,,history ,,of ,,the ,,beef ,,cattle ,,industry ,,in ,,illinois ,,by ,,frank ,,webster ,,farley ,,thesis ,,for ,,the ,,degree ,,of ,,bachelor ,,of ,,science ,,in ,,agriculture ,,in ,,the ,,college ,,of ,,agriculture ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,illinois #aiae ,,university ,,of ,,illinois ,may #bb1 #aiae ,,this ,,is ,,to ,,certify ,,that ,,the ,,thesis ,,prepared ,,under ,,my ,,supervision ,,by ,frank ,webster ,farley ,,entitled ,history of the ,beef ,cattle ,industry in ,illinois ,,is ,,approved ,,by ,,me ,,as ,,fulfilling ,,this ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,requirements ,,for ,,the ,,degree ,,of ,bachelor of ,science in ,agriculture ,henry ,p ,rusk ,instructor in ,charge ,,approved3 ,may #bg1 #aiae ,herbert ,w4 ,mumford ,,head ,,of ,,department ,,of ,animal ,husbandry ,,index ,i4 ,introduction ,topography of the ,land ,people ,cattle and cattle feeding ,,ii4 ,cattle ,feeding ,industry ,the first silo in ,illinois ,the ,chicago market ,,iii4 ,cattle ,barons and ,pioneer ,drovers ,john ,t4 ,alexander ,jacob ,strawn ,benjamin ,franklin ,harris ,tom ,candy ,ponting ,,iv4 ,the ,range ,industry ,texas cattle ,v4 ,the ,pure ,bred ,industry ,t4 ,l4 ,miller ,thomas ,clark ,,vi4 ,cattle ,plagues ,,vii4 ,the ,feed ,industry of the ,united ,states4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,beef ,,cattle ,,industry ,,in ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,illinois ,i4 ,,introduction ,topography of the ,land ,as a whole1 the surface of the ,state of ,illinois is nearly level4 ,the prairie regions which cover a large part of the state are only slightly rolling1 except in those places where streams have worn valleys4 ,these are shallow in the eastern and the northern parts of the state1 deepening gradually as the great rivers are approached4 ,nearly all the waters of ,illinois find their way to the ,mississippi river4 ,along this river1 as also along the larger streams of the state1 the lands are cut into abrupt bluffs or sharp spurs which1 nearing the sources of the streams1 gradually become softened into rounded hillocks1 sinking at last into the low banks4 ,through such waterways as these form1 flow streams usually gentle in current1 often sluggish1 and sometimes becoming even stagnant4 ,over a large part of the state1 ponds and sloughs1 or marshes1 formerly abounded4 ,in these the water was renewed only by the rains that fell occasionally4 ,under hot suns these ponds1 having neither inlet nor outlet1 quickly became foul1 particularly where stock resorted to them to drink and cool themselves1 as they did almost universally throughout the state a few years ago1 and do even now in some parts4 ,for years such ponds furnished the principal1 almost the only1 water supply for stock in large areas of this state4 ,the constant use of such impure water greatly injured the quality of the milk and butter of cows1 and doubtless had a baneful effect upon the health of the animals that drank the foul water and those who used the milk and butter4 ,with the drainage of the land and the introduction of a pure supply of water1 came the disappearance of certain diseases of cattle and of human beings1 particularly the so-called milk sickness and kindred maladies1 and a marked improvement in the flavor and keeping qualities of milk and butter4 ,although the change thus far has been great1 there are yet districts in which there has been little improvement in the conditions of the land1 of the water supply1 or of the people4 ,stock are still compelled to depend1 for their water supply1 upon streams and pools that almost invariably become stagnant in the warm and dry days of the latter part of summer each year4#a ,inquiries addressed to hundreds of intelligent and careful observers1 nearly all of whom were practical stockmen1 elicited information showing the following3 ,number of ,district ,chief ,source of ,water ,counties ,supply #h ,northwest or ,postal ,streams and wells2 ,district springs furnish a considerable part of it2 few ponds used2 three instances of tile drains4 ,central ,northern ,wells chief source2 ,counties springs1 streams1 and tiles used to a considerable extent4 ,northeast ,counties ,streams1 wells1 and springs used about equally4 ,eastern ,counties ,wells chiefly2 streams next2 ponds and tile drains follow in the order named2 nine instances of springs4 ,central ,counties ,forty-nine districts report wells2 forty report streams2 thirty-five tile drains2 twenty-five ponds2 twenty-four springs4 ,western ,counties ,wells and tile drains equal2 springs next2 ponds in a few instances4 #d ,southern ,counties ,ponds and streams equal2 six report wells2 five report springs2 four tile drains4 #ba ,central ,s4 ,counties ,ponds chiefly2 streams next2 wells next2 springs and tiles in the order named4 ,southeast and ,southwest ,counties ,a like condition3 ponds1 streams1 and springs4 ,from all parts of the state1 correspondents wrote that the ponds and streams become stagnant in the warm months of summer1 a few making exception of those years in which rainfall has been heavy during the summer months4 ,stagnant water is found more generally in the southern than in the northern part of ,illinois2 chiefly1 perhaps1 because the cultivation and drainage of the land has not become almost universal as it has in the northern districts4 ,in several counties artesian wells afford a most copious supply of water of good quality4 ,in ,iroquois and other eastern counties1 such wells have been bored to a depth of from #aej to #bjj feet and obtained an unfailing flow of water impregnated with minerals4 ,stock show a strong liking for such water after becoming accustomed to its use1 and it is the belief of those who have had opportunity for observing the effects of its continued use1 that this mineral water serves to keep the animals free from disorders which formerly prevailed in that region4 ,this seems to be especially apparent in regard to malarial disorders4 ,people ,about #ahbj1 the ,state of ,illinois was being rapidly settled by people from the eastern states4 ,prior to this time1 very few white settlements had been made in the state4 ,these early pioneers1 drawn from the population of the eastern states1 were composed of almost all nationalities4 ,they pushed their way across the mountains of ,pennsylvania and ,virginia in crude wagons1 drawn by oxen1 bringing with them their household goods and a few milk cows4 ,they came into ,illinois1 built new homes1 and laid out new fields on the broad1 unsettled prairies4#b ,illustration ,illustration ,beginning with the year of #ahjj1 when there were only a few people in the state1 the population has increased very rapidly1 as is shown by the following statistics1 taken from the ,united ,states ,census ,report 7special supplement for the ,state of ,illinois73 ,year ,population #agij #ahjj #e1fda #ahaj #bd1ebj #ahbj #adg1agh #ahcj #cdc1jca #ahdj #fhe1hff #ahej #hea1dgj #ahfj #a1gaa1iea #ahgj #b1eci1hia #ahhj #c1jgg1hga #ahij #c1hbf1ceb #aijj #d1hba1eej #aiaj #e1fch1eia ,cattle and ,cattle ,feeding#c ,when ,illinois was first settled1 almost the whole of the middle and the northern parts of the state were covered with a rank growth of native grasses1 which furnished an ample supply and variety of forage of fair quality4 ,in the southern districts were heavy forests1 but in the central and northern sections were but few groves or other timber growths to afford shelter to stock4 ,the prairie grasses that grew in the central and northern districts were usually devastated by fire during the fall4 ,however1 the general fencing and cultivation of the land put a stop to the burning of these dead grasses of the prairies1 and soon groves of oaks sprang up and covered many uncultivated spots4 ,the leaves which stayed on these trees throughout the winter until spring1 furnished valuable shelter to stock from the raw winter winds4 ,at the beginning of the settlement of ,illinois1 very little attention was given to the cattle interest4 ,the pioneer settlers1 however1 had brought a few milk cows with them from the eastern states1 but these cows were kept for milk only1 no thought being given to beef production4 ,after a few years1 a few pure bred cattle were brought in1 at which time some attention was given to beef1 as well as to milk production1 not for the beef produced1 however1 but principally to give a ready market for their grain crops4 ,the practice of raising beef cattle to market grain continued from then until near the end of the nineteenth century1 when cattle feeding was no longer profitable as a grain market1 and the question was3 ,how much beef can be produced from a bushel of corn8#d ,despite the seemingly adverse character of the climate1 ,illinois has been1 for some time1 little1 if any1 behind other leading states of the ,union in stock growing4 ,in #ahej1 this state stood sixth in milk cows1 and seventh in work oxen and other cattle4 ,in #ahfj1 it was tenth in work oxen1 fifth in milk cows1 and second in other cattle4 ,in #ahgj1 it was twenty-sixth in work oxen1 fourth in milk cows1 and second in the supply of other cattle4 ,in #ahhj1 it stood thirty-sixth in work oxen1 second in milk cows1 and third in other cattle4 ,iowa then had #bdj1bhj and ,texas had #a1hab1hfj more cattle than ,illinois4 ,the average value of milk cows in ,illinois in #ahhd was #ce1 and of oxen and other cattle1 it was #bh4jd1 while the average value of milk cows in ,iowa was only #ca4ge1 and of other cattle #bf4jj4 ,the blood of the ,shorthorns was used more largely than that of any other breed in the improvement of the cattle of the state4 ,the first1 and for some years1 the only representatives of pure races of cattle in this state were ,shorthorns1 and to this date they exceed all other breeds in number4 ,the growth of the cattle interest in the ,state of ,illinois1 from #ahej to #ahhd1 inclusive1 is shown by the following statistics1 taken from the ,united ,states ,census ,reports4 ,the first figures of close accuracy on the number of cattle in the state were those gotten in #ahej4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,milch ,cows ,work ,oxen ,other ,cattle ,total ,year----------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 ,inc4 ,no4 ,inc4 ,no4 ,inc4 ,no4 ,inc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahejbid1fga #gf1aef #eda1bji #iab1jcf #ahfjebb1fcd #gg4c #ij1chj #ah4f #igj1gii #gi4da1ehc1hac #gc4f #ahgjfdj1cba #bb4e #ai1gff-gh4a #a1jee1dii #h4ga1gae1ehf #h4c #ahhjhfe1iac #ce4b #c1cdf-hc4j #a1eae1jfc #dc4eb1chd1cbb #ch4i #ahhcgaf1ajb-ag4c #a1bec1gfe -#ag4ba1ifi1hfg -#ag4d #ahhdiai1djd #ag4g #a1dga1aia #ag4cb1cij1eie #ba4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,footnotes3 #a ,report of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 #ahhe1 p4 #cfb4 #b ,united ,states ,census ,report and interviews with old settlers4 #c ,report of ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 #ahhe1 p4 #cfe4 #d ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 #ahhe1 p4 #cfe-ff ,,ii4 ,,cattle ,,feeding ,,industry#e ,when the farms of ,illinois were first put into cultivation1 the attention of the farmers was almost entirely devoted to grain raising4 ,wheat was cash and was the only product of the farm that could be sold for ready money4 ,the virgin soils of the state gave to the pioneer large crop yields1 but constant cropping soon began to tell on the soil and each year the crop yield became lighter4 ,this depletion of the fertility of the soil by continuous cropping1 together with a need for a near market for the grain crops1 soon gave stimulus to an idea that cattle feeding would help restore the fertility of the soil and1 at the same time1 market the grain at home4 ,from this time on1 the production of beef in this state has been one of the most important phases of agriculture4 ,in the southern part of the state1 however1 which was settled largely by ,french1 and where the predominating cattle continued to be the mongrel bred stock1 little attention was given to cattle feeding4 ,these people turned their cattle out on the luxuriant grass and relied upon the meat and milk produced in that way4 ,in the evolution or development of beef production that followed in ,illinois and other corn-belt states1 there has been two distinct stages1 and it is now entering upon the third stage4 ,the first stage was that in which cattle were fed to market corn1 and also to increase the fertility of the soil1 which was being depleted by the continuous cropping4 ,the second stage was that in which the ranges had been broken up and the object was not to raise cattle to market corn but to raise corn to make beef4 ,the third stage1 or that upon which the industry is now entering1 is that of baby beef making4 ,illustration ,seventy or eighty years ago1 and for several years afterward1 cattle were bred and fed1 not primarily for beef production1 but to market corn4 ,the farmers of those days were accustomed to say3 ,i'll make my corn walk to market1 or ,i'll condense my freight1 or ,i'll grow packages in which ,i can condense my corn and put in the hay and pastures as well4 ,statisticians figured that about six tons of corn could be put into one ton of pork1 about ten tons into one ton of beef1 and from twenty to twenty-five tons into one ton of butter4 ,there were very few railroads in the state at that time and farmers were forced to haul their corn and wheat thirty and forty miles to reach a station4 ,and while freight rates were extortionately high on corn and wheat in proportion to their cash value1 railroads were racing with each other to get the livestock trade4 ,they gave passes1 rebates1 and quick service1 and many other things to get the patronage of the cattle feeders and shippers4 ,the country roads in ,illinois were bad1 the bridges were few and poor1 and the farmers1 therefore1 soon came to realize that their corn must walk to market if it gave them any profit4 ,the growing of the so-called packages in which to condense freight1 and thereby sell corn to a better advantage1 was an easy matter in those days4 ,in the newer sections1 away from the main lines of railroads1 there was much open prairie land1 which was covered with luxuriant grass4 ,cattle could be herded on this free grass on the prairies at a dollar a head from ,may to ,october1 and then stalk fields could be had for ten cents an acre4 ,usually these stalk fields contained from twenty cents to thirty cents worth of corn per acre4 ,the only expensive months for feeding were ,march and ,april1 when either clover1 timothy1 or prairie hay had to be fed4 ,the cost in the summer was only about twenty cents a month per head1 in the winter about thirty-three cents4 ,the total cost of growing a package was about #f4jj4 ,the cattle herders in those days made contracts with the large operators to graze so many cattle at so much per head during the grazing season4 ,the usual price for the entire season was from #a4jj to #a4ej per head4 ,these cattle ranged from three to seven years old by the time they were ready for market and sold for about #be4jj per head4 ,an instance of the cattle herding industry1 as it may be termed1 is related by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,yapp1 now of ,urbana1 ,illinois1 who was one of the early herders in that country near ,mahomet3 ,about #ahee1 at #ac years of age1 ,mr4 ,yapp began herding cattle for the then large cattle feeders of that part of the country4 ,in the early spring of #ahfj1 he started from ,mahomet with a bunch of #ab cattle1 to meet a large drove that was coming up from the southern part of the state4 ,these cattle were native stock which had been collected over the state4 ,the entire bunch numbering around #ijj1 were driven to ,drummer's ,grove1 near ,gibson ,city4 ,there they were branded and herded on the open prairie during the spring and summer4 ,in the fall1 they were returned to the lots of the large feeders1 where they were fed out during the winter4 ,the feed during the winter consisted mostly of shocked corn4 ,some of the large cattle feeders bought their packages to be filled with corn1 while others grew them4 ,in either case1 the primary aim was not to make beef1 but to market the corn crop at a much better price than would be obtained if the winter was spent in hauling the corn to market at the nearest town4 ,naturally1 these feeders fed corn with a lavish hand4 ,they fed from twenty to thirty pounds to a steer per day1 and if the steer became gorged and mussed over it1 it was thrown out to the hogs4 ,they kept corn before their cattle all the time4 ,they argued that if you want solid beef1 beef that will weigh like lead1 give the cattle nothing but corn and water4 ,they wanted big packages1 nothing less than two-year-old steers past would do1 and three and four-year-olds were preferable4 ,they wanted steers that would be at least four years old when ready for market and that would weigh from #aejj to #afjj pounds4 ,these steers were desirable because they would hold more corn than the smaller ones4 ,very little attention was given to the finish of the steers sent to market4 ,they were all driven out together regardless of the degree of finish4 ,it was not until some time in the eighties and nineties that much attention was given to the degree of finish in fat steers when sent to market4 ,after the open prairies became settled up and there was no more free grass at home1 the feeders of ,illinois and the adjoining states could buy their packages on the ranges on the plains west of the ,mississippi river1 or at the range cattle markets4 ,corn was still cheap and so were packages in the shape of stockers and feeders4 ,the reason for this was that the great corn fields of ,kansas and ,nebraska were being opened up and the great national pastures from ,canada to the ,texas ,panhandle had not yet become spotted and rendered useless by the homesteader4 ,speculation in semi-arid land had not set in1 and the term dry farming had not been invented4 ,the great drouths caused the price of corn to fluctuate but the aggregate corn yield kept on increasing with increased acreage and usually the year following a drouth was one of superabundance of corn4 ,such was the year of #ahie following the drouth of #ahid4 ,the proportion of cattle per thousand population steadily increased4 ,meanwhile our cattle markets became centralized and were always full to overflowing4 ,everybody wondered where the cattle came from4 ,in the year of #ahie1 this system reached its climax4 ,the question confronting the farmer at this time was3 ,why did he continue growing corn and feeding cattle8 ,he grew corn because he could do it cheaply and more certainly than anything else4 ,the farmer had begun to realize that the limit of good land watered by the rains of heaven would soon be reached4 ,he would1 therefore1 hold on to his land and gain back all that he had lost in fertility by growing corn in the increased price of land that was sure to come in the near future4 ,he had been feeding cattle to sell his corn with the idea also that cattle feeding and cattle grazing were good for the land4 ,the limit of good land was not reached1 however1 nearly so soon as he had expected and when it was reached1 land advanced in price more rapidly than even the most optimistic had anticipated4 ,the year of #ahie marks the end of the first stage of beef production in ,illinois as well as in the other corn belt states4 ,illustration3 ,the ,summer ,that the ,rain ,came ,not ,in the nineties 7#ahif71 cattle feeding in ,illinois and the other corn belt states entered upon the second stage of its evolution or development4 ,the purpose of feeding cattle during this stage was not to market corn but to make beef4 ,the great corn crop of #ahie and #ahif1 following the drouth of #ahid1 gave very cheap corn4 ,cattle were cheap also4 ,during the two years #ahif-ahig1 business was on a standstill the whole country over1 but the next year1 #ahih1 business started in full blast2 cattle began to advance in price1 and the demand for feeders increased4 ,as a consequence1 the whole country was scoured for them1 but it was found that the choicest ones had been sold off in #ahid1 and the early part of #ahie4 ,cattle feeders1 anxious to secure cattle to fill their feed lots1 turned to other sources for their supply4 ,they went into ,mexico1 ,oregon1 ,colorado1 and ,tennessee1 and bought their feeder cattle4 ,when cattle went up in price1 corn went up also1 then labor began to gradually go up4 ,at that point began the advance in the value of land4 ,the government had no more choice corn land4 ,the two acres necessary to keep a cow during the summer and two more acres1 the hay from which would keep her during the winter1 doubled in price within the next fifteen years1 but it did not increase in actual value as determined by the amount of grass or grain it would produce4 ,it was at that time the people were confronted first with dear land1 stockers1 feeders1 corn1 hay1 and beef4 ,this all led the cattle feeders and the corn growers to begin studying out a method or system by which they could profitably grow corn to make beef instead of growing beef to market corn4 ,the prices of fat cattle were very tempting1 something unheard of ever before1 but when it came to buying feeders1 the margin was very little greater than it had been in previous years1 and besides1 corn was higher than it had ever been4 ,the problem then was1 how to get the most beef out of a bushel of corn4 ,experiment stations had been doing work along that line for several years4 ,they pointed out that the younger and smaller the animal is1 the less will be the grain required to sustain the life-giving forces1 or to run the machine1 and a greater proportion will go to the building up of body tissue1 hence the greater the profit in feeding young animals4 ,feeders began to drop out the two and three year old steers and replace them with baby beeves4 ,many feeders tried it but somehow or other they could not make it work according to the experimental evidence4 ,they found no profit in feeding any kind of cattle4 ,many feed lots became empty and blue grass and clover pastures were plowed up and put into corn fields4 ,if corn was worth more outside of the steer than it was in the steer1 the farmer argued1 why feed cattle8 ,the landlord could get more rent from corn land than from grass land devoted to cattle grazing2 therefore1 he saw no profit in building expensive barns1 sheds1 and fences for cattle feeding4 ,in the summer of #aijg1 business was flourishing and packers were in need of money4 ,to meet their needs1 they flooded the western banks with commercial paper4 ,they bought so few cattle that the price fell off at least #cj per cent in three months' time4 ,the loss accrued by such a rapid decline in the price of fat cattle was so great that it paid for the commercial paper that had been issued by the packers4 ,such conditions as these hastened the process of depleting the feed yards and decreasing the number of cattle on the market4 ,the cattle have left central ,illinois and the grain elevator now distinguishes the landscape4 ,the vast blue grass pastures of the ante-bellum period have disappeared1 and corn tillage is the principal occupation of the agrarian population4 ,down in ,morgan and ,sangamon counties1 even recollections of the cattle trade1 as it existed in the days of ,john ,t4 ,alexander and ,jacob ,strawn1 are being rapidly affected4 ,a few cattle come in from the west to be fattened on corn1 but summer grazing is the exception and the interest of the occupant of the land centers1 not in the cattle market quotations1 but in the price of corn4#f ,all the evidence seems to point toward the conclusions that another change in the corn belt system of beef production is imminent4 ,one of two things will happen or ,illinois will quit the cattle business4 ,either some new breeding and rearing center must be developed1 or ,illinois feeders must return to breeding their own feeder steers4 ,i believe that ,illinois will not quit the cattle business4 ,there is too much at stake besides the mere success or failure of the cattle business alone4 ,first of all1 this country needs the beef4 ,the greatest people of the earth have been meat eaters1 and ,i believe that the ,american people will continue to eat meat and will pay the price necessary to make its production profitable4 ,another consideration of vital importance1 but too broad a subject for discussion in this connection1 is the value of livestock as an aid to the maintenance of soil fertility4 ,then1 too1 for the sake of our economic stability1 the livestock interest of the country must be preserved and encouraged4 ,professor ,herbert ,w4 ,mumford is my authority for the statement that #hj of the corn grown in the ,united ,states is fed to livestock4 ,picture1 if you can1 the effect upon corn belt land value and our economic situation generally if the country suddenly lost this market for #hj of its corn crop4 ,regarding the possibility of another breeding center being developed1 it may be said that there are other sections that can produce feeders much more cheaply than ,illinois4 ,there are large areas of cheap lands in some of the ,gulf states with which ,illinois could not compete in the production of feeder steers4 ,but these sections are not interested in the production of cattle1 and it is doubtful if the south ever produces a surplus of feeder steers4 ,hence1 it seems that the probable solution of the whole question will be brought about by producing our own feeders4 ,if ,illinois does return to the cattle breeding business1 it will not be on the old extensive scale that prevailed throughout the state a generation ago4 ,grass grown on these high priced lands is too expensive to be disposed of with so lavish a hand as it was thirty or forty years ago4 ,a return to cattle breeding in ,illinois will be coincident with a more general adoption of supplement for pasture4 ,the use of smaller proportions of permanent pasture1 more extensive use of rotated or leguminous pastures1 the passing of the aged steers in our feed lots1 and the inauguration of what may be called intensive systems of baby beef production4#g ,,number ,,of ,,beef ,,cattle ,,in ,,illinois ,,by ,,years ,,from #ahef ,,to #aiad4 ,year ,number of ,beef ,cattle in ,illinois #ahef #a #afi #hee #aheg #a #cea #bji #aheh #a #dbb #bdi #ahei #a #ccf #efe #ahfj #a #dbe #igh #ahfa #a #dbh #cfb #ahfb #a #fjc #idf #ahfc #a #fhd #hib #ahfd #a #cgj #ghc #ahfe #a #efh #bhj #ahff #a #dce #gfi #ahfg #a #dhf #cha #ahfh #a #ebj #ifc #ahfi #a #ehd #dde #ahgj #a #egh #jae #ahga #a #faa #cdi #ahgb #a #fhd #jbi #ahgc #b #jae #hai #ahgd #b #jdb #cbg #ahge #a #ihe #aee #ahgf #a #heg #cja #ahgg #a #gej #ica #ahgh #a #gge #dja #ahgi #a #hfb #bfe #ahhj #a #iih #ghh #ahha #b #jde #cff #ahhb #b #jab #ijb #ahhc #a #iei #hfg #ahhd #a #iig #ibg #ahhe #b #aff #jei #ahhf #b #ccg #jgd #ahhg #b #dhj #dja #ahhh #b #dfe #bhh #ahhi #b #cih #aia #ahij #b #jie #eie #ahia #a #hec #cah #ahib #a #fae #dje #ahic #a #hab #ibd #ahid #a #gih #dag #ahie #a #ghb #aeh #ahif #a #fbf #aga #ahig #a #gec #cga #ahih #a #hjb #jfa #ahii #a #hhf #icc #aijj #b #jji #eih #aija #b #cgb #gaj #aijb #b #dji #ggb #aijc #b #cbe #ihj #aijd #b #ece #ied #aije #b #cja #eai #aijf #b #bjc #ajh #aijg #b #jfe #haf #aijh #a #hib #aah #aiji #a #fia #fhf #aiaj #a #eab #jee #aiaa #a #dgc #gda #aiab #a #beh #bic #aiac #a #agj #fbh ,in reviewing the cattle breeding and the cattle feeding situation in ,illinois in #ahid1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,imboden stated that the outlook was not very encouraging4 ,the question was1 ,are the men who are feeding the grain and fodder crop of the farm any worse off than those grain farmers who are selling their grain on the market1 or even the butcher1 the grocer1 the boot and shoe dealer1 or the drygoods merchant8 ,they undoubtedly were not at that time4 ,competition was very close1 profits small1 and unless a business man was satisfied with a small profit1 his competitor did the business4 ,such were the conditions that faced the cattle breeders and feeders at that time4 ,from #e to #aj of the feeding value of the crops on ,illinois farms were left in the field2 straw-stacks stood in the field where the thresher left them2 stover stood on the field after the corn was husked1 while on these same farms were stock that were shrinking from exposure and lack of feed4 ,the outlook for the feeder was very discouraging1 but much more so for the breeder4 ,there were no hopes for success for the breeder until the feeder had two or three years of success in order to make a market for the cattle that were bred4 ,strong efforts were being made to devise some methods of feeding the farm products more economically and in such a way as would mean more grain and better profits for the feeder4 ,the cattle feeders of ,illinois presumed that the time was nearing when feeder cattle of the best grade for grazing and feeding purposes would be hard to secure4 ,while at that time there were plenty of cattle west of the ,mississippi river1 in ,illinois there was a scarcity of breeding cattle to supply the demand4 ,it was harder to buy a bunch of fifty uniformly good steers1 throughout central ,illinois especially1 than it had been for fifteen years past4 ,this was probably due to the fact that feeders had quit raising their feeding cattle and the breeders had changed from one breed to another in hopes of finding a breed that would give them greater returns4 ,again1 many breeders had become very careless of the merits of the cattle on their farm4#h ,the ,first ,silo in ,illinois ,in #ahha1 ,oatman ,brothers1 of ,dundee1 ,illinois1 built the first silo in the state4 ,at the eighth annual meeting of the ,illinois ,state ,dairyman's ,association1 held at ,dundee1 ,illinois1 ,december #ad-af1 #ahha1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,oatman read an article on ,silos and ,ensilage4 ,mr4 ,oatman stated that some agricultural paper in ,chicago had been agitating the building of silos in ,illinois and had tried to induce him to build one4 ,the stories that the paper told about the value of ensilage as a feed sounded too good to be true4 ,the idea of cutting up green fodder1 packing it away in a hole1 and expecting to see it come out in first class condition1 in the dead of winter1 seemed to be impossible4 ,a great many objections arose to such cow kraut as some called it4 ,it would heat1 ferment1 and rot2 therefore it was a very difficult matter to make people see its value as a feed4 ,mr4 ,oatman1 however1 visited the farm of ,messrs4 ,whitman and ,burrell at ,little ,falls1 ,new ,york1 on ,february #a1 #ahhj1 for the purpose of seeing their silo and the condition of their ensilage4 ,he made a thorough investigation and thereupon became convinced that ensilage was a success4 ,he returned home to his farm at ,dundee and made preparations to build a silo4 ,his first silo was #di feet by #dc feet by #bj feet deep1 dug out into the ground4 ,it was divided into three parts1 all of which were made of concrete4 ,after the silo was finished1 ,mr4 ,oatman proceeded to fill it1 which required thirteen days with a force of ten men1 at a rate of about twenty-three tons per day4 ,after it was filled1 stone was placed on top1 at the rate of about #aej pounds per square inch4 ,mr4 ,oatman met with many discouragements with his new silo2 the community at large thought it was a very foolish idea4 ,some said that if it did keep1 the cattle would not eat it1 and others still more radical1 even hoped that he would lose it all1 and said that any man who would try such a thing was crazy4 ,when the time came to open the silo1 ,mr4 ,oatman found that the silage was all fresh and nice with the exception of a few inches on top4 ,his cattle took to it readily1 and he found that it greatly increased the milk production of his dairy herd4#i ,the use of ensilage as a feed for beef and milk production has become so general in ,illinois since the first silo was built in #ahha that ensilage is now one of the staple feeds4 ,while there are a few people who still think that the use of ensilage in the production of beef is a fad1 practically every one agrees that it is economical in the production of milk4 ,ensilage is a roughage and not a concentrate1 and its profitableness in a fattening ration depends not so much upon its nutritive value as upon its succulence and palatability1 the steers' ability to consume large quantities of it1 and the fact that it makes possible the utilization of all of the corn plant1 a large proportion of which would be wasted4 ,every year sees a more general adoption of ensilage as a roughage1 and with the inauguration of the present intensive system of baby beef production1 and where the baby beeves are raised on the farm on which they are to be fed1 ensilage is the most economical feed that can be used in maintaining the breeding herd4 ,the ,chicago ,market ,the situation of ,chicago in the great agricultural center of the ,united ,states brought it into prominence at an early day as the center of the live stock trade4 ,this position it has never lost4 ,however great may be the development of other sections of the country1 ,chicago can not fail to continue to be the leader in this class of business4 ,its location as a railroad center and its position as a distributing point is made secure by the steadiness of its growth and the magnitude of its present operations4 ,there is greater competition in this market than in any other4 ,the ,chicago market is the purchasing point1 not only for the local packers1 large and small1 the exporters1 and the speculators1 but also for a great number of smaller packing houses scattered over the country1 and for the feeders and breeders of the most fertile and largest agricultural sections of the ,united ,states4#aj ,prior to the year of #ahcc1 ,chicago had no provisions to export1 and as late as #ahcf1 an actual scarcity of food there created a panic among the inhabitants4 ,the first shipment of cattle products from ,chicago was made in #ahda1 by ,newbury and ,dale on the schooner1 ,napoleon1 bound for ,detroit1 ,michigan4 ,this shipment consisted of #bhg barrels of salted beef and #ad barrels of tallow4 ,statistics of ,chicago #ahcg4 ,population3 ,whites #cihi ,colored #afj ,males #begi ,females #aegj ------ ,total #dadi ,buildings3 ,dwellings #cih ,drygoods stores #bi ,grocery stores #bf ,hardware stores #e ,drug stores #c ,churches #e ,there were two weekly papers published in ,chicago at this time3 ,the ,american1 a whig paper1 and the ,democrat4 ,the first market in the way of stock yards in ,chicago was located on the north branch of the ,chicago river4 ,these yards were used chiefly for swine4 ,in #ahcf1 the first cattle yards were opened on a tract of land near twenty-ninth street and ,cottage ,grove avenue4 ,a few pens had been erected here to accommodate the cattle trade4 ,the first scales for weighing livestock ever used in that country were used in these yards4#aa ,in #ahee1 there were two regular stock yards in ,chicago2 one1 called the ,merrick ,yard1 is now known as the ,sherman ,yards1 and the other was called the ,bullshead ,yard4 ,a great many eastern people came to ,chicago at this time to buy fat cattle to take back east4 ,most of the cattle they bought were driven over into ,indiana to ,michigan ,city1 to be shipped on east4 ,john ,l4 ,hancock was the only packer in ,chicago at this time4 ,ice was not used1 and packing was done during the cool seasons of the year4 ,one element of the success of ,chicago as a market was the fact that stock might be pastured without charge on the prairies near the city1 while the owners awaited favorable market conditions in the eastern states4 ,the cattle were herded on the open prairies just outside of the city1 and the buyers of ,chicago rode out each day and bought the cattle in such numbers as they needed4 ,in #ahfe1 the growth of the livestock traffic had increased so rapidly that the several railroad companies that centered in ,chicago1 together with the managers of the stock yards already existing1 combined for the erection of the ,union ,stock ,yards4 ,these were opened for business on ,christmas day1 #ahfe4ab ,the meat industry of ,chicago1 from the purchase of the livestock to the shipment of the meat1 in either the fresh or the cured condition1 is carried on at the ,union ,stock ,yards1 which are located near the outskirts of the city4 ,the yards cover exactly a square mile of ground4 ,one-half of this area is covered with cattle pens1 and the other half by huge establishments of the packing houses4 ,the pens are surrounded by strong stockades1 about shoulder high1 and they are laid out in blocks with streets and alleys1 in much the same fashion as an ordinary ,american town4 ,the whole of this area1 a half mile in width1 and a mile in length1 is paved with red brick2 and here we see the first notable evidence of the effort to maintain the stock yards in a sanitary condition4 ,the brick paving makes it possible to thoroughly clean both pens and streets1 and this is done at regular and frequent intervals4#ac ,whatever may have been the conditions in the past1 it is a fact that today the greatest care is exercised in the shipment and handling of the stock from the time they leave the farms until they reach the packing houses4 ,the price that the animals will bring in the pens depends upon the conditions they present under the eye of the buyer1 who represents the packing houses1 and it is to the interest of the farmers1 the cattlemen1 and the commission men1 to whom the cattle are consigned at the yards1 that they shall receive the best food and the most careful attention up to the very hour at which the sale is made4 ,they are shipped in special stock cars1 in which they are carried as expeditiously as possible to the stock yards1 where they are unloaded and driven to the pens4 ,here they are at once fed and watered1 each pen containing a feeding trough and a water trough1 into which a stream of fresh water is kept running4 ,the cattlemen consign their stock to the various commission houses1 and for receiving and selling the stock1 there is a charge of1 respectively1 twenty-five cents and fifty cents a head4 ,the purchase of the cattle is made by buyers1 of whom each of the packing houses maintain a regular staff4 ,about #ahde1 a bold editor left ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 then the greatest lake part of the country1 and bravely ventured as far into the rowdy west as ,chicago4 ,possibly the people here received him with generous hospitality2 perhaps they treated him with something even more warming to the inner man2 or it may be that as they filled him with solid chuck and1 perhaps1 with less solid refreshments1 they took occasion to remark1 with that modest and restrained hopefulness for which ,chicago people have justly received credit1 that ,chicago was destined to become a town of some importance4 ,be that as it may1 when that editor luckily found himself once more safe within his sanctum1 he gave vent to his joy and overflowing gratitude by writing wild1 enthusiastic predictions concerning the future of the town1 which was then aspiring to rise above the rushes and wild rice of the ,chicago river4 ,reckless of the opinion of the readers of his paper1 perhaps trusting to their ignorance of the conditions of the out of the way place1 this bold editor predicted that the day would come when ,chicago would have an elevator capacious enough to hold #be1jjj bushels of grain1 and that in a single winter season1 #aj1jjj cattle1 and as many hogs1 would be slaughtered and packed there4 ,beef packing was the leading industry of ,chicago at that time1 but no trustworthy statistics relating to the cattle traffic previous to #ahea have been preserved1 and from #ahea until #ahef no account of the receipts of cattle were kept4 ,this was probably due to the fact that a large number of those cattle that were brought to ,chicago were held on the open prairies until sold to butchers to supply the requirements for local consumption4 ,no accurate count of cattle disposed of in that way could well be obtained4 ,statistics of the receipts of cattle at the ,chicago ,union ,stock ,yards from #ahea to #aiac1 inclusive1 and the shipments from #aheb to #ahhd1 inclusive3 ,year ,receipts ,shipments #ahea #bb #effad #aheb #be #gjhad #gg #ahec #bi #ijhad #b #feg #ahed #cf #hhhad #aa #bba #ahee #ci #hfead #h #bec #ahef #ci #iej #bb #bje #aheg #dh #ebd #be #ejb #aheh #adj #ecd #db #fch #ahei #aaa #fid #cg #ehd #ahfj #agg #aja #ig #dgd #ahfa #bjd #egi #abd #adf #ahfb #bji #fee #aab #gde #ahfc #cjj #fbb #ahg #jdh #ahfd #cjc #gbf #afb #ddf #ahfe #ccc #cfb #cja #fcg #ahff #cic #jjg #bfc #fic #ahfg #cbi #ahh #bjc #ehj #ahfh #cbd #ebd #bae #ihg #ahfi #djc #ajb #bid #gag #ahgj #ecb #ifd #cia #gji #ahga #edc #jej #dja #ibg #ahgb #fdh #jge #eaj #jbe #ahgc #gfa #dbh #egd #aha #ahgd #hdc #iff #hbb #ibi #ahge #ibj #hdc #fif #ecd #ahgf #a #jif #gde #gig #gbd #ahgg #a #jcc #aea #gjc #djb #ahgh #a #jhc #jfh #fii #ajh #ahgi #a #bae #gcb #gbf #ijc #ahhj #a #chb #dgg #hhf #fad #ahha #a #dih #eej #ich #gab #ahhb #a #ehb #ecj #iba #jji #ahhc #a #hgh #idd #iff #geh #ahhd #a #hag #fig #fgh #cda #ahhe #a #ije #eah #ahhf #a #ifc #ijj #ahhg #b #chb #jjh #ahhh #b #faa #edc #ahhi #c #jbc #bha #ahij #c #dhd #bhj #ahia #c #bej #cei #ahib #c #ega #gif #ahic #c #acc #djf #ahid #b #igd #cfc #ahie #b #ehh #eeh #ahif #b #fjj #dgf #ahig #b #eed #ibd #ahih #b #dhj #hig #ahii #b #ead #ddf #aijj #b #gbi #jdf #aija #c #jca #cif #aijb #b #ida #eei #aijc #c #dcb #dhf #aijd #c #bei #ahe #aije #c #daj #dfi #aijf #c #cbi #bej #aijg #c #cje #cad #aijh #c #jci #bjf #aiji #b #ibi #hje #aiaj #c #jeb #ieh #aiaa #b #ica #hca #aiab #b #feb #cdb #aiac #b #eac #jgd #aiad ,st4 ,louis ,stock ,yards ,in ,april1 #ahfi1 a charter was granted by the state of ,illinois to the ,east ,st4 ,louis ,stock ,yards ,company4 ,this company was authorized to issue stock to an amount not to exceed #bjj1jjj4 ,the original charter of the company1 which later operated the ,national ,stock ,yards1 fixed the capital stock thereof at #a1jjj1jjj1 which was1 subsequently1 raised1 by a vote of the stock holders1 to an amount of #bej1jjj1 to meet the requirements of the rapidly growing business4 ,when the ,national ,stock ,yards were completed1 they were more convenient than were any others of their kind in the country4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,wallaces' ,farmer1 #aiac1 and thesis by ,garver1 ,history of ,dairy ,industry in ,illinois4 #f ,the ,breeder's ,gazette1 ,july1 #aiac4 #g ,lecture by ,professor ,h4 ,p4 ,rusk on ,beef ,production4 #h ,the ,breeder's ,gazette1 ,feb4 #ahid4 #i ,thesis ,history of the ,dairy ,industry in ,illinois by ,garner1 #aiaa4 #aj ,facts and ,figures1 by ,wood ,brothers1 ,live ,stock ,commission ,merchants1 ,chicago1 #aijf1 and ,report of ,bureau of ,an4 ,ind4 #ahhd4 #aa ,prairie ,farmer1 #ahhg1 p4 #afj4 #ab ,life of ,tom ,c4 ,ponting4 #ac ,scientific ,american--,the ,meat ,industry of ,america1 #aiji4 #ad ,estimated4 ,,iii4 ,,cattle ,,barons ,,and ,,pioneer ,,drovers ,,of ,,illinois ,previous to the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century1 no droves of cattle were seen in the country west of ,ohio4 ,the first drove ever driven from ,illinois was taken from ,springfield1 through ,chicago1 to ,green ,bay1 ,wisconsin1 in #ahbe1 by ,colonel ,william ,s4 ,hamilton4 ,beginning with this date1 the practice of collecting cattle into droves and driving them to market soon grew from a minor occupation into an industry within itself2 beef cattle that were grown and fattened in ,illinois were gathered together into large droves by men who made it a business1 and were driven to the then great cattle markets on the sea board4 ,foremost among these early pioneer cattlemen were3 ,jacob ,strawn1 ,john ,t4 ,alexander1 ,b4 ,f4 ,harris1 and ,tom ,c4 ,ponting4 ,in the scope of their operations1 ,jacob ,strawn and ,john ,t4 ,alexander exceeded many of the conspicuous operators in the rise and fall of the range industry in this state4 ,these men owned hundreds of acres of the prairie land of the state1 on which they collected enormous droves of cattle4 ,these cattle were grazed here throughout the spring and summer1 then were fed during the winter4 ,it was no uncommon occurrence for one of these operators to buy all the corn for sale during one season in three or four counties4 ,the next spring these fat bullocks were trailed across the level country to the eastern mountain ranges1 over which they climbed to reach ,lancaster1 ,philadelphia1 and ,new ,york4 ,cincinnati and ,buffalo received a few of these cattle1 but most of them were driven on through to the markets on the sea board1 where better prices were obtained4 ,these cities bore about the same relation to the livestock traffic of those days as ,chicago1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,kansas ,city1 and ,st4 ,joseph bear to the cattle trade of today2 they were the collecting points for the business and the slaughterers who bought them either salted the carcasses down in barrels and casks or sold them to local consumers4 ,other dealers1 however1 bought some of these cattle and drove them on to smaller towns nearer the coast4 ,in the census of #ahej1 it was recorded that ,illinois alone sent #b1jjj head of cattle each week to the ,new ,york market4 ,while the cattle barons represented a large part of the beef cattle trade of ,illinois1 there were hundreds of smaller dealers who fed only a few cattle each year which added materially to the magnitude of the beef cattle industry of the state4 ,a few of these smaller operators were found in almost every section of the state1 especially in the central and northern part4 ,cattle trailing continued until lines of railroad connecting ,illinois with the cities on the ,atlantic coast were built4 ,this made cattle trailing unnecessary and greatly stimulated the production of beef in the state by furnishing means for placing beef before the consumers of the east quickly and1 at a much less cost than that of the old method4 ,the long drives greatly decreased the weight of the animals1 and1 at the same time1 the meat of carcasses was inferior to that of the cattle that were shipped by railroad1 and slaughtered without having taken such a long drive4#ae ,john ,t4 ,alexander#af ,illustration3 ,,john ,t4 ,,alexander4 ,among the cattle operators of ,illinois1 ,john ,t4 ,alexander was probably the greatest by reason of the magnitude of his transactions1 but he was antedated by ,jacob ,strawn1 who located in ,morgan ,county in #ahbg4 ,alexander has been regarded as ,america's greatest cattleman in a commercial sense4 ,in the strict sense of the term1 he was a pastoralist and a trader1 not an agriculturalist4 ,his parents were native of ,ireland1 who migrated to ,virginia in #ahah1 and in #ahbd joined the exodus to the ,mississippi ,valley1 settling in ,jefferson ,county1 ,ohio4 ,john ,t4 ,alexander was the oldest of a family of eleven children4 ,his education was on the farm4 ,he was endowed with that faculty called cattle sense4 ,at the age of fifteen1 he was entrusted1 by his father1 with the entire charge of a drove of cattle sent to ,philadelphia4 ,he sold them to advantage1 collected the money1 and took it safely home4 ,at the age of seventeen1 he was purchasing cattle in ,illinois to replenish his father's ,ohio pastures4 ,it is related that his search took him down into ,sangamon county1 where he was so struck with its natural advantages1 from a cattle standpoint1 that he determined to migrate4 ,in #ahdj1 the ,alexanders settled in ,morgan county1 then a cattle range bounded only by the horizon4 ,mr4 ,alexander accumulated a herd of steers1 pastured them on the public domain1 and for half a decade prospered in a moderate way4 ,as the country became settled1 it soon became evident that he must own land or get out of the cattle business as far as that locality was concerned4 ,in #ahdh1 he purchased #c1jjj acres of land at prices ranging from #hg cents to #c4jj per acre4 ,this land was adjoining the half section that he had originally homesteaded4 ,in #ahee1 he acquired another #a1jjj acres at #cj4jj per acre4 ,this indicated how rapidly the price of land was advancing4 ,in #aheg1 he bought #gjj acres more at #ej4jj per acre1 and in #ahei1 he acquired #aejj acres of the ,strawn estate at #cj4jj per acre4 ,in #ahfd1 he secured #hec acres at #fj4jj to #gj4jj per acre1 making him the owner of #g1bcc acres of the choicest land in ,illinois4 ,in #ahff1 he purchased the stock farm of ,michael ,sullivan in ,champaign county1 ,illinois1 containing #bf1jjj acres at #aa4jj to #ab4jj per acre4 ,it was during this period of purchase that ,john ,t4 ,alexander acquired the title of cattle king4 ,his transactions were on an enormous scale4 ,his buyers searched every nook and cranny of the cattle producing region of the ,mississippi valley1 and ,alexander1 on the ,wabash railroad in ,morgan county1 ,illinois1 was the largest cattle shipping station in the world4 ,entire trains of cattle1 destined for eastern markets1 were daily loaded there and almost the entire population was on the ,alexander pay roll4 ,thousands of other cattle1 for which he paid but never saw1 were loaded at innumerable points for eastern markets4 ,from a pastoralist1 he had emerged into a speculator on probably the most gigantic scale the live stock industry has ever witnessed4 ,he ruled the markets of the ,east and was the ,napoleon of the cattle trade4 ,his name was more familiar to the ,west than that of ,vanderbilt or ,a4 ,t4 ,stewart4 ,his annual cattle shipment for many years exceeded #ej1jjj head1 and in #ahfh1 reached #ge1jjj4 ,for a lengthy period1 his sales on eastern markets exceeded #d1jjj1jjj annually1 and it is related that prior to his ,champaign county purchase1 an inventory of his assets showed #g1bcc acres of land1 averaging #ge4jj per acre in value1 #ajj1jjj in bank1 #g1jjj cattle on his ,morgan county pastures1 and not a dollar of debt4 ,such speculative operations1 however1 had the result of entailing financial embarrassment4 ,in #ahga1 ,alexander had to contract his business and part with his ,champaign county property4 ,this embarrassment was due to many causes1 not the least serious of which was cattle mortality by splenetic fever1 by which he lost #ajj1jjj4 ,he also sustained heavy losses by shrinkage in cattle values1 and the ,champaign county investment proved disastrous4 ,he also became involved in railroad complications4 ,the railroads were keen competitors for the livestock traffic and in #ahga1 ,alexander severed his relations with the ,pennsylvania railroad1 making a contract with the ,new ,york ,central1 by which that company gave him a low rate conditional to a specified tonnage4 ,by way of resentment1 the ,pennsylvania railroad put merely nominal rates into effect1 thereby glutting eastern markets and crippling ,alexander's trade1 which had become so colossal as to be unwieldy4 ,to carry on such gigantic operations1 he was compelled to trust to innumerable assistants1 many of whom proved to be either incompetent or unfaithful4 ,confronted with liabilities aggregating #a1bjj1jjj1 he was forced to make an assignment1 but his estate was sufficient not only to pay off every creditor1 but leave him a large sum for a fresh start in life4 ,it was while energetically engaged in retrieving his fortune that he died1 in #ahgf4 ,those survivors of ,john ,t4 ,alexander1 who remember his activity as ,illinois' greatest operator1 describe him as being tall and commanding in appearance4 ,even at the time of his death1 he was hale and youthful4 ,he was of sanguine temperament1 naturally impulsive1 but quiet and non-assuming in manner1 sparing in speech1 and undoubtedly one of the great ,american captains of industry in his time1 an outstanding figure in a trade that boasts many conspicuous men4 ,the old ,alexander mansion in ,morgan county1 the greatest house in the countryside half a decade ago1 remains in a somewhat dilapidated condition1 and the decaying out-buildings convey a mournful hint of vanished greatness4 ,here1 during ,alexander's time1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,stephen ,a4 ,douglas1 ,richard ,yates1 and others1 whose illustrious names adorn ,illinois history1 were the guests of ,america's greatest cattleman4 ,jacob ,strawn ,jacob ,strawn came from ,ohio and settled in ,morgan county in #ahbg1 and a few years later was probably the most extensive cattle dealer in the world1 but his operations were1 to a large extent1 local and his most distant shipping point1 ,saint ,louis4 ,his pastures in ,morgan county embraced about #ae1jjj acres and his business reached its maximum about #ahfj4 ,survivors of that period recall ,strawn's free handed methods4 ,he purchased cattle by the thousands1 fixing the price on mere verbal description as to quality and weight4 ,frequently1 at delivery time1 nobody was on hand to receive the cattle1 but they were driven into the ,strawn pastures and left with confidence that payment would be prompt4 ,both ,strawn and his successor1 ,alexander1 were always ready to buy cattle1 in fact they were the market of that period4 ,strawn was at the height of his career when ,john ,t4 ,alexander came on the scene4 ,strawn produced beef as a feeder and grazier2 ,alexander contracted cattle to be delivered in the future4#ag ,mr4 ,t4 ,c4 ,sterrett relates that in the summer of #ahef he came to ,illinois and was informed that the largest cattle dealer in the state was ,jacob ,strawn1 living near ,jacksonville1 in ,morgan county4 ,he visited ,strawn's place and found a remarkably large brick house and was astonished at the amount of brick paving about the house4 ,mr4 ,strawn lived on a good farm at ,orleans ,station1 east of ,jacksonville4 ,he owned a lot of good horses and ,shorthorn cattle4 ,piloted by the foreman1 ,mr4 ,sterrett went out into a #a1bjj acre pasture which was fenced with rails and stocked with a fine lot of cattle4 ,he was very much struck with a hundred head of the finest general work horses that could be found anywhere4 ,this band of horses and cattle1 the good fences1 and the general appearance of everything about the place1 indicated the power and ability of the owner4 ,mr4 ,strawn was by far the greatest ,american cattleman of his time4#ah ,benjamin ,franklin ,harris#ai ,december #ae1 #ahaa--,may #g1 #aije ,illustration3 ,b4 ,f4 ,,harris at #ee ,benjamin ,franklin ,harris was born ,december #ae1 #ahaa1 on a farm in the ,shenandoah ,valley1 near ,winchester and ,harper's ,ferry1 in ,frederick county1 ,virginia4 ,he was the second of ten children of ,william ,hickman ,harris and ,elizabeth ,payne 7own cousin of ,dolly ,payne ,madison from ,england74 ,his grandfather1 ,benjamin ,harris1 with two brothers1 came from ,england and settled on the eastern shore of ,maryland in #agbf4 ,the family were of ,scotch-,english extraction and ,quakers2 in this country becoming fighting ,quakers1 then ,methodists4 ,he grew to manhood on his father's ,virginia farm1 attending the country schools until sixteen years of age4 ,at that time1 ,president ,jackson's attitude toward the ,united ,states bank so seriously affected values that wheat declined from #a4ej to #ej cents and ,virginia farm land to less than one-third of its former price4 ,these declines so affected the father's obligations that ,benjamin ,franklin ,harris and his brothers1 each with a six horse team--in those days without railroads--went into the wagoning or freighting business1 and for three years wagoned freight over that section and out through ,pennsylvania and as far west as ,zanesville1 ,ohio1 in order to recoupe the father's losses4 ,on ,march #bj1 #ahcc1 the ,virginia farm had been sold at #dj of its original cost1 and in a one-horse gig and a two-horse carryall1 the ,harris family set out for ,ohio1 arriving at ,springfield on ,april #h1 and nearby1 purchased and settled upon their new farm4 ,it was during this year that ,benjamin ,franklin ,harris commenced business for himself1 buying and driving cattle overland to ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 and there disposing of them to cattle feeders4 ,in #ahcd1 he started for ,illinois via ,danville1 then through the present site of ,sidney1 and ,urbana--where there was but one cabin--and on to what is now ,monticello in ,piatt county4 ,during the ensuing years1 he began to accumulate farming lands in ,piatt and ,champaign counties and to buy cattle throughout all this section as far south and west as ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,vandalia1 and ,springfield4 ,during several seasons1 he bought for the purpose of feeding cattle1 all the corn for sale in ,macon1 ,sangamon1 and ,champaign counties4 ,each year1 for nine years1 he drove these cattle overland via ,muncie1 ,indiana2 ,springfield1 and ,columbus1 ,ohio1 into ,pennsylvania1 and some into ,new ,york and ,boston1 where they were sold4 ,when ,b4 ,f4 ,harris came into this state1 no streams were bridged1 and there were only eleven families on the ,sangamon river from its source to the limits of ,piatt county4 ,fifteen years later not a half dozen men had ventured their cabins a mile from the timber limits--the deer and the ,indians were still at home here4 ,in #ahdj1 he visited ,chicago1 a town of #bjjj people1 on stilts in a swamp4 ,nineteen days were required for the trip and the corn and wheat he teamed there sold for #bj and #cj cents respectively4 ,fifteen years after he came1 not #be of the land in these counties had passed from government ownership and the first railroad came twenty years later4 ,the operations of ,b4 ,f4 ,harris in connection with the early beef cattle industry of ,illinois were conducted more largely along the feeding lines than were those of ,john ,t4 ,alexander or ,jacob ,strawn4 ,he bought1 fed1 and sold1 from #ejj to #bjjj head of cattle annually for nearly three-quarters of a century4 ,the ,pittsburgh ,live ,stock ,journal1 ,may #h1 #aije1 in speaking of his death1 referred to him as ,the grand old man of the live stock trade--the oldest and most successful cattle feeder in the world4 ,everything to which he put his hand flourished4 ,his judgment was so trustworthy that he made but few business mistakes4 ,he did business on a cash basis and was never in debt4 ,operating on this basis1 he was a rich man long before his race was run1 and he enjoyed a period of ease and entire freedom from anxiety much longer than falls to the lot of most men who are counted fortunate in the world4 ,on ,may #bc1 #ahef1 his famous herd of one hundred cattle--the finest and heaviest cattle ever raised and fattened in one lot by one man--were weighed on his farm by ,dr4 ,johns of ,decatur1 the president of the ,state ,board of ,agriculture4 ,the average weight of each of the hundred head was #b1cgh pounds4 ,visitors to the number of #ejj came from ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,kentucky1 and this state to see these cattle1 whose weight can never again be equalled4 ,the following year1 ,february #bb1 #aheg1 twelve of these cattle which he had retained and fed were shipped to ,chicago4 ,this remarkable bunch averaged #b1ghf pounds4 ,clayborn and ,alley1 the most famous butchers in ,chicago at that time1 paraded them about ,chicago's downtown streets4 ,following is a copy of a pamphlet gotten out by ,mr4 ,harris immediately after the sale of these cattle4 7see next page7 ,the ,new ,york ,tribune of ,october1 #ahec1 refers to his prize winning drove of cattle averaging #a1ife pounds1 displayed at the ,new ,york ,world's ,fair then in session4 ,every few years1 he took cattle prizes or topped the market4 ,less than a year before his death1 his #a1faf pound cattle topped the ,chicago market for that season4 ,mr4 ,harris died ,may #g1 #aije1 in his ninety-fourth year1 still in strong mental and physical vigor1 although at the age of fifty-three1 he had retired from extremely active business life4 ,he came in the day of ox teams and lived to ride over his farm with his son1 grandsons1 and great grandsons in an automobile4 ,he voted for nineteen presidents1 beginning with ,henry ,clay1 and saw five generations of his family settled in ,champaign county4 ,he established the ,first ,national ,bank in ,champaign in #ahfe--the oldest bank in the county1 and was its president at the time of his death4 ,in the issue of ,the ,breeder's ,gazette1 ,may #bd1 #aije1 is the following statement3 ,in literature1 art1 professional life1 or politics1 a man with a record of achievements equal to that of the late ,benjamin ,franklin ,harris would deservedly have numerous biographers4 ,many a man has been made the subject of bulky biography who might not measure up to him on any score4 ,this is not because the most inviting and interesting personalities are found outside the farmer's calling1 but largely because until recent years agriculture as a vocation has not been adequately appreciated by the public4 ,it has not been sufficiently dignified to become the source of life histories4 ,other professions have furnished the candidates for the ,plutarchs1 and contributed the heroes and heroines famous in fiction4 ,farming has been drawn on principally for ,philistines4 ,its great men1 its geniuses1 its ,harrises1 have been overlooked by almost all writers worthy of putting their useful lives into books4 7,cont4 on page #dg47 ,record of the ,best ,hundred ,head of ,cattle ,ever ,fattened in ,one ,lot in the ,united ,states4 ,,stockmen1 ,,attention ,who ,can ,beat ,this ,record8 ,weight of #ajj head of ,cattle1 fatted by ,b4 ,f4 ,harris1 of ,champaign ,county1 ,illinois3 ,no4 ,cattle ,weight #b #dgah #b #dghb #b #dcdj #b #dehj #b #dehb #b #dgcj #b #dgfd #b #dgch #b #dhhj #b #dgef #b #eaej #b #dfbd #b #dehb #b #ecfd #b #dhbh #b #ecgh #b #dhfd #b #dfdj #b #dfid #b #dfaj #b #dggf #b #ddhh #b #degb #b #dihh #b #dfcd #b #ddeh #b #dibj #b #dhbh #b #dgjb #b #dheb #b #ddfd #b #dijj #b #dfcd #b #dgfd #a #bfij #b #dfej #b #dhjf #b #deje #a #bedh #b #dhcj #b #dgfb #b #dgjf #b #dhed #b #dgdf #b #dgjj #b #dedf #a #beaf #b #dfdh #b #dgbd #b #dgbj #b #dgcb #a #bfdf ,average price sale1 #g cents ,these cattle were weighed by ,dr4 ,johns1 ,president of ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,twelve of the large cattle out of #ajj head1 weighed ,may #bc;d1 #ahef1 which was during the time of fattening3 ,black #bdbd ,red #bcdj ,pied #bfdj ,m4 ,red #bbfd ,ch4 ,roan #bebb ,b4 ,red #begd ,s4 ,roan #bccj ,c4 ,red #bcdj ,s4 ,white #bcfj ,p4 ,red #bdhf ,long ,white #bdif ,m4 ,red #bedj ,same cattle weighed ,july #ah1 #ahef3 ,black #bebf ,red #bdhj ,pied #bgcj ,m4 ,red #bdbd ,ch4 ,roan #bfed ,b4 ,red #bfdf ,s4 ,roan #bdgj ,c4 ,red #bdij ,s4 ,white #bdcj ,p4 ,red #bfcj ,l4 ,white #bfjj ,m4 ,red #befd ,same cattle weighed ,february #abth1 #aheg3 ,black #bgbj ,red #bghj ,pied #biij ,m4 ,red #bfdj ,ch4 ,roan #bhaj ,b4 ,red #biaj ,s4 ,roan #bfhj ,c4 ,red #bggj ,s4 ,white #bfje ,p4 ,red #bhdj ,l4 ,white #bhaj ,m4 ,red #bhhj ,average1 #bghf lbs4 ,average age1 #d years ,weighed by ,b4 ,f4 ,harris2 sold for #h cents per lb4 ,largest steer in ,illinois1 weight #cebd1 #g years old1 raised by ,john ,rising1 fed by ,h4 ,h4 ,harris4 ,average weight of the #ajj head1 #bcgg lbs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the foregoing is a correct statement of a famous cattle sale which occurred in the ,city of ,chicago1 month of ,march1 #ahef4 ,the herd comprised #ajj head of the finest and heaviest cattle ever raised and fattened in one lot by one man in the ,state of ,illinois1 or in the ,united ,states of ,america1 or elsewhere1 so far as the records go to show4 ,these cattle were raised from #a and #b-year-old steers on my farm in ,champaign ,county1 ,illinois1 and fattened for the market in the years of #ahee and '#ef1 their average age1 at that time1 being #d years4 ,they were weighed on my farm by ,dr4 ,johns1 of ,decatur1 ,illinois1 ,president ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,said weights were witnessed by a large number of representative men from ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,kentucky and ,illinois1 to the number of five hundred1 among whom were many professional cattle raisers and dealers1 all of whom bore willing testimony to the average weight of the cattle1 which was #b1cgg lbs4 per head4 ,out of this lot of #ajj cattle1 #ab head of the finest steers were selected and fed until the following ,february4 ,they then showed an average weight of #b1ghf lbs41 and were sold to ,messrs4 ,cliborn and ,alby1 of ,chicago1 at #h cents per lb4 ,the weight master kept a record of each draft as the cattle were weighed--one and two in a draft4 ,a copy of said weights is herewith attached for the inspection of the general public2 also copy of average gain at different periods4 ,on the #bb;d of ,february1 #aheg1 the #ab steers sold to ,cliborn and ,alby1 appropriately decorated with tri-colored ribbon1 preceded by a band of music1 were led through the principal streets of ,chicago1 followed by #ajj butchers1 mounted and uniformed4 ,after this unique procession1 the cattle were slaughtered by said ,cliborn1 and ,alby1 for the city markets1 some of the beef selling as high as #ej cents per lb4 ,small packages of it were sent to customers in various parts of the ,united ,states1 and even ,europe1 and sold1 in some cases1 as high as #a4jj per lb4 ,these orders were given by these parties simply that they might say they had eaten of this famous premium beef4 ,b4 ,f4 ,harris4 ,tom ,candy ,ponting4 ,august #bf1 #ahbd- ,tom ,candy ,ponting was born at ,heyden farm1 ,parish of ,kilsmeredo1 near ,bath1 ,somersetshire1 ,england1 ,august #bf1 #ahbd4 ,he was the son of ,john ,ponting and ,ruth ,sherron ,ponting4 ,the ,pontings came into ,england with ,william the ,conqueror1 so were descendants of ,normandy4 ,the ,ponting family were breeders of cattle and ,tom ,ponting has followed cattle breeding all of his life1 both in ,england and in this country4 ,tom ,candy ,ponting came to the ,united ,states in #ahdg1 landing in ,new ,york ,city1 and finally making his way to ,etna1 ,ohio4 ,here he was employed by a ,mr4 ,matthews1 to sell mutton from a wagon in the market house in ,columbus1 where they attended twice a week4 ,mutton sold for #ae cents to #be cents per quarter in those days1 while beef sold for #b cents to #c cents per pound4 ,after a short time1 ,mr4 ,ponting quit his job selling mutton1 went to ,columbus1 bought a horse and saddle1 and went into the country to buy cattle4 ,the first cattle that he ever bought in the ,united ,states were eight head which he purchased from a ,mr4 ,bishop eight miles northeast of ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,in the spring of #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,ponting1 in company with a ,mr4 ,vickery1 another ,englishman1 visited ,racine1 ,janesville1 ,watertown1 ,madison1 and ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin1 looking for a location to start a butcher shop4 ,although there was plenty of need for butcher shops at these places1 they did not locate because cattle were so scarce in the country4 ,from ,milwaukee1 ,mr4 ,ponting came to ,chicago to study the situations there4 ,he found no regular markets and only two places where they sold stock4 ,while in ,chicago1 he met a ,mr4 ,bradley1 who had driven some cattle from ,mc,lean county1 near ,leroy4 ,mr4 ,bradley had sold all of his cattle except forty cows with calves4 ,he sold these to ,mr4 ,ponting1 who drove them to ,wisconsin and sold them to immigrants1 a few at a time4 ,he sold them for #ae to #be per head and still made money4 ,he returned to ,chicago and again met ,mr4 ,bradley1 who had brought a boat load of sides of bacon up from ,peoria4 ,he had purchased this bacon from the farmers1 hauled it to ,peoria1 and shipped it up the ,illinois river to ,chicago1 where he sold it to grocery stores4 ,this was the only means to dispose of the bacon put up by the farmers1 as there was no hog packing done in ,chicago at that time4 ,mr4 ,bradley wanted ,mr4 ,ponting to go with him to ,mc,lean county1 but as ,illinois was known in those days as a very sickly state1 ,mr4 ,ponting was afraid to venture4 ,while in ,chicago at this time1 he met a ,mr4 ,lewis and ,mr4 ,heyworth who had come up from ,vermilion county with a drove of cattle4 ,mr4 ,heyworth was taken sick here and ,mr4 ,ponting was employed to assist ,mr4 ,lewis in taking the cattle on to ,milwaukee4 ,in the spring of #ahdi1 ,mr4 ,ponting went to ,georgetown1 ,illinois1 and there purchased about #cjj head of cattle4 ,he also bought a camping outfit1 a yoke of oxen1 employed a cook1 and drove through with the cattle to ,wisconsin4 ,the cattle that got fat on the way were sold to the butchers1 while those that were fit for milk cows were sold to the immigrants4 ,during this same spring1 when ,mr4 ,ponting was in ,vermilion county1 he visited ,mr4 ,lewis at ,crabapple ,grove1 which is on the line of ,vermilion and ,edgar counties4 ,this man and one of his neighbors had bought a drove of geese1 drove them to ,iowa1 and traded them for steers4 ,they drove the steers back to ,vermilion county1 fattened them1 and the next spring built flat boats and shipped them to ,new ,orleans4 ,in the fall of this same year1 he made several trips over the line into ,illinois1 in ,stevenson county1 buying fat sheep to drive to ,milwaukee4 ,there were no regular banks in ,milwaukee1 therefore all the money that was paid for stock was ,mexican dollars and five franc pieces4 ,very little ,american silver money was seen at that time4 ,the hotel rates in ,milwaukee were very cheap2 only #b4jj per week1 with bitters before breakfast1 free4 ,whiskey sold for #ae cents a gallon and was used liberally by stock drivers4 ,in ,march1 #ahej1 ,mr4 ,ponting rode on horseback from ,milwaukee to ,leroy1 in ,mc,lean county1 where he met with some men who were buying cattle to take back to ,california4 ,he went from here to ,christian county1 where he bought a drove of cattle which cost him from #f to #aa per head4 ,in the spring1 he drove them to ,milwaukee4 ,there had been very heavy rains that spring and rivers were very high1 which made cattle driving very difficult4 ,in the spring of #ahea1 he purchased about #cej head of cattle1 buying from ,rochester1 near ,springfield1 to the ,wabash river4 ,after gathering the cattle together1 he pinned them up near the present site of ,moweaqua4 ,he bought these cattle very cheap and drove the entire herd to ,milwaukee1 where they were herded on the prairies near town until sold4 ,he took a few in each week and sold them to the butchers4 ,after finishing the season's work1 he returned to ,indiana to spend the winter4 ,in the summer of #aheb1 the cattle business in ,wisconsin was dull4 ,money matters were very much changed2 gold began to come in from ,california1 and get into circulation4 ,mr4 ,ponting and his partner decided to go to ,texas and buy their feeder cattle4 ,they rode through to ,hopkins county1 ,texas4 ,here they visited a ,mr4 ,hart1 one of the large cattle men in that country4 ,they bought several hundred cattle and drove them back to ,illinois1 reaching ,moweaqua in ,july of the next year4 ,he put these ,texas cattle on pasture until winter1 when they were fed out on shocked corn4 ,mr4 ,ponting's partner went to ,indiana and bought several hundred hogs to follow these cattle4 ,they bought shocked corn1 paying about #ej cents a bushel for it4 ,they would go into a piece of corn after it was dry enough and select two of the smallest shocks they could find4 ,the owner would select two of the largest ones4 ,these were shocked out and weighed1 the average being taken as an average size shock4 ,he bought about #dj acres from ,mr4 ,dennison ,sanders this way4 ,the shocked corn was fed to the cattle in the same place each day1 so that when it rained1 the accumulation of stalks would keep the steers out of the mud4 ,he drove this bunch of cattle to ,new ,york the next summer1 where they were sold ,july #d1 #ahed4 ,in the spring of #ahee1 ,mr4 ,ponting purchased a large drove of cattle1 which together with some he had bought a few months before1 were driven through to ,chicago4 ,illinois was pretty well settled by this time1 and it was unnecessary to take a camping outfit along4 ,he stopped this drove of cattle near ,pullman1 put them out on the grass and took only a few into ,chicago at a time4 ,there had been a great change made in the ,chicago market since ,mr4 ,ponting was there two years before4 ,there were two regular stock yards2 the ,merrick ,yards1 now known as the ,sherman ,yards1 and the ,bullshed ,yards4 ,in the fall of this year1 he bought another bunch of cattle and drove them to ,chicago in ,october4 ,this time he stopped the cattle near the present site of ,kankakee1 and rode on into ,chicago to learn the prospects for a market4 ,they were then taken on to ,chicago and left just outside the city to graze until they could be sold to the cattle dealers4 ,this was the last bunch of cattle ,mr4 ,ponting ever drove over land to ,chicago1 and it is probable that they were the last bunch ever driven from central ,illinois4 ,from this time on1 the cattle were sent to market by railroad4 ,the next year1 #ahef1 he shipped #aaj head of cattle from ,moweaqua1 the first cattle ever shipped from that place4 ,in the early part of #aheg1 the cattle business was very flourishing and the packers said there would be a big demand for them that fall4 ,mr4 ,ponting contracted for #ajjj head of cattle and about #aejj hogs before the season was over1 but before he got them on the market1 a panic came on1 money became almost worthless1 and he suffered a heavy loss4 ,in #ahff1 ,mr4 ,ponting went to ,abilene1 ,kansas1 to buy some feeders4 ,he purchased about #gjj1 sold them the next spring1 making a good profit4 ,he repeated the ,kansas purchase the next year with like success4 ,in #ahfh1 he took the cattle he had bought in ,kansas to ,albany4 ,they numbered around #hjj4 ,in #ahgj1 he went back down into ,texas and bought cattle as he had done in #aheb4 ,he found a herd of about #bejj1 out of which he bought all of the two and three year olds4 ,these numbered about #hej1 for which he paid #af per head4 ,there had been a new railroad1 just finished1 from ,st4 ,louis through ,missouri1 close to the ,indian ,territory line to a place called ,pierce ,city4 ,the railroad officers had some agents trying to get a contract to carry these cattle1 together with some other cattle belonging to ,hall brothers1 over the new road4 ,they billed the cars1 numbering #hj in all1 with a contract to refund #ej per car4 ,they did this to get the contract which made a big showing before some ,new ,york magnates1 who were there at the time trying to buy stock in the new railroad4 ,in #ahgf1 ,mr4 ,ponting visited a ,shorthorn sale at ,springfield and bought several head of cattle with which he started a ,shorthorn herd4 ,in the spring of #ahhj1 he attended another ,shorthorn sale at ,chicago1 where he bought a few more ,shorthorns to add to his herd4 ,until his first purchase of ,shorthorns1 ,mr4 ,ponting's operations had been entirely along the line of buying and feeding and although he did a small pure bred business from this time on1 he continued his feeding operations as he had done in previous years1 although probably not on as large a scale4 ,mr4 ,ponting had not been in the ,shorthorn business very long until he became interested in ,herefords4 ,in the fall of #ahhj1 he visited the fair at ,st4 ,louis1 where he purchased four ,herefords4 ,in the spring of the next year1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,sotham of ,guelph1 ,canada1 bought four more ,herefords for him4 ,in the fall of #ahhb1 he sold out all of his ,shorthorns1 thereby severing his relations with this breed4 ,in #ahhf1 ,mr4 ,ponting made a contract with the ,wyoming ,hereford ,association to sell them #bgj head of ,hereford cattle1 to be delivered in the spring of #ahhg4 ,the firm paid for a part of them and ,mr4 ,ponting took a note for a few more4 ,about #fj were left on his hands and had to be sold for beef4 ,as a result1 he lost about #hjj on the deal1 which killed all of his profits4 ,mr4 ,ponting continued in the ,hereford business until #aijc1 when he decided to retire from actual business4 ,in the summer1 a gentleman came from ,iowa and bought his entire ,hereford cattle trade4 ,he had at this time about #cgjj acres of land1 #aejj acres of which were in ,christian county4 ,he decided to divide his property among his children1 keeping a sufficient amount to support ,mrs4 ,ponting and himself4 ,he bought a home in ,moweaqua1 where he and ,mrs4 ,ponting have lived happily ever since4 ,when ,mr4 ,ponting came to ,chicago in #ahdh1 there was only one cattle market west of the ,allegheny mountains1 and that was at ,st4 ,louis4 ,at that time1 there were a good many cattle sold for the ,new ,orleans market during the spring and winter1 but the principal markets were ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,baltimore1 and ,philadelphia ,it took ninety days to make the trip to ,new ,york with cattle and the drovers had to wait until the roads settled in the spring before they started4 ,at ,fort ,worth1 ,texas1 there was nothing but a large fort and force of ,united ,states soldiers to subdue the ,indians around there4 ,the present six big western markets have all been started since that time4 ,while the magnitude of ,mr4 ,ponting's operations was not as great as that of ,john ,t4 ,alexander1 and although he probably never accumulated as much wealth as ,benjamin ,f4 ,harris1 he was successful and his operations extended over a greater period of time than any one of the early pioneer cattlemen of the state of ,illinois4 ,he operated throughout two of the stages of cattle feeding and has lived to see the beginning of the third4#bj ,,footnotes3 #ae ,bureau of ,animal ,industry ,report of #ahhe-hf4 #af ,the ,breeder's ,gazette1 ,july #af1 #aiac4 ,his son1 ,john ,t4 ,alexander1 of ,alexander1 ,ward ,co41 commission men of ,chicago1 has been prominent in the cattle interests during the last #dj years4 #ag ,the ,breeder's ,gazette1 ,july #af1 #aiac4 #ah ,the ,breeder's ,gazette4 ,aug4 #f1 #aiac4 #ai ,this information was given by his grandson1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,f4 ,harris4 #bj ,story of ,tom ,ponting's ,life4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,range ,,industry ,in the ante-bellum period1 central ,illinois was a vast blue grass pasture4 ,the people were breeding many cattle1 but not enough to supply the steady increasing demand for stockers and feeders4 ,cattle feeders made good the deficiency in the local production by heavy drafts on ,missouri1 ,kansas1 ,texas1 and other sections of the trans-,mississippi region4 ,the subsequent reign of ,king ,corn was then barely in the incubating stage4 ,grass was the beef maker's principal reliance4 ,not until well along in the sixties did the cultivation of corn begin on an extensive scale and corn-fed steers become conspicuous on the markets4 ,after the grazing period1 corn speedily took possession of the whole of central ,illinois1 until now less than #ae per cent remains in pastures1 whereas in the days of the barons an exactly reverse condition existed4 ,at that time1 fully #he per cent of such counties as ,sangamon1 ,morgan1 and ,logan1 were in grass4 ,the cattle that were secured from ,missouri1 ,iowa1 and ,kansas1 were purchased during the fall months4 ,by the early part of winter1 central ,illinois pastures would be fully stocked with three and four year old bullocks1 which were allowed to graze all through the winter and the following spring and summer4 ,about three acres of the rich blue grass was allowed to a steer and on this they fattened rapidly4 ,there are men now living in ,missouri and ,illinois who drove cattle from that vast breeding ground west of the ,mississippi river1 into central ,illinois1 for the cattle kings1 ,jacob ,strawn and ,john ,t4 ,alexander4 ,these herds1 numbering about #cjj to #djj head1 grazed leisurely across the open country at about #ae miles or so a day4 ,during the war1 the trade was more or less interrupted1 but the practice was continued until settlement and railroads rendered trailing both unnecessary and impossible4 ,the annexation of ,texas to the ,united ,states1 and the discovery of gold in ,california in #ahdi1 resulted in an influx of population and capital that soon exerted a stimulating effect upon the production of cattle throughout the southwest1 as well as beyond the ,sierra ,nevada ,mountains in the west4 ,at a comparatively early date1 there was a ready market for ,illinois bred cattle to go to the states west of the ,mississippi river to be used for breeding stock4 ,the development of the range cattle industry created a strong demand for pure bred bulls1 and cattle breeders of ,illinois were called upon1 perhaps to a greater extent than those of any other state in the ,union1 to supply this demand4 ,the range cattle business also created a market for young cows and heifers to be used for breeding purposes4 ,this demand steadily increased from year to year1 until a very large part of the yearly product of pure bred cattle in ,illinois was absorbed for that purpose4#ba ,in #ahhj1 the range cattle trade was yet in a transition stage1 especially as to the destination of marketable cattle and the special use to which they were put4 ,before this time1 the bulk of the range cattle trade was divided between the coming establishments of the west1 slaughter for home consumption1 for exportation as dressed carcasses to the eastern markets1 and shipping on the hoof to eastern states as feeders4 ,large feeding stables had been established in ,nebraska for the purpose of feeding out these large numbers of rangers1 but they could not utilize all of them4 ,the overflow of these grass fat rangers found their way to eastern feed lots to be finished on the grain of the corn belt4 ,the numbers increased from year to year1 and extended farther and father east as the numbers increased4 ,the fact that one of the large feeding plants of ,nebraska could turn off as many as #bjjj ripe range steers in one month1 gives some indication of the immense capacity of the range cattle trade4 ,as the ,indians were confined more closely from year to year1 there were more grazing lands opened up to be devoted to the raising of these range cattle4 ,most people at this time1 seeing the rapid increase of the range industry1 thought there would never be a beef famine as the economists of the time predicted4 ,they said such economists always look on the dark side of things4#bb ,not many had any adequate conception of the vastness of the cattle interest in the great pasture region lying on the eastern slope of the ,rocky ,mountains during the seventies and eighties4 ,it was worth quite a journey to see a single thousand head of these cattle engaged in feeding together4 ,to witness a drove of #djjj moving leisurely along at a convenient distance from each other1 to allow the animals to graze as they traveled a mile or so an hour1 would seem to an unaccustomed eye as if the herd must consist of tens of thousands4 ,the appearance of such a drove as this might be recalled by a single transaction made by ,dennis ,sheedy of ,colorado1 who sold #bgjjj head of cattle to the ,ogalla ,cattle ,company4 ,this company was composed of ,a4 ,h4 ,swan1 of ,cheyenne1 ,wyoming1 ,william ,paxton1 of ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 and ,j4 ,h4 ,bosler of ,carlisle1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the cattle were put on a range on the north side of the north ,platte ,run in ,nebraska and ,wyoming4 ,the lumping price was #cj per head1 amounting to #haj1jjj for the entire lot4#bc ,texas ,cattle ,it will be no departure from the strictest truth to say that the oldest known race of cattle on this continent is the ,texas or ,spanish cattle4 ,they have been very generally popular with the stockmen of the plains1 because they turned the free grass of the plains into available cash for their owners4 ,the ,texas cattle are truly the only animals except the bison that deserve the name of ,native ,american cattle4 ,all the other scrubs in the country are foreigners by blood1 or are descendants of intruders from other lands4 ,these long legged1 big headed1 thin fleshed brutes were in this country centuries ago4 ,it is by no means certain that their ancestors did not roam the plains of the ,brazos and the ,rio ,grande a thousand years or more before ,america was visited by the ,spaniards4 ,there is evidence that the real ancestors of the cattle of ,texas were seen in ,old ,mexico and described about five hundred years after the ,christian era1 but this evidence has been considered unworthy of full confidence1 because to admit its truth would be to confess that the honor of first discovering ,america belongs to the barbarians from the ,orient4 ,in the carefully edited official records1 known as the ,chinese ,year ,book1 which was written some fourteen hundred years ago1 a circumstantial account of a visit to ,mexico by a party of ,buddhist ,priests is given4 ,these priests saw in the country two breeds of cattle4 ,one of these breeds was described as having very large horns which would hold ten measures4 ,these were probably the earliest ancestors of the present race of ,texas cattle1 while the other breed with shorter horns was1 it is likely1 the ancestors of the bison that later roamed over the ranges of the western plains4 ,those ancient travelers were too well accustomed to seeing cattle and horses in their own country to be in even the slightest degree likely to mistake any other animal for kine4 ,the generally accepted belief1 however1 is that the ,texas cattle are descendants of cattle brought to ,america by the ,spanish invaders1 although no definite proof seems to have been brought forward to show that those roistering1 plundering explorers ever imported any cattle to this continent1 and turned them loose in such numbers as would have produced the vast horde that covered the ,southwestern plains before the ,civil ,war4 ,to western people1 especially in those parts where ,spanish or ,texas fever has caused the destruction of stock1 ,texas cattle are so well known that a description of their peculiarities will appear unnecessary4 ,there are many who do not know that the chief purpose of the ,texas bullock1 pure and simple1 seems to be the lugging about of a prodigious pair of horns4 ,to this end1 a big head and coarse shoulders have been given him4 ,behind these are a flat ribbed1 thin chested1 light body1 held up at the hinder end by a pair of cat hams on thin1 deer-like legs4 ,the whole outfit1 unburdened by flesh or fat1 is muscular1 nervous1 and active4 ,such of them as lived through alternate roasting1 starving1 and freezing during the early years of their lives1 found their way to the northern markets to be fattened and slaughtered4 ,these rangers fattened very readily in the northern feed lots and those that were not too old and tough made very good beef4 ,thousands of them were driven from ,texas in the early forties and fifties to ,illinois feed lots1 where they were fattened and then re-driven to the markets on the seaboard4 ,in later years1 they were slaughtered in ,illinois and shipped in refrigerator cars1 in the form of dressed carcasses1 to the ,atlantic ,states4 ,choice parts1 as steaks1 roasts1 and tenderloins1 were sent to health resorts1 watering places1 and to hotels and restaurants4 ,a vast quantity of their flesh found its way into tin cans1 to feed hungry humanity1 in the hut of the laborer1 at the picnic of the aristocrat1 in the camp of the miner1 and in the forecastle of the sailor in every corner of the world4 ,it will be seen that the mission of the ,texas steer was to raise the standard of living1 to add to the comfort1 and preserve the health and strength of people the world over4#bd ,,footnotes3 #ba ,the ,breeder's ,gazette1 ,july #af1 #aiac4 #bb ,farm ,field and ,stockmen4 #bc ,the ,prairie ,farmer1 ,july #ah1 #ahhe1 p4 #dec4 #bd ,the ,prairie ,farmer1 #ahhe1 p4 #deb4 ,v4 ,,the ,,pure ,,bred ,,industry ,the beginning of the pure bred cattle industry in the state of ,illinois was antedated by the introduction of the mongrel bred cattle by a very narrow margin of time4 ,while there were probably a few mongrel bred cattle in the state before #ahcj1 those that were brought in after that date were the real foundation cattle4 ,these cattle were brought from the eastern states1 by the early pioneers1 for milk cows1 and it is their descendants which are referred to when the native cattle of the state are spoken of4 ,the changes which have been made from the mongrel bred cattle that were brought into the state by the early settlers to the present day improved breeds have been marked4 ,for almost a century1 attention has been given to the breeding of pure bred cattle in ,illinois4 ,as early as #ahcc1 a man by the name of ,james ,williams1 brought some ,shorthorn cattle of the ,patten ,stock1 from ,kentucky to ,sangamon county4 ,in #ahcd1 ,j4 ,d4 ,smith and ,j4 ,n4 ,brown brought a number of ,shorthorns from ,kentucky to the central part of the state4 ,in the spring of #ahch1 ,colonel ,john ,williams1 a son of ,james ,williams1 brought a ,shorthorn bull and a ,shorthorn cow from ,lexington1 ,new ,york1 into ,sangamon county4 ,these three importations of pure bred stock into ,illinois were the earliest of which there are any records4 ,other importations of ,shorthorns into the state were made at later dates1 however1 and they soon became the leading breed of cattle in the state for both beef and dairy purposes4#be ,the rapid dissemination of ,shorthorns throughout the state was probably due chiefly to the method by which the breed was advertised4 ,the leading breeders held public auction sales annually on their farms1 or at some convenient place1 and people all over the state were invited to come to these sales and bring such pure bred animals as they had for sale4 ,in view of apprehensions on the part of some of the breeders1 that this method might tend to spread disease among the cattle1 it became a rule to require that every contributor to a sale furnish a certificate from a veterinarian1 showing his cattle to be in good health1 and that they had not been exposed to any contagious disease4 ,shorthorns held full sway in the state until about #ahfe or #ahgj1 when the tide began to turn4 ,other breeds began to be introduced into various parts of the state4 ,some of these breeds gained popularity so rapidly that within a very few years the competition became very keen between them and the ,shorthorns4 ,at the shows1 all breeds were shown in the same class4 ,this created considerable excitement among the enthusiastic advocates of the various breeds and often resulted in fist and skull fights4 ,at the ,chicago show in #ahgi1 there was close competition among the breeds when it come to tying the ribbon for sweepstakes award4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,miller1 a ,hereford man1 wanted to put the breeds to a slaughter test4 ,the other breeders refused to kill their pure bred cattle1 but some grades were slaughtered instead2 one ,shorthorn1 one ,hereford1 and one ,devon4 ,herefords ,shorthorns ,devons ,gross ,weight #aifc #agie #afad ,net ,weight #acag #aagi #ajee ,offal #deb #chi #cid ,dressing per cent #fg4a #fe4g #fe4c ,fore ,quarters #ced #cjh #bgg #cga #cjc #bge ,hind ,quarters #bhg #bhc #bdg #cje #bhe #bef ,tallow #agh #aee #ade ,hide #ajf #ij #ii ,head #ee #dg #di ,neither of these steers had marbled flesh4 ,one family who ate some of one of the steers was said to have been made sick1 due to the excessive fatness4 ,the feeders of this time gave very little or no attention to the marbling of meat4 ,all they noted was whether an animal was getting fat or not4 ,they didn't notice whether they were putting the fat on evenly4#bf ,from the very earliest improvement of cattle in ,illinois1 ,shorthorn blood has been used more extensively than that of any other breed4 ,they were the first pure bred cattle brought into the state and were the only pure bred cattle in the state for several years4 ,they were more generally known by farmers throughout the state and at a very early date were found in almost every county4 ,hereford cattle have ranked next to ,shorthorns1 both in number and popularity4 ,about #ahgj1 ,herefords began to play an important part in beef production in this state1 and it was only a few years after this time that they were taken into ,sangamon county1 where ,shorthorns had first gotten their strong hold4#bg ,the competition between the ,herefords and the ,shorthorns grew stronger each year4 ,in ,february of #ahhe1 the ,shorthorn ,breeders' ,association1 in session1 decided to ask each member to contribute fifteen cents for each ,shorthorn owned by him1 to be used for the good of the ,shorthorn interest4 ,the rivalry between the different breeds of cattle was so sharply defined and closely pressed that they thought it indispensable to the protection and prosperity of the ,shorthorn interest and thought the ,state ,association of ,shorthorn ,breeders should be kept in an active and strong existence4#bh ,the following is a summary of reports gathered by the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry in #ahhe1 by sending out questionnaires to different parts of the state1 showing the breed of cattle that has been used moot extensively in cattle improvement4 ,state as a ,whole ,no4 ,reports ,breed ,used #bdj ,shorthorns #hj ,herefords #bh ,angus #ag ,devons ,state by ,sections ,northwest #bg ,shorthorns ,counties #i ,herefords #e ,angus ,northern #cd ,shorthorns ,counties #ac ,herefords #e ,angus #d ,devons #b ,galloways ,western #cb ,shorthorns ,counties #h ,herefords #e ,angus #d ,devons #c ,galloways ,central #ee ,shorthorns ,counties #bj ,herefords #c ,angus #a ,red ,polled ,western #bj ,shorthorns ,counties #ad ,herefords #g ,angus ,southwest #i ,shorthorns ,counties #a ,herefords #a ,angus ,southern #dd ,shorthorns ,counties #f ,herefords #c ,devons #a ,dutch ,belted ,southeast #aj ,shorthorns ,counties #b ,herefords #b ,devons ,t4 ,l4 ,miller ,early in the seventies1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,miller1 than a business man in ,chicago1 who owned a farm at ,beecher1 ,will county1 ,illinois1 became interested in ,hereford cattle4 ,mr4 ,miller was born at ,middletown1 ,connecticut1 on ,april #g1 #ahag4 ,in #ahdb1 he went to ,cuyahoga ,falls1 ,ohio1 where he was in business until #ahef1 when he removed to ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,here he was in the fire insurance business until about #ahgj4 ,he had bought the first #cbj acres of his farm at ,beecher and #bjg acres three miles to the north4 ,he commenced to improve the farm with buildings in #ahfb4 ,his nearest railroad station then was ,monee1 on the ,illinois ,central4 ,in #ahgj1 the ,chicago1 ,danville1 and ,vincennes ,railroad1 was built1 and ,mr4 ,miller bought about #cdj acres of additional land to the west of that already acquired and laid out the village of ,beecher4 ,he closed out his business in ,chicago and went to live on this ,highland ,stock ,farm in ,march1 #ahgj4 ,a few years later1 he laid the foundation for his herd of ,hereford cattle4 ,mr4 ,william ,powell1 an ,englishman1 who later on bred and handled ,herefords extensively on his own account both in ,illinois and ,texas1 was jointly interested with ,mr4 ,miller in some of his earlier ventures in ,herefords4 ,an item in the ,national ,live ,stock ,journal for ,february1 #ahgb1 reads as follows3 ,we learn that ,messrs4 ,byers and ,campbell1 of ,nevada1 ,ohio1 have sold to ,messrs4 ,t4 ,l4 ,miller and ,wm4 ,powell of ,highland ,stock ,farm1 ,beecher1 ,will county1 ,illinois1 an individual half interest in three ,hereford cows and two bulls1 and thirty-six pure bred ,cotswold sheep4 ,mr4 ,miller's farm soon afterward became the center of the greatest ,american activity in the ,hereford trade4#bi ,thomas ,clark ,thomas ,clark was born in ,herefordshire1 ,england1 near the ,monmouth border1 in #ahdb4 ,his father was a cattle grower of local repute1 who used pure bred ,hereford bulls1 but did not profess to be a handler of pedigreed strains4 ,thomas ,clark came to the ,united ,states in the spring of #ahff1 and after working for a time on a farm near ,pittsfield1 ,ohio1 was employed by a ,cleveland butcher having a large city trade4 ,thrifty and possessed of an inborn faith in the white faces of his native land1 by dint of hard work and economy in the course of a few years1 ,clark found himself in a position to get into business in a small way on his own account4 ,as foreman and cutter in ,cleveland1 he acquired a practical familiarity with what lies under a bullock's hide1 that was of distinct advantage in his subsequent career as a breeder and feeder of good cattle4 ,he had an interest in his brother-in-laws little butcher shop in ,elyra1 but his own fondness for the fields led him to give most of his time to the #hj acres he had under lease near town4 ,he moved on this farm and began breeding ,hereford cattle4 ,he bought his first bull1 ,sir ,arthur 7#gje71 as a calf1 from ,f4 ,w4 ,stone of ,canada4 ,in #ahgg1 when ,mr4 ,clark's lease on the ,ohio farm expired1 seeing that the west was becoming a good market for ,herefords1 he decided to remove to ,beecher1 ,illinois4 ,he had shown every year at the ,ohio fairs1 and always won4 ,he made one show at ,erie1 ,pennsylvania1 while breeding in ,ohio1 and another at ,jackson1 ,michigan1 in #ahgf1 winning first prize on herd1 in competition with seven ,shorthorn and ,devon herds4 ,this was the first time ,herefords had won that prize in ,michigan1 and the event caused a lot of controversy4 ,clark had1 meantime1 sold three calves to ,t4 ,l4 ,miller and delivered them personally4 ,he was impressed with the idea that ,illinois would be a better location for his cattle business than ,ohio4 ,he bought #hj acres of land1 about one and one-fourth miles from the village of ,beecher4 ,he afterward added forty acres to the home farm1 and subsequently1 bought twenty-six acres in addition4 ,mr4 ,clark always kept his own lands largely in grass1 and leased fields for farming purposes4 ,he brought his ,ohio herd1 numbering at that time about twenty-eight head1 to ,beecher4 ,in #ahgg1 ,mr4 ,clark showed a herd at the northern ,ohio ,fair at ,cleveland1 winning all prizes shown for4#cj 7#aheg7 ,there is no question but what the native cattle of the state may be improved by successive generations of judicious breeding1 but if in and in-breeding is followed1 as at present1 the effects will be negative4 ,the true comparison between native steers and improved steers is seen when they are put on the market4 ,shorthorn and ,hereford steers at weaning time are worth about #ae1 while the native steers at weaning time are worth about #e4 ,the ,shorthorn and the ,hereford steers could be made to go to the ,new ,york market weighing around #ahjj to #bjjj pounds gross1 and sell for #ab cents to #ae cents per pound1 while the native steers were sent to market at six or seven years of age1 weighing from #ijj to #ajjj pounds1 and sold for #aj to #ab cents per pound4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,illinois ,cattle ,importing ,company received a shipment of #ch ,shorthorn cattle from ,europe4#ca ,messrs4 ,calef and ,jacoby at ,springfield1 ,illinois1 sold at auction1 ,march #bc1 fifteen head of cows and heifers1 all ,shorthorns4 ,two of the number were imported4 ,they reached an average of #ehc4 ,they also sold eight ,shorthorn bulls which averaged #aga4ih each4#cb ,messrs4 ,h4 ,e ,gardner of ,bradfordton1 ,illinois1 and ,j4 ,s4 ,highmore of ,rochester1 ,illinois1 sold #cj ,shorthorn cows and heifers at the ,sangamon ,county ,fair ,grounds4 ,the total number brought #c1adj4 ,average of the cows was #ajd4ff4 ,they also sold #ad bulls for #aj4bj4 ,the highest price paid in the sale was #bhj for a cow4 ,the total sale for cows and bulls amounted to #d1afj1 an average of #ie4ed4 ,l4 ,c4 ,carlin of ,edinburg1 ,illinois1 bought a bull for #ajj4 ,philimon ,stuart of ,cotton ,hill1 ,illinois1 bought one for #ajj also4 ,in the afternoon of the same day1 ,d4 ,w4 ,smith of ,bates1 ,illinois1 sold five cows and heifers for #ggj1 an average of #aed2 also three bulls sold for #gaj1 an average of #bcf4ff4 ,the total of the cows was #a1dhj4 ,the highest cow sold to ,lafayette ,funk of ,shirley1 ,illinois1 for #b4cj4 ,the highest bull sold to ,george ,m4 ,caldwell1 ,williamsville1 ,illinois1 for #cjj4cc ,rossland ,park ,stock ,farm at ,ashkum1 ,illinois3 ,the farm is #gc miles south of ,chicago1 on the ,illinois ,central ,railroad1 in ,iroquois county4 ,it is composed of #abj acres of deep1 dark prairie soil4 ,this farm was first owned by ,mrs4 ,ross of ,chicago1 who gave very little attention to it and allowed it to become badly run down4 ,it was then purchased by ,g4 ,w4 ,henry of ,chicago1 who at once set about to improve it4 ,he put a new fence around the entire farm and prepared it to be kept as a grazing farm for cattle4 ,mr4 ,henry was a ,shorthorn enthusiast and bred ,shorthorns until #ahhd1 when he became interested in ,herefords4 ,high grade and pure bred ,herefords had his attention then for two or three years1 after which he decided to deal in none but pure-breds4 ,he sold his entire lot of grades4 ,r4 ,w4 ,hollenbeak of ,casey1 ,iowa1 purchased #gc of the two year olds at #ge a head2 #be high grade one year old at #ej a head2 one yearling grade bull at #ge2 and #di young grade calves at #dj a head4 ,there were left on the farm about #aej pure bred ,herefords which soon were increased enormously by using some valuable bulls as herd headers4#cd ,the ,summit ,farm1 owned by ,mr4 ,wentworth1 comprises about #djjj acres1 which is mostly prairie4 ,he has on his farm #hj ,shorthorns4 ,he has some yearling heifers by the son of ,booth's ,lancaster1 which are very promising4 ,he also owns the ,fifteenth ,duke of ,ardie who still holds his place as one of the grandest ,bates bulls in existence4 ,mr4 ,wentworth feeds mangles in connection with hay4#ce ,the ,polled ,aberdeen ,angus herd1 belonging to ,messrs4 ,anderson and ,findley1 of ,lake ,forest1 ,illinois1 is one of the oldest herds in the ,united ,states1 and is probably the largest of any in the ,united ,states or ,scotland4#cf ,our first importation was made in the summer of #ahgh1 and consisted of the bull ,nicolis #aajb1 and the five females3 ,jeannie ,gordon #biad1 ,lazy #crd #aajj1 ,violet of ,brucehill #aiea1 ,diana #dth #cbbf1 and ,waterside ,fancy #ahed1 and thus was established the first breeding herd of ,aberdeen ,angus cattle in the ,united ,states so far as we know4 ,the cattle in this importation did so well with us that we were induced to make further importations1 and the cattlemen of this country readily recognized the superiority of the breed1 and with proverbial ,american go-aheadness1 took hold of them at once4 ,such was the demand for animals of this breed in the early eighties that we found ready sale for them at prices almost beyond the reach of cattlemen of moderate means4 ,we1 together with other importers1 drew upon the parent stock in ,scotland to such an extent about this time that the straining point was soon reached and prices rapidly advanced in that country also4 ,the land at ,lake ,forest1 ,illinois1 upon which for so many years we maintained our herd1 was constantly appreciating in value1 until it is now 7#aija7 worth about four hundred per cent more than when we first established our herd there4 ,we were1 therefore1 compelled to move our herd into cheaper lands1 and this we began to do about #ahid1 and in #ahig1 practically all of our herd had been transferred to our ,allendale ,farm1 in ,allen county1 ,kansas4 ,we purchased most of the land composing ,allendale ,farm in #ahgh1 and have improved and added to it since until now1 we have over #bjjj acres1 making as fine a place for the breeding of fine stock and the fattening of cattle as can be found in the country4#cg ,the ,illinois ,cattle ,breeders' ,association was organized in #ahie4 ,the first annual meeting was held at ,springfield1 on ,january #ac1 #ahif4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,frank ,prather presided at this meeting4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,pickrell was the first secretary4 ,a committee was appointed to draft by-laws4 ,the first paper on the program was ,home and ,foreign ,demand for ,beef ,cattle by ,a4 ,c4 ,howell1 the editor of the ,drover's ,journal4 ,the paper was read by the secretary1 ,mr4 ,pickrell4 ,the main theme of the paper was on ,baby ,beef1 in which he said that it was no longer a fad1 but a profitable business4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,the ,prairie ,farmer1 ,may #i1 #ahhe1 p4 #bib4 #bf ,the ,country ,gentleman1 ,dec4 #d1 #ahgi4 #bg ,sanders' ,hereford ,history1 p4 #cdh4 #bh ,the ,prairie ,farmer1 ,feb4 #a1 #ahhe1 p4 #hd4 #bi ,sanders' ,history of ,hereford ,cattle1 p4 #cdh4 #cj ,sander's ,history of ,herefords1 pp4 #ceb1 #ceg4 #ca ,the ,country ,gentleman1 ,july #cj1 #aheg4 #cb #aheh4 #cc ,the ,prairie ,farmer1 ,june #g1 #ahhe1 p4 #cgb #cd ,rossland ,park ,stock ,farm at ,ashkum1 ,illinois4 ,prairie ,farmer ,nov4 #ad1 #ahhe1 p4 #gda4 #ce ,cultivator and ,country ,gentleman1 #ahge4 #cf ,the ,prairie ,farmer1 #ahhe4 #cg ,sale ,catalog of ,anderson and ,findley1 #aija4 ,,vi4 ,,cattle ,,plagues#ch ,in #ahhb1 ,dr4 ,salmon of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 became convinced1 from the experimental evidence at his command1 that certain disease germs produced a chemical substance during their growth and multiplication which1 if injected into the tissues of an animal1 would induce immunity from a disease that these germs cause4 ,in other words1 he thought that the liquid in which the bacteria were grown in the laboratory might be used after the bacteria had been killed or removed1 to protect animals from the disease caused by these specific bacteria4 ,the first experiment made at that time with fowl cholera failed to confirm the theory4 ,later experiments with hog cholera bacillus gave unmistakable proof of its correctness4 ,the results were first published in #ahhf and additional evidence was published the following year4 ,many cattlemen have been prejudiced against the tuberculin test and have objected to it1 due to inaccurate or greatly exaggerated statements as to the damage it caused to the cattle on which it was used4 ,those who have had most experience with tuberculin have consequently failed to observe any injurious effects following its injection into healthy cattle4 ,with cattle that are affected with tuberculosis1 it produces a fever which lasts only a short time1 and in the great majority of cases1 the effects disappear within forty-eight hours after the administration of the tuberculin4 ,the cases of abortion following the tuberculin test have not been numerous1 even when cows were tested within a very short time before the normal time of calving4 ,the few cases that have occurred may be explained by the fact that abortion in cattle is a very common occurrence and that it would have happened even though the test had not been applied and that it was a coincidence4 ,from the investigations and observations made1 the following conclusions may be safely drawn3 #a4 ,the tuberculin test is an accurate method of determining the presence of tuberculosis in an animal4 #b4 ,by the use of tuberculin such animals as are affected with the disease may be detected and removed from the herd4 #c4 ,it has no injurious effects4 #d4 ,comparatively small numbers of cattle which have aborted1 suffered ill health1 or fell off in flesh after the tuberculin test was made1 were either diseased before the test was made or were affected by some other cause other than that of the tuberculin4 ,on the #aeth day of ,july1 #ahhd1 ,dr4 ,trumbower was requested to visit a cow at ,sterling1 ,illinois1 belonging to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,keefer4 ,he found one of ,mr4 ,keefer's pure bred ,jersey cows1 aged about six years1 with symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia4 ,mr4 ,keefer had bought this cow1 ,lass ,o' ,lowrie1 from ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,clark1 of ,geneva1 ,illinois1 on ,june #f1 of the same year4 ,when ,mr4 ,keefer visited ,mr4 ,clark's farm on ,april #f1 he saw ,lass ,o' ,lowrie with two other cows1 ,tama ,warren1 and ,nutriena ,tunlaw4 ,all three of the cows had the appearance of unthriftiness1 the hair was looking rough and dry1 but this was attributed to a severe winter without proper care and1 in the case of ,lass ,o' ,lowrie1 to recent calving4 ,mr4 ,keefer bought her with the assurance that she was perfectly healthy4 ,she was shipped ,june #h and was on the road four hours4 ,when she was driven from the car to ,mr4 ,keefer's farm1 she was noticed to cough occasionally4 ,she had calved in ,march and was again pregnant4 ,from the time ,mr4 ,keefer bought her1 she became poorer1 weaker1 and milk secretion became entirely suspended4 ,she stood in the field away from the other cattle and ceased ruminating4 ,coughing increased in frequency and strings of mucus dropped from the nostrils4 ,the case was thought to be one of tuberculosis and isolation was recommended1 slaughter and burial to follow as soon as possible upon the necessity of the measure4 ,on the morning of ,june #h1 she was bled to death4 ,on examination1 the anterior lobe of the right lung was found filled with tubercles covering a space of four inches in diameter4 ,they presented different stages of development2 some containing a thick yellow inspissated pus1 while others were undergoing a caseous degeneration or calcification1 and still others appeared as small indurated brown or reddish circumscribed spots in the interlobular tissue4 ,beginning at the bifurcation of the trachea and extending downward and backward1 was found a cavity about ten inches in length1 which contained a pint of fluid of a grayish-black color and of very offensive odor1 holding in suspension disintegrated lung tissue2 also in this cavity was found a mass of inforcated lung tissue weighing two pounds4 ,the part nearest the right lung was breaking down and liquifying4 ,another mass of dead lung1 weighing four ounces1 of a yellow1 granular1 or caseous appearance1 indicating that it was much older than the larger mass1 was found lying in and partially buried in a separate sack which communicated with the larger cavity4 ,in the abdominal lymphatic glands these were masses of compact tuberculous matter encysted in strong fibrous capsules1 one of which measured three inches in diameter4 ,the cow had evidently been affected with tuberculosis1 but the encysted mass of dead lung was a lesion which is not produced in this disease1 but which is a frequent result of contagious pleuro-pneumonia4 ,it seemed possible that this animal had both of the diseases at the same time1 although the fact that pleuro-pneumonia was not known to exist in that part of the country made it appear very doubtful4 ,upon investigating the conditions of affairs at ,mr4 ,clarke's farm1 it was learned that his animals had suffered from a disease that had caused the death of several during the spring and summer4 ,a cow which had been sold to ,c4 ,p4 ,coggeshall and taken to the farm of ,mr4 ,john ,boyd1 of ,elmhurst1 was very sick1 and a second cow bought by ,mr4 ,boyd was also sick4 ,mr4 ,boyd's farm was visited on ,august #ab4 ,the cow called ,cream ,ecca1 belonging to ,mr4 ,coggeshall had died on ,july #bj4 ,the cow1 ,edith ,st4 ,hilaire1 had improved very much during the two weeks previous to the visit and was then believed by her owner to be nearly well4 ,an examination of the lungs of ,cream ,ecca showed them to be hepatized as in pleuro-pneumonia4 ,these facts appeared sufficient to justify the diagnosis of contagious pleuro-pneumonia1 but in the absence of any history beyond the ,clarke herd1 and considering the fact that the only cow of which a careful post-mortem examination had been made was certainly affected with tuberculosis1 it seemed best to reserve a decision until more complete evidence had been obtained4 ,on ,august #ad1 ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,loring made a third visit to ,elmherst ,farm1 and in the presence of ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,sanders1 a member of the ,treasury ,cattle ,commission1 and ,mr4 ,wadham1 and ,mr4 ,boyd1 the two sick cows were slaughtered4 ,an examination of the lungs of ,edith ,st4 ,hilaire showed that she had every symptom of pleuro-pneumonia4 ,the other cow1 ,dassie #dth1 was likewise examined with the same indications of the disease4 ,on ,august #ae1 ,mr4 ,loring1 the agricultural commissioner1 went to ,geneva1 ,illinois1 and examined the conditions of the animals that were still on ,mr4 ,clarke's farm4 ,mr4 ,clarke informed ,mr4 ,loring that the first animal to show signs of the disease on his farm was the bull1 ,finis ,lawrence1 which became sick during the latter part of ,may and was killed in ,june4 ,the cows1 ,ella ,lawrence1 ,duchess of ,broome ,county1 ,myrrhine1 and ,damask1 all showed signs of sickness about the middle of ,june4 ,ella ,lawrence was killed at the same time as the bull2 ,duchess of ,broome ,county died2 ,myrrhine and ,damask recovered and were on the farm at the time the examination was made4 ,tama ,warren had also been killed1 but ,mr4 ,clarke insisted that this was because she was worthless as a breeder4 ,six animals in all had been killed or had died on ,mr4 ,clarke's place since ,may4 ,according to accounts received from other sources1 it is probably that ,tama ,warren and ,nutrina of ,tunlaw were sick as early as ,april #f4 ,mr4 ,clarke had brought on his place since ,june #a1 one animal from ,new ,jersey1 three which he had purchased at the ,epler sale at ,virginia1 ,illinois1 one from ,c4 ,a4 ,keefer1 of ,sterling1 ,illinois1 and several from ,wisconsin4 ,it was impossible to judge1 from any information that ,mr4 ,clarke could give1 in what manner the disease had been brought to his place4 ,as ,ella ,lawrence had come from ,peoria1 and as there were rumors of the disease at that place1 it was decided to make investigations there4 ,on ,august #af1 ,mr4 ,loring visited ,messrs4 ,d4 ,h4 and ,s4 ,s4 ,tripp1 and ,mr4 ,o4 ,j4 ,bailey at ,peoria4 ,these gentlemen admitted that they had lost animals from some disease1 the nature of which they did not understand1 and they freely placed at ,mr4 ,loring's disposal all the information which they could obtain1 bearing upon the matter4 ,it was here that ,mr4 ,loring gained a first insight into the history of the introduction of the disease into ,illinois4 ,the first cases of this disease occurred in the ,tripp herd1 and the only animals that had been brought upon their place for several months before this sickness were three cows purchased at the ,virginia sale1 which occurred ,february #ba4 ,these cows1 ,helena1 ,rex1 ,albert's ,pansy1 and ,fancy ,le,brocq1 were taken to ,mr4 ,tripp's stable in ,peoria1 and afterward ,helen ,rex was taken to his farm1 which is situated about two miles from the city4 ,it was said that ,helen ,rex was coughing at the time of the sale at ,virginia1 and that she did not appear to be in good health1 but ,mr4 ,tripp either did not notice this or was not impressed with the idea that she was affected at all seriously4 ,the first cow that showed unmistakable evidence of the disease was ,pomare1 a cow kept for family use in the town stable4 ,the earliest symptoms were noticed with her on ,april #a1 and she died ,april #ag4 ,no other cases of the disease occurred until ,july #ab1 when the cow1 ,annos ,orphan1 presented the symptoms of inflammation of the lungs and died ,july #bg4 ,the next case occurred ,july #be1 when a cow called ,queenette showed that she was affected4 ,she died ,august #d4 ,no disease had been in ,messrs4 ,tripp's herd nor in any other cattle in the vicinity previous to the purchase of the three animals at ,mr4 ,epler's sale at ,virginia4 ,the first sickness in ,mr4 ,bailey's herd occurred ,may #aj4 ,the first cow affected1 ,lady ,florentia1 had been in his stable in ,peoria up to this time1 when she was taken to his farm seven miles in the country4 ,this cow had not been in actual contact with any of ,mr4 ,tripp's cattle1 and the only way in which the disease could be accounted for in her was that it had been carried by some person going from one stable to the other4 ,this cow recovered from the disease but several others of the same herd died within a few days after taking the disease4 ,on ,august #ah1 a cow was killed and examined in the presence of ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,rauch1 ,secretary of the ,state ,board of ,health1 and ,dr4 ,n4 ,h4 ,pooren1 ,state ,veterinarian1 both of whom had been invited to be present in order that they might see the disease and be convinced of its nature4 ,mr4 ,epler's place at ,virginia1 ,cass county1 ,illinois1 was visited ,august #bb4 ,no animals were found showing symptoms of the disease1 and ,mr4 ,epler stated that he had lost none from his original herd since the sale1 but a cow which he had bought at ,beardstown1 ,illinois1 and brought to his place in ,april or ,may1 which died in ,june of an acute lung disease that evidently was pleuro-pneumonia4 ,a cow sold to ,porter ,yates1 of ,springfield1 ,illinois1 at ,mr4 ,epler's sale1 was attacked by the disease and died in ,april4 ,another cow sold to ,e4 ,s4 ,hodson1 of ,springfield1 soon after her arrival was treated for a similar disease4 ,another cow sold to ,frank ,gaston1 of ,normal1 ,illinois1 became sick ,april #f1 but recovered4 ,as very many of the cattle sold at the ,epler sale soon afterward became affected with pleuro-pneumonia1 and as the mingling of the animals at the sale was the only means by which many of these herds could be connected1 it became very certain that the disease in ,illinois had been brought to the state with some animals that had been sent to ,mr4 ,epler4 ,the animals which he had collected for this sale had come from a number of different herds located at widely separated points4 ,upon investigation1 it was found that only one of these herds had been affected with pleuro-pneumonia4 ,that herd belonged to ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,c4 ,dye1 of ,troy1 ,ohio4 ,mr4 ,epler had purchased five cows from ,mr4 ,dye on ,december #bh1 #ahhc4 ,these cows arrived at ,mr4 ,epler's farm at ,virginia1 ,illinois ,january #d1 #ahhd4 ,two of the five cows purchased from ,mr4 ,dye had been previously bought from the herd of ,james ,lyman1 of ,downer's ,grove1 ,illinois1 in ,may1 #ahhc4 ,mr4 ,dye had bought cattle from several farms in the east1 but it was decided that the disease had been brought to his herd by some grade ,jerseys which he bought in the vicinity of ,baltimore1 ,maryland4 ,one of these cows had1 apparently1 recovered from the disease1 but was still able to communicate the disease which was afterwards determined4 ,the steps taken to eradicate the dreadful disease were as follows3 7#a7 ,investigation to determine the existence of pleuro-pneumonia in any suspected locality in the country4 7#b7 ,the immediate quarantine and isolation of any herd in which the disease was found4 ,if any considerable amount of the disease was found in any section of the country so as to be dangerous of spreading to other districts1 the immediate quarantine of that district was enforced1 as well as the prohibition of the movement of any animals from one herd or premises to any other within the district1 or of any cattle to be upon any highway or any enclosed land within such district2 provided1 however1 that animals might be moved1 upon a written permit1 signed by an inspector of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,as soon as the quarantine order had been made1 the immediate inspection1 tagging1 and numbering of every bovine animal in the district1 and the keeping of a record of the same1 and a record of all animals moved by permits was attended to so that the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry might have complete control of the movements of all cattle within the quarantined districts4 7#c7 ,the condemnation and slaughter of all animals found to be diseased or exposed to the disease within the quarantined districts1 and the thorough disinfection of all premises where such animals had been1 or on which contagious was suspected to exist4 ,at the same time1 inspection and post-mortem examinations were made of every animal slaughtered during the quarantine1 whether purchased and slaughtered by order of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry or killed by butchers1 or others for their own use4 ,,footnotes3 #ch ,report of ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 #ahhf4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,feed ,,industry ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,sixty years ago 7#ahec7 there was no knowledge of scientific feeding in the ,united ,states4 ,sixty years ago there was no feed industry in the ,united ,states4 ,thirty years ago 7#ahhc7 the teaching of scientific feeding in the ,united ,states began4 ,thirty years ago the feed industry in the ,united ,states began4 ,when ,i say that sixty years ago there was no feed industry in the ,united ,states1 ,i mean that there was no feed industry such as we of the present day apply to the term4 ,at that time1 the population of the ,united ,states was only one-fourth what it is today4 ,the problem of feeding domestic animals1 as well as human beings1 was simplicity itself1 in fact it was not a problem4 ,we had more land than we knew what to do with4 ,the owner of livestock raised more grain and more hay and had more pasturage than he had animals to consume or than he had a market for4 ,domestic animals were fed on the natural grains and hays1 grown upon the same farms as themselves4 ,the city or town owner of horses or livestock bought his feed stuffs mostly direct from the farmer who grew them4 ,by-product materials of the greatest feeding value1 while produced in far smaller quantities than at the present day1 were not sufficiently appreciated nor sufficiently needed to cause the farmer to make the effort to haul them from the mill or factory to his farm1 much less to buy them4 ,scientific feeding with a knowledge of the balanced ration had not as yet been taught in our state universities4 ,the value of grinding the natural grains was only slightly understood and was practiced only in a very limited way by a few of the more progressive and thoughtful feeders4 ,flour mills experienced the greatest difficulty in finding a market for their bran and middlings4 ,while these by-products were probably the first to be recognized as of great feeding value1 yet hundreds of thousands of tons were sold for a few dollars a ton1 or burned1 or run into streams1 for there was no market4 ,cottonseed meal as a feeding stuff was at that time unknown4 ,holes were dug into the ground at the cotton gins and the seed was buried as a means of getting rid of it4 ,distillers' and brewers' grains1 starch factory by-products1 molasses1 oatmeal by-products1 oat clippings1 and many others were frequently piled up on vacant lots to decay or run into the streams1 or given to such farmers as could be induced to haul them away1 and the earliest practical use of them was by the manufacturers who fed cattle with them in their wet or underground state at the factories4 ,no attempt was made to dry them or put them into form to be utilized commercially4 ,instead of being sources of great revenue to the manufacturer1 they were1 in many instances1 the cause of great expense4 ,because of the waste and expense and the low prices realized1 the cost of the main products--the food for human beings--was very greatly increased4#ci ,here is a fact worth careful noting1 that in these days of close competition1 every cent realized for a by-product is credited to the cost of producing the main product--the human food--and that in addition to itself being converted into additional food for man1 that is1 into meat1 dairy products1 poultry1 eggs1 etc41 its sale operates directly in a very large way as a saving to the consumer upon the main product from which it is derived4 ,in other words1 there is only one profit figured1 and that is upon the main product--the food for man--the by-product being figured solely as such1 sold for what it will bring1 and the returns credited to the cost in figuring cost prices for the main product4 ,the problem of feeding the world--much less the problem of feeding the people of the ,united ,states--had not as yet commenced to trouble the scientist1 the statesman1 or the business man of the day4 ,no one expected that in the short space of sixty years1 all of our available lands would be occupied and that our population would have increased from #ca1jjj1jjj to #ia1jjj1jjj people1 and that the problem of the cost of living1 the cost of food1 would1 during the lives of people then living1 be the thought and problem uppermost in the minds of our people4 ,that this is the thought uppermost in the minds of our population today is evidenced by the daily conversations of our friends1 by what we read in the newspapers1 and by the action of ,congress and our ,national ,government in providing a commission for investigation of its cause4 ,the following data was taken from the ,statistical ,report of the ,illinois ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 ,december #a1 #aiac1--7;,assessor's ,reports7 ,illinois ,pasture ,lands ,year ,acreage #ahgg #d1cfg1fjc #ahgh #c1ihc1dej #ahgi #d1aic1hhd #ahhj #d1beg1jed #ahha #b1bjf1fba #ahhb #d1fig1iff #ahhc #d1geb1hbh #ahhd #e1jhe1hag #ahhe #e1dag1adg #ahhf #e1ecg1hgc #ahhg #e1fcj1ega #ahhh #e1gif1ice #ahhi #e1fgi1hgd #ahij #e1jhc1dch #ahia #d1fha1igb #ahib #d1cch1hii #ahic #d1ied1hga #ahid #e1jeb1ieb #ahie #d1fca1bgj #ahif #d1chi1fff #ahig #d1gde1iag #ahih #d1ffi1bgj #ahii #d1hhj1aja #aijj #d1heg1ifa #aija #d1ggd1jfb #aijb #d1efi1ije #aijc #d1ddg1bhg #aijd #d1cgg1dhf #aije #d1cei1dbf #aijf #d1bdc1jcj #aijg #d1cjh1djb #aijh #d1jbb1eih #aiji #c1hjg1gif #aiaj #c1igj1cjb #aiaa #c1hai1dab #aiab #c1eic1ebc #aiac #c1eba1iff 7,united ,states ,census1 and ,year ,books of ,agricultural ,department7 ,year ,acres of ,av4 ,val4 of ,f4 and ,av4 ,val4 ,acres of ,imp4 ,land ,build's4 per acre ,per ,farm ,far4 ,land #ahej #e1jci1ede #g4ii #a1ffc #ab1jcg1dab #ahfj #ac1jif1cgd #ae4if #c1dhj #bj1iaa1ihi #ahgj #ai1cbi1ieb #bh4de #d1ceh #be1hhb1hfa #ahhj #bf1aae1aed #ca4hg #d1eih #ca1fgc1fde #ahij #be1ffi1jfj #da4da #f1adj #cj1dih1bgg #aijj #bg1ffi1bai #ec4hd #g1ehh #cb1gid1gbh #aiaj #bh1jdh1cbc #ajh4cb #ae1eje #cb1ebb1icg ,year ,percent ,percent ,percent ,percent ,farm ,land in ,ill4 ,increase ,increase of ,land of ,farm in ,farms in ,farm ,area in ,land ,total ,cultivated ,land ,farms ,improved #ahej #cc4f #da4i #ahfj #hh4a #gc4g #eh4c #fb4f #ahgj #da4e #bc4h #gb4b #gd4g #ahhj #bf4a #bb4d #hh4c #hb4e #ce1hfg1ebj #cb1ebb1icg #ahij -#e4i -#c4g #he4j #hd4b #aijj #i4h #g4e #ia4d #hd4e #aiaj -#d4f -#j4h #ij4g #hf4b 7,united ,states ,census ,report7 ,year ,population ,no4 ,farms ,average ,size of ,farms #agij #ahjj #e1fda #ahaj #bd1ebj #ahbj #adg1agh #ahcj #cdc1jca #ahdj #fhe1hff #ahej #hea1dgj #gf1bjh #aeh4 acres #ahfj #a1gaa1iea #adc1caj #ade4i #ahgj #b1eci1hia #bjb1hjc #abg4f #ahhj #c1jgg1hga #bee1gda #abc4h #ahij #c1hbf1ceb #bdj1fha #abf4g #aijj #d1hba1eej #bfd1aea #abd4b #aiaj #e1fch1eia #bea1hgb #abi4a ,year ,no4 ,b4 ,c4 ,no4 ,b4 ,c4 ,no4 ,b4 ,c4 ,per ,per ,farm ,per ,capita ,acre ,farm ,land 7,population7 #ahej #g4a 4#fc 4#jjde #ahfj #i4i 4#hc 4#jjfg #ahgj #g4g 4#fb 4#jjfj #ahhj #g4h 4#fe 4#jjfc #ahij #g4a 4#df 4#jjef #aijj #g4jg 4#ch 4#jjeg #aiaj #d4i 4#bb 4#jjch ,the ,corn ,crop of ,illinois for ,fifty-four ,years4 ,year ,acreage ,yield ,price #ahfj #c1hci1aei #cj #db #ahfa #c1hci1aei #cj #bd #ahfb #c1deh1ijc #dj #bc #ahfc #c1ggc1cdi #bb #fb #ahfd #d1aib1faj #cc #ge #ahfe #e1jcb1iif #ce #bi #ahff #d1ica1ghc #cb #dc #ahfg #d1ehc1fee #bd #fh #ahfh #c1ibh1gdb #cd #dh #ahfi #e1bcg1jfh #bc #eg #ahgj #e1gbj1ife #ce #ce #ahga #e1caj1dfi #ch #cb #ahgb #e1dfh1jdj #dj #bd #ahgc #f1hci1gad #ba #cb #ahgd #g1dba1jee #ah #ef #ahge #h1afc1bfe #cd #cd #ahgf #h1ibj1jjj #be #ca #ahgg #h1ice1daa #cj #bh #ahgh #h1fgb1jhh #bi #bb #ahgi #g1iah1hha #ci #cb #ahhj #g1ged1ede #cc #cc #ahha #g1aeg1ccd #bd #ec #ahhb #g1cga1iej #bd #db #ahhc #g1cjd1eif #be #cf #ahhd #f1hih1hai #cc #bi #ahhe #g1bab1feg #cb #bh #ahhf #g1aec1bhi #be #cj #ahhg #f1gai1abf #ai #da #ahhh #g1jdg1hac #ci #bh #ahhi #f1ihh1bfg #ce #bc #ahij #f1aad1bbf #bg #de #ahia #e1ged1adg #ch #ch #ahib #e1ahh1dcb #bf #ce #ahic #f1daf1dhh #bf #cj #ahid #f1gje1dgf #ca #ci #ahie #f1ibb1iba #ci #ba #ahif #f1hha1djj #db #ag #ahig #g1jea1ebg #cd #ba #ahih #f1idc1iib #ca #bf #ahii #f1ida1edh #cg #bf #aijj #h1jej1eej #ch #ca #aija #h1jgg1fba #bc #eh #aijb #h1aii1jca #ci #ce #aijc #g1iee1ihj #ce #cd #aijd #g1hge1dga #cf #ci #aije #g1fih1daa #dj #ch #aijf #g1fba1efb #cg #cf #aijg #g1bid1hgc #ce #dd #aijh #f1ghj1ejg #ca #eg #aiji #g1bhh1efc #cf #eb #aiaj #f1hhi1gba #da #cg #aiaa #f1fbc1egi #ch #ee #aiab #f1hgh1gig #ci #dj #aiac #f1fce1hdg #bg #fc ,illustration3 ,showing the corn acreage1 pasture acreage1 number of beef cattle1 and the population of the state of ,illinois from #ahej to #aiad inclusive4 ,,footnotes3 #ci ,an address by ,george ,a4 ,chapman1 ,president of the ,american ,feed ,manufacturers' ,association1 delivered at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,november #ag1 #aiac4 ,,bibliography ,topography of the ,land4 ,report of ,bu4 of ,an4 ,ind4 #ahhe4 p4 #cfb4 ,people4 ,the ,u4,s4 ,census ,report4 ,interviews with old settlers4 ,cattle and ,cattle ,feeding4 ,report of ,bu4 of ,an4 ,ind4 #ahhe4 p4 #cfe4 ,cattle ,feeding ,industry4 ,wallace's ,farmer4 #aiac4 ,thesis by ,garver3 ,history of ,dairy ,industry in ,illinois4 ,the ,breeder's ,gazette4 ,july4 #aiac2 ,feb4 #ahid4 ,lecture by ,professor ,rusk4 ,chicago ,market4 ,facts and ,figures by ,wood ,brothers1 ,live ,stock ,commission ,merchants1 ,chicago4 #aijf4 ,report of ,bu4 of ,an4 ,ind4 #ahhd4 ,the ,prairie ,farmer4 #ahhg4 p4 #afj4 ,life of ,tom ,c4 ,ponting4 ,scientific ,american4 ,the ,meat ,industry of ,america4 #aiji4 ,bu4 of ,an4 ,ind4 ,report4 #ahhe-hf4 ,cattle ,barons and ,pioneer ,drovers4 ,bu4 of ,an4 ,ind4 ,report4 #ahhe4 ,the ,breeder's ,gazette4 ,july #af1 ,aug4 #f1 #aiac4 ,story of ,tom ,ponting's ,life4 ,the ,range ,industry4 ,the ,breeder's ,gazette4 ,july #af1 #aiac4 ,farm1 ,field and ,stockman4 #ahhj4 ,texas ,cattle4 ,the ,prairie ,farmer4 ,july #ah1 #ahhe4 p4 #deb4 ,the ,pure ,bred ,industry4 ,the ,prairie ,farmer4 ,may #i1 #ahhe4 p4 #bib ,feb4 #a1 #ahhe4 p4 #hd2 ,nov4 #ad1 #ahhe4 p4 #gda4 #ahie4 ,the ,country ,gentleman4 ,dec4 #d1 #ahgi4 ,sanders' ,history of ,herefords4 p4 #cdh4 ,bu4 of ,an4 ,ind4 ,report4 #ahhe4 ,the ,country ,gentleman4 ,july #cj1 #aheg1 #aheh4 ,the ,cultivator and ,the ,country ,gentleman4 #aheg4 ,sale ,catalog of ,anderson and ,findley--,angus ,herd4 #aija4 ,sanders' ,history of ,herefords1 p4 #cdh2 #ceb-ceg4 ,cattle ,plagues4 ,bu4 of ,an4 ,ind4 ,report4 #ahhd4 p4 #af1 #ahhf4 ,the ,feed ,industry of the ,united ,states4 ,an address by ,geo4 ,a4 ,chapman1 ,president of the ,american ,feed ,manufacturers' ,association4 ,delivered at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,nov4 #ag1 #aiac4 ,statistics4 ,u4 ,s4 ,census ,reports4 ,u4 ,s4 ,yearbooks of the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,,acknowledgment ,i desire to acknowledge the personal assistance and supervision of ,professor ,h4 ,p4 ,rusk under whose direction the work was planned and carried on4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,added opening quotation marks to all paragraphs where a quotation spans several paragraphs4 ,silently corrected simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4 ,enclosed underlined font in underscores4 ,enclosed signatures in tildes4