,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,co4 ,bo/on3 ,,fr$]ick ,,d\glass ,/atesman ,edition ,vol4 ,,xix ,*>les ,sumn] ,,8 ,,complete ,,works ,) ,introduction ,,by ,,hon4 ,,george ,,frisbie ,,ho> ,illu/ration ,,bo/on ,,lee ,,& ,,%ep>d ,,mcm ,,copyright1 #ahhb1 ,,by ,,francis ,v4 ,,bal*1 ,,executor4 ,,copyright1 #aijj1 ,,by ,,lee ,,& ,,%ep>d4 ,/atesman ,edition4 ,,limit$ ,,to ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,copies4 ,,( ,,:i* ,,?is ,,is ,no4 #cbj ,norwood ,press3 ,,norwood1 ,,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,,xix4 ,,page ,,color$ ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,wa%+ton4 ,spee* 9 ! ,s5ate1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahga #a ,,hon4 ,,john ,,covode1 ,,late ,,repres5tative ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,spee* 9 ! ,s5ate1 on 8 ,dea?1 ,febru>y #aj1 #ahga #ab ,,italian ,,unity ,,aga94 ,lett] to a ,public ,meet+ at ,pittsburg1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahga #ae ,,violations ,,( ,,int]national ,,law1 ,,& ,,usurpations ,,( ,,w> ,,p[]s4 ,spee* 9 ! ,s5ate1 on 8 ,san ,dom+o ,resolutions1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahga #af ,,p]sonal ,,relations ,,) ,,! ,,presid5t ,,& ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate4 ,,an ,,explanation ,,9 ,,reply ,,to ,,an ,,assault4 ,/atem5t prep>$ = ,pres5tation to ! ,s5ate1 ,m>*1 #ahga #ii ,,! ,,ku-,,klux-,,klan4 ,spee* 9 ! ,s5ate1 on ! ,bill to en=ce ! ,provisions ( ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution1 ,april #ac1 #ahga #abe ,,our ,,duty ,,aga9/ ,,wrong4 ,lett] to ! ,re=m ,league1 ,new ,york1 ,may #h1 #ahga #aca ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,s5ate ,,to ,,imprison ,,recusant ,,witnesses4 ,spee*es 9 ! ,s5ate1 ,may #ah & #bg1 #ahga #acb ,,! ,,haytian ,,m$al4 ,response to ! ,lett] ( ,pres5tation1 ,july #ac1 #ahga #aed ,,equality ,,( ,,rights ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ools4 ,lett] to ,george ,w4 ,walk]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,s*ool ,directors ( ,jeff]son1 ,texas1 ,july #bh1 #ahga #aeh ,,peace ,,& ,,! ,,republic ,,= ,,france4 ,rem>ks 9 ,music ,hall1 ,bo/on1 introduc+ ,m4 ,a?anase ,coqu]el1 ( ,p>is1 ,octob] #i1 #ahga #aei ,,! ,,great ,,fire ,,at ,,*icago1 ,,& ,,our ,,duty4 ,spee* at ,faneuil ,hall1 at a ,meet+ = ! ,relief ( ,suff]]s at ,*icago1 ,octob] #aj1 #ahga #afa ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,or ,,our ,,color$ ,,fell[-,,citiz5s4 ,lett] to ! ,national ,conv5tion ( ,color$ ,citiz5s at ,columbia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,octob] #ab1 #ahga #afd ,,"o ,,t]m ,,= ,,presid5t4 ,resolution & ,rem>ks 9 ! ,s5ate1 ,decemb] #ba1 #ahga #afh ,,! ,,be/ ,,portraits ,,9 ,,engrav+4 ,article 9 8,! ,city10 an ,illu/rat$ ,magaz9e1 ,new ,york1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgb #age ,,equality ,,be=e ,,! ,,law ,,protect$ ,,by ,,national ,,/atute4 ,spee*es 9 ! ,s5ate1 on 8 ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill1 z an ,am5dm5t to ! ,amne/y ,bill4 ,janu>y #ae1 #ag1 #ca1 ,febru>y #e1 & ,may #ba1 #ahgb #bjc ,,color$ ,,s*ools ,,9 ,,wa%+ton4 ,,spee* ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,febru>y #h1 #ahga4 ,on ! motion ( ,mr4 ,patt]son1 ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 to /rike out f a bill relative to s*ools 9 ! ,di/rict ! clause1-- 8,& no di/9ction1 on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude1 %all be made 9 ! admission ( pupils to any ( ! s*ools "u ! control ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 or 9 ! mode ( education or treatm5t ( pupils 9 su* s*ools10-- ,mr4 ,sumn] said3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1--,my fri5d1 ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee1 says t ?is proposition is correct 9 pr9ciple4 ,b to my m9d no?+ is cle>] ?an t :]e any?+ is correct 9 pr9ciple x mu/ by inevitable law be correct 9 practice4 ,nobody "h makes ?is law1--n ! ,s5ate1 n ,congress4 ,by a high] law ?an any f human p[]1 :atev] is correct 9 pr9ciple mu/ be correct 9 practice4 ,i /& on ?is rule4 ,x is ! tea*+ ( all hi/ory2 x is ! tea*+ ( human life2 especially is x ! tea*+ ( our national exp]i5ce dur+ ^! latt] ev5tful ye>s4 ,h[ (t5 h propositions be5 oppos$ 9 ?is ,*amb] z correct 9 pr9ciple1 b n practical6 ,& h[ (t5 :at 0 correct 9 pr9ciple triumph$ ov] e ob/acle6 ,:5 ! proposition = ! abolition ( ,slav]y 9 ! ,di/rict 0 br\ght =w>d1 we 7 told t x 0 correct 9 pr9ciple1 b t x w\ld n "w well1--t x 0 n practical6 ,s :5 ! proposition 0 br\ght =w>d to give ! color$ p ! "r to te/ify 9 c\rt1 we 7 assur$ t x 0 correct 9 pr9ciple1 b t x w\ld n be practical4 ,! same objection 0 made to ! proposition t color$ p %\ld ride 9 ! horse-c>s2 & ,i 0 gravely told t :ite p w\ld n use ! c>s1 if !y 7 op5$ to color$ p4 ,! proposition prevail$1 & y & o!rs "k :e!r any injury !refrom has be5 done to ! c>s4 ,!n1 aga91 :5 x 0 propos$ to give ! ballot to all1 x 0 ann\nc$ t x might be correct 9 pr9ciple1 b t x 0 n practical2 & ,i1 ,sir1 0 s]i\sly assur$ by an em95t citiz5 t x w\ld br+ ab\t massacre at ! polls4 ,n[ t x is propos$ to apply ! same pr9ciple to ! s*ools1 we are aga9 assur$1 ) equal s]i\sness & gravity1 t1 ?\gh correct 9 pr9ciple1 x is n practical4 ,sir1 ,i take issue on t g5]al proposition4 ,i insi/ t :atev] is correct 9 pr9ciple is practical4 ,any?+ else w\ld make ?is _w a failure1 & ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ,god impossible4 ,! provision :i* my fri5d w\ld /rike out is simply to c>ry into education ! same pr9ciple :i* we h c>ri$ into ! c\rt-room1 into ! horse-c>1 & to ! ballot-box3 t is all4 ,if !re be any argum5t 9 favor ( ! provision 9 ^! o!r cases1 all[ me to say t x is /rong] 9 ! s*ool-room1 inasmu* z ! *ild is m impressionable ?an ! man4 ,y %\ld n beg9 life ) a rule t sanctions a prejudice4 ,!re=e d ,i insi/1 especially = ! sake ( *ildr51 = ! sake ( ^? t5d] ye>s mo/ susceptible to human influ5ce1 t we %\ld bani% a rule :i* w make !m gr[ up ) a sep>ation :i* w be to !m a burd53 a burd5 to ! :ite2 = e prejudice is a burd5 to him :o has x2 & a burd5 to ! black1 :o w suff] always "u ! degradation4 ,) :at consi/5cy c y d5y to ! *ild equal rights 9 ! s*ool-room & !n give him equal rights at ! ballot-box8 ,hav+ already accord$ equal rights at ! ballot-box1 ,i insi/ ^u 8 equal "r 9 ! s*ool-room also4 ,"o is ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,x is n en\gh to give him a sep>ate s*ool1 :]e he may h ! same k9d ( education ) ! :ite *ild4 ,he w n h ! same k9d ( education4 ,e *ild1 :ite or black1 has a "r to be plac$ "u precisely ! same influ5ces1 ) ! same tea*]s1 9 ! same s*ool-room1 )\t any discrim9ation f\nd$ on 8 color4 ,y dis[n di/9ctions ( sect3 :y keep up ^? ( color8 ,a great protection to ! color$ *ild1 & a great assurance ( 8 education1 w be t he is educat$ on ! same b5*es & by ! same tea*]s ) ! :ite *ild4 ,y may give him :at is sometimes call$ an equival5t 9 ano!r s*ool2 b ?is is n equality4 ,8 "r is to equality1 & n to equival5cy4 ,he has equality only :5 he comes into y\r common-s*ool & f9ds no exclusion !re on acc\nt ( 8 sk94 ,/rike out ?is provision1 & y w say to ! *ildr5 ( ?is ,di/rict3 8,!re is a prejudice ( color :i* we sanction2 cont9ue x2 gr[ up ) x 9 y\r s\ls40 ,& worse /ill1 ! prejudice :i* y sanction w ext5d f ?is c5tre ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,?is is a c5tre1 & n a corn]4 ,:at we d "h w be an example 9 di/ant places4 ,my fri5d says t ?is provision w hurt ! s*ools4 ,p>don me2 he is mi/ak54 ,x w help ! s*ools4 ,ev]y?+ t br+s ! s*ools into h>mony ) great pr9ciples & ) div9e tru? mu/ help !m4 ,any?+ t makes !m antagoni/ic to great pr9ciples & to div9e tru? hurts !m4 ,/rike out ?is provision1 & y hurt !m s]i\sly1 vitally1--y /ab !m "h 9 ! h\se ( _! fri5ds4 ,9 a bill to promote education y deal x a fatal bl[4 ,sir1 z ,i *]i% education1 z ,i love fre$om1 z at all times ,i /& by human rights1 s d ,i *]i%1 love1 & /& by ?is safegu>d4 ,x is wor? ! :ole bill4 ,/rike x out1 & ! bill is too poor to be adopt$4 ,if x %\ld be pass$1 ?us %orn1--,i say x1 ,sir1 because ,i mu/ say x1--x w br+ disgrace ^u ,congress4 ,to ! color$ p "h we owe1 c]ta9ly1 equality2 we owe to !m ! practical recognition ( ! promises ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 & /ill fur!r1 we mu/ see t ! common s*ools ( ?is ,di/rict are an example ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,we _c af=d to d less4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! region lately curs$ by ,slav]y ?is d>k prejudice /ill l+]s & l[]s4 ,f our vantage-gr\nd "h we mu/ /rike x1 &1 accord+ to our p[]1 de/roy x4 ,b if ! proposition ( my fri5d prevails1 y w enc\rage & fo/] x4 ,n[1 ,sir1 aga9/ ! /atem5t ( my fri5d1 ! ,*airman1 ,i oppose ! /atem5t ( exp]ts1--,i oppose a /atem5t :i*1 ,i v5ture to say "h1 _c be answ]$4 ,x is n my /atem5t4 ,i %\ld n v5ture to say any?+ l t ( any?+ t ,i said4 ,i oppose a ,report made by ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,color$ ,s*ools 9 ,wa%+ton1 & ,i ask ! att5tion ( ! ,s5ate to :at ,i read4 ,x is a ,report made to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahgj1 & communicat$ to ! ,s5ate by ! ,secret>y1 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahga4a ,"u ! head ( 8,ne$ ( ,additional ,legislation0 ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,color$ ,s*ools express !mselves z foll[s3-- 8,x is our judgm5t t ! be/ int]e/s ( ! color$ p ( ?is capital1 & n !irs alone1 b ^? ( all classes1 require ! abrogation ( all laws & in/itutions creat+ or t5d+ to p]petuate di/9ctions bas$ on color1 & ! enactm5t 9 _! /ead ( su* provisions z %all secure equal privileges to all classes ( citiz5s4 ,! laws creat+ ! pres5t sy/em ( sep>ate s*ools = color$ *ildr5 9 ?is ,di/rict 7 enact$ z a tempor>y exp$i5t to meet a condition ( ?+s :i* has n[ pass$ away40#b ,h[ wise is t rem>k6 ,^! are color$ m5 :o wrote ?is4 ,!y say3-- 8,! laws creat+ ! pres5t sy/em ( sep>ate s*ools = color$ *ildr5 9 ?is ,di/rict 7 enact$ z a tempor>y exp$i5t to meet a condition ( ?+s :i* has n[ pass$ away40 ,t condition ( ?+s 0 a "p ( ! legacy ( ,slav]y4 ,!y !n proce$3-- 8,t !y recognize & t5d to p]petuate a cruel1 unreasonable1 & un*ri/ian prejudice1 :i* has be5 & is ! s\rce ( untold wrong & inju/ice to t class ( ! community :i* we repres5t1 is ample reason = _! modification4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ?is community = ! la/ few ye>s has fully demon/rat$ t ! association ( diff]5t races1 9 _! daily occupations & civic duties1 is z consi/5t ) ! g5]al conv5i5ce z x is ) ju/ice4 ,& cu/om is n[ fully reconcil$ at ?is capital to ! seat+ side by side ( :ite & color$ p 9 ! railway c>1 ! jury-box1 ! municipal & ,gov]nm5t (fices1 9 ! city c\ncils1 & ev5 9 ! ,halls ( ! two ,h\ses ( ,congress4 ,yet1 :ile ! fa!rs may sit toge!r 9 ^? high places ( honor & tru/1 ! *ildr5 are requir$ by law to be educat$ ap>t4 ,we see nei!r reason nor ju/ice 9 ?is discrim9ation4 ,if ! fa!rs are fit to associate1 :y are n ! *ildr5 equally s80#c ,i %\ld l my honorable fri5d1 ! ,*airman1 to answ] t "q1 :5 ,i h f9i%$ ?is ,report3 8,if ! fa!rs are fit to associate1 :y are n ! *ildr5 equally s80 ,! ,report !n proce$s3-- 8,*ildr51 naturally1 are n affect$ by ?is prejudice ( race or color4 ,to educate !m 9 sep>ate s*ools t5ds to beget & int5sify x 9 _! "y m9ds1 & s to p]petuate x to future g5]ations4 ,if x is ! int5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t ^! *ildr5 %all become citiz5s 9 fact1 equal be=e ! law ) all o!rs1 :y tra9 !m to recognize ^! unju/ & impolitic di/9ctions80#d ,"h ,i w\ld int]pose ! fur!r inquiry1 ,:y w y make y\r s*ool-h\se ! nurs]y ( prejudice inconsi/5t ) ! decl>$ pr9ciples ( y\r in/itutions8 ,! ,report proce$s3-- 8,to d s is n only contr>y to reason1 b also to ! injunction ( ,scripture1 :i* says1 #8,tra9 up a *ild 9 ! way he %\ld g1 & :5 he is old he w n dep>t f x4'0#e ,& yet1 c\ld my fri5d prevail1 he w\ld tra9 up a *ild 9 ! way he %\ld n g2 b he w\ld n1 ,i "k1 enc\rage him 9 ?is prejudice4 ,! ,report proce$s3-- 8,objection to ! /ep "h recomm5d$ has be5 made on ! gr\nd ( exp$i5cy4 ,e advanc$ /ep 9 ! same direction has be5 oppos$ on ! same sup]ficial allegation4 8,! "r ( ! color$ man to ride 9 ! railway c>s1 to ca/ ! ballot1 to sit on ! jury1 to hold (fice1 & ev5 to be> arms 9 def5ce ( 8 c\ntry1 has enc\nt]$ ! same objection4 ,we are confid5t t x w prove ( no great] weight 9 ! pres5t case ?an x has 9 ! o!rs4 ,!re is no argum5t = equality at ! ballot-box1 9 ! c>s1 on ! jury1 9 hold+ (fice & be>+ arms1 :i* is n equally applicable 9 ! pres5t case4 ,we may g fur!r1 & insi/ t equality 9 ! o!r cases requires equality "h2 o!rwise ! :ole sy/em is incomplete & inh>moni\s40#f ,n[ my fri5d1 ! ,*airman1 w\ld make ! sy/em incomplete & inh>moni\s4 ,he w\ld cont9ue "h at ! base t discord :i* he w\ld be "o ( ! la/ to recognize 9 ! high] /ages4 ,! ,report proce$s3-- 8,x is wor?y ( note 9 ?is connection1 t "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 9 lit]>y1 social1 & political circles 9 ?is section ( ! c\ntry h rec5tly1 9 sett+ =? _! claims to be consid]$ ! be/ & true/ fri5ds ( ! p ( color1 tak5 pa9s to in=m ! public t !y 7 re>$ ) color$ *ildr51 play$ ) !m 9 ! sports ( *ildhood1 & 7 ev5 suckl$ by color$ nurses 9 infancy2 h5ce1 t no prejudice aga9/ color exi/s on _! "p4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ) :at %[ ( consi/5cy or reason c !y object to ! *ildr5 ( bo? classes sitt+ side by side 9 s*ool8 8,t ! cu/om ( sep>ation on acc\nt ( color mu/ disappe> f our public s*ools1 z x has f our halls ( ju/ice & ( legislation1 we reg>d z b a "q ( "t4 ,:e!r ?is unju/1 unreasonable1 & un*ri/ian discrim9ation aga9/ our *ildr5 %all cont9ue at ! capital ( ?is great ,republic is = ! wisdom ( ,congress to det]m9e4 8,we deem x prop] to add1 t a bill n[ be=e ! honorable ,s5ate1 entitl$ #8,a bill to secure equal rights 9 ! public s*ools ( ,wa%+ton & ,georget[n1' 7,s5ate1 ,no4 #cfa1 ,=ty-,fir/ ,congress1 ,second ,session17 report$ to t body ,may #f1 #ahgj1 by ,mr4 ,s5ator ,sumn]1 meets our approbation4 ,x is pla9 & simple1 & prescribes ! true rule ( equality = our s*ools4 ,?is bill is 9 ! nature ( a #8corn]-/one4'0#g ,?is ,report1 s honorable to ^! ,tru/ees1 %[+ t !y h a true appreciation ( pr9ciple1 also ( :at !y owe to !mselves & _! race1 & ,i tru/ also a true appreciation ( :at !y may ju/ly expect f ,congress1 concludes z foll[s3-- 8,9 conclusion1 ! ,tru/ees sugge/ t ^? equal educational advantages to :i* all *ildr5 are entitl$1 9 accordance ) ! great pr9ciple ( ,equality be=e ! ,law1 c be obta9$ only ?r\gh ! common s*ool1 :]e all *ildr5 meet toge!r 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! same opportunities1 ! same improvem5ts1 & ! same in/ructions4 ,:atev] !n is done = :ite *ildr5 w be %>$ by _! color$ bre?r51 & all %all enjoy ! same c>e & sup]vision40#h ,?is is sign$1 8,william ,syphax1 ,william ,h4 ,a4 ,wormley1 ,tru/ees ( ,color$ ,s*ools40 ,!re is !n a ,m9ority ,report1 sign$1 8,*>les ,k+1 ,tru/ee ( ,color$ ,s*ools ( ,wa%+ton & ,georget[n10 diss5t+ 9 "s respects f ! ,majority ,report1 b concid+ ) x absolutely on ?is mo/ important "q4 ,f ! ,m9ority ,report ,i read z foll[s3-- 8,9 ref]5ce to s*ools ( mix$ races ,i ?9k a diff]5ce ( op9ion may exi/ among ! real fri5ds ( ! color$ p2 b ! "t is rapidly approa*+ :5 ?is discrim9ation mu/ be oblit]at$ all ov] our c\ntry1 & ,i "k ( no bett] locality 9 :i* to make a beg9n+ ?an 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & no bett] "t ?an ! pres5t40#i ,sir1 ^! are wise words4 ,t is well put2 :atev] may be ! difficulties else:]e1 !y %\ld n be all[$ to prevail "h4 ,?is memb] ( ! ,bo>d kn[s 8no bett] locality 9 :i* to make a beg9n+ ?an 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & no bett] "t ?an ! pres5t40 ,he !n proce$s3-- 8,let all discrim9ation on acc\nt ( color be avoid$ 9 ! public s*ools ( ,wa%+ton1 let !m be amply provid$ = 9 respect to funds & tea*]s1 & a v few ye>s w see ! example foll[$ all ov] our free c\ntry4 ,! color$ race w feel ! /imulat+ effects ( direct competition ) ! :ite race1 _! ambition & self-respect w gr[ "u its influ5ce & add dignity to _! "*1 & rapidly develop a /yle & type ( manhood t mu/ place !m on an equality ) any ( ! o!r races ( m54 8,we h se5 ?is prejudice die out on ! field ( battle1 :]e :ite & color$ h f\ght toge!r = ! same flag4 ,x has be5 met & conqu]$ at ! ballot-box & 9 ! halls ( our local & g5]al ,legislatures1 & :y %\ld x n receive ! same fate 9 our s*ool-rooms8 ,:y educate ,am]ican y\? 9 ! idea t sup]iority exi/s 9 ! color ( ! sk91 :5 our ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ( :i* we boa/ s mu*1 flatly contradicts x80#aj ,n[1 ,sir1 ,i might well leave ?is :ole "q on ?is rem>kable /atem5t by ^! color$ ,tru/ees4 ,!y h spok5 = !mselves1 = _! race1 & = u4 ,:o c speak bett]8 ,i "k n if any?+ c be add$ to _! ,reports4 ,i cont5t myself ) "o fur!r ^w1 conclud+ z ,i began4 ,! ,s5ator f ,new ,hamp%ire f9ds ! pr9ciple correct1 b n practical4 ,to t ,i say1 ,try x4 ,try ! pr9ciple1 & x w be f\nd practical4 ,x w "w4 ,nev] 0 !re any correct pr9ciple t w\ld n "w4 ,i "k x is sometimes said t :ite p>5ts w\ld n s5d _! *ildr5 to ! s*ools4 ,h[ long w\ld t be8 ,"o week1 two weeks1 "o mon?1 two mon?s4 ,"s might d s possibly = a brief "t1 j z = a brief "t :ite p]sons refus$ to ent] ! /reet c>s :5 !y 7 op5$ to color$ p]sons4 ,x did n la/ long4 ,accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 m5 are n 9 ! habit ( bit+ (f _! own noses = any v long "t4 ,life is too %ort to prolong ?is process2 & ,i d n believe t ! p ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia w\ld reject = _! *ildr5 ! advantages ( ! common s*ools simply because ^! s*ools 7 br\ght into h>mony ) ! promises ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,,hon4 ,,john ,,covode1 ,,late ,,repres5tative ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,,spee* ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,on ,,8 ,,dea?1 ,,febru>y #aj1 #ahga4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1--,i v5ture to int]pose a brief ^w ( s9c]e homage to ! late ,,john ,,covode4 ,i call him ,john ,covode1 = s ,i he>d him call$ always4 ,o!rs are kn[n by "s title ( honor or (fice1 b he 0 kn[n only by ! simple "n he bore4 ,?is famili> designation h>moniz$ ) 8 unassum+ life & "*4 ,dur+ 8 long s]vice 9 ,congress ,i 0 9 ! ,s5ate1 s t ,i h be5 8 contempor>y4 ,& n[ t he has gone be=e me1 ,i owe my te/imony to ! simplicity1 integrity1 & patriotism ( 8 public life4 ,always simple1 always hone/1 always patriotic1 he leaves a "n :i* mu/ be pres]v$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,congress4 ,9 ! long li/ ( its memb]s he w /& =? ) an individuality n to be =gott54 ,h[ con/antly & indefatigably he toil$ ! records ( ! o!r ,h\se decl>e4 ,he 0 a do] r ?an a speak]2 b is n do+ m ?an spee*1 unless 9 ^? r>e cases :]e a spee* is an act8 ,b 8 spee* _h a pla9ness n )\t effect1 especially be=e ! p1 :]e ! facts & figures :i* he pres5t$ ) hone/ voice 7 eloqu5t4 ,! ,rebellion f\nd ?is fai?ful ,repres5tative 9 8 place1 & f ! fir/ mom5t to ! la/ he gave to its suppression "t1 inexhau/ible en]gy1 & t inf9ite treasure1 ! life ( a son4 ,he 0 = ! mo/ vigor\s measures1 :e!r 9 ! field or 9 /atesman%ip4 ,slav]y _h no sanctity = him1 & he insi/$ ^u /rik+ x4 ,s also1 :5 ! ,rebellion 0 suppress$1 he insi/$ always ^u ^? ,equal ,rights = ,all1 )\t :i* ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce is an unp]=m$ promise1 & our nation a political bankrupt4 ,9 all ^! ?+s he %[$ "* & became a practical lead]4 ,!re is h]oism else:]e ?an on fields ( battle1 & he display$ x4 ,he 0 a civic h]o4 ,& "h ! bitt]ness :i* he enc\nt]$ 0 ! tribute to 8 virtue4 ,9 do+ honor to ?is mu*-des]v+ s]vant1 ,i _c err1 if ,i add t nobody _h m at he>t ! welf>e ( ! ,republican ,p>ty1 ) :i*1 9 8 judgm5t1 7 associat$ ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,nation4 ,he felt1 t1 giv+ to 8 p>ty1 he gave to 8 c\ntry & to mank9d4 ,8 /rong s5se & ! complet5ess ( 8 devotion to p>ty made him /r5u\s always = ^? comm&+ pr9ciples by :i* ,humanity is advanc$4 ,!re=e 0 he = ! unity ( ! p>ty1 t x might be direct$ ) all its =ce = ! good cause4 ,!re=e 0 he aga9/ outside & di/urb+ que/ions1 calculat$ to di/ract & divide4 ,he saw ! wrong !y did to ! p>ty1 &1 9 ! relation ( cause & effect1 to ! c\ntry4 ,& "h t frankness :i* 0 "p ( 8 nature became a p[]4 ,he 0 always frank1 :e!r ) ! p1 ) ,congress1 or ) ! ,presid5t4 ,i _c =get 8 frankness ) ,abraham ,l9coln1 :o1 y "k1 lik$ frankness4 ,on m ?an "o occasion1 ) ?is good ,presid5t 8 frankness conqu]$4 ,honorable z 0 su* a victory to ! simple ,repres5tative1 x 0 m honorable to ! ,presid5t4 ,8 hone/ indignation at wrong 0 d\btless quick5$ by ! blood :i* c\rs$ 9 8 ve9s & ! /ory :i* x con/antly :isp]$4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f "o ( ^? 8,r$emption]s10 or ind5t$ s]vants1 transport$ to ,p5nsylvania 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 be+ a species ( :ite slaves1 among :om 0 "o ( ! sign]s ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! em95ce :i* ,john ,covode rea*$ atte/s ! hospitality ( our in/itutions1 & %[s h[ "* triumphs ov] difficulties4 ,) no?+ b a common education1 he improv$ 8 condition1 ga9$ ri*es1 enl>g$ 8 m9d ) wisdom1 & won ! confid5ce ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 until he became an example4 ,! dea? ( su* a citiz5 makes a void1 b x leaves beh9d a life :i* 9 itself is a monum5t4 ,,italian ,,unity ,,aga94 ,,lett] ,,to ,a ,,public ,,meet+ ,,at ,,pittsburg1 ,,p5nsylvania1 ,,febru>y #ba1 #ahga4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahga4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i _c be at y\r meet+1 b !re w be none among y to rejoice 9 ,italian ,unity m ?an ,i d4 ,long has x be5 a desire ( my he>t4 ,may x /& firm aga9/ all its enemies1 especially its greate/ enemy1 ! temporal autocracy ( ! ,pope6 ,fai?fully y\rs1 ,,*>les ,,sumn]4 ,,felix ,r4 ,,brunot1 ,,esq41 ,*airman4 ,,violations ,,( ,,int]national ,,law1 ,,& ,,usurpations ,,( ,,w> ,,p[]s4 ,,spee* ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,on ,,8 ,,san ,,dom+o ,,resolutions1 ,,m>* #bg1 #ahga4 ,! (ficial returns to ,mr4 ,sumn]'s resolutions ( ,decemb] #i1 #ahgj1 & ,febru>y #ae1 #ahga1 call+ = ! docum5ts 9 ! ,/ate & ,navy ,dep>tm5ts relative to ! case ( ,san ,dom+o1#aa gave occasion to ! introduction by him1 ,m>* #bd1 #ahga1 ( a s]ies ( resolutions1 subsequ5tly am5d$ to read z foll[s3-- ,resolutions reg>d+ ! employm5t ( ! ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o dur+ ! p5d5cy ( negotiations = ! acquisition ( "p ( t isl&4 ,:]eas any negotiation by "o nation ) a p inf]ior 9 population & p[]1 hav+ 9 view ! acquisition ( t]ritory1 %\ld be above all suspicion ( influ5ce f sup]ior =ce1 & 9 te/imony to ?is pr9ciple ,spa9 boa/$ t ! rencorporation ( ,dom9ica ) h] mon>*y 9 #ahfa 0 accompli%$ )\t ! pres5ce ( a s+le ,spani% %ip on ! coa/ or a ,spani% soldi] on ! l&1 all ( :i* appe>s 9 (ficial docum5ts2 & :]eas ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ a ,republic f\nd$ on ! ,rights ( ,man1 _c dep>t f su* a pr9ciple & su* a prec$5t )\t weak5+ ! obligations ( ju/ice betwe5 nations & inflict+ a bl[ ^u ,republican ,in/itutions3 ,!re=e1-- #a4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 ob$i5ce to correct pr9ciple1 & t ,republican ,in/itutions may n suff]1 ! naval =ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be )drawn f ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o dur+ ! p5d5cy ( negotiations = ! acquisition ( any "p ( t isl&4 #b4 ,resolv$1 ,t e s5tim5t ( ju/ice is di/urb$ by ! employm5t ( =eign =ce 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a rul] engag$ 9 sell+ 8 c\ntry1 & ?is moral repugnance is increas$ :5 x is kn[n t ! attempt$ sale is 9 violation ( ! ,con/itution ( ! c\ntry to be sold2 t1 !re=e1 ! employm5t ( our ,navy to ma9ta9 ,baez 9 usurp$ p[] :ile attempt+ to sell 8 c\ntry to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 op5 violation ( ! ,dom9ican ,con/itution1 is morally wrong1 & any transaction f\nd$ ^u x mu/ be null & void4 #c4 ,resolv$1 ,t s9ce ! ,equality ( ,all ,nations1 )\t reg>d to population1 size1 or p[]1 is an axiom ( ,int]national ,law1 z ! ,equality ( ,all ,m5 is an axiom ( our ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 no?+ c be done to a small or weak nation t w\ld n be done to a l>ge or p[]ful nation1 or t we w\ld n all[ to be done to ourselves2 & !re=e any treatm5t ( ! ,republic ( ,hayti by ! ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates inconsi/5t ) ?is pr9ciple is an infraction ( ,int]national ,law 9 "o ( its great safegu>ds1 & %\ld be disav[$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #d4 ,resolv$1 ,t s9ce c]ta9 naval (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 comm&+ l>ge w>-%ips1 includ+ ! monitor ,dictator & ! frigate ,sev]n1 ) p[]ful armam5ts1 act+ "u in/ructions f ! ,executive1 & )\t ! au?ority ( an ,act ( ,congress1 h ent]$ "o or m ports ( ! ,republic ( ,hayti1 a fri5dly nation1 & "u ! m5ace ( op5 & in/ant w> h co]c$ & re/ra9$ t republic 9 its sov]eignty & indep5d5ce "u ,int]national ,law1--!re=e1 9 ju/ice to ! ,republic ( ,hayti1 also 9 recognition ( its equal rights 9 ! ,family ( ,nations1 & 9 def]5ce to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our in/itutions1 ^! ho/ile acts %\ld be disav[$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e4 ,resolv$1 ,t "u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! p[] to decl>e w> is plac$ "u ! safegu>d ( an ,act ( ,congress2 t ! ,presid5t alone _c decl>e w>2 t ?is is a peculi> pr9ciple ( our ,gov]nm5t by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f mon>*ical ,gov]nm5ts1 :]e p[] to decl>e w>1 z also ! treaty-mak+ p[]1 is 9 ! ,executive alone2 t 9 pursuance ( ?is pr9ciple ! ,presid5t _c1 by any act ( 8 own1 z by an unratifi$ treaty1 obta9 any su* p[]1 & ?us dive/ ,congress ( its control2 & t !re=e ! employm5t ( ! ,navy )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress 9 acts ( ho/ility aga9/ a fri5dly =eign nation1 or 9 bellig]5t int]v5tion 9 ! affairs ( a =eign nation1 is an infraction ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a usurpation ( p[] n conf]r$ ^u ! ,presid5t4 #f4 ,resolv$1 ,t :ile ! ,presid5t1 )\t any previ\s decl>ation ( w> by ,act ( ,congress1 may def5d ! c\ntry aga9/ invasion by =eign enemies1 he is n ju/ifi$ 9 ex]cis+ ! same p[] 9 an outly+ =eign isl&1 :i* has n yet become "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 t a title "u an unratifi$ treaty is at mo/ in*oate & cont+5t :ile x is creat$ by ! ,presid5t alone1 9 :i* respect x diff]s f any su* title creat$ by ,act ( ,congress2 & s9ce x is creat$ by ! ,presid5t alone1 )\t ! support ( law1 :e!r 9 legislation or a ratifi$ treaty1 ! employm5t ( ! ,navy 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,gov]nm5t !re is )\t any excuse ( national def5ce1 z also )\t any excuse ( a previ\s decl>ation ( w> by ,congress4 #g4 ,resolv$1 ,t :atev] may be ! title to t]ritory "u an unratifi$ treaty1 x is positive t aft] ! failure ( ! treaty 9 ! ,s5ate all pretext ( title ceases1 s t our ,gov]nm5t is 9 all respects a /rang] to ! t]ritory1 )\t excuse or apology = any int]f]5ce aga9/ its enemies1 =eign or dome/ic2 & !re=e any bellig]5t int]v5tion or act ( w> on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o aft] ! failure ( ! ,dom9ican treaty 9 ! ,s5ate is unau?oriz$ viol5ce1 utt]ly )\t support 9 law or reason1 & proce$+ directly f t k+ly pr]ogative :i* is dis[n$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #h4 ,resolv$1 ,t 9 any proce$+s = ! acquisition ( "p ( ! isl& ( ,san ,dom+o1 :atev] may be its temptations ( soil1 climate1 & productions1 !re mu/ be no ex]cise ( influ5ce by sup]ior =ce1 nor any violation ( ,public ,law1 :e!r ,int]national or ,con/itutional2 & !re=e ! pres5t proce$+s1 :i* h be5 conduct$ at great co/ ( money1 "u ! con/ant %ad[ ( sup]ior =ce1 & ?r\gh ! bellig]5t int]v5tion ( our ,navy1 act+ 9 violation ( ,int]national ,law1 & initiat+ w> )\t an ,act ( ,congress1 mu/ be ab&on$1 to ! end t ju/ice may be ma9ta9$1 & t proce$+s s adv]se to correct pr9ciples may n become an example = ! future4 #i4 ,resolv$1 ,t1 in/ead ( seek+ to acquire "p ( ! isl& ( ,san ,dom+o by bellig]5t int]v5tion )\t ! au?ority ( an ,act ( ,congress1 x w\ld h be5 9 bett] accord ) ! pr9ciples ( our ,republic & its mission ( peace & b5efic5ce1 _h our ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! _s ( good neighborhood & by fri5dly appeal1 in/ead ( bellig]5t int]v5tion1 /riv5 = ! e/abli%m5t ( tranquillity ?r\gh\t ! :ole isl&1 s t ! int]nal diss5sions ( ,dom9ica & its di/urb$ relations ) ,hayti might be br\ght to a close1 ?us obta9+ t security :i* is ! fir/ condition ( prosp]ity1 all ( :i*1 be+ 9 ! nature ( good (fices1 w\ld h be5 )\t any violation ( ,int]national ,law1 & )\t any usurpation ( ,w> ,p[]s "u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ^! ,resolutions ,mr4 ,sumn]1 ,m>* #bg?1 spoke z foll[s3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1--,ent]+ aga9 ^u ?is discussion1 ,i p]=m a duty :i* _c be avoid$4 ,i wi% x 7 o!rwise1 b duty is a taskma/] to be obey$4 ,on evid5ce n[ be=e ! ,s5ate1 x is pla9 t ! ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 act+ "u ord]s f ,wa%+ton1 has be5 engag$ 9 measures ( viol5ce & ( bellig]5t int]v5tion1 be+ w> )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress4 ,an act ( w> )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress is no common ev5t4 ,?is is ! simple/ /atem5t ( ! case4 ,! :ole bus9ess is aggravat$1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! decl>$ object ( ?is viol5ce is ! acquisition ( =eign t]ritory1 be+ half an isl& 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1--& /ill fur!r1 t ?is viol5ce has be5 employ$1 fir/1 to prop & ma9ta9 a weak rul]1 himself a usurp]1 uphold+ him 9 p[] t he might sell 8 c\ntry1 &1 secondly1 to m5ace ! ,black ,republic ( ,hayti4 ,su* a case _c pass )\t inquiry4 ,x is too grave = sil5ce4 ,= ! sake ( ! ,navy1 :i* has be5 ! ag5t1 = ! sake ( ! ,adm9i/ration1 "u :i* ! ,navy act$1 = ! sake ( ,republican ,in/itutions1 :i* suff] :5 ! ,great ,republic makes itself a patt]n ( viol5ce1 & = ! sake ( ! ,republican ,p>ty1 :i* _c af=d to become responsible = su* conduct1 ! case mu/ be exam9$ on ! facts & ! law1 & also 9 ! light ( prec$5t1 s f> z prec$5t holds its tor*4 ,:5 ,i speak = ,republican ,in/itutions1 x is because ,i w\ld n h our great example weak5$ be=e ! _w1 & our good "n t>ni%$4 ,& :5 ,i speak = ! ,republican ,p>ty1 x is because f ! beg9n+ ,i h be5 ! fai?ful s]vant ( t p>ty & aspire to see x /rong & triumphant4 ,b beyond all ^! consid]ations is ! comm&+ rule ( ,ju/ice1 :i* _c be disobey$ ) impunity4 ,,! ,,"q ,,/at$4 ,! "q :i* ,i pres5t is v simple4 ,x is n1 :e!r ! acquisition ( ! isl& ( ,san ,dom+o1 9 :ole or "p1 ) a population =eign 9 orig91 language1 & in/itutions1 is desirable1 b :e!r we are ju/ifi$ 9 ! means employ$ to accompli% ?is acquisition4 ,! "q is ess5tially prelim9>y 9 "*1 & entirely indep5d5t ( ! ma9 "q4 ,on ! ma9 "q !re may be diff]5ce ( op9ion3 "s ?9k+ ! acquisition desirable1 & o!rs n desirable2 "s anxi\s = empire1 or at lea/ a sanit>ium1 9 ! tropics1--& o!rs m anxi\s = a ,black ,republic1 :]e ! ,african race %all %[ an example ( self-gov]nm5t by :i* ! :ole race may be uplift$2 "s ?9k+ ( gold m9es1 salt m\nta9s1 hog%eads ( sug>1 bags ( c(fee1 & boxes ( cig>s1--o!rs ?9k+ m ( :at we owe to ! ,african race4 ,b :atev] ! diff]5ce ( op9ion on ! ma9 "q1 ! evid5ce n[ be=e u %[s too cle>ly t means h be5 employ$ :i* _c be ju/ifi$4 ,& ?is is ! "q to :i* ,i n[ ask ! att5tion ( ! ,s5ate4 ,,reason ,,= ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,! ,,"q4 ,"h1 ,sir1 ,i v5ture to relate h[ & at :at "t ,i became specially ar\s$ on ?is "q4 ,! treaty = ! annexion ( ! ,dom9ican p 0 p5d+ be=e ! ,s5ate1 & ,i 0 occupi$ 9 consid]+ x1 ask+ two que/ions3 fir/1 ,is x good = u8 &1 secondly1 ,is x good = !m8 ,! m ,i m$itat$ ^! two que/ions ,i f\nd myself =gett+ ! =m] & consid]+ ! latt]1--or r1 ! =m] 0 absorb$ 9 ! latt]4 ,?9k+ ( our giant /r5g?1 my anxiety increas$ = ! weak] p>ty1 & ,i ?\ght m ( :at 0 good = !m ?an = u4 ,is annexion good = !m8 ,?is 0 ! "q on my m9d1 :5 ,i 0 honor$ by a visit f ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 br++ ) him a h&ful ( dispat*es f ,san ,dom+o4 ,among ^! 7 dispat*es f our ,consul> ,ag5t !re1 :o sign$ ! treaty ( annexion1 f :i* x di/9ctly appe>$ t ,baez1 :ile engag$ 9 sell+ 8 c\ntry1 0 ma9ta9$ 9 p[] by ! ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t su* 0 ! (ficial report ( our ,consul> ,ag5t1 :o sign$ ! treaty1 !re c be no "q2 & ?is (ficial report 0 su/a9$ by at lea/ "o o!r consul> dispat*4 ,i confess n[ my emotion z ,i read ?is pa9ful revelation4 ,until !n ,i _h suppos$ ! proce$+ blameless1 al?\gh precipitate4 ,i _h n imag9$ any su* indef5sible transgressions4 ,^! dispat*es became m important z te/imony :5 x appe>$ t ! writ]s 7 p]sonally 9 favor ( annexion4 ,?us1 !n1 x /ood1--t1 on ! (ficial report ( our own ag5ts1 we 7 engag$ 9 =c+ ^u a weak p ! sacrifice ( _! c\ntry4 ,to me x 0 app>5t at once t ! acquisition ( ?is =eign t]ritory w\ld n be respectable or ev5 tol]able1 unless by ! cons5t ( ! p !re1 ?r\gh rul]s ( _! own *oice1 & )\t =ce on our "p4 ,! treaty 0 a contract1 :i*1 accord+ to our own witnesses1 0 obta9$ ?r\gh a rul] ow+ p[] to our w>-%ips4 ,z su*1 x 0 beyond all "q a contract obta9$ "u duress1 & !re=e void1 :ile ! duress 0 an int]f]5ce ) ! int]nal affairs ( a =eign c\ntry1 & !re=e contr>y to t pr9ciple ( ,non-,int]v5tion :i* is n[ a rule ( ,int]national ,law4 ,z ?is "q pres5t$ itself1 ,i lo/ no "t 9 visit+ ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 9 ord] to exam9e ! in/ructions "u :i* our naval (fic]s 7 act+1 & also _! reports4 ,unhappily1 ^! in/ructions & reports 7 too mu* 9 h>mony ) ! o!r te/imony2 s t ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t & ,navy ,dep>tm5t ea* conta9$ ! record ( ! deplorable proce$+s1 & /ill !y press$ ! consummation4 ,i c\ld n h believ$ x1 _h n ! evid5ce be5 explicit4 ,! /ory ( ,nabo?'s ,v9ey>d 0 reviv$4 ,viol5ce begets viol5ce1 & t 9 ,san ,dom+o naturally ext5d$4 ,x is ) nations z ) individuals1--once /epp$ 91 !y g =w>d4 ,! h>% m5ace by :i* ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,black ,republic 0 rudely assail$ came next4 ,x 0 ano!r /age 9 bellig]5t int]v5tion4 ,z ^! ?+s 7 unfold$1 ,i felt t ,i c\ld n hesitate4 ,"h 0 a %ock+ wrong4 ,x mu/ be arre/$2 & to ?is end ,i h labor$ 9 good fai?4 ,if ,i am e>ne/1 x is because ,i _c see a wrong done )\t seek+ to arre/ x4 ,especially am ,i mov$1 if ?is wrong be done to ! weak & humble4 ,!n1 by ! ef=ts ( my life & ! commission ,i h receiv$ f ,massa*usetts1 am ,i v[$ to d :at ,i c = ! protection & elevation ( ! ,african race4 ,if ,i c help !m1 ,i w2 if ,i c save !m f outrage1 ,i mu/4 ,& nev] be=e 0 ! occasion m imm95t ?an n[4 ,,contract ,,= ,,cession ,,( ,,t]ritory4 ,i speak only accord+ to unque/ionable reason & ! in/9cts ( ! human he>t1 :5 ,i ass]t t a contract = ! cession ( t]ritory mu/ be fair & )\t suspicion ( ov]aw+ =ce4 ,nobody c d\bt ?is rule1 :e!r = individuals or nations4 ,& :]e "o p>ty is m p[]ful ?an ano!r x becomes m imp]ative4 ,especially mu/ x be sacr$ ) a ,republic1 = x is no?+ b ! m&ate ( ,ju/ice4 ,! rule is g5]al 9 its application2 nay1 m1 x is "p ( ,univ]sal ,law1 common to all municipal sy/ems & to ,int]national ,law4 ,any dep>ture f ?is requirem5t makes negotiation = ! "t impossible4 ,pla9ly !re c be no cession ( t]ritory1 & especially no surr5d] ( national indep5d5ce1 except z ! result ( w>1 s long z ho/ile cannon are fr[n+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 negotiation mu/ be ! )drawal ( all =ce1 co]cive or m9atory4 ,,boa/ ,,( ,,spa94 ,"h ! example ( ,spa9 furni%es a beacon-light4 ,yield+ to an invitation n unlike t ( ,baez to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?is ,anci5t ,mon>*y 0 induc$ by ,santana1 ,presid5t ( ,dom9ica1 to ent]ta9 ! proposition ( reannexion to ! ,cr[n4 ,"h let x be rem>k$ t ,santana 0 legitimate ,presid5t1 :ile ,baez is a usurp+ ,dictator4 ,& n[ m>k ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,anci5t ,mon>*y & our ,republic1 z atte/$ 9 docum5ts4 ,spa9 boa/$1 9 (ficial pap]s1 t 9 ! act ( reannexion ! ,dom9icans 7 spontane\s1 free1 & unanim\s1--t no ,spani% emiss>ies 7 9 ! t]ritory to influ5ce its p1 nor 0 !re a ,spani% bottom 9 its wat]s or a ,spani% soldi] on its l&4 ,on ! "q :e!r ?is boa/ 0 ju/ifi$ by hi/oric facts ,i say no?+4 ,my purpose is accompli%$1 :5 ,i %[1 t1 9 self-def5ce & = ! good "n ( ,spa91 x 0 necess>y to make ?is boa/4 ,unhappily1 no su* boa/ c be made n[4 ,am]ican emiss>ies 7 9 ! t]ritory1 ) ,cazneau & ,fab5s z lead]s1--:ile ,am]ican w>-%ips1 includ+ ! ,dictator1 our mo/ p[]ful monitor1 prop]ly nam$ = ! s]vice1 7 9 ! wat]s ) guns po9t$ at ! p to be annex$1 & ,am]ican soldi]s ) bayonets glanc+ 9 ! sun 7 on ! decks ( ^! w>-%ips1 if n on ! l&4 ,! contra/ is complete4 ,9 ! case ( ,spa9 ! proce$+ 0 an act ( peace2 9 our case x is an act ( w>4 ,! two cases are z wide asund] z peace & w>4 ,all mu/ feel ! importance ( ?is /atem5t1 :i*1 ,i h to say1 is n )\t (ficial au?ority4 ,i n[ hold 9 my h& ! ,spani% docum5ts relat+ to ! reannexion ( ,dom9ica1 z publi%$ by ! ,cortes1 & ) y\r p]mission ,i w op5 ^! au!ntic pages4 ,& "h all[ me to say t ,i speak only accord+ to ! docum5ts4 ,t ,spa9 made ! boa/ atte/s ! pr9ciple4 ,omitt+ p>ticul>ities & com+ at once to ! precise po9t1 ,i read f a circul> by ! ,spani% ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs1 address$ to diplomatic ag5ts abroad1 "u date ( ,aranjuez1 ,april #be1 #ahfa1 :i* decl>es ! prop] =be>ance & caution ( ,spa91 & e/abli%es a prec$5t f :i* !re c be no appeal3-- 8,! fir/ condition1 necess>y & indisp5sable1 :i* ! ,gov]nm5t ( h] ,maje/y requires 9 accept+ ! consequ5ces ( ^! ev5ts1 is t ! act ( rencorporation ( ,san ,dom+o ) ! ,spani% ,mon>*y %all be ! unanim\s1 spontane\s1 & explicit expression ( ! w ( ! ,dom9icans40 ,! dispat* !n proce$s to describe ! attitude ( ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t4 ,& "h x says ( ! ev5ts 9 ,dom9ica3-- 8,nor h !y be5 ! "w ( ,spani% emigrants :o h p5etrat$ ! t]ritory ( ,san ,dom+o2 nor has ! sup]ior au?ority ( ,havana1 nor ! =ces ( sea & l& at its disposition1 contribut$ to !m4 ,! ,capta9-,g5]al ( ,cuba has n sep>at$ himself1 nor c\ld he dep>t = a mom5t1 f ! pr9ciples ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & f ! policy :i* x has foll[$ ) reg>d to !m4 ,n a ,spani% bottom or soldi] 0 on ! coa/ or 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,republic :5 ! latt] by a unanim\s movem5t proclaim$ its reunion to ,spa940#ab ,x w be obs]v$ ) :at en]gy ( phrase ! ,spani% ,m9i/] excludes all suspicion ( =ce on ! "p ( ,spa94 ,n only 0 !re no ,spani% %ip on ! coa/1 b n a s+le ,spani% bottom4 ,& !n x is alleg$ t 8! fir/ condition0 ( reannexion mu/ be 8! unanim\s1 spontane\s1 & explicit expression ( ! w ( ! ,dom9icans40 ,no =eign influ5ce1 no ,spani% influ5ce1 0 to int]f]e ) ! popul> w4 ,b ?is is no?+ m ?an ju/ice4 ,any?+ else is wrong4 ,! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 n cont5t ) ann\nc+ ?is important rule 9 ! dispat* :i* ,i h quot$1 return to x 9 ano!r simil> dispat*1 dat$ at ,madrid1 #bf? ,may1 #ahfa1 z foll[s3-- 8,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,que51 be=e adopt+ a def9itive resolution on ?is "q1 s\ght to acquire absolute assurance t ! votes ( ! ,dom9ican p _h be5 spontane\s1 free1 & unanim\s4 ,! reception ( ! proclamation ( ! ,que5 z sov]eign 9 all ! villages ( ! t]ritory ( ,san ,dom+o proves ! spontane\sness & ! unanimity ( ! movem5t40#ac ,"h aga9 is ! allegation t ! movem5t 0 spontane\s & unanim\s1 & t ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t s\ght to acquire absolute assurance on ?is ess5tial po9t4 ,?is 0 op5ly recogniz$ z ! condition-prec$5t2 & ,i cite x z unansw]able te/imony to :at 0 deem$ ess5tial4 ,on ?is absolute assurance ! ,m9i/]s laid be=e ! ,que5 9 ,c\ncil a decree ( reannexion1 ) an explanatory pap]1 "u date ( #ai? ,may1 #ahfa1 :]e ! unanimity ( ! ,dom9ican p is aga9 ass]t$1 & also ! abs5ce ( any influ5ce on ! "p ( ,spa93-- 8,ev]y:]e 0 manife/$ jubilee & en?usiasm 9 a mann] unequivocal & solemn4 ,! public au?orities1 foll[+ _! own impulses1 h obey$ ! s5tim5t ( ! c\ntry1 :i* has put its tru/ 9 !m4 ,r>ely has be5 se5 su* a concurr5ce1 su* a unanimity ( wills to realize an idea1 a common ?\ght4 ,& all ?is1 )\t hav+ on ! coa/ ( ,san ,dom+o a s+le bottom1 nor on ! t]ritory a soldi] ( ,spa940#ad ,su* is ! (ficial record on :i* ! decree ( reannexion 0 adopt$4 ,m>k well1 ,sir1--a unanim\s p1 & n a s+le ,spani% bottom on ! coa/ or ,spani% soldi] on ! t]ritory4 ,,contra/ ,,betwe5 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,& n[ m>k ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,old ,mon>*y & ! ,great ,republic4 ,! rec5t return ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t to ! ,s5ate1 9 reply to a resolution introduc$ by me1 %[s h[ ! :ole isl& has be5 beleagu]$ by our ,navy1 sail+ f port to port1 & hugg+ ! l& ) its guns4 ,"h is ! return3-- 8,! foll[+ are ! names ( ! vessels :i* h be5 9 ! wat]s ( ! isl& ( ,san ,dom+o s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! negotiations ) ,dom9ica1 ) _! armam5ts3-- 8,sev]n1--#ad #i-;in* & #a #fj-p\nd] rifle4 8,congress1--#ad #i-;in* & #b #fj-p\nd] rifles4 8,nantasket1--#f #cb-p\nd]s1 #d1ejj p\nds2 #a #fj-p\nd] rifle4 8,swat>a1--#f #cb-p\nd]s1 #d1ejj p\nds2 #a #aa-;in*4 8,yantic1--#a #aa-;in* & #b #i-;in*4 8,dictator1--#b #ae-;in*4 8,saugus1--#b #ae-;in*4 8,t]ror1--#d #ae-;in*4 8,albany1--#ad #i-;in* & #a #fj-p\nd] rifle4 8,nipsic1--#a #aa-;in* & #b #i-;in*4 8,sem9ole1--#a #aa-;in* & #d #cb-p\nd]s ( #d1bjj p\nds4 8,t5nessee1--,on sp>-deck #b #aa-;in*1 #b #i-;in*1 #b #ajj-p\nd]s1 & #a #fj-p\nd]2 on gun-deck1 #af #i-;in*4 8,! %ips n[ ,febru>y #ag1 #ahga 9 ^? wat]s are1 z f> z is kn[n to ! ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,congress1 ! ,nantasket1 ! ,yantic1 & ! ,t5nessee40#ae ,twelve mighty w>-%ips1 includ+ two1 if n ?ree1 p[]ful monitors1 ma9ta9$ at ! co/ ( millions ( doll>s1 be+ "p ( ! price ( ! p5d+ negotiation4 ,besides :at we pay to ,baez1 "h are millions d[n4 ,r>ely h we _h su* a fleet 9 any wat]s3 n 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 n 9 ! ,pacific1 n 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,x is 9 ! wat]s ( ,san ,dom+o t our ,navy f9ds its *os5 field4 ,"h is its flag1 & "h also is its fr[n4 ,& :y ?is array8 ,if our purpose is peace1 :y ^! eng9es ( w>8 ,if we seek annexion by ! decl>$ w ( ! p1 spontane\s1 free1 & unanim\s1 z 0 ! boa/ ( ,spa91 :y ^! float+ batt]ies to ov]awe !m8 ,if we w\ld d good to ! ,african race1 :y beg9 ) viol5ce to ! ,black ,republic8 ,be=e ! ,commission]s left our %ores1 !re 7 already ?ree w>-%ips ) p[]ful armam5ts 9 ^? wat]s3 ! ,congress1 ) f\rte5 #i-;in* guns & two #fj-p\nd] rifles2 ! ,nantasket1 ) six #cb-p\nd]s ( #d1ejj p\nds1 & "o #fj-p\nd] rifle2 & ! ,yantic1 ) "o #aa-;in* gun & two #i-;in*4 ,& !n came ! ,t5nessee1 ) two #aa-;in* & two #i-;in* guns1 two #ajj-p\nd]s & "o #fj-p\nd]1 on its sp>-deck1 & sixte5 #i-;in* guns on its gun-deck1 to augm5t ^! =ces1 already disproportion$ to any prop] object4 ,! ,commission]s are ann\nc$ z m9i/]s ( peace2 at all ev5ts1 _! decl>$ duty is to asc]ta9 ! real s5tim5ts ( ! p4 ,:y s5d !m 9 a w>-%ip8 ,:y cram ! dove into a cannon's m\?8 ,!re are good /eam]s at ,new ,york1 safe & sea-wor?y1 ^: pres5ce w\ld n swell ! array ( w>1 nor subject ! ,great ,republic to ! grave imputation ( seek+ to accompli% its purpose by viol5ce4 ,,tragical ,,end ,,( ,,spani% ,,occupation4 ,if :ile negotiat+ ) ! ,dom9icans = _! t]ritory1 & :at is m ?an t]ritory1 _! national life1 y w n foll[ ,spani% example & )draw y\r w>-%ips ) _! fla%+ arms & ?reat5+ ?und]1 at lea/ be taught by ! trag$y :i* att5d$ ev5 ?is mo/ propiti\s attempt4 ,! same volumes ( au!ntic docum5ts f :i* ,i h read %[ h[1 not)/&+ ! app>5t spontane\sness1 fre$om1 & unanimity ( ! invitation1 ! =be>ance ( ,spa9 0 foll[$ by resi/ance1 :]e sun & climate unit$ ) ! p4 ,an (ficial report laid be=e ! ,cortes describes n9e ?\s& ,spani% soldi]s dead ) disease1 :ile ! ,spani% occupation 0 r$uc$ to ?ree t[ns on ! seabo>d1 & x 0 p]il\s = small p>ties to g any di/ance outside ! walls ( ! ,city ( ,san ,dom+o4 ,! same report decl>es t tw5ty ?\s& troops1 provid$ = a campaign ( six mon?s1 w\ld be requir$ to p5etrate 8! he>t ( ,cibao10--m accessible ?an ! region occupi$ by ,g5]al ,cabral1 :o disputes ! p[] ( ,baez4 ,at la/ ,spa9 submitt$4 ,! _s ( indep5d5ce prevail$ once m on ! isl&2 & ! pr\d bann] ( ,ca/ile1 :i* _h come 9 peace1 amid g5]al congratulations1 & ) ! boa/ ( n a ,spani% bottom or ,spani% soldi] ne>1 0 )drawn4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,prec$5t4 ,! example ( ,spa9 is re9=c$ by an ,engli% prec$5t1 :]e may be se5 9 ! light ( analogy ! true rule ( conduct4 ,by a /atute ( ! la/ c5tury1 all soldi]s qu>t]$ at ! place ( an election = memb]s ( ,p>liam5t 7 remov$1 at lea/ "o day be=e ! election1 to ! di/ance ( two miles or m2#af & ?\gh ?is /atute has be5 modifi$ latt]ly1 ! pr9ciple is pres]v$4 ,no soldi] )9 two miles ( a place ( election is all[$ to g out ( ! b>racks or qu>t]s 9 :i* he is /ation$1 unless to m\nt or relieve gu>d or to vote4#ag ,?is safegu>d ( elections is v9dicat$ by ! great comm5tator1 ,sir ,william ,black/one1 :5 he says1 8,x is ess5tial to ! v be+ ( ,p>liam5t t elections %\ld be absolutely free2 !re=e all undue influ5ces ^u ! electors are illegal & /rongly prohibit$40#ah ,9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 z e>ly z #agid1 a committee ( ! o!r ,h\se ( ,congress report$ aga9/ ! seat ( a ,repres5tative p>tly on ! gr\nd t ,unit$ ,/ates troops 7 qu>t]$ ne> ! place ( election & 7 m>*$ 9 a body sev]al times r\nd ! c\rt-h\se4#ai ,& n[ t an election is to occur 9 ,dom9ica1 :]e ,national ,indep5d5ce is ! "q1 no?+ is cle>] ?an t x %\ld be1 9 ! language ( ,black/one1 8absolutely free10 & to ?is end all naval =ce %\ld be )drawn at lea/ until ! 8election0 is det]m9$4 ,,nice ,,& ,,savoy4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is rule1 :5 ,nice & ,savoy vot$ on ! "q ( annexion to ,france1 ! ,fr5* army 0 punctili\sly )drawn f ! bord]s1--all ( :i* 0 9 simple ob$i5ce to ,int]national ,e?ics2 b1 in/ead ( any su* ob$i5ce1 our w>-%ips h hov]$ ) con/ant m5ace on ! :ole coa/4 ,,seizure ,,( ,,w> ,,p[]s ,,by ,,our ,,gov]nm5t4 ,all ?is is prelim9>y1 al?\gh po9t+ ! way to a j conclusion4 ,only :5 we ent] into details & consid] :at has be5 done by our ,gov]nm5t1 d we recognize ! magnitude ( ! "q4 ,unless ! evid5ce suppli$ by ! ag5ts ( our ,gov]nm5t is at fault1 unless ! reports ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t & ,navy ,dep>tm5t are discr$it$1 x is obvi\s beyond d\bt1 mo/ pa9fully pla9 & indisputable1 t ! ,presid5t has seiz$ ! w> p[]s c>efully gu>d$ by ! ,con/itution1 & )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress has employ$ !m to trample on ! indep5d5ce & equal rights ( two nations coqual ) ours1--unless1 to c>ry out ?is project ( t]ritorial acquisition1 y beg9 by sett+ at defiance a fir/ pr9ciple ( ,int]national ,law4 ,?is is no ha/y or idle allegation2 nor is x made )\t immeasurable regret4 ,& ! regret is increas$ by ! v /r5g? ( ! evid5ce1 :i* is /rictly (ficial & beyond all "q4 ,,baez1 ,,! ,,usurp]4 ,9 ?is melan*oly bus9ess ! c5tral figure is ,bu5av5tura ,baez1--unless we except ,presid5t ,grant1 to :om "s w\ld accord ! place ( honor4 ,! two h act$ toge!r z cop>tn]s4 ,to appreciate ! case1 & especially to compreh5d ! brea* ( ,public ,law1 y mu/ "k some?+ ( ! =m]1 & h[ he has be5 enabl$ to play 8 "p4 ,dom9ican by bir?1 ) mu* ( ,spani% blood1 & ) a ,fr5* education1 he is a cross :]e ^! diff]5t elem5ts are some:at rudely int]mix$4 ,"o 9 :om ,i h entire confid5ce describes him1 9 a lett] to myself1 z 8! wor/ man liv+ ( :om he has any p]sonal k02 & he adds1 t s mu/ say 8e hone/ & honorable man :o kn[s 8 hi/ory & 8 "*40 ,all 8 life he has be5 adv5tur]1 conspirator1 & trick/]1 unc]ta9 9 op9ions1 )\t "*1 )\t patriotism1 )\t tru?1 look+ out supremely = himself1 & on any side accord+ to imag9$ p]sonal int]e/1 be+ once viol5t aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates z he n[ pr(esses to be = !m4 ,by ! influ5ce ( ,g5]al ,santana1 ,baez obta9$ 8 fir/ election z ,presid5t 9 #ahdi2 & 9 #ahef1 contr>y to a positive provision ( ! ,con/itution aga9/ a second t]m except aft] ! int]v5tion ( an entire t]m1 he manag$ by fraud & intrigue to obta9 ano!r lease ( p[]4 ,beg9n+ ?us e>ly 8 violations ( ! ,con/itution1 he became an exp]t4 ,b ! p rose aga9/ him1 & he 0 driv5 to f9d %elt] )9 ! walls ( ! city4 ,he _h nev] be5 fri5dly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & at ?is "t 0 especially abusive4 ,8 capitulation soon foll[$1 & aft] a ye> ( usurp$ p[] he left = ,france4 ,santana succe$$ to ! ,presid5cy1 & "u him 9 #ahfa ! c\ntry 0 re9corporat$ ) ,spa91 amid/ ! prevail+ en?usiasm ( ! p4 ,anxi\s to propitiate ! diff]5t political *iefs1 ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t (f]$ ,baez a major-g5]al's commission 9 ! ,army1 on condition t he %\ld rema9 9 ,europe1 :i* he accept$4 ,= "s "t !re 0 peace 9 ,dom9ica1 :5 ! p1 "u ! lead ( ! patriot ,cabral1 rose aga9/ ! ,spani% p[]4 ,dur+ ?is protract$ p]iod ( revolution1 :ile ! patriotism ( ! c\ntry 0 /irr$ to its inmo/ dep?s1 ! ,dom9ican adv5tur] clung to 8 ,spani% commission ) its honors & emolum5ts1 n p>t+ ) !m until aft] ! ,cortes at ,madrid _h r5\nc$ ! c\ntry & ord]$ its evacuation2 & !n1 9 8 lett] ( resignation address$ to ! ,que51 "u date ( ,june #ae1 #ahfe1 he aga9 outrag$ ! feel+s ( 8 c\ntrym5 by decl>+ 8 regret at ! failure ( annexion to ,spa91 & 8 8reg>d = h] augu/ p]son & ! noble ,spani% nation10 aga9/ ^: arms !y _h be5 fight+ = ,indep5d5ce4 ,los+ 8 ,spani% honors & emolum5ts1 ! adv5tur] 0 at once *ang$ into a conspirator1 be+ always a trick/]1 & f 8 ,european retreat began 8 ma*9ations = p[]4 ,are we n told by ! prov]b t ! ,devil has a long arm8 ,on ! disappe>ance ( ! ,spani% flag1 ,cabral became ,protector1 & a ,national ,conv5tion 0 summon$ to frame a ,con/itution & to organize a new ,gov]nm5t4 ,! p 7 l>gely 9 favor ( ,cabral1 :5 arm$ m51 9 ! "n ( ,baez1 & /imulat$ by 8 emiss>ies1 ov]:elm$ ! ,assembly ) viol5ce1 =c+ ! conspirator into p[]4 ,cabral1 :o seems to h be5 always prud5t & humane1 anxi\s to avoid blood%$1 & ?9k+ t 8 consid]able ,european resid5ce might h improv$ ! usurp]1 cons5t$ to accept a place 9 ! ,cab9et1 :i* 0 inaugurat$ ,decemb] #h1 #ahfe4 ,ill-gott5 p[] is %ort-liv$2 revolution soon began1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahff1 ,baez1 aft] fir/ f9d+ asylum 9 ! ,fr5* ,consulate1 fl$ to =eign p>ts4 ,! (ficial j\rnal ( ,san ,dom+o1 8,el ,monitor10 7,june #b1 #ahff17 n[ be=e me1 %[s h[ ! fugitive tyrant 0 reg>d$ at ?is "t4 ,9 ! lead+ article x is said3-- 8,! adm9i/ration ( ,g5]al ,bu5av5tura ,baez has j fall5 "u ! weight ( a great revolution1 9 :i* figure ! pr9cipal notabilities ( ! c\ntry4 ,a spontane\s cry1 :i* may be call$ national1 because x has ris5 f ! dep?s ( ! majority1 reveals ! proportions ( ! movem5t1 its "*1 & its legitimacy40 ,!n foll[s 9 ! same j\rnal a manife/o sign$ by ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ,dom9ica1 :]e are set =? ) mu* p>ticul>ity ! gr\nds ( 8 ov]?r[1 alleg+ t he became ,presid5t n by ! free & spontane\s *oice ( ! p1 b 0 impos$ ^u ! nation by an arm$ movem5t2 t he treat$ ! *ief magi/racy z if x 7 8 own patrimony1 & monopoliz$ = himself & 8 bro!rs all ! lucrative ent]prises ( ! c\ntry )\t reg>d to ! public advantage2 t1 in/ead ( recogniz+ ! m]it ( ^? :o _h by _! sacrifices s]v$ _! c\ntry1 he degrad$1 imprison$1 & bani%$ !m2 t1 9 violation ( ! immunity belong+ to memb]s ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 he s5t !m to a mo/ horrible prison1--& "h num]\s p]sons are nam$2 t1 )\t any judicial proce$+s1 contr>y to ! ,con/itution1 & 9 ! _s ( v5geance1 he %ut up _m des]v+ m5 9 obscure dungeons1--& "h also are _m names2 t1 s9ce 8 occupation ( ! ,presid5cy1 he has kept ! capital 9 con/ant al>m1 & has e/abli%$ a sy/em ( t]rorism 9 ! bosom ( ! national repres5tation4 ,all ?is & mu* m w be f\nd 9 ?is manife/o4 ,!re is also a manife/o ( ,cabral1 assign+ at /ill great] l5g? reasons = ! ov]?r[ ( ,baez1 & hold+ him up z ! enemy ( peace & union2 also a manife/o by ! ,triumvirate con/itut+ ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t1 decl>+ 8 infractions ( ! ,con/itution2 also a manife/o f ! g5]al 9 comm& at ! ,city ( ,san ,dom+o1 :]e1 aft] d5\nc+ ! misde$s ( "o man1 x says1 8,?is man1 ?is mon/]1 ?is speculator1 ?is tyrant1 is ! ,g5]al ,bu5av5tura ,baez40 ,soon aft] ! disappe>ance ( ,baez1 8 rival became legitimate ,presid5t by ! direct vote ( ! p1 accord+ to ! requirem5t ( ! ,con/itution4 ,diff]5t numb]s ( ! (ficial j\rnal n[ be=e me conta9 ! election returns 9 ,septemb]1 #ahff1 :]e ! "n ( ,g5]al ,jos ,m>a ,cabral appe>s at ! head ( ! poll4 ,?is is memorable z ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,dom9ica t a "q 0 submitt$ to ! direct vote ( ! p4 ,by t direct vote ,cabral became ,presid5t1 & peace ensu$4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 no election2 s t ?is 0 la/ z well z fir/1 leav+ ,cabral ! la/ legitimate ,presid5t4 ,dur+ 8 en=c$ exile1 ,baez f\nd 8 way to ,wa%+ton4 ,mr4 ,sew>d decl9$ to see him1 b ref]r$ him to me4 ,i _h sev]al conv]sations ) him at my h\se4 ,8 av[$ object 0 to obta9 money & arms to aid him 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! exi/+ ,gov]nm5t4 ,be assur$1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 he obta9$ no enc\ragem5t f me1--al?\gh ,i did n hesitate to say1 z ,i always h said1 t ,i hop$ my c\ntry w\ld nev] fail to d all possible good to ,dom9ica1 ext5d+ to x a help+ h&4 ,x 0 at a lat] day t bellig]5t int]v5tion began4 ,mean:ile ,cabral1 emb>rass$ by f9ancial difficulties & a dead weight ( pap] money1 ! legacy ( ! fugitive conspirator1 turn$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = assi/ance1 (f]+ a lease ( ! ,bay ( ,samana4 ,!n spoke ,baez f 8 retreat1 d5\nc+ :at he call$ 8! sale ( 8 c\ntry to ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 adopt+ ! mo/ inflammatory language4 ,by 8 f>-rea*+ & unscrupul\s activity a ho/ile =ce 0 organiz$1 :i*1 ) ! help ( ,salnave1 ! late rul] ( ,hayti1 compell$ ! capitulation ( ,cabral1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahfh4 ,a ,conv5tion 0 appo9t$1 n elect$1 :i* proce$$ to nom9ate ,baez = ! t]m ( f\r ye>s1 n z ,presid5t1 b z ,dictator4 ,decl9+ ! latt] title1 ! triumphant conspirator accept$ t ( ,gran ,ciudadano1 or ,gr& ,citiz51 ) unlimit$ p[]s4 ,at ! same "t 8 enemies 7 driv5 into exile4 ,! prisons 7 gorg$1 & ! mo/ respectable citiz5s 7 8 victims4 ,naturally su* a man w\ld sell 8 c\ntry4 ,want+ money1 he c>$ little h[ x 0 got4 ,any?+ = money1 ev5 8 c\ntry4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,s*eme4 ,cabral )drew to ! int]ior1 keep+ up a m5ace ( w>1 :ile ! c\ntry 0 indignant ) ! unscrupul\s usurp]1 :o = ! second "t obta9$ p[] by viol5ce4 ,p[] ?us obta9$ 0 naturally unc]ta91 & ,baez soon f\nd himself oblig$ to invoke =eign assi/ance4 8,help me1 ,cassius1 or ,i s9k60 cri$ ! ,gr& ,citiz54 ,european p[]s w\ld n li/54 ,none ( !m want$ 8 half-isl&1--n ,spa91 n ,france1 n ,engl&4 ,none w\ld take x4 ,b /ill ! ,gr& ,citiz5 cri$1 :5 at la/ he 0 reliev$ by an answ]+ voice f our ,republic4 ,a "y (fic]1 inexp]i5c$ 9 life1 ignorant ( ! _w1 untaught 9 ! ,spani% language1 unv]s$ 9 ,int]national ,law1 kn[+ absolutely no?+ ( ! int]c\rse betwe5 nations1 & unconsci\s ( ! ,con/itution ( 8 c\ntry1 0 select$ by ! ,presid5t to answ] ! cry ( ! ,gr& ,citiz54 ,i wi% t ,i c\ld say some?+ bett] ( ,g5]al ,babcock2 b if ,i spoke accord+ to ! evid5ce1 mu* f 8 own lips1 ! portraiture w\ld be m pa9ful1 & 8 unfitness m manife/4 ,9 close/ association ) ,baez1 & ) pr(itable concessions n easy to measure1 0 ! ,am]ican ,cazneau1 kn[n z disloyal to our c\ntry1 & s ?or\ghly suspect$ t ! milit>y mission>y1 be=e leav+ ,wa%+ton1 0 expressly w>n$ aga9/ him2 b l seeks l1 & he at once ru%$ into ! embrace ( ! selfi% speculator1 :o boa/$ t 8no "o ,am]ican _h be5 m intimately connect$ ) ! ,samana & annexation negotiations1 f _! inception to _! close1 ?an himself10--& :o did n hesitate to in/ruct ,baez t x 0 n only 8 "r1 b duty1 to keep an ,am]ican citiz5 9 prison 8to s]ve & protect negotiations 9 :i* our ,presid5t 0 s deeply int]e/$10 :i* he d5om9ates 8! great bus9ess 9 h&40#bj ,by ! side ( ,cazneau 0 ,fab5s1 also a speculator & life-long intrigu]1 aft]w>ds ,envoy ,extraord9>y & ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y ( ,baez 9 8! great bus9ess40 ,sp>+ details1 :i* w\ld make ! picture m sombre1 ,i come at once to ! conclusion4 ,a treaty 0 sign$ by :i* ! usurp] pret5d$ to sell 8 c\ntry to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 consid]ation ( #a1ejj1jjj2 also ano!r treaty leas+ ! ,bay ( ,samana = an annual r5t ( #aej1jjj4 ,! latt] sum 0 paid d[n by ! "y pl5ipot5ti>y1 or #ajj1jjj 9 ca% & #ej1jjj 9 muskets & a batt]y4 ,no long] able to pocket ! d\bloons ( ,spa91 ! usurp] s\ght to pocket our eagles1 & n cont5t ) muskets & a batt]y to be us$ aga9/ 8 indignant fell[-c\ntrym51 obta9$ ! ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ma9ta9 him 9 8 treason4 ,x 0 a plot wor?y ( ! h>d5$ conspirator & 8 well-tri$ conf$]ates4 ,,op5 ,,infraction ,,( ,,! ,,dom9ican ,,con/itution4 ,! case 0 aggravat$ by ! op5 infraction ( ! ,con/itution ( ,dom9ica ) :i* x proce$$4 ,by t ,con/itution1 adopt$ #bg? ,septemb]1 #ahff1 a copy ( :i* is n[ be=e me1 x is solemnly decl>$ t 8nei!r ! :ole nor "p ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,republic c ev] be ali5at$10 :ile ! ,presid5t takes ! foll[+ oa? ( (fice3 8,i swe> by ,god & ! ,holy ,gospels to obs]ve & cause to be obs]v$ ! ,con/itution & ! ,laws ( ! ,dom9ican ,p1 to respect _! rights1 & to ma9ta9 ! ,national ,indep5d5ce40 ,! ,con/itution ( #ahfe _h said simply1 8,no "p ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,republic c ev] be ali5at$02 b n[1 z if anticipat+ rec5t ev5ts1 x 0 decl>$1 8,nei!r ! :ole nor "p10--?us explicitly exclud+ ! p[] ex]cis$4 ,all ?is 0 set aside :ile ! plot w5t on4 ,ev5 if ,baez defi$ ! ,con/itution ( 8 c\ntry1 our ,gov]nm5t1 9 deal+ ) him1 c\ld n d s4 ,9 negotiation ) ano!r p[]1 ! ,great ,republic1 :i* is an example to nations1 _c be ins5sible to ! re/rictions impos$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! contract+ p>ty2 & ?is duty becomes /rong] f ! v weakness ( ! o!r side4 ,defi$ by ! ,dom9ican usurp]1 all ^! re/rictions mu/ be sacr$ly reg>d$ by u4 ,?an ?is no?+ c be cle>] 9 ,int]national ,e?ics2 b ! rule ( ,law is l t ( ,e?ics4 ,anci5t ,rome1 speak+ 9 ! text ( ,ulpian1 says3 8,he :o contracts ) ano!r ei!r kn[s or ought to "k 8 condition10--,qui cum alio contrahit vel e/ vel ,,debet esse non ign>us conditionis ejus2#ba & ?is rule has ! au?ority ( ,:eaton z "p ( ,int]national ,law4#bb ,ano!r writ] gives to x ?is practical /atem5t1 precisely applicable to ! pres5t case3 8,nev]!less1 9 ord] to make su* transf] valid1 ! au?ority1 :e!r de facto or de jure1 mu/ be compet5t to b9d ! ,/ate4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( exam9+ into & asc]ta9+ ! p[]s ( ! rul]s1 z ! municipal con/itutions ( diff]5t /ates ?r[ _m difficulties 9 ! way ( ali5ations ( _! public prop]ty1 & p>ticul>ly ( _! t]ritory40#bc ,?us1 accord+ to ,int]national ,law1 z exp\nd$ by ,am]ican au?ority1 0 ?is treaty =bidd54 ,treaties negotiat$ 9 violation ( ! ,dom9ican ,con/itution & ( ,int]national ,law 7 to be ma9ta9$ at all haz>ds1 ev5 t la/ t]rible haz>d ( w>2 nor 0 ,public ,law 9 any ( its =ms1 ,con/itutional or ,int]national1 all[$ to /& 9 ! way4 ,! ,w> ,p[]s1 s c>efully gu>d$ 9 e ,republican ,gov]nm5t1 & s jeal\sly def5d$ aga9/ ! ,"o-,man ,p[]1 7 in/antly seiz$1 9 op5 violation ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 0 z little reg>d$ z t ( ,dom9ica1 :ile ! ,law ( ,nations 9 its mo/ comm&+ pr9ciples 0 set at defiance3 all ( :i* appe>s too pla9ly on ! facts4 ,,allegations ,,9 ,,=m] ,,spee* ,,n[ ,,repeat$4 ,:5 la/ ,i _h ! honor ( address+ ! ,s5ate on ?is grave "q1 y w rememb]1 ,sir1 my tw(old allegation3 fir/1 t ! usurp] ,baez 0 ma9ta9$ 9 p[] by our ,navy to enable him to c>ry out ! sale ( 8 c\ntry2 &1 secondly1 t fur!r to assure ?is sale ! neighbor ,republic ( ,hayti 0 viol5tly m5ac$ by an admiral ( our fleet1--bo? acts be+ unque/ionable brea*es ( ,public ,law1 ,con/itutional & ,int]national4 ,t ^! allegations 7 beyond "q1 at lea/ by our ,gov]nm5t1 ,i knew well at ! "t1 = ,i _h ! (ficial evid5ce on my table2 b ,i 0 unable to use x4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 communicat$ to ! ,s5ate4 ,:at ,i !n ass]t$ on my own au?ority ,i n[ pres5t on docum5t>y evid5ce4 ,my witnesses are ! (fic]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t & _! (ficial decl>ations4 ,let ! c\ntry judge if ,i 0 n "r 9 e ^w t ,i !n employ$4 ,& /ill fur!r1 let ! c\ntry judge if ! "t has n come to cry 8,halt60 9 ?is bus9ess1 :i* already has ! front ( w>4 ,,w>4 ,w>1 ,sir1 is ! sadde/ *apt] ( hi/ory4 ,x is kn[n z 8! la/ reason ( k+s40 ,alas1 t x %\ld ev] be ! reason ( a ,republic6 8,!re c be no su* ?+1 my ,lords1 z a little w> = a great nation10 0 ! exclamation ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1#bd :i* ,i he>d f 8 own lips1 z he prote/$ aga9/ :at to "s seem$ petty4 ,ga!r+ all ! vigor ( 8 v5]able =m1 ! w>rior season$ 9 a hundr$ fights cri$ out1 & all )9 ! s\nd ( 8 voice felt ! te/imony4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,w>1 :e!r great or little1 :e!r on ! fields ( ,france or ! isl& ( ,san ,dom+o1 is w>1 ov] :i* hov]s n only ,dea?1 b e demon ( wra?4 ,nor is w> m]ely conflict on a *os5 field2 x is =ce employ$ by "o nation aga9/ ano!r1 or 9 ! affairs ( ano!r1--z 9 ! direct m5ace to ,hayti1 & ! int]m$dl+ betwe5 ,baez & ,cabral4 ,!re may be w> )\t battle4 ,h]cules conqu]$ by manife/ /r5g? ! mom5t he appe>$ on ! gr\nd1 s t 8 club re/$ unus$4 ,& s our ,navy has ?us f> conqu]$ )\t a %ot2 b its pres5ce 9 ! wat]s ( ,hayti & ,dom9ica 0 w>4 ,,two ,,s\rces ,,( ,,te/imony4 ,all ?is w be f\nd "u two diff]5t heads1 or 9 two diff]5t s\rces3 fir/1 :at is furni%$ by ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t1 &1 secondly1 :at is furni%$ by ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,^! two ,dep>tm5ts are witnesses1 ) _! ag5ts1 confess+ & act+4 ,f ! =m] we h confession2 f ! latt] we h acts3 confessions & acts all 9 h>mony & support+ ea* o!r4 ,i beg9 ) ! confession4 ,,confession ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! /range report ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 responsive to a resolution mov$ by me 9 ! ,s5ate1 ! dep5d5ce ( ,baez ^u our ,navy is confess$ 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,nobody c read ?is docum5t )\t not+ ! confession1 fir/ f ! reluctant ,secret>y1 & !n f 8 ag5t4 ,ref]r+ to ! correspond5ce ( ,raymond ,h4 ,p]ry1 our ,comm]cial ,ag5t at ,san ,dom+o1 :o sign$ ! treaties1 ! ,secret>y pres5ts a summ>y1 :i*1 ?\gh obnoxi\s to j criticism1 is a confession4 ,accord+ to him1 ! correspond5ce 8t5ds to %[ t ! pres5ce ( a ,unit$ ,/ates man-(-w> 9 ! port 0 suppos$ to h a peaceful influ5ce40#be ,! t]m 8peaceful influ5ce0 is ! pleonasm ( ! ,secret>y1 confess+ ! ma9t5ance ( ,baez 9 8 usurpation4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z /eal+2 8convey ! wise x call02 & s ) ! ,secret>y ! ma9t5ance ( a usurp] by our w>-%ips is only 8a peaceful influ5ce40 ,a discov]y ( ! ,secret>y4 ,b 9 ! levity ( 8 /atem5t ! ,secret>y =gets t a ,unit$ ,/ates man-(-w> has no?+ to d )9 a =eign jurisdiction1 & _c ex]t influ5ce !re )\t unlawful int]v5tion4 ,! ,secret>y alludes also to ! probability ( 8ano!r revolution10 ( c\rse aga9/ ,baez1 9 ! ev5t ( ! failure ( ! annexion plot2 & "h is ano!r confession ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! usurp] ^u our ,navy4 ,b ! correspond5ce ( ,mr4 ,p]ry1 z communicat$ to ! ,s5ate1 %[s m pla9ly ?an ! confession ( ! ,secret>y h[ completely ! usurp] 0 ma9ta9$ 9 p[] by ! /rong arm ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! anxiety ( ! usurp] 0 betray$ at an e>ly day1 ev5 :ile vaunt+ ! popul> en?usiasm = annexion4 ,9 a dispat* dat$ at ,san ,dom+o1 ,janu>y #bj1 #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,p]ry ?us reports3-- 8,! ,nantasket left ?is port ,janu>y #a1 #ahgj1 & we h n he>d f h] s9ce4 ,%e 0 to g to ,pu]to ,plata a port ( ,dom9ica & return vi ,samana ,bay also 9 ,dom9ica4 ,we ne$ ! protection ( a man-(-w> v mu*1 b anticipate h] return v soon40#bf ,:y ! man-(-w> 0 ne$$ is easily inf]r$ f :at is said 9 ! same dispat*3-- 8,! ,presid5t tells me t x is almo/ impossible to prev5t ! p pron\nc+ = annexation be=e ! prop] "t4 ,he pref]s to await ! arrival ( a ,unit$ ,/ates man-(-w> be=e _! op9ion is publicly express$40#bg ,if ! tru? 7 told1 ! usurp] felt t x 0 almo/ impossible to prev5t ! p f pron\nc+ = 8 ov]?r[1 & !re=e he want$ w>-%ips4 ,!n "u date ( ,febru>y #h1 #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,p]ry reports aga93-- 8,presid5t ,baez daily rem>ks t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has n kept its promises to s5d m5-(-w> to ! coa/4 ,he seems v timid & lacks en]gy40#bh ,! tru? becomes /ill m app>5t 9 ! dispat* ( ,febru>y #bj1 #ahgj1--ne>ly ?ree mon?s aft] ! signature ( ! treaties1 & :ile !y 7 /ill p5d+ be=e ! ,s5ate1--:]e x is op5ly report$3-- 8,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates %ips 7 )drawn1 he ,baez c\ld n hold ! re9s ( ?is ,gov]nm5t4 ,i h told him ?is40#bi ,no?+ c be pla9]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! usurp] 0 ma9ta9$ 9 p[] by our guns4 ,su* 0 ! (ficial communication ( ! v ag5t :o _h sign$ ! treaties1 & :o 0 himself an ard5t annexioni/4 ,desir+ annexion1 he confesses ! means employ$ to accompli% x4 ,h[ ! ,presid5t did n at once ab&on1 unf9i%$1 treaties ma9ta9$ by viol5ce1 h[ ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate did n at once resign r ?an be a p>ty to ?is transaction1 is beyond compreh5sion4 ,nor 0 ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t left un9=m$ ) reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ?is naval =ce4 ,"h is ! report1 "u date ( ,san ,dom+o1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahgj1 :ile ! vote 0 proce$+3-- 8,! ,sev]n lies at ?is port2 ! ,swat>a left = ,samana ! #i?2 ! ,nantasket goes to ,pu]to ,plata to-morr[1 ! #ac?2 ! ,yantic lies 9 ! riv] 9 ?is city4 ,admiral ,poor1 on bo>d ! ,sev]n1 is expect$ to rema9 at ?is port = "s "t4 ,ev]y?+ is v quiet at pres5t ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry40#cj ,?us "u ! guns ( our ,navy 0 quiet ma9ta9$1 :ile ,baez1 l ano!r usurp]1 exclaim$1 8,n[1 by ,/4 ,paul1 ! "w goes bravely on60 ,:at ?is same (ficial report$ to ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t he aft]w>d reaffirm$ "u oa?1 9 8 te/imony be=e ! committee ( ! ,s5ate on ! case ( ,mr4 ,hat*4 ,! words 7 few1 b decisive1 t\*+ ! acts ( our ,navy1--8committ$ s9ce we _h be5 !re1 protect+ ,baez f ! citiz5s ( ,san ,dom+o40#ca ,!n1 aga91 9 a private lett] to myself1 "u date ( ,bri/ol1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,febru>y #aj1 #ahga1 aft] /at+ t he _h report$ :at ! record %[s to be true1 8t ,baez 0 su/a9$ & held 9 p[] by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy10 he adds1 8,?is fact ,baez ackn[l$g$ to me40 ,s t we h ! confession ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 also ! confession ( 8 ag5t at ,san ,dom+o1 & ! confession ( ,baez himself1 t ! usurp] dep5d$ = support on our ,navy4 ,,an ,,am]ican ,,citiz5 ,,sacrific$ ,,to ,,help ,,! ,,treaty4 ,?is drama ( a usurp] su/a9$ by =eign p[] is illu/rat$ by an episode1 :]e ! lib]ty ( an ,am]ican citiz5 0 sacrific$ to ! consummation ( ! plot4 ,x appe>s t ,davis ,hat*1 ( ,norwalk1 ,connecticut1 intimately kn[n to "o ( ! ,s5ators ( t ,/ate ,mr4 ,,f]ry & respect$ by ! o!r ,mr4 ,,buck+ham1 liv$ 9 ,dom9ica1 engag$ 9 bus9ess !re1 :ile ,cabral 0 ! legitimate ,presid5t4 ,dur+ ?is "t he wrote lett]s to a ,new ,york pap]1 9 :i* he expos$ ! "* ( ! conspirator ,baez1 !n an exile4 ,:5 ! latt] succe$$ by viol5ce 9 ov]?r[+ ! regul> ,gov]nm5t1 "o ( 8 fir/ acts 0 to arre/ ,mr4 ,hat*1 on ! gr\nd t he _h cop]at$ ) ,cabral4 ,h[ utt]ly gr\ndless 0 ?is *>ge appe>s by a lett] to ,baez f 8 own bro!r1 gov]nor ( ! prov9ce :]e ! =m] resid$1#cb & also by ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,som]s ,smi?1 our ,comm]cial ,ag5t 9 ,san ,dom+o1 :o spoke & act$ z became a repres5tative ( our c\ntry4#cc ,read ! correspond5ce & te/imony c&idly1 & y w confess t ! :ole *>ge 0 trump$ up to s]ve ! purpose ( ! usurp]4 ,sp>+ all details ( trial & p>don1 :]e ev]y?+ te/ifies aga9/ ,baez1 ,i come to ! s+le decisive po9t1 on :i* !re c be no "q1 t1 ev5 aft] 8 =mal p>don1 ,mr4 ,hat* 0 deta9$ 9 prison by ! au?ority ( ! usurp]1 at ! special in/ance ( ,cazneau & ) ! connivance ( ,babcock1 9 ord] to prev5t 8 influ5ce aga9/ ! treaty ( annexion4 ,! evid5ce is explicit & unansw]able4 ,gauti]1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,baez1 :o _h sign$ ! treaty1 9 an (ficial note to our repres5tative1 ,mr4 ,raymond ,h4 ,p]ry1 dat$ at ,san ,dom+o1 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahgj1 & communicat$ to ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t1 says3 8,i desire t y w be good en\gh to assure 8 ,excell5cy1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate 9 ,wa%+ton1 t ! prolong$ soj\rn ( ,mr4 ,hat* "h has be5 only to prev5t 8 ho/ile action 9 ,new ,york40#cd ,nor is ?is all4 ,"u ! same date1 ,cazneau _h ! equal h>dihood to write to ,babcock1 !n at ,wa%+ton1 a simil> v]sion ( ! conspiracy1 :]e1 aft] d5unciation ( ,p]ry z 8emb>rass+ affairs "h10 9 ,san ,dom+o1 by 8 p]si/5cy 9 urg+ ! release ( ,mr4 ,hat*1 he relates1 t1 on occasion ( a rec5t p]emptory dem& ( ?is sort 9 8 pres5ce1 ,baez repli$1 t ,hat* 8w\ld c]ta9ly make use ( 8 lib]ty to jo9 ! enemies ( annexation10 & 8t a few weeks' re/ra9t w\ld n be s inconv5i5t to him z 8 sl&]\s /atem5ts might become to ! success ( ,g5]al ,grant's policy 9 ! ,antilles10--& he adds1 t he himself1 9 response to ! simultane\s *>ge ( 8oppos+ ! lib]ation ( an innoc5t man10 decl>$1 t1 9 8 op9ion1 8,presid5t ,baez _h ! "r1 & ought1 to d ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to s]ve & protect negotiations 9 :i* our ,presid5t 0 s deeply int]e/$40#ce ,all ?is is cle>1 pla91 & docum5t>y4 ,nor is !re any drawback or d$uction on acc\nt ( ! "* ( ,mr4 ,hat*1 :o1 accord+ to ! be/ te/imony1 is an excell5t citiz51 enjoy+ ! good-w & e/eem ( 8 neighbors at home1 be+ respect$ !re 8z mu* z ,gov]nor ,buck+ham is 9 ,norwi*10#cf--;& we all "k t no high] /&>d c be rea*$4 ,9 o!r days x 0 said t ! be/ gov]nm5t is :]e an injury to a s+le citiz5 is res5t$ z an injury to ! :ole ,/ate4 ,"h 0 an ,am]ican citiz51 decl>$ by our repres5tative to be 8an innoc5t man10 & already p>don$ = ! crimes falsely alleg$ aga9/ him1 inc>c]at$1 or1 accord+ to ! polite t]m ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,baez1 compell$ to a 8prolong$ soj\rn10 9 ord] to assure ! consummation ( ! plot = ! acceptance ( ! treaty1 or1 9 ! words ( ,cazneau1 8to s]ve & protect negotiations 9 :i* our ,presid5t ,grant 0 s deeply int]e/$40 ,! cry1 8,i am an ,am]ican citiz510 0 no?+ to ,baez1 no?+ to ,cazneau1 no?+ to ,babcock4 ,! "y mission>y he>d ! cry & answ]$ n4 ,annexion 0 9 p]il4 ,annexion c\ld n /& ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,hat*1 :o w\ld write 9 ,new ,york pap]s4 ,!re=e 0 he doom$ to a prison4 ,"h aga9 ,i =be> details1 ?\gh at ea* po9t !y te/ify4 ,& yet ! ,great ,republic1 in/ead ( spurn+ at once ! he>tless usurp] :o trampl$ on ! lib]ty ( an ,am]ican citiz51 & spurn+ ! ill-om5$ treaty :i* requir$ ?is sacrifice1 cont9u$ to l5d its /rong arm 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! trampl]1 :ile ) unexampl$ assiduity x press$ ! treaty ^u a reluctant ,s5ate4 ,,confession ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,dep>tm5t ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,hayti4 ,b int]v5tion 9 ,dom9ica is only "o "p ( ! /ory1 ev5 accord+ to ! confession ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t4 ,side by side ) ,dom9ica on ! same tempt+ isl& is ! ,black ,republic ( ,hayti1 ) a num]\s population1 :i* m ?an two g5]ations ago a*iev$ national indep5d5ce1 & at a lat] day1 by ! recognition ( our ,gov]nm5t1 took its place "u ! ,law ( ,nations z equal & pe] ( ! ,great ,republic4 ,to all its p>am\nt titles ( ,indep5d5ce & ,equality1 sacr$ & unimpea*able1 mu/ be add$ its special "* z an example ( self-gov]nm5t1 be+ ! fir/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,african race1 & a promise ( ! future4 ,:o c d\bt t z su* ?is ,black ,republic has a value beyond all ! products ( its teem+ tropical soil8 ,l o!r ,gov]nm5ts1 n except+ our own1 x has complications1 dome/ic & =eign4 ,among ! latt] is *ronic ho/ility ) ,dom9ica1 aris+ f claims t]ritorial & pecuni>y4 ,to ^! claims ,i ref] )\t und]tak+ to consid] _! ju/ice4 ,x is en\gh t !y exi/4 ,& "h comes ! wrong p]petuat$ by ! ,great ,republic4 ,9 ! ef=t to secure ! mu*-covet$ t]ritory1 our ,gov]nm5t1 n cont5t ) ma9ta9+ ! usurp] ,baez 9 p[]1 occupy+ ! h>bors ( ,dom9ica ) ! w>-%ips ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s5t o!r w>-%ips1 be+ none o!r ?an our mo/ p[]ful monitor1 ! ,dictator1 ) ! frigate ,sev]n z consort1 & ) yet o!r monitors 9 _! tra91 to m5ace ! ,black ,republic by an act ( w>4 ,an ,am]ican admiral 0 f\nd to d ?is ?+1 & an ,am]ican m9i/]1 himself ( ,african blood1 0 f\nd to aid ! admiral4 ,! dispat* ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate in/itut+ ?is act ( w> does n appe> 9 8 ,report2 b we are suffici5tly enlight5$ by t ( ,mr4 ,bassett1 our ,m9i/] ,resid5t at ,port-au-,pr9ce1 :o1 "u date ( ,febru>y #ag1 #ahgj1 in=ms ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t 9 ,wa%+ton t he _h 8transmitt$ to ! ,haytian ,gov]nm5t notification t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ask$ & expect$ x to obs]ve a /rict neutrality 9 ref]5ce to ! int]nal affairs ( ,san ,dom+o02 & !n1 ) sup]s]viceable alacrity1 he lets ! ,dep>tm5t "k t he communicat$ to ,comm&] ,ow51 ( ! ,sem9ole1 reports t 8p]sons 9 au?ority "u ! ,haytian ,gov]nm5t 7 plann+ cl&e/9ely s*emes = int]f]5ce 9 ,san ,dom+o affairs40#cg ,b a mom5t ( contrition seems to h ov]tak5 ! ,m9i/]2 = he adds1 t he did n reg>d ^! reports 8z suffici5tly reliable to make !m ! basis = a recomm5dation ( sev]e or extreme measures40#ch ,pray1 by :at title1 ,mr4 ,m9i/]1 c\ld y recomm5d any su* measures1 be+ no?+ less ?an w> aga9/ ! ,black ,republic8 ,by :at title c\ld y laun* ^! great ?und]s8 ,! m5ac+ note ( ! ,m9i/] 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,black ,republic )\t "o ^w ( submission1--z also )\t "o ^w ( prop] res5tm5t4#ci ,! (fici\s ,m9i/] ( ! ,great ,republic reports to ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t t he _h address$ a diplomatic note to ! ,black ,republic1 "u date ( ,febru>y #i1 #ahgj1 :]e1 ref]r+ to ! answ] ( ! latt]1 he says1 8,x w\ld nev]!less h be5 m satisfactory & agreeable to my ,gov]nm5t & myself1 if y1 9 speak+ = y\r ,gov]nm5t1 _h felt au?oriz$ to give assurance ( ! neutrality ask$ & expect$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates40#dj ,?is lett] 0 writt5 ) ! guns ( ! ,dictator & ,sev]n beh9d4 ,x appe>s f ! ,m9i/]'s report1 t ^! two w>-%ips arriv$ at ! capital ( ! ,black ,republic on ! morn+ ( ,febru>y #i?1 :5 ! ,m9i/]1 z he says1 8arrang$ = a =mal call on ! ,haytian ,gov]nm5t ! same day40 ,! ,m9i/] !n records1 & no blu% appe>s on 8 pap]1 t 8! ,admiral avail$ himself ( ?is visit to communicate1 q po9t$ly1 to ! ,presid5t & 8 advis]s ! t5or ( 8 in/ructions40#da ,?is assault ^u ! ,indep5d5ce & ,equality ( ! ,black ,republic w appe> m fully 9 ! ,report transmitt$ to ! ,s5ate by ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,= ! pres5t ,i pres5t ! case on ! confession ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t4 ,,record ,,( ,,! ,,navy ,,dep>tm5t4 ,if ! ,report ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t is a confession1 t ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t is an au!ntic record ( acts flagrant & indef5sible1--unless we are ready to set aside ! ,law ( ,nations & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 two p>am\nt safegu>ds4 ,bo? ( ^! are degrad$ 9 ord] to advance ! s*eme4 ,if ,i call$ x plot1 ,i %\ld n err2 = ?is t]m is sugge/$ by ! ma*9ation4 ,! record is complete4 ,! s*eme fir/ %[s itself 9 a lett] f ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 "u date ( ,may #ag1 #ahfi1 in=m+ ! latt] t ! ,presid5t deems x 8desirable t a man-(-w>1 comm&$ by a discreet & intellig5t (fic]1 %\ld be ord]$ to visit ! sev]al ports ( ! ,dom9ican ,republic1 & to report ^u ! condition ( affairs 9 t qu>t]40 ,! ,secret>y adds3-- 8,x is also important t we %\ld h full & accurate in=mation 9 reg>d to ! views ( ! ,dom9ican p ( all p>ties 9 reg>d to annexation to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! sale or lease ( ! ,bay ( ,samana1 or ( t]ritory adjac5t !reto40#db ,no invitation f ! isl& appe>s1--n a ^w ev5 f any ( its p4 ,! beg9n+ is 9 ! lett] ( ! ,secret>y2 & "h we see h[ 8a man-(-w>0 =m$ "p ( ! fir/ /age4 ,a m]e inquiry is inaugurat$ by 8a man-(-w>40 ,nor 0 x to /op at a s+le place2 x 0 to visit ! sev]al ports ( ! ,dom9ican ,republic4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy obey$4 ,ord]s 7 giv51 & "u date ( ,june #bi1 #ahfi1 ,re>-,admiral ,h(f reports t ! ,nipsic1 ) an armam5t ( "o #aa-;in* & two #i-;in* guns1 8is to visit all ! ports ( ! ,dom9ican ,republic40#dc ,"h aga9 is a revelation1 =e%ad[+ ! future2 all ! ports are to be visit$ by ?is p[]ful w>-%ip4 ,:y8 ,to :at j end8 ,if = negotiation1 !n 0 =ce1 =ce1 ,,=ce our e>lie/1 z x has be5 s9ce our con/ant pl5ipot5ti>y4 ,already we disc]n ! contra/ ) ,old ,spa94 ,! loss ( a screw occurr$ to prev5t ?is w>-brea?+ p]ambulation4 ,! ,nipsic did n g beyond ,port-au-,pr9ce2 b ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,selfridge1 9 8 report1 "u date ( ,july #ad1 #ahfi1 lets drop an hone/ judgm5t1 :i* causes regret t he did n visit ! :ole isl&4 ,?us he wrote3-- 8,:ile my %ort /ay 9 ! isl& w n p]mit me to speak ) au?ority1 x is my individual op9ion1 t1 if ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld annex ,hayti on ! repres5tation ( a p>ty1 x w\ld be f\nd an elephant bo? co/ly 9 money & lives40#dd ,! :ole case is op5$ :5 we are w>n$ aga9/ annexion 8on ! repres5tation ( a p>ty40 ,/ill ! s*eme proce$$4 ,on ! #ag? ,july1 #ahfi1 ,g5]al ,babcock sail$ f ,new ,york = ,san ,dom+o1 z special ag5t ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t4 ,! records ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 s f> z communicat$ to ! ,s5ate1 %[ no au?ority to op5 negotiations ( any k9d1 mu* less to treat = ! acquisition ( ?is half-isl&4 ,8 in/ructions1 :i* are dat$ ,july #ac1 #ahfi1 are simply to make c]ta9 inquiries2#de b1 "u ! same date1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy addresses a lett] to ,comm&] ,ow51 ( ! ,sem9ole1 ) an armam5t ( "o #aa-;in* gun & f\r #cb-p\nd]s1 ( #d1bjj p\nds1 9 :i* he says3-- 8,y w rema9 at ,samana1 or on ! coa/ ( ,san ,dom+o1 :ile ,g5]al ,babcock is !re1 & give him ! moral support ( y\r guns40#df ,! phrase ( ! ,secret>y is at lea/ curi\s4 ,& :o is ,g5]al ,babcock1 t on 8 visit ! ,navy is to be at 8 back8 ,no?+ on ?is head is said4 ,all t we "k f ! record is t he 0 to make c]ta9 inquiries1 & 9 ?is bus9ess 8guns0 play a "p4 ,to be sure1 x 0 _! 8moral support0 he 0 to h2 b !y 7 nev]!less 8guns40 ,?us 9 all times has lawless =ce s\ght to disguise itself4 ,be=e any negotiation 0 begun1 :ile only a few int]rogatories 7 ord]$ by ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t1 "u :i* ?is mission>y act$1 8! moral support ( guns0 0 ord]$ by ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,"h1 ,sir1 p]mit me to say1 is ! fir/ sign ( w>1 be+ an und\bt$ usurpation1 :e!r by ,presid5t or ,secret>y4 ,w> is ho/ile =ce1 & "h x is ord]$4 ,b ?is is only a squ9t1 comp>$ ) ! op5 decl>ation :i* ensu$4 ,& "h aga9 we witness ! contra/ ) ,old ,spa94 ,b ! 8guns0 ( ! ,sem9ole 7 n en\gh to support ! mission>y 9 8 inquiries4 ,! ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 "u date ( ,augu/ #bc1 #ahfi1 telegraph$ to ! comm&ant at ,key ,we/3-- 8,direct a vessel to proce$ )\t a mom5t's delay to ,san ,dom+o ,city1 to be plac$ at ! disposal ( ,g5]al ,babcock :ile on t coa/4 ,if n at ,san ,dom+o ,city1 to f9d him40#dg ,"h is no?+ less ?an ! t]rible e>ne/ness ( w> itself4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,tusc>ora 0 dispat*$2 & ! mission>y f9ds himself *ang$ to a commodore4 ,aga9 ! contra/ ) ,old ,spa96 ,h[ _m days ! ,tusc>ora took to rea* ! coa/ does n appe>2 b on ! #d? ,septemb] ! fam\s protocol 0 execut$ by ,orville ,e4 ,babcock1 entitl+ himself 8,aide-de-,camp to 8 ,excell5cy1 ,g5]al ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica10 :]e1 besides /ipulat+ ! annexion ( ,dom9ica to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 consid]ation ( #a1ejj1jjj1 x is fur!r provid$ t 88 ,excell5cy1 ,g5]al ,grant1 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 promises1 privately1 to use all 8 influ5ce 9 ord] t ! idea ( annex+ ! ,dom9ican ,republic to ! ,unit$ ,/ates may acquire su* a degree ( popul>ity among memb]s ( ,congress z w be necess>y = its accompli%m5t40#dh ,su* 0 ! "w :i* ne$$ s sudd5ly--8)\t a mom5t's delay0--a second w>-%ip besides ! ,sem9ole1 :i* 0 already ord]$ to l5d 8! moral support ( its guns40 ,h[ unlike t boa/ ( ,old ,spa91 t !re 0 n a ,spani% bottom 9 ^? wat]s6 ,return+ to ,wa%+ton ) 8 protocol1 ! mission>y 0 n[ s5t back ) in/ructions to negotiate two treaties1--"o = ! annexion ( ! half-isl&1 & ! o!r = ! lease ( ! ,bay ( ,samana4 ,by ! ,con/itution ambassadors & o!r public m9i/]s are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate2 b our mission>y held no su* commission4 ,h[ ! bus9ess sp$ appe>s f ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ,report ( ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t %[s h[ x 0 su/a9$ by =ce4 ,by a lett] "u date ( ,decemb] #c1 #ahfi1 on bo>d ! %ip ,albany1 (f ,san ,dom+o1 address$ to ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,bunce on bo>d ! ,nantasket1 ! mission>y1 aft] ann\nc+ ! conclusion ( a treaty = ! lease ( ,samana & o!r purposes1 imp>ts ?is important in=mation3-- 8,9 ?is negotiation ! ,presid5t has gu>anti$ to ! ,dom9ican ,republic protection f all =eign int]position dur+ ! "t specifi$ 9 ! treaties = submitt+ ! same to ! p ( ! ,dom9ican ,republic40 ,( ! absolute futility & nullity ( ?is ,presid5tial gu>anty until aft] ! ratification ( ! treaties ,i %all speak h]eaft]4 ,mean:ile we behold ! mission>y *ang$ to pl5ipot5ti>y3-- 8,= ?is purpose ! honorable ,secret>y ( ! ,navy 0 direct$ to place ?ree arm$ vessels 9 ?is h>bor1 subject to my in/ruction40 ,:y ?ree arm$ vessels8 ,= :at purpose8 ,h[ unlike ! boa/ ( ,old ,spa96 ,:at foll[s reveals ! m5ace ( w>3-- 8,i %all raise ! ,unit$ ,/ates flag on %ore1 & %all leave a small gu>d ) x40 ,"h is no?+ less ?an milit>y occupation4 ,besides w>-%ips 9 ! wat]s1 ! flag is to be rais$ on %ore1 & soldi]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are to be left ) x4 ,aga9 ! contra/ ) ,old ,spa91 boa/+ n only t !re 0 n a s+le ,spani% 8bottom0 on ! coa/1 b n a s+le ,spani% soldi] on ! l&4 ,!n foll[s an ord] to make w>3-- 8,%\ld y f9d any =eign int]v5tion int5d$1 y w use all y\r =ce to c>ry out to ! lett] ! gu>anties giv5 9 ! treaties40 ,no?+ c\ld be /rong]4 ,"h is w>4 ,!n comes a direct m5ace by ! "y pl5ipot5ti>y1 laun*$ at ! neighbor+ ,black ,republic3-- 8,! ,dom9ican ,republic fe>s tr\ble f ! ,haytian bord]1 ab\t ,jacmel4 ,y w please in=m ! p1 9 case y are satisfi$ !re is an int5d$ int]v5tion1 t su* int]v5tion1 direct or indirect1 w be reg>d$ z an unfri5dly act t[>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & take su* /eps z y ?9k necess>y40#di ,! ,dom9ican ,republic fe>s tr\ble1 or 9 o!r words ! usurp] ,baez trembles = 8 p[]1 & !re=e ! guns ( our ,navy are to be po9t$ at ,hayti4 ,aga91 h[ little l ,old ,spa96 ,& ?is 0 ! way 9 :i* our negotiation began4 ,we h he>d ( an 8arm$ neutrality10 & ( an 8arm$ peace02 b "h is an arm$ negotiation4 ,! =ce employ$ 9 ! negotiation naturally fructifi$ 9 o!r =ce4 ,viol5ce foll[s viol5ce 9 new =ms4 ,arm$ negotiation 0 *ang$ to arm$ int]v5tion1 be+ an act ( w>1--all ( :i* is plac$ beyond "q4 ,!re is repetition & r$uplication ( te/imony4 ,! swiftness ( w> appe>s 9 ! telegram dat$ at ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t ,janu>y #bi1 #ahgj1 address$ to ,re>-,admiral ,poor1 at ,key ,we/4 ,"h is ?is pa9ful dispat*3-- 8,proce$ at once ) ! ,sev]n & ,dictator to ,port-au-,pr9ce2 communicate ) our ,consul !re1 & in=m ! pres5t ,haytian au?orities t ?is ,gov]nm5t is det]m9$ to protect ! pres5t ,dom9ican ,gov]nm5t ) all its p[]4 ,y w !n proce$ to ,dom9ica1 & use y\r =ce to give ! mo/ ample protection to ! ,dom9ican ,gov]nm5t aga9/ any ,p[] attempt+ to int]f]e ) x4 ,visit ,samana ,bay & ! capital1 & see ! ,unit$ ,/ates p[] & au?ority secure !re4 ,!re mu/ be no failure 9 ?is matt]4 ,if ! ,haytians attack ! ,dom9icans ) _! %ips1 de/roy or capture !m4 ,see t !re is a prop] =ce at bo? ,san ,dom+o ,city & ,samana4 8,if ,admiral ,poor is n at ,key ,we/1 ?is dispat* mu/ be =w>d$ to him )\t delay40#ej 8,proce$ at once40 ,m>k ! w>like en]gy4 ,:at !n8 ,in=m ! ,haytian ,gov]nm5t 8t ?is ,gov]nm5t is det]m9$ to protect ! pres5t ,dom9ican ,gov]nm5t ! usurp] ,baez ) all its p[]40 ,/rong words1 & va/ 9 scope6 ,n only ! :ole ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b all ! p[] ( our ,republic is promis$ to ! usurp]4 ,at ,dom9ica1 :]e ! ,admiral is to g next1 he is direct$ to use 8 =ce 8to give ! mo/ ample protection to ! ,dom9ican ,gov]nm5t ! usurp] ,baez aga9/ any ,p[] attempt+ to int]f]e ) x40 ,!n comes a new direction4 ,at ,samana & ! ,city ( ,san ,dom+o 8see ! ,unit$ ,/ates p[] & au?ority secure !re40 ,"h is no?+ less ?an milit>y occupation4 ,pray1 by :at title8 ,m>k aga9 ! w>like en]gy4 ,& !n giv+ to ! w> a new "*1 ! ,admiral is told3 8,if ! ,haytians attack ! ,dom9icans ) _! %ips1 de/roy or capture !m40 ,su* is ?is _m-%ott$ dispat*1 :i* is l a mitrailleuse 9 dea?-deal+ missives4 ,?is bellig]5t int]v5tion 9 ! affairs ( ano!r c\ntry1 ) a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ! ,black ,republic1 all )\t any au?ority f ,congress1 or any sanction "u ! ,con/itution1 0 foll[$ by a dispat* dat$ ,janu>y #ca1 #ahgj1 to ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,all51 ( ! ,swat>a1 ) an armam5t ( six #cb-p\nd]s1 #d1ejj p\nds1 & "o #aa-;in* gun1 :]e is ! brea? ( w>4 ,aft] hurry+ ! %ip (f to ! ,city ( ,san ,dom+o1 ! dispat* says3-- 8,if y f9d1 :5 y get !re1 t ! ,dom9ican ,gov]nm5t require any assi/ance aga9/ ! enemies ( t ,republic1 y w n hesitate to give x to !m40#ea ,:at is ?is b w>1 at ! call ( ! usurp] ,baez1 aga9/ ! enemies ( 8 ,gov]nm5t1 :e!r dome/ic or =eign8 ,let ! usurp] cry out1 & our flag is engag$4 ,our cannon mu/ fire1 x may be ^u ,dom9icans ris+ aga9/ ! usurp]1 or x may be ^u ,haytians w>r+ on ! usurp] = _! rights1 or x may be ^u "s o!r =eign p[] claim+ rights4 ,! ord] is p]emptory1 leav+ no discretion4 ,! assi/ance mu/ be r5d]$4 8,y w n hesitate to give x to !m03 s says ! ord]4 ,on :i* ,i obs]ve1 ,?is is w>4 ,?is 0 n en\gh4 ,! ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 by /ill ano!r ord]1 dat$ ,febru>y #i1 #ahgj1 address$ to ,commodore ,gre51 ( ! %ip ,congress1 ) an armam5t ( f\rte5 #i-;in* guns & two #fj-p\nd] rifles1 en=ces ?is same conduct4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! treaty1 ! ord] says3-- 8,:ile t treaty is p5d+1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has agre$ to af=d c\nt5ance & assi/ance to ! ,dom9ican p aga9/ _! enemies n[ 9 ! isl& & 9 revolution aga9/ ! lawfully con/itut$ ,gov]nm5t1 & y w use ! =ce at y\r comm& to resi/ any attempts by ! enemies ( ! ,dom9ican ,republic to invade ! ,dom9ican t]ritory1 by l& or sea1 s f> z y\r p[] c rea* !m40#eb ,"h aga9 is bellig]5t int]v5tion 9 ,dom9ica1 ) a decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ! ,black ,republic1 includ$ "u ! head 8enemies ( ! ,dom9ican ,republic10 or p]haps x is a case ( 8runn+ amuck10 accord+ to ,malay example1 = ! sake ( ! usurp] ,baez4 ,?us mu* = ! ord]s putt+ 9 motion ! p[]s ( w>4 ,i h set !m =? 9 _! precise words4 ,soon ,i %all %[ :]e9 !y (f5d ,int]national ,law & ! ,con/itution4 ,mean:ile ! case is n complete )\t %[+ :at 0 done "u ^! ord]s4 ,already ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t has te/ifi$4 ,! ,navy ,dep>tm5t te/ifies 9 h>mony ) ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t4 ,& "h ! record may be se5 "u two heads1--fir/1 bellig]5t int]v5tion 9 ,dom9ica1 &1 secondly1 bellig]5t int]v5tion 9 ,hayti4 ,,bellig]5t ,,int]v5tion ,,9 ,,dom9ica4 ,9 ,dom9ica !re 0 con/ant promise ( protection & con/ant appeal = x1 ) recurr+ incid5ts1 %[+ ! dep5d5ce ( ! usurp] ^u our naval =ce4 ,& "h ,i proce$ accord+ to ! ord] ( dates4 ,re>-,admiral ,poor1 ( ! flag-%ip ,sev]n1 reports f ! ,city ( ,san ,dom+o1 "u date ( ,m>* #ab1 #ahgj1 t ! ,presid5t--mean+ ! usurp] ,baez--in=m$ him t he 0 oblig$ to keep a consid]able =ce aga9/ ,cabral & ,lup]on1 & !n add$1 8,if annexation 0 delay$1 x w\ld be absolutely necess>y = him to call ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = pecuni>y aid40#ec ,n cont5t ) our guns1 ! usurp] want$ our doll>s4 ,next ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,bunce1 "u date ( ,m>* #ba1 #ahgj1 reports f ,pu]to ,plata t 8! au?orities ?9k t ! excitem5t has n yet pass$1 & t ! pres5ce ( a man-(-w> "h = a "t w h a great moral effect40#ed ,! man-(-w> becomes a prea*]4 ,! same (fic]1 "u date ( ,m>* #bd1 #ahgj1 reports a spee* ( 8 own at ,pu]to ,plata1 t ,re>-,admiral ,poor 8_h a heavy squadron ab\t ! isl&1 & w\ld drive him ,lup]on out1--probably1 9 do+ s1 de/roy+ ! t[n & all ! prop]ty 9 x40#ee ,& ?is 0 foll[$1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahgj1 by =mal notice f ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,bunce to ! ,briti% ,vice-,consul at ,pu]to ,plata1 9 ^! t]ms3-- 8,z to my objects "h1 "o ( !m c]ta9ly is1 & ,i desire to accompli% x z pla9ly z possible1 to in=m ! =eign resid5ts "h1 t1 if any su* league or p>ty is =m$ among !m1 &1 ) or )\t _! aid1 ,lup]on1 ,cabral1 or any o!rs ho/ile to ! ,dom9ican ,gov]nm5t1 %\ld get possession ( ?is port1 ! naval =ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld retake x1 &1 9 s do+1 ! =eign resid5ts1 z ! l>ge/ prop]ty-hold]s1 z well z ! mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! bus9ess ( ! port1 w\ld be ! greate/ suff]]s40#ef ,"h is ! m5ace ( w>4 ,! naval =ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w retake a port4 ,mean:ile ! "w ( protection proce$s4 ,re>-,admiral ,poor reports1 "u date ( ,may #g1 #ahgj3-- 8,^u my arrival !re at ,san ,dom+o ,city1 ,i f\nd x necess>y1 prop]ly to protect ! ,dom9ican ,gov]nm5t1 to dispat* "o ( ! sloops ,i f\nd !re to ! nor?we/ portion ( ! isl& & ! o!r to ,pu]to ,plata1 int5d+1 z soon z able to d s1 to dispat* "o to ,samana ,bay & to /ation ! o!r (f ,san ,dom+o ,city40#eg ,"h is bellig]5t protection at f\r diff]5t po9ts4 ,mean:ile ! treaty = annexion1 & also ! treaty = ! lease ( ,samana1 _h bo? expir$ by lapse ( "t ,m>* #bi1 #ahgj1 :ile ! treaty = annexion 0 reject$ by solemn vote ,june #cj1 #ahgj1--s t no treaty rema9$ ev5 z apology = ! illegitimate protection :i* _h be5 cont9u$ at su* co/ to ! c\ntry4 ,b ?is made no diff]5ce 9 ! aid suppli$ by our ,navy4 ,nor 0 ! ,adm9i/ration "h unadvis$ ) reg>d to ! con/ant dep5d5ce ( ! usurp]4 ,commodore ,gre5 reports f (f ,san ,dom+o ,city1 "u date ( ,july #ba1 #ahgj3-- 8,i am incl9$ to ! op9ion t a )drawal ( ! protection ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! prospect ( annexation at "s future "t1 w\ld in/antly lead to a revolution1 head$ by ,cabral1 :o w\ld be support$ by ! enemies ( ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t1 & assi/$ by ! ,haytians40#eh ,?is is foll[$ by a report f ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,all5 at ,samana ,bay1 "u date ( ,augu/ #bh1 #ahgj1 ann\nc+ t he has receiv$ a communication f 88 ,excell5cy1 ,presid5t ,baez1 reque/+ ! pres5ce ( a vessel on ! nor? side ( ! isl&1 on acc\nt ( an int5d$ invasion by ,cabral40#ei ,9 ! communication1 :i* is inclos$1 ! usurp] says t he 8deems ! pres5ce ( a %ip-(-w> 9 ! ,bay ( ,manzanillo ( imm$iate importance40#fj ,cabral1 x appe>s1 0 ne> ?is place4 ,o!r po9ts are m5tion$ to be visit$4 ,!n foll[ o!r reports f ,comm&] ,irw9 ( ! ,yantic1 ) inclosures f ,baez1 :]e ! dep5d5ce ( ! usurp] is confess$4 ,9 a lett] f ! ,executive ,mansion at ,san ,dom+o ,city1 "u date ( ,augu/ #cj1 #ahgj1 he desires ,comm&] ,irw9 to 8proce$ to ,tortugu]o de ,azua = a few h\rs1 = ! purpose ( transport+ to ?is city ! re/ ( ! ,dom9ican battalion ,re/auracion1 z x is ?\ght conv5i5t by ! ,gov]nm5t40#fa ,^u :i* ,comm&] ,irw91 "u date ( ,septemb] #c1 #ahgj1 rem>ks3-- 8,! ,presid5t 0 anxi\s to add to ! =ce at 8 disposal 9 ! ,city ( ,san ,dom+o1 z he fe>$ an outbreak4''' ,i acc$$ to 8 reque/1 ''' & on ! #b;d in/ant l&$ sixty-five (fic]s & m5 t we _h br\ght f ,azua40#fb ,"h is a confession1 %[+ aga9 ! "p play$ by our ,navy4 ,w>-%ips ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dance att5dance on ! usurp]1 & save him f ! outbreak ( ! p4 ,!n1 aga91 "u date ( ,septemb] #b1 #ahgj1 ! usurp] decl>es 8! necessity at pres5t ( a man-(-w> 9 ?is port1 & t none w\ld be m conv5i5t ?an ! ,yantic = ! facility ( ent]+ ! riv] ,ozama1 ow+ to h] size40#fc ,?us n m]ely on ! coa/s1 b 9 a riv]1 0 our ,navy invok$4 ,b ?is 0 n en\gh4 ,"u date ( ,octob] #h1 #ahgj1 ! usurp] writes f ! ,executive ,resid5ce 8to reit]ate ! necessity ( ! vessels n[ 9 t bay ,samana com+ to ^! s\!rn coa/s40#fd ,& z late z ,janu>y #h1 #ahga1 ,re>-,admiral ,lee reports f (f ,san ,dom+o ,city1 t delay 9 accompli%+ annexion has1 among o!r ?+s1 8risk ( insurrection10#fe--?us atte/+ ! dep5d5ce ( ! usurp] ^u our p[]4 ,su* is ! uni=m /ory1 :]e ! cry ( ! usurp] is l ! refra9 ( a ballad4 ,,bellig]5t ,,int]v5tion ,,9 ,,hayti4 ,! con/ant int]v5tion 9 ,dom9ica 0 supplem5t$ by t o!r int]v5tion 9 ,hayti1 :5 an ,am]ican admiral ?reat5$ w> to ! ,black ,republic4 ,%ame & indignation rise z we read ! record4 ,already we "k x f ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t4 ,re>-,admiral ,poor1 "u date ( ,febru>y #ab1 #ahgj1 reports to ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t 8 a*ievem5t4 ,aft] ann\nc+ t ! ,sev]n1 ) an armam5t ( f\rte5 #i-;in* guns & "o #fj-p\nd] rifle1 & ! ,dictator1 ) an armam5t ( two #ae-;in* guns1 arriv$ at ,port-au-,pr9ce ! #i? in/ant1 he n>rates 8 call on ! ,provisional ,presid5t ( ,hayti1 & h[1 aft] communicat+ ! p5d5cy ( negotiations & ! det]m9ation ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 8) its :ole p[]0 to prev5t any int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,haytian or any o!r ,gov]nm5t ) t ( ! ,dom9icans1 7mean+ ! usurp] ,baez17 he laun*$ ?is decl>ation3-- 8,!re=e1 if any attack %\ld be made ^u ! ,dom9icans mean+ ! usurp] ,baez dur+ ! said negotiations1 "u ! ,haytian or any o!r flag1 x w\ld be reg>d$ z an act ( ho/ility to ! ,unit$ ,/ates flag1 & w\ld provoke ho/ility 9 return40 ,su* 0 8 language 9 ! ,executive ,mansion ( ! ,presid5t4 ,! ,re>-,admiral reports ! dignifi$ reply ( ! ,presid5t & ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 :o said3-- 8,t1 #8:ile !y 7 aw>e ( _! weakness1 !y knew _! rights1 & w\ld ma9ta9 !m & _! dignity z f> z !y 7 able1 & t !y mu/ be all[$ to be ! judges ( _! own policy1'--or words to t effect40#ff ,su* words ought to h be5 to ! ,re>-,admiral m ?an a broadside4 ,h[ poor 7 8 great guns aga9/ ?is simple repro(6 ,! ,black ,republic spoke well4 ,! ,re>-,admiral adds1 t he le>n$ aft]w>d1 un(ficially1 8t ! au?orities 7 displeas$ ) :at !y consid]$ a m5ace on ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 accompani$ ) =ce40 ,& 0 x n natural t !y %\ld be displeas$8 ,all ?is is bad en\gh f ! (ficial record2 b ,i am enabl$ f ano!r s\rce1 semi-(ficial 9 "*1 to %[ yet m precisely :at occurr$4 ,i h a m9ute acc\nt drawn up by ! g5tleman :o act$ z int]pret] on ! occasion4 ,! ,re>-,admiral c\ld n speak ,fr5*2 ! ,presid5t c\ld n speak ,engli%4 ,in/ead ( wait+ ^u ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate & mak+ 8 communication to ?is function>y1 he w5t at once to ! ,executive ,mansion1 ) ! (fic]s ( 8 vessel & o!r p]sons1 :51 aft] ann\nc+ to ! ,presid5t t he came to pay a fri5dly visit1 he said1 t1 8z a sailor1 he w\ld take ! same opportunity to communicate in/ructions receiv$ f 8 ,gov]nm5t40 ,! ,presid5t1 ju/ly surpris$1 said t he 0 n aw>e t ! ,re>-,admiral _h any (ficial communication to make1 o!rwise ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,=eign ,affairs w\ld h be5 pres5t1 be+ ! prop] p>ty to receive x4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate & o!r memb]s ( ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t 7 s5t =1 :5 ! ,re>-,admiral proce$$ to make ! communication already report$1 & at ! same "t po9t+ to 8 great w>-%ips 9 ! outside h>bor1 pla9ly visible f ! ,executive ,mansion1 rem>k$1 t x c\ld be se5 he _h p[] en\gh to en=ce 8 communication1 & t besides he 0 expect+ o!r =ces 7& 9 fact two o!r w>-%ips soon arriv$1 "o ( !m a monitor72 & !n he ann\nc$1 t1 8if any vessels "u ,haytian or o!r flags 7 f\nd 9 ,dom9ican wat]s1 he w\ld s9k or capture !m40 ,brave ,re>-,admiral6 ,! int]pret]1 f ^: acc\nt ,i am draw+1 says t ! ,presid5t felt v sorry & humiliat$ by ?is language1 especially :5 ! ,re>-,admiral ref]r$ to ! /rong =ces "u 8 comm&1 & he proce$$ to reply3-- 8,t ,hayti1 hav+ ! k ( h] feebl5ess & ( h] dignity1 _h tak5 note ( ! communication made 9 ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 t1 "u pres5t circum/ances1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,hayti w\ld n int]f]e 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ,san ,dom+o1 b ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld n prev5t ! sympa?ies ( ! ,haytian p to be ) ! ,dom9ican patriots fight+ aga9/ annexation40 ,:o w n say t 9 ?is transaction ! ,black ,republic appe>s bett] ?an ! ,re>-,admiral8 ,,two ,,propositions ,,e/abli%$4 ,su* is ! te/imony1 e/abli%+ beyond "q ! two propositions1 fir/1 t ! usurp] ,baez 0 ma9ta9$ 9 p[] by our ,navy to enable him to c>ry out ! sale ( 8 c\ntry1 &1 secondly1 t fur!r to assure ?is sale ! neighbor ,republic ( ,hayti 0 viol5tly m5ac$1--all ?is be+ 9 brea* ( ,public ,law1 ,int]national & ,con/itutional4 ,9 consid]+ h[ f> ?is conduct is a violation ( ,int]national ,law & ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i beg9 ) ! =m]4 ,,great ,,pr9ciple ,,( 8,,equality ,,( ,,nations0 ,,violat$4 ,int]national ,law is to nations :at ! ,national ,con/itution is to our coqual ,/ates3 x is ! rule by :i* !y are gov]n$4 ,z among u e ,/ate & also e citiz5 has an int]e/ 9 uphold+ ! ,national ,con/itution1 s has e nation & also e citiz5 an int]e/ 9 uphold+ ,int]national ,law4 ,z well disobey ! =m] z ! latt]4 ,y _c d s 9 ei!r case )\t di/urb+ ! f\ndations ( peace & tranquillity4 ,to insi/ ^u ! recognition ( ,int]national ,law is to uphold civilization 9 "o ( its ess5tial securities4 ,to v9dicate ,int]national ,law is a con/ant duty1 :i* is mo/ em95t accord+ to ! rights 9 jeop>dy4 ,=emo/ among admitt$ pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law is ! axiom1 t all nations are equal1 )\t di/9ction ( population1 size1 or p[]4 ,nor does ,int]national ,law "k any di/9ction ( color4 ,z a natural consequ5ce1 :atev] is ! rule = "o is ! rule = all2 nor c we d to a ?9ly-peopl$1 small1 weak1 or black nation :at we w\ld n d to a popul\s1 l>ge1 /rong1 or :ite nation1--nor :at t nation might n d to u4 8,d unto o!rs z y w\ld h !m d unto y10 is ! pla9 law = all nations1 z = all m54 ,! equality ( nations is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,int]national ,law1 z ! equality ( m5 is ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 our ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 & y may z well assail ! "o z ! o!r4 ,z all m5 are equal be=e ! ,law1 s are all nations4 ,?is simple /atem5t is en\gh2 b s9ce ?is comm&+ pr9ciple has be5 practically set aside 9 ! op]ations ( our ,navy1 ,i proce$ to %[ h[ x is illu/rat$ by ! au?orities4 ,! equality ( nations1 l ! equality ( m51 0 recogniz$ t>dily1 "u ! gr[+ influ5ce ( civilization4 ,n to ! e>li] writ]s1 n ev5 to ! wond]ful ,grotius1 ^: in/9ct = tru? 0 s div9e1 d we repair = ! elucidation ( ?is und\bt$ rule4 ,our ,swiss tea*]1 ,vattel1 prompt$1 p]haps1 by ! exp]i5ce ( 8 own c\ntry1 surr\nd$ by m p[]ful neighbors1 0 ! fir/ to make x /& =? 9 its pres5t "*4 ,8 words1 :i* are z rem>kable = picturesque =ce z = juridical accuracy1 /ate ! :ole case3-- 8,nations compos$ ( m51 & consid]$ z s _m free p]sons liv+ toge!r 9 ! /ate ( ,nature1 are naturally equal1 & inh]it f ,nature ! same obligations & rights4 ,p[] or weakness does n 9 ?is respect produce any diff]5ce4 ,a dw>f is z mu* a man z a giant2 a small republic is no less a sov]eign /ate ?an ! mo/ p[]ful k+dom4 ,by a necess>y consequ5ce ( t equality1 :atev] is lawful = "o nation is equally lawful = any o!r1 & :atev] is unju/ifiable 9 ! "o is equally s 9 ! o!r40#fg ,lat] au?orities h foll[$ ?is /atem5t1 ) "s slight v>iety ( expression1 b ) no dim9ution ( its =ce4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ to reproduce x 0 ,sir ,william ,scott1 9 "o ( 8 ma/]ly judgm5ts1 l5d+ to x ! vivid beauty ( 8 /yle3-- 8,a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,public ,law is ! p]fect equality & entire indep5d5ce ( all di/9ct /ates4 ,relative magnitude creates no di/9ction ( "r2 relative imbecility1 :e!r p]man5t or casual1 gives no additional "r to ! m p[]ful neighbor2 & any advantage seiz$ ^u t gr\nd is m]e usurpation4 ,?is is ! great f\ndation ( ,public ,law1 :i* x ma9ly conc]ns ! peace ( mank9d1 bo? 9 _! politic & private capacities1 to pres]ve inviolate40#fh ,! ,g]man ,hefft] /ates ! rule m simply1 b ) equal =ce3-- 8,nations1 be+ sov]eign or indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 treat toge!r on a foot+ ( complete equality4 ,! mo/ feeble /ate has ! same political rights z ! /ronge/4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ea* /ate ex]cises 9 _! pl5itude ! rights :i* result f its political exi/5ce & f its p>ticipation 9 int]national association40#fi ,! late/ ,engli% writ]s te/ify likewise4 ,"h are ! words ( ,phillimore3-- 8,! natural equality ( /ates is ! necess>y companion ( _! indep5d5ce1--t primitive c>d9al "r ^u :i* ! sci5ce ( ,int]national ,law is ma9ly built4''' ,!y are entitl$1 9 _! int]c\rse ) o!r /ates1 to all ! rights incid5t to a natural equality4 ,no o!r /ate is entitl$ to encroa* ^u ?is equality by arrogat+ to itself peculi> privileges or pr]ogatives z to ! mann] ( _! mutual int]c\rse40#gj ,twiss foll[s ,phillimore1 b gives to ! rule a fre% /atem5t3-- 8,! indep5d5ce ( a nation is absolute1 & n subject to qualification2 s t nations1 9 respect ( _! int]c\rse "u ! ,common ,law1 are pe]s or equals4''' ,p[] & weakness d n 9 ?is respect give rise to any di/9ction4''' ,x results f ?is equality1 t :atev] is lawful = "o nation is equally lawful = ano!r1 & :atev] is unju/ifiable 9 ! "o is equally unju/ifiable 9 ! o!r40#ga ,9 our own c\ntry1 ,*ancellor ,k5t1 a great au?ority1 gives ! rule ) p]fect cle>ness & simplicity3-- 8,nations are equal 9 respect to ea* o!r1 & entitl$ to claim equal consid]ation = _! rights1 :atev] may be _! relative dim5sions or /r5g?1 or h[ev] greatly !y may diff] 9 gov]nm5t1 religion1 or mann]s4 ,?is p]fect equality & entire indep5d5ce ( all di/9ct /ates is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,public ,law40#gb ,g5]al ,halleck1 ^: "w is n surpass$ by any o!r 9 practical value1 :ile quot+ especially ,vattel & ,sir ,william ,scott1 says ) mu* s5t5ti\sness3-- 8,all sov]eign /ates1 )\t respect to _! relative p[]1 are1 9 ! eye ( ,int]national ,law1 equal1 be+ end[$ ) ! same natural rights1 b\nd by ! same duties1 & subject to ! same obligations40#gc ,?us does ea* au?ority reflect ! o!rs1 :ile ! :ole toge!r pres5t ! ,equality ( ,nations z a guid+ pr9ciple n to be neglect$ or di%onor$4 ,! record already consid]$ %[s h[ ?is pr9ciple has be5 op5ly defi$ by our ,gov]nm5t 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,black ,republic1--fir/1 9 ! m5ace ( w> by ,re>-,admiral ,poor1 &1 secondly1 9 ! mann] ( ! m5ace1--be+ 9 sub/ance & 9 =m4 ,9 bo? respects ! ,admiral did :at he w\ld n h done to a p[]ful nation1 :at he w\ld n h done to any :ite nation1 & :at we %\ld nev] all[ any nation to d to u4 ,hayti 0 weak1 & ! gallant ,admiral1 r[+ a%ore1 pu%$ to ! ,executive ,mansion1 :]e1 aft] :at he call$ 8a fri5dly visit10 he /ruck at ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,black ,republic1 po9t+ f ! w9d[s ( ! ,executive ,mansion to 8 p[]ful armam5t1 & ?reat5+ to employ x aga9/ ! ,haytian capital or 9 s9k+ ,haytian %ips4 ,= ! pres5t ,i consid] ?is unprec$5t$ insol5ce only s f> z x 0 an (f5ce aga9/ ! ,equality ( ,nations1 & "h x may be tri$ easily4 ,?9k y t we %\ld h done ?is ?+ to ,engl&1 ,france1 or ,spa98 ,?9k y t any =eign p[] c\ld h done x to u8 ,b if "r 9 u t[>d ,hayti1 x w\ld be "r 9 u t[>d ,engl&1 ,france1 or ,spa92 & x w\ld be "r 9 any =eign p[] t[>d u4 ,if x 7 "r 9 u t[>d ,hayti1 !n might ,engl&1 ,france1 ,spa91 or ,hayti h]self d ! same to u4 ,imag9e a =eign fleet an*or$ (f ,alex&ria1 :ile ! admiral1 pull+ a%ore 9 8 boat1 hurries to ! ,executive ,mansion1 & !n1 aft] ann\nc+ a fri5dly visit1 po9ts to 8 w>-%ips visible f ! w9d[s1 & m5aces _! ?und]4 ,or to be m precise1 suppose ! ,haytian ,navy to return ! complim5t "h 9 ! ,potomac4 ,b j 9 proportion z we condemn any =eign fleet1 includ+ ! ,haytian ,navy1 do+ ?is ?+1 d we condemn ourselves4 ,! case is cle>4 ,we did n treat ,hayti z our pe]4 ,! great pr9ciple ( ! ,equality ( ,nations 0 op5ly set at n\ght4 ,to ext5uate ?is pla9 outrage1 ,i h he>d x said1 t1 9 our relations ) ,hayti1 we are n b\nd by ! same rules ( conduct applicable to o!r nations4 ,s ,i h he>d2 & ?is1 inde$1 is ! only possible def5ce = ! outrage4 ,z 9 o!r days x 0 proclaim$ t a black man _h no rights :i* a :ite man 0 b\nd to respect1 s ?is def5ce assumes ! same ?+ ( ! ,black ,republic4 ,b at la/ ! black man has obta9$ ,equal ,rights2 & s1 ,i insi/1 has ! ,black ,republic4 ,z well d5y ! "o z ! o!r4 ,by an ,act ( ,congress1 drawn by myself & approv$ by ,abraham ,l9coln 9 ! session ( #ahfb1 diplomatic relations 7 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,hayti1 & ! ,presid5t 0 expressly au?oriz$ to appo9t diplomatic repres5tatives !re4 ,at fir/ we 7 repres5t$ by a ,commission] & ,consul-,g5]al2 n[ x is by a ,m9i/] ,resid5t & ,consul-,g5]al4 ,?us1 by ,act ( ,congress & ! appo9tm5t ( a ,m9i/]1 h we recogniz$ ! ,equal ,rights ( ,hayti 9 ! ,family ( ,nations1 & plac$ ! ,black ,republic "u ! safegu>d ( t great axiom ( ,int]national ,law :i* makes x impossible = u to d unto h] :at we w\ld n all[ h] to d unto u4 ,9 h>mony ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! 8,almana* de ,go?a10 :]e is ! au!ntic1 if n (ficial1 li/ ( nations entitl$ to ,equal ,rights1 conta9s ! "n ( ,hayti4 ,?us is ! ,black ,republic enroll$ z an equal2 & yet h we /ruck at ?is equality4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i plead$ t all m5 are equal be=e ! ,law6 ,& n[ ,i plead t all nations are equal be=e ! ,law1 )\t di/9ction ( color4 ,,bellig]5t ,,int]v5tion ,,contr>y ,,to ,,int]national ,,law4 ,f "o violation ( ,int]national ,law ,i pass to ano!r4 ,! proce$+s already detail$ %[ bellig]5t int]v5tion1 contr>y to ,int]national ,law4 ,"h my /atem5t w be brief4 ,accord+ to all ! be/ au?orities1 9 h>mony ) reason1 no nation has a "r to int]f]e by bellig]5t int]v5tion 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ano!r1 & especially to take "p 9 a civil feud1 except "u conditions :i* are want+ "h2 nor has x a "r to int]f]e by bellig]5t int]v5tion betwe5 two indep5d5t nations4 ,! g5]al rule impos$ by mod]n civilization is ,non-,int]v5tion2 b ?is rule is little m ?an a sci5tific expression ( t say+ ( ,philip de ,com9es1 ! fam\s m9i/] ( ,l\is ! ,elev5?1 8,our ,"l ,god does n wi% t "o nation %\ld play ! devil ) ano!r40 ,n to occupy "t ) au?orities1 ,i cont5t myself ) "s ( our own c\ntry1 :i* are cle> & explicit1 & ,i beg9 ) ,george ,wa%+ton1 :o wrote to ,lafayette1 "u date ( ,decemb] #be1 #agih3-- 8,no ,gov]nm5t ought to int]f]e ) ! int]nal conc]ns ( ano!r1 except = ! security ( :at is due to !mselves40#gd ,:eaton lays d[n ! same rule sub/antially1 :5 he says3-- 8,non-,int]f]5ce is ! g5]al rule1 to :i* cases ( ju/ifiable int]f]5ce =m exceptions1 limit$ by ! necessity ( ea* p>ticul> case40#ge ,?us does ,:eaton1 l ,wa%+ton1 f\nd int]v5tion 9 ! necessity ( ! case4 ,evid5tly nei!r ?\ght ( f\nd+ x on a s*eme = ! acquisition ( =eign t]ritory4 ,9 h>mony ) ,wa%+ton & ,:eaton1 ,i cite ,g5]al ,halleck1 9 8 excell5t "w3-- 8,w>s ( int]v5tion are to be ju/ifi$ or condemn$ accord+ly z !y are or are n und]tak5 /rictly z ! means ( self-def5ce1 & self-protection aga9/ ! aggr&izem5ts ( o!rs1 & )\t ref]5ce to treaty obligations2 =1 if wrong 9 !mselves1 ! /ipulations ( a treaty _c make !m "r40#gf ,!n aga9 ,halleck says1 9 words applicable to ! pres5t case3-- 8,! invitation ( "o p>ty to a civil w> c af=d no "r ( =eign int]f]5ce1 z aga9/ ! o!r p>ty4 ,! same reason+ holds good ) respect to arm$ int]v5tion1 :e!r betwe5 bellig]5t /ates or betwe5 bellig]5t p>ties 9 ! same /ate40#gg ,arm$ ,int]v5tion1 or1 z ,i w\ld say1 ,bellig]5t ,int]v5tion1 is ?us def9$ by ,halleck3-- 8,arm$ int]v5tion consi/s 9 ?reat5$ or actual =ce1 employ$ or to be employ$ by "o /ate 9 regulat+ or det]m9+ ! conduct or affairs ( ano!r4 ,su* an employm5t ( =ce is virtually a w>1 & mu/ be ju/ifi$ or condemn$ ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciples z o!r w>s40#gh ,apply+ ^! pr9ciples to exi/+ facts already set =?1 x is easy to see t ! bellig]5t int]v5tion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! int]nal affairs ( ,dom9ica1 ma9ta9+ ! usurp] ,baez 9 p[]1 especially aga9/ ,cabral1 0 contr>y to ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law1 & t ! bellig]5t int]v5tion betwe5 ,dom9ica & ,hayti 0 ( ! same "*4 ,imag9e our ,navy play+ ! fanta/ic tricks on ! coa/ ( ,france :i* x play$ on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o1 & !n1 /ill fur!r1 imag9e x ent]+ ! ports ( ,france z x ent]$ ! ports ( ,hayti1 & y w see h[ utt]ly indef5sible 0 its conduct4 ,9 ! capital ( ,hayti x committ$ an act ( w> h>dly less flagrant ?an t ( ,engl& at ! bomb>dm5t ( ,cop5hag54 ,happily blood 0 n %$1 b !re 0 an act ( w>4 ,"h ,i ref] to ! au?orities already cit$1 & *all5ge contradiction4 ,to v9dicate ^! ?+s1 :e!r 9 ,dom9ica or 9 ,hayti1 y mu/ disc>d all ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law1 & jo9 ^? :o1 reg>dless ( rights1 rely ^u arms4 ,grotius rem9ds u ( ,a*illes1 z describ$ by ,horace3-- 8,rights he spurns ,z ?+s n made = him1 claims all by arms02 & he quotes ,lucan also1 :o %[s a soldi] exclaim+3-- 8,n[1 ,peace & ,law1 ,i bid y bo? f>ewell40 ,! old ,antigonus1 :o1 :5 besieg+ a city1 laugh$ at a man :o br\ght him a diss]tation on ,ju/ice1 & ,pompey1 :o exclaim$1 8,am ,i1 :5 9 arms1 to ?9k ( ! laws80#gi--^! seem to be ! models = our ,gov]nm5t on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o4 ,,usurpation ,,( ,,w> ,,p[]s ,,contr>y ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,! same _s :i* set at defiance great pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law1 in/all+ =ce in/ead1 is equally manife/ 9 disreg>d ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & "h "o ( its mo/ di/9ctive pr9ciples is /ruck d[n4 ,by ! ,con/itution x is solemnly ann\nc$ t to ,congress is giv5 ! p[] 8to decl>e w>40 ,?is allotm5t ( p[] 0 made only aft] mu* consid]ation1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ^? popul> rights consecrat$ by ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,9 ,engl&1 & 9 all o!r mon>*ies at ! "t1 ?is p[] 0 ! exclusive pr]ogative ( ! ,cr[n1 s t w> 0 ju/ly call$ 8! la/ reason ( k+s40 ,! fram]s ( our ,con/itution naturally refus$ to ve/ ?is k+ly pr]ogative 9 ! ,presid5t4 ,k+s 7 reject$ 9 sub/ance z 9 "n4 ,! ,"o-,man ,p[] 0 set aside1 & ?is k+ly pr]ogative plac$ "u ! safegu>d ( ! p1 z repres5t$ 9 t highe/ =m ( national life1 an ,act ( ,congress4 ,no o!r provision 9 ! ,con/itution is m di/9ctive1 or m wor?y ( v5]ation4 ,i d n g too f>1 :5 ,i call x an ess5tial elem5t ( ,republican ,in/itutions1 happily discov]$ by our fa!rs4 ,our au?oritative comm5tator1 ,judge ,/ory1 has expla9$ ! orig9 ( ?is provision1 & 8 te/imony confirms ! /atem5t ,i h made4 ,aft] rem>k+ t ! p[] to decl>e w> is 8n only ! highe/ sov]eign pr]ogative1 b t x is 9 its own nature & effects s critical & calamit\s t x requires ! utmo/ delib]ation & ! successive review ( all ! c\ncils ( ! nation10 ! le>n$ au?or rem>ks ) s+ul> po9t1 t 8x %\ld be difficult 9 a ,republic to decl>e w>10 & t1 !re=e1 8! cop]ation ( all ! bran*es ( ! legislative p[] ought ^u pr9ciple to be requir$ 9 ?is1 ! highe/ act ( legislation02 & he ev5 goes s f> z to sugge/ /ill great] re/riction1 8z by requir+ a concurr5ce ( two ?irds ( bo? ,h\ses40#hj ,!re is no su* cons]vative requirem5t2 b w> c be decl>$ only by a majority ( bo? ,h\ses ) ! approbation ( ! ,presid5t4 ,!re mu/ be ! embodi$ w ( ! ,legislative & ! ,executive1--9 o!r words1 ( ,congress & ! ,presid5t4 ,n ,congress alone1 )\t ! ,presid5t1 c decl>e w>2 nor c ! ,presid5t alone1 )\t ,congress4 ,bo? mu/ concur2 & "h is ! triumph ( ,republican ,in/itutions4 ,b ?is di/9ctive pr9ciple ( our ,con/itution & new-f\nd safegu>d ( popul> rights has be5 set at n\ght by ! ,presid5t2 or r1 9 ru%+ to ! goal ( 8 desires1 he has ov]leap$ x1 z if x 7 /ubble4 ,9 h>mony ) ! :ole transaction is ! apology1 :i* insi/s t ! ,presid5t may d indirectly :at he _c d directly1--t he may1 accord+ to old ,polonius1 8by indirections f9d directions out10--9 %ort1 t1 ?\gh he _c decl>e w> directly1 he may indirectly4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! unratifi$ treaty1 ) its futile promise 8aga9/ =eign int]position10--t is1 ) ! promise ( ! ,w> ,p[]s ( our ,gov]nm5t set 9 motion by ! ,presid5t alone1 )\t an ,act ( ,congress4 ,"h are ! precise t]ms3-- 8,! p ( ! ,dom9ican ,republic %all1 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 express1 9 a mann] con=mable to _! laws1 _! w conc]n+ ! cession h]e9 provid$ =2 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all1 until su* expression %all be _h1 protect ! ,dom9ican ,republic aga9/ =eign int]position1 9 ord] t ! national expression may be free40#ha ,n[ no?+ c be cle>] ?an t ?is provision1 introduc$ on ! au?ority ( ! ,presid5t alone1 0 beyond 8 p[]s1 & !re=e brutum fulm51 a m]e wood5 gun1 until aft] ! ratification ( ! treaty4 ,o!rwise ! ,presid5t alone might decl>e w>1 )\t an ,act ( ,congress1 do+ indirectly :at he _c d directly1 & ?us ov]turn+ t special safegu>d :i* places "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ,congress :at ,/ory ju/ly calls 8! highe/ sov]eign pr]ogative40 ,"h we meet ano!r di/9ctive pr9ciple ( our ,con/itution4 ,z ! p[] to decl>e w> is lodg$ 9 ,congress ) ! concurr5ce ( ! ,presid5t1 s is ! p[] to make a treaty lodg$ 9 ! ,presid5t ) ! concurr5ce ( two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate4 ,w> is decl>$ only by ,congress & ! ,presid5t2 a treaty is made only by ! ,presid5t & two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate4 ,z ! =m] safegu>d 0 new1 s 0 ! latt]4 ,9 ,engl& & all o!r mon>*ies at ! "t1 ! treaty-mak+ p[] 0 a k+ly pr]ogative1 l ! p[] to decl>e w>4 ,! provision 9 our ,con/itution1 requir+ ! p>ticipation ( ! ,s5ate1 0 ano!r limitation ( ! ,"o-,man ,p[]1 & a new contribution to ,republican ,in/itutions4 8,! ,f$]ali/10 9 an article writt5 by ,alex&] ,hamilton1 ?us describes ! k+ly pr]ogative3-- 8,! k+ ( ,great ,brita9 is ! sole & absolute repres5tative ( ! nation 9 all =eign transactions4 ,he c ( 8 own accord make treaties ( peace1 comm]ce1 alliance1 & ( e o!r description4''' ,e juri/ ( t k+dom1 & e o!r man acqua9t$ ) its ,con/itution1 kn[s1 z an e/abli%$ fact1 t ! pr]ogative ( mak+ treaties exi/s 9 ! ,cr[n 9 its utmo/ pl5itude2 & t ! compacts ent]$ into by ! royal au?ority h ! mo/ complete legal validity & p]fection1 indep5d5t ( any o!r sanction40#hb ,su* 0 ! well-kn[n k+ly pr]ogative :i* our ,con/itution reject$4 ,"h let 8,! ,f$]ali/0 speak aga93-- 8,!re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! int5d$ p[] ( ! ,presid5t & ! actual p[] ( ! ,briti% sov]eign4 ,! "o c p]=m alone :at ! o!r c only d ) ! concurr5ce ( a bran* ( ! ,legislature40#hc ,!n1 aga91 aft] %[+ t a treaty is a contract ) a =eign nation1 hav+ ! =ce ( law1 8,! ,f$]ali/0 proce$s3-- 8,! hi/ory ( human conduct does n w>rant t exalt$ op9ion ( human virtue :i* w\ld make x wise 9 a nation to commit int]e/s ( s delicate & mom5t\s a k9d z ^? :i* conc]n its int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( ! _w to ! sole disposal ( a magi/rate creat$ & circum/anc$ z w\ld be a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40#hd ,?us does ?is contempor>y au?ority te/ify aga9/ h&+ ov] to 8! sole disposal0 ( ! ,presid5t ! delicate & mom5t\s "q 9 ! unratifi$ treaty4 ,foll[+ 8,! ,f$]ali/0 is ! em95t comm5tator already cit$1 :o insi/s t 8x is too mu* to expect t a free p w\ld confide to a s+le magi/rate1 h[ev] respectable1 ! sole au?ority to act conclusively1 z well z exclusively1 ^u ! subject ( treaties02 & t1 8h[ev] prop] x may be 9 a mon>*y1 !re is no ,am]ican /atesman b mu/ feel t su* a pr]ogative 9 an ,am]ican ,presid5t w\ld be inexp$i5t & dang]\s10--t 8x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) t :olesome jeal\sy :i* all republics ought to *]i% ( all deposit>ies ( p[]02 & !n he adds3-- 8,! *eck :i* acts ^u ! m9d1 f ! consid]ation t :at is done is b prelim9>y1 & requires ! ass5t ( o!r indep5d5t m9ds to give x a legal conclusiv5ess1 is a re/ra9t :i* awak5s caution & compels to delib]ation40#he ,! le>n$ au?or !n dwells ) pride on ! requirem5t ( ! ,con/itution1 :i*1 :ile confid+ ! p[] to ! ,executive ,dep>tm5t1 8gu>ds x f s]i\s abuse by plac+ x "u ! ultimate sup]9t5d5ce ( a select body ( high "* & high responsibility02 & !n1 aft] rem>k+ t 8! ,presid5t is ! imm$iate au?or & f9i%] ( all treaties10 he concludes1 9 decisive words1 t 8no treaty s =m$ becomes b9d+ ^u ! c\ntry1 unless x receives ! delib]ate ass5t ( two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate40#hf ,no?+ c be m positive4 ,!re=e1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( repetition1 ,i insi/1 t1 z ! p[] to decl>e w> is "u ! safegu>d ( ,congress ) ! concurr5ce ( ! ,presid5t1 s is ! p[] to make a treaty 9 ! ,presid5t ) ! concurr5ce ( two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate1--b ! act ( nei!r becomes b9d+ )\t ?is concurr5ce4 ,?us1 on gr\nds ( au?ority1 z well z ( reason1 is x cle> t ! und]tak+ ( ! ,presid5t to employ ! ,w> ,p[]s )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress 0 void1 & e employm5t ( ^! ,w> ,p[]s 9 pursuance !re( 0 a usurpation4 ,if ! ,presid5t 7 a k+1 ) ! k+ly pr]ogative ei!r to decl>e w> or to make treaties1 he might d :at he has done2 b be+ only ,presid5t1 ) ! limit$ p[]s e/abli%$ by ! ,con/itution1 he _c d x4 ,! assumption 9 ! ,dom9ican treaty is exceptional & abnormal1 be+ absolutely )\t prec$5t4 ,! treaty ) ,france 9 #ahjc = ! cession ( ,l\isiana conta9$ no su* assumption2 nor did ! treaty ) ,spa9 9 #ahai = ! cession ( ,florida2 nor did ! treaty ) ,mexico 9 #ahdh1 by :i* ! title to ,texas & ,cali=nia 0 assur$2 nor did ! treaty ) ,mexico 9 #ahec1 by :i* new t]ritory 0 obta9$2 nor did ! treaty ) ,russia 9 #ahfg = ! cession ( h] possessions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 none ( ^! treaties 0 !re any su* assumption ( p[]4 ,! ,l\isiana treaty /ipulat$ t possession %\ld be tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 8imm$iately aft] ! ratification ( ! pres5t treaty by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 case t ( ! ,fir/ ,consul %all h be5 previ\sly obta9$40#hg ,! ,florida treaty /ipulat$ 8six mon?s aft] ! ex*ange ( ! ratification ( ?is treaty1 or soon]1 if possible40#hh ,b ^! /ipulations1 by :i* possession on our "p1 ) correspond+ responsibilities1 0 adj\rn$ till aft] ! ex*ange ( ratifications1 7 simply accord+ to ! dictate ( reason1 9 h>mony ) ! requirem5t ( our ,con/itution4 ,! case ( ,texas _h two /ages3 fir/1 "u an unratifi$ treaty2 &1 secondly1 "u a ,jo9t ,resolution ( ,congress4 ,:at 0 done "u ! latt] _h ! concurr5ce ( ,congress & ! ,presid5t2 s t ! in*oate title ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 creat$ by ,act ( ,congress1 9 pla9 contradiction to ! pres5t case1 :]e ! title1 :atev] x may be1 is "u an unratifi$ treaty1 & is creat$ by ! ,presid5t alone4 ,"h is a manife/ diff]5ce1 n to be =gott54 ,dur+ ! p5d5cy ( ! treaty1 !re 0 an attempt by ,john ,tyl]1 aid$ by 8 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,john ,c4 ,calh\n1 to commit ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! milit>y support ( ,texas4 ,x 0 no?+ b an attempt4 ,!re 0 no bellig]5t int]v5tion or act ( w>1 b only :at ,b5ton calls an 8assumpsit0 by ,calh\n4 ,on ?is 8assumpsit0 ! vet]an ,s5ator1 9 ! memoirs ( 8 ,?irty ,ye>s 9 ! ,s5ate1 breaks =? 9 ^! indignant t]ms3-- 8,z to secretly l5d+ ! ,army & ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,texas to fight ,mexico :ile we 7 at peace ) h]1 x w\ld be a crime aga9/ ,god & man & our own ,con/itution1 = :i* heads might be br\ght to ! block1 if ,presid5ts & _! ,secret>ies1 l ,con/itutional ,k+s & ,m9i/]s1 %\ld be held capitally responsible = capital crimes40#hi ,! indignant /atesman1 aft] expos+ ! uncon/itutional *>latanry ( ! attempt1 proce$s3-- 8,& t no circum/ance ( contradiction or folly %\ld be want+ to cr[n ?is plot ( crime & imbecility1 x s happ5$1 t1 on ! same day t our new ,secret>y "h 0 giv+ 8 writt5 assumpsit to l5d ! ,army & ,navy to fight ,mexico :ile we 7 at peace ) h]1 ! ag5t ,murphy 0 communicat+ to ! ,texan ,gov]nm5t1 9 ,texas1 ! refusal ( ,mr4 ,tyl]1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,nelson1 to d s1 because ( its uncon/itutionality40#ij ,mr4 ,nelson1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate ad int]im1 wrote ,mr4 ,murphy1 our ,m9i/] 9 ,texas1 "u date ( ,m>* #aa1 #ahdd1 t 8! employm5t ( ! ,army or ,navy aga9/ a =eign p[] ) :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates are at peace is n )9 ! compet5cy ( ! ,presid5t40#ia ,aga9 ,b5ton says3-- 8,! engagem5t to fight ,mexico = ,texas1 :ile we 7 at peace ) ,mexico1 0 to make w> ) ,mexico6--a piece ( bus9ess :i* belong$ to ! ,congress1 & :i* %\ld h be5 ref]r$ to !m1 & :i*1 on ! contr>y1 0 conceal$ f !m1 ?\gh 9 session & pres5t40#ib ,9 ! face ( ?is indignant judgm5t1 already ! undy+ voice ( hi/ory1 ! 8assumpsit0 ( ,john ,c4 ,calh\n w n be accept$ z a prop] example = a ,republican ,presid5t4 ,b !re is n a ^w ( t p[]ful utt]ance by :i* ?is act is =ev] bla/$ t is n /rictly applicable to ! 8assumpsit0 9 ! case ( ,dom9ica4 ,if an engagem5t to fight ,mexico = ,texas1 :ile we 7 at peace ) ,mexico1 0 no?+ less ?an w> ) ,mexico1 s ! pres5t engagem5t to fight ,hayti = ,dom9ica1 :ile we are at peace ) ,hayti1 is no?+ less ?an w> ) ,hayti4 ,nor is x any ! less 8a crime aga9/ ,god & man & our own ,con/itution0 9 ! case ( ,hayti ?an 9 ! case ( ,mexico4 ,b ! pres5t case is /rong] ?an t :i* ar\s$ ! f]vid en]gies ( ,b5ton4 ,! 8assumpsit0 "h has be5 foll[$ by bellig]5t int]v5tion & acts ( w>4 ,presid5t ,polk1 9 8 ,annual ,message ( ,decemb]1 #ahdf1 paid homage to ! true pr9ciple1 :5 he ann\nc$ t 8! mom5t ! t]ms ( annexation (f]$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 accept$ by ,texas1 ! latt] became s f> a "p ( our own c\ntry z to make x our duty to af=d protection & def5ce40#ic ,& accord+ly he direct$ ^? milit>y & naval movem5ts :i* end$ 9 w> ) ,mexico4 ,b x w be obs]v$ "h t ^! movem5ts 7 condition$ on ! acceptance by ,texas ( ! t]ms ( annexion def9itively propos$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile our title _h be5 creat$ by ,act ( ,congress1 & n by ! ,presid5t alone4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ! prec$5ts ( our hi/ory1 re9=c$ by reason & au?ority1 does ! 8assumpsit0 ( ! treaty fail4 ,i =be> f *>act]iz+ x4 ,my duty is p]=m$1 if ,i exhibit x to ! ,s5ate4 ,b ?is /ory ( a violat$ ,con/itution is n yet complete4 ,ev5 admitt+ "s remote inf9itesimal semblance ( excuse or apology dur+ ! p5d5cy ( ! treaty1 all ( :i* ,i insi/ is absurd beyond "q1 ?\gh n entirely impossible 9 a qu>t] unus$ to con/itutional que/ions & he$+ !m little1--conc$+ t ! 8assumpsit0 ins]t$ 9 ! treaty by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate _h deceiv$ ! ,presid5t into ! idea t he possess$ ! k+ly pr]ogative ( decl>+ w> at 8 own m]e motion1--& wi%+ to deal mo/ g5tly ev5 ) an und\bt$ usurpation ( ! k+ly pr]ogative1 s long z ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 sworn c\nsellor ( ! ,presid5t1 suppli$ ! =mula = ! usurpation1 7& y w be> witness t ,i h done no?+ b /ate ! case17--x is h>d to hold back1 :5 ! same usurpation is op5ly prolong$ aft] ! ,s5ate _h reject$ ! treaty on :i* ! ex]cise ( ! k+ly pr]ogative 0 f\nd$1 & :5 ! 8assumpsit0 devis$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate _h pass$ into ! limbo ( ?+s lo/ on e>?4 ,"h !re is no remote inf9itesimal semblance ( excuse or apology1--no?+1--absolutely no?+4 ,! usurpation pivots on non5tity1--always except+ ! k+ly w ( ! ,presid5t1 :i* con/itutionally is a non5tity4 ,! great arti/ ( ,bologna1 9 a mu* admir$ /atue1 sculptur$ ,m]cury z /&+ on a puff ( air4 ,! ,presid5t has n ev5 a puff ( air to /& on4 ,nor is !re any "q ) reg>d to ! facts4 ,say+ no?+ ( ! lapse ( ! treaty on ! #bi? ,m>*1 #ahgj1 be+ ! expiration ( ! p]iod = ! ex*ange ( ratifications1 ,i ref] to its =mal rejection by ! ,s5ate1 ,june #cj1 #ahgj1 :i* 0 n unkn[n to ! ,presid5t4 ,9 ! ord] ( bus9ess ! rejection 0 communicat$ to him1 :ile x became at once matt] ( univ]sal notoriety4 ,!n1 by way ( fur!r fix+ ! ,presid5t ) ?is notice1 ,i ref] to 8 own admission 9 ! ,annual ,message ( ,decemb] la/1 :5 he ann\nces t 8dur+ ! la/ session ( ,congress a treaty = ! annexation ( ! ,republic ( ,san ,dom+o to ! ,unit$ ,/ates fail$ to receive ! requisite two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate10 & !n1 aft] d5\nc+ ! rejection z 8folly10 he proce$s z foll[s3-- 8,my sugge/ion is1 t by ,jo9t ,resolution ( ! two ,h\ses ( ,congress ! ,executive be au?oriz$ to appo9t a ,commission to negotiate a treaty ) ! au?orities ( ,san ,dom+o = ! acquisition ( t isl&1 & t an appropriation be made to defray ! exp5ses ( su* ,commission4 ,! "q may !n be det]m9$1 ei!r by ! action ( ! ,s5ate ^u ! treaty1 or ! jo9t action ( ! two ,h\ses ( ,congress ^u a resolution ( annexation1 z 9 ! case ( ! acquisition ( ,texas40 ,?us by ! op5 decl>ation ( ! ,presid5t 0 ! treaty reject$1 :ile six mon?s aft] ! rejection he asks = a ,commission to negotiate a new treaty1 & an appropriation to defray ! exp5ses ( ! ,commission2 & n p]ceiv+ ! inapplicability ( ! ,texas prec$5t1 he proposes to d ! de$ by ,jo9t ,resolution ( ,congress4 ,& yet dur+ ?is int]m$iate p]iod1 :5 !re 0 no unratifi$ treaty extant1 ! same bellig]5t int]v5tion has be5 proce$+1 ! same w>-%ips h be5 girdl+ ! isl& ) _! guns1 & ! same naval support has be5 cont9u$ to ! usurp] ,baez1--all at great co/ to ! c\ntry & by ! div]sion ( our naval =ces f o!r places ( duty1 :ile ! ,con/itution has be5 dismiss$ out ( sight l a dis*>g$ soldi]4 ,already y h se5 h[ ?is bellig]5t int]v5tion proce$$ aft] ! rejection ( ! treaty2 h[ on ! #ba/ ,july1 #ahgj1 ,commodore ,gre5 report$ t 8a )drawal ( ! protection ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! prospect ( annexation at "s future "t w\ld in/antly lead to a revolution head$ by ,cabral02 h[ on ! #bh? ,augu/1 #ahgj1 ,lieut5ant ,comm&] ,all5 report$ ,baez z 8reque/+ ! pres5ce ( a vessel on ! nor? side ( ! isl& on acc\nt ( an int5d$ invasion by ,cabral02 h[ at ! same "t ! usurp] cries out t he 8deems ! pres5ce ( a %ip-(-w> 9 ! ,bay ( ,manzanillo ( imm$iate importance02 h[ on ! #c;d ,septemb]1 #ahgj1 ,comm&] ,irw9 report$ t ,baez 8fe>$ an outbreak10 & appeal$ to ! ,comm&] to 8br+ him "s ( 8 m5 t 7 at ,azua10 :i* ! oblig+ ,comm&] did2 h[ "u date ( ,septemb] #b1 #ahgj1 ! usurp]1 aft] decl>+ ! necessity ( a man-(-w> at ! port ( ,san ,dom+o1 says t 8none w\ld be m conv5i5t ?an ! ,yantic = ! facility ( ent]+ ! riv] ,ozama1 ow+ to h] size02 & h[ aga9 "u date ( ,octob] #h1 #ahgj1 ! usurp] writes /ill ano!r lett] 8to reit]ate ! necessity ( ! vessels n[ 9 t bay ,samana com+ to ^! s\!rn coa/s40 ,all ^! ?+s y h se51 atte/+ con/antly our bellig]5t int]v5tion & ! ma9t5ance ( ,baez 9 p[] by our ,navy1 :i* became 8 body-gu>d & omnipres5t uphold]1 & all aft] ! rejection ( ! treaty4 ,i leave !m to y\r judgm5t )\t "o ^w ( comm5t1 rem9d+ y only t no ,presid5t is entitl$ to sub/itute 8 k+ly w = ! ,con/itution ( our c\ntry4 ,9 curi\s confirmation ( ! fir/ conclusion f ! (ficial docum5t1 ! lett] ( ,capta9 ,temple to ,mr4 ,wade %\ld n be =gott54 ,?is lett] has f\nd its way into ! pap]s1 & if n g5u9e1 x ought to be4 ,x purports to be dat$1 ,t5nessee1 ,azua ,bay1 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahga4 ,"h is ! fir/ p>agraph3-- 8,i und]/& t sev]al ( ! g5tlem5 belong+ to ! exp$ition are to />t to-morr[ ov]l& = ,port-au-,pr9ce4 ,x may n h occurr$ to ^! g5tlem5 t by s do+ !y w virtually place !mselves 9 ! position ( spies1 & if !y are tak5 by ,cabral's p1 !y c be hung to ! ne>e/ tree by s5t5ce ( a drum-head c\rt-m>tial1 accord+ to all ! rules ( civiliz$ w>f>e4 ,= !y belong to a nation t1 ?r\gh ! ord]s ( its ,executive to ! naval vessels "h1 has *os5 to take "p 9 ! int]nal conflicts ( ?is c\ntry2 !y come directly f ! head-qu>t]s ( ,cabral's enemies2 !y are )\t arms1 uni=m1 or au?ority ( any k9d = be+ 9 a ho/ile region4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 spies4 ,!y g expressly to le>n ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! enemy's c\ntry1 & _! obs]vations are int5d$ = publication1 & ?us indirectly to be report$ back to ,presid5t ,baez4 ,surely ,cabral w\ld h a "r to prev5t ?is1 if he c40 ,x w be se5 t ! gallant ,capta9 does n hesitate to recognize ! exi/+ rights ( ,cabral "u ! ,laws ( ,w>1 & to w>n aga9/ any j\rney by memb]s ( ! ,commission across ! isl& to ,hayti1--z1 if tak5 by ,cabral's p1 !y c\ld be hung to ! ne>e/ tree by s5t5ce ( drum-head c\rt-m>tial1 8accord+ to all ! rules ( civiliz$ w>f>e02 & ! ,capta9 gives ! reason3 8,= !y belong to a nation t1 ?r\gh ! ord]s ( its ,executive to ! naval vessels "h1 has *os5 to take "p 9 ! int]nal conflicts ( ?is c\ntry40 ,"h is bellig]5t int]v5tion op5ly recogniz$ by ! gallant ,capta91 & )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress4 ,if ! gallant ,capta9 wrote ! lett]1 he %[$ himself a ma/] ( ,int]national ,law :om ,s5ators might d well to foll[4 ,if he did n write x1 ! in/ructive je/ w at lea/ relieve ! we>9ess ( ?is discussion4 ,,summ>y4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 z ,i draw to a close1 all[ me to repeat ! v deep regret ) :i* ,i make ?is exposure4 ,mo/ gladly w\ld ,i avoid x4 ,controv]sy1 especially at my "t ( life1 has no attraction = me2 b ,i h be5 re>$ 9 ! s*ool ( duty1 & n[1 z ( old1 ,i _c see wrong )\t try+ to arre/ x4 ,i plead n[1 z ,i h (t5 plead$ be=e1 = ,ju/ice & ,peace4 ,9 ! evid5ce adduc$ ,i h conf9$ myself c>efully to public docum5ts1 n travell+ out ( ! record4 ,dispat*es1 naval ord]s1 naval reports1--^! are ! unimpea*able au?orities4 ,& all ^! h be5 (ficially communicat$ to ! ,s5ate1 are n[ pr9t$ by its ord]1 accessible to all4 ,on ?is unansw]able & cumulative te/imony1 :]e ea* "p confirms ! re/1 & ! :ole has ! h>mony ( tru?1 ,i pres5t ?is transgression4 ,& "h x is n ,i :o speak1 b ! te/imony4 ,?us /&s ! case4 ,int]national ,law has be5 violat$ 9 two ( its comm&+ rules1 "o secur+ ! ,equality ( ,nations1 & ! o!r provid+ aga9/ ,bellig]5t ,int]v5tion1--:ile a di/9ctive fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,con/itution1 by :i* ! ,presid5t is depriv$ ( a k+ly pr]ogative1 is disreg>d$1 & ?is v k+ly pr]ogative is ass]t$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,?is is ! simple/ /atem5t4 ,look+ /ill fur!r at ! facts1 we see t all ?is great disob$i5ce has = its object ! acquisition ( an outly+ tropical isl&1 ) l>ge promise ( weal?1 & t 9 c>ry+ out ?is s*eme our ,republic has =cibly ma9ta9$ a usurp] 9 p[] t he might sell 8 c\ntry1 & has dealt a bl[ at ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,black ,republic ( ,hayti1 :i*1 besides be+ a wrong to t ,republic1 0 an insult to ! ,african race4 ,& all ?is has be5 done by k+ly pr]ogative alone1 )\t ! au?ority ( an ,act ( ,congress4 ,if su* a transaction1 _m-head$ 9 wrong1 c escape judgm5t1 x is difficult to see :at securities rema94 ,:at o!r sacr$ rule ( ,int]national ,law may n be violat$8 ,:at o!r =eign nation may n be /ruck at8 ,:at o!r bellig]5t m5ace may n be hurl$8 ,:at o!r k+ly pr]ogative may n be seiz$8 ,on ano!r occasion ,i %[$ h[ ^! wrongful proce$+s _h be5 su/a9$ by ! ,presid5t beyond all example1 b 9 a correspond+ _s4 ,nev] be=e has !re be5 su* ,presid5tial int]v5tion 9 ! ,s5ate z we h be5 con/ra9$ to witness4 ,presid5tial visits to ! ,capitol1 ) appeals to ,s5ators1 h be5 foll[$ by assemblies at ! ,executive ,mansion1 also ) appeals to ,s5ators2 & :o c measure ! pressure ( all k9ds by himself or ag5ts1 especially ?r\gh ! appo9t+ p[]1 all to secure ! consummation ( ?is s*eme8 ,9 h>mony ) ?is ef=t 0 ! ,presid5tial ,message1 :]e1 :ile *>g+ ! ,s5ate ) 8folly0 9 reject+ ! treaty1 we are gravely assur$ t by ! propos$ acquisition 8our l>ge debt abroad is ultimately to be ext+ui%$10--?us mak+ ,san ,dom+o ! pack-horse ( our va/ load4 ,!n1 respond+ to ! bellig]5t m5ace ( 8 ,admiral1 ! ,presid5t makes a k9dr$ m5ace by propos+ no?+ less ?an ! acquisition ( 8! isl& ( ,san ,dom+o10 ?us add+ ! ,black ,republic to 8 s*eme4 ,! innoc5t population !re 7 />tl$4 ,_! ,m9i/] "h prote/$4 ,nor is x unnatural t x %\ld be s4 ,suppose ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 9 h] spee* at ! op5+ ( ,p>liam5t1 _h propos$ 9 =mal t]ms ! acquisition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or suppose ,l\is ,napoleon1 9 8 spee* at ! op5+ ( ! ,*amb]s1 dur+ ! ,mexican ,w>1 :ile ! ,fr5* =ces 7 9 ,mexico1 _h coolly propos$ ! acquisition ( t portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates adjo9+ ,mexico & /ret*+ to ! ,atlantic1 &1 9 support ( 8 proposition1 _h set =? ! productiv5ess ( ! soil1 ! natural weal? t ab\nd$ !re1 & w\nd up by ann\nc+ t out ( ?is might be paid ! ,fr5* debt abroad1 :i* 0 to be saddl$ ^u ! covet$ t]ritory4 ,suppose su* a proposition by ,l\is ,napoleon or by ! ,engli% ,que51 made 9 =mal spee* to ,*amb]s or ,p>liam5t1 :at w\ld h be5 ! feel+ 9 our c\ntry8 ,nor w\ld t feel+ h be5 dim9i%$ by ! excuse t ! (f5sive proposition crept into ! spee* by accid5t4 ,:e!r by accid5t or design1 x w\ld atte/ small consid]ation = our national exi/5ce4 ,b ! ,haytians love _! c\ntry z we love ours2 especially are !y resolute = national indep5d5ce4 ,all ?is is %[n by ! reports :i* rea* u n[1 ev5 if _! :ole hi/ory did n atte/ x4 ,! language ( ! ,presid5t 9 *>g+ ! ,s5ate ) 8folly0 0 n accord+ to approv$ prec$5ts4 ,cle>ly ?is is n a prop] t]m to be employ$ by "o bran* ( ! ,gov]nm5t ) reg>d to ano!r1 lea/ ( all by ! ,presid5t ) reg>d to ! ,s5ate4 ,folly1 ,sir6 ,0 x folly1 :5 ! ,s5ate refus$ to sanction proce$+s by :i* ! ,equal ,rights ( ! ,black ,republic 7 assail$8 ,0 x folly1 n to sanction ho/ilities aga9/ ! ,black ,republic )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress8 ,0 x folly1 n to sanction bellig]5t int]v5tion 9 a =eign c\ntry )\t ! au?ority ( ,congress8 ,0 x folly1 n to sanction a usurpation ( ! ,w> ,p[]s "u ! ,con/itution8 ,accord+ to ! ,presid5t1 all ?is 0 folly 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,let ! c\ntry judge4 ,?us d we disc]n1 :e!r on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o or "h at ,wa%+ton1 ! same det]m9ation1 ) ! same disreg>d ( great pr9ciples1 z also ! same recklessness t[>d ! p ( ,hayti1 :o h nev] injur$ u4 ,,pres5t ,,duty4 ,9 view ( ^! ?+s1 ! fir/ subject ( inquiry is n soil1 climate1 productiv5ess1 & possibilities ( weal?1 b ! exceptional & abnormal proce$+s ( our own ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is inquiry is ess5tially prelim9>y 9 "*4 ,be=e consid]+ ! treaty or any "q ( acquisition1 we mu/ at lea/ put ourselves "r z a nation2 nor d ,i see h[ ?is c be done )\t retrac+ our /eps1 & cons5t+ to act 9 subord9ation to ,int]national ,law & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,beside ! ess5tial equity ( su* submission1 & ! moral dignity x w\ld conf] ^u ! ,republic1 :i* rises :5 x /oops to ,law1 !re are two o!r reasons ( irresi/ible =ce at ?is mom5t4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y t ! ,s5ate is n[ occupi$ 9 consid]+ h[ to suppress lawlessness )9 our own bord]s & to save ! ,african race f outrage4 ,surely our ef=ts at home mu/ be weak5$ by ! drama we are n[ play+ abroad4 ,pray1 ,sir1 ) :at face c we insi/ ^u ob$i5ce to ,law & respect = ! ,african race1 :ile we are op5ly engag$ 9 lawlessness on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o & outrage ^u ! ,african race repres5t$ by ! ,black ,republic8 ,h[ c we expect to put d[n ! ,ku-,klux at ! ,s\?1 :5 we set 9 motion ano!r proce$+ k9dr$ 9 con/ant insubord9ation to ,law & ,con/itution8 ,diff]+ 9 object1 ! two are id5tical 9 ?is insubord9ation4 ,"o /rikes at national life & ! o!r at individual life1 :ile bo? /rike at ! ,african race4 ,"o mole/s a p1 ! o!r a community4 ,lawlessness is ! common elem5t4 ,b x is difficult to see h[ we c condemn1 ) prop]1 :ole-he>t$ reprobation1 our own dome/ic ,ku-,klux1 ) its fe>ful outrages1 :ile ! ,presid5t puts himself at ! head ( a p[]ful & co/ly proce$+ op]at+ abroad 9 defiance ( ,int]national ,law & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! are que/ions :i* ,i ask ) sorr[1 & only 9 ob$i5ce to t tru? :i* is ! requirem5t ( ?is debate4 ,nor %\ld ,i d o!rwise ?an fail 9 ju/ice to ! occasion1 if ,i did n decl>e my unhesitat+ conviction1 t1 _h ! ,presid5t be5 s inspir$ z to be/[ ^u ! protection ( ,s\!rn ,unioni/s1 :ite & black1 "o half1 nay1 ,sir1 "o qu>t]1 ( ! "t1 money1 zeal1 w1 p]sonal att5tion1 p]sonal ef=t1 & p]sonal int]cession1 :i* he has be/[$ on 8 attempt to obta9 half an isl& 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 our ,s\!rn ,ku-,klux w\ld h exi/$ 9 "n only1 :ile tranquillity reign$ ev]y:]e )9 our bord]s4 ,applause 9 ! gall]ies4 ,,! ,,vice-,,presid5t4 ,! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts w susp5d4--,! ,*air _c cons5t t !re %all be manife/ations ( approval or disapproval 9 ! gall]ies2 & he repreh5ds "o z promptly z ! o!r4 ,if !y are repeat$1 ! ,*air mu/ en=ce ! ord] ( ! ,s5ate4--,! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts w resume4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,ano!r reason = retrac+ ! false /eps already tak5 w be f\nd 9 our duty to ! ,african race1 ( :om !re are f\r millions )9 our bord]s1 recogniz$ z equal be=e ! ,law4 ,to ^! new-f\nd fell[-citiz5s1 once degrad$ & trampl$ d[n1 are we b\nd by e s5tim5t ( ju/ice2 nor c we see _! race di%onor$ any:]e ?r\gh our misconduct4 ,h[ va9 are pr(essions 9 _! behalf1 if we set ! example ( outrage6 ,h[ va9 to expect _! sympa?y & cop]ation 9 ! support ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t1 if ! ,presid5t1 by 8 own m]e w1 & 9 ! pl5itude ( k+ly pr]ogative1 c /rike at ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,black ,republic1 & degrade x 9 ! ,family ( ,nations6 ,all ?is is a ?\s& times wrong4 ,x is a ?\s& times impolitic also2 = x tea*es ! ,african race t !y are only victims = sacrifice4 ,n[1 ,sir1 z ,i desire ! suppression ( ! ,ku-,klux :]ev] x %[s itself1 & z ,i seek ! elevation ( ! ,african race1 ,i insi/ t ! ,presid5tial s*eme1 :i* in/als a new =m ( lawlessness on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o1 & :i* at ! same "t insults ! ,african race repres5t$ 9 ! ,black ,republic1 %all be arre/$4 ,i speak n[ aga9/ t lawlessness on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o1 ( :i* ! ,presid5t is ! head2 & ,i speak also = ! ,african race1 :i* ! ,presid5t has trampl$ d[n4 ,is !re any ,s5ator 9 e>ne/ aga9/ ! ,ku-,klux8 ,let him arre/ ! pres5t lawlessness on ! coa/s ( ,san ,dom+o4 ,is !re any ,s5ator ready at all times to seek ! elevation ( ! ,african race8 ,"h is ! occasion = 8 be/ ef=ts4 ,on ! "q ( acquisition ,i say no?+ to-day1 only allud+ to c]ta9 po9ts involv$4 ,sometimes x is insi/$ t emigrants w hurry 9 l>ge numb]s to ?is tropical isl& :5 once annex$1 & ?us swell its means2 b ?is allegation =gets1 t1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,hi/ory1 peaceful emigration travels ) ! sun on p>allels ( latitude1 & n on m]idians ( longitude1 ma9ly foll[+ ! iso!rmal l9e1 & n turn+ (f at "r-angles1 :e!r ,nor? or ,s\?4 ,sometimes x is insi/$ t x w be bett] = ! p ( ?is isl&1 if annex$ to our ,republic2 b ?is allegation =gets ! transc5d5t "q1 ,:e!r x is bett] = !m1 bett] = ! ,african race1 bett] = ,civilization1 t ! ,black ,republic %\ld be absorb$ out ( sight1 in/ead ( be+ fo/]$ into a successful example ( self-gov]nm5t = ! r$emption ( ! race1 n only on ! ,c>ibbean isl&s1 b on ! cont95t ( ,africa8 ,!n1 aga91 arises t o!r "q1 ,:e!r we w assume ! bloody haz>ds involv$ 9 ?is bus9ess1 z x has be5 pursu$1 ) ! alt]native ( exp5ditures = w>-%ips & troops1 caus+ mo/ pa9ful anxieties1 :ile ! l& ( ,t\ssa9t ,l',ouv]ture li/5s to ! con/ant :isp] ( ,indep5d5ce8 ,& !re is /ill t o!r "q ( debts & obligations1 ackn[l$g$ & unackn[l$g$1 ) an imm5se claim by ,hayti & an unsettl$ b\nd>y1 :i* ,i h already call$ a bloody lawsuit4 ,ov] all is t o!r "q1 ,:e!r we w beg9 a sy/em1 :i*1 fir/ fa/5+ ^u ,dom9ica1 mu/1 accord+ to ! admission ( ! pl5ipot5ti>y ,fab5s made to myself1 next take ,hayti1 & !n 9 succession ! :ole tropical gr\p ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1--s t we are n[ to det]m9e if all ! isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies %all be a compon5t "p ( our ,republic1 help+ to gov]n u1 :ile ! ,african race is dispossess$ ( its natural home 9 ?is hemisph]e4 ,no "q equal 9 magnitude1 unless x be t ( ,slav]y1 has aris5 s9ce ! days ( ,wa%+ton4 ,^! que/ions ,i /ate only4 ,mean:ile to my m9d !re is some?+ bett] ?an bellig]5t int]v5tion & acts ( w> ) ! m5ace ( absorption at untold co/ ( treasure4 ,x is a s9c]e & humane ef=t on our "p1 9 ! _s ( peace1 to reconcile ,hayti & ,dom9ica1 & to e/abli% tranquillity ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,let ?is be attempt$1 & our ,republic w become an example wor?y ( its "n & ( ! civilization :i* x repres5ts1 :ile ,republican ,in/itutions h new glory4 ,! bless+s ( good m5 w att5d su* an ef=t2 nor c ! smile ( ,heav5 be want+4 ,& may we n ju/ly expect ! ,presid5t to unite 9 su* a measure ( peace & good-w8 ,he t rule? 8 _s is great] ?an he t take? a city2 & s ! ,presid5t1 rul+ 8 _s 9 subjection to ! humane pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law & ! ,con/itution ( 8 c\ntry1 w be great] ?an if he _h tak5 all ! isl&s ( ! sea4 ,! ,commission appo9t$ "u ! ,jo9t ,resolution visit$ ,san ,dom+o1 & _! ,report1 :i* 0 favorable to ! propos$ annexion1 ! ,presid5t communicat$ to ,congress2 b no fur!r action 0 tak5 to c>ry ! s*eme into effect4 ,,p]sonal ,,relations ,,) ,,! ,,presid5t ,,& ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate4 ,,an ,,explanation ,,9 ,,reply ,,to ,,an ,,assault4 ,,/atem5t ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,pres5tation ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,m>*1 #ahga4 ,si rixa e/1 ubi tu pulsas1 ego vapulo tantum4 ,/at contra1 />ique jubet2 p>]e necesse e/4 ,nam quid agas1 cum te furiosus cogat1 et idem ,=tior8 ,,juv5al1 ,sat4 ,,iii4 #bhi-ib4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,?is /atem5t 0 prep>$ 9 ,m>*1 %ortly aft] ! debate 9 ! ,s5ate1 b 0 )held at t "t1 f unwill+ness to take "p 9 ! controv]sy1 :ile able fri5ds reg>d$ ! "q ( pr9ciple involv$ z above e p]sonal issue4 ,yield+ at la/ to v>i\s pressure1 ,mr4 ,sumn] conclud$ to pres5t x at ! rec5t call$ session ( ! ,s5ate1 b ! ,treaty ) ,great ,brita9 & ! case ( ! ,newspap] ,correspond5ts 7 s engross+ z to leave no "t = any?+ else4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,june1 #ahga4 ,,note4 ,) ! failure ( an opportunity = ! pres5tation ( ! propos$ /atem5t 9 ! ,s5ate ,mr4 ,sumn]'s indisposition to appeal to ! public return$ ) increas$ /r5g?1 manife/$1 aft] pr9t+1 by limit+ ! communication ( copies to p]sonal fri5ds1 ) ! inscription1 8,unpubli%$1--private & confid5tial1--n to g out ( ,mr4 ----'s h&s40 ,says "o to :om x 0 ?us confid$3 8,i frequ5tly urg$ him aft]w>ds to make x public4 ,8 reply 01 9 sub/ance1 t he %\ld n d x = p]sonal v9dication m]ely2 t1 s f> z ,mr4 ,motley 0 conc]n$1 he ?\ght ! matt] /ood well en\gh be=e ! public2 b if ! "t %\ld come :5 ! ends ( ju/ice requir$ its publication1 he %\ld remove ! injunction ( secrecy4 ,:ile he liv$ ,i respect$ 8 injunction4 ,aft] 8 dea? ,i felt t ju/ice to 8 memory n only ju/ifi$1 b requir$ me to make ! #8,explanation' public4''' ,accord+ly1 aft] conf]r+ ) ,mr4 ,:itelaw ,reid1 ( ! #8,new ,york ,tribune1' ,i s5t x to him1 & x 0 publi%$ 9 t j\rnal ( ,april #f1 #ahgd40--;,f4 ,w4 ,,bird1 ,introductory to 8 pamphlet edition1 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #ahgh4 ,! seal hav+ be5 ?us brok51 !re c obvi\sly no long] be "q z to ! propriety ( includ+ an article ( su* high int]e/ & importance 9 a collection ( ,mr4 ,sumn]'s ,works2 & x accord+ly "h foll[s 9 due c\rse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z "o consequ5ce ( ! lead+ "p tak5 by ,mr4 ,sumn] 9 opposition to ! s*eme = ! annexation ( ,san ,dom+o to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! fri5ds ( t s*eme =m$ ! det]m9ation to depose him f ! influ5tial position long held by him z ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ,=eign ,relations4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is det]m9ation1 at ! op5+ ( ! ,session ( #ahga1 on a vote1 ,m>* #aj?1 to proce$ to ! election ( ! ,/&+ ,committees1 ,mr4 ,h[e1 ( ,wiscons91 z ! organ ( a ,s5atorial ,caucus on ! subject1 s5t to ! ,*air a li/ :i* _h be5 agre$ ^u1 ) ! "n ( ,mr4 ,cam]on1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 sub/itut$ = t ( ,mr4 ,sumn]1 at ! head ( ! ,committee 9 "q1--alleg+1 z ! reason = ?is *ange1 8t ! p]sonal relations exi/+ betwe5 ! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! head ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t 7 su* z preclud$ all social int]c\rse betwe5 !m40 ,!reupon ensu$ ! debate ref]r$ to 9 ! prefatory note to ! foll[+ pap]1 & *>act]iz$ 9 ! text z ,mr4 ,sumn]'s 8trial be=e ! ,s5ate on articles ( impea*m5t40#id ,,/atem5t4 ,:ile ,i 0 "u trial be=e ! ,s5ate1 on articles ( impea*m5t pres5t$ by ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons91 ,mr4 ,,h[e1 ,i =bore tak+ any "p 9 ! debate1 ev5 9 reply to allegations1 ass]t$ to be ( decisive importance1 t\*+ my relations ) ! ,presid5t & ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,all ?is 0 trivial en\gh2 b num]\s appeals to me f opposite p>ts ( ! c\ntry %[ t good p h be5 div]t$ by ^! allegations f ! "q ( pr9ciple involv$4 ,)\t int5d+ 9 any way to revive ! heats ( t debate1 ,i am induc$ to make a pla9 /atem5t ( facts1 s t ! precise "* ( ^? relations %all be kn[n4 ,i d ?is ) unspeakable reluctance1 b 9 ! dis*>ge ( a public duty :]e ! claims ( patriotism are above ev5 ^? ( self-def5ce4 ,! ,s5ate & ! c\ntry h an int]e/ 9 kn[+ ! tru? ( ?is matt]1 & s also has ! ,republican p>ty1 :i* _c be indiff]5t to pret5sions 9 its "n2 nor w any?+ b ! complete/ frankness be prop] = ! occasion4 ,9 ov]com+ ?is reluctance ,i am aid$ by ,s5ators :o are det]m9$ to make me speak4 ,! ,s5ator f ,wiscons91 ,mr4 ,,h[e1 :o appe>s z prosecut+ (fic]1 aft] alleg+ ^! p]sonal relations z ! gravam5 ( accusation aga9/ me1--mak+ ! issue po9t$ly on ?is floor1 & actually *all5g+ reply1--n cont5t ) ! opportunity ( ?is ,*amb]1 hurri$ to ! public press1 :]e he repeat$ ! accusation1 & n[ circulates x1 z ,i am told1 "u 8 frank1 cr$it+ x 9 =mal t]ms to ! lib]al pap] 9 :i* x appe>$1 b )\t allusion to ! editorial refutation :i* accompani$ x4 ,on /ill ano!r occasion1 appe>+ /ill z prosecut+ (fic]1 ! same ,s5ator volunte]$1 out ( 8 own inv5tion1 to d5\nce me z leav+ ! ,republican p>ty1--& ?is he did1 ) inf9ite p]sonality ( language & mann]1 9 ! v face ( my spee* to :i* he 0 reply+1 :]e1 9 positive words1 ,i decl>e t ,i speak 8= ! sake ( ! ,republican p>ty10 :i* ,i hope to save f responsibility = wrongful acts1 & !n1 9 o!r words mak+ ! :ole assumption ( ! ,s5ator an impossibility1 ,i ann\nce1 t 9 speak+ = ! ,republican p>ty x is 8because f ! beg9n+ ,i h be5 ! fai?ful s]vant ( t p>ty & aspire to see x /rong & triumphant40#ie ,9 ! face ( ?is decl>$ aspiration1 9 h>mony ) my :ole life1 ! ,s5ator deliv]$ 8 attack1 &1 assum+ to be no?+ less ?an ,pope1 laun*$ aga9/ me 8 bull ( excommunication4 ,!n1 aga9 play+ ,pope1 he took back 8 ?und]1 ) ! apology t o!rs ?\ght s1 & ?is alleg$ und]/&+ ( o!rs he did n hesitate to set above my positive & contemporane\s language t ,i aspir$ to see ! ,republican p>ty /rong & triumphant4 ,!n came ! ,s5ator f ,ohio1 ,mr4 ,,%]man1 :o1 tak+ up 8 vacation p51 add$ to ! articles ( impea*m5t by a supplem5t>y allegation1 adopt$ by ! ,s5ator "u a misappreh5sion ( facts4 ,"h 0 ano!r *all5ge4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ,i h be5 sil5t4 ,s5ators h spok51 & !n ru%$ into pr9t2 b ,i h said no?+4 ,!y h _h _! own way ) reg>d to me4 ,x is !y :o leave me no alt]native4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is alleg$ t ,i h no p]sonal relations ) ! ,presid5t4 ,"h ! answ] is easy4 ,i h precisely ! relations :i* he has *os54 ,on rea*+ ,wa%+ton 9 ,decemb] la/1 ,i 0 assur$ f v>i\s qu>t]s t ! ,:ite ,h\se 0 angry ) me2 & soon aft]w>d ! public j\rnals report$ ! ,presid5t z say+ to a ,s5ator1 t1 if he 7 n ,presid5t1 he 8w\ld call me to acc\nt40 ,:at he meant ,i nev] und]/ood1 nor w\ld ,i attribute to him m ?an he meant2 b t he us$ ! language report$ ,i h no d\bt1 f in=mation indep5d5t ( ! newspap]s4 ,i repeat t on ?is po9t ,i h no d\bt4 ,! same newspap]s report$1 also1 t a memb] ( ! ,presid5t's h\sehold1 enjoy+ 8 peculi> confid5ce1 tak+ great "p 9 ! ,san ,dom+o s*eme1 _h m5ac$ me ) p]sonal viol5ce4 ,i c\ld n believe ! /ory1 except on positive1 unequivocal te/imony4 ,t ! m5ace 0 made on ! condition ( 8 n be+ an ,army (fic] ,i d n d\bt4 ,! memb] ( ! h\sehold1 :5 int]rogat$ by my excell5t colleague1 ,mr4 ,,wilson1 positively d5i$ ! m5ace2 b ,i am assur$1 on au?ority above "q1 t he has s9ce ackn[l$g$ x1 :ile ! ,presid5t /ill reta9s him 9 s]vice1 & s5ds him to ?is ,*amb]4 ,dur+ ?is la/ session1 ,i h oppos$ ! ,presid5tial policy on an important "q1--b always )\t "o ^w t\*+ motives1 or "o sugge/ion ( corruption on 8 "p1 al?\gh ,i nev] d\bt$ t !re 7 actors 9 ! bus9ess :o c\ld claim no su* immunity4 ,x n[ appe>s t ,fab5s1 :o came "h z pl5ipot5ti>y to press ! s*eme1 has concessions to su* am\nt t ! diplomati/ is lo/ 9 ! speculator4 ,i always insi/$ t ! ,presid5t 0 no p>ty to any su* transaction4 ,i %\ld d inju/ice to my own feel+s1 if ,i did n "h decl>e my regret t ,i c\ld n agree ) ! ,presid5t4 ,i tri$ to ?9k z he did1 b ,i c\ld n4 ,i li/5$ to ! argum5ts on 8 side1 b 9 va94 ,! adv]se consid]ations multipli$ ) "t & reflection4 ,to ^? :o "k ! motives ( my life x is sup]flu\s = me to add t ,i s\ght simply ! good ( my c\ntry & ,humanity1 includ+ especially ! good ( ! ,african race1 to :i* our c\ntry owes s mu*4 ,already !re 0 ang] at ! ,:ite ,h\se :5 ! s*eme to buy & annex half an isl& 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea 0 press$ ^u ! ,s5ate 9 legislative session "u ! guise ( appo9t+ a ,commission1 & x became my duty to expose x4 ,"h ,i 0 con/ra9$ to %[ h[1 at v l>ge exp5se1 ! usurp] ,baez 0 ma9ta9$ 9 p[] by ! ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to enable him to sell 8 c\ntry1 :ile at ! same "t ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,black ,republic 0 m5ac$1--all ( :i* 0 9 violation ( ,int]national ,law1 & ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* res]ves to ,congress ! p[] 8to decl>e w>40 ,:at ,i said 0 9 op5 debate1 :]e ! record w speak = me4 ,i h& x ov] to ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y1 kn[+ t ! ,presid5t c take no j exception to x1 unless he insi/s ^u limit+ prop] debate1 & boldly d5ies ! "r ( a ,s5ator to express himself freely on great acts ( wrong4 ,nor w any ,republican ,s5ator admit t ! ,presid5t c impose 8 own sole w ^u ! ,republican p>ty4 ,our p>ty is 9 itself a ,republic ) univ]sal suffrage1 & until a measure is adopt$ by ! p>ty no ,republican ,presid5t c make x a p>ty te/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mu* z ,i am pa9$ 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t ) reg>d to ! ,presid5t1 inf9itely m pa9ful to me is :at ,i mu/ pres5t ) reg>d to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,"h aga9 ,i rem>k t ,i am driv5 to ?is explanation4 ,8 /range & unnatural conduct t[>d me1 & 8 prompt+ ( ,s5ators1 :o1 "o aft] ano!r1 h set up my alleg$ relations ) him z gr\nd ( compla9t1 make x necess>y = me to proce$4 ,we 7 sworn z ,s5ators on ! same day1 z f> back z #ahea1 & f t di/ant "t 7 fri5ds until ! ,san ,dom+o bus9ess int]v5$4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ our k9dly relations 9 ! pa/4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! inauguration ( ,g5]al ,grant z ,presid5t1 he 0 at my h\se ) ,mr4 ,motley 9 fri5dly communion1 & all unit+ 9 aspirations = ! new ,adm9i/ration4 ,little did ,mr4 ,motley or myself imag9e 9 t social h\r t "o ( our little circle 0 s soon to turn ^u u bo?4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ,mr4 ,fi% became ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & began 8 responsible duties by appeal+ to me = help4 ,i ne$ n say t ,i _h pleasure 9 respond+ to 8 call1 & t ,i did :at ,i c\ld mo/ s9c]ely & consci5ti\sly to aid him4 ,( mu*1 f 8 arrival d[n to 8 ali5ation on ! ,san ,dom+o bus9ess1 ,i possess ! writt5 record4 ,= "s "t he %[$ a sympa?y ) ! s*eme almo/ z little z my own4 ,b z ! ,presid5t grew 9 e>ne/ness ! ,secret>y yield$1 until t>dily he became its attorney4 ,repeat$ly he came to my h\se1 plead+ = ! s*eme4 ,aga9 & aga9 he urg$ x1 sometimes at my h\se & sometimes at 8 own4 ,i 0 a/oni%$ t he c\ld d s1 & express$ my a/oni%m5t ) ! frankness ( old fri5d%ip4 ,= apology he ann\nc$ t he 0 ! ,presid5t's fri5d1 & took (fice z su*4 8,b10 said ,i1 8y %\ld resign r ?an d ?is ?+40 ,?is ,i c\ld n refra9 f rem>k+1 on discov]y1 f dispat*es 9 ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t1 t ! usurp] ,baez 0 ma9ta9$ 9 p[] by our ,navy4 ,?is pla9 act ( wrong requir$ in/ant r$ress2 b ! ,secret>y a/oni%$ me aga9 by 8 ins5sibility to my appeal = ju/ice4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! ,presid5t1 z ! ,presid5t ma9ta9$ ,baez4 ,i confess t ,i 0 tr\bl$4 ,at la/1 "s "t 9 ,june1 #ahgj1 a few weeks be=e ! ,san ,dom+o treaty 0 f9ally reject$ by ! ,s5ate1 ! ,secret>y came to my h\se ab\t n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+ & rema9$ till aft] ! clock /ruck midnight1 ! :ole protract$ visit be+ occupi$ 9 e>ne/ & reit]at$ appeal t ,i %\ld cease my opposition to ! ,presid5tial s*eme2 & "h he urg$ t ! election :i* made ,g5]al ,grant ,presid5t _h be5 c>ri$ by him1 & n by ! ,republican p>ty1 s t 8 desires 7 entitl$ to especial att5tion4 ,9 8 pressure on me he compla9$ t ,i _h oppos$ o!r projects ( ! ,presid5t4 ,9 reply to my inquiry1 he nam$ ! repeal ( ! ,t5ure-(-,(fice ,act1 & ! nom9ation ( ,mr4 ,jones z ,m9i/] to ,brussels1 bo? ( :i* ! ,presid5t _h mu* at he>t1 & he conclud$ ) ! ,san ,dom+o treaty4 ,i assur$ ! ,secret>y firmly & simply1 t1 see+ ! latt] z ,i did ) all its surr\nd+s1 my duty 0 pla91 & t ,i mu/ cont9ue to oppose x s long z x appe>$ to me wrong4 ,he 0 n satisfi$1 & r5ew$ 8 pressure 9 v>i\s =ms1 return+ to ! po9t aga9 & aga9 ) p]sev]+ assiduity t w\ld n be arre/$1 :5 at la/1 f9d+ me inflexible1 he *ang$ 8 appeal1 say+1 8,:y n g to ,london8 ,i (f] y ! ,engli% mission4 ,x is y\rs40 ,( 8 au?ority f ! ,presid5t ,i "k no?+4 ,i speak only ( :at he said4 ,my a/oni%m5t 0 height5$ by indignation at ?is too palpable attempt to take me f my po/ ( duty2 b ,i suppress$ ! feel+ :i* rose to ! lips1 &1 reflect+ t he 0 an old fri5d & 9 my own h\se1 answ]$ g5tly1 8,we h a ,m9i/] !re :o _c be bett]$40 ,?us already did ! mission to ,london beg9 to pivot on ,san ,dom+o4 ,i make ?is revelation only because x is important to a correct und]/&+ ( ! case1 & because ! conv]sation f beg9n+ to end 0 (ficial 9 "*1 relat+ exclusively to public bus9ess1 )\t sugge/ion or allusion ( a p]sonal nature1 & absolutely )\t ! slighte/ ^w on my "p lead+ 9 ! mo/ remote degree to any su* ov]ture1 :i* 0 unexpect$ z undesir$4 ,! (f] ( ! ,secret>y 0 9 no respect a complim5t or k9dness1 b 9 ! /rict l9e ( 8 endeavor to sil5ce my opposition to ! ,san ,dom+o s*eme1 z is too app>5t f ! facts1 :ile x 0 pla91 positive1 & unequivocal1 mak+ its object & import beyond "q4 ,_h x be5 m]ely an inquiry1 x 7 bad en\gh1 "u ! circum/ances2 b x 0 direct & complete1 z by a pl5ipot5ti>y4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 be+ ! day imm$iately foll[+ ! rejection ( ! ,san ,dom+o treaty1 ,mr4 ,motley 0 summ>ily remov$1--accord+ to pres5t pret5ce1 = an (f5d+ n only trivial & =mal1 b condon$ by "t1 be+ a ye> old3 v mu* z ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 aft] be+ releas$ f ! ,t[] to conduct a di/ant exp$ition z admiral ( ! fleet1 0 at 8 return behead$ on a judgm5t ( fifte5 ye>s' /&+4 ,! ,secret>y1 9 conv]sation & 9 correspond5ce ) me1 und]took to expla9 ! removal1 insi/+ = a long "t t he 0 8! fri5d ( ,mr4 ,motley02 b he always made ! matt] worse1 :ile ! heats ( ,san ,dom+o ent]$ into ! discussion4 ,at la/1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahga1 a =mal pap] ju/ify+ ! removal & sign$ by ! ,secret>y 0 laid be=e ! ,s5ate4#if ,glanc+ at ?is docum5t1 ,i f\nd1 to my surprise1 t its mo/ sali5t *>act]i/ic 0 con/ant v9dictiv5ess t[>d ,mr4 ,motley1 ) ef=t to w\nd 8 feel+s2 & ?is 0 sign$ by "o :o _h sat ) him at my h\se 9 fri5dly communion & common aspiration on ! ev5+ ( ! inauguration ( ,g5]al ,grant1 & _h s (t5 insi/$ t he 0 8! fri5d ( ,mr4 ,motley10--:ile1 z if x 0 n en\gh to insult "o ,massa*usetts citiz5 9 ! public s]vice1 ! same docum5t1 aft] a succession ( fl+s & sne]s1 makes a k9dr$ assault on me2 & ?is is sign$ by "o :o s con/antly call$ me 8fri5d10 & ask$ me = help4 ,! ,s5ator f ,miss\ri ,mr4 ,,s*urz has already direct$ att5tion to ?is assault1 & has express$ 8 judgm5t ^u x1--confess+ t he 8%\ld n h fail$ to feel ! insult10 & !n exclaim+1 ) j indignation1 8,:5 su* ?+s are laun*$ aga9/ any memb] ( ?is body1 x becomes ! ,am]ican ,s5ate to /& by him1 & n to attempt to disgrace & to degrade him because he %[s ! s5sitiv5ess ( a g5tleman40#ig ,x is easy to see h[ ?is ,s5ator reg>d$ ! conduct ( ! ,secret>y4 ,nor is its true "* op5 to d\bt1 especially :5 we consid] ! context1 & h[ ?is full-bl[n p]sonality naturally fl[]$ out ( ! :ole docum5t4 ,mr4 ,motley1 9 8 val$ictory to ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t1 _h allud$ to ! rumor t he 0 remov$ on acc\nt ( my opposition to ! ,san ,dom+o treaty4 ,! docum5t sign$ by ! ,secret>y1 :ile m+l+ mo/ (f5sive t]ms ) reg>d to 8 8fri5d0 9 ,london1 ?us turns ^u 8 8fri5d0 9 ,wa%+ton3-- 8,x rema9s only to notice ,mr4 ,motley's adoption ( a rumor :i* _h its orig9 9 ?is city 9 a s\rce bitt]ly1 p]sonally1 & v9dictively ho/ile to ! ,presid5t4 8,mr4 ,motley says x has be5 rumor$ t he 0 #8remov$ f ! po/ ( ,m9i/] to ,engl&' on acc\nt ( ! opposition made by an #8em95t ,s5ator1 :o honors me him ) 8 fri5d%ip1' to ! ,san ,dom+o treaty4 8,m5 are apt to attribute ! causes ( _! own failures or _! own mis=tunes to o!rs ?an !mselves1 & to claim association or seek a p>tn]%ip ) real or imag9>y greatness ) :i* to divide _! sorr[s or _! mi/akes4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! id5tity ( ! em95t ,s5ator at ^: door ,mr4 ,motley is will+ to deposit ! cause ( 8 removal4 ,b he is entirely mi/ak5 9 seek+ a vic>i\s cause ( 8 loss 9 confid5ce & favor2 & x is unwor?y ( ,mr4 ,motley's real m]it & ability1 & an inju/ice to ! v5]able ,s5ator allud$ to1 7to ^: influ5ce & urg5cy he 0 orig9ally indebt$ = 8 nom9ation17 to attribute to him any %>e 9 ! cause ( 8 removal4 8,mr4 ,motley mu/ "k1 or1 if he does n "k x1 he /&s alone 9 8 ignorance ( ! fact1 t _m ,s5ators oppos$ ! ,san ,dom+o treaty op5ly1 g5]\sly1 & ) z mu* effici5cy z did ! di/+ui%$ ,s5ator to :om he ref]s1 & h nev]!less cont9u$ to enjoy ! undim9i%$ confid5ce & ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,presid5t1--?an :om no man liv+ is m tol]ant ( hone/ & manly diff]5ces ( op9ion1 is m s+le or s9c]e 9 8 desire = ! public welf>e1 is m dis9t]e/$ or reg>dless ( :at conc]ns himself1 is m frank & confid+ 9 8 own deal+s1 is m s5sitive to a betrayal ( confid5ce1 or w\ld look ) m scorn & contempt ^u "o :o uses ! words & ! assurances ( fri5d%ip to cov] a secret & det]m9$ purpose ( ho/ility40#ih ,! eulogy ( ! ,presid5t "h is at lea/ s+ul>1 :5 x is consid]$ t e dispat* ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is by ord] ( ! ,presid5t2 b x is evid5t t ! writ] ( ?is dispat* _h made up 8 m9d to set all rule at defiance4 ,if1 beyond pay+ c\rt to ! ,presid5t1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( mak+ him praise himself1 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ?is elaborate passage1 s full ( gall f beg9n+ to end1 _h any object1 if x 7 any?+ b a m\nta9 ( words1 x 0 an op5 attempt to make an (ficial docum5t ! vehicle ( p]sonal insult to me2 & ?is p]sonal insult 0 sign$ 8,,hamilton ,,fi%40 ,z ,i became aw>e ( x1 & f\nd also t x 0 reg>d$ by o!rs 9 ! same light1 ,i 0 di/ress$ & p]plex$4 ,i c\ld n compreh5d x4 ,i knew n :y ! ,secret>y %\ld /ep s f> out ( 8 way1 9 a mann] absolutely )\t prec$5t1 to treat me ) o/5tati\s indignity1--especially :5 ,i ?\ght t = ye>s ,i _h be5 8 fri5d1 t ,i _h nev] spok5 ( him except ) k9dness1 & t con/antly s9ce assum+ 8 pres5t duties he _h turn$ to me = help4 ,?is 0 m incompreh5sible :5 ,i consid]$ h[ utt]ly gr\ndless 7 all 8 imputations4 ,i h liv$ 9 va91 if su* an attempt on me c fail to reb\nd on its au?or4 ,n lightly w\ld ,i judge an anci5t fri5d4 ,= a "t ,i said no?+ to anybody ( ! outrage1 hop+ t p]haps ! ,secret>y w\ld op5 8 eyes to ! true "* ( ! docum5t he _h sign$ & volunte] "s fri5dly explanation4 ,mean:ile a proposition to resume negotiations 0 receiv$ f ,engl&1 & ! ,secret>y1 x seems1 desir$ to conf] ) me on ! subject2 b !re 0 evid5t consci\sness on 8 "p t he _h done wrong1--=1 in/ead ( com+ to me at once1 he s5t = ,mr4 ,patt]son1 ( ! ,s5ate1 &1 tell+ him t he wi%$ to conf] ) me1 add$1 t he did n "k precisely :at 7 8 relations ) me & h[ ,i %\ld receive him4 ,)9 a brief =tnight ,i _h be5 9 conf]5ce ) him at ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t & _h d9$ at 8 h\se1 besides ab\t ! same "t mak+ a call !re4 ,yet he 0 9 d\bt ab\t 8 relations ) me4 ,pla9ly because1 s9ce ! conf]5ce1 ! d9n]1 & ! call1 ! docum5t sign$ by him _h be5 communicat$ to ! ,s5ate1 & ! consci5ce-/ruck ,secret>y did n "k h[ ,i %\ld take x4 ,mr4 ,patt]son ask$ me :at he %\ld report4 ,i repli$1 t1 %\ld ! ,secret>y come to my h\se1 he w\ld be receiv$ z an old fri5d1 & t at any "t ,i %\ld be at 8 s]vice = consultation on public bus9ess1 b t ,i c\ld n conceal my deep s5se ( p]sonal wrong receiv$ f him absolutely )\t reason or excuse4 ,t ?is message 0 communicat$ by ,mr4 ,patt]son ,i _c d\bt1--= ! ,secret>y came to my h\se1 & !re 0 a free conf]5ce4 ,h[ frankly ,i spoke on public que/ions1 )\t "o ^w on o!r ?+s1 ! ,secret>y kn[s4 ,he w rememb] if any inquiry1 rem>k1 or allusion escap$ f me1 except 9 ref]5ce to public bus9ess4 ,! int]view 0 ( bus9ess & no?+ else4 ,on c>eful reflection1 x seem$ to me pla91 t1 :ile meet+ ! ,secret>y (ficially1 x w\ld n be consi/5t ) self-respect = me to cont9ue p]sonal relations ) "o :o _h put 8 "n to a docum5t1 :i*1 aft] protract$ fury t[>d ano!r1 conta9$ a /udi$ insult to me1 :]e ! fury 0 int5sifi$ r ?an temp]$ by too obvi\s prem$itation4 ,public bus9ess mu/ n suff]1 b 9 su* a case p]sonal relations naturally cease2 & ?is rule ,i h foll[$ s9ce4 ,is !re any ,s5ator :o w\ld h done less8 ,are !re n _m :o w\ld h done m8 ,i am at a loss to und]/& h[ ! ,secret>y c\ld expect any?+ beyond ^? (ficial relations :i* ,i decl>$ my read9ess at all times to ma9ta91 & :i*1 ev5 aft] 8 assault on me1 he 0 will+ to seek at my own h\se4 ,to expect m %[s on 8 "p griev\s ins5sibility to ! ?+ he _h done4 ,:atev] "o signs he makes 8 own2 & ! ,secret>y1 :5 he sign$ ?is docum5t1 adopt$ a libel ^u 8 fri5d1 & :5 he communicat$ x to ! ,s5ate he publi%$ ! libel4 ,no?+ l x c be %[n 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,gov]nm5t4 ,x /&s alone4 ,! ,secret>y is alone4 ,l ,jean ,paul 9 ,g]man lit]ature1 8 j title w be 8,! ,only ,"o40 ,= ye>s ,i h kn[n ,secret>ies ( ,/ate & (t5 diff]$ f !m1 b nev] be=e did ,i receive f "o any?+ b k9dness4 ,nev] be=e did a ,secret>y ( ,/ate sign a docum5t libell+ an associate 9 ! public s]vice1 & publi% x to ! _w4 ,nev] be=e did a ,secret>y ( ,/ate s entirely set at defiance e s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip4 ,x is impossible to expla9 ?is /range ab]ration1 except f ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ,san ,dom+o4 ,b :atev] its orig91 its true "* is beyond "q4 ,z no?+ l ?is /ate-pap] c be %[n 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,gov]nm5t1 s also no?+ l x c be %[n 9 ! hi/ory ( o!r ,gov]nm5ts4 ,n an in/ance c be nam$ 9 any c\ntry1 :]e a p]sonage 9 correspond+ (ficial position has done su* a ?+4 ,! ,am]ican ,secret>y is alone1 n only 9 8 own c\ntry1 b 9 all c\ntries2 8none b himself c be 8 p>allel40 ,s5eca1 9 ! 8,h]cules ,fur5s10 has pictur$ him3-- 8,quris ,alcid p>em8 ,nemo e/1 nisi ipse40 ,he is orig9ator & fir/ inv5tor1 ) all pr]ogatives & responsibilities !reto belong+4 ,i h m5tion$ only "o sally 9 ?is pa9ful docum5t2 b ! :ole1 besides its prevail+ (f5siv5ess1 %[s inconsi/5cy ) actual facts ( my own k1 :i* is 9 entire h>mony ) ! recklessness t[>d me1 & atte/s ! same _s ?r\gh\t4 ,?us1 we h ! positive allegation t ! dea? ( ,"l ,cl>5don1 ,june #bg1 #ahgj1 8det]m9$ ! "t = invit+ ,mr4 ,motley to make place = a successor10#ii :51 9 po9t ( fact1 "s "t be=e 8 ,lord%ip's illness ev51 ! ,secret>y _h invit$ me to g to ,london z ,mr4 ,motley's successor1--?us %[+ t ! explanation ( ,"l ,cl>5don's dea? 0 an aft]-?\ght1 :5 x became important to div]t att5tion f ! obvi\s dep5d5ce ( ! removal ^u ! defeat ( ! ,san ,dom+o treaty4 ,a k9dr$ inconsi/5cy arre/$ ! att5tion ( ! ,london 8,times10 9 its article ( ,janu>y #bd1 #ahga1 on ! docum5t sign$ by ! ,secret>y4 ,"h1 accord+ to ?is j\rnal1 ! docum5t suppli$ ! means ( correction1 s9ce x set =? t on ! #be? ,june1 two days be=e ,"l ,cl>5don's dea?1 ,mr4 ,motley's com+ removal 0 ann\nc$ 9 a ,london j\rnal4 ,aft] /at+ ! alleg$ dep5d5ce ( ! removal ^u ! dea? ( ,"l ,cl>5don1 ! j\rnal1 hold+ ! scales1 rem>ks3 8,& yet !re is at lea/ "o circum/ance1 appe>+1 /range to say1 9 ,mr4 ,fi%'s own dispat*1 :i* is n q consi/5t ) ! explanation he sets up ( ,mr4 ,motley's recall40 ,!n1 aft] quot+ f ! docum5t1 & m5tion+ t its own correspond5t at ,philadelphia did on ! #be? ,june 8s5d u a message t ,mr4 ,motley 0 ab\t to be )drawn10 ! j\rnal mildly concludes1 t1 8z ?is 0 two days be=e ,"l ,cl>5don's dea?1 :i* 0 un=ese5 "h & c\ld n h be5 expect$ 9 ! ,/ates1 x is difficult to connect ! resolution to sup]s$e ! late ,am]ican ,m9i/] ) ! *ange at our ,=eign ,(fice40 ,! difficulty ( ! 8,times0 is increas$ by ! e>li] incid5t ) reg>d to myself4 ,n cont5t ) mak+ ! removal dep5d ^u ! dea? ( ,"l ,cl>5don1 :5 x 0 h]ald$ abroad n only be=e ! dea? ( ?is m9i/] _h occurr$1 b :ile x 0 yet un=ese51 ! docum5t seeks to ant$ate ! defeat ( ! ,san ,dom+o treaty1 s z to int]pose 8weeks & mon?s0 betwe5 ! latt] ev5t & ! removal4 ,! language is explicit4 8,! treaty10 says ! docum5t1 80 admitt$ to be practically dead1 & 0 wait+ only ! =mal action ( ! ,s5ate1 = weeks & mon?s be=e ! decease ( ! illu/ri\s /atesman ( ,great ,brita940#ajj ,weeks & mon?s6 ,& yet dur+ ! la/ mon?1 :5 ! treaty 80 admitt$ to be practically dead10 ! ,secret>y :o sign$ ! docum5t pass$ ?ree h\rs at my h\se1 plead+ ) me to )draw my opposition1 & f9ally w\nd up by t5d] to me ( ! ,engli% mission1 ) no o!r app>5t object ?an simply to get me out ( ! way4 ,!n aga9 we h ! positive allegation t ! ,presid5t embrac$ an opportunity 8to prev5t any fur!r misappreh5sion ( 8 views ?r\gh ,mr4 ,motley by tak+ f him ! "r to discuss fur!r ! #8,alabama claims'02#aja :]eas ! ,secret>y 9 a lett] to me at ,bo/on1 dat$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,octob] #i1 #ahfi1 in=ms me t ! discussion ( ! "q 0 )drawn f ,london 8because0 7! ,italics are ! ,secret>y's7 8we ?9k1 t1 :5 r5ew$1 x c be c>ri$ on "h ) a bett] prospect ( settlem5t ?an :]e ! late attempt at a conv5tion :i* result$ s disa/r\sly & 0 conduct$ s /rangely 0 _h02 & :at ! ,secret>y ?us wrote he repeat$ 9 conv]sation :5 we met1 c>efully mak+ ! transf] to ,wa%+ton dep5d ^u our advantage "h f ! pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate3 ?us %[+ t ! pretext put =? to w\nd ,mr4 ,motley 0 an aft]-?\ght4 ,/ill fur!r1 ! docum5t sign$ by ! ,secret>y alleges1 by way ( excuse = remov+ ,mr4 ,motley1 ! 8important public consid]ation ( hav+ a repres5tative 9 sympa?y ) ! ,presid5t's views02#ajb :]eas1 :5 ! ,secret>y t5d]$ ! mission to me1 no allusion 0 made to 8sympa?y ) ! ,presid5t's views10 :ile ,mr4 ,motley1 x appe>s1 0 *>g$ ) agree+ too mu* ) me3 all ( :i* %[s h[ little ?is matt] _h to d ) ! removal1 & h[ mu* ! ,san ,dom+o bus9ess at ! "t 0 above any "q ( con=mity on o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! amiable passage already quot$#ajc !re is a p>5!sis :i* brea!s ! prevail+ _s4 ,by way ( asp]sion on ,mr4 ,motley & myself1 ! c\ntry is in=m$ t he 0 indebt$ = 8 nom9ation to 8influ5ce & urg5cy0 on my "p4 ,( ! influ5ce ,i "k no?+2 b ,i d5y positively any 8urg5cy40 ,i spoke ) ! ,presid5t on ?is subject once casually on ! /airs ( ! ,executive ,mansion1 & !n aga9 9 a =mal int]view4 ,& "h1 s9ce ! ef=t ( ! ,secret>y1 ,i %all frankly /ate :at ,i said & h[ x 0 introduc$4 ,i began by rem>k+1 t1 ) ! p]mission ( ! ,presid5t1 ,i %\ld v5ture to sugge/ ! exp$i5cy ( cont9u+ ,mr4 ,m>% 9 ,italy1 ,mr4 ,morris at ,con/ant9ople1 & ,mr4 ,bancr(t at ,b]l91 z all ^! ex]t$ a peculi> influ5ce & did honor to our c\ntry4 ,to ?is li/ ,i propos$ to add ,dr4 ,h[e 9 ,greece1 believ+ t he1 too1 w\ld d honor to our c\ntry1 & also ,mr4 ,motley 9 ,london1 :o1 ,i sugge/$1 w\ld h an influ5ce !re beyond 8 (ficial position4 ,! ,presid5t said t nobody %\ld be s5t to ,london :o 0 n 8"r0 on ! ,claims "q1 & he k9dly expla9$ to me :at he meant by 8"r40 ,f ?is "t ,i _h no conv]sation ) him ab\t ,mr4 ,motley1 until aft] ! latt] _h left = 8 po/1 :5 ! ,presid5t volunte]$ to express 8 great satisfaction 9 ! appo9tm5t4 ,su* 0 ! ext5t ( my 8urg5cy40 ,nor 0 ,i mu* 9 advance ( ! ,secret>y at t "t2 = he %[$ me :at 0 call$ ! 8brief0 at ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t = ! ,engli% mission1 ) ,mr4 ,motley's "n at ! head ( ! li/4 ,o!r allusions to myself w\ld be *e]fully =gott51 if !y 7 n made ! pretext to assail ,mr4 ,motley1 :o is held to sev]e acc\nt = suppos$ dep5d5ce on me4 ,if ?is 7 crime1 n ! ,m9i/]1 b ! ,secret>y1 %\ld suff]2 = x is ! ,secret>y1 & n ! ,m9i/]1 :o appeal$ to me con/antly = help1 (t5 desir+ me to ?9k = him1 & m ?an once to hold ! p5 = him4 ,b1 =gett+ 8 own relations ) me1 ! ,secret>y turns ^u ,mr4 ,motley1 :o nev] ask$ me to ?9k = him or to hold ! p5 = him4 ,o!r ?+s ! ,secret>y also =got4 ,he =got t ! bl[ he dealt1 :e!r at ,mr4 ,motley or myself1 rudely tore ! veil f ! pa/1 s f> z its te/imony might be ne$$ 9 elucidation ( ! tru?2 t ! docum5t he sign$ 0 a *all5ge & provocation to meet him on ! facts )\t res]ve or concealm5t2 t ! wantonness ( assault on ,mr4 ,motley 0 s closely associat$ ) t on me1 t any explanation ,i might make mu/ be a def5ce ( him2 t1 ev5 if duty to ! ,s5ate & myself did n require ?is explanation1 !re are o!r duties n to be disreg>d$1 among :i* is duty to ! abs5t1 :o _c be p]mitt$ to suff] unju/ly1--duty to a mu*-injur$ citiz5 ( ,massa*usetts1 :o may prop]ly look to a ,s5ator ( 8 ,/ate = protection aga9/ (ficial wrong1--duty also to a public s]vant insult$ beyond prec$5t1 :o1 besides writ+ & speak+ mo/ effectively = ! ,republican p>ty & = ?is ,adm9i/ration1 has add$ to ! r5[n ( our c\ntry by unsurpass$ success 9 lit]ature1 comm5d+ him to ! gratitude & good-w ( all4 ,^! ?+s ! ,secret>y /rangely =got1 :5 he dealt ! bl[ :i* tore ! veil4 ,! crime ( ! ,m9i/] 0 dep5d5ce on me3 s says ! /ate-pap]4 ,a simple n>rative w %[ :o is ! crim9al4 ,my e>ly relations ) ! ,secret>y h already appe>$1 & h[ he began by ask+ me = help1 practis+ con/antly on ?is appeal4 ,a few details w be en\gh4 ,at once on 8 arrival to assume 8 new duties1 he ask$ my c\nsel ab\t appo9t+ ,mr4 ,bancr(t ,davis ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ,i advis$ ! appo9tm5t1--)\t suffici5t k1 ,i am incl9$ to believe n[4 ,!n foll[$ ! que/ions ) ,spa9 gr[+ out ( ,cuba1 :i* 7 ! subject ( con/ant conf]5ce1 :]e he s\ght me repeat$ly & k9dly li/5$ to my op9ions4 ,!n came ! in/ructions = ! ,engli% mission1 kn[n z ! dispat* ( ,may #ae1 #ahfi4 ,at ea* /age ( ^! in/ructions ,i 0 9 ! c\nsels ( ! ,secret>y4 ,foll[+ my sugge/ion1 he au?oriz$ me to invite ,mr4 ,motley 9 8 "n to prep>e ! 8memoir0 or essay on our claims1 :i*1 not)/&+ its entirely confid5tial "*1 he drags be=e ! _w1 = purpose ( assault1 9 a mann] cle>ly unju/ifiable4 ,!n1 z ! dispat* 0 prep>+1 he ask$ my help especially 9 t "p relat+ to ! concession ( bellig]5t rights4 ,i h "h ! fir/ draught ( ?is important passage 9 p5cil & 9 my own h&writ+1 v>y+ 9 no ess5tial respect f t adopt$4 ,"h w be f\nd ! di/9ction on :i* ,i h always insi/$1--t1 :ile o!r p[]s conc$$ bellig]5t rights to our ,rebels1 x 0 9 ,engl& only t ! concession 0 supplem5t$ by acts caus+ direct damage to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n long aft]w>d1 9 ,augu/1 #ahfi1 :5 ! ,briti% /orm _h subsid$1 ,i advis$ t ! discussion %\ld be r5ew$ by an elaborate communication1 sett+ =? our case 9 l5g? & bread?1 b )\t any e/imate ( damages1--?r[+ ^u ,engl& ! opportunity1 if n ! duty1 ( mak+ "s practical proposition4 ,adopt+ ?is recomm5dation1 ! ,secret>y invit$ me to write ! dispat*4 ,i ?\ght x bett] t x %\ld be done by ano!r1 & ,i nam$ = ?is purpose an accompli%$ g5tleman :om ,i knew to be famili> ) ! "q1 & he wrote ! dispat*4 ,?is pap]1 be>+ date ,septemb] #be1 #ahfi1 is unque/ionably ! able/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pres5t ,adm9i/ration1 unless we except ! la/ dispat* ( ,mr4 ,motley4 ,9 a lett] dat$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,octob] #ae1 #ahfi1 & address$ to me at ,bo/on1 ! ,secret>y describes ?is pap] 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,! dispat* to ,motley 7:i* ,i le>n by a telegram f him has be5 receiv$7 is a calm1 full review ( our entire case1 mak+ no dem&1 no valuation ( damages1 b ,i believe cov]+ all ! gr\nd & all ! po9ts t h be5 made on our side4 ,i hope t x w meet y\r views4 ,i ?9k x w4 ,x leaves ! "q ) ,great ,brita9 to det]m9e :5 any negotiations are to be r5ew$40 ,! ,secret>y 0 "r 9 8 description4 ,x 0 a 8full review ( our entire case10 8cov]+ all ! gr\nd & all ! po9ts02 & x did meet my views1 z ! ,secret>y ?\ght x w\ld1 especially :]e x arraign$ s /rongly t fatal concession ( bellig]5t rights on ! ocean1 :i* 9 any fai?ful pres5tm5t ( ! national cause w always be ! fir/ /age ( evid5ce1--s9ce1 )\t ?is precipitate & volunt>y act1 ! ,common ,law ( ,engl& 0 a positive protection aga9/ ! equipm5t ( a corsair %ip1 or ev5 ! supply ( a blockade-runn] = unackn[l$g$ rebels4 ,! con=mity ( ?is dispat* ) my views 0 recogniz$ by o!rs besides ! ,secret>y4 ,x is well kn[n t ,"l ,cl>5don did n hesitate 9 famili> conv]sation to speak ( x z 8,mr4 ,sumn]'s spee* ov] aga902 :ile ano!r ,engli% p]sonage said t 8x out-,sumn]$ ,sumn]40 ,& yet1 ) 8 "n sign$ to ?is dispat*1 writt5 at my sugge/ion1 & 9 entire con=mity ) my views1 z admitt$ by him & recogniz$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,secret>y taunts ,mr4 ,motley = suppos$ h>mony ) me on ?is v "q4 ,?is taunt is /ill m unnatural :5 x is kn[n t ?is dispat* is 9 simil> con=mity ) ! 8memoir0 ( ,mr4 ,motley1 & 0 evid5tly writt5 ) k ( t admirable docum5t1 :]e ! case ( our c\ntry is /at$ ) p]fect ma/]y4 ,b ! /ory does n end "h4 ,on ! communication ( ?is dispat* to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 ,mr4 ,?ornton 0 in/ruct$ to asc]ta9 :at w\ld be accept$ by our ,gov]nm5t1 :5 ! ,secret>y1 "u date ( ,wa%+ton1 ,novemb] #f1 #ahfi1 report$ to me ?is application1 & !n1 aft] express+ unwill+ness to act on x until he 8c\ld h an opportunity ( consult+0 me1 he wrote1 8,:5 w y be "h8 ,w y ei!r note :at y ?9k w be suffici5t to meet ! views ( ! ,s5ate & ( ! c\ntry1 or w y =mulate su* proposition80 ,aft] ?is responsible commission1 ! lett] w9ds up ) ! e>ne/ reque/1 8,let me he> f y z soon z y c10 7! ,italics are ! ,secret>y's17 8& ,i %\ld l to conf] ) y at ! e>lie/ conv5i5t "t40 ,on my arrival at ,wa%+ton1 ! ,secret>y came to my h\se at once1 & we conf]r$ freely4 ,san ,dom+o _h n yet s5t its %ad[ into 8 s\l4 ,x is easily se5 t "h 0 con/ant & reit]at$ appeal to me1 especially on our negotiations ) ,engl&2 & yet1 9 ! face ( ?is te/imony1 :]e he is ! unimpea*able witness1 ! ,secret>y is pleas$ to make ,mr4 ,motley's suppos$ relations ) me ! occasion ( insult to him1 :ile1 z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 he cr[ns 8 "w ) p]sonal assault on me1--all ( :i*1 :e!r z reg>ds ,mr4 ,motley or me1 is beyond compreh5sion4 ,h[ little ,mr4 ,motley m]it$ any?+ b respect & c\rtesy f ! ,secret>y is atte/$ by all :o "k 8 em95t position 9 ,london1 & ! s]vice he r5d]$ to 8 c\ntry4 ,already ! ,london press1 usually sl[ to praise ,am]icans :5 /r5u\s = _! c\ntry1 has furni%$ its volunt>y te/imony4 ,! 8,daily ,news0 ( ,augu/ #af1 #ahgj1 spoke ( ! insult$ ,m9i/] 9 ^! t]ms3-- 8,we are violat+ no confid5ce 9 say+ t all ! hopes & promises ( ,mr4 ,motley's (ficial resid5ce 9 ,engl& h be5 amply fulfill$1 & t ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 unexpect$ & unexpla9$ recall 0 receiv$ ) extreme a/oni%m5t & unfeign$ regret4 ,! vacancy he leaves _c possibly be fill$ by a ,m9i/] m s5sitive to ! honor ( 8 ,gov]nm5t1 m att5tive to ! int]e/s ( 8 c\ntry1 & m capable ( unit+ ! mo/ rigor\s p]=mance ( 8 public duties ) ! high-br$ c\rtesy & ! conciliatory tact & temp] t make ^? duties easy & successful4 ,mr4 ,motley's successor w f9d 8 mission wond]fully facilitat$ by ! firmness & discretion t h presid$ ov] ! conduct ( ,am]ican affairs 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ too brief a t]m1 too sudd5ly & unacc\ntably conclud$40 ,! ,london press _h n ! key to ?is extraord9>y transaction4 ,x knew n ! pot5cy ( ! ,san ,dom+o spell1 nor its /range influ5ce ov] ! ,secret>y1 ev5 bre$+ ins5sibility to in/9ctive am5ities1 & awak5+ peculi> unfri5dl9ess to ,mr4 ,motley1 s amply c]tifi$ aft]w>d 9 an (ficial docum5t "u 8 own h&1--all ( :i* bur/ =? ) m ?an ! tropical luxuriance ( ! mu*-covet$ isl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i _c disguise ! sorr[ ) :i* ,i (f] ?is explanation4 ,9 self-def5ce & = ! sake ( tru? d ,i n[ speak4 ,i h cultivat$ =be>ance1 & hop$ f ! bottom ( my he>t t ,i might d s to ! end4 ,b beyond ! call ( ! public press has be5 ! defiant *all5ge ( ,s5ators1 & also ! consid]ation sometimes pres5t$ by fri5ds1 t my sil5ce might be mis9t]pret$4 ,t>dily & mo/ reluctantly ,i make ?is record1 believ+ x m a duty to ! ,s5ate ?an to myself1 b a pla9 duty1 to be p]=m$ 9 all simplicity )\t res]ve4 ,hav+ no?+ to conceal1 & will+ always to be judg$ by ! tru?1 ,i c\rt ! fulle/ inquiry1 & %r9k f no conclusion f\nd$ on an accurate k ( ! case4 ,if ?is n>ration enables any "o to see 9 cle>] light ! inju/ice done to ,mr4 ,motley1 !n h ,i p]=m$ a fur!r duty too long po/pon$2 nor w x be d\bt$ by any hone/ nature1 t1 s9ce ! assault ( ! ,secret>y1 he 0 entitl$ to t v9dication :i* is f\nd 9 a /atem5t ( facts )9 my own k4 ,any?+ %ort ( ?is w\ld be a lic5se to ! ,secret>y 9 8 new /yle ( /ate-pap]1 :i*1 = ! sake ( ! public s]vice & ( good-w among m51 mu/ be requir$ to /& alone1 9 ! isolation :i* becomes its abnormal "*4 ,pla9ly )\t prec$5t 9 ! pa/1 x mu/ be )\t *ance ( repetition 9 ! future4 ,"h ,i /op4 ,my pres5t duty is p]=m$ :5 ,i set =? ! simple facts1 exhibit+ ^? p]sonal relations :i* h be5 drawn 9 "q1 )\t t\*+ ! que/ions ( pr9ciple beh9d4 ,,! ,,ku-,,klux-,,klan4 ,,spee* ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,on ,,! ,,bill ,,to ,,en=ce ,,! ,,provisions ,,( ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,am5dm5t ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution1 ,,april #ac1 #ahga4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1--,! que/ions pres5t$ 9 ?is debate h be5 ( fact & ( ,con/itutional ,law4 ,x is insi/$ on "o side t a condition ( ?+s exi/s 9 c]ta9 ,/ates affect+ life1 lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & ! enjoym5t ( ,equal ,rights1 :i* c be correct$ only by ! national arm4 ,on ! o!r side ?is /atem5t is controv]t$1 & x is argu$ also t su* int]v5tion is inconsi/5t ) ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on bo? que/ions1 :e!r ( fact or law1 ,i _c hesitate4 ,to my m9d1 outrages are prov$1 fe>ful 9 "*2 nor c ,i d\bt ! p[] "u ! ,con/itution to apply ! rem$y4 ,! evid5ce is cumulative4 ,ruffians 9 pa9t & 9 disguise seize ! innoc5t1 insult !m1 rob !m1 murd] !m4 ,communities are kept "u ?is t]rible %ad[4 ,& ?is t]ror falls especially ^u ^? :o h /ood by ! ,union 9 its bloody trial1 & ^? o!rs ( diff]5t color :o h j be5 admitt$ to ! bless+s ( ,fre$om4 ,to bo? ( ^! classes is our nation b\nd by e obligation ( public fai?4 ,we _c see !m sacrific$ )\t apo/asy4 ,if ! p[] to protect !m fails1 !n is ! ,national ,con/itution a failure4 ,i d n set =? ! evid5ce1 = ?is has be5 amply done by o!rs1 & to repeat x w\ld be only to occupy "t & to d>k5 ! h\r4 ,! ,report ( ! ,committee1 at lea/ z reg>ds "o ,/ate1#ajd ! te/imony ( ! public press1 ! /ories ( viol5ce ) :i* ! air is lad51 & private lett]s ) _! pa9ful n>rations1--all ^! unite1 leav+ no d\bt z to ! h>r[+ condition ( ?+s 9 c]ta9 ,/ates lately 9 rebellion1--n ! same 9 all ^! ,/ates or 9 all p>ts ( a ,/ate1 b su* z to %[ 9 _m ,/ates ! social fabric m5ac$1 di/urb$1 imp]ill$ 9 its v f\ndations1 :ile life1 lib]ty1 prop]ty1 & ! enjoym5t ( ,equal ,rights are )\t t security :i* is ! fir/ condition ( civilization4 ,?is is ! case simply /at$4 ,if su* ?+s c be )\t a rem$y1 appli$1 if ne$ be1 by ! national arm1 !n are we little m ?an a bundle ( /icks1 b n a nation4 ,believ+ t we are a nation1 ,i _c d\bt ! p[] & ! duty ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t4 ,?us on g5]al gr\nds d ,i approa* ! true conclusion4 ,s long z ,slav]y endur$ a ,/ate 0 all[$ to play ! turtle1 &1 %elt]$ )9 its %ell1 to escape ! application ( ^? ma/] pr9ciples :i* are truly national4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ) its immortal tru?s 0 9 abeyance2 ! ,con/itution itself 0 int]pret$ always 9 support ( ,slav]y4 ,i nev] d\bt$ t ?is int]pretation 0 wrong1--n ev5 9 ! days ( ,slav]y2 b x is d\bly1 triply wrong n[ t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce is at la/ reg>d$1 & t ! ,con/itution n only makes ,slav]y impossible1 b assures ! citiz5 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,equal ,rights4 ,i d n quote ^! texts1 :e!r ( ! ,decl>ation or ! ,con/itution4 ,y "k !m by he>t4 ,b !y are n va9 words4 ,vital 9 !mselves1 !y are arm$ ) all ne$ful p[]s to c>ry !m into execution4 ,z 9 o!r days ,slav]y gave its "* to ! ,con/itution1 fill+ x ) its own d5ial ( ,equal ,rights1 & compell+ ! ,national ,gov]nm5t to be its in/rum5t1 s n[ d ,i insi/ t ,lib]ty mu/ give its "* to ! ,con/itution1 fill+ x ) life-giv+ pres5ce1 & compell+ ! ,national ,gov]nm5t to be its in/rum5t4 ,once ! ,nation s]v$ ,slav]y1 & 9 ?is s]vice m9i/]$ to ,/ate ,rights2 n[ x mu/ s]ve ,lib]ty ) k9dr$ devotion1 ev5 to ! d5ial ( ,/ate ,rights4 ,all ?is ,i insi/ is pla91 accord+ to rules ( int]pretation simple & comm&+4 ,9 o!r days1 :ile ! s9i/] influ5ce prevail$1 ! ,/ates 7 surr\nd$ by a ,*9ese wall s broad t horsem5 & *>iots c\ld travel ^u x abrea/2 b t wall has n[ be5 beat5 d[n1 & ! citiz5 ev]y:]e is "u ! protection ( ! same ,equal ,laws1 n only )\t di/9ction ( color1 b also )\t di/9ction ( ,/ate4 ,:at makes u a ,nation8 ,n armies1 n fleets1 n =tifications1 n comm]ce rea*+ e %ore abroad1 n indu/ry fill+ e ve9 at home1 n population ?rong+ ! highways2 none ( ^! make our ,nation4 ,! national life ( ?is ,republic is f\nd 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,unity1 & 9 ! ,equal ,rights ( all our p1--all ( :i*1 be+ national 9 "*1 are necess>ily plac$ "u ! great safegu>d ( ! ,nation4 ,let ! ,national ,unity be assail$1 & ! ,nation w spr+ to its def5ce4 ,let ! humble/ citiz5 9 ! remote/ village be assail$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,equal ,rights1 & ! ,nation mu/ d = t humble/ citiz5 :at x w\ld d = itself4 ,& ?is is only accord+ to ! orig9al promises ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & ! m rec5t promises ( ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts1 ! two concurr+ 9 ! same national pr9ciples4 ,d y "q ! b9d+ "* ( ! ,great ,decl>ation8 ,!n d ,i invoke ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts4 ,b y _c turn f ei!r2 & ea* e/abli%es beyond "q ! b\nd>ies ( national p[]1 mak+ x coext5sive ) ! ,national ,unity & ! ,equal ,rights ( ,all1 orig9ally decl>$ & subsequ5tly assur$4 ,:atev] is ann\nc$ 9 ! ,decl>ation is ess5tially ,national1 & s also is all t is assur$4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! ,decl>ation1 re9=c$ by ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts1 _c be all[$ to suff]4 ,be+ common to all1 !y mu/ be "u ! safegu>d ( all4 ,nor c any ,/ate set up its local sy/em aga9/ ! univ]sal law4 ,equality implies univ]sality2 & :at is univ]sal mu/ be national4 ,if ea* ,/ate is left to det]m9e ! protection ( ,equal ,rights1 !n w protection v>y accord+ to ! ,/ate1 & ,equal ,rights w prevail only accord+ to ! accid5t ( local law4 ,!re w be z _m equalities z ,/ates4 ,!re=e1 9 ob$i5ce to reason1 z well z solemn m&ate1 is ?is p[] 9 ! ,nation4 ,nor am ,i det]r$ f ?is conclusion by any cry ( ,c5tralism1 or x may be ( ,imp]ialism4 ,^! are t]ms borr[$ f ,france1 :]e ?is abuse has become a tyranny1 subject+ ! mo/ di/ant communities1 ev5 9 ! details ( adm9i/ration1 to c5tral control4 ,m>k1 if y please1 ! di/9ction4 ,b no su* tyranny is propos$ among u1--nor any int]f]5ce ( any k9d ) matt]s local 9 "*4 ,! ,nation w n ent] ! ,/ate1 except = ! safegu>d ( rights national 9 "*1 & !n only z ! sun%9e1 ) b5efic5t p[]1 &1 l ! sun%9e1 = ! equal good ( all4 ,z well assail ! sun because x is c5tral1 because x is imp]ial4 ,"h is a j c5tralism2 "h is a g5]\s imp]ialism4 ,%unn+ ) patriotic c>e t injuri\s c5tralism & t fatal imp]ialism :i* h be5 ! ,nemesis ( ,france1 ,i hail t o!r c5tralism :i* supplies an equal protection to e citiz51 & t o!r imp]ialism :i* makes ,equal ,rights ! supreme law1 to be ma9ta9$ by ! national arm 9 all p>ts ( ! l&4 ,c5tralism6 ,imp]ialism6 ,give me ! c5tralism ( ,lib]ty6 ,give me ! imp]ialism ( ,equal ,rights6 ,& may ?is ,national ,capitol1 :]e we are n[ assembl$1 be ! emblem ( our ,nation6 ,plant$ on a hill-top1 ) portals op5+ ,nor? & ,s\?1 ,ea/ & ,we/1 ) spaci\s *amb]s1 & ) ar*+ dome cr[n$ by ! image ( ,lib]ty1--su* is our imp]ial ,republic2 b 9 no?+ is x s truly imp]ial z 9 t b5efic5t ,sov]eignty :i* rises l a dome cr[n$ by ! image ( ,lib]ty4 ,nor am ,i det]r$ by any p>ty cry4 ,! ,republican p>ty mu/ d its "w1 :i* is no?+ less ?an ! reg5]ation ( ! ,nation accord+ to ! promises ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,to ma9ta9 ! ,republic 9 its unity1 & ! p 9 _! rights1--su* is ?is transc5d5t duty4 ,nor d ,i fe> any political p>ty :i* assails ^! sacr$ promises1 ev5 if x falsely assume ! "n ( ,democrat4 ,h[ p[]less _! ef=ts aga9/ ^! immortal pr9ciples6 ,= myself1 ,i "k no bett] s]vice ?an t :i* ,i n[ ann\nce4 ,"h h ,i labor$ /eadfa/ly f e>ly life1 be>+ obloquy & enmity2 & "h aga9 ,i pl$ge ! en]gies :i* rema9 to me1 ev5 if obloquy & enmity survive4 ,,our ,,duty ,,aga9/ ,,wrong4 ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,re=m ,,league1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,may #h1 #ahga4 ,?is 0 read by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,league at its fir/ anniv]s>y 9 ,/e9way ,hall1 & report$ 9 ! pap]s4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,may #h1 #ahga4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,x is n 9 my p[] to be at y\r meet+2 b :5 ,i ?9k t x w be held on ! anniv]s>y ( ! good old ,antislav]y ,society1 :i* 0 always s apo/olic1 ,i pay homage to ! day1 & ?anks to y = rememb]+ me among its fri5ds4 ,happily1 ,slav]y is aboli%$2 b1 alas6 wrong is n bani%$ f ! e>?1 nor has x ceas$ to be organiz$ 9 human in/itutions1 or to be ma9ta9$ by gov]nm5ts4 ,9 consid]+ ! "q ( ,san ,dom+o1 ,i am sure y w n =get our duty to ! ,haytian p1 c\nt+ by ! hundr$ ?\s&1 :o n[ seek peace ) ! re/ ( ! isl&1 & w\ld gladly accept our good (fices4 8,bless$ are ! peacemak]s60 ,"h is our opportunity to obta9 ?is bless+2 b we mu/ beg9 by /opp+ our w>-dance ab\t ! isl&1 kept up at imm5se co/ = m ?an a ye>4 ,fai?fully y\rs1 ,,*>les ,,sumn]4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,p[ell1 ,,esq4 ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,s5ate ,,to ,,imprison ,,recusant ,,witnesses4 ,,spee*es ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,may #ah ,,& #bg1 #ahga4 ,may #ah1 #ahga1 ,z4 ,l4 ,:ite & ,h4 ,j4 ,ramsdell1 newspap] correspond5ts1 hav+ be5 tak5 into cu/ody by ord] ( ! ,s5ate1 = refus+ to disclose1 on ! requisition ( a committee appo9t$ to inve/igate ! matt]1 ! s\rce :5ce a copy ( ! ,treaty ( ,wa%+ton _h be5 obta9$ :i* !y _h communicat$ = publication :ile "u consid]ation 9 ,executive ,session1 & ,mr4 ,:ite1 ^: case 0 fir/ pres5t$1 on arraignm5t at ! b> ( ! ,s5ate p]si/+ 9 8 refusal1 a resolution 0 !reupon (f]$ = 8 commitm5t to ! common jail until he %\ld answ]4 ,mr4 ,sumn] imm$iately mov$ an am5dm5t sub/itut+ = ! common jail ! cu/ody ( ! ,s]geant-at-,arms1 rem>k+2-- ,9 support ( t am5dm5t ,i w say t ! only prec$5t we h 9 our hi/ory kn[n to me = ?is case is t ( ,nug5t1#aje & he 0 committ$ to ! cu/ody ( ! ,s]geant-at-,arms4 ,x appe>s f ! newspap]s ( ! "t t !re 0 a p]petual m5ace1 z ! excitem5t increas$1 t ! cu/ody %\ld be *ang$ to ! common jail2 b x does n appe> t x 0 s *ang$4 ,he cont9u$ = "s two mon?s 9 ! cu/ody ( ! ,s]geant-at-,arms4 ,we all "k1 also1 t aft] ! ,impea*m5t ,trial a witness 0 tak5 into cu/ody2 b x 0 simply ! cu/ody ( ! ,s]geant-at-,arms ( ! ,h\se4#ajf ,!re is "o o!r prec$5t to :i* ,i ought to allude1 & x w be = ! ,s5ate to say :e!r !y w foll[ x4 ,x is ! resolution ( ! ,s5ate 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfj1 on ! motion ( ,mr4 ,mason1 *airman ( ! committee rais$ especially to p]secute ! suppos$ associates ( ,john ,br[n1 & tak+ "o ( !m into cu/ody1 br++ him into ?is ,*amb]1 prop\nd+ to him c]ta9 int]rogatories :i* he refus$ to answ]4 ,mr4 ,mason f9ally br\ght =w>d a resolution t he %\ld be committ$ to ! common jail4#ajg ,t1 ,sir1 is ! prec$5t :i* x is n[ propos$ to foll[4 ,! ,s5ate w consid] :e!r !y w foll[ ! lead ( ,mr4 ,mason1 au?or ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,bill1 ,*airman ( ! ,h>p]'s ,f]ry ,inve/igat+ ,committee1 & aft]w>d a ,rebel1 9 committ+ a citiz5 to ! common jail1 or :e!r !y w foll[ ! bett] prec$5t ( ! ,s5ate at a bett] day & "u bett] auspices4 ,on ?is motion ,i ask = ! yeas & nays4 ,! yeas & nays 7 ord]$1 ) ! result1 = ! am5dm5t1 ,yeas #ca1 ,nays #bg4 ,a second resolution1 conta9+ a provision = ! cont9uance ( ! ,committee1 ) a view to hold+ ! witness 9 cu/ody aft] ! close ( ! session until he %\ld answ] z requir$1 :i* ,mr4 ,sumn] d5\nc$ z contr>y to all p>liam5t>y prec$5t1 prevail$ aga9/ a motion to /rike out ?is "p by ,yeas #bj1 ,nays #cj4 ,correspond+ resolutions 7 subsequ5tly adopt$ 9 ! case ( ,mr4 ,ramsdell1 :o _h likewise p]si/$ 9 refus+ to answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,may #bg?1 on a resolution submitt$ by ,mr4 ,wilson1 ( ,massa*usetts1 = ! dis*>ge ( ^! p]sons f cu/ody 8imm$iately ^u ! f9al adj\rnm5t ( ! session10 ,mr4 ,sumn] spoke z foll[s3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1--,?is "q is important1 prim>ily1 z x conc]ns ! lib]ty ( ! citiz52 b x is made important also by ! attempt1 to :i* we h j li/5$1 to e/abli% = ! ,s5ate a pr]ogative :i* on hi/ory & prec$5t does n belong to x4 ,"s days ago ,i took ! gr\nd1 :i* ,i %all take to-day1 t on ! close ( ! session ( ! ,s5ate any imprisonm5t f\nd$ on its ord] mu/ cease4 ,( t conclusion1 :e!r on hi/ory or law1 ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt4 ,i h li/5$ to ! argum5t ( ! ,s5ator f ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,,conkl+1 & to 8 comm5t ^u ! au?orities adduc$4 ,! answ]1 to my m9d1 is obvi\s4 ,x w be f\nd simply 9 /at+ "o ( ^? au?orities & call+ att5tion to its precise language4 ,! ,s5ator f ,ohio ,mr4 ,,%]man has already pres5t$ to-day :at ,i _h ! honor ( quot+ on ! fir/ day ( ?is discussion1 ! au?oritative words ( ,may 9 8 "w on ,p>liam5t>y ,law1 & also ! solemn judgm5t ( ,"l ,d5man1 ,*ief-,ju/ice ( ,engl&4 ,may says1 speak+ ( prison]s committ$ by ord] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t !y 8are imm$iately releas$ f _! conf9em5t on a prorogation1 :e!r !y h paid ! fees or n4 ,if !y 7 held long] 9 cu/ody1 !y w\ld be dis*>g$ by ! c\rts1 ^u a writ ( ,habeas ,corpus40#ajh ,?is /atem5t1 com+ z x does f ! well-kn[n ,cl]k ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 z famili> ) ! usages ( t body z any liv+ man1 is ( itself au?ority4 ,b he adduces ! weighty words ( ,"l ,d5man 9 ! mo/ rem>kable case ( privilege t has ev] occurr$ 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 be+ t ( ,/ockdale & ,hans>d1 :i*1 x is well kn[n1 0 discuss$ day by day 9 ,p>liam5t1 week by week 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall4 ,i h be=e me ! op9ions ( all ! judges on t case1 b ! words t are p>ticul>ly p]t95t n[ are quot$ by ,may z foll[s3-- 8,h[ev] flagrant ! contempt1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons c only commit till ! close ( ! exi/+ session10-- ,m>k1 ,sir1 if y please1 h[ positive he is 9 8 language1-- 8c only commit till ! close ( ! exi/+ session4 ,_! privilege to commit is n bett] kn[n ?an ?is limitation ( x4 ,?\gh ! p>ty %\ld des]ve ! sev]e/ p5alties1 yet1 8 (f5ce be+ committ$ ! day be=e a prorogation1 if ! ,h\se ord]$ 8 imprisonm5t b = a week1 e c\rt 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall & e judge ( all ! c\rts w\ld be b\nd to dis*>ge him by ,habeas ,corpus40#aji ,^! 7 ! words ( ! ,"l ,*ief-,ju/ice ( ,engl& 9 a mo/ memorable case z late z #ahci4 ,?is is no anci5t au?ority1 b some?+ mod]n & ( our day4 ,x is n express$ 9 vague or unc]ta9 t]ms1 b 9 language cle> & positive4 ,x is z applicable to ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x is applicable to e legislative body sitt+ "u a con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,an attempt has be5 made to claim = ! ,s5ate pr]ogatives :i* belong to ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,h[ s8 ,is ! ,s5ate a ,h\se ( ,lords8 ,is x an h]$it>y body8 ,is x a p]petual body 9 ! s5se t ! ,h\se ( ,lords is a p]petual body8 ,we "k t ! ,h\se ( ,lords is 9 session ! :ole ye> r\nd4 ,we "k1 t1 accord+ to a rule ( ! ,civil ,law1 8,tres faciunt collegium10#aaj ?ree make a quorum 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,s t ! pres5ce ( ?ree pe]s at any "t1 duly summon$ to ! *amb]1 con/itutes a suffici5t quorum = bus9ess4 ,!re=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords has 9 x an ess5tial elem5t enabl+ x to come toge!r easily & to cont9ue 9 p]petual session4 ,x is 9 its "*1 9 ! elem5ts ( its privileges1 cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! ,s5ate1 z x is cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,su* privileges z ! ,s5ate has are d]iv$ f ! ,h\se ( ,commons r ?an f ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 s f> z !y are d]iv$ f ei!r ( ^! bodies4 ,ano!r attempt has be5 made1 by criticiz+ ! ^w 8prorogation10 to f9d a di/9ction betwe5 ! two cases2 b a note to ,may's "w on ,p>liam5t>y ,law1 :i* ,i n[ h 9 my h&1 meets t criticism4 ,aft] say+ 9 ! text t ! prison]s committ$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons 8are imm$iately releas$ f _! conf9em5t on a prorogation10 ! note says3-- 8,b ?is law nev] ext5d$ to an adj\rnm5t1 ev5 :5 x 0 9 ! nature ( a prorogation40#aaa ,take1 = in/ance1 ! adj\rnm5ts :i* habitually occur 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t at ! ,*ri/mas holidays1 at ! ,ea/] holidays1 at ! ,:itsuntide holidays4 ,y saw 9 ! pap]s1 only ! o!r day1 t ,mr4 ,glad/one gave notice t ! ,h\se ( ,commons w\ld adj\rn ov] sev]al days on acc\nt ( ! ,:itsuntide holidays2 b nobody supposes t t is 9 ! nature ( a 8prorogation10 or t a committal by ord] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons w\ld expire on su* an adj\rnm5t1 z x w\ld n expire on our adj\rnm5t = our ,*ri/mas holidays4 ,!re=e d ! v prec$5ts ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t answ] completely ! case put by ! ,s5ator f ,new ,york1 :o imag9$ a difficulty f occasional adj\rnm5ts at ! ,*ri/mas holidays4 ,sir1 we are to look at ?is precisely z x is4 ,! prorogation ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons is an adj\rnm5t )\t day1 correspond+ precisely to our adj\rnm5t )\t day4 ,i believe 9 ,massa*usetts1 d[n to ?is mom5t1 :5 ! ,legislature has agre$ ^u ! "t ( its adj\rnm5t1 x gives notice to ! ,gov]nor1 :o s5ds ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal? to prorogue x1 & ! ,legislature is decl>$ to be prorogu$1--?us foll[+ ! language s famili> 9 ,engl&4 ,!n x is argu$ t ?is p[] to commit may be prolong$ by a ,committee to sit dur+ ! vacation4 ,b h[ s8 ,! ,committee has no p[] to commit4 ,! p[] to commit comes f ! ,s5ate4 ,h[ does ! sitt+ ( ! ,committee 9 ! vacation add to its p[]s8 ,x has no su* p[] :ile ! ,s5ate is 9 session4 ,h[ c x h any su* p[] :5 ! ,s5ate has clos$ its session8 ,b ! p[] to protract ! imprisonm5t ( a citiz5 mu/ be k9dr$ ) t to imprison4 ,i dismiss ! :ole argum5t f\nd$ ^u ! prolongation ( ! ,committee z entirely irrelevant4 ,prolong ! ,committee1 if y please1 till doomsday2 y _c by t 9 any way affect ! lib]ty ( ! citiz54 ,! citiz5 is imprison$ only by ! ord] ( ! ,s5ate1 & ! p[] to imprison or to deta9 expires ) ! session4 ,su*1 ,sir1 is ! rule t we h borr[$ f ,engl&4 ,nor am ,i alone 9 ?us int]pret+ x4 ,i cit$1 ! o!r day1 ! au!ntic "w ( ! late ,judge ,cu%+ on ! ,law & ,practice ( ,legislative ,assemblies4 ,i w1 ) y\r p]mission1 read aga9 8 /atem5t1 z foll[s3-- 8,accord+ to ! ,p>liam5t>y ,law ( ,engl& !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,lords & ,commons 9 ?is respect3 ! =m] be+ au?oriz$1 & ! latt] n1 to imprison = a p]iod beyond ! session40 ,t is ! te/imony ( ,judge ,cu%+1 :o _h devot$ 8 life to ! /udy ( ?is subject4 ,he !n goes on3-- 8,9 ?is c\ntry ! p[] to imprison is ei!r incid5tal to or expressly conf]r$ ^u all our legislative assemblies2 & 9 "s ( ! ,/ates x is also regulat$ by express con/itutional provision40 ,!n he gives 8 conclusion3-- 8,:]e x is n s regulat$1 x is und]/ood t ! imprisonm5t t]m9ates ) ! session40#aab ,m>k1 if y please1 8t]m9ates ) ! session40 ,"h y h ! au!ntic words ( ?is special au?ority1 int]pret+ ! ,engli% ,p>liam5t>y ,law1 & also decl>+ our law4 ,:o is !re t c g beh9d ^! words8 ,:at ,s5ator w set up 8 rese>* or 8 conclusion aga9/ t ( ?is exempl>8 ,:o is !re "h t w v5ture to claim = ! ,s5ate a pr]ogative :i* ?is ,am]ican au?ority disclaims = legislative bodies 9 our c\ntry1 unless expressly sanction$ by ,con/itutional ,law8 ,i h %[n t ?is p[] to commit beyond ! session does n exi/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 f :i* we d]ive su* pr]ogatives or privileges z we h4 ,b ! /ream _c rise high] ?an ! f\nta9-head4 ,h[1 !n1 if ! p[] does n exi/ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 c y f9d x "h8 ,y _c trace ! pres5t assumption to any au!ntic1 legitimate f\nta94 ,if y attempt x1 p]mit me to say y w fail1 & ! assumption w appe> )\t au?ority1 & !re=e a usurpation4 ,i s *>act]ize x1 feel+ t ,i _c be call$ 9 "q :5 ,i use ?is /rong language4 ,if y und]take to deta9 ^! prison]s beyond ! expiration ( ?is session1 y become usurp]s1 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates usurps p[] t does n belong to x2 &1 ,sir1 ?is is m flagrant1 :5 x is consid]$ t x usurps ?is p[] 9 ord] to wield x aga9/ ! lib]ty ( fell[-citiz5s4 ,:5 ,i /ate ?is conclusion1 ,i feel t ,i /& on supports t _c be %ak54 ,i /& on ,engli% au?orities su/a9$ by ,am]ican au?orities4 ,y _c f9d any exception4 ,t 9 itself is an au?ority4 ,if y c\ld m5tion an exception1 ,i %\ld put x aside z an accid5t or an abuse1 & n z an au?ority4 ,! rule is fix$ & positive2 & ,i n[ h no hesitation 9 decl>+ t x w be ! duty ( ! judge1 on a writ ( ,habeas ,corpus1 z soon z ?is ,s5ate closes its session1 to set ^! prison]s at lib]ty1 unless ! ,s5ate has ! good s5se 9 advance to au?orize _! dis*>ge4 ,i d n d\bt ! p[] & ! duty ( ! ,c\rt4 ,i am sure t no judge wor?y ( a place on ! b5* w hesitate 9 ?is judgm5t4 ,%\ld he1 ,i w\ld read to him ! simple words ( ! ,"l ,*ief-,ju/ice ( ,engl& on ! v po9t3-- 8,if ! ,h\se ord]$ 8 imprisonm5t b = a week1 e c\rt 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall & e judge ( all ! c\rts w\ld be b\nd to dis*>ge him by ,habeas ,corpus40#aac ,!re is no way ( answ]+ ^? words4 ,!y are z comm&+ on ?is occasion z if !y 7 9 ! v text ( our ,con/itution4 ,:5 ,i say ?is1 ,i d n speak vaguely2 = ,i am sure t e /ud5t ( ?is subject w admit t a judgm5t l t :i* ,i h adduc$ on a "q ( ,p>liam5t>y ,law1 & 9 favor ( ! rights ( ! subject1 is ( an au?ority 9 our c\ntry equal to ! ,con/itution itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is br+s me1 ,sir1 to an important po9t :i* ,i _h hop$ n to be call$ to discuss1 b :i* ! argum5t ( ! ,s5ator f ,new ,york seems to press ^u ! consid]ation ( ! ,s5ate & ( ! c\ntry2 & !re=e ,i %all op5 x to y\r att5tion1 ev5 if ,i d n discuss x4 ,x is ?is3 t1 :atev] may be ! p[] ev5 9 ,engl& by ,p>liam5t>y ,law1 x by no means foll[s t ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has t p[]4 ,:at is ! ,s5ate8 ,a body creat$ by a writt5 ,con/itution1 enjoy+ c]ta9 p[]s describ$ & def9$ 9 ! ,con/itution itself4 ,! ,con/itution says no?+ ab\t contempt or puni%m5t = contempt4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is p[] y mu/ g into inf]5ce & d$uction2 y mu/ inf] x or imply x4 ,9 ! case ( impea*m5ts ! ,s5ate becomes a judicial body1 & x is reasonable to inf] t x may h ! p[] to compel ! att5dance ( witnesses1--9 %ort1 ! p[]s ( a c\rt4 ,! ,s5ate also1 by express t]ms ( ! ,con/itution1 has ! p[] to expel a memb]4 ,!re aga9 is an inquiry 9 its nature judicial2 & %\ld ! ,s5ate on su* occasion exam9e witnesses & proce$ z a c\rt1 x may be inf]r$ t x is s au?oriz$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,!re is also a ?ird p[] :i* ! ,s5ate possesses1 judicial 9 "*3 x is to det]m9e ! election ( its memb]s4 ,beyond ^! e p[] t ! ,s5ate und]takes to ex]cise on ?is subject is d]iv$ by inf]5ce4 ,x does n /& on any text ( ! ,con/itution4 ,x is a m]e implication1 &1 be+ adv]se to ! rights ( ! citiz51 x mu/ be con/ru$ /rictly4 ,n[ ,i am n ready to say1 ,i d n say1 t ! ,s5ate has n ! p[] to in/itute a proce$+ l t n[ 9 "q4 ,i am v cle> t x has n ! p[] by compulsory process to compel witnesses to te/ify 9 aid ( legislation1 z 0 once attempt$ 9 :at 0 kn[n famili>ly z ! ,h>p]'s ,f]ry ,inve/igat+ ,case4 ,b ,i d n und]take to say t x may n in/itute a proce$+ l t 9 :i* we are n[ engag$2 yet ,i admit its legality ) great hesitation & ) s9c]e d\bt4 ,i d\bt :e!r su* an assumption c /& an argum5t 9 ?is ,*amb]2 ,i d\bt :e!r x c /& a discussion be=e a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,h[ d y arrive at su* a p[]8 ,! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 ,mr4 ,,c>p5t] said1 ! o!r day1 ! ,s5ate1 accord+ to ! argum5ts ( c]ta9 ,s5ators1 has n ! p[] ( a ju/ice ( ! peace4 ,! ,s5ator nev] spoke tru] words3 ! ,s5ate has n ! p[] ( a ju/ice ( ! peace4 ,a ju/ice ( ! peace is a c\rt ) ! p[]s ( a c\rt4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n a c\rt1 except 9 ! cases to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,x is a s]i\s "q :e!r x is a c\rt 9 ! proce$+ :i* x has n[ se5 fit to in/itute4 ,7 x a c\rt1 !n ! argum5t ( ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 might be applicable1 & x might !n claim ! privileges ( a c\rt4 ,x might proce$1 if y please1 to f9e z well z to commit4 ,! ,s5ate 9 its discretion =be>s to f9e2 x cont5ts itself ) imprisonm5t4 ,b if x c imprison1 :y n f9e8 ,:y is n ! :ole catalogue ( puni%m5t op5 to its grasp8 ,i h rem9d$ y1 ,sir1 t our p[]s1 :atev] !y may be1 are "u a writt5 ,con/itution1 & 9 ?is important respect cle>ly di/+ui%able f ! p[]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* are ! gr[? ( tradition & immemorial usage4 ,i am n ! fir/ p]son to take ?is gr\nd4 ,i f9d x judicially ass]t$ 9 mo/ au!ntic judgm5ts1 to :i* ,i beg to call ! att5tion ( ! ,s5ate4 ,i h 9 my h&s ! f\r? volume ( ,moore's ,privy ,c\ncil ,cases1 cases argu$ 9 ! ,privy ,c\ncil ( ,engl&1 _m ( !m be+ cases t h come up f ! ,colonies1--& "h is "o1 be+ an appeal f ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! isl& ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,i w read ! m>g9al note3-- 8,! ,h\se ( ,assembly ( ! isl& ( ,newf\ndl& does n possess1 z a legal incid5t1 ! p[] ( arre/1 ) a view ( adjudication on a contempt committ$ out ( ! ,h\se1--b only su* p[]s z are reasonably necess>y = ! prop] ex]cise ( its functions & duties z a local ,legislature4 8,semble4--,! ,h\se ( ,commons possess ?is p[] only by virtue ( anci5t usage & prescription1 ! ,lex et ,consuetudo ,p>liam5ti4 8,semble4--,! ,cr[n1 by its pr]ogative1 c create a ,legislative ,assembly 9 a settl$ colony1 subord9ate to ,p>liam5t1 b ) supreme p[] )9 ! limits ( ! colony = ! gov]nm5t ( its inhabitants2 b1 8,qure4--,:e!r x c be/[ ^u x an au?ority1 namely1 t ( committ+ = contempt1 n incid5tal to x by law80#aad ,i w n take "t 9 read+ extracts f ! op9ion ( ! ,c\rt1 :i* goes on ! gr\nd t ! ,legislature ( ! ,colony is act+ "u a commission f ! ,cr[n 9 ! nature ( a ,con/itution1 be+ a writt5 text1 & t x c\ld n !re=e claim = itself ^? va/1 imm5se1 unkn[n privileges & pr]ogatives :i* by long usage are recogniz$ z belong+ to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,b ! "q 0 pres5t$ at a lat] day 9 ano!r case be=e ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 :i* came f ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,i cite n[ ,moore's ,privy ,c\ncil ,cases1 volume elev54 ,?is case 0 decid$ 9 #aheh4 ,x is !re=e a rec5t au?ority4 ,! m>g9al note is z foll[s3-- 8,! ,lex et ,consuetudo ,p>liam5ti applies exclusively to ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,engl&1 & is n conf]r$ ^u a ,supreme ,legislative ,assembly ( a colony or settlem5t by ! introduction ( ! ,common ,law ( ,engl& into ! colony4 8,no di/9ction 9 ?is respect exi/s betwe5 ,colonial ,legislative ,c\ncils & ,assemblies ^: p[] is d]iv$ by grant f ! ,cr[n or creat$ "u ! au?ority ( an ,act ( ! ,imp]ial ,p>liam5t40#aae ,y w see1 ,sir1 t by ?is decision ! p[]s ( a ,legislative ,assembly creat$ by a ,*>t] are limit$ to ! grants ( ! ,*>t]1 & t ! m]e creation ( ! legislative body does n c>ry ) x ! ,law & ,cu/om ( ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 op9ion ,"l ,*ief-,b>on ,pollock uses ! foll[+ language4 ,allud+ to ! decision ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil 9 ! ,newf\ndl& case1 he says3-- 8,!y held t ! p[] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 ,engl& 0 "p ( ! ,lex et ,consuetudo ,p>liam5ti2 & ! exi/5ce ( t p[] 9 ! ,commons ( ,great ,brita9 did n w>rant ! ascrib+ x to e ,supreme ,legislative ,c\ncil or ,assembly 9 ! ,colonies4 ,we ?9k we are b\nd by ! decision ( ! case ( ,kielley v4 ,c>son4''' ,if ! ,legislative ,c\ncil ( ,van ,diem5's ,l& _c claim ! p[] !y h ex]cis$ on ! occasion be=e u z inh]5tly belong+ to ! supreme legislative au?ority :i* !y und\bt$ly possess1 !y _c claim x "u ! /atute z "p ( ! ,common ,law ( ,engl& 7includ+ ! ,lex et ,consuetudo ,p>liam5ti7 transf]r$ to ! ,colony by ! #i? ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #hc1 sect4 #bd4 ,! ,lex et ,consuetudo ,p>liam5ti apply exclusively to ! ,lords & ,commons ( ?is c\ntry1 & d n apply to ! ,supreme ,legislature ( a ,colony by ! introduction ( ! ,common ,law !re40#aaf ,n[ ! "q is directly pres5t$ by ^! decisions1 :e!r "u ! writt5 text ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates y c +raft ^u our in/itutions ! ,law & ,cu/om ( ,p>liam5t4 ,s f> z ^! cases are applicable1 !y decide 9 ! negative2 b ,i w n press !m to t ext5t4 ,i adduce !m = a m mod]ate purpose1--simply to put ! ,s5ate on its gu>d aga9/ any assumption ( p[] 9 ?is matt]4 ,i d n und]take to say to :at ext5t ! ,s5ate may g2 b ) ^! au?orities ,i w>n x aga9/ proce$+ on any d\btful practices4 ,if !re be any d\bt1 !n d ^! au?orities cry out to y to /op4 ,i h said1 ,sir1 t our p[]s "h are limit$ by ! ,con/itution3 ,i may add1 also1 & ! ,law 9 pursuance ( ! ,con/itution4 ,& n[ ,i ask y to %[ me any text ( ! ,con/itution1 & to %[ me any text ( ,law1 :i* au?orizes ! det5tion ( ^! witnesses by ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,s5ate1 be x und]/ood1 is n a c\rt4 ,c]ta9ly1 = ?is purpose & on ?is occasion1 x is n a c\rt4 ,%[ me ! law4 ,does x exi/8 ,if x exi/s1 "s le>n$ ,s5ator c po9t x out4 ,b :ile ,s5ators fail to po9t out any law sanction+ su* a proc$ure1 ,i po9t out an immortal text 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 borr[$ f ,magna ,*>ta1 :i* x is difficult to disobey3-- 8,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a capital or o!rwise infam\s crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a ,gr& ,jury1 ''' nor be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law40 8,)\t due process ( law40 ,:at is ! mean+ ( t language8 ,judge ,/ory#aag tells u1 z foll[s3-- 8,"l ,coke#aah says t ^! latt] words1 p] legem t]r1 7by ! law ( ! l&17 mean by due process ( law3 t is1 )\t due pres5tm5t or indictm5t1 & be+ br\ght 9 to answ] !reto by due process ( ! ,common ,law4 ,s t ?is clause 9 effect affirms ! "r ( trial accord+ to ! process & proce$+s ( ! ,common ,law40#aai ,!re1 ,sir1 is a liv+ text ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b9d+ ^u ?is ,s5ate4 ,:]e d y f9d any o!r text au?oriz+ y to in/itute ?is proce$+8 or if y in/itute ! proce$+1 mu/ x n come )9 ! limitations ( ?is prohibition8 ,b ,i may be rem9d$ t !re are prec$5ts4 ,h[ _m prec$5ts are !re = su* a proce$+8 ,we are famili> ) all ( !m4 ,! late/1 ! mo/ au!ntic1 is t ( ,?addeus ,hyatt1 proce$$ aga9/ because he refus$ to te/ify be=e ! ,h>p]'s ,f]ry ,inve/igat+ ,committee4 ,is t a prec$5t :i* y are dispos$ to foll[8 ,i am sure y w\ld n1 if y read ! weighty argum5t 9 t proce$+ made by ! late ,john ,a4 ,&rew1 & ,samuel ,e4 ,sewall1 ( ,massa*usetts1 ! accompli%$ juri/1 :o /ill survives to u4 ,g /ill fur!r back & y h ! case1 entirely l t be=e u1 ( ,nug5t1--:o 0 n pursu$1 ,i 0 go+ to say1 z f]oci\sly z ! pres5t witnesses h be5 pursu$1 = 8 cu/ody 0 simply t ( ! h\se ( ! ,s]geant-at-,arms1 & x 0 recogniz$ at t "t t ev5 t mild cu/ody w\ld expire ) ! session ( ! ,s5ate4 ,y h also ! e>li] prec$5t ( #ahjj 9 ! case ( ,duane1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ,s5ators w\ld hesitate n[ to v9dicate4 ,let !m look at x & see :e!r !y w\ld sanction a simil> proce$+ at ?is day1--:e!r su* a tyranny c\ld g on )\t %ock+ ! public consci5ce1 & be+ recogniz$ univ]sally z an assault ^u ! lib]ty ( ! press4#abj ,^? are ! cases furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ,s5ate4 ,"l ,d5man1 9 ! case ( ,/ockdale v4 ,hans>d1 ! fam\s case to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 gives an answ] to !m z foll[s3 ,i quote f ! n9? volume ( ,adolphus & ,ellis's ,reports1 page #aee3-- 8,! practice ( a rul+ p[] 9 ! ,/ate is b a feeble pro( ( its legality4 ,i "k n h[ long ! practice ( rais+ %ip-money _h prevail$ be=e ! "r 0 d5i$ by ,hampd52 g5]al w>rants _h be5 issu$ & en=c$ = c5turies be=e !y 7 que/ion$ 9 actions by ,wilkes & 8 associates1 :o1 by br++ !m to ! te/ ( law1 procur$ _! condemnation & ab&onm5t4 ,i appreh5d t acquiesc5ce on ?is subject proves1 9 ! fir/ place1 too mu*2 = ! admitt$ & grosse/ abuses ( privilege h nev] be5 que/ion$ by suits 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall40 ,?is proce$+ has analogy ) "o well kn[n 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 t ( ! ,/>-,*amb] ,c\rt1 :i* y w f9d describ$ by ,mr4 ,hallam 9 8 8,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 9 *apt] eight1 & ,i ref] to x m]ely = ! sake ( "o s+le s5t5ce :i* ,i cite f ?is great au?or3-- 8,b prec$5ts ( usurp$ p[] _c e/abli% a legal au?ority 9 defiance ( ! ackn[l$g$ law40#aba ,b :]e is ! legal au?ority = ! imprisonm5t ( ^! witnesses8 ,only 9 m]e inf]5ce1 m]e d$uction1--! m]e/ inf]5ce2 b surely y w n take away ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5 on any su* %ad[y1 evanesc5t apology1 :i* is no apology1 b a %am1 & no?+ else4 ,i h already call$ att5tion to ! argum5t ( ,gov]nor ,&rew & ,hon4 ,s4 ,e4 ,sewall1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,congressional ,globe "u date ( ,m>* #i1 #ahfj4 ,did "t p]mit1 ,i %\ld quote f x at l5g?2 b ,i comm5d x to ! ,s5ate & all inquir]s4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! d\bts :i* environ ?is "q1 ,i call att5tion to ! case ( ,sanborn v4 ,c>leton1#abb :]e ,*ief-,ju/ice ,%aw1 ( ,massa*usetts1 gave ! op9ion ( ! ,c\rt4 ,! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 ,mr4 ,,c>p5t] w n "q 8 "*4 ,aft] /at+ t 8x is admitt$ 9 ! argum5ts t !re is no express provision 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates giv+ ?is au?ority 9 t]ms10--t is1 ! alleg$ au?ority ( ! ,s5ate1--he proce$s to say t !re are que/ions on ?is subject 8manife/ly requir+ great delib]ation & rese>*40 ,& yet ,s5ators treat !m z settl$4 ,! ,*ief-,ju/ice !n proce$s to ann\nce t a w>rant issu$ by ord] ( ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! arre/ ( a witness = contempt 9 refus+ to appe> be=e a ,committee ( ! ,s5ate1 & address$ only to ! ,s]geant-at-,arms ( ! ,s5ate1 _c be s]v$ 9 ,massa*usetts by a deputy4 ,b ?is v "q arises 9 ! pres5t proce$+s4 ,! manag+ editor ( ! 8,tribune10 ,mr4 ,:itelaw ,reid1 0 summon$ by a deputy1 & n by ! ,s]geant-at-,arms4 ,gracefully yield+ to ! illegal summons1 he appe>$ be=e ! ,committee2 b ! "q ( p[] /ill rema9s2 & ?is v "q adds to ! emb>rassm5ts ( ! subject4 ,! ext5t ( ! abuse n[ 9 "q w be se51 if ,i call ! att5tion ( ! ,s5ate to ! la/ ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,inve/igation4 ,by t ,report x appe>s t !y und]took to exam9e two ag5ts ( ! ,telegraph ,company1 :o1 f9ally1 at ! la/ mom5t1 :5 ask$ to make a def9itive /atem5t ) reg>d to ! copy ( ! ,treaty lodg$ ) !m = communication to ,new ,york1 decl9$ to answ]4 ,& y h n[ 9 ?is usurpation ( ! ,s5ate an attempt to break into ! telegraph-(fices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,y raise1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is ,*amb]1 "o ( ! great que/ions ( ! times4 ,c y d any su* ?+8 ,,mr4 ,,nye ( ,nevada4 ,i %\ld l to ask ! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts if ! c\rts h n brok5 into ! telegraph-(fices8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i am n speak+ ab\t ! c\rts4 ,i am speak+ ab\t ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,mr4 ,,nye4 ,i ask ! ,s5ator if ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ?is inve/igation1 z long z x exi/s1 has n all ! au?ority ( a c\rt8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i h already /at$ t x has n1--t x has n ! au?ority ( a ju/ice ( ! peace4 ,! ,s5ate proposes to break into ! telegraph-(fices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! guise ( privilege1 x ent]s ^? p5etralia & insi/s t ! secrets %all be disclos$4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a communication by telegraph & a communication by lett]8 ,is !re n a gr[+ sub/itution ( ! telegram = ! lett]8 ,has n ?is tak5 place to an imm5se ext5t 9 ,engl&8 ,is x n n[ tak+ place to an imm5se ext5t 9 our own c\ntry8 ,n[1 ,sir1 m>k ! limitation ( my language4 ,i d n mean to say t ! telegram is entitl$ to all ! sacr$ness ( ! lett]2 b ,i d insi/ t ! ,s5ate1 be=e x und]takes to break into ! telegraph-(fices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all calmly consid] ! "q1 & see to :at end ! pres5t disposition w c>ry !m4 ,s5ators :o h n entirely =gott5 ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,engl& "k t ! p[]ful ,cab9et ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel = a "t trembl$ "u ! imputation t "o ( its able/ memb]s1 ,sir ,james ,graham1 :o1 ,mr4 ,web/] told me1 9 8 judgm5t1 0 ! be/ speak] 9 ,p>liam5t1 _h au?oriz$ ! op5+ ( ! lett]s ( ,mazz9i at ! ,po/-,(fice4 ,! subject 0 br\ght be=e ,p>liam5t night aft] night4 ,y %all see h[ x 0 treat$4 ,! ,lib]al memb] f ,f9sbury1 ,mr4 ,duncombe1 9 pres5t+ x fir/1--,i read f ,hans>d1--aft] inveigh+ aga9/ ! op5+ ( lett]s1 said3-- 8,t 0 a sy/em :i* ! p ( ?is c\ntry w\ld n be>1 :i* !y ought n to be>2 & he hop$1 aft] ! exposure :i* _h tak5 place1 t "s means w\ld be adopt$ = c\nt]act+ ?is insidi\s conduct ( h] ,maje/y's m9i/]s4 ,x 0 disgraceful to a free c\ntry t su* a sy/em %\ld be tol]at$4 ,x might d 9 ,russia1 ay1 or ev5 9 ,france1 or x might d 9 ! ,au/rian dom9ions1 x might d 9 ,s>d9ia2 b x did n suit ! free air ( ?is free c\ntry40#abc ,"l ,d5man1 always on ! side ( ,fre$om1 at ! "t ,*ief-,ju/ice ( ,engl&1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords said3-- 8,c\ld any?+ be m revolt+ to ! feel+ ?an t any man might h all 8 lett]s op5$ 9 consequ5ce ( "s in=mation respect+ him hav+ be5 giv5 to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & t ! cont5ts ( ^? lett]s1 :i* he might h nev] receiv$1 might be made use ( = ! purpose ( proce$+ aga9/ him 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice8 ,! lett]s ( a man might be op5$1 & he might n h ! slighte/ intimation t he 0 betray$4 ,n[ is su* a /ate ( ?+s to be tol]at$ 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry8 ,he w\ld say1 )\t ! slighte/ hesitation1 t x ought n to be borne ) = a s+le h\r40#abd ,"l ,br\gham obs]v$ t-- 8,he _h n express$ any approval ( ! sy/em2 on ! contr>y1 he di/9ctly /at$ t no?+ b absolute necessity = ! safety ( ! ,/ate w\ld ju/ify x40#abe ,i might occupy y\r "t till ev5+ 9 adduc+ ! /rong language ( reprobation :i* 0 employ$ at t "t4 ,i w conclude ) an extract f a spee* ( t rem>kable ,iri% orator1 ,mr4 ,%eil1 z foll[s3-- 8,t :i* is deem$ utt]ly sc&al\s 9 private life ought n to be tol]at$ 9 any dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate2 & f ! ,/atute-,book1 :i* x di%onors1 ?is ignom9i\s pr]ogative ought to be effac$ =ev]40#abf ,t br+s me to ! po9t1 ,sir1 t !re 0 an old /atute ( ,que5 ,anne :i* au?oriz$ ! op5+ ( lett]s at ! ,po/-,(fice "u ! ord] ( a ,secret>y ( ,/ate2#abg b1 not)/&+ t old /atute1 ! sy/em 0 reprobat$4 ,& n[ x is propos$1 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! privileges ( ! ,s5ate1 n 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice be=e any c\rt1 b 9 ! en=cem5t ( ! privileges ( ! ,s5ate1 to p5etrate ! secrets ( ! ,telegraph4 ,i w n und]take to say t y _c d x4 ,i cont5t myself n[ ) call+ att5tion to ! magnitude ( ! "q1 & adduc+ x z a new reason :y y %\ld hesitate 9 ?is :ole bus9ess4 ,y see to :at x conducts4 ,y see 9 :at direction y are travell+4 ,y see h[1 if y p]sev]e1 y w %ock ! consci5ce & ! s5sibilities ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,i d n believe t ! ,am]ican p w will+ly see ! ,telegraph rifl$1 any m ?an !y w see ! ,po/-,(fice rifl$1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 m$ieval1 ant$iluvian privileges ( ! ,s5ate1--especially :5 ^? privileges _c be d$uc$ f any text ( ! ,con/itution1 b are simply inf]r$ f ! anci5t1 primeval ,law & ,usage ( ,p>liam5t4 ,n only ! orators1 b ! wits ( ! "t1 d5\nc$ ! attempt 9 ,engl& to op5 lett]s4 ,pun* c>icatur$ ! ,secret>y :o attempt$ x z 8,paul ,pry at ! ,po/-,(fice40#abh ,b is n ! ,s5ate 9 ! ,report ( our ,committee 8,paul ,pry at ! ,telegraph-,(fice80 ,i make ^! rem>ks ) a view ( op5+ to ! ,s5ate ! importance ( ! "q be=e !m1 t !y may once m hesitate & )draw to ! safe gr\nd ( ! ,con/itution & ! ,law2 = !re is no?+ 9 ! ,con/itution or 9 ! ,law t c sanction ! cont9u$ imprisonm5t ( ^! witnesses4 ,ev5 suppose y\r proce$+s h be5 f ! beg9n+ 9 all respects j & prop]1 ev5 suppose t y c v9dicate !m1 9 reg>d to :i* ,i beg leave to express a s9c]e d\bt1 y _c v9dicate ! attempt to cont9ue ^! witnesses 9 cu/ody :5 y g away4 ,!n !y are z free z y4 ,if !y are deta9$ 9 prison1 x is only because y y\rselves are imprison$ "h 9 ! dis*>ge ( y\r responsible duties4 ,:5 y\r imprisonm5t comes to an end1 !irs comes to an end also4 ,y _c g home & leave !m captives4 ,! ,law w /ep 9 & take !m f y\r clut*4 ,bett]1 !n1 9 advance1 by a prop] & g5]\s resolution1 to ord] _! dis*>ge1 s t ! ,law w n be compell$ to d :at y fail to d4 ,! resolution 0 agre$ to1--,yeas #bc1 ,nays #ac4 ,,! ,,haytian ,,m$al4 ,,response ,,to ,,! ,,lett] ,,( ,,pres5tation1 ,,july #ac1 #ahga4 ,! ,m$al 0 plac$ 9 ,mr4 ,sumn]'s h&s ,july #ac1 #ahga1 by ,g5]al ,pre/on1 ! ,haytian ,m9i/]1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ lett]1 sign$ by ! ,presid5t & sev]al di/+ui%$ citiz5s ( ! ,republic3-- 8,,lib]ty1 ,,equality1 ,,frat]nity6 ,,republic ,,( ,,hayti4 8,to ! ,hon4 ,*>les ,sumn]1 ,s5ator ( ,massa*usetts3-- 8,,honorable ,,s5ator1--,! indep5d5ce ( ,hayti has be5 our object4 ,to affirm ! aptitude ( ! black race = civilization & self-gov]nm5t1 by y\r eloqu5ce & y\r high morality y h made free f\r millions ( blacks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 def5d+ our indep5d5ce on two solemn occasions1 y h protect$ & def5d$ some?+ m augu/ ev5 ?an ! lib]ty ( ! blacks 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is ! dignity ( a black p seek+ to place itself1 by its own ef=ts1 at ! banquet ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,hayti ?anks y4 ,%e w be able to ju/ify y\r e/eem1 & to ma9ta9 h]self at ! height ( h] mission1 m>*+ 9 ! pa? ( progress4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,haytian p1 we pray y to accept1 z a feeble te/imony ( its gratitude1 ?is m$al1 :i* w p]petuate 9 ages to come ! recollection ( ! s]vices :i* y h r5d]$ to u z citiz5s ( ! _w1 & to black ,humanity40 ,mr4 ,sumn] at ! "t express$ 8 gratitude1 & said t he w\ld communicate ) ! sign]s 9 writ+4 ,t same ev5+ he s5t an in=mal note to ! ,m9i/]1 say+ t he fe>$ he %\ld feel con/ra9$ to decl9e ! pres5t1 & subsequ5tly repli$ to ! lett] ( pres5tation z foll[s3-- ,,wa%+ton1 ,july #ac1 #ahga4 ,,g5tlem51--,i h receiv$ to-day1 by ! h&s ( y\r ,m9i/] at ,wa%+ton1 ! beautiful m$al :i* y h done me ! honor ( pres5t+ to me 9 ! "n ( ! ,haytian p1 toge!r ) ! accompany+ communication be>+ s _m di/+ui%$ names1 among :i* ,i recognize t ( ! e/imable ,presid5t ( ! ,republic4 ,all[ me to say1 mo/ s9c]ely1 t ,i d n des]ve ?is tok51 nor ! flatt]+ t]ms ( y\r communication4 ,i am only "o ( _m :o h labor$ = ! enfran*isem5t ( ! ,african race1 & :o yet /& ready to s]ve at all times ! sacr$ cause2 nor h ,i done any?+ except 9 ! simple dis*>ge ( duty4 ,i c\ld n h done o!rwise )\t ! rebuke ( my consci5ce4 ,9 ?is s]vice ,i h act$ always "u prompt+s :i* ) me 7 irresi/ible4 ,l y1 ,i hail ! assur$ indep5d5ce ( ,hayti z important 9 illu/rat+ ! capacity ( ! ,african race = self-gov]nm5t2 & ,i rejoice to "k t di/+ui%$ ,haytians recognize ! necessity ( cl++ to national life1 n only = ! sake ( _! own ,republic1 b z an example = ! b5efit ( t va/ race ov] :i* ! :ite man has s long tyranniz$4 ,y\r successful indep5d5ce w be ! triumph ( ! black man ev]y:]e1 9 all ! isles ( ! sea1 & 9 all ! unkn[n expanse ( ! ,african cont95t1 m>k+ a great epo* ( civilization4 ,9 cultivat+ a s5tim5t ( nationality1 y w naturally insi/ ^u t equality among nations :i* is y\r "r4 ,self-gov]nm5t implies self-respect4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,int]national ,law all nations are equal4 ,z well deprive a citiz5 ( equality be=e ! law z deprive a nation4 ,y w also insi/ ^u t ,*ri/ian rule1 z applicable to nations z to individuals1 ( do+ unto o!rs z y w\ld h !m d unto y4 ,foll[+ x always 9 y\r own conduct1 & expect+ o!rs to foll[ x t[>ds y1 w y ev] =get t s5tim5t ( ,humanity by :i* all m5 are "o1 ) common title1 ) common "r8 ,i rejoice1 aga91 9 ! assurance y give t ,hayti is prep>$ to advance 9 ! pa? ( ,progress4 ,"h ,i (f] my be/ wi%es1 ) ! ard5t aspiration t ! two good angels1 ,education & ,peace1 may be h] guides & support 9 ?is happy pa?4 ,) education = ! p1 & ) peace1 =eign & dome/ic1 especially ev]y:]e on ! isl&1 ! indep5d5ce ( ,hayti w be plac$ beyond ! assaults ( =ce or ! intrigues ( design+ m51 besides be+ an enc\ragem5t to ! ,african race ev]y:]e4 ,i tru/ t y w receive ) indulg5ce ^! frank words 9 response to ! communication ) :i* y h honor$ me3 !y w %[ at lea/ my con/ant sympa?y ) y\r cause4 ,& n[1 ,g5tlem51 ,i ?r[ myself aga9 on y\r indulg5ce1 :ile express+ ! hope t y w n suspect me ( ins5sibility to y\r g5]\s pres5t1 if ,i add1 t1 consid]+ ! text ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! s]vice y h int5d$ to commemorate1 ,i deem x my duty to return ! beautiful m$al into y\r h&s4 ,to ?is ,i am con/ra9$ by ! _s1 if n by ! lett] ( ! ,con/itution1 :i* =bids any p]son 9 my situation f accept+ any pres5t ( any k9d :atev] f a =eign ,/ate4 ,?\gh ?is pres5t is n /rictly f ! ,/ate ( ,hayti1 yet1 :5 ,i obs]ve1 t1 accord+ to ! flatt]+ inscription1 x is f ! ,haytian p1 & t ! communication accompany+ x is sign$ by ! ,presid5t & em95t magi/rates ( ,hayti1 & /ill fur!r t x is 9 recognition ( s]vices r5d]$ by me z a ,s5ator ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i feel t ,i _c receive x )\t act+ 9 "s measure contr>y to ! int5tion ( ! ,con/itution :i* ,i am b\nd to support4 ,9 arriv+ at ?is conclusion ,i h be5 gov]n$ by t same s5se ( duty :i* on ! occasions to :i* y ref] made me y\r advocate1 & :i* ) me is a supreme p[]4 ,:ile ?us resign+ ?is mo/ int]e/+ tok51 ,i beg y to believe me none ! less grateful = ! signal honor y h done me4 ,accept = y\rselves & = y\r c\ntry all good wi%es1 & all[ me to subscribe myself1 ,g5tlem51 ,y\r devot$ fri5d1 ,,*>les ,,sumn]4 ,! m$al 0 subsequ5tly pres5t$ by ! ,haytian ,gov]nm5t to ! ,commonweal? ( ,massa*usetts1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,/ate ,libr>y4 ,,equality ,,( ,,rights ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ools4 ,,lett] ,,to ,,george ,w4 ,,walk]1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,s*ool ,,directors ,,( ,,jeff]son1 ,,texas1 ,,july #bh1 #ahga4 ,mr4 ,walk] hav+ writt5 to ,mr4 ,sumn]1 ask+ 8 views 9 reg>d to ! managem5t ( public s*ools1 c41 ! latt] repli$ z foll[s3-- ,,wa%+ton1 #bh? ,july1 #ahga4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,z 9 ,europe !re w be no durable tranquillity until ,republican ,gov]nm5t prevails1 s among u !re w be a simil> failure until ,equality be=e ! ,law is completely e/abli%$1--at ! ballot-box1--9 ! c\rt-h\se1--9 ! public s*ool1--9 ! public hotel1--& 9 ! public conveyance1 :e!r on l& or wat]4 ,at lea/1 s x seems to me4 ,i d\bt if ,i c add mat]ially to ! argum5t :i* y h already receiv$1 b1 ) y\r p]mission1 ,i ask att5tion to ! po9t t equality is n f\nd 9 equival5ts4 ,y _c give ! color$ *ild any equival5t = equality4 ,accept my be/ wi%es1 & believe me1 de> ,sir1 ,fai?fully y\rs1 ,,*>les ,,sumn]4 ,,peace ,,& ,,! ,,republic ,,= ,,france4 ,,rem>ks ,,9 ,,music ,,hall1 ,,bo/on1 ,,introduc+ ,m4 ,,a?anase ,,coqu]el1 ,,( ,,p>is1 ,,octob] #i1 #ahga4 ,at ! fir/ ( two lectures entitl$ 8,! ,two ,sieges ( ,p>is10 by ,m4 ,coqu]el1 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 be+ call$ to preside1 said3-- ,i _c =get1 ,ladies & ,g5tlem51 t 9 o!r ye>s ! enjoym5ts ( ,p>is 7 height5$ = me1 z ,i li/5$1 m ?an once1 to an eloqu5t ,fr5* prea*]1 on ^: words multitudes hung ) rapture :ile he unfold$ ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,! sc5e1 ?\gh di/ant 9 "t1 rises be=e me1 & ,i enjoy aga9 t voice ( melody1 & t r>e union ( elegance ) e>ne/ness1 ( am5ity ) /r5g?1 :i* 7 s captivat+2 nor d ,i "k t ,i h s9ce witness$ 9 any pulpit or assembly1 or on any plat=m1 m magnetic p[] visibly appe>+ z ! orator drew to himself ! li/5+ ?rong1 & all comm+l$ into "o4 ,x is n[ my grateful duty to welcome ! son ( t orator1 :o1 ) 8 fa!r's g5ius1 visits u on an err& ( *>ity4 ,he w speak to y ( ,p>is ! ,beautiful1 & ( ! d\ble trag$y only rec5tly enact$1 :]e ! bur/+ %ells ( a =eign foe 7 foll[$ by ! m direful explosions ( dome/ic feud4 ,! /ory is sad1 among ! sadde/ 9 hi/ory2 b x is a wond]ful *apt]1 ) mo/ in/ructive lesson4 ,kn[+ our honor$ gue/ by 8 life1 ,i am sure t to him w> is dete/able1 :ile ,republican ,gov]nm5t is 8 aspiration = ,france4 ,7 all ,fr5*m5 ( 8 m9d1 ! deadly w>-fev] w\ld disappe>1 & ! ,republic w\ld be e/abli%$ on a f\ndation n to be %ak52 & !n w\ld ,france rise to glories :i* %e has nev] be=e rea*$4 ,pla9ly1 at ?is epo* ( civilization1 !re are two ,great ,comm&m5ts :i* ?is p[]ful nation _c disobey ) impunity4 ,! fir/ is ,peace2 & ! second1 :i* is l unto ! fir/1 is ! ,republic4 ,b ! ,republic is ,peace1--mo/ unlike ! ,empire1 :i* 0 always w> 9 disguise4 ,x is sometimes said1 some:at lightly1 t ,france is a ,republic )\t ,republicans4 ,a great mi/ake4 ,0 n ,lafayette a ,republican8 ,& ,i n[ h ! honor ( pres5t+ to y ano!r4 ,,! ,,great ,,fire ,,at ,,*icago1 ,,& ,,our ,,duty4 ,,spee* ,,at ,,faneuil ,,hall1 ,,at ,a ,,meet+ ,,= ,,! ,,relief ,,( ,,suff]]s ,,at ,,*icago1 ,,octob] #aj1 #ahga4 ,! meet+ 0 at noon1 & ! *air tak5 by ! ,mayor1 ,hon4 ,william ,ga/on4 ,hon4 ,alex&] ,h4 ,rice introduc$ resolutions1 & spoke1 :5 ,mr4 ,sumn] foll[$3-- ,,mr4 ,,mayor ,,& ,,fell[-,,citiz5s3-- ,i come =w>d to second ! resolutions mov$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,rice1 & to express my hope t !y may be adopt$ unanim\sly1 & !n act$ ^u vigor\sly4 ,fell[-,citiz5s1 ,i _h expect$ to be else:]e to-day2 b1 ?9k+ ( ! di/ress ( di/ant fri5ds & c\ntrym51 my he>t 0 too full = any?+ else1 &1 putt+ aside o!r ?+s1 ,i h come to ,faneuil ,hall1 z a simple volunte]1 to help swell ?is movem5t ( sympa?y & b5efic5ce4 ,?is is a meet+ = action2 b are we n told t eloqu5ce is action1 action1 action8 ,& mo/ true is x n[4 ,help = ! suff]+ is ! highe/ eloqu5ce4 ,! be/ spee* is a subscription4 ,& he is ! orator ^: *>ity is l>ge/4 8,?rice he gives :o quickly gives40 ,?is is a famili> say+ f ! old5 "t4 ,nev] 0 x m applicable ?an n[4 ,de/ruction has be5 swift2 let y\r gifts be swift also4 ,if ! ,angel ,*>ity is n z quick ( w+ z ! ,fire-,fi5d1 yet x is m mighty & f>-rea*+4 ,aga9/ ! ,fire-,fi5d ,i put ! ,angel ,*>ity4 ,accord+ to ano!r say+ h&$ d[n by anci5t philosophy1 t is ! be/ gov]nm5t :]e a wrong to a s+le individual is res5t$ z an injury to all4 ,?is s5tim5t is wor?y ( c>eful m$itation4 ,x implies ! solid>ity ( ! community1 & ! duty ( cop]ation4 ,!re is no wrong n[1 b an imm5se calamity1 9 :i* individuals suff]4 ,be x our duty to treat ?is calamity ( individuals z ! calamity ( all4 ,:o does n "k ,*icago8 ,mo/ h visit$ x1 & se5 x ) ! eye2 b all "k its pivotal position1 mak+ a great c5tre1 & also its imm5se gr[? & developm5t4 ,9 a few ye>s1 beg9n+ z late z #ahcc1 x has become a great city2 & n[ x is call$ to endure "o ( ^? visitations :i* 9 times pa/ h desc5d$ ^u great cities4 ,mu* z x suff]s1 x is n alone4 ,! catalogue discloses companions 9 ! pa/4 ,! fire ( ,london1 9 ,septemb]1 #afff1 rag$ f ,sunday to ,?ursday1 ) ! w9d bl[+ a gale1 r$uc+ two-?irds ( ! city to a%es4 ,?irte5 ?\s& two hundr$ h\ses 7 consum$1 & eighty-n9e *ur*es1 includ+ ,/4 ,paul's1 cov]+ ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree acres )9 & sixty-?ree )\t ! walls4 ,! value ( build+s & prop]ty burn$ 0 e/imat$ at betwe5 t5 & twelve millions /]l+1 :i*1 mak+ all[ance = diff]5ce ( values1 n[ w\ld be m ?an "o hundr$ million doll>s4 ,i d\bt if ! population ( ,london !n 0 l>g] ?an t ( ,*icago4 ,& yet an ,engli% hi/orian1 rec\nt+ ?is ev5t1 says1 8,?\gh sev]e at ! "t1 ?is visitation contribut$ mat]ially to ! improvem5t ( ! city40#abi ,anci5t ,rome _h h] t]rible conflagration1 h>dly less sweep+1 :5 popul\s qu>t]s 7 dev\r$ by ! irresi/ible flame2 & hi/ory records t out ( ?is de/ruction sprang a new life4 ,is !re n 9 ^! examples a lesson ( enc\ragem5t = ,*icago sitt+ n[ 9 a%es8 ,a great fire 9 o!r days 0 worse ?an a great fire n[2 = !n x 0 borne 9 solitude by ! place :]e x occurr$2 n[ ! :ole c\ntry ru%es =w>d to be> x1 mak+ common cause ) ! suff]]s4 ,i _c d\bt t out ( ?is great calamity1 :i* we ju/ly deplore1 w spr+ improvem5t4 ,ev]y?+ w be bett]$4 ,! city ?us f> has be5 a gr[?2 x w become at once a creation4 ,b future magnific5ce1 fill+ ! imag9ation1 w n fe$ ! hungry & clo! ! nak$1 nor w x provide homes = ! de/itute4 ,! future _c take c>e ( ! pres5t4 ,?is is our duty1 & x is all express$ 9 ,*>ity4 ,o!r speak]s foll[$4 ,! resolutions 7 adopt$1 & a subscription 0 comm5c$ at once4 ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,our ,,color$ ,,fell[-,,citiz5s4 ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,national ,,conv5tion ,,( ,,color$ ,,citiz5s ,,at ,,columbia1 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a1 ,,octob] #ab1 #ahga4 ,?is lett] 0 read 9 ! ,conv5tion ,octob] #bd?1 ! six? day ( its sitt+1 & receiv$ a vote ( ?anks4 ,,bo/on1 ,octob] #ab1 #ahga4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am glad t our color$ fell[-citiz5s are to h a ,conv5tion ( _! own4 ,s long z !y are exclud$ f rights or suff] 9 any way on acc\nt ( color1 !y w naturally meet toge!r 9 ord] to f9d a prop] rem$y2 & s9ce y k9dly invite me to communicate ) ! ,conv5tion1 ,i make bold to (f] a few brief sugge/ions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y mu/ at all times insi/ ^u y\r rights2 & "h ,i mean n only ^? already accord$1 b o!rs /ill d5i$1 all ( :i* are conta9$ 9 ,equality be=e ! ,law4 ,:]ev] ! law supplies a rule1 !re y mu/ insi/ on ,equal ,rights4 ,h[ mu* rema9s to be obta9$ y "k too well 9 ! exp]i5ce ( life4 ,c a respectable color$ citiz5 travel on /eamboats or railways1 or public conveyances g5]ally1 )\t insult on acc\nt ( color8 ,let ,gov]nor ,dunn ( ,l\isiana describe 8 j\rney f ,new ,orleans to ,wa%+ton4 ,%ut out f prop] accommodation 9 ! c>s1 ! doors ( ! ,s5ate ,*amb] op5$ to him1 & !re he f\nd t equality :i* a railroad conductor _h d5i$4 ,let our excell5t fri5d1 ,fr$]ick ,d\glass1 relate 8 melan*oly exp]i5ce1 :51 on bo>d ! mail-boat ( ! ,potomac & )9 sight ( ! ,executive ,mansion1 he 0 ?ru/ back f ! supp]-table1 :]e 8 bro!r ,commission]s 7 already seat$4 ,y "k ! outrage4 ,i might ask ! same "q ) reg>d to hotels1 & ev5 ! common s*ools4 ,a hotel is a legal in/itution1 & s is a common s*ool1 & z su* ea* mu/ be = ! equal b5efit ( all4 ,nor c !re be any exclusion f ei!r on acc\nt ( color4 ,x is n en\gh to provide sep>ate accommodations = color$ citiz5s1 ev5 if 9 all respects z good z ^? ( o!r p]sons4 ,equality is n f\nd 9 any pret5d$ equival5t1 b only 9 equality2 9 o!r words1 !re mu/ be no discrim9ation on acc\nt ( color4 ,! discrim9ation is an insult1 a h9drance1 a b>1 :i* n only de/roys com=t & prev5ts equality1 b weak5s all o!r rights4 ,! "r to vote w h no security until y\r equal rights 9 ! public conveyances1 hotels1 & common s*ools are at la/ e/abli%$2 b "h y mu/ insi/ = y\rselves by spee*1 by petition1 & by vote4 ,help y\rselves1 & o!rs w help also4 ,! ,civil ,rights ,law ne$s a supplem5t to cov] ^! cases4 ,?is defect has be5 app>5t f ! beg9n+1 & = a long "t ,i h /riv5 to remove x4 ,a bill = ?is purpose1 introduc$ by me1 is n[ p5d+ 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,w n color$ fell[-citiz5s see t ^? 9 p[] no long] po/pone ?is ess5tial safegu>d8 ,surely "h is an object wor?y ( ef=t4 ,nor has ! ,republican p>ty done its "w until ?is is accompli%$4 ,is x n bett] to e/abli% all our own p 9 ! enjoym5t ( equal rights be=e we seek to br+ o!rs )9 ! sph]e ( our in/itutions1 to be treat$ z ,fr$]ick ,d\glass 0 on 8 way to ! ,presid5t f ,san ,dom+o8 ,x is easy to see t a small "p ( ! means1 ! en]gy1 & ! det]m9$ w sp5t 9 ! exp$ition to ,san ,dom+o1 & 9 ! prolong$ w>-dance ab\t t isl&1 ) m5ace to ! ,black ,republic ( ,hayti1 w\ld h secur$ all our color$ fell[-citiz5s 9 ! enjoym5t ( equal rights4 ,( ?is !re c be no d\bt4 ,among c>d9al objects is ,education1 :i* mu/ be insi/$ on2 "h aga9 mu/ be equality1 side by side ) ! alphabet4 ,x is va9 to tea* equality1 if y d n practise x4 ,x is va9 to recite ! great words ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 if y d n make !m a liv+ reality4 ,:at is a lesson )\t example8 ,z all are equal at ! ballot-box1 s mu/ all be equal at ! common s*ool4 ,equality 9 ! common s*ool is ! prep>ation = equality at ! ballot-box4 ,!re=e d ,i put ?is among ! ess5tials ( education4 ,9 ass]t+ y\r rights1 y w n fail to insi/ ^u ju/ice to all1 "u :i* is necess>ily includ$ purity 9 ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,?ieves & money-*ang]s1 :e!r ,democrats or ,republicans1 mu/ be driv5 out ( our ,temple4 ,let ,tammany ,hall & ,republican self-seek]s be ov]?r[n4 ,!re %\ld be no place = ei!r4 ,?ank ,god1 good m5 are com+ to ! rescue4 ,let !m1 :ile unit+ aga9/ corruption1 insi/ ^u ,equal ,rights = ,all1--also ! suppression ( lawless viol5ce1 :e!r 9 ! ,ku-,klux-,klan outrag+ ! ,s\?1 or illicit und]tak+s outrag+ ! ,black ,republic ( ,hayti4 ,to ^! ine/imable objects add ,specie ,paym5ts1 & y w h a plat=m :i* ought to be accept$ by ! ,am]ican p4 ,w n our color$ fell[-citiz5s beg9 ?is good "w8 ,let !m at ! same "t save !mselves & save ! c\ntry4 ,^! are only h9ts1 :i* ,i submit to ! ,conv5tion1 hop+ t its proce$+s w t5d especially to ! good ( ! color$ race4 ,accept my ?anks & be/ wi%es1 & believe me fai?fully y\rs1 ,,*>les ,,sumn]4 ,,hon4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,turn]4 ,,"o ,,t]m ,,= ,,presid5t4 ,,resolution ,,& ,,rem>ks ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,decemb] #ba1 #ahga4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1--,9 pursuance ( notice already giv51 ,i ask leave to introduce a ,jo9t ,resolution propos+ an ,am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution conf9+ ! ,presid5t to "o t]m4 ,9 introduc+ ?is ,am5dm5t ,i cont5t myself ) a brief rem>k4 ,?is is ! era ( ,civil ,s]vice ,re=m1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 =mal ,message1 has already call$ our att5tion to ! important subject1 & made recomm5dations ) reg>d to x4#acj ,x may be rememb]$ t ,i hail$ t ,message at once1 z x 0 read f ! desk4 ,i =bore !n to obs]ve t ,i miss$ "o recomm5dation1 a v important recomm5dation1 )\t :i* all ! o!r recomm5dations1 ,i fe>1 may be futile4 ,i miss$ a recomm5dation 9 con=mity ) ! be/ prec$5ts ( our hi/ory1 & ) ! op9ions ( illu/ri\s m51 t ! ,con/itution be am5d$ s z to conf9e ! ,presid5t to "o t]m4 ,sir1 t is ! initial po9t ( ,civil ,s]vice ,re=m2 t is ! fir/ /age 9 ! great re=m4 ,! s*eme ( ! ,presid5t is ! play ( 8,hamlet0 )\t ,hamlet4 ,i propose by ! ,am5dm5t t ,i (f] to see t ,hamlet is br\ght into ! play4 ,i s5d ! resolution to ! ,*air4 ,,mr4 ,,bay>d4 ,i %\ld l to h t pap] read = ! in=mation ( ! ,s5ate4 ,,! ,,presid5t pro tempore4 ,! ,jo9t ,resolution w be read at l5g?4 ,! ,*ief ,cl]k read z foll[s3-- ,jo9t ,resolution propos+ an ,am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution1 conf9+ ! ,presid5t to ,"o ,t]m4 ,:]eas = _m ye>s !re has be5 an increas+ conviction among ! p1 )\t di/9ction ( p>ty1 t "o wield+ ! va/ patronage ( ! ,presid5t %\ld n be a c&idate = relection1 & ?is conviction has f\nd expression 9 ! solemn w>n+s ( illu/ri\s citiz5s1 & 9 repeat$ propositions = an ,am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution conf9+ ! ,presid5t to "o t]m3 ,:]eas ,&rew ,jackson 0 s fully impress$ by ! p]il to ,republican ,in/itutions f ! temptations act+ on a ,presid5t1 :o1 wield+ ! va/ patronage ( 8 (fice1 is a c&idate = relection1 t1 9 8 fir/ ,annual ,message1 he call$ att5tion to x2#aca t1 9 8 second ,annual ,message1 aft] sett+ =? ! design ( ! ,con/itution 8to secure ! indep5d5ce ( ea* dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & promote ! heal?ful & equitable adm9i/ration ( all ! tru/s :i* x has creat$10 he did n hesitate to say1 8,! ag5t mo/ likely to contrav5e ?is design ( ! ,con/itution is ! ,*ief ,magi/rate10 & !n proce$$ to decl>e1 8,9 ord] p>ticul>ly t 8 appo9tm5t may z f> z possible be plac$ beyond ! rea* ( any improp] influ5ces2 9 ord] t he may approa* ! solemn responsibilities ( ! highe/ (fice 9 ! gift ( a free p uncommitt$ to any o!r c\rse ?an ! /rict l9e ( con/itutional duty2 & t ! securities = ?is indep5d5ce may be r5d]$ z /rong z ! nature ( p[] & ! weakness ( its possessor w admit1 ,i _c too e>ne/ly invite y\r att5tion to ! propriety ( promot+ su* an ,am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution z w r5d] him ineligible aft] "o t]m ( s]vice02#acb & !n1 aga91 9 8 ?ird ,annual ,message1 ! same ,presid5t r5ew$ ?is patriotic appeal3#acc ,:]eas ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,&rew ,jackson1 felt x a prim>y duty1 9 accept+ 8 nom9ation z ,presid5t1 to ass]t ! ,"o-,t]m pr9ciple 9 ^! explicit words3 8,among ! pr9ciples prop] to be adopt$ by any ,executive s9c]ely desir\s to re/ore ! ,adm9i/ration to its orig9al simplicity & purity1 ,i deem ! foll[+ to be ( prom95t importance3 fir/1 to conf9e 8 s]vice to a s+le t]m02#acd & !n1 9 public spee* dur+ ! canvass :i* end$ 9 8 election1 decl>$1 8,if ! privilege ( be+ ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 limit$ to "o t]m1 ! incumb5t w\ld devote all 8 "t to ! public int]e/1 & !re w\ld be no cause to misrule ! c\ntry02 & he conclud$ by pl$g+ himself 8be=e ,heav5 & ,e>?1 if elect$ ,presid5t ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to lay d[n1 at ! end ( ! t]m1 fai?fully1 t high tru/ at ! feet ( ! p03#ace ,:]eas ,h5ry ,clay1 ?\gh diff]+ mu* f ,&rew ,jackson1 unit$ ) him on ! ,"o-,t]m pr9ciple1 & publicly en=c$ x 9 a spee*1 ,june #bg1 #ahdj1 :]e1 aft] ask+ = 8a provision to r5d] a p]son ineligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aft] a s]vice ( "o t]m10 he expla9$ ! necessity ( ! ,am5dm5t by say+1 8,mu* obs]vation & delib]ate reflection h satisfi$ me t too mu* ( ! "t1 ! ?\ghts1 & ! ex]tions ( ! incumb5t are occupi$ dur+ 8 fir/ t]m 9 secur+ 8 relection3 ! public bus9ess consequ5tly suff]s02#acf & !n1 aga91 9 a lett] dat$ ,septemb] #ac1 #ahdb1 :ile sett+ =? :at he calls 8pr9cipal objects engag+ ! common desire & ! common ex]tion ( ! ,:ig p>ty10 ! same /atesman specifies 8an ,am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution1 limit+ ! incumb5t ( ! ,presid5tial (fice to a s+le t]m03#acg ,:]eas ! ,:ig p>ty1 9 its ,national ,conv5tion at ,baltimore1 ,may #a1 #ahdd1 nom9at$ ,h5ry ,clay z ,presid5t & ,!odore ,frel+huys5 z ,vice-,presid5t1 ) a plat=m :]e 8a s+le t]m = ! ,presid5cy0 is decl>$ to be among 8! great pr9ciples ( ! ,:ig p>ty1 pr9ciples insep>able f ! public honor & prosp]ity1 to be ma9ta9$ & advanc$ by ! election ( ^! c&idates02#ach :i* decl>ation 0 e*o$ at ! great ,national ,ratification ,conv5tion ! next day1 address$ by ,daniel ,web/]1 :]e x 0 resolv$ t 8! limitation ( a ,presid5t to a s+le t]m0 0 among ! objects 8= :i* ! ,:ig p>ty w unceas+ly /rive until _! ef=ts are cr[n$ ) a signal & triumphant success03#aci ,:]eas1 9 ! same _s & 9 h>mony ) ^! au?orities1 ano!r /atesman1 ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,wade1 at ! close ( 8 long s]vice 9 ! ,s5ate1 mo/ e>ne/ly urg$ an ,am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution conf9+ ! ,presid5t to "o t]m1 & 9 8 spee* on t occasion1 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahff1 said1 8,! (f]+ ( ?is resolution is no new impulse ( m9e1 = ,i h be5 an advocate ( ! pr9ciple conta9$ 9 x = _m ye>s1 & ,i h d]iv$ ! /rong impressions :i* ,i ent]ta9 on ! subject f a v c>eful obs]vation ( ! work+s ( our ,gov]nm5t dur+ ! p]iod t ,i h be5 an obs]v] ( !m2 ,i believe x has be5 v r>e t we h be5 able to elect a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o has n be5 tempt$ to use ! va/ p[]s intru/$ to him accord+ to 8 own op9ions to advance 8 relection02 & !n1 aft] expos+ at l5g? ! necessity ( ?is ,am5dm5t1 ! vet]an ,s5ator fur!r decl>$1 8,!re are defects 9 ! ,con/itution1 & ?is is among ! mo/ gl>+2 all m5 h se5 x2 & n[ let u h ! n]ve1 let u h ! resolution to come up & apply ! rem$y03#adj ,:]eas ^! te/imonies1 reveal+ int5se & wide-spread convictions ( ! ,am]ican p1 are re9=c$ by ! fri5dly obs]vations ( ,de ,tocqueville1 ! rem>kable ,fr5*man to :om our c\ntry is "u su* great & la/+ obligations1 9 8 fam\s "w on 8,democracy 9 ,am]ica10 :]e he says1 9 words ( s+ul> cle>ness & =ce1 8,intrigue & corruption are vices natural to elective ,gov]nm5ts2 b :5 ! *ief ( ! ,/ate c be relect$1 ^! vices ext5d !mselves indef9itely1 & compromise ! v exi/5ce ( ! c\ntry3 :5 a simple c&idate seeks success by intrigue1 8 manuvres c op]ate only ov] a circumscrib$ space2 :51 on ! contr>y1 ! *ief ( ! ,/ate himself ent]s ! li/s1 he borr[s = 8 own use ! =ce ( ! ,gov]nm5t3 9 ! fir/ case1 x is a man1 ) 8 feeble means2 9 ! second1 x is ! ,/ate itself1 ) its imm5se res\rces1 t intrigues & corrupts03#ada & !n1 aga91 ! same great writ]1 :o _h /udi$ our c\ntry s closely1 te/ifies3 8,x is impossible to consid] ! ord9>y c\rse ( affairs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t p]ceiv+ t ! desire to be relect$ dom9ates ! ?\ghts ( ! ,presid5t2 t ! :ole policy ( 8 ,adm9i/ration t5ds t[>d ?is po9t2 t 8 lea/ movem5ts are made subs]vi5t to ?is object2 t1 especially z ! mom5t ( crisis approa*es1 individual int]e/ sub/itutes itself 9 8 m9d = ! g5]al int]e/03#adb ,:]eas all ^! concurr+ voices1 :]e patriotism1 exp]i5ce1 & reason be> te/imony1 h additional value at a mom5t :5 ! c\ntry is look+ anxi\sly to a re=m ( ! civil s]vice1 = ! pla9 reason t ! p]il f ! ,*ief ,magi/rate1 s long z he is expos$ to temptation1 surpasses t f any o!r qu>t]1 & ?us ! fir/ /age 9 ?is mu*-desir$ re=m is ! ,"o-,t]m pr9ciple1 to ! end t ! ,presid5t1 :o ex]cises ! appo9t+ p[]1 rea*+ into all p>ts ( ! c\ntry & hold+ 9 subs]vi5cy a multitud9\s army ( (fice-hold]s1 %all be absolutely )\t motive or inducem5t to employ x = any o!r purpose ?an ! public good3 ,& :]eas ! "* ( ,republican ,in/itutions requires t ! ,*ief ,magi/rate %all be above all suspicion ( us+ ! ma*9]y ( :i* he is ! (ficial head to promote 8 own p]sonal aims3 ,!re=e1 ,be x resolv$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 c41 ,t ! foll[+ ,article is h]eby propos$ z an ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 :5 ratifi$ by ! ,legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all be valid1 to all int5ts & purposes1 z "p ( ! ,con/itution2 to wit3 ,,article ----4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,no p]son :o has once held ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be !reaft] eligible to t (fice4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,?is ,am5dm5t %all n take effect until aft] ! #d? ,m>*1 #ahgc4 ,on motion ( ,mr4 ,sumn]1 ! resolution 0 ord]$ to lie on ! table1 & be pr9t$4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,portraits ,,9 ,,engrav+4 ,,article ,,9 8,,! ,,city10 ,,an ,,illu/rat$ ,,magaz9e1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,janu>y #a1 #ahgb4 ,engrav+ is "o ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 & 9 ?is beautiful family has be5 ! especial h&-maid5 ( ,pa9t+4 ,ano!r si/] is n[ com+ =w>d to jo9 ?is s]vice1 l5d+ to x ! *>m ( color4 ,if1 9 our day1 ! 8,*romo0 c d m ?an ,engrav+1 x _c impair ! value ( ! e>ly ma/]s4 ,) !m !re is no rivalry or competition4 ,hi/orically1 z well z /hetically1 !y w be ma/]s always4 ,ev]ybody kn[s some?+ ( engrav+1 z ( pr9t+1 ) :i* x 0 associat$ 9 orig94 ,s*ool-books1 illu/rat$ pap]s1 & %op-w9d[s are ! ord9>y opportunities op5 to all4 ,b1 :ile creat+ a transi5t int]e/1 or p]haps quick5+ ! ta/e1 !y furni% little ) reg>d to ! art itself1 especially 9 o!r days4 ,& yet1 look+ at an engrav+1 l look+ at a book1 may be ! beg9n+ ( a new pleasure & a new /udy4 ,ea* p]son has 8 own /ory4 ,m9e is simple4 ,suff]+ f cont9u$ pro/ration1 disabl+ me f ! ord9>y activities ( life1 ,i turn$ to engrav+s = employm5t & pa/ime4 ,) ! invaluable assi/ance ( t devot$ connoisseur1 ! late ,dr4 ,?ies1 ,i w5t ?r\gh ! ,gray ,collection at ,cambridge1 enjoy+ x l a picture-gall]y4 ,o!r collections 9 our c\ntry 7 exam9$ also4 ,!n1 9 ,p>is1 :ile und]go+ sev]e m$ical treatm5t1 my daily m$ic9e = weeks 0 ! va/ cab9et ( engrav+s1 !n call$ ,imp]ial1 n[ ,national1 c\nt$ by ! million1 :]e 0 ev]y?+ to please or in/ruct4 ,?9k+ ( ^? k9dly portfolios1 ,i make ?is record ( gratitude1 z to b5efactors4 ,p]haps "s o!r invalid1 seek+ occupation )\t burd51 may f9d 9 !m ! solace t ,i did4 ,happily1 x is n necess>y to visit ,p>is = ! purpose4 ,o!r collections1 on a small] scale1 w furni% ! same rem$y4 ,9 any consid]able collection ,portraits occupy an important place4 ,_! multitude may be inf]r$1 :5 ,i m5tion t 9 "o s]ies ( portfolios 9 ! ,p>is ,cab9et ,i c\nt$ no less ?an =ty-sev5 portraits ( ,frankl9 & =ty-?ree ( ,lafayette1 ) an equal numb] ( ,wa%+ton1 :ile all ! e>ly ,presid5ts 7 num]\sly repres5t$4 ,b 9 ?is l>ge company !re are v few possess+ arti/ic value4 ,! great portraits ( mod]n times con/itute a v %ort li/1 l ! great poems or hi/ories2 & x is ! same ) engrav+s z ) pictures4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 expla9+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 an hi/orical pa9t] & a portrait-pa9t]1 rem>ks t ! =m] 8pa9ts man 9 g5]al2 a portrait-pa9t] a p>ticul> man1 & consequ5tly a defective model40#adc ,a portrait1 !re=e1 may be an accurate pres5tm5t ( its subject )\t /hetic value4 ,b "h1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 g5ius ex]cises its accu/om$ sway )\t limitation4 ,ev5 ! difficulties ( 8a defective model0 did n prev5t ,raphael1 ,titian1 ,rembr&t1 ,rub5s1 ,velasquez1 or ,van ,dyck f produc+ portraits preci\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,art4 ,x w\ld be easy to m5tion heads by ,raphael yield+ 9 value to only two or ?ree ( 8 l>g] ma/]pieces1 l ! ,dresd5 ,madonna4 ,*>les ! ,fif? /oop$ to pick up ! p5cil ( ,titian1 say+1 8,x becomes ,cs> to s]ve ,titian60 ,true en\gh2 b ?is unprec$5t$ complim5t f ! imp]ial successor ( ,*>lemagne atte/s ! glory ( ! portrait-pa9t]4 ,! female figures ( ,titian1 s mu* admir$ "u ! names ( ,flora1 ,la ,bella1 8 ,daught]1 8 ,mi/ress1 & ev5 8 ,v5us 7 portraits f life4 ,rembr&t turn$ f 8 great triumphs 9 8 own peculi> s*ool to portraits ( unwont$ p[]2 s also did ,rub5s1 %[+ t 9 ?is dep>tm5t 8 univ]sality ( conque/ 0 n arre/$4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ,velasquez & ,van ,dyck1 ea* ( inf9ite g5ius1 :o won fame especially z portrait-pa9t]s4 ,& :at o!r title has ,sir ,jo%ua himself8 ,hi/orical pictures are (t5 collections ( portraits arrang$ s z to illu/rate an important ev5t4 ,su* is ! fam\s ,peace ( ,mn/]1 by ,t]burg1 j pres5t$ by a lib]al ,engli%man to ! ,national ,gall]y at ,london4 ,"h are ! pl5ipot5ti>ies ( ,spa9 & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces jo9+ 9 ! ratification ( ! treaty :i*1 aft] eighty ye>s ( w>1 gave peace & indep5d5ce to ! latt]4#add ,! engrav+ by ,suyd]hoef is r>e & int]e/+4 ,simil> 9 "* is ,! ,dea? ( ,*a?am1 by ,copley1 :]e ! illu/ri\s /atesman is surr\nd$ by ! pe]s he _h be5 address+1--e "o a portrait4 ,to ?is li/ mu/ be add$ ! pictures by ,trumbull 9 ! ,rotunda ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 especially ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 9 :i* ,?ack]ay took a s9c]e int]e/4 ,/&+ be=e ^!1 ! au?or & arti/ said to me1 8,^! are ! be/ pictures 9 ! c\ntry10--& he proce$$ to rem>k on _! hone/y & fidelity2 b d\btless _! real value is 9 _! portraits4 ,unque/ionably ! f9e/ assemblage ( portraits any:]e is t ( ! arti/s occupy+ two halls 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y at ,flor5ce1 be+ autographs contribut$ by ! ma/]s !mselves4 ,"h is ,raphael1 ) *e/nut-br[n hair1 & d>k eyes full ( s5sibility1 pa9t$ :5 he 0 tw5ty-?ree1 & kn[n by ! engrav+ ( ,=/]1--,giulio ,romano1 9 black & r$ *alk on pap]1--,masaccio1 "o ( ! fa!rs ( pa9t+1 mu* admir$1--,leon>do da ,v9ci1 beautiful & gr&1--,titian1 ri* & spl5did1--,pietro ,p]ug9o1 rem>kable = execution & expression1--,alb]t ,dr]1 rigid1 b ma/]ly1--,g]>d ,d[1 f9i%$ accord+ to 8 own exact+ /yle1--& ,reynolds1 ) fre% ,engli% face3 b ^! are only examples ( ?is incomp>able collection1 :i* 0 begun z f> back z ! ,c>d9al ,leopoldo de' ,m$ici1 & has be5 happily cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,"h are ! lions1 pa9t$ by !mselves1--except1 p]haps1 ! =emo/ ( all1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 ^: portrait seems ! "w ( ano!r4 ,! impression f ?is collection is confirm$ by t ( any gr\p ( hi/oric arti/s4 ,_! portraits excel ^? ( /atesm51 soldi]s1 or div9es1 z is easily se5 by engrav+s accessible to all4 ,! engrav$ heads 9 ,arnold ,h\brak5's biographies ( ! ,dut* & ,flemi% pa9t]s1 9 ?ree volumes1 are a family ( r>e beauty4#ade ,! relation ( engrav+ to pa9t+ is (t5 discuss$2 b nobody has treat$ x ) m k or s5tim5t ?an ! consummate engrav] ,longhi1 9 8 int]e/+ "w 8,la ,calcografia40#adf ,dwell+ on ! g5]al aid x r5d]s to ! lov]s ( ,art1 he claims = x great] m]it 9 8publi%+ & immortaliz+ ! portraits & actions ( em95t m5 z an example to ! pres5t & future g5]ations10 &1 8bett] ?an any o!r art1 s]v+ z a vehicle = ! mo/ ext5d$ & remote propagation ( a des]v$ celebrity40#adg ,ev5 great monum5ts 9 porphyry & bronze are less durable ?an ^! light & fragile pr9ts1 subject to all ! *ances ( w9d1 wat]1 & fire1 b prevail+ by _! numb]s :]e h>dness & t5acity succumb4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ) engrav+s z ) books2 nor is ?is ! only resemblance betwe5 !m4 ,accord+ to ,longhi1 an engrav+ is n a copy or an imitation1 z is sometimes insi/$1 b a translation4#adh ,! engrav] translates into ano!r language1 :]e light & %ade supply ! place ( colors4 ,! duplication ( a book 9 ! same language is a copy1 & s is ! duplication ( a picture 9 ! same mat]ial4 ,evid5tly an engrav+ is n a copy2 x does n reproduce ! orig9al picture1 except 9 draw+ & expression3 nor is x a m]e imitation2 b1 z ,bryant's ,hom] & ,longfell['s ,dante are pres5tations ( ! great orig9als 9 ano!r language1 s is ! engrav+ a pres5tation ( pa9t+ 9 ano!r mat]ial1 :i* is l ano!r language4 ,?us does ! engrav] v9dicate 8 art4 ,b nobody c exam9e a *oice pr9t )\t feel+ t x has a m]it ( its own1 diff]5t f any picture1 & inf]ior only to a good picture4 ,a "w ( ,raphael1 or any ( ! great ma/]s1 is bett] 9 an engrav+ ( ,longhi or ,morgh5 ?an 9 any ord9>y copy1 & w\ld probably co/ m 9 ! m>ket4 ,a good engrav+ is an und\bt$ "w ( ,art2 b ?is _c be said ( _m pictures1 :i*1 l ,pet] ,p9d>'s razors1 seem made only to sell4 ,mu* t belongs to ! pa9t] belongs also to ! engrav]1 :o mu/ h ! same k ( cont\rs1 ! same p[] ( expression1 ! same s5se ( beauty1 & ! same ability 9 draw+ ) sur5ess ( sight1 z if1 accord+ to ,mi*el ,angelo1 he _h 8a pair ( compasses 9 8 eyes40 ,^! qualities 9 a high degree make ! arti/1 :e!r pa9t] or engrav]1 naturally excel 9 portraits4 ,b *oice portraits are less num]\s 9 engrav+ ?an 9 pa9t+1 = ! reason t pa9t+ does n always f9d a successful translator4 ,! e>lie/ engrav$ portraits :i* attract att5tion are by ,alb]t ,dr]1 :o engrav$ 8 own "w1 translat+ himself4 ,8 em95ce z pa9t] 0 cont9u$ z engrav]4 ,"h he surpass$ 8 pr$ecessors1--,m>t9 ,s*o5 9 ,g]many1 & ,mantegna 9 ,italy1--s t ,longhi does n hesitate to say t 8he 0 ! fir/ :o c>ri$ ?is art f infancy1 9 :i* he f\nd x1 to a condition n f> f fl\ri%+ adolesc5ce40#adi ,b :ile recogniz+ 8 great place 9 ! hi/ory ( engrav+1 x is impossible n to see t he is (t5 h>d & con/ra9$1 if n unf9i%$4 ,8 portrait ( ,erasmus is ju/ly fam\s1 & is conspicu\s among ! pr9ts exhibit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is dat$ #aebf1 two ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,dr]1 & has help$ to ext5d ! fame ( ! univ]sal s*ol> & approv$ man ( lett]s1 :o 9 8 own age fill$ a sph]e n unlike t ( ,voltaire 9 a lat] c5tury4 ,!re is ano!r portrait ( ,erasmus by ,holbe91 (t5 repeat$2 s t two great arti/s h contribut$ to 8 r5[n4 ,t by ,dr] is admir$4 ,! g5]al f95ess ( t\*1 ) ! accessories ( books & fl[]s1 %[s ! c>e 9 its execution2 b x wants expression1 & ! h&s are f> f graceful4 ,ano!r mo/ int]e/+ portrait by ,dr]1 execut$ 9 ! same ye> ) ! ,erasmus1 is ,philip ,melan*?on1 ! ,sa9t ,john ( ! ,re=mation1 sometimes call$ 8,! ,tea*] ( ,g]many10--,preceptor ,g]mani4 ,lu!r1 :ile speak+ ( himself z r\gh1 boi/]\s1 /ormy1 & altoge!r w>like1 says1 8,b ,ma/] ,philippus moves g5tly & quietly along1 pl\ghs & plants1 s[s & wat]s ) pleasure1 accord+ z ,god ha? giv5 him ,8 gifts ri*ly40#aej ,at ! date ( ! pr9t he 0 tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age1 & ! c\nt5ance %[s ! mild re=m]4 ,ago/9o ,c>acci1 ( ! ,bolognese family1 memorable 9 ,art1 add$ to consid]able success z pa9t] und\bt$ triumphs z engrav]4 ,8 pr9ts are num]\s1 & _m are reg>d$ ) favor2 b 9 ! long li/ n "o is s sure ( t longevity allott$ to ,art z 8 portrait ( ,titian1 :i* be>s date #aehg1 elev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! latt]4 ,ov] x is ! inscription1 8,titiani ,vecellii ,pictoris celeb]rimi ac famosissimi v]a effigies10--to :i* is add$ b5ea?1 8,cujus nom5 orbis cont9]e non valet40 ,al?\gh f\nd$ on orig9als by ,titian himself1 x 0 probably design$ by ! rem>kable engrav]4 ,x is v l1 & yet unlike1 ! famili> portrait ( :i* we h a rec5t engrav+ by ,m&el1 f a repetition 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,b]l94 ,look+ at x1 we are rem9d$ ( ! t]ms by :i* ,vas>i describ$ ! great pa9t]3 8,giudizioso1 bello e /up5do40#aea ,su* a head1 ) su* visible p[]1 ju/ifies ^! words1 or at lea/ makes u believe !m entirely applicable4 ,x is broad1 bold1 /rong1 & in/9ct ) life4 ,?is pr9t1 l ! ,erasmus ( ,dr]1 is among ^? select$ = exhibition at ! ,briti% ,museum2 & x des]ves ! honor4 ,?\gh only pap] ) black l9es1 x is1 by ! g5ius ( ! arti/1 z good z a picture4 ,9 all engrav+ no?+ is bett]4 ,contempor>y ) ,c>acci 0 ,he9ri* ,goltzius1 at ,ha>lem1 excell5t z pa9t]1 b1 l ! ,italian1 prem95t z engrav]4 ,8 pr9ts %[ ma/]y ( ! art1 mak+ some?+ l an epo* 9 its hi/ory4 ,8 unwe>i$ skill 9 ! use ( ! bur9 appe>s 9 a tradition ga!r$ by ,longhi f ,wille1--t1 hav+ comm5c$ a l9e1 he c>ri$ x to ! end )\t once /opp+1 :ile ! long & bright ?reads ( copp] turn$ up 7 bru%$ aside by 8 fl[+ be>d1 :i* at ! end ( a day's labor s %one 9 ! light ( ! c&les1 t 8 companions nicknam$ him ,! ,man ) ! ,gold5 ,be>d4#aeb ,!re are pr9ts by him :i* %9e m ?an 8 be>d4 ,among 8 ma/]pieces is ! portrait ( 8 in/ructor1 ,dirk ,coornh]t1 engrav]1 poet1 musician1 & v9dicator ( 8 c\ntry1 & au?or ( ! ,national air1 8,william ( ,nassau10 ^: passion = ,lib]ty did n prev5t him f giv+ to ! _w translations ( ,cic]o's 8,(fices0 & ,s5eca's treatise on ,b5efic5ce4 ,b ! portrait ( ! engrav] himself1 z l>ge z life1 is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! art4 ,among ! num]\s pr9ts by ,goltzius1 ^! two w always be conspicu\s4 ,9 ,holl& ,goltzius _h em95t successors4 ,among ^! 7 ,paulus ,pontius1 design] & engrav]1 ^: portrait ( ,rub5s is ( great life & beauty1 & ,rembr&t1 :o 0 n less ma/]ly 9 engrav+ ?an 9 pa9t+1 z appe>s suffici5tly 9 8 portraits ( ! ,burgoma/] ,six1 ! two ,copp5ols1 ! ,advocate ,toll+1 & ! goldsmi? ,lutma1 all %[+ s+ul> facility & orig9ality4 ,contempor>y ) ,rembr&t 0 ,cornelis de ,viss*]1 also design] & engrav]1 ^: portraits 7 unsurpass$ 9 boldness & picturesque effect4 ,at lea/ "o au?ority has accord$ to ?is arti/ ! palm ( engrav+1 hail+ him z 8,coryphu ( ! ,art40#aec ,among 8 successful portraits is t ( a ,cat2 b all yield to :at are kn[n z ,! ,great ,be>ds1 be+ ! portraits ( ,willem de ,ryck1 an oph?almi/ at ,am/]dam1 & ,gellius de ,b\ma1 ! ,zutph5 ecclesia/ic4 ,! latt] is especially fam\s4 ,9 h>mony ) ! be>d is ! heavy face1 sev5ty-sev5 ye>s old1 %[+ ! fulness ( long-cont9u$ potations1 & h&s l ! face1 orig9al & p[]ful1 if n beautiful4 ,9 contra/ ) ,viss*] 0 8 c\ntryman ,van ,dyck1 :o pa9t$ portraits ) con/ant beauty1 & c>ri$ into et*+ ! same ,virgilian ta/e & skill4 ,8 aqua=tis 0 n less g5tle ?an 8 p5cil4 ,among 8 et*$ portraits ,i w\ld select t ( ,snyd]s1 ! animal-pa9t]1 z supremely beautiful4 ,m4 ,r5\vi]1 9 8 le>n$ & elaborate "w1 8,des ,types et des ,manires des ,matres ,graveurs10 ?\gh usually mod]ate 9 praise1 speaks ( ^! sket*es z possess+ 8a boldness & a delicacy :i* *>m1 be+ tak5 at ! height ( ! g5ius ( ! pa9t] :o be/ knew h[ to idealize portrait pa9t+40#aed 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* are illu/rative in/ances f ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,holl&4 ,z yet1 p[] r ?an beauty presid$1 unless 9 ! et*+s ( ,van ,dyck4 ,b ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5? 0 beg9n+ to ass]t a supremacy 9 engrav+ z 9 lit]ature4 ,! great s*ool ( ,fr5* engrav]s :i* appe>$ at ?is "t br\ght ! art to a spl5did p]fection1 :i* _m ?9k has n be5 equall$ s9ce2 s t ,masson1 ,nanteuil1 ,edel9ck1 & ,drevet may claim fell[%ip 9 g5ius ) _! immortal contempor>ies1 ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 ,la ,fonta9e1 & ,molire4 ,! s*ool 0 op5$ by ,claude ,mellan1 m kn[n z engrav] ?an pa9t]1 & also au?or ( mo/ ( ! designs he engrav$4 ,8 life1 beg9n+ ) ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 protract$ to ne>ly n9ety ye>s1 n )\t signal honor2 = 8 "n appe>s among ! 8,illu/ri\s ,m50 ( ,france1 9 ! beautiful volumes ( ,p]rault1 :i* is also a homage to ! art he practis$4 ,"o ( 8 works1 = a long "t mu* admir$1 0 describ$ by ?is au?or3-- 8,x is a head ( ,*ri/1 design$ & %ad$ ) 8 cr[n ( ?orns1 & ! blood t trickles on all sides1 by "o s+le /roke1 :i*1 beg9n+ at ! tip ( ! nose1 & cont9u+ always 9 a curve1 =ms v exactly all t is repres5t$ 9 ! plate1 m]ely by ! diff]5t ?ickness ( ?is /roke1 :i*1 accord+ z x is m or less broad1 makes ! eyes1 nose1 m\?1 *eeks1 hair1 blood1 & ?orns2 ! :ole s well repres5t$1 & ) su* expression ( pa9 & affliction1 t no?+ is m sad or m t\*+40#aee ,?is pr9t is kn[n z ,! ,sud>ium ( ,sa9t ,v]onica4 ,longhi records t x 0 ?\ght at ! "t 8inimitable10 & 0 8prais$ to ! skies10--add+1 8,b p ?9k diff]5tly n[40#aef ,at be/ x is a curiosity among portraits4 ,a travell] report$ "s "t ago t x 0 ! sole pr9t on ! walls ( ! room occupi$ by ! ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,cab9et ( ,engrav+s at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,mor9 0 a contempor>y ( ,mellan1 & less fam\s at ! "t4 ,8 /yle ( engrav+ 0 peculi>1 be+ a mixture ( /rokes & dots1 b s h>moniz$ z to produce a pleas+ effect4 ,"o ( ! be/ engrav$ portraits 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art is 8 ,c>d9al ,b5tivoglio2 b "h he translat$ ,van ,dyck1 ^: picture is among 8 be/4 ,a f9e impression ( ?is pr9t is a *oice possession4 ,among ,fr5* ma/]s ,anto9e ,masson is conspicu\s = brilliant h>dihood ( /yle1 :i*1 ?\gh fail+ 9 ta/e1 is p[]ful 9 effect4 ,metal1 armor1 velvet1 fea!r1 seem z if pa9t$4 ,he is also mo/ successful 9 ! treatm5t ( hair4 ,8 imm5se skill made him welcome difficulties1 z if to %[ 8 ability 9 ov]com+ !m4 ,8 pr9t ( ,h5ri de ,lorra9e1 ,comte d',h>c\rt1 kn[n z ,cadet la ,p]le1 f ! pe>l 9 ! e>1 ) ! date #affg1 is (t5 plac$ at ! head ( engrav$ portraits1 al?\gh n p>ticul>ly pleas+ or int]e/+4 ,! vigor\s c\nt5ance is aid$ by ! gleam & %e5 ( ! v>i\s sub/ances ent]+ into ! co/ume4 ,less p[]ful1 b hav+ a *>m ( its own1 is t ( ,brisaci]1 kn[n z ,! ,gray-,hair$ ,man1 engrav$ 9 #affd4 ,! rem>kable repres5tation ( hair 9 ?is pr9t has be5 a model = arti/s1 especially = ,longhi1 :o rec\nts t he copi$ x 9 8 head ( ,wa%+ton4#aeg ,some:at simil> is ! head ( ,*>ri]1 ! ,crim9al ,judge at ,lyons4 ,?\gh inf]ior 9 hair1 x surpasses ! o!r 9 expression4 ,nanteuil 0 an arti/ ( diff]5t "*1 be+ to ,masson z ,van ,dyck to ,viss*]1 ) less ( vigor ?an beauty4 ,8 orig9al g5ius 0 ref9$ by classical /udies & quick5$ by dilig5ce4 ,?\gh dy+ at ! age ( =ty-eight1 he _h execut$ z _m z two hundr$ & eighty plates1 ne>ly all portraits4 ,! favor he enjoy$ dur+ life has n dim9i%$ ) "t4 ,8 works illu/rate ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?1 & are /ill admir$4 ,among ^! are portraits ( ! ,k+1 ,anne ( ,au/ria1 ,johan ,bapti/ van ,/e5b]gh51 call$ ,! ,advocate ( ,holl&1 a ,heavy ,dut*man1 ,franois de la ,mo!-,le-,vay]1 a f9e & delicate "w1 ,tur5ne1 ,colb]t1 ,lamoignon1 ! poet ,loret1 ,m>idat de ,s]rire1 ,l\ise-,m>ie de ,gonzague1 ,l\is ,hessel91 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51--all ma/]pieces2 b above ^! is ! ,pomponne de ,bellivre1 =emo/ among 8 ma/]pieces1 & a *ief ma/]piece ( ,art1 be+1 9 ! judgm5t ( m ?an "o connoisseur1 ! mo/ beautiful engrav$ portrait t exi/s4 ,t excell5t au?ority ,dr4 ,?ies1 :o knew engrav+ m ?or\ghly & sympa!tically ?an any p]son ,i rememb] 9 our c\ntry1 said1 9 a lett] to myself1 z long ago z ,m>*1 #aheh1-- 8,:5 ,i call ,nanteuil's ,pomponne ! h&some/ engrav$ portrait1 ,i express a conviction to :i* ,i came :5 ,i /udi$ all ! rem>kable engrav$ portraits at ! royal cab9et ( engrav+s 9 ,dresd51 & at ! l>ge & exquisite collection !re ( ! late ,k+ ( ,saxony1 & 9 :i* ,i 0 confirm$1 or p]haps to :i* ,i 0 l$1 by ! director ( ! two e/abli%m5ts1 ! late ,pr(essor ,fr5zel40 ,& aft] describ+ ?is head1 ! le>n$ connoisseur proce$s3-- 8,!re is an air ( ref9em5t 7,vornehmheit7 r\nd ! m\? & nose z 9 no o!r engrav+4 ,color & life %9e ?r\gh ! sk91 & ! lips appe> r$40 ,x is bold1 p]haps1 ?us to exalt a s+le portrait1 giv+ to x ! palm ( ,v5us2 nor d ,i "k t x is entirely prop] to classify portraits accord+ to beauty4 ,9 disput+ ab\t beauty1 we are too (t5 lo/ 9 ! v>iety ( individual ta/es2 & yet ea* p]son kn[s :5 he is t\*$4 ,9 proportion z multitudes are t\*$1 !re mu/ be m]it4 ,z 9 music a simple he>t-melody is (t5 m effective ?an any triumph ov] difficulties or bravura ( mann]1 s 9 engrav+1 ! s5se ( ! beautiful may prevail ov] all else2 & ?is is ! case ) ! ,pomponne1 al?\gh !re are portraits by o!rs %[+ high] art4 ,no d\bt !re h be5 z h&some m51 ^: portraits 7 engrav$1 b n s well4 ,i "k n if ,pomponne 0 :at w\ld be call$ a h&some man1 al?\gh 8 air is noble & 8 c\nt5ance bright2 b among portraits m boldly1 delicately1 or elaborately engrav$1 !re are v few to conte/ ! palm ( beauty4#aeh ,& :o is ?is h&some man to :om ! engrav] has giv5 a lease ( fame8 ,son1 nephew1 & gr&son ( high dignit>ies 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1--) two gr&fa!rs ,*ancellors ( ,france1 two uncles ,ar*bi%ops1 8 fa!r ,presid5t ( ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is & ,c\ncillor ( ,/ate1--himself at ! head ( ! magi/racy ( ,france1 ,fir/ ,presid5t ( ,p>liam5t1 accord+ to an inscription on ! engrav+1 ,s5atus ,galli>um ,pr9ceps1 ,ambassador to ,italy1 ,holl&1 & ,engl&1 *>g$ 9 ! la/-nam$ c\ntry by ,c>d9al ,maz>9 ) ! impossible duty ( mak+ peace betwe5 ! ,long ,p>liam5t & ,*>les ! ,fir/1 & at 8 dea? great b5efactor ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital ( ,p>is1 be/[+ ^u x ri*es & ! v b$ on :i* he di$4 ,su* is ! simple catalogue2 & yet x is all =gott54 ,a ,fun]al ,panegyric pron\nc$ at 8 dea?1 n[ be=e me 9 ! orig9al pamphlet ( ! "t1#aei te/ifies to m ?an family or (fice4 ,9 himself he 0 mu*1 & n ( ^? :o1 accord+ to ! say+ ( ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 8give out smoke r ?an light40#afj 8,pure glory & innoc5t ri*es0#afa 7 82 & he 0 ! m preci\s 9 ! sight ( all good m51 t he %[$ himself incorruptible1 & n to be b\ght at any price4 ,x 7 easy = him to h turn$ a deluge ( weal? into 8 h\se2 b he knew t gifts ins5sibly entangle1--t ! speci\s pretext ( gratitude is ! sn>e 9 :i* ! greate/ s\ls all[ !mselves to be caught1--t a man cov]$ ) favors has difficulty 9 sett+ himself aga9/ inju/ice 9 all its =ms1--& t a magi/rate divid$ betwe5 a s5se ( obligations receiv$ & ! c>e ( ! public int]e/1 :i* he ought always to promote1 is a p>alytic magi/rate1 a magi/rate depriv$ ( a moiety ( himself4 ,s spoke ! prea*]1 :ile he portray$ a *>ity t5d] & effective = ! wret*$1 a vehem5ce j & inflexible t[>d ! di%one/ & wick$1 & a sweetness noble & b5efic5t = all2 dwell+ also on 8 c\nt5ance1 :i* _h no?+ ( t sev]e & s\r au/]ity t r5d]s ju/ice to ! good only z if ) regret1 & to ! guilty only 9 ang]2 !n on 8 pleasant & graci\s address1 8 intellectual & *>m+ conv]sation1 8 ready & judici\s replies1 8 agreeable & intelligible sil5ce1--ev5 8 refusals be+ well receiv$ & oblig+1--:ile1 amid/ all ! pomp & spl5dor accompany+ him1 !re %one 9 8 eyes a c]ta9 air ( sweetness & maje/y1 :i* secur$ = him1 & = ju/ice itself1 love z well z respect4 ,8 b5efactions 7 con/ant4 ,n cont5t ) m]ely giv+1 he gave ) a beautiful mann]1 /ill m r>e4 ,he c\ld n abide beauty ( intellig5ce )\t goodness ( s\l2 & he pref]r$ always ! poor1 hav+ = !m n only compassion1 b a sort ( rev]5ce4 ,he knew t ! way to take ! poison f ri*es 0 to let ! poor ta/e ( !m4 ,! s5tim5t ( ,*ri/ian *>ity = ! poor1 :o 7 to him 9 ! place ( *ildr51 0 8 la/ ?\ght1--z witness especially ! ,g5]al ,hospital end[$ by him1 & repres5t$ by ! prea*] z ! greate/ & mo/ illu/ri\s "w ev] und]tak5 by *>ity ! mo/ h]oic4 ,?us liv$ & di$ ! spl5did ,pomponne de ,bellivre1 ) no o!r *ildr5 ?an 8 works4 ,celebrat$ at ! "t by a ,fun]al ,panegyric n[ =gott51 & plac$ among ! ,illu/ri\s ,m5 ( ,france 9 a "w rememb]$ only = its engrav$ portraits1#afb 8 fam\s life %r9ks 9 ! volum9\s 8,biographic ,univ]selle0 ( ,mi*aud to ! six? "p ( a s+le page1 & 9 ! lat] 8,biographic ,gnrale0 ( ,didot disappe>s entirely4 ,hi/ory =gets to m5tion him4 ,b ! l(ty magi/rate1 ambassador1 & b5efactor1 f\nd] ( a great hospital1 _c be entirely lo/ f sight s long z 8 portrait by ,nanteuil holds a place 9 ,art4 ,y\ng] ?an ,nanteuil by t5 ye>s1 ,g]>d ,edel9ck excell$ him 9 g5u9e ma/]y4 ,born at ,antw]p1 he became ,fr5* by adoption1 occupy+ ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,gobel9s1 & enjoy+ a p5sion f ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?4 ,longhi says t he is 8! engrav] ^: works1 n only 9 my op9ion1 b 9 t ( ! be/ judges1 des]ve ! fir/ place among exempl>s ( ! art02 & he attributes to him1 89 a high degree1 design1 *i>oscuro1 arial p]spective1 local t9ts1 s(tness1 lightness1 v>iety1 9 %ort ev]y?+ :i* c =m ! mo/ exact repres5tation ( ! true & beautiful )\t ! aid ( color40 ,o!rs may h surpass$ him 9 p>ticul> ?+s1 b1 accord+ to ! ,italian tea*]1 8he /ill rema9s by common cons5t ! pr9ce ( engrav+40#afc ,ano!r critic calls him 8k+40 ,x requires no rem>kable k to recognize 8 great m]its4 ,evid5tly he is a ma/]1 ex]cis+ sway ) absolute art1 & )\t attempt to bribe ! eye by special effects ( light1 z on metal or sat94 ,among 8 conspicu\s productions is ,! ,t5t ( ,d>ius1 a l>ge engrav+ on two %eets1 aft] ,le ,brun1 :]e ! family ( ! ,p]sian mon>* pro/rate !mselves be=e ,alex&]1 :o approa*es ) ,heph/ion4 ,!re is also a ,holy ,family1 aft] ,raphael1 & ,! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d1 aft] ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,b ^! are less int]e/+ ?an 8 num]\s portraits1 among :i* t ( ,philippe de ,*ampagne is ! *ief ma/]piece2 & !re are o!rs ( signal m]it1 includ+ especially ,madame ,helyot1 or ,la belle ,religieuse1 a beautiful ,fr5* coquette pray+ be=e a crucifix2 ,m>t9 van d5 ,boga]t 7,des ,j>d9s17 ! sculptor2 ,frdric ,lon>d1 ,pr9t] to ! ,k+2 ,m\ton1 ! ,lute-,play]2 ,na?anael ,dilg]us1 ) a v5]able be>d :ite ) age2 ,jules ,h>d\9 ,mans>t1 ! ar*itect2 also a portrait ( ,pomponne de ,bellivre1 :i* w be f\nd among ! pr9ts ( ,p]rault's 8,illu/ri\s ,m540 ,! ,philippe de ,*ampagne is ! head ( t em95t ,fr5* arti/ aft] a pa9t+ by himself1 & x conte/s ! palm ) ! ,pomponne4 ,mr4 ,m>%1 :o is an au?ority1 pref]s x4 ,dr4 ,?ies1 :o places ! latt] fir/ 9 beauty1 is con/ra9$ to all[ t ! o!r is 8sup]ior z a "w ( ! grav]10 be+ execut$ ) all ! res\rces ( ! art 9 its *a/e/ =m4 ,! en?usiasm ( ,longhi f9ds expression 9 unusual praise3-- 8,! "w :i* goes mo/ to my blood1 & ( :i* ,edel9ck himself 0 ju/ly pr\d1 is ! portrait ( ,*ampagne4 ,i %all die be=e ,i cease (t5 to contemplate x ) ev] new wond]4 ,"h is se5 h[ he 0 equally great z design] & engrav]40#afd ,& he !n dwells on v>i\s details1--! bones1 ! sk91 ! fle%1 ! eyes liv+ & see+1 ! moi/5$ lips1 ! *9 cov]$ ) a be>d un%av5 = _m days1 & ! hair 9 all its =ms4 ,betwe5 ! rival portraits by ,nanteuil & ,edel9ck x is unnecess>y to decide4 ,ea* is beautiful4 ,9 look+ at !m we recognize anew ! transi5t honors ( public s]vice4 ,! pres5t fame ( ,*ampagne surpasses t ( ,pomponne4 ,! arti/ outlives ! magi/rate4 ,b does n ! poet tell u t 8! arti/ nev] dies08 ,z ,edel9ck pass$ f ! sc5e ! family ( ,drevet appe>$1 especially ! son1 ,pi]re ,imb]t ,drevet1 born 9 #afig1 :o develop$ a r>e excell5ce1 improv+ ev5 ^u ! te*nics ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & gild+ 8 ref9$ gold4 ,! son 0 born engrav]1 = at ! age ( ?irte5 he produc$ an engrav+ ( exce$+ m]it4 ,l ,masson he manife/$ a s+ul> skill 9 r5d]+ diff]5t sub/ances by ! effect ( light1 & at ! same "t gave to fle% a s(tness & transp>5cy :i* rema9 unsurpass$4 ,to ^! he add$ great ri*ness 9 pictur+ co/umes & drap]y1 especially 9 lace4 ,he 0 em95tly a portrait engrav]1 :i* ,i mu/ insi/ is ! highe/ =m ( ! art1 z ! human face is ! mo/ important object = its ex]cise4 ,less cle> & simple ?an ,nanteuil1 & less sev]e ?an ,edel9ck1 he gave to ! face individuality ( "*1 & made 8 works conspicu\s 9 ,art4 ,if !re 0 excess 9 ! accessories1 x 0 be=e ! age ( ,s>tor ,res>tus1 & he only foll[$ ! prevail+ /yle 9 ! popul> pa9t+s ( ,hyac9! ,rigaud4 ,art 9 all its =ms _h become florid1 if n m]etrici\s2 & ,drevet 0 a repres5tative ( 8 age4 ,among 8 works are important ma/]pieces4 ,i "n only ,bossuet1 ! fam$ ,eagle ( ,meaux2 ,samuel ,b]n>d1 ! ri* ,c\ncillor ( ,/ate2 ,fnelon1 ! p]suasive tea*] & writ]2 ,c>d9al ,dubois1 ! unpr9cipl$ m9i/] & favorite ( ! ,reg5t ( ,france2 & ,adri5ne ,le ,c\vreur1 ! beautiful & un=tunate actress1 l9k$ 9 love ) ,m>%al ,saxe4 ,! portrait ( ,bossuet has ev]y?+ to attract & *>m4 ,!re /&s ! p[]ful def5d] ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ma/] ( ,fr5* /yle1 & mo/ r5[n$ pulpit orator ( ,france1 9 episcopal robes1 ) abundant lace1 :i* is ! p]petual envy ( ! fair :o look at ?is transc5d5t ef=t4 ,! erm9e ( ,dubois is exquisite2 b ! g5]al effect ( ?is portrait does n comp>e ) ! ,bossuet1 next to :i*1 9 fasc9ation1 ,i put ! ,adri5ne4 ,at h] dea? ! actress c\ld n be buri$ 9 consecrat$ gr\nd2 b ?r\gh ,art %e has ! p]petual companion%ip ( ! greate/ bi%op ( ,france4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ! y\ng] ,drevet clos$ ! classical p]iod ( portraits 9 engrav+1 z j be=e _h clos$ ! ,augu/an age ( ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,l\is ! ,f\rte5? decre$ engrav+ a ,f9e ,art1 & e/abli%$ an ,academy = its cultivation4 ,pride & o/5tation 9 ! k+ & ! great ari/ocracy creat$ a dem&1 :i* ! g5ius ( ! age suppli$4 ,! heights t _h be5 rea*$ c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,!re 7 em95t engrav]s /ill1 b ! z5i? _h be5 pass$4 ,bale*\1 :o belong$ to ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,fifte5?1 & ,beauv>let1 ^: life 0 protract$ beyond ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 bo? produc$ portraits ( m]it4 ,! =m] is not$ = a c]ta9 cle>ness & brilliancy1 b ) a h>dness z ( brass or m>ble1 & )\t entire accuracy ( design2 ! latt] has mu* s(tness ( mann]4 ,!y 7 ! be/ arti/s ( ,france at ! "t1 b none ( _! portraits are fam\s4 ,to ^! may be add$ ano!r contempor>y arti/1 )\t pr$ecessor or successor1 ti5ne ,ficquet1 unduly disp>ag$ 9 "o ( ! diction>ies z 8a reputable ,fr5* engrav]10 b und\bt$ly rem>kable = small portraits1 n unlike m9iatures1 ( exquisite f9i%4 ,among ^! ! r>e/ & mo/ admir$ are ,la ,fonta9e1 ,madame de ,ma9t5on1 ,rub5s1 & ,van ,dyck4 ,two o!r engrav]s belong to ?is int]m$iate p]iod1 al?\gh n ,fr5* 9 orig91--,georg ,fri$ri* ,s*midt1 born at ,b]l91 #agab1 & ,johann ,georg ,wille1 born ne> ! small t[n ( ,knigsb]g1 9 ! ,gr& ,du*y ( ,hesse-,d>m/adt1 #agag1 b1 attract$ to ,p>is1 !y became ! greate/ engrav]s ( ! "t4 ,_! "w is ,fr5*1 & !y are ! natural developm5t ( t classical s*ool4 ,s*midt 0 ! son ( a poor weav]1 & lo/ six preci\s ye>s z a soldi] 9 ! artill]y at ,b]l94 ,ow+ to ! smallness ( 8 size he 0 at l5g? dismiss$1 :5 he surr5d]$ to a natural tal5t = engrav+4 ,arriv+ at ,/rasburg1 on 8 way to ,p>is1 he fell 9 ) ,wille1 :o jo9$ him 9 8 j\rney1 & ev5tually 9 8 /udies4 ,! productions ( ,s*midt %[ ability1 orig9ality1 & v>iety1 r ?an ta/e4 ,8 num]\s portraits are excell5t1 be+ free & life-l1 :ile ! accessories ( embroid]y & drap]y are r5d]$ ) effect4 ,z an et*] he ranks next aft] ,rembr&t4 ,( 8 portraits execut$ ) ! grav]1 t ( ! ,empress ,elizabe? ( ,russia is usually call$ ! mo/ important1 p]haps on acc\nt ( ! imp]ial !me1--& next1 ^? ( ,c\nt ,ras\m[sky1 ,c\nt ,e/]hazy1 & ,m\nsey1 ,c\rt ,physician1 :i* he engrav$ :ile 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :i!r he 0 call$ by ! ,empress1 f\nd+ !re ! ,academy ( ,engrav+4 ,b 8 real ma/]pieces are unque/ionably ,pi]re ,mign>d & ,la ,t\r1 ,fr5* pa9t]s1 ! latt] repres5t$ laugh+4 ,wille liv$ to old age1 n dy+ till #ahjh4 ,dur+ ?is long life he 0 active 9 ! art to :i* he incl9$ naturally4 ,8 ma/]y ( ! grav] 0 p]fect1 l5d+ itself especially to ! repres5tation ( sat9 & metal1 al?\gh less happy ) fle%4 ,8 ,sat9 ,g[n1 or ,l',in/ruction ,pat]nelle1 aft] ,t]burg1 & ,les ,musici5s ,ambulants1 aft] ,dietri*1 are always admir$4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d 9 engrav+ is f9]4 ,8 /yle 0 adapt$ to pictures ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 & to portraits ) ri* surr\nd+s4 ,( ! latt] ! pr9cipal are ,comte de ,sa9t-,flor5t91 ,m>quis ,poisson de ,m>igny1 ,jean de ,b\llongne1 & ,c>d9al de ,t5c94 99 99 99 99 99 ,especially em95t 0 ,wille z a tea*]4 ,"u 8 influ5ce ! art assum$ new life1 s t he became fa!r ( ! mod]n s*ool4 ,8 s*ol>s spread ev]y:]e1 & among !m are ackn[l$g$ ma/]s4 ,he 0 tea*] ( ,b]vic1 ^: portrait ( ,l\is ! ,sixte5? 9 8 coronation robes is ( a high ord]1 himself tea*] ( ! ,italian ,tos*i1 :o1 aft] an em95t c>e]1 di$ z late z #aheh2 also tea*] ( ,p4 ,a4 ,t>dieu1 himself tea*] ( ! brilliant ,desnoy]s1 ^: portrait ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon 9 8 coronation robes is ! fit complem5t to t ( ,l\is ! ,sixte5?2 also tea*] ( ! ,g]man1 ,j4 ,g4 von ,mll]1 himself fa!r & tea*] ( ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 von ,mll]1 engrav] ( ! ,si/9e ,madonna1 9 a plate ^: great fame is n above its m]it2 also tea*] ( ! ,italian ,vangeli/i1 himself tea*] ( ! unsurpass$ ,longhi1 9 ^: s*ool 7 ,&]loni & ,jesi4 ,?us n only by 8 works1 b by 8 fam\s s*ol>s1 did ! humble gunsmi? ga9 sway 9 ,art4 ,among portraits ( ?is s*ool des]v+ especial m5tion is t ( ,k+ ,j]ome ( ,we/phalia1 bro!r ( ,napoleon1 by ! two ,mll]s above nam$1 :]e ! g5ius ( ! arti/s is mo/ conspicu\s1 al?\gh ! subject contributes little4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,palace ( ! ,sun1 describ$ by ,ovid1 8mat]iam sup]abat opus40#afe ,?is "w is a beautiful example ( skill 9 repres5tation ( fur & lace1 n yield+ ev5 to ,drevet4 ,longhi 0 a univ]sal ma/]1 & 8 portraits are only "p ( 8 "w4 ,t ( ,wa%+ton1 :i* is r>e1 is evid5tly f\nd$ on ,/u>t's pa9t+1 b aft] a design ( 8 own1 :i* is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,swiss ,consul at ,v5ice4 ,! arti/ p>ticul>izes ! hair1 z be+ modell$ aft] ! ,fr5* ma/] ,masson4#aff ,! portraits ( ,mi*el ,angelo & ,d&olo1 ! v5]able ,doge ( ,v5ice1 are admir$2 s also is ! ,napoleon z ,k+ ( ,italy1 ) ! iron cr[n & f9e/ lace4 ,b 8 *ief portrait is t ( ,eugne ,beauh>nais1 ,vic]oy ( ,italy1 full l5g?1 rem>kable = ! plume 9 ! cap1 :i* is f9i%$ ) surpass+ skill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,contempor>y ) ,longhi 0 ano!r ,italian engrav] ( widely ext5d$ fame1 :o 0 n ! product ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1--,raffaello ,morgh51 born at ,portici 9 #agfa4 ,8 works h enjoy$ a popul>ity beyond ^? ( o!r ma/]s1 p>tly f ! int]e/ ( _! subjects1 & p>tly f _! s(t & captivat+ /yle1 al?\gh !y d n possess ! graceful p[] ( ,nanteuil & ,edel9ck1 & are )\t v>iety4 ,he 0 s*ol> & son-9-law ( ,volpato1 ( ,rome1 himself s*ol> ( ,wagn]1 ( ,v5ice1 ^: homely r\nd faces 7 n high models 9 ,art4 ,! ,aurora ( ,guido & ! ,la/ ,supp] ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci /& high 9 engrav+1 especially ! latt]1 :i* occupi$ ,morgh5 ?ree ye>s4 ,( 8 two hundr$ & fifty-f\r works no less ?an eighty-five are portraits1 among :i* are ! ,italian poets1--,dante1 ,petr>c1 ,ario/o1 ,tasso1 also ,boccaccio1--& a head call$ ,raphael1 b suppos$ to be t ( ,b9do ,altoviti1 ! great pa9t]'s fri5d1#afg & especially ! ,duke ( ,moncada on horseback1 aft] ,van ,dyck1 :i* has receiv$ w>m praise4 ,b none ( 8 portraits is calculat$ to give great] pleasure ?an t ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :i* may vie 9 beauty ev5 ) ! fam\s ,pomponne4 ,"h is ! beauty ( ye>s & ( s]5e intellig5ce4 ,look+ at t tranquil c\nt5ance1 x is easy to imag9e ! l>ge & v>i\s capacities :i* made him n only pa9t]1 b sculptor1 ar*itect1 musician1 poet1 discov]]1 philosoph]1 ev5 pr$ecessor ( ,galileo & ,bacon4 ,su* a "* des]ves ! immortality ( ,art4 ,happily1 an old ,v5etian engrav+1 reproduc$ 9 our day1#afh enables u to see ?is same c\nt5ance at an e>li] p]iod ( life ) sp>kle 9 ! eye4 ,raffaello ,morgh5 left no s*ol>s :o h foll[$ him 9 portraits2 b 8 own works are /ill reg>d$1 & a monum5t 9 ,santa ,croce1 ! ,we/m9/] ,abbey ( ,flor5ce1 places him among ! mighty dead ( ,italy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f> no?+ has be5 said ( ,engli% engrav]s4 ,"h1 z 9 ,art g5]ally1 ,engl& seems remov$ f ! re/ ( ! _w1--8,et p5itus toto divisos orbe ,britannos40#afi ,b ?\gh beyond ! sph]e ( ,cont95tal ,art1 ! isl& ( ,%akespe>e 0 n inhospitable to "s ( its repres5tatives4 ,van ,dyck1 ,rub5s1 ,sir ,pet] ,lely1 & ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]1 all ,dut* arti/s1 pa9t$ ! portraits ( ,engli%m51 & engrav+ 0 fir/ illu/rat$ by =eign]s4 ,jacob ,h\brak51 ano!r ,dut* arti/1 born 9 #afih1 0 employ$ to execute portraits = ,bir*'s 8,heads ( ,illu/ri\s ,p]sons ( ,great ,brita910 publi%$ at ,london 9 #agdc2 & 9 ^! works may be se5 ! /hetic ta/e inh]it$ f 8 fa!r1 7! biograph] ( ! ,dut* arti/s1#agj7 & improv$ by /udy ( ! ,fr5* ma/]s4 ,al?\gh )\t great =ce or orig9ality ( mann]1 _m ( ^! h positive beauty4 ,i w\ld "n especially ! ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh & ,john ,dryd54 ,diff]5t 9 /yle 0 ,b>tolozzi1 ! ,italian1 :o made 8 home 9 ,engl& = =ty ye>s1 end+ 9 #ahje1 :5 he remov$ to ,lisbon4 ,! consid]able g5ius :i* he possess$ 0 spoil$ by ha/e 9 execution1 sup]s$+ t c>e :i* is an ess5tial condition ( ,art4 ,h5ce sam5ess 9 8 "w1 & indiff]5ce to ! picture he copi$4 ,longhi speaks ( him z 8mo/ unfai?ful to 8 ar*etypes10 &1 8:atev] ! orig9als1 be+ always ,b>tolozzi40#aga ,among 8 portraits ( especial int]e/ are sev]al old wigs1 z ,mansfield & ,?url[2 also ! ,dea? ( ,*a?am1 aft] ! picture ( ,copley 9 ! ,v]non ,gall]y4 ,b 8 prettie/ piece und\bt$ly is ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots1 ) h] little ,son1 ,james ! ,fir/1 aft] :at ,mrs4 ,jameson calls 8! lovely picture by ,zucc>o at ,*iswick40#agb ,9 ! same /yle are 8 vignettes1 :i* are ( ackn[l$g$ beauty4 ,mean:ile a ,scot*man1 honorable 9 ,art1 comes ^u ! sc5e1--,sir ,rob]t ,/range1 born 9 ! di/ant ,orkneys 9 #agba1 :o ab&on$ ! law = engrav+4 ,z a y\?ful ,jacobite he jo9$ ! ,pret5d] 9 #agde1 %>+ ! disa/] ( ,cullod51 & ow+ 8 safety f pursu]s to a "y lady dress$ 9 ! ample co/ume ( ! p]iod1 :om he aft]w>ds m>ri$ 9 gratitude1 & !y 7 bo? happy4 ,he has a /yle ( 8 own1 ri*1 s(t1 & especially *>m+ 9 ! t9ts ( fle%1 mak+ him a natural translator ( ,titian4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ engrav+s are d\btless ! ,v5us & ! ,dana aft] ! great ,v5etian colori/2 b ! ,cleopatra1 ?\gh less fam\s1 is n inf]ior 9 m]it4 ,8 ackn[l$g$ ma/]piece is ! ,madonna ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 call$ 8,! ,day10 aft] ! picture by ,correggio 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,p>ma2 b 8 portraits aft] ,van ,dyck are n less f9e1 :ile !y are m int]e/+1--z ,*>les ! ,fir/1 ) a l>ge hat1 by ! side ( 8 horse1 :i* ! ,m>quis ( ,hamilton is hold+2 & t ( ! same mon>* /&+ 9 8 erm9e robes2 also ! ?ree royal *ildr51 ) two ,k+ ,*>les spaniels at _! feet2 also ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ! ,que5 ( ,*>les4 ,t ) ! erm9e robes is suppos$ to h be5 /udi$ by ,raffaello ,morgh51 call$ sometimes an imitator ( ,/range4#agc ,to ^! ,i w\ld add ! r>e autograph portrait ( ! engrav]1 be+ a small head aft] ,greuz1 :i* is simple & beautiful4 ,"o o!r "n w close ?is catalogue4 ,x is t ( ,william ,%>p1 :o 0 born at ,london 9 #agdf1 & di$ !re 9 #ahbd4 ,?\gh la/ 9 ord]1 ?is engrav] may claim k9dr$ ) ! be/4 ,8 fir/ essays 7 ! embelli%m5t ( pewt] pots1 f :i* he asc5d$ to ! heights ( ,art1 %[+ a p[] r>ely equall$4 ,)\t any in/ance ( peculi> beauty1 8 works are con/ant 9 "* & expression1 ) e possible excell5ce ( execution3 face1 =m1 drap]y1--all are z 9 ,nature4 ,8 spl5did qualities appe> 9 ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* has tak5 its place z ! fir/ ( ,engli% engrav+s4 ,x is aft] ! picture ( ,guido1 once belong+ to ! ,h\ghton ,gall]y1 :i* 9 an evil h\r = ,engli% ta/e 0 all[$ to enri* ! collection ( ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 & ,i rememb] well t ?is engrav+ by ,%>p 0 "o ( ! few ornam5ts 9 ! draw+-room ( ,macaulay :5 ,i la/ saw him1 %ortly be=e 8 lam5t$ dea?4 ,next to ! ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* is 8 ,le> 9 ! ,/orm1 aft] ! picture by ,we/1 n[ 9 ! ,bo/on ,a!num1 & 8 ,sortie f ,gibralt>1 aft] ! picture by ,trumbull1 also 9 ! ,bo/on ,a!num4 ,?us1 ?r\gh at lea/ two ( 8 ma/]pieces ^: orig9als are among u1 is our c\ntry associat$ ) ?is great arti/4 ,x is ( portraits especially t ,i write1 & "h ,%>p is truly em95t4 ,all he did 0 well done2 b two are models1--t ( ,mr4 ,b\lton1 a /rong1 well-develop$ c\ntry g5tleman1 admirably execut$1 & ( ,john ,hunt]1 ! em95t surgeon1 aft] ! pa9t+ by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 9 ! ,london ,college ( ,surgeons1 unque/ionably ! =emo/ portrait 9 ,engli% ,art1 & ! coqual companion ( ! great portraits 9 ! pa/2 b "h ! engrav] unit$ 8 r>e gifts ) ^? ( ! pa9t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 clos+ ^! sket*es ,i w\ld h x obs]v$ t ?is is no attempt to treat ( engrav+ g5]ally1 or ( pr9ts 9 _! mass or types4 ,! pres5t subject is simply ,portraits1 & ,i /op n[ j z we arrive at contempor>y examples1 abroad & at home1 ) ! g5tle g5ius ( ,m&el beg9n+ to asc5d ! sky1 & our own engrav]s appe>+ on ! horizon4 ,!re is also a new & k9dr$ art1 inf9ite 9 value1 :]e ! ,sun himself becomes arti/1 ) works :i* m>k an epo*4 ,,wa%+ton1 #aa? ,dec41 #ahga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,:5 ,mr4 ,sumn] began ! publication ( 8 ,works 9 #ahgj1 he engag$ ,mr4 ,george ,ni*ols1 ( ,cambridge1 to read ! pro(s editorially4 ,?is ,mr4 ,ni*ols did1 ) great c>e & ability1 until ab\t t5 days be=e 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ on ! #f? ( ,july1 #ahhb4 ,8 "w ( sup]vision end$ on p4 #ccd ( ?is volume4 ,,equality ,,be=e ,,! ,,law ,,protect$ ,,by ,,national ,,/atute4 ,,spee*es ,,9 ,,! ,,s5ate1 ,,on ,,8 ,,supplem5t>y ,,civil ,,rights ,,bill1 ,,z ,,an ,,am5dm5t ,,to ,,! ,,amne/y ,,bill1 ,,janu>y #ae1 #ag1 #ca1 ,,febru>y #e1 ,,& ,,may #ba1 #ahgb4 ,brave ,!seus1 !y 7 ,,m5 l all be=e1 ,& human s\ls 9 human frames !y bore1 ,) y to take _! p>ts 9 e>?ly fea/s1 ,) y to climb "o heav5 & sit immortal gue/s4 ,,/atius1 ,!bad1 tr4 ,k5nett1 ,lib4 ,,xi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i 0 fully conv9c$1 t1 :atev] diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! ,negro & ,european 9 ! con=mation ( ! nose & ! color ( ! sk91 !re is none 9 ! g5u9e sympa?ies & *>act]i/ic feel+s ( our common nature4--,,mungo ,,p>k1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ,di/ricts ( ,africa1 7,london1 #ahaf17 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #hj1 ,*4 #f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ^w ,,man is ?\ght to c>ry some:at ( dignity 9 its s\nd2 & we commonly make use ( ?is1 z ! la/ & ! mo/ prevail+ argum5t aga9/ a rude insult]1 8,i am n a bea/1 a dog1 b ,i am a ,man z well z y\rself40 ,s9ce1 !n1 human nature agrees equally to all p]sons1 & s9ce no "o c live a sociable life ) ano!r :o does n own & respect him z a ,man1 x foll[s1 z a comm& ( ! ,law ( ,nature1 t e man e/eem & treat ano!r z "o :o is naturally 8 equal1 or :o is a ,man z well z he4--,,puf5dorf1 ,law ( ,nature & ,nations1 tr4 ,k5nett1 ,book ,,iii41 ,*4 #b1 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c>ry+ 8 solicitude /ill f>!r1 ,*>lemagne recomm5d$ to ! bi%ops & abbots1 t1 9 _! s*ools1 8!y %\ld take c>e to make no diff]5ce betwe5 ! sons ( s]fs & ( freem51 s t !y might come & sit on ! same b5*es to /udy gramm>1 music1 & ari?metic40--,,guizot1 ,hi/ory ( ,france1 tr4 ,black1 7,london1 #ahgb17 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bci4 ,,introduction4 ,may #ac1 #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,sumn] ask$1 & by unanim\s cons5t obta9$1 leave to br+ 9 a bill 8,supplem5t>y to an ,act entitl$ #8,an ,act to protect all p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! civil rights1 & furni% ! means ( _! v9dication1' pass$ ,april #i1 #ahff10 :i* 0 read ! fir/ & second times by unanim\s cons5t1 ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y1 & ord]$ to be pr9t$4 ,july #g?1 only a few days be=e ! close ( ! session1 ,mr4 ,trumbull1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y1 report$ a bundle ( bills1 includ+ t above m5tion$1 adv]sely1 & all1 on 8 motion1 7 po/pon$ indef9itely4 ,janu>y #bj1 #ahga1 ,mr4 ,sumn] aga9 introduc$ ! same bill1 :i* 0 once m ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y4 ,febru>y #ae?1 ,mr4 ,trumbull1 f ! ,committee1 aga9 report$ ! bill adv]sely2 b1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,sumn]1 x 0 all[$ to g on ! ,cal5d>4 ,ow+ to ! pressure ( bus9ess 9 ! latt] days ( ! session1 he 0 n able to h x consid]$1 & ! bill dropp$ ) ! session4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! op5+ ( ! next ,congress1 ,m>* #i1 #ahga1 ,mr4 ,sumn] aga9 br\ght =w>d ! same bill1 :i* 0 read ! fir/ & second times1 by unanim\s cons5t1 & on 8 motion ord]$ to lie on ! table & be pr9t$4 ,9 mak+ ?is motion he said t ! bill _h be5 report$ adv]sely twice by ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y2 t1 !re=e1 he did n ?9k x advisable to ask its ref]5ce aga92 t no?+ m important c\ld be submitt$ to ! ,s5ate1 & t x %\ld be act$ on be=e any adj\rnm5t ( ,congress4 ,9 reply to an inquiry f ,mr4 ,haml91 ( ,ma9e1 ,mr4 ,sumn] proce$$ to expla9 ! bill1 :i* he insi/$ 0 9 con=mity ) ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & ) ! ,national ,con/itution1 nei!r ( :i* kn[s any?+ ( ! ^w 8:ite40 ,!n1 ann\nc+ t he %\ld d :at he c\ld to press ! bill to a vote1 he said3 8,s5ators may vote x d[n4 ,!y may take t responsibility2 b ,i %all take m9e1 ,god will+40 ,at ?is session a resolution 0 adopt$ limit+ legislation to c]ta9 enum]at$ subjects1 among :i* ! ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights bill 0 n nam$4 ,m>* #ag?1 :ile ! resolution 0 "u discussion1 ,mr4 ,sumn] w>mly prote/$ aga9/ x1 & insi/$ t no?+ %\ld be done to prev5t ! consid]ation ( 8 bill1 :i* he expla9$ at l5g?4 ,9 reply to ! objection t ! session 0 to be %ort1 & t !re 0 no "t1 he said3 8,make ! "t1 !n2 ext5d ! session2 d n limit x s z to prev5t action on a measure ( su* va/ importance40 ,an am5dm5t mov$ by ,mr4 ,sumn] to add ?is bill to ! enum]at$ subjects 0 reject$4 ,! session clos$ )\t action ^u x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! op5+ ( ! next session1 ,mr4 ,sumn] r5ew$ 8 ef=ts4 ,decemb] #g1 #ahga1 9 pres5t+ a petition f color$ citiz5s ( ,albany1 he rem>k$3 8,x seems to me ! ,s5ate _c d bett] ?an proce$ at once to ! consid]ation ( ! supplem5t>y bill n[ on our ,cal5d>1 to c>ry out ! pray] ( ^! petition]s02 & he wi%$ ,congress might be inspir$ to 8make a ,*ri/mas pres5t to _! color$ fell[-citiz5s ( ! rights secur$ by t bill40 ,decemb] #bj?1 ! ,s5ate hav+ "u consid]ation a bill1 :i* _h already pass$ ! ,h\se1 8= ! removal ( ! legal & political disabilities impos$ by ! ?ird section ( ! ,f\rte5? ,article ( ,am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 insi/+ ^u ju/ice be=e g5]osity1 mov$ 8 ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill z an am5dm5t4 ,a colloquy took place betwe5 himself & ,mr4 ,hill1 ( ,georgia1 9 :i* ! latt] oppos$ ! am5dm5t4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i %\ld l to br+ home to ! ,s5ator t ne>ly "o half ( ! p ( ,georgia are n[ exclud$ f ! equal rights :i* my am5dm5t proposes to secure2 & yet ,i und]/& t ! ,s5ator disreg>ds _! condition1 sets aside _! desires1 & proposes to vote d[n my proposition4 ,! ,s5ator assumes t ! =m] ,rebels are ! only p ( ,georgia4 ,sir1 ,i see ! color$ race 9 ,georgia4 ,i see t race once enslav$1 = a long "t depriv$ ( all rights1 & n[ "u exi/+ usage & practice despoil$ ( rights :i* ! ,s5ator himself is 9 ! full enjoym5t (4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ''' ,i nev] c agree 9 ! proposition t1 if !re be a hotel = ! ent]ta9m5t ( travell]s1 & two classes /op at x1 & !re is "o d9+-room = "o class & "o = ano!r1 s]v$ alike 9 all respects1 ) ! same accommodations1 ! same att5tion to ! gue/s1 !re is any?+ (f5sive1 or any?+ t d5ies ! civil rights ( "o m ?an ! o!r4 ,nor d ,i hold1 t1 if y h public s*ools1 & y give all ! advantages ( education to "o class z y d to ano!r1 b keep !m sep>ate & ap>t1 !re is any d5ial ( a civil "r 9 t4 ,i also cont5d1 t1 ev5 ^u ! railways ( ! c\ntry1 if c>s ( equal com=t1 conv5i5ce1 & security be provid$ = diff]5t classes ( p]sons1 no "o has a "r to compla91 if x be a regulation ( ! companies to sep>ate !m4''' ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 we h a v9dication on ?is floor ( inequality z a pr9ciple & z a political rule4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,on :i* race1 ,i w\ld inquire1 does ! inequality to :i* ! ,s5ator ref]s op]ate8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,on bo?4 ,:y1 ! ,s5ator w\ld n all[ a :ite man 9 ! same c> ) a color$ man4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,n unless he 0 invit$1 p]haps4 ,laught]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator mi/akes a sub/itute = equality4 ,equality is :]e all are alike4 ,a sub/itute c nev] take ! place ( equality4 ,x is impossible2 x is absurd4 ,i mu/ rem9d ! ,s5ator t x is v unju/1--x is t]ribly unju/4 ,we h receiv$ 9 ?is ,*amb] a color$ ,s5ator f ,mississippi2 b accord+ to ! rule ( ! ,s5ator f ,georgia we %\ld h put him ap>t by himself2 he %\ld n h sat ) 8 bro!r ,s5ators4 ,d ,i und]/& ! ,s5ator z favor+ su* a rule8 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,no1 ,sir4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator does n4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,i d n1 ,sir1 = ?is reason3 x is "u ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry t he becomes entitl$ by law to 8 seat "h2 we h no "r to d5y x to him4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,v well2 & ,i int5d1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 to see t "u ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry he is equal ev]y:]e4 ,! ,s5ator says he is equal 9 ?is ,*amb]4 ,i say he %\ld be equal 9 rights ev]y:]e2 & :y n1 ,i ask ! ,s5ator f ,georgia8 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ''' ,i am "o ( ^? :o h believ$1 t1 :5 x pleas$ ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>? to make diff]5t races ( m51 x 0 ,8 purpose to keep !m di/9ct & sep>ate4 ,i ?9k s n[4''' ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator admits t 9 ! highe/ c\ncil-*amb] !re is1 & %\ld be1 p]fect equality be=e ! law2 b desc5d into ! hotel1 on ! railroad1 )9 ! common s*ool1 & !re c be no equality be=e ! law4 ,! ,s5ator does n compla9 because all are equal 9 ?is ,*amb]4 ,i %\ld l to ask him1 if he w all[ me1 :e!r1 9 8 judgm5t1 ! color$ ,repres5tatives f ,georgia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 ! o!r ,*amb] ought n on railroads & at hotels to h l rights ) himself8 ,i ask t precise "q4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,i w answ] t "q 9 ?is mann]3 ,i myself am subject 9 hotels & ^u railroads to ! regulations provid$ by ! hotel proprietors = _! gue/s1 & by ! railroad companies = _! pass5g]s4 ,i am entitl$1 & s is ! color$ man1 to all ! security & com=t t ei!r pres5ts to ! mo/ favor$ gue/ or pass5g]2 b ,i ma9ta9 t proximity to a color$ man does n increase my com=t or security1 nor does proximity to me on 8 "p increase 81 & !re=e x is n a d5ial ( any "r 9 ei!r case4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,may ,i ask ! ,s5ator if he is exclud$ f any "r on acc\nt ( 8 color8 ,! ,s5ator says he is sometimes exclud$ f some?+ at hotels or on railroads4 ,i ask :e!r any exclusion on acc\nt ( color be>s on him8 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,i answ] ! ,s5ator4 ,i h be5 exclud$ f ladies' c>s on railroads4 ,i d n "k on :at acc\nt precisely2 ,i d n "k :e!r x 0 on acc\nt ( my color2 b ,i ?9k x m likely t x 0 on acc\nt ( my sex4 ,laught]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,b ! ,s5ator1 z ,i und]/&1 insi/s t x is prop] on acc\nt ( color4 ,t is 8 conclusion4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,no2 ,i insi/ t x is no d5ial ( a "r1 provid$ all ! com=t & security be furni%$ to pass5g]s alike4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator does n seem to see t any rule exclud+ a man on acc\nt ( color is an indignity1 an insult1 & a wrong2 & he makes himself on ?is floor ! repres5tative ( indignity1 ( insult1 & ( wrong to ! color$ race4 ,:y1 ,sir1 8 ,/ate has a l>ge color$ population1 & he d5ies _! rights4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,if ! ,s5ator w all[ me1 ,i w say to him t x w take him & o!rs1 if !re %\ld be any o!rs :o s believe1 a good :ile to conv9ce ! color$ p ( ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 :o "k me1 t ,i w\ld deprive !m ( any "r to :i* !y are entitl$1 ?\gh x 7 only te*nical2 b 9 matt]s ( pure ta/e ,i _c get away f ! idea t ,i d !m no inju/ice1 if ,i sep>ate !m on "s occasions f ! o!r race4''' ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator makes a mi/ake :i* has be5 made = a g5]ation 9 ?is ,*amb]1 conf\nd+ :at belongs to society ) :at belongs to rights4 ,!re is no "q ( society4 ,! ,s5ator may *oose 8 associates z he pleases4 ,!y may be :ite or black1 or betwe5 ! two4 ,t is simply a social "q1 & nobody w\ld int]f]e ) x4 ,! ta/e :i* ! ,s5ator ann\nces he w h free lib]ty to ex]cise1 select+ always 8 companions2 b :5 x comes to rights1 !re ! ,s5ator mu/ obey ! law1 & ,i insi/ t by ! law ( ! l& all p]sons )\t di/9ction ( color %all be equal 9 rights4 ,%[ me1 !re=e1 a legal in/itution1 any?+ creat$ or regulat$ by law1 & ,i %[ y :at mu/ be op5$ equally to all )\t di/9ction ( color4 ,notori\sly1 ! hotel is a legal in/itution1 orig9ally e/abli%$ by ! ,common ,law1 subject to m9ute provisions & regulations2 notori\sly1 public conveyances are common c>ri]s subject to a law ( _! own2 notori\sly1 s*ools are public in/itutions creat$ & ma9ta9$ by law2 & n[ ,i simply insi/ t 9 ! enjoym5t ( ^! in/itutions !re %all be no exclusion on acc\nt ( color4 ''' ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,i mu/ confess1 ,sir1 t ,i _c see ! magnitude ( ?is subject4 ,i object to ?is great ,gov]nm5t desc5d+ to ! bus9ess ( regulat+ ! hotels & ! common tav]ns ( ?is c\ntry1 & ! /reet railroads1 /age-coa*es1 & ev]y?+ ( t sort4 ,x looks to me to be a petty bus9ess4''' ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i w\ld n h my c\ntry desc5d1 b asc5d4 ,x mu/ rise to ! heights ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,!n & !re did we pl$ge ourselves to ! great tru? t all m5 are equal 9 rights4 ,& n[ a ,s5ator f ,georgia rises on ?is floor & d5ies x4 ,he d5ies x by a subtilty4 ,:ile pret5d+ to admit x1 he w\ld ov]?r[ x4 ,he w\ld adopt a sub/itute = equality4 ''' ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,) ! p]mission ( ! ,s5ator1 ,i w ask him if ?is proposition does n involve on ! "p ( ?is ,gov]nm5t an inhibition ^u railroad companies ( fir/1 second1 & ?ird class c>s8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,n at all4 ,t is simply a matt] ( price4 ,my bill is an inhibition ^u inequality f\nd$ ^u color4 ,i _h ?\ght t all ^? inequalities 7 buri$ "u ! tree at ,appomattox1 b ! ,s5ator digs !m up & br+s !m into ?is ,*amb]4 ,!re nev] c be an end to ?is discussion until all m5 are assur$ 9 equal rights4''' ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ''' ,i d n "k1 t1 among ! gue/s t ! ,s5ator ent]ta9s ( ! color$ race1 he is visit$ s (t5 by ! humble z ,i myself am4 ,i ?9k ^? :o call ^u him are g5tlem5 ( title & ( "s di/9ction2 !y may be ,lieut5ant-,gov]nors1 memb]s ( ! two ,h\ses "h1 memb]s ( ,/ate ,legislatures1 c4 ,my associations h be5 m ) ! l[] /rata ( ! color$ p ?an ) ! upp]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 !re is no p]sonal "q betwe5 ! ,s5ator & myself-- ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,none :atev]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,he proclaims 8 relations ) ! color$ race4 ,i say no?+ ( m9e2 ,i leave t to o!rs4 ,b ! ,s5ator /ill insi/s ^u 8 dogma ( inequality4 ,s5ators h he>d him aga9 & aga91 h[ he comes r\nd by a vici\s circle to ! same po9t1 t an equival5t is equality2 & :5 ,i m5tion ! case ( ,gov]nor ,dunn travell+ f ,new ,orleans to ,wa%+ton on public bus9ess1 ,i und]/& ! ,s5ator to say t on ! c>s he %\ld enjoy a diff]5t treatm5t f ! ,gov]nor4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,no1 ,sir2 ,i h di/9ctly disclaim$ t4 ,:5 he pays 8 money1 he is entitl$ to z mu* com=t & z mu* conv5i5ce z ,i am4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,let me ask ! ,s5ator :e!r 9 ?is _w p]sonal respect is n an elem5t ( com=t4 ,if a p]son is treat$ ) indignity1 c he be com=table8 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,i w answ] ! ,s5ator1 t no "o c condemn m /rongly ?an ,i d any indignity visit$ ^u a p]son m]ely because ( color4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,b :5 y exclude p]sons f ! com=ts ( travel simply on acc\nt ( color1 d y n (f] !m an indignity8 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,i say x is ! fault ( ! railroad companies1 if !y d n provide com=ts = all _! pass5g]s1 & make !m equal :]e !y pay equal f>e4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator says x is ! fault ( ! railroad company4 ,i propose to make x impossible = ! railroad company to (f] an indignity to a color$ man m ?an to ! ,s5ator f ,georgia4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,"r !re ! ,s5ator & ,i divide ^u ?is "q4''' ,i confess to hav+ a little p5*ant = ! :ite race2 & if ,i 7 go+ on a long j\rney1 & desir$ a companion1 ,i %\ld pref] to select him f my own race4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator comes r\nd aga9 to 8 ta/e4 ,x is n accord+ to 8 ta/e2 & !re=e he (f]s an indignity to ! color$ man4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,no1 ,sir4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,x is n accord+ to 8 ta/e2 t is all4 ,h[ (t5 %all ,i say t ?is is no "q ( ta/e1--x is no "q ( society1--x is a /]n1 au/]e1 h>d "q ( rights8 ,& t is ! way t ,i pres5t x to ! ,s5ate4 ''' ,9 old days1 :5 ,slav]y 0 arraign$1 ! con/ant inquiry ( ^? :o repres5t$ ?is wrong 01 8,are y will+ to associate ) color$ p]sons8 ,w y take ^! slaves1 z equals1 into y\r families80 ,sir1 0 !re ev] a m illogical inquiry8 ,:at has t to d ) ! "q8 ,a claim ( rights _c be enc\nt]$ by any social po9t4 ,i may h :om ,i please z fri5d1 acqua9tance1 associate1 & s may ! ,s5ator2 b ,i _c d5y any human be+1 ! humble/1 any "r ( equality4 ,he mu/ be equal ) me be=e ! law1 or ! promises ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce are n yet fulfill$4 ,& n[1 ,sir1 ,i pl$ge myself1 s long z /r5g? rema9s 9 me1 to press ?is "q to a successful end4 ,i w n see ! color$ race ( ?is ,republic treat$ ) indignity on ! gr\nds assign$ by ! ,s5ator4 ,i am _! def5d]4 ,! ,s5ator may d]ide me1 & may repres5t me z giv+ too mu* "t to :at he calls a v small "q4 ,sir1 no "q ( human rights is small4 ,e "q by :i* ! equal rights ( all are affect$ is transc5d5t4 ,x _c be magnifi$4 ,b "h are ! rights ( a :ole p1 n m]ely ! rights ( an individual1 ( two or ?ree or f\r1 b ! rights ( a race1 recogniz$ z citiz5s1 vot+1 help+ to place ! ,s5ator "h 9 ?is ,*amb]1 & he turns ^u !m & d5ies !m4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,! ,s5ator is n aw>e ( "o fact1 ''' t e color$ memb] ( ! ,legislature ( my ,/ate1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( !m _h made volunt>y pl$ges to me1 vot$ aga9/ my election to ?is body4 ,i 0 n s5t "h receiv+ a s+le vote f t class ( m5 9 ! ,legislature4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i am afraid t !y und]/ood ! ,s5ator4 ,laught]4 ,,mr4 ,,hill4 ,t may be1 ,sir4 ,i w\ld n be surpris$1 if !y _h "s di/ru/4 ,laught]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,& n[1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 t we may und]/& precisely :]e we are1 t ! ,s5ate ne$ n be confus$ by ! "q ( ta/e or ! "q ( society pres5t$ by ! ,s5ator f ,georgia1 ,i desire to h my am5dm5t read4 ,! ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill 0 !n read at l5g?1 z foll[s3-- ,,sec4--,t all citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )\t di/9ction ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude1 are entitl$ to ! equal & imp>tial enjoym5t ( any accommodation1 advantage1 facility1 or privilege furni%$ by common c>ri]s1 :e!r on l& or wat]2 by innkeep]s2 by lic5s$ own]s1 manag]s1 or lessees ( !atres or o!r places ( public amusem5t2 by tru/ees1 commission]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 tea*]s1 or o!r (fic]s ( common s*ools & o!r public in/itutions ( le>n+1 ! same be+ support$ or au?oriz$ by law2 by tru/ees or (fic]s ( *ur* organizations1 cemet]y associations1 & b5evol5t in/itutions incorporat$ by ,national or ,/ate au?ority3 & ?is "r %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ on any pret5ce ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,,sec4--,t any p]son violat+ ! =ego+ provision1 or aid+ 9 its violation1 or incit+ !reto1 %all = e su* (f5ce =feit & pay ! sum ( #ejj to ! p]son aggriev$ !reby1 to be recov]$ 9 an action on ! case1 ) full co/s & su* all[ance = c\nsel fees z ! c\rt %all deem j1 & %all also = e su* (f5ce be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & ^u conviction !re( %all be f9$ n less ?an #ejj nor m ?an #a1jjj1 & %all be imprison$ n less ?an ?irty days nor m ?an "o ye>2 & any corporation1 association1 or individual hold+ a *>t] or lic5se "u ,national or ,/ate au?ority1 violat+ ! a=esaid provision1 %all1 ^u conviction !re(1 =feit su* *>t] or lic5se2 & any p]son assum+ to use or cont9u+ to act "u su* *>t] or lic5se ?us =feit$1 or aid+ 9 ! same1 or incit+ !reto1 %all1 ^u conviction !re(1 be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & %all be f9$ n less ?an #a1jjj nor m ?an #e1jjj1 & %all be imprison$ n less ?an ?ree nor m ?an sev5 ye>s2 & bo? ! corporate & jo9t prop]ty ( su* corporation or association1 & ! private prop]ty ( ! sev]al individuals compos+ ! same1 %all be held liable = ! =feitures1 f9es1 & p5alties incurr$ by any violation ( ! ---- section ( ?is ,act4 ,,sec4--,t ! same jurisdiction & p[]s are h]eby conf]r$ & ! same duties enjo9$ ^u ! c\rts & (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! execution ( ?is ,act1 z are conf]r$ & enjo9$ ^u su* c\rts & (fic]s 9 sections ?ree1 f\r1 five1 sev51 & t5 ( an ,act entitl$ 8,an ,act to protect all p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! civil rights1 & furni% ! means ( _! v9dication10 pass$ ,april #i1 #ahff1 & ^! sections are h]eby made a "p ( ?is ,act2 & any ( ! a=esaid (fic]s fail+ to in/itute & prosecute su* proce$+s h]e9 requir$ %all = e su* (f5ce =feit & pay ! sum ( #ejj to ! p]son aggriev$ !reby1 to be recov]$ by an action on ! case1 ) full co/s & su* all[ance = c\nsel fees z ! c\rt %all deem j1 & %all on conviction !re( be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & be f9$ n less ?an #a1jjj nor m ?an #e1jjj4 ,,sec4--,t no p]son %all be disqualifi$ = s]vice z juror 9 any c\rt1 ,national or ,/ate1 by reason ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude3 ,provid$1 ,t su* p]son possesses all o!r qualifications :i* are by law prescrib$2 & any (fic] or o!r p]sons *>g$ ) any duty 9 ! selection or summon+ ( jurors1 :o %all exclude or fail to summon any p]son = ! reason above nam$1 %all1 on conviction !re(1 be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & be f9$ n less ?an #a1jjj nor m ?an #e1jjj4 ,,sec4--,t e law1 /atute1 ord9ance1 regulation1 or cu/om1 :e!r ,national or ,/ate1 inconsi/5t ) ?is ,act1 or mak+ any discrim9ations aga9/ any p]son on acc\nt ( color1 by ! use ( ! ^w 8:ite10 is h]eby repeal$ & annull$4 ,,sec4--,t x %all be ! duty ( ! judges ( ! sev]al c\rts ^u :i* jurisdiction is h]eby conf]r$ to give ?is ,act 9 *>ge to ! gr& jury ( _! respective c\rts at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* t]m !re(4 ,objection 0 at once rais$ to ! admission ( any am5dm5t :atev]1 z imp]ill+ ! p5d+ bill1--,mr4 ,alcorn1 ( ,mississippi1 :ile press+ ?is1 object$ fur!r1 urg+ ! haz>d to ! measure embrac$ 9 ! propos$ am5dm5t f atta*m5t to a bill requir+ = its passage a two-?irds' vote in/ead ( ! usual simple majority4 99 99 99 99 99 ,decemb] #ba/1 ,mr4 ,?urman1 ( ,ohio1 object$ to ! am5dm5t ( ,mr4 ,sumn]1 on ! gr\nd sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,alcorn1--rais+ ! po9t ( ord]1 t1 8be+ a measure :i*1 if x /ood by itself1 c\ld be pass$ by a majority vote ( ! ,s5ate1 x _c be (f]$ z an am5dm5t to a bill t requires two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate40 ,! objection be+ ov]rul$1 & ,mr4 ,?urman appeal+ f ! decision ( ! ,*air1 a debate ensu$ on ! "q ( ord]1--,mr4 ,?urman1 ,mr4 ,bay>d ( ,delaw>e1 ,mr4 ,trumbull ( ,ill9ois1 ,mr4 ,davis ( ,k5tucky1 & ,mr4 ,sawy] ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a su/a9+ ! objection1 & ,mr4 ,conkl+ ( ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,c>p5t] ( ,wiscons91 ,mr4 ,edmunds ( ,v]mont1 & ,mr4 ,sumn] oppos+ x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee* ,mr4 ,sumn] rem>k$3-- ,does n ! ,act be=e u 9 its body propose a measure ( reconciliation8 ,clem5cy & amne/y x proposes2 & ^!1 9 my judgm5t1 con/itute a measure ( reconciliation4 ,& n[ ,i add ju/ice to ! color$ race4 ,is n t g]mane8 ,d n ! two g toge!r8 ,are !y n naturally associat$8 ,sir1 c !y be sep>at$8 ,in/ead ( rais+ a "q ( ord]1 ,i ?9k ! fri5ds ( amne/y w\ld be mu* bett] employ$ if !y devot$ _! /r5g? to secure ! passage ( my am5dm5t4 ,:o t is truly 9 favor ( amne/y w vote aga9/ ?is measure ( reconciliation8 ,sir1 mo/ anxi\sly d ,i seek reconciliation2 b ,i "k too mu* ( hi/ory1 too mu* ( my own c\ntry1 & ,i rememb] too well ! fires ov] :i* we h walk$ 9 ^! latt] days1 n to "k t reconciliation is impossible except on ! recognition ( ,equal ,rights4 ,va9 is ! ef=t ( ! ,s5ator f ,mississippi ,mr4 ,,alcorn2 he _c succe$2 he mu/ fail1 & he ought to fail4 ,x is n en\gh to be g5]\s2 he mu/ le>n to be j4 ,x is n en\gh to /& by ^? :o h f\ght aga9/ u2 he mu/ also /& by ^? :o = g5]ations h borne ! ban ( wrong4 ,i li/5$ ) sadness to ! ,s5ator2 he spoke e>ne/ly & s9c]ely1--b1 to my m9d1 x is mu* to be regrett$1 t1 com+ into ?is ,*amb] ! repres5tative ( color$ m51 he %\ld turn aga9/ !m4 ,i "k t he w say1 8,pass ! ,amne/y ,bill fir/1 & !n take c>e ( ! o!r40 ,i say1 ,bett] pass ! two toge!r2 or if ei!r is lo/1 let x be ! fir/4 ,ju/ice 9 ?is _w is =emo/4 ,! ,s5ator ?9ks t ! cause ( ! color$ race is haz>d$ because my am5dm5t is mov$ on ! ,act = ,amne/y4 ,9 my judgm5t1 x is advanc$4 ,he says t ! ,act ( ,amne/y c pass only by a two-?irds vote4 ,well1 ,sir1 ,i insi/ t e "o ( t two-?irds %\ld record 8 "n = my measure ( reconciliation4 ,if he does n1 he is inconsi/5t ) himself4 ,h[1 ,sir1 w an ,act ( ,amne/y be receiv$ :5 accompani$ ) d5ial ( ju/ice to ! color$ race8 ,) :at c\nt5ance c x be pres5t$ to ?is c\ntry8 ,h[ w x look to ! civiliz$ _w8 ,sad page6 ,! ,record+ ,angel w h te>s1 b n en\gh to blot x out4 ,! decision ( ! ,*air 0 su/a9$ by ! vote ( ! ,s5ate1--,yeas #bh1 ,nays #bf1--;& ! am5dm5t 0 decl>$ 9 ord]4 ,on ! "q ( its adoption x 0 lo/1--,yeas #bi1 ,nays #cj4 ,lat] 9 ! day1 ! ,amne/y ,bill hav+ be5 report$ to ! ,s5ate1 ,mr4 ,sumn] r5ew$ 8 am5dm5t4 ,9 ! debate t ensu$ he decl>$ 8 desire to vote = amne/y2 b he insi/$ t ?is measure did n des]ve success1 unless ) x 0 ju/ice to ! color$ race4 ,9 reply to ,mr4 ,?urman1 he urg$ t all regulations ( public in/itutions %\ld be 9 con=mity ) ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 8,! ,s5ator may smile1 b ,i comm5d t to 8 ?\ghts dur+ our vacation4 ,let him consid] ! b9d+ "* ( ! ,decl>ation 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,! ,s5ator does n believe x4 ,!re are o!rs :o d1 & my bill is simply a practical application ( x40 ,)\t tak+ any vote ! ,s5ate adj\rn$ = ! holiday recess1 leav+ ! ,amne/y ,bill & ! p5d+ am5dm5t z unf9i%$ bus9ess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahgb1 ! subject 0 resum$1 :5 ,mr4 ,sumn] made ! foll[+ spee*4 ,,spee*4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1--,9 op5+ ?is "q1 "o ( ! greate/ ev] pres5t$ to ! ,s5ate1 ,i h _h b "o hesitation1 & t 0 m]ely ) reg>d to ! ord] ( treatm5t4 ,!re is a mass ( important te/imony f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 f ,massa*usetts z well z ,georgia1 %[+ ! absolute necessity ( ,congressional legislation = ! protection ( ,equal ,rights1 :i* ,i ?9k ought to be laid be=e ! ,s5ate4 ,x 0 my purpose to beg9 ) ?is te/imony2 b ,i h *ang$ my m9d1 & %all devote ! day to a /atem5t ( ! "q1 rely+ ^u ! indulg5ce ( ! ,s5ate = ano!r opportunity to introduce ! evid5ce4 ,i ask t ! p5d+ am5dm5t be read4 ,! ,*ief ,cl]k read ! am5dm5t1 :i* 0 to app5d to ! ,amne/y ,bill1 z additional sections1 ! ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill4 ,mr4 ,sumn] resum$3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 ,slav]y1 9 its =emo/ pret5sions1 reappe>s 9 ! pres5t debate4 ,aga9 ! b>b>\s tyranny /alks into ?is ,*amb]1 d5y+ to a :ole race ! ,equal ,rights promis$ by a j citiz5%ip4 ,"s h ?\ght ,slav]y dead4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,if n 9 body1 at lea/ 9 _s1 or z a gho/ mak+ ! c\ntry hide\s1 ! anci5t crim9al yet l+]s among u1 insi/+ ^u ! cont9u$ degradation ( a race4 ,prop]ty 9 man has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! human auction-block has dep>t$4 ,no human be+ c call himself ma/]1 ) impi\s p[] to sep>ate husb& & wife1 to sell *ild f p>5t1 to %ut out ! opportunities ( religion1 to close ! gates ( k1 & to rob ano!r ( 8 labor & all its fruits4 ,^! guilty pr]ogatives are end$4 ,to ?is ext5t ! slave is free4 ,no long] a *attel1 he is a man1--ju/ly entitl$ to all t is accord$ by law to any o!r man4 ,su* is ! irresi/ible logic ( 8 emancipation4 ,ceas+ to be a slave1 he became a man1 ^: =emo/ "r is ,equality ( ,rights4 ,& yet ,slav]y has be5 /rong en\gh to po/pone 8 entry into ! great possession4 ,cruelly1 he 0 n p]mitt$ to te/ify 9 c\rt2 mo/ unju/ly1 he 0 n all[$ to vote4 ,m ?an f\r millions ( p1 ^: only (f5ce 0 a sk9 once ! badge ( ,slav]y1 7 %ut out f ! c\rt-room1 & also f ! ballot-box1 9 op5 defiance ( ! great ,decl>ation ( our fa!rs1 t all m5 are equal 9 rights1 & t j gov]nm5t /&s only on ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,su* 0 ! impud5t behe/ ( ,slav]y1 prolong$ aft] x 0 report$ dead4 ,at la/ ^! cry+ wrongs are ov]turn$4 ,! slave te/ifies2 ! slave votes4 ,to ?is ext5t 8 equality is recogniz$4 ,,equality ,,be=e ,,! ,,law4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,mu* z x may seem1 comp>$ ) ! pa/1 :5 all 0 d5i$1 x is too little1 because all is n yet recogniz$4 ,! d5ial ( any "r is a wrong d>k5+ ! enjoym5t ( all ! re/4 ,besides ! "r to te/ify & ! "r to vote1 !re are o!r rights )\t :i* ,equality does n exi/4 ,! precise rule is ,equality be=e ! ,law1 nor m nor less2 t is1 t condition be=e ! law 9 :i* all are alike1--be+ entitl$1 )\t discrim9ation1 to ! equal enjoym5t ( all in/itutions1 privileges1 advantages1 & conv5i5ces creat$ or regulat$ by law1 among :i* are ! "r to te/ify & ! "r to vote4 ,b ?is pla9 requirem5t is n satisfi$1 logically or reasonably1 by ^! two concessions1 s t :5 !y are recogniz$ all o!rs are trifles4 ,! c\rt-h\se & ! ballot-box are n ! only places = ! rule4 ,^! two are n ! only in/itutions = its op]ation4 ,! rule is g5]al2 h[1 !n1 re/rict x to two cases8 ,x is1 ,all are equal be=e ! law1--n m]ely be=e ! law 9 two cases1 b be=e ! law 9 all cases1 )\t limitation or exception4 ,important z x is to te/ify & to vote1 life is n all conta9$ ev5 9 ^! possessions4 ,! new-made citiz5 is call$ to travel = bus9ess1 = heal?1 or = pleasure2 b "h 8 trials beg94 ,8 money1 :e!r gold or pap]1 is ! same z ! :ite man's2 b ! doors ( ! public hotel1 :i* f ! e>lie/ days ( jurisprud5ce h always op5$ hospitably to ! /rang]1 close aga9/ him1 & ! public conveyances1 :i* ! ,common ,law decl>es equally free to all alike1 h no su* fre$om = him4 ,he longs1 p]haps1 = respite & relaxation at "s place ( public amusem5t1 duly lic5s$ by law2 & "h also ! same adv]se discrim9ation is made4 ,) ! anxieties ( a p>5t1 seek+ ! welf>e ( 8 *ild1 he /rives to be/[ ^u him ! ine/imable bless+s ( education1 & takes him affectionately to ! common s*ool1 creat$ by law1 & support$ by ! taxation to :i* he has contribut$2 b ^! doors slam rudely 9 ! face ( ! *ild :]e is g>n]$ up ! p>5t's he>t4 8,suff] little *ildr51 & =bid !m n1 to come unto me03 su* 7 ! words ( ! ,div9e ,ma/]4 ,b among u little *ildr5 are turn$ away & =bidd5 at ! door ( ! common s*ool1 because ( ! sk94 ,& ! same insult+ o/racism %[s itself 9 o!r in/itutions ( sci5ce & le>n+1 also 9 ! *ur*1 & 9 ! la/ re/+-place on e>?4 ,two in/ances occur1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ already on ?is floor2 b _! em95ce 9 illu/ration ( an unque/ionable grievance ju/ifies ! repetition4 ,,case ,,( ,,fr$]ick ,,d\glass4 ,"o is ! well-kn[n case ( ,fr$]ick ,d\glass1 :o1 return+ home aft] e>ne/ s]vice ( weeks z ,secret>y ( ! ,commission to report on ! p ( ,san ,dom+o & ! exp$i5cy ( incorporat+ !m ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 rudely exclud$ f ! table1 :]e 8 bro!r commission]s 7 already seat$1 on bo>d ! mail-/eam] ( ! ,potomac1 j be=e rea*+ ! ,presid5t1 ^: commission he bore4 ,?is case1 if n aggravat$1 is made conspicu\s by peculi> circum/ances4 ,mr4 ,d\glass is a g5tleman ( unque/ion$ ability & "*1 rem>kable z an orator1 ref9$ 9 mann]s1 & p]sonally agreeable4 ,he 0 return+1 *>g$ ) ! mission ( br++ "u our in/itutions a consid]able population ( color$ =eign]s1 ^: prospective treatm5t among u 0 =e%ad[$ on bo>d t mail-/eam]4 ,! ,dom9ican ,baez c\ld n expect m ?an our fell[-citiz54 ,& yet1 ) ?is mission1 & ) ! p]sonal recomm5dation he s ju/ly enjoys1 ?is return+ ,secret>y c\ld n be sav$ f outrage ev5 9 sight ( ! ,executive ,mansion4 ,,case ,,( ,,lieut5ant-,,gov]nor ,,dunn4 ,!re also 0 ,osc> ,james ,dunn1 late ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor ( ,l\isiana4 ,x 0 my privilege to op5 ! door ( ! ,s5ate ,*amb] & introduce him ^u ?is floor4 ,!n1 9 reply to my inquiry1 he rec\nt$ ! h>d%ips to :i* he _h be5 expos$ 9 ! long j\rney f ,l\isiana1--especially h[ he 0 d5i$ ! ord9>y accommodations = com=t & repose suppli$ to ^? ( ano!r sk94 ,?is d5ial is memorable1 n only f ! rank1 b ! "* ( ! victim4 ,( blameless life1 he 0 an example ( integrity4 ,he 0 poor1 b c\ld n be b\ght or brib$4 ,duty ) him 0 m ?an ri*es4 ,a =tune 0 (f]$ = 8 signature2 b he spurn$ ! temptation4 ,& yet ?is model "*1 high 9 ! confid5ce ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & 9 ! full enjoym5t ( political p[]1 0 doom$ to suff] ! bla/+ influ5ce :i* /ill f9ds support 9 ?is ,*amb]4 ,he is dead at la/1 & buri$ ) (ficial pomp4 ,! p1 c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 ?rong$ ! /reets :ile 8 obsequies proce$$4 ,an odi\s discrim9ation 0 = ! "t susp5d$4 ,9 life reject$ by ! conductor ( a railway because ( 8 sk91 he 0 borne to 8 la/ re/+-place ) all ! honors an afflict$ community c\ld be/[4 ,only 9 8 c(f9 0 ! ban ( color lift$1 & ! dead /atesman admitt$ to t equality :i* is ! "r ( all4 ,,requirem5t ,,( ,,republican ,,in/itutions4 ,^! are m>k$ in/ances2 b !y are types4 ,if ,fr$]ick ,d\glass & ,osc> ,james ,dunn c\ld be made to suff]1 h[ mu* mu/ o!rs be call$ to endure6 ,all alike1 ! feeble1 ! invalid1 ! educat$1 ! ref9$1 wom5 z well z m51 are %ut out f ! ord9>y privileges ( ! /eamboat or rail-c>1 & driv5 into a vulg> /y ) smok]s & rude p]sons1 :]e ! conv]sation is z (f5sive z ! sc5e1 & !n aga9 at ! roadside inn are d5i$ t %elt] & n\ri%m5t )\t :i* travel is impossible4 ,d y d\bt ?is con/ant1 wide-spread outrage1 ext5d+ 9 unc\nt$ ramifications ?r\gh\t ! :ole l&8 ,) sorr[ be x said1 x rea*es ev]y:]e1 ev5 into ,massa*usetts4 ,n a ,/ate :i* does n ne$ ! b5ign correction4 ,! evid5ce is on y\r table 9 num]\s petitions4 ,& !re is o!r evid5ce1 already pres5t$ by me1 %[+ h[ individuals h suff]$ f ?is pla9 d5ial ( equal rights4 ,:o t has a he>t c li/5 to ! /ory )\t indignation & %ame8 ,:o ) a sp>k ( ju/ice to illum9e 8 s\l c hesitate to d5\nce ! wrong8 ,:o t rejoices 9 republican in/itutions w n help to ov]?r[ ! tyranny by :i* !y are degrad$8 ,i d n use too /rong language1 :5 ,i expose ?is tyranny z a degradation to republican in/itutions1--ay1 ,sir1 9 _! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,:y is ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce our ,magna ,*>ta8 ,n because x decl>es sep>ation f a di/ant k+ly p[]2 b because x ann\nces ! l(ty tru? t all are equal 9 rights1 &1 z a natural consequ5ce1 t j gov]nm5t /&s only on ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$1--all ( :i* is held to be self-evid5t4 ,su* is ! s\l ( republican in/itutions1 )\t :i* ! ,republic is a failure1 a "n & no?+ m4 ,call x a ,republic1 if y w1 b x is 9 reality a s\lless mock]y4 ,equality 9 rights is n only ! fir/ ( rights1 x is an axiom ( political tru?4 ,b an axiom1 :e!r ( sci5ce or philosophy1 is univ]sal1 & )\t exception or limitation2 & ?is is accord+ to ! v law ( its nature4 ,!re=e x is n /at+ an axiom to ann\nce gr&ly t only :ite m5 are equal 9 rights2 nor is x /at+ an axiom to ann\nce ) ! same gr&eur t all p]sons are equal 9 rights1 b t color$ p]sons h no rights except to te/ify & vote4 ,nor is x a self-evid5t tru?1 z decl>$2 = no tru? is self-evid5t :i* is n univ]sal4 ,! ass]t$ limitation de/roys ! orig9al ,decl>ation1 mak+ x a ridicul\s %am1 in/ead ( t sublime ,magna ,*>ta be=e :i* k+s1 nobles1 & all inequalities ( bir? mu/ disappe> z gho/s ( night at ! dawn4 ,,real ,,issue ,,( ,,! ,,w>4 ,all ?is has additional =ce1 :5 x is kn[n t ?is v axiom or self-evid5t tru? decl>$ by our fa!rs 0 ! real issue ( ! w>1 & 0 s publicly ann\nc$ by ! lead]s on bo? sides4 ,beh9d ! embattl$ armies 7 ideas1 & ! idea on our side 0 ,equality 9 ,rights1 :i* on ! o!r side 0 d5i$4 ,! ,nation insi/$ t all m5 are creat$ equal2 ! ,rebellion insi/$ t all m5 are creat$ unequal4 ,"h ! evid5ce is explicit4 ,! inequality ( m5 0 an orig9al po/ulate ( ,mr4 ,calh\n1#agd :i* f\nd f9al expression 9 ! op5 d5unciation ( ! self-evid5t tru? z 8a self-evid5t lie40#age ,e*o+ ?is d5unciation1 ,jeff]son ,davis1 on leav+ ! ,s5ate1 ,janu>y #ba1 #ahfa1 9 t f>ewell spee* :i* "s among y he>d1 b :i* all may read 9 ! 8,globe10 made ! issue 9 ^! words3-- 8,x has be5 a belief t we are to be depriv$ 9 ! ,union ( ! rights :i* our fa!rs bequea!d to u1 :i* has br\ght ,mississippi into h] pres5t decision4 ,%e has he>d proclaim$ ! !ory t all m5 are creat$ free & equal1 & ?is made ! basis ( an attack ^u h] social in/itutions2 & ! sacr$ ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce has be5 invok$ to ma9ta9 ! position ( ! equality ( ! races40#agf ,! issue ?us made by ! *ief ,rebel 0 promptly jo9$4 ,abraham ,l9coln1 ! elect$ ,presid5t1 /opp+ at ,indep5d5ce ,hall1 ,febru>y #bb;d1 on 8 way to assume 8 duties at ! ,national capital1 9 unprem$itat$ words ?us int]pret$ ! ,decl>ation3-- 8,x 0 t :i* gave promise t 9 due "t ! weight %\ld be lift$ f ! %\ld]s ( all m51 & t all %\ld h an equal *ance40 ,m>k1 if y please1 ! simplicity ( ?is utt]ance4 ,all are to h 8an equal *ance02 & ?is1 he said1 8is ! s5tim5t embodi$ 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce40 ,!n1 9 reply to ,jeff]son ,davis1 he proce$$3-- 8,n[1 my fri5ds1 c ?is c\ntry be sav$ ^u t basis8 ,if x c1 ,i %all consid] myself "o ( ! happie/ m5 9 ! _w1 if ,i c help to save x4 ,if x _c be sav$ ^u t pr9ciple1 x w be truly awful4 ,b if ?is c\ntry _c be sav$ )\t giv+ up t pr9ciple1 ,i 0 ab\t to say ,i w\ld r be assass9at$ on ?is spot ?an surr5d] x40 ,giv+ ^! words /ill fur!r solemnity1 he add$3 8,i h said no?+ b :at ,i am will+ to live by1 &1 if x be ! pleasure ( ,almighty ,god1 to die by40 ,& !n1 be=e rais+ ! national bann] ov] ! hi/oric ,hall1 he said3-- 8,x is on su* an occasion z ?is t we c reason toge!r1 & reaffirm our devotion to ! c\ntry & ! pr9ciples ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce40#agg ,?us ! gauntlet flung d[n by ,jeff]son ,davis 0 tak5 up by ,abraham ,l9coln1 :o nev] =got ! issue4 ,! rejo9d] 0 made by ,alex&] ,h4 ,/eph5s1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,rebellion1 9 a n-to-be =gott5 spee* at ,savannah1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahfa1 :5 he did n hesitate to decl>e ( ! pret5d$ ,gov]nm5t1 t-- 8,its f\ndations are laid1 its corn]-/one re/s1 ^u ! great tru? t ! ,negro is n equal to ! :ite man40 ,!n1 glory+ 9 ?is t]rible %ame1 he add$3-- 8,?is1 our new ,gov]nm5t1 is ! fir/1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 bas$ ^u ?is great physical1 philosophical1 & moral tru?40 8,?is /one1 :i* 0 reject$ by ! fir/ build]s1 is become ! *ief /one ( ! corn]40#agh ,to ?is unblu%+ av[al ,abraham ,l9coln repli$ 9 t m>vell\s1 undy+ utt]ance at ,gettysburg1--fit voice = ! ,republic1 great] f> ?an any victory3 8,f\rscore & sev5 ye>s ago our fa!rs br\ght =? on ?is cont95t a new ,nation1 conceiv$ 9 ,lib]ty1 & d$icat$ to ! proposition t all m5 are creat$ equal40 ,?us1 9 precise con=mity ) ! ,decl>ation1 0 x ann\nc$ t our ,republic is d$icat$ to ! ,equal ,rights ( ,all2 & !n ! prophet-,presid5t1 soon to be a m>tyr1 ask$ 8 c\ntrym5 to d$icate !mselves to ! great task rema9+1 highly resolv+ 8t ?is ,nation1 "u ,god1 %all h a new bir? ( ,fre$om2 & t ,gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 & = ! p %all n p]i% f ! e>?40#agi ,! victory ( ! w> is va9 )\t ! gr&] victory ?r\gh :i* ! ,republic is d$icat$ to ! axiomatic1 self-evid5t tru? decl>$ by our fa!rs1 & reass]t$ by ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,) ?is mighty tru? z a guid+ pr9ciple1 ! ,national ,con/itution is elevat$1 & made m ?an ev] a protection to ! citiz54 ,all ?is is s pla9 t x is difficult to argue x4 ,:at is ! ,republic1 if x fails 9 ?is loyalty8 ,:at is ! ,national ,gov]nm5t1 coext5sive ) ! ,republic1 if fell[-citiz5s1 c\nt$ by ! million1 c be %ut out f equal rights 9 travel1 9 recreation1 9 education1 & 9 o!r ?+s1 all contribut+ to human necessities8 ,:]e is t great promise by :i* 8! pursuit ( happ9ess0 is plac$1 ) life & lib]ty1 "u ! safegu>d ( axiomatic1 self-evid5t tru?8 ,:]e is ju/ice1 if ?is ban ( color is n promptly remov$8 ,:]e is humanity8 ,:]e is reason8 ,,two ,,excuses4 ,! two excuses %[ h[ irrational & utt]ly gr\ndless is ?is pret5sion4 ,!y are on a p> ) ! pret5sion itself4 ,"o is1 t ! "q is ( society1 & n ( rights1 :i* is cle>ly a misrepres5tation2 & ! o!r is1 t ! sep>ate arrangem5ts provid$ = color$ p]sons con/itute a sub/itute = equality 9 ! nature ( an equival5t1--all ( :i* is cle>ly a contrivance1 if n a trick3 z if !re c\ld be any equival5t = equality4 ,,no ,,"q ,,( ,,society4 ,( ! fir/ excuse x is difficult to speak ) pati5ce4 ,x is a simple misrepres5tation1 & :]ev] x %[s itself mu/ be treat$ z su*4 ,!re is no color$ p]son :o does n res5t ! imputation t he is seek+ to intrude himself socially any:]e4 ,?is is no "q ( society1 no "q ( social life1 no "q ( social equality1 if anybody kn[s :at ?is means4 ,! object is simply ,equality be=e ! ,law1 a t]m :i* expla9s itself4 ,n[1 z ! law does n presume to create or regulate social relations1 ^! are 9 no respect affect$ by ! p5d+ measure4 ,ea* p]son1 :e!r ,s5ator or citiz51 is always free to *oose :o %all be 8 fri5d1 8 associate1 8 gue/4 ,& does n ! anci5t prov]b decl>e t 8a man is kn[n by ! company he keeps08 ,b ?is assumes t he may *oose = himself4 ,8 h\se is 8 8ca/le02 & ?is v designation1 borr[$ f ! ,common ,law1 %[s 8 absolute indep5d5ce )9 its walls2 nor is !re any diff]5ce1 :e!r x be palace or hovel4 ,b :5 he leaves 8 8ca/le0 & goes abroad1 ?is indep5d5ce is at an end4 ,he walks ! /reets1 b always subject to ! prevail+ law ( ,equality2 nor c he appropriate ! sidewalk to 8 own exclusive use1 driv+ into ! gutt] all ^: sk9 is less :ite ?an 8 own4 ,b nobody pret5ds t ,equality 9 ! highway1 :e!r on pavem5t or sidewalk1 is a "q ( society4 ,& p]mit me to say t ,equality 9 all in/itutions creat$ or regulat$ by law is z little a "q ( society4 ,9 ! days ( ,slav]y x 0 an (t-repeat$ *>ge1 t ,emancipation 0 a measure ( social equality2 & ! same *>ge became a cry at ! successive ef=ts = ! "r to te/ify & ! "r to vote4 ,at ea* /age ! cry 0 rais$1 & n[ x makes itself he>d aga91 z y are call$ to assure ?is cr[n+ safegu>d4 ,,equality ,,n ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,equival5ts4 ,!n comes ! o!r excuse1 :i* f9ds ,equality 9 sep>ation4 ,sep>ate hotels1 sep>ate conveyances1 sep>ate !atres1 sep>ate s*ools & in/itutions ( le>n+ & sci5ce1 sep>ate *ur*es1 & sep>ate cemet]ies1--^! are ! artificial sub/itutes4 ,& ?is is ! contrivance by :i* a transc5d5t "r1 involv+ a transc5d5t duty1 is evad$3 = ,equality is n only a "r1 b a duty4 ,h[ va9 to argue t !re is no d5ial ( ,equal ,rights :5 ?is sep>ation is en=c$6 ,! sub/itute is inv>iably an inf]ior article4 ,does any ,s5ator d5y x8 ,!re=e1 x is n ,equality2 at be/ x is an equival5t only4 ,b no equival5t is ,equality4 ,sep>ation implies "o ?+ = a :ite p]son & ano!r ?+ = a color$ p]son2 b ,equality is :]e all h ! same alike4 ,!re c be no sub/itute = ,equality1--no?+ b itself4 ,ev5 if accommodations are ! same1 z notori\sly !y are n1 !re is no ,equality4 ,9 ! process ( sub/itution ! vital elixir exhales & escapes3 x is lo/1 & _c be recov]$2 = ,equality is f\nd only 9 ,equality4 8,n\ght b itself c be its p>allel02 b ,s5ators und]take to f9d p>allels 9 o!r ?+s4 ,z well make weight 9 silv] ! equival5t = weight 9 diamonds1 accord+ to ! illu/ration ( ,seld5 9 8 fam\s 8,table-,talk40 8,if10 rem>k$ ! le>n$ int]locutor1 8,i said ,i ow$ y tw5ty p\nds 9 silv]1 & y said ,i ow$ y tw5ty p\nds ( diamonds1 :i* is a sum innum]able1 'tis impossible we %\ld ev] agree40#ahj ,b ,equality is weight 9 diamonds1 & a sum innum]able1--:i* is v diff]5t f weight 9 silv]4 ,assum+--:at is mo/ absurd to assume1 & :at is contradict$ by all exp]i5ce--t a sub/itute c be an equival5t1 x is s 9 =m only1 & n 9 reality4 ,e su* assumption is an indignity to ! color$ race1 in/9ct ) ! _s ( ,slav]y2 & ?is decides its "*4 ,x is ,slav]y 9 its la/ appe>ance4 ,are y ready to prolong ! hateful tyranny8 ,religion & reason condemn ,ca/e z impi\s & un*ri/ian1 mak+ republican in/itutions & equal laws impossible2 b "h is ,ca/e n unlike t :i* sep>ates ! ,sudra f ! ,brahm94 ,pray1 ,sir1 :o con/itutes ! :ite man a ,brahm98 ,:5ce 8 lordly title8 ,d[n to a rec5t p]iod 9 ,europe ! ,jews 7 driv5 to h]d by !mselves1 sep>ate f ! ,*ri/ians2 b ?is disc>d$ b>b>ism is reviv$ among u 9 ! ban ( color4 ,!re are millions ( fell[-citiz5s guilty ( no (f5ce except ! dusky liv]y ( ! sun appo9t$ by ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 :om y treat z o!rs h treat$ ! ,jews1 z ! ,brahm9 treats ! ,sudra4 ,b1 pray1 ,sir1 d n pret5d t ?is is ! great equality promis$ by our fa!rs4 ,9 arraign+ ?is attempt at sep>ation z a ,ca/e1 ,i say no?+ new4 ,= ye>s ,i h d5\nc$ x z su*2 & "h ,i foll[$ good au?orities1 z well z reason4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 speak+ ( ! negroes ( ,new ,mexico :5 ,slav]y prevail$1 call$ !m a ,ca/e4#aha ,a rec5t political & juridical writ] ( ,france uses ! same t]m to d5ote n only ! discrim9ation 9 ,india1 b t 9 our own c\ntry1--especially ref]r+ to ! exclusion ( color$ *ildr5 f ! common s*ools z among 8! humiliat+ & brutal di/9ctions0 by :i* _! ,ca/e is *>act]iz$4#ahb ,! pr9ciple ( sep>ation on ! gr\nd ( h]$it>y inf]iority is ! di/9ctive ess5ce ( ,ca/e2 b ?is is ! outrage :i* flaunts 9 our c\ntry1 cry+ out1 8,i am bett] ?an ?\1 because ,i am :ite4 ,get away60 ,,! ,,rem$y4 ,?us d ,i reject ! two excuses4 ,b ,i d n leave ! cause "h4 ,i g fur!r1 & %[ h[ consi/5t is ! p5d+ measure ) ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples1 illu/rat$ by und\bt$ law4 ,! bill = ,equal ,rights is simply supplem5t>y to ! exi/+ ,civil ,rights ,law1 :i* is "o ( our great /atutes ( peace1 & x /&s on ! same requirem5ts ( ! ,national ,con/itution4 ,if ! ,civil ,rights ,law is above "q1 z _c be d\bt$1 !n also is ?is supplem5t>y am5dm5t2 = x is only ! complem5t ( ! o!r1 & necess>y to its completion4 ,)\t ?is am5dm5t ! orig9al law is imp]fect4 ,x _c be said1 accord+ to its title1 t all p]sons are protect$ 9 _! civil rights1 s long z ! outrages ,i expose cont9ue to exi/2 nor is ,slav]y entirely dead4 ,foll[+ reason & au?ority1 ! conclusion is easy4 ,a ,law ,diction>y1 ( con/ant use z a rep]tory ( e/abli%$ rules & pr9ciples1 def9es a 8freeman0 z 8"o 9 ! possession ( ! civil rights enjoy$ by ! p g5]ally40#ahc ,happily1 all are freem5 n[2 b ! color$ p are /ill exclud$ f civil rights enjoy$ by ! p g5]ally1--& ?is1 too1 9 ! face ( our new ,bill ( ,rights int5d$ = _! especial protection4 ,by ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5t aboli%+ ,slav]y ,congress is emp[]$ 8to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation02 & 9 pursuance !re( ! ,civil ,rights ,law 0 enact$4 ,t measure 0 ju/ly accept$ z 8appropriate legislation40 ,)\t x ,slav]y w\ld /ill exi/ 9 at lea/ "o ( its mo/ odi\s pret5sions4 ,by ! ,civil ,rights ,law color$ p]sons 7 assur$ 9 ! "r to te/ify1 :i* 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates 0 d5i$ or abridg$4 ,s closely 0 ?is outrage connect$ ) ,slav]y1 t x 01 inde$1 "p ( ?is great wrong4 ,!re=e its prohibition 0 8appropriate legislation0 9 ! en=cem5t ( ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5t4 ,b ! d5ial or abridgm5t ( ,equality on acc\nt ( color is also "p ( ,slav]y4 ,s long z x exi/s1 ,slav]y is /ill pres5t among u4 ,its prohibition is n only 8appropriate10 b necess>y1 to en=ce ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5t4 ,!re=e is x /rictly ,con/itutional1 z if 9 ! v text ( ! ,national ,con/itution4 ,! next ,con/itutional ,am5dm5t1 kn[n z ! ,f\rte5?1 conta9s two diff]5t provisions1 :i* augm5t ! p[] ( ,congress4 ,! fir/ furni%es ! def9ition ( 8citiz510 :i* d[n to ?is "t _h be5 left to con/ruction only3-- 8,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,/ates :]ev] !y reside40 ,"h1 y w rem>k1 are no words ( race or color4 8,all p]sons10 & n 8all :ite p]sons10 born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are 8citiz5s40 ,su* is ! def9ition suppli$ by ?is ,am5dm5t4 ,?is is foll[$ by ano!r provision 9 aid ( ! def9ition3-- 8,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all any ,/ate deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty )\t due process ( law1 nor d5y to any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! laws40 ,& ,congress is emp[]$ to en=ce ?is def9ition ( ,citiz5%ip & ?is gu>anty1 by 8appropriate legislation40 ,"h1 !n1 are two ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts1 ea* a f\nta9 ( p[]3 ! fir/1 to en=ce ! ,abolition ( ,slav]y2 & ! second1 to assure ! privileges & immunities ( citiz5s1 & also ! equal protection ( ! laws4 ,if ! ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill1 mov$ by me1 is n )9 ^! accumulat$ p[]s1 ,i am at a loss to "k :at is )9 ^? p[]s4 ,9 consid]+ ^! ,con/itutional provisions1 ,i insi/ ^u t int]pretation :i* %all give !m ! mo/ g5]\s expansion1 s t !y %all be truly efficaci\s = human rights4 ,once ,slav]y 0 ! animat+ pr9ciple 9 det]m9+ ! mean+ ( ! ,national ,con/itution3 happily1 x is s no long]4 ,ano!r pr9ciple is n[ supreme1 brea?+ into ! :ole ! brea? ( a new life1 & fill+ x 9 e "p ) "o p]vad+1 controll+ s5tim5t1--be+ t great pr9ciple ( ,equality :i* triumph$ at la/ on ! battle-field1 &1 be>+ ! wat*word ( ! ,republic1 n[ supplies ! rule by :i* e ^w ( ! ,con/itution & all its p>ts mu/ be int]pret$1 z mu* z if writt5 9 its text4 ,!re is also an orig9al provision ( ! ,national ,con/itution1 n to be =gott53-- 8,! citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates40 ,once a /]ile lett]1 ?is is n[ a fruitful safegu>d1 to be int]pret$1 l all else1 s t human rights %all mo/ prevail4 ,! t]m 8privileges & immunities0 0 at an e>ly day au?oritatively def9$ by ,judge ,wa%+ton1 :o ann\nc$ t !y embrac$ 8protection by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! enjoym5t ( life & lib]ty1 ) ! "r to acquire & possess prop]ty ( e k9d1 & to pursue & obta9 happ9ess & safety1 ''' ! "r ( a citiz5 ( "o ,/ate to pass ?r\gh or to reside 9 any o!r ,/ate1 = purposes ( trade1 agriculture1 pr(essional pursuits1 or o!rwise40#ahd ,b ^! 8privileges & immunities0 are protect$ by ! pres5t measure4 ,no d\bt ! ,supplem5t>y ,law mu/ op]ate1 n only 9 ,national jurisdiction1 b also 9 ! ,/ates1 precisely z ! ,civil ,rights ,law2 o!rwise x w be ( little value4 ,its sph]e mu/ be coext5sive ) ! ,republic1 mak+ ! rights ( ! citiz5 uni=m ev]y:]e4 ,b ?is c be only by "o uni=m safegu>d su/a9$ by ! ,nation4 ,citiz5%ip is univ]sal1 & ! same ev]y:]e4 ,x _c be m or less 9 "o ,/ate ?an 9 ano!r4 ,b legislation is n en\gh4 ,an enlight5$ public op9ion mu/ be invok$4 ,nor w ?is be want+4 ,! c\ntry w rally 9 aid ( ! law1 m especially s9ce x is a measure ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,! law is ne$$ n[ z a help to public op9ion4 ,x is ne$$ by ! v p ^: pres5t conduct makes occasion = x4 ,prompt$ by ! law1 lean+ on ! law1 !y w recognize ! equal rights ( all2 nor d ,i despair ( a public op9ion :i* %all /amp ! d5ial ( ^! rights z an outrage n unlike ,slav]y itself4 ,cu/om & patronage w !n be s\ght 9 obey+ ! law4 ,p g5]ally are little bett] ?an actors1 = :om x 0 once said3-- 8,ah1 let n ,c5sure t]m our fate our *oice3 ,! /age b e*oes back ! public voice2 ,! drama's laws ! drama's patrons give2 ,= we t live to please mu/ please to live40#ahe ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! law p please too (t5 by inhumanity1 b ) ! law tea*+ ! lesson ( duty !y w please by humanity4 ,?us w ! law be an in/rum5t ( improvem5t1 necess>y 9 precise proportion to exi/+ prejudice4 ,because p /ill please by inhumanity1 !re=e mu/ !re be a c\nt]act+ =ce4 ,?is precise exig5cy 0 =ese5 by ,r\sseau1 rem>kable z writ] & ?9k]1 9 a "w :i* />tl$ ! _w1 :5 he said3-- 8,x is precisely because ! =ce ( ?+s t5ds always to de/roy equality t ! =ce ( legislation %\ld always t5d to ma9ta9 x40#ahf ,nev] 0 a tru] proposition2 & n[ let u look at ! cases = its application4 ,,public ,,hotels4 ,i beg9 ) ,public ,hotels or ,inns1 because ! rule ) reg>d to !m may be trac$ to ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ! ,common ,law4 ,9 ! ,*ronicles ( ,hol9%$1 writt5 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 is a *apt] 8,( our ,inns & ,?or\ghf>es10 :]e ! inn1 :i* is ! orig9al t]m = hotel1 is describ$ z 8build$ = ! receiv+ ( su* travell]s & /rang]s z pass to & fro02 & !n ! *ronicl]1 boa/+ ( 8 own c\ntry z comp>$ ) o!rs1 says1 8,e man may use 8 inn z 8 own h\se 9 ,engl&40#ahg ,9 con=mity ) ?is boa/ 0 ! law ( ,engl&4 ,! inn 0 op5$ to 8e man40 ,& ?is rule has cont9u$ f t e>ly epo*1 ant]ior to ! fir/ ,engli% settlem5t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 d[n to ?is day4 ,! inn is a public in/itution1 ) well-kn[n rights & duties4 ,among ! latt] is ! duty to receive all pay+ travell]s dec5t 9 appe>ance & conduct1--:]e9 x is di/+ui%$ f a lodg+-h\se or bo>d+-h\se1 :i* is a private conc]n1 & n subject to ! obligations ( ! inn4 ,= ?is /atem5t ,i might cite au?orities beg9n+ ) ! infancy ( ! law1 & n end+ ev5 ) a late decision ( ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt ( ,new ,york1 :]e an inn is def9$ to be 8a public h\se ( ent]ta9m5t = all :o *oose to visit x10#ahh--:i* diff]s v little f ! descriptive words ( ,hol9%$4 ,! summ>y ( our great juri/1 ,judge ,/ory1 %[s ! law3-- 8,an innkeep] is b\nd to take 9 all travell]s & wayf>+ p]sons1 & to ent]ta9 !m1 if he c accommodate !m1 = a reasonable comp5sation4''' ,if an innkeep] improp]ly refuses to receive or provide = a gue/1 he is liable to be indict$ !re=40#ahi ,*ancellor ,k5t /ates ! rule briefly1 b ) fulness & precision3-- 8,an innkeep] _c lawfully refuse to receive gue/s to ! ext5t ( 8 reasonable accommodations2 nor c he impose unreasonable t]ms ^u !m40#aij ,?is great au?ority says aga91 quot+ a decid$ case3-- 8,innkeep]s are liable to an action if !y refuse to receive a gue/ )\t j cause4 ,! innkeep] is ev5 indictable = ! refusal1 if he has room 9 8 h\se & ! gue/ behaves prop]ly40#aia ,& ,pr(essor ,p>sons1 9 8 "w on ,contracts1 s famili> to lawy]s & /ud5ts1 says3-- 8,he _c s refuse1 unless 8 h\se is full & he is actually unable to receive him4 ,& if on false pret5ces he refuses1 he is liable to an action40#aib ,! importance ( ?is rule 9 det]m9+ pres5t duty w ju/ify ano!r /atem5t 9 ! language ( a popul> ,encyclopdia3-- 8,"o ( ! incid5ts ( an innkeep] is1 t he is b\nd to op5 8 h\se to all travell]s1 )\t di/9ction1 & has no option to refuse su* refre%m5t1 %elt]1 & accommodation z he possesses1 provid$ ! p]son :o applies is ( ! description ( a travell]1 & able & ready to pay ! cu/om>y hire1 & is n drunk or disord]ly or ta9t$ ) infecti\s disease40 ,& ! ,encyclopdia adds3-- 8,z "s comp5sation = ?is compulsory hospitality1 ! innkeep] is all[$ c]ta9 privileges40#aic ,?us is ! innkeep] "u con/ra9t ( law1 :i* he mu/ obey2 8b\nd to take 9 all travell]s & wayf>+ p]sons02 8nor c he impose unreasonable t]ms ^u !m02 & liable to an action1 & ev5 to an indictm5t1 = refusal4 ,su* is ! law4 ,) ?is p]emptory rule op5+ ! doors ( inns to all travell]s1 )\t di/9ction1 to ! ext5t ( au?oriz+ n only an action1 b an indictm5t1 = ! refusal to receive a travell]1 x is pla9 t ! p5d+ bill is only decl>atory ( exi/+ law1 giv+ to x ! sanction ( ,congress4 ,,public ,,conveyances4 ,public ,conveyances1 :e!r on l& or wat]1 are kn[n to ! law z common c>ri]s1 & !y1 too1 h obligations1 n unlike ^? ( inns4 ,common c>ri]s are gr\p$ ) innkeep]s1 especially 9 duty to pass5g]s4 ,"h aga9 ! le>n$ ,judge is our au?ority3-- 8,! fir/ & mo/ g5]al obligation on _! "p is to c>ry pass5g]s1 :5ev] !y (f] !mselves & are ready to pay = _! transportation4 ,?is results f _! sett+ !mselves up1 l innkeep]s & common c>ri]s ( goods1 = a common public employm5t1 on hire4 ,!y are no m at lib]ty to refuse a pass5g]1 if !y h suffici5t room & accommodation1 ?an an innkeep] is to refuse suitable room & accommodations to a gue/40#aid ,pr(essor ,p>sons /ates ! rule /rongly3-- 8,x is 8 duty to receive all pass5g]s :o (f]2 to c>ry !m ! :ole r\te2 to dem& no m ?an ! usual & e/abli%$ comp5sation2 to treat all 8 pass5g]s alike2 to behave to all ) civility & propriety2 to provide suitable c>riages & means ( transport2 ''' & = ! default ( 8 s]vants or ag5ts 9 any ( ! above p>ticul>s1 or g5]ally 9 any o!r po9ts ( duty1 ! c>ri] is directly responsible1 z well z = any circum/ance ( aggravation :i* att5d$ ! wrong40#aie ,! same rule1 9 its application to railroads1 has be5 pres5t$ by a le>n$ writ] ) s+ul> =ce3-- 8,! company is "u a public duty1 z a common c>ri] ( pass5g]s1 to receive all :o (f] !mselves z su* & are ready to pay ! usual f>e1 & is liable 9 damages to a p>ty :om x refuses to c>ry )\t a reasonable excuse4 ,x may decl9e to c>ry p]sons aft] its means ( conveyance h be5 exhau/$1 & refuse su* z p]si/ 9 n comply+ ) its reasonable regulations1 or ^: improp] behavi\r--z by _! drunk5ness1 obsc5e language1 or vulg> conduct--r5d]s !m an annoyance to o!r pass5g]s4 ,b x _c make unreasonable discrim9ations betwe5 p]sons solicit+ its means ( conveyance1 z by refus+ !m on acc\nt ( p]sonal dislike1 _! occupation1 condition 9 life1 ,,complexion1 ,,race1 nativity1 political or ecclesia/ical relations40#aif ,x has also be5 affirm$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,p5nsylvania1 :]e1 on acc\nt ( color1 a p]son _h be5 exclud$ f a /reet c> 9 ,philadelphia4#aig ,! p5d+ bill simply re9=ces ?is rule1 :i*1 )\t ,congress1 ought to be suffici5t4 ,b s9ce x is set at n\ght by an odi\s discrim9ation1 ,congress mu/ int]f]e4 ,,places ,,( ,,public ,,amusem5t4 ,!atres & o!r places ( ,public ,amusem5t1 lic5s$ by law1 are k9dr$ to inns or public conveyances1 ?\gh less notic$ by jurisprud5ce4 ,b1 l _! prototypes1 !y und]take to provide = ! public "u sanction ( law4 ,!y are public in/itutions1 regulat$1 if n creat$1 by law1 enjoy+ privileges1 & 9 consid]ation !re( assum+ duties1 k9dr$ to ^? ( ! inn & ! public conveyance4 ,f ess5tial reason1 ! rule %\ld be ! same ) all4 ,z ! inn _c close its doors1 or ! public conveyance refuse a seat1 to any pay+ travell]1 dec5t 9 condition1 s mu/ x be ) ! !atre & o!r places ( public amusem5t4 ,"h are in/itutions ^: peculi> object is 8! pursuit ( happ9ess10 :i* has be5 plac$ among ! ,equal ,rights ( ,all4 ,h[ utt]ly irrational ! pret5sion to outrage a l>ge portion ( ! community6 ,! law c l5d itself to no su* intol]able absurdity2 & ?is1 ,i insi/1 %all be decl>$ by ,congress4 ,,common ,,s*ools4 ,! ,common ,s*ool falls naturally into ! same category4 ,l ! o!rs1 x mu/ op5 to all1 or its designation is a misnom] & a mock]y4 ,x is n a s*ool = :ites1 or a s*ool = blacks1 b a s*ool = all1--9 o!r words1 a common s*ool4 ,mu* is impli$ 9 ?is t]m1 accord+ to :i* ! s*ool h>monizes ) ! o!r in/itutions already m5tion$4 ,x is an inn :]e *ildr5 re/ on ! road to k4 ,x is a public conveyance :]e *ildr5 are pass5g]s4 ,x is a !atre :]e *ildr5 resort = endur+ recreation4 ,l ! o!rs1 x assumes to provide = ! public2 !re=e x mu/ be op5 to all3 nor c !re be any exclusion1 except on gr\nds equally applicable to ! inn1 ! public conveyance1 & ! !atre4 ,b ! common s*ool has a high] "*4 ,its object is ! education ( ! "y2 & x is su/a9$ by taxation1 to :i* all contribute4 ,n only does x hold itself out to ! public by its "n & its h>mony ) ! o!r in/itutions1 b x assumes ! place ( p>5t to all *ildr5 )9 its locality1 b\nd always to ex]cise a p>5t's wat*ful c>e & t5d]ness1 :i* c "k no di/9ction ( *ild4 ,x is easy to see t ! sep>ate s*ool1 f\nd$ on an odi\s discrim9ation1 & sometimes (f]$ z an equival5t = ! common s*ool1 is an ill-disguis$ violation ( ! pr9ciple ( ,equality1 :ile z a pret5d$ equival5t x is an utt] failure1 & in/ead ( a p>5t is only a *urli% /ep-"m4 ,a slight illu/ration w %[ h[ x fails2 & "h ,i m5tion an incid5t occurr+ 9 ,wa%+ton1 b :i* mu/ repeat itself (t5 on a l>g] scale1 :]ev] sep>ation is attempt$4 ,color$ *ildr51 liv+ ne> :at is call$ ! common s*ool1 are driv5 f its doors1 & compell$ to walk a consid]able di/ance--(t5 tr\blesome1 & 9 c]ta9 conditions ( ! wea!r difficult--to att5d ! sep>ate s*ool4 ,"o ( ^! *ildr5 has suff]$ f ?is exposure1 & ,i h myself witness$ ! emotion ( ! p>5t4 ,?is c\ld n h occurr$1 _h ! *ild be5 receiv$ at ! common s*ool 9 ! neighborhood4 ,n[ x is idle to ass]t t *ildr5 compell$ to ?is exceptional j\rney to & fro are 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,equal ,rights4 ,! sup]add$ p$e/rianism & its att5dant discom=t furni% ! measure ( ,inequality 9 "o ( its =ms1 increas$ by ! weakness or ill-heal? ( ! *ild4 ,:at mu/ be ! feel+s ( a color$ fa!r or "m daily witness+ ?is sacrifice to ! demon ( ,ca/e8 ,?is is an illu/ration m]ely1 b x %[s precisely h[ impossible x is = a sep>ate s*ool to be ! equival5t ( ! common s*ool4 ,& yet x only t\*es ! evil1 )\t exhibit+ its proportions4 ,! indignity (f]$ to ! color$ *ild is worse ?an any compulsory exposure2 & "h n only ! *ild suff]s1 b ! race to :i* he belongs is degrad$1 & ! :ole community is h>d5$ 9 wrong4 ,! sep>ate s*ool wants ! fir/ requisite ( ! common s*ool1 inasmu* z x is n equally op5 to all2 & s9ce ?is is inconsi/5t ) ! decl>$ rule ( republican in/itutions1 su* a s*ool is n republican 9 "*4 ,!re=e x is n a prep>ation = ! duties ( life4 ,! *ild is n tra9$ 9 ! way he %\ld g2 = he is tra9$ "u ! ban ( ,inequality4 ,h[ c he gr[ up to ! /ature ( equal citiz5%ip8 ,he is p9*$ & dw>f$ :ile ! /igma ( color is /amp$ ^u him4 ,?is is pla9 oppression1 :i* y1 ,sir1 w\ld feel ke5ly1 7 x direct$ aga9/ y or y\r *ild4 ,surely ! race enslav$ = g5]ations has suff]$ en\gh )\t be+ doom$ to ?is prolong$ proscription4 ,w n ! ,republic1 r$eem$ by mo/ co/ly sacrifice1 insi/ ^u ju/ice to ! *ildr5 ( ! l&1 mak+ ! common s*ool ! b5ign example ( republican in/itutions1 :]e m]it is ! only gr\nd ( favor8 ,nor is sep>ation )\t evil to ! :ites4 ,! prejudice ( color is nurs$1 :5 x %\ld be /ifl$4 ,! ,ph>isaism ( race becomes an elem5t ( "*1 :51 l all o!r ,ph>isaisms1 x %\ld be ca/ out4 ,bett] ev5 ?an k is a k9dly nature & ! s5tim5t ( equality4 ,su* %\ld be ! con/ant lesson1 repeat$ by ! lips & inscrib$ on ! he>t2 b ! s*ool itself mu/ practise ! lesson4 ,*ildr5 le>n by example m ?an by precept4 ,h[ preci\s ! example :i* tea*es t all are equal 9 rights6 ,b ?is c be only :]e all comm+le 9 ! common s*ool z 9 common citiz5%ip4 ,!re is no sep>ate ballot-box3 !re %\ld be no sep>ate s*ool4 ,x is n en\gh t all %\ld be taught alike2 !y mu/ all be taught toge!r4 ,!y are n only to receive equal quantities ( k2 all are to receive x 9 ! same way4 ,b !y _c be taught alike1 unless all are taught toge!r2 nor c !y receive equal quantities ( k 9 ! same way1 except at ! common s*ool4 ,! common s*ool is important to all2 b to ! color$ *ild x is a necessity4 ,exclud$ f ! common s*ool1 he f9ds himself too frequ5tly )\t any sub/itute4 ,b ev5 :]e a sep>ate s*ool is plant$1 x is inf]ior 9 "*1 build+s1 furniture1 books1 tea*]s3 all are second-rate4 ,no matt] :at ! tempor>y disposition1 ! sep>ate s*ool w n fl\ri% z ! common s*ool4 ,x is b an (f%oot or suck]1 )\t ! /r5g? ( ! p>5t /em4 ,t ! two mu/ diff] is se5 at once2 & t ?is diff]5ce is adv]se to ! color$ *ild is equally app>5t4 ,= him !re is no assurance ( education except 9 ! common s*ool1 :]e he w be "u ! safegu>d ( all4 ,:ite p>5ts w take c>e n only t ! common s*ool is n neglect$1 b t its tea*]s & means ( in/ruction are ! be/ possible2 & ! color$ *ild w h ! b5efit ( ?is wat*fulness4 ,?is decisive consid]ation completes ! irresi/ible argum5t = ! common s*ool z ! equal p>5t ( all )\t di/9ction ( color4 ,if to him t ha? is giv51 accord+ to ! way ( ! _w1 x is n d\bt$ t to him t ha? n !re is a positive duty 9 proportion to ! necessity4 ,unhappily1 our color$ fell[-citiz5s are 9 ?is condition4 ,b j 9 proportion z !y are weak1 & n yet recov]$ f ! degradation 9 :i* !y h be5 plung$1 does ! ,republic owe its complete/ support & protection4 ,already a compon5t "p ( our political corporation1 !y mu/ become "p ( ! educational corporation also1 ) ,equality z ! supreme law4 ,,o!r ,,public ,,in/itutions4 ,x is ) humiliation t ,i am =c$ to insi/ ^u ! same equality 9 o!r public in/itutions ( le>n+ & sci5ce1--also 9 *ur*es1 & 9 ! la/ re/+-places ( ! dead4 ,s f> z any ( ^! are public 9 "* & organiz$ by law1 !y mu/ foll[ ! g5]al requirem5t4 ,h[ /range t any in/itution ( le>n+ or sci5ce1 any *ur*1 or any cemet]y %\ld set up a discrim9ation s utt]ly inconsi/5t ) correct pr9ciple6 ,b ,i d n =get t only rec5tly a color$ (fic] ( ! ,national ,army 0 treat$ ) indignity at ! communion-table4 ,to insult ! dead is easi]1 al?\gh condemn$ by ,*ri/ian precept & hea!n example4 ,z 9 bir?1 s 9 dea? are all alike1--beg9n+ ) ! same nak$ness1 & end+ 9 ! same decay2 nor d worms sp>e ! :ite body m ?an ! black4 ,?is equal lot has be5 ! frequ5t occasion ( s5tim5t & ( poetry4 ,horace has pictur$ pallid ,dea? ) imp>tial foot knock+ at ! cottages ( ! poor & ! t[]s ( k+s4#aih ,9 ! same _s ! e>ly ,engli% poet1 au?or ( 8,pi]s ,pl\ghman10 %[s ! l[ly & ! great 9 _! common h\se3-- 8,= 9 *>nel at *ir*e ,*]les b5 yvel to kn[e1 ,or a knyght f a knave !re40#aii ,& ,*auc] ev5 d5ies ! di/9ction 9 life3-- 8,b und]/ond 9 ?9e ent5t ,t ?is is n m9e ent5dem5t1 ,to clepe no wight 9 no ages ,onely g5tle = 8 l9ages3 ,?\gh he be n g5tle borne1 ,?an maie/ well se9e ?is 9 soo?1 ,t he is g5tle because he do? ,z longe? to a g5tleman40#bjj ,?is beautiful te/imony1 to :i* ! hone/ he>t responds1 is f an age :5 humanity 0 less reg>d$ ?an n[4 ,pla9ly x %[s h[ conduct & "* are realities1 :ile o!r ?+s are b accid5ts4 ,among ! ,romans degradation end$ ) life4 ,slaves 7 admitt$ to honorable sepulture1 & sometimes slept ! la/ sleep ) _! ma/]s4 ,! slaves ( ,augu/us & ,livia 7 buri$ on ! fam\s ,appian ,way1 :]e _! tombs ) hi/oric inscriptions h surviv$ ! c5turies4#bja 8,bury him ) 8 nigg]s10 0 ! rude ord] ( ! ,rebel (fic]1 z he flung ! preci\s rema9s ( our admirable ,colonel ,%aw into ! common tr5* at ,=t ,wagn]1 :]e he fell1 m\nt+ ! p>apets at ! head ( color$ troops4 ,& s 0 he buri$1 lovely 9 dea? z 9 life4 ,! int5d$ insult became an honor4 ,9 t common tr5* ! "y h]o re/s1 symboliz+ ! great ,equality = :i* he di$4 ,no ,roman monum5t1 ) its ,si/e1 viator1 to ! pass+ travell]1 no 8labor ( an age 9 pild /ones10 c mat* 9 gr&eur t simple burial4 ,,prejudice ,,( ,,color4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 aga9/ ^! conclusions !re is b "o argum5t1 :i*1 :5 consid]$1 is no?+ b a prejudice1 z little rational z :at ,%ylock fir/ calls 8 8humor0 & !n 8a lodg$ hate & a c]ta9 loa?+10 mak+ him seek ! p\nd ( fle% ne>e/ ! m]*ant's he>t4 ,! prejudice ( color pursues its victim 9 ! long pilgrimage f ! cradle to ! grave1 b>r+ ! hotel1 exclud+ f ! public conveyance1 insult+ at ! !atre1 clos+ ! s*ool1 %utt+ ! gates ( sci5ce1 & play+ its fanta/ic tricks ev5 9 ! *ur* :]e he kneels & ! grave :]e 8 du/ m+les ) ! surr\nd+ e>?4 ,! ,god-giv5 color ( ! ,african is a con/ant (f5ce to ! disda9ful :ite1 :o1 l ! pret5ti\s "l1 ask+ ,hotspur = prison]s1 c be> no?+ s unh&some 8betwixt ! w9d & 8 nobility40 ,?is is ! :ole case4 ,& %all ^? ,equal ,rights promis$ by ! great ,decl>ation be sacrific$ to a prejudice8 ,%all t ,equality be=e ! ,law1 :i* is ! be/ "p ( citiz5%ip1 be d5i$ to ^? :o d n happ5 to be :ite8 ,is ?is a :ite man's gov]nm5t or is x a gov]nm5t ( 8all m510 z decl>$ by our fa!rs8 ,is x a ,republic ( ,equal ,laws1 or an ,olig>*y ( ! ,sk98 ,?is is ! "q n[ pres5t$4 ,once ,slav]y 0 ju/ifi$ by color1 z n[ ! d5ial ( ,equal ,rights is ju/ifi$2 & ! reason is z little respectable 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,! old pret5sion is curi\sly illu/rat$ by an incid5t 9 ! inimitable ,autobiography ( ,frankl94 ,an ,ante-revolution>y ,gov]nor ( ,p5nsylvania rem>k$ gayly1 8t he mu* admir$ ! idea ( ,san*o ,panza1 :o1 :5 x 0 propos$ to give him a gov]nm5t1 reque/$ x might be a gov]nm5t ( blacks1 z !n1 if he c\ld n agree ) 8 p1 he might sell !m02 on :i* a fri5d said1 8,frankl91 :y d y cont9ue to side ) ^? damn$ ,quak]s8 ,_h y n bett] sell !m80 ,frankl9 answ]$1 8,! ,gov]nor has n yet black$ !m en\gh40 ,! ,autobiography proce$s to record1 t ! ,gov]nor 8labor$ h>d to black5 ! ,assembly 9 all 8 ,messages1 b !y wip$ (f 8 color+ z fa/ z he laid x on1 & plac$ x 9 return ?ick ^u 8 own face1 s t1 f9d+ he 0 likely to be negr(i$ himself1 he grew tir$ ( ! conte/ & quitt$ ! ,gov]nm5t40#bjb ,to negr(y a man 0 to degrade him4 ,?us 9 ! ambition ( ,san*o ,panza1 & 9 ! /ory ( ! ,briti% gov]nor1 0 color ! badge ( ,slav]y4 8,!n ,i c sell !m10 said ,san*o ,panza2 & ! ,briti% gov]nor repeat$ ! say+4 ,?is is *ang$ n[2 b n entirely4 ,at pres5t nobody d>es say1 8,i c sell !m02 b ! inn1 ! common conveyance1 ! !atre1 ! s*ool1 ! sci5tific in/itute1 ! *ur*1 & ! cemet]y d5y !m ! equal rights ( ,fre$om4 ,color has its curiosities 9 hi/ory4 ,= g5]ations ! ,roman circus 0 convuls$ by factions kn[n f _! liv]ies z :ite & r$2 new factions adopt$ gre5 & blue2 & ^! latt] colors rag$ ) r$\bl$ fury 9 ! hippodrome ( ,con/ant9ople4#bjc ,!n came blacks & :ites1 ,n]i & ,bian*i1 9 ! political cont5tions ( ,italy1#bjd :]e ! designation 0 f ! accid5t ( a "n4 ,9 ,engl& ! mo/ beautiful ( fl[]s1 9 two ( its colors1 became ! badge ( ho/ile armies1 & ! :ite rose f\ght aga9/ ! r$4 ,b x has be5 res]v$ = our ,republic1 d$icat$ to ! rights ( human nature1 to adopt ! color ( ! sk9 z ! sign ( sep>ation1 & to organize x 9 law4 ,color 9 ! animal k+dom is accord+ to ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,! ox ( ! ,roman ,campagna is gray4 ,! h]ds on ! banks ( ! ,xan?us 7 yell[2 on ! banks ( ! ,clitumnus !y 7 :ite4 ,9 ,corsica animals are spott$4 ,! v>i\s colors ( ! human family belong to ! same my/]y4 ,!re are :ite1 yell[1 r$1 & black1 ) int]m$iate %ades2 b no matt] :at _! hue1 !y are always ,,m51 gift$ ) a common manhood & entitl$ to common rights4 ,dr4 ,johnson made %ort "w ) ! fam\s p>adox ( ,b]keley1 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,/rik+ 8 foot ) mighty =ce aga9/ a l>ge /one1 till he reb\nd$ f x1 8,i refute x ?us10 he exclaim$4#bje ,& s1 9 reply to e pret5sion aga9/ ! equal rights ( all1 to e ass]tion ( "r f\nd$ on ! sk91 to e d5ial ( "r because a man is some?+ else ?an :ite1 ,i po9t to t common manhood :i* kn[s no di/9ction ( color1 & ?us d ,i refute ! :ole inhuman1 un*ri/ian p>adox4 ,,! ,,^w 8,,:ite40 ,obs]ve1 if y please1 h[ little ! ^w 8:ite0 is au?oriz$ to play ! great "p x p]=ms1 & h[ mu* ( an intrud] x is 9 all its appe>ances4 ,9 ^? two title-de$s1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce & ! ,con/itution1 !re are no words ( color1 :e!r :ite1 yell[1 r$1 or black2 b "h is ! f\nta9 out ( :i* all is d]iv$4 ,! ,decl>ation speaks ( 8all m510 & n ( 8all :ite m502 & ! ,con/itution says1 8,we ! p10 & n 8,we ! :ite p40 ,:]e1 !n1 is au?ority = any su* discrim9ation1 :e!r by ! nation or any compon5t "p8 ,!re is no f\nta9 or ^w = x4 ,! f\nta9 fail+1 & ! ^w non-exi/5t1 ! :ole pret5sion is a disgu/+ usurpation1 :i* is m utt]ly irrational :5 x is consid]$ t au?ority = su* an outrage c be f\nd only 9 positive words1 pla9 & unambigu\s 9 mean+4 ,?is 0 ! rule ) reg>d to ,slav]y1 solemnly decl>$ by ,"l ,mansfield 9 ! fam\s ,som]set case2 & x mu/ be ! same ) reg>d to ?is pret5sion4 ,x _c be inv5t$1 imag9$1 or impli$2 x mu/ be f\nd 9 ! v text3 & ?is ,i ass]t accord+ to fix$ pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce4 ,9 its abs5ce1 ,equality is 8! supreme law ( ! l&2 & ! judges 9 e ,/ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( any ,/ate to ! contr>y not)/&+40#bjf ,?is conclusion is re9=c$ by ! sev]al ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts2 b ,i pref] to dwell on ! orig9al text ( ! ,con/itution1 9 pres5ce ( :i* y might z well und]take to make a k+ z to degrade a fell[-citiz5 on acc\nt ( 8 sk94 ,!re is also1 ant$at+ & int]pret+ ! ,con/itution1 ! orig9al ,common ,law1 :i* knew no di/9ction ( color4 ,"o ( ! greate/ judges t ev] sat 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 ,"l ,*ief-,ju/ice ,holt1 decl>$1 9 s5t5ti\s judgm5t1 wor?y ( p]petual memory1 8,! ,common ,law takes no notice ( ,negroes be+ diff]5t f o!r m540#bjg ,?is 0 9 #agjf1 sev5ty ye>s be=e ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 s t x 0 well kn[n to our fa!rs z "p ( t ,common ,law1 to :i*1 accord+ to ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 ! sev]al ,/ates 7 entitl$4#bjh ,_h ^! rem>kable words be5 utt]$ by any o!r judge 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 !y w\ld h be5 important2 b !y are enhanc$ by ! "* ( _! illu/ri\s au?or1 to :om belongs ! k9dr$ honor ( fir/ decl>+ f ! b5* t a slave _c brea! 9 ,engl&4#bji ,among ! ornam5ts ( ,engli% law none has a pur] fame ?an ,holt1 :o 0 emphatically a great judge1--be+ an example ( le>n+ & firmness1 ( imp>tiality & mildness1 ) a con/ant in/9ct = ju/ice1 & a r>e capacity 9 uphold+ x4 ,8 em95t m]its compell$ ! admiration ( 8 biograph]1 ,"l ,campbell1 :o does n hesitate to say1 t1 8( all ! judges 9 our annals1 ,holt has ga9$ ! highe/ reputation1 m]ely by ! ex]cise ( judicial functions10--& !n aga91 9 /rik+ words1 t 8he may be consid]$ z hav+ a g5ius = magi/racy1 z mu* z our ,milton _h = poetry or our ,wilkie = pa9t+40#baj ,& ?is r>e/ magi/rate tells u judicially1 t 8! ,common ,law takes no notice ( ,negroes be+ diff]5t f o!r m510--9 o!r words1 x makes no discrim9ation on acc\nt ( color4 ,?is judgm5t is a tor* to illum9e ! ,con/itution1 :ile x %[s h[ naturally our fa!rs 9 ! great ,decl>ation said1 8,all m510 & n 8,all :ite m510 & 9 ! ,con/itution said1 8,we ! p10 & n 8,we ! :ite p40 ,9 melan*oly contra/ ) ! monum5tal judgm5t ( ! ,engli% ,*ief-,ju/ice are judicial decisions 9 our own c\ntry1 especially t ma/]piece ( elaborate inhumanity1 ! judgm5t ( our late ,*ief-,ju/ice 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case4 ,b x is 9 ! ,/ates t ! ^w 8:ite0 has be5 made prom95t4 ,su* le>n$ debate on ! rights ( man dep5d5t on complexion w\ld excite a smile1 if x did n awak5 indignation4 ,!re is ,ohio1 a mu*-honor$ ,/ate1 rejoic+ 9 prosp]ity1 intellig5ce1 & con/ant lib]ty2 b ev5 ?is em95t civilization has n sav$ its ,supreme ,c\rt f ! subtilties ( ref9em5t on diff]5t %ades ( human color4 ,9 ! case ( ,lake v4 ,bak] et al41#baa ?is le>n$ tribunal decid$ t a *ild ( ,negro1 ,indian1 & :ite blood1 b ( m ?an "o-half :ite1 0 entitl$ to ! b5efits ( ! common-s*ool fund2 yet 9 a lat] case ! same c\rt decid$ t 8*ildr5 ( ?ree-eigh?s ,african & five-eigh?s :ite blood1 b :o are di/9ctly color$1 & g5]ally treat$ & reg>d$ z color$ *ildr5 by ! community :]e !y reside1 are n1 z ( "r1 entitl$ to admission into ! common s*ools set ap>t = ! in/ruction ( :ite y\?s40#bab ,unhappy *ildr56 ,ev5 five-eigh?s :ite blood c\ld n save !m1 if 9 _! neighborhood !y 7 kn[n z 8color$40 ,b ?is magic ( color %[$ itself yet m 9 ! prec$5t ( ,polly ,gray v4 ,! ,/ate ( ,ohio1--a case ( robb]y1 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas1 :]e ! prison] appe>+ on inspection 8to be ( a %ade ( color betwe5 ! mulatto & :ite10 a ,negro 0 admitt$ to te/ify aga9/ h]1 & %e 0 convict$2 b on grave consid]ation by ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 on appeal1 x 0 decid$ t ! witness 0 wrongly admitt$1 & ! judgm5t 0 rev]s$2 & ! decision /&s on ^! words3 8,a ,negro is n an admissible witness aga9/ a quadroon on trial *>g$ ) a crime06#bac ,into ?is absurdity ( inju/ice 0 an em95t tribunal conduct$ by ! ignis-fatuus ( color4 ,^! are specim5s only4 ,to :at meanness ( inquiry has n ! judicial m9d desc5d$ 9 ! en=cem5t ( an odi\s prejudice8 ,su* decisions are a discr$it to ,republican ,gov]nm5t2 & s also is ! exi/+ practice ( public in/itutions h>moniz+ ) !m4 ,! words ( ! ,gospel are fulfill$1 & ! ,great ,republic1 8conceiv$ 9 ,lib]ty1 & d$icat$ to ! proposition t all m5 are creat$ equal10#bad becomes 8l unto :it$ sepul*res1 :i* inde$ appe> beautiful outw>d1 b are )9 full ( dead m5's bones & ( all uncleanness40#bae ,are n su* decisions worse ?an dead m5's bones or any uncleanness8 ,all ?is seems ! m irrational1 :5 we recall ! ,div9e example1 & ! admonition address$ to ! ,prophet3 8,b ! ,"l said unto ,samuel1 ,look n on 8 c\nt5ance1 ''' = ! ,"l see? n z man see?2 = man looke? on ! outw>d appe>ance1 b ! ,"l looke? on ! he>t40#baf ,to ! pret5sion ( look+ at ! sk9 & measur+ its v>i\s pigm5ts 9 ! det]m9ation ( rights1 ,i reply1 t ! he>t1 & n ! c\nt5ance1 mu/ be our guide4 ,n on ! sk9 c we look1 ?\gh 8:ite0 z ! c[>d he>t ( ,macbe?1 accord+ to ! reproa* ( 8 wife1--b on t )91 con/itut+ "*1 :i* %[$ itself supremely 9 ,t\ssa9t ,l',ouv]ture1 mak+ him1 ?\gh black z night1 a lum9\s example1 & is n[ manife/ 9 a virtu\s & patriotic p ask+ = _! rights4 ,:]e ju/ice prevails1 all dep5ds on "*4 ,nor c any %ade ( color be an apology = int]f]5ce ) t consid]ation to :i* "* is ju/ly entitl$4 ,?us x /&s4 ,! ^w 8:ite0 f\nd no place 9 ! orig9al ,common ,law2 nor did x f9d any place aft]w>d 9 our two title-de$s ( ,con/itutional ,lib]ty1 ea* int]pret+ ! o!r1 & be+ ! f\nta9 out ( :i* are d]iv$ ! rights & duties ( ! ,am]ican citiz54 ,nor1 aga91 did x f9d place 9 ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5t expressly def9+ a 8citiz540 ,h[1 !n1 c x become a limitation ^u ! citiz58 ,by :at title c any "o say1 8,i am a :ite "l08 ,e /atute & all legislation1 :e!r ,national or ,/ate1 mu/ be 9 complete con=mity ) ! two title-de$s4 ,to ^! mu/ !y be br\ght z to an un]r+ t\*/one2 & x is ! same ) ! ,/ate z ) ! ,nation4 ,/range inde$1 if an odi\s discrim9ation1 )\t support 9 ! orig9al ,common ,law or ! ,con/itution1 & op5ly condemn$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 c escape judgm5t by skulk+ )9 ,/ate l9es6 ,:]ev] x %[s itself1 :atev] =m x takes1 x is ! same b>efac$ & insuff]able impo/ure1 a m]e relic ( ,slav]y1 to be treat$ always ) indignant contempt1 & trampl$ out z an unmitigat$ 8humbug40 ,! ^w may n be juridical2 ,i %\ld n use x if x 7 unp>liam5t>y2 b ,i "k no t]m :i* expresses s well ! little f\ndation = ?is pret5sion4 ,,citiz5%ip4 ,t ?is %\ld cont9ue to flaunt1 n[ t ,slav]y is condemn$1 increases ! inconsi/5cy4 ,by ! decree aga9/ t wrong all semblance ( apology 0 remov$4 ,ceas+ to be a slave1 ! =m] victim has become n only a man1 b a ,citiz51 admitt$ alike )9 ! pale ( humanity & )9 ! pale ( citiz5%ip4 ,z man he is entitl$ to all ! rights ( man1 & z citiz5 he becomes a memb] ( our common h\sehold1 ) ,equality z ! prevail+ law4 ,no long] an ,african1 he is an ,am]ican2 no long] a slave1 he is a common "p ( ! ,republic1 ow+ to x patriotic allegiance 9 return = ! protection ( equal laws4 ,by incorporation ) ! body-politic he becomes a p>tn] 9 t transc5d5t unity1 s t !re c be no injury to him )\t injury to all4 ,insult to him is insult to an ,am]ican citiz54 ,di%onor to him is di%onor to ! ,republic itself4 ,:atev] he may h be51 he is n[ ! same z ourselves4 ,our rights are 8 rights2 our equality is 8 equality2 our privileges & immunities are 8 great freehold4 ,to enjoy 8 citiz5%ip1 p f af>1 v>i\s 9 race & complexion1 seek our %ores1 los+ "h all di/9ctions ( bir?1--z into ! ocean all riv]s fl[1 los+ all trace ( orig9 or color1 & !re is b "o uni=m expanse ( wat]1 :]e ea* p>ticle is l e o!r p>ticle1 & all are subject to ! same law4 ,9 ?is citiz5%ip ! ,african is n[ absorb$4 ,n only is he ,citiz54 ,!re is no (fice 9 ! ,republic1 f l[e/ to highe/1 executive1 judicial1 or repres5tative1 :i* is clos$ aga9/ him4 ,! doors ( ?is ,*amb] sw+ op51 & he sits "h ! coqual ( any ,s5ator4 ,! doors ( ! o!r ,*amb] also sw+ op54 ,nay1 ,sir1 he may be ,vice-,presid5t1 he may be ,presid5t2 b he _c ent] a hotel or public conveyance1 or (f] 8 *ild at ! common s*ool1 )\t insult on acc\nt ( color4 ,no?+ c make ?is t]rible inconsi/5cy m conspicu\s4 ,an ,am]ican citiz51 ) e (fice wide op5 to 8 honorable ambition1 9 :om are all ! great possibilities ( our ,republic1 :o may be any?+ accord+ to m]it1 is expos$ to a sc\rge :i* desc5ds ^u ! s\l z ! sc\rge ( ,slav]y desc5d$ ^u ! fle%4 ,9 anci5t times ! cry1 8,i am a ,roman citiz510 /ay$ ! sc\rge ( ! ,lictor2 & ?is cry1 ) its lesson ( immunity1 has res\nd$ ?r\gh ! ages1 te/ify+ to ,roman greatness4 ,once x 0 on ! lips ( ,paul1 z appe>s 9 ! famili> n>rative3-- 8,& z !y b\nd him ) ?ongs1 ,paul said unto ! c5turion t /ood by1 ,is x lawful = y to sc\rge a man t is a ,roman1 & uncondemn$8 8,:5 ! c5turion he>d t1 he w5t & told ! *ief capta91 say+1 ,take he$ :at ?\ doe/2 = ?is man is a ,roman4 ''' 8,& ! *ief capta9 also 0 afraid1 aft] he knew t he 0 a ,roman1 & because he _h b\nd him40#bag ,w n our 8,*ief ,capta910 w n ,s5ators1 take he$ :at !y d1 t ! sc\rge may n cont9ue to fall ^u a :ole race1 ea* "o ( :om is an ,am]ican & uncondemn$8 ,is our citiz5%ip a feebl] safegu>d ?an t ( ,rome8 ,%all ! cry1 8,i am an ,am]ican citiz510 be rais$ 9 va9 aga9/ p]petual outrage8 ,9 speak+ ( ! citiz5 z ( our h\sehold1 ,i adopt a di/9ction employ$ by a great tea*] 9 ,antiquity4 ,ari/otle1 9 c\nsels to 8 =m] pupil1 ,alex&]1 be=e 8 c>e] ( ,asiatic conque/1 enjo9$ a broad di/9ction betwe5 ,greeks & ,b>b>ians4 ,! =m] he 0 to treat z fri5ds1 & ( ! h\sehold2 ! latt] he 0 to treat z brutes & plants4#bah ,?is is ! v di/9ction betwe5 ,citiz5%ip & ,slav]y4 ,! ,citiz5 is ( ! national h\sehold2 ! ,slave is no bett] ?an brute or plant4 ,b our brutes & plants are all *ang$ into m52 our ,b>b>ians are trans=m$ into ,greeks4 ,!re is no p]son among u n[1 :atev] 8 bir? or complexion1 :o may n claim ! great "n ( ,citiz51 to be protect$ n less at home ?an abroad1--b always1 :e!r at home or abroad1 by ! ,national ,gov]nm5t1 :i* is ! natural gu>dian ( ! citiz54 ,,equal ,,rights ,,& ,,amne/y4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 ask+ y to unite n[ 9 an act ( ju/ice to a mu*-oppress$ race1 :i* is no paym5t ( t heavy debt accumulat$ by g5]ations ( wrong1 ,i am enc\rag$ by ! p5d+ measure ( ,amne/y1 :i* has ! advantage ( be+ recomm5d$ 9 ! ,presid5t's ,annual ,message4 ,i regrett$1 at ! "t1 t ! ,presid5t signaliz$ by 8 favor ! removal ( disabilities impos$ ^u a few ?\s& ,rebels :o _h /ruck at ! life ( ! ,republic1 :ile he said no?+ ( cruel disabilities inflict$ ^u millions ( color$ fell[-citiz5s1 :o _h be5 a ma9-/ay to ! national cause4 ,b ,i took c\rage :5 ,i ?\ght t ! g5]osity propos$ c\ld n fail to quick5 t s5tim5t ( ju/ice :i* ,i n[ invoke4 ,t[>d ^? :o assail$ ! ,republic 9 w> ,i h nev] ent]ta9$ any s5tim5t ( p]sonal ho/ility4 ,nev] h ,i s\ght ! puni%m5t ( any "o2 & ,i rejoice to "k t our bloody ,rebellion clos$ )\t ! sacrifice ( a s+le human life by ! civil p[]4 ,b ?is has n surpris$ me4 ,e>ly 9 ! w> ,i pr$ict$ x 9 ?is ,*amb]4#bai ,& yet1 :ile will+ to be g5tle ) =m] enemies1 :ile anxi\s n to fail 9 any l5ity or g5]osity1 & :ile always wat*+ = ! mom5t :5 all c\ld be re/or$ to our common h\sehold ) ,equality z ! prevail+ law1 !re 0 ) me a con/ant duty1 :i* ,i c\ld nev] =get1 to fell[-citiz5s1 :ite & black1 :o _h /ood by ! ,republic2 & especially to ^? l>ge numb]s1 c\nt$ by ! million1 /ill suff]+ "u disabilities hav+ _! orig9 9 no crime1 & m ke5ly felt ?an any impos$ ^u ,rebels4 ,believ+ t duty to ^! millions is =emo/1 & t until !y are secur$ 9 equal rights we _c expect ! tranquillity :i* all desire1--nay1 ,sir1 we _c expect ! bless+ ( ,almighty ,god ^u our labors1--,i br+ =w>d ?is measure ( ju/ice to ! color$ race4 ,su* a measure c nev] be out ( ord] or out ( season1 be+ ( urg5t necessity & unque/ionable *>ity4 ,!re are /rong reasons :y x %\ld be unit$ ) amne/y1 especially s9ce ! latt] is press$4 ,ea* is ! removal ( disabilities1 & ea* is to op]ate l>gely 9 ! same region ( c\ntry4 ,nobody s9c]ely favor+ g5]osity to ,rebels %\ld hesitate 9 ju/ice to ! color$ race4 ,accord+ to ! maxim 9 ,*anc]y1 8,:oso w\ld h equity mu/ d equity40 ,!re=e ,rebels seek+ amne/y mu/ be j to color$ fell[-citiz5s seek+ equal rights4 ,do+ ?is equity1 !y may expect equity4 ,ano!r reason is controll+4 ,ea* is a measure ( reconciliation1 int5d$ to close ! issues ( ! w>2 b ^! issues are n clos$1 unless ea* is adopt$4 ,_! adoption toge!r is bett] = ea*1 & !re=e bett] = ! c\ntry1 ?an any sep>ate adoption4 ,k9dr$ 9 object1 !y %\ld be jo9$ toge!r & nev] put asund]4 ,x is wrong to sep>ate !m4 ,h]eaft] ! ,rebels %\ld rememb] t _! re/oration 0 associat$ ) ! equal rights ( all1 conta9$ 9 ! same great /atute4 ,cle>ly1 betwe5 ! two ! prem95ce mu/ be accord$ to t = ! equal rights ( all1 z among ! virtues ju/ice is above g5]osity4 ,& ?is is ! m evid5t1 :5 x is consid]$1 t1 accord+ to ,abraham ,l9coln1 ! great issue ( ! w> 0 ,human ,equality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 mak+ ! motion by :i* ^! two measures are associat$1 ,i seize ! fir/ opportunity s9ce ! introduction ( my bill1 ne>ly two ye>s ago1 ( obta9+ = x ! att5tion ( ! ,s5ate4 ,beyond ?is is ) me a s5tim5t ( duty4 ,9 ! unc]ta9ties ( life1 ,i w\ld n def] = a day ! dis*>ge ( ?is immeasurable obligation to fell[-citiz5s insult$ & oppress$2 nor w\ld ,i po/pone t mu*-desir$ h>mony :i* c be assur$ only ?r\gh ?is act ( ju/ice4 ,! opportunity is ( inf9ite value1 & ,i d>e n neglect x4 ,my *ief regret is t ,i _c d m to impress x ^u ! ,s5ate4 ,i wi% ,i 7 /rong]4 ,i wi% ,i 7 m able to exhibit ! comm&+ duty4 ,b ,i c try2 & %\ld ! attempt fail1 ,i am n )\t hope t x may be made 9 "s o!r =m1 ) increas$ advantage f ?is discussion4 ,i tru/ x w n fail4 ,e>ne/ly1 confid5tly1 ,i appeal to ! ,s5ate = its votes4 ,let ! record be made at la/1 :i* %all be ! cap-/one ( ! recon/ruct$ ,republic4 ,i make ?is appeal = ! sake ( ! ,s5ate1 :i* w rejoice to be reliev$ f a pa9ful discussion2 = ! sake ( fell[-citiz5s :om ,i _c =get2 & = ! sake ( ! ,republic1 n[ di%onor$ ?r\gh a d5ial ( ju/ice4 ,i make x 9 ! "n ( ! ,great ,decl>ation1 & also ( t ,equality be=e ! ,law :i* is ! supreme rule ( conduct1 to ! end especially t fell[-citiz5s may be v9dicat$ 9 8! pursuit ( happ9ess10 accord+ to ! immortal promise1 & t ! angel ,education may n be driv5 f _! doors4 ,i make x also = ! sake ( peace1 s t at la/ !re %all be an end ( ,slav]y1 & ! rights ( ! citiz5 %all be ev]y:]e "u ! equal safegu>d ( national law4 ,!re is beauty 9 art1 9 lit]ature1 9 sci5ce1 & 9 e triumph ( intellig5ce1 all ( :i* ,i covet = my c\ntry2 b !re is a high] beauty /ill 9 reliev+ ! poor1 9 elevat+ ! d[n-trodd51 & be+ a succor to ! oppress$4 ,!re is true gr&eur 9 an example ( ju/ice1 mak+ ! rights ( all ! same z our own1 & beat+ d[n prejudice1 l ,satan1 "u our feet4 ,humbly d ,i pray t ! ,republic may n lose ?is great prize1 or po/pone its enjoym5t4 ,mr4 ,vick]s1 ( ,m>yl&1 on ! same day1 made an elaborate ef=t on ! position ( ! ,s\? & ,amne/y1 :i* he op5$ by say+3-- 8,x is n my purpose to foll[ ! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts ,mr4 ,,sumn] 9 ! rem>ks :i* he has made1 because 8 am5dm5t is n only n g]mane to ! subject-matt] prop]ly be=e ! ,s5ate1 b is s palpably uncon/itutional t ,i consid] x unnecess>y to make any comm5t ^u x40 ,janu>y #ag?1 ,mr4 ,sumn] spoke aga9 at l5g?1 introduc+ te/imony1 be+ lett]s1 resolutions1 & addresses f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & especially f ! ,s\?1 %[+ ! necessity ( ,congressional action = ! protection ( ,equal ,rights1 & t su* protection 0 e>ne/ly desir$ by color$ fell[-citiz5s4 ,at ! close he rem>k$ on ! importance ( equality 9 ! s*ool-room4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important aspects ( ! p5d+ measure is its op]ation on ! common s*ool1 mak+ x :at is impli$ 9 its "n1 a s*ool op5 to all4 ,! t]m 8common0 expla9s itself4 ,orig9ally1 9 ,engl&1 "u ! law1 x designat$ outly+ l& ne> a village op5 to all ! inhabitants2 & ! common s*ool is an in/itution ( education op5 to all4 ,if y make x = a class1 x is n a common s*ool1 b a sep>ate s*ool1--&1 z ,i h said frequ5tly to-day1 & also be=e 9 address+ ! ,s5ate1 a sep>ate s*ool nev] c be a sub/itute = ! common s*ool4 ,! common s*ool has = its badge ,equality4 ,! sep>ate s*ool has = its badge ,inequality4 ,! "o has op5 doors = all2 ! o!r has op5 doors only = ^? ( a c]ta9 color4 ,t is contr>y to ! _s ( our in/itutions1 to ! promises ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & to all t is secur$ 9 ! rec5t ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts4 ,s long z x cont9ues1 ! great "q ( ! w> rema9s /ill undecid$2 =1 z ,i expla9$ ! o!r day1 t transc5d5t issue1 z /at$ by ,jeff]son ,davis1 & !n aga9 accept$ by ,abraham ,l9coln1 0 ,equality4 ,only by ma9ta9+ ,equality w y ma9ta9 ! great victory ( ! w>4 ,"h 9 ,wa%+ton ?is v "q ( sep>ate s*ools has = "s "t agitat$ ! community4 ,! color$ p h !mselves act$4 ,!y speak = ,equal ,rights4 ,i h 9 my h& a communication to ! ,s5ate f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 "u date ( ,janu>y #ah1 #ahga1 cov]+ a report f ! tru/ees ( ! color$ s*ools ( ,wa%+ton & ,georget[n1 9 :i* !y make mo/ important & excell5t recomm5dations4 ,h[ well at la/ ! color$ p speak6 ,:o among u c speak bett] ?an !y 9 ! passages ,i am ab\t to read8 ,aft] read+ ^! passages1#bbj :i* he pron\nc$ 8unansw]$ & unansw]able10 ,mr4 ,sumn] proce$$3-- ,sir1 ,i br+ ?is te/imony to a close4 ,i h adduc$ lett]s1 resolutions1 addresses f v>i\s ,/ates1 %[+ ! s5tim5ts ( ! color$ p4 ,i h adduc$ !m 9 answ] to allegations on ?is floor t ! p5d+ measure ( ,equal ,rights is n ne$$1 t ! p5d+ measure is = social equality4 ,li/5+ to ^! witnesses1 y see h[ !y all insi/ t x is ne$$1 & t x is 9 no respect = social equality4 ,x is a measure ( /rict legal "r4 ,i adduce ?is te/imony also 9 answ] to ! allegation1 s l(tily made 9 debate ! o!r day1 t ! color$ p are will+ to see ! =m] ,rebels amne/i$1 tru/+ 9 "s indef9ite future to obta9 _! own rights4 ,i said at ! "t t su* an allegation 0 irrational4 ,i n[ %[ y t x is repudiat$ by ! color$ p4 ,!y d n recognize ! ,s5ators :o h und]tak5 to speak = !m z _! repres5tatives4 ,!y insi/ ^u _! rights be=e y play ! g5]\s to ,rebels4 ,!y insi/ t !y %all be sav$ f indignity :5 !y travel1 & :5 !y (f] a *ild at ! common s*ool1--t !y %all be secur$ aga9/ any su* outrage be=e y remove ! disabilities ( m5 :o /ruck at ! life ( ?is ,republic4 ,n[1 ,sir1 w y n be j be=e y are g5]\s8 ,or if y d n place ! rights ( ! color$ p =emo/1 w y n at lea/ place !m side by side ) ^? ( =m] ,rebels8 ,put !m bo? :]e ,i seek n[ to put !m1 9 ! same /atute1--s t h]eaft] ! ,rebels %all "k t g5]osity to !m 0 associat$ ) ju/ice to _! color$ fell[-citiz5s1--t !y all h a common int]e/1--t !y are l9k$ toge!r 9 ! community ( a common citiz5%ip1 & 9 ! enjoym5t ( ^? lib]ties promis$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce & gu>anti$ by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,frel+huys51 ( ,new ,j]sey1 foll[$ ) rem>ks *iefly 9 criticism ( ! =m ( ! bill1 & made sev]al sugge/ions ( am5dm5t4 ,mr4 ,sumn] /at$ t 8 object 0 8to get ?is measure 9 ! be/ %ape possible10 & t he %\ld welcome any am5dm5t f any qu>t]2 t he did n feel z /rongly z ! ,s5ator 8! diff]5ce betwe5 8 language & ! text10 b t he 0 anxi\s to h>monize ) him4 ,mr4 ,sumn] aft]w>ds modifi$ 8 bill 9 pursuance ( ,mr4 ,frel+huys5's sugge/ions4 ,! debate 0 cont9u$ on diff]5t days1--,mr4 ,sawy]1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,mr4 ,?urman1 ( ,ohio1 ,mr4 ,morrill1 ( ,ma9e1 ,mr4 ,saulsbury1 ( ,delaw>e1 ,mr4 ,davis1 ( ,k5tucky1 speak+ /rongly aga9/ ! bill ( ,mr4 ,sumn]4 ,mr4 ,sawy] object$ to x z an am5dm5t to ! ,amne/y ,bill4 ,mr4 ,nye ( ,nevada1 & ,mr4 ,flanagan ( ,texas spoke = ! bill4 ,! latt]1 aft] say+ t he _h read ! ,con/itution = himself1 & 0 8satisfi$ t ! propos$ am5dm5t 0 con/itutional10 add$ o!r reasons3-- 8,"o is1 t ,i discov]1 t1 if we %\ld rema9 "h1 z we c]ta9ly %all d1 = a v consid]able p]iod1 petitions w come 9 to su* a degree1 requir+ s mu* pap]1 t really ! price w be va/ly enhanc$1 & x w !reby become a consid]able tax to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 = ! ,s5ator is receiv+1 ,i might almo/ say1 volumes--,i "k n :at ! quantity is2 x is imm5se1 h[ev]--f all p>ts ( ! nation40 ,& !n aga93-- 8,aga9 ,i am rem9d$ t x is be/ to try to get rid ( ! impos+ ,s5ator ,mr4 ,,sumn] on t subject1 j z ! lady answ]$ h] admir]4 ,! suitor _h be5 importun+ h] "t & aga91 & %e _h inv>iably decl9$ to accept ! proposition4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 be+ v mu* annoy$1 %e conclud$ to say #8yes1' j to get rid ( 8 importunity4 ,i want to g ) ! ,s5ator to get rid ( ?is matt]1 laught]1 because1 really1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 we f9d 8 bill "h z a breakwat]4 ,a concurr5t resolution 0 introduc$ "h = ! adj\rnm5t ( ,congress at a p>ticul> day4 ,well1 y saw t bill ?ru/ "r on x4 #8,/op6' says he1 #8y mu/ n adj\rn until my bill is pass$4' ,!re x 0 aga92 "h x is n[2 & we %all cont9ue to h x2 & ,i am = mak+ peace ) x by a g5]al surr5d] at once4 ,laught]4 ,i /op n !re1 ,mr4 ,presid5t2 ,i g fur!r1 & ,i indorse ! ,s5ator to ! utmo/ degree 9 8 proposition40#bba ,mr4 ,morrill1 9 an elaborate argum5t1 d5i$ po9t-blank ! con/itutionality ( ! bill1--insi/+1 & repeat+ ) diff]5t =ms ( expression1 t 8! ex]cise ( ?is p[] on ! "p ( ,congress w\ld be a palpable invasion ( ! rights ( ! p ( ! ,/ates 9 _! purely dome/ic relations4''' ,?is ,con/itution has giv5 u no su* au?ority & no su* p[]40#bbb ,janu>y #ca/1 ,mr4 ,sumn] repli$ to ,mr4 ,morrill4 ,,reply ,,to ,,mr4 ,,morrill4 ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 be=e ?is debate closes1 x seems to me ,i %all be ju/ifi$ 9 a brief reply to ! mo/ extraord9>y1 almo/ ecc5tric1 argum5t by my excell5t fri5d1 ! ,s5ator f ,ma9e ,mr4 ,,morrill4 ,he argu$ aga9/ ! con/itutionality ( ! p5d+ am5dm5t1--y all rememb] ) h[ mu* +5uity & e>ne/ness4 ,i %all n foll[ him 9 ! details ( t spee*4 ,i %all deal ) x some:at 9 ! g5]al1 & "p ( ! "t ,i %all all[ o!rs to speak = me4 ,b be=e ,i come ^u t bran* ( ! case1 ,i feel t 9 ju/ice to color$ fell[-citiz5s ,i ought to see t !y h a he>+4 ,s5ators :om !y help$ elect %[ no zeal = _! rights4 ,sir1 !y h a title to be he>d4 ,!y are able2 !y c speak = !mselves2 b !y are n "h to speak4 ,!re=e !y c be he>d only ?r\gh _! communications4 ,"h is "o f a memb] ( ! ,virg9ia ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,x came to my h&s ye/]day1 & is dat$ 8,ri*mond1 ,janu>y #bi1 #ahgb40 ,i wi% ! ,s5ate w\ld he> :at ?is memb] ( ! ,virg9ia ,h\se says on ! p5d+ am5dm5t4 ,! lett]1 z read by ,mr4 ,sumn]1 conclud$ z foll[s3-- 8,we all1 ,sir1 ! :ole color$ population ( ,virg9ia1 make ?is appeal ?r\gh y to a g5]\s ,s5ate1 & pray1 = ! sake ( humanity1 ju/ice1 & all t is good & great1 t equal common rights may be be/[$ on a grateful & loyal p be=e disabilities %all h be5 /rick5 f ^? :o /ruck at ! v he>t-/r+s ( ! ,gov]nm5t40 ,c any ,s5ator li/5 to t appeal & n feel t ?is ,virg9ian beg9s to answ] ! ,s5ator f ,ma9e8 ,he %[s an abuse2 he te/ifies to a grievance4 ,sir1 x is ! beg9n+ ( ! argum5t4 ,my fri5d seem$ almo/ to ignore x4 ,he did n see ! abuse2 he did n recognize ! grievance4 ,,mr4 ,,morrill4 ,i c]ta9ly did see x1 & ,i c]ta9ly recognize x4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,s5ator & myself1 s f> z ! argum5t is conc]n$1 is "o simply ( p[]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i %all come to t4 ,b fir/ is ! po9t1 :e!r ! ,s5ator recognizes ! grievance2 & "h let me tell my excell5t fri5d1 t1 did he see ! grievance z ?is color$ citiz5 sees x1 did he feel x z ?is color$ citiz5 feels x1--,sir1 did he simply see x z ,i see x1--he w\ld f9d p[] en\gh 9 ! ,con/itution to apply ! rem$y4 ,i "k ! g5]\s he>t ( ! ,s5ator2 & ,i "k t he c\ld n hesitate1 did he really see ?is great grievance4 ,he does n see x 9 its proportions4 ,he does n see h[ 9 real "* x is su* t x c be dealt ) only by ! ,national p[]4 ,i drive t home to ! ,s5ator4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( ! argum5t 9 reply to him1 t ! grievance is su* t x c be dealt ) adequately only by ,congress4 ,any o!r mode is ineffici5t1 inadequate1 absurd4 ,i beg91 !re=e1 by plac+ ! ,s5ator 9 t position4 ,unhappily he does n see ! grievance4 ,he has no conception ( its va/ness1 ext5d+ ev]y:]e1 ) ramifications 9 e ,/ate1 & requir+ "o uni=m rem$y1 :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 c be suppli$ only by ! ,nation4 ,& n[ ,i come to ! "q ( p[]2 & "h ,i all[ a color$ fell[-citiz5 to be he>d 9 reply to ! ,s5ator4 ,i read f a lett] ( ,e4 ,a4 ,fulton1 ( ,arkansas3-- 8,i h se5 & exp]i5c$ mu* ( ! disabilities :i* re/ ^u my race & p f ! m]e accid5t ( color4 ,grateful to ,god & ! ,republicans ( ?is c\ntry = our emancipation & ! recognition ( our citiz5%ip1 ,i am nev]!less deeply impress$ ) ! necessity ( fur!r legislation = ! p]fection ( our rights z ,am]ican citiz5s40 ,?is color$ citiz5 is impress$1 z ! ,s5ator is n1 ) ! necessity ( fur!r legislation = ! p]fection ( 8 rights z an ,am]ican citiz54 ,he goes on3-- 8,i am also ?or\ghly p]suad$ t ?is ne$$ legislation %\ld come f ! ,national ,congress40 ,s he replies to my fri5d4 8,local or ,/ate legislation w necess>ily be p>tial & vacillat+4 ,besides1 our exp]i5ce is to ! effect t ! local ,/ate gov]nm5ts are unreliable = ! en=cem5t or execution ( laws = ?is purpose4 8,9 ,arkansas1 = example1 a /atute 0 enact$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( #ahfh = ! purpose ( secur+ ! equal rights ( color$ p]sons ^u /eamboats1 railroads1 & public ?or\ghf>es g5]ally4 ,! provisions ( ! /atute 7 deem$ good1 if n entirely suffici5t2 yet to ! pres5t "t gross indignities cont9ue to be p]petrat$ ^u color$ travell]s1 m5 & wom51 :ile ^? *>g$ "u oa? to see ! laws fai?fully execut$ look on ) seem+ he>tless indiff]5ce :ile ! law rema9s a dead lett] on ! /atute-book4 8,) a c>e & anxiety :i* "o vitally int]e/$ alone c feel ,i h exam9$ & weigh$ ?is subject40 ,"h1 ,sir1 he replies aga9 to my fri5d4 ,i %\ld l ! ,s5ator to notice ! s5t5ce3-- 8,) a c>e & anxiety :i* "o vitally int]e/$ alone c feel0-- z1 ( c\rse1 my fri5d _c feel1 s9ce he has n t vital int]e/-- 8,i h exam9$ & weigh$ ?is subject40 ,:at does he conclude8 8,i am fully p]suad$ t no?+ %ort ( national legislation1 & national au?ority = its en=cem5t1 w be f\nd suffici5t = ! ma9t5ance ( our ,god-giv5 rights z m5 & wom51 citiz5s ( ?is great & free c\ntry40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,morrill4 ,z my honorable fri5d emphasizes t p>ticul> po9t1 w he be k9d en\gh to say :e!r he reads t lett] z an au?ority %[+ t ,congress has ! p[] to d :at he asks1 or :e!r x is simply an individual op9ion t "s su* legislation is necess>y8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i ?9k my fri5d mu/ "k t ,i d n read ! lett] z an au?ority1 accord+ to 8 use ( ! t]m4 ,by-&-by ,i %all come to ! au?ority4 ,i read x z ! op9ion ( a color$ citiz5-- ,,mr4 ,,morrill4 ,z to ! necessity ( legislation8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,:o has felt ! grievance1 & te/ifies t ! rem$y c only be ?r\gh ! ,nation4 ,!re is :]e he diff]s f my fri5d4 ,,mr4 ,,morrill4 ,x is n necess>y to read evid5ce to me t ! color$ p ?9k !re ought to be legislation by ,congress4 ,! "q betwe5 ! ,s5ator & myself is precisely ?is3 ,:at is y\r au?ority8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i am com+ to t4 ,?is is only ! beg9n+4 ,,mr4 ,,morrill4 ,:5 y come to t1 & make an issue ) me1 ,i %all be ready to answ]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i %all come to t 9 due season1 & give ! ,s5ator ! opportunity he desires4 ,i %all speak to ! "q ( p[]4 ,mean:ile ,i proce$ ) ! lett]3-- 8,i h read ) joy y\r rec5tly pres5t$ ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill4 ,x meets my he>ty approval4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god & d[n-trodd5 humanity1 ,i pray y press its enactm5t to a successful consummation4 8,su* a law1 firmly en=c$1 c\pl$ ) complete amne/y0-- ,y see ! po9t1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1--8c\pl$ ) complete amne/y0-- 8= political (f5ces to ^? :o once held u 9 bondage1 w furni%1 z ,i believe1 ! only s\nd basis ( recon/ruction & reconciliation = ! ,s\?40 ,n[ my fri5d w n und]/& t ,i exagg]ate ?is lett]4 ,i d n adduce x z au?ority1 b simply z te/imony1 %[+ :at an intellig5t color$ fell[-citiz5 ?9ks ) reg>d to 8 rights on two important po9ts mu* debat$3 fir/1 z to ! necessity ( rem$y ?r\gh ! ,national ,gov]nm5t2 &1 secondly1 z to ! importance ( unit+ ?is assurance ( ,equal ,rights ) ,amne/y1 s t ! two %all g toge!r4 ,be=e com+ directly to ! au?ority on :i* my fri5d is s anxi\s1 ,i call att5tion to ano!r communication1 f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,georgia ,civil ,rights ,association1 :i* ,i ?9k %\ld be read to ! ,s5ate4 ,x is address$ to me (ficially2 & if ,i d n read x1 ! ,s5ate w n h ! b5efit ( x4 ,!re is no ,s5ator f ,georgia to speak = ! ,civil ,rights ,association4 ,i %all let !m speak by _! ,presid5t1 ,capta9 ,edw9 ,bel*]3-- 8,i realize m & m1 e day1 ! necessity ( su* a measure ( ju/ice z y\r #8,supplem5t>y ,bill4' ,:5 t becomes a law1 ! fre$om ( my race w !n be complete40 ,i call att5tion to t po9t4 ,?is writ] reg>ds ! p5d+ measure ess5tial to complete ! ,abolition ( ,slav]y2 & ,i hope y w n =get ?is judgm5t1 because x w be important at a lat] mom5t 9 v9dicat+ ! con/itutional p[] ( ,congress4 8,:5 t becomes a law1 ! fre$om ( my race w !n be complete10--n be=e1 n till !n1 n till ! passage ( ! ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill4 ,d[n to t "t ,slav]y /ill exi/s4 ,su*1 ,sir1 is ! /atem5t ( a man once a slave1 & :o kn[s :]e( he speaks2 nor c x be d\bt$ t he is "r4 ,aft] read+ ! lett] at l5g?1 ,mr4 ,sumn] proce$$3-- ,?is in/ructive lett] is full ( wise w>n+s1 to :i* we _c be indiff]5t4 ,x is te/imony1 b x is also argum5t4 ,! necessity ( ?is measure appe>s n only f ,georgia1 b ev5 f ,p5nsylvania4 ,i h 9 my h&s an article by ,ri*>d ,t4 ,gre5]1 ! pr9cipal ( ! ,color$ ,in/itute at ,philadelphia1 :]e he v9dicates ! p5d+ bill4 ,i read a brief passage1 & simply 9 reply to ! ,s5ator f ,ma9e1 on ! necessity ( ,congressional action4 ,mr4 ,gre5] is no unwor?y repres5tative ( 8 race4 ,he kn[s well h[ to v9dicate _! rights4 ,"h is :at he says3-- 8,n ?ree weeks ago1 ! ,committee :i* wait$ on ! ,presid5t f ?is city1 9 behalf ( ,mr4 ,sumn]'s bill1 7 refus$ accommodations at ! dpt re/aurant 9 ,wa%+ton1 & only succe$$ 9 be+ ent]ta9$ by insi/+ ^u j treatm5t4 ,x has sc>cely be5 ?ree mon?s s9ce ! secret>y ( ! ,am]ican legation at ,port-au-,pr9ce1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,!odore ,holly1 ) 8 wife & ?ree *ildr51 0 refus$ a /ate-room on ! /eam] runn+ betwe5 ,new ,hav5 & ,new ,york city40 ,!n he %[s ! necessity3-- 8,%\ld ,m9i/] ,bassett himself1 indors$ by ! ,union ,league1 return home & arrive late at night1 !re are probably n two hotels1 su* z a g5tleman ( 8 /ation w\ld wi% to /op at1 :]e he c\ld be accommodat$1--n a !atre or place ( amusem5t :i* he c\ld visit )\t insult or degrad+ re/rictions1--n a *ur*1 except x be a ,quak] or ,ca?olic "o1 :]e he w\ld n be %[n into ! gall]y1 or else be made to feel uncom=table3 s outrage\s are ! curr5t ,am]ican ideas ( common hospitality & ref9em5t2 s v9dictive is ?is p]secution ( a humble class ( y\r fell[-citiz5s40 ,la/ly he v9dicates ! p5d+ measure1 & asks = a two-?irds vote3-- 8,! ,supplem5t>y ,bill ought to pass by a two-?irds vote4 ,if x passes by a simple majority1 we %all1 ( c\rse1 be satisfi$1 & und]/& ! reason :y4 ,if ,republican ,s5ators1 elect$ by color$ votes1 give _! influ5ce & votes aga9/ ?is measure1 x might be well = !m to rememb] t ,negroes1 along ) in/9ct1 h #8t]rible memories4'0 ,& n[1 ,sir1 aft] ^! brief illu/rations1 :]e our color$ fell[-citiz5s h spok5 = !mselves1 %[+ ! necessity ( legislation by ! ,nation1 because only ?r\gh ! ,nation c ! rem$y be appli$1 ,i come to ! precise argum5t ( ! ,s5ator4 ,he asks = ! p[]4 ,:y1 ,sir1 ! ,national ,con/itution is b\ntiful ( p[]2 x is ov]runn+ ) p[]4 ,n 9 "o place or two places or ?ree places1 b almo/ ev]y:]e1 f ! ,preamble to ! la/ l9e ( ! late/ ,am5dm5t2 9 ! orig9al text & 9 all our rec5t additions1 aga9 & aga94 ,/ill fur!r1 9 t great rule ( int]pretation conqu]$ at ,appomattox1 :i*1 f> beyond ! surr5d] ( ,lee1 0 ( inf9ite value to ?is ,republic4 ,i say a new rule ( int]pretation = ! ,national ,con/itution1 accord+ to :i*1 9 e clause & e l9e & e ^w1 x is to be int]pret$ uni=mly & ?or\ghly = human rights4 ,be=e ! ,rebellion ! rule 0 precisely opposite4 ,! ,con/itution 0 int]pret$ always1 9 e clause & l9e & ^w1 = ,human ,slav]y4 ,?ank ,god1 x is all *ang$ n[6 ,!re is ano!r rule1 & ! ,national ,con/itution1 f beg9n+ to end1 speaks always = ! ,rights ( ,man4 ,t1 ,sir1 is ! new rule4 ,t1 ,sir1 is ! great victory ( ! w>2 = 9 t are consummat$ all ! victories ( _m bloody fields1--n "o victory1 or two1 b ! :ole1--gleam+ 9 ^? pr9ciples ( ,lib]ty & ,equality :i* are n[ ! pivot jewels ( ! ,con/itution4 ,my excell5t fri5d f ,ma9e takes no notice ( all ?is4 ,he goes back = 8 rule to ^? unhappy days be=e ! w>4 ,he makes ! sy/em ( int]pretation1 born ( ,slav]y1 8 melan*oly guide4 ,) su* ,m5tor1 h[ c he arrive at any conclusion o!r ?an ali5 to ,human ,rights8 ,he que/ions ev]y?+1 d5ies ev]y?+4 ,he f9ds no p[] = any?+1 unless di/9ctly writt5 9 positive & precise words4 ,he _c read betwe5 ! l9es2 he _c apply a g5]\s pr9ciple :i* w cord9ate ev]y?+ !re 9 h>mony ) ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,:5 ,i ref] to ! ,decl>ation1 ,i "k well h[ su* an allusion is too (t5 receiv$ on ?is floor4 ,i h liv$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( hi/ory1 & d n =get t ,i "h he>d our great title-de$ arraign$ z 8a self-evid5t lie40 ,!re are ,s5ators n[1 :o1 :ile hesitat+ to adopt t vulg> extravagance ( diss5t1 are will+ to trifle ) x z a rule ( int]pretation4 ,i am n fright5$4 ,sir1 ,i insi/ t ! ,national ,con/itution mu/ be int]pret$ by ! ,national ,decl>ation4 ,i insi/ t ! ,decl>ation is ( equal & cord9ate au?ority ) ! ,con/itution itself4 ,i "k1 ,sir1 ! gr\nd on :i* ,i /&4 ,i ne$ no volume ( law1 no dog-e>$ page1 no cases to su/a9 me4 ,e lawy] is famili> ) ! fundam5tal beg9n+ ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution 9 ,magna ,*>ta4 ,b :at is ,magna ,*>ta8 ,simple concessions wrung by b>ons ( ,engl& f an unwill+ mon>*2 n an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 no?+ con/itutional 9 our s5se ( ! t]m2 simply a decl>ation ( rights3 & su* 0 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,& n[1 ,sir1 ,i am prep>$ to insi/1 t1 :5ev] y are consid]+ ! ,con/itution1 s f> z x conc]ns human rights1 y mu/ br+ x always to t great /&>d2 ! two mu/ g toge!r2 & ! ,con/itution c nev] be int]pret$ 9 any way inconsi/5t ) ! ,decl>ation4 ,%[ me any words 9 ! ,con/itution applicable to human rights1 & ,i invoke at once ! great tru?s ( ! ,decl>ation z ! absolute guide to _! mean+4 ,is x a "q ( p[]8 ,!n mu/ e ^w 9 ! ,con/itution be int]pret$ s t ,lib]ty & ,equality %all n fail4 ,my excell5t fri5d f ,ma9e takes no notice ( ?is4 ,he goes back to days :5 ! ,decl>ation 0 d5\nc$ z 8a self-evid5t lie10 & ! ,con/itution 0 int]pret$ always 9 ! int]e/ ( ,slav]y4 ,sir1 ,i object to ?is rule4 ,i prote/ aga9/ x ) all my m9d & he>t & s\l4 ,i insi/ t j ! opposite mu/ prevail1 & ,i />t ) ?is assumption4 ,i %all n make a long argum5t1 = ! case does n require x4 ,i desire to be brief4 ,y "k ! ,am5dm5t3-- 8,,section #a4 ,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 8,,section #b4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation40 ,"h is an ,am5dm5t aboli%+ ,slav]y4 ,does x aboli% ,slav]y half1 ?ree-qu>t]s1 or :olly8 ,"h ,i "k no half1 no ?ree-qu>t]s2 ,i "k no?+ b ! :ole4 ,& ,i say ! article aboli%es ,slav]y entirely1 ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ?is l&1--root & bran*1--9 ! g5]al & ! p>ticul>1--9 l5g? & bread?1 & !n 9 e detail4 ,am ,i wrong8 ,any o!r int]pretation dw>fs ! great ,am5dm5t1 & p]mits ,slav]y /ill to l+] among u 9 "s ( its insuff]able pret5sions4 ,sir1 ,i insi/ ^u ?or\gh "w4 ,:5 ,i vot$ = t article1 ,i meant :at x said1--t ,slav]y %\ld cease absolutely1 entirely1 & completely4 ,b1 ,sir1 ,congress has already giv5 its te/imony to ! true mean+ ( ! article4 ,%ortly aft] its adoption1 x pass$ :at is kn[n z ! ,civil ,rights ,law1 by :i* ! c\rts ( ju/ice ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ,/ate z well z ,national1 are op5$ to color$ p]sons1 :o are au?oriz$ n only to sue & be su$1 b also to te/ify1--an important "r mo/ cruelly d5i$1 ev5 9 _m ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 mak+ ! int]v5tion ( ! ,nation necess>y1 precisely z x is necess>y n[4 ,t law 0 pass$ by bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress1 veto$ by ! ,presid5t1 & pass$ !n by a two-?irds vote ov] ! veto ( ! ,presid5t1 & all 9 pursuance ( ^! words3-- 8,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation40 ,rem>k1 if y please1 ! en]gy ( t expression2 ,i h (t5 _h occasion to call att5tion to x4 ,x is a dep>ture f ! old language ( ! ,con/itution3-- 8,! ,congress %all h p[] to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+ p[]s40 ,x is /rong]1--m en]getic3-- 8,congress %all h p[] to en=ce0-- ,m>k1 ,sir1 ! vitality ( ! ^w-- 8to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation40 ,! :ole field ( apt legislation is op5 to be employ$ by ,congress 9 en=c+ ,abolition4 ,congress ent]$ ^u t field & pass$ ! orig9al ,civil ,rights ,act4 ,& :o among u n[1 unless "o ( my fri5ds on ! o!r side ( ! ,*amb]1 que/ions ! con/itutionality ( t ,act8 ,does any "o8 ,does any "o d\bt x8 ,does any "o ?r[ any suspicion ^u x8 ,w\ld any "o h x dropp$ f ! /atute-book on any gr\nd ( d\bt or hesitation8 ,if !re is any ,s5ator 9 ?is category1 ,i "k him n4 ,i really %\ld l to h him decl>e himself4 ,i w *e]fully yield ! floor to any "o will+ to decl>e 8 d\bts ( ! con/itutionality ( ! ,civil ,rights ,act4 ,aft] wait+ a suffici5t "t4 ,sir1 !re is no ,s5ator :o d\bts x4 ,n[1 h[ c any ,s5ator1 recogniz+ ! con/itutionality ( ! orig9al ,civil ,rights ,act1 d\bt ! pres5t supplem5t>y measure8 ,ea* /&s on ! same bottom4 ,if y d\bt "o1 y mu/ d\bt ! o!r4 ,if y rally aga9/ t ,am5dm5t1 y\r next move %\ld be to repeal ! exi/+ ,civil ,rights ,act z inconsi/5t ) ! ,con/itution4 ,:y does n my excell5t fri5d f ,ma9e br+ =w>d 8 bill8 ,:y does he n invite ! ,s5ate to comm5ce ! "w ( de/ruction1 to te> d[n t great rem$ial /atute8 ,:y is he sil5t8 ,:y does he hang back1 & direct all 8 en]gies aga9/ ! supplem5t>y measure1 :i* dep5ds absolutely ^u ! same con/itutional p[]8 ,if he is 9 e>ne/ aga9/ ! p5d+ motion1 he mu/ %[ ! same e>ne/ness aga9/ ! prelim9>y ,act4 ,:5 ,i ass]t t ,congress has ample p[] ov] ?is "q1 ,i rely ^u a well-kn[n text (t5 cit$ 9 ?is ,*amb]1 (t5 cit$ 9 our c\rts1--! judgm5t ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt pron\nc$ by ,*ief-,ju/ice ,m>%all1 9 ! case ( ,mc,culloch v4 ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 f :i* ,i w read a brief extract3-- 8,b ! argum5t on :i* mo/ reliance is plac$ is drawn f ! peculi> language ( ?is clause4 ,congress is n emp[]$ by x to make all laws :i* may h relation to ! p[]s conf]r$ on ! ,gov]nm5t1 b su* only z may be #8necess>y & prop]' = c>ry+ !m into execution4 ,! ^w #8necess>y' is consid]$ z controll+ ! :ole s5t5ce1 & z limit+ ! "r to pass laws = ! execution ( ! grant$ p[]s to su* z are indisp5sable1 & )\t :i* ! p[] w\ld be nugatory1--t x excludes ! *oice ( means1 & leaves to ,congress 9 ea* case t only :i* is mo/ direct & simple40 ,^! words %[ h[ ! case 0 pres5t$ to ! ,c\rt4 ,"h is ! /atem5t ( ,john ,m>%all3-- 8,we admit1 z all mu/ admit1 t ! p[]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t are limit$1 & t its limits are n to be transc5d$4 ,b we ?9k ! s\nd con/ruction ( ! ,con/itution mu/ all[ to ! ,national ,legislature t discretion ) respect to ! means by :i* ! p[]s x conf]s are to be c>ri$ into execution :i* w enable t body to p]=m ! high duties assign$ to x 9 ! mann] mo/ b5eficial to ! p4 ,let ! end be legitimate1 let x be )9 ! scope ( ! ,con/itution1 & all means :i* are appropriate1 :i* are pla9ly adapt$ to t end1 :i* are n prohibit$1 b consi/ ) ! lett] & _s ( ! ,con/itution1 are con/itutional40#bbc ,9 o!r words1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt w n und]take to sit 9 judgm5t on ! means employ$ by ,congress = c>ry+ out a p[] :i* exi/s 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,n[ ! p[] pla9ly exi/s 9 ! ,con/itution2 x is to aboli% ,slav]y1 & x is = ,congress 9 its discretion to select ! means4 ,already x has select$ ! ,civil ,rights ,law z ! fir/ means = en=c+ ! abolition ( ,slav]y4 ,i ask x to select ! supplem5t>y bill n[ p5d+ z o!r means to en=ce t abolition4 ,"o ( ! lett]s t ,i h read to-day f a lead+ color$ citiz5 ( ,georgia said3 8,:5 t becomes a law1 ! fre$om ( my race w !n be complete40 ,x is n complete until !n2 & !re=e1 9 secur+ t fre$om1 9 o!r words 9 en=c+ ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5t1 ,congress is au?oriz$ to pass ! bill :i* ,i h felt x my duty to introduce1 & :i* is n[ mov$ on ! ,amne/y ,bill4 ,i might proce$ ) ?is argum5t4 ,b details w\ld take "t1 & ,i ?9k !y are entirely ne$less4 ,! case is too /rong4 ,x ne$s no fur!r argum5t4 ,y h ! positive grant ( p[]4 ,y h already "o in/ance ( its execution1 & y h ! solemn decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates decl>+ t x is 9 ! discretion ( ,congress to select ! means by :i* to en=ce ! p[]s grant$4 ,h[1 ,sir1 c y answ] ?is conclusion8 ,h[ c my excell5t fri5d answ] x8 ,7 ,i n pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! conclusion f\nd$ on ! ,?irte5? ,am5dm5t 0 unansw]able1 s z to make fur!r discussion surplusage1 ,i %\ld take up ! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t1 & %[ h[1 9 ! fir/ place1 we h !re ! def9ition ( a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n1 9 ! second place1 an inhibition ^u ! ,/ates1 s t !y _c make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor d5y to any p]son )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! equal protection ( ! laws4 ,& "h aga9 ,congress is emp[]$ to en=ce ^! provisions by appropriate legislation4 ,surely1 if !re 7 any d\bt 9 ! ,?irte5? ,am5dm5t1 z !re is n1 x w\ld all be remov$ by ?is supplem5t>y ,am5dm5t4 ,"h is ! def9ition ( ,citiz5%ip1 & ! "r to ! equal protection ( ! laws1--9 o!r words1 ,citiz5%ip & ,equality1 bo? plac$ "u ! safegu>d ( ! ,nation4 ,:atev] w =tify ^! is )9 ! p[] ( ,congress by express grant4 ,b if ^! are int]pret$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 z ,i insi/1 ! conclusion is /ill m irresi/ible4 ,add ! orig9al text ( ! ,con/itution1 decl>+ t 8! citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates40 ,^! words1 already exp\nd$ by judicial int]pretation1#bbd are n[ elevat$ & inspir$ by ! new _s brea?+ into !m ! brea? ( a new life1 & mak+ !m yet ano!r s\rce ( ,congressional p[] = ! safegu>d ( equal rights4 ,b ,i h n done ) my fri5d4 ,i am go+ to h& him ov] to be answ]$ by "o ( 8 color$ fell[-citiz5s :o has no privilege on ?is floor4 ,i put ,george ,t4 ,d[n+ face to face ) my excell5t fri5d1 ! ,s5ator f ,ma9e4 ,! ,s5ator w f9d 8 argum5t 9 "o ( ! pap]s ( ! day4 ,i %all read en\gh to %[ t he und]/&s ! "q1 ev5 con/itutionally3-- 8,b ,i come directly10 says he1 8to #8misconception1'--to ?w>t+ ju/ice4 ,! ,s5ator0-- ,ref]r+ to ! ,s5ator f ,ma9e-- 8opposes ,s5ator ,sumn]'s am5dm5t2 he says x invokes an implication ( "s pr9ciple or provision ( ! ,con/itution some:]e1 or an implication aris+ f ! g5]al fitness ( ?+s possibly1 to enable x to invade ! domicili>y rights ( ! citiz5s ( a ,/ate40 ,^! 7 ! precise words ( ! ,s5ator2 ,i rememb] !m well2 ,i 0 a/oni%$ at !m4 ,i c\ld n und]/& by :at delusion1 halluc9ation1 or special ignis-fatuus ! ,s5ator 0 l$ into ! idea t 9 ?is bill !re is any sugge/ion ( invad+ ! domicili>y rights ( ! citiz5s ( ! ,/ates4 ,:y1 ,sir1 ! ,s5ator has misread ! bill4 ,i w n say he has n read x4 ,he c]ta9ly has misread x4 ,& n[ let our color$ fell[-citiz5 answ] him3-- 8,i d n speak unadvis$ly1 :5 ,i decl>e t no su* end is desir$ by a s+le intellig5t color$ man2 no su* design c be glean$ f any ^w ev] spok5 by ,*>les ,sumn]2 8 am5dm5t _c by any reasonable /ret* ( ! imag9ation be op5 to ! implication40 ,n a ,s5ator1 n a lawy] says t2 x is only "o ( our color$ fell[-citiz5s :om ! ,s5ator w\ld see %ut out ( ! c>s1 %ut out ( ! hotels1 8 *ildr5 %ut out f s*ools1 & himself %ut out f *ur*es2 & see+ ^! ?+s1 ! ,s5ator w\ld d no?+1 because ,congress is p[]less6 ,our color$ fell[-citiz5 proce$s3-- 8,! am5dm5t says t all citiz5s1 :ite & black1 are entitl$ to ! equal & imp>tial enjoym5t ( any accommodation1 advantage1 facility1 or privilege furni%$ by common c>ri]s1 by innkeep]s1 by lic5s$ !atres1 by manag]s ( common s*ools support$ by g5]al taxation or au?oriz$ by law4 ,does any ( ! same invade ! domicili>y rights ( a citiz5 9 any ,/ate80 ,t is n my language1 ,sir2 x is ,mr4 ,d[n+'s4 8,c\ld any man1 :ite or black1 claim a "r ( entrance into ! domicile ( ! poore/1 ! humble/1 ! weake/ citiz5 ( ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e by virtue ( ,mr4 ,sumn]'s am5dm5t1 :5 x %all become a law8 ,c]ta9ly n2 a man's private domicile is 8 own ca/le3 no "o1 ) ev5 k+ly pret5sions1 d>e =ce himself ov] its ?re%old4 ,b ! public inn1 ! public or common s*ool1 ! public place ( amusem5t1 z well z common c>ri]s1 ask+ ! special protection ( law1 creat$ ?r\gh its action on ! plea & = ! b5efit ( ! public good1 h no su* exclusive "r z ! citiz5 may rightfully claim )9 8 home2 & x seems to me to be invok+ ! aid ( an unholy prejudice 9 attempt+ to =ce ! idea t ,mr4 ,sumn] desires1 or t ! color$ p 9 petition+ = civil rights are design+1 to break into social circles aga9/ ! wi% ( ^? :o compose !m40 ,x is difficult to answ] t4 ,! writ] proce$s3-- 8,i h ! te/imony ( ,s5ator ,morrill1 ?is same ,s5ator1 to ! fact #8t equality be=e ! law1 )\t di/9ction ( race or color1' is a con/itutional "r1--= we h 8 decl>ation to t effect record$1 & fur!r sett+ =? t x is #8! duty ( ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to af=d a spe$y & conv5i5t means = ! arre/ & exam9ation ( p]sons *>g$ ) a disreg>d ( ! same4' 7,see proce$+s ( ,s5ate1 ,april1 #ahff470 ,i h n v]ifi$ ?is ref]5ce2 ,i read x z ,i f9d x4 ,! ,s5ator w "k :e!r he has h]et(ore employ$ su* g5]\s language1 9 j con=mity ) ! ,con/itution4 ,assum+ n[ t he has us$ ?is language1 ,i ?9k1 z a lawy]1 he w feel t ,george ,t4 ,d[n+ has ! bett] ( him4 ,i ask my fri5d to li/51 & p]haps he w confess3-- 8,if equality be=e ! law be a con/itutional "r1 z te/ifi$ to by ,mr4 ,morrill1 & if x be ! duty ( ! ,f$]al c\rts to protect ! same1 z he fur!r affirms1 is n all conc$$ z to ! "r ( ,congress to act 9 ! case 9 "q1 :5 x is %[n t ! public inn1 ! public s*ool1 ! common c>ri]1 are necess>y in/itutions "u ! control ( law1 :]e equality )\t reg>d to race or color may be en=c$8 ,c !re be any "q z to ! same8 8,i fur!r invoke ! lett] ( ! ,con/itution 9 behalf ( ,congressional action to protect me 9 ! rights ( an ,am]ican citiz52 = in/ance10-- ,aga9 ,i say1 ?is is n ! argum5t ( a ,s5ator1 nor ( a lawy]1 b only ( "o ( ^? color$ fell[-citiz5s = :om my fri5d c f9d no protection1-- 8= in/ance1 t article :i* says1 #8,! judicial p[] %all ext5d to all cases 9 law & equity aris+ "u ?is ,con/itution4' ,if equality be=e ! law be1 z ,mr4 ,morrill has decl>$1 a con/itutional "r1 ! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates rea*es ! same4 ,ano!r section says1 #8,! citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates4'0 ,! writ] is n cont5t ) "o clause ( ! ,con/itution3-- 8,ano!r section says1 #8,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4' ,ano!r section says1 #8,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>anty to e ,/ate 9 ?is ,union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t4' ,! section la/ cit$ contemplates a case :]e a controll+ p[] %all /rive to h x o!rwise1 & ! subord9at$ individuals ne$ protection4 ,congress is left ! judge ( :at con/itutes a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & consequ5tly ( ! rights incid5tal !reto40 ,!n aga93-- 8,ano!r section says1 #8,?is ,con/itution1 & ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 pursuance !re(1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&4' ,ano!r section says1 #8,! ,congress %all h p[] to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! p[]s ve/$ by ?is ,con/itution 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4' ,w x be said t ! p[] is n ve/$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to protect ! rights ( its citiz5s1 & t x is n necess>y & prop] to d s8 8,! ,s5ator admits t !re is a con/itutional inhibition aga9/ proscrib+ m5 because ( _! race or color 9 ! enjoym5t ( rights & privileges1 b he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a con/itutional "r on ! "p ( ,congress to act 9 def5ce ( ! supreme law1 :5 a ,/ate may disreg>d ! ,con/itution 9 ?is respect4 ,i read ! ,con/itution o!rwise4 ,i conclude1 t1 :5 ! supreme law says ( "r a ?+ %all n be1 ,congress1 :i* has t supreme law z its guide & au?ority1 has ! p[] to en=ce ! same40 ,t1 ,sir1 is ! reply ( a color$ fell[-citiz5 to ! spee* ( my excell5t fri5d4 ,i ask ,s5ators to sit 9 judgm5t betwe5 ! spee* & ! reply4 ,i ask if my excell5t fri5d is n completely answ]$ by ,george ,t4 ,d[n+8 ,if ! latt] has be5 able to d ?is1 x is because ( ! innate /r5g? ( 8 own cause & ! weakness ( t esp\s$ by ! ,s5ator4 ,our color$ comm5tator places himself on ! texts ( ! ,con/itution1 & int]prets !m lib]ally1 ju/ly1 = ! equal rights ( 8 race4 ,! ,s5ator places himself on ^? same texts1 b 9 an evil mom5t surr5d]s to t malignant int]pretation :i* prevail$ be=e ! w> & help$ to precipitate ! ,rebellion4 ,sir1 ,i ask1 ,is n ! con/itutionality ( ?is measure v9dicat$8 ,does any "o really d\bt its con/itutionality8 ,c any "o %[ a reason aga9/ x8 ,sir1 x is z con/itutional z ! ,con/itution itself4 ,y may arraign t great *>t]2 y may call x 9 d\bt2 y may say t x is imp]fect1 t x is wrong2 b ,i ?ank ,god x exi/s to be our guide & ma/]1 s t ev5 my excell5t fri5d1 ! able & +5i\s ,s5ator1 snat*+ reasons1 if n inspiration1 f ante bellum argum5ts1 :5 ,/ate ,rights 7 ! con/ant cry1 & f spee*es 9 o!r days1 _c ov]turn x4 ,! ,con/itution /ill lives1 & z long z x lives x mu/ be int]pret$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce to advance human rights4 ,?is is my answ] to ! ,s5ator on ! "q ( p[]1 to :i* he invit$ att5tion4 ,i h spok5 frankly1 ,i hope n unk9dly3 b on ?is "q ,i mu/ be pla9 & op54 ,nor is ?is all4 ,sir1 !re is a new =ce 9 our c\ntry4 ,i h allud$ to a new rule ( int]pretation2 ,i allude n[ to a new =ce3 x is ! color$ p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\nt$ by ! million2 a new =ce ) votes2 & !y n[ insi/ ^u _! rights4 ,!y appe> be=e y 9 innum]able petitions1 9 communications1 9 lett]s1 all pray+ = _! rights4 ,!y appeal to y 9 ! "n ( ! ,con/itution1 :i* is = !m a safegu>d1--9 ! "n ( t great victory ov] ! ,rebellion ?r\gh :i* peace 0 seal$2 & !y rem9d y t !y mean to foll[ up _! appeal at ! ballot-box4 ,i h "h an article 9 ! la/ 8,new ,national ,era10 ( ,wa%+ton1 a j\rnal edit$ by color$ p]sons1--,fr$]ick ,d\glass is ! *ief editor1--& devot$ to ! pres5t ,adm9i/ration4 ,:at does x say8 8,"h1 !n1 is a measure1 j & necess>y1 ! embodim5t ( ! v pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,gov]nm5t is f\nd$1 & :i* di/+ui% x f mon>*ical & ari/ocratic ,gov]nm5ts1--a measure ^u :i* !re %\ld be no division 9 ! ,republican ,p>ty 9 ,congress1 & ( :i* !re is no "q z to its be+ ( m importance ?an ,amne/y4 ,)\t ?is measure ,amne/y w be a crime1 m]ciless to ! loyal blacks ( ! ,s\?1 & an enc\ragem5t ( treason & traitors4 ,we h met color$ politicians f ! ,s\? :o ?9k t ! ,amne/y proposition is an attempt to ga9 ! good-w ( ! :ite vot]s ( ! ,s\? at ! exp5se ( ! color$ vot]s4 ,%\ld ?is feel+ become g5]al among ! color$ p1 !re is dang] ( a division ( ! color$ vote to su* an ext5t z to defeat ! ,republican ,p>ty4 ,give u ! j measure ( protection ( our civil rights be=e ! p>don+ ( ^? :o d5y u our rights & :o w\ld de/roy ! nation1 & ! color$ p c feel assur$ t !y are n to be =c$ into a back seat1 & t traitors are n to be exalt$40 ,is n ?is natural8 ,if y1 ,sir1 7 a color$ citiz51 w\ld y n also ?us write8 ,w\ld y n insi/ t y mu/ d\bt any political p>ty1 pret5d+ to be y\r fri5d1 t fail$ 9 ?is great exig5cy8 ,i "k y w\ld4 ,i "k y w\ld take y\r vote 9 y\r h& & insi/ ^u us+ x s z to secure y\r own rights4 ,! te/imony accumulates4 ,"h is ano!r lett]1 :i* came ?is morn+1 sign$1 8,an ,enfran*is$ ,republican10 dat$ at ,wa%+ton1 & publi%$ 9 ! 8,new ,york ,tribune40 ,x is entitl$1 8,presid5t ,grant & ! ,color$ ,p40 ,! writ] av[s himself 9 favor ( ! r5om9ation ( ,g5]al ,grant1 b does n disguise 8 anxiety at :at he calls 8! ,presid5t's un=tunate reply to ! color$ delegation :i* lately wait$ on him40 ,n[1 ,sir1 9 ?is sket* y see a slight portraiture ( a new =ce 9 ! l&1 a political =ce :i* may *ange ! balance at any election1--at a ,/ate election1 at a ,presid5tial election ev54 ,take1 = in/ance1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,!re are color$ vot]s 9 t ,/ate f> m ?an en\gh to turn ! scale "o way or ! o!r1 z !y incl9e2 & ^? vot]s1 by solemn petition1 appeal to y = _! rights4 ,! ,s5ator f ,ma9e rises 9 8 place & gravely tells !m t !y are all mi/ak51 t ,congress has no p[] to give !m a rem$y1--& he deals out = _! com=t an anci5t spee*4 ,sir1 ,i tru/ ,congress w f9d t x has ! p[]4 ,"o ?+ ,i "k3 if x has ! p[] to amne/y ,rebels1 x has ! p[] to enfran*ise color$ fell[-citiz5s4 ,! latt] is mu* cle>] ?an ! =m]4 ,i d n "q ! =m]2 b ,i say to my excell5t fri5d f ,ma9e t ! p[] to remove ! disabilities ( color$ fell[-citiz5s is1 if possible1 /rong]1 cle>]1 & m assur$ ?an ! o!r4 ,unque/ionably x is a p[] ( high] necessity & dignity4 ,! p[] to d ju/ice leaps =? f e clause ( ! ,con/itution2 x spr+s f e ^w ( its text2 x is ! inspiration ( its :ole *>t]$ be+4 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 ,i did n int5d to say s mu*4 ,i rose to-day m]ely to enable ! abs5t to speak1--t color$ fell[-citiz5s1 ^: own ,s5ators _h fail$ !m1 might be he>d ?r\gh _! writt5 ^w4 ,i did n int5d to add any?+ ( my own2 b ! subject is to me ( su* incalculable int]e/1 & its "r settlem5t is s ess5tial to ! peace ( ?is c\ntry1 to its good "n1 to ! reconciliation we all seek1 t ,i c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( mak+ ?is fur!r appeal4 ,febru>y #a/1 ,mr4 ,c>p5t]1 ( ,wiscons91 9 an elaborate spee*1 repli$ to ,mr4 ,sumn]1 & criticiz$ 8 bill1 especially s f> z x secur$ equal rights 9 *ur*es & juries4 ,febru>y #e?1 9 pursuance ( ! opposition ann\nc$ 9 8 spee*1 ,mr4 ,c>p5t] mov$ ano!r bill z a sub/itute = ,mr4 ,sumn]'s4 ,mr4 ,norwood1 ( ,georgia1 su/a9$ ! sub/itute2 ,mr4 ,wilson ( ,massa*usetts1 ,mr4 ,frel+huys5 ( ,new ,j]sey1 & ,mr4 ,morton ( ,indiana pr$icat$ ! e>li] proposition4 ,mr4 ,sumn] !n repli$ to ,mr4 ,c>p5t]4 ,be=e ! vote is tak51 ,i hope ! ,s5ate w p>don me1 if ,i expla9 briefly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two am5dm5ts4 ,fir/ let me say a ^w 9 reg>d to ! way 9 :i* ! am5dm5t mov$ by me comes be=e ! ,s5ate4 ,ev5 ?is circum/ance has be5 dwelt on 9 ?is debate1 & ,i h be5 criticiz$--,i ?9k n always ju/ly--on t acc\nt4 ,"h is a memor&um made = me at ! desk f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,s5ate1 :i* %[s ! hi/ory ( ?is am5dm5t4 ,i w read x4#bbe ''' ,at la/1 dur+ ?is session1 be=e ! holidays1 :5 ! pres5t measure ( ,amne/y 0 "u consid]ation1 ,i f\nd = ! fir/ "t a *ance4 ,twice _h ,i introduc$ ! bill1 & on my motion x 0 ref]r$ to ! ,judici>y ,committee1 :o _h twice report$ aga9/ x4 ,sir1 0 ,i to be disc\rag$ on t acc\nt8 ,no committee enjoys high] au?ority on ?is floor ?an ! ,judici>y ,committee2 b ,i h be5 "h long en\gh to "k t its reports d n always f9d favor4 ,h we n dur+ ?is v session1 )9 a v few days1 se5 t committee ov]rul$ on ! ,apportionm5t "q8 ,,reply ,,to ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,!re=e1 ,sir1 ,i am n )\t prec$5t1 :5 ,i br+ =w>d an important measure & ask y\r votes1 ev5 ?\gh x h n ! sanction ( ?is important committee4 ,i wi% x _h _! sanction2 b ,i d n hesitate to say t ?is bill is m important to ! ,judici>y ,committee ?an t committee is important to ! bill4 ,9 ?is matt] ! committee w suff] mo/4 ,a measure l ?is1 :i* l9ks ) ! ,national ,con/itution1 & ) ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 if ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 w p>don me-- ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,i rise to ask :y t inquiry is made ( me4 ,h ,i criticiz$ allusions to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i fe>$ ! ,s5ator w\ld n all[ allusion to ! ,decl>ation1 except z a 8revolution>y0 docum5t4 ,i say1 ?is measure1 l9k$ z x is ) ! great title-de$s ( our c\ntry1 m]its ! support n only ( ! ,judici>y ,committee1 b ( ?is ,*amb]4 ,! ,s5ate _c af=d to reject x4 ,sir1 ,i am weak & humble2 b ,i "k t :5 ,i pres5t ?is measure & plead = its adoption ,i am /rong1 because ,i h beh9d me inf9ite ju/ice & ! wrongs ( an oppress$ race4 ,! measure is n ha/y4 ,x has be5 c>efully consid]$ already 9 ?is ,*amb]1 mu* consid]$ else:]e1 consid]$ by lawy]s1 by politicians1--ay1 ,sir1 & consid]$ by our color$ fell[-citiz5s1 ^: rights x v9dicates4 ,b at ! elev5? h\r ! ,s5ator comes =w>d ) a sub/itute :i* is to a c]ta9 ext5t an emasculat$ synonym ( ! orig9al measure1 seem+ to be l & yet n l1 feeble :]e ! orig9al is /rong1 incomplete :]e ! orig9al is complete1 petty :]e ! orig9al is ample1 & )\t ma*9]y = its en=cem5t1 :ile ! orig9al is well-suppli$ & mo/ effective4 ,t y may und]/& ! am5dm5t introduc$ by me1 ,i call att5tion to ! orig9al ,civil ,rights ,act1 out ( :i* x gr[s & to :i* x is a supplem5t4 ,t great /atute 0 pass$ ,april #i1 #ahff1 & is entitl$1 8,an ,act to protect all p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! civil rights1 & to furni% ! means ( _! v9dication40#bbf ,x beg9s by decl>+ :o are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !n proce$s3-- 8,su* citiz5s1 ( e race & color1 )\t reg>d to any previ\s condition ( slav]y or involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all h ! same "r1 9 e ,/ate & ,t]ritory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates10-- ,to d :at8 8to make & en=ce contracts1 to sue1 be p>ties1 & give evid5ce1 to inh]it1 pur*ase1 lease1 sell1 hold1 & convey real & p]sonal prop]ty1 & to full & equal b5efit ( all laws & proce$+s = ! security ( p]son & prop]ty1 z is enjoy$ by :ite citiz5s1 & %all be subject to l puni%m5t1 pa9s1 & p5alties1 & to none o!r1 any law1 /atute1 ord9ance1 regulation1 or cu/om1 to ! contr>y not)/&+40 ,! ,s5ate w p]ceive t ?is ,act op]ates n only 9 ! ,national b 9 ! ,/ate jurisdiction4 ,no p]son w "q t4 ,x op]ates 9 e ,national c\rt & 9 e ,/ate c\rt4 ,! language is1 89 e ,/ate & ,t]ritory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,e ,/ate c\rt is op5$4 ,p]sons )\t di/9ction ( color are entitl$ to sue & be su$1 especially to be he>d z witnesses1 & ! color$ man may hold up 8 h& z ! :ite man4''' ,n[ ,i ask ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 to consid] :at is ! diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ! "r to te/ify & ! "r to sit on a jury4 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,or on ! b5*4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator w all[ me to put ! "q 9 my own way4 ,i say no?+ ab\t ! b5*1 & ! ,s5ator is too good a lawy] n to see :y4 ,he kn[s well ! hi/ory ( trial by jury2 he kn[s t at ! beg9n+ jurors 7 witnesses f ! neighborhood1--aft]w>d becom+ judges1 n ( law1 b ( fact4 ,!y 7 orig9ally witnesses f ! vic9age2 s t1 if y g back to ! v cradle ( our jurisprud5ce1 y f9d jurors no?+ b witnesses3 & n[ ,i insi/ t !y mu/ come "u ! same rule z witnesses4 ,if ! c\rts are op5$ to color$ witnesses1 ,i insi/ by ! same title !y mu/ be op5$ to color$ jurors4 ,call ! "r political or civil1 accord+ to ! di/9ction ( ! ,s5ator4 ,no matt]4 ,! "r to be a juror is id5tical 9 "* ) ! "r to be a witness4 ,i "k n if x be political or civil2 x is en\gh = me t x is a "r to be gu>d$ by ! ,nation4 ,i say no?+ ab\t judges2 = ! di/9ction is obvi\s betwe5 ! two cases4 ,i speak n[ ( color$ jurors2 & ,i submit1 z beyond all "q1 t e reason or argum5t :i* op5s ! c\rts to color$ witnesses mu/ op5 !m to color$ jurors4 ,! two g toge!r1 z natural yoke-fell[s4 ,b d n1 ,sir1 =get ! necessity ( ! case4 ,h[ c ju/ice be adm9i/]$ ?r\gh\t ,/ates ?rong+ ) color$ fell[-citiz5s1 unless y h !m on ! juries8 ,d5y+ to color$ fell[-citiz5s _! place on ! juries1 y actually d5y !m ju/ice4 ,?is is pla91 & pres5ts a case ( />tl+ wrong4 ,i am 9 ! receipt ( lett]s almo/ daily1 compla9+ ( ! impossibility ( obta9+ ju/ice 9 ,/ate c\rts because color$ fell[-citiz5s are exclud$ f juries4 ,i say1 !re=e1 f ! necessity ( ! case1 & also f ! analogy ( witnesses1 ! c\rts %\ld be op5$ to color$ jurors4 ,! ,s5ator makes a mi/ake1 :5 he deals 8 bl[ 9 ! v ,temple ( ,ju/ice4 ,he /rikes d[n ! safegu>ds ( ju/ice = ! :ole color$ race2 & :at is ! excuse8 ,t to sit on ! jury is a "q ( politics1--t x is a political "r1 & n a civil "r4 ,sir1 ,i _c br+ myself to make any "q :e!r x is a civil "r or a political "r2 x is a "r4 ,x is a "r :i* ^? m5 h by ! ,law ( ,nature1 & by ! ,national ,con/itution int]pret$ by ! ,national ,decl>ation4 ,b1 ,sir1 n cont5t ) /rik+ at ! color$ race ev5 9 ! v ,temple ( ,ju/ice1 ! ,s5ator1 f9d+ an apology 9 ! ,con/itution1 insi/s ^u ! v exclusion f *ur*es :i* ! fam\s ,petroleum ,v4 ,nasby _h set up be=e4 ,f juries ,i n[ come to *ur*es4 ,! ,s5ator is n orig9al2 he copies1 z ,i %all %[1 f a typical ,democrat1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! w>4 ,b be=e ,i come to 8 prototype1 let u consid] ! con/itutional "q pres5t$ by ! ,s5ator ) s mu* gravity1 )\t ev5 ! smile t plays s readily on 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he seem$ 9 e>ne/1 :5 he read ^! words ( ! ,national ,con/itution3-- 8,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re(40 ,& /ill )\t a smile he argu$ t ! application ( ! great political pr9ciples ( ! ,decl>ation & ( ! rec5t ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts to a *ur* organization incorporat$ by law 0 a violation ( ?is provision1 & he adduc$ ! "w ( ! mu*-v5]at$ fri5d ( my e>ly life1 & my ma/]1 ! late ,judge ,/ory1 exp\nd+ t provision4 ,i d n "k if ! ,s5ator read ^! words f ! comm5t>y ( t great juri/3-- 8,! real object ( ! ,am5dm5t 0 n to c\nt5ance1 mu* less to advance1 ,mahometanism1 or ,judaism1 or infidelity1 by pro/rat+ ,*ri/ianity1 b to exclude all rivalry among ,*ri/ian sects10-- ,obs]ve1 ,sir1 :at x is1-- 8b to exclude all rivalry among ,*ri/ian sects1 & to prev5t any national ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t1 :i* %\ld give to a hi]>*y ! exclusive patronage ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t40#bbg ,h[ pla9 & simple6 ,! real object 0 to exclude all rivalry among ,*ri/ian sects1 & to prev5t any national ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t4 ,su* 0 ! real object4 ,b ! ,s5ator says1 if ,congress decrees t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples is applicable to a *ur* organization incorporat$ by ,/ate or ,national au?ority1 we violate ?is provision ( ! ,con/itution6 ,y he>d him1 ,sir2 ,i d no inju/ice to 8 argum5t4 ,our au?ority1 ,judge ,/ory1 cont9ues 9 ano!r place3-- 8,x 0 "u a solemn consci\sness ( ! dang]s f ecclesia/ical ambition1 ! bigotry ( spiritual pride1 & ! intol]ance ( sects1 ?us exemplifi$ 9 our dome/ic z well z 9 =eign annals1 t x 0 deem$ advisable to exclude f ! ,national ,gov]nm5t all p[] to act ^u ! subject40#bbh ,to act ^u :at8 ,! subject ( a religi\s e/abli%m5t4 ,no pret5ce "h ( d5y+ to ,congress ! e/abli%m5t ( police regulations1 if y please1 or ! en=cem5t by law ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is text inconsi/5t ) su* a law4 ,! ,con/itution =bids all int]f]5ce ) religion4 ,x does n =bid all ef=t to c>ry out ! primal pr9ciples ( republican in/itutions4 ,n[1 ,sir1 "h is no int]f]5ce ) religion4 ,i *all5ge ! ,s5ator to %[ x4 ,!re is simply ! ass]tion ( a political rule1 or1 if y please1 a rule ( political conduct4 ,:y1 ,sir1 suppose ! mann]s & morals :i* prevail$ among ! cl]gy ( ,virg9ia dur+ ! e>ly life ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 & rec5tly reveal$ by ! vivid p5 ( "o ( our be/ writ]s1 %\ld f9d a home 9 ! *ur*es ( ,wa%+ton4 ,y h read ,mr4 ,p>ton's acc\nt 9 a late numb] ( ! 8,atlantic ,mon?ly40#bbi ,suppose ,congress1 tak+ into consid]ation ! peculi> circum/ances1 %\ld give expression to public s5tim5t & impose a p5alty = su* sc&al\s conduct "h "u our v eyes2 w\ld t be sett+ up an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*8 ,w\ld t be a violation ( ! ,national ,con/itution1 9 ! provision :i* ! ,s5ator invokes1 8,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion08 ,& yet1 9 ! case ,i suppose1 ,congress w\ld ent] ! *ur*es2 x might be only 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia2 b ! case %[s h[ unt5able is ! position ( ! ,s5ator1 accord+ to :i* ! ef=t ( ,congress to pres]ve *ur*es f ! desecration ( intemp]ance w\ld be k9dr$ to sett+ up an e/abli%$ religion4 ,!re is a desecration z bad z intemp]ance1 :i* ,i n[ oppose4 ,i introduce ! case ( intemp]ance only z an illu/ration4 ,& n[1 ,sir1 ,i come to ! "q4 ,suppose ,congress decl>es t no p]son %all be exclud$ f any *ur* on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition2 :]e is ! int]f]5ce ) ! con/itutional provision8 ,is t sett+ up a *ur* e/abli%m5t8 ,oh1 no1 ,sir6 ,x is simply sett+ up ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 9 its primal tru?s1 & apply+ !m to *ur*es z to o!r in/itutions4 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,w my fri5d all[ me1--n = ! purpose ( int]rupt+ him1 b to come to ! po9t8 ,suppose ,congress %\ld pass a law t 9 no *ur* 9 ?is c\ntry %\ld ! ,ho/ be exalt$ dur+ div9e s]vice4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator kn[s well ! diff]5ce4 ,?is is a religi\s obs]vance4 ,congress _c int]f]e ) any religi\s obs]vance4 ,congress c d no?+ to set up a religi\s e/abli%m5t4 ,x c make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion4 ,b ! ,s5ator mu/ see t 9 ! case he puts1 ! propos$ law w\ld be ! v ?+ prohibit$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,i ?ank him = t in/ance4 ,i propose no int]f]5ce ) any religi\s obs]vance1--n 9 ! lea/3 f> f x4 ,sir1 ! case is cle> z day4 ,all t ,i ask is1 t1 9 h>mony ) ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 !re be complete equality be=e ! law ev]y:]e1--9 ! inn1 on ! highway1 9 ! common s*ool1 9 ! *ur*1 on juries1--ay1 ,sir1 & 9 ! la/ re/+-place on e>?4 ,! ,s5ator /eps =w>d & says3 ,no1--,i _c accept equality 9 ! *ur*4 ,!re ! ,con/itutional ,am5dm5ts int]pret$ by ! ,decl>ation are p[]less2 !re a ,:ite ,man's ,gov]nm5t %all prevail4 ,a *ur* organization may be incorporat$ by ,national or ,/ate au?ority1 & yet all[$ to insult bro!rs ( ! human family on acc\nt ( ! sk94 ,9 ! *ur* ?is outrage may be p]petrat$1--because to =bid x w\ld int]f]e ) religion & set up an e/abli%m5t4 ,su*1 ,sir1 is ! argum5t ( ! ,s5ator2 & he makes x 9 ! "n ( ,religi\s ,lib]ty6 ,good ,god1 ,sir6 ,religi\s lib]ty6 ,! lib]ty to insult a fell[-man on acc\nt ( 8 sk96 ,y li/5$ to 8 eloqu5t1 f]vid appeal4 ,i felt its eloqu5ce1 b regrett$ t su* p[] 0 employ$ 9 su* a cause4 ,i said1 t1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 he _h copi$ ,petroleum ,v4 ,nasby1 9 ! lett] ( t r5[n$ "* entitl$1 8,goes on ) 8 ,*ur*10 f :i* ,i read a brief passage3-- 8,,*ur* ,,( ,,/4 ,,vall&igum1 8,june ! #aj?1 #ahfc4 8,we h$ a blessid & improv9 "t yi/]day4 ,my little flock /agg]$ 9 at ! usual h\r 9 ! morn91 e man 9 a heav5ly frame uv m9d1 hev9 b9 +ag$ all nite 9 a "w uv m]cy1 to wit3 a mobb9 uv two enroll9 (fic]s4 ,"o uv em resi/$1 & !y smote him hip & ?igh1 ev5 ez ,boha% smote ,jaheel4 7,skriptooral1 wi* is ness>y1 be9 9 ! m9i/ry47 ,he wuz left = dead4 8,we op5$ s]vis by s+9 a hym1 wi* ,i writ1 comm5c9 ez foll[s3-- 8,%el nigg]s black ?is l& possess1 ,& mix ) u up "h8 ,o1 no1 my fri5ds2 we ray!r guess ,we'll nev] /& t 'ere40#bcj ,laught]4 ,i ask if t is n ! ,s5ator's spee*8 ,laught]4 ,i "k n :e!r x is necess>y = me to g fur!r4 ,some?+ m1 ,i might say4 ,v well1 ,i w2 ! ,s5ator r invites me4 ,! ,s5ator becomes "h ! repres5tative ( ,ca/e2 & :]e1 ,sir8 ,9 a ,*ri/ian *ur*2 & :ile esp\s+ t cause1 he pleads ! ,national ,con/itution4 ,n[1 ,sir1 ,i h to repeat--& "h ,i am det]m9$ n to be misund]/ood--we h no "r to ent] ! *ur* & int]f]e 9 any way ) its religi\s ord9ances1 z ) ! rais+ ( ! ,ho/2 b :5 a *ur* organization asks ! b5efit ( ! law by an act ( incorporation1 x mu/ submit to ! great primal law ( ! ,union1--! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 int]pret$ by ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! ,s5ator smiles aga92 ,i %all come to t by-&-by4 ,:5ev] a *ur* organization seeks incorporation1 x mu/ submit to ! great political law ( ! l&4 ,x c h ! aid x seeks only by submitt+ to ?is political law4 ,"h is no?+ ( religion2 x is ! political law1 ! law ( ju/ice1 ! law ( ,equal ,rights4 ,! ,s5ator says1 ,no2 !y may d z !y please 9 *ur*es1 because !y are *ur*es1 because !y are homes ( religion1 ( ,*ri/ianity2 !re !y may insult on acc\nt ( ! sk94 ,i call t a v9dication ( ,ca/e1 & ,ca/e 9 "o ( its mo/ (f5sive =ms4 ,y all "k1 ,sir1 ! hi/ory ( ,ca/e4 ,x is ! di/9ction ( :i* we fir/ h conspicu\s record 9 ! ,ea/1 ?\gh x has prevail$ m or less 9 all c\ntries2 b x is 9 ! ,ea/ t x %[$ itself 9 su* =ms z to con/itute ! type by :i* we describe ! abuse4 ,x is an (f5sive diff]5ce betwe5 p]sons f\nd$ on bir?1 n unlike t ma9ta9$ among u on acc\nt ( a sk9 receiv$ f bir?4 ,& n[ p>don me1 if ,i call att5tion to ! way 9 :i* ?is discrim9ation has be5 *>act]iz$ by ! mo/ em95t p]sons famili> ) x4 ,i beg9 ) ! words ( an e/imable "* kn[n 9 religion & also 9 poetry1--,bi%op ,heb]1 ( ,calcutta1 :o pictur$ ,ca/e 9 ^! =cible t]ms3-- 8,a sy/em :i* t5ds1 m ?an any?+ else ! ,devil has yet inv5t$1 to de/roy ! feel+s ( g5]al b5evol5ce1 & to make n9e-t5?s ( mank9d ! hopeless slaves ( ! rema9d]40#bca ,!n comes ! te/imony ( ,rev4 ,mr4 ,rh5ius1 a zeal\s & successful mission>y 9 ! ,ea/3-- 8,i h f\nd ,ca/e1 bo? 9 !ory & practice1 to be diametrically oppos$ to ! ,gospel1 :i* inculcates love1 humility1 & union2 :]eas ,ca/e tea*es ! contr>y4 ,x is a fact1 9 ^? entire congregations :]e ,ca/e is all[$1 ! _s ( ! ,gospel does n ent]2 :]eas 9 ^? f :i* x is exclud$ we see ! fruits ( ! ,gospel _s40 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,w ! ,s5ator all[ me to int]rupt him to ask :e!r ^! comm5t>ies are read = ! purpose ( con/ru+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,t is ! only po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 u4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator w le>n be=e ,i am ?r\gh4 ,i %all apply !m4 ,aft] quot+ o!r au?orities1 ,mr4 ,sumn] proce$$3-- ,^! witnesses are /rong & unimpea*able4 ,9 ,ca/e1 ,gov]nm5t is nurtur+ a trem5d\s evil1--a noxi\s plant1 by ! side ( :i* ! ,graces _c fl\ri%1--"p & p>cel ( ,idolatry1--a sy/em :i*1 m ?an any?+ else ! ,devil has yet inv5t$1 t5ds to de/roy ! feel+s ( g5]al b5evol5ce4 ,su* is ,ca/e1--odi\s1 impi\s1 accurs$1 :]ev] x %[s itself4 ,n[1 ,sir1 ,i am ready to answ] ! inquiry ( ! ,s5ator1 :e!r ,i read ^! z an int]pretation ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n precisely2 b ,i d read !m to exhibit ! outrage :i* seems to f9d a v9dicator 9 ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons91--9 ?is respect1 at lea/1 t he c look at ! ,national ,con/itution1 int]pret$ by ! ,national ,decl>ation1 proclaim+ ! ,equal ,rights ( ,all1 & f9d no ^w emp[]+ ,congress to provide t 9 *ur*es organiz$ by law ?is hide\s outrage %all cease4 ,i ?9k ,i d no inju/ice to ! ,s5ator4 ,he f9ds no p[]4 ,he tells u t if we ex]cise ?is p[] we %all h an ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 & he invokes ! ,national ,con/itution4 ,sir1 ,i1 too1 invoke ! ,national ,con/itution1--n 9 "o solit>y provision1 z ! ,s5ator does1 b f its ,preamble to its la/ ,am5dm5t1--& ,i invoke ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! ,s5ator may smile4 ,i "k h[ he treats t great *>t]4 ,i "k h[ 9 o!r days he has treat$ x4 ,b1 ,sir1 ! ,decl>ation survives4 ,x has be5 trifl$ )1 d]id$1 insult$ (t5 on ?is floor1 b x is m triumphant n[ ?an ev]4 ,its primal tru?s1 ann\nc$ z self-evid5t1 are m comm&+ & m beam+ n[ ?an :5 fir/ utt]$4 ,!y are l ! sun 9 ! heav5s1 ) light & w>m?4 ''' ,sir1 is n ! ,s5ator answ]$8 ,is n ! di/9ction cle> z noonday betwe5 :at is prohibit$ by ! ,con/itution & :at is propos$ by my am5dm5t8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is z wide z betwe5 ! sky & ! e>?4 ,!y _c be m+l$4 ,!re is no lik5ess1 similitude1 or any?+ by :i* !y c be br\ght toge!r4 ,! ,s5ator opposes a religi\s am5dm5t4 ,i ass]t t !re %all be no political di/9ction2 & t is my answ] to 8 argum5t on *ur*es4 ,& n[1 ,sir1 may ,i say1 9 no unk9dness1 & n ev5 9 criticism1 b simply accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ?is debate1 t ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 has err$8 ,if y w li/51 ,i ?9k y w see ! orig9 ( 8 error4 ,i d n introduce x "h2 nor %\ld ,i ref] to x1 if he _h n introduc$ x himself4 ,! ,s5ator has nev] _h an adequate idea ( ! ,great ,decl>ation4 ,! ,s5ator smiles4 ,i h be5 9 ?is ,*amb] long en\gh to witness ! vicissitudes ( op9ion on our ,magna ,*>ta4 ,i h se5 x d]id$ by o!rs m ?an x ev] 0 by ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons94 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,i %\ld l to ask ! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts :5 he ev] he>d me d]ide x4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator w p>don me2 ,i am com+ to t4 ,! ,s5ator %all "k4 ,! p]son :o fir/ 9 ?is ,*amb] op5$ assault ^u ! ,decl>ation 0 ,john ,c4 ,calh\n1 9 8 spee* on ! ,oregon ,bill1 ,june #bg1 #ahdh4 ,he d5\nc$ ! claim ( equality z 8! mo/ false & dang]\s ( all political errors02 & he proce$$ to say t x 8has done m to ret>d ! cause ( ,lib]ty & ,civilization1 & is do+ m at pres5t1 ?an all o!r causes comb9$40 ,he !n add$1 t 8= a long "t x lay dormant1 b 9 ! process ( "t x began to g]m9ate & produce its poison\s fruits10#bcb--^! poison\s fruits be+ t public s5tim5t aga9/ ,slav]y :i* 0 beg9n+ to make itself felt4 ,?is extravagance naturally f\nd e*o f 8 foll[]s4 ,mr4 ,pettit1 a ,s5ator f ,indiana1 aft] quot+ 8,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t1 t all m5 are creat$ equal10 proce$$3-- 8,i hold x to be a self-evid5t lie4 ,!re is no su* ?+4 ,sir1 tell me t ! imbecile1 ! de=m$1 ! weak1 ! blurr$ intellect 9 man is my equal1 physically1 m5tally1 or morally1 & y tell me a lie4 ,tell me1 ,sir1 t ! slave 9 ! ,s\?1 :o is born a slave1 & ) b little ov] "o-half ! volume ( bra9 t atta*es to ! nor!rn ,european race1 is 8 equal1 & y tell :at is physically a falsehood4 ,!re is no tru? 9 x at all40#bcc ,?is 0 9 ! ,s5ate1 ,febru>y #bj1 #ahed4 ,( c\rse x proce$$ on a wret*$ miscon/ruction ( ! ,decl>ation1 :i* ann\nc$ equality ( rights & n any o!r equality1 physical1 intellectual1 or moral4 ,x 0 a decl>ation ( rights1--nor m nor less4 ,!n1 9 ! ord] ( impea*m5t1 foll[$ a rem>kable utt]ance f a mu*-valu$ fri5d ( my own & ( ! ,s5ator1 ! late ,rufus ,*oate1 :o1 )\t desc5d+ into ! same p>ticul>ity1 seems to h rea*$ a simil> conclusion1 :51 9 address+ political associates1 he *>act]iz$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce z 8t passionate & eloqu5t manife/o ( a revolution>y w>10 & !n aga9 spoke ( its self-evid5t tru?s z 8! glitt]+ & s\nd+ g5]alities ( natural "r40#bcd ,?is 0 9 8 lett] to ! ,ma9e ,:ig ,/ate ,c5tral ,committee1 ,augu/ #i1 #ahef4 ,9 my fri5d%ip = ?is rem>kable orator1 ,i c nev] ?9k ( ^! too fam\s words )\t a pang ( regret4 ,?is great "q became a h+e 9 ! memorable debate betwe5 ,mr4 ,d\glas & ,mr4 ,l9coln 9 ! conte/ = ! ,s5ator%ip ( ,ill9ois1 :5 ! =m] said1 9 v>i\s =ms ( spee*1 t 8! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce only includ$ ! :ite p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates02#bce & ,abraham ,l9coln repli$1 t 8! entire records ( ! _w1 f ! date ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce up to )9 ?ree ye>s ago1 may be se>*$ 9 va9 = "o s+le affirmation1 f "o s+le man1 t ! negro 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,decl>ation40#bcf ,?is 0 9 ,mr4 ,l9coln's spee* at ,galesburg1 ,octob] #g1 #aheh4 ,else:]e he repeat$ ! same s5tim5t4 ,&rew ,johnson r5ew$ ! assault4 ,aft] quot+ ! great words ( ! ,decl>ation1 he said 9 ?is ,*amb]1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahei3-- 8,is !re an intellig5t man ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry1 is !re a ,s5ator1 :5 he has /ripp$ himself ( all p>ty prejudice1 :o w come =w>d & say t he believes t ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 :5 he p5n$ t p>agraph ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 int5d$ x to embrace ! ,african population8 ,is !re a g5tleman 9 ! ,s5ate :o believes any su* ?+8''' ,!re is n a man ( respectable intellig5ce :o w haz>d 8 reputation ^u su* an ass]tion40#bcg ,all ?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! au?or1 z aft]w>d reveal$ to u4 ,!n1 ,sir1 9 ! li/ we skip to ,april #e1 #ahgj1 :5 ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 ranges himself 9 ! l9e1 *>act]iz+ ! great tru?s ( ! ,decl>ation z 8! g5]alities ( t revolution>y pronunciam5to40 ,9 reply to myself1 he rebuk$ me1 & said t x 0 my disposition1 if ,i c\ld n f9d a ?+ 9 ! ,con/itution1 to seek x 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1--& if x 7 n embodi$ 9 8! g5]alities ( t revolution>y pronunciam5to10 !n to g /ill fur!r4#bch ,i pres5t ?is exposition ) inf9ite reluctance2 b ! ,s5ator makes x necess>y4 ,9 8 spee* ! o!r day1 he und]took to /ate himself anew ) reg>d to ! ,decl>ation4 ,he compla9$ ( me because ,i made ! ,national ,con/itution & ! ,national ,decl>ation coqual1 & decl>$1 t1 if pref]5ce be giv5 to "o1 x mu/ be to ! ,decl>ation4 ,to t he repli$3-- 8,n[ ! true !ory is pla940 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 y are to h ! 8true !ory0 on ?is important "q3-- 8,if ! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts says1 t 9 d\btful cases x is ! duty ( a c\rt1 or ! duty ( ! ,s5ate1 or ! duty ( any public (fic]1 to consid] ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 he is "r4 ,s he mu/ consid] ! :ole hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry2 he mu/ consid] ! hi/ory ( ! ,colonies1 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 all ant]ior hi/ory4 ,t is a pr9ciple ( ,municipal ,law4 ,a contract ent]$ into betwe5 two individuals1 9 ! language ( ! cases1 mu/ be read 9 ! light ( ! circum/ances t surr\nd$ ! p>ties :o made x4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be con/ru$ ^u ! same pr9ciple2 & :5 we are consid]+ a d\btful "q1 ! :ole =m] hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! writ+s ( ,wa%+ton & ( ,jeff]son & ( ,madison1 ! writ+s 9 #8,! ,f$]ali/1'--ev]y?+ t p]ta9$ to t day & gives color & tone to ! ,con/itution1 mu/ be consid]$40#bci ,pla9ly1 "h is improvem5t4 ,!re is no d]ision4 ,! tru?s ( ! ,decl>ation are no long] 8! g5]alities ( t revolution>y pronunciam5to40 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,oh1 yes1 x is2 ,i /& by t4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator /&s by t4 ,v well4 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,i glory 9 x4 ,i glory 9 all ! hi/ory ( t revolution>y p]iod1 our revolution>y fa!rs1 our revolution>y w>4 ,x is ! ,revolution t ,i make my /& ^u4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,!n1 z ! ,s5ator f ,v]mont ,mr4 ,,edmunds rem>ks1 ! ,s5ator %\ld give "s effect to :at he glories 94 ,i hope he w n take x all out 9 glory1 b w see t a little ( x is transfus$ into ,human ,rights4 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,all t is consi/5t ) ! express provisions ( ! ,con/itution4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,i %all come to t4 ,! po9t is1 t ! ,s5ator treats ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce z no bett] ?an ! writ+s ( ,wa%+ton1 ( ,jeff]son1 ( ,madison1 8,! ,f$]ali/10 & ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to t day4 ,x is only "p & p>cel ( contempor>y hi/ory1--( no special consequ5ce1 no b9d+ "*1 n supreme1 b only "o ( ! au?orities1 or at lea/ "o ( ! witnesses1 by :i* we are to read ! ,con/itution4 ,sir1 is x s reg>d$ by ,congress1--or at lea/ is x s reg>d$ by ! committee ( ?is body "u ^: direction is pr9t$ :at is kn[n famili>ly z 8,! ,con/itution1 ,rules1 & ,manual08 ,"h is ! little volume1 to :i* we daily turn4 ,i f9d t ! fir/ docum5t is ! ,national ,decl>ation1 prec$+ ! ,national ,con/itution4 ,sir1 x prec$es ! ,con/itution 9 "t1 z x is m elevat$ 9 "*4 ,! ,con/itution is a ma*9e1 great1 mighty1 b5efic5t4 ,! ,decl>ation supplies ! pr9ciples giv+ "* & object to ! ma*9e4 ,! ,con/itution is an e>?ly body1 if y please2 ! ,decl>ation is ! s\l4 ,! p[]s "u ! ,con/itution are no m ?an ! h& to ! body2 ! ,decl>ation is ! v s\l itself4 ,b ! ,s5ator does n see x s4 ,he sees x z no bett] ?an a lett] ( ,jeff]son or ,madison1 or z "s o!r contempor>y incid5t :i* may help u 9 f9d+ ! mean+ ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,s5ator w n f9d _m ready to place !mselves 9 ! isolation he adopts4 ,x 0 n s reg>d$ by ! hi/orian :o has describ$ x ) m p[] & brilliancy ?an any o!r1--,mr4 ,bancr(t4 ,aft] sett+ =? :at x conta9s1 he pres5ts x z a new & l(ty ,bill ( ,rights3-- 8,?is immortal /ate-pap]1 :i* = its compos] 0 ! aurora ( endur+ fame1 0 #8! g5u9e effusion ( ! s\l ( ! c\ntry at t "t1' ! revelation ( its m9d1 :51 9 its y\?1 its en?usiasm1 its sublime confront+ ( dang]1 x rose to ! highe/ creative p[]s ( :i* man is capable4 ,! bill ( rights :i* x promulgates is ( rights t are old] ?an human in/itutions1 & spr+ f ! et]nal ju/ice t is ant]ior to ! ,/ate40#bdj ,! vivid pres5tm5t ( ?is /ate-pap]1 9 its comm&+ "*1 l an ord9ance = mank9d1 above all o!r contempor>y ?+s1 %[s its association ) our great national anniv]s>y4 8,! nation1 :5 x made ! *oice ( a day = its great anniv]s>y1 select$ n ! day ( ! resolution ( indep5d5ce1 :5 x clos$ ! pa/1 b t ( ! decl>ation ( ! pr9ciples on :i* x op5$ its new c>e]40#bda ,%all ,i rem9d y1 ,sir1 ( t fam\s lett] by ,john ,adams to 8 wife1 writt5 ! day aft] ! ,resolution ( ,indep5d5ce1 & p5d+ ! ,decl>ation8 ,( ?is epo* he pr$icts1 9 words quot$ ) annual pride1 t x 8w be ! mo/ memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ica1--celebrat$ by desc5d+ g5]ations z ! great anniv]s>y fe/ival1--commemorat$ z ! day ( deliv]ance1 by solemn acts ( devotion to ,god ,almighty1--solemniz$ ) pomp & p[]1 ) *e]s1 games1 sports1 guns1 bells1 bonfires1 & illum9ations1 f "o end ( ?is cont95t to ! o!r1 f ?is "t =w>d =ev]more40#bdb ,& yet ?is ,decl>ation1 annually celebrat$1 hav+ ! fir/ pages ( our /atute-book1 plac$ 9 ! =e-front ( ! volume ( rules = our guidance 9 ?is ,*amb]1 ?is triumphant ,magna ,*>ta1 is to be treat$ z 8! g5]alities ( a revolution>y pronunciam5to10 or at be/ z ( no m value ?an ! lett] ( a contempor>y /atesman4 ,sir1 ! ,s5ator misconceives ! case2 & !re1 all[ me to say1 is 8 error4 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,! ,s5ator und]/ood me to say1 at lea/ ,i said1 9 con/ru+ ! ,con/itution y mu/ und\bt$ly look to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 z y mu/ look to all ! contempor>y hi/ory ( t day4 ,did ,i say !re 0 no diff]5ce 9 ! diff]5t docum5ts8 ,did ,i say t no m importance 0 to be atta*$ to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ?an to a lett] ( ,madison or ,wa%+ton8 ,no1 ,sir1--,i said no su* ?+4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator %all speak = himself4 ,he has spok5 n[1 & y %all he> :at he said be=e3-- 8,c]ta9ly ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be con/ru$ ^u ! same pr9ciple40 ,t is1 z 8a contract ent]$ into betwe5 two individuals40 8,& :5 we are consid]+0-- ,:at8-- 8a d\btful "q1 ! :ole =m] hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! writ+s ( ,wa%+ton & ( ,jeff]son & ( ,madison1 ! writ+s 9 #8,! ,f$]ali/1' ev]y?+ t p]ta9$ to t day & gives color & tone to ! ,con/itution1 mu/ be consid]$40 ,i am happy 9 any ^w ( respect = ! ,decl>ation1--because ! claim ( ,equal ,rights /&s on ! ,con/itution int]pret$ by ! ,decl>ation4 ,?is br+s me aga9 to ! ma9 "q4 ,we h ! ,national ,con/itution f ! ,preamble to ! signature ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 & !n we h ! rec5t ,am5dm5ts1 all to be int]pret$ by ! ,national ,decl>ation1 :i* proclaims1 z ) trumpet3-- 8,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t3 t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 unali5able rights2 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess40 ,unque/ionably ! ,con/itution supplies ! ma*9]y by :i* ^! great rights are ma9ta9$4 ,i say x supplies ! ma*9]y2 b ,i insi/1 aga9/ ! ,s5ator1 & aga9/ all o!rs1 t e ^w 9 ! ,con/itution mu/ be int]pret$ by ^! primal1 self-evid5t tru?s1--n m]ely 9 a case t is d\btful1 z ! ,s5ator says1 b con/antly & always1 s t ! two %all p]petually g toge!r1 z ! complem5t ( ea* o!r2 b ! ,decl>ation has a supremacy gr&] ?an t ( ! ,con/itution1 m sacr$ & inviolable1 = x gives ! law to ! ,con/itution itself4 ,e ^w 9 ! ,con/itution is subord9ate to ! ,decl>ation4 ,be=e ! w>1 :5 ,slav]y prevail$1 ! rule 0 o!rwise1 naturally2 b1 z ,i h already said1 ! gr&e/ victory ( ! w> 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new rule by :i* ! ,decl>ation became supreme z int]pret] ( ! ,con/itution4 ,take1 !re=e1 any phrase 9 ! ,con/itution1 take any p[]1 & y are to br+ x all 9 subord9ation to ^? supreme primal tru?s4 ,e p[] is b ! ag5t by :i* !y are ma9ta9$2 & :5 y come to ^? sev]al specific p[]s aboli%+ slav]y1 def9+ citiz5%ip1 secur+ citiz5s 9 _! privileges & immunities1 gu>d+ !m aga9/ any d5ial ( ! equal protection ( ! laws1 & !n aga9 secur+ !m ! "r to vote1 e "o ( ^! safegu>ds mu/ be int]pret$ s z be/ to ma9ta9 ,equal ,rights4 ,su* ,i ass]t to be ,con/itutional ,law4 ,sir1 ,i _c see x o!rwise4 ,i _c see ?is mighty ,magna ,*>ta degrad$ to ! level ( a casual lett] or an item ( hi/ory4 ,:y1 ,sir1 x is ! baptismal v[ ( ! ,republic2 x is ! pl$ge :i* our fa!rs took ^u _! lips :5 !y ask$ ! fell[%ip ( mank9d z a free & indep5d5t nation4 ,x is l(ti] ?an ! ,con/itution1 :i* is a conv5i5ce only1 :ile ?is is a guide4 ,let no "o smile :5 x is invok$4 ,our fa!rs did n smile on ! great day4 ,x 0 ) !m an e>ne/ ^w1 op5+ ! way to victory1 & to t welcome 9 ! human family ) :i* our nation has be5 ble/4 ,)\t ^! words :at w\ld h be5 ! ,national ,decl>ation8 ,h[ small6 ,simply a dissolution ( ! tie betwe5 ! ,colonies & ! "m c\ntry2 a cutt+ ( ! cord1--t is all4 ,ah6 x 0 some?+ gr&]1 nobl]4 ,x 0 ! promulgation ( primal tru?s1 n only = ! good ( our own p1 b = ! good ( all mank9d4 ,su* tru?s c nev] die4 ,x is = u to see t !y are recogniz$ )\t delay 9 ! adm9i/ration ( our own ,gov]nm5t4 ,mr4 ,c>p5t] repli$ at "s l5g?4 ,mr4 ,sumn] foll[$4 ,,second ,,reply ,,to ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,! ,s5ator insi/s t ,i am will+ to disreg>d ! ,con/itution4 ,on :at gr\nd c ! ,s5ator make any su* ass]tion8 ,does he suppose t 8 oa? is /rong] ) him ?an m9e ) me8 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,w ! ,s5ator all[ me to answ] him8 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,i assume t1 = ! reason t :5 we come "h to discuss a con/itutional "q1 ! p[] ( ,congress to d a c]ta9 ?+1 ! ,s5ator flies f ! ,con/itution & goes to ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & says t is ! s\rce ( p[]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,! ,s5ator ought to "k v well t ,i h nev] said any su* ?+4 ,! ,s5ator proclaims t ,i fly f ! ,con/itution to ! ,decl>ation1 :i* ,i insi/ is ! s\rce ( p[]4 ,i n[ yield ! floor aga91 & ask ! ,s5ator :5 ,i said :at he ass]ts4 ,,mr4 ,,c>p5t]4 ,! ,s5ator said t ! ,decl>ation 0 cord9ate 9 au?ority ) ! ,con/itution4 ,:at did he mean by t8 ,i suppos$ he us$ ! ^w 9 ! ord9>y acceptation2 & if he did1 he meant to say t ! ,decl>ation 0 a cord9ate grant ( p[]4 ,,mr4 ,,sumn]4 ,j ! contr>y1 ,mr4 ,presid5t4 ,s5ators w be> me witness4 ,i appeal to y all4 ,i said j ! contr>y4 ,repeat$ly ,i said t 9 my judgm5t ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 n a grant ( p[]1 b coqual ) ! ,con/itution1--! "o be+ a grant ( p[]1 & ! o!r a sov]eign rule ( int]pretation4 ,t is :at ,i said4 ,& n[ ! ,s5ator1 9 ! face ( my positive words1 n he$+ !m at all1 al?\gh !y are f\nd 9 ! 8,globe10 v9dicates himself by putt+ into my m\? :at ,i nev] said or sugge/$1 & !n proce$s to ann\nce some:at gr&ly t ,i set ! ,con/itution at n\ght4 ,i *all5ge ! ,s5ator aga9 to po9t out "o ^w t has ev] fall5 f my lips1 dur+ my s]vice 9 ?is ,*amb]1 to su/a9 him 9 8 ass]tion4 ,i ask him to d x4 ,he _c4 ,b :y ?is imputation8 ,is ! oa? we h all tak5 at t desk b9d+ only on him8 ,does he assume t he has a monopoly ( its obligations2 t o!r ,s5ators took x ) levity1 ready to disreg>d x1--or at lea/ t ,i h tak5 x s8 ,su* is ! assumption2 at lea/ x is 8 assumption ) reg>d to me4 ,n[ ,i tell ! ,s5ator1 & ,i beg him to und]/& x = ! future1 t ,i %all n all[ him to elevate himself above me 9 any loyalty to ! ,con/itution4 ,will+ly d ,i yield to ! ,s5ator 9 all he c ju/ly claim ( reg>d & honor4 ,b ,i d n conc$e prec$5ce 9 t s]vice1 :]e1 if he does n magnify himself1 he degrades me4 ,i h s]v$ ! ,national ,con/itution long] ?an he has1 & ) su* fidelity z ,i c\ld comm&4 ,i h s]v$ x at mom5ts ( p]il1 :5 ! great pr9ciples ( ,lib]ty to :i* ,i h be5 devot$ 7 9 jeop>dy2 ,i h s]v$ x :5 !re 7 few to /& toge!r4 ,9 uphold+ ?is ,con/itution1 nev] did ,i fail at ! same "t to uphold ,human ,rights4 ,t 0 my supreme object2 t 0 ! ard5t aspiration ( my s\l4 ,sir1 ,i "k h[ (t5 ,i h fail$1--too (t52 b ,i "k t ,i nev] did fail 9 devotion to ! ,con/itution1 = ! true int]pretation ( :i* ,i n[ plead4 ,! ,s5ator speaks )\t au?ority1 &1 he mu/ p>don me if ,i say1 ) levity1 :5 he makes su* an allegation aga9/ "o ^: record = ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s 9 ?is ,*amb] is ready to answ] him4 ,i *all5ge him to po9t out "o ^w ev] utt]$ by me to ju/ify 8 assault4 ,he _c d x4 ,he makes 8 onslaught absolutely )\t "o tittle ( evid5ce4 ,sir1 ,i h tak5 ! oa? to support ! ,con/itution1 b x is t ,con/itution z ,i und]/& x4 ,9 o!r days1 :5 ?is ,*amb] 0 fill$ ) intol]ant slave-ma/]s1 ,i 0 told t ,i did n support ! ,con/itution1 z ,i h be5 told to-day by ! ,s5ator1 & ,i 0 rem9d$ ( my oa?4 ,9 reply ,i borr[$ ! language ( ,&rew ,jackson1 & ann\nc$1 t1 (t5 z ,i _h tak5 t oa?1 ,i _h tak5 x always to support ! ,con/itution z ,i und]/ood x2 & x is s n[4 ,i h n tak5 an oa? to support ! ,con/itution z ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 und]/&s x1 )\t its animat+ s\l4 ,sir1 my oa? 0 to support ! ,national ,con/itution z int]pret$ by ! ,national ,decl>ation4 ,! oa? ( ! ,s5ator f ,wiscons9 0 diff]5t2 & !re1 ,sir1 is ! precise div]g5ce betwe5 u4 ,he swore1 b on 8 consci5ce 0 a s\lless text4 ,i am glad t my consci5ce felt t !re 0 some?+ m4 ,! ,s5ator mu/ hesitate be=e he assaults me aga9 = any failure 9 devotion to ! ,con/itution4 ,i put my life aga9/ ! life ( ! ,s5ator2 ,i put my little s]vice1 humble z x is1 aga9/ ! s]vice ( ! ,s5ator2 ,i put e ^w utt]$ by me 9 ?is ,*amb] or else:]e aga9/ all t has be5 said by ! ,s5ator1--& ! _w %all pron\nce betwe5 u on ! "q he has rais$4 ,if ,i h incl9$ 9 favor ( ,human ,rights1 if ,i h at all times insi/$ t ! ,national ,con/itution %all be int]pret$ always s t ,human ,rights %all f9d ! greate/ favor1 ,i h committ$ no error4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,s5ator ,i may h err$1 b ,i "k t 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,am]ican p ,i h n err$2 & "h ,i put myself ^u ! c\ntry to be tri$4 ,sir1 on t issue ,i invoke ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d & po/]ity :5 all ( u h pass$ away4 ,i "k t x w be !n writt51 t ! ,national ,con/itution is ! ,*>t] ( a mighty ,republic d$icat$ to ,human ,rights1 d$icat$ at its v bir? by ! ,great ,decl>ation1 & t :oev] fails to enl>ge & ennoble x by ! int]pretation ?r\gh :i* ,human ,rights are mo/ advanc$ w fail 9 8 oa? to support ! ,con/itution3 ay1 ,sir1 fail 9 8 oa?6 ,! debate 0 cont9u$ successive days3 ,mr4 ,?urman ( ,ohio1 ,mr4 ,f]ry ( ,connecticut1 ,mr4 ,corbett & ,mr4 ,kelly1 bo? ( ,oregon1 ,mr4 ,hill ( ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,/ev5son ( ,k5tucky1 & ,mr4 ,tipton ( ,nebraska speak+ aga9/ ,mr4 ,sumn]'s bill2 ,mr4 ,h>lan1 ( ,i[a1 9 favor ( x2 & ,mr4 ,frel+huys51 ( ,new ,j]sey1 decl>+ 8 support1 if ,mr4 ,sumn] w\ld modify its provisions z to 8*ur*es40 ,! sub/itute ( ,mr4 ,c>p5t] 0 reject$1--,yeas #ag1 ,nays #cd4 ,a motion ( ,mr4 ,frel+huys5 to make ! bill inapplicable to 8*ur*es0 0 c>ri$1--,yeas #bi1 ,nays #bd4 ,! next "q 0 on a motion ( ,mr4 ,c>p5t] to /rike out ! clause relat+ to 8juries40 ,?is 0 e>ne/ly debat$ by ,mr4 ,edmunds1 ( ,v]mont4 ,be=e ! vote 0 tak51 ,mr4 ,sumn] rem>k$3-- ,!re is a fam\s say+ t comes to u f ! la/ c5tury1 t ! :ole object ( gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&--( ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons--is to br+ twelve m5 into a jury-box4 ,sir1 t is ! :ole object ( gov]nm5t1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 e o!r c\ntry :]e law is adm9i/]$ ?r\gh popul> in/itutions2 & especially is x ! object ( gov]nm5t "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ! clause 9 ?is bill :i* x is n[ propos$ to /rike out is simply to ma9ta9 t great pr9ciple ( popul> in/itutions4 ,?is am5dm5t 0 reject$1--,yeas #ab1 ,nays #db4 ,o!r am5dm5ts 7 mov$ & reject$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q 0 !n tak5 on ,mr4 ,sumn]'s bill z an am5dm5t to ! ,amne/y ,bill1 & x 0 adopt$ by ! ca/+ vote ( ,vice-,presid5t ,colfax1--! ,s5ate be+ equally divid$1 ,yeas #bh1 ,nays #bh1 z foll[s3-- ,,yeas1--,messrs4 ,ames1 ,an?ony1 ,br[nl[1 ,cam]on1 ,*&l]1 ,clayton1 ,conkl+1 ,crag91 ,f5ton1 ,f]ry ( ,mi*igan1 ,frel+huys51 ,gilb]t1 ,haml91 ,h>lan1 ,morrill ( ,v]mont1 ,morton1 ,osborn1 ,patt]son1 ,pom]oy1 ,ramsey1 ,rice1 ,%]man1 ,sp5c]1 ,sumn]1 ,we/1 ,wilson1 ,w9dom1 & ,wright1--#bh4 ,,nays1--,messrs4 ,blair1 ,boreman1 ,c>p5t]1 ,cole1 ,corbett1 ,davis ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,f]ry ( ,connecticut1 ,gold?waite1 ,hamilton ( ,texas1 ,hill1 ,hit*cock1 ,john/on1 ,kelly1 ,logan1 ,morrill ( ,ma9e1 ,norwood1 ,pool1 ,rob]tson1 ,saulsbury1 ,sawy]1 ,s*urz1 ,scott1 ,/ev5son1 ,/ockton1 ,?urman1 ,tipton1 ,trumbull1 & ,vick]s1--#bh4 ,,abs5t1--,messrs4 ,alcorn1 ,bay>d1 ,buck+ham1 ,caldwell1 ,cass]ly1 ,coop]1 ,davis ( ,k5tucky1 ,edmunds1 ,flanagan1 ,hamilton ( ,m>yl&1 ,h[e1 ,kellogg1 ,lewis1 ,nye1 ,pratt1 ,sprague1 & ,/ew>t1--#ag4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! adoption ( ! am5dm5t 0 receiv$ ) great applause 9 ! gall]ies4 ,! provisions relat+ to ,amne/y 7 !n tak5 up1 & aft] "s modification ( !m ,mr4 ,sumn] decl>$ 8 purpose to vote = ! ,bill z am5d$1--t x 0 n[ elevat$ & consecrat$1 & t :oev] vot$ aga9/ x mu/ take ! responsibility ( oppos+ a great measure = ! assurance ( ,equal ,rights4 ,! "q 0 !n tak5 on ! passage ( ! bill z am5d$1 :5 x 0 reject$1--,yeas #cc1 ,nays #ai1--two-?irds n vot+ 9 ! affirmative4 ,democrats oppos$ to ! ,civil ,rights ,bill vot$ aga9/ ,amne/y ) ?is association4 ,! att5tion ( ! ,s5ate 0 at once occupi$ by o!r bus9ess1 s t ,amne/y & ,civil ,rights 7 = ! "t sup]s$$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,may #h?1 ano!r ,amne/y ,bill1 :i* _h pass$ ! ,h\se1 be+ "u consid]ation1 ,mr4 ,sumn] mov$ to /rike out all aft] ! enact+ clause & ins]t ! ,civil ,rights ,bill4 ,mr4 ,f]ry1 ( ,connecticut1 promptly object$ t ! am5dm5t 0 n 9 ord]2 b ,vice-,presid5t ,colfax ov]rul$ ! po9t1 & 0 su/a9$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,! next day ,mr4 ,f]ry mov$ to /rike out ( ,mr4 ,sumn]'s bill ! words applicable to 8common s*ools & o!r public in/itutions ( le>n+10 :i* 0 reject$1--,yeas #be1 ,nays #bf4 ,mr4 ,blair1 ( ,miss\ri1 !n mov$ t 8! p ( e city1 c\nty1 or ,/ate0 %\ld 8decide = !mselves ! "q ( mix$ or sep>ate s*ools10 & ?is 0 reject$1--,yeas #bc1 ,nays #cj4 ,mr4 ,c>p5t] mov$ to /rike out ! section relat+ to 8juries10 & ?is 0 reject$1--,yeas #af1 ,nays #cc4 ,on a motion by ,mr4 ,trumbull1 ( ,ill9ois1 to /rike out ! fir/ five sections ( ,mr4 ,sumn]'s bill1 ! votes be+ ,yeas #bi1 ,nays #bi1 ! ca/+ vote ( ,vice-,presid5t ,colfax 0 giv5 9 ! negative1 amid/ manife/ations ( applause 9 ! gall]ies4 ,! "q 0 !n tak5 on ! motion to sub/itute ! ,civil ,rights ,bill = ! ,amne/y ,bill1 & x 0 lo/1--,yeas #bg1 ,nays #bh4 ,mr4 ,sumn] at once mov$ ! ,civil ,rights ,bill z an addition1 ) ! result1--,yeas #bh1 ,nays #bh1 & ! adoption ( ! am5dm5t by ! ca/+ vote ( ! ,vice-,presid5t4 ,?is am5dm5t z 9 ,committee ( ! ,:ole 0 !n concurr$ 9 by ! ,s5ate1--,yeas #bg1 ,nays #be4 ,on ! passage ( ! bill ?us am5d$1 ! vote /ood1 ,yeas #cb1 ,nays #bb2 s t1 two-?irds n vot+ 9 ! affirmative1 ! bill 0 reject$4 ,aga9 !re 0 a lull 9 ! two measures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,may #aj?1 ,mr4 ,sumn] introduc$ ano!r ,supplem5t>y ,civil ,rights ,bill1 be+ 8 orig9al bill ) su* v]bal *anges & em5dations z _h occurr$ dur+ its protract$ consid]ation1 & ! bill 0 plac$ on ! cal5d> ( ! ,s5ate )\t ref]5ce to a committee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,may #ba/1 ! ,s5ate hav+ "u consid]ation a bill to ext5d ! provisions ( ! ,en=cem5t ,act 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 kn[n z ! ,ku-,klux ,act1 & ent]+ ^u a 8night session0 9 ord] to pass ! bill1 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 :o 0 an invalid1 contr>y to 8 habit left ! ,*amb]4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ ! bill 0 pass$1 :5 ! ,s5ate1 on motion ( ,mr4 ,c>p5t]1 ( ,wiscons91 took up ,mr4 ,sumn]'s ,civil ,rights ,bill1 &1 /rik+ out all aft] ! enact+ clause1 ins]t$ a sub/itute1 imp]fect 9 ma*9]y1 & ) no allusion to s*ools1 in/itutions ( le>n+1 *ur*es1 cemet]ies1 juries1 or ! ^w 8:ite40 ,! bill ?us *ang$ pass$ ! ,s5ate 9 ,mr4 ,sumn]'s abs5ce4 ,mean:ile ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ( ,alabama1 _h mov$ an adj\rnm5t1 say+1 8,x is unfair & unju/ to take a vote ^u ?is bill dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts4''' ,i insi/ on ! motion to adj\rn1 z ! ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts is n "h40 ,! motion 0 reject$4 ,a mess5g] f ! ,s5ate in=m$ ,mr4 ,sumn] ( ! ef=t mak+1 & he hurri$ to ! ,*amb]2 b ! bill _h be5 already act$ on1 & ano!r ,amne/y ,bill on ! cal5d> tak5 up1 on motion ( ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & press$ to a f9al vote4 ,mr4 ,sumn] arriv$ 9 season to prote/ aga9/ ?is measure1 unless associat$ ) ,equal ,rights4 ,at ! fir/ opportunity aft] rea*+ 8 seat1 he said3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 ,i und]/& t 9 my abs5ce1 & )\t any notice to me f any qu>t]1 ! ,s5ate h adopt$ an emasculat$ ,civil ,rights ,bill1 ) at lea/ two ess5tial safegu>ds want+1--"o conc]n+ ! ,common ,s*ools1 & ! o!r conc]n+ ,juries4 ,! orig9al bill conta9s bo?1 & m2 & ,i n[ ask ! ,s5ate1 mo/ solemnly1 to consid] :e!r1 :ile decree+ equal rights = all 9 ! l&1 !y w say t ^? equal rights %all n prevail 9 ! common s*ool & 9 ! jury4 ,su* ,i und]/& to h be5 ! vote ( ! ,s5ate4 ,:at w ensue1 %\ld x be confirm$ by ! o!r ,h\se8 ,! _s ( ,ca/e w receive new sanction 9 ! education ( *ildr52 ju/ice w f9d a new imp$im5t 9 ! jury4 ,sir1 ,i plead = ! color$ race1 :o unhappily h no repres5tative on ?is floor4 ,i ask ! ,s5ate to set its face aga9/ ! _s ( ,ca/e n[ prevail+ 9 ! common s*ools1 aga9/ ! inju/ice n[ in/all$ 9 ! jury4 ,i insi/ t ! ,s5ate %all n lose ?is great opportunity4 ,y recognize ! comm&+ pr9ciple ( ! bill4 ,:y n1 !n1 apply x ?r\gh\t1 s t h]eaft] !re %all be no "q8 ,=1 ,sir1 be well assur$1 !re is b "o way ( settl+ ?is great cause1 & t is by conc$+ ^! equal rights4 ,s long z !y are d5i$ y w h ! color$ p ju/ly compla9+ & knock+ at y\r doors1--& may ,i say1 s long z ,i rema9 9 ?is ,*amb] y w h me p]petually dem&+ _! rights4 ,i _c1 ,i w n cease4 ,i ask1 ,sir1 t ?is t]rible /rife be br\ght to an end1 & ! cause settl$ =ev]4 ,n[ is ! "t4 ,b ?is _c be1 except by ! e/abli%m5t ( equal rights absolutely & completely :]ev] ! law c rea*4 ,sir1 e>ly 9 life ,i v[$ myself to no?+ less ?an ! idea ( mak+ ! pr9ciples & promises ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce a liv+ reality4 ,?is 0 my aspiration4 ,= t ,i h labor$4 ,& n[ at ?is mom5t1 z its fulfilm5t seems )9 rea*1 ,i appeal to my fell[-,s5ators t !re %all be no failure on _! "p4 ,make1 ,i entreat y1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 9 its pr9ciples & promises a liv+ lett]2 make x a practical reality4 ,"o ^w m4 ,y are ab\t to decree ! removal ( disabilities f ^? :o h be5 9 rebellion4 ,:y w y n1 ) bett] ju/ice1 decree a simil> removal ( disabilities f ^? :o h nev] injur$ y8 ,:y w y n accord to ! color$ race ! same amne/y y (f] to =m] ,rebels8 ,sir1 y _c g be=e ! c\ntry ) ?is unequal measure4 ,!re=e1 ,sir1 d ,i insi/ t ,amne/y %all n become a law1 unless at ! same "t ! ,equal ,rights ( ,all are secur$4 ,9 debate ?is w9t] ,i h (t5 said ?is1 & ,i repeat x n[ ) all ! e>ne/ness ( my nature4 ,w\ld ,i 7 /rong]1 t ,i might impress x ^u ! ,s5ate6 ,a motion by ,mr4 ,sumn] to app5d 8 bill 0 reject$1--,yeas #ac1 ,nays #bg1--;& ! "q return$ on ! ,amne/y ,bill4 ,mr4 ,sumn] !n decl>$ 8 purpose to vote aga9/ ! ,amne/y ,bill3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 ,i long to vote = amne/y2 ,i h always hop$ to vote = x2 b1 ,sir1 ,i %\ld be unwor?y ( my seat z a ,s5ator if ,i vot$ = x :ile ! color$ race are %ut out f _! rights1 & ! ban ( color is recogniz$ 9 ?is ,*amb]4 ,sir1 ! "t has n come = amne/y4 ,h[ (t5 mu/ ,i repeat1 8,be j to ! color$ race be=e y are g5]\s to =m] rebels08 ,unwill+ly ,i press ?is tru?2 b x belongs to ! mom5t4 ,i utt] x ) regret2 = ,i long to record my "n 9 behalf ( amne/y4 ,& n[ let x n g =? t ,i am aga9/ amne/y4 ,i "h decl>e f my seat t ,i am = amne/y1 provid$ x c be associat$ ) ! equal rights ( ! color$ race2 b if n s associat$1 !n1 s help me ,god1 ,i am aga9/ x4 ,! ,amne/y ,bill 0 !n pass$1 ) only two diss5t+ votes1--,mr4 ,sumn]1 & ,mr4 ,nye1 ( ,nevada4 ,mr4 ,sumn] !n made an ineffectual ef=t to obta9 a reconsid]ation ( ! votes j tak51 s t on ano!r day1 9 a full ,s5ate1 he c\ld be he>d4 ,"h he said3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 ,i _h suppos$ t !re 0 an und]/&+ among ! fri5ds ( civil rights t ! bill = _! security %\ld be kept on a complete equality ) t = amne/y1--:i* c\ld be only by await+ a bill f ! ,h\se secur+ civil rights1 precisely z we h a bill f ! ,h\se secur+ amne/y4 ,! two measures are n on an equality1 :5 ! ,s5ate takes up a ,h\se bill = amne/y & takes up simply a ,s5ate bill = civil rights4 ,i w n *>act]ize ! transaction2 b to me x is pa9ful1 = x involves ! sacrifice ( ! equal rights ( ! color$ race1--z is pla91 v pla94 ,all ?is w9t] ,i h /ood gu>d "h1 mak+ an e>ne/ ?\gh unsuccessful ef=t to secure ^? rights1 insi/+ always t !y %\ld be recogniz$ side by side ) ! rights ( =m] ,rebels4 ,_m ,s5ators agre$ ) me2 b n[1 at ! la/ mom5t1 comes ! sacrifice4 ,! ,amne/y ,bill1 :i* has already prevail$ 9 ! ,h\se1 passes1 & only awaits ! signature ( ! ,presid5t2 :ile an imp]fect ,civil ,rights ,bill1 %orn ( its be/ proportions1 :i* has nev] pass$ ! ,h\se1 is tak5 up & ru%$ ?r\gh ! ,s5ate4 ,:o c tell its *ances 9 ! o!r ,h\se8 ,su*1 ,sir1 is ! indiff]5ce ) :i* ! ,s5ate treats ! rights ( an oppress$ p6 ,sir1 ,i s\nd ! cry4 ,! rights ( ! color$ race h be5 sacrific$ 9 ?is ,*amb]1 :]e ! ,republican ,p>ty has a l>ge majority1--t p>ty1 by its hi/ory1 its traditions1 & all its pr(essions1 b\nd to _! v9dication4 ,sir1 ,i s\nd ! cry4 ,let x g =? t ! sacrifice has be5 p]petrat$4 ,amne/y is adopt$2 b :]e are ! equal rights ( ! color$ race8--/ill afloat betwe5 ! two ,h\ses on an imp]fect bill4 ,& :at is _! *ance8 ,pass ! imp]fect bill & /ill !re is a d5ial ( equal rights4 ,b :at is ! *ance ( pass+ ev5 ?is imp]fect measure8 ,:o c say8 ,is x n a %am8 ,is x n a wrong :i* ought to r+ ?r\gh ! l&8 ,sir1 ,i call ^u ! color$ p ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to take notice h[ _! rights are palt]$ )4 ,i wi% !m to und]/&1 t "h 9 ?is ,*amb]1 ) a l>ge majority ( ,republicans1 ! sacrifice has be5 accompli%$2 & let !m obs]ve h[4 ,!y w take note t amne/y has be5 secur$1 :ile no?+ is secur$ to !m4 ,n[1 ,sir1 w\ld y h y\r "w effective1 y %\ld delay amne/y until a bill = civil rights has pass$ ! ,h\se1 & rea*+ ?is ,*amb] ! two measures w !n be on a complete equality4 ,any?+ else is sacrifice ( ! color$ race2 any?+ else is ab&onm5t ( an imp]ative duty4 ,! ,s5ate !n adj\rn$ at t5 o'clock & tw5ty m9utes on ! morn+ ( ,may #bb;d4 ,no?+ fur!r occurr$ on ?is int]e/+ subject dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! session4 ,! ,amne/y ,bill became a law4 ,! ,civil ,rights ,bill 0 n consid]$ 9 ! ,h\se2 s t ev5 ?is imp]fect measure fail$4 ,at ! next session ( ,congress ,mr4 ,sumn] 0 an invalid1 "u m$ical treatm5t1 & )drawn f ! ,s5ate1 s t he 0 unable to press 8 bill2 nor did any o!r ,s5ator move x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,decemb] #a1 #ahgc1 on ! fir/ day ( ! session1 ,mr4 ,sumn] aga9 br\ght =w>d 8 bill 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,a ,bill supplem5t>y to an ,act entitl$ 8,an ,act to protect all p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! civil rights1 & furni% ! means ( _! v9dication10 pass$ ,april #i1 #ahff4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t no citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all1 by reason ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude1 be except$ or exclud$ f ! full enjoym5t ( any accommodation1 advantage1 facility1 or privilege furni%$ by innkeep]s2 by common c>ri]s1 :e!r on l& or wat]2 by lic5s$ own]s1 manag]s1 or lessees ( !atres or o!r places ( public amusem5t2 by tru/ees1 commission]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 tea*]s1 or o!r (fic]s ( common s*ools & public in/itutions ( le>n+1 ! same be+ support$ by moneys d]iv$ f g5]al taxation or au?oriz$ by law2 also ( cemet]y associations & b5evol5t associations support$ or au?oriz$ 9 ! same way3 ,provid$1 ,t private s*ools1 cemet]ies1 & in/itutions ( le>n+1 e/abli%$ exclusively = :ite or color$ p]sons1 & ma9ta9$ respectively by volunt>y contributions1 %all rema9 accord+ to ! t]ms ( _! orig9al e/abli%m5t4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,t any p]son violat+ any ( ! provisions ( ! =ego+ section1 or aid+ 9 _! violation1 or incit+ !reto1 %all1 = e su* (f5ce1 =feit & pay ! sum ( five hundr$ doll>s to ! p]son aggriev$ !reby1 to be recov]$ 9 an action on ! case1 ) full co/s1 & %all also1 = e su* (f5ce1 be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 &1 ^u conviction !re(1 %all be f9$ n less ?an five hundr$ nor m ?an "o ?\s& doll>s1 or %all be imprison$ n less ?an ?irty days nor m ?an "o ye>3 ,provid$1 ,t ! p>ty aggriev$ %all n recov] m ?an "o p5alty2 & :5 ! (f5ce is a refusal ( burial1 ! p5alty may be recov]$ by ! heirs-at-law ( ! p]son ^: body has be5 refus$ burial4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,t ! same jurisdiction & p[]s are h]eby conf]r$1 & ! same duties enjo9$ ^u ! c\rts & (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! execution ( ?is ,act1 z are conf]r$ & enjo9$ ^u su* c\rts & (fic]s 9 sections ?ree1 f\r1 five1 sev51 & t5 ( an ,act entitl$ 8,an ,act to protect all p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 _! civil rights1 & furni% ! means ( _! v9dication10 pass$ ,april #i1 #ahff1 & ^! sections are h]eby made a "p ( ?is ,act2 & any ( ! a=esaid (fic]s1 fail+ to in/itute & prosecute su* proce$+s h]e9 requir$1 %all1 = e su* (f5ce1 =feit & pay ! sum ( five hundr$ doll>s to ! p]son aggriev$ !reby1 to be recov]$ by an action on ! case1 ) full co/s1 & %all1 on conviction !re(1 be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & be f9$ n less ?an "o ?\s& doll>s nor m ?an five ?\s& doll>s4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,t no citiz51 possess+ all o!r qualifications :i* are or may be prescrib$ by law1 %all be disqualifi$ = s]vice z juror 9 any c\rt1 ,national or ,/ate1 by reason ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude2 & any (fic] or o!r p]son *>g$ ) any duty 9 ! selection or summon+ ( jurors1 :o %all fail to summon any citiz5 = ! reason above nam$1 %all1 on conviction !re(1 be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & be f9$ n less ?an "o ?\s& doll>s nor m ?an five ?\s& doll>s4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,t e discrim9ation aga9/ any citiz5 on acc\nt ( color1 by ! use ( ! ^w 8:ite10 or any o!r t]m 9 law1 /atute1 ord9ance1 or regulation1 ,national or ,/ate1 is h]eby repeal$ & annull$4 ,on ! rentroduction ( ?is bill1 ! orig9al clause relat+ to 8*ur*es0 0 omitt$1 9 ord] to keep x 9 sub/antial h>mony ) ! votes ( ! ,s5ate4 ,,footnotes #a ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #bj4 #b ,ibid41 p4 #g4 #c ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #g4 #d ,ibid4 #e ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #g4 #f ,ibid4 #g ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #bj1 pp4 #g-h4 #h ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #aj4 #i ,ibid41 p4 #cd4 #aj ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #bj1 pp4 #cd-ce4 #aa ,see1 ante1 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 pp4 #bei1 #bii4 #ab ,sesiones de ,cortes1 #ad ,nov41 #ahfa1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,ap5d4 ,,vi4 al ,nm4 #d1 p4 #g4 #ac ,sesiones de ,cortes1 #ad ,nov41 #ahfa1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,ap5d4 ,,vi4 al ,nm4 #d1 p4 #aa4 #ad ,ibid41 p4 #h4 #ae ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #de1 p4 #c4 #af #h ,geo4 ,,ii4 c4 #cj4 #ag #aj #aa ,vict4 c4 #ba4 #ah ,comm5t>ies1 ,i4 #agh4 #ai ,triggs v4 ,pre/on3 ,cl>ke & ,hall1 ,cases ( ,conte/$ ,elections 9 ,congress1 pp4 #gh-hj4 #bj ,lett]s to ,p]ry & ,babcock1--,report on ! ,memorial ( ,davis ,hat*1 pp4 #ij1 #acf3 ,s5ate ,reports1 #da/ ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,no4 #bcd4 #ba ,dige/4 ,lib4 ,l4 ,tit4 xvii43 ,de div]sis regulis juris antiqui1 #ai4 #bb ,elem5ts ( ,int]national ,law1 ,"p ,,iii4 ,*4 #b1 #f1 ed4 ,lawr5ce2 #bff1 ed4 ,dana4 #bc ,halleck1 ,int]national ,law1 ,*4 ,,vi4 #i4 #bd ,spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 ,febru>y #e1 #ahci3 ,times1 ,feb4 #f?4 #be ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ab4 #bf ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ajd4 #bg ,ibid4 #bh ,s5ate ,reports1 #da/ ,cong4 #b;d ,sess4 ,no4 #bcd1 p4 #fc4 #bi ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #aje4 #cj ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ajg4 #ca ,s5ate ,reports1 #da/ ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,no4 #bcd1 p4 #aie4 #cb ,s5ate ,reports1 #da/ ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,no4 #bcd1 p4 #ahf4 #cc ,ibid41 pp4 #a-c2 #g-ai2 #adh-afc2 #afe4 #cd ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ajf4 #ce ,s5ate ,reports1 #da/ ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,no4 #bcd1 pp4 #ace-cf4 #cf ,ibid41 p4 #aha4 #cg ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ajh4 #ch ,ibid4 #ci ,ibid41 pp4 #aji-aj4 #dj ,ibid41 p4 #aaa4 #da ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #aji4 #db ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 pp4 #b1 #c4 #dc ,ibid41 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #c2 ,no4 #de1 p4 #c4 #dd ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #e4 #de ,ibid41 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #gi4 #df ,ibid41 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #f4 #dg ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #h4 #dh ,s5ate ,reports1 #da/ ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,no4 #bcd1 p4 #ahh4 #di ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #i4 #ej ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #aa4 #ea ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #ae4 #eb ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #ab4 #ec ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #ag4 #ed ,ibid41 p4 #ai4 #ee ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #ai4 #ef ,ibid41 p4 #bj4 #eg ,ibid41 p4 #bb4 #eh ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #bc4 #ei ,ibid41 pp4 #bc-bd4 #fj ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 #fa ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #ca4 #fb ,ibid41 p4 #bf4 #fc ,ibid41 p4 #ca4 #fd ,ibid41 p4 #cb4 #fe ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #bg4 #ff ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong41 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #cd1 p4 #ad4 #fg ,law ( ,nations1 7,london1 #agig17 ,prelim9>ies1 #ah1 #ai4 #fh ,le ,l\is3 #b ,dodson1 ,r41 #bdc4 #fi ,le ,droit ,int]national1 7,b]l9 et ,p>is1 #aheg17 #bg4 #gj ,comm5t>ies ^u ,int]national ,law1 7,london1 #ahee17 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cc-cd4 #ga ,law ( ,nations3 ,rights & ,duties 9 ,"t ( ,peace1 #ab1 p4 #aa4 #gb ,comm5t>ies1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ba4 #gc ,int]national ,law1 pp4 #ig-ih4 #gd ,writ+s1 ed4 ,sp>ks1 ,vol4 ,,xi4 p4 #chb4 #ge ,elem5ts ( ,int]national ,law1 ed4 ,dana1 p4 #abj2 ed4 ,lawr5ce1 p4 #acb4 #gf ,int]national ,law1 p4 #cch4 #gg ,int]national ,law1 p4 #cci4 #gh ,ibid41 p4 #cce4 #gi ,see ,grotius1 ,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 tr4 ,:ewell1 7,cambridge1 #ahec17 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 xxxix-xl4 #hj ,comm5t>ies on ! ,con/itution1 #aaff4 ,see also #aeab4 #ha ,treaty1 ,art4 ,,iv43 ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ii4 #hb ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 ,,lxix4 #hc ,f$]ali/1 ,no4 ,,lxix4 #hd ,ibid41 ,no4 ,,lxxv4 #he ,comm5t>ies on ! ,con/itution1 #aejf4 #hf ,ibid41 #aejg4 #hg ,treaty1 ,art4 ,v43 ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bjb4 #hh ,treaty1 ,art4 ,,vii43 ,ibid41 p4 #beh4 #hi ,?irty ,ye>s' ,view1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #fdb4 #ij ,ibid41 p4 #fdc4 #ia ,s5ate ,docum5ts1 #bh? ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 ,no4 #cdi1 p4 #aj4 #ib ,?irty ,ye>s' ,view1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #fdc4 #ic ,executive ,docum5ts1 #bi? ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,h4 ( ,r41 ,no4 #d1 p4 #ae4 #id ,= ?is debate1 & ! att5dant proce$+s1 see ,congressional ,globe1 #db;d ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 pp4 #cc-ec4 #ie ,spee* 9 ! ,s5ate1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahga1--;ante1 p4 #ai4 #if ,mr4 ,fi% to ,mr4 ,moran1 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahgj2 ,recall ( ,m9i/] ,motley3 ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #aa1 pp4 #bg1 seqq4 #ig ,debate ( ,m>* #aj1 #ahga3 ,congressional ,globe1 p4 #cf1 col4 #b4 #ih ,mr4 ,fi% to ,mr4 ,moran1 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahgj3 ,executive ,docum5ts1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,s5ate1 ,no4 #aa1 pp4 #cf-cg4 #ii ,mr4 ,fi% to ,mr4 ,moran3 ,ex4 ,doc41 ut supra1 p4 #cg4 #ajj ,mr4 ,fi% to ,mr4 ,moran3 ,ex4 ,doc41 ut supra1 p4 #cg4 #aja ,ibid41 p4 #cb4 #ajb ,mr4 ,fi% to ,mr4 ,moran3 ,ex4 ,doc41 ut supra1 p4 #cd4 #ajc ,ante1 p4 #aaa4 #ajd ,report ( ,select ,committee to inve/igate ! alleg$ ,outrages 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1--,nor? ,c>ol9a3 ,s5ate ,reports1 #db;d ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 ,no4 #a4 #aje ,a case 9 ,executive ,session ( ! ,s5ate1 ,m>* & ,april1 #ahdh1 relative to ! surreptiti\s procurem5t & publication ( a copy ( ! ,treaty ( ,guadalupe ,hidalgo4 ,= "s p>ticul>s ( ?is case1 see spee* entitl$ 8,usurpation ( ! ,s5ate 9 imprison+ a ,citiz510 ,june #ae1 #ahfj1--;ante1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #ij1 note4 #ajf ,case ( ,woolley3 ,congressional ,globe1 #dj? ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,h\se ,proce$+s1 ,may #be to ,june #aa1 #ahfh4 #ajg ,case ( ,hyatt3 ,ibid41 #cf? ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 ,s5ate ,proce$+s1 ,febru>y #ba to ,june #ae1 #ahfj4 #ajh ,treatise on ! ,law1 ,privileges1 ,proce$+s1 & ,usage ( ,p>liam5t1 7#f? edition1 ,london1 #ahfh17 p4 #aje4 #aji ,treatise on ! ,law1 ,privileges1 ,proce$+s1 & ,usage ( ,p>liam5t1 ut supra4 ,/ockdale v4 ,hans>d1 #i ,adolphus ,ellis1 ,r41 #aad4 #aaj ,dige/41 ,lib4 ,l4 ,tit4 ,,xvi4 ,cap4 #he4 #aaa ,treatise on ! ,law1 ,privileges1 ,proce$+s1 & ,usage ( ,p>liam5t1 & ,/ockdale v4 ,hans>d1 #i ,adolphus ,ellis1 ut supra4 #aab ,law & ,practice ( ,legislative ,assemblies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7,bo/on1 #ahfc17 #fgg1 p4 #bfg4 #aac ,/ockdale v4 ,hans>d1 ut supra4 #aad ,kielley v4 ,c>son et als43 #d ,moore1 ,privy ,c\ncil ,cases1 #fc4 #aae ,f5ton et al4 v4 ,hampton3 #aa ,moore1 ,privy ,c\ncil ,cases1 #cdg4 #aaf ,ibid41 #cif-ig4 #aag ,quot+ ,magna ,*>ta1--8,nec sup] eum lib]um hom9em ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 nisi p] legale judicium p>ium suorum1 vel p] legem t]r40 #aah #b ,in/41 #ej-ea4 #aai ,comm5t>ies on ! ,con/itution1 #aghc1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #ffa4 #abj ,= ! proce$+s 9 ?is case1 see ,annals ( ,congress1 #f? ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 ,s5ate1 at ! pages ref]r$ to 9 ! ,index1 "u ! title ,aurora4 ,on ! cases ( ,hyatt & ,nug5t1 see1 ante1 pp4 #acb1 #acc1 & ! ref]5ces !re nam$4 #aba ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #ddh1 #f? edition1 ,london1 #ahej4 #abb #ae ,gray's ,reports1 #cii4 #abc ,spee*1 ,june #ad1 #ahdd3 ,hans>d's ,p>liam5t>y ,debates1 #c;d ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,lxxv4 col4 #hih-ii4 #abd ,spee*1 ,june #ag1 #ahdd3 ,ibid41 col4 #ihj-ha4 #abe ,ibid41 col4 #iha4 #abf ,spee*1 ,june #bd1 #ahdd3 ,hans>d1 #c;d ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,lxxv4 col4 #abib4 #abg #i ,ann41 cap4 #aj1 #dj4 #abh ,vol4 ,,vii4 p4 #g1 c>toon4 #abi ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 7#h? edition17 arts4 ,,brita9 & ,,london3 ,vols4 ,v4 pp4 #dbd-be2 ,,xiii4 #fei4 #acj ,annual ,message1 #da/ ,cong4 #c;d ,sess41 ,decemb] #e1 #ahgj4 #aca ,annual ,message1 #ba/ ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 ,decemb] #h1 #ahbi4 #acb ,annual ,message1 #ba/ ,cong4 #b;d ,sess41 ,decemb] #g1 #ahcj4 #acc ,annual ,message1 #bb;d ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 ,decemb] #f1 #ahca4 #acd ,lett] to ,h>m] ,d5ny1 ,decemb] #b1 #ahch1 cit$ 9 ,lett] ( ,acceptance1 ,decemb] #ai1 #ahci3 ,niles's ,regi/]1 ,vol4 ,,lv4 p4 #cfa2 ,,lvii4 #cgi4 #ace ,spee* at ! ,dayton ,conv5tion1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahdj3 ,niles's ,regi/]1 ,vol4 ,,lix4 p4 #gj4 #acf ,spee* at ,taylorsville1 ,hanov] ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 ,june #bg1 #ahdj3 ,works1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #dba4 #acg ,lett] to ! ,"y ,m5 ( ,philadelphia3 ,national ,intellig5c]1 ,septemb] #bf1 #ahdb4 #ach ,national ,intellig5c]1 ,may #b1 & ,bo/on ,daily ,adv]tis]1 ,may #f1 #ahdd4 #aci ,national ,intellig5c]1 ,may #d1 #ahdd4 #adj ,congressional ,globe1 #ci? ,cong4 #a/ ,sess41 p4 #icb4 #ada ,de la ,dmocratie en ,amrique1 ,tom4 ,i4 ,*4 ,,viii41 ,de la ,rlection du ,prsid5t4 #adb ,ibid4 #adc ,disc\rse ,,iv4 #add ,on ! subject ( ?is picture1 see ,wornum1 ,descriptive & ,hi/orical ,catalogue ( ! ,pictures 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,=eign ,s*ools1 p4 #bhh2 also1 ,l>\sse1 ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel1 ,tom4 ,,iv4 p4 #icb1 art4 ,,congr,s ,,de ,m,,n/]4 #ade ,de ,groote ,s*\burgh d] ,n$]lants*e ,kon/s*ild]s en ,s*ild]ess54 ,grav5hage1 #agec4 #adf ,la ,calcografia propriam5te detta1 ossia ,l',arte d'incid]e 9 ,rame coll' ,acqua-=te1 col ,bul9o e colla ,punta3 ,ragionam5ti letti nelle adunanze dell' ,i4 ,r4 ,i/ituto di ,sci5ze1 ,lett]e ed ,arte del ,regno ,lomb>do-,v5eto4 ,da ,giuseppe ,longhi4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,conc]nnte la ,teorica dell' ,arte4 ,milano1 #ahcj4--,! dea? ( ! au?or ! foll[+ ye> prev5t$ ! completion ( 8 "w2 b 9 #ahcg a supplem5t>y volume on ! ,practice ( ! ,art1 by ,c>l ,b>?1 appe>$ 9 connection ) a translation by him ( ,longhi's volume1 "u ! title1 ,die ,kupf]/e*]ei od] die ,kun/ 9 ,kupf] zu /e*5 und zu tz54 7,no translation has be5 made into ,fr5* or ,engli%47 ,?is r>e volume is 9 ! ,congressional ,libr>y1 among ! books :i* belong$ orig9ally to ,hon4 ,george ,p4 ,m>%1 our excell5t & mo/ s*ol>ly ,m9i/] 9 ,italy4 ,i ask$ = x 9 va9 at ! ,p>is ,cab9et ( ,engrav+s1 & also at ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y4 #adg ,la ,calcografia1 p4 #ca4 #adh ,la ,calcografia1 pp4 #h-ac4 #adi ,la ,calcografia1 p4 #ga4 #aej 8,i* b9 dazu gebor51 dass i* mit d5 ,rott5 und ,teufeln muss krieg5 und zu ,felde lieg52 d>um me9e ,b*] viel /rmis* und krieg]is* s9d4 ,i* muss die ,kltze und ,/mme ausreut51 ,dorn5 und ,heck5 wegbau51 die ,pltz5 ausfll51 und b9 d] grobe ,waldre*t]1 d] ,bahn bre*5 und zuri*t5 muss4 ,ab] ,m4 ,philipps fahret sub]li* und /ille dah]1 bauet und pflanzet1 set und begeus/1 mit ,lu/1 na*dem ,gott ihm hat gegeb5 se9e ,gab5 rei*li*40--,vorr$e auf ,philippi ,melan*?onis ,auslegung d] ,epi/el an die ,coloss]3 ,smtli*e ,s*rift51 7,halle1 #agdj-ec17 #a ,!il1 coll4 #aii-bjj4 #aea ,vite1 7,fir5ze1 #aheg17 ,vol4 ,,xiii4 p4 #ci4 #aeb ,la ,calcografia1 pp4 #ii-ajj1 note4 #aec 8,se cieca f$e pre/>si dovesse alle decisioni dell',enciclop$ia metodica1 noi dovremmo ammir>e 9 ,cornelio ,wiss*] il corifeo dell'arte no/ra1 dic5do essa1 *e gli arti/i s'accordano 9 aggiudic>gli la palma dell'incisione40--,la ,calcografia1 p4 #add4 #aed ,x,v,ie et ,x,v,i,ie ,sicles1 p4 #abb4 #aee ,les ,hom9es ,illu/res1 ,tom4 ,,ii4 p4 #ig4--,! excell5t copy ( ?is "w 9 ! ,congressional ,libr>y belong$ to ,mr4 ,m>%4 ,! pr9ts are e>ly impressions4 #aef ,la ,calcografia1 p4 #aaf4 #aeg ,ibid41 p4 #afe1 note4 #aeh ,some?+ 9 ?is success is d\btless due to ,le ,brun1 :om ,nanteuil translat$1--especially z an e>li] portrait ( ,pomponne by him is little reg>d$4 ,b x is ! engrav]1 & n ! pa9t]1 t is prais$1--?us %[+ ! 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