,illustration3            ,to the       
,,lovers ,,of ,,home           ,,this   
,little ,manual             ,,of        
,,amusing ,,phenomena            ,,for  
,family ,recreation             ,,is    
,,respectfully         ,dedicated       
,illustration3 ,,parlour ,,magic        
,,revised ,,and ,,improved4             
,,philadelphia3 ,h4 ,,perkins1 #acd     
,,chestnut ,,street4                    
,,mdcccxxxviii4          ,,entered1     
according to ,act of ,congress1 in the  
year #ahch1 by ,,henry  ,,perkins1 in   
the ,clerk's office of the ,district    
,court for the ,eastern  ,district of   
,pennsylvania4      ,printed by         
,haswell1 ,barrington1 and ,haswell4    
,illustration3 ,,preface4      ,to      
furnish the ingenious youth with the    
means of relieving the  tediousness of a
 long winter's or a wet summer's        
evening1--to enable  him to provide for 
a party of juvenile friends1 instructive
 as well  as recreative entertainment1  
without having recourse to any of the   

vulgar modes of killing time1--to       
qualify the hero of his little circle   
to divert and astonish his friends1 and1
 at the same time1 to improve  himself1 
are the principal objects of the        
following little ,work4    ,the boy     
whose wonder and curiosity have been    
excited by the experiments  of the      
scientific lecturer1 or the illusions of
 the ventriloquist1  will here find many
 of these mysteries unveiled1 and plain 
directions  for performing them1        
divested1 as far as possible1 of        
scientific or  technical language4 ,many
 of the descriptions are strictly       
original1 and  now1 for the first time1 
appear in print2 and especial care has  
been  taken to introduce only such      
,experiments as are adapted for         
performance  at the parlour or          
drawing-room table1 or fire-side1 and   
such as are  practicable without        
expensive chemical or mechanical        
apparatus1 and  require no implements   
beyond those which any ingenious youth  

may  readily furnish from his own       
resources1 or at a trifling expense4    
,another object of these pages is to    
inform1 without being dryly             
scientific1--by imparting interesting   
facts1 to stimulate the young           
experimentalist to inquire into the laws
 that regulate them1--by aiding  him to 
acquire dexterity of practice1 to smooth
 the road to the  development of        
principles1--and1 above all1 to enable  
him to escape  an imputation which every
 boy of spirit would consider the depth 
of  disgrace1--that of being 8,no       
,conjuror60    ,illustration            
,illustration3 ,,contents4              
,transmutations4                        
,page    ,the ,spectral ,lamp           
#a    ,curious ,change of ,colours      
#b    ,the ,protean ,light              
#b    ,the ,chameleon ,flowers          
#c    ,to change the ,colours of        
,flowers                                
#c    ,changes of the ,poppy            
#c    ,to change the ,colour of a ,rose 

#d    ,light changing ,white into ,black
                                    #d  
,the ,visibly growing ,acorn            
#d    ,changes in ,sap-,green           
#e    ,to revive apparently dead ,plants
                                   #e   
,singular effect of ,tears              
#e    ,beauties of ,crystallization     
#e    ,to crystallize ,camphor          
#g    ,crystallized ,tin                
#g    ,crystals in hard ,water          
#g    ,varieties of ,crystals           
#g    ,heat from ,crystallization       
#h    ,splendid ,sublimation            
#h    ,artificial ,ice                  
#h    ,magic ,inks                      
#h    ,chameleon ,liquids               
#i    ,the ,magic ,dyes                 
#i    ,wine changed into ,water         
#aj    ,two colourless transparent      
,liquids become black and opaque        
#aj    ,two colourless ,fluids make a   
coloured one                         #aj
    ,change of colour by colourless     
,fluids                             #aj 

,to change a ,blue ,liquid to ,white    
#aa    ,veritable 8,black0 ,tea         
#aa    ,restoration of ,colour by ,water
                                    #aa 
,the ,magic ,writing                    
#ab    ,two ,liquids make a ,solid      
#ab    ,two ,solids make a ,liquid      
#ab    ,a solid opaque mass made a      
transparent ,liquid                     
#ab    ,two cold ,liquids make a hot one
                                   #ab  
,quadruple ,transmutation               
#ac    ,quintuple ,transmutation        
#ac    ,combination of ,colours         
#ac    ,union of two ,metals without    
,heat                                   
#ac    ,magic ,breath                   
#ac    ,two ,bitters make a ,sweet      
#ad    ,visible and ,invisible          
#ad      ,sight and ,sound4             
,artificial ,mirage                     
#ag    ,motion of the ,eye              
#ah    ,single ,vision with two ,eyes   
#ai    ,two objects seen as one         
#ai    ,only one object can be seen at a

 time                             #bj   
,straight objects seen crooked          
#bj    ,optical ,illusion               
#ba    ,pin-hole ,focus                 
#ba    ,optical ,deceptions             
#bb    ,accuracy of ,sight              
#bb    ,visual ,deception               
#bc    ,handwriting upon the ,wall      
#bc    ,imitative ,haloes               
#bc    ,to read a ,coin in the dark     
#bd    ,to make a ,prism                
#bd    ,optical ,augmentation           
#be    ,gold ,fish in a glass ,globe    
#bf    ,colours produced by the unequal 
action of ,light upon the ,eyes     #bf 
,optical ,deception                     
#bg    ,coloured ,shadows               
#bg    ,colours of ,scratches           
#bg    ,ocular ,spectra                 
#bh    ,beautiful ,colours of ,mother of
 ,pearl                              #bh
    ,white ,letters seen further than   
,black                             #bi  
,artificial ,rainbow                    
#bi    ,fringe about a ,candle          

#bi    ,the ,double ,coloured           
,reflection                             
#cj    ,luminous ,cross                 
#cj    ,ring of ,colours round a ,candle
                                    #cj 
,simple and ,cheap ,opera-glass         
#ca    ,multiplying ,theatres           
#ca    ,apparatus for ,writing in the   
,dark                                   
#cb    ,portable ,microscope            
#cc    ,the ,phenakistiscope or         
,stroboscope                            
#cd    ,to look at the ,sun without     
injury                                  
#ce    ,brilliant ,water ,mirror        
#ce    ,optical ,illusion under ,water  
#ce    ,the ,magic ,wheels              
#cf    ,acoustic ,rainbow               
#cg    ,transmission of ,sound          
#cg    ,progress of ,sound              
#ci    ,sound turning ,corners          
#ci    ,to tell the distance of ,thunder
                                   #dj  
,hearing by the ,touch                  
#dj    ,conversation for the ,deaf      

#dj    ,glass broken by the ,voice      
#da    ,figures produced by ,sound      
#da    ,transmitted ,vibration          
#db    ,double ,vibration               
#db    ,champagne and ,sound            
#db    ,music from ,palisades           
#dc    ,theory of the ,jew's ,harp      
#dc    ,music of the ,snail             
#dd    ,to tune a ,guitar without the   
assistance of the ,ear                  
#dd    ,music from ,glass or ,metal     
,rods                                   
#dd    ,the ,tuning-fork a ,flute-player
                                    #de 
,musical ,bottles                       
#df    ,theory of ,whispering           
#df    ,theory of the ,voice            
#df    ,sound along a ,wall             
#dg    ,sounds more audible by ,night   
than by ,day                            
#dg    ,musical ,echo                   
#dg    ,ventriloquism                   
#dh      ,light and ,heat4    ,flashes  
of ,light upon revolving ,wheels        
#ec    ,decomposition of ,light         

#ed    ,solar ,refraction               
#ed    ,incantations                    
#ee    ,to imitate the ,light of the    
,sea                                    
#ee    ,instantaneous ,lights           
#ef    ,to colour the ,flame of a       
,candle                                 
#eg    ,to divide the ,flame of a       
,candle                                 
#eg    ,cane ,wick ,lamp                
#eh    ,camphor and ,platinum ,lamp     
#eh    ,platinum and ,ether ,lamp       
#eh    ,floating ,light                 
#ei    ,substitute for a ,wax ,taper    
#ei    ,phosphorescent ,fish            
#ei    ,the ,luminous ,spectre          
#ei    ,light1 a ,painter               
#fj    ,effect of ,light upon           
,crystallization                        
#fj    ,effect of ,light on ,plants     
#fj    ,instantaneous ,light upon ,ice  
#fa    ,white ,light from ,zinc         
#fa    ,brilliant ,light from two       
,metals                                 
#fa    ,brilliant ,light from ,steel    

#fa    ,lighted ,tin                    
#fb    ,light from ,gilt ,buttons       
#fb    ,light from a ,flower            
#fb    ,light from ,sugar               
#fb    ,light from the ,potato          
#fc    ,light from the ,oyster          
#fc    ,light from ,derbyshire ,spar    
#fc    ,light from ,oyster-shells       
#fd    ,rings of ,light in ,crystal     
#fd    ,to strike ,light with ,cane     
#fd    ,cause of ,transparency          
#fd    ,transparency of ,gold           
#fe    ,tint changed by ,thickness      
#fe    ,shadows made darker by increased
 ,light                            #fe  
,miniature ,thunder and ,lightning      
#ff    ,the ,burning ,glass             
#ff    ,magic of ,heat                  
#ff    ,repulsion by ,heat              
#fg    ,heat passing through ,glass     
#fh    ,metals unequally influenced by  
,heat                               #fh 
,spontaneous ,combustion                
#fi    ,inequality of ,heat in ,fire    
irons                                   

#fi    ,expansion of ,metal by ,heat    
#fi    ,evaporation of a ,metal         
#fi    ,a ,floating ,metal on ,fire     
#gj    ,heat and ,cold from ,flannel    
#gj    ,ice melted by ,air              
#gj    ,to hold a hot ,tea-kettle on the
 ,hand                              #gj 
,incombustible ,linen                   
#ga    ,the ,burning ,circle            
#ga    ,water of different ,temperatures
 in the same ,vessel                #ga 
,warmth of different ,colours           
#ga    ,substitute for ,fire            
#gb      ,gas and ,steam4    ,laughing  
,gas                                    
#ge    ,the ,luminous ,wand             
#gf    ,to make ,carbonic ,acid ,gas    
#gf    ,carbonic ,acid ,gas in ,wine or 
,beer ,vessels                          
#gf    ,to extinguish ,flame with ,gas  
#gg    ,effect of ,hydrogen on the      
,voice                                  
#gg    ,magic ,taper                    
#gh    ,the ,gas ,candle                
#gh    ,gas ,bubbles                    

#gh    ,gas-light in the day-time       
#gi    ,miniature ,balloons             
#gi    ,miniature ,gas-lighting         
#gi    ,musical ,gas                    
#hj    ,miniature ,will o'-the-wisp     
#ha    ,phosphoric ,illumination        
#ha    ,combustion of ,iron in ,oxygen  
,gas                                    
#ha    ,glow-worm in ,oxygen ,gas       
#hb    ,luminous ,charcoal              
#hb    ,brilliant ,combustion in ,oxygen
                                    #hb 
,flame from ,cold ,metals               
#hc    ,phosphorus in ,chlorine         
#hc    ,caoutchouc ,balloons            
#hd    ,to increase the ,light of ,coal 
,gas                                 #hd
    ,gas from ,indian ,rubber           
#hd    ,ether ,gas                      
#he    ,magic ,vapour                   
#he    ,gas from the union of ,metals   
#he    ,invisible ,gases made ,visible  
#hf    ,light under ,water              
#hf    ,gaseous ,evanescence            
#hf    ,violet-coloured ,gas            

#hf    ,to collect ,gases               
#hg    ,the ,deflagrating ,spoon        
#hg    ,what is ,steam8                 
#hg    ,the ,steam ,engine simplified   
#hh    ,to boil ,water by ,steam        
#hh    ,distillation in ,miniature      
#hi    ,candle or ,fire ,crackers       
#hi    ,steam from the ,kettle          
#hi      ,fire1 ,water1 and ,air4       
,coloured ,flames                       
#ic    ,yellow ,flame                   
#id    ,orange-coloured ,flame          
#id    ,emerald ,green ,flame           
#id    ,instantaneous ,flame            
#id    ,the ,cup of ,flame              
#ie    ,to cool ,flame by ,metal        
#ie    ,proof that ,flame is ,hollow    
#ie    ,camphor sublimed by ,flame      
#ie    ,green ,fire                     
#if    ,brilliant ,red ,fire            
#if    ,purple ,fire                    
#if    ,silver ,fire                    
#ig    ,the ,fiery ,fountain            
#ig    ,the ,artificial ,conflagration  
#ig    ,inflammable ,powder             

#ig    ,combustion without ,flame       
#ih    ,combustion of ,three ,metals    
#ih    ,to make ,paper ,incombustible   
#ih    ,singular ,experiments with      
,glass ,tubes                           
#ih    ,aquatic ,bomb                   
#ii    ,heat not to be estimated by     
,touch                                  
#ii    ,flame upon ,water               
#ajj    ,rose-coloured ,flame on ,water 
#ajj    ,to set a ,mixture on ,fire with
 ,water                                 
#ajj    ,waves of ,fire on ,water       
#ajj    ,explosion in ,water            
#aja    ,water from the ,flame of a     
,candle                                 
#aja    ,formation of ,water by ,fire   
#aja    ,boiling upon ,cold ,water      
#aja    ,currents in ,boiling ,water    
#ajb    ,hot ,water lighter than ,cold  
#ajb    ,expansion of ,water by ,cold   
#ajb    ,the ,cup of ,tantalus          
#ajc    ,imitative ,diving ,bell        
#ajc    ,the ,water-proof ,sieve        
#ajd    ,more than full                 

#ajd    ,to cause ,wine and ,water to   
change places                           
#ajd    ,pyramid of ,alum               
#ajd    ,visible ,vibration             
#aje    ,charcoal in ,sugar             
#ajf    ,floating ,needles              
#ajf    ,water in a ,sling              
#ajf    ,attraction in a ,glass of      
,water                                  
#ajf    ,to prevent ,cork floating in   
,water                                  
#ajg    ,instantaneous ,freezing        
#ajg    ,to freeze ,water with ,ether   
#ajg    ,production of ,nitre           
#ajh    ,curious ,transposition         
#ajh    ,animal ,barometer              
#ajh    ,magic ,soap                    
#ajh    ,equal ,pressure of ,water      
#aji    ,to empty a ,glass under ,water 
#aji    ,to empty a ,glass of ,water    
without touching it                     
#aji    ,decomposition of ,water        
#aaj    ,water heavier than ,wine       
#aaj    ,to inflate a ,bladder without  
,air                                    

#aaj    ,air and ,water ,balloon        
#aaj    ,heated ,air ,balloon           
#aaa    ,the ,pneumatic ,tinder-box     
#aaa    ,the ,bacchus ,experiment       
#aaa    ,the ,mysterious ,circles       
#aab    ,prince ,rupert's ,drops        
#aad    ,vegetable ,hygrometer          
#aad    ,the ,pneumatic ,dancer         
#aae    ,the ,ascending ,snake          
#aaf    ,the ,pneumatic ,phial          
#aaf    ,resin ,bubbles                 
#aag    ,moisture of the ,atmosphere    
#aag    ,climates of a ,room            
#aag    ,bubbles in ,champagne          
#aah    ,proofs that ,air is a heavy    
,fluid                                  
#aah    ,to support a ,pea on ,air      
#aai    ,pyrophorus1 or ,air-tinder     
#aai    ,beauty of a ,soap-bubble       
#abj    ,why a ,guinea falls more       
quickly than a ,feather through the ,air
   #aba    ,solidity of ,air            
#abb    ,breathing and ,smelling        
#abb      ,sleights and ,subtleties4    
,the ,ring and the ,handkerchief        

#abg    ,the ,knotted ,handkerchief     
#abh    ,the ,invisible ,springs        
#acj    ,the ,miraculous ,apple         
#aca    ,the ,self-balanced ,pail       
#acb    ,the ,phantom at command        
#acb    ,the ,miraculous ,shilling      
#acd    ,the ,locomotive ,shilling      
#ace    ,the ,penetrative ,sixpence     
#acf    ,the ,vanishing ,sixpence       
#acf    ,to make a ,sixpence balance and
 spin on its edge on the          point 
of a ,needle                            
#acg    ,the ,multiplying ,coin         
#acg    ,the ,magic ,rat ,trap          
#acg    ,the ,velocity of ,motion       
#ach    ,the ,exploding ,bubble         
#aci    ,the ,magic ,picture            
#aci    ,artificial ,lightning          
#adj    ,three objects discernible only 
with both ,eyes                    #adj 
,to tell by a ,watch ,dial the ,hour    
when a ,person intends to rise   #adj   
,to make a ,ring suspend by a ,thread1  
after the ,thread has          been     
burned                                  

#ada    ,to melt a piece of ,money in a 
,walnut-shell without injuring          
the ,shell                              
#ada    ,the ,magical ,mirrors          
#adb    ,the ,enchanted ,bottle         
#adc    ,the ,armed ,apparition         
#adc    ,to extract the ,silver out of a
 ,ring that is thickly ,gilded1         
so that the ,gold may remain entire     
#add    ,curious ,experiment with a     
,glass of ,water                        
#add    ,a ,luminous ,bottle1 which will
 show the ,hour on a ,watch in          
the ,dark                               
#add    ,the ,wonderful ,hat            
#ade    ,to bring a ,person down upon a 
,feather                            #ade
    ,the ,apparent ,impossibility       
#adf    ,an ,omelet cooked in a ,hat    
over the ,flame of a ,candle            
#adf    ,the ,impossible ,omelet        
#adg    ,go if you can                  
#adg    ,the ,figure ,puzzle            
#adg    ,the ,visible ,invisible        
#adg    ,the ,double ,meaning           

#adh    ,quite tired out                
#adh    ,something out of the ,common   
#adh    ,to rub one ,sixpence into two  
#adi    ,magic ,circle                  
#adi      ,melange4    ,illusions of    
,touch                                  
#aec    ,illusion of the ,taste         
#aed    ,the ,general ,bleacher         
#aed    ,influence of coloured ,glass on
 bulbous ,roots                     #aee
    ,the ,spinning-top 8asleep0         
#aee    ,to judge of ,weights           
#aef    ,quicksilver and ,oil united    
#aef    ,to dissolve the ,soda in ,glass
                                    #aef
    ,waterproof ,paper                  
#aeg    ,to ,dissolve ,gold or ,platinum
                                        
#aeg    ,colder than ,ice               
#aeg    ,contra-crystallization         
#aeg    ,one and one do not make two    
#aeh    ,to copy ,writing instantly     
#aeh    ,the ,rival ,dials              
#aeh    ,to spin ,indian ,rubber        
#aeh    ,indelible ,writing             

#aei    ,vegetable ,anatomy             
#aei    ,to tell what o',clock it is by 
the ,moon                           #afj
    ,the ,physiognotype                 
#afa    ,infinite ,divisibility of      
,matter                                 
#afa    ,holding the ,breath            
#afb    ,sand in the ,hour-,glass       
#afb    ,resistance of ,sand            
#afc    ,glass broken by ,sand          
#afd    ,to bleach ,ivory               
#afd    ,vanishing ,shells              
#afd    ,the ,magic ,egg                
#afd    ,the ,magic ,whirlpool          
#afe    ,magic ,porcelain               
#afg    ,a ,galvanic ,tongue            
#afh    ,drinking ,porter out of ,pewter
                                    #afh
    ,electric or ,galvanic ,preservation
                                #afh    
,light from the ,diamond                
#afi    ,to break a ,stone with a blow  
of the ,fist                            
#afi    ,mimic ,frost-work              
#afi    ,to melt ,lead in a piece of    

,paper                                  
#agj    ,hydrostatic ,balance           
#agj    ,metallic ,reduction            
#aga    ,electrical ,attraction and     
,repulsion                              
#aga    ,alchemical ,electricity        
#agb    ,the ,electric ,balls           
#agc    ,the ,electric ,dance           
#agc    ,electric ,light                
#agc    ,electric ,light from ,brown    
,paper                                  
#agd    ,sudden ,production of ,light   
#agd    ,electricity of the ,cat        
#agd    ,illustration                   
,illustration3 ,,transmutations4        
,illustration          ,,transmutations4
      ,,the ,,spectral ,,lamp4    ,,mix 
some common salt with spirit of wine in 
a platinum or metallic  cup2 set the cup
 upon a wire frame over a spirit-lamp1  
which should  be inclosed on each side1 
or in a dark-lantern3 when the cup      
becomes  heated1 and the spirit ignited1
 it will burn with a strong yellow      
flame2 if1 however1 it should not be    

perfectly yellow1 throw more salt  into 
the cup4 ,the lamp being thus prepared1 
all other lights should  be             
extinguished1 and the yellow lamp       
introduced1 when an appalling  change   
will be exhibited2 all the objects in   
the room will be but of  one colour1 and
 the complexions of the several persons1
 whether old or  young1 fair or         
brunette1 will be metamorphosed to a    
ghastly1 death-like  yellow2 whilst the 
gayest dresses1 as the brightest        
crimson1 the  choicest lilac1 the most  
vivid blue or green--all will be changed
 into  one monotony of yellow3 each     
person will be inclined to laugh at his 
neighbour1 himself insensible of being  
one of the spectral company4    ,their  
astonishment may be heightened by       
removing the yellow light to  one end of
 the room1 and restoring the usual or   
white light at the  other2 when one side
 of each person's dress will resume its 
original  colour1 while the other will  
remain yellow2 one cheek may bear the   

bloom of health1 and the other1 the     
yellow of jaundice4 ,or if1 when the    
yellow light only is burning1 the white 
light be introduced within a  wire      
sieve1 the company and the objects in   
the apartment will appear  yellow1      
mottled with white4    ,red light may be
 produced by mixing with the spirit in  
the cup over  the lamp1 salt of         
strontian instead of common salt2 and   
the effect of  the white or yellow      
lights1 if introduced through a sieve   
upon the red  light1 will be even more  
striking than the white upon the yellow 
light4      ,,curious ,,change ,,of     
,,colours4    ,let there be no other    
light than a taper in the room2 then put
 on  a pair of dark green spectacles1   
and having closed one eye1 view  the    
taper with the other4 ,suddenly remove  
the spectacles1 and the  taper will     
assume a bright red appearance2 but1 if 
the spectacles be  instantly replaced1  
the eye will be unable to distinguish   
any thing  for a second or two4 ,the    

order of colours will1 therefore1 be as 
follows3--green1 red1 green1 black4     
,,the ,,protean ,,light4    ,soak a     
cotton wick in a strong solution of salt
 and water1 dry it1  place it in a      
spirit lamp1 and1 when lit1 it will give
 a bright yellow  light for a long time4
 ,if you look through a piece of blue   
glass  at the flame1 it will lose all   
its yellow light1 and you will only     
perceive feeble violet rays4 ,if1 before
 the blue glass1 you place a  pale      
yellow glass1 the lamp will be          
absolutely invisible1 though a  candle  
may be distinctly seen through the same 
glasses4      ,,the ,,chameleon         
,,flowers4    ,trim a spirit-lamp1 add a
 little salt to the wick1 and light it4 
,set  near it1 a scarlet geranium1 and  
the flower will appear yellow4 ,purple  
colours1 in the same light1 appear blue4
      ,,to ,,change ,,the ,,colours ,,of
 ,,flowers4    ,hold over a lighted     
match1 a purple columbine1 or a blue    
larkspur1 and  it will change first to  

pink1 and then to black4 ,the yellow of 
other  flowers1 held as above1 will     
continue unchanged4 ,thus1 the purple   
tint  will instantly disappear from a   
heart's-ease1 but the yellow will       
remain2 and the yellow of a wall-flower 
will continue the same1 though  the     
brown streak will be discharged4 ,if a  
scarlet1 crimson1 or maroon  dahlia be  
tried1 the colour will change to yellow2
 a fact known to  gardeners1 who by this
 mode1 variegate their growing dahlias4 
,,changes ,,of ,,the ,,poppy4    ,some  
flowers which are red1 become blue by   
merely bruising them4 ,thus1  if the    
petals of the common corn-poppy be      
rubbed upon white paper1 they  will     
stain it purple1 which may be made green
 by washing it over with a  strong      
solution of potash in water4 ,put poppy 
petals into very dilute  muriatic acid1 
and the infusion will be of a florid red
 colour2 by  adding a little chalk1 it  
will become the colour of port wine2 and
 this  tint1 by the addition of potash1 

may be changed to green or yellow4      
,,to ,,change ,,the ,,colour ,,of ,a    
,,rose4    ,hold a red rose over the    
blue flame of a common match1 and the   
colour  will be discharged wherever the 
fume touches the leaves of the flower1  
so as to render it beautifully          
variegated1 or entirely white4 ,if it be
  then dipped into water1 the redness1  
after a time1 will be restored4         
,,light ,,changing ,,white ,,into       
,,black4    ,write upon linen with      
permanent ink1 7which is a strong       
solution of  nitrate of silver17 and the
 characters will be scarcely visible2   
remove  the linen into a dark room1 and 
they will not change2 but expose them   
to a strong light1 and they will be     
indelibly black4      ,,the ,,visibly   
,,growing ,,acorn4    ,cut a circular   
piece of card to fit the top of a       
hyacinth glass1 so as  to rest upon the 
ledge1 and exclude the air4 ,pierce a   
hole through the  centre of the card1   
and pass through it a strong thread1    

having a small  piece of wood tied to   
one end1 which1 resting transversely on 
the card1  prevents its being drawn     
through4 ,to the other end of the thread
 attach  an acorn2 and1 having half     
filled the glass with water1 suspend the
  acorn at a short distance from the    
surface4    ,illustration    ,the glass 
must be kept in a warm room2 and1 in a  
few days1 the steam  which has generated
 in the glass will hang from the acorn  
in a large  drop4 ,shortly afterwards1  
the acorn will burst1 the root will     
protrude  and thrust itself into the    
water2 and1 in a few days more1 a stem  
will  shoot out at the other end1 and1  
rising upwards1 will press against the  
card1 in which an orifice must be made  
to allow it to pass through4  ,from this
 stem1 small leaves will soon be        
observed to sprout2 and1 in  the course 
of a few weeks1 you will have a handsome
 oak plant1 several  inches in height4  
,,changes ,,in ,,sap ,,green4    ,sap   
green is the inspissated juice of the   

buckthorn berries3 if a  little         
carbonate of soda be dropped into it1   
the colour will be changed  from green  
to yellow2 it may be reddened by acids1 
and its green colour  restored by chalk4
      ,,to ,,revive ,,apparently ,,dead 
,,plants4    ,make a strong dilution of 
camphor in spirit of wine1 which add to 
soft water1 in the proportion of a dram 
to a pint4 ,if withered1 or  apparently 
dead plants be put into this liquid1 and
 allowed to remain  therein from two to 
three hours1 they will revive4          
,,singular ,,effect ,,of ,,tears4    ,if
 tears are dropped on a dry piece of    
paper1 stained with the juice  of the   
petals of mallows or violets1 they will 
change the paper to a  permanently green
 colour4      ,,beauties ,,of           
,,crystallization4    ,dissolve alum in 
hot water until no more can be dissolved
 in it2 place  in it a smooth glass rod 
and a stick of the same size2 next day1 
the  stick will be found covered with   
crystals1 but the glass rod will be     

free from them3 in this case1 the       
crystals cling to the rough surface  of 
the stick1 but have no hold upon the    
smooth surface of the glass  rod4 ,but1 
if the rod be roughened with a file at  
certain intervals1  and then placed in  
the alum and water1 the crystals will   
adhere to the  rough surfaces1 and leave
 the smooth bright and clear4    ,tie   
some threads of lamp-cotton irregularly 
around a copper wire or  glass rod2     
place it in a hot solution of blue      
vitriol1 strong as above1  and the      
threads will be covered with beautiful  
blue crystals1 while the  glass rod will
 be bare4    ,bore a hole through a     
piece of coke1 and suspend it by a      
string from a  stick1 placed across a   
hot solution of alum2 it will float2    
but1 as it  becomes loaded with         
crystals1 it will sink in the solution  
according to  the length of the string4 
,gas-coke has mostly a smooth1 shining1 
and  almost metallic surface1 which the 
crystals will avoid1 while they will    

cling only to the most irregular and    
porous parts4    ,if powdered tumeric be
 added to the hot solution of alum1 the 
crystals  will be of a bright yellow2   
litmus will cause them to be of a bright
  red2 logwood will yield purple2 and   
common writing ink1 black2 and the  more
 muddy the solution1 the finer will be  
the crystals4    ,to keep coloured alumn
 crystals from breaking1 or losing their
 colour1  place them under a glass shade
 with a saucer of water2 this will      
preserve the atmosphere moist1 and      
prevent the crystals getting too dry4   
,if crystals be formed on wire1 they    
will be liable to break off1 from  the  
expansion and contraction of the wire by
 changes of temperature4      ,,to      
,,crystallize ,,camphor4    ,dissolve   
camphor in spirit of wine1 moderately   
heated1 until the  spirit will not      
dissolve any more2 pour some of the     
solution into a  cold glass1 and the    
camphor will instantly crystallize in   
beautiful  tree-like forms1 such as we  

see in the show-glasses of camphor in   
druggists' windows4      ,,crystallized 
,,tin4    ,mix half an ounce of nitric  
acid1 six drams of muriatic acid1 and   
two ounces of water2 pour the mixture   
upon a piece of tin plate  previously   
made hot1 and1 after washing it in the  
mixture1 it will  bear a beautiful      
crystalline surface1 in feathery forms4 
,this is the  celebrated moire          
metallique1 and1 when varnished1 is made
 into  ornamental boxes1 c4 ,the figures
 will vary according to the degree of   
heat previously given to the metal4     
,,crystals ,,in ,,hard ,,water4    ,hold
 in a wine-glass of hard water1 a       
crystal of oxalic acid1 and white       
threads will instantly descend through  
the liquid1 suspended from the  crystal4
      ,,varieties ,,of ,,crystals4      
,make distinct solutions of common salt1
 nitre1 and alum2 set them in  three    
saucers in any warm place1 and let part 
of the water dry away or  evaporate2    
then remove them to a warm room4 ,the   

particles of the salts  in each saucer  
will begin to attract each other1 and   
form crystals1 but  not all of the same 
figure3 the common salt will yield      
crystals with  six square and equal     
faces1 or sides2 the nitre1 six-sided   
crystals2  and the alum1 eight-sided    
crystals2 and if these crystals be      
dissolved  over and over again1 they    
will always appear in the same forms4   
,,heat ,,from ,,crystallization4        
,make a strong solution of ,epsom salts 
in hot water1 and while warm1  bottle   
it1 cork it closely1 and it will remain 
liquid3 draw out the  cork1 when the    
salts will immediately crystallize1 and 
in the process1  the remaining liquid   
and the bottle will become very warm4   
,,splendid ,,sublimation4    ,put into a
 flask a small portion of iodine2 hold  
the flask over the  flame of a          
spirit-lamp1 and1 from the state of rich
 ruby crystals1 the  iodine1 on being   
heated1 will become a ruby-coloured     
transparent gas2  but1 in cooling1 will 

resume its crystalline form4            
,,artificial ,,ice4    ,mix four ounces 
of nitrate of ammonia1 and four ounces  
of subcarbonate  of soda1 with four     
ounces of water1 in a tin vessel1 and in
 three hours  the mixture will produce  
ten ounces of ice4      ,,magic ,,inks4 
,dissolve oxide of cobalt in acetic     
acid1 to which add a little nitre2      
write with this solution1 hold the      
writing to the fire1 and it will be  of 
a pale rose colour1 which will disappear
 on cooling4    ,dissolve equal parts of
 sulphate of copper and muriate of      
ammonia in  water2 write with the       
solution1 and it will give a yellow     
colour when  heated1 which will         
disappear when cold4    ,dissolve       
nitrate of bismuth in water2 write with 
the solution1 and  the characters will  
be invisible when dry1 but will become  
legible on  immersion in water4         
,dissolve1 in water1 muriate of cobalt1 
which is of a bluish-green  colour1 and 
the solution will be pink2 write with   

it1 and the  characters will be scarcely
 visible2 but1 if gently heated1 they   
will  appear in brilliant green1 which  
will disappear as the paper cools4      
,,chameleon ,,liquids4    ,put a small  
portion of the compound called mineral  
chameleon into  several glasses1 pour   
upon each water at different            
temperatures1 and  the contents of each 
glass will exhibit a different shade of 
colour4 ,a  very hot solution will be of
 a beautiful green colour2 a cold one1 a
  deep purple4    ,make a colourless    
solution of sulphate of copper2 add to  
it a little  ammonia1 equally           
colourless1 and the mixture will be of  
an intense blue  colour2 add to it a    
little sulphuric acid1 and the blue     
colour will  disappear2 pour in a little
 solution of caustic ammonia1 and the   
blue  colour will be restored4 ,thus1   
may the liquor be thrice changed at     
pleasure4      ,,the ,,magic ,,dyes4    
,dissolve indigo in diluted sulphuric   
acid1 and add to it an equal  quantity  

of solution of carbonate of potass4 ,if 
a piece of white cloth  be dipped in the
 mixture1 it will be changed to blue2   
yellow cloth1  in the same mixture1 may 
be changed to green2 red to purple1 and 
blue  litmus paper to red4    ,nearly   
fill a wine-glass with the juice of     
beet-root1 which is of a  deep red      
colour2 add a little lime water1 and the
 mixture will be  colourless2 dip into  
it a piece of white cloth1 dry it       
rapidly1 and in  a few hours1 the cloth 
will become red4      ,,wine ,,changed  
,,into ,,water4    ,mix a little        
solution of subacetate of lead with port
 wine2 filter  the mixture through      
blotting paper1 and a colourless liquid 
will pass  through2 to this add a small 
quantity of dry salt of tartar1 when a  
spirit will rise1 which may be inflamed 
on the surface of the water4      ,,two 
,,colourless ,,transparent ,,liquids    
,,become ,,black ,,and ,,opaque4        
,have in one vessel some sulphuric acid1
 and in another an infusion of          

nut-galls2 they are both colourless and 
transparent2 mix them1 and they  will   
become black and opaque4      ,,two     
,,colourless ,,fluids ,,make ,a         
,,coloured ,,one4    ,put into a        
wine-glass of water1 a few drops of     
prussiate of potash2 and  into a second 
glass of water1 a little weak solution  
of sulphate of  iron in water3 pour the 
colourless mixtures together into a     
tumbler1  and they will be immediately  
changed to a bright deep blue colour4   
,or1 mix the solution of prussiate of   
potash with that of nitrate of  bismuth1
 and a yellow will be the product4      
,or1 mix the solution of prussiate of   
potash with that of sulphate of  copper1
 and the mixture will be of a reddish   
brown colour4      ,,change ,,of        
,,colour ,,by ,,colourless ,,fluids4    
,three different colours may be produced
 from the same infusion1 merely  by the 
addition of three colourless fluids4    
,slice a little red cabbage1  pour      
boiling water upon it1 and when cold1   

decant the clear infusion1  which divide
 into three wine-glasses3 to one1 add a 
small quantity of  solution of alum in  
water2 to the second1 a little solution 
of potash  in water2 and to the third1 a
 few drops of muriatic acid4 ,the liquor
  in the first glass will assume a      
purple colour1 the second1 a bright     
green1 and the third a rich crimson4    
,put a dram of powdered nitrate of      
cobalt into a phial containing an  ounce
 of the solution of caustic potass2 cork
 the phial1 and the liquid  will assume 
a blue colour1 next a lilac1 afterwards 
a peach colour1 and  lastly a light red4
      ,,to ,,change ,a ,,blue ,,liquid  
,,to ,,white4    ,dissolve a small lump 
of indigo in sulphuric acid1 by the aid 
of  moderate heat1 and you will obtain  
an intense blue colour3 add a drop  of  
this to half a pint of water1 so as to  
dilute the blue2 then pour  some of it  
into strong chloride of lime1 and the   
blue will be bleached  with almost      
magical velocity4      ,,veritable      

8,,black0 ,,tea4    ,make a cup of      
strong green tea2 dissolve a little     
green copperas in  water1 which add to  
the tea1 and its colour will be black4  
,,restoration ,,of ,,colour ,,by        
,,water4    ,water being a colourless   
fluid1 ought1 one would imagine1 when   
mixed  with other substances of no      
decided colour1 to produce a colourless 
compound4 ,nevertheless1 it is to water 
only that blue vitriol1 or  sulphate of 
copper1 owes its vivid blueness2 as will
 be plainly evinced  by the following   
simple experiment4 ,heat a few crystals 
of the vitriol  in a fire shovel1       
pulverize them1 and the powder will be  
of a dull and  dirty white appearance4  
,pour a little water upon this1 when a  
slight  hissing noise will be heard1 and
 at the same moment1 the blue colour    
will instantly re-appear4    ,under the 
microscope1 the beauty of this          
experiment will be increased1  for the  
instant that a drop of water is placed  
in contact with the  vitriol1 the powder

 may be seen to shoot into blue prisms4 
,if a crystal  of prussiate of potash be
 similarly heated1 its yellow colour    
will  vanish1 but re-appear on being    
dropped into water4      ,,the ,,magic  
,,writing4    ,dissolve a small portion 
of green-copperas in water1 and soak in 
it  sheets of writing paper1 so as to   
allow them to be taken out whole1 and   
then dried2 then1 cover the paper with  
very finely powdered galls1 and  write  
on it with a pen dipped in water2 when  
dry1 brush off the galls1  and the      
writing will appear4      ,,two         
,,liquids ,,make ,a ,,solid4            
,dissolve muriate of lime in water until
 it will dissolve no more2  make also a 
similar solution of carbonate of potash2
 both will be  transparent fluids2 but  
if equal quantities of each be mixed and
  stirred together1 they will become a  
solid mass4      ,,two ,,solids ,,make  
,a ,,liquid4    ,rub together in a      
mortar1 equal quantities of the crystals
 of ,glauber's  salts and nitrate of    

ammonia1 and the two salts will slowly  
become a  liquid4      ,a ,,solid       
,,opaque ,,mass ,,made ,a ,,transparent 
,,liquid4    ,take the solid mixture of 
the solutions of muriate of lime and    
carbonate of potash1 pour upon it a very
 little nitric acid1 and the  solid     
opaque mass will be changed to a        
transparent liquid4      ,,two ,,cold   
,,liquids ,,make ,a ,,hot ,,one4    ,mix
 four drams of sulphuric acid1 7oil of  
vitrol17 with one dram of  cold water1  
suddenly1 in a cup1 and the mixture will
 be nearly half as  hot again as boiling
 water4      ,,quadruple                
,,transmutation4    ,dissolve a small   
piece of nickel in nitric acid1 and it  
will appear  of a fine grass-green      
colour2 add to it a little ammonia1 and 
a blue  precipitate will be formed2 this
 will change to a purple-red in a few   
hours1 and the addition of any acid will
 convert it to an apple-green4          
,,quintuple ,,transmutation4    ,heat   
potassium over the flame of a           

spirit-lamp1 and the colour will  change
 from white to a bright azure1 thence to
 a bright blue1 green1  and olive4      
,,combination ,,of ,,colours4    ,cut   
out a disc or circle of pasteboard1 and 
cover it with paper half  green and half
 black3 cause the disc to be rapidly    
turned round1 7like  the shafts of a toy
 wind-mill17 and the colours will       
combine and  produce white4      ,,union
 ,,of ,,two ,,metals ,,without ,,heat4  
,cut a circular piece of gold-leaf1     
called 8dentist's gold10 about half  an 
inch in diameter2 drop upon it a globule
 of mercury1 about the size  of a small 
pea1 and if they be left for a short    
time1 the gold will  lose its solidity  
and yellow colour1 and the mercury its  
liquid form1  making a soft mass1 of the
 colour of mercury4      ,,magic        
,,breath4    ,half fill a glass tumbler 
with lime-water2 breathe into it        
frequently1  at the same time stirring  
it with a piece of glass4 ,the fluid1   
which  before was perfectly transparent1

 will presently become quite white1     
and1 if allowed to remain at rest1 real 
chalk will be deposited4      ,,two     
,,bitters ,,make ,a ,,sweet4    ,it has 
been discovered1 that a mixture of      
nitrate of silver with  hypo-sulphate of
 soda1 both of which are remarkably     
bitter1 will  produce the sweetest known
 substance4      ,,visible ,,and        
,,invisible4    ,write with ,french     
chalk on a looking-glass2 wipe it with a
  handkerchief1 and the lines will      
disappear2 breathe on it1 and they  will
 re-appear4 ,this alteration will take  
place for a great number of  times1 and 
after the lapse of a considerable       
period4    ,illustration                
,illustration3 ,,sight  ,,sound4        
,illustration    ,,sight ,,and ,,sound4 
,,artificial ,,mirage4    ,,the mirage  
is an optical phenomenon1 produced by   
the refractive  power of the atmosphere4
 ,the appearance presented is that of   
the  double image of an object in the   
air2 one of the images being in the     

natural position1 and the other         
inverted1 so as to resemble a natural   
object and its image in the water4 ,the 
mirage is commonly vertical1  or        
upright1 that is1 presenting the        
appearance1 above described1 of  one    
object over another1 like a ship above  
its shadow in the water4  ,sometimes1   
however1 the image is horizontal1 or    
upon the water1 and at  other times1 it 
is seen on the right or left hand of the
 real object1  or on both sides4    ,all
 the effects of the mirage may be       
represented artificially to the  eye4   
,for this purpose1 provide a glass      
tumbler two-thirds full of  water1 and  
pour spirit of wine upon it2 or pour    
into a tumbler some  syrup1 and fill it 
up with water3 as the water and spirit1 
or the  syrup and water incorporate1    
they will produce a refractive power2   
then1 by looking through the mixed or   
intermediate liquids at any  object held
 behind the tumblers1 its inverted image
 may be seen4 ,the  same effect1 ,dr4   

,walloston has shown1 may be produced1  
by looking along  the side of a red-hot 
poker at a word or object ten or twelve 
feet  distant4 ,at a distance less than 
three-eighths of an inch from the line  
of the poker1 an inverted image was     
seen2 and within and without that1  an  
erect image4    ,the above phenomena may
 likewise be illustrated1 by holding a  
heated  iron above a tumbler of water1  
until the whole becomes changed2 then   
withdraw the iron1 and1 through the     
water1 the phenomena of the mirage  may 
be seen in the finest manner4    ,or1   
look directly above the flame of a      
candle1 or over the glass of a  lighted 
lamp1 and a tremulous motion may be     
observed2 because the warm  air rises1  
and its refracting power being less than
 that of the colder  air1 the currents  
are rendered visible by the distortion  
of objects  viewed through them4 ,the   
same effect is observable over chimney  
pots1  and slated roofs which have been 
heated by the sun4      ,,motion ,,of   

,,the ,,eye4    ,on entering a room1 we 
imagine that we see the whole side of it
 at  once1 as the cornice1 the pattern  
of the paper-hanging1 pictures1  chairs1
 c41 but we are deceived2 for each      
object is rapidly1 but  singly presented
 to the eye1 by its constant motion4 ,if
 the eye were  steady1 vision would be  
lost4 ,for example1 fix the eye on one  
point1  and you will find the whole     
scene become more and more obscure1 till
 it  vanishes4 ,then1 if you change the 
direction of the eye ever so little1  at
 once the whole scene will be again     
perfect before you4      ,,single       
,,vision ,,with ,,two ,,eyes4    ,as we 
have two eyes1 and a separate image of  
every external object  is formed in     
each1 it may be asked1 why do we not see
 double8 ,the  answer is1 it is a matter
 of habit4 ,habit alone teaches us1 that
  the sensations of sight correspond to 
any thing external1 and shows  to what  
they correspond4 ,thus1 place a wafer on
 a table before you2  direct your eyes  

to it1 that is1 bring its image on both 
retin to  those parts which habit has   
ascertained to be the most sensible1 and
  best situated for seeing distinctly1  
and you will see only the single  wafer4
 ,but1 while looking at the wafer1      
squeeze the upper part of one  eye      
downwards1 by pressing on the eyelid    
with the finger1 and thereby  forcibly  
throw the image on another part of the  
retina of that eye1  and double vision  
will be immediately produced2 that is1  
two wafers  will be distinctly seen1    
which will appear to recede from each   
other  as the pressure is stronger1 and 
approach1 and finally blend into one1   
as it is relieved4 ,the same effect     
maybe produced without pressure1 by     
directing the eyes to a point nearer to1
 or farther from them1 than the  wafer2 
the optic axes1 in this case1 being both
 directed away from the  object seen4   
,,two ,,objects ,,seen ,,as ,,one4      
,on a sheet of black paper1 or other    
dark ground1 place two white  wafers1   

having their centres three inches       
distant4 ,vertically above the  paper1  
and to the left1 look with the right    
eye1 at twelve inches  from it1 and so  
that1 when looking down on it1 the line 
joining the  two eyes shall be parallel 
to that joining the centre of the       
wafers4  ,in this situation1 close the  
left eye1 and look full with the right  
perpendicularly at the wafer below it1  
when this wafer only will be  seen1 the 
other being completely invisible4 ,but1 
if it be removed  ever so little from   
its place1 either to the right or left1 
above or  below1 it will become         
immediately visible1 and start1 as it   
were1 into  existence4 ,the distances   
here set down may1 perhaps1 vary        
slightly in  different eyes4    ,upon   
this curious effect1 ,sir ,john         
,herschel observes3 8,it will cease  to 
be thought singular1 that this fact of  
the absolute invisibility of  objects in
 a certain point of the field of view of
 each eye1 should be  one of which not  

one person in ten thousand is apprised1 
when we learn1  that it is not extremely
 uncommon to find persons who have for  
some  time been totally blind with one  
eye1 without being aware of the fact40  
,,only ,,one ,,object ,,can ,,be ,,seen 
,,at ,a ,,time4    ,look at the pattern 
of the paper-hanging of a room1 a       
picture1 or  almost any other object in 
it2 then1 without altering your         
position1  call to mind the magnificent 
dome of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral2 the    
pattern  of the paper-hanging1 or the   
subject of the picture1 though actually 
impressed on the retina of the eye1 will
 be momentarily lost sight of  by the   
mind2 and1 during the instant1 the      
recollected image of the dome  rising   
from the dingy roofs of ,london1 will be
 distinctly seen1 but in  indistinct    
colouring and outline4 ,when the object 
of the recollection  is answered1 the   
dome will quickly disappear1 and the    
paper-hanging  pattern1 or the picture1 
again resume the ascendancy4            

,,straight ,,objects ,,seen ,,crooked4  
,look through a series of vertical bars1
 as those of a palisade1 or of  a       
,venetian window-blind1 at the wheel of 
a carriage passing along the  street1   
and the spokes of the wheel1 instead of 
appearing straight1 as  they naturally  
would do1 if no bars intervened1 seem to
 be of a curved  form4 ,the velocity of 
the wheel must not be so great as to    
prevent the  eye from following the     
spokes as they revolve4    ,again1 when 
the disk of the wheel1 instead of being 
marked by a number  of radiant lines1   
has only one radius marked upon it1 it  
presents the  appearance1 when rolled   
behind the bars1 of a number of radii1  
each  having the curvature corresponding
 to its situation1 their number being   
the same as that of the bars through    
which you look at the wheel4 ,it  is1   
therefore1 evident that the several     
portions of one and the same  line1 seen
 through the intervals of the bars1 form
 on the retina of the  eye so many      

different radii4      ,,optical         
,,illusion4    ,shut one eye1 direct the
 other to any fixed point1 as the head  
of a  pin1 and you will indistinctly see
 all other objects4 ,suppose one  of    
these to be a strip of white paper1 or a
 pen lying upon a table  covered with a 
green cloth3 either of them will        
disappear altogether1  as if taken off  
the table2 for the impression of the    
green cloth will  entirely extend itself
 over that part of the retina which the 
image of  the pen occupied4 ,the        
vanished pen will1 however1 shortly     
re-appear1  and again vanish2 and the   
same effect will take place when both   
eyes  are open1 though not so readily as
 with one eye4      ,,pin-,,hole        
,,focus4    ,make a pin-hole in a card1 
which hold between a candle and a piece 
of  white paper1 in a dark room1 when an
 exact representation of the flame1  but
 inverted1 will be seen depicted upon   
the paper1 and be enlarged  as the paper
 is drawn from the hole2 and if1 in a   

dark room1 a white  screen or sheet of  
paper be extended at a few feet from a  
small round  hole1 an exact picture of  
all external objects1 of their natural  
colours and forms1 will be seen traced  
on the screen2 moving objects  being    
represented in motion1 and stationary   
ones at rest4      ,,optical            
,,deceptions4    ,prick a hole in a card
 with a needle2 place the same needle   
near the  eye1 in a line with the       
card-hole1 look by daylight at the end  
of the  needle1 and it will appear to be
 behind the card1 and reversed4         
,prick a hole with a pin in a black     
card1 place it very near the eye1  look 
through it at any small object1 and it  
will appear larger as it  is nearer the 
eye2 while1 if we observe it without the
 card1 it will  appear sensibly of the  
same magnitude at all parts of the room4
      ,,accuracy ,,of ,,sight4    ,rule 
a short line upon a slate1 and upon     
another slate rule another  line1       
one-eleventh longer than the first3 a   

person possessing what is  called 8a    
true eye10 may perceive the difference  
in length1 even though  fifty or sixty  
seconds elapse between looking at the   
first and the  second lines4 ,if they   
differ only one-twentieth1 then an      
interval of  thirty-five seconds may    
elapse without destroying the judgment2 
but1  if it be longer1 the estimate will
 be incorrect4 ,when the difference     
between the lines amounts only to       
one-fiftieth1 an interval of three      
seconds between the examination of each1
 is the longest that can be  allowed    
without interfering with the correctness
 of the comparison4      ,,visual       
,,deception4    ,let a room be only lit 
by the feeble gleam of a fire1 almost   
extinguished1 and the eye will see with 
difficulty the objects in the           
apartment1 from the small degree of     
light with which they happen to be      
illuminated4 ,the more exertion is made 
to ascertain what these objects  are1 as
 by fixing the eye more steadily upon   

them1 the greater will be  the          
difficulty in accomplishing it4 ,the eye
 will be painfully agitated1  the object
 will swell and contract1 and partly    
disappear1 but will  again become       
visible when the eye has recovered from 
its delirium4      ,,hand-,,writing     
,,upon ,,the ,,wall4    ,cut the word or
 words to be shown1 out of a thick card 
or pasteboard1  place it before a       
lighted lamp1 and the writing will be   
distinctly seen  upon the wall of the   
apartment4      ,,imitative ,,haloes4   
,look at a candle1 or any other luminous
 body1 through a plate of glass1        
covered with vapour1 or dust in a finely
 divided state1 and it will be          
surrounded with a ring of colours1 like 
a halo round the sun or moon4  ,these   
rings increase with the size of the     
particles which produce them2  and their
 brilliancy and number depend on the    
uniform size of these  particles4       
,or1 haloes may be imitated by          
crystallizing various salts upon thin   

plates of glass1 and looking through the
 plate at a candle or the sun4  ,for    
example1 spread a few drops of a strong 
solution of alum over a  plate of glass 
so as to crystallize quickly1 and cover 
it with a crust  scarcely visible to the
 eye4 ,then place the eye close behind  
the  smooth side of the glass plate1    
look through it at a candle1 and you    
will perceive three fine haloes at      
different distances1 encircling the     
flame4      ,,to ,,read ,a ,,coin ,,in  
,,the ,,dark4    ,by the following      
simple method1 the legend or inscription
 upon a coin  may be read in absolute   
darkness4 ,polish the surface of any    
silver coin  as highly as possible2     
touch the raised parts with aqua-fortis1
 so as  to make them rough1 taking care 
that the parts not raised retain their  
polish4 ,place the coin thus prepared   
upon red-hot iron1 remove it into  a    
dark room1 and the figure and           
inscription will become more luminous   
than the rest1 and may be distinctly    

seen and read by the spectator4 ,if  the
 lower parts of the coin be roughened   
with the acid1 and the raised  parts be 
polished1 the effect will be reversed1  
and the figure and  inscription will    
appear dark1 or black upon a light or   
white ground4    ,this experiment will  
be more surprising if made with an old  
coin1 from  which the figure and        
inscription have been obliterated2 for1 
when the  coin is placed upon the       
red-hot iron1 the figure and inscription
 may be  distinctly read upon a surface 
which had hitherto appeared blank4      
,this experiment may be made with small 
coins upon a heated poker1 a  flat iron1
 or a salamander4 ,the effect will be   
more perfect if the  red-hot iron be    
concealed from the eye of the spectator3
 this may be  done by placing upon the  
iron a piece of blackened tin1 with a   
hole cut  out1 the size of the coin to  
be heated4      ,,to ,,make ,a ,,prism4 
,provide two small pieces of            
window-glass and a lump of wax4 ,soften 

and  mould the wax1 stick the two pieces
 of glass upon it1 so that they  meet1  
as in the cut1 where w is the wax1 g and
 g the glasses  stuck to it1 7,fig4 #a47
 ,the end view 7,fig4 #b7 will show the 
angle1 a1  at which the pieces of glass 
meet2 into which angle put a drop of    
water4    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4      
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4    ,to use the 
instrument thus made1 make a small hole1
 or a narrow  horizontal slit1 so that  
you can see the sky through it1 when you
 stand  at some distance from it in the 
room4 ,or a piece of pasteboard placed  
in the upper part of the window-sash1   
with a slit cut in it1 will  serve the  
purpose of the hole in the shutter4 ,the
 slit should be about  one-tenth of an  
inch wide1 and an inch or two long1 with
 even edges4  ,then hold the prism in   
your hand1 place it close to your eye1  
and look  through the drop of water1    
when you will see a beautiful train of  
colours1 called a spectrum2 at one end  
red1 at the other violet1 and in  the   

middle yellowish green4                 
,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4    ,the annexed
 figure will better explain the         
direction in which to  look3 here1 e1 is
 the eye of the spectator1 p1 is the    
prism1  h1 the hole in the shutter or   
pasteboard1 s1 the spectrum4 ,by a      
little practice1 you will soon become   
accustomed to look in the right         
direction1 and will see the colours very
 bright and distinct4    ,by means of   
this simple contrivance1 white light may
 be analysed and  proved to consist of  
coloured rays1 and several of its       
properties be  beautifully illustrated4 
,,optical ,,augmentation4    ,take a    
glass rummer that is narrow at bottom   
and wide at top1 into  which put a      
half-sovereign1 and fill the glass      
three-fourths with  water2 place on it a
 piece of paper1 and then a plate1 and  
turn the  glass upside down quickly1    
that the water may not escape3 by       
looking  sideways at the glass1 you will
 perceive a sovereign at the bottom1 and

  higher up the half-sovereign1 floating
 near the surface4 ,fill the glass  with
 water1 and the large piece only will be
 visible4      ,,gold ,,fish ,,in ,a    
,,glass ,,globe4    ,a single gold fish 
in a globe vase1 is often mistaken for  
two fishes1  because it is seen as well 
by the light bent through the upper     
surface  of the water1 as by straight   
rays passing through the side of the    
vase4      ,,colours ,,produced ,,by    
,,the ,,unequal ,,action ,,of ,,light   
,,upon ,,the ,,eyes4    ,if we hold a   
slip of white paper vertically1 about a 
foot from the  eye1 and direct both eyes
 to an object at some distance beyond   
it1 so  as to see the slip of paper     
double1 then1 when a candle is brought  
near the right eye1 so as to act        
strongly upon it1 while the left  eye is
 protected from its light1 the left-hand
 slip of paper will be  of a tolerably  
bright green colour1 while the          
right-hand slip of  paper1 seen by the  
left eye1 will be of a red colour4 ,if  

the one image  overlaps the other1 the  
colour of the overlapping parts will be 
white1  arising from a mixture of the   
complementary red and green4 ,when equal
  candles are held equally near to each 
eye1 each of the images of the  slip of 
paper is white4 ,if1 when the paper is  
seen red and green by  holding the      
candle to the right eye1 we quickly take
 it to the left  eye1 we shall find that
 the left image of the slip of paper    
gradually  changes from green to red1   
and the right one from red to green1    
both of them having the same tint during
 the time that the change is  going on4 
,,optical ,,deception4    ,look steadily
 at a carpet having figures of one      
colour1 green1 for  example1 upon a     
ground of another colour1 suppose red1  
and you will  sometimes see the whole of
 the green pattern as if the red one    
were  obliterated2 and at other times1  
you will see the whole of the red       
pattern1 as if the green one were       
obliterated4 ,the former effect takes   

place when the eye is steadily fixed on 
the green part1 and the latter1  when it
 is steadily fixed on the red portion4  
,,coloured ,,shadows4    ,provide two   
lighted candles1 and place them upon a  
table before a  whitewashed or light    
papered wall3 hold before one of the    
candles a  piece of coloured glass1     
taking care to remove to a greater      
distance  the candle before which the   
coloured glass is not placed1 in order  
to  equalize the darkness of the two    
shadows4 ,if you use a piece of green   
glass1 one of the shadows will be green1
 and the other a fine red2 if  you use  
blue glass1 one of the shadows will be  
blue1 and the other a  pale yellow4     
,,colours ,,of ,,scratches4    ,an      
extremely fine scratch on a             
well-polished surface1 may be regarded  
as having a concave1 cylindrical1 or1 at
 least1 a curved surface1  capable of   
reflecting light in all directions2 this
 is evident1 for it  is visible in all  
directions4 ,hence1 a single scratch or 

furrow in a  surface1 may produce       
colours by the interference of the rays 
reflected  from its opposite edges4     
,examine a spider's thread in the       
sunshine1 and  it will gleam with vivid 
colours4 ,these may arise from a similar
 cause1  or from the thread itself1 as  
spun by the animal1 consisting of       
several  threads agglutinated together1 
and thus presenting1 not a cylindrical1 
but a furrowed surface4      ,,ocular   
,,spectra4    ,one of the most curious  
affections of the eye is that1 in virtue
 of  which it sees what are called      
ocular spectra1 or accidental colours4  
,if we place a red wafer on a sheet of  
white paper1 and1 closing one  eye1 keep
 the other directed for some time to the
 centre of the wafer1  then1 if we turn 
the same eye to another part of the     
paper1 we shall  see a green wafer1 the 
colour of which will continue to grow   
fainter  and fainter1 as we continue to 
look at it4    ,by using differently    
coloured wafers1 we obtain the following

 results3        ,,wafer4               
,,specimen4         ,black       ,white4
       ,white       ,black4       ,red  
,bluish ,green4       ,orange           
,blue4       ,yellow      ,indigo4      
,green       ,violet1 with a little     
,red4       ,blue        ,orange ,red4  
,indigo      ,orange ,yellow4           
,violet      ,bluish ,green4            
,,beautiful ,,colours ,,of              
,,mother-,,of-,,pearl4    ,this         
substance1 obtained from the shell of   
the pearl oyster1 is much  admired for  
the fine play of its colours4 ,to       
observe them accurately1  select a plate
 of regularly formed mother-of-pearl1   
with its surface  nearly parallel1 and  
grind this surface upon a hone1 or upon 
a plate  of glass1 with the powder of   
slate1 till the image of the candle1    
reflected from the surfaces1 is of a    
dull reddish white colour1  when it will
 glow with all the colours of the       
rainbow4 ,the colours  of               
mother-of-pearl may be communicated to  

soft black wax2 and to  clean surfaces  
of lead and tin by hard pressure1 or the
 blow of a  hammer4 ,or1 dissolve gum   
arabic1 or isinglass1 in water1 and     
allow  it to harden upon a surface of   
mother-of-pearl1 when it will take  a   
perfect impression from it1 and exhibit 
all the colours in the  finest manner4  
,or1 place the isinglass between two    
finely-polished  surfaces of            
mother-of-pearl1 and you may obtain a   
film of artificial  mother-of-pearl1    
which1 when seen by the light of a      
candle1 or by an  aperture in the       
window1 will shine with the brightest   
hues4      ,,white ,,letters ,,seen     
,,further ,,than ,,black4    ,paint the 
same letters of the same size precisely 
on two boards1 the  one white on a black
 ground1 and the other a black on a     
white ground2  the white letters will   
appear larger1 and be read at a greater 
distance  than the black4               
,,artificial ,,rainbow4    ,observe the 
various colours which are reflected from

 the glass drops  usually suspended from
 a lustre or chandelier1 and you will   
witness a  mimic rainbow4 ,a rainbow may
 also be made by a garden engine1 if the
  water be thrown high in the air1 and  
the spectator stand between it and  the 
sun4      ,,fringe ,,about ,a ,,candle4 
,provide two small pieces of plate      
glass1 moisten two of their sides  with 
water1 and put them together2 then look 
through them at a candle1  and you will 
perceive the flame surrounded with      
beautifully coloured  fringes3 these are
 the effect of moisture1 intermixed with
 portions of  air1 and exhibiting an    
appearance similar to dew4      ,,the   
,,double-,,coloured ,,reflection4       
,provide a circular piece of coloured   
glass1 and pierce its centre by  means  
of a common awl1 well moistened with oil
 of turpentine3 encircle  the glass with
 the fingers and thumb1 hold it in the  
sunshine or the  strong light of a lamp1
 and the following beautiful effects    
will be  produced4 ,if the glass be red1

 the luminous spot in the centre will be
  reflected green2 if the glass be      
green1 the spot will be red2 if blue1   
orange2 and if yellow1 indigo4          
,,luminous ,,cross4    ,place a lighted 
candle before a looking-glass1 and there
 will appear  a luminous cross radiating
 from the flame of the candle4 ,this is 
produced by the direction of the        
friction by which the glass is          
polished2 the scratches placed in a     
horizontal direction1 exhibiting  the   
perpendicular part of the cross1 and the
 vertical scratches the  horizontal     
part4      ,,rings ,,of ,,colours       
,,round ,a ,,candle4    ,look at a      
candle through a plate of glass1 upon   
which you have gently  breathed1 or over
 which are scattered particles of dust1 
or any fine  powder1 and you will       
perceive the flame surrounded with      
beautiful  rings of colours4 ,by using  
the seed of the lycopodium1 or by       
placing  a drop of blood diluted with   
water between two pieces of glass1 the  

rings of colour will be still more      
finely exhibited4 ,round the luminous   
body there will be seen a light area1   
terminating in a reddish dark  margin2  
this will be succeeded by a ring of     
bluish-green1 and then by  a red ring2  
these two last colours succeeding each  
other several times  when the particles 
are of uniform diameter1 as are the     
seeds of the  lycopodium1 each of which 
is but the #hejth part of an inch in    
diameter4      ,,simple ,,and ,,cheap   
,,opera-,,glass4    ,in this new        
instrument1 no tubes are necessary1 as  
in the ordinary  opera-glass2 their     
place being supplied by a slender       
elastic conical  spring of wire1 into   
the upper extremity of which is inserted
 the  eye-glass2 the object-glass being 
fixed to the other extremity1 as  shown 
in the engraving4 ,the two glasses must1
 of course1 be kept  parallel to each   
other when in use2 which is very easily 
effected4    ,illustration    ,in using 
this opera-glass1 rest the finger and   

thumb of one hand on  the rim of the    
object-glass1 ,b1 whilst1 with the thumb
 and finger of  the other hand you hold 
the rim of the eye-glass1 ,a4 ,the      
spring tube  may then be drawn out or   
shut up to very minute distances4 ,thus1
 the  ordinary sliding tubes are        
superseded2 nor is any external covering
  necessary1 as the hand in grasping the
 instrument serves the purpose4  ,if1   
however1 a covering be preferred1 a     
piece of silk may be sewn to  the       
spirals of the spring4    ,this kind of 
opera-glass may be made very cheaply2 it
 may be shut into  a small space for the
 pocket1 merely by pressing the         
object-glass and  eye-glass together4   
,,multiplying ,,theatres4    ,place two 
pieces of looking-glass1 one at each    
end1 parallel to one  another1 and      
looking over1 or by the edge of one of  
them1 the images of  any objects placed 
on the bottom of the box1 will appear   
continued to a  considerable distance4  
,or1 line each of the four sides of the 

box with looking-glass1 and the  bottom 
of the box will be multiplied to an     
astonishing extent1 there  being no     
other limitation to the number of images
 but what is owing to  the continued    
loss of light from reflection4 ,the top 
of the box may be  almost covered with  
thin canvas1 which will admit sufficient
 light to  render the exhibition very   
distinct4    ,the above experiments may 
be made very entertaining1 by placing on
 the  bottom of the box some toy1 as    
sentry soldiers1 c42 and1 if these be   
put in motion1 by wires attached to     
them1 or passing through the bottom  or 
side of the box1 it will afford a still 
more entertaining spectacle4  ,or the   
bottom of the box may be covered with   
moss1 shining pebbles1  flowers1 c42    
only1 in all cases1 the upright figures 
between the  pieces of looking-glass    
should be slender1 and not too numerous1
 else  they will obstruct the reflected 
light4    ,in a box with six1 eight1 or 
more sides1 lined with looking-glass1 as

  above1 the different objects in it    
will be multiplied to an almost         
indefinite extent4      ,,apparatus     
,,for ,,writing ,,in ,,the ,,dark4      
,in this ingenious contrivance1 ,a is a 
frame of wood1 into the back and  front 
of which are inserted two thin boards1  
the front one1 ,b1 reaching  about half 
the height of the frame1 and the back   
one being movable1 by  sliding in       
grooves1 for better fixing the paper to 
be written on1 ,c1 to  a roller at top1 
with a handle and ratchet working into a
 spring4    ,illustration    ,to use the
 apparatus1 the paper is to be fixed on 
the roller1 and a  strip of lead1 or    
other weight1 suspended from the bottom 
of the paper1  to keep it smooth3 then1 
by resting the right hand on the edge of
 the  board ,b1 and turning1 with the   
left hand1 the ratchet1 the distance of 
the lines may be regulated by the number
 of clicks caused by the spring  on the 
ratchet4 ,d1 is a foot to support the   
apparatus1 which1 however1  should be   

light enough to be held in the hand as a
 slate4      ,,portable ,,microscope4   
,illustration    ,this cheap and useful 
instrument consists of a handle of hard 
wood1  a1 which is screwed into a brass 
piece1 d1 having1 at its top1 a  ring1  
with screws on back and front1 into     
which are to be screwed two  cells with 
lenses of different foci4 ,there is also
 a projecting piece  formed on the side 
of the brass piece1 d1 in which is a    
hole to  receive the screwed end of a   
cylindrical rod of brass1 c4 ,upon this 
rod1 a springing slit socket1 e1 slides 
backwards and forwards1 and  is also    
capable of being turned round4 ,this    
socket has affixed to it1  on one side1 
a projecting part1 with a screwed cavity
 in it1 to receive  a short screwed     
tube1 with a small hole in its centre1  
made to fit the  steel stem of the      
spring forceps2 a corresponding hole    
being made at  the bottom of the screwed
 cavity1 where is lodged a piece of     
perforated  cork2 which1 being pressed  

upon by the action of the screw1 closes 
upon  the steel stem of the forceps1 and
 steadies them1 and the objects held  in
 them4 ,the stem of the forceps being   
removed from its place in the  short    
tube2 the handles and lenses1 and the   
rod1 c1 and the sliding  socket upon it1
 being unscrewed from its place in the  
handle2 they can  all three be packed in
 a black paper case1 which is only three
 and a  half inches long1 one inch      
broad1 and half an inch thick4    ,this 
microscope possesses three different    
magnifying powers1 namely1  those of two
 lenses separately1 and the two in      
combination4    ,microscopes of a still 
simpler nature are small globules of    
glass1  formed by smelting the ends of  
fine threads of glass in the flame of a 
candle2 and small globular microscopes  
of great magnifying power1 made  of     
hollow glass about the size of a small  
walnut1 may be purchased very  cheaply  
at the opticians'4      ,,the           
,,phenakistiscope1 ,,or ,,stroboscope4  

,this amusing instrument consists of a  
turning wheel1 upon which figures  are  
seen to walk1 jump1 pump water1 c4 ,the 
disc or wheel should be  of stout       
card-board1 upon which should be        
painted1 towards the edge1  figures in  
eight or ten postures4 ,thus1 if it is  
wished to represent  a man bowing1 the  
first position is a man standing        
upright2 in the  second1 his body has a 
slight inclination2 in the third1 still 
more2  and so on1 to the sixth position1
 where the body is most bent3 the four  
following1 represent the figure         
recovering its erect posture1 so that   
the fifth and seventh1 the fourth and   
eighth1 the third and ninth1 and  second
 and tenth figures1 have the same       
posture4 ,between each of the  figures  
on the wheel1 should be a slit1         
three-fourths of an inch long1  and     
one-fourth of an inch wide1 in a        
direction parallel with the radii  of   
the wheel1 and extending to an equal    
distance from the centre4    ,to work   

this instrument1 place the figured side 
of the wheel before  a looking-glass1   
and cause it to revolve upon its centre2
 then look  through the slits or        
apertures1 and you may observe1 in the  
glass1  the figures bowing continually1 
and with a rapidity proportionate  to   
the rate at which the wheel turns4 ,the 
illusion depends on the  circumstance1  
that the wheel between each aperture is 
covered1 while  the figure goes further4
 ,that the deception may be complete1 it
 is  necessary that every part of the   
figures not bowing shall be at an  equal
 distance from the centre of the wheel1 
and from the slits2 also  that the      
figures possess equal thickness and     
colour4      ,,to ,,look ,,at ,,the     
,,sun ,,without ,,injury4    ,provide a 
wine-glass filled with plain water1     
which will keep off the  heat so        
effectually1 that the brightest sun may 
be viewed some time  through it without 
any inconvenience4 ,if a little black   
ink be added  to the water1 the image of

 the sun will appear through it1 as     
white  as snow2 and when the ink is     
still more diluted1 the sun will be of a
  purple hue4      ,,brilliant ,,water  
,,mirror4    ,illustration    ,nearly   
fill a glass tumbler with water1 and    
hold it1 with your back  to the window1 
above the level of the eye1 as in the   
engraving4 ,then  look obliquely as in  
the direction ,e1 a1 c1 and you will see
 the  whole surface shining like        
burnished silver1 with a strong metallic
  reflection2 and any object1 as a      
spoon1 ,a ,c ,b1 immersed in the water1 
will have its immersed part ,c ,b1      
reflected on the surface1 as in a       
mirror1 but with a brilliancy far       
surpassing that which can be obtained   
from quicksilver1 or from the most      
highly-polished metals4      ,,optical  
,,illusion ,,under ,,water4    ,procure 
a large gallipot2 place on the bottom1  
next the side furthest  from you1 a     
sixpence1 and next to it1 but towards   
the centre1 a  shilling2 move to such a 

distance as will render the coins       
invisible2  then let another person pour
 water gently in1 and as it rises in the
  gallipot1 it will cause both the      
sixpence and shilling to be seen1       
without your approaching nearer to the  
gallipot1 or moving it towards  you4    
,,the ,,magic ,,wheels4    ,cut out two 
card-board cog-wheels of equal size2    
place them upon a  pin1 and whirl them  
round with equal velocity in opposite   
directions2  when1 instead of producing 
a hazy tint1 as one wheel would do1 or  
as  the two would if revolving in the   
same direction1 there will be an        
extraordinary appearance of a fixed     
wheel4 ,if the cogs be cut slantwise  on
 both wheels1 the spectral wheel1 as it 
may be called1 will exhibit  slanting   
cogs2 but if one of the wheels be       
turned1 so that the cogs  shall point in
 opposite directions1 then the spectral 
wheel will have  straight cogs4 ,if     
wheels with radii1 or arms1 be viewed   
when moving1  the deception will be     

similar2 and however fast the wheels may
 move1  provided it be with equal       
velocity1 the magic of a fixed wheel    
will be  presented4    ,or1 cut a       
card-board wheel with a certain number  
of teeth or cogs  at its edge2 a little 
nearer the centre1 cut a series of      
apertures  resembling the cogs in       
arrangement1 but not to the same number2
 and  still nearer the centre cut       
another series of apertures1 different  
in  number1 and varying from the former4
 ,fix this wheel upon another1 with  its
 face held two or three yards from an   
illuminated mirror2 spin it  round1 the 
cogs will disappear1 and a greyish belt1
 three inches broad1  will become       
visible2 but1 on looking at the glass   
through the moving  wheel1 appearances  
will entirely change2 one row of cogs1  
or apertures1  will appear fixed1 as if 
the wheel were not moving1 whilst the   
other  two will appear as if in motion2 
and1 by shifting the eye1 other and  new
 effects appear4    ,these amusing      

deceptions were first experimented by   
,mr4 ,faraday4 ,the  simple apparatus   
for their exhibition may be purchased1  
for a trifling  sum1 of any respectable 
optician4      ,,acoustic ,,rainbow4    
,a sounding-plate1 made of brass1 nine  
inches long1 and half a line in         
thickness1 covered with a layer of      
water1 may be employed to produce  a    
rainbow in a chamber which admits the   
sun4 ,on drawing a violin bow  strongly 
across the plate1 so as to produce the  
greatest possible  intensity of tone1   
numerous drops of water fly             
perpendicularly and  laterally upwards4 
,the size of the drops is smaller as the
 tone is  higher4 ,the inner and outer  
rainbows are very beautifully seen in   
these  ascending and descending drops1  
when the artificial shower is held      
opposite to the sun4 ,when the eyes are 
close to the falling drops1  each eye   
sees its appropriate rainbow2 and four  
rainbows are perceived  at the same     
time1 particularly if the floor of the  

room is of a dark  colour4 ,the         
experiment succeeds best1 if1 when a    
finger is placed under  the middle of   
the plate1 and both of the angular      
points at one side  are supported1 the  
tone is produced at a point of the      
opposite side1  a fourth of its length  
from one of its angles4 ,an abundant    
shower of  drops is thus obtained4      
,,transmission ,,of ,,sound4    ,suspend
 any sonorous body1 as a bell1 a glass1 
a silver spoon1 or  a tuning-fork1 from 
a double thread1 and put with the finger
 the  extremities of the thread1 one in 
each ear2 if the body be then struck1   
the apparent loudness and depth of the  
sound will be surprising4    ,again1 if 
you shut your ears altogether1 you will 
yet feel very  sensible of the          
impression of any sound conveyed through
 the mouth1 the  teeth1 or the head3 if 
you put one end of a small stick or rod 
in the  mouth1 and touch with the other 
extremity a watch lying on the table1   
the beatings will become quite audible1 

though the ears be actually  shut4 ,so1 
also1 if a log of wood be scratched at  
one end with a pin1  a person who       
applies his ear to the other end will   
hear the sound  distinctly4    ,fogs and
 falling rain1 but especially snow1     
powerfully obstruct the  free           
propagation of sound2 and the same      
effect is produced by a coating  of     
fresh-fallen snow on the ground1 though 
when glazed and hardened at  the surface
 by freezing1 it has no such influence4 
,over water1 or a surface of ice1 sound 
is propagated with remarkable  clearness
 and strength4 ,dr4 ,hutton relates1    
that on a quiet part of  the ,thames1   
near ,chelsea1 he could hear a person   
distinctly at #adj  feet distance1 while
 on the land the same could only be     
heard at #gf  feet4 ,lieutenant         
,forster1 in the third ,polar expedition
 of ,captain  ,parry1 held a            
conversation with a man across the      
harbour of ,port  ,bowen1 a distance of 
#ffif feet1 or about a mile and a       

quarter4 ,this1  however remarkable1    
falls short of what is related by ,dr4  
,young1 on the  authority of the ,rev4  
,w4 ,derham1 viz4 that1 at ,gibraltar1  
the voice  has been heard ten miles1    
perhaps1 across the strait4    ,the     
cannonade of a sea-fight between the    
,english and ,dutch1 in #afgb1  was     
heard across ,england as far as         
,shrewsbury1 and even in ,wales1 a      
distance of upwards of #bjj miles from  
the scene of action4    ,at ,carisbrook 
,castle1 in the ,isle of ,wight1 is a   
well #baj feet in  depth1 and twelve    
feet in diameter1 into which if a pin be
 dropped1 it  will be distinctly heard  
to strike the water4 ,the interior is   
lined  with very smooth masonry4        
,,progress ,,of ,,sound4    ,a stretched
 string1 as that of a piano-forte1 may  
be made to vibrate  not only from end to
 end1 but in aliquot parts1 the portions
 being  separated by points of rest     
which interrupted the progress of the   
sound4 ,this kind of effect may be shown

 by shaking a long piece of  cane in the
 air1 when there will be one1 two1 or   
three points of rest1  according to the 
mode of vibrating it4    ,an elastic    
surface has1 likewise1 some parts in    
motion and others at  rest2 and these   
parts may be made visibly distinct1 by  
strewing pieces  of bristle over them   
upon the sounding-board of an           
instrument4    ,when a bow is drawn     
across the strings of a violin1 the     
impulses  produced may be rendered      
evident by fixing a small steel bead    
upon the  bow2 when looked at by light  
or in sunshine1 the bead will seem to   
form  a series of dots during the       
passage of the bow4      ,,sound        
,,turning ,,corners4    ,take a common  
tuning-fork1 strike it1 and hold it1    
7when set in  vibration17 about three or
 four inches from the ear1 with the flat
 side  towards it1 when the sound will  
be distinctly heard2 let a strip of     
card1 somewhat longer than the flat of  
the tuning-fork1 be interposed  at about

 half an inch from the fork1 and the    
sound will be almost  entirely          
intercepted by it2 and1 if the card be  
alternately removed and  replaced in    
pretty quick succession1 alternations of
 sound and silence  will be produced2   
proving that sound is by no means       
propagated with so  much intensity round
 the edge of the card1 as straight      
forward4 ,indeed1  to be convinced of   
this fact1 you have only to listen to   
the sound of  a carriage turning a      
corner from the street in which you     
happen to  be1 into an adjoining one4   
,even where there is no obstacle in the 
way1 sounds are by no means equally     
audible in all directions from the      
sounding body2 as you may ascertain1 by 
holding a vibrating tuning-fork  or     
pitch-pipe near your ear1 and turning it
 quickly on its axis4      ,,to ,,tell  
,,the ,,distance ,,of ,,thunder4        
,count1 by means of a watch1 the number 
of seconds that elapse between  seeing  
the flash of lightning and hearing the  

report of the thunder2  allow somewhat  
more than five seconds for a mile1 and  
the distance may  be ascertained4 ,thus1
 say the number of seconds is           
#e7bj        ----         #d miles      
distant2    or the distance may be      
estimated by remarking the number of    
beats of  the pulse in the above        
interval2 provided1 of course1 that we  
know the  rate at which the pulse beats 
in a certain time4 ,in a ,french work1  
it  is stated that if the pulse beat six
 times1 the distance of the thunder     
will be about #cj1jjj feet1 or five     
miles and a half2 thus reckoning  #ejjj 
feet for each pulsation4    ,in a       
violent thunder-storm1 when the sound   
instantly succeeds the  flash1 the      
persons who witness the circumstance are
 in some danger2  when the interval is a
 quarter of a minute1 they are secure4  
,,hearing ,,by ,,the ,,touch4    ,if a  
deaf person merely place the tips of his
 finger-nails on the  window-shutters or
 door of a room in which instruments are

 playing1 he  may enjoy their concert of
 harmony4      ,,conversation ,,for     
,,the ,,deaf4    ,if two persons stop   
their ears closely1 they may converse   
with each  other by holding a long stick
 between their teeth1 or by resting     
their  teeth against them4 ,the person  
who speaks may rest the stick against   
his throat or his breast2 or he may rest
 the stick1 which he holds in  his      
teeth1 against a glass tumbler or china 
basin into which the other  speaks4 ,the
 sound may also be heard when a thread  
is held between the  teeth by both      
persons1 so as to be somewhat stretched4
      ,,glass ,,broken ,,by ,,the       
,,voice4    ,on vibrating bodies1 which 
present a large surface1 the effects of 
sounds are very surprising4 ,persons    
with a clear and powerful voice  have   
been known to break a drinking-glass1 by
 singing the proper  fundamental note of
 their voice close to it4               
,looking-glasses are also  said to have 
been broken by music1 the vibrations of 

the atoms of the  glass being so great  
as to strain them beyond the limits of  
their  cohesion4      ,,figures         
,,produced ,,by ,,sound4    ,stretch a  
sheet of wet paper over the mouth of a  
glass tumbler1 which  has a footstalk1  
and glue or paste the paper at the      
edges4 ,when the  paper is dry1 strew   
dry sand thinly upon its surface4 ,place
 the tumbler  on a table1 and hold      
immediately above it1 and parallel to   
the paper1  a plate of glass1 which you 
also strew with sand1 having previously 
rubbed the edges smooth with emery      
powder4 ,draw a violin bow along any    
part of the edges1 and as the sand upon 
the glass is made to vibrate1  it will  
form various figures1 which will be     
accurately imitated by the  sand upon   
the paper2 or1 if a violin or flute be  
played within a few  inches of the      
paper1 they will cause the sand upon its
 surface to form  regular lines and     
figures4      ,,transmitted ,,vibration4
    ,illustration    ,provide a long1   

flat glass ruler or rod1 as in the      
engraving1 and  cement it with mastic to
 the edge of a drinking-glass fixed into
 a  wooden stand2 support the other end 
of the rod very lightly on a  piece of  
cork1 and strew its upper surface with  
sand2 set the glass  in vibration by a  
bow1 at a point opposite where the rod  
meets it1  and the motions will be      
communicated to the rod without any     
change in  their direction4 ,if the     
apparatus be inverted1 and sand be      
strewed on  the under side of the rod1  
the figures will be seen to correspond  
with  those produced on the upper       
surface4      ,,double ,,vibration4     
,illustration    ,provide two discs of  
metal or glass1 precisely of the same   
dimensions1  and a glass or metal rod2  
cement the two discs at their centres to
  the two ends of the rod1 as in the    
engraving1 and strew their upper        
surfaces with sand4 ,cause one of the   
discs1 viz4 the upper one1 to  vibrate  
by a bow1 and its vibration will be     

exactly imitated by the  lower disc1 and
 the sand strewed over both will arrange
 itself in  precisely the same forms on 
both discs4 ,but if1 separately1 they do
 not  agree in their tones1 the figures 
on them will not correspond4            
,,champagne ,,and ,,sound4    ,pour     
sparkling champagne into a glass until  
it is half full1 when the  glass will   
lose its power of ringing by a stroke   
upon its edges1 and  will emit only a   
disagreeable and puffy sound4 ,nor will 
the glass ring  while the wine is brisk1
 and filled with air-bubbles2 but1 as   
the  effervescence subsides1 the sound  
will become clearer and clearer1  and   
when the air bubbles have entirely      
disappeared1 the glass will  ring as    
usual4 ,if a crumb of bread be thrown   
into the champagne1 and  effervescence  
be re-produced1 the glass will again    
cease to ring4 ,the  same experiment    
will also succeed with soda-water1      
ginger wine1 or any  other effervescing 
liquid4      ,,music ,,from ,,palisades4

    ,if a line of broad palisades1 set  
edgewise in a line directed from  the   
ear1 and at even distances from each    
other1 be struck at the end  nearest the
 auditor1 they will reflect the sound of
 the blow1 and  produce a succession of 
echoes3 these1 from the equal distance  
of the  palisades1 will reach the ear at
 equal intervals of time1 and will1     
therefore1 produce the effect of a      
number of impulses originating in  one  
point4 ,thus1 a musical note will be    
heard4      ,,theory ,,of ,,the ,,jew',s
 ,,harp4    ,if you cause the tongue of 
this little instrument to vibrate1 it   
will  produce a very low sound2 but1 if 
you place it before a cavity1 7as the   
mouth17 containing a column of air1     
which vibrates much faster1 but  in the 
proportion of any simple multiple1 it   
will then produce other  higher sounds1 
dependent upon the reciprocation of that
 portion of the  air4 ,now1 the bulk of 
air in the mouth can be altered in its  
form1  size1 and other circumstances1 so

 as to produce by reciprocation1 many   
different sounds2 and these are the     
sounds belonging to the ,jew's ,harp4   
,a proof of this fact has been given by 
,mr4 ,eulenstein1 who fitted into  a    
long metallic tube a piston1 which1     
being moved1 could be made to  lengthen 
or shorten the efficient column of air  
within at pleasure4 ,a  ,jew's ,harp was
 then so fixed that it could be made to 
vibrate before  the mouth of the tube1  
and it was found that the column of air 
produced  a series of sounds1 according 
as it was lengthened or shortened2 a    
sound being produced whenever the length
 of the column was such that  its       
vibrations were a multiple of those of  
the ,jew's ,harp4      ,,music ,,of     
,,the ,,snail4    ,place a garden-snail 
upon a pane of glass1 and in drawing    
itself along1  it will frequently       
produce sounds similar to those of      
musical glasses4      ,,to ,,tune ,a    
,,guitar ,,without ,,the ,,assistance   
,,of ,,the ,,ear4    ,make one string to

 sound1 and its vibrations will1 with   
much force1  be transferred to the next 
string3 this transference may be seen by
  placing a saddle of paper 7like an    
inverted v1 7 upon the  string1 at first
 in a state of rest4 ,when this string  
hears the  other1 the saddle will be    
shaken1 or fall off2 when both strings  
are in  harmony1 the paper will be very 
little1 or not at all1 shaken4          
,,music ,,from ,,glass ,,or ,,metal     
,,rods4    ,provide a straight rod of   
glass or metal2 strike it at the end in 
the  direction of its length1 or rub it 
lengthwise with a moistened finger1  and
 it will yield a musical sound1 which1  
unless its length be very  great1 will  
be of an extremely acute pitch2 much    
more so than in the  case of a column of
 air of the same length1 as in a flute4 
,the reason  of this is the greater     
velocity with which sound is propagated 
in  solids than in the air4 ,if the rod 
be metal1 the friction will be found  to
 succeed best when made with a bit of   

cloth1 sprinkled with powdered  resin2  
or1 if of glass1 the cloth or the finger
 may be moistened and  touched with some
 very fine sand or pumice powder4       
,generally speaking1 a fiddle-bow1 well 
resined1 is the readiest and  most      
convenient means of setting solid bodies
 in vibration4 ,to bring  out their     
gravest or fundamental tones1 the bow   
must be pressed hard  and drawn slowly2 
but1 for the higher harmonies1 a short1 
swift stroke1  with light pressure1 is  
most proper4      ,,the ,,tuning-,,fork 
,a ,,flute-,,player4    ,illustration   
,take a common tuning-fork1 and on one  
of its branches fasten with  sealing-wax
 a circular piece of card1 of the size  
of a small wafer1 or  sufficient nearly 
to cover the aperture of a pipe1 as the 
sliding of  the upper end of a flute    
with the mouth stopped3 it may be tuned 
in  unison with the loaded tuning-fork  
7a ,c fork71 by means of the moveable   
stopper or card1 or the fork may be     
loaded till the unison is perfect4      

,then set the fork in vibration by a    
blow on the unloaded branch1 and  hold  
the card closely over the mouth of the  
pipe1 as in the engraving1  when a note 
of surprising clearness and strength    
will be heard4 ,indeed1  a flute may be 
made to 8speak0 perfectly well1 by      
holding close to the  opening a         
vibrating tuning-fork1 while the        
fingering proper to the note  of the    
fork is at the same time performed4     
,,musical ,,bottles4    ,provide two    
glass bottles1 and tune them by pouring 
water into them1  so that each          
corresponds to the sound of a different 
tuning-fork4 ,then  apply both          
tuning-forks to the mouth of each bottle
 alternately1 when  that sound only will
 be heard1 in each case1 which is       
reciprocated by  the unisonant bottle1  
or1 in other words1 by that bottle which
 contains  a column of air susceptible  
of vibrating in unison with the fork4   
,,theory ,,of ,,whispering4             
,apartments of a circular or elliptical 

form are best calculated for  the       
exhibition of this phenomenon4 ,if a    
person stand near the wall1  with his   
face turned to it1 and whisper a few    
words1 they may be more  distinctly     
heard at nearly the opposite side of the
 apartment1 than if  the listener was   
situated nearer to the speaker4         
,,theory ,,of ,,the ,,voice4    ,provide
 a species of whistle1 common as a      
child's toy or a sportsman's  call1 in  
the form of a hollow cylinder1 about    
three-fourths of an inch  in diameter1  
closed at both ends by flat circular    
plates1 with holes in  their centres4   
,hold this toy between the teeth and    
lips2 blow through  it1 and you may     
produce sounds varying in pitch with the
 force with  which you blow4 ,if the air
 be cautiously graduated1 all the sounds
  within the compass of a double octave 
may be produced from it2 and1 if  great 
precaution be taken in the management of
 the wind1 tones even yet  graver may be
 brought out4 ,this simple instrument or

 toy1 has1 indeed1  the greatest        
resemblance to the larynx1 which is the 
organ of voice4    ,a speaking-machine  
has been invented in ,germany1 with     
which have been  distinctly pronounced  
the words1 mamma1 papa1 mother1 father1 
summer4 ,this instrument consists of a  
pair of bellows1 to which  is adapted a 
tube terminating in a bell1 the aperture
 of which is  regulated by the hand1 so 
as to produce the articulate sounds4    
,,sound ,,along ,a ,,wall4    ,whisper  
along the bare wall of an apartment1 and
 you will be heard much  further than in
 the middle of the room2 for the trough 
or angle between  the wall and the      
floor1 forms two sides of a square pipe 
which conveys  the sound4      ,,sounds 
,,more ,,audible ,,by ,,night ,,than    
,,by ,,day4    ,the experiment with the 
glass of champagne 7page #dj7 has been  
employed  by ,humboldt1 in explanation  
of the greater audibility of distant    
sounds by night than by day4 ,this he   
attributes to the uniformity of         

temperature in the atmosphere by night1 
when currents of air no longer  rise and
 disturb its equilibrium2 as the        
air-bubbles in the champagne  interfere 
with the vibration within the glass4    
,again1 the universal and  dead silence 
generally prevalent at night1 renders   
our auditory nerves  sensible to sounds 
which would otherwise escape them1 and  
which are  inaudible among the continual
 hum of noises which is always going on 
in  the day time4      ,,musical ,,echo4
    ,if a noise be made in a narrow     
passage1 or apartment of regular form1  
the echoes will be repeated at equal    
very small intervals1 and will  always  
impress the ear with a musical note4    
,this is1 doubtless1 one of  the means  
which blind persons have of judging of  
the size and shape of  any room they    
happen to be in4      ,,ventriloquism4  
,the main secret of this surprising art 
simply consists in first making  a      
strong and deep inspiration1 by which a 
considerable quantity of  air is        

introduced into the lungs1 to be        
afterwards acted upon by the  flexible  
powers of the larynx1 or cavity situated
 behind the tongue1  and the trachea1 or
 windpipe3 thus prepared1 the expiration
 should be  slow and gradual4 ,any      
person1 by practice1 can1 therefore1    
obtain more  or less expertness in this 
exercise2 in which1 though not          
apparently1  the voice is still modified
 by the mouth and tongue2 and it is in  
the  concealment of this aid1 that much 
of the perfection of ventriloquism      
lies4    ,but the distinctive character 
of ventriloquism consists in its        
imitations being performed by the voice 
seeming to come from the  stomach3 hence
 its name1 from venter1 the stomach1 and
 loquor1 to  speak4 ,although the voice 
does not actually come from that region1
  in order to enable the ventriloquist  
to utter sounds from the larynx  without
 moving the muscles of his face1 he     
strengthens them by a  powerful action  
of the abdominal muscles4 ,hence1 he    

speaks by means  of his stomach2        
although the throat is the real source  
from whence  the sound proceeds4 ,it    
should1 however1 be added1 that this    
speaking  distinctly1 without any       
movement of the lips at all1 is the     
highest  perfection of ventriloquism1   
and has but rarely been attained4 ,thus1
  ,,mm4 ,st4 ,gille and ,louis ,brabant1
 two celebrated ,french ventriloquists1 
appeared to be absolutely mute while    
exercising their art1 and no  change in 
their countenances could be discovered4 
,it has lately been shown1 that some    
ventriloquists have acquired by         
practice the power of exercising the    
veil of the palate in such a  manner1   
that1 by raising or depressing it1 they 
dilate or contract the  inner nostrils4 
,if they are closely contracted1 the    
sound produced is  weak1 dull1 and seems
 to be more or less distant2 if1 on the 
contrary1  these cavities are widely    
dilated1 the sound will be strengthened1
 the  voice become loud1 and apparently 

close to us4    ,another of the secrets 
of ventriloquism1 is the uncertainty    
with  respect to the direction of       
sounds4 ,thus1 if we place a man and a  
child  in the same angle of uncertainty1
 and the man speaks with the accent  of 
a child1 without any corresponding      
motion in his mouth or face1 we  shall  
necessarily believe that the voice comes
 from the child4 ,in this  case1 the    
belief is so strengthened by the        
imagination2 for if we were  directed to
 a statue1 as the source from which we  
were to expect sounds  to issue1 we     
should still be deceived1 and refer the 
sounds to the  lifeless stone or marble4
 ,this illusion will be greatly assisted
 by the  voice being totally different  
in tone and character from that of the  
man from whom it really comes4 ,thus1 we
 see how easy is the deception  when the
 sounds are required to proceed from any
 given object1 and are  such as they    
actually yield4    ,the ventriloquists  
of our time1 as ,m4 ,alexander and ,m4  

,fitz-,james1  have carried their art   
still further4 ,they have not only      
spoken by the  muscles of the throat and
 the abdomen1 without moving those of   
the  face1 but have so far overcome the 
uncertainty of sound1 as to become      
acquainted with modifications of        
distance1 obstruction1 and other        
causes1 so to imitate them with the     
greatest accuracy4 ,thus1 each of  these
 artists has succeeded in carrying on a 
dialogue2 and each1 in  his own single  
person and with his own single voice1   
has represented  a scene apparently with
 several actors4 ,these ventriloquists  
have  likewise possessed such power over
 their faces and figures1 that1 aided   
by rapid changes of dress1 their        
personal identity has scarcely been     
recognised among the range of           
personations4    ,vocal imitations are  
much less striking and ingenious than   
the feats  of ventriloquism4            
,extraordinary varieties of voice may be
 produced1 by  speaking with a more     

acute or grave pitch than usual1 and by 
different  contractions of the mouth4   
,thus may be imitated the grinding of   
cutlery  on a wheel1 the sawing of wood1
 the frying of a pancake1 the uncorking 
of a bottle1 and the gurgling noise in  
emptying its contents4    ,illustration 
,illustration3 ,,light  ,,heat4         
,illustration3 ,,light ,,and ,,heat4    
,,flashes ,,of ,,light ,,upon           
,,revolving ,,wheels4    ,,provide a    
circle of card-board1 six inches in     
diameter2 divide it  into sixteen parts1
 and paint them alternately red and     
black4 ,provide  a second circle or disc
 of the same size1 and paint on it1 in  
large  characters1 the words 8,at rest10
 on a white ground4 ,connect both discs 
with the simple apparatus for causing   
them to turn round1 used in the         
construction of a toy windmill4 ,next   
fill a basin with water1 and  provide a 
few small pieces of phosphuret of lime3 
darken the room1  hold the discs over   
the basin1 and turn them round2 let the 

phosphuret  of lime be put into the     
water1 and bubbles of light will rise to
 its  surface4 ,if they come up slowly1 
both discs will appear stationary       
during their turning round2 but when the
 bubbles come up quickly1 the  black and
 red spaces will exhibit a dancing      
motion1 and sometimes  two black spaces 
will seem joined into one1 to the       
exclusion of the  intervening red1 and  
vice vers3 the words on the second disc 
will  also cross each other in various  
directions1 when the flashes of  light  
interfere2 and1 in both cases1 confusion
 will be excited by an  impression being
 made on the retina1 before preceding   
impressions have  departed4             
,,decomposition ,,of ,,light4    ,sir   
,isaac ,newton first divided a white ray
 of light1 and found it to  consist of  
an assemblage of coloured rays1 which   
formed an image upon a  wall1 and in    
which were displayed the following      
colours3 red1 orange1  yellow1 green1   
blue1 indigo1 and violet4 ,sir ,isaac   

then showed that  these seven colours1  
when again put together or combined1    
recomposed  white light4 ,this may be   
proved by painting a card wheel in      
circles  with the above colours1 and    
whirling it rapidly upon a pin1 when it 
will appear white4    ,light may also be
 decomposed by the following beautiful  
experiment3  ,form a tube about ten     
inches long and one inch in diameter1 of
 paper1  one side of which is of a      
bright blue colour4 ,this may be done by
  wrapping the paper once round a       
cylinder of wood1 and securing the      
edges of the paper with paste4 ,the     
coloured side of the paper must be  the 
interior of the tube4 ,apply this tube  
to one eye1 the other being  closed1 and
 on looking at the ceiling1 a circular  
orange spot will be  seen1 which is the 
result of decomposition3 the white light
 from the  ceiling enters the tube1 the 
blue is retained1 and the red and yellow
  rays enter the eye1 and produce the   
impression of orange4      ,,solar      

,,refraction4    ,the theory of solar   
refraction may be beautifully           
illustrated as  follows3 ,put a shilling
 into a basin1 and pour some water on   
it1 when  the silver will be refracted  
through the medium2 and1 if the vessel  
be  filled1 you may withdraw to any     
distance from which the surface of the  
water will be visible1 and1 by the      
refraction from it1 you can still       
observe the shilling4                   
,,incantations4    ,dissolve crystals of
 nitrate of copper in spirit of wine2   
light the  solution1 and it will burn   
with a beautiful emerald-green flame3   
pieces of sponge soaked in this spirit1 
lighted and suspended by fine  wires1   
produce the lambent green flames now so 
common in incantation  scenes3 strips of
 flannel saturated with it1 and applied 
round copper  swords1 tridents1 c41     
produce1 when lighted1 the flaming      
swords and  fire-forks1 brandished by   
the demons in such scenes3 indeed1 the  
chief  consumption of nitrate of copper 

is for these purposes4      ,,to        
,,imitate ,,the ,,light ,,of ,,the      
,,sea4    ,it is well known1 that on    
dark1 stormy nights1 the sea emits a    
brilliant light1 the effect of which may
 be thus imitated4 ,scrape off  four    
drams of the substance of putrefying    
fish1 as whiting1 herring1  or mackerel1
 and put it into a white glass bottle1  
containing two  ounces of sea-water1 or 
of pure water with two drams of common  
salt  dissolved in it2 set the bottle in
 a dark place1 and in three days a  ring
 of light will be seen on the surface of
 the liquid1 and the whole1  if shaken1 
will become luminous1 and continue so   
for some time4 ,if it  be set in a warm 
place1 the light will be brighter2 if   
the liquid be  frozen1 the light will   
disappear1 but will re-appear on being  
thawed4    ,if more salt be added to the
 solution1 the light will disappear1 but
  instantly burst forth from absolute   
darkness by dilution with water4        
,lime-water1 common water1 beer1 acids1 

even very dilute alkaline  leys1 as     
pearl-ash or soda and water1 will       
permanently extinguish this  spontaneous
 light4      ,,instantaneous ,,lights4  
,the oxygenated1 or chlorate matches1   
are first dipped in melted  sulphur1 and
 then tipped with a paste made of       
chlorate of potass1  sulphur1 and sugar1
 mixed with gum-water1 and coloured with
 vermilion3  frankincense and camphor   
are sometimes mixed with the            
composition1 and  the wood of the match 
is pencil-cedar1 so that a fragrant     
odour is  diffused from the matches in  
burning4 ,to obtain light1 a match is   
very  lightly dipped in a bottle        
containing a little asbestos soaked in  
oil  of vitriol4    ,lucifers consist of
 chips of wood tipped with a paste of   
chlorate of  potass mixed with sulphuret
 of antimony1 starch1 and gum-water3    
when a  match is pinched between the    
folds of glass-paper1 and suddenly drawn
  out1 a light is instantly obtained4   
,prometheans consist of small rolls of  

waxed paper1 in one end of  which is a  
minute quantity of vitriol1 in a glass  
bulb1 sealed up1  and surrounded with   
chlorate of potass3 when the end thus   
prepared is  pressed so as to break the 
bulb1 the vitriol comes in contact with 
the  composition1 and produces light    
instantly4    ,for cigar-smokers1       
,prometheans are made with touch-paper2 
this ignites  from the composition1 and 
glows without flame1 like a slow match2 
and  as the wind will not extinguish it1
 a dry cigar may be readily lighted  at 
it4    ,lucifers and ,prometheans must  
be used with caution1 and should never  
be  carelessly left about3 by letting   
them fall upon a sanded floor1 and      
being accidentally trod upon1 they may  
take fire1 and thus do great  mischief4 
,,to ,,colour ,,the ,,flame ,,of ,a     
,,candle4    ,take a piece of           
packthread1 or cotton thread1 boil it in
 clean water to  free it from saline    
particles1 and dry it2 wet one end1 and 
take upon  it a little of either of the 

salts hereafter named1 in fine powder1  
or  strong solution4 ,then dip the      
wetted end of the thread into the cup of
  a burning wax candle1 and apply it to 
the exterior of the flame1 not  quite   
touching the luminous part1 but so as to
 be immersed in the cone  of invisible  
but intensely heated air which envelopes
 it4 ,immediately1  an irregular        
sputtering combustion of the wax on the 
thread will take  place1 and the        
invisible cone of heat will be rendered 
luminous1 with a  peculiarly coloured   
light1 according to the salt employed4  
,thus1 common salt will give a bright   
yellow2 muriate of potass will  give a  
beautiful pale violet2 muriate of lime  
will give a brick red2  muriate of      
strontia will give a magnificent        
crimson2 muriate of lithia  will give a 
red2 muriate of baryta will give a fine 
pale apple green2  muriate of copper    
will give a beautiful bluish green2 and 
green  copperas will give a white light4
      ,,to ,,divide ,,the ,,flame ,,of  

,a ,,candle4    ,provide about a foot   
square of brass or iron wire gauze1 of  
the  fineness of thirty meshes to the   
square inch3 lower the gauze upon the   
flame of a wax candle1 which will not   
rise through the meshes1 but in  its    
place will be the inflammable smoke of  
the flame2 apply to this a  piece of    
lighted paper1 and it will be kindled1  
and the candle will  burn with flame    
above and beneath the gauze4 ,in this   
case1 the gauze  so cools the flame1 as 
to extinguish it2 and upon this         
principle is  constructed the ,davy     
,safety ,lamp1 in which the light is    
surrounded with  wire-gauze4    ,to vary
 this experiment1 place a chip of       
camphor in the centre of a  piece of    
wire-gauze about a foot square1 and hold
 it over the flame of  a candle or lamp2
 when the vapour of the camphor will    
burn brightly  upon the lower surface of
 the gauze1 but cannot rise through it  
in  consequence of its cooling power4   
,thus1 the camphor lies upon the gauze  

in an uninflamed state1 though it is    
sufficiently heated to yield            
inflammable vapour to feed a flame      
beneath4      ,,cane ,,wick ,,lamp4     
,cut a piece of cane about one inch     
long3 set it upright in spirit of  wine1
 with a small portion just above the    
surface3 the spirit will then  rise     
through the tube of the cane1 which     
being lighted1 will burn as a  wick4    
,,camphor ,,and ,,platinum ,,lamp4      
,place a small piece of camphor1 or a   
few fragments1 upon the bottom  of a    
glass1 and lay upon the camphor a piece 
of coiled or pressed up  platinum wire1 
heated in the flame of a lamp2 when the 
platinum will  glow brilliantly as long 
as any camphor remains1 and frequently  
light  up into flame4      ,,platinum   
,,and ,,ether ,,lamp4    ,illustration  
,put into a small hyacinth-glass a      
teaspoonful of ether1 and suspend in    
it1 by wire1 a coil of fine platinum    
wire1 first heated in the flame of  a   
spirit-lamp2 the wire will then glow    

with a red heat1 and some of it  may    
become white hot2 in the latter case1   
flame will be produced by the  ether    
burning4      ,,floating ,,light4       
,cut a chip of camphor2 light it1 and   
set it on a basin of water1 when  it    
will continue to burn and float1 until  
it is consumed4      ,,substitute ,,for 
,a ,,wax ,,taper4    ,steep a loosely   
twisted cotton skein in a solution of   
nitre2 dry it1  and it will readily     
kindle by the sparks produced from the  
flint and  steel4 ,if1 however1 the     
cotton be further prepared by coating   
portions  of it1 at regular intervals1  
alternately with sulphur and white wax1 
and the sparks be struck upon the       
sulphur1 it will readily kindle1 and  as
 readily light the wax2 and the flame   
will endure long enough for  sealing a  
letter4      ,,phosphorescent ,,fish4   
,place a very stale fish in a dark room1
 and it will give out a  strong light1  
because of the numerous animalcul1 whose
 growth the  putrefaction has promoted4 

,,the ,,luminous ,,spectre4             
,phosphorus in its pure state should be 
very cautiously handled2 as1  unless    
used very moderately1 it will burn the  
skin4 ,by adding to it1  however1 six   
parts of olive oil1 it may be employed  
with perfect  safety4 ,if every part of 
the face1 except the eyes and mouth1    
which  should be kept shut while        
applying it1 be anointed with this      
mixture1  it will give the party a most 
frightful appearance in the dark4 ,the  
eyes and mouth will seem black1 and all 
the other parts of the face  will appear
 lighted with a sickly1 pale-bluish     
flame4      ,,light1 ,a ,,painter4      
,strain a piece of paper or linen upon a
 wooden frame1 and sponge it  over with 
a solution of nitrate of silver in      
water2 place it behind  a painting upon 
glass1 or a stained window-pane1 and the
 light1  traversing the painting or     
figures1 will produce a copy of it upon 
the prepared paper or linen2 those parts
 in which the rays were least           

intercepted being the shadows of the    
picture4      ,,effect ,,of ,,light     
,,upon ,,crystallization4    ,place a   
solution of nitre in a small basin of   
water1 in a room which  has the light   
admitted only through a small hole in   
the window-shutter2  crystals will then 
form most abundantly upon the side of   
the basin  exposed to the aperture      
through which the light enters2 and     
often the  whole mass of crystals will  
turn towards it4 ,this peculiar effect  
may  also be seen in the crystals in    
camphor glasses in druggists' windows1  
which are always most copious upon the  
side exposed to the light4      ,,effect
 ,,of ,,light ,,on ,,plants4    ,shut a 
plant up in a room into which light is  
only admitted through  a small hole in  
the window-shutter1 and set the plant   
out of the  direction of this light2 it 
will1 in a short time1 turn itself1 and 
even grow downwards1 that it may expose 
its leaves to the light4    ,if plants  
be kept in darkness1 they will soon     

become bleached2 then1 if  they be      
exposed to the sun for three1 four1 or  
five hours1 the leaves  and stalks will 
become as intensely green as if the     
plants had been  reared in the sun4     
,again1 if a lighted lamp be introduced 
into a dark  room1 wherein a plant has  
been shut up and bleached1 it will      
become  green1 and direct itself towards
 the lamp4 ,if such a plant be removed  
from the room1 exposed for some time to 
the sun1 and then returned to  darkness1
 it will no longer support the privation
 of light1 but will  fade and perish4   
,,instantaneous ,,light ,,upon ,,ice4   
,throw upon ice a small piece of        
potassium1 and it will burst into       
flame4 ,in one experiment1 the operator 
pressed the potassium on the ice  with a
 penknife1 when the whole length of the 
ice became ignited4      ,,white ,,light
 ,,from ,,zinc4    ,as a substance for  
light1 zinc is far superior to any of   
the metals4  ,the light which it yields 
on burning is as bright as that of the  

sun1  and as white1 so that the eye can 
scarcely endure it2 and the effect is   
much increased by the great quantity of 
silvery smoke which reflects  the fire1 
and thus widely increases the sphere of 
illumination4 ,zinc  may be used in thin
 sheets1 or in filings4      ,,brilliant
 ,,light ,,from ,,two ,,metals4    ,wrap
 a small piece of platinum in a piece of
 tin-foil of the same size1  and expose 
them upon charcoal to the action of the 
blow pipe2 when the  union of the two   
metals will be accompanied by a rapid   
whirling1 and by  a remarkably brilliant
 light4 ,if the globule thus melted be  
allowed to  drop into a basin of water1 
it will remain for some time red hot at 
the  bottom of it4      ,,brilliant     
,,light ,,from ,,steel4    ,pour into a 
watch-glass a little sulphuret of       
carbon1 and light it2  hold in the flame
 a brush of steel-wire1 and it will burn
 beautifully4  ,a watch-spring may also 
be burnt in it4      ,,lighted ,,tin4   
,place upon a piece of tinfoil a few    

powdered crystals of nitrate of  copper2
 moisten it with water2 fold up the foil
 gently1 and wrap it in  paper so as to 
keep out the air3 lay it upon a plate1  
and the tin will  soon inflame4         
,,light ,,from ,,gilt ,,buttons4        
,provide a new and highly-polished gilt 
button1 and hold it in a strong  light1 
closely but obliquely1 over a sheet of  
white paper1 when it  will present      
radiations exactly like the spokes of a 
carriage-wheel2  the radiations being   
sixteen in number1 and a little         
contracted in the  centre opposite the  
eye of the button1 and presenting       
altogether a  beautiful appearance4     
,,light ,,from ,a ,,flower4    ,hold a  
lighted candle to the flower of the     
fraxinella1 and it will  dart forth     
little flashes of light4 ,this beautiful
 appearance is caused  by the essential 
and inflammable oil contained in small  
vessels at the  extremities of the      
flower1 which vessels burn at the       
approach of any  inflamed body1 setting 

at liberty the essential oil1 as that   
contained  in orange-peel is discharged 
by pressure4      ,,light ,,from        
,,sugar4    ,simply break a bit of lump 
sugar between the fingers in the dark1  
and  light will be produced at the      
moment of fracture4    ,or1 if powdered 
loaf sugar be put into a spoon1 fused1  
and kindled in  the flame of a lamp1 it 
will exhibit a fine jet of flame4       
,,light ,,from ,,the ,,potato4    ,place
 a few potatoes in a dark cellar1 and   
when they become in a state  of         
putrefaction1 they will give out a vivid
 light sufficient to read  by4 ,a few   
years since1 an officer on guard at     
,strasbourg thought the  barracks were  
on fire1 in consequence of the light    
thus emitted from a  cellar full of     
putrefying potatoes4      ,,light ,,from
 ,,the ,,oyster4    ,open an oyster1    
retain the liquor in the lower or deep  
shell1 and if  viewed through a         
microscope1 it will be found to contain 
multitudes  of small oysters1 covered   

with shells1 and swimming nimbly about2 
one  hundred and twenty of which in a   
row would extend but one inch4 ,besides 
these young oysters1 the liquor contains
 a variety of animalcul1 and  myriads of
 three distinct species of worms1 which 
shine in the dark  like glow-worms4     
,sometimes their light resembles a      
bluish star about  the centre of the    
shell1 which will be beautifully        
luminous in a dark  room4      ,,light  
,,from ,,derbyshire ,,spar4    ,pound1  
coarsely1 some of the dark blue or the  
fetid variety of  ,derbyshire spar2 heat
 it in a dark room1 in a platinum spoon1
 over the  low flame of a spirit-lamp1  
and the spar will shine with a beautiful
  purple tint4    ,pounded swinestone1  
calcareous spar1 and powdered quartz1   
will also  give out light1 if strewn    
upon a fire-shovel which has been heated
  red-hot1 and has just ceased glowing4 
,a variety of fluor spar1 found in      
granite in ,siberia1 will shine in  the 
dark when warmed1 with a remarkably     

strong phosphorescent light1  increasing
 as the temperature is raised4 ,the     
light augments when the  spar is plunged
 into water2 and in boiling water1 the  
spar becomes so  luminous that the      
letters of a printed book can be seen in
 a dark room  near the glass containing 
it4    ,another variety of fluor spar1  
also found in ,siberia1 is of a pale    
violet colour1 and emits a white light  
merely by the heat of the hand2  and    
when put into boiling water1 it will    
give out a green light4      ,,light    
,,from ,,oyster-,,shells4    ,put       
oyster-shells into a common fire2 burn  
them for about half an hour2  then      
remove them into a dark room1 when many 
of the shells will exhibit  beautiful   
specimens of prismatic colours4         
,,rings ,,of ,,light ,,in ,,crystal4    
,this is one of the most striking of    
optical exhibitions1 and may be  thus   
simply produced4 ,provide a sheet of    
clear ice1 about an inch  thick1 frozen 
in still weather2 let the light fall    

through the ice upon  a pane of         
window-glass1 or a polished table1 and  
by placing a fragment  of plate-glass   
near the eye as a reflector1 the most   
beautiful rings of  light may be        
observed4      ,,to ,,strike ,,light    
,,with ,,cane4    ,strike a piece of    
rattan cane with a steel1 and it        
contains so much  silex1 or flint1 that 
it will exhibit sparks of light in the  
dark4      ,,cause ,,of ,,transparency4 
,moisten a piece of paper1 and it will  
appear more transparent than  when in   
its natural state2 the cause of which is
 as follows3 a piece  of dry paper has  
its pores obstructed with finely        
interwoven threads2  these are broken by
 the liquor1 which also fills the pores 
as so many  small tubes1 and permits the
 light to pass through it1 whereas the  
dry  threads had hitherto prevented its 
passage4      ,,transparency ,,of       
,,gold4    ,all bodies are more or less 
transparent4 ,thus1 though gold is one  
of  the densest metals1 yet1 if a piece 

of the thinnest gold-leaf be held  up to
 a candle1 the light will pass through  
it2 and1 that it passes  through the    
substance of the metal1 and not through 
cracks or holes  too small to be        
detected by the eye1 is evident from the
 colour of the  transmitted light1 which
 is green4      ,,tint ,,changed ,,by   
,,thickness4    ,provide a piece of     
plain and polished smalt-blue glass1    
such as  sugar-basins and finger glasses
 are made of4 ,it should be of unequal  
thickness4 ,look through this glass at a
 strong light1 as that from the  crack  
of a window-shutter1 in a darkened room1
 and1 at the thinnest  part1 the colour 
will be purely blue4 ,as the thickness  
increases1 a  purple tinge will come on1
 which will become more and more ruddy2 
and1  if the glass be very thick1 the   
colour will pass to a deep red4         
,,shadows ,,made ,,darker ,,by          
,,increased ,,light4    ,hold a finger  
between a candle and the wall1 and it   
will cast a  shadow of a certain        

darkness2 then place another candle in  
the same  line with the other from the  
wall1 and the shadow will appear doubly 
dark1 although there will be more light 
in the room than before4 ,then  separate
 the candles1 and place them so as to   
produce two shadows of  the finger1 one 
partly overlapping the other1 and that  
part will be of  double darkness1 as    
compared with the remainders4           
,,miniature ,,thunder ,,and ,,lightning4
    ,to imitate thunder1 provide a thin 
sheet of iron2 hold it by one  corner   
between the finger and thumb1 and allow 
it to hang freely by  its own weight4   
,then shake the hand horizontally1 so as
 to agitate the  corner in a direction  
at right angles to the surface of the   
sheet4  ,thus you may produce a great   
variety of sounds1 from the deep growl  
of  distant thunder to those loud claps 
which rattle in rapid succession        
immediately over our heads4 ,the same   
effect may be produced by sheets  of    
tinned iron1 or tin-plate1 and by thin  

plates of mica2 but the sound  is       
shorter and more acute4    ,partial     
flashes of lightning1 aurora borealis1  
c41 may be beautifully  imitated by     
taking in a spoon about a dram of the   
seeds of lycopodium1  and throwing them 
against a lighted candle1 all other     
light being  excluded from the room4    
,a similar effect may be produced1 by   
laying some powdered resin on a  piece  
of paper1 and fillipping it with the    
finger against the flame of  a candle4  
,,the ,,burning ,,glass4    ,if1 when   
the sun shines brightly1 a piece of     
paper be held in the  focus of the rays 
drawn by the burning-glass1 it will take
 fire4 ,this  experiment succeeds best  
with brown or any dark-coloured paper3  
for1  though the glass will collect an  
equal number of rays upon white as  upon
 coloured paper1 the white paper        
reflects the rays instead of  allowing  
them to enter it2 hence1 the white is   
not so soon burnt as  the coloured      
paper1 which absorbing more light than  

it reflects1 soon  becomes heated and   
takes fire4      ,,magic ,,of ,,heat4   
,melt a small quantity of the sulphate  
of potass and copper in a spoon  over a 
spirit-lamp2 it will be fused at a heat 
just below redness1  and produce a      
liquid of a dark green colour4 ,remove  
the spoon from the  flame1 when the     
liquid will become a solid of a         
brilliant emerald-green  colour1 and so 
remain till its heat sinks nearly to    
that of boiling  water1 when suddenly a 
commotion will take place throughout the
 mass1  beginning from the surface1 and 
each atom1 as if animated1 will start   
up and separate itself from the rest1   
till1 in a few moments1 the whole  will 
become a heap of powder4                
,,repulsion ,,by ,,heat4    ,provide two
 small pieces of glass2 sprinkle a      
minute portion of  sulphur upon one     
piece1 lay thin slips of wood around it1
 and place  upon it the other piece of  
glass4 ,move them slowly over the flame 
of  a lamp or candle1 and the sulphur   

will become sublimed1 and form grey     
nebulous patches1 which are very curious
 microscopic objects4 ,each  cluster    
consists of thousands of transparent    
globules1 imitating1 in  miniature1 the 
nebul which we see figured in treatises 
on astronomy4  ,by observing the largest
 particles1 we shall find them to be    
flattened  on one side4 ,being very     
transparent1 each of them acts the part 
of  a little lens1 and forms in its     
focus the image of a distant light1     
which can be perceived even in the      
smaller globules1 until it vanishes     
from minuteness4 ,if they are examined  
again after a certain number of  hours1 
the smaller globules will generally be  
found to have retained  their           
transparency1 while the larger ones will
 have become opaque1 in  consequence of 
the sulphur having undergone some       
internal spontaneous  change4 ,but the  
most remarkable circumstance attending  
this experiment  is1 that the globules  
are found adhering to the upper glass   

only2  the reason of which is1 that the 
upper glass is somewhat cooler than  the
 lower one2 by which means we see that  
the vapour of sulphur is  very          
powerfully repelled by heated glass4    
,the flattened form of the  particles is
 owing to the force with which they     
endeavour to recede  from the lower     
glass1 and their consequent pressure    
against the surface  of the upper one4  
,this experiment is considered by its   
originator1 ,mr4  ,h4 ,f4 ,talbot1 ,f4  
,r4 ,s41 to be a satisfactory argument  
in favour of the  repulsive power of    
heat4      ,,heat ,,passing ,,through   
,,glass4    ,the following experiment is
 also by ,mr4 ,talbot3--,heat a poker   
bright-red  hot1 and having opened a    
window1 apply the poker quickly very    
near  to the outside of a pane1 and the 
hand to the inside2 a strong heat  will 
be felt at the instant1 which will cease
 as soon as the poker is  withdrawn1 and
 may be again renewed1 and made to cease
 as quickly as  before4 ,now1 it is well

 known1 that if a piece of glass is so  
much  warmed as to convey the impression
 of heat to the hand1 it will retain    
some part of that heat for a minute or  
more2 but1 in this experiment1  the heat
 will vanish in a moment4 ,it will not1 
therefore1 be the heated  pane of glass 
that we shall feel1 but heat which has  
come through the  glass1 in a free or   
radiant state4      ,,metals ,,unequally
 ,,influenced ,,by ,,heat4    ,all      
metals do not conduct heat at the same  
rate1 as may be proved by  holding in   
the flame of a candle at the same time1 
a piece of silver  wire1 and a piece of 
platina wire1 when the silver wire will 
become too  hot to hold1 much sooner    
than the platina4 ,or1 cut a cone of    
each wire1  tip it with wax1 and place  
it upon a heated plate1 as 7a fire      
shovel17  when the wax will melt at     
different periods4      ,,spontaneous   
,,combustion4    ,mix a little chlorate 
of potass with spirit of wine in a      
strong saucer2  add a little sulphuric  

acid1 and an orange vapour will arise   
and burst  into flame4      ,,inequality
 ,,of ,,heat ,,in ,,fire-,,irons4       
,place before a brisk fire a set of     
polished fire-irons1 and besides  them a
 rough unpolished poker1 such as is used
 in a kitchen1 or instead  of a bright  
poker4 ,the polished irons will remain  
for a long time  without becoming warmer
 than the temperature of the room1      
because the  heat radiated from the fire
 is all reflected1 or thrown off1 by the
  polished surface of the irons1 and    
none of it is absorbed4 ,the rough      
poker will1 however1 become speedily    
hot1 so as not to be used without       
inconvenience4 ,hence1 the polish of    
fire-irons is not merely ornamental  but
 useful4      ,,expansion ,,of ,,metal  
,,by ,,heat4    ,provide an iron rod1   
and fit it exactly into a metal ring2   
heat the rod  red-hot1 and it will no   
longer enter the ring4    ,observe an   
iron gate on a warm day1 when it will   
shut with difficulty2  whereas1 it will 

shut loosely and easily on a cold day4  
,,evaporation ,,of ,a ,,metal4    ,rub a
 globule of mercury upon a silver spoon1
 and the two metals will  combine with a
 white appearance2 heat the spoon       
carefully in the flame  of a            
spirit-lamp1 when the mercury will      
volatilize and disappear1 and  the spoon
 may then be polished until it recovers 
its usual lustre3  if1 however1 the     
mercury be left for some time on the    
spoon1 the solid  texture of the silver 
will be destroyed throughout1 and then  
the silver  can only be recovered by    
heating it in a ladle4      ,a          
,,floating ,,mettle ,,on ,,fire4        
,throw a small piece of that marvellous 
substance1 potassium1 into a  basin of  
water1 and it will swim upon the        
surface1 and burn with a  beautiful     
light1 of a red colour mixed with       
violet4 ,when moderately  heated in the 
air1 potassium takes fire1 and burns    
with a red light4      ,,heat ,,and     
,,cold ,,from ,,flannel4    ,put a piece

 of ice into a basin1 which wrap up in  
many folds of  flannel1 and the ice may 
be preserved for some time by the       
fireside4      ,,ice ,,melted ,,by      
,,air4    ,if two pieces of ice be      
placed in a warm room1 one of them may  
be made  to melt much sooner than the   
other1 by blowing on it with a pair of  
bellows4      ,,to ,,hold ,a ,,hot      
,,tea-,,kettle ,,on ,,the ,,hand4    ,be
 sure that the bottom of the kettle is  
well covered with soot2 when  the water 
in it boils1 remove it from the fire1   
and place it upon the  palm of the hand2
 no inconvenience will be felt1 as the  
soot will  prevent the heat being       
transmitted1 from the water within and  
the  heated metal1 to the hand4         
,,incombustible ,,linen4    ,make a     
strong solution of borax in water1 and  
steep in it linen1  muslin1 or any      
article of clothing2 when dry1 they     
cannot easily be  inflamed4      ,,the  
,,burning ,,circle4    ,light a stick1  
and whirl it round with a rapid motion1 

when its burning  end will produce a    
complete circle of light1 although that 
end can only  be in one part of the     
circle at the same instant4 ,this is    
caused by the  duration of the          
impression of light upon the retina4    
,another example  is1 that during the   
twinkling of the eye we never lose sight
 of the  object we are viewing4         
,,water ,,of ,,different ,,temperatures 
,,in ,,the ,,same ,,vessel4    ,of heat 
and cold1 as of wit and madness1 it may 
be said that 8thin  partitions do their 
bounds divide40 ,thus1 paint one-half of
 the surface  of a tin-pot with a       
mixture of lamp-black and size1 and     
leave the other  half1 or side1 bright2 
fill the vessel with boiling water1 and 
by  dipping a thermometer1 or even the  
finger1 into it shortly after1 it  will 
be found to cool much more rapidly upon 
the blackened than upon  the bright side
 of the pot4      ,,warmth ,,of         
,,different ,,colours4    ,place upon   
the surface of snow1 as upon the        

window-sill1 in bright  daylight or     
sunshine1 pieces of cloth of the same   
size and quality1 but  of different     
colours1 black1 blue1 green1 yellow1 and
 white3 the black  cloth will soon melt 
the snow beneath it1 and sink downwards2
 next the  blue1 and then the green2 the
 yellow but slightly2 but the snow      
beneath  the white cloth will be as firm
 as at first4      ,,substitute ,,for   
,,fire4    ,put into a cup a lump of    
quick-lime1 fresh from the kiln1 pour   
water  upon it1 and the heat will be    
very great4 ,a pailful of quick-lime1   
if dipped in water1 and shut closely    
into a box constructed for the  purpose1
 will give out sufficient heat to warm a
 room1 even in very  cold weather4      
,illustration          ,illustration3   
,,gas  ,,steam4          ,illustration  
,,gas ,,and ,,steam4      ,,laughing    
,,gas4    ,,the above fanciful          
appellation has been given to nitrous   
oxide1 from  the very agreeable         
sensations excited by inhaling it4 ,in  

its pure state  it destroys animal life1
 but loses this noxious quality when    
inhaled1  because it becomes blended    
with the atmospheric air which it meets 
in  the lungs4 ,this gas is made by     
putting three or four drams of nitrate  
of ammonia1 in crystals1 into a small   
glass retort1 which being held  over a  
spirit lamp1 the crystals will melt1 and
 the gas be evolved4    ,having thus    
produced the gas1 it is to be passed    
into a large bladder  having a          
stop-cock2 and when you are desirous of 
exhibiting its  effects1 you cause the  
person who wishes to experience them1 to
 first  exhale the atmospheric air from 
the lungs1 and then quickly placing  the
 cock in his mouth1 you turn it1 and bid
 him inhale the gas4  ,immediately1 a   
sense of extraordinary cheerfulness1    
fanciful flights  of imagination1 an    
uncontrollable propensity to laughter1  
and a  consciousness of being capable of
 great muscular exertion1 supervene4    
,it does not operate in exactly the same

 manner on all persons2 but  in most    
cases the sensations are agreeable1 and 
have this important  difference from    
those produced by wine or spirituous    
liquors1 that they  are not succeeded by
 any depression of mind4      ,,the     
,,luminous ,,wand4    ,cover a long slip
 of wood1 half-way1 with sulphur1 by    
immersion while  in a melted state4     
,having prepared a jar of nitrous oxide 
gas1 as in  preceding experiments1 light
 the sulphur1 and plunge the wand into  
the  jar4 ,the gas will extinguish the  
flame4 ,withdraw the wand1 light it     
again1 and when the flame is very       
brilliant1 immerse it again in the  jar4
 ,it will this time burn with great     
splendour1 and of a beautiful  red      
colour4      ,,to ,,make ,,carbonic     
,,acid ,,gas4    ,put about an ounce of 
marble in small lumps1 into an eight    
ounce phial1  with about an equal       
quantity of water2 pour in a little     
muriatic acid1  and carbonic acid gas   
will be evolved4      ,,carbonic ,,acid 

,,gas ,,in ,,wine ,,or ,,beer ,,vessels4
    ,the apparently empty or upper part 
of vessels in which wine or beer  is    
working1 is filled with this deleterious
 gas2 for its great  weight prevents its
 ascent from the fermenting liquid4 ,a  
variety  of striking but simple         
experiments may be made with the gas in 
this condition4 ,lighted paper1 or a    
candle dipped into it1 will be          
immediately extinguished2 and the smoke 
remaining in the carbonic acid  gas will
 render its surface visible1 which may  
be thrown into waves  by agitation1 like
 water4 ,in consequence of the great    
weight of the  carbonic acid gas1 it may
 be taken from a vat of fermenting      
liquor1 in  a jug or bottle1 and in the 
latter1 if well corked1 it may be       
conveyed  to great distances2 or the gas
 may be drawn out of a vessel by a cock1
  like a liquid4      ,,to ,,extinguish 
,,flame ,,with ,,gas4    ,the effects   
produced by pouring carbonic acid gas   
from one vessel to  another1 have a very

 singular appearance3 if a lighted      
candle be placed  in a jar1 and the gas 
be poured upon it1 the flame will be    
extinguished  in a few seconds1 though  
the eye is incapable of distinguishing  
that  anything is poured out4           
,,effect ,,of ,,hydrogen ,,on ,,the     
,,voice4    ,make a hole through a wine 
cork of sufficient size to admit a      
smaller  cork2 through which make       
another hole1 and fix it into the larger
  one4 ,tie the corks thus fixed into   
the neck of a bullock's bladder1        
previously exhausted of air2 let a tube 
from a bottle generating  hydrogen pass 
very tightly through the aperture in the
 small cork1 and  the gas will distend  
and fill the bladder4 ,the instant it is
 full1  withdraw the inner cork1 and    
either prevent the escape of the gas by 
means of the thumb1 or cork it closely1 
till the operator is ready to  breathe  
the gas2 to do which1 he should put the 
open cork into his  mouth1 and take one 
inspiration1 when1 on immediately       

speaking1 his  voice will be remarkably 
shrill4 ,the effect will pass off in a  
few  seconds4      ,,magic ,,taper4     
,provide a piece of copper wire1 about  
ten inches long1 and fix at one  end of 
it a piece of wax taper3 take a pint    
bottle of hydrogen1 and  place the mouth
 downwards2 light the taper1 introduce  
it into the  bottle1 and the gas will   
take fire1 and burn slowly towards the  
mouth1  where it is in contact with the 
air4 ,if1 however1 the taper be passed  
up into the bottle1 it will be          
extinguished2 but1 on gently withdrawing
  it through the burning hydrogen1 the  
wick will be rekindled4 ,this may  be   
done several times in succession with   
the same portion of gas4      ,,the     
,,gas ,,candle4    ,provide a strong    
glass bottle which will contain about   
eight ounces1  or half a pint1 into     
which put a few pieces of zinc2 then mix
 half an  ounce of sulphuric acid with  
four ounces of water1 and pour it into  
the  bottle upon the zinc2 fit the mouth

 closely with a cork1 through which  put
 a metal tube which ends upward in a    
fine opening3 the mixture in  the bottle
 will soon effervesce1 and hydrogen gas 
will rise through the  tube4 ,when it   
has escaped for about a minute1 apply a 
lighted paper to  the tube1 and the gas 
will burn like a candle1 but with a pale
 flame4  ,its brightness may be         
increased to brilliance1 by sifting over
 it a  small quantity of magnesia4      
,illustration      ,,gas ,,bubbles4     
,provide a bladder1 fill it with        
hydrogen gas1 to be made as for the     
last experiment1 and fit the end of a   
tobacco-pipe closely into the  bladder2 
dip the bowl of the pipe into soap and  
water1 and1 by  pressing the bladder1   
soap-bubbles will be formed1 filled with
 hydrogen  gas2 which bubbles1 or       
balloons1 will rise in the air1 and keep
 there  for some time4                  
,,gas-,,light ,,in ,,the ,,day-,,time4  
,light a stream of hydrogen gas1 and it 
will be scarcely visible in the         

day-light2 but place in it a small coil 
of platinum wire1 or project  a little  
oxide of zinc through the flame1 and it 
will become very  luminous4             
,,miniature ,,balloons4    ,one of the  
simplest and most beautiful experiments 
in arostation1 is  to take a turkey's   
maw1 or stomach1 properly prepared1 and 
to fill it  either with pure hydrogen   
gas1 or the carburetted hydrogen        
produced  from coal4 ,if the balloon be 
then allowed to escape in the open air1 
it  will ascend rapidly in the          
atmosphere3 but the best method of      
showing  the experiment1 is to let the  
balloon off a high staircase1 and       
observe  it ascend to the cupola or     
light1 where it will remain near the    
highest  point till the escape of the   
gas allow it to descend4 ,the prepared  
maw  for this balloon may be purchased  
of any optician4      ,,miniature       
,,gas-,,lighting4    ,bicarburetted     
hydrogen is the principal constituent of
 the gas burned  in the streets3 it is  

procured from coal1 and the process may 
readily  be performed on a small scale4 
,put about two ounces of pounded coal   
into an earthen retort1 and fix a glass 
tube into the neck1 terminating  in an  
aperture of one-fifth of an inch in     
diameter2 heat the retort  red-hot1 and 
apply the flame of a taper to the       
orifice of the tube1  when the gas will 
burn with a bright white light1 very    
different from  that afforded by the    
combustion of hydrogen2 a circumstance  
owing  to the presence of particles of  
carbon in the carburet1 which being     
intensely ignited1 are highly luminous4 
,it is no less strange than true1 that  
bicarburetted hydrogen1 the  substance  
which we so largely consume to          
illuminate our towns1 is ether  when    
united to water in one proportion1 and  
spirit when combined with  it in        
another2 a fluid which constitutes the  
strength of all wines1  beer1 and       
fermented liquors4      ,,musical ,,gas4
    ,illustration    ,into a half-pint  

glass bottle1 put some zinc1 granulated 
by being  melted in a ladle1 and then   
poured gradually into water4 ,add some  
sulphuric acid1 diluted with eight parts
 by weight of water4 ,then pass  a glass
 tube with a capillary bore1 through a  
cork1 which you have  previously made to
 closely fit the bottle1 and cork the   
bottle well4  ,in a short time1 the     
atmospheric air will be expelled1 and   
hydrogen  gas will rise through the     
tube2 you then apply a light1 and the   
gas  will become ignited4 ,if you now   
hold another glass tube1 about eighteen 
or twenty inches long over the flame    
sufficiently wide to enclose the  other 
tube very loosely 7see engraving71 the  
little speck of flame  will sport along 
the larger tube1 and musical sounds will
 be produced1  which may be varied by   
using other tubes of different          
dimensions1 and  made of different      
materials2 the wide tubes forming the   
lower1 and the  narrow tubes the upper  
notes4      ,,miniature ,,will          

,o'-,,the-,,wisp4    ,put a small piece 
or two of the phosphuret of lime into a 
saucer of  water1 when bubbles of       
phosphuretted hydrogen gas will rise to 
the  surface1 explode into flame1 and   
cause a white smoke2 representing1 on  a
 small scale1 the ignis fatuus1 or will 
o'-the-wisp1 as seen over  marshy       
ground1 or stagnant pools of water4     
,,phosphoric ,,illumination4    ,a light
 so brilliant that the eye can scarcely 
bear to contemplate it1  is produced by 
the immersion of phosphorus in oxygen   
gas4 ,to perform  this experiment1 you  
place a piece of phosphorus in a copper 
cup1 of  the circumference of a         
sixpence1 which is fastened to a thick  
piece of  iron wire1 attached to a cork 
which fits a bottle 7as in the foregoing
  experiment7 filled with oxygen gas4   
,set fire to the phosphorous1 and       
quickly plunge it into the bottle2 when 
the splendour of the combustion  will be
 surpassingly beautiful4    ,it is      
necessary to observe1 that the heat is  

so excessive1 that if the  piece of     
phosphorous in this experiment be larger
 than a small pea1  there will be great 
danger of breaking the bottle4          
,,combustion ,,of ,,iron ,,in ,,oxygen  
,,gas4    ,twist a piece of fine iron   
wire1 such as is used by piano-forte    
makers1  round a cylindrically-shaped   
piece of wood or metal1 which will give 
it a spiral form2 or a broken           
watch-spring1 which may be bought for a 
trifle of the watch-makers1 will answer 
the same purpose4 ,fasten round  one end
 of it some waxed cotton thread or      
twine1 and attach the other  end to a   
cork1 which fits a glass jar or bottle1 
that will hold a  quart1 filled with    
oxygen gas4 ,having made the wire       
red-hot by setting  light to the thread1
 plunge it into the bottle4 ,do not cork
 the  bottle1 but let the cork merely   
lay on the mouth1 and to prevent its    
being burned1 a small a piece of lead   
should be fastened to the bottom  of it4
 ,the iron will instantly begin to burn 

with great brilliancy1  throwing out    
luminous scintillations4    ,to prevent 
the bottle from being broken by the     
sparks1 a small quantity  of sand should
 be previously poured into it4          
,,glow-,,worm ,,in ,,oxygen ,,gas4      
,if a glow-worm be placed in a jar of   
oxygen gas1 in a dark room1 it  will    
shine with a far surpassing brilliancy  
to that which it exhibits  in           
atmospheric air4      ,,luminous        
,,charcoal4    ,attach a small piece of 
charcoal to the end of a copper-wire2   
make it  red-hot1 and immerse it in a   
jar of oxygen gas4 ,the charcoal will   
burn  with great brilliance1 throwing   
out splendid scintillations4 ,the bark  
of the wood converted into charcoal must
 be selected1 otherwise there  will be  
no scintillations4      ,,brilliant     
,,combustion ,,in ,,oxygen4    ,place in
 a bottle of oxygen gas a lighted taper1
 and it will burn with  a flame of      
increased brilliancy4    ,extinguish the
 taper immediately2 put it into the same

 or another  bottle of oxygen1 and it   
will be again lighted provided a spark  
remain  on the wick4    ,bend a piece of
 iron wire in a spiral form1 and tie on 
to one end some  cotton or flax2        
sprinkle some flour of sulphur on it1   
set it on fire1  dip it into a bottle of
 oxygen gas1 and beautiful corruscations
 will be  thrown off the wire4          
,,flame ,,from ,,cold ,,metals4         
,provide a bottle of the gas chlorine1  
which may be purchased of  any operative
 chemist1 and with it you may exhibit   
some brilliant  experiments4    ,for    
example1 reduce a small piece of the    
metal antimony to a very fine  power in 
a mortar2 place some of this on a bent  
card1 then loosen the  stopper of the   
bottle of chlorine1 and throw in the    
antimony1 it will  take fire            
spontaneously1 and burn with much       
splendour2 thus exhibiting  a cold metal
 spontaneously bursting into flame4     
,if1 however1 a lump of antimony be     
dropped into the chlorine1 there  will  

be no spontaneous combustion1 nor       
immediate change3 but1 in the  course of
 time1 the antimony will become         
incrusted with a white  powder1 and no  
chlorine will be found in the bottle4   
,or1 provide copper in fine leaves1     
known as 8,dutch metal20 slightly       
breathe on one end of a glass rod1 about
 ten inches long1 and cause  one or two 
leaves of the metal to adhere to the    
damp end2 then open  a bottle of        
chlorine1 quickly plunge in the leaves1 
when they will  instantly take fire1 and
 burn with a fine red light1 leaving in 
the  bottle a greenish-yellow solid     
substance4    ,a small lump of copper1  
or 8,dutch metal10 will not burn as     
above1 but  will be slowly acted upon1  
like the antimony4    ,immerse gold leaf
 in a jar of chlorine gas1 and          
combustion with a  beautiful green flame
 will take place4      ,,phosphorus ,,in
 ,,chlorine4    ,put into a deflagrating
 spoon about four grains of phosphorus1 
and let  it down into a bottle of       

chlorine1 when the phosphorus will      
ignite  instantaneously4    ,or1 fold a 
slip of blotting-paper into a match five
 inches long2 dip  it into oil of       
turpentine1 drain it an instant1 drop it
 into another  bottle of chlorine1 when 
it will burst into a flame1 and deposit 
much  carbon4      ,,caoutchouc         
,,balloons4    ,put a little ether into 
a bottle of caoutchouc1 close it        
tightly1 soak  it in hot water1 and it  
will become inflated to a considerable  
size4  ,these globes may be made so thin
 as to be transparent4    ,a piece of   
caoutchouc1 the size of a walnut1 has   
thus been extended to  a ball fifteen   
inches in diameter2 and a few years     
since1 a caoutchouc  balloon1 thus made1
 escaped from ,philadelphia1 and was    
found #acj miles  from that city4       
,,to ,,increase ,,the ,,light ,,of      
,,coal ,,gas4    ,lay a piece of        
wire-gauze upon the glass chimney of a  
common argand gas  burner1 when the     
flame will be enlarged to twice its     

former dimensions1  and its light fully 
doubled4 ,if the experiment be made with
 a common  argand oil-lamp1 the flame   
will be often enlarged1 but so          
discoloured  as to yield less light4    
,,gas ,,from ,,indian ,,rubber4    ,put 
caoutchoucine1 or the spirit distilled  
from caoutchouc1 or ,indian  rubber1    
into a phial1 little more than          
sufficient to cover the bottom1  and the
 remainder of the phial will be filled  
with a heavy vapour2 pour  this off the 
spirit into another phial1 apply to it a
 piece of lighted  paper1 and the vapour
 will burn with a brilliant flame4      
,,ether ,,gas4    ,let fall a few drops 
of ether into a large drinking-glass1   
and cover  it with a plate for a few    
minutes2 during this time the glass will
 be  filled with vapour from the ether1 
so that1 on removing the plate1  and    
applying a piece of lighted paper at the
 mouth of the glass1 the  invisible     
vapour will take fire2 thus proving how 
readily a volatile  fluid1 such as      

ether1 combines with the air4           
,,magic ,,vapour4    ,provide a glass   
tube1 about three feet long and half an 
inch in  diameter1 nearly fill it with  
water1 upon the surface of which pour a 
little coloured ether2 then close the   
open end of the tube carefully  with the
 palm of the hand1 invert it in a basin 
of water1 and rest  the tube against the
 wall3 the ether will rise through the  
water to  the upper end of the tube2    
pour a little hot water over the tube1  
and  it will soon cause the ether to    
boil within1 and its vapour may thus  be
 made to drive nearly all the water out 
of the tube into the basin2  if1        
however1 you then cool the tube by      
pouring cold water over it1 the         
vaporized ether will again become a     
liquid1 and float upon the water as     
before4      ,,gas ,,from ,,the ,,union 
,,of ,,metals4    ,nearly fill a        
wine-glass with diluted sulphuric acid1 
and place in it a  wire of silver and   
another of zinc1 taking care that they  

do not touch  each other2 when the zinc 
will be changed by the acid1 but the    
silver  will remain inert4 ,but1 cause  
the upper ends of the wires to touch    
each  other1 and a stream of gas will   
issue from them4      ,,invisible       
,,gases ,,made ,,visible4    ,pour a    
little sulphuric acid upon some common  
salt in a saucer4 ,into  another saucer 
put a mixture of about two parts of     
quick-lime and one  of sal ammoniac1    
both in powder1 adding to these a very  
small quantity  of boiling water4 ,each 
saucer apart will yield an invisible    
gas3 but  the moment they are brought   
closely together1 very visible vapours  
will  be the result4      ,,light       
,,under ,,water4    ,put into an eau de 
,cologne bottle two drams of chlorate of
 potass1  and upon that salt about a    
dozen chips of phosphorous1 and fill up 
the bottle with cold water3 provide a   
glass tube which will reach to  the     
potass1 through which pour              
half-an-ounce1 by measure1 of strong    

sulphuric acid1 when a gas will         
instantly rise1 give to the liquid a    
deep yellow colour1 and inflame the     
phosphorous in a striking manner4       
,,gaseous ,,evanescence4    ,add a      
tea-spoonful of fuming nitric acid to   
two tea-spoonfuls of spirit  of wine1 in
 a cup1 and the liquids will presently  
disappear in the form  of vapour4       
,,violet-,,coloured ,,gas4    ,put three
 or four grains of iodine into a small  
clean ,florence oil  flask1 and close it
 with a cork4 ,warm the flask gently    
over a candle1  or before the fire1 and 
the iodine will become converted into a 
beautiful violet-coloured vapour1 which 
condenses again into brilliant  metallic
 crystals1 when the flask is suffered to
 become cold4 ,the  experiment may be   
repeated with the same flask for any    
number of times4    ,or1 upon a small   
sheet of any metal1 place a few grains  
of iodine1 and  add a chip of dry       
phosphorous2 when the latter will       
inflame1 and the  iodine pass off in a  

violet vapour4      ,,to ,,collect      
,,gases4    ,provide a moistened        
bladder1 tie a piece of tobacco-pipe    
firmly into  its neck1 twisting it so as
 to expel the common air4 ,this may be  
fitted  to any vessel by means of the   
pipe1 which may be fixed in the cork  of
 a bottle containing gas1 and closely   
luted with putty or clay1 or  powdered  
lime and white of egg4      ,,the       
,,deflagrating ,,spoon4    ,to introduce
 substances into gases1 a deflagrating  
spoon is required4  ,it may be bought   
for half-a-crown2 but an instrument     
equally useful  may be made as follows3 
cut a piece of sheet copper somewhat    
larger  than a sixpence1 and bend it    
into a shallow1 cup-like form2 twist    
four  fine brass wires1 each nine inches
 long1 tightly together1 leaving an     
inch at the extremities1 which must be  
spread to hold the copper1 as  the      
strings or chains of a balance support  
the scale-pan4 ,to complete  it1 take a 
piece of sheet-lead1 the size of a      

penny-piece2 make a hole  through the   
centre large enough to admit the twisted
 wires1 but1 at the  same time1         
retaining them firmly in their position3
 then1 if the wires  will not rest in   
the lead by adhesion1 the hole may be   
enlarged1 the  wire put in1 and secured 
by a piece of solder4 ,the spoon being  
then let  down through the mouth of a   
bottle1 the circular piece of lead rests
  upon and stops the mouth4      ,,what 
,,is ,,steam8    ,invert a glass goblet 
over a cup of hot water1 when the vapour
 or steam  will be seen to rise in it1  
to condense upon the cold glass1 and    
then  to run down its inside2 thus      
showing that steam is vaporized water1  
and  will1 when the heat is abstracted  
from it1 become water again4      ,,the 
,,steam-,,engine ,,simplified4    ,the  
steam-engine is much more intelligible  
than its name first  suggests4 ,that    
part by which the machinery is set in   
motion1 may be  compared to a syringe1  
or squirt1 the rod of which is driven up

 and  down by steam admitted above and  
below1 one end of the rod being         
connected with the machinery to be      
worked4 ,thus1 the piston is made to    
turn the wheels of a railway carriage1  
or the paddles of a steam-boat4    ,the 
elastic force of the steam1 or vapour1  
by which the rod is driven  up and down1
 may be explained by this simple        
experiment4 ,provide a test  tube1 put  
into it a little water1 hold the thumb  
over the mouth1 and  cause the water to 
boil by holding it over a spirit-lamp4  
,there will  soon be felt a pressure    
against the thumb2 when1 if the tube be 
dipped  into cold water1 the thumb being
 still held at the end1 a kind of       
suction will be felt against it4 ,now1  
the tube resembles the cylinder  of the 
steam-engine1 in which the piston moves 
up and down2 to imitate  which1 wrap a  
little tow about the end of a piece of  
stick1 grease it  with tallow1 and fit  
it moderately tight into the tube2 when 
the water  is made to boil1 the stick   

will be raised1 and when the end is     
dipped  into cold water1 the stick will 
fall as the piston rises and falls in   
the cylinder4      ,,to ,,boil ,,water  
,,by ,,steam4    ,nearly fill a retort  
with water1 and boil it over a lamp2    
then immerse  the beak into a tumbler of
 cold water1 and the disengaged steam   
will  raise the water to the boiling    
temperature1 though it be at a distance 
from the source of heat4                
,,distillation ,,in ,,miniature4        
,fill a kettle with water1 and set it on
 the fire2 fix a long metal tube  to the
 spout1 and as soon as the water boils1 
the steam will pass into  the tube1 and 
being condensed into water1 will drip at
 the other end  of the tube1 which      
corresponds with the worm in the still2 
it soon1  however1 becomes as hot as the
 water1 and then the condensation will  
cease3 but1 were the tube passed through
 cold water1 as is the worm of  the     
still in a tub1 the whole water in the  
kettle might be boiled away1  but       

reproduced in the tube1 and collected   
from it without the loss of  a drop4    
,this simple process resembles          
distillation1 and the kettle and  tube  
the still4      ,,candle ,,or ,,fire    
,,crackers4    ,provide a number of     
little glass bulbs1 put into each a drop
 of water1  and seal it up2 if it be    
then put into the flame of a candle1 or 
the  fire1 the heat will soon convert   
the water into steam1 and cause the     
bulb to burst with a loud report4       
,,steam ,,from ,,the ,,kettle4          
,observe attentively the steam that     
escapes from the spout of a  tea-kettle1
 at the moment the water begins to boil1
 and you will  perceive the steam to be 
condensed in minute drops on the        
interior  edges of the spout4 ,a few    
moments afterwards1 provided the water  
continue to boil1 the spout of the      
kettle will become perfectly dry2  and1 
at the same time1 close to it1 there    
will be a certain space1 say  from      
one-half to three-fourths of an inch1   

throughout which not a  particle of     
steam will be perceptible4 ,this may be 
easily explained4  ,when the water in   
the kettle begins to boil1 the spout    
being cooler  than the steam issuing    
from it1 a portion of that steam is     
condensed4  ,as more steam escapes1 the 
metal soon becomes as hot as the steam1 
will no longer condense it1 and the     
spout becomes dry4 ,by this time  the   
steam will displace the air immediately 
opposite the orifice of  the spout1     
whence it will issue dry and invisible4 
,as it is cooled  by mixing with the    
surrounding air1 it assumes its         
well-known cloudy  appearance4          
,illustration          ,illustration3   
,,fire1 ,,water1 ,,and ,,air4           
,illustration    ,,fire1 ,,water1 ,,and 
,,air4      ,,coloured ,,flames4    ,a  
,,variety of rays of light is exhibited 
by coloured flames1 which are  not to be
 seen in white light4 ,thus1 pure       
hydrogen gas will burn with a  blue     
flame1 in which many of the rays of     

light are wanting4 ,the flame  of an    
oil-lamp contains most of the rays which
 are wanting in sunlight4  ,alcohol1    
mixed with water1 when heated or burned1
 affords a flame with  no other rays but
 yellow4 ,the following salts1 if finely
 powdered1 and  introduced into the     
exterior flame of a candle1 or into the 
wick of a  spirit-lamp will communicate 
to flame their peculiar colours3        
,muriate of ,soda 7common salt7         
,yellow4      ,muriate of ,potash       
,pale violet4      ,muriate of ,lime    
,brick red4      ,muriate of ,strontia  
,bright crimson4      ,muriate of       
,lithia                 ,red4           
,muriate of ,baryta                     
,pale apple-green4      ,muriate of     
,copper                 ,bluish green4  
,borax                                  
,green4    ,or1 either of the above     
salts may be mixed with spirit of wine1 
as  directed for ,red ,fire4            
,,yellow ,,flame4    ,burn spirits of   
wine on common table salt or saltpetre4 

,,orange-,,coloured ,,flame4    ,burn   
spirit of wine on chloride of calcium1 a
 substance obtained by  evaporating     
muriate of lime to dryness4             
,,emerald ,,green ,,flame4    ,burn     
spirit of wine on a little powdered     
nitrate of copper4      ,,instantaneous 
,,flame4    ,heat together potassium and
 sulphur1 and they will instantly burn  
very  vividly4    ,heat a little nitre  
in a fire-shovel1 sprinkle on it flour  
of sulphur1  and it will instantly burn4
 ,if iron filings be thrown upon red-hot
  nitre1 they will detonate and burn4   
,pound1 separately1 equal parts of      
chlorate of potash and lump sugar2  mix 
them1 and put upon a plate a small      
quantity2 dip a thread into  sulphuric  
acid1 touch the powder with it1 and it  
will burst into a  brilliant flame4     
,or1 put a few grains of chlorate of    
potash into a table-spoonful of  spirit 
of wine2 add one or two drops of        
sulphuric acid1 and the whole  will     
burst into a beautiful flame4      ,,the

 ,,cup ,,of ,,flame4    ,put a little   
newly calcined magnesia into a tea-cup  
upon the hearth or  hob1 and suddenly   
pour in as much concentrated sulphuric  
acid as will  cover the magnesia2 in an 
instant1 sparks will be thrown out1 and 
the  mixture will become completely     
ignited4 ,to prevent accidents1 the     
phial  containing the sulphuric acid    
should be tied to the end of a long     
stick4      ,,to ,,cool ,,flame ,,by    
,,metal4    ,encircle the very small    
flame of a lamp with a cold iron wire1  
which  will instantly cause its         
extinction4      ,,proof ,,that ,,flame 
,,is ,,hollow4    ,pour some spirit of  
wine into a watch-glass1 and inflame it2
 place a  straw across this flame1 and  
it will only be ignited and charred at  
the  outer edge2 the middle of the straw
 will be uninjured1 for there is no     
ignited matter in the centre of the     
flame4    ,or1 introduce into the middle
 of the flame one end of a glass tube1  
when the vapour will rise through it1   

and may be lighted at the other  end of 
the tube4      ,,camphor ,,sublimed ,,by
 ,,flame4    ,set a metallic plate over 
the flame of a spirit-lamp2 place upon  
it a  small portion of camphor under a  
glass funnel2 and the camphor will be   
beautifully sublimed by the heat of the 
lamp1 in an efflorescent crust  on the  
sides of the funnel4      ,,green       
,,fire4    ,a beautiful green fire may  
be thus made4 ,take of flour of sulphur1
  thirteen parts2 nitrate of baryta1    
seventy-seven2 oxymuriate of  potassa1  
five2 metallic arsenic1 two2 and        
charcoal1 three4 ,let the  nitrate of   
baryta be well dried and powdered2 then 
add to it the other  ingredients1 all   
finely pulverized1 and exceedingly well 
mixed and  rubbed together4 ,place a    
portion of the composition in a small   
tin  pan1 having a polished reflector   
fitted to one side1 and set light to    
it2 when a splendid green illumination  
will be the result4 ,by adding a  little
 calamine1 it will burn more slowly4    

,,brilliant ,,red ,,fire4    ,weigh five
 ounces of dry nitrate of strontia1 one 
ounce and a half of  finely-powdered    
sulphur1 five drams of chlorate of      
potash1 and four  drams of sulphuret of 
antimony4 ,powder the chlorate of potash
 and the  sulphuret of antimony         
separately in a mortar1 and mix them on 
paper2  after which1 add them to the    
other ingredients1 previously powdered  
and mixed4 ,no other kind of mixture    
than rubbing together on paper is       
required4 ,for use1 mix with a portion  
of the powder a small quantity  of      
spirit of wine1 in a tin pan resembling 
a cheese-toaster1 light  the mixture1   
and it will shed a rich crimson hue3    
when the fire burns  dim and badly1 a   
very small quantity of finely-powdered  
charcoal or  lamp-black will revive it4 
,,purple ,,fire4    ,dissolve chloride  
of lithium in spirit of wine2 and when  
lighted1 it  will burn with a purplish  
flame4      ,,silver ,,fire4    ,place  
upon a piece of burning charcoal a      

morsel of the dried crystals  of nitrate
 of silver1 7not the lunar caustic17 and
 it will immediately  throw out the most
 beautiful sparks that can be imagined1 
whilst the  surface of the charcoal will
 be coated with silver4      ,,the      
,,fiery ,,mountain4    ,put into a glass
 tumbler fifteen grains of finely       
granulated zinc1 and  six grains of     
phosphorus cut into very small pieces1  
beneath water4  ,mix in another glass1  
gradually1 a dram of sulphuric acid with
 two  drams of water4 ,remove both      
glasses into a dark room1 and there pour
  the diluted acid over the zinc and    
phosphorus in the glass3 in a short     
time1 beautiful jets of bluish flame    
will dart from all parts of the  surface
 of the mixture2 it will become quite   
luminous1 and beautiful  luminous smoke 
will rise in a column from the glass2   
thus representing  a fountain of fire4  
,,the ,,artificial ,,conflagration4     
,put into a small1 narrow-necked earthen
 bottle1 half an ounce of  muriate of   

ammonia1 an ounce of camphor1 and two   
ounces of highly  rectified spirit of   
wine2 set fire to it1 and the room will 
seem to be  in flames4 ,this experiment 
should be performed in the dark4        
,,inflammable ,,powder4    ,heat a small
 portion of the grey powder of aluminum1
 and it will  ignite1 inflame1 and burn 
with great rapidity4 ,or1 blow a little 
of  this powder into the flame of a     
candle1 and it will produce a small     
shower of sparks1 brilliant as those    
from iron filings4      ,,combustion    
,,without ,,flame4    ,light a small    
green wax-taper2 in a minute or two1    
blow out the  flame1 and the wick will  
continue red-hot for many hours2 and1 if
 the  taper were regularly and carefully
 uncoiled1 and the room kept free  from 
currents of air1 the wick would burn on 
in this manner until the  whole taper   
were consumed4 ,the same effect is not  
produced when the  colour of the wax is 
red1 on which account1 red wax-tapers   
are safer  than green2 for the latter1  

if left imperfectly extinguished1 may   
set  fire to any object with which they 
are in contact4      ,,combustion ,,of  
,,three ,,metals4    ,mix a grain or two
 of potassium with an equal quantity of 
sodium2 add  a globule of quicksilver1  
and the three metals1 when shaken1 will 
take  fire1 and burn vividly4      ,,to 
,,make ,,paper ,,incombustible4    ,take
 a smooth cylindrical piece of metal1   
about one inch and a half in  diameter1 
and eight inches long2 wrap very closely
 round it a piece of  clean writing     
paper1 then hold the paper in the flame 
of a spirit-lamp1  and it will not take 
fire2 but it may be held there for a    
considerable  time1 without being in the
 least affected by the flame4           
,,singular ,,experiments ,,with ,,glass 
,,tubes4    ,a most remarkable          
phenomenon is produced in glass tubes1  
under certain  circumstances4 ,when     
these are laid before a fire in a       
horizontal  position1 having their      
extremities properly supported1 they    

acquire  a rotatory motion round their  
axis1 and also a progressive motion     
towards the fire1 even when their       
supports are declining from the fire1   
so that the tubes will move a little way
 upwards to the fire4 ,when the         
progressive motion of the tubes towards 
the fire is stopped by any  obstacle1   
their rotation still continues4 ,when   
the tubes are placed in  a nearly       
upright posture1 leaning to the right   
hand1 the motion will be  from east to  
west2 but if they lean to the left hand1
 the motion will  be from west to east2 
and the nearer they are placed to the   
upright  posture1 the less will the     
motion be either way4 ,if the tube be   
placed  horizontally on a glass plane1  
the fragment1 for instance1 of coach    
window glass1 instead of moving towards 
the fire1 it will move from it1  and    
about its axis in a contrary direction  
to what it had done before2  nay1 it    
will recede from the fire1 and move a   
little upwards1 when the  plane inclines

 towards the fire4 ,these experiments   
succeed best with  tubes about twenty or
 twenty-two inches long1 which have in  
each end a  pretty strong pin fixed in  
cork for their axis4      ,,aquatic     
,,bomb4    ,drop about two grains of    
potassium into a saucer of cold water4  
,it  will instantly burst into flame1   
with a slight explosion1 burn vividly   
on the surface1 and dart about with     
great violence in the form of a  red-hot
 fire ball4      ,,heat ,,not ,,to ,,be 
,,estimated ,,by ,,touch4    ,hold both 
hands in water which causes the         
thermometer to rise to ninety  degrees1 
and when the liquid has become still1   
you will be insensible  of the heat1 and
 that the hand is touching any thing4   
,then remove one  hand to water that    
causes the thermometer to rise to #bjj  
degrees1 and  the other in water at     
thirty-two degrees4 ,after holding the  
hands  thus for some time1 remove them1 
and again immerse them in the water  at 
ninety degrees2 when you will feel      

warmth in one hand and cold  in the     
other4 ,to the hand which had been      
immersed in the water at  thirty-two    
degrees1 the water at ninety degrees    
will feel hot2 and to  the hand which   
had been immersed in the water at #bjj  
degrees1 the water  at ninety degrees   
will feel cold4 ,if1 therefore1 the     
touch in this case  be trusted1 the same
 water will be judged to be hot and cold
 at the  same time4      ,,flame ,,upon 
,,water4    ,fill a wine-glass with cold
 water1 pour lightly upon its surface a 
little ether2 light it by a slip of     
paper1 and it will burn for some  time4 
,,rose-,,coloured ,,flame ,,on ,,water4 
,drop a globule of potassium1 about the 
size of a large pea1 into a  small cup  
nearly full of water1 containing a drop 
or two of strong  nitric acid2 the      
moment that the metal touches the       
liquid1 it will  float upon its surface1
 enveloped with a beautiful             
rose-coloured flame1  and entirely      
dissolve4      ,,to ,,set ,a ,,mixture  

,,on ,,fire ,,with ,,water4    ,pour    
into a saucer a little sulphuric acid1  
and place upon it a chip of  sodium1    
which will float and remain uninflamed2 
but the addition of a  drop of water    
will set it on fire4      ,,waves ,,of  
,,fire ,,on ,,water4    ,on a lump of   
refined sugar let fall a few drops of   
phosphuretted ether1  and put the sugar 
into a glass of warm water1 which will  
instantly  appear on fire at the        
surface1 and in waves1 if gently blown  
with the  breath4 ,this experiment      
should be exhibited in the dark4        
,,explosion ,,in ,,water4    ,throw very
 small pieces of phosphuret of potassium
 into a basin of  water1 and they will  
produce separate explosions4 ,the same  
substance  will also burn with great    
brilliancy1 when exposed to air4        
,,water ,,from ,,the ,,flame ,,of ,a    
,,candle4    ,hold a cold and dry       
bell-glass over a lighted candle1 and   
watery  vapour will be directly         
condensed on the cold surface2 then     

close the  mouth of the glass with a    
card or plate1 and turn the mouth       
uppermost2  remove the card1 quickly    
pour in a little lime-water1 a perfectly
 clear  liquid1 and it will instantly   
become turbid and milky1 upon meeting   
with the contents of the glass1 just as 
lime-water changes when dropped  into a 
glass of water4      ,,formation ,,of   
,,water ,,by ,,fire4    ,put into a     
tea-cup a little spirit of wine1 set it 
on fire1 and invert  a large bell-glass 
over it4 ,in a short time1 a thick      
watery vapour will  be seen upon the    
inside of the bell1 which may be        
collected by a dry  sponge4             
,,boiling ,,upon ,,cold ,,water4        
,provide a tall glass jar1 filled with  
cold water1 and place in it an  air     
thermometer1 which will nearly reach the
 surface2 upon the surface  place a     
small copper basin1 into which put a    
little live charcoal3 the  surface of   
the water will soon be made to boil1    
while the thermometer  will show that   

the water beneath is scarcely warmer    
than it was at  first4      ,,currents  
,,in ,,boiling ,,water4    ,fill a large
 glass tube with water1 and throw into  
it a few particles  of bruised amber2   
then hold the tube1 by a handle for the 
purpose1  upright in the flame of a     
lamp1 and1 as the water becomes warm1 it
 will  be seen that currents1 carrying  
with them the pieces of amber1 will     
begin to ascend in the centre1 and to   
descend towards the circumference  of   
the tube4 ,these currents will soon     
become rapid in their motions1  and     
continue till the water boils4          
,,hot ,,water ,,lighter ,,than ,,cold4  
,pour into a glass tube1 about ten      
inches long1 and one inch in  diameter1 
a little water coloured with pink or    
other dye2 then fill  it up gradually   
and carefully with colourless water1 so 
as not to mix  them3 apply heat at the  
bottom of the tube1 and the coloured    
water will  ascend and be diffused      
throughout the whole4    ,the           

circulation of warm water may be very   
pleasingly shown1 by heating  water in a
 tube similar to the foregoing2 the     
water having diffused in  it some       
particles of amber1 or other light      
substance not soluble in  water4        
,,expansion ,,of ,,water ,,by ,,cold4   
,all fluids1 except water1 diminish in  
bulk till they freeze4 ,thus1  fill a   
large thermometer tube with water1 say  
of the temperature of  eighty degrees1  
and then plunge the bulb into pounded   
ice and salt1  or any other freezing    
mixture3 the water will go on shrinking 
in the  tube till it has attained the   
temperature of about forty degrees2 and 
then1 instead of continuing to contract 
till it freezes1 7as is the  case with  
all other liquids17 it will be seen     
slowly to expand and  consequently to   
rise in the tube until it congeals4 ,in 
this case1 the  expansion below forty   
degrees1 and above forty degrees1 seems 
to be  equal3 so that the water will be 
of the same bulk at thirty-two degrees  

as at forty-eight degrees1 that is1 at  
eight degrees above or below  forty     
degrees4      ,,the ,,cup ,,of          
,,tantalus4    ,this pretty toy may be  
purchased at any optician's for two or  
three  shillings4 ,it consists of a cup1
 in which is placed a standing human    
figure1 concealing a syphon1 or bent    
tube1 with one end longer than  the     
other4 ,this rises in one leg of the    
figure to reach the chin1  and descends 
through the other leg through the bottom
 of the cup to  a reservoir beneath4 ,if
 you pour water in the cup1 it will rise
 in  the shorter leg by its upward      
pressure1 driving out the air before it 
through the longer leg2 and when the cup
 is filled above the bend of  the       
syphon1 7that is1 level with the chin of
 the figure17 the pressure  of the water
 will force it over into the longer leg 
of the syphon1 and  the cup will be     
emptied3 the toy thus imitating         
,tantalus of mythology1  who is         
represented by the poets as punished in 

,erebus with an  insatiable thirst1 and 
placed up to the chin in a pool of      
water1 which1  however1 flowed away as  
soon as he attempted to taste it4       
,,imitative ,,diving ,,bell4    ,nearly 
fill a basin with water1 and put upon   
its surface a floating  lighted wick or 
taper2 over this place a glass goblet1  
mouth downwards1  and push it into the  
water1 which will be kept out1 whilst   
the wick  will continue to float and    
burn under the goblet2 thus imitating   
the  living inmate of a diving bell1    
which is merely a larger goblet1 with a 
man instead of a candle within it4      
,,the ,,water-,,proof ,,sieve4    ,fill 
a very fine wire-gauze sieve with water1
 and it will not run  through the       
interstices1 but be retained among them 
by capillary  attraction4      ,,more   
,,than ,,full4    ,fill a glass to the  
brim with water1 and you may add to it  
spirit of  wine without causing the     
water to overflow1 as the spirit will   
enter  into the pores of the water4     

,,to ,,cause ,,wine ,,and ,,water ,,to  
,,change ,,places4    ,fill a small     
narrow-necked bulb with port wine1 or   
with water and  coloured spirit of wine1
 and put the bulb into a tall1 narrow   
glass  jar1 which is then to be filled  
up with cold water3 immediately1  the   
coloured fluid will issue from the bulb1
 and accumulate on the  surface of the  
water in the jar1 while colourless water
 will be seen  accumulating at the      
bottom of the bulb4 ,by close           
inspection1 the  descending current of  
the water may also be observed1 and the 
coloured  and the colourless liquids be 
seen to pass each other in the narrow   
neck of the bulb without mixing4    ,the
 whole of the coloured fluid will       
shortly have ascended1 and the  bulb    
will be entirely filled with clear      
water4      ,,pyramid ,,of ,,alum4      
,put a lump of alum into a tumbler of   
water1 and1 as the alum dissolves1  it  
will assume the shape of a pyramid4 ,the
 cause of the alum decreasing  in this  

peculiar form is briefly as follows3 at 
first1 the water  dissolves the alum    
very fast1 but as the alum becomes      
united with the  water1 the solvent     
power of the latter diminishes4 ,the    
water1 which  combines first with the   
alum1 becomes heavier by the union1 and 
falls  to the bottom of the glass2 where
 it ceases to dissolve any more1        
although the water which it has         
displaced from the bottom has risen  to 
the top of the glass1 and is there      
acting upon the alum4 ,when the         
solution has nearly terminated1 if you  
closely examine the lump1 you  will find
 it covered with geometrical figures1   
cut out1 as it were1 in  relief1 upon   
the mass2 showing1 not only that the    
cohesion of the atoms  of the alum      
resists the power of solution in the    
water1 but that1 in  the present        
instance1 it resists it more in some    
directions than in  others4 ,indeed this
 experiment beautifully illustrates the 
opposite  action of cohesion and        

repulsion4      ,,visible ,,vibration4  
,provide a glass goblet about two-thirds
 filled with coloured water1  draw a    
fiddle-bow against its edge1 and the    
surface of the water will  exhibit a    
pleasing figure1 composed of fans1 four1
 six1 or eight in  number1 dependent on 
the dimensions of the vessel1 but       
chiefly on the  pitch of the note       
produced4    ,illustration    ,or1      
nearly fill a glass with water1 draw the
 bow strongly against its  edge1 the    
water will be elevated and depressed2   
and1 when the vibration  has ceased1 and
 the surface of the water has become    
tranquil1 these  elevations will be     
exhibited in the form of a curved line1 
passing  round the interior surface of  
the glass1 and above the surface of  the
 water4 ,if the action of the bow be    
strong1 the water will be  sprinkled on 
the inside of the glass1 above the      
liquid surface1 and  this sprinkling    
will show the curved line very          
perfectly1 as in the  engraving4 ,the   

water should be carefully poured1 so    
that the glass  above the liquid be     
preserved dry2 the portion of the glass 
between  the edge and the curved line1  
will then be seen partially sprinkled2  
but between the level of the water and  
the curved line1 it will have  become   
wholly wetted1 thereby indicating the   
height to which the fluid  has been     
thrown4      ,,charcoal ,,in ,,sugar4   
,the elements of sugar are carbon and   
water1 as may be proved by the          
following experiment3 ,put into a glass 
a table-spoonful of powdered  sugar1 and
 mix it into a thin paste with a little 
water1 and rather  more than its bulk of
 sulphuric acid2 stir the mixture       
together1 the  sugar will soon blacken1 
froth up1 and shoot like a cauliflower  
out of  the glass3 and1 during the      
separation of the charcoal1 a large     
quantity  of steam will also be evolved4
      ,,floating ,,needles4    ,fill a  
cup with water1 gently lay on its       
surface small fine needles1  and they   

will float4      ,,water ,,in ,a        
,,sling4    ,half fill a mug with water1
 place it in a sling1 and you may whirl 
it  around you without spilling a drop2 
for the water tends more away from  the 
centre of motion towards the bottom of  
the mug1 than towards the  earth by     
gravity4      ,,attraction ,,in ,a      
,,glass ,,of ,,water4    ,pour water    
into a glass tumbler1 perfectly dry1 and
 it may be raised  above the edge1 in a 
convex form2 because the particles of   
the water  have more attraction for each
 other than for the dry glass2 wet the  
edge1 and they will be instantly        
attracted1 and overflow1 and the water  
will sink into a concave form4      ,,to
 ,,prevent ,,cork ,,floating ,,in       
,,water4    ,place at the bottom of a   
vessel of water1 a piece of cork1 so    
smoothly  cut that no water gets between
 its lower surface and the surface of   
the  bottom1 when it will not rise1 but 
remain fixed there1 because it is       
pressed downward by the water from      

above1 and there is no pressure from    
below to counter-balance it4            
,,instantaneous ,,freezing4    ,during  
frosty weather1 let a vessel be half    
filled with water1 cover  it closely1   
and place it in the open air1 in a      
situation where it will  not experience 
any commotion3 it will thereby          
frequently acquire a  degree of cold    
more intense than that of ice1 without  
being frozen4  ,if the vessel1 however1 
be agitated ever so little1 or receive  
even a  slight blow1 the water will     
immediately freeze with singular        
rapidity4  ,the cause of this phenomenon
 is1 that water does not congeal unless 
its particles unite together1 and assume
 among themselves a new  arrangement4   
,the colder the water becomes1 the      
nearer its particles  approach each     
other2 and the fluid which keeps it in  
fusion gradually  escapes2 but the      
shaking of the vessel destroys the      
equilibrium1 and  the particles fall one
 upon another1 uniting in a mass of ice4

    ,or1 provide a glass full of cold   
water1 and let fall on its surface a    
few drops of sulphuret of carbon1 which 
will instantly become covered  with icy 
network3 feathery branches will then    
dart from the sulphuret1  the whole     
contents of the glass will become       
solidified1 and the  globules will      
exhibit all the colours of the rainbow4 
,,to ,,freeze ,,water ,,with ,,ether4   
,fill a very thin glass tube with water4
 ,close it at one end1 and wrap  muslin 
round it3 then frequently immerse the   
tube in strong ether1  allowing what the
 muslin soaks each time to evaporate1   
and in a short  time the water will be  
frozen4      ,,production ,,of ,,nitre4 
,dip into the above solution a piece of 
paper3 if its colour be changed  to     
brown1 a drop or two more acid must be  
cautiously applied3 if1  on the         
contrary1 it reddens litmus paper1 a    
small globule or two of  potassium will 
be required2 the object being to obtain 
a neutral  solution3 if it then be      

carefully evaporated to about half its  
bulk1  and set aside1 beautiful crystals
 will begin to form1 which will be      
those of the nitrate of potash1 commonly
 called nitre1 or saltpetre4            
,,curious ,,transposition4    ,take a   
glass of jelly1 and place it mouth      
downward1 just under the  surface of    
warm water in a basin3 the jelly will   
soon be dissolved by  the heat1 and1    
being heavier than the water1 it will   
sink1 while the  glass will be filled   
with water in its stead4      ,,animal  
,,barometer4    ,keep one or two leeches
 in a glass bottle nearly filled with   
water2  tie the mouth over the coarse   
linen1 and change the water every two   
or three days4 ,the leech may then serve
 for a barometer1 as it will  invariably
 ascend or descend in the water as the  
weather changes from  dry to wet2 and it
 will generally come to the surface     
prior to a  thunder-storm4      ,,magic 
,,soap4    ,pour into a phial a small   
quantity of oil1 with the same of water1

 and1  however violently you shake them1
 they cannot be mixed1 for the water    
and oil have no affinity for each other2
 but1 if a little ammonia be  added1 and
 the phial be then shaken1 the whole    
will be mixed into a  liquid soap4      
,,equal ,,pressure ,,of ,,water4    ,tie
 up in a bladder of water1 an egg and a 
piece of very soft wax1  and place it in
 a box1 so as to touch its sides and    
bottom2 then1 lay  loosely upon the     
bladder a brass or other metal plate1   
upon which place  a hundred pounds      
weight1 or more2 when the egg and the   
wax1 though  pressed by the water with  
all its weight1 being equally pressed in
 all  directions1 will not be in the    
least either crushed or altered in      
shape4      ,,to ,,empty ,a ,,glass     
,,under ,,water4    ,fill a wine-glass  
with water1 place over its mouth a card1
 so as to  prevent the water from       
escaping1 and put the glass1 mouth      
downwards1  into a basin of water4      
,next1 remove the card1 and raise the   

glass  partly above the surface1 but    
keep its mouth below the surface1 so    
that  the glass still remains completely
 filled with water4 ,then insert one    
end of a quill or reed in the water     
below the mouth of the glass1 and  blow 
gently at the other end1 when air will  
ascend in bubbles to the  highest part  
of the glass1 and expel the water from  
it2 and1 if you  continue to blow       
through the quill1 all the water will be
 emptied from  the glass1 which will be 
filled with air4      ,,to ,,empty ,a   
,,glass ,,of ,,water ,,without          
,,touching ,,it4    ,hang over the edge 
of the glass a thick skein of cotton1   
and the water  will slowly be decreased 
till the glass is empty4 ,a towel will  
empty a  basin of water in the same way4
      ,,decomposition ,,of ,,water4     
,the readiest means of decomposing water
 is as follows3 take a  gun-barrel1 the 
breech of which has been removed1 and   
fill it with iron  wire1 coiled up4     
,place it across a chafing-dish filled  

with lighted  charcoal1 and connect to  
one end of the barrel a small glass     
retort  containing some water2 and1 to  
the other1 a bent tube1 opening under   
the shelf of a water bath4 ,heat the    
barrel red hot1 and apply a lamp  under 
the retort3 the stream of water1 in     
passing over the red-hot iron  of the   
barrel1 will be decomposed1 the oxygen  
will unite with the iron1  and the      
hydrogen may be collected in the form of
 gas at the end of the  tube over the   
water4      ,,water ,,heavier ,,than    
,,wine4    ,let a tumbler be half-filled
 with water1 and fit upon its surface a 
piece of white paper1 upon which pour   
wine2 then carefully draw out  the      
paper1 say with a knitting-needle1 so as
 to disturb the liquids as  little as   
possible1 and the water1 being the      
heavier1 will continue at  the lower    
part of the glass2 whilst the wine1     
being the lighter1 will  keep above it4 
,but1 if a glass be first half-filled   
with wine1 and  water be poured over it1

 it will at once sink through the wine1 
and  both liquids will be mixed4        
,,to ,,inflate ,a ,,bladder ,,without   
,,air4    ,put a tea-spoonful of ether  
into a moistened bladder1 the neck of   
which  tie up tightly2 pour hot water   
upon the bladder1 and the ether1 by     
expanding1 will fill it out4      ,,air 
,,and ,,water ,,balloon4    ,procure a  
small hollow glass vessel1 the shape of 
a balloon1 the  lower part of which is  
open1 and place it in water1 with the   
mouth  downwards1 so that the air within
 prevents the water filling it4 ,then   
fill a deep glass jar nearly to the top 
with water1 and place the  balloon to   
float on its surface2 tie over the jar  
with a bladder1 so  as to confine the   
air between it and the surface of the   
water4 ,press  the hand on the bladder1 
when more water will enter the balloon1 
and it  will soon sink to the bottom of 
the jar2 but1 on removing your hand1    
the balloon will again ascend slowly to 
the surface4      ,,heated ,,air        

,,balloon4    ,make a balloon1 by       
pasting together gores of bank post     
paper2 paste  the lower ends round a    
slender hoop1 from which proceed several
 wires1  terminating in a kind of       
basket1 sufficiently strong to support a
  sponge dipped in spirit of wine4 ,when
 the spirit is set on fire1 its         
combustion will produce a much greater  
degree of heat than any ordinary  flame3
 and by thus rarefying the air within   
the balloon1 will enable it  to rise    
with great rapidity1 to a considerable  
height4      ,,the ,,pneumatic          
,,tinder-,,box4    ,provide a small     
stout brass tube1 about six inches long1
 and half an  inch in diameter1 closed  
at one end1 and fitted with a hollow    
air-tight  piston1 containing in its    
cavity a scrap of amadou1 or ,german    
tinder4  ,suddenly drive the piston into
 the tube by a strong jerk of the hands2
  and the compression of the air in the 
tube will give out so much heat  as to  
light the tinder2 and upon quickly      

drawing out the piston1 the  glowing    
tinder will kindle a match4      ,,the  
,,bacchus ,,experiment4    ,this        
experiment1 showing the elasticity of   
air1 is performed with a  pleasing toy4 
,it represents a figure of ,bacchus     
sitting across a cask1  in which are two
 separate compartments4 ,put into one of
 them a portion  of wine or coloured    
liquid1 and place the apparatus under   
the exhausted  receiver of an air-pump1 
when the elastic force of the confined  
air  will cause the liquid to ascend a  
transparent glass tube1 7fitted on      
purpose17 into the mouth of the         
,bacchanalian figure4 ,to render the    
experiment more striking1 a bladder1    
with a small quantity of air  therein1  
is fastened around the figure1 and      
covered with a loose silken  robe1 when 
the air in the bladder will expand1 and 
produce an apparent  increase in the    
bulk of the figure1 as if occasioned by 
the excess of  liquor drunk4      ,,the 
,,mysterious ,,circles4    ,cut from a  

card two discs or circular pieces1 about
 two inches in  diameter2 in the centre 
of one of them make a hole1 into which  
put the  tube of a common quill1 one end
 being even with the surface of the     
card4 ,make the other piece of card a   
little convex1 and lay its centre  over 
the end of the quill1 with the concave  
side of the card downward2  the centre  
of the upper card being from one-eighth 
to one-fourth of an  inch above the end 
of the quill4 ,attempt to blow off the  
upper card by  blowing through the      
quill1 and it will be found impossible4 
,if1 however1 the edges of the two      
pieces of card be made to fit each      
other very accurately1 the upper card   
will be moved1 and sometimes it  will be
 thrown off2 but when the edges of the  
card are on two sides  sufficiently far 
apart to permit the air to escape1 the  
loose card will  retain its position1   
even when the current of air sent       
against it be  strong4 ,the experiment  
will succeed equally well1 whether the  

current  of air be made from the mouth  
or from a pair of bellows4 ,when the    
quill  fits the card rather loosely1 a  
comparatively light puff of air will    
throw both cards three or four feet in  
height4 ,when1 from the humidity  of the
 breath1 the upper surface of the       
perforated card has a little  expanded1 
and the two opposite sides are somewhat 
depressed1 these  depressed sides may be
 distinctly seen to rise and approach   
the upper  card1 directly in proportion 
to the force of the current of air4     
,another fact to be shown with this     
simple apparatus1 appears equally       
inexplicable with the former4 ,lay the  
loose card upon the hand with the       
concave side up2 blow forcibly through  
the tube1 and1 at the same time1  bring 
the two cards towards each other1 when1 
within three-eighths of  an inch1 if the
 current of air be strong1 the loose    
card will suddenly  rise and adhere to  
the perforated card4 ,if the card       
through which  the tube passes has      

several holes made in it1 the loose card
 may be  instantly thrown off by a      
slight puff of air4    ,for the         
explanation of the above phenomenon1 a  
gold medal and one  hundred guineas were
 offered1 some years since1 by the      
,royal ,society4  ,such explanation has 
been given by ,dr4 ,robert ,hare1 of    
,philadelphia1  and is as follows3      
,supposing the diameter of the discs of 
card to be to that of the hole  as #h to
 #a1 the area of the former to the      
latter1 must be as #fd to #a4  ,hence1  
if the discs were to be separated1      
7their surfaces remaining  parallel17   
with a velocity as great as that of the 
air blast1 a column  of air must        
meanwhile be interposed1 sixty-four     
times greater than that  which would    
escape from the tube during the interim2
 consequently1 if  all the air necessary
 to preserve the balance be supplied    
from the  tube1 the discs must be       
separated with a velocity as much less  
than  that of the blast1 as the column  

required between them is greater than   
that yielded by the tube1 and yet the   
air cannot be supplied from any  other  
source1 unless a deficit of pressure be 
created between the  discs1 unfavourable
 to their separation4    ,it follows1   
then1 that1 under the circumstances in  
question1 the  discs cannot be made to  
move asunder with a velocity greater    
than  one-sixty-fourth of that of the   
blast4 ,of course1 all the force of the 
current of air through the tube will be 
expended on the moveable disc1  and the 
thin ring of air which exists around the
 orifice between the  discs3 and1 since 
the moveable disc can only move with    
one-sixty-fourth  of the velocity of the
 blast1 the ring of air in the          
interstice  must experience nearly all  
the force of the jet1 and must be driven
  outwards1 the blast following it in   
various currents1 radiating from  the   
common centre of the tube and discs4    
,,prince ,,rupert',s ,,drops4    ,let   
fall melted glass into cold water1 and  

it will become suddenly  cooled and     
solidified on the outside before the    
internal part is  changed2 then1 as this
 part hardens1 it is kept extended by   
the arch of  the outside crust3 and1 if 
the finely drawn-out point of the drop  
be  broken off1 the cohesion of the     
atoms of the glass is destroyed1 and    
the whole crumbles to dust with a smart 
explosion4      ,,vegetable             
,,hygrometer4    ,the dampness of the   
air1 and the consequent approach of     
rain1 is  denoted by several simple     
means1 which are termed hygrometers4    
,thus1  if an ear of the wild oat be    
hung up1 its awn or bristly points will 
be contracted by a rotatory motion in   
damp air1 and relaxed by a  contrary    
motion when the air is dry4 ,similar    
effects are observable  on all cordage1 
string1 and every description of twisted
 material2 as  the moisture swells the  
threads1 and increases their diameter1  
but  reduces their length2 hence1 catgut
 is used in the construction of a       

weather-house1 in which the man and     
woman foretel wet or dry weather1       
moving as the catgut stretches or       
contracts1 according as the air is      
moist or dry4    ,to prove the moving   
power of the awn1 separate one from the 
ear1 and1  holding the base between the 
finger and thumb1 moisten the awn with  
the  lips1 when it will be seen to turn 
round for some time4      ,,the         
,,pneumatic ,,dancer4    ,illustration  
,this amusing pneumatic toy consists of 
a figure made of glass or  enamel1 and  
so constructed as to remain suspended in
 a glass jar of  water4 ,an air-bubble1 
communicating with the water1 is placed 
in some  part of the figure1 shown at m1
 near the top of the jar1 ,a1 in the    
engraving4 ,at the bottom1 ,b1 of the   
vessel is a bladder1 which can be       
pressed upwards by applying the finger  
to the extremity of a lever1 e  o1 when 
the pressure will be communicated       
through the water to the  bubble of air1
 which is thus compressed4 ,the figure  

will then sink to  the bottom2 but1 by  
removing the pressure1 the figure will  
again rise1  so that it may be made to  
dance in the vessel1 as if by magic4    
,fishes1  made of glass1 are sometimes  
substituted for the human figure4 ,a    
common  glass jar may be used for this  
experiment1 in which case the pressure  
should be applied to the upper surface1 
which should be a piece of  bladder1    
instead of being placed at the bottom1  
as shown in the figure  engraved4       
,,the ,,ascending ,,snake4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4                
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4    ,to         
construct this pretty little pneumatic  
toy1 take a square piece of  stiff card1
 or sheet copper or brass1 about two and
 a half or three  inches in diameter1   
and cut it out spirally1 so as to       
resemble a snake1  as in the engraving  
7fig4 #a474 ,then paint the body on each
 side of the  card the colours of a     
snake2 take it by the two ends1 and draw
 out the  spiral till the distance from 

head to tail is six or seven inches1 as 
in fig4 #b4 ,next1 provide a slender    
piece of wood on a stand1 and fix  a    
sharp needle at its summit2 push the rod
 up through the spiral1 and  let the end
 of the spiral rest upon the summit of  
the needle4 ,now place  the apparatus as
 nearly as possible to the edge of the  
mantel-shelf  above the fire1 and the   
snake will begin to revolve in the      
direction  of its head2 and1 if the fire
 be strong1 or the current of heated air
  which ascends from it is made         
powerful1 by two or three persons coming
  near it1 so as to concentrate the     
current1 the snake will revolve  very   
rapidly4 ,the rod a1 b1 should be       
painted1 so as to resemble  a tree1     
which the snake will appear to climb2   
or1 the snake may be  suspended by a    
thread from the ceiling1 over the       
current of air from a  lamp4 ,two snakes
 may be made to turn round in opposite  
directions1 by  merely drawing out the  
spiral of one from the upper side1 and  

of the  other from the under side of the
 figure1 and fixing them1 of course1 on 
separate rods4      ,,the ,,pneumatic   
,,phial4    ,provide a phial one-fourth 
filled with any coloured water1 and with
 a  glass tube passing through the cork1
 or cemented into the neck of the       
phial1 so as to be air-tight2 the tube  
may reach to within a quarter  of an    
inch of the bottom of the phial1 so as  
to dip below the surface  of the liquid4
 ,hold this little instrument before the
 fire1 or plunge  it into hot water1    
when the air that is in the phial will  
expand1 and  force up the coloured      
liquor into the tube4      ,,resin      
,,bubbles4    ,dip the bowl of a        
tobacco-pipe into melted resin1 hold the
 pipe in a  vertical position1 and blow 
through it2 when bubbles of various     
sizes  will be formed1 of a brilliant   
silvery hue1 and in a variety of        
colours4      ,,moisture ,,of ,,the     
,,atmosphere4    ,moisture is always    
present in the air1 even when it is     

driest4 ,to prove  this1 press a piece  
of sheet copper into the form of a cup2 
place on  it a piece of phosphorus1     
thoroughly dried between blotting-paper2
 put  the cup on a dry plate1 and beside
 it a small piece of quick-lime2 turn   
over it a glass tumbler1 and leave it   
for ten minutes1 that the lime  may     
remove all moisture from the included   
air2 take off the tumbler1  touch the   
phosphorus with a hot wire1 and         
instantly replace the glass2  when a dry
 solid will be formed1 resembling snow4 
,as soon as the flame  is extinct1      
examine the plate2 when the solid will1 
in a very short  time1 attract so much  
water from the air1 that it will pass   
into small  drops of liquid4            
,,climates ,,of ,a ,,room4    ,the air  
in a room may be said to resemble two   
climates3 as it is  lighter than the    
external air1 a current of colder or    
heavier air is  continually pouring in  
from the crevices of the windows and    
doors2  and the light air must find some

 vent1 to make way for the heavy air4   
,if the door be set a-jar1 and a candle 
held near the upper part of it1  the    
flame will be blown outwards1 showing   
that there is a current of  air flowing 
out from the upper part of the room2    
and1 if the candle be  placed on the    
floor1 close by the door1 the flame will
 bend inwards1  showing that there is   
also a current of air setting into the  
lower part  of the room4 ,the upper     
current is the warm1 light air1 which is
 driven  out to make way for the stream 
of cold1 dense air1 which enters below4 
,,bubbles ,,on ,,champagne4    ,pour out
 a glass of champagne1 or bottled ale1  
and wait till the  effervescence has    
ceased2 you may then renew it by        
throwing into the  liquor a bit of      
paper1 a crumb of bread1 or even by     
violently shaking  the glass4 ,the      
bubbles of carbonic acid chiefly rise   
from where the  liquor is in contact    
with the glass1 and is in greatest      
abundance at  those parts where there   

are asperities4 ,the bubbles setting out
 from  the surface of the glass are at  
first very small2 but they enlarge  in  
passing through the liquor4 ,it seems as
 if they proceeded more  abundantly from
 the bottom of the glass than from its  
sides2 but this  is an ocular deception4
      ,,proofs ,,that ,,air ,,is ,a     
,,heavy ,,fluid4    ,expel the air out  
of a pair of bellows1 then close the    
nozzle and  valve-hole beneath1 and     
considerable force will be requisite to 
separate the boards from each other4    
,this is caused by the pressure  or     
weight of the atmosphere1 which1 acting 
equally upon the upper and  lower boards
 externally1 without any air inside1    
operates like a dead  weight in keeping 
the boards together4 ,in like manner1 if
 you stop  the end of a syringe1 after  
its piston-rod has been pressed down to 
the bottom1 and then attempt to draw it 
up again1 considerable force  will be   
requisite to raise it1 depending upon   
the size of the syringe1  being about   

fourteen or fifteen pounds to every     
square inch of the  piston-rod4 ,when   
the rod is drawn up1 unless it be held1 
it will fall  to the bottom1 from the   
weight of the air pressing it in4       
,or1 fill a glass tumbler to the brim   
with water1 cover it with a  piece of   
thin wet leather1 invert it on a table1 
and try to pull it  straight up1 when it
 will be found to require considerable  
force4 ,in  this manner do snails1      
periwinkles1 limpets1 and other shells  
adhere  to rocks1 c4 ,flies are enabled 
to walk on the ceiling of a room1 up a  
looking-glass1 or window-pane1 by the   
air pressing on the outside of  their   
peculiarly-constructed feet1 and thus   
supporting them4    ,to the same cause  
must be attributed the firmness with    
which the oyster  closes itself2 for1 if
 you grind off a part of the shell1 so  
as to make  a hole in it1 though without
 at all injuring the fish1 it may be    
opened  with great ease4      ,,to      
,,support ,a ,,pea ,,on ,,air4    ,this 

experiment may be dexterously performed 
by placing a pea upon a  quill1 or the  
stem of a tobacco-pipe1 and blowing     
upwards through it4      ,,pyrophorus1  
,,or ,,air-,,tinder4    ,mix three parts
 of alum with one of wheat flour1 and   
put them into  a common phial2 set it in
 a crucible1 up to the neck in sand2    
then  surround the crucible with red-hot
 coals1 when first a black smoke1 and   
next a blue sulphureous flame1 will     
issue from the mouth of the phial2  when
 this flame disappears1 remove the      
crucible from the fire1 and when  cold1 
stop the phial with a good cork4 ,if a  
portion of this powder be  exposed to   
the air1 it will take fire4    ,or1 a   
very perfect and beautiful pyrophorus   
may be obtained by heating  tartrate of 
lead in a glass tube1 over a lamp4 ,when
 some of the dark  brown mass thus      
formed is shaken out in the air1 it will
 immediately  inflame1 and brilliant    
globules of lead cover the ignited      
surface4    ,or1 mix three parts of     

lamp-black1 four of burnt alum1 in      
powder1 and  eight of pearl-ash1 and    
heat them for an hour1 to a bright      
cherry red1  in an iron tube4 ,when well
 made1 and poured out upon a glass plate
 or  tile1 this pyrophorus will kindle1 
with a series of small explosions1      
somewhat like those produced by throwing
 potassium upon water2 but this  effect 
should be witnessed from a distance4    
,put a small piece of grey cast-iron    
into strong nitric acid1 when a  porous1
 spongy substance will be left          
untouched1 and will be of a dark  grey  
colour1 resembling plumbago4 ,if some of
 this be put upon blotting  paper1 in   
the course of a minute it will          
spontaneously heat and smoke2  and1 if a
 considerable quantity be heaped        
together1 it will ignite  and scorch the
 paper2 nor will the properties of this 
pyrophorus be  destroyed by its being   
left for days and weeks in water4       
,,beauty ,,of ,a ,,soap ,,bubble4       
,blow a soap bubble1 cover it with a    

clean glass to protect it from the  air1
 and you may observe1 after it has grown
 thin by standing a little1  several    
rings of different colours within each  
other round the top of  it4 ,the colour 
in the centre of the rings will vary    
with the thickness2  but1 as the bubble 
grows thinner1 the rings will spread1   
the central  spot will become white1    
then bluish1 and then black2 after which
 the  bubble will burst1 from its       
extreme tenuity at the black spot1 where
  the thickness has been proved not to  
exceed the #b1ejj1jjjth part of an      
inch4      ,,why ,a ,,guinea ,,falls    
,,more ,,quickly ,,than ,a ,,feather    
,,through ,,the ,,air4    ,the          
resistance of the air to fallen bodies  
is not proportioned to the  weight1 but 
depends on the surface which the body   
opposes to the air4  ,now1 the feather  
exposes1 in proportion to its weight1 a 
much greater  surface to the air than a 
piece of gold does1 and therefore       
suffers  a much greater resistance to   

its descent4 ,were the guinea beaten to 
the thinness of gold-leaf1 it would be  
as long1 or even longer in  falling than
 the feather2 but1 let both fall in a   
vacuum1 or under the  receiver of an    
air-pump1 from which the air has been   
pumped out1 and  they will both reach   
the bottom at the same time2 for        
gravity1 acting  independently of other 
forces1 causes all bodies to descend    
with the  same velocity4                
,illustration    ,an apparatus for      
performing this experiment is shown in  
the engraving3  the coin and the feather
 are to be laid together1 on the brass  
flap1 ,a  or ,b3 this may be let down by
 turning the wire1 ,c1 which passes     
through  a collar of leather1 ,d1 placed
 in the head of the receiver4           
,,solidity ,,of ,,air4    ,provide a    
glass tube1 open at each end2 close the 
upper end by the  finger1 and immerse   
the lower one in a glass of water1 when 
it will  be seen that the air is        
material1 and occupies its own space in 

the  tube1 for it will not permit the   
water to enter it until the finger is   
removed1 when the air will escape1 and  
the water rise to the same level  in the
 inside as on the outside of the tube4  
,,breathing ,,and ,,smelling4    ,hold  
the breath1 and place the open neck of a
 phial1 containing oil  of peppermint1  
or any other essential oil1 in the      
mouth1 and the  smell will not be       
perceived2 but1 after expiration1 it    
will be easily  recognised4             
,illustration          ,illustration3   
,,sleights ,,and ,,subtleties4          
,illustration          ,,sleights ,,and 
,,subtleties4      ,,the chief          
requisites for success in the           
performance of feats of  ,magic are     
manual dexterity and self-possession4   
,the former can only  be acquired by    
practice2 the latter will be the natural
 result of  a well-grounded confidence4 
,we subjoin a few preliminary hints1 of 
considerable importance to the amateur  
exhibiter4    #a4 ,never acquaint the   

company before-hand with the particulars
 of the  feat you are about to perform1 
as it will give them time to discover   
your mode of operation4    #b4          
,endeavour1 as much as possible1 to     
acquire various methods of  performing  
the same feat1 in order that if you     
should be likely  to fail in one1 or    
have reason to believe that your        
operations are  suspected1 you may be   
prepared with another4    #c4 ,never    
venture on a feat requiring manual      
dexterity1 till you have  previously    
practised it so often as to acquire the 
necessary expertness4    #d4 ,as        
diverting the attention of the company  
from too closely  inspecting your       
manuvres is a most important object1 you
 should  manage to talk to them during  
the whole course of your proceedings4   
,it  is the plan of vulgar operators to 
gabble unintelligible jargon1 and       
attribute their feats to some           
extraordinary and mysterious influence4 
,there are few persons at the present   

day credulous enough to believe  such   
trash1 even among the rustic and most   
ignorant2 but as the youth  of maturer  
years might inadvertently be tempted to 
pursue this method1  while exhibiting   
his skill before his younger companions1
 it may not be  deemed superfluous to   
offer a caution against such a          
procedure4 ,he may  state1 and truly1   
that every thing he exhibits can be     
accounted for on  rational principles1  
and is only in obedience to the unerring
 laws of  ,nature2 and although we have 
just cautioned him against enabling the 
company themselves to detect his        
operations1 there can be no objection   
7particularly when the party comprises  
many younger than himself7 to           
occasionally show by what simple means  
the most apparently marvellous  feats   
are accomplished4      ,,the ,,ring     
,,and ,,the ,,handkerchief4    ,this may
 be justly considered one of the most   
surprising sleights2 and  yet it is so  
easy of performance1 that any one may   

accomplish it after  a few minutes'     
practice4    ,you previously provide    
yourself with a piece of brass wire1    
pointed  at both ends1 and bent round so
 as to form a ring1 about the size of  a
 wedding-ring4 ,this you conceal in your
 hand4 ,you then commence your          
performance by borrowing a silk pocket  
handkerchief from a gentleman1  and a   
wedding-ring from a lady2 and you       
request one person to hold two  of the  
corners of the handkerchief1 and another
 to hold the other two1  and to keep    
them at full stretch4 ,you next exhibit 
the wedding-ring to  the company1 and   
announce that you will make it appear to
 pass through  the handkerchief4 ,you   
then place your hand under the          
handkerchief1 and  substituting the     
false ring1 which you had previously    
concealed1 press  it against the centre 
of the handkerchief1 and desire a third 
person to  take hold of the ring through
 the handkerchief1 and to close his     
finger  and thumb through the hollow of 

the ring4 ,the handkerchief is held  in 
this manner for the purpose of showing  
that the ring has not been  placed      
within a fold4 ,you now desire the      
persons holding the corners of  the     
handkerchief to let them drop2 the      
person holding the ring 7through  the   
handkerchief as already described7 still
 retaining his hold4    ,let another    
person now grasp the handkerchief as    
tight as he pleases1  three or four     
inches below the ring1 and tell the     
person holding the  ring to let it go1  
when it will appear to the company that 
the ring  is secure within the centre of
 the handkerchief4 ,you then tell the   
person who grasps the handkerchief to   
hold a hat over it1 and passing  your   
hand underneath1 you open the false     
ring1 by bending one of its  points a   
little aside1 and bringing one point    
gently through the  handkerchief1 you   
easily draw out the remainder2 being    
careful to rub  the hole you have made  
in the handkerchief with your finger and

 thumb1  to conceal the fracture4       
,you then put the wedding-ring you      
borrowed over the outside of the  middle
 of the handkerchief1 and desiring the  
person who holds the hat1  to take it   
away1 you exhibit the ring 7placed as   
described7 to the  company4      ,,the  
,,knotted ,,handkerchief4    ,this feat 
consists in tying a number of hard knots
 in a pocket  handkerchief borrowed from
 one of the company1 then letting any   
person  hold the knots1 and by the      
operator merely shaking the             
handkerchief1  all the knots become     
unloosed1 and the handkerchief is       
restored to its  original state4    ,to 
perform this excellent trick1 get as    
soft a handkerchief as  possible1 and   
taking the opposite ends1 one in each   
hand1 throw the  right hand over the    
left1 and draw it through1 as if you    
were going to  tie a knot in the usual  
way4 ,again throw the right-hand end    
over the  left1 and give the left-hand  
end to some person to pull1 you at the  

same time pulling the right-hand end    
with your right hand1 while your  left  
hand holds the handkerchief just behind 
the knot4 ,press the thumb  of your left
 hand against the knot to prevent its   
slipping1 always  taking care to let the
 person to whom you gave one end pull   
first1 so  that1 in fact1 he is only    
pulling against your left hand4    ,you 
now tie another knot exactly in the same
 way as the first1 taking  care always  
to throw the right-hand end over the    
left4 ,as you go on  tying the knots1   
you will find the right-hand end of the 
handkerchief  decreasing considerably in
 length1 while the left-hand one remains
  nearly as long as at first2 because1  
in fact1 you are merely tying the       
right-hand end round the left4 ,to      
prevent this from being noticed1  you   
should stoop down a little after each   
knot1 and pretend to pull  the knots    
tighter2 while1 at the same time1 you   
press the thumb of the  right hand      
against the knot1 and with the fingers  

and palm of the same  hand1 draw the    
handkerchief1 so as to make the         
left-hand end shorter1  keeping it at   
each knot as nearly the length of the   
right-hand end as  possible4    ,when   
you have tied as many knots as the      
handkerchief will admit of1  hand them  
round for the company to feel that they 
are firm knots2  then hold the          
handkerchief in your right hand1 just   
below the knots1  and with the left hand
 turn the loose part of the centre of   
the  handkerchief over them1 desiring   
some person to hold them4 ,before  they 
take the handkerchief in hand1 you draw 
out the right-hand end  of the          
handkerchief1 which you have in the     
right hand1 and which you  may easily   
do1 and the knots being still held      
together by the loose  part of the      
handkerchief1 the person who holds the  
handkerchief will  declare he feels     
them3 you then take hold of one of the  
ends of  the handkerchief which hangs   
down1 and desire him to repeat after    

you1 one--two--three1--then tell him to 
let go1 when1 by giving the             
handkerchief a smart shake1 the whole of
 the knots will become unloosed4        
,should you1 by accident1 whilst tying  
the knots1 give the wrong end  to be    
pulled1 a hard knot will be the         
consequence1 and you will know  when    
this has happened the instant you try to
 draw the left-hand end  of the         
handkerchief shorter4 ,you must1        
therefore1 turn this mistake to  the    
best advantage1 by asking any one of the
 company to see how long  it will take  
him to untie one knot1 you counting the 
seconds4 ,when he  has untied the knot1 
your other knots will remain right as   
they were  before4 ,having finished     
tying the knots1 let the same person    
hold them1  and tell him that as he took
 two minutes to untie one knot1 he ought
  to allow you fourteen minutes to untie
 the seven2 but as you do not  wish to  
take any advantage1 you will be         
satisfied with fourteen seconds4    ,you

 may excite some laughter during the    
performance of this trick1 by  going to 
the owner of the handkerchief1 and      
desiring him to assist you  in pulling a
 knot1 saying1 that if the handkerchief 
is to be torn1 it  is only right that he
 should have a share of it2 you may     
likewise say  that he does not pull very
 hard1 which will cause a laugh against 
him4      ,,the ,,invisible ,,springs4  
,take two pieces of white cotton cord1  
precisely alike in length2  double each 
of them separately1 so that their ends  
meet2 then tie  them together very      
neatly1 with a bit of fine cotton       
thread1 at the  part where they double  
7i4 e4 the middle74 ,this must all be   
done  beforehand4    ,when you are about
 to exhibit the sleight1 hand round two 
other pieces  of cord1 exactly similar  
in length and appearance to those which 
you  have prepared1 but not tied1 and   
desire your company to examine them4    
,you then return to your table1 placing 
these cords at the edge1 so that  they  

fall 7apparently accidentally7 to the   
ground behind the table2  stoop to pick 
them up1 but take up the prepared ones  
instead1 which you  have previously     
placed there1 and lay them on the table4
    ,having proceeded thus far1 you take
 round for examination three ivory      
rings2 those given to children when     
teething1 and which may be bought  at   
any of the toyshops1 are the best for   
your purpose4 ,when the rings  have     
undergone a sufficient scrutiny1 pass   
the prepared double cords  through them1
 and give the two ends of one cord to   
one person to hold1  and the two ends of
 the other to another4 ,do not let them 
pull hard1 or  the thread will break1   
and your trick be discovered4 ,request  
the two  persons to approach each other1
 and desire each to give you one end of 
the cord which he holds1 leaving to him 
the choice4 ,you then say1 that1  to    
make all fast1 you will tie these two   
ends together1 which you do1  bringing  
the knot down so as to touch the rings2 

and returning to each  person the end of
 the cord next to him1 you state that   
this trick is  performed by the rule of 
contrary1 and that when you desire them 
to  pull hard1 they are to slacken1 and 
vice vers1 which is likely to  create   
much laughter1 as they are certain of   
making many mistakes at  first4         
,during this time1 you are holding the  
rings on the fore-finger of  each hand1 
and with the other fingers preventing   
your assistants from  separating the    
cords prematurely1 during their         
mistakes2 you at length  desire them1 in
 a loud voice1 to slacken1 when they    
will pull hard1  which will break the   
thread1 the rings remaining in your     
hands1 whilst  the strings will remain  
unbroken3 let them be again examined1   
and  desire them to look for the springs
 in the rings4      ,,the ,,miraculous  
,,apple4    ,to divide an apple into    
several parts1 without breaking the     
rind3--,pass  a needle and thread under 
the rind of the apple1 which is easily  

done  by putting the needle in again at 
the same hole it came out of2 and  so   
passing on till you have gone round the 
apple4 ,then take both ends  of the     
thread in your hands and draw it out2 by
 which means the apple  will be divided 
into two parts4 ,in the same manner1 you
 may divide it  into as many parts as   
you please1 and yet the rind will remain
 entire4  ,present the apple to any one 
to peel1 and it will immediately fall to
  pieces4      ,,the ,,self-,,balanced  
,,pail4    ,you lay a stick across the  
table1 letting one-third of it project  
over  the edge2 and you undertake to    
hang a pail of water on it1 without     
either fastening the stick on the table1
 or letting the pail rest on  any       
support2 and this feat1 the laws of     
gravitation will enable you  literally  
to accomplish4    ,illustration    ,you 
take the pail of water1 and hang it by  
the handle upon the  projecting end of  
the stick1 in such a manner that the    
handle may rest  on it in an inclined   

position1 with the middle of the pail   
within  the edge of the table4 ,that it 
may be fixed in this situation1 place   
another stick with one of its ends      
resting against the side at the  bottom 
of the pail1 and its other end against  
the first stick1 where  there should be 
a notch to retain it4 ,by these means1  
the pail will  remain fixed in that     
situation1 without being able to incline
 to either  side2 nor can the stick     
slide along the table1 or move along its
 edge1  without raising the centre of   
gravity of the pail1 and the water it   
contains4      ,,the ,,phantom ,,at     
,,command4    ,this feat is performed by
 means of confederacy4--,having         
privately  apprised your confederate    
that when he hears you strike one blow1 
it  signifies the letter ,a2 when you   
strike two1 it means ,b2 and so on for  
the rest of the alphabet1 you state to  
the company1 that if any one  will walk 
into the adjoining room1 and have the   
door locked upon him1  perhaps the      

animal may appear to him which another  
person may name4    ,in order to deter  
every one except your confederate from  
accepting the  offer1 you announce at   
the same time1 that the person who      
volunteers to  be shut up in the room   
must be possessed of considerable       
courage1 or he  had better not undertake
 it4 ,having thus gained your end1 you  
give your  confederate a lamp1 which    
burns with a very dismal light2 telling 
him1  in the hearing of the company1 to 
place it on the middle of the floor1    
and not to feel alarmed at what he may  
happen to see4 ,you then usher  him into
 the room1 and lock the door4    ,you   
next take a piece of black paper1 and a 
bit of chalk1 and giving  them to one of
 the party1 you tell him to write the   
name of any animal  he wishes to appear 
to the person shut up in the room4 ,this
 being done1  you receive back the      
paper1 and after showing it round to the
 company1  you fold it up1 burn it in   
the candle1 or lamp1 and throw the ashes

  into a mortar2 casting in at the same 
time a powder1 which you state to  be   
possessed of valuable properties4       
,having taken care to read what was     
written1 you proceed to pound the  ashes
 in the mortar thus3 ,suppose the word  
written to be ,,cat1 you  begin by      
stirring the pestle round the mortar    
several times1 and then  strike three   
distinct blows1 loud enough for the     
confederate to hear1  and by which he   
knows that the first letter of the word 
is ,c4 ,you next  make some irregular   
evolutions of the pestle round the      
mortar1 that  it may not appear to the  
company that you give nothing but blows1
 and  you then strike one blow to denote
 ,a4 ,work the pestle about again1 and  
then strike twenty blows1 which he will 
know to mean ,t2 finishing your  manuvre
 by working the pestle about the mortar1
 the object being to  make the blows as 
little remarkable as possible4 ,you then
 call aloud  to your confederate1 and   
ask him what he sees4 ,at first he is to

 make  no reply4 ,at length1 after being
 interrogated several times1 he asks if 
it be a ,,cat4    ,that no mistake may  
be made1 each party should repeat to    
himself the  letters of the alphabet in 
the order of the blows4      ,,the      
,,miraculous ,,shilling4    ,provide a  
round box1 the size of a large          
snuff-box1 and likewise eight  other    
boxes1 which will go easily into each   
other1 letting the least of  them be of 
the size to hold a shilling4 ,observe   
that all these boxes  must shut so      
freely that they may all be closed at   
once1 by the covers  accurately fitting 
within each other4    ,previously to    
commencing your performance1 fit the    
boxes within each  other1 and place them
 in a table drawer at another part of   
the room4  ,you also fit the covers in  
the same manner1 and lay them by the    
side of  the boxes2 you likewise provide
 a silk handkerchief1 into one corner of
  which a shilling is sewed4    ,you now
 commence your operations1 by borrowing 

a shilling1 desiring the  lender to mark
 it1 that it may not be changed4 ,take  
this shilling in  your right hand1 and  
the handkerchief in your left1          
pretending to place  the shilling in the
 centre of the handkerchief2 instead of 
which1 you  put the corner of the       
handkerchief in which a shilling was    
sewed1 as  previously described1        
concealing the borrowed shilling in your
 right  hand4 ,you then desire the      
person to feel that the shilling is     
there1  and tell him to hold it tight4  
,you now go to the drawer1 and placing  
the borrowed shilling in the  smallest  
of the boxes1 you put on all the covers1
 by taking them in the  centre between  
the fore-finger and thumb1 to prevent   
their separation1  and fit them on1 by  
carefully sliding them along1 and then  
pressing  them down4    ,having thus    
closed your boxes1 you produce what     
appears to be a single  box1 and lay it 
on the table4 ,you now ask the person1  
who still retains  his hold of the      

shilling in the handkerchief1 if he is  
sure that it is  there4 ,he will reply  
in the affirmative2 you then request him
 to allow  you to take the handkerchief1
 and having done so1 you strike that    
part  of the handkerchief containing the
 shilling on the box1 and immediately   
shake out the handkerchief1 holding it  
by two corners1 and shifting it  round  
so as to get the shilling within your   
grasp3 it will thus appear  that the    
shilling is no longer there4 ,you desire
 the person to open the  box1 and hand  
it round1 till the shilling be found2   
and when the last  box is opened1 and   
the shilling taken out1 you ask the     
lender to state  whether it is the one  
which he marked2 to which he must1 of   
course1  reply in the affirmative4      
,,the ,,locomotive ,,shilling4          
,privately place a shilling1 which you  
previously mark on the head side  with a
 cross1 under a candlestick1 or in any  
other out-of-the-way  situation1 where  
it is not likely to be discovered4 ,you 

next borrow a  shilling of one of the   
company1 and say3 8,now ,i am going to  
show you a  trick with this shilling1   
but that you may know it again1 ,i will 
mark  it40 ,then take your penknife1 and
 cross it in the same manner as the  one
 you have concealed2 show it to the     
person who lent it to you1 and  ask him 
if he will know it again4 ,he will      
reply3 8,yes2 it is marked  with a      
cross40 ,knock under the table1 and say 
8,presto6 fly quickly60 at  the same    
time1 adroitly conveying the shilling   
into your pocket4 ,you  then tell the   
spectators that it is gone2 but you have
 a strong notion  that if they look they
 will find it under the candlestick1 7or
 whatever  other place you may have     
concealed it in17 where the first       
shilling  you marked will of course be  
found1 and having the same marks as the 
genuine one will be mistaken for it4    
,,the ,,penetrative ,,sixpence4    ,you 
profess that you will make a sixpence   
appear to pass through the  table4 ,to  

perform this feat1 you must have a      
handkerchief1 in one  corner of which is
 sewed a sixpence4--,take it out of your
 pocket1 and  ask one of the company to 
lend you a sixpence1 which you must seem
 to  carefully wrap up in the middle of 
the handkerchief1 but instead of  which1
 you keep it in the palm of your hand1  
and in its stead1 wrap up  the corner in
 which the other sixpence is sewed1 in  
the midst of the  handkerchief1 and bid 
the person from whom you borrowed the   
sixpence1  feel that it is there4 ,you  
then lay it under a hat upon the table1 
take  a glass in the hand in which you  
have concealed the sixpence1 and hold   
it under the table4 ,give three knocks  
upon the table1 crying 8,presto6  come  
quickly60 ,then drop the sixpence into  
the glass2 bring the glass  from under  
the table1 and exhibit the sixpence to  
the spectators4 ,you  lastly take the   
handkerchief from under the hat1 and    
shake it1 taking  care to hold it by the
 corner in which the sixpence was sewed4

      ,,the ,,vanishing ,,sixpence4     
,having previously stuck a small piece  
of white wax on the nail of your  middle
 finger1 lay a sixpence on the palm of  
your hand1 and addressing  the company1 
state that it will vanish at the word of
 command4 8,many  persons10 you observe1
 8perform this feat1 by letting the     
sixpence fall  into their sleeve2 but to
 convince you that ,i shall not have    
recourse  to any such deception1 ,i will
 turn up my cuffs40 ,you then close your
  hand1 and bringing the waxed nail in  
contact with the sixpence1 it  will     
firmly adhere to it4 ,you then blow your
 hand1 and cry 8,begone60  and suddenly 
opening it1 and exhibiting the palm1 you
 show that the  sixpence has vanished4  
,if you borrow the sixpence of any of   
the  company1 take care to rub off the  
wax1 before you restore it to the       
owner4      ,,to ,,make ,a ,,sixpence   
,,balance ,,and ,,spin ,,on ,,its       
,,edge1 ,,on ,,the ,,point ,,of ,a      
,,needle4    ,procure a common          

wine-bottle1 two forks1 two corks1 a    
needle1 a  sixpence1 and a penknife4    
,having corked the bottle1 force the eye
 of  the needle into the cork           
perpendicularly1 leaving more than half 
the  needle sticking up4 ,you next cut a
 small slit with the penknife in  the   
centre of the bottom of the second cork1
 into which you insert  the sixpence    
edgewise2 then stick the forks into the 
upper cork1 and1  with a steady hand1   
place the edge of the sixpence on the   
point of the  needle1 and it will       
immediately find its balance4 ,you may  
now take the  upper cork between the    
finger and thumb1 and spin it round as  
fast as  you please1 as the sixpence    
will not fall off4 ,when it goes slow1  
hit  one of the forks with your finger  
as it goes round1 to increase its       
velocity4      ,,the ,,multiplying      
,,coin4    ,let a tumbler be half-filled
 with water2 put a sixpence in it2 and  
holding a plate over the top1 turn the  
glass upside down4 ,the sixpence  will  

fall down on the plate1 and appear to be
 a shilling2 while at  the same time a  
sixpence will seem to be swimming in the
 water4 ,if a  shilling is put in the   
glass1 it will have the appearance of a 
quarter  of a dollar and a shilling2 and
 if a quarter of a dollar were put in1  
it would seem to be half a dollar and a 
quarter of a dollar4      ,,magic ,,rat 
,,trap4    ,prepare a pasteboard circle1
 upon one side of which draw a figure of
 a  cage1 and on the other side that of 
a rat4 ,near the outer edge of the      
circle fasten two strings opposite each 
other4 ,so that they may be held        
between the fore finger and thumb in    
such manner that the circle may be  made
 to revolve rapidly4 ,when it is set in 
motion the transition is so  quick1 that
 it presents the appearance of a rat in 
the cage4    ,illustration      ,,to    
,,show ,,the ,,velocity ,,of ,,motion4  
,take a long hollow stalk or reed1      
suspend it horizontally by two  loops of
 single hairs2 by striking it with a    

sharp quick stroke at a  point nearly in
 the centre1 between the hairs1 it may  
be cut through  without breaking either 
of them4 ,the hairs in this case would  
have been  ruptured1 if they had        
partaken of the force applied to the    
stalk2 but  the division of the latter  
being affected before the impulse could 
be  propagated to the hairs1 they must  
consequently remain unbroken4    ,a     
smart blow1 with a slight wand or hollow
 reed on the edge of a glass  tumbler1  
would break the wand1 without injury to 
the glass4    ,lay a small piece of     
money upon a card placed over the mouth 
of a  glass tumbler1 and resting upon   
the rim of the glass4 ,the card may be  
withdrawn with such speed and dexterity1
 that the piece of money will  not be   
removed laterally1 but will drop into   
the glass4      ,,the ,,exploding       
,,bubble4    ,if you take up a small    
quantity of melted glass with a tube1   
7the bowl  of a common tobacco pipe will
 do17 and let a drop fall into a vessel 

of  water1 it will chill and condense   
with a fine spiral tail1 which being    
broken1 the whole substance will burst  
with a loud explosion1 without  injury  
either to the party that holds it1 or   
him that breaks it2 but if  the thick   
end is struck even with a hammer1 it    
will not break4      ,,the ,,magic      
,,picture4    ,take two level pieces of 
glass1 7plate glass is the best17 about 
three  inches long and four wide1       
exactly of the same size2 lay one on the
  other1 and manage to leave a space    
between them by pasting a piece of      
card1 or two or three small pieces of   
thick paper at each corner4    ,join    
these glasses together at the edge by a 
composition of lime  slacked by exposure
 to the air1 and white of an egg4 ,cover
 all the  edges of these glasses with   
parchment or bladder1 except at one end1
  which is to be left open to admit the 
following composition3    ,dissolve by a
 slow fire six ounces of hog's-lard1    
with half an ounce of  white wax2 to    

which you may add an ounce of clear     
linseed oil4    ,this must be poured in 
its liquid state1 and before a fire1    
between  the glasses1 by the space left 
in the sides1 and which you are then to 
close up4 ,wipe the glasses clean1 and  
hold them before the fire1 to see  that 
the composition will not run out at any 
part4    ,then fasten with gum a picture
 or print1 painted on very thin paper1  
with its face to one of the glasses1 and
 if you like1 you may fix the  whole in 
a frame4    ,while the mixture between  
the glasses is cold1 the picture will be
  quite concealed1 but become           
transparent when held to the fire2 and  
as  the composition cools1 it will      
gradually disappear4      ,,artificial  
,,lightning4    ,provide a tin tube that
 is larger at one end than it is at the 
other1  and in which there are several  
holes4 ,fill this tube with powdered    
resin2 and when it is shook over the    
flame of a torch1 the reflection  will  
produce the exact appearance of         

lightning4      ,,three ,,objects1      
,,discernible ,,only ,,with ,,both      
,,eyes4    ,if you fix three pieces of  
paper against the wall of a room at     
equal  distances1 at the height of your 
eye1 placing yourself directly before   
them1 at a few yards' distance1 and     
close your right eye1 and look at  them 
with your left1 you will see only two of
 them1 suppose the first  and second2   
alter the position of your eye1 and you 
will see the first  and third2 alter    
your position a second time1 you will   
see the second  and third1 but never the
 whole three together2 by which it      
appears1  that a person who has only one
 eye can never see three objects placed 
in this position1 nor all the parts of  
one object of the same extent1  without 
altering the situation of his eye4      
,,to ,,tell ,,by ,a ,,watch ,,dial ,,the
 ,,hour ,,when ,a ,,person ,,intends    
,,to ,,rise4    ,the person is told to  
set the hand of his watch at any hour he
 pleases1  which hour he tells you2 and 

you add in your own mind #ab to it4 ,you
  then desire him to count privately the
 number of that addition on the  dial1  
commencing at the next hour to that at  
which he intends to rise1  and including
 the hour at which he has placed the    
hand2 which will give  the answer2 for  
example1    ,a intends to rise at #f    
7this he conceals to himself27 he places
 the  hand at #h1 which he tells ,b1    
who1 in his own mind1 adds #ab to #h1   
which  make #bj4 ,b then tells ,a to    
count #bj on the dial1 beginning at the 
next hour to that at which he proposes  
to rise2 which will be #g1 and  counting
 backwards1 reckoning each hour as #a1  
and including in his  addition the      
number of the hour the hand is placed   
at1 the addition  will end at #f1 which 
is the hour proposed2 thus1        ,the 
hour the hand is placed at is           
#h        ,the next hour to that which  
,a intends to rise at is #g1      which 
counts for                              
#a        ,count back the hours from #f1

 and reckon them at #a each1      there 
will be #aa hours1 viz4 #d1 #c1 #b1 #a1 
#ab1 #aa1 #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1  #aa     
----                                    
,making            #bj      ,,to ,,make 
,a ,,ring ,,suspend ,,by ,a ,,thread1   
,,after ,,the ,,thread ,,has ,,been     
,,burned4    ,soak a piece of thread in 
urine1 or common salt and water4 ,tie it
 to  a ring1 not larger than a wedding  
ring4 ,when you apply the flame of a    
candle to it1 it will burn to ashes1 but
 yet sustain the ring4      ,,to ,,melt 
,a ,,piece ,,of ,,money ,,in ,a         
,,walnut-,,shell1 ,,without ,,injuring  
,,the ,,shell4    ,bend any thin coin1  
and put it into half a walnut-shell2    
place the  shell on a little sand1 to   
keep it steady4 ,then fill the shell1   
with  a mixture made of three parts of  
very dry pounded nitre1 one part of     
flowers of sulphur1 and a little        
saw-dust well sifted4 ,if you then set  
light to the mixture1 you will find1    
when it is melted1 that the metal  will 

also be melted in the bottom of the     
shell1 in form of a button1  which will 
become hard when the burning matter     
round it is consumed2  the shell will   
have sustained very little injury4      
,,the ,,magical ,,mirrors4    ,make two 
holes in the wainscot of a room1 each a 
foot high and ten  inches wide1 and     
about a foot distant from each other4   
,let these  apertures be about the      
height of a man's head1 and in each of  
them  place a transparent glass in a    
frame1 like a common mirror4    ,behind 
the partition1 and directly facing each 
aperture1 place  two mirrors1 inclosed  
in the wainscot1 in an angle of         
forty-five  degrees4,a ,these mirrors   
are each to be eighteen inches square3  
and  all the space between them must be 
enclosed with pasteboard painted  black1
 and well closed1 that no light can     
enter2 let there be also two  curtains  
to cover them1 which you may draw aside 
at pleasure4    ,when a person looks    
into one of these fictitious mirrors1   

instead  of seeing his own face1 he will
 see the object that is in front of  the
 other2 thus1 if two persons stand at   
the same time before these  mirrors1    
instead of each seeing himself1 they    
will reciprocally see  each other4      
,there should be a sconce with a lighted
 candle1 placed on each side of  the two
 glasses in the wainscot1 to enlighten  
the faces of the persons  who look in   
them1 or the experiment will not have so
 remarkable an  effect4    ,a ,that is1 
half-way between a line drawn           
perpendicularly to the  ground and its  
surface4      ,,the ,,enchanted         
,,bottle4    ,fill a glass bottle with  
water to the beginning of the neck2     
leave the  neck empty1 and cork it4     
,suspend this bottle opposite a concave 
mirror1  and beyond its focus1 that it  
may appear reversed4 ,place yourself    
still  further distant from the bottle2 
and instead of the water appearing1 as  
it really is1 at the bottom of the      
bottle1 the bottom will be empty1  and  

the water seen at the top4    ,if the   
bottle be suspended with the neck       
downwards1 it will be  reflected in its 
natural position1 and the water at the  
bottom1  although1 in reality1 it is    
inverted1 and fills the neck1 leaving   
the  bottom vacant4 ,while the bottle is
 in this position1 uncork it1 and let   
the water run gradually out3 it will    
appear1 that while the real bottle  is  
emptying1 the reflected one is filling4 
,care must be taken that the  bottle is 
not more than half or three parts full1 
and that no other  liquid is used but   
water1 as in either of these cases1 the 
illusion  ceases4      ,,the ,,armed    
,,apparition4    ,if a person with a    
drawn sword place himself before a large
 concave  mirror1 but further from it   
than its focus1 he will see an inverted 
image of himself in the air1 between him
 and the mirror1 of a less  size than   
himself4 ,if he steadily present the    
sword towards the centre  of the mirror1
 an image of the sword will come out    

from it1 point to  point1 as if to fence
 with him2 and by his pushing the sword 
nearer1  the image will appear to come  
nearer to him and almost to touch his   
breast4 ,if the mirror be turned #de    
degrees1 or one-eighth round1 the       
reflected image will go out             
perpendicular to the direction of the   
sword presented1 and apparently come to 
another person placed in the  direction 
of the motion of the image1 who1 if he  
be unacquainted with  the experiment1   
and does not see the original sword1    
will be much  surprised and alarmed4    
,,to ,,extract ,,the ,,silver ,,out ,,of
 ,a ,,ring1 ,,that ,,is ,,thick         
,,gilded1 ,,so ,,that ,,the  ,,gold     
,,may ,,remain ,,entire4    ,take a     
silver ring that is thick gilded4 ,make 
a little hole through the  gold into the
 silver2 then put the ring into         
aqua-fortis1 in a warm  place3 it will  
dissolve the silver1 and the gold will  
remain whole4      ,,curious            
,,experiment ,,with ,a ,,glass ,,of     

,,water4    ,saturate a certain quantity
 of water in a moderate heat1 with three
  ounces of sugar2 and when it will no  
longer receive that there is still  room
 in it for two ounces of salt of tartar1
 and after that for an  ounce and a     
drachm of green vitriol1 nearly six     
drachms of nitre1 the  same of          
salammoniac1 two drachms and a scruple  
of alum1 and a drachm  and a half of    
borax4      ,a ,,luminous ,,bottle1     
,,which ,,will ,,show ,,the ,,hour ,,on 
,a ,,watch ,,in ,,the ,,dark4    ,throw 
a bit of phosphorous1 of the size of a  
pea1 into a long glass  phial1 and pour 
boiling oil carefully over it1 till the 
phial is  one-third filled4 ,the phial  
must be carefully corked1 and when used 
should be unstopped1 to admit the       
external air1 and closed again4 ,the    
empty space of the phial will then      
appear luminous1 and give as much  light
 as an ordinary lamp4 ,each time that   
the light disappears1 on  removing the  
stopper it will instantly re-appear4 ,in

 cold weather the  bottle should be     
warmed in the hands before the stopper  
is removed4 ,a  phial thus prepared may 
be used every night for six months4     
,,ruses4      ,,the ,,wonderful ,,hat4  
,place three pieces of bread1 or other  
eatable1 at a little distance  from each
 other on a table1 and cover each with a
 hat2 you then take  up the first hat1  
and removing the bread1 put it into your
 mouth1 and  let your company see that  
you swallow it2 then raise the second   
hat1  and eat the bread which was under 
that1 and do the same with the third4   
,having eaten the three pieces1 give any
 person in company liberty to  choose   
under which hat he would wish those     
three pieces of bread to be2  when he   
has made choice of one of the hats1 put 
it on your head1 and  ask him if he does
 not think that they are under it4      
,,to ,,bring ,a ,,person ,,down ,,upon  
,a ,,feather4    ,this is a practical   
pun3--,you desire any one to stand on a 
chair or  table1 and you tell him that1 

notwithstanding his weight1 you will    
bring him down upon a feather4 ,you then
 leave the room1 and procuring  a       
feather from a feather-bed1 you give it 
to him1 and tell him you  have performed
 your promise1--that you engaged to     
bring him down upon  a feather1 which   
you have done2 for there is the feather1
 and1 if he  looks1 he'll find down upon
 it4      ,,the ,,apparent              
,,impossibility4    ,you profess        
yourself able to show any one what he   
never saw1 what you  never saw1 and what
 nobody else ever saw1 and which1 after 
you two have  seen1 nobody else ever    
shall see4    ,after requesting the     
company to guess this riddle1 and they  
have  professed themselves unable to do 
so1 produce a nut1 and having cracked   
it1 take out the kernel1 and ask them if
 they have ever seen that  before2 they 
will of course answer1 ,no2 you reply1  
neither have ,i1 and  ,i think you will 
confess that nobody else has ever seen  
it1 and now no  one shall ever see it   

again2 saying which1 you put the kernel 
into your  mouth and eat it4      ,,an  
,,omelet ,,cooked ,,in ,a ,,hat1 ,,over 
,,the ,,flame ,,of ,a ,,candle4    ,you 
ask the company if they would like an   
omelet cooked2 then you break  four eggs
 in a hat1 place the hat for a short    
time over the flame of  a candle1 and   
shortly after produce an omelet1        
completely cooked1 and  quite hot4      
,some persons would be credulous enough 
to believe that by the help  of certain 
ingredients you had been enabled to cook
 the omelet  without fire2 but the      
secret of the trick is1 that the omelet 
had  been previously cooked and placed  
in the hat1 but could not be seen1      
because the operator1 when breaking the 
eggs1 placed it too high for  the       
spectators to observe the contents4 ,the
 eggs were empty ones1 the  contents    
having been previously extracted1 by    
being sucked through a  small aperture1 
but to prevent the company from         
suspecting this1 the  operator manages1 

as if by accident1 to let a full one    
fall on the  table1 which breaking1     
induces a belief that the others are    
also full4      ,,the ,,impossible      
,,omelet4    ,you produce some butter1  
eggs1 and other ingredients for making  
an  omelet1 together with a frying-pan1 
in a room where there is a fire1  and   
state1 that the cleverest cook will not 
be able to make an omelet  with them4   
,the wager is won by having previously  
caused the eggs to be  boiled very hard4
      ,,go ,,if ,,you ,,can4    ,you    
tell a person that you will clasp his   
hands together in such a  manner1 that  
he shall not be able to leave the room  
without unclasping  them1 although you  
will not confine his feet1 or bend his  
body1 or in  any way oppose his exit4   
,the trick is performed by clasping the 
party's hands round the pillar  of a    
large circular table or other bulky     
article of furniture1 too  large for him
 to drag through the doorway4      ,,the
 ,,figure ,,puzzle4    ,you assert that 

you can prove the half of nine to be    
either four or  six2 and the half of    
twelve to be seven4 ,to make this       
manifest you have  only to draw a nine  
or a twelve in numerals1 and fold the   
paper across  the middle1 as in the     
margin4    ,illustration      ,,the     
,,visible ,,invisible4    ,you tell the 
company that you will place a candle in 
such a manner  that every person in the 
room1 except one1 shall see it2 yet you 
will  not blindfold him1 nor in any way 
restrain his person1 or offer the  least
 impediment to his examining or going to
 any part of the room  he pleases4 ,this
 trick is accomplished by placing the   
candle on the  party's head2 but it     
cannot be performed if a looking-glass  
is in the  room1 as that will enable him
 to turn the laugh against you4         
,,the ,,double ,,meaning4    ,place a   
glass of any liquid upon the table1 put 
a hat over it1 and say3  8,i will engage
 to drink the liquid under that hat1 and
 yet ,i'll not  touch the hat40 ,you    

then get under the table1 and after     
giving three  knocks1 you make a noise  
with your mouth as if you were          
swallowing the  liquid4 ,then getting   
from under the table1 you say3 8,now1   
gentlemen1 be  pleased to look40 ,some  
one1 eager to see if you have drunk the 
liquid1  will raise up the hat1 when you
 instantly take the glass1 and drink the
  contents1 saying3 8,gentlemen1 ,i have
 fulfilled my promise4 ,you are all     
witnesses that ,i did not touch the     
hat40      ,,quite ,,tired ,,out4       
,you undertake to make a person so      
tired1 by attempting to carry a small   
stick out of the room1 as to be unable  
to accomplish it1 although  you will add
 nothing to his burthen1 nor lay any    
restraint upon his  personal liberty4   
,to perform this manuvre1 you take up   
the stick1 and  cutting off a very small
 sliver1 you direct him to carry it out 
of the  room1 and return for more2      
concluding by telling him1 that you mean
  him to perform as many similar        

journeys as you can cut pieces off the  
stick4 ,as this may be made to amount to
 many thousands1 he will of  course     
gladly give up the undertaking4         
,,something ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,common4  
,having picked a stick or stone off a   
common1 you tell a person that you  are 
about to show him something which will  
surprise him1--something1  in fact1     
quite out of the common4 ,having thus   
excited his curiosity1  you produce the 
stick or stone1 or whatever else you may
 have picked  up1 which of course he    
will examine very intently1 and at      
length  observe1 that he sees nothing   
extraordinary in it4 8,that may be10 you
  reply1 8and yet1 ,i assure you1 that  
it is really something out of the       
common40 ,this will1 no doubt1 set him  
upon a fresh examination1 which  will   
naturally end in his asking for an      
explanation4 ,this you give1 by  telling
 him that 8though not uncommon1 it is   
out of the common1  for it is out of    
---- ,common20 and no doubt1 the company

 present will  indulge in a hearty laugh
 at the querist's expense4      ,,to    
,,rub ,,one ,,sixpence ,,into ,,two4    
,previously wet a sixpence slightly1 and
 stick it to the under edge of a  table1
 7without a cover17 at the place where  
you are sitting4 ,you then  borrow a    
sixpence from one of the company1 and   
tucking up your sleeves  very high1 and 
opening your fingers1 to show that you  
have not another  concealed1 rub it     
quickly backwards and forwards on the   
table1 with  your right hand1 holding   
your left under the edge of the table to
 catch  it4 ,after two or three feigned 
unsuccessful attempts to accomplish your
  object1 you loosen the concealed      
sixpence with the tips of the fingers   
of the left hand1 at the same time that 
you are sweeping the borrowed  sixpence 
into it2 and rubbing them a little while
 together in your  hands1 you throw them
 both on the table4      ,,magic        
,,circle4    ,you tell a person you will
 place him in the centre of a room1 and 

draw a circle of chalk round him1 which 
shall not exceed three feet  in         
diameter1 yet out of which he shall not 
be able to leap1 though  his legs shall 
be perfectly free4 ,when the party has  
exhausted his  ingenuity in trying to   
discover by what means you can prevent  
his  accomplishing so seemingly easy a  
task1 you ask him if he will try1 and   
on his assenting1 you bring him into the
 middle of the room1 and having         
requested him to button his coat        
tightly1 you draw with a piece of       
chalk1 a circle round his waist1 outside
 his coat1 and tell him to jump  out of 
it6    ,it will greatly improve this    
trick if the person be blindfolded1 as  
he will not be aware of the mode of     
performing it till the bandage is       
removed1 provided his attention be      
diverted while you are drawing the  line
 round him4    ,illustration            
,illustration3 ,,melange4               
,illustration3 ,,melange4               
,,illusions ,,of ,,touch4    ,,apply the

 points of a pair of compasses1 distant 
from each other  one or two lines1 to   
the cheek1 just before the ear2 then    
move them  successively to several other
 parts of the cheek1 and you will find1 
on approaching the mouth1 that the      
points will appear to recede from  each 
other2 this effect being produced by the
 great difference of the  sense of touch
 in these parts1 ,it is a general law1  
that in the more  sensitive portions of 
the skin1 any two points appear to be   
further  asunder from each other1 than  
points of equal distance appear to be to
  a less sensitive portion4 ,the same   
experiments may be made by holding      
together the extremities of the         
fore-finger and thumb1 and then passing 
the tips of both in a line from the ear 
to either the upper or the  under lip2  
as they approach the latter1 they will  
feel to the cheek as  if they were      
becoming more and more distant from each
 other4    ,if the skin be touched with 
the points of a pair of compasses1 one  

inch asunder1 the person so touched1    
while he shuts his eyes1 will  instantly
 be aware that his skin is touched in   
two places2 but by  continually drawing 
the two points closer1 a degree of      
nearness may be  reached at which the   
person will imagine his skin to be      
touched by only  one body3 he will1     
however1 describe this body1 or the     
compasses1 to  be a little longer in one
 direction than another2 and it appears 
that  this difference of length         
corresponds with the distance between   
the two  points of the compasses4 ,when 
these points are brought still nearer   
together1 the inequality will no longer 
be felt1 and the person will  fancy he  
is being touched by one body only4      
,handle a pea3 it is one--place it      
between the first and second fingers  of
 the right hand1 in their natural       
position1 and you will still feel  the  
pea but as one4 ,then cross the two     
fingers1 bringing the second  over the  
first1 and place the pea in the fork    

between them1 so as to  feel the left   
side of the pea with the right side of  
the second finger1  and the right with  
the left of the first ,the impression   
will then be  that you have two peas    
touching the fingers1 especially if the 
eyes  be shut1 and the fingers be placed
 by another person4 ,the illusion will  
be equally strong if the two            
fore-fingers of both hands be crossed1  
and  the pea placed between them4       
,,illusion ,,of ,,the ,,taste4    ,if   
the nose be held tightly while you are  
eating cinnamon you will  perceive      
scarcely any difference between its     
flavour and that of a deal  shaving4    
,,the ,,general ,,bleacher4    ,provide 
some strong chloride of lime1 soak in it
 strips of printed  cotton2 take them   
out1 dry them1 and you will find them   
very white1  but very rotten1 slitting  
and dropping into holes upon the        
slightest  touch4    ,the dazzling      
whiteness of paper is caused by         
bleaching it with chloride  of lime4    

,thus1 if you write on printing paper   
with common ink1 it will  fade1 because 
the chloride will destroy the colouring 
matter of writing  ink4 ,it will not1   
however1 change printing ink1 as that   
owes its  blackness to charcoal1 which  
is a singularly permanent substance4    
,blot  over a printed page with common  
writing ink1 wash it with chloride of   
lime1 when the blots will disappear1 and
 leave the printing unchanged4          
,,influence ,,of ,,coloured ,,glass ,,on
 ,,bulbous ,,roots4    ,put a bulb1 as a
 hyacinth1 narcissus1 c41 into a white  
glass1 and  another into a purple glass3
 the latter will grow faster than the   
former2 and1 if a pinch of salt1 or a   
piece of nitre1 be put into the  water  
whenever it is changed1 the brightness  
of the colour of the  flower will be    
considerably heightened4      ,,the     
,,spinning-,,top 8,,asleep40    ,spin a 
top1 and it will for some time stand    
8asleep10 as it is called  in the       
parlance of the play-ground4 ,the cause 

is thus explained by  ,dr4 ,arnot1 in   
his valuable ,elements of ,physics3     
8,while the top is  perfectly upright1  
its point being directly under its      
centre1 supports  it steadily1 and      
although turning so rapidly1 has no     
tendency to move  from the place2 but1  
if the top incline at all1 the side of  
the peg1  instead of the very point1    
comes in contact with the floor1 and the
  peg then becomes a little wheel or    
roller1 advancing quickly1 and1  with   
its touching edge1 describing a curve   
somewhat as a skater does1  until it    
becomes directly under the body of the  
top1 as before4 ,it thus  appears that  
the very fact of the top inclining      
causes the point to  shift its place1 so
 that it cannot rest until it come again
 directly  under the centre of the top40
      ,,to ,,judge ,,of ,,weights4      
,persons accustomed to estimate weights 
by poising them in their hands1  will   
distinguish perfectly between two1 only 
differing by a thirtieth  part4 ,in     

comparing two weights1 poise one and    
then instantly the other1  in the same  
hand2 the few seconds of time that pass 
between the  poising of the two weights 
will not prevent their accurate         
comparison4  ,the interval may amount to
 twenty seconds1 yet a just estimate may
  still be made2 but when it amounts to 
forty seconds1 all accuracy will  be    
lost4      ,,quicksilver ,,and ,,oil    
,,united4    ,let fall a very small drop
 of oil upon a large drop of mercury1   
and  the latter will become enlarged4   
,this phenomenon is attributed to a     
combination of the oil with the mercury1
 which produces a compound1 the         
attraction of which is less strong than 
that of pure mercury4      ,,to         
,,dissolve ,,the ,,soda ,,in ,,glass4   
,glass consists of sand1 carbonate of   
soda1 and red lead1 heated  together4   
,if water be poured into a glass vessel1
 neither of the  ingredients will be    
affected by it2 but1 if the glass be    
reduced to  a fine powder1 and water be 

poured on it1 the soda will instantly be
  dissolved4    ,or1 moisten1 with water
 a piece of tumeric1 or test-paper1 drop
 on it a  little powdered glass1 and the
 soda in it will change the yellow paper
  to brown4      ,,waterproof ,,paper4  
,make a solution of caoutchouc in       
caoutchoucine1 plunge into it1 once or  
twice1 unsized paper1 and dry it by a   
gentle heat4 ,it may then be used  as   
writing paper1 and will resist all      
humidity2 and small vessels made  of it 
will even contain water4      ,,to      
,,dissolve ,,gold ,,or ,,platinum4      
,mix a little nitric acid with half the 
quantity of muriatic acid1 into  which  
put the metal for solution4    ,or1 pour
 a little aqueous solution of chlorine  
into a small glass1  and put in a bit of
 pure gold leaf2 stir it with a glass   
rod1 and the  gold will dissolve4 ,thus 
gold1 which cannot be dissolved in      
nitric1  sulphuric1 or other strong     
acids1 will quickly disappear in water1 
with  a little chlorine in solution4    

,,colder ,,than ,,ice4    ,mix common   
salt with pounded ice or snow1 and they 
will run into brine1  which will be much
 colder than the ice or snow4           
,,contra-,,crystallization4    ,dissolve
 two ounces of nitre and three of       
,glauber salts in five ounces  of warm  
water2 fill two bottles with the        
solution1 into one of which  put a      
crystal of nitre1 and into the other a  
crystal of ,glauber salts2  place both  
bottles in ice-cold water1 when nitre   
only will crystallize  in the one and   
,glauber salts in the other4      ,,one 
,,and ,,one ,,do ,,not ,,make ,,two4    
,mix a wine-glass full of sulphuric acid
 with a wine-glass full of  water1      
cautiously2 and1 on re-measuring the    
mixture1 it will not be  found          
sufficient to re-fill both glasses4     
,,to ,,copy ,,writing ,,instantly4      
,add a little sugar to ink1 with which  
write the letter to be copied2  then lay
 a sheet of thin unsized paper1 damped  
with a sponge1 on the  writing2 pass    

lightly over it a flat iron1 very       
moderately heated1 and  a reverse       
impression of the writing will be       
accurately taken off4      ,,the ,,rival
 ,,dials4    ,fix two pendulum clocks to
 the same wall1 or lay two watches upon 
the  same table1 and they will take the 
same rate of going1 though they  would  
vary in that rate if they were placed in
 separate apartments4  ,indeed1 it has  
been observed1 that the pendulum of one 
clock will even  stop that of the other1
 and that the stopped pendulum will1    
after a  certain time1 go again1 and1 in
 its turn stop the other pendulum4      
,,to ,,spin ,,indian ,,rubber4          
,dissolve a small piece of ,indian      
rubber in a little caoutchoucine1 and   
put a drop or two of the solution upon a
 looking-glass or window-pane2  touch it
 lightly with a dry piece of ,indian    
rubber1 quickly draw out a  fine thread1
 which attach to a card1 and wind off as
 silk4      ,,indelible ,,writing4      
,as the art of man can unmake whatever  

his ingenuity can make1 we have  no     
right to expect an indelible ink2       
however1 an approximation to it  may be 
made as follows3 make a saturated       
solution of indigo and madder  in       
boiling water1 in such proportions as to
 give a purple tint2 add  to it from    
one-sixth to one-eighth of its weight of
 sulphuric acid1  according to the      
thickness and strength of the paper to  
be used4 ,write  with this ink1 and     
expose the paper to a gradual heat from 
the fire1  when the characters will be  
completely black1 the letters being     
burnt  in and charred by the sulphuric  
acid4 ,if the acid has not been used in 
sufficient quantity to destroy the      
texture of the paper1 and reduce it  to 
the state of tinder1 the colour may be  
discharged by washing it with  a strong 
solution of oxalic acid in water4 ,when 
the full proportion  of acid has been   
employed1 crumple and rub the paper1 and
 the charred  letters will fall out2    
then by placing a black ground behind   

the  letters1 they may be preserved1 and
 thus a species of indelible writing    
may be procured1 the letters being1 as  
it were1 stamped out of the  paper4     
,,vegetable ,,anatomy4    ,soak any part
 of a plant in nitric acid for a short  
space of time1  and all power of        
cohesion will be lost by the vessels1   
which will  become transparent1 and be  
easily separable from each other by     
gentle  dissection4 ,so complete will be
 the effect1 that even the most         
delicate cells of the cellular tissue   
will become disengaged from each  other1
 and may be examined singly with perfect
 ease4 ,this discovery  will enable     
persons who have not compound           
microscopes1 and delicate  directing    
instruments1 to anatomize plants with   
facility4      ,,to ,,tell ,,what       
,o',,clock ,,it ,,is ,,by ,,the ,,moon4 
,this may be calculated by the shadow   
which the moon casts upon a  sun-dial1  
it being only necessary to know the     
moon's age1 which may be  found in an   

almanack4 ,if the new moon happens in   
the morning1 this day  is taken into the
 account2 but if it happens after noon1 
the following  day is counted the first4
 ,the moon's age is to be multiplied by 
four  and divided by five4 ,the quotient
 must either be added to the hour1      
which the shadow indicates on the       
sun-dial1 and the sum will give the     
time sought2 or subtract from the       
quotient the hour shown by the moon     
upon the dial1 and the remainder will   
give the hour sought4 ,the first  is to 
be done when the shadow falls on an hour
 of the afternoon1 and  the latter when 
it falls upon an hour of the forenoon4  
,the following  are examples3    #ast4  
,suppose the moon to be ten days old1   
and the shade cast by the  moon upon the
 sun-dial to be at half-past two2 or1   
that the shadow  cast by the moon falls 
on the place at which the shadow cast by
 the  sun stands at half-past two2--what
 o'clock was it then8 ,the answer is    
calculated as follows3--,the moon's age1

 #aj days  #d  #dj #dj_/e  #h4  ,eight1 
therefore1 is the time when the moon was
 in the meridian1 and #h   #b  #aj1 or  
half-past ten1 the hour sought4    #b;d4
 ,suppose the moon to have been #ah days
 old1 and the shadow cast by  it on the 
sun-dial to have marked eleven4 ,this   
time is subtracted from  the hour when  
the moon was in the meridian on that    
day1 and from which  the hour marked by 
the shadow must be deducted4 ,the shadow
 shows here  #aa o'clock in the         
forenoon1 or one hour before noon1      
which1 deducted  from #b;h4 #bdm4 gives 
#a;h4 #bdm42 #b - #a  #a1 or #bd minutes
 past one  o'clock4      ,,the          
,,physiognotype4    ,this is a          
newly-invented instrument1 by the aid of
 which a person may  have a plaster cast
 of his face taken without submitting to
 the usual  unpleasant process4    ,it  
consists of an assemblage of very fine  
moveable wires1 confined  closely       
together within a broad hoop or band1   
after the manner of the  bristles in a  

telescope hearth-brush1 but not closed  
at the back1 in  order to allow to the  
wires a free passage4 ,the wires slide  
in a metal  plate1 perforated all over  
with holes1 very fine and close         
together4  ,the apparatus is surrounded 
by an outer case which is filled with   
warm  water1 in order to prevent any    
unpleasant sensation on the contact of  
the instrument with the skin4           
,illustration    ,when it is desired to 
take a likeness1 the instrument is      
applied to the  face with a gentle and  
gradual pressure1 the wires easily yield
 and  slide back1 conformably to the    
prominences of the countenance2 they are
  then fixed tightly in their position1 
and thus form a mould which will  yield 
a perfect and faithful cast of the face1
 in which even the most  minute line    
will appear with the strictest accuracy4
      ,,infinite ,,divisibility ,,of    
,,matter4    ,dissolve a single grain of
 copper in about one dram of nitric     
acid1  and dilute the solution with     

about one ounce of water1 when it will  
be evident that a single drop of the    
mixture must contain an almost          
immeasurably small portion of copper4   
,yet1 if the blade of a knife  be dipped
 into it1 it will become covered with a 
coat of copper2  thus showing that the  
copper can be infinitely divided without
 any  alteration in its properties4     
,,holding ,,the ,,breath4    ,if a      
person inspire deeply1 he will be able1 
immediately after1 to  hold breath for a
 time1 varying with his health1 state of
 exertion1  or repose4 ,a man1 during an
 active walk1 may not be able to cease  
breathing for more than half a minute2  
but1 after resting on a chair or  bed1  
he may refrain from breathing for a     
minute and a half1 or even two  minutes4
 ,but if he will prepare himself by     
breathing deeply1 hardly1  and quickly  
7as he would naturally do after         
running71 and ceasing  that operation   
with his lungs full of air1 then hold   
his breath as  long as he is able1 he   

will find that the time1 during which he
 can  remain without breathing1 will be 
double1 or even more than double the    
former4 ,this effect may be rendered    
exceedingly serviceable1 as on  many    
occasions a man who can hold breath for 
a minute1 or two minutes1  may save the 
life of another2 such as in entering a  
chamber on fire1  rescuing from         
drowning1 c4      ,,sand ,,in ,,the     
,,hour-,,glass4    ,it is a remarkable  
fact1 that the flow of sand in the      
hour-glass is  perfectly equable1       
whatever may be the quantity in the     
glass2 that is1  the sand runs no faster
 when the upper half of the glass is    
quite full  than when it is nearly      
empty4 ,it would1 however1 be natural   
enough  to conclude that1 when full of  
sand1 it would be more swiftly urged    
through the aperture1 than when the     
glass was only a quarter full1 and  near
 the close of the hour4    ,the fact of 
the even flow of sand may be proved by a
 very simple  experiment4 ,provide some 

silver sand1 dry it over or before the  
fire1  and pass it through a tolerably  
fine sieve4 ,then take a tube1 of any   
length or diameter1 closed at one end1  
in which make a small hole1 say  the    
eighth of an inch2 stop this with a peg1
 and fill up the tube with  the sifted  
sand4 ,hold the tube steadily1 or fix it
 to a wall1 or frame1  at any height    
from a table2 remove the peg1 and permit
 the sand to flow  in any measure for   
any given time1 and note the quantity4  
,then1 let the  tube be emptied1 and    
only half or a quarter filled with sand1
 measure  again1 for a like time1 and   
the same quantity of sand will flow3    
even  if you press the sand in the tube 
with a ruler or stick1 the flow of  the 
sand through the hole will not be       
increased4    ,the above is explained by
 the fact1 that when the sand is poured 
into  the tube1 it fills it with a      
succession of conical heaps1 and that   
all  the weight which the bottom of the 
tube sustains1 is only that of the  heap

 which first falls upon it2 as the      
succeeding heaps do not press  downward1
 but only against the sides or walls of 
the tube4      ,,resistance ,,of ,,sand4
    ,from the above experiment it may be
 concluded1 that it is extremely        
difficult to thrust sand out of a tube  
by means of a fitting plug or  piston2  
and this1 upon trial1 is found to be the
 case4 ,fit a piston to  a tube 7exactly
 like a boy's pop-gun71 pour some sand  
in1 and try with  the utmost strength of
 the arm to push out the sand4 ,it will 
be found  impossible to do this3 rather 
than the sand should be shot out1 the   
tube will burst at the sides4           
,,glass ,,broken ,,by ,,sand4    ,if    
bullets be let fall on glass which has  
been cooled in the open air1  they will 
not break it2 but1 if a few grains of   
sand be let fall on the  same kind of   
glass1 it will be broken into a thousand
 pieces6 ,this is  explained by the lead
 not scratching the surface of the      
glass2 whereas  the sand1 being sharp   

and angular1 scratches sufficiently to  
break it4      ,,to ,,bleach ,,ivory4   
,place any piece of discoloured ivory   
beneath a glass1 expose it to the  sun1 
and it will soon be restored to pure    
whiteness2 whereas1 if the  ivory be    
exposed to the sun without the glass    
covering1 it will become  more          
discoloured4      ,,vanishing ,,shells4 
,put into a little diluted muriatic     
acid1 a common whelk-shell1 when  it    
will be completely dissolved1 and not a 
sensible trace of it left  behind4      
,if an oyster-shell1 or land snail-shell
 be put into the acid1 their  substances
 will disappear1 but the form or        
skeleton of the shells will  remain4    
,,the ,,magic ,,egg4    ,fill a basin   
with dilute muriatic acid1 and put into 
it an egg1 which  will sink2 but1 in a  
few seconds1 the whole of the egg-shell 
being  covered with bubbles of carbonic 
acid gas1 will rise to the surface1  a  
portion of the egg will be lifted above 
the surface1 and the whole  egg will    

slowly rotate4 ,this rotation is formed 
by the bubbles of  gas forming at the   
under part of the egg1 and over all the 
submersed  portions1 which render them  
lighter than the portions above the     
liquid  level1 till the under portion   
ascends and the other descends4         
,,the ,,magic ,,whirlpool4    ,fill a   
glass tumbler with water1 throw upon its
 surface a few fragments  or thin       
shavings of camphor1 and they will      
instantly begin to move and  acquire a  
motion1 both progressive and rotatory1  
which will continue  for a considerable 
time4 ,during these rotations1 if the   
water be  touched by any substance which
 is at all greasy1 the floating         
particles  will quickly dart back1 and1 
as if by a stroke of magic1 be instantly
  deprived of their motion and vivacity4
    ,in like manner1 if thin slices of  
cork be steeped in sulphuric ether  in a
 closed bottle1 for two or three days1  
and then placed upon the  water1 they   
will rotate for several minutes1 like   

the camphor2 until  the slices of cork  
having discharged all their ether1 and  
become soaked  with water1 they will    
keep at rest4    ,if the water be made  
hot1 the motion of the camphor will be  
more rapid  than in cold water1 but it  
will cease in proportionately less time4
  ,thus1 provide two glasses1 one       
containing water at #eh degrees1 and the
  other at #baj degrees2 place raspings 
of camphor upon each at the same  time2 
the camphor in the first glass will     
rotate for about five hours1  until all 
but a very minute portion has           
evaporated1 while the rotation  of the  
camphor in the hot water will last only 
nineteen minutes2 about  half the       
camphor will pass off1 and the remaining
 pieces1 instead of  being dull1 white1 
and opaque1 will be vitreous and        
transparent1 and  evidently soaked with 
water4 ,the gyrations1 too1 which at    
first will be  very rapid1 will         
gradually decline in velocity1 until    
they become quite  sluggish4    ,the    

stilling influence of oil upon waves has
 become proverbial3 the  extraordinary  
manner in which a small quantity of oil 
instantly spreads  over a very large    
surface of troubled water1 and the      
stealthy manner  in which even a rough  
wind glides over it1 must have excited  
the  admiration of all who have         
witnessed it4    ,by the same principle1
 a drop of oil may be made to stop the  
motion of  the camphor as follows3 throw
 some camphor1 both in slices and in    
small  particles1 upon the surface of   
water1 and while they are rotating1 dip 
a glass rod into oil of turpentine1 and 
allow a single drop thereof to  trickle 
down the inner side of the glass to the 
surface of the water2  the camphor will 
instantly dart to the opposite point of 
the liquid  surface1 and cease to       
rotate4 ,if a piece of hard tallow or   
lard be  employed1 the motion of the    
camphor will be more slowly stopped than
  by oil or fluid grease1 as the latter 
spreads over the surface of the  water  

with greater rapidity4    ,if a few     
drops of sulphuric or muriatic acid be  
let fall into the  water1 they will     
gradually stop the motion of the        
camphor2 but1 if  camphor be dropped    
into nitric acid diluted with its own   
bulk of water1  it will rotate rapidly  
for a few seconds and then stop4    ,if 
a piece of the rotating camphor be      
attentively examined with a lens1  the  
currents of the water can be well       
distinguished1 jetting out1  chiefly    
from the corners of the camphor1 and    
bearing it round with  irregular force4 
,the currents1 as given out by the      
camphor1 may also be seen by means of   
the microscope2 a drop or two of pure   
water being placed upon a slip  of      
glass1 with a particle of camphor       
floating upon it4 ,by this means1  the  
currents may be detected1 and it will be
 seen that they cause the  rotations4   
,or1 a flat watch-glass1 called a lunar1
 may be employed1 raised a  few inches1 
and supported on a wire ring1 kept      

steady by thrusting  one end into an    
upright piece of wood1 like a retort    
stand4 ,then put  the camphor and water 
in the watch-glass1 and place under the 
frame a  sheet of white paper1 so that  
it may receive the shadow of the glass1 
camphor1 c41 to be cast by a steady     
light placed above1 and somewhat  on one
 side of the watch-glass4 ,on observing 
the shadow1 which may  be considered a  
magnified representation of the object  
itself1 the  rotations and currents can 
be distinguished4,b    ,b ,abridged from
 the ,magazine of ,popular ,science1    
vol4 iii4      ,,magic ,,porcelain4     
,a peculiar kind of porcelain was       
formerly manufactured in ,china1  which 
exhibited its colour and devices only   
when filled with water4  ,though the art
 of manufacturing this porcelain has    
been lost1 and the  mode cannot now be  
described with accuracy1 the following  
has been  conjectured as not very remote
 from the truth4 ,the first requisite   
was  that the vessel be extremely thin1 

so that the figures to be formed  might 
be sufficiently clear and perceptible4  
,after the vessel has  been baked1 the  
figures1 which were mostly fish1 7as    
those were most  appropriate with the   
water71 were formed on the inside2 and1 
after the  colour had dried1 a second   
extremely thin coat1 of the same        
substance  as that of which the vessel  
was constructed1 was lain on the inside 
and varnished4 ,the fish1 or other      
device1 would then1 it is evident1  be  
enclosed between the two coats of the   
ware of which the vessel was  made4 ,all
 that remained to be done was to grind  
the outside of the  vessel as close to  
the figures as possible1 to varnish it  
again1 and  bake it a second time2 and  
though1 after this operation1 the       
figures  and embellishments would not be
 at all perceptible1 yet1 so soon as    
the vessel was filled with water1 they  
would at once be rendered clear  and    
distinct to a degree scarcely credible4 
,attempts have been made to  revive this

 beautiful art1 but hitherto without    
success4      ,a ,,galvanic ,,tongue4   
,coat the point of the tongue with      
tin-foil1 and its middle part with  gold
 or silver leaf2 when a sourish taste   
will be produced1 and the  tongue will  
be galvanised4      ,,drinking ,,porter 
,,out ,,of ,,pewter4    ,if porter be   
drunk out of a pewter pot1 it will      
produce a more brisk  sensation than    
when it is taken out of a glass vessel1 
which is  ascribed to a galvanic effect4
 ,in this instance there is a           
combination  of one metal and two       
dissimilar fluids1 which combination    
constitutes a  galvanic circle4 ,in the 
act of drinking1 one side of the pewter 
pot is  exposed to the action of the    
saliva1 which moistens the lip1 while   
the  other metallic side is in contact  
with the porter2 the circuit being  thus
 completed1 an agreeable relish is      
communicated to the beverage  when it   
comes in contact with the tongue4       
,,electric ,,or ,,galvanic              

,,preservation4    ,immerse a slip of   
copper in dilute nitric acid1 and it    
will be soon  corroded and dissolved2   
but1 if a slip of zinc be immersed with 
the  copper1 the zinc will be dissolved1
 and the copper remain unaltered and    
uninjured4      ,,light ,,from ,,the    
,,diamond4    ,expose a fine diamond to 
the sunbeams1 and carry it into a dark  
room1  when it will exhibit             
phosphorescence3 and it has been stated 
that such  diamonds as do not display   
this peculiarity1 may be made to do so  
by  dipping them into melted borax4     
,the diamond becomes phosphorescent also
 when fixed to the prime  conductor of  
an electrical machine1 and a few sparks 
may be taken from  it4 ,it likewise     
becomes electric by friction2 and the   
,hon4 ,mr4 ,boyle  obtained electric    
gleams by rubbing two diamonds together 
in the dark4      ,,to ,,break ,a       
,,stone ,,with ,a ,,blow ,,of ,,the     
,,fist4    ,select two stones from three
 to six inches long1 and about half as  

thick2 lay one flat on the ground1 on   
which place one end of the other1       
raising the reverse end to an angle of  
forty-five degrees1 and just  over the  
centre of the stone 7with which it must 
form a ,t17 supporting  it in that      
position by a piece of thin twig or     
stick1 one1 or one and  a half inch     
long2 if the raised stone be now smartly
 struck about the  centre1 with the     
little finger side of the fist1 the     
stick will give  way1 and the stone will
 be broken to pieces3 the stones must be
 laid so  as not to slip1 otherwise the 
experiment will fail4      ,,mimic      
,,frost-,,work4    ,fasten a sprig of   
fresh rosemary1 or any similar shrub1 to
 the inside  of a small bandbox1 near   
the top2 heat a thick tile1 and sprinkle
 it  with gum benzoic1 and immediately  
place the bandbox over it1 when the     
acid will be sublimed by the heat1 and  
will condense in a white vapour  upon   
the green plant1 giving it the          
appearance of being covered with        

hoarfrost4      ,,to ,,melt ,,lead ,,in 
,a ,,piece ,,of ,,paper4    ,wrap up a  
very smooth ball of lead in a piece of  
paper1 taking care  that there be no    
wrinkles in it1 and that it be          
everywhere in contact  with the ball2 if
 it be held in this state1 over the     
flame of a taper1  the lead will be     
melted without the paper being burnt4   
,the lead1  indeed1 when once fused1    
will not fail in a short time to pierce 
the  paper1 and run through4            
,,hydrostatic ,,balance4    ,provide a  
pair of scales1 in one of which place a 
tumbler filled with  water1 and poise it
 by placing weights in the opposite     
scale2 then hold  in the tumbler a block
 of wood1 or any substance nearly the   
size of  the tumbler1 but so that it    
shall not touch the sides or bottom2    
when1  although nearly the whole of the 
water will have to run over the sides1  
and only a spoonful may remain1 the     
scales will continue balanced2 and  all 
this without regard to the weight of the

 body you plunge into the  water1 taking
 care to hold it entirely clear of the  
tumbler1 so that it  touch it nowhere2  
for the effect will be the same if what 
you plunge in  be scooped hollow and    
made water-tight4 ,a bladder blown up1  
tied fast1  and held down in the water1 
so as to leave only a spoonful of water 
surrounding it1 will keep the scales    
balanced just as well as a block  of    
lead of the same size4      ,,metallic  
,,reduction4    ,mix a little red lead  
with some powdered charcoal1 and with   
the mixture  fill the bowl of a         
tobacco-pipe2 set it over a common fire1
 and in  about twenty minutes the lead  
will be found reduced to its metallic   
state4          ,,simple ,,electricity4 
,,electrical ,,attraction ,,and         
,,repulsion4    ,rub a piece of amber1 a
 stick of red sealing-wax1 or a smooth  
glass  tube1 smartly upon the sleeve of 
a coat1 or any other dry woollen        
substance1 and it will attract to itself
 bits of straw1 paper1  fragments of    

gold leaf1 or any small and light       
bodies4 ,the amber1 wax1  or glass1 is  
then said to be excited1 and the        
attractive power thus  developed1 is    
called electrical attraction4    ,select
 a clean and dry downy feather1 and     
suspend it from a beam by a  long thread
 of white silk2 to be used in the       
following experiments3    ,provide a    
glass tube1 about three feet long and   
three quarters of  an inch diameter2    
wipe it dry1 and rub it gently with a   
warm silk  handkerchief2 then apply the 
tube to the feather1 and it will attract
  it2 withdraw the tube gently1 apply it
 again1 and the feather will be         
repelled for a time1 but then attracted1
 and then again repelled4 ,in  this     
case1 the feather having received       
electricity from the glass1 is  repelled
 by it2 for bodies similarly electrified
 repel each other4    ,fold a silk      
handkerchief1 warm it1 and with it rub  
the tube2 apply it  to the feather1 and 
it will first attract and then repel it2

 when the  feather has just been        
repelled by the silk1 apply the tube1   
and the  feather will be attracted4 ,the
 handkerchief must be folded so thickly 
as to keep the hand as far as possible  
from the glass tube4    ,roll up flannel
 thickly1 rub it with sealing-wax1 and  
the roll will  by turns attract and     
repel the feather2 when thus repelled1  
apply the  excited wax1 and it will     
instantly attract the feather4    ,when 
the atmosphere is dry1 take in one hand 
a rod of glass and  in the other a stick
 of sealing-wax1 and rub them against   
silk or  worsted2 with one of them      
approach a bit of gold-leaf1 floating in
  the air1 it will first attract and    
then repel it4 ,when the gold has  just 
been repelled1 approach it with the     
other rod1 and it will be  immediately  
attracted2 and this alternate attraction
 and repulsion may  be strikingly       
displayed by placing the two excited    
rods at a small  distance asunder1 with 
the gold leaf between them4             

,,alchemical ,,electricity4    ,nearly  
fill a wine-glass with a weak solution  
of blue vitriol in water1  and place in 
it the blade of a knife and a small     
silver spoon2 the  knife will soon      
acquire a copper coating1 but the spoon 
will remain  bright until it is touched 
with the blade of the knife1 when it    
will  also become plated with copper4   
,,the ,,electric ,,balls4    ,provide   
two small balls of equal size2 both made
 of gum-lac1 and cover  one with gold   
leaf4 ,suspend these balls from a beam  
by fine white  silk threads1 at a little
 distance from each other1 so as to     
allow a  comparison of their motions4   
,then rub a stick of red sealing-wax    
upon  any woollen substance1 or warm it 
at the fire1 and present it to the      
balls2 when it will be at once seen that
 the gilt ball1 which readily  admits of
 the transfer of electricity from one   
side to the other1 will  be sooner and  
more powerfully attracted than the other
 ball1 which  allows of no motion in its

 electricity4 ,the latter ball will1    
however1  by slow degrees be feebly     
attracted1 and may1 at length1 be made  
to  adhere for a considerable time to   
the sealing-wax4      ,,the ,,electric  
,,dance4    ,lay on a table small pieces
 of paper or cotton1 feathers1 or       
gold-leaf2  then rub with a silk        
handkerchief a glass tube1 hold it      
parallel to  the table1 and the several 
pieces will be alternately attracted and
  repelled1 and a kind of electrical    
dance will be kept up4    ,if to the    
further end of the tube you hang a brass
 ball1 by a thread of  linen1 hemp1 or  
metallic wire1 the ball will participate
 in the magic  power of the rubbed tube2
 but if the ball be suspended by a cord 
of  silk1 worsted1 or hair1 or be       
attached by wax or pitch1 the attractive
  and repulsive properties of the rod   
will not pass into the ball4            
,,electric ,,light4    ,shake a         
barometer in a dark room1 and light will
 be produced in the  empty part of it by

 the friction of the quicksilver        
electrifying  the glass tube4 ,even the 
friction of air upon glass is attended  
by  electricity1 as has been found by   
blowing upon a dry plate of glass  with 
a pair of bellows4      ,,electric      
,,light ,,from ,,brown ,,paper4         
,provide a piece of thick brown paper1  
thoroughly dry and warm2 rub the  paper 
briskly in a dark room1 and there will  
dart forth flashes of  electric light to
 the fingers1 to a key1 or to any other 
conductor that  may be presented to it4 
,heat a small portion of sulphate of    
quinine in a spoon over the flame  of a 
lamp1 and it will become luminous and   
highly electrical4      ,,sudden        
,,production ,,of ,,light4    ,take a   
piece of dry and warm wood into a dark  
room1 suddenly rend  it asunder1 and a  
flash of light will be perceived4 ,the  
same effect  may likewise be produced by
 suddenly snapping asunder a stick of   
sealing-wax in the dark4    ,or1 break a
 ,prince ,rupert's drop1 and electrical 

light will pervade the  whole1 so that  
its form will be distinctly visible in  
the dark4 ,the  light will appear1 even 
if the experiment be made under water4  
,,electricity ,,of ,,the ,,cat4         
,place your left hand upon the throat of
 the cat1 and1 with the middle  finger  
and the thumb1 press slightly the bones 
of the animal's  shoulders2 then1 if the
 right hand be gently passed along the  
back1  perceptible shocks of electricity
 will be felt in the left hand4 ,shocks 
may also be obtained by touching the    
tips of the ears after rubbing the      
back4 ,if the colour of the cat be      
black1 and the experiment be made in  a 
dark room1 the electric sparks may be   
very plainly seen4    ,very distinct    
discharges of electricity may also be   
obtained by  touching the tips of the   
ears1 after applying friction to the    
back2 and  the same may be obtained from
 the foot4 ,placing the cat on your     
knees1  apply your right hand to the    
back2 the left fore paw resting on the  

palm of your left hand1 apply the thumb 
to the upper side of the paw1  so as to 
extend the claws1 and1 by this means1   
bring your fore-finger  into contact    
with one of the bones of the leg1 where 
it joins the paw2  when1 from the knob  
or end of this bone1 the finger slightly
 pressing  on it1 you may feel          
distinctly successive shocks1 similar to
 those  obtained from the ears4    ,it  
is1 perhaps1 unnecessary to add1 that1  
in order to this experiment  being      
conveniently performed1 the experimenter
 must be on good terms  with the cat4   
,illustration           99       99     
99       99       99    ,transcriber's  
,notes3    ,obvious punctuation errors  
repaired4 ,varied hyphenation was       
retained4    ,page x1 8,phenakisticope0 
changed to 8,phenakistiscope0 and       
8,stoboscope0  changed to 8,stroboscope0
 7,the ,phenakistiscope or ,stroboscope7
 ,this same  change was also made on    
page #cd in all-capitals 7,,the         
,,phenakistiscope1  ,,or ,,stroboscope7 

,page xii1 8#aaj0 changed to 8#aab0 for 
the entry of 8,the ,mysterious          
,circles0 to match location in text4    
,page #c1 8loose0 changed to 8lose0 7it 
will lose all7    ,page #dd1 the        
original instructions for tuning a      
guitar1 read 7like an  inverted 7 ,as   
this would just be a 8v0 and would not  
be like a saddle1  the instruction was  
changed to 7like an inverted v1 7       
,page #ed1 8vers0 changed to 8vers0     
7red1 and vice vers7    ,page #fj1      
8widows0 changed to 8windows0 7glasses  
in druggists' windows7    ,page #hb1    
word 8a0 removed from text4 ,original   
read 7small a piece of  lead7    ,page  
#hb1 8cut0 changed to 8out0 7throwing   
out luminous7    ,page #hc1 word 8be0   
removed from text4 ,original read       
7antimony will be  become7    ,page #hc1
 8,duch0 changed to 8,dutch0 7copper1 or
 8,dutch metal107    ,page #ih1         
8,,frame0 changed to 8,,flame0          
7,,combustion ,,without ,,flame7        
,page #ajj1 8fell0 changed to 8feel0    

7will feel warmth7    ,page #ajj1       
8fully0 changed to 8full0 7cup nearly   
full of water7    ,page #aaa1 word 8a0  
added to text 7jar with a bladder7      
,page #aaa1 8amadon0 changed to 8amadou0
 7a scrap of amadou7    ,page #aac1     
8have0 changed to 8has0 7tube passes    
has7    ,page #aad1 8smells0 changed to 
8swells0 7the moisture swells the7      
,page #aad1 8increase0 changed to       
8increases0 7threads1 and increases7    
,page #aaf1 8as so0 changed to 8so as0  
7so as to resemble7    ,page #abg1      
8befow0 changed to 8below0 7below the   
ring7    ,page #acb1 8pale0 changed to  
8pail0 7pail of water on7    ,page #acf1
 8hankerchief0 changed to 8handkerchief0
 7midst of the  handkerchief7    ,page  
#aef1 8skaiter0 changed to 8skater0 7as 
a skater does7