man1 by b9d+ himself by a v[1 lo/ 8 free w2 z if ! sanction :i* a promise giv5 to ,god imp>ts to a design1 at all dim9i%$ ! m]it ( him :o has ! firmness necess>y to accompli% :at he _h ! c\rage to promise4 ,^? :o1 to condemn ?is necessity :i* man imposes on himself1 invoke ! rights ( lib]ty aga9/ x1 seem to =get t ?is ef=t ( man to make himself ! slave ( good1 & secure 8 own future1 besides ! sublime dis9t]e/$ness :i* x supposes1 is ! va/e/ ex]cise :i* man c make ( 8 lib]ty4 ,by "o act alone1 he disposes ( 8 :ole life1 & by fulfill+ ! duties result+ f t act1 he cont9ually fulfils 8 own w4 ,b we %all be told t man is s incon/ant3 ?is is ! reason :y1 9 ord] to prev5t ! effects ( ?is incon/ancy1 he f9ds himself p5etrat+ into ! vicissitudes ( ! future1 r5d]s himself sup]ior to !m1 & gov]ns !m 9 advance4 ,b1 x w be said1 9 t case1 good is done f necessity3 ?is is true2 b d y n "k t ! necessity ( do+ good is a happy "o1 & 9 "s measure assimilates man ) ,god8 ,d y n "k t ,inf9ite ,goodness is incapable ( do+ evil1 & ,inf9ite ,hol9ess c d no?+ t is n holy8 ,!ologians expla9 :y a creat$ be+ is capable ( s9n+ by po9t+ out ?is pr(\nd reason4 ,x is1 !y say1 because ! creature is made out ( no?+4 ,:5 man =ces himself1 z f> z he c1 to d well1 :5 he ?us fett]s 8 w1 he ennobles x1 he r5d]s himself m l to ,god1 he assimilates himself to ! /ate ( ! bless$1 :o h no long] ! melan*oly lib]ty ( do+ evil1 & :o are "u ! happy necessity ( lov+ ,god4 ,! "n ( lib]ty1 f ! "t :5 ,prote/ants & false philosoph]s took possession ( x1 seems condemn$ to be ill und]/ood 9 all its applications4 ,9 ! religi\s1 moral1 social1 & political ord]1 x is envelop$ 9 su* obscurity1 t we c p]ceive ! _m ef=ts :i* h be5 made to d>k5 & misrepres5t x4 ,cic]o gives an admirable def9ition ( lib]ty :5 he says1 t x consi/s 9 be+ ! slave ( law4 ,9 ! same way x may be said1 t ! lib]ty ( ! intellect consi/s 9 be+ ! slave ( tru?2 & ! lib]ty ( ! w 9 be+ ! slave ( virtue2 if y *ange ?is1 y de/roy lib]ty4 ,if y take away ! law1 y admit =ce2 if y take away ! tru?1 y admit error2 if y take away virtue1 y admit vice4 ,if y v5ture to exempt ! _w f ! ext]nal law1 f t law :i* embraces man & society1 :i* ext5ds to all ord]s1 :i* is ! div9e wisdom appli$ to reasonable creatures2 if y v5ture to seek = an imag9>y lib]ty out ( t imm5se circle1 y de/roy all2 !re rema9s 9 society no?+ b ! empire ( brute =ce1 & 9 man t ( ! passions2 ) tyranny1 & consequ5tly slav]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,( ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,hi/ory4--,,! ,,fir/ ,,solit>ies4 ,i h j exam9$ religi\s in/itutions 9 a g5]al po9t ( view1 by consid]+ !m 9 _! relations ) religion & ! human m9d4 ,i am n[ go+ to take a glance at ! pr9cipal po9ts ( _! hi/ory4 ,?is exam9ation1 ,i ?9k1 w %[ u an important tru?3 viz4 t ! appe>ance ( ^! in/itutions "u diff]5t =ms has be5 ! expression & ! fulfilm5t ( great moral necessities1 & a p[]ful means1 9 ! h&s ( ,provid5ce1 ( promot+ n only ! spiritual good ( ! ,*ur*1 b also ! salvation & reg5]ation ( society4 ,x w be und]/ood t x is n possible = me to ent] into details1 or pass 9 review ! num]\s religi\s in/itutions :i* h exi/$2 besides1 ?is is n necess>y = my object4 ,i %all limit myself1 !re=e1 to runn+ ov] ! pr9cipal phases ( religi\s in/itutes1 & mak+ a few rem>ks on ea* ( !m2 ,i %all act l ! travell] :o1 be+ unable to make a /ay 9 ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* he passes1 looks at x = a %ort "t f ! highe/ po9ts4 ,i w beg9 ) ! solit>ies ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,colossus ( ! ,roman ,empire ?reat5$ an approa*+ & /unn+ fall3 ! _s ( life 0 rapidly becom+ ext+ui%$1 & !re 0 no long] any hope ( a brea? to reanimate x4 ,! blood circulat$ sl[ly 9 its ve9s2 ! evil 0 incurable3 ! symptoms ( corruption ev]y:]e manife/$ !mselves1 & ?is agony 0 exactly co9cid5t ) ! critical & =midable h\r :5 x 0 necess>y to collect all its =ces to resi/ ! viol5t %ock :i* 0 ab\t to de/roy x4 ,! b>b>ians appe>$ on ! fronti]s ( ! empire1 l ! c>nivor\s animals attract$ by ! exhalations ( a dead body2 & at ?is crisis society f\nd itself on ! eve ( a fe>ful cata/rophe4 ,all ! _w 0 ab\t to und]go an al>m+ *ange2 ! next day 0 n likely to resemble ! la/2 ! tree 0 ab\t to be torn up2 b its roots 7 too deep = x to be extirpat$ )\t *ang+ ! :ole face ( ! soil :]e x 0 plant$4 ,! greate/ ref9em5t _h to cont5d ) b>b>ian f]ocity1--! effem9ate luxury ( s\!rn nations ) ! en]gy ( ! robu/ sons ( ! =e/2 ! result ( ! /ruggle c\ld n be d\btful4 ,laws1 cu/oms1 mann]s1 monum5ts1 arts & sci5ces1--all ! civilization & ref9em5t acquir$ dur+ ! c\rse ( _m ages 0 all 9 p]il1 all =ebod$ approa*+ ru91 all und]/ood t ,god _h appo9t$ an end to ! p[]1 & ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ! rul]s ( ! globe4 ,! b>b>ians 7 only ! in/rum5t ( ,provid5ce2 ! h& :i* _h giv5 a mortal bl[ to ! mi/ress ( ! _w1 ! que5 ( nations1 0 t =midable h& :i* t\*es m\nta9s ) fire1 & r$uces !m to a%es1 :i* t\*es ! rocks & melts !m l metal2 x 0 ! h& ( ,him :o s5ds =? ,8 fi]y brea? ^u ! nations1 & burns !m up l /raw4 ,! _w mu/ be ! prey ( *aos = a %ort "t2 b 0 n light aga9 to come ^u x8 ,0 mank9d to be melt$1 l gold 9 ! furnace1 9 ord] to come out m brilliant & m pure8 ,7 ideas respect+ ,god & man to be correct$8 ,7 m delicate & exalt$ notions ( morality to be diffus$8 ,0 x res]v$ = ! he>t ( man to receive m grave & sublime inspirations1 to em]ge f its corrupt /ate1 & live 9 an atmosph]e high] & m wor?y ( an immortal be+8 ,yes6 ,provid5ce ?us decre$1 & ,8 inf9ite wisdom has br\ght ab\t ?is end by ways :i* man c\ld n und]/&4 ,*ri/ianity 0 already spread ov] ! face ( ! _w2 h] holy doctr9es1 r5d]$ fruitful by grace1 prep>$ ! complete reg5]ation ( ! _w2 b x 0 necess>y t mank9d %\ld aga9 receive a new impulse f h] div9e h&s1 t ! m9d ( man %\ld be mov$ by a new %ock1 t x might take its prop] flight1 & raise itself at once to ! exalt$ position :i* 0 int5d$ = x1 & f :i* x 0 nev] to desc5d4 ,hi/ory tells u ( ! ob/acles :i* oppos$ ! e/abli%m5t & developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,accord+ to ! w>like expression ( ! ,prophet1 ,god 0 compell$ to assume ,8 sword & buckl]2 by ! /r5g? ( wond]ful prodigies1 ,he broke ! resi/ance ( ! passions1 de/roy$ e k :i* rais$ itself aga9/ ! k ( ,god1 scatt]$ all ! p[]s :i* rebell$ aga9/ ,him1 & ext+ui%$ ! pride & ob/9acy ( hell4 ,:51 aft] ?ree c5turies ( p]secution1 victory decl>$ itself ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 favor ( ! true religion2 :5 ! temples ( ! false gods 7 des]t$1 & ^? idols :i* 7 n yet ov]?r[n trembl$ on _! p$e/als2 :5 ! sign ( ,calv>y 0 inscrib$ on ! ,lab>um ( ! ,cs>s1 & ! legions ( ! empire b[$ religi\sly be=e ! ,cross1 !n _h ! mom5t arriv$ = ,*ri/ianity to realize1 9 a p]man5t mann]1 9 ^? sublime in/itutions conceiv$ & e/abli%$ by h]self alone1 ! l(ty c\nsels giv5 ?ree c5turies be=e 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! wisdom ( philosoph]s _h be5 va92 ! "t 0 come to realize ! wisdom ( ! ,c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?1 ( ,him :o1 )\t hav+ consult$ human le>n+1 _h proclaim$ & taught tru?s unkn[n to ! mo/ privileg$ ( mortals4 ,! virtues ( ! ,*ri/ians _h already em]g$ f ! obscurity ( ! catacombs2 !y 7 to be respl5d5t 9 ! light ( heav5 & amid peace1 z !y _h =m]ly %one 9 ! dep?s ( dungeons & amid ! flames4 ,*ri/ianity _h obta9$ possession ( ! sceptre ( comm&1 z ( ! dome/ic he>?2 h] disciples1 :o n[ 7 multitud9\s1 no long] liv$ 9 a community ( goods2 x is cle> t entire cont95ce1 & complete fre$om f all e>?ly ?+s1 c\ld no long] be ! mode ( life ( ! reg5]at$ families4 ,! _w 0 to cont9ue2 ! duration ( ! human race 0 n to cease at ?is po9t ( its c>e]2 !re=e1 all ,*ri/ians 7 n to obs]ve ! l(ty c\nsels :i* conv]t ! life ( man on e>? into ! angelic4 ,a great numb] ( !m 7 to belong to ^? :o1 9 ord] to obta9 et]nal life1 7 satisfi$ ) keep+ ! precepts1 )\t aspir+ to ! sublime p]fection :i* results f ! r5\ncem5t ( all t is e>?ly1 & ! complete abnegation ( self4 ,yet ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 unwill+ t ! c\nsels :i* ,he _h giv5 to m5 %\ld be = a mom5t )\t "s disciples amid ! coldness & dissipation ( ! _w4 ,he _h n giv5 !m 9 va92 &1 besides1 ! practice ( !m1 al?\gh conf9$ to a limit$ numb] ( ! fai?ful1 ex]t$ on all sides a b5efic5t influ5ce :i* facilitat$ & secur$ ! obs]vance ( ! precepts4 ,! =ce ( example ex]ts s p[]ful an asc5d5cy ov] ! human he>t1 t x is (t5 suffici5t ( itself to triumph ov] ! /ronge/ & mo/ ob/9ate resi/ance2 !re is some?+ 9 our he>ts :i* incl9es !m to sympa?ize ) all t approa*es !m1 :e!r good or evil2 & !re seems to be a secret /imulus urg+ u to foll[ o!rs1 :atev] direction !y may take4 ,!re=e x is t !re are s _m advantages 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( religi\s in/itutions1 9 :i* ! virtues & au/]ity ( life are giv5 z an example to ! g5]ality ( m51 & make an eloqu5t reproa* to ! errors ( passion4 ,provid5ce desir$ to atta9 ?is great end by s+ul> & extraord9>y means2 ! ,_s ( ,god brea!d on ! e>?1 & imm$iately ! m5 & p[] to comm5ce ?is great "w appe>$4 ,! frightful des]ts ( ,!bad1 ! burn+ solitudes ( ,arabia1 ,pale/9e1 & ,syria1 %[ u m5 rudely clad1 ) a mantle ( goat-sk9 on _! %\ld]s1 & a pla9 c[l on _! heads3 behold all ! luxury ) :i* !y conf\nd ! vanity & pride ( worldl+s6 ,_! bodies1 expos$ to ! rays ( ! mo/ burn+ sun & ! mo/ sev]e cold1 besides be+ att5uat$ by long fa/s1 resemble walk+ spectres :o h aris5 f ! du/ ( _! sepul*res4 ,! h]bs ( ! e>? are _! only food1 wat] _! only dr9k2 ! labor ( _! h&s procures = !m ! scanty res\rces !y require4 ,"u ! direction ( a v5]able old man1 ^: claims to rule are a long life pass$ 9 ! des]t1 & hairs gr[n :ite amid privations & au/]ities1 !y con/antly keep ! pr(\nde/ sil5ce2 _! lips are op5$ only to pron\nce ! words ( pray]2 _! voice is only he>d to intone a hymn ( praise to ,god4 ,= !m ! _w has ceas$ to exi/2 ! relations ( fri5d%ip1 ! sweet ties ( family & relation%ip1 are all brok5 by a _s ( p]fection1 c>ri$ to an ext5t :i* surpasses all e>?ly consid]ations4 ,! c>es ( prop]ty d n di/urb !m2 be=e retir+ to ! des]t1 !y h ab&on$ all to him :o 0 to succe$ !m2 or !y h sold all !y _h1 & giv5 ! price to ! poor4 ,! ,holy ,scriptures are ! n\ri%m5t ( _! m9ds2 !y le>n by he>t ! words ( t div9e book2 !y m$itate on !m unceas+ly1 besee*+ ! ,"l to grant t !y may und]/& !m aright4 ,9 _! retir$ meet+s1 no?+ is he>d b ! voice ( "s v5]able c5obite1 expla9+ ) nave simplicity & t\*+ unction ! s5se ( ! sacr$ text2 b always 9 su* a way z to draw pr(it = ! purification ( s\ls4 ,! numb] ( ^! solit>ies 0 s great t we c\ld n cr$it x1 if x 7 n v\*$ = by eye-witnesses wor?y ( ! highe/ respect4 ,z to _! sanctity1 _s ( p5ance1 & purity ( life1 we _c d\bt !m aft] ! te/imonies ( ,ruf9us1 ,palladius1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & all ! o!r illu/ri\s m5 :o di/+ui%$ !mselves at t "t4 ,! fact is s+ul>1 extraord9>y1 prodigi\s2 b no "o c "q its hi/orical tru?2 x is atte/$ by all :o came to ! des]t f all p>ts to seek = light 9 _! d\bts1 cures = _! evils1 & p>don = _! s9s4 ,i c\ld quote a ?\s& au?orities to prove :at ,i h said2 b ,i w cont5t myself ) "o1 :i* %all suffice = all--t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,he> h[ ?is holy doctor describes ! life ( ^! extraord9>y m53 ,^! fa!rs1 n only v holy 9 _! mann]s1 b v le>n$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 excell5t m5 9 all respects1 d n gov]n ) pride ^? :om !y ju/ly call _! sons1 on acc\nt ( ! high au?ority ( ^? :o comm&1 & ! ready w ( ^? :o obey4 ,at ! decl9e ( day1 "o ( !m1 /ill fa/+1 quits 8 habitation1 & all assemble to he> _! ma/]4 ,ea* ( ^! fa!rs has at lea/ ?ree ?\s& "u 8 direction2 = ! numb] is sometimes mu* great]4 ,!y li/5 ) incr$ible att5tion1 9 pr(\nd sil5ce1 manife/+ by _! groans1 or te>s1 or by _! mode/ & tranquil joy1 ! v>i\s feel+s :i* ! disc\rse excites 9 _! s\ls4 7,/4 ,augu/94 lib4 #a1 ,de ,moribus ,ecclesi1 cap4 #ca47 ,b x w be said1 ,( :at use 7 ^! m51 except = _! own sanctification8 :at good did !y d to society8 :at influ5ce did !y ex]t on ideas8 :at *ange did !y make 9 mann]s8 ,if we admit t ?is plant ( ! des]t 0 beautiful & fragrant1 yet :at did x avail8 x rema9$ /]ile4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld be an error to ?9k t s _m ?\s&s ( solit>ies did n ex]cise great influ5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 & to speak only ( :at relates to ideas1 we mu/ obs]ve1 t ! mona/]ies ( ! ,ea/ arose )9 rea*1 & "u ! eyes (1 ! s*ools ( philosophy4 ,egypt 0 ! c\ntry :]e ! c5obitic life fl\ri%$ ! mo/4 ,n[ e "o is aw>e ( ! high r5[n :i* ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria enjoy$ a %ort "t be=e4 ,on all sides ( ! ,m$it]ranean--on t bord] ( l& :i*1 beg9n+ 9 ,libya1 t]m9ates 9 ! ,black ,sea--m5's m9ds 7 at t "t 9 a /ate ( extraord9>y motion4 ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,ea/ & ^? ( ! ,we/--all 0 collect$ & accumulat$ 9 ?is "p ( ! _w2 ! rema9s ( ! anci5t s*ools ( ,greece 7 =m$ ( ! treasures1 :i* ! c\rse ( ages & ! passage ( ! mo/ fam\s nations ( ! e>? _h br\ght to ^? c\ntries4 ,new & gigantic ev5ts 7 come to ?r[ floods ( light ^u ! "* & ! value ( ideas2 m9ds _h felt %ocks :i* did n all[ !m any long] to be cont5t$ ) ! quiet lessons conta9$ 9 ! dialogues ( ! anci5t ma/]s4 ,f ^! fam\s c\ntries came ! mo/ em95t m5 ( ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity2 & we "k f _! works ! ext5t & elevation ( m9d :i* man _h atta9$ at t "t4 ,0 x possible t a ph5om5on s extraord9>y--a girdle ( mona/]ies & h]mitages1 embrac+ ?is zone ( ! _w1 & %[+ !mselves 9 ! face ( ! s*ools ( philosophy--%\ld n ex]t great influ5ce on m5's m9ds8 ,! ideas ( ! solit>ies pass$ incessantly f ! des]t into ! t[ns2 s9ce1 9 spite ( all ! c>e :i* !y took to avoid ! contact ( ! _w1 ! _w s\ght & approa*$ !m1 & cont9ually came to receive _! inspirations4 ,:5 we see ! nations cr[d to ! solit>ies ! mo/ em95t = _! sanctity1 to implore f _! wisdom a rem$y = suff]+ & a consolation 9 mis=tunes2 :5 we see ^! v5]able m5 imp>t1 toge!r ) ! unction ( ! ,gospel1 ! sublime lessons :i* !y _h le>n$ dur+ long ye>s ( m$itation & pray] 9 ! sil5ce ( solitude1 x is impossible n to und]/& h[ mu* ^! communications mu/ h contribut$ to correct & elevate ideas relat+ to religion & morality1 & to am5d & purify morals4 ,let u n =get t ! human m9d 01 z x 71 mat]ializ$ by ! corruption & grossness ( ! pagan religion4 ,! wor%ip ( nature1 ( s5sible =ms1 0 s deeply root$ t1 9 ord] to raise m9ds to ! conception ( sup]ior ?+s1 a /rong & extraord9>y reaction 0 requir$2 x 0 necess>y 9 "s measure to annihilate matt] 9 ord] to pres5t to man only ! m9d4 ,! life ( ! solit>ies 0 ! be/ adapt$ to produce ?is effect4 ,9 read+ ! hi/ory ( ^! times1 we seem to f9d ourselves transport$ out ( ?is _w2 ! fle% has disappe>$1 & !re rema9s no?+ b ! _s2 & ! =ce :i* has be5 employ$ 9 ord] to subdue ! fle% is su*--!y h insi/$ s mu* on ! vanity ( e>?ly ?+s--t reality itself is *ang$ into illusion1 & ! physical _w vani%es to make way = ! moral & intellectual2 all ! ties ( e>? h be5 brok52 man puts himself 9 intimate communication ) ,heav54 ,miracles multiply exce$+ly 9 ^! lives2 app>itions cont9ually appe>2 ! abodes ( ! solit>ies are ar5as :]e e>?ly means are no?+2 good angels /ruggle aga9/ demons1 heav5 aga9/ hell1 ,god aga9/ ,satan3 ! e>? is !re only to s]ve z a field ( battle2 ! body exi/s no long] except to be consum$ z a holocau/ on ! alt>s ( virtue1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! demon :o /ruggles furi\sly to r5d] x ! slave ( vice4 ,:at has become ( ! idolatr\s wor%ip :i* ,greece paid to s5sible =ms1 t adoration :i* x (f]$ to nature by deify+ all t 0 delici\s & beautiful1 all t c\ld int]e/ ! s5ses & ! he>t8 ,:at a pr(\nd *ange6 ! same s5ses are subject$ to ! mo/ sev]e privations2 !y are mo/ /rictly circumcis$ 9 he>t2 & man1 :o !n sc>cely attempt$ to raise 8 m9d above ! e>?1 n[ keeps x con/antly fix$ on ,heav54 ,x is impossible to =m an idea ( :at we are attempt+ to describe1 )\t hav+ read ! lives ( ^! solit>ies2 to und]/& all ! effect ( _! great prodigies1 x is necess>y to h sp5t _m h\rs ov] ^! pages1 :]e1 s to speak1 no?+ is f\nd :i* foll[s ! natural c\rse ( ?+s4 ,x is n en\gh to imag9e pure lives1 au/]ities1 visions1 & miracles2 x is necess>y to see all ?is collect$ toge!r1 & c>ri$ to ! mo/ wond]ful ext5t 9 ! pa? ( p]fection4 ,if y refuse to ackn[l$ge ! action ( grace 9 facts s surpris+2 if y w n see any sup]natural effect 9 ?is religi\s movem5t2 ,i say m1 if y g s f> z to suppose t ! mortification ( ! fle% & ! elevation ( ! s\l are c>ri$ to blamable exagg]ation1 /ill y _c help all[+ t su* a reaction 0 v likely to spiritualize ideas1 to awak5 ! moral & intellectual =ces 9 man1 & to conc5trate all )9 himself1 by giv+ him ! s5tim5t ( t int]ior1 intimate1 & moral life1 ) :i*1 until !n1 he _h n be5 occupi$4 ,! =ehead :i*1 till !n1 _h be5 b5t t[>ds ! e>?1 0 rais$ t[>ds ! ,div9ity2 some?+ nobl] ?an mat]ial enjoym5ts 0 (f]$ to ! m9d1 & ! brutal excesses au?oriz$ by ! example ( ! false div9ities ( paganism1 at l5g? appe>$ an (f5ce aga9/ ! high dignity ( human nature4 ,9 ! moral ord]1 ! effect mu/ h be5 imm5se4 ,man1 until !n1 _h n ev5 imag9$ t x 0 possible to resi/ ! impetuosity ( 8 passions4 ,!re 7 f\nd1 x is true1 9 ! cold morality ( a few philosoph]s1 c]ta9 maxims int5d$ to re/ra9 ! dang]\s passions2 b ?is morality 0 only 9 ! books1 ! _w did n reg>d x z practicable1 & if "s m5 attempt$ to realize x1 !y did s 9 su* a mann] t1 f> f giv+ x cr$it1 !y r5d]$ x contemptible4 ,:at did x avail to ab&on ri*es & pr(ess fre$om f all e>?ly ?+s1 z "s philosoph]s did1 if at ! same "t !y appe>$ s va91 s full ( !mselves1 t x 0 evid5t t !y only sacrific$ on ! alt> ( pride8 ,x 0 to ov]turn all ! idols 9 ord] to place !mselves on ! alt>1 & reign !re )\t rival gods2 ?is 0 n to direct ! passions1 to subject !m to reason1 b to create a mon/] passion surpass+ & dev\r+ all4 ,humility1 ! f\ndation-/one :]eon ! solit>ies rais$ ! edifice ( _! virtue1 plac$ !m imm$iately 9 a position inf9itely sup]ior to t ( ! anci5t philosoph]s :o 7 di/+ui%$ = a life m or less sev]e4 ,9 f9e1 m5 7 taught to avoid vice & practise virtue1 n = ! futile pleasure ( be+ reg>d$ & admir$1 b = sup]ior motives f\nd$ on ! relations ( man ) ,god1 & ! de/9ies ( et]nity4 ,f t mom5t man knew t x 0 n impossible = him to triumph ov] evil1 9 ! ob/9ate /ruggle :i* he felt cont9ually go+ on )9 himself4 ,at ! sight ( s _m ?\s&s ( p]sons ( bo? sexes :o foll[$ a rule ( life s pure & au/]e1 mank9d took fre% c\rage1 & 7 conv9c$ t ! pa?s ( virtue 7 n impracticable = !m4 ,! g5]\s confid5ce ) :i* man 0 inspir$ by ! sight ( su* sublime examples1 lo/ no?+ ( its /r5g? 9 pres5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma1 :i* does n all[ actions m]itori\s ( et]nal life to be attribut$ to man himself1 & tea*es him ! necessity ( div9e aid1 if he wi%es to escape ! pa?s ( p]dition4 ,?is dogma1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 accords s well ) ! daily lessons ( exp]i5ce z to human frailty1 f> f de/roy+ ! /r5g? ( ! m9d or dim9i%+ its c\rage1 on ! contr>y1 animates x m & m to p]sev]e 9 spite ( all ob/acles4 ,:5 man ?9ks himself alone1 :5 he does n feel himself support$ by ! p[]ful h& ( ,provid5ce1 he walks ) ! tott]+ /eps ( infancy2 he wants confid5ce 9 himself1 9 8 own /r5g?2 ! object he has 9 view seems too di/ant1 ! ent]prise too ardu\s1 & he is disc\rag$4 ,! dogma ( grace1 z x is expla9$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is n t fatali/ doctr9e1 ! "m ( despair1 :i* has h>d5$ ! he>t among ,prote/ants1 z ,grotius lam5ts4 ,x is a doctr9e :i*1 leav+ man all 8 free w1 tea*es him ! necessity ( sup]ior aid2 b t aid w be abundantly furni%$ him by ! inf9ite goodness ( ,god1 :o has %$ ,8 blood = him 9 torm5ts & ignom9y1 & has brea!d out = him ,8 la/ sigh on ,m\nt ,calv>y4 ,x seems z if ,provid5ce _h be5 pleas$ to *oose a climate :]e mank9d c\ld make a trial ( _! /r5g? vivifi$ & su/a9$ by grace4 ,x 0 "u a sky app>5tly ! mo/ fatal = ! corruption ( ! s\l1 9 c\ntries :]e ! relaxation ( ! body naturally leads to relaxation ( m9d1 & :]e ev5 ! air t !y brea!d incl9$ to pleasure1--x 0 !re t ! greate/ en]gy ( m9d 0 display$1 t ! greate/ au/]ities 7 practis$1 & ! pleasures ( ! s5ses 7 proscrib$ & bani%$ ) ! greate/ sev]ity4 ,! solit>ies fix$ _! abodes 9 des]ts )9 ! influ5ce ( ! balmy breezes ( ! neighbor+ l&s2 f _! m\nta9s & s&y hills _! eyes c\ld di/+ui% ! peaceful & smil+ c\ntries :i* invit$ to pleasure & enjoym5t2 l ! ,*ri/ian virg9 :o ab&on$ h] obscure cave to g & place h]self 9 ! holl[ ( a rock1 :5ce %e saw ! palace ( h] fa!rs ov]fl[+ ) ri*es1 pleasures1 & delights1 :ile %e h]self lam5t$ l a solit>y dove 9 ! holes ( ! rock4 ,f t "t all climates 7 good = virtue2 au/]ity ( morals did n at all dep5d on ! proximity ( ! equatorial l9e2 ! morality ( man1 l man himself1 c\ld live 9 all climates4 ,:5 ! mo/ p]fect cont95ce 0 practis$ 9 s wond]ful a mann] "u ! sky :i* we h describ$1 ! monogamy ( ,*ri/ianity c\ld well be e/abli%$ & pres]v$4 ,:51 9 ! secrets ( ! ,et]nal1 ! "t _h arriv$ = call+ a p to ! light ( tru?1 x matt]$ n :e!r !y liv$ amid ! sn[s ( ,sc&9avia1 or on ! burn+ pla9s ( ,india4 ,! _s ( ! div9e laws 0 n to be conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ circle :i* ! ,esprit des ,lois ( ,montesquieu has attempt$ to assign x4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,on ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! lives ( ! solit>ies ( ! ,ea/ ov] religion & morality is beyond a d\bt2 9 tru? x is n easy to appreciate x 9 all its ext5t & 9 all its effects2 b x is n ! less true & real on t acc\nt4 ,x has n m>k$ ! doctr9es ( humanity l ^? ?und]+ ev5ts ! effects ( :i* are (t5 inadequate to _! promises2 b x is l a b5eficial ra9 :i*1 diffus+ itself g5tly ov] ! ?ir/y e>?1 f]tilizes ! mead[s & ! fields4 ,if x 7 possible = man to compreh5d & di/+ui% ! va/ assemblage ( causes :i* h contribut$ to raise 8 m9d1 to give him a lively consci\sness ( 8 immortality1 & to r5d] a return to 8 anci5t degradation almo/ impossible1 p]haps x w\ld be f\nd t ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( ! ,ea/]n solit>ies _h a consid]able %>e 9 t imm5se *ange4 ,let u n =get t f !nce did ! great m5 ( ! ,ea/ receive _! inspiration2 ,/4 ,j]ome liv$ 9 a cave at ,be?lehem1 & ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 accompani$ by a holy emulation excit$ 9 8 m9d by read+ ! life ( ,/4 ,an?ony ! ,abbot4 ,! mona/]ies :i* 7 f\nd$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 imitation ( ^! e>ly e/abli%m5ts ( ! solit>ies1 7 a cont9uation ( !m1 al?\gh ) _m diff]5ces1 9 consequ5ce ( times & circum/ances4 ,!nce came ! ,basils1 ! ,gregories1 ! ,*ryso/oms1 & s _m di/+ui%$ m51 ! glory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if a mis]able _s ( dispute1 ambition1 & pride1 s[+ ! se$s ( discord1 _h n prep>$ ! rupture :i* 0 to deprive ! ,ea/ ( ! vivify+ influ5ce ( ! ,roman ,see1 p]haps ! anci5t mona/]ies ( ! ,ea/ w\ld h s]v$1 l ^? ( ! ,we/1 to prep>e a social reg5]ation1 by =m+ "o p out ( ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$4 ,x is evid5t t ! want ( unity 0 "o ( ! causes ( ! weakness ( ! ,ea/2 ,i w n d5y t _! position 0 v diff]5t f ours2 ! enemy oppos$ to !m did n at all resemble ! b>b>ians ( ! ,nor?2 b ,i am n sure t x 0 easi] to subdue ! latt] ?an x 0 to rule ! nations by :om ! ,ea/ 0 conqu]$4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! victory rema9$ ) ! aggressors1 z ) u2 b a conqu]$ nation is n dead2 its defeat does n take f x all ! great advantages :i* are able1 by giv+ x a moral asc5d5cy ov] ! conqu]ors1 to prep>e1 9 sil5ce1 _! trans=mation1 if n _! expulsion4 ,! nor!rn b>b>ians conqu]$ ! ,s\? ( ,europe2 b ! ,s\?1 9 its turn1 triumph$ ov] !m by ! ,*ri/ian religion2 ! b>b>ians 7 n driv5 out1 b !y 7 trans=m$4 ,spa9 0 conqu]$ by ! ,arabs1 & ! ,arabs c\ld n be trans=m$2 b !y 7 driv5 out 9 ! end4 ,if ! ,ea/ _h pres]v$ unity1 if ,con/ant9ople & ! o!r episcopal sees _h rema9$ subject to ,rome l ^? ( ! ,we/2 9 a ^w1 if all ! ,ea/ _h be5 cont5t$ to be a memb] ( a great body1 in/ead ( hav+ ! ambiti\s pret5sions ( be+ a great body itself1 ,i consid] x c]ta9 t1 aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,s>ac5s1 a /ruggle1 at once intellectual1 moral1 & physical1 w\ld h be5 engag$ 92 a pr(\nd *ange w\ld h be5 work$ 9 ! conqu]$ nation1 or ! /ruggle w\ld h end$ by ! conqu]+ b>b>ians be+ driv5 back to _! des]ts4 ,x w be said t ! trans=mation ( ! ,arabs 0 ! "w ( ages4 ,b 0 n t ( ! b>b>ians ( ! ,nor? s likewise8 ,0 ?is great "w f9i%$ by _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity8 ,a consid]able "p ( !m 7 ,arians2 & besides1 !y und]/ood ! ,*ri/ian ideas s ill1 !y f\nd ! practice ( ,gospel morality s difficult1 t = a long "t x 0 almo/ z difficult to treat ) !m z ) nations ( a diff]5t religion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let u n =get t ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians 0 n a solit>y ev5t2 an ev5t :i*1 :5 once f9i%$1 did n recur2 x 0 cont9u$ = ages4 ,b ! =ce ( ! religi\s pr9ciple 9 ! ,we/ 0 su*1 t all ! invad+ nations 7 compell$ to retire1 or 7 =c$ to b5d to ! ideas & mann]s ( ! c\ntries !y _h rec5tly acquir$4 ,! defeat ( ! hordes ( ,attila1 ! victories ( ,*>lemagne ov] ! ,saxons & ! o!r nations beyond ! ,rh9e1 ! successive conv]sion ( ! v>i\s idolatr\s nations ( ! ,nor? by means ( ! mission>ies s5t f ,rome1--9 f9e1 ! vicissitudes & ! f9al result ( ! invasions ( ! ,normans1 & ! ultimate triumph ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,spa9 ov] ! ,moors aft] a w> ( eight c5turies1 are s _m decisive pro(s ( :at ,i h j laid d[n--viz4 t ! ,we/1 vivifi$ & =tifi$ by ,ca?olic unity1 _h _h ! secret ( assimilat+ & appropriat+ to itself all t x 0 n able to reject1 & ! =ce to reject all t x c\ld n make its own4 ,?is is :at 0 want+ 9 ! ,ea/3 ! ent]prise 0 n m difficult !re ?an 9 ! ,we/4 ,if ! ,we/ alone 0 able to lib]ate ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 ! ,we/ & ,ea/ toge!r w\ld nev] h lo/ x2 or1 at lea/1 aft] hav+ fre$ x1 !y w\ld h kept x = ev]4 ,! same cause prev5t$ ! mona/]ies ( ! ,ea/ f atta9+ to ! same vitality & en]gy :i* di/+ui%$ ^? ( ! ,we/2 !re=e1 !y h always be5 se5 to gr[ weak ) "t1 )\t produc+ any ?+ great1 & capable ( prev5t+ social dissolution1 ( sil5tly prep>+ & sl[ly elaborat+ reg5]ation = po/]ity1 aft] ! calamities ) :i* x pleas$ ,provid5ce to afflict anci5t times4 ,he :o has se5 9 hi/ory ! brilliant comm5cem5t ( ! ,ea/]n mona/]ies1 _c behold )\t pa9 ! decl9e ( _! /r5g? & spl5dor 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 aft] ! ravages caus$ by invasion1 w>s1 & f9ally1 ! deadly influ5ce ( ! s*ism ( ,con/ant9ople2 ! anci5t abodes ( s _m m5 illu/ri\s = sci5ce & sanctity gradually disappe>$ f ! page ( hi/ory l expir+ lamps1 or ! dy+ fires ( an ab&on$ camp4 ,imm5se injury 0 done to all ! bran*es ( human k by ?is decl9e1 :i*1 aft] hav+ r5d]$ ! ,ea/ b>r51 end$ by de/roy+ x4 ,if we pay att5tion1 we %all see t1 amid ! great %ocks & revolutions :i* di/urb$ ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia1 ! natural refuge = ! rema9s ( anci5t k1 0 n ! ,we/1 b ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 n 9 our mona/]ies t ! books1 & o!r intellectual ri*es1 ( :i* quiet] & happi] g5]ations 7 "o day to enjoy ! b5efit1 %\ld naturally h be5 pres]v$2 ?is1 x w\ld seem1 belong$ to ! mona/]ies ( ! ea/]n c\ntries2 ^? l&s1 :]e ! mo/ diff]5t civilizations 7 br\ght toge!r & comm+l$ z on neutral gr\nd2 ^? regions1 :]e ! human m9d _h display$ ! greate/ activity1 & tak5 ! highe/ flights2 :]e ! mo/ abundant treasures ( tradition & sci5ces1 & ! beauties ( art 7 accumulat$2 9 a ^w1 x 0 9 ?is va/ m>t ( all ! ri*es ( ! civilization & ref9em5t ( all nations1--x 0 9 ?is sanctu>y & museum ( antiquity1 t ! intellectual patrimony ( future g5]ations ought to h be5 pres]v$4 ,let x n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! mona/]ies ( ! ,ea/ 7 ( no s]vice to ! human m9d2 ! sci5ce & lit]ature ( ,europe are /ill m9dful ( ! impulse :i* 0 communicat$ to !m1 by ! arrival ( ! preci\s mat]ials ?r[n ^u ! coa/s ( ,italy1 aft] ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople3 b ev5 ^! ri*es1 br\ght to ,europe by a few m51 driv5 ^u our %ores by a tempe/1 came to u1 l ! rema9s ( a %ipwreck$ crew1 :o1 aft] hav+ ) difficulty sav$ _! lives f ! fury ( ! waves1 h only pres]v$ 9 _! b5umb$ h&s "s gold & a few preci\s /ones4 ,= ?is reason1 precisely1 d we lam5t1 because f ! example we h adduc$1 we are enabl$ ! bett] to und]/& ! imm5se ri*es ( ! vessel :i* 0 lo/2 ?is makes u grieve ! m bitt]ly t ! e>ly times ( ! illu/ri\s c5obites ( ! ,ea/ h n be5 br\ght d[n to our day by a cont9u$ *a94 ,:5 we see _! works ov]fl[ ) sacr$ & pr(ane le>n+1 :5 _! labors %[ u pro(s ( indefatigable activity1 we ?9k ) sorr[ ( ! ine/imable treasures :i* _! libr>ies mu/ h conta9$4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! ju/ness ( ! melan*oly reflections we h "h made1 x mu/ be all[$ t ! influ5ce ( ^! mona/]ies nev] ceas$ to be extremely useful to ! pres]vation ( k4 ,! ,arabs1 9 ! times ( _! success1 %[$ !mselves to be intellig5t & cultivat$2 & ,europe1 9 _m respects1 is indebt$ to !m = mu* advancem5t4 ,bagdad & ,gr5ada1 dur+ ! middle ages1 are two brilliant c5tres ( intellectual movem5t & art1 :i* s]ve n a little to dim9i% ! sombre effect ( ! b>b>ities ( ,islamism3 !y are two tranquil & pleas+ features 9 a frightful picture4 ,if x 7 possible to foll[ ! hi/ory ( intellectual developm5t among ! ,arabs1 ?r\gh ! trans=mations & cata/rophes ( ! ,ea/1 p]haps we %\ld f9d 9 ! sci5ces ( ! nations :i* !y conqu]$ or de/roy$ ! orig9 ( mu* ( _! progress4 ,x is c]ta9 t _! own civilization did n conta9 any vital pr9ciple favorable to ! developm5t ( ! m9d2 we h a pro( ( ?is 9 _! religi\s & social organization1 & 9 ! small results :i* !y obta9$1 aft] hav+ be5 = s _m c5turies peacefully e/abli%$ 9 ! conqu]$ c\ntries4 ,_! :ole sy/em1 ) respect to lett]s & intellectual cultivation1 is f\nd$ on t /upid maxim1 utt]$ by "o ( _! *iefs1 :5 he condemn$ an imm5se libr>y to ! flames3 ,if ^! books are contr>y to ! ,alcoran1 !y %\ld be burnt z p]nici\s2 if !y are n contr>y to x1 !y %\ld be burnt z useless4 ,we read 9 ,palladius1 t ! monks ( ,egypt did n cont5t !mselves ) work+ ) rude & simple objects1 b t !y devot$ !mselves to labors ( all k9ds4 ,^! ?\s&s ( m51 :o1 belong+ to all classes & to all c\ntries1 embrac$ ! solit>y life1 mu/ h br\ght to ! des]t a l>ge treasure ( k4 ,we "k h[ f> ! human m9d c g :5 left to itself1 & appli$ to a fix$ occupation2 !re is always "s reason = ?9k+ t a great "p ( ! valuable ideas on ! secrets ( nature1 ! utility & prop]ties ( c]ta9 +r$i5ts1 ! pr9ciples ( "s ( ! arts & sci5ces1 k :i* =m$ ! ri* patrimony ( ! ,arabs at ! "t :5 !y appe>$ 9 ,europe1 7 no?+ b ! rema9s ( anci5t le>n+1 ga!r$ by !m 9 c\ntries :i* _h =m]ly be5 inundat$ by m5 f all p>ts4 ,we mu/ rememb] t at ! "t ( ! fir/ invasions ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 :5 ,spa91 ! s\? ( ,france1 ,italy1 ! nor? ( ,africa1 & all ! isl&s adjac5t to ^! c\ntries1 7 ravag$ by ^! t]rible m51 ! ,ea/ became a refuge1 an asylum1 = all ^? :o c\ld und]take ! voyage4 ,?us ! treasures ( ,we/]n sci5ce accumulat$ e day 9 ^! c\ntries2 ?is emigration f all ! ,we/]n regions may h contribut$1 9 an extraord9>y mann]1 to convey to ! ,ea/ ! rema9s ( anci5t k1 :i* aft]w>ds came to u trans=m$ & disfigur$ by ! h&s ( ! ,arabs4 ,deeply conv9c$ ( ! no?+ness ( ! _w by s long a succession ( heavy mis=tunes1 ^! un=tunate m5 felt ! religi\s s5tim5t /r5g!n$ 9 _! he>ts2 ! fugitives assembl$ 9 ! ,ea/ li/5$ ) lively emotion to ! en]getic words ( ! solit>y ( ! cave ( ,be?lehem4 ,a great _m ( !m retir$ into ! mona/]ies1 :]e !y f\nd relief = _! wants1 & consolation = _! s\ls2 ?us did ! ,ea/]n mona/]ies ga9 a great addition ( valuable k & in=mation ( all sorts4 ,if ,european civilization "o day become complete mi/ress ( ! c\ntries :i* n[ groan "u ! ,mussulman yoke1 p]haps x w be giv5 to ! hi/ory ( sci5ce to add a noble page to its labors1 :51 ?r\gh ! obscurities ( ! times1 & by means ( manuscripts discov]$ by curiosity or *ance1 %e %all h f\nd ! ?read :i* %all lead to a k ( ! connection ( ,arabian sci5ce ) t ( antiquity4 ,! succession ( trans=mations w !n be display$1 & we %all und]/& h[ ! sci5ce ( ! sons ( ,om> has appe>$ to h a diff]5t orig9 9 our eyes4 ,! ar*ives ( ,spa9 conta91 9 docum5ts relat+ to ! dom9ion ( ! ,s>ac5s1 ri*es1 ! exam9ation ( :i* may be said n yet to be comm5c$2 p]haps !y w ?r[ "s light on ?is po9t4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y af=d matt] = c>eful inve/igation1 extremely curi\s = appreciat+ ^! two v diff]5t civilizations1 ! ,mohamm$an & ! ,*ri/ian4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,( ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,let u n[ exam9e religi\s in/itutions1 su* z !y appe> 9 ! ,we/1 b lay+ aside ^? :i*1 al?\gh e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,we/1 7 only a sort ( ramification ( ! ,ea/]n mona/]ies4 ,we obs]ve t ! religi\s e/abli%m5ts among u add$ to ! ,gospel _s1 ! pr9ciple ( _! f\ndation1 a new "*1 t ( cons]vative1 re/orative1 & reg5]ative associations4 ,! monks ( ! ,we/ 7 n cont5t ) sanctify+ !mselves2 f ! fir/ !y influ5c$ society4 ,! light & life :i* _! holy abodes conta9$1 labor$ to enlight5 & f]tilize ! *aos ( ! _w4 ,i d n "k 9 hi/ory a nobl] or m consol+ spectacle ?an t :i* is pres5t$ to u by ! f\ndation1 exi/5ce1 & developm5t ( ! religi\s in/itutions ( ,europe4 ,society _h ne$ ( /rong ef=ts to pres]ve its life 9 ! t]rible crisis ?r\gh :i* x _h to pass4 ,! secret ( /r5g? is 9 ! union ( individual =ces1 9 association2 & x is rem>kable t ?is secret has be5 taught to ,european society z if by a revelation f heav54 ,e ?+ %akes1 falls to pieces1 & p]i%es4 ,religion1 morality1 public au?ority1 laws1 mann]s1 sci5ces1 & arts--e ?+ has su/a9$ imm5se losses1 e ?+ goes to ru92 & judg+ ( ! future fate ( ! _w accord+ to human probabilities1 ! evils are s great & num]\s t a rem$y appe>s impossible4 ,! obs]v] :o1 fix+ 8 eyes ^u ^? desolate times1 f9ds !re ,/4 ,b5net giv+ life to & animat+ ! religi\s in/itutions1 organiz+ !m1 giv+ !m 8 wise rule & /ability1 imag9es t he sees an angel ( light issu+ f ! bosom ( d>kness4 ,no?+ c be imag9$ bett] calculat$ to re/ore to dissolv$ society a pr9ciple ( life capable ( reorganiz+ x1 ?an ! extraord9>y & sublime inspiration :i* guid$ ?is man4 ,:o does n "k :at at t "t 0 ! condition ( ,italy--,i %\ld r say1 ( ! :ole ( ,europe8 ,:at ignorance1 :at corruption1 :at elem5ts ( social dissolution6 ,:at desolation ev]y:]e6 & x is amid ?is deplorable /ate ( ?+s t ! holy solit>y appe>s1 ! *ild ( an illu/ri\s family ( ,norcia1 resolv$ to combat ! evil :i* ?reat5s to invade ! _w4 ,8 arms are 8 virtues2 ! eloqu5ce ( 8 example gives him an irresi/ible asc5d5cy2 elevat$ above ! :ole age1 burn+ ) zeal1 & yet full ( prud5ce & discretion1 he f\nds t in/itution :i* is to rema9 amid ! revolution ( ages1 l ! pyramids unmov$ by ! /orms ( ! des]t4 ,:at idea has !re be5 m gr&1 m b5efic5t1 m full ( =esight & wisdom8 ,at a "t :5 k & virtue _h no long] an asylum1 :5 ignorance1 corruption1 & b>b>ism rapidly ext5d$ _! conque/s1 0 x n a gr& idea to raise a refuge = mis=tune1 to =m a sacr$ deposit = ! preci\s monum5ts ( antiquity1 & to op5 s*ools ( k & virtue1 :]e m5 de/9$ "o day to figure 9 ! vortex ( ! _w might come = in/ruction8 ,:5 ! reflect+ man fixes 8 att5tion on ! sil5t abode ( ,monte ,cass9o1 :]e ! sons ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s families ( ! empire are se5 to come f all p>ts to t mona/]y2 "s ) ! int5tion ( rema9+ !re = ev]1 o!rs to receive a good education1 & soon to c>ry back to ! _w a recollection ( ! s]i\s inspirations :i* ! holy f\nd] _h receiv$ at ,subiaco2 :5 ! mona/]ies ( ! ord] are se5 to multiply ev]y:]e1 to be e/abli%$ z great c5tres ( activity 9 all places--9 ! pla9s1 9 ! =e/s1 9 ! mo/ un9habit$ c\ntries2 he _c help b5d+1 ) pr(\nd v5]ation1 be=e ! extraord9>y man :o has conceiv$ su* gr& designs4 ,if we are unwill+ to ackn[l$ge 9 ,/4 ,b5net a man inspir$ by ,heav51 at lea/ we ought to consid] him z "o ( ^? g5iuses :o1 f "t to "t1 appe> on e>? to become ! tutel>y angels ( ! human race4 ,n to ackn[l$ge ! p[]ful effect ( su* in/itutions w\ld be to %[ b little intellig5ce4 ,:5 society is dissolv$1 x requires n words1 n projects1 n laws1 b /rong in/itutions1 to resi/ ! %ock ( ! passions1 ! incon/ancy ( ! human m9d1 & ! de/ructive p[] ( ev5ts2 in/itutions :i* raise ! m9d1 pacify & ennoble ! he>t1 & e/abli% 9 society a deep movem5t ( reaction & resi/ance to ! fatal elem5ts :i* lead x to de/ruction4 ,if !re exi/s1 !n1 an active m9d1 a g5]\s he>t1 a s\l animat$ by a feel+ ( virtue1 !y w all ha/5 to seek a refuge 9 ! sacr$ asylums2 x is n always grant$ to !m to *ange ! c\rse ( ! _w1 b at lea/1 z m5 ( solitude & sacrifice1 !y lab\r to in/ruct & calm _! own m9ds1 & !y %$ a te> ( compassion ov] ! s5seless g5]ations :o are agitat$ by great disa/]s4 ,f "t to "t !y succe$ 9 mak+ _! voices he>d amid ! tumult1 to al>m ! he>ts ( ! wick$ by acc5ts :i* resemble ! =midable w>n+s ( ,heav52 ?us !y dim9i% ! =ce ( ! evil :ile x is impossible to prev5t x entirely2 by con/antly prote/+ aga9/ iniquity1 !y prev5t its acquir+ prescriptive "r2 9 atte/+ to future g5]ations1 by a solemn te/imony1 t !re 7 always1 amid d>kness & corruption1 m5 :o made ef=ts to enlight5 ! _w & to re/ra9 ! torr5t ( vice & crime1 !y pres]ve fai? 9 tru? & virtue1 & !y reanimate ! hopes ( ^? :o are aft]w>ds plac$ 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,su* 0 ! action ( ! monks 9 ! calamit\s times ( :i* we speak2 su* 0 _! noble & sublime mission to promote ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,p]haps x w be said t ! imm5se prop]ties acquir$ by ! mona/]ies 7 an abundant recomp5se = _! labors1 & p]haps also a pro( t _! ex]tions 7 little dis9t]e/$4 ,no d\bt1 if we look at ?+s 9 ! light 9 :i* c]ta9 writ]s h repres5t$ !m1 ! weal? ( ! monks w appe> z ! fruit ( unb\nd$ cupidity1 ( cruelty1 & p]fidi\s policy2 b we h ! :ole ( hi/ory to refute ! calumnies ( ! enemies ( religion2 & imp>tial philosophy1 :ile ackn[l$g+ t all t is human is liable to abuse1 takes c>e to assume a high] position1 to reg>d ?+s en masse1 & to consid] !m 9 ! va/ picture :]e s _m c5turies h pa9t$ _! features4 ,x !re=e despises ! evil1 :i* is only ! exception1 :ile x contemplates & admires ! good1 :i* is ! rule4 ,besides ! num]\s religi\s motives :i* br\ght prop]ty into ! h&s ( ! monks1 !re is ano!r v legitimate "o1 :i* has always be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! ju/e/ titles ( acquisition4 ,! monks cultivat$ wa/e l&s1 dri$ up m>%es1 con/ruct$ roads1 re/ra9$ riv]s )9 _! b$s1 & built bridges ov] !m2 t is to say1 9 c\ntries :i* _h und]gone ano!r k9d ( g5]al deluge1 !y r5ew$1 9 "s measure1 :at ! fir/ nations _h done to re/ore ! revolutioniz$ globe to its orig9al =m4 ,a consid]able portion ( ,europe _h nev] receiv$ cultivation f ! h&s ( m52 ! =e/s1 ! riv]s1 ! lakes1 ! ?orny ?ickets1 7 z r\gh z !y _h be5 left by ! h&s ( nature4 ,! mona/]ies :i* 7 f\nd$ "h & !re may be reg>d$ z ! c5tres ( action1 :i* ! civiliz$ nations e/abli%$ 9 ! new c\ntries1 ! faces ( :i* !y propos$ to *ange by _! p[]ful colonies4 ,did !re ev] exi/ a m legitimate title = ! possession ( l>ge prop]ties8 ,is n he :o reclaims a wa/e c\ntry1 cultivates x1 & fills x ) inhabitants1 wor?y ( pres]v+ l>ge possessions !re8 ,is n ?is ! natural c\rse ( ?+s8 ,:o kn[s h[ _m cities & t[ns arose & fl\ri%$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! abbeys8 ,mona/ic prop]ties1 besides _! sub/antial utility1 _h ano!r1 :i* p]haps has n be5 suffici5tly notic$4 ,! situation ( a great "p ( ! nations ( ,europe1 at ! "t we speak (1 mu* resembl$ ! /ate ( fluctuation & incon/ancy 9 :i* nations are f\nd1 :o h n yet made any progress 9 ! c>e] ( civilization & ref9em5t4 ,! idea ( prop]ty1 "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal 9 all social organization1 0 b little root$4 ,attacks on prop]ty at t "t 7 v frequ5t1 z well z attacks on p]sons4 ,! man :o is con/antly compell$ to def5d 8 own1 is also con/antly l$ to usurp ! prop]ty ( o!rs2 ! fir/ ?+ to d to rem$y s great an evil1 0 to locate & fix ! population by means ( ! agricultural life1 & to accu/om !m to respect = prop]ty1 n only by reasons drawn f morality & private int]e/1 b also by ! sight ( l>ge doma9s belong+ to e/abli%m5ts reg>d$ z inviolable1 & aga9/ :i* a h& c\ld n be rais$ )\t sacrilege4 ,?us religi\s ideas 7 connect$ ) social ones1 & !y sl[ly prep>$ an organization :i* 0 to be complet$ 9 m peaceable times4 ,add to ?is a new necessity1 ! result ( ! *ange :i* took place at t "t 9 ! habits ( ! p4 ,among ! anci5ts1 sc>cely any o!r life ?an t ( cities 0 kn[n2 life 9 ! c\ntry1 t disp]sion ( an imm5se population1 :i* 9 mod]n times =ms a new nation 9 ! fields1 0 n kn[n among ! anci5ts2 & x is rem>kable t ?is *ange 9 ! mode ( life 0 realiz$ exactly :5 ! mo/ calamit\s circum/ances seem$ to r5d] x ! mo/ dang]\s & difficult4 ,x is to ! exi/5ce ( ! mona/]ies 9 fields & 9 retir$ places t we owe ! e/abli%m5t & consolidation ( ?is new k9d ( life1 :i*1 no d\bt1 w\ld h be5 impossible )\t ! asc5d5cy & ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! p[]ful abbeys4 ,^! religi\s f\ndations jo9$ all ! ri*es & ! p[] ( feudal lords ) ! mild & b5efic5t influ5ce ( religi\s au?ority4 ,h[ mu* does n ,g]many owe to ! monks6 ,did !y n br+ h] l&s into cultivation1 make h] agriculture fl\ri%1 & cov] h] ) a num]\s population8 ,h[ mu* are n ,france1 ,spa91 & ,engl& indebt$ to !m6 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is latt] c\ntry w\ld nev] h rea*$ ! high degree ( civilization ( :i* %e n[ boa/s1 if ! apo/olic labors ( ! mission>ies :o p5etrat$ ?i!r 9 ! six? c5tury _h n drawn h] out ( ! d>kness ( gross idolatry4 ,& :o 7 ^! mission>ies8 ,0 n ! *ief ( !m ,augu/9e1 a monk full ( zeal1 s5t by a ,pope :o _h also be5 a monk1 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great8 ,:]e d y f9d1 amid ! confusion ( ! middle ages1 ! great writ]s ( k & virtue1 except 9 ^? solit>y abodes :5ce issue ,/4 ,isidore1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,seville2 ! holy abbot ,/4 ,columbanus2 ,/4 ,aurelian1 ,bi%op ( ,arles2 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! ,apo/le ( ,engl&2 t ( ,g]many1 ,/4 ,boniface2 ,b$e1 ,cu?b]t1 ,aup]?1 ,paul1 monks ( ,monte ,cass9o2 ,h9cm> ( ,rheims1 br\ght up at ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,d5is2 ,/4 ,pet] ,dami5s1 ,/4 ,ives1 ,lanfranc1 & s _m o!rs1 :o =m a g5]ation ( di/+ui%$ m51 resembl+ 9 no respect ! o!r m5 ( _! "t4 ,besides ! s]vice r5d]$ to society by ! monks 9 religion & morals1 !y conf]r$ ine/imable b5efits on lett]s & sci5ce4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ m ?an once1 t lett]s took refuge 9 ! cloi/]s1 & t ! monks1 by pres]v+ & copy+ ! anci5t manuscripts1 prep>$ ! mat]ials :i* 7 "o day to assi/ 9 ! re/oration ( human le>n+4 ,b we mu/ n limit _! m]it to t ( m]e copyi/s4 ,_m ( !m advanc$ f> 9 sci5ce1 _m ages 9 advance ( ! times 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,n cont5t ) ! labori\s task ( pres]v+ & putt+ into ord] ! anci5t manuscripts1 !y r5d]$ ! mo/ em95t s]vice to hi/ory by compil+ *ronicles4 ,!reby1 :ile cont9u+ ! tradition ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( /udy1 !y collect$ ! contempor>y hi/ory1 :i*1 p]haps1 )\t _! labor w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,adon1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 br\ght up 9 ! ,abbey ( ,f]rire1 writes a univ]sal hi/ory1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w to 8 own "t2 ,abbon1 monk ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs1 composes a ,lat9 poem1 9 :i* he relates ! siege ( ,p>is by ! ,normans2 ,aymon ( ,aquita9e writes ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* 9 f\r books2 ,/4 ,ives publi%es a *ronicle ( _! k+s2 ! ,g]man monk ,witm> leaves u ! *ronicle ( ,h5ry ,i41 ( ! ,k+s ,o?o & ,h5ry ,,ii41 :i* is mu* e/eem$ = its c&or1 & has be5 publi%$ _m times2 ,leibnitz has us$ x to ?r[ light on ! hi/ory ( ,brunswick4 ,adhem> is ! au?or ( a *ronicle1 :i* embraces ! :ole "t f #hbi to #ajbi4 ,glab]1 monk ( ,cluny1 has compos$ a mu*-e/eem$ hi/ory ( ! ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 ,france f #ihj to 8 own "t2 ,h]man1 a *ronicle :i* embraces ! six ages ( ! _w d[n to ! ye> #ajed4 ,9 f9e1 we %\ld nev] f9i% if we 7 to m5tion ! hi/orical labors ( ,sigeb]t1 ,guib]t1 ,hugh1 ,prior ( ,/4 ,victor1 & s _m o!r illu/ri\s m51 :o1 ris+ above _! times1 appli$ !mselves to labors ( ?is k9d2 ( :i* we _c easily appreciate ! difficulty & ! high degree ( m]it1 we :o live 9 an age :5 ! means ( k are become s easy1 :5 ! accumulat$ ri*es ( s _m ages are inh]it$1 & :5 we f9d on all sides wide & well-beat5 pa?s4 ,)\t ! exi/5ce ( religi\s in/itutions1 )\t ! asylum ( ! cloi/]s1 ^! em95t m5 w\ld nev] h be5 =m$4 ,n only _h ! sci5ces & lett]s be5 lo/ sight (1 b ignorance 0 s great1 t secul>s :o knew h[ to read & write 7 v r>e4 ,surely su* circum/ances 7 n well adapt$ to =m m5 ( m]it en\gh to d honor to advanc$ ages4 ,:o has n (t5 paus$ to contemplate ! di/+ui%$ triumvirate1 ,pet] ! ,v5]able1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & ! ,abbot ,sug]8 ,may x n be said t ! twelf? c5tury is elevat$ above its rank 9 hi/ory1 by produc+ a writ] l ,pet] ! ,v5]able1 an orator l ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & a /atesman l ,sug]8 ,^! ages %[ u ano!r celebrat$ monk1 ^: influ5ce on ! progress ( k has n be5 rat$ at its j value by _m critics :o love only to po9t out defects3 ,i mean ,gratian4 ,^? :o h declaim$ aga9/ him1 eag] to look = 8 mi/akes1 %\ld h plac$ !mselves 9 ! position ( a compil] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 at a "t :5 all res\rces 7 want+1 :5 ! lights ( criticism 7 yet to be creat$2 !y w\ld !n h se5 :e!r ! bold ent]prise ( ! monk 0 n att5d$ ) m success ?an !re 0 reason to hope =4 ,! pr(it :i* 0 drawn f ! collection ( ,gratian is incalculable4 ,by giv+ 9 a small compass a great "p ( :at 0 mo/ preci\s 9 antiquity ) respect to civil & canon law2 by mak+ an abundant collection ( texts f ! holy fa!rs1 appli$ to all k9ds ( subjects1 he awak5$ a ta/e = t species ( rese>*2 he creat$ ! /udy ( !m2 he made an imm5se /ep t[>ds satisfy+ "o ( ! fir/ necessities ( mod]n nations1 ! =mation ( civil & ecclesia/ical codes4 ,x w be said t ! errors ( ,gratian 7 contagi\s1 & t x w\ld h be5 bett] to h rec\rse directly to ! orig9als2 b to read ! orig9als x 0 necess>y to "k !m2 x 0 necess>y to be in=m$ ( _! exi/5ce1 to be excit$ by ! desire ( expla9+ a propos$ difficulty1 to h acquir$ a ta/e = rese>*es ( t k9d2 all ?is 0 want+ be=e ,gratian2 all ?is 0 br\ght out by 8 ent]prise4 ,! g5]al favor ) :i* 8 labors 7 receiv$ is ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( _! m]it2 & if x be object$ t ?is favor 0 ow+ to ! ignorance ( ! "t1 ,i w reply1 t we owe a tribute ( gratitude to any "o :o ?r[s a ray ( light on ! d>kness1 h[ev] feeble & wav]+ ?is ray may be4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,( ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions ,,dur+ ,,! ,,second ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4--,,! ,,milit>y ,,ord]s4 ,! rapid view :i* we h j tak5 ( religi\s in/itutions f ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians to ! twelf? c5tury1 has %[n u t ! mona/ic f\ndations1 dur+ t "t1 7 a p[]ful support = t rema9+ portion ( society :i* 0 ready to fall to pieces 9 ! univ]sal ru92 an asylum = mis=tune1 = virtue1 & = k2 a /oreh\se = ! preci\s monum5ts ( antiquity1 & 9 "s measure an assemblage ( civiliz+ associations1 :i* labor$ 9 sil5ce at ! recon/ruction ( ! social edifice1 by neutraliz+ ! =ce ( ! dissolv+ pr9ciples :i* _h ru9$ its basis2 !y 71 besides1 a nurs]y = =m+ ! m5 :o 7 requir$ = ! elevat$ po/s 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,9 ! twelf? & ! foll[+ c5turies1 ^! in/itutions take a new =m1 & assume a "* v diff]5t f t :i* we h j po9t$ out4 ,_! aim rema9s n less highly religi\s & social2 b ! times are *ang$1 & we mu/ rememb] ! words ( ! ,apo/le1 omnia omnibus4 ,let u exam9e ! causes & ! results ( ^! novelties4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 ,i w say a few words on ! religi\s milit>y ord]s1 ! "n ( :i* suffici5tly indicates _! d\ble "* ( monk & soldi]4 ,! union ( ! mona/ic /ate ) w>3 :at a mon/r\s mixture6 w be ! cry4 ,9 spite ( ! suppos$ mon/rosity1 ?is union 0 9 con=mity ) ! natural & regul> ord] ( ?+s2 x 0 a /rong rem$y appli$ to v great evils2 a ramp>t aga9/ imm95t dang]s2 9 a ^w1 ! expression ( a great ,european necessity4 ,?is is n ! place to relate ! annals ( ! milit>y ord]s1 annals :i*1 l ! mo/ illu/ri\s hi/ory1 af=d wond]ful & int]e/+ pictures1 ) t mixture ( h]oism & religi\s inspiration :i* assimilates hi/ory ) poetry4 ,x is en\gh to pron\nce ! names ( ! knights ( ! ,temple1 ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem1 ( ! ,teutonic ord]1 ( ,/4 ,raymond1 ( ! ,abbot ( ,fit]o1 ( ,calatrava1 in/antly to rem9d ! read] ( a long s]ies ( m>vell\s ev5ts1 =m+ "o ( ! noble/ pages 9 ! hi/ory ( t "t4 ,let u omit ^! n>rations1 :i* d n reg>d u2 b let u pause = a mom5t to exam9e ! orig9 & _s ( ^! fam\s in/itutions4 ,! ,cross & ! ,cresc5t 7 enemies irreconcilable by nature1 & urg$ to ! greate/ fury by a long & bloody /ruggle4 ,bo? _h great p[] & va/ designs2 bo? 7 support$ by brave nations1 full ( en?usiasm & ready to ?r[ !mselves on ea* o!r2 bo? _h great hopes ( success f\nd$ on =m] a*ievem5ts2 on :i* side w ! victory rema98 ,:at c\rse ought ! ,*ri/ians to pursue 9 ord] to avoid ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 !m8 ,is x bett] quietly to await ! attack ( ! ,mussulm5 9 ,europe1 or make a levy en masse to invade ,asia & seek ! enemy 9 8 own c\ntry1 :]e he believes himself to be inv9cible8 ,! problem 0 solv$ 9 ! latt] way2 ! ,crusades took place1 & c5turies h giv5 _! suffrage z to ! wisdom ( t resolution4 ,:at avails a little declamation affect+ to favor ! cause ( ju/ice & humanity8 ,let no "o all[ himself to be dazzl$2 ! philosophy ( hi/ory taught by ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 enri*$ ) a m abundant treasure ( k1 ! fruit ( a m att5tive /udy ( ! facts1 has giv5 a decisive judgm5t 9 ?is case2 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 religion has retir$ 9 triumph f ! tribunal ( philosophy4 ,! ,crusades1 f> f be+ consid]$ z an act ( b>b>ism & ra%ness1 are ju/ly reg>d$ z a *ef-d'uvre ( policy1 :i*1 aft] hav+ secur$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,europe1 gave to ! ,*ri/ian nations a decid$ prepond]ance ov] ! ,mussulm54 ,! milit>y _s 0 !reby increas$ & /r5g!n$ among ,european nations2 !y all receiv$ a feel+ ( frat]nity1 :i* trans=m$ !m into "o p2 ! human m9d 0 develop$ 9 _m ways2 ! /ate ( feudal vassals 0 improv$1 & feudality 0 urg$ t[>ds its entire ru92 navies 7 creat$1 comm]ce & manufactures 7 enc\rag$2 ?us society receiv$ f ! ,crusades a mo/ p[]ful impulse 9 ! c>e] ( civilization4 ,we d n mean to say1 t ! m5 :o conceiv$ !m1 ! ,popes :o excit$1 ! nations :o und]took1 ! pr9ces & lords :o promot$ !m ) _! p[]1 7 aw>e ( ! :ole ext5t ( _! own works1 or ev5 _h a glimpse ( ! imm5sity ( _! results2 x is en\gh t !y settl$ ! exi/+ "q 9 ! way ! mo/ favorable to ! indep5d5ce & prosp]ity ( ,europe2 ?is1 ,i repeat1 is en\gh4 ,i w\ld obs]ve1 moreov]1 t we %\ld attribute s mu* ! m importance to ?+s z human =esight has _h little %>e 9 ! ev5ts2 n[ ^! ?+s are no?+ less ?an ! pr9ciples & feel+s ( religion 9 connection ) ! pres]vation & happ9ess ( society1 ,ca?olicity cov]+ ) h] gis & animat+ ) h] brea? ! civilization ( ,europe4 ,su* 7 ! ,crusades4 ,n[1 rememb] t ?is idea1 s great & g5]\s1 0 conceiv$ ) a degree ( vagu5ess1 & execut$ ) t precipitation :i* is ! fruit ( ! impati5ce ( ard5t zeal2 rememb] t ?is idea--! (fspr+ ( ,ca?olicity1 :i* always conv]ts its ideas into in/itutions--0 to be realiz$ 9 an in/itution1 :i* fai?fully repres5t$ x1 & s]v$1 z x 71 z its organ1 9 ord] t x might r5d] itself felt1 & ga9 /r5g? & fruitfulness = its support4 ,aft] ?is1 y w look = "s means ( unit+ religion & arms2 & y w be fill$ ) joy :51 "u a cuirass ( /eel1 y %all f9d he>ts zeal\s = ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/--:5 y %all see ?is new k9d ( m51 :o devote !mselves )\t res]ve to ! def5ce ( religion1 :ile !y r5\nce all t ! _w c (f]--g5tl] ?an lambs1 bold] ?an lions1 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,sometimes !y assembl$ 9 community1 to raise _! voices to ,heav5 9 f]v5t pray]2 sometimes !y boldly m>*$ to battle1 br&i%+ _! =midable lances1 ! t]ror ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,no2 !re does n exi/ 9 ! annals ( hi/ory an ev5t s colossal z ! ,crusades1 & y might se>* !re 9 va9 = an in/itution m g5]\s ?an ! milit>y ord]s4 ,9 ! ,crusades we see numb]less nations arise1 m>* across des]ts1 bury !mselves 9 c\ntries ) :i* !y are unacqua9t$1 & expose !mselves to all ! rigors ( climates & seasons2 & = :at purpose8 ,to deliv] a tomb6 ,gr& & immortal movem5t1 :]e hundr$s ( nations advance to c]ta9 dea?--n 9 pursuit ( a mis]able self-int]e/--n to f9d an abode 9 mild] & m f]tile c\ntries--n f an ard5t desire to obta9 = !mselves e>?ly advantages--b inspir$ only by a religi\s idea1 by a jeal\s desire to possess ! tomb ( ,him :o expir$ on ! cross = ! salvation ( ! human race6 ,:5 comp>$ ) ?is1 :at becomes ( ! l(ty de$s ( ! ,greeks1 *ant$ by ,hom]8 ,greece arises to av5ge an injur$ husb&2 ,europe to r$eem ! sepul*re ( a ,god4 ,:51 aft] ! disa/]s & ! triumphs ( ! ,crusades1 we see ! milit>y ord]s appe>1 sometimes fight+ 9 ! ori5tal regions1 sometimes 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 su/a9+ & repell+ ! rude assaults ( ,islamism1 :i*1 embold5$ by its victories1 aga9 longs to ?r[ itself on ,europe1 we imag9e t we behold ^? brave m51 :o1 on ! day ( a great battle1 rema9 alone ^u ! field1 "o aga9/ a hundr$1 secur+ by _! h]oism1 & at ! haz>d ( _! lives1 ! safety ( _! companions 9 arms :o retire beh9d !m4 ,honor & glory to ! religion :i* has be5 capable ( inspir+ su* l(ty ?\ghts1 & has be5 able to realize su* great & g5]\s ent]prises6 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,subject--,,europe ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4 ,p]haps !y :o are ! mo/ oppos$ to religi\s communities may be reconcil$ to ! solit>ies ( ! ,ea/1 :5 !y p]ceive 9 !m a class ( m5 :o1 by practis+ ! mo/ sublime & au/]e c\nsels ( religion1 h communicat$ a g5]\s impulse to humanity1 h rais$ x f ! du/ :]e ,paganism _h held x1 & made x w+ its flight t[>ds pur] regions4 ,to accu/om man to grave & /rict morality2 to br+ back ! s\l )9 itself2 to give a lively feel+ ( ! dignity ( 8 nature1 ( ! l(t9ess ( 8 orig9 & 8 de/9y2 to inspire him1 by means ( extraord9>y examples1 ) confid5ce t ! m9d1 aid$ by div9e grace1 c triumph ov] ! animal passions1 & make man lead an angelic life ^u e>?3 ^! are b5efits s signal1 t a noble he>t mu/ %[ itself grateful & full ( lively int]e/ = ! m5 :o h giv5 !m to ! _w4 ,z to ! mona/]ies ( ! ,we/1 ! b5efits ( _! civiliz+ influ5ce are s visible1 t no man :o loves humanity c reg>d !m ) animadv]sion2 9 f9e1 ! milit>y ord]s pres5t u ) an idea s noble1 s poetical1 & realize 9 s admirable a mann] "o ( ^? gold5 dreams :i* cross ! human m9d 9 mom5ts ( en?usiasm1 t !y mu/ c]ta9ly f9d respectful homage 9 e he>t :i* beats at a noble & sublime spectacle4 ,!re yet rema9s a m difficult task1 t ( pres5t+ at ! tribunal ( philosophy--t philosophy s indiff]5t 9 religi\s matt]s--! o!r religi\s communities :i* are n compris$ 9 ! sket* :i* ,i h j made4 ,judgm5ts ( great sev]ity h be5 pass$ ^u ^? in/itutions :i* ,i h n[ to speak (2 b 9 su* ?+s ju/ice _c be prescriptive4 ,nei!r ! applause ( irreligi\s m51 nor ! revolutions :i* upset all t /& 9 _! way1 c prev5t ! tru? be+ plac$ 9 its true light1 & folly & crime be+ /igmatiz$ ) disgrace4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury has j comm5c$2 !re appe>s a new k9d ( m51 :o1 "u diff]5t titles1 d5om9ations1 & =ms1 pr(ess a s+ul> & extraord9>y way ( life4 ,"s put on clo?+ ( co>se clo?2 !y r5\nce all weal? & prop]ty2 !y condemn !mselves to p]petual m5dicity1 spread+ !mselves ov] ! c\ntry & ! t[ns = ! sake ( ga9+ s\ls = ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,o!rs be> on _! dress ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! r$emption ( man1 & und]take ! mission ( releas+ f s]vitude ! numb]less captives :o1 f ! mis=tune ( ! times1 h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,mussulm54 ,"s erect ! cross 9 ! mid/ ( a p :o eag]ly foll[ !m1 & !y in/itute a new devotion--a con/ant hymn ( praise to ,jesus & to ,m>y2 at ! same "t !y indefatigably prea* ! fai? ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,o!rs g 9 se>* ( all ! mis]ies ( man1 bury !mselves 9 hospitals1 9 all ! asylums ( mis=tune1 to succ\r & console4 ,!y all be> new /&>ds2 all %[ equal contempt = ! _w2 !y all =m a portion sep>ate f ! re/ ( mank9d2 b !y resemble nei!r ! solit>ies ( ! ,ea/1 nor ! sons ( ,/4 ,b5net4 ,! new monks arise n 9 ! des]t1 b 9 ! mid/ ( society3 _! object is n to live %ut up 9 mona/]ies1 b to spread !mselves ov] ! fields & hamlets1 to p5etrate to ! he>t ( ! great masses ( ! population1 & to make _! voices he>d bo? 9 ! cottage ( ! %eph]d & 9 ! palace ( ! mon>*4 ,!y increase on all sides 9 a prodigi\s mann]4 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,engl&1 receive !m2 num]\s conv5ts arise z if by en*antm5t 9 ! villages & t[ns2 ! ,popes protect !m & enri* !m ) _m privileges2 k+s grant !m ! highe/ favors1 & support !m 9 _! ent]prises2 ! p reg>d !m ) v5]ation1 & li/5 to !m ) respectful docility4 ,a religi\s movem5t appe>s on all sides2 religi\s in/itutions1 m or less resembl+ ea* o!r1 arise l ! bran*es f ! same trunk4 ,! obs]v]1 :5 he sees ?is imm5se & a/oni%+ picture1 asks himself1 ,:at are ! causes ( s extraord9>y a ph5om5on8 :5ce ?is s+ul> movem5t8 :at is its t5d5cy8 :at w be its effects on society8 ,:5 a fact ( su* high importance is realiz$ all at once 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries1 & la/s = c5turies1 x is a pro( t !re exi/$ v p[]ful means to produce x4 ,x is va9 to be entirely =getful ( ! views ( ,provid5ce3 no "o c d5y t su* a fact mu/ h _h its root 9 ! ess5ce ( ?+s2 consequ5tly x is useless to declaim aga9/ ! m5 & ! in/itutions4 ,ackn[l$g+ ?is1 ! true philosoph] w n lose 8 "t 9 ana!matiz+ ! fact1 b he w exam9e & analyze x4 ,no declamation or invectives aga9/ ! monks c efface _! hi/ory2 !y h exi/$ = _m c5turies1 & c5turies d n retrace _! /eps4 ,we w n inquire if !re 0 "h "s extraord9>y design ( ,provid5ce1 & we w lay aside ! reflections :i* religion sugge/s to e true ,ca?olic2 we w conf9e ourselves to consid]+ ! religi\s in/itutions ( mod]n times 9 a purely philosophical po9t ( view2 we c %[ t !y 7 n only v con=mable to ! well-be+ ( society1 b also p]fectly adapt$ to ! situation 9 :i* x 0 plac$2 we c %[ t !y display$ nei!r cunn+1 malice1 nor vile self-int]e/2 t _! object 0 highly advantage\s1 & t !y 7 at ! same "t ! expression & ! fulfilm5t ( great social necessities4 ,! "q ( its own accord assumes ! position 9 :i* we h j reg>d$ x2 & x is /range t m5 h n ackn[l$g$ all ! importance ( ! magnific5t po9ts ( view :i* "h pres5t !mselves4 ,9 ord] ! bett] to cle> up ?is important matt]1 ,i w ent] ^u an exam9ation ( ! social condition ( ,europe at ! "t ( :i* we speak4 ,z soon z we take ! fir/ glance at ?is epo*1 we obs]ve t1 9 spite ( ! intellectual rud5ess :i* "o w\ld imag9e mu/ h kept nations 9 abject sil5ce1 !re 0 at ! bottom ( m5's m9ds an anxiety :i* deeply mov$ & agitat$ !m4 ,^! times are ignorant2 b x is an ignorance :i* is consci\s ( itself & :i* longs = k4 ,!re is felt a want ( h>mony 9 ! relations & in/itutions ( society2 b t want is ev]y:]e felt & ackn[l$g$1 & a cont9ual agitation indicates t ?is h>mony is anxi\sly desir$ & ard5tly s\ght =4 ,i "k n :at s+ul> "* is /amp$ ^u ! nations ( ,europe1 b we d n f9d !re ! symptoms ( dea?2 !y are b>b>\s1 ignorant1 corrupt1 any ?+ y please2 b1 z if !y con/antly he>d a voice call+ !m to light1 to civilization1 to a new life1 !y incessantly labor to leave ! fatal condition into :i* unhappy circum/ances h plung$ !m4 ,!y nev] sleep 9 tranquillity amid ! d>kness2 !y nev] live )\t remorse amid ! corruption ( mann]s4 ,! e*o ( virtue cont9ually res\nds 9 _! e>s2 fla%es ( light appe> 9 ! d>kness2 a ?\s& ef=ts are made to advance a /ep 9 ! c>e] ( civilization2 a ?\s& times !y are va92 b !y are r5ew$ z (t5 z !y are repuls$2 ! g5]\s attempt is nev] ab&on$2 !y fail a ?\s& times2 b !y nev] lose c\rage4 ,c\rage & ard\r are nev] want+4 ,!re is ?is rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! nations ( ,europe1 & ^? nations among :om ! ,*ri/ian religion has n yet p5etrat$1 or f ^: bosom x has be5 bani%$4 ,anci5t ,greece falls1 nev] to rise aga92 ! ,republics ( ! %ore ( ,asia disappe>1 & d n rise out ( _! ru9s4 ,! anci5t civilization ( ,egypt is brok5 to pieces by ! conqu]ors1 & po/]ity has sc>cely pres]v$ a remembrance ( !m4 ,c]ta9ly none ( ! nations on ! coa/ ( ,africa c %[ u signs :i* reveal ! anci5t c\ntry ( ,/4 ,cyprian1 ( ,t]tullian & ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,/ill m2 a consid]able portion ( ,asia has pres]v$ ,*ri/ianity1 b a ,*ri/ianity sep>at$ f ,rome2 & ?is has be5 unable to e/abli% or reg5]ate any ?+4 ,political p[] has aid$ & protect$ x1 b ! nation rema9s feeble2 x _c /& erect2 x is a dead body1 incapable ( advanc+2 x is n l ,laz>us1 :o has j he>d ! all-p[]ful voice3 ,laz>us1 come =?2 ,laz>e v5i =as4 ,?is anxiety1 ?is agitation1 ?is extreme eag]ness t[>ds a great] & happi] future1 ?is desire = re=mation 9 mann]s1 = enl>gem5t & correction 9 ideas1 = amelioration 9 in/itutions--! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( mod]n nations--made !mselves felt 9 a fe>ful mann] at ! "t to :i* we allude4 ,i w say no?+ ( ! milit>y hi/ory ( ^? times1 :i* w\ld furni% u ) abundant pro(s ( our ass]tion2 ,i w conf9e myself to facts :i*1 ow+ to _! religi\s & social "*1 h ! greate/ analogy ) ! subject :i* n[ occupies u4 ,a =midable en]gy ( m9d1 a great fund ( activity1 a simultane\s developm5t ( ! mo/ ard5t passions1 an ent]pris+ _s1 a lively desire ( indep5d5ce1 a decid$ incl9ation to employ viol5t means1 an extraord9>y zeal = proselytism1 ignorance comb9$ ) a ?ir/ = k1 ev5 comb9$ ) en?usiasm & fanaticism = all t be>s ! "n ( sci5ce2 a high e/eem = ! titles ( nobility1 & ( illu/ri\s blood1 unit$ ) ! _s ( democracy1 & a pr(\nd respect = m]it1 :]ev] x may be f\nd2 a *ildlike c&or1 an excessive cr$ulity1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ ob/9ate indocility2 a t5aci\s _s ( resi/ance1 fe>ful /ubbornness1 corruption1 & lic5ti\sness ( mann]s1 alli$ ) admiration = virtue2 a ta/e = ! mo/ au/]e practices1 comb9$ ) an incl9ation = ! mo/ extravagant habits & mann]s2 su* are ! traits :i* hi/ory exhibits among ^! nations4 ,s s+ul> a mixture appe>s /range at fir/ sight2 & yet no?+ 0 m natural4 ,?+s c\ld n be o!rwise3 societies are =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 pr9ciples1 & ( c]ta9 p>ticul> circum/ances1 :i* imp>t to !m _! g5ius1 "*1 & c\nt5ance4 ,x is ! same ) society z ) individuals2 education1 in/ruction1 temp]am5t1 & a ?\s& o!r physical & moral circum/ances1 concur 9 =m+ a collection ( influ5ces :i* produce qualities ! mo/ diff]5t1 & sometimes ! mo/ contradictory4 ,?is concurr5ce ( diff]5t causes 0 %[n 9 a s+ul> & extraord9>y mann] among ! nations ( ,europe2 x is on ?is acc\nt t we obs]ve !re ! mo/ extravagant & discordant effects4 ,let u recollect ! hi/ory ( ^? nations s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman empire to ! end ( ! ,crusades2 nev] did an assemblage ( nations pres5t a comb9ation ( m v>i$ elem5ts1 & a spectacle ( great] ev5ts4 ,! moral pr9ciples :i* preside ov] ! developm5t ( ^! nations 7 9 direct opposition to _! g5ius & situation4 ,^! pr9ciples 7 ess5tially pure1 un*angeable z ! ,god :o _h e/abli%$ !m2 radiant ) light1 because !y emanat$ f ! s\rce ( all light & life3 ! nations1 on ! contr>y1 7 ignorant1 rude1 fluctuat+1 l ! waves ( ! sea1 & corrupt$1 z 0 to be expect$ ( e ?+ :i* 0 ! result ( an impure mixture4 ,:]e=e a t]rible /ruggle took place betwe5 pr9ciples & facts2 :]e=e !re 7 witness$ ! mo/ extraord9>y contradictions1 accord+ z good & evil alt]nately prepond]at$4 ,nev] 0 ! /ruggle betwe5 elem5ts :i* c\ld n rema9 at peace1 m cle>ly se52 ! g5ii ( good & ( evil seem$ to desc5d into ! ar5a1 & to fight h& to h&4 ,! nations ( ,europe 7 n 9 _! infancy1 = !y 7 surr\nd$ by old in/itutions4 ,full ( ! recollections ( anci5t civilization1 !y pres]v$ v>i\s rema9s ( x4 ,!y 7 !mselves produc$ by ! mixture ( a hundr$ nations1 diff]+ 9 laws1 cu/oms1 & mann]s4 ,!y 7 n yet adult nations2 z ?is d5om9ation _c be appli$ ei!r to individuals or to society be=e !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 developm5t1 f :i* ! nations ( ,europe 7 /ill f> remov$4 ,x is v difficult to f9d a ^w to express ?is social /ate2 x 0 nei!r a /ate ( civilization1 nor t ( b>b>ism2 = a numb] ( laws & in/itutions exi/$ !re1 :i* c]ta9ly did n des]ve ! epi!t ( b>b>\s4 ,if we call ^! nations semi-b>b>\s1 p]haps we %all approa* ! tru?4 ,words are ( little importance1 if we h a cle> idea ( ! ?+s4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! ,european nations1 ow+ to a long s]ies ( revolutions1 & ! extraord9>y mixture ( races1 ( ideas1 & mann]s1 ( ! conqu]ors ) ea* o!r1 & ( ! conqu]ors ) ! nations conqu]$1 _h a l>ge portion ( b>b>ism1 & a fruitful g]m ( agitation & disord]4 ,b ! malignant influ5ce ( ^! elem5ts 0 combat$ by ! action ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* _h obta9$ a decid$ prepond]ance ov] m9ds1 & :i*1 besides1 0 support$ by p[]ful in/itutions4 ,*ri/ianity1 to accompli% ?is difficult "w1 _h ! assi/ance ( great mat]ial =ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 :i* p5etrat$ on all sides1 t5d$1 l a sweet5+ liquid1 to s(t5 & improve e ?+2 b1 at e /ep1 ! m9d comes into collision ) ! s5ses1 morality ) ! passions1 ord] ) an>*y1 *>ity ) f]ocity1 & law ) fact4 ,!nce a /ruggle1 :i*1 al?\gh g5]al to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 all times & c\ntries1 s9ce x is f\nd$ on ! nature ( man1 0 !n m rude1 viol5t1 & clamor\s4 ,! two mo/ opposite pr9ciples1 b>b>ism & ,*ri/ianity1 7 !n face to face 9 ! same ar5a1 ) no "o betwe5 !m4 ,obs]ve ^! nations ) att5tion1 read _! hi/ory ) reflection1 & y w see t ^? two pr9ciples are con/antly /ruggl+1 & con/antly cont5d+ = influ5ce & prepond]ance2 !nce ! mo/ /range situations1 & ! mo/ s+ul> contra/s4 ,/udy ! "* ( ! w>s ( t "t1 & y w he> ! holie/ maxims con/antly proclaim$2 legitimacy1 law1 reason1 & ju/ice are invok$2 ! tribunal ( ,god is incessantly appeal$ to3 ?is is ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 y w be afflict$ at ! sight ( numb]less acts ( viol5ce1 ( cruelties1 atrocities1 pillages1 rap9es1 murd]s1 fires1 & disa/]s )\t end3 ?is is b>b>ism4 ,if y look at ! ,crusades1 y w obs]ve t gr& ideas1 va/ plans1 noble inspirations1 social & political views ( ! highe/ importance1 f]m5t$ 9 m5's heads2 t all he>ts ov]fl[$ ) noble & g5]\s feel+s1 & t a holy en?usiasm1 transport+ m5 out ( !mselves1 r5d]$ !m capable ( h]oic actions3 ?is is ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b1 if y exam9e ! execution1 y w see disord]1 improvid5ce1 want ( discipl9e 9 ! armies1 injuries1 & acts ( viol5ce2 y w seek 9 va9 = conc]t & h>mony among ^? :o take "p 9 ! gigantic & p]il\s ent]prise3 !re is b>b>ism4 ,y\?s1 ?ir/+ = k1 cr[d to ! lectures ( ! fam\s ma/]s1 f ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries2 ,italians1 ,g]mans1 ,engli%1 ,spani%1 & ,fr5* are m+l$ & conf\nd$ ar\nd ! *airs ( ,abel>d1 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu92 a p[]ful voice res\nds 9 _! e>s1 call+ !m to leave ! %ades ( ignorance & raise !mselves to ! regions ( sci5ce2 ! love ( k animates !m2 ! longe/ j\rneys _c /op !m2 ! en?usiasm = illu/ri\s ma/]s is c>ri$ to an indescribable ext5t3 behold ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity2 behold h] con/antly /irr+ & illum9at+ ! m9d ( man1 nev] all[+ him to repose tranquilly 9 obscurity1 & cont9ually excit+ him to new intellectual labors & rese>*es aft] tru?6 ,b behold ^! same y\?s1 :o exhibit su* noble dispositions1 & inspire su* legitimate & consol+ hopes2 are !y n also ^? lic5ti\s1 re/less1 & turbul5t "y m51 giv+ way to ! mo/ deplorable acts ( viol5ce1 cont9ually fight+ 9 ! /reets1 & =m+ 9 ! mid/ ( great cities a small republic1 an unruly democracy1 :]e !re is mu* difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ law & good ord]8 ,behold "h b>b>ism6 ,x is good1 x is p]fectly con=mable to ! _s ( religion1 t ! guilty man :o raises a rep5tant & humiliat$ he>t to ,god1 %\ld manife/ 8 feel+ & ! affliction ( 8 s\l by ext]nal acts2 t he %\ld labor to =tify 8 m9d1 & re/ra9 8 evil incl9ations1 by employ+ ! rigors ( gospel au/]ity aga9/ 8 fle%3 all ?is is sov]eignly reasonable1 j1 holy1 & con=mable to ! maxims ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* ?us orda9s = ! ju/ification & sanctification ( ! s9n]1 to repair ! injury done to ! s\ls ( o!rs by ! sc&al ( a bad life4 ,b t p5it5ts1 half nak$1 %\ld w&] ab\t load$ ) *a9s1 c>ry+ horror & al>m ev]y:]e1 z happ5$ at ?is "t1 :5 we see ecclesia/ical au?ority compell$ to repress ! abuse3 ?is m>ks ! _s ( rud5ess & f]ocity :i* always accompany ! /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,no?+ is m true1 noble1 & salut>y = society1 ?an to imag9e ,god always ready to def5d innoc5ce1 to protect x aga9/ inju/ice & calumny1 & to raise x above humiliation & disgrace1 by re/or+ to x1 soon] or lat]1 ! purity & lu/re ( :i* !y h attempt$ to deprive x4 ,?is supposition is an effect ( fai? 9 ,provid5ce--t fai? emanat+ f ,*ri/ian ideas1 :i* repres5t to u ,god z embrac+ ! :ole _w 9 8 view1 rea*+ ) 8 p5etrat+ eye ! deepe/ recesses ( ! he>t1 & n ev5 exclud+ ! meane/ ( 8 creatures f 8 pat]nal love4 ,b :o does n p]ceive ! inf9ite di/ance :i* sep>ates ?is pure fai? f ! trials by fire1 wat]1 & s+le combat8 ,:o does n "h discov] rud5ess conf\nd+ all ?+s--! _s ( viol5ce labor+ to subject e ?+ to a rigor\s law--attempt+1 9 "s measure1 to oblige ,god himself to comply ) our wants & caprices1 9 ord] to int]pose ! te/imony ( 8 solemn miracles1 :5ev] x suits our pleasure or conv5i5ce to f9d out ! tru?8 ,i introduce ^! contra/s "h 9 ord] to awak5 ! recollections ( ^? :o h read hi/ory1 & to enable me to e/abli%1 9 a few words1 ! simple & g5]al =mula :i* sums up all ^? p]iods3 ,b>b>ism temp]$ by religion2 religion disfigur$ by b>b>ism4 ,9 ! /udy ( hi/ory we con/antly enc\nt] a s]i\s ob/acle1 :i* r5d]s x always difficult1 & sometimes impossible1 to und]/& x p]fectly4 ,we make ! mi/ake ( ref]r+ e ?+ to ourselves1 & to ! objects :i* surr\nd u--a mi/ake :i* is excusable1 no d\bt1 s9ce x has its root 9 our own nature1 b aga9/ :i* we mu/ be c>efully on our gu>d1 if we wi% to avoid deplorable errors4 ,we imag9e ! m5 ( o!r times to be l ourselves2 )\t ?9k+ ( x1 we communicate to !m our own ideas1 mann]s1 incl9ations1 & ev5 temp]am5ts2 &1 aft] hav+ fa%ion$ m5 :o exi/ only 9 our own imag9ations1 we desire & dem& t ! real m5 %\ld act 9 ! same mann] z ^! imag9>y m52 & at ! slighte/ discord betwe5 ! hi/orical facts & our unreasonable suppositions1 we cry out t x is /range & mon/r\s1 tax+ ) be+ /range & mon/r\s :at 0 p]fectly regul> & ord9>y accord+ to ! epo*4 ,x is ! same ) respect to laws & in/itutions3 :5 we d n f9d !m accord+ to ! types :i* we h "u our eyes1 we declaim aga9/ ! ignorance1 iniquity1 & cruelty ( ! m5 :o h conceiv$ & e/abli%$ !m4 ,if we wi% to =m an exact idea ( an epo*1 x is necess>y to transport ourselves !re--to make an ef=t ( imag9ation1 9 ord]1 z x 71 to live & conv]se ) its m52 x is n en\gh to he> ! recital ( ! ev5ts1 x is necess>y to witness !m1 to become "o ( ! spectators1 "o ( ! actors1 if possible2 x is necess>y to call =? g5]ations f ! tomb1 & make !m act "u our eyes4 ,i %all be told t ?is is v difficult4 ,i grant x2 b x is necess>y1 if we wi% t our k ( hi/ory %\ld be some?+ m ?an a m]e notion ( names & dates4 ,x is q sure t we d n "k an individual well1 unless acqua9t$ ) 8 ideas1 "*1 & conduct4 ,x is ! same ) a society3 if we are ignorant by :at doctr9es x 0 guid$1 :at 0 its mann] ( consid]+ & feel+ ?+s1 we %all see ! ev5ts only sup]ficially--we %all "k ! words ( ! law1 b we %all n p5etrate its _s or g5ius2 :5 contemplat+ an in/itution1 we %all see only ! ext]nal frame-"w1 )\t rea*+ ! me*anism1 or guess+ ! mov+ ma*9]y4 ,if we attempt to avoid ^! defects1 x is c]ta9 t ! /udy ( hi/ory becomes ! mo/ difficult ( all2 b ?is k has be5 want+ = a long "t4 ,! secrets ( man & ! my/]ies ( society are1 at ! same "t1 ! mo/ important subject :i* c be propos$ to ! human m9d1 & ! mo/ ardu\s1 ! mo/ difficult1 & ! lea/ accessible to ! g5]ality ( intellects4 ,! individual 9 ! times to :i* we allude 0 n ! individual ( to-day2 8 ideas 7 v diff]5t1 8 mann] ( see+ & feel+ 0 n ours1 8 s\l 0 ( q ano!r temp] f our own2 :at is inconceivable to u1 0 p]fectly natural to m5 ( ^? times2 !y took pleasure 9 :at is n[ repugnant to u4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,europe _h already exp]i5c$ ! p[]ful %ock ( ! ,crusades2 ! sci5ces began to g]m9ate2 ! _s ( comm]ce 0 9 "s degree develop$2 ! ta/e = indu/ry made itself felt2 & ! incl9ation ( m5 to ent] into communication ) o!r m51 & ( nations to m+le ) o!r nations1 0 e day ext5d$ & increas$4 ,! feudal sy/em1 already %ak51 0 ab\t to fall to pieces2 ! p[] ( ! commonalty rapidly increas$2 ! _s ( enfran*isem5t %[$ itself ev]y:]e2 9 f9e1 ow+ to ! almo/ complete abolition ( slav]y1 & to ! *ange effect$ by ! ,crusades 9 ! condition ( vassals & s]fs1 ,europe 0 cov]$ ) a num]\s population :o knew n slav]y1 & :o bore ) difficulty ! feudal yoke4 ,yet ?is population 0 /ill f> f possess+ all t is necess>y to rise to ! rank ( free citiz5s4 ,mod]n democracy already (f]$ itself to ! view1 ) its great advantages1 its num]\s difficulties1 its imm5se problems1 :i* /ill emb>rass & disconc]t u1 aft] s _m c5turies ( trial & exp]i5ce4 ,! lords pres]v$ 9 great measure _! habits ( b>b>ism & f]ocity1 by :i* !y _h be5 un=tunately di/+ui%$ at =m] p]iods2 ! royal p[] 0 f> f hav+ acquir$ t =ce & pre/ige necess>y = rul+ su* opposite elem5ts1 & to raise itself 9 ! mid/ ( society z a symbol ( respect = all int]e/s--a c5tre ( reunion = all =ces1 & a sublime p]sonification ( reason & ju/ice4 ,9 ! same c5tury1 w>s began to assume a "* m popul>1 & consequ5tly m va/ & important2 ! agitations ( ! p began to we> ! aspect ( political commotions4 ,already we discov] some?+ m ?an ! ambition ( emp]ors attempt+ to impose _! yoke on ,italy2 we h no long] petty k+s :o cont5d = a cr[n or a prov9ce1 or c\nts or b>ons :o1 foll[$ by _! s]fs1 fight ) ea* o!r or ) ! neighbor+ municipalities1 cov]+ ! l& ) blood & rap9e4 ,we obs]ve 9 ! movem5ts ( t p]iod some?+ m important & al>m+4 ,num]\s nations arise & cr[d ar\nd a bann] on :i*1 in/ead ( ! ensigns ( a b>on or ( a mon>*1 appe>s ! "n ( a sy/em ( doctr9es4 ,no d\bt1 ! lords take "p 9 ! /ruggle1 & _! p[] raises !m /ill f> above ! cr[d :i* surr\nds & foll[s !m2 b ! cause 9 "q is n t ( ^! m52 !y are acc\nt$ some?+ 9 ! problems ( ! times2 b mank9d looks beyond ! horizon ( ca/les4 ,?is agitation & movem5t1 produc$ by ! appe>ance ( new religi\s & social doctr9es1 is ! ann\ncem5t & ! beg9n+ ( t *a9 ( revolutions :i* ,europe has to und]go4 ,! evil did n consi/ 9 ! disposition ( nations to c>ry out _! ideas1 & refuse to take z _! only guide ! int]e/s & doctr9es ( a few tyrants4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is 0 a great /ep ga9$ 9 ! pa? ( civilization2 m5 ?us %[$ t !y felt & und]/ood _! own dignity bett]1 t !y took a m ext5d$ view1 & _h a bett] und]/&+ ( _! own situation & int]e/s4 ,?is progress 0 ! natural result ( ! high] flight :i* 0 e day tak5 by ! faculties ( ! m9d4 ,! ,crusades _h greatly contribut$ to ?is new movem5t2 f t great epo* ! diff]5t nations ( ,europe 7 accu/om$ no long] to fight = ! possession ( a small t]ritory1 or to gratify private ambition or rev5ge4 ,! nations f\ght 9 support ( a pr9ciple by labor+ to av5ge ! outrage (f]$ to ! true religion2 9 a ^w1 !y became accu/om$ to be mov$1 to cont5d1 to die1 = an idea :i*1 f> f be+ limit$ to a small t]ritory1 embrac$ heav5 & e>?4 ,?us1 we w obs]ve 9 pass+1 t ! popul> movem5t1 ! movem5t 9 ideas1 began 9 ,spa9 mu* soon] ?an 9 ! re/ ( ,europe1 because ! w> aga9/ ! ,moors _h advanc$ ! p]iod ( ! ,crusades = t c\ntry4 ,! evil1 ,i repeat x1 0 n 9 ! int]e/ :i* ! p took 9 ideas1 b 9 ! imm95t dang] ( see+ ^? nations1 on acc\nt ( _! rud5ess & ignorance1 all[ !mselves to be abus$ & deceiv$ by ! fir/ fanatic :o came4 ,at a mom5t :5 ! movem5t 0 s va/1 ! fate ( ,europe dep5d$ on ! direction :i* 0 ab\t to be giv5 to ! univ]sal activity3 unless ,i am deceiv$1 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 7 ! critical epo*s1 :51 9 ! face ( great probabilities on bo? sides1 !re 0 decid$ ! great "q ( kn[+ :e!r ,europe1 9 its tw(old social & political relations1 0 to take advantage ( ! b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity1 or p]mit all ! promise ( a bett] future to be lo/ & annihilat$4 ,:5 we fix our eyes on ?is p]iod1 we f9d1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 a c]ta9 g]m & index ( ! greate/ disa/]s2 ! mo/ horrible doctr9es arise among ! masses :o beg9 to be agitat$2 ! mo/ fe>ful disord]s signalize ! fir/ /ep ( ^! nations 9 ! c>e] ( life4 ,be=e ?is1 we h discov]$ only k+s & lords1 b n[ ! p appe> on ! sc5e4 ,?us we see t "s rays ( light & heat h p5etrat$ ?is %apeless mass4 ,at ?is sight ! he>t is dilat$ & enc\rag$1 presag+ ! new future :i* is res]v$ = humanity4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 ! obs]v] is al>m$1 = he is aw>e t ?is heat may produce excessive f]m5tation1 eng5d] corruption1 & multiply impure insects 9 ! field :i* promises soon to become an en*ant+ g>d54 ,! extravagances ( ! human m9d at ?is "t appe> "u s al>m+ an aspect1 & ) a turbul5ce ( "* s fe>ful1 t appreh5sions app>5tly ! mo/ exagg]at$ are support$ by facts1 & become t]rible probabilities4 ,let me recall "s ( ^? facts :i* s vividly pa9t ! condition ( m9ds at t "t2 facts :i* besides are connect$ ) ! pr9cipal po9t :i* we are exam9+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 we f9d ! fam\s ,tan*me1 or ,tanquel91 tea*+ ! madde/ !ories & committ+ ! greate/ crimes2 yet at ,antw]p1 9 ,zeal&1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,utre*t1 & 9 _m o!r t[ns 9 ! same c\ntries1 he draws aft] him a num]\s cr[d4 ,?is wret*$ man advanc$ t he 0 m wor?y ( supreme wor%ip ?an ,jesus ,*ri/ himself1 =1 said he1 if ,jesus ,*ri/ _h receiv$ ! ,holy ,_s1 he 7,tan*me7 _h receiv$ ! pl5itude ( t ,holy ,_s4 ,he add$ t ! :ole ,*ur* 0 compris$ 9 8 own p]son & 9 8 disciples4 ,! pontificate1 episcopate1 & prie/hood 71 accord+ to him1 m]e *im]as4 ,8 in/ructions & disc\rses 7 p>ticul>ly address$ to wom52 ! result ( 8 doctr9es & proce$+s 0 ! mo/ revolt+ corruption4 ,yet ! fanaticism :i* 0 excit$ by ?is abom9able man w5t s f> t ! sick eag]ly drank ! wat] 9 :i* he _h ba!d1 believ+ x to be ! mo/ salut>y rem$y = body & s\l4 ,wom5 ?\ght !mselves happy to h obta9$ ! favors ( ! mon/]2 mo!rs consid]$ x an honor = _! daught]s to be select$ z ! victims ( 8 pr(ligacy1 & husb&s 7 (f5d$ :5 _! wives 7 n /a9$ ) ?is disgrace4 ,tan*me1 kn[+ all ! asc5d5cy :i* he 0 able to ex]t ov] m9ds1 0 n backw>d 9 mak+ use ( ! fanaticism ( 8 foll[]s2 "o ( ! pr9cipal virtues ) :i* he labor$ to inspire !m 0 lib]ality 9 favor ( 8 own int]e/4 ,"o day :5 he 0 surr\nd$ ) a l>ge conc\rse ( p1 he _h a picture ( ! ,virg9 br\ght to him2 t\*+ x ) 8 sacrilegi\s h&1 he said t he took ! ,virg9 z 8 wife4 ,!n1 turn+ t[>d ! spectators1 he add$1 t z he _h contract$ m>riage ) ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 z !y _h j se51 x 0 _! duty to make ! w$d+ pres5ts4 ,he imm$iately plac$ two boxes1 "o on ! "r & ! o!r on ! left ( ! picture1 to receive on "o side ! (f]+s ( ! m51 & on ! o!r ^? ( ! wom52 = ! purpose ( le>n+1 z he said1 :i* ( ! two sexes _h ! great] affection = him4 ,?is artifice1 z l[ & gross z x 0 sacrilegi\s1 seem$ only calculat$ to excite ! indignation ( ^? :o 7 pres5t2 yet ! results correspond$ ) ! expectations ( ! artful impo/or4 ,! wom51 always jeal\s ( ! affection ( ,tan*me1 surpass$ 9 lib]ality2 9 a p]fect fr5zy1 !y /ripp$ !mselves ( _! necklaces1 gold5 r+s1 & mo/ preci\s jewels4 ,:5 he felt himself /rong en\gh1 ,tan*me did n cont5t himself ) prea*+2 he 0 desir\s ( surr\nd+ himself ) an arm$ troop1 9 ord] to give him 9 ! eyes ( ! _w a f> diff]5t appe>ance f t ( an apo/le4 ,?ree ?\s& m5 accompani$ him ev]y:]e4 ,surr\nd$ by ?is respectable escort1 clo!d 9 magnific5t app>el1 & prec$$ by 8 /&>d1 he mov$ ) all ! pomp ( a k+4 ,:5 he /opp$ to prea*1 ! ?ree ?\s& satellites /ood arm$ ar\nd him ) drawn swords4 ,x is evid5t1 ! aggressive "* ( ! h]etical sects ( succe$+ ages 0 already trac$ out4 ,e "o kn[s h[ num]\s 7 ! p>tisans ( ,eon4 ,?is unhappy man 0 excit$ by he>+ ! frequ5t repetition ( ! words3 ,p] eum qui judicaturus e/ vivos et mortuos3 & he became p]suad$ & he ass]t$1 t he himself 0 ! judge :o 0 to judge ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,we are also aw>e ( ! tr\bles excit$ by ! s$iti\s spee*es ( ,arnauld ( ,brescia1 ! iconocla/ic fanaticism ( ,pi]re de ,bruis & ,h5ri4 ,if ,i did n fe> to fatigue ! att5tion ( my read]s1 x w\ld be easy = me to relate "h ! mo/ revolt+ sc5es :i* repres5t to ! life ! _s ( ! sects ( ^? times1 & ! un=tunate pr$isposition :i* l$ m5's m9ds to novelty1 to extravagant spectacles1 & ,i "k n :at fatal gidd9ess1 :]eby !y 7 precipitat$ into ! mo/ /range errors & ! mo/ deplorable excesses4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i mu/ say a few words ( ! ,ca?>i1 ,vaudois1 ,pat]9s ( ,arras1 ,albig5ses1 & poor m5 ( ,lyons4 ,^! sects1 besides ! influ5ce :i* !y _h on ! times ( :i* we speak & on ! lat] ev5ts ( ,european hi/ory1 w be ( great use 9 mak+ u fa?om m deeply ! "q n[ be=e u4 ,f ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*1 ! sect ( ! ,mani*ees 0 rem>kable = errors & extravagances4 ,"u diff]5t names1 ) m or less ( foll[]s1 & ) doctr9es m or less v>i\s1 x cont9u$ f age to age until ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 x excit$ di/urbances 9 ,france4 ,f t "t1 ,h]ib]t & ,lisoy acquir$ an unhappy celebrity by _! ob/9acy & fanaticism4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! sects call$ apo/olical 7 di/+ui%$ by _! dislike to m>riage2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y gave !mselves up to ! base/ & mo/ unbridl$ lic5ti\sness4 ,nev]!less1 all ^! irregul>ities 7 favorably receiv$ by ! ignorance or ! corruption ( ! p4 ,?is is prov$ by ! rapidity ) :i* !y ga9$ ! masses & spread l a pe/il5ce :]ev] !y appe>$4 ,besides ! hypocrisy1 :i* is common to all ! sects1 t ( ! ,mani*ees imag9$ an artifice ! mo/ apt to s$uce rude & ignorant p3 !y appe>$ ) ! mo/ rigid au/]ity & ! mo/ mis]able clo!s4 ,be=e ! ye> #aaha1 we see ! ,mani*ees bold en\gh to v5ture out ( _! conv5ticles & op5ly tea* _! doctr9es 9 ! light ( day4 ,!y associat$ ) ! celebrat$ b&its call$ ,cott]eaux1 & fe>$ n to commit all sorts ( excesses1 z !y _h s$uc$ "s knights & _h secur$ ! protection ( "s seigneurs ( ! c\ntry ( ,t\l\se2 !y succe$$ 9 excit+ a =midable insurrection1 :i* c\ld be repress$ only by =ce ( arms4 ,an eye-witness1 ,/eph51 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,g5evieve1 at t "t s5t to ,t\l\se by ! k+1 describes to u 9 a few words ! acts ( viol5ce committ$ by ^! sect>ies3 ,i h se5 on all sides1 he says1 *ur*es burnt & ru9$ to _! f\ndations3 ,i h se5 ! dwell+s ( m5 *ang$ into ! d5s ( bea/s4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ! ,vaudois1 or poor m5 ( ,lyons1 became fam\s4 ,?is la/ "n 0 giv5 to !m on acc\nt ( _! extreme pov]ty1 _! contempt = all ri*es1 & ! rags ) :i* !y 7 cov]$4 ,_! %oes also gave !m ! "n ( ,sabata!s4 ,!y 7 p]v]se imitators ( ano!r k9d ( poor1 celebrat$ at t "t1 & :o 7 di/+ui%$ by _! virtues1 & p>ticul>ly by _! _s ( humility & dis9t]e/$ness4 ,^! latt]1 :o =m$ a k9d ( association1 compris+ prie/s & laym51 attract$ ! respect & e/eem ( real ,*ri/ians1 & obta9$ ! ,pope's p]mission to tea* publicly4 ,! disciples %[$ a pr(\nd contempt = ,*ur* au?ority2 !y aft]w>ds ent]ta9$ mon/r\s errors1 & 9 ! end became a sect 9 opposition to religion1 injuri\s to good morals1 & incompatible ) public tranquillity4 ,^! errors1 :i* 7 ! g]ms ( s _m calamities & tr\bles1 c\ld n be extirpat$2 ) "t !y became m & m root$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & ! progress ( ?+s 0 s fatal1 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! p]iod ( %ort-liv$ s$itions & isolat$ tr\bles 0 already long gone by1 ! errors _h already spread on a l>ge scale1 & appe>$ ) =midable res\rces = ! conte/4 ,already ! s\? ( ,france1 agitat$ by civil discord1 & precipitat$ into a fe>ful w>1 0 9 a /ate ( t]rible conflict4 ,9 ! political organization ( t "t1 ! ?rone _h n /r5g? en\gh to ex]cise a controll+ p[]1 ! lords _h /ill ! means ( resi/+ k+s & do+ viol5ce to ! p4 ,:5 a _s ( disob$i5ce1 agitation1 & movem5t is spread ?r\gh\t ! masses1 !re is only "o means ( re/ra9+ !m1 t ( religion2 & ?is v asc5d5cy ( religi\s ideas 0 tak5 advantage ( by ! wick$ & ! fanatical2 & to mislead ! multitude !y avail$ !mselves ( viol5t declamation1 :]e religion & politics =m$ a confus$ mixture1 & :]e ! _s ( au/]ity & dis9t]e/$ness 0 ! subject ( hypocritical affectation4 ,! new errors 7 no long] conf9$ to subtile attacks on p>ticul> dogmas1 !y assail$ ! fundam5tal ideas ( religion1 p5etrat$ to ! sanctu>y ( ! family1 on ! "o side condemn+ m>riage1 & on ! o!r promot+ infam\s abom9ations3 9 f9e1 ! evil 0 n limit$ to c\ntries :i* by a t>dy & incomplete initiation into ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 or = any o!r reason1 _h n fully p>ticipat$ 9 ! ,european movem5t4 ,! ar5a pr9cipally *os5 0 ! s\?2 t is1 ! c\ntry :]e ! human m9d 0 develop$ 9 ! mo/ prompt & lively mann]4 ,9 ! mid/ ( su* a conc\rse ( un=tunate circum/ances1 all atte/$ & plac$ beyond a d\bt by hi/ory1 0 n ! future ( ,europe v d>k & tempe/u\s8 ,ideas & mann]s 7 9 imm95t dang] ( tak+ a wrong direction2 ! b&s ( au?ority1 ! ties ( family1 seem$ ready to break asund]2 ! nations might be l$ away by fanaticism or sup]/ition2 ,europe 0 9 dang] ( be+ replung$ into ! *aos :5ce x _h em]g$ ) s mu* difficulty4 ,at t "t ! ,cresc5t %one 9 ,spa91 x reign$ 9 ,africa1 x triumph$ 9 ,asia4 ,0 ,europe at su* a mom5t to lose h] religi\s unity1 & see new errors p5etrate ev]y:]e1 s[+ s*ism 9 all c\ntries1 & ) x discord & w>8 ,7 all ! elem5ts ( civilization & ref9em5t creat$ by ,*ri/ianity to be disp]s$ & /rick5 ) /]ility = ev]8 ,7 ! great nations =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 ! laws & in/itutions impregnat$ ) t div9e religion1 to be corrupt$1 falsifi$1 & de/roy$ by *anges 9 ! anci5t fai?8 ,9 f9e1 0 ! c\rse ( ,european civilization to be viol5tly div]t$1 & 7 ! nations :o 7 already advanc+ t[>ds a peaceful1 prosp]\s1 & glori\s future1 to be condemn$ to see _! mo/ flatt]+ hopes dissipat$ 9 a mom5t1 & mis]ably to retrograde t[>ds b>b>ism8 ,su* 0 !n ! va/ problem plac$ be=e society2 & ,i fe> n to ass]t t ! religi\s movem5t :i* at t "t display$ itself 9 s extraord9>y a mann]1 & ! new religi\s in/itutions1 s inconsid]ately accus$ ( folly & extravagance1 7 a p[]ful means employ$ by ,provid5ce to save religion & society4 ,if ! illu/ri\s ,spani>d1 ,/4 ,dom9ic de ,guzman1 & ! wond]ful man ( ,assisi1 did n occupy a place on our alt>s1 !re to receive ! v5]ation ( ! fai?ful = _! em95t sanctity1 !y w\ld des]ve to h /atues rais$ to !m by ! gratitude ( society & humanity4 ,b :at6 are our words an object ( sc&al to y1 :o h only read & consid]$ hi/ory ?r\gh ! deceitful m$ium ( ,prote/ant & philosophical prejudices8 ,tell u1 !n1 :at y f9d repreh5sible 9 ^! m51 ^: e/abli%m5ts h be5 ! subject ( y\r endless diatribes1 z if !y _h be5 ! greate/ calamities ( ! human race8 ,_! doctr9es are ^? ( ! ,gospel2 !y are ! same doctr9es1 to ! l(t9ess & sanctity :]e( y h be5 compell$ to r5d] solemn homage1 & _! lives are pure1 holy1 h]oic1 & con=mable 9 e ?+ to _! tea*+s4 ,ask !m :at is ! object !y h 9 view2 t ( prea*+ ! ,ca?olic tru? to all m51 !y w tell y2 ( mak+ e ef=t1 ( ex]t+ e en]gy to de/roy error & re=m morals2 ( inspir+ nations ) ! respect :i* is due to all legitimate au?orities1 civil & ecclesia/ical4 ,t is to say1 y w f9d among !m a firm resolution to devote _! lives to rem$y ! evils ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,!y d n cont5t !mselves ) b>r5 wi%es2 !y are n satisfi$ ) a few disc\rses & transitory ef=ts2 !y d n conf9e _! plans to _! m]e p]sonal sph]e1 b1 ext5d+ _! views to all c\ntries & future times1 !y f\nd in/itutions :]e( ! memb]s may spread !mselves ov] ! :ole surface ( ! _w1 & transmit to future g5]ations ! apo/olical _s :i* has inspir$ !m ) _! gr& ideas4 ,! pov]ty to :i* !y condemn !mselves is extreme2 ! dress !y we> is rude & mis]able2 b d y n see ! pr(\nd reasons = ?is conduct8 ,rememb] t !y propose to r5ew ! gospel _s1 s mu* =gott5 9 _! "t2 t !y frequ5tly happ5 to meet face to face ! emiss>ies ( ! corrupt sects1 :o1 endeavor+ to imitate ,*ri/ian humility1 & affect+ an absolute dis9t]e/$ness1 make a p>ade ( pres5t+ !mselves 9 public 9 ! g>b ( begg>s2 rememb]1 9 f9e1 t !y g to prea* to semi-b>b>\s nations1 & t to pres]ve !m f ! gidd9ess ( error :i* has begun to take possession ( _! heads1 words are n en\gh1 ev5 accompani$ by a regul> & uni=m conduct2 extraord9>y examples1 a mode ( life :i* be>s ) x ! mo/ p[]ful edification1 & sanctity clo!d ) an ext]ior adapt$ to make a lively impression on ! imag9ation1 are requir$4 ,! numb] ( ! new religi\s is v consid]able2 !y increase )\t measure 9 all ! c\ntries :]e !y are e/abli%$2 !y are f\nd1 n only 9 ! c\ntry & 9 ! hamlets1 b !y p5etrate into ! mid/ ( ! mo/ popul\s cities4 ,obs]ve1 t ,europe is no long] compos$ ( a collection ( small t[ns & wret*$ cottages erect$ r\nd feudal ca/les1 & humbly ob$i5t to ! au?ority or ! influ5ce ( a pr\d b>on2 ,europe no long] consi/s ( villages gr\p$ r\nd ri* abbeys1 li/5+ ) docility to ! in/ructions ( ! monks1 & receiv+ ) gratitude ! b5efits conf]r$ on !m4 ,a great numb] ( vassals h already ?r[n (f ! yoke ( _! lords2 p[]ful municipalities arise on all sides1 & 9 _! pres5ce ! feudal sy/em is frequ5tly compell$ to humble itself 9 al>m4 ,t[ns become e day m popul\s--e day1 f ! effects ( ! emancipation :i* takes place 9 ! c\ntry1 !y receive new families4 ,reviv+ indu/ry & comm]ce display new means ( subsi/5ce1 & excite an increase ( population4 ,x results f all ?is t religion & morality mu/ act ^u ! nations ( ,europe on a l>g] scale2 m g5]al means1 issu+ f a common c5tre1 & fre$ f ord9>y fett]s1 are necess>y to satisfy ! new necessities ( ! "t4 ,su* are ! religi\s in/itutions ( ! "t ( :i* we speak2 ?is is ! explanation ( _! a/oni%+ numb]1 ( _! num]\s privileges1 & ( t rem>kable regulation :i* places !m "u ! imm$iate control ( ! ,pope4 ,ev5 ! "* :i* m>k$ ^! in/itutions--a "* 9 "s degree democratic1 n only because m5 ( all classes are !re unit$1 b also because ( ! special organization ( _! gov]nm5t--0 em95tly calculat$ to give efficacy to _! influ5ce ov] a democracy1 fi]ce1 turbul5t1 & pr\d ( its rec5t lib]ty1 & consequ5tly little dispos$ to sympa?ize ) any ?+ :i* might h be5 pres5t$ to x "u ari/ocratic or exclusive =ms4 ,?is democracy f\nd 9 ^! new religi\s in/itutions a c]ta9 analogy ) its own exi/5ce & orig94 ,^! m5 come f ! p1 !y live 9 con/ant communication ) !m1 &1 l !m1 !y are poor & meanly clad2 & z ! p h _! assemblies :]e !y *oose _! municipal (fic]s & bailiffs1 s d ! religi\s hold _! *apt]s1 :]e !y "n _! priors & prov9cials4 ,!y are n an*orites liv+ 9 remote des]ts1 nor monks %elt]$ 9 ri* abbeys1 nor cl]gy ^: functions & duties are conf9$ to any p>ticul> c\ntry4 ,!y are m5 )\t fix$ abodes1 & :o are f\nd sometimes 9 popul\s cities & sometimes 9 mis]able hamlets--to-day 9 ! mid/ ( ! old cont95t1 to-morr[ on a vessel :i* be>s !m to p]il\s missions 9 ! remote/ c\ntries ( ! globe2 sometimes !y are se5 9 ! palaces ( k+s1 enlight5+ _! c\ncils1 & tak+ "p 9 ! highe/ affairs ( /ate2 sometimes 9 ! dwell+s ( obscure families1 consol+ !m 9 mis=tune1 mak+ up _! qu>rels1 & giv+ !m advice on _! dome/ic affairs4 ,^! same m51 :o are cov]$ ) glory 9 ! *airs ( ! univ]sities1 tea* cate*ism to *ildr5 9 ! humble/ bor\ghs2 illu/ri\s orators :o h prea*$ 9 c\rts1 be=e k+s & great m51 g to expla9 ! ,gospel 9 obscure villages4 ,! p f9d !m ev]y:]e1 meet !m at e /ep1 9 joy & 9 sorr[2 ^! m5 are con/antly ready to take "p 9 ! happy fe/ivities ( a baptism :i* fills ! h\se ) joy1 or to lam5t a mis=tune :i* has j cov]$ x ) m\rn+4 ,we c imag9e )\t difficulty ! =ce & asc5d5cy ( su* in/itutions4 ,?is influ5ce on ! m9ds ( nations mu/ h be5 incalculable2 ! new sects :i* t5d$ to mislead ! multitude by _! pe/il5tial doctr9es1 f\nd !mselves face to face ) an adv]s>y :o completely conqu]$ !m4 ,!y wi%$ to s$uce ! simple by ! o/5tation ( great au/]ity & wond]ful dis9t]e/$ness2 !y desir$ to deceive ! imag9ation1 by /rik+ x ) ! sight ( ext]ior mortification1 ( poor & mean clo?+4 ,! new in/itutions unit$ ^! qualities 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,?us ! true doctr9e _h ! same attributes :i* error _h assum$4 ,f among ! classes ( ! p !re come =? viol5t declaim]s1 :o captivate ! att5tion & take possession ( ! m9ds ( ! multitude by fi]y eloqu5ce4 ,9 all p>ts ( ,europe we meet ) burn+ orators1 plead+ ! cause ( tru?1 :o1 well v]s$ 9 ! passions1 ideas1 & ta/es ( ! multitude1 "k h[ to int]e/1 move1 & direct !m1 mak+ use1 9 def5ce ( religion1 ( :at o!rs attempt to avail !mselves ( 9 attack+ h]4 ,!y are f\nd :]esoev] !y are want$ to combat ! ef=ts ( sects4 ,free f all worldly ties1 & belong+ to no p>ticul> *ur*1 prov9ce1 or k+dom1 !y h all ! means ( pass+ rapidly f "o place to ano!r1 & are f\nd at ! prop] "t :]ev] _! pres5ce is urg5tly requir$4 ,! /r5g? ( association1 kn[n to ! sect>ies1 & us$ by !m ) s mu* success1 is f\nd 9 a rem>kable degree 9 ^! new religi\s in/itutions4 ,! individual has no w ( 8 own3 a v[ ( p]petual ob$i5ce has plac$ him at ! disposal ( ano!r's w2 & ?is latt] is 9 8 turn subject to a ?ird2 ?us !re is =m$ a *a91 :]e( ! fir/ l9k is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,pope2 ! /r5g? ( association1 & t ( unity1 are ?us unit$ 9 au?ority4 ,!re is all ! motion1 all ! w>m? ( a democracy2 all ! vigor1 all ! promptitude ( mon>*y4 ,x has be5 said t ^! in/itutions 7 a p[]ful support to ! au?ority ( ! ,popes2 ?is is c]ta93 we may ev5 add1 t if ^! in/itutions _h n exi/$1 ! fatal s*ism ( ,lu!r w\ld p]haps h tak5 place c5turies e>li]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ all[ t ! e/abli%m5t ( !m 0 n due to projects ( ! papacy2 ! ,sov]eign ,pontiffs did n conceive ! idea ( !m2 isolat$ individuals1 guid$ by sup]ior inspiration1 =m$ ! design1 trac$ out ! plan1 & submitt+ t plan to ! judgm5t ( ! ,holy ,see1 ask$ = au?ority to realize _! ent]prise4 ,civil in/itutions1 int5d$ to consolidate & aggr&ize ! p[] ( k+s1 emanate sometimes f mon>*s !mselves1 sometimes f "s ( _! m9i/]s1 :o1 id5tify+ !mselves ) _! views & int]e/s1 h =m$ & execut$ ! idea ( ! ?rone4 ,x is n ?us ) ! p[] ( ! ,popes2 ! support ( new in/itutions contributes to su/a9 t p[] aga9/ ! attacks ( diss5t+ sects2 b ! idea ( f\nd+ ! in/itutions !mselves comes nei!r f ! ,popes nor _! m9i/]s4 ,unkn[n m5 sudd5ly arise among ! p2 no?+ :i* has tak5 place af=ds reason to suspect !m ( hav+ any previ\s und]/&+ ) ,rome2 _! entire lives atte/ t !y h act$ by virtue ( inspiration1 communicat$ to !mselves1 an inspiration :i* does n all[ !m any repose1 until !y h execut$ :at 0 prescrib$ to !m4 ,!re are n1 !re _c be1 any private designs ( ,rome2 ambition has no %>e4 ,f ?is1 all s5sible m5 %\ld draw "o ( ^! two consequ5ces3 ei!r ! appe>ance ( ^! new in/itutions 0 ! "w ( ,god1 :o 0 desir\s ( sav+ ,8 ,*ur* by su/a9+ h] aga9/ new attacks1 & protect+ ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,pontiff2 or1 ,ca?olicity h]self conta9$ )9 h] brea/ a sav+ in/9ct :i* l$ h] to create ^! in/itutions1 :i* 7 requir$ to enable h] to come triumphant out ( ! fe>ful crisis 9 :i* %e 0 engag$4 ,to ,ca?olics1 ^! two propositions are id5tical3 9 bo? we see only ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise1 ,on ?is rock ,i w build my ,*ur*1 & ! gates ( hell %all nev] prevail aga9/ h]4 ,philosoph]s :o d n reg>d ?+s by ! light ( fai?1 9 ord] to expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 may make use ( :at t]ms !y please2 b !y w be compell$ to ackn[l$ge t wond]ful wisdom & ! highe/ degree ( =esight appe> at ! bottom ( ^! facts4 ,if !y p]si/ 9 n ackn[l$g+ ! f+] ( ,god1 & 9 see+ 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts only ! fruit ( well-conc]t$ plans1 or ! result ( organization comb9$ ) art1 at lea/ !y _c refuse a sort ( homage to ^! plans & t organization4 ,inde$1 z !y confess t ! p[] ( ! ,roman ,pontiff1 consid]$ 9 relations m]ely philosophical1 is ! mo/ wond]ful ( all ! p[]s :i* h appe>$ on e>?1 is x n evid5t t ! society call$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* %[s 9 h] conduct1 9 ! _s ( life :i* animates h]1 & 9 ! in/9ct :i* makes h] resi/ h] greate/ enemies1 ! mo/ incompreh5sible comb9ation ( ph5om5a :i* h ev] be5 witness$ 9 society8 ,x is ( little importance to ! tru?1 :e!r y call ?is in/9ct1 my/]y1 _s1 or :atev] "n y please4 ,ca?olicity defies all societies1 all sects1 & all s*ools1 to realize :at %e has realiz$1 to triumph ov] :at %e has triumph$ ov]1 & to pass ?r\gh1 )\t p]i%+1 ! crises ?r\gh :i* %e has pass$4 ,a few examples1 :]e ! "w ( ,god 0 m or less imitat$1 may be alleg$ aga9/ u2 b ! magicians ( ,egypt1 plac$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,moses1 came to an end ( _! artifices2 ! envoy ( ,god p]=m$ wond]s :i* !y c\ld n2 & !y 7 compell$ to exclaim1 ,! f+] ( ,god is "h--! f+] ( ,god is "h6 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,ord]s ,,= ,,! ,,r$emption ,,( ,,captives4 ,:5 view+ ! religi\s in/itutions produc$ by ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 we did n pause to consid] "o among !m1 :i*1 to ! m]it ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! glory ( ! o!rs1 adds a peculi> "* ( beauty & sublimity1 & :i* is inexpressibly wor?y ( our att5tion3 ,i speak ( t in/itution1 ! object ( :i* 0 to r$eem captives f ! h&s ( ! ,infidels4 ,if ,i make use ( ?is g5]al designation1 x is because ,i d n int5d to ent] into a p>ticul> exam9ation ( ! v>i\s bran*es :i* compose x4 ,i consid] ! unity ( ! object1 &1 on acc\nt ( t unity1 ,i attribute unity to ! in/itution itself4 ,?anks to ! happy *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! circum/ances :i* occasion$ its f\ndation1 we c n[ sc>cely e/imate ! in/itution at its j value1 & appreciate 9 a prop] mann] ! b5efic5t influ5ce & ! holy en?usiasm :i* x mu/ h produc$ 9 all ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! long w>s ) ! ,infidels1 a v great numb] ( ! fai?ful groan$ 9 fett]s1 depriv$ ( _! lib]ty & c\ntry1 & (t5 9 dang] ( apo/atiz+ f ! fai? ( _! fa!rs4 ,! ,moors /ill occupi$ a consid]able "p ( ,spa92 !y reign$ exclusively on ! coa/s ( ,africa1 & pr\dly triumph$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ! ,crusad]s _h be5 vanqui%$4 ,! ,infidels ?us held ! s\? ( ,europe closely conf9$1 & 7 con/antly able to seize favorable mom5ts1 & procure multitudes ( ,*ri/ian slaves4 ,! revolutions & disord]s ( ^? times cont9ually (f]$ favorable opportunities2 bo? hatr$ & cupidity urg$ !m to gratify _! rev5ge on ! ,*ri/ians tak5 unaw>es4 ,we may be sure t ?is 0 "o ( ! sev]e/ sc\rges :i* ! human race _h to endure at t "t 9 ,europe4 ,if ! ^w *>ity 0 to be any ?+ m ?an a m]e "n1 if ! nations ( ,europe 7 n to all[ _! bonds ( frat]nity & ! ties :i* connect$ _! common int]e/s to be de/roy$1 !re 0 an urg5t necessity = !m to come to an und]/&+1 9 ord] to rem$y ?is evil4 ,! vet]an :o1 in/ead ( a rew>d = 8 long s]vices to religion & 8 c\ntry1 _h f\nd slav]y 9 ! dep?s ( a dungeon2 ! m]*ant :o1 pl\gh+ ! seas to c>ry provisions to ! ,*ri/ian armies1 _h fall5 into ! p[] ( an implacable enemy1 & paid by heavy *a9s = ! boldness ( 8 ent]prise2 ! timid virg9 :o1 play+ ^u ! sea-%ore1 _h be5 p]fidi\sly c>ri$ away by ! m]ciless pirates1 l a dove borne away by a hawk3--all ^! un=tunate be+s _h und\bt$ly "s "r to be look$ at ) compassion by _! bre?r5 9 ,europe1 & to h an ef=t made to re/ore !m to lib]ty4 ,h[ %all ?is *>itable end be atta9$8 ,c means be employ$ to accompli% an ent]prise :i* _c be confid$ ei!r to =ce or /ratagem8 ,no?+ is m f]tile 9 res\rces ?an ,ca?olicity4 ,:atev] may be ! necessity :i* pres5ts itself1 %e imm$iately f9ds prop] means ( succor & rem$y1 if all[$ to act ) fre$om4 ,! remon/rances & negotiations ( ,*ri/ian pr9ces c\ld obta9 no?+ 9 favor ( ! captives2 new w>s und]tak5 = ?is purpose only s]v$ to increase ! public calamities--!y det]iorat$ ! lot ( ^? :o groan$ 9 slav]y1 & p]haps increas$ _! numb]1 by s5d+ !m fre% companions 9 mis=tune2 pecuni>y means1 )\t a c5tral po9t ( action & direction1 produc$ b little fruit1 & 7 lo/ 9 ! h&s ( ag5ts4 ,:at res\rce1 !n1 does !re rema98 ,! p[]ful res\rce :i* is always f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! ,ca?olic religion--! secret :]eby %e accompli%es h] greate/ ent]prises1 viz4 *>ity4 ,b h[ ought ?is *>ity to act8 ,9 ! same way z all ! virtues ( ,ca?olicity4 ,?is div9e religion1 :i* has come d[n f ! l(tie/ regions1 & con/antly raises ! human m9d to sublime m$itations1 pres5ts at ! same "t a s+ul> *>act]i/ic1 :]eby %e is di/+ui%$ f all ! s*ools & sects :o h attempt$ to imitate h]4 ,9 spite ( ! _s ( ab/raction1 if ,i may s speak1 :i* holds h] cont9ually deta*$ f e>?ly ?+s1 %e has no?+ vague1 unsub/antial1 or m]ely !oretical4 ,) h]1 all is speculative & practical1 sublime & simple2 %e adapts & accommodates h]self to all t is compatible ) ! tru? ( h] dogmas & ! sev]ity ( h] maxims4 ,:ile h] eyes are fix$ on heav51 %e =gets n t %e is on e>?1 & t %e has to deal ) mortal m51 subject to mis]ies & calamities4 ,) "o h& %e %[s !m et]nity1 ) ! o!r %e succors _! mis=tunes1 solaces _! pa9s1 & dries up _! te>s4 ,%e does n cont5t h]self ) b>r5 words2 ! love ( our neighbor is to h] no?+1 if t love does n manife/ itself 9 giv+ bread to him :o is hungry1 dr9k to him :o is ?ir/y2 9 clo?+ ! nak$1 consol+ ! afflict$1 visit+ ! sick1 solac+ ! prison]1 & r$eem+ ! captive4 ,to make use ( an expression ( ?is age1 ,i w say t religion is em95tly positive4 ,:]e=e %e labors to realize h] ideas by means ( b5efic5t & fruitful in/itutions1 !reby di/+ui%+ h]self f human philosophy1 ! pomp\s language & gigantic projects ( :i* =m s mis]able a contra/ ) ! littl5ess & no?+ness ( its works4 ,religion speaks little1 b %e m$itates & executes z ! wor?y daught] ( t inf9ite ,be+ :o1 al?\gh absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( an ocean ( light1 ,8 own ess5ce & ,8 imp5etrable nature1 has n ! less creat$ ! univ]se ! object ( our admiration1 & ceases n to pres]ve x ) ineffable goodness1 :ile gov]n+ x ) incompreh5sible wisdom4 ,x 0 necess>y to g to ! succor ( ! unhappy captives2 assur$ly1 !re=e1 we %\ld applaud ! idea ( a va/ association1 :i*1 ext5d+ ov] all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 & plac+ itself 9 connection ) all ! ,*ri/ians :o w\ld give alms 9 favor ( s holy a "w1 w\ld h 9 its s]vice a c]ta9 numb] ( individuals always ready to trav]se ! seas1 & resolv$ to brave slav]y & dea? = ! r$emption ( _! bre?r54 ,num]\s means w\ld be ?us comb9$1 & ! good employm5t ( ! funds w\ld be secur$4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9ty t ! negotiations = ! r$emption ( captives w\ld be conduct$ by m5 ( zeal & exp]i5ce2 9 a ^w1 su* an association w\ld completely fulfil its object2 & :5 x 0 e/abli%$1 ! ,*ri/ians might hope = ! mo/ prompt & efficaci\s succor4 ,n[1 ?is 0 precisely ! idea realiz$ 9 ! f\ndation ( ! religi\s ord]s = ! r$emption ( captives4 ,! religi\s :o embrac$ ^! ord]s b\nd !mselves by v[ to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is "w ( *>ity4 ,free f ! emb>rassm5ts ( family relations & worldly int]e/s1 !y c\ld devote !mselves to _! task ) all ! ardor ( _! zeal4 ,long voyages1 ! p]ils ( ! sea1 ! dang] ( unheal?y climates1 or ! f]ocity ( ! ,infidels--no?+ /opp$ !m4 ,9 _! dress1 9 ! pray]s ( _! in/itution1 !y f\nd a con/ant remembrance ( ! v[ :i* !y _h tak5 9 ! ,div9e pres5ce4 ,nei!r repose1 com=t1 nor ev5 _! v lives1 any long] belong to !m2 all are become ! prop]ty ( ! unhappy captives1 :o groan 9 ! dungeons or we> heavy *a9s 9 pres5ce ( _! ma/]s1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! families ( ! unhappy victims1 fix+ _! eyes on ! religi\s1 requir$ ( him ! accompli%m5t ( 8 promise2 _! groans & lam5tations cont9ually urge him to f9d means1 & to expose 8 life1 if necess>y1 to re/ore ! fa!r to ! son1 ! son to ! fa!r1 ! husb& to ! wife1 ! innoc5t "y girl to h] desolate "m4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity we see great zeal display$ = ! r$emption ( captives1 :i* has always be5 pres]v$1 & ! inspiration ( :i* f t "t has call$ =? ! greate/ sacrifices4 ,! sev5te5? *apt] ( ?is "w1 & ! notes atta*$ to x1 h inconte/ably prov$ ?is tru?2 & x is n necess>y t ,i %\ld /ay to confirm x "h4 ,yet ,i w n lose ! opportunity ( obs]v+ t ! ,*ur*1 9 ! pres5t case1 z 9 all circum/ances1 has adopt$ h] con/ant rule1 viz4 to realize h] ideas by means ( in/itutions4 ,if y obs]ve h] conduct att5tively1 y w f9d t %e beg9s by tea*+ & highly extoll+ a virtue2 !n %e mildly p]suades m5 to put x 9 practice2 ! practice ext5ds & ga9s /r5g?1 & :at 0 m]ely a good "w becomes = "s a "w ( obligation2 :at 0 a simple wise act is conv]t$ into a /rict duty = "s select m54 ,at all times has ! ,*ur* be5 engag$ 9 ! r$emption ( captives2 at all times "s ,*ri/ians ( h]oic *>ity h /ripp$ !mselves ( _! prop]ty1 ( _! lib]ty1 to accompli% ?is "w ( m]cy2 b ?is c>e 0 /ill left to ! discretion ( ! fai?ful1 & no bodies ( m5 exi/$ to repres5t ?is *>itable idea4 ,new necessities arise2 ! ord9>y means d n suffice2 x is necess>y t aid %\ld be collect$ ) promptitude1 & employ$ ) disc]nm5t2 *>ity1 z x 71 requires an arm always ready to execute h] ord]s2 a p]man5t in/itution becomes necess>y2 ! in/itution appe>s1 & ! want is satisfi$4 ,we are s accu/om$ to see ! beautiful & ! sublime 9 ! "w ( religion1 t we sc>cely obs]ve ! greate/ prodigies !re1 9 ! same way z1 :ile pr(it+ by ! b5efits ( nature1 we look ^u h] mo/ wond]ful works & productions ) an eye ( indiff]5ce4 ,! diff]5t religi\s in/itutions :i*1 "u v>i\s =ms1 h appe>$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 are wor?y ( excit+ 9 ! highe/ degree ! a/oni%m5t ( ! philosoph] & ! ,*ri/ian2 b ,i d\bt :e!r x be possible to f9d 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ^! in/itutions any ?+ m beautiful1 int]e/+1 & t\*+1 ?an ! picture ( ! ord]s = ! r$emption ( captives4 ,does !re exi/ a m admirable symbol ( religion protect+ ! un=tunate8 ,:i* is ! mo/ sublime emblem ( ! r$emption consummat$ on ,calv>y & ext5d+ itself to e>?ly captivity8 ,is x n ! celebrat$ vision :i* prec$$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! holy in/itutes ( ,m]cy & ! ,tr9ity8 ,"s w say t ^! app>itions 7 only *im]as & m]e illusions6 ,happy are ^? illusions1 we w reply1 :i* produce ! consolation ( ! human race6 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we w "h recall ^! visions1 brav+1 if necess>y1 ! smiles ( ! incr$ul\s4 ,if !y h pres]v$ 9 _! he>ts any g5]\s feel+s1 !y w be compell$ to all[ t if ^! visions appe> to !m devoid ( all hi/orical tru?1 !re is at lea/ 9 ! sublime sacrifice :i* is made by ! man :o devotes himself to slav]y = ! ransom ( 8 bre?r51 a l(ty poetry1 a s9c]e love ( ! human race1 an ard5t desire to succor !m1 & an h]oic dis9t]e/$ness4 ,a doctor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 kn[n by 8 virtues & 8 wisdom1 _h j be5 rais$ to ! prie/hood1 & celebrat$ = ! fir/ "t ! holy sacrifice ( ! alt>4 ,9 consid]ation ( ^! exalt$ favors ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 he r$\bles 8 ardor1 he excites 8 fai?1 & endeavors to (f] to ! ,lamb )\t spot1 ) all ! recollection1 purity1 & f]vor ( :i* he is capable1 8 he>t inundat$ ) favors & inflam$ by *>ity4 ,he kn[s n h[ to manife/ to ,god 8 pr(\nd gratitude = s great a b5efit2 8 lively desire is to be able to prove to ,him 9 "s way 8 gratitude & 8 love4 ,he :o _h said1 ,:at y h done to "o ( my little *ildr5 y h done to myself1 imm$iately %[$ him a way to exhibit ! fire ( 8 *>ity4 ,! vision beg9s3 ! prie/ sees an angel ^: dress is :ite z sn[ & z brilliant z light2 ! angel we>s on 8 brea/ a r$ & blue cross2 at 8 sides are two captives1 ! "o a ,*ri/ian1 ! o!r a ,moor2 he places 8 h&s ov] ! heads ( ea*4 ,at ?is sight1 ! prie/1 ravi%$ into ec/asy1 und]/&s t ,god calls him to ! holy "w ( ! r$emption ( captives2 b be=e go+ any fur!r1 he retires into solitude1 & devotes himself = ?ree ye>s to pray] & p5ance1 humbly begg+ ( ! ,"l t ,he w\ld make kn[n to him ,8 sov]eign w4 ,9 ! des]t he met ) a pi\s h]mit2 ! two solit>ies aid ea* o!r by _! pray]s & examples4 ,"o day1 :5 !y 7 absorb$ 9 pi\s communication by ! side ( a f\nta91 a /ag sudd5ly appe>s to !m be>+ on 8 horns ! my/]i\s cross ( two colors4 ,! prie/ relates to 8 a/oni%$ companion ! fir/ vision :i* he has _h2 bo? r$\ble _! pray]s & p5ances2 bo? receive ! cele/ial admonition = ! ?ird "t4 ,!n1 unwill+ any long] to def] ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,div9e pleasure1 !y ha/5 to ,rome1 & ask ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff 8 c\nsels & p]mission4 ,! ,pope1 :o at ! same "t _h _h a simil> vision1 joyfully acc$es to ! reque/ ( ! two pi\s solit>ies2 ! ord] ( ! ,mo/ ,holy ,tr9ity = ! ,r$emption ( ,captives is ?us e/abli%$4 ,! prie/ 0 call$ ,john ( ,ma?a2 ! h]mit1 ,felix ( ,valois4 ,!y apply ) ard5t zeal to _! "w ( *>ity2 aft] hav+ dri$ up ! te>s ( numb]s ( unhappy be+s1 !y n[ receive 9 heav5 ! rew>d ( _! labors4 ,! ,*ur*1 wi%+ to celebrate _! memories1 has plac$ !m on h] alt>s4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ord] ( ,m]cy _h a simil> orig94 ,/4 ,pet] ,nolasco1 hav+ sp5t all he possess$ 9 ! r$emption ( captives1 _h s\ght 9 va9 = new res\rces to cont9ue 8 pi\s und]tak+4 ,he _h set himself to pray1 9 ord] to /r5g!n himself 9 8 holy resolution ( sell+ 8 own lib]ty1 or rema9+ himself a captive 9 ! place ( "s ( 8 bre?r54 ,dur+ 8 pray] ! ,bless$ ,virg9 appe>$ to him2 %e gave him to und]/& h[ pleas+ ! f\ndation ( an ord] = ! r$emption ( captives w\ld be to h]self & h] ,div9e ,son4 ,! sa9t1 aft] consult+ ! ,k+ ( ,aragon & ,/4 ,raymond ( ,p5a=t1 proce$$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ord]4 ,he conv]t$ into a v[1 n only = himself b = all ^? :o embrac$ ! in/itute1 ! holy desire :i* he _h previ\sly _h to devote himself to slav]y = ! ransom ( 8 bre?r54 ,i repeat :at ,i h already said3 9 :atev] mann] y judge ( ^! app>itions1 & if ev5 y attempt to lay !m aside altoge!r z m]e illusions1 x is n ! less prov$ t ! ,ca?olic religion has labor$ ) imm5se p[] to relieve a great mis=tune1 & t no "o c call 9 "q ! utility ( ! holy in/itution 9 :i* ! h]oism ( *>ity is s wond]fully p]sonifi$4 ,inde$1 suppos+ t ! f\nd]1 ! dupe ( illusions1 took = a revelation f heav5 :at 0 only ! inspiration ( ard5t zeal1 d n ! b5efits lavi%$ on ! unhappy captives rema9 ! same8 ,we he> mu* ( illusions2 b c]ta9 x is t ^! illusions produc$ a reality4 ,:5 ,/4 ,pet] ,arm5gol1 want+ all res\rces to deliv] "s un=tunates1 rema9$ z a ho/age 9 _! place1 & :5 ! day ( ransom _h expir$1 resign$ himself to be hung because ! money _h n arriv$ f ,europe1 ! illusions c]ta9ly did n rema9 /]ile4 ,:at reality c\ld produce great] prodigies ( zeal & h]oism8 ,long ago h ! ?+s ( religion be5 condemn$ z illusions & madness2 f ! e>lie/ times ( ,*ri/ianity ! my/]y ( ! cross 0 treat$ z folly2 b we d n see t ?is prev5t$ ! pret5d$ folly f *ang+ ! face ( ! _w4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,progress ,,( ,,civilization ,,imp$$ ,,by ,,prote/antism4 ,9 ! rapid sket* :i* ,i h j giv51 my int5tion has n be5 to write ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s ord]s2 ?is did n =m "p ( my design4 ,i am satisfi$ ) hav+ (f]$ a s]ies ( rem>ks :i*1 by %[+ ! importance ( ^! in/itutions1 7 calculat$ to v9dicate ,ca?olicity f ! accusations made aga9/ h] on acc\nt ( ! protection :i* %e has at all times af=d$ !m4 ,h[ c\ld a comp>ison be made betwe5 ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism 9 _! relations ) ! civilization ( ,europe1 )\t devot+ a few pages to ! exam9ation ( ! influ5ce :i* ^! in/itutions h ex]cis$ on civilization8 ,n[1 if x is once %[n t ?is influ5ce 0 salut>y1 ,prote/antism1 :i* has p]secut$ & calumniat$ ^! religi\s in/itutions ) s mu* hatr$ & rancor1 rema9s convict$ ( hav+ done viol5ce to ! hi/ory ( our civilization1 ( hav+ mi/ak5 its _s1 & /ill m ( hav+ aim$ a bl[ at ! legitimate developm5t ( t civilization itself4 ,^! reflections naturally lead me to po9t out ano!r fault :i* ,prote/antism has committ$4 ,:5 break+ ! unity ( ,european civilization1 x introduc$ discord into ! bosom ( t civilization1 & weak5$ ! physical & moral action :i* x ex]cis$ on ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,europe 0 app>5tly de/9$ to civilize ! :ole _w4 ,! sup]iority ( h] intellig5ce1 ! prepond]ance ( h] /r5g?1 ! sup]abundance ( h] population1 h] ent]pris+ & valiant "*1 h] transports ( g5]osity & h]oism1 h] communicat+ & propagat+ _s1 seem$ to call h] to diffuse h] ideas1 feel+s1 laws1 mann]s1 & in/itutions to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! univ]se4 ,h[ does x happ5 t %e has n realiz$ ?is de/9y8 ,h[ does x happ5 t b>b>ism is /ill f\nd at h] gates1 & t ,islamism /ill ma9ta9s itself 9 "o ( ! f9e/ climates & c\ntries ( ,europe8 ,asia1 ) h] want ( mov+ p[]1 weakness1 despotism1 & degradation ( wom52 ,asia1 ) all ! disgraces ( humanity1 lies "u our eyes2 & sc>cely h we done any ?+ :i* gives reason to hope t %e w em]ge f h] degrad$ /ate4 ,asia ,m9or1 ! coa/s ( ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 & ! :ole ( ,africa1 are be=e u 9 a deplorable condition--a degradation :i* excites pity1 & =ms a melan*oly contra/ ) ! great recollections ( hi/ory4 ,am]ica1 aft] f\r c5turies ( incessant communication ) u1 is /ill s mu* beh9dh& t a great "p ( h] intellectual p[]s & ! res\rces ) :i* nature has furni%$ h]1 rema9 until ?is day to be improv$4 ,h[ does x happ5 t ,europe1 full ( life1 ri* 9 means ( all k9ds1 ov]fl[+ ) vigor & en]gy1 has rema9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits 9 :i* %e /ill is8 ,if we pay deep att5tion to ?is melan*oly ph5om5on1 a ph5om5on ) :i* x is v /range t ! philosophy ( hi/ory has n occupi$ itself1 we %all f9d ! cause4 ,! entire cause !re( is ! want ( unity2 h] ext]nal action has be5 )\t conc]t1 & consequ5tly )\t efficacy4 ,m5 con/antly vaunt ! utility ( association2 !y po9t out h[ necess>y x is to obta9 gr& results1 & !y d n dream t because ?is pr9ciple applies to nations z well z to individuals1 nations1 l individuals1 _c accompli% great works1 )\t con=m+ to ?is g5]al law4 ,:5 an assemblage ( nations ( ! same orig91 & subject = _m ages to ! same influ5ce1 h rea*$ ! developm5t ( _! civilization "u ! guidance & control ( a common idea1 among !m association becomes a real necessity2 !y =m a family ( bro!rs2 n[1 among bro!rs1 division & discord h worse results ?an among /rang]s4 ,i d n pret5d to say t ! nations ( ,europe c\ld h atta9$ to s p]fect a concord1 t p]petual peace w\ld h be5 e/abli%$ among !m1 & t p]fect h>mony w\ld h ev5tually presid$ ov] all _! und]tak+s ) respect to ! o!r c\ntries ( ! globe2 b )\t giv+ way to beautiful illusions1 ! reality :]e( is beyond ! b\nds ( possibility1 we may nev]!less1 & )\t haz>d ( contradiction1 say1 t1 9 spite ( p>ticul> diff]5ces betwe5 nation & nation1 9 spite ( ! great] or less degree ( opposition betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal int]e/s1 ,europe c\ld h kept & p]petuat$ 9 h] own brea/ a civiliz+ idea :i*1 rais+ itself above all ! mis]y & littl5ess ( human passions1 w\ld h plac$ h] 9 a condition to acquire a great] asc5d5cy & a /rong] & m useful influ5ce ov] ! o!r nations ( ! _w4 ,amid ! int]m9able s]ies ( w>s & calamities :i* afflict$ ,europe dur+ ! fluctuations ( ! b>b>\s nations1 ?is unity ( ?\ght exi/$2 & x 0 ow+ to x t ord] 9 ! end came out ( confusion1 & t light conqu]$ d>kness4 ,9 ! long /ruggle ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ,islamism1 :e!r 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,africa1 ?is same unity ( ?\ght enabl$ ,*ri/ian civilization to triumph1 9 spite ( ! rivalries ( k+s & ! excesses ( ! p4 ,:ile ?is unity exi/$1 ,europe pres]v$ a trans=m+ p[] :i* made all t x t\*$ become ,european soon] or lat]4 ,! he>t is griev$ at ! sight ( ! disa/r\s ev5t :i* broke ?is preci\s unity1 by div]t+ ! c\rse ( our civilization & de/roy+ its f]tiliz+ p[]4 ,"o c h>dly obs]ve )\t pa91 n to say )\t ang]1 t ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism 0 exactly co9cid5t ) ! critical mom5t :5 ! nations ( ,europe1 ab\t at l5g? to reap ! fruits ( long ages ( cont9u$ labor & unhe>d-( ef=ts1 appe>$ to ! _w full ( vigor1 en]gy1 & spl5dor4 ,putt+ =? gigantic /r5g?1 !y discov]$ new worlds1 & plac$ "o h& on ! ,ea/ & ! o!r on ! ,we/4 ,vasco de ,gama _h d\bl$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 he _h %[$ ! way to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & op5$ communication ) unkn[n nations4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ) ! fleet ( ,isabella1 pl\gh$ ! ,we/]n seas1 discov]$ a new _w1 & plant$ ! /&>d ( ,ca/ile 9 unhe>d-( l&s4 ,f]d9& ,cortez1 at ! head ( a h&ful ( brave m51 p5etrat$ to ! he>t ( ! new cont95t1 & took possession ( its capital2 8 arms1 :i* ! natives _h n yet se51 made him appe> l a ,god laun*+ 8 lightn+s4 ,europe ev]y:]e display$ extreme activity2 a _s ( ent]prise 0 develop$ 9 all he>ts2 ! h\r _h come :5 ! nations ( ,europe 7 ab\t to see op5 be=e !m a new horizon ( p[] & gr&eur1 ! limits :]e( 7 invisible to ! eye4 ,magellan discov]$ ! /rait :i* unit$ ! ea/ & we/2 & ,seba/ian d',elcano1 return+ to ! ,spani% coa/s1 aft] hav+ made ! t\r ( ! _w1 seem$ to be ! sublime p]sonification ( ,european civilization tak+ possession ( ! univ]se4 ,at "o extremity ( ,europe1 ! cresc5t /ill %[s itself p[]ful & ?reat5+1 l a d>k figure appe>+ 9 ! corn] ( a spl5did picture3 b fe> no?+2 its armies h be5 driv5 f ,granada1 ! ,*ri/ian ho/ is encamp$ on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ! /&>d ( ,ca/ile floats on ! walls ( ,oran1 & 9 ! he>t ( ,spa9 gr[s up 9 sil5ce ! wond]ful *ild1 :o1 :5 he has b j laid aside ! play?+s ( 8 age1 w fru/rate ! la/ ef=ts ( ! ,moors ( t c\ntry by ! triumphs ( ,alpuj>res1 & %ortly aft] w break ! ,mussulman p[] = ev] on ! waves ( ,lepanto4 ,! developm5t ( m9d kept pace ) ! increase ( p[]4 ,erasmus exam9$ all ! s\rces ( k1 a/oni%$ ! _w by 8 tal5ts & 8 le>n+1 & spread 8 fame 9 triumph f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,spani>d1 ,l\is ,vives1 rivall$ ! savant ( ,rott]dam1 & und]took no?+ less ?an to reg5]ate ! sci5ces1 & give a new direction to ! human m9d4 ,9 ,italy1 ! s*ools ( philosophy 7 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 & !y seiz$ ) avidity ! new lights br\ght f ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 ! same c\ntry1 ! g5ius ( ,dante & ,petr>* 0 cont9u$ 9 _! illu/ri\s successors2 ! l& ( ,tasso res\nd$ ) 8 acc5ts l ! night+ale ann\nc+ ! com+ ( ! dawn2 :ile ,spa91 intoxicat$ ) h] triumphs1 & transport$ ) pride at ! sight ( h] conque/s1 sang l a soldi] :o1 aft] victory1 reposes on a heap ( trophies4 ,:at c\ld resi/ su* sup]iority1 su* brilliant display1 su* great p[]8 ,europe1 already secure aga9/ all h] enemies1 enjoy+ a prosp]ity :i* mu/ e day increase1 put 9 possession ( laws & in/itutions bett] ?an any :i* _h be=e be5 se51 & :]e( ! completion & p]fection c\ld n fail to come ) ! sl[ progress ( "t3 ,europe1 we say1 9 a condition s prosp]\s1 replete ) noble hopes1 0 ab\t to comm5ce ! "w ( civiliz+ ! _w4 ,ev5 ! discov]ies :i* 7 e day made1 indicat$ t ! happy mom5t _h arriv$4 ,fleets transport$1 toge!r ) w>riors1 apo/olic mission>ies1 ^: h&s 7 ab\t to scatt] 9 ! new c\ntries ! preci\s se$1 :5ce1 9 ! progress ( "t1 0 to gr[ up ! tree "u ^: %ad[ new nations 7 to f9d %elt]4 ,?us 0 ! noble "w begun1 :i*1 favor$ by ,provid5ce1 0 ab\t to civilize ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,asia4 ,b ! voice ( ! apo/ate :o 0 ab\t to ca/ discord into ! bosoms ( frat]nal nations already res\nd$ 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many4 ,! dispute beg9s1 m9ds are excit$1 ! irritation rea*es its height1 an appeal is made to arms1 blood fl[s 9 torr5ts1 & ! man :o _h be5 commission$ by hell to scatt] ?is cl\d ( calamities ov] ! e>?1 contemplat+ be=e 8 dea? ! dreadful fruit ( 8 labors1 c insult ! sorr[s ( ! human race ) a cruel & impud5t smile4 ,su* d we figure to ourselves ! g5ius ( evil leav+ 8 d>k abode & 8 ?rone 9 ! mid/ ( horrors4 ,he sudd5ly appe>s on ! face ( ! globe1 8 h& %$s desolation & te>s on all sides2 he ca/s a look ov] ! deva/ation :i* he has made1 & !n buries himself 9 et]nal d>kness4 ,by ext5d+ itself ov] ,europe1 ! s*ism ( ,lu!r weak5$ 9 a deplorable mann] ! action ( ,europeans on ! o!r nations ( ! _w2 ! flatt]+ hopes :i* _h be5 conceiv$ 7 dissipat$ 9 a mom5t1 & became no m ?an a gold5 dream4 ,h5ce=?1 ! l>ge/ "p ( our intellectual1 moral1 & physical p[]s 0 condemn$ to be employ$ & sadly wa/$ 9 a /ruggle :i* arm$ bre?r5 aga9/ bre?r54 ,! nations :i* _h pres]v$ ,ca?olicity 7 compell$ to conc5trate all _! res\rces1 p[]1 & en]gy1 9 ord] to make head aga9/ ! impi\s attacks :i* ! new sect>ies made ^u !m by ! press or by =ce ( arms4 ,! nations among :om ! contagion ( ! new errors _h be5 propagat$ 7 ?r[n into a sort ( gidd9ess2 !y _h no o!r enemies b ! ,ca?olics1 & !y consid]$ only "o ent]prise wor?y ( _! ef=ts--! degradation & de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,see4 ,_! ?\ghts no long] t5d$ t[>ds ! inv5tion ( means = improv+ ! lot ( ! human race2 ! imm5se field :i* _h be5 ?r[n op5 to noble ambition by ! rec5t discov]ies1 no long] m]it$ att5tion2 = !m !re 0 only "o holy "w--t ( de/roy+ ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,pontiff4 ,?is condition ( m5's m9ds /ruck ) /]ility ! asc5d5cy ov] nations rec5tly discov]$ or conqu]$1 :i* naturally belong$ to ,europeans4 ,:5 ! nations ( ,europe simultane\sly approa*$ new regions1 !y no long] met z bro!rs or g5]\s rivals1 /imulat$ by noble ambition2 !y 7 exasp]at$ & implacable enemies1 m5 :o diff]$ 9 religion1 & :o f\ght battles aga9/ ea* o!r z bloody z ^? :i* _h =m]ly be5 witness$ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,moors4 ,! "n ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* _h be5 ! symbol ( peace = s _m ages--a "n :i* on ! eve ( battle 0 able to compel adv]s>ies to lay aside _! hatr$1 & embrace l bro!rs1 in/ead ( te>+ ea* o!r 9 pieces l lions2 a "n :i* _h s]v$ z an ensign to secure _! triumph ov] ,mohamm$an legions3 ?is "n1 n[ disfigur$ by sacrilegi\s h&s1 became a type ( discord2 & aft] ,europe _h be5 cov]$ ) blood & m\rn+1 ! sc&al 0 transport$ to ! nations ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,^! simple & confid+ nations 7 /rick5 ) /upefaction on see+ ! mis]ies1 ! _s ( division1 hatr$1 & rev5ge :i* reign$ among ! same m5 ^u :om !y _h j look$ z demigods4 ,f t "t =w>d1 ! =ces ( ,europe 7 n unit$ 9 any ( ^? great ent]prises :i* _h %$ s mu* glory on previ\s ages4 ,! ,ca?olic mission>y1 wat]+ ! ,indian or ,am]ican =e/s ) 8 sweat & blood1 c\ld reckon on ! assi/ance ( ! nation to :i* he belong$1 if t nation rema9$ ,ca?olic2 b he c\ld n hope t all ,europe1 unit+ 9 ! "w ( ,god1 w\ld come to su/a9 ! di/ant missions ) h] res\rces2 he knew1 on ! contr>y1 t a great _m ,europeans w\ld calumniate & insult him1 & use all imag9able means to prev5t ! se$ ( ! gospel f tak+ root on ! new soil1 & increas+ ! p[] ( ! ,popes1 by add+ to ! r5[n ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! pr(anations ( ! ,mussulm5 9 ,j]usalem1 & ! injuries inflict$ on ! pilgrims :o visit$ ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 7 suffici5t to ar\se ! indignation ( all ,*ri/ian nations4 ,!y all utt]$ ! cry1 ,to arms6 & 9 cr[ds !y foll[$ ! monk :o l$ !m to av5ge ! outrages aga9/ religion & ! pi\s pilgrims4 ,aft] ! h]esy ( ,lu!r1 all 0 *ang$3 ! dea? ( a mission>y sacrific$ 9 a =eign l&1 8 torm5ts & m>tyrdom1 sublime sc5es 9 :i* ! zeal & *>ity ( ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur* reappe>$ ) all _! en]gy3 all ?is 0 devot$ to contempt & ridicule by m5 :o call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians--! unwor?y po/]ity ( ! h]oes ^: blood _h fl[$ "u ! walls ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ord] to conceive 9 its full ext5t ! evil caus$ by ,prote/antism 9 ?is respect1 let u imag9e = a mom5t t ,prote/antism _h n appe>$2 & 9 ?is hypo!sis1 let u make a few reflections on ! probable c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! /r5g?1 g5ius1 & res\rces :i* ,spa9 employ$ to make head 9 ! religi\s w>s excit$ on ! cont95t1 w\ld h be5 able to ex]t !mselves 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,! same w\ld h be5 ! case ) ,france1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ,engl&4 ,^! nations1 al?\gh divid$1 h be5 able to furni% brilliant & glori\s pages 9 hi/ory2 if _! action on ! new c\ntries _h be5 unit$ & conc5trat$1 w\ld !y n h ex]t$ a vigor & en]gy :i* w\ld h be5 irresi/ible8 ,imag9e all ! ports f ! ,baltic to ! ,adriatic s5d+ _! mission>ies to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,we/1 z did ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,italy2 imag9e all ! great cities ( ,europe z s _m c5tres :]e means = ?is great object are collect$2 imag9e all ! mission>ies guid$ by ! same views1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! same ?\ght1 & burn+ ) ! same zeal = ! propagation ( ! same fai?2 :]ev] !y meet1 !y meet z bro!rs1 & co-op]ate 9 ! common cause2 all are "u ! same au?ority3 d y n imag9e t y see ! ,*ri/ian religion ex]t+ h]self on an imm5se scale1 & ev]y:]e ga9+ ! mo/ signal triumphs8 ,! vessel :i* be>s ! apo/olic m5 to di/ant regions may fe>lessly unfurl h] sails2 :5 %e discov]s ! flag ( ano!r c\ntry on ! horizon1 %e is "u no appreh5sion ( meet+ ) enemies2 %e is sure ( f9d+ fri5ds & bro!rs :]ev] !re are ,europeans4 ,! ,ca?olic missions1 9 spite ( ! ob/acles :i* h be5 oppos$ to !m by ! turbul5t _s ( ,prote/antism1 h accompli%$ ! mo/ difficult ent]prises1 & realiz$ prodigies :i* =m a brilliant page 9 mod]n hi/ory2 b h[ mu* nobl] w\ld h be5 _! results1 if ,italy1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,france _h be5 support$ by ! :ole ( ,g]many1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ,engl&1 & o!r nor!rn nations8 ,?is association 0 natural1 & mu/ h be5 realiz$1 _h n ! s*ism ( ,lu!r de/roy$ x4 ,x may be obs]v$1 moreov]1 t ?is fatal ev5t n only plac$ an ob/acle 9 ! way ( univ]sal association1 b h9d]$ ! ,ca?olic nations !mselves f devot+ ! greate/ "p ( _! res\rces to ! great "w ( conv]t+ & reg5]at+ ! _w3 !y 7 compell$ to rema9 cont9ually "u arms1 on acc\nt ( religi\s w>s & civil discords4 ,at ?is epo* ! religi\s ord]s 7 app>5tly call$ to be ! arm ( religion2 by _! means religion1 consolidat$ 9 ,europe & satisfi$ ) ! social reg5]ation :i* %e _h j work$1 w\ld h ext5d$ h] action to ! infidel nations4 ,:5 we glance ov] ! c\rse ( ev5ts dur+ ! e>lie/ ages ( ! ,*ur*1 & comp>e !m ) ^? ( mod]n times1 we cle>ly see t "s p[]ful cause mu/ h int]f]$ 9 mod]n times to oppose ! propagation ( ! fai?4 ,*ri/ianity appe>s1 & %e ext5ds h]self imm$iately ) rapidity1 )\t any aid on ! "p ( m51 & 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( pr9ces1 sages1 prie/s1 ! passions1 & ( all ! /ratagems ( hell4 ,%e is b ( ye/]day1 & already %e is p[]ful1 & prevails 9 all p>ts ( ! empire2 nations diff]+ 9 language & mann]s1 nations ( v>i\s degrees ( civilization1 ab&on ! wor%ip ( _! false gods1 & embrace ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! b>b>ians !mselves1 z intractable & indomitable z wild horses1 li/5 to ! mission>ies :o are s5t to !m1 & b[ _! heads2 9 ! mid/ ( conque/ & victory1 !y are se5 to embrace ! religion ( ^? :om !y h j conqu]$4 ,*ri/ianity 9 mod]n times has be5 9 possession ( ! exclusive empire ( ,europe2 & yet %e has n be5 able to succe$ 9 introduc+ h]self aga9 on ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,asia1 :i* lie "u h] eye4 ,x is true1 t ! greate/ "p ( ,am]ica is become ,*ri/ian2 b obs]ve1 t ! nations ( ^? c\ntries h be5 conqu]$2 !re ! conqu]+ nations h e/abli%$ ^? gov]nm5ts :i* h la/$ = ages2 ! ,european nations h inundat$ ! ,new ,_w ) _! soldi]s & colonies1 s t a consid]able portion ( ,am]ica is a k9d ( importation f ,europe2 consequ5tly1 ! religi\s trans=mation ( t c\ntry does n resemble t :i* took place 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*4 ,turn t[>ds ! ,we/1 :]e ,european arms h n obta9$ a decid$ prepond]ance2 see :at takes place !re3 ! nations are /ill "u ! yoke ( false religions4 ,*ri/ianity has n be5 able to enlight5 !m2 al?\gh ! ,ca?olic missions h obta9$ ! means ( f\nd+ a few e/abli%m5ts m or less consid]able1 ! preci\s se$ has n be5 able to take suffici5t root 9 ! soil1 9 ord] to be> ! fruits :i* ard5t *>ity hop$ =1 & h]oic zeal labor$ to produce4 ,f "t to "t1 ! rays ( div9e light h p5etrat$ to ! he>t ( ! great empires ( ,japan & ,*9a2 at c]ta9 mom5ts flatt]+ hopes might be conceiv$2 b ^! hopes h be5 dissipat$1 ^! rays ( light h disappe>$ l a brilliant meteor amid/ ! d>kness ( midnight4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is impot5ce8 :5ce comes x t ! f]tiliz+ p[]1 aft] hav+ be5 s great 9 ! fir/ ages1 _h prov$ s va9 9 ! la/8 ,let u n exam9e ! pr(\nd secrets ( ,provid5ce1 or seek to inquire into ! incompreh5sible my/]ies ( ! ,div9e ways2 b z f> z x is giv5 to a feeble _s to le>n ! tru? by ! evid5ces conta9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 z f> z x is all[$ u to c>ry our conjectures on ! designs ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 accord+ to ! indications :i* ! ,"l himself has be5 pleas$ to communicate to u1 let u haz>d an op9ion on ! facts3 al?\gh dep5d5t on a sup]ior ord]1 !y yet h an ord9>y c\rse1 :i* is regulat$ by ,god himself4 ,! apo/le ,/4 ,paul says t fai? comes f he>+4 ,he asks1 h[ x is possible to he>1 if !re is no "o :o prea*es1 & h[ c !re be prea*+1 if !re is no "o :o s5ds8 ,h5ce1 we mu/ conclude t missions are necess>y = ! conv]sion ( nations1 s9ce ,god has n ?\ght fit by con/ant miracles to s5d legions ( angels f heav5 to tea* ! nations :o are depriv$ ( ! light ( ! e>?4 ,hav+ laid d[n ?is pr9ciple1 ,i w say t :at 0 requir$ = ! conv]sion ( infidel nations 0 ! organization ( missions on a l>ge scale4 ,!re 7 requir$ missions :i*1 by ! abundance ( _! res\rces & ! numb] ( _! labor]s1 might be 9 proportion to ! greatness ( ! object4 ,obs]ve t ! di/ances are imm5se1 t ! nations to :om ! div9e ^w is to be ann\nc$ are disp]s$ 9 _m c\ntries1 & live "u ! influ5ce ( laws1 prejudices1 & climates ! mo/ opposite to ! _s ( ! ,gospel4 ,to make head aga9/ su* va/ wants1 & surm\nt su* great difficulties1 !re 0 requir$ a p]fect inundation ( mission>ies2 )\t :om ! result w\ld rema9 d\btful1 ! exi/5ce ( religi\s e/abli%m5ts v prec>i\s1 & ! conv]sion ( great nations little probable1 unless ,provid5ce int]f]$ by "o ( ^? prodigies :i* *ange ! face ( ! _w 9 an in/ant4 ,n[ ,provid5ce does n r5ew ^! prodigies e mom5t2 sometimes he does n ev5 accord !m to ! mo/ ard5t supplications ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,9 ord] to =m a complete idea ( :at took place 9 ! latt] ages1 let u pay att5tion to :at exi/s4 ,:at is want+ to infidel nations8 ,:at is ! incessant cry ( ! zeal\s m5 :o devote !mselves to ! propagation ( ! ,gospel8 ,d we n con/antly he> lam5tations on ! small numb] ( labor]s1 & on ! scanty res\rces :i* are devot$ to ! subsi/5ce ( ! mission>ies8 ,is n ?is p5ury ( res\rces ! cause ( ! associations n[ =m$ among ! ,ca?olics ( ,europe8 ,! organization ( missions on a l>ge scale w\ld h be5 realiz$ if ,prote/antism _h n come to prev5t x4 ,! nations ( ,europe1 ! privileg$ *ildr5 ( ,provid5ce1 _h ! obligation & %[$ a decid$ w to procure = ! o!r nations ( ! _w1 by all ! means 9 _! p[]1 a p>ticipation 9 ! b5efits ( ! fai?4 ,unhappily ?is fai? 0 weak5$ 9 ,europe1 x 0 giv5 up to ! caprices ( human reason1 & h5ce=? :at _h be=e be5 ( easy execution became impossible4 ,provid5ce1 :i* _h p]mitt$ ! deplorable disa/] ( ! s*ism1 p]mits also to be def]r$ to a m remote p]iod ! happy day :5 ! b5ight$ nations %all ent] 9 great numb]s into ! fold ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b p]haps ,i %all be told t ! zeal ( mod]n ,ca?olicity is n t ( ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ?is is "o ( ! reasons :i* h prev5t$ ! conv]sion ( infidel nations4 ,i w n make a long comp>ison on ?is po9t2 ,i w n say all t might be said2 ,i w cont5t myself ) mak+ an obs]vation :i* w remove ! difficulty at once4 ,our ,div9e ,savi\r1 9 ord] to s5d ,8 disciples to prea* ! ,gospel1 wi%$ t !y %\ld ab&on all !y _h & foll[ ,him4 ,! same ,savi\r1 reveal+ to u ! infallible sign ( true *>ity1 tells u t !re is no?+ great] ?an to give "o's life = "o's bre?r54 ,! ,ca?olic mission>ies ( ! ?ree la/ c5turies h r5\nc$ all1 h ab&on$ _! c\ntry1 _! families1 all ! com=ts ( life1 all t c engage ! he>t ( man on e>?2 !y h gone to seek ! infidels amid ! mo/ imm95t dang]s1 & !y h seal$ ) _! blood1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 _! ardor = ! conv]sion ( _! bre?r51 & = ! salvation ( s\ls4 ,i believe t su* mission>ies are wor?y ( succe$+ to ^? ( ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*2 all declamations & calumnies are impot5t be=e ! triumphant evid5ce ( facts4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! e>ly ages w\ld be honor$1 l t ( our times1 by a ,/4 ,francis ,xavi] & ! m>tyrs ( ,japan4 ,we h spok51 also1 ( ! abundance ( ! mission>ies4 ,! ,*ur* _h a wond]ful fecundity = ! conv]sion ( ! anci5t & b>b>ian _w4 ,at h] fir/ appe>ance1 ! fi]y tongues ( ! ,c5acle & ! multitude ( prodigies made up = numb]s1 & multipli$ ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,nations ( diff]5t languages1 li/5+ to ! same disc\rse1 he>d x at ! same "t ea* "o 9 8 own tongue2 b aft] ?is fir/ impulse1 by :i* ! ,almighty 0 pleas$ to conf\nd ! p[]s ( hell1 ?+s foll[$ ! ord9>y c\rse1 & a great] numb] ( mission>ies 0 requir$ = a great] numb] ( conv]sions4 ,! great c5tres ( fai? & *>ity1 ! num]\s *ur*es ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 furni%$ 9 abundance ! apo/olic m5 necess>y = ! propagation ( ! fai?2 & ?is sacr$ army _h a p[]ful res]ve at h& ready to make up its defici5cies :5 sickness1 fatigues1 & m>tyrdom _h ?9n$ its ranks4 ,rome 0 ! c5tre ( ?is great movem5t2 b ,rome1 9 ord] to give ! impulse1 _h no ne$ ei!r ( fleets ready to transport ! holy colonies to _m ?\s& places1 or ( great treasures to support mission>ies 9 des]t regions & c\ntries altoge!r unkn[n4 ,:5 ! mission>y1 pro/rate at ! feet ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 ask$ 8 apo/olical b5$iction1 ! holy fa!r c\ld s5d him 9 peace ) 8 pa/oral /aff alone2 he knew t ! ,gospel envoy 0 ab\t to trav]se ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 & t ev5 9 idolatr\s l&s he w\ld n be f> f pr9ces already conv]t$1 f bi%ops1 prie/s1 & fai?ful nations2 none ( :om w\ld refuse succor to him :o w5t to s[ ! div9e ^w 9 ! neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,i leave ! reflections :i* ,i h j made1 on ! injury done to ! influ5ce ( ,europe by ! s*ism ( ,prote/antism1 ) confid5ce to ! judgm5t ( ?9k+ m54 ,i am deeply conv9c$ t ?is influ5ce !reby receiv$ a t]rible bl[4 ,)\t ! fatal ev5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! condition ( ! _w w\ld n[ be v diff]5t f :at x is4 ,i may1 no d\bt1 delude myself 9 "s degree on ?is po9t2 b ,i w appeal to simple good s5se :e!r x is n true1 t unity ( action1 ( pr9ciples1 & ( views1 ! comb9ation ( res\rces1 & ! association ( ag5ts1 are n 9 all ?+s ! secret ( success1 & ! sure/ gu>antee = a happy result4 ,i w !n ask :e!r ,prote/antism did n break ?is unity1 r5d] ?is comb9ation impossible1 & ?is association impracticable8 ,are n ^! facts indisputable1 z cle> z ! light ( day8 ,^! facts are rec5t--!y are ( ye/]day2 :at is _! consequ5ce8 :at d$uction %\ld be drawn f !m8 ,let imp>tiality1 good s5se1 & m]e common s5se1 answ] me1 if !y be only accompani$ by good fai?4 ,to e ?9k+ man1 x is evid5t t ,europe is n :at %e w\ld h be5 )\t ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism2 & c]ta9ly x is n less evid5t1 t ! results ( its civiliz+ influ5ce on ! _w h n answ]$ ! promises ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,let ,prote/ants boa/ ( hav+ giv5 a new direction to ,european civilization2 let !m vaunt ( hav+ enfeebl$ ! spiritual p[] ( ! ,popes1 by remov+ millions ( s\ls f ! sacr$ fold2 let !m glory 9 hav+ de/roy$ ! religi\s ord]s 9 c\ntries subject to _! dom9ion--( hav+ brok5 9 pieces ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1 & ?r[n ! ,bible 9 ! mid/ ( ignorant cr[ds1 ) ! assurance t1 to und]/& ! sacr$ volume1 private inspiration or ! judgm5t ( natural reason 0 en\gh2 yet x is n ! less c]ta9 t ! unity ( ! ,*ri/ian religion has disappe>$ among !m1 t !y want a c5tre :5ce great ef=ts may proce$1 t !y are )\t a guide1 w&]+ l a flock )\t a %eph]d1 bl[n ab\t by e w9d ( doctr9e1 & unable to br+ =? ! lea/ ( ^? great works :i* ,ca?olicity has produc$1 & /ill produces1 9 su* abundance2 x is n ! less c]ta9 t1 by _! et]nal disputes1 _! calumnies1 _! attacks ^u ! dogmas & ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*1 !y h compell$ ! latt] to hold h]self 9 an attitude ( def5ce--to cont5d = ?ree c5turies1 depriv+ h] ( ! preci\s "t & means :i* %e w\ld h us$ to complete ! great projects int5d$ by h]1 & already s happily begun4 ,is x a m]it to divide m51 to provoke discord1 to excite w>s1 to *ange bro!r nations into enemies1 to conv]t ! great family-p>ty ( nations into an ar5a = rancor\s /rife8 ,is x a m]it to ?r[ discr$it on ! mission>ies :o g to prea* ! ,gospel to infidel nations--to place all imag9able ob/acles 9 _! way--to employ e means to r5d] _! zeal useless1 & _! *>ity )\t result8 ,if1 inde$1 all ?is be a m]it1 !n ,i ackn[l$ge t ?is m]it belongs to ,prote/antism2 b if all ?is be disa/r\s1 & injuri\s to humanity1 x is ,prote/antism :i* mu/ be responsible = x4 ,:5 ,lu!r said t he 0 *>g$ ) a high mission1 he spoke ! tru?1 b a fe>ful & al>m+ tru?1 & "o :i* he did n und]/&4 ,! s9s ( nations sometimes fill up ! measure ( ! pati5ce ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! s\nd ( human (f5ces m\nts to heav51 & calls = v5geance2 ! ,et]nal1 9 ,8 fe>ful ang]1 s5ds d[n a look ( fire ^u ! e>?2 !n /rikes ! fatal h\r 9 ,8 secret & inf9ite resolves1 & ! son ( p]dition1 :o is to cov] ! _w ) m\rn+ & desolation1 appe>s4 ,z ! cat>acts ( heav5 7 =m]ly op5$ to sweep ! human race f ! face ( ! e>?1 s are ! calamities :i* ! ,god ( v5geance holds 9 res]ve = ! day ( ,8 ang]1 p\r$ =? f _! urn & scatt]$ ov] ! _w4 ,! son ( p]dition raises 8 voice2 t mom5t is m>k$ by ! beg9n+ ( ! cata/rophe4 ,! _s ( evil moves ov] ! :ole face ( ! globe1 be>+ on 8 sable p9ions ! e*o ( t om9\s voice4 ,an incompreh5sible gidd9ess takes possession ( m5's heads2 ! nations h eyes1 & see n2 !y h e>s1 & he> n2 9 _! delirium1 ! mo/ frightful precipices appe> to !m smoo?1 peaceful1 & fl[]y pa?s2 !y call good evil1 & evil good2 !y dr9k ) fev]i% eag]ness ( ! poison$ cup2 =getfulness ( all ! pa/1 +ratitude = all b5efits1 seize all m9ds2 ! "w ( ! g5ius ( evil is consummat$2 ! pr9ce ( ! rebelli\s spirits may aga9 bury himself 9 8 empire ( d>kness2 & ! human race has le>n$1 by a t]rible lesson1 t ! indignation ( ! ,mo/ ,high is n to be provok$ ) impunity4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,jesuits4 ,z ,i am treat+ ( religi\s in/itutions1 ,i mu/ n pass ov] 9 sil5ce t celebrat$ ord]1 :i*1 f ! fir/ ye>s ( its exi/5ce1 assum$ ! /ature ( a colossus1 & employ$ all a giant's /r5g?2 t ord] :i* p]i%$ )\t hav+ felt decay2 :i* did n foll[ ! common c\rse ( o!rs1 ei!r 9 its f\ndation1 9 its developm5t1 or ev5 9 its fall2 t ord] ( :i* x is truly & correctly said1 t x _h nei!r infancy nor old age4 ,x is cle> t ,i speak ( ! society ( ,jesus1 ! ,jesuits4 ,! "n alone w be en\gh to al>m a c]ta9 class ( read]s2 &1 !re=e1 9 ord] to tranquillize !m1 ,i w say t ,i d n "h und]take to write an apology = ! ,jesuits2 ?is task does n belong to ! "* ( my "w2 moreov]1 o!rs h und]tak5 x1 & x is n necess>y = me to repeat :at is well kn[n4 ,b x is impossible to call to m9d ! religi\s in/itutions1 ! religi\s1 political1 & lit]>y hi/ory ( ,europe1 dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 )\t meet+ ! ,jesuits at e /ep3 we _c travel 9 ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries1 trav]se unkn[n seas1 visit ! mo/ remote l&s1 or p5etrate ! mo/ frightful des]ts1 )\t f9d+ ev]y:]e "u our feet "s memorials ( ! ,jesuits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c look at our libr>ies )\t imm$iately rem>k+ ! writ+s ( "s ,jesuits4 ,s9ce ?is is ! case1 ev5 ^? among our read]s :o h ! greate/ horror ( !m1 ought to p>don u = fix+ our att5tion = a mom5t on ?is in/itute :i* has fill$ ! _w ) its "n4 ,ev5 if we 7 to atta* no importance to _! mod]n revival1 & to reg>d _! pres5t exi/5ce & _! probable future z unwor?y ( exam9ation1 x w\ld /ill be altoge!r inexcusable n to speak ( !m1 at lea/ z a hi/orical fact4 ,to pass !m ov] 9 sil5ce1 w\ld be to imitate ^? ignorant & he>tless travell]s1 :o1 ) /upid indiff]5ce1 tread "u foot ! mo/ int]e/+ ru9s & ! mo/ valuable rema9s4 ,:5 we /udy ! hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits1 ?is v extraord9>y circum/ance is app>5t3 !y h exi/$ only = a few ye>s1 if comp>$ ) ! duration ( o!r religi\s bodies1 & yet !re is no religi\s ord] :i* has be5 ! object ( su* ke5 animosity4 ,f _! orig91 !y h _h num]\s enemies2 nev] h !y be5 free f !m1 ei!r 9 _! prosp]ity & greatness1 or 9 _! fall1 or ev5 aft] x2 nev] has _! p]secution ceas$2 we %\ld r say1 nev] has ! animosity ) :i* !y h be5 pursu$ ceas$4 ,s9ce _! reappe>ance1 m5 h con/antly fix$ _! eyes ^u !m2 !y tremble le/ !y %\ld resume _! anci5t p[]2 ! spl5dor :i* is reflect$ on !m by ! recollections ( _! brilliant hi/ory r5d]s !m visible ev]y:]e1 & augm5ts ! fe>s ( _! enemies4 ,h[ _m m5 among u are m al>m$ at ! f\ndation ( a ,jesuits' college ?an at an irruption ( ,cossacks6 ,!re is1 !re=e1 some?+ v s+ul> & extraord9>y 9 ?is in/itute1 s9ce x excites ! public att5tion 9 s high a degree1 & its m]e "n disconc]ts its enemies4 ,m5 d n despise ! ,jesuits1 b !y fe> !m2 sometimes !y attempt to ?r[ ridicule on !m2 b :5 t weapon is employ$ aga9/ !m1 x is felt t he :o wields x is n suffici5tly calm to use x ) success4 ,9 va9 does he attempt to affect contempt2 ?r\gh ! affectation e "o c p]ceive disquietude & anxiety4 ,x is imm$iately se5 t he :o attacks does n believe himself oppos$ to insignificant adv]s>ies4 ,8 bile is excit$1 8 sallies become *eck$1 8 words1 /eep$ 9 a fe>ful bitt]ness1 fall f 8 m\? l drops f a poison$ cup2 x is cle> t he takes ! affair to he>t1 & does n look ^u x z a m]e joke4 ,we fancy we he> him say to himself1 ,e ?+ affect+ ! ,jesuits is extremely grave2 !re is no play+ ) ^! m5--no reg>d1 no indulg5ce1 no mod]ation ( any k9d2 x is necess>y always to treat !m ) rigor1 h>%ness1 & dete/ation2 ) !m1 ! lea/ neglig5ce may become fatal4 ,unless ,i am mu* deceiv$1 ?is is ! be/ demon/ration t c be giv5 ( ! em95t m]it ( ! ,jesuits4 ,x mu/ be ! same ) classes & corporations z ) individuals--v extraord9>y m]it necess>ily excites num]\s enemies1 = ! simple reason t su* m]it is always envi$1 & v (t5 dread$4 ,9 ord] to "k ! real cause ( ?is implacable hatr$ aga9/ !m1 x is en\gh to consid] :o are _! pr9cipal enemies4 ,we "k t ,prote/ants & infidels figure !re 9 ! fir/ rank2 9 ! second1 we rem>k ! m5 :o1 ) m or less cle>ness & resolution1 %[ !mselves b little atta*$ to ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,bo?1 9 _! hatr$ aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 are guid$ by a v r>e in/9ct1 = truly !y h nev] met ) a m r$\btable adv]s>y4 ,?is reflection is wor?y ( ! att5tion ( s9c]e ,ca?olics1 :o1 = "o cause or ano!r1 ent]ta9 unju/ prejudices4 ,:5 we h to =m a judgm5t on ! m]it & conduct ( a man1 x is v (t5 a sure means ( decid+ betwe5 contr>y op9ions to inquire :o are 8 enemies4 ,:5 we fix our att5tion on ! in/itute ( ! ,jesuits1 on ! "t ( its f\ndation1 on ! rapidity & greatness ( its progress1 we f9d ! important tru? :i* ,i h be=e po9t$ out m & m confirm$1 viz41 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ) wond]ful fruitfulness1 always furni%es an idea wor?y ( h] to meet all ! necessities :i* arise4 ,prote/antism oppos$ ! ,ca?olic doctr9es ) ! pomp & p>ade ( k & le>n+2 ! clat ( human lit]ature1 ! k ( languages1 ! ta/e = ! models ( antiquity1 7 all employ$ aga9/ religion ) a con/ancy & ard\r wor?y ( a bett] cause4 ,incr$ible ef=ts 7 made to de/roy ! pontifical au?ority2 :5 !y c\ld n de/roy x1 !y attempt$ at lea/ to weak5 & discr$it x4 ,! evil spread ) fe>ful rapidity2 ! mortal poison already circulat$ 9 ! ve9s ( a consid]able portion ( ! ,european nations3 ! contagion began to be propagat$ ev5 9 c\ntries :i* _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! tru?4 ,to complete ! mis=tune1 s*ism & h]esy1 trav]s+ ! seas1 corrupt$ ! fai? ( ! simple neophytes ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,:at 0 to be done 9 su* a crisis8 ,c\ld su* great evils be rem$i$ by ord9>y means8 ,0 x possible to make head aga9/ su* great & imm95t p]ils by employ+ common arms8 ,0 x n prop] to make "s on purpose = su* a /ruggle1 to temp] ! cuirass & %ield1 to fit !m = ?is new k9d ( w>f>e1 9 ord] t ! cause ( tru? might n appe> 9 ! new ar5a "u fatal disadvantages8 ,:o c d\bt t ! appe>ance ( ! ,jesuits 0 ! answ] to ^! que/ions1 t _! in/itute 0 ! solution ( ! problem8 ,! _s ( ! com+ ages 0 ess5tially "o ( sci5tific & lit]>y progress4 ,! ,jesuits 7 aw>e ( ?is tru?2 !y p]fectly und]/ood x4 ,x 0 necess>y to advance ) rapidity & nev] to rema9 beh9d3 ?is ! new in/itute does2 x takes ! lead 9 all sci5ces2 x all[s none to anticipate x4 ,m5 /udy ! ori5tal languages2 !y produce great works on ! ,bible2 !y se>* ! books ( ! anci5t ,fa!rs1 ! monum5ts ( tradition & ( ecclesia/ical decisions3 9 ! mid/ ( ?is great activity1 ! ,jesuits are at _! po/s2 _m sup]em95t works issue f _! colleges4 ,! ta/e = dogmatical controv]sy is spread ov] all ,europe3 _m s*ools pres]ve & love ! s*ola/ic discussions3 immortal works ( controv]sy come f ! h&s ( ! ,jesuits1 at ! same "t t !y yield to none 9 skill & p5etration 9 ! s*ools4 ,! ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 all ! natural sci5ces1 make great progress2 le>n$ societies are =m$ 9 ! capitals ( ,europe to cultivate & enc\rage !m3 9 ^! societies ! ,jesuits figure 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,! _s ( "t is naturally dissolv5t3 ! in/itute ( ! ,jesuits is int]iorly arm$ aga9/ dissolution2 9 spite ( ! rapidity ( its c\rse1 x advances 9 a compact ord]1 l ! mass ( a p[]ful army4 ,! errors1 ! et]nal disputes1 ! multitude ( ! new op9ions1 ev5 ! progress ( ! sci5ces1 by excit+ m5's m9ds1 give a fatal incon/ancy to ! human intellect--an impetu\s :irlw9d1 agitat+ & /irr+ up all ?+s1 c>ries !m away4 ,! ord] ( ! ,jesuits appe>s 9 ! mid/ ( ?is :irlw9d1 b x p>takes nei!r ( its incon/ancy nor ( its v>iability2 x pursues its c>e] )\t los+ itself2 & :ile only irregul>ity & vacillation are se5 among its adv]s>ies1 x advances ) a sure /ep1 t5d+ t[>ds its object1 l a planet :i* p]=ms its orbit accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,pope1 assail$ ) animosity by ,prote/ants1 0 indirectly attack$ by o!rs ) /ratagem & dissimulation2 ! ,jesuits %[$ !mselves fai?fully atta*$ to t au?ority2 !y def5d x :]ev] x is ?reat5$2 l vigilant s5t9els1 !y con/antly wat* ov] ! pres]vation ( ,ca?olic unity4 ,_! k1 influ5ce1 & ri*es nev] affect _! pr(\nd submission to ! au?ority ( ! ,popes--a submission :i* 0 ev] _! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]y ( ! new c\ntries 9 ! ea/ & we/1 a ta/e = travell+1 = obs]v+ di/ant c\ntries1 = ! k ( ! language1 mann]s1 & cu/oms ( ! rec5tly discov]$ nations1 0 develop$ 9 ,europe4 ,! ,jesuits1 spread ov] ! face ( ! globe1 :ile prea*+ ! ,gospel to ! nations1 d n =get ! /udy ( ! ?\s& ?+s :i* may int]e/ cultivat$ ,europe2 & at _! return f _! gigantic exp$itions1 !y are se5 add+ _! valuable treasures to ! common fund ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,h[1 !n1 c we be surpris$ t ,prote/ants h be5 s viol5t aga9/ an in/itute 9 :i* !y f\nd s t]rible an enemy2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 0 !re any ?+ m natural ?an to see all ! o!r enemies ( religion1 enemies "s ( :om 7 :olly unmask$ & "s p>tially disguis$1 make common cause ) ,prote/ants on ?is po9t8 ,! ,jesuits 7 a wall ( brass aga9/ ! assaults ^u ! ,ca?olic fai?2 x 0 resolv$ to und]m9e & ov]turn ?is ramp>t2 :i* 9 ! end 0 accompli%$4 ,v few ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ! suppression ( ! ,jesuits1 & already ! memory ( ! great crimes :i* 7 imput$ to !m 0 effac$ by ! ravages ( an unexampl$ revolution4 ,m5 ( good fai?1 ^: excessive confid5ce _h believ$ p]fidi\s calumnies1 c\ld conv9ce !mselves t ! ri*es1 k1 influ5ce1 & ! pret5d$ ambition ( ! ,jesuits1 w\ld nev] h be5 z fatal z ! triumph ( _! enemies2 ^! religi\s m5 w\ld nev] h upset a ?rone or cut (f ! head ( a k+ on ! scaffold4 ,m4 ,guizot1 9 glanc+ at ,european civilization1 necess>ily enc\nt]$ ! ,jesuits2 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t he has n done !m ! ju/ice to :i* !y are entitl$4 ,aft] hav+ lam5t$ ! inconsi/5cy ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & ! n>r[ _s :i* guid$ x1 aft] hav+ confess$ t ,ca?olics knew v well :at !y did & :at !y wi%$1 & t !y act$ up to ! pr9ciples ( _! conduct & av[$ all _! consequ5ces1 ,m4 ,guizot decl>es t !re nev] 0 a m consi/5t gov]nm5t ?an t ( ,rome1 & t ! c\rt ( ,rome1 always hav+ a fix$ idea1 has kn[n h[ to pursue a consi/5t & regul> l9e ( conduct2 he extols ! /r5g? :i* results f a full k ( :at "o does & :at "o wi%es2 he %[s ! advantage ( a settl$ design1 & ( ! complete & absolute adoption ( a pr9ciple & sy/em2 t is to say1 he makes a brilliant panegyric on1 & a p[]ful apology =1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,nev]!less1 ,m4 ,guizot f9ds ! ,jesuits 9 8 way1 & unwor?y z x is ( su* a m9d z 81 :i*1 9 ord] to require j r5[n1 has no ne$ ( burn+ inc5se be=e vulg> prejudices or mean passions1 he attempts1 9 pass+1 to ?r[ a reproa* ^u !m4 ,e "o kn[s1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 t ! pr9cipal p[] in/itut$ to cont5d aga9/ ! religi\s revolution1 0 ! ord] ( ! ,jesuits4 ,?r[ a glance ov] _! hi/ory2 !y h fail$ ev]y:]e2 :]ev] !y h int]f]$ to any ext5t1 !y h br\ght mis=tune to ! cause 9 :i* !y h engag$4 ,9 ,engl& !y h de/roy$ k+s1 9 ,spa9 nations4 ,m4 ,guizot _h j told u ( ! sup]iority :i* is obta9$ ov] an adv]s>y by regul> & consi/5t conduct1 by ! complete & absolute adoption ( a sy/em1 & by a fix$ idea2 z a pro( ( all ?is he %[$ u ! ,jesuits1 he exhibit$ to u 9 !m ! expression ( ! sy/em ( ! ,*ur*2 & behold1 )\t any explanation1 if n )\t a motive1 ! writ] sudd5ly *anges 8 c\rse2 ! advantages ( ! sy/em :i* he has j prais$ disappe> f 8 eyes2 = ^? :o foll[ ?is sy/em1 t is ! ,jesuits !mselves1 fail ev]y:]e1 & ev]y:]e br+ mis=tunes on ! cause :i* !y embrace4 ,h[ c su* ass]tions be reconcil$8 ,! cr$it1 influ5ce1 & sagacity ( ! ,jesuits h pass$ into a prov]b4 ,! reproa* aga9/ !m 01 ( hav+ ext5d$ _! views too f>1 ( hav+ conceiv$ ambiti\s plans1 & obta9$ by _! skill a decid$ asc5d5cy 9 all ! places :]e !y succe$$ 9 ga9+ entrance2 ,prote/ants !mselves h op5ly confess$ t ! ,jesuits 7 _! mo/ r$\btable adv]s>ies2 x 0 always ?\ght t ! f\ndation ( ! ord] _h an imm5se result1 & n[ we le>n f ,m4 ,guizot1 t ! ,jesuits h ev]y:]e fail$2 t _! support1 f> f be+ a great succ\r1 always br\ght fatality & mis=tune to ! cause ( :i* !y decl>$ !mselves ! advocates4 ,if !y 7 su* fatal s]vants1 :y 7 _! s]vices s\ght ) s mu* eag]ness8 ,if !y always conduct$ affairs s ill1 :y h ! mo/ important ones 9 ! end fall5 into _! h&s8 ,adv]s>ies s fooli% or s un=tunate c]ta9ly ought n to h excit$ 9 ! enemies' camp s mu* clamor z 0 rais$ at _! approa*4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,jesuits h de/roy$ k+s1 9 ,spa9 nations4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an ^! bold /rokes ( ! p52 ! :ole ( a great hi/ory is trac$ 9 a s+le l9e1 & an inf9ity ( facts1 gr\p$ & conf\nd$1 are made to pass "u ! eye ( ! read] ) ! rapidity ( lightn+2 ! eye has n ev5 "t to look at !m1 /ill less to analyze !m z w\ld be necess>y4 ,m4 ,guizot %\ld h devot$ "s s5t5ces to prove 8 ass]tion2 he %\ld h /at$ ! facts & po9t$ out ! reasons on :i* he builds1 :5 he affirms t ! influ5ce ( ! ,jesuits has _h s fatal an effect4 ,) respect to ! k+s ( ,engl& "h s boldly sacrific$1 ,i _c ent] into an exam9ation ( ! religi\s & political revolutions :i* agitat$ & desolat$ ! ?ree k+doms = two c5turies aft] ! s*ism ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,^! revolutions1 9 _! imm5se circle1 h pres5t$ v diff]5t phases2 disfigur$ & p]v]t$ by ! ,prote/ants1 :o h success 9 _! favor1 t decisive1 if n conv9c+ argum5t1 !y h made "s m5 ( little reflection believe t ! disa/]s ( ,engl& 7 9 great "p due to ! imprud5ce ( ! ,ca?olics1 &1 z an indisp5sable coroll>y1 to ! pret5d$ intrigues ( ! ,jesuits4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! ,ca?olic movem5t :i* ,engl& has witness$ = half a c5tury1 & ! great works :i* e day c>ry on ! re/oration ( ,ca?olicity1 w at la/ disp]se ! calumnies by :i* our fai? has be5 /igmatiz$4 ,be=e long1 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies w be re/or$ z x ought1 & ! tru? w appe> 9 its prop] light4 ,?is obs]vation relieves me f ! necessity ( ent]+ into details on ! subject ( ! fir/ ass]tion ( ,m4 ,guizot2 b ,i mu/ n leave )\t reply :at he s gratuit\sly affirms on ! subject ( ,spa94 ,! ,jesuits h de/roy$ nations 9 ,spa91 says ,m4 ,guizot2 ,i wi% t ! publici/ _h expla9$ to u to :at great disa/] he allud$4 ,to :at p]iod does he ref]8 ,i h exam9$ our hi/ory1 & ,i d n f9d ?is de/ruction :i* 0 caus$ by ! ,jesuits2 ,i _c imag9e :]eon ! hi/orian fix$ 8 eyes :5 he pron\nc$ ^! words4 ,nev]!less1 ! anti!sis betwe5 ,spa9 & ,engl&1 betwe5 nations & k+s1 leads u to suspect t ,m4 ,guizot allud$ to ! %ipwreck ( political lib]ty2 we are n aw>e t !re is any o!r bett]-f\nd$ or m legitimate int]pretation4 ,b !n a new difficulty pres5ts itself3 h[ c we believe t a man s v]s$ 9 ! k ( hi/ory1 compos+ a c\rse ( lectures :i* is p>ticul>ly devot$ to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,european civilization1 %\ld fall into a palpable error1--%\ld commit an unp>donable ana*ronism8 ,inde$1 :atev] may be ! judgm5ts ( publici/s on ! causes :i* h produc$ ! loss ( lib]ty 9 ,spa91 & on ! important ev5ts ( ! days ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 ( ,philippe le ,beau1 ( ,jeanne-la-,folle1 & ! reg5cy ( ,cisn]os1 all are unanim\s 9 say+ t ! w> ( ! ,commons 0 ! critical mom5t1 decisive ( ! lib]ty ( ,spa92 all are agre$ t ! two p>ties play$ _! la/ /ake at t "t1 & t ! battle ( ,villal> & ! puni%m5t ( ,padilla1 by confirm+ & increas+ ! royal p[]1 de/roy$ ! la/ hopes ( ! p>tisans ( ! anci5t lib]ties4 ,well1 ! battle ( ,villal> 0 f\ght 9 #aeba2 at t "t ! ,jesuits did n exi/1 & ,/4 ,ignatius1 _! f\nd]1 0 /ill a brilliant knight1 battl+ l a h]o "u ! walls ( ,pampeluna4 ,to ?is !re is no reply2 all philosophy & eloqu5ce are unable to efface ^! dates4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,cortes met m or less (t51 & ) m or less influ5ce1 above all 9 ! k+dom ( ,aragon2 b x is z cle> z daylight t ! royal p[] _h e ?+ "u its dom9ation1 t no?+ c\ld resi/ x1 & ! un=tunate attempt ( ! ,aragonese1 at ! "t ( ! affair ( ,don ,antonio ,p]ez1 suffici5tly %[s t !re exi/$ !n no rema9s ( anci5t lib]ty :i* c\ld oppose ! w ( k+s4 ,"s ye>s aft] ! w> ( ! ,commons1 ,*>les ,v4 gave ! c\p de grace to ! ,cortes ( ,ca/ile1 by exclud+ f x ! cl]gy & ! nobles1 to leave only ! ,e/am5to de ,procuradores1 a feeble ramp>t aga9/ ! exig5cies1 aga9/ ! all-p[]ful attempts ( a mon>* on ^: dom9ions ! sun nev] set4 ,?is exclusion took place 9 #aech1 at ! "t :5 ,/4 ,ignatius 0 /ill occupi$ ) ! f\ndation ( 8 ord]2 ! ,jesuits1 !re=e1 c\ld h _h no influ5ce !re94 ,/ill m1 ! ,jesuits1 aft] _! e/abli%m5t 9 ,spa91 nev] employ$ _! influ5ce aga9/ ! lib]ty ( ! p4 ,f _! pulpits !y did n tea* doctr9es favorable to despotism2 if !y rem9d$ ! p ( _! duties1 !y also rem9d$ k+s ( !irs2 if !y wi%$ ! rights ( mon>*s to be respect$1 !y w\ld n all[ ^? ( ! p to be trodd5 "u foot4 ,to prove ! tru? ( ?is1 ,i appeal to ! te/imony ( ^? :o h read ! writ+s ( ! ,jesuits ( t "t on que/ions ( public law4 ,! ,jesuits1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 7 call$ to cont5d aga9/ ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts1 aga9/ ! developm5t ( mod]n civilization1 aga9/ ! lib]ty ( ! human m9d4 ,if ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts is no?+ b ! c\rse ( ,prote/antism1 if ! developm5t ( ,prote/antism is ! developm5t ( mod]n civilization1 if ! lib]ty ( ! human m9d consi/s only 9 ! fatal pride1 9 ! mad indep5d5ce :i* ! pret5d$ re=m]s communicat$ to x1 !n no?+ is m true ?an ! ass]tion ( ! publici/2 b if ! pres]vation ( ,ca?olicity is a fact ( any weight 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe1 if h] influ5ce dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies has am\nt$ to any ?+1 if ! reigns ( ,*>les ,v41 ,philip ,,ii41 ,l\is ,,xiv41 d n des]ve to be effac$ f mod]n hi/ory1 & if reg>d ought to be _h to t imm5se c\nt]poise to :i* 0 ow+ ! equilibrium ( ! two religions2 9 f9e1 if ! fai? ( ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 ,bossuet1 & ,fnlon1 c make a dignifi$ appe>ance 9 ! picture ( mod]n civilization1 x is impossible to und]/& h[ ! ,jesuits1 :5 intrepidly def5d+ ,ca?olicity1 c\ld be /ruggl+ aga9/ ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts1 aga9/ ! developm5t ( mod]n civilization1 & aga9/ ! fre$om ( human ?\ght4 ,aft] hav+ made ?is fir/ false /ep1 ,m4 ,guizot cont9ues to slip 9 a deplorable mann]4 ,i p>ticul>ly call ! att5tion ( my read]s to ! foll[+ evid5t contradictions3 ,) ! ,jesuits1 !re is no clat1 no gr&eur4 ,!y h p]=m$ no brilliant exploits4 ,! publici/ entirely =gets :at he has j advanc$1 or r he directly retracts x1 :5 he adds1 a few l9es fur!r1 & yet1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t !y h _h gr&eur2 a gr& idea belongs to _! names1 to _! influ5ce1 & to _! hi/ory4 ,x is because !y knew :at !y did1 & :at !y wi%$2 x is because !y _h a cle> & full k ( ! pr9ciples on :i* !y act$1 & ( ! end t[>ds :i* !y t5d$2 t is to say1 because !y h _h gr&eur ( ?\ght & ( w4 ,is g5ius 9 its va/e/ ent]prises1 9 ! realization ( its mo/ gigantic projects1 any ?+ m ?an a gr& idea & a gr& int5tion8 ,! m9d conceives1 ! w executes2 ?is fa%ions ! model1 t makes ! application2 if !re be gr&eur 9 ! model & 9 ! application1 h[ c ! :ole "w fail to be gr&8 ,pursu+ ! task ( l[]+ ! ,jesuits1 ,m4 ,guizot makes a p>allel betwe5 !m & ! ,prote/ants2 he conf\nds ideas 9 su* a way1 & s f> =gets ! nature ( ?+s1 t "o w\ld h>dly believe x1 if ! words !mselves did n prove x beyond a d\bt4 ,=gett+ t x is necess>y = ! t]ms ( a comp>ison n to be ( a totally diff]5t k9d1 :i* r5d]s all comp>ison impossible1 ,m4 ,guizot comp>es a religi\s in/itute ) :ole nations2 he goes s f> z to reproa* ! ,jesuits ) n hav+ rais$ ! p en masse1 & ) n hav+ *ang$ ! =m & condition ( /ates4 ,"h is ! passage3 ,!y h act$ 9 subt]rane\s1 d>k1 & inf]ior ways2 9 ways :i* 7 n at all apt to /rike ! imag9ation1 or to conciliate = !m t public int]e/ :i* atta*es itself to great ?+s1 :atev] may be _! pr9ciple & end4 ,! p>ty aga9/ :i* !y cont5d$1 on ! contr>y1 n only conqu]$1 b conqu]$ ) clat2 x has done great ?+s & by great means2 x has ar\s$ nations2 x has fill$ ,europe ) great m52 x has *ang$ ! =m & ! lot ( nations 9 ! face ( day4 ,9 a ^w1 all has be5 aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 bo? =tune & appe>ances4 ,)\t int5d+ to (f5d ,m4 ,guizot1 let u av[1 t = ! honor ( 8 logic1 "o w\ld desire to efface f 8 writ+s su* phrases z we h j read4 ,:at6 ought ! ,jesuits to h put ! nations 9 motion1 made !m arise en masse1 & *ang$ ! =m & condition ( /ates8 ,w\ld !y n h be5 extraord9>y religi\s m51 if !y _h be5 all[$ to d su* ?+s8 ,x 0 said ( ! ,jesuits t !y _h unb\nd$ ambition1 & t !y attempt$ to rule ! _w2 & n[ !y are comp>$ ) _! adv]s>ies 9 ord] to ?r[ x 9 _! faces t ! latt] h ov]turn$ ! _w2 a di/+ui%$ m]it1 :i* mu/ h be5 a disgrace to ! ,jesuits !mselves4 ,inde$1 ! ,jesuits h nev] attempt$ to imitate _! adv]s>ies on ?is po9t2 ) respect to ! _s ( confusion & p]turbation1 !y joyfully yield ! palm to ^? to :om x rightly belongs4 ,z f> z great m5 are conc]n$1 if ! "q be ) respect to ! greatness ( ! ent]prises :i* are becom+ 9 a m9i/] ( ! ,god ( peace1 !n h ! ,jesuits _h ?is k9d ( gr&eur 9 an em95t degree4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! mo/ ardu\s affairs1 or 9 ! va/e/ projects 9 sci5ce & lit]ature1 :e!r x be 9 ! mo/ di/ant missions1 or 9 ! mo/ r$\btable p]ils1 ! ,jesuits h nev] rema9$ beh9d2 on ! contr>y1 !y h be5 se5 to display a _s s bold & ent]pris+1 t !y h !reby obta9$ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ r5[n4 ,if ! great m5 ( :om ,m4 ,guizot speaks are re/less tribunes1 :o1 putt+ !mselves at ! head ( an ungov]nable p1 violat$ ! public peace1 if !y are ! ,prote/ant w>riors ^: names h %one 9 ! w>s ( ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 ! comp>ison is fooli%1 & has no mean+2 = prie/s & w>riors1 religi\s & tribunes1 are s di/9ct1 s diff]5t 9 actions & "*1 t to comp>e !m is impossible4 ,ju/ice requir$ t 9 su* a p>allel1 :]e ! ,jesuits are tak5 z "o ( ! t]ms ( ! comp>ison1 ,prote/ants %\ld n be plac$ on ! o!r1 unless by !m ! re=m$ m9i/]s are meant4 ,ev5 9 ?is lat] case ! comp>ison w\ld n h be5 absolutely exact1 s9ce1 9 ! mid/ ( ! great diff]5ces betwe5 ! two religions1 ! ,jesuits are n f\nd alone 9 def5d+ ,ca?olicity4 ,! ,*ur*1 dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 has _h great prelates1 holy prie/s1 em95t savants1 & writ]s ( ! fir/ ord]1 :o did n belong to ! company ( ,jesus2 ! ,jesuits 7 reckon$ among ! pr9cipal *ampions1 b !y 7 n ! only ones4 ,_h x be5 wi%$ fairly to comp>e ,prote/antism ) ,ca?olicity1 x w\ld h be5 requisite to oppose ,prote/ant to ,ca?olic nations1 to comp>e prie/s ) prie/s1 savants ) savants1 politicians ) politicians1 w>riors ) w>riors2 to d o!rwise is mon/r\sly to conf\nd names & ?+s1 & to reckon too mu* on ! limit$ und]/&+s & excessive simplicity ( he>]s & read]s4 ,x is c]ta9 t if ! me?od we h po9t$ out 7 adopt$1 ,prote/antism w\ld n appe> s brilliant & sup]ior z ! publici/ has exhibit$ x to u4 ,ca?olics1 z ,m4 ,guizot well kn[s1 d n yield to ,prote/ants 9 lett]s1 9 w>1 or 9 political ability4 ,hi/ory is !re2 let x be consult$4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,religi\s ,,in/itutions4--,,_! ,,pres5t ,,necessity4 ,:51 aft] hav+ fix$ our eyes on ! va/ & int]e/+ picture :i* religi\s communities pres5t to u1 aft] hav+ call$ to m9d _! orig91 _! v>i$ =ms1 _! vicissitudes ( pov]ty & ri*es1 ( depression & prosp]ity1 ( coldness & ( f]vor1 ( relaxation & /rict re=m1 we see !m /ill subsi/ & arise anew on all sides1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( _! enemies1 we naturally ask :at w be _! future8 _! pa/ is full ( glory2 :at influ5ce h !y n ex]t$ 9 society1 "u a ?\s& diff]5t aspects1 & 9 ! ?\s& phases ( society itself8 ,yet :at spectacle d !y %[ u 9 mod]n times8 ,on "o h& !y h be5 weak5$1 l an old wall :i* we see ru9$ by ! effect ( "t2 on ! o!r we h se5 !m sudd5ly disappe>1 l weak trees ov]?r[n by ! :irlw9d4 ,moreov]1 !y seem$ to be condemn$ by ! _s ( ! age )\t appeal4 ,matt] hav+ become supreme1 ext5d$ its empire on all sides1 sc>cely all[+ ! m9d a mom5t = reflection & m$itation2 indu/ry & comm]ce1 c>ry+ _! turmoil to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 confirm$ ! judgm5t ( an irreligi\s philosophy aga9/ a class ( m5 devot$ to pray]1 sil5ce1 & solitude4 ,nev]!less1 facts e day belie _! conjectures2 ! he>ts ( ,*ri/ians /ill pres]ve ! mo/ flatt]+ hopes1 & ^! hopes are /r5g!n$ & animat$ m & m4 ,! h& ( ,god1 :o c>ries out ,8 high designs & laughs at ! va9 ?\ghts ( man1 %[s x m & m wond]ful4 ,philosophy sees a wide field = m$itation op5 be=e x2 x anticipates ! probable future ( religi\s communities2 x may make conjectures on ! influ5ce :i* is res]v$ = !m 9 society = ! future4 ,we h already se5 :at is ! real orig9 ( religi\s in/itutions2 we h f\nd t orig9 9 ! _s ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 & hi/ory has told u t !y h aris5 :]ev] %e is e/abli%$4 ,!y h v>i$ 9 =m1 9 rule1 9 object1 b ! fact has be5 always ! same4 ,!nce we h inf]r$ t :]ev] ! ,ca?olic fai? %all be ma9ta9$1 religi\s in/itutions w appe> anew "u "s =m or o!r4 ,?is progno/ic may be made ) complete c]ta9ty2 we d n fe> t "t w belie x4 ,we live 9 an age /eep$ 9 voluptu\s mat]ialism2 int]e/s :i* are call$ positive1 or1 9 pla9] t]ms1 gold & pleasure1 h acquir$ su* an asc5d5cy t we might app>5tly fe> to see "s societies lam5tably retrograde t[>ds ! mann]s ( paganism1 t[>ds t p]iod ( disgrace :5 religion might be summ$ up 9 ! deification ( matt]4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ?is afflict+ picture1 :5 ! m9d1 full ( angui%1 feels itself on ! po9t ( swoon+ away1 ! obs]v] sees t ! s\l ( man is n yet dead1 & t l(ty ideas1 noble & dignifi$ feel+s1 are n entirely bani%$ f ! e>?4 ,! human m9d feels itself too great to be limit$ to wret*$ objects2 x compreh5ds t x is giv5 x to rise high] ?an an air-balloon4 ,obs]ve :at happ5s ) respect to indu/rial progress4 ,^? /eam-vessels :i* leave our ports ) ! rapidity ( an arr[ to trav]se ! imm5sity ( ocean1 ^? burn+ vehicles :i* skim along our pla9s1 & p5etrate into ! he>t ( m\nta9s1 realiz+ "u our eyes :at w\ld h seem$ a dream to our fa!rs2 ^? o!r ma*9es :i* give movem5t to gigantic work%ops1 & z if by magic set 9 motion innum]able in/rum5ts1 & elaborate ) ! mo/ wond]ful precision ! mo/ delicate productions3 all ?is is great & wond]ful4 ,b h[ev] great1 h[ev] wond]ful x may be1 x no long] a/oni%es2 ^! wond]s no long] captivate our att5tion 9 a m lively mann] ?an ! g5]ality ( ! objects :i* surr\nd u4 ,man feels t he is /ill great] ?an ^! ma*9es & ma/]pieces ( art2 8 he>t is an abyss :i* no?+ c fill2 give him ! :ole _w1 & ! void w be ! same4 ,! dep? is immeasurable2 ! s\l1 creat$ 9 ! image & lik5ess ( ,god1 _c be satisfi$ )\t ! possession ( ,him4 ,! ,ca?olic religion con/antly revives ^! l(ty ?\ghts1 & po9ts out ?is imm5se void4 ,9 b>b>\s times %e plac$ h]self among rude & ignorant nations to lead !m to civilization2 %e n[ rema9s among civiliz$ nations to provide aga9/ ! dissolution :i* ?reat5s !m4 ,%e disreg>ds ! coldness & neglect ) :i* indiff]5ce & +ratitude reply to h]2 %e cries out )\t ceas+1 addresses h] w>n+s to ! fai?ful ) indefatigable con/ancy1 makes h] voice res\nd 9 ! e>s ( ! incr$ul\s1 & rema9s intact & immovable 9 ! mid/ ( ! agitation & in/ability ( human ?+s4 ,?us d ^? wond]ful temples :i* h be5 left to u by ! remote/ antiquity1 rema9 entire amid ! action ( "t1 ( revolutions1 & ( convulsions2 ar\nd !m arise & disappe> ! habitations ( m51 ! palaces ( ! great & ! cottages ( ! poor1 b ! "t-/a9$ edifice /&s l a solemn & my/]i\s object 9 ! mid/ ( ! smil+ fields & %[y /ructures :i* surr\nd x2 its va/ cupola annihilates all t is ne>2 its summit boldly rises t[>ds ! heav5s4 ,! labors ( religion d n rema9 )\t fruit2 p5etrat+ m9ds ackn[l$ge h] tru?s2 ev5 ^? :o refuse _! submission to ! fai? confess ! beauty1 utility1 & necessity ( ?is div9e religion2 !y reg>d x z an hi/orical fact ( ! highe/ importance1 & agree t ! good ord] & prosp]ity ( families & /ates dep5d ^u x4 ,b ,god1 :o wat*es ov] ! safety ( ! *ur*1 is n cont5t ) ^! av[als ( philosophy2 torr5ts ( all-p[]ful grace desc5d f on high1 & ! ,div9e ,_s is diffus$ & r5ew$ on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,ev5 f ! :irlw9d ( ! _w1 corrupt & indiff]5t z x is1 privileg$ m5 frequ5tly come =?1 ^: =eheads h be5 t\*$ ) ! flame ( inspiration1 & ^: he>ts are on fire ) heav5ly love4 ,9 retreat1 9 solitude1 9 m$itation on ! et]nal tru?s1 !y h acquir$ t disposition ( m9d :i* is necess>y to p]=m ardu\s tasks2 9 spite ( raill]y & +ratitude1 !y devote !mselves to console ! un=tunate1 to educate ! "y1 & to conv]t idolatr\s nations4 ,! ,ca?olic religion w la/ till ! end ( "t1 & s long w !re be ^! privileg$ m5 sep>at$ by ,god f ! re/1 to be call$ to extraord9>y sanctity1 or to console _! bre?r5 9 _! mis=tunes4 ,n[ ^! m5 w seek ea* o!r1 w unite to pray1 w associate to aid ea* o!r 9 _! ent]prise1 w ask = ! apo/olical b5$iction ( ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & w f\nd religi\s in/itutions4 ,:e!r !y be old ord]s only modifi$1 or entirely new ones2 :atev] be _! =ms1 rules ( life or dress1 all ?is is ( little importance2 ! orig91 ! nature1 & ! object w be ! same4 ,x is va9 = m5 to oppose ! miracles ( grace4 ,ev5 ! pres5t condition ( society w require ! exi/5ce ( religi\s in/itutions4 ,:5 ! organization ( mod]n nations %all h be5 m pr(\ndly exam9$1 :5 "t by its bitt] lessons & t]rible exp]i5ce %all h ?r[n m light on ! real /ate ( ?+s1 x w be evid5t t errors great] ?an m5 h imag9$1 h be5 committ$ 9 ! social z well z 9 ! political ord]4 ,sad exp]i5ce has correct$ ideas to a great ext5t1 b ?is does n suffice4 ,x is evid5t t pres5t societies want ! necess>y means to supply ! necessities :i* press ^u !m4 ,prop]ty is divid$ & subdivid$ m & m2 e day x becomes m feeble & incon/ant1 indu/ry multiplies productions 9 an al>m+ mann]1 comm]ce ext5ds itself indef9itely2 t is to say1 society1 approa*+ ! t]m ( pret5d$ social p]fection1 is on ! po9t ( atta9+ ! wi%es ( t mat]iali/ic s*ool1 9 ^: eyes m5 are only ma*9es1 & :i* has n imag9$ t society c und]take any gr&] or m useful object ?an ! imm5se developm5t ( mat]ial int]e/s4 ,mis]y has increas$ 9 proportion to ! augm5tation ( production2 to ! eyes ( all provid5t m5 x is z cle> z ! light ( day t ?+s are pursu+ a wrong c\rse1 & t if a rem$y _c be appli$ 9 "t1 ! dn\em5t w be fatal2 ! vessel :i* we see advanc+ s rapidly1 ) all h] sails set & a favorable w9d1 is ab\t to /rike ^u a rock4 ,! accumulation ( ri*es1 br\ght ab\t by ! rapidity ( ! indu/rial & comm]cial movem5t1 t5ds t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em :i* w\ld devote ! sweat & ! lives ( all to ! pr(it ( ! few2 b ?is t5d5cy f9ds its c\nt]poise 9 levell+ ideas :i* agitate v _m heads1 & :i*1 m\ld$ into diff]5t !ories1 m or less op5ly attack prop]ty1 ! pres5t organization ( labor1 & ! di/ribution ( productions4 ,imm5se multitudes1 ov]:elm$ ) mis]y & 9 want ( moral in/ruction & education1 are dispos$ to promote ! realization ( projects n less crim9al ?an fooli%1 :5ev] an unhappy concurr5ce ( circum/ances %all r5d] ! attempt possible4 ,x is sup]flu\s to support ! melan*oly ass]tions :i* we h j made ) facts2 ! exp]i5ce ( e day confirms !m b too mu*4 ,su* be+ ! case1 may we be all[$ to inquire ( society1 :at means !re are1 ei!r ( improv+ ! /ate ( ! masses1 or ( guid+ & re/ra9+ !m8 ,x is cle> t1 = ! fir/ ( ^!1 nei!r ! inspirations ( private int]e/s1 nor ! in/9ct ( pres]vation :i* animates ! favor$ classes1 are suffici5t4 ,^! classes1 prop]ly speak+1 z !y exi/1 h n ! "* :i* con/itutes a class3 !y are only a collection ( families j em]g$ f pov]ty & obscurity1 & :o rapidly advance t[>ds ! abyss :5ce !y came1 leav+ _! place to o!r families :o w run ! same c\rse4 ,we f9d no?+ fix$ or /able ab\t !m4 ,!y live f day to day1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! morr[3 f> diff]5t f ! old nobility1 ^: orig9 0 lo/ 9 ! obscurity ( ! remote/ antiquity1 & ^: /r5g? & organization promis$ long c5turies ( exi/5ce4 ,^! m5 c\ld & did foll[ a sy/em2 = :at exi/$ to-day 0 sure ( exi/5ce to-morr[2 n[ all is *angeable & incon/ant4 ,individuals1 l families1 labor to accumulate1 to lay by ri*es1 n 9 ord] to su/a9 = ages ! p[] & spl5dor ( an illu/ri\s h\se1 b to enjoy to-day :at has be5 b j acquir$4 ,! pres5tim5t ( ! %ort duration :i* ?+s mu/ h1 augm5ts /ill m ! gidd9ess & fr5zy ( dissipation4 ,! times are pa/ :5 opul5t families 7 desir\s ( f\nd+ "s endur+ e/abli%m5t to ev9ce _! g5]osity & p]petuate ! spl5dor ( _! names3 hospitals1 & o!r h\ses ( b5efic5ce1 d n come f ! c(f]s ( ! bank]s1 z !y did f ^? ( ! old ca/les4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 h[ev] pa9ful may be ! av[al1 t ! opul5t classes ( society d n fulfil ! duty :i* belongs to !m3 ! poor %\ld respect ! prop]ty ( ! ri*2 b ! ri* %\ld1 9 _! turn1 respect ! condition ( ! poor3 su* is ! w ( ,god4 ,x foll[s f :at ,i h /at$1 t ! res\rce ( b5efic5ce is want+ 9 ! social organization2 & obs]ve well1 t adm9i/ration does n con/itute society4 ,adm9i/ration supposes society to be already exi/+ & entirely =m$2 :5 we expect ! salvation ( society f means purely adm9i/rative1 we attempt a ?+ :i* is out ( ! laws ( nature4 ,9 va9 %all we imag9e new exp$i5ts2 9 va9 %all we =m +5i\s plans1 & make new exp]im5ts2 society has ne$ ( a m p[]ful ag5t4 ,x is ess5tial t ! _w %\ld submit to ! law ( love or t ( =ce1 to *>ity or s]vitude4 ,all ! nations :o h n _h *>ity1 h f\nd no o!r means ( solv+ ! social problem1 ?an t ( subject+ ! greate/ numb] to slav]y4 ,reason tea*es1 & hi/ory proves1 t nei!r public ord]1 prop]ty1 nor ev5 society itself1 c exi/1 unless "o ( ^! is *os52 mod]n society w n be exempt$ f ! g5]al law2 ! symptoms :i* n[ pres5t !mselves to our eyes cle>ly indicate ! ev5ts :]e( ! g5]ations :i* are to succe$ u w be ! witnesses4 ,happily1 ! fire ( *>ity /ill burns on ! e>?2 b ! indiff]5ce & prejudices ( ! wick$ compel x to rema9 "u ! emb]s4 ,!y are al>m$ at ! lea/ sp>k ( x :i* escapes1 z if x w\ld enk9dle a fatal conflagration4 ,if ! developm5t ( in/itutions :i* are exclusively bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( *>ity 0 favor$1 _! salut>y results & ! sup]iority :i* !y possess ov] all t are f\nd$ on o!r pr9ciples w\ld soon be evid5t4 ,x is impossible to supply ! wants :i* ,i h j po9t$ out1 )\t organiz+1 on a va/ scale1 sy/ems ( b5efic5ce direct$ by *>ity3 n[ ?is organization _c be made )\t religi\s in/itutions4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ,*ri/ians :o live 9 ! _w may =m associations by :i* ?is object w be accompli%$ m or less completely2 b !re are always a multitude ( cases :i* absolutely require ! co-op]ation ( m5 exclusively devot$ to !m4 ,x is necess>y1 moreov]1 to h a nucleus to s]ve z ! c5tre ( all ef=ts1 :i* pres5ts1 by its own nature1 a gu>antee = pres]vation1 & :i* provides aga9/ ! int]ruptions & oscillations :i* are inevitable 9 a l>ge conc\rse ( ag5ts1 :o are n b\nd toge!r by any tie /rong en\gh to pres]ve !m f diff]5ces1 f sep>ation1 & ev5 f inte/9e conte/s4 ,?is va/ sy/em :i* we speak ( ought to ext5d n only to b5efic5ce1 b also to ! education & in/ruction ( ! _m4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools w rema9 /]ile1 if n mis*iev\s1 z long z !y are n f\nd$ ^u religion2 & !y w be ?us f\nd$ only 9 appe>ance & "n1 :ile ! direction ( ^! s*ools does n belong to ! m9i/]s ( religion4 ,! secul> cl]gy may fulfil a portion ( ?is *>ge1 b !y are n en\gh = ! task2 on ! "o h&1 _! limit$ numb]1 & on ! o!r1 _! o!r duties1 prev5t _! act+ on a scale suffici5tly l>ge to supply all ! necessities ( ! times3 h5ce x foll[s1 t ! propagation ( religi\s in/itutions 9 our days has a social importance1 :i* _c be mi/ak5 )\t %utt+ "o's eyes to ! evid5ce ( facts4 ,if y reflect on ! organization ( ,european nations1 y w und]/& t _! real advance has be5 prev5t$ by "s fatal cause4 ,inde$1 _! situation is s s+ul>1 t x _c be ! result ( ! pr9ciples :5ce ^! nations h drawn _! orig91 & :i* h giv5 !m _! increase4 ,x is evid5t t ! c\ntless multitude :i* "o sees 9 society1 mak+ use ( all its faculties ) complete lib]ty1 c\ld n1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x n[ is1 h be5 compris$ 9 ! primitive design--9 ! plan ( true civilization4 ,:5 we create =ces1 we %\ld "k :at we %all d ) !m1 by :at means we %all move & direct !m2 )\t ?is we only prep>e viol5t %ocks1 endless agitation1 disord]1 & de/ruction4 ,! me*anician :o _c introduce a =ce into 8 ma*9e )\t break+ ! h>mony ( ! o!r mov]s1 takes c>e n to introduce x2 & he sacrifices accel]ation ( movem5t & ! greate/ /r5g? ( impulse to ! fundam5tal necessity ( ! pres]vation ( ! ma*9e & ! ord] & utility ( its functions4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 we obs]ve t p[] :i* is n 9 h>mony ) ! o!rs2 & ! m5 :o are *>g$ ) direct+ ! ma*9e pay b little att5tion to ga9+ ! requir$ h>mony4 ,no?+ acts ^u ! mass ( ! p b ! ard5t desire ( ameliorat+ _! condition1 ( plac+ !mselves 9 com=t1 & ( obta9+ ! enjoym5ts ( :i* ! ri* are 9 possession2 no?+ to induce !m to be resign$ to ! rigors ( _! lot2 no?+ to console !m 9 _! mis=tunes2 no?+ to r5d] ! pres5t evils m supportable by ! hopes ( a bett] future2 no?+ to inspire !m ) respect = prop]ty1 ob$i5ce to ! laws1 submission to gov]nm5t2 no?+ to produce 9 _! m9ds gratitude t[>ds ! p[]ful classes2 no?+ to temp] _! hatr$s1 dim9i% _! envy1 & mollify _! ang]2 no?+ to raise _! ideas above e>?ly ?+s1 _! desires f s5sual pleasures2 no?+ to =m 9 _! he>ts a solid morality capable ( re/ra9+ !m f vice & crime4 ,if we pay att5tion1 we %all see t ! m5 ( ?is age h only ?ree means ( re/ra9+ ! masses1 & !y reg>d ^! z en\gh2 b reason & exp]i5ce %[ t ^! exp$i5ts are n only n efficaci\s1 b ev5 dang]\s2 !y are ^!1--private int]e/s well und]/ood1 public =ce well employ$1 & en]vation ( body1 foll[$ by feebl5ess ( m9d1 :i* re/ra9s ! populace f viol5t means4 ,let u make ! poor man und]/&1 says ! philosoph]1 t he has an int]e/ 9 respect+ ! prop]ty ( ! ri*2 t 8 p[]s & 8 labor are also real prop]ty1 :i* require to be respect$ 9 _! turn2 let u ma9ta9 an impos+ public =ce1 always ready to act on ! m5ac$ po9t1 9 ord] to /ifle any attempts at disord] at _! bir?2 let u organize a police1 ext5d+ ov] society l an imm5se net1 & all[+ no?+ to escape its sight2 let u satisfy ! p ) *eap enjoym5ts ( all k9ds2 let u furni% !m ) ! means ( imitat+1 9 _! gross] orgies1 ! ref9$ pleasures ( our saloons & !atres1 !reby _! mann]s w be s(t5$--t is to say1 !y w be en]vat$2 ! p w become impot5t to make great revolutions1 _! arms be+ weak1 & _! he>ts c[>dly4 ,?is is ! sy/em ( ^? :o attempt to gov]n society & control di/urb+ passions )\t ! aid ( religion4 ,let u pause = a mom5t to exam9e ^! means4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 easy to say1 9 f9e language1 t ! poor man is int]e/$ 9 respect+ ! prop]ty ( ! ri*2 & t f ?is consid]ation alone he ought to submit to ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s2 & ?is )\t ev5 say+ a ^w ( ! pr9ciples ( morality1 & leav+ out all t is remov$ f m]e mat]ial int]e/s4 ,x is easy to write books to expla9 su* doctr9es2 b ! difficulty consi/s 9 mak+ !m und]/ood 9 ! same way by ! wret*$ fa!r ( a family1 :o1 conf9$ all ! day to h>d labor1 plung$ into an un:olesome atmosph]e1 or buri$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? to "w 9 a coal-m9e1 c sc>cely e>n ! subsi/5ce ( himself & 8 family2 & :o1 return+ 9 ! ev5+ to 8 squalid abode1 in/ead ( repose & consolation1 f9ds only ! compla9ts ( 8 wife & ! te>s ( 8 *ildr51 ask+ him = a m\?ful ( bread4 ,9 tru?1 is x /range t su* a doctr9e %\ld n be graci\sly receiv$ by ^? wret*$ be+s1 ^: m9ds _c p]fectly und]/& ! p>ity betwe5 ! poor & ! ri* ) respect to ! int]e/s ( all1 & ! respect due to prop]ty8 ,we w say pla9ly1 t if y bani% f ! _w ! moral pr9ciples1 & desire to f\nd ! respect due to prop]ty exclusively on private int]e/1 ! words "h address$ to ! poor man are only a solemn impo/ure3 x is false t 8 private int]e/ is 9 accordance ) ! int]e/s ( ! ri*4 ,let u suppose ! mo/ fe>ful revolution1 let u imag9e t ! e/abli%$ ord] is radically upset1 t au?ority gives way1 t all in/itutions are swall[$ up1 t laws disappe>1 t prop]ties are divid$1 or rema9 ab&on$ to ! fir/ :o %all seize !m1 !re is no d\bt t ! ri* man loses2 let u see :at c happ5 to ! poor4 ,w he be robb$ ( 8 wret*$ possessions8 no "o w dream ( do+ s2 mis]y tempts n cupidity4 ,y w tell me t he w f9d no "w1 & t hung] w !re=e be 8 lot4 ,t is true2 b d y n see t 9 ?is case ! poor man is a gambl] at a high /ake1 = :om ! *ance ( loss1 aris+ f ! want ( "w1 is comp5sat$ by ! probabilities ( obta9+ a %>e ( ! ri* booty8 ,y add t he w n be all[$ to keep t "p2 b obs]ve t1 if 8 pov]ty becomes *ang$ into ri*es1 he w soon imag9e a new ord] ( ?+s1 a new arrangem5t1 a gov]nm5t :i* w gu>antee acquir$ rights1 & prev5t ! de/ruction ( e/abli%$ ?+s4 ,w he be )\t an example to foll[ 9 su* circum/ances8 ,h rec5t examples be5 s easily =gott58 ,! poor man sees cle>ly t a great numb] ( 8 fell[s w suff] evils )\t end or comp5sation2 he is n ignorant t he himself may1 p]haps1 be ( ! numb] ( ! un=tunate2 b1 suppos+ t he has no o!r guide ?an int]e/1 suppos+ t new mis=tunes1 9 ! la/ excess1 c br+ him only hung] & nak$ness--?+s to :i* he is s well accu/om$1 :e!r ow+ to ! small return = 8 labor1 or to ! frequ5t int]ruptions ( "w & ! vicissitudes ( indu/ry--y _c *>ge ) ra%ness ! boldness ) :i* he comes =w>d1 at ! risk ( increas+ 8 privations 9 "s degree1 & ) ! hope ( be+ deliv]$ f !m1 p]haps = ev]4 ,?is is a matt] ( calculation2 & :5 private int]e/ is 9 "q1 we _c grant to philosophy ! "r ( regulat+ ! calculations ( ! poor4 ,! public p[]1 & ! vigilance ( ! police1 are ! two res\rces 9 :i* ! be/ hopes are f\nd$2 & c]ta9ly n )\t reason2 =1 at ! pres5t "t1 if ! _w is n revolutioniz$1 x is ow+ to !m4 ,we no long] see1 z 9 anci5t times1 troops ( slaves b\nd toge!r ) *a9s1 b we see :ole armies1 ) arms 9 _! h&s1 gu>d+ capitals4 ,if y obs]ve closely1 aft] s _m discussions1 s _m trials1 s _m re=ms1 s _m *anges1 que/ions ( gov]nm5t & public ord] h1 9 ! end1 resolv$ !mselves into que/ions ( =ce4 ,! ri* class is arm$ aga9/ ! poor2 & above bo?1 !re are armies to ma9ta9 tranquillity ) cannon1 if necess>y4 ,assur$ly1 ! picture :i* is exhibit$ to u 9 ?is respect1 among mod]n nations1 is wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,s9ce ! fall ( ,napoleon1 ! great p[]s h enjoy$ an ,augu/an peace2 = x is n wor? :ile to speak ( ! small ev5ts :i*1 f "t to "t1 h di/urb$ ?is univ]sal peace2 nei!r ! occupation ( ,ancona1 nor ! siege ( ,antw]p1 nor ! w> 9 ,pol&1 c be consid]$ z ,european w>s2 z to ,spa91 limit$1 z %e is by nature1 to a n>r[ !atre1 %e c nei!r trav]se ! seas1 nor pass ! ,pyr5ean m\nta9s4 ,well1 9 spite ( ?is1 ! /ati/ics ( ,europe %[ u enorm\s armies2 ! budgets :i* are necess>y to support !m exhau/ & ov]:elm ! nations4 ,:at is ! use ( ?is milit>y prep>ation8 ,d y believe t su* gigantic =ces are kept on foot only t gov]nm5ts may n be tak5 unaw>es by a g5]al w>2 t w>1 :i* always ?reat5s & nev] breaks out2 t w>1 :i* is fe>$ nei!r by ! gov]nm5t nor by ! p8 ,no6 !y h ano!r object3 ^! armies are int5d$ to comp5sate = ! moral means1 ! want ( :i* is deplorably felt on all sides1 & n[h]e m ke5ly ?an :]e ! words ju/ice & lib]ty h be5 proclaim$ ) ! mo/ o/5tation4 ,! en]vation ( ! num]\s classes1 by means ( monoton\s1 ef=tless labor1 & a complete ab&onm5t to pleasure1 may be consid]$ by "s z an elem5t ( ord]2 z _! p[] ( /rik+ is !reby tak5 away1 or at lea/ dim9i%$4 ,we all[ t ! workm5 ( our age are n capable ( display+ ! t]rible en]gy ( anci5t *ampions ( ! ,commons2 ( ^? m5 :o1 ?r[+ (f ! yoke ( ! feudal lords1 /ruggl$ h& to h& ) =midable w>riors1 ^: names 7 immortaliz$ on ! pla9s ( ,pale/9e4 ,! new revolutioni/s want1 also1 t c\rage & t en?usiasm :i* are communicat$ to ! s\l by great & g5]\s ideas4 ,! man :o fights only to procure enjoym5ts w nev] be capable ( mak+ h]oic sacrifices4 ,sacrifices dem& self-d5ial2 !y are incompatible ) egotism3 n[ ! ?ir/ = pleasure is egotism1 c>ri$ to ! la/ degree ( ref9em5t4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t a mode ( life purely mat]ial1 & depriv$ ( ! /imulus ( ! moral pr9ciples1 ends by ext+ui%+ ! feel+s1 & plunges ! s\l into a sort ( /upidity1 into a =getfulness ( self1 :i* may1 9 c]ta9 cases1 supply ! place ( valor4 ,! soldi] :o m>*es ) tranquillity to dea?1 :5 leav+ a brutal orgy1 & ! man :o commits suicide ) imp]turbable calmness1 )\t anxiety = ! future1 are precisely 9 ! same position4 ,! boldness ( ! "o1 & ! firmness ( ! o!r1 %[ contempt ( life4 ,s1 if we suppose _! passions to be excit$ by ! tr\ble ( ! times1 ! num]\s class may display an en]gy ( :i* !y are suppos$ to be incapable2 ! sight ( _! numb]s may raise _! c\rage2 bold & cunn+ lead]s1 putt+ !mselves at _! head1 may succe$ 9 r5d]+ !m t]rible4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t society _c cont9ue its c>e] )\t ! aid & influ5ce ( moral means2 ^! means _c suffice1 %ut up )9 ! n>r[ circle 9 :i* !y are conf9$2 consequ5tly1 x is indisp5sable to enc\rage ! developm5t ( in/itutions adapt$ to ex]cise moral influ5ce 9 a practical & efficaci\s mann]4 ,books are n en\gh2 ! ext5sion ( in/ruction is b an ineffici5t means1 :i* may ev5 become fatal1 unless bas$ ^u solid religi\s ideas4 ,! propagation ( a vague religi\s feel+1 undef9$1 )\t rules1 )\t dogmas or wor%ip1 w only s]ve to propagate gross sup]/itions among ! masses1 & to =m a religion ( poetry & romance among ! cultivat$ classes2 !y are va9 rem$ies1 :i* d n /op ! progress ( ! disease2 b1 by augm5t+ ! delirium ( ! pati5t1 precipitate 8 dea?4 ,! education1 ! in/ruction1 ! improvem5t ( ! moral condition ( ! p1 ^! words1 :i* are 9 ! m\? ( ev]ybody1 prove h[ ke5ly & g5]ally ! w\nd 9 ! social body is felt1 & h[ urg5t is ! necessity ( ! timely application ( a rem$y1 9 ord] to prev5t incalculable evils4 ,?is is ! reason :y projects ( b5efic5ce f]m5t 9 s _m m9ds2 :y x is attempt$1 "u s _m diff]5t =ms1 to e/abli% s*ools = *ildr5 & adults1 & o!r simil> in/itutions2 b all w be useless1 unless ! "w be confid$ to ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,let u pr(it by ! k acquir$ by exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt]2 let u take advantage ( adm9i/rative improvem5ts1 ! bett] to atta9 our end2 let ! e/abli%m5ts be accommodat$ to pres5t wants & exig5ces2 let *>ity nev] emb>rass ! action ( p[]1 & p[]1 on its side1 nev] oppose ! action ( *>ity3 all ?is w be well2 b no?+ ( all ?is is inconsi/5t ) a sy/em1 9 :i* ! ,ca?olic religion w recov] ! influ5ce :i* belongs to h]2 ( h] x may be said1 ) p]fect tru?1 t %e makes h]self all to all1 to ga9 ! :ole _w4 ,! little m9ds :i* d n c>ry _! views beyond a limit$ horizon2 bad he>ts1 :i* n\ri% only hatr$1 & delight only 9 excit+ rancor & 9 call+ =? ! evil passions2 ! fanatics ( a me*anical civilization1 :o see no o!r ag5t ?an /eam1 no o!r p[] ?an gold & silv]1 no o!r object ?an production1 no o!r end ?an pleasure2 all ^! m51 assur$ly1 w atta* b little importance to ! obs]vations :i* ,i h made2 = !m1 ! moral developm5t ( individuals & society is ( little importance2 !y d n ev5 p]ceive :at passes "u _! eyes2 = !m1 hi/ory is mute1 exp]i5ce b>r51 & ! future a m]e no?+4 ,happily !re is a great numb] ( m5 :o believe t _! m9ds are nobl] ?an metal1 m p[]ful ?an /eam1 & too gr& & too sublime to be satisfi$ ) mom5t>y pleasure4 ,man1 9 _! eyes1 is n a be+ :o lives by *ance1 giv5 up to ! curr5t ( "t & ! m]cy ( circum/ances1 :o is n call$ ^u to ?9k ( ! de/9ies :i* att5d him1 or to prep>e = !m1 by mak+ a wor?y use ( ! moral & intellectual qualifications :]e) ! ,au?or ( nature has favor$ him4 ,if ! physical _w is subject to ! laws ( ! ,creator1 ! moral _w is n less s2 if matt] c be us$ 9 a ?\s& ways = ! pr(it ( man1 ! m9d1 creat$ to ! image & lik5ess ( ,god1 is also end[$ ) valuable p[]s2 a va/ sph]e op5s be=e him2 he feels himself call$ to "w = ! good ( humanity1 )\t conf9+ himself to comb9ations & modifications ( matt]1 l an in/rum5t or a slave ( ! mat]ial elem5t1 :]e( ! empire & control h be5 grant$ to him by ,god4 ,let fai? 9 ano!r life1 & *>ity1 :i* h come d[n f ,god1 f]tilize ^! noble feel+s1 & enlight5 & direct ^! sublime ?\ghts2 y w !n cle>ly see t matt] has no claim to be ! rul] ( ! _w2 & t ! ,k+ ( ! creation has n yet abdicat$ 8 rights4 ,b if y attempt to build on any o!r f\ndation ?an t :i* has be5 e/abli%$ by ,god1 d n indulge flatt]+ hopes1 y\r edifice w be l ! h\se built ^u s&2 ! ra9 came1 ! w9d blew1 & ! edifice 0 ov]turn$ ) viol5ce4#bg ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,religion ,,& ,,lib]ty4 ,9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ?is "w we said1 ,! he>t is fill$ ) g5]\s indignation :5 we he> ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ reproa*$ ) a t5d5cy t[>ds oppression4 ,x is true1 t if we conf\nd ! _s ( real lib]ty ) t ( demagogues1 we %all n f9d x 9 ,ca?olicity4 ,b if we ab/a9 f a mon/r\s abuse ( ! "n1 if we give to ! ^w lib]ty its reasonable1 j1 useful1 & pleasant mean+1 !n ! ,ca?olic religion may fe>lessly claim ! gratitude ( ! human race1 = %e has civiliz$ ! nations :o h pr(ess$ h]1 & civilization is true lib]ty4 ,f :at we h already %[n1 ! read] may judge :e!r ,ca?olicity has be5 favorable1 or o!rwise1 to ,european civilization1 &1 consequ5tly1 :e!r %e has done any injury to real lib]ty4 ,on ! v>i\s po9ts on :i* we h comp>$ h] ) ,prote/antism1 we h se5 ! injuri\s t5d5cies ( ! "o & ! advantages ( ! o!r2 ! judgm5t ( cle> & enlight5$ reason _c be d\btful4 ,z ! real lib]ty ( nations does n consi/ 9 appe>ances1 b resides 9 _! intimate organization1 9 ! same way z ! life does 9 ! he>t1 ,i might disp5se ) ent]+ into a comp>ison ( ! two religions ) respect to civil lib]ty2 b ,i d n wi% to be accus$ ( hav+ avoid$ a delicate "q1 f a fe> t ,ca?olicity w\ld n come out ( x ) honor1 or to all[ x to be suspect$ t my fai? has any difficulty 9 su/a9+ a p>allel z advantage\sly on ?is gr\nd z on o!rs4 ,9 ord] to cle> up ?is "q completely1 x is necess>y to exam9e ?or\ghly ! vague accusations :i* h be5 made on ?is matt] aga9/ ,ca?olicity1 & ! eulogiums lavi%$ on ! pret5d$ ,re=mation4 ,x is necess>y to %[ t only gratuit\s calumny has be5 able to reproa* ! ,ca?olic religion ) favor+ s]vitude & oppression2 x is necess>y to dissipate1 by ! light ( philosophy & hi/ory1 t deceitful prejudice1 by ! aid ( :i* free?9k]s & ,prote/ants h labor$ to p]suade ! p t ,ca?olicity is favorable to s]vitude1 t ! ,*ur* is ! bulw>k ( tyrants1 t ! "n ( ,pope is synonym\s ) t ( fri5d & natural protector ( :oev] desires to debase m5 & r$uce !m to s]vitude4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ?is "q may be decid$2 by doctr9es & by facts4 ,^? :o h said t ! human race _h lo/ its rights1 & t !y 7 reviv$ by ,r\sseau1 c]ta9ly h n giv5 !mselves mu* tr\ble 9 exam9+ :at are ! real rights ( ! human race1 & :at are ! apocryphal rights advanc$ by ! philosoph] ( ,g5eva 9 8 ,contrat ,social4 ,inde$1 x may be said ) m tru?1 t ! human race _h v valuable rights1 ackn[l$g$ z su*1 & :i* ,r\sseau lo/ sight (4 ,he und]took to exam9e ?or\ghly ! orig9 ( ! civil p[]1 & 8 wild notions1 in/ead ( expla9+ ! matt]1 h only s]v$ to confuse x4 ,i believe t on ?is important po9t m5 h nev] _h ideas less cle> & di/9ct ?an n[4 ,revolutions h upset e ?+ 9 !ory & 9 fact2 gov]nm5ts h be5 sometimes revolution>y1 sometimes reaction>y2 & sometimes revolution1 & sometimes reaction1 has be5 pr$om9ant4 ,x is extremely difficult to obta9 f mod]n books a cle>1 accurate1 & exact k ( ! nature ( ! civil p[]1 ( its orig91 & ( its relations ) subjects2 9 "s ( ^! y w f9d ! doctr9es ( ,r\sseau1 9 o!rs ^? ( ,bonald3 ,r\sseau is a m9] :o saps 9 ord] to ov]turn2 ,bonald is ! h]o :o saves 9 8 arms ! tutel>y deities ( ! city deliv]$ to ! flames2 b 9 8 fe> ( pr(anation1 he c>ries !m cov]$ ) a veil4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld n be j to attribute to ,r\sseau ! melan*oly honor ( hav+ begun ! confusion ( ideas on ?is po9t2 at v>i\s times !re h be5 f\nd misguid$ m51 :o h labor$ to di/urb society by an>*ical doctr9es2 b ! embodim5t ( ^! doctr9es1 & ! =m+ ( !m into s$uctive !ories1 dates *iefly f ! bir? ( ,prote/antism4 ,lu!r1 9 8 book ,de ,lib]tate ,*ri/iana1 s[$ ! se$s ( endless tr\bles by ! extravagant doctr9e1 t a ,*ri/ian is subject to no "o4 ,9 va9 did he h rec\rse to ! evasive decl>ation1 t he did n speak ( magi/rates or civil laws2 ! peasants ( ,g]many drew _! own consequ5ces2 !y rose up aga9/ _! lords1 & enk9dl$ a dreadful w>4 ,! div9e "r held by ,ca?olics has be5 accus$ ( favor+ despotism2 & x has be5 consid]$ z s mu* oppos$ to ! rights ( ! p1 t ! two expressions are (t5 anti!tically employ$4 ,div9e "r1 well und]/ood1 is n oppos$ to ! rights1 b to ! excesses ( ! p2 s f> f giv+ unlimit$ ext5t to p[]1 x conf9es x )9 ! limits ( reason1 ju/ice1 & public advantage4 ,9 8 lectures on ! g5]al hi/ory ( civilization 9 ,europe1 ,m4 ,guizot1 speak+ ( ?is "r z proclaim$ by ! ,*ur*1 says3 ,! rights ( lib]ty & political gu>antees are comb9$ ) difficulty ) ! pr9ciple ( religi\s royalty2 b t pr9ciple 9 itself is elevat$1 moral1 & salut>y4 7,lecture ix47 ,:5 m5 l ,m4 ,guizot1 :o h made ^! que/ions _! special /udy1 are s lam5tably deceiv$ on ?is po9t1 :o c be a/oni%$ t ! same ?+ occurs to ! g5]ality ( writ]s6 ,be=e ,i g fur!r1 ,i w make "o obs]vation1 :i* we ought always to h pres5t to our m9ds4 ,on ^! que/ions we cont9ually he> m5tion made ( ! s*ools ( ,bossuet & ( ,bonald2 private names are put =w>d1 sometimes 9 "o way & sometimes 9 ano!r4 ,mu* z ,i respect ! m]its ( ^! m51 & ( o!rs n less illu/ri\s produc$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 yet ,i mu/ obs]ve t %e is n responsible = any doctr9es b ^? :i* %e h]self tea*es2 t %e is n p]sonifi$ 9 any doctor 9 p>ticul>2 & t be+ h]self appo9t$ by ,god himself to be ! oracle ( infallible tru? 9 fai? & morality1 %e does n p]mit ! fai?ful to def] bl9dly to ! m]e ^w ( any private man1 h[ev] great may be 8 m]it 9 sci5ce & 9 sanctity4 ,if y wi% to "k :at ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es1 consult ! decisions ( h] ,c\ncils & h] ,pontiffs2 consult also h] doctors ( di/+ui%$ & unsulli$ reputation2 b bew>e ( conf\nd+ ! op9ions ( an au?or1 h[ev] respectable he may be1 ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* & ! voice ( ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,by ?is w>n+ ,i d n mean to prematurely condemn ! op9ions ( any "o1 b simply to put ^? on _! gu>d :o1 little v]s$ 9 ecclesia/ical /udies1 might1 9 c]ta9 cases1 conf\nd reveal$ dogmas ) :at is m]e human ?\ght4 ,hav+ premis$ ?is mu*1 let u ent] freely into ! "q4 ,:]e9 does ?is div9e "r1 ( :i* we he> s mu*1 consi/8 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is matt] completely1 we mu/ /ate ! objects ov] :i* ?is "r ext5ds2 = ^! objects be+ widely diff]5t1 !re w also be a great diff]5ce 9 ! application made to !m ( ! pr9ciple4 ,a great numb] ( que/ions pres5t !mselves 9 ?is v important matt]2 b x appe>s to me t !y may all be r$uc$ to ^!1 :i* embrace ! re/1 viz4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! civil p[]8 ,h[ f> does x ext5d8 ,is x lawful to resi/ x 9 any case8 ,! fir/ "q is1 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! civil p[]8 ,h[ d we "k t ?is p[] is f ,god8 ,!re is mu* confusion prevail+ on ^! po9ts2 & c]ta9ly x is to be lam5t$1 t at a "t s di/urb$ z ! pres5t !y %\ld be misund]/ood2 = :atev] may be said to ! contr>y1 doctr9es are nev] :olly laid aside1 ei!r 9 revolutions or 9 re/orations2 m5's int]e/s1 no d\bt1 h great weight !re91 b !y are n left alone 9 ! ar5a4 ,! be/ way ( =m+ cle> ideas on ^! po9ts is to h rec\rse to anci5t au?ors1 especially ^? ^: doctr9es h be5 respect$ = a long p]iod ( "t1 :o cont9ue to be respect$ d[n to ?is day1 & :o are look$ ^u z safe guides 9 ! "r int]pretation ( ecclesia/ical doctr9es4 ,?is way ( /udy+ ! "q :i* n[ occupies u ought to be acceptable to ^? ev5 :o ent]ta9 contempt = ! writ]s ( :om we speak2 = we are n[ engag$ m 9 seek+ 9 :at ! doctr9e consi/s1 ?an 9 exam9+ into its tru?4 ,n[ = ?is purpose we _c f9d witnesses bett] in=m$1 or int]pret]s m compet5t1 ?an m5 :o h devot$ _! :ole lives to ! /udy ( ! doctr9e4 ,?is la/ reflection is 9 no way contradictory to :at we h said above1 on ! c>e :i* we ought to take n to conf\nd ! m]e op9ions ( m5 ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*2 x only t5ds to rem9d u ( ! necessity :i* exi/s ( p]us+ a c]ta9 class ( au?ors1 :o are c]ta9ly n wor?y ( ! ungrateful neglect ) :i* !y are treat$2 inde$1 x is impossible t _! important labors1 consci5ti\sly pursu$ = s long a "t1 %\ld produce no fruit4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! bett] ! op9ion ( ^! writ]s on ! matt] :i* n[ occupies u1 we ought to obs]ve ! diff]5ce :i* !y make 9 ! application ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( div9e "r to ! orig9 ( ! civil or to t ( ! ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,f ?is comp>ison !re arises a bright light1 :i* resolves & cle>s up all difficulties4 ,op5 ! works ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ !ologians1 consult _! treatises on ! orig9 ( ! p[] ( ! ,pope1 & y w see t 9 e/abli%+ ?is p[] on div9e "r1 !y mean t x emanates f ,god1 n only 9 a g5]al s5se1 t is1 inasmu* z all be+ comes f ,god2 n only 9 a social s5se1 t is1 inasmu* z ! ,*ur* be+ a society1 ,god has will$ ! exi/5ce ( a p[] to gov]n x2 b 9 a mo/ special mann] t ,god has ,himself in/itut$ ?is p[]1 t ,he has ,himself e/abli%$ its =m1 t ,he has ,himself po9t$ out ! p]son1 & t consequ5tly ! successor to ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet] is ( div9e "r ! supreme pa/or ( ! univ]sal ,*ur*1 hav+ ov] ! :ole ( ?is ,*ur* supreme honor & jurisdiction4 ,) respect to ! civil p[]1 ^! au?ors speak ?us4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all p[] comes f ,god2 = p[] exi/s1 & all exi/5ce comes f ,god2 p[] is sov]eignty1 & ,god is ! "l1 ! supreme ma/] ( all ?+s2 p[] is a "r1 & 9 ,god is f\nd ! s\rce ( all "r2 p[] is a moral movem5t1 & ,god is ! univ]sal cause ( all sorts ( movem5ts2 p[] t5ds t[>ds an exalt$ end1 & ,god is ! end ( all creatures2 ,8 ,provid5ce orda9s & directs all ?+s ) m]cy & efficacy4 ,?us we see t ,/4 ,?omas1 9 8 "w ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum1 affirms t all p[] comes f ,god z supreme ma/]1 z may be %[n 9 ?ree ways3 z x is a be+1 z x is a mov]1 & z x is an end4 7,lib4 #c1 cap4 #a47 ,z ,i am treat+ ( ?is me?od ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( p[]1 ,i mu/ pause = a mom5t to refute ,r\sseau1 :o1 9 ! allusion :i* he made to ?is doctr9e1 %[$ t he did n und]/& x4 ,he says1 ,all p[] comes f ,god1 ,i all[2 b all diseases also come f ,him4 ,are we1 !re=e1 to say t x is =bidd5 to call 9 a physician8 7,contrat ,social1 liv4 i4 c4 #c47 ,x is true t "o ( ! s5ses 9 :i* ! div9e orig9 ( p[] is affirm$ is1 t all f9ite be+s emanate f an inf9ite be+2 b ?is s5se is n ! only "o4 ,inde$1 !ologians knew v well t ?is idea1 by itself1 did n imply its legitimacy1 & t x ext5d$ z well to physical =ce2 = z ! au?or ( ! ,contrat ,social adds3 ! pi/ol held by a robb] 9 a wood is also a p[]4 ,r\sseau1 9 ?is passage1 has sacrific$ ! s5se to %[ 8 +5uity2 ! love ( mak+ a brilliant sally has s$uc$ him into remov+ ! "q f its prop] gr\nd4 ,x 0 easy1 inde$1 to see t1 ) respect to ! civil p[]1 m5 d n speak ( a physical1 b ( a moral1 a legitimate p[]2 9 any o!r way x w\ld be 9 va9 to seek = its orig93 z well might !y seek ! s\rce ( ri*es1 heal?1 /r5g?1 c\rage1 subtilty1 or ! o!r qualities :i* contribute to =m ! mat]ial =ce ( all p[]4 ,! "q is ) reg>d to ! moral be+ :i* is call$ p[]2 & 9 ! moral ord]1 illegitimate p[] is n p[]1 x is n a be+1 x is no?+4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is no ne$ ( seek+ its orig9 9 ,god1 or 9 any ?+ else4 ,!re=e1 p[] emanates f ,god z ! s\rce ( all "r1 ju/ice1 & legitimacy2 & 9 consid]+ p[]1 n z a m]e physical1 b z a moral be+1 x is affirm$ t x c come f ,god alone1 :o is ! pl5itude ( all be+4 ,n only is ?is doctr9e1 tak5 g5]ally1 above all difficulty1 b x mu/ be admitt$ by all :o d n pr(ess !mselves a!i/s2 !y alone c call x 9 "q4 ,let u n[ desc5d to p>ticul>s1 & see :e!r ,ca?olic doctors tea* any ?+ :i* is n p]fectly reasonable ev5 9 ! eyes ( philosoph]s4 ,man1 !y say1 0 n creat$ to live alone2 8 exi/5ce supposes a family2 8 incl9ations urge him to =m an alliance1 )\t :i* ! human race c\ld n be p]petuat$4 ,families are connect$ ) ea* o!r by intimate & inde/ructible ties2 !y h common wants2 none c insure happ9ess1 or ev5 pres]vation1 )\t ! aid ( o!rs4 ,!re=e !y are b\nd to ent] into society4 ,society _c exi/ )\t ord]1 or ord] )\t ju/ice2 & bo? require a gu>dian1 an int]pret]1 an executor4 ,?is is ! civil p[]4 ,god1 :o creat$ man1 & will$ also 8 pres]vation1 consequ5tly will$ ! exi/5ce ( society1 & ! p[] :i* x requires4 ,n[ ! exi/5ce ( ! civil p[] is z con=mable to ! w ( ,god z ! exi/5ce ( ! pat]nal2 if families h ne$ ( ! pat]nal1 society has no less ne$ ( ! civil p[]4 ,our ,"l has condesc5d$ to secure u f mi/akes on ?is important po9t by tell+ u 9 ! ,scriptures1 t all p[] emanates f ,him1 t we are oblig$ to obey x1 t :oev] resi/s x resi/s ! ,div9e comm&4 ,i seek 9 va9 = an objection to ?is way ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( society1 & ( ! p[] :i* gov]ns x4 ,?is doctr9e pres]ves natural1 human1 & div9e "r2 all ^! rights are connect$1 & support ea* o!r4 ,! sublimity ( ! !ory rivals its simplicity2 revelation sanctions :at 0 %[n by ! light ( reason1 & grace =tifies nature4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! fam\s div9e "r1 pres5t$ z a bugbe> to ! ignorant & unsuspect+1 9 ord] to make !m believe t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :5 %e tea*es ! obligation ( obey+ ! legitimate p[]1 & f\nds ?is obligation on ! law ( ,god1 proposes a dogma injuri\s to true human lib]ty4 ,to he> "s m5 ridicule ! div9e "r ( k+s1 "o w\ld say t we ,ca?olics believ$ t c]ta9 individuals & families h receiv$ bulls ( in/itution f ,heav51 & t we are grossly ignorant ( ! hi/ory ( ! *anges ( ! civil p[]4 ,if !y _h exam9$ ! matt] m deeply1 !y w\ld h f\nd t1 f> f be+ liable to ! reproa* ( su* folly1 we h only e/abli%$ a pr9ciple ! necessity ( :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ by all ! legislators ( antiquity1 & t our belief is q reconcilable ) true philosophical doctr9es & ! ev5ts record$ by hi/ory4 ,9 support ( :at ,i h said1 see ) :at admirable cle>ness ,/4 ,*ryso/om expla9s ?is po9t 9 8 #bc;d homily on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans3 ,!re is no p[] t does n come f ,god4 ,:at d y say8 ,is e pr9ce1 !n1 appo9t$ by ,god8 ,i d n say t2 = ,i d n speak ( any pr9ce 9 p>ticul>1 b ( ! ?+ itself1 t is1 ( ! p[] itself3 ,i affirm t ! exi/5ce ( pr9cipalities is ! "w ( ! div9e wisdom1 & t to x x is ow+ t all ?+s are n giv5 up to bl9d *ance4 ,!re=e x is t ! ,apo/le does n say1 ,t !re is no pr9ce :o does n come f ,god2 b he says1 speak+ ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 ,!re is no p[] :i* does n come f ,god4 ,non e/ pote/as1 nisi a ,deo4 ,quid dicis8 ,ergo omnis pr9ceps a ,deo con/itutus8 ,i/ud non dico4 ,non enim de quovis pr9cipe mihi s]mo e/1 s$ de re ipsa1 id e/ de ipsa pote/ate4 ,quod enim pr9cipatus s9t1 quodque non simplicit] et tem]e cuncta f]antur1 div9 sapi5ti opus esse dico4 ,propt]ea non dicit3 non enim pr9ceps e/ nisi a ,deo4 ,s$ de re ipsa diss]it dic5s3 non e/ pote/as nisi a ,deo4 7,hom4 #bc1 9 ,epi/4 ad ,rom47 ,x appe>s1 f ! words ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 t ! mean+ ( div9e "r1 accord+ to ,ca?olics1 is1 t !re exi/s a p[] = ! gov]nm5t ( society1 & t x is n ab&on$ to ! m]cy ( passion & imag9ation4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* insures public ord]1 by e/abli%+ ! obligation ( ob$i5ce on motives ( consci5ce1 does n desc5d to ! inf]ior que/ions1 :i* d n affect ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x may p]haps be object$1 t if we admit ! int]pretation ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 x 0 n necess>y = ! sacr$ text to tea* t :i* reason s cle>ly dictat$4 ,to ?is our reply is tw(old3 #a/1 t ! sacr$ ,scripture expressly prescribes to u sev]al obligations :i* nature imposes on u indep5d5tly ( all div9e "r1 z to honor p>5ts1 n to kill1 n to rob1 & o!r ?+s ( ! k9d2 #b;d1 t 9 ! pres5t case ! ,apo/les _h v good reason to recomm5d p>ticul>ly ob$i5ce to legitimate p[]1 & to sanction 9 a cle> & conclusive mann] ?is obligation1 f\nd$ on ! natural law itself4 ,inde$1 ! same ,/4 ,*ryso/om tells u1 t at t "t a v widely-spread op9ion repres5t$ ! ,apo/les z s$iti\s m5 & innovators1 labor+ by _! spee*es & acts to br+ ab\t ! d[nfall ( laws4 ,plurima tunc temporis circumf]ebatur fama1 traduc5s ,apo/olos veluti s$itiosos r]umque novatores2 qui omnia ad ev]t5dum leges communes et fac]5t et dic]5t4 7,hom4 #bc1 9 ,epi/4 ad ,tim47 ,x 0 no d\bt to ?is t ,/4 ,paul allud$ :51 admoni%+ ! fai?ful ( ! obligation ( obey+ au?ority1 he told !m t su* 0 ! w ( ,god1 t by act+ ?us !y might put to sil5ce ! imprud5ce ( fooli% m54 7,epi/4 i4 c4 #b47 ,we also "k f ,/4 ,j]ome1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ur*1 "s1 he>+ ! ,gospel lib]ty prea*$1 imag9$ t univ]sal lib]ty also 0 meant4 ,! necessity ( inculcat+ a duty1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i* is indisp5sable = ! pres]vation ( society1 w be cle>ly p]ceiv$ if we consid] ) :at ease an error s flatt]+ to pr\d & rebelli\s m9ds might take root4 ,aft] f\rte5 c5turies _h pass$ away1 we see ! error reproduc$ 9 ! "t ( ,wickliff & ,john ,huss4 ,! ,anabapti/s made a dreadful application ( x :5 !y inundat$ ,g]many ) blood4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! fanatical sect>ies ( ,engl& rais$ ! greate/ disord]s & br\ght ab\t fe>ful cata/rophes by a simil> doctr9e1 condemn+ alike ! civil & ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! law ( peace & love1 :5 prea*+ lib]ty1 spoke ( t lib]ty :i* draws u f ! slav]y ( s9 & ! p[] ( ! devil1 r5d]s u co-heirs ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & p>ticipators ( grace & glory4 ,b %e 0 v f> f propagat+ doctr9es :i* c\ld favor disord]1 or subv]t law & au?ority4 ,x 01 !n1 ( ! greate/ importance to h] to disprove ! calumnies by :i* h] enemies attempt$ to injure h]2 x 0 necess>y = h] to proclaim1 by h] words & acts1 t ! public int]e/ _h no?+ to fe> f h] doctr9es4 ,we also see t aft] ! ,apo/les _h inculcat$ ?is sacr$ obligation on sev]al occasions1 ! ,fa!rs ( ! e>lie/ times insi/ aga9 & frequ5tly on ! same po9t4 ,/4 ,polyc>p1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 7lib4 iv4 ,hi/4 cap4 #ae17 says1 :5 speak+ to ! proconsul3 ,x is orda9$ to r5d] to ! magi/rates & p[]s appo9t$ by ,god ! honor :i* we owe !m4 ,/4 ,ju/91 9 8 ,apology = ! ,*ri/ians1 also recalls ! precept ( ,jesus ,*ri/ t\*+ ! paym5t ( tributes3 ,t]tullian1 9 8 ,apology1 *apt] ?ird1 reproa*es ! ,g5tiles ) ! p]secution !y direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 ev5 at ! "t :5 ! latt]1 ) _! h&s rais$ to heav51 7 pray+ = ! safety ( ! emp]ors4 ,! zeal ( ! sa9ts :o 7 *>g$ ) ! in/ruction & direction ( ! fai?ful succe$$ 9 inculcat+ ?is precept s well1 t ! ,*ri/ians 7 ev]y:]e a model ( submission & ob$i5ce4 ,?us ,pl9y1 writ+ to ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 av[$ t1 religion except$1 he c\ld n accuse !m ( be+ at all want+ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! laws & imp]ial edicts4 ,nature h]self has po9t$ out ! p]sons 9 :om resides ! pat]nal p[]2 ! wants ( ! family m>k ! limits ( ?is p[]2 ! feel+s ( ! he>t prescribe its object & regulate its conduct4 ,9 society x is o!rwise3 ! rights ( ! civil p[] are toss$ ab\t by ! /orms ( human ev5ts2 "h ?is "r resides 9 "o p]son1 !re 9 sev]al2 to-day x belongs to "o family1 to-morr[ to ano!r2 "o day x is ex]cis$ "u "o =m1 ! next "u ano!r v diff]5t4 ,! infant :o weeps at 8 "m's bosom rem9ds h] ( ! obligation ( n\ri%+ & wat*+ ov] x2 woman1 weak & unsupport$1 calls unmi/akably on man to protect h] & h] *ild2 y\?1 )\t /r5g? to su/a9 or k to direct itself1 %[s p>5ts _! obligation ( c>e & gu>dian%ip4 ,we see cle>ly ! w ( ,god2 ! ord] ( nature =cibly expresses x2 ! t5d]e/ feel+s are its e*o & int]pret]2 we d n require any ?+ else to %[ u :at is ! w ( ,god2 we d n ne$ any ref9em5t to conv9ce u t ! p>5tal p[] is f above4 ,! rights & duties ( p>5ts & *ildr5 are writt5 9 *>act]s z di/9ct z !y are beautiful4 ,b :]e %all we f9d1 ) respect to ! civil p[]1 an expression z unequivocal8 ,if p[] comes f ,god1 by :at means does he communicate x8 ,9 :at *annel is x convey$8 ,?is leads u to o!r second>y que/ions1 :i* all conduce to ! explanation & solution ( ! pr9cipal "q4 ,0 !re ev] a man :o by natural "r f\nd himself inve/$ ) civil p[]8 ,x is cle> t 9 ?is case p[] w\ld h no o!r orig9 ?an pat]nal au?ority2 t is to say1 9 t case1 ! civil p[] ought to be consid]$ z an amplification ( t au?ority1 z a trans=mation ( dome/ic into civil p[]4 ,we imm$iately see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dome/ic & ! social ord]1 _! sep>ate objects1 ! div]sity ( rules by :i* !y mu/ be regulat$1 & we see h[ diff]5t are ! means :i* !y bo? use = _! gov]nm5t4 ,i d n d5y t ! type ( society is f\nd 9 ! family1 & t society is 9 ! mo/ desirable condition :5 x mo/ resembles ! family 9 comm& & 9 ob$i5ce2 b m]e analogies d n suffice to e/abli% rights1 & x always rema9s indubitable t ^? ( ! civil p[] mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( ! pat]nal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nature ( ?+s %[s t ,provid5ce1 9 orda9+ ! de/9ies ( ! _w1 did n e/abli% ! pat]nal z ! s\rce ( ! civil4 ,inde$1 we d n see h[ su* a p[] c\ld h be5 transmitt$1 & ! legitimacy ( its claims h be5 ju/ifi$4 ,we c easily und]/& ! limit$ rule ( an old man1 gov]n+ a society1 compos$ ( two or ?ree g5]ations only1 :o 7 desc5d$ f him2 b z soon z ?is society increas$1 ext5d$ to sev]al c\ntries1 & consequ5tly 0 divid$ & subdivid$1 ! patri>*al p[] mu/ h disappe>$1 its ex]cise mu/ h become impossible1 & we c no long] und]/& h[ ! pret5d]s to ! ?rone c\ld come to an und]/&+ ) ea* o!r & ! re/ ( ! p1 to ju/ify & legitimize _! rule4 ,! !ory :i* ackn[l$ges ! pat]nal z ! orig9 ( ! civil p[] may be z promis+ z y please2 x may su/a9 itself on ! example ( ! patri>*al gov]nm5t1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! cradle ( society2 b !re are two ?+s aga9/ x4 ,fir/1 x ass]ts1 b does n prove2 second1 x has no means ( atta9+ ! end = :i* x 0 int5d$1 viz4 ! consolidation ( gov]nm5t1 = x _c e/abli% itself by prov+ its legitimacy4 ,! greate/ ( k+s & ! humble/ ( subjects equally "k t !y are ! sons ( ,noe2 no?+ m4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d ?is !ory ei!r 9 ,/4 ,?omas1 or 9 any ( ! o!r pr9cipal !ologians2 & to g /ill high]1 ,i d n "k t x c f9d any au?ority 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,fa!rs1 9 ! tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 or 9 ,scripture itself4 ,x is consequ5tly a m]e philosophical op9ion1 ( :i* ! explanation & pro( belong to ^? :o advance x4 ,ca?olicity says no?+ ei!r = or aga9/ x4 ,x is !n demon/rat$ t ! civil p[] does n reside 9 any man ( natural "r1 & on ! o!r h&1 we "k t p[] comes f ,god4 ,:o receives ?is p[] f ,god1 & h[ does he receive x8 ,x is necess>y fir/ to obs]ve1 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! div9e orig9 ( ! civil p[]1 an orig9 :i* is expressly /at$ 9 ,scripture1 does n def9e any ?+ ei!r z to ! =m ( ?is p[]1 or ! means :i* ,god employs 9 communicat+ x4 ,s t aft] ! ,ca?olic doctr9e is e/abli%$1 !re /ill rema9s to be exam9$ & discuss$1 :o imm$iately receives ! p[]1 & h[ x is transmitt$8 ,?is is ackn[l$g$ by !ologians :5 !y h treat$ ( ?is matt]2 ?is %\ld be en\gh to remove ! prejudices ( ^? :o consid] ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t z conducive to popul> degradation4 ,! ,*ur* tea*es ! obligation ( obey+ legitimate au?ority1 & adds t ! p[] :i* x ex]cises emanates f ,god2 ?is doctr9e is z applicable to republics z to absolute mon>*ies1 & does n prejudge ei!r ! =ms ( gov]nm5t or ! p>ticul> claims ( legitimacy4 ,z to ^! latt] que/ions !y _c be answ]$ 9 g5]al t]ms2 !y dep5d ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances into :i* ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* are ! f\ndation ( ! good ord] & peace ( society _c ent]4 ,i ?9k x is s important to give cle> ideas on ?is po9t1 & to /ate ! doctr9es ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,ca?olic div9es1 t ,i consid] x necess>y to devote an entire *apt] to ?is subject4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,society1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,ca?olic ,,div9es4 ,!re is no?+ m in/ructive or m int]e/+1 ?an ! /udy ( public law 9 ^? writ]s :o1 pret5d+ n to pass = /atesm51 & ent]ta9+ no views ( ambition1 express !mselves )\t flatt]y & )\t bitt]ness2 & expla9 ^! matt]s ) z mu* calmness & tranquillity z !y w\ld !ories ( r>e application & limit$ ext5t4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is almo/ impossible to op5 a book )\t imm$iately p]ceiv+ to :i* ( ! two cont5d+ p>ties ! au?or belongs2 x seldom happ5s t 8 ideas are n affect$ by passion1 or adapt$ to s]ve p>ticul> designs2 & x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t1 )\t conviction1 he speaks accord+ to ! dictates ( 8 int]e/4 ,x is n s ) ! old writ]s1 ( :om we are speak+4 ,let u r5d] !m at lea/ ?is ju/ice2 t _! op9ions are consci5ti\s1 _! language loyal & s9c]e2 & :atev] may be ! judgm5t ) respect to !m1 :e!r we consid] !m z real sages1 or z ignorant m5 & fanatics1 we _c call 9 "q _! s9c]ity2 t !y are animat$ by a religi\s idea1 t !y develop a philosophical sy/em1 t _! p5s are ! fai?ful int]pret]s ( _! ?\ghts4 ,r\sseau attempts to seek ! orig9 ( society1 & ( ! civil p[]2 & beg9s ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 "w ) ^! words3 ,man is born free1 & he is ev]y:]e 9 fett]s4 ,d y n imm$iately p]ceive ! tribune "u ! mantle ( ! philosoph]8 ,d y n obs]ve t1 in/ead ( address+ himself to ! reason1 ! writ] appeals to ! passions2 & w\nds ! mo/ susceptible ( !m--viz4 pride4 ,x is 9 va9 = ! philosoph] to endeavor to make u believe t he does n int5d to r$uce 8 doctr9es to practice2 8 language betrays 8 design4 ,9 ano!r place1 :]e he attempts no?+ less ?an to give advice to a great nation1 he has h>dly begun :5 he holds ov] ,europe ! tor* ( an inc5di>y4 ,:5 we read anci5t hi/ory1 we fancy ourselves transport$ to ano!r _w1 & among o!r be+s4 ,:at h ! ,fr5*1 ! ,engli%1 ! ,russians1 9 common ) ! ,greeks & ,romans8 ,h>dly any ?+ b ! =m4 ,! great s\ls ( ! latt] appe> to ! o!rs z exagg]ations ( hi/ory4 ,h[ c !y1 :o feel !mselves to be s little1 imag9e t su* great m5 ev] exi/$8 ,!y did exi/1 h[ev]2 & !y 7 human l ourselves4 ,:at h9d]s our be+ m5 l !m8 ,our prejudices1 our l[ philosophy1 & grovell+ passions1 comb9$ ) ! egotism ( m5's he>ts1 by absurd in/itutions1 direct$ by m5 ( little m9ds4 7,consid]ations on ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,pol&1 c41 ,*ap4 #b47 ,d y n obs]ve ! poison convey$ 9 ^! words ( ! publici/8 ,& is x n palpable t he _h some?+ m 9 view ?an enlight5+ ! m9d8 ,see ) :at address he attempts to produce a feel+ ( irritation1 by h>% & indec5t reproa*es4 ,let u take ! opposite extreme ( ! comp>ison1 & see 9 h[ diff]5t a tone ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 9 8 "w ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum1 beg9s 8 explanation on ! same subject1 & gives directions = good gov]nm5t4a,a ,a ,?is subject is s important1 s delicate1 t ,i %all n be satisfi$ ) giv+ a translation ( ! passages :i* ,i quote1 h[ev] c>eful ,i may be to r5d] !m exact & lit]al1 at ! risk ( irregul>ity ( /yle & violation ( ! idiom ( our language4 ,i wi%1 !re=e1 to set be=e ! read] ! orig9al texts !mselves1 desir+ him to judge f !m & n f my v]sion4 ,!y w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,if man1 he says1 0 int5d$ to live alone1 l _m animals1 he w\ld n require any "o to gov]n him2 e man w\ld be 8 own k+1 "u ! supreme comm& ( ,god2 inasmu* z he w\ld gov]n himself by ! light ( reason giv5 him by ! ,creator4 ,b x is 9 ! nature ( man to be a social & political animal1 liv+ 9 community1 diff]5tly f all o!r animals2 a ?+ :i* is cle>ly %[n by ! necessities ( 8 nature4 ,nature has provid$ = o!r animals food2 sk9s = a cov]+1 means ( def5ce1--z tee?1 horns1 claws1--or1 at lea/1 spe$ 9 flight2 b %e has n end[$ man ) any ( ^? qualities2 & in/ead %e has giv5 him reason1 by :i*1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 h&s1 he c procure :at he wants4 ,b to procure ?is1 "o man alone is n en\gh2 = he is n 9 a condition to pres]ve 8 own life2 x is1 !re=e1 9 man's nature to live 9 society4 ,moreov]1 nature has grant$ to o!r animals ! p[] ( disc]n+ :at is useful or injuri\s to !m3 ?us ! %eep has a natural horror ( 8 enemy ! wolf4 ,!re are also c]ta9 animals :o "k by nature ! h]bs :i* are m$ic9al to !m1 & o!r ?+s :i* are necess>y = _! pres]vation4 ,b man has n naturally ! k :i* is requisite = ! support ( life1 except 9 society2 inasmu* z ! aid ( reason is capable ( lead+ f univ]sal pr9ciples to ! k ( p>ticul> ?+s1 :i* are necess>y = life4 ,?us1 !n1 s9ce x is impossible = man alone to obta9 all ?is k1 x is necess>y t he %\ld live 9 society1 "o aid+ ano!r2 ea* "o apply+ to 8 own task2 = example1 "s 9 m$ic9e2 "s 9 "o way1 & "s 9 ano!r4 ,?is is %[n ) great cle>ness 9 t faculty peculi> to man1 language--:i* enables him to communicate 8 ?\ghts to o!rs4 ,inde$1 brute animals mutually communicate _! feel+s2 z ! dog communicates 8 ang] by b>k+1 & o!r animals _! passions by v>i\s ways4 ,b man1 ) respect to 8 fell[s1 is m communicative ?an any o!r animal2 ev5 ?an ^? :o are ! mo/ incl9$ to live 9 union1 z cranes1 ants1 & bees4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,solomon says1 9 ,ecclesia/es3 ',x is bett]1 !re=e1 t two %\ld be toge!r ?an "o2 = !y h ! advantage ( _! society4' ,?us1 if x be natural = man to live 9 society1 x is necess>y t "s "o %\ld direct ! multitude2 = if _m 7 unit$1 & ea* "o did z he ?\ght prop]1 !y w\ld fall to pieces1 unless somebody look$ aft] ! public good1 z w\ld be ! case ) ! human body1 & t ( any o!r animal1 if !re did n exi/ a p[] to wat* ov] ! welf>e ( all ! memb]s4 ,?us ,solomon says3 ',?us1 :]e !re is no "o to gov]n1 ! p w be disp]s$4' ,9 man himself ! s\l directs ! body2 & 9 ! s\l1 ! feel+s ( ang] & concupisc5ce are gov]n$ by ! reason4 ,among ! memb]s ( ! body1 !re is "o pr9cipal "o1 :i* directs all2 z ! he>t or ! head4 ,!re ought1 !n1 to be 9 e multitude "s gov]n+ p[]4 7,/4 ,?omas1 ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum1 lib4 i4 cap4 #a47 ,?is passage1 s rem>kable = pr(\nd wisdom1 cle>ness ( ideas1 solidity ( pr9ciples1 vigor & exactness ( d$uctions1 conta9s1 9 a few words1 all t c be said ) respect to ! orig9 ( society1 & ( p[]2 to ! rights enjoy$ by ! latt]1 & ! obligations incumb5t ^u x3 ! matt] be+ consid]$ 9 g5]al1 & by ! light ( reason alone4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 requir$ to %[1 ) cle>ness1 ! necessity ( ! exi/5ce ( society2 & ?is ! holy doctor does by ?is v simple reason+--man is ( su* a nature t he _c live alone1 & !n he has ne$ ( be+ unit$ to 8 fell[s4 ,if a pro( ( ?is fundam5tal tru? be requir$1 x is f\nd 9 ! fact t he is end[$ ) spee*2 ?is is a sign t by nature he is de/9$ to communicate ) o!r m51 & consequ5tly to live 9 society4 ,aft] hav+ prov$ ?is inv9cible necessity1 x rema9$ to demon/rate a necessity n less absolute--viz4 ! necessity ( a p[] to gov]n society4 ,9 ord] to make ?is demon/ration1 ,/4 ,?omas does n inv5t extravagant sy/ems1 or unf\nd$ !ories2 he does n appeal to absurd suppositions2 he is satisfi$ ) a reason f\nd$ on ! nature ( ?+s1 dictat$ by common s5se1 & support$ by daily exp]i5ce--viz4 t 9 all bodies ( m51 !re is a director requisite2 s9ce1 )\t him1 disord]1 & ev5 disp]sion1 are inevitable2 = 9 all societies !re mu/ be a *ief4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t ?is cle> & simple explanation enables u to und]/& ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( society mu* bett] ?an all ! subtilties ( explicit & implicit pacts2 x is en\gh = a ?+ to be f\nd$ on nature itself1 = x to be view$ z demon/rat$ z a real necessity1 9 ord] t its exi/5ce may be easily conceiv$2 :y !n seek1 by subtilties & suppositions1 :at is app>5t at ! fir/ view8 ,let u n1 h[ev]1 suppose t ,/4 ,?omas does n ackn[l$ge div9e "r1 or is ignorant t ! obligation ( ob$i5ce to p[] may be f\nd$ on x3 f> f x2 ?is tru? he e/abli%es 9 _m places 9 8 works2 b he does n =get ! natural & ! human law1 :i*1 on ?is po9t1 are comb9$ & alli$ ) ! div9e1 9 su* a way1 t ! latt] is only a confirmation (1 & gives a sanction to1 ! o!rs4 ,we ought ?us to int]pret ! passages 9 :i* ! holy doctor attributes ! civil p[] to human law1 consid]+ ?is law ) t ( grace4 ,= example1 :5 exam9+ :e!r infidels c h dom9ion or supremacy ov] ! fai?ful1 he says3b ,x is necess>y "h to consid] t dom9ion or supremacy is introduc$ by virtue ( human law2 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! fai?ful & infidels1 is by div9e law4 ,div9e law1 :i* emanates f grace1 does n take away human law1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! law ( natural reason2 !re=e ! di/9ction betwe5 ! fai?ful & infidels1 consid]$ 9 itself1 does n take away ! dom9ion or supremacy ( infidels ov] ! fai?ful4 ,:5 inquir+1 9 ano!r place1 if ! pr9ce :o has apo/atiz$ f ! fai? by ?is fact loses dom9ion ov] 8 subjects1 s t !y are no long] call$ ^u to obey him1 he expresses himself ?us3c ,z has be5 said be=e1 infidelity does n de/roy dom9ion itself2 = dom9ion 0 introduc$ by ! law ( nations1 :i* is human "r2 :ile ! di/9ction betwe5 ! fai?ful & infidels is by a div9e1 :i* does n take away ! human "r4 ,aga92 :5 exam9+ if man is oblig$ to obey ano!r man1 he says3d ,z natural actions proce$ f natural p[]s1 s human op]ations proce$ f ! human w4 ,9 natural ?+s1 x 0 necess>y t inf]ior ?+s %\ld be br\ght into _! respective op]ations by ! excell5ce ( ! natural virtue :i* ,god has giv5 to sup]ior ?+s4 ,9 ! same way1 also1 x is necess>y t 9 human ?+s1 ^? :i* are sup]ior %\ld urge on ! inf]ior1 by ! =ce ( au?ority orda9$ by ,god4 ,to move1 by means ( reason & ! w1 is to comm&2 & z1 by virtue ( ! natural ord] in/itut$ by ,god1 inf]ior ?+s 9 nature are necess>ily subject to ! motion ( sup]ior ?+s1 s also1 9 human ?+s1 ^? :i* are inf]ior ought1 by natural & div9e "r1 to obey ^? :i* are sup]ior4 ,on ! same "q1 ,/4 ,?omas exam9es :e!r ob$i5ce is a special virtue1 & he answ]s1e ,t to obey a sup]ior is a duty con=mable to ! div9e ord] communicat$ to ?+s4 ,9 ! #f? article1 he /ates ! "q :e!r ,*ri/ians are oblig$ to obey ! secul> p[]s1 & says3f ,! fai? ( ,*ri/ is ! pr9ciple & cause ( ju/ice1 accord+ to :at is said 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 *ap4 iii4 '! ju/ice ( ,god by ! fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4' ,?us ! fai? ( ,*ri/ does n take away ! law ( ju/ice1 b r confirms x4 ,?is law wills t inf]iors %\ld obey _! sup]iors2 = )\t t1 human society c\ld n be pres]v$2 & ?us ! fai? ( ,*ri/ does n exempt ! fai?ful f ! obligation ( obey+ ! secul> p[]s4 ,i h quot$ at "s l5g? ^! passages f ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ord] to %[ t he does n und]/& ! div9e "r 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! enemies ( ,ca?olicity h made x a reproa* to u2 b t1 prop]ly speak+1 :ile he adh]es to a dogma s expressly taught 9 ! sacr$ text1 he consid]s ! ,div9e law z a confirmation & sanction ( ! natural & human law4 ,we "k t = six c5turies ,ca?olic doctors h reg>d$ ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,?omas z wor?y ( ! highe/ respect 9 all t conc]ns fai? & morality4 ,we h j se5 t ?is angel ( ! s*ools e/abli%es1 z f\nd$ on ! natural1 human1 & div9e law1 ! duty ( obey+ au?ority1 affirm+ t ! s\rce ( all p[] is f\nd 9 ,god1 )\t ent]+ into ! "q :e!r ,god communicates ?is p[] directly or indirectly to ^? :o ex]cise x1 & leav+ a va/ field :]e human op9ions may debate )\t violat+ ! purity ( fai?4 ,9 ! same way1 ! mo/ em95t doctors :o h succe$$ him 9 ! ,ca?olic pulpits h cont5t$ !mselves ) e/abli%+ & en=c+ ! doctr9e1 )\t ra%ly mak+ use ( ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 its application4 ,to prove ?is ,i w "h ins]t "s passages f di/+ui%$ !ologians4 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9 expresses himself 9 ^! words3g ,x is c]ta9 t public au?ority comes f ,god1 f :om alone emanate all ?+s good & lawful1 z is prov$ by ,/4 ,augu/9 ?r\gh\t almo/ all ! =ty-five books ( ! ,city ( ,god4 ,inde$1 ! ,wisdom ( ,god1 9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 *ap4 viii41 cries out1 ',x is by ,me t k+s reign2' & fur!r on1 ',x is by ,me t pr9ces rule4' ,! prophet ,daniel1 9 ! second *apt]1 ',! ,god ( heav5 has giv5 !e ! k+dom & ! empire2' & ! same prophet1 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 ',?y dwell+ %all be ) cattle & ) wild bea/s1 & ?\ %alt eat grass z an ox1 & %alt be wet ) ! dew ( heav51 & sev5 ye>s %all pass ov] !e1 till ?\ "k t ! ,mo/ ,high rule? ov] ! k+dom ( m51 & give? x to :omsoev] ,he w4' ,aft] hav+ prov$1 by ! au?ority ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ?is dogma1 via4 t ! civil p[] comes f ,god1 ! illu/ri\s writ] expla9s ! s5se 9 :i* x ought to be und]/ood3h ,b1 he says1 x is necess>y to make "s obs]vations "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 political p[]1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 & )\t desc5d+ 9 p>ticul> to mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 or democracy1 emanates imm$iately f ,god alone2 = be+ necess>ily annex$ to ! nature ( man1 x proce$s f ,him :o has made t nature4 ,besides1 t p[] is by natural law1 s9ce x does n dep5d ^u m5's cons5t1 s9ce !y mu/ h a gov]nm5t :e!r !y wi% x or n1 "u pa9 ( desir+ ! de/ruction ( ! human race1 :i* is aga9/ ! incl9ation ( nature4 ,x is ?us t ! law ( nature is div9e law1 & gov]nm5t is introduc$ by div9e law2 & x is p>ticul>ly ?is :i* ! ,apo/le seems to h _h 9 view :5 he says to ! ,romans1 *ap4 xiii41 ',he :o resi/s au?ority1 resi/s ! ord9ance ( ,god4' ,?is doctr9e de/roys all ! !ory ( ,r\sseau1 :o makes ! exi/5ce ( society & ! "r ( ! civil p[] dep5d on human conv5tions2 x also ov]turns ! absurd sy/ems ( "s ,prote/ants1 & o!r h]etics1 _! pr$ecessors1 :o1 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 pret5d$ to condemn all au?ority4 ,no6 ! exi/5ce ( society does n dep5d on ! cons5t ( man2 society is n 8 "w2 x satisfies an imp]i\s necessity1 :i*1 if x 7 n satisfi$1 w\ld entail ! de/ruction ( ! human race4 ,god1 :5 he creat$ man1 did n deliv] him to ! m]cy ( *ance2 ,he has giv5 him ! "r ( fulfill+ 8 necessities1 & has impos$ on him ! c>e ( 8 own pres]vation z a duty2 !re=e ! exi/5ce ( ! human race includes also ! exi/5ce ( gov]nm5t1 & ! obligations ( ob$i5ce4 ,!re is no !ory s cle>1 simple1 & solid4 ,%all x be call$ ! enemy & oppressor ( human fre$om8 ,is x any disgrace to man to ackn[l$ge himself ! creature ( ,god8 to confess t he has receiv$ f ,him :at is necess>y = 8 pres]vation8 ,is ! int]v5tion ( ,god any infr+em5t ( human lib]ty1 & _c man be free )\t be+ an ,a!i/8 ,x is absurd to say !re is any ?+ favorable to s]vitude 9 a doctr9e :i* tells u ,god wills n t y %\ld live l wild bea/s3 ,he comm&s y to be unit$ 9 society1 & = ?is purpose ,he ord]s y to live 9 submission to an au?ority legitimately e/abli%$4 ,if ?is be call$ s]vitude & oppression1 we desire ?is s]vitude1 we will+ly give up ! "r :i* is pret5d$ to be grant$ to u ( w&]+ 9 ! woods l wild bea/s3 true lib]ty does n exi/ 9 man :5 he is /ripp$ ( ! f9e/ attribute ( 8 nature1 t ( act+ 9 con=mity ) reason4 ,su* is ! explanation ( div9e "r accord+ to ! illu/ri\s comm5tator :om we h j quot$2 let u n[ see ! applications :i* he makes ( x1 & le>n 9 :at way1 accord+ to him1 ,god communicates ! civil p[] to ^? :o are *>g$ ) its ex]cise4 ,aft] ! words quot$ above1 ,bell>m9 cont9ues3i ,9 ! second place1 obs]ve1 t ?is p[] resides imm$iately1 z 9 its subject1 9 all ! multitude1 = x is by div9e "r4 ,! div9e "r has n giv5 ?is p[] to any man 9 p>ticul>1 = x has giv5 x to ! multitude2 besides1 ! positive law be+ tak5 away1 !re is no reason :y "o %\ld rule r ?an ano!r1 among a great numb] ( equal m52 !re=e p[] belongs to ! :ole multitude4 ,9 f9e1 society %\ld be a p]fect /ate2 x %\ld h ! p[] ( self-pres]vation1 &1 consequ5tly1 t ( *a/is+ ! di/urb]s ( ! peace4 ,?is doctr9e has no?+ 9 common ) ! fooli% ass]tions ( ,r\sseau & 8 foll[]s2 no "o :o has /udi$ public law w conf\nd ?+s s diff]5t4 ,inde$1 :at ! ,c>d9al e/abli%es 9 ! passage quot$1 viz4 t p[] resides imm$iately 9 ! multitude1 is n 9 opposition to :at he himself taught a little be=e1 :5 he said t x comes f ,god1 & is n ow+ to human conv5tions4 ,8 doctr9e may be convey$ 9 ?is =m4 ,suppose a numb] ( m5 )\t any positive law2 !re is !n no reason :y any "o ( !m %\ld h a "r to rule ! re/4 ,nev]!less1 ?is law exi/s1 nature itself indicates its necessity1 ,god orda9s a gov]nm5t2 !re=e !re exi/s among ?is numb] ( m5 ! legitimate p[] ( in/itut+ "o4 ,to expla9 m cle>ly ! ideas ( ?is illu/ri\s !ologian1 let u suppose t a consid]able numb] ( families1 p]fectly equal among !mselves & absolutely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 7 ?r[n by a tempe/ on a des]t isl&4 ,! vessel be+ de/roy$1 !y h no hope ei!r ( return+ home or ( pursu+ _! j\rney4 ,all communication ) ! re/ ( mank9d is become impossible3 we ask1 :e!r ^! families c\ld live )\t gov]nm5t8 ,no4 ,has any "o among !m a "r ( gov]n+ ! re/8 ,cle>ly n4 ,c any individual among !m pret5d to su* a "r8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,h !y a "r to appo9t ! gov]nm5t ( :i* !y /& 9 ne$8 ,c]ta9ly !y h4 ,!re=e 9 ?is multitude1 repres5t$ by ! fa!rs ( families or 9 "s o!r way1 resides ! civil p[]1 toge!r ) ! "r ( transmitt+ x to "o or m p]sons1 accord+ z !y %all judge prop]4 ,x is difficult to make any valid objection to ! doctr9e plac$ 9 ?is po9t ( view4 ,t ?is is ! real mean+ ( 8 words is cle>ly %[n by ! obs]vations :i* foll[3k ,9 ! ?ird place1 he says1 obs]ve t ! multitude transf]s ?is p[] to "o p]son or m by natural "r2 = ! republic n be+ able to ex]cise x by itself1 is oblig$ to communicate x to "o or to a limit$ numb]2 & x is ?us t ! p[] ( pr9ces1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 is by natural & div9e law2 & ! :ole human race1 if assembl$ toge!r1 c\ld n e/abli% ! contr>y1 viz4 t pr9ces or gov]nors did n exi/4 ,b ! fundam5tal pr9ciple be+ once e/abli%$1 ,bell>m9 all[s to society an ample "r ( appo9t+ ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* !y ?9k prop]4 ,?is ought to refute ! accusations made aga9/ ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 ( favor+ s]vitude2 = if all =ms ( gov]nm5t are reconcilable ) ?is doctr9e1 x is evid5t t x _c ju/ly be accus$ ( be+ incompatible ) lib]ty4 ,he> h[ ! same au?or cont9ues on ?is po9t3l ,obs]ve1 9 ! f\r? place1 he says1 t p>ticul> =ms ( gov]nm5t are by ! law ( nations1 & n by div9e law1 s9ce x dep5ds ^u ! cons5t ( ! multitude to place ov] !mselves a k+1 consuls1 or o!r magi/rates1 z is cle>2 &1 = a legitimate reason1 !y c *ange royalty into ari/ocracy1 or into democracy1 or vice v]s1 z x 0 done 9 ,rome4 ,obs]ve1 9 ! fif? place1 t x foll[s1 f :at we h said1 t ?is p[] 9 p>ticul> comes f ,god1 b by means ( ! c\nsel & election ( man1 l all o!r ?+s :i* belong to ! law ( nations2 = ! law ( nations is1 z x 71 a conclusion drawn f ! natural law by human reason+4 ,!nce foll[s a tw(old diff]5ce betwe5 ! political & ! ecclesia/ical p[]3 fir/1 diff]5ce ) reg>d to ! subject1 s9ce political p[] is 9 ! multitude1 & ecclesia/ical 9 a man imm$iately1 z 9 its subject2 second1 diff]5ce ) respect to ! cause1 s9ce political p[]1 consid]$ g5]ally1 is by div9e law1 & 9 p>ticul> by ! law ( nations1 :ile ! ecclesia/ical p[] is 9 e way by div9e law1 & emanates imm$iately f ,god4 ,^! la/ words %[ cle>ly h[ correct ,i 0 9 say+ t !ologians und]/& ! div9e law 9 a v diff]5t mann]1 accord+ z x is appli$ to ! civil or to ! ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! doctr9e n[ /at$ is peculi> to ,c>d9al ,bell>m92 ! g5]ality ( !ologians foll[ him on ?is po9t2 b ,i h pref]r$ quot+ 8 au?ority1 because he1 be+ s /rongly atta*$ to ! ,see ( ,rome1 if ! latt] 7 imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( despotism1 z x has be5 *>g$ ) be+1 no d\bt1 some?+ ( !m w\ld appe> 9 ! writ+s ( ?is !ologian4 ,x is easy to anticipate ! objection t w be made to ?is explanation2 we %all be told t ,bell>m91 hav+ = 8 object ! exaltation ( ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 ) ?is view attempt$ to l[] ! p[] ( k+s1 9 ord] to take away or dim9i% all opposition to ! au?ority ( ! ,popes4 ,i w n n[ ent] into an exam9ation ( ! op9ions ( ,bell>m9 ) respect to ! two p[]s--?is w\ld be =eign to my design2 besides1 su* po9ts ( civil & ecclesia/ical law excit$ at t "t great int]e/1 on acc\nt ( circum/ances at t p]iod1 b n[ v little1 on acc\nt ( ! new c\rse :i* ev5ts h tak51 & ! great *ange :i* has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ideas4 ,i %all1 nev]!less1 reply to ?is suppos$ difficulty by two v simple obs]vations4 ,! fir/ is1 t we h n to inquire ! int5tions ( ,bell>m9 9 expla9+ 8 doctr9e1 b 9 :at t doctr9e consi/s4 ,:atev] 8 motive may h be51 we see an au?or ( va/ r5[n1 ^: op9ion has great weight 9 ,ca?olic s*ools1 & :o wrote at ,rome1 :]e1 s f> f 8 writ+s be+ condemn$1 he 0 surr\nd$ ) respect & honor3 ?is !ologian1 ,i say1 expla9+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* on ! ,div9e orig9 ( ! civil p[]1 does x 9 su* t]ms t1 :ile giv+ sacr$ gu>antees = ! good ord] ( society1 he does n infr+e on ! lib]ty ( ! p2 ?is is ! v9dication ( ,rome aga9/ ! attacks made ^u h]4 ,! second is1 t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9 does n "h pr(ess an isolat$ op9ion--! g5]ality ( !ologians are on 8 side2 !re=e1 all t c be said aga9/ him p]sonally proves no?+ aga9/ 8 doctr9es4 ,among ! _m au?ors t ,i c\ld quote1 ,i w select "s :o w repres5t _m diff]5t p]iods3 & z ! obligation ( be+ brief conf9es me )9 n>r[ limits1 ,i beg ! read] himself to exam9e ! works ( ,ca?olic !ologians & morali/s2 he w ?us make sure ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) _! ?\ghts on ?is subject4 ,he> h[ ,su>ez expla9s ! orig9 ( p[]3m ,h]e91 he says1 ! common op9ion seems to be1 t ,god1 inasmu* z ,he is ! au?or ( nature1 gives ! p[]2 s t m5 are1 s to speak1 ! matt] & subject capable ( ?is p[]2 :ile ,god gives ! =m by giv+ ! p[]4 7,de ,leg4 lib4 iii4 c4 #c47 ,he goes on to develop 8 doctr9e1 rely+ on ! reason usually made use ( 9 ?is matt]2 & :5 he comes to draw ! conclusions1 he expla9s h[ society1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 receives ! p[] imm$iately f ,god1 communicates x to c]ta9 p]sons4 ,he adds3n ,9 ! second place1 x foll[s f :at has be5 said1 t ! civil p[]1 :5ev] x is f\nd 9 a man or a pr9ce1 has emanat$ accord+ to usual & legitimate law1 f ! p & ! community1 ei!r directly or remotely1 & t x _c o!rwise be ju/ly possess$4 7,ibid4 cap4 #d47 ,p]haps "s ( my read]s may n "k t a ,spani% ,jesuit ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,engl& 9 p]son1 ! doctr9e t pr9ces receive p[] m$iately f ,god1 & imm$iately f ! p4 ,?is ,jesuit is ,su>ez himself1 & ! book to :i* ,i allude is call$1o ,def5ce ( ! ,ca?olic & ,apo/olic ,fai? aga9/ ! errors ( ! ,anglican sect2 accompani$ by a ,reply to ! ,apology = ! ,oa? ( ,fidelity1 & to ! monitory ,preface publi%$ by ! mo/ s]5e ,james1 ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,by ,p4 ,d4 ,franois ,su>ez1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,coimbra2 address$ to ! mo/ s]5e ,k+s & ,pr9ces ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,9 ! ?ird book1 *apt] second1 :]e he discusses ! "q1 ,:e!r ! political sov]eignty comes imm$iately f ,god or f div9e in/itution1 ,su>ez says3 ,"h ! mo/ s]5e ,k+ n only gives a new & s+ul> op9ion1 b also acrimoni\sly attacks ,c>d9al ,bell>m91 = hav+ affirm$ t ,k+s h n receiv$ au?ority imm$iately f ,god l ! ,popes4 ,he himself affirms t ,k+s hold _! p[] n f ! p1 b imm$iately f ,god2 & he attempts to support 8 op9ion by argum5ts & examples ! value ( :i* ,i %all exam9e 9 ! next *apt]4 ,al?\gh ?is controv]sy does n imm$iately conc]n ! dogmas ( fai? 7= we h no?+ 9 ref]5ce to x ei!r 9 ! ,scriptures or 9 ! ,fa!rs71 x may nev]!less be well to discuss & expla9 x c>efully2 #a4 because x might possibly lead to error 9 o!r dogmas2 #b4 because ! above op9ion ( ! ,k+1 z he ma9ta9s & expla9s x1 is new1 s+ul>1 & app>5tly inv5t$ to exalt ! temporal at ! exp5se ( ! spiritual p[]2 & #c4 because we consid] ! op9ion ( ! illu/ri\s ,bell>m9 anci5t1 receiv$1 true1 & necess>y4 ,b we mu/ n attribute ^! op9ions to ! circum/ances ( ! times1 nor suppose t !y disappe>$ f ! s*ools ( !ologians z soon z !y 7 advanc$4 ,9 support ( !m1 a multitude ( au?ors might v easily be cit$1 :o w\ld %[ t ,su>ez 0 correct 9 say+ t ! op9ion ( ,bell>m9 0 receiv$ & anci5t2 !y w\ld1 moreov]1 %[ t ?is doctr9e cont9u$ to be admitt$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 )\t any d\bt ( its or?odoxy1 or ( its conta9+ any ?+ dang]\s to ! /ability ( mon>*ies4 ,9 pro( ( :at is "h adduc$1 ,i w cite passages f di/+ui%$ au?ors1 prov+ t at ,rome ?is mode ( expla9+ ! "r div9e has nev] be5 call$ 9 "q2 & t 9 ,france & ,spa91 :]e absolute mon>*y _h tak5 s deep root1 ?is op9ion 0 no long] reg>d$ z dang]\s to ! /ability ( ?rones4 ,a long p]iod _h already elaps$--! critical position :i* might m or less influ5ce ! direction ( ideas _h consequ5tly disappe>$1 yet !ologians /ill ma9ta9$ ! same doctr9es4 ,c>d9al ,gotti1 :o wrote 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 gives1 9 8 ,treatise ^u ,laws1 ! above op9ion z previ\sly admitt$1 )\t ev5 attempt+ to confirm x4p ,9 ! ,moral ,!ology ( ,h]man ,bus5baum1 enl>g$ by ,/4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 book #a/1 second ,treatise ^u ,laws1 7*ap4 i4 dub4 #b1 #ajd17 x is expressly said3 ,x is c]ta9 t ! p[] ( mak+ laws exi/s among m51 b z f> z civil laws are conc]n$1 ?is p[] belongs naturally to no individual4 ,x belongs to ! community1 :o transf] x to "o or to m1 t by !m ! community itself may be gov]n$4 ,%\ld any "o say t ,i quote ! ,jesuits only1 or suspect t ^! doctr9es are m]e casui/ry1 ,i w cite rem>kable passages f o!r !ologians1 :o are nei!r casui/s nor prepossess$ 9 favor ( ! ,jesuits4 ,fa!r ,daniel ,conc9a1 :o wrote at ,rome ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 supports ! same doctr9e z g5]ally admitt$2 9 8 ,?ologie *rti5ne dogmatico-morale1 ,roman edition1 #agfh1 he expresses himself z foll[s3q ,all writ]s g5]ally ass]t t ! orig9 ( supreme p[] is ( ,god1 z ,solomon decl>es 9 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 c4 viii41 say+1 ',by ,me k+s reign1 & lawgiv]s decree j ?+s3' z truly z subord9ate pr9ces are dep5d5t ^u ! supreme temporal maje/y1 s1 9 l mann]1 ?is maje/y itself mu/ dep5d ^u ! supreme ,k+ & ,"l ( lords4 ,!ologians & juri/s dispute :e!r ?is supreme p[] comes imm$iately f ,god1 or m]ely 9 an indirect mann]4 ,_m affirm t x emanates imm$iately f ,god1 because x _c emanate f m51 :e!r we consid] !m collectively or individually2 = all fa!rs ( families are equal1 & ea* possesses1 ) reg>d to 8 own family1 a p[] m]ely economical2 f :i* x foll[s1 t !y _c conf] ^u o!rs t civil & political p[] :i* !y !mselves d n possess4 ,moreov]1 if ! community1 9 its sup]iority1 _h delegat$ to "o or to m ! p[] "h "u discussion1 x c\ld revoke x at pleasure1 = ! sup]ior is always at lib]ty to )draw ! facilities he has delegat$ to ano!r1 & ?is w\ld be v injuri\s to society4 ,9 support ( ! opposite op9ion1 _m answ]1 & c]ta9ly ) m probability & tru?1 t1 9 reality1 all p[] proce$s f ,god1 b t x is n delegat$ to any p>ticul> individual directly1 unless by cons5t ( civil society4 ,t ?is p[] is n ve/$ directly 9 any individual1 b 9 ! entire collection ( m51 is :at ,/4 ,?omas expressly tea*es 7#a1 #b1 qu4 #ij1 art4 #c1 ad #b1 et qu4 #ig1 art4 #c1 ad #c71 foll[$ by ,dom9ic ,soto 7lib4 i4 qu4 #a1 art4 #c72 by ,l$esma 7#b "p4 qu4 #ah1 art4 #c72 & by ,cov>ruvias 79 ,pract4 cap4 i474 ,! reason ( ?is is evid5t2 = z all m5 are born free ) reg>d to civil society1 no "o has any civil p[] ov] ano!r1 s9ce ?is p[] exi/s n 9 ea*1 nor 9 any ( !m 9 a fix$ mann]2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t x is ve/$ 9 ! :ole collection ( m54 ,god does n conf] ?is p[] by any special act di/9ct f creation1 b x is a prop]ty ( "r reason1 inasmu* z "r reason dictates t m51 unit$ 9 "o moral :ole1 %all prescribe1 by express or tacit cons5t1 9 :at mann] society %all be gov]n$1 pres]v$1 & upheld4 ,x is prop] to rem>k1 t ,fa!r ,conc9a1 speak+ "h ( tacit or express cons5t1 has n 9 view ! actual exi/5ce ( society1 nor ! au?ority by :i* x is gov]n$1 b m]ely ! mode ( ex]cis+ ?is au?ority = ! direction1 pres]vation1 & def5ce ( society4 ,h5ce1 8 op9ion co9cides ) t ( ,bell>m92 society & p[] are ( "r div9e & natural1 b ! mode ( organiz+ society1 & ( transmitt+ & ex]cis+ au?ority1 is human4 ,aft] hav+ %[n 9 :at s5se we are to und]/& t civil p[] comes f ,god1 ,conc9a resumes ! "q :i* he _h propos$1 viz4 9 :at mann] au?ority exi/s 9 k+s1 pr9ces1 & o!r supreme heads ( gov]nm5t4 ,he proce$s z foll[s3r ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! p[] exi/+ 9 ! pr9ce1 ! k+1 or 9 _m p]sons :e!r nobles or plebeians1 emanates f ! community itself1 directly or indirectly2 =1 if x came imm$iately f ,god1 x w\ld be manife/$ to u 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 z 9 ! in/ances ( ,saul & ,david1 :o 7 *os5 by ,god4 ,we consid]1 !re=e1 errone\s1 ! doctr9e t ,god conf]s ?is p[] imm$iately & directly ^u ! k+1 ! pr9ce1 or any o!r head ( supreme gov]nm5t :atev]1 to ! exclusion ( ! tacit or express cons5t ( ! public4 ,?is discussion1 x is true1 is "o ( words r ?an ( ?+s1 = ?is p[] comes f ,god1 ! au?or ( nature1 inasmu* z ,he has orda9$ & appo9t$ t ! public itself %all conf] ^u "o or m ! p[] ( supreme gov]nm5t1 = ! pres]vation & def5ce ( society4 ,! nom9ation ( ! p]son or p]sons appo9t$ to comm& be+ once made1 _! p[] is said to come f ,god1 because society itself is b\nd by natural & div9e "r to obey him :o comm&s4 ,9 fact1 x is ! w ( ,god t society %all be gov]n$1 :e!r by "o individual or by sev]al4 ,9 ?is mann] ! sev]al op9ions ( !ologians are reconcil$ ) ea* o!r1 & ! oracles ( ,scripture appe> 9 _! true s5se3 ',he t resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god4' ',!re is no p[] b f ,god4' ',be subject1 !re=e1 to e human creature = ,god's sake1 :e!r to ! k+1' c4 ',?\ w\ld/ n h any p[] aga9/ ,me1 unless x 7 giv5 !e f above4' ,^! te/imonies1 & o!rs ( a l nature1 ought to conv9ce u t all is orda9$ & direct$ by ,god1 ! supreme ,m$iator4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n exclude ! op]ations ( human in/itutions1 z is v ju/ly int]pret$ by ,/4 ,augu/9 & ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om4 ,fa!r ,billu>t1 :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury1 &1 consequ5tly1 at ! same epo* :5 ! highly mon>*ical traditions ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 7 9 all _! vigor1 express$ ! same ideas on ?is subject z ! !ologians above cit$4 ,9 8 "w on ,moral ,!ology1 :i*1 = almo/ a c5tury1 has be5 widely circulat$1 he ?us expresses himself3s ,i ma9ta91 9 ! fir/ place1 t legislative p[] belongs to ! community1 or to its repres5tative4 ,aft] quot+ ,/4 ,?omas & ,/4 ,isidore1 he cont9ues3 ,reason proves1 t to make laws belongs ( "r to him :o is appo9t$ to wat* ov] ! public good2 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! public good1 z has be5 already said1 is ! end & aim ( ! laws4 ,x is ! duty ( ! community1 or ( its rul]1 to wat* ov] ! public good2 = z ! welf>e ( an individual is a fit object = individual ag5cy1 s is ! public good = ! ag5cy ( ! community1 or ( him to :om its functions h be5 delegat$2 ! p[] ( legislation1 !re=e1 is ve/$ 9 ! community1 or 9 its repres5tative4 ,i w confirm :at is "h advanc$4 ,! law has ! p[] ( comm&+ & ( co]c+ 9 su* a mann] t no individual has any au?ority to comm& or re/ra9 ! multitude4 ,?is au?ority belongs exclusively to ! community1 or to its repres5tative2 to ^!1 !re=e1 legislative p[] belongs4 ,hav+ made ^! reflections1 ,billu>t />ts ano!r difficulty ) reg>d to ! extreme ext5sion :i* he appe>s to h giv5 to ! rights ( ! multitude4 ,on ?is occasion he develops 8 sy/em /ill fur!r4t ,x w be object$1 says he1 t ! "r ( comm&+ & compell+ is ve/$ 9 ! sup]ior1 & _c belong to ! community1 s9ce x is n sup]ior to itself4 ,to ?is ,i reply3 ,society1 9 "o s5se1 is n sup]ior to itself1 b 9 ano!r x is4 ,! community may be consid]$ collectively z "o moral body1 & 9 ?is s5se x is sup]ior to itself z consid]$ di/ributively 9 ea* ( its memb]s4 ,aga92 x may be consid]$ z act+ 9 ! place ( ,god1 f :om emanates all legislative p[]1 z x is said 9 ,prov]bs3 ',by ,me k+s reign & ! lawgiv]s decree j ?+s2' or z capable ( be+ gov]n$ con=mably to ! public good4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is sup]ior & legislative2 9 ! latt]1 inf]ior & subject to ! law4 ,z ?is explanation might appe> some:at obscure1 ,billu>t proce$s to inve/igate m pr(\ndly ! orig9 ( society & ( civil p[]4 ,he endeavors to %[ h[ ! natural1 ! div9e1 & ! human laws agree on ?is po9t1 def9+ :at belongs to ea*4 ,he !n cont9ues z foll[s3u ,to r5d] ?is m cle>1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 t man1 unlike o!r animals1 is born de/itute ( _m ?+s necess>y bo? = body & s\l1 & t = ^! he is indebt$ to society & ! assi/ance ( 8 fell[-mortals2 consequ5tly he is1 by 8 v nature1 a social animal4 ,?is society1 :i* nature & reason prescribe to him z indisp5sable1 _c long exi/ )\t "s p[] to direct x1 accord+ to :at is said 9 ,prov]bs3 ',:]e !re is no gov]nor1 ! p w come to ru94' ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ,god1 :o has giv5 ?is nature1 has also giv5 ! p[] ( gov]n+ & ( legislat+4 ,he1 9 fact1 :o gives ! =m1 gives1 at ! same "t1 all t su* =m necess>ily requires4 ,b z x is n possible = ?is executive & legislative p[] to be ex]cis$ by ! entire multitude1 s9ce x w\ld be difficult = all & ea* =m+ ?is multitude to assemble on all occasions :5 ! affairs ( ! commonweal are to be discuss$1 or laws to be e/abli%$1 x is usual = ! multitude to transf] its "r or gov]n+ p[]1 ei!r to a numb] ( p select$ f all classes1 & be>+ ! "n ( a democracy2 or to a select numb] ( ! nobles1 :i* takes ! "n ( an ari/ocracy2 or to "o alone1 = himself only1 or = 8 successors1 by virtue ( ! "r ( h]$it>y succession1 :i* is /yl$ a mon>*y4 ,f :i* x is evid5t t all p[] comes f ,god1 z ! ,apo/le says1 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 *ap4 xiii4 ,?is p[] resides 9 ! community1 directly & by natural "r1 b 9 k+s & o!r rul]s m]ely indirectly & by human "r1 unless ,god conf]s x directly ^u c]ta9 individuals1 z ,he did ^u ,moses ov] ! ,jews1 & z ,*ri/ has conf]r$ x ^u ! ,supreme ,pontiff ov] ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,:at is /ill m rem>kable1 our absolute mon>*ies 7 nev] al>m$ at ^! !ological doctr9es1 n only previ\s to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 b s9ce t ,revolution1 & up to ! "t commonly /yl$ ) u ! fatal decade1 7f #ahbc to #ahcc1 ! latt] "p ( ! reign ( ,f]d9& ,,vii47 ,x is well kn[n t dur+ t p]iod ! ,comp5dium ,salmatic5se 7,comp5dium ( ,salamanca7 _h a mo/ favorable reception 9 ?is c\ntry1 & s]v$ z a text-book among ! pr(essors ( e?ics 9 ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,ye :o are cont9ually declaim+ aga9/ ?is epo*1 imag9+1 )\t d\bt1 t 9 ^? days no o!r doctr9es ?an ^? 9 favor ( ! mo/ arrant despotism c\ld be circulat$1 li/5 to :at is said 9 ! above book1 :i* 0 !n plac$ 9 ! h&s ( e y\? de/9$ to ! ecclesia/ical /ate4 ,aft] hav+ e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( a civil legislative p[]1 ! au?or ?us proce$s3x ,y w ask me1 9 ! second place1 :e!r ! pr9ce receives ?is civil legislative p[] imm$iately f ,god4 ,i reply1 ,x1 is univ]sally admitt$ t pr9ces receive ?is p[] f ,god2 b1 at ! same "t1 x is ma9ta9$ ) m tru?1 t !y d n receive x directly1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p's cons5t2 = all m5 are naturally equal1 & !re is no natural di/9ction ( sup]iority or inf]iority4 ,s9ce nature has n giv5 any individual p[] ov] ano!r1 ,god has conf]r$ ?is p[] ^u ! community2 :i*1 z x may ?9k x m prop] to be rul$ by "o or by _m appo9t$ p]sons1 transf]s x to "o or to _m1 t by !m x may be rul$2 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas 7#a1 #b1 qu4 #ij1 art4 #c1 ad #b74 ,f ?is natural pr9ciple arises ! v>iety 9 ! =ms ( civil gov]nm5t2 = if a /ate transf]s all its p[] to a s+le individual1 ?is gov]nm5t is t]m$ mon>*ical2 if x conf]s x ^u ! nobles ( ! nation1 x takes ! "n ( an ari/ocracy2 if ! p or ! /ate reta9 ?is p[] 9 _! own h&s1 ! civil gov]nm5t is /yl$ a democracy4 ,pr9ces1 !re=e1 receive f ,god ! p[] ( comm&+2 = suppos+ ! election made by ! :ole /ate1 ,god conf]s ^u ! pr9ce ! p[] :i* 0 ve/$ 9 ! community4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t ! pr9ce rules & gov]ns 9 ! "n ( ,god1 & :oev] resi/s him resi/s ! ord9ance ( ,god1 accord+ to ! words ( ! ,apo/le above cit$4 ,,*apt] ,l4 ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,div9e1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,doctors4 ,! doctr9e ( ! "r div9e1 consid]$ 9 its relation to society1 pres5ts to our notice two p>ticul> po9ts :i* ?is doctr9e conta9s3 #a4 ,! orig9 ( civil p[]2 #b4 ,! mode 9 :i* ,god communicates ?is p[]4 ,! =m] po9t is a "q ( doctr9e4 ,no ,ca?olic c ent]ta9 any d\bt ^u x4 ,! second is op5 to discussion2 & v>i\s op9ions may be =m$ ^u x1 )\t int]f]+ ) fai?4 ,) reg>d to ! "r div9e1 consid]$ 9 itself1 true philosophy agrees ) ,ca?olicity4 ,9 fact1 if civil p[] comes n f ,god1 to :at s\rce c we trace its orig98 ,^u :at solid pr9ciple c we support x8 ,if ! man :o ex]cises x does n re/ ^u ,god ! legitimacy ( 8 p[]1 no title w avail to uphold 8 "r4 ,x w be radically & irretrievably null4 ,on ! contr>y1 suppos+ au?ority to come f ,god1 our duty to submit to x becomes evid5t1 & our dignity is n 9 ! lea/ hurt by ! submission2 b1 9 ! o!r supposition1 we see only =ce1 craft1 tyranny1 b no reason or ju/ice2 p]haps a necessity = submission1 b no obligation4 ,by :at title does any man pret5d to comm& u8 ,because he is possess$ ( sup]ior intellect8 ,:o _h ! "r ( adjudg+ to him ! palm8 ,besides1 ?is sup]iority does n con/itute a "r2 9 "s in/ances its direction might be useful to u1 b x w n be obligatory4 ,is x because he is /rong] ?an we8 ,9 t case ! elephant ought to be k+ ( ! entire _w4 ,is x because he is m weal?y ?an we8 ,reason & ju/ice exi/ n 9 metal4 ,! ri* man is born nak$1 & 8 ri*es w n desc5d ) him into ! tomb4 ,^u e>? !y h enabl$ him to acquire p[]2 b !y d n conf] ^u him any "r to ex]cise x ov] o!rs4 ,%all x consi/ 9 c]ta9 faculties conf]r$ on him by o!rs8 :o has con/itut$ o!r m5 our proxies8 :]e is _! cons5t8 :o has collect$ _! votes8 & h[ c ei!r we or !y flatt] ourselves t we possess faculties equal to ! ex]cise ( civil p[]8 & if we d n possess !m1 h[ c we delegate !m8 ,we mu/ "h consid] ! doctr9e :i* places ! orig9 ( civil p[] 9 ! w ( m51 suppos+ t ?is p[] is ! result ( a pact1 by :i* individuals h agre$ to submit to ! retr5*m5t ( a "p ( _! natural lib]ty1 9 ord] to enjoy ! b5efits ( society4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ! rights ( ! civil p[]1 z well z ! duties ( ! subject1 are alike f\nd$ on a pact1 diff]+ f o!r contracts only 9 ! nature & ext5t ( its object2 s t1 9 ?is case1 p[] w\ld emanate f ,god m]ely 9 a g5]al s5se1 j z all rights & duties emanate f ,him4 ,^? writ]s :o ?us expla9 ! orig9 ( p[]1 d n always agree ) ,r\sseau4 ,! ,contrat ( ! philosoph] ( ,g5eva has no?+ to d ) ! pact spok5 ( 9 o!r au?ors4 ,?is is n ! place to comp>e ! doctr9es ( ,r\sseau ) ^? ( o!r writ]s2 suffice x to say1 t al?\gh !y rely ^u ! pact1 !y wi%1 nev]!less1 to e/abli% ! rights ( civil p[] z !y h be5 hi!rto und]/ood by ! common cons5t ( mank9d1 :il/ ! au?or ( ! ,contrat ,social proposes 9 8 book ! foll[+ problem1 :i* he consid]s fundam5tal4 ,i quote 8 own words3 ,to f9d a =m ( association :i* %all def5d & protect ) all ! common /r5g? ! p]son & prop]ty ( ea* associate1 & by :i* ea* "o1 be+ unit$ to all1 %all nev]!less obey only himself1 & rema9 z free z be=e4 ,su* is ! fundam5tal problem1 ! solution ( :i* is giv5 9 ! ,contrat ,social4 ,?is nons5se ( hav+ none b "o's self to obey1 mak+ a contract1 & rema9+ z free z be=e1 ne$s no comm5t1 aft] :at ! au?or himself says 9 ! foll[+ l9e3 ,! clauses ( ?is contract are s fix$ by ! v nature ( ! act1 t ! lea/ modification w\ld r5d] !m va9 & ( no effect4 7,book i4 *ap4 #f47 ,r\sseau's ideas on ?is subject d n1 !re=e1 agree ) ^? ( _m o!r writ]s1 :o also h spok5 ( pacts1 9 _! explanation ( ! orig9 ( p[]2 ! latt] s\ght a !ory 9 support ( p[]1 ! =m] wi%$ to de/roy t :i* exi/$1 & to ?r[ society into a /ate ( excitem5t4 ,?r\gh a s+ul> idea1 ,r\sseau1 9 8 vault at ! ,pan!on1 is repres5t$ to u ) ! door half op51 & a light$ tor* 9 8 h&--an emblem1 p]haps1 m significant ?an has be5 imag9$4 ,! arti/'s int5tion 01 to express ! idea ( ,r\sseau's enlight5+ ! _w ev5 aft] 8 dea?2 b x %\ld be rememb]$1 t ! tor* is also an emblem ( ! inc5di>y4 ,la ,h>pe said ( him3 ,sa p>ole e/ un feu1 mais un feu qui ravage4 ,to return to ! "q1 ,i w obs]ve1 t ! doctr9e ( a pact is ( no avail 9 acc\nt+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( p[]2 = x _c ev5 r5d] legitimate ei!r its orig9 or its ex]cise4 ,fir/1 an explicit pact has evid5tly nev] exi/$2 & secondly1 9 ! =mation ( ev5 ! mo/ limit$ society1 su* a pact nev] c\ld obta9 ! cons5t ( e individual memb]4 ,9 any conv5tion = su* an object1 only ! heads ( families c\ld take "p2 & h5ce1 wom51 *ildr51 & s]vants might prote/ aga9/ x4 ,9 ass5t+ to su* a pact1 :at "r w\ld fa!rs h to repres5t ! :ole ( _! families8 ,! w ( ! latt]1 x w be said1 0 virtually includ$ 9 t ( _! *ief2 b ?is is ! v po9t t wants pro(4 ,supposition "h is easy en\gh2 pro( is n s easy4 ,:5 y seek ! orig9 ( p[] 9 pr9ciples ( /rict "r1 & attempt to ma9ta9 t ?is is only "o ( ^? cases to :i* ord9>y conditions ( contracts are applicable1 y are met at once by a v s]i\s difficulty2 = y are oblig$ to h rec\rse to a fiction3--! words implicit cons5t are a m]e fiction1 & no?+ m4 ,is x n evid5t1 t ! cons5t ( families mu/ h be5 implicit1 ev5 suppos+ t ( _! heads to be explicit8 ,?is explicit cons5t w\ld1 9 fact1 be impossible 9 ! =mation ( any society1 h[ev] limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,& moreov]1 ! cons5t ( succe$+ g5]ations w be equally implicit1 s9ce x is impossible to be cont9ually r5ew+ ! contract1 = ! purpose ( consult+ ! wi%es ( ! p>ties int]e/$ 9 its effects4 ,reason & hi/ory tea* t society has nev] be5 ?us organiz$2 our own exp]i5ce tells u t x is n n[ upheld or gov]n$ by any su* pr9ciples4 ,( :at use1 !n1 is ?is inexplicable !ory8 ,:5 a !ory has a practical object1 ! be/ way ( prov+ its fallacy is1 to prove its impracticability4 ,! faculties ) :i* civil p[] is1 & always has be51 consid]$ to be inve/$1 are ( su* a nature1 t !y _c h proce$$ f a pact4 ,! "r ( life & dea? c h come only f ,god4 ,man is n 9 possession ( ?is "r4 ,no pact m]ely human c\ld inve/ him ) a p[] :i* he has n1 ei!r 9 relation to himself or to o!rs4 ,i w endeavor to demon/rate ?is po9t ) all possible precision4 ,if ! "r ( tak+ away life emanates n f ,god1 b f a pact1 x mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 e memb] ( society mu/ h said1 expressly or tacitly1 ,i cons5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( laws to decree puni%m5t ( dea? = c]ta9 crimes2 & if ,i %\ld at any "t transgress !m1 ,i am will+ f t mom5t to =feit my life4 ,9 ?is mann]1 e individual w h giv5 up 8 life1 suppos+ t ! conditions specifi$ are realiz$2 b no individual hav+ a "r ov] 8 own life1 ! resign+ ( x becomes radically null4 ,! jo9t cons5t ( all ! memb]s ( society does n obviate ! radical & ess5tial nullity ( ea* "o's "r to give up 8 life2 ! sum ( _! resignations is !re=e equally null1 & consequ5tly incapable ( produc+ any "r :atev]4 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t man1 prop]ly speak+1 has no "r ov] 8 own life1 :5 an arbitr>y "r is impli$1 b t :5 he *ooses to dispose ( x = 8 own advantage1 ! g5]al pr9ciple %\ld be re/rict$4 ,?is reflection1 at fir/ sight plausible1 w\ld lead to ! t]rible consequ5ce ( au?oriz+ suicide4 ,9 reply1 x w be said1 t suicide is no advantage to him :o commits x2 b if y once grant to ! individual ! "r ( dispos+ ( 8 life1 provid$ he reap an advantage f s do+1 y _c con/itute y\rselves judges to decide :e!r or n ?is advantage exi/s 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,accord+ to y1 he _h a "r to sacrifice 8 life :51 = example1 to satisfy 8 wants or 8 ta/e1 he _h /ol5 ! prop]ty ( ano!r4 ,t is to say1 t he _h a "r ( *oice betwe5 ! advantages ( life & ^? ( satisfy+ a desire3 :at w y answ]1 if he tell y t he pref]s dea? to mis]y1 to ennui1 to grief1 or to su* & su* mis=tunes :i* torm5t him8 ,! "r ( life & dea? _c consequ5tly emanate f a pact4 ,man's life is n 8 own2 he has only ! use ( x s long z x pleases ! ,creator to grant x him4 ,he has n1 !re=e1 ! "r ( dispos+ ( x1 & all conv5tions he may make = t purpose are null4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x is lawful1 glori\s1 x may be ev5 obligatory1 to deliv] "o's self up to c]ta9 dea?2 b let u n conf\nd ideas3 man does n 9 t case sacrifice 8 life z be+ ! ma/] ( x1 he is a volunt>y victim to ! salvation ( 8 c\ntry1 or to ! good ( mank9d4 ,! w>rior :o scales a wall1 ! *>itable man :o confronts ! mo/ dang]\s contagion 9 visit+ ! sick1 ! mission>y :o resorts to unkn[n c\ntries1 :o resigns himself to live 9 unheal?y climates1 & :o p5etrates into inaccessible =e/s1 seek+ f]oci\s hordes1 d n dispose ( _! lives z be+ _! own2 !y sacrifice !m to a purpose great1 sublime1 j1 & pleas+ to ,god2 = ,god loves virtue1 especially h]oic virtue2 & x is a h]oic virtue to die = "o's c\ntry1 to die 9 visit+ ! sick1 or 9 c>ry+ ! light ( tru? to ^? seat$ 9 d>kness & 9 ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,?is "r ( life & dea?1 ) :i* civil p[] has ev] be5 consid]$ inve/$1 may by "s be consid]$ z f\nd$ ^u ! natural "r ( self-def5ce ve/$ 9 society4 ,e individual1 !y w say1 has ! "r ( tak+ away ! life ( ano!r 9 self-def5ce2 !re=e society also has ?is "r4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,intol]ance1 ,i h t\*$ slightly ^u ?is po9t1 & made "s reflections :i* may be repeat$ "h4 ,i w endeavor1 nev]!less1 to ext5d !m & confirm !m by argum5ts ( ano!r k9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i ma9ta9 t ! "r ( self-def5ce may conf] ^u society t ( tak+ away life4 ,if "o individual attack$ by ano!r may lawfully repel him--kill him ev51 if necess>y to save 8 own life1 x is evid5t t an assemblage ( m5 h ! same "r4 ,?is appe>s s evid5t1 t demon/ration is sup]flu\s4 ,"o society attack$ by ano!r has inconte/ably ! "r ( resi/+ & repell+ ! attack--x is ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ w>4 ,) m reason1 !re=e1 might x resi/ an individual1 to make w> on him1 or kill him4 ,?is is all p]fectly true & obvi\s2 & ,i grant t !re ?us exi/s1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 a title ^u :i* we may f\nd ! "r ( inflict+ capital puni%m5t4 ,^! ideas are plausible1 & seem at fir/ sight to nullify ! reasons on :i* we h support$ ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to ,god = ! orig9 ( ?is =midable "r4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we come to exam9e !m ?or\ghly1 !y are f> f satisfactory2 & x may be ev5 said1 t 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are und]/ood & appli$1 !y are subv]sive ( ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( society4 ,9 fact1 if su* a !ory be admitt$1 if ! "r ( inflict+ capital puni%m5t be made to re/ exclusively on ?is pr9ciple1 ! ideas ( p5alty1 *a/isem5t1 & ( human ju/ice disappe> at once4 ,x has always be5 ?\ght t ! crim9al dy+ ^u a gibbet suff]s a p5alty2 & al?\gh ?is t]rible act is c]ta9ly a satisfaction to society1 a means ( pres]vation1 yet ! pr9cipal & pr$om9ant idea1 t :i* surpasses all o!rs1 :i* be/ ju/ifies & exculpates society1 :i* gives to ! judge 8 augu/ "*1 & /amps disgrace ^u ! crim9al1 is ! idea ( *a/isem5t1 ( p5alty1 & ( ju/ice4 ,all ?is disappe>s :5 once we c ass]t t society1 9 tak+ away life1 only acts 9 self-def5ce4 ,su* an act is con=mable to reason1 x is j1 b x no long] m]its ! honorable title ( an executive act ( ju/ice4 ,a man is ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ an assass92 b 9 s do+ he does n adm9i/] ju/ice1 he does n execute ju/ice1 nor inflict a p5alty4 ,^! ?+s are v diff]5t1 & ( a di/9ct ord]2 we _c conf\nd !m )\t %ock+ ! good s5se ( mank9d4 ,we w r5d] ?is di/9ction m app>5t by putt+ ! two !ories into ! m\? ( ! judge3 ! contra/ is /rik+4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! judge says to ! crim9al3 ,y are guilty2 ! law decrees aga9/ y ! p5alty ( dea?2 ,i1 ! m9i/] ( ju/ice1 apply x2 ! execution] is ord]$ to inflict x4 ,9 ! second1 he says to him3 ,y h attack$ society1 :i* _c exi/ if su* attacks are tol]at$4 ,x def5ds itself1 & = ?is reason puts y to dea?2 ,i1 its ag5t1 decl>e1 t ! "t = its def5d+ itself is come1 & h5ce ,i give y up to ! execution]4 ,9 ! =m] supposition1 ! judge is a m9i/] ( ju/ice1 & ! culprit a crim9al :o und]goes a j p5alty2 9 ! latt]1 ! judge is an in/rum5t ( =ce1 ! culprit a victim4 ,b1 x w be said1 ! crim9al is n on ?is acc\nt less crim9al1 & /ill m]its ! p5alty :i* he und]goes4 ,?is is true ) respect to ! guilt1 b n ) respect to ! p5alty4 ,! fault exi/s 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 & also 9 ! eyes ( man1 inasmu* z he possesses a consci5ce capable ( judg+ ( ! morality ( actions2 b x does n exi/ 9 ! eyes ( man1 consid]$ z a judge4 ,accord+ to y1 ! judge does n puni% a crime2 he re/ra9s an act injuri\s to society3 b if y say t ! judge inflicts a p5alty1 y *ange ! nature ( ! "q1 = he !n does some?+ m ?an protect society4 ,x foll[s f :at we h j e/abli%$1 t ! "r ( inflict+ capital puni%m5t c only emanate f ,god1 &1 consequ5tly1 if !re exi/$ no o!r reason = ref]r+ to ,god ! orig9 ( p[]1 ?is alone w\ld suffice4 ,w> aga9/ an invad+ nation may be expla9$ by ! "r ( self-def5ce2 invasion also comes "u ! same pr9ciple2 = if x be j1 x c be ent]$ ^u only ) a view to en=ce "s rep>ation or comp5sation refus$ by ! enemy4 ,w> = ! sake ( alliance ent]s into t class ( actions :i* are p]=m$ = ! assi/ance ( a fri5d2 s t ?is ph5om5on ( w>1 ) all its glory1 & all its ravages1 does n s =cibly oblige u to h rec\rse to a div9e orig9 z ?is simple "r ( condemn+ a man to ! gibbet4 ,! sanction ( lawful w>s also und\bt$ly belongs to ,god1 = 9 ,him exi/s ! sanction ( all rights & ( all duties2 b !re is n1 9 ?is case at lea/1 any ne$ ( p>ticul> au?orization1 z 9 ! case ( inflict+ capital puni%m5t4 ,x is suffici5t to h ! g5]al sanction :i* ,god1 z ! au?or ( nature1 has giv5 to all natural rights & duties4 ,h[ d we "k t ,god has grant$ su* an au?orization to man8 ,!re are ?ree ways ( answ]+ ?is "q4 #a4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,scriptures is suffici5t = all ,*ri/ians4 #b4 ,! "r ( life & dea? is a univ]sal tradition ( ! human race1 & does1 !re=e1 exi/ 9 reality2 & z we h %[n t x c h its orig9 only 9 ,god1 x is "r to suppose t ,he has communicat$ x to man 9 "o way or ano!r4 #c4 ,?is "r is ess5tial to ! pres]vation ( society2 ,god mu/1 !re=e1 h grant$ x2 = if ,he wills ! pres]vation ( a be+1 x is evid5t t ,he w h be/[$ ^u x all ?+s necess>y = su* pres]vation4 ,to recapitulate :at we h hi!rto advanc$3 ! ,*ur* tea*es t civil p[] comes f ,god1 & ?is doctr9e1 :i* agrees ) ! =mal texts ( ,scripture1 agrees also ) natural reason4 ,! ,*ur* cont5ts h]self ) e/abli%+ ?is dogma1 & d$uc+ f x ! imm$iate consequ5ce result+ f x1 viz4 t ob$i5ce to ! lawful au?orities is ( "r div9e4 ,) reg>d to ! mode 9 :i* ?is "r div9e is communicat$1 ! ,*ur* has n det]m9$ any ?+3 ! g5]al op9ion ( !ologians is1 t society receives x f ,god1 & t1 f society1 x is transf]r$1 by lawful means1 to ! p]son or p]sons appo9t$ to ex]cise x4 ,9 ord] t civil p[] may exact ob$i5ce1 & be consid]$ inve/$ ) ?is "r div9e1 x mu/ be legitimate2 t is to say1 ! p]son or p]sons 9 possession ( x mu/ h acquir$ x by lawful means1 or ?is p[] mu/ h become legitimate 9 _! possession1 by means ackn[l$g$ to be 9 accordance ) "r4 ,) respect to political =ms1 ! ,*ur* does n det]m9e any ?+2 b :atev] be ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! civil p[] mu/ be conf9$ )9 legitimate b\nds1 :ile ! subject1 on 8 side1 is b\nd to obey4 ,! fitness & legitimacy ( su* or su* p]sons1 & ( su* & su* =ms1 are subjects n app]ta9+ to "r div9e4 ,!y are p>ticul> que/ions1 dep5d+ ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances1 & to :i* no g5]al !ory is applicable4 ,"o example ( private "r w s]ve to illu/rate :at we h j expla9$4 ,respect = prop]ty is ( natural & div9e "r2 b ! own]%ip ( prop]ty1 ! respective rights ( individuals to ! same ?+1 ! re/rictions to :i* prop]ty %\ld be subject1 are que/ions app]ta9+ to civil "r1 :i* h always be5 resolv$1 & are /ill resolv$1 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! ma9 object is to adh]e to ! protective pr9ciple ( prop]ty1 ! indisp5sable basis ( all social organization2 b ! application ( ?is pr9ciple is1 & mu/ be1 subject to a v>iety ( circum/ances & ev5ts1 a v>iety aris+ f ! c\rse ( human affairs4 ,x is ! same ) p[]4 ,! ,*ur*1 intru/$ ) ! great deposit ( ! mo/ important tru?s1 keeps 9 ?is deposit ! tru? :i* gu>anties a div9e orig9 to civil p[]1 & makes ! exi/5ce ( ! law an affair ( "r div9e2 b %e does n int]f]e 9 p>ticul> cases1 :i* are always controll$ m or less by ! fluctuation & unc]ta9ty ) :i* ! _w is agitat$4 ,:5 ?us expla9$1 ! ,ca?olic doctr9e is n 9 ! lea/ oppos$ to true lib]ty2 x consolidates p[]1 & does n prejudice ! que/ions t may arise betwe5 ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$4 ,no unlawful p[] c lay claim to ! "r div9e2 = x mu/ be legitimate to m]it ! application ( ?is "r4 ,?is legitimacy is det]m9$ & decl>$ by ! laws ( ea* c\ntry1 f :i* x foll[s t ! law is ! organ ( ! "r div9e4 ,?is "r1 !re=e1 only consolidates :at is j2 & c]ta9ly t :i* insures ju/ice 9 ! _w _c be said to lead to despotism1 = no?+ c be m oppos$ to ! lib]ty & happ9ess ( ! p ?an ! abs5ce ( ju/ice & legitimacy4 ,popul> lib]ties are n endang]$ by ! /rong safegu>ds surr\nd+ ! legitimacy ( ! gov]n+ p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 reason1 hi/ory1 & exp]i5ce tea* t all illegitimate p[]s are tyrannical4 ,_! illegitimacy necess>ily c>ries weakness along ) x2 & x is n ! /rong1 b ! weak p[]s t oppress ! p4 ,real tyranny consi/s 9 ! p]son gov]n+ tak+ c>e ( 8 own in/ead ( ! public int]e/4 ,n[ ?is is precisely :at takes place :51 feel+ himself weak & tott]+1 he is =c$ to gu>d & protect himself4 ,8 object is !n1 no long] society1 b himself4 ,in/ead ( ?9k+ h[ he may b5efit ^? ov] :om he rules1 he only /udies & calculates be=eh& ! utility he may d]ive f 8 own measures4 ,i h said 9 ano!r place1 & ,i repeat1 t1 9 look+ ov] hi/ory1 we f9d cont9ually ?is important tru? writt5 9 lett]s ( blood3 ,wo to ! p gov]n$ by a p[] :i* is oblig$ to ?9k ( its own pres]vation6 ,a fundam5tal tru? 9 political sci5ce1 & :i* has1 nev]!less1 be5 lam5tably ov]look$ 9 mod]n times4 ,mu* labor has be5 & is /ill sp5t to produce gu>antees = lib]ty4 ,to ?is end a multitude ( gov]nm5ts h be5 ov]turn$1 & attempts h be5 made to weak5 !m all1 )\t ?9k+ t ?is 0 ! mo/ c]ta9 means ( introduc+ oppression4 ,:at signify ! veils "u :i* despotism is conceal$1 & ! =ms by :i* x seeks to disguise its exi/5ce8 ,hi/ory1 :i* has record$ ! outrages committ$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! la/ c5tury2 true hi/ory1 n t writt5 by ! au?ors ( ^? outrages1 by _! accomplices1 or by int]e/$ p>ties1 w relate to po/]ity ! inju/ices & crimes committ$ 9 ! mid/ ( civil discord by gov]nm5ts =esee+ _! end1 & feel+ 9 !mselves extreme weakness caus$ by _! tyrannical conduct & ! illegality ( _! orig94 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t su* a viol5t w>f>e has be5 decl>$ aga9/ doctr9es t5d+ to consolidate civil au?ority by r5d]+ x legitimate1 & to prove ?is legitimacy by decl>+ t p[] desc5ds f ,heav58 ,h[ has x be5 ov]look$ t ! legitimacy ( p[] is an ess5tial elem5t ( its /r5g?1 & t ?is /r5g? is ! safe/ gu>antee ( true lib]ty8 ,let x n be said t ^! are p>adoxes4 ,:at is ! object ( societies & gov]nm5ts8 ,is x n ! sub/itution ( public = private =ce1 ( ! rule ( "r = ! rule ( ! /rong8 ,b :5 once y beg9 to und]m9e p[]1 to make x an object ( popul> av]sion or defiance2 :5 once y repres5t x to ! p z _! natural enemy1 & vilify ! sacr$ titles on :i* ob$i5ce due to x is f\nd$1 y attack at once ! v object ( ! in/itution ( society2 & by weak5+ ! action ( public =ce1 y provoke a developm5t ( private =ce1 :i* is ! v ?+ t gov]nm5ts 7 in/itut$ to prev5t4 ,! secret ( t mildness = :i* ,european mon>*ies 7 rem>kable1 consi/$ *iefly 9 _! security & /r5g?1 f\nd$ ^u ! l(t9ess & legality ( ! titles ( _! p[]2 :il/ y w f9d 9 ! p]ils ) :i* ! ?rones ( ! ,roman emp]ors & ,ea/]n mon>*s 7 beset1 "o reason = _! mon/r\s despotism4 ,i d n hesitate to ass]t1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w ,i %all prove m & m1 t "o cause ( ! evils to :i* ,europe has be5 expos$ dur+ ! labori\s solution ( ! problem ( ! alliance betwe5 ord] & lib]ty1 is ! oblivion ( ,ca?olic doctr9es on ?is po9t4 ,^! doctr9es h be5 condemn$ )\t be+ he>d or exam9$ into1 & ! enemies ( ! ,*ur* h copi$ ea* o!r )\t ev] hav+ rec\rse to ! real s\rces1 :]e !y might easily h f\nd out ! tru?4 ,prote/antism1 dep>t+ f ! tea*+ ( ,ca?olicity1 has be5 ?r[n alt]nately ^u two opposite rocks2 wi%+ to e/abli% ord]1 x has done s to ! prejudice ( true lib]ty2 & 9 its desire to ma9ta9 lib]ty1 x has become an enemy to ord]4 ,f ! bosom ( false re=m h aris5 ! insane doctr9es1 :i*1 prea*+ up ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 dis*>g$ ! subject f 8 ob$i5ce to ! lawful au?orities2 f ! bosom ( ! same re=m has likewise aris5 ! !ory ( ,hobbes1 :i* sets up despotism 9 ! mid/ ( society z a mon/r\s idol1 to :i* all %\ld be sacrific$1 )\t reg>d = ! et]nal pr9ciples ( morality1 ) no o!r rule ?an ! caprice ( him :o rules1 ) no o!r b\nds to 8 p[] ?an ^? m>k$ out by ! ext5t ( 8 /r5g?4 ,su* is ! necess>y result ( bani%+ f ! _w ! au?ority ( ,god4 ,man1 left to himself1 c only succe$ 9 produc+ slav]y or an>*y2 ! same ?+ "u two =ms2 ! reign ( =ce4 ,9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( society & p[]1 div]s mod]n writ]s h said a great deal ab\t a c]ta9 /ate ( nature ant]ior to all societies1 & h suppos$ t ^! societies 7 =m$ by a gradual transition f a b>b>\s to a civiliz$ /ate4 ,?is errone\s doctr9e lies deep] ?an "s p]sons imag9e4 ,if we pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! subject1 we %all f9d t ! errone\s ideas ent]ta9$ on ?is subject may be trac$ to ! =getfulness ( ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,hobbes d]ives e k9d ( "r f a pact4 ,accord+ to him1 :5 m5 live 9 a /ate ( nature1 !y h a "r to e ?+2 :i* means1 9 o!r t]ms1 t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil4 ,f :i* x foll[s t society 0 organiz$ )\t any reg>d to morality1 & ought to be consid]$ m]ely z a means to an end4 ,puff5dorf & "s o!rs1 admitt+ ! pr9ciple ( sociality1 t is1 d]iv+ f society ! rules ( morality1 arrive at la/ at ! pr9ciple ( ,hobbes1 & trample "u foot bo? ! natural & et]nal laws4 ,inve/igat+ ! causes ( ^! grave errors1 ,i f9d !m 9 ! deplorable contempt :i* writ]s on philosophy & morality 9 mod]n times h s eag]ly ev9c$ = ! treasures ( light af=d$ u by religion4 ,?is light1 religion af=ds u on all que/ions1 fix+ by its dogmas ! c>d9al po9ts ( all true philosophy1 & (f]+ u 9 its n>rations ! only ?read t c guide u ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( ! fir/ ages4 ,read ! ,prote/ant writ]s1 comp>e !m ) ! ,ca?olic1 & y w f9d a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! latt] reason1 give _! m9ds free scope1 & all[ !m a wide range2 b !y ev] leave unt\*$ c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & e !ory :i* !y _c reconcile ) ^! pr9ciples is inexorably reject$ by !m z errone\s4 ,! =m] roam )\t guide or compass 9 ! b\ndless space ( human op9ions1 pres5t+ to u a lively image ( t pagan philosophy :i* _h n ! light ( fai? to guide its inquiries into ! pr9ciples ( ?+s4 ,in/ead ( f9d+ a ,god1 ! ,creator & ,director1 occupi$ )\t ceas+1 l a t5d] fa!r1 ) ! happ9ess ( be+s :om ,he has drawn f no?+1 ?is philosophy nev] discov]$ any ?+ b *aos1 ei!r 9 ! physical or 9 ! social _w4 ,?is degrad$ & brutaliz$ /ate1 disguis$ "u ! "n ( nature1 is 9 reality no?+ b ! *aos ( society4 ,?is *aos w be f\nd 9 a great numb] ( mod]n writ]s :o are n ,ca?olics2 & by a surpris+ co9cid5ce1 wor?y ( ! mo/ s]i\s reflection1 x w also be f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal writ]s on pagan sci5ce4 ,f ! mom5t t we lose sight ( ! great traditions ( mank9d1 traditions 9 :i* man is repres5t$ to u receiv+ f ,god himself intellig5ce1 spee*1 & rules = 8 conduct 9 ?is life2 f ! mom5t t we =get ! n>ration ( ,moses1 t simple1 sublime1 & only true explanation ( ! orig9 ( man & ( society2 our ideas become confus$1 ! facts are jumbl$1 "o absurdity creates ano!r1 &1 l ! build]s ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 we suff] ! j puni%m5t ( our pride4 ,h[ wond]ful6 t antiquity1 :i*1 depriv$ ( ! light ( ,*ri/ianity1 & lo/ 9 ! labyr9? ( human inv5tions1 _h almo/ =gott5 ! primitive tradition ( ! orig9 ( society1 & _h rec\rse to ! absurd transition f ! b>b>\s to ! civiliz$ /ate1 %\ld nev]!less1 :5ev] a society 0 to be =m$1 h invok$ ?is "r div9e1 :i* c]ta9 philosoph]s h treat$ ) s mu* disda94 ,! mo/ r5[n$ legislators s\ght to e/abli% ^u ,div9e au?ority1 ! laws !y 7 giv+ to ! p1 ?us r5d]+ a solemn homage to t tru? logically e/abli%$ by ,ca?olics1 viz4 t all p[]1 to be reg>d$ z legitimate & to ex]cise its due asc5d5cy1 mu/ receive its titles f ,god4 ,if y desire t ! legislator %\ld n be plac$ "u ! sad necessity ( feign+ revelations :i* he has nev] receiv$1 or br++ =w>d ! int]v5tion ( ,god at e mom5t 9 an extraord9>y mann] 9 human affairs1 e/abli% ! g5]al pr9ciple t all p[] proce$s f ,god1 t ! au?or ( nature is likewise ! au?or ( society1 t ! exi/5ce ( society is a precept impos$ ^u mank9d = _! own pres]vation4 ,let submission & ob$i5ce be s regulat$ z n to w\nd man's pride2 let ^? :o rule ov] him be inve/$ ) sup]ior au?ority1 to :i* he c submit )\t a %ad[ ( self-abasem5t4 ,9 %ort1 e/abli% ! ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,:atev] be ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 y w !n h f\nd a solid basis on :i* to support ! respect due to ! au?orities2 y w h plac$ ! social edifice ^u a f\ndation f> m secure ?an human conv5tions4 ,exam9e ! "r div9e su* z ,i h repres5t$ x1 support$ by ! int]pretations ( illu/ri\s doctors1 & ,i am c]ta9 t y _c refuse to admit its p]fect con=mity to ! lights ( true philosophy2 b if y p]si/ 9 giv+ to ?is "r a /range s5se :i* x does n possess1 pret5d+ t x ought to h a diff]5t explanation1 ,i %all insi/ ^u "o ?+ :i* y _c refuse me3 produce me a text ( ,scripture1 a monum5t ( ! traditions ackn[l$g$ z articles ( fai? 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 a decision ( ! ,c\ncils or ( ! ,pontiffs1 %[+ y\r int]pretation to be well f\nd$4 ,until y h done ?is1 ,i h a "r to tell y1 t1 possess$ ) ! desire ( r5d]+ ,ca?olicity odi\s1 y impute to x doctr9es :i* x does n pr(ess1 y attribute to x dogmas :i* x does n ackn[l$ge2 t y are adv]s>ies )\t c&or or hone/y1 & employ weapons disall[$ by ! laws ( combat4#bh ,,*apt] ,,li4 ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[]1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,doctors4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! mode 9 :i* ,god communicates civil p[]1 h[ev] grave 9 !ory1 does n appe> to be ( great importance 9 practice4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t1 among ^? :o ass]t t ?is p[] comes f ,god1 "s ma9ta9 t x proce$s f ,him directly1 o!rs indirectly4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! =m]1 :5 once ! nom9ation ( ! p]sons appo9t$ to ex]cise au?ority is made1 society n only lays d[n ! necess>y conditions = ! communication ( p[]1 b actually communicates x1 hav+ fir/ receiv$ x f ,god4 ,! latt] ma9ta9 t society m]ely makes ! appo9tm5t1 &1 by means ( ?is act1 ,god conf]s ! p[] ^u ! p]son appo9t$4 ,i repeat1 t1 9 practice1 ! result is ! same1 & ! diff]5ce !re=e vani%es4 ,nay1 ev5 9 !ory1 ! div]g5ce may n be s great z x appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,i %all endeavor to demon/rate ?is by submitt+ ! two op9ions to rigor\s inve/igation4 ,! explanation giv5 ( ! orig9 ( p[] by bo? p>ties may be set =? 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ,god says1 ,society1 = ?y pres]vation & well-be+1 ?\ require/ a gov]nm5t2 *oose1 !re=e1 "u :at =m ?is gov]nm5t %all be ex]cis$1 & appo9t ! p]sons :o are to take *>ge ( x2 ,i1 on my "p1 w conf] ^u !m ! faculties necess>y = ! fulfilm5t ( _! mission4 ,9 ! op9ion ( o!rs1 ,god says1 ,society1 = ?y pres]vation & well-be+1 ?\ require/ a gov]nm5t3 ,i conf] ^u !e ! faculties necess>y = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is object2 *oose ?yself ! =m "u :i* ?is gov]nm5t %all be ex]cis$1 &1 appo9t+ ! p]sons :o are to take *>ge ( x1 transmit to !m ! faculties :i* ,i h communicat$ to !e4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ ( ! id5tity ( ! results ( ^! two =mulas1 we mu/ exam9e !m 9 _! relations3 #a4 to ! sanctity ( _! orig92 #b4 to ! rights & duties ( p[]2 #c4 to ! rights & duties ( ! subject4 ,:e!r ,god has communicat$ p[] to society1 to be transmitt$ by x to ! p]sons appo9t$ to ex]cise x1 or has m]ely conf]r$ ^u x ! "r ( det]m9+ ! =m & appo9t+ su* p]sons1 t1 by means ( ?is det]m9ation & appo9tm5t1 ! rights annex$ to supreme p[] may be directly communicat$ to ! p]sons intru/$ ) ! ex]cise ( x1 x foll[s1 9 ei!r case1 t ?is supreme p[]1 :]ev] x exi/s1 emanates f ,god2 & is n less sacr$ because x passes ?r\gh an int]m$iate means appo9t$ by ,him4 ,i w illu/rate ^! ideas by a v simple & obvi\s example4 ,suppose !re exi/s 9 a /ate "s p>ticul> community1 in/itut$ by ! sov]eign1 & hav+ no rights b ^? grant$ by him2 no duties b ^? :i* he imposes ^u x2 9 f9e1 a community indebt$ to ! sov]eign = all t x is & has4 ,?is community1 h[ev] small x may be1 w require a gov]nm5t3 ?is gov]nm5t may be =m$ 9 two ways2 ei!r ! sov]eign :o has giv5 x its laws has conf]r$ ^u x ! "r ( gov]n+ itself1 & ( transmitt+ ?is "r to ! p]son or p]sons :om x may ?9k prop] to elect2 or he has left to ! community itself ! det]m9ation ( ! =m & ! appo9tm5t ( ! p]sons1 add+ t su* det]m9ation & appo9tm5t be+ once made1 x %all be und]/ood t1 by ?is simple act1 ! sov]eign grants to ! p]sons appo9t$ ! "r ( ex]cis+ _! functions )9 lawful b\nds4 ,x is evid5t t ! p>ity is complete2 & n[ ,i ask1 ,is x n true t1 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! faculties ( him :o gov]ns %\ld be consid]$ & respect$ z an emanation f ! sov]eign8 ,is x n true t x w\ld be difficult to discov] any diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( inve/iture8 ,9 bo? suppositions1 ! community w\ld h ! "r ( det]m9+ ! =m & appo9t+ ! p]son2 9 bo? cases1 he :o gov]ns c\ld only obta9 8 p[]s by virtue ( ! previ\s det]m9ation & appo9tm5t2 9 nei!r case w\ld !re ne$ any new manife/ation on ! "p ( ! sov]eign1 t ! p]son nom9at$ might be und]/ood to be inve/$ ) faculties correspond+ to ! ex]cise ( 8 functions4 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 !re w\ld be no diff]5ce2 fur!r1 ,i w ass]t t1 9 !ory ev51 x w\ld be difficult to trace ! po9t ( sep>ation betwe5 ! two cases4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we view ! matt] ) ! eye ( an acute metaphysician1 we may v easily discov] ?is diff]5ce1 by consid]+ ! moral entity :i* we call p[]2 n z x is 9 itself1 & 9 its effects1 b z an ab/ract be+1 pass+ f "o h& to ano!r1 9 ! mann] ( corporeal objects4 ,b1 in/ead ( exam9+ ! "q = ! curiosity ( kn[+ :e!r ?is moral entity1 be=e arriv+ at "o p]son1 has n fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ano!r1 let u fir/ seek to v]ify f :5ce x emanates1 & :at are ! faculties x conf]s1 ! rights x imposes3 we %all !n f9d t1 9 say+1 ,i conf] ?is faculty ^u y1 transmit x to :omsoev] y ?9k prop]1 & 9 :atev] way y ?9k prop]1 ! sov]eign expresses no m ?an if he %\ld say3 ,su* or su* a faculty %all be conf]r$ by me ^u ! p]son y wi%1 & 9 ! mann] y wi%1 by ! simple fact ( ! election y h made4 ,x foll[s h5ce1 t :e!r we adopt ! op9ion ( direct communication1 or ! contr>y "o1 ! supreme rights ( h]$it>y mon>*ies1 ( elective mon>*ies1 & 9 g5]al ( all supreme p[]s1 :atev] be _! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 w n on ?is acc\nt be less sacr$1 less c]ta9ly seal$ ) div9e au?ority4 ,diff]5ce 9 ! =ms ( gov]nm5t does n 9 ! lea/ dim9i% ! obligations ( submitt+ to civil p[]1 lawfully e/abli%$2 s t ! refus+ ( ob$i5ce to ! presid5t ( a republic1 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* republicanism is ! legal =m ( gov]nm5t1 is no less a crim9al resi/ance to ! ord9ance ( ,god1 ?an ! refus+ ( ! same ob$i5ce to ! mo/ absolute mon>*4 ,bossuet1 s /rongly atta*$ to mon>*y1 & writ+ 9 a c\ntry & at a p]iod 9 :i* ! k+ might exclaim1 ,i am ! /ate2 & 9 a "w1 9 :i* he propos$ no?+ less ?an to (f] a complete treatise on ,politics1 tak5 f ! words ( ,holy ,scripture2 e/abli%$1 nev]!less1 9 a mann] ! mo/ explicit & conclusive1 ! tru? :i* ,i h j po9t$ out4 ,we ought to be subject1 says he1 to ! =m ( gov]nm5t e/abli%$ 9 our c\ntry4 ,& he aft]w>ds quotes ^! words ( ,/4 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 *ap4 xiii43 ,let e s\l be subject to high] p[]s2 = !re is no p[] b f ,god2 & ^? t are1 are orda9$ ( ,god2 !re=e he t resi/e? ! p[]1 resi/e? ! ord9ance ( ,god4 ,!re is no =m ( gov]nm5t1 cont9ues ,bossuet1 nor any human in/itution1 )\t its inconv5i5ces2 s t x is necess>y to rema9 9 ! /ate to :i* l5g? ( "t has inur$ ! p4 ,= ?is reason1 ,god takes "u ,8 protection all legitimate gov]nm5ts1 9 :atev] =m !y may be e/abli%$2 :oev] und]takes to ov]turn !m1 is n only an enemy to ! public1 b also to ,god4 7,liv4 ii4 prop4 #ab47 ,x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r p[] be communicat$ directly or indirectly2 ! respect & ob$i5ce due to x are n 9 ! lea/ *ang$1 & consequ5tly ! sacr$ness ( ! orig9 ( p[] rema9s ! same1 :i*ev] op9ion be adopt$2 nei!r d ! rights & duties ( gov]nm5t1 & ^? ( ! subject1 rema9 less sacr$4 ,^! rights & duties suff] no *ange1 :e!r !re be or n an int]m$iate means = ! communication ( p[]2 _! nature & limits are f\nd$ ^u ! v object ( ! in/itution ( society2 b ?is object is totally indep5d5t ( ! mode 9 :i* ,god communicates p[] to man4 ,aga9/ :at ,i h advanc$ ^u ! small am\nt ( diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ^! v>i\s op9ions1 ! au?ority ( ! !ologians1 ^: texts ,i h cit$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 w be object$4 ,^! !ologians1 x w be said1 c]ta9ly und]/ood ^! affairs2 & z !y plac$ s mu* importance ^u ! di/9ction "h "u discussion1 !y und\bt$ly saw 9 x "s great tru? prop] to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,?is objection acquires ! m =ce1 :5 we consid] t ! di/9ction made ^u ?is po9t by ^! !ologians does n proce$ f a _s ( subtilty1 z x might be suspect$ 9 ! case ( ^? s*ola/ic !ologians1 ^: writ+s are replete ) dialectic argum5ts1 r ?an ) reason+ f\nd$ ^u ,scripture1 ^u ! apo/olical traditions & o!r !ological res\rces1 f :i* we ought pr9cipally to take our argum5ts 9 controv]sies ( ?is nature2 b ! !ologians :om ,i h quot$ are c]ta9ly n ( ?is class4 ,we ne$ only "n ,bell>m91 to recognise a grave & extremely solid au?or1 :o oppos$ ! ,prote/ants ) ,scripture1 ) traditions1 ) ! au?ority ( ! holy ,fa!rs1 ! decisions ( ! univ]sal ,*ur* & ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiffs3 ,bell>m9 0 n "o ( ^? !ologians :o excit$ ! lam5tations ( ,mel*ior ,cano1 & ( :om he said1 t 9 ! h\r ( combat aga9/ h]esy1 in/ead ( wield+ well-temp]$ weapons1 !y wield$ only long re$s3 arund9es longas4 ,su* 0 ! importance giv5 to ?is di/9ction1 t ,james1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 compla9$ l\dly t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9 taught t ! p[] ( k+s came f ,god only indirectly2 & ! ,ca?olic s*ools 7 s f> f look+ ^u ?is di/9ction z insignificant1 t !y def5d$ x aga9/ ! attacks ( ,k+ ,james2 & t "o ( _! mo/ illu/ri\s doctors1 ,su>ez1 ent]$ ! li/s to cont5d = ! doctr9es ( ,bell>m94 ,x appe>s1 !n1 at fir/ sight1 t ,i am wrong 9 :at ,i h said ^u ! slight importance ( ! di/9ction "h m5tion$4 ,i believe1 nev]!less1 t ! difficulty may be easily remov$1 & t x w suffice = ?is purpose to di/+ui% ! diff]5t aspects "u :i* ! "q pres5ts itself4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i w obs]ve1 t ! ,ca?olic !ologians proce$$ ^u ?is po9t ) admirable prud5ce & =esight2 & truly ! "q1 su* z x 0 !n propos$1 compreh5d$ m ?an a subtilty2 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x includ$ "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s po9ts ( public "r4 ,9 ord] to exam9e deeply ^! doctr9es ( ,ca?olic !ologians1 & to lay hold ( _! true s5se1 we mu/ fix our att5tion ^u ! t5d5cies :i* ! religi\s re=m ( ! sixte5? c5tury communicat$ to ,european mon>*y4 ,ev5 be=e ?is re=m1 ?rones _h acquir$ a great deal ( =ce & solidity1 ?r\gh ! decl9e 9 ! p[] ( ! feudal lords1 & ! developm5t ( ! democratic elem5t4 ,t elem5t1 :i* 9 due "t 0 de/9$ to acquire ! p[] ( :i* x is n[ possess$1 0 n !n 9 suffici5tly favorable circum/ances to ex]t its action on ! va/ scale :i* x embraces 9 our days4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x 0 oblig$ to take refuge "u ! %ad[ ( ! ?rone--an emblem ( ord] & ju/ice elevat$ 9 ! mid/ ( society--a sort ( univ]sal regulator & levell]1 de/9$ gradually to de/roy ! extreme inequalities s h>ass+ & obnoxi\s to ! p4 ,?us1 democracy itself1 :i*1 9 aft] ages1 0 to ov]turn s _m ?rones1 s]v$ !m1 at t "t1 z a firm support1 %elt]+ !m f ! attacks ( a turbul5t & =midable ari/ocracy1 unwill+ to be trans=m$ into m]e c\rti]s4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ?is /ate ( ?+s v mis*iev\s1 s long z matt]s rema9$ )9 ! limits prescrib$ by reason & ju/ice2 b1 un=tunately1 good pr9ciples 7 exagg]at$1 regal au?ority 0 gradually conv]t$ into an absorb5t =ce1 :i* w\ld h conc5trat$ 9 itself all o!r =ces4 ,european mon>*y lo/ ?us its true "*1 :i* consi/s 9 mon>*y hav+ j limits1 ev5 :5 ^! limits are n m>k$ out & gu>d$ by political in/itutions4 ,prote/antism exalts to an incr$ible degree ! pret5sions ( k+s1 by attack+ ! spiritual p[] ( ! ,pope1 by pa9t+ 9 ! d>ke/ colors ! dang]s ( 8 temporal p[]1 & especially by e/abli%+ ! fatal doctr9e1 t ! supreme civil p[] has ecclesia/ical affairs totally "u its direction2 & by accus+ ( abuse1 ( usurpation1 ( unb\nd$ ambition1 ! indep5d5ce :i* ! ,*ur* claims by virtue ( ! sacr$ canons1 ( ! gu>antee af=d$ by ! civil law1 ( ! traditions ( fifte5 c5turies1 & above all1 ( ! in/itution ( h] ,div9e ,f\nd]4 ,he _h no ne$ ( ! p]mission1 ( any civil p[] to s5d ,8 apo/les to prea* ! ,gospel1 & to baptize 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,a glance at ! hi/ory ( ,europe at ! epo* "h m5tion$ w conv9ce u ( ! evil consequ5ces ( su* a doctr9e1 & %[ u h[ agreeable x mu/ h be5 to ! e>s ( p[]1 :i* x inve/$ ) unb\nd$ faculties1 ev5 9 matt]s purely religi\s4 ,?is exagg]ation ( ! rights ( civil p[]1 co9cid+ ) ! ef=ts made on ! o!r h& to repress ! pontifical au?ority1 mu/ h favor$ ! doctr9e :i* attempt$ to place ! p[] ( k+s ^u a level1 9 e respect1 ) t ( ,popes2 & consequ5tly1 x 0 v natural t its au?ors %\ld wi% to e/abli%1 t sov]eigns receiv$ _! p[] f ,god1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,popes1 )\t any diff]5ce :atev]4 ,! doctr9e ( direct communication1 al?\gh v susceptible1 z we h se51 ( a reasonable explanation1 might involve a m ext5sive mean+1 :i* w\ld h made ! p oblivi\s ( ! special & *>act]i/ic mann] 9 :i* ! supreme p[] ( ! ,*ur* 0 in/itut$ by ,god himself4 ,:at ,i h j advanc$ _c be consid]$ z m]ely conjectural2 ! :ole is support$ by facts :i* _c h be5 =gott54 ,! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ( ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 & ! usurpations & viol5ce 9 :i* ,prote/ant p[]s indulg$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 are a suffici5t confirmation ( ^! sad tru?s4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ev5 9 c\ntries :]e ,ca?olicity rema9$ triumphant1 attempts 7 !n1 h s9ce be51 & /ill are witness$1 t %[ cle>ly en\gh h[ /rong 0 ! impulse giv5 9 ?is s5se to ! civil p[]2 = ev5 n[ x is b too prone to transgress its legitimate b\nds4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! two illu/ri\s !ologians above cit$1 ,bell>m9 & ,su>ez1 wrote1 are ano!r reason 9 support ( :at ,i h j adduc$4 ,i h quot$ rem>kable passages f a "w by ,su>ez1 writt5 9 refutation ( a publication ( ,k+ ,james ( ,engl&4 ,?is ,k+ c\ld n be> ! idea ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9's hav+ e/abli%$ t ! p[] ( k+s does n emanate directly f ,god1 b is communicat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( society1 :i* receives x 9 a direct mann]4 ,possess$1 z is well kn[n1 ) ! mania = !ological debates & decisions1 ,k+ ,james did n conf9e himself to simple !ory2 he r$uc$ 8 !ory to practice1 & said to 8 ,p>liam5t3 t ,god _h appo9t$ him absolute ma/]2 & t all privileges :i* co-legislative bodies enjoy$ 7 pure concessions proce$+ f ! b\nty ( k+s4 ,8 c\rti]s1 9 _! adulations1 decre$ him ! title ( ! mod]n ,solomon2 he might well1 !re=e1 feel displeas$ ) ! ,italian & ,spani% !ologians = endeavor+ to humble ! pride ( 8 presumptu\s wisdom1 & re/ra9 8 despotism4 ,if we reflect ^u ! words ( ,bell>m91 & especially on ^? ( ,su>ez1 we %all f9d t ! aim ( ^! em95t !ologians 0 to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! civil & ecclesia/ical p[]s1 ) respect to ! mode ( _! orig94 ,!y admit t bo? p[]s come f ,god2 t x is an indisp5sable duty to be subject to !m2 & t to resi/ !m is to resi/ ! ord9ance ( ,god2 b n f9d+1 ei!r 9 ! ,scripture or 9 tradition1 ! lea/ f\ndation = e/abli%+ t civil p[]1 l t ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiffs1 has be5 in/itut$ 9 a special & extraord9>y mann]1 !y are anxi\s t ?is diff]5ce %\ld rema9 obvi\s1 & seek to avoid ! introduction1 9 a po9t ( su* import1 ( a confusion ( ideas1 f :i* dang]\s errors might arise4 ,?is op9ion1 says ,su>ez1 is new1 s+ul>1 & app>5tly inv5t$ to exalt ! temporal ov] ! spiritual p[]4 7,see above47 ,h5ce1 9 discuss+ ! "q ( ! orig9 ( civil p[]1 !y require y to be> 9 m9d ! influ5ce ( society4 ,by means ( man's c\nsel & election1 says ,bell>m92 ?us rem9d+ ! ,k+1 t h[ sacr$ soev] 8 au?ority might be1 x _h be5 v diff]5tly in/itut$ f t ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 direct & indirect communication s]v$1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 to prove ! diff]5ce 9 "q2 = ?is v di/9ction recall$ to m9d t civil p[]1 al?\gh e/abli%$ by ,god1 ow$ its exi/5ce to no extraord9>y measure1 & c\ld n be consid]$ z sup]natural1 b 0 to be look$ ^u z dep5d5t ^u human & natural "r1 sanction$1 nev]!less1 9 an express mann]1 by "r div9e4 ,^! !ologians w\ld n1 p]haps1 h =cibly insi/$ ^u ?is di/9ction1 _h x n be5 = ! ef=ts made by o!rs to efface x4 ,x 0 a matt] ( consequ5ce ) !m to humble ! pride ( p[]1 to prev5t x f assum+1 :e!r 9 respect to its orig9 or its rights1 titles n app]ta9+ to x2 to prev5t its ascrib+ to itself an unlawful supremacy1 ev5 9 religi\s affairs1 & ?us caus+ mon>*y to deg5]ate into a sort ( ,ori5tal despotism1 9 :i* ! gov]n+ p[] is e ?+1 ! p & _! affairs no?+4 ,if we weigh _! words att5tively1 we %all f9d t ! pr$om9at+ idea ) !m 0 t :i* ,i h j /at$4 ,at fir/ sight1 _! language appe>s exce$+ly democratical1 f _! frequ5t use ( ! words community1 /ate1 society1 p2 b on exam9+ closely _! sy/em ( doctr9e1 & pay+ att5tion to ! expressions !y use1 we p]ceive t !y _h no subv]sive design1 & t an>*ical !ories nev] once ent]$ _! m9ds4 ,!y advocat$ on ! "o h& ! rights ( au?ority1 :il/ !y protect$ on ! o!r ^? ( ! subject1 ?us endeavor+ to resolve ! problem :i* =m$ ! cont9ual occupation ( all hone/ political writ]s2 to limit p[] )\t de/roy+ x1 or plac+ x "u too great re/ra9t2 to protect society aga9/ ! disord] ( despotism1 )\t r5d]+ x at ! same "t refractory or turbul5t4 ,f ! above reason+ we see t ! di/9ction betwe5 direct & indirect communication may be ( great or ( little importance1 accord+ to ! view we take ( x4 ,x is ( great importance :5 s]v+ to rem9d ! civil p[] t ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5ts & ! regulation ( _! =ms has 9 "s way be5 dep5d5t ^u society itself1 & t no individual1 no family1 c presume ^u hav+ receiv$ f ,god ! gov]nm5t ( ! p )\t reg>d to ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 z if ^? laws1 9 :atev] =m1 7 a free (f]+ made by !m to ! p4 ,?is same di/9ction s]ves1 9 %ort1 to e/abli% ! orig9 ( civil p[] z an emanation f ! ,deity1 ! ,au?or ( nature1 b n z in/itut$ 9 an extraord9>y mann]1 z some?+ sup]natural1 z 9 ! case ( ! supreme ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,f ?is latt] consid]ation two consequ5ces foll[1 "o ( :i* is ( m importance ?an ! o!r to ! legitimate lib]ties ( mank9d & ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,to call 9 ! int]v5tion1 express or tacit1 ( society = ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5ts & ! regulation ( _! =ms1 is to prev5t ! concealm5t ( _! orig9 "u any veil ( my/]y2 x is simply & pla9ly to def9e _! object1 consequ5tly to expla9 _! duties1 z well z to po9t out _! faculties4 ,by ^! means a re/ra9t is put ^u ! disord]s & abuses ( au?ority1 :i* x is !nce=? cle>ly se5 are n to f9d support 9 enigmatical !ories4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ! ,*ur* is ?us e/abli%$ ^u a solid basis4 ,:5ev] ! civil p[] attempts to (f] x viol5ce1 ! ,*ur* may say3 ,my au?ority is e/abli%$ directly & imm$iately by ,god 9 a special1 extraord9>y1 & miracul\s mann]2 y\rs likewise emanates f ,god1 b ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( man1 ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( ! laws1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse po9t$ out by nature & det]m9$ by human prud5ce2 b nei!r man nor ! civil p[] has a "r to de/roy or *ange :at ,god ,himself1 deviat+ f ! c\rse ( nature & mak+ use ( ineffable prodigies1 has ?\ght prop] to in/itute4 ,s long z ! ideas "h set =? are respect$1 s long z direct communication is n receiv$ 9 too ext5sive a s5se1 & c>e tak5 n to conf\nd ?+s ^: limits s gravely affect religion & society1 ! di/9ction "h spok5 ( is ( little importance4 ,we h se51 ev51 t ! two op9ions may be reconcil$ ) ea* o!r4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is di/9ction w h s]v$ to illu/rate ) :at exalt$ views ,ca?olic !ologians h discuss$ ! grave que/ions ( public "r4 ,guid$ by s\nd philosophy1 & )\t ev] los+ sight ( ! beacon ( revelation1 !y h giv5 equal satisfaction to ! desires ( bo? s*ools4 ,!y h n fall5 into ! errors ( ei!r2 democratical )\t be+ an>*i/s1 mon>*ical )\t be+ base adulators4 ,9 e/abli%+ ! rights ( ! p1 !y 7 n1 l mod]n demagogues1 "u ! necessity ( de/roy+ religion1 b made h] ! gu>dian ( ! rights ( ! p1 z well z ( ^? ( k+s4 ,lib]ty 0 n ) !m a synonyme = lic5se & irreligion2 9 _! op9ion1 m5 might be free )\t be+ rebelli\s or impi\s2 lib]ty consi/$ 9 be+ subject to ! law2 &1 z !y c\ld n conceive t law 0 possible )\t religion & )\t ,god2 9 l mann] also !y believ$ t lib]ty 0 n possible )\t ,god & religion4 ,:at reason1 revelation1 & hi/ory taught !m has become evid5t to u by exp]i5ce4 ,%all we be told ( ! dang]s1 grave or slight1 9 :i* !ologians c\ld involve gov]nm5ts8 ,b p n[-a-days are n l$ a/ray by affect$ & insidi\s declamations2 & k+s well "k :e!r ! s*ools ( !ologians h exil$ royalty1 & l$ x to ! scaffold4#bi ,,*apt] ,,lii4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,spee* ,,"u ,,! ,,spani% ,,mon>*y4 ,extreme doctr9es nei!r insure ! lib]ty ( ! p1 nor ! =ce & /ability ( gov]nm5ts2 bo? require tru? & ju/ice1 ! only f\ndations ^u :i* we c build ) any hope ( ! durability ( ! edifice4 ,9 g5]al1 maxims favorable to lib]ty are nev] c>ri$ to a high] pit* ?an on ! eve ( ! e/abli%m5t ( despotism2 & x is to be fe>$ t ! ov]?r[ & ru9 ( gov]nm5ts are v ne> :5 undue adulations are lavi%$ ^u _! p[]4 ,:5 0 ! p[] ( k+s m extoll$ ?an ab\t ! middle ( la/ c5tury8 ,:o is n aw>e ( ! exagg]ations giv5 to ! pr]ogatives ( royal p[]1 :5 ! ,jesuits 7 to be expell$1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff impugn$8 ,9 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 & 9 ,france1 ! unanim\s voice ( ! pure/ & mo/ f]v5t royalism 0 he>d2 & yet :at became ( ?is great love1 ?is lively zeal = mon>*y1 f ! mom5t t ! revolution>y /orm _h plac$ x 9 dang]8 ,obs]ve :at1 g5]ally speak+1 has be5 ! conduct ( m5 oppos$ to ! ecclesia/ical au?ority2 !y h unit$ !mselves to demagogues = de/roy+1 at ! same "t1 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & t ( k+s2 !y h =gott5 _! base adulations1 & ab&on$ !mselves to insults & viol5ce4 ,p & gov]nm5ts %\ld nev] lose sight ( ?is rule ( conduct1 s useful to m5 ( s5se1 to mi/ru/ flatt]]s1 & to confide 9 ^? :o w>n & correct !m4 ,let !m bew>e :5ev] !y are c>ess$ ) an affect$ t5d]ness1 & _! cause is ma9ta9$ ) especial w>m?2 x is a sure sign ( an attempt to make use ( !m z tools = ! fur!rance ( int]e/s v diff]5t f _! own4 ,9 ,france1 at c]ta9 times1 mon>*ical zeal 0 c>ri$ to su* an ext5t z to call =?1 9 ! assembly ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 a motion = e/abli%+1 z a sacr$ pr9ciple1 t k+s receive _! supreme au?ority imm$iately f ,god3 ?is 0 n c>ri$ into effect1 b ! proposal %[s h[ ard5tly ! cause ( ! ?rone 0 !n ma9ta9$4 ,n[1 :at did all ?is ardor mean8 ,simply an antipa?y aga9/ ! ,c\rt ( ,rome1 a dread ( ! ext5sion ( papal p[]2 x 0 an ob/acle to be oppos$ to ! phantom ( a univ]sal mon>*y4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 s t5aci\s ( ! royal pr]ogative1 assur$ly did n =esee ! mis=tunes ( ,l\is ,,xvi42 & ,*>les ,,iii41 9 li/5+ to ! ,c\nt ( ,ar&a & ,campomanes1 little ?\ght t ! con/itu5t ,cortes ( ,cadiz 0 s ne>4 ,9 ! mid/ ( _! spl5dor1 mon>*s =got "o pr9ciple pr$om9at+ 9 ! :ole mod]n hi/ory ( ,europe1 viz4 t social organization is an emanation ( religion1 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! two p[]s to :i* ! def5ce & pres]vation ( society app]ta9 ought to co-exi/ 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,! p[] ( ! ,*ur* _c be dim9i%$ )\t injury to ! civil p[]2 he :o s[s s*ism w reap rebellion4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies ! mo/ lib]al & popul> doctr9es ^u ! orig9 ( p[] h be5 circulat$ among/ u4 ,:at did x matt] to ! ,spani% mon>*y1 s9ce ^? v p]sons :o advocat$ ^! doctr9es 7 ! fir/ to condemn resi/ance to ! lawful au?orities1 to inculcate ! obligation ( ob$i5ce to !m1 & to e/abli% 9 all he>ts1 respect1 love1 & v5]ation = ! sov]eign8 ,! di/urbances ( our epo*1 & ! dang]s con/antly besett+ ?rones1 are n exactly attributable to ! propagation ( doctr9es m or less democratical1 b to ! abs5ce ( moral & religi\s pr9ciples4 ,:at w be ga9$ by ass]t+ t p[] comes f ,god1 if p believe n 9 ,god8 ,po9t out ! sacr$ "* ( ! duty ( ob$i5ce1 & :at effect w x produce ^u ^? :o admit n ! exi/5ce ( moral ord]1 & to :om duty is m]ely a *im]ical idea8 ,suppose1 on ! contr>y1 t y h to deal ) m5 p5etrat$ ) moral & religi\s pr9ciples1 :o b[ to ! w ( ,god1 & believe !mselves b\nd to submit to x1 s soon z x is manife/$ to !m4 ,:at does x matt] !n :e!r civil p[] proce$s f ,god directly or indirectly8 x is en\gh to conv9ce !m1 9 "o way or ano!r1 t1 :atev] be its orig91 ,god approves ( x1 & wills t x %\ld be obey$2 !y w imm$iately submit ) pleasure1 = !y w see 9 ?is submission ! accompli%m5t ( a duty4 ,^! consid]ations s]ve to expla9 ! reason :y c]ta9 doctr9es appe> m dang]\s n[ ?an =m]ly3 incr$ulity & immorality give !m p]v]se int]pretations1 & apply !m s z to create no?+ b excesses & disord]s4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! despotism ( ,philip ,,ii4 & 8 successors is n[ spok5 (1 we might be l$ to suppose t 9 _! "t no o!r doctr9es ?an ^? 9 favor ( ! mo/ rigid absolutism c\ld be circulat$2 & yet we f9d t !re 7 circulat$1 )\t ! lea/ appreh5sion on ! "p ( p[]1 works ma9ta9+ !ories :i*1 ev5 9 our days1 w\ld be e/eem$ too bold4 ,is x n1 !re=e1 rem>kable1 t ! fam\s book ( ,fa!r ,m>iana1 intitul$ ,de ,rege et ,regis in/itutione1 :i* 0 burn$ at ,p>is by ! h& ( ! public execution]1 _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,spa9 elev5 ye>s be=e1 )\t ! lea/ ob/acle to its publication1 ei!r on ! "p ( ! ecclesia/ical or civil au?ority8 ,m>iana und]took 8 task at ! in/igation & reque/ ( ,d4 ,g>cia de ,loaisa1 tutor to ,philip ,,iii41 & subsequ5tly ,bi%op ( ,tol$o2 s t ! "w1 /range to say1 0 int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( ! heir-app>5t4 ,nev] 0 m fre$om us$ 9 speak+ to k+s2 nev] 0 tyranny condemn$ 9 a l\d] voice2 nev] 7 m popul> doctr9es proclaim$2 & ! "w 01 nev]!less1 publi%$ at ,tol$o1 9 #aeii1 9 ! pr9t+-(fice ( ,p$ro ,rodrigo1 pr9t] to ! k+1 ) ! approbation ( ,p4 ,fr4 ,p$ro de ,ona1 prov9cial ( ! ,m]c5>ies ( ,madrid1 ) ! p]mission ( ,/eph5 ,hoj$a1 visitor ( ! ,society ( ,jesus 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tol$o1 "u ! g5]al%ip ( ,claude ,aquaviva2 &1 :at is /ill m =cible1 ) ! royal sanction1 & a d$ication to ! k+ himself4 ,we %\ld also obs]ve1 t ,m>iana 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is d$ication plac$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! book1 b he makes ! v title itself s]ve to %[ to :om x 0 address$3 ,de ,rege et ,regis in/itutione4 ,libri #c1 ad ,philippum #c1 ,hispani ,regem ,ca?olicum2 &1 z if ?is 7 n suffici5t1 9 d$icat+ 8 ,spani% v]sion ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,spa9 to ,philip ,,iii41 he says to him3 ,i la/ ye> d$icat$ to y\r maje/y a "w ( my own composition1 ^u ! virtues :i* ought to exi/ 9 a good k+1 my desire be+ t all pr9ces %\ld read x c>efully & und]/& x4 ,el ao pasado pres5t ,v4 ,m4 un libro que compuse de las virtudes que debe t5] un bu5 ,rey1 que deseo lean y enti5dan todos los pr9cipes con cuidado4 ,we w pass ov] 8 doctr9e ^u tyrannicide1 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( its condemnation 9 ,france1 :]e !re exi/$1 )\t d\bt1 motives ( al>m1 s9ce k+s 7 p]i%+ !re by ! h& ( ! assass94 ,on exam9+ 8 !ory ^u p[]1 we f9d x z popul> & lib]al z ^? ( mod]n democrats c\ld be4 ,m>iana v5tures to express 8 op9ions )\t evasion or disguise4 ,= example1 draw+ a p>allel betwe5 ! k+ & ! tyrant1 he says3 ,! k+ ex]cises ) great mod]ation ! p[] :i* he has receiv$ f 8 subjects4444 ,h5ce1 he does n1 l ! tyrant1 oppress 8 subjects z slaves1 b gov]ns !m z free m52 & hav+ receiv$ 8 p[] f ! p1 he takes p>ticul> c>e t dur+ 8 life1 ! p %all volunt>ily yield him submission4 ,rex quam a subditis accepit pote/atem s+ul>i mode/ia ex]cet4444 ,sic fit1 ut subditis non tanquam s]vis dom9etur1 quod faciunt tyranni1 s$ tanquam lib]is prsit1 et qui a populo pote/atem accepit1 id 9 primis cur habet ut p] totam vitam vol5tibus imp]et4 7,lib4 #a1 cap4 #d1 p4 #eg47 ,?is 0 said 9 ,spa9 by a simple religi\s1 0 sanction$ by 8 sup]iors1 & att5tively li/5$ to by k+s4 ,to :at grave reflections does ?is simple fact lead u6 ,:]e is t /rict & indissoluble alliance :i* ! enemies ( ! ,*ur* h imag9$ to exi/ betwe5 h] dogmas & ^? ( slav]y8 ,if su* expressions z ! above 7 tol]at$ 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ,ca?olicity pr$om9at$ s ext5sively1 h[ c x be ma9ta9$ t su* a religion t5ds to enslave ! human race1 & t its doctr9es are favorable to despotism8 ,no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to fill :ole volumes ) rem>kable passages ( our writ]s1 bo? lay & cl]ical1 %[+ ! extreme lib]ty grant$ ^u ?is po9t1 z well by ! ,*ur* z by ! civil gov]nm5t4 ,:at absolute mon>* 9 ,europe w\ld approve ( "o ( 8 high function>ies express+ ! orig9 ( p[] aft] ! mann] ( our immortal ,saav$ra8 ,x is f ! c5tre ( ju/ice1 says he1 t ! circumf]5ce ( ! cr[n has be5 drawn4 ,! latt] w\ld n be necess>y1 if we c\ld disp5se ) ! =m]4 ,hac una reges olim sunt f9e creati1 ,dic]e jus populis1 inju/aque toll]e facta4 ,9 ! fir/ age1 !re 0 no necessity = p5alties1 because ! law did n take cognisance ( transgressions2 rew>ds 7 equally unnecess>y1 because integrity & honor 7 lov$ = _! own sakes4 ,b vice1 gr[+ ) ! age ( ! _w1 intimidat$ virtue2 simple & confid+1 ! latt]1 till !n1 dwelt 9 ! c\ntry4 ,equality 0 despis$1 mode/y & *a/ity lo/1 ambition & =ce introduc$1 & aft] !m dom9ation4 ,prud5ce1 =c$ by necessity1 & ar\s$ by ! light ( nature1 r$uc$ m5 to a /ate ( civil society1 to ex]cise !re9 ^? virtues to :i* reason incl9es !m4 ,by means ( ! articulate voice ) :i* nature _h gift$ !m1 !y c\ld expla9 to ea* o!r _! mutual ?\ghts1 manife/ to ea* o!r _! s5tim5ts1 & expla9 _! wants1 in/ruct1 c\nsel1 & protect ea* o!r4 ,society once =m$1 a p[] 0 creat$ by common cons5t1 9 ! :ole ( ?is community1 enlight5$ by ! law ( nature1 = pres]v+ its diff]5t p>ts1 = ma9ta9+ !m 9 ju/ice & peace1 by puni%+ vice & rew>d+ virtue4 ,z ?is p[] c\ld n rema9 spread ?r\gh ! :ole body ( ! p1 on acc\nt ( ! confusion :i* w\ld h aris5 f ! resolutions & _! execution1 & z x 0 absolutely necess>y t !re %\ld be "s to comm&1 & o!rs to obey1 "o portion dive/$ itself ( ?is p[]1 & ve/$ x 9 "o memb]1 or 9 a small1 or 9 a great1 numb] ( memb]s1 t is to say1 9 "o ( ! ?ree =ms ( e /ate gov]nm5t--mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 or democracy4 ,mon>*y 0 ! fir/2 because m5 select$ = _! gov]nm5t1 out ( _! families1 & aft]w>ds ev5 f among ! :ole p1 "s "o :o excell$ ! re/ 9 goodness3 8 greatness increas+1 !y honor$ 8 h& ) ! sceptre1 & encircl$ 8 head ) a cr[n z an emblem ( maje/y1 & z a badge ( ! supreme p[] :i* !y _h conf]r$ ^u him4 ,?is p[]1 h[ev]1 consi/s *iefly 9 t ju/ice :i* ought to ma9ta9 ! p 9 peace2 ?is ju/ice fail+1 ! ord] ( ! /ate fails1 & ! (fice ( k+ ceases1 z 0 ! case 9 ,ca/ile1 :5 ! gov]nm5t by judges 0 sub/itut$ = t by k+s1 on acc\nt ( ! inju/ice ( ,d4 ,ordona & ( ,d4 ,fruela4 7,"* ( a ,*ri/ian ,pr9ce's ,policy1 set =? 9 a hundr$ ,devices1 by ,d4 ,diego de ,saav$ra ,faj>do1 ,knight ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,james1 ,memb] ( 8 ,maje/y's ,supreme ,c\ncil = ! ,indies1 device #bb47 ,! words p1 pact1 cons5t1 h end$ 9 becom+ ! dread ( m5 ( s\nd ideas & upright int5tions1 on acc\nt ( ! deplorable abuses :i* h be5 made ( !m 9 ^? immoral s*ools :i* ought r to be qualifi$ ) ! epi!t ( irreligi\s ?an ) t ( democratical4 ,no1 x 0 n ! desire ( ameliorat+ ! condition ( ! p :i* l$ !m to ov]?r[ ! _w1 by ov]turn+ ?rones & %$d+ torr5ts ( blood 9 civil discord2 ! real cause 0 a bl9d rage = r$uc+ to a%es ! "w ( ages1 by especially attack+ religion1 ! ma9 support ( e ?+ wise1 j1 & salut>y1 t ,european civilization _h acquir$4 ,&1 9 fact1 h we n se5 impi\s s*ools1 :il/ boa/+ ( _! lib]ty1 b5d "u ! h& ( despotism1 :5ev] !y ?\ght x useful to _! designs8 ,previ\s to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 7 !y n ! base/ adulators ( k+s1 ^: pr]ogatives !y ext5d$ immeasurably1 ) ! int5tion ( mak+ regal p[] ! means ( oppress+ ! ,*ur*8 ,aft] ! revolution>y epo*1 did we n see !m assembl$ r\nd ,napoleon2 & ev5 yet1 d !y n almo/ deify him8 ,& :y8 ,because ,napoleon 0 revolution p]sonifi$1 ! repres5tative & executor ( ! new ideas s\ght to be sub/itut$ = ! old ones4 ,9 ! same mann] ,prote/antism extols its ,que5 ,elizabe?2 because x 0 %e :o plac$ ! ,e/abli%m5t ^u a solid f\ndation4 ,revolution>y doctr9es1 besides ! evils !y inflict ^u society1 produce indirectly ano!r effect1 :i* may1 at fir/ sight1 appe> salut>y1 b :i*1 9 reality1 is n s4 ,!y occasion dang]\s reactions 9 ! ord] ( ev5ts1 & *eck ! progress ( k1 by n>r[+ & debas+ m5's ideas1 lead+ !m to condemn z errone\s & p]nici\s1 or to view ) mi/ru/1 pr9ciples :i* w\ld previ\sly h be5 look$ ^u z s\nd1 or t w\ld1 at all ev5ts1 h be5 reg>d$ z m]e h>mless errors4 ,! reason ( all ?is is1 simply1 t lib]ty has no worse enemy ?an lic5ti\sness4 ,9 support ( ?is la/ obs]vation1 x may be well to %[1 t ! mo/ rigor\s doctr9es 9 political matt]s h orig9at$ 9 c\ntries 9 :i* an>*y _h made ! greate/ ravages1 & precisely at ! "t :5 ! evil1 /ill pres5t1 or v rec5t1 0 mo/ ke5ly felt4 ,! religi\s revolution ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! political commotions consequ5t ^u x1 7 pr9cipally felt 9 ! nor? ( ,europe2 ! s\?1 & especially ,italy & ,spa91 7 almo/ entirely pres]v$ f !m4 ,n[1 ^! la/ two c\ntries are precisely ^? 9 :i* ! dignities & pr]ogatives ( civil p[] h be5 ! lea/ exagg]at$1 z well z ^? 9 :i* !y 7 n disp>ag$ 9 !ory1 & 7 respect$ 9 practice4 ,( all mod]n nations1 ,engl& 0 ! fir/ 9 :i* a revolution1 prop]ly s call$1 0 realiz$2 = ,i d n consid] z su* ! insurrection ( ! ,g]man peasantry1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! t]rible cata/rophe :i* x caus$1 nev] effect$ any *ange 9 ! /ate ( society2 or t ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 :i* may be consid]$ a w> ( indep5d5ce4 ,n[1 x 0 precisely 9 ,engl& t ! mo/ errone\s doctr9es 9 favor ( ! supreme au?ority ( civil p[] appe>$4 ,hobbes1 :o1 :il/ he refus$ to all[ ! rights ( ! ,creator1 attribut$ unb\nd$ au?ority to ! mon>*s ( ! e>?1 liv$ at ! mo/ agitat$ & turbul5t epo* 9 ! annals ( ,great ,brita94 ,he 0 born 9 #aehh1 & di$ 9 #afgi4 ,9 ,spa91 :]e ! impi\s & an>*ical doctr9es1 :i* _h tr\bl$ ,europe s9ce ! s*ism ( ,lu!r1 did n p5etrate until ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 we h se5 t ! greate/ lic5se ( expression 0 p]mitt$ ^u ! mo/ important po9ts ( public "r1 & t doctr9es 7 ma9ta9$ :i*1 9 any o!r c\ntry1 w\ld h be5 look$ ^u z dang]\s4 ,error gave rise to exagg]ation2 ! rights ( mon>*s 7 nev] s mu* extoll$ z "u ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iii42 t is1 at ! "t :5 ! mod]n epo* 0 inaugurat$ among u4 ,religion1 :i* pr$om9at$ 9 all consci5ces1 ma9ta9$ !m 9 ! ob$i5ce due to ! sov]eign1 )\t !re be+ any ne$ ( giv+ ?is ob$i5ce any extraord9>y titles1 :5 its real ones 7 suffici5t1 z !y c]ta9ly 74 ,= him :o kn[s t ,god has prescrib$ ob$i5ce to lawful au?ority1 x matt]s little :e!r ?is au?ority emanate f ,heav5 directly or indirectly1 or :e!r society has m or less tak5 "p 9 ! det]m9ation ( political =ms1 or 9 ! election ( ! p]sons or families :o are to ex]cise ! supreme comm&4 ,h5ce we f9d t 9 ,spa91 al?\gh ! words p1 cons5t1 pacts1 7 spok5 (1 mon>*s 7 held 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd v5]ation1 s mu* s t mod]n hi/ory does n m5tion a s+le attempt ^u _! p]sons4 ,popul> tumults 7 also ( r>e occurr5ce2 & ^? :i* did happ5 are n attributable to ei!r ( ! two above-m5tion$ doctr9es4 ,h[ does x happ5 t1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,ca/ile 0 n al>m$ at ! bold pr9ciples ( ,m>iana1 9 8 book ,de ,rege et ,regis in/itutione1 :il/ ^? ( ! ,abb ,sp$ali]i1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 7 su* a t]ror to x8 ,! reason ( ?is lies n s mu* 9 ! cont5ts ( ! works1 z 9 ! epo* ( _! publication4 ,! =m] appe>$ at a "t :5 ! ,spani% nation1 confirm$ 9 religi\s & moral pr9ciples1 might be comp>$ to ^? robu/ con/itutions capable ( be>+ food difficult ( dige/ion4 ,! latt] 0 introduc$ among u :5 ! doctr9es & de$s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7 %ak+ all ! ?rones ( ,europe1 & :5 ! propag&ism ( ,p>is 0 beg9n+ to p]v]t u by its emiss>ies & books4 ,9 a nation 9 :i* reason & virtue prevail1 9 :i* evil passions are nev] excit$1 9 :i* ! well-be+ & prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry are ! only aim ( e citiz51 ! mo/ popul> & lib]al =ms ( gov]nm5t may exi/ )\t dang]2 = 9 su* a nation num]\s assemblies produce no disord]1 m]it is n obscur$ by intrigue1 nor are wor?less p]sons rais$ to ! gov]nm5t1 & ! names ( public lib]ty & felicity d n s]ve z means to raise ! =tunes or satisfy ! ambition ( individuals4 ,s also 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* religion & morality rule 9 e brea/1 9 :i* duty is n look$ ^u z an empty ^w1 9 :i* x is consid]$ really crim9al to di/urb ! tranquillity ( ! /ate1 to revolt aga9/ ! lawful au?orities3 9 su* a c\ntry1 ,i say1 x is less dang]\s to discuss1 ) m or less fre$om1 que/ions aris+ f !ories on ! =mation ( society & ! orig9 ( ! civil p[]1 & to e/abli% pr9ciples favorable to popul> rights4 ,b :5 ^! conditions d n exi/1 x is ( little use to proclaim rigor\s doctr9es4 ,to ab/a9 f pron\nc+ ! "n ( p1 z a sacrilegi\s ^w1 is a useless precaution4 ,h[ c x be expect$1 t he :o respects n ,div9e ,maje/y1 %\ld respect human8 ,! cons]vative s*ools ( our age1 propos+ to place a re/ra9t ^u ! revolution>y torr5t1 & to tranquillize agitat$ nations1 h almo/ always be5 infect$ ) a c]ta9 fail+1 :i* consi/s 9 =gett+ ! tru? :i* ,i h j notic$3 royal maje/y1 au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 supremacy ( ! law1 p>liam5t>y sov]eignty1 respect = e/abli%$ =ms1 & ord]3 su* are ! t]ms !y are con/antly mak+ use (4 ,?is is _! palladium ( society2 & !y condemn ) all _! might ! /ate1 insubord9ation1 disob$i5ce to ! laws1 insurrection1 riot1 an>*y2 b !y =get t ^! doctr9es w n suffice1 unless !re be "s fix$ po9t to :i* ! fir/ l9k ( ! *a9 may be rivet$4 ,^! s*ools1 g5]ally speak+1 orig9ate 9 ! bosom ( revolution2 !y are direct$ by m5 :o h figur$ 9 revolutions1 :o h contribut$ to prep>e !m1 :o h giv5 !m _! =ce1 & :o1 9 ord] to atta9 ! object ( _! ard5t desires1 fe>$ n to ru9 ! edifice at its f\ndation1 by dim9i%+ ! asc5d5cy ( religion & op5+ ! way to moral relaxation4 ,h5ce !y become p[]less :5 prud5ce1 or _! own int]e/s1 bid !m say1 ,we h gone f> en\gh2 &1 hurri$ on l ! re/ by ! furi\s :irlw9d1 !y h nei!r ! means ( /opp+ ! movem5t nor ( giv+ x a prop] direction4 ,we are cont9ually he>+ ! ,contrat ,social ( ,r\sseau condemn$ on acc\nt ( its an>*ical doctr9es1 :il/ at ! same "t doctr9es are circulat$ t5d+ visibly to weak5 religion4 ,c we possibly believe t ! ,contrat ,social has alone caus$ all ! commotions ( ,europe8 ,x has d\btless produc$ s]i\s evils1 b /ill m s]i\s ones h be5 caus$ by t irreligion :i* s deeply und]m9es ! f\ndations ( society1 :i* loos5s family bonds1 & deliv]s up ! individual to ! caprice ( 8 passions1 ) no o!r re/ra9t or guide ?an ! prompt+s ( 8 own l[ egotism4 ,m5 ( upright & reflect+ m9ds beg9 to p5etrate ^! tru?s4 ,we f9d1 nev]!less1 9 ! political sph]e1 ?is error1 :i* attributes to ! action ( civil gov]nm5t suffici5t creative p[] to =m1 organize1 & pres]ve society1 indep5d5tly ( all moral & religi\s influ5ces4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce :at be ma9ta9$ 9 !ory1 if ?is error be act$ ^u 9 practice2 & :at avails ! proclaim+ ( c]ta9 s\nd pr9ciples1 if our conduct is n guid$ by !m8 ,^! philosophico-political s*ools1 :i* are desir\s ( rul+ ! de/9ies ( ! _w1 proce$ 9 a way diametrically opposite to t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! latt]1 ^: pr9cipal object 0 heav51 did n1 h[ev]1 neglect ! happ9ess ( man ^u e>?2 x address$ itself directly to ! und]/&+ & ! he>t1 consid]+ t ! community is regulat$ by ! conduct ( individuals1 & t1 9 ord] to h a well-regulat$ society1 x 0 necess>y to h good citiz5s4 ,to proclaim c]ta9 political pr9ciples1 to in/itute p>ticul> =ms--su* is ! panacea ( "s s*ools1 :o deem x possible to gov]n society )\t ex]cis+ a due influ5ce ov] ! intellig5ce & he>t ( man2 reason & exp]i5ce agree 9 tea*+ u :at we may expect f su* a sy/em4 ,pr(\ndly to impress ! m9ds ( m5 ) religion & morality1--?is is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! prev5tion ( revolutions & disorganization4 ,:5 ^! sacr$ objects h acquir$ _! full influ5ce ov] ! he>ts ( m51 !re is no long] any ?+ to be appreh5d$ f a great] or less latitude 9 political op9ions4 ,:at confid5ce c a gov]nm5t repose 9 a man pr(ess+ highly mon>*ical op9ions1 if he jo9 impiety to !m8 ,w he :o refuses to give to ,god 8 rights1 respect ^? ( temporal k+s8 ,! fir/ ?+1 says ,s5eca1 is ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 & fai? 9 _! exi/5ce2 we are next to ackn[l$ge _! maje/y1 & b\nty1 )\t :i* !re is no maje/y4 ,primum e/ ,deorum cultus1 ,deos cr$]e2 de9de r$d]e illis maje/atem suam1 r$d]e bonitatem1 s9e qua nulla maje/as e/4 7,s5eca1 ,epi/4 #ie47 ,obs]ve h[ ,cic]o1 ! fir/ orator & p]haps ! greate/ philosoph] ( ,rome1 expresses himself3 ,x is necess>y1 says he1 t ! citiz5s %\ld be fir/ p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce ( gods1 ! directors & rul]s ( all ?+s1 9 ^: h&s are all ev5ts1 :o are ev] conf]r+ on mank9d imm5se b5efits1 :o se>* ! he>t ( man1 :o see 8 actions1 ! _s ( piety :i* he c>ries into ! practice ( religion1 & :o di/+ui% ! life ( ! pi\s f t ( ! ungodly man4 ,sit igitur jam hoc a pr9cipio p]suasum civibus1 dom9os esse omnium r]um1 ac mod]atores deos2 eaque qu g]antur1 eorum g]i ditione ac num9e1 eosdemque optime de g5]e hom9um m]]i1 et qualis quisque sit1 quid agat1 quid inde admittat1 qua m5te1 qua pietate colat religiones intu]i3 piorumque et impiorum hab]e rationem4 7,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 #b47 ,^! tru?s %\ld be pr(\ndly impress$ ^u ! m9d3 ! evils ( society d n pr9cipally emanate f political ideas or sy/ems2 ! root ( ! evil lies 9 religion2 & if a *eck is n put ^u irreligion1 x is va9 to proclaim ! mo/ rigid mon>*ical pr9ciples4 ,hobbes did c]ta9ly flatt] k+s a little m ?an ,bell>m92 & yet1 :5 ^! two writ]s are comp>$1 :at s5sible mon>* w\ld n pref] z a subject ! le>n$ & pi\s controv]ti/8#cj ,,*apt] ,,liii4 ,,on ,,! ,,faculties ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,p[]4 ,hav+ %[n t ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ^u ! orig9 ( ! civil p[] does n include any ?+ b :at is p]fectly reasonable & reconcilable ) ! true int]e/s ( ! p1 let u discuss ! second ( ! propos$ que/ions4 ,let u inquire into ! nature ( ! faculties ( ?is p[]1 & see :e!r "u ?is aspect ! ,*ur* tea*es any ?+ favorable to despotism--to t oppression ( :i* %e is s calumni\sly accus$ ( be+ a support]4 ,we invite our oppon5ts to demon/rate ! contr>y1 fully confid5t t !y w f9d x m difficult to succe$ 9 s do+1 ?an to accumulate vague accusations1 :i* s]ve only to lead too confid+ m9ds a/ray4 ,to su/a9 ^! *>ges prop]ly1 rec\rse %\ld be _h to texts ( ,scripture1 to tradition1 to ! decisions ( ,c\ncils1 or to ^? ( ,supreme ,pontiffs1 to passages ( ! ,fa!rs2 & x %\ld be %[n t ^! immod]ately ext5d ! b\nds ( p[]1 ) ! design ( plac+ undue re/ra9t ^u ! lib]ty ( ! p1 or ( de/roy+ x4 ,b x w be said1 if ! s\rces reta9$ _! purity1 ! /reams h be5 pollut$ by comm5tators2 9 o!r t]ms1 !ologians ( latt] ages1 becom+ ! adulators ( civil p[]1 h p[]fully labor$ to ext5d its faculties1 &1 consequ5tly1 to e/abli% despotism4 ,z _m p]sons too readily claim ! "r ( criticiz+ ! doctors ( :at is t]m$ ! p]iod ( decl9e1 flippantly c5sur+ ^? illu/ri\s m51 )\t hav+ ev] tak5 ! tr\ble to op5 _! works1 x is necess>y = u to ent] into "s details on ?is subject1 & to dispel prejudices & errors :i* are s]i\sly injuri\s to religion1 & n less s to sci5ce4 ,! declamations & invectives ( ,prote/ants h induc$ c]ta9 m9ds to imag9e t e idea ( lib]ty w\ld h disappe>$ f ! he>t ( ,europe1 _h x n be5 = ! timely int]v5tion ( ! pret5d$ ,re=mation ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ?is idea1 ,ca?olic !ologians are repres5t$ z a cr[d ( ignorant monks1 capable only ( writ+1 9 bad language & 9 /ill worse /yle1 a heap ( nons5se1 ! ultimate & only aim ( :i* 0 to exalt ! au?ority ( ,popes & k+s1 & to support intellectual & political oppression1 obscurantism1 & tyranny4 ,t a portion %\ld become ! victim ( illusion 9 matt]s ! inve/igation ( :i* is difficult & ardu\s2 t ! read] %\ld suff] himself to be deceiv$ by a writ] on ^: ^w he mu/ ei!r rely or rema9 9 complete ignorance1--z1 = example1 9 ! description ( a c\ntry or a ph5om5on exam9$ only by ! n>rator1--is no?+ /range2 b t any "o %\ld adh]e to errors :i* a few mom5ts sp5t 9 ! mo/ obscure libr>y w\ld eradicate1 t ! au?ors ( ! brilliant volumes ( ,p>is %\ld h ! privilege ( disfigur+ ) impunity ! op9ions ( a writ] ly+ cov]$ ) du/ & =gott5 9 ! same libr>y1 & p]haps on ! same %elf ^u :i* ! =m] glitt]2 t ! read] %\ld p]use ) avidity ! glossy pages ( ! newly-publi%$ "w1 fill+ 8 m9d ) ! writ]'s notions1 )\t ev5 s mu* z putt+ =? 8 h& to ! volum9\s tome )9 8 rea*1 & :i* ne$s only to be op5$ to furni% at e page a refutation ( ! c5sures 9 :i* levity1 if n bad fai?1 is s ready to indulge2 is difficult to be conceiv$ or excus$ 9 any man pr(ess+ to be a lov] ( sci5ce1 & a consci5ti\s inve/igator ( tru?4 ,a great numb] ( writ]s w\ld assur$ly n be s ready & free to speak ( :at !y h nev] /udi$1 to analyze books :i* !y h nev] read1 if !y did n reckon ^u ! docility & levity ( _! read]s2 !y w\ld c]ta9ly refra9 f pron\nc+ magi/]ially ^u an op9ion1 a sy/em1 or a s*ool1 9 f9e1 ^u ! labors ( _m ages1 f decid+ ! grave/ que/ions by a sally ( wit1 if !y f\nd t ! read]1 seiz$ 9 8 turn ) di/ru/1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! skepticism ( ! p]iod1 w\ld n place implicit fai? 9 _! ass]tions1 b w\ld take ! tr\ble to confront !m ) ! facts to :i* !y relate4 ,our ance/ors did n consid] !mselves ju/ifi$1 ,i w n say 9 mak+ an ass]tion1 b ev5 a s+le allusion1 )\t giv+ c>eful ref]5ces to ! s\rce ( _! in=mation4 ,_! delicacy on ?is po9t 0 c>ri$ to excess2 b we h done wrong by go+ to ! opposite extreme1 & judg+ t we might disp5se ) all =mality1 ev5 9 ! mo/ important matt]s :i* imp]i\sly dem& ! te/imony ( facts4 ,b ! op9ions ( anci5t writ]s are facts1 facts av]r$ 9 _! writ+s4 ,by judg+ !m ha/ily1 )\t ent]+ into details1 )\t impos+ ^u ourselves ! obligation ( quot+ au?orities1 we incur ! suspicion ( falsify+ hi/ory1 & hi/ory1 ,i repeat1 ! mo/ preci\s1 t ( ! human m9d4 ,! levity obs]vable 9 c]ta9 writ]s proce$s1 9 a great measure1 f ! "* :i* sci5ce has assum$ 9 our days4 ,!re is no long] any p>ticul> sci5ce1 b only a g5]al "o1 embrac+ !m all1 & includ+ 9 its imm5se circle all bran*es ( k4 ,consequ5tly1 m9ds ( ord9>y capacity are oblig$ to rema9 satisfi$ ) vague notions1 un=tunately only s]v+ to /imulate ab/raction & univ]sality4 ,nev] 0 k s mu* g5]aliz$ z n[1 & nev] 0 x m difficult to obta9 des]v$ r5[n = wisdom4 ,9 e aspirant to sci5tific excell5ce ! /ate ( sci5ce requires a labori\s activity 9 ! acquisition ( k1 pr(\nd reflection to regulate & direct x1 a compreh5sive & p5etrat+ view to simplify & conc5trate x1 an intellect ( a high ord]1 elevat+ him to ! regions 9 :i* sci5ce has e/abli%$ h] abode4 ,h[ _m m5 are end[$ ) ^! qualifications8 ,b let u rev]t to ! subject4 ,ca?olic !ologians are s f> f favor+ despotism1 t ,i d\bt mu* :e!r x w\ld be possible to f9d bett] books ?an !irs = enabl+ u to =m cle> & j ideas ( ! faculties ( p[]4 ,i w ev5 add t1 g5]ally speak+1 !y incl9e1 9 a v rem>kable mann]1 to ! developm5t ( true lib]ty4 ,! great type ( !ological s*ools1 ! model to ! contemplation ( :i* !y h con/antly turn$ dur+ sev]al c5turies1 are ! works ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu92 & we may ) full confid5ce defy our oppon5ts to f9d u a juri/ or philosoph] :o exp\nds ) m lucidity1 wisdom1 noble indep5d5ce1 & g5]\s dignity1 ! pr9ciples to :i* civil p[] ought to adh]e4 ,8 ,treatise ^u ,laws is immortal1 & :oev] has fully compreh5d$ x has no fur!r in=mation to acquire respect+ ! great pr9ciples :i* ought to guide ! legislator4 ,y ?9k lightly ( pa/ times1 imag9+ t till n[ no?+ 0 kn[n ( politics or public "r2 & 9 y\r imag9ation y inv5t an ince/u\s alliance betwe5 religion & despotism1 fancy+ y h discov]$ 9 ! di/ant obscurity ( ! cloi/]1 ! plot contriv$ by ?is infam\s pact4 ,b h y he>d ! op9ion ( a religi\s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ^u ! nature ( law8 ,y already imag9e t y see 9 8 ideas =ce dom9at+ ov] all1 & con/antly invok+ religion ! bett] to disguise 8 rude sn>es ) a few falsehoods4 ,le>n1 !n1 t y c\ld n y\rself h giv5 a mild] def9ition ( law4 ,y w\ld nev] h ?\ght1 z he has done1 ( exclud+ f x ! idea ( =ce2 y c\ld nev] h conceiv$ h[1 9 s few words1 he has manag$ to say all1 & ) su* exactitude1 su* lucidity1 9 t]ms s favorable to ! true lib]ty ( ! p & to ! dignity ( man4 ,! def9ition "h spok5 ( be+ ! summ>y ( 8 entire doctr9e1 & at ! same "t ! guide :i* has direct$ !ologians1 may be consid]$ z an abridgm5t ( !ological doctr9es 9 _! relation to ! faculties ( civil p[]4 ,x pres5ts to u at a s+le glance :at 71 9 ?is po9t ( view1 ! pr$om9at+ pr9ciples among ,ca?olics4 ,civil p[] acts ^u society ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! law2 &1 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 ! law is1 a rule dictat$ by reason1 ! aim ( :i* is ! public good1 & promulgat$ by him :o has ! c>e ( society4 ,qudam rationis ord9atio ad bonum commune1 et ab eo qui curam communitatis habet promulgata4 7#a1 #b1 qu/4 #ij1 art4 #d47 ,a rule dictat$ by reason1 rationis ord9atio4 ,"h by "o ^w despotism & =ce are bani%$2 "h is ! pr9ciple t ! law is n a pure effect ( ! w4 ,! celebrat$ maxim1 ,quod pr9cipi placuit legis habet vigorem1 is "h correct$4 ,al?\gh capable ( a reasonable & j int]pretation1 ?is maxim 01 nev]!less1 incorrect1 & incl9$ to flatt]y4 ,a celebrat$ writ] ( our days has devot$ num]\s pages to prov+ t legitimacy has n its orig9 9 ! w ( man1 b 9 reason1 inf]r+ f ?is t :at ought to comm& m5 is n 9 ! w ( ano!r man1 b reason4 ,) mu* less pomp1 b n less solidity & concis5ess1 ! holy ,doctor expresses ?is idea 9 ! words above quot$1 rationis ord9atio4 ,on reflection we f9d t despotism1 arbitr>y p[]1 & tyranny are no?+ else ?an ! abs5ce ( reason 9 p[]1 ! dom9ation ( ! w4 ,:5 reason comm&s1 !re is legitimacy1 ju/ice1 lib]ty2 :5 ! w alone comm&s1 !re is illegitimacy1 inju/ice1 despotism4 ,h5ce ! fundam5tal idea ( all law is1 t x be 9 accordance ) reason1 t x be an emanation f reason1 an application ( reason to society2 & ! w1 9 giv+ its sanction to law & c>ry+ x into execution1 %\ld be m]ely auxili>y to reason1 its in/rum5t1 its arm4 ,x is evid5t t1 )\t ! action ( ! w1 !re is no law2 = acts ( pure reason1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( ! w1 are ?\ghts & n comm&s4 ,!y enlight5 ! m9d1 b d n produce action4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to conceive ! exi/5ce ( law )\t ! comb9$ op]ation ( ! w & ( reason4 ,b ?is is no reason :y we %\ld n consid] all law to h a rational f\ndation & to be con=mable to reason1 t x may m]it ! "n ( law4 ,^! obs]vations h n escap$ ! p5etration ( ! holy ,doctor2 he exam9es !m1 & dispels ! error ( believ+ t ! law consi/s 9 ! m]e w ( ! pr9ce4 ,he expresses himself z foll[s3 ,reason receives its motive p[] f ! w1 z we h obs]v$ above 7qu/4 #ag1 art4 #a27 = :il/ ! w seeks ! end1 reason enjo9s ! means ( its atta9m5t2 b ! w1 to h ! =ce ( law1 mu/ be guid$ by reason4 ,9 ?is s5se only c ! w ( a sov]eign be said to h ! =ce ( law2 9 any o!r s5se x w\ld n be law1 b inju/ice4 ,ratio habet vim mov5di a voluntate1 ut supra dictum e/4 7,qu/4 #ag1 art4 #a47 ,ex hoc enim quod aliquis vult f9em1 ratio imp]at de 8 qu sunt ad f9em1 s$ voluntas de 8 qu imp]antur1 ad hoc quod legis rationem habeat1 oportet quod sit aliqua ratione regulata2 et hoc modo intelligitur quod voluntas pr9cipis habet vigorem legis2 alioqu9 voluntas pr9cipis magis esset iniquitas quam lex4 7,qu/4 #ij1 art4 #a47 ,^! doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas are ! same z ^? ( all !ologians4 ,imp>tiality & good s5se w tell u :e!r !y are favorable to absolutism & despotism1 :e!r !y are 9 any way oppos$ to true lib]ty1 :e!r !y are n em95tly con=mable to ! dignity ( man4 ,^! doctr9es =m ! mo/ explicit & conclusive proclamation ( ! limits ( civil p[]1 & !y c]ta9ly h 9 ?is respect m weight ?an ! decl>ations ( imprescriptible rights4 ,t :i* humbles man1 w\nds 9 him ! feel+ ( a j indep5d5ce1 & introduces despotism into ! _w1 is ! w ( man comm&+ & exact+ submission m]ely because x is 8 w2 b by submitt+ to reason1 be+ guid$ by h] dictates1 we are n degrad$2 on ! contr>y1 we are elevat$1 we are dignifi$1 = we live con=mably to et]nal ord] & to ! div9e w4 ,! obligation ( be+ subject to ! law does n orig9ate 9 ! w ( ano!r1 b 9 reason4 ,!ologians1 h[ev]1 h n consid]$ ! latt] ( itself suffici5t to comm&4 ,!y d]ive ! sanction ( ! law f a high] s\rce2 :5 ! consci5ce ( man 0 to be act$ ^u1 to be b\nd by duty1 !y c\ld f9d no?+ 9 ! sph]e ( creat$ ?+s capable ( atta9+ s high an object4 ,human laws1 if !y are j1 says ! holy ,doctor1 are b9d+ 9 consci5ce1 & !y d]ive _! p[] f ! et]nal law1 f :i* !y are =m$1 accord+ to :at is said 9 ,prov]bs1 *ap4 viii41 ',by ,me k+s reign1 & ! lawgiv]s decree j ?+s4' ,si quidem j sunt1 hab5t vim oblig&i 9 =o consci5ti a lege et]na1 a qua d]ivantur1 secundum illud ,prov]b4 cap4 #h1 p] me reges regnant1 et legum conditores ju/a dec]nunt4 7#a1 #b1 qu/4 #if1 art4 #c47 ,?is proves1 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 t j law is d]iv$ n exactly f human reason1 b f ! et]nal law2 & t ?is is :at makes x b9d+ ^u consci5ce4 ,?is is d\btless m philosophical ?an to seek ! obligatory =ce ( laws 9 private reason1 9 pacts1 or 9 ! g5]al w4 ,9 ?is mann] ! titles1 ! true titles ( humanity are expla9$1 a reasonable limit is plac$ ^u civil p[]1 & ob$i5ce is easily obta9$2 ! rights & duties ( gov]nm5ts1 z well z ^? ( subjects1 are e/abli%$ ^u solid & inde/ructible f\ndations2 ! nature ( p[]1 society1 comm&1 & ob$i5ce become p]fectly compreh5sible4 ,x is no long] ! w ( "o man pr$om9at+ ov] t ( 8 fell[-man2 x is n 8 reason1 b reason emanat+ f ,god1 or m prop]ly speak+ ! reason ( ,god1 ! et]nal law1 ,god ,himself4 ,a sublime !ory1 9 :i* p[] f9ds its rights1 its duties1 its =ce1 its au?ority1 its pre/ige1 & 9 :i* society possesses its safe/ gu>antee ( ord]1 well-be+1 & true lib]ty2 a !ory :i* dive/s au?ority ( ! w ( man1 s9ce x *anges ?is w into an in/rum5t ( ! et]nal law1 into a div9e m9i/ry1 ^: aim is ! public good1 ad bonum commune4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 is also "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( law4 ,x has be5 ask$1 ,:e!r k+s are made = ! p1 or ! p = k+s8 ,su* a "q c\ld only arise f a want ( due reflection ^u ! nature ( society1 its object1 & its orig91 & ^u ! int5t ( p[]4 ,! concise expression above cit$1 ad bonum commune1 is a fitt+ answ] to ?is "q4 ,laws1 says ! holy ,doctor1 may be unju/ 9 two ways2 ei!r by be+ oppos$ to ! commonweal1 or by hav+ an improp] aim1 z :5 a gov]nm5t imposes ^u its subjects on]\s laws1 :i* d n s]ve ! common int]e/1 b r cupidity & ambition4 ,su* laws are r inju/ices ?an laws4 ,inju/ autem sunt leges duplicit]2 uno modo p] contr>ietatem ad bonum commune1 e contr>io prdictis2 vel ex f9e1 sicut cum aliquis prsid5s leges imponit1 on]osas subditis non p]t95tes ad utilitatem communem1 s$ magis ad propriam cupiditatem vel gloriam3 444444 ,et hujusmodi magis sunt viol5ti quam leges4 7#a1 #b1 q4 #if1 art4 #d47 ,f ?is doctr9e x foll[s1 t comm& mu/ be ex]cis$ = ! well-be+ ( all2 &1 fail+ 9 ?is condition1 x is unju/3 gov]nors are inve/$ ) x only = ! advantage ( ! gov]n$4 ,k+s are n1 z "s philosoph]s1 reg>dless ( ! mo/ palpable inconsi/5cies1 h absurdly ma9ta9$1 ! slaves ( _! p2 nei!r is _! p[] a simple commission )\t any real au?ority1 & cont9ually subject to ! caprice ( _! p2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! p are n ! prop]ty ( _! k+s4 ,! latt] c1 by no means1 consid] _! subjects z slaves1 to be dispos$ ( at _! free-w3 gov]nm5ts are n1 by any means1 ! absolute arbit]s ( ! lives & =tunes ( ! gov]n$2 !y are b\nd to wat* ov] !m1 n z a ma/] ov] slaves f :om he d]ives pr(it1 b z a fa!r ov] ! son :om he loves & ^: happ9ess he has at he>t4 ,! k+dom is n made = ! k+1 b ! k+ = ! k+dom1 says ! holy ,doctor1 f :om ,i cont9ue to quote2 &1 9 a /yle rem>kable = its =ce & fre$om1 he cont9ues z foll[s3 = ,god has con/itut$ k+s to rule & gov]n1 & to secure to e "o ! possession ( 8 rights2 su* is ! aim ( _! in/itution2 b if k+s1 turn+ ?+s to _! own pr(it1 %\ld act o!rwise1 !y are no long] k+s1 b tyrants4 7,d4 ,?4 de ,reg4 ,pr9c4 cap4 #aa47 ,f ?is doctr9e x is evid5t1 t ! p are n made = k+s2 t ! subject is n made = ! rul]2 b t all gov]nm5ts h be5 e/abli%$ = ! good ( society1 & t ?is alone %\ld be ! compass to guide ^? :o are 9 comm&1 :atev] be ! =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,f ! presid5t ( ! mo/ insignificant republic to ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*1 none are exempt f ?is law2 = x is a law ant]ior to society1--a law :i* presid$ at ! =mation ( society1 & :i* is sup]ior to human law1 inasmu* z x emanates f ! ,au?or ( all society1 f ! s\rce ( all law4 ,no1 ! p are n made = k+s2 k+s are all appo9t$ = ! good ( ! p3 & if ?is object is n accompli%$1 ! gov]nm5t is useless2 & ?is affects ! republic z well z ! mon>*y4 ,to flatt] k+s ) opposite maxims is to ru9 !m4 ,religion has n1 at any "t1 done ?is2 ?is 0 n ! language ( ^? illu/ri\s m5 :o1 clo!d 9 ! sac]dotal habit1 deliv]$ to ! p[]ful ones ( ! e>? ! messages ( ,heav54 ,k+s1 pr9ces1 magi/rates1 cries out ! v5]able ,palafox1 all jurisdiction is orda9$ by ,god = ! pres]vation ( ,8 p1 n = _! de/ruction2 = def5ce1 n = (f5ce2 = man's "r1 & n = 8 injury4 ,!y :o ma9ta9 t k+s c d z !y please1 & :o e/abli% _! p[] ^u _! w1 op5 ! way to tyranny4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t k+s h p[] to d z !y ought1 & :at is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( _! subjects & ( _! cr[ns1 = ! exaltation ( fai? & religion1 = ! j & "r adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! pres]vation ( peace & ! support ( j w>1 = ! due & becom+ clat ( regal dignity1 ! honorable ma9t5ance ( _! h\ses & families1 speak ! tru? )\t flatt]y1 ?r[ op5 ! gates to ju/ice1 & to magnanim\s & royal virtues4 7,hi/4 ,real4 ,sagrada1 lib4 i4 cap4 #aa47 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xiv4 said1 ,i am ! /ate1 he _h n le>n$ ?is maxim ei!r f ,bossuet1 ,b\rdal\e1 or ,masillon4 ,pride1 exalt$ by s mu* gr&eur & p[]1 & infatuat$ by base adulators1 0 "h speak+ by 8 m\?4 ,h[ unse>*able are ! ways ( ,provid5ce6 ,! corpse ( ?is man1 :o said he 0 ! /ate1 0 insult$ at 8 fun]al2 &1 be=e ! lapse ( a c5tury1 8 gr&son suff]$ dea? on ! scaffold6 ,?us ! crimes ( families are expiat$1 z well z ^? ( nations4 ,:5 ! measure ( ,8 indignation is fill$ up1 ! ,"l rem9ds t]rifi$ man t ! ,god ( m]cy is likewise a ,god ( v5geance1 & t1 z ,he op5$ ^u ! _w ! floodgates ( heav51 s also ,he lets loose ^u k+s & nations ! tempe/s ( revolution4 ,:5 once ! rights & duties ( p[] are f\nd$ ^u a base z solid z t ( _! div9e orig91 :5 once !y become e/abli%$ by a rule z exalt$ z t ( ! et]nal law1 !re is no long] any necessity = extoll+ or exagg]at+ p[]1 nor ( attribut+ to x faculties to :i* x has no claim2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is no long] necess>y to exact f x ! fulfilm5t ( its obligations ) t imp]i\s haught9ess :i* en]vates by humiliat+ x4 ,flatt]y & m5ace become alike ne$less :5 !re are o!r res\rces = excit+ x to action1 & o!r b>ri]s = re/ra9+ x )9 due b\nds4 ,! /atue ( ! k+1 x is true1 is n set up 9 ! public squ>es z an object = ! p's adoration2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k+ is no long] plac$ at ! m]cy ( democrats1 soon to become an object ( mock]y & d]ision1 ! contemptible laugh+-/ock ( demagogues4 ,obs]ve ! mod]ation & mildness ( ! def9ition we h j analys$6 ,x does n conta9 a s+le ^w :i* c w\nd ! mo/ delicate susceptibility ( ! mo/ ard5t p>tisans ( public lib]ty4 ,! law1 accord+ to ?is def9ition1 consi/s 9 ! rule ( reason2 ! common weal is its only aim2 & :5 ! au?ority ( him :o promulgates & executes x is spok5 (1 !re is no m5tion made ( any sov]eignty1 no expression is us$ indicative ( slavi% subjection1 ! mo/ measur$ t]m :i* x 0 possible to select is made use (--c>e3 ,qui ,,curam communitatis habet4 ,be> 9 m9d1 t ! au?or "h quot$ is accu/om$ to weigh 8 words l preci\s metal1 & to employ !m ) ! mo/ scrupul\s delicacy1 paus+ a long "t1 :5 necess>y1 to expla9 any t may pres5t ! lea/ ambiguity1 & y w !n und]/& :at ideas ?is great man ent]ta9$ ^u p[]2 y w discov] :e!r ! _s ( oppressive doctr9es c\ld h prevail$ 9 ! ,ca?olic s*ools1 9 :i* ?is ,doctor 01 & is /ill1 ackn[l$g$ z an almo/ infallible oracle4 ,comp>e ! def9ition giv5 by ,/4 ,?omas1 & adopt$ by all !ologians1 ) t :i* ,r\sseau has giv54 ,9 t ( ,/4 ,?omas1 law is ! expression ( reason2 9 t ( ,r\sseau1 ! expression ( w3 9 ! =m]1 x is an application ( ! et]nal law2 9 ! latt]1 ! product ( g5]al w4 ,on :i* side are wisdom & good s5se8 ,law 0 und]/ood among ! nations ( ,europe z x is expla9$ by ,/4 ,?omas & all ! ,ca?olic s*ools2 & tyranny 0 bani%$ f ,europe1 ,asiatic despotism 0 impossible1 ! admirable in/itution ( ,european mon>*y 0 e/abli%$4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ,r\sseau's explanation 0 adopt$1 & !n came ! ,conv5tion1 ) its scaffolds & its horrors4 ,publici/s h already ne>ly ab&on$ ! !ory ( a g5]al w2 & ev5 ^? :o cont5d = ! sov]eignty ( ! p1 d n ma9ta9 t ! w ( all ! citiz5s %\ld con/itute ! law4 ,! law1 say !y1 is n ! expression ( g5]al w1 b ( g5]al reason4 ,! philosoph] ( ,g5eva w\ld h ! w ( individuals collect$1 ! aggregate ( :i* he t]m$ ! g5]al w4 ,9 l mann]1 ! publici/s ( :om we are speak+ are ( op9ion t x is necess>y to collect1 among/ ! gov]n$1 ! greate/ am\nt ( reason1 & to give ?is to ! gov]nm5t = its guidance1 ! gov]n+ body be+ m]ely an in/rum5t = ! application ( x4 ,x is n m5 :o comm&1 say !y1 b ! law2 & ! law is no?+ else ?an reason & ju/ice4 ,?is !ory1 s f> z x is correct1 & ap>t f ! applications :i* might be made ( x1 is n a discov]y ( mod]n sci5ce2 x is a traditional pr9ciple ( all ,europe1 :i* presid$ at ! =mation ( society1 & has giv5 to civil p[] an organisation diff]+ widely f ^? ( antiquity1 & equally s f ^? ( mod]n times t h n p>ticipat$ 9 our civilisation4 ,?is1 on close exam9ation1 appe>s to be ! reason :y ,european mon>*ies1 ev5 ! mo/ absolute1 h be5 s v diff]5t f ! ,asiatic4 ,a s+ul> ph5om5on3 at ! v "t :5 society among u _h no legal gu>antees aga9/ ! p[] ( k+s1 x /ill _h o!r v =cible ones :i* 7 purely moral4 ,mod]n sci5ce _c1 !re=e1 claim ! discov]y ( a new pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t2 x has unkn[+ly resuscitat$ ! anci5t "o4 ,by reject+ ! doctr9e ( ,r\sseau1 in/ead ( mak+1 accord+ to ! vulg> expression1 a /ep 9 advance1 x retrograd$2 b to retrograde is n always to lose an advantage4 ,:at is or c be lo/ by rec$+ f ! br9k ( a precipice to ent] ^u a safe road8 ,r\sseau compla9s1 & ) reason1 t c]ta9 writ]s h s f> exagg]at$ ! pr]ogatives ( civil p[]1 z to conv]t mank9d into a common h]d1 ( :i* rul]s c\ld dispose to s]ve _! int]e/ or caprice4 ,su* reproa*es1 h[ev]1 _c be appli$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 nor to any ( ! illu/ri\s s*ools %elt]$ 9 h] bosom4 ,! philosoph] ( ,g5eva makes a sev]e attack ^u ,hobbes & ,grotius = hav+ ma9ta9$ ?is s]vile doctr9e4 ,ca?olics h no?+ to d ) ! cause ( ^! two writ]s4 ,i w obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t x w\ld n be j to place ! latt] ^u a p>allel ) ! =m]4 ,grotius has c]ta9ly af=d$ reason = ! accusation4 ,he ma9ta9s t !re are cases 9 :i* gov]nm5ts are n = ! b5efit ( ! gov]n$1 b = t ( ! gov]n+ p[]s4 ,sic imp]ia qudam esse possunt comp>ata ad regum utilitatem4 7,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 lib4 i4 cap4 #c47 ,b1 :il/ we ackn[l$ge t ?is pr9ciple has a dang]\s t5d5cy1 we grant t ! doctr9es ( ! ,dut* writ] d n ^u ! :ole t5d to ! total ru9 ( morality4 ,by r5d]+ ,grotius 8 due %>e ( ju/ice1 we prev5t any exagg]ation ( ! evil :i* may exi/ on ! side ( our oppon5ts2 x mu/ n[ be p]mitt$ to ,ca?olic he>ts to rem>k ) noble satisfaction1 t su* doctr9es c\ld nev] be e/abli%$ among/ ! pr(essors ( ! true fai?1 & t ! fatal maxims :i* lead to oppression h orig9at$ precisely among ^? :o h deviat$ f ! tea*+ ( ! ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,no2 ,ca?olics h nev] br\ght "u discussion :e!r k+s h an unlimit$ p[] ov] ! lives & =tunes ( _! subjects1 to su* a degree z to admit ( no opposition1 :atev] be ! excess ( ! absolutism & despotism ex]cis$ ov] !m4 ,:5ev] flatt]y rais$ its voice to exagg]ate ! royal pr]ogative1 ?is voice 0 imm$iately sil5c$ by ! unanim\s outcry ( ! support]s ( s\nd doctr9e4 ,witness ! rem>kable example ( a solemn retractation impos$ by ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition ^u a prea*] :o _h exce$$ 8 b\nds4 ,n s 9 ,engl&1 a c\ntry prov]bial = its hatr$ ( ,ca?olicity4 ,:il/ "h1 9 ,spa91 x 0 =bidd5 "u a sev]e p5alty to circulate maxims s degrad+1 9 ,engl& ! "q 0 propos$ ) ! greate/ gravity1 & writ]s ^u law 7 divid$ 9 _! s5tim5ts4 7,see end ( *apt] #ci47 ,e imp>tial read] has already be5 able to =m an op9ion on ! value ( declamations aga9/ ! "r div9e1 & on t pret5d$ aff9ity ( ,ca?olic doctr9es ) despotism & slav]y4 ,! exposition ( ^! doctr9es :i* ,i h j giv5 is c]ta9ly n f\nd$ ^u va9 reason+1 s\ght out on purpose to d>k5 ! "q4 ,i h n 9 any way %unn$ ! difficulty4 ,! "q 01 to "k 9 :at ^! doctr9es consi/$4 ,i h %[n cle>ly1 t ^? :o calumniate !m d n und]/& !m1 & t we may ev5 be all[$ to suppose t !y h nev] tak5 ! tr\ble to exam9e !m1 su* is ! levity & ignorance ) :i* !y express !mselves4 ,p]haps ,i h adduc$ too _m facts & quotations2 b let ! read] be> 9 m9d1 t my object is n to pres5t him ) a code ( doctr9es1 b to give to ?is po9t ( doctr9e an hi/orical inve/igation4 ,n[1 hi/ory does n call = disc\rses1 b facts2 & 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1 ! s5tim5ts ( au?ors are facts4 ,:il/ behold+ ! salut>y reaction n[ tak+ place 9 fav\r ( s\nd pr9ciples1 let u avoid giv+ an incomplete /atem5t ( ! tru?4 ,= ! cause ( religion x is highly important t its advocates %\ld be free f ev5 ! mo/ remote suspicion ( di%one/y or dissimulation4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,i h1 )\t hesitation1 giv5 9 _! integrity ! doctr9es laid d[n by ,ca?olic writ]s1 j z ,i f9d !m 9 _! works4 ,by misrepres5t+ & conf\nd+ facts1 ,prote/ants & unbeliev]s h succe$$ 9 deceiv+2 let me hope t1 by expla9+ & elucidat+ !m1 ,i %all n be unsuccessful 9 remov+ ! deception4 ,i purpose exam9+1 9 ! rema9+ "p ( ?is "w1 "s o!r que/ions relat+ to ! same subject--que/ions p]haps n m important1 b c]ta9ly m delicate4 ,& = ?is reason1 ,i 0 oblig$ to smoo? ! way1 t ,i might proce$ ) m lib]ty & ease4 ,i h hi!rto made ! cause ( religion def5d itself ) its own weapons1 )\t borr[+ ! support ( auxili>ies :i* 7 sup]flu\s4 ,i %all proce$ 9 ! same c\rse1 fully conv9c$ t ,ca?olicity c only lose by any l9e ( v9dication t id5tifies x ) political int]e/s1 & conf9es x )9 a circle too limit$ = its imm5sity4 ,empires appe> & disappe>2 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ w la/ till ! end ( "t4 ,political op9ions und]go *anges & modifications2 ! augu/ dogmas ( our religion rema9 immutable4 ,?rones rise & fall2 & ! rock ^u :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ has built ,8 ,*ur* /&s un%ak5 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( "t1 ev] defy+ ! p[]s ( hell4 ,:5 we take up arms 9 h] def5ce1 let u be impress$ ) ! importance ( our mission2 let !re be no exagg]ation1 no flatt]y--! pure tru? 9 measur$1 b accurate & firm language4 ,9 address+ ourselves to ! p1 9 proclaim+ ! tru? to k+s1 let u be> 9 m9d t religion is above politics1 & ,god above k+s & p4 ,,*apt] ,,liv4 ,,on ,,resi/ance ,,to ,,! ,,civil ,,p[]4 ,! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity1 !re=e1 9 ref]5ce bo? to ! orig9 & ! ex]cise ( civil p[]1 are unobjectionable4 ,let u n[ proce$ to ano!r po9t--"o ( great] delicacy & difficulty1 if n ( m importance4 ,to /ate ! "q frankly1 )\t any subt]fuge or evasion3 ,is x all[able 9 any case to resi/ ! civil p[]8 ,x is impossible to speak m di/9ctly1 or to employ m precise & simple t]ms 9 /at+ ?is "q1 :i* is ! mo/ important1 ! mo/ difficult1 & ! mo/ />tl+ ( any t ! subject we h 9 h& pres5ts = our inve/igation4 ,we "k t ,prote/antism f its comm5cem5t proclaim$ ! "r ( insurrection aga9/ civil p[]2 & no "o is ignorant ( ! fact t ,ca?olicity has ev] prea*$ up ob$i5ce to ?is p[]2 s t if ! =m] has be5 f its infancy an elem5t ( revolution & ( ov]?r[1 ! latt] has be5 an elem5t ( tranquillity & good ord]4 ,?is di/9ction might induce u to believe t ,ca?olicity favors oppression1 s9ce x leaves ! p )\t arms to def5d _! lib]ty4 ,y prea* up ob$i5ce to ! civil p[]s1 our adv]s>ies w say2 y pron\nce1 9 all cases1 an ana!ma ^u any insurrection :i* attacks !m2 %\ld tyranny prevail1 !re=e1 y become its mo/ p[]ful auxili>ies2 =1 by y\r doctr9e1 y arre/ ! arm ready to be rais$ 9 def5ce ( lib]ty2 y /ifle ) ! cry ( consci5ce ! indignation awak5$ 9 g5]\s he>ts4 ,?is is a s]i\s *>ge1 :i* compels u to elucidate1 z f> z possible1 ?is important po9t1 & to di/+ui% 9 x tru? f error1 c]ta9ty f d\bt4 ,"s m5 w\ld %r9k f ! inve/igation ( su* que/ions1 & pref] draw+ a veil ov] !m--a veil :i* !y v5ture n to raise1 le/ !y %\ld f9d an abyss4 ,& assur$ly _! timidity is n inexcusable2 = !re are abysses unfa?omable1 & dang]s t /rike ! m9d ) awe4 ,"o false /ep may lead to de/ruction2 "o move 9 a wrong direction may let loose tempe/s t w\ld lay society 9 ru9s4 ,:il/1 h[ev]1 ,i will+ly admit ! pure int5tions ( su* p]sons1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to obs]ve1 t _! prud5ce is q ?r[n away1 t _! =esight & precaution are ( no avail4 ,:e!r !y inve/igate ^! que/ions or n1 !y are inve/igat$1 agitat$1 & decid$1 9 a mann] t we mu/ deplore2 &1 worse /ill1 ! !ories !nce aris+ h be5 r$uc$ to practice4 ,revolutions are no long] conf9$ to books1 !y h become realities2 quitt+ ! quiet pa? ( m]e speculative philosophy1 !y are to be se5 9 ! /reets & 9 ! public squ>es4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ?+s h come to su* a pass1 :y seek palliatives1 make use ( re/rictions1 or invoke sil5ce8 ,let u tell ! tru?1 j z x is1 )\t concealm5t2 s9ce x is ! tru?1 x w nei!r %r9k be=e abundance ( k1 nor ! attacks ( error4 ,x is tru?2 its manife/ation1 its diffusion c h no injuri\s effect4 ,9 a ^w1 ,god1 :o is ! ,au?or ( societies1 _h no ne$ ( e/abli%+ !m ^u falsehood4 ,?is c&or is ! m necess>y1 because political *anges may h l$ "s p]sons to disav[ ! tru?s we are discuss+1 or no long] to und]/& !m aright2 :il/ o!rs imag9e t ob$i5ce to legitimate au?ority has be5 taught only by a p>ty anxi\s to make ?is doctr9e ! f\ndation ( _! tyranny4 ,m5 ( errone\s op9ions & evil int5tions h _! own codes1 to :i* !y h rec\rse :5ev] x w =w>d _! designs3 _! fatal errors or _! sordid int]e/s =m ! rule ( _! conduct2 ?is is ! s\rce ( _! k & ( _! inspirations4 ,m51 !re=e1 end[$ ) a pure he>t & ) upright int5tions1 %\ld "k :at to hold by 9 political oscillations2 x is no long] suffici5t = !m to h a g5]al k ( ! pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce to ! legitimate au?orities2 !y mu/ also be acqua9t$ ) _! applications4 ,x is true t1 9 conflicts aris+ f civil discord1 _m m5 ?r[ aside _! own convictions to accommodate !mselves to ! exig5cies ( _! int]e/s2 b x is no less c]ta91 t !re is /ill to be f\nd a great numb] ( consci5ti\s m5 :o adh]e to !m4 ,we may also add1 t ! g5]ality ( ! individuals compos+ a nation1 n be+ usually 9 ! urg5t necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 ! sacrifice ( _! convictions & ! risk ( grave & imm95t p]il1 ^? :o ent]ta9 !m usually f9d means to make _! influ5ce felt 9 prev5t+ great evils or 9 rem$y+ !m4 ,accord+ to c]ta9 pessimi/es1 reason & ju/ice are = ev] bani%$ f ! e>?1 leav+ x a prey to self-int]e/1 & sub/itut+ = ! dictates ( consci5ce ! designs ( egotism4 ,9 _! e/imation1 x is labor 9 va9 to discuss & decide que/ions :i* may guide u 9 practice2 =1 accord+ to !m1 :atev] a man's conviction may be 9 !ory1 8 practical decision w always be ! same4 ,x is my happ9ess1 or mis=tune1 to take a diff]5t view ( ! case1 & to believe t !re /ill exi/ 9 ! _w1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,spa91 m5 ( pr(\nd convictions1 & possess$ ( suffici5t /r5g? ( m9d to regulate _! conduct by ^? convictions4 ,! /ronge/ pro( t ! inutility ( doctr9es is exagg]at$1 is ! zeal ev9c$ by all p>ties to lay hold ( !m4 ,:e!r f int]e/ or f delicacy1 all appeal to doctr9es2 & ?is int]e/ or delicacy w\ld n exi/1 if doctr9es did n possess a p[]ful asc5d5cy 9 society4 ,no?+1 9 discussion1 is m p]plex+ ?an ! introduction ( sev]al que/ions at ! same "t2 & = ?is reason1 ,i %all proce$ 9 su* a mann] z to di/+ui% ^? :i* pres5t !mselves "h4 ,i w resolve1 "o by "o1 ^? :i* relate to our object1 & pass ov] ^? :i* are =eign to x4 ,above all1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! g5]al pr9ciple at all times inculcat$ by ,ca?olicity1 viz4 ! obligation ( obey+ legitimate au?ority4 ,let u n[ see h[ ?is pr9ciple is to be appli$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,are we to obey ! civil p[] :5 x comm&s some?+ t is evil 9 itself8 ,no1 we are n2 = ! simple reason t :at is evil 9 itself is =bidd5 by ,god2 n[1 we mu/ obey ,god r ?an m54 ,9 ! second place1 ,are we to obey ! civil p[] :5 x int]f]es 9 matt]s n includ$ 9 ! circle ( its faculties8 ,no2 =1 ) reg>d to ^! matt]s1 x is n a p[]4 ,f ! v supposition t its faculties d n ext5d s f>1 we affirm t1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 x is n a real p[]4 ,besides1 :at ,i h advanc$ does n exactly & exclusively conc]n spiritual matt]s1 to :i* ,i appe> to allude4 ,i apply ?is re/riction ( civil p[] also to matt]s purely temporal4 ,x is necess>y to ref] "h to :at ,i h said 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w1 viz41 t :il/ we grant to civil p[] suffici5t =ce & attributes = ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & unity 9 ! social body1 x is j nev]!less1 t we %\ld n all[ x to absorb ! individual & ! family1 s z to de/roy _! individuality1 to deprive !m ( _! own sph]e1 & leave !m only ! means ( act+ z an integral "p ( society4 ,?is is "o ( ! di/+ui%+ features betwe5 ,*ri/ian & pagan civilisation3 ! latt]1 9 its zeal = ! pres]vation ( social unity1 exclud$ e individual & family "r2 ! =m]1 on ! contr>y1 has amalgamat$ ! int]e/s ( ! individual ) ^? ( families & society1 s t !y nei!r de/roy nor emb>rass ea* o!r4 ,?us1 besides ! sph]e )9 :i* ! action ( ! civil p[] is prop]ly conf9$1 !re are o!rs into :i* x has no "r to ent]1 & 9 :i* individuals & families live )\t cla%+ ) ! colossal =ce ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is j to obs]ve "h1 t ,ca?olicity has done mu* = ! ma9t5ance ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is a /rong gu>antee ( ! lib]ty ( ! p4 ,! sep>ation ( ! two p[]s temporal & spiritual1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! latt] ) respect to ! =m]1 ! di/9ction ( ! p]sons 9 :om x is ve/$3 su* has be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ?is lib]ty1 :i*1 "u diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 is ! common inh]itance ( ,european nations4 ,ev] s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*1 ?is pr9ciple ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual p[] has at all times s]v$1 by ! m]e fact ( its exi/5ce1 to rem9d m5 t ! rights ( civil p[] are limit$1 t !re are ?+s beyond its prov9ce1 cases 9 :i* a man may say1 & ought to say1 ,i w n obey4 ,?is is ano!r ( ^? cases 9 :i* ,prote/antism has giv5 a wrong direction to ! civilisation ( ,europe1 & 9 :i*1 f> f op5+ ! way to lib]ty1 x has rivet$ ! *a9s ( slav]y4 ,its fir/ /ep 0 ! abolition ( ! ,pontifical au?ority1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! hi]>*y1 ! refusal to grant to ! ,*ur* any k9d ( p[] :atev]1 & ! plac+ ( spiritual supremacy 9 ! h&s ( pr9ces2 t is to say1 x has retrograd$ t[>ds pagan civilisation1 9 :i* we f9d ! sceptre unit$ ) ! pontificate4 ,! gr& political problem 0 precisely ! sep>ation ( ^! two p[]s1 9 ord] to save society f subjection to "o sole unlimit$ au?ority1 ex]cis+ its faculties )\t re/ra9t1 & f :i* might consequ5tly be expect$ vexation & oppression4 ,?is sep>ation 0 effect$ )\t any political views1 any fix$ design on ! "p ( m51 :]ev] ,ca?olicity 0 e/abli%$2 = h] discipl9e requir$ & h] dogmas inculcat$ x4 ,is x n /range t ! advocates ( !ories ( equilibrium & c\nt]poise1 :o h s l\dly extoll$ ! utility ( sep>at+ p[]s1 & ( divid+ au?ority among !m ) a view to prev5t x f be+ conv]t$ into tyranny1 %\ld n h notic$ ! pr(\nd wisdom ( ?is ,ca?olic doctr9e1 ev5 :5 consid]$ m]ely 9 a social & political po9t ( view8 ,b no2 x is rem>kable1 on ! contr>y1 t all mod]n revolutions h manife/$ a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds ! amalgamation ( ! civil & ecclesia/ical p[]s--a conv9c+ pro( t ^! revolutions h proce$$ f an orig9 contr>y to ! g5]ative pr9ciple ( ,european civilisation1 & t in/ead ( guid+ x t[>ds p]fection1 !y h r s]v$ to lead x a/ray4 ,! union ( ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 ,engl&1 "u ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,elizabe?1 produc$ ! mo/ cruel despotism2 & if t c\ntry at a lat] p]iod acquir$ a high] degree ( lib]ty1 x 0 n assur$ly ow+ to t religi\s au?ority giv5 by ,prote/antism to ! head ( ! /ate1 b 9 spite ( x4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t 9 lat] times1 :5 ,engl& ent]$ ^u a m ext5sive sph]e ( lib]ty1 x 0 ow+ to ! dim9ution ( ! civil p[] on all matt]s app]ta9+ to religion1 & to a great] developm5t ( ,ca?olicity1 oppos$ 9 its v pr9ciples to ?is mon/r\s supremacy4 ,9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 :]e ! ,prote/ant sy/em has also prevail$1 civil au?ority has be5 unlimit$2 & ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 we f9d ! ,emp]or ( ,russia indulg+ 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s p]secutions aga9/ ,ca?olics2 m di/ru/ful ( ^? :o def5d ! indep5d5ce ( spiritual p[]1 ?an ( ! revolution>y clubs4 ,! autocrat is dev\r$ ) a ?ir/ = unlimit$ au?ority1 & a decid$ in/9ct urges him to attack 9 p>ticul> ! ,ca?olic religion1 :i* =ms 8 pr9cipal ob/acle4 ,x is rem>kable ) :at uni=mity all p[]1 9 ?is respect1 t5ds to despotism1 :e!r "u a revolution>y or mon>*ical =m4 ,impati5t ( ! re/ra9t laid ^u him by ! spiritual p[]1 ,l\is ,,xiv4 attempt$ to cru% ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,he 0 urg$ to x by ! same motives z ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly2 ! mon>* re/$ 8 cause ^u ! rights ( royalty1 & ! lib]ties ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*--! ,con/itu5t ,assembly invok$ ! rights ( ! nation1 & ! pr9ciples ( philosophy2 b 9 ! ma9 !y 7 actuat$ by "o & ! same motive1 t ( asc]ta9+ :e!r or n civil p[] %\ld be re/rict$3 9 ! =m] case1 x 0 mon>*y t5d+ to despotism2 9 ! latt]1 democracy advanc+ to ! t]rors ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,:5 ,napoleon wi%$ to bruise ! head ( ! revolution>y hydra1 to reorganize society1 to create a p[]1 he made use ( religion z ! mo/ pot5t elem5t4 ,ca?olicity 0 ! only pr$om9at+ religion 9 ,france2 to ?is he _h rec\rse1 & sign$ ! ,concordat4 ,b1 obs]ve1 t no soon] did he imag9e 8 "w ( rep>ation complete1 & ! critical mom5t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 p[] pass$1 ?an he began to ?9k ( ext5d+ x1 ( free+ himself f all re/ra9t4 ,he began to look ^u t pontiff1 ^: pres5ce at 8 coronation _h s mu* gratifi$ him1 ) a m sup]cili\s eye4 ,at fir/ he _h "s s]i\s disputes ) him1 & end$ by becom+ 8 mo/ invet]ate enemy4 ,^! obs]vations1 to :i* ,i invite ! att5tion ( e reflect+ m9d1 acquire m importance f ! consid]ation ( :at has tak5 place 9 our own religi\s & mo/ ,ca?olic mon>*y4 ,9 spite ( ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic religion 9 ,spa91 ! pr9ciple ( resi/ance to ! c\rt ( ,rome has ev] be5 pres]v$ 9 a p>ticul> & rem>kable mann]2 ?us1 :il/ ! ,au/rian dyna/y & ! ,b\rbons endeav\r$ to lay aside our old laws1 s f> z !y 7 fav\rable to political lib]ty1 !y pres]v$ z a sacr$ deposit ! traditional resi/ance ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 ( ,*>les ,v41 & ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,! deep root :i* ,ca?olicity _h tak5 9 ,spa9 d\btless prev5t$ matt]s f be+ c>ri$ to extremes2 b x is no less true t ! g]m exi/$1 & 0 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 z if its complete developm5t 0 expect$ at "s m fav\rable p]iod4 ,?is fact 0 plac$ 9 peculi>ly /rong relief at ! "t ( ! ,b\rbon accession1 :5 ! mon>*y ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 introduc$ among/ u1 & ! la/ ve/iges ( ! anci5t lib]ties ( ,ca/ile1 ,aragon1 ,val5cia1 & ,catalonia disappe>$2 ! mania = k+ly rights 0 at its height 9 ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,iii4 & ,*>les ,,iv4 ,/range co9cid5ce6 ,! epo* 9 :i* ! greate/ jeal\sy 0 ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! ,c\rt ( ,rome & ! indep5d5ce ( ,*ur* au?ority1 0 exactly t 9 :i* m9i/]ial despotism 0 9 its greate/ =ce1 & 9 :i* !re 0 se5 some?+ /ill worse--! despotism ( a favorite1 ) all its pitiful %[4 ,true1 ! ideas ( ! ,fr5* s*ools 7 at t "t influ5c+ ,spa92 & ( ?is nei!r ! ,k+1 nor1 probably1 "s ( 8 m9i/]s1 7 aw>e3 b ?is does n militate aga9/ ! reflections we are mak+2 on ! contr>y1 x comes 9 support ( !m1 by %[+ _! applicability to circum/ances q dissimil>1 & consequ5tly _! s\ndness & importance4 ,! object "h aim$ at 0 ! ov]?r[ ( ! e/abli%$ au?ority1 to make way = ano!r equally unlimit$2 to effect ?is1 x 0 necess>y to urge on ! =m] to abuse its pr]ogatives1 &1 at ! same "t1 to e/abli% prec$5ts to fall back ^u1 s soon z ! revolution %\ld h displac$ ! absolute mon>*y4 ,:at important reflections are "h pres5t$ to u6 ,:at /range analogies rise to view betwe5 circum/ances app>5tly mo/ antagoni/ic6 ,9 our times1 we h se5 bi%ops br\ght to trial f ! same motives t 7 alleg$ 9 a celebrat$ cause 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iii42 & ! ,supreme ,tribunals ( our own days h he>d f ! lips ( _! fiscals,b ! same doctr9es =m]ly prop\nd$ by ^? ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,?us d doctr9es meet1 & ?us1 by diff]5t ways1 d we arrive at ! same end4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t fiscals1 ! au?ority ( ! k+ 0 e ?+2 ! rights ( ! cr[n1 l ! ark ( old1 7 held s sacr$1 t to t\*1 or ev5 to look ^u !m1 0 acc\nt$ a sacrilege4 ,well1 ! anci5t mon>*y has disappe>$--! ?rone is no long] any ?+ m ?an a %ad[ ( :at x once 0--! ,revolution has triumph$ ov] x2 & yet1 despite a *ange s pr(\nd1 x is n long s9ce a fiscal ( ! ,supreme ,tribunal1 *>g+ a bi%op ) an (f5ce aga9/ ! rights ( ! civil p[]1 made use ( ^! words3 ,9 ! /ate1 a leaf _c be pluck$ )\t ! p]mission ( gov]nm5t4 ,^! words ne$ no comm5t2 ! writ] ( ^! l9es he>d !m utt]$2 & ?is pla91 unequivocal decl>ation ( arbitr>y p[] seem$ to him to ?r[ a new ray ( light ^u hi/ory4 ,b ,cr[n attorneys1 *>g$ ) ! prosecution ( crim9al & o!r causes4 ,! gravity & importance ( ?is subject requir$ ?is digression2 x 0 incumb5t on me to %[ h[ f> ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple ( ! indep5d5ce ( spiritual p[] may s]ve ! cause ( true lib]ty4 ,?is pr9ciple1 9 fact1 em95tly tea*es t ! faculties ( civil p[] are limit$1 & x is1 consequ5tly1 a p]petual condemnation ( despotism4 ,to rev]t to ! orig9al "q4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 e/abli%$1 t we are to be subject to ! civil p[] s long z x does n g beyond its prop] limits2 b t ! ,ca?olic doctr9e nev] enjo9s ob$i5ce :5 civil p[] ov]/eps ! limits ( its faculties4 ,x w n be un9t]e/+ to ! read] to le>n h[ ! pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce 0 und]/ood by "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s int]pret]s ( ,ca?olic doctr9e--by ! holy ,doctor s (t5 cit$4 ,accord+ to him1 :5ev] laws are unju/ 7& obs]ve1 t1 9 8 op9ion1 !y may be s 9 _m ways71 !y are n b9d+ on consci5ce1 unless = fe> ( creat+ sc&al1 or caus+ great] evils2 t is to say1 t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 an unju/ law may become obligatory1 n by virtue ( any duty :i* x imposes1 b f motives ( prud5ce4 ,^! are 8 words1 to :i* ,i crave ! read]'s p>ticul> att5tion3 ,laws are unju/ 9 two ways2 ei!r because !y are oppos$ to ! common weal2 or on acc\nt ( _! aim1 z is ! case :5 a gov]nm5t imposes ^u its subjects on]\s laws1 n = ! good ( ! commonweal1 b = ! sake ( self-int]e/ or ambition2 or on acc\nt ( _! au?or1 z :5 any "o makes a law )\t be+ inve/$ ) prop] faculties2 aga91 !y may be unju/ 9 =m1 z :5 ! taxes are unequally divid$ among ! multitude1 al?\gh 9 o!r respects t5d+ to ! public good4 ,su* laws are r outrages ?an laws2 s9ce1 z ,/4 ,augu/9 obs]ves 7lib4 i4 de ,lib4 ,arb4 cap4 #e71 ',an unju/ law does n appe> to be a law4' ,su* laws1 !re=e1 are n b9d+ 9 consci5ce1 unless1 p]haps1 = ! avoid+ ( sc&al & tr\ble--a motive :i* ought to induce man to give up 8 "r1 z ,/4 ,mat!w obs]ves3 ',& :osoev] %all =ce !e to g "o mile1 g ) him o!r two2 & if any man w g to law ) !e1 & take away ?y coat1 let him h ?y cloak also4' ,laws may also be unju/ 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 :5 !y are contr>y to ! w ( ,god2 z ! laws ( tyrants en=c+ idolatry1 or any?+ else contr>y to div9e law4 ,) respect to su* laws1 x is n all[able1 "u any circum/ances1 to obey !m2 =1 z x is said 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ',we mu/ obey ,god r ?an man4' ,inju/ autem sunt leges duplicit]2 uno modo p] contr>ietatem ad bonum commune e contr>io prdictis1 vel ex f9e1 sicut cum aliquis prsid5s leges imponit on]osas subditis non p]t95tes ad utilitatem communem1 s$ magis ad propriam cupiditatem vel gloriam2 vel etiam ex auctore1 sicut cum aliquis legem f]t ultra sibi commissam pote/atem2 vel etiam ex =ma cum 9qualit] on]a multitud9is disp5santur1 etiamsi ord95tur ad bonum commune2 et hujusmodi magis sunt viol5ti quam leges1 quia sicut ,augu/9us dicit 7lib4 i4 de ,lib4 ,arb4 cap4 #e1 p>um a pr9c47 lex esse non videtur qu ju/a non fu]it1 unde tales leges 9 =o consci5ti non obligant1 nisi =te propt] vit&um sc&alum vel turbationem1 propt] quod etiam homo juri suo c$]e debet secundum illud ,ma?4 cap4 v4 ',qui te ang>iav]it mille passus1 vade cum eo alia duo1 et qui ab/ul]it tibi tunicam da ei et pallium4' ,alio modo leges possunt esse inju/ p] contr>ietatem ad bonum div9um1 sicut leges tyrannorum induc5tes ad idololatriam1 vel ad quodcumque aliud quod sit contra legem div9am1 et tales leges nullo modo licet obs]v>e1 quia sicut dicitur ,act4 cap4 v43 ',ob$ire oportet ,deo magis quam hom9ibus4' 7,d4 ,?4 #a1 #b1 qu/4 #ij1 art4 #a47 ,?is doctr9e furni%es u ) ! foll[+ rules3 #a4 ,we _c1 "u any circum/ances1 obey ! civil p[] :5 its comm&s are oppos$ to ! div9e law4 #b4 ,:5 laws are unju/1 !y are n b9d+ 9 consci5ce4 #c4 ,x may become necess>y to obey ^! laws f motives ( prud5ce2 t is1 9 ord] to avoid sc&al & commotions4 #d4 ,laws are unju/ f "s "o ( ! foll[+ causes3 ,:5 !y are oppos$ to ! common weal--:5 _! aim is n ! good ( ! commonweal--:5 ! legislator out/eps ! limits ( 8 faculties--:51 al?\gh 9 o!r respects t5d+ to ! good ( ! commonweal1 & proce$+ f compet5t au?ority1 !y d n obs]ve suitable equity2 = in/ance1 :5 !y divide unequally ! public impo/s4 ,we h quot$ & copi$ ! v5]able text :5ce ^! rules are d]iv$3 _! illu/ri\s au?or has be5 ! guide ( all ! !ological s*ools dur+ ! la/ six c5turies2 8 au?ority has nev] be5 call$ 9 "q 9 ^! s*ools on po9ts ( dogma or morality2 ^! rules may1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z ! recapitulation ( ! doctr9es ( ,ca?olic !ologians ) ref]5ce to ! ob$i5ce due to au?ority4 ,we may n[1 )\t d\bt1 appeal ) entire confid5ce to e man ( good s5se4 ,let him judge :e!r ^! doctr9es are 9 ! lea/ incl9$ to despotism1 :e!r !y h ! lea/ t5d5cy to tyranny1 9 f9e1 :e!r !y aim ! slighte/ bl[ at lib]ty4 ,x is va9 to seek 9 !m ! slighte/ appe>ance ( flatt]y to ! civil p[]1 ^: limits are m>k$ out ) rigor\s sev]ity2 if x out/eps !m1 x is op5ly told1 ,?y laws are n laws1 b outrages2 !y are n b9d+ 9 consci5ce2 & if1 9 "s in/ances1 ?\ art obey$1 x is n ow+ to any obligation1 b to prud5ce1 9 ord] to avoid sc&al & commotion2 x is !nce=? su* a di%onor to !e1 t ?y triumph1 f> f entitl+ !e to r5[n1 assimilates !e to ! robb] :o despoils ! peaceable man ( 8 g>m5t1 & to :om ! latt]1 = ! sake ( peace1 gives up 8 cloak also4 ,if ^! are doctr9es ( oppression & despotism1 we also are advocates = su* oppression & despotism2 = we _c conceive doctr9es m favorable to lib]ty4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples ! admirable in/itution ( ,european mon>*y 0 f\nd$4 ,?is tea*+ has creat$ ! moral def5ces by :i* t mon>*y is surr\nd$2 def5ces re/ra9+ x )9 ! limits ( its duties1 ev5 :]e political gu>antees d n exi/4 ,! m9d1 we>i$ ) fooli% declamations aga9/ ! tyranny ( k+s1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 n less tir$ ( ! boi/]\s adulations lavi%$ ^u p[] 9 mod]n times1 exp&s & rejoices on meet+ ) ?is pure1 dis9t]e/$1 & s9c]e expression ( ! rights & duties ( gov]nm5ts & ( p1 on he>+ ?is language1 impress$ ) z mu* ( wisdom z ( upright int5tion & g5]\s fre$om4 ,:at books 7 consult$ by m5 mak+ use ( su* language8 ,! ,scriptures1 ! ,fa!rs1 ! collections ( ecclesia/ical docum5ts4 ,c\ld !y h receiv$ _! inspirations f ! society :i* surr\nd$ !m8 ,no2 = 9 t same society disord] & confusion prevail$2 sometimes a turbul5t disob$i5ce1 at o!rs despotism 0 pr$om9ant4 ,& yet !y speak ) z mu* discretion1 tact1 & calmness z if !y 7 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( well-regulat$ society4 ,!y 7 guid$ by div9e revelation1 :i* taught !m tru?4 ,h[ (t5 did !y see x =gott5 & trampl$ "u foot6 ,b un9flu5c$ by circum/ances1 h[ev] unfavorable1 !y wrote 9 a region f> above ! atmosph]e ( human passions4 ,tru? is ( all times2 proclaim x ev]1 & ,god w effect ! re/4#ca ,,*apt] ,,lv4 ,,on ,,resi/ance ,,to ,,de ,,facto ,,gov]nm5ts4 ,! que/ions hi!rto discuss$ relat+ to ! ob$i5ce due to p[] are v grave2 b ^? ( resi/ance to x are /ill m important4 ,is x all[able1 "u any circum/ances1 9 any supposition1 to resi/ ! civil p[] by physical =ce8 ,does !re n[h]e exi/ a depos+ p[]8 ,h[ f> d ,ca?olic doctr9es ext5d on ?is subject8 ,su* are ! extreme po9ts we purpose to discuss4 ,accord+ to "o sy/em1 ob$i5ce is due to a gov]nm5t f ! v fact ( its exi/5ce1 ev5 on ! supposition t its exi/5ce is illegitimate4 ,n[1 x is important to demon/rate1 at ! v outset1 ! uns\ndness ( ?is doctr9e1 :i* is contr>y to "r reason1 & has nev] be5 taught by ,ca?olicity4 ,9 prea*+ ob$i5ce to ! p[]s t be1 ! ,*ur* speaks ( p[]s t h a legitimate exi/5ce4 ,! absurdity1 t a simple fact c create "r1 c nev] become a dogma ( ,ca?olicity4 ,7 x true t resi/ance w\ld be unlawful1 x w\ld be equally true t an illegitimate gov]nm5t has a "r to comm&2 = ! obligation to obey is correlative ) ! "r to comm&2 & an illegitimate gov]nm5t w\ld1 consequ5tly1 become legitimatis$ by ! simple fact ( its exi/5ce4 ,?is w\ld legitimatise all usurpations2 ! mo/ h]oic resi/ance on ! "p ( ! p w\ld be condemn$2 ! _w w\ld be ab&on$ to ! m]e rule ( =ce4 ,no2 t degrad+ doctr9e is n true :i* d]ives legitimacy f usurpation2 :i* says to a p conqu]$ & subjugat$ by any usurp] :atev]1 ,obey y\r tyrant2 8 rights are f\nd$ on =ce1 & y\r obligation to him on y\r weakness4 ,no2 !re _c be tru? 9 a doctr9e t w\ld efface f our hi/ory "o ( its brighte/ pages1 t w\ld entail disgrace ^u a nation tak+ up arms to expel an usurp]1 /ruggl+ = its indep5d5ce dur+ a p]iod ( six ye>s1 & f9ally ov]?r[+ ! conqu]or ( ,europe4 ,if ,napoleon _h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ 8 p[] among/ u1 ! ,spani% nation w\ld /ill h ma9ta9$ ! "r on acc\nt ( :i* x revolt$ 9 #ahjh2 victory c\ld n h r5d]$ usurpation legitimate4 ,! victims ( ! second ( ,may did n legalise ! comm& ( ,murat2 & _h ev5 e corn] ( ! p59sula be5 made a !atre ( horrors simil> to ^? witness$ on ! ,prado1 ! blood ( m>tyr$ patriots1 cov]+ ! usurp] & 8 satellites ) ev]la/+ infamy1 w\ld only h confirm$ ! sacr$ "r ( revolt+ 9 def5ce ( ! ?rone1 ( national indep5d5ce4 ,we mu/ repeat x3 ! simple fact does n create a "r1 ei!r 9 private or public affairs2 & s soon z su* a pr9ciple is ackn[l$g$1 e idea ( reason & ju/ice disappe>s f ! _w4 ,^? :o may h wi%$ to flatt] gov]nm5ts ) s fatal a doctr9e1 7 n aw>e t ?is 0 ! v way to ru9 !m1 & to s[ ! se$s ( usurpation & insurrection4 ,:at w be safe "h bel[ if we admit ! pr9ciple1 t success insures ju/ice1 & t ! conqu]or is always ! rightful rul]8 ,is n ?is ?r[+ op5 a wide gate to ambition1 & to e crime8 ,is x n excit+ m5 to =get e idea ( "r1 reason1 & ju/ice1 to ackn[l$ge no o!r rule ?an brute =ce8 ,gov]nm5ts protect$ by s /range a doctr9e w\ld assur$ly owe little gratitude to _! protectors3 ?is1 9 fact1 is no def5ce2 x is an insult2 x is m ( a cruel s>casm ?an an apology4 ,to :at1 inde$1 does x am\nt1 & h[ w\ld ?is doctr9e s\nd8 ,:y1 z foll[s3 ,p1 obey him :o comm&s y2 y say 8 au?ority is usurp$2 we d n d5y x2 b1 by ! v fact ( 8 hav+ atta9$ 8 end1 ! usurp] has acquir$ a "r4 ,he is1 inde$1 a robb] :o has attack$ y on ! highway2 he has /ol5 y\r money2 b1 by ! m]e fact ( y\r n be+ able to resi/ him1 & be+ =c$ to deliv] to him y\r purse1 n[ t he is possess$ ( x1 y ought to respect ?is money z an inviolable prop]ty3 su* is y\r duty4 ,x is a robb]y2 b ?is robb]y be+ a consummat$ act1 y _c n[ obta9 r$ress = x4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view ! doctr9e ( consummat$ facts appe>s s mu* oppos$ to g5]ally receiv$ ideas1 t no reasonable man c s]i\sly accept x4 ,i d n d5y t !re are cases 9 :i* ob$i5ce1 ev5 to an illegitimate gov]nm5t1 is to be recomm5d$2 :51 = in/ance1 we =esee t resi/ance w\ld be useless1 t x w\ld only lead to new disord]s1 & to a great] effusion ( blood3 b 9 recomm5d+ prud5ce to ! p1 let u n disguise x "u false doctr9es--let u bew>e ( calm+ ! exasp]ation ( mis=tune by circulat+ errors subv]sive ( all gov]nm5ts1 ( all society4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t all p[]s1 ev5 ! mo/ illegitimate1 h a tru] in/9ct ?an t manife/$ by ! ma9t5ance ( su* maxims4 ,all p[]s 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( _! exi/5ce1 be=e comm5c+ _! op]ations1 be=e proce$+ to "o s+le act1 proclaim _! legitimacy4 ,!y seek x 9 "r div9e & human1 !y e/abli% x ^u bir? or election1 !y d]ive x f hi/orical titles1 or ! sudd5 developm5t ( extraord9>y ev5ts2 b all t5ds to ! same po9t1 ! pret5sion to legitimacy4 ,!y nev] speak ( ! m]e fact ( _! exi/5ce2 f ! in/9ct t prompts _! own pres]vation !y le>n bett] ?an to rely ^u su* gr\nds1 s9ce to d s w\ld be to annihilate _! au?ority1 to de/roy _! pre/ige1 to enc\rage revolt2 9 a ^w1 to commit self-de/ruction4 ,we h "h ! mo/ explicit condemnation ( ! doctr9e we are combat+1 = ! mo/ %ameless usurp]s h m respect = good s5se & ! public consci5ce4 ,x sometimes happ5s t doctr9es ! mo/ errone\s assume a veil ( g5tl5ess & ,*ri/ian meekness4 ,we mu/ ov]?r[ ! argum5ts t might be employ$ aga9/ u1 by ! advocates ( bl9d submission to any p[] t happ5s to be e/abli%$4 ,! ,scriptures1 !y w say1 prescribe to u ob$i5ce to ! au?orities1 )\t any di/9ction2 ! ,*ri/ian1 !re=e1 ought n to make any di/9ction1 b submit ) resignation to su* z he f9ds e/abli%$4 ,9 reply to ?is objection1 ,i see ! foll[+ v decisive answ]s4 #a4 ,illegitimate au?ority is no au?ority at all2 ! idea ( p[] involves ! idea ( "r1 )\t :i* x is m]e physical p[]1 t is1 =ce4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,scriptures prescribe ob$i5ce to ! au?orities1 x is ! lawful au?orities t are impli$4 #b4 ,! sacr$ text1 9 enjo9+ u ob$i5ce to ! civil p[]1 tells u t x is orda9$ by ,god ,himself1 t x is ! m9i/] ( ,god ,himself2 & x is evid5t t usurpation is nev] inve/$ ) s high a "*4 ,! usurp] is p]haps ! in/rum5t ( ,provid5ce1 ! sc\rge ( ,heav51 z ,attila designat$ himself1 b n ! m9i/] ( ,god4 #c4 ,! sacr$ ,scriptures prescribe ob$i5ce to ! subject 9 relation to ! civil p[]1 9 ! same way z !y prescribe x to ! slave 9 relation to 8 ma/]4 ,b :at sort ( ma/]s are "h impli$8 ,evid5tly su* z ex]cis$ a legitimate dom9ion1 z x 0 und]/ood at ! "t1 con=mable to ! prevail+ laws & cu/oms2 o!rwise ! ,scriptures w\ld require ob$i5ce f su* slaves z 7 r$uc$ to slav]y by an abuse ( p[]4 ,h5ce1 z ! ob$i5ce to ma/]s prescrib$ by ! ,scriptures does n deprive ! slave unju/ly reta9$ 9 s]vitude ( 8 "r1 s also ! ob$i5ce due to ! e/abli%$ au?orities %\ld be re/rict$ to ! lawful au?orities1 & to cases 9 :i* prud5ce w\ld dictate x 9 ord] to avoid commotion & sc&al4 ,9 confirmation ( ! doctr9e ( m]e de facto gov]nm5t1 ! conduct ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians has be5 sometimes alleg$4 ,!y submitt$1 x is said1 to ! con/itut$ au?orities )\t ev5 inquir+ :e!r !y 7 legitimate or n4 ,at ?is epo* usurpations 7 frequ5t1 ! imp]ial ?rone 0 e/abli%$ by =ce1 its occupants "o aft] ano!r ow$ _! elevation to milit>y insurrection1 & to ! assass9ation ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,we f9d1 nev]!less1 t ,*ri/ians nev] m$dl$ ) ! "q ( legitimacy2 !y respect$ ! e/abli%$ p[]1 & ?is p[] fail+1 !y submitt$ )\t murmur+ to ! new tyrant :o _h usurp$ ! ?rone4 ,?is argum5t1 x _c be d5i$1 is v plausible1 & pres5ts at fir/ sight a s]i\s difficulty2 a few reflections1 h[ev]1 suffice to %[ its extreme futility4 ,9 ord] t an insurrection aga9/ an unlawful p[] may be legitimate & prud5t1 ^? :o und]take to ov]turn x %\ld be sure ( its illegitimacy1 %\ld h 9 view ! sub/itution ( a lawful p[]1 & %\ld c\nt besides on ! probability ( ! success ( _! ent]prise4 ,if ^! conditions are n fulfill$1 ! insurrection has no object2 x is a m]e fruitless attempt1 an impot5t rev5ge1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ useful to society1 only causes blood%$1 only irritates ! p[] attack$1 & c h 9 consequ5ce no o!r effect ?an to increase oppression & tyranny4 ,none ( ! conditions "h m5tion$ 7 9 exi/5ce at ! "t we are speak+ (2 all t upright m5 c\ld d 0 quietly to resign !mselves to ! calamit\s circum/ances ( ! times1 & by f]v5t pray] to implore ! ,almighty to take compassion on mank9d4 ,:5 e ?+ 0 decid$ by =ce ( arms1 :o c\ld say :e!r su* or su* an emp]or 0 lawfully e/abli%$8 ,^u :at rules 0 ! imp]ial succession e/abli%$8 ,:]e 0 legitimacy to be sub/itut$ = illegitimacy8 ,among/ ! ,romans--^? vile1 degrad$ be+s1 kiss+ ! *a9s ( ! fir/ tyrant :o (f]$ !m food & games8 ,9 ! wor?less po/]ity ( ^? illu/ri\s patricians :o =m]ly gave laws to ! univ]se8 ,0 x ve/$ 9 ! sons or 9 ! family ( "s assass9at$ emp]or1 :5 ! laws _h n e/abli%$ h]$it>y succession1 :5 ! sceptre ( ! empire 0 at ! disposal ( ! legions1 :5 x frequ5tly happ5$ t ! emp]or1 ! victim ( usurpation1 _h be5 himself m]ely a usurp]1 :o _h m\nt$ to ! ?rone ov] ! corpse ( 8 rival8 ,did x exi/ 9 ! anci5t rights ( ^? conqu]$ nations n[ r$uc$ to simple dep5d5cies ( ! empire1 dive/$ ( all national _s1 hav+ ev5 lo/ ! recollection ( _! =m] condition1 )\t a ?\ght capable ( conduct+ !m 9 ! "w ( _! emancipation1 & de/itute ( res\rces aga9/ ! colossal =ce ( _! ma/]s8 ,:at object c\ld any "o h1 "u su* circum/ances1 9 mak+ attempts aga9/ ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t8 ,:5 ! legions decid$ ! fate ( ! _w1 alt]nately elevat+ & assass9at+ _! ma/]s1 :at c\ld or :at ought ! ,*ri/ian to d8 ,! disciple ( a ,god ( peace & love1 he c\ld n take "p 9 crim9al sc5es ( blood%$ & tumult2 au?ority 0 tott]+ & unc]ta92 x 0 n = him to decide :e!r x 0 legitimate or n2 x only rema9$ = him to submit to ! p[] g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & at ! arrival ( "o ( ^? *anges1 at t "t ( s frequ5t occurr5ce1 to yield ! same ob$i5ce to ! newly-e/abli%$ gov]nm5t4 ,! int]f]5ce ( ,*ri/ians 9 political disputes w\ld only h s]v$ to br+ into disrepute ! holy religion !y pr(ess$2 x w\ld h giv5 to philosoph]s & idolat]s a pretext = increas+ ! catalogue ( black calumnies :i* !y ev]y:]e br\ght aga9/ ! fai?4 ,public report accus$ ,ca?olicity ( be+ subv]sive ( gov]nm5ts2 ,*ri/ians w\ld h furni%$ a pretext = ext5d+ & accr$it+ ?is unf\nd$ report1 ! hatr$ ( gov]nm5ts w\ld h be5 r$\bl$1 & ! rigors ( p]secution s cruelly ex]cis$ aga9/ ! disciples ( ! cross w\ld h be5 increas$4 ,has ?is /ate ( ?+s ev] exi/$ b once1 ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n times8 ,& c\ld ! conduct ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 9 ?is respect be made a rule = ! ,spani>ds1 = in/ance1 at ! "t !y resi/$ ! usurpation ( ,bonap>te8 ,or c\ld x be imitat$ by any o!r p 9 simil> circum/ances8 ,or w x be receiv$ z an argum5t 9 favor ( e k9d ( usurpation8 ,no2 man1 9 becom+ a ,*ri/ian1 does n cease to be a citiz51 to be a man1 to h 8 rights1 & he acts 9 a praisewor?y mann] :5ev]1 )9 ! b\nds ( reason & ju/ice1 he attempts to ma9ta9 ^! rights ) fe>less intrepidity4 ,don ,felix ,amat1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,palmyra1 9 8 po/hum\s "w entitl$ ,idea ( ! ,*ur* ,militant1 makes use ( ^! words3 ,jesus ,*ri/1 by 8 pla9 & expressive answ]1 ,r5d] to ,cs> ! ?+s t are ,cs>'s1 has suffici5tly e/abli%$1 t ! m]e fact ( a gov]nm5t's exi/5ce is suffici5t = en=c+ ! ob$i5ce ( subjects to x4 ,:at ,i h already advanc$ is en\gh1 9 my op9ion1 to %[ ! fallacy ( su* an ass]tion2 &1 z ,i int5d to rev]t to ?is subject1 & inve/igate m att5tively ?is au?or's op9ion1 & ! reasons ^u :i* he supports x1 ,i %all n n[ attempt to ent] ^u its refutation4 ,i w1 nev]!less1 make "o obs]vation1 :i* occurr$ to me on read+ ! passages 9 :i* ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,palmyra developes x4 ,8 "w 0 =bidd5 at ,rome2 & :atev] may h be5 ! motives = su* a prohibition1 we may re/ assur$ t1 9 ! case ( a book advocat+ su* doctr9es1 e man :o is jeal\s ( 8 rights might acquiesce 9 ! decree ( ! ,sacr$ ,congregation4 ,z ! opportunity is favorable1 we may make a few rem>ks ^u consummat$ facts1 :i* are s closely connect$ ) ! doctr9e "u discussion4 ,consummat$ implies some?+ p]fect 9 its k9d2 h5ce an act is consummat$ :5 x has atta9$ its completion4 ,?is ^w1 appli$ to crimes1 is oppos$ to m]e attempt4 ,we say an attempt at robb]y1 murd]1 or arson1 :5 ! und]tak+ to commit ^! crimes has be5 manife/$ by "s act2 = in/ance1 ! lock ( a door has be5 brok51 an attack has be5 made ) a murd]\s weapon1 combu/ible matt] has be5 ignit$--b ! crime is n said to be consummat$ till ! robb]y1 murd]1 or arson has actually be5 committ$4 ,h5ce1 9 a political & social s5se1 we designate consummat$ facts an usurpation1 completely ov]?r[+ ! legitimate p[]1 & by means ( :i* ! usurp] is already sub/itut$ 9 its place2 a measure execut$ 9 all its po9ts2 su* z ! suppression ( ! regul> cl]gy 9 ,spa91 & ! confiscation ( _! prop]ty to ! treasury2 a revolution :i* has be5 triumphant1 & :i* has entirely dispos$ ( a c\ntry1 z 0 ! case ) our ,am]ican possessions4 ,f ?is explanation1 we see cle>ly t a fact does n1 by be+ consummat$1 *ange its nature2 x /ill rema9s a simple fact--j or unju/1 legal or illegal--z x 0 be=e4 ,! mo/ horrible outrages may also be t]m$ consummat$ facts2 yet1 = all t1 !y d n cease to des]ve disgrace & puni%m5t4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( c]ta9 phrases cont9ually utt]$ by "s m58 ,we mu/ respect consummat$ facts2 we mu/ always accept consummat$ facts2 x is folly to resi/ consummat$ facts2 x is a wise policy t yields to consummat$ facts4 ,f> be x f me to ass]t t all ^? :o e/abli% ^! maxims1 pr(ess ! fatal doctr9es to :i* !y give rise4 ,we (t5 admit pr9ciples1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* we reject2 & po9t out a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct z "r1 )\t att5d+ to ! abom9able maxims 9 :i* x orig9ates4 ,9 human affairs1 good & evil1 error & tru? are s n>r[ly sep>at$1 & prud5ce s closely bord]s on culpable timidity1 t 9 !ory1 z well z 9 practice1 x is n always easy to rema9 )9 ! b\nds prescrib$ by reason & ! et]nal pr9ciples ( s\nd morality4 ,if respect = consummat$ facts is m5tion$1 p]v]se m5 imm$iately include 9 x ! sanction+ ( crime1 ! spoils ( plund] secur$ to ! robb]1 no hope ( re/itution left to ! victims1 & a gag put ^u _! m\?s1 to /ifle _! compla9ts4 ,o!rs1 ,i am aw>e1 h no su* design 9 mak+ use ( ^! words1 b are ! dupes ( a confusion ( ideas1 aris+ f _! n hav+ di/+ui%$ betwe5 moral pr9ciples & public exp$i5cy4 ,on ?is po9t1 !re=e1 we mu/ di/+ui% & def9e1 :i* ,i w d 9 a few words4 ,! simple consummation ( a fact does n r5d] x legitimate2 &1 consequ5tly1 x is n on ?is acc\nt alone wor?y ( respect4 ,! robb] :o has /ol5 does n acquire a "r to ! ?+ /ol52 ! inc5di>y :o r$uces a h\se to a%es is no less des]v+ ( puni%m5t1 ( be+ =c$ to make rep>ation1 ?an if he _h be5 arre/$ 9 ! attempt4 ,?is is s evid5t & cle>1 t x _c be call$ 9 "q4 ,to ass]t ! contr>y1 is to become ! enemy ( all morality1 ( all ju/ice1 ( all "r2 & to proclaim ! exclusive rule ( =ce & cunn+4 ,consummat$ facts1 app]ta9+ to social & political ord]1 d n *ange _! nature2 ! usurp]1 :o seizes ^u ! cr[n ( 8 lawful pr$ecessor2 ! conqu]or1 :o1 by m]e =ce ( arms1 has subdu$ a nation1 does n !reby acquire a "r to its possession2 ! gov]nm5t1 :i* by gross iniquities has despoil$ entire classes ( citiz5s1 exact$ undue contributions1 aboli%$ legitimate rights1 _c ju/ify its acts by ! simple fact ( its hav+ suffici5t /r5g? to execute ^! iniquities4 ,t is equally evid5t2 & if !re is "h any diff]5ce at all1 ! crime is only ! great]1 f ! great] gravity & ext5t ( ! wrongs committ$1 & ( ! sc&al giv5 to ! public4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples ( s\nd morality--individual morality1 social morality2 morality ( ! :ole human race2 immutable1 et]nal morality4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! "q ( public exp$i5cy4 ,9 "s in/ances1 a consummat$ fact1 9 spite ( all its inju/ice1 all its immorality & atrocity1 acquires su* an asc5d5cy1 t by n accept+ x1 or by be+ det]m9$ to de/roy x1 we %\ld let loose a tra9 ( tr\bles & commotions1 & p]haps )\t effect4 ,e gov]nm5t is b\nd to respect ju/ice1 & to act 9 su* a mann] t its subjects may also respect x2 b x %\ld n comm& :at w n be obey$1 :5 x is depriv$ ( ! means ( en=c+ ob$i5ce4 ,9 su* a case1 we %\ld n commit an inju/ice by n attack+ ! illegal int]e/s1 or by n endeavor+ to obta9 r$ress = ! victims2 ! gov]nm5t1 9 su* a case1 may be comp>$ to a man :o1 behold+ robb]s load$ ) ! fruit ( _! !ft1 is )\t ! means ( =c+ !m to make re/itution4 ,if y suppose an impossibility1 :at does x avail to say t ! gov]nm5t is n a s+le individual1 b a def5d] ( all legitimate int]e/s8 ,no "o is b\nd to impossibilities4 ,obs]ve1 also1 t ?is rem>k applies n only to a physical impossibility1 b also to a moral "o4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 ! gov]nm5t possesses ! mat]ial means ( obta9+ rep>ation1 a moral impossibility w be con/itut$1 :5 ! employ+ ( ^? means w\ld cause s]i\s difficulties to ! /ate1 endang] ! public peace1 or s[ ! se$s ( future insurrection4 ,ord] & public int]e/ require ! pref]5ce1 = ^! are ! prim>y objects ( all gov]nm5t2 consequ5tly1 t :i* _c be accompli%$ )\t endang]+ !m1 ought to be consid]$ z impossible4 ,! application ( ^! doctr9es w always be a "q ( prud5ce1 t _c be subject$ to any g5]al rule4 ,dep5d+ z x does ^u a ?\s& circum/ances1 x _c be decid$ ^u ab/ract pr9ciples2 b by ! consid]ation ( exi/+ facts1 duly appreciat$ & consid]$ by political tact4 ,su* is ! case ( ! respect due to consummat$ facts2 ! inju/ice ( ^! facts is app>5t2 b we mu/ n ov]look _! =ce4 ,n to attack !m is n1 necess>ily1 to sanction !m4 ,! legislator is b\nd to dim9i% ! evil z f> z possible2 b n to risk an aggravation ( x by attempt+ an impracticable rep>ation4 ,z x is p>ticul>ly injuri\s to society = great int]e/s to rema9 insecure1 & unc]ta9 = ! future1 j means mu/ be adopt$1 :i*1 )\t occasion+ complicity 9 ! evil1 may prev5t ! dang]s ( a d\btful situation1 result+ f inju/ice itself4 ,a j policy does n sanction inju/ice2 b a wise policy nev] despises ! importance ( e/abli%$ facts4 ,if su* facts exi/1 & appe> inde/ructible1 x tol]ates !m2 b )\t af=d+ !m ! sanction ( its p>ticipation or approval4 ,act+ ) dignity1 x makes ! be/ ( difficulties2 & 9 "s sort allies ! pr9ciples ( et]nal ju/ice ) ! views ( public exp$i5cy4 ,we h a v /rik+ case 9 po9t1 :i* w place ?is matt] 9 ! cle>e/ possible light4 ,aft] ! great evils1 & ! enorm\s acts ( inju/ice p]petrat$ dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :at possibility 0 !re ( mak+ a complete rep>ation8 ,9 #ahad1 c\ld e ?+ be re/or$ to ! position 9 :i* x /ood 9 #aghi8 ,! ?rone ov]turn$1 all social di/9ctions levell$1 & prop]ty brok5 up2 :o c\ld recon/ruct ! anci5t social edifice8 ,no "o4 ,su* is ! respect to be ent]ta9$ = consummat$ facts1 :i* might be m prop]ly t]m$ inde/ructible ones4 ,to illu/rate my idea /ill fur!r1 ,i w give x a v simple exemplification4 ,a proprietor1 driv5 f 8 possessions by a p[]ful neighbor1 has n ! means ( repossess+ himself ( !m4 ,he has nei!r weal? nor influ5ce2 & 8 spoliator ab\nds 9 bo?4 ,if he h rec\rse to =ce1 he w be vanqui%$2 if to ! tribunal1 he w lose 8 cause2 :at1 !re=e1 is he to d8 ,to negotiate = an accommodation1 to obta9 :at he c1 & be resign$ to 8 fate4 ,?is is all t c be said2 & x is rem>kable1 t su* are ! pr9ciples adopt$ by gov]nm5ts4 ,hi/ory & exp]i5ce tea* u1 t consummat$ facts are respect$ :5 !y are inde/ructible2 t is1 :5 !y possess 9 !mselves suffici5t =ce to make !m respect$2 9 any o!r case1 !y are n s4 ,& no?+ is m natural4 ,:atev] is n f\nd$ ^u "r1 c only be ma9ta9$ by =ce4#cb ,,*apt] ,,lvi4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,civil ,,p[] ,,may ,,be ,,lawfully ,,resi/$4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s x foll[s1 t x is all[able to resi/ illegitimate p[] by =ce4 ,! ,ca?olic religion does n enjo9 ob$i5ce to gov]nm5ts exi/+ m]ely de facto2 = morality does n admit a m]e fact1 unsupport$ by "r & ju/ice4 ,h[ev]1 :5 p[] is 9 itself lawful1 b 9 its ex]cise tyrannical1 does our religion prohibit1 9 e in/ance1 resi/ance by physical =ce2 s t n to resi/ at all1 =ms a "p ( h] dogmas8 ,is insurrection nev] all[able1 9 any supposition1 = any motive8 ,al?\gh ,i h already elim9at$ _m que/ions1 x is necess>y to draw "h a fre% di/9ction1 9 ord] to fix exactly ! po9t at :i* dogma ends1 & op9ions beg94 ,x is evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t an individual has no "r to kill a tyrant on 8 own au?ority4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 9 its #ae? session1 condemn$ ! foll[+ proposition z h]etical3 ,any vassal or subject may & %\ld1 lawfully & m]itori\sly1 kill any tyrant4 ,he may ev51 = ?is purpose1 avail himself ( ambu%es1 & wily expressions ( affection or adulation2 not)/&+ any oa? or pact impos$ ^u him by ! tyrant2 & )\t wait+ = ! s5t5ce or ord] ( any judge4 ,quilibet tyrannus pote/ et debet licite et m]itorie occidi p] quemcumque vassallum suum vel subditum1 etiam p] clancul>es insidias1 et subtiles bl&itias vel adulationes1 non ob/ante quocumque pr/ito juram5to1 seu confd]atione factis cum eo1 non expectata s5t5tia vel m&ato judicis cujuscumque4 ,b does ?is decision ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance con/itute a prohibition ( e k9d ( insurrection8 ,no2 x speaks ( ! murd] ( a tyrant by any p>ticul> individual2 b e case ( resi/ance is n ma9ta9$ by a s+le individual2 nei!r is x ! aim ( e insurrection to de/roy a tyrant4 ,?is doctr9e only s]ves to prev5t murd]1 & a tra9 ( evils :i* w\ld ov]:elm society if x 7 e/abli%$ t any individual _h a "r ( 8 own au?ority to kill ! supreme rul]4 ,:o w v5ture to accuse ?is doctr9e ( be+ favorable to tyranny8 ,! lib]ty ( ! p %\ld n be bas$ ^u ! horrid "r ( assass9ation2 ! def5ce ( ! rights ( society %\ld n be confid$ to ! dagg] ( a fanatic4 ,! attributes ( public p[] are s ext5sive & v>i\s1 t _! ex]cise mu/ necess>ily & frequ5tly inconv5i5ce "s individuals4 ,man1 incl9$ to extremes & rev5ge1 easily enl>ges ^u ! grievances :i* he suff]s2 pass+ f a p>ticul> to a g5]al1 he is incl9$ to look ^u ^? :o injure or oppose him z villa9s4 ,at ! slighte/ %ock :i* he receives f gov]nm5t1 he cries out t tyranny is insupportable2 ! act ( arbitr>y p[]1 real or imag9>y1 committ$ aga9/ him1 becomes1 9 8 m\?1 "o ( ! _m iniquities p]petrat$1 or ! comm5cem5t ( ^? t are to be4 ,grant1 !re=e1 to ! individual ! "r ( kill+ a tyrant2 proclaim to ! p t1 to r5d] su* an act lawful & m]itori\s1 !re is no ne$ ( a s5t5ce1 or any judicial condemnation2 & f t "t ?is horrible crime w become frequ5t4 ,! wise/1 ! ju/e/ k+s w fall victims to ! p>ricidal dagg]1 or ! poison$ cup4 ,y w h furni%$ no gu>antee to ! lib]ty ( ! p1 & y w h expos$ ! de>e/ int]e/s ( society to dreadful haz>ds4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 by ?is solemn decl>ation1 has conf]r$ an imm5se s]vice on humanity4 ,! viol5t dea? ( him :o holds ! supreme p[] seldom happ5s )\t caus+ blood%$ & great commotion4 ,x provokes measures ( suspici\s precaution1 easily conv]t$ into tyranny4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t any crime in/igat$ by excessive hatr$ ( tyranny contributes to e/abli% x 9 a =m /ill m absolute & cruel4 ,mod]n nations %\ld feel grateful to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* = hav+ e/abli%$ ?is sacr$ & sav+ pr9ciple4 ,a p]son mu/ be possess$ ( v mean s5tim5ts1 or v f]oci\s in/9cts1 n to appreciate x1 or to regret ! bloody sc5es ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! b>b>ian mon>*y4 ,we h se51 & we /ill see1 p[]ful nations deliv]$ up to dreadful tr\bles1 by ! neglect ( ?is ,ca?olic maxim4 ,! hi/ory ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ?is1 prove t ?is augu/ precept ( ! ,*ur* 0 giv5 to ! p 9 anticipation ( ! dang]s :i* 7 ?reat5+ !m4 ,9 x we f9d no flatt]y = k+s2 = !y are n ! only ones b5efit$ by x2 x is a g5]al proposition1 includ+ all o!rs1 :atev] be _! titles1 :o ex]cise supreme au?ority1 :atev] be ! =m ( gov]nm5t1 f ! ,russian autocrat to ! mo/ democratical republic4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t mod]n con/itutions1 proce$+ f ! bosom ( revolutions1 h univ]sally r5d]$ a solemn homage to ?is ,ca?olic maxim2 !y h decl>$ ! p]son ( ! mon>* sacr$ & inviolable4 ,:at does ?is mean1 b t ?is p]son %\ld be plac$ "u an imp5etrable safegu>d8 ,y reproa* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ) plac+ a sort ( %ield be=e ! p]son ( k+s1 & yet y y\rselves decl>e t p]son inviolable4 ,! ano9t+ ( k+s y ridicule1 & yet y y\rself decl>e t ! k+ is sacr$4 ,s9ce y are =c$ to imitate ! ,*ur*1 h] dogmas & h] discipl9e mu/ h conta9$ an et]nal tru?1 & high political pr9ciples2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t y repres5t z ! "w ( ! w ( man :at %e e/eems ! "w ( ! w ( ,god4 ,b if supreme p[] makes a sc&al\s abuse ( its faculties1 if x out/eps its j b\nds1 if x tramples "u foot fundam5tal laws1 if x p]secutes religion1 corrupts morality1 outrages public dignity1 attacks ! honor ( citiz5s1 exacts illegal & disproportionate contributions1 ali5ates national prop]ty1 dismemb]s prov9ces1 inflicts dea? & ignom9y ^u ! p3 9 su* cases1 does ,ca?olicity also prescribe ob$i5ce8 does x =bid resi/ance8 does x comm& subjects to rema9 tranquil1 l a lamb 9 ! claws ( a wild bea/8 ,may !re n exi/1 ei!r 9 an individual1 or 9 ! pr9cipal bodies1 or 9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ classes ( society1 or 9 ! entire mass ( ! nation1 some:]e1 9 f9e1 ! "r ( oppos+1 ( resi/+1 aft] all means ( mildness1 repres5tation1 c\nsel1 & entreaty h fail$8 ,9 su* disa/r\s circum/ances1 does ! ,*ur* leave ! p )\t hope1 & tyrants )\t re/ra9t8 ,9 su* extremities1 c]ta9 v r5[n$ !ologians ?9k t resi/ance is all[able2 b ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur* d n desc5d to ^! details4 ,! ,*ur* ab/a9s f condemn+ ! opposite doctr9es4 ,9 su* extreme circum/ances1 non-resi/ance is n a dogmatical prescription4 ,! ,*ur* has nev] taught su* a doctr9e2 if any "o w ma9ta9 t %e has1 let him br+ =w>d a decision ( a ,c\ncil or ( a ,sov]eign ,pontiff to t effect4 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 ,c>d9al ,bell>m91 ,su>ez1 & o!r em95t !ologians1 7 well v]s$ 9 ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*2 & yet1 if y consult _! works1 s f> f f9d+ ?is doctr9e 9 !m1 y w f9d ! opposite "o4 ,n[ ! ,*ur* has n condemn$ !m1 %e has n conf\nd$ !m ) ^? s$iti\s writ]s 9 :om ,prote/antism ab\nds1 nor ) mod]n revolutioni/s1 :o are cont9ually di/urb+ social ord]4 ,bossuet & o!r au?ors ( repute diff] f ,/4 ,?omas1 ,bell>m91 ,su>ez2 & ?is gives cr$it to ! opposite op9ion1 b does n conv]t x into a dogma4 ,^u c]ta9 po9ts ( ! highe/ import1 ! op9ions ( ! illu/ri\s ,bi%op ( ,meaux suff]$ contradiction2 & we "k t ^u ?is case ( an excess ( tyranny1 ! ,pope at ano!r p]iod 0 ackn[l$g$ to possess faculties :i* ,bossuet refuses him4 ,! ,abb de ,lam5nais1 9 8 impot5t & ob/9ate resi/ance to ! ,holy see1 adduc$ ! doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas1 & ^? ( "s o!r !ologians1 pret5d+ t to condemn 8 own works 0 to condemn s*ools hi!rto held irreproa*able4 7,affaires de ,rome47 ,! ,abb ,g]bet1 9 8 excell5t refutation ( ,m4 de ,lam5nais1 aft] hav+ v judici\sly rem>k$1 t ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff's object 9 reprov+ mod]n doctr9es 01 to prev5t a r5ewal ( ! errors ( ,wickliffe1 obs]ves1 at ! epo* ( ?is h]esi>*'s condemnation1 ! doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas & ( o!r !ologians 7 well kn[n1 & t1 nev]!less1 no "o believ$ t !y 7 includ$ 9 ! condemnation4 ,! excell5t au?or ( ?is refutation deem$ ?is suffici5t to deprive ,m4 de ,lam5nais ( ! %ield "u :i* he s\ght to def5d & cov] 8 apo/acy2 & = ?is reason1 he ab/a9s f draw+ a p>allel betwe5 ! two doctr9es4 ,9 fact1 ?is reflection alone is suffici5t to conv9ce any judici\s man t ! doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas be> no resemblance to ^? ( ,m4 de ,lam5nais4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be useful to give 9 few words a comp>ison ( ! two doctr9es4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 ^! matt]s1 x is v prop] to "k1 n only t ^! doctr9es diff]1 b likewise :]e9 !y diff]4 ,m4 de ,lam5nais' !ory may be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,a natural equality among m51 &1 z necess>y consequ5ces1 #a4 ,equality ( rights1 political rights includ$2 #b4 ,! inju/ice ( e social & political organization n e/abli%+ ?is equality completely1 z is ! case 9 ,europe & 9 ! :ole univ]se2 #c4 ,exp$i5cy & legitimacy ( insurrection1 to de/roy gov]nm5ts1 & *ange social organization2 #d4 ,abolition ( all gov]nm5t1 z ! object ( ! progress ( ! human race4 ,! doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas on ! same po9ts may be ?us express$3 ,a natural equality among m52 t is to say1 an ess5tial equality1 b exclusive ( physical1 intellectual1 & moral gifts--an equality among m5 9 ! eyes ( ,god--an equality 9 _! de/9ation1 inasmu* z !y are all creat$ to enjoy ,god--an equality ( means1 inasmu* z !y are all r$eem$ by ,*ri/1 & may all receive ,8 grace2 b exclusive ( ! inequalities :i* x may please ,god to e/abli% by gifts ( grace & glory4 #a4 ,an equality ( social & political rights4 ,accord+ to ! holy doctor1 su* an equality is impossible4 ,he r supports ! utility & legitimacy ( c]ta9 hi]>*ies2 ! respect due to ^? e/abli%$ by law2 ! necessity ( !re be+ "s to comm& & o!rs to obey2 ! obligation ( be+ subject to ! e/abli%$ laws ( ! c\ntry1 :atev] be ! =m ( gov]nm5t2 ! pref]5ce = mon>*ical gov]nm5ts4 #b4 ,! inju/ice ( e social & political organization n e/abli%+ a complete equality4 ,/4 ,?omas looks ^u ?is z an error oppos$ to reason & to fai?4 ,nay1 m2 n only is x true t ! inequality f\nd$ ^u ! v nature ( man & ( society is an effect & puni%m5t ( orig9al s91 9 z f> z x entails ^u man injury or inconv5i5ce2 b1 accord+ to ! holy ,doctor1 ?is inequality w\ld h exi/$ among m5 ev5 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce4 #c4 ,exp$i5cy & legitimacy ( insurrection1 to de/roy gov]nm5ts1 & to *ange ! social organization4 ,an errone\s & fatal op9ion4 ,we ought to submit to legitimate gov]nm5ts2 x is exp$i5t ev5 to tol]ate su* z make an improp] use ( _! p[]2 we mu/ exhau/ e means ( entreaty1 ( c\nsel & repres5tation1 be=e we h rec\rse to o!rs4 ,we c only appeal to =ce 9 ! greate/ extremities1 on r>e occasions1 & !n only "u _m re/rictions1 z w be se5 else:]e4 #d4 ,abolition ( all gov]nm5t1 z ! object ( ! progress ( ! human race4 ,an absurd proposition--a dream t _c be realiz$4 ,! necessity ( gov]nm5t 9 e society2 argum5ts f\nd$ ^u ! nature ( man2 analogies f ! human body1 f ! v ord] ( ! univ]se2 ! exi/5ce ( gov]nm5t ev5 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce4 ,su* are ! doctr9es ( ,de ,lam5nais & ,/4 ,?omas respectively4 ,let ! read] comp>e !m1 & judge = himself4 ,x is impossible to adduce ! words ( ! holy ,doctor--!y w\ld fill ! volume4 ,%\ld any read] wi% to consult !m himself1 let him read1 9 addition to ! passages ins]t$ 9 ?is "w1 ! :ole treatise1 ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum1 ! comm5t>ies on ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 & ^? passages ( ! ,summa 9 :i* ! holy ,doctor treats ( ! s\l1 ( ! creation ( man1 ( ! /ate ( innoc5ce1 ( ! angels & ( _! hi]>*y1 ( orig9al s9 & its effects1 &1 above all1 8 valuable ,treatise on ,laws & t on ,ju/ice1 9 :i* he discusses ! orig9 ( ! "r ( prop]ty & ( inflict+ puni%m5ts4 ,aft] t he w be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( :at ,i h j advanc$2 he w !n see ! inju/ice ( ,m4 de ,lam5nais 9 attempt+ to make ! illu/ri\s writ]s & sa9ts v5]at$ on our alt>s ! accomplices ( 8 apo/acy4 ,9 grave & delicate matt]s confusion produces error1 ! enemies ( tru? are int]e/$ 9 spread+ d>kness1 9 e/abli%+ g5]al & vague propositions susceptible ( v>i\s int]pretations4 ,!y seek ) anxiety a text favorable to "s "o ( ! num]\s int]pretations t are possible1 & pr\dly exclaim1 ,h[ unju/ x is 9 y to condemn u2 :at we ma9ta9 0 ass]t$ c5turies ago1 by ! mo/ respect$ & celebrat$ writ]s4 ,! ,abb de ,lam5nais mu/ h reckon$ 9 a s+ul> mann] ^u ! cr$ulity ( 8 read]s1 to ?9k ( mak+ !m believe t !re 0 no hone/ man to be f\nd at ,rome capable ( in=m+ ! ,pope1 t 9 condemn+ ! doctr9es ( ! apo/le ( revolution1 he 0 condemn+ also ^? ( ! angel ( ! s*ools1 & o!r di/+ui%$ !ologians4 ,x is possible t ,m4 de ,lam5nais nev] read ! au?ors except 9 ha/e & 9 fragm5ts1 b _m p]sons at ,rome h sp5t _! lives 9 /udy+ !m4 ,we are n ignorant ( ! viol5t declamations ( ,lu!r1 ,zw+lius1 ,knox1 ,jurieu1 & o!r lead]s ( ,prote/antism1 to /ir up ! p to revolt aga9/ pr9ces2 we are n ignorant ( ! gross & viol5t invectives made use ( by ^! sect>ies to excite ! multitude4 ,ca?olics look ^u su* extravagances ) horror4 ,9 l mann]1 !y look ) dread ^u ! an>*ical doctr9e ( ,r\sseau1 e/abli%+ t ! clauses ( ! social contract are s det]m9$ by ! v nature ( ! act1 t ! lea/ modification ( !m w\ld r5d] !m va9 & null2 s t e "o !n resumes 8 =m] rights & rega9s 8 natural lib]ty4 7,contrat ,social1 l4 i4 c4 #f47 ,! doctr9e ( ! !ologians above cit$ does n conta9 ?is fruitful g]m ( insurrection & disa/]2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are n f\nd timid & pusillanim\s 9 ! la/ extremities4 ,!y prea* up resignation1 pati5ce1 & longanimity2 b !re is a po9t at :i* !y /op & exclaim1 ,en\gh4 ,if !y d n advocate insurrection1 !y d n prohibit x2 x w\ld be 9 va9 to require !m to tea* z a dogmatical tru? ! obligation ( n resi/+ 9 extreme cases4 ,!y _c tea* ! p to consid] z a dogma :at !y d n ackn[l$ge z su*4 ,x is n _! fault if ! tempe/ bur/s1 if ! ro>+ waves arise2 no o!r h& c control !m ?an t ( ,god1 :o rides ^u ! nor? w9d & sports ) ! tempe/4 ,= _m c5turies !re has be5 inculcat$ 9 ,europe a doctr9e mu* criticis$ by ^? :o d n und]/& x1 ! int]v5tion ( ! ,pontifical au?ority betwe5 ! p & _! sov]eigns4 ,?is doctr9e 0 no?+ less ?an ,heav5 desc5d+ z an arbit] & judge1 to put an end to ! disputes ( ! e>?4 ,! temporal p[] ( ! ,popes has s]v$ z a wond]ful !me to ! enemies ( ! ,*ur* to create al>m1 & declaim aga9/ ,rome2 b ?is p[] is no less an hi/orical fact & a social ph5om5on1 :i* has fill$ ) admiration ! mo/ r5[n$ m5 ( mod]n times1 includ+ "s ,prote/ants4 ,! ,scriptures make x a duty = slaves to obey _! ma/]s1 ev5 :5 !y are oppressive & unju/4 ,all t c be inf]r$ f ?is is1 t a pr9ce1 by ! simple fact ( 8 be+ wick$1 does n lose 8 au?ority ov] 8 subjects1 :i* condemns be=eh& ! errors ( ^? :o make ! "r ( comm&+ dep5d5t ^u ! sanctity ( its possessor4 ,su* a pr9ciple is an>*ical1 & incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( e society4 ,:5 x is once e/abli%$1 p[] rema9s unsafe & tott]+2 e di/urb] decl>es all ^? dive/$ ( au?ority :om he may deem culpable4 ,b our "q is ( a diff]5t nature1 & ! op9ion ( !ologians cit$ by u has no?+ to d ) ?is error4 ,^! !ologians also on _! "p advocate ob$i5ce to rul]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y be oppressive & unju/2 !y also condemn insurrection1 :5 f\nd$ on no o!r pretext ?an ! vices ( p]sons ex]cis+ supreme p[]2 !y d n admit t any abuse ( p[] ju/ifies resi/ance2 b !y d n consid] t !y impugn ! sacr$ text by admitt+ t 9 extreme cases x is all[able to place a b>ri] aga9/ ! excesses ( a tyrant4 ,if gov]nm5ts d n lose _! p[] by ! simple fact ( _! be+ wick$1 h[1 x w be said1 c we conceive resi/ance to !m lawful8 ,?is is c]ta9ly n all[able1 s long z !y d n out/ep ! b\nds ( _! faculties2 b :5 !y d s1 _! comm&s1 z ,/4 ,?omas says1 are r acts ( viol5ce ?an laws4 ,no "o has ! "r ( judg+ ! supreme p[]4 ,?is is true2 b above ?is p[] exi/ ! pr9ciples ( reason1 morality1 religion4 ,p[]1 al?\gh supreme1 is b\nd to ! execution ( its promises1 to keep its oa?s4 ,society is n =m$ ^u ! model ( ,r\sseau's ideal contract2 b !re exi/1 9 c]ta9 cases1 real pacts betwe5 ! rul]s & ! p1 to :i* bo? are b\nd to adh]e4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,ca?olic ,proclamation to 8 pi\s ,maje/y ,philip ! ,great1 ,k+ ( ,spa9 & ,emp]or ( ! ,indies by ! ,c\nsellors & ! ,c\ncil ( ,"o ,hundr$ ( ! city ( ,b>celona1 9 #afdj1 an epo* s pr(\ndly religi\s t ! ,c\nsellors quote1 z a high title ( glory1 ! zeal ( ! ,catalonians = ! ,ca?olic fai?1 ! devotion ( ! ,catalonians to our lady ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ! mo/ holy ,sacram5t2--at t "t1 :i* pride & ignorance h s (t5 tax$ ) fanaticism1 ^! c\nsellors said to ! k+1 ,besides civil obligation1 ! cu/oms1 con/itutions1 & acts ( ! c\rt ( ,catalonia are b9d+ on consci5ce1 & to violate !m w\ld be a mortal s92 = ! pr9ce has no "r to annul a contract2 x is made freely1 b _c be revok$ )\t inju/ice4 ,if a contract is n subject to ! civil law1 x is subject to ! law ( reason2 & al?\gh ! pr9ce may be ! ma/] ( ! laws1 ! contracts he makes ) 8 vassals are inviolable1 = 9 mak+ !m he is a m]e individual1 & ! vassal acquires a "r equal to 84 ,a contract1 9 f9e1 %\ld be made betwe5 equals4 ,h5ce1 z ! vassal _c be unfai?ful to 8 "l1 ! latt]1 9 l mann]1 is b\nd to keep ! promise he has made by solemn engagem5t2 & inde$1 ! rupture ( a pact ought lea/ ( all to be expect$ on ! "p ( a pr9ce4 ,if ! ^w ( a k+ is law1 t ^w giv5 9 a solemn contract is /ill m b9d+4 7,ca?olic ,proclamation1 sect4 #bg47 ,! c\rti]s urg$ ! mon>* to measures ( co]cion to r$uce ! ,catalonians to submission2 ! ,ca/ilian army 0 prep>+ to ent] ! pr9cipality4 ,9 ?is extremity1 aft] exhau/+ all means ( repres5tation & entreaty1 ! c\nsellors ?us express$ !mselves3 ,f9ally1 m5 :o h v[$ an invet]ate hatr$ aga9/ ! ,catalonians h be5 s successful 9 _! cont9ual p]suasions1 t ! uprightness & equity ( y\r maje/y h be5 turn$ f ! means ( peace & tranquillity propos$ by u1 & :i* %\ld h be5 admitt$1 7 x only on ! gr\nds ( exp]i5ce2 & to fill up ! cup ( _! malice1 !y n[ lay y\r maje/y "u an obligation ( oppress+ ! pr9cipality /ill fur!r1 by s5d+ an army to sack & pillage :]ev] ! caprice ( ! soldi] may lead him2 :i* w\ld place ?is c\ntry 9 a position to say 77 x n = ! love x has borne1 /ill be>s1 & ev] w be> to y\r maje/y7 t su* a brea* ( sworn fai? w\ld leave x free1 a ?+ ( :i* ! prov9ce is unwill+ to ?9k1 & prays ,god to av]t4 ,nev]!less1 ! pr9cipality kn[s f exp]i5ce t ^! soldi]s h nei!r respect nor pity = any ?+ or p]son1 m>ri$ wom5 & innoc5t virg9s1 temples1 or ,god ,himself1 images ( ! ,sa9ts or ! sacr$ vessels ( our *ur*es1 nay1 ev5 ! bless$ ,sacram5t has twice ?is ye> be5 committ$ to ! flames by ^! soldi]s4 ,! pr9cipality is1 !re=e1 ev]y:]e 9 arms to def5d1 9 su* an urg5t & irrem$iable extremity1 =tune1 life1 honor1 lib]ty1 home1 laws1 & above all ! sacr$ temples1 ! sacr$ images1 & ! holy ,sacram5t ( ! alt> 7be ! same = ev] prais$74 ,9 su* a case1 ! holy !ologians d n m]ely affirm t resi/ance is lawful1 b /ill fur!r1 t all p]sons1 :e!r lay or cl]ical1 may take up arms to av]t ! evil2 t bo? secul> & ecclesia/ical prop]ty may & ought to contribute to ! def5ce2 t ! nations invad$ may1 z ! cause is univ]sal1 unite1 conf$]ate1 & =m juntas ) a view to prev5t su* evils4 7#cf7 ,su* 0 ! language address$ to k+s1 at a "t :5 religion pr$om9at$ ov] all ?+s4 ,! c\nsellors1 accord+ to ! usage ( ! "t1 took c>e to make m>g9al notes ( ! s\rces ( _! in=mation2 & we are n aw>e t _! doctr9es h ev] be5 condemn$ z h]etical4 ,^! doctr9es _c1 )\t manife/ di%one/y1 be conf\nd$ ) ^? ( _m ,prote/ants & mod]n revolutioni/s4 ,a cursory p]usal ( ^! writ+s w enable any "o to discov] h[ widely !y diff]4 ,by ma9ta9+ t x is n all[able 9 any case1 9 ! greate/ extremities1 n ev5 :5 ! mo/ preci\s & sacr$ int]e/s are at /ake1 to (f] resi/ance to ! civil p[]1 ! ?rones ( k+s are ?\ght to be /r5g!n$2 = x is g5]ally k+s t are spok5 (4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$1 t ?is doctr9e affects e o!r supreme p[]1 "u e =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,s9ce ! texts ( ,scripture recomm5d+ ob$i5ce to ! p[]s t be1 d n allude to k+s only1 b to all supreme p[]s1 )\t exception or di/9ction1 x foll[s t resi/ance _c 9 any case be (f]$ to ! presid5t ( a republic4 ,w x be said t ! faculties ( a presid5t are det]m9$8 ,are n ! faculties ( a k+ also det]m9$8 ,are !re n1 9 absolute gov]nm5ts1 laws fix+ ! limits ( ^! faculties8 ,& is n ?is ! di/9ction con/antly employ$ by ! support]s ( mon>*y to repel ! errors ( _! adv]s>ies1 :o conf\nd mon>*y ) despotism8 ,b1 x w be said1 ! presid5t ( a republic is only tempor>y4 ,& :at if he 7 p]petual8 ,besides1 ! faculties are nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$ by ! simple fact ( _! hav+ to la/ a long or %ort p]iod4 ,if a c\ncil1 a man1 a family1 is inve/$ ) a c]ta9 "r1 by virtue ( a c]ta9 law2 ) c]ta9 re/rictions1 b ) c]ta9 contracts & oa?s2 su* a c\ncil1 su* a man or su* a family is b\nd to adh]e to ! oa? tak51 :atev] be ! ext5t ( its duration1 tempor>y or p]petual4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples ( natural "r2 s c]ta9 & simple1 t !y _c pres5t any difficulty4 ,!ologians1 ev5 ^? mo/ atta*$ to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 tea* a doctr9e :i* we mu/ notice "h1 on acc\nt ( ! analogy x be>s to ! po9t "u discussion4 ,x is kn[n t ! ,pope1 :5 speak+ ex ca!dra1 is ackn[l$g$ to be infallible1 b n z a simple individual2 & t1 9 ?is latt] capacity1 he might fall into h]esy4 ,9 ?is case1 !ologians are ( op9ion t he w\ld =feit 8 dignity2 "s ma9ta9+ t he ought to be depos$1 o!rs t 8 deposition is ! consequ5ce ( 8 hav+ fall5 f ! fai?4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! op9ions be admitt$1 9 ?is case resi/ance w\ld become all[able1 = ?is reason1 t ! ,pope w\ld h %amefully dep>t$ f ! object ( 8 in/itution1 w\ld h trampl$ on ! basis ( ! laws ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is h] dogmas1 & w\ld consequ5tly h nullifi$ ! promises & oa?s ( ob$i5ce made to him4 ,sp$ali]i1 9 adduc+ ?is argum5t1 obs]ves1 t k+s are c]ta9ly n ( high] rank ?an ,popes1--t p[] has be5 grant$ to bo? 9 dificationem non 9 de/ructionem2 add+1 t if ,sov]eign ,pontiffs au?orize ?is doctr9e ) relation to !mselves1 temporal sov]eigns _c object to its application to !m4 ,x is /range t ! mon>*ical zeal ( ,prote/ants & incr$ul\s philosoph]s imputes to ! ,ca?olic religion z a crime1 t %e has all[$ x to be ma9ta9$ )9 h] bosom1 t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! subject may be releas$ f 8 oa? ( allegiance2 :il/ o!r philosoph]s ( ! same s*ool reproa* x ) hav+ sanction$ despotism by its dete/able doctr9e ( non-resi/ance1 z ,dr4 ,beatty expresses x4 ,! direct1 indirect1 & decl>atory p[]s ( ! ,popes h s]v$ z an admirable bugbe> to intimidate k+s2 ! dang]\s pr9ciples ( !ological works =m$ an excell5t pretext = rais+ ! cry ( al>m1 = repres5t+ ,ca?olicity z a ne/ ( s$iti\s maxims4 ,! h\r ( revolutions 0 /ruck1--circum/ances 7 *ang$1--fre% necessities arose1 & m5 adapt$ _! language to ! times4 ,! ,ca?olics1 a %ort "t be=e s$iti\s & regicidal1 7 !n decl>$ abettors ( despotism1 fulsome adulators ( civil p[]4 ,rec5tly1 ! ,jesuits1 leagu$ ) ! inf]nal policy ( ,rome1 7 ev]y:]e und]m9+ ?rones1 to e/abli% on _! ru9s ! univ]sal mon>*y ( ! ,pope2 b ! secret ( ?is horrid plot 0 discov]$1 & =tunately s1 = ! _w 0 o!rwise ab\t to exp]i5ce a frightful cata/rophe4 ,b n[ t ! ,jesuits are expell$1 & are expiat+ _! crimes 9 exile1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! prelude to s _m o!rs1 breaks out1 & ! aspect ( affairs *anges imm$iately4 ,prote/ants & unbeliev]s1 ! support]s ( anci5t discipl9e1 ! zeal\s adv]s>ies ( ! abuses ( ! ,c\rt ( ,rome1 fully compreh5d+ ! new situation ( affairs1 ha/5 to con=m to x4 ,f t mom5t1 ! ,jesuits1 ! ,ca?olics1 ! ,pope1 are no long] s$iti\s or tyrannicides1 b ,ma*iavellian support]s ( tyranny1 enemies ( ! lib]ty ( ! p2 & j z a league _h be5 suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! ,jesuits & ! ,pope = ! f\ndation ( a univ]sal !ocracy1 !re is n[ discov]$1 ?anks to ! inve/igations ( ^! em95t philosoph]s & /rict1 incorruptible ,*ri/ians1 an infam\s pact betwe5 ! ,pope & k+s to oppress1 enslave1 & degrade ! un=tunate human race4 ,! answ] to ?is enigma may be ?us briefly express$4 ,s long z k+s ma9ta9 _! p[] & ! peaceable possession ( _! ?rones1 s long z ,provid5ce re/ra9s ! tempe/1 & ! mon>*1 rais+ 8 pr\d head t[>ds heav51 comm&s ! p ) a l(ty air1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* does n flatt] him4 ,?\ art du/1 %e says to him1 & into du/ ?\ %alt return2 p[] 0 giv5 !e n unto de/ruction1 b unto edification2 ?y faculties are great1 b n b\ndless4 ,god is ?y judge1 z well z t ( ! l[e/ ( ?y subjects4 ,! ,*ur* is !n accus$ ( insol5ce2 & if any !ologian %\ld v5ture to inve/igate ! orig9 ( civil p[]1 to po9t out1 ) g5]\s fre$om1 ! duties to :i* ?is p[] is subject2 to write1 9 a ^w1 ) prud5ce ^u public "r1 b )\t s]vility1 ! ,ca?olics are !n decl>$ s$iti\s4 ,b ! tempe/ bur/s1 ?rones are ov]turn$1 revolution prevails1 spills ! blood ( ! p 9 torr5ts1 cuts (f royal heads1 & all 9 ! "n ( lib]ty4 ,! ,*ur* says3 ,?is is no lib]ty1 b a succession ( crimes2 ! frat]nity & equality :i* ,i h taught1 7 nev] y\r orgies & guillot9es4 ,! ,*ur* !n becomes a vile flatt]]2 h] words1 h] actions1 h indubitably reveal$ t ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff is ! sure/ an*or ( despotism2 x has be5 prov$ t ! ,c\rt ( ,rome has be5 pollut$ by an infam\s pact4#cc ,,*apt] ,,lvii4 ,,political ,,society ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,we h already se5 :at has be5 ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ) respect to society2 t is to say1 t n c>+ :e!r su* or su* political =ms 7 e/abli%$ 9 a c\ntry1 %e has ev] address$ h]self to man1 seek+ to enlight5 8 und]/&+ & to purify 8 he>t1 fully confid5t t :5 ^! objects 7 atta9$1 society w\ld naturally pursue a safe c\rse4 ,?is is suffici5t to oblit]ate ! reproa* imput$ to h] ( be+ an enemy to ! lib]ty ( ! p4 ,prote/antism has c]ta9ly nev] reveal$ to ! _w a s+le dogma :i* exalts ! dignity ( man1 nor creat$ fre% motives ( consid]ation & respect1 or clos] bonds ( frat]nity4 ,! ,re=mation _c1 !re=e1 boa/ ( hav+ giv5 ! lea/ impetus to ! progress ( mod]n nations2 x _c1 consequ5tly1 lay ! lea/ claim to ! gratitude ( ! p 9 ?is respect4 ,b z x frequ5tly happ5s t p lay aside ma9 po9ts & set a great value on appe>ances2 & z ,prote/antism has be5 suppos$ to accord mu* bett] ?an ,ca?olicity ) ^? in/itutions 9 :i* x is usual to f9d gu>antees = a high degree ( lib]ty2 we mu/ draw a p>allel4 ,besides1 we _c omit x )\t betray+ an ignorance ( ! g5ius ( ?is age1 & au?oriz+ ! suspicion t ,ca?olicity _c d]ive any advantage f su* a comp>ison4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w obs]ve1 t ^? :o look ^u ,prote/antism z insep>able f public lib]ty d n 9 ?is respect agree ) ,m4 ,guizot1 :o _c c]ta9ly be accus$ ( any want ( sympa?y = ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ,g]many1 says ?is celebrat$ publici/1 f> f dem&+ political lib]ty1 x has accept$1 ,i %\ld n l to say political s]vitude1 b ! abs5ce ( lib]ty4 7,hi/4 ,gn4 de la ,civil4 en ,eur4 le4 #ab47 ,i quote ,m4 ,guizot1 because 9 ,spa9 we are s accu/om$ to translations1 because we ,spani>ds h be5 l$ to suppose1 t ! be/ ?+ = u is to believe =eign]s on _! b>e ^w2 because among/ u1 9 que/ions ( importance1 x is necess>y to h rec\rse to =eign au?orities2 & h5ce1 a writ] :o appe>s to slight su* au?orities1 exposes himself to ! risk ( be+ treat$ z an ignoramus1 z "o beh9d ! age4 ,besides1 ) a c]ta9 class ( writ]s1 ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,guizot is decisive4 ,9 fact1 a multitude ( publications h appe>$ among/ u be>+ ! title ( ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 ^: au?ors1 x is q cle>1 h us$ ! works ( t ,fr5* writ] z _! text-books4 ,is ?is ass]tion1 t ,prote/antism is ! natural bulw>k ( lib]ty1 true or false1 accurate or inaccurate8 ,:at d hi/ory & philosophy tea* u on ?is po9t8 ,has ,prote/antism advanc$ ! popul> cause1 by contribut+ to ! e/abli%m5t & developm5t ( lib]al =ms ( gov]nm5t8 ,to place ! "q 9 its true light1 & discuss x ?or\ghly1 we mu/ take a view ( ! /ate ( ,europe at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?4 ,x is inconte/able t individuals & society 7 !n mak+ rapid progress t[>ds p]fection4 ,we h suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is fact 9 ! wond]ful m>* ( intellect at ?is p]iod1 9 ! num]\s measures ( improvem5t effect$ at t epo*1 & 9 ! bett] organization ev]y:]e introduc$4 ,?is organization is d\btless /ill imp]fect2 b x is nev]!less su* z _c be lik5$ to t ( =m] times4 ,if we c>efully exam9e into ! /ate ( society at t epo*1 z repres5t$ ei!r 9 ! writ+s or 9 ! ev5ts ( ! "t1 we %all obs]ve a c]ta9 re/lessness1 anxiety1 & f]m5tation1 :i*1 :ile !y indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( va/ wants n yet satisfi$1 7 evid5ce also ( a tol]ably di/9ct k ( ^? wants4 ,f> f discov]+ 9 ! m5 ( t p]iod a contempt or =getfulness ( _! rights & dignity1 or any disc\ragem5t & pusillanimity at ! sight ( ob/acles1 we f9d !m ab\nd+ 9 =esight & +5uity1 sway$ by l(ty & sublime ?\ghts1 fir$ ) noble s5tim5ts1 & animat$ ) intrepid & ard5t c\rage4 ,! progress ( ,european society at t epo* 0 v rapid2 ?ree v rem>kable circum/ances contribut$ to r5d] x s3 #a4 ,! introduction ( ! :ole body ( m5 to ! rank ( citiz5s1 z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! abolition ( slav]y & ! decl9e ( feudality2 #b4 ,! v nature ( civilization1 9 :i* e ?+ advances toge!r & abrea/2 #c4 ,9 f9e1 ! exi/5ce ( a means = increas+ its developm5t & rapidity--?is means 0 ! art ( pr9t+4 ,to make use ( a physico-ma!matical expression1 we may say1 t ! am\nt ( motion mu/ h be5 v consid]able1 s9ce x 0 ! product ( ! mass by ! rapidity1 & t ! mass1 z well z ! rapidity1 7 !n v consid]able4 ,?is p[]ful movem5t1 :i* proce$s f good1 is 9 itself good1 & is productive ( good1 is1 h[ev]1 accompani$ by inconv5i5ces & p]ils2 x raises flatt]+ hopes1 b x also inspires appreh5sions & fe>s4 ,! p ( ,europe are an anci5t p1 b !y may be said to h become "y aga92 _! incl9ations1 _! wants1 urge !m to great ent]prises2 & !y ent] ^u !m ) ! ardor ( an impetu\s & inexp]i5c$ "y man1 feel+ 9 8 brea/ a great he>t1 & 9 8 head ! lively sp>k ( g5ius4 ,9 ?is situation1 a great problem pres5ts itself = solution1 viz41 to f9d ! mo/ prop] means = direct+ society )\t imp$+ its progress2 & = conduct+ x by a way free f precipices to ! objects ( its aim1 intellig5ce1 morality1 felicity4 ,a slight glance at ?is problem />tles u at its imm5se ext5t2 s num]\s are ! objects x embraces1 ! relations x be>s1 ! ob/acles & difficulties ) :i* x is beset4 ,consid]+ ?is "q att5tively1 & comp>+ x ) man's weakness1 ! m9d is ready to lose c\rage & despond4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 exi/s1 n z a sci5tific speculation1 b z a real & urg5t necessity4 ,9 su* a case1 society is l individuals2 x attempts1 essays1 & makes ef=ts to get cle> ( ! difficulty z well z possible4 ,man's civil /ate improves daily2 b to ma9ta9 ?is improvem5t1 & to p]fect x1 requires a means3 & ?is is ! problem ( political =ms4 ,:at ought ^! =ms to be8 ,&1 above all1 :at elem5ts c we make use (8 ,:at is ! respective =ce ( ^! elem5ts8 ,:at are _! t5d5cies1 _! relations1 _! aff9ities8 ,h[ %all !y be comb9$8 ,mon>*y1 ,ari/ocracy1 ,democracy--^! ?ree p[]s pres5t !mselves at ! same "t to dispute = ! direction & gov]nm5t ( society4 ,!y are c]ta9ly n equal1 ei!r 9 =ce1 means ( action1 or 9 practical intellig5ce2 b !y all comm& our respect1 !y h all pret5sions to a prepond]ance m or less decisive1 & none ( !m are )\t ! probability ( obta9+ x4 ,?is simultane\s concurr5ce ( pret5sions1 ?is rival%ip ( ?ree p[]s s diff]5t 9 _! nature & aim1 =ms "o ( ! lead+ features ( ?is epo*4 ,x is1 z x 71 9 a great measure ! key to ! pr9cipal ev5ts2 &1 9 spite ( ! v>i\s aspects pres5t$ by ?is feature1 x may be signaliz$ z a g5]al fact among all ! civiliz$ portion ( ! nations ( ,europe4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r 9 our exam9ation ( ?is subject1 ! m]e indication ( su* a fact sugge/s ! reflection1 t x mu/ be v incorrect to say t ,ca?olicity has t5d5cies oppos$ to ! true lib]ty ( ! p2 = we see t ,european civilization1 :i*1 dur+ s _m ages1 0 "u ! influ5ce & gu>dian%ip ( ?is religion1 did n !n pres5t "o s+le pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t exclusively pr$om9at+4 ,survey ! :ole ( ,europe at ?is p]iod1 & y w n f9d "o c\ntry 9 :i* ! same fact did n exi/4 ,9 ,spa91 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 "u ! names ( ,cortes1 ,/ates-,g5]al1 ,p>liam5ts1 or ,diets2 ! same ?+ ev]y:]e1 ) ! simple modifications :i* necess>ily result f circum/ances adapt$ to ea* p4 ,:at is v rem>kable 9 ?is case is1 t if !re be a s+le exception1 x is 9 favor ( lib]ty2 &1 /range to say1 x exi/s precisely 9 ,italy1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,popes is imm$iately felt4 ,! names ( ! ,republics ( ,g5oa1 ,pisa1 ,si5na1 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 are famili> to all4 ,x is well kn[n t ,italy is ! c\ntry 9 :i* popul> =ms at t p]iod ga9$ mo/ gr\nd1 & 9 :i* !y 7 put 9 practice1 :il/ 9 o!r c\ntries !y _h already ab&on$ ! field4 ,i d n mean to say t ! ,italian ,republics 7 a model wor?y ( be+ imitat$ by ! o!r nations ( ,europe4 ,i am well aw>e t ^! =ms ( gov]nm5t 7 att5d$ ) grave inconv5i5ces2 b s9ce s mu* is said ( _s & t5d5cies1 s9ce ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is reproa*$ ) h] aff9ity to despotism1 & ! ,popes ) a ta/e = oppression1 x is well to adduce ^? facts :i* may s]ve to ?r[ "s d\bt ^u c]ta9 au?oritative ass]tions1 adduc$ z s _m philosophico-hi/orical dogmas4 ,if ,italy pres]v$ h] indep5d5ce 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! ,emp]ors ( ,g]many to wre/ x f h]1 %e ow$ x 9 a great "p to ! firmness & en]gy ( ! ,popes4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d fully ! relations :i* ,ca?olicity be>s to political in/itutions1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at degree ( aff9ity x be>s to su* & su* =ms1 & to =m a correct idea ( ! influ5ce ( ,prote/antism 9 ?is respect ov] ,european civilization1 we mu/ exam9e c>efully & 9 detail ea* ( ! elem5ts claim+ prepond]ance4 ,:5 we exam9e !m aft]w>ds 9 _! relations ) ea* o!r1 we w asc]ta91 z f> z possible1 :]e ! tru? lies 9 ?is %apeless mass4 ,e "o ( ^! ?ree may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 #a4 ,accord+ to ! ideas =m$ ( !m at ! p]iod we are speak+ (2 #b4 ,accord+ to ! int]e/s ^! elem5ts repres5t1 & ! "p !y play 9 society4 ,we mu/ lay p>ticul> /ress ^u ?is di/9ction1 )\t :i* we %\ld expose ourselves to ! commission ( s]i\s errors4 ,9 fact1 ! ideas :i* 7 ent]ta9$ ^u su* or su* pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t did n co9cide ) ! int]e/ repres5t$ by ?is same elem5t1 & ) ! "p x act$ 9 society2 & al?\gh x is cle> t ^! two ?+s mu/ h _h v close relations ) ea* o!r1 & c\ld n be dis5gag$ f a real & reciprocal influ5ce1 yet x is mo/ c]ta9 t !y diff] consid]ably1 & t ?is diff]5ce1 ! s\rce ( v v>i\s consid]ations1 %[s ! subject 9 po9ts ( view q dissimil>4 ,,*apt] ,,lviii4 ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! idea ( mon>*y has ev] exi/$ 9 ! bosom ( ,european society1 ev5 at ! "t :5 ! lea/ use 0 made ( x2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t at ! "t :5 its en]gy 0 tak5 away1 & x 0 de/roy$ 9 practice1 x /ill reta9$ its =ce 9 !ory4 ,we _c say t our ance/ors _h any v fix$ notions ^u ! nature ( ! object repres5t$ by ?is idea2 nor c we wond] at x1 s9ce ! cont9ual v>iations & modifications :i* !y witness$ mu/ h prev5t$ !m f =m+ any v correct k ( x4 ,nev]!less1 if we p]use ! codes 9 places :]e mon>*y is treat$ (1 & if we consult ! writ+s :i* h be5 pres]v$ ^u ?is matt]1 we %all f9d t _! ideas on ?is po9t 7 m fix$ ?an might h be5 imag9$4 ,by /udy+ ! mann] ( ?9k+ ( ?is p]iod1 we f9d t m5 9 g5]al 7 almo/ de/itute ( analytical k1 be+ m erudite ?an philosophical2 s mu* s1 t !y sc>cely v5tur$ to express an idea )\t support+ x by a multitude ( au?orities4 ,?is ta/e = erudition1 :i* is visible at ! fir/ glance into _! writ+s--a m]e tissue ( quotations--& :i* mu/ h be5 v natural1 s9ce x 0 s g5]al & la/+1 _h v advantage\s results2 n ! lea/ ( :i* 0 ! unit+ ( anci5t ) mod]n society1 by ! pres]vation ( a great numb] ( records & memorials1 :i*1 _h x n be5 = ?is public ta/e1 mu/ h be5 de/roy$1 & by exhum+ f ! du/ ! rema9s ( antiquity ab\t to p]i%4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x produc$ _m evils2 among/ o!rs1 a sort ( /ifl+ ( ?\ght1 :i* c\ld no long] indulge 9 its own inspirations1 al?\gh !y may h be5 m happy ?an ! anci5t ones on "s po9ts4 ,h[ev] x may be1 su* is ! fact3 on exam9+ x 9 relation to ! matt] "u discussion1 we f9d t mon>*y 0 repres5t$ at t "t z "o s+le picture1 9 :i* !re appe>$ at ! same "t ! k+s ( ! ,jews & ! ,roman emp]ors1 ^: features _h be5 correct$ by ! h& ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,t is to say1 ! pr9ciples ( mon>*y 7 compos$ ( ! tea*+s ( ,scripture & ! ,roman codes4 ,seek e :]e ! idea ( emp]or1 k+1 or pr9ce1 y w always f9d ! same ?+1 :e!r y look = ! orig9 ( p[]1 its ext5t1 its ex]cise1 or its object4 ,b :at ideas 7 ent]ta9$ ( mon>*y8 ,:at 0 ! acceptation ( ?is ^w8 ,tak5 9 a g5]al s5se1 ab/ract$ly f ! v>i\s modifications :i* a v>iety ( circum/ances gave to its signification1 x meant1 ! supreme comm& ov] society1 ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( "o man1 :o 0 to ex]cise x accord+ to reason & ju/ice4 ,?is 0 ! lead+ idea1 ! only "o fix$1 z a sort ( pole1 r\nd :i* all o!r que/ions revolv$4 ,did ! mon>* possess 9 himself ! faculty ( mak+ laws )\t consult+ g5]al assemblies1 :i*1 "u diff]5t names1 repres5t$ ! diff]5t classes ( ! k+dom8 ,f ! mom5t t we propose ?is "q we come ^u new gr\nd4 ,we h desc5d$ f !ory to practice2 we h br\ght our ideas into contact ) ! object to :i* !y are to be appli$4 ,f t mom5t1 we mu/ all[1 e ?+ vacillates & becomes obscure2 a ?\s& incoh]5t1 /range1 & contradictory facts pass be=e our eyes2 ! p>*m5ts ^u :i* are inscrib$ ! rights1 lib]ties1 & laws ( ! p give rise to a v>iety ( int]pretations1 :i* multiply d\bts & increase difficulties4 ,we see1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! relations ( ! mon>* ) ! subject1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ! mode 9 :i* gov]nm5t %\ld be ex]cis$1 0 n v well def9$4 ,! confusion f :i* society 0 em]g+ 0 /ill felt1 & 0 inevitable 9 an aggregation ( het]og5e\s bodies1 9 a comb9ation ( rival & ho/ile elem5ts2 t is1 we discov] an embryo1 & consequ5tly x is impossible z yet to f9d regul> & well-def9$ =ms4 ,did ?is idea ( mon>*y conta9 any ?+ ( despotism1 any ?+ t subject$ "o man to ! dom9ion ( ano!r by sett+ aside ! et]nal laws ( reason & ju/ice8 ,no2 f ! mom5t t we t\* ^u ?is po9t we discov] a new horizon1 cle> & transp>5t1 ^u :i* objects pres5t !mselves di/9ctly1 )\t a %ade ( dimness or obscurity4 ,! answ] ( all writ]s is decisive3 ,rule ought to be con=mable to reason & ju/ice2 if x is n1 x is m]e tyranny4 ,s t ! pr9ciple ma9ta9$ by ,m4 ,guizot1 9 8 ,disc\rs sur la ,democratie mod]ne1 & 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,europe1 viz4 t ! w alone does n con/itute a "r2 t laws1 to be laws1 %\ld accord ) ^? ( et]nal reason1 ! only s\rce ( all legitimate p[]2--t ?is pr9ciple1 ,i say1 :i* we might imag9e to be newly appli$ to society1 is z anci5t z ! _w4 ,ackn[l$g$ by anci5t philosoph]s1 develop$1 inculcat$1 & appli$ by ,*ri/ianity1 we f9d x 9 e page ( juri/s & !ologians4 ,b we "k :at ?is pr9ciple 0 wor? 9 ! mon>*ies ( antiquity1 & also 9 our own days 9 c\ntries :]e ,*ri/ianity has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,:o1 9 su* c\ntries1 presumes cont9ually to rem9d k+s ( _! obligation to be j8 ,obs]ve1 on ! contr>y1 :at is ! case among ,*ri/ians3 ! words 'reason' & 'ju/ice' are con/antly 9 ! m\? ( ! subject1 because he kn[s t no "o has a "r to treat him unreasonably or unju/ly2 & ?is he kn[s1 because ,*ri/ianity has impress$ him ) a pr(\nd idea ( 8 own dignity1 because x has accu/om$ him to look ^u reason & ju/ice1 n z va9 words1 b z et]nal *>act]s engrav5 on ! he>t ( man by ! h& ( ,god1 p]petually rem9d+ man t1 al?\gh he is a frail creature1 subject to error & to weakness1 he is1 nev]!less1 /amp$ ) ! image ( et]nal tru? & ( immutable ju/ice4 ,if any "o %\ld "q ! tru? ( :at ,i h advanc$1 x w suffice1 to conv9ce him1 to rem9d him ( ! num]\s texts previ\sly cit$ 9 ?is "w1 & 9 :i* ! mo/ em95t ,ca?olic writ]s be> te/imony to _! mann] ( ?9k+ on ! orig9 & faculties ( civil p[]4 ,s mu* = ideas2 z = facts1 !y v>y accord+ to times & c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! incursions ( ! b>b>ians1 & s long z ! feudal sy/em prevail$1 mon>*y rema9$ mu* b5ea? its typical idea2 b dur+ ! c\rse ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 matt]s assum$ a diff]5t aspect4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,spa91 p[]ful mon>*s 7 reign+1 :o fill$ ! _w ) ! fame ( _! names2 9 _! pres5ce ari/ocracy & democracy b[$ ) humility2 or if by *ance !y v5tur$ to raise _! heads1 x 0 only to suff] /ill great] degradation4 ,! ?rone1 x is true1 _h n yet atta9$ t asc5d5cy ( p[] & importance :i* x acquir$ 9 ! foll[+ c5tury2 b its de/9y 0 irrevocably fix$--p[] & glory await$ x4 ,ari/ocracy & democracy might h labor$ to take "p 9 future ev5ts2 b x w\ld h be5 labor 9 va9 = !m to attempt to appropriate !m4 ,a fix$ & p[]ful c5tre 0 ess5tial to ,european society1 & mon>*y completely satisfi$ ?is imp]ative necessity4 ,! p und]/ood & felt x2 h5ce we f9d !m eag]ly grasp+ at ?is sav+ pr9ciple1 & plac+ !mselves "u ! safegu>d ( ! ?rone4 ,! "q is n1 !re=e1 :e!r or n ! ?rone ought to exi/1 or :e!r x ought to prepond]ate ov] ari/ocracy & democracy3 ^! two que/ions h be5 already resolv$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 its exi/5ce & prepond]ance 7 already necess>y4 ,! "q to be resolv$ is1 :e!r ! ?rone ought s decisively to h prevail$1 t ! two elem5ts1 ari/ocracy & democracy1 %\ld be eras$ f ! political _w2 :e!r ! comb9ation :i* _h hi!rto exi/$ 0 /ill to exi/3 or1 :e!r ^! two elem5ts %\ld disappe>2 :e!r mon>*ical p[] %\ld be absolute4 ,! ,*ur* resi/$ royal p[] :5 x attempt$ to lay h&s ^u sacr$ ?+s2 b h] zeal nev] c>ri$ h] s f> z to depreciate1 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 an au?ority :i* 0 s ess5tial to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 besides cont9ually giv+ to ! p[] ( k+s a m solid basis1 by h] doctr9es favorable to all legitimate au?ority1 %e endeavor$ to give !m a /ill m sacr$ "* by ! augu/ c]emonies display$ at _! coronations4 ,! ,*ur* has be5 sometimes accus$ ( an>*ical t5d5cies1 = hav+ en]getically /ruggl$ aga9/ ! pret5sions ( sov]eigns2 by "s1 on ! contr>y1 %e has be5 reproa*$ ) favor+ despotism1 because %e prea*$ up to ! p ! duty ( ob$i5ce to ! lawful au?orities4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 ^! accusations1 s opposite to ea* o!r1 prove t ! ,*ur* has nei!r be5 adulatory nor an>*ical2 %e has ma9ta9$ ! balance ev51 by tell+ ! tru? bo? to k+s & _! subjects4 ,let ! _s ( sect>ianism seek1 on all sides1 hi/orical facts1 to prove t ! ,popes h attempt$ to de/roy civil mon>*y by confiscat+ x to _! own pr(it4 ,b let u be> 9 m9d :at ! ,prote/ant ,mll] says1 t ! ,fa!r ( ! fai?ful 01 dur+ ! b>b>\s ages1 a tutor s5t by ,god to ! ,european nations2 & let u n be a/oni%$ to f9d t diff]5ces h sometimes occurr$ betwe5 him & 8 pupils4 ,to discov] ! int5tion :i* dictat$ ^! reproa*es aga9/ ! ,c\rt ( ,rome1 relative to mon>*y1 we ne$ only reflect ^u ! foll[+ "q4 ,all writ]s consid] z a great b5efit ! creation ( a /rong c5tral au?ority1 & yet circumscrib$ )9 j limits t x may n abuse its p[]2 !y laud to ! skies e ?+ t5d+1 directly or indirectly1 among all ! nations ( ,europe1 to e/abli% su* an au?ority4 ,:y1 !n1 :5 speak+ ( ! conduct ( ,popes1 d !y attribute to a pret5d$ ta/e = despotism ! support :i* !y give to royal au?ority1 :il/ !y qualify ) an>*ical usurpation _! ef=ts to re/ra91 ^u c]ta9 po9ts1 ! faculties ( sov]eigns8 ,! answ] is n difficult4#cd ,,*apt] ,,lix4 ,,! ,,ari/ocracy ,,( ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! ari/ocracy1 z includ+ ! privileg$ portion ( society1 compreh5d$ two classes v di/9ct 9 _! orig9 & nature1 ! nobility & ! cl]gy4 ,bo? ab\nd$ 9 p[] & ri*es2 bo? 7 plac$ f> above ! p1 & 7 important :eels 9 ! political ma*9e4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ?is rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 t ! pr9cipal basis ( ! p[] & gr&eur ( ! ,cl]gy 0 religi\s ideas--ideas :i* circulat$ ?r\gh\t society1 :i* animat$ x1 gave x life1 & consequ5tly insur$ = a long "t ! prepond]ance ( ! ecclesia/ical p[]2 :il/ ! gr&eur & influ5ce ( ! nobles re/$ solely ^u a fact necess>ily transi5t1 viz4 ! social organization ( ! epo*--an organization :i* 0 becom+ rapidly modifi$1 s9ce ! p 7 !n /ruggl+ to lib]ate !mselves f ! bonds ( feudalism4 ,i d n mean1 t ! nobles did n possess legitimate rights to ! p[] & influ5ce :i* !y ex]cis$2 b m]ely t ! pr9cipal portion ( ^! rights1 ev5 suppos+ !m f\nd$ ^u ! mo/ j laws & titles1 0 n necess>ily connect$ ) any ( ! great cons]vative pr9ciples ( society--^? pr9ciples :i* inve/ ) an imm5se =ce & asc5d5cy ! p]son or class :i* 9 any way repres5ts !m4 ,b we t\* "h ^u a subject little inve/igat$1 & ^u ! explanation ( :i* dep5ds ! compreh5sion ( great social facts4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to develop x fully1 & to exam9e x att5tively4 ,( :at 0 mon>*y ! repres5tative8 ,( a pr9ciple em95tly cons]vative ( society--a pr9ciple :i* has )/ood all ! attacks ( !ories & revolutions1 & to :i* h be5 atta*$1 z ! only an*or ( safety1 ^? v nations 9 ! bosom ( :i* democratical ideas 7 diffus$1 & 9 :i* lib]al in/itutions orig9at$4 ,?is is "o ( ! causes :y mon>*y1 ev5 9 its mo/ calamit\s times1 triumph$ ov] its disa/]s4 ,feudal pride1 & ! unsettl$ /ate ( ! times1 ) ! agitation ( ris+ democracy1 unit$ to oppress x2 sc>cely 0 its p[] di/+ui%able amid ! tr\bl$ waves ( society1 l ! brok5 ma/ ( a %ipwreck$ vessel4 ,b1 ev5 at ?is "t1 we f9d ! ideas ( =ce & p[] b\nd to ^? ( mon>*y4 ,regal dignity 0 trampl$ "u foot & outrag$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b /ill held sacr$ & recognis$ z inviolable4 ,!ory 0 n 9 accordance ) practice2 ! idea 0 m =cible ?an ! fact :i* x express$3 b we ne$ n be a/oni%$ at ?is ph5om5on1 s9ce su* is always ! "* ( ideas produc+ great *anges4 ,!y are1 at fir/1 m]ely visible 9 society2 !y spread1 take root1 & p5etrate into all in/itutions2 "t cont9ues to prep>e ! way2 & if ! idea is j & moral1 if x po9t to ! satisfaction ( a want1 ! mom5t at l5g? comes 9 :i* facts give way1 ! idea triumphs1 & b5ds & humbles all be=e x4 ,?is 0 ! case1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) reg>d to mon>*y2 "u "o =m or ano!r1 ) great] or less modifications1 x 0 actually ess5tial to ! p1 z x is /ill2 & = ?is reason x naturally prevail$ ov] all its adv]s>ies1 & surviv$ all accid5ts4 ,) respect to ! cl]gy1 we ne$ n attempt to %[ t !y 7 ! repres5tatives ( ! religi\s pr9ciple--a real social necessity = all ! nations ( ! e>?1 :5 tak5 9 its g5]al s5se2 & a real social necessity = ! nations ( ,europe1 :5 tak5 9 its ,*ri/ian s5se4 ,we h already se5 t ! nobility c\ld n be comp>$ ei!r to mon>*y or to ! cl]gy1 s9ce !y 7 de/itute ( ! high pr9ciples repres5t$ by ea* ( ^! bodies4 ,ext5sive privileges1 & ! anci5t possession ( great e/ates1 ) ! gu>antee ( ! laws & cu/oms ( ! "t2 glori\s traditions ( milit>y feats1 pomp\s names1 titles1 & escut*eons ( illu/ri\s ance/ors2 su* 7 ! insignia ( ! lay ari/ocracy4 ,b no?+ ( all ?is _h any direct & ess5tial relation ) ! great wants ( society4 ,! nobility dep5d$ ^u a p>ticul> organization1 necess>ily transi5t2 !y 7 too ne>ly alli$ to a law purely positive & human1 to be able to reckon ^u a long duration1 or to flatt] !mselves ) success 9 all _! pret5sions & exig5cies4 ,x w be object$1 p]haps1 t ! exi/5ce ( an int]m$iate class betwe5 ! mon>* & ! p is an ess5tial necessity1 ackn[l$g$ by all publici/s1 & f\nd$ ^u ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t 9 nations f :i* ! anci5t ari/ocracy has disappe>$1 a new "o has be5 =m$1 ei!r by ! c\rse ( ev5ts or by ! action ( gov]nm5ts4 ,b ?is objection is n applicable to ! "q 9 ! po9t ( view "u :i* ,i consid] x4 ,i d n d5y ! necessity ( an int]m$iate class2 ,i m]ely affirm t ! anci5t nobility1 su* z x 01 did n conta9 elem5ts to ensure its duration1 s9ce x 0 liable to be replac$ by ano!r1 z x has be5 9 effect4 ,! classes ( ! laity acquire _! political & social importance f a sup]iority ( intellect & =ce2 ?is sup]iority no long] exi/+ 9 ! nobility1 its fall 0 inevitable4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ?rone & ! p daily acquir$ a great] asc5d5cy2 ! =m] became ! c5tre ( all social =ces1 & ! p 7 con/antly enri*+ !mselves by indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,) reg>d to le>n+1 ! discov]y ( pr9t+1 z x became g5]al1 prev5t$ x f be+ h5ce=? ! exclusive patrimony ( any p>ticul> class4 ,x 0 evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! nobility p]ceiv$1 at ?is epo*1 _! anci5t p[] escap+1 & possess$ no o!r means ( pres]v+ a "p ( x ?an to /ruggle to pres]ve ! titles :i* x _h giv5 !m4 ,un=tunately = !m1 _! weal? 0 daily decreas+1 n only f ! dilapidations occasion$ by luxury1 b also f ! extraord9>y increase ( non-t]ritorial ri*es2 ! pr(\nd *anges wr\ght 9 ! value ( e ?+ by means ( ! reorganization ( society & ! discov]y ( ,am]ica caus$ immovable prop]ty to lose mu* ( its importance4 ,if ! =ce ( l&$ prop]ty 0 gradually dim9i%+1 ! rights ( jurisdiction 7 m>*+ /ill m rapidly t[>ds _! ru94 ,on "o h&1 ^! rights 7 oppos$ by ! p[] ( k+s2 &1 on ! o!r1 by municipalities & o!r c5tres ( action possess$ by ! popul> elem5t2 s t1 9 spite ( ! mo/ pr(\nd respect = acquir$ rights1 & m]ely by all[+ ?+s to take _! ord9>y c\rse1 ! anci5t nobility 0 inevitably sunk to t po9t ( depression 9 :i* x n[ exi/s4 ,?is c\ld n happ5 to ! cl]gy4 ,despoil$ ( _! weal?1 entirely or p>tially depriv$ ( _! privileges1 !re /ill rema9$ = !m ! m9i/ry ( religion4 ,no "o c\ld ex]cise ?is m9i/ry )\t !m2 :i* 0 suffici5t to insure !m great influ5ce 9 spite ( all commotions & *anges4 ,,*apt] ,,lx4 ,,on ,,democracy4 ,su* 0 ! situation ( ,europe dur+ ! c5turies prec$+ ! sixte5?1 t x appe>s difficult to f9d = democracy a well-def9$ place 9 political !ories4 ,/ifl$ by ! e/abli%$ p[]s1 depriv$ z yet ( ! res\rces :i*1 9 "t1 gave x ! asc5d5cy1 x 0 natural x %\ld be almo/ unobs]v$ by politicians4 ,x 0 9 reality v feeble2 & x 0 n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( reality ov] ideas1 !ori/s %\ld reg>d ! p m]ely z an abject portion ( society1 unwor?y ( honors or happ9ess1 & fit only to labor & to s]ve4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( rem>k1 t ideas f t "t took a new direction2 x may ev5 be affirm$ t !y 7 inf9itely m elevat$ & m g5]\s ?an facts4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s ( ! intellectual developm5t t ,*ri/ianity _h op]at$ among/ m5--"o ( ! mo/ unexceptionable te/imonies 9 favor ( t pr(\nd s5tim5t ( reason & ju/ice :i* x _h deposit$ 9 ! he>t ( society4 ,n[ ^! elem5ts 7 n to be /ifl$ by ev5ts ! mo/ unfavorable1 nor by ! rude/ %ocks2 = !y 7 support$ ^u ! v dogmas ( religion1 :i* /ill rema9 firm1 9 spite ( all commotion1 z an immovable axis rema9s fix$ 9 ! mid/ ( brok5 ma*9]y4 ,9 p]us+ ! writ+s ( ?is epo*1 we f9d e/abli%$1 z an indubitable fact1 ! "r ( ! p to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 !y 7 n to be irritat$ by any vexati\s regulations2 ! public impo/s 7 to be equally divid$2 no "o 0 to be =c$ to d any ?+ contr>y to reason or ! well-be+ ( society3 t is to say1 ^! writ]s ackn[l$g$ & e/abli%$ all ^? pr9ciples ^u :i* 7 to be bas$ ! laws & cu/oms de/9$ "o day to produce civil lib]ty4 ,?is is s true1 t1 9 proportion z circum/ances p]mitt$1 ^! pr9ciples 7 rapidly & ext5sively develop$2 va/ & num]\s applications 7 imm$iately made ( !m2 & civil lib]ty took su* deep root among ! p ( mod]n ,europe1 t x has nev] be5 eras$ f _! bosoms2 & we see x pres]v$ 9 =ms ( absolute gov]nm5t z well z 9 ! mix$ =ms4 ,to complete my demon/ration1 t ! ideas 9 favor ( ! p proce$$ f ,*ri/ianity1 ,i w adduce a reason :i* appe>s to me decisive4 ,! philosophy adopt$ by ! s*ools ( t p]iod 0 t ( ,ari/otle4 ,ari/otle's au?ority 0 ( great weight2 he 0 call$ by an autonomasia1 ! ,philosoph]2 a good comm5t>y ( 8 works 0 consid]$ ! highe/ po9t to be atta9$ 9 ^! matt]s4 ,& yet1 s f> z ! relations ( society 7 conc]n$1 ! doctr9es ( ! ,/agyrite 7 n adopt$2 ,*ri/ian writ]s took a high] & m g5]\s view ( mank9d4 ,ari/otle's degrad+ doctr9es ^u man born to s]vitude1 de/9$ to ?is end ev5 by nature1 ant]ior to all legislation2 8 horrible doctr9es ^u infanticide2 8 !ories1 :i* at "o bl[ depriv$ all ^? :o pr(ess$ ! me*anical arts ( ! title ( citiz52 9 a ^w1 ^? mon/r\s sy/ems1 :i* ! anci5t philosoph]s unconsci\sly le>n$ f ! society :i* surr\nd$ !m1 7 utt]ly reject$ by ,*ri/ian philosoph]s4 ,! man :o _h j p]us$ ,ari/otle's "w on ,politics took up 8 ,bible1 or ! works ( ! ,fa!rs3 ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle 0 great1 b t ( ! ,*ur* 0 /ill great]2 ! works ( ! pagan philosoph] mu/ be int]pret$ pi\sly1 or ab&on$2 9 ei!r case ! rights ( humanity 7 sav$1 & ?is 0 an effect ( ! prepond]at+ =ce ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,! sy/em ( ca/es mo/ =cibly contributes to arre/ ! developm5t ( ! popul> elem5t1 by condemn+ ! majority ( ! p ( a c\ntry to a /ate ( p]petual abjection & slav]y4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 honors1 ri*es1 & comm& are conf9$ & transf]r$ f fa!r to son2 a b>ri] sep>ates m5 f ea* o!r1 & ends 9 caus+ ! mo/ p[]ful to be consid]$ z belong+ to a sup]ior class ( be+s4 ,! ,*ur* has ev] oppos$ ! introduction ( s fatal a sy/em1 & to apply ! ^w ca/e to ! cl]gy w\ld betray an ignorance ( its mean+4 ,on ?is subject ,m4 ,guizot has done ample ju/ice to ! cause ( tru?4 ,he expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ mann] 9 ! fif? lecture ( 8 ,hi/oire gnrale de la ,civilisation en ,europe3 ,) reg>d to ! mode ( =mation & transmission ( p[] 9 ! ,*ur*1 !re is a ^w1 says he1 mu* us$ 9 speak+ ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy1 & :i* ,i am "u ! obligation ( disc>d+2 x is ! ^w ca/e4 ,! body ( ecclesia/ical magi/rates has (t5 be5 call$ a ca/e4 ,?is expression is n correct2 ! idea ( heir%ip is inh]5t 9 t ( ca/e4 ,travel ov] ! _w2 take all ^? c\ntries 9 :i* ! sy/em ( ca/es exi/s1 9 ,india1 9 ,egypt1 y w f9d ev]y:]e ! ca/e ess5tially h]$it>y2 x is ! transmission ( ! same situation1 ( ! same p[]1 f fa!r to son4 ,:]e heir%ip does n exi/1 !re is no ca/e1 !re is a corporation2 ! _s ( corporate bodies has its inconv5i5ces1 b x is v diff]5t f t ( ca/es4 ,! ^w ca/e _c be appli$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! celibacy ( ! cl]gy has prev5t$ !m f becom+ a ca/e4 ,y p]ceive already ! consequ5ces ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,a sy/em ( ca/e1 & ! exi/5ce ( h]$it>y succession1 inevitably involve ! idea ( privileges4 ,! v def9ition ( a ca/e implies privileges4 ,:5 ! same functions1 ! same p[]s1 become h]$it>y 9 ! same families1 x is evid5t t privileges foll[1 & t no "o c acquire su* functions & p[]s unless he is born to !m4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is :at has tak5 place3 :]ev] religi\s gov]nm5t has fall5 into ! h&s ( a ca/e1 x has become a privilege2 no "o has be5 p]mitt$ to ent] x b ! memb]s ( families belong+ to ! ca/e4 ,no?+ ( ?is has ev] occurr$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 on ! contr>y1 %e has ev] ma9ta9$ ! equal admissibility ( all m51 :atev] _! orig91 to all h] functions1 to all h] dignities4 ,! ecclesia/ical /ate1 p>ticul>ly f ! fif? to ! twelf? c5tury1 0 op5 to all4 ,! ,*ur* 0 recruit$ f all ranks1 f ! inf]ior z well z f ! sup]ior1--m commonly ev5 f ! inf]ior4 ,%e alone resi/$ ! sy/em ( ca/es2 %e alone ma9ta9$ ! pr9ciple ( equality ( competition2 %e alone call$ all legitimate sup]iors to ! possession ( p[]4 ,?is is ! fir/ gr& result naturally produc$ by ! fact t %e 0 a corporation1 & n a ca/e4 ,?is spl5did passage ( ! ,fr5* writ] completely v9dicates ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* f ! reproa* ( exclusiv5ess ) :i* x _h be5 attempt$ to /a9 h]2 x pres5ts to me also ! opportunity ( mak+ "s reflections ^u ! b5eficial effects ( ,ca?olicity ^u ! developm5t ( civilization 9 favor ( ! plebeian classes4 ,we are n ignorant ( ! num]\s declamations aga9/ religi\s celibacy :i* h proce$$ f ! m\?s ( ! pret5d$ def5d]s ( ! rights ( humanity2 b is x n /range t !y =get1 z ,m4 ,guizot ju/ly obs]ves1 t celibacy is exactly :at has prev5t$ ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy f becom+ a ca/e8 ,let u exam9e1 9 fact1 :at w\ld h be5 ! case on ! contr>y supposition4 ,at ! "t to :i* we ref]1 ! asc5d5cy ( religi\s p[] 0 unlimit$1 & ! weal? ( ! ,*ur* consid]able2 t is to say1 %e possess$ e ?+ necess>y = enabl+ a ca/e to e/abli% its prepond]ance & /ability4 ,:at fur!r 0 ne$ful1 !re=e8 ,h]$it>y succession1 no?+ m2 & ?is w\ld h be5 e/abli%$ by ! m>riage ( ! cl]gy4 ,:at ,i "h affirm is no va9 conjecture1 x is a positive fact1 :i* ,i c r5d] evid5t by br++ =w>d hi/orical pro(4 ,f c]ta9 rem>kable regulations 9 ecclesia/ical legislation1 we le>n t x requir$ all ! en]gy ( pontifical au?ority to prev5t ?is succession f be+ introduc$4 ,e ?+1 9 f9e1 t5d$ to su* an end2 & if ! ,*ur* pres]v$ itself f su* a calamity1 x 0 ow+ to ! horror :i* %e always ent]ta9$ ( ?is fatal cu/om4 ,read ! #ag? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,decretals ( ,gregory ,,ix42 ! pontifical regulations !re9 conta9$ prove t ! evil "h spok5 ( pres5t$ al>m+ symptoms4 ,! pope makes use ( ! /ronge/ t]ms possible to be f\nd3 ,ad enormitatem i/am eradic&am1 obs]vato ,apo/olici rescripti decreto quod successionem 9 ,ecclesia ,dei h]$it>iam dete/atur4 ,ad extirp&as successiones a sanctis ,dei ,ecclesiis /udio totius sollicitud9is debemus int5d]e4 ,quia igitur 9 ,ecclesia successiones1 et 9 prlaturis et dignitatibus ecclesia/icis /atutis canonicis damnantur4 ,^! expressions1 & o!rs ( a l nature1 cle>ly %[ t ! dang] 0 already consid]$ s]i\s1 & ju/ify ! prud5ce ( ! ,holy ,see 9 res]v+ to itself ! exclusive "r ( grant+ disp5sations on ?is po9t4 ,x requir$ ! cont9ual vigilance ( ! pontifical au?ority to prev5t ?is abuse f mak+ daily progress1 = x 0 urg$ on by ! mo/ p[]ful feel+s ( nature4 ,f\r c5turies _h elaps$ s9ce ^! measures _h be5 tak51 & yet we f9d t1 9 #aecc1 ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii4 0 oblig$ to re/rict a canon ( ,alex&] ,,iii4 9 ord] to prev5t grave sc&als1 griev\sly lam5t$ by ! pi\s ,pontiff4 ,suppose t ! ,*ur* _h n oppos$ su* an abuse ) all h] =ce1 & t ! cu/om _h become g5]al2 be> 9 m9d also1 t 9 ^? ages ( ! grosse/ ignorance1 ! privileg$ classes 7 e ?+1 & ! p _h sc>cely a civil exi/5ce2 & see :e!r !re w\ld n h be5 =m$ an ecclesia/ical ca/e along ) t ( ! nobility1 & :e!r bo?1 unit$ by ! bonds ( family & common int]e/1 w\ld n h oppos$ an inv9cible ob/acle to ! ult]ior developm5t ( ! plebeian class1 plung+ ,european society into t degradation 9 :i* ,asiatic society n[ exi/s4 ,su* w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce ( ! m>riage ( ! cl]gy1 if ! pret5d$ re=m _h be5 realiz$ a few c5turies soon]4 ,:5 x came1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x f\nd ,european society 9 a great measure =m$2 x _h to cont5d aga9/ an adult1 :o c\ld n easily be made to =get 8 ideas & *ange 8 habits4 ,:at has actually tak5 place may lead u to inf] :at w\ld h tak5 place4 ,9 ,engl&1 a close alliance 0 =m$ betwe5 ! lay ari/ocracy & ! ,prote/ant cl]gy2 & :at is v rem>kable1 we h se51 & we /ill see1 9 t c\ntry1 some?+ resembl+ ca/es1 ) ! modifications :i* mu/ necess>ily ensue f ! great developm5t ( a c]ta9 k9d ( civilization & lib]ty at :i* ,great ,brita9 has arriv$4 ,if ! cl]gy 9 ! middle age1 e/abli%+ _! p]petuity by h]$it>y succession1 _h con/itut$ !mselves an exclusive class1 w\ld n ! ari/ocratic alliance ( :i* we are speak+ h be5 a natural consequ5ce8 ,& :o w\ld !nce=? h be5 able to break ?is alliance8 ,! enemies ( ! ,*ur* int]pret all h] discipl9e1 & ev5 "s ( h] dogmas1 by imput+ to h] ult]ior designs2 & h5ce !y consid] ! law ( celibacy z ! result ( an int]e/$ design4 ,x 0 easy to see1 h[ev]1 t if ! ,*ur* _h ent]ta9$ worldly views1 %e might h select$ z a model ^? prie/s ( o!r religions :o h =m$ a sep>ate1 prepond]at+1 & exclusive class1 = :i* ! sev]ity ( duty did n =m a braz5 wall aga9/ ! enjoym5ts ( nature4 ,europe1 x w be object$1 is n ,asia4 ,?is is true2 b ! ,europe ( our days1 & ev5 t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is no long] ! ,europe ( ! middle ages4 ,9 ^? c5turies1 9 :i* none b ! cl]gy c\ld read & write1 & 9 :i* k 0 exclusively 9 _! possession1 _h !y wi%$ to plunge ! _w into d>kness1 !y _h only to ext+ui% ! tor* ) :i* !y 7 enlight5+ x4 ,x is also v c]ta91 t celibacy has giv5 to ! cl]gy a moral =ce & asc5d5cy :i* !y c\ld n h atta9$ by any o!r means4 ,b ?is only proves t ! ,*ur* has pref]r$ moral to physical p[]1 & t ! _s ( h] in/itutions is to act by ex]cis+ a direct influ5ce ^u ! intellig5ce & he>t ( man4 ,n[1 is x n em95tly praisewor?y to use all possible moral means = ! direction ( mank9d8 ,is x n an honor to ! ,ca?olic cl]gy to h accompli%$1 by in/itutions sev]e aga9/ !mselves1 :at !y might h realiz$ 9 "p by sy/ems indulg5t to _! own passions & degrad+ to o!rs8 ,oh1 we see "h ! "w ( ,him :o w rema9 ) ,8 ,*ur* till ! end ( ! _w4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( ^! reflections1 x _c be conte/$1 t :]e ,*ri/ianity has n exi/$1 ! p h be5 ! victims ( a small numb]1 ^: contempt & insults h be5 ! only recomp5se ( _! labors4 ,consult hi/ory & exp]i5ce2 ! fact is g5]al & con/ant2 !re is n an exception ev5 9 ^? anci5t republics s vaunt$ = _! lib]ty4 ,"u lib]al =ms1 slav]y exi/$2 a slav]y prop]ly s call$ = "s m52 a slav]y gloss$ ov] ) f9e appe>ances = t turbul5t multitude :o s]v$ ! caprice ( ! ,tribunes1 & believ$ !y 7 ex]cis+ _! sublime rights by condemn+ to o/racism or to dea? ! mo/ virtu\s citiz5s4 ,x has sometimes happ5$ t1 among ! ,*ri/ians1 appe>ances 7 n 9 favor ( lib]ty1 b ?+s 7 s 9 reality1 if we und]/& by ! ^w lib]ty ! empire ( j laws1 aim+ at ! well-be+ ( ! multitude1 & f\nd$ ^u ! consid]ation & pr(\nd respect due to ! rights ( mank9d4 ,obs]ve ! gr& phases ( ,european society at ! "t :5 ,ca?olicity exclusively pr$om9at$4 ,) v>i\s =ms1 di/9ct orig9s1 diff]5t incl9ations1 !y all foll[ ! same c\rse2 all t5d to favor ! cause ( ! multitude2 :atev] has ?is = its aim1 endures2 :atev] has n1 p]i%es4 ,:5ce comes x t ?is 0 n ! case 9 o!r c\ntries8 ,if evid5t reasons & palpable facts1 moreov]1 did n manife/ ! salut>y influ5ce ( ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 s rem>kable a co9cid5ce w\ld suffice to sugge/ grave reflections to ^?1 :o m$itate ^u ! cause & "* ( ! ev5ts :i* *ange or modify ! de/9y ( mank9d4 ,let ^? :o repres5t ,ca?olicity z ! enemy ( ! p1 po9t out to u a s+le doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* sanction+ ! abuses "u :i* ! p 7 suff]+1 or ! inju/ice :i* oppress$ !m4 ,let !m %[ u :e!r1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,europe 0 "u ! exclusive dom9ation ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 ! p 7 n z f> advanc$ z !y c\ld be1 consid]+ ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,!y c]ta9ly did n possess s mu* weal? z !y h s9ce acquir$1 & _! k 0 n s ext5sive z 9 mod]n times2 b is ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 ?is respect attributable to ,prote/antism8 ,0 n ! sixte5? c5tury comm5c$ "u m favorable auspices ?an ! fifte5?1 & ! latt] "u bett] auspices ?an ! f\rte5?8 ,?is proves t ,europe1 "u ! %ield ( ,ca?olicity1 cont9u$ 9 a progressive m>*2 t ! cause ( ! multitude suff]$ no prejudice f ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity2 & t if great ameliorations h s9ce be5 effect$1 !y h n be5 a consequ5ce ( :at is call$ ! ,re=mation4 ,x is ! developm5t ( indu/ry & comm]ce t has mo/ p[]fully contribut$ to elevate mod]n democracy1 by dim9i%+ ! prepond]ance ( ! ari/ocratic classes4 ,i d n t\* ^u ! ev5ts :i* took place 9 ,europe be=e ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism2 b ,i see at a glance t1 f> f imp$+ su* a movem5t1 ,ca?olic doctr9es & in/itutions mu/ h favor$ x1 s9ce1 "u _! %ield & protection1 ! manufactur+ & m]cantile int]e/s 7 surpris+ly develop$4 ,no "o is ignorant ( _! a/oni%+ success 9 ,spa93 & we _c attribute ?is progress to ! ,moors2 = ,catalonia1 subject exclusively to ! ,ca?olic influ5ce1 ev9c$ su* activity1 prosp]ity1 & intellig5ce 9 indu/ry & comm]ce1 t we c\ld sc>cely believe to :at a /ate ( p]fection !y _h arriv$1 did n unexceptionable docum5ts be> ample te/imony to ! fact4 ,read ! ,hi/orical ,memoirs ( ! ,m>9e1 ,comm]ce1 & ,arts ( ! anci5t ,city ( ,b>celona1 by our celebrat$ ,capmany4 ,may we n acc\nt x an honor to belong to ?is ,catalonian nation1 ^: ance/ors display$ su* zeal 9 all ?+s1 nev] all[+ o!r nations to surpass !m 9 ! m>* ( civilization & improvem5t8 ,:il/ ?is ph5om5on 0 advanc+ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! association ( ! ,hanseatic t[ns1 ! orig9 ( :i* is lo/ 9 ! c5turies ( ! middle ages1 0 creat$ 9 ! nor?4 ,x obta9$ 9 "t su* an am\nt ( p[] z to measure its =ce ) t ( k+s4 ,its ri* factories1 e/abli%$ all ov] ,europe1 & favor$ ) _m advantage\s privileges1 elevat$ x to ! rank ( a real p[]4 ,n satisfi$ ) ! p[] :i* x enjoy$ 9 its own c\ntry1 & 9 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,d5m>k1 x ext5d$ x to ,engl& & ,russia4 ,london & ,novogorod admir$ ! spl5did e/abli%m5ts ( ^? intrepid m]*ants1 :o1 by means ( _! weal?1 obta9$ exorbitant privileges2 :o _h _! own magi/rates1 & =m$ an indep5d5t /ate 9 ! c5tre ( =eign c\ntries4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! ,hanseatic league select$ religi\s communities z _! model1 9 all t conc]n$ ! sy/em ( life ( ! cl]ks 9 _! c\nt+-h\ses4 ,_! cl]ks ate 9 common1 _h common dormitories1 & none ( !m 7 all[$ to m>ry4 ,any "o ( !m transgress+ ?is law1 =feit$ 8 rights to rema9 a memb] or a citiz5 ( ! ,hanseatic ,conf$]ation4 ,9 ,france1 ! manufactur+ classes 7 also organiz$1 ! bett] to resi/ ! elem5ts ( dissolution exi/+ 9 _! bosom2 & ?is *ange1 s fruitful 9 results1 is entirely due to a k+ v5]at$ ^u ! alt>s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! ,e/abli%m5t = ! ,trades ( ,p>is gave a p[]ful impetus to ! indu/rial classes1 by augm5t+ _! intellig5ce & improv+ _! morals2 & :atev] 7 ! abuses t crept into t organization1 x _c be d5i$ t ,/4 ,l\is satisfactorily suppli$ a great want1 by organiz+ ! trades 9 ! be/ mann] possible1 consid]+ h[ little progress _h at t "t be5 made4 ,:at %all we say ( ,italy1 conta9+ )9 its bosom ! p[]ful republics ( ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 ,g5oa1 & ,pisa8 ,x is difficult to conceive :at progress indu/ry _h made 9 ?is p59sula1 &1 z a natural consequ5ce1 :at a developm5t ! democratical elem5t receiv$4 ,_h ! influ5ce 9 itself be5 s oppressive1 _h ! brea? ( ! ,roman c\rt be5 fatal to ! progress ( ! p1 is x n evid5t t its effects w\ld h be5 p>ticul>ly felt 9 ^? c\ntries :i* 7 ! sc5e ( its actions8 ,:5ce comes x1 !n1 t :il/ a great "p ( ,europe 0 groan+ "u feudal oppression1 ! middle class1 ^: only title to nobility 0 ! fruit ( _! intellig5ce & labor1 appe>$ 9 ,italy s p[]ful1 s brilliant & fl\ri%+8 ,i w n cont5d t ?is developm5t 0 attributable to ! ,popes2 b1 at lea/1 we mu/ grant t !y nev] oppos$ x4 ,n[1 if we obs]ve a simil> ph5om5on 9 ,spa91 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,aragon1 :]e ! ,pontifical influ5ce 0 great2 if ! same ?+ is obs]vable 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 inhabit$ by p :om ,ca?olicity alone has civiliz$2 if1 9 f9e1 ! same ph5om5on is realiz$1 ) great] or less rapidity1 9 all c\ntries exclusively subject to ! belief & au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 we may conclude t ,ca?olicity conta9s no?+ oppos$ to ! movem5t ( civilization1 & t x is n oppos$ to a j & legitimate developm5t ( ! popul> elem5t4 ,i _c ?9k h[ x is possible = any "o :o has read hi/ory to accord to ,prote/antism ! honor ( be+ favorable to ! int]e/s ( ! multitude4 ,its orig9 0 ess5tially ari/ocratic2 & 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* x has succe$$ 9 tak+ root1 x has e/abli%$ ari/ocracy ^u su* firm f\ndations1 t ! revolutions ( ?ree c5turies h n be5 able to ov]turn x4 ,witness1 = a pro( ( ?is1 :at has tak5 place 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & all ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,x has be5 said t ,calv9ism is m favorable to ! democratical elem5t2 & t if x _h prevail$ 9 ,france x w\ld h e/abli%$ a sy/em ( f$]ative republic 9 place ( mon>*y4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( ?is conjecture ^u a *ange :i* w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 v b5eficial to ! future prospects ( t nation1 x is p]fectly c]ta9 t no o!r sy/em ?an t ( ari/ocracy w\ld h be5 f\nd practicable 9 ,france2 = circum/ances at t p]iod w\ld admit ( no?+ else2 & ! ari/ocrats :o 7 at ! head ( religi\s innovation1 w\ld admit ( no o!r organization4 ,_h ,prote/antism triumph$ 9 ,france1 x is probable t ! poor ( t c\ntry1 9 imitation ( _! bre?r5 9 ,g]many1 w\ld h claim$ a %>e 9 ! ri* booty2 b !y c]ta9ly w\ld n h f\nd ,calv9's prov]bial h>%ness m advantage\s to !m ?an ! furi\s ra%ness ( ,lu!r 0 to ! ,g]mans4 ,x is probable t ^! wret*$ villag]s1 :o1 accord+ to contempor>y writ]s1 _h no?+ to eat b rye-bread1 ) no animal food1 & slept ^u a bundle ( /raw1 ) a bo>d = _! pill[1 w\ld n h felt !mselves m com=table ?an _! bre?r5 9 ,g]many1 _h !y ?\ght prop] to p>ticipate 9 ! effects ( ! new doctr9es4 ,9 ?is case1 !y w\ld n h be5 puni%$1 b ext]m9at$1 l _! bre?r5 beyond ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! mona/]ies produc$ paup]ism4 ,_! prop]ty hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( laym51 ! religi\s be+ driv5 f _! abodes1 ! poor :o subsi/$ ^u ! alms ( ^! holy e/abli%m5ts 7 left )\t ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,& obs]ve1 t ! evil 0 n tempor>y2 x has cont9u$ to our own days1 & is n[ "o ( ! greate/ evils afflict+ ,great ,brita94 ,i am aw>e t almsgiv+ is said to enc\rage indol5ce2 b x is v c]ta9 t ,engl&1 ) h] poor-laws & h] legal *>ity1 conta9s a f> great] numb] ( de/itute poor ?an ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,x w be difficult to conv9ce me1 t to let p die ( hung] is a good means ( develop+ ! popul> elem5t4 ,prote/antism mu/ h conta9$ some?+ v repulsive to ! democrats ( t p]iod1 s9ce we f9d x reject$ 9 ,spa9 & ,italy1 ! two c\ntries 9 :i* ! p enjoy$ ! greate/ %>e ( prosp]ity & rights4 ,& ?is becomes /ill m wor?y ( att5tion1 :5 we rem>k t religi\s innovation took root :]ev] ! feudal ari/ocracy pr$om9at$4 ,look1 x w be said1 at ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces2 b ?is example only proves t ,prote/antism1 det]m9$ to f9d support]s1 will+ly took "p ) ! mal-cont5ts4 ,if ,philip ,,ii4 _h be5 a zeal\s ,prote/ant1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces w\ld probably h alleg$ t !y 7 unwill+ to rema9 any long] subject to an h]etical pr9ce4 ,^! prov9ces 7 = a long "t "u ! exclusive influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 & yet !y 7 prosp]\s2 ! popul> elem5t 0 develop$ 9 _! bosom1 )\t meet+ any ob/acle on ! "p ( religion4 ,exactly at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury !y made ! discov]y1 t !y c\ld no long] prosp] )\t abjur+ ! fai? ( _! ance/ors4 ,obs]ve ! geographical position ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces2 see !m surr\nd$ by re=mi/s (f]+ to assi/ !m2 & y w f9d 9 political consid]ations ! reason :i* y may seek 9 va9 9 imag9>y aff9ity betwe5 ! ,prote/ant sy/em & ! int]e/s ( ! p4#ce ,,*apt] ,,lxi4 ,,on ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,political ,,=ms--,,"* ,,( ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,europe4 ,! en?usiasm enk9dl$ 9 ,europe 9 latt] times1 has cool$ d[n by degrees2 exp]i5ce has %[n t a political organization n 9 accordance ) ! social organization is ( no advantage to a nation1 b r ov]:elms x ) evil4 ,m5 also und]/&1 & n )\t difficulty1 simple z ! matt] is1 t political sy/ems %\ld be reg>d$ solely z a means ( ameliorat+ ! condition ( ! p1 & t political lib]ty1 to be at all rational1 mu/ be made a m$ium = ! acquisition ( civil lib]ty4 ,among/ enlight5$ m51 ^! are ord9>y ideas2 fanaticism = su* or su* political =ms1 consid]$ ab/ractly f _! civil results1 is n[ ab&on$ z a ?+ d5ot+ ignorance1 or z a discr$itable means hypocritically made use ( by ! ambiti\s1 devoid ( real m]it1 ^: only way to =tune is di/urbance & revolution4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be d5i$ t1 consid]$ z simple in/rum5ts1 c]ta9 political =ms1 su* z mix$1 mod]ate1 con/itutional1 or repres5tative gov]nm5ts1 or :atev] !y be designat$1 h acquir$ 9 "s c\ntries consid]ation & solidity2 & t1 9 _m c\ntries1 any pr9ciple :i* might be consid]$ oppos$ to repres5tative =ms1 & only favorable to absolute ones1 w\ld be repudiat$ be=eh&4 ,civil lib]ty has become necess>y to ! p ( ,europe2 & 9 "s nations ! idea ( ?is lib]ty is s id5tifi$ ) t ( political lib]ty1 t x is difficult to expla9 h[ civil lib]ty c exi/ "u an absolute mon>*y4 ,we mu/ !re=e exam9e :at are ! t5d5cies ( ! ,ca?olic & ^? ( ! ,prote/ant religions4 ,i w proce$ s z to discov] ^! t5d5cies by an imp>tial analysis ( hi/orical facts4 ,nev]1 p]haps1 z ,m4 ,guizot felicit\sly obs]ves1 7 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 & ! hidd5 ways ( ,provid5ce1 less und]/ood4 ,:]esoev] we meet n ) assemblies1 elections1 urns1 & votes1 we imag9e p[] mu/ be absolute1 & lib]ty unprotect$4 ,i h an express design 9 mak+ use ( ! ^w t5d5cies1 because x is cle> t ,ca?olicity has no dogma on ?is po9t--x does n pron\nce ^u ! advantages ( any p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,roman ,pontiff ackn[l$ges equally z 8 son ! ,ca?olic seat$ ^u ! b5* ( an ,am]ican ,assembly1 & ! mo/ humble subject ( ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*4 ,! ,ca?olic religion is too prud5t to desc5d ^u any su* gr\nd4 ,emanat+ f heav5 itself1 %e diffuses h]self1 l ! light ( ! sun1 ov] all ?+s1 enlight5s & /r5g!ns all1 & is nev] obscur$ or t>ni%$4 ,h] object is to conduct man to heav51 by furni%+ him on 8 passage ) great assi/ance & consolation ^u e>?2 %e ceases n to po9t out to him et]nal tru?s2 %e gives him 9 all 8 affairs1 salut>y c\nsels2 b ! mom5t we come to m]e details1 %e has no obligation to impose1 no duty to enjo94 ,%e impresses ^u 8 m9d h] sacr$ maxims ( morality1 admoni%+ him nev] to dep>t f !m2 l a t5d] "m speak+ to h] son1 %e says to him1 ,provid$ y dep>t n f my in/ructions1 d :at y consid] mo/ exp$i5t4 ,b is x true t !re is 9 ,ca?olicity at lea/ a t5d5cy to ob/ruct lib]ty8 ,:at has be5 ! result ( ,prote/antism 9 ,europe ) reg>d to political =ms8 ,9 :at has x correct$ or ameliorat$ ! "w ( ,ca?olicity8 ,9 ! c5turies prec$+ ! sixte5?1 ! organization ( ,european society 0 s complicat$1 ! developm5t ( all ! intellectual faculties _h arriv$ at su* a po9t1 ! cont5tion ( int]e/s 0 s lively1 9 f9e1 e nation 0 s enl>g$ by ! successive agglom]ation ( prov9ces1 t a c5tral1 =cible1 en]getic p[]1 pr$om9at+ ov] all individual pret5sions & ^? ( classes1 0 indisp5sable to ! peace & prosp]ity ( ! p4 ,europe _h no o!r hope = peace2 = :]ev] !re exi/s a great numb] ( v>i\s1 opposite1 & all p[]ful elem5ts1 a regulat+ action is necess>y to prev5t viol5t %ocks1 to calm excessive ardor1 to mod]ate ! rapidity ( motion1 to prev5t a cont9ual w>1 :i* w\ld necess>ily lead to de/ruction & *aos4 ,?is imm$iately gave to ! mon>*ical pr9ciple a fre% & irresi/ible impulse2 & z ?is impulse 0 felt 9 e ,european c\ntry1 ev5 9 ^? possess+ republican in/itutions1 x evid5tly result$ f causes t lay deep 9 ! social condition ( ! times4 ,at ! pres5t day !re is n a publici/ ( any note :o w\ld "q ^! tru?s4 ,dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 9 fact1 ev5ts h occurr$ well calculat$ to demon/rate t 9 ,europe mon>*y is some?+ m ?an usurpation & tyranny4 ,9 ! v c\ntries 9 :i* democratical ideas h tak5 root1 x has be5 f\nd necess>y to modify !m1 & 9 "s degree to dep>t f !m1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! ?rone1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! be/ safegu>d ( ! great int]e/s ( society4 ,x is ! infirmity ( all ?+s human1 h[ev] good & salut>y !y may be1 always to br+ ) !m an accompanim5t ( inconv5i5ces & evils4 ,mon>*y c\ld n evid5tly be exempt f ?is g5]al rule2 9 o!r words1 ! great ext5sion ( =ce & p[] 0 sure to produce abuse & excess4 ,! ,european nations are n ( a suffici5tly pati5t "*1 nor ( a suffici5tly mod]ate temp]am5t1 to endure ) resignation all sorts ( disord]s4 ,! ,european ent]ta9s s pr(\nd an idea ( 8 dignity1 t he _c compreh5d ! quietism ( ! ,ori5tal nations1 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( degradation1 b[+ _! slavi% heads be=e ! despot :o despises & oppresses !m4 ,h5ce1 :il/ we 9 ,europe ackn[l$ge & feel ! necessity ( a v /rong p[]1 we h always endeavor$ to take measures = re/ra9+ & prev5t+ ! abuse ( ?is p[]4 ,no?+ exalts s mu* ! gr&eur & dignity ( ! ,european nations z ! comp>ison ( !m ) ^? ( ,asia4 ,! latt] h no bett] means ( deliv]+ !mselves f oppression ?an ! assass9ation ( _! sov]eigns4 ,:il/ ! blood ( "o mon>* is /ill w>m1 ano!r asc5ds 8 ?rone1 trampl+ ) a disda9ful foot on ! heads ( nations z cruel z !y are degrad$4 ,n s 9 ,europe2 we h always rec\rse to intellectual means2 we h e/abli%$ in/itutions :i* la/+ly protect ! p f oppression & excesses4 ,we _c d5y t our ef=ts h co/ torr5ts ( blood1 or affirm t we h always adopt$ ! mo/ exp$i5t means2 b on ?is po9t ,europe1 guid$ by ! same _s z 9 all o!r matt]s1 has become anxi\s to sub/itute "r 9 ! place ( m]e might4 ,?is is no rec5t problem2 x exi/$ :5 ,european society 0 9 its infancy1 & 9 ^! latt] times has be5 ov]look$4 ,great ef=ts 7 made _m c5turies ago to resolve x4 ,obs]ve h[ ,c\nt de ,mai/re /ates 8 op9ions on ?is difficult problem3 ,al?\gh ! greate/ & mo/ g5]al int]e/ ( sov]eignty consi/s 9 its be+ j1 & al?\gh ! cases 9 :i* x transgresses ?is condition are incomp>ably few] ?an ! o!rs1 un=tunately x does1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly transgress x2 & ! p>ticul> "* ( c]ta9 sov]eigns may s f> augm5t ^! inconv5i5ces1 t 9 ord] to r5d] !m supportable1 x is necess>y to comp>e !m ) ^? :i* w\ld exi/ if !re 7 no sov]eign4 ,x 0 !re=e impossible t m5 %\ld n1 f "t to "t1 make ef=ts to secure !mselves aga9/ ! excess ( ?is enorm\s pr]ogative2 b on ?is po9t ! _w has adopt$ two widely diff]5t sy/ems4 ,! d>+ tribe ( ,japhe? has at all times be5 gravitat+ 7if we may use ! expression7 t[>ds :at is t]m$ lib]ty2 t is1 t[>ds t social condition 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! gov]n+ p[]s is lea/ s5sibly felt4 ,ev] jeal\s ( 8 rights & lib]ties1 ! ,european has s\ght to pres]ve !m1 sometimes by expell+ 8 rul]s1 & at o!r times by oppos+ to !m ! b>ri] ( law4 ,he has tri$ e ?+1 e imag9able =m ( gov]nm5t1 to set himself free f 8 rul]s1 or to re/ra9 _! p[]4 ,! imm5se po/]ity ( ,%em & ,*am h pursu$ ano!r c\rse4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages d[n to our own "t !y h always said to _! fell[m51 ,d :atev] y please1 & :5 we are tir$ we w put y to dea?4 ,besides1 !y h nev] be5 able or will+ to compreh5d ! nature ( a republic2 ! balance ( p[]1 all ^? privileges1 all ^? fundam5tal laws ( :i* we are s pr\d1 are totally unkn[n to !m4 ,among !m1 ! ri*e/ & mo/ indep5d5t man1 ! possessor ( imm5se movable weal?1 absolutely at lib]ty to transport x :i!r he pleases1 sure1 moreov]1 ( entire protection ^u ,european gr\nd1 & ?reat5$ at home ) ! rope or ! dagg]1 pref]s !m1 nev]!less1 to ! mis]y ( dy+ ( ennui among u4 ,b no "o w ev] ?9k ( recomm5d+ to ,europe ! public law ( ,asia & ,africa1 s %ort & cle>2 b z p[] 9 ,europe is always s mu* fe>$1 discuss$1 attack$1 or transf]r$1 s9ce no?+ s mu* w\nds our pride z despotic gov]nm5t1 ! mo/ g5]al ,european problem is to "k h[ sov]eign p[] may be re/ra9$ )\t be+ de/roy$4 7,du ,pape1 liv4 ii4 *ap4 #b47 ,?is _s ( political lib]ty1 ?is desire ( limit+ p[] by means ( in/itutions1 did n orig9ate ) ! ,fr5* philosoph]s2 be=e _! "t1 & long be=e ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism1 x 0 circulat+ 9 ! ve9s ( ! ,european p4 ,hi/ory has left u irrefragable te/imonies ( ?is tru?4 ,:at in/itutions 7 deem$ suitable = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is object8 ,c]ta9 assemblies1 9 :i* ! voice ( ! nation's int]e/s & op9ions might be he>d--assemblies =m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & meet+ f "t to "t ar\nd ! ?rone to make _! compla9ts & ass]t _! claims4 ,z x 0 impossible = ^! assemblies to con/itute ! gov]nm5t )\t de/roy+ ! mon>*y1 x 0 necess>y1 9 "o way or ano!r1 to secure _! influ5ce 9 /ate affairs2 & ,i d n see t any?+ bett] has hi!rto be5 devis$ = atta9+ ?is object ?an ! "r ( int]v5tion 9 ! enactm5t ( laws1 a "r gu>ante$ to !m by ano!r1 t may be ju/ly t]m$ ! "r arm ( national repres5tation1--! "r ( vot+ ! supplies4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 respect+ con/itutions & repres5tative gov]nm5ts1 b ?is is ! ess5tial po9t4 ,_m & v>i\s modifications may be introduc$1 b 9 reality all consi/s 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ?rone z ! c5tre ( p[] & ( action1 surr\nd$ by assemblies t %all delib]ate ^u ! laws & ! taxes4 ,does political lib]ty 9 ?is po9t ( view orig9ate 9 ,prote/ant ideas8 ,is x "u any obligation to !m8 ,has x1 9 f9e1 any reproa* aga9/ ,ca?olicity8 ,i op5 ! works ( ,ca?olic writ]s ant]ior to ,prote/antism1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 _! s5tim5ts on ?is subject1 & ,i f9d t !y take a cle> view ( ! problem to be solv$4 ,i exam9e rigidly :e!r !y tea* any?+ oppos$ to ! progress ( ! _w1 to ! dignity or ! rights ( man2 ,i exam9e1 aga91 :e!r !y be> any aff9ity to despotism or to tyranny1 & ,i f9d !m full ( sympa?y = ! progress ( enlight5m5t & ( mank9d1 inflam$ ) noble & g5]\s s5tim5ts1 & zeal\s = ! happ9ess ( ! multitude4 ,i rem>k1 inde$1 t _! he>ts swell ) indignation at ! m]e names ( tyranny & despotism4 ,i op5 ! records ( hi/ory2 ,i /udy ! op9ions & cu/oms ( ! nations1 & ! pr$om9at+ in/itutions2 ,i behold on all sides no?+ b fu]os1 privileges1 lib]ty1 cortes1 /ates-g5]al1 municipalities1 & juries4 ,all ?is appe>s 9 ! greate/ confusion1 b ,i see x2 & ,i am n a/oni%$ to discov] an abs5ce ( ord]1 = x is a new _w j aris5 f *aos4 ,i ask myself if ! mon>* possesses 9 himself ! faculty ( mak+ laws2 & ^u ?is "q ,i v naturally f9d v>iety1 unc]ta9ty1 & confusion2 b ,i obs]ve t ! assemblies repres5t+ ! diff]5t classes ( ! nation take "p 9 ! enactm5t ( ! laws4 ,i ask :e!r !y h any int]f]5ce 9 ! great affairs ( ! /ate2 & ,i f9d x /at$ 9 ! codes t !y are to be consult$ on all grave & important affairs3 ,i see mon>*s frequ5tly obs]v+ ?is precept4 ,i ask :e!r ^! assemblies possess any gu>antees = _! exi/5ce & _! influ5ce2 & ! codes in=m me by ! mo/ decisive texts1 & a ?\s& facts are at h& to conv9ce me1 t ^! in/itutions 7 deeply root$ 9 ! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! p4 ,n[ :at 0 !n ! pr$om9at+ religion8 ,ca?olicity4 ,7 ! p mu* atta*$ to religion8 ,s mu* s t ! _s ( religion pr$om9at$ ov] all4 ,did ! cl]gy possess great influ5ce8 ,v great4 ,:at 0 ! p[] ( ! ,popes8 ,x 0 imm5se4 ,:]e d y f9d ! cl]gy attempt+ to ext5d ! p[] ( k+s to ! prejudice ( ! p8 ,:]e are ! pontifical decrees aga9/ su* or su* =ms8 ,:]e are ! measures & plans ( ! ,popes = ! re/riction ( "o s+le legitimate "r8 ,no reply4 ,!n ,i say indignantly1 ,europe1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 arose f *aos to ord]1 civilization advanc$ at a firm & /eady pace1 ! gr& problem ( political =ms engag$ ! att5tion ( m5 ( wisdom1 que/ions ( morality & laws 7 receiv+ a solution favorable to lib]ty1 & yet ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy 0 nev] great] ev5 9 temporal matt]s1 & ! p[] ( ! ,popes 0 9 e s5se q colossal4 ,:at6 "o ^w f ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff w\ld h smitt5 unto dea? e =m ( popul> gov]nm5t2 & yet su* =ms 7 receiv+ a rapid developm5t4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! t5d5cy ( ! ,ca?olic religion to enslave ! p8 ,:]e ! infam\s alliance betwe5 k+s & ,popes to oppress & h>ass ! p1 to e/abli% on ! ?rone a f]oci\s despotism1 & to rejoice "u its gloomy %ades ov] ! mis=tune & te>s ( mank9d8 ,:5 ! ,popes _h a qu>rel ) any k+dom1 0 x usually ) ! k+ or ! p8 ,:5 x 0 necess>y to oppose a firm front aga9/ tyranny & oppression1 :o /ood =w>d m promptly or m firmly ?an ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff8 ,does n ,voltaire himself admit t ! ,popes re/ra9$ pr9ces1 protect$ ! p1 put an end to ! qu>rels ( ! "t by a wise int]v5tion1 rem9d$ bo? k+s & p ( _! duties1 & hurl$ ana!mas aga9/ ^? enormities :i* !y c\ld n prev5t8 7,quot$ by ,m4 de ,mai/re1 ,du ,pape47 ,x is v rem>kable t ! ,bull ,9 ,cna ,dom9i1 :i* creat$ s mu* al>m1 conta9s 9 its fif? article an excommunication aga9/ ^? :o %\ld levy new taxes ^u _! e/ates1 or %\ld increase ^? already exi/+ beyond ! b\nds m>k$ out by "r4 ,! _s ( delib]ation1 s common ev5 at ?is p]iod1 & :i* =m$ s s+ul> a contra/ ) ! t5d5cy to viol5t measures1 arose 9 a great measure f ! example giv5 by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* dur+ s _m c5turies4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible to po9t out a society 9 :i* m assemblies h be5 held1 comb9+ 9 !m e ?+ di/+ui%$ by sci5ce & virtue4 ,g5]al1 national1 prov9cial ,c\ncils & diocesan synods are to be met ) 9 e page ( ! ,*ur*'s hi/ory4 ,su* an example1 expos$ dur+ c5turies to ! view ( ! p1 c\ld n fail to influ5ce & affect cu/oms & laws4 ,9 ,spa9 ! greate/ "p ( ! ,c\ncils ( ,tol$o 7 also national congresses2 :il/ ! episcopal au?ority p]=m$ its functions 9 !m1 wat*+ ov] ! purity ( dogmas1 & provid+ = ! wants ( discipl9e1 ! great affairs ( ! /ate 7 also discuss$ 9 !m 9 h>mony ) ! secul> p[]4 ,9 !m 7 enact$ ^? laws :i* are /ill an object ( admiration to mod]n obs]v]s4 ,! utopias ( ,r\sseau are n[ fall5 into complete disrepute among ! be/ publici/s4 ,repres5tative gov]nm5ts are no long] to be def5d$ z a means ( br++ ! g5]al w into action1 b z an in/rum5t1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( :i* reason & good s5se may be consult$1 :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,legislative assemblies are n[ repres5t$ to u1 9 works ^u con/itutional law1 z ! foci 9 :i* all k s]v+ to ?r[ light on ! difficulties ( public affairs may be conc5trat$2 !y are held up to u z ! repres5tatives ( all legitimate int]e/s1 z ! organ ( all reasonable op9ions1 ! voice ( all j compla9ts1 a *annel ( p]petual communication betwe5 gov]nors & _! subjects1 a measure ( ju/ice 9 ! laws1 a means ( r5d]+ ! laws respectable & v5]able 9 ! eyes ( ! p2 9 %ort1 z a p]man5t gu>antee t a gov]nm5t1 nev] consult+ its own int]e/s1 %\ld /udy only public utility & exp$i5cy4 ,at a "t :5 we are in=m$ 9 su* f9e t]ms :at ^! assemblies ought to be1 n :at !y are1 x w n be un9t]e/+ to ref] to ! ,c\ncils2 = we see at a glance t ! ,c\ncils mu/ 9 a c]ta9 mann] expla9 ! nature & _s1 & po9t out ! motives & aim1 ( political assemblies4 ,i am aw>e ( ! fundam5tal diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ^! two assemblies2 m5 :o receive _! p[]s f popul> election _c1 9 fact1 be plac$ 9 ! same rank z ^? :o h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to gov]n ! ,*ur* ( ,god2 nei!r c ! mon>*1 :o d]ives 8 "r to ! ?rone f ! fundam5tal laws ( ! nation1 be conf\nd$ ) t rock ^u :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is built4 ,i grant also t1 :e!r ) reg>d to ! subjects discuss$ 9 ! ,c\ncils1 or ) reg>d to ! p]sons engag$ 9 ^! discussions1 & to ! ext5sion ( ! ,*ur* ov] ! :ole e>?1 !re mu/ necess>ily be a great dissimil>ity betwe5 ! ,c\ncils & political assemblies1 ) respect to ! epo* ( _! be+ assembl$1 & ! mode ( _! organization & ( _! proce$+s4 ,b we are n "h ab\t to imag9e an +5i\s p>allel1 & to seek ) subtilty resemblances :i* d n exi/2 my only aim is to %[ ! influ5ce :i* ! lessons ( prud5ce & maturity giv5 = s long a "t by ! ,*ur* mu/ h ex]cis$ ^u political laws & cu/oms4 ,if we consult ! annals ( ! nations ( antiquity1 or ^? ( mod]n times1 we %all discov] t all delib]ative assemblies are compos$ ( p]sons :o h a "r to sit 9 !m by a regulation /at$ 9 ! laws4 ,b to admit into !m a man ( k1 simply because he is s1 is to pay a noble tribute to m]it--to proclaim 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]1 t ! c>e ( rul+ ! _w belongs prop]ly to intellig5ce4 ,?is ! ,*ur* alone has done4 ,i make ?is obs]vation to prove t society is indebt$ ma9ly to ! ,*ur* = ! progress x has made 9 ?is respect4 ,i w adduce on ?is po9t a fact t has n p]haps be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to1 b :i* cle>ly %[s t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 ! fir/ to seek out m5 ( tal5t :]ev] !y 7 to be f\nd1 & unhesitat+ly to all[ !m influ5ce 9 public affairs4 ,i w n speak ( t _s :i* =ms "o ( h] di/9ctive *>act]i/ics among all o!r societies1 :i* has ev] l$ h] to seek m]it1 & no?+ b m]it1 & to raise x to ! highe/ functions--a _s :i* no "o c d5y h]1 & :i* has em95tly contribut$ to h] spl5dor & prepond]ance4 ,b x is v rem>kable t ! influ5ce ( ?is _s has be5 felt :]e1 at fir/ sight1 x might h be5 lea/ expect$4 ,9 fact1 x is well kn[n t1 accord+ to ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 no private individual has any "r to int]f]e 9 ! decisions & delib]ations ( ! ,c\ncils2 h5ce1 h[ev] le>n$ a !ologian or juri/ may be1 8 k gives him no "r :atev] to take "p 9 ^? augu/ assemblies4 ,nev]!less1 x is well kn[n t ! ,*ur* has ev] tak5 c>e to call to !m m5 :o1 :atev] might be _! titles1 excell$ mo/ by _! tal5ts or _! le>n+4 ,:o does n read ) pleasure ! li/ ( le>n$ m5 :o1 al?\gh n ,bi%ops1 7 pres5t at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t8 ,9 mod]n society1 d n tal5t1 wisdom1 & g5ius c>ry ! highe/ head1 comm& ! greate/ consid]ation & respect1 & pres5t ! be/ claims to ! direction ( public affairs1 & to ! ex]cise ( a prepond]at+ influ5ce8 ,^! %\ld "k t n[h]e h _! claims be5 respect$ or _! dignity ackn[l$g$ s well z 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,:at society1 9 fact1 has ev] s\ght1 z ! ,*ur* has1 to elevate !m1 to consult !m 9 ! mo/ important affairs1 & to af=d !m an opportunity ( %9+ 9 gr& assemblies8 ,9 ! ,*ur*1 bir? & ri*es are ( no importance4 ,if y are a man ( high m]it1 unt>ni%$ by misconduct1 & at ! same "t conspicu\s by y\r abilities & y\r k1 t is en\gh--%e w look ^u y z a great man1 w always %[ y extreme consid]ation1 treat y ) respect1 & li/5 to y ) def]5ce4 ,& s9ce y\r br[1 ?\gh sprung f obscurity1 is radiant ) fame1 x w be held wor?y to be> ! mitre1 ! ,c>d9al's hat1 or ! ti>a4 ,to speak 9 ! language ( ! day1 ,i may rem>k1 t ! ari/ocracy ( k owes mu* ( its importance to ! ideas & discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*4#cf ,,*apt] ,,lxii4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,mon>*y ,,9 ,,europe4 ,a s+le glance at ! /ate ( ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury enables u to discov] t su* a /ate ( ?+s c\ld n long exi/1 & t ( ! ?ree elem5ts claim+ pref]5ce1 ! mon>*ical mu/ necess>ily prevail4 ,& x c\ld n be o!rwise2 = we h always se5 t societies1 aft] a long p]iod ( tr\ble & agitation1 place !mselves at la/ "u ! protection ( t p[] :i* (f]s !m ! greate/ security & well-be+4 ,behold+1 on ! "o h&1 ^? great feudatories1 s pr\d1 s exact+1 s turbul5t1 enemies to ea* o!r1 & rivals ( ! k+ z well z ( ! p2 on ! o!r h&1 ! commons1 ^: exi/5ce appe>s "u s _m diff]5t =ms--^: rights1 privileges1 fu]os & lib]ties pres5t s v>i\s & complex an aspect--^: ideas h no con/ant & well def9$ direction2--we conclude at once1 t nei!r 7 possess$ ( suffici5t =ce to /ruggle aga9/ ! royal p[]1 already act+ by a fix$ plan & a det]m9ate sy/em1 seiz+ e opportunity :i* might s]ve to =w>d its views4 ,:o is n aw>e ( ! sagacity display$ by ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic 9 develop+ & implant+ 8 prom95t idea--t ( c5traliz+ p[]1 giv+ x vigor1 & r5d]+ its action =cible & univ]sal2 t is1 ! idea ( f\nd+ a true mon>*y8 ,& :y n ackn[l$ge 9 ! immortal ,xim5es a wor?y & m em95t cont9uator ( ?is policy8 ,x w\ld be errone\s to consid] ?is z an evil to nations4 ,all publici/s agree t x 0 necess>y to give /r5g? & /ability to p[]1 & prev5t its action f becom+ weak or int]mitt5t2 b ! only repres5tative ( real p[] at t "t 0 ! ?rone4 ,h5ce1 to =tify & aggr&ize royal p[] 0 ( real necessity2 all plans & ef=ts ( man w\ld h fail$ to place an ob/acle 9 its way4 ,b x rema9s1 nev]!less1 to be se51 :e!r ?is aggr&izem5t ( royal p[] out/epp$ its due b\nds2 & ?is is ! place = contra/+ ,prote/antism ) ,ca?olicity1 t we may asc]ta9 :i* ( !m 0 culpable1 if ei!r1 & to :at ext5t4 ,?is is a v important & curi\s subject1 b at ! same "t "o ( difficulty & delicacy4 ,9 fact1 su* a *ange has tak5 place ( late 9 ! mean+ ( words1 ! av]sion :i* p>ties pr(ess = ea* o!r is s pr(\nd1 ea* "o repels ) su* impetuosity e ?+ :i* be>s ! mo/ remote resemblance to :at is e/eem$ by 8 adv]s>ies1 t x is an ardu\s und]tak+ to r5d] ! /ate ( ! "q & ! mean+ ( words compreh5sible4 ,i ask "o ?+ ( my read]s ( all op9ions2 t is1 t !y w susp5d _! judgm5t until !y h read ! :ole ( :at ,i h to adduce on ?is po9t4 ,if !y cons5t to ?is1 & d n qu>rel ) ! fir/ ^w t %ocks !m--9 a ^w1 if !y h suffici5t pati5ce to he> be=e !y judge1 ,i am confid5t t1 if we d n altoge!r agree1 :i* is impossible amid su* a v>iety ( op9ions1 !y w at lea/ grant t ,i h tak5 an app>5tly reasonable view ( ! subject1 & t my conjectures are n altoge!r unf\nd$4 ,i %all comm5ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 by completely lay+ aside ! "q :e!r x 0 advantage\s or n to society t1 9 ! greate/ "p ( ,european mon>*ies1 royal p[] %\ld h any o!r limits ?an ^? naturally impos$ ^u x by ! /ate ( ideas & cu/oms4 ,?is "q "s w answ] 9 ! affirmative1 o!rs 9 ! negative2 & ,i ne$ n obs]ve to :at p>ty !y respectively belong4 ,to _m p ! ^w lib]ty is a sc&al1 j z ! t]m absolute p[] is ) o!rs synonym\s ) despotism4 ,b :at is t lib]ty :i* ! =m] repel ) s mu* =ce8 :at mean+ is atta*$ to ?is ^w 9 _! diction>ies8 ,!y h witness$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ) its iniquities & frightful crimes1 & !y h he>d x cont9ually cry+ out = lib]ty3 !y h witness$ ! ,spani% ,revolution1 ) its vocif]ations ( dea?1 & its sangu9>y excesses--its inju/ice1 its disda9 = e ?+ t ,spani>ds _h be5 accu/om$ to e/eem ! mo/ valuable & sacr$2 & yet !y h he>d ! cries ( ?is ,revolution also = lib]ty4 ,:at 0 to be expect$8 ,:y1 :at we n[ witness4 ,!y conf\nd$ ! "n ( lib]ty ) all sorts ( impieties & crimes2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !y hat$ x1 !y repell$ x1 !y f\ght aga9/ x sword 9 h&4 ,9 va9 7 !y in=m$ t ! cortes 0 an anci5t in/itution2 !y repli$1 t ! anci5t cortes 0 n l t ( _! times4 ,9 va9 7 !y rem9d$ t our laws orda9$ ! nation's "r ( int]f]5ce by its vote on ! levy+ ( taxes4 ,!y repli$3 ,we are well aw>e ( x2 b ! nation is n n[ repres5t$ by ^? :o int]f]e 9 its affairs2 !y only avail !mselves ( ?is pret5d$ title to enslave bo? ! k+ & ! p4 ,!y 7 told t ! repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t classes _h =m]ly ! "r ( int]v5tion 9 ! important affairs ( ! /ate4 ,:at class d y repres5t1 !y repli$2 y :o degrade ! mon>*1 insult & p]secute ! nobility1 abuse & plund] ! cl]gy1 despis+ ! p1 & mak+ _! cu/oms & _! religi\s belief a subject = y\r sne]s8 ,:at1 !n1 d y repres5t8 ,is x ! ,spani% nation1 :5 y trample on h] religion & laws1 :5 y excite social dissolution on all sides1 & make blood fl[ 9 torr5ts8 ,h[ c y call y\rselves ! re/or]s ( our fundam5tal laws1 :5 we f9d no?+ ei!r 9 y or 9 y\r acts :i* m>ks ! true ,spani>d2 :5 all y\r !ories1 plans1 & projects are only mis]able copies ( =eign books b too well kn[n1 :ile y h =gott5 y\r own language8 ,i pray ! read] w ca/ 8 eyes ov] ! files ( ! j\rnals1 ! bullet9s ( ! cortes1 & o!r docum5ts t rema9 ( ! two epo*s ( #ahab & #ahbj2 let him also call to m9d ! ev5ts we h rec5tly witness$2 let him aft]w>ds p]use ! records & memorials ( ant]ior epo*s1--our codes1 our books1 e ?+1 9 f9e1 capable ( ?r[+ light ^u ! "*1 ! ideas1 & ! cu/oms ( ! ,spani% p2 !n let him lay 8 h& ^u 8 he>t1 &1 :atev] be 8 political op9ions1 let him tell u1 ^u 8 honor1 if he f9ds ! lea/ resemblance betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t2 if he does n1 at ! v fir/ glance1 p]ceive a /rik+ & viol5t contra/ betwe5 ! two epo*s--a *asm1 9 fact1 to fill up :i*1 ,i say x ) grief1 w\ld require heaps ( fre% ru9s1 a%es1 dead bodies1 & torr5ts ( blood4 ,7 we to place ! "q beyond ! influ5ce ( ! empoison$ atmosph]e ( human passions & ( bitt] recollections1 we might1 x is true1 v well exam9e ! exp$i5cy ( all[+ ! royal au?ority to atta9 to a gr[? t set x free f e k9d ( *eck or re/ra9t1 ev5 9 affairs ( ! mo/ ess5tial importance & 9 ! vot+ ( ! gov]nm5t supplies4 ,! "q w\ld !n h m]ely a hi/orico-political aspect1 c\ld n be conf\nd$ ) actual practice1 &1 consequ5tly1 w\ld n affect ei!r ! int]e/s or ! op9ions ( our "t4 ,h[ev] t might be1 ,i w n /op to consid] or to notice :at has be5 ?\ght & said ^u ! subject1 b w take up ! hypo!sis1 t ! disappe>ance f ! body politic1 at t "t1 ( e elem5t save ! mon>*ical1 0 a mis=tune to ! p1 & an ob/acle to ! progress ( true civilization4 ,& ^: 0 ! fault8 let me ask4 ,x is rem>kable t ! greate/ increase ( royal p[] 9 ,europe dates precisely f ! comm5cem5t ( ,prote/antism4 ,9 ,engl&1 f ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 n only did mon>*y prevail1 b a despotism s cruel t no va9 appe>ances ( impot5t =ms h avail$ to disguise its excesses4 ,9 ,france1 aft] ! ,hugu5ot w>1 royal p[] became m absolute ?an ev]2 9 ,sw$51 ,gu/avus asc5d$ ! ?rone1 & f t "t k+s began to ex]cise an almo/ unlimit$ p[]2 9 ,d5m>k1 mon>*y cont9u$1 & became /rong]2 9 ,g]many1 ! k+dom ( ,prussia 0 =m$1 & absolute =ms g5]ally prevail$2 9 ,au/ria1 ! empire ( ,*>les ,v4 arose 9 all its p[] & spl5dor2 9 ,italy1 ! small republics 7 fa/ disappe>+1 & ! p1 "u "s title or ano!r1 became subject to pr9ces2 9 ,spa91 9 f9e1 ! anci5t cortes ( ,ca/ile1 ,aragon1 ,val5cia1 & ,catalonia fell into disuse3 t is to say1 in/ead ( see+1 by ! accession ( ,prote/antism1 ! p take "o /ep t[>ds repres5tative =ms1 we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t !y rapidly advanc$ t[>ds absolute gov]nm5t4 ,?is is a c]ta91 inconte/able fact4 ,suffici5t att5tion has n p]haps be5 paid to s s+ul> a co9cid5ce2 b x is n ! less real1 & is c]ta9ly ( a nature to sugge/ num]\s & int]e/+ reflections4 ,0 ?is co9cid5ce purely accid5tal8 ,0 !re any hidd5 connection betwe5 ,prote/antism & ! developm5t & def9itive e/abli%m5t ( absolutism8 ,i ?9k !re 02 & ,i w ev5 add1 t1 _h ,ca?olicism reta9$ an exclusive sway 9 ,europe1 ! p[] ( ! ?rone w\ld h be5 gradually dim9i%$--t repres5tative =ms w\ld probably n h disappe>$ altoge!r--t ! p w\ld h cont9u$ to take "p 9 national affairs--t we %\ld h be5 mu* f>!r advanc$ 9 civilization1 mu* bett] fitt$ = ! enjoym5t ( true lib]ty--& t ?is lib]ty w\ld n be associat$ 9 our m9ds ) sc5es ( horror4 ,yes1 ! fatal ,re=mation has giv5 a wrong direction to ,european society1 injur$ civilization1 creat$ necessities t previ\sly _h no exi/5ce1 & op5$ *asms :i* x _c close4 ,x de/roy$ _m elem5ts ( good1 & consequ5tly produc$ a radical *ange 9 ! conditions ( ! political problem4 ,?is ,i ?9k ,i c demon/rate4 ,,*apt] ,,lxiii4 ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,democracy4 ,!re is 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe "o lead+ fact conta9$ 9 all its pages1 & /ill visible 9 our days1 viz4 ! p>allel m>* ( two democracies1 :i*1 al?\gh sometimes app>5tly alike1 are1 9 reality1 v diff]5t 9 _! nature1 orig91 & aim4 ,! "o is bas$ ^u ! k & dignity ( man1 & on ! "r :i* he possesses ( enjoy+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty con=mable to reason & ju/ice4 ,) ideas m or less cle>1 m or less uni=m1 ^u ! real orig9 ( society & ( p[]1 x ent]ta9s at lea/ v cle>1 precise1 & fix$ ones ^u ! real object & aim ( bo?4 ,:e!r ! "r ( comm&+ proce$s directly & imm$iately f ,god1 or :e!r we suppose x communicat$ previ\sly to society1 & transmitt$ aft]w>ds to ^? :o gov]n1 x always grants t p[] is = ! common weal1 & t1 if x does n direct its actions to ?is end1 x falls into tyranny4 ,to privileges1 honors1 & di/9ctions ( e k9d1 x applies its favorite t\*/one--! public good2 :atev] is oppos$ to ?is1 is reject$ z noxi\s2 :atev] does n t5d to promote x1 is repudiat$ z sup]flu\s4 ,conv9c$ t k & virtue are ! only ?+s ( real wor?1 & des]v+ ( consid]ation 9 ! di/ribution ( ! social functions1 ?is democracy requires !m to be s\ght )\t ceas+1 t !y may be elevat$ to ! summit ( p[] & ( glory2 x goes to seek !m 9 ! mid/ ( ! deepe/ obscurity4 ,a nobleman1 pr\d ( 8 titles & 8 h]aldry1 & boa/+ ( ! glori\s de$s ( 8 ance/ors1 )\t be+ able to imitate !m1 is1 9 its e/imation1 an object ( ridicule2 x w all[ su* a man to enjoy 8 ri*es1 t ! sacr$ "r ( prop]ty may n be violat$2 b x w remove f 8 grasp1 by all lawful means1 ! influ5ce he might d]ive f ! nobility ( 8 blood4 ,9 f9e1 if x takes nobility1 bir? or ri*es into consid]ation1 x is n = any intr9sic wor? ( ^! advantages1 b because !y are signs :i* lead u to expect a m accompli%$ education1 m k & probity4 ,full ( g5]\s ideas1 ?is democracy1 plac+ ! dignity ( man 9 ! highe/ degree1 rem9d+ man ( 8 rights1 & also ( 8 duties1 is indignant at ! v "n ( tyranny4 ,x hates tyranny1 condemns x1 repels x1 & is p]petually employ$ 9 discov]+ ! be/ means = prev5t+ x4 ,wise & calm1 z ! insep>able companion ( reason & good s5se mu/ ev] be1 x agrees v well ) mon>*y2 b we may re/ assur$ t its desires h g5]ally be51 t ! laws ( ! c\ntry %\ld1 9 "o way or ano!r1 place a re/ra9t ^u ! excesses ( k+s4 ,aw>e t ! rock aga9/ :i* !y ran ! risk ( be+ wreck$1 0 ! excess ( contributions levi$ ^u ! p1 its favorite idea1 :i* x has nev] ab&on$1 ev5 :5 x 0 impracticable1 has be5 to re/ra9 ! unlimit$ faculties ( p[] ) respect to contributions4 ,ano!r ( its pr$om9at+ ideas has be5 to prev5t ! w ( man f prevail+ 9 ! =mation or application ( ! laws4 ,x has ev] s\ght to gu>antee & secure 9 "s way1 t ! w %\ld n usurp ! place ( reason4 ,su* has be5 ! =ce ( ?is univ]sal desire1 t x has be5 indelibly /amp$ ^u ,european mann]s1 & ! mo/ absolute mon>*s h be5 compell$ to gratify x4 ,h5ce "o ?+ v wor?y ( rem>k is1 t ! ?rone has ev] be5 surr\nd$ by respectable c\nsellors1 ^: exi/5ce 0 insur$ ei!r by ! laws or by ! national cu/oms4 ,^! c\nsellors c]ta9ly c\ld n pres]ve1 9 all circum/ances1 ! indep5d5ce necess>y = ! accompli%m5t ( _! object1 b !y did n fail to be ( great s]vice2 = _! m]e exi/5ce 0 an eloqu5t prote/ aga9/ unju/ & arbitr>y regulations2 x 0 a noble p]sonification ( reason & ju/ice1 po9t+ out ! sacr$ limits ev] to be reg>d$ z inviolable by ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*4 ,?is is also ! reason :y sov]eigns 9 ,europe nev] ex]cise !mselves ! faculty ( pron\nc+ judgm5t1 diff]+ 9 ?is respect f ! sultans4 ,! laws & cu/oms ( ,europe en]getically repulse ?is faculty1 z fatal to ! p z x is to ! mon>*2 & ! m]e recital ( su* an attempt w\ld excite public indignation aga9/ its au?or4 ,! mean+ ( all ?is is1 t ?is pr9ciple1 s mu* extoll$1 t x is n ! mon>* b ! law t comm&s1 has be5 receiv$ 9 ,europe = _m c5turies2 x 0 9 full =ce 9 all ! ,european nations long be=e mod]n publici/s emphatically enunciat$ x4 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t if ?is 0 ! case 9 !ory1 x 0 n s 9 practice4 ,i d n d5y t !re 7 repreh5sible exceptions1 b ! pr9ciple 0 g5]ally respect$4 ,z a case 9 po9t1 let u take ! mo/ absolute reign ( mod]n times1 ) ! mo/ unlimit$ royal p[] 9 all its spl5dor1 9 its apogee1--! reign 9 :i* ! k+ c\ld exclaim ) too mu* pride1 b yet ) tru?1 ,i am ! /ate--t ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?4 ,x la/$ m ?an half a c5tury1 ) an a/oni%+ v>iety & complication ( ev5ts4 ,h[ _m dea?s1 confiscations1 & bani%m5ts took place 9 x1 execut$ by ! royal comm&1 )\t any judicial ordeal6 ,p]haps "s arbitr>y acts ( ?is "t may be cit$2 b let !m be comp>$ ) :at 0 pass+ "u equival5t circum/ances among/ ! nations out ( ,europe3 let any "o recall to m9d :at took place at ! "t ( ! ,roman empire1 & ! excesses ( absolute royalty :]ev] ,*ri/ianity did n exi/1 & he w see t ! excesses committ$ 9 ,european mon>*ies are sc>cely wor?y ( be+ m5tion$4 ,?is is a pro( t ! di/9ction made betwe5 mon>*ical gov]nm5ts1 :e!r absolute or despotic1 is n arbitr>y & fictiti\s4 ,any "o acqua9t$ ) ! legislation & hi/ory ( ,europe mu/ be well aw>e t ?is di/9ction is correct1 & he w be =c$ to smile at ^? boi/]\s declamations 9 :i* malice or ignorance endeavors to conf\nd ! two sy/ems ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is limit impos$ ^u p[]1 ?is circle ( reason & ju/ice :i* we always f9d trac$ ar\nd x1 d]ives its orig9 pr9cipally f ! ideas dissem9at$ by ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r x h its gu>antee 9 ideas & mann]s or 9 political =ms4 ,x is ,*ri/ianity t has proclaim$1 ,reason & ju/ice1 k & virtue1 are e ?+2 ! m]e w ( man1 8 bir?1 8 titles1 are ( no intr9sic value4 ,^! words h p5etrat$ e :]e1 f ! palace ( k+s to ! poor man's cottage2 &1 f ! mom5t t ! m9d ( an entire p became imbu$ ) su* ideas1 ,asiatic despotism became impracticable4 ,9 fact1 9 ! abs5ce ( e political =m limit+ ! p[] ( ! mon>*1 a voice res\nds 9 8 e>s on all sides1 exclaim+1 ,we are n ?y slaves1 we are ?y subjects2 ?\ art a k+1 b ?\ art a man1 & a man :o1 l ourselves1 mu/ appe> "o day be=e ! ,supreme ,judge2 ?\ ha/ ! p[] ( mak+ laws1 b m]ely = our int]e/s2 ?\ can/ exact tributes f u1 b only su* z are necess>y = ! common weal2 ?\ can/ n judge u accord+ to ?y caprice1 b only con=mably to ! laws2 ?\ can/ n seize our prop]ty )\t r5d]+ ?yself m culpable ?an ! common robb]1 nor make an attempt on our lives1 ( ?y own w1 )\t becom+ an assass92 ! p[] ?\ ha/ receiv$ is n = ?y com=t or pleasure1 nor = ! gratification ( ?y passions1 b solely = our happ9ess2 ?\ art a p]son exclusively devot$ to ! public weal2 if ?\ =gette/ ?is1 ?\ art a tyrant4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) ?is _s ( lawful indep5d5ce1 ( rational lib]ty1--toge!r ) ?is j1 noble1 & g5]\s democracy1 !re has ev] be5 ano!r accompany+ x1 & =m+ ) x ! mo/ lively contra/4 ,! latt] has be5 extremely injuri\s to ! =m]1 by prev5t+ x f atta9+ ! object ( its j pret5sions2 errone\s 9 its pr9ciples & p]v]se 9 its int5tions1 viol5t & unju/ 9 its mode ( act+1 its traces h be5 ev]y:]e m>k$ by a /ream ( blood4 ,in/ead ( obta9+ true lib]ty = ! p1 x has m]ely s]v$ to deprive !m ( t :i* !y already possess$2 or if x actually f\nd !m groan+ "u ! yoke ( slav]y1 x has only s]v$ to rivet _! *a9s4 ,ally+ itself on all occasions ) ! base/ passions1 x has attract$ to its /&>d all t 0 mo/ vile & abject 9 society1 & ga!r$ toge!r ! mo/ turbul5t & ill-dispos$ m54 ,by *eat+ its mis]able foll[]s ) delusive promises1 & excit+ !m ) ! prospect ( plund] & pillage1 x has be5 a p]petual s\rce ( commotions1 sc&als1 & bitt] animosities1 t h at l5g? produc$ _! natural results--p]secutions1 proscriptions1 & executions4 ,its fundam5tal dogma 0 ! rejection ( all au?ority ( e description1 to ov]turn :i* 0 its con/ant aim2 ! rew>d x expect$ = its labors 0 to seat itself ^u a ?rone e/abli%$ amid/ univ]sal ru91 to glut itself ) ! blood ( ?\s&s ( victims1 & to revel 9 ! grosse/ orgies dur+ ! di/ribution ( its blood-/a9$ spoil4 ,9 all times1 9 all c\ntries1 riots1 popul> insurrections1 & revolutions h tak5 place2 b1 = ! la/ sev5 c5turies1 ,europe pres5ts ^! sc5es 9 s s+ul> a "*1 t x =ms a mo/ fitt+ subject = ! reflection ( philosoph]s4 ,9 fact1 ^! t5d5cies t[>ds social dissolution--t5d5cies1 ! orig9 ( :i* x is n difficult to discov] 9 ! v he>t ( man--h n only exi/$ 9 ! bosom ( ,europe1 b h be5 =m$ into a !ory2 z ideas1 !y h be5 def5d$ ) all ! ob/9acy & infatuation ( a sect>ian _s2 &1 :]ev] an opportunity occurr$1 r$uc$ to practice ) unyield+ p]t9acity & unbridl$ fury4 ,! sy/em 0 made up ( folly & fanaticism1 & c>ri$ out ) ob/9acy1 a _s ( proselytism1 & mon/r\s crimes4 ,9 e page ( its hi/ory ?is tru? is atte/$ 9 *>act]s ( blood4 ,happy our nation1 _h %e n tri$ ! exp]im5t6 ,europe may be comp>$ to ^? m5 ( great capacity & ( active & intrepid *>act]s1 :o are ei!r ! v be/ or ! v wor/ ( m54 ,sc>cely c a s+le fact ( any weight rema9 isolat$ 9 ,europe3 !re is n a tru? t is n useful1 nor an error t is n fatal4 ,ideas h a t5d5cy to become realiz$1 & facts1 9 _! turn1 incessantly call 9 ! aid ( ideas4 ,if virtues exi/1 !y are expla9$1 & _! f\ndation is s\ght = 9 elevat$ !ories4 ,if crimes are met )1 _! v9dication is attempt$ on ! au?ority ( p]v]se !ories4 ,nations d n re/ satisfi$ ) ! practice ei!r ( good or evil--!y /rive to propagate x1 & are re/less till !y h induc$ _! neighbors to imitate !m4 ,nay1 !re is some?+ beyond a m]e _s ( proselytism limit$ to a few c\ntries--ideas1 9 our times1 aim at no?+ %ort ( univ]sal empire4 ,! _s ( propag&ism does n date f ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 nor ev5 f ! sixte5? c5tury2 f ! v dawn ( civilization1 f ! times :5 ! m9ds ( m5 began to ev9ce symptoms ( activity1 ?is ph5om5on is app>5t1 & 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,9 ! agitat$ ,europe ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 we behold ! ,europe ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 j z ! imp]fectly def9$ l9eam5ts ( ! g]m conta9 =ms ( ! future be+4 ,a great "p ( ! sects :i* assail$ ! ,*ur*1 dat+ f ! t5? c5tury1 7 decid$ly revolution>y2 !y ei!r proce$$ f ! fatal democracy :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 or d]iv$ _! support f x4 ,un=tunately ?is democracy1 re/less1 unju/ & turbul5t1 hav+ compromis$ ! tranquillity ( ,europe 9 ! c5turies ant]ior to ! sixte5?1 f\nd 9 ,prote/antism its mo/ f]v5t propagators4 ,among ! num]\s sects into :i* ! pret5d$ re=m 0 imm$iately divid$1 "s op5$ ! way = x1 & o!rs adopt$ x z _! /&>d4 ,& :at mu/ h be5 ! result 9 ! political organization ( ,europe8 ,i w say x c&idly3 ! disappe>ance ( ^? political in/itutions :i* enabl$ ! diff]5t classes ( ! /ate to take "p 9 its affairs1 0 inevitable4 ,n[1 z x 0 v difficult = ! ,european p1 consid]+ _! "*1 ideas & cu/oms1 to submit = ev] to _! new condition1 z _! pr$om9ant incl9ation mu/ h urg$ !m to place b\nds ^u ! ext5sion ( p[]1 x 0 natural t revolutions %\ld ensue2 x 0 natural t future g5]ations %\ld h to witness great cata/rophes1 su* z ! ,engli% ,revolution ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( ! eighte5?4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 x might h be5 difficult to compreh5d ^! tru?s2 t "t is pa/4 ,! revolutions 9 :i* = "s c5turies ! diff]5t nations ( ,europe h be5 successively involv$1 h br\ght )9 ! rea* ( ! lea/ intellig5t t social law s frequ5tly realiz$1 viz4 t an>*y leads to despotism1 & t despotism begets an>*y4 ,nev]1 at any "t1 9 any nation 7hi/ory & exp]i5ce prove ! fact71 h anti-social ideas be5 inculcat$1 ! m9ds ( ! p be5 imbu$ ) ! _s ( insubord9ation & rebellion1 )\t almo/ imm$iately provok+ ! application ( ! only rem$y at ! comm& ( nations 9 su* conflicts1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a v /rong gov]nm5t1 :i* ju/ly or unju/ly1 legally or n1 lifts up its iron arm ov] e "o1 & makes all heads b5d "u its yoke4 ,to clamor & tumult succe$s ! mo/ pr(\nd sil5ce2 ! p !n easily become resign$ to _! new condition1 = reflection & in/9ct tea* !m t al?\gh x is well to possess a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty1 ! fir/ want ( society is self-pres]vation4 ,:at 0 ! case 9 ,g]many1 aft] ! introduction ( ,prote/antism by a succession ( religi\s revolutions8 ,maxims de/ructive ( all society 7 propagat$1 factions =m$1 insurrections took place2 ^u ! field ( battle & ^u ! scaffolds blood fl[$ 9 torr5ts2 b no soon] did ! in/9ct ( social pres]vation beg9 to op]ate1 ?an1 in/ead ( popul> =ms be+ e/abli%$ & tak+ root1 e ?+ t5d$ t[>ds ! opposite extreme4 ,& 0 n ?is ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! p _h be5 flatt]$ by ! prospect ( unre/ra9$ lib]ty1 ( a rep>tition & ev5 a community ( prop]ty2 9 f9e1 by ! promise ( ! mo/ absolute equality 9 e ?+4 ,yet1 9 ?is same c\ntry1 ! mo/ /rik+ inequality prevail$1 & ! feudal ari/ocracy pres]v$ its full =ce4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 9 :i* no su* hopes ( lib]ty & equality _h be5 held out1 we c sc>cely discov] ! limits :i* sep>at$ ! nobility f ! p4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! nobility /ill reta9$ _! weal? & _! prepond]ance1 7 /ill surr\nd$ by titles1 privileges1 & di/9ctions ( e description4 ,9 t v c\ntry1 9 :i* !re 7 su* outcries aga9/ ! p[] ( k+s1 9 :i* ! "n ( k+ 0 decl>$ synonym\s ) tyrant1 ! mo/ absolute mon>*y 0 e/abli%$2 & ! apo/ate ( ! ,teutonic ord] f\nd$ t k+dom ( ,prussia1 f :i* repres5tative =ms are /ill exclud$4,c ,9 ,d5m>k1 ,prote/antism 0 e/abli%$1 & ) x absolute p[] imm$iately took deep root2 9 ,sw$5 we f9d1 at ! v same "t1 ! p[] ( ,gu/avus e/abli%$4 ,c ,:5 ?is 0 writt54--,tr4 ,:at 0 ! case 9 ,engl&8 ,repres5tative =ms 7 n introduc$ into t c\ntry by ,prote/antism2 !y exi/$ c5turies be=e1 z well z 9 o!r nations ( ,europe4 ,b ! mon>* :o f\nd$ ! ,anglican ,*ur* 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 despotism1 & ! ,p>liam5t1 :i* ought to h re/ra9$ him1 0 mo/ %amefully degrad$4 ,:at idea c we =m ( ! lib]ty ( a c\ntry ^: legislators & repres5tatives debas$ !mselves s f> z to decl>e1 t any "o obta9+ a k ( ! illicit am\rs ( ! ,que5 is b\nd1 "u pa9 ( high treason1 to br+ an accusation aga9/ h]8 ,:at c we ?9k ( ! lib]ty ( a c\ntry1 9 :i* ! v m5 :o ought to def5d t lib]ty1 cr+e ) s mu* bas5ess to ! unruly passions ( ! mon>*1 t !y are n a%am$1 9 ord] to flatt] ! jeal\sy ( ! sov]eign1 to e/abli% t any "y female :o %\ld m>ry a k+ ( ,engl&1 %\ld1 "u a pa9 ( high treason1 be compell$ be=e h] m>riage to reveal any /a9 !re might be on h] virtue8 ,su* ignom9i\s enactm5ts are c]ta9ly a /rong] pro( ( abject s]vility ?an ! decl>ation ( t same ,p>liam5t1 e/abli%+ t ! m]e w ( ! mon>* %\ld h ! =ce ( law4 ,repres5tative =ms pres]v$ 9 t c\ntry at a "t :5 !y _h disappe>$ f almo/ e o!r nation ( ,europe1 7 n1 h[ev]1 a gu>antee aga9/ tyranny2 = ! ,engli% _c assur$ly boa/ ( ! lib]ty !y enjoy$ "u ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,elizabe?4 ,p]haps 9 no c\ntry 9 ,europe 0 less lib]ty enjoy$1 9 no c\ntry 7 ! p m oppress$ "u popul> =ms1 9 no c\ntry did despotism prevail to a great] ext5t4 ,if !re be any?+ :i* c conv9ce u ( ^! tru?s1 9 case ! facts already cit$ %\ld be f\nd insuffici5t1 x is und\bt$ly ! ef=ts made by ! ,engli% to acquire lib]ty4 ,& if ! ef=ts made to %ake (f ! yoke ( oppression are to be reg>d$ z a sure sign ( its gall+ effects1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ t ! oppression "u :i* ,engl& 0 groan+ mu/ h be5 v sev]e1 s9ce t c\ntry has pass$ ?r\gh s long & t]rible a revolution1 9 :i* s _m te>s & s mu* blood has be5 %$4 ,:5 we consid] :at has tak5 place 9 ,france1 we rem>k t religi\s w>s h always giv5 an asc5d5cy to royal p[]4 ,aft] su* long agitations1 s _m tr\bles & civil w>s1 we see ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & we he> t pr\d mon>* exclaim1 ,i am ! /ate4 ,we h "h ! mo/ complete p]sonification ( ! absolute p[] :i* always foll[s an>*y4 ,h ! ,european nations _h to compla9 ( ! unlimit$ p[] ex]cis$ by mon>*s8 h !y _h to regret t all ! repres5tative =ms :i* c\ld ensure _! lib]ties p]i%$ "u ! asc5d5cy ( ! ?rone8 ,let !m blame ,prote/antism = x1 :i* spread+ ! g]ms ( an>*y all ov] ,europe1 creat$ an imp]i\s1 urg5t1 & inevitable necessity = c5traliz+ rule1 = =tify+ royal p[]3 x 0 necess>y to /op up e s\rce f :i* dissolv5t pr9ciples might fl[1 & to keep )9 n>r[ b\nds all ! elem5ts :i*1 by contact & vic9ity1 7 ready to ignite & produce a fatal conflagration4 ,e reflect+ man w agree ) me on ?is po9t4 ,consid]+ ! aggr&izem5t ( absolute p[]1 !y w discov] 9 x no?+ b ! realization ( a fact already long ago ev]y:]e obs]v$4 ,assur$ly1 ! mon>*s ( ,europe _c be comp>$1 ei!r by ! fact ( _! orig9 or ! "* ( _! measures1 to ^? despots :o1 "u diff]5t titles1 h usurp$ ! comm& ( society at ! critical mom5t :5 x 0 ne> its dissolution2 b x may be said ) reason1 t ! unlimit$ ext5t ( _! p[] has be5 caus$ by a great social necessity1 viz4 t ( "o sole & =cible au?ority1 )\t :i* ! pres]vation ( public ord] 0 impossible4 ,we _c )\t dismay take a view ( ,europe aft] ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism4 ,:at frightful dissolution6 ,:at errone\s ideas6 ,:at relaxation ( morals6 ,:at a multitude ( sects6 ,:at animosity 9 m5's m9ds6 ,:at rage1 :at f]ocity6 ,viol5t disputes1 int]m9able debates1 accusations1 recrim9ations )\t end2 tr\bles1 rebellion1 inte/9e & =eign w>s1 sangu9>y battles1 & atroci\s puni%m5ts4 ,su* is ! picture t ,europe pres5ts2 su* are ! effects ( ?is apple ( discord ?r[n among m5 :o are bre?r54 ,& :at 0 sure to be ! result ( ?is confusion1 ( ?is retrograde movem5t1 by :i* society seem$ return+ to viol5t means1 to ! tyranny ( might ov] "r8 ,! result 0 sure to be :at x has 9 fact be53 ! in/9ct ( pres]vation1 /rong] ?an ! passions & ! fr5zy ( man1 0 sure to prevail2 x sugge/$ to ,europe ! only means ( self-pres]vation2 royal p[]1 already 9 ! asc5dant1 & v]g+ t[>ds its highe/ po9t1 0 sure to end by atta9+ x 9 reality2 !re to become isolat$ & completely sep>at$ f ! p1 & to impose sil5ce on popul> passions4 ,:at ought to h be5 effect$ by a wise direction ( ideas1 0 accompli%$ by ! =ce ( a v p[]ful in/itution2 ! vigor ( ! sceptre _h to neutralize ! impulse giv5 to society t[>ds its ru94 ,if we consid] att5tively1 we %all f9d t su* is ! mean+ ( ! ev5t ( #afhj 9 ,sw$51 :5 t c\ntry 0 subject$ to ! fi]ce w ( ,*>les ,,xi42 su* ! mean+ ( ! ev5t ( #affi 9 ,d5m>k1 :5 t nation1 we>i$ ) an>*y1 supplicat$ ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 to decl>e ! mon>*y h]$it>y & absolute1 :i* he 9 fact did2 su*1 9 f9e1 is ! mean+ ( :at took place 9 ,holl& 9 #agdg1 & ( ! creation ( an h]$it>y /ad?old]4 ,if we require m conv9c+ examples1 we h ! despotism ( ,cromwell 9 ,engl& aft] su* t]rible revolutions1 & t ( ,napoleon 9 ,france aft] ! republic4#cg ,,*apt] ,,lxiv4 ,,/ruggle ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,?ree ,,social ,,elem5ts4 ,:5 once ^! ?ree elem5ts ( gov]nm5t1 mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy1 began ea* to cont5d = ! asc5d5cy1 ! mo/ c]ta9 means ( secur+ ! victory to mon>*y1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!r two elem5ts1 0 to drive "o ( ^! latt] into acts ( turbul5ce & outrage2 = x ?us became absolutely necess>y to e/abli% "o sole1 p[]ful1 unfett]$ c5tre ( action1 t w\ld be able to awe ! turbul5t & to insure public ord]4 ,n[1 j at ?is "t1 ! position ( ! popul> elem5t 0 full ( hope1 b also beset ) dang]s2 & h5ce1 to pres]ve ! influ5ce x _h already acquir$1 & to increase its asc5d5cy & p[]1 ! greate/ mod]ation & circumspection 7 requisite4 ,mon>*y _h already acquir$ great p[]1 &1 hav+ obta9$ x 9 "p by esp\s+ ! cause ( ! p aga9/ ! lords1 x came to be reg>d$ z ! natural protector ( popul> int]e/s4 ,x c]ta9ly _h "s claims to ?is title1 b no less c]ta9ly did x f9d 9 ?is circum/ance a mo/ favorable opportunity = ext5d+ its p[] to an unlimit$ degree1 at ! exp5se ( ! rights & lib]ties ( ! p4 ,!re exi/$ a g]m ( division betwe5 ! ari/ocracy & ! commons1 :i* af=d$ ! mon>*s an opportunity ( curtail+ ! rights & p[]s ( ! lords1 conv9c$1 moreov]1 z !y 71 t any measure t5d+ to su* an object w\ld be well receiv$ by ! multitude4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mon>* might re/ assur$ t ! lords w\ld hail ) delight any act t5d+ to humble ! p1 :o already _h rais$ _! heads s high :5 ! feudal ari/ocracy 0 to be resi/$2 &1 9 ?is case1 if ! p committ$ any excesses1 if !y adopt$ maxims & doctr9es subv]sive ( public ord]1 no "o c\ld prev5t ! mon>* f putt+ a /op to _! proce$+s by all possible means4 ,! lords1 :o 7 p[]ful en\gh to repress su* disord]s !mselves1 w\ld v naturally be glad to leave su* a "w to ! mon>*1 fe>+ le/ ! p1 9 _! exasp]ation aga9/ !m1 might deprive !m ( _! pr]ogatives1 _! honors1 _! prop]ty1 & ev5 ( _! lives2 or f ! secret satisfaction !y w\ld naturally feel at see+ t rival p[] br\ght d[n :i* _h rec5tly humbl$ !mselves1 & ^: rivalry _h be5 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh s _m & su* f]oci\s /ruggles4 ,9 su* an und]tak+1 ! lords w\ld naturally br+ ! :ole weight ( _! influ5ce to ! support ( ! mon>*1 ?us tak+ advantage ( ! false direction giv5 to ! popul> movem5t to rev5ge !mselves ^u ! p1 :il/ veil+ _! v5geance "u ! pretext ( public utility4 ,! p1 x is true1 possess$ v>i\s means ( def5ce2 b :5 isolat$ & oppos$ to ! ?rone1 !y f\nd ^! means too weak to af=d !m any hope ( victory4 ,le>n+1 inde$1 0 no long] ! exclusive patrimony ( any privileg$ class1 b k _h n _h "t to become diffus$ s f> z to =m a public op9ion /rong en\gh to ex]cise any direct influ5ce ^u ! affairs ( gov]nm5t4 ,! art ( pr9t+ 0 already produc+ its results1 b 0 n yet suffici5tly develop$ to produce t rapid & ext5sive circulation ( ideas :i* has subsequ5tly be5 atta9$4 ,not)/&+ ! ef=ts ev]y:]e made at t "t to promote ! diffusion ( k1 we ne$ only und]/& correctly ! nature & "* ( ! k ( ! p]iod1 to be conv9c$ t nei!r 9 sub/ance nor 9 =m 0 x calculat$ to become1 to any g5]al ext5t1 ! prop]ty ( ! popul> classes4 ,?anks to ! progress ( comm]ce & ! arts1 !re arose1 x is true1 a new description ( weal?1 de/9$ ( necessity to become ! patrimony ( ! p4 ,b comm]ce & ! arts 7 !n 9 _! infancy1 & did n possess ei!r ! ext5t or ! influ5ce :i*1 at a lat] p]iod1 connect$ !m intimately ) e bran* ( society4 ,except 9 "s few c\ntries ( v little importance1 ! position ( ! m]*ant & ! artizan c\ld n secure !m any great am\nt ( influ5ce ( itself4 ,consid]+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & ! elevation :i* royal p[] _h acquir$ on ! ru9s ( feudalism1 ! only means = re/rict+ mon>*ical p[]1 until ! democratic elem5t %\ld h acquir$ suffici5t =ce to be respect$1 0 ! union ( ! ari/ocracy ) ! p4 ,b su* a coalition 0 n easily to be obta9$1 s9ce betwe5 ! ari/ocracy & ! p !re exi/$ s mu* animosity & rivalry--a rivalry :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 0 inevitable1 ow+ to ! opposition ( _! respective int]e/s4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! nobility 7 n ! only ari/ocracy2 !re 0 ano!r mu* m p[]ful & influ5tial ?an !y--! cl]gy4 ,?is latt] class 0 at t "t possess$ ( all ! asc5d5cy & influ5ce :i* bo? moral & mat]ial means c conf]2 9 fact1 besides ! religi\s "*1 :i* insur$ ! respect & v5]ation ( ! p1 !y 7 possess$1 at ! same "t1 ( abundant ri*es2 :i* easily secur$ to !m1 on ! "o h&1 gratitude & influ5ce2 &1 on ! o!r1 made !m fe>$ by ! great1 & respect$ by mon>*s4 ,n[1 "h is "o ( ! lead+ mi/akes ( ,prote/antism3 to cru% ! p[] ( ! cl]gy at su* a "t1 0 to accel]ate ! complete victory ( absolute mon>*y1 to leave ! p def5celess1 ! mon>* unre/ra9$1 ari/ocracy )\t a bond ( union1 )\t a vital pr9ciple2 x 0 to prev5t ! ?ree elem5ts--mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy--f unit+ to =m a limit$ gov]nm5t1 t[>ds :i* almo/ all ! ,european nations appe>$ to be incl9+4 ,we h already se5 t x 0 n at t "t exp$i5t to isolate ! p1 = _! political exi/5ce 0 /ill feeble & prec>i\s2 & x is no less evid5t t ! nobility1 z a means ( gov]nm5t1 ought n to h be5 left to !mselves4 ,?is class1 possess+ no o!r vital pr9ciple ?an t d]iv$ f _! titles & privileges1 7 incapable ( resi/+ ! attacks cont9ually aim$ at !m by ! royal p[]4 ,9 spite ( !mselves1 ! nobility 7 "u ! necessity ( yield+ to ! mon>*'s w1 ( ab&on+ _! inaccessible ca/les1 to resort to ! sumptu\s palaces ( k+s1 & play ! "p ( c\rti]s4 ,prote/antism cru%$ ! p[] ( ! cl]gy1 n only 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* x succe$$ 9 implant+ its errors1 b also 9 o!rs4 ,9 fact1 :]e x c\ld n fully introduce itself1 its ideas1 :5 n 9 op5 opposition to ! ,ca?olic fai?1 ex]cis$ a c]ta9 degree ( influ5ce4 ,f t "t ! p[] ( ! cl]gy lo/ its pr9cipal support 9 ! political influ5ce ( ! ,popes1 = :il/ k+s assum$ a tone ( great] boldness aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ! ,holy ,see1 ! ,popes1 on _! side1 t !y might give no pretext1 no occasion = ! declamations ( ,prote/ants1 7 oblig$ to act ) great circumspection 9 e ?+ relat+ to temporal affairs4 ,all ?is has be5 reg>d$ z ! progress ( ,european civilization1--z "o /ep t[>ds lib]ty2 h[ev]1 ! rapid sket* :i* ,i h j giv5 ( ! political condition ( t p]iod1 cle>ly proves t1 in/ead ( tak+ ! sure/ way to ! developm5t ( repres5tative =ms1 ! road to absolute mon>*y 0 *os54 ,prote/antism1 int]e/$ 9 cru%+ by all possible means ! p[] ( ! ,popes1 exalt$ t ( k+s ev5 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,by ?us conc5trat+ 9 _! h&s ! spiritual & temporal p[]s1 x left ! ?rone )\t any sort ( c\nt]poise4 ,by de/roy+ ! hope ( obta9+ lib]ty by peaceable means1 x l$ ! p to h rec\rse to =ce1 & op5$ ! crat] ( ^? revolutions :i* h co/ mod]n ,europe s _m te>s4 ,9 ord] t ! =ms ( political lib]ty %\ld take root & atta9 to p]fection1 !y 7 n to be =c$ prematurely f ! atmosph]e :i* gave !m bir?2 = 9 ?is atmosph]e exi/$ toge!r ! mon>*ical1 ari/ocratical1 & popul> elem5ts1 all /r5g!n$ & direct$ by ! ,ca?olic religion2 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is same religion1 ^! elem5ts 7 be+ gradually comb9$1 politics 7 n to be sep>at$ f religion4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ ! cl]gy z a fatal elem5t1 x 0 important to look ^u !m z a m$iator among all classes & p[]s1 ready to calm ! ardor ( /rife1 to place b\nds aga9/ excess1 to prev5t ! exclusive prepond]ance ( ! mon>*1 ! nobility1 or ! p4 ,:5ev] p[]s & int]e/s ( diff]5t natures are to be comb9$1 a m$iator is ess5tial1 or "s sort ( int]v5tion to prev5t viol5t %ocks2 if ?is m$iator does n exi/ 9 ! v nature ( ! circum/ances1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to ! law = ! creation ( "o4 ,f ?is x is evid5t :at an evil ,prote/antism inflict$ ^u ,europe2 s9ce its fir/ act 0 completely to isolate ! temporal p[]1 to place x 9 rival%ip & ho/ility to ! spiritual1 & to leave no m$iator betwe5 ! mon>* & ! p4 ,! lay ari/ocracy at once lo/ _! political influ5ce2 = !y _h n[ lo/ _! =ce & bond ( union1 :i* !y d]iv$ f _! connection ) ! ecclesia/ical ari/ocracy4 ,:5 once ! nobles 7 r$uc$ to m]e c\rti]s1 ! p[] ( ! ?rone 0 entirely )\t a c\nt]poise4 ,i h said x1 & ,i repeat x1 t ! /r5g!n+ ( ! royal p[]1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! rights & lib]ties ( ! lords & ( ! commons1 t5d$ p[]fully to ! ma9t5ance ( public ord]1 & consequ5tly to ! progress ( civilization2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! extreme prepond]ance obta9$ by ?is p[] is mu* to be lam5t$2 & x may be well to reflect1 t "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ?is prepond]ance 0 ! removal ( ! cl]gy f ! sph]e ( politics4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! "q no long] 01 :e!r ^? num]\s ca/les %\ld be left /&+1 f ! heights ( :i* pr\d b>ons gave ! law to _! vassals1 & held !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 despis+ ! ord9ances ( ! mon>*2 nor :e!r t long li/ ( communal lib]ties %\ld be pres]v$1 :i* _h no connection ) ea* o!r1 :i* 7 oppos$ to ! pret5sions ( ! great1 & at ! same "t emb>rass$ ! action ( ! sov]eign1 by prev5t+ ! =mation ( a c5tral gov]nm5t capable ( insur+ ord]1 ( protect+ legitimate int]e/s1 ( giv+ an impulse to ! movem5t ( civilization1 :i* _h ev]y:]e comm5c$ ) s mu* activity4 ,?is 0 no long] ! "q2 on all sides ! ca/les 7 be+ levell$1 ! great lords 7 desc5d+ f _! =tresses1 & becom+ m humane t[>ds ! p2 !y 7 giv+ up _! exactions1 & beg9n+ to %[ respect to ! p[] ( ! mon>*2 & ! commons1 oblig$ to submit to an amalgamation ( ! multitude ( petty /ates1 to =m ext5sive mon>*ies1 7 =c$ to "p ) s mu* ( _! rights & lib]ties z 0 oppos$ to ! sy/em ( g5]al c5tralization4 ,! "q 01 to discov] :e!r !re exi/$ any means ( limit+ p[]1 & yet secur+ to ! p ! b5efits ( its c5tralization & augm5tation2 :e!r x 0 possible1 )\t emb>rass+ or weak5+ ! action ( p[]1 to secure to ! p a reasonable am\nt ( influ5ce ov] ! progress ( affairs1 &1 above all1 ! "r !y _h already acquir$ ( wat*+ ov] ! public rev5ues4 ,t is1 at once to prev5t ! sangu9>y horrors ( revolutions1 & ! abuses & disord]s ( c\rt favorites4 ,! p alone 7 incapable ( pres]v+ ?is influ5ce1 unless !y _h be5 furni%$ ) a k ( ! public affairs2 an indisp5sable res\rce 9 su* a case1 b ( :i* !y 7 9 g5]al completely de/itute4 ,i d n mean to d5y ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 k9d ( k among/ ! commons2 b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! t]m public affairs _h acquir$ an ext5sive signification2 = x 0 n m]ely appli$ to a municipality or a prov9ce2 c5tralization becom+ ev]y:]e m g5]al & triumphant1 caus$ ?is t]m to be appli$ to :ole k+doms1 n m]ely consid]$ z isolat$1 b 9 ! :ole ( _! relations ) o!r nations4 ,f t "t ,european civilization began to assume t "* ( g5]ality1 :i* /ill di/+ui%es x3 f t "t1 to und]/& aright ! private affairs ( any "o k+dom1 x 0 necess>y to look abroad ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 sometimes ov] ! :ole _w4 ,m5 capable ( su* elevat$ views c\ld n be v common 9 society2 moreov]1 z ! mo/ exalt$ "p ( society 0 attract$ by ! spl5dor ( ! ?rone ( ! mon>*1 a focus ( intellig5ce 0 sure to be =m$ !re1 ) exclusive pret5sions to ! gov]nm5t4 ,comp>e ) ?is c5tre ( action & intellig5ce1 ! p alone1 /ill weak & ignorant1 & ! result may be easily guess$4 ,weakness & ignorance nev] prevail$ ov] =ce & intellig5ce4 ,b1 :at rem$y 0 !re = ?is difficulty8 ,! pres]vation ( ! ,ca?olic religion all ov] ,europe1 & consequ5tly ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy2 = x is well kn[n t ! cl]gy 7 /ill consid]$ at ?is epo* z ! c5tre ( le>n+4 ,^? :o h extoll$ ,prote/antism = hav+ weak5$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 h n suffici5tly reflect$ ^u ! nature ( t influ5ce4 ,x w\ld h be5 difficult to discov] at t epo* a class ( citiz5s connect$ ) ! ?ree elem5ts ( p[] by common int]e/s ) ea*1 & yet n exclusively alli$ to any4 ,mon>*y _h no?+ to fe> f ! cl]gy4 ,9 fact1 h[ c we imag9e t ! m9i/]s ( a religion reg>d+ p[] z an emanation f ,heav5 w\ld decl>e !mselves ! enemies ( royal p[]1 :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ to be at ! head ( all o!rs8 ,nei!r _h ! ari/ocracy any ?+ to appreh5d on ! "p ( ! cl]gy1 s long z !y did n out/ep ! b\nds ( reason4 ,! titles1 by virtue ( :i* !y claim$ ! possession ( ri*es1 _! rights to a c]ta9 degree ( consid]ation & ( prec$5ce 7 n likely to be combat$ by a class ^: pr9ciples & int]e/s 7 necess>ily favorable to e ?+ )9 ! b\nds ( reason1 ( ju/ice1 & ( ! laws4 ,! democracy1 compris+ ! g5]ality ( ! p1 f\nd support & mo/ g5]\s protection 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,*ur*1 :i* _h labor$ s mu* to emancipate !m f ! anci5t slav]y1 & at a lat] p]iod f feudal *a9s1 decl>e h]self ! enemy ( a class :i* might be consid]$ z h] creature8 ,if ! p exp]i5c$ an amelioration 9 _! civil condition1 x 0 ow+ to ! ef=ts ( ! cl]gy2 if !y acquir$ political influ5ce1 x 0 ow+ to ! amelioration ( _! condition--ano!r favor obta9$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy2 & if ! cl]gy _h any :]e a sure support1 x 0 natural to look = x 9 t popul> class :i*1 cont9ually 9 contact ) !m1 receiv$ f !m _! inspirations & in/ructions4 ,besides1 ! ,*ur* select$ h] memb]s indiscrim9ately f all classes4 ,to elevate a man to ! sacr$ m9i/ry %e requir$ nei!r titles ( nobility nor ri*es1 & ?is alone 0 suffici5t to insure intimate relations betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! p1 & to prev5t ! latt] f reg>d+ !m ) av]sion & e/rangem5t4 ,h5ce ! cl]gy1 unit$ to all classes1 7 an elem5t p]fectly adapt$ to prev5t ! exclusive prepond]ance ( any ( ^! classes1 to ma9ta9 all social elem5ts 9 a c]ta9 g5tle & productive f]m5tation1 :i* 9 "t w\ld h produc$ & matur$ a natural comb9ation4 ,i d n mean to ass]t t !re w\ld n h aris5 diff]5ces1 disputes1 p]haps conflicts1 inevitable occurr5ces s long z m5 %all be m52 b :o does n see t ! t]rible effusion ( blood 9 ! w>s ( ,g]many1 9 ! revolutions ( ,engl& & ,france1 w\ld h be5 impossible8 ,x w be said1 p]haps1 t ! _s ( ,european civilization necess>ily t5d$ to dim9i% ! extreme inequality ( classes2 ,i grant x1 & w ev5 add1 t ?is t5d5cy 0 con=mable to ! pr9ciples & maxims ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 cont9ually rem9d+ m5 ( _! equality be=e ,god1 ( _! common orig9 & de/9ation1 ( ! empt9ess ( honors & ri*es1 & proclaim+ t virtue is ! only ?+ solid ^u e>?1 ! only ?+ capable ( r5d]+ u pleas+ 9 ! eyes ( ,god4 ,b to re=m is n to de/roy2 to cure ! disease1 we mu/ n kill ! pati5t4 ,x 0 deem$ bett] to ov]?r[ at "o bl[ :at might h be5 correct$ by legal means2 ,european civilization hav+ be5 corrupt$ by ! fatal innovations ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 legitimate au?ority hav+ be5 disreg>d$ ev5 9 matt]s )9 its exclusive sph]e1 its mild & b5efic5t action has be5 replac$ by ! disa/r\s exp$i5ts ( viol5ce4 ,?ree c5turies ( calamity h m or less op5$ ! eyes ( nations1 by tea*+ !m h[ p]il\s x is1 ev5 = ! success ( an ent]prise1 to confide x to ! cruel haz>d ( ! employm5t ( =ce2 b x is probable t if ,prote/antism1 l an apple ( discord1 _h n be5 ?r[n into ! middle ( ,europe1 all ^! great social & political que/ions w\ld1 at ! pres5t "t1 be mu* ne>] be+ solv$ 9 a safe1 peaceable1 & c]ta9 mann]1 if1 inde$1 !y _h n be5 already solv$ long s9ce4#ch ,,*apt] ,,lxv4 ,,political ,,doctr9es ,,be=e ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,prote/antism4 ,9 matt]s app]ta9+ to repres5tative gov]nm5t1 mod]n political sci5ce boa/s ( its great progress3 we he> x cont9ually ass]t+ t ! s*ool 9 :i* ! deputies ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly imbib$ _! lessons 0 totally ignorant ( political con/itutions4 ,n[ :5 we comp>e ! doctr9es ( ! pr$om9at+ s*ool ( ! pres5t day ) ^? ( ! prec$+ s*ool1 :at diff]5ce d we discov] betwe5 !m8 ,on :at po9ts d !y diff]8 ,:]e is ?is boa/$ progress8 ,! s*ool ( ! eighte5? c5tury said3 ,! k+ is ! natural enemy ( ! p2 8 p[] mu/ ei!r be totally de/roy$1 or at lea/ s f> re/ra9$ & limit$1 t he may only appe> ) 8 h&s ti$ on ! summit ( ! social edifice1 m]ely inve/$ ) ! faculty ( approv+ ! measures ( ! repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,& :at says ! mod]n s*ool1 :i* boa/s ( its progress1 ( ! advantage x has d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & ( hav+ hit ! exact po9t m>k$ out by reason & good s5se8 ,mon>*y1 says ?is s*ool1 is ess5tial to ! great ,european nations2 ! attempts at republicanism made 9 ,am]ica1 :atev] may be _! results1 require1 z yet1 ! te/ ( "t2 besides1 !y 7 made "u circum/ances v diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* we are plac$1 & consequ5tly1 are n to be imitat$ by u4 ,! k+ %\ld n be reg>d$ z ! enemy ( ! p1 b z _! fa!r2 in/ead ( pres5t+ him to public view ) 8 h&s ti$1 he %\ld be repres5t$ surr\nd$ ) p[]1 gr&eur1 & ev5 ) maje/y & pomp2 )\t :i* x is impossible = ! ?rone to fulfil ! high functions ) :i* x is inve/$4 ,! k+ %\ld be inviolable--n nom9ally1 b really & effectually1 s t 8 p[] _c1 "u any pretext1 be attack$4 ,he %\ld be plac$ 9 a sph]e beyond ! :irlw9d ( passion & p>ty1 l a tutel> div9ity1 a /rang] to mean views & base passions2 he ought to be1 z x 71 ! repres5tative ( reason & ju/ice4 ,fools1 exclaims ?is s*ool to its adv]s>ies1 c y n see t x w\ld be bett] to h no k+ at all ?an su* a "o z y w\ld h8 ,y\r k+ w\ld always be an enemy to ! con/itution1 = he w\ld f9d ?is con/itution always attack+1 emb>rass+1 re/rict+1 & humiliat+ him4 ,we w n[ comp>e ?is progress ) ! doctr9es pr$om9at+ 9 ,europe long be=e ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism4 ,?is comp>ison w enable u to %[ cle>ly t e ?+ reasonable1 j1 & useful1 conta9$ 9 ^! doctr9es1 0 already kn[n & g5]ally propagat$ 9 ,europe :5 society 0 "u ! exclusive influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,a k+ is ess5tial1 says ! mod]n s*ool2 &1 ?anks to ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 all ! great nations ( ,europe _h a k+3 ! k+ mu/ n be reg>d$ z ! enemy1 b z ! fa!r ( ! p2 & he 0 already call$ ! fa!r ( ! p3 ! p[] ( ! k+ %\ld be great2 t p[] 0 great3 ! k+ %\ld be inviolable1 8 p]son sacr$2 8 p]son 0 sacr$1 & 8 pr]ogative insur$ to him by ! ,*ur* f ! e>lie/ ages1 9 an augu/ & solemn c]emony1 t ( 8 coronation4 ,! p are supreme1 said ! s*ool ( ! la/ c5tury2 ! law is ! expression ( ! g5]al w1 ! repres5tatives ( ! p are alone1 !re=e1 inve/$ ) legislative faculties2 ! mon>* _c resi/ ?is w4 ,! laws are submitt$ to 8 sanction ?r\gh m]e =mality2 if ! k+ refuses ?is sanction1 ! laws are to und]go ano!r exam9ation2 b if ! w ( ! repres5tatives ( ! p /ill rema9s ! same1 x %all be rais$ to ! dignity ( law2 & ! mon>* :o1 by ! refusal ( 8 sanction1 %all %[ t he reg>ds ?is g5]al w z detrim5tal to ! public good1 %all be compell$1 at ! exp5se ( 8 dignity & indep5d5ce1 to give effect to x4 ,9 reply to ?is1 ! mod]n s*ool says3 ,! supremacy ( ! p is ei!r unmean+1 or has a dang]\s s5se2 ! law %\ld n be ! expression ( w1 b ( reason2 m]e w does n con/itute a law2 = ?is purpose1 reason1 ju/ice1 & public exp$i5cy are requir$4 ,^! ideas 7 g5]al long be=e ! sixte5? c5tury1 n only among/ educat$ m51 b ev5 among ! mo/ simple & ignorant classes4 ,a doctor ( ! ?irte5? c5tury admirably express$ x 9 8 habitual laconic language3 ,x is a rule dictat$ by reason1 & hav+ ! common weal = its aim4 ,w\ld y1 cont9u$ ! mod]n s*ool1 h royal p[] a tru?1 y mu/ assign x ! fir/ place among legislative p[]s2 y mu/ entru/ x ) an absolute veto4 ,9 ! anci5t cortes1 9 ! anci5t /ates-g5]al & p>liam5ts1 ! k+ did occupy ?is place among ! legislative p[]s2 no?+ 0 done )\t 8 cons5t2 he possess$ an absolute veto4 ,away ) classes6 exclaims ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly2 away ) di/9ctions6 ,! k+ face to face ) ! p1 directly & imm$iately2 ! re/ is an attempt aga9/ imprescriptible rights4 ,y are ra%1 replies ! mod]n s*ool2 if !re are no di/9ctions1 !y mu/ be creat$4 ,if !re are n 9 society classes =m+ 9 !mselves a second legislative body a m$iator betwe5 ! k+ & ! p1 !re mu/ be artificial ones2 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! law mu/ be creat$ :at does n exi/ 9 society2 if reality is want+1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to fiction4 ,n[ ^! classes exi/$ 9 anci5t society1 !y took "p 9 public affairs1 !y 7 organiz$ z active in/rum5ts1 !y =m$ ! fir/ legislative bodies4 ,i ask n[1 :e!r ?is p>allel does n %[1 z cle> z ! light ( day1 t :at is n[ t]m$ progress 9 matt]s ( gov]nm5t1 is1 9 fact1 a true return t[>ds :at 0 e :]e taught & practis$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic religion be=e ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism8 ,9 address+ myself to m5 end[$ ) ! lea/ intellig5ce ^u social & political que/ions1 ,i may assur$ly disp5se ) ! diff]5ces :i* mu/ necess>ily result f ! two epo*s4 ,i grant t ! c\rse ( ev5ts w\ld ( itself h caus$ important modifications2 political in/itutions 7 to be accommodat$ to ! fre% wants to be satisfi$4 ,b ,i ma9ta91 at ! same "t1 t1 s f> z circum/ances p]mitt$1 ,european civilization 0 advanc+ on ! "r road to a bett] /ate1 conta9+ )9 itself ! means necess>y = re=m+ )\t de/roy+4 ,b = ?is purpose a spontane\s developm5t ( ev5ts 0 necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ! m]e action ( man is ( little avail1 t sudd5 attempts are dang]\s2 t ! great productions ( society are l ^? ( nature1 bo? requir+ an indisp5sable elem5t1 "t4 ,!re is "o fact :i* appe>s to me to h be5 too little reflect$ ^u1 al?\gh includ+ ! explanation ( "s /range ph5om5a ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,?is fact is1 t ,prote/antism has prev5t$ civilization f becom+ homog5e\s1 9 spite ( a /rong t5d5cy urg+ all ! nations ( ,europe to homog5eity4 ,! civilization ( ! nations )\t d\bt receives its nature & its *>act]i/ics f ! pr9ciples t h giv5 x life & movem5t2 n[ ^! pr9ciples be+ ! same1 or v ne>ly s1 9 all ! nations ( ,europe1 ^! nations mu/ h borne a close resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,hi/ory & philosophy agree on ?is po9t2 !re=e1 s long z ! ,european nations did n receive ! inculcation ( any g]m ( division1 _! civil & political in/itutions 7 develop$ ) a v rem>kable simil>ity4 ,true1 c]ta9 diff]5ces 7 obs]vable 9 !m1 :i* 7 ! inevitable consequ5ces ( a v>iety ( circum/ances2 b we see t !y 7 becom+ m & m alike & =m+ ,europe into "o va/ :ole1 ( :i* we c sc>cely =m a correct idea1 accu/om$ z we are to ideas ( disunion4 ,?is homog5eity w\ld h arriv$ at its p]fection ?r\gh ! effect ( ! rapidity :i* ! increase & prosp]ity ( comm]ce & ! arts gave to intellectual & mat]ial communications2 ! art ( pr9t+ w\ld h contribut$ to x m ?an any?+ else1 = ! ebb & fl[ ( ideas w\ld h disp]s$ ! inequalities sep>at+ ! nations "o f ano!r4 ,b un=tunately1 ,prote/antism appe>$ & sep>at$ ! ,european p into two great families1 :i*1 s9ce _! division1 h pr(ess$ a mortal hatr$ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is hatr$ has be5 ! cause ( furi\s w>s1 9 :i* torr5ts ( blood h be5 %$4 ,"o ?+ yet m fatal ?an ^! cata/rophies 0 ! g]m ( civil1 political1 & lit]>y s*ism1 introduc$ into ! bosom ( ,europe by ! abs5ce ( religi\s unity4 ,civil & political in/itutions1 & all ! bran*es ( le>n+1 _h appe>$ & prosp]$ 9 ,europe "u ! influ5ce ( religion2 ! s*ism 0 religi\s2 x affect$ ev5 ! root1 & ext5d$ to ! bran*es4 ,?us arose among ! v>i\s nations ^? braz5 walls :i* kept !m sep>ate2 ! _s ( suspicion & mi/ru/ 0 ev]y:]e spread2 ?+s :i* be=e w\ld h be5 deem$ innoc5t or )\t importance1 f t "t 7 look$ ^u z em95tly dang]\s4 ,:at uneas9ess1 disquietude1 & agitation mu/ h be5 ! result ( ^! fatal complications6 ,we may say t 9 ?is dete/able g]m is conta9$ ! hi/ory ( ! calamities ) :i* ,europe 0 afflict$ dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,to :at may we attribute ! ,anabapti/ w>s 9 ,g]many1 ^? ( ! empire1 & ! ,?irty-ye>s w>2 ^? ( ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france1 & ! bloody sc5es ( ! ,league2 & t pr(\nd s\rce ( division1 t un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( discord1 :i* beg9n+ ) ! ,hugu5ots1 0 cont9u$ by ! ,jans5i/s1 & !n by philosoph]s1 t]m9at+ 9 ! ,conv5tion8 ,_h ,engl& n conta9$ 9 h] bosom t ne/ ( sects eng5d]$ by ,prote/antism1 w\ld %e h _h to suff] ! disa/]s ( a revolution :i* la/$ s _m ye>s8 ,_h ,h5ry ,,viii4 n sec$$ f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,great ,brita9 w\ld n h pass$ two-?irds ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ! mo/ atroci\s religi\s p]secutions1 & "u ! mo/ brutal despotism2 %e w\ld n h be5 dr[n$ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! sev5te5? 9 torr5ts ( blood1 %$ by sect>ian fanaticism4 ,_h x n be5 = ,prote/antism1 w\ld ,engl& h be5 9 ! fatal position 9 :i* %e is plac$ by ! ,iri% "q1 sc>cely leav+ h] a *oice betwe5 a dismemb]m5t ( ! empire & a t]rible revolution8 ,w\ld n nations ( bre?r5 h f\nd ! means ( com+ to an amicable und]/&+1 if1 dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 religi\s discords _h n sep>at$ !m by a lake ( blood8 ,^? (f5sive & def5sive conf$]ations betwe5 nation & nation1 :i* divid$ ,europe into two p>ties1 z inimical to ea* o!r z ! ,*ri/ians to ! ,mussulmans1 t traditional hatr$ betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 t pr(\nd sep>ation betwe5 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic ,g]many1 betwe5 ,spa9 & ,engl&1 betwe5 t c\ntry & ,france1 7 sure to h an extraord9>y effect 9 ret>d+ communications betwe5 ,european nations2 & :at w\ld h be5 obta9$ mu* soon] by moral means1 c\ld only be obta9$ by mat]ial ones4 ,/eam t5ds to conv]t ,europe into "o va/ city2 if m5 :o 7 "o day to live "u ! same ro( hat$ "o ano!r = ?ree c5turies1 :at 0 ! cause ( x8 ,if p's he>ts _h be5 unit$ long be=e 9 mutual affection1 w\ld n ! happy mom5t 9 :i* !y 7 to jo9 h&s h be5 ha/5$8 ,,*apt] ,,lxvi4 ,,political ,,doctr9es ,,9 ,,spa94 ,my explanation ( ?is matt] w\ld be incomplete1 7 ,i to leave ! foll[+ difficulty unresolv$3 ,9 ,spa91 ,ca?olicity has prevail$ exclusively1 & "u x an absolute mon>*y 0 e/abli%$1 a suffici5t indication t ,ca?olic doctr9es are inimical to political lib]ty4 ,! great majority ( m5 nev] look deeply into ! real nature ( ?+s1 nor pay due att5tion to ! true mean+ ( words4 ,pres5t !m ) some?+ 9 /rong relief t w make a vivid impression on _! imag9ation1 & !y take facts j z !y appe> at ! fir/ glance1 ?\ghtlessly conf\nd+ causality ) co9cid5ce4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! empire ( ! ,ca?olic religion co9cid$ 9 ,spa9 ) ! f9al prepond]ance ( absolute mon>*y2 b ! "q is1 ,0 ! ,ca?olic religion ! true cause ( ?is prepond]ance8 ,0 x %e t ov]turn$ ! anci5t cortes1 to e/abli% ! ?rone ( absolute mon>*s on ! ru9s ( popul> in/itutions8 ,be=e we comm5ce our exam9ation into ! cause t de/roy$ ! influ5ce ( ! nation on public affairs1 x may be well to rem9d ! read] t 9 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,g]many1 absolutism 0 e/abli%$ & upheld 9 juxtaposition ) ,prote/antism4 ,h5ce ! argum5t ( co9cid5ce is v little wor?1 z1 ow+ to ! exact id5tity ( circum/ances 9 ! two cases1 x c\ld j z well be prov$ t ,prote/antism leads to absolutism4 ,i w j obs]ve "h1 t 9 my endeavors to demon/rate 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s t ! pseudo-,re=mation t5d$ to ! ov]?r[ ( political lib]ty1 ,i h n re/$ my argum5ts ^u co9cid5ces only1 h[ev] c>eful ,i may h be5 to po9t !m out to ! read]4 ,i h said t ,prote/antism1 by diffus+ dissolv5t doctr9es1 _h occasion$ a necessity = an ext5sion ( temporal p[]2 t by de/roy+ ! political influ5ce ( ! cl]gy & ! ,popes1 x _h de/roy$ ! equilibrium betwe5 ! social classes1 left no c\nt]poise to ! ?rone1 & fur!r augm5t$ ! p[] ( ! mon>*1 by grant+ him ecclesia/ical supremacy 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 & exagg]at+ 8 pr]ogatives 9 ,ca?olic nations4 ,b we w dismiss ^! g5]al consid]ations1 & fix our att5tion ^u ,spa94 ,?is nation has ! mis=tune to be "o ( ^? t are lea/ kn[n2 its hi/ory is n prop]ly /udi$1 nor are s\nd views tak5 ( its pres5t condition4 ,its tr\bles1 its rebellions1 its civil w>s1 proclaim t x has n yet receiv$ its true sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 :i* proves t ! nation to be gov]n$ is b imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,its hi/ory is1 if possible1 /ill less p]fectly und]/ood4 ,! pres5t influ5ce ( ev5ts already v remote1 works secretly & almo/ imp]ceptibly2 & h5ce ! eye ( ! obs]v] is satisfi$ ) a sup]ficial view ( affairs1 & he =ms 8 op9ions too ha/ily--op9ions :i* too (t51 9 consequ5ce1 take ! place ( facts & reality4 ,9 treat+ ( ! causes t h depriv$ ,spa9 ( h] political lib]ty1 almo/ all au?ors fix _! att5tion pr9cipally or exclusively ^u ,ca/ile1 giv+ mon>*s inf9itely m cr$it = sagacity ?an ! c\rse ( ev5ts w\ld seem to ju/ify4 ,!y g5]ally select ! w> ( ! ,commun]os z _! po9t ( view1 &1 accord+ to c]ta9 writ]s1 b = ! defeat at ,villal>1 ! lib]ties ( ,spa9 w\ld h be5 =ev] secure4 ,i admit t ! w> ( ! ,commun]os af=ds an excell5t po9t ( view = ! /udy ( ?is matt]2 9 fact1 ! field ( ,villal> 0 9 "s measure witness to ! conclusion ( ! drama4 ,ca/ile %\ld be reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( ev5ts2 & x is "h t ! ,spani% mon>*s gave pro( ( great sagacity 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y br\ght ! ent]prise to a close4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d n deem x j to give an exclusive pref]5ce to "o ( ^! consid]ations1 & x does appe> to me t ! real /ate ( ! "q is g5]ally misconceiv$3 effects are tak5 = causes1 accessories = pr9cipals4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! ru9 ( free in/itutions result$ f ! foll[+ causes3--#a/1 ! premature & immod]ately ext5sive developm5t ( ^! in/itutions2 #b;dly1 ! =mation ( ! ,spani% nation out ( a successive reunion ( v het]og5e\s p>ts1 all possess+ in/itutions extremely popul>2 #c;dly1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! c5tre ( p[] 9 ! middle ( ! prov9ces :]e ^! =ms 7 mo/ re/rict$1 & :]e ! au?ority ( ! cr[n 0 ! greate/2 #d?ly1 ! extreme abundance ( weal?1 ! p[] & ! spl5dor :i* ! ,spani% p saw ev]y:]e ar\nd !m1 & :i* lull$ !m to sleep 9 ! arms ( prosp]ity2 #e?ly1 ! exclusively milit>y position ( ! ,spani% mon>*s1 ^: armies 7 ev]y:]e victori\s1 _! milit>y p[] & pre/ige be+ at _! height precisely at ! critical "t :5 ! qu>rel _h to be decid$4 ,i w take a rapid view ( ^! causes1 al?\gh ! nature ( ?is "w does n p]mit me to devote to !m ! space :i* ! gravity & importance ( ! subject dem&4 ,! read] w p>don me ?is political digression on acc\nt ( ! close connection exi/+ betwe5 ?is subject & ! religi\s "q4 ,z reg>ds popul> =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ,spa9 has be5 9 advance ( all mon>*ical nations4 ,?is is an indubitable fact4 ,9 ,spa91 ^! =ms receiv$ a premature & extreme developm5t2 & ?is contribut$ to _! ru91 z a *ild sick5s & dies1 if1 9 its t5d] ye>s1 its gr[? is too rapid1 or its intellect too precoci\s4 ,?is active _s ( lib]ty1 ?is multitude ( fu]os & ( privileges1 ^! imp$im5ts ev]y:]e plac$ 9 ! way ( p[]1 *eck+ ! rapidity & en]gy ( its action--?is great developm5t ( ! popul> elem5t1 9 its v nature re/less & turbul5t1 exi/+ simultane\sly ) ! weal?1 ! p[]1 & ! pride ( ! ari/ocracy1 v naturally gave rise to _m commotions4 ,elem5ts s num]\s1 s v>i\s1 & s opposite to ea* o!r1 :i*1 moreov]1 _h n "t to be comb9$ s z to =m a peaceable & h>moni\s :ole1 7 n likely to "w tranquilly toge!r4 ,ord] is ! prime necessity ( society2 x is ess5tial to ! gr[? ( ! ideas1 ! mann]s1 & ! laws ( a nation4 ,:]ev] !re exi/s a g]m ( cont9ual disord]1 h[ deep soev] x may h /ruck its roots1 x is sure to be extirpat$1 or at lea/ cru%$1 s z no long] to keep public tranquillity 9 p]petual dang]4 ,! municipal & political organization ( ,spa9 _h ?is inconv5i5ce1 & h5ce an imp]ative necessity = its modification4 ,b ! ideas & ! mann]s ( ! "t 7 su*1 t matt]s c\ld n be expect$ to /op at a simple modification4 ,! sy/em ( con/itu5cies1 :i* s easily creates num]\s assemblies1 ei!r to enact new fundam5tal codes or to re=m ! old ones1 0 n !n und]/ood z x is 9 our days2 nei!r 7 m5's ideas at t "t s g5]aliz$ z to place !m above all t exclusively & p>ticul>ly relates to a p1 at a po9t ( elevation :5ce !y c\ld no long] obs]ve e petty local object1 b _h _! att5tion :olly engross$ by mank9d1 society1 ! nation1 or ! gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 n s at t "t3 a *>t] ( lib]ty grant$ by a k+ to a city or a t[n2 an immunity wre/$ f a feudal "l by 8 arm$ vassals2 "s privilege obta9$ 9 rew>d ( w>like a*ievem5ts1 or sometimes grant$ z a recomp5se = ! brav]y ( a man's ance/ors2 a concession to ! cortes1 made by ! mon>* 9 ex*ange = ! grant ( a contribution1 or1 z x 0 !n t]m$1 ( a s]vice1--a law or cu/om1 ! antiquity ( :i* lay hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( ! pa/1 or conf\nd$ ) ! infancy ( mon>*y3 su*1 to give a few in/ances1 7 ! titles ( :i* !y 7 pr\d1 & :i* !y ma9ta9$ ) jeal\s ardor4 ,lib]ty n[-a-days is m vague1 & sometimes less positive1 ow+ to ! g5]alization & elevation :i* m5's ideas h assum$2 b !n x is f> less liable to de/ruction4 ,speak+ a language well und]/ood by ! p1 & appe>+ z ! common cause ( all nations1 x awak5s univ]sal sympa?ies1 & is 9 a position to f\nd m ext5sive associations z a gu>antee aga9/ ! attacks ( p[]4 ,! words lib]ty1 equality1 rights ( man1 int]v5tion ( ! p 9 public affairs1 m9i/]ial responsibility1 public op9ion1 lib]ty ( ! press1 tol]ation1 & o!r simil> ones1 d und\bt$ly conta9 a great div]sity ( mean+s1 :i* x w\ld be difficult to det]m9e & to classify :5 we come to make a specific application ( !m2 & yet ^! words pres5t to ! m9d c]ta9 ideas :i*1 al?\gh complicat$ & confus$1 h a false appe>ance ( cle>ness & simplicity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! words repres5t c]ta9 /rik+ objects t dazzle ! m9d by _! vivid & flatt]+ colors1 & h5ce !y _c be utt]$ )\t excit+ a lively int]e/2 !y are und]/ood by ! masses1 & h5ce e self-con/itut$ *ampion ( ! ideas !y convey is at once reg>d$ z a def5d] ( ! rights ( all mank9d4 ,b imag9e y\rself liv+ among ! p ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 & y\r position w be f\nd v diff]5t4 ,take = y\r subject ! fran*ises ( ,catalonia or ( ,ca/ile1 & address y\rself to ! ,aragonese1 :o 7 s intractable on ! subject ( _! fu]os1 & y w produce no effect--w n succe$ 9 awak5+ ei!r _! zeal or _! int]e/2 a *>t] t does n conta9 ! "n ( "o ( _! t[ns or cities is1 9 _! eyes1 a ?+ ( no importance1 & =eign to _! wi%es4 ,?is inconv5i5ce1 orig9at+ 9 ! ideas ( ! times1 :i* 7 naturally conf9$ to local circum/ances1 became v great 9 ,spa91 :]e1 "u ! same sceptre1 !re 0 =m$ an amalgamation ( p diff]+ mo/ widely 9 _! mann]s1 9 _! municipal & political organization1 & divid$1 moreov]1 by rivalries & animosities4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s x 0 comp>atively easy to curtail ! lib]ties ( "o prov9ce )\t giv+ umbrage to ! o!rs1 or excit+ _! appreh5sions = _! own lib]ties4 ,if1 at ! p]iod ( ! insurrections ( ! ,commun]os 9 ,ca/ile aga9/ ,*>les ,v41 !re _h exi/$ t communication ( ideas & s5tim5ts1 & ^? lively sympa?ies1 :i* at ! pres5t "t unite p toge!r1 ! defeat ( ,villal> w\ld h be5 a simple defeat & no?+ m2 ! cry ( al>m1 res\nd+ ?r\gh\t ,aragon & ,ca/ile1 w\ld c]ta9ly h giv5 m tr\ble to ! "y & ill-advis$ mon>*4 ,b su* 0 n ! case2 all ! ef=ts ( ! p 7 isolat$1 & consequ5tly b>r5 ( results4 ,! royal p[]1 proce$+ ^u a fix$ & /eady plan1 0 able to beat d[n piecemeal ^! scatt]$ =ces1 & ! result 0 n d\btful4 ,9 #aeba1 ,padilla1 ,bravo1 & ,maldonado p]i%$ on ! scaffold2 9 #aeia1 ,d4 ,diego de ,h]$ia1 ,d4 ,juan de ,luna1 & ! ,ju/ici>y himself1 ,d4 ,antonio de ,lanuza1 met ! same fate2 :51 9 #afdj1 ! ,catalonians rose 9 insurrection = ! def5ce ( _! rights1 not)/&+ ! manife/os !y issu$ to attract support]s1 !y f\nd no "o to assi/ !m4 ,!re 7 !n no fly+ %eets1 com+ e morn+ to fix ! att5tion ( ! p ^u all sorts ( que/ions1 & to /ir up al>m at ! lea/ appe>ance ( dang] to _! lib]ties4 ,! p1 w>mly atta*$ to _! cu/oms & usages1 satisfi$ ) ! nom9al confirmations :i* _! mon>*s 7 daily giv+ to _! fu]os1 pr\d also ( ! respect %[n to _! anci5t lib]ties1 7 little aw>e t !y 7 confront$ by a sagaci\s adv]s>y1 :o nev] resort$ to =ce b to effect a decisive bl[1 yet con/antly held 8 p[]ful arm ready to cru% !m4 ,an att5tive /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ,spa9 w %[ t ! conc5tration ( ! :ole gov]n+ p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! mon>*1 to ! exclusion1 z f> z 0 possible1 ( popul> influ5ce1 dates f ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,nor is ?is surpris+2 = !re 0 !n a great] necessity = su* a c\rse1 & x c\ld be m easily adopt$4 ,!re 0 a great] necessity2 =1 f t "t1 ! action ( gov]nm5t began to ext5d f "o common c5t] ov] ! :ole ( ,spa91 ! v>i\s portions ( :i* diff]$ s widely 9 _! laws1 _! mann]s1 & _! cu/oms2 h5ce ! c5tral action naturally felt m s5sibly ! emb>rassm5t occasion$ by s great a div]sity ( cortes1 ( municipalities1 ( codes1 & ( privileges2 &1 z e gov]nm5t wi%es its action to be rapid & efficaci\s1 ! idea ( simplify+1 unit+1 & c5traliz+ _! p[] naturally took possession ( ! k+s ( ,spa94 ,x is1 9 fact1 easy to und]/& t a mon>* at ! head ( num]\s armies1 ) magnific5t fleets at 8 disposal1 :o _h1 on a hundr$ occasions1 humbl$ 8 mo/ p[]ful foes1 & won ! respect ( =eign nations1 w\ld n l to be cont9ually go+ to preside ov] ! cortes 9 ,ca/ile1 9 ,aragon1 9 ,val5cia1 & 9 ,catalonia4 ,x w\ld und\bt$ly co/ him de> to be con/antly repeat+ ! oa? b9d+ him to protect ! rights & lib]ties ( 8 subjects1 & li/5+ to ! p]petual /ra9 re-e*o$ 9 8 e>s by ! procuradores ( ,ca/ile1 & ! brazos ( ,aragon1 ,val5cia1 & ,catalonia4 ,x 0 h>d = him to be oblig$ humbly to solicit f ! cortes assi/ance = ! exp5ses ( ! /ate1 & p>ticul>ly = almo/ cont9ual w>s4 ,if he submitt$ to ?is1 x 0 only f ! dread ( ^? resolute m51 real lions 9 ! battle-field :5 fight+ 9 def5ce ( _! religion1 _! c\ntry1 & _! k+1 & :o w\ld h f\ght ) no less intrepidity 9 _! /reets & h\ses1 _h an attempt be5 made to despoil !m ( ^? rights & fran*ises :i* !y inh]it$ f _! =efa!rs4 ,! union ( ! cr[ns ( ,aragon & ,ca/ile alone s f> prep>$ ! way = ! ru9 ( popul> in/itutions1 t x foll[$ almo/ necess>ily4 ,f t "t1 9 fact1 ! ?rone _h obta9$ too great a prepond]ance = ! fu]os ( ! k+doms rec5tly unit$ to oppose x ) success4 ,to imag9e ! exi/5ce at t p]iod ( a political p[] capable ( resi/+ ! cr[n1 we mu/ suppose all ! assemblies held f "t to "t 9 ! diff]5t k+doms "u ! "n ( cortes unit$ into "o gr& national repres5tative body1 ) a p[] analog\s to t ( ! k+2 we mu/ suppose ?is c5tral assembly actuat$ by a zeal equal to t ( ! anci5t assemblies = ! pres]vation ( _! fu]os & privileges1 ready to sacrifice all _! rivalries to ! public good1 & advanc+ t[>ds _! object ) a firm /ep1 9 "o compact mass1 & nev] giv+ an advantage to _! adv]s>y4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ suppose :at 0 utt]ly impossible at t p]iod2 impossible1 on acc\nt ( ! ideas1 ! habits1 & ! rivalries ( ! p2 impossible1 at a "t :5 ! p 7 incapable ( compreh5d+ ! "q 9 s l(ty a s5se2 impossible1 ow+ to ! resi/ance :i* x w\ld h met ) f ! mon>*s2 to ! emb>rassm5t & complication1 aris+ f ! municipal1 social1 & political organization4 ,9 a ^w1 x 0 some?+ impossible to effect or ev5 to conceive4 ,e circum/ance 0 9 favor ( ! aggr&izem5t ( ! royal p[]4 ,! mon>* be+ no long] m]ely k+ ( ,aragon or ( ,ca/ile1 b ( ,spa91 ! anci5t k+doms dw9dl$ into insignificance be=e ! maje/y & ! spl5dor ( ! ?rone1 & sank by degrees to ! rank :i* alone suit$ !m1 t ( prov9ces4 ,f t mom5t ! action ( ! mon>* became m ext5sive & complicat$1 & consequ5tly he c\ld n come s frequ5tly into contact ) 8 vassals4 ,! celebration ( ! cortes 9 ea* ( ! rec5tly unit$ k+doms1 w\ld h occasion$ long delays2 = ! k+ 0 (t5times engag$ at ano!r "p ( ! empire4 ,:5 s$ition 0 to be *a/is$1 abuses to be *eck$1 or excesses to be repress$1 he 0 no long] oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! =ces ( ! p>ticul> k+dom 9 :i* ^! ?+s occurr$1 z he c\ld employ ! arms ( ,ca/ile to subdue insurrection 9 ! k+dom ( ,aragon1 & ^? ( ,aragon to put d[n ! rebels ( ,ca/ile4 ,gr5ada lay at 8 feet2 ,italy yield$ to "o ( 8 victori\s capta9s2 9 8 fleet 0 ,columbus1 :o _h j discov]$ a new _w2 "u ^! circum/ances1 x 0 9 va9 to li/5 = ! murmurs ( ! cortes & ( ayuntami5tos1--^! 7 no long] he>d1 !y _h totally disappe>$4 ,_h ! national mann]s _h a peaceable t5d5cy1 _h n ,spa9 be5 habituat$ to w>1 democratic in/itutions w\ld probably h be5 pres]v$ ) less difficulty4 ,_h ! att5tion ( ! p be5 fix$ exclusively ^u _! municipal & political affairs1 !y w\ld h bett] und]/ood _! real int]e/s2 k+s !mselves w\ld n h be5 s ready to ru% into w>1 & ! ?rone w\ld 9 "s degree h lo/ ! pre/ige x obta9$ f ! spl5dor & success ( its armies2 ! adm9i/ration w\ld n h be5 imbu$ ) t blunt h>%ness = :i* milit>y habits are always m or less rem>kable2 & ! anci5t fu]os w\ld ?us h m easily reta9$ "s consid]ation4 ,b precisely at t p]iod ,spa9 0 ! mo/ w>like nation 9 ! _w2 x 0 9 its elem5t on ! battle-field2 sev5 c5turies ( combats _h made x a nation ( soldi]s4 ,its rec5t victories ov] ! ,moors2 ! exploits ( its armies 9 ,italy2 ! discov]ies ( ,columbus2 e ?+1 9 f9e1 contribut$ to its exaltation1 & to inspire x ) t _s ( *ivalry :i*1 = s long a "t1 0 "o ( its di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! k+ to be a capta92 & he 0 c]ta9 to captivate ! m9ds ( ,spani>ds1 s long z he won r5[n by brilliant feats ( arms4 ,n[1 arms are ! bane ( popul> in/itutions4 ,aft] a victory on ! field ( battle1 ! ord] & discipl9e ( ! camp are usually transf]r$ to ! city4 ,f ! "t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 ! ?rone rose to su* a height ( p[] t lib]al in/itutions 7 almo/ lo/ sight (4 ,! p & ! gr&ees1 x is true1 reappe>$ ^u ! sc5e aft] ! dea? ( ,isabella2 b ?is 0 entirely ow+ to ! misund]/&+ betwe5 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic & ,philip le ,bel1 :i* impair$ ! unity1 & consequ5tly ! /r5g? ( ! ?rone2 & h5ce1 z soon z ^! circum/ances disappe>$1 ! ?rone aga9 resum$ its full prepond]ance1 & t n only dur+ ! la/ days ( ,f]d9&1 b ev5 "u ! reg5cy ( ,xim5es4 ,! m5 ( ,ca/ile1 exasp]at$ by ! excesses ( ! ,flemi%1 & enc\rag$ p]haps by ! hope1 t ! rule ( a "y mon>* w\ld be1 z x usually is1 only feeble1 aga9 rais$ _! voices2 _! remon/rances & compla9ts spe$ily end$ 9 commotions & 9 op5 insurrection4 ,not)/&+ _m circum/ances highly favorable to ! ,commun]os1 & ! probability t _! conduct w\ld be foll[$ by all ! prov9ces ( ! mon>*y1 we f9d t ! insurrection1 al?\gh consid]able1 did n assume ei!r ! importance or ext5t ( a national movem5t2 a great portion ( ! ,p59sula pres]v$ a /rict neutrality1 & ! re/ incl9$ to ! cause ( mon>*y4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ?is fact indicates t ! ?rone _h already obta9$ an imm5se pre/ige1 & 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ & mo/ p[]ful in/itution4 ,! entire reign ( ,*>les ,v4 0 extremely well calculat$ to p]fect ?is beg9n+4 ,comm5c$ "u ! auspices ( ! battle ( ,villal>1 ?is reign cont9u$ ?r\gh an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( w>s1 9 :i* ! treasures & ! blood ( ,spa9 7 sp5t ) incr$ible pr(usion 9 all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,! nation 0 n all[$ "t ev5 to ?9k ( its affairs3 almo/ always depriv$ ( ! pres5ce ( its k+1 x _h become a prov9ce at ! disposal ( ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 ! rul] ( ,europe4 ,true1 ! cortes ( #aech boldly gave ,*>les a sev]e lecture in/ead ( ! succor he dem&$4 ,b x 0 already too late2 ! cl]gy & ! nobility 7 expell$ f ! cortes1 & ! repres5tation ( ,ca/ile 0 re/rict$ = ! future to ! procuradores alone2 t is1 x 0 doom$ to be no m ?an ! %ad[ ( :at x _h be5--a m]e in/rum5t ( ! royal w4 ,mu* has be5 said aga9/ ,philip ,,ii42 b1 9 my op9ion1 ?is mon>* m]ely kept 8 place1 & all[$ ?+s to take _! natural c\rse4 ,! crisis 0 already pa/2 ! "q already decid$2 ! ,spani% nation c\ld n rega9 its lo/ influ5ce1 save by ! reg5]at+ action ( c5turies4 ,/ill1 we mu/ n imag9e t absolute p[] 0 s fully & completely e/abli%$ z to leave n a ve/ige ( anci5t lib]ty2 b ?is lib]ty c\ld d no?+ f its asylum 9 ,aragon & ,catalonia aga9/ ! giant t held x 9 *eck f ! mid/ ( a c\ntry entirely subject to 8 sway1 f ! capital ( ,ca/ile4 ,! mon>*s might probably1 by "o bold & heavy bl[1 h /ruck d[n e ?+ t oppos$ !m2 b :atev] probabilities ( success !y _h 9 ! va/ means at _! disposal1 !y 7 v c>eful n to make ! attempt1 b left ! inhabitants ( ,nav>re1 ! subjects ( ! cr[n ( ,aragon1 9 ! tranquil enjoym5t ( _! fran*ises1 rights1 & privileges4 ,at ! same "t1 !y 7 c>eful to prev5t ! contagion spread+ to ! o!r prov9ces4 ,by means ( p>tial attacks1 & m especially by lead+ ! p to all[ _! anci5t lib]ties to fall into desuetude1 !y gradually dim9i%$ _! zeal = !m1 & ins5sibly br\ght !m to a habit ( tamely b5d+ "u ! action ( a c5tral p[]4#ci ,,*apt] ,,lxvii4 ,,political ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,religi\s ,,intol]ance4 ,9 ! sket* ,i h "h drawn1 ! rigor\s accuracy ( :i* no "o c "q1 we h n discov]$ any ?+ l oppression 9 ,ca?olicity1 nor any alliance betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! ?rone = ! de/ruction ( lib]ty3 :at we h discov]$ is m]ely ! regul> & natural ord] ( ?+s1--a successive developm5t ( ev5ts conta9$ 9 ea* o!r1 z ! plant is conta9$ 9 ! g]m4 ,z = ! ,inquisition1 ,i ?9k ,i h said en\gh respect+ x 9 ! *apt]s t treat ( x3 9 ?is place ,i w m]ely obs]ve1 t x 0 n a political in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( k+s1 ready to be us$ at _! beck4 ,religion 0 its object2 & z we h se51 f> f los+ sight ( ?is object to suit ! wi%es ( ! sov]eign1 x unhesitat+ly condemn$ ! doctr9es t w\ld h unju/ly ext5d$ ! p[]s ( ! mon>*4 ,%all ,i be told1 t ! ,inquisition 0 9 its v nature intol]ant1 & consequ5tly oppos$ to ! gr[? ( lib]ty8 ,i answ]1 t tol]ation1 z n[ und]/ood1 _h at t "t no exi/5ce 9 any ,european c\ntry4 ,besides1 x 0 "u ! direct & full influ5ce ( religi\s intol]ance t ! p 7 emancipat$1 municipalities organiz$1 ! sy/em ( l>ge repres5tative assemblies e/abli%$1 :i*1 "u diff]5t names1 & m or less directly1 int]f]$ 9 public affairs4 ,m5's ideas 7 n yet s f> p]v]t$ z to lead !m to believe t religion 0 favorable & conducive to ! oppression ( ! p2 on ! contr>y1 we obs]ve 9 ! he>ts ( ^! p a vehem5t desire = lib]ty & progress1 :il/ at ! same "t !y clung ) en?usiasm to a fai?1 9 ! sight ( :i* x appe>$ to !m j & salut>y to refuse tol]ation to any doctr9e at v>iance ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,unity ( fai? does n fett] ! p--does n imp$e _! movem5ts 9 any direction--z well1 inde$1 might x be said1 t ! m>9] is fett]$ by ! compass t guides him 9 safety ?r\gh ! wide expanse ( wat]s4 ,0 ! anci5t unity ( ,european civilization want+ 9 gr&eur1 9 v>iety1 or 9 beauty8 ,did ,ca?olic unity1 presid+ ov] ! de/9ies ( society1 arre/ its progress1 ev5 9 ! ages ( b>b>ism8 ,let u fix our eyes ^u ! gr& & delightful spectacle exhibit$ 9 ! c5turies prec$+ ! sixte5?1 & pause a mom5t to reflect2 we %all all ! bett] und]/& 9 :at mann] ,prote/antism has giv5 a wrong direction to ! c\rse ( civilization4 ,! imm5se agitation occasion$ by ! gigantic ent]prise ( ! ,crusades %[s 9 :at a /ate ( f]m5tation 7 ! elem5ts deposit$ 9 ! bosom ( society4 ,! %ock excit$ !m to activity--union augm5t$ _! =ce--e :]e1 & 9 e s5se1 0 to be se5 a vigor\s & active movem5t1 a sure presage ( ! high degree ( civilization & ref9em5t :i* ,europe 0 ab\t to atta94 ,! arts & sci5ces1 z if call$ into life by "s p[]ful voice1 reappe>$1 l\dly ass]t+ _! claim to protection & an honorable reception4 ,on ! feudal ca/les1 ^? heirlooms ( ! mann]s ( ! p]iod ( conque/1 a ray ( light sudd5ly gleam$1 t illum9at$ ) ! rapidity ( lightn+ all climates & all p4 ,^? masses ( m51 :o _h hi!rto b5t 9 pa9ful toil = ! b5efit ( _! ma/]s1 n[ lift$ up _! heads1 &1 ) bold he>ts & enfran*is$ lips1 dem&$ a %>e 9 social advantages4 ,address+ ea* o!r ) a look ( intellig5ce1 !y comb9$ toge!r1 & insi/$ 9 common t ! law %\ld be sub/itut$ = caprice4 ,!n t[ns sprang up1 increas$ 9 size & importance1 & 7 surr\nd$ ) ramp>ts2 municipal in/itutions arose1 & began to develop !mselves2 k+s1 till !n ! sport ( ! pride1 ambition or /ubbornness ( ! feudal lords1 seiz$ ^u an opportunity s favorable1 & made common cause ) ! p4 ,?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 feudalism ent]$ valiantly into ! conte/1 b 9 va92 &1 re/ra9$ by a p[] ev5 m irresi/ible ?an ! weapons ( its adv]s>ies1 &1 z if oppress$ by ! air x brea!d1 x felt its action imp$$1 its en]gies enfeebl$1 &1 despair+ ( victory1 x gave itself up to ! enjoym5t to be f\nd 9 ! patronage ( ! arts4 ,to ! coat ( mail n[ succe$$ elegance ( dress2 to ! p[]ful %ield1 ! pomp\s escut*eon2 to ! be>+ & address ( ! w>rior1 ! mann]s ( ! c\rti]3--?us 0 ! :ole p[] ( feudalism und]m9$2 ! popul> elem5t 0 left completely at lib]ty to develop itself2 & ! p[]s ( mon>*s became e day m ext5sive4 ,royalty ?us /r5g!n$1 municipal in/itutions 9 full vigor1 & feudalism und]m9$1 ! remnants ( b>b>ism & oppression /ill exi/+ 9 ! laws fell "o by "o b5ea? ! attacks ( s _m adv]s>ies2 &1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 !re 0 se5 a consid]able numb] ( great nations pres5t+ ! peaceful spectacle ( _m millions ( m5 liv+ 9 social union1 & enjoy+ toge!r ! rights ( m5 & ( citiz5s4 ,until ?is p]iod1 public tranquillity1 & ev5 ! v exi/5ce ( society1 _h to be secur$ by c>efully exclud+ f ! work+ ( ! political ma*9e a great numb] ( individuals by means ( slav]y--a sy/em t prov$ at once ! intr9sic inf]iority & weakness ( ! gov]nm5ts ( antiquity4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 ) ! c\rage inspir$ by ! consci\sness ( /r5g?1 & ) an ard5t love = humanity1 _h nev] d\bt$ t %e held 9 h] h&s o!r means ( re/ra9+ m5 ?an a rec\rse to degradation & viol5ce1 & _h1 9 fact1 resolv$ ! problem 9 a mann] ! mo/ noble & g5]\s4 ,%e _h said to society3 ,do/ ?\ dread ?is imm5se multitude1 t h no suffici5t titles to ?y confid5ce8 ,i w /& security = !m4 ,?\ enslave/ !m2 ?\ putte/ *a9s ar\nd _! necks2 ,i w subdue _! he>ts4 ,leave !m free2 & ?is multitude1 be=e :i* ?\ tremble/ z be=e a h]d ( wild bea/s1 w become a class ( m5 s]viceable to !mselves & to !e4 ,?is voice _h be5 he>d1 & all m5 7 fre$ f ! yoke ( slav]y--all ent]$ ^u ?is noble /ruggle1 :i* 0 to place society 9 equilibrium1 )\t de/roy+ or %ak+ its f\ndations4 ,we h already said above1 t !re exi/$ p[]ful adv]s>ies4 ,%ocks m or less viol5t 7 inevitable2 b !re 0 no cause = anticipat+ any s]i\s cata/rophe1 unless "s fatal comb9ation ( circum/ances arose to ov]?r[ ! only p[] capable ( mod]at+ ! inflam$1 & sometimes exasp]at$1 passions ( m5--to impose sil5ce ^u t p[]ful voice1 ev] ready to say to ! combatants1 ,t is en\gh4 ,t voice--! voice ( ,*ri/ianity--might h be5 he>d ) great] or less docility2 b x w\ld always h suffic$ to calm d[n ! fury ( ! passions1 to mod]ate ! fi]c5ess ( _! conflicts1 & ?us to prev5t sc5es ( blood%$4 ,if we take a glance at ,europe at ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 ) a view to discov] ! social elem5ts1 ^: /ruggle seem$ likely to di/urb public tranquillity1 we %all f9d ! p[] ( ! ?rone already f> sup]ior to t ( ! lords & ( ! p2 we %all see x endeavor+ to please its rivals1 l5d+ its aid to "o = ! subjugation ( ! o!rs3 b already ?is p[] 0 evid5tly inde/ructible4 ,held m or less 9 *eck by ! pr\d remnants ( feudalism1 & by ! ev]-gr[+ & encroa*+ p[] ( ! p1 mon>*y nev]!less ma9ta9$ its position z a c5tral =ce = ! protection ( society aga9/ viol5ce & excess4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 s /rong1 t we e :]e meet ) ! same ph5om5on1 manife/$ ) m or less di/9ctness1 & ) *>act]s ( great] or less id5tity4 ,! nations ( ,europe 7 great bo? 9 numb]s & ext5t2 ! abolition ( slav]y gave a sanction to ! pr9ciple1 t man ought to live free 9 ! mid/ ( society1 enjoy+ its mo/ ess5tial advantages1 & ) suffici5t room to enable him to take a m or less elevat$ rank1 accord+ to ! means he employs to ga9 x4 ,?us society _h said to ea* individual3 ,i ackn[l$ge !e z a man & a citiz52 f ?is mom5t ,i gu>antee to !e ! possession ( ^! titles4 ,if ?\ desire/ to lead a quiet life 9 ! bosom ( ?y family--labor & be c>eful2 no "o %all wre/ f !e ! rew>ds ( ?y labors1 nor trammel ! free ex]cise ( ?y faculties4 ,do/ ?\ aspire to ! possession ( weal?--consid] h[ o!rs h acquir$ x1 & display a simil> activity & intellig5ce4 ,art ?\ ambiti\s ( fame1 ( ris+ to an elevat$ rank1 to spl5did titles--! sci5ces & ! milit>y pr(ession are be=e !e4 ,if ?\ ha/ inh]it$ an illu/ri\s "n1 ?\ maye/ /ill increase its lu/re2 if ?\ art n 9 possession ( su* a "n1 ?\ art free to acquire "o4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ! social problem at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,e ?+ 0 made public1 all ! great means ( action 7 op5ly develop+ !mselves ) rapidity2 ! art ( pr9t+ already transmitt$ m5's ?\ghts f "o end ( ! _w to ! o!r ) ! spe$ ( lightn+1 & insur$ _! pres]vation = ! b5efit ( future g5]ations4 ,! frequ5t int]c\rse betwe5 nations1 ! revival ( lit]ature & ! arts1 ! cultivation ( ! sci5ces1 ! incl9ation = travell+ & comm]ce1 ! discov]y ( a new passage to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! pref]5ce giv5 to political negotiations = effect+ ! arrangem5ts ( int]national relations1--e ?+ comb9$ to give to ! m9ds ( m5 t /rong impulse1 t %ock :i* at once ar\ses & develops all _! faculties1 & gives new life4 ,x is difficult to und]/& by :at process ( reason+1 9 ! face ( facts s positive & c]ta91--facts t /& s prom95tly =w>d 9 e page ( hi/ory1 any man c\ld ev] s]i\sly ma9ta9 t ,prote/antism aid$ human progress4 ,if previ\s to ,lu!r's re=m society _h be5 f\nd /ation>y1 & /ill subm]g$ 9 ! *aos into :i* x _h be5 plung$ by ! irruptions ( ! b>b>ians2 if ! p _h n succe$$1 previ\sly to t re=m1 9 =m+ !mselves into great nations1 & 9 provid+ !mselves ) sy/ems ( gov]nm5t m or less p]fectly organiz$1 b all unque/ionably sup]ior to any t _h hi!rto exi/$1--! ass]tion might c>ry ) x a degree ( plausibility1 or1 at all ev5ts1 x w\ld n /&1 z x un=tunately does1 9 direct opposition to ! mo/ au!ntic & notori\s facts4 ,b :at1 on ! contr>y1 0 ! actual /ate ( ,europe at ! "t ( ,lu!r's appe>ance8 ,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ex]cis$ ) m or less p]fection1 already possess$ a highly moral1 rational1 & equitable sy/em ( legislation = ! guidance ( its decisions2 ! p _h 9 great "p %ak5 (f ! yoke ( feudalism1 & _h acquir$ abundant res\rces = ! pres]vation & def5ce ( _! lib]ties2 ! executive _h made imm5se progress1 ow+ to ! e/abli%m5t1 ext5sion1 & amelioration ( municipalities2 ! royal au?ority1 enl>g$1 =tifi$1 & consolidat$1 =m$ 9 ! mid/ ( society a c5tral =ce p[]ful to "w good1 to prev5t evil1 to re/ra9 ! passions1 to pres]ve ! balance ( int]e/s1 to prev5t ru9\s social conte/s1 & to wat* ov] ! g5]al welf>e ( society by con/ant protection & effectual enc\ragem5t2 9 f9e1 at t p]iod1 nations 7 se5 to fix a look ( great =esight & sagacity on ! rock ^u :i* ! vessel ( society is 9 dang] ( be+ wreck$1 :5ev] ! p[] ( royalty is left )\t any sort ( c\nt]poise4 ,su* 0 already ! condition ( ,europe be=e ! religi\s revolution ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i promptly conc$e t great progress has be5 made s9ce t p]iod 9 all matt]s ( a social1 political & adm9i/rative nature2 b does x foll[ t ?is progress is ow+ to ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation8 ,to prove t x is1 x w\ld be necess>y to produce two societies absolutely simil> 9 position & circum/ances1 b sep>at$ by a long space ( "t1 t w\ld r5d] all reciprocal influ5ce betwe5 !m impossible1 & subject$1 "o to ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic1 ! o!r to ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple2 !n ea* ( ! two religions might come =w>d & say to ! _w1 ,?is is my "w4 ,b x is absurd to comp>e1 z is (t5 done1 times s widely diff]5t1 circum/ances s utt]ly dissimil> & exceptional ) ord9>y cases2 x %\ld also be rememb]$1 t1 9 e ?+1 ! fir/ /ep is always ! mo/ difficult1 & ! greate/ m]it is always due to inv5tion2 9 a ^w1 aft] s _m o!r violations ( ! rules ( logic1 our oppon5ts %\ld n ob/9ately p]si/ 9 d$uc+ f "o s+le fact all o!r facts1 simply because ! latt] happ5 to be po/]ior to ! =m]1 o!rwise !y w fall "u suspicion ( ins9c]ity 9 _! se>* aft] tru?1 & ( a wi% to falsify hi/ory4 ,! organization ( ,european society1 su* z ,prote/antism f\nd x1 01 assur$ly n p]fect1 b x 01 at all ev5ts1 z p]fect z 0 possible4 ,unless ,provid5ce _h v\*saf$ to gov]n ! _w by prodigies1 ,europe1 at ?is p]iod1 c\ld n h atta9$ to a m advantage\s position4 ,! elem5ts ( progress1 ( happ9ess1 ( civilization & ref9em5t1 7 9 h] bosom2 !y 7 num]\s & p[]ful2 "t 0 develop+ !m by degrees 9 a mann] truly wond]ful2 & z m\rnful exp]i5ce is e day less5+ ! pre/ige & cr$it ( de/ructive doctr9es1 ! "t is p]haps n f> di/ant1 :5 philosoph]s1 exam9+ dispassionately ?is p]iod ( hi/ory1 w agree t society _h ev5 !n receiv$ ! mo/ =tunate impulse4 ,x w be se5 t ,prote/antism1 by giv+ a wrong direction to ! m>* ( society1 only precipitat$ x ^u a p]il\s r\te1 :]e x has be5 on ! br9k ( ru92 & w\ld p]haps h be5 ru9$ altoge!r1 _h n ! h& ( ! ,mo/ ,high be5 /rong] ?an ! feeble arm ( man4 ,prote/ants boa/ ( hav+ r5d]$ great s]vice to society by hav+ de/roy$ 9 "s c\ntries1 & impair$ 9 o!rs1 ! p[] ( ! ,popes4 ,z reg>ds ! ,papal supremacy 9 relation to matt]s ( fai?1 :at ,i h else:]e said w suffice to demon/rate ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( ! ex]cise ( private judgm5t2 z to discipl9e1 ,i am unwill+ to ent] ^u que/ions t w\ld indef9itely ext5d ! limits ( ?is "w4 ,i w m]ely ask my oppon5ts1 :e!r !y deem x prud5t to leave a society co-ext5sive ) ! _w )\t a legislator1 )\t a judge1 )\t an arbitrator1 )\t a c\nsellor1 )\t a *ief8 ,temporal p[]4--,?is t]m has long be5 ! bugbe> ( k+s--! wat*word ( ! anti-,ca?olic p>ty--a sn>e into :i* _m upright m5 h fall5--a butt = ! %afts ( discont5t$ /atesm51 disappo9t$ writ]s1 & sn>l+ canoni/s2 & no?+ m natural1 see+ t ! subject af=d$ !m an opportunity ( p\r+ out _! res5tm5ts1 & ( giv+ curr5cy to _! suspici\s doctr9es1 well assur$ t1 by affect+ zeal = ! p[] ( ! mon>*1 !y w\ld f9d1 9 case ( dang]1 a ready asylum 9 ! palaces ( k+s4 ,! pres5t is n ! place = ! discussion ( a "q t has be5 ! subject ( s _m vehem5t & le>n$ disputes2 & x w\ld be ! m inopportune1 z1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 assur$ly no p[] appreh5ds ! lea/ temporal usurpation on ! "p ( ! ,holy ,see1 :i*1 :atev] its enemies may say1 has ev9c$ at all times1 & ev5 humanly speak+1 m prud5ce1 tact1 pati5ce1 & wisdom ?an any o!r p[] ^u e>?2 & amid/ ! extreme difficulties ( mod]n times1 has tak5 up a position t enables x to yield to ! v>i\s exig5cies ( ! times )\t any compromise ( its high dignity1 )\t any deviation f its sublime obligations4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! temporal p[] ( ! ,popes _h ris5 9 ! c\rse ( "t to su* a height1 t ! successor ( ,/4 ,pet] _h become a univ]sal c\nsellor1 arbitrator1 & judge1 f ^: s5t5ce x 0 dang]\s to appeal1 ev5 9 purely political matt]s4 ,! g5]al movem5t ?r\gh\t ,europe _h some:at weak5$ ?is p[]2 b yet1 at ! mom5t :5 ,prote/antism made its appe>ance1 x /ill _h su* an asc5d5cy ov] ! m9ds ( m51 x comm&$ s mu* v5]ation & respect1 & 0 possess$ ( su* va/ means = def5d+ its rights1 en=c+ its pret5sions1 support+ its decisions1 & mak+ its c\nsels respect$1 t ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*s ( ,europe consid]$ x a v s]i\s matt] to h ! ,c\rt ( ,rome oppos$ to !m 9 any affair :atev]2 & consequ5tly !y eag]ly s\ght on all occasions1 to secure its favor & fri5d%ip4 ,rome _h ?us become a g5]al c5tre ( negotiation1 & no affair ( importance c\ld escape its influ5ce4 ,su* h be5 ! outcries rais$ aga9/ ! colossal p[]1 aga9/ ?is pret5d$ usurpation ( rights1 t "o might suppose ! ,popes to h be5 a succession ( deep conspirators1 :o1 by _! intrigues & artifices1 aim$ at no?+ %ort ( univ]sal mon>*y4 ,z our oppon5ts plume !mselves on _! _s ( obs]vation & hi/orical analysis1 ,i felt x necess>y to obs]ve1 t ! temporal p[] ( ! ,popes 0 /r5g!n$ & ext5d$ at a "t :5 no o!r p[] 0 z yet really con/itut$4 ,to call t p[] usurpation !re=e1 is n m]ely an inaccuracy--x is an ana*ronism4 ,9 ! g5]al confusion br\ght ^u all ,european society by ! irruptions ( ! b>b>ians1 9 t /range m$ley ( races1 laws1 mann]s1 & traditions1 !re rema9$ only "o solid f\ndation = ! /ructure ( ! edifice ( civilization & ref9em5t1 only "o lum9\s body to %9e ^u ! *aos1 only "o elem5t capable ( giv+ life to ! g]m ( reg5]ation t lay buri$ 9 blood-/a9$ ru9s--,*ri/ianity1 pr$om9ant ov] & annihilat+ ! rema9s ( o!r religions1 arose1 9 ?is age ( desolation1 l a solit>y column 9 ! c5t] ( a ru9$ city1 or l a bright beacon amid d>kness4 ,b>b>ians1 & pr\d ( _! triumphs z !y 71 ! conqu]+ p b[$ _! heads b5ea? ! pa/oral /aff t gov]ns ! flock ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! spiritual pa/ors1 a body ( m5 q new to ^! b>b>ians1 & speak+ a l(ty & div9e language1 obta9$ ov] ! *iefs ( ! f]oci\s hordes f ! nor? a complete & p]man5t asc5d5cy1 :i* ! c\rse ( ages c\ld n de/roy4 ,su* 0 ! f\ndation ( ! temporal p[] 9 ! ,*ur*2 & x w be easily conceiv$ t z ! ,pope t[]$ above all ! o!r pa/ors 9 ! ecclesia/ical edifice1 l a sup]b cupola above ! o!r p>ts ( a magnific5t temple1 8 temporal p[] mu/ h ris5 f> high] ?an t ( ord9>y bi%ops2 & mu/ also h _h a deep]1 m solid1 & m la/+ f\ndation4 ,all ! pr9ciples ( legislation1 all ! f\ndations ( society1 all ! elem5ts ( intellectual culture1 all t rema9$ ( ! arts & sci5ces1 all 0 9 ! h&s ( religion2 & all v naturally s\ght protection f ! pontifical ?rone1 ! only p[] act+ ) ord]1 conc]t1 & regul>ity1 & ! only "o t (f]$ any gu>antee = /ability & p]man5ce4 ,w>s succe$$ to w>s1 convulsions to convulsions1 ! =ms ( society 7 cont9ually *ang+2 b ! "o great1 g5]al1 & dom9ant fact1 ! /ability & influ5ce ( religion1 rema9$ /ill ! same3 & x is ridicul\s 9 any man to declaim aga9/ a ph5om5on s natural1 s inevitable1 &1 above all1 s advantage\s1 designat+ x1 ,a succession ( usurpations ( temporal p[]4 ,p[]1 ere x c be usurp$1 mu/ exi/2 & :]e1 ,i pray1 did temporal p[] !n exi/8 ,0 x 9 k+s8--! sport1 & frequ5tly ! victims ( ! haughty b>ons8 ,9 ! feudal lords8--cont9ually engag$ 9 conte/s among/ !mselves1 ) k+s1 & ) ! p8 ,9 f9e1 0 x 9 ! p8--a troop ( slaves1 :o1 ?anks to ! ef=ts ( religion1 7 sl[ly work+ out _! fre$om8 ,! p1 x is true1 unit$ aga9/ ! lords--!y rais$ _! voices to dem& protection f ! mon>*1 or to solicit ! aid ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! vexations & outrages inflict$ on !m by bo?2 /ill1 h[ev]1 !y z yet =m$ b an unorganiz$ embryo ( society1 )\t any fix$ rule1 )\t gov]nm5t1 & )\t laws4 ,c\ld we hone/ly comp>e mod]n times ) ^!8 ,c\ld we apply to ^! bygone ages re/rictions & di/9ctions ( au?ority t are admissible only 9 a /ate ( society 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( life & civilization h be5 develop$1 9 :i* solid & p]man5t f\ndations h be5 laid1 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 ! functions ( social au?ority c\ld be1 & h 9 effect be51 regulat$1 aft] a m9ute analysis ( ! limits ( _! respective jurisdictions8 ,to reason o!rwise1 w\ld be to seek ord] 9 *aos1 smoo?ness on ! surface ( a tempe/-toss$ ocean4 ,we %\ld n =get1 ei!r1 a g5]al & unv>y+ fact1 f\nd$ on ! v nature ( ?+s1--a fact1 moreov]1 to :i* ! hi/ory ( all times & all c\ntries is cont9ually call+ our att5tion1 & :i* has receiv$ a /rik+ confirmation f ! revolutions ( mod]n times1--viz4 t :5ev] society is deeply diseas$1 !re is always at h& a pr9ciple ( life to /ay ! progress ( ! malady4 ,a conte/ takes place--collisions occur "o aft] ano!r--!y become m frequ5t & m viol5t2 b ultimately ! pr9ciple ( ord] prevails ov] t ( disord]1 & cont9ues long aft]w>ds to pr$om9ate 9 society4 ,?is pr9ciple may be m or less j1 m or less rational1 m or less viol5t1 m or less adequate to atta9 its object2 b :atev] x be 9 ^! respects1 x always prevails 9 ! end1 unless1 dur+ ! /ruggle1 ano!r1 a bett] & m p[]ful pr9ciple takes its place4 ,n[1 9 ! middle ages1 ?is pr9ciple 0 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,%e alone c\ld be ?is pr9ciple1 = %e _h tru? 9 h] doctr9es1 ju/ice 9 h] laws1 & regul>ity & prud5ce 9 h] gov]nm5t4 ,%e 0 ! only elem5t ( life t exi/$ at ?is p]iod--! only depository ( ! gr& idea ^u :i* ! reorganization ( society dep5d$2 & ?is idea 0 n vague & ab/ract1 b positive & practicable1 = x proce$$ f ! lips ( ,him ^: ^w calls =? worlds out ( no?+1 & makes light to %9e =? 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness4 ,:5 once ! sublime doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* _h p5etrat$ into ! he>t ( society1 h] pure1 frat]nal1 & consol+ morality necess>ily influ5c$ its mann]s4 ,=ms ( gov]nm5t also1 & sy/ems ( legislation 71 9 l mann]1 m or less affect$ by h] mild & p[]ful influ5ce4 ,^! are facts--und5iable facts4 ,n[1 ! ,roman ,pontiffs 7 ! c5t] ( ?is happy prepond]ance :i* religion s legitimately obta9$ & s ju/ly des]v$2 h5ce x is cle> t ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,see v naturally rose above all o!r p[]s4 ,aft] hav+ contemplat$ ?is sublime picture1 drawn f ! pla9 & au!ntic records ( hi/ory1 :y dwell on ! defects or ! vices ( "s few individuals8 ,:y drag to light ! excesses1 ! errors1 ! disord]s ev] incid5t to humanity8 ,:y malici\sly seek out facts ?r\gh a long succession ( obscure ages1 collect+ !m toge!r & plac+ !m 9 a light mo/ calculat$ to make an impression1 & to mislead ! ignorant8 ,:y1 9 f9e1 urge1 exagg]ate1 disfigure1 & pa9t ^! facts 9 ! d>ke/ possible colors8 ,to d s1 is to betray a v %all[ und]/&+ ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 a _s ( great p>tiality1 l[ views1 grovell+ s5tim5ts1 & mis]able sple54 ,x %\ld be l\dly proclaim$ to ! :ole _w1 & a ?\s& times repeat$1 t x may nev] be =gott51 t limits :i* h no exi/5ce _c be respect$--t to create p[] is n to usurp x--t to make laws is n to violate !m--t to r$uce to ord] ! *aos 9 :i* society is ov]:elm$ is n to di/urb society4 ,n[ ?is 0 ! "w ( ! ,*ur*--?is is :at 0 done by ! ,popes4#dj ,,*apt] ,,lxviii4 ,,unity ,,9 ,,fai? ,,n ,,adv]se ,,to ,,political ,,lib]ty4 ,! suppos$ incompatibility ( unity 9 fai? ) political lib]ty is an inv5tion ( ! irreligi\s philosophy ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,:atev] political op9ions be adopt$1 x is ( extreme importance t we be on our gu>d aga9/ su* a doctr9e4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! ,ca?olic religion occupies a sph]e f> above all =ms ( gov]nm5t--%e does n reject f h] bosom ei!r ! citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! inhabitant ( ,russia1 b embraces all m5 ) equal t5d]ness1 comm&+ all to obey ! legitimate gov]nm5ts ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,%e consid]s !m all z *ildr5 ( ! same fa!r1 p>ticipators 9 ! same r$emption1 heirs to ! same glory4 ,x is v important to be> 9 m9d t irreligion allies itself to lib]ty or to despotism1 accord+ z its int]e/s incl9e2 lavi% ( its applause :5 an infuriat$ populace are burn+ temples & massacr+ ! m9i/]s ( ! alt>1 x is ev] ready to flatt] mon>*s1 to exagg]ate _! p[] beyond measure1 :5ev] !y w9 its favor by despoil+ ! cl]gy1 subv]t+ discipl9e1 & insult+ ! ,pope4 ,c>+ little :at in/rum5ts x employs1 provid$ x accompli%es its "w1 x is royali/ :5 9 a position to sway ! m9ds ( k+s1 to expel ! ,jesuits f ,france1 f ,spa91 f ,portugal1 to pursue !m to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe )\t all[+ !m ei!r respite or repose2 lib]al 9 ! mid/ ( popul> assemblies t exact sacrilegi\s oa?s f ! cl]gy1 & s5d into exile or to ! scaffold ! m9i/]s ( religion :o rema9 fai?ful to _! duty4 ,! man :o _c see t :at ,i h advanc$ is /rictly true1 mu/ h =gott5 hi/ory1 & paid little att5tion to v rec5t occurr5ces4 ,) religion & morality1 all =ms ( gov]nm5t are good2 )\t !m1 none c be good4 ,an absolute mon>*1 imbu$ ) religi\s ideas1 surr\nd$ by c\nsellors ( s\nd doctr9es1 & reign+ ov] a p among/ :om ! same doctr9es prevail1 may make 8 subjects happy1 & w be sure to d s z f> z circum/ances ( "t & place p]mit4 ,a wick$ mon>*1 or "o surr\nd$ by wick$ c\nsellors1 w d mis*ief 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( 8 p[]s2 he w be ev5 m to be dread$ ?an revolution itself1 because bett] able to arrange 8 plans1 & to c>ry !m out m rapidly1 ) few] ob/acles1 a great] appe>ance ( legality1 m pret5sions to public utility1 & consequ5tly ) m c]ta9ty ( success & ( p]man5t results4 ,revolutions h und\bt$ly done great injury to ! ,*ur*2 b p]secut+ mon>*s h done equally z mu*4 ,a freak ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 e/abli%$ ,prote/antism 9 ,engl&2 ! cupidity ( c]ta9 o!r pr9ces produc$ a l result 9 ! nations ( ! nor?2 & 9 our own days1 a decree ( ! ,autocrat ( ,russia drives millions ( s\ls into s*ism4 ,x foll[s t an unmix$ mon>*y1 if x be n religi\s1 is n desirable2 = irreligion1 immoral 9 its nature1 naturally t5ds to inju/ice1 & consequ5tly to tyranny4 ,if irreligion be seat$ on an absolute ?rone1 or if %e hold possession ( ! m9d ( its occupant1 h] p[]s are unlimit$2 &1 = my "p1 ,i "k no?+ m horrible ?an ! omnipot5ce ( wick$ness4 ,9 rec5t times1 ,european democracy has signaliz$ itself lam5tably by its attacks ^u religion2 a circum/ance :i*1 f> f favor+ its cause1 has injur$ x extremely4 ,we c inde$ =m an idea ( a gov]nm5t m or less free1 :5 society is virtu\s1 moral1 & religi\s2 b n :5 ^! conditions are want+4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! only =m ( gov]nm5t t rema9s is despotism1 ! rule ( =ce1 = =ce alone c gov]n m5 :o are )\t consci5ce & )\t ,god4 ,if we att5tively consid] ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! revolution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & t ( ,france1 we %all f9d t "o ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! ,am]ican revolution 0 ess5tially democratic1 t ( ,france ess5tially impi\s4 ,9 ! manife/os by :i* ! =m] 0 inaugurat$1 ! "n ( ,god1 ( ,provid5ce1 is e :]e se52 ! m5 engag$ 9 ! p]il\s ent]prise ( %ak+ (f ! yoke ( ,great ,brita91 f> f blasphem+ ! ,almighty1 invoke 8 assi/ance1 conv9c$ t ! cause ( indep5d5ce 0 ! cause ( reason & ( ju/ice4 ,! ,fr5* began by deify+ ! lead]s ( irreligion1 ov]?r[+ alt>s1 wat]+ ) ! blood ( prie/s ! temples1 ! /reets1 & ! scaffolds--! only emblem ( revolution recogniz$ by ! p is ,a!ism h& 9 h& ) lib]ty4 ,?is folly has borne its fruits--x communicat$ its fatal contagion to o!r revolutions 9 rec5t times--! new ord] ( ?+s has be5 inaugurat$ ) sacrilegi\s crimes2 & ! proclamation ( ! rights ( man 0 begun by ! pr(anation ( ! temples ( ,him f :om all rights emanate4 ,mod]n demagogues1 x is true1 h only imitat$ _! pr$ecessors ! ,prote/ants1 ! ,hussites1 ! ,albig5ses2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t 9 our days irreligion has manife/$ itself op5ly1 side by side ) its companion1 ! democracy ( blood & bas5ess2 :il/ ! democracy ( =m] times 0 alli$ ) sect>ian fanaticism4 ,! dissolv+ doctr9es ( ,prote/antism r5d]$ a /rong] p[] necess>y1 precipitat$ ! ov]?r[ ( anci5t lib]ties1 & oblig$ au?ority to hold itself cont9ually on ! al]t1 & ready to /rike4 ,:5 ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity _h be5 enfeebl$1 ! void _h to be fill$ up by a sy/em ( espionage & =ce4 ,d n =get ?is1 y :o make w> ^u religion 9 ! "n ( lib]ty2 d n =get t l causes produce l effects4 ,:]e moral influ5ces d n exi/1 _! abs5ce mu/ be suppli$ by physical =ce3 if y take f ! p ! sweet yoke ( religion1 y leave gov]nm5ts no o!r res\rce ?an ! vigilance ( police1 & ! =ce ( bayonets4 ,reflect1 & *oose4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ,prote/antism1 ,european civilization1 "u ! gis ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 0 evid5tly t5d+ t[>ds t g5]al h>mony1 ! abs5ce ( :i* has r5d]$ necess>y an excessive employm5t ( =ce4 ,unity ( fai? disappe>$1 op5+ ! way to an unre/ra9$ lib]ty ( op9ion & religi\s discord2 ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy 0 9 "s c\ntries de/roy$1 9 o!rs weak5$3 ?us 0 ! equilibrium betwe5 diff]5t classes put an end to1 & ! class naturally de/9$ to fill ! (fice ( m$iator r5d]$ p[]less4 ,by abridg+ ! p[] ( ! ,popes1 bo? p & gov]nm5ts 7 let loose f t g5tle curb :i* re/ra9$ )\t oppress+1 & correct$ )\t degrad+2 k+s & p 7 array$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 )\t any body ( m5 possess$ ( au?ority to int]pose betwe5 !m 9 case ( a conflict2 )\t a s+le judge1 :o1 ! fri5d ( bo? p>ties1 & dis9t]e/$ 9 ! qu>rel1 might h settl$ _! diff]5ces ) imp>tiality1 gov]nm5ts began to place _! reliance ^u /&+ armies1 & ! p ^u insurrections4 ,& x is ( no avail to allege t 9 c\ntries :]e ,ca?olicity prevail$1 a political ph5om5on arose simil> to t :i* we obs]ve 9 ,prote/ant nations2 = ,i ma9ta9 t among/ ,ca?olics !mselves ev5ts did n foll[ ! c\rse :i* !y naturally w\ld h foll[$1 _h n ! fatal ,re=mation int]v5$4 ,to atta9 its complete developm5t1 ,european civilization requir$ ! unity f :i* x _h sprung2 x c\ld n by any o!r means e/abli% h>mony among/ ! div]se elem5ts :i* x %elt]$ 9 its bosom4 ,its homog5eity 0 gone ! mom5t unity ( fai? disappe>$4 ,f t h\r no nation c\ld adequately effect its organization )\t tak+ into acc\nt1 n only its own int]nal wants1 b also ! pr9ciples t prevail$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 aga9/ ! influ5ce ( :i* x _h to be on its gu>d4 ,d y suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! policy ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 con/itut$ z x 0 ! protector ( ,ca?olicity aga9/ p[]ful ,prote/ant nations1 0 n p[]fully influ5c$ by ! peculi> & v dang]\s position ( ! c\ntry8 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n t ! ,*ur* has nev] be5 oppos$ to ! legitimate developm5t ( any =m ( gov]nm5t2 t %e has tak5 !m all "u h] protection1 & consequ5tly t to ass]t t %e is ! enemy ( popul> in/itutions is a calumny4 ,i h also plac$ x equally beyond a d\bt1 t ! sects ho/ile to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 by enc\rag+ a democracy ei!r irreligi\s or bl9d$ by fanaticism1 s f> f aid+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( j & rational lib]ty1 h1 9 fact1 left ! p no alt]native betwe5 unbridl$ lic5ti\sness & unre/ra9$ despotism4 ,! lesson ?us furni%$ by hi/ory is confirm$ by exp]i5ce2 & ! future w s]ve only to corroborate its tru?4 ,! m religi\s & moral m5 are1 ! m des]v+ !y are ( lib]ty2 = !y h !n less ne$ ( ext]nal re/ra9ts1 hav+ a mo/ p[]ful "o 9 _! own consci5ces4 ,an irreligi\s & immoral p /& 9 ne$ ( "s au?ority to keep !m 9 ord]1 o!rwise !y w be con/antly abus+ _! rights1 & w consequ5tly des]ve to lose !m4 ,/4 ,augu/9e p]fectly und]/ood ^! tru?s1 & expla9s briefly & beautifully ! conditions necess>y = all =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,! holy ,doctor %[s t popul> =ms are good :]e ! p are moral & consci5ti\s2 :]e !y are corrupt1 !y require ei!r an olig>*y or an unmix$ mon>*y4 ,i h no d\bt t an int]e/+ passage1 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 t we meet ) 9 8 fir/ book on ,free ,w1 *ap4 vi41 w be read ) pleasure4 ,augu/9e4 ,y w\ld n ma9ta91 = in/ance1 t m5 or p are s con/itut$ by nature z to be absolutely et]nal1 & subject nei!r to de/ruction nor *ange8--,evodius4 ,:o c d\bt t !y are *angeable1 & subject to ! influ5ce ( "t8--,augu/9e4 ,if ! p are s]i\s & temp]ate2 & if1 moreov]1 !y h su* a conc]n = ! public good t ea* "o w\ld pref] ! public int]e/ to 8 own1 is x n true t x w\ld be advisable to enact t su* a p %\ld *oose _! own au?orities ! adm9i/ration ( _! affairs8--,evodius4 ,c]ta9ly4--,augu/9e4 ,b1 9 case ^! same p become s corrupt t ! citiz5s pref] _! own to ! public good2 if !y sell _! votes2 if1 corrupt$ by ambiti\s m51 !y intru/ ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate to m5 z crim9al & corrupt z !mselves2 is x n true t1 9 su* a case1 if !re be among/ !m a man ( integrity1 & possess+ suffici5t p[] = ! purpose1 he w d well to take f ^! p ! p[] ( conf]r+ honors1 & conc5trate x 9 ! h&s ( a small numb] ( upright m51 or ev5 9 ! h&s ( "o man8--,evodius4 ,und\bt$ly4--,augu/9e4 ,yet1 s9ce ^! laws appe> v mu* oppos$ to ea* o!r1 ! "o grant+ ! p ! "r ( conf]r+ honors1 ! o!r depriv+ !m ( t "r2 s9ce1 moreov]1 !y _c bo? be 9 =ce at once1 are we to affirm t "o ( ^! laws is unju/1 or t x %\ld n h be5 enact$8--,evodius4 ,by no means4,d ,d ,aug4 ,quid ipsi hom9es et populi1 ejusne g5]is r]um sunt1 ut int]ire mut>ive non poss9t1 t]nique omn9o s9t8--,evod4 ,mutabile plane atque tempori obnoxium hoc g5us esse quis dubitet8--,aug4 ,ergo1 si populus sit b5e mod]atus et gravis1 communisque utilitatis dilig5tissimus cu/os1 9 quo unusquisque m9oris rem privatam quam publicam p5dat1 nonne recte lex f]tur1 qua huic ipsi populo liceat cre>e sibi magi/ratus1 p] quos sua res1 id e/ publica1 adm9i/retur8--,evod4 ,recte prorsus4--,aug4 ,porro1 si paulatim depravatus idem populus rem privatam reipublic prf]at1 atque habeat v5ale suffragium1 corruptusque ab eis qui honores amant1 regim5 9 se flagitiosis conscel]atisque committat1 nonne item recte1 si quis tunc extit]it vir bonus1 qui plurimum possit1 adimat huic populo pote/atem d&i honores1 et 9 paucorum bonorum vel etiam unius r$igat arbitrium8--,evod4 ,et id recte4--,aug4 ,cum ergo du i/ leges ita sibi videantur esse contr>i1 ut una e>um honorum d&orum populo tribuat pote/atem1 auf]at alt]a1 et cum i/a secunda ita lata sit1 ut nullo modo amb 9 una civitate simul esse poss9t1 num dicemus aliquam e>um inju/am esse et f]ri m9ime debuisse8--,evod4 ,nullo modo4 ,! :ole "q is "h compris$ 9 a few words3 ,c mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy1 be "o & all legitimate & prop]8 ,yes4 ,by :at consid]ations are we to be guid$ 9 our decision z to :i* ( ^! =ms is legitimate & prop] 9 any giv5 case8 ,by ! consid]ation ( exi/+ rights1 & ( ! condition ( ! p to :om su* =m is to be appli$4 ,c a =m once good become bad8 ,c]ta9ly x may2 = all human ?+s are subject to *ange4 ,^! reflections1 z solid z !y are simple1 w prev5t all excessive en?usiasm 9 favor ( any p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is is n a m]e "q ( !ory1 b "o ( prud5ce also4 ,n[1 prud5ce does n decide be=e hav+ att5tively consid]$ & weigh$ all circum/ances4 ,b !re is "o pr$om9ant idea 9 ?is doctr9e ( ,/4 ,augu/9e3 ?is idea ,i h already indicat$1 viz4 t great virtue & dis9t]e/$ness are requir$ "u a free gov]nm5t4 ,^? :o are labor+ to e/abli% political lib]ty on ! ru9s ( all religi\s belief w\ld d well to reflect ^u ! words ( ! illu/ri\s doctor4 ,h[ w\ld y h p ex]cise ext5sive rights1 if y disqualify !m by p]v]t+ _! ideas & corrupt+ _! morals8 ,y say t "u repres5tative =ms ( gov]nm5t reason & ju/ice are secur$ by means ( elections2 & yet y labor to bani% ?is reason & ju/ice f ! bosom ( t society 9 :i* y talk ( secur+ !m4 ,y s[ ! w9d1 & reap ! :irlw9d2 in/ead ( models ( wisdom & prud5ce1 y (f] ! p sc&al\s sc5es4 ,d n say t we are condemn+ ! age1 & t x progresses 9 spite ( u3 we reject no?+ t is good2 b p]v]sity & corruption we mu/ reprobate4 ,! age progresses--true2 b nei!r y nor we "k :i!r4 ,ca?olics "k "o ?+--a ?+ :i* x ne$s n a prophet to tell1 viz4 t a good social condition _c be =m$ out ( bad m52 t immoral m5 are bad2 t :]e !re is no religion1 morality _c take root4 ,firm 9 our fai?1 we %all leave y to try1 if y *oose1 a ?\s& =ms ( gov]nm5t1 to apply y\r palliatives to y\r own social pati5t1 to impose ^u him ) deceitful words2 8 frequ5t convulsions--8 cont9u$ re/lessness--are evid5ces ( y\r incapacity2 & well is x = y\r pati5t t he /ill feels ?is anxiety3 x is a sure sign t y h n entirely succe$$ 9 secur+ 8 confid5ce4 ,if ev] y d secure x--if ev] he fall asleep quietly 9 y\r arms--all fle% w !n h corrupt$ its way2 & x may also be fe>$ le/ ,god %\ld resolve to sweep man f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,lxix4 ,,( ,,intellectual ,,developm5t ,,"u ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ca?olicity4 ,x has be5 abundantly prov$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 t ! pseudo-,re=mation has n 9 any way contribut$ to ! p]fection ei!r ( individuals or ( society2 f :i* we may naturally inf] t ! case is ! same z reg>ds ! developm5t ( ! intellect4 ,i am unwill+1 h[ev]1 to let ?is tru? /& m]ely z a coroll>y1 & ,i believe x to be susceptible ( a special elucidation4 ,we may freely exam9e :at advantage ,prote/antism has conf]r$ ^u ! v>i\s bran*es ( human le>n+1 )\t any fe> ( ! result z reg>ds ,ca?olicity4 ,:5 we are to exam9e objects naturally embrac+ a great _m diff]5t relations1 x is n en\gh m]ely to pron\nce c]ta9 conspicu\s names1 or to cite ) emphasis "o or two facts4 ,?is is n ! way to place a "q 9 its prop] light2 & to treat x adequately1 mu* m is requir$4 ,a discussion1 ei!r conf9$ )9 limits too n>r[ to admit ( its full developm5t1 or all[$ an indef9ite range1 c>ries ) x1 9 ! eyes ( an obs]v] ( only slight p5etration1 an air ( univ]sality1 elevation1 & boldness1 :il/ 9 reality x is all unc]ta9ty & vagu5ess1 & is liable to be involv$ 9 endless contradictions4 ,to inve/igate ?is "q satisfactorily1 we mu/1 x seems to me1 grasp ! ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant pr9ciples respectively1 subject !m to a mo/ rigid scrut9y1 & seize ^u e po9t t appe>s favorable or inimical to ! developm5t ( ! human m9d4 ,fur!r1 we %\ld survey1 9 its wide/ range1 ! hi/ory ( ! intellect2 paus+ "h & !re at ! epo*s :]e ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ^: t5d5cies & effects we are /udy+ has be5 mo/ effectively ex]t$2 !n1 reject+ anomal\s exceptions1 z prov+ no?+ ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 & facts too insignificant & isolat$ to affect 9 any way ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! m9d1 suffici5tly elevat$1 & obs]v+ att5tively1 & ) a s9c]e desire to "k ! tru?1 w be enabl$ to discov] h[ f> its philosophical d$uctions are 9 accordance ) facts2 & ?us w x complete ! solution ( ! problem4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,ca?olicity1 "o ( its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 is ! submission ( ! intellect to au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,?is is ! po9t aga9/ :i* ! attacks ( ,prote/ants h ev] be5 & /ill are direct$3 & ?is is q natural1 see+ t ,prote/ants pr(ess resi/ance to au?ority z a fundam5tal & con/itu5t pr9ciple4 ,f ?is fatal s\rce fl[ all _! o!r errors4 ,if !re be 9 ,ca?olicity any ?+ capable ( arre/+ ! m>* ( ! m9d or ( l[]+ its flight1 x mu/ unque/ionably be ! pr9ciple ( submission to au?ority4 ,) ?is pr9ciple mu/ re/ all ! blame 9 ?is respect1 if inde$ ! ,ca?olic religion be *>geable ) any4 ,submission ( ! intellect to au?ority4 ,^! words1 x _c be d5i$1 d1 unless we h seiz$ ^u _! true mean+1 & asc]ta9$ ! precise objects to :i* ?is submission is applicable1 at fir/ sight1 convey an idea ( antagonism to intellectual developm5t4 ,if y *]i% an ard5t affection = ! dignity ( our nature2 if y are an en?usia/ic advocate ( sci5tific progress1 & behold ) delight ! brilliant ef=ts ( a bold1 vigor\s1 & accompli%$ g5ius2 y w discov] some?+ repulsive 9 a pr9ciple :i* appe>s to invoke slav]y1 s9ce x *ecks ! flight ( ! m9d1 clips ! w+s ( ! intellect1 & ca/s x into ! du/4 ,b if y exam9e ?is pr9ciple 9 its ess5ce1 apply x to ! v>i\s bran*es ( le>n+1 & obs]ve :at are ! po9ts ( contact :i* x (f]s ) ! me?ods adopt$ = ! cultivation ( ! m9d1 w y discov] any f\ndation = ^! suspicions & appreh5sions8 ,:at tru? w y f9d 9 ! reproa*es ( :i* ,ca?olicity has be5 made ! object8 ,h[ va9 & pu]ile w appe> all ! declamation publi%$ on ?is subject6 ,we w n[ ent] fully into ! exam9ation ( ?is difficulty2 we w take ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple1 & analyze x ) ! eye ( imp>tial philosophy4 ,) ?is pr9ciple be=e u1 we w survey ! :ole field ( sci5ce1 & consult ! te/imony ( ! greate/ m54 ,if we f9d t x has ev] be5 oppos$ to ! g5u9e developm5t ( any "o bran* ( le>n+2 if1 on visit+ ! tombs :]e repose ! mo/ illu/ri\s1 !y tell u t ! pr9ciple ( submission to au?ority *a9$ d[n _! intellects1 obscur$ _! imag9ations1 & )]$ _! he>ts1--we w !n ackn[l$ge t ,prote/ants are "r 9 ! reproa*es :i* !y are con/antly direct+ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic religion on ?is subject4 ,god1 man1 society1 nature1 ! entire creation--su* are ! objects on :i* our m9ds c be occupi$2 beyond ! sph]e ( ^! objects we _c rea*1 = !y embrace inf9ity--!re is no?+ beyond !m4 ,well1 !n1 ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple opposes no ob/acle to ! m9d's progress4 ,:e!r z reg>ds ,god or man1 society or nature1 x imposes no %ackles1 places no ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! human m9d2 in/ead ( *eck+ ?is progress1 x r s]ves z a l(ty beacon1 :i*1 f> f int]f]+ ) ! m>9]'s lib]ty1 guides him 9 safety amid ! obscurity ( night4 ,h[ does ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple oppose ! fre$om ( ! human m9d 9 any?+ relat+ to ! ,div9ity8 ,prote/ants surely w n tell u t !re is any?+ at all wrong 9 ! idea :i* ! ,ca?olic religion gives ( ,god4 ,agree+ ) u on ! idea ( a be+ et]nal1 immutable1 inf9ite1 ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>?1 j1 holy1 full ( goodness1 a rew>d] ( ! good1 & a puni%] ( ! wick$1 !y admit ?is to be ! only reasonable idea ( ,god t c be pres5t$ to ! m9d ( man4 ,to ?is idea ! ,ca?olic religion unites an incompreh5sible1 pr(\nd1 & ineffable my/]y1 veil$ f ! sight ( weak mortals1--! augu/ my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity2 b on ?is po9t ,prote/ants _c reproa* u1 unless !y are prep>$ to av[ !mselves ,soc9ians4 ,! ,lu!rans1 ! ,calv9i/s1 ! ,anglicans1 & _m o!r sects1 condemn1 z well z we d1 ^? :o d5y ?is augu/ my/]y4 ,we may rem>k "h1 t ,calv9 _h ,mi*ael ,s]vetus burn$ at ,g5eva = 8 h]etical doctr9es on ! ,tr9ity4 ,i am well aw>e ( ! ravages t ,soc9ianism has made among ! sep>at$ ,*ur*es1 :]e ! _s & ! "r ( private judgm5t 9 matt]s ( fai? h conv]t$ ,*ri/ians into unbeliev+ philosoph]s2 b1 not)/&+ ?is1 ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity 0 long respect$ by ! lead+ ,prote/ant sects1 & is s yet1 ext]nally at lea/1 by ! great] "p ( !m4 ,9 any case1 ,i _c see h[ ?is my/]y %ackles human reason 9 its contemplation ( ! ,div9ity4 ,does x prev5t x f go+ =? into imm5sity8 ,:at limit does x fix to ! inf9ite ocean ( light & be+ impli$ 9 ! ^w ,god8 ,does x 9 ! lea/ obscure ?is spl5dor8 ,:5 ! m9d ( man1 so>+ above ! regions ( creation1 & deta*+ itself f ! body t w\ld be> x d[n1 ab&ons itself to ! delights ( sublime m$itation on ! inf9ite ,be+1 ,creator ( heav5 & e>?1 does ?is augu/ my/]y /op him 9 8 heav5w>d flight8 ,ask ! innum]able volumes writt5 on ! ,div9ity1 eloqu5t & irrefragable te/imonies ( lib]ty enjoy$ by ! human m9d :]ev] ,ca?olicity prevails4 ,! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity relative to ! ,div9ity may be consid]$ "u two aspects2 ei!r z hav+ ref]5ce to my/]ies above our compreh5sion1 or z t\*+ :at is )9 ! rea* ( reason4 ,z reg>ds my/]ies1 _! abode is 9 a region s sublime1 !y app]ta9 to an ord] ( ?+s s sup]ior to any creat$ ?\ght1 t ! m9d1 ev5 aft] ! mo/ ext5sive1 mo/ pr(\nd1 &1 at ! same "t1 mo/ free inve/igations1 is unable1 )\t ! aid ( revelation1 to =m ev5 ! mo/ remote idea ( ^! ineffable wond]s4 ,h[ c ?+s t nev] meet1 :i* are ( a totally di/9ct ord]1 & :i* are an imm5se di/ance ap>t1 int]f]e ) ea* o!r8 ,! intellect c fix ^u "o ( !m by means ( m$itation1 c lose itself 9 contemplat+ x1 )\t ev5 ?9k+ ( ! o!r4 ,c ! moon's orbit come into contact ) ! remote/ ( ! fix$ />s8 ,d y fe> t ! revelation ( a my/]y may limit ! sph]e ( y\r reason's op]ations8 ,are y appreh5sive le/1 9 w&]+ ?r\gh imm5sity1 y may be smo!r$ 9 ! n>r[ness ( y\r reason8 ,0 space want$ = ! g5ius ( ,desc>tes1 ( ,gass5di1 ( ,mallebran*e8 ,did ^! m5 compla9 t _! intellects 7 limit$1 imprison$8 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld !y compla9 7,i speak n ( !m only1 b ( all ! great m9ds ( mod]n times :o h treat$ ( ! ,div9ity71 :5 !y _c b own t !y are indebt$ to ,ca?olicity = ! mo/ spl5did & sublime ideas t enri* _! writ+s8 ,! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 9 _! treatises on ! ,div9ity1 are at an imm5se di/ance bel[ ! lea/ em95t ( our metaphysical !ologians4 ,:at w\ld ,plato himself be comp>$ to ,lewis ( ,granada1 ,l\is de ,lon1 ,fnlon1 or ,bossuet8 ,be=e ,*ri/ianity appe>$ ^u e>?1 be=e ! fai? ( ! ,*air ( ,pet] _h tak5 possession ( ! _w1 ! primitive ideas on ! ,div9ity hav+ be5 effac$1 ! human m9d w&]$ among/ a ?\s& errors1 a ?\s& mon/r\s fancies2 feel+ ! necessity ( a ,god1 man sub/itut$ = ! ,supreme ,be+ ! creation ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,b ev] s9ce ! ineffable spl5dor1 desc5d+ f ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r ( light1 has %one ^u ! :ole e>?1 ideas ( ! ,div9ity h rema9$ s fix$1 cle>1 & simple1 & at ! same "t s l(ty & sublime1 t human reason has obta9$ a wid] range2 ! veil :i* conceal$ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se has be5 )drawn2 ! _w's de/9y has be5 m>k$ out1 & man has receiv$ ! key t expla9s ! wond]s :i* fill & surr\nd him4 ,prote/ants h felt ! =ce ( ?is tru?2 _! av]sion = e ?+ ,ca?olic 0 almo/ fanatical2 yet1 g5]ally speak+1 !y may be said to h respect$ ! idea ( ! ,div9ity4 ,on ?is po9t1 ( all o!rs1 ! _s ( innovation has be5 felt ! lea/4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,! ,god ( ! ,ca?olics 0 too great to be replac$ by any o!r4 ,newton & ,leibnitz1 embrac+ heav5 & e>? 9 _! speculations1 c\ld say no?+ new ( ! ,au?or ( s _m wond]s1 no?+ b :at _h already be5 taught by ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,well _h x be5 = ,prote/ants if1 :il/ 9 ! mid/ ( _! w&]+s !y pres]v$ ?is preci\s treasure1 !y _h fai?fully foll[$ ! example ( _! pr$ecessors1 & _h reject$ t mon/r\s philosophy :i* ?reat5s u ) ! revival ( all errors1 anci5t & mod]n1 beg9n+ ) ! sub/itution ( a mon/r\s pan!ism = ! sublime ,deity ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,let ^? ,prote/ants :o are fri5ds ( tru?1 jeal\s ( ! honor ( _! communion1 devot$ to _! c\ntry's welf>e1 & int]e/$ 9 ! future prospects ( mank9d1 be w>n$ 9 "t4 ,if pan!ism %\ld prevail1 x w n be ! spirituali/ b ! naturali/ philosoph]s :o w triumph4 ,! ,g]man philosoph]s may 9 va9 seek refuge 9 ab/raction & enigmas1 9 va9 condemn ! s5suali/ philosophy ( ! la/ c5tury2 a ,god conf\nd$ ) nature is n ,god1 a ,god id5tifi$ ) e ?+ is no?+2 pan!ism is a deification ( ! univ]se1 t is1 a d5ial ( ,god4 ,:at sorr[ful reflections sugge/ !mselves to u :5 we consid] ! direction n[ tak5 by ! m9ds ( m5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 & m especially 9 ,g]many6 ,ca?olics long s9ce told !m !y w\ld beg9 ) resi/ance to au?ority by d5y+ a dogma1 b w\ld end by a d5ial ( all1 & fall into a!ism2 & ! c\rse ( ideas dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies has fully confirm$ ! tru? ( ! pr$iction4 ,/range1 t ,g]man philosophy %\ld aim at produc+ a reaction aga9/ ! mat]iali/ s*ool1 & ) all its spiritualism end 9 pan!ism6 ,provid5ce1 x w\ld seem1 has orda9$ t ! soil :i* has produc$ s _m errors %\ld be b>r5 ( tru?4 ,out ( ! ,*ur* all is un/ead9ess & confusion2 mat]ialism end+ 9 a!ism1 wild idealism & fanta/ic spiritualism result+ 9 pan!ism6 ,v]ily1 ,god /ill abhors pride1 & repeats ! t]rible *a/isem5t ( ! confusion ( tongues4 ,ca?olicity triumphs ! :ile2 b m\rns 9 ! mid/ ( h] triumphs4 ,i d n see ei!r h[ x c be t ,ca?olicity imp$es ! op]ation ( ! intellect z reg>ds ! /udy ( man4 ,:at does ! ,*ur* require ( u on ?is po9t8 ,:at does %e tea* on ! subject8 ,h[ f> ext5ds ! circle embrac+ ! doctr9es we are =bidd5 to call 9 "q8 ,philosoph]s are divid$ into two s*ools1 ! mat]iali/s & ! spirituali/s4 ,! =m] ass]t t ! human s\l is only a portion ( matt]1 :i*1 by a c]ta9 modification1 produces 9 u :at we call ?\ght & w2 ! latt] ma9ta9s t ! en]gy accompany+ ?\ght & w is incompatible ) ! in]tness ( matt]2 t :at is divisible1 compos$ ( div]s p>ts1 & consequ5tly ( div]s entities1 c\ld n h>monize ) ! simple unity ess5tial to a be+ t ?9ks1 wills1 reasons1 ) itself ^u e ?+1 & possesses ! pr(\nd consci\sness ( individuality4 ,= ^! reasons !y ass]t t ! contr>y op9ion is false & absurd2 & !y gr\nd _! op9ion ^u a v>iety ( consid]ations4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* int]v5es 9 ! dispute1 & says3 ,! s\l ( man is n corporeal1 x is a _s2 y _c be bo? a ,ca?olic & a mat]iali/4 ,b ask ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* by :at sy/ems y are to expla9 ! ideas1 ! s5sations1 ! acts ( ! w1 & human feel+s1--& %e w tell y t on ^! matt]s y are p]fectly free to hold :at y consid] mo/ 9 accordance ) reason2 t fai? does n desc5d to p>ticul> que/ions app]ta9+ to ! affairs ( ?is _w1 :i* ,god himself deliv]$ to ! consid]ation ( m54 ,be=e ! light ( ! ,gospel %one ^u ! _w1 ! s*ools ( philosophy 7 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd ignorance on ! subject ( our orig9 & our de/9y2 none ( ! philosoph]s c\ld expla9 ! pr(\nd contradictions t are f\nd 9 man2 none ( !m succe$$ 9 po9t+ out ! cause ( t /range mixture ( greatness & littl5ess1 ( goodness & malice1 ( k & ignorance1 ( excell5ce & bas5ess4 ,b religion came =?1 & said3 ,man is ! "w ( ,god2 8 de/9y is to be = ev]more unit$ ) ,god2 = him ! e>? is a place ( exile only2 man is no long] :at he 0 :5 he came =? f ! h&s ( 8 ,creator2 ! :ole human race is subject$ to ! consequ5ces ( a great fall4 ,n[ ,i w\ld defy all philosoph]s1 anci5t & mod]n1 to %[ :]e9 ! obligation ( believ+ ^! ?+s militates 9 ! slighte/ degree aga9/ ! progress ( true philosophy4 ,s f>1 inde$1 are ! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity f *eck+ philosophical progress1 t !y are1 on ! contr>y1 a mo/ fruitful s\rce ( ?is progress 9 e respect4 ,if we wi% to make progress 9 any ( ! sci5ces1 x is no slight advantage = ! intellect to h a safe & firm axis ar\nd :i* x may revolve2 x is a =tunate ?+ to be enabl$ to avoid at ! v outset 9 ! intellectual race1 a multitude ( que/ions :i* w\ld entangle u 9 inextricable labyr9?s1 or f :i* we c\ld n escape )\t fall+ into mo/ lam5table absurdities2 9 a ^w1 :5 we approa* ! inve/igation ( ^! que/ions1 we ought to consid] ourselves happy 9 f9d+ !m resolv$ be=eh& 9 _! mo/ important po9ts1 & 9 kn[+ :]e ! tru? lies1 & :]e ! dang] ( fall+ into error4 ,! philosoph]'s position is !n t ( a man :o1 sure ( ! exi/5ce ( a m9e 9 a c]ta9 spot1 does n wa/e 8 "t 9 se>*+ aft] x1 b1 kn[+ 8 gr\nd1 8 rese>*es & labors are pr(itable f ! fir/4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! va/ advantage :i* 9 ^! matt]s mod]n philosoph]s possess ov] ^? ( antiquity3 ! anci5ts _h to grope 9 ! d>k2 ! mod]ns1 prec$$ by brilliant lights1 advance ) a firm & sure /ep1 & m>* /raight to _! de/9ation4 ,!y may boa/ incessantly t !y set aside revelation1 t !y hold x 9 disda91 p]haps t !y ev5 op5ly attack x4 ,ev5 9 ?is case religion enlight5s !m1 & (t5 guides _! /eps2 = !re are a ?\s& spl5did ideas = :i* !y are indebt$ to religion1 & :i* !y _c erase f _! m9ds2 ideas :i* !y h f\nd 9 books1 le>n$ 9 cate*isms1 & imbib$ ) _! milk2 ideas :i* !y he> utt]$ by e "o ar\nd !m1 :i* are spread ev]y:]e1 & :i* impregnate ) _! vivify+ & b5efic5t influ5ce ! atmosph]e !y brea!4 ,9 repudiat+ religion1 ^! same mod]ns are c>ry+ +ratitude to great l5g?s2 = at ! v mom5t !y insult h]1 !y are pr(it+ by h] favors4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into details on ?is matt]1 or num]\s pro(s might easily be adduc$ 9 support ( ! =ego+ obs]vations2 a comp>ison betwe5 ! fir/ works ( mod]n philosophy t came to h& & ! works ( ! anci5ts w\ld be decisive2 b su* a labor w\ld /ill be incomplete = ^? :o are n v]s$ 9 ^! matt]s2 & = ^? :o are s1 x w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,i leave ! "q ) entire confid5ce to ! p]spicacity & imp>tiality ( my read]s2 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be ackn[l$g$ t :5ev] our mod]n philosoph]s h spok5 ( man ) tru? & dignity1 _! language has borne ! impress ( ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,su* is ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity ^u ^? sci5ces :i*1 conf9$ to a purely speculative ord]1 all[ ! g5ius ( ! philosoph] ! wide/ range & ! greate/ fre$om possible2 b if1 z reg>ds ^? sci5ces1 ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 in/ead ( *eck+ ! m9d 9 its flight1 only enl>ges its range1 increases its sublimity1 its d>+1 & at ! same "t its security1 by prev5t+ x f runn+ a/ray1 :at %all we say ( its influ5ce on ! /udy ( e?ics8 ,has ! :ole body ( philosoph]s toge!r ev] discov]$ any ?+ beyond :at is conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel8 ,:at doctr9e excels 9 purity1 9 sanctity1 9 sublimity t taught by ! ,ca?olic religion8 ,on ?is po9t we w d ju/ice to ! philosoph]s1 ev5 to ^? mo/ ho/ile to ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!y h attack$ its doctr9es1 & smil$ at ! div9ity ( its orig92 b h always ev9c$ a pr(\nd respect = its morality4 ,i "k n :at secret influ5ce has con/ra9$ !m into an av[al t mu/ c]ta9ly h co/ !m de>4 ,yes1 !y inv>iably say1 x _c be d5i$ t ! morality ( ,ca?olicity is excell5t4 ,!re are c]ta9 doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity :i* _c be said to app]ta9 directly ei!r to ,god1 to man1 or to morality1 9 ! s5se g5]ally giv5 to ?is ^w4 ,! ,ca?olic religion is a reveal$ religion1 ( an ord] f> sup]ior to any ?+ t ! human m9d is capable ( conceiv+4 ,its object is to guide u to a de/9y t we c\ld nei!r atta9 nor ev5 imag9e by our own /r5g?1 & x is bas$ ^u ?is pr9ciple1 t human nature1 corrupt$ by ! fall1 requires to be re/or$ & purifi$2 evid5tly1 !re=e1 x %\ld conta9 c]ta9 doctr9es explanatory ( ! mode 9 :i* ?is "w ( re/oration & purification is to be effect$1 :e!r 9 a g5]al or p>ticul> s5se2 & at ! same "t po9t+ out ! means :i* ,god has *os5 to lead man to happ9ess4 ,su* are ! doctr9es ( ! ,inc>nation1 ( ,r$emption1 ( ,grace1 & ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,^! dogmas embrace a wide field2 ! relations 9 :i* !y /& to ,god & to man are v ext5sive2 ! doctr9es ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* are1 & always h be51 un*angeable4 ,well !n6 ext5sive z !y are1 !y af=d n a s+le po9t t c be said to h a t5d5cy to emb>rass ! free action ( ! intellect 9 inve/igations ( any k9d4 ,! cause ( ?is fact is ! same z t ,i h already indicat$4 ,^? :o h att5tively comp>$ ! sci5ces ( philosophy & !ology may h rem>k$ t !ology1 9 ! sublime que/ions m5tion$ above1 occupies a sph]e s di/9ct & sup]em95t z sc>cely to pres]ve a s+le po9t ( contact ) t 9 :i* philosophy moves4 ,!y are two va/ & sublime orbits1 occupy+ 9 ! dep?s ( space positions v di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,man sometimes tries to make !m approximate1 & w\ld be glad if a ray ( t]re/rial light c\ld p5etrate into ! region ( incompreh5sible my/]ies2 b he sc>cely kn[s h[ to beg9 ?is1 & we he> him av[1 ) a pr(\nd s5se ( 8 own weakness1 t he is speak+ only conv5tionally & by analogy1 m]ely ) a view to make himself bett] und]/ood4 ,! ,*ur* all[s su* attempts1 ow+ to ! good int5tions !y ev9ce2 sometimes %e ev5 prompts & enc\rages !m1 desir+1 z f> z possible1 to accommodate :at is incompreh5sible 9 h] doctr9es to ! feeble capacities ( m54 ,aft] all _! reason+s on ! attributes ( ! ,div9ity & ! relations ( man to ,god1 h philosoph]s discov]$ any ?+ incompatible ) ^! doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity8 ,h reveal$ tru?s /ood 9 _! way z a /umbl+-block to _! inve/igations8 ,:5 ,desc>tes1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 effect$ a revolution 9 philosophy1 a s+ul> incid5t occurr$ t w ?r[ a /rong light on ?is subject4 ,! ,ca?olic doctr9e respect+ ! augu/ my/]y ( ! ,eu*>i/ is kn[n1 & also 9 :at ! dogma ( transub/antiation consi/s4 ,_m !ologians1 ! read] is also probably aw>e1 9 ord] to expla9 ! sup]natural ph5om5on :i* takes place aft] ! consummation ( ! miracle1 _h rec\rse to ! doctr9e ( accid5ts1 :i* !y di/+ui%$ f ! sub/ance4 ,n[ ! !ory ( ,desc>tes1 & ( almo/ all o!r mod]n philosoph]s1 0 incompatible ) ?is explanation1 = !y d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( accid5ts di/9ct f ! sub/ance4 ,x consequ5tly appe>$ at fir/ sight t a difficulty w\ld "h arise = ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 & t ! ,*ur* w\ld h to oppose ?is sy/em ( philosophy4 ,& did x s happ58 ,n at all4 ,^u a c>eful inve/igation ( ! matt]1 x 0 se5 t ! ,ca?olic dogma belong$ to a region inf9itely above t unc]ta9 "o 9 :i* ! philosophic doctr9e 0 discov]$1 h[ev] closely !y might h seem$ to approximate4 ,9 va9 !ologians discuss$ ! matt]1 indulg$ 9 mutual recrim9ations1 drew f ! new doctr9e all sorts ( inf]5ces1 9 ord] to repres5t x z dang]\s4 ,! ,*ur*1 always sup]ior to ! ?\ghts ( m51 kept alo( f ^! disputes1 ma9ta9+ t grave1 maje/ic1 & impassive attitude s well becom+ h] to :om ,jesus ,*ri/ confid$ ! sacr$ deposit ( ,8 doctr9e4 ,su* is ! lib]ty accord$ by ! ,*ur* to ! g5ius ( philosoph]s1 t x is free 9 e s5se4 ,! ,*ur* has no ne$ to be cont9ually impos+ re/rictions & conditions2 ! sacr$ doctr9es ( :i* %e is ! depository dwell+ 9 s elevat$ a region t ! m9d ( man c sc>cely ev] meet !m1 at lea/ s long z 8 inve/igations d n w&] f ! track ( true philosophy4 ,b ?is human reason1 at once s p[]ful & s feeble1 sometimes becomes puff$ up ) arrogance & pride1 & 9 ! "n ( lib]ty & indep5d5ce claims a "r to blaspheme ! ,almighty1 to d5y man's free w1 ! immortality & spirituality ( 8 s\l1 h] sublime orig9 & h] heav5ly de/9y4 ,at su* a "t we av[1 & we glory 9 ! av[al1 ! ,*ur* does raise h] voice1 n to oppress or tyrannize ov] ! human m9d1 b to def5d ! rights ( ! ,supreme ,be+ & ! dignity ( human nature2 !n1 inde$1 we behold h] oppos+1 ) unyield+ firmness1 t s5seless lib]ty :i* consi/s 9 ! fatal "r ( utt]+ all sorts ( extravagances4 ,?is lib]ty ,ca?olics nei!r possess nor desire1 kn[+ t 9 ^! matt]s1 z 9 o!rs1 !re is a sacr$ l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 lib]ty & lic5ti\sness4 ,happy slav]y1 t keeps u f a!ism1 mat]ialism1 & f d\bt+ :e!r our s\ls come f ,god1 :e!r !y t5d t[>ds ,him1 & :e!r !re exi/s = unhappy mortals1 aft] ! suff]+s t weigh ^u !m 9 ?is life1 a life ( et]nal happ9ess pur*as$ by ! m]its ( a ,god-man6 ,z = ! sci5ces :i* h society = _! object1 ,i ?9k ,i ne$ n v9dicate ! ,ca?olic religion f ! reproa* ( hav+ 9 ?is respect oppress$ ! human m9d4 ,! long tra9 ( reflections 9 :i* ,i h set =? h] doctr9es & h] influ5ce1 z reg>ds ! nature & ext5t ( p[]1 & ! civil & political lib]ty ( nations1 proves to a demon/ration t ! ,ca?olic religion1 )\t desc5d+ to ! ar5a 9 :i* ! passions ( m5 /rive & cont5d1 tea*es a doctr9e mo/ favorable to true civilization & to ! rightly-und]/ood lib]ties ( ! p4 ,i w also t\* briefly ^u ! relations ( ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple ) ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,assur$ly x is n easy to see 9 :at way ?is pr9ciple c be injuri\s to ! progress ( ! human m9d 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( k4 ,i h said1 x is n easy2 ,i might h said impossible1 & t = a v simple reason1 f\nd$ ^u a fact )9 ! rea* ( e man2 viz4 ! extreme res]ve :i* ! ,ca?olic religion ev9ces 9 e ?+ relat+ to purely natural sci5ce4 ,"o might suppose t ,god _h design$1 on ?is matt]1 to read u a sev]e lesson on our excessive curiosity3 y h only to read ! ,bible to be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( :at ,i h advanc$4 ,i d n mean t nature is nev] notic$ 9 ! ,bible2 t div9e book pres5ts h] to u 9 h] gr&e/1 noble/1 & mo/ sublime aspect2 z a liv+ :ole1 9 fact1 toge!r ) all h] relations & h] sublime de/9y1 b )\t any k9d ( analysis or decomposition4 ,9 ^! sacr$ pages ! pa9t]'s p5cil & ! poet's fancy w meet ) magnific5t models2 b ! inquisitive philosoph] w look 9 va9 = ! h9ts he is 9 que/ (4 ,! ,holy ,_s did n aim at mak+ naturali/s1 b virtu\s m52 h5ce1 9 describ+ ! creation1 ,he repres5ts x solely 9 a light ! be/ adapt$ to excite 9 u feel+s ( admiration & gratitude t[>ds ! ,au?or ( s _m wond]s & b5efits4 ,nature1 z %e appe>s 9 ! sacr$ text1 has n mu* to gratify ! curiosity ( ! philosoph]2 b !n %e delights & ennobles ! imag9ation--%e moves & p5etrates ! he>t4 ,,*apt] ,,lxx4 ,,hi/orical ,,analysis ,,( ,,intellectual ,,developm5t4 ,f ! rapid view we h tak5 ( ! sev]al bran*es ( le>n+ 9 _! relations to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 x is cle> to a demon/ration1 t ! alleg$ enslavem5t ( ! intellect among/ ,ca?olics is no?+ b a m]e bugbe>3 9 no respect does our fai? ei!r arre/ or ret>d ! progress ( le>n+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t1 9 argum5ts app>5tly ! mo/ solid1 a flaw is discov]$ :5 !y are br\ght to ! te/ ( facts1 x w be well to corroborate our ass]tion by hi/orical te/imony2 fully assur$ z we are1 t ! result mu/ be favorable to ! cause ( tru?4 ,we w beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,m4 ,guizot ma9ta9s t ! conte/ betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! advocates ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght orig9at$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,notic+ ! ef=ts ( ,john ,erig5a1 ,roscel91 ,abel>d1 & ! al>m !y excit$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 he obs]ves3 ,?is 0 ! great ev5t t occurr$ at ! end ( ! elev5?1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5turies1 at a "t :5 ! ,*ur* 0 "u !ocratic & mona/ic influ5ce4 ,x 0 !n t1 = ! fir/ "t1 a s]i\s /ruggle 0 comm5c$ betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! free?9k]s4 7,hi/4 ,gnrale de la ,civilisation en ,europe4 ,leon #f47 ,! entire scope ( ,m4 ,guizot's "w %[s t1 9 8 judgm5t1 ! be/-f\nd$ reproa* t c\ld be ca/ ^u ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 01 t %e *eck$ ! fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,accord+ to him1 ?is is ! po9t ^u :i* ! advantage ( ! ,prote/ant sy/em ov] ,ca?olicity is ! lea/ controv]tible4 ,8 object be+ ! complete developm5t ( ?is idea1 9 treat+ ( ! religi\s revolution ( ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 requisite = him to deposit x z a se$ 9 8 prelim9>y lectures2 z o!rwise ! fact ( ! ,re=mation w\ld h appe>$ isolat$1 & %orn ( its importance4 ,besides1 x 0 necess>y t ! resi/ance ( ,prote/ants to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* %\ld h a mean+2 t x %\ld c>ry ) x ! appe>ance ( a noble & g5]\s ?\ght2 t x %\ld be reg>d$ z ! proclamation ( ! fre$om ( ! human m9d4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 ! ,*ur*1 on ! "o h&1 mu/ be repres5t$ z ass]t+ claims 9 ! middle ages to :i* %e _h n previ\sly pret5d$2 &1 on ! o!r1 ^? writ]s :o resi/$ ^! alleg$ pret5sions ( ! ,*ur* mu/ be held up z m5 ( extraord9>y p5etration4 ,n[1 su* is precisely ! ?read ( ,m4 ,guizot's disc\rse2 & we h5ce inf] 8 ef=ts to prep>e be=eh& ! triumph ( 8 op9ions4 ,8 plan1 h[ev]1 is ill-conc]t$2 = he appe>s to h ov]look$ ! mo/ palpable facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 & n ev5 to h kn[n :at 7 ! doctr9es ( ! ?ree *ampions1 ^: names he invokes ) s mu* complac5cy4 ,t no "o may accuse me ( mak+ inconsid]ate ass]tions1 ,i w "h quote 8 words lit]ally3 ,?us e ?+1 says he1 seem$ turn+ to ! advantage ( ! ,*ur*1 ( h] unity1 & ( h] p[]4 ,b :il/ ! ,papacy 0 grasp+ at ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :il/ ! mona/]ies 7 und]go+ a moral re=mation1 a few p[]ful b isolat$ individuals claim$ = human reason ! "r ( be+ some?+ 9 man1 ! "r to int]f]e 9 ! =mation ( 8 op9ions4 ,mo/ ( !m refra9$ f attack+ receiv$ op9ions1 or religi\s belief2 !y m]ely said t reason _h a "r to prove !m2 & t x 0 n en\gh t !y 7 affirm$ by au?ority4 ,john ,erig5a1 ,roscel91 & ,abel>d 7 ! int]pret]s1 ?r\gh :om individual reason began to lay claim to h] inh]itance--! fir/ au?ors ( t movem5t ( lib]ty1 :i* 0 associat$ ) ! re=m movem5t ( ,hildebr& & ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,if we seek ! dom9ant feature ( ?is movem5t1 we %all f9d t x 0 n a *ange ( op9ion1 a revolt aga9/ ! sy/em ( public belief2 x 0 simply ! "r ( reason+ claim$ = reason4 7,hi/4 ,gnrale de la ,civilisation en ,europe4 ,leon #f47 ,we w pass ov] ! au?or's s+ul> p>allel betwe5 ! ef=ts ( ,john ,erig5a1 ,roscel91 & ,abel>d1 & ^? ( ! great re=m]s1 ,hildebr& or ,/4 ,gregory ,,vii41 & ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,^! latt] s\ght to re=m ! ,*ur* by legitimate means1 to r5d] ! cl]gy m v5]able by mak+ !m m virtu\s1 & to w9 great] respect = au?ority by sanctify+ ! p]sons entru/$ ) its ex]cise3 ! o!rs1 accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot1 resi/$ ?is au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?2 t is1 !y aim$ at its ov]?r[1 & = ?is purpose laid ! axe to ! root2 ! =m] 7 re=m]s1 ! latt] deva/ators3 & yet we are told t _! ef=ts 7 direct$ to "o & ! same object1 _h "o & ! same t5d5cy4 ,v]ily1 ! philosophy ( hi/ory 7 a sorry ?+1 if x c\ld all[ ( su* a confusion ( ideas6 ,:at progress c be made 9 ?is bran* ( k1 by m5 :o h s /range a way ( deal+ ) facts8 ,b1 ,i repeat1 let u take leave ( ^! ab]rations1 & fix our att5tion specially on two po9ts3 ! wor? ( ^! ?ree writ]s1 s mu* vaunt$1 & ! idea we are told to ent]ta9 ( _! resi/ance to au?ority4 ,d\btless ! names ( ,john ,erig5a & ,roscel9 are already pron\nc$ ) respect by ^? p]sons :o w\ld fa9 be ?\ght well v]s$ 9 ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 )\t hav+ ev] read hi/ory1 & :o are oblig$ to cont5t !mselves ) ^? easy lessons t are le>n$ 9 an h\r1 & /udi$ 9 an ev5+4 ,) p]sons ( ?is description1 x is en\gh to h he>d ^! names pron\nc$ ) emphasis1 to h se5 !m c\pl$ ) epi!ts1 su* z p[]ful m51 advocates ( human reason1 int]pret]s ( individual reason1 to make !m fancy t le>n+ is no less indebt$ to ,erig5a & ,roscel9 ?an to ,desc>tes or ,bacon4 ,)\t be>+ 9 m9d ! rem>ks ,i h already made on ! peculi>ity ( ,m4 ,guizot's position1 x w\ld n be easy to conjecture :y he %\ld seek to repres5t z new & extraord9>y1 :at 01 9 fact1 nei!r new nor uncommon2 h[ he c\ld say t ! ,*ur* fir/ began ! conte/ aga9/ lib]ty ( ?\ght1 :5 %e put d[n ,erig5a1 ,roscel91 & ,abel>d4 ,he br+s =w>d ^! ?ree writ]s1 z ?\gh _! influ5ce _h be5 p>am\nt2 :]eas !y _h no m influ5ce ?an o!r sect>ians1 :o ab\nd$ 9 prec$+ c5turies4 ,:o & :at really 0 ?is ,john ,erig5a8 ,a writ] b imp]fectly v]s$ 9 !ological sci5ce2 b :o1 puff$ up by ! favor %[n him by ,*>les ! ,bold1 broa*$ c]ta9 errors on ! subject ( ! ,eu*>i/1 pr$e/9ation & grace4 ,9 all t1 ,i see only a man dep>t+ f ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*2 & 9 ,ni*olas ! ,fir/ attempt+ to /op him 9 8 c>e]1 ,i see only a ,pope fulfill+ 8 duty4 ,:at is !re 9 all ?is ei!r new or extraord9>y8 ,does n ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les1 exhibit an unbrok5 succession ( simil> facts8 ,i repeat1 x is impossible to conceive = :at purpose ! "n ( ,erig5a is br\ght =w>d4 ,8 errors produc$ no result ( importance2 & ! age 9 :i* he liv$ _c be consid]$ z hav+ ex]cis$ any great influ5ce on ! intellectual developm5t ( subsequ5t times4 ,he liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,n[1 ?is c5tury _h no %>e 9 ! movem5t ( ^? t foll[$2 inde$1 x is well kn[n t ! t5? c5tury 0 ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ignorance dur+ ! middle ages2 & t ! intellectual movem5t comm5c$ only at ! close ( ! t5?1 & at ! op5+ ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,erig5a & ,roscel9 are sep>at$ by two c5turies4 ,z = ,roscel9 & ,abel>d1 x is easi] to und]/& :y _! names are cit$4 ,e "o kn[s ! noise t ,abel>d made 9 ! _w by 8 doctr9es1 & p]haps /ill m by 8 adv5tures4 ,roscel9 may also comm& att5tion by 8 errors1 & especially z ! ma/] ( ,abel>d4 ,to give an idea ( ! _s t guid$ ^! m51 & ( ! op9ion we are to =m ( _! int5tions1 we mu/ ent] into "s details t\*+ _! lives & _! doctr9es4 ,roscel9 0 "o ( ! mo/ crafty m5 ( 8 "t4 ,a subtle dialectician & w>m p>tizan ( ! sect ( ! ,nom9ali/s1 he sub/itut$ 8 own op9ions = ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*2 & end$ by fall+ into ! grave/ errors on ! sacr$ my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,hi/ory has record$ a fact1 t proves inconte/ably ! notori\s di%one/y ( ! man--8 want ( probity & ( mode/y4 ,at ! "t t ,roscel9 0 propagat+ 8 errors1 ,/4 ,anselm1 :o 0 aft]w>ds ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 0 liv+1 b at t "t abbot ( ,beck4 ,lanfranc1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o di$ "s "t be=e1 _h left beh9d him ! highe/ reputation = virtue & s\nd doctr9e4 ,roscel9 ?\ght t ! au?ority ( s high a "n w\ld give curr5cy & consid]ation to 8 errors2 &1 resort+ to ! f\le/ calumny1 he affirm$ t 8 op9ions 7 ! same z ^? ( ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc1 & ,anselm1 abbot ( ,beck4 ,to ?is calumny ,lanfranc c\ld n reply1 z he 0 already 9 ! tomb2 b ! abbot ( ,beck vigor\sly repell$ s unju/ an imputation2 & at ! same "t v9dicat$ ! reputation ( ,lanfranc1 :o _h be5 8 ma/]4 ,! works ( ,/4 ,anselm leave no d\bt z to ! nature ( ,roscel9's errors4 ,we f9d !m record$ ) ! greate/ precision4 ,9 fact1 x 7 difficult to say :y ,m4 ,guizot has conf]r$ s mu* importance ^u ?is man1 or :y he %\ld be adduc$ z "o ( ! pr9cipal *ampions ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,roscel9 to di/+ui% him f o!r h]etics4 ,he is a man :o employs artifices & subtleties1 & falls into error2 b no?+ is m common 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 & x c]ta9ly _c be consid]$ matt] ( a/oni%m5t4 ,abel>d is m des]v+ ( notice3 8 "n has become s fam\s t no "o is unacqua9t$ ) 8 sad adv5tures4 ,a disciple ( ,roscel91 & z well skill$ z 8 ma/] 9 ! dialectics ( ! age1 end[$ ) great tal5ts1 & eag] to p>ade !m on ! pr9cipal !atres ( lit]ature1 ,abel>d e>n$ a reputation nev] atta9$ by ! dialectician ( ,compigne4 ,8 errors on po9ts ( v great importance produc$ mu* mis*ief 9 ! ,*ur*1 & drew ^u himself _m sorr[s4 ,b x is n true1 z ,m4 ,guizot w h x1 t 8 doctr9es met ) less repro( ?an 8 me?od2 nei!r is x true t he & 8 ma/] ,roscel9 _h no int5tion ( effect+ a radical *ange 9 matt]s ( doctr9e4 ,evid5ce ( a mo/ unexceptionable k9d =tunately places ! matt] beyond all d\bt1 & proves t x 0 n ,roscel9's me?od1 b 8 error on ! ,tr9ity1 = :i* he 0 condemn$4 ,nor h we less c]ta9ty 9 ! case ( ,abel>d2 = ! v>i\s errors tak5 f 8 works are pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( articles4 ,we le>n f ,/4 ,b]n>d1 t on ! ,tr9ity1 ,abel>d held ! op9ions ( ,arius--on ! ,inc>nation1 ^? ( ,ne/orius--on grace1 ^? ( ,pelagius4 ,all ?is did n m]ely t5d to a radical *ange ( doctr9e1 b actually 0 "o4 ,i d n "k t ,abel>d ev] prote/$ aga9/ ! tru? ( ^! accusations2 & ev5 if he _h1 we all "k h[ to e/imate su* a prote/4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 ! fam\s ,assembly ( ,s5s--convok$ at ! reque/ ( ,abel>d himself--he _h n a ^w to say 9 reply to ! sa9t$ abbot ( ,clairvaux1 :o reproa*$ him ) 8 errors2 & lay+ be=e him ! v words ( 8 propositions1 extract$ f 8 writ+s1 urg$ him ei!r to def5d or abjure !m4 ,abel>d1 confront$ ) s =midable an adv]s>y1 0 s emb>rass$ t he c\ld only say1 9 reply1 t he appeal$ to ,rome4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,s5s1 out ( respect = ! ,holy ,see1 ab/a9$ f condemn+ ! p]son ( ! innovator1 b did n fail to condemn 8 errors2 & ?is condemnation 0 approv$ by ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 & ext5d$ to 8 p]son also4 ,n[1 f ! articles conta9+ ! errors ( ,abel>d1 x does n appe> t 8 dom9ant idea 0 to proclaim ! lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,he has1 x is true1 an ov]we5+ confid5ce 9 8 own subtleties2 b1 beyond ?is1 8 only fault is an errone\s & dogmatiz+ _s on po9ts ( ! greate/ importance2 a fault :i* he _h 9 common ) all ! h]etics :o prec$$ him4 ,all ?is ,m4 ,guizot ought to h kn[n2 h[ he c h ov]look$ x ,i _c imag9e1 nor :y he atta*es to ^! au?ors an importance :i* !y really d n des]ve4 ,p]haps he 0 anxi\s to furni% ,prote/ants ) "s illu/ri\s pr$ecessors1 :5 he laid su* /ress on ! names ( ,roscel9 & ,abel>d4 ,^! two1 aft] all1 7 n defici5t 9 ability or 9 erudition1 & !y liv$ precisely dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ! intellectual movem5t4 ,probably ,m4 ,guizot ?\ght1 t to br+ ^! two innovators ^u ! sc5e w\ld answ] 8 purpose extremely well1 z %[+ t1 f ! v dawn ( intellectual developm5t1 m5 ( ! greate/ fame _h rais$ _! voices 9 favor ( fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,aft] all1 _h ,m4 ,guizot succe$$ 9 prov+ t ,john ,erig5a1 ,roscel91 & ,abel>d aim$ at no?+ m ?an ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( private exam9ation 9 matt]s ( fai?1 x w\ld n foll[ t ^! innovators _h n s\ght to effect a radical *ange 9 matt]s ( doctr9e4 ,9 fact1 :at c be m radical z reg>ds matt]s ( fai? ?an t :i* /rikes at au?ority1 ! root ( all c]ta9ty8 ,nei!r w\ld x foll[1 t 9 condemn+ ! errors ( ^! m5 ! ,*ur* _h tak5 al>m m]ely at _! me?od2 = if ?is me?od 0 to consi/ 9 )draw+ ! intellect f ! yoke ( au?ority1 ev5 9 matt]s ( fai?1 x 0 itself a v griev\s error1 combat$ at all times by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* nev] w\ld cons5t to h h] au?ority call$ 9 "q on po9ts ( fai?4 ,& yet1 if ^! innovators _h ent]$ into ! conte/ *iefly = ! purpose ( cont5d+ aga9/ au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?1 ,m4 ,guizot w\ld h _h "s reason to notice _! proce$+s z con/itut+ a new era2 b1 /range to say1 _! propositions d n appe> to h be5 drawn up ) a view to advocate ! indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 nor aga9/ au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?2 x 0 n = su* an attempt1 b = o!r errors1 t ! ,*ur* condemn$ !m4 ,:]e1 !n1 are ! accuracy & hi/orical tru? :i* we %\ld expect f su* a man z ,m4 ,guizot8 ,h[ c\ld he v5ture1 9 address+ a num]\s audi5ce1 ?us to sub/itute 8 own ?\ghts = facts8 ,! fact is1 he well knew t ^! 7 matt]s g5]ally treat$ v sup]ficially2 t to ga9 ! sympa?y ( sup]ficial m5 x w\ld suffice to speak 9 pomp\s t]ms ( ! lib]ty ( ?\ght1 to pron\nce c]ta9 names probably he>d by _m = ! fir/ "t1 su* z ,erig5a & ,roscel91 & especially to m5tion ! un=tunate lov] ( ,helose4 ,m4 ,guizot1 unable to conceal f himself t 8 obs]vations ^u ?is p]iod 7 some:at feeble1 tries to apply a rem$y by ins]t+ a passage f ! ,introduction to ! ,!ology ( ,abel>d1 :i*1 9 my op9ion1 is v f> f answ]+ ! purpose ( ! publici/4 ,8 object1 9 fact1 is to %[ t f t v p]iod a vigor\s _s ( resi/ance to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 matt]s ( fai? _h sprung up1 & t ! human m9d 0 ev5 !n long+ to bur/ asund] ! fett]s 9 :i* x _h be5 held4 ,he w\ld h u believe t ,abel>d1 yield+ to ! importunities ( 8 own disciples1 _h ! c\rage to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( au?ority2 & t 8 writ+s 71 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! expression ( a necessity long felt1 ( an idea ) :i* _m m9ds _h long be5 agitat$4 ,! foll[+ is ! passage ref]r$ to3 ,if we seek ! dom9ant feature ( ?is movem5t1 we %all f9d t x 0 n a *ange ( op9ion1 a revolt aga9/ ! sy/em ( public belief2 x 0 simply ! "r ( reason+ claim$ = reason4 ,we h already se5 h[ utt]ly devoid ( tru? is ?is ass]tion ( ! publici/4 ,! v attack ^u au?ority 0 itself a radical *ange 9 op9ions1 & a revolution 9 receiv$ doctr9es2 = ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 0 9 itself a dogma1 & =m$ ! basis ( all religi\s belief1 z exp]i5ce has satisfactorily %[n1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b let u all[ ! hi/orian to proce$3 ,! disciples ( ,abel>d1 z he himself tells u 9 8 ,introduction to ,!ology1 requir$ ( him philosophical argum5ts1 & su* z w\ld satisfy reason1 reque/+ him to tea* !m n m]ely to repeat 8 in/ructions1 b to und]/& !m also2 = no "o c believe :at he does n und]/&1 & x is ridicul\s to prea* to o!rs ?+s t nei!r ! tea*] nor 8 pupils und]/&4 ',:at object c ! /udy ( philosophy h b t ( lead+ ! m9d to ! contemplation ( ,god1 to :om all ?+s are to be ref]r$8 ,:y are ! fai?ful all[$ to read works treat+ ( worldly affairs & ! books ( ! ,g5tiles1 except to prep>e !m to und]/& ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 & to furni% !m ) ! skill necess>y = _! def5ce8444 ,= ?is purpose alone we %\ld avail ourselves ( all our reason+ p[]s1 le/1 on que/ions s difficult & complicat$ z ^? t =m ! object ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! subtilty ( our oppon5ts %\ld too readily injure ! purity ( our fai?4' ,x _c be d5i$1 t 9 ,abel>d's "t a lively curiosity ar\s$ m5's m9ds to employ all _! p[]s to be able to give a reason = :at !y believ$2 b x is n true t ! ,*ur* ?rew any ob/acle 9 ! way ( ?is movem5t1 consid]+ x z a sci5tific me?od1 & s long z x did n ov]/ep legitimate b\nds1 & attack or und]m9e ! articles ( fai?4 ,x is impossible to take a m unfavorable view ( ! ,*ur* ?an ,m4 ,guizot has "h tak5 ( h]2 nor c\ld any "o m completely ov]look1 ,i w ev5 say di/ort1 facts4 ,! importance ( ?is fir/ attempt at lib]ty1 says he1 ( ?is revival ( ! _s ( inquiry1 0 soon felt4 ,! ,*ur*1 ?\gh engag$ 9 effect+ h] own re=m1 took ! al>m nev]!less1 & at once decl>$ w> aga9/ ! re=m]s1 ^: new me?ods m5ac$ h] ) m evils ?an _! doctr9es4 ,?us is ! ,*ur* repres5t$ z conspir+ aga9/ ! progress ( ?\ght1 repress+ ) a /rong arm ! fir/ attempts ( ! m9d to advance 9 ! pa? ( sci5ce1 & lay+ aside que/ions ( doctr9e to cont5d aga9/ me?ods2 & all ?is1 we are told1 z if x 7 some?+ new & wond]ful4 ,=1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 ?is 0 ! great ev5t :i* occurr$ at ! end ( ! elev5? & beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5turies1 at a "t :5 ! ,*ur* 0 "u !ocratic & mona/ic influ5ce4 ,x 0 n[ t1 = ! fir/ "t1 a s]i\s /ruggle comm5c$ betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! free?9k]s4 ,! qu>rels ( ,abel>d & ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! ,c\ncils ( ,soissons & ,s5s1 9 :i* ,abel>d 0 condemn$1 m]ely give expression to ?is ev5t1 :i* has occupi$ s l>ge a space 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n civilization4 ,/ill ! same confusion ( ideas4 ,i h said already1 & mu/ repeat "h t ! ,*ur* has condemn$ no me?od2 x 0 n a me?od1 b error1 t ! ,*ur* condemn$1 unless by a me?od be meant an assault ^u ! articles ( fai?1 "u pret5ce ( break+ ! fett]s ( au?ority1 :i* is n m]ely a me?od1 b an error ( ! v highe/ import4 ,9 reprov+ a p]nici\s doctr9e1 subv]sive ( all fai?1 & d5y+ ! infallibility ( ! ,see ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 matt]s ( doctr9e1 ! ,*ur* did n put =? any new pret5sions2 h] conduct has always be5 ! same ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,apo/les1 & is ! same /ill4 ,! mom5t a doctr9e is propagat$ t appe>s 9 ! lea/ degree dang]\s1 ! ,*ur* exam9es x1 comp>es x ) ! sacr$ deposit ( tru? confid$ to h]2 if ! doctr9e is n inconsi/5t ) div9e tru?1 %e all[s x free circulation1 = %e is n ignorant t ,god has giv5 up ! _w to ! controv]sies ( m52 b if x is oppos$ to ! fai?1 its condemnation is irremissible1 )\t conc]n or regret4 ,7 ! ,*ur* to act o!rwise1 %e w\ld contradict h]self1 & cease to be :at %e is1 ! jeal\s depository ( div9e tru?4 ,if %e all[$ h] infallible au?ority to be que/ion$1 t mom5t %e w\ld =get "o ( h] mo/ sacr$ obligations1 & w\ld lose all claim on our belief2 =1 9 betray+ an indiff]5ce = tru?1 %e w\ld prove h]self to be no long] a religion desc5d$ f heav51 b a m]e delusion4 ,precisely at ! "t ( :i* ,m4 ,guizot speaks1 we obs]ve a fact :i* proves t ! ,*ur* all[s free scope to ! ex]cise ( ?\ght4 ,! high reputation :i* ,/4 ,anselm su/a9$ dur+ 8 :ole c>e]1 & ! great e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held by ! ,sov]eign ,pontiffs ( 8 "t1 are well kn[n2 yet ,/4 ,anselm philosophis$ ) great fre$om4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 ,monologue1 he tells u t "s p]sons entreat$ him to expla9 ?+s by reason alone1 )\t ! aid ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,! ,sa9t 0 n afraid to comply ) _! reque/1 & he accord+ly wrote ! little "w we h j nam$4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( 8 works1 too1 ,/4 ,anselm adopts ! same me?od4 ,v few p]sons conc]n !mselves n[-a-days ab\t anci5t writ]s1 & d\btless v few h read ! works ( ! holy ,doctor ( :om we are speak+4 ,!y display1 h[ev]1 su* p]spicuity ( ?\ght1 su* solid reason+1 & above all su* a discreet & temp]ate judgm5t1 t we are surpris$ to f9d ! human m9d1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! intellectual movem5t1 atta9+ to s high an elevation4 ,9 him we f9d ! greate/ fre$om ( ?\ght comb9$ ) ! respect due to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 & f> f impair+ ! vigor ( 8 ideas1 ?is respect augm5ts _! =ce & p]spicuity4 ,f 8 works we le>n t ,abel>d 0 n ! only "o :o taught1 n m]ely to repeat 8 lectures1 b also to und]/& !m2 = ,/4 ,anselm1 "s ye>s previ\s1 foll[$ ! same me?od ) a cle>ness & solidity f> beyond :at c\ld be expect$ at t "t4 ,we !re discov]1 also1 t 9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* m5 c>ri$ ! op]ations ( reason to ! greate/ possible ext5t1 ?\gh always )9 ! b\nds prescrib$ by its own weakness1 & ) rev]5tial reg>d to ! sacr$ veil t %r\ds augu/ my/]ies4 ,! works ( ,/4 ,anselm prove t ,abel>d 0 n exactly ! man to tea* ! _w t ! end ( philosophical /udies is to lead ! m9d to ! contemplation ( ,god1 to :om all ?+s %\ld be ref]r$2 & t we %\ld avail ourselves ( all our reason+ p[]s1 le/ on que/ions s difficult & complicat$ z ^? t =m ! object ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! subtilties ( our oppon5ts %\ld too readily injure ! purity ( our fai?4 ,b f ! ,sa9t's pr(\nd submission to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 f ! c&or & +5u\sness ) :i* he ackn[l$ges ! limits ( ! human m9d1 we see t he 0 p]suad$ t x is n impossible to believe :at we d n compreh5d2 &1 9 fact1 !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! conviction t a ?+ exi/s1 & a cle> k ( ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we believe4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxi4 ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,9 ,,europe4 ,z we are to exam9e :at 01 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 ! conduct ( ! ,*ur* 9 ref]5ce to innovators1 we w avail ourselves ( ! excell5t opportunity af=d$ by ?is epo* = notic+ ! progress ( ! human m9d4 ,x has be5 said t 9 ,europe intellectual developm5t 0 exclusively !ological4 ,?is is true1 & necess>ily s2 all ! faculties ( man receive _! developm5t accord+ to ! circum/ances t surr\nd him2 & z 8 heal?1 8 temp]am5t1 8 /r5g?1 8 color ev51 & 8 /ature dep5d ^u climate1 food1 mode ( life1 & o!r circum/ances affect+ him1 s 9 l mann] 8 moral & intellectual faculties be> ! /amp ( ! pr9ciples :i* pr$om9ate 9 ! family & society ( :i* he =ms a con/itu5t "p4 ,n[1 9 ,europe1 religion 0 ! pr$om9at+ elem5t2 9 e ?+ religion made h]self he>d & felt2 n[h]e 0 !re a pr9ciple ( life or action discov]able unconnect$ ) religion4 ,x 0 q natural1 !re=e1 t 9 ,europe all ! faculties ( man %\ld h _! developm5t 9 a religi\s s5se4 ,a little att5tion w %[ u t ?is 0 ! case n ) ! intellect only1 b likewise ) ! he>t1 ) ! passions ev51 & ) ! :ole moral man2 j z1 9 :atev] direction we g 9 ,europe1 we meet at e /ep ) "s monum5t ( religion2 s :atev] faculty we exam9e 9 ! individual ,european1 we f9d ^u x ! impress ( religion4 ,& ! case 0 ! same ) families & society z ) individuals2 religion 0 equally pr$om9ant 9 bo?4 ,:]ev] man has progress$ t[>ds a /ate ( p]fection1 we obs]ve a simil> ph5om5on2 & x is an inv>iable fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 t no society ev] ent]$ on ! road to civilization1 save "u ! direction & impulse ( religi\s pr9ciples4 ,true or false1 rational or absurd1 :]ev] man is on ! road to improvem5t1 ^! pr9ciples are f\nd4 ,"s nations1 inde$1 may well excite our pity at ! mon/r\s sup]/itions into :i* !y h fall52 b we /ill mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t1 "u ^! v sup]/itions1 lay conceal$ g]ms ( good t did n fail to produce consid]able b5efits4 ,! ,egyptians1 ,phnicians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans 7 all extremely sup]/iti\s2 yet ! progress !y made 9 civilization & intellectual culture 0 su*1 t _! monum5ts & memorials /rike u ev5 yet ) admiration4 ,x is easy to smile at an extravagant obs]vance or a s5seless dogma2 b we %\ld rememb] t ! gr[? & pres]vation ( c]ta9 moral pr9ciples _c be o!rwise secur$ ?an "u ! protect+ %ade ( religi\s belief4 ,n[1 ^! pr9ciples are mo/ indisp5sably necess>y to prev5t individuals f be+ mon/r\sly *ang$1 & to ma9ta9 ! social & family ties unbrok54 ,mu* has be5 said aga9/ ! immorality tol]at$1 p]mitt$1 & sometimes ev5 taught by c]ta9 =ms ( religion2 & c]ta9ly no?+ is m lam5table ?an to behold man ?us l$ a/ray by t :i* ought to be 8 be/ guide4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 look = a reality b5ea? ^! %ad[s1 :i* appe> at fir/ s gloomy1 & we %all soon discov] "s rays ( light t may lead u to reg>d false religions1 n inde$ ) indulg5ce1 b ) less horror ?an ^? infam\s sy/ems :i* make matt] self-exi/5t1 & pleasure ! only div9ity4 ,to pres]ve ! idea ( moral good & evil1 an idea )\t mean+ except 9 ! supposition t !re exi/s a div9e p[]1 is itself an ine/imable advantage4 ,n[ ?is advantage adh]es insep>ably to e =m ( religion1 ev5 to ^? t make ! mo/ absurd & mo/ crim9al applications ( ! idea ( good & evil4 ,d\btless1 ! p ( antiquity1 & ^? ( our own "t :o h n receiv$ ! light ( ,*ri/ianity1 h gone mo/ deplorably a/ray2 b1 9 ! mid/ ( _! v w&]+s1 !re always rema9s a c]ta9 degree ( light2 & ?is light1 h[ev] dimly x %9es1 h[ev] fa9t & feeble its rays1 is incomp>ably bett] ?an ! ?ick d>kness ( a!ism4 ,betwe5 ! nations ( antiquity & ^? ( ,europe !re is ?is v rem>kable diff]5ce1 t ! =m] pass$ f a /ate ( infancy to a /ate ( civilization2 :ile ! latt] advanc$ to ?is1 9 pass+ f t undef9able /ate :i*1 9 ,europe1 0 ! result ( ! invasion ( ! b>b>ians1 ( ! confus$ mixture ( a "y ) a decrepit society1 ( rude & f]oci\s nations ) o!rs t 7 civiliz$1 cultivat$1 or r effem9ate4 ,h5ce1 among/ ! anci5ts ! imag9ation 0 develop$ be=e ! intellect1 :il/ among/ ,europeans ! intellect came be=e ! imag9ation4 ,) ! =m]1 poetry came fir/2 ) ! latt]1 :at is t]m$ dialectics & metaphysics4 ,:at is ! reason ( s /rik+ a diff]5ce8 ,:5 a p are yet 9 _! infancy1 ei!r an infancy prop]ly s call$1 or hav+ liv$ long 9 ignorance1 9 a /ate simil> to t ( an infant p1 we f9d !m ri* 9 s5sations1 b v poor 9 ideas4 ,nature1 ) h] maje/y1 h] wond]s1 & h] my/]ies1 affects su* a p ! mo/2 _! language is gr&1 picturesque1 & highly poetical2 _! passions are n ref9$1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are v en]getic & viol5t4 ,n[ an intellect t +5u\sly seeks ! light1 loves tru? 9 its purity & simplicity1 confesses & embraces x readily1 l5d+ itself nei!r to subtilties1 artifices1 nor disputes4 ,! lea/ ?+ t makes a vivid impression ^u ! s5ses or ! imag9ation ( su* a p fills !m ) surprise & wond]2 y _c inspire !m ) en?usiasm )\t sett+ be=e !m some?+ h]oic & sublime4 ,on ! fir/ glance at ! /ate ( ! p ( ,europe 9 ! middle ages1 we p]ceive 9 !m a c]ta9 resemblance to an infant p1 b1 at ! same "t1 a v /rik+ diff]5ce on sev]al po9ts4 ,_! passions are v /rong1 !y are pleas$ beyond e ?+ ) ! wond]ful & ! extraord9>y1 &1 = want ( realities1 _! imag9ation conjures up gigantic phantoms4 ,! pr(ession ( arms is _! favorite occupation2 !y ru% eag]ly into ! mo/ p]il\s adv5tures1 & meet !m ) incr$ible c\rage4 ,all ?is indicates a developm5t ( ! feel+s ( s5sibility & imag9ation1 inasmu* z !y produce intrepidity & valor2 b1 /range to say1 toge!r ) ^! dispositions1 we f9d a s+ul> ta/e = ?+s ! mo/ purely intellectual2 ) ! mo/ lively1 ard5t1 & picturesque reality1 we f9d associat$ a ta/e = ! colde/ & b>e/ ab/ractions4 ,a knight1 ) ! cross on 8 %\ld]1 gorge\sly clad1 cov]$ ) trophies1 beam+ ) glory won 9 a hundr$ combats2 a subtile dialectician1 disput+ on ! sy/em ( ! ,nom9ali/s1 & urg+ 8 subtilely devis$ ab/ractions till he becomes un9telligible2--^! are c]ta9ly two *>act]s v dissimil>1 & yet !y exi/ toge!r 9 ! same society2 bo? h _! pre/ige1 receive ! greate/ homage1 & are foll[$ by en?usia/ic admir]s4 ,ev5 :5 we h tak5 into acc\nt ! s+ul> position ( ! ,european nations at t p]iod1 x is n easy to assign a cause = ?is anomaly4 ,we c easily und]/& h[ ! p ( ,europe1 em]g+1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! =e/s ( ! ,nor?1 & engag$ = a long "t ei!r 9 inte/9e w>s or 9 conflicts ) vanqui%$ tribes1 %\ld h pres]v$1 toge!r ) _! w>like habits1 a /rong & lively imag9ation & viol5t passions2 b x is n s easy to acc\nt = _! ta/e = an ord] ( ideas purely metaphysical & dialectical4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to look deeply into ! matt]1 we discov] t ?is app>5t anomaly _h its orig9 9 ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,h[ is x t a p 9 _! infancy h s mu* imag9ation & s5sibility8 ,because ! objects by :i* ^! faculties are naturally excit$ ab\nd ar\nd !m2 because individuals1 be+ cont9ually expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 ^! objects op]ate ^u !m m =cibly4 ,man fir/ feels & imag9es2 lat] he und]/&s & reflects3 ?is is ! natural ord] 9 :i* 8 faculties beg9 to op]ate4 ,h5ce1 ) e p ! developm5t ( ! imag9ation & ( ! passions prec$es t ( ! intellect2 ! passions & ! imag9ation f9d+ _! object & alim5t be=e ! intellect4 ,?is acc\nts1 also1 = ! fact t ! poetical always prec$es ! philosophical era4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 t nations 9 _! infancy ?9k little1 z !y want ideas2 & ?is is ! *ief di/9ctive m>k betwe5 !m & ! p ( ,europe at ! p]iod we are speak+ (4 ,9 fact1 ideas at t "t ab\nd$ 9 ,europe2 & h5ce ! purely intellectual 0 held 9 su* repute ev5 amid/ ! mo/ pr(\nd ignorance4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! intellect /rove to %9e ev5 be=e its "t appe>$ to h arriv$4 ,s\nd ideas respect+ ,god1 respect+ man & society1 7 already ev]y:]e dissem9at$1 ?anks to ! incessant tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity2 & z !re /ill rema9$ num]\s traces ( ! wisdom ( antiquity1 bo? ,*ri/ian & ,pagan1 ! consequ5ce 01 t e man possess$ ( a little le>n+ _h1 9 fact1 a great fund ( ideas4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t not)/&+ ^! advantages1 ! m9ds ( m5 c\ld n1 amid/ ! *aos ( erudition & philosophy t !n pres5t$ itself1 escape ! confusion naturally result+ f ! wide-spread ignorance1 occasion$ by a long succession ( revolutions4 ,!y c\ld n possess suffici5t discrim9ation & judgm5t to pursue all at once1 & ) success1 ! /udy ( ! ,bible1 ( ! writ+s ( ! holy ,fa!rs1 ( ! civil & canon law1 ( ! works ( ,ari/otle1 & ( ! ,arabian comm5t>ies4 ,yet ^! 7 all /udi$ at ! same "t2 on all ^!1 disputes 7 zeal\sly ma9ta9$2 & ! errors & extravagances :i* 9 su* a /ate ( ?+s 7 inevitable 7 accompani$ by ! presumption t is inv>iably inh]5t 9 ignorance4 ,to succe$ 9 expla9+ c]ta9 passages ( ! ,bible1 ( ! ,fa!rs1 ( ! codes1 & ( ! works ( philosoph]s1 great prep>atory labors 7 necess>y1 z ! exp]i5ce ( subsequ5t ages has prov$4 ,x 0 necess>y to /udy languages1 to exam9e ar*ives & monum5ts1 to collect toge!r f all p>ts an imm5se mass ( mat]ials2 !n1 to r$uce ^! to ord]1 to comp>e !m toge!r1 & to discrim9ate betwe5 !m2 9 a ^w1 x 0 necess>y to possess a ri* fund ( le>n+1 enlight5$ by ! tor* ( criticism4 ,n[ all ?is 0 !n want+1 & c\ld only be atta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,! consequ5ce 0 inevitable1 consid]+ ! mania t exi/$ = expla9+ e ?+4 ,if a difficulty arose1 & ! facts & k requisite = its solution 7 want+1 !y adopt$ a r\ndab\t way2 in/ead ( seek+ ! support d]ivable f facts1 ! disputants took _! /& ^u an idea2 sub/itut+ "s subtle ab/raction = solid reason+2 :]e !y f\nd x impossible to =m a body ( s\nd doctr9e1 !y ?rew toge!r a confus$ mass ( ideas & words4 ,:o c\ld repress a smile1 or n feel pity = ,abel>d1 = in/ance1 promis+ 8 disciples to expla9 to !m ! prophet ,eze*iel1 ) v little "t = prep>ation1 & actually fulfill+ 8 promise8 ,i w\ld ask ! read] :e!r1 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 an explanation ( ,eze*iel1 giv5 ) only a slight prep>ation1 c\ld h be5 successful or int]e/+8 ,! /udy ( dialectics & metaphysics 0 embrac$ ) s mu* ardor1 t 9 a %ort "t ^! bran*es ( k sup]s$$ all o!rs4 ,! consequ5ces 7 prejudicial to ! m9ds ( m52 _! att5tion be+ :olly engross$ by ?is object ( _! *oice1 ! pursuit ( m solid le>n+ 0 reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce--hi/ory 0 neglect$1 lit]ature unnotic$1 9 a ^w1 ! m9d 0 only half develop$4 ,e ?+ app]ta9+ to ! imag9ation & ! feel+s 0 sacrific$ to ! cultivation ( ! intellect2 n1 inde$1 9 its mo/ useful op]ations1--! =mation ( a cle> & p]fect p]ception1 ( a mature judgm5t1 ( a habit ( s\nd & accurate reason+1--b 9 ^? :i* are a/ute1 subtle1 & extravagant4 ,^? :o w\ld reproa* ! ,*ur* = h] conduct at t p]iod 9 ref]5ce to innovators h a v imp]fect und]/&+ ( ! actual condition ( ,europe z reg>ds sci5ce & religion4 ,we h already se5 t ! intellectual developm5t 0 religi\s2 consequ5tly1 ev5 :5 x deviat$ f ! "r pa?1 x /ill reta9$ ?is "*1 & ! odde/ subtilties 7 appli$ to my/]ies ! mo/ sublime4 ,almo/ all ! h]etics ( ! "t 7 r5[n$ dialecticians1 & _! errors arose f an excess ( subtilty4 ,roscel91 "o ( ! lead+ dialecticians ( 8 "t1 0 ! f\nd]1 or at lea/ "o ( ! lead]s ( ! sect ( ! ,nom9ali/s4 ,abel>d 0 celebrat$ = ! read9ess ( 8 tal5ts1 8 skill 9 disputation1 & 8 address 9 expla9+ e ?+ to suit 8 !sis4 ,! abuse ( 8 intellect l$ him into ! errors :i* we h already spok5 (--errors :i* he w\ld h avoid$1 _h he n pr\dly yield$ himself up to 8 own va9 ?\ghts4 ,! mania = subtilis+ e ?+ drew ,gilb]t de la ,poire into ! mo/ lam5table errors on ! subject ( ! ,div9ity2 ,amaury1 ano!r celebrat$ philosoph]1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! "t1 took up s w>mly ! "q ( ,ari/otle's primordial matt]1 t he end$ by decl>+ matt] to be ,god4 ,! ,*ur* /r5u\sly oppos$ ^! errors1 :i* arose 9 great numb]s 9 m9ds l$ a/ray by va9 argum5ts1 & puff$ up ) fooli% pride4 ,x w\ld argue a /range misconception ( ! true int]e/s ( sci5ce1 to suppose t ! ,*ur*'s resi/ance to ^! rav+ innovators 0 n mo/ favorable to intellectual progress4 ,^! head/rong m51 eag] 9 ! pursuit ( k1 & captivat$ by ! fir/ *im]a pres5t$ to _! imag9ation1 /ood greatly 9 ne$ ( "s discreet au?ority to re/ra9 !m )9 ! b\nds ( reason & mod]ation4 ,! intellect _h sc>cely tak5 ! fir/ /eps 9 ! c>e] ( k1 & yet fanci$ x already knew e ?+1 pret5d+ to "k all ?+s except ! nescio1 ,i "k n1 z ,/4 ,b]n>d reproa*es ! va9 ,abel>d4 ,:y %\ld we n1 = ! good ( humanity1 & ! cr$it ( ! human intellect1 approve ! condemnation pron\nc$ by ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! errors ( ,gilb]t1 :i* aim$ at no?+ less ?an ! ov]?r[ ( ! ideas t we h ( ,god8 ,if ,amaury & 8 disciple ,david de ,d9ant are smitt5 by ! s5t5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 x is because !y de/roy ! idea ( ! ,div9ity by conf\nd+ ! ,creator ) primordial matt]4 ,0 x = ! advantage ( ,europe t its intellectual movem5t %\ld be comm5c$ by precipitat+ itself at ! v outset into ! abyss ( pan!ism8 ,_h ! human intellect foll[$ 9 its developm5t ! way m>k$ out = x by ! ,*ur*1 ,european civilization w\ld h ga9$ at lea/ two c5turies2 ! f\rte5? c5tury w\ld h be5 z f> advanc$ z ! sixte5? 04 ,to conv9ce ourselves ( ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion1 we h only to comp>e writ+s ) writ+s1 & m5 ) m52 ! m5 mo/ firmly atta*$ to ! fai? ( ! ,*ur* atta9$ to su* em95ce t !y left ! age 9 :i* !y liv$ f> beh9d !m4 ,roscel9's antagoni/ 0 ,/4 ,anselm2 ! latt] always rema9$ fai?ful to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 ! =m] rebell$ aga9/ h]3 & :o1 let met ask1 w\ld h ! h>dihood to comp>e ! dialectician ( ,compigne ) ! le>n$ ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury8 ,h[ va/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr(\nd & skilful metaphysician :o compos$ ! ,monologue & ! ,prosologue1 & ! frivol\s lead] ( ! disputes ( ! ,nom9ali/s6 ,h ! subtilties & cavill+s ( ,roscel9 any weight :atev] aga9/ ! l(ty ?\ghts ( ! man :o1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 c\ld reject all va9 & capti\s reason+s1 conc5trate himself )9 himself1 consult 8 own ideas1 comp>e !m ) _! object1 & demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! v idea ( ,god1 ?us anticipat+ ,desc>tes by five hundr$ ye>s8 ,:o be/ und]/ood ! true int]e/s ( sci5ce8 ,%[ me h[ ! intellect ( ,/4 ,anselm 0 degrad$ or %ackl$ by ! influ5ce ( ! =midable au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 by any usurpation on ! "p ( ,popes ( ! rights ( ! human m9d4 ,& c ,abel>d himself be comp>$1 ei!r z a man1 or z a writ]1 ) 8 ,ca?olic adv]s>y1 ,/4 ,b]n>d8 ,abel>d 0 a p]fect ma/] ( all ! subtilties ( ! s*ools2 noisy disputes 7 8 amusem5t2 he 0 intoxicat$ ) ! applause ( 8 disciples1 :o 7 dazzl$ by _! ma/]'s tal5ts & c\rage1 & /ill m by ! le>n$ follies ( ! age2 yet :at has become ( 8 works8 ,:o reads !m8 ,:o ev] ?9ks ( f9d+ 9 !m a s+le page ( s\nd reason+1 ! description ( a s+le great ev5t1 or a picture ( ! mann]s ( ! "t1 9 o!r words1 ! lea/ matt] ( int]e/ to sci5ce or hi/ory8 ,on ! contr>y1 :at man ( le>n+ has n (t5 s\ght ?is 9 ! immortal works ( ,/4 ,b]n>d8 ,x is impossible to f9d a m sublime p]sonification ( ! ,*ur* combat+ aga9/ ! h]etics ( 8 "t ?an ! illu/ri\s ,abbot ( ,clairvaux1 cont5d+ aga9/ all innovators1 & speak+1 if we may use ! t]m1 9 ! "n ( ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,no "o c\ld m wor?ily repres5t ! ideas & s5tim5ts :i* ! ,*ur* endeavor$ to diffuse among/ mank9d1 nor m fai?fully del9eate ! c\rse ?r\gh :i* ,ca?olicity w\ld h l$ ! human m9d4 ,let u pause = a mom5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is gigantic m9d1 :i* atta9$ to an em95ce f> beyond any ( its contempor>ies4 ,?is extraord9>y man fills ! _w ) 8 "n--upheaves x by 8 words--sways x by 8 influ5ce2 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness he is its light2 he =ms1 z x 71 a my/]i\s l9k1 connect+ ! two epo*s ( ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ( ,bossuet & ,b\rdal\e4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a g5]al relaxation & corruption ( morals1 by ! /ricte/ obs]vances & ! mo/ p]fect purity he is pro( aga9/ e assault4 ,ignorance prevails ?r\gh\t all classes2 he /udies night & day to enlight5 8 m9d4 ,a false & c\nt]feit erudition usurps ! place ( true k2 he kn[s its uns\ndness1 disda9s & despises x2 & 8 eagle eye discov]s at a glance t ! /> ( tru? moves at an imm5se di/ance f ?is false reflection1 f ?is crude mass ( subtilties & follies1 :i* ! m5 ( 8 "t t]m$ philosophy4 ,if at t p]iod !re exi/$ any useful le>n+1 x 0 to be s\ght 9 ! ,bible1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ! holy ,fa!rs2 to ! /udy ( ^!1 !re=e1 ,/4 ,b]n>d devotes himself unremitt+ly4 ,f> f consult+ ! va9 babbl]s :o are argu+ & declaim+ 9 ! s*ools1 ,/4 ,b]n>d seeks 8 inspirations 9 ! sil5ce ( ! cloi/]1 or 9 ! augu/ sanctu>y ( ! temple2 if he goes out1 x is to contemplate ! great book ( nature1 to /udy et]nal tru?s 9 ! solitude ( ! des]t1 &1 z he himself has express$ x1 9 =e/s ( bee*-trees4 ,?us did ?is great man1 ris+ sup]ior to ! prejudices ( 8 "t1 avoid ! evil produc$ 9 8 contempor>ies by ! me?od !n prevail+4 ,by ?is me?od ! imag9ation & ! feel+s 7 /ifl$2 ! judgm5t w>p$2 ! intellect %>p5$ to excess2 & le>n+ conv]t$ into a labyr9? ( confusion4 ,read ! works ( ! sa9t$ ,abbot ( ,clairvaux1 & y w f9d t all 8 faculties g1 z x 71 h& 9 h&4 ,if y look = imag9ation1 y w f9d ! f9e/ color+1 fai?ful portraits1 & spl5did descriptions4 ,if y want feel+1 y w le>n h[ skilfully he f9ds 8 way into ! he>t1 captivates1 subdues1 & fa%ions x to 8 w4 ,n[ he /rikes a salut>y fe> into ! h>d5$ s9n]1 trac+ ) great =ce ! =midable picture ( ! div9e ju/ice & ! et]nal v5geance2 !n he consoles & su/a9s ! man :o is s9k+ "u worldly adv]sity1 ! assaults ( 8 passions1 ! recollection ( 8 transgressions1 or an exagg]at$ fe> ( ! div9e ju/ice4 ,d y want pa?os8 ,li/5 to 8 colloquies ) ,jesus & ,m>y2 he> him speak+ ( ! bless$ ,virg9 ) su* enraptur+ sweetness1 t he seems to exhau/ all ! epi!ts t ! livelie/ hope & ! mo/ pure & t5d] love c sugge/4 ,w\ld y h vigor & vehem5ce ( /yle1 & t irresi/ible torr5t ( eloqu5ce :i* no?+ c resi/1 :i* c>ries ! m9d beyond itself1 fires x ) en?usiasm1 compels x to ent] ^u ! mo/ ardu\s pa?s1 & to und]take ! mo/ h]oic ent]prises8 ,see him ) 8 burn+ words inflam+ ! zeal ( ! p1 nobles1 & k+s2 mov+ !m to quit _! homes1 to take up arms1 & to unite 9 num]\s armies t p\r into ,asia to rescue ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,?is extraord9>y man is e :]e met )1 e :]e he>d4 ,entirely free f ambition1 he possesses1 nev]!less1 a lead+ influ5ce 9 ! great affairs ( ,europe3 ?\gh fond ( solitude & retirem5t1 he is cont9ually oblig$ to quit ! obscurity ( ! cloi/] to assi/ 9 ! c\ncils ( k+s & popes4 ,he nev] flatt]s1 nev] betrays ! tru?1 nev] dissembles ! sacr$ ardor :i* burns )9 8 brea/2 & yet he is e :]e li/5$ to ) pr(\nd respect2 8 /]n voice is he>d 9 ! cottages ( ! poor & 9 ! palaces ( k+s2 he admoni%es ) t]rible sev]ity ! mo/ obscure monk & ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff4 ,9 ! mid/ ( s mu* ardor & activity1 8 m9d loses none ( its cle>ness or precision4 ,8 exposition ( a po9t ( doctr9e is rem>kable = ease & lucidity2 8 demon/rations are vigor\s & conclusive2 8 reason+ is conduct$ ) a =ce ( logic t presses close ^u 8 adv]s>y1 & leaves him no means ( escape3 9 def5ce1 8 quickness & address are surpris+4 ,9 8 answ]s he is cle> & precise2 9 rep>tee1 quick & p5etrat+2 & )\t deal+ 9 ! subtilties ( ! s*ools1 he displays wond]ful tact 9 dis5tangl+ tru? f error1 s\nd reason f artifice & fraud4 ,"h is a man =m$ entirely & exclusively "u ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity2 a man :o nev] /ray$ f ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 :o nev] dream$ ( sett+ 8 intellect free f ! yoke ( au?ority2 & yet he rises l a mighty pyramid above all ! m5 ( 8 "t4 ,to ! et]nal honor ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & utt]ly to disprove ! accusation br\ght aga9/ h]1 ( ex]t+ an influ5ce ho/ile to ! fre$om ( ! human m9d1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t ,/4 ,b]n>d 0 n ! only man :o rose sup]ior to ! age1 & po9t$ out ! way to g5u9e progress4 ,x is unque/ionably c]ta91 t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( t p]iod1 ^? lea/ influ5c$ by ! evils t s long kept ! human m9d 9 pursuit ( m]e vanities & %ad[s1 7 precisely ! m5 mo/ devot$ly atta*$ to ,ca?olicity4 ,^! m5 set an example ( :at 0 necess>y to be done = ! advancem5t ( le>n+2 an example t = a long "t _h1 x is true1 b few foll[]s1 b :i* f\nd "s 9 subsequ5t ages3 n[ x is to be obs]v$ t ! progress ( le>n+ 0 due to ! cr$it obta9$ by ?is me?od--,i speak ( ! /udy ( antiquity4 ,! sacr$ sci5ces 7 ! *ief object ( att5tion at ?is p]iod2 z ! intellect 0 !ologically develop$1 dialectics & metaphysics 7 /udi$ ) a view to _! application to !ology4 ,) ,roscel91 ,abel>d1 ,gilb]t de la ,poire1 & ,amaury1 ! phrase 03 ,let u reason1 subtilise1 & apply our sy/ems to all sorts ( que/ions2 let our reason be our rule & guide1 )\t :i* k is impossible4 ,) ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,/4 ,anselm1 ,hugh & ,ri*>d de ,/4 ,victor1 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 on ! contr>y1 x 03 ,let u see :at antiquity tea*es2 let u /udy ! works ( ! holy ,fa!rs2 let u analyse & comp>e _! texts2 we _c place our dep5d5ce exclusively on argum5ts1 :i* are sometime dang]\s & sometimes futile4 ,:i* ( ^! two judgm5ts has be5 actually confirm$8 ,:i* ( ^! me?ods 0 adopt$ :5 real progress 0 to be made8 ,0 n rec\rse _h to an unremitt+ /udy ( anci5t works8 ,0 x n f\nd necess>y to ?r[ aside ! cavils ( ! dialecticians8 ,prote/ants !mselves boa/ ( hav+ tak5 ?is way2 _! !ologians consid] x an honor to be v]s$ 9 antiquity2 & w\ld be (f5d$ if treat$ z m]e dialecticians4 ,on :i* side1 !n1 0 reason8 ,) ! h]etics1 or ) ! ,*ur*8 ,:o be/ und]/ood ! me?od mo/ favorable to intellectual progress8 ,! h]etical dialectician1 or ! or?odox doctor8 ,to ^! que/ions !re c only be "o reply4 ,^! are n m]e op9ions--!y are facts2 n an empty !ory1 b ! actual hi/ory ( le>n+1 z kn[n by all ! _w1 & z repres5t$ to u 9 irrefragable docum5ts4 ,unless prepossess$ by ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,guizot1 ! read] c]ta9ly _c compla9 t ,i h es*ew$ que/ions ( hi/ory1 or claim$ 8 belief on my own b>e ^w4 ,unhappily1 mank9d seem$ doom$ nev] to f9d ! true road )\t go+ a long way r\nd2 ?us ! intellect1 tak+ ! v wor/ way ( all1 w5t 9 pursuit ( subtilties & cavils1 =sak+ ! beat5 track ( reason & good s5se4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury ! evil _h rea*$ to su* a height1 t to apply a rem$y 0 no slight und]tak+2 nor is x easy to say h[ f> matt]s might h gone1 nor :at evils w\ld h ensu$ 9 v>i\s ways1 _h n ,provid5ce1 :o nev] ab&ons ! c>e ( ! moral1 any m ?an ( ! physical univ]se1 rais$ up an extraord9>y g5ius1 :o1 ris+ to an imm5se height above ! m5 ( 8 age1 r$uc$ ! *aos to ord]4 ,out ( ! undige/$ mass1 by retr5*+ "h1 add+ !re1 classify+ & expla9+1 ?is man collect$ a fund ( real le>n+4 ,p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( le>n+ at t "t w readily und]/& t ,i speak ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,rightly to appreciate ! extraord9>y m]it ( ?is great ,doctor1 we mu/ view him 9 connection ) ! times & circum/ances ( :i* we are treat+4 ,behold+ 9 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as "o ( ! mo/ lum9\s1 mo/ compreh5sive1 & mo/ p5etrat+ intellects t h ev] adorn$ ! human race1 we are almo/ tempt$ to ?9k t 8 appe>ance 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 inopportune2 we regret t he did n live 9 a m rec5t age1 to ent] ! li/s ) ! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 ( :om mod]n ,europe c boa/4 ,b1 ^u fur!r reflection1 we f9d t ! human m9d owes s mu* to him1 we see s cle>ly ! reason :y 8 appe>ance at ! "t :5 ,europe receiv$ 8 lectures 0 mo/ opportune1 t we h no o!r feel+ left ?an "o ( pr(\nd admiration ( ! designs ( ,provid5ce4 ,:at 0 ! philosophy ( 8 "t8 ,amid/ ! /range comp\nd ( ,greek & ,arabian philosophy & ( ,*ri/ian ideas1 :at w\ld h become ( dialectics1 metaphysics1 & morality8 ,we h already se5 :at sort ( fruit began to gr[ out ( su* comb9ations1 favor$ by a degree ( ignorance unable to di/+ui% ! real nature ( ?+s1 & enc\rag$ by pride t pret5d$ to a k ( e ?+4 ,& yet ! evil 0 only beg9n+2 its fur!r developm5t w\ld h be5 att5d$ ) symptoms /ill m al>m+4 ,=tunately1 ?is great man appe>$2 ! fir/ t\* ( 8 p[]ful h& advanc$ le>n+ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,he c\ld n root out ! evil1 b at lea/ he appli$ a rem$y2 ow+ to 8 indisputable sup]iority1 8 me?od & 8 le>n+ soon won _! way ev]y:]e4 ,he became1 z x 71 ! c5tre ( a gr& sy/em1 r\nd :i* all o!r s*ola/ic writ]s 7 =c$ to revolve2 he ?us prev5t$ a multitude ( errors t )\t 8 int]v5tion w\ld h be5 almo/ inevitable4 ,he f\nd ! s*ools 9 a /ate ( complete an>*y2 he r$uc$ !m to ord]2 & on acc\nt ( 8 angelic intellect1 & 8 em95t sanctity1 0 look$ up to z _! sublime dictator4 ,?is is ! view ,i take ( ! mission ( ,/4 ,?omas2 x w be view$ 9 ! same light by all ^? :o /udy 8 works1 & d n cont5t !mselves ) a ha/y p]usal ( a biographical article respect+ him4 ,n[ ?is man 0 a ,ca?olic1 & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* v5]ates him ^u h] alt>s1 & ,i d n see t 8 m9d 0 %ackl$ by au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?2 x goes abroad freely among/ all ! bran*es ( k2 he unites 9 8 p]son su* ext5sive & pr(\nd acquirem5ts z to appe> a prodigy = ! age 9 :i* he liv$4 ,we obs]ve 9 ,/4 ,?omas1 not)/&+ ! purely s*ola/ic me?od :i* he adopt$1 ! same *>act]i/ic t we discov] 9 all ! em95t ,ca?olic writ]s ( ! times4 ,he reasons mu*2 b x is easy to see t he does n tru/ entirely to 8 reason1 b proce$s ) t wise diffid5ce :i* is an unequivocal sign ( real le>n+4 ,he avails himself ( ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle2 b evid5tly w\ld h made less use ( !m1 & m ( ! ,fa!rs1 b = 8 lead+ idea1 :i* 01 to make ! philosophy ( 8 "t subs]vi5t to ! def5ce ( religion4 ,! read] mu/ n suppose t 8 metaphysics & moral philosophy are a cong]ies ( inexplicable enigmas1 z a k ( ! p]iod at :i* he wrote might lead u to appreh5d4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d2 & any "o :o ent]ta9s su* an idea has evid5tly n sp5t mu* "t 9 ! /udy ( 8 writ+s4 ,8 metaphysical works1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 make u p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! dom9ant ideas ( ! "t2 b x is equally und5iable1 t 9 e page we meet ) ! mo/ lum9\s passages on ! mo/ complicat$ que/ions ( ideology1 ontology1 cosmology1 & psy*ology2 s mu* s1 t we almo/ imag9e we are read+ ! works ( a philosoph] :o wrote aft] ! fulle/ developm5t ( ! sci5ces _h be5 atta9$4 ,:at 8 political ideas 71 we h already se52 7 x necess>y1 & did ! nature ( ! pres5t "w p]mit1 ,i might "h produce _m fragm5ts f 8 ,treatise on ,laws & on ,ju/ice1 di/+ui%$ = su* solid pr9ciples1 su* l(ty views1 s pr(\nd a k ( ! nature ( society1 t !y w\ld occupy an honorable position among/ ! be/ works on legislation writt5 9 mod]n times4 ,8 treatises on virtues & vices1 :e!r consid]$ g5]ally1 or 9 detail1 exhau/ ! subject1 & defy all subsequ5t writ]s to produce a s+le idea ( any importance t has n be5 already ei!r develop$1 or at lea/ sugge/$ 9 !m4 ,above all1 8 works are rem>kable = mod]ation & extreme res]ve 9 doctr9al expositions1 9 :i* respect !y are em95tly con=mable to ! _s ( ,ca?olicity2 & assur$ly if all writ]s _h foll[$ 9 8 foot/eps1 ! field ( sci5ce w\ld h pres5t$ u ) an assembly ( sages1 & w\ld n h be5 conv]t$ into a blood-/a9$ ar5a = furi\s combatants4 ,su* is 8 mode/y1 t he does n relate a s+le incid5t 9 8 life1 private or public2 f him we he> no?+ b ! language ( enlight5$ reason1 calmly disp5s+ its treasures3 ! man1 ) 8 fame1 8 mis=tunes1 8 labors1 & all 8 va9 pret5sions1 ) :i* o!r writ]s are wont to we>y u1 nev] appe>s = an in/ant4#da ,,*apt] ,,lxxii4 ,,on ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,f ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4 ,i ?9k ,i h satisfactorily v9dicat$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* f ! reproa*es ca/ ^u h] by h] enemies1 = h] conduct dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies 9 ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( ! human m9d4 ,let u n[ take a rapid survey ( ! m>* ( intellect up to our own times1 & see :at titles ,prote/antism c produce to ! gratitude ( ! fri5ds ( progress 9 human k4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 ! foll[+ are ! phases ?r\gh :i* ! human m9d has pass$1 s9ce ! revival ( le>n+ 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,fir/ came ! epo* ( subtilties1 ) its heaps ( crude erudition2 !n ! age ( criticism1 ) appropriate attempts at grave controv]sies on ! mean+ ( records & monum5ts2 & f9ally came ! reflect+ age1 & ! inauguration ( ! philosophical p]iod4 ,! elev5? & succe$+ c5turies1 to ! sixte5?1 7 *>act]iz$ by a fondness = dialectics & erudite trifles2 criticism & controv]sy =m$ ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! sixte5?1 & "p ( ! sev5te5? c5turies2 ! philosophical _s began to prevail t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5?1 & cont9u$ to our own "t4 ,n[ ( :at advantage 0 ,prote/antism to le>n+8 ,none2 ,prote/antism f\nd le>n+ already accumulat$--?is ,i c easily prove--,erasmus & ,l\is ,vives %one 9 ! "t ( ,lu!r4 ,did ,prote/antism promote ! /udy ( criticism8 ,yes2 j z an epidemic t decimates nations aids ! progress ( ! m$ic9al art4 ,b we mu/ n suppose t ! ta/e = ?is k9d ( lit]>y labor w\ld n h be5 dissem9at$ )\t ! aid ( ! pseudo-,re=mation4 ,z monum5ts came to light1 z a k ( languages became m g5]al1 z ! public acquir$ cle>] & m correct notions ( hi/ory1 p w\ld naturally set !mselves to discrim9ate betwe5 ! apocryphal & ! au!ntic4 ,! necess>y docum5ts 7 at h&1 & 7 /udi$ unremitt+ly2 = ?is 0 ! favorite ta/e ( ! epo*4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 h[ is x possible !re %\ld h exi/$ no desire to exam9e to :at au?or1 & to :at age1 su* docum5ts sev]ally belong$2 to inve/igate h[ f> ignorance or di%one/y _h falsifi$ !m1 _h tak5 f1 or add$ to !m8 ,on ?is subject1 ,i ne$ only relate :at took place relative to ! fam\s decretals ( ,isidore ,m]cator4 ,^! decretals _h be5 receiv$1 )\t opposition1 dur+ ! c5turies ant]ior to ! fifte5?1 ow+ to ! want ( antiqu>ian & critical rese>*2 b ! mom5t t k & facts began to accumulate1 ! edifice ( impo/ure gave way4 ,z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,c>d9al ,cusa *all5g$ ! au!nticity ( c]ta9 decretals t _h be5 suppos$ to be ant]ior to ,pope ,siricius2 & ! reflections ( ! le>n$ ,c>d9al l$ ! way to o!r attacks ( a simil> k9d4 ,a s]i\s discussion arose1 9 :i* ,prote/ants naturally took "p2 b x w\ld unque/ionably h be5 engag$ 9 all ! same1 if ,ca?olic writ]s _h be5 left entirely to !mselves4 ,:5 ! le>n$ came to read ! codes ( ,!odosius & ,ju/9ian1 ! works ( antiquity1 & collections ( ecclesia/ical records1 !y c\ld n possibly fail to obs]ve t ! spuri\s decretals conta9$ s5t5ces & fragm5ts belong+ to an era po/]ior to ! "t to :i* !y 7 ref]r$2 & :5 once su* d\bts _h aris51 error 0 sure to be promptly expos$4 ,we may say ( controv]sy1 :at we h j said ( criticism4 ,!re w\ld h be5 no want ( controv]sy1 ev5 if ! unity ( ! fai? _h nev] be5 violat$4 ,9 support ( ?is ass]tion1 ! recollection ( :at occurr$ among/ ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,ca?olics is q conclusive4 ,^! s*ools 7 engag$ 9 controv]sy among/ !mselves1 9 ! pres5ce ev5 ( ! common oppon5t3 & we may re/ assur$ t1 if _! att5tion _h n be5 p>tially div]t$ by t enemy1 _! polemical discussions w\ld h be5 ma9ta9$ only ) ! great] en]gy & w>m?4 ,prote/ants h no m ! advantage ov] ,ca?olics1 z reg>ds controv]sy ?an z reg>ds criticism4 ,h[ev] true x be t "s ( our !ologians did n see ! necessity ( oppos+ ! enemy ) arms sup]ior to ^? tak5 f ! ars5al ( ,ari/otelian philosophy1 x is q c]ta9 t a great numb] ( !m took up a suffici5tly l(ty position1 & 7 ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! importance ( ! crisis1 & urg$ ! introduction ( v great modifications into ! c\rse ( !ological /udies4 ,bell>m91 ,mel*ior ,cano1 ,petau1 & _m o!rs1 7 no way inf]ior to ! mo/ skilful ,prote/ants1 :atev] may h be5 ! boa/$ sci5tific m]its ( ! def5d]s ( error4 ,! k ( ! le>n$ languages mu/ h contribut$ 9 an extraord9>y degree to ! progress ( critical & controv]sial le>n+4 ,n[ ,i d n see t ,ca?olics 7 beh9d o!rs 9 ! k ( ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew4 ,an?ony de ,nebrija1 ,erasmus1 ,l\is ,vives1 ,lawr5ce ,villa1 ,leon>dus ,aret9us1 ,c>d9al ,bembo1 ,sadolet1 ,poggio1 ,mel*ior ,cano1 & _m o!rs1 too num]\s to m5tion2 7 !y1 ,i ask1 tra9$ 9 ,prote/antism8 ,did n ! ,popes1 moreov]1 take ! lead 9 ?is lit]>y movem5t8 ,:o patroniz$ ! le>n$ ) great] lib]ality8 ,:o suppli$ !m ) m abundant res\rces8 ,:o incurr$ great] exp5ses 9 ! pur*ase ( ! be/ manuscripts8 ,nor let x be =gott51 t su* 0 ! ta/e = pure ,lat9ity1 t "s among ! le>n$ object$ to read ! ,vulgate1 = fe> ( acquir+ inelegant phrases4 ,z reg>ds ,greek1 we ne$ only be> 9 m9d ! causes t l$ to its diffusion 9 ,europe1 to be conv9c$ t ! progress made 9 ! k ( ?is language owes no?+ :atev] to ! pseudo-,re=mation4 ,x is well kn[n t1 aft] ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 ! lit]>y rema9s ( t un=tunate nation 7 br\ght to ! coa/s ( ,italy4 ,9 ,italy ! /udy ( ,greek 0 fir/ s]i\sly comm5c$2 f ,italy x spread to ,france1 & to ! o!r ,european /ates4 ,half a c5tury be=e ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism1 ?is language 0 taught 9 ,p>is by ! ,italian ,gregory de ,tif]no4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 ,g]many itself c\ld boa/ ( ! celebrat$ ,john ,reu*l91 :o taught ,greek ) great applause1 fir/ at ,orleans & ,poicti]s1 & aft]w>ds at ,+ol/adt4 ,reu*l91 be+ on "o occasion at ,rome1 s felicit\sly expla9$1 & read ) s pure an acc5t1 a passage f ,?ucydides1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,argyropilus1 t ! latt]1 fill$ ) admiration1 exclaim$3 ,gracia no/ra exilio transvolavit ,alpes2 our exil$ ,greece has cross$ ! ,alps4 ,respect+ ,hebrew1 ,i w transcribe a passage f ! ,abb ,g\jet3 ,prote/ants1 says he1 w\ld fa9 h x ?\ght t !y effect$ ! revival ( ?is language 9 ,europe2 b !y are =c$ to ackn[l$ge1 t :atev] !y "k ( ,hebrew !y owe to ! ,ca?olics1 :o 7 _! tea*]s1 & ! s\rces :5ce1 ev5 to ?is day1 is obta9$ all t is mo/ valuable 9 ,ori5tal lit]ature4 ,john ,reu*l91 :o liv$ ! great] "p ( 8 "t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 unque/ionably a ,ca?olic1 & "o ( ! mo/ skilful ,hebrew s*ol>s1 & 0 also ! fir/ ,*ri/ian :o r$uc$ ! tea*+ ( t language to a sy/em4 ,john ,weissel ( ,gron+5 _h taught him ! elem5ts ( ?is language1 & _h himself pupils 9 :om he _h awak5$ a love = ?is /udy4 ,9 l mann]1 x 0 by ! ex]tions ( ,picus de ,mir&ula1 :o 0 a /rict ,ca?olic1 t a ta/e = ! /udy ( ,hebrew 0 reviv$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 mo/ ( ! h]etics :o !n knew t language _h le>n$ x 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* !y _h =sak52 & _! va9 subtilties respect+ ! mean+ ( ! sacr$ text excit$ ! fai?ful to /ill great] assiduity 9 ! /udy ( a language s well calculat$ to insure _! own triumph & ! defeat ( _! oppon5ts4 ,9 devot+ !mselves to ?is bran* ( /udy1 moreov]1 !y 7 only foll[+ out ! int5tions ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v41 :o1 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 _h orda9$ t ,greek1 & ,hebrew1 & ev5 ,arabic & ,*aldean1 %\ld be publicly taught1 = ! b5efit ( =eign]s1 at ,rome1 at ,p>is1 at ,ox=d1 at ,bologna1 & at ,salamanca4 ,! design ( ?is ,pope1 :o s well knew ! advantages result+ f well-conduct$ /udies1 01 to augm5t ! le>n+ ( ! ,*ur* by ! /udy ( languages1 & to raise up doctors capable ( def5d+ h] aga9/ e =m ( error4 ,by means ( ^! languages1 & m especially ( ,hebrew1 he int5d$ to r5ew ! /udy ( ! sacr$ books1 t ! latt]1 :5 read 9 ! orig9al1 might appe> m wor?y ( ! ,holy ,_s :o inspir$ !m1 & by _! comb9$ gr&eur & simplicity1 :5 bett] kn[n1 awak5 great] rev]5ce = !m2 & t1 )\t d]ogat+ f ! respect due to ! ,lat9 v]sion1 x might be felt t an intimate acqua9tance ) ! orig9als 0 peculi>ly s]viceable 9 confirm+ ! fai? ( believ]s1 & confut+ h]etics4 7,l',abb ,g\jet1 ,disc\rs sur le r5\vellem5t des ,etudes1 et pr9cipalem5t des ,etudes ecclsia/iques depuis le quatorzime sicle47 ,"o ( ! causes :i* contribut$ ! mo/ to ! developm5t ( ! human m9d 0 ! creation ( great c5tres ( in/ruction1 collect+ ! mo/ illu/ri\s tal5ts & le>n+1 & diffus+ rays ( light 9 all directions4 ,i "k n h[ m5 c\ld =get t ?is idea 0 n due to ! pret5d$ ,re=mation1 see+ t mo/ ( ! univ]sities ( ,europe 7 e/abli%$ long be=e ! bir? ( ,lu!r4 ,t ( ,ox=d 0 e/abli%$ 9 #hie2 ,cambridge 9 #abhj2 t ( ,prague1 9 ,bohemia1 9 #aceh2 t ( ,l\va91 9 ,belgium1 9 #adbe2 t ( ,vi5na1 9 ,au/ria1 9 #acfe2 t ( ,+ol/adt1 9 ,g]many1 9 #acgb2 t ( ,leipsic 9 #adjh2 t ( ,basle1 9 ,switz]l&1 9 #adfi2 t ( ,salamanca 9 #abjj2 t ( ,alcala 9 #aeag4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to notice ! antiquity ( ! univ]sities ( ,p>is1 ( ,bologna1 ( ,f]r>a1 & ( a great _m o!rs1 :i* atta9$ ! highe/ r5[n long be=e ! adv5t ( ,prote/antism4 ,! ,popes1 x is well kn[n1 took an active "p 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( univ]sities1 grant+ !m privileges1 & be/[+ ^u !m ! highe/ honors & di/9ctions4 ,h[ c any "o1 !n1 v5ture to ass]t1 t ,rome has oppos$ ! progress ( le>n+ & ! sci5ces1 9 ord] to keep ! p 9 d>kness & ignorance8 ,z if ,div9e ,provid5ce _h int5d$ to conf\nd ^! future calumniators ( ,8 ,*ur*1 ,prote/antism made its appe>ance precisely at ! "t :51 "u ! auspices ( a r5[n$ ,pope1 ! progress 9 ! sci5ce1 9 lit]ature & ! arts 0 mo/ active4 ,po/]ity1 judg+ ( our disputes ) imp>tiality1 w und\bt$ly pass a sev]e s5t5ce ^u ^? pret5d$ philosoph]s1 :o are con/antly endeavor+ to prove f hi/ory1 t ,ca?olicity has imp$$ ! progress ( ! human m9d1 & t sci5tific progress has be5 all ow+ to ! cry ( lib]ty rais$ 9 c5tral ,g]many4 ,yes2 s5sible m5 9 future ages1 l ^? ( our own times1 w =m a correct judgm5t ^u ?is subject1 :5 !y reflect t ,lu!r began to propagate 8 errors 9 ! age ( ,leo ,x4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! c\rt ( ,rome c\ld n at t "t be reproa*$ ) obscurantism4 ,rome 0 at ! head ( all progress1 :i* %e urg$ onw>ds ) ! mo/ active zeal1 ! mo/ ard5t en?usiasm2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t if %e 7 c5surable at all--if !re 7 9 h] conduct any ?+ ( :i* hi/ory %\ld disapprove--x 0 r t h] m>* 0 too quick ?an too sl[4 ,_h ano!r ,/4 ,b]n>d address$ ,leo ,x41 he w\ld assur$ly n h blam$ him = abus+ 8 au?ority to imp$e ! m>* ( ! human intellect & ! progress ( le>n+4 ,! ,re=mation1 says ,m4 de ,*ateaubri&1 deeply imbu$ ) ! _s ( its f\nd]--a co>se & jeal\s monk--decl>$ itself ! enemy ( ! arts4 ,by prohibit+ ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ative faculties1 x clipp$ ! w+s ( g5ius1 & made h] plod on foot4 ,x rais$ an outcry aga9/ c]ta9 alms de/9$ = ! erection ( ! basilica ( ,/4 ,pet] = ! use ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,w\ld ! ,greeks h refus$ ! assi/ance solicit$ f _! piety = ! build+ ( a temple to ,m9]va8 ,_h ! ,re=mation be5 completely successful f ! beg9n+1 x w\ld h e/abli%$1 = a "t at lea/1 ano!r species ( b>b>ism3 view+ z sup]/ition ! pomp ( div9e wor%ip2 z idolatry ! *efs-d'uvre ( sculpture1 ( ar*itecture1 & ( pa9t+1 its t5d5cy 0 to annihilate l(ty eloqu5ce & sublime poetry--to degrade ta/e1 by repudiat+ its models--to introduce a dry1 cold1 & capti\s =mality into ! op]ations ( ! m9d--to sub/itute 9 society affectation & mat]ialism 9 lieu ( +5u\sness & intellectuality1 & to make ma*9]y take ! place ( manual & m5tal op]ations4 ,^! are tru?s confirm$ by ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,among/ ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! re=m$ religion1 _! approximation to ! beautiful & sublime is always f\nd to be proportion$ to ! am\nt ( ,ca?olic tru? !y h reta9$4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e an ecclesia/ical hi]>*y has be5 upheld1 lit]ature has _h its classic era4 ,lu!ranism pres]ves "s sp>ks ( imag9ation1 :i* ,calv9ism aims at utt]ly ext+ui%+2 & s on1 till we come to ,quak]ism1 :i* w\ld r$uce social life to unpoli%$ mann]s & ! practice ( trades4 ,%akspe>e1 9 all probability1 0 a ,ca?olic2 ,milton has evid5tly imitat$ "s p>ts ( ! poems ( ,/4 ,avitus & ,mas5ius2 ,klop/ock has borr[$ v l>gely f ! fai? ( ,rome4 ,9 our own days1 9 ,g]many1 ! high imag9ative p[]s h be5 put =? only :5 ! _s ( ,prote/antism _h begun to decl9e4 ,x 0 9 treat+ ,ca?olic subjects t ! g5ius ( ,goe! & ,s*ill] 0 manife/$2 ,r\sseau & ,madame de ,/al are1 inde$1 illu/ri\s exceptions to ?is rule2 b 7 !y ,prote/ants aft] ! model ( ! fir/ disciples ( ,calv98 ,at ?is v day1 pa9t]s1 ar*itects1 & sculptors1 ( all ! conflict+ cre$s1 g to seek inspiration at ,rome1 :]e !y f9d univ]sal tol]ation4 ,europe1 nay1 ! :ole _w1 is cov]$ ) monum5ts ( ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,to x we are indebt$ = t ,go?ic ar*itecture1 :i* rivals 9 its details1 & eclipses 9 its magnific5ce1 ! monum5ts ( ,greece4 ,x is n[ ?ree c5turies s9ce ,prote/antism arose1--x is p[]ful 9 ,engl&1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,am]ica1--x is pr(ess$ by millions ( m51--& :at has x erect$8 ,x c %[ only ! ru9s x has made2 on :i* p]haps1 x has plant$ g>d5s or built factories4 ,rebell+ aga9/ ! au?ority ( tradition1 ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies1 & ! v5]able wisdom ( ages1 ,prote/antism let g its hold on ! pa/1 & plant$ a society )\t roots4 ,ackn[l$g+ = _! f\nd] a ,g]man monk ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! re=m]s r5\nc$ ! wond]ful g5ealogy t unites ,ca?olics1 ?r\gh a succession ( great & holy m51 ) ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself1 &1 ?r\gh ,him1 ) ! patri>*s & ! e>lie/ ( mank9d4 ,! ,prote/ant era1 f ! fir/ h\rs ( its exi/5ce1 refus$ all relation%ip ) ! era ( t ,leo :o protect$ ! civiliz$ _w aga9/ ,attila1 & also ) ! era ( t o!r ,leo1 at ^: com+ b>b>ism vani%$1 & society1 n[ no long] 9 ne$ ( def5ce1 put on ! ornam5ts ( civilization4 7,etud4 ,hi/or41 ,franois ,i47 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! au?or ( su* noble s5tim5ts1 :o s accurately describes ! effects ( ,prote/antism on lit]ature & ! arts1 %\ld h said1 t ! ,re=mation 01 prop]ly speak+1 philosophic tru?1 "u ! guise ( ,*ri/ianity1 attack+ religi\s tru?4 7,etud4 ,hi/or41 ,preface47 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ^! words8 ,we %all be/ und]/& !m f ! illu/ri\s au?or's own explanation4 ,religi\s tru?1 says he1 is ! k ( "o ,god manife/$ 9 a =m ( wor%ip4 ,philosophic tru? is ! ?reefold k ( ?+s intellectual1 moral1 & natural4 7,etud4 ,hi/or41 ,exposition47 ,x is difficult to imag9e h[ any "o :o admits ! tru? ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ! falsehood ( ,prote/antism1 c def9e ! latt] to be1 philosophic tru? at w> ) religi\s tru?4 ,9 ! natural1 z well z 9 ! sup]natural1 ord] ( ?+s1 9 philosophy z 9 religion1 all tru?s come f ,god1 all end 9 ,him4 ,!re _c1 !re=e1 be any antagonism betwe5 tru?s ( "o ord] & tru?s ( ano!r ord]2 betwe5 religi\s & true philosophy1 betwe5 nature & grace1 no antagonism is possible4 ,tru? is t :i* is2 = tru? resides 9 be+s !mselves2 we %\ld r say1 x consi/s ( be+s !mselves su* z !y exi/1 su* z !y are 9 _! sub/ance2 & h5ce x is q incorrect to say t philosophic tru? has ev] /ood 9 antagonism to religi\s tru?4 ,accord+ to ! same au?or ,philosophic tru? is nei!r m nor less ?an ! indep5d5ce ( ! human m9d2 its t5d5cy be+ to make discov]ies1 & lead to p]fection 9 ! ?ree sci5ces t come )9 its sph]e1 viz4 ! intellectual1 ! moral1 & ! natural4 ,b philosophic tru?1 he cont9ues1 look+ =w>ds to ! future1 has /ood 9 opposition to religi\s tru?1 :i* adh]es to ! pa/1 ow+ to ! immovable nature ( ! et]nal pr9ciple ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 7,etud4 ,hi/or41 ,exposition47 ,) all ! respect due to ! immortal au?or ( ! ,gnie du ,*ri/ianisme & ( ! ,m>tyrs1 ,i mu/ take ! lib]ty to obs]ve1 t we f9d "h a lam5table confusion ( ideas4 ,! philosophic tru? ( :i* ,m4 de ,*ateaubri& "h treats1 mu/ be ei!r sci5ce itself1 consid]$ z an aggregate ( tru?s1 or a g5]al k1 9 :i* tru? & error are comm+l$2 or1 9 f9e1 ! :ole body ( m5 ( le>n+1 consid]$ z con/itut+ a v influ5tial class 9 society4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 x is impossible = philosophic tru? to be 9 antagonism to religi\s tru?1--t is1 to ,ca?olicity2 9 ! second case1 ! alleg$ opposition is no?+ extraord9>y1 = error be+ 9 ?is case mix$ up ) tru?1 w on "s po9ts be f\nd to be oppos$ to ,ca?olic fai?2 &1 f9ally1 z reg>ds ! ?ird hypo!sis1 x is un=tunately too true1 t _m m51 di/+ui%$ by _! tal5ts & erudition1 h be5 oppos$ to ,ca?olicity2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 z great a numb] ( m5 equally em95t h triumphantly ma9ta9$ ! tru? ( ,ca?olicity2 h5ce x w\ld be extremely illogical to affirm t philosophic tru?1 ev5 9 ?is s5se1 is oppos$ to religi\s tru?4 ,x is n my wi% to give an unfavorable int]pretation to ! words ( ! illu/ri\s writ]2 ,i r incl9e to ?9k1 t1 9 8 m9d1 philosophic tru? is no?+ b a _s ( indep5d5ce consid]$ 9 a g5]al1 vague1 & undef9$ s5se1 & n z appli$ to any object 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is is ! only way to reconcile ass]tions s diff]5t2 = x is q cle>1 t1 aft] he _h s sev]ely condemn$ ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 ! writ] c\ld n proce$ to admit t ?is same ,re=mation c>ri$ ) x philosophic tru?1 prop]ly s call$1 :]e9 x became oppos$ to ,ca?olic doctr9es4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 ! language ( ! illu/ri\s au?or is unque/ionably want+ 9 precision2 ?is1 h[ev]1 ne$ n surprise u1 z1 ^u reflection1 we %all f9d t1 9 treat+ hi/orico-philosophical subjects1 precision is n to be expect$ f writ]s ^: g5ius has be5 wont to so> into ! highe/ regions on ! w+s ( a sublime poetry4 ,x 0 n ei!r 9 ,g]many or 9 ,engl&1 b 9 ,ca?olic ,france1 t ! philosophical movem5t advanc$ ) ! greate/ fre$om & d>+4 ,desc>tes1 ! f\nd] ( a new era 9 philosophy1 t sup]s$$ ! ,ari/otelian1 & gave a fre% impulse to ! /udy ( logic1 ( physics1 & metaphysics1 0 a ,fr5*man & a ,ca?olic4 ,! great] "p ( 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ foll[]s 7 also 9 communion ) ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,philosophy1 !n1 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 owes no?+ to ,prote/antism4 ,be=e ,leibnitz1 ,g]many c\ld sc>cely reckon a s+le philosoph] ( any note2 & ! ,engli% s*ools t atta9$ to any ?+ l celebrity arose aft] ,desc>tes' "t4 ,we %all f9d1 ^u reflection1 t ,france 0 ! c5tre ( ! philosophical movem5t f ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & at t p]iod all ! ,prote/ant c\ntries 7 s backw>d 9 ?is k9d ( /udy1 t ! active progress ( philosophy among/ ! ,ca?olics 0 sc>cely notic$ by !m4 ,9 l mann]1 x 0 9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* t ! ta/e arose = pr(\nd m$itations on ! secrets ( ! he>t1 & on ! relations ( ! human m9d to ,god & nature1 & t sublime ab/raction :i* conc5trates man's faculties1 sets him free f ! body1 & elevates him to ^? exalt$ regions t appe> de/9$ to be visit$ exclusively by cele/ial spirits4 ,is n my/icism1 9 its pure/1 mo/ ref9$1 & mo/ elevat$ =m1 f\nd 9 our ,ca?olic writ]s ( ! gold5 age8 ,s9ce t "t1 :at has be5 publi%$ t may n be met ) 9 ! works ( ,/4 ,t]esa1 9 ^? ( ,/4 ,john ( ! ,cross1 9 ! v5]able ,avila1 9 ,l\is de ,gr5ada1 & 9 ,l\is de ,lon8 ,& ,pascal1 t man ( ?\ght1 "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s g5iuses ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o 0 unhappily deceiv$ = "s "t by a hypocritical & cant+ sect1 0 he a ,prote/ant8 ,0 x n he :o laid ! basis ( t philosophico-religi\s s*ool1 ^: inve/igations1 direct$ at "o "t to ! deepe/ que/ions ( religion1 at ano!r to ^? ( nature1 or to ! my/]ies ( ! human he>t1 h surr\nd$ tru? ) a flood ( light8 ,d n ! apologi/s ( ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r ,prote/ants or ,ca?olics1 :5 engag$ 9 combat+ indiff]5ce or incr$ulity1 avail !mselves by pref]5ce ( 8 ,p5ses8 ,au?ors :o h writt5 on ! philosophy ( hi/ory h p]haps surpass$ all o!rs 9 _! eag]ness to vilify ! ,*ur* z ! enemy ( enlight5m5t1 :il/ !y repres5t ,prote/antism z ! great bulw>k ( ! rights ( ! m9d4 ,n[1 gratitude alone %\ld h induc$ !m to proce$ m circumspectly2 !y %\ld n =get t ! real f\nd] ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory 0 a ,ca?olic1 & t ! fir/ & be/ "w ev] writt5 on ?is subject came f ! p5 ( a ,ca?olic ,bi%op4 ,x 0 ,bossuet1 9 8 immortal ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,univ]selle1 :o fir/ taught our mod]n ?9k]s to take a l(ty survey ( ! human race2 to embrace at "o view all ! ev5ts t h m>k$ ! c\rse ( ages1 contemplat+ !m 9 all _! va/ness & intimate connection1 ) all _! phases1 effects1 & causes1 & to draw f !m salut>y lessons = ! in/ruction bo? ( pr9ces & p4 ,n[1 ,bossuet 0 a ,ca?olic1 &1 moreov]1 "o ( ! mo/ tr5*ant adv]s>ies ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 ,8 fame is height5$ too by ano!r "w1 9 :i* he completely ov]?r[s ! doctr9es ( ! innovators1 by prov+ _! cont9ual v>iations1 & demon/rat+ t !irs mu/ be ! way ( error1 see+ t v>iation is incompatible ) tru?4 ,we may ask ! abettors ( ,prote/antism1 if ! ,eagle ( ,meaux feels 9 8 flight ! fett]s ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 :51 glanc+ at ! orig9 & de/9y ( mank9d1 at ! fall ( our fir/ p>5ts & its consequ5ces1 on ! revolutions ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 he traces ) su* wond]ful sublimity ! designs ( ,div9e ,provid5ce8 ,z reg>ds ! lit]>y movem5t1 ,i might almo/ consid] myself reliev$ f all necessity ( combat+ ! reproa*es ca/ ^u ,ca?olicity by its enemies4 ,:at1 9 fact1 0 ! lit]ature ( all ! ,prote/ant c\ntries toge!r1 at ! "t :5 ,italy produc$ ^? orators & poets1 :o1 9 succe$+ ages1 h be5 univ]sally receiv$ z models8 ,v>i\s descriptions ( lit]ature 7 already q common 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 t 7 n ev5 kn[n 9 ,engl& or ,g]many2 & :51 at a lat] p]iod1 an attempt 0 made to fill up ! hiatus1 no bett] means c\ld be f\nd = ! purpose ?an to take = models ! ,spani% writ]s1 :o _h be5 subject to ,ca?olic obscurantism & ! fires ( ! ,inquisition4 ,nei!r ! m9d1 ! he>t1 nor ! imag9ation ( man owes any ?+ to ,prote/antism4 ,be=e ! ,re=mation ^! 7 all 9 graceful & vigor\s progress2 aft] ! ,re=mation1 ?is progress cont9u$ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* z successfully z be=e4 ,ca?olicity displays a bright array ( illu/ri\s m5 cr[n$ ) ! glories !y h won amid/ ! unanim\s plaudits ( all civiliz$ nations4 ,:atev] has be5 said ( ! t5d5cy ( our religion to enslave & hoodw9k ! m9d1 is b calumny4 ,no2 t :i* is born ( light1 _c produce d>kness2 t :i* is ! "w ( tru? itself1 ne$ n fly f ! sun's rays to conceal itself 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,! daught] ( heav5 may walk 9 ! brightness ( day1 may d>e discussion1 may ga!r ar\nd h] all ! brighte/ intellects2 well assur$ t ! m closely & att5tively !y see & contemplate h]1 ! m pure1 ! m beaute\s & enraptur+ w %e appe>4 ,,*apt] ,,lxxiii4 ,,summ>y4--,,decl>ation ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! end ( my difficult ent]prise1 let me be all[$ to take a retrospective view ( ! va/ space ov] :i* ,i h b j pass$1 l ! travell] :o re/s aft] 8 labor4 ,! fe> ( see+ religi\s s*ism introduc$ into my c\ntry2 ! sight ( ! ef=ts :i* 7 made to inculcate ,prote/ant errors among/ u2 ! p]usal ( c]ta9 writ+s1 :]e9 x 0 /at$ t ! pret5d$ ,re=mation _h be5 favorable to ! progress ( nations1--su* 7 ! motives :i* inspir$ me ) ! idea ( und]tak+ ?is "w4 ,my object 01 to %[ t nei!r individuals nor society owe any ?+ to ,prote/antism1 ei!r 9 a religi\s1 social1 political1 or lit]>y po9t ( view4 ,i und]took to exam9e :at hi/ory tells u1 & :at philosophy tea*es u1 on ?is po9t4 ,i 0 n ignorant ( ! imm5se ext5t ( ! que/ions :i* ,i _h to ent] ^u2 ,i 0 f> f flatt]+ myself t ,i 0 able to cle> !m up 9 a becom+ mann]2 nev]!less ,i set =? ^u my j\rney1 ) t c\rage :i* is inspir$ by ! love ( tru?1 & ! confid5ce t "o is def5d+ its cause4 ,:5 consid]+ ! bir? ( ,prote/antism1 ,i h endeavor$ to take z l(ty a view z possible4 ,i h r5d]$ to m5 t ju/ice :i* is due to !m2 ,i h attribut$ a l>ge portion ( ! evil to ! wret*$ condition ( mank9d1 to ! weakness ( our m9ds1 & to t inh]itance ( p]v]s5ess & ignorance :i* has be5 transmitt$ to u by ! fall ( our fir/ p>5t4 ,lu!r1 ,calv91 & ,zu+lius h disappe>$ f my eyes2 plac$ 9 ! imm5se picture ( ev5ts1 !y h be5 view$ by me z small imp]ceptible figures1 ^: individuality 0 f> f des]v+ ! importance :i* 0 giv5 to !m at o!r p]iods4 ,hone/ 9 my convictions1 & unres]v$ 9 my words1 ,i h ackn[l$g$ ) c&or1 b ) sorr[1 t !re exi/$ c]ta9 abuses1 & t ^! abuses 7 tak5 z pretexts :5 x 0 wi%$ to break ! unity ( ! fai?4 ,i h all[$ t a portion ( ! blame %all also fall ^u m52 b ,i h also po9t$ out1 t ! m y "h lay /ress ^u ! weakness & wick$ness ( man1 ! m d y illu/rate ! provid5ce ( ,him :o has promis$ to be ) ,8 ,*ur* till ! consummation ( ages4 ,by ! aid ( reason+ & irrefragable exp]i5ce1 ,i h prov$ t ! fundam5tal dogmas ( ,prote/antism %[ little k ( ! human m9d1 & 7 a fruitful s\rce ( errors & cata/rophes4 ,!n1 turn+ my att5tion to ! developm5t ( ,european civilization1 ,i h made a cont9u$ comp>ison betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicity2 & ,i believe t ,i may ass]t1 t ,i h n haz>d$ any proposition ( importance )\t hav+ support$ x by ! evid5ce ( hi/orical facts4 ,i h f\nd x necess>y to take a survey ( all ages1 dat+ f ! comm5cem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & to obs]ve ! diff]5t phases "u :i* civilization has appe>$2 )\t ?is1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to give a complete v9dication ( ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,! read] may h obs]v$ t ! prevail+ idea ( ! "w is ?is3 ,be=e ,prote/antism ,european civilization _h rea*$ all ! developm5t :i* 0 possible = x2 ,prote/antism p]v]t$ ! c\rse ( civilization1 & produc$ imm5se evils 9 mod]n society2 ! progress :i* has be5 made s9ce ,prote/antism1 has be5 made n by x1 b 9 spite ( x4 ,i h only consult$ hi/ory1 & ,i h tak5 extreme c>e n to p]v]t x2 ,i h borne 9 m9d ?is passage ( holy writ3 ,has ,god1 !n1 ne$ ( ?y falsehood8 ,! docum5ts to :i* ,i ref] are !re2 !y are to be f\nd 9 all libr>ies1 ready to answ]2 read !m1 & judge = y\rselves4 ,i am n aw>e1 9 ! multitude ( que/ions :i* h pres5t$ !mselves to me1 & :i* x has be5 indisp5sable = me to exam9e1 t ,i h resolv$ any 9 a mann] n 9 con=mity ) ! dogmas ( ! religion :i* ,i 0 desir\s ( def5d+4 ,i am n aw>e t1 9 any passage ( my book1 ,i h laid d[n errone\s propositions1 or express$ myself 9 ill-s\nd+ t]ms4 ,be=e publi%+ my "w1 ,i submitt$ x to ! exam9ation ( ecclesia/ical au?ority2 & )\t hesitation1 ,i compli$ ) ! slighte/ h9t on its "p1 purify+1 correct+1 & modify+ :at _h be5 po9t$ out z wor?y ( purification1 correction1 or modification4 ,not)/&+ t1 ,i submit my :ole "w to ! judgm5t ( ! ,ca?olic1 ,apo/olic1 & ,roman ,*ur*2 z soon z ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ^u e>?1 %all pron\nce s5t5ce aga9/ any "o ( my op9ions1 ,i w ha/5 to decl>e t ,i consid] t op9ion errone\s1 & cease to pr(ess x4 ,,notes4 ,,note #a1 p4 #bf4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations is "o ( ^? works :i* exhau/ _! subject1 & :i* d n admit ( reply or addition4 ,if ?is immortal *ef-d'uvre be read ) att5tion1 ! cause ( ,prote/antism1 ) respect to fai?1 is =ev] decid$3 !re is no middle way left betwe5 ,ca?olicity & infidelity4 ,gibbon read x 9 8 y\?1 & he became a ,ca?olic1 ab&on+ ! ,prote/ant religion 9 :i* he _h be5 br\ght up4 ,:51 at a lat] p]iod1 he left ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 he did n become a ,prote/ant1 b an unbeliev]4 ,my read]s w p]haps l to le>n f ! m\? ( ?is fam\s writ] :at he ?\ght ( ! "w ( ,bossuet1 & ! effect :i* 0 produc$ on him by its p]usal4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations1 an attack equally vigor\s & well-direct$1 says he1 ,bossuet %[s1 by a happy mixture ( reason+ & n>ration1 ! errors1 mi/akes1 unc]ta9ties1 & contradictions ( our fir/ re=m]s1 ^: v>iations1 z he le>n$ly ma9ta9s1 be> ! m>ks ( error2 :ile ! un9t]rupt$ unity ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is a sign & te/imony ( infallible tru?4 ,i read1 approv$1 & believ$4 7,gibbon's ,memoirs47 ,,note #b1 p4 #bg4 ,x has be5 wi%$ to repres5t ,lu!r to u z a man ( l(ty ideas1 ( noble & g5]\s feel+s1 & z a def5d] ( ! rights ( ! human race4 ,yet he himself has left u 9 8 writ+s ! mo/ /rik+ te/imony ( ! viol5ce ( 8 "*1 ( 8 disgu/+ rud5ess1 & 8 savage intol]ance4 ,h5ry ,,viii41 k+ ( ,engl&1 und]took to refute ! book ( ,lu!r call$ ,de ,captivitate ,babylonica2 & behold ! latt]1 irritat$ by su* boldness1 writes to ! k+1 & calls him sacrilegi\s1 mad1 s5seless1 ! grosse/ ( all pigs & ( all asses4 ,x is evid5t t ,lu!r paid b little reg>d to royalty2 he did ! same ) respect to lit]>y m]it4 ,erasmus1 :o 0 p]haps ! mo/ le>n$ man ( 8 age1 or :o at lea/ surpass$ all o!rs 9 ! v>iety ( 8 k1 9 ! ref9em5t & clat ( 8 m9d1 0 n bett] treat$ by ! furi\s innovator1 9 spite ( all ! indulg5ce = :i* ! latt] 0 indebt$ to him4 ,z soon z ,lu!r saw t ,erasmus did n ?9k prop] to be enroll$ 9 ! new sect1 he attack$ him ) s mu* viol5ce1 t ! latt] compla9$ ( x1 say+1 t 9 8 old age he 0 compell$ to cont5d aga9/ a savage bea/1 a furi\s wild bo>4 ,lu!r did n conf9e himself to m]e words2 he proce$$ to acts4 ,x 0 at 8 in/igation t ,c>lo/ad 0 exil$ f ! /ates ( ! ,duke ( ,saxony1 & 0 r$uc$ to su* mis]y1 t he 0 compell$ to c>ry wood1 & d o!r simil> ?+s1 to ga9 8 livelihood4 ,9 8 _m disputes ) ! ,zw+lians1 ,lu!r did n belie 8 "*2 he call$ !m damn$1 fools1 blasphem]s4 ,z he lavi%$ su* epi!ts on 8 diss5t+ companions1 we _c be a/oni%$ t he call$ ! doctors ( ,l\va9 bea/s1 pigs1 ,pagans1 ,epicureans1 ,a!i/s2 & t he makes use ( o!r expressions :i* dec5cy w n all[ u to cite2 & t1 laun*+ =? aga9/ ! ,pope1 he says1 ,he is a mad wolf1 aga9/ :om e "o ought to take arms1 )\t wait+ ev5 = ! ord] ( ! magi/rates2 9 ?is matt] !re c be no room left = rep5tance1 except = n hav+ be5 able to bury ! sword 9 8 brea/2 add+1 t all ^? :o foll[$ ! ,pope ought to be pursu$ l b&it-*iefs1 7 !y k+s or emp]ors4 ,su* 0 ! _s ( tol]ance :i* animat$ ,lu!r4 ,& let x n be imag9$ t ?is intol]ance 0 conf9$ to him2 x ext5d$ to all ! p>ty ( ! innovators1 & its effects 7 cruelly felt4 ,we h an unexceptionable witness ( ?is tru? 9 ,melanc?on1 ! belov$ disciple ( ,lu!r1 & "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 t ,prote/antism has _h4 ,i f9d myself "u su* oppression1 wrote ,melanc?on to 8 fri5d ,cam]>ius1 t ,i seem to be 9 ! cave ( ! ,cyclops2 x is almo/ impossible = me to expla9 to y my tr\bles2 & e mom5t ,i feel myself tempt$ to take flight4 ,^! are1 he says1 9 ano!r lett]1 ignorant m51 :o "k nei!r piety nor discipl9e2 behold :at !y are :o comm&1 & y w und]/& t ,i am l ,daniel 9 ! lions' d54 ,h[1 !n1 c x be ma9ta9$ t su* an ent]prise 0 guid$ by a g5]\s idea1 & t x 0 really attempt$ to free ! human m9d8 ,! intol]ance ( ,calv91 suffici5tly %[n by ! s+le fact m5tion$ 9 ! text1 is manife/$ 9 8 works at e page1 by ! mann] 9 :i* he treats 8 adv]s>ies4 ,wick$ m51 rogues1 drunk>ds1 fools1 madm51 furies1 bea/s1 bulls1 pigs1 asses1 dogs1 & vile slaves ( ,satan4 ,su* are ! polite t]ms :i* ab\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! fam\s re=m]4 ,& h[ _m wret*$ ?+s ( ! same k9d c\ld ,i n relate1 if ,i did n fe> to disgu/ my read]s6 ,,note #c1 p4 #bg4 ,! ,diet ( ,spires _h made a decree conc]n+ ! *ange ( religion & wor%ip2 f\rte5 t[ns ( ! empire refus$ to submit to x1 & pres5t$ a ,prote/2 h5ce m5 began to call ! diss5t]s ,prote/ants4 ,z ?is "n is a condemnation ( ! sep>at$ *ur*es1 !y h sev]al times attempt$ to assume o!rs1 b always 9 va92 ! names :i* !y took 7 false1 & false names d n la/4 ,:at 0 _! mean+ :5 !y call$ !mselves ,evangelicals8 ,t !y adh]$ to ! ,gospel alone8 ,9 t case !y ought r to call !mselves ,biblicals2 = x 0 n to ! ,gospel t !y pr(ess$ to adh]e1 b to ! ,bible4 ,!y are also sometimes call$ ,re=m]s2 & _m p h be5 accu/om$ to call ,prote/antism1 re=mation2 b x is en\gh to pron\nce ?is ^w1 to feel h[ inappropriate x is2 religi\s revolution w\ld be mu* m prop]4 ,,note #d1 p4 #bg4 ,c\nt de ,mai/re1 9 8 "w ,du ,pape1 has develop$ ?is "q ( names 9 an inimitable mann]4 ,among 8 num]\s obs]vations1 !re is "o v j "o3 x is1 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* alone has a positive & prop] "n1 :i* %e gives to h]self1 & :i* is giv5 to h] by ! :ole _w4 ,! sep>at$ ,*ur*es h inv5t$ _m1 b )\t ! p[] ( appropriat+ !m4--,ea* "o 0 free to take :at "n he pleas$1 says ,m4 de ,mai/re2 ,lais1 9 p]son1 might be able to write ^u h] door1 ,htel d',artmise4 ,! great po9t is1 to compel o!rs to give u a p>ticul> "n1 :i* is n s easy z to take x ( our own au?ority4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be imag9$ t ,c\nt de ,mai/re 0 ! inv5tor ( ?is argum5t2 a long "t be=e him ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,augu/9 _h us$ x4 ,if y1 says ,/4 ,j]ome1 he> !m call$ ,m>cionites1 ,val5t9ians1 ,montani/s1 "k t !y are n ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 b ! synagogue ( ,anti*ri/4--,si audi]is nuncup>i ,m>cionitas1 ,val5t9ianos1 ,montan5ses1 scito1 non ,ecclesiam ,*ri/i1 s$ ,anti*ri/i esse synagogam4 7,hi]on4 lib4 ,adv]sus ,lucif]ianos47 ,i am reta9$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 says ,/4 ,augu/91 by h] v "n ( ,ca?olic2 = x 0 n )\t a cause t %e alone1 amid s _m h]esies1 obta9$ t "n4 ,all ! h]etics desire to be call$ ,ca?olics2 yet if a /rang] asks !m :i* is ! *ur* ( ! ,ca?olics1 none ( !m v5ture to po9t out _! *ur* or h\se4--,t5et me 9 ,ecclesia ipsum ,ca?olic nom51 quod non s9e causa int] tam multas hreses1 sic ipsa sola obt9uit1 ut cum omnes hretici se ,ca?olicos dici vel9t1 qur5ti tam5 p]egr9o alicui1 ubi ad ,ca?olicam conv5iatur1 nullus hreticorum1 vel basilicam suam vel domum audeat o/5d]e4 7,/4 ,augu/947 ,:at ,/4 ,augu/9 obs]v$ ( 8 "t is aga9 realiz$ ) respect to ! ,prote/ants4 ,i appeal to ! te/imony ( ^? :o h visit$ ! c\ntries :]e diff]5t communions exi/4 ,an illu/ri\s ,spani>d ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o _h liv$ a long "t 9 ,g]many1 tells u1 ,!y all wi% to be call$ ,ca?olic & ,apo/olical2 b not)/&+ ?is pret5sion1 !y are call$ ,lu!rans1 or ,calv9i/s4--,s+uli volunt ,ca?olici et ,apo/olici1 s$ volunt1 et ab aliis non hoc prt5so illis nom9e1 s$ ,lut]ani potius aut ,calv9iani nom9antur4 7,c>amuel47 ,i h dwelt 9 ! t[ns ( h]etics1 cont9ues ! same writ]1 & ,i h se5 ) my eyes & he>d ) my e>s a ?+ on :i* ! het]odox %\ld reflect3 x is1 t ) ! exception ( ! ,prote/ant prea*]1 & a few o!rs1 :o desire to "k m ( ! ?+ ?an is necess>y1 all ! cr[d ( h]etics gave ! "n ( ,ca?olics to ! ,romans4--,habitavi 9 hreticorum civitatibus2 et hoc propriis oculis vidi1 propriis audivi auribus1 quod deb]et ab ht]odoxis pond]>i1 prt] prdicantem1 et pauculos qui plus sapiunt quam oportet sap]e1 totum hreticorum vulgus ,ca?olicos vocat ,romanos4 ,su* is ! =ce ( tru?4 ,! ideologi/s "k well t ^! ph5om5a h deep causes1 & t ^! argum5ts are some?+ m ?an subtilties4 ,,note #e1 p4 #ch4 ,s mu* has be5 said ( abuses1 ! influ5ce :i* !y may h _h on ! disa/]s :i* ! ,*ur* suff]$ dur+ ! la/ c5turies has be5 s mu* exagg]at$1 & at ! same "t s mu* c>e has be5 tak51 by hypocritical praise1 to exalt ! purity ( mann]s & /rictness ( discipl9e 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 t "s p h at la/ imag9$ a l9e ( division betwe5 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,^! p]sons see 9 ! e>ly times only tru? & sanctity2 !y attribute to ! o!rs only corruption & falsehood2 z if1 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 all ! fai?ful 7 angels--z if ! ,*ur*1 at all times1 _h n errors to correct & passions to control4 ,) hi/ory 9 our h&s1 x w\ld be easy to r$uce ^! exagg]at$ ideas to _! j value1 to :i* ,erasmus himself1 c]ta9ly little dispos$ to exculpate 8 contempor>ies1 does ju/ice4 ,he cle>ly %[s u1 9 a p>allel betwe5 8 own times & ^? ( ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 h[ pu]ile & ill-f\nd$ 0 ! desire1 !n s widely diffus$1 ( exalt+ antiquity at ! exp5se ( ! pres5t "t4 ,we f9d a fragm5t ( ?is p>allel 9 ! works ( ,m>*etti1 among 8 obs]vations on ,fleury's hi/ory4 ,x w\ld n be less curi\s to pass 9 review ! regulations made by ! ,*ur* to *eck all k9ds ( abuses4 ,! collections ( c\ncils w\ld furni% u ) s _m mat]ials !reupon1 t _m volumes w\ld n suffice to make !m kn[n2 or r1 ^! collections !mselves1 ) al>m+ bulk1 f "o end to ! o!r1 are no?+ b an evid5t pro( ( ^! two tru?s3 #a/1 t !re h be5 at all times _m abuses to be correct$1 an effect1 9 "s measure necess>y1 ( ! weakness & corruption ( human nature2 #b;dly1 t at all p]iods ! ,*ur* has labor$ to correct ^! abuses1 s t x may be affirm$ )\t hesitation1 t y _c po9t out "o )\t imm$iately f9d+ a canonical regulation by its side to *eck or puni% x4 ,^! obs]vations cle>ly %[ t ,prote/antism 0 n caus$ by abuses1 b t x 0 a great calamity1 z x 71 r5d]$ unavoidable by ! fickl5ess ( ! human m9d1 & ! condition 9 :i* society 0 plac$4 ,9 ! same s5se ,jesus ,*ri/ has said1 t x 0 necess>y t !re %\ld be sc&al2 n t any "o 9 p>ticul> is =c$ to give x1 b because su* is ! corruption ( ! human he>t1 t ! natural c\rse ( ?+s mu/ necess>ily br+ x4 ,,note #f1 p4 #db4 ,?is conc]t & unity1 :i* are f\nd 9 ,ca?olicity1 are ?+s :i* ought to fill e s5sible man ) admiration & a/oni%m5t1 :atev] 8 religi\s ideas may be4 ,if we d n suppose t ! f+] ( ,god is "h1 h[ c we expla9 or und]/& ! cont9uance ( ! c5tre ( unity 9 ! see ( ,rome8 ,s mu* has be5 said ( ! supremacy ( ! ,pope1 t x is v difficult to add any ?+ new2 b p]haps our read]s w n be displeas$ to see a passage ( ,/4 ,francis de ,sales1 :]e ! v>i\s rem>kable titles giv5 to ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff & to 8 see1 by ! ,*ur* 9 anci5t times1 are collect$4 ,?is "w ( ! holy ,bi%op is wor?y ( be+ introduc$1 n only because x int]e/s ! curiosity1 b also because x furni%es matt] = grave reflection1 :i* we leave to ! read]4 ,,titles ,,( ,,! ,,pope4 ,mo/ ,holy ,bi%op ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*--,c\ncil ( ,soissons1 ( #cjj ,bi%ops4 ,mo/ ,holy & ,bless$ ,patri>*--,ibid41 t4 vii41 ,c\ncil4 ,mo/ ,bless$ ,"l--,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,ep4 #ie4 ,univ]sal ,patri>*--,/4 ,leo1 ,p41 ,ep4 #fb4 ,*ief ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,_w--,innoc4 ad ,p4 ,p4 ,concil4 ,milevit4 ,! ,bi%op elevat$ to ! ,apo/olic em95ce--,/4 ,cyprian1 ,ep4 #c1 #ab4 ,fa!r ( ,fa!rs--,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 ,sess4 iii4 ,sov]eign ,pontiff ( ,bi%ops--,id41 9 prf4 ,sov]eign ,prie/--,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 ,sess4 xvi4 ,pr9ce ( ,prie/s--,/eph51 ,bi%op ( ,c>?age4 ,prefect ( ! ,h\se ( ,god & ,gu>dian ( ! ,"l's ,v9ey>d--,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 ,ep4 to ,damasus4 ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,confirm] ( ! ,fai? ( ,*ri/ians--,/4 ,j]ome1 prf4 9 ,evang4 ad ,damasum4 ,high-,prie/--,val5t9ian1 & all antiquity ) him4 ,! ,sov]eign ,pontiff--,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 9 ,epi/4 ad ,!odos4 ,imp]4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,bi%ops--,ibid4 ,! ,heir ( ! ,apo/les--,/4 ,b]n41 lib4 de ,consid4 ,abraham by ! ,patri>*ate--,/4 ,ambrose1 9 #a ,tim4 iii4 ,mel*is$e* by ord9ation--,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 ,epi/4 ad ,leonem4 ,moses by au?ority--,/4 ,b]n>d1 ,epi/4 #aij4 ,samuel by jurisdiction--,id4 ib41 et 9 lib4 de ,consid]4 ,pet] by p[]--,ibid4 ,*ri/ by unction--,ibid4 ,! ,%eph]d ( ! ,fold ( ,jesus ,*ri/--,id4 lib ii4 de ,consid]4 ,key-,be>] ( ! ,h\se ( ,god--,id4 ibid4 c4 viii4 ,! ,%eph]d ( all ,%eph]ds--,ibid4 ,! ,pontiff call$ to ! pl5titude ( p[]--,ibid4 ,/4 ,pet] 0 ! ,m\? ( ,jesus ,*ri/--,/4 ,*ryso/41 ,hom4 ii41 9 ,div4 ,s]m4 ,! ,m\? & ,head ( ! ,apo/le%ip--,orig41 ,hom4 lv4 9 ,mat?4 ,! ,ca!dra & ,pr9cipal ,*ur*--,/4 ,cypr41 ,ep4 lv4 ad ,cornel4 ,! ,s\rce ( ,sac]dotal ,unity--,id41 ,epi/4 iii4 #b4 ,! ,bond ( ,unity--,id4 ibid4 iv4 #b4 ,! ,*ur* :]e resides ! *ief p[] 7pot5tior pr9cipalitas7--,id4 ibid4 iii4 #h4 ,! ,*ur* ! ,root & ,"m ( all ! o!rs--,/4 ,anaclet4 ,papa1 ,epi/4 ad omnes ,episc4 et ,fideles4 ,! ,see on :i* our ,"l has built ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*--,/4 ,damasus1 ,epi/4 ad ,univ4 ,episcop4 ,! ,c>d9al ,po9t & ,head ( all ! ,*ur*es--,/4 ,m>cell9us1 ,r4 ,epi/4 ad ,episc4 ,antio*4 ,! ,refuge ( ,bi%ops--,conc4 ,alex41 ,epi/4 ad ,felic4 ,p4 ,! ,supreme ,apo/olic ,see--,/4 ,a?anasius4 ,! ,presid+ ,*ur*--,emp]or ,ju/941 9 lib4 viii41 ,cod4 de ,sum4 ,tr9it4 ,! ,supreme ,see :i* _c be judg$ by any o!r--,/4 ,leo1 9 ,nat4 ,,ss4 ,apo/4 ,! ,*ur* set ov] & pref]r$ to all ! o!rs--,victor d',utiq41 9 lib4 de ,p]fect4 ,! fir/ ( all ! ,sees--,/4 ,prosp]1 9 lib4 de ,+rat4 ,! ,apo/olic ,f\nta9--,/4 ,ignatius1 ,epi/4 ad ,rom4 9 ,subscript4 ,! mo/ secure ,citadel ( all ,ca?olic ,communion--,c\ncil ( ,rome "u ,/4 ,gelasius4 ,,note #g1 p4 #de4 ,i h said t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,prote/ants h felt ! void :i* is f\nd 9 all sects sep>at$ f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i am ab\t to give pro(s ( ?is ass]tion1 :i* p]haps "s p]sons may consid] haz>d\s4 ,lu!r1 writ+ to ,zw+lius1 said1 ,if ! _w la/s = a long "t1 x w be aga9 necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t int]pretations :i* are n[ giv5 to ! ,scriptures1 to receive ! decrees ( ,c\ncils1 & take refuge 9 !m1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! unity ( ! fai?4--,si diutius /et]it mundus1 it]um erit necess>ium1 propt] div]sas ,scriptur int]pretationes qu nunc sunt1 ad cons]v&am fidei unitatem1 ut conciliorum decreta recipiamus1 atque ad ea confugiamus4 ,melanc?on1 deplor+ ! fatal results ( ! want ( spiritual jurisdiction1 said1 ,!re w result f x a lib]ty useless to ! _w2 & 9 ano!r place he utt]s ^! rem>kable words3 ,!re are requir$ 9 ! ,*ur* inspectors1 to ma9ta9 ord]1 to obs]ve att5tively ^? :o are call$ to ! ecclesia/ical m9i/ry1 to wat* ov] ! doctr9e ( prie/s1 & pron\nce ecclesia/ical judgm5ts2 s t if bi%ops did n exi/1 x w\ld be necess>y to create !m4 ,! mon>*y ( ! ,pope w\ld be ( great utility to pres]ve among su* v>i\s nations uni=mity ( doctr9e4 ,let u he> ,calv93 ,god has plac$ ! seat ( 8 wor%ip 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & has plac$ !re only "o ,pontiff1 :om all may reg>d1 ! bett] to pres]ve unity4--,cultus sui s$em 9 m$io t]r collocavit1 illi unum ,anti/icem prfecit1 quem omnes respic]5t1 quo melius 9 unitate cont9]5tur4--7,calv91 ,in/4 #f1 #aa47 ,i h also1 says ,beza1 be5 long & greatly torm5t$ by ! same ?\ghts :i* y describe to me4 ,i see our p w&] at ! m]cy ( e w9d ( doctr9e1 & aft] hav+ be5 rais$ up1 fall sometimes on "o side1 & sometimes on ! o!r4 ,:at !y ?9k ( religion to-day y may "k2 :at !y w ?9k ( x to-morr[ y _c affirm4 ,on :at po9t ( religion are ! ,*ur*es :i* h decl>$ w> aga9/ ! ,pope agre$8 ,exam9e all1 f beg9n+ to end1 y w h>dly f9d "o ?+ affirm$ by ! "o :i* ! o!r does n directly cry out aga9/ z impiety4--,ex]cu]unt me diu et multum ill ips quas describis cogitationes4 ,video no/ros palantes omni doctr9 v5to1 et 9 altum sublatos1 modo ad hanc1 modo ad illam p>tem def]ri4 ,horum1 qu sit hodie de religione s5t5tia scire =tasse possis2 s$ qu cras de eadem futura sit op9io1 neque tu c]to affirm>e queas4 ,9 quo t&em religionis capite congruunt int] se ,ecclesi1 qu ,romano ,pontifici bellum indix]unt8 ,a capite ad calcem si p]curras omnia1 nihil propemodum rep]ias ab uno affirm>i1 quod alt] /atim non impium esse clamitet4 7,?4 ,bez4 ,epi/4 ad ,&ream ,dudit47 ,grotius1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ ( ,prote/ants1 also felt ! weakness ( ! f\ndation on :i* ! sep>at$ sects repose4 ,_m p h believ$ t he di$ a ,ca?olic4 ,! ,prote/ants accus$ him ( hav+ ! int5tion ( embrac+ ! ,roman fai?2 & ! ,ca?olics1 :o _h relations ) him at ,p>is1 ?\ght ! same ?+4 ,x is said t ! celebrat$ ,petau1 ! fri5d ( ,grotius1 at ! news ( 8 dea?1 said mass = him2 an anecdote ! tru? ( :i* ,i d n gu>antee4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,grotius1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,de ,anti*ri/o1 does n ?9k1 ) o!r ,prote/ants1 t ! ,pope is ,anti*ri/4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,votum pro ,pace ,ecclesi1 he says1 )\t circumlocution1 t )\t ! supremacy ( ! ,pope1 x is impossible to put an end to disputes2 & he alleges ! example ( ! ,prote/ants3 z x happ5s1 says he1 among ! ,prote/ants4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 9 8 po/hum\s "w1 ,rivetiani ,apologetici ,discussio1 he op5ly lays d[n ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,ca?olicity1 namely1 t ! dogmas ( fai? %\ld be decid$ by tradition & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & n by ! holy ,scriptures only4 ,! conv]sion ( ! celebrat$ ,prote/ant ,pap91 :i* made s mu* noise1 is ano!r pro( ( :at we are endeavor+ to %[4 ,pap9 reflect$ on ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism1 & on ! contradiction :i* exi/s betwe5 ?is pr9ciple & ! intol]ance ( ,prote/ants1 :o1 rely+ only on private judgm5t1 yet h rec\rse to au?ority = self-pres]vation4 ,he reason$ z foll[s3 ,if ! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 :i* !y attempt to adopt1 is innoc5t & legitimate1 x condemns _! orig91 :]e9 !y refus$ to submit to ! au?ority ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 b if ! pr9ciple ( private judgm5t1 :i* !y embrac$ 9 ! beg9n+1 0 "r & j1 ?is is en\gh to condemn ! pr9ciple ( au?ority inv5t$ by !m = ! purpose ( avoid+ its excesses2 = ?is pr9ciple op5s & smoo?s ! way to ! greate/ disord]s ( impiety4 ,puff5dorf1 :o w c]ta9ly n be accus$ ( coldness :5 attack+ ,ca?olicity1 c\ld n help pay+ 8 tribute also to ! tru?1 :51 9 a confession = :i* all ,ca?olics ought to ?ank him1 he says1 ,! suppression ( ! au?ority ( ! ,pope has s[$ endless g]ms ( discord 9 ! _w3 z !re is no long] any sov]eign au?ority to t]m9ate ! disputes :i* arise on all sides1 we h se5 ! ,prote/ants split among !mselves1 & te> _! b[els ) _! own h&s4 7,puff5dorf1 de ,mon>*4 ,pont4 ,roman47 ,leibnitz1 t great man1 :o1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,font5elle1 advanc$ all sci5ces1 also ackn[l$g$ ! weakness ( ,prote/antism1 & ! organiz+ p[] :i* belongs to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,we "k t1 f> f p>ticipat+ 9 ! ang] ( ,prote/ants aga9/ ! ,pope1 he reg>d$ ! religi\s supremacy ( ,rome ) ! mo/ lively sympa?y4 ,he op5ly av[s ! sup]iority ( ! ,ca?olic ov] ! ,prote/ant missions2 ! religi\s communities !mselves1 ! objects ( s mu* av]sion to s _m p1 7 to him highly respectable4 ,^! anticipations ) respect to ! religi\s ideas ( ?is great man h be5 m & m confirm$ by "o ( 8 po/hum\s works1 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t at ,p>is 9 #ahai4 ,! ,exposition ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,leibnitz on ,religion1 foll[$ by ,?\ghts extract$ f ! writ+s ( ! same ,au?or1 by ,m4 ,em]y1 =m]ly ,g5]al ,sup]ior ( ,/4 ,sulpice1 conta9s ! po/hum\s "w ( ,leibnitz1 :]e( ! title1 9 ! orig9al manuscript1 is1 ,!ological ,sy/em4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w1 rem>kable = its s]i\sness & simplicity1 is c]ta9ly wor?y ( ! great s\l ( ?is di/+ui%$ ?9k]4 ,x is ?is3 ,aft] hav+ long & pr(\ndly /udi$ religi\s controv]sies1 aft] hav+ implor$ ! div9e assi/ance1 & laid aside1 z f> z x is possible = man1 all _s ( p>ty1 ,i h consid]$ myself z a neophyte come f ! new _w1 & "o :o _h n yet embrac$ an op9ion2 behold1 !re=e1 ! conclusions at :i* ,i h arriv$1 & :at appe>$ to me1 out ( all t ,i h exam9$1 wor?y to be receiv$ by all unprejudic$ m51 z :at is mo/ con=mable to ! holy ,scriptures & respectable antiquity2 ,i w ev5 say1 to "r reason & ! mo/ c]ta9 hi/orical facts4 ,leibnitz aft]w>ds lays d[n ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,inc>nation1 ! ,tr9ity1 & ! o!r dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity2 he adopts ) c&or1 & def5ds ) mu* le>n+1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* on tradition1 ! sacram5ts1 ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass1 ! respect paid to relics & holy images1 ! ,*ur* hi]>*y1 & ! supremacy ( ! ,pope4 ,he adds1 ,9 all cases :i* d n admit ! delay ( ! convocation ( a g5]al ,c\ncil1 or :i* d n des]ve to be consid]$ !re91 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! fir/ ( ! ,bi%ops1 or ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff1 has ! same p[] z ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,,note #h1 p4 #di4 ,"s p]sons may suppose t :at we h said ) respect to ! empt9ess ( human k & ! weakness ( our intellect1 has be5 said only = ! purpose ( mak+ ! necessity ( a rule 9 matt]s ( fai? m s5sibly felt4 ,x is n s4 ,x w\ld be easy = me to ins]t "h a long li/ ( texts1 drawn f ! writ+s ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 ( anci5t & mod]n times1 :o h insi/$ ^u ?is v po9t4 ,i w only quote "h an excell5t passage f an illu/ri\s ,spani>d1 "o ( ! greate/ m5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,l\is ,vives4 ,jam m5s ipsa1 suprema animi et celsissima p>s1 videbit quantop]e sit tum natura sua t>da ac prp$ita1 tum t5ebris peccati cca1 et a doctr9a1 usu1 ac sol]tia imp]ita et rudis1 ut ne ea quidem qu videt1 quque manibus contrectat1 cujusmodi s9t1 aut quid fiant assequatur1 n$um ut 9 abdito illa natur1 arcana possit p5etr>e2 sapi5t]que ab ,ari/otele illa e/ posita s5t5tia3 ,m5tem no/ram ad manife/issima natur non alit] hab]e se1 quam noctu oculum ad lum5 solis4 ,ea omnia1 qu univ]sum hom9um g5us novit1 quota sunt p>s eorum qu ignoramus8 ,nec solum id 9 univ]sitate artium e/ v]um1 s$ 9 s+ulis e>um1 9 qu>um nulla tantum e/ humanum +5ium progressum1 ut ad m$ium p]v5]it1 etiam 9 infimis illis ac villissimis2 ut nihil exi/imetur v]ius esse dictum ab ,academicis quam ,scire nihil4 7,ludovic4 ,vives1 de ,concordia et ,discordia1 lib4 iv4 c4 iii47 ,s ?\ght ?is great man1 :o1 to va/ erudition 9 sacr$ & pr(ane ?+s1 add$ pr(\nd m$itation on ! human intellect itself2 :o foll[$ ! progress ( ! sci5ces ) an obs]vant eye1 & und]took to reg5]ate !m1 z 8 writ+s prove4 ,i regret t ,i _c copy 8 words at l5g?1 z well ^? 9 ! passage :i* ,i h j cit$1 z ^? ( 8 immortal "w on ! causes ( ! decl9e ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & on ! mann] ( tea*+ !m4 ,if any "o compla9 t ,i h told "s tru?s z to ! weakness ( our m9ds1 & fe> le/ ?is %\ld imp$e ! progress ( k by *eck+ its flights1 ,i w rem9d him t ! be/ way ( promot+ ! progress ( our m9ds is1 to give !m a k ( !mselves4 ,on ?is po9t1 ! pr(\nd s5t5ce ( ,s5eca may be quot$3 ,i "k t _m p]sons w\ld h atta9$ to wisdom1 if !y _h n presum$ t !y already possess$ x4 ,puto multos ad sapi5tiam protuisse p]v5ire1 nisi se jam cr$]5t p]v5isse4 ,,note #i1 p4 #ec4 ,d5se cl\ds surr\nd ! intellect z soon z x approa*es ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! sci5ces4 ,i h said t ev5 ! ma!matics1 ! cle>ness & c]ta9ty ( :i* h become prov]bial1 are n exempt$ f ?is univ]sal rule4 ,! inf9itesimal calculation1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 may be said to play ! lead+ "p1 nev]!less dep5ds on a few ideas :i*1 up to ?is "t1 h n be5 well expla9$ by any "o--ideas ) respect to limits4 ,i d n wi% to ?r[ any d\bt on ! c]ta9ty ( ?is calculation3 ,i only wi% to %[1 t1 if x 7 attempt$ to exam9e ! ideas :i* are z x 7 ! elem5ts ( x1 be=e ! tribunal ( metaphysical philosophy1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be1 t %ades w\ld be ca/ ^u _! c]ta9ty4 ,)\t go+ fur!r ?an ! elem5t>y "p ( sci5ce1 we might discov] "s po9ts :i* w\ld n be> a cont9u$ metaphysical & ideological analysis )\t injury3 a ?+ :i* x w\ld be v easy to prove by example1 if ! nature ( ?is "w all[$ x4 ,we may recomm5d to ! read] on ?is subject1 ! valuable lett] address$ by ! ,spani% ,jesuit1 ,exim5o1 a di/+ui%$ philosoph] & ma!matician1 to 8 fri5d1 ,juan ,&res2 he w !re f9d "s appropriate obs]vations made by a man :o c]ta9ly w n be reject$ on ! gr\nd ( incompet5cy4 ,x is 9 ,lat91 & is call$ ,epi/ola ad cl>issimum virum ,joannem ,&resium4 ,z to ! o!r sci5ces1 x is n necess>y to say mu* to prove t _! fir/ pr9ciples are surr\nd$ ) d>kness2 & x may be said t ! brilliant rev]ies ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 h _h no o!r s\rce ?an ?is v obscurity4 ,l$ away by ! feel+ ( _! own /r5g?1 ^! m5 pursu$ tru? ev5 to ! abyss2 !re1 to use ! expression ( an illu/ri\s contempor>y poet1 ! tor* 0 ext+ui%$ 9 _! h&s2 lo/ 9 an obscure labyr9?1 !y 7 !n ab&on$ to ! m]cy ( _! fancies & inspirations2 x 0 ?us t reality gave place to ! beautiful dreams ( _! g5ius4 ,,note #aj1 p4 #ed4 ,no?+ is bett] = und]/&+ & expla9+ ! innate weakness ( ! human m9d1 ?an to survey ! hi/ory ( h]esies2 a hi/ory :i* we owe to ! ,*ur*1 to ! extreme c>e :i* %e has tak5 to def9e & classify errors4 ,f ,simon ,magus1 :o call$ himself ! legislator ( ! ,jews1 ! r5ovator ( ! _w1 & ! p>aclete1 :ile pay+ a wor%ip ( latria to 8 mi/ress ,hel5a1 "u ! "n ( ,m9]va1 d[n to ,h]mann1 prea*+ ! massacre ( all ! prie/s & all ! magi/rates ( ! _w1 & affirm+ t he 0 ! real son ( ,god2 a va/ picture1 v unpleasant to behold1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 if x 7 only on acc\nt ( ! extravagances ) :i* x ab\nds1 pres5ts itself to ! obs]v]1 & sugge/s to him v grave & pr(\nd reflections on ! real "* ( ! human m9d2 !re x is easy to see ! wisdom ( ,ca?olicity1 9 attempt+1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to subject ?is incon/ant _s to rule4 ,,note #aa1 p4 #eg4 ,if any p]sons f9d difficulty 9 p]suad+ !mselves t illusion & fanaticism are1 z x 71 9 _! prop] elem5t among ,prote/ants1 behold ! irresi/ible te/imony ( facts 9 aid ( our ass]tion4 ,?is subject w\ld furni% l>ge volumes2 b ,i mu/ be cont5t ) a rapid glance4 ,i beg9 ) ,lu!r4 ,is x possible to c>ry rav+ fur!r ?an to pret5d to h be5 taught by ! devil1 to boa/ ( x1 & to f\nd new doctr9es on s p[]ful an au?ority8 ,yet ?is 0 ! rav+ ( ,lu!r himself1 ! f\nd] ( ,prote/antism1 :o has left u 9 8 works ! evid5ce ( 8 int]view ) ,satan4--,:e!r ! app>ition 0 real1 or produc$ by ! dreams ( a night agitat$ by fev]1 x is impossible to c>ry fanaticism fur!r ?an to boa/ ( hav+ _h su* a ma/]4 ,lu!r tells u himself t he _h _m colloquies ) ! devil2 b :at is above all wor?y ( att5tion is1 ! vision 9 :i*1 z he relates 9 ! mo/ s]i\s mann]1 ,satan1 by 8 argum5ts1 compell$ him to proscribe private masses4 ,he gives u a lively description ( ?is adv5ture4 ,he wakes 9 ! middle ( ! night2 ,satan appe>s to him4--,lu!r is seiz$ ) horror2 he sweats1 he trembles2 8 he>t beats 9 a fe>ful mann]4 ,nev]!less ! discussion beg9s1 & ! devil1 l a good disputant1 presses him s h>d ) 8 argum5ts1 t he leaves him )\t reply4 ,lu!r is conqu]$2 :i* ought n to a/oni% u1 s9ce he tells u t ! logic ( ! devil 0 accompani$ by a voice s al>m+1 t ! blood froze 9 8 ve9s4 ,i !n und]/ood1 says ?is wret*$ be+1 h[ x (t5 happ5s t p die at ! break ( day2 x is because ! devil is able to kill or suffocate m52 & )\t go+ s f> z t1 :5 he disputes ) !m1 he places !m 9 su* emb>rassm5t1 t he c ?us occasion _! dea?4 ,i h (t5 exp]i5c$ ?is myself4 ,?is passage is c]ta9ly curi\s4 ,! phantom :i* appe>$ to ,zw+lius1 ! f\nd] ( ,prote/antism 9 ,switz]l&1 af=ds u ano!r example ( extravagance no less absurd4 ,?is h]esi>* wi%$ to d5y ! real pres5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! ,eu*>i/2 he pret5d$ t :at exi/s "u ! consecrat$ species is only a sign4 ,z ! au?ority ( ! sacr$ text1 :i* cle>ly expresses ! contr>y1 emb>rass$ him1 behold1 sudd5ly1 at ! mom5t :5 he imag9$ t he 0 disput+ ) ! secret>y ( ! t[n1 a :ite or black phantom1 s he tells u himself1 appe>$ to him1 & %[$ him a means4 ,?is pleasant anecdote we h f ,zw+lius himself4 ,:o does n regret to see su* a man z ,melanc?on also giv5 up to ! prejudices & manias ( ! mo/ ridicul\s sup]/ition1 /upidly cr$ul\s ) respect to dreams1 extraord9>y ph5om5a1 & a/rological progno/ics8 ,read 8 lett]s1 :i* are fill$ ) su* pitiful ?+s4 ,at ! "t :5 ! diet ( ,augsburg 0 held1 ,melanc?on reg>d$ z fav\rable presages = ! new gospel an inundation ( ! ,tib]1 ! bir? at ,rome ( a mon/r\s mule ) a crane's foot1 & t ( a calf ) two heads 9 ! t]ritory ( ,augsburg1--ev5ts :i* to him 7 ! und\bt$ ann\ncem5ts ( a *ange 9 ! univ]se1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! approa*+ ru9 ( ,rome by ! p[] ( s*ism4 ,he himself makes ! horoscope ( 8 daught]1 & he trembles = h] because ,m>s pres5ts an al>m+ aspect2 he is n ! less al>m$ at ! tail ( a comet appe>+ )9 ! limits ( ! nor?4 ,! a/rolog]s _h pr$ict$ t 9 autumn ! />s w\ld be m favorable to ecclesia/ical disputes2 ?is progno/ic suffic$ to console him = ! sl[ness ( ! conf]5ces ( ,augsburg on ! subject ( religion3 we see1 moreov]1 t 8 fri5ds--t is1 ! lead]s ( ! p>ty--all[$ !mselves to be rul$ by ! same p[]ful reasons4 ,z if he _h n tr\bles en\gh1 x is pr$ict$ t ,melanc?on w be %ipwreck$ 9 ! ,baltic2 he avoids sail+ on ^? fatal wat]s4 ,c]ta9 ,franciscans _h prophesi$ t ! p[] ( ! ,pope 0 ab\t to decl9e1 & !n to fall = ev]2 also t1 9 ! ye> #afjj1 ! ,turks 7 to become ma/]s ( ,italy & ,g]many2 ,melanc?on boa/s ( hav+ ! orig9al prophecy 9 8 possession2 moreov]1 ! e>?quakes :i* occur confirm him 9 8 belief4 ,! human m9d _h b j set itself up z ! only judge ( fai?1 :5 ! atrocities ( ! mo/ furi\s fanaticism already inundat$ ,g]many ) blood4 ,ma?ias ,h>lem1 ! ,anabapti/1 at ! head ( a f]oci\s troop1 ord]s ! *ur*es to be sack$1 ! sacr$ ornam5ts to be brok5 9 pieces1 & all books1 except ! ,bible1 to be burnt1 z impi\s or useless4 ,e/abli%$ at ,mun/]1 :i* he calls ,mont ,sion1 he causes all ! gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones possess$ by ! inhabitants to be br\ght to him1 & places !m 9 a common treasury1 & names deacons to di/ribute !m4 ,all 8 disciples are compell$ to eat 9 common1 to live 9 p]fect equality1 & to prep>e = ! w> :i* !y w\ld h to und]take1 quitt+ ,m\nt ,sion1 z he himself said1 to subject all ! nations ( ! e>? to 8 p[]4 ,he at l5g? dies 9 a ra% attempt1 :]e91 l ano!r ,gideon1 he und]took no?+ less ?an to ext]m9ate ! army ( ! impi\s ) a h&ful ( m54 ,ma?ias imm$iately f\nd an heir to 8 fanaticism 9 ,becold1 p]haps bett] kn[n "u ! "n ( ,john ( ,leyd54 ,?is fanatic1 a tailor by trade1 ran nak$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,mun/]1 cry+ out1 ,behold1 ! k+ ( ,sion comes4 ,he return$ to 8 h\se1 %ut himself up !re = ?ree days2 & :5 ! p came to inquire = him1 he pret5d$ t he c\ld n speak2 l ano!r ,za*>y1 he made signs t he want$ writ+ mat]ials1 & wrote t x _h be5 reveal$ to him by ,god1 t ! p %\ld be gov]n$ by judges1 9 imitation ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,he nam$ twelve judges1 *oos+ ! m5 :o 7 ! mo/ atta*$ to himself2 & until ! au?ority ( ! new magi/rates _h be5 ackn[l$g$1 he took ! precaution n to all[ himself to be se5 by any body4 ,already 0 ! au?ority ( ! new prophet secur$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 b n cont5t ) ! real comm&1 he desir$ to surr\nd himself ) pomp & maje/y2 he propos$ no?+ less ?an to h himself proclaim$ k+4 ,n[ ! bl9dness ( ! sect>ian fanatics 0 s great1 t x 0 n difficult = him to complete 8 mad ent]prise2 x 0 en\gh = him to play (f a gross f>ce4 ,a goldsmi? :o _h an und]/&+ ) ! aspirant to royalty1 & 0 also initiat$ 9 ! art ( prophecy1 pres5t$ himself be=e ! judges ( ,israel1 & spoke to !m ?us3 ,behold1 ?is is ! w ( ! ,"l ,god1 ! ,et]nal3 z 9 o!r times ,i e/abli%$ ,saul ov] ,israel1 & aft] him ,david1 :o 0 only a simple %eph]d1 s ,i n[ e/abli% my prophet ,becold k+ ( ,sion4 ,! judges w\ld n resolve on abdication2 b ,becold assur$ !m t he also _h _h ! same vision1 t he _h conceal$ x f humility1 b t ,god hav+ spok5 by ano!r prophet1 x 0 necess>y = him to resign himself to m\nt ! ?rone1 & accompli% ! ord]s ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! judges p]si/$ 9 wi%+ to call ! p toge!r2 !y assembl$ 9 ! m>ket-place2 !re a prophet1 on ! "p ( ,god1 pres5t$ to ,becold a drawn sword1 z a sign ( ! p[] ( ju/ice1 :i* 0 conf]r$ on him ov] all ! e>?1 to ext5d to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w ! empire ( ,sion2 he 0 proclaim$ k+ ) ! mo/ boi/]\s joy1 & solemnly cr[n$ on ! #bd? ( ,june1 #aecd4 ,z he _h esp\s$ ! wife ( 8 pr$ecessor1 he rais$ h] to ! royal dignity2 b :ile res]v+ to h] ! exclusive privilege ( be+ que51 he cont9u$ to h sev5te5 wives1 9 con=mity ) ! holy lib]ty :i* he _h proclaim$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,! orgies1 assass9ations1 atrocities1 & rav+s ( all k9ds :i* foll[$ _c be relat$2 x may be affirm$ t ! sixte5 mon?s ( ! reign ( ?is madman 7 only a s]ies ( crimes4 ,! ,ca?olics cri$ out aga9/ su* horrible excesses4 ,! ,prote/ants cri$ out also2 b :o 0 to blame8 ,0 x n !y :o1 aft] hav+ proclaim$ resi/ance to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 _h ?r[n ! ,bible into ! mid/ ( ^! wret*$ m51 at ! risk ( _! heads be+ turn$ by ! rav+s ( individual int]pretation1 & ( precipitat+ !m into projects z crim9al z !y 7 s5seless8 ,! ,anabapti/s 7 well aw>e ( ?is2 & !y 7 exce$+ly indignant ) ,lu!r1 :o condemn$ !m 9 8 writ+s2 & inde$1 :at "r _h he1 :o _h e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple1 to desire to *eck its consequ5ces8 ,if ,lu!r f\nd 9 ! ,bible t ! ,pope 0 ,anti*ri/1 if he arrogat$ to himself1 ( 8 own au?ority1 ! mission ( de/roy+ ! reign ( ! ,pope1 by exhort+ all ! _w to conspire aga9/ him1 :y c\ld n ! ,anabapti/s say1 9 _! turn1 t !y _h int]c\rse ) ,god1 & _h receiv$ ! ord] to ext]m9ate all ! wick$1 & to e/abli% a new k+dom1 9 :i* 7 to be se5 only wise1 pi\s1 & innoc5t m51 hav+ become ! ma/]s ( all ?+s4 ,h]mann prea*+ ! massacre ( all ! prie/s & all ! magi/rates ( ! _w2 ,david ,george proclaim+ t 8 doctr9e alone 0 p]fect1 t t ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 0 imp]fect1 & t he 0 ! true ,son ( ,god2 ,ni*olas reject+ fai? & wor%ip z useless1 tread+ "u foot ! fundam5tal precepts ( morality1 & tea*+ t x 0 good to cont9ue 9 s91 t grace might ab\nd2 ,hacket pret5d+ t ! _s ( ! ,messiah _h desc5d$ ^u him1 & s5d+ two ( 8 disciples to cry out 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 ,behold ,*ri/ com+ "h ) a vase 9 8 h&6 ,hacket himself cry+ out1 at ! sight ( ! gibbet1 & 9 ! agony ( puni%m5t1 ,jehovah6 ,jehovah6 d y n see t ! heav5s op51 & t ,jesus ,*ri/ comes to deliv] me8 are n all ^! deplorable spectacles1 & a hundr$ o!rs t ,i might m5tion1 pro(s suffici5tly evid5t t ! ,prote/ant sy/em n\ri%es & inflames a fe>ful fanaticism8 ,v5n]1 ,fox1 ,william ,simpson1 ,j4 ,naylor1 ,c\nt ,z9z5dorf1 ,wesley1 ,b>on ,sw$5borg1 & o!r simil> names1 are suffici5t to rem9d u ( an assemblage ( sects s extravagant1 & a s]ies ( crimes su* z w\ld fill volumes1 :i* w\ld af=d u ! mo/ ridicul\s & ! mo/ odi\s pictures1 ! greate/ mis]ies & ! mo/ deplorable errors ( ! human m9d4 ,i h n inv5t$ or exagg]at$4 ,op5 hi/ory1 consult au?ors--,i d n mean ,ca?olics1 b ,prote/ants1 or :atev] !y may be--& y w e :]e f9d a multitude ( witnesses :o depose to ! tru? ( ^! facts2 notori\s facts1 :i* h tak5 place 9 ! light ( day1 9 great capitals1 & 9 times bord]+ on our own2 & let x n be suppos$ t ?is abundant s\rce ( illusion & fanaticism has be5 exhau/$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages2 x does n seem t x is yet ne> be+ dri$ up1 & ,europe appe>s condemn$ to he> ! recital ( visions1 su* z ^? ( ,b>on ,sw$5borg 9 ! inn 9 ,london2 & we %all /ill see passports = heav5 ) ?ree seals giv5 out1 l ^? ( ,johanna ,s\?cote4 ,,note #ab1 p4 #fj4 ,no?+ is m palpable ?an ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s on ?is po9t betwe5 ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics4 ,on bo? sides !re are p]sons :o consid] !mselves to be favor$ ) heav5ly visions2 b ^! visions r5d] ,prote/ants pr\d1 turbul5t1 & rav+ mad1 :ile among ,ca?olics !y increase ! _s ( humility1 peace1 & love4 ,ev5 9 t v sixte5? c5tury1 9 :i* ! fanaticism ( ! ,prote/ants agitat$ & /a9$ ,europe ) blood1 !re liv$ 9 ,spa9 a woman :o1 9 ! judgm5t ( unbeliev]s & ,prote/ants1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ^? :o h be5 ! mo/ deeply infect$ ) illusion & fanaticism2 b has ! suppos$ fanaticism ( ?is woman ev] caus$ ! spill+ ( a drop ( blood1 or ! %$d+ ( a te>8 ,7 h] visions1 l ^? ( ,prote/ants1 ord]s f heav5 = ! ext]m9ation ( m58 ,aft] ! desolate & horrible picture :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! prec$+ note1 p]haps ! read] w be glad to let 8 eyes re/ ^u a spectacle z peaceful z x is beautiful4 ,x is ,/4 ,!resa writ+ h] own life out ( pure ob$i5ce1 & relat+ to u h] visions ) angelic c&or & ineffable sweetness4 ,! ,"l 7%e says7 will$ t ,i %\ld once h ?is vision3 ,i saw ne> to me1 on ! left h&1 an angel 9 a corporeal =m2 ?is is :at ,i d n usually see1 except by a prodigy2 al?\gh angels (t5 pres5t !mselves to me )\t my see+ !m1 z ,i h said 9 ! prec$+ vision4 ,9 ?is ! ,"l will$ t ,i %\ld see him 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 he 0 n tall1 b small & v beautiful1 8 face all 9 a flame1 & he seem$ to be "o ( ! angels v high 9 ! hi]>*y1 :o app>5tly are all on fire4 ,)\t d\bt1 he 0 "o ( ^? :o are call$ s]aphim4--,^! angels d n tell me _! names2 b ,i cle>ly see t !re is s great a diff]5ce among ! angels1 betwe5 "s & o!rs1 t ,i d n "k h[ to express x4 ,i saw 9 8 h&s a long d>t ( gold1 :i* appe>$ to me to h "s fire at ! end ( ! po9t4 ,x seem$ to me t ! angel buri$ ?is d>t f "t to "t 9 my he>t1 & made x p5etrate to my b[els1 & t :5 )draw+ x1 he c>ri$ !m away1 leav+ me all inflam$ ) a great love ( ,god4 7,vie de ,/4 ,?rse1 c4 xxix4 no4 #aa47 ,ano!r example3 ,at ?is mom5t ,i see on my head a dove v diff]5t f ^? ( e>?2 = ?is "o _h no fea!rs1 b w+s z x 7 ( ! %ell ( "m ( pe>l1 :i* %one brightly4 ,x 0 l>g] ?an a dove2 x seem$ to me t ,i he>d ! noise ( its w+s4 ,x mov$ !m almo/ = ! "t ( an ,ave ,m>ia4 ,! s\l 0 already 9 su* a condition t1 h]self swoon+ away1 %e also lo/ sight ( ?is div9e dove4 ,! m9d grew tranquil ) ! pres5ce ( su* a gue/1 al?\gh x seem$ to me t s wond]ful a favor ought to fill x ) p]turbation & al>m2 b z ! s\l began to enjoy x1 fe> dep>t$1 repose came ) enjoym5t1 & ! m9d rema9$ 9 ec/acy4 7,vie1 c4 xxviii4 no4 #g47 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d any ?+ m beautiful1 express$ 9 m lively colors1 & ) a m amiable simplicity4 ,x w n be out ( place to copy "h two o!r passages ( a diff]5t k9d1 :i*1 :ile !y en=ce :at we wi% to %[1 may contribute to awak5 ! ta/e ( our nation = a c]ta9 class ( ,spani% writ]s1 :o are e day fall+ into oblivion ) u1 :ile =eign]s seek = !m ) eag]ness1 & publi% h&some editions ( !m4 ,i 0 once at (fice ) all ! re/2 my s\l 0 sudd5ly fix$ 9 att5tion1 & x seem$ to me to be entirely z a cle> mirror )\t rev]se or side1 nei!r high nor l[1 b %9+ e :]e4 ,9 ! mid/ ( x1 ,*ri/ our ,savi\r pres5t$ himself to me1 z ,i am accu/om$ to see ,him4 ,he appe>$ to me to be at once 9 all p>ts ( my s\l4 ,i saw ,him z 9 a cle> mirror1 & ?is mirror also 7,i _c say h[7 0 entirely impr9t$ on our ,"l himself1 by a communication :i* ,i _c describe--a communication full ( love4 ,i "k t ?is vision has be5 ( great advantage to me e "t t ,i recollect x1 pr9cipally :5 ,i h j receiv$ communion4 ,i 0 giv5 to und]/& t :5 a s\l is 9 a /ate ( mortal s91 ?is mirror is cov]$ ) great d>kness1 & is extremely obscure1 s t our ,"l _c appe> or be se5 !re91 al?\gh ,he is always pres5t z giv+ be+2 z to h]etics1 x is z if ! mirror 7 brok51 :i* is mu* worse ?an if x 7 obscur$4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 see+ ?is & tell+ x2 x is difficult to make su* a ?+ und]/ood4 ,i repeat1 t ?is has be5 v pr(itable to me1 & also v afflict+1 on acc\nt ( ! view ( ! v>i\s (f5ces by :i* ,i h obscur$ my s\l1 & h be5 depriv$ ( see+ my ,"l4 7,vie1 c4 xi4 no4 #d47 ,9 ano!r place %e expla9s a mann] ( see+ ?+s 9 ,god2 %e repres5ts ! idea by an image s brilliant & sublime1 t we appe> to be read+ ,malebran*e1 :5 develop+ 8 fam\s sy/em4 ,we say t ! ,div9ity is l a bright diamond1 inf9itely l>g] ?an ! _w2 or r l a mirror1 z ,i h said ( ! s\l 9 ano!r vision2 except t "h x is 9 a mann] s sublime1 t ,i "k n h[ to exalt x suffici5tly4 ,all t we d is se5 9 ?is diamond1 :i* conta9s all 9 itself2 = !re is no?+ :i* is n compris$ 9 s great a magnitude4 ,x 0 al>m+ to me to see 9 s %ort a "t s _m ?+s assembl$ 9 ?is bright diamond2 & ,i am pr(\ndly afflict$ e "t t ,i ?9k t ?+s s %ock+ z my s9s appe>$ to me 9 ?is mo/ pure brightness4 7,vie1 c4 xl4 no4 #g47 ,let u n[ suppose1 ) ,prote/ants1 t all ^! visions 7 only pure illusions3 at lea/ x is evid5t t !y d n p]v]t ideas1 corrupt morals1 or di/urb public ord]2 & assur$ly1 _h !y s]v$ only to inspire ^! beautiful pages1 we %\ld n "k h[ to regret ! illusion4 ,?is is a confirmation ( :at ,i h said ( ! salut>y effects :i* ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple produces 9 s\ls1 by prev5t+ !m f be+ bl9d$ by pride1 or ?r[+ !mselves into dang]\s c\rses4 ,?is pr9ciple conf9es !m to a sph]e :]e x is impossible = !m to injure any "o2 b x does n deprive !m ( any ( _! =ce or en]gy to d good1 suppos+ t ! inspiration is real4 ,al?\gh x w\ld h be5 easy = me to cite a ?\s& examples1 ,i 0 compell$1 = ! sake ( brevity1 to conf9e myself to "o1 :5 select+ ,/4 ,!resa z "o ( ^? :o are ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 ?is respect1 & because %e 0 contempor>y ) ! great ab]rations ( ,prote/antism4 ,9 f9e1 z %e 0 a daught] ( ,spa91 ,i seiz$ ! opportunity ( recall+ h] to ! memories ( ,spani>ds1 :o beg9 too mu* to =get h]4 ,,note #ac1 p4 #fd4 ,"s ( ! lead]s ( ! ,re=mation h left suspicions t !y taught ) ins9c]ity1 t !y did n !mselves believe :at !y prea*$1 & t !y _h no o!r object ?an to deceive _! proselytes4 ,z ,i am unwill+ to h x imput$ to me t ,i h made ?is accusation ra%ly1 ,i w adduce "s pro(s 9 support ( my ass]tion4 ,let u he> ,lu!r himself4 ,(t51 he says1 d ,i ?9k )9 myself t ,i sc>cely "k :]e ,i am1 & :e!r ,i tea* ! tru? or n 7,spe sic mecum cogito1 propemodum nescio1 quo loco sim1 et utrum v]itatem doceam1 necne74 7,lu!r1 ,col4 ,isleb4 de ,*ri/o47 ,& x is ! same man :o said3 ,x is c]ta9 t ,i h receiv$ my dogmas f heav54 ,i w n all[ y to judge ( my doctr9e1 nei!r y nor ev5 ! angels ( heav5 7,c]tum e/ dogmata mea hab]e me de clo4 ,non s9am vel vos vel ipsos angelos de clo de mea doctr9a judic>e74 7,lu!r1 contra ,reg4 ,ang47 ,john ,mat!i1 ! au?or ( _m writ+s on ! life ( ,lu!r1 & :o is n scanty 9 eulogies on ! h]esi>*1 has pres]v$ a v curi\s anecdote t\*+ ! convictions ( ,lu!r4 ,x is ?is3 ,a prea*] call$ ,john ,musa relat$ to me t he "o day compla9$ to ,lu!r t he c\ld n prevail on himself to believe :at he taught to o!rs3 ',bless$ be ,god 7said ,lu!r7 t ! same ?+ happ5s to o!rs z to myself3 ,i believ$ till n[ t ,,t 0 a ?+ :i* happ5$ only to me4' 7,johann4 ,mat!sius1 conc4 #ab47 ,! doctr9es ( infidelity 7 n long delay$2 b w\ld x be believ$ t !y are f\nd express$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,lu!r's own works8 ,x is likely1 says he1 speak+ ( ! dead1 t1 except a few1 !y all sleep depriv$ ( feel+4 ,i ?9k t ! dead are buri$ 9 s ineffable & wond]ful a sleep1 t !y feel or see less ?an ^? :o sleep an ord9>y sleep4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead ent] nei!r into purgatory nor into hell4 ,! human s\l sleeps2 all its s5ses buri$4 ,!re is no suff]+ 9 ! abode ( ! dead4 7,v]isimile e/1 exceptis paucis1 omnes dormire ins5sibiles4 ,ego puto mortuos sic ineffabili et miro somno sopitos1 ut m9us s5tiant aut videant1 quam hi qui alias dormiunt4 ,anim mortuorum non +r$iuntur 9 purgatorium nec inf]num4 ,anima humana dormit1 omnibus s5sibus sepultis4 ,mortuorum locus cruciatus nullos habet47 7,tom4 ii4 ,epi/4 ,lat4 ,isleb4 fol4 #dd2 t4 vi4 ,lat4 ,witt5b]g1 9 cap4 ii41 cap4 xxiii41 c4 xxv41 c4 xlii4 et xlix4 ,g5es4 et t4 iv4 ,lat4 ,witt5b]g1 fol4 #aji47 ,p]sons 7 n want+ ready to receive su* doctr9es2 & ?is tea*+ caus$ su* ravages1 t ! ,lu!ran ,br5tz51 disciple & successor ( ,lu!r1 hesitates n to say3 ,al?\gh no "o among u publicly pr(esses t ! s\l p]i%es ) ! body1 & t !re is no resurrection ( ! dead1 nev]!less ! impure & :olly pr(ane lives :i* !y = ! mo/ "p lead1 %[ v cle>ly t !y d n believe t !re is ano!r life4 ,"s ev5 all[ words ( ?is k9d to escape !m1 n only 9 ! intoxication ( libations1 b ev5 :5 fa/+1 9 _! famili> int]c\rse4 7,et si int] nos nulla sit publica pr(essio quod anima simul cum corpore int]eat1 et quod non sit mortuorum resurrectio1 tam5 impurissima et pr(anissima illa vita1 quam maxima p>s hom9um sectatur1 p]spicue indicat quod non s5tiat vitam po/ hanc4 ,nonnullis etiam tales voces1 tam ebriis int] pocula1 quam sobriis 9 famili>ibus colloquiis47 7,br5tius1 ,hom4 #ce1 9 cap4 #bj1 ,luc47 ,!re 7 9 ?is same sixte5? c5tury "s m5 :o c>$ n to give _! names to ?is or t sect1 b :o pr(ess$ infidelity & scepticism )\t disguise4 ,we "k t ! fam\s ,gruet paid ) 8 head = 8 boldness 9 ?is way2 & x 0 n ! ,ca?olics :o cut x (f1 b ! ,calv9i/s1 :o 7 (f5d$ t ?is unhappy man _h tak5 ! lib]ty to pa9t ! "* & conduct ( ,calv9 9 _! true colors4 ,gruet _h also committ$ ! crime ( po/+ up plac>ds at ,g5eva1 9 :i* he *>g$ ! pret5d$ re=m]s ) inconsi/5cy1 on acc\nt ( ! tyranny :i* !y attempt$ to ex]cise ov] consci5ces1 aft] hav+ %ak5 (f ! yoke ( au?ority on _! own acc\nt4 ,?is took place soon aft] ! bir? ( ,prote/antism1 z ! s5t5ce on ,gruet 0 execut$ 9 #aedi4 ,montaigne1 :o has be5 po9t$ out z "o ( ! fir/ sceptics :o acquir$ reputation 9 ,europe1 c>ries ! ?+ s f>1 t he does n ev5 admit ! natural law4 ,!y are n s]i\s 7he says7 :51 to give "s c]ta9ty to laws1 !y say t !re are any laws fix$1 p]petual1 & immutable1 :i* !y call natural1 :i* are impress$ on ! human race by ! condition ( _! peculi> ess5ce4 7,montaigne1 ,ess4 l4 ii4 c4 #ab47 ,we h already se5 :at ,lu!r ?\ght ( dea?1 or at lea/ ! expression :i* escap$ him on ?is subject2 & we _c be a/oni%$ aft] t1 t ,montaigne wi%$ to die l a real unbeliev]1 & t he says1 speak+ ( ! t]rible passage3 ,i plunge my head1 ins5sibly sunk 9 dea?1 )\t consid]+ or obs]v+ x1 z 9 a sil5t & obscure dep?1 :i* swall[s me up at once1 /ifles me 9 a mom5t ) p[]ful sleep full ( insipidity & indol5ce4 7,montaigne1 l4 iii4 c4 #i47 ,b ?is man1 :o wi%$ t dea? %\ld f9d him plant+ 8 cabbages1 & )\t ?9k+ ( x 7,je veux que la mort me tr\ve plantant mes *\x1 mais sans me s\ci] d'elle71 0 n ( ! same op9ion 9 8 la/ mom5ts4 ,:5 he 0 ne> brea?+ 8 la/1 he wi%$ t ! holy sacrifice ( ! ,mass %\ld be celebrat$ 9 8 ap>tm5t1 & he expir$ :ile mak+ an ef=t to raise himself on 8 b$1 9 ! act ( ador+ ! sacr$ ,ho/4 ,we see t he _h pr(it$ 9 8 he>t by "s ( 8 ideas ) respect to ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x is pride1 he _h said1 t leads man out ( ! common pa?1 & urges him to embrace novelties1 lov+ r to be ! *ief ( a w&]+ & undiscipl9$ b&1 ?an to be a disciple ( ! s*ool ( tru?4 ,9 ano!r place1 at once condemn+ all ! diss5t+ sects1 he _h said1 ,9 religi\s matt]s x is necess>y to adh]e to ^? :o are ! e/abli%$ judges ( doctr9e1 & :o h legitimate au?ority1 n to ! mo/ le>n$ & ! clev]e/4 ,f all t ,i h j said1 x is cle> t if ,i accuse ,prote/antism ( hav+ be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( infidelity 9 ,europe1 ,i d n accuse x )\t reason4 ,i repeat "h1 t x is by no means my int5tion to ov]look ! ef=ts ( "s ,prote/ants to oppose infidelity2 ,i d n assail p]sons1 b ?+s1 & ,i honor m]it :]ev] ,i f9d x4 ,9 f9e1 ,i w add1 t if at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a consid]able numb] ( ,prote/ants display$ a t5d5cy t[>ds ,ca?olicity1 we mu/ seek ! reason = x 9 ! progress :i* !y saw infidelity mak+1--a progress :i* x 0 impossible to *eck1 at lea/ )\t hold+ fa/ to ! an*or ( au?ority :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* (f]$ to ! :ole _w4 ,i _c1 )\t exce$+ ! limits :i* ,i h m>k$ out = myself1 give a circum/antial detail ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,molanus & ! ,bi%op ( ,tyna1 ( ,leibnitz & ,bossuet4 ,read]s :o desire to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) t affair1 may exam9e x p>tly 9 ! works ( ,bossuet himself1 & p>tly 9 ! int]e/+ "w ( ,m4 de ,beausset1 prefix$ to "s editions ( ,bossuet4 ,,note #ad1 p4 #hf4 ,9 ord] to =m an idea ( ! /ate ( k at ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity1 & become conv9c$ t !re 0 no?+ to be expect$ f ! human m9d ab&on$ to its own /r5g?1 x is en\gh to recall to m9d ! mon/r\s sects :i* e :]e ab\nd$ 9 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*1 ! doctr9es :]e( =m$ ! mo/ %apeless1 extravagant1 & immoral comp\nd t x is possible to conceive4 ,! names ( ,c]9?us1 ,m5&]1 ,ebion1 ,saturn9us1 ,basilides1 ,nicolas1 ,c>pocrates1 ,val5t9us1 ,m>cion1 ,montanus1 & s _m o!rs1 rem9d u ( ! sects 9 :i* delirium 0 connect$ ) immorality4 ,:5 we ?r[ a glance ov] ^! philosophico-religi\s sects1 we see t !y 7 capable nei!r ( conceiv+ a philosophical sy/em ) any degree ( conc]t1 nor ( imag9+ a collection ( doctr9es & practices to :i* ! "n ( religion c be appli$4 ,^! m5 ov]turn$1 mix$1 & conf\nd$ all2 ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ! recollections ( ! anci5t s*ools1 7 all amalgamat$ 9 _! delud$ heads2 :at !y nev] =got 01 to give a loose re9 to all k9ds ( corruption & obsc5ity4 ,9 ! spectacle ( ^! ages1 a wide field is op5$ to ! conjectures ( true philosophy4 ,:at w\ld h become ( human k1 if ,*ri/ianity _h n come to enlight5 ! _w ) h] cele/ial doctr9es2 if t div9e religion1 conf\nd+ ! fooli% pride ( man1 _h n come to %[ him h[ va9 & s5seless 7 8 ?\ghts1 & h[ f> he 0 remov$ f ! pa? ( tru?8 ,x is rem>kable t ^! same m51 ^: ab]rations make u %udd]1 gave !mselves ! "n ( ,gno/ics1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]ior k ) :i* !y suppos$ !mselves to be end[$4 ,we see t man is at all times ! same4 ,,note #ae1 p4 #aae4 ,i h ?\ght t x w\ld n be useless to transcribe "h1 ^w = ^w1 ! canons :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,my read]s may !reby acquire = !mselves a complete k ( :at is f\nd !re2 & !re w be no room left to suppose t ! real s5se ( ! regulations has be5 p]v]t$ 9 ! extracts :i* ,i h giv54 ,,canons ,,& ,,o!r ,,docum5ts1 ,:i* %[ ! solicitude ( ! ,*ur* to improve ! lot ( slaves1 & ! v>i\s means %e has us$ to accompli% ! abolition ( slav]y3 ,i4 ,a p5ance is impos$ on ! mi/ress :o maltreats h] slave 7ancillam74 7,concilium ,elib]itanum1 anno #cje47 ,si qua dom9a furore zeli acc5sa flagris v]b]av]it ancillam suam1 ita ut 9 t]tium diem animam cum cruciatu effundat2 eo quod inc]tum sit1 voluntate an casu occid]it2 si voluntate1 po/ septem annos1 si casu1 po/ qu9qu5nii tempora1 acta legitima pnit5tia1 ad communionem placuit admitti4 ,quod si infra tempora con/ituta fu]it infirmata1 accipiat communionem4 7,canon #e47 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! ^w 'ancillam' means a slave prop]ly s call$1 & n any k9d ( s]vant4 ,?is appe>s1 inde$1 f ! words flagris v]b]av]it1 :i* express a *a/isem5t res]v$ = slaves4 ,!y excommunicate ! ma/] :o1 ( 8 own au?ority1 beats 8 slave to dea?4 7,concilium ,epao5se1 anno #eag47 ,si quis s]vum proprium s9e consci5tia judicis occid]it1 excommunicatione bi5nii effusionem sangu9is expiabit4 7,canon #cd47 ,?is same regulation is repeat$ 9 ! #ae? canon ( ! #ag? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 held 9 #fid2 ev5 ! words ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,epaon are !re copi$ ) v slight *ange4 7,ibid47 ,! slave guilty ( an atroci\s crime 0 to escape corporeal puni%m5ts by tak+ refuge 9 a *ur*4 ,s]vus reatu atrociore culpabilis si ad ecclesiam confug]it1 a corporabilibus tantum suppliciis excusetur4 ,de capillis v]o1 vel quocumque op]e1 placuit1 a dom9is juram5ta non exigi4 7,canon #ci47 ,v rem>kable precautions to prev5t ma/]s f maltreat+ ! slaves :o _h tak5 refuge 9 *ur*es4 7,concilium ,aurelian5se qu9tum1 anno #edi47 ,de s]vis v]o1 qui pro qualibet culpa ad ecclesi septa confug]9t1 id /atuimus obs]v&um1 ut1 sicut 9 antiquis con/itutionibus t5etur scriptum1 pro concessa culpa datis a dom9o sacram5tis1 quisquis ille fu]it1 exp$iatur de v5ia jam securus4 ,enim v]o si immemor fidei dom9us trasc5disse conv9citur quod juravit1 ut is qui v5iam accep]at1 probetur po/modum pro ea culpa qualicumque supplicio cruciatus1 dom9us ille qui immemor fuit dat fidei1 sit ab omnium communione susp5sus4 ,it]um si s]vus de promissione v5i datis sacram5tis a dom9o jam securus exire nolu]it1 ne sub tali contumacia requir5s locum fug1 dom9o =tasse disp]eat1 egr$i nol5tem a dom9o eum liceat occup>i1 ut nullam1 quasi pro ret5tatione s]vi1 quibuslibet modis mole/iam aut calumniam patiatur ecclesia3 fidem tam5 dom9us1 quam pro concessa v5ia d$it1 nulla tem]itate transc5dat4 ,quod si aut g5tilis dom9us fu]it1 aut alt]ius sect1 qui a conv5tu ecclesi probatur extraneus1 is qui s]vum repetit1 p]sonas requirat bon fidei ,*ri/ianas1 ut ipsi 9 p]sona dom9i s]vo prbeant sacram5ta3 quia ipsi possunt s]v>e quod sacrum e/1 qui pro transgressione ecclesia/icum metuunt discipl9am4 7,canon #bb47 ,x is difficult to c>ry solicitude = ! lot ( slaves fur!r4 ,?is docum5t is v curi\s4 ,!y =bid bi%ops to mutilate _! slaves3 !y ord] t ! duty ( *a/is+ !m %\ld be left to ! judge ( ! t[n1 :o1 nev]!less1 c\ld n cut (f _! hair1 a puni%m5t :i* 0 consid]$ too ignom9i\s4 7,concilium ,em]it5se1 anno #fff47 ,si regalis pietas pro salute omnium su>um legum dignata e/ pon]e decreta1 cur religio sancta p] sancti concilii ord9em non habeat in/ituta1 qu omn9o deb5t esse cav5da8 ,ideoque placuit huic sancto concilio1 ut omnis pote/as episcopalis modum su ponat ir2 nec pro quolibet excessu cuilibet ex familia1 ecclesi aliquod corporis membrorum sua ord9atione prsumat extirp>e aut auf]re4 ,quod si talis em]s]it culpa1 advocato judice civitatis1 ad exam5 ejus d$ucatur quod factum fuisse ass]itur4 ,et quia omn9o ju/um e/1 ut pontifex svissimam non imp5dat v9dictam2 quidquid coram judice v]ius patu]it1 p] discipl9 sev]itatem absque turpi decalvatione maneat em5datum4 7,canon #ae47 ,prie/s are =bidd5 to h _! slaves mutilat$4 7,concilium ,toletanum undecimum1 anno #fge47 ,8 a quibus dom9i sacram5ta tract&a sunt1 judicium sangu9is agit>e non licet3 et ideo magnop]e talium excessibus prohib5dum e/1 ne indiscret prsumptionis motibus agitati1 aut quod morte plect5dum e/1 s5t5tia propria judic>e prsumant1 aut truncationes quaslibet membrorum quibuslibet p]sonis aut p] se inf]ant1 aut inf]5das prcipiant4 ,quod si quisquam horum immemor prceptorum1 aut ecclesi su familiis1 aut 9 quibuslibet p]sonis tale quid fec]it1 et concessi ord9is honore privatus1 et loco suo1 p]petuo damnationis t5eatur religatus erga/ulo3 cui tam5 communio exeunti ex hac vita non neg&a e/1 propt] dom9i mis]icordiam1 qui non vult peccatoris mortem1 s$ ut conv]tatur et vivat4 7,canon #f47 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 t ! ^w familia1 employ$ 9 ! two la/ canons :i* we h j cit$1 %\ld be und]/ood ( slaves4 ,! real mean+ ( ?is ^w is cle>ly %[n u by ! #gd? canon ( ! #d? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o4 ,de familiis ecclesi con/itu]e presbyt]os et diaconos p] p>o*ias liceat 44444 ea tam5 ratione ut antea manumissi lib]tatem /atus sui p]cipiant4 ,we see ?is ^w employ$ 9 ! same s5se by ,pope ,/4 ,gregory4 7,epi/4 xliv4 l4 #d47 ,a p5ance is impos$ on ! ma/] :o kills 8 slave ( 8 own au?ority4 7,concilium ,wormati5se1 anno #hfh47 ,si quis s]vum proprium s9e consci5tia judicum qui tale quid commis]it1 quod morte sit dignum1 occid]it1 excommunicatione vel pnit5tia bi5nii1 reatum sangu9is em5dabit4 7,canon #ch47 ,si qua fem9a furore zeli acc5sa1 flagris v]b]av]it ancillam suam1 ita ut intra t]tium diem animam suam cum cruciatu effundat1 eo quod inc]tum sit voluntate1 an casu occid]it2 si voluntate1 septem annos1 si casu1 p] qu9que annorum tempora legitimam p]agat pnit5tiam4 7,canon #ci47 ,!y *eck ! viol5ce ( ^? :o1 to rev5ge !mselves = ! asylum grant$ to slaves1 take possession ( ! goods ( ! ,*ur*4 7,concilium ,arausicanum primum1 anno #dda47 ,si quis autem mancipia cl]icorum pro suis mancipiis ad ecclesiam fugi5tibus cr$id]it occup&a1 p] omnes ecclesias di/rictissima damnatione f]iatur4 7,canon #f47 ,,ii4 7,ibid47 ,!y *eck all attempts made aga9/ ! lib]ty ( slaves enfran*is$ by ! ,*ur*1 or :o h be5 recomm5d$ to h] by w4 ,9 ecclesia manumissos1 vel p] te/am5tum ecclesi comm5datos1 si quis 9 s]vitutem1 vel obsequium1 vel ad colon>iam conditionem imprim]e t5tav]it1 animadv]sione ecclesia/ica co]ceatur4 7,canon #g47 ,!y secure ! lib]ty ( ^? :o h receiv$ ! b5efit ( manumission 9 ! ,*ur*es4 ,! latt] are enjo9$ to take ^u !mselves ! def5ce ( ! enfran*is$4 7,concilium qu9tum ,aurelian5se1 anno #edi47 ,et quia plurimorum sugge/ione comp]imus1 eos qui 9 ecclesiis juxta patrioticam consuetud9em a s]vitiis fu]unt absoluti1 pro libito quorumcumque it]um ad s]vitium revoc>i1 impium esse tractavimus1 ut quod 9 ecclesia ,dei consid]atione a v9culo s]vitutis absolvitur1 irritum habeatur4 ,ideo pietatis causa communi concilio placuit obs]v&um1 ut qucumque mancipia ab +5uis dom9is s]vitute laxantur1 9 ea lib]tate maneant1 quam tunc a dom9is p]cep]unt4 ,hujusmodi quoque lib]tas si a quocumque pulsata fu]it1 cum ju/itia ab ecclesiis def5datur1 prt] eas culpas1 pro quibus leges collatas s]vis revoc>e juss]unt lib]tates4 7,canon #g47 ,! ,*ur* is *>g$ ) ! def5ce ( ! enfran*is$1 :e!r !y h be5 emancipat$ )9 h] enclosure1 :e!r !y h be5 s by lett] or te/am5t1 or h ga9$ _! lib]ty by prescription4 ,!y re/ra9 ! arbitr>9ess ( ! judges t[>ds ^! un=tunate p]sons4 ,x is decid$ t ! ,bi%ops %all take cognizance ( ^! causes4 7,concilium ,matiscon5se secundum1 anno #ehe47 ,qu dum po/ea univ]so ctui secundum consuetud9em recitata innotesc]5t1 ,prtextatus et ,pappulus viri beatissimi dix]unt3 ,dec]nat itaque1 et de mis]is lib]tis ve/r auctoritatis vigor insignis1 qui ideo plus a judicibus affliguntur1 quia sacris sunt comm5dati ecclesiis3 ut si quas quispiam dix]it contra eos actiones hab]e1 non audeat eos magi/ratus contrad]e2 s$ 9 episcopi tantum judicio1 9 cujus prs5tia litem conte/ans1 qu sunt ju/iti ac v]itatis audiat4 ,indignum e/ enim1 ut hi qui 9 sacrosancta ecclesia jure noscuntur legitimo manumissi1 aut p] epi/olam1 aut p] te/am5tum1 aut p] long9quitatem temporis lib]tatis jure fruuntur1 a quolibet inju/issime inquiet5tur4 ,univ]sa sac]dotalis ,congregatio dixit3 ,ju/um e/1 ut contra calumniatorum omnium v]sutias def5dantur1 qui patroc9ium immortalis ecclesi concupiscunt4 ,et quicumque a nobis de lib]tis latum decretum1 sup]bi ausu prv>ic>e t5tav]it1 irrep>abili damnationis su s5t5tia f]iatur4 ,s$ si placu]it episcopo ord9>ium judicem1 aut quemlibet alium scul>em1 9 audi5tiam eorum acc]siri1 cum libu]it fiat1 et nullus alius audeat causas p]tract>e lib]torum nisi episcopus cujus int]e/1 aut is cui idem audi5dum tradid]it4 7,canon #g47 ,! def5ce ( ! fre$ is confid$ to ! prie/s4 7,concilium ,p>isi5se qu9tum1 anno #fad47 ,lib]ti quorumcumque +5uorum a sac]dotibus def5s5tur1 nec ad publicum ult]ius revoc5tur4 ,quod si quis ausu tem]>io eos imprim]e volu]it1 aut ad publicum revoc>e1 et admonitus p] pontificem ad audi5tiam v5ire neglex]it1 aut em5d>e quod p]petravit di/ul]it1 communione privetur4 7,canon #e47 ,! enfran*is$ recomm5d$ to ! ,*ur*es %all be protect$ by ! ,bi%ops4 7,concilium ,toletanum t]tium1 anno #ehi47 ,de lib]tis autem id ,dei prcipiunt sac]dotes1 ut si qui ab episcopis facti sunt secundum modum quo canones antiqui dant lic5tiam1 s9t lib]i2 et tantum a patroc9io ecclesi tam ipsi quam ab eis prog5iti non rec$ant4 ,ab aliis quoque lib]tati traditi1 et ecclesiis comm5dati1 patroc9io episcopali tegantur1 a pr9cipe hoc episcopus po/ulet4 7,canon #f47 ,! ,*ur* und]takes to def5d ! lib]ty & ! prop]ty acquir$ by indu/ry ( ! enfran*is$ :o h be5 recomm5d$ to h]4 7,concilium ,toletanum qu>tum1 anno #fcc47 ,lib]ti qui a quibuscumque manumissi sunt1 atque ecclesi patroc9io comm5dati exi/unt1 sicut regul antiquorum patrum con/itu]unt1 sac]dotali def5sione a cujuslibet insol5tia protegantur2 sive 9 /atu lib]tatis eorum1 seu 9 peculio quod hab]e noscuntur4 7,cap4 #gb47 ,! ,*ur* w def5d ! enfran*is$3 a regulation :i* does n di/+ui% :e!r !y h be5 recomm5d$ to h] or n4 7,concilium ,aga!nse1 anno #ejf47 ,lib]tos legitime a dom9is suis factos ecclesia1 si necessitas exeg]it1 tueatur2 quod si quis ante audi5tiam1 aut p]vad]e1 aut expoli>e prsumps]it1 ab ecclesia repellatur4 7,canon #bi47 ,,iii4 ,! ,*ur* %all reg>d ! ransom ( captives z h] fir/ c>e2 %e %all give _! int]e/s ! pref]5ce ov] h] own1 h[ev] bad may be ! /ate ( h] affairs4 ,sicut omn9o grave e/1 fru/ra ecclesia/ica m9i/]ia v5und>e1 sic it]um culpa e/1 imm95te hujusmodi necessitate1 res maxime desolat ,ecclesi captivis suis prpon]e1 et 9 eorum r$emptione cess>e4 7,caus4 xii4 q4 #b1 canon #af47 ,rem>kable words ( ,/4 ,ambrose t\*+ ! ransom ( captives4 ,to p]=m ?is pi\s duty1 ! holy ,bi%op breaks up & sells ! sacr$ vessels4 7,s4 ,ambrosius de ,(f4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ae47 7 #gj47 ,summa etiam lib]alitas captos r$im]e1 erip]e ex ho/ium manibus1 subtrah]e neci hom9es1 et maxime fem9as turpid9i1 r$d]e p>5tibus lib]os1 p>5tes lib]is1 cives patri1 re/itu]e4 ,nota sunt hc nimis ,illyri va/itate et ,?raci3 quanti ubique v5ales erant captivi orbe4444 ,ibid4 7 #ga47 ,prcipua e/ igitur lib]alitas1 r$im]e captivos et maxime ab ho/e b>b>o1 qui nihil def]at humanitatis ad mis]icordiam1 nisi quod av>itia res]vav]it ad r$emptionem4 ,ib4 l4 ii4 c4 #b 7 #ac47 ,ut nos aliqu&o 9 invidiam incidimus1 quod confreg]imus vasa my/ica1 ut captivos r$im]emus1 quod ,arianis displic]e potu]at1 nec tam factum displic]et1 quam ut esset quod 9 nobis repreh5d]etur4 ,^! noble & *>itable s5tim5ts 7 n ^? ( ,/4 ,ambrose only2 8 words are b ! expression ( ! feel+s ( ! :ole ,*ur*4 ,)\t ref]r+ to numb]less pro(s :i* ,i might adduce "h1 & be=e ,i pass to ! canons :i* ,i mean to ins]t1 ,i w copy "s passages f a t\*+ lett] ( ,/4 ,cyprian1 :i* conta9s ! motives :i* animat$ ! ,*ur* 9 h] pi\s ent]prise1 & gives a lively description ( h] zeal & *>ity 9 ^! admirable ef=ts4 ,cyprianus ,janu>io1 ,maximo1 ,proculo1 ,victori1 ,modiano1 ,nemesiano1 ,nampulo1 et ,honorato1 fratribus salutem4 ,cum maximo animi no/ri gemitu et non s9e lacrymis legimus litt]as ve/ras1 fratres c>issimi1 quas ad nos pro dilectionis ve/r sollicitud9e de fratrum no/rorum et sororum captivitate feci/is4 ,quis enim non doleat 9 ejusmodi casibus1 aut quis non dolorem fratris sui suum proprium computet cum loquatur apo/olus ,paulus et dicat3 ,si patitur unum membrum1 compatiuntur et ct]a membra3 si ltatur membrum unum1 colltantur et ct]a membra4 7#a ad ,cor4 xii4 #bf47 ,et alio loco3 ,quis infirmatur1 inquit1 et non ego infirmor8 7#b ad ,cor4 xi4 #bi47 ,qu>e nunc et nobis captivitas fratrum no/ra captivitas comput&a e/1 et p]iclitantium dolor pro no/ro dolore num]&us e/1 cum sit scilicet adunationis no/r corpus unum1 et non tantum dilectio s$ et religio in/ig>e nos debeat et con=t>e ad fratrum membra r$im5da4 ,nam cum d5uo apo/olus ,paulus dicat3 ,nescitis quia templum ,dei e/is1 et ,spiritus ,dei habitat 9 vobis8 7#a ad ,cor4 iii4 #af71 etiamsi *>itas nos m9us adig]et ad opem fratribus f]5dam1 consid]&um tam5 hoc 9 loco fuit1 ,dei templum esse qu capta sunt1 nec pati nos longa cessatione et neglecto dolore deb]e1 ut diu ,dei templa captiva s9t2 s$ quibus possumus viribus elabor>e et velocit] g]]e ut ,*ri/um judicem et ,dom9um et ,deum no/rum prom]eamur obsequiis no/ris4 ,nam cum dicat ,paulus apo/olus1 ,quotquot 9 ,*ri/o baptizati e/is1 ,*ri/um indui/is 7ad ,gal4 iii4 #bg17 9 captivis fratribus no/rus contempl&us e/ ,*ri/us et r$im5dus de p]iculo captivitatis1 qui nos de diaboli faucibus exuit1 nunc ipse qui manet et habitat 9 nobis de b>b>orum manibus exuatur1 et r$imatur numm>ia quantitate qui nos cruce r$emit et sangu9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,quantus v]o communis omnibus nobis mror atque cruciatus e/ de p]iculo virg9um qu illic t55tur8 pro quibus non tantum lib]tatis1 s$ et pudoris jactura plang5da e/1 nec tam v9cula b>b>orum quam l5onum et lupan>ium /upra defi5da sunt1 ne membra ,*ri/o dicata et 9 t]num cont95ti honorum pudica virtute devota1 insultantium libid9e et contagione fd5tur8 ,qu omnia i/ic secundum litt]as ve/ras frat]nitas no/ra cogitans et dol5t] exam9ans1 prompte omnes et lib5t] ac l>git] subsidia numm>ia fratribus contul]unt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,misimus autem se/]tia c5tum millia nummorum1 qu i/ic 9 ecclesia cui de ,dom9i indulg5tia prsumus1 cl]i et plebis apud nos consi/5tis collatione1 collecta sunt1 qu vos illic pro ve/ra dilig5tia disp5sabitis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,si tam5 ad explor&am no/ri anima *>itatem1 et exam9&i no/ri pectoris fidem tale aliquid accid]it1 nolite cunct>i nunti>e hc nobis litt]is ve/ris1 pro c]to hab5tes ecclesiam no/ram et frat]nitatem i/ic univ]sam1 ne hc ultra fiant precibus or>e1 si facta fu]9t1 lib5t] et l>git] subsidia pr/>e4 7,epi/4 #fj47 ,?us ! zeal = ! r$emption ( captives1 a zeal :i* 0 ex]t$ ) s mu* ardor 9 lat] ages1 _h appe>$ 9 ! e>lie/ times ( ! ,*ur*2 ?is zeal 0 f\nd$ on gr& & sublime motives1 :i* r5d] ?is "w 9 "s measure div9e1 & secure to ^? :o devote !mselves to x an unfad+ cr[n4 ,important in=mation on ?is subject w be f\nd also 9 ! works ( ,/4 ,gregory4 7,v4 lib4 iii4 ep4 #af2 lib4 iv4 ep4 #ag2 lib4 vi4 ep4 #ce2 lib4 vii4 ep4 #bf1 #bh1 & #ch2 lib4 ix4 ep4 #ag47 ,! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* employ$ = ! r$emption ( captives4 7,concilium ,matiscon5se secundum1 anno #ehe47 ,unde /atuimus ac dec]nimus1 ut mos antiquus a fidelibus rep>etur2 et decimas ecclesia/icis famulantibus c]emoniis populus omnis inf]at1 quas sac]dotes aut 9 paup]um usum aut 9 captivorum r$emptionem prrogantes1 suis orationibus pacem populo ac salutem impetr5t3 si quis autem contumax no/ris /atutis salub]rimis fu]it1 a membris ecclesi omni tempore sep>etur4 7,canon #e47 ,x is all[$ to break up ! sacr$ vessels1 9 ord] to devote ! price ( !m to ! r$emption ( captives4 7,concilium ,rhem5se1 anno #fbe vel #fcj47 ,si quis episcopus1 excepto si ev5]it ardua necessitas pro r$emptione captivorum m9i/]ia sancta frang]e pro qualicumque conditione presumps]it1 ab (ficio cessabit ecclesi4 7,canon #bb47 ,! foll[+ canon in=ms u t ! ,bi%ops gave lett]s ( recomm5dation to ! captives2 !y are desir$ to /ate !re9 ! date & price ( ! ransom2 !y are reque/$ also to m5tion !re ! wants ( ^? :o are ?us re/or$ to lib]ty4 7,concilium ,lugdun5se t]tium1 anno #ehc47 ,id etiam de epi/olis placuit captivorum1 ut ita s9t sancti pontifices cauti1 ut 9 s]vitio pontificibus consi/5tibus qui eorum manu vel subscriptione agnoscat epi/ol aut qulibet ins9uationum litt] d>i debeant1 quat5us de subscriptionibus nulla ratione possit ,deo propitio dubit>i3 et epi/ola comm5dationis pro necessitate cujuslibet promulgata dies dat>um et pretia con/ituta1 vel necessitates captivorum quos cum epi/olis dirigunt1 ibidem ins]antur4 7,canon #b47 ,excess into :i* "s ecclesia/ics all[$ !mselves to fall1 by an indiscreet zeal 9 favor ( captives4 7,synodus ,s4 ,patricii1 ,auxilii et ,is]n9i ,episcoporum 9 ,hib]nia celebrata1 circa annum ,*ri/i #dej vel #def47 ,si quis cl]icorum volu]it juv>e captivo cum suo pretio illi subv5iat1 nam si p] furtum illum inviolav]it1 blasphemantur multi cl]ici p] unum latronem1 qui sic fec]it excommunionis sit4 7,canon #cb47 ,! *ur* employ$ h] prop]ty 9 ! ransom ( captives2 & :5 ! latt] _h aft]w>ds acquir$ ! means ( repay+ ! sums advanc$ = !m1 %e refus$ all reimbursem5t & graci\sly gave up ! price ( ! ransom4 7,ex epi/olis ,s4 ,gregorii47 ,sacrorum canonum /atuta et legalis p]mittit auctoritates1 lici res ecclesia/icas 9 r$emptionem captivorum imp5di4 ,et ideo1 quia edocti a vobis sumus1 ante annos f]e #ah1 virum rev]5dissimum quemdam ,fabium1 ,episcopum ,ecclesi ,firman1 libras #aa arg5ti de eadem ecclesia pro r$emptione ve/ra1 ac patris ve/ri ,passivi1 fratris et co-episcopi no/ri1 tunc v]o cl]ici1 necnon matris ve/r1 ho/ibus imp5disse1 atque ex hoc quamdam =mid9em vos hab]e1 ne hoc quod datum e/1 a vobis quolibet tempore repetatur1 hujus prcepti auctoritate suspicionem ve/ram prvidimus auf]5dam2 con/itu5tes1 nullam vos ex9de1 hr$esque ve/ros quolibet tempore repetitionis mole/iam su/9]e1 nec a quoquam vobis aliquam objici qu/ionem4 7,l4 #g1 ep4 #ad1 et hab4 ,cuas4 #ab1 q4 #b1 c4 #ae47 ,! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* s]v$ to ransom captives4 7,concilium ,v]n5se secundum1 anno #hdd47 ,ecclesi facultates quas reges et reliqui *ri/iani ,deo vov]unt1 ad alim5tum s]vorum ,dei et paup]um1 ad exceptionem hospitum1 r$emptionis captivorum1 atque templorum ,dei in/aurationem1 nunc 9 usu scul>ium det95tur4 ,h9c multi s]vi ,dei p5uriam cibi et potus ac ve/im5torum patiuntur1 paup]es consuetam eleemosynam non accipiunt1 negliguntur hospites1 fraudantur captivi1 et fama omnium m]ito lac]atur4 7,canon #ab47 ,let u obs]ve 9 ?is canon ! use :i* ! ,*ur* made ( h] prop]ty2 aft] hav+ support$ ! cl]gy1 & ma9ta9$ div9e wor%ip1 %e devot$ x to succor ! poor1 travell]s or pilgrims1 & to r$eem captives4 ,i make ?is obs]vation "h1 because ! opportunity (f]s2 n because ?is canon is ! only pro( ( ! excell5t use :i* ! ,*ur* made ( h] prop]ty4 ,inde$1 a great numb] ( o!rs might be cit$1 beg9n+ ) ! canons call$ ,apo/olical4 ,x is necess>y also to rem>k ! expression :i* is sometimes made use ( to /igmatize ! wick$ness ( ! spoil]s ( ! ,*ur*1 or ( ^? :o adm9i/] h] prop]ty badly2 !y are call$ paup]um necatores1 'murd]]s ( ! poor2' to make x well und]/ood t "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( ?is prop]ty is ! support ( ! necessit\s4 ,,iv4 ,^? :o attempt to take away ! lib]ty ( p]sons are excommunicat$4 7,concilium ,lugdun5se secundum1 anno #eff47 ,et qui peccatis faci5tibus multi 9 p]niciem anim su ita conati sunt1 aut conantur assurg]e1 ut animas longa temporis quiete s9e ulla /atus sui competitione viv5tes1 nunc improba proditione atque traditione1 aut captivav]9t aut captiv>e con5tur1 si juxta prceptum dom9i regis em5d>e di/ul]9t1 qu\sque hos quos obdux]unt1 9 loco 9 quo longum tempus quiete vix]9t1 re/aur>e debeant1 ecclesi communione priv5tur4 7,canon #c47 ,we see 9 ?is canon t private individuals1 by too frequ5t attempts1 employ$ viol5ce to r$uce free p]sons to slav]y4 ,at ?is "t1 on acc\nt ( ! irruptions ( ! b>b>ians1 ! /ate ( ,europe 0 su*1 t public au?ority1 weak 9 ! extreme1 did n1 prop]ly speak+1 exi/4 ,?is is ! reason :y x is s noble to see ! ,*ur* /ruggl+ e :]e to support public ord]1 to def5d lib]ty1 & excommunicat+ ^? :o attack$ t lib]ty1 9 contempt ( ! comm&s ( ! k+4 ,! same abuse repress$4 7,concilium ,rhem5se1 anno #fbe vel #fcj47 ,si quis +5uum aut lib]um ad s]vitium incl9>e volu]it1 aut =tasse jam fecit1 et commonitus ab episcopo se de inquietud9e ejus revoc>e neglex]it1 aut em5d>e nolu]it1 tamquam calumni reum placuit seque/r>i4 7,canon #ag47 ,x is decl>$ t he :o leads away a ,*ri/ian to sell him1 is guilty ( homicide4 7,concilium ,conflu5t9um1 anno #ibb47 ,item int]rogatum e/1 quid de eo faci5dum sit qui *ri/ianum hom9em s$ux]it1 et sic v5did]it3 responsumque e/ ab omnibus1 homicidii reatum1 ipsum hom9em sibi contrah]e4 7,canon #g47 ,! traffic 9 m51 practis$ at t "t 9 ,engl&1 is proscrib$2 x is =bidd5 to sell m5 l ignoble animals4 7,concilium ,lond95se1 anno #aajb47 ,ne quis illud nef>ium negotium quo hact5us 9 ,anglia solebant hom9es sicut bruta animalia v5und>i1 de9ceps ullat5us fac]e prsumat4 ,we see1 f ! canon :i* ,i h j cit$1 to :at po9t ! ,*ur* _h atta9$ 9 all t affects true civilization4 ,we are 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & x is consid]$ t a great /ep has be5 ga9$ 9 mod]n civilization by ! cons5t ( ! great ,european nations to sign treaties to suppress ! slave-trade2 n[ ! canon :i* we h j cit$ tells u1 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & 9 t v t[n ( ,london1 :]e ! fam\s ,conv5tion 0 lately held1 ! traffic 9 m5 0 =bidd51 & /igmatiz$ z x des]ves4 ,nef>ium negotium--dete/able trade--x is call$ by ! ,c\ncil3 infam\s traffic1 x is call$ by mod]n civilization1 ! unconsci\s heir ( ! ?\ghts & ev5 ! words ( ^? m5 :o are treat$ by x z b>b>ians1 ( ^? ,bi%ops1 :om calumny has m or less repres5t$ z a b& ( conspirators aga9/ ! lib]ty & happ9ess ( ! human race4 ,x is ord]$ t p]sons :o h be5 sold or pl$g$1 %all imm$iately recov] _! lib]ty by re/or+ ! price receiv$2 x is orda9$ t m %all n be requir$ ( !m ?an !y %all h receiv$ = _! lib]ty4 7,synodus inc]ti loci1 circa annum #faf47 ,de +5uis qui se pro pecunia aut alia rev5did]9t1 vel oppignorav]9t1 placuit ut qu&oquidem pretium1 quantum pro ipsis datum e/1 inv5ire potu]unt1 absque dilatione ad /atum su conditionis r$dito pretio re=m5tur1 nec amplius quam pro eis datum e/ requiratur4 ,et int]im1 si vir ex ipsis1 uxorem +5uam habu]it1 aut muli] +5uum habu]it m>itum1 filii qui ex ipsis nati fu]9t1 9 +5uitate p]maneant4 7,canon #ad47 ,! text ( ?is ,c\ncil1 held1 accord+ to "s1 at ,boneuil1 well des]ves to h "s rem>ks made on x4 ,! b5eficial regulation :i* all[$ a man :o _h be5 sold to rega9 8 lib]ty by pay+ ! sum receiv$1 *eck$ an evil :i* 0 deeply root$ 9 ! cu/oms ( ,gaul at t "t1 = we f9d x at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,we "k1 inde$1 f ,cs>1 ^: te/imony we h cit$ 9 ! text1 t _m m5 ( t c\ntry sold _! lib]ty to relieve !mselves f difficulties4 ,let u also rem>k ! regulation conta9$ 9 ! same canon ) respect to ! *ildr5 ( ! p]son :o 0 sold2 :e!r x be ! fa!r or "m1 ! canon prescribes1 9 bo? cases1 t ! *ildr5 %all be free2 & x "h dep>ts f ! well kn[n rule ( civil law3 p>tus sequitur v5trem4 ,v4 ,x is =bidd5 to give up to ! ,jews ! slaves :o h tak5 refuge 9 ! *ur*es2 x matt]s little :e!r !y h *os5 t asylum because _! ma/]s oblig$ !m to ?+s contr>y to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 or because !y h be5 maltreat$ by !m aft] hav+ be5 once )drawn f ! sacr$ asylum "u ! promise ( p>don4 7,concilium ,aurelian5se t]tium1 anno #ech47 ,de mancipiis ,*ri/ianis1 qu 9 ,judorum s]vitio det95tur1 si eis quod ,*ri/iana religio vetat1 a dom9is imponitur1 aut si eos quos de ecclesia excusatos toll5t1 pro culpa qu remissa e/1 afflig]e aut cd]e =tasse prsumps]9t1 et ad ecclesiam it]ato confug]9t1 nullat5us a sac]dote r$dantur1 nisi pretium (f]atur ac detur1 quod mancipia ipsa val]e pronuntiav]it ju/a taxatio4 7,canon #ac47 ,! precept giv5 9 ! prec$+ canon is r5ew$2 a precept conta9$ 9 ! canon :i* we h j cit$4 7,concilium ,aurelian5se qu>tum1 anno #eda47 ,cum prioribus canonibus jam fu]it def9itum ut de mancipiis ,*ri/ianis1 qu apud ,judos sunt1 si ad ecclesiam confug]9t1 et r$imi se po/ulav]9t1 etiam ad quoscumque ,*ri/ianos refug]9t1 et s]vire ,judis nolu]9t1 taxato et oblato a fidelibus ju/o pretio1 ab eorum dom9io lib]5tur1 ideo /atuimus1 ut tam ju/a con/itutio ab omnibus ca?olicis cons]vetur4 7,canon #cj47 ,! ,jew :o p]v]ts a ,*ri/ian slave is puni%$ ) ! loss ( all 8 slaves4 7,ibid47 ,hoc etiam dec]nimus obs]v&um1 ut quicumque ,judu proselytum1 qui adv5a dicitur1 ,judum fac]e prsumps]it1 aut ,*ri/ianum factum ad ,judaicam sup]/itionem adduc]e2 vel si ,judu ,*ri/ianam ancillam suam sibi cr$id]it soci&am2 vel si de p>5tibus ,*ri/ianis natum1 ,judum sub promissione fec]it lib]tatis1 mancipiorum amissione mulctetur4 7,canon #ca47 ,jews are =bidd5 to h ,*ri/ian slaves h5ce=?2 z to ^? :o are 9 _! p[]1 all ,*ri/ians are all[$ to ransom !m by pay+ _! ,jewi% ma/]s twelve solidi4 7,concilium ,matiscon5se primum1 anno #eha47 ,et liceat quid de ,*ri/ianis qui aut de captivitatis incursu1 aut fraudibus ,judorum s]vitio implicantur1 debeat obs]v>i1 non solum canonicis /atutis1 s$ et legum b5eficio pridem fu]it con/itutum2 tam5 quia nunc item quo rumdam qu]ela exorta e/1 quosdam ,judos1 p] civitates aut municipia consi/5tes1 9 tantam insol5tiam et prot]viam prorupisse1 ut nec reclamantes ,*ri/ianos liceat vel pretio de eorum s]vitute absolvi3 idcirco prs5ti concilio1 ,deo auctore1 sancimus1 ut nullus ,*ri/ianus ,judos de9ceps debeat des]vire2 s$ datis pro quolibet bono mancipio #ab solidis1 ipsum mancipium quicumque ,*ri/ianus1 seu ad +5uitatem1 seu ad s]vitium1 lic5tiam habeat r$im5di2 quia nefas e/1 ut quos ,*ri/us ,dom9us sangu9is sui effusione r$emit1 p]secutorum v9culis maneant irretiti4 ,quod si acquiesc]e 8 qu /atuimus quicumque ,judu nolu]it1 quamdiu ad pecuniam con/itutam v5ire di/ul]it1 liceat mancipio ipsi cum ,*ri/ianis ubicumque volu]it habit>e4 ,illud etiam specialit] sanci5tes1 quod si quis ,judu ,*ri/ianum mancipium ad errorem ,judaicum convictus fu]it suasisse1 ut ipse mancipio c>eat1 et leg&i damnatione plectatur4 7,canon #af47 99 99 99 99 99 ,! prec$+ canon is almo/ equival5t to a decree = ! entire emancipation ( ,*ri/ian slaves2 = if1 on ! "o h&1 ,jews 7 =bidd5 to acquire new ,*ri/ian slaves1 &1 on ! o!r1 ^? :o 7 9 _! possession c\ld be r$eem$ by ! fir/ ,*ri/ian :o came1 x is cle> t ! *>ity ( ! fai?ful ?us f9d+ a door op5 to x1 ! numb] ( ,*ri/ian slaves :o groan$ 9 ! p[] ( ! ,jews mu/ h dim9i%$ 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,x is n said t ^! canonical regulations ( ! ,*ur* f ! fir/ mom5t obta9$ all ! result :i* 0 int5d$2 b1 z %e 0 ! only p[] t rema9$ /&+ at t "t1 & ! only "o t ex]cis$ influ5ce on ! nations1 x _c be d\bt$ t h] regulations 7 inf9itely advantage\s to ^? 9 ^: favor !y 7 e/abli%$4 ,jews are =bidd5 to acquire ,*ri/ian slaves4 ,if a ,jew p]v]ts to ,judaism1 or circumcises a ,*ri/ian slave1 ! latt] becomes free )\t hav+ any ?+ to pay to 8 ma/]4 7,concilium ,toletanum t]tium1 anno #ehi47 ,sugg]5te concilio1 id gloriossimus dom9us no/] canonibus ins]5dum prcipit1 ut ,judis non liceat ,*ri/ianas hab]e uxores1 neque mancipia comp>>e 9 usus proprios4444 ,si qui v]o ,*ri/iani ab eis ,judaico ritu sunt maculati1 vel etiam circumcisi1 non r$dito pretio ad lib]tatem et religionem r$eant ,*ri/ianam4 7,canon #ad47 ,?is canon is rem>kable1 bo? because x protects ! consci5ce ( ! slave1 & imposes on ma/]s a puni%m5t favorable to lib]ty4 ,?is mann] ( *eck+ ! arbitr>y p[] ( ^? :o violat$ ! consci5ces ( _! slaves1 is f\nd1 dur+ ! foll[+ c5tury1 9 a curi\s example conta9$ 9 ! collection ( ! laws ( ,ina1 que5 ( ! ,we/ ,saxons4 ,x is ?is3 ,if a ma/] makes 8 slave "w on ,sunday1 ! slave becomes free4 7,leges ,yn reg9 ,saxonum ,occiduorum1 anno #fib47 ,si s]vus op]etur die dom9ica p] prceptum dom9i sui1 sit lib]4 7,leg4 iii47 ,ano!r curi\s example3 ,if a ma/] gives meat to a slave on a fa/+-day1 ! slave becomes free4 7,concilium ,b]gham/$ anno #eo ,)r$i regis ,cantii1 id e/ ,*ri/i #fig3 sub ,b]tualdo ,cantu>i5si ar*iepiscopo celebratum4 ,hc sunt judicia ,)r$i regis ,cantu>iorum47 ,si quis s]vo suo c>nem 9 jejunio d$id]it com$5dam1 s]vus lib] exeat4 7,canon #ae47 ,x is def9itively =bidd5 = ,jews to h ,*ri/ian slaves2 all contrav5tion ( ?is ord] %all deprive ! ,jews ( all _! slaves1 :o %all obta9 _! lib]ty f ! pr9ce4 7,concilium ,toletanum qu>tum1 anno #fcc47 ,ex decreto gloriosissimi pr9cipis hoc sanctum elegit concilium1 ut ,judis non liceat ,*ri/ianos s]vos hab]e1 nec ,*ri/iana mancipia em]e1 nec cujusquam consequi l>gitate3 nefas e/ enim ut membra ,*ri/i s]viant ,anti*ri/i m9i/ris4 ,quod si de9ceps s]vos ,*ri/ianos1 vel ancillas ,judi hab]e prsumps]9t1 sublati ab eorum dom9atu lib]tatem a pr9cipe consequantur4 7,canon #ff47 ,x is =bidd5 to sell ,*ri/ian slaves to ,jews or ,g5tiles2 if su* sales h be5 made1 !y %all be annull$4 7,concilium ,rhem5se1 anno #fbe47 ,ut ,*ri/iani ,judis vel ,g5tilibus non v5dantur2 et si quis ,*ri/ianorum necessitate cog5te mancipia sua ,*ri/iana eleg]it v5und&a1 non aliis nisi tantum ,*ri/ianis exp5dat4 ,nam si paganis aut ,judis v5did]it1 communione privetur1 et emptio c>eat firmitate4 7,canon #aa47 ,no precaution 0 too great 9 ^? unhappy times4 ,x might appe> at fir/ t su* regulations 7 an effect ( ! intol]ance ( ! ,*ur* ) respect to ! ,jews & ,pagans2 & yet1 9 reality1 !y 7 a b>ri] aga9/ ! b>b>ism :i* invad$ all2 !y 7 a gu>antee ( ! mo/ sacr$ rights ( man2 s mu* ! m necess>y1 z all ! o!rs1 x may be said1 _h disappe>$4 ,read ! docum5t :i* we are ab\t to transcribe2 y w !re see t b>b>ism 0 c>ri$ s f>1 t slaves 7 sold to ! ,pagans to be sacrific$4 7,gregorius ,papa ,,iii4 ep4 ad ,bonifacium ,ar*iepiscopum1 anno #gca47 ,hoc quoque int] alia crim9a agi 9 p>tibus illis dixi/i1 quod quidam ex fidelibus ad immol&um paganis sua v5und5t mancipia4 ,quod ut magnop]e corrig]e debeas1 frat]1 commonemus1 nec s9as fi]i ultra2 scelus e/ enim et impietas4 ,eis ergo qui hc p]petrav]unt1 similem homicid indices pnit5tiam4 ,^! excesses mu/ h occupi$ ! active att5tion ( ! ,*ur*1 z we see ! ,c\ncil ( ,lipt9es1 held 9 #gdc1 aga9 insi/ on ?is po9t1 & =bid ,*ri/ian slaves to be giv5 up to ! ,g5tiles4 ,et ut mancipia ,*ri/iana paganis non tradantur4 7,canon #g47 ,x is =bidd5 to sell a ,*ri/ian slave out ( ! t]ritory compris$ )9 ! k+dom ( ,clovis4 7,concilium ,cabilon5se1 anno #fej47 ,pietatis e/ maxim et religionis intuitus1 ut captivitatis v9culum omn9o a ,*ri/ianis r$imatur4 ,unde sancta ,synodus noscitur c5suisse1 ut nullus mancipium extra f9es vel t]m9os1 qui ad regnum dom9i ,clodovei regis p]t95t1 debeat v5und>e1 ne quod absit1 p] tale comm]cium1 aut captivitatis v9culo1 vel quod pejus e/1 ,judaica s]vitute mancipia ,*ri/iana t5eantur implicita4 7,canon #i47 ,?is canon1 :i* =bids ! sell+ ( ,*ri/ian slaves out ( ! k+dom ( ,clovis1 = fe> t !y %\ld fall into ! p[] ( ! ,pagans & ,jews1 & ! o!r ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 cit$ above1 :i* conta9s a simil> regulation1 are wor?y ( rem>k1 "u two aspects2 !y %[1 #a/1 ! high respect :i* we ought to h = ! s\l ( man1 ev5 ( him :o is a slave1 s9ce x is =bidd5 to sell him :]e 8 consci5ce might be 9 dang]3 a respect :i* x 0 v important to ma9ta91 bo? 9 ord] to eradicate ! errone\s maxims ( antiquity on ?is po9t1 & because x 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds emancipation4 #b;d4 ,by limit+ ! p[] ( sale1 !re 0 introduc$ into t k9d ( prop]ty a law :i* di/+ui%$ x f o!rs1 & plac$ x 9 a diff]5t & m elevat$ category4 ,?is 0 a great /ep made t[>ds decl>+ op5 w> aga9/ ?is prop]ty itself1 & aboli%+ x by legitimate means4 ,cl]ics :o sold _! slaves to ,jews are sev]ely reprov$3 !y are ?reat5$ ) al>m+ puni%m5ts4 7,concilium decimum ,toletanum1 anno #fef47 ,septim collationis immane satis et inf&um op]ationis /udium nunc sanctum no/rum adiit concilium2 quod pl]ique ex sac]dotibus et levitis1 qui pro sacris m9i/]iis1 et pietatis /udio1 gub]nationisque augm5to sanct ecclesi deputati sunt (ficio1 malunt imit>i turbam malorum1 potius quam sanctorum patrum insi/]e m&atis3 ut ipsi etiam qui r$im]e debu]unt1 v5ditiones fac]e int5dant1 quos ,*ri/i sangu9e prsciunt esse r$emptos2 ita duntaxat1 ut eorum dom9io qui sunt empti 9 ritu ,judaismo conv]tantur oppressi1 et fit execrabile comm]cium1 ubi nit5te ,deo ju/um e/ sanctum adesse conv5tum2 quia majorum canones vetu]unt ut nullus ,judorum conjugia vel s]vitia hab]e prsumat de ,*ri/ianorum ctu4 ,"h ! ,c\ncil eloqu5tly reprim&s ! guilty2 x cont9ues3 ,si quis enim po/ hanc def9itionem talia ag]e t5tav]it1 nov]it se extra ecclesiam fi]i1 et prs5ti1 et futuro judicio cum ,juda simili pna p]celli1 dum modo ,dom9um d5uo proditionis pretio malunt ad iracundiam provoc>e4 7,canon #g47 ,,vi4 ,pope ,/4 ,gregory ! ,fir/ gives fre$om to two slaves ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,rem>kable passage1 9 :i* ?is holy pope expla9s ! motives :i* induc$ ! ,*ri/ians to enfran*ise _! slaves4 ,cum ,r$emptor no/] totius conditor creatur ad hoc propitiatus humanam volu]it c>nem assum]e1 ut div9itatis su gratia1 diruto quo t5ebamur captivi v9culo s]vitutis1 pri/9 nos re/itu]et lib]tati2 salubrit] agit]1 si hom9es quos ab initio natura creavit lib]os et protulit1 et jus g5tium jugo sub/ituit s]vitutis1 9 ea natura 9 qua nati fu]ant1 manumitt5tis b5eficio1 lib]tati r$dantur4 ,atque ideo pietatis intuitu1 et hujus rei consid]atione p]moti1 vos ,montanam atque ,?omam famulos sanct ,roman ,ecclesi1 cui ,deo adjutore des]vimus1 lib]os ex hac die civesque ,romanos efficimus1 omneque ve/rum vobis relaxamus s]vitutis peculium4 7,s4 ,greg4 l4 v4 ep4 #ab47 ,bi%ops are direct$ to respect ! lib]ty ( ^? :o h be5 enfran*is$ by _! pr$ecessors4 ,m5tion is made ( ! p[] giv5 to ,bi%ops to free _! slaves :o des]ve well1 & ! sum is fix$ :i* !y may give !m to aid !m 9 liv+4 7,concilium ,aga!nse1 anno #ejf47 ,sane si quos de s]vis ecclesi b5em]itos sibi episcopus lib]tate donav]it1 collatam lib]tatem a successoribus placuit cu/odiri1 cum hoc quod eis manumissor 9 lib]tate contul]it1 quod tam5 jubemus vig9ti solidorum num]um1 et modum 9 t]rula1 v9eola1 vel hospitiolo t5]e4 ,quod amplius datum fu]it1 po/ manumissoris mortem ecclesia revocabit4 7,canon #g47 ,:at has be5 mortgag$ or ali5at$ f ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* by a ,bi%op :o has left no?+ ( 8 own1 mu/ be re/or$2 b enfran*is$ slaves are except$ f ?is rule3 !y %all pres]ve _! lib]ty4 7,concilium ,aurelian5se qu>tum1 anno #eda47 ,ut episcopus qui de facultate propria ecclesi nihil rel9quit1 de ecclesi facultate si quid alit] quam canones eloquunt] obligav]it1 v5did]it1 aut di/rax]it1 ad ecclesiam revocetur4 ,sane si de s]vis ecclesi lib]tos fec]it num]o compet5ti1 9 +5uitate p]maneant1 ita ut ab (ficio ecclesi non rec$ant4 7,canon #i47 ,an ,engli% ,c\ncil orda9s t1 at ! dea? ( ea* ,bi%op1 all 8 ,engli% slaves %all be fre$4 ,! solemnization ( ! obsequies is regulat$2 to t]m9ate ! fun]al c]emonies1 ea* ,bi%op & abbot %all enfran*ise ?ree slaves1 by giv+ !m ea* ?ree solidi4 7,synodus ,celli*yt5sis1 anno #haf47 ,decimo jubetur1 et hoc firmit] /atuimus ass]v&um1 tam 9 no/ris diebus1 quamque etiam futuris temporibus1 omnibus successoribus no/ris qui po/ nos illis s$ibus ord95tur quibus ord9ati sumus3 ut qu&ocumque aliquis ex num]o episcoporum migrav]it de sculo1 hoc pro anima illius prcipimus1 ex sub/antia uniuscumque rei decimam p>tem divid]e1 ac di/ribu]e paup]ibus 9 eleemosynam1 sive 9 pecoribus1 et arm5tis1 seu de ovibus et porcis1 vel etiam 9 cell>iis1 nec non omnem hom9em ,anglicum lib]>e1 qui 9 diebus suis sit s]vituti subjectus1 ut p] illud sui proprii laboris fructum retributionis p]cip]e m]eatur1 et indulg5tiam peccatorum4 ,nec ullat5us ab aliqua p]sona huic capitulo contradicatur1 s$ magis1 pr\t condecet1 a successoribus augeatur1 et ejus memoria semp] 9 po/]um p] univ]sas ecclesias no/r ditioni subjectas cum ,dei laudibus habeatur et honoretur4 ,prorsus orationes et eleemosynas qu int] nos specialit] condictam habemus1 id e/1 ut /atim p] s+ulas p>o*ias 9 s+ulis quibusque ecclesiis1 pulsato signo1 omnis famulorum ,dei ctus ad basilicam conv5iant1 ibique p>it] ,,xxx psalmos pro defuncti anim decant5t4 ,et po/ea unusquisque anti/es et abbas sexc5tos psalmos1 et c5tum vig9ti missas celebr>e faciat1 et tres hom9es lib]et et eorum cuilibet tres solidos di/ribuat4 7,canon #aj47 ,a curi\s docum5t1 :i* %[s ! g5]\s resolution made by ! ,c\ncil ( ,armagh 9 ,irel&1 to give lib]ty to all ! ,engli% slaves4 7,concilium ,ardama*i5se 9 ,hib]nia celebratum1 anno #aaga3 ex ,giraldo ,cambr5si1 cap4 xxviii4 ,hib]ni expugnat47 ,8 completis convocato apud ,ardama*iam totius ,hib]ni cl]o1 et sup] adv5>um 9 insulam adv5tu tractato diutius et delib]ato1 t&em communis omnium 9 hoc s5t5tia res$it3 propt] peccata scilicet populi sui1 eoque prcipue quod ,anglos olim1 tam a m]catoribus1 quam prdonibus atque piratis1 em]e passim1 et 9 s]vitutem r$ig]e consuev]ant1 div9 c5sura v9dict hoc eis incommodum accidisse1 ut et ipsi quoque ab eadem g5te 9 s]vitutem vice reciproca jam r$igantur4 ,anglorum namque populus adhuc integro eorum regno1 communi g5tis vitio1 lib]os suos v5ales expon]e1 et priusquam inopiam ullam aut in$iam su/9]5t1 filios proprios et cognatos 9 ,hib]niam v5d]e consuev]ant4 ,unde et probabilit] cr$i pote/1 sicut v5ditores olim1 ita et emptores1 tam enormi delicto juga s]vitutis jam m]uisse4 ,decretum e/ itaque 9 prdicto concilio1 et cum univ]sitatis cons5su publice /atutum1 ut ,angli ubique p] insulam1 s]vitutis v9culo mancipati1 9 pri/9am revoc5tur lib]tatem4 ,x is ?us t religi\s ideas influ5ce & s(t5 ! f]oci\s mann]s ( nations4 ,:5 a public calamity occurs1 !y imm$iately f9d its cause 9 ! div9e ang]1 ju/ly excit$ by ! traffic :i* ! ,iri% c>ri$ on by buy+ ,engli% slaves ( m]*ants1 robb]s1 & pirates4 ,x is n less curi\s to le>n1 t at t "t ! ,engli% 7 b>b>\s en\gh to sell _! *ildr5 & relations1 l ! ,africans ( our days4 ,?is frightful cu/om mu/ h be5 pretty g5]al1 z we read 9 ! passage quot$1 t x 0 ! common vice ( ^? nations3 communi g5tis vitio4 ,?is makes u bett] und]/& ! necessity ( a regulation ins]t$ above1 t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,london1 held 9 #aajb1 :i* proscribes ?is infam\s traffic 9 m54 ,x is =bidd5 to *ange ! slaves ( ! ,*ur* = o!r slaves1 unless ! ex*ange procur$ _! lib]ty4 7,ex concilio apud ,sylvanectum1 anno #hfd47 ,mancipia ecclesia/ica1 nisi ad lib]tatem non conv5it commut>i2 videlicet ut mancipia1 qu pro ecclesia/ico hom9e dabuntur1 9 ecclesi s]vitute p]maneant1 et ecclesia/icus homo1 qui commutatur1 fruatur p]petua lib]tate4 ,quod enim semel ,deo consecratum e/1 ad humanos usus transf]ri non decet4 7,v4 ,decret4 ,greg4 ,,ix41 l4 iii4 tit4 #ai1 cap4 #c47 ,a ,canon conta9+ ! same regulation z ! prec$+2 & :5ce1 moreov]1 x appe>s1 t ! fai?ful1 = ! salvation ( _! s\ls1 7 accu/om$ to (f] _! slaves to ,god & ! ,sa9ts4 7,ex eodem1 anno #hfd47 ,inju/um videtur et impium1 ut mancipia1 qu fideles ,deo et sanctis ejus pro rem$io anim su consecr>unt1 cujuscumque mun]is mancipio1 vel commutationis comm]cio it]um 9 s]vitutem secul>ium r$igantur1 cum canonica auctoritas s]vos tantummodo p]mittat di/rahi fugitives4 ,et ideo ecclesi>um rectores summop]e caveant1 ne eleemosyna unius1 alt]ius peccatum fiat4 ,et e/ absurdum1 ut ab ecclesia/ica dignitate s]vus disc$5s1 human sit obnoxius s]vituti4 7,ibid4 cap4 #d47 ,fre$om %all be grant$ to slaves :o wi% to embrace ! mona/ic /ate1 yet )\t neglect+ useful precautions to asc]ta9 ! reality ( _! vocation4 7,concilium ,romanum sub ,s4 ,gregorio ,i41 anno #eig47 ,multos de ecclesia/ica seu scul>i familia1 novimus ad omnipot5tis ,dei s]vitium fe/9>e1 ut ab humana s]vitute lib]i 9 div9o s]vitio valeant famili>ius 9 mona/]iis conv]s>i1 quos si passim dimittimus1 omnibus fugi5di ecclesia/ici juris dom9ium occasionem prbemus3 si v]o fe/9antes ad omnipot5tis ,dei s]vitium1 incaute ret9emus1 illi inv5imur neg>e qudam qui d$it omnia4 ,unde necesse e/1 ut quisquis ex juris ecclesia/ici vel scul>is militi s]vitute ad ,dei s]vitium conv]ti desid]at1 probetur prius 9 laico habitu con/itutus3 et si mores ejus atque conv]satio bona desid]io ejus te/imonium f]unt1 absque retractatione s]vire 9 mona/]io omnipot5ti ,dom9o p]mittatur1 ut ab humano s]vitio lib] rec$at1 qui 9 div9o obsequio di/rictiorem appetit s]vitutem4 7,s4 ,greg4 epi/4 #dd4 lib4 iv74 ,! abuse ( orda9+ slaves )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s _h spread2 ?is abuse is *eck$4 7,ex epi/olis ,gelasii ,pap47 ,ex antiquis regulis et novella synodali explanatione compreh5sum e/1 p]sonas obnoxias s]vituti1 c+ulo cle/is militi non prc+i4 ,s$ nescio utrum ignorantia an voluntate rapiam9i1 ita ut ex hac causa nullus p5e ,episcoporum videatur extorris4 ,ita enim nos frequ5s et plurimorum qu]ela nos circum/repit1 ut ex hac p>te nihil p5itus putetur con/itutum4 7,di/94 #ed4 c4 #i47 ,frequ5s equidem1 et assidua nos qu]ela1 circum/repit de 8 pontificibus1 qui nec antiquas regulas nec decreta no/ra novit] directa cogitantes1 obnoxias possessionibus obligatasque p]sonas1 v5i5tes ad cl]icalis (ficii c+ulum non recusant4 7,ibid4 c4 #aj47 ,actores siquidem fili no/r illu/ris et magnific fem91 ,maxim1 petitorii nobis ins9uatione conque/i sunt1 ,sylve/rum atque ,c&idum1 orig9>ios suos1 contra con/itutiones1 qu supradict sunt1 et contradictione preunte a ,luc]9o ,pontifice diaconos ord9atos4 7,ibid c4 #aa47 ,g5]alis etiam qu]el vit&a prsumptio e/1 qua propemodum causantur univ]si1 passim s]vos et orig9>ios1 dom9orum jura1 possessionumque fugi5tes1 sub religios conv]sationis obt5tu1 vel ad mona/]ia sese conf]re1 vel ad ecclesia/icum famulatum1 conniv5tibus quippe prsulibus1 indiff]5t] admitti4 ,qu modis omnibus e/ amov5da p]nicies1 ne p] ,*ri/iani nom9is in/itutum aut ali5a p]vadi1 aut publica videatur discipl9a subv]ti4 7,ibid4 c4 #ab47 ,! p>i% prie/s are all[$ to *oose "s cl]ics f ! slaves ( ! ,*ur*4 7,concilium ,em]it5se1 anno #fff47 ,quidquid unanimit] digne disponitur 9 sancta ,dei ecclesia1 necess>ium e/ ut a p>o*itanis presbyt]is cu/oditum maneat4 ,sunt enim nonnulli1 qui ecclesi>um su>um res ad pl5itud9em hab5t1 et sollicitudo illis nulla e/ hab5di cl]icos1 cum quibus omnipot5ti ,deo laudum debita p]solvant (ficia4 ,pro9de in/ituit hc sancta synodus1 ut omnes p>o*itani presbyt]i1 juxta ut 9 rebus sibi a ,deo cr$itis s5tiunt hab]e virtutem1 de ecclesi su familia cl]icos sibi faciant2 quos p] bonam voluntatem ita nutriant1 ut et (ficium sanctum digne p>agant1 et ad s]vitium suum aptos eos habeant4 ,hi etiam victum et ve/itum disp5satione presbyt]i m]ebuntur1 et dom9o et presbyt]o suo1 atque utilitati ecclesi fideles esse deb5t4 ,quod si inutiles app>u]9t ut culpa patu]it1 correptione discipl9 f]iantur2 si quis presbyt]orum hanc s5t5tiam m9ime cu/odi]it1 et non adimplev]it1 ab episcopo suo corrigatur3 ut pl5issime cu/odiat1 quod digne jubetur4 7,canon #ah47 ,x is prescrib$ to ! ,bi%ops to conf] lib]ty on ! slaves ( ! ,*ur* be=e !y admit !m into ! cl]ical body4 7,concilium ,toletanum nonum1 anno #fee47 ,qui ex familiis ecclesi s]vituri devocantur 9 cl]um ab episcopis suis1 necesse e/1 ut lib]tatis p]cipiant donum3 et si hone/ vit cl>u]9t m]itis1 tunc demum majoribus fungantur (ficiis4 7,canon #aa47 ,x is all[$ to orda9 ! slaves ( ! ,*ur*1 lib]ty hav+ be5 previ\sly conf]r$ on !m4 7,concilium qu>tem ,toletanum1 anno #fcc47 ,de familiis ecclesi con/itu]e presbyt]os ut diaconos p] p>o*ias liceat2 quos tam5 vit rectitudo et probitas morum comm5dat3 ea tam5 ratione1 ut antea manumissi lib]tatem /atus sui p]cipiant1 et d5uo ad ecclesia/icos honores succ$ant2 irreligiosum e/ enim obligatos exi/]e s]vituti1 qui sacri ord9is suscipiunt dignitatem4 ,,vii4 ,we h %[n 9 ! text by :at means1 ) :at wisdom & p]sev]ance ,*ri/ianity aboli%$ slav]y 9 ! anci5t _w2 ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic ,europe 0 free at ! "t :5 ,prote/antism appe>$4 ,let u n[ see :at ,ca?olicity has done 9 mod]n times1 ) respect to slaves 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,we c pres5t to our read]s 9 "o docum5t1 :i* is ! evid5ce ( ! ideas & feel+s ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff ,gregory ,,xvi41 an int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! solicitude ( ! ,roman ,see 9 favor ( ! slaves ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,i mean ! apo/olical lett]s publi%$ at ,rome1 ,novemb] #c1 #ahci1 aga9/ ! slave-trade2 & ,i recomm5d ! p]usal ( !m4 ,x w be !re se51 9 ! mo/ au!ntic & decisive mann]1 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 on ?is important subject ( slav]y1 has always %[$1 & %[s /ill1 ! mo/ lively _s ( *>ity1 )\t 9 ! lea/ (f5d+ aga9/ ju/ice1 or = a mom5t dep>t+ f ! pa? ( prud5ce4 ,gregorius ,p4 ,p4 ,,xvi4 ad futuram rei memoriam4 ,rais$ to ! supreme degree ( ! apo/olical dignity1 & fill+1 al?\gh )\t any m]it on our "p1 ! place ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 :o1 by ! excess ( ,8 *>ity1 has deign$ to become man1 & die = ! r$emption ( ! _w2 we consid] t x belongs to our pa/oral solicitude to ex]t all our ef=ts to prev5t ,*ri/ians f engag+ 9 ! trade 9 blacks or any o!r m51 :oev] !y may be4 ,z soon z ! light ( ! ,gospel began to spread1 ! un=tunate m5 :o fell into ! h>d fate ( slav]y dur+ ! num]\s w>s ( t p]iod1 felt _! condition improv$2 = ! apo/les1 inspir$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 on ! "o h&1 taught slaves to obey _! e>?ly ma/]s1 z ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself1 & to be resign$ f ! bottom ( _! he>t to ! w ( ,god2 b1 on ! o!r1 !y comm&$ ma/]s to behave well to _! slaves1 to grant !m :at 0 j & equitable1 & n to treat !m ) ang]1 kn[+ t ! ,"l ( bo? is 9 heav51 & t ) ,him !re is no di/9ction ( p]sons4 ,! law ( ! ,gospel hav+ v soon univ]sally & fundam5tally orda9$ s9c]e *>ity t[>ds all1 & ! ,"l ,jesus hav+ decl>$ t ,he w\ld reg>d z done or refus$ to ,himself all ! acts ( b5efic5ce & m]cy done or refus$ to ! poor & little ones--x naturally foll[$ t ,*ri/ians n only reg>d$ _! slaves z bre?r51 above all :5 !y 7 become ,*ri/ians1 b t !y 7 m incl9$ to give lib]ty to ^? :o r5d]$ !mselves wor?y ( x4 ,?is usually took place p>ticul>ly on ! solemn fea/s ( ,ea/]1 z ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa relates4 ,!re 7 ev5 f\nd "s :o1 inflam$ ) m ard5t *>ity1 embrac$ slav]y = ! r$emption ( _! bre?r52 & an apo/olic man1 our pr$ecessor1 ,pope ,gregory ,i41 ( sacr$ memory1 atte/s t he _h kn[n a great _m :o p]=m$ ?is "w ( m]cy4 ,:]e=e ! d>kness ( ,pagan sup]/ition be+ entirely dissipat$ 9 ! progress ( "t1 & ! mann]s ( ! mo/ b>b>\s nations be+ s(t5$1--?anks to ! b5efit ( fai? work+ by *>ity1--?+s advanc$ s f>1 t = _m c5turies !re h be5 no slaves among ! great] "p ( ,*ri/ian nations4 ,yet 7we say x ) pr(\nd sorr[7 m5 h be5 s9ce f\nd1 ev5 among ,*ri/ians1 :o1 %amefully bl9d$ by ! desire ( sordid ga91 h n hesitat$ to r$uce into slav]y1 9 di/ant c\ntries1 ,indians1 ,negroes1 & o!r un=tunate races2 or to assi/ 9 ?is sc&al\s crime1 by in/itut+ & organiz+ a traffic 9 ^! un=tunate be+s1 :o _h be5 load$ ) *a9s by o!rs4 ,a great numb] ( ! ,roman ,pontiffs1 our pr$ecessors ( glori\s memory1 h n =gott5 to /igmatize1 ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( _! jurisdiction1 ! conduct ( ^! m5 z injuri\s to _! salvation1 & disgraceful to ! ,*ri/ian "n2 = !y cle>ly saw t x 0 "o ( ! causes :i* t5d$ mo/ p[]fully to make infidel nations cont9ue 9 _! hatr$ to ! true religion4 ,?is 0 ! object ( ! apo/olical lett]s ( ,paul ,,iii41 ( ! #bi? ( ,may1 #aecg1 address$ to ! ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 "u ! r+ ( ! fi%]man1 & o!r lett]s1 mu* m copi\s1 ( ,urban ,,viii41 ( ! #bb;d ,april1 #afci1 address$ to ! collector ( ! rights ( ! ,apo/olic ,*amb] 9 ,portugal1--lett]s1 9 :i* ! mo/ sev]e c5sures are ca/ ^u ^? :o v5ture to r$uce ! inhabitants ( ! ,ea/ or ,we/ ,indies into slav]y1 buy1 sell1 give1 or ex*ange !m1 sep>ate !m f _! wives & *ildr51 /rip !m ( _! prop]ty1 take or s5d !m into /range places1 or deprive !m ( _! lib]ty 9 any way2 to reta9 !m 9 slav]y2 or aid1 c\nsel1 succor1 or favor ^? :o d ^! ?+s "u any color or pret5ce :atev]2 or prea* or tea* t ?is is lawful1 &1 9 f9e1 co-op]ate !re) 9 any way :atev]4 ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 has s9ce confirm$ & r5ew$ ^! pontifical ord9ances be=e m5tion$ by new apo/olical lett]s to ! ,bi%ops ( ,brazil & "s o!r c\ntries1 dat$ ! #bj? ,decemb]1 #agda1 by means ( :i* he calls =? ! solicitude ( ! ,bi%ops = ! same purpose4 ,a long "t be=e1 ano!r ( our m anci5t pr$ecessors1 ,pius ,,ii41 ^: pontificate saw ! empire ( ! ,portuguese ext5d$ 9 ,gu9ea & 9 ! c\ntry ( ! blacks1 address$ lett]s1 dat$ ! #g? ( ,octob]1 #adhb1 to ! ,bi%op ( ,ruvo1 :o 0 ready to dep>t = ^? c\ntries3 9 ^! lett]s he did n conf9e himself to giv+ to ?is prelate ! means requisite = ex]cis+ ! sacr$ m9i/ry 9 ^? c\ntries ) ! greate/ fruit1 b he took occasion v sev]ely to blame ! conduct ( ^? :o r$uc$ ! neophytes into slav]y4 ,9 f9e1 9 our days1 ,pius ,,vii41 animat$ by ! same _s ( *>ity & religion z 8 pr$ecessors1 zeal\sly int]pos$ 8 good (fices ) m5 ( au?ority = ! entire abolition ( ! slave-trade among ,*ri/ians4 ,^! ord9ances1 & ?is solicitude ( our pr$ecessors1 h avail$ n a little1 ) ! aid ( ,god1 9 def5d+ ! ,indians1 & o!r nations :o h j be5 m5tion$1 aga9/ ! b>b>ity ( conque/1 & ! cupidity ( ,*ri/ian m]*ants2 b ! ,holy ,see is f> f be+ able to boa/ ( ! complete success ( its ef=ts & zeal1 =1 if ! slave-trade has be5 p>tially aboli%$1 x is /ill c>ri$ on by a great _m ,*ri/ians4 ,:]e=e1 desir+ to remove su* a disgrace f all ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 aft] hav+ maturely consid]$ ! matt] ) _m ( our v5]able bre?r51 ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,holy ,roman ,*ur*1 assembl$ 9 ,c\ncil1 foll[+ ! example ( our pr$ecessors1 by virtue ( ! apo/olic (fice1 we w>n & admoni% 9 ! ,"l all ,*ri/ians1 ( :atev] condition !y may be1 & enjo9 ^u !m t1 = ! future1 no "o %all v5ture unju/ly to oppress ! ,indians1 ,negroes1 or o!r m51 :oev] !y may be2 to /rip !m ( _! prop]ty or r$uce !m into s]vitude3 or give aid or support to ^? :o commit su* excesses1 or c>ry on t infam\s traffic1 by :i* ! blacks1 z if !y 7 n m51 b m]e impure animals1 r$uc$ l !m into s]vitude1 )\t any di/9ction1 contr>y to ! laws ( ju/ice & humanity1 are b\ght1 sold1 & devot$ to endure ! h>de/ labors2 & on acc\nt ( :i* diss5sions are excit$ & almo/ cont9ual w>s are fom5t$ among nations by ! allurem5ts ( ga9 (f]$ to ^? :o fir/ c>ry away ! ,negroes4 ,:]e=e1 by virtue ( ! apo/olical au?ority1 we condemn all ^! ?+s a=esaid1 z absolutely unwor?y ( ! ,*ri/ian "n2 &1 by ! same au?ority1 we absolutely prohibit & int]dict all ecclesia/ics & laym5 f v5tur+ to ma9ta9 t ?is traffic 9 blacks is p]mitt$1 "u any pretext or color :atsoev]2 or to prea* or tea* 9 public or 9 private1 9 any way :atev]1 any?+1 contr>y to ^! apo/olic lett]s4 ,& 9 ord] t ^! lett]s may come to ! k ( all1 & t no "o may pret5d ignorance1 we orda9 & decree t !y be publi%$ & po/$ up1 accord+ to cu/om1 by "o ( our (fic]s1 on ! doors ( ! basilica ( ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les1 ( ! ,apo/olic ,*anc]y1 ( ! ,palace ( ,ju/ice1 ( ,monte ,citorio1 & at ! ,campo di ,fiori4 ,giv5 at ,rome1 at ,/4 ,m>y ,major's1 "u ! seal ( ! fi%]man1 ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 #ahci1 ! n9? ye> ( our ,pontificate4 ,,l\is1 ,,c>d9al ,,lambrus*9i4 ,i aga9 p>ticul>ly invite att5tion to ! docum5t :i* ,i h j ins]t$--to ^! lett]s :i* magnific5tly cr[n ! unit$ ef=ts ( ! ,*ur* = ! abolition ( slav]y4 ,z ! abolition ( ! slave-trade--! object ( a treaty rec5tly made betwe5 ! great p[]s--is at ?is mom5t "o ( ! affairs :i* occupy ! *ief att5tion ( ,europe1 x is prop] to pause a few mom5ts1 to reflect on ! cont5ts ( ! apo/olic lett]s ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff ,gregory ,,xvi4 ,let u obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 ! ye> #adhb1 ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 address$ apo/olical lett]s to ! ,bi%op ( ,ruvo1 ab\t to dep>t = ! newly discov]$ c\ntries--lett]s1 9 :i* he did n exclusively conf9e himself to giv+ ! prelate ! p[]s necess>y to ex]cise 8 holy m9i/ry ) ! greate/ fruit 9 ^? c\ntries1 b 9 :i* he takes occasion to c5sure v sev]ely ! conduct ( ,*ri/ians :o r$uc$ ! neophytes into slav]y4 ,exactly at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 at ! "t :5 x may be said t ! ,*ur* ga!r+ ! la/ fruit ( h] long labors1 at l5g? saw ,europe em]ge f ! *aos 9 :i* ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians _h plung$ h]2 at ! "t :5 ! social & political in/itutions 7 develop$ ) daily increas+ ardor1 & began to =m a regul> & coh]5t body2 at ?is mom5t ! ,*ur* resumes h] secul> conte/ ) ano!r b>b>ism :i* reappe>$ 9 di/ant c\ntries2 %e opposes ! abuse ( ! sup]iority ( /r5g? & intellig5ce1 :i* ! conqu]ors possess$ ov] ! conqu]$ nations4 ,?is fact alone proves t1 = ! true lib]ty & well-be+ ( nations1 = ! j pre-em95ce ( "r ov] might1 & = ! triumph ( ju/ice ov] =ce1 ! intellig5ce & ref9em5t ( nations are n en\gh--religion also is requir$4 ,9 anci5t times1 we see nations cultivat$ to ! highe/ po9t commit unhe>d ( atrocities2 & 9 mod]n times1 ,europeans1 s pr\d ( _! k & advancem5t1 introduce slav]y among ! un=tunate nations :o h fall5 "u _! dom9ion4 ,n[1 :o 0 ! fir/ to raise a voice aga9/ su* inju/ice--aga9/ su* horrible b>b>ity8 ,x 0 n policy1 :i* p]haps rejoic$ to see its conque/s consolidat$ by slav]y2 x 0 n comm]ce :i* f\nd 9 ?is infam\s traffic an easy means ( mak+ %ameful b abundant pr(its2 x 0 n philosophy1 :i*1 fully expla9+ ! doctr9es ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 w\ld p]haps h se5 )\t conc]n ! resuscitation ( ! degrad+ !ory ( races born = slav]y2 b x 0 ! ,ca?olic religion1 express+ h]self by ! m\? ( ! ,vic> ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is c]ta9ly a consolatory spectacle = ,ca?olics to see a ,roman ,pontiff1 f\r c5turies ago1 condemn :at ,europe1 ) all h] civilization & ref9em5t1 condemns only at ! pres5t day4 ,/ill1 ,europe only does s ) difficulty2 & all ^? :o take "p 9 ?is t>dy condemnation are n exempt f ! suspicion ( be+ actuat$ by motives ( int]e/4 ,no d\bt ! ,roman ,pontiff did n effect all ! good he int5d$2 b doctr9es d n rema9 /]ile :5 !y emanate f a high qu>t]1 :5ce1 diffus+ !mselves to great di/ances1 !y desc5d on p]sons :o receive !m ) v5]ation1 if x 7 only on acc\nt ( him :o tea*es !m4 ,! conqu]+ nations 7 !n ,*ri/ians1 & s9c]e ones2 x is !re=e indubitable1 t ! admonitions ( ! ,pope1 transmitt$ by ! m\?s ( ,bi%ops & o!r prie/s1 mu/ h _h v salut>y effects4 ,if1 9 cases l ?is1 :]e we see a measure tak5 aga9/ an evil1 ! evil nev]!less resi/s & cont9ues1 we imag9e1 by a griev\s mi/ake1 t ! measure has be5 va91 & t its au?or has produc$ no effect4 ,x is "o ?+ to extirpate1 & ano!r to dim9i% an evil2 & x _c be d\bt$ t1 if ! ,bulls ( ! ,popes _h n all ! effect int5d$1 !y mu/ nev]!less h s]v$ to dim9i% ! evil1 by improv+ ! lot ( nations fall5 "u ! yoke4 ,! evil prev5t$ & avoid$ is n se52 ! pres]vative has h9d]$ its exi/5ce3 b ! exi/+ evil is palpable--x affects u1 x excites our regret1 & we (t5 =get ! gratitude due to ! h& :i* has pres]v$ u f great] evils4 ,h[ (t5 is x ?us ) respect to religion6 ,%e cures _m ?+s1 b %e prev5ts /ill m4 ,if %e takes possession ( ! he>t ( man1 x is 9 ord] to de/roy !re ev5 ! v roots ( a ?\s& evils4 ,let u imag9e ! ,europeans ( ! fifte5? c5tury invad+ ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 )\t any *eck1 guid$ only by ! inspirations ( cupidity1 & by ! caprices ( arbitr>y p[]1 full ( ! pride ( conqu]ors1 & ( ! contempt ) :i* ! ,indians mu/ h inspir$ !m1 on acc\nt ( ! inf]iority ( _! k1 & ( _! backw>dness 9 civilization & ref9em5t3 :at mu/ h happ5$8 ,if1 9 spite ( ! incessant cries ( religion1 9 spite ( ! influ5ce :i* %e _h on laws & mann]s1 ! conqu]$ nations h _h s mu* to suff]1 w\ld n ! evil h be5 c>ri$ to an intol]able ext5t1 )\t ^? p[]ful causes :i* incessantly combat$1 prev5t$ or dim9i%$ x8 ,! conqu]$ w\ld h be5 r$uc$ into slav]y en masse2 !y w\ld h be5 condemn$ en masse to p]petual degradation2 !y w\ld h be5 depriv$ ev5 ( ! hope ( "o day ent]+ on ! c>e] ( civilization4 ,if ! conduct ( ,europeans at t "t ) respect to m5 ( o!r races--if ! conduct ( "s nations ( our own days is to be deplor$1 x _c be said at lea/ t ! ,ca?olic religion has n oppos$ su* excesses ) all h] /r5g?2 x _c be said t ! ,head ( ! ,*ur* has ev] all[$ ^! evils to pass )\t rais+ 8 voice to recall to m9d ! rights ( m51 to /igmatize inju/ice1 to excite abhorr5ce ( cruelty1 & en]getically to plead ! cause ( humanity1 )\t di/9ction ( races1 climates1 or colors4 ,:5ce does ,europe d]ive ?is l(ty idea & ?is g5]\s feel+1 :i* urge h] to decl>e h]self s /rongly aga9/ ! traffic 9 m51 & to dem& ! complete abolition ( slav]y 9 ! colonies8 ,:5 po/]ity %all call to m9d ^! glori\s facts2 :5 x %all adopt !m z m>k+ a new era 9 ! annals ( civilization2 :51 /udy+ & analyz+ ! causes :i* h conduct$ ,european legislation & mann]s to s high a pit*1 &1 pass+ ov] tempor>y & unimportant motives1 insignificant circum/ances1 & second>y ag5ts1 x %all seek = ! vital pr9ciple :i* impell$ ,european civilization t[>ds s glori\s an end1 x w f9d t ?is pr9ciple 0 ,*ri/ianity2 & if1 desir+ to fa?om ! "q m & m1 x %\ld inquire :e!r ?is 0 ,*ri/ianity1 "u a vague & g5]al =m--,*ri/ianity )\t au?ority--,*ri/ianity )\t ,ca?olicity--! answ] ( hi/ory w be ?is3 ,ca?olicity1 exclusively prevail+ 9 ,europe1 aboli%$ slav]y among ! ,european races2 %e introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( ! abolition ( slav]y into ,european civilization1 by %[+ practically1 & 9 opposition to ! op9ion ( antiquity1 t slav]y 0 n necess>y = society2 & %e made x und]/ood1 t ! sacr$ "w ( enfran*isem5t 0 ! f\ndation ( all great & life-giv+ civilization4 ,%e has !re=e inoculat$ ,european civilization ) ! pr9ciple ( ! abolition ( slav]y2 x is ow+ to h] t1 :]ev] ?is civilization has come into contact ) slav]y1 x has be5 pr(\ndly di/urb$--an evid5t pro( t !re 7 at ! bottom two opposite elem5ts1 two cont5d+ pr9ciples1 :i* 7 compell$ to /ruggle incessantly1 until ! m p[]ful1 noble1 & fruitful prevail+1 & r$uc+ ! o!r "u ! yoke1 9 ! end annihilat$ x4 ,i w say m3 by se>*+ :e!r facts really confirm ?is influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity1 n only 9 all t conc]ns ! civilization ( ,europe1 b also 9 ! c\ntries :i* ,europeans h conqu]$ two c5turies ago1 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 we %all meet ) ,ca?olic ,bi%ops & prie/s work+ )\t int]mission 9 improv+ ! lot ( colonial slaves2 we %all call to m9d :at is due to ! ,ca?olic missions2 we %all read & und]/& ! apo/olical lett]s ( ,pius ,,ii41 issu$ 9 #adhb1 & m5tion$ above2 ^? ( ,paul ,,iii41 9 #aecg2 ^? ( ,urban ,,viii41 9 #afci2 ^? ( ,b5$ict ,,xiv41 9 #agda2 & ^? ( ,gregory ,,xvi41 9 #ahci4 ,9 ^! lett]s !re is taught & def9$ all t has be5 or c be said on ?is po9t 9 favor ( humanity4 ,we %all !re f9d blam$1 condemn$1 & puni%$1 all t ,european civilization has at l5g? resolv$ to condemn & puni%2 & :5 call+ to m9d also t x 0 ,pius ,,vii41 :o1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 zeal\sly int]pos$ 8 good (fices ) m5 9 p[] = ! complete abolition ( slav]y among ,*ri/ians1 we %all n be able to avoid ackn[l$g+ & confess+ t ,ca?olicity has _h ! pr9cipal %>e 9 ?is great "w4 ,x is %e inde$ :o has laid d[n ! pr9ciple on :i* ! "w re/s1 :o has e/abli%$ ! prec$5ts :i* guide x1 :o has con/antly proclaim$ ! pr9ciples :i* h sugge/$ x & has con/antly condemn$ ^? :o h oppos$ x2 x is %e1 9 f9e1 :o at all times has decl>$ op5 w> aga9/ cruelty & cupidity1--! support & p]petual motives = inju/ice & inhumanity4 ,let u he> ! te/imony ( a celebrat$ ,prote/ant au?or1 ,rob]tson1 ! hi/orian ( ,am]ica3 ,f ! "t t ecclesia/ics 7 s5t z in/ructors into ,am]ica1 !y p]ceiv$ t ! rigor ) :i* _! c\ntrym5 treat$ ! natives r5d]$ _! m9i/ry altoge!r fruitless4 ,! mission>ies1 9 con=mity ) ! mild _s ( t religion :i* !y 7 employ$ to publi%1 soon remon/rat$ aga9/ ! maxims ( ! plant]s ) respect to ! ,am]icans1 & condemn$ ! rep>timi5tos1 or di/ributions1 by :i* !y 7 giv5 up z slaves to _! conqu]ors1 z no less contr>y to natural ju/ice & ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?an to s\nd policy4 ,! ,dom9icans1 to :om ! in/ruction ( ! ,am]icans 0 orig9ally committ$1 7 ! mo/ vehem5t 9 attack+ ! rep>timi5tos4 ,9 ! ye> #aeaa1 ,motes9o1 "o ( _! mo/ em95t prea*]s1 inveigh$ aga9/ ?is practice 9 ! great *ur* at ,/4 ,dom+o1 ) all ! impetuosity ( 8 natural eloqu5ce4 ,don ,diego ,columbus1 ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! colony1 & all ! laym5 :o _h be5 8 he>]s1 compla9$ ( ! monk to 8 sup]iors2 b !y1 in/ead ( condemn+1 applaud$ 8 doctr9e1 z equally pi\s & seasonable4 ,! ,franciscans1 influ5c$ by ! _s ( opposition & rival%ip :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! two ord]s1 discov]$ "s incl9ation to take "p ) ! laity1 & to esp\se ! def5ce ( ! rep>timi5tos4 ,b z !y c\ld n ) dec5cy give _! approbation to a sy/em ( oppression s repugnant to ! _s ( religion1 !y endeavor$ to palliate :at !y c\ld n ju/ify1 & alleg$ 9 excuse = ! conduct ( _! c\ntrym51 t x 0 impossible to c>ry on any improvem5t 9 ! colony1 unless ! ,spani>ds possess$ su* dom9ion ov] ! natives1 t !y c\ld compel !m to labor4 ,! ,dom9icans1 reg>dless ( su* political & int]e/$ consid]ations1 w\ld n relax 9 any degree ! rigor ( _! s5tim5ts1 & ev5 refus$ to absolve1 or admit to ! sacram5t1 su* ( _! c\ntrym5 z cont9u$ to hold ! natives 9 s]vitude4 ,bo? p>ties appli$ to ! k+ = 8 decision 9 a matt] ( su* importance4 ,f]d9& emp[]$ a committee ( 8 ,privy ,c\ncil1 assi/$ by "s ( ! mo/ em95t civilians & div9es 9 ,spa91 to he> ! deputies s5t f ,hispaniola 9 support ( _! respective op9ions4 ,aft] a long discussion1 ! speculative po9t 9 controv]sy 0 det]m9$ 9 favor ( ! ,dom9icans2 ! ,indians 7 decl>$ to be a free p1 entitl$ to all ! natural rights ( man2 b not)/&+ ?is decision1 ! rep>timi5tos 7 cont9u$ ^u _! anci5t foot+4 ,z ?is det]m9ation admitt$ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! ,dom9icans f\nd$ _! op9ion1 !y r5ew$ _! ef=ts to obta9 relief = ! ,indians ) additional boldness & zeal4 ,at l5g?1 9 ord] to quiet ! colony1 :i* 0 al>m$ by _! remon/rances & c5sures1 ,f]d9& issu$ a decree ( 8 ,privy ,c\ncil 7#aeac71 decl>+ t aft] mature consid]ation ( ! apo/olic ,bull1 & o!r titles by :i* ! ,cr[n ( ,ca/ile claim$ a "r to its possessions1 9 ! new _w1 ! s]vitude ( ! ,indians 0 w>rant$ bo? by ! laws ( ,god & man2 t unless !y 7 subject$ to ! dom9ion ( ! ,spani>ds1 & compell$ to reside "u _! inspection1 x w\ld be impossible to reclaim !m f idolatry1 or to in/ruct !m 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 t no fur!r scruple ought to be ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! lawfulness ( ! rep>timi5tos1 z ! ,k+ & ,c\ncil 7 will+ to take ! *>ge ( t ^u _! own consci5ces2 & t !re=e ! ,dom9icans1 & monks ( o!r religi\s ord]s1 %\ld ab/a9 = ! future f ^? invectives :i*1 f an excess ( *>itable b ill-in=m$ zeal1 !y _h utt]$ aga9/ ! practice4 ,t 8 int5tion ( adh]+ to ?is decree might be fully und]/ood1 ,f]d9& conf]r$ new grants ( ,indians ^u sev]al ( 8 c\rti]s4 ,b 9 ord] t he might n seem altoge!r inatt5tive to ! rights ( humanity1 he publi%$ an edict 9 :i* he endeavor$ to provide = ! mild treatm5t ( ! ,indians "u ! yoke to :i* he subject$ !m2 he regulat$ ! nature ( ! "w :i* !y %\ld be requir$ to p]=m2 he prescrib$ ! mode 9 :i* !y %\ld be clo!d & f$1 & gave directions ) respect to _! in/ruction 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! ,dom9icans1 :o1 f _! exp]i5ce ( :at _h pass$1 judg$ conc]n+ ! future1 soon p]ceiv$ ! inefficacy ( ^? provisions1 & =etold t1 z long z x 0 ! int]e/ ( individuals to treat ! ,indians ) rigor1 no public regulations w\ld r5d] _! s]vitude mild or tol]able4 ,!y consid]$ x z va9 to wa/e _! own "t & /r5g? 9 attempt+ to communicate ! sublime tru?s to m5 ^: spirits 7 brok51 & _! faculties impair$ by oppression4 ,"s ( !m1 9 despair1 reque/$ ! p]mission ( _! sup]iors to remove to ! cont95t1 & pursue ! object ( _! mission among su* ( ! natives z 7 n hi!rto corrupt$ by ! example ( ! ,spani>ds1 or ali5at$ by _! cruelty f ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,su* z rema9$ 9 ,hispaniola cont9u$ to remon/rate1 ) dec5t firmness1 aga9/ ! s]vitude ( ! ,indians4 ,! viol5t op]ations ( ,albuqu]que1 ! new di/ributor ( ! ,indians1 reviv$ ! zeal ( ! ,dom9icans aga9/ ! rep>timi5tos1 & call$ =? an advocate = t oppress$ p :o possess$ all ! c\rage1 ! tal5ts1 & ! activity requisite 9 support+ su* a desp]ate cause4 ,?is 0 ,b>?olomew de las ,casas1 a native ( ,seville1 & "o ( ! cl]gym5 s5t out ) ,columbus 9 8 second voyage to ,hispaniola1 9 ord] to settle 9 t ,isl&4 ,he e>ly adopt$ ! op9ion preval5t among ecclesia/ics ) respect to ! unlawfulness ( r$uc+ ! natives to s]vitude2 & t he might demon/rate ! s9c]ity ( 8 conviction1 he rel9qui%$ all ! ,indians :o _h fall5 to 8 %>e 9 ! division ( ! inhabitants among _! conqu]ors1 decl>+ t he %\ld ev] bewail 8 own mis=tune & guilt1 9 hav+ ex]cis$ = a mom5t ?is impi\s dom9ion ov] 8 fell[-creatures4 ,f t "t he became ! av[$ patron ( ! ,indians2 & by 8 bold int]positions 9 _! behalf1 z well z by ! respect due to 8 abilities & "*1 he _h (t5 ! m]it ( sett+ "s b\nds to ! excesses ( 8 c\ntrym54 7,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 book #c47 ,x w\ld be too long to relate "h ! en]getic ef=ts ( ,de las ,casas 9 favor ( ! colonies ( ! new _w2 all "k !m--all mu/ "k t1 fill$ ) zeal = ! lib]ty ( ! ,indians1 he conceiv$ & und]took an attempt at civilization analog\s to t :i* 0 realiz$ lat]1 to ! immortal honor ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 9 ,p>aguay4 ,if ! ef=ts ( ,de las ,casas _h n all ! success t might naturally h be5 expect$1 we f9d ! cause ( ?is 9 ! ?\s& passions ) :i* hi/ory makes u acqua9t$1 & p]haps also 9 ! impetuosity ( ?is man1 ^: sublime zeal 0 n always accompani$ by ! consummate prud5ce :i* ! ,*ur* displays4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,ca?olicity has completely accompli%$ h] mission ( peace & love2 )\t inju/ice or cata/rophe1 %e has brok5 ! *a9s "u :i* a l>ge portion ( ! human race groan$2 & if x _h be5 giv5 h] to prevail = "s "t 9 ,asia & ,africa1 %e w\ld h a*iev$ _! de/ruction 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 by bani%+ ! degradations & ! abom9ations introduc$ & e/abli%$ 9 ^? c\ntries by ,mahometanism & idolatry4 ,x is melan*oly1 no d\bt1 t ,*ri/ianity has n yet ex]cis$ ov] ^! latt] c\ntries all ! influ5ce :i* w\ld h be5 necess>y to ameliorate ! social & political condition ( ^? nations1 by *ang+ _! ideas & mann]s4 ,b if we seek = ! causes ( ?is lam5table delay1 we c]ta9ly %all n f9d !m 9 ! conduct ( ,ca?olicity4 ,?is is n ! place to po9t out ^! causes2 nev]!less1 :ile res]v+ ! analysis & complete exam9ation ( ?is matt] = ano!r "p ( ! "w1 ,i w make ! rem>k en passant1 t ,prote/antism may ju/ly crim9ate itself = ! ob/acles :i*1 dur+ ?ree c5turies1 x has oppos$ to ! univ]sality & efficacy ( ! ,*ri/ian influ5ce on infidel nations4 ,^! few words w suffice "h2 we %all return to ?is important subject lat]4 ,,note #af1 p4 #aca4 ,we c sc>cely believe h[ f> ! ideas ( ! anci5ts w5t a/ray ) reg>d to ! respect :i* is due to man4 ,c x be believ$ t !y w5t s f>1 z to reg>d ! lives ( all :o c\ld n be useful to society z ( no value8 & yet no?+ is m c]ta94 ,we might lam5t t ?is or t city _h adopt$ a b>b>\s law2 t a f]oci\s cu/om 0 introduc$ among a p by ! effect ( p>ticul> circum/ances2 yet z long z philosophy prote/$ aga9/ su* attempts1 human reason w\ld h be5 un/a9$1 & c\ld n h be5 accus$ )\t inju/ice ( tak+ "p 9 infam\s attempts at abortion or infanticide4 ,b :5 we f9d crime def5d$ & taught by ! mo/ important philosoph]s ( antiquity2 :5 we see x triumph 9 ! m9ds ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s m51 :o1 ) fe>ful calmness & s]5ity1 prescribe ! atrocities :i* we h nam$1 we are conf\nd$1 & our blood runs cold2 we w\ld fa9 %ut our eyes1 n to see s mu* infamy ?r[n ^u philosophy & human reason4 ,let u he> ,plato 9 8 ,republic1 9 t book 9 :i* he und]took to collect all ! !ories 9 8 op9ion ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & ! be/ adapt$ to lead human society t[>ds its beau ideal4 ,?is is 8 sc&al\s language3 ,oportet pr(ecto secundum ea qu supra concessimus1 optimos viros muli]ibus optimis ut plurimum congr$i3 det]rimos autem contra1 det]rimis4 ,et illorem quidem prolem nutrire1 horum m9ime1 si arm5tum excell5tissimum sit futurum4 ,et hc omnia dum agantur1 ab omnibus prt]quam a pr9cipibus ignor>i1 si modo arm5tum cu/odum debeat s$itione c>]e4 ,prope admodum2 ,v good1 replies ano!r speak]4 7,plat4 ,rep4 l4 v47 ,behold1 !n1 ! human race r$uc$ to ! condition ( m]e brutes2 9 tru?1 ! philosoph] _h reason to use ! ^w flock 7arm5tum76 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t magi/rates imbu$ ) su* feel+s mu/ h be5 m h>% t[>ds _! subjects ?an a %eph]d t[>ds 8 flock4 ,if ! %eph]d f9ds among ! lambs :i* h j be5 born a weak & lame "o1 he does n kill x or all[ x to die ( hung]2 he c>ries x to ! %eep :o ought to n\ri% x1 he c>esses x to /op its cries4 ,b p]haps ! expressions :i* we h j quot$ escap$ ! philosoph] 9 a mom5t ( inadv]t5ce2 p]haps ! idea :i* !y reveal 0 only "o ( ^? s9i/] inspirations :i* glide into ! m9d ( a man1 & pass away )\t leav+ any m impression ?an is made by a reptile mov+ ?r\gh ! grass4 ,we wi% x 7 s1 = ! fame ( ,plato2 b unhappily he returns to x s (t51 & insi/s on ! po9t ) s sy/ematic a coldness1 t no means ( ju/ify+ him are left4 ,) respect1 he says l[] d[n1 to ! *ildr5 ( citiz5s ( inf]ior rank1 & ev5 ^? ( o!r citiz5s1 if !y are born de=m$1 ! magi/rates %all hide !m1 z is prop]1 9 "s secure place1 :i* x %all be =bidd5 to reveal4 ,yes1 replies "o ( ! int]locutors2 if we desire to pres]ve ! race ( w>riors 9 its purity4 ,plato also lays d[n v>i\s rules ) respect to ! relations ( ! two sexes2 he speaks ( ! case 9 :i* ! man & woman %all h rea*$ an advanc$ age3 ,qu&o igitur jam muli]es et viri tatem g5]ationi aptam egressi fu]9t1 lic]e viris dicemus1 cuicumque volu]9t1 prt]quam fili atque matri et fili>um natis matrisve majoribus3 lic]e et muli]ibus cuilibet1 prt]quam filio atque patri1 ac sup]ioribus et inf]ioribus eorumdem4 ,cum v]o hc omnia m&av]imus1 int]dicemus ftum talem 7si contig]et7 edi et 9 lucem produci4 ,si quid autem matrem p>]e coeg]it1 ita expon]e prcipiemus1 quasi ei nulla nutritio sit4 ,plato seems to h be5 v well pleas$ ) 8 doctr9e2 =1 9 ! v book 9 :i* he writes :at we h j se51 he lays d[n ! fam\s maxim1 t ! evils ( /ates w nev] be rem$i$1 t societies w nev] be well gov]n$1 until philosoph]s %all become k+s1 or k+s become philosoph]s4 ,god pres]ve u f see+ on ! ?rone a philosophy su* z 86 ,moreov]1 8 wi% = ! reign ( philosophy has be5 realiz$ 9 mod]n times4 ,:at d ,i say8 ,x has _h m ?an empire2 x has be5 deifi$1 & div9e honors h be5 paid to x 9 public temples4 ,i d n believe1 h[ev]1 t ! happy days ( ! wor%ip ( reason are n[ mu* regrett$4 ,! horrible doctr9e :i* we h j se5 9 ,plato 0 transmitt$ ) fidelity to future s*ools4 ,ari/otle1 :o on s _m po9ts took ! lib]ty ( dep>t+ f ! doctr9es ( 8 ma/]1 did n ?9k ( correct+ ^? :i* reg>d abortion & infanticide4 ,9 8 ,politics he tea*es ! same crimes ) ! same calmness z ,plato3 ,9 ord]1 he says1 to avoid n\ri%+ weak or lame *ildr51 ! law %\ld direct !m to be expos$ or made away )4 ,propt] multitud9em autem lib]orum1 ne plures s9t quam exp$iat1 si g5tium in/ituta et leges vet5t procreata exponi1 def9itum esse oportet procre&orum lib]orum num]um4 ,quod si quibus int] se copulatis et congressis1 plures lib]i1 quam def9itum sit1 nascantur1 priusquam s5sus et vita ins]atur1 abortus e/ ftui inf]5dus4 7,polit4 l4 vii4 c4 #af47 ,x w be se5 h[ mu* reason ,i _h to say t man1 z man1 0 e/eem$ z no?+ among ! anci5ts2 t society entirely absorb$ him2 t x claim$ unju/ rights ov] him1 & reg>d$ him z an in/rum5t to be us$ :5 ( s]vice1 & :i* x _h a "r to de/roy4 ,we obs]ve 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 t !y make ( society a k9d ( :ole1 consi/+ ( individuals1 z ! mass ( iron consi/s ( ! atoms t compose x2 !y make ( x a sort ( unity1 to :i* all mu/ be sacrific$2 !y h no consid]ation = ! sph]e ( individual lib]ty2 !y d n appe> to dream t ! object ( society is ! good1 ! happ9ess ( individuals & families4 ,accord+ to !m1 ?is unity is ! pr9cipal good1 ) :i* no?+ else c be comp>$2 ! greate/ evil t c happ5 is1 t ?is unity %\ld be brok5--an evil :i* mu/ be avoid$ by all imag9able means4 ,is n ! wor/ evil ( a /ate1 says ,plato1 t :i* divides x1 & makes _m out ( "o8 & is n ! greate/ excell5ce ( a /ate1 t :i* b9ds all its p>ts toge!r1 & makes x "o8 ,rely+ on ?is pr9ciple1 & pursu+ ! developm5t ( 8 !ory1 he takes individuals & families1 & kneads !m1 z x 71 9 ord] to =m !m into ,,"o compact :ole4 ,?us1 besides education & life 9 common1 he wi%es also to h wom5 & *ildr5 9 common2 he consid]s x injuri\s t !re %\ld be p]sonal enjoym5ts or suff]+s2 he desires t all %\ld be common & social2 he all[s individuals to live1 ?9k1 feel1 & act only z p>ts ( a great :ole4 ,if y read 8 ,republic ) att5tion1 & p>ticul>ly ! fif? book1 y w see t ! prevail+ idea ( ?is philosoph] is :at we h j expla9$4 ,let u he> ,ari/otle on ! same po9t3 ,z ! object ( society1 he says1 is "o1 x is cle> t ! education ( all its memb]s ought necess>ily to be "o & id5tical4 ,education ought to be public1 & n private2 z ?+s n[ are1 ea* "o takes c>e ( 8 *ildr5 z he ?9ks prop]1 & tea*es !m z he pleases4 ,ea* citiz5 is a p>ticle ( society1 & ! c>e to be giv5 to a p>ticle ought naturally to ext5d to :at ! :ole requires4 7,polit4 l4 viii4 c4 #a47 ,9 ord] to expla9 to u :at he means by ?is common education1 he concludes by quot+ ) honor ! education :i* 0 giv5 at ,sp>ta1 :i* e "o kn[s consi/$ 9 /ifl+ all feel+s except a f]oci\s patriotism1 ! traits ( :i* /ill make u %udd]4 ,) our ideas & cu/oms1 we d n "k h[ to conf9e ourselves to consid]+ society 9 ?is way4 ,individuals among u are atta*$ to ! social body1 =m+ a "p ( x1 b )\t los+ _! own sph]e--t ( ! family2 & !y pres]ve ar\nd !m a va/ c>e]1 :]e !y are all[$ to ex]t !mselves1 )\t com+ into collision ) ! colossus ( society4 ,nev]!less1 patriotism exi/s2 b x is no long] a bl9d in/9ctive passion1 urg+ man on to ! sacrifice1 l a victim1 ) b&ag$ eyes1 b x is no reasonable1 noble1 & exalt$ feel+1 :i* =ms h]oes l ^? ( ,lepanto & ,bayl52 :i* conv]ts peaceful citiz5s1 l ^? ( ,gyronna & ,s>agossa1 into lions2 :i*1 z by an electric sp>k1 makes a :ole p rise on a sudd5 )\t arms1 & brave dea? f ! artill]y ( a num]\s & discipl9$ army3 su* 0 ,madrid1 foll[+ ! sublime ,m\rons ( ,daoiz & ( ,vel>da4 ,i h already h9t$1 9 ! text1 t society among ! anci5ts claim$ ! "r ( int]f]+ 9 all t reg>ds individuals4 ,i w add1 t ! ?+ w5t to a ridicul\s ext5t4 ,:o w\ld imag9e t ! law ought to int]f]e 9 ! food ( a woman :o 0 ence9te1 or 9 ! ex]cise :i* %e %\ld take e day8 ,?is is :at ,ari/otle gravely says3 ,x is necess>y t wom5 :o are ence9te %\ld take p>ticul> c>e ( _! bodies2 t !y %\ld avoid indulg5ce 9 luxury1 & us+ food :i* is too light & weak4 ,! legislator easily atta9s 8 end by prescrib+ & ord]+ !m a daily walk1 9 ord] to g to honor & v5]ate ! gods1 to :om x has be5 confid$ by fate to wat* ov] ! =mation ( be+s4 ,atque hoc facile assequitur scriptor legum1 si eis it] aliquod quotidianum ad cultum v5]ationemque deorum eorum1 quibus sorte obtigit1 ut prs9t gign5dis animantibus1 injunx]it ac m&av]it4 7,polit4 l4 vii4 c4 #af47 ,! action ( laws ext5d$ to e ?+2 x seems t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ev5 ! te>s ( *ildr5 c\ld n escape ?is sev]ity4 ,^?1 says ,ari/otle1 :o1 by means ( laws1 =bid *ildr5 to cry & weep1 are wrong2 cries & te>s s]ve z ex]cise = *ildr51 & assi/ !m 9 gr[+2 !y are an ef=t ( nature1 :i* relieves & invigorates ^? :o are 9 pa94 7,polit4 l4 vii4 c4 #ag47 ,^! doctr9es ( ! anci5ts--?is mann] ( consid]+ ! relations ( individuals ) society--v well expla9 h[ ca/es & slav]y c\ld be reg>d$ z natural among !m4 ,:o c be a/oni%$ at see+ :ole races depriv$ ( lib]ty1 or reg>d$ z incapable ( p>tak+ ( ! rights ( o!r sup]ior classes1 :5 we see g5]ations ( innoc5t be+s condemn$ to dea?1 & ^! consci5ti\s philosoph]s n hav+ ! slighte/ scruple ) respect to ! legitimacy ( s inhuman an act8 ,x 0 n t ^! philosoph]s _h n happ9ess 9 view z ! object ( society2 b !y _h mon/r\s ideas ) respect to ! means ( obta9+ t happ9ess4 ,,note #ag1 p4 #adf4 ,! read] w easily disp5se ) my ent]+ into details on ! abject & %ameful condition ( wom5 among ! anci5ts1 & 9 :i* !y /ill are among ! mod]ns :]e ,*ri/ianity does n prevail2 moreov]1 my p5 w\ld be *eck$ e mom5t by /rict laws ( mode/y1 if ,i 7 to attempt to repres5t ! *>act]i/ic features ( ?is wret*$ picture4 ,! inv]sion ( ideas 0 su*1 t we he> m5 ! mo/ r5[n$ = _! gravity & mod]ation rave 9 ! mo/ incr$ible mann] on ?is po9t4 ,we w lay aside hundr$s ( examples :i* x w\ld be easy to adduce2 b :o is ignorant ( ! sc&al\s advice ( ! sage ,solon1 ) respect to ! l5d+ ( wom5 = ! purpose ( improv+ ! race8 ,:o has n blu%$ to read :at ! div9e ,plato1 9 8 ,republic1 says ( ! propriety & mann] ( mak+ wom5 %>e 9 ! public games8 ,let u ?r[ a veil ov] recollections s di%on\rable to human wisdom4 ,:5 ! *ief legislators & sages s f> =got ! fir/ elem5ts ( morality1 & ! mo/ ord9>y inspirations ( nature1 :at mu/ h be5 ! case ) ! vulg>8 ,h[ fe>fully true ^? words ( ! sacr$ text :i* repres5t to u ! nations depriv$ ( ! light ( ,*ri/ianity z sitt+ 9 d>kness & 9 ! %ad[ ( dea?6 ,!re is no?+ m fatal to woman1 no?+ m apt to degrade h]1 ?an t :i* is injuri\s to mode/y2 & yet we see t ! unlimit$ p[] grant$ to man ov] woman contribut$ to ?is degradation1 & r$uc$ h]1 among c]ta9 nations1 to be no?+ b a slave4 ,los+ sight ( ! mann]s ( o!r nations1 let u consid] ^? ( ! ,romans = a mom5t4 ,among !m ! =mula1 ubi tu ,cayus ego ,caya1 seem$ to indicate a subjection s slight1 t x might almo/ be call$ an equality2 b 9 ord] to appreciate ?is equality1 x is en\gh to recollect t1 at ,rome1 a husb& c\ld put 8 wife to dea? by 8 own au?ority1 & t n only 9 ! case ( adult]y1 b = (f5ces inf9itely less s]i\s4 ,9 ! "t ( ,romulus1 ,egnacius ,m5ecius 0 acquitt$ ( a simil> crime1 al?\gh 8 wife _h done no?+ m ?an dr9k w9e f a cask4 ,^! traits describe a nation1 :atev] importance y may besides ?9k prop] to atta* to ! solicitude ( ! ,romans to prev5t _! matrons f becom+ addict$ to w9e4 ,:5 ,cato direct$ an embrace1 z a pro( ( affection1 among relations1 = ! purpose1 z ,pl9y relates1 ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! wom5 smelt ( w9e1 an temetum ol]5t1 x is true he %[$ 8 /rictness2 b x 0 an unwor?y outrage (f]$ to ! honor ( ! wom5 !mselves ^: virtue x pret5d$ to pres]ve4 ,!re are "s rem$ies worse ?an ! disease4 ,,note #ah1 p4 #aeg4 ,! anti*ri/ian philosophy mu/ h _h consid]able influ5ce on ! desire to f9d among ! b>b>ians ! orig9 ( ! elevation ( ! female "* 9 ,europe1 & ( "s o!r pr9ciples ( our civilization4 ,inde$ z soon z y discov] ! s\rce ( ^! admirable qualities 9 ! =e/s ( ,g]many1 ,*ri/ianity is /ripp$ ( a portion ( its honors2 & :at 0 its own & peculi> glory is divid$ among _m4 ,i w n d5y t ! ,g]mans ( ,tacitus are suffici5tly poetical2 b x is difficult to believe t ! real ,g]mans 7 s to any ext5t4 ,"s passages ins]t$ 9 ! text add great =ce to our conjecture2 b :at appe>s to me em95tly calculat$ to dissipate all ^! illusions is1 ! hi/ory ( ! invasion by ! b>b>ians1 above all t :i* has be5 writt5 by eye-witnesses4 ,! picture1 f> f cont9u+ poetical1 !n becomes disgu/+ 9 ! extreme4 ,?is int]m9able succession ( nations passes be=e ! eyes ( ! read]1 l an al>m+ vision 9 an evil dream2 & c]ta9ly ! fir/ idea :i* occurs to u at ! sight ( ?is picture is1 n to seek = any ( ! qualities ( mod]n civilization 9 ^! invad+ hordes2 b ! great difficulty is1 to "k h[ ?is *aos has be5 r$uc$ to ord]1 & h[ x has be5 possible to produce f su* b>b>ism ! noble/ & mo/ brilliant civilization t has ev] be5 se5 on e>?4 ,tacitus appe>s to be an en?usia/2 b ,sidonius1 :o wrote at no great di/ance f ! b>b>ians1 :o saw !m1 & suff]$ f meet+ !m1 does n p>take ( ?is en?usiasm4 ,i f9d myself1 he said1 among long-hair$ nations1 compell$ to he> ! ,g]man language1 & to applaud1 at :atev] co/1 ! song ( ! drunk5 ,burgundian1 ) hair pla/]$ ) rancid grease4 ,happy y\r eyes :o d n see !m2 happy y\r e>s :o d n he> !m8 ,if space p]mitt$1 x w\ld be easy = me to accumulate a ?\s& passages :i* w\ld evid5tly %[ :at ! b>b>ians 71 & :at c\ld be expect$ f !m 9 all respects4 ,x is z cle> z ! light ( day1 t x 0 ! design ( ,provid5ce to employ ^! nations to de/roy ! ,roman empire1 & *ange ! face ( ! _w4 ,! invad]s seem to h _h a feel+ ( _! t]rible mission4 ,!y m>*1 !y advance1 !y "k n :i!r !y g2 b !y "k well t !y g to de/roy4 ,attila call$ himself ! sc\rge ( ,god4 ,! same b>b>ian himself def9$ 8 =midable duty 9 ^! words3 ,! /> falls1 ! sea is mov$2 ,i am ! hamm] ( ! e>?4 ,:]e my horse passes1 ! grass nev] gr[s4 ,al>ic1 m>*+ t[>ds ! capital ( ! _w1 said3 ,i _c /op2 !re is "s "o urges me1 :o excites me to sack ,rome4 ,g5s]ic prep>es a naval exp$ition2 8 troops are on bo>d1 he himself emb>ks3 no "o kn[s ! po9t t[>ds :i* he w direct 8 sails4 ,! pilot approa*es ! b>b>ian1 & asks him2 ,my "l1 aga9/ :at nations w y wage w>8 ,aga9/ ^? :o h provok$ ! ang] ( ,god1 replies ,g5s]ic4 ,if ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is cata/rophe1 _h n exi/$ 9 ,europe1 civilization w\ld h be5 lo/ & annihilat$1 p]haps =ev]4 ,b a religion ( light & love 0 sure to triumph ov] ignorance & viol5ce4 ,ev5 dur+ ! times ( ! calamities ( ! invasion1 t religion prev5t$ _m disa/]s1 ow+ to ! asc5d5cy :i* x began to ex]cise ov] ! b>b>ians2 ! mo/ critical mom5t be+ pa/1 ! conqu]ors hav+ become 9 "s degree settl$1 %e imm$iately employ$ a sy/em s va/1 s efficaci\s1 s decisive1 t ! conqu]ors f\nd !mselves conqu]$1 n by arms1 b by *>ity4 ,x 0 n 9 ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* to prev5t ! invasion2 ,god _h decre$ x1 & ,8 decree mu/ be accompli%$4 ,?us ! pi\s monk :o w5t to meet ,al>ic approa*+ ,rome1 c\ld n /op him on 8 m>*1 because ! b>b>ian answ]$ him1 t he c\ld n /op1--t !re 0 "s "o :o urg$ him on1 & t he advanc$ aga9/ 8 own w4 ,b ! ,*ur* await$ ! b>b>ians aft] ! conque/1 kn[+ t ,provid5ce w\ld n ab&on ,8 own "w1 t ! hope ( ! future lot ( nations 0 left 9 ! h&s ( ! sp\se ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 on ?is acc\nt does ,al>ic advance on ,rome1 sack1 & de/roy x2 b on a sudd51 f9d+ himself 9 pres5ce ( religion1 he /ops1 becomes mollifi$1 & appo9ts ! ,*ur*es ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul z places ( refuge4 ,a rem>kable fact1 & an admirable symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion pres]v+ ! univ]se f total ru94 ,,note #ai1 p4 #afe4 ,! great b5efit conf]r$ on mod]n society by ! =mation ( a pure & correct public consci5ce1 w\ld acquire extraord9>y value 9 our eyes1 if we comp>$ our moral ideas ) ^? ( all o!r nations1 anci5t & mod]n2 ! result ( su* an exam9ation w\ld be1 to %[ 9 h[ lam5table a mann] good pr9ciples become corrupt$1 :5 !y are confid$ to ! reason ( man4 ,i w cont5t myself1 h[ev]1 ) a few words on ! anci5ts1 9 ord] to %[ h[ correct ,i 0 9 say+ t our mann]s1 h[ev] corrupt !y may be1 w\ld h appe>$ a model ( morality & dignity to ! hea!ns4 ,! temples consecrat$ to ,v5us 9 ,babylon & ,cor9? are connect$ ) abom9ations su* z to be ev5 incompreh5sible4 ,deifi$ passion requir$ sacrifices wor?y ( x2 a div9ity )\t mode/y requir$ ! sacrifice ( mode/y2 & ! sacr$ "n ( ,temple 0 appli$ to asylums ( ! mo/ unbridl$ lic5ti\sness4 ,!re 0 n a veil ev5 = ! greate/ crimes4 ,x is kn[n h[ ! daught]s ( ,*ypre ga9$ a d[ry = _! m>riage2 all h he>d ( ! my/]ies ( ,adonis1 ,priapus1 & o!r impure div9ities4 ,!re are vices :i*1 z x 71 want a "n among ! mod]ns2 or if !y h "o1 x is accompani$ by ! recollection ( a t]rible *a/isem5t inflict$ on "s crim9al cities4 ,9 read+ ! hi/ories ( antiquity descriptive ( ! mann]s ( _! times1 ! book falls f our h&s4 ,on ?is subject we mu/ be cont5t ) ^! few h9ts1 calculat$ to awak5 9 ! m9ds ( our read]s ! recollection ( :at has a ?\s& times excit$ _! indignation 9 read+ ! hi/ory & /udy+ ! lit]ature ( pagan antiquity4 ,! au?or is compell$ to be satisfi$ ) a recollection3 he ab/a9s f a description4 ,,note #bj1 p4 #aga4 ,x is n[ s common to exalt beyond measure ! p[] ( ideas1 t "s p]sons w p]haps consid] exagg]at$ :at ,i h said ) respect to _! want ( p[]1 n only to influ5ce society1 b ev5 to pres]ve !mselves1 :ile1 rema9+ 9 ! m]e sph]e ( ideas1 !y d n become realiz$ 9 in/itutions1 :i* are _! organ1 & at ! same "t _! ramp>t & def5ce4 ,i am v f>1 z ,i h cle>ly /at$ 9 ! text1 f d5y+ or call+ 9 "q :at is call$ ! p[] ( ideas3 ,i only mean to %[ t1 alone & by !mselves1 ideas h little p[]2 & t sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 z f> z ! organization ( society is conc]n$1 is a mu* less important ?+ ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,?is doctr9e has an intimate connection ) ! sy/em foll[$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i*1 :ile con/antly endeavor+ to develop ! human m9d by means ( ! propagation ( ! sci5ces1 has nev]!less assign$ to !m a second>y "p 9 ! regulation ( society4 ,:ile religion has nev] be5 oppos$ to true sci5ce1 nev]1 on ! o!r h&1 has %e ceas$ to %[ a c]ta9 degree ( mi/ru/ ) respect to all t 0 ! exclusive production ( human ?\ght2 & obs]ve t ?is is "o ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 religion & ! philosophy ( ! la/ age2 or1 we %\ld r say1 x 0 ! cause ( _! viol5t antipa?y4 ,religion did n condemn sci5ce2 on ! contr>y1 %e lov$1 protect$1 & enc\rag$ x2 b at ! same "t %e m>k$ out its limits1 w>n$ x t x 0 bl9d on "s po9ts1 ann\nc$ to x t x w\ld be p[]less 9 "s ( its labors1 & t 9 o!rs its action w\ld be de/ructive & fatal4 ,philosophy1 on ! contr>y1 l\dly proclaim$ ! sov]eignty ( sci5ce1 decl>$ x to be all-p[]ful1 & deifi$ x2 x attribut$ to x /r5g? & c\rage to *ange ! face ( ! _w1 & wisdom & =esight en\gh to "w ?is *ange = ! good ( humanity4 ,?is pride ( k1 ?is deification ( ?\ght1 is1 if y obs]ve closely1 ! f\ndation ( ,prote/ant doctr9e4 ,all au?ority be+ tak5 away1 reason is ! only compet5t judge1 ! intellect receives directly & imm$iately f ,god all ! light :i* is necess>y4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,prote/antism1 t is to say1 ! pride ( ! m9d4 ,if we closely obs]ve1 ev5 ! triumph ( revolutions has 9 no degree nullifi$ ! wise anticipations ( religion2 & k1 prop]ly s call$1 in/ead ( ga9+ any cr$it f ?is triumph1 has entirely lo/ :at x _h3 !re rema9s no?+ ( ! revolution>y k2 :at rema9s is ! effects ( ! revolution1 ! int]e/s creat$ by x1 ! in/itutions :i* h aris5 f ^? int]e/s1 & :i*1 s9ce t "t1 h s\ght 9 ! dep>tm5t ( sci5ce itself our pr9ciples to support !m1--pr9ciples altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* _h be5 proclaim$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,i h said t e idea has ne$ ( be+ realiz$ 9 an in/itution2 ?is is s true1 t revolutions !mselves1 w>n$ by ! in/9ct :i* leads !m to pres]ve1 ) m or less integrity1 ! pr9ciples :5ce !y h aris51 t5d f ! fir/ to create ^? in/itutions 9 :i* ! revolution>y doctr9es may be p]petuat$1 or to con/itute successors to repres5t !m :5 !y %all h disappe>$ f ! s*ools4 ,?is may lead to _m reflections on ! orig9 & pres5t condition ( sev]al =ms ( gov]nm5ts 9 diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! rapidity ) :i* sci5tific !ories succe$ ea* o!r1 :5 po9t+ out ! imm5se developm5t :i* ! press has giv5 to ! field ( discussion1 ,i h %[n t ?is 0 n an infallible sign ( sci5tific progress1 /ill less a gu>antee = ! f]tility ( human ?\ght 9 realiz+ great ?+s 9 ! mat]ial & social ord]4 ,i h said t gr& conceptions proce$ r f intuition ?an f disc\rses2 & on ?is subject ,i h recall$ to m9d hi/orical ev5ts & p]sonages :i* place ?is matt] beyond a d\bt4 ,9 support ( ?is ass]tion1 ideology might h furni%$ u ) abundant pro(s1 if x 7 necess>y to h rec\rse to sci5ce itself to prove its own /]ility4 ,b m]e good s5se1 taught by ! lessons ( exp]i5ce daily1 is en\gh to conv9ce u t ! m5 :o are ! mo/ able 9 !ory are1 (t5 en\gh1 n only m$iocre1 b ev5 weak 9 ! ex]cise ( au?ority4 ,) reg>d to ! h9ts :i* ,i h ?r[n out ) respect to intuition & disc\rses1 ,i leave !m to ! judgm5t ( any "o :o has appli$ to ! /udy ( ! human m9d4 ,i am confid5t t ! op9ion ( ^? :o h reflect$ w n diff] f my own4 ,,note #ba1 p4 #age4 ,i h attribut$ to ,*ri/ianity ! g5tl5ess ( mann]s :i* ,europe n[ enjoys4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ! decl9e ( religi\s belief 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ?is g5tl5ess ( mann]s1 in/ead ( be+ de/roy$1 has only be5 rais$ to a high] degree4 ,?is contra/1 ! effect ( :i*1 at fir/ sight1 is to de/roy :at ,i h e/abli%$1 requires "s explanation4 ,fir/ ( all1 we mu/ recollect ! di/9ction po9t$ out 9 ! text betwe5 effem9acy & g5tl5ess ( mann]s4 ,! fir/ is a fault1 ! second a valuable quality2 ! fir/ emanates f en]vation ( ! m9d & weak5+ ( ! body2 ! second is ow+ to ! prepond]ance ( reason1 ! empire ( ! m9d ov] ! body1 ! triumph ( ju/ice ov] =ce1 ( "r ov] might4 ,!re is a l>ge portion ( real g5tl5ess 9 mann]s at ! pres5t day1 b luxury has also a consid]able "p !re94 ,?is luxury ( mann]s has c]ta9ly n aris5 f religion1 b f infidelity2 ! latt]1 nev] ext5d+ its view beyond ! pres5t life1 causes ! l(ty de/9ies1 & ev5 ! v exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 to be =gott51 puts egotism ^u ! ?rone1 con/antly excites & keeps alive ! love ( pleasure1 & makes man ! vile slave ( 8 passions4 ,on ! contr>y1 at ! fir/ sight1 we p]ceive t our mann]s owe all _! g5tl5ess to ,*ri/ianity2 all ! ideas1 all ! feel+s1 on :i* ?is g5tl5ess is f\nd$1 be> ! m>k ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! dignity ( man1 8 rights1 ! obligation ( treat+ him ) ! respect :i* is due to him1 & ( appeal+ to 8 m9d by reason r ?an to 8 body by viol5ce1 ! necessity impos$ on e "o ( keep+ )9 ! l9e ( 8 duty1 ( respect+ ! prop]ty & ! p]sons ( o!rs1--all ?is body ( pr9ciples1 to :i* real g5tl5ess ( mann]s is ow+1 is due1 9 ,europe1 to ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 aft] a /ruggle ( _m c5turies aga9/ ! b>b>ism & f]ocity ( invad+ nations1 succe$$ 9 de/roy+ ! sy/em ( viol5ce :i* ^! same nations _h made g5]al4 ,z philosophy has tak5 c>e to *ange ! anci5t names consecrat$ by religion1 & au?oriz$ by ! usage ( a succession ( ages1 x happ5s t "s ideas1 al?\gh ! produce ( ,*ri/ianity1 are sc>cely ackn[l$g$ z su*1 only because !y are disguis$ "u a worldly dress4 ,:o does n "k t mutual love among m5 & frat]nal *>ity are ideas entirely due to ,*ri/ianity8 ,:o does n "k t pagan antiquity did n ackn[l$ge !m1 t x ev5 despis$ !m8 ,& nev]!less1 ?is affection1 :i* 0 =m]ly call$ *>ity1 because *>ity 0 ! virtue f :i* x took its legitimate orig91 has con/antly tak5 c>e to assume o!r names1 z if x 7 a%am$ to be se5 9 public ) any appe>ance ( religion4 ,! mania = attack+ ! ,*ri/ian religion be+ pass$1 x is op5ly confess$ t ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal *>ity is ow+ to h]2 b language rema9s infect$ ) ,voltairian philosophy ev5 s9ce ! discr$it into :i* t philosophy has fall54 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t we v (t5 d n appreciate z we ought ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ! society :i* surr\nds u1 & t we attribute to o!r ideas & o!r causes ! ph5om5a :i* are evid5tly ow+ to religion4 ,society at pres5t1 9 spite ( all its indiff]5ce1 is m indebt$ to religion ?an is commonly suppos$2 x resembles ^? m51 :o1 born ( an illu/ri\s family1 9 :i* good pr9ciples & a c>eful education are transmitt$ z an inh]itance f g5]ation to g5]ation1 pres]ve 9 _! mann]s & behavior1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( _! disord]s1 _! crimes1 & ,i w ev5 v5ture to say1 _! degradation1 "s traits :i* d5ote _! noble orig94 ,,note #bb1 p4 #ahc4 ,a few regulations ( ,c\ncils1 quot$ 9 ! text1 are suffici5t to give an idea ( ! sy/em pursu$ by ! ,*ur* = ! purpose ( re=m+ & s(t5+ mann]s4 ,x may be rem>k$ t1 on previ\s occasions dur+ ?is "w1 ,i h a /rong incl9ation to call to m9d monum5ts ( ?is k9d2 ,i w /ate "h t ,i h two reasons = do+ ?is3 #a4 ,:5 hav+ to comp>e ,prote/antism ) ,ca?olicity1 ,i believe t ! be/ means ( repres5t+ ! real _s ( ! latt] is1 to %[ x at "w2 ?is is done :5 we br+ to light ! measures :i* 7 adopt$1 accord+ to diff]5t circum/ances1 by ,popes & ,c\ncils4 #b4 ,consid]+ ! direction :i* hi/orical /udies take 9 ,europe1 & ! ta/e1 :i* is daily becom+ m g5]al1 n = hi/ories1 b = hi/orical docum5ts1 x is prop] always to be> 9 m9d t ! proce$+s ( ,c\ncils are ( ! highe/ importance1 n only 9 hi/orical & ecclesia/ical matt]s1 b also 9 political & social ones2 s t to pay no att5tion to ! data :i* are f\nd 9 ! records ( ,c\ncils1 is mon/r\sly to mutilate1 or r :olly to de/roy1 ! hi/ory ( ,europe4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is v useful1 & ev5 necess>y 9 _m ?+s1 to consult ^! records1 al?\gh x may be pa9ful to our indol5ce1 on acc\nt ( _! enorm\s ext5t & ! ennui ( f9d+ _m ?+s devoid ( int]e/ = our times4 ,! sci5ces1 above all ^? :i* h society = _! object1 lead to satisfactory results only by means ( pa9ful labors4 ,:at is useful is frequ5tly mix$ & conf\nd$ ) :at is n4 ,! mo/ valuable ?+s are sometimes f\nd by ! side ( repulsive objects2 b 9 nature1 d we f9d gold )\t hav+ remov$ rude masses ( e>?8 ,^? :o h attempt$ to f9d ! g]m ( ! preci\s qualities ( ,european civilization among ! b>b>ians ( ! nor?1 %\ld und\bt$ly h attribut$ ! g5tl5ess ( our mann]s to ! same b>b>ians2 !y w\ld h _h 9 support ( ?is p>adox a fact c]ta9ly m speci\s ?an t :i* !y h reli$ on to give ! honor ( elevat+ ,european wom5 to ! ,g]mans4 ,i allude to ! well-kn[n cu/om ( avoid+ ! infliction ( corporal puni%m5ts1 & ( *a/is+ ! grave/ (f5ces by f9es only4 ,no?+ is m likely to make u believe t ^! nations 7 happily incl9$ to g5tl5ess ( mann]s1 s9ce1 9 ! mid/ ( _! b>b>ism1 !y us$ ! "r ( puni%m5t ) a mod]ation :i* is n f\nd ev5 among ! mo/ civiliz$ & ref9$ nations4 ,if we reg>d ! ?+ 9 ?is po9t ( view1 x seems z if ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ! b>b>ians _h ! effect ( r5d]+ _! mann]s m h>% in/ead ( m g5tle2 inde$1 aft] ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$1 ! infliction ( corporal puni%m5ts became g5]al1 & ev5 t ( dea? 0 n exclud$4 ,b :5 we att5tively consid] ?is peculi>ity ( ! crim9al code ( ! b>b>ians1 we %all see t1 f> f %[+ ! advancem5t ( _! civilization & ! g5tl5ess ( _! mann]s1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ evid5t pro( t !y 7 beh9dh&2 x is ! /ronge/ index ( ! h>%ness & b>b>ism :i* reign$ among !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 inasmu* z crimes among !m 7 puni%$ by means ( f9es1 or1 z x 0 call$1 by composition1 x is cle> t ! law paid mu* m att5tion to repair+ an injury ?an to puni%+ a crime2 a circum/ance :i* cle>ly %[s u h[ little !y ?\ght ab\t ! morality ( ! action1 z !y att5d$ n s mu* to ! action itself1 z to ! wrong :i* x inflict$4 ,!re=e ?is 0 n an elem5t ( civilization b ( b>b>ism2 ?is t5d$ to no?+ less ?an ! bani%m5t ( morality f ! _w4 ,! ,*ur* combat$ ?is pr9ciple1 z fatal 9 public z 9 private affairs2 %e introduc$ into crim9al legislation a new set ( ideas1 :i* completely *ang$ its _s4 ,on ?is po9t ,m4 ,guizot has done full ju/ice to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i am delight$ to ackn[l$ge & to ins]t ?is homage "h by transcrib+ 8 own words4 ,aft] hav+ po9t$ out ! diff]5ce :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! laws ( ! ,visigo?s1 d]iv$ 9 great "p f ! ,c\ncils ( ,tol$o1 & ! o!r b>b>ian laws1 ,m4 ,guizot signalizes ! imm5se sup]iority ( ! ideas ( ! ,*ur* 9 matt]s ( legislation1 ( ju/ice1 & 9 all t conc]ns ! se>* aft] tru? & ! lot ( m52 he adds3 ,9 crim9al matt]s1 ! relation ( crimes to puni%m5ts is fix$ 79 ! laws ( ! ,visigo?s7 accord+ to suffici5tly j1 philosophical1 & moral notions4 ,we !re p]ceive ! ef=ts ( an enlight5$ legislator1 :o cont5ds aga9/ ! viol5ce & ra%ness ( b>b>ian mann]s4 ,! *apt] ,de cde et morte hom9um1 comp>$ ) ! correspond+ laws ( o!r nations1 is a v rem>kable example ( ?is4 ,else:]e1 x is almo/ exclusively ! injury :i* seems to con/itute ! crime1 & ! puni%m5t is s\ght 9 t mat]ial rep>ation :i* is ! result ( composition4 ,"h1 ! crime is ref]r$ to its real & moral elem5t1 ! int5tion4 ,! diff]5t %ades ( crim9ality1 absolutely volunt>y homicide1 homicide by inadv]t5ce1 provok$ homicide1 homicide ) or )\t prem$itation1 are di/+ui%$ & def9$ almo/ z well z 9 our own codes1 & ! puni%m5ts v>y 9 a proportion equally j4 ,! ju/ice ( ! legislator has gone /ill fur!r4 ,he has attempt$1 if n to aboli%1 at lea/ to dim9i% ! div]sity ( legal value e/abli%$ among m5 by ! o!r b>b>ian laws4 ,! only di/9ction :i* x pres]ves is t ( freeman & slave4 ,) respect to freeman1 ! puni%m5t v>ies nei!r ) ! orig9 nor ! rank ( ! deceas$1 b only accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( ! culpability ( ! murd]]4 ,) reg>d to slaves1 n v5tur+ completely to )draw f ! ma/]s ! "r ( life & dea?1 x has be5 attempt$ at lea/ to re/ra9 x by subject+ x to a public & regul> proc$ure4 ,! text ( ! law des]ves to be cit$4 ',if no "o guilty (1 or an accomplice 91 a crime ought to rema9 unpuni%$1 ) h[ mu* m reason ought he to be condemn$ :o has wick$ly & ra%ly committ$ a homicide6 ,?us1 z ma/]s1 9 _! pride1 (t5 put _! slaves to dea? )\t any fault ( ! latt]1 x is prop] altoge!r to extirpate ?is lic5se1 & to orda9 t ! pres5t law %all be =ev] obs]v$ by all4 ,no ma/] or mi/ress %all put to dea?1 )\t public trial1 any ( _! slaves1 male or female1 or any p]son dep5d5t on !m4 ,if a slave or any o!r s]vant %all commit a crime :i* may subject him to capital puni%m5t1 8 ma/] or 8 accus] %all imm$iately in=m ! judge or ! c\nt or duke ( ! place :]e ! de$ has be5 committ$4 ,aft] ! affair has be5 inquir$ into1 if ! crime be prov$1 let ! crim9al und]go1 ei!r by ! judge or 8 own ma/]1 ! s5t5ce ( dea? :i* he has des]v$2 s t1 nev]!less1 if ! judge be unwill+ to put ! accus$ to dea?1 he %all draw up 9 writ+ a capital s5t5ce1 & !n x %all be 9 ! p[] ( ! ma/] to put him to dea? or n4 ,inde$1 if ! slave1 ) a fatal audacity1 resi/+ 8 ma/]1 has /ruck1 or attempt$ to /rike1 him ) a weapon1 ) a /one1 or ) any o!r k9d ( bl[1 & if ! ma/]1 9 def5d+ himself1 has kill$ ! slave 9 8 passion1 ! ma/] %all be 9 no way subject to ! puni%m5t ( homicide4 ,b x %all be necess>y to prove t ! ev5t took place ?us1 & t by ! te/imony or oa? ( ! slaves1 male or female1 :o %all h be5 pres5t1 & by ! oa? ( ! au?or ( ! de$ himself4 ,:oev] f m]e malice1 ei!r by 8 own h& or t ( ano!r1 %all h kill$ 8 slave )\t public trial1 %all be m>k$ ) infamy1 decl>$ incapable ( appe>+ z a witness1 %all be oblig$ to pass ! re/ ( 8 life 9 exile & p5ance1 & 8 goods %all g to ! ne>e/ relations to :om !y are giv5 by ! law4'--,=4 ,jud4 liv4 vi4 tit4 xv4 l4 #ab4 7,hi/4 ,gnr4 de la ,civilisation en ,europe1 leon #f47 ,i h copi$ ?is passage f ,m4 ,guizot ) pleasure1 because ,i f9d !re a confirmation ( :at ,i h j said on ! subject ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 9 s(t5+ mann]s1 & ( :at ,i h be=e /at$ ) respect to ! great amelioration :i* ! ,*ur* made 9 ! condition ( slaves1 by limit+ ! excessive p[] ( _! ma/]s4 ,?is tru? is prov$ 9 its place by s _m docum5ts1 t x seems useless to rev]t to x "h2 x is en\gh n[ = my purpose1 to po9t out t ,m4 ,guizot fully all[s t ! ,*ur* gave morality to ! legislation ( ! b>b>ians1 by mak+ !m consid] ! wick$ness ( ! crime1 :]eas !y _h previ\sly att5d$ only to ! injury ( :i* x 0 ! cause2 %e has ?us transf]r$ ! action f ! physical to ! moral ord]1 giv+ to puni%m5ts _! real "*1 & n all[+ !m to rema9 r$uc$ to ! level ( a m]e mat]ial rep>ation4 ,h5ce we see t ! crim9al sy/em ( ! b>b>ians1 :i*1 at ! fir/ view1 seem$ to indicate progress 9 civilization1 01 9 reality1 ow+ to ! little asc5d5cy :i* moral pr9ciples ex]cis$ ov] ^! nations1 & to ! fact1 t ! views ( ! legislator 7 v slightly rais$ above ! purely mat]ial ord]4 ,!re is ano!r obs]vation to be made on ?is po9t1 viz4 t ! mildness ) :i* crimes 7 puni%$ is ! be/ pro( ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y 7 committ$4 ,:5 9 a c\ntry assass9ations1 mutilations1 & o!r simil> attempts are v r>e1 !y are reg>d$ ) horror2 ^? :o are guilty ( !m are *a/is$ ) sev]ity4 ,b :5 crimes are v frequ5tly committ$1 !y ins5sibly lose _! enormity2 n only ^? :o commit !m1 b all ! _w become accu/om$ to _! hide\s aspect1 & ! legislator is !n naturally induc$ to treat !m ) indulg5ce4 ,?is is %[n u by ! exp]i5ce ( e day2 & ! read] w h no difficulty 9 f9d+ 9 society at ! pres5t "t m ?an "o crime to :i* ! rem>k :i* ,i h j made is applicable4 ,among ! b>b>ians1 x 0 common to appeal to =ce1 n only ) respect to prop]ty1 b also to p]sons2 :]e=e x 0 natural t crimes ( ?is k9d %\ld n be reg>d$ by !m ) ! same av]sion1 x may be said ) ! same horror1 z among a p :]e ! triumph ( ! ideas ( reason1 ju/ice1 "r1 & law1 r5d] x impossible to conceive ev5 ! exi/5ce ( a society :]e ea* individual %\ld believe himself self-entitl$ to d ju/ice to himself4 ,?us ! laws aga9/ ^! crimes naturally became mild]1 ! legislator cont5t+ himself ) repair+ ! injury1 )\t pay+ mu* att5tion to ! culpability ( ! del9qu5t4 ,& ?is is intimately connect$ ) :at ,i h said above ) respect to public consci5ce2 = ! legislator is always m or less ! organ ( ?is public consci5ce4 ,:]e an action1 9 any society :atev]1 is reg>d$ z a he9\s (f5ce1 ! legislator _c decree a mild puni%m5t = x2 on ! o!r h&1 x is n possible = him to *a/ise ) great sev]ity :at ! society absolves or excuses4 ,x w sometimes happ5 t ?is proportion w be alt]$1 t ?is h>mony w be de/roy$2 b ?+s soon quitt+ ! pa? into :i* viol5ce =c$ !m1 w n be long 9 return+ to _! ord9>y c\rse4 ,mann]s be+ *a/e & pure1 (f5ces aga9/ !m w be cov]$ ) abhorr5ce & infamy2 b if morals be corrupt$1 ! same acts w be reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce2 at ! mo/ !y w be d5om9at$ slight weaknesses4 ,among a p :]e religi\s ideas ex]cise great influ5ce1 ! violation ( all t is consecrat$ to ,god is reg>d$ z a horrible outrage1 wor?y ( ! greate/ *a/isem5ts2 among ano!r p1 :]e infidelity has made its ravages1 ! same violation is n ev5 plac$ on ! li/ ( ord9>y (f5ces2 in/ead ( draw+ on ! guilty ! ju/ice ( ! law1 sc>cely does x draw on !m ! slight correction ( ! police4 ,! read] w und]/& ! appropriat5ess ( ?is digression on ! crim9al legislation ( ! b>b>ians1 :5 he reflects t1 9 ord] to exam9e ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity on ! civilization ( ,europe1 x is indisp5sable to take into consid]ation ! o!r elem5ts :i* h concurr$ 9 =m+ t civilization4 ,)\t ?is1 x w\ld be impossible prop]ly to appreciate ! respective action ( ea* ( ^! elem5ts1 ei!r = good or evil2 impossible to br+ to light ! %>e :i* ! ,*ur* c exclusively claim 9 ! great "w ( our civilization2 impossible to resolve ! high "q :i* has be5 rais$ by ! p>tisans ( ,prote/antism on ! subject ( ! assum$ advantages :i* ! religi\s revolution ( ! sixte5? c5tury has conf]r$ on mod]n society4 ,x is because ! b>b>ian nations are "o ( ^! elem5ts1 t x is s (t5 necess>y to att5d to !m4 ,,note #bc1 p4 #ahi4 ,9 ! middle ages1 almo/ all ! mona/]ies & colleges ( canons _h a hospital annex$ to !m1 n only to receive pilgrims1 b also to aid 9 ! support & consolation ( ! poor & ! sick4 ,if y desire to see ! noble/ symbol ( religion %elt]+ all k9ds ( mis=tune1 consid] ! h\ses devot$ to pray] & ! mo/ sublime virtues conv]t$ into asylums = ! mis]able4 ,?is 0 exactly :at took place at t "t1 :5 ! public au?ority n only want$ ! /r5g? & k necess>y to e/abli% a good adm9i/ration = ! relief ( ! un=tunate1 b did n ev5 succe$ 9 cov]+ ) h] gis ! mo/ sacr$ int]e/s ( society2 ?is %[s u t :5 all 0 p[]less1 religion 0 /ill /rong & fruitful2 t :5 all p]i%$1 religion n only pres]v$ h]self1 b ev5 f\nd$ immortal e/abli%m5ts4 ,& pay att5tion to :at we h s _m times po9t$ out1 viz4 t ! religion :i* work$ ^! prodigies 0 n a vague & ab/ract religion--! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,prote/ants2 b religion ) all h] dogmas1 h] discipl9e1 h] hi]>*y1 h] supreme ,pontiff1 9 a ^w1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!y 7 f> f ?9k+ 9 anci5t times t ! support ( ! un=tunate c\ld be confid$ to ! civil adm9i/ration alone1 or to individual *>ity2 x 0 !n ?\ght1 z ,i h already said1 t x 0 a v prop] ?+ t ! hospitals %\ld be subject$ to ! ,bi%ops2 t is to say1 t !re %\ld be a k9d ( assimilation made betwe5 ! sy/em ( public b5efic5ce & ! hi]>*y ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce x 0 t1 by virtue ( an anci5t regulation1 ! hospitals 7 "u ! control ( ! ,bi%ops z well 9 temporals z 9 spirituals1 :e!r ! p]sons appo9t$ to ! c>e ( ! e/abli%m5ts 7 cl]ical or lay1 :e!r ! hospital _h be5 erect$ by ord] ( ! ,bi%op or n4 ,?is is n ! place to relate ! vicissitudes :i* ?is discipl9e und]w5t1 nor ! diff]5t causes :i* produc$ ! successive *anges2 x is en\gh to obs]ve1 t ! fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t is1 ! int]f]5ce ( ! ecclesia/ical au?ority 9 e/abli%m5ts ( b5efic5ce1 always rema9$ unimpair$1 & t ! ,*ur* nev] all[$ h]self to be entirely depriv$ ( s noble a privilege4 ,nev] did %e ?9k t x 0 all[able = h] to reg>d ) indiff]5ce ! abuses :i* 7 introduc$ on ?is po9t to ! prejudice ( ! un=tunate2 :]e=e %e has res]v$ at lea/ ! "r to rem$y ! evils :i* might result f ! wick$ness or ! indol5ce ( ! adm9i/rators4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,vi5ne orda9s1 t if ! adm9i/rators ( a hospital1 lay or cl]ical1 become relax$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _! *>ge1 proce$+s %all be tak5 aga9/ !m by ! ,bi%ops1 :o %all re=m & re/ore ! hospital ( _! own au?ority1 if x has no privilege ( exemption1 & by delegation1 if x has "o4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t also grant$ to ,bi%ops ! p[] ( visit+ ! hospitals1 ev5 ) ! p[] ( delegates ( ! ,apo/olic ,see 9 ! cases fix$ by law2 x orda9s1 moreov]1 t ! adm9i/rators1 lay or cl]ical1 %all be oblig$ e ye> to r5d] _! acc\nts to ! ord9>y ( ! place1 unless ! contr>y has be5 provid$ 9 ! f\ndation2 & t if1 by virtue ( a p>ticul> privilege1 cu/om1 or /atute1 ! acc\nts mu/ be pres5t$ to any o!r ?an ! ord9>y1 at lea/ he %all be add$ to ^? :o are appo9t$ to receive !m4 ,)\t pay+ att5tion to ! diff]5t modifications :i* ! laws & cu/oms ( v>i\s c\ntries may h introduc$ 9 ?is matt]1 we w say t "o ?+ rema9s manife/1 viz4 ! vigilance ( ! ,*ur* 9 all t reg>ds b5efic5ce2 x is h] con/ant t5d5cy1 by virtue ( h] _s & maxims1 to take "p 9 affairs ( ?is k9d1 sometimes to direct !m exclusively1 sometimes to rem$y ! evils :i* may h crept 94 ,! civil p[] ackn[l$g$ ! motives ( ?is holy & *>itable ambition2 we see t ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian does n hesitate to give public au?ority ov] ! hospitals to ! ,bi%ops1 !reby con=m+ to ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ur* & ! g5]al good4 ,on ?is po9t !re is a rem>kable fact1 :i* x is necess>y to m5tion "h1 9 ord] to signalize its b5efic5t influ5ce2 ,i mean1 ! regulation by :i* ! prop]ty ( hospitals 0 look$ ^u z ,*ur* prop]ty1--a regulation :i* 0 v f> f be+ a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 al?\gh at fir/ sight x might appe> s4 ,_! prop]ty1 !reby inve/$ ) ! same privileges z t ( ! ,*ur*1 0 protect$ by an inviolability s mu* ! m necess>y z ! times 7 ! m difficult1 & ! m ab\nd+ 9 outrages & usurpations4 ,! ,*ur* :i*1 not)/&+ all ! public tr\bles1 pres]v$ great au?ority & a p[]ful asc5d5cy ov] gov]nm5ts & nations1 _h ?us a simple & p[]ful claim to ext5d h] protection ov] ! prop]ty ( hospitals1 & to )draw !m z mu* z possible f ! cupidity & ! rapacity ( ! p[]ful4 ,& x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is doctr9e 0 introduc$ ) any indirect design1 nor t ?is k9d ( community1 ?is assimilation betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! poor1 0 an unhe>d-( novelty2 on ! contr>y1 ?is assimilation 0 s well suit$ to ! common ord] ( ?+s1 x 0 s entirely f\nd$ on ! relations betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! poor1 t if ! prop]ty ( ! hospitals _h ! privilege ( be+ consid]$ z ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur*1 t ( ! ,*ur*1 on ! o!r h&1 0 call$ ! prop]ty ( ! poor4 ,x is 9 ^! t]ms t ! holy ,fa!rs express !mselves on ?is po9t3 ^! doctr9es _h s mu* affect$ ! ord9>y language1 t :51 at a lat] p]iod1 ! canonical "q ) respect to ! own]%ip ( ! goods ( ! ,*ur* _h to be solv$1 !re 7 f\nd by ! side ( ^? :o directly attribut$ ?is prop]ty to ,god1 to ! ,pope1 to ! cl]gy1 "s :o po9t$ out ! poor z be+ ! real proprietors4 ,x is true t ?is op9ion 0 n ! mo/ con=mable to ! pr9ciples ( law2 b ! m]e fact ( its appe>+ on ! field ( controv]sy is a matt] = grave consid]ation4 ,,note #bd1 p4 #aif4 ,a few reflections1 9 ! =m ( a note1 on a c]ta9 maxim ( tol]ation pr(ess$ by a philosoph] ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,r\sseau1 w\ld n be out ( place "h2 b ! analogy ( ! foll[+ *apt] ) t :i* we h j f9i%$ induces u to res]ve !m = note #be4 ,! consid]ations to :i* ! op9ion ( ,r\sseau w lead1 apply to ! "q ( tol]ation 9 religi\s matt]s1 z well z to ! "r ( co]cion ex]cis$ by ! civil & political p[]2 ,i !re=e beg my read] to res]ve = ! foll[+ note ! att5tion :i* he might be will+ to af=d me n[4 ,,note #be1 p4 #bjc4 ,= ! purpose ( cle>+ up ideas on tol]ation z f> z lay 9 my p[]1 ,i h pres5t$ ?is matt] 9 a po9t ( view b little kn[n2 9 ord] to ?r[ /ill m light ^u x1 ,i w say a few words on religi\s & civil intol]ance1--?+s :i* are entirely diff]5t1 al?\gh ,r\sseau absolutely affirms ! contr>y4 ,religi\s or !ological intol]ance consi/s 9 ! conviction1 t ! only true religion is ! ,ca?olic1--a conviction common to all ,ca?olics4 ,civil intol]ance consi/s 9 n all[+ 9 society any o!r religions ?an ! ,ca?olic4 ,^! two def9itions are suffici5t to make e man ( common s5se und]/& t ! two k9ds ( intol]ance are n insep>able2 inde$1 we may v easily conceive t m5 firmly conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ,ca?olicity may tol]ate ^? :o pr(ess ano!r religion1 or none at all4 ,religi\s intol]ance is an act ( ! m9d1 an act insep>able f fai?2 inde$1 :oev] has a firm belief t 8 own religion is true1 mu/ necess>ily be conv9c$ t x is ! only true "o2 = ! tru? is "o4 ,civil intol]ance is an act :]eby ! w rejects ^? :o d n pr(ess ! same religion2 ?is act has diff]5t results1 accord+ z ! intol]ance is 9 ! individuals or 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 religi\s tol]ance consi/s 9 believ+ t all religions are true2 :i*1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 means t none are true1 s9ce x is impossible = contradictory ?+s to be true at ! same "t4 ,civil tol]ance is1 to all[ m5 :o ent]ta9 a diff]5t religion to live 9 peace4 ,?is tol]ance1 z well z ! co-relative intol]ance1 produces diff]5t effects1 accord+ z x exi/s 9 individuals or 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is di/9ction1 :i*1 f its cle>ness & simplicity1 is )9 ! rea* ( ! mo/ ord9>y m9ds1 has nev]!less be5 mi/ak5 by ,r\sseau1 :o affirms t x is a va9 fiction1 a *im]a1 :i* _c be realiz$1 & t ! two k9ds ( intol]ance _c be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,r\sseau might h be5 cont5t ) obs]v+1 t religi\s intol]ance1 t is to say1 z ,i h expla9$ above1 ! firm conviction t a religion is true1 if x is g5]al 9 a c\ntry1 mu/ produce1 9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( life z well z 9 legislation1 a c]ta9 t5d5cy n to tol]ate any "o :o ?9ks diff]5tly1 pr9cipally :5 ^? :o diss5t are v limit$ 9 numb]2 8 obs]vation w\ld !n h be5 well f\nd$1 & w\ld h agre$ ) ! op9ion :i* ,i h express$ on ?is po9t1 :5 ,i attempt$ to repres5t ! natural c\rse ( ideas & ev5ts 9 ?is matt]4 ,b ,r\sseau does n consid] ?+s "u ?is aspect3 desir+ to attack ,ca?olicity1 he affirms t ! two k9ds ( intol]ance are insep>able2 =1 says he1 x is impossible to live 9 peace ) ^? :om "o believes to be damn$2 to love !m w\ld be to hate ,god1 :o puni%es !m4 ,x is impossible to c>ry misrepres5tation fur!r3 :o told ,r\sseau t ! ,ca?olics believe 9 ! damnation ( any man1 :oev] he may be1 z long z he lives2 & t !y ?9k t to love a man :o is 9 error w\ld be to hate ,god8 ,on ! contr>y1 c\ld he be ignorant t x is a duty1 an indisp5sable precept1 a dogma1 = ,ca?olics to love all m58 ,c\ld he be ignorant t ev5 *ildr51 9 ! fir/ rudim5ts ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 le>n t we are oblig$ to love our neighbor z ourselves1 & t by ?is ^w neighbor is meant :oev] has ga9$ heav51 or may ga9 x2 s t no man1 s long z he lives1 is exclud$ f ?is numb]8 ,b ,r\sseau w say1 y are at lea/ conv9c$ t ^? :o die 9 t fatal /ate are condemn$4 ,r\sseau does n obs]ve t we ?9k exactly ! same ) respect to s9n]s1 al?\gh _! s9 be n t ( h]esy2 n[1 x has n come into ! head ( any body t good ,ca?olics _c tol]ate s9n]s1 & t !y consid] !mselves "u ! obligation ( hat+ !m4 ,:at religion %[s m eag]ness to conv]t ! wick$8 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is s f> f tea*+ t we ought to hate !m1 t %e causes to be repeat$ a ?\s& times1 9 pulpits1 9 books1 & 9 conv]sations1 ^? words :]eby ,god %[s t x is ,8 w t s9n]s %all n p]i%1 t ,he wills t !y %all be conv]t$ & live1 t !re is m joy 9 heav5 :5 "o ( !m has done p5ance1 ?an ^u ! n9ety-n9e j :o ne$ n p5ance4 ,& let x n be imag9$ t ! man :o ?us expresses himself aga9/ ! intol]ance ( ,ca?olics 0 ! p>tizan ( complete tol]ation2 on ! contr>y1 9 society1 su* z he imag9$ x1 he did n desire tol]ation = ^? :o did n belong to ! religion :i* ! civil p[] ?\ght prop] to e/abli%4 ,x is true t he is n at all anxi\s t ! citiz5s %\ld belong to ! true religion4 ,lay+ aside1 he says1 political consid]ations1 let u return to ! "r1 & let u lay d[n pr9ciples on ?is important po9t4 ,! "r :i* ! social pact gives to ! sov]eign ov] 8 subject does n exce$1 z ,i h said1 ! b\nds ( public utility4 ,subjects1 !re=e1 are acc\ntable to _! sov]eign = _! op9ions1 inasmu* z ^? op9ions are ( importance to ! community4 ,n[1 x is ( great importance to ! /ate1 t e citiz5 %\ld h a religion :i* %all make him love 8 duties2 b ! dogmas ( t religion int]e/ ! /ate & its memb]s only inasmu* z ^? dogmas affect morality & ! duties :i* ^? :o pr(ess x are b\nd to p]=m t[>ds o!rs4 ,z = ! re/1 ea* "o may h :at op9ions he pleases1 )\t be+ subject to ! cognizance ( ! sov]eign1 = he has no p[] 9 ! o!r _w2 x is n 8 affair :at may be ! lot ( 8 subjects 9 ! life to come1 provid$ !y be good citiz5s 9 ?is4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a pr(ession ( fai? purely civil1 ! articles :]e( x belongs to ! sov]eign to fix1 n exactly z dogmas ( religion1 b z social s5tim5ts1 )\t :i* x is impossible to be a good citiz5 or a fai?ful subject4 ,)\t be+ able to compel any "o to believe !m1 x c bani% f ! /ate him :o does n believe !m2 x c bani% him1 n z wick$1 b z anti-social1 z incapable ( s9c]ely lov+ ! laws & ju/ice1 & ( sacrific+ 8 life to 8 duty4 ,if any "o1 aft] hav+ publicly ackn[l$g$ ^! dogmas1 conducts himself z if he did n believe !m1 let him be puni%$ ) dea?2 he has committ$ ! greate/ ( crimes1 he has li$ aga9/ ! laws4 7,du ,contrat ,social1 l4 iv4 c4 #h47 ,su*1 !n1 is ! f9al result ( ! tol]ation ( ,r\sseau1 viz4 to give to ! sov]eign ! p[] ( fix+ articles ( fai?1 to grant to him ! "r ( puni%+ ) bani%m5t1 or ev5 dea?1 ^? :o w n con=m to ! decisions ( ?is new ,pope1 or :o %all violate aft] hav+ embrac$ !m4 ,h[ev] /range ! doctr9e ( ,r\sseau may appe>1 x is n exclud$ f ! g5]al sy/em ( ^? :o d n ackn[l$ge ! supremacy ( au?ority 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,:5 ?is supremacy is to be attribut$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 or its head1 x is reject$2 &1 by ! mo/ /rik+ contradiction1 x is grant$ to ! civil p[]4 ,x is v s+ul> t ,r\sseau1 :5 bani%+ or putt+ to dea? ! man :o quits ! religion fa%ion$ by ! sov]eign1 does n wi% him to be puni%$ z impi\s1 b z anti-social4 ,r\sseau1 foll[+ an impulse v natural 9 him1 did n wi% t impiety %\ld be at all tak5 into acc\nt :5 puni%m5ts 7 to be inflict$2 b ( :at consequ5ce is ! "n giv5 to 8 crime to ! man :o is bani%$ or put to dea?8 ,9 ! same *apt]1 he all[s an expression to escape him1 :i* reveals at once ! object :i* he _h 9 view 9 all ?is %[ ( philosophy3 ,:oev] d>es to affirm t out ( ! ,*ur* !re is no salvation1 ought to be driv5 f ! /ate4 ,:i* means1 9 o!r words1 t tol]ation ought to be giv5 to all except ,ca?olics4 ,x has be5 said1 t ! ,contrat ,social 0 ! code ( ! ,fr5* revolution2 &1 inde$1 ! latt] did n =get :at ! tol]ant legislator has prescrib$ ) respect to ,ca?olics4 ,few p]sons n[ v5ture to decl>e !mselves ! disciples ( ! philosoph] ( ,g5eva1 al?\gh "s ( 8 timid p>tisans /ill lavi% on him unmeasur$ eulogies4 ,let u h suffici5t confid5ce 9 ! good s5se ( ! human race1 to hope t all po/]ity1 ) a unanim\s voice1 w confirm ! /amp ( ignom9y ) :i* all m5 ( s5se h already m>k$ t turbul5t sophi/1 ! impud5t au?or ( ! ,confessions4 ,:5 comp>+ ,prote/antism ) ,ca?olicity1 ,i 0 oblig$ to treat ( intol]ance1 z x is "o ( ! reproa*es :i* are mo/ frequ5tly made aga9/ ! ,ca?olic religion2 b my respect = tru? compels me to /ate1 t all ,prote/ants h n prea*$ univ]sal tol]ation2 & t _m ( !m h ackn[l$g$ ! "r ( *eck+ & puni%+ c]ta9 errors4 ,grotius1 ,puff5dorf1 & "s m ( ! wise/ m5 t ,prote/antism c boa/ (1 are agre$ on ?is po9t2 !re9 !y h foll[$ ! example ( all antiquity1 :i*1 9 !ory z well z 9 practice1 has con/antly con=m$ to ^! pr9ciples4 ,a cry has be5 rais$ aga9/ ! intol]ance ( ,ca?olics1 z if !y _h be5 ! fir/ to tea* x to ! _w2 z if intol]ance 0 a curs$ mon/]1 :i* 0 eng5d]$ only :]e ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* prevail$4 ,9 default ( any o!r reason1 good fai? at lea/ requir$ t x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal tol]ation 0 nev] ackn[l$g$ 9 any "p ( ! _w2 ! books ( philosoph]s1 & ! codes ( legislators1 conta9 ! pr9ciple ( intol]ance ) m or less rigor4 ,:e!r x 7 desir$ to condemn ?is pr9ciple z false1 or to limit x1 or to leave x )\t application1 x is cle> t an accusation ought n to h be5 made aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 p>ticul>1 on acc\nt ( a doctr9e & conduct1 :]e9 %e only con=m$ to ! example ( ! :ole human race4 ,ref9$ z well z b>b>\s nations w\ld be culpable !re91 if !re 7 any crime2 & ! /igma1 f> f des]v+ to fall ^u gov]nm5ts direct$ by ,ca?olicity1 or on ,ca?olic writ]s1 ought to be inflict$ on all ! gov]nm5ts ( antiquity1 includ+ ^? ( ,greece & ,rome2 on all ! anci5t sages1 includ+ ,plato1 ,cic]o1 & ,s5eca2 on mod]n gov]nm5ts & sages1 includ+ ,prote/ants4 ,if m5 _h _h ?is pres5t to _! m9ds1 ! doctr9e w\ld n h appe>$ s errone\s1 nor ! facts s black2 !y w\ld h se5 t intol]ance1 z old z ! _w1 0 n ! inv5tion ( ,ca?olics1 & t ! :ole _w1 ought to be> ! responsibility ( x4 ,assur$ly ! tol]ation :i*1 9 our days1 has become s g5]al1 f causes previ\sly po9t$ out1 w n be affect$ by ! doctr9es1 m or less sev]e1 m or less indulg5t1 :i* %all be proclaim$ 9 ?is matt]2 b = ! v reason1 t intol]ance1 su* z x 0 practis$ 9 o!r times1 has at la/ become a m]e hi/orical fact1 :]e( no "o c fe> ! reappe>ance1 x is prop] to ent] into an att5tive exam9ation ( que/ions ( ?is k9d1 9 ord] to remove ! reproa* :i* h] enemies h attempt$ to ca/ ^u ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! recollection ( ! encyclical lett] ( ! ,pope aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ,m4 de ,lam5nais1 & ! pr(\nd wisdom conta9$ !re9 appropriately pres5ts itself "h4 ,t writ] ma9ta9$ t univ]sal tol]ation1 ! absolute lib]ty ( wor%ip1 is ! normal & legitimate /ate ( society1--a /ate :i* _c be *ang$ )\t injury to ! rights ( ! man & ! citiz54 ,m4 de ,lam5nais1 combat+ ! encyclical lett]1 attempt$ to %[ t x e/abli%$ new doctr9es1 & attack$ ! lib]ty ( nations4 ,no2 ! ,pope1 9 8 encyclical lett]1 does n ma9ta9 any o!r doctr9es ?an ^? :i* h be5 pr(ess$ up to ?is "t by ! ,*ur*--we may say by all gov]nm5ts--) respect to tol]ation4 ,no gov]nm5t c su/a9 itself if x is refus$ ! "r ( repress+ doctr9es dang]\s to social ord]1 :e!r ^? doctr9es are cov]$ ) ! mantle ( philosophy1 or disguis$ "u ! veil ( religion4 ,! lib]ty ( man is n !reby assail$2 = ! only lib]ty :i* is wor?y ( ! "n1 is lib]ty 9 con=mity ) reason4 ,! ,pope did n say t gov]nm5ts _c1 9 c]ta9 cases1 tol]ate diff]5t religions2 b he did n all[ x to be e/abli%$ z a pr9ciple1 t absolute tol]ation is an obligation on all gov]nm5ts4 ,?is proposition is contr>y to s\nd religi\s doctr9es1 to reason1 to ! practice ( all gov]nm5ts1 9 all times & c\ntries1 & ! good s5se ( mank9d4 ,! tal5t & eloqu5ce ( ! un=tunate au?or h n avail$ aga9/ ?is1 & ! ,pope has obta9$ ! mo/ solemn ass5t ( all s5sible m5 ( all cre$s2 :ile ! man ( g5ius1 cov]+ 8 br[ ) ! %ades ( ob/9acy1 has n fe>$ to seize ^u ! ignoble arms ( sophi/ry4 ,unhappy g5ius6 :o sc>cely pres]ves a %ad[ ( himself1 :o has fold$ up ! spl5did w+s on :i* he sail$ ?r\gh ! azure sky1 & n[1 l a bird ( evil om51 broods ov] ! impure wat]s ( a solit>y lake4 ,,note #bf1 p4 #bai4 ,:5 speak+ ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 ,i d n und]take to def5d all its acts ei!r 9 po9t ( ju/ice1 or ( ! public advantage4 ,)\t d5y+ ! peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* ?is in/itution 0 plac$1 ,i ?9k t x w\ld h done mu* bett]1 aft] ! example ( ! ,inquisition ( ,rome1 to avoid z mu* z possible ! effusion ( blood4 ,x might h p]fectly wat*$ ov] ! pres]vation ( ! fai?1 prev5t$ ! evils :]e) religion 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,moors & ! ,jews1 & pres]v$ ,spa9 f ,prote/antism1 )\t employ+ t excessive rigor1 :i* drew ^u x ! sev]e & des]v$ reprim&s & admonitions ( ! ,sov]eign ,pontiffs1 provok$ ! compla9ts ( ! p1 made s _m accus$ & condemn$ p]sons appeal to ,rome1 & furni%$ ! adv]s>ies ( ,ca?olicity ) a pretext = *>g+ t religion ) be+ sangu9>y :i* has a horror ( ! effusion ( blood4 ,i repeat1 t ! ,ca?olic religion is n responsible = any ( ! excesses :i* h be5 committ$ 9 h] "n2 & :5 m5 speak ( ! ,inquisition1 !y ought n to fix _! eyes pr9cipally on t ( ,spa91 b on t ( ,rome4 ,!re1 :]e ! ,sov]eign ,pontiff resides1 & :]e !y be/ und]/& h[ ! pr9ciple ( intol]ance %\ld be und]/ood1 & :at use ought to be made ( x1 ! ,inquisition has be5 mild & indulg5t 9 ! extreme4 ,rome is ! "p ( ! _w :]e humanity has suff]$ ! lea/ = ! sake ( religion2 & t1 )\t ! exception ( any c\ntries1 ei!r ( ^? :]e ! ,inquisition has exi/$1 or ( ^? :]e x has be5 unkn[n2 ( ^? :]e ,ca?olicity has be5 pr$om9ant1 or :]e ,prote/antism has triumph$4 ,?is fact1 :i* _c be d5i$1 %\ld suffice to conv9ce e s9c]e man :at is ! _s ( ,ca?olicity 9 ?is matt]4 ,i make ^! rem>ks 9 ord] to %[ my imp>tiality1 to prove t ,i am n ignorant ( evils1 & t ,i d n hesitate to admit !m :]ev] ,i f9d !m4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ,i am desir\s t ! facts & ! obs]vations conta9$ 9 ! text1 z well ) respect to ! ,inquisition itself1 & to ! diff]5t epo*s ( its duration1 z to ! policy ( ! k+s :o f\nd$ & e/abli%$ x1 %all n be =gott54 ,! same desire makes me transcribe "h a few docum5ts likely to ?r[ a /rong] light ^u ?is important subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i w quote ! preamble ( ! ,pragmatic ,sanction ( ! ,ca?olic pr9ces ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 = ! expulsion ( ! ,jews2 we !re f9d /at$ 9 a few words1 ! outrages :i* ! ,jews inflict$ on religion1 & ! dang]s ) :i* !y ?reat5$ ! /ate4 ,book viii4 *ap4 #b1 second law ( ! new ,recopilacion4 ,don ,f]d9& & ,donna ,isabella1 at ,granada1 #cj? ,m>*1 #adib4 ,pragmatic ,sanction4 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ t !re exi/$ 9 ^! k+doms bad ,*ri/ians1 :o judaiz$ & apo/atiz$ f our holy ,ca?olic fai?1 :]e( ! communication betwe5 ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians 0 9 great "p ! cause1 we orda9$1 9 ! ,cortes held by u 9 ,tol$o1 9 #adhj1 t ! ,jews 9 all ! cities1 t[ns1 & o!r places ( our k+doms & lord%ips1 %\ld be conf9$ 9 ! ,juif]ies & places appo9t$ = !m to live & dwell 91 hop+ t ?is sep>ation w\ld s]ve z a rem$y2 we also provid$ & gave ord]s t an ,inquisition %\ld be appo9t$ 9 our said k+doms2 :i* ,inquisition1 z y "k1 is & has be5 practis$ = m ?an twelve ye>s1 & has discov]$ a great numb] ( del9qu5ts1 z is notori\s4 ,z we h be5 in=m$ by ! ,inquisitors1 & _m o!r religi\s p]sons1 lay & ecclesia/ical1 x is c]ta9 t great injury to ! ,*ri/ians _h be5 & is ! result ( ! p>ticipation1 int]c\rse1 & communication :i* !y h _h1 & /ill h1 ) ! ,jews2 x has be5 prov$ t ! latt]1 by all ! means 9 _! p[]1 con/antly labor to subv]t ! fai? ( ,*ri/ians1 to )draw !m f our holy ,ca?olic fai?1 to lead !m away f x1 to attract !m1 & to p]v]t !m to _! own noxi\s cre$ & op9ions2 in/ruct+ !m 9 ! c]emonies & obs]vances ( _! own law2 hold+ meet+s to tea* !m :at !y ought to believe & obs]ve accord+ to t law2 tak+ c>e to circumcise !m & _! *ildr51 giv+ !m books 9 ord] to recite _! pray]s1 tea*+ !m ! fa/s :i* !y ought to obs]ve1 assembl+ to read ) !m1 tea*+ !m ! hi/ories ( _! laws2 notify+ to !m ! ,pas*al times be=e !y arrive1 admoni%+ !m z to :at !y ought to d & obs]ve dur+ ^? times2 giv+ !m1 br++ = !m1 f _! own homes1 ! bread ( azimes1 meats kill$ accord+ to _! c]emonies2 in/ruct+ !m z to ! ?+s f :i* !y ought to ab/a91 9 ord] to obey ! law1 z well 9 eat+ z 9 o!r ?+s2 p]suad+ !m1 z f> z !y c1 to adopt & keep ! ,law ( ,moses1 & mak+ !m und]/& t no o!r law ?an t is true4 ,all ^! ?+s are c]ta9 f num]\s te/imonies1 f ! ackn[l$gm5ts ( ! ,jews !mselves1 & ( ^? :o h be5 p]v]t$ & deceiv$ by !m1 :i* has inflict$ great injury1 detrim5t1 & di%onor on our holy ,ca?olic fai?4 ,al?\gh we 7 already in=m$ ( ^! ?+s f _m qu>t]s1 & al?\gh we 7 aw>e t ! real rem$y = all ^! evils & inconv5i5ces 0 to place an insurm\ntable b>ri] to ! communication ( ! ,jews ) ! ,*ri/ians1 & to bani% ! ,jews f our k+doms1 we wi%$ to be satisfi$ ) enjo9+ !m to quit all ! cities1 t[ns1 & places ( ,&alusia1 :]e x seem$ t !y _h done ! mo/ mis*ief1 believ+ t t w\ld be en\gh to h9d] ^? ( ! o!r cities1 t[ns1 & places ( our k+doms & lord%ips f do+ & committ+ :at has be5 m5tion$4 ,b be+ in=m$ t ?is measure1 z well z ! acts ( ju/ice ex]cis$ on "s ( ! ,jews :o 7 f\nd guilty ( ^! (f5ces & crimes aga9/ our holy ,ca?olic fai?1 d n suffice to rem$y ! evil ?or\ghly2 = ! purpose ( obviat+ & aboli%+ s great an opprobrium1 su* an (f5ce aga9/ ! fai? & ! ,*ri/ian religion1 s9ce x appe>s t ! same ,jews1 ) a fatal ardor1 r$\ble _! p]v]se attempts :]ev] !y live & associate2 wi%+ to suppress ! occasion ( (f5d+ m aga9/ our holy ,ca?olic fai?1 z well on acc\nt ( ^? p]sons :om x has pleas$ ,god up to ?is "t to pres]ve1 z ( ^? :o1 aft] hav+ fall51 h rep5t$ & return$ to our holy "m ! ,*ur*2 wi%+ to prev5t ! (f5ces :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( our human nature1 & ! sugge/ions ( ! devil1 :i* cont9ually make w> on u1 might easily occur1 if ! pr9cipal cause ( ! evil 7 n remov$ by ! expulsion ( ! ,jews f our k+doms2 consid]+1 besides1 t :5 a great & dete/able crime has be5 committ$ by "s memb]s ( a college or univ]sity1 x is reasonable t t college or t univ]sity %\ld be dissolv$ & de/roy$1 t "s may be puni%$ on acc\nt ( ! o!rs1 & ! less] numb] on acc\nt ( ! great]2 t ^? :o p]v]t ! good & virtu\s mode ( life ( cities & t[ns1 by a contagion :i* may injure o!rs1 may be bani%$ f ^? t[ns2 & t if x be all[$ to act ?us = o!r slight causes prejudicial to ! /ate1 !re is /ill m reason to all[ x = ! greate/1 ! mo/ dang]\s1 ! mo/ contagi\s ( crimes1 t :i* is 9 "q3 = all ^! reasons we1 hav+ consult$ our ,c\ncil1 & tak5 ! advice ( "s prelates1 c4 ,we are n n[ exam9+ :e!r or n !re is any exagg]ation 9 ^! imputations aga9/ ! ,jews1 al?\gh1 accord+ to all appe>ances1 !re mu/ h be5 a great deal ( f\ndation = !m1 9 consequ5ce ( ! situation 9 :i* ! two rival nations 7 plac$4 ,obs]ve1 besides1 t if ! preamble ( ! ,pragmatic ,sanction is sil5t ) respect to a hundr$ accusations br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews by ! g5]ality ( ! p1 ! report ( ^! crimes _h n ! less weight ) ! public2 consequ5tly1 ! situation ( ! ,jews 0 aggravat$ 9 an extraord9>y degree1 & ! pr9ces 7 s mu* ! m incl9$ to treat !m ) sev]ity4 ,) respect to ! mi/ru/ ) :i* ! ,moors & _! desc5dants mu/ h be5 reg>d$1 besides ! facts po9t$ out above1 o!rs might be relat$ :i* %[ ! disposition ( m5's m9ds to see 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! m5 a p]man5t conspiracy aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,almo/ a c5tury _h elaps$ s9ce ! conque/ ( ,granada1 & x 0 /ill fe>$ t ?is k+dom might be ! c5tre ( plots contriv$ by ! ,moors aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 ! s\rce ( p]fidi\s projects1 & ! place :5ce came ! means ( maltreat+ 9 all ways ! def5celess p]sons ^u our coa/s4 ,?us spoke ,philip ,,ii4 9 #aefg3 ,book viii4 *ap4 #b1 ( ! new ,recopilacion4 ,law xx41 :i* decrees sev]e puni%m5ts aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ! k+dom ( ,granada :o %all h hidd51 receiv$1 or favor$ ! ,turks1 ,moors1 or ,jews1 or giv5 !m intellig5ce1 or correspond$ ) !m4 ,d4 ,philip ,,ii41 ,madrid1 #aj ,decemb]1 #aefg4 ,hav+ be5 in=m$ t1 not)/&+ :at has be5 orda9$ by u1 z well by sea z by l&1 p>ticul>ly = ! k+dom ( ,granada1 = ! purpose ( insur+ ! def5ce & security ( our k+doms1 ! ,turks1 ,moors1 & corsairs h already committ$1 & /ill commit1 9 ! ports ( ?is k+dom1 on ! coa/s1 9 m>itime places1 & ^? bord]+ on ! sea1 robb]ies1 misde$s1 injuries1 & seizures ( ,*ri/ians2 evils :i* are notori\s1 & :i*1 x is said1 h be51 & are1 committ$ ) ease & security1 by favor ( ! int]c\rse & und]/&+ :i* ! ravi%]s h _h1 & /ill h1 ) "s ( ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 :o give !m intellig5ce1 guide !m1 receive !m1 hide !m1 & l5d !m favor & assi/ance2 "s ( !m ev5 go+ away ) ! ,moors & ,turks1 lead+ away & c>ry+ ) !m _! wives1 _! *ildr51 _! goods1 ,*ri/ian captives1 & ! ?+s :i* !y 7 able to ravi% f ! ,*ri/ians2 :ile o!r inhabitants ( ! same k+dom1 :o h p>ticipat$ 9 ^! projects1 or h be5 acqua9t$ ) !m1 rema9 9 ! c\ntry1 )\t hav+ be5 or be+ puni%$2 = x appe>s t measures are n execut$ ) due sev]ity1 nor z completely1 or ) z mu* c>e z !y ought to be3 z1 moreov]1 x seems v difficult to get accurate in=mation1 z x appe>s t ev5 ! ju/ices & ! judges1 to :om x belongs to make inquiries & to puni%1 h display$ remissness & neglig5ce 9 _! employm5t2--?is hav+ be5 agitat$ & discuss$ 9 our ,c\ncil1 ) ! view ( provid+1 z is prop] 9 a ?+ ( su* great importance1 = ! s]vice ( ,god our ,ma/]1 = our own & ! public good2 ! ?+ hav+ be5 consult$ ^u by u1 x has be5 agre$ t we ought to publi% ?is pres5t lett]1 c4 ,ye>s pass$ away2 ! hatr$ betwe5 ! two nations /ill endur$2 9 spite ( ! num]\s *ecks :i* ! ,mahometan race _h receiv$1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 n satisfi$4 ,x 0 v probable t a nation :o _h suff]$1 & might /ill suff]1 su* great humiliations1 w\ld attempt to av5ge !m4 ,x is also by no means difficult to believe 9 ! reality ( ! conspiracies :i* 7 *>g$ aga9/ ! ,moors4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! report ( ^! conspiracies 0 g5]al1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 s]i\sly al>m$ by !m4 ,^? :o desire a pro( ( ?is1 may read :at ,philip ,,iii4 said1 9 #afji1 9 ! law :i* expell$ ! ,moriscoes4 ,book viii4 *ap4 #b1 ( ! new ,recopilacion4 ,law ,,xxv4 ,by virtue ( :i* ! ,moriscoes 7 bani%$ f ! k+dom3 causes ( ?is expulsion--means :i* 7 adopt$ = ! execution ( ! measure4 ,d4 ,philip ,,iii41 ,madrid1 #i ,decemb]1 #afji4 ,= a long "t x has be5 endeavor$ to save ! ,moriscoes 9 ^! k+doms3 ! holy (fice ( ! ,inquisition has inflict$ div]s puni%m5ts2 num]\s edicts ( m]cy h be5 grant$2 nei!r means nor dilig5ce h be5 sp>$ to in/ruct !m 9 our holy fai?1 )\t be+ able to obta9 ! desir$ result1 = none ( !m h be5 conv]t$4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! ob/9acy has increas$2 ! p]il :i* ?reat5s our k+doms1 if we keep ! ,moriscoes1 has be5 repres5t$ to u by p]sons v well in=m$ & full ( ! fe> ( ,god1 :o1 ?9k+ x prop] t a prompt rem$y %\ld be appli$ to ?is evil1 h repres5t$ to u t ! delay might be *>g$ ^u our royal consci5ce1 consid]+ ! grave (f5ces :i* our ,"l receives f t p4 ,we h be5 assur$ t we might1 )\t scruple1 puni% !m 9 _! lives & prop]ties1 s9ce !y 7 convict$ by _! cont9u$ (f5ces ( be+ h]etics1 apo/ates1 & traitors ( lse-maje/ div9e & human4 ,al?\gh x w\ld h be5 all[able to proce$ aga9/ !m ) ! rigor :i* _! (f5ces des]ve1 nev]!less1 desir+ to br+ !m back by means ( mildness & m]cy1 ,i orda9$1 9 ! city & k+dom ( ,val5cia1 an assembly ( ! patri>*s1 & o!r prelates & wise m51 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at c\ld be resolv$ ^u & settl$2 b hav+ le>n$ t1 at ! v "t !y 7 engag$ 9 rem$y+ ! evil1 ! ,moriscoes ( ! said k+dom ( ,val5cia1 & ( our o!r doma9s1 cont9u$ to urge =w>d _! p]nici\s projects2 kn[+1 moreov]1 f correct & c]ta9 intellig5ce1 t !y _h s5t to treat at ,con/ant9ople ) ! ,turks1 & at ,morocco ) ! k+1 ,muley ,fidon1 9 ord] t !re might be s5t into ! k+dom ( ,spa9 ! greate/ numb] ( =ces possible to aid & assi/ !m2 be+ sure t !re w\ld be f\nd 9 our k+dom m ?an #aej1jjj m51 z good ,moors z ^? f ! coa/s ( ,b>b>y1 all ready to assi/ !m ) _! lives & =tunes1 :]eby !y 7 p]suad$ ( ! facility ( ! ent]prise2 kn[+ t ! same treaties h be5 attempt$ ) h]etics & o!r pr9ces our enemies3 consid]+ all t we h j said1 & to fulfill ! obligation :i* we are "u ( pres]v+ & ma9ta9+ ! holy ,roman ,ca?olic fai? 9 our k+doms1 z well z ! security1 peace1 & repose ( ! said k+doms1 ) ! c\nsel & advice ( le>n$ m51 & o!rs1 v zeal\s = ! s]vice ( ,god & = our own1 we orda9 t all ! ,moriscoes1 inhabitants ( ^! k+doms1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ( all conditions1 c4 ,i h said t ! ,popes labor$1 f ! comm5cem5t1 to s(t5 ! rigors ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 sometimes by admoni%+ ! k+s & inquisitors1 sometimes by giv+ ! accus$ & condemn$ a "r ( appeal4 ,! k+s fe>$ t ! religi\s innovations w\ld produce a public di/urbance2 ,i add1 t _! policy emb>rass$ ! ,popes1 & prev5t$ !m f c>ry+ z f> z !y w\ld h wi%$ _! measures ( mildness & indulg5ce4 ,among ! o!r docum5ts :i* support ?is ass]tion1 ,i w cite "o :i* proves ! irritation ( ! ,spani% k+s at ! assi/ance :i* ! accus$ f\nd at ,rome4 ,book viii4 *ap4 #c1 law #b1 ( ! new ,recopilacion1 enjo9+ p]sons condemn$ by ! ,inquisition1 & abs5t f ^! k+doms1 n to return !re "u pa9 ( dea? & los+ _! goods4 ,d4 ,f]d9& & ,d4 ,isabella1 at ,s>agossa1 #b;d ,augu/1 #adih4 ,pragmatic ,sanction4 ,"s p]sons condemn$ z h]etics by ! ,inquisition h abs5t$ !mselves f our k+doms1 & h gone to o!r c\ntries1 :]e1 by means ( false reports & undue =malities1 !y h surreptiti\sly obta9$ exemptions1 absolutions1 m&ates1 securities1 & o!r privileges1 9 ord] to be exempt f ! condemnations & puni%m5ts :i* !y _h incurr$1 & to rema9 9 _! errors1 :i*1 nev]!less1 does n prev5t _! attempt+ to return to ^! k+doms1 :]e=e1 wi%+ to extirpate s great an evil1 we comm& ^! condemn$ p]sons n to be s bold z to return4 ,let !m n return into our k+doms & lord%ips1 by any way1 9 any mann]1 = any cause or reason :atsoev]1 "u pa9 ( dea? & ! loss ( _! goods2 :i* puni%m5t we w & orda9 to be incurr$ by ! act itself4 ,"o-?ird ( ! prop]ty %all be = ! p]sons :o %all h d5\nc$1 ano!r = ! c\rts1 & ! ?ird = our ex*equ]4 ,:5ev] ! said ju/ices1 9 _! own places & jurisdiction1 %all "k t any ( ! said p]sons are 9 any "p ( _! jurisdiction1 we ord] all & ea* ( !m1 )\t exception1 to g to ! place :]e su* p]sons are1 )\t be+ o!rwise call$ ^u1 to appreh5d !m =cibly & imm$iately1 & )\t delay to execute1 & cause to be execut$1 on !m & _! prop]ties ! puni%m5ts :i* we h appo9t$2 & ?is not)/&+ all exemption1 reconciliation1 securities1 & o!r privileges :i* !y may h1 ^! privileges1 9 ! pres5t case1 & ) respect to ! said p5alties1 n avail+ !m4 ,we ord] !m to d & accompli% ?is "u pa9 ( ! loss & confiscation ( all _! prop]ty4 ,! same p5alty %all be incurr$ by all o!r p]sons :o %all h hidd5 or receiv$ ! said condemn$ p]sons1 & :o kn[+ t !y 7 s1 %all n h giv5 in=mation to our c\rts4 ,we ord] all great m5 & c\ncillors1 & o!r p]sons ( our k+doms1 to give favor & assi/ance to our c\rts1 :5ev] x %all be dem&$ & requir$ f !m1 to accompli% & execute :at has be5 said above1 "u ! p5alties :i* ! c\rts !mselves %all appo9t on ?is subject4 ,we see f ?is docum5t1 t1 aft] ! ye> #adih1 ?+s _h rea*$ su* a po9t1 t ! k+s attempt$ to ma9ta9 aga9/ e "o all ! rigor ( ! ,inquisition1 & t !y 7 (f5d$ t ! ,popes int]f]$ to s(t5 x4 ,x w be und]/ood !reby :5ce proce$$ ! h>%ness ) :i* ! guilty 7 treat$2 & ?is %[s u "o ( ! causes :i* made ! ,inquisition sometimes use its p[] ) excessive sev]ity4 ,al?\gh x 0 n a m]e in/rum5t ( ! policy ( k+s1 z "s h said1 ! ,inquisition felt m or less ! influ5ce ( t policy2 & we "k t policy1 :5 ab\t to defeat an adv]s>y1 does n commonly display an excess ( compassion4 ,if ! ,spani% ,inquisition _h be5 at t "t "u ! exclusive au?ority & direction ( ! ,popes1 x w\ld h be5 inf9itely mild] & m mod]ate 9 its me?od ( act+4 ,at t "t ! object ard5tly desir$ by ! k+s ( ,spa9 01 to obta9 t ! judgm5ts ( ! ,inquisition %\ld be def9itive 9 ,spa91 )\t appeal to ,rome2 ,que5 ,isabella _h expressly dem&$ ?is ( ! ,pope4 ,! ,sov]eign ,pontiffs w\ld n acc$e to ^! solicitations1 no d\bt fe>+ ! abuse :i* might be made ( s fe>ful an arm :5 ! re/ra9t ( ! mod]at+ p[] %\ld become want+4 ,x w be und]/ood f ! facts :i* ,i h j quot$1 h[ mu* reason ,i _h to say t1 if y excuse ! conduct ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella ) respect to ! ,inquisition1 y mu/ n condemn t ( ,philip ,,ii41 s9ce ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns %[$ !mselves /ill m h>% & sev]e ?an ! latt] mon>*4 ,i h already po9t$ out ! reason :y ! conduct ( ,philip ,,ii4 has be5 s rigor\sly condemn$2 b x is also necess>y to %[ :y !re has be5 a sort ( ob/9acy 9 excus+ t ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to falsify an hi/orical fact by calumniat+ a p]son or an in/itution1 x is necess>y to beg9 ) an affectation ( imp>tiality & good fai?2 great success is obta9$ 9 ?is by manife/+ indulg5ce = ! same ?+ :i* x is desir$ to condemn1 b tak+ c>e t ?is indulg5ce has /rongly ! appe>ance ( be+ a concession gratuit\sly made to our adv]s>ies1 or ( a sacrifice ( our op9ions1 ( our feel+s1 on ! alt>s ( reason & ju/ice1 :i* are our guide & our idol4 ,we ?us pr$ispose our he>]s or read]s to reg>d ! condemnation :i* we are ab\t to pron\nce z a judgm5t dictat$ by ! /ricte/ ju/ice2 a judgm5t 9 :i* nei!r passion1 nor p>tiality1 nor p]v]se views1 h any "p4 ,h[ c we d\bt ! good fai?1 ! love ( tru?1 ! imp>tiality ( ! man :o beg9s by excus+ :at1 accord+ to all appe>ances1 & consid]+ 8 op9ions1 ought to be ! object ( 8 ana!mas8 ,su* is ! situation ( ! m5 ( :om we speak4 ,!y int5d$ to attack ! ,inquisition2 n[ x happ5$ t ! protectress1 &1 9 "s sort1 ! f\ndress ( t tribunal 0 ,que5 ,isabella1--t di/+ui%$ "n :i* ,spani>ds h always pron\nc$ ) respect1 t immortal que51 "o ( ! noble/ ornam5ts ( our hi/ory4 ,:at 0 to be done 9 ?is difficulty8 ,! means 7 simple4 ,al?\gh ! ,jews & h]etics _h be5 treat$ ) ! greate/ sev]ity 9 ! "t ( ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 & al?\gh !y _h c>ri$ sev]ity fur!r ?an all ^? :o h succe$$ !m1 x 0 necess>y to close ! eye to ^! facts1 to excuse ! conduct ( ^! sov]eigns1 & to po9t out ! important matt]s :i* urg$ !m to employ ! rigors ( ju/ice4 ,!y ?us avoid$ ! difficulty1--= x 0 "o to ca/ a /igma on ! memory ( a great que5 *]i%$ & respect$ by all ,spani>ds1--& !y ?us prep>$ ! way = m]ciless accusations aga9/ ,philip ,,ii4 ,t mon>* _h ! unanim\s cry ( all ,prote/ants aga9/ him1 = ! simple reason t he _h be5 _! mo/ p[]ful adv]s>y2 x w\ld !re=e co/ no?+ to make all ! weight ( execration fall ^u him4 ,! enigma is ?us expla9$4 ,su* is ! cause ( a p>tiality s unju/1--su* is ! hypocrisy ( t op9ion :i*1 :ile excus+ ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns1 condemns ,philip ,,ii4 )\t appeal4 ,i h n attempt$ to ju/ify ! policy ( ?is mon>* 9 all respects2 b ,i h pres5t$ a few consid]ations :i* may s]ve to mitigate ! viol5t attacks made ^u him by 8 adv]s>ies3 x only rema9s = me to transcribe "h ! docum5ts to :i* ,i allud$ :5 ,i said t ! ,inquisition 0 n a m]e in/rum5t ( ! policy ( ,philip ,,ii41 & t ?is pr9ce did n int5d to e/abli% a sy/em ( obscurantisme 9 ,spa94 ,don ,antonio ,p]ez1 9 8 ,relations1 gives a lett] ( ! confessor ( ! k+1 ,fray ,diego de ,*aves1 9 :i* lett] ! latt] affirms t ! secul> pr9ce has p[] ov] ! lives ( 8 subjects & vassals1 & adds 9 a note3 ,i %all n und]take to relate all t ,i h he>d said on ! subject ( ! condemnation ( "s ( ^! propositions2 ?is is n )9 my prov9ce4 ,^? :o are conc]n$ 9 ?is w at once und]/& ! import ( my words4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) say+ t1 at ! "t :5 ,i 0 at ,madrid1 ! ,inquisition condemn$ ! foll[+ proposition3 a prea*]--x matt]s n t ,i %\ld m5tion 8 "n--ma9ta9$ 9 a s]mon1 at ,/4 ,j]ome's1 9 ,madrid1 9 pres5ce ( ! ,ca?olic k+1 t k+s h an absolute p[] ov] ! p]sons ( _! subjects1 z well z ov] _! prop]ties4 ,besides "s o!r sep>ate matt]s1 ! prea*] 0 condemn$ to retract ?is publicly1 9 ! same place1 ) all ! c]emonies ( a juridical act1 :i* he did 9 ! same pulpit1 say+ t he _h advanc$ su* a proposition on su* a day1 & t he retract$ x z errone\s4 ',=1 messieurs1' said he1 read+ lit]ally f a pap]1 'k+s h no o!r p[] ov] _! subjects ?an :at is giv5 !m by ! div9e & human law2 !y h none proce$+ f _! own free & absolute w4' ,i ev5 "k :o condemn$ ! proposition1 & appo9t$ ! words :i* ! accus$1 to ! great gratification ( ! =m]1 0 oblig$ to pron\nce2 inde$1 he rejoic$ to see torn up s poison\s a we$1 :i* he felt 0 increas+1 z ! ev5t prov$4 ,ma/] ,fray ,h]n&o del ,ca/illo 7,i w m5tion 8 "n7 0 ! "o :o prescrib$ :at ! accus$ 0 to say2 he 0 consultee ( ! holy (fice1 & prea*] to ! k+2 he 0 a man ( s+ul> le>n+ & eloqu5ce1 v well kn[n & e/eem$ by 8 own nation1 & especially by ! ,italians4 ,dr4 ,velasco1 an important p]sonage ( t "t1 said ( him1 t ! guit> 9 ! h&s ( ,fabricio ,d5tici 0 n s sweet z ! tongue ( ,ma/] ,fray ,h]n&ez del ,ca/illo to ! e>s ( ^? :o he>d him4 ,& at page #dg 9 ! text3 ,i "k1 says ,don ,antonio ,p]ez1 t !y 7 d5om9at$ v sc&al\s by p]sons v important by _! rank1 _! le>n+1 & _! ,*ri/ian purity ( he>t2 !re 0 "o among !m :o _h held supreme rank 9 ! spiritual ord] 9 ,spa91 & _h previ\sly fill$ an (fice 9 ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition4 ,p]ez aft]w>ds says1 t ?is p]son 0 ! nuncio ( 8 ,hol9ess4 7,relaciones de ,anton4 ,p]ez4 ,p>is1 #afbd47 ,! lett] ( ,philip ,,ii4 to ,doctor ,d4 ,b5ito ,arias ,montano conta9s ! foll[+1 9 addition to ! rem>kable passage :i* we h quot$4 ,conc]n+ :at y1 ,dr4 c41 my *apla91 w h to d at ,antw]p1 :i!r we s5d y4 ,dat$ at ,madrid1 #be? ,m>*1 #aefh4 ,besides t y w r5d] ?is good (fice & s]vice to ! said ,plant9us1 "k t1 f ?is "t1 9 proportion z ! six ?\s& cr[ns are recov]$ f 8 h&s1 ,i apply !m to buy books = ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,laur5t-le-,royal1 ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 :i* ,i am build+ ne> ! ,escurial1 z y "k4 ,?us y are admoni%$ t su* is my int5tion2 y w comply ) ?is1 & w be dilig5t 9 collect+ all ! *oice books1 pr9t$ & ,,ms41 t y\r excell5t disc]nm5t %all ?9k prop]1 9 ord] to br+ !m & place !m 9 ! libr>y ( ! said mona/]y4 ,inde$1 x is "o ( ! *ief possessions :i* ,i w\ld wi% to leave to ! religi\s :o are int5d$ to dwell !re1 = x is ! mo/ useful & necess>y4 ,:]e=e ,i h also comm&$ my ambassador 9 ,france1 ,d4 ,francis de ,alaba1 to collect ! be/ books :i* he %all be able 9 t k+dom3 y w communicate ) him on t subject4 ,i w direct him to communicate 9 writ+ also ) y1 to s5d y a li/ ( ! books :i* are to be _h1 z well z _! price1 be=e buy+ !m2 y w advise him z to :i* he _h bett] take or leave1 & :at he may give = su*4 ,he w s5d to y at ,antw]p ^? :i* he has ?us b\ght2 y w ackn[l$ge !m1 & =w>d !m "h1 all at once1 at ! prop] "t4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ,,ii41--( t pr9ce :o is repres5t$ to u z "o ( ! pr9cipal au?ors ( obscurantisme1--*oice works1 bo? pr9t$ & ,,ms41 7 s\ght 9 =eign c\ntries1 9 ord] to enri* ! ,spani% libr>ies2 9 our age1 :i* we call t ( enlight5m5t1 ! libr>ies ( ,spa9 h be5 plund]$1 & _! treasures h gone to add to ^? ( =eign]s4 ,:o is ignorant ( ! collections :i* h be5 made ( our books & ,,ms41 9 ,engl&8 ,consult ! catalogues ( ! ,briti% ,museum & o!r private libr>ies4 ,! au?or ( ^! l9es /ates only :at he has se5 ) 8 own eyes--:at he has he>d lam5t$ by p]sons wor?y ( respect4 ,:ile we %[ s mu* neglig5ce 9 pres]v+ our treasures1 let u n be s unju/ & s pu]ile z to lose our "t 9 va9 declamation aga9/ ^? :o h bequea!d !m to u4 ,,app5dix4 ,a few words on ,puigblan*1 ,vill5euve1 & ,llor5te4 ,"h1 9 ! ,spani% edition1 ! notes relat+ to ! ,inquisition t]m9ate2 b ,i ?9k x may n be useless 9 ! ,fr5* edition to add a few words1 to expla9 ! matt] to my =eign read]s3 little v]s$ z !y are 9 ! k ( our affairs1 !y might (t5 happ5 to dr9k at corrupt$ s\rces1 :i* !y imag9e to be pure & salut>y4 ,le ,compte de ,mai/re1 ) respect to ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 cites ,l',inquisition dvoile de ,natanal ,jomtob3 ,i w say a few words1 le/ ! au?ority ( ! au?or :o quotes %\ld give too mu* importance to him :o is quot$4 ,?is ,natanal ,jomtob is no o!r ?an ,dr4 ,d4 ,antonio ,puigblan*1 a ,spani>d1 :o di$ n long ago 9 ,london4 ,?is au?or1 9 ! prologue to 8 works publi%$ 9 ,london1 himself expla9s ! reason :i* made him adopt a /range "n4 ,^! ,hebrew words1 he says1 are two prop] significative names1 :i*1 toge!r1 =m ! inscription1 ,d$it ,deus diem bonum4 ,i wi%$ ?us to express ! happ9ess ( be+ able to speak & write freely aga9/ ! tribunal ( ! ,inquisition1 & ! happ9ess ( see+ x aboli%$4 7,prolog4 p4 cxv47 ,9 ord] t ! read] may judge ( ! value t belongs to ?is "w1 ,i w obs]ve1 t ! fir/ qualification 9 an hi/orian1 especially on a matt] s delicate1 is complete imp>tiality unit$ to a great fund ( mod]ation3 ^! two qualifications 7 want+ 9 ,m4 ,puigblan*1 :o 0 lam5tably infect$ ) ! contr>y faults4 ,x is impossible to be m viol5t ?an he is aga9/ all t he meets )2 8 ill-humor & ang] bl9d him2 he attacks in/itutions & m5 ) p]fect fury2 he respects no?+3 add to ?is a pitiable vanity4 ,x w\ld be easy = me to produce "h v>i\s pro(s ( ! impiety ( ,puigblan*2 b ,i %\ld fe> to soil my pap] by transcrib+ ! impi\s satires ( ?is man4 ,?is is en\gh to give an idea ( ! po9t ( view 9 :i* he c\ld reg>d ?+s relat+ to religi\s affairs & to ! cl]gy4 ,he misses no opportunity ( ridicul+ ! m9i/]s ( religion1 ( indulg+ 9 invectives aga9/ !m1 & ( giv+ v5t to ! incompreh5sible rage :i* he has aga9/ !m4 ,! unbecom+ mann] 9 :i* he treats 8 adv]s>ies1 real or imag9>y1 ev5 :5 !y h m or less sympa?y ) 8 op9ions1 is a good apology = ! ?+s :i* he combats on ! o!r h&4 ,i _c repeat 8 words "h1 s co>se are !y2 besides1 !y attack p]sons :o are /ill liv+2 suffice x to say1 t n cont5t ) insult+ !m 9 ! mo/ disgu/+ way1 ,puigblan* desc5ds s l[ z to reproa* !m ) _! physical defects1 aft] ! mann] ( a m>ket-woman4 ,:at 0 to be hop$ f su* a m9d 9 a matt] s important & delicate8 ,7 su* dispositions suitable = an hi/orian ( ! ,inquisition1 :o publi%$ 8 "w precisely 9 ! ye> #ahaa1 t is to say1 at a "t ( reaction & eff]vesc5ce8 ,) respect to tal5t & k1 ,i w n refuse to ,m4 ,puigblan* ei!r read+ or erudition1 or a c]ta9 aptitude = criticism1 yet x mu/ n be =gott5 t 8 m9d 0 f> f be+ s cultivat$ z x ought to h be51 9 ord] to keep pace ) our age4 ,a "w l 8 requir$ t he %\ld h foll[$ ! m>* ( ! times1 t he %\ld n h be5 altoge!r devoid ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 t he %\ld n h reli$ exclusively ^u c]ta9 books1 :ile accumulat+ crude erudition1 & incessantly p]us+ etymologies & grammatical que/ions3 ?is is :at 0 want+ 9 ,m4 ,puigblan*4 ,to sum up all 9 "o s5t5ce1 ,i h f\nd ! foll[+ description1 :i* ,i he>d 9 ,london1 f ! m\? ( a di/+ui%$ man :o _h int]c\rse ) ,puigblan* = a long "t1 to be p]fectly correct3 ,puigblan*1 he told me1 knew :at a le>n$ man ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,spa9 might h kn[n4 ,! ,*ri/ian read] may imag9e :at 0 ! result ( ! amalgamation ( ?is k9d ( in/ruction ) all ! bile ( ,voltairian passion4 ,d4 ,joaqu9 ,lor5zo ,villanueva is ano!r ( ^? ,spani>ds :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves by declaim+ aga9/ ! ,inquisition2 9 8 ,lit]>y ,life 7,vida ,lit]>ia7 he _h ass]t$ t ! public in=mation on ?is "q1 & ! abolition ( t fam\s tribunal1 7 9 great "p ow+ to him4 ,puigblan* /rongly recrim9ates aga9/ ,villanueva1 :o attempt$ to usurp 8 glory by avail+ himself ( 8 "w )\t ackn[l$g+ x1 & o!r simil> ?+s1 :i* d z little honor to ! "o z to ! o!r4 ,villanueva has be5 already judg$ 9 ,spa9 by all s5sible m52 =eign]s :o desire to und]/& ?is "q w be "u ! unpleasant obligation ( read+ ! two l>ge volumes 9 #hvo1 9 :i* he has writt5 8 lit]>y life4 ,! bile ( ,villanueva aga9/ all ! cl]gy :o are n ( 8 cot]ie1 &1 above all1 8 hatr$ aga9/ ,rome1 %[ !mselves at e page ( 8 book1 & f "t to "t produce explosions :i* are mu* too viol5t to accord ) ! extreme mildness :i* he is pleas$ to affect4 ,moreov]1 let ! read] prep>e & arm himself ) pati5ce1 if he und]take to get ?r\gh ^! two l>ge volumes1 :i* conta91 writt5 by ! man himself1 :o s well des]v$ x1 ! mo/ complete panegyric ( 8 pr(\nd k1 8 va/ erudition1 8 great humility1 & 8 virtues ( all k9ds4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 v well1 if ! au?or1 ) a slight recollection ( mode/y1 _h n c&idly told u1 t !y w5t s f> z to call him ! fa!r ( ! poor1 t 8 poetic fire 0 n cool$ by age1 t 8 activity 9 labor did n all[ him to rema9 idle1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ p]secutions2 9 f9e1 if he _h n und]tak5 to make u believe t all 8 life 0 a cont9ual sacrifice on ! alt>s ( k & virtue4 ,to ^? :o desire to d]ive _! in=mation f ,villanueva1 we h a "r to say3 ,d n =get t y mu/ bew>e ( believ+ all--t ! tree is kn[n by its fruits--t ! wolf (t5 assumes %eep's clo?+4 ,among ^? :o h made ! mo/ noise ) respect to ! ,inquisition1 is ,llor5te1 ! au?or ( a hi/ory ( t fam\s in/itution4 ,! imp>tiality :i* may be expect$ f ?is writ] %[s itself e mom5t 9 8 book1 :i* has evid5tly be5 writt5 = ! purpose ( black5+1 z mu* z possible1 ! ,ca?olic cl]gy & ! ,holy ,see4 ,happily ! au?or has made himself too well kn[n by 8 o!r works1 = any ,ca?olic to all[ himself to be deceiv$ by 8 insidi\s writ+s4 ,no "o1 especially 9 ,spa91 is ignorant ( ! project ( ! religi\s con/itution ) :i* ,llor5te attempt$ to di/urb consci5ces1 & introduce s*ism & h]esy into our c\ntry4 ,does he :o attempts to de/roy ! univ]sal discipl9e e/abli%$ f ! e>lie/ ages1 :o expresses d\bts on ! mo/ sacr$ my/]ies ( our holy religion1 :o conte/s ! infallible au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & does n hold ! fir/ f\r cum5ical ,c\ncils to be legitimate1 des]ve ! lea/ cr$it :5 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1--t hi/ory :i* af=ds s _m opportunities ( declaim+ aga9/ ! cl]gy & aga9/ ,rome8 ,"h is a pro( ( 8 imp>tiality4 ,9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 he c\ld n avoid relat+ ! conduct ( ! ,apo/olic ,see 9 ! e>ly times ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa91 & ! ef=ts made by ! ,holy ,see = ! purpose ( s(t5+ ! rigors ( t tribunal1 ! appeals :i* 7 made1 & ! m]ciful judgm5ts :i* 7 almo/ always obta9$ at ,rome2 all ^! facts cle>ly %[$ t ,rome1 f> f be+1 z he pret5d$1 a mon/] ( cruelty1 0 r a model ( mildness & prud5ce4 ,h[ d y ?9k he gets out ( ?is difficulty8 ,by say+1 t :at ! ,c\rt ( ,rome want$ 01 to extort money f u4 ,an explanation z unwor?y z x is impud5t--an odi\s means ( depriv+ ! mo/ b5efic5t & g5]\s actions ( _! lu/re1 & :i* %[s a fix$ design to f9d evil e :]e1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( assign+ evil motives = b5efits :i* are ! mo/ wor?y ( gratitude4 ,) respect to ,llor5te1 ,i am unwill+ to pass ov] 9 sil5ce a rem>kable fact :i* he has _h ! k9dness to communicate to ! public 9 ! same "w4 ,k+ ,joseph1 ! intrud]1 intru/$ ,llor5te1 by express ord]s1 ) ! ar*ives ( ! ,supreme ,c\ncil & ! ,tribunal ( ! ,inquisition ( ! capital4 ,?is excell5t man 0 s p]fect an ar*ivi/1 t he burnt all ! reports ( proce$+s1 ) ! approbation ( 8 ma/] 7z he himself tells u71 ) ! exception ( ^? :i* c\ld app]ta9 to hi/ory1 by ! celebrity or ! r5[n ( ! p]sons :o figur$ 9 !m1 su* z ^? ( ,c>anza1 ( ,macanaz1 & a few o!rs2 al?\gh he pres]v$ entire1 he adds1 ! regi/]s ( ! decisions ( ! ,c\ncil1 ! royal ord9ances1 & ! bulls & briefs f ,rome4 7,edition ,franaise1 #ahah1 t4 #d1 p4 #ade47 ,aft] hav+ he>d ?is rem>kable confession1 we w ask e imp>tial man1 :e!r !re is n room = greatly mi/ru/+ an hi/orian :o claims to be sole & unique1 because he has _h ! opportunity ( consult+ ! orig9al docum5ts :]eon he f\nds 8 hi/ory1 & :o1 nev]!less1 burns & de/roys ^! same docum5ts8 ,0 !re no place to be f\nd 9 ,madrid to place !m1 :]e !y c\ld be exam9$ by ^? :o1 aft] ,llor5te1 might wi% to write ! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition f ! orig9al docum5ts8 ,llor5te has pres]v$1 he tells u1 ^? :i* belong$ to hi/ory2 b ! hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition _h equally ne$ ( o!rs1 ev5 ! mo/ obscure--ev5 ! mo/ app>5tly insignificant2 = x n seldom happ5s t a fact1 a circum/ance1 a ^w1 %[s u an in/itution1 & pa9ts = u an age4 ,& obs]ve1 t ?is de/ruction took place at a critical mom5t ( public di/urbance1 :5 ! :ole nation1 devot$ to an immortal /ruggle 9 def5ce ( h] indep5d5ce1 c\ld n fix h] att5tion on su* matt]s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable m51 scatt]$ on all sides1 !n l$ _! fell[-citiz5s 9 arms1 or 7 engag$ 9 ! mo/ important int]e/s ( ! c\ntry2 consequ5tly !y c\ld n wat* ov] ! conduct ( an ar*ivi/1 :o1 aft] hav+ left 8 bre?r51 ^: blood 0 fl[+ ^u ! battle-field1 accept$ employm5t "u a =eign intrud]1 & burn$ ! docum5ts ( an in/itution :]e( he und]took to write ! hi/ory4 ,,note #bg1 p4 #bha4 ,! plan ( my "w requir$ t que/ions relat+ to ! religi\s communities %\ld be exam9$ at "s l5g? b x did n all[ me to give to ?is matt] all ! developm5t ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be possible1 9 my op9ion1 9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( religi\s communities1 to give side by side t ( ! nations among :om ^! communities arose1 s z to %[ 9 detail a tru? we h n[ prov$1 viz4 t ! e/abli%m5t ( religi\s in/itutions1 besides ! sup]ior & div9e object :i* !y h _h 9 view1 has be5 at all times ! fulfilm5t ( a social & religi\s necessity4 ,al?\gh my /r5g? does n enable me to aspire to su* an ent]prise1 by :i* ! c\rage may well be daunt$1 ev5 by contemplat+ ! imm5se ext5t ( su* a "w1 ,i wi% to sugge/ ! idea ( x "h2 p]haps a man may be f\nd ) suffici5t capacity1 le>n+1 & leisure1 to und]take x1 & enri* our age ) ?is new monum5t ( hi/ory & philosophy4 ,by conceiv+ ! plan 9 ?is po9t ( view1 & mak+ x subord9ate to ?is unity ( object1 :]e( ! f\ndation1 :i* %[s itself 9 well-kn[n facts1 is discov]$ 9 obscure & conjectur$ 9 hidd5 ones1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 giv+ all desirable v>iety to ?is "w4 ,! subject itself leads to v>iety2 = x invites ! writ] to desc5d to extremely int]e/+ p>ticul>s1 :i* w be l ! episodes ( a gr& & unique poem4 ,! disposition ( m5's m9ds1 n[ become favorable to religi\s in/itutions1 ?anks to ! deceptions :i* are ! consequ5ce ( va9 !ories1 & to ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 :i* de/roy ! calumnies inv5t$ by philosophy1 r5d] ! road e day m easy4 ,! pa? is already suffici5tly beat52 x is only requir$ to enl>ge & ext5d x1 9 ord] to conduct a great] numb] ( m5 t[>ds ! region ( tru?4 ,hav+ po9t$ out ?is1 x only rema9s = me to /ate "h1 9 conclusion1 div]s facts :i* c\ld n be giv5 9 ! text1 & :i* ,i h pref]r$ to collect 9 a note4 ,z ^! facts belong$ to ! same subject1 x appe>$ to me prop] to collect !m ap>t1 :ile leav+ ! read] to pay full att5tion to ! obs]vations :i* =m ! body ( my "w4 ,!re 7 kn[n among ! pagans1 "u ! "n ( ascetics1 p]sons :o devot$ !mselves to ab/95ce & ! practice ( ! au/]e virtues2 s t1 ev5 be=e ,*ri/ianity1 !re already exi/$ ! idea ( ^? virtues :i* h be5 s9ce ex]cis$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! lives ( ! philosoph]s are full ( examples :i* prove ! tru? ( my ass]tion4 ,yet x w be und]/ood t1 depriv$ ( ! light ( fai? & ! aid ( grace1 ! pagan philosoph]s af=d$ b a v fa9t %ad[ ( :at 0 aft]w>ds realiz$ 9 ! lives ( ! ,*ri/ian ascetics4 ,we h /at$ t ! mona/ic life is f\nd$ on ! ,gospel1 inasmu* z ! ,gospel conta9s asceticism4 ,f ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur* we see ! mona/ic life e/abli%$ "u "o =m or ano!r4 ,orig5 tells u ( c]ta9 m51 :o1 9 ord] to r$uce _! bodies into subjection1 ab/a9$ f eat+ meat & f all t _h life4 7,orig51 ,contr4 ,celsum1 lib4 v47 ,t]tullian makes m5tion ( "s ,*ri/ians :o ab/a9$ f m>riage1 n because !y condemn$ x1 b 9 ord] to ga9 ! k+dom ( heav54 7,t]tul4 ,de ,cult4 ,fem94 lib4 ii47 ,x is rem>kable1 t ! weak] sex p>ticipat$ 9 a s+ul> mann] 9 t /r5g? ( m9d :i* ,*ri/ianity communicat$ = ! ex]cise ( ! h]oic virtues4 ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur* !re 7 already reckon$1 9 great numb]s1 virg9s & wid[s consecrat$ to ! ,"l1 b\nd by a v[ ( p]petual *a/ity2 & we see t special c>e 0 tak5 9 ! anci5t ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* ( t *os5 portion ( h] flock4 ,x is "o ( ! objects ( ! solicitude ( ! ,fa!rs to regulate discipl9e on ?is po9t 9 a prop] mann]4 ,! virg9s made _! public pr(ession 9 ! *ur*2 !y receiv$ ! veil f ! h&s ( ! bi%op1 &1 = great] solemnity1 !y 7 di/+ui%$ by a k9d ( consecration4 ,?is c]emony requir$ a c]ta9 age 9 ! p]son :o 0 consecrat$ to ,god2 we also obs]ve t discipl9e has be5 v diff]5t on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! ,ea/ !y receiv$ p]sons sev5te5 ye>s old1 & ev5 sixte51 z we le>n f ,/4 ,basil 7,epi/4 c4 #ah72 9 ,africa at tw5ty-five1 z we see f ! f\r? canon ( ! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age2 9 ,france at =ty1 z appe>s f ! n9ete5? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,agde4 ,ev5 :5 ! virg9s & wid[s dwelt 9 ! h\ses ( _! fa!rs1 !y did n cease to be reckon$ among ecclesia/ical p]sons2 !y receiv$ ! support ( ! ,*ur* by ?is title1 9 cases ( necessity4 ,if !y violat$ _! v[ ( *a/ity1 !y 7 excommunicat$1 & c\ld n return to ! communion ( ! fai?ful1 except by submitt+ to public p5ance4 7,= ^! details1 see ! ?irty-?ird canon ( ! ?ird ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 ! n9ete5? canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,ancyra1 & ! sixte5? canon ( t ( ,*alc$on47 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 ! /ate ( ! ,*ur*1 subject to an almo/ cont9ual p]secution1 mu/ naturally h h9d]$ p]sons :o lov$ ! ascetic life1 m5 or wom51 f assembl+ 9 ! t[ns to obs]ve x 9 common4 ,"s ?9k t ! propagation ( ! ascetic life 9 ! des]t is 9 great "p due to ! p]secution ( ,decius1 :i* 0 v cruel 9 ,egypt1 & made a great numb] ( ,*ri/ians retire into ! des]ts ( ! ,!bais1 or o!r solitudes 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,?us comm5c$ ! e/abli%m5t ( t me?od ( life :i*1 9 ! end1 0 to ga9 s prodigi\s an ext5sion4 ,/4 ,paul1 if we are to believe ,/4 ,j]ome1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! solit>y life4 ,x appe>s t "s abuses 7 introduc$ into ! mona/ic life f ! e>lie/ ages1 z we see c]ta9 monks dete/$ at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,j]ome4 ,qu\sque g5us dete/abile monacorum urbe non pellitur1 says ! sa9t by ! m\? ( ! ,romans 9 a lett] to ,paula2 b ! reputation ( ! monks1 :i* _h p]haps be5 compromis$ by ! ,s>abates & ! ,gyrovagues1 a k9d ( vagabonds ^: la/ c>e 0 ! practice ( ! virtues ( _! /ate1 & :o indulg$ 9 gluttony & o!r pleasures ) %ameful lic5ti\sness1 0 soon re/or$4 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ,/4 ,j]ome himself1 ,/4 ,m>t91 & o!r celebrat$ m51 among :om ,/4 ,b5net di/+ui%$ himself 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 r5ew$ ! spl5dor ( ! mona/ic life by ! mo/ eloqu5t apology1 t :i* consi/$ 9 giv+1 z !y did1 ! mo/ sublime example ( ! mo/ au/]e virtues4 ,x is rem>kable t1 9 spite ( ! multiplication ( monks 9 ! ea/ & we/1 !y 7 n divid$ into diff]5t ord]s1 s t1 dur+ ! fir/ six c5turies1 all1 z ,mabillon obs]ves1 7 consid]$ z =m+ "o in/itute4 ,!re 0 some?+ noble 9 ?is unity1 :i*1 z x 71 =m$ all ! mona/]ies into "o family2 b x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! div]sity ( ord]s aft]w>ds introduc$ 0 ess5tially calculat$ to atta9 ! v>i\s & num]\s objects :i* successively attract$ ! att5tion ( religi\s in/itutions4 ,! discipl9e1 by virtue :]e( no new ord] c\ld be in/itut$ )\t ! previ\s approbation ( ! sov]eign ,pontiff1 x may be said1 0 v necess>y1 consid]+ ! ardor :i* aft]w>ds urg$ _m p]sons to e/abli% new in/itutions2 s t1 )\t ?is prud5t *eck1 disord] w\ld h be5 introduc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! exagg]at$ transports :i* urg$ "s imag9ations to exce$ all b\nds4 ,"s p take delight 9 relat+ ! excesses into :i* "s individuals ( ! m5dicant ord]s fell2 & !y borr[ ! n>ratives ( ,mat!w ,p>is1 )\t =gett+ ! lam5tations ( ,/4 ,bonav5tura himself4 ,i wi% n to excuse evil1 :]ev] x is f\nd2 b ,i w obs]ve1 t ! circum/ances ( ! times :5 ! m5dicant ord]s 7 e/abli%$1 & ! k9d ( life !y 7 oblig$ to embrace1 9 ord] to fulfill ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 z ,i h po9t$ out 9 ! text1 r5d]$ almo/ inevitable ^? evils :i* pi\s m5 s9c]ely deplor$1 & :i* ! enemies ( ! ,*ur* lam5t ) no less affectation ?an exagg]ation4 ,,note #bh1 p4 #cje4 ,i h already %[n1 by num]\s te/imonies ( s*ola/ic !ologians1 h[ ! div9e orig9 ( ! civil p[] is to be und]/ood2 & x is evid5t t x conta9s no?+ b :at is p]fectly con=mable to s\nd reason1 & adapt$1 at ! same "t1 to ! high aims ( society4 ,x w\ld h be5 easy = me to accumulate te/imonies2 b ,i ?9k ,i h adduc$ a suffici5t numb] to ?r[ light on ! subject1 & to satisfy e read] :o1 free f unju/ prejudices1 is s9c]ely desir\s ( li/5+ to tru?4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to view ?is subject "u e aspect1 ,i w add a few explanations on t celebrat$ passage ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans1 *ap4 xiii41 9 :i* ! ,apo/le speaks ( ! orig9 ( p[]s1 & ( ! submission & ob$i5ce due to !m4 ,let x n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ,i purpose atta9+ ?is end by any reason+ m or less speci\s4 ,:5ev] a passage ( ,scripture is to be exp\nd$ 9 its true s5se1 we %\ld n rely pr9cipally ^u :at our wav]+ reason sugge/s to u1 b r ^u ! int]pretation ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 = ?is reason we %\ld consult ^? writ]s ^: high au?ority1 f\nd$ on _! wisdom & _! virtue1 leads u to hope t !y h n deviat$ f ! maxim1 ,quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus traditum e/4 ,we h already se5 a rem>kable passage ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 expla9+ ?is po9t ) z mu* cle>ness z solidity2 we h also le>n$1 f ! te/imony ( ! ,fa!rs1 :at motives induc$ ! ,apo/les to inculcate s press+ly ! obligation ( ob$i5ce to ! lawful au?orities4 ,x only rema9s = u to ins]t "h ! comm5t>ies ( "s illu/ri\s writ]s on ! text ( ! ,apo/le4 ,9 !m we %all f9d1 z x 71 a code ( doctr9e2 & :5 we come to appreciate ! reasons on :i* ! precepts inculcat$ 9 ! sacr$ text are f\nd$1 we %all m easily discov] _! true mean+4 ,obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 ) :at wisdom1 prud5ce1 & piety ?is important subject is exp\nd$ by a writ] :o 0 n ( ! gold5 era1 b1 on ! contr>y1 :o liv$ 9 :at is g5]ally t]m$ ! b>b>\s age--,/4 ,anselm4 ,9 8 comm5t>ies on ! #ac? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 ?is doctor ?us expresses himself3 ,omnis anima pote/atibus sublimioribus subdita sit4 ,non e/ enim pote/as nisi a ,deo4 ,qu autem sunt1 a ,deo ord9at sunt4 ,itaque qui resi/it pote/ati1 ,dei ord9ationi resi/it4 ,qui autem resi/unt1 ipsi sibi damnationem acquirunt4 ,sicut sup]ius repreh5dit illos1 qui gloriabantur de m]itis1 ita nunc +r$itur illos r$>gu]e1 qui po/quam erant ad fidem conv]si nolebant subjici alicui pote/ati4 ,videbatur enim quod infideles1 ,dei fidelibus non deb]5t dom9>i1 etsi fideles deb]5t esse p>es4 ,quam sup]biam removet1 dic5s3 ,omnis anima1 id e/1 omnis homo1 sit humilit] subdita pote/atibus vel secul>ibus1 vel ecclesia/icis1 sublimioribus se3 hoc e/1 omnis homo sit subjectus sup]positis sibi pote/atibus4 ,a p>te enim majore significat totum hom9em1 sicut rursum a p>te inf]iore totus homo significatur ubi ,propheta dicit3 ,quia videbit omnis c>o salut>e ,dei4 ,et recte admonet1 ne quis ex eo quod 9 lib]tatem vocatus e/1 factusque ,*ri/ianus1 extollatur 9 sup]biam1 et non arbitretur 9 hujus vit it9]e s]v&um esse ord9em suum1 et pote/atibus1 quibus pro tempore r]um temporalium gub]natio tradita e/1 non se putet esse subd5dum4 ,cum enim con/emus ex anima et corpore1 et quamdiu 9 hac vita temporali sumus1 etiam rebus temporalibus ad subsidium ejusdem vit utamur1 oportet nos ex ea p>te1 qu ad hanc vitam p]t9et1 subditos esse pote/atibus1 id e/1 res humanas cum aliquo honore adm9i/rantibus3 ex illa v]o p>te1 qua ,deo cr$imus1 et 9 regnum ejus vocamur1 non debemus subditi esse cuiquam hom9i1 id ipsum 9 nobis ev]t]e cupi5ti1 quod ,deus ad vitam t]nam don>e dignatus e/4 ,si quis ergo putat quoniam ,*ri/ianus e/1 non sibi esse vectigal r$d5dum1 sive tributum1 aut non esse honorem exhib5dum debitum eis qu hc curant pote/atibus1 9 magno errore v]satur4 ,item si quis sic se putat esse subd5dum1 ut etiam 9 suam fidem hab]e pote/atem arbitretur eum1 qui temporalibus adm9i/r&is aliqua sublimitate prcellit1 9 majorem errorem labitur4 ,s$ modus i/e s]v&us e/1 quem ,dom9us ipse prcipit1 ut r$damus ,cs>i qu sunt ,ces>is1 et ,deo qu sunt ,dei4 ,quamvis enim ad illud regnum vocati simus1 ubi nulla erit pote/as hujusmodi1 9 hoc tam5 it9]e conditionem no/ram pro ipso r]um human>um ord9e debemus tol]>e1 nihil simulate faci5tes1 et 9 hoc non tam hom9ibus1 quam ,deo1 qui hoc jubet1 obtemp]antes4 ,itaque omnis anima sit subdita sublimioribus pote/atibus1 id e/1 omnis homo sit subditus primum div9 pote/ati1 de9de mundan4 ,nam si mundana pote/as juss]it quod non debes fac]e1 contemne pote/atem1 tim5do sublimiorem pote/atem4 ,ipsos human>um r]um gradus adv]te4 ,si aliquid juss]it procurator1 nonne faci5dum e/8 ,tam5 si contra proconsulem jubeat1 non utique contemnis pote/atem1 s$ eligis majore s]vire4 ,non h9c debet m9or irasci1 si major prlata e/4 ,rursus si aliquid proconsul jubeat1 et aliud imp]ator1 numquid dubitatur1 illo contempto huic esse s]vi5dum4 ,ergo si aliud imp]ator1 et aliud ,deus jubeat1 quid faciemus8 ,numquid non ,deus imp]atori e/ prf]5dus8 ,ita ergo sublimioribus pote/atibus anima subjiciatur1 id e/1 homo4 ,sive idcirco ponitur anima pro hom9e1 qui secundum hanc disc]nit1 cui subdi debeat1 et cui non4 ,vel homo1 qui promotione virtutem sublimatus e/1 anima vocatur a digniore p>te4 ,vel1 non solum corpus sit subditum1 s$ anima1 id e/1 voluntas3 hoc e/1 non solum corpore1 s$ et voluntate s]viatis4 ,ideo debetis subjici1 quia non e/ pote/as nisi a ,deo4 ,numquam enim posset fi]i nisi op]atione solius ,dei1 ut tot hom9es uni s]vir5t1 quem consid]ant unius secum esse fragilitatis et natur4 ,s$ quia ,deus subditis inspirat timorem et ob$i5di voluntatem1 contigit ita4 ,nec valet quisquam aliquid posse1 nisi div9itus ei datum fu]it4 ,pote/as omnis e/ a ,deo4 ,s$ ea qu sunt1 a ,deo ord9at sunt4 ,ergo pote/as e/ ord9ata1 id e/1 rationabilit] a ,deo disposita4 ,itaque qui resi/it pote/ati1 nol5s tributa d>e1 honorem def]re1 et 8 similia1 ,dei ord9ationi resi/it1 qui hoc ord9avit1 ut talibus subjiciamur4 ,hoc enim contra illos dicitur1 qui se putabant ita deb]e uti lib]tate ,*ri/iana1 ut nulli vel honorem def]r5t1 vel tributa r$d]5t4 ,unde magnum pot]at adv]sus ,*ri/ianam religionem sc&alum nasci a pr9cipibus seculi4 ,de bona pote/ate patet1 quod eam p]fecit ,deus rationabilit]4 ,de mala quoque vid]i pote/1 dum et boni p] eam purgantur1 et mali damnantur1 et ipsa det]ius prcipitatur4 ,qui pote/ati resi/it1 cum ,deus eam ord9av]it1 ,dei ord9ationi resi/it4 ,s$ hoc tam grave peccatum e/1 quod qui resi/unt1 ipsi pro contumacia et p]v]sitate sibi damnationem t]n mortis acquirunt4 ,et ideo non debet quis resi/]e1 s$ subjici4 ,?is rem>kable passage conta9s all--! orig9 ( p[]1 its object1 its duties1 & its limits4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 t ,/4 ,anselm expressly confirms :at ,i h h9t$ 9 ! text on ! subject ( ! wrong mean+ sometimes giv5 9 ! fir/ c5turies to ,*ri/ian lib]ty2 _m imag9+ t ?is lib]ty c>ri$ ) x ! abolition ( ! civil p[]s1 & p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* 7 infidel4 ,he also %[s ! sc&al :i* ?is doctr9e might cause2 ?us expla9+ h[ ! ,apo/les1 )\t attempt+ to attribute to ! civil p[] any extraord9>y & sup]natural orig91 l t ( ! ecclesia/ical p[]1 _h nev]!less p[]ful reasons = inculcat+ t ?is p[] emanates f ,god1 & t :oev] resi/s x1 resi/s ! ord9ance ( ,god4 ,pass+ on to c5turies ne>] our own "t1 we f9d ! same doctr9es 9 ! mo/ em95t comm5tators4 ,cornelius a ,lapide int]prets ! passage ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ! same way z ,/4 ,anselm1 & expla9s1 by ! same reasons1 ! solicitude ) :i* ! ,apo/les recomm5d$ ob$i5ce to ! civil p[]s4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,omnis anima 7omnis homo7 pote/atibus sublimioribus1 id e/ pr9cipibus et magi/ratibus1 qui pote/ate reg5di et imp]&i sunt prditi2 ponitur enim ab/ractum pro concreto2 pote/atibus1 hoc e/ pote/ate prditis1 subdita sit1 scilicet iis 9 rebus1 9 quibus pote/as illa sublimior et sup]ior e/1 habetque jus et jurisdictionem1 puta 9 temporalibus1 subdita sit regi et pote/ati civili1 quod propie hic int5dit ,apo/olus3 p] pote/atem enim1 civilem intelligit2 9 spiritualibus v]o subdita sit ,prlatis1 ,episcopis et ,pontifici4 ,nota4--,pro pote/atibus sublimioribus1 pote/atibus sup]em95tibus vel prcell5tibus1 ut1 ,no/] v]tit1 #a ,pet4 ii41 sive regi quasi prcell5ti1 ,syrus v]tit1 pote/atibus dignitate prditis3 id e/ magi/ratibus secul>ibus1 qui pote/ate reg5di prditi sunt1 sive duces1 sive gub]natores1 sive consules1 prtores1 c4 ,secul>es enim magi/ratus hic intellig]e ,apo/olum patet1 quia 8 solvuntur tributa et vectigalia qu hisce pote/atibus solvi jubet ipse v4 #g1 ita ,sanctus ,basilius de ,con/it4 ,mona/4 c4 #bc4 ,nota4--,ex ,clem5te ,alex&4 lib4 iv4 ,/romatum1 et ,s4 ,aug4 9 ,psal4 cxviii4 cont4 #ca1 ,initio ,ecclesi1 puta tempore ,*ri/i et ,pauli1 rumor erat1 p] ,evangelium politias humanas1 regna et respublicas secul>es ev]ti2 uti jam fit ab hreticis prt5d5tibus lib]tatem ,evangelii3 unde contr>ium doc5t1 et /udiose inculcant ,*ri/us1 cum solvit didra*ma1 et cum jussit ,cs>i r$di ea qu ,cs>is sunt2 et ,apo/oli3 idque ne 9 odium trah]etur ,*ri/iana religio1 et ne ,*ri/iani abut]5tur lib]tate fidei ad omnem malitiam4 ,ortus e/ 8 rumor ex secta ,jud et ,galilorum de qua ,actor4 #e1 9 f9e1 qui pro lib]tate sua tu5da omne dom9ium ,cs>is et vectigal1 etiam morte proposita abnuebant1 de quo ,josephus1 libr4 xviii4 ,antiqu4 #a4 ,qu secta diu int] ,judos viguit2 adeoque ,*ri/us et ,apo/oli 9 ejus suspicionem vocati sunt1 quia orig9e erant ,galili1 et r]um nov>um prcones4 ,hos ,galilos secuti sunt ,judi omnes1 et de facto ,romanis rebell>unt3 quod dic]5t populum ,dei lib]um non deb]e subjici et s]vire infidelibus ,romanis2 ideoque a ,tito excisi sunt4 ,h9c etiam eadem calumnia 9 ,*ri/ianos1 qui orig9e erant et habebantur ,judi1 d]ivata e/3 unde ,apo/oli1 ut eam amoliantur1 spe doc5t pr9cipibus d&um esse honorem et tributum4 ,qu>e octo argum5tis probat 8 ,apo/olus pr9cipibus et magi/ratibus deb]i ob$i5tiam4444 ,8 rationibus probat ,apo/olus ,evangelium1 et ,*ri/ianismum1 regna et magi/ratus non ev]t]e1 s$ firm>e et /abilire3 quia nil regna et pr9cipes ita confirmat1 ac subditorum bona1 ,*ri/iana et sancta vita4 ,adeo1 ut etiam nunc pr9cipes ,japones et ,indi ,g5tiles am5t ,*ri/ianos1 et suis copiam faciant baptismi et ,*ri/ianismi suscipi5di1 quia subditos ,*ri/ianos1 magis quam ,e?nicos1 faciles et obsequ5tes1 regnaque sua p] eos magis firm>i1 pac>i et flor]e exp]iuntur4 ,) reg>d to ! mode 9 :i* civil p[] proce$s f ,god1 ! celebrat$ comm5tator agrees ) ! o!r !ologians4 ,l !m1 he di/+ui%es betwe5 direct & indirect communication1 & takes c>e to def9e ! p>ticul> mean+ ( ! t]m1 div9e orig9 ( p[]1 :5 appli$ to ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,9 8 explanation ( ^! words1 all p[] is f ,god1 he ?us expresses himself3 ,non e/ enim pote/as1 nisi a ,deo2 quasi dic]et pr9cipatus et magi/ratus non a diabolo1 nec a solo hom9e1 s$ a ,deo ejusque div9a ord9atione et dispositione conditi et in/ituti sunt3 eis ergo ob$i5dum e/4 ,nota primo4--,pote/as scul>is e/ a ,deo m$iate2 quia natura et recta ratio1 qu a ,deo e/1 dicat1 et hom9ibus p]suasit prfic]e reipublic magi/ratus1 a quibus regantur4 ,pote/as v]o ecclesia/ica imm$iate e/ a ,deo in/ituta2 quia ,*ri/us ipse ,petrum et ,apo/olos ,ecclesi prfecit4 ,! celebrat$ ,dom ,calmet expla9s ! same passage ) no less le>n+2 he quotes num]\s passages f ! holy ,fa!rs1 %[+ :at ideas ! fir/ ,*ri/ians held on ! subject ( civil p[]1 & h[ calumni\sly !y h be5 accus$ ( be+ ! di/urb]s ( public ord]4 ,omnis anima pote/atibus1 c4 ,p]git hic ,apo/olus doc]e ,fideles vit ac morum (ficia4 ,qu sup]iori capite vidimus1 eo des9unt1 ut bonus ordo et pax 9 ,ecclesia int]que ,fideles s]vetur4 ,hc potissimum spectant ad ob$i5tiam1 quam unusquisque sup]ioribus pote/atibus debet4 ,*ri/ianorum lib]tatem atque a ,mosaicis legibus immunitatem comm5dav]at ,apo/olus2 at ne quis monitis abutatur1 docet hic1 qu debeat esse subditorum subjectio erga ,reges et ,magi/ratus4 ,hoc ipsum gravissime monu]ant primos ,ecclesi discipulos ,petrus et ,jacobus2 repetitque ,paulus ad ,titum scrib5s1 sive ut ,*ri/ianos1 insectantium injuriis undique obnoxios1 9 pati5tia cont9]et1 sive ut vulgi op9ionem del]et1 qua discipuli ,jesu ,*ri/i1 omnes f]me ,galili1 s5t5tiam ,jud ,gaulonit sequi1 et pr9cipum au?oritati repugn>e c5sebantur4 ,omnis anima1 quilibet1 quavis conditione aut dignitate1 pote/atibus sublimioribus subdita sit2 ,regibus1 ,pr9cipibus1 ,magi/ratibus1 iis d5ique quibus legitima e/ au?oritas1 sive absoluta1 sive alt]i obnoxia4 ,nem9em excipit ,apo/olus1 non ,presbyt]os1 non ,prsules1 non ,mona*os1 ait ,!odoretus2 illsa tam5 ,ecclesia/icorum immunitate4 ,tunc solum modo p>]e non debes1 cum aliquid ,div9 ,legi contr>ium imp]atur3 tunc enim prf]5da e/ debita ,deo ob$i5tia2 qu9 tam5 vel arma cap]e adv]sus ,pr9cipes1 vel 9 s$itionem abire liceat4 ,repugn&um e/ 9 iis tantum1 qu ju/itiam1 ac ,dei legem violant2 9 ct]is p>5dum4 ,si imp]av]9t aut idolorum cultum aut ju/iti violationem cum necis vel bonorum jactur int]m9atione1 vitam et =tunas discrim9i objicito1 ac repugnato2 9 reliquis autem obtemp]a4 ,non e/ enim pote/as nisi a ,deo4 ,absolutissima 9 lib]tate conditus e/ homo1 nulli creat rei1 at uni ,deo subditus4 ,nisi mundum invasisset una cum ,adami transgressione peccatum1 mutuam qualitatem lib]tatemque hom9es s]vass5t4 ,at lib]tate abusos damnavit ,deus1 ut p>]5t iis1 quos ipse pr9cipes illis d>et1 ob pnam arroganti1 qua p>es ,conditori effici volu]unt4 ,at1 inquies1 quis nesciat1 quorumdam vet]um ,imp]iorum initia et increm5ta ex injuria atque ambitione pr(ecta4 ,nemrod1 exempli causa1 ,n9us1 ,nabu*odonosor1 aliique quamplures1 an ,pr9cipes erant a ,deo con/ituti8 ,nonne similius v]o e/1 viol5ta ,imp]ia primum exorta esse ab imp]&i libid9e8 lib]orum v]o ,imp]iorum orig9em fuisse hom9um metum1 qui sese imp>es propuls& ext]norum injuri s5ti5tes1 aliquem sibi ,pr9cipem creav]e1 datamque sibi a ,deo naturalem ulcisc5di injurias pote/atem1 vol5tes lib5tesque alt]i tradid]unt8 ,quam v]e igitur docet ,apo/olus1 quamlibet pote/atem a ,deo esse1 eumque esse posit int] hom9es au?oritatis in/itutorem8 ,he po9ts out f\r ways 9 :i* p[] may be said to emanate f ,god1 & x is rem>kable t none ( !m are extraord9>y or sup]natural2 all ( !m s]ve to confirm m & m :at reason & ! v nature ( ?+s tea* u4 ,omn9o ,deus pote/atis autor et causa e/4 ,i4 ,quod1 hom9ibus tacite inspirav]it consilium subjici5di se uni1 a quo def5d]5tur4 ,,ii4 ,quod imp]ia int] hom9es utilissima s9t s]v& concordi1 discipl91 ac religioni4 ,porro quicquid boni e/1 a ,deo ceu fonte pr(iciscit]4 ,,iii4 ,cum pote/as tu5di ab aggressore vitam vel opes1 hom9ibus a ,deo tradita1 atque ab ipsis 9 ,pr9cipem conv]sa1 a ,deo primum prov5iat1 ,pr9cipes ea pote/ate ab hom9ibus donati1 hanc ab ipso ,deo accepisse jure dicuntur2 quamobrem ,petrus humanam creaturam nuncupat1 quam ,paulus pote/atem a ,deo in/itutam3 humana igitur et div9a e/1 v>ia ratione spectata1 uti diximus4 ,,iv4 ,d5ique suprema au?oritas a ,deo e/1 utpote quam ,deus1 a sapi5tibus in/itutam1 probavit4 ,nulla unquam g5s scul>ibus pote/atibus magis p>uit1 quam prim tatis ,*ri/iani1 qui a ,*ri/o ,jesu et ab ,apo/olis edocti1 nunquam ausi sunt ,pr9cipibus a ,provid5tia sibi datis repugn>e4 ,discipulos fug]e tantum jubet ,*ri/us4 ,ait ,petrus1 ,*ri/um nobis exemplum reliquisse1 cum sese ,judicum iniquitate pessime agi passus e/4 ,monet hic ,paulus1 resi/]e te ,dei voluntati1 atque t]n damnationis reum effici1 si pote/ati repugnas4 ',quamvis nimius et copiosus no/] populus1 non tam5 adv]sus viol5tiam se ulciscitur3 patitur1' ait sanctus ,cyprianus4 ',satis virium e/ ad pugnam2 at omnia p]peti ex ,*ri/o didicimus4 ,cui bello non idonei1 non prompti fuissemus1 etiam copiis imp>es1 qui tam lib5t] trucidamur8 si non apud i/am discipl9am magis occidi lic]et1 quam occid]e1' inquit ,t]tullianus4 ',cum nef&a patimur1 ne v]bo quidem reluctamur1 s$ ,deo remittimus ultionem1' scribebat ,lactantius4 ,sanctus ,ambrosius3 'coactus1 repugn>e non novi4 ,dol]e pot]o1 pot]o fl]e1 pot]o gem]e3 abv]sus arma1 milites1 ,go?os quoque2 lacrym me arma sunt4 ,talia enim sunt munim5ta ,sac]dotis4 ,alit] ne debeo nec possum resi/]e4' ,i h said 9 ! text1 t !re 0 to be rem>k$ a s+ul> co9cid5ce ( op9ions on ! orig9 ( society betwe5 ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 depriv$ ( ! light ( fai?1 & ^? ( our days :o h ab&on$ ?is light2 bo? want+ ! only guide1 :i* is ! ,mosaic hi/ory1 h f\nd 9 _! rese>*es aft] ! orig9 ( ?+s1 no?+ m ?an *aos1 9 ! physical z well z 9 ! moral ord]4 ,9 support ( my ass]tion1 ,i w ins]t passages f two celebrat$ m51 9 :i* ! read] w f9d1 ) v little diff]5ce1 ! same language z 9 ,hobbes1 ,r\sseau1 & o!r writ]s ( ! same s*ool4 ,!re 0 a "t1 says ,cic]o1 :5 m5 w&]$ 9 ! fields l ! brutes1 fe$+ on prey l wild bea/s1 decid+ no?+ by reason1 b e ?+ by =ce4 ,no religion 0 !n pr(ess$1 no morality obs]v$2 !re 7 no laws ( m>riage2 ! fa!r c\ld n di/+ui% 8 own *ildr51 & ! possession ( prop]ty by virtue ( pr9ciples ( equity 0 unkn[n4 ,h5ce ! bl9d1 unre/ra9$ passions rul$ tyrannically 9 ! mid/ ( error & ignorance1 & us$ ! p[]s ( ! body = _! gratification z _! mo/ injuri\s satellites4 ,nam fuit quoddam tempus cum 9 agris hom9es passim be/i>um m vagabantur1 et sibi victu f]9o vitam propagabant2 nec ratione animi quidquam1 s$ pl]aque viribus corporis adm9i/rabant4 ,nondum div9 religionis1 non humani (ficii ratio colebatur2 nemo nuptias vid]at legitimas1 non c]tos quisquam inspex]at lib]os2 non jus quabile quid utilitatis hab]et1 accep]at4 ,ita propt] errorem atque inscitiam1 cca ac tem]>ia dom9atrix animi cupiditas ad se expl5dam viribus corporis abutebatur1 p]niciosissimis satellitibus4 7,de ,inv4 #a47 ,! same doctr9e is to be f\nd 9 ,horace3 ,cum proreps]unt primis animalia t]ris1 ,mutum et turpe pecus1 gl&em atque cubilia propt] ,unguibus et pugnis1 de9 fu/ibus1 atque ita porro ,pugnabant armis1 qu po/ fabricav]at usus3 ,donec v]ba1 quibus voces s5susque not>5t1 ,nom9aque inv5]e3 deh9c absi/]e bello1 ,oppida cp]unt munire et pon]e leges1 ,neu quis fur esset1 neu latro1 neu quis adult]4 ,nam fuit ante ,hel5am muli] tet]rima belli ,causa3 s$ ignotis p]i]unt mortibus illi1 ,quos ,v5]em inc]tam rapi5tes1 m f]>um1 ,viribus editior cdebat1 ut 9 grege taurus4 ,jura inv5ta metu inju/i fate>e necesse e/1 ,tempora si fa/osque velis evolv]e mundi1 ,nec natura pote/ ju/o sec]n]e iniquum1 ,dividit ut bona div]sis1 fugi5da pet5dis4 ,satir4 lib4 i4 sat4 #c4 ,:5 m5 fir/ began to crawl ^u ! e>?1 !y 7 only l a h]d ( brute & spee*less animals1 cont5d+ ) _! nails or _! fi/s = a few acorns or = a d54 ,!y aft]w>ds cont5d$ ) /icks & su* arms z exp]i5ce taught !m to inv5t4 ,at l5g? !y discov]$ ! use ( words to express _! ?\ghts2 gradually !y became we>y ( fight+1 & built cities1 & made laws to prev5t !ft1 robb]y1 & adult]y2 =1 be=e ,hel51 wom5 _h be5 ! cause ( t]rible w>s4 ,he :o 0 ! /ronge/1 abus+ 8 p[]1 aft] ! mann] ( brutes1 attack$ ! weak1 l a bull among a subject h]d2 !y ?us cont5d$ = ! favors ( incon/ant ,v5us2 b _! end 0 +lori\s4 ,if y consult ! orig9 ( ?+s1 y w ackn[l$ge t laws h be5 made 9 appreh5sion ( inju/ice4 ,nature enables u to disc]n good f evil1 :at is to be s\ght aft] f :at is to be avoid$1 b %e is incapable ( di/+ui%+ ju/ice f inju/ice4 ,,note #bi1 p4 #caa4 ,conc]n+ ?is "q1 z to ! direct or indirect orig9 ( civil p[]1 x is rem>kable1 t1 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ( ,bav>ia1 ! imp]ial pr9ces solemnly sanction$ ! op9ion t p[] emanates directly f ,god4 ,9 an imp]ial ,con/itution1 publi%$ aga9/ ! ,roman ,pontiff1 !y e/abli%$ ! foll[+ proposition3 ,9 ord] to avoid s great an evil1 we decl>e t imp]ial dignity & p[] proce$ directly f ,god4--,ad tantum malum evit&um1 decl>amus1 quod imp]ialis dignitas et pote/as e/ imm$iate a ,deo solo4 ,t we may =m an idea ( ! _s & t5d5cy ( ?is doctr9e1 let u see :at k9d ( man ?is ,l\is ( ,bav>ia 04 ,excommunicat$ by ,john ,,xxii41 & at a lat] p]iod by ,clem5t ,,vi41 he w5t s f> z to depose ?is latt] ,pontiff1 9 ord] to exalt to ! ,pontifical ,*air ! antipope ,pet]1 = :i* reason ! ,pope1 aft] repeat$ admonitions1 dive/$ him ( 8 imp]ial dignity1 sub/itut+ ,*>les ,,iv4 9 8 /ead4 ,ziegl] ! ,lu!ran1 a zeal\s support] ( direct communication1 9 ord] to expla9 8 doctr9e1 comp>es ! election ( a pr9ce to t ( a m9i/] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! latt]1 says he1 does n receive 8 spiritual au?ority f ! p1 b imm$iately f ,god4 ,f ?is explanation x is evid5t ) h[ mu* reason ,i h said1 t su* a doctr9e t5d$ to place ! temporal & spiritual p[]s on a level1 by mak+ x appe> t ! latt] c\ld n claim1 by reason ( its orig91 any sup]iority ov] ! =m]4 ,i d n mean1 h[ev]1 to ass]t1 t ?is decl>ation1 made 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ( ,bav>ia1 _h directly ?is aim1 s9ce x may r be reg>d$ z a sort ( weapon employ$ aga9/ ! pontifical au?ority1 ! asc5d5cy ( :i* 0 dread$4 ,b x is well kn[n t doctr9es1 besides ! influ5ce result+ imm$iately f !m1 possess a peculi> =ce1 :i* cont9ues to develop itself z opportunities occur4 ,"s "t aft]1 we see ! k+s ( ,engl& def5d]s ( ! religi\s supremacy :i* !y _h j usurp$1 support+ ! proposition advanc$ 9 ! imp]ial ,con/itution4 ,i "k n ) :at f\ndation x c be said t ,ziegl]'s op9ion 0 g5]al be=e ! "t ( ,puff5dorf2 9 consult+ ecclesia/ical & secul> writ]s1 we d n f9d ! lea/ support = su* an ass]tion4 ,let u be j ev5 to our adv]s>ies4 ,ziegl]'s op9ion1 def5d$ by ,boecl] & o!rs1 0 attack$ by c]ta9 ,lu!rans1 among/ o!rs by ,boehm]1 :o obs]ves1 t ?is op9ion is n favorable1 z its p>tisans pret5d1 to ! security ( /ates & pr9ces4 ,to repeat :at ,i h already expla9$ 9 ! text1 ,i d n consid] t ! op9ion ( direct communication1 rightly und]/ood1 is s inadmissible & dang]\s z "s h imag9$2 b z x lay op5 to an evil int]pretation1 ,ca?olic !ologians h done well to combat its t5d5cy to encroa* ^u ! div9e orig9 ( ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,,note #cj1 p4 #cag4 ,i might quote a ?\s& rem>kable passages %[+ ! read] h[ unju/ x is 9 ! enemies ( ! cl]gy to accuse !m ( be+ favorable to despotism4 ,b1 to be brief1 & to sp>e him ! fatigue ( p]us+ s _m texts & quotations1 ,i %all m]ely pres5t to him a specim5 ( ! curr5t op9ions on ?is po9t 9 ,spa9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury1 a few ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,philip ,,ii41 ! mon>* :o is repres5t$ to u z ! p]sonification ( religi\s fanaticism & political tyranny4 ,among ! num]\s books publi%$ at t "t on ^! delicate po9ts1 !re is a v s+ul> "o1 :i* does n appe> to be v well kn[n2 its title is z foll[s3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,/ate & ,*ri/ian ,politics1 = ! use ( ,k+s & ,pr9ces1 & ^? hold+ gov]nm5t appo9tm5ts1 by ,bro!r ,john de ,/e4-,m>ie1 a religi\s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,/4 ,joseph1 ( ! ord] ( our glori\s ,fa!r ,/4 ,francis4 ,?is book1 pr9t$ at ,madrid 9 #afae1 furni%$ ) all ! privileges1 approbations1 & o!r =malities 9 use1 mu/ h be5 well receiv$ at t epo*1 s9ce x 0 repr9t$ at ,b>celona 9 #afaf1 by ,seba/ian de ,cormellas4 ,:o %all say :e!r ?is "w did n inspire ,bossuet ) ! idea ( t intitul$ ,politics d]iv$ f ! v words ( ,scripture8 ,! title is c]ta9ly analog\s1 & ! idea is 9 fact ! same1 al?\gh diff]5tly c>ri$ out4 ,i ?9k1 says ,bro!r ,john de ,/e4-,m>ie1 ,i %all escape all difficulty1 by lay+ be=e k+s 9 ?is "w1 n my own reason+s1 nor ^? af=d$ by em95t philosoph]s & ! records ( pr(ane hi/ory1 b ! words ( ,god & ,8 sa9ts1 & ! div9e & canonical hi/ories1 ^: tea*+ comm&s respect1 & ^: au?ority _c be prejudicial to any "o1 h[ev] p[]ful a sov]eign he may be2 9 fact1 to ^! a ,*ri/ian _c b submit1 s9ce e ?+ 9 !m is dictat$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! au?or ( ^! div9e maxims4 ,if ,i cite examples ( ,g5tile k+s1 if ,i appeal to antiquity1 & adduce passages f philosoph]s unconnect$ ) ! p ( ,god1 ,i %all d s incid5tally only1 & z we resume possession ( :at ( "r belongs to u1 & has be5 unju/ly usurp$ by o!rs4 7,*ap4 #b47 ,! "w is d$icat$ to ! k+4 ,address+ him1 & pray+ him to read x1 & n to all[ himself to be impos$ ^u by ^? :o w\ld dissuade him f its p]usal1 ! good religi\s says1 ) a pleas+ c&or1 ,let no "o tell y t ^! ?+s are metaphysical1 impracticable1 & all b impossible4 ,! foll[+ inscription is plac$ at ! head ( ! #a/ *apt]3 ,ad vos 7,o ,reges7 sunt hi s]mones mei1 ut discatis sapi5tiam et non excidatis3 qui enim cu/odi]9t ju/a ju/e1 ju/ificabuntur3 et qui didisc]9t i/a1 inv5i5t quid respondeant4 7,sap4 #f1 v4 #aj47 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! title ( :i* is1 ,a treatise 9 :i* ! import & def9ition ( ?is ^w commonweal? are briefly discuss$1 we read ^! rem>kable words3 ,s t mon>*y mu/ deg5]ate if x be absolute & )\t re/ra9t 7= p[] & au?ority ?us become unreasonable72 9 all ?+s fall+ "u ! cognizance ( law1 x %\ld be b\nd by ! law2 & 9 special & incid5tal matt]s x %\ld be subject to advice1 f ! connection :i* x ought to h ) ! ari/ocracy1 :i* is its assi/ant1 & =ms a c\ncil ( le>n$ & p[]ful m54 ,)\t ?is wise modification1 mon>*y w create great errors ( gov]nm5t1 w give b little satisfaction1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w cause great discont5t among ! gov]n$4 ,! wise/ & mo/ enlight5$ m5 ( e age h inv>iably consid]$ ?is =m ( gov]nm5t ! be/2 & )\t su* a modification no city or k+dom has ev] be5 consid]$ well gov]n$4 ,good k+s & ! wise/ /atesm5 h always be5 9 favor ( ?is sy/em2 bad k+s1 on ! contr>y1 elat$ by _! p[]1 h pursu$ ! opposite c\rse4 ,h5ce1 if a mon>*1 :oev] he be1 decides by himself1 )\t tak+ advice1 or aga9/ ! advice ( 8 c\ncillors1 he passes ! legitimate b\nds ( mon>*y1 & ev5 :5 8 decisions are =tunate1 he is a tyrant4 ,hi/ory is full ( ^! examples & ( _! disa/r\s consequ5ces2 x w be en\gh to adduce "o only1 t ( ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d1 z relat$ 9 ! #a/ book ( ,livy1 a k+ ^: pride 0 unb\nd$1 & :o1 to r5d] himself absolute1 & to put e ?+ "u 8 feet1 /rove to weak5 ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,s5ate by dim9i%+ ! numb] ( ,s5ators1 ?us arrogat+ to himself an absolute "r ( decision 9 all ! affairs ( ! empire4 ,9 *apt] #b1 9 :i* ! au?or treats ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w k+1 we read z foll[s3 ,we meet "h v opportunely ) ! ?ird mean+ ( ! ^w k+1 :i* is ! same z t ( fa!r2 z we f9d 9 ,g5esis1 :5 ! ,si*emites gave to _! k+ ! "n ( ,abimele*1 :i* means ',fa!r & ,"l4' ,k+s 7 =m]ly /yl$ ! fa!rs ( _! /ates4 ,:5ce ,k+ ,!odoric1 def9+ royal maje/y 7z ,cassiodorus relates71 makes use ( ^! words3 ',pr9ceps et ,pa/or publicus et communis4--,! k+ is ! public & common fa!r ( ! /ate4' ,f ! extreme resemblance betwe5 ! (fice ( a k+ & t ( a fa!r1 ,plato 0 induc$ to call ! k+ ! fa!r ( a family2 & ! philosoph] ,x5ophon says3 ,bonus ,pr9ceps nihil diff]t a bono ,patre4 ,! diff]5ce solely consi/s 9 "o hav+ few & ! o!r a great numb] ( p]sons "u 8 dom9ion4 ,& x is c]ta9ly v reasonable to give k+s ?is title ( fa!r2 = !y ought to be ! fa!rs ( _! subjects & ( _! k+doms1 wat*+ ov] _! welf>e & pres]vation ) ! love & solicitude ( a ,fa!r4 ,royalty1 says ,hom]1 is no?+ else ?an a pat]nal gov]nm5t1 l t ( a fa!r ov] 8 *ildr53 ',ipsum namque regnum imp]ium e/ suapte natura pat]num4' ,! be/ mann] ( gov]n+ well is1 = ! k+ to be possess$ ) ! love ( a fa!r1 & to reg>d 8 subjects at 8 own *ildr54 ,! love ( a fa!r = 8 *ildr51 8 solicitude t !y %\ld want = no?+1 8 devot$ness to ea* ( !m1 all ?is be>s ! greate/ resemblance to ! love ( a k+ = 8 subjects4 ,he is call$ fa!r1 & ?is "n lays him "u ! obligation ( act+ 9 accordance ) ! mean+ x conveys4 ,?is "n1 s well adapt$ to k+s1 & :i*1 :5 well consid]$1 is ! greate/ ( all titles & epi!ts ( maje/y & p[]1 s9ce x embraces all1 ! g5us & ! species1 ! fa!r be+ alone ! "l1 ! ma/]1 or ! *ief2 ?is "n1 ,i say1 is above all human names = express+ au?ority & solicitude4 ,antiquity1 ) a view to conf] ^u an emp]or an extraord9>y degree ( honor1 call$ him ! ,fa!r ( ! ,/ate1 :i* 0 great] ?an ,cs>1 ,augu/us1 or any o!r glori\s "n2 x decre$ him ?is title1 ei!r to flatt] him1 or to lay him "u ! weighty obligations requir$ by ! "n ( fa!r4 ,9 f9e1 to give k+s ?is "n is to rem9d !m ( _! duty1 viz4 to direct1 gov]n1 & ma9ta9 _! /ates & k+doms 9 ju/ice2 l good pa/ors1 to fe$ _! rational %eep2 l physicians1 to c>e = !m & heal !m2 to take c>e ( _! subjects1 z a fa!r does ( 8 *ildr51 ) prud5ce1 love1 & solicitude2 = ! k+ is = !m1 r ?an = himself4 ',k+s are "u great] obligations to _! k+doms & /ates ?an to !mselves2' 9 fact1 if we consid] ! in/itution ( k+s & mon>*s1 we %all f9d t ! k+ 0 appo9t$ = ! good ( ! k+dom1 & n ! k+dom = ! good ( ! k+4 ,9 8 #c;d *apt]1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is ! title1 ,:e!r ! "n ( k+ necess>ily implies an (fice1 he ?us expresses himself3--,besides :at we h advanc$1 x may be prov$ t ! "n ( a k+ is ! "n ( an (fice1 by ! common maxim1 '! b5efice is ! rew>d ( ! (fice4' ,s9ce1 !re=e1 k+s receive su* great b5efices1 n only f ! consid]able tributes !y receive f ! ,/ate1 b also f ! advantage !y d]ive f b5efices & ecclesia/ical r5ts1 !y c]ta9ly d hold an (fice1 & t ! greate/ ( all1 = :i* reason ! entire k+dom s b\ntifully assi/s !m4 ,?is is :at ,/4 ,paul says 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans3 ,ideo et tributa pr/atis1 c4 ,k+doms d n contribute = no?+2 all ^? /ates1 taxes1 & great rev5ues1 t "n1 t high au?ority & em95t dignity1 are n giv5 gratuit\sly4 ,!y w\ld h _! title ( k+ = no?+ if !y _h no subjects to rule & gov]n1 & if !y 7 fre$ f ?is obligation3 ,9 multitud9e populi dignitas regis4 ,?is great dignity1 weal?1 rank1 maje/y1 & honor1 are possess$ by !m ) ! p]petual obligation ( rul+ & gov]n+ _! /ates1 s z to pres]ve !m 9 peace & ju/ice4 ,let k+s be> 9 m9d1 !re=e1 t !y are only inve/$ ) ?is title to s]ve _! k+doms2 & ! latt]1 t k+s ought to be paid4 ,!y hold an (fice requir+ !m to labor3 ,qui pre/ 9 sollicitud9e1 says ,/4 ,paul4 ,su* is ! title & ! "n ( k+1 & ( him :o rules3 "o :o is ! fir/ n only z reg>ds honors & enjoym5ts1 b also z reg>ds c>es & solicitude4 ,let !m n imag9e t !y are k+s m]ely 9 "n & repres5tation1 & appo9t$ only to make !mselves honor$2 m]ely to exhibit _! royal p]son & sov]eign dignity 9 a pomp\s mann]1 l "s ( ! k+s ( ! ,p]sians & ,m$es1 :o 7 m]e %ad[s ( k+s1 =getful ( _! (fice1 z ?\gh !y _h nev] receiv$ x4 ,no?+ is m de/itute ( life & sub/ance ?an ! %ad[y image :i* /irs its arm or its head only :5 "s "o acts ^u x4 ,god =bade ! ,israelites to h /atues or pa9t$ images1 repres5t+ a h& :]e !re 0 none1 & a face t did n exi/1 exhibit+ to ! eye an imag9>y body1 & feign+ by app>5tly liv+ actions to see & to speak2 = ,god loves n feign$ images1 pa9t$ m51 or sculptur$ k+s1 l ^? spok5 ( by ,david3 ,os hab5t et non loqu5tur1 oculos hab5t et non videbunt4 ,:at does x avail to h a tongue t speaks n1 eyes t see n1 e>s t he> n1 or h&s :i* d n "w8 ,is x any ?+ m ?an an idol ( /one1 be>+ only ! ext]nal repres5tation ( a k+8 ,to be> ! supreme "n & all au?ority1 & n to be capable ( any ?+1 s\nds badly4 ,! names :i* ,god has giv5 to ?+s are l ! title ( a book1 :i*1 9 a few words1 conta9s e ?+ t is includ$ 9 ! book4 ,?is "n ( k+ 0 giv5 to k+s by ,god himself1 & conta9s e ?+ to :i* !y are oblig$ by virtue ( _! (fice4 ,if _! actions are n 9 accordance ) ! "n1 x is z if ! m\? %\ld affirm :at ! head d5ies1 l a buffoon1 :om no "o believes 9 e>ne/4 ,e "o w\ld reg>d z a mock]y & a delusion a signbo>d be>+ ! inscription1 ',pure gold sold "h1' if1 9 reality1 no?+ b t9sel 0 sold4 ,! "n ( k+ %\ld n be an empty ?+1 a m]e sup]fluity 9 ! royal p]son--x %\ld be :at x implies & gives itself out =4 ,y\r "n indicates t y rule & gov]n2 rule & gov]n1 !re=e1 9 reality4 ,d n be m]e pa/ebo>d k+s1 to use a common expression1 t is1 k+s 9 "n only4 ,9 ,france1 !re 0 a "t :5 k+s _h no?+ b ! "n1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 entirely 9 ! h&s ( _! g5]als1 :il/ !y1 l animals1 7 occupi$ only ) gluttony & luxuri\s liv+4 ,t x might be kn[n !y 7 liv+1 = !y nev] w5t out1 !y us$ to appe> 9 public once a ye>1 on ! #a/ ( ,may1 9 ! squ>es ( ,p>is1 seat$ on a ?rone1 z k+s 9 a dramatic repres5tation1 & !re !y 7 salut$1 gifts 7 pres5t$ to !m1 & !y1 on _! "p1 grant$ c]ta9 favors to :omsoev] !y ?\ght prop]4 ,9 ord] to %[ to :at a degree ( degradation !y _h fall51 ,eg9>d tells u1 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 ,life ( ,*>lemagne1 t !y 7 devoid ( c\rage & incapable ( great actions2 !y m]ely held ! empty "n ( k+2 =1 9 reality !y 7 n k+s1 nei!r _h !y any p>ticipation 9 ! gov]nm5t or ri*es ( ! k+dom2 e ?+ 0 entru/$ to ! mayors ( ! palace1 /yl$ majors-domo ( ! royal h\sehold2 & ! latt] usurp$ e ?+ to su* a degree1 t !y left ! wret*$ k+ no?+ b 8 title4 ,seat$ on 8 ?rone1 ) 8 long hair & be>d1 ! mon>* play$ 8 "p1 pret5d+ to give audi5ces to ambassadors arriv+ f all p>ts1 & to furni% !m ) answ]s to convey to _! ma/]s2 :il/ 9 reality !y m]ely answ]$ accord+ to ! in/ructions !y _h receiv$1 ei!r by ^w or writ+1 al?\gh !y appe>$ to answ] on _! own responsibility4 ,s t royal p[] = su* a k+ 0 r$uc$ to ! m]e "n1 to ?is ?rone & ?is ridicul\s maje/y2 ! real k+s & ma/]s 7 ^? favorites by :om ! mon>* 0 oppress$4 ,god said ( "o ( ! k+s ( ,sam>ia1 t he 0 m]ely to be comp>$ to a little vapor1 :i*1 se5 f af>1 appe>$ some?+1 b :5 t\*$ 0 no long] any ?+4 ,simia 9 tecto rex fatuus 9 solio suo4 7,/4 ,b]n>d1 de ,consid] ad ,eug4 cap4 #g47 ,a monkey on a h\setop1 :i*1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a man1 is tak5 = su* by ^? :o "k n :at x is2 su* is a useless k+ ^u a ?rone4 ,monkeys also s]ve to amuse *ildr51 & ! k+ is a laugh+-/ock to him :o looks ^u him ap>t f any royal act1 inve/$ ) au?ority1 & mak+ no use ( x4 ,a k+ dress$ 9 purple1 seat$ on a ?rone ) great maje/y1 suit$ to 8 gr&eur1 grave1 sev]e1 & t]rible 9 appe>ance1 b 9 reality an absolute non5tity4 ,l a pa9t+ de la ma9 du ,greco1 :i*1 plac$ 9 an elevat$ position1 & se5 f a di/ance1 looks v beautiful1 & produces a great effect1 b :5 ne>ly approa*$ is b a r\gh sket*4 ,all pomp & maje/y1 prop]ly consid]$1 are a m]e sket* & %ad[ ( a k+4 ,simulacra g5tium1 says ,david1 speak+ ( k+s :o h no?+ b ! "n2 & accord+ to ! ,hebrew text3 ,imago fictilis et contrita4 ,a figure ( p\nd$ e>?1 crumbl+ on all sides2 an empty phantom1 great 9 appe>ance1 b a m]e piece ( deception4 ,! "n :i* ,elifaz unju/ly appli$ to ,job is p]fectly applicable "h1 :5 he designat$ ?is good & j k+1 a man void ( f\ndation & sub/ance1 be>+ only ext]nal appe>ances2 he /yl$ him ,myrmicoleon1 t is1 ! "n ( ! animal :i*1 9 ,lat91 is call$ ,=mica-leo1 because x is a mon/r\s con=mation1 "o half ( its body1 9 fact1 repres5t+ a fe>ful lion1 an animal always us$ z an emblem ( a k+1 & ! o!r half an ant1 t is1 a mo/ feeble & insignificant ?+4 ,su* are ! au?ority1 ! "n1 ?rone1 & maje/y ( a fi]ce lion & ( a p[]ful mon>*2 b z reg>ds ! ess5ce1 y w f9d only t ( an ant4 ,!re h be5 k+s ^: v "n fill$ ! _w ) t]ror2 b ^! k+s 7 void ( sub/ance 9 !mselves1 9 _! k+doms !y 7 z m]e ants2 _! names & (fices 7 v great1 b )\t effect4 ,let ! k+1 !re=e1 be> 9 m9d t he has an (fice to fulfill1 & n only an (fice1 b t he is oblig$ to speak & labor on all (fices1 ( :i* he is ! g5]al sup]9t5d5t4 ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas1 expla9+ t passage ( ,/4 ,paul :i* treats ( episcopal dignity1 say1 t ! ^w bi%op1 9 ,greek1 is compos$ ( two roots signify+ ! same ?+ z sup]9t5d5t4 ,! "n ( bi%op1 k+1 & e o!r sup]ior1 are names signify+ sup]9t5d5ce ov]1 & co-op]ation )1 e (fice4 ,?is is :at is express$ by ! sceptre us$ by k+s 9 public acts1 a c]emony us$ by ! ,egyptians1 :o borr[$ x f ! ,israelites4 ,! latt]1 9 ord] to po9t out ! duty ( a good k+1 pa9t$ an op5 eye plac$ 9 an elevat$ position on ! po9t ( a rod 9 ! =m ( a sceptre1 repres5t+1 on ! "o h&1 ! great p[] ( ! k+1 ! solicitude & vigilance :i* he ought to ex]cise2 on ! o!r1 t he ought n to be satisfi$ ) hold+ ! supreme p[]1 ) occupy+ ! mo/ exalt$ & mo/ em95t position1 &1 9 possession ( ^!1 pass+ 8 life 9 sleep & repose2 on ! contr>y1 he %\ld be ! fir/ 9 comm&+ & c\nsell+1 he %\ld appe> 9 e (fice1 incessantly wat*+ & inspect+1 l a man do+ ! bus9ess 9 :i* he is engag$4 ,j]emiah also und]/&s x 9 ?is s5se1 = :5 ,god ask$ him :at he saw1 he answ]$3 ,virgam vigilantem ego video4 ,?\ ha/ se5 well2 & v]ily ,i tell !e1 t ,i :o am supreme1 w wat* ov] my flock2 ,i :o am a %eph]d1 w wat* ov] my %eep2 ,i :o am a k+ & a mon>*1 w wat* )\t ceas+ ov] all my inf]iors4 ,regem fe/9antem1 says ! ,*aldean1 a k+ :o is 9 ha/e2 =1 al?\gh he has eyes & sees1 if he rema9s 9 repose1 9 8 pleasures & amusem5ts1 if he does n g ab\t f place to place1 if he does n act s z to become acqua9t$ ) all ! good & evil t is go+ on 9 8 k+dom1 he is z ?\gh he did n exi/4 ,let him consid] t he is ! head1 & ev5 ! head ( ! lion1 :i* ev5 9 its sleep keeps its eyes op52 t he is ! rod ) eyes1 t he is ! tor*2 let him op5 8 eyes1 !re=e1 & sleep no long]1 tru/+ to ^? :o are bl9d$1 & see no bett] ?an moles2 :o1 if !y h eyes1 only employ !m to see _! own int]e/1 & to di/+ui% at a great] di/ance :at may conduce to _! own pr(it & aggr&izem5t4 ,su* p]sons h eyes = !mselves1 & x w\ld be bett] if !y _h !m n1 = _! eyes are ^? ( birds ( prey--( vultures4 ,9 8 f\r? *apt]1 ! title ( :i* is1 ,on ! (fice ( k+s1 ! au?or ?us expla9s ! orig9 ( royal p[] & its obligations3--,f ?is x foll[s1 says he1 t ! in/itution ( ! /ate ( royalty1 or k+1 repres5t$ by ! head1 0 n m]ely = ! use & pr(it ( ! k+ himself1 b = t ( 8 :ole k+dom4 ,h5ce he ought to see1 he>1 feel1 & und]/&1 n only by himself & = himself1 b by all & = all4 ,he ought n m]ely to fix 8 reg>ds ^u 8 own greatness1 b on ! good ( 8 subjects1 s9ce x is = !m1 & n = himself1 t he 0 born a k+4 ,adv]te1 said ,s5eca to ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 rempublicam non esse tuam1 s$ te reipublic4--,:5 m5 fir/ issu$ f solitude1 & unit$ to live 9 common1 !y knew t e "o w\ld naturally labor = himself or 8 own family1 & t no "o w\ld take an int]e/ 9 all2 !y agre$ to select a man ( great m]it1 t all might h rec\rse to him2 a man :o1 di/+ui%$ above all ! re/ by 8 virtue1 8 prud5ce1 & c\rage1 %\ld be ! *ief ov] all1 %\ld gov]n all1 wat* ov] all1 & %\ld ex]t himself = ! advantage ( all--= ! common weal--l a fa!r = 8 *ildr51 or a %eph]d = 8 %eep4 ,n[1 consid]+ t ?is man1 ab&on+ 8 own affairs to look aft] ^? ( o!rs1 c\ld n ma9ta9 himself & 8 family 7e "o 0 !n ma9ta9$ by ! labor ( 8 h&s71 x 0 agre$ t all %\ld contribute to 8 support1 9 ord] t he might n be di/ract$ by any o!r occupations ?an ^? ( ! common weal & ! public gov]nm5t4 ,su* 0 ! end = :i* k+s 7 in/itut$--su* 0 _! beg9n+4 ,! good k+ ought to be m solicit\s = ! public ?an = 8 own private int]e/4 ,he possesses 8 gr&eur at ! exp5se ( great solicitude2 ! anxiety1 ! disquietude ( m9d & body1 :i* is fatigue = him1 is repose1 support1 & protection = o!rs4 ,?us smil+ fl[]s & fruits1 :il/ !y adorn ! tree1 exi/ n s mu* = ! tree1 nor on acc\nt ( ! tree1 z = ! sake ( o!rs4 ,d n imag9e t all happ9ess is 9 ! beauty & grace ( ! fl[]1 & 9 ^? :o are ! fl[]s ( ! _w3 p[]ful k+s & pr9ces may be t]m$ ! fl[]s ( ! _w1 b fl[]s :o consume _! lives1 :o are full ( solicitude1 & ^: fruit w r contribute to ! enjoym5t ( o!rs ?an to _! own4 ',=1' says ! ,jew ,philo1 '! k+ is to ! k+dom :at ! wise is to ! ignorant man1 :at ! %eph]d is to 8 %eep1 ! fa!r to 8 *ildr51 light to d>kness1 & :at ,god is ^u e>? to all 8 creatures4' ,! inve/iture he gave to ,moses1 :5 he appo9t$ him ! *ief & k+ ov] 8 p1 0 to tell him t he ought to be z ,god1 ! common fa!r ( all2 = ! (fice & dignity ( a k+ require all ?is4 ,omnium domos illius vigila def5dit1 omnium otium illius indu/ria1 omnium vacationem illius occupatio4 7,s5eca1 ,lib4 de ,consol47 ,?is is :at ! prophet ,samuel says to ,saul1 rec5tly elect$ k+1 :5 he exp\nds to him ! obligations ( 8 (fice3 ',consid]1 ,saul1 t ,god has ?is day con/itut$ !e k+ ov] all ?is k+dom2 ?\ art b\nd by ! (fice to gov]n ! :ole ( x4 ,?\ ha/ n be5 made a k+ to enjoy repose1 to become pr\d1 & to glory 9 ! dignity ( a k+2 b to gov]n ?y k+dom1 to ma9ta9 x 9 peace & ju/ice1 to def5d & protect x aga9/ its enemies4' ,rex eligitur1 non1 ut sui ipsius curam habeat1 says ,socrates1 et sese mollit] curet1 s$ ut p] ipsum ii1 qui eleg]unt1 b5e beateque vivant4 ,!y 7 n creat$ & introduc$ into ! _w = _! own conv5i5ce & pleasure or to be f$ ^u e da9ty morsel ( food 7if su* 7 ! case1 no "o w\ld will+ly submit to !m72 b !y 7 appo9t$ = ! advantage & common good ( all _! subjects1 to gov]n !m1 protect !m1 enri* !m1 pres]ve & s]ve !m4 ,all ?is is p]fectly admissible2 = al?\gh ! sceptre & cr[n appe> to be ! emblems ( dom9ation1 ! (fice ( a k+ is1 /rictly speak+1 t ( a slave4 ,s]vus communis1 sive s]vus honoratus1 are words :i* h sometimes be5 appli$ to a k+1 quia a tota republica /ip5dia accipit ut s]viat omnibus4 ,& ! ,supreme ,pontiff glories 9 ?is title1 ,s]vus s]vorum ,dei4 ,9 anci5t times ?is "n ( slave 0 "o ( infamy2 b s9ce ,*ri/ bore x x has become a "n full ( honor4 ,n[1 s9ce x is nei!r repugnant nor d]ogatory to ! ess5ce nor nature ( ! ,son ( ,god1 nei!r c x be d]ogatory to ! nature & gr&eur ( ! k+4 ,antigonus1 k+ ( ,mac$on1 0 p]fectly aw>e ( ?is1 & said c&idly to 8 son1 :5 he rebuk$ him = ! sev]ity ) :i* he gov]n$ 8 subjects3 ,an ignoras1 fili mi1 regnum no/rum nobilem esse s]vitutem8 ,be=e 8 "t ,agamemnon express$ himself 9 ! same mann]3 ',we live app>5tly 9 ! mid/ ( gr&eur & exaltation2 b 9 reality we are ! s]vants & slaves ( our subjects4' ,su* is ! (fice ( good k+s--an honorable s]vitude4 ,f ! mom5t ( _! be+ creat$ k+s1 _! actions no long] dep5d ^u _! own w1 b on ! laws & rules :i* h be5 giv5 !m1 & on ! conditions ^u :i* !y h und]tak5 _! (fice4 ,& al?\gh !y may fail to comply ) ^! conditions 7:i* are ! effects ( a human conv5tion71 !y may n fail to comply ) t dictat$ by natural & div9e law1 ! mi/ress ( k+s z well z ( subjects4 ,n[1 ^! rules are almo/ all includ$ 9 ! words ( ,j]emiah1 :i* ,god1 accord+ to ,/4 ,j]ome1 addresses to k+s on giv+ !m ! comm&3--,facite judicium et ju/itiam1 lib]ate vi oppressum de manu calumniatoris1 et adv5am1 et pupillum1 et viduam nolite contri/>e1 neque opprimatis inique1 et sangu9em innoc5tum non effundatis4 ,su* is ! summ>y ( ! obligations ( a k+2 su* ! laws ( 8 in/itution1 :i* lay him "u ! obligation ( ma9ta9+ 9 peace & ju/ice ! orphan1 ! wid[1 ! poor1 ! ri* & ! p[]ful man1 & him :o c d no?+ = himself4 ,^u him re/ ! wrongs ( 8 m9i/]s t[>ds "s1 ! inju/ice suff]$ by o!rs1 ! sorr[s ( ! afflict$1 ! te>s ( ^? :o weep1 n to m5tion _m o!r burd5s--a flood ( c>es & obligations--impos$ ^u e pr9ce or *ief ( a /ate4 ,= if he is ! head to comm& & gov]n1 & to be> ! burd5s ( o!rs1 he %\ld also be ! feet ^u :i* ! :ole weight ( ! /ate is su/a9$4 ,k+s & mon>*s1 says ! holy man ,job1 z we h se51 be> & c>ry ! _w ^u _! %\ld]s1 on acc\nt ( _! (fice4 ,h5ce ! figure we meet ) 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom3 ,9 ve/e pod]is1 quam habebat summus sac]dos1 totus erat orbis t]r>um4 ,f ! mom5t a man is creat$ k+1 let him consid] himself load$ ) a burd5 s heavy t a /rong c>riage w\ld n support x4 ,moses felt ?is /rongly2 = ,god hav+ made him ,8 vic]oy1 ,8 capta9-g5]al1 ,8 lieut5ant 9 ! gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( return+ ?anks = s di/+ui%$ a favor1 he compla9s t s heavy a burd5 %\ld be plac$ ^u him4 ,cur afflixi/i s]vum tuum8 ,cur imposui/i pondus univ]si populi hujus sup] me8 ,aga91 cont9u+ 8 compla9t1 he says1 ,numquid ego concepi omnem hanc multitud9em8 ,aut g5ui eam1 ut dicas mihi3 ,porta eos8--',"l1 h ,i conceiv$ all ?is multitude1 or begott5 !m1 & ?\ %\ld/ say to me1 ,c>ry !m on ?y %\ld]s8' ,n[1 x is rem>kable t ,god said no?+ ( t to ,moses2 he m]ely tells him to rule & gov]n !m1 to fulfill t[>ds !m ! (fice ( capta9 & *ief4 ,nev]!less1 :at says ,moses8 ,t ,god comm&$ him to be> !m on 8 %\ld]s--,porta eos4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t he has no reason to compla91 s9ce he is m]ely told to be ! capta91 to direct1 rule1 & gov]n4 ,x is a common expression1 ',a ^w to ! wise is suffici5t4' ,he :o kn[s & und]/&s :at x is to gov]n & to be ! *ief1 kn[s also t gov]nm5t & obligation are ! same ?+4 ,! v words reg]e & port>e are synonym\s1 & h ! same mean+3 !re is no gov]nm5t nor employm5t )\t obligation & labor4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( ! (fices :i* ,jacob made among 8 *ildr51 he appo9t$ ,reub5 to be ! fir/ 9 8 inh]itance & ! highe/ 9 comm&--prior 9 donis1 major 9 imp]io4 ,& ,/4 ,j]ome translates major ad port&um1 = comm& & obligation are ! same ?+2 & ! obligation & ! labor are s mu* m consid]able z ! comm& is m exalt$4 ,/4 ,gregory1 9 8 ,morales1 says1 t ! p[]1 dom9ation1 & rule ( k+s ov] ! :ole _w %\ld n be look$ ^u z an honor b z a labor4 ,pote/as accepta non honor1 s$ onus /imatur4 ,& ?is tru? 0 ev] receiv$ by ! bl9de/ among ! ,g5tiles4 ,"o ( !m1 tak+ ! same view ( ! subject1 says1 speak+ ( ano!r ,pagan1 t 8 god ,apollo _h made him all glori\s & happy by ! gift ( a c]ta9 (fice3 ,ltus erat1 mixtoque on]i gaudebat honore4 ,s t p[] & comm& compos$ ( a little honor & weighty obligations4 ,! ,lat9 ^w = honor only diff]s f t = burd5 by "o lett]--onos & onus4 ,besides1 !re always 7 & always w be p]sons will+ to und]take ! responsibility = ! sake ( ! honor1 al?\gh e "o avoids z mu* z possible any ?+ t lays him "u an obligation1 & seeks aft] :at is glori\s2 a dang]\s *oice1 = ! latt] is n always ! mo/ secure4 ,if su* language is tax$ ) flatt]y1 x w\ld be difficult to compreh5d :at is meant by tell+ ! tru?4 ,& obs]ve1 t ! above tru?s are n told )\t reflection2 ! good religi\s takes su* pa9s to inculcate !m1 t 7 x n = ! *ildlike c&or ( 8 language1 :i* discloses ! pure/ ( int5tions1 we might accuse him ( irrev]5ce4 ,?is passage is long1 b exce$+ly int]e/+1 = x fai?fully reflects ! _s ( ! age4 ,innum]able o!r texts might be adduc$ to prove h[ unju/ly ! ,ca?olic cl]gy are accus$ ( be+ favorable to despotism4 ,i _c conclude )\t ins]t+ "h two excell5t passages f ! le>n$ ,fa!r ,fr4 ,f]d9& de ,zeballos1 a religi\s ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,j]ome 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,isidore del ,campo1 & kn[n by a "w intitul$1 ,false ,philosophy1 or ,a!ism1 ,deism1 ,mat]ialism1 & o!r new sects convict$ ( ,/ate ,crimes aga9/ _! ,sov]eigns & ,rul]s1 aga9/ ! ,magi/rates & ,lawful ,au?orities4 ,madrid1 #aggf4 ,obs]ve ) :at tact ! le>n$ writ] appreciates ! influ5ce ( religion ^u society4 7,book ii4 diss]tation #ab1 art4 #b47 ,a mild & mod]ate gov]nm5t is mo/ agreeable to ! _s ( ! gospel4 ,i4 ,"o excell5t & e/imable po9t 9 our holy religion is1 t %e (f]s to human policy1 9 h] important tru?s1 assi/ance 9 pres]v+ good ord] among m5 ) less tr\ble4 ',! ,*ri/ian religion1' says ,montesquieu1 ) mu* tru?1 'is f> remov$ f pure despotism4 ,mildness be+ s /rongly recomm5d$ 9 ! gospel1 x is oppos$ to ! despotic fury ) :i* pr9ces might adm9i/] ju/ice & practise cruelties4' ,?is opposition on ! "p ( ,*ri/ianity to ! cruelty ( ! mon>* %\ld n be active1 b passive & full ( mildness1 :i* ,*ri/ianity c nev] lose sight ( )\t los+ its "*4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians & ! ,calv9i/s & o!r ,prote/ants4 ,basnages & ,jurieu1 9 ! "n ( all _! re=mation1 wrote t x is all[able = ! p to wage w> aga9/ _! pr9ces :5ev] !y are oppress$ by !m1 or _! conduct appe>s tyrannical4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has nev] *ang$ ! doctr9es %e receiv$ f ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,%e loves mod]ation1 %e rejoices 9 good3 b %e does n resi/ evil1 %e ov]comes x by pati5ce4 ,gov]nm5ts e/abli%$ "u ! direction ( false religions _c be satisfi$ ) a mod]ate policy4 ,) !m ! despotism or tyranny ( pr9ces1 ! f]ocity ( p5alties1 ! rigor ( an inflexible & cruel legislation1 are s _m necess>y evils4 ,b :y has x be5 giv5 to ! ,ca?olic religion only to purge human gov]nm5ts f su* inhumanity8 ,fir/1 on acc\nt ( ! =cible impression produc$ by h] dogmas2 secondly1 ?r\gh ! effect ( ! grace ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* r5d]s m5 docile 9 do+ good1 & en]getic 9 combat+ evil4 ,:]ev] false religion pr$om9ates1 & :]e1 9 consequ5ce1 ^! two means ( aid are want+1 ! gov]nm5t is "u ! necessity ( supply+ !m z f> z possible by ef=ts ( a sev]e1 h>%1 & t]ror-inspir+ policy1 9 default ( t virtue :i* ought to exi/ 9 religion to re/ra9 citiz5s4 ,h5ce ! ,ca?olic religion1 by ! influ5ce ( h] dogmas ov] human affairs1 relieves gov]nm5ts f ! necessity ( be+ h>%4 ,9 ,japan1 :]e ! prevail+ religion has no dogmas1 & gives no idea ( heav5 or hell1 laws are made to supply ?is defect--laws r5d]$ useful by ! cruelty ) :i* !y are conceiv$ & ! punctuality ) :i* !y are execut$4 ,9 e society 9 :i* dei/s1 fatali/s1 & philosoph]s h promulgat$ ?is error1 t our actions are unavoidable1 x is impossible to prev5t laws f becom+ m t]rible & sangu9>y ?an any we h kn[n among b>b>ian nations2 = 9 su* a society1 m51 aft] ! mann] ( brutes1 be+ urg$ by palpable motives to d :at !y are comm&$ & omit :at !y are =bidd51 ^! motives1 ) *a/isem5ts1 mu/ be daily m =midable1 9 ord] to avoid los+ f habit ! p[] ( mak+ !mselves felt4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* admirably tea*es & expla9s ! dogmas ( rational lib]ty1 has no ne$ ( an iron rod to gov]n mank9d4 ,! fe> ( ! pa9s ( hell1 :e!r et]nal1 to puni% crimes unrep5t$ (1 or temporal1 to wa% away ! /a9s ( s9s confess$1 relieves judges f ! necessity ( augm5t+ puni%m5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hope ( ga9+ heav51 z a rew>d = laudable actions1 words1 & ?\ghts1 induces m5 to be j1 n only 9 public b also 9 ! secrecy ( ! he>t4 ,:at laws or p5alties w\ld avail gov]nm5ts n possess$ ( ?is dogma ( hell & ( glory1 to make _! citiz5s m5 ( real m]it8 ,mat]iali/s1 d5y+ ! dogma ( a future /ate1 & dei/s1 hold+ out to ! wick$ ! flatt]+ security ( p>adise1 place gov]nm5ts "u ! pa9ful necessity ( arm+ !mselves ) all ! in/rum5ts ( t]ror1 & ( always inflict+ ! mo/ cruel puni%m5ts1 to re/ra9 ! p f de/roy+ "o ano!r4 ,prote/ants h already come to ?is po9t by reject+ ! dogma ( ! et]nity ( hell1 or1 at lea/1 by pres]v+ m]ely ! fe> ( a tempor>y pa94 ,! fir/ re=m]s1 z d',alemb]t obs]ves to ! cl]gy ( ,g5eva1 d5i$ ! doctr9e ( purgatory1 & reta9$ t ( hell2 b ! ,calv9i/s1 & mod]n re=m]s1 by _! limitation ( ! duration ( hell1 leave only :at may be prop]ly t]m$ purgatory4 ,is n ! dogma ( ! la/ judgm5t1 :5 ea* "o's secret (f5ces1 h[ev] small1 %all be expos$ to ! :ole _w1 ( s+ul> efficacy 9 re/ra9+ ! ?\ghts & desires1 & all ! p]v]sity ( ! he>t & ( ! passions8 ,x is evid5t t ?is dogma s f> relieves political gov]nm5ts f ! pa9ful & cont9ual vigilance :i* x w\ld h to ex]cise ov] a t[n 9 :i* ! idea ( ?is judgm5t has p]i%$1 toge!r ) ! ?\ghts :i* x inspires4 ,,ii4 ,!re are c]ta9 ab]rations obs]vable among philosoph]s1 :i* lead u to ?9k t ^! m5 7 possess$ ( "s true disc]nm5t 9 _! lucid mom5ts1 or :il/ !y 7 9 ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,h5ce !y h said1 't religion 0 inv5t$ = a political purpose1 to sp>e sov]eigns ! necessity ( be+ j1 ( mak+ good laws1 & ( gov]n+ well4' ,?is folly1 :i* /&s self-condemn$ :5 we come to speak ( religion previ\sly =m$1 supposes1 nev]!less1 ! tru? we are speak+ (4 ,x is evid5t to e "o1 ev5 to ! philosoph]s ^: extravagant ass]tion we h j adduc$1 t ! ,*ri/ian religion1 by h] dogmas1 is s]viceable to human gov]nm5ts1 & aids 9 mak+ good citiz5s1 ev5 9 ?is _w4 ,yet !y avail !mselves ( ?is v po9t to put =? _! insane malice3 b1 9 reality1 & 9 spite ( !mselves1 !y mean to say1 t ! dogmas ( religion are ( su* s]vice to gov]nm5ts1 & s efficaci\s 9 facilitat+ a great "p ( _! "w1 t !y appe> to be =m$ on purpose1 & accord+ to ! designs ( a magi/rate or a political gov]nm5t4 ,we _c say1 on ?is acc\nt1 t religion alone is suffici5t to gov]n m51 )\t any judicial aid1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! laws & ( p5alties4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is efficacy ( ! dogmas inculcat$ by religion1 we are n ra% & presumptu\s2 we d n reject z sup]flu\s ! (fice ( law & police4 ,we are told by ! ,apo/le1 t = ! j !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ ( laws2 b !re are s _m wick$1 :o1 ?r\gh _! =getfulness ( _! de/9y & ! t]rible judgm5ts ( ,god1 live "u ! exclusive rule ( _! passions1 t x has be5 f\nd necess>y to make laws & in/itute puni%m5ts1 9 ord] to re/ra9 !m4 ,h5ce1 ! ,ca?olic religion does n reject ! wise vigilance ( police1 nor abrogate its (fice2 %e seconds x1 on ! contr>y1 & receives assi/ance f x1 to ! v great advantage ( good gov]nm5ts2 ! p1 ?r\gh its influ5ce1 are rul$ bett]1 & ) less au/]ity & sev]ity4 ,,iii4 ,! second reason :i* r5d]s ! mo/ mild & mod]ate gov]nm5ts suffici5t 9 ,ca?olic ,/ates is1 ! assi/ance :i* ! grace ( ! gospel af=ds = do+ good & avoid+ evil1--an assi/ance imp>t$ by ! use ( ! sacram5ts1 or o!r means employ$ by ! ,_s f above4 ,)\t ?is1 e law is h>%2 ?is unction s(t5s e yoke1 r5d]s e burd5 light4 ,9 8 ?ird article1 ,fa!r ,zeballos repels ! accusation ( despotism ) :i* ! enemies ( mon>*y reproa* x4 ,on ?is occasion he po9ts out ! j limits ( royal au?ority1 & ov]?r[s an argum5t :i* "s p]sons h pret5d$ to f\nd on ! ,scriptures1 = ! exagg]ation ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! ?rone4 ,he expresses himself z foll[s3 ,:5 ! objection1 t ! sov]eign _h ! p[] ( seiz+ ! prop]ty ( e citiz51 0 made aga9/ mon>*y1 x 0 r an argum5t aga9/ ! nature ( despotism ?an aga9/ ! =m ( mon>*ical gov]nm5t4 ',:at does x avail1' says ,!seus 9 ,euripides1 'to amass ri*es = our heirs1 to br+ up our daught]s ) c>e1 if we are to be depriv$ ( ! great] portion ( ^! ri*es by a tyrant1 if our daught]s are to s]ve ! mo/ unruly passions8' ,y p]ceive1 !n cle>ly1 t 9 pret5d+ to argue aga9/ ! (fice ( a mon>*1 x is a tyrant only t is spok5 (4 ,true1 ! frequ5t abuse ( p[] resort$ to by k+s has caus$ ^! names & =ms to be conf\nd$4 ,o!rs h already obs]v$ t ! anci5ts 7 sc>cely acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( true mon>*y2 ?is 0 v natural1 s9ce !y nev] witness$ any ?+ b ! abuse ( x4 ,?is gives me ! opportunity ( mak+ a rem>k ^u ! circum/ance ( ! ,hebrews ask+ to be gov]n$ by k+s4 ',make u a k+ to judge u1 z all nations h1' said !y to ! prophet4 ,samuel saw ) grief ?is levity1 :i* 0 ab\t to cause a total revolution 9 ! gov]nm5t appo9t$ by ,god4 ,nev]!less1 ,god comm&s ! prophet to take no notice ( ?is affront1 :i* 0 pr9cipally (f]$ to ! ,"l2 = !y 7 ab&on+ ,him1 be+ unwill+ t ,he %\ld rule ov] !m any long]4 ',z !y h =sak5 ,me1 & s]v$ /range gods1 s d !y also unto !e1' & ask = k+s l unto ^? ( ! nations4 ,obs]ve :at an intimate connection always exi/s betwe5 a *ange ( gov]nm5t & a *ange 9 religion1 especially :5 ! *ange is f a true to a false "o4 ,b :at is p>ticul>ly des]v+ ( notice is1 ! acquiesc5ce grant$ to ! p's dem&4 ,!y wi% to be rul$ by k+s1 exactly z all o!r nations 74 ,! ,"l *a/ises _! _s ( revolt by leav+ !m to _! desires4 ,he comm&s ,samuel to comply ) _! reque/1 b to po9t out to !m1 at ! same "t1 ! rights ( ! k+ :o 0 to rule ov] !m l unto ! nations1 & said3 ',?is w be ! "r ( ! k+ t %all reign ov] y3 he w take y\r sons1 & w put !m 9 8 *>iots1 & w make !m 8 horsem51 & 8 runn+ footm51 to run be=e 8 *>iots2 & he w appo9t !m to be 8 tribunes1 & 8 c5turions1 & to pl\gh 8 fields1 & to reap 8 corn1 & to make him arms & *>iots4 ,y\r daught]s also w he take to make him o9tm5ts1 & to be 8 cooks & bak]s2 & he w take y\r fields1 & y\r v9ey>ds1 & y\r be/ olive-y>ds1 & give !m to 8 s]vants4 ,moreov]1 he w take ! t5? ( y\r corn1 & ( ! rev5ues ( y\r v9ey>ds1 to give to 8 eunu*s & s]vants4 ,y\r s]vants also1 & h&-maids1 & y\r goodlie/ "y m51 & y\r asses1 he w take away1 & put !m to 8 "w4 ,y\r flocks also he w ti!1 & y %all be 8 s]vants2 & y %all cry out 9 t day f ! face ( ! k+ :om y h *os5 to y\rselves2 & ! ,"l w n he> y 9 t day1 because y desir$ unto y\rselves a k+4 ,& ! p w\ld n he> ! voice ( ,samuel1 & !y said1 ,nay1 b !re %all be a k+ ov] u1 & we also w be l all nations4' 7#a/ ,k+s1 *ap4 viii41 f v]se #aa to middle ( v]se #bj inclusively47 ,"s p]sons1 be+ det]m9$ to ext5d ! p[] ( k+s beyond its limits1 draw f ^! words ! =mula ( royal "r4 ,a bl9d pret5sion1 & reflect+ little honor on legitimate mon>*s su* z ! ,ca?olic sov]eigns4 ,unless a p]son wi%es kn[+ly to deceive himself on ?is portion ( ! ,scripture1 or is bl9d1 he may see by ! context1 & by comp>+ ?is passage ) o!rs1 t x is n legitimate "r t is "h meant1 b de facto "r4 ,i mean to say1 t ! ,holy ,_s does n expla9 :at j mon>*s ought to d2 b :at _h be5 done1 & 0 /ill done1 by ! k+s ( ,pagan nations1 m]e tyrants1 & commonly s call$4 ,obs]ve1 t ! p dem&$ no?+ b to be plac$ on an equality ) ! ,pagan nations 9 a political po9t ( view4 ,!y _h n ! prud5ce to dem& a k+ su* z he ought to be1 b su* z 0 common 9 ^? days2 & ?is 0 :at ,god grant$ !m4 ,if ,god1 z ! prophet obs]ves1 has sometimes giv5 ! p k+s 9 ,8 wra?1 :at p 7 m des]v+ ( ?is ?an ^? :o _h ab&on$ ,god himself1 & refus$ to be rul$ by ,him8 ,inde$1 ,god did *a/ise ,8 p sev]ely by grant+ !m _! fooli% dem&4 ,he did give !m a k+1 b a k+ :o 0 to ex]cise :at1 accord+ to ! p]v]se cu/om ( ! times1 =m$ ! royal "r describ$ 9 ! sacr$ text j quot$4 ,:at man 9 our days1 conv]sant ) :at has be5 writt5 ^u ! diff]5t natures ( gov]nm5ts1 ^u _! abuse1 & )\t ev5 und]/&+ :at is said 9 ! ,scriptures1 c\ld imag9e t ! text ( ,samuel conta9s ! legitimate =m ( royalty or ( mon>*y8 ,does ?is p[] imp>t ! "r ( seiz+ ! prop]ty ( ! subjects1 _! l&s1 _! ri*es1 _! sons & daught]s1 & ev5 _! natural lib]ty8 ,is ?is ! model ( a mon>*y1 or ( ! mo/ tyrannical despotism8 ,to dispel e illusion on ?is po9t1 we ne$ only comp>e ) :at we h j read ! #ba/ *ap4 ( ! ?ird ,book ( ,k+s1 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ,nabo?1 an inhabitant ( ,jezrael1 is n>rat$4 ,a*ab1 ! k+ ( ,israel1 wi%$ to enl>ge ! palace1 or pleasure-h\se :i* he possess$ 9 t t[n4 ,a v9ey>d ( ,nabo?'s1 ne> ! palace1 came )9 ! plan ( ! g>d5s t 7 to be add$4 ,! k+ did n seize x at once1 ( 8 own au?ority1 b ask$ ! proprietor to let him h x on ! hone/ condition ( pay+ him ! price at :i* he %\ld value x1 or giv+ him a bett] 9 ano!r place4 ,nabo? w\ld n cons5t to ?is1 because x 0 ! inh]itance ( 8 ance/ors4 ,! k+1 n be+ accu/om$ to meet ) a refusal1 ?rew himself ^u 8 c\* oppress$ ) grief2 ! que51 ,jezabel1 came1 & told him to calm 8 agitation3 ',?y au?ority is great inde$1' said %e to him2 ,gr&is au?oritatis es3 %e promises to put him 9 possession ( ! v9ey>d4 ,?is abom9able woman wrote to ! judges ( ,jezrael to comm5ce an action aga9/ ,nabo? = a calumny1 to be prov$ aga9/ him by two suborn$ witnesses2 & %e dem&$ t he %\ld be condemn$ to dea?4 ,! que5 0 obey$2 ,nabo? 0 /on$ to dea?4 ,all ?is 0 necess>y t ! v9ey>d might ent] into ! royal treasury1 & t1 wat]$ by ! blood ( ! proprietor1 x might produce fl[]s = ! palace ( ^! pr9ces4 ,b1 9 reality1 x produc$ none1 nei!r = ! k+ nor = ! que52 x furni%$ !m ) no?+ b bri>s & mortal poisons4 ,elias pres5ts himself be=e ,a*ab :5 he 0 go+ to take possession ( ,nabo?'s v9ey>d2 he ann\nces to him t he1 & all 8 h\se1 ev5 to ! dog t approa*e? ! wall1 %all be eras$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,y look ^u royal "r z expla9$ to ! p by ,samuel z legitimate2 tell me1 !n :y ,a*ab & ,jezabel are s sev]ely puni%$ = tak+ ! v9ey>d & ! life ( ,nabo?1 s9ce ! k+ _h a "r to take f 8 subjects _! mo/ valuable v9ey>ds & olive trees1 accord+ to ! decl>ation ( ! prophet4 ,if ,a*ab possesses ?is "r aft] he is e/abli%$ ! k+ ( ! p ( ,god1 :5ce comes x t he1 s viol5t a pr9ce1 %\ld entreat ,nabo? ) s mu* civility8 ,& :y is x necess>y to accuse ,nabo? ( "s calumny8 ,8 resi/ance to ! k+'s "r1 by refus+ to accept ! j value ( :at 0 suitable to ! enl>gem5t ( ! palace & g>d5s1 w\ld h be5 a suffici5t motive = in/itut+ an action aga9/ him4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ,nabo? committ$ no inju/ice aga9/ ! k+ by refus+ to sell 8 patrimony1 n ev5 9 ! e/imation ( ! que51 :o boa/$ ( h] husb&'s great au?ority4 ,?is great au?ority1 :i* ,jezabel admitt$ 9 ! k+1 0 nei!r m nor less ?an ! royal "r spok5 ( by ,samuel to ! p2 x 01 z ,i h said1 a de facto "r to take & seize ^u e ?+ by m]e =ce1 z ,montesquieu says ( ! tyrant4 ,d n !re=e1 m5tion ?is passage1 nor any o!r ( ! ,scriptures1 to ju/ify ! idea ( a gov]nm5t s ill-conceiv$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic religion is atta*$ to legitimate mon>*y1 ) its suitable *>act]i/ics1 & 9 accordance ) ! qualities :i* mod]n publici/s recognise1 viz4 z a pat]nal & sov]eign p[]1 b con=mable to ! fundam5tal laws ( ! /ate4 ,)9 limits s suitable1 no?+ c be m regul> ?an ?is p[]1 ! mo/ ext5sive ( all temporal p[]s1 & t :i* is mo/ favor$ & support$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,su* is ! horrible despotism taught by ^! m5 s basely calumniat$6 ,happy ! p :o are rul$ by a pr9ce ^: gov]nm5t is regulat$ by ^! doctr9es6 ,,note #ca1 p4 #ccj4 ,! importance ( ! matt] treat$ ( 9 ?is "p ( my "w obliges me to ins]t "h1 at "s l5g?1 passages prov+ ! tru? ( :at ,i h advanc$4 ,i did n ?9k x advisable to give a translation ( ! ,lat9 passages1 t ,i might avoid augm5t+ excessively ! numb] ( pages2 besides1 among ! p]sons :o may wi% to make !mselves ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 & :o w consequ5tly take an int]e/ 9 consult+ ! orig9al texts1 !re are few ignorant ( ! ,lat9 language4 ,obs]ve h[ ,/4 ,?omas expresses himself on royal p[]1 & ) :at solid & g5]\s doctr9e he po9ts out its duties 9 ! ?ird book1 *ap4 #aa1 ( 8 treatise ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum4 ,,divus ,,?omas4 ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum1 lib] iii4 caput ,,xi4 ,hic ,sanctus ,doctor decl>at de dom9io regali1 9 quo consi/it1 et 9 quo diff]t a politico1 et quo modo di/+uitur div]simodo secundum div]sas rationes4 ,nunc autem ad regale dom9ium e/ proc$5dum1 ubi e/ di/+u5dum de ipso secundum div]sas regiones1 et pr\t a div]sis v>ie inv5itur traditum4 ,et primo quidem1 9 ,sacra ,scriptura alit] leges regalis dom9ii traduntur 9 ,deut]onomio p] ,moys51 alit] 9 #a ,regum p] ,samuelem prophetam1 ut]que tam5 9 p]sona ,dei diff]5t] ord9at regem ad utilitatem subditorum1 quod e/ proprium regum1 ut ,philosophus tradit 9 #h e?ic4 ,cum1 inquit1 con/itutus fu]it rex1 non multiplicabit sibi equos1 nec r$ucet populum 9 gyptum1 equitatus num]o sublevatus1 non habebit uxores plurimas1 qu alliciant animam ejus1 neque arg5ti1 aut auri imm5sa pond]a3 quod quidem qualit] habet intelligi1 supra traditur 9 hoc lib4 describetque sibi ,deut]onomium legis hujus1 et habebit secum1 legetque illud omnibus diebus vit su1 ut discat tim]e dom9um ,deum suum1 et cu/odire v]ba ejus et cremonias1 et ut videlicet possit populum dirig]e secundum legem div9am1 unde et rex ,salomon 9 pr9cipio sui regim9is hanc sapi5tiam a ,deo petivit1 ad directionem sui regim9is pro utilitate subditorum1 sicut scribitur 9 #c lib4 ,regum4 ,subdit v]o dictus ,moyses 9 eodem lib4 ,nec elevetur cor ejus 9 sup]fluum sup] fratres suos1 neque decl9et 9 p>tem dext]am1 vel s9i/ram1 ut longo tempore regat ipse et filius ejus sup] ,israel4 ,s$ 9 primo ,regum1 traduntur leges regni1 magis ad utilitatem ,regis1 ut supra patuit 9 lib4 #b hujus op]is1 ubi ponuntur v]ba omn9o p]t95tia ad conditionem s]vilem1 et tam5 ,samuel leges quas tradit cum s9t p5itus despotic dicit esse regales4 ,philosophus autem 9 #h e?ic4 magis concordat cum primis legibus4 ,tria enim ponit de rege 9 eo4 #d1 videlicet1 quod ille legitimus e/ rex qui pr9cipalit] bonum subditorum int5dit4 ,item1 ille rex e/1 qui curam subditorum habet1 ut b5e op]5tur quemadmodum pa/or ovium4 ,ex quibus omnibus manife/um e/1 quod juxta i/um1 modum despoticum multum diff]at a regali1 ut idem ,philosophus videtur dic]e 9 #a politic4 ,item1 quod regnum non e/ propt] regem1 s$ rex propt] regnum1 quia ad hoc ,deus providit de eis1 ut regnum regant et gub]n5t1 et unumquemque 9 suo jure cons]v5t3 et hic e/ f9is regim9is1 quod si ad aliud faciunt 9 seipsos commodum retorqu5do1 non sunt reges s$ tyranni4 ,contra quos dicit ,dom9us 9 ,eze*4 ,v pa/oribus ,israel1 qui pascunt semetipsos4 ,nonne greges pascuntur a pa/oribus8 ,lac com$ebatis1 et lanis op]iebam9i1 et quod crassum erat occidebatis3 gregem autem meum non pascebatis3 quod infirmum fuit1 non consolida/is1 et quod grotum non sana/is1 quod confractum non alliga/is1 quod abjectum non r$uxi/is1 et quod p]i]at non qusi/is2 s$ cum au/]itate imp]abatis eis et cum pot5tia4 ,9 quibus v]bis nobis suffici5t] =ma regim9is traditur r$>gu5do contr>ium4 ,amplius autem regnum ex hom9ibus con/ituitur1 sicut domus ex p>ietibus1 et corpus humanum ex membris1 ut ,philos4 dicit 9 #c politic4 ,f9is ergo regis e/1 ut regim5 prosp]etur1 quod hom9es cons]v5tur p] regem4 ,et h9c habet commune bonum cujuslibet pr9cipatus p>ticipationem div9 bonitatis3 unde bonum commune dicitur a ,philosopho 9 #a e?ic4 esse quod omnia appetunt1 et esse bonum div9um1 ut sicut ,deus qui e/ rex regum1 et dom9us dom9antium1 cujus virtute pr9cipes imp]ant1 ut probatum e/ supra1 nos regit et gub]nat non propt] seipsum1 s$ propt] no/ram salutem3 ita et reges faciant et alii dom9atores 9 orbe4 ,,note #cb1 p4 #ccf4 ,i h notic$ ! op9ion ( ,d4 ,felix ,amat1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,palmyra1 ) respect to ! ob$i5ce due to de facto gov]nm5ts4 ,i h rem>k$1 t ?is writ]'s pr9ciples1 besides be+ false1 are oppos$ to ! rights ( ! p4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,palmyra appe>s to h be5 at a loss to discov] a maxim to :i* x is possible to con=m "u all circum/ances t may occur1 & :i* d occur b too (t54 ,he dread$ ! obscurity & confusion ( ideas :5 ! legitimacy ( a giv5 case 0 to be def9$2 he wi%$ to rem$y an evil1 b he appe>s to h aggravat$ x to an extraord9>y degree4 ,obs]ve h[ he sets =? 8 op9ion 9 8 "w entitl$ ,idea ( ! ,*ur* ,militant1 *ap4 iii4 art4 #b3 ,! m ,i reflect1 says he1 on ! difficulties ,i h j po9t$ out1 ! m ,i am conv9c$ t x is impossible to resolve !m1 ev5 ^? :i* are anci5t1 ) any degree ( c]ta9ty2 & x is equally impossible to d]ive any light f !m to aid u 9 resolv+ ^? :i* are =m$ at ! pres5t day by ! /ruggle betwe5 ! prevail+ _s ( insubord9ation 9 opposition to ! judgm5t & w ( ! gov]nor1 & ! contr>y ef=t made to limit m & m ! lib]ty ( ^? :o obey4 ,/>t+ f ! div]s po9ts & notions t ,i h laid d[n relative to ! supreme p[] 9 all really civil societies1 x appe>s to me1 t1 in/ead ( los+ "t 9 m]e speculative discussions1 x w be m useful to propose a practical1 j1 & opportune maxim = ! pres]vation ( public tranquillity1 especially 9 ,*ri/ian k+doms & /ates1 & = af=d+ ! means ( re-e/abli%+ x :5 x has be5 tr\bl$ or de/roy$4 ,! ,maxim4--,no "o c d\bt ! legitimacy ( ! obligation ( e memb] ( any civil society :atev] to obey ! gov]nm5t :i* is de facto & unque/ionably e/abli%$4 ,i say 'unque/ionably e/abli%$1' because !re is "h no "q ( a m]e invasion or tempor>y occupation 9 "t ( w>4 ,f ?is maxim foll[ two consequ5ces3 #a/1 to take "p 9 insurrections1 or assemblages ( p1 address+ !mselves to ! con/itut$ au?orities ) a view to compel !m to grant :at !y consid] unju/1 is always an act contr>y to "r reason2 always unlawful1 condemn$ by ! natural law & by ! ,gospel4 #b;dly1 individual memb]s ( society1 :o comb9e toge!r & take up arms1 9 small or l>ge numb]s1 = ! purpose ( attack+ ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t by physical =ce1 are always guilty ( rebellion1 a crime /rongly oppos$ to ! _s ( our div9e religion4 ,i w n "h repeat :at ,i h already said on ! uns\ndness1 ! inconv5i5ces1 & ! dang]s ( su* a doctr9e1 b m]ely add1 t ) respect to gov]nm5ts only e/abli%$ de facto1 to grant !m ! "r ( comm&+ & exact+ ob$i5ce involves a contradiction4 ,to say t a de facto gov]nm5t is b\nd1 :il/ x does exi/1 to protect ju/ice1 to avoid crimes1 to prev5t ! dissolution ( society1 is m]ely to ma9ta9 tru?s univ]sally admitt$1 & d5i$ by no "o2 b to add1 t x is unlawful1 & contr>y to our holy religion1 to comb9e toge!r & raise =ces = ! ov]?r[ ( a de facto gov]nm5t1 is a doctr9e :i* ,ca?olic !ologians h nev] pr(ess$1 :i* true philosophy has nev] admitt$1 & :i* no nation has ev] obs]v$4 ,,note #cc1 p4 #cdc4 ,i ins]t "h c]ta9 rem>kable passages f ,/4 ,?omas & ,su>ez1 9 :i* ^! au?ors expla9 ! op9ions to :i* ,i h allud$ 9 ! text1 respect+ ! diff]5ces :i* may arise betwe5 gov]nors & ! gov]n$4 ,i ref] to :at ,i h already po9t$ out 9 ano!r place2 we are n ab\t to exam9e s mu* :e!r su* or su* doctr9es are true1 z to discov] :at 7 ! doctr9es at ! "t we are speak+ (1 & :at op9ion ! mo/ di/+ui%$ doctors =m$ on ! delicate que/ions ( :i* we are treat+4 ,d4 ,,?omas4 7#b4 #b4 ,q4 #db4 art4 #bo ad t]tium4--,utrum s$itio sit semp] peccatum mortale87 #c4 ,arg4 ,laudantur qui multitud9em a pote/ate tyrannica lib]ant1 s$ hoc non de facili pote/ fi]i s9e aliqua diss5sione multitud9is1 dum una p>s multitud9is nititur ret9]e tyrannum1 alia v]o nititur eum abjic]e1 ergo s$itio pote/ fi]i s9e peccato4 ,ad t]tium dic5dum2 quod regim5 tyrannicum non e/ ju/um quia non ord9atur ad bonum commune1 s$ ad bonum privatum reg5tis ut patet p] ,philosophum2 et ideo p]turbatio hujus regim9is non habet rationem s$itionis1 nisi =te qu&o sic inord9ate p]turbatur tyranni regim51 quod multitudo subjecta majus detrim5tum patitur ex p]turbatione consequ5ti quam ex tyranni regim9e2 magis autem tyrannus s$itiosus e/1 qui 9 populo sibi subjecto discordias et s$itiones nutrit1 ut tutius dom9>i possit2 hoc enim tyrannicum e/1 cum sit ord9atum ad bonum proprium prsid5tis cum multitud9is nocum5to4 ,c>d9alis ,cayetanus 9 hunc textum4 ,quis sit autem modus ord9atus p]turb&i tyrannum et qualem tyrannum1 puta secundum regim5 tantum1 vel secundum regim5 et titulum1 non e/ prs5tis int5tionis3 sat e/ nunc1 quod utrumque tyrannum licet ord9ate p]turb>e absque s$itione qu&oque2 illum ut bono reipublic vacet1 i/um ut expellatur4 ,,lib4 ,i4 ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum4 7,cap4 x47 ,quod rex et pr9ceps /ud]e debet ad bonum regim5 propt] bonum sui ipsius1 et utile quod inde sequitur1 cujus contr>ium sequitur regim5 tyrannicum4 ,tyrannorum v]o dom9ium diuturnum esse non pote/1 cum sit multitud9i odiosum4 ,non pote/ enim diu cons]v>i1 quod votis multorum repugnat4 ,vix enim a quoquam prs5s vita transigitur qu9 aliquas adv]sitates patiatur4 ,adv]sitatis autem tempore occasio deesse non pote/ contra tyrannum insurg5di2 et ubi adsit occasio1 non de]it ex multis vel unus qui occasione non utatur4 ,insurg5tem autem populus votive prosequitur3 nec de facili c>ebit effectu1 quod cum favore multitud9is att5tatur4 ,vix ergo pote/ cont+]e1 quod tyranni dom9ium prot5datur 9 longum4 ,hoc etiam manife/e patet1 si quis consid]et unde tyranni dom9ium cons]vatur4 ,non n4 cons]vatur amore1 cum p>va1 vel nulla sit amicitia subject multitud9is ad tyrannum ut ex prhabitis patet3 de subditorum autem fide tyrannis confid5dum non e/4 ,non n4 inv5itur tanta virtus 9 multis1 ut fidelitatis virtute reprimantur1 ne indebit s]vitutis jugum1 si poss9t1 excutiant4 ,=tassis autem nec fidelitati contr>ium reputabitur secundum op9ionem multorum1 si tyrannic nequiti qualit]cumque obvietur4 ,re/at ergo ut solo timore tyranni regim5 su/5tetur2 unde et tim]i se a subditis tota int5tione procurant4 ,timor autem e/ debile fundam5tum4 ,nam qui timore subduntur1 si occurrat occasio qua poss9t impunitatem sp]>e1 contra prsid5tes insurgunt eo ard5tius1 quo magis contra voluntatem ex solo timore cohibebantur4 ,sicut si aqua p] viol5tiam includatur1 cum aditum inv5]it1 impetuosius fluit4 ,s$ nec ipse timor c>et p]iculo1 cum ex nimio timore pl]ique 9 desp]ationem incid]9t4 ,salutis autem desp]atio audact] ad qulibet att5t&a prcipitat4 ,non pote/ igitur tyranni dom9ium esse diuturnum4 ,hoc etiam non m9us exemplis1 quam rationibus app>et4 ,,lib4 ,i4 ,,cap4 ,,vi4 ,conclusio2 quod regim5 unius simplicit] sit optimum2 o/5dit qualit] multitudo se debet hab]e circa ipsum1 quia auf]5da e/ ei occasio ne tyrannizet1 ei quod etiam 9 hoc e/ tol]&us propt] majus malum vit&um4 ,quia ergo unius regim5 pr elig5dum e/1 quod e/ optimum1 et cont+it ipsum 9 tyrannidem conv]ti1 quod e/ pessimum1 ut ex dictis patet1 labor&um e/ dilig5ti /udio1 ut sic multitud9i provideatur de rege1 ut non incidat 9 tyrannum4 ,primum autem e/ necess>ium1 ut talis conditionis homo ab illis ad quos hoc spectat (ficium1 promoveatur 9 regem1 quod non sit probabile 9 tyrannidem decl9>e4 ,unde ,samuel ,dei provid5tiam erga in/itutionem regis comm5dans1 ait1 #a ,regum xiii43 ,qusivit sibi ,dom9us1 virum secundum cor suum3 de9de sic dispon5da e/ regni gub]natio1 ut regi jam in/ituto tyrannidis subtrahatur occasio4 ,simul etiam sic ejus temp]etur pote/as1 ut 9 tyrannidem de facili decl9>e non possit4 ,qu quidem ut fiant1 insequ5tibus consid]&um erit4 ,demum v]o cur&um e/1 si rex 9 tyrannidem div]t]et1 qualit] posset occuri4 ,et quidem si non fu]it excessus tyrannidis1 utilius e/ remissam tyrannidem tol]>e ad tempus1 quam tyrannum ag5do multis implic>i p]iculis1 qu sunt graviora ipsa tyrannide4 ,pote/1 n4 cont+]e ut qui contra tyrannum agunt prval]e non poss9t1 et sic provocatus tyrannus magis desviat4 ,quod si prval]e quis possit adv]sus tyrannum1 ex hoc ipso prov5iunt multoties gravissim diss5siones 9 populo1 sive dum 9 tyrannum insurgitur1 sive po/ dejectionem tyranni erga ord9ationem regim9is multitudo sep>atur 9 p>tes4 ,cont+it etiam ut int]dum dum alicujus auxilio multitudo expellit tyrannum1 ille pote/ate accepta tyrannidem arripiat1 et tim5s pati ab alio quod ipse 9 alium fecit1 graviori s]vitute subditos opprimat4 ,sic enim 9 tyrannide solet cont+]e1 ut po/]ior gravior fiat quam prc$5s1 dum prc$5tia gravam9a non des]it1 et ipse ex sui cordis malitia nova excogitat3 unde ,syracusis quondam ,dyonisii mortem omnibus desid]antibus1 anus qudem ut incolumnis et sibi sup]/es esset1 cont9ue orabat3 quod ut tyrannus cognovit1 cur hoc fac]et int]rogavit4 ,tum illa1 puella1 inquit1 exi/5s cum gravem tyrannum hab]emus1 mortem ejus cupiebam1 quo int]fecto1 aliquantulum durior successit2 ejus quoque dom9ationem f9iri magnum exi/imabam1 t]tium te importuniorem hab]e cpimus rectorem2 itaque si tu fu]is absumptus1 det]ior 9 locum tuum succ$et4 ,et si sit intol]abilis excessus tyrannidis1 quibusdam visum fuit1 ut ad =tium virorum virtutem p]t9eat tyrannum int]im]e1 seque pro lib]atione multitud9is expon]e p]iculis mortis3 cujus rei exemplum etiam 9 vet]i ,te/am5to habetur4 ,nam ,ajo? quidam ,eglon regem ,moab1 qui gravi s]vitute populum ,dei premebat1 sica infixa 9 ejus femore int]emit1 et factus e/ populi judex4 ,s$ hoc ,apo/olic doctr9 non congruit4 ,docet n4 nos ,petrus1 non bonis tantum et mode/is1 v]um etiam discolis ,dom9is rev]5t] subditos esse4 #b ,petr4 ii4 ,hc e/ enim gratia1 si propt] consci5tiam ,dei su/9eat quis tri/itias pati5s inju/e3 unde cum multi ,romani ,imp]atores fidem ,*ri/i p]sequ]5tur tyrannice1 magnaque multitudo tam nobilium1 quam populi esset ad fidem conv]sa1 non resi/5do1 s$ mortem pati5t] et armati su/95tes pro ,*ri/o laudantur1 ut 9 sacra ,!borum legione manife/e app>et2 magisque ,ajo? judic&us e/ ho/em int]emisse1 quam populi rectorem1 licet tyrannum2 unde et 9 vet]i ,te/am5to leguntur occisi fuisse hi qui occid]unt ,joas regem ,juda1 quamvis a cultu ,dei rec$5tem1 eorumque filiis res]vatis secundum legis prceptum4 ,esset autem hoc multitud9i p]iculosum et ejus rectoribus1 si privata prsumptione aliqui att5t>5t prsid5tium necem etiam tyrannorum4 ,pl]umque enim hujusmodi p]iculis magis exponunt se mali quam boni4 ,malis autem solet esse grave dom9ium non m9us regum quam tyrannorum1 quia secundum s5t5tiam ,salomonis3 ,dissipat impios rex sapi5s4 ,magis igitur ex hujus prsumptione imm9]et p]iculum multitud9i de amissione regis1 quam rem$ium de subtractione tyranni4 ,videtur autem magis contra tyrannorum svitiam non privata prsumptione aliquorum1 s$ auctoritate publica proc$5dum4 ,primo quidem1 si ad jus multitud9is alicujus p]t9eat sibi provid]e de rege1 non inju/e ab eadem rex in/itutus pote/ de/itui1 vel refrn>i ejus pote/as1 si pote/ate regia tyrannice abutatur4 ,nec put&a e/ talis multitudo infidelit] ag]e tyrannum de/itu5s1 etiamsi eidem 9 p]petuo se ante subjec]at3 quia hoc ipse m]uit 9 multitud9is regim9e se non fidelit] g]5s1 ut exigit regis (ficium1 quod ei pactum a subditis non res]vetur4 ,sic ,romani ,t>qu9ium sup]bum quem 9 regem suscep]ant1 propt] ejus et filiorum tyrannidem a regno ejec]unt sub/ituta m9ori1 scilicet consul>ia pote/ate4 ,sic etiam ,domitianus1 qui mode/issimis ,imp]atoribus ,vespasiano patri1 et ,tito fratri ejus success]at1 dum tyrannidem ex]cet1 a s5atu ,romano int]emptus e/1 omnibus qu p]v]se ,romanis fec]at p] ,s5atusconsultum ju/e et salubrit] 9 irritum revocatis4 ,quo factum e/1 ut beatus ,joannes ,evangeli/a dilectus ,dei discipulus1 qui p] ipsum ,domitianum 9 ,pa?mos insulam fu]at exilio relegatus1 ad ,ephesum p] ,s5atusconsultum remitt]etur4 ,si v]o ad jus alicujus sup]ioris p]t9eat multitud9i provid]e de rege1 spect&um e/ ab eo rem$ium contra tyranni nequitiam4 ,sic ,ar*elai1 qui 9 ,juda pro ,h]ode patre suo regn>e jam cp]at1 pat]nam malitiam imitantis1 ,judis contra eum qu]imoniam ad ,ces>em ,augu/um def]5tibus1 primo quidem pote/as dim9uitur1 ablato sibi regio nom9e1 et m$ietate regni sui int] duos fratres suos divisa3 de9de cum nec sic a tyrannide compesc]etur a ,tib]io ,ces>e relegatus e/ 9 exilium apud ,lugdunum ,galli civitatem4 ,quod si omn9o contra tyrannum auxilium humanum hab]i non pote/1 recurr5dum e/ ad regem omnium ,deum1 quid e/ adjutor 9 opportunitatibus 9 tribulatione4 ,ejus enim pot5ti sube/1 ut cor tyranni crudele conv]tat 9 mansuetud9em1 secundum ,salomonis s5t5tiam4 ,prov]b4 xii4 ,cor regis 9 manu ,dei quocumque volu]it incl9avit illud4 ,ipse enim regis ,assu]i crudelitatem1 qui ,judis mortem p>abat1 9 mansuetud9em v]tit4 ,ipse e/ qui ita ,nabu*odonosor1 crudelem regem conv]tit1 quod factus e/ div9 pot5ti prdicator4 ,nunc igitur1 inquit1 ego ,nabu*odonosor laudo1 et magnifico1 et glorifico regem cli1 quia op]a ejus v]a et vi ejus judicia1 et gradi5tes 9 sup]bia pote/ humili>e4 ,dan4 iv4 ,tyrannos v]o quos reputat conv]sione indignos1 pote/ auf]re de m$io vel ad infimum /atum r$uc]e1 secundum illud ,sapi5tes ,eccles4 x4 ,s$em ducum sup]borum de/ruxit ,deus1 et s$]e fecit mites pro eis4 ,ipse enim qui vid5s afflictionem populi sui 9 gypto1 et audi5s eorum clamorem ,ph>aonem tyrannum dejecit cum ex]citu suo 9 m>e2 ipse e/ qui memoratum ,nabu*odonosor prius sup]bi5tem non solum ejectum de regni solio1 s$ etiam de hom9um consortio1 9 similitud9em be/i commutavit4 ,nec enim abreviata manus ejus e/1 ut populum suum a tyrannis lib]>e non possit4 ,promittit enim populo suo p] ,isaiam1 requiem se daturum a labore et confusione1 ac s]vitute dura1 qua ante s]vi]at1 et p] ,eze*4 xxxiv4 dicit3 ,lib]abo meum gregem de ore eorum pa/orum1 qui pascunt seipsos4 ,s$ ut1 hoc b5eficium populus a ,deo consequi m]eatur1 debet a peccatis cess>e1 quia 9 ultionem peccati div9a p]missione impii accipiunt pr9cipatum1 dic5te ,dom9o p] ,osee xiii43 ,dabo tibi regem 9 furore meo1 et 9 ,job4 xxxiv4 dicitur1 quod regn>e facit hom9em hypocritam propt] peccata populi4 ,toll5da e/ igitur culpa1 ut cesset a tyrannorum plaga4 ,,su>ez4 7,disp4 #ac4 ,de ,bello4 sect4 #h4--,utrum s$itio sit intr9sece mala87 ,s$itio dicitur bellum commune intra eamdem ,rempublicam1 quod g]i pote/1 vel int] duas p>tes ejus1 vel int] ,pr9cipem et ,rempublicam4 ,dico primo3 ,s$itio int] duas p>tes ,reipublic semp] e/ mala ex p>te aggressoris3 ex p>te v]o def5d5tis se ju/a e/4 ,hoc secundum p] se e/ notum4 ,primum o/5ditur3 quia nulla c]nitur ibi legitima auctoritas ad indic5dum bellum2 hc enim residet 9 supremo ,pr9cipe1 ut vidimus sect4 #b4 ,dices1 int]dum pot]it ,pr9ceps eam auctoritatem conc$]e1 si magna necessitas publica urgeat4 ,at tunc jam non c5setur aggr$i p>s ,reipublic1 s$ ,pr9ceps ipse2 sicque nulla erit s$itio de qua loquimur4 ,s$1 quid si illa ,reipublic p>s sit v]e (f5sa ab alia neque possit p] ,pr9cipem jus suum obt9]e8 ,respondeo1 non posse plus effic]e1 quam possit p]sona privata1 ut ex sup]ioribus con/>e facile pote/4 ,dico secundo3 ,bellum ,reipublic contra ,pr9cipem1 etiamsi aggressivum1 non e/ intr9sece malum2 hab]e tam5 debet conditiones ju/i alias belli1 ut hone/etur4 ,conclusio solum habet locum1 qu&o ,pr9ceps e/ tyrannus2 quod duobus modis cont+it1 ut ,cajet4 n4 #b4 #b4 q4 #fd articulo primo ad t]tium3 primo si tyrannus sit quoad dom9ium1 et pote/atem3 secundo solum quoad regim54 ,qu&o priori modo accidit tyrannus1 tota ,respublica1 et quodlibet ejus membrum jus habet contra illum2 unde quilibet pote/ se ac ,rempublicam a tyrannide v9dic>e4 ,ratio e/2 quia tyrannus ille aggressor e/1 et inique bellum movet contra ,rempublicam1 et s+ula membra2 unde omnibus competit jus def5sionis4 ,ita ,cajetanus eo loco1 sumique pote/ ex ,d4 ,?om4 9 secundo1 di/9ctione #dd1 qu/ione secunda1 articulo secundo4 ,de po/]iori tyranno idem docuit ,joann4 ,hus1 imo de omni iniquo sup]iore2 quod damnatum e/ 9 ,concilio ,con/ant4 ,sessione #h et #ae4 ,unde c]ta v]itas e/1 contra hujusmodi tyrannum nullam privatam p]sonam1 aut pote/atem imp]fectam posse ju/e mov]e bellum aggressivum1 atque illud esset propie s$itio4 ,probatur1 quoniam ille1 ut supponitur1 v]us e/ ,dom9us3 inf]iores autem jus non hab5t indic5di bellum1 s$ def5d5di se tantum2 quod non habet locum 9 hoc tyranno3 namque ille non semp] s+ulis facit injuriam1 atque si invad]5t1 id solum poss5t effic]e1 quod ad suam def5sionem suffic]et4 ,at v]o tota ,respublica posset bello insurg]e contra ejusmodi tyrannum1 neque tunc excit>etur propia s$itio 7hoc siquidem nom5 9 malam p>tem sumi consuevit74 ,ratio e/3 quia tunc tota ,respublica sup]ior e/ ,rege3 nam1 cum ipsa d$]it illi pote/atem1 ea conditione d$isse c5setur1 ut politice1 non tyrannice reg]et1 alias ab ipsa posset deponi4 ,e/ tam5 obs]v&um1 ut ille v]e1 et manife/e tyrannice agat2 concurrantque ali conditiones ad hone/atem belli positas4 ,lege ,divum ,?omum #a de regim9e ,pr9cipum1 cap4 #f4 ,dico t]tio3 ,bellum ,reipublic contra ,regem neutro modo tyrannum1 e/ propiissime s$itio1 et intr9sece malum4 ,e/ c]ta1 et inde con/at3 quia dee/ tunc et causa ju/a1 et pote/as4 ,ex quo etiam e contr>io con/at1 bellum ,pr9cipis contra ,rempublicam sibi subditam1 ex p>te pote/atis posse esse ju/um1 si ads9t ali conditiones2 si v]o des9t1 inju/um omn9o esse4,e ,e ,an extract f ,bell>m9e de ,romano ,pont4 is "h omitt$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,li/5 to ! language ( ,p4 ,m>quez 9 ,spa91 9 ! s-call$ despotic times3 x is well kn[n t 8 "w intitul$ ,el ,gob]nador ,cri/iano 0 n "o ( ^? obscure books :i* are nev] widely circulat$2 x met ) su* success t x w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions1 z well 9 ,spa9 z 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,i w give ! title at l5g?1 & ,i w add1 at ! same "t1 a note ( ! editions publi%$ at diff]5t epo*s1 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 9 diff]5t languages1--a note :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! edition ( ,madrid 9 #aggc4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,magi/rate 7,el ,gob]nador ,cri/iano71 accord+ to ! ,life ( ,moses1 ! ,rul] ( ! ,p ( ,god1 by ! ,r4 ,p4 ,m4 ,j4 ,r4 ,john ,m>quez1 ,o4 ,s4 ,a41 prea*] to 8 ,maje/y ,k+ ,philip ,,iii41 ,exam9] ( ! ,holy ,(fice ( ! ,inquisition1 & ,ev5+ ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,salamanca4 ,new & six? edition1 ) p]mission4 ,madrid1 #aggc4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,magi/rate1 compos$ at ! reque/ & 9 honor ( ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,duke ( ,f]ia1 fir/ publi%$ at ,salamanca1 9 ! ye> #afab2 a second edition 9 ! same t[n 9 #afai2 a ?ird edition at ,alcala 9 #afcd1 & a f\r? at ,madrid 9 #afdj2 ! fif? edition 0 publi%$ out ( ,spa91 at ,brussels1 9 #affd4 ,?is is ! ma/]piece among works ( ?is nature :i* h be5 writt5 among u4 ,fa!r ,m>t9 ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ( ! ,ord] ( ,cteaux1 translat$ ?is "w into ,italian1 & _h x pr9t$ at ,naples1 9 #afdf4 ,x 0 also translat$ into ,fr5* by ,m4 de ,virion1 c\nsellor to ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 & x 0 pr9t$ at ,nancy 9 #afba4 ,,book ,i4 ,,*ap4 #h4 ,we h n[ to answ] ! contr>y objections4 ,we ma9ta9 t nei!r ! div9e nor ! natural law has giv5 to /ates ! p[] ( arre/+ ! progress ( tyranny by means s viol5t z t ( %$d+ ! blood ( pr9ces1 !y be+ ! vic>s ( ,god1 div9ely inve/$ ) ! "r ( life & dea? ov] o!r m54 ,b s f> z resi/+ _! cruelty is conc]n$1 x is inconte/able t x may & ought to be done4 ,!y are n to be obey$ 9 any ?+ oppos$ to ! law ( ,god2 we mu/1 !re=e1 escape f _! wick$ comm&s1 & prev5t _! bl[s1 z ,jona?an did ) reg>d to ,saul1 8 fa!r1 :5 he saw him take 8 spe> to smite ,david1 & :51 ris+ f ! table1 he w5t 9 se>* ( ! latt]1 & w>n$ him ( 8 dang]4 ,x is also sometimes all[able to resi/ pr9ces by =ce ( arms1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f execut+ notori\sly ra% & cruel det]m9ations2 =1 accord+ to ! words ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ?is is n to excite s$ition1 b to /op & prev5t x4 ,t]tullian affirms ! same ?+ :5 he says3 ',illis nom5 factionis accommod&um e/1 qui 9 odium bonorum et proborum conspirant1 cum boni1 cum pii congregantur1 non e/ factio dic5da1 s$ curia4' ,?is is ! reason :y ! bless$ ,/4 ,h]m5egildus1 a glori\s ,spani% m>tyr1 took up arms & ent]$ ! field aga9/ ,k+ ,leovigildus1 an ,arian1 to resi/ ! great p]secution direct$ by ?is pr9ce aga9/ ! ,ca?olics4 ,?is fact is relat$ by ! contempor>y hi/orians4 ,true1 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs condemns ?is act ( our k+-m>tyr1 n = hav+ resi/$ 8 sov]eign1 b because ! =m] 0 bo? 8 k+ & 8 fa!r3 & he ma9ta9s t al?\gh he 0 a h]etic1 8 son ought n to h resi/$ him4 ,?is reply1 h[ev]1 is n well f\nd$1 z ,b>onius obs]ves4 ,moreov]1 ! au?ority ( ?is ,gregory 0 combat$ by ano!r ,gregory1 great] ?an he1 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 :o1 9 ! preface to 8 book ( ,morales1 approves ( ! embassy ( ,le&]1 s5t to ,con/ant9ople by ,/4 ,h]m5egildus1 to solicit ! aid ( ,tib]ius aga9/ ,leovigildus1 8 fa!r4 ,x is indubitable t h[ev] /rong may be ! obligation ( filial piety1 t ( religion is /ill /rong]4 ,! latt] obliges u to sacrifice e ?+ if x be necess>y2 & x is on acc\nt ( cases ( ?is nature1 t x is writt5 ( ! tribe ( ,levi3 ',qui dix]unt patri suo et matri su1 nescio vos1 et fratribus suis ignoro vos1 nesci]unt filios suos4' ,su* 0 ! conduct ( ! ,levites :5 !y took up arms1 by ! comm& ( ,moses1 to puni% _! relations = ! s9 ( idolatry4 ,if ! pr9ce %\ld g s f> z p]sonally to make an attempt ^u ! life ( ! subject :o has no o!r means ( def5d+ himself ?an kill+ him1--z :5 ,n]o1 p>ad+ ! /reets ( ,rome1 foll[$ by a troop ( arm$ m51 attack$ ! quiet & unsuspect+ citiz5s2 ,i say1 t 9 su* a case x w\ld be all[able to kill him2 = if x is true1 z ,fr4 ,dom9ic de ,soto obs]ves1 t ! subject 9 ?is extremity is to suff] himself to be kill$1 & s pref] ! mon>*'s life to 8 own1 x is solely 9 ! case :5 ! dea? ( ! mon>* w\ld give rise to great tr\bles & civil w>s 9 ! /ate2 9 any o!r case x w\ld be mon/r\sly inhuman to =ce m5 to a ?+ s insupportable4 ,b :5 ! subject's prop]ty is m]ely to be def5d$ aga9/ ! cupidity ( ! mon>*1 x %\ld n be all[able to lay h&s on him2 = x is a privilege grant$ to pr9ces by div9e & human laws1 t _! blood %all n be spilt = any outrage :i*1 committ$ by any o!r violator ( private prop]ty1 w\ld be a suffici5t motive = tak+ away 8 life4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! life ( ! k+ is ! s\l & bond ( ! /ate2 t x is ( m importance ?an ! prop]ty ( individuals2 t x is bett] to tol]ate grievances ( ?is nature1 ?an to de/roy ! head ( ! /ate4 ,,note #cd1 p4 #cdh4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! means employ$ at ?is epo* to limit ! p[] ( ! mon>*1 by =m+ associations1 :e!r among ! p !mselves1 or betwe5 ! p1 ! gr&ees1 & ! cl]gy1 ,i ins]t "h ! lett]1 or ,*>t] ( ,frat]nity 7,h]m&ad71 :i* ! k+doms ( ,leon & ,galicia made ) ,ca/ile4 ,i h extract$ ?is piece lit]ally f ! collection intitul$ ,bull>ium ord9is militi sancti ,jacobi ,gloriosissimi ,hispani>um patroni1 p4 #bbc4 ,x w prove to u ! exi/5ce already1 at a remote epo* ( our hi/ory1 ( a lively in/9ct = lib]ty1 al?\gh ideas 7 /ill limit$ to a second>y ord]4 #a4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god & ( ! bless$ ,virg94 ,am54 ,be x kn[n to all ^? :o %all read ?is lett]1 t on acc\nt ( ! innum]able acts ( inju/ice1 injuries1 de$s ( viol5ce1 murd]s1 imprisonm5ts1 insol5t refusals ( audi5ce1 opprobriums1 & o!r outrages )\t measure1 committ$ aga9/ u by ! k+ ,d4 ,alphonso1 to ! contempt ( ,god1 ( ju/ice1 ( "r1 & to ! great detrim5t ( all ^! k+doms2 we1 ! infantes1 ! prelates1 ! ri* m51 ! c\ncils1 ! ord]s1 ! knights ( ! k+doms ( ,leon & ,galicia1 see+ ourselves ov]:elm$ ) inju/ice & ill-treatm5t1 z we h /at$ above1 & f9d+ x insupportable2 our "l ! infante ,don ,san*o has ?\ght good & appo9t$ t we %\ld be ( "o m9d & ( "o he>t1 he ) u & we ) him1 to ma9ta9 our laws1 our privileges1 & our *>t]s1 9 our usages1 our mann]s1 our lib]ties1 & fran*ises1 :i* we enjoy$ "u k+ ,don ,alphonso1 8 great-gr&fa!r1 ! conqu]or at ! battle ( ,m]ida1 & "u k+ ,don ,f]d9&1 8 gr&fa!r2 "u ! emp]or & all ! o!r k+s ( ,spa91 _! pr$ecessors2 & "u ! k+ ,don ,alphonso1 8 fa!r1--all pr9ces :o h be/ m]it$ our gratitude2 & our said "l ! infante ,don ,san*o has b\nd u to ?is effect by oa? & promise1 z x is c]ta9 by lett]s betwe5 him & u4 ,consid]+ t x is agreeable to ! s]vice ( ,god1 ( ! bless$ ,virg91 ( ! c\rt ( ,heav51 to ! def5ce & honor ( ! holy ,*ur*1 ( ! infante ,don ,san*o1 & ( ! k+s :o %all succe$ him1 9 f9e1 to ! advantage ( ! :ole c\ntry1 we orda9 & e/abli% frat]nity 7h]m&ad71 n[ & = ev]1 we ! :ole ( ! k+doms above nam$1 ) ! c\ncils ( ! k+dom ( ,ca/ile1 ) ! infantes1 ! ri* m51 ! hidalgos1 ! prelates1 ! ord]s1 ! knights1 & all o!rs :o are 9 ?is k+dom1 & :o are will+ to be ) u1 z x has j be5 said4 #b4 ,be x kn[n to !m1 t we w insure to our "l ! infante ,don ,san*o1 & to all o!r k+s :o %all succe$ him1 all _! rights1 all _! suz]a9ty1 :olly & entirely1 z we h promis$1 & z !y are conta9$ 9 ! privilege :i* he has giv5 u to ?is effect4 ,ju/ice %all cont9ue to be decre$ by ! suz]a9ty4 ,! ,m>t9iega,f %all be paid 9 ! place & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 cu/om>y to pay x1 accord+ to "r1 to ,don ,alphonso1 ! conqu]or at ! battle ( ,m]ida4 ,! money,g %all be paid at ! end ( sev5 ye>s 9 ! usual place & mann]1 ! k+s n enjo9+ ! co9+ ( money4 ,! repa/ 7yant>7,h %all be tak5 9 ! place 9 :i* x 0 usual = ! k+s to take x1 accord+ to ! fu]o1 once a ye>1 :ile visit+ ! v place1 z x 0 giv5 to ! k+ ,don ,alphonso1 8 great-gr&fa!r1 & to ! k+ ,don ,f]d9&1 8 gr&fa!r4 ,! fonsad]a1,i :5 ! k+ is ) ! army1 9 ! cu/om>y place1 accord+ to ! fu]o & "r 9 ! days ( ! above-nam$ k+s1 gu>antee+ to ea* ! privileges1 *>t]s1 lib]ties1 & fran*ises app]ta9+ to u4 ,f ,tribute t 0 paid on ,/4 ,m>t9's day4 ,g ,ano!r tribute4 ,h ,a tribute = ! k+'s repa/ dur+ 8 j\rneys4 ,i ,tribute = ma9ta9+ ! dit*es ( ! ca/les 9 ,ca/ile1 & ! armies4 #c4 ,be x kn[n to !m moreov]1 t we w ma9ta9 all our rights1 usages1 cu/oms1 privileges1 *>t]s1 all our lib]ties & fran*ises1 always & 9 su* a mann]1 t %\ld ! k+1 ! infante ,don ,san*o1 or ! k+s :o %all succe$ !m1 or any ( ! lords1 alcades1 m]9os1 or any o!r p]sons1 attempt to infr+e ^u !m1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 9 any way or at any "t1 we w unite into "o entire :ole1 & in=m ! k+1 ! infante ,don ,san*o1 or ^? :o %all succe$ !m1 ( ! nature ( our compla9t1 & ask !m if !y are will+ to re=m2 & if n1 we w unite into "o entire body to def5d & protect ourselves1 z x is orda9$ 9 ! *>t] grant$ u by ! infante ,don ,san*o4 #d4 ,moreov]1 be x kn[n to !m t no memb] ( ?is h]m&ad %all be *a/is$1 & no?+ %all be tak5 f him contr>y to "r & ! cu/om ( ! place1 9 ! c\ncils ( ! said h]m&ad2 & x %all n be all[able to take f him m ?an is dem&$ by ! fu]o1 9 ! place 9 :i* he %all be4 #e4 ,we prote/1 t if an alcade1 a m]9o1 or any o!r p]son1 on ! au?ority ( a lett] ( ! k+1 ( ! infante ,don ,san*o1 by 8 comm&1 or t ( ! k+s :o %all succe$ him1 %all kill a man ( our h]m&ad )\t he>+ him & judg+ him accord+ to law1 t we1 ! h]m&ad1 w take away 8 life = su* an act4 ,& if we _c arre/ him1 he %all be decl>$ an enemy to ! h]m&ad2 e memb] ( ! h]m&ad :o %all h conceal$ him %all fall "u ! p5alty ( p]jury & felony1 & %all be treat$ 9 8 turn z an enemy to ?is h]m&ad4 #f4 ,we decl>e1 moreov]1 t ! port-duties %all be paid by u only 9 con=mity to ! rights & usages ( ! times ( ,don ,alphonso1 or ! k+ ,don ,f]d9&1 & ! c\ncils ( ! h]m&ad w n p]mit any p]son to receive !m beyond ?is measure4 #g4 ,moreov]1 no infante or ri* man %all be a m]9o or gr& bailiff 9 ! k+doms ( ,leon & ,galicia4 ,nei!r c ^! functions be ex]cis$ by an infanon1 or a knight hav+ notori\sly a great numb] ( knights or o!r m5 ( ! c\ntry 9 vassalage2 nei!r c !y be ex]cis$ by a /rang] to ! c\ntry4 ,& we s w x1 because su* 0 ! cu/om 9 ! days ( ! k+ ,don ,alphonso & ( ! k+ ,don ,f]d9&4 #h4 ,all ^? :o may wi% to appeal f ! judgm5t ( ! k+1 or ( ,don ,san*o1 or ( o!r k+s :o %all succe$ him1 may d s2 !y %all h rec\rse to ! book ( ! ,fu]o ,juzgo1 9 ! k+dom ( ,leon1 z 0 usual 9 ! days ( ! k+s :o prec$$ ?is4 ,t if ! "r ( appeal be refus$ to any :o may wi% to invoke x1 we1 on our "p1 w act accord+ to ! injunctions conta9$ 9 ! *>t]s grant$ u by ,don ,san*o4 #i4 ,t we may gu>antee & execute all ! acts ( ?is h]m&ad1 we make a seal ( two plates1 be>+ ! foll[+ impressions3 ^u "o ( ! plates1 ! figure ( a lion2 & ^u ! o!r1 ! figure ( ,/4 ,james on horseback1 ) a sword 9 8 "r h&2 9 8 left1 a /&>d ) a cross at ! top1 & %ells4 ,! inscription %all be ?us express$3 ',! ,seal ( ! ,h]m&ad ( ! ,k+doms ( ,leon & ,galicia4' ,?is seal %all be affix$ to ! docum5ts :i* %all be requir$ by ?is h]m&ad4 #aj4 ,we ! :ole h]m&ad ( ,ca/ile1 make a promise & r5d] homage to all ! h]m&ad ( ! k+doms ( ,leon & ,galicia1 t we w assi/ ea* o!r well & loyally to keep & ma9ta9 e "o ( ! above-nam$ ?+s4 ,t if we fail to d s1 we are traitors = ?is alone1 l him :o slays 8 "l or surr5d]s a ca/le2 & may we nev] 9 t case h ei!r h&s1 or tongues1 or arms to protect ourselves4 #aa4 ,b le/ !re %\ld be any d\bt ab\t ! pact we are n[ mak+1 9 ord] t ?is pact may be = ev] inviolate1 we seal ?is lett] ) ! two seals ( ! h]m&ad ( ,ca/ile1 ,leon1 & ,galicia1 & place x 9 ! h&s ( ,d4 ,p$ro ,nunez1 & ! ,ord] ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john1 :o are unit$ ) u 9 ?is h]m&ad4 ,giv5 at ,valladolid1 ! #h? day ( ,july1 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,spa9 _h pass$ ?r\gh _m c5turies )\t kn[+ ( any o!r religion ?an ! ,ca?olic4 ,%e /ill pres]v$ 9 all its =ce & vigor1 ! idea t ! k+ %\ld be ! fir/ to obs]ve ! laws2 t he c\ld n rule ! p accord+ to 8 caprice2 t he ought to gov]n by pr9ciples ( ju/ice & views ( public exp$i5cy4 ,saav$ra1 9 8 ,devises1 ?us express$ himself3-- #a/4 ,laws are va9 :5 ! pr9ce :o promulgates !m does n confirm & uphold !m by 8 own life & example4 ,a law w appe> l5i5t to ! p :5 obs]v$ by its au?or4 ,9 commune jubes si quid1 c5sesve t55dum1 ,primus jussa sibi1 tunc obs]vantior qui ,fit populus1 nec f]re vetat1 cum vid]i ipsum ,auctorem p>]e sibi4 ,! laws promulgat$ by ,s]vius ,tullius 7 n only int5d$ = ! p1 b also = k+s4 ,! disputes betwe5 ! mon>* & 8 subjects 7 to be settl$ 9 con=mity ) ^! laws1 z ,tacitus relates ( ,tib]ius3 ',al?\gh we are n subject to ! laws1' said ! emp]ors ,sev]us & ,antonius1 'let u con=m our lives to ^! laws4' ,! mon>* is b\nd by ! law n m]ely f ! fact ( its be+ a law1 b f ! v reason ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 :5 x is natural & common to all1 & n p>ticul> & exclusively de/9$ to ! "r gov]nm5t ( subjects2 = 9 ?is case ! obs]vance ( ! law m]ely conc]ns ! subject1 al?\gh ! mon>*1 if x %\ld s happ51 is b\nd to obey x1 9 ord] to r5d] x tol]able to o!rs4 ,su* appe>s to h be5 ! mean+ ( ! my/]i\s comm& giv5 by ,god to ,eze*iel1 to eat ! volume1 t o!rs see+ him ! fir/ to ta/e ! laws & decl>e !m good1 might be induc$ to imitate him4 ,! k+s ( ,spa9 are s f> subject to ! laws1 t ! ,treasury1 9 causes relat+ to ! royal patrimony1 is absolutely subject to ! same laws z ! lea/ ( 8 subjects2 & 9 d\btful cases1 ! ,treasury is condemn$4 ,philip ,,ii4 ?us orda9$ x2 & on an occasion 9 :i* 8 gr&son ,philip ,,iv41 ! glori\s fa!r ( ,v4 ,a41 0 p]sonally br\ght to judgm5t 9 an important trial ( ! ,*amb]1 be=e ! royal c\ncil1 ! judges _h ! noble det]m9ation to condemn him1 & 8 maje/y _h ! rectitude to he> ! s5t5ce )\t express+ any indignation4 ,happy empire1 9 :i* ! cause ( ! mon>* is always ! lea/ favor$6 ,,note #ce1 p4 #cef4 ,suffici5t att5tion has n p]haps be5 paid to ! m]it ( ! indu/rial organization introduc$ into ,europe f ! e>lie/ ages1 & :i* became m & m diffus$ aft] ! twelf? c5tury4 ,i allude to ! trades-unions1 & o!r associations1 :i*1 e/abli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 commonly plac$ !mselves "u ! patronage ( "s ,sa9t1 & _h pi\s f\ndations = ! celebration ( _! fea/s1 & = assi/+ ea* o!r 9 _! necessities4 ,our celebrat$ ,capmany1 9 8 ,hi/orical memoirs on ! ,m>9e1 ,comm]ce1 & ! ,arts ( ! anci5t ,city ( ,b>celona1 has publi%$ a collection ( docum5ts1 v valuable = ! hi/ory ( ! work+ classes & ( ! developm5t ( _! influ5ce on politics4 ,few works h appe>$ 9 =eign c\ntries1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 ( su* great m]it z t ( our fell[-c\ntryman1 publi%$ 9 #aggi4 ,"o v int]e/+ *apt] ( ?is "w is devot$ to ! in/itution ( trades-corporations4 ,i give "h a copy ( ! *apt]1 :i* ,i p>ticul>ly recomm5d to ! p]usal ( ^? p]sons :o imag9e t no?+ _h be5 ?\ght ( 9 ,europe = ! b5efit ( ! labor+ classes1 ( ^? :o are s fooli% z to look ^u t z a means ( slav]y & exclusivism1 :i* 0 9 reality a means ( enc\ragem5t & ( mutual support4 ,x also appe>s to me t1 by read+ ! philosophical rem>ks ( ,capmany1 e s5sible man w be conv9c$ t ,europe1 f ! e>lie/ ages1 has possess$ sy/ems adapt$ to ! enc\ragem5t ( indu/ry1 to ! pres]vation ( x f ! fatal agitations ( ^? times1 to secure e/eem = x1 & to ! legitimate & salut>y developm5t ( ! popul> elem5t4 ,x w be no less useful to pres5t ?is sket* to c]ta9 =eign writ]s1 cont9ually occupi$ ) social & political economy1 & :o1 nev]!less1 9 compil+ ! hi/ory ( t sci5ce1 h n ev5 be5 acqua9t$ ) a "w s important = e ?+ connect$ ) ! middle ages ( ,europe1 f ! elev5? to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,( ! in/itution ( ! ,trades-,corporations & o!r ,associations ( ,artisans at ,b>celona4 ,no memoir has hi!rto be5 discov]$ :i* might s]ve to enlight5 & guide u 9 fix+ ! exact epo* ( ! in/itution ( ! trades-associations at ,b>celona4,j ,b accord+ to all ! conjectures furni%$ by anci5t monum5ts1 x is v probable t ! political erection or =mation ( ! bodies ( labor]s took place 9 ! "t ( ,don ,jaime ,i41 "u ^: glori\s reign ! arts 7 develop$ "u a favorable influ5ce2 :il/ comm]ce & navigation took a high] flight1 ow+ to ! exp$itions ( ! ,aragonese arms beyond ! seas4 ,increas$ facilities 9 ! means ( transport h giv5 an impetus to indu/ry2 & an increas+ population1 ! natural result ( labor1 by its reaction ^u labor1 augm5t$ ! dem& = x4 ,at ,b>celona1 z e :]e else1 trades-corporations naturally arose :5 ! wants & ! ta/es ( society _h1 ( necessity1 gr[n s multif>i\s1 t artisans 7 =c$1 ) a view to secure protection to _! indu/ry1 to =m !mselves into communities4 ,luxury1 & ! ta/es ( society1 l e o!r object ( comm]ce1 are subject to cont9ual *ange2 h5ce1 new bran*es ( trade are cont9ually spr++ up & displac+ o!rs2 s t at "o p]iod ea* sep>ate art runs into v>i\s bran*es1 :il/ at ano!r1 sev]al arts are comb9$ into "o4 ,at ,b>celona1 corporate indu/ry has pass$ ?r\gh all ^! vicissitudes 9 ! c\rse ( five c5turies4 ,! h>dw>e trade has compris$ at diff]5t p]iods elev5 or twelve bran*es1 & consequ5tly af=d$ subsi/5ce to z _m classes ( families1 :il/ at ! pres5t "t ^! same bran*es are r$uc$ to eight1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 *anges 9 fa%ions & cu/oms4 ,j ,x is extremely difficult to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( ! trades-corporations1 ev5 9 ^? t[ns :i* h be5 ! longe/ & ! be/ discipl9$4--,s&i1 9 8 ,civil ,hi/ory ( ,v5ice 7t4 ii4 "p #a1 lib4 iv4 p4 #gfg71 aft] hav+ reckon$ sixty-"o trades-corporations exi/+ 9 t capital at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c5tury1 decl>es t x is impossible to assign to ea* ( ^! corporations ! date ( its orig91 or t ( its fir/ /atutes4 ,?is hi/orian nev]!less consult$ all ! ar*ives ( ! republic2 he cont5ts himself ) obs]v+1 t none ( ! corporations are ant]ior to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 7,! notes :i* accompany ?is *apt] are ^? ( ,capmany himself47 ,9 accordance ) ! social sy/em :i* g5]ally prevail$ at t "t 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to be/[ lib]ty & privileges ^u an indu/ri\s & m]cantile p1 :o ?us became a great s\rce ( /r5g? & support to k+s2 & ?is c\ld n be effect$ )\t classify+ ! citiz5s4 ,b ^! l9es ( dem>cation c\ld n be ma9ta9$ di/9ct & inviolate )\t a political division ( ! v>i\s corporations 9 :i* bo? m5 & _! occupations 7 classifi$4 ,?is division 0 ! m necess>y 9 a city l ,b>celona1 :i*1 ev] s9ce ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 _h assum$ a sort ( democratic indep5d5ce 9 its mode ( gov]nm5t4 ,?us1 9 ,italy1 ! fir/ c\ntry 9 ! ,we/ t re-e/abli%$ ! "n & ! influ5ce ( ! p1 aft] ^! _h be5 effac$ 9 ! iron ages by ,go?ic rule1 ! indu/rial classes _h already be5 =m$ into corporations1 :i* gave /ability to ! arts & trades1 & conf]r$ great honors ^u !m 9 ^? free cities1 :]e1 amid/ ! flux & reflux ( invasions1 ! artisan became a s5ator1 & ! s5ator an artisan4 ,w>s & factions1 endemic evils 9 t delightful c\ntry at ! "t ( :i* we are speak+1 c\ld n1 9 spite ( all _! ravages1 effect ! de/ruction ( ! associat$ trades1 ^: political exi/5ce1 :5 once _! memb]s 7 admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 =m$ ! v basis ( ! con/itution ( bo? nations1 inasmu* z bo? 7 indu/rial & m]cantile4 ,at ,b>celona ! trades 7 well regulat$1 prosp]\s1 & fl\ri%+1 "u t municipal sy/em1 & t consul> jurisprud5ce1 ( :i* comm]ce1 & its inv>iable concomitant1 indu/ry1 h always /ood 9 ne$4 ,x 0 ?us t ?is capital became "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ c5tres ( ! manufactur+ indu/ry ( ! middle ages--a reputation :i* x has ma9ta9$ & increas$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 l mann]1 x 0 "u ! "n & rule ( corporations & bro!rhoods t trades 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,fl&]s1 9 ,france1 & 9 ,engl&1 c\ntries 9 :i* ! arts h be5 c>ri$ to _! highe/ degree ( p]fection & r5[n4 ,! trades-corporations ( ,b>celona1 ev5 :5 view$ m]ely z a necess>y in/itution = ! due regulation ( ! primitive =m ( municipal gov]nm5t1 %\ld be reg>d$ z mo/ important1 :e!r = ! pres]vation ( ! arts1 or z =m+ ! basis ( ! influ5ce ( ! artisans !mselves4 ,x is at once evid5t1 f ! exp]i5ce ( five c5turies1 t trades-unions h effect$ unspeakable good 9 ,b>celona1 7 x only by pres]v+1 z an imp]i%able deposit1 ! love1 ! tradition1 & ! memory ( ! arts4 ,!y h =m$ s _m rally+ po9ts1 s _m bann]s1 z x 71 "u :i* m ?an once ! %att]$ =ces ( indu/ry h f\nd refuge2 & h ?us be5 enabl$ to recov] _! en]gy & activity1 & to p]petuate _! exi/5ce to our own days1 9 spite ( pe/il5ce1 w>s1 factions1 & a multitude ( o!r calamities1 :i* exhau/ m5's en]gies1 ov]?r[ _! habitations1 & *ange _! mann]s4 ,if ,b>celona1 s (t5 visit$ by ^! physical & political plagues1 _h possess$ no community1 no bond1 no common int]e/ among its artisans1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h witness$ ! de/ruction ( _! skill1 _! economy1 & _! activity1 z is ! case ) beav]s1 :5 _! communities h be5 brok5 up & disp]s$ by ! hunt]s4,k ,k ,we "h recognise _m ideas tak5 f a "w :i* saw ! light 9 #aggd1 f ! press ( ,san*a1 "u ! title ( ,disc\rs conomique-politique p\r la def5se du travail mcanique des ouvri]s1 p> ,d4 ,ramon ,miguel ,palacio4 ,! au?or ( ^! memoirs1 fe>+ to be accus$ ( a gross plagi>ism1 obs]ves t1 be+ oblig$ "h to treat ( ?is same matt]1 he 0 =c$ to adopt _m ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 ?is "w1 :i* at t "t he ?\ght x prop] to publi% )\t affix+ 8 real "n4 ,by a happy effect ( ! security enjoy$ by families 9 _! diff]5t trades1 & ?anks to ! aid1 or mont-de-pit1 e/abli%$ 9 ! v bosom ( ! corporation = its necessit\s memb]s1 :o1 )\t ?is assi/ance1 might h be5 plung$ into mis]y1 ^! economical e/abli%m5ts at ,b>celona h directly contribut$ to ma9ta9 ! prosp]ity ( ! arts1 by %utt+ out mis]y f ! work%op1 & pres]v+ ! op]atives f indig5ce4 ,)\t ?is corporate police1 by :i* ea* trade is surr\nd$1 ! prop]ty & ! =tune ( ! artisan w\ld h be5 expos$ to ! greate/ risks2 moreov]1 ! cr$it & /ability ( ! trades !mselves w\ld h be5 p]ill$2 = !n ! quack1 ! unskill$ op]ative1 & ! obscure adv5tur]1 might h impos$ ^u ! public ) impunity1 & a p]nici\s latitude might h tak5 ! place ( lib]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! trades-corporations be+ p[]ful associations1 ea* "o by itself be+ gov]n$ by a unanimity ( intellig5ce & a community ( int]e/s1 c\ld pur*ase _! /ocks ( raw mat]ials seasonably & advantage\sly4 ,!y suppli$ ! wants ( ! ma/]s2 !y made advances1 or /ood security1 = ^? ( _! memb]s :o lack$ ei!r "t or funds = mak+ great prelim9>y disbursem5ts ( capital at _! own co/4 ,besides1 ^! corporations1 compreh5d+ & repres5t+ ! indu/ry ( ! nation1 & consequ5tly feel+ an int]e/ 9 its ma9t5ance1 address$ f "t to "t memorials to ! ,municipal ,c\ncil1 or to ! ,cortes1 relative to ! injuries !y 7 su/a9+1 or ! approa* ( :i* !y1 z x (t5 happ5$1 =esaw f ! introduction ( c\nt]feit goods1 or ( =eign productions1 :i* is a cause ( ru9 to our indu/ry4 ,9 f9e1 )\t ! in/itution ( trades-corporations1 in/ruction w\ld h be5 void ( ord] & fix$ rules2 = :]e !re are no ma/]s duly au?oriz$ & p]man5tly e/abli%$1 nei!r w !re be any disciples2 & all regulations1 9 default ( an executive p[] to see !m obs]v$1 w be disreg>d$ & trodd5 "u foot4 ,trades-corporations are s necess>y to ! pres]vation ( ! arts1 t ! v>i\s trades kn[n at ! pres5t day 9 ?is capital h d]iv$ _! appellations & _! orig9 f ! economical divisions1 & f ! arts e/abli%$ by ^! corporations4 ,:5 ! blacksmi? 9 8 %op made pl\gh%>es1 nails1 keys1 knives1 swords1 c41 ! names ( ! trades ( ! blacksmi?1 ! nail]1 ! cutl]1 ! armor]1 c4 7 unkn[n2 & z !re 0 no special & p>ticul> in/ruction 9 ea* ( ^! bran*es ( labor1 ! sep>ation ( :i* aft]w>ds =m$ s _m new arts ma9ta9$ by _! respective communities1 ^! trades 7 unkn[n4 ,! second political advantage result+ f ! in/itution ( trades-corporations at ,b>celona 01 ! e/eem & consid]ation 9 :i* at all times ^! e/abli%m5ts caus$ bo? ! artisans & ! arts to be held4 ,?is wise in/itution won respect = ! op]ative classes1 by con/itut+ !m a visible & p]man5t ord] 9 ! /ate4 ,h5ce x is t ! conduct & ! mode ( life ( ! ,b>celonians h ev] be5 su* z are to be f\nd only among/ an honorable p4 ,nev] hav+ be5 conf\nd$ ) any exempt$ & privileg$ body 7= ! trades-corporations draw a circle ar\nd _! memb]s1 & let !m "k :at !y are1 & :at !y are wor?71 ^! p le>n$ t !re 0 honor & virtue )9 _! own sph]e1 & labor$ to pres]ve ^! qualities2 s c]ta9 is x t social di/9ctions 9 a nation h m influ5ce ?an is sometimes believ$ 9 uphold+ ! _s ( ea* social class4 ,ano!r view ( ?is "q %[s u t trades-corporations =m communities1 gov]n$ by an economic code1 :i* assigns to ea* corporation c]ta9 employm5ts & c]ta9 honors1 to :i* e individual memb] may aspire4 ,ev5 m5's prejudices1 :5 wisely direct$1 sometimes produce admirable effects4 ,?us ! gov]nm5t1 ! adm9i/ration ( ^! bodies1 9 :i* ! artisan always enjoy$ ! pr]ogative ( manag+ ! res\rces & ! int]e/s ( 8 trade & ( 8 fell[-memb]s1 ) ! title ( ,c\nsellor1 or ,eld] 7,prohombre71 won = ! me*anical arts ( ,b>celona public & g5]al e/eem2 :il/ ! pre-em95ce 9 a fe/ival or an assembly s]ves ) ^! m5 to s(t5 ! rigors ( manual labor1 & ! disadvantages ( _! inf]ior condition4 ,at ! same "t t ! trades ( ,b>celona1 =m$ into well-organiz$ bodies1 fix$ & pres]v$ ! arts 9 t capital1 !y _h ! fur!r cr$it1 by act+ z political bodies ( ! mo/ num]\s class ( ! p1 ( ga9+ a high e/eem = _! memb]s4 ,! obscure artisan1 )\t matriculation1 or a common bond1 cont9ues isolat$ & w&]+2 he dies1 & ) him p]i%es 8 art2 or at ! fir/ rev]se ( =tune1 he emigrates & ab&ons 8 craft4 ,:at consid]ation c wret*$ w&]+ foll[]s ( any trade obta9 9 a c\ntry8 ,j su* z knife-gr9d]s & t9k]s possess 9 ! prov9ces ( ,spa94 ,at ,b>celona1 all ! trades h con/antly enjoy$ ! same g5]al e/eem1 because all h be5 e/abli%$ & gov]n$ ^u a sy/em :i* has r5d]$ !m fix$1 respectable1 & prosp]\s4 ,! e/eem 9 :i* ! trades ( ,b>celona 7 held f ! "t :5 ! municipal gov]nm5t _h =m$ !m into national corporations1 ! ag5ts ( public economy1 gave rise to ! laudable & useful cu/om ( p]petuat+ trades 9 ! same families4 ,9 fact ! p hav+ le>n$ t1 )\t quitt+ ! class to :i* !y belong$1 !y c\ld pres]ve ! respect & consid]ation due to useful & honorable citiz5s1 no long] desir$ to quit x1 & 7 no long] a%am$ ( _! condition4 ,:5 trades are held 9 honor1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! /ability & civil prop]ties ( corporations1 !y naturally become h]$it>y4 ,n[1 ! advantages bo? to ! artisan & ! arts1 result+ f ?is transmission ( trades1 are s real & s well kn[n1 t x is ne$less to specify !m "h1 or to dwell ^u _! salut>y effects4 ,?is dem>cation & classification ( trades caus$ _m ( ! arts to become sure possessions = ^? :o adopt$ !m4 ,h5ce fa!rs aim$ at transmitt+ _! trade to _! sons2 & ?us 0 =m$ an inde/ructible mass ( national indu/ry1 :i* made labor honorable1 by implant+ /eady & homog5e\s mann]s1 if we may s speak1 9 ! bosom ( ! class ( artisans4 ,ano!r circum/ance contribut$ /ill m to r5d] ! ex]cise ( ! me*anical arts honorable at ,b>celona1 n only m ?an 9 mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,spa91 b m ?an 9 any o!r /ate1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,?is 0 ! admission ( ! trades-corporations ^u ! regi/] ( municipal (fices 9 ?is city1 :i* enjoy$ s _m royal grants & extraord9>y privileges ( indep5d5ce4 ,?us ! nobility--t ,go?ic nobility--) _! great doma9s1 s\ght to be incorporat$ ) ! op]atives 9 ! ,ayuntami5to1 !re to fill ! (fices & supreme /ations 9 ! political gov]nm5t1 :i*1 dur+ m ?an five hundr$ ye>s1 cont9u$ 9 ,b>celona "u a =m & 9 a _s truly democratic4,l ,all me*anical (fices1 )\t any odi\s di/9ction or exclusion1 7 held wor?y to be decl>$ qualifi$ = ! consi/orial c\ncil ( magi/rates2 all _h a voice & a vote among ! conscript fa!rs :o repres5t$ ?is city1 ! mo/ highly privileg$ p]haps t ev] exi/$2 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ = its laws1 its p[]1 & its influ5ce2 "o ( ! mo/ respect$ 9 ! middle ages among/ all ! /ates & mon>*ies ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4,m ,l ,consult ! ,app5dix ( ,notes1 ,nos4 #bh & #cj4 ,y w !re see :at respect & p[] ! t[n ( ,b>celona enjoy$ at ano!r p]iod1 by means ( ! municipal magi/rates1 :o repres5t$ x "u ! ord9>y "n ( c\ncillors4 ,m ,9 ! diplomatic collection ( ^! memoirs1 we f9d a multitude ( lett]s & o!r docum5ts prov+ ! direct & mutual relations :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! city ( ,b>celona & ! emp]ors ( ! ,ea/1 ( ,g]many1 ! sultans ( ,egypt1 ! k+s ( ,tunis1 ( ,morocco1 & v>i\s mon>*s & /ates1 or o!r great p[]s ( ,europe4 ,?is political sy/em1 & ?is municipal =m ( gov]nm5t1 resembl$ t :i* prevail$ 9 ! middle ages among/ all ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,italy1 :5ce ,catalonia borr[$ _m ( its cu/oms & usages4 ,g5oa1 ,pisa1 ,milan1 ,pavia1 ,flor5ce1 ,si5na1 & o!r t[ns1 _h a municipal gov]nm5t compos$ ( ! lead+ m5 9 comm]ce1 & ! arts1 "u ! "n ( consuls1 c\nsellors1 c4 ,priores ,artium--su* 0 ! "n ( a popul> =m ( elective gov]nm5t1 di/ribut$ among ! diff]5t classes ( citiz5s1 )\t exclud+ ! artisans1 :o1 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 7 9 _! mo/ fl\ri%+ condition1 =m+ ! mo/ respectable "p ( ! population1 & consequ5tly ! ri*e/1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 & ! mo/ indep5d5t4 ,?is democratic lib]ty1 besides giv+ /ability & p]man5cy to indu/ry 9 ! t[ns ( ,italy1 conf]r$ a s+ul> degree ( honor on ! me*anical pr(essions4 ,! gr& c\ncil ( ^! t[ns 0 summon$ by ! toll+ ( ! bell1 :5 ! artisans arrang$ !mselves "u ! bann]s or gonfalons ( _! respective trades4 ,su* 0 also ! political con/itution ( ,b>celona f ! middle ( ! ?irte5? to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,) ^! facts be=e u1 ne$ we feel surprise t1 9 our own days1 arts & artisans 9 ,b>celona /ill reta9 undim9i%$ e/eem & consid]ation2 t a love = me*anical pr(essions has become h]$it>y2 t ! dignity & self-respect ( ! artisan class h become traditional1 ev5 to ! la/ g5]ations1 9 :i* ! cu/oms ( _! ance/ors h be5 transmitt$ by ! succession ( example1 ev5 aft] ! ext9ction ( ! political reasons 9 :i* ^! cu/oms _h _! orig98 ,sev]al trades-corporations /ill pres]ve 9 ! halls ( _! juntas ! portraits ( ^? ( _! memb]s :o =m]ly obta9$ ! fir/ employm5ts 9 ! /ate4 ,mu/ n ?is laudable practice h engrav5 on ! memory ( ! memb]s ( ! corporation all ! ideas ( honor & dignity consi/5t ) ! condition ( an artisan8 ,assur$ly ! popul> =m ( ! anci5t gov]nm5t ( ,b>celona c\ld n fail to impr9t itself g5]ally & =cibly on ! mann]s ( ! p2 inde$1 :]e all ! citiz5s 7 equal 9 ! p>ticipation ( honors1 x is easy to see t no "o w\ld will+ly rema9 inf]ior to ano!r 9 virtue or 9 m]it1 al?\gh inf]ior1 9 o!r respects1 by 8 condition & =tune4 ,?is noble emulation1 :i* mu/ naturally h be5 awak5$ to activity 9 ! conc\rse ( all ord]s 9 ! /ate1 gave bir? to ! dignity1 ! l(ty & inviolate probity ( ! artisans ( ,b>celona2 & ?is "* !y h ma9ta9$ to our own times1 to ! admiration ( ,spa9 & ( =eign nations4 ,su* has be5 ! neglig5ce ( our national au?ors1 t ?is n>rative w h ! appe>ance ( a discov]y3 up to ! pres5t "t ,b>celona & ! ,pr9cipality _h n attract$ ! scrut9iz+ notice ( ! political hi/orian1 s t a d>k %ad[ /ill conceal$ ! real pr9ciples 7always unkn[n to ! cr[d7 f :i* 9 all times1 h sprung ! virtues & ! vices ( nations4 ,to ^! causes may be attribut$1 9 great "p1 ! e/eem :i* ! artisans h acquir$4 ,no?+ c\ld be m salut>y ?an ?is obligation !y 7 always "u ( comport+ !mselves ) dignity & di/9ction 9 public employm5ts1 :e!r 9 ! corporation or ! municipal gov]nm5t4 ,moreov] ! con/ant example ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 :o1 up to ! pres5t "t1 has always liv$ 9 common ) 8 appr5tices 9 a praisewor?y mann]1 has confirm$ ! *ildr5 9 ideas ( ord] & dignity2 = ! mann]s & habits ( a p1 :i* are z p[]ful z law1 mu/ be inculcat$ f ! t5d]e/ age4 ,?us1 9 ,b>celona1 ! op]ative has nev] be5 conf\nd$ by ! slov5l9ess ( 8 dress ) ! m5dicant1 ^: idle & dissipat$ habits1 says an illu/ri\s writ]1 are easily contract$ :5 ! dress ( ! man ( respectability is 9 no way di/+ui%$ f t ( ! rabble4 ,nor are ! labor+ population ev] se5 we>+ ^? cumb]some g>m5ts :i*1 s]v+ z a cov] = rags & a cloak = idl5ess1 cramp ! movem5ts & activity ( ! body1 & invite to a life ( indol5t ease4 ,! p h n contract$ a habit ( frequ5t+ tav]ns1 :]e example leads to drunk5ness & moral disord]s4 ,_! amusem5ts1 s necess>y = work+ p to r5d] _! daily toils supportable1 h always be5 innoc5t recreations1 :i* ei!r af=d$ !m repose f _! fatigues or v>i$ !m4 ,! games =m]ly p]mitt$ 7 ei!r ! r+ 7la bague71 n9e p9s1 b[ls1 ball1 %oot+ at a m>k1 f5c+1 & public danc+1 au?oriz$ & wat*$ ov] by ! au?orities2 an amusem5t :i* f "t immemorial has be5 g5]al among/ ! ,catalans1 9 c]ta9 seasons & on c]ta9 fe/ivals ( ! ye>4 ,! respect = ! artisan ( ,b>celona has nev] be5 dim9i%$ on acc\nt ( ! mat]ial on :i* 8 art 0 ex]cis$1 :e!r x 0 silv]1 /eel1 iron1 copp]1 wood1 or wool4 ,we h se5 t all ! trades 7 equally eligible to ! municipal (fices ( ! /ate2 none 7 exclud$--n ev5 but*]s4 ,anci5t ,b>celona did n commit ! political error ( e/abli%+ pref]5ces t might h produc$ "s odi\s di/9ctions ( trades4 ,! inhabitants consid]$ t all ! citiz5s 7 9 !mselves wor?y ( e/eem1 s9ce all contribut$ to ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( ! prop]ty ( a capital ^: opul5ce & p[] 7 f\nd$ ^u ! indu/ry ( ! artisan & ! m]*ant4 ,9 fact1 ,b>celona has ev] be5 free f t idea1 s g5]ally ent]ta9$1 t e me*anical pr(ession is l[ & vulg>--a mis*iev\s & v common prejudice1 :i*1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,spa91 has made an irrep>able brea* 9 ! progress ( ! arts4 ,at ,b>celona1 admission into c]ta9 trades-corporations has nev] be5 refus$ to ! memb]s ( o!r trades3 9 ?is city all ! trades are held 9 ! same e/imation4 ,9 a ^w1 nei!r ,b>celona nor any o!r t[n 9 ,catalonia has ev] ent]ta9$ ^? vulg> prejudices t are en\gh to prev5t honorable m5 f devot+ !mselves to ! arts1 or to cause ! son to =sake ! art practis$ by ! fa!r4,n ,n ,see ! rem>ks ( 8 ,excell5cy ,m4 ,campomanes on ^! abuses & false pr9ciples ( policy1 9 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,popul> ,education ( ,artisans1 f page #aai to #afj4 ,,note #cf1 p4 #cfa4 ,i h spok5 ( ! num]\s ,c\ncils held by ! ,*ur* at diff]5t epo*s2 :y1 x w be ask$1 does %e n hold !m m frequ5tly n[8 ,i w answ] ?is "q by quot+ a judici\s passage f ,c\nt de ,mai/re1 9 8 "w ,on ! ,pope1 book i4 *ap4 #b3-- ,9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 says he1 x 0 m easy to assemble ,c\ncils1 because ! ,*ur* 0 n s num]\s z n[1 & because ! emp]ors possess$ p[]s t enabl$ a suffici5t numb] ( ,bi%ops to assemble1 s t _! decisions ne$$ only ! ass5t ( o!r ,bi%ops4 ,yet ^! ,c\ncils 7 n assembl$ )\t mu* difficulty & emb>rassm5t4 ,b 9 mod]n times1 s9ce ! civiliz$ _w has be5 divid$ into s _m sov]eignties1 & immeasurably increas$ by our intrepid navigators1 an cum5ical ,c\ncil has become a *im]a4,o ,simply to convoke all ! ,bi%ops1 & to br+ legally toge!r su* a convocation1 five or six ye>s w\ld n suffice4 ,o ,we ord9>ily call a *im]a1 or an impossibility1 t :i* (f]s great difficulties4 ,on ?is occasion we _c help obs]v+ to s9c]e p]sons1 t1 f ^! great difficulties1 !y may judge ( ! lawfulness & s9c]ity ( ! desires manife/$ by ! soi-disant re=m]s & appellants to ,c\ncils4 ,!y d n wi% = ,c\ncils2 b1 "u ! %ad[ ( ?is ^w1 !y wi% to escape ! au?ority ( _! legitimate sup]iors4 7,note by ! au?ors ( ! ,biblio?que de ,religion1 publi%$ 9 ,spa947 ,,note #cg1 p4 #cfi4 ,t my read]s may be conv9c$ ( ! tru? & accuracy ( :at ,i "h affirm1 ,i invite !m to read ! hi/ory ( ! h]esies t h afflict$ ! ,*ur* s9ce ! fir/ ages1 b p>ticul>ly f ! t5? c5tury d[n to our own days4 ,,note #ch1 p4 #cgc4 ,x 0 n1 ,i h said1 )\t prejudice to ! lib]ty ( ! p t ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy 0 )drawn f ! work+ ( ! political ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> ?is is true1 x may be well to rem>k1 t a great numb] ( !ologians 7 favorable to tol]ably lib]al doctr9es 9 political matt]s1 & t x 0 ! cl]gy :o ex]cis$ ! greate/ fre$om 9 speak+ to k+s1 ev5 aft] ! p _h almo/ entirely lo/ ! "r ( int]v5tion 9 political affairs4 ,obs]ve :at op9ions ,/4 ,?omas held on =ms ( gov]nm5t4 7,que/4 cv4 #a;a #b47 ,de ratione judicialium prceptorum art4 #a4 ,respondeo dic5dum1 quod circa bonam ord9ationem pr9cipum 9 aliqua civitate1 vel g5te1 duo sunt att5d5da1 quorum unum e/1 ut omnes aliquam p>tem habeant 9 pr9cipatu2 p] hoc enim cons]vatur pax populi et omnes talem ord9ationem amant et cu/odiunt ut dicitur 7,,ii4 ,polit41 cap4 i472 aliud e/ quod att5ditur secundum speciem regim9is vel ord9ationis pr9cipatum1 cujus cum s9t div]s species1 ut philosophus tradit 9 ,,iii4 ,polit4 cap4 v41 prcipue tam5 unum regim5 e/1 9 quo unus pr9cipatur secundum virtutem3 et ari/ocratia1 id e/ pote/as optimorum1 9 qua aliqui pauci pr9cipantur secundum virtutem4 ,unde optima ord9atio pr9cipum e/ 9 aliqua civitate vel regno1 9 quo unus prficitur secundum virtutem qui omnibus prsit et sub ipso sunt aliqui pr9cipantes secundum virtutem1 et tam5 talis pr9cipatus ad omnes p]t9et1 tum quia ex omnibus eligi possunt1 tum quia etiam ab omnibus eliguntur4 ,talis v]o e/ omnis politia b5e commixta ex regno 9 quantam unus pre/1 et ari/ocratia 9 quantum multi pr9cipantur secundum virtutem1 et ex democratia1 id e/ pote/ate populi 9 quantum ex popul>ibus possunt eligi pr9cipes1 et ad populum p]t9et electio pr9cipum1 et hoc fuit in/itutum secundum legem div9am4 ,divus ,?omas4 7#a;a #b ,q4 #ij1 art4 #do47 ,et sic ex quatuor prdictis pote/ colligi def9itio legis qu nihil e/ aliud quam qudam rationis ord9atio ad bonum commune ab eo qui curam communitatis habet promulgata4 ,q4 #ie1 art4 #d4 ,t]tio e/ de ratione legis human ut in/ituatur a gub]nante communitatem civitatis3 sicut supra dictum e/4 7,que/4 #ij1 art4 #c47 ,et secundum hoc di/+uuntur leges human secundum div]sa regim9a civitatum1 quorum unum1 secundum philosophum 9 ,,iii4 ,polit41 cap4 xi41 e/ regnum1 qu&o scilicet civitas gub]natur ab uno1 et secundum hoc accipiuntur con/itutiones pr9cipum2 aliud v]o regim5 e/ ari/ocratia1 id e/ pr9cipatus optimorum vel optimatum1 et secundum hoc sumuntur responsa prud5tum et etiam s5atusconsulta4 ,aliud regim5 e/ olig>*ia1 id e/ pr9cipatus paucorum divitum et pot5tum2 et secundum hoc sumitur jus prtorium1 quod etiam honor>ium dicitur4 ,aliud autem regim5 e/ populi1 quod nom9atur democratia2 et secundum hoc sumuntur plebiscita4 ,aliud autem e/ tyrannicum1 quod e/ omn9o corruptum unde ex hoc non sumitur aliqua lex4 ,e/ etiam et aliquod regim5 ex i/is commixtum1 quod e/ optimum1 et secundum hoc sumitur lex quam majores natu simul cum plebibus sanx]unt1 ut ,isidorus dicit lib4 #e1 ,etym4 ,o4 cap4 x4 ,if c]ta9 declaim]s are to be believ$1 x w\ld seem t ! pr9ciple1 t x is ! law :i* gov]ns1 & n ! w ( man1 is q a rec5t discov]y4 ,b obs]ve ) :at solidity & p]spicuity ! angelic doctor exp\nds ?is doctr9e4 7#a;a #b ,q4 #ic1 art4 #a47 ,utrum fu]it utile aliquas leges poni ab hom9ibus4 ,ad #bm dic5dum1 quod sicut ,philosophus dicit4 #a4 ,rhetor4 ,melius e/ omnia ord9>i lege1 quam dimitt]e judicum arbitrio1 et hoc propt] tria4 ,primo quidem1 quia facilius e/ inv5ire paucos sapi5tes1 qui sufficiant ad rectas leges pon5das1 quam multos2 qui requir]5tur ad recte judic&um de s+ulis4 ,secundo1 quia illi qui leges ponunt1 ex multo tempore consid]ant quid lege f]5dum sit3 s$ judicia de s+ul>ibus factis fiunt ex casibus subito exortis4 ,facilius autem ex multis consid]atis pote/ homo vid]e quid rectum sit1 quam solum ex aliquo uno facto4 ,t]tio1 quia legislatores judicant 9 univ]sali1 et de futuris3 s$ hom9es judiciis prsid5tes judicant de prs5tibus2 ad qu affici5tur amore vel odio1 aut aliqua cupiditate2 et sic eorum depravatur judicium4 ,quia ergo ju/itia animata judicis non inv5itur 9 multis1 et quia flexibilis e/3 ideo necess>ium fuit 9 quibuscumque e/ possibile1 legem det]m9>e quid judic&um sit1 et paucissima arbitrio hom9um committ]e4 ,9 ,spa91 ! ,procuradores ( ! ,cortes d>$ n raise _! voices aga9/ ! excesses ( p[]2 & _! timidity drew d[n ! ke5 reproa*es ( ,p4 ,m>iana4 ,9 ! exam9ation to :i* he 0 subject$ 9 ! celebrat$ suit comm5c$ aga9/ him on ! subject ( ! sev5 treatises1 he confesses hav+ appli$ to ! ,procuradores ! epi!ts ( vile1 sup]ficial1 & utt]ly v5al1 only /riv+ to obta9 ! favor ( ! pr9ce1 & _! own p>ticul> int]e/s1 )\t solicitude = ! public good4 ,he add$1 t su* 0 ! public cry1 ! g5]al compla9t1 at lea/ at ,tol$o1 :]e he 0 resid+4 ,i w leave unnotic$ 8 "w intitul$ ,de ,rege et ,regis in/itutione1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 else:]e4 ,conf9+ myself to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,spa91 ,i w obs]ve ) :at lib]ty he expresses himself on ! mo/ delicate po9ts1 )\t meet+ ) any opposition1 ei!r f ! civil or f ! ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,9 8 #a/ book1 *ap4 #d1 speak+ ( ! ,aragonese1 9 8 usual grave & sev]e tone1 he says3 ,! ,aragonese possess & enjoy laws & fu]os v diff]5t f ^? ( ! o!r p ( ,spa92 !y possess e ?+ mo/ adapt$ = pres]v+ lib]ty aga9/ ! excessive p[] ( k+s1 = prev5t+ ?is p[] f deg5]at+ & *ang+1 by its natural t5d5cy1 into tyranny2 = !y are n ignorant ( ?is tru?1 t ! "r ( lib]ty is g5]ally lo/ by degrees4 ,x 0 precisely at ?is epo* t ! cl]gy express$ !mselves ) ! greate/ fre$om on ! mo/ delicate ( all subjects1 t ( contributions4 ,! v5]able ,palafox1 9 8 memorial or petition to ! k+ = ecclesia/ical immunity1 said3 ,accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 to ! great ,to/at1 & o!r weighty au?ors1 ! ,son ( ,god appo9t$ t ! *ildr5 ( ,god--t is ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*1 8 prie/s--%\ld n pay tribute to ! pagan pr9ces4 ,9 fact1 he address$ to ,/4 ,pet] ! foll[+ "q1 already resolv$ by ! et]nal wisdom ( ! ,fa!r3 ,reges g5tium a quibus accipiunt tributum1 a filiis1 an ab ali5is8 ,/4 ,pet] answ]$1 ,ab ali5is2 & our ,"l conclud$ ) ^! words3 ,ergo lib]i sunt filii4 ,i may be all[$1 sire1 to make ?is delicate obs]vation1 t ! ,div9e ,maje/y does n say1 ,reges g5tium a quibus capiunt tributum1 b a quibus accipiunt4 ,by ?is ^w accipiunt1 we und]/& ! mildness & mansuetude ) :i* ! paym5t ( a tribute %\ld always be exact$1 9 ord] to dim9i% ! bitt]ness & repugnance accompany+ a tribute4 #df4 ,x is d\btless useful = ! pres]vation ( ! /ate1 t1 9 ! fir/ place1 subjects %\ld give1 9 ord] t pr9ces may !n receive4 ,x is prop] t k+s %\ld receive1 & employ ! tribute paid !m1 = on ?is dep5ds ! safety ( cr[ns2 b x is well t subjects %\ld fir/ give x volunt>ily4 ,x is d\btless f ?is passage ( ,scripture1 f ?is expression ( ! ,et]nal ,^w1 t ! ,ca?olic ,cr[n1 always s pi\s1 has receiv$ ! holy doctr9e1 by virtue ( :i* nei!r y\r maje/y nor y\r illu/ri\s pr$ecessors h ev] p]mitt$ a tribute to be levi$ )\t its hav+ fir/ receiv$ ! cons5t ( ! k+doms !mselves1 & be5 (f]$ by !m2 & y\r maje/y is incomp>ably m exalt$ by limit+ & mod]at+ y\r p[]1 ?an by ex]cis+ x to its utmo/ ext5t4 #dg4 ,sire1 if laym51 :o h no exemption 9 matt]s ( tribute1 enjoy t :i* ! k9dness ( y\r maje/y & ( ! mo/ ,ca?olic k+s grant !m2 if !y d n pay till !y *oose to make a volunt>y (f]+2 if no?+ is receiv$ f !m except on ?is condition1 w religion1 y\r maje/y's r5[n$ piety1 & ! devot$ zeal ( ! ,c\ncil1 all[ ! cl]gy--! sons1 ! m9i/]s ( ,god1 ! privileg$1 ^? :o are exempt by div9e & human law 9 all ! nations ( ! _w1 & among ! v pagans--to enjoy less favor ?an /rang]s1 :o are n1 l !m1 ei!r m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* or prie/s ( ,god8 ,is ! ^w capiunt1 sire1 to be appli$ exclusively to ! m9i/]s ( ,god1 & ! ^w accipiunt to m5 ( ! _w8 ,9 8 "w intitul$ ,hi/oria ,real ,sagrada1 ! same writ] raises 8 voice aga9/ tyranny ) extreme sev]ity3 #ab4 ,su*1 says he1 is ! law :i* ! k+ :om y wi% = w ma9ta9 9 y\r reg>d4 ,! ^w law is "h employ$ ironically1 z if ,god %\ld say3 ',y imag9e1 )\t d\bt1 t ?is k+ ( y\rs w\ld gov]n accord+ to law2 on ?is supposition y ask$ = him1 s9ce y compla9$ t my tribunal did n gov]n y4 ,n[1 ! law :i* ?is k+ w ex]cise t[>ds y w be1 to disreg>d all law2 & 8 law w ev5tually be tyranny respect$4' ,! politician :o1 rely+ ^u ?is passage1 %\ld attribute z a "r to ! mon>* a p[] :i* is m]ely po9t$ out by ,god to ! p z a *a/isem5t1 w\ld be an unciviliz$ be+1 unwor?y ( be+ treat$ z a rational creature4 ,! ,"l1 9 ?is in/ance1 does n def9e :at is ! be/2 he does n say :at he is giv+ !m2 ^! words are no appreciation ( p[]2 he m]ely decl>es :at w\ld be ! case1 & :at he condemns4 ,:o %all d>e to f\nd ! orig9 ( tyranny on ju/ice itself8 ,god says1 t he :om !y desire = a k+ w be a tyrant--n a tyrant approv$ ( by him1 b a tyrant t he reprobates & *a/ises4 ,& subsequ5t ev5ts cle>ly %ew$ x1 s9ce !re 7 9 ,israel wick$ k+s1 by :om ! prophecy 0 fulfill$1 & ,sa9ts :o obta9$ on ! ?rone ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,! wick$ k+s lit]ally accompli%$ ! div9e ?reat1 by do+ :at !y 7 =bidd52 ! good ones e/abli%$ _! dignity ^u propriety & ju/ice )9 prescrib$ limits4 ,fa!r ,m>quez1 9 8 ,*ri/ian ,pr9ce or ,magi/rate 7,gob]nador ,cri/iano71 also enl>ges on ! same "q2 he exp\nds 8 op9ion bo? !oretically & practically4 7,*apt] xvi4 #ec47 ,?us f> we h he>d ! words ( ,philo1 writ+ on ?is ev5t4 ,z ^! words af=d$ me an opportunity ( reason+ on ! obligations ( ,*ri/ian k+s1 ,i h tak5 c>e to quote !m at l5g?4 ,i w n expect ^! k+s to act l ,moses2 = !y h n ! miracul\s aid :i* ! ,hebrew legislator receiv$ = ! relief ( ! p1 nor ! rod :i* ,god gave him to make wat] fl[ f ! rock at ne$4 ,b ,i w recomm5d !m to reflect maturely on ! additional s]vices !y %all attempt to exact f _! subjects1 & ! burd5s !y %all impose on !m4 ,let !m reflect t !y are b\nd to ju/ify ! motive ( _! reque/ 9 all tru?1 & )\t any false color+2 always & con/antly aw>e t !y are 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 t ! eyes ( ,god are fix$ on _! h&s1 t ,he w require f !m a /rict acc\nt ( _! actions4 ,=1 z ! holy doctor ( ,nazianz5 says1 ! ,son ( ,god came design$ly into ! _w at ! tak+ ( a c5sus & a resettlem5t ( ! impo/s1 9 ord] to conf\nd k+s :o w\ld h appo9t$ !m ?r\gh caprice2 s t k+s may n[ "k t ! ,son ( ,god takes acc\nt ( e item1 & weighs 9 ! balance ( 8 /rict ju/ice ?+s :i* we %\ld acc\nt ( little mom5t4 ,! above reflection w s]ve to dispel ! false ideas ( c]ta9 flatt]]s1 :o1 to obta9 ! favor ( pr9ces1 p]suade !m t !y are p]fectly indep5d5t & ! ma/]s ( ! lives & prop]ty ( _! subjects1 free to dispose ( !m z !y may ?9k prop]4 ,9 support ( ?is pret5d$ maxim1 !y allege1 z we h se51 ! hi/ory ( ,samuel1 :o answ]$ ! p on ! "p ( ,god1 :5 !y 7 dem&+ a k+1 ',y %all h "o1 b on t]rible conditions4' ,?is k+ 0 to take f !m _! fields1 _! v9ey>ds1 _! olive-y>ds1 to give !m to 8 s]vants2 he 0 to take _! daught]s = slaves1 'to make him o9tm5ts1 & to be 8 cooks & bak]s4' ,& !y h n obs]v$ t1 z ,john ,bod9 says1 ?is is ! int]pretation ( ,philip ,melanc?on1 :i* alone is suffici5t to r5d] x suspici\s4 ,moreov]1 z ,/4 ,gregory1 & aft] him o!r doctors1 h obs]v$1 ?is passage ( ,scripture does n e/abli% ! j "r ( k+s1 b r ann\nces be=eh& ! tyranny ( a great numb] ( pr9ces2 9 f9e1 ^! words d n expla9 :at good pr9ces might d1 b m]ely :at bad ones w\ld usually d4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,a*ab seiz$ ^u ! v9ey>d ( ,nabo?1 ,god 0 angry ) him1 & we "k h[ ,he treat$ him4 ,:5 ,david1 ! elect ( ,god1 dem&$ a spot :]eon to set up ! alt> ( ,jebusee1 he only ask$ x on condition ( pay+ ! value ( ! l&4 ,= ?is reason pr9ces %\ld exam9e ) scrupul\s att5tion :e!r contributions are j2 = if !y are n1 doctors decide t !y _c1 )\t manife/ inju/ice1 ?us m or less infr+e on ! rights ( _! subjects4 ,?is doctr9e is s ,ca?olic & c]ta91 t m5 hold+ s\nd doctr9e affirm t1 9 ?is case1 pr9ces _c impose fre% tributes1 ev5 ?\gh necess>y1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! nation4 ,=1 say !y1 ! pr9ce n be+ 7:i* he c]ta9ly is n7 ! ma/] ( 8 subjects' prop]ty1 _c make use ( x )\t ! cons5t ( ^? f :om he is to receive x4 ,?is cu/om has be5 long 9 practice 9 ! k+dom ( ,ca/ile1 :]e ! laws ( royalty prohibit ! levy+ ( any new impo/ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,cortes3 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,cortes1 ! impo/ is submitt$ to ! vote ( ! t[ns2 & ! pr9ce does n consid] 8 dem& grant$ till x has receiv$ ! sanction ( ! majority ( ! t[ns4 ,edw>d ,i4 ( ,engl& made a simil> law1 accord+ to _m au?ors ( weight2 & ,philip ( ,comm9es says1 t x 0 ! same 9 ,france till ! "t ( ,*>les ,,vii41 :o1 urg$ by an extreme necessity1 suppress$ ^! =malities1 & levi$ a tax )\t wait+ = ! cons5t ( ! ,/ates1 & ?is inflict$ on ! k+dom s deep a w\nd1 t x w long cont9ue unheal$4 ,if we may cr$it c]ta9 affirmations1 ?is au?or reports1 t x 0 !n ass]t$ t ! k+ _h escap$ f ! gu>dian%ip ex]cis$ by ! k+dom2 b t 8 own op9ion is1 t k+s _c1 )\t ! cons5t ( _! p1 exact a s+le f>?+2 pr9ces act+ o!rwise1 says he1 fall "u ! ,pope's excommunication2 no d\bt t ( ! bull ,9 ,cna ,dom9i4 ,= my own "p1 ,i ought to confess t ,i d n f9d ?is 9 ,philip de ,comm9es4444 ,) respect to ?is second po9t1 x is evid5t1 t ! pr9ce _c1 on 8 own au?ority1 impose new tributes )\t ! cons5t ( ! nation1 :5ev] ?is nation %all h acquir$ by any ( ! reasons m5tion$ a contr>y "r1 :i* ,i consid] to be ! case 9 ,ca/ile4 ,no "o1 9 fact1 w d5y t k+doms at _! comm5cem5t h a "r to *oose _! k+s on ?is condition1 or r5d] !m su* s]vices z to obta9 9 return t no new impo/s %all be laid on !m )\t _! cons5t4 ,n[1 9 ei!r case1 !re w be a compact made1 f :i* k+s _c dep>t2 & x is ( no consequ5ce1 z "s imag9e x to be1 :e!r !y h obta9$ _! k+doms ?r\gh ! election ( _! subjects1 or by m]e =ce ( arms4 ,al?\gh x is probable1 inde$1 t a ,/ate yield+ itself ( its own accord1 w obta9 great] privileges & bett] conditions ?an ^? acquir$ by a j w>1 x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be impossible = a ,/ate1 9 *oos+ a k+1 to conf] ^u him all its p[] 9 an absolute mann]1 & )\t ?is re/riction1 ) a view to lay him "u great] obligations1 & to te/ify to him a great] degree ( devot$ness2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a k+1 :o _h subject$ a k+dom by =ce ( arms1 might nev]!less volunt>ily grant x ?is privilege1 ) a view to obta9 its gratitude1 & m affectionate ob$i5ce on its "p4 ,! positive rule1 !re=e1 = ?is p>ticul> "r1 w be ! contract made1 :e!r virtually or expressly1 betwe5 ! ,/ate & ! pr9ce2 a contract :i* %\ld be inviolable1 especially if x is seal$ by an oa?4 ,! ,pr9ce1 or ,*ri/ian ,magi/rate4 7,liv4 ii4 *4 xxxix4 #b47 ,pr9ces1 x is said1 may compel _! subjects to sell at half-price1 or to give gratuit\sly1 a "p ( _! prop]ty4 ,?is op9ion is g5]ally f\nd$ on ! law :i* orda9s t1 :5 a %ip 9 a tempe/ has be5 sav$ by ?r[+ ov]bo>d a "p ( ! c>go1 ! proprietors ( ! rema9+ "p are oblig$ to make a proportionate contribution to indemnify ! suff]]s = ! loss !y h su/a9$4 ,b>?olus & o!r au?ors h inf]r$ f ?is1 t 9 a "t ( necessity & fam9e ! mon>* may require 8 subjects to give gratuit\sly1 & a =tiori to sell at a l[] price1 a portion ( _! prop]ty to ^? 9 ne$4 ,! mon>*1 say !y1 might1 )\t any d\bt1 r5d] prop]ty common1 z x 0 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( social rights2 he may consequ5tly take x f "o ( 8 subjects & give x to ano!r4 ,x is c]ta9ly said 9 ! laws ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 t he :o %\ld be *os5 by ,god might seize ^u ! v9ey>ds & prop]ty ( 8 subjects1 to conf] !m on 8 own s]vants2 b ! doctors d n support _! argum5ts on ?is text4 ,9 fact1 z we h said 9 *apt] #af?1 book i41 ! "q does n conc]n ! rights ( a good pr9ce1 b ! tyrannical acts ( a bad "o4 ,n[1 a c>eful /udy ( ! ,scriptures w %ew1 t ?is passage mu/ be fav\rable to "o or o!r ( ! two op9ions2 =1 if x 7 int5d$ to e/abli% t k+s w\ld possess 9 consci5ce ! au?ority set =? 9 ?is passage1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly h ! "r ( seiz+ ! prop]ty ( "o ( _! subjects to give x to ano!r4 ,if ?is passage is m]ely meant z a decl>ation ( ! inju/ices1 ( ! extortions1 & ! tyrannies ( wick$ mon>*s1 x is no less c]ta9 t 9 ,scripture ! de$ is consid]$ unju/2 = ?is de$ is alleg$ z an example ( :at tyrants w\ld d2 n[ if x _h be5 p]mitt$ to a good k+1 x w\ld n h be5 quot$ z an example ( tyranny1 z ! ,scriptures suppose x4 ,?us1 ?is text alone1 ev5 7 !re no o!r 9 support ( ?is doctr9e1 w\ld satisfy me1 t k+s _c lawfully compel _! subjects to rel9qui% _! prop]ty = less ?an its value1 n ev5 "u pretext ( ! public good4 ,9 fact1 7 ?is pretext valid1 x w\ld n h be5 difficult = ! k+s ( ,israel to f9d an excuse = _! tyranny2 !y might h alleg$1 t x 0 important to ! public good to rew>d s]vants ^: fidelity 0 s advantage\s to ! int]e/s ( ! k+dom4 ,fur!r1 ,k+ ,a*ab might h urg$1 t ! amusem5ts ( ! pr9ce =m$ a "p ( ! public good1 s9ce ! p are s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! heal? ( ! pr9ce2 & "u ?is pretext might h depriv$ ,nabo? ( 8 v9ey>d 9 ord] to enl>ge 8 g>d5s4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ?is pretext did n ju/ify him 9 compell+ ,nabo? ev5 to sell 8 v9ey>d2 ! k+1 al?\gh griev$1 0 n (f5d$ by ?is man's refusal1 nei!r 0 x 8 int5tion to seize ! v9ey>d1 _h n ! impi\s ,jezabel furni%$ him ) ! means ( do+ s4 ,reason is evid5tly 9 fav\r ( ?is op9ion4 ,k+s are ! m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 & h be5 appo9t$ to adm9i/] & uphold ju/ice among ! p4 ,z ,/4 ,?omas tea*es1 ! contract 9 buy+ & sell+ is only j 9 proportion z ! price is equival5t to ! ?+ pur*as$4 ,public1 x is true1 %\ld be pref]r$ to individual int]e/2 9 case1 !re=e1 t a ,/ate is 9 dang] ( dissolution1 ! mon>* might dem& prop]ty at a less price1 or ev5 = no?+1 j z he might compel ! citiz5 to expose 8 life1 :i* is ( /ill great] value1 9 def5d+ ! common cause 9 a j w>4 ,?is case1 h[ev]1 z ,p4 ,mol9a obs]ves1 is impossible1 s9ce ! mon>* w\ld always be able to indemnify ! individual = ! loss he su/a9$1 by levy+ = ?is purpose a g5]al tax1 a j tribute1 & "o t ! ,/ate w\ld be b\nd to pay4 ,to prove ?is /ill m cle>ly1 let u imag9e ! mo/ urg5t case possible2 let u suppose t ! k+ is besieg$ 9 8 capital by a tyrant2 ! tyrant is ab\t to ent] sword & tor* 9 h&2 he (f]s to raise ! siege on condition ( receiv+ a /atue ( gold ( great value1 =m]ly ! prop]ty ( 8 ance/ors1 :i* a subject ( ! besieg$ k+1 ! comm&]-9-*ief ( 8 armies1 _h tak5 9 ! plund] ( a t[n1 & made ! inali5able prop]ty ( ! elde/ son ( 8 family4 ,to r5d] ! case /ill m press+1 let u suppose t ! tyrant has a de>ly-*]i%$ relation 9 ! s]vice ( ! besieg$ k+1 & t he w be satisfi$ if a ri* "l ( ! k+dom1 possess+ a great numb] ( e/ates1 be despoil$1 & 8 prop]ty conf]r$ on 8 relation4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t1 9 ord] to pur*ase ! lives ( all1 ?is arrangem5t might be ent]$ into2 & t ! k+ w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 acc$+ to ! dem&1 9 tak+ ! /atue1 or ev5 ! :ole ( ?is prop]ty1 to conf] x on ! tyrant's relation4 ,b no "o w ass]t t ! "l %\ld suff] ! :ole loss4 ,! ,/ate w\ld be "u ! obligation ( indemnify+ him = ! loss1 by tak+ ^u itself ! indemnification1 ! "l m]ely contribut+ 8 quota2 = ?is reason1 t x w\ld be oppos$ to natural ju/ice = ! burd5s ( ! :ole body to fall ^u a s+le memb]1 :i* w\ld be ! case accord+ to ! law propos$ by ! oppon5ts4 ,if1 9 a case ( %ipwreck1 all ! c>go 7 ?r[n ov]bo>d to save ! %ip & ! lives & =tunes ( all1 ! obligation be+ common to all1 x w\ld n be j t x %\ld fall exclusively ^u ! own]s2 because ! c>go c\ld be/ be ?r[n ov]bo>d & mo/ endang]$ ! %ip's safety3 ! loss %\ld be borne by all1 ev5 by ^? :o _h ) !m ?+s only ( little weight1 z jewels or diamonds1 = in/ance2 s9ce nei!r ^! latt] proprietors nor ! vessel h]self c\ld be sav$ )\t light5+ h] by ?r[+ ov]bo>d ! heavi] portion ( ! c>go4 ,! law decrees also t ! own] ( ! vessel %all pay 8 quota4 ,n t he is oblig$ to indemnify ! own]s ( ! m]*&ise lo/1 because he sees !m 9 ne$2 x may be suppos$1 inde$1 t ^! p>ties are ri*1 &1 al?\gh _! pres5t loss is extreme1 !y w nev]!less be "u ! obligation ( return+ :at w\ld !n h be5 l5t to !m2 =1 z ! doctors decide1 !re is no obligation ( giv+ to ! ri* man :5 he suff]s a heavy loss1 :5 a loan w answ] ! same end4 ,b x is said t ! obligation ( ! ma/] ( a %ip is f\nd$ on ! fact1 t all ! pass5g]s & ! proprietors be+ int]e/$ 9 sav+ _! lives & _! prop]ty1 ! risk & ! loss ( :at 0 ?r[n ov]bo>d ought to fall on all1 & n exclusively on ! own]s ( :at 0 lo/4 ,z a pro( t ?is is ! correct int]pretation1 x w be suffici5t to notice ! summ>y ( ! title1 & ! v words ( ! law1 :i* are3 ,eo quod id tributum s]vat m]c$es deb]5t4 ,b1 except 9 ?is case1 or 9 o!rs equally press+1 if ! ru9 ( ! ,/ate w\ld n result f ! m]e fact ( an individual refus+ to yield up 8 h\se to ! pr9ce1 ! latt] c\ld n compel ! proprietor to give x up = a less price ?an its j value1 & /ill less = no?+2 = s long z ! p]sons & ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate are safe1 x is ( no importance to ! body corporate :e!r su* or su* p]sons are ri* or poor2 no "o1 9 fact1 9 ! g5]al community possesses a fix$ degree f :i* he c nei!r desc5d nor rise4 ,?is in/ability obs]vable among ! memb]s ( ! same ,/ate1 "s los+ :at o!rs ga91 & vice v]s1 is insep>able f ! /ate ( society1 su* is ! in/ability ( temporal affairs2 & ! public good1 g5]ally speak+1 nei!r loses nor ga9s by x4 ,,note #ci1 p4 #chb4 ,"s p]sons imag9e1 t 9 speak+ ( ! loss ( lib]ty 9 ,spa91 ! "q may be readily r$uc$ to "o po9t ( view1 z if ! k+dom _h always possess$ ! unity :i* x only acquir$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & only !n 9 an incomplete mann]4 ,a p]usal ( hi/ory1 & especially ( ! codes ( ! diff]5t prov9ces ( :i* ! mon>*y 0 compos$1 w conv9ce u t ! c5tral p[] has be5 creat$ & =tifi$ among u v sl[ly2 & t at ! "t :5 ?is difficult task 0 ne>ly accompli%$ 9 ,ca/ile1 mu* /ill rema9$ to be done 9 ,aragon & ,catalonia4 ,our con/itutions1 our cu/oms1 our mann]s1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 evid5tly prove t ! mon>*y ( ,philip ,,ii41 su* z we conceive x1 /rong & irresi/ible1 0 n yet e/abli%$ 9 ! cr[n ( ,aragon4 ,i w ab/a9 f adduc+ "h docum5ts & quot+ facts ) :i* e "o is acqua9t$2 ! dim5sions ( ?is volume require me to be brief4 ,,note #dj1 p4 #chh4 ,! immortal "w ( ,c\nt de ,mai/re1 9 :i* he s ably refutes ! calumnies ( ! enemies ( ! ,apo/olic ,see1 is well kn[n4 ,among s _m & su* pr(\nd obs]vations1 !re is "o des]v+ ( p>ticul> att5tion3 t on ! mod]ation ( ! ,popes 9 e ?+ relat+ to ! ext5sion ( _! dom9ions1 :5 he po9ts out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,roman & ! o!r ,european ,c\rts4 ,x is1 says he1 a v rem>kable circum/ance1 b ei!r disreg>d$ or n suffici5tly att5d$ to1 t ! ,popes h nev] tak5 advantage ( ! great p[] 9 _! possession = ! aggr&isem5t ( _! ,/ates4 ,:at c\ld h be5 m natural1 = in/ance1 or m tempt+ to human nature1 ?an to res]ve a portion ( ! prov9ces conqu]$ f ! ,s>ac5s1 & :i* !y gave up to ! fir/ occupant1 to repel ! ,turki% asc5d5cy1 always on ! increase8 ,b ?is1 h[ev]1 !y nev] did1 n ev5 ) reg>d to ! adjac5t c\ntries1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 to :i* !y _h inconte/able rights1 at lea/ accord+ to ! ideas !n prevail+1 & ov] :i* !y 7 nev]!less cont5t$ ) an empty sov]eignty1 :i* soon end$ 9 ! haqu5e1 a slight tribute1 & m]ely nom9al1 :i* ! bad ta/e ( ! age /ill disputes ) !m4 ,! ,popes may h made too mu*1 at ! "t1 ( ?is univ]sal sov]eignty1 :i* an op9ion equally univ]sal all[$ !m4 ,!y may h exact$ homage2 may inde$1 if y w1 h too arbitr>ily impos$ taxes4 ,i d n wi% to ent] into ^! po9ts "h1 b x /ill rema9s c]ta9 t !y h nev] s\ght to increase _! dom9ions at ! exp5se ( ju/ice1 :il/ all o!r gov]nm5ts fell "u ?is ana!ma2 &1 at ! pres5t "t ev51 ) all our philosophy1 our civilization1 & our f9e books1 !re is n p]haps "o ( ! ,european p[]s 9 a condition to ju/ify all its possessions be=e ,god & reason4 7,du ,pape1 book ii4 *ap4 #f47 ,,note #da1 p4 #cej4 ,i w "h ins]t "s passages 9 :i* ,/4 ,anselm expla9s ! motives t induc$ him to write1 & ! me?od :i* he int5d$ to foll[ 9 8 writ+s4 ,prfatio beati ,anselmi ,episcopi ,cantu>i5sis 9 ,monologuium4 ,quidam fratres spe me /udioseque precati sunt1 ut qudam de illis1 qu de m$it&a div9itatis ess5tia1 et quibusdam aliis hujus m$itationi cohr5tibus1 usitato s]mone colloqu5do protul]am1 sub quodam eis m$itationis exemplo describ]em4 ,cujus scilicet scrib5d m$itationis magis secundum suam voluntatem quam secundum rei facilitatem aut meam possibilitatem hanc mihi =mam pr/itu]unt3 quat5us auctoritate scriptur p5itus nihil 9 ea p]suad]etur4 ,s$ quidquid p] s+ulas inve/igationes f9is ass]]et1 id ita esse plano /ylo et vulg>ibus argum5tis simplicique disputatione1 et rationis necessitas brevit] cog]et1 et v]itatis cl>itas pat5t] o/5d]et4 ,volu]unt etiam ut nec simplicibus p5eque fatuis objectionibus mihi occurr5tibus obvi>e contemn]em1 quod quidem diu t5t>e recusavi1 atque me cum re ipsa comp>ans1 multis me rationibus excus>e t5tavi4 ,quanto enim id quod petebant1 usu sibi optabant facilius3 tanto mihi illud actu injungebant difficilius4 ,t&em tam5 victus1 tum precum mode/a importunitate1 tum /udii eorum non contemn5da hone/ate1 invitus quidem propt] rei difficultatem1 et +5ii mei imbecillitatem1 quod precabantur incpi1 s$ lib5t] propt] eorum c>itatem1 quantum potui secundum ipsorum def9itionem effeci4 ,ad quod cum ea spe sim adductus1 ut quidquid fac]em illis solis a quibus exigebatur1 esset notum1 et paulo po/ idipsum ut vilem rem fa/idi5tibus1 contemptu esset obru5dum1 scio enim me 9 eo non tam precantibus satisfac]e potuisse1 quam precibus me prosequ5tibus f9em posuisse4 ,nescio tam5 quomodo sic prt] spem ev5it1 ut non solum prdicti fratres s$ et plures alii scripturam ipsam1 quisque eam sibi transcrib5do 9 longum memori comm5d>e satag]5t1 quam ego spe tractans nihil potui inv5ire me 9 ea dixisse1 quod non ca?olicorum patrum1 et maxime beati ,augu/9i scriptis cohreat4 ,idem4 ,quod hoc licet inexplicabile sit1 tam5 cr$5dum sit4 7,cap4 lxii47 ,videtur mihi hujus tam sublimis rei secretum transc5d]e omnem intellectus aciem humani3 et idcirco conatum explic&i qualit] hoc sit1 cont95dum puto4 ,suffic]e namque deb]e exi/imo rem incompreh5sibilem indaganti si ad hoc ration&o p]v5]it1 ut eam c]tissime esse cognoscat1 etiamsi p5etr>e nequeat intellectu quomodo ita sit1 nec idcirco m9us 8 adhib5dam fidei c]titud9em1 qu probationibus necess>iis nulla alia repugnante ratione ass]untur1 si su naturalis altitud9is incompreh5sibilitate explic>i non patiantur4 ,quid autem tam incompreh5sibile1 quam id quod supra omnia e/8 ,quapropt] si ea qu de sua ess5tia hact5us disputata sunt necess>iis rationibus sunt ass]ta1 quamvis sic intellectu p5etr>i non poss9t ut qu v]bis valeant explic>i3 nullat5us tam5 c]titud9is eorum nutat soliditas4 ,nam si sup]ior consid]atio rationabilit] compreh5dit incompreh5sibile esse1 quomodo eadem summa sapi5tia sciat ea qu fecit de quibus tam multa non scire necesse e/2 quis explicet quomodo sciat aut dicat se ipsam1 de qua aut nihil1 aut vix aliquid hom9i sciri possibile e/8 ,incipit promium 9 ,prosologuion librum ,anselmi1 ,abbatis ,becc5sis1 et ,ar*iepiscopi ,cantu>i5sis4 ,po/quam opusculum quoddam velut exemplum m$it&i de ratione fidei1 cog5tibus me precibus quorumdam fratrum 9 p]sona alicujus tacite secum ratioc9&o qu nesciat inve/igantis edidi1 consid]ans illud esse multorum conca!natione contextum argum5torum1 cpi mecum qur]e3 si =te posset inv5ire unum argum5tum1 quod nullo alio ad se prob&um1 quam se solo indig]et1 et solum ad a/ru5dum quia ,deus v]e e/2 et quia e/ summum bonum nullo alio indig5s1 et quo omnia indig5t ut s9t et b5e s9t1 et qucumque cr$imus de div9a sub/antia suffic]et4 ,ad quod cum spe /udioseque cogitationes conv]t]em1 atque aliqu&o mihi vid]etur jam capi posse quod qurebam1 aliqu&o m5tis aciem omn9o fug]et3 t&em desp]ans volui cess>e1 velut ab inquisitione rei quam inv5iri esset impossibile4 ,s$ cum illam cogitationem1 ne m5tem meam fru/ra occup&o ab aliis 9 quibus pr(ic]e possem imp$iret1 p5itus a me vellem exclud]e1 tunc magis ac magis nol5ti et def5d5ti1 se cpit cum importunitate quadam +]]e4 ,quadam igitur die cum vehem5t] ejus importunitati resi/5do fatig>]1 9 ipso cogitationum conflictu sic se obtulit quod desp]abam1 ut /udiose cogitationem amplect]]1 quam sollicitus repellebam4 /imans igitur quod me gaudebam inv5isse1 si scriptum esset alicui1 leg5ti placiturum4 ,de hoc ipso et quibusdam aliis sub p]sona conantis erig]e m5tem suam ad contempl&um ,deum1 et qur5tis intellig]e quod cr$it1 subditum scripsi opusculum4 ,et quoniam nec i/ud nec illud cujus supra mem9i1 dignum libri nom9e1 aut cui auctoris prpon]etur nom5 judicabam3 nec tam5 s9e aliquo titulo1 quo aliquem 9 cujus manus v5ir5t1 quodammodo ad se leg5dum invit>5t1 dimitt5da putabam1 unicuique d$i titulum3 ut prius exemplum m$it&i de ratione fidei1 et sequ5s fides qur5s intellectum dic]etur4 ,s$ cum jam a pluribus et 8 titulis utrumque transumptum esset1 coeg]unt me plures et maxime rev]5dus ,ar*iepiscopus ,lugdun5sis ,hugo nom9e1 fung5s 9 ,gallia legatione apo/olica1 prcepit auctoritate1 ut nom5 meum illis prscrib]em4 ,quod ut aptius fi]et illud quidem ,monologuium1 id e/ ,soliloquium1 i/ud v]o ,prosologuion1 id e/ ,alloquium nom9avi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h said t ,/4 ,anselm excell$ ,desc>tes 9 8 mann] ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god3 let ! read]1 inde$1 p]use ! foll[+ passages4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 int5d to pron\nce an op9ion on ! m]its ( ?is demon/ration2 my bus9ess is1 to notice ! progress ( ! human m9d1 & n to resolve philosophical que/ions4 ,,prosologuium ,d4 ,,anselmi4 ,quod ,deus non possit cogit>i non esse4 ,quod utique sic v]e e/1 ut nec cogit>i possit non esse4 ,nam pote/ cogit>i esse aliquid1 quod non possit cogit>i non esse1 quod majus e/ quam quod non esse cogit>i pote/4 ,qu>e si id1 quo majus nequit cogit>i1 pote/ cogit>i non esse3 id ipsum1 quo majus cogit>i nequit1 non e/ id quo majus cogit>i nequit2 quod conv5ire non pote/4 ,sic ergo v]e e/ aliquid1 quo majus cogit>i non pote/1 ut nec cogit>i possit non esse4 ,et hoc es tu1 ,dom9e ,deus no/]4 ,sic ergo v]e es1 ,dom9e ,deus meus1 ut nec cogit>i possis non esse4 ,et m]ito4 ,si enim aliqua m5s posset cogit>e aliquid melius te1 asc5d]et creatura sup] ,creatorem2 et judic>et de ,creatore1 quod valde e/ absurdum4 ,et quidem quidquid e/ aliud prt] solum te1 pote/ cogit>i non esse4 ,solus igitur v]issime omnium1 et ideo maxime omnium habes esse1 quia quidquid aliud e/ non sic v]e e/1 et idcirco m9us habet esse4 ,cur itaque1 dixit insipi5s 9 corde suo non e/ ,deus8 ,cum causa 9 promptu sit rationali m5ti1 te maxime omnium esse8 ,cur1 nisi /ultus et insipi5s8 ,quomodo insipi5s dixit 9 corde suo quod cogit>i non pote/4 7,cap4 iv47 ,v]um quomodo dixit insipi5s 9 corde suo quod cogit>e non potuit1 aut quomodo cogit>e non potuit quod dixit 9 corde1 cum idem sit dic]e 9 corde1 et cogit>e4 ,quod si v]e1 imo quia v]e1 et cogitavit3 quia dixit 9 corde et non dixit 9 corde1 quia cogit>e non potuit2 non uno tantum modo dicitur aliquid 9 corde vel cogitatur4 ,alit] enim cogitatur res1 cum vox eam significans cogitatur3 alit] cum idipsum1 quod res e/1 intelligitur4 ,illo itaque modo1 pote/ cogit>i ,deus non esse3 i/o v]o1 m9ime4 ,nullus quippe intellig5s id quod ,deus e/1 pote/ cogit>e quia ,deus non e/2 licet hc v]ba dicat 9 corde1 aut s9e ulla1 aut cum aliqua extranea significatione4 ,deus enim1 e/ id quo majus cogit>i non pote/4 ,quod qui b5e intelligit1 utique intelligit id ipsum sic esse1 ut nec cogitatione queat non esse4 ,qui ergo intelligit sic esse ,deum1 nequit eum non esse cogit>e4 ,gratias tibi1 bone ,dom9e1 gratias tibi1 quia quod prius cr$idi te donante1 jam sic intelligo te illum9ante2 ut si te esse nolim cr$]e1 non possim non intellig]e4 ,ejusdem beati ,anselmi lib] pro insipi5te incipit4 ,dubitanti1 utrum sit2 vel neganti quod sit aliqua talis natura1 qua nihil majus cogit>i possit2 tam5 esse illam1 huic dicitur primo prob>i2 quod ipse negans vel ambig5s de illa1 jam habeat eam 9 intellectu1 cum audi5s illam dici1 id quod dicitur intelligit3 de9de1 quia quod intelligit necesse e/1 ut non 9 solo intellectu1 s$ etiam 9 re sit4 ,et hoc ita probatur2 quia majus e/ esse 9 intellectu et 9 re1 quam 9 solo intellectu4 ,et si illud 9 solo e/ intellectu1 majus illo erit quidquid etiam fu]it 9 re1 at si majus omnibus1 m9us erit aliquo1 et non erit majus omnibus quod utique repugnat4 ,et ideo necesse e/ ut1 majus omnibus1 quod e/ jam probatum esse 9 intellectu1 et 9 re sit2 quoniam alit] majus omnibus esse non pot]it4 ,respond]i pote/1 quod hoc jam esse dicitur 9 intellectu meo1 non ob aliud1 nisi quia id quod dicitur intelligo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! passages ,i h j quot$ w h %ewn to my read]s t ?\ght 0 n oppress$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! mo/ em95t doctors 7 accu/om$ to reason on ! mo/ important subjects ) a j & reasonable indep5d5ce2 & al?\gh ) pr(\nd respect = ! tea*+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 !y nev]!less survey$1 z well z ,abel>d & bett]1 ! field ( true philosophy4 ,we _c expect f human intellig5ce at ?is epo* m ?an is to be f\nd 9 ,/4 ,anselm4 ,h[ is x1 !re=e1 t su* eulogiums h be5 pass$ ^u ,roscel9 & ,abel>d1 )\t ev] m5tion+ ?is holy doctor8 ,:y pres5t a picture ( ! intellectual movem5t s incomplete1 & n ins]t 9 x s noble & beautiful a figure8 ,if y w\ld "k h[ incorrect x is t ,abel>d1 z ,m4 ,guizot affirms1 ab/a9$ f attack+ ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*--h[ incorrect ,m4 ,guizot is 9 8 /atem5t ( ! causes :i* excit$ ! zeal ( ! pa/ors ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ ,abel>d1 read ! lett] ( ! ,bi%ops ( ,gaul to ,pope ,innoc5t1 9 :i* y w f9d a complete recital ( ! orig9 & cause ( ?is important affair4 ,"h is ! lett]3 ,,epi/ola ,,ccclxx4 ,rev]5dissimo ,patri et ,dom9o1 ,,innoc5tio1 ,dei gratia summo ,pontifici1 ,h5ricus ,s5on5sium ,ar*iepiscopus1 ,c>not5sis ,episcopus1 ,sanct ,s$is ,apo/olic famulus1 ,aurelian5sis1 ,antissiodor5sis1 ,trec5sis1 ,meld5sis ,episcopi1 devotas orationes et debitam ob$i5tiam4 ,nulli dubium e/ quod ea qu ,apo/olica firmantur auctoritate1 rata semp] exi/unt2 nec alicujus possunt de9ceps mutil>i cavillatione1 vel invidia deprav>i4 ,ea propt] ad ve/ram ,apo/olicam ,s$em1 ,beatissime ,pat]1 ref]re dignum c5suimus qudam qu nup] 9 no/ra contigit tract>i prs5tia4 ,qu quoniam et nobis1 et multis religiosis ac sapi5tibus viris rationabilit] acta visa sunt1 ve/r s]5itatis expectant comprob>i judicio1 simul et auctoritate p]petuo robor>i4 ,itaque cum p] totam f]e ,galliam 9 civitatibus1 vicis1 et ca/ellis1 a ,s*ol>ibus non solum intra ,s*olas1 s$ etiam triviatim3 nec a litt]atis1 aut provectis tantum1 s$ a pu]is et simplicibus1 aut c]te /ultis1 de ,sancta ,tr9itate1 qu ,deus e/1 disput>etur3 insup] alia multa ab eisdem1 absona prorsus et absurda1 et plane fidei ca?olic1 sanctorumque ,patrum auctoritatibus obviantia pr(]r5tur2 cumque ab 8 qui sane s5tiebant1 et eas ineptias rejici5das esse c5sebant1 spius admoniti corrip]5tur1 vehem5tius convalescebant1 et auctoritate magi/ri sui ,petri ,abail>di1 et cujusdam ipsius libri1 cui ,!ologi indid]at nom52 nec non et aliorum ejusdem opusculorum freti ad a/ru5das pr(anas ad9v5tiones illas1 non s9e mult>um anim>um disp5dio1 sese magis ac magis armabant4 ,qu enim et nos1 et alios plures non p>um mov]ant ac ls]ant2 inde tam5 qu/ionem fac]e v]ebantur4 ,v]um ,dom9us ,abbas ,cl>-vallis1 8 a div]sis et spius auditis1 immo c]te 9 prtaxato magi/ri ,petri ,!ologi libro1 nec non et aliis ejusdem libris1 9 quorum =te lectionem incid]at1 dilig5t] inspectis2 secreto prius2 ac de9de secum duobus aut tribus adhibitis te/ibus1 juxta ,evangelicum prceptum1 hom9em conv5it3 ,et ut auditores suos a talibus compesc]et1 librosque suos corrig]et1 amicabilit] satis ac famili>it] illum admonuit4 ,plures etiam ,s*ol>ium adhortatus e/1 ut et libros v55is pl5os repudi>5t et rejic]5t3 et a doctr9a1 qu fidem ldebat ,ca?olicam1 cav]5t et ab/9]5t4 ,quod magi/] ,petrus m9us pati5t] et nimium gre f]5s1 crebro nos puls>e cpit1 nec ante voluit desi/]e1 quoad ,dom9um ,cl>a-vell5sem ,abbatem sup] hoc scrib5tes1 assignato die1 scilicet octavo ,p5teco/es1 ,s5onis ante no/ram submonuimus v5ire prs5tiam3 quo se vocabat et (f]ebat p>atum magi/] ,petrus ad prob&as et def5d5das de quibus illum ,dom9us ,abbas ,cl>a-vall5sis1 quomodo prtaxatum e/1 repreh5d]at s5t5tias4 ,ct]um ,dom9us ,abbas1 nec ad assignatum diem se v5turum1 nec contra ,petrum sese disceptaturum nobis rem&avit4 ,s$ quia magi/] ,petrus int]im suos nihilom9us cpit undequaque convoc>e discipulos2 et obsecr>e1 ut ad futuram int] se1 ,dom9umque ,abbatem ,cl>a-vall5sem disputationem1 una cum illo suam s5t5tiam simul et sci5tiam def5suri v5ir5t2 ,et hoc ,dom9um ,cl>a-vall5sem m9ime lat]et2 v]itus ipse1 ne propt] occasionem abs5ti su tot pr(an1 non s5t5ti s$ insani1 tam apud m9us intellig5tes1 quam e>umdem def5sores majore dign vid]5tur auctoritate1 prdicto quem sibi designav]amus die1 licet eum m9ime suscepisset1 tactus zelo pii f]voris1 imo c]te ,sancti ,spiritus igne succ5sus1 sese nobis ultro ,s5onis prs5tavit4 ,illa v]o die1 scilicet octava ,p5teco/es1 conv5]ant ad nos ,s5onis ,fratres et ,suffraganei no/ri ,episcopi1 ob honorem et rev]5tiam sanct>um1 quas 9 ,ecclesia no/ra populo revelaturos nos indix]amus1 ,reliqui>um4 ,itaque prs5te glorioso ,rege ,francorum ,ludovico cum ,wilhelmo religioso ,niv]nis ,comite1 ,dom9o quoque ,rhem5si ,ar*iepiscopo1 cum quibusdam suis suffraganeis ,episcopis nobis etiam1 et suffraganeis no/ris1 exceptis ,p>isiis et ,niv]nis1 ,episcopis prs5tibus1 cum multis religiosis ,abbatibus et sapi5tibus1 valdeque litt]atis cl]icis adfuit ,dom9us ,abbas ,cl>a-vall5sis2 adfuit magi/] ,petrus cum fautoribus suis4 ,quid multa8 ,dom9us ,abbas cum librum ,!ologi magi/ri ,petri pr(]ret 9 m$ium1 et qu annotav]at absurda1 imo hretica plane capitula de libro eodem propon]et1 ut ea magi/] ,petrus vel a se scripta neg>et1 vel si sua fat]etur1 aut prob>et1 aut corrig]et3 visus e/ diffid]e magi/] ,petrus ,abail>dus1 et subt]fug]e1 respond]e noluit1 s$ quamvis lib]a sibi d>etur audi5tia1 tutumque locum1 et quos hab]et judices1 ad ve/ram tam51 sanctissime ,pat]1 appellans prs5tiam1 cum suis a conv5tu discessit4 ,nos autem licet appellatio i/a1 m9us ,canonica vid]etur1 ,s$i tam5 ,apo/olic def]5tes1 9 p]sonam hom9is nullam voluimus pr(]re s5t5tiam3 ,ct]um s5t5tias pravi dogmatis ipsius1 quia multo infec]ant1 et sui contagione adusque cordium intima p5etrav]ant1 spe 9 audi5tia publica lectas et relectas1 et tam v]issimis rationibus1 quam ,beati ,augu/9i1 aliorumque ,sanctorum ,patrum inductis a ,dom9o ,cl>a-vall5si auctoritatibus1 non solum falsas1 s$ et hreticas esse evid5tissime comprobatas1 pridie ante factam ad vos appellationem damnavimus4 ,et quia multos 9 errorem p]niciosissimum et plane damnabilem p]trahunt1 eas auctoritate ve/ra1 dilectissime ,dom9e1 p]petua damnatione not>i2 et omnes qui p]vicacit] et cont5tiose illas def5d]9t1 a vobis1 quissime ,pat]1 juxta pna mulct>i unanimit] et multa precum in/antia po/ulamus4 ,spe dicto v]o ,petro1 si ,rev]5tia ve/ra sil5tium impon]et1 et tam leg5di1 quam scrib5di prorsus int]rump]et facultatem1 et libros ejus p]v]so s9e dubio dogmate resp]sos condemn>et1 avulsis sp9is et tribulis ab ,ecclesia ,dei1 preval]et adhuc lta ,*ri/i seges succresc]e1 flor]e1 fructific>e4 ,qudam autem de condemnatis a nobis capitulis vobis1 ,rev]5de ,pat]1 conscripta transmisimus1 ut p] hc audita reliqui corpus op]is facilius /imetis4 ,obs]ve h[ ,/ ,b]n>d expla9s ! sy/em & errors ( ! celebrat$ ,abel>d4 ,9 *apt] #a ( ! treatise :i* he wrote1 ,de erroribus ,petri ,abail>di1 he says3 ,habemus 9 ,francia novum de vet]i magi/ro ,!ologum1 qui ab ineunte tate sua 9 arte dialectica lusit2 et nunc 9 scripturis sanctis insanit4 ,olim damnata et sopita dogmata1 tam sua videlicet quam ali5a suscit>e conatur1 insup] et nova addit4 ,qui dum omnium qu sunt clo sursum1 et qu 9 t]ra deorsum1 nihil prt] solum ,nescio nescire dignatur2 ponit 9 clum os suum1 et scrutatur alta ,dei1 r$i5sque ad nos ref]t v]ba ineffabilia1 qu non licet hom9i loqui4 ,et dum p>atus e/ de omnibus r$d]e rationem1 etiam qu sunt supra rationem1 et contra rationem prsumit1 et contra fidem4 ,quid enim magis contra rationem1 quam ratione rationem con>i transc5d]e8 ,et quid magis contra fidem2 quam cr$]e nolle1 quidquid non possit ratione att+]e8 ,9 *apt] #d1 he sums up1 9 a few words1 ! ab]rations ( ! dialectician3 ,s$ adv]tite ct]a4 ,omitto quod dicit spiritum timoris ,dom9i non fuisse 9 ,dom9o3 timorem ,dom9i ca/um 9 future seculo non futurum3 po/ consecrationem panis et calicis priora accid5tia qu reman5t p5d]e 9 a]e3 dmonum 9 nobis sugge/iones contactu fi]i lapidum et h]b>um1 pr\t illorum sagax malitia novit2 h>um r]um vires div]sas1 div]sis incit&is et inc5d5dis vitiis1 conv5ire3 ,spiritum ,sanctum esse animam mundi3 mundum juxta ,platonem tanto excell5tius animal esse1 quanto meliorem animam habet ,spiritum ,sanctum4 ,ubi dum multum sudat quomodo ,platonem faciat ,*ri/ianum1 se probat e?nicum4 ,hc inquam omnia1 aliasque i/iusmodi nnias ejus non paucas prt]eo1 v5io ad graviora4 ,non quod vel ad ipsa cuncta respondeam1 magnis enim opus volum9ibus esset4 ,illa loquor qu tac]e non possum4 ,cum de ,tr9itate loquitur1 says he 9 8 lett] #aib1 sapit ,arium1 cum de ,gratia sapit ,pelagium1 cum de p]sona ,*ri/i sapit ,ne/orium4 ,pope ,innoc5t1 condemn+ ! doctr9es ( ,abel>d1 says3 ,9 ,petri ,abail>di p]niciosa doctr9a1 et prdictorum hreses1 et alia p]v]sa dogmata ca?olic fidei obviantia pullul>e cp]unt4 ,,app5dix4 ,,note 7a71 p4 #bhi4 ,quod necesse e/ hom9es simul viv5tes ab aliquo dilig5t] regi4 ,et siquidem hom9i conv5iret s+ul>it] viv]e1 sicut multis animalium1 nullo alio dirig5te indig]et ad f9em1 s$ ipse sibi unusquisque esset rex sub ,deo summo rege1 9 quantum p] lum5 rationis div9itus datum sibi1 9 suis actibus seipsum dirig]et4 ,naturale autem e/ hom9i ut sit animal sociale1 et politicum1 9 multitud9e viv5s1 magis etiam quam omnia alia animalia2 quod quidem naturalis necessitas decl>at4 ,aliis enim animalibus natura prp>avit cibum1 tegum5ta pilorum1 def5sionem1 ut d5tes1 cornua1 ungues1 vel saltem velocitatem ad fugam4 ,homo autem in/itutus e/ nullo horum sibi a natura prp>ato1 s$ loco omnium data e/ ei ratio1 p] quam sibi hc omnia (ficio manuum posset prp>>e1 ad qu omnia prp>&a unus homo non sufficit4 ,nam unus homo p] se suffici5t] vitam transig]e non posset4 ,e/ igitur hom9i naturale1 quod 9 societate multorum vivat4 ,amplius1 aliis animalibus insita e/ naturalis indu/ria ad omnia ea qu sunt eis utilia vel nociva1 sicut ovis naturalit] extimet lupum inimicum4 ,qudam etiam animalia ex naturali indu/ria cognoscunt aliquas h]bas m$ic9ales1 et alia eorum vit necess>ia4 ,homo autem horum1 qu sunt su vit necess>ia1 naturalem cognitionem habet solum 9 communi1 quasi eo p] rationem val5te ex univ]salibus pr9cipiis ad cognitionem s+ulorum1 qu necess>ia sunt human vit1 p]v5ire4 ,non e/ autem possibile1 quod unus homo ad omnia hujusmodi p] suam rationem p]t+at4 ,e/ igitur necess>ium hom9i1 quod 9 multitud9e vivat1 et unus ab alio adjuvetur1 et div]si div]sis inv5i5dis p] rationem occup>5tur1 puta1 unus 9 m$ic9a1 alius 9 hoc1 alius 9 alio4 ,hoc etiam evid5tissime decl>atur p] hoc1 quod e/ proprium hom9is locutione uti1 p] quam unus homo aliis suum conceptum totalit] pote/ exprim]e4 ,alia quidem animalia exprimunt mutuo passiones suas1 9 communi1 ut canis 9 latratu iram1 et alia animalia passiones suas div]sis modis4 ,magis igitur homo e/ communicativus alt]i1 quam quodcumque aliud animal1 quod gregale videtur1 ut grus1 =mica1 et apis4 ,hoc ergo consid]ans ,salomon 9 ,ecclesia/e ait3 ,melius e/ esse duos1 quam unum4 ,hab5t enim emolum5tum mutu societatis4 ,si ergo naturale e/ hom9i quod 9 societate multorum vivat1 necesse e/ 9 hom9ibus esse1 p] quod multitudo regatur4 ,multis enim exi/5tibus hom9ibus et uno quoque id quod e/ sibi congruum provid5te1 multitudo 9 div]sa disp]g]etur1 nisi etiam esset aliquis de eo quod ad bonum multitud9is p]t9et1 curam hab5s1 sicut et corpus hom9is1 et cujuslibet animalis deflu]et1 nisi esset aliqua vis regitiva communis 9 corpore1 qu ad bonum commune omnium membrorum int5d]et4 ,quod consid]ans ,salomon dicit3 ,ubi non e/ gub]nator1 dissipabitur populus4 ,hoc autem rationabilit] accidit3 non enim idem e/ quod proprium1 et quod commune4 ,secundum propria quidem diff]unt1 secundum autem commune uniuntur3 div]sorum autem div]s sunt caus4 ,oportet igitur prt] id quod movet ad proprium bonum uniuscujusque1 esse aliquid1 quod movet ad bonum commune multorum4 ,propt] quod et 9 omnibus qu 9 unum ord9antur1 aliquid inv5itur alt]ius regitivum4 ,9 univ]sitate enim corporum1 p] primum corpus1 scilicet cele/e1 alia corpora ord9e quodam div9 provid5ti reguntur1 omniaque corpora1 p] creaturam rationalem4 ,9 uno etiam hom9e anima regit corpus1 atque int] anim p>tes irascibilis et concupiscibilis ratione reguntur4 ,itemque int] membra corporis unum e/ pr9cipale1 quod omnia movet1 ut cor1 aut caput4 ,oportet igitur esse 9 omni multitud9e aliquod regitivum4 7,d4 ,?41 ,opusc4 de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum1 l4 i4 cap4 #a47 ,,note 7b71 p4 #bij4 ,ubi consid]&um e/1 quod dom9ium1 vel prlatio introducta sunt ex jure humano3 di/9ctio autem fidelium et infidelium e/ ex jure div9o4 ,jus autem div9um quod e/ ex gratia1 non tollit jus humanum quod e/ ex naturali ratione2 ideo di/9ctio fidelium et infidelium secundum se consid]ata1 non tollit dom9ium1 et prlationem infidelium supra fideles4 7#b4 #b4 que/4 #aj1 art4 #aj47 ,,note 7c71 p4 #bij4 ,respondeo dic5dum quod sicut supra dictum e/ 7que/4 #aj1 art4 #aj71 infidelitas secundum se ipsam non repugnat dom9io1 eo quod dom9ium introductum e/ de jure g5tium1 quod e/ jus humanum4 ,di/9ctio autem fidelium et infidelium e/ secundum jus div9um1 p] quod non tollitur jus humanum4 7#b4 #b4 que/4 #ab1 art4 #b47 ,,note 7d71 p4 #bij4 ,respondeo dic5dum quod sicut actiones r]um naturalium proc$unt ex pot5tiis naturalibus3 ita etiam op]ationes human proc$unt ex humana voluntate4 ,oportuit autem 9 rebus naturalibus1 ut sup]iora mov]5t inf]iora ad suas actiones p] excell5tiam naturalis virtutis collat div9itus4 ,unde et oportet 9 rebus humanis1 quod sup]iores moveant inf]iores p] suam voluntatem ex vi auctoritatis div9itus ord9at4 ,mov]e autem p] rationem et voluntatem e/ prcip]e2 et ideo sicut ex ipso ord9e naturali div9itus in/ituto inf]iora 9 rebus naturalibus necesse hab5t subjici motioni sup]iorum1 ita etiam 9 rebus humanis ex ord9e juris naturalis et div9i1 t55tur inf]iores suis sup]ioribus ob$ire4 7#b4 #b4 que/4 #aje1 art4 #a47 ,,note 7e71 p4 #bia4 ,ob$ire autem sup]iori debitum e/ secundum div9um ord9em rebus inditum ut o/5sum e/4 7#b4 #b4 que/4 #ajd1 art4 #b47 ,,note 7f71 p4 #bia4 ,respondeo dic5dum quod fides ,*ri/i e/ ju/iti pr9cipium1 et causa1 secundum illud ,rom4 iii4 ,ju/itia ,dei p] fidem ,jesu ,*ri/i2 et ideo p] fidem ,*ri/i non tollitur ordo ju/iti s$ magis firmatur4 ,ordo autem ju/iti requirit1 ut inf]iores suis sup]ioribus ob$iant3 alit] enim non posset human>um r]um /atus cons]v>i4 ,et ideo p] fidem ,*ri/i non excusantur fideles1 qu9 pr9cipibus secul>ibus ob$ire t5eantur4 7#b4 #b4 que/4 #aje1 art4 #f47 ,,note 7g71 p4 #bia4 ,c]tum e/ politicam pote/atem a ,deo esse a quo non nisi res bon et licit proc$unt1 et quod probat ,aug4 9 toto f]e #d et #e libr4 de ,civit4 ,dei4 ,nam sapi5tia ,dei clamat1 ,prov]b4 viii43 ,p] me reges regnant2 et infra3 ,p] me pr9cipes imp]ant4 ,et ,daniel ii43 ,deus cli regnum et imp]ium d$it tibi1 c42 et ,daniel iv43 ,cum be/iis f]isque erit habitatio tua1 et f5um1 ut bos com$es1 et rore cli infund]is3 septem quoque tempora mutabuntur sup] te1 donec scias quod dom9etur ,excelsus sup] regnum hom9um1 et cuicumque volu]it1 det illud4 7,bell4 de ,laicis1 l4 iii4 c4 #f47 ,,note 7h71 p4 #bia4 ,s$ hic obs]v&a sunt aliqua4 ,primo politicam pote/atem 9 univ]sum consid]atam1 non desc5d5do 9 p>ticul>i ad mon>*iam1 ari/ocratiam1 vel democratiam imm$iate esse a solo ,deo2 nam consequitur necess>io naturam hom9is1 pro9de esse ab illo1 qui fecit naturam hom9is2 prt]ea hc pote/as e/ de jure natur1 non enim p5det ex cons5su hom9um1 nam vel9t1 nol9t1 deb5t regi ab aliquo1 nisi vel9t p]ire humanum g5us1 quod e/ contra natur incl9ationem4 ,at jus natur e/ jus div9um1 jure igitur div9o introducta e/ gub]natio1 et hoc videtur proprie velle ,apo/olus1 cum dicit ,rom4 xiii3 ,qui pote/ati resi/it1 ,dei ord9ationi resi/it4 7,ib47 ,,note 7i71 p4 #bib4 ,secundo nota1 hanc pote/atem imm$iate esse tanquam 9 subjecto1 9 tota multitud9e1 nam hc pote/as e/ de jure div9o4 ,at jus div9um nulli hom9i p>ticul>i d$it hanc pote/atem1 ergo d$it multitud9i2 prt]ea sublato jure positivo1 non e/ major ratio cur ex multis qualibus unus potius1 quam alius dom9etur3 igitur pote/as totius e/ multitud9is4 ,d5ique humana societas debet esse p]fecta respublica1 ergo debet hab]e pote/atem se ipsam cons]v&i1 et pro9de puni5di p]turbatores pacis1 c4 7,ib47 ,,note 7k71 p4 #bic4 ,t]tio nota1 hanc pote/atem transf]ri a multitud9e 9 unum vel plures eodem jure natur3 nam ,respub4 non pote/ p] seipsam ex]c]e hanc pote/atem1 ergo t5etur eam transf]re 9 aliquem unum vel aliquos paucos2 et hoc modo pote/as pr9cipum 9 g5]e consid]ata1 e/ etiam de jure natur1 et div9o2 nec posset g5us humanum1 etiamsi totum simul conv5iret1 contr>ium /atu]e1 nimirum1 ut nulli ess5t pr9cipes vel rectores4 7,ib47 ,,note 7l71 p4 #bic4 ,qu>to nota1 9 p>ticul>i s+ulas species regim9is esse de jure g5tium1 non de jure natur2 nam p5det a cons5su multitud9is1 con/itu]e sup] se regem vel consules1 vel alios magi/ratus1 ut patet3 et si causa legitima adsit1 pote/ multitudo mut>e regnum 9 ari/ocratiam1 aut democratiam1 et e contr>io ut ,rom factum legimus4 ,qu9to nota1 ex dictis sequi1 hanc pote/atem 9 p>ticul>i esse quidem a ,deo1 s$ m$iante consilio1 et electione humana1 ut alia omnia1 qu ad jus g5tium p]t95t1 jus enim g5tium e/ quasi conclusio d$ucta ex jure natur p] humanum discursum4 ,ex quo colliguntur du diff]5ti int] pote/atem politicam1 et ecclesia/icam3 una ex p>te subjecti1 nam politica e/ 9 multitud9e1 ecclesia/ica 9 uno hom9e tanquam 9 subjecto imm$iate2 alt]a ex p>te effici5tis1 quod politica univ]se consid]ata e/ de jure div9o1 9 p>ticul>i consid]ata e/ de jure g5tium2 ecclesia/ica omnibus modis e/ de jure div9o1 et imm$iate a ,deo4 7,ib47 ,,note 7m71 p4 #bid4 ,9 hac re communis s5t5tia videtur esse1 hanc pote/atem d>i imm$iate a ,deo ut auctore natur1 ita ut hom9es quasi disponant mat]iam et efficiant subjectum capax hujus pote/atis2 ,deus autem quasi tribuat =mam d&o hanc pote/atem4 ,cita a ,cajet4 ,cov>4 ,victor4 y ,soto4 7,de ,leg4 l4 iii4 c4 #c47 ,,note 7n71 p4 #bid4 ,secundo sequitur ex edictis1 pote/atem civilem1 quoties 9 uno hom9e1 vel pr9cipe rep]itur1 legitimo1 ac ord9>io jure1 a populo1 et communitate manasse1 vel proxime vel remote1 nec posse alit] hab]i1 ut ju/a sit4 7,ibid4 cap4 #d47 ,,note 7o71 p4 #bid4 ,def5sio ,fidei ,ca?olic et ,apo/olic adv]sus ,anglican sect errores1 cum responsione ad apologiam pro juram5to fidelitatis et prfationem monitoriam s]5issimi ,jacobi ,angli ,regis1 ,au?ore ,p4 ,d4 ,francisco ,su>io ,gratan5si1 e ,societate ,jesu1 ,sacr ,!ologi 9 celebri ,conimbric5si ,academia ,prim>io ,pr(essore1 ad s]5issimos totius ,*ri/iani orbis ,ca?olicos ,reges ac ,pr9cipes4 ,lib4 #c4 ,de ,primatu ,summi ,pontificis1 cap4 #b4 ,utrum ,pr9cipatus politicus sit imm$iate a ,deo1 seu ex div9a in/itutione4 44444 ,9 qua rex s]5issimus non solum novo1 et s+ul>i modo op9atur1 s$ etiam acrit] invehitur 9 ,c>d9alem ,bell>m9um1 eo quod ass]u]it1 non regibus au?oritatem a ,deo imm$iate1 p]9de ac pontificibus esse concessam4 ,ass]it ergo ipse1 regem non a populo1 s$ imm$iate a ,deo suam pote/atem hab]e2 suam v]o s5t5tiam quibusdam argum5tis1 et exemplis suad]e conatur1 quorum efficaciam 9 sequ5ti capite exp5demus4 ,s$ quamquam controv]sia hc ad fidei dogmata directe non p]t9eat 7nihil enim ex div9a ,scriptura1 aut ,patrum traditione 9 illa def9itum o/5di pote/71 nihilom9us dilig5t] tract&a1 et explic&a e/4 ,tum quia pote/ esse occasio err&i 9 aliis dogmatibus2 tum etiam quia prdicta regis s5t5tia1 pr\t ab ipso ass]itur et int5ditur1 nova et s+ul>is e/1 et ad exagg]&am temporalem pote/atem1 et spiritualem ext5u&am videtur inv5ta4 ,tum d5ique quia s5t5tiam illu/rissimi ,bell>m9i antiquam1 receptam1 v]am1 ac necess>iam esse c5semus4 ,,note 7p71 p4 #bie4 ,r4 ,p4 ,h]manni ,busembaum ,societatis ,jesu ,!ologia ,moralis1 nunc pluribus p>tibus aucta a ,r4 ,p4 ,d4 ,alphonso de ,ligorio ,rectore majore congregationis ,,ss4 ,r$emptoris2 adjuncta 9 calce op]is1 prt] indicem r]um1 et v]borum locupletissimum1 p]utili in/ructione ad praxim confess>iorium ,lat9e r$dita4 ,lib4 #a1 ,tract4 #b4 ,de legibus1 cap4 #a4 ,de natura1 et obligatione legis4 ,dub4 #b4 #ajd4 ,c]tum e/ d>i 9 hom9ibus pote/atem f]5di leges2 s$ pote/as hc quoad leges civiles a natura nem9i competit1 nisi communitati hom9um1 et ab hac transf]tur 9 unum1 vel 9 plures1 a quibus communitas regatur4 ,,note 7q71 p4 #bie4 ,!ologia ,*ri/iana ,dogmatico-,moralis ,auctore ,p4 ,f4 ,daniele ,conc9a ord9is ,prdicatorum4 ,editio novissima1 tomus sextus1 de ,jure nat4 et g5t41 c4 ,rom1 #agfh4 ,lib4 #a4 ,de ,jure natur4 et g5t41 c4 ,diss]tatio #d1 ,de leg4 hum4 ,c4 #b4 ,summ pote/atis orig9em a ,deo communit] arcessunt scriptores omnes4 ,idque decl>avit ,salomon1 ,prov4 viii4 ,p] me reges regnant1 et legum conditores ju/a dec]nunt4 ,et pr(ecto quemadmodum inf]iores pr9cipes a summa maje/ate1 ita summa maje/as t]r5a a supremo ,rege1 ,dom9oque dom9antium p5deat necesse e/4 ,illud 9 disputationem vocant tum !ologi1 tum jurisconsulti1 sit ne a ,deo proxime1 an tantum remote hc pote/as summa8 ,imm$iate a ,deo hab]i cont5dunt plures1 quod ab hom9ibus neque conjunctim1 neque sigillatim acceptis hab]i possit4 ,omnes enim patres familias quales sunt1 solaque conomica 9 propias familias pote/ate fruuntur4 ,ergo civilem politicamque pote/atem1 qua ipsi c>5t1 conf]re aliis nequeunt4 ,tum si pote/as summa a communitate1 tanquam a sup]iore1 uni1 aut pluribus collata esset1 revoc>i ad nutum ejusdem communitatis posset2 cum sup]ior pro arbitrio retract>e communicatam pote/atem valeat2 quod 9 magnum societatis detrim5tum recid]et4 ,contra disputant alii1 et quidem probabilius ac v]ius1 adv]t5tes omnem quidem pote/atem a ,deo esse2 s$ addunt1 non transf]ri 9 p>ticul>es hom9es imm$iate1 s$ m$iante societatis civilis cons5su4 ,quod hc pote/as sit imm$iate1 non 9 aliquo s+ul>i1 s$ 9 tota hom9um collectione1 docet conceptis v]bis ,s4 ,?omas #a4 #b4 qu4 #ij4 art4 #c ad #b4 et qu4 #ig4 art4 #c ad #c quem sequuntur ,dom9icus ,soto1 lib4 #a4 qu4 #a4 art4 #c4 ,l$esma #b4 ,"p4 qu4 #ah4 art4 #c4 ,cov>ruvias 9 pract4 cap4 #a4 ,ratio evid5s e/3 quia omnes hom9es nascuntur lib]i1 respectu civilis imp]ii2 ergo nemo 9 alt]um civili pote/ate potitur4 ,neque ergo 9 s+ulis1 neque 9 aliquo det]m9ato pote/as hc rep]itur4 ,consequitur ergo 9 tota hom9um collectione eamdem ext>e4 ,qu pote/as non conf]tur a ,deo p] aliquam actionem peculi>em a creatione di/9ctam2 s$ e/ veluti proprietas ipsam rectam rationem consequ5s1 quat5us recta ratio prscribit ut hom9es 9 unum moralit] congregati1 expresso aut tacito conc5su modum dirig5d1 cons]v&1 propugn&que societatis prscribant4 ,,note 7r71 p4 #bif4 ,h9c inf]tur1 pote/atem resid5tem 9 pr9cipe1 rege1 vel 9 pluribus1 aut optimatibus1 aut plebeiis1 ab ipsa communitate aut proxime1 aut remote pr(icisci4 ,nam pote/as hc a ,deo imm$iate non e/4 ,id enim nobis con/>e peculi>i revelatione deb]et2 quemadmodum scimus1 ,saulem et ,davidem electos a ,deo fuisse4 ,ab ipsa ergo communitate dimanet oportet4 ,falsam itaque reputamus op9ionem illam qu ass]it1 pote/atem hanc imm$iate et proxime a ,deo conf]ri regi1 pr9cipi1 et cuique suprem pote/ati1 excluso ,reipublic tacito1 aut expresso cons5su4 ,quamquam lis hc v]borum potius quam rei e/4 ,nam pote/as hc a ,deo auctore natur e/1 quat5us disposuit1 et ord9avit ut ipsa ,respublica pro societatis cons]vatione1 et def5sione1 uni1 aut pluribus supremam regim9is pote/atem conf]ret4 ,immo facta designatione imp]antis1 aut imp]antium1 pote/as hc a ,deo man>e dicitur1 quat5us jure naturali1 et div9o t5etur1 societas ipsa p>]e imp]anti4 ,quoniam reipsa ,deus ord9avit ut p] unum1 aut p] plures hom9um societas regatur4 ,et hac via omnia conciliantur placita3 et oracula ,scriptur>um v]o 9 s5su exponuntur4 ,qui resi/it pote/ati1 ,dei ord9ationi resi/it4 ,et it]um3 ,non e/ pote/as nisi a ,deo3 ad ,rom4 viii4 ,et ,petrus ,epi/4 #a1 cap4 ii4 ,subjecti igitur e/ote omni human creatur propt] ,deum3 sive ,regi1 c4 ,item ,joan4 xix4 ,non hab]es pote/atem adv]sum me ullam1 nisi tibi datum esset desup]4 ,qu1 alia te/imonia ev9cunt1 omnia a ,deo1 supremo r]um omnium mod]atore1 disponi1 et ord9>i4 ,at non propt]ea humana consilia1 et op]ationes excluduntur2 ut sapi5t] int]pretantur ,s4 ,augu/9us tract4 #f1 9 ,joan4 et lib4 #bb4 cont4 ,fau/um1 cap4 #dg1 et ,s4 ,joannes ,*ryso/omus ,hom4 #bc1 9 ,epi/4 ad ,rom4 ,,note 7s71 p4 #bif4 ,qu9am poss9t f]re leges8 ,dico #a4 ,pote/as legislativa competit communitati vel illi1 qui curam communitatis g]it4 7,ibid4 art4 #c4 #j47 ,prob4 #a4 ,ex ,isidoro ,l4 #e4 ,etymol4 ,c4 #aj et ref]tur ,c4 ,lex1 ,di/4 #d4 ubi dicit3 ,lex e/ con/itutio populi1 secundum quam majores natu simul cum plebibus aliquid sanx]unt4 7,ibid4 9 art4 #a4 #j47 ,prob4 #a4 ,ratione4 7,ibid4 #j47 ,illius e/ cond]e legem1 cujus e/ prospic]e bono communi2 quia1 ut dictum e/1 leges f]untur propt] bonum commune3 atqui e/ communis1 vel illius1 cui curam communitatis habet1 prospic]e bono communi3 sicut enim bonum p>ticul>e e/ f9is proportionatus ag5ti p>ticul>i1 ita bonum commune e/ f9is proportionatus communitati1 vel ejus vices g]5ti2 ergo4 ,confirmatur3 7,ibid4 ad #b47 lex habet vim imp]&i et co]c5di2 atqui nemo privatus habet vim imp]&i multitud9i et eam co]c5di1 s$ sola ipsa multitudo1 vel ejus ,rector3 ,ergo4 7,tract4 de ,legi4 ,art4 #d47 ,,note 7t71 p4 #bif4 ,dices3 ,sup]ioris e/ imp]>e et co]c]e2 atqui communitas non e/ sibi sup]ior3 ,ergo ,r4 ,d4 ,m94 ,communitas1 sub eodem respectu consid]ata1 non e/ sibi sup]ior1 ,c4 ,sub div]so respectu1 ,n4 ,pote/ itaque communitas consid]>i collective1 p] modum unius corporis moralis1 et sic consid]ata e/ sup]ior sibi consid]at di/ributive 9 s+ulis membris4 ,item pote/ consid]>i vel ut g]it vices ,dei1 a quo omnis pote/as legislativa desc5dit1 juxta illud ,prov]b4 ,p] me reges regnant1 et legum conditores ju/a dec]nunt2 vel ut e/ gub]nabilis 9 ord9e ad bonum commune3 primo modo consid]ata e/ sup]ior et legislativa2 secundo modo consid]ata e/ inf]ior et legis susceptiva4 ,,note 7u71 p4 #big4 ,quod ut cl>ius p]cipiatur1 obs]v&um e/ hom9em int] animalia nasci maxime de/itutum pluribus tum corporis cum anim necess>iis1 pro quibus indiget aliorum consortio et adjutorio1 consequ5t] eum ipsapte natura nasci animal sociale3 societas autem quam natura1 naturalisve ratio dictat ipsi necess>iam1 diu subsi/]e non pote/1 nisi aliqua publica pote/ate gub]netur2 juxta illud ,prov]b4 ,ubi non e/ gub]nator1 populus corruet4 ,ex quo sequitur1 quod ,deus1 qui d$it talem naturam1 simul ei d$]it pote/atem gub]nativam et legislativam1 qui enim dat =mam1 dat etiam ea1 qu hc =ma necess>io exigit4 ,v]um1 quia hc pote/as gub]nativa et legislativa non pote/ ex]c]i a tota multitud9e2 difficile namque =et1 omnes et s+ulos simul conv5ire toties quoties provid5dum e/ de necess>iis bono communi1 et de legibus f]5dis2 ideo solet multitudo transf]re suum jus seu pote/atem gub]nativam1 vel 9 aliquos de populo ex omni conditione1 et dicitur ,democratia2 vel 9 paucos optimates1 et dicitur ,ari/ocratia2 vel 9 unum tantum1 sive pro se solo1 sive pro successoribus jure hr$it>io1 et dicitur ,mon>*ia4 ,ex quo sequitur1 omnem pote/atem esse a ,deo1 ut dicit ,apo/4 ,rom4 xiii4 imm$iate quidem et jure natur 9 communitate1 m$iate autem tantum et jure humano 9 ,regibus et aliis ,rectoribus3 nisi ,deus ipse imm$iate aliquibus hanc pote/atem conf]at1 ut contulit ,moysi 9 populum ,israel1 et ,*ri/us ,,ss4 ,pontifici 9 totam ,ecclesiam4 ,hanc pote/atem legislativam 9 ,*ri/ianos1 maxime ju/os1 non agnoscunt1 ,lu!rani et ,calv9i/1 secuti 9 hoc ,vald5ses1 ,wicleffum1 et ,joan4 ,hus damnatos 9 ,conc4 ,con/ant4 sess4 #f4 c4 #ae4 ,et quamvis ,joannes ,hus eam agnosc]et 9 pr9cipibus bonis1 eam tam5 d5egabat malis1 p>it] ideo damnatus 9 eodem ,concil4 sess4 #h4 ,,note 7x71 p4 #big4 ,comp5dium ,salmatic4 au?ore ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,r4 ,antonio a ,s4 ,joseph olim ,lectore1 priore ac exam9atore ,synodali 9 suo collegio ,burg5si1 nunc procuratore g5]ali 9 ,romana ,curia pro ,c>melit>um ,discalceatorum ,hispanica ,congregatione4 ,rom1 #aggi4 ,sup]iorum p]missu4 ,tractatus #c1 ,de ,legibus1 cap4 #b4 ,de pote/ate f]5di leges4 ,punctum #a4 ,de pote/ate legislativa civili4 ,inq4 #a4 ,an detur 9 hom9ibus pote/as cond5di leges civiles8 ,r4 ,affirm4 con/at ex illo ,prov4 viii4 ,p] me reges regnant1 et legum conditores ju/a dec]nunt4 ,idem patet ex ,apo/4 ad ,rom4 xiii4 et tanquam de fide e/ def9itum 9 ,conc4 ,con/4 sess4 #h1 et ultima4 ,prob4 ration4 quia ad cons]vationem boni communis requiritur publica pote/as1 qua communitas gub]netur3 nam ubi non e/ gub]nator1 corruet populus1 s$ nequid gub]nator communitatem nisi m$iis legibus gub]n>e3 ergo c]tum e/ d>i 9 hom9ibus pote/atem cond5di leges1 quibus populus possit gub]n>i4 ,ita ,d4 ,?4 lib4 i4 de regim4 pr9cip4 c4 #a et #b4 ,inq4 #b4 ,an pote/as legislativa civilis conv5iat pr9cipi imm$iate a ,deo8 ,r4 omnes ass]unt dictam pote/atem hab]e pr9cipes a ,deo4 ,v]ius tam5 dicitur1 non imm$iate s$ m$iante populi cons5su illam eos a ,deo recip]e4 ,nam omnes hom9es sunt 9 natura quales1 nec unus e/ sup]ior1 nec alius inf]ior ex natura1 nulli enim d$it natura supra alt]um pote/atem1 s$ hc a ,deo data e/ hom9um communitati1 qu judicans rectius =e gub]n&um p] unam vel p] plures p]sonas det]m9atas1 suam tran/ulit pote/atem 9 unam1 vel plures1 a quibus reg]etur1 ut ait ,d4 ,?4 #a4 #b4 q4 #ij4 a4 #c4 ad4 #b4 ,ex hoc naturali pr9cipio oritur discrim5 regim9is civilis4 ,nam si ,respublica tran/ulit omnem suam pote/atem 9 unum solum1 appellatur ,regim5 ,mon>*icum2 si illam contulit ,optimatibus populi1 nuncupatur ,regim5 ,ari/ocraticum2 si v]o populus1 aut ,respublica sibi ret9eat talem pote/atem1 dicitur ,regim5 ,democraticum4 ,hab5t igitur ,pr9cipes reg5di pote/atem a ,deo1 quia supposita electione a ,republica facta1 ,deus illam pote/atem1 qu 9 communitate erat1 ,pr9cipi conf]t4 ,unde ipse nom9e ,dei regit1 et gub]nat1 et qui illi resi/it1 ,dei ord9ationi resi/it1 ut dicit ,apo/4 loco supra laudato4 ,,index4 ,abbon1 a monk--8 poem on ! siege ( ,p>is1 #bda4 ,abel>d1 acc\nt (1 #dja2 error ( ,m4 ,guizot ) reg>d to him1 #djb2 docum5t prov+ ?is1 #dhf4 ,abuses1 *eck$ by ! ,*ur*1 #dbb4 ,adhem>1 8 *ronicle1 #bda4 ,adon1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,vi5ne--8 "w on univ]sal hi/ory1 #bda4 ,adrian 7,pope7 protects ! m>riages ( slaves1 #aac2 8 doctr9e on ! "r ( slaves to m>ry1 #aac4 ,agde1 ,c\ncils (1 #ajc2 ibid4 decree aga9/ ^? :o refus$ to be reconcil$1 #agf4 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,c\ncil (1 enjo9s bi%ops to f\nd hospitals to conta9 all ! poor t _! rev5ues c support1 #ahh4 ,albig5ses describ$1 #beb4 ,alphonsus 7( ,lig\ri71 on p[] ( mak+ laws1 #bie4 ,amat 7,don ,felix71 8 false political !ory1 #ccc2 ibid4 on resi/ance to gov]nm5t1 #dga4 ,ambrose 7,/471 conduct ( t[>ds ! ,emp]or ,!odosius1 #agh2 sells ! sacr$ vessels to r$eem slaves1 #dcb4 ,anabapti/s1 excesses committ$ by1 9 ,g]many 9 ! #af? c5tury1 #aig4 ,ang]s1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree aga9/ acts ( viol5ce1 #agf4 ,anselm 7,/471 writ+s (1 #djc2 ibid4 on ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans1 #dei2 extracts f1 %[+ 8 way ( view+ religi\s matt]s1 #dhe2 intellectual movem5t 9 ! ,*ur* )9 ! limits ( fai?1 #dhf2 he anticipates ,desc>tes' demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 #dhe4 ,arabians1 _! civilization describ$1 #bcg2 probability t !y 7 indebt$ to ! ea/]n mona/]ies = mu* ( _! k1 #bcg2 ! connexion betwe5 _! sci5ce & t ( antiquity may yet be f\nd1 #bcg4 ,arbog51 ,c\ncil (1 =bids *ur* burial to be giv5 to pirates1 ravi%]s1 c41 #ahb4 ,ari/ocracy 9 ! #af? c5tury1 consi/$ ( ! nobles & cl]gy1 #cdh2 diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 #cdi2 int]m$iate class betwe5 ! ?rone & ! p1 #cdi4 ,ari/otle1 immoral doctr9e (1 #ddc2 8 views on public education1 #ddc2 8 absurd int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 dome/ic matt]s1 #ddc2 8 doctr9es re=m$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #cea4 ,arles1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree aga9/ feuds1 #agg4 ,armagh1 ,c\ncil (1 #aji2 ibid4 frees all ! ,engli% slaves1 #dcg4 ,association1 a favorite pr9ciple ( ,ca?olicity1 #ahi4 ,a!ism1 t5d5cy t[>ds1 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 #fa4 ,augu/9 7,/471 8 description ( paganism1 #hi2 8 noble s5tim5ts on slav]y1 #aaa2 rem>kable passages f1 on political =ms1 #cij2 on ! "n ,ca?olic be+ giv5 to ! true ,*ur* only1 #dbb4 ,au?or1 decl>ation (1 #dai4 ,au?ority 9 religion1 t5d5cy t[>ds1 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 #fa4 ,avignon1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( ! truce ( ,god1 #aha4 ,aymon 7( ,aquita9e71 writes ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5*1 #bda4 ,b>b>ians1 ^? :o invad$ ! ,roman ,empire describ$1 #abb2 _! real condition1 #ddd2 _! laws & mann]s1 #ddg4 ,b>celona1 c\ncillors (1 _! bold language to ! k+ ( ,spa91 #cdj2 its trades-associations describ$ by ,capmany1 #dgg4 ,bayle1 diction>y (1 describ$1 #fc2 its effects1 #fc4 ,bell>m9e1 doctr9e (1 on ! div9e law1 #bia2 on ! civil p[]1 #bib2 on ! di/9ction betwe5 political & ecclesia/ical p[]1 #bic2 v9dication (1 #bid4 ,b5$ict 7,/471 describ$1 #bch2 8 mona/ic in/itute1 #bch4 ,b5efic5ce1 public1 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 #ahd2 0 ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahd2 x requir$ p]man5t in/itutions1 #ahd2 !y 7 conceiv$ & f\nd$ by ! ,*ur*1 #ahe2 in/itutions (1 f\nd$ by ,ca?olicity1 #ahe2 !y require ! support ( ,*ri/ian *>ity1 #ahi4 ,b]n>d 7,/471 obs]vations on1 #dji4 ,beza1 evid5ce (1 aga9/ ,prote/antism1 #dbc4 ,bible1 :y =bidd5 9 ! vulg> tongue 9 ,spa91 #bae4 ,bible ,societies1 effects (1 #fd4 ,billu>t1 ,f41 on ! "r ( mak+ laws1 #bif2 on ! orig9 ( society & ! civil p[]1 #bif4 ,bi%ops1 slaves (1 set free at _! dea? by decree ( ,c\ncil1 #ajh4 ,bonald1 on ! ,esprit des ,lois1 #ahf2 8 doctr9es1 #bhc4 ,boneuil1 ,c\ncil (1 describ$1 #ajf4 ,bossuet1 8 negotiations ) ,leibnitz to re-unite ! ,*ur*es1 #fa2 s*ool (1 #bhc2 8 ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ! fir/ great "w on ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 #dah4 ,br5tz51 te/imony (1 to ! incr$ulity prevail+ among ! e>ly re=m]s1 #dbi4 ,brescia1 ,arnauld (1 tr\bles excit$ by1 #bea4 ,bruis 7,pi]re de71 8 iconocla/ic fanaticism1 #bea4 ,bu*anan1 8 rem>k on ! degradation ( wom5 :]ev] ,*ri/ianity does n prevail1 #acf4 ,bull-fights1 ^? ( ,spa9 discuss$1 #agd4 ,bus5baum1 on ! p[] ( mak+ laws1 #bie4 ,bull 7,cna ,dom9i7 conta9+ an excommunication aga9/ ^? :o levy excessive taxes1 #cfj4 ,cs> 7,j471 on ! mann]s ( ! ,g]mans & ,britons1 #aec4 ,calmet1 on ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans1 #dfa4 ,calv91 intol]ance (1 #dba2 8 vulg> abuse1 #dba2 evid5ce (1 9 favor ( ! ,pope1 #dbc4 ,calv9ism1 z connect$ ) democracy1 #cee4 ,capmany on ! trades-corporations ( ,b>celona1 #dgg4 ,c>ranza1 trial (1 #bab2 its duration1 #bab2 c>ri$ to ,rome1 #bab2 8 dy+ decl>ation1 #bab2 conduct ( ,philip ,,ii4 t[>ds him1 #bac2 causes ( 8 trial1 #bac2 nature ( 8 writ+s1 #bad2 8 reason :y ! ,scriptures 9 ! vulg> tongue 7 =bidd5 9 ,spa91 #bae4 ,cassian1 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( religi\s in/itutions1 #bbc4 ,ca?>i1 !1 describ$1 #bea4 ,ca?olicity1 its doctr9es always ! same1 #fe2 its pa/ s]vices to society1 & :at may be expect$ f x = ! future1 #gc2 its progress 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe1 #gd2 n oppos$ to ! true _s ( lib]ty1 #hj2 its effects on ,european civilization1 #hj2 0 /rong 9 ! we/ & weak 9 ! ea/1 #ha2 importance ( ! unity produc$ by x = ! safety ( ,europe amid p]ils1 #ha2 degrad$ condition ( society :5 x appe>$1 #ij2 n oppos$ to ! feel+ ( individuality1 b promotes x1 #aca2 ! elevation ( woman due to x alo ne1 #ace1 #aee2 places wom5 on an equality ) m51 #ace2 mi/ake ( its oppon5ts1 #adi2 its in/itutions falsely assail$ by ,prote/ants & philosoph]s1 #adg2 its ex]tion 9 favor ( b5efic5ce imp$$ by ,prote/antism1 :i* compell$ x to /& on its def5ce1 #ahh2 unfairly treat$ ) reg>d to tol]ance1 #aij2 its doctr9e ) respect to errors ( ! m9d1 #bjj2 0 ! "w ( ,god1 #bef2 its f]tility 9 res\rces1 #beg2 its *>ity1 #beg2 its true doctr9es ) reg>d to ! civil p[]1 #cbc2 its relations ) ! p1 #cec2 its relations ) lib]ty1 #ceg2 its effects on ! developm5t ( ! intellect1 #cib2 effects ( its pr9ciple ( submission to au?ority1 #cic2 effects ( ! same on ! sci5ces1 #cic2 anci5t & mod]n philosophy comp>$ ) x1 #cie2 its morality1 #cig2 its reveal$ dogmas1 #cig2 is n oppos$ to true philosophy1 #cig2 comp>$ ) ,prote/antism ) respect to le>n+1 univ]sities1 c41 #dab2 its unity & conc]t1 #dbc2 its s]vices aga9/ slav]y4--7,see ,slav]y47 ,cel*ite1 ,c\ncil (1 #aji4 ,celibacy1 influ5ce ( t ( ! cl]gy 9 prev5t+ an h]$it>y succession1 accord+ to ,guizot1 #cea2 :at w\ld h happ5$ )\t x1 #ceb4 ,c5sors1 among ! anci5ts1 !y took ! place ( religi\s au?ority1 #afa4 ,*alons1 ,c\ncil (1 #ajh4 ,*alons-sur-,saone1 ,c\ncil (1 excommunicates ^? :o fight )9 ! prec9cts ( *ur*es1 #agf4 ,*ano9esses1 enjo9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,aix to keep an hospital = poor wom51 #ahh4 ,*>ity1 its effects on tol]ation1 #aib4 ,*>les ,v41 :y releas$ f 8 oa? by ! ,pope1 #baj4 ,*ateaubri&1 writ+s (1 describ$1 #ga2 describes ,za*>y z sell+ himself z a slave to buy ! lib]ty ( a husb& = 8 wife & *ildr51 #ajd2 extract f1 on ! effects ( ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism1 #dae4 ,*ivalry1 its relations ) wom51 #aej2 did n elevate !m1 b f\nd !m elevat$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #aea4 ,*ri/1 all 8 miracles b5efic5t1 #ahd2 8 :ole life sp5t 9 do+ good1 #ahd4 ,*ri/ians1 ! e>ly1 _! con/ancy 9 m>tyrdom1 #bbd2 !y seek asylums = retirem5t & pray] 9 ! des]ts1 #bbd4 ,*ri/ianity1 effects (1 on society1 #fg2 effects produc$ by its appe>ance1 #hh2 opposes slav]y1 #ajb2 c\ld n endure ! savage h]oism ( ! ,romans1 #ajd2 developm5t ( ! moral life by means (1 #acd2 0 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 #acd2 ! effects :i* w\ld h foll[$ f ! loss ( its influ5ce on ,europe1 #acd2 ideas ( "s mod]n philosoph]s ) reg>d to x1 #aef2 h[ x is embodi$ 9 ,ca?olicity1 #aef2 its progress 9 ! e>ly ages describ$1 #bcj2 its effects on ! invad+ b>b>ians1 #bce4 ,*ur*1 ! ,ca?olic1 s]vices (1 to society1 9 combat+ ! fatali/ doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation1 #fh2 h] opposition to slav]y1 #ajb2 %e protects ! fre$om ( newly emancipat$ slaves1 #ajc2 consecrates manumission by hav+ x p]=m$ 9 ! *ur*es1 #ajc2 protects slaves recomm5d$ to h] by w1 #ajc2 all[s h] sacr$ vessels to be sold to r$eem slaves1 #ajd2 gives lett]s ( recomm5dation to emancipat$ slaves1 #aje2 causes t5d+ to promote slav]y ) :i* %e _h to cont5d1 #aje2 %e makes a law enabl+ ^? :o _h be5 compell$ to sell !mselves z slaves to recov] _! lib]ty by pay+ back ! price1 #ajf2 %e all[s h] m9i/]s to give _! lib]ty to slaves belong+ to h]1 :ile %e =bids o!r prop]ty to be ali5at$1 #ajh2 summ>y ( h] measures = ! abolition ( slav]y1 #aad--7see ,c\ncils72 its abolition due to h] alone1 #aad2 re=ms m>riage1 #acf2 pres]ves its sanctity1 #acg2 great evils !reby prev5t$1 #acg2 h] unity 9 doctr9es & fixity 9 conduct n inconsi/5t ) progress1 #ade2 h] /ruggles ) ! corrupt$ ,romans & savage b>b>ians1 #agf2 decrees ( h] ,c\ncils aga9/ animosities1 #agf2 h] p]sev]+ ef=ts1 #agg2 treats k+s & great m5 z sev]ely z ! l[ly1 #agg2 h] boldness 9 *eck+ ! crimes ( k+s1 #agh2 h] int]f]5ce 9 civil affairs ( old ju/ifi$ by ! circum/ances ( ! times1 #ahb2 h] ,c\ncils protect ! weak--viz4 cl]gy1 monks1 wom51 m]*ants & pilgrims--aga9/ ! /rong1 #ahb2 h] ex]tions 9 favor ( ! vanqui%$ 9 w>1 #ahc2 %e pres]ves unity ( fai?1 & f\nds in/itutions = do+ good1 #ahe2 :at %e w\ld h done = ! cure ( paup]ism if ! ,re=mation _h n plung$ ,europe into revolutions & reactions1 #ahh2 enc\rages ! ari/ocracy ( tal5t1 #cfa2 s]vice :i* %e did to ! human m9d by oppos+ ! _s ( subtlety ( ! innovators1 #djg2 h] int]f]5ce 9 ! managem5t ( hospitals1 #ddi4 ,*ur*es1 ! ,prote/ant1 only ! in/rum5ts ( ! civil p[]1 #ahf4 ,cic]o1 on ! necessity ( religion to ! ,/ate1 #caf4 ,civilization1 t ( ,europe dur+ ! #af? c5tury n ow+ to ,prote/antism1 #hb2 *>act]i/ics ( t ( mod]n ,europe describ$1 #aae2 comp>$ ) anci5t & mod]n non-,*ri/ian civilization1 #aaf2 its sup]iority ow+ to ,ca?olicity1 #aag2 may be r$uc$ to ?ree elem5ts--! individual1 ! family1 & society1 #aag2 its univ]sal progress imp$$1 & unity brok51 by ,prote/antism1 #bfj4 ,clem5t1 ,/4 7,pope71 passage f1 on ,*ri/ians sell+ !mselves z slaves to r$eem _! bre?r51 #ajd4 ,cl]gy1 ! effects on society ( _! p[] & influ5ce1 #age2 fatal effects ( ! dim9ution ( _! political influ5ce 9 ! #af? c5tury1 #cgj2 advantages :i* might h result$ f x to popul> in/itutions1 #cgc2 _! relations ) all ! p[]s & classes ( society1 #cgc4 ,cl]mont1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( ! truce ( ,god1 #aha4 ,cobl5tz1 ,c\ncil (1 #ajf4 ,conc9a 7,p471 on ! orig9 ( p[]1 #bie2 h[ x exi/s 9 gov]nm5ts1 #bif4 ,conduct1 firmness (1 its p[]ful effects 9 ! _w1 #ade4 ,consci5ce1 ! public1 describ$1 #aeg2 t ( ,europe contra/$ ) t ( anci5t times1 #aei2 h[ influ5c$ by ! ,*ur*1 #afj2 bo? illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( ,scipio1 #afe2 ! =m] 0 =m$ by ,ca?olicity alone1 #aff4 ,consci5ce1 ! individual1 describ$1 #aeh4 ,con/ance1 ,c\ncil (1 its doctr9e on ! murd] ( k+s1 #ccf4 ,cornelius a ,lapide1 on ,/4 ,paul to ! ,romans1 #dfj4 ,cortes1 sev]e measures ( t ( ,tol$o aga9/ ! ,jews1 #bje2 decl9e (1 9 ,spa91 #cca4 ,cott]eaux1 excesses (1 #beb4 ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 _! influ5ce on political laws & cu/oms1 #cfj2 canons (1 :i* improve ! condition ( slaves1 #dcj2 *eck all attempts aga9/ ! lib]ty ( ! enfran*is$ slaves ( ! ,*ur*1 or :o _h be5 recomm5d$ to h] by w1 #dca2 und]take t ! ,*ur* w def5d ! lib]ty & prop]ty ( ! fre$ :o h be5 recomm5d$ to h]1 #dca2 make ! r$emption ( captives ! fir/ c>e ( ! ,*ur*1 & give _! int]e/s prec$5ce ov] h] own1 #dcb2 excommunicate ^? :o attempt to r$uce m5 into slav]y1 #dcc2 decl>e ^? :o make ,*ri/ians slaves to be guilty ( homicide1 #dcd2 orda9 t ^? :o h sold !mselves z slaves %all recov] _! lib]ty by repay+ ! price1 #dcd2 protect ! slaves belong+ to ,jews1 #dcd2 provide means = _! becom+ free1 #dcd2 =bid ,jews to acquire new ,*ri/ian slaves1 #dce2 orda9 t if a ma/] gives meat to a slave on a fa/+ day1 ! latt] becomes free1 #dce2 =bid ,jews to hold ,*ri/ian slaves at all1 #dce2 =bid ,*ri/ian slaves to be sold to ,jews or pagans1 #dce2 or to be sold out ( ! k+dom ( ,clovis1 #dcf2 sev]ely condemn cl]ics :o sell _! slaves to ,jews1 #dcf2 comm& bi%ops to respect ! lib]ty ( ^? fre$ by _! pr$ecessors1 #dcf2 !y m5tion ! p[] giv5 to bi%ops to free des]v+ slaves1 & fix ! sum :i* !y may give !m to live on1 #dcf2 exempt !m f ! g5]al rule1 t ali5ations made by bi%ops :o leave no?+ ( _! own mu/ be re/or$1 #dcf2 orda9 t :5 a bi%op dies1 all 8 slaves %all be set at lib]ty1 & t at ! fun]al ea* bi%op or abbot may set ?ree slaves free1 giv+ !m ?ree solidi ea*1 #dcf2 free all ! ,engli% slaves 9 ,irel&1 #dcg2 =bid slaves ( ! ,*ur* to be ex*ang$ = o!rs1 #dcg2 grant lib]ty to slaves :o wi% to embrace ! mona/ic life1 ) prop] precautions to prev5t abuses1 #dcg2 *eck ! abuse ( orda9+ slaves )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s1 #dcg2 all[ p>i% prie/s to select "s cl]ics f ! slaves ( ! ,*ur*1 #dch2 all[ slaves to be orda9$1 hav+ be5 fir/ fre$1 #dch4 ,crusades v9dicat$1 #bdb4 ,cyprian 7,/471 on ! r$emption ( captives1 #dcb4 ,de ,mai/re on ! ^w ca?olic1 #dbb2 on g5]al ,c\ncils1 #dhj2 comp>es ! conduct ( ! ,popes ) t ( o!r rul]s1 #dhd4 ,democrats1 diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n1 #acj4 ,democracy1 its alliance ) k+s aga9/ ! ari/ocracy1 #cjc2 notion =m$ (1 9 ! #af? c5tury1 #cej2 two k9ds (1 #cfd2 _! progress 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe1 #cfe2 _! *>act]s1 #cff2 _! causes & effects1 #cff2 hi/orical facts ) reg>d to1 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 & ,g]many1 #cfg4 ,desc>tes1 8 demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god anticipat$ by ,/4 ,anselm1 #dhf4 ,divorce1 consequ5ces ( ! facility (1 9 ,g]many1 accord+ to ,m4 de ,/al1 #aci4 ,div9es1 _s ( ! writ+s ( ! old ,ca?olic1 comp>$ ) t ( mod]n writ]s1 #bhh4 ,doctr9es1 _! effects on society1 #caa2 ^? preval5t 9 ! #af? c5tury ) reg>d to democracy1 #cej2 ^? preval5t 9 political matt]s 9 ,europe be=e ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism comp>$ ) ^? ( ! s*ool ( ! #ah? c5tury & ^? ( mod]n publici/s1 #cgd4 ,dom9icans1 _! ex]tions 9 favor ( ! native ,am]icans1 z /at$ by ,rob]tson1 #dda4 ,ea/1 !1 injury caus$ !re by break+ unity 9 religion1 #bce4 ,elvira1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( slaves1 #ajj4 ,engl&1 policy (1 t[>ds ,spa91 #gf4 ,eon1 8 fanatical delusion1 #bea4 ,epaone1 ,c\ncil (1 #ajj4 ,erig5a1 acc\nt (1 #djj4 ,errors1 ^? ( ! m9d n always innoc5t1 #bjj4 ,error describ$1 #gj4 ,europe1 *>act]i/ics ( h] civilization1 #aaf2 condition (1 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 #bde et seq42 s+ul> contra/s !re91 #bdf2 /ruggle betwe5 b>b>ism & ,*ri/ianity !re1 #bdg2 in/ances ( great & good pr9ciples sometimes abus$ 9 practice1 #bdg2 b>b>ism !re9 improv$ by religion1 & religion disfigur$ by b>b>ism1 #bdh2 effects ( ! crusades1 #bdi2 increas+ p[] ( ! commonalty1 #bdi2 decl9e ( ! feudal sy/em1 #bdi2 p[] ( great ideas1 #bej2 critical epo*s1 #bej2 great agitation prevail+1 & horrible doctr9es spread1 among ! p at t "t1 #bej--7see ,tan*me1 ,eon1 ,ca?>i1 ,vaudois1 ,albig5ses72 :at %e w\ld h done = civilization if %e _h n be5 imp$$ by ,prote/antism1 #bfa2 h] condition :5 x appe>$1 #bfa2 great increase ( p[] & developm5t ( m9d1 #bfb2 divisions occasion$ by x1 #bfb2 ! nations !re( require religi\s in/itutions = organiz+ b5efic5ce & education on a l>ge scale1 #bgg2 /ate (1 at ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury1 #cdd2 social movem5t at t "t1 #cdd2 its causes1 #cdd2 its effects & object1 #cde2 developm5t ( ! indu/rial classes !re1 #ced2 ?is took place "u ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicity alone1 #che2 picture (1 f ! #aa? c5tury to ! #ad?1 #chb2 religion & ! human m9d !re1 #djd2 intellectual condition ( ! nations ( mod]n1 di/+ui%$ f t ( ^? ( antiquity1 #dje2 causes :i* h accel]at$ x among ! =m]1 #djf4 ,exim5o1 lett] (1 on ! sci5ces1 #dbe4 ,facts1 consummat$1 h[ !y are to be treat$1 #ccc4 ,fai?1 unity (1 n adv]se to political lib]ty1 #chh4 ,=ms1 political1 _! value1 #ceg4 ,francis ,i4 7( ,france71 8 op9ion on ! necessity ( expell+ ! ,moors f ,spa91 #baj4 ,francis1 ,/4 7de ,sales71 8 li/ ( titles giv5 to ! ,popes1 #dbc4 ,franks1 _! cu/om ( go+ arm$ to *ur* =bidd5 by ,c\ncils1 #agf4 ,free-w1 its d5ial disc>d$ by ,prote/ants !mselves1 #fh2 its effects1 #fh2 its noble results1 #acd2 support$ by ,ca?olicity aga9/ ! ,re=mation1 #ace4 ,gambl+1 passion (1 describ$1 #adb4 ,games1 public1 ^? ( ! ,romans prohibit$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #age4 ,g]bet 7l',abb71 8 excell5t refutation ( ,lamm5ais' doctr9es1 #cch4 ,g]mans1 mann]s ( ! anci5t1 describ$ by ,tacitus1 #aeb2 :y embelli%$ by him1 #aec2 are b little kn[n to u1 #aed2 _! /ruggles ) ! ,romans1 #aed4 ,gibbon1 te/imony (1 to ! m]its ( ,bossuet's ,hi/ory ( ! ,v>iations1 #dba4 ,gilles 7,/471 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( ! truce ( ,god1 #agi4 ,gironne1 ,c\ncil (1 9 favor ( ! truce ( ,god1 #ahj4 ,glab] 7,monk71 ( ,cluny1 8 hi/ory ( ,france1 #bda4 ,gotti 7,c>d9al71 doctr9es (1 on ! orig9 ( p[]1 #bie4 ,g\get 7l',abb71 on ,ca?olic ,hebrew /udies1 #dac4 ,gov]nm5t1 ?ree pr9ciples (--mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy1 #cdd4 ,gov]nm5ts1 revolution>y ones are cruel 9 self-def5ce1 n be+ bas$ on "r1 #abh2 "r ( resi/ance to de facto ones1 #ccj2 falsehood ( ! !ory :i* imposes ! obligation ( obey+ !m m]ely z su* #cca2 difficulties on ?is po9t expla9$1 #ccb4 ,grace1 effects ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e (1 #bcd4 ,gratian1 m]it ( 8 lit]>y labors1 #bda4 ,gregory 7,pope71 passage f1 #ajh2 frees two slaves ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 #dcf2 8 reason :y ,*ri/ians lib]at$ _! slaves1 #dcf4 ,gregory ,,iii4 7,pope71 on sell+ slaves to ! pagans = sacrifice1 #dce4 ,gregory ,,ix4 7,pope71 8 decretals on slav]y1 #aji2 aga9/ ! h]$it>y succession ( ! cl]gy1 #ceb4 ,gregory ,,xvi4 7,pope71 8 apo/olic lett]s aga9/ ! slave trade1 #dch4 ,grotius1 8 s]vile doctr9e on ! civil p[]1 #cbc2 8 evid5ce 9 favor ( ,ca?olicity1 #dbd4 ,gruet1 8 incr$ulity & execution1 #dbi4 ,guib]t1 hi/orical labors (1 #bda4 ,guizot1 on ! effects ( ! ,*ur* ^u slav]y1 #aac2 8 doctr9e ( ! p]sonal indep5d5ce ( individuals among ! b>b>ians /at$ & discuss$1 #aai2 true !ory !reon1 #aba2 incoh]5ce ( 8 own doctr9es1 #abd2 cause ( 8 error1 #abe2 8 ackn[l$gm5t ) reg>d to ! re=mation & lib]ty1 #cdc2 extract f1 %ew+ t ! cl]gy 7 n a ca/e1 #cea2 an op9ion (1 refut$1 #cii2 extract f1 %ew+ ! imm5se sup]iority ( ! ,*ur* to ! b>b>ians 9 legislation1 #ddg2 docum5ts %ew+ 8 error ) respect to ,abel>d1 #dhf4 ,hacket1 fanaticism (1 #dbg4 ,h>lem1 ,ma?ias1 mad fanaticism (1 #dbf4 ,h]esy1 held a s9 by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #bjj4 ,h]etics1 *>act]i/ics ( ^? ( ! e>ly ages1 #dbe4 ,h]man1 prea*es ! murd] ( all prie/s & magi/rates1 #dbf4 ,h]m&ad1 *>t] (1 betwe5 ! k+doms ( ,leon & ,ca/ile1 = ! pres]vation ( _! lib]ties1 #dge4 ,hi/ory1 difficulties 9 its /udy1 #bdh2 necessity ( tak+ into acc\nt times & circum/ances ( ev5ts !re91 #bdh4 ,hobbes1 8 false !ory ( society1 #cjd2 8 s]vile doctr9e1 #cbc4 ,honor1 pr9ciple (1 9 mon>*ies1 accord+ to ,montesquieu1 #afa4 ,horace1 on ! orig9 ( society1 #dfb4 ,hospitals1 de/roy$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 ,engl&1 #ahe2 ,ca?olic bi%ops ! protectors & inspectors (1 #ahg2 laws made respect+ !m by ! ,*ur*1 #ahg2 atta*$ to mona/]ies & colleges 9 ! middle ages1 #ddi2 sup]9t5d$ by ! bi%ops1 #ddi2 _! prop]ty protect$ by be+ consid]$ z belong+ to ! ,*ur*1 #ddi4 ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1 hi/orical labors (1 #bda4 ,humility1 its effects ) reg>d to tol]ation1 #aic4 ,ideas1 irreligi\s ones _c be conf9$ to !ory1 b ent] on ! field ( practice1 #gj2 de/roy !mselves1 #ga2 p[] (1 #afi2 !y are divid$ into ^? t flatt] ! passions1 & ^? t *eck !m1 #agj2 !y require an in/itution to pres]ve & en=ce !m1 #agj2 h[ !y became corrupt$ among mank9d be=e ,*ri/ianity1 #agj2 h[ effect$ by ! press1 #aga2 _! natural progress1 #aga2 _! rapid succession 9 mod]n times1 #aga4 ,impiety allies itself ) lib]ty or despotism to suit its purpose1 #chh4 ,incr$ulity 9 ,europe ! fruit ( ,prote/antism1 #fj2 _s (1 has lo/ mu* ( its /r5g?1 #gj4 ,indep5d5ce1 p]sonal1 feel+ (1 exi/$ among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #abd4 ,indiff]5ce1 religi\s1 9 ,europe1 ! fruit ( ,prote/antism1 #fj4 ,individual1 !1 h[ absorb$ by ! /ate among ! anci5ts1 #abg2 fatal effects ( ! complete annihilation ( ! feel+s ( respect =1 9 society1 #abi2 witness$ among nations n ,*ri/ians1 #abi4 ,individuals1 h[ ! fre$om (1 0 fett]$ among ! anci5t republics1 #acj2 e ?+ rul$ by ! /ate1 #acj4 ,inquisition1 !1 misrepres5tations ) reg>d to t ( ,spa91 #bjc2 its duration may be divid$ into ?ree p]iods1 #bje2 appeals f x to ,rome1 #bjg2 indulg5ce ( ! latt]1 #bjc2 int]f]5ce ( ! ,popes to s(t5 ! rig\rs (1 #bjc2 mildness ( t ( ,rome1 #bjc2 no case ( capital s5t5ce pron\nc$ by x1 #bjc2 rig\rs ( t ( ,spa9 9 ! "t ( ,philip ,,ii4 caus$ by ! ,prote/ants !mselves1 #bad2 compels a prea*] to retract :o1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,philip ,,ii41 _h ma9ta9$ t k+s h absolute p[] ov] _! subjects1 #bah2 became mild] ) ! _s ( ! age1 #bah2 rem>ks !reon1 #deb2 appellants to ,rome f1 =bidd5 to return to ,spa9 "u pa9 ( dea? by pragmatic sanction ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 #ded2 h[ affect$ by ! policy ( ! ,spani% k+s1 #dee2 ! latt] e>ne/ly endeav\r$ to h ! judgm5t 9 ,spa9 made f9al1 )\t appeal1 :i* ! ,popes refus$1 #dee2 affect$ imp>tiality ( writ]s ) reg>d to x1 #dee4 ,see ,p]ez1 ,puigblan*1 ,villanueva1 ,llor5te1 & ,jomtob4 ,in/itutions1 religi\s1 oppos$ by ,prote/antism & philosoph]s1 #bai2 _! importance & connexion ) religion h]self1 #bba2 h surviv$ ! attempts made to de/roy !m1 #bba2 _! nature describ$1 #bbb2 _! object1 #bbb2 are p]fectly con=mable to ! _s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 #bbc2 _! comm5cem5t1 accord+ to ,cassian1 #bbc2 h always exi/$ 9 ! ,*ur* f ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 #bbc2 conduct ( ! ,popes t[>ds !m1 #bbd2 _! accordance ) ! ,gospel precepts1 #bbe2 _! effects on ! human m9d1 #bbf2 _! s]vices & necessity1 #bbg2 _! necessity = ! salvation ( society1 #bge2 n inconsi/5t ) ! improvem5ts ( mod]n times1 #bhj2 hi/orical view ( !m1 #deh2 c\p d'il at _! orig9 & developm5t1 #deh-i4 ,in/itutions1 free1 injur$ by ,prote/antism1 #cfc4 ,in/itutions1 _! /udy1 #bdh2 necessity ( und]/&+ ! times :5 !y exi/$1 #bdh4 ,intellect1 !1 its developm5t1 h[ affect$ by ,ca?olicity1 #cib2 influ5ce !re( ^u1 hi/orically exam9$1 #cic2 its relations ) religion1 #djd2 its developm5t among ! nations ( ,europe diff]5t f t ( ^? ( antiquity1 #dje2 causes t h ha/5$ its developm5t 9 ,europe1 #dje2 orig9 ( ! _s ( subtlety1 #djf2 s]vice r5d]$ to x by ! ,*ur* 9 oppos+ ! subtleties ( ! innovators1 #djc2 its progress f ! elev5? c5tury to our times1 #dab2 diff]5t phases1 #dab4 ,intol]ance1 t ( "s irreligi\s m51 #aid2 ( ! ,romans1 #aif2 ( ! pagan emp]ors1 #aif2 has cont9u$ f ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity by ! /ate1 9 v>i\s =ms1 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 #aif2 rec5t in/ances ( x1 #aif2 case ( ,france exam9$1 #aig2 doctr9e :i* condemns all intol]ance ) reg>d to doctr9es & actions discuss$ & refut$1 #aih2 consequ5ces :i* w\ld fl[ f x1 #aih2 w\ld produce impunity = crimes1 #aih2 civil & religi\s1 di/+ui%$1 #dej2 mi/ak5 by ,r\sseau1 #dej2 its exi/5ce 9 anci5t & mod]n times held by "s ,prote/ants1 #dea4 ,irreligion1 _s (1 has lo/ mu* ( its /r5g?1 #gj4 ,isabella1 "p tak5 by1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa91 #bje4 ,jans5i/s1 !1 describ$1 #fb4 ,j]ome1 7,/471 on ! "n ,ca?olic n be+ giv5 to h]etics1 #dbb4 ,jesuits1 importance (1 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 #bfh2 _! em95t s]vices1 #bfi2 error & contradiction ( ,m4 ,guizot 9 _! reg>d1 #bgj2 false *>ges aga9/1 #bga4 ,jews1 ! slaves (1 protect$ by decrees ( ,c\ncils1 #ajg2 /ruggle betwe5 tru? & error among1 #agj2 h[ ! tru? 0 pres]v$1 #agj2 _! av>ice1 #bjf2 popul> hatr$ aga9/1 #bjf2 atrocities *>g$ aga9/ !m by ! p1 #bjg2 pragmatic sanction ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella ) reg>d to1 #ded2 law ( ,philip ,,ii4 aga9/1 #dee4 ,john de ,/e4 ,m>ie1 extracts f1 on ,*ri/ian politics1 #dfc4 ,jomtob1 ,na?aniel1 8 "w call$ ,! ,inquisition ,unveil$1 #def2 8 prejudice & vulg> abuse1 #def4 ,judaiz]s pursu$ by ! ,inquisition1 #bji4 ,ju/91 on m>tyrdom1 #acb2 8 ,apology1 #bhf4 ,ju/9ian gives bi%ops ! control ( hospitals1 #dej4 ,k+s1 inviolability (1 #ccg2 greate/ increase ( ! p[] (1 9 ,europe1 dates f ! appe>ance ( ,prote/antism1 #cfc4 ,k1 /ate (1 :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 #he2 /]ility (1 9 creat+ social in/itutions1 #he4 ,labor]s1 protect$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 #ahb4 ,lacordaire 7l',abb7 on ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 #baj4 ,lam5nais 7l',abb71 8 attempt to ally ,ca?olicity ) extreme democracy1 #aca2 8 doctr9es on gov]nm5t comp>$ ) ^? ( ,/4 ,?omas1 #cch4 ,las ,casas1 ex]tions (1 9 favor ( ! native ,am]icans relat$ by ,rob]tson1 #ddb4 ,lat]an1 g5]al ,c\ncil (1 confirms ! truce ( ,god1 #aha2 elev5? g5]al ,c\ncil (1 =bids ! maltreatm5t ( monks1 cl]gy1 pilgrims1 m]*ants1 peasants1 & ! %ipwreck$1 #ahb4 ,law1 ! div9e1 false int]pretation (1 #bhd2 ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om on1 #bhe2 accord+ to ,bell>m9e1 #bia4--,see ,/4 ,?omas1 ,su>ez1 ,gotti1 ,bus5baum1 ,liguori1 ,billu>t1 & ! ,comp5dium ,salmatic5se4 ,law4--,see ,/4 ,?omas4 ,league1 ! ,hanseatic1 describ$1 #ced4 ,legislation1 t ( ,rome describ$1 #hf2 0 probably influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #hf4 ,leibnitz1 8 negotiations ) ,bossuet to re-unite ! ,*ur*es1 #fa2 8 !ological sy/em conta9s ! *ief dogmas ( ,ca?olicity1 #dbd4 ,lep]s1 ord]$ to be ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahg4 ,l]ida1 ,c\ncil (1 excludes ^? at v>iance f ! body & blood ( ,*ri/1 #agf2 decrees sev5 ye>s' p5ance aga9/ infanticide1 #ahd4 ,leyd51 ,john (1 8 excesses at ,mun/]1 #dbf4 ,lib]ty1 a ^w ill und]/ood1 #gi2 examples (1 #gi2 h[ limit$1 #gi2 ,ca?olicity favorable to its true _s1 #hj2 true nature (1 #bbh2 accord+ to ,ca?olic doctors1 #caa2 political fre$om owes no?+ to ,prote/antism1 #ceb2 ,ca?olicity favorable to x1 #ceb2 :y x has fall5 into bad repute ) "s1 #cfb2 consid]$ 9 relation to religi\s intol]ance1 #chb2 _c subsi/ )\t morality1 #chi2 rem>kable passage f ,augu/9 on ! subject1 #cij4 ,lillebonne1 ,c\ncil (1 en=ces ! truce ( ,god1 #ahj4 ,ll&aff1 ,c\ncil (1 #agg4 ,llor5te1 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 #deg2 8 attempt to introduce s*ism & h]esy into ,spa91 #deg2 8 misrepres5tation1 #deg2 burns a portion ( ! docum5ts belong+ to ! ,inquisition ( ,madrid1 #deg4 ,london1 ,c\ncil (1 #ajf4 ,l\is ( ,bav>ia1 ! doctr9e t ! imp]ial p[] comes imm$iately f ,god ma9ta9$ by ! pr9ces ( ! empire 9 8 "t1 #dfb4 ,love1 passion (1 its effects1 #adc2 h[ treat$ by ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism1 #add2 advantages ( ! c\rse pursu$ by ! =m]1 #ade4 ,lu!r1 8 op9ion on polygamy1 #ach2 effects :i* 8 doctr9es w\ld h _h1 _h !y be5 proclaim$ soon]1 #ach2 8 intol]ance t[>ds ! ,jews1 #bji2 specim5s ( 8 viol5ce1 grossness1 & intol]ance1 #dba2 8 evid5ce aga9/ ,ca?olicity1 #dbc2 8 int]view ) ! ,devil1 #dbe2 infidel passages f 8 writ+s1 #dbh4 ,lyons1 ,c\ncil (1 #aje2 ,c\ncil (1 see ,lep]s2 poor m5 (1 describ$1 #bea4 ,mcon1 ,c\ncils (1 #ajd4 ,mani*ees1 unusual sev]ities ex]cis$ t[>ds1 #bjd2 description (1 #beb4 ,mann]s1 g5tl5ess (1 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,european civilization1 #agb2 :]e9 x consi/s1 #agb2 exi/s 9 advanc$ societies1 #agb2 n f\nd 9 "y nations1 #agb2 did n exi/ among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #agc2 causes ( ?is1 #agc2 _! excessive corruption among ! anci5ts1 #dde4 ,m>iana1 8 popul> doctr9es1 #cab2 on ! lib]ties ( ,spa91 #dha4 ,m>quez1 ,p41 on ! disputes betwe5 rul]s & _! subjects1 #dhb2 on ! levy+ ( taxes1 & ! "r ( rul]s ov] ! prop]ty ( _! subjects1 #dhc4 ,m>riage1 doctr9es ( ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism ) reg>d to1 comp>$1 #acf2 importance ( gu>d+ ! sanctity (1 #aci2 n admitt$ z a sacram5t by ,prote/antism1 #aci2 diff]5t conduct ( ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism ) reg>d to1 #adj4 ,m>tyrs1 h]oism ( ! ,*ri/ian1 #acb4 ,ma?a1 ,john (1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,ord] ( ! mo/ holy ,tr9ity = ! ,r$emption ( ,captives1 #bei4 ,ma!matics1 obscurity ( _! fir/ pr9ciples1 #dbe4 ,melanc?on1 8 compla9ts aga9/ ! o!r ,re=m]s1 #dba2 sup]/itions (1 #dbf4 ,m]*ants protect$ by ,c\ncils1 #ahb4 ,m]ida1 ,c\ncil (1 #ajj4 ,missions1 _! unity brok5 by ,prote/antism1 #bfj2 injury !reby done to !m1 #bfc2 :at !y might h effect$ _h x n appe>$1 #bfc2 :at unit$ ef=ts effect$ 9 e>li] times1 #bfd2 ne$ (1 on a l>ge scale1 = ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n1 #bfe2 zeal display$ by ! ,*ur* 9 ! promotion (1 9 latt] times1 #bff2 p[]ful means = promot+ at ! comm& ( ,rome be=e unity 0 brok51 #bff4 ,mon>*y1 :y h]$it>y is pref]able1 #adc2 idea =m$ (1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #cdf2 application !re(1 #cdg2 9 :at x diff]$ f despotism1 #cdg2 :at x 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #cdg2 its relations ) ! ,*ur*1 #cdh2 :5 necess>y 9 ,europe1 #cef2 diff]5t "* (1 9 ,europe & ,asia1 #ceg2 passage f ,de ,mai/re on1 #ceh2 in/itutions = limit+ x1 #ceh2 x acquir$ /r5g? 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #cfa2 prevail$ ov] free in/itutions1 #cfb2 causes ( ?is1 #cgj4 ,mona/]ies1 ^? 9 ! ea/ e/abli%$ 9 imitation ( ! solit>ies1 #bce2 causes ( _! decl9e1 #bce2 s]vices !y might h r5d]$ to lit]ature1 #bcf2 :at !y did = k1 #bcf2 ^? ( ! we/ e/abli%$1 #bch2 _! effects1 #bch2 prop]ty r5d]$ sacr$1 #bci2 _! prop]ty1 #bci2 _! claims !reto1 #bci2 _! improvem5ts1 #bdj2 enc\ragem5t giv5 to ! c\ntry life1 #bdj2 _! s]vices to ,g]many1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,engl&1 #bdj2 great m5 !y produc$1 #bdj2 _! s]vices to sci5ce & lett]s1 #bdj2 _! civiliz+ effects1 #bdb2 new =ms assum$ by !m 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 #bdb2 _! objects1 #bdc2 b5efits !y conf]r$ on mank9d1 #bdc4 ,monks1 protect$ by ,c\ncils1 #ahj4 ,monogamy n ow+ to climate1 #ach4 ,montaigne on ! ,re=mation1 #fa2 8 infidel s5tim5ts *ang$ at 8 dea?1 #dbi4 ,montanus1 ,arias1 employ$ by ,philip ,,ii4 to collect books & ,,mss41 #bah4 ,montesquieu on ! pr9ciple ( honor 9 mon>*ies1 #afb2 t ( virtue 9 republics1 #afa2 he is b\nd by 8 !ory1 #afe2 on ! de/ruction ( mona/]ies & hospitals 9 ,engl& by ,h5ry ,,viii41 #ahe2 8 doctr9e ) reg>d to ! latt]1 #ahf4 ,montpelli]1 ,c\ncil (1 its decrees to secure peace1 #aha4 ,moors1 !1 dread ( _! p[] 9 ,spa91 #bje2 papal bull 9 favor (1 #bji2 law ( ,philip ,,iii41 expell+ !m1 #ded4 ,napoleon & ! ,spani% nation1 #cca4 ,n>bonne1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( ! truce ( ,god1 #agi4 ,nationality1 importance (1 #gf4 ,ni*olas1 a fanatic :o taught t x 0 good to cont9ue 9 s9 t grace might ! m ab\nd1 #dbg4 ,nuns1 protect$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,r\51 #aha4 ,ob$i5ce1 motives (1 f\nd$ on ! w ( ,god1 #ig4 ,olive trees1 :y protect$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,n>bonne1 #ahj4 ,op9ions1 ! rapid succession (1 9 mod]n times1 #aga4 ,op9ion1 public1 influ5ce (1 on morals1 #afc4 ,orange1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( slaves1 #ajc4 ,ord]s1 ! religi\s-milit>y describ$1 #bdb2 ! m5dicant ditto1 #beb2 ! necessity = ! latt]1 #bec2 _! popul> nature1 #bed2 _! influ5ce1 #bed2 7 ! "w ( ,god1 #bed2 _! relations ) ! ,pontiffs1 #bef2 ^? = ! r$emption ( captives1 #beg2 visions inspir+ !m1 #bei2 _! f\nd]s1 #bei4 ,orleans1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( slaves1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajg2 =bids any "o to be arm$ at *ur*1 #agf2 protects hospitals1 #ahg2 ! poor & prison]s1 #ahg4 ,ox=d1 ,c\ncil (1 its decree aga9/ robb]s1 #ahb4 ,pacts1 #bih4 ,paganism describ$ by ,/4 ,augu/91 #hi4 ,palafox1 on ! duties ( k+s1 pr9ces1 & magi/rates1 #cba2 on taxes & tyranny1 #dhc4 ,pal5tia1 ,c\ncil (1 protects ! def5celess1 #ahb4 ,pap91 evid5ce (1 9 favor ( ,ca?olicity1 #dbd4 ,p>is1 trades-union (1 #ced4 ,passions1 !1 diff]5tly treat$ by ,ca?olicity & by ,prote/antism1 #adj2 :y s active 9 times ( public di/urbance1 #adc4 ,patrick1 7,/471 ,c\ncil (1 #aje4 ,paul1 7,/471 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 #dei4 ,peasants4--,see ,lat]an4 ,p5ance1 efficacy ( ! sacram5t (1 #afg4 ,p]ez1 on ! condemnation ( a prea*] = absoluti/ doctr9es by ! ,inquisition ( ,spa91 #dee4 ,pet]1 7,/471 ( ,arbues1 8 murd] by ! ,jews n a pro( ( ! unpopul>ity ( ! ,inquisition1 #bjg2 tumult occasion$ !reby1 #bjg4 ,pet]1 7,/471 ,nolasco1 f\nds ! ,ord] ( ,m]cy = ! ,r$emption ( ,captives1 #bei4 ,philan?ropy1 inadequate = works ( b5efic5ce )\t ,*ri/ian ,*>ity1 #ahi4 ,philosoph]s1 ! irreligions ( ! la/ c5tury pref]r$ pagan to ,*ri/ian in/itutions1 #afa4 ,philosophy1 s*ools (1 c de/roy b n create1 #aga4 ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 did n in/itute ! ,inquisition1 b cont9u$ x1 #baj2 :y s mu* attack$ by ,prote/ants1 #baj2 probability t ! attempts made to introduce ,prote/antism into ,spa9 9 8 "t w\ld succe$1 ow+ to ! circum/ances ( ! times1 #baa2 8 conduct to ,c>ranza1 #bac2 8 s]vices to ,ca?olicity1 #bae2 g5]al feel+ 9 8 reign ) reg>d to cruel puni%m5ts v diff]5t f ! pres5t1 #bag2 8 patronage ( lit]ature1 #bah2 8 lett] to ,arias ,montanus1 #def4 --,see ,inquisition4 ,pilgrims protect$ by ,c\ncils1 #aha4 ,pitt1 anecdote (1 #gf4 ,pius ,,ii4 7,pope71 8 apo/olic lett]s aga9/ slav]y1 #dci4 ,pius ,,vii4 7,pope71 int]poses to aboli% ! slave trade1 #dda4 ,plato1 immoral doctr9es (1 #dbb4 ,polygamy1 n ! effect ( climate1 #ach4 ,poor1 !1 regulations ( ,c\ncils 9 favor (1 #ahg4 ,popes1 !1 s]vices !y r5d]$ to society by pres]v+ ! sanctity ( m>riage1 #acg2 support ! truce ( ,god1 #aha2 _! attempts to mitigate ! rig\r ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 #bjh2 appo9t judges ( appeal1 #bjh2 _! intol]ance comp>$ ) ! tol]ance ( ,prote/antism1 #bjh2 _! temporal p[]s1 #cdj2 doctr9es ( !ologians ) reg>d to !m 9 case !y %\ld fall into h]esy1 #cdb2 nature1 orig91 & effects ( _! temporal p[]1 #chf2 li/ ( titles giv5 to1 9 anci5t times1 #dbc4 ,p[]1 orig9 (1 #bhd2 ! pat]nal1 consid]$ ) reg>d to ! civil1 #bhf2 ! latt]1 accord+ to ,bell>m9e1 resides imm$iately 9 ! p1 #bib2 div9e orig9 (1 #bih2 viol5ce (1 :5 illegitimate1 #cjc2 m$iate & imm$iate transmission (1 #cje2 ?is di/9ction important 9 "s respects & unimportant 9 o!rs1 #cjf2 :y ,ca?olic div9es h s zeal\sly support$ ! m$iate1 #cjh2 faculties ( ! civil1 #cag2 calumnies ( ! oppon5ts ( ! ,*ur* on ?is po9t1 #cag2 resi/ance to ! civil1 #cbd2 comp>ison betwe5 ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism on ?is po9t1 #cbg2 va9 timidity ( "s m9ds on ?is po9t1 #cbd2 ob$i5ce to ! civil1 taught by ,ca?olicity :5 legitimate1 #cbe2 civil di/+ui%$ f spiritual1 #cbf2 conduct ( ,ca?olicity & ,prote/antism ) respect to ! sep>ation ( ! two1 #cbf2 ! indep5d5ce ( ! spiritual1 a gu>antee = ! lib]ty ( ! p1 #cbf2 doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas on ob$i5ce to ! civil1 #cbh2 doctr9es ( ,/4 ,?omas1 ,bell>m9e1 ,su>ez1 c4 on resi/ance to ! civil1 9 extreme cases1 #cch4 ,prea*+1 t ( ,prote/antism )\t au?ority1 #afg4 --,see ,prote/antism4 ,preb5d>ies1 b\nd to give a t5? ( _! fruits to an hospital1 #ahh4 ,press1 ! effects (1 on op9ions1 #aga4 ,prison]s1 ex]tions ( ! ,*ur* 9 favor (1 #ahg4 ,prote/antism1 pres5t condition (1 #fd2 attempts to pres]ve itself by violat+ its fundam5tal pr9ciple1 #fd2 causes ( its cont9uance1 #fd2 has almo/ entirely disappe>$ z a fix$ cre$1 b rema9s z a body ( sects1 #fe2 its positive doctr9es repugnant to ! in/9ct ( civilization1 #fh2 its ess5tial pr9ciple "o ( de/ruction1 #fi2 c boa/ only ( its ru9s1 #fi2 0 ! "w ( human passions1 & n ( ,god1 #fi2 effects :i* ev5 its p>tial introduction into ,spa9 w\ld produce1 #gd1 #gf1 #gh2 advantages ( ! practice ( prea*+ pres]v$ by1 #ij1 #aff2 its prea*+ is )\t au?ority1 #afg2 its doctr9e ) respect to errors ( ! m9d1 #aii2 effects :i* its introduction into ,spa9 w\ld h produc$1 #baf2 w\ld h brok5 ! unity ( ! ,spani% mon>*y1 #baf2 is oppos$ to v[s & celibacy1 #bai2 its appe>ance1 #bfb2 its effects 9 break+ ! unity ( ,european civilization1 #bfb2 divid$ ! mission>ies among !mselves1 #bfc2 disa/r\s effects (1 #bfg2 exalts ! temporal p[] at ! exp5se ( ! spiritual1 #cjh2 its relations ) lib]ty1 #cdc2 real /ate ( ! case on ?is po9t1 #cdd2 its orig9 ari/ocratic1 #cee2 n favorable to ! poor1 #cee2 has contribut$ to de/roy free in/itutions1 #cfc2 fe>ful /ate ( ,europe aft] x appe>$1 #cfi2 political doctr9es prevail+ 9 ,europe be=e its appe>ance comp>$ ) ^? ( mod]n publici/s & ! s*ool ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #cgd2 has prev5t$ ! homog5eity ( ,european civilization1 #cge2 hi/orical pro(s1 #cgf2 comp>$ ) ,ca?olicity ) reg>d to le>n+1 criticism1 ! le>n$ languages1 ! f\ndation ( univ]sities1 ! progress ( lit]ature & ! arts1 my/icism1 high philosophy1 metaphysics1 morals1 religi\s philosophy1 & ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 #dab2 evid5ces aga9/1 f ,lu!r1 ,melanc?on1 ,calv91 ,beza1 ,grotius1 ,pap91 ,puff5dorf1 & ,leibnitz1 #dbc2 its sup]/ition & fanaticism1 #dbe2 bad fai? ( its f\nd]s1 #dbh2 passages prov+ ?is1 #dbh2 progress ( infidelity soon aft] its appe>ance prov$ f ,lu!r1 ,br5tz51 ,gruet1 & ,montaigne1 #dbh4 ,puff5dorf1 8 false !ory ( society1 #cjd2 evid5ce (1 aga9/ ,prote/antism1 #dbc4 ,puigblan*4--,see ,jomtob4 ,puni%m5ts1 "r ( inflict+ capital1 d]iv$ f ,god1 #cjj2 _c come f pacts1 #cjj2 mildness (1 among b>b>ian nations n a pro( ( civilization b ( indiff]5ce to crime1 #ddg2 imm5se sup]iority ( ! legislation ( ! ,*ur* ) respect to1 accord+ to ,m4 ,guizot1 #ddg4 ,regulus1 virtue bord]+ on f]ocity1 #ajd4 ,religion1 always exi/$ 9 "s %ape among ! great] "p ( mank9d1 #ff2 p[] (1 9 ,spa91 #gf2 condition (1 :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 #hd2 atrocities committ$ 9 ! "n (1 by ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 #bjd2 importance (1 to ! civil p[]1 #caa2 corruption (1 among ! anci5ts1 #dde4 ,revolutions1 ^? ( mod]n times1 #chi2 diff]5ce betwe5 t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & t ( ,france1 #chi4 ,rheims1 ,c\ncils (1 #ajd2 comm&s t ! cl]gy1 monks1 wom51 travell]s1 labor]s1 & v9e-dress]s %all be respect$ dur+ w>1 #ahb2 protects ! poor1 #ahg4 ,rob]tson4--,see ,dom9icans & ,las ,casas4 ,romans1 !1 _! savage h]oism n tol]at$ by ! mild _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ajd2 futile attempts made to imitate !m1 #abh2 _! mann]s effem9ate )\t be+ g5tle1 #agc4 ,rome1 legislation (1 #hf2 h[ affect$ by ,*ri/ianity1 #hf2 vice ( h] political organization1 #hg2 ,c\ncil (1 its decrees 9 favor ( slaves1 #aji2 ! c\rt (1 endeavors to mitigate ! sev]ity ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 #bjh2 mildness ( ! ,inquisition at ,rome comp>$ ) t 9 o!r places1 #bjh2 no in/ance ( a capital s5t5ce hav+ be5 pron\nc$ !reby1 #bjh2 ! decl9e & fall ( ! empire (1 #bbi4 ,roscel9 describ$1 #djj2 comp>$ ) ,/4 ,anselm1 #djg4 ,r\51 ,c\ncil (1 its decree 9 favor ( ! truce ( ,god1 #aha4 ,r\sseau1 doctr9es (1 #bhb2 8 appeal to ! passions1 #bhh2 8 ,contrat ,social1 #bii2 8 misrepres5tation ( ,ca?olicity1 #dej2 doctr9es ( 8 ,contrat ,social1 #dea2 8 intol]ance1 #dea4 ,saav$ra1 8 popul> doctr9es1 #cac4 ,salamanca1 ,comp5dium (1 on ! transmission ( p[] by ! p's cons5t1 #bie4 ,sci5ces1 ! natural & social comp>$1 #he4 ,scipio1 /ory (1 #afe4 ,self-def5ce1 "r (1 alleg$ z a plea = ! intol]ance ( gov]nm5ts1 #bjb4 ,s5eca1 on ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 #caf4 ,sigeb]t1 hi/orical labors (1 #bda4 ,slaves1 _! l>ge numb]s among ! anci5ts1 #ia2 _! numb]s at ,a!ns1 ,sp>ta1 ,rome1 & 9 ! ea/]n c\ntries1 #ia2 op9ions ( ,plato & ,ari/otle reg>d+ !m1 #ia2 _! treatm5t1 #ia2 dang]s f _! numb]s1 #ia2 _! rebellions1 #ib2 _! imm$iate emancipation impracticable1 #ic2 ! ,*ur* did all t c\ld be done 9 _! favor1 #id2 difficulties %e _h to cont5d ) 9 _! emancipation1 #id2 conduct1 designs1 & t5d5cies ( ! ,*ur* favorable to !m1 #id2 _! natural inf]iority to freem5 proclaim$ by ! hea!n philosoph]s1 #ie2 _! natural equality ) !m inculcat$ by ! ,scriptures & ! ,*ur*1 #ig2 motives = _! ob$i5ce1 #ig2 _! ill-treatm5t1 #ih2 _s ( hatr$ & revolts !reby caus$1 #ih2 ,/4 ,paul's in/ructions to !m1 #ih2 p[] ( life & dea? possess$ ov] !m by _! ma/]s1 & cruelties ex]cis$1 #ii2 sc5e f ,tacitus1 #ii2 ,/4 ,paul int]c$es = "o ( !m1 #ajj2 ill-treatm5t ( !m =bidd5 by ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 #ajj2 %e sub/itutes public trial = private v5geance 9 _! reg>d1 #aja2 ! cl]gy =bidd5 to mutilate !m1 #aja2 %e condemns to p5ance ^? :o put !m to dea? ( _! own au?ority1 #aja2 %e protects ^? newly emancipat$1 #ajc2 ^? ( ! ,*ur* n all[$ to be sold or ex*ang$1 #aji2 ^? :o embrace ! mona/ic /ate are fre$ by decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,rome1 #aji2 abuse !re(1 #aji2 7 rais$ to ! prie/hood1 b n until !y _h be5 fre$1 #aaj2 preval5ce ( ! abuse ( orda9+ slaves )\t ! cons5t ( _! ma/]s1 #aaj2 ! ,*ur* protects _! m>riages1 & =bids !m to be dissolv$ by _! ma/]s1 #aac4--,see ,c\ncils4 ,slav]y1 ! (fspr+ ( s91 #aab4 ,society1 w always be ei!r religi\s or sup]/iti\s1 #fg2 mod]n1 describ$1 #gb2 its progress1 #hb2 condition (1 :5 ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 #hd2 pres5t /ate (1 #bgd2 adm9i/ration alone n adequate to its wants #bgf2 pr9ciple ( *>ity requir$1 #bgf2 physical means ( re/ra9+ ! masses (1 #bgh2 moral means requir$1 #bhj2 orig9 (1 accord+ to ,/4 ,?omas1 #bhi2 n ! "w ( man1 #bia2 n to be sav$ by /rict political doctr9es1 )\t religion & morality1 #cad2 :y mod]n cons]vative s*ools are p[]less 9 pres]v+ x1 #cae2 /ruggle !re9 betwe5 ! ?ree elem5ts1 mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy1 #cfi4 ,solit>ies1 ! e>ly1 describ$1 #bca2 numb]s (1 #bca2 influ5ce (1 9 spiritualis+ ideas & improv+ morals1 #bcb2 ov]come ! difficulties ( ! luxuri\s & en]vat+ climate1 #bcd2 great m5 :o receiv$ _! inspirations f !m1 #bcd4 ,spa91 effects :i* ! p>tial introduction ( ,prote/antism w\ld h produc$ !re1 #gd1 #gf1 #gg2 p[] ( religi\s ideas !re1 #gf2 peculi> mann] 9 :i* revolution>y ideas h come into op]ation !re1 #gg2 has n yet obta9$ ! gov]nm5t :i* %e requires1 #gh2 effects ( ! loss ( h] national unity1 #gh2 h] intol]ance 9 religi\s matt]s n s great z x has be5 repres5t$1 #bah2 bold language us$ !re ) reg>d to politics1 #cab2 indu/rial progress !re91 #ced2 ,ca?olicity & politics !re1 #cgg2 real /ate ( ! "q1 #cgg2 causes ( ! ru9 ( h] free in/itutions1 #cgh2 anci5t & mod]n fre$om1 #cgh2 ,commun]os ( ,ca/ile1 #cgi2 policy ( h] rul]s1 #chj2 ,f]d9&1 ,xim5es1 ,*>les ,v41 & ,philip ,,ii41 #cha4 ,/eph51 7,abbot71 8 acc\nt ( ! excesses committ$ by ! ,mani*ees 9 ,france1 #beb4 ,su>ez1 on ! orig9 ( p[]1 #bid2 8 reply to ,k+ ,james ,i4 ( ,engl&1 #bid2 on ! disputes betwe5 subjects & _! rul]s1 #dgc4 ,subtlety1 _s (1 9 ! middle ages1 its causes1 #djf4 ,tacitus1 sc5e f1 ( cruelty to slaves1 #ii2 on ! anci5t ,g]mans ) reg>d to wom51 #aeb2 8 description ( _! mann]s1 :y embelli%$1 #aeb4 ,tact1 value (1 #aga4 ,tan*me1 excesses (1 #bej4 ,telugis1 ,c\ncil (1 orda9s ! truce ( ,god1 #ahj4 ,t]tullian1 apology (1 #bhf4 ,!odosius1 ! emp]or1 exclud$ f ! ,*ur* by ,/4 ,ambrose1 = ! slaught] at ,!ssalonica1 #agh4 ,!ories1 rapid succession (1 9 mod]n times1 #aga4 ,!resa1 ,/41 extracts f ! visions (1 #dbg4 ,?i]ry1 ,m41 8 hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,engl& by ! ,normans1 #abj4 ,?omas1 ,/41 ( ,aqu91 extract f1 on ! orig9 ( society1 #bhi2 on ! ,div9e law1 #bij2 8 def9ition ( law1 #cai2 8 doctr9es ) reg>d to laws & royal p[]1 #cai2 on ob$i5ce to laws1 #cbh2 utility ( 8 dictator%ip 9 ! s*ools 9 ! middle ages to ! human m9d1 #daa2 passages f1 on ! duties ( rul]s & subjects1 #dgj2 8 doctr9es on ! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 #dhj4 ,times1 sup]iority ( ! primitive1 has be5 exagg]at$1 #dbb4 ,tol$o1 ,c\ncils (1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa4 ,tol]ation1 h[ misund]/ood & misrepres5t$1 #aij2 prejudices aga9/ ,ca?olicity ) reg>d to1 #aij2 pr9ciple (1 consid]$1 #aia2 9 religi\s m5 is ! produce ( two pr9ciples1 *>ity & humility1 #aia2 illu/rations1 %ew+ h[ !y are affect$ by int]c\rse ) ! _w on ?is po9t1 #aib2 t ( "s irreligi\s m51 #aid2 consid]$ 9 society & gov]nm5ts1 #aid2 its exi/5ce 9 society n ow+ to ! philosoph]s1 #aie2 its causes1 #aie2 pr9ciple ( univ]sal1 discuss$1 #aif4 ,t\rs1 ,c\ncil (1 orda9s t ! poor %all be support$ 9 _! own t[n or p>i%1 #ahg4 ,trades-corporations1 orig9 & salut>y effects (1 #dgg4 ,trades-union4--,see ,p>is4 ,trajan1 ! emp]or1 #fjjj gladiators sla9 at 8 games1 #agd4 ,transub/antiation1 discussion ) reg>d to1 9 consequ5ce ( ! philosophy ( ,desc>tes1 #cig4 ,tr5t1 ,c\ncil (1 gives bi%ops ! p[] ( visit+ hospitals1 #ddi4 ,troja1 ,c\ncils (1 promote ! truce ( ,god1 #ahj4 ,truce ( ,god describ$1 #agi2 e/abli%$ by ,*ur* ,c\ncils1 #agi2 support$ by ,popes1 #ahj4 ,tru?1 describ$1 #fi4 ,tubuza1 ,c\ncil (1 e/abli%es ! truce ( ,god1 #agi4 ,unbeliev]s1 doctr9es (1 ) reg>d to errors ( ! m9d1 #bjj4 ,univ]sities1 ^? f\nd$ by ,ca?olicity1 #dad4 ,vaison1 ,c\ncil (1 decree (1 9 favor ( f\ndl+s & aga9/ infanticide1 #ahd4 ,valois1 ,felix (1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,mo/ ,holy ,tr9ity = ! ,r$emption ( ,captives1 #bei4 ,vaudois1 describ$1 #beb4 ,v]neul1 ,c\ncil (1 #aje4 ,villanueva1 prejudice & egotism (1 #deg4 ,v9e-dress]s1 protect$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 #ahb4 ,virg9ity1 respect$ by ! anci5ts1 c41 b n by ,prote/antism1 #adf2 h[ important t x %\ld be respect$1 #adf2 n injuri\s to ! /ate1 #adg2 its effects on ! female "*1 #adi4 ,visions1 7see ,ord]s72 effects (1 #bei2 ^? ( ,ca?olics1 #dbg4 ,vives1 ,l\is1 on human k1 #dbd4 ,voltaire describ$1 #fc2 extract f1 on ! importance ( ! morals ( c\rts to society1 #acg4 ,v[s1 v9dication ( religi\s1 #bbh2 ^? ( *a/ity 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 #deh4 ,wid[s1 _! v[s ( *a/ity 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 #deh4 ,witm>1 a ,g]man monk1 8 *ronicles mu* e/eem$ #bda2 us$ by ,leibnitz1 #bda4 ,wom51 degrad$ condition (1 among ! anci5ts1 #acf1 #dda2 _! elevation due entirely to ,ca?olicity1 #acf1 #aef2 h[ affect$ by *ivalry1 #aej2 _! elevation falsely ascrib$ to ! anci5t ,g]mans1 #aea2 protect$ by ,c\ncils1 #ahb4 ,worms1 ,c\ncil (1 excommunicates ^? :o refuse to be reconcil$1 #agg4 ,zeballos1 ,p41 on ,*ri/ian politics & ,nabo?'s v9ey>d1 #dfg4 ,ziegl]1 a ,lu!ran1 an ard5t def5d] ( ! imm$iate communication ( temporal p[]1 #dfc4 ,zon>us1 on *>itable e/abli%m5ts1 #ahg4 ,zu+lius1 8 phantom1 #dbf4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$4 ,ap>t f ! items m5tion$ bel[ all o!r spell+s & punctuation are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,develop & develope1 idealog7y_/i/7 & ideolog7y_/i/7 are us$ int]*angeably 9 ! book4 ,!y h be5 /&>dis$ to ! /&>d mod]n spell+ ( develop & ideology4 ,v>iations 9 ! use_/spell+ ( d]ivatives ( ! ,lat9 propius 7pages #dgc;a1 #dgd;a & #dij;a71 :ile possibly incorrect1 h be5 left z publi%$ z !y seem unlikely to be typographical errors4 ,zu+lius_/,zw+lius4 ,! =m] spell+ is us$ 9 ! body ( ! book & ! latt] 9 ! notes4 ,?is has n be5 *ang$4 ,a note on notes3 upp] case ref]5ces ,a ref] to conv5tional footnotes1 l[] case ref]5ces a ref] to ! endnotes 9 ! app5dix1 num]ic ref]5ces #a ref] to ! ma9 endnotes4 ,! ref]5ce to note #a 9 ! orig9al reads 7,see note at ! end ( ! vol47 ! #a has be5 add$ to improve cl>ity & uni=mity4 ,! quotation on page #cac3 ',:at absolute mon>* 9 ,europe w\ld approve ( "o ( 8 high function>ies express+ ! orig9 ( p[] aft] ! mann] ( our immortal ,saav$ra8 ,x is f ! c5tre ( ju/ice1 says he1 t ! circumf]5ce ( ! cr[n has be5 drawn4 ,! latt] w\ld n be necess>y1 if we c\ld disp5se ) ! =m]4' is miss+ a clos+ quote4 z x may be abs5t f 'drawn4' or '=m]4' x has n be5 correct$4 ,entries = ,,notes1 ,,app5dix & ,,index h be5 add$ to ! table ( cont5ts4