,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #c4 ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,society4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #ej ,c5ts4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,riv]s & ,valleys ( ,p5nsylvania3 ,william ,morris ,davis 7,illu/rat$ by "o map & tw5ty-five cuts47 ,topographic ,models3 ,cosmos ,m9deleff 7,illu/rat$ by two plates47 ,national ,geographic ,society--,ab/ract ( ,m9utes ,int]national ,lit]>y ,conte/ to be held at ,madrid1 ,spa9 ,july1 #ahhi4 ,,press ,,( ,,tuttle1 ,,moreh\se ,,taylor1 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahhi4 ,no4 #c4 ,,! ,,riv]s ,,& ,,valleys ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4#a ,,by ,,william ,,morris ,,davis4 ,9 ,falt5sy/em5 von sehr hohem ,alt] wurde die ursprngli*e ,anordnung d] ,lang5?l] dur* das ,ueb]h&nehm5 d] transv]sal5 ,erosionsfur*5 (t ganz und g> v]wis*t4 ,l,,wl4 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 xxviii1 #ahhb1 #daa4 ,footnote #a3 ,! sub/ance ( ?is essay 0 pres5t$ to ! ,society 9 a lecture on ,febru>y #h?1 #ahhi1 b s9ce !n x has be5 mu* exp&$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,introductory4 #a4 ,plan ( "w "h propos$4 #b4 ,g5]al description ( ! topography ( ,p5nsylvania4 #c4 ,! dra9age ( ,p5nsylvania4 #d4 ,previ\s /udies ( ,appala*ian dra9age4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,outl9e ( ! geological hi/ory ( ! region4 #e4 ,conditions ( =mation4 #f4 ,=m] ext5sion ( /rata to ! s\!a/4 #g4 ,cambro-,silurian & ,p]mian de=mations4 #h4 ,p]m-,triassic d5udation4 #i4 ,new>k deposition4 #aj4 ,jurassic tilt+4 #aa4 ,jura-,cretace\s d5udation4 #ab4 ,t]ti>y elevation & d5udation4 #ac4 ,lat] *anges ( level4 #ad4 ,illu/rations ( ,p5nsylvanian topography4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,g5]al conception ( ! hi/ory ( a riv]4 #ae4 ,! complete cycle ( riv] life3 y\?1 adolesc5ce1 maturity & old age4 #af4 ,mutual adju/m5t ( riv] c\rses4 #ag4 ,t]m9ology ( riv]s *ang$ by adju/m5t4 #ah4 ,examples ( adju/m5ts4 #ai4 ,revival ( riv]s by elevation & dr[n+ by depression4 #bj4 ,opportunity = new adju/m5ts ) revival4 #ba4 ,antec$5t & sup]impos$ riv]s4 #bb4 ,simple1 comp\nd1 composite & complex riv]s4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,! developm5t ( ! riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania4 #bc4 ,means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 antec$5t & adju/$ consequ5t riv]s4 #bd4 ,po/ulates ( ! argum5t4 #be4 ,con/ructional ,p]mian topography & consequ5t dra9age4 #bf4 ,! ,jura m\nta9s homolog\s ) ! ,p]mian ,alleghanies4 #bg4 ,developm5t & adju/m5t ( ! ,p]mian dra9age4 #bh4 ,lat]al wat]-gaps ne> ! apex ( syncl9al ridges4 #bi4 ,dep>ture ( ! ,juniata f ! ,juniata-,catawissa syncl9e4 #cj4 ,avoidance ( ! ,broad ,top bas9 by ! ,juniata headwat]s4 #ca4 ,rev]sal ( l>g] riv]s to s\!a/ c\rses4 #cb4 ,capture ( ! ,an?racite headwat]s by ! gr[+ ,susquehanna4 #cc4 ,pres5t outw>d dra9age ( ! ,an?racite bas9s4 #cd4 ,homologies ( ! ,susquehanna & ,juniata4 #ce4 ,sup]imposition ( ! ,susquehanna on two syncl9al ridges4 #cf4 ,evid5ce ( sup]imposition 9 ! ,susquehanna tribut>ies4 #cg4 ,ev5ts ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle4 #ch4 ,t]ti>y adju/m5t ( ! ,juniata on ! ,m$9a anticl9es4 #ci4 ,migration ( ! ,atlantic-,ohio divide4 #dj4 ,o!r examples ( adju/m5ts4 #da4 ,ev5ts ( ! ,quat]n>y cycle4 #db4 ,d\btful cases4 #dc4 ,complicat$ hi/ory ( our actual riv]s4 #dd4 ,provisional conclusions4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,introductory4 #a4 ,plan ( "w "h propos$4--,no "o n[ reg>ds a riv] & its valley z ready-made features ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,all are conv9c$ t riv]s h come to be :at !y are by sl[ processes ( natural developm5t1 9 :i* e peculi>ity ( riv]-c\rse & valley-=m has its appropriate cause4 ,be+ fully p]suad$ ( ! gradual & sy/ematic evolution ( topographic =ms1 x is n[ desir$1 9 /udy+ ! riv]s & valleys ( ,p5nsylvania1 to seek ! causes ( ! location ( ! /reams 9 _! pres5t c\rses2 to g back if possible to ! e>ly date :5 c5tral ,p5nsylvania 0 fir/ rais$ above ! sea & trace ! developm5t ( ! sev]al riv] sy/ems !n implant$ ^u x f _! anci5t beg9n+ to ! pres5t "t4 ,! exi/+ topography & dra9age sy/em ( ! ,/ate w fir/ be briefly describ$4 ,we mu/ next inquire into ! geological /ructure ( ! region1 foll[ at lea/ 9 a g5]al way ! de=mations & *anges ( attitude & altitude t x has suff]$1 & consid] ! am\nt ( d5udation t has be5 accompli%$ on its surface4 ,we mu/ at ! same "t be> 9 m9d ! natural hi/ory ( riv]s1 _! morphology & developm5t2 we mu/ recognize ! v>y+ activities ( a riv] 9 its y\? & old age1 ! adju/m5ts ( its adolesc5ce & maturity1 & ! revival ( its decrepit p[]s :5 ! l& t x dra9s is elevat$ & x ent]s a new cycle ( life4 ,f9ally we %all attempt to foll[ out ! developm5t ( ! riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania by apply+ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( riv] hi/ory to ! special case ( ,p5nsylvania /ructure4 #b4 ,g5]al description ( ! topography ( ,p5nsylvania4--,! /rongly m>k$ topographic di/ricts ( ,p5nsylvania c h>dly be bett] describ$ ?an by quot+ ! acc\nt giv5 ov] a c5tury ago by ,lewis ,evans1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 8 ,analysis ( a map ( ! middle ,briti% colonies 9 ,am]ica 7#agee71 :i* is z valuable f its appreciative p]ception z x is int]e/+ f its e>ly date4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs are select$ f 8 e>ly pages3 ,! l& s\?we/w>d ( ,hudson's ,riv] is m regul>ly divid$ & into a great] numb] ( /ages ?an ! o!r4 ,! fir/ object wor?y ( reg>d 9 ?is "p is a rief or ve9 ( rocks ( ! talky or is+lassy k9d1 "s two or ?ree or half a doz5 miles broad2 ris+ g5]ally "s small matt] high] ?an ! adjo9+ l&2 & ext5d+ f ,new ,york city s\?we/]ly by ! l[] falls ( ,delaw>e1 ,s*uylkill1 ,susquehanna1 ,gun-,p[d]1 ,patapsco1 ,potomack1 ,rapahannock1 ,james riv] & ,ronoak4 ,?is 0 ! anti5t m>itime b\nd>y ( ,am]ica & =ms a v regul> curve4 ,! l& betwe5 ?is rief & ! sea & f ! ,naves9k hills s\?we/ 444 may be d5om9at$ ! ,l[] ,pla9s1 & consi/s ( soil wa%t d[n f above & s& accumulat$ f ! ocean4 ,:]e ^! pla9s are n p5etrat$ by riv]s1 !y are a :ite sea-s&1 ab\t tw5ty feet deep & p]fectly b>r51 z no mixture ( soil helps to enri* !m4 ,b ! bord]s ( ! riv]s1 :i* desc5d f ! upl&s1 are r5d]$ f]tile by ! soil wa%t d[n ) ! floods & mixt ) ! s&s ga!r$ f ! sea4 ,! sub/ratum ( sea-mud1 %ells & o!r =eign subjects is a p]fect confirmation ( ?is supposition4 ,& h5ce x is t = #dj or #ej miles inl& & all ! way f ! ,naves9ks to ,cape ,florida1 all is a p]fect b>r5 :]e ! wa% f ! upl&s has n enri*$ ! bord]s ( ! riv]s2 or "s ponds & defiles h n furni%$ prop] support = ! gr[? ( :ite c$>s4444 ,f ?is rief ( rocks1 ov] :i* all ! riv]s fall1 to t *a9 ( brok5 hills1 call$ ! ,s\? m\nta91 !re is ! di/ance ( #ej1 #fj or #gj miles ( v unev5 gr\nd1 ris+ s5sibly z y advance fur!r inl&1 & may be d5om9at$ ! ,upl&4 ,?is consi/s ( ve9s ( diff]5t k9ds ( soil & sub/rata "s scores ( miles 9 l5g?2 & 9 "s places ov]laid ) little ridges & *a9s ( hills4 ,! declivity ( ! :ole gives great rapidity to ! /reams2 & our viol5t gu/s ( ra9 h wa%t x all into gullies1 & c>ri$ d[n ! soil to enri* ! bord]s ( ! riv]s 9 ! ,l[] ,pla9s4 ,^! inequalities r5d] half ! c\ntry n easily capable ( culture1 & impov]i%es x1 :]e torn up by ! pl[1 by daily wa%+ away ! ri*] m\ld t cov]s ! surface4 ,! ,s\? m\nta9 is n 9 ridges l ! ,endless m\nta9s1 b 9 small1 brok51 /eep1 /oney hills2 nor does x run ) s mu* regul>ity4 ,9 "s places x gradually deg5]ates to no?+1 n to appe> aga9 = "s miles1 & 9 o!rs x spreads sev]al miles 9 bread?4 ,betwe5 ,s\? m\nta9 & ! hi!r *a9 ( ! ,endless m\nta9s 7(t5 = di/9ction call$ ! ,nor? m\nta91 & 9 "s places ! ,kittat9ni & ,pequl971 !re is a valley ( pretty ev5 good l&1 "s #h1 #aj or #bj miles wide1 & is ! mo/ consid]able quantity ( valuable l& t ! ,engli% are posse/ (2 & runs ?r\gh ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5silvania1 ,m>il& & ,virg9ia4 ,x has yet obta9$ no g5]al "n1 b may prop]ly en\gh be call$ ,piemont1 f its situation4 ,besides conv5i5ces always att5d+ good l&1 ?is valley is ev]y:]e enri*$ ) ,lime/one4 ,! ,endless m\nta9s1 s call$ f a translation ( ! ,indian "n be>+ t signification1 come next 9 ord]4 ,!y are n confus$ly scatt]$ & 9 l(ty peaks ov]topp+ "o ano!r1 b /ret* 9 long uni=m ridges sc>ce half a mile p]p5dicul> 9 any place above ! int]m$iate vallies4 ,_! "n is expressive ( _! ext5t1 ?\gh no d\bt n 9 a lit]al s5se4444 ,! m\nta9s are almo/ all s _m ridges ) ev5 tops & ne>ly ( a height4 ,to look f ^! hills into ! l[] l&s is b1 z x 71 into an ocean ( woods1 swell$ & depre/ "h & !re by little inequalities1 n to be di/+ui%$ "o "p f ano!r any m ?an ! waves ( ! real ocean4 ,! uni=mity ( ^! m\nta9s1 ?\gh deb>r+ u ( an advantage 9 ?is respect1 makes "s am5ds 9 ano!r4 ,!y are v regul> 9 _! c\rses1 & conf9e ! creeks & riv]s t run betwe52 & if we "k :]e ! gaps are t let ?r\gh ^! /reams1 we are n at a loss to lay d[n _! mo/ consid]able inflections4444 ,to ! nor?we/w>d ( ! ,endless m\nta9s is a c\ntry ( va/ ext5t1 & 9 a mann] z high z ! m\nta9s !mselves4 ,to look at ! abrupt t]m9ation ( x1 ne> ! sea level1 z is ! case on ! we/ side ( ,hudson's riv] bel[ ,albany1 x looks z a va/ high m\nta92 = ! ,kaats ,kills1 ?\gh ( m l(ty /ature ?an any o!r m\nta9s 9 ^! p>ts ( ,am]ica1 are b ! cont9uation ( ! ,pla9s on ! top1 & ! cliffs ( !m 9 ! front !y pres5t t[>ds ,k9d]hook4 ,^! ,upp] ,pla9s are ( extraord9>y ri* level l&1 & ext5d f ! ,mohocks riv] ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ! ,conf$]ates4#b ,_! t]m9ation nor?w>d is at a little di/ance f ,lake ,ont>io2 b :at x is we/w>d is n kn[n1 = ^? mo/ ext5sive pla9s ( ,ohio are "p ( !m4 ,footnote #b3 ,ref]r+ to ! league ( ,indian tribes1 s-call$4 ,^! sev]al di/ricts recogniz$ by ,evans may be summ>iz$ z ! coa/al pla91 ( ne>ly horizontal ,cretace\s & lat] b$s1 j ent]+ ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ,p5nsylvania2 ! m>g9al upl& ( contort$ s*i/s ( disput$ age2 ! ,s\? ,m\nta9 belt ( anci5t & mu* di/urb$ cry/all9e rocks1 commonly call$ ,ar*ean2 a space betwe5 ^! two trav]s$ by ! s&/one l[l& ( ! ,new>k =mation2#c ! great ,appala*ian valley ( cr[d$ ,cambrian lime/ones & slates2 ! region ( ! ev5-cre/$1 l9e> ,paleozoic ridges1 b\nd$ by ,kittat9ny or ,blue m\nta9 on ! s\!a/ & by ,alleghany m\nta9 on ! nor?we/1 ?is be+ ! area ) :i* we are "h mo/ conc]n$2 & f9ally ! ,alleghany plateau1 consi/+ ( ne>ly horizontal ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s b$s & embrac+ all ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate4 ,! :ole region pres5ts ! mo/ emphatic expression n only ( its /ructure b also ( ! m rec5t cycles ( developm5t ?r\gh :i* x has pass$4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! /rong] ridges & l>g] /reams ( ! great] "p ( ! c5tral di/rict3 x is reproduc$ f ! expressive ,topographic ,map ( ,p5nsylvania 7#ahga7 by ,lesley4 ,! ,susquehanna fl[s d[n ! middle1 receiv+ ! ,we/ ,bran* f ,lock ,hav5 & ,williamsport1 ! ,ea/ ,bran* f ,wilkes-,b>re 9 ! ,wyom+ bas91 & ! ,juniata f ! ,broad ,top region1 s\? ( ,hunt+don4 ,! ,an?racite bas9s lie on ! "r1 enclos$ by zigzag ridges ( ,pocono & ,pottsville s&/one2 ! ,plateau1 tr5*$ by ! ,we/ ,bran* ( ! ,susquehanna is 9 ! nor?we/4 ,m$9a s&/one =ms mo/ ( ! c5tral ridges4 ,footnote #c3 ,russell has lately recomm5d$ ! revival ( ?is t]m1 propos$ _m ye>s ago by ,r$field1 z a non-committal "n = ! ,new r$ s&/ones ( our ,atlantic slope1 commonly call$ ,triassic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,"p ( ,topographic ,map ( ,p5nsylvania1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,lesley 7#ahga74 #c4 ,! dra9age ( ,p5nsylvania4--,! great] "p ( ! ,alleghany plateau is dra9$ we/w>d into ! ,ohio1 & ) ?is we %all h little to d4 ,! rema9d] ( ! plateau dra9age rea*es ! ,atlantic by two riv]s1 ! ,delaw>e & ! ,susquehanna1 ( :i* ! latt] is ! m special object ( our /udy4 ,! ,nor? & ,we/ ,bran*es ( ! ,susquehanna rise 9 ! plateau1 :i* !y trav]se 9 deep valleys2 !nce !y ent] ! di/rict ( ! c5tral ranges1 :]e !y unite & fl[ 9 broad l[l&s among ! ev5-cre/$ ridges4 ,! ,juniata br+s ! dra9age ( ! ,broad ,top region to ! ma9 /ream j be=e _! conflu5t curr5t cuts across ! m>g9al ,blue ,m\nta94 ,! rock-rimm$ bas9s ( ! an?racite region are dra9$ by small bran*es ( ! ,susquehanna nor?w>d & we/w>d1 & by ! ,s*uylkill & ,lehigh to ! s\? & ea/4 ,! ,delaw>e1 :i* trav]ses ! plateau betwe5 ! ,an?racite region & ! ,catskill ,m\nta9 front1 toge!r ) ! ,lehigh1 ! ,s*uylkill1 ! little ,swat>a & ! ,susquehanna1 cut ! ,blue ,m\nta9 by f9e wat]-gaps1 & cross ! great lime/one valley4 ,! ,lehigh !n turns ea/w>d & jo9s ! ,delaw>e1 & ! ,swat>a turns we/w>d to ! ,susquehanna2 b ! ,delaw>e1 ,s*uylkill & ,susquehanna all cont9ue across ,s\? ,m\nta9 & ! ,new>k belt1 & into ! l[ plateau ( s*i/s beyond4 ,! ,s*uylkill unites ) ! ,delaw>e ne> ,philadelphia1 j bel[ ! inn] m>g9 ( ! coa/al pla92 ! ,delaw>e & ! ,susquehanna cont9ue 9 _! deflect$ e/u>ies to ! sea4 ,all ( ^! riv]s & _m ( _! side /reams are at pres5t sunk 9 small valleys ( mod]ate dep? & wid?1 bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! l[l&s1 & are m or less complicat$ ) t]race gravels4 #d4 ,previ\s /udies ( ,appala*ian dra9age4--,!re h be5 no special /udies ( ! hi/ory ( ! riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania 9 ! light ( :at is n[ kn[n ( riv] developm5t4 ,a few rec5t essays ( r g5]al "* z f> z our riv]s are conc]n$1 may be m5tion$4 ,pes*el exam9$ our riv]s *iefly by means ( g5]al maps ) little reg>d to ! /ructure & complicat$ hi/ory ( ! region4 ,he conclud$ t ! sev]al transv]se riv]s :i* break ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 namely1 ! ,delaw>e1 ,susquehanna & ,potomac1 are guid$ by fractures1 ant]ior to ! orig9 ( ! riv]s4#d ,!re does n seem to be suffici5t evid5ce to support ?is obsolesc5t view1 = mo/ ( ! wat]-gaps are locat$ indep5d5tly ( fractures2 nor c ,pes*el's me?od ( riv] /udy be tru/$ z lead+ to safe conclusions4 ,footnote #d3 ,physis*e ,erdkunde1 #ahhj1 ii1 #ddb4 ,tietze reg>ds our transv]se valleys z antec$5t2#e b ?is 0 made only z a g5]al sugge/ion1 = 8 exam9ation ( ! /ructure & developm5t ( ! region is too brief to e/abli% ?is & exclude o!r views4 ,footnote #e3 ,jahrbu* ,geol4 ,rei*san/alt1 xxviii1 #ahgh1 #fjj4 ,lwl que/ions ! conclusion rea*$ by ,tietze & ascribes ! transv]se gaps to ! backw>d or headwat] erosion ( ext]nal /reams1 a process :i* he has done mu* to br+ into its pres5t important position1 & :i* = him replaces ! p]si/5ce ( antec$5t /reams ( o!r au?ors4#f ,footnote #f3 ,pet4 ,mit?41 #ahhb1 #dje2 ,ueb] ,?albildung1 ,prag1 #ahhd4 ,a brief article#g t ,i wrote 9 comm5t on ,lwl's fir/ essay sev]al ye>s ago n[ seems to me insuffici5t 9 its me?od4 ,x exagg]at$ ! importance ( antec$5t /reams2 x took no suffici5t acc\nt ( ! sev]al cycles ( erosion ?r\gh :i* ! region has c]ta9ly pass$2 & x neglect$ due consid]ation ( ! readju/m5t ( initial immature /ream c\rses dur+ m advanc$ riv]-life4 ,s9ce !n1 a few words 9 ,lwl's essay h come to h m & m significance to me2 he says t 9 m\nta9 sy/ems ( v great age1 ! orig9al arrangem5t ( ! longitud9al valleys (t5 becomes entirely confus$ by means ( _! conque/ by transv]se erosion gaps4 ,?is sugge/ion has be5 s pr(itable to me t ,i h plac$ ! orig9al s5t5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]4 ,its !sis is ! ess5tial elem5t ( my pres5t /udy4 ,footnote #g3 ,orig9 ( ,cross-valleys4 ,sci5ce1 i1 #ahhc1 #cbe4 ,phillipson ref]s to ! above-m5tion$ au?ors & gives a brief acc\nt ( ! arrangem5t ( dra9age areas )9 our ,appala*ians1 b briefly dismisses ! subject4#h ,8 essay conta9s a s]viceable bibliography4 ,footnote #h3 ,/udi5 b] ,wass]s*eid54 ,leipsig1 #ahhf1 #adi4 ,if ^! sev]al e>li] essays h n rea*$ any precise conclusion1 x may p]haps be because ! details ( ! geological /ructure & developm5t ( ,p5nsylvania h n be5 suffici5tly exam9$4 ,inde$1 unless ! read] has already become famili> ) ! geological maps & reports ( ! ,p5nsylvania surveys & is some:at acqua9t$ ) its geography1 ,i %all h>dly hope to make my case cle> to him4 ,! volumes t %\ld be mo/ c>efully /udi$ are1 fir/1 ! always inspir+ classic1 ,coal & its ,topography 7#ahef71 by ,lesley1 9 :i* ! imm$iate relation ( our topography to ! und]ly+ /ructure is s f9ely describ$2 ! ,geological ,map ( ,p5nsylvania 7#ahef71 ! result ( ! labors ( ! fir/ survey ( ! /ate2 & ! ,geological ,atlas ( ,c\nties1 ,volume ,x ( ! second survey 7#ahhe74 ,besides ^!1 ! pond]\s volumes ( ! f9al report ( ! fir/ survey & num]\s reports on sep>ate c\nties by ! second survey %\ld be exam9$1 z !y conta9 _m acc\nts ( ! topography al?\gh say+ v little ab\t its developm5t4 ,if1 9 addition to all ?is1 ! read] has se5 ! c5tral di/rict ( ! /ate & m>vell$ at its ev5-cre/$1 /raight & zigzag ridges1 & walk$ ?r\gh its n>r[ wat]-gaps into ! enclos$ coves t !y dra91 he may !n /ill bett] foll[ ! consid]ations "h pres5t$4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,outl9e ( ! geological hi/ory ( ! region4 #e4 ,conditions ( =mation4--,! region 9 :i* ! ,susquehanna & ! neighbor+ riv]s are n[ locat$ is built 9 *ief "p ( m>9e s$im5ts d]iv$ 9 paleozoic "t f a l>ge l& area to ! s\!a/1 ^: nor?we/ coa/-l9e probably cross$ ,p5nsylvania some:]e 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! /ate2 d\btless v>y+ its position1 h[ev]1 by _m miles z ! sea advanc$ & rec$$ 9 accordance ) ! *anges 9 ! relative altitudes ( ! l& & wat] surfaces1 su* z h be5 discuss$ by ,newb]ry & ,claypole4 ,! s$im5ts ?us accumulat$ are ( enorm\s ?ickness1 measur+ tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& feet f _! cry/all9e f\ndation to ! upp]mo/ lay] n[ rema9+4 ,! :ole mass is ess5tially con=mable 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate4 ,"s ( ! =mations are resi/5t1 & ^! h det]m9$ ! position ( our ridges2 o!rs are weak] & are *os5 z ! sites ( valleys & l[l&s4 ,! fir/ are ! ,oneida & ,m$9a s&/ones1 :i* w be "h g5]ally ref]r$ to "u ! latt] "n alone1 ! ,pocono s&/one & ! ,pottsville conglom]ate2 to ^! may be add$ ! fundam5tal cry/all9e mass on :i* ! :ole s]ies ( b$d$ =mations 0 deposit$1 & ! basal s&/one t is g5]ally associat$ ) x4 ,:]ev] we n[ see ^! h>d] rocks1 !y rise above ! surr\nd+ l[l& surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! weak] b$s are ! ,cambrian lime/ones 7,tr5ton7 & slates 7,hudson ,riv]71 all ! ,silurian except ! ,m$9a above nam$1 ! :ole ( ! ,devonian--9 :i* h[ev] !re are two h>d b$s ( subord9ate value1 ! ,oriskany s&/one & a ,*emung s&/one & conglom]ate1 t =m l[ & brok5 ridges ov] ! s(t] gr\nd on ei!r side ( !m--& ! ,c>bonif]\s 7,mau* ,*unk7 r$ %ales & "s ( ! weak] s&/ones 7,coal measures74 #f4 ,=m] ext5sion ( /rata to ! s\!a/4--,we are n mu* conc]n$ ) ! conditions "u :i* ?is great s]ies ( b$s 0 =m$2 b1 z w appe> lat]1 x is important = u to recognize t ! pres5t s\!a/]n m>g9 ( ! b$s is n by any means _! orig9al m>g9 9 t direction4 ,x is probable t ! :ole mass ( deposits1 ) great] or less v>iations ( ?ickness1 ext5d$ at lea/ tw5ty miles s\!a/ ( ,blue ,m\nta91 & t _m ( ! b$s ext5d$ mu* f>!r4 ,! reason = ?is conclusion is a simple "o4 ,! sev]al resi/ant b$s above-m5tion$ consi/ ( qu>tz s& & pebbles t _c be d]iv$ f ! und]ly+ b$s ( lime/ones & %ales2 _! only kn[n s\rce lay 9 ! cry/all9e rocks ( ! paleozoic l& to ! s\!a/4 ,s\? ,m\nta9 may possibly h made "p ( ?is paleozoic l&2 b x seems m probable t x 0 l& only dur+ ! e>li] ,ar*ean age1 & t x 0 subm]g$ & buri$ 9 ,cambrian "t & n aga9 br\ght to ! light ( day until x _h be5 cru%$ into _m local anticl9es#i ^: cre/s 7 uncov]$ by ,p]mian & lat] erosion4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,cambrian lime/one on ei!r side ( ,s\? ,m\nta91 tak5 ) its comp\nd anticl9al /ructure1 makes x likely t ,m$9a "t f\nd ?is cry/all9e area entirely cov]$ by ! ,cambrian b$s2 ,m$9a s&s mu/ !re=e h come f f>!r /ill to ! s\!a/4 ,a simil> argum5t applies to ! s\rce ( ! ,pocono & ,pottsville b$s4 ,! measure ( tw5ty miles z ! =m] s\!a/]n ext5sion ( ! paleozoic =mations !re=e seems to be a mod]ate "o = ! av]age ( ! :ole s]ies2 p]haps =ty w\ld be ne>] ! tru?4 ,footnote #i3 ,lesley1 z bel[4 #g4 ,cambro-,silurian & ,p]mian de=mations4--,?is great s]ies ( once horizontal b$s is n[ wond]fully di/ort$2 b ! di/ortions foll[ a g5]al rule ( tr5d+ nor!a/ & s\?we/1 & ( dim9i%+ 9 int5sity f s\!a/ to nor?we/4 ,9 ! ,hudson ,valley1 x is well kn[n t a consid]able di/urbance occurr$ betwe5 ,cambrian & ,silurian "t1 = !re ! ,m$9a lies uncon=mably on ! ,hudson ,riv] %ales4 ,x seems likely1 = reasons t w be briefly giv5 lat] on1 t ! same di/urbance ext5d$ into ,p5nsylvania & f>!r s\?we/1 b t x affect$ only ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate2 & t ! uncon=mities 9 evid5ce ( x1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,hudson ,valley1 are "h lo/ by subsequ5t erosion4 ,wa/e ( ! anci5t l& & its ,cambro-,silurian annex /ill cont9u$ & furni%$ va/ b$s ( s&/one & s&y %ales to ! rema9+ m>9e area1 until at la/ ! subsid+ ,paleozoic bas9 0 fill$ up & ! coal m>%es ext5d$ broadly across x4 ,at ?is "t we may picture ! dra9age ( ! s\!a/]n l& area w&]+ r sl[ly across ! great ,c>bonif]\s pla9s to ! /ill subm]g$ bas9 f> to ! we/2 a condition ( ?+s t is n imp]fectly repres5t$1 al?\gh 9 a some:at m advanc$ /age1 by ! exi/+ dra9age ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,c>ol9as across ! m mod]n coa/al pla9 to ! ,atlantic4 ,?is condition 0 int]rupt$ by ! great ,p]mian de=mation t gave rise to ! ma9 ranges ( ! ,appala*ians 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia & ,t5nessee4 ,! ,p]mian "n seems appropriate "h1 = :ile ! de=mation may h begun at an e>li] date1 & may h cont9u$ into ,triassic "t1 its culm9ation seems to h be5 )9 ,p]mian limits4 ,x 0 *>act]iz$ by a resi/less =ce ( compression1 ex]t$ 9 a s\!a/-nor?we/ l9e1 9 ob$i5ce to :i* ! :ole s]ies ( ,paleozoic b$s1 ev5 tw5ty or m ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 0 cr[d$ gradually into great & small folds1 tr5d+ nor!a/ & s\?we/4 ,! subjac5t ,ar*ean t]rane d\btless %>$ m or less 9 ! di/urbance3 = example1 ,s\? ,m\nta9 is describ$ by ,lesley z n "o m\nta91 b a sy/em ( m\nta9s sep>at$ by valleys4 ,x is1 geologically consid]$1 a sy/em ( anticl9als ) tr\ghs betwe54444 ,x appe>s t ! ,s\? ,m\nta9 range ends ea/w>d 9 ,cumb]l& & ,york ,c\nties 9 a h& ) five anticl9al f+]s4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc41 xiii1 #ahgc1 #f4 ,x may be conclud$ ) fair probability t ! folds began to rise 9 ! s\!a/1 :]e !y are cr[d$ close/ toge!r1 "s ( !m hav+ begun "h :ile coal m>%es 7 /ill =m+ f>!r we/2 & t ! la/ folds to be begun 7 ! fa9t] ones on ! plateau1 n[ se5 9 ,negro m\nta9 & ,*e/nut & ,laurel ridges4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! inequalities 9 ! =ce ( compression or 9 ! resi/ance ( ! yield+ mass1 ! folds d n cont9ue indef9itely ) horizontal axes1 b v>y 9 height1 ris+ or fall+ away 9 great v>iety4 ,sev]al adjac5t folds (t5 foll[ "s g5]al control 9 ?is respect1 _! axes ris+ & fall+ toge!r4 ,x is to an unequal yield+ ( ?is k9d t we owe ! location ( ! ,an?racite syncl9al bas9s 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,coal ,measures be+ n[ worn away f ! prolongation ( ! syncl9es1 :i* rise 9 ei!r direction4 #h4 ,p]m-,triassic d5udation4--,dur+ & = a long "t aft] ?is p]iod ( m\nta9 gr[?1 ! de/ructive processes ( erosion wa/$ ! l& & l[]$ its surface4 ,an enorm\s am\nt ( mat]ial 0 ?us swept away & laid d[n 9 "s unkn[n ocean b$4 ,we %all speak ( ?is z ! ,p]m-,triassic p]iod ( erosion4 ,a measure ( its va/ accompli%m5t is se5 :5 we f9d t ! ,new>k =mation1 :i* is g5]ally correlat$ ) ,triassic or ,jurassic "t1 lies uncon=mably on ! erod$ surface ( ,cambrian & ,ar*ean rocks 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate1 :]e we h conclud$ t ! ,paleozoic s]ies once exi/$2 :]e ! /rata mu/ h ris5 9 a great m\nta9 mass z a result ( ! ,appala*ian de=mations2 & :5ce !y mu/ !re=e h be5 d5ud$ be=e ! deposition ( ! ,new>k b$s4 ,n only s2 ! mod]ate s9uosity ( ! s\!a/]n or "u b\nd>y ( ! ,new>k =mation indicates cle>ly en\gh t ! surface on :i* t portion ( ! =mation lies is "o ( no great relief or inequality2 & su* a surface c be c>v$ out ( an elevat$ l& only aft] long cont9u$ d5udation1 by :i* topographic developm5t is c>ri$ beyond ! "t ( its greate/ /r5g? or maturity into ! fa9t] expression ( old age4 ,?is is a matt] ( "s importance 9 our /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania2 & x also con/itutes a good "p ( ! evid5ce already ref]r$ to z indicat+ t !re mu/ h be5 "s e>li] de=mations ( importance 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate2 = x is h>dly conceivable t ! great ,paleozoic mass c\ld h be5 s deeply worn (f ( ! ,new>k belt betwe5 ! mak+ ( ! la/ ( ! coal b$s & ! fir/ ( ! ,new>k4 ,x seems m 9 accordance ) ! facts "h rec\nt$ & ) ! tea*+s ( geological hi/ory 9 g5]al to suppose1 z we h "h1 t some?+ ( ! pres5t de=mation ( ! anci5t rocks und]ly+ ! ,new>k b$s 0 giv5 at an e>ly date1 su* z t ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 gr[?2 & t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! erosion ( ! fold$ b$s 0 ?us made possible 9 middle ,paleozoic "t2 !n aga9 at "s lat] date1 z ,p]mian1 a second p]iod ( m\nta9 gr[? arriv$1 & fur!r fold+ 0 effect$1 & aft] ?is came deep] erosion2 ?us divid+ ! de/ructive "w t 0 done into sev]al p>ts1 in/ead ( cr[d+ x all into ! po/-,c>bonif]\s "t ord9>ily assign$ to x4 ,x is inde$ n impossible t an important %>e ( :at we h call$ ! ,p]mian de=mation 01 z above sugge/$1 accompli%$ 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate :ile ! coal b$s 7 yet =m+ 9 ! we/2 _m gra9s ( s& 9 ! s&/ones ( ! ,coal ,measures may h _h sev]al tempor>y halts 9 o!r s&/one b$s betwe5 ! "t ( _! fir/ erosion f ! ,ar*ean rocks & ! mu* lat] "t :5 !y f\nd ! re/+ place t !y n[ occupy4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,^! consid]ations may h value 9 %[+ t ! "t 9 :i* ! lat]al cru%+ ( ! ,appala*ians 0 accompli%$ 0 n s brief z is /at$ by ,reade 9 a rec5t article 9 ! ,am]ican ,geologi/1 iii1 #ahhi1 #ajf4 #i4 ,new>k deposition4--,aft] ! great ,paleozoic & ,p]m-,triassic erosions ?us indicat$1 :5 ! s\!a/]n area ( anci5t m\nta9s _h be5 well worn d[n & ! ,p]mian folds ( ! c5tral di/rict _h acquir$ a well develop$ dra9age1 !re appe>$ an opportunity = local deposition 9 ! sl[ depression ( a nor!a/-s\?we/ belt ( ! deeply wa/$ l&1 across ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate2 & into ?is tr\gh-l depression1 ! wa/e f ! adjac5t areas on ei!r side 0 c>ri$1 build+ ! ,new>k =mation4 ,?is may be ref]r$ to z ! ,new>k or ,trias-,jurassic p]iod ( deposition4 ,! volume ( ?is =mation is unkn[n1 z its ?ickness & orig9al area are /ill undet]m9$2 b x is pretty surely ( _m ?\s& feet 9 v]tical measure1 & its orig9al area may h be5 easily a fif? or a qu>t] 9 excess ( its pres5t area1 if n l>g] yet4 ,s great a local accumulation seems to indicate t :ile ! belt ( deposition 0 s9k+1 ! adjac5t areas 7 ris+1 9 ord] to furni% a cont9ual supply ( mat]ial2 ! occurr5ce ( heavy conglom]ates along ! m>g9s ( ! ,new>k =mation confirms ?is supposition1 & ! heavy breccias ne> ,read+ indicate ! occurr5ce ( a /rong topography & a /rong transport+ ag5t to ! nor?we/ ( ?is "p ( ! ,new>k belt4 ,x w be necess>y1 :5 ! developm5t ( ! ance/ors ( our pres5t riv]s is tak5 up1 to consid] ! effects ( ! depression t det]m9$ ! locus ( ,new>k deposition & ( ! adjac5t elevation t ma9ta9$ a supply ( mat]ial4 #aj4 ,jurassic tilt+4--,new>k deposition 0 /opp$ by a gradual rev]sal ( ! conditions t introduc$ x4 ,! depression ( ! ,new>k belt 0 aft] a "t rev]s$ into elevation1 accompani$ by a peculi> tilt+1 & aga9 ! wa/e ( ! region 0 c>ri$ away to "s unkn[n re/+ place4 ,?is di/urbance1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a revival ( ! ,p]mian activity1 culm9at$ 9 ,jurassic1 or at lea/ 9 po/-,new>k "t1 & result$ 9 ! production ( ! s+ul> monocl9al attitude ( ! =mation2 & z f> z ,i c correlate x ) ! accompany+ *ange 9 ! und]ly+ /ructures1 x involv$ !re an ov]-pu%+ ( ! clos$ folds ( ! ,ar*ean & ,paleozoic rocks4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 figs4 #b & #c1 9 :i* ! orig9al & di/urb$ attitudes ( ! ,new>k & ! und]ly+ =mations are r\ghly %[n1 ! ov]-pu%+ ( ! fundam5tal folds caus+ ! monocl9al & probably fault$ /ructure 9 ! ov]ly+ b$s4#ab ,if ?is be true1 we might suspect t ! unsymmetrical attitude ( ! ,appala*ian folds1 not$ by ,rog]s z a *>act]i/ic ( ! range1 is a feature t 0 int5sifi$ if n orig9at$ 9 ,jurassic & n 9 ,p]mian "t4 ,footnote #ab3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce1 xxxii1 #ahhf1 #cdb2 & ,sev5? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahhh1 #dhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! ,jurassic de=mation 0 limit$ to ! area ( ! ,new>k b$s2 x may h ext5d$ "s way on ei!r side2 b x presumably fad$ out at no great di/ance1 = x has n be5 detect$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,atlantic & ,mississippi regions remote f ! ,new>k belt4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ! c5tral folds ( ,p5nsylvania1 ) :i* we are p>ticul>ly conc]n$1 ?is de=mation 0 probably express$ 9 a fur!r fold+ & ov]-pu%+ ( ! already p>tly fold$ b$s1 ) rapidly decreas+ effect to ! nor?we/2 & p]haps also by slip-faults1 :i* at ! surface ( ! gr\nd ne>ly foll[$ ! b$d+ planes3 b ?is is evid5tly hypo!tical to a high degree4 ,! ess5tial po9t = our subsequ5t consid]ation is t ! ,jurassic de=mation 0 probably accompani$ by a mod]ate elevation1 = x all[$ ! erosion ( ! ,new>k b$s & ( lat]ally adjac5t areas z well4 #aa4 ,jura-,cretace\s d5udation4--,9 consequ5ce ( ?is elevation1 a new cycle ( erosion 0 ent]$ ^u1 :i* ,i %all call ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle4 ,x all[$ ! accompli%m5t ( a va/ "w1 :i* end$ 9 ! production ( a g5]al l[l& ( d5udation1 a wide area ( fa9t relief1 ^: elevat$ remnants are n[ to be se5 9 ! ev5 ridge-cre/s t s /rongly *>act]ize ! c5tral di/rict1 z well z 9 c]ta9 o!r ev5 upl&s1 n[ et*$ by ! erosion ( a lat] cycle ( de/ructive "w4 ,i %all n "h take space = ! delib]ate /atem5t ( ! argum5t lead+ to ?is end1 b its elem5ts are z foll[s3 ! extraord9>ily p]si/5t accordance among ! cre/-l9e altitudes ( _m ,m$9a & ,c>bonif]\s ridges 9 ! c5tral di/rict2 ! g5]ally correspond+ elevation ( ! we/]n plateau surface1 itself a surface ( erosion1 b n[ tr5*$ by relatively deep & n>r[ valleys2 ! g5]ally uni=m & consi/5t altitude ( ! upl&s 9 ! cry/all9e highl&s ( nor!rn ,new ,j]sey & 9 ! ,s\? ,m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania2 & ! ext5sion ( ! same g5]al surface1 desc5d+ sl[ly ea/w>d1 ov] ! ev5 cre/-l9es ( ! ,new>k trap ridges4 ,besides ! evid5ce ( less cont95tal elevation ?us d$uc$ f ! topography1 x may be not$ t a l[] /& ( ! l& 9 ,cretace\s "t ?an n[ is indicat$ by ! erosion t ! ,cretace\s b$s h suff]$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! elevation t foll[$ _! deposition4 ,! ,cretace\s transgression 9 ! we/]n /ates d\btless be>s on ! problem also4 ,f9ally x may be fairly urg$ t x is m accordant ) :at is kn[n ab\t old m\nta9s 9 g5]al to suppose t _! mass has /ood at diff]5t attitudes ) respect to base level dur+ _! long p]iod ( d5udation ?an to suppose t !y h held "o attitude ?r\gh all ! "t s9ce _! de=mation4 ,x is natural en\gh t ! =m] ma9t5ance ( "s l[] altitude ?an ! pres5t %\ld h expression 9 ! =m ( ! c\ntry1 if n n[ ext+ui%$ by subsequ5t erosion4 ,x is simply ! rev]se ( ?is /atem5t t leads u to ! above-/at$ conclusion4 ,we may be sure t ! long ma9ta9$ p]iod ( relative quiet 0 ( great importance 9 all[+ "t = ! mature adju/m5t ( ! riv]s ( ! region1 & h5ce due acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( x 9 a lat] section4 ,i say relative quiet1 = !re 7 c]ta9ly subord9ate oscillations ( great] or less value2 ,mc,gee has detect$ records ( "o ( ^! ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,cretace\s "t1 b its effects are n n[ kn[n to be ( geographic value2 t is1 !y d n n[ manife/ !mselves 9 ! =m ( ! pres5t surface ( ! l&1 b only 9 ! mann] ( deposition & anci5t erosion ( c]ta9 deposits4#ac ,ano!r subord9ate oscillation 9 ! s5se ( a mod]ate depression seems to h ext5d$ ?r\gh middle & lat] ,cretace\s "t1 result+ 9 an inl& transgression ( ! sea & ! deposit ( ! ,cretace\s =mation uncon=mably on ! previ\s l& surface = a consid]able di/ance beyond ! pres5t m>g9 ( ! =mation4#ad ,?is is important z affect+ our riv]s4 ,al?\gh ^! oscillations 7 ( consid]able geological value1 ,i d n ?9k t = ! pres5t purposes !y call = any prim>y division ( ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle2 = z ! result ( ?is long p]iod ( d5udation we f9d b a s+le record 9 ! great l[l& ( erosion above describ$1 a record ( prime importance 9 ! geographic developm5t ( our region1 t w (t5 be ref]r$ to4 ,! surface ( fa9t relief !n complet$ may be call$ ! ,cretace\s baselevel l[l&4 ,x may be pictur$ z a l[1 undulat+ pla9 ( wide ext5t1 ) a portion ( its ,atlantic m>g9 subm]g$ & cov]$ ov] ) a relatively ?9 m>9e deposit ( s&s1 m>ls & clays4 ,footnote #ac3 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce1 xxxv1 #ahhh1 #cfg1 #ddh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is /atem5t is bas$ on a /udy ( ! geographic evolution ( nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 9 prep>ation = publication4 #ab4 ,t]ti>y elevation & d5udation4--,?is broad l[l& is a l[l& no long]4 ,x has be5 rais$ ov] ! great] "p ( its area into a highl&1 ) an elevation ( f "o to ?ree ?\s& feet1 slop+ g5tly ea/w>d & desc5d+ "u ! ,atlantic level ne> ! pres5t m>g9 ( ! ,cretace\s =mation4 ,! elevation seems to h tak5 place e>ly 9 ,t]ti>y "t1 & w be ref]r$ to z ( t date4 ,opportunity 0 !n giv5 = ! revival ( ! previ\sly exhau/$ =ces ( d5udation1 & z a consequ5ce we n[ see ! =m]ly ev5 surface ( ! pla9 greatly r\gh5$ by ! incision ( deep valleys & ! op5+ ( broad l[l&s on its s(t] rocks4 ,only ! h>d] rocks reta9 indications ( ! ev5 surface :i* once /ret*$ cont9u\sly across ! :ole area4 ,! be/ indication ( ! av]age altitude at :i* ! mass /ood ?r\gh ! great] "p ( po/-,cretace\s "t is to be f\nd on ! weak %ales ( ! ,new>k =mation 9 ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania1 & on ! weak ,cambrian lime/ones ( ! great ,kittat9ny valley2 = bo? ( ^! areas h be5 actually almo/ baselevell$ aga9 9 ! ,t]ti>y cycle4 ,!y w be ref]r$ to z ! ,t]ti>y baselevel l[l&s2 & ! valleys correspond+ to !m1 cut 9 ! h>d] rocks1 z well z ! roll+ l[l&s betwe5 ! ridges ( ! c5tral di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania w be reg>d$ z ( ! same date4 ,:atev] v>iations ( level occurr$ 9 ?is cycle ( developm5t d n seem to h left m>ks ( importance on ! inl& surface1 ?\gh !y may h _h great] significance ne> ! coa/4 #ac4 ,lat] *anges ( level4--,aga9 at ! close ( ,t]ti>y "t1 !re 0 an elevation ( mod]ate am\nt1 & to ?is may be ref]r$ ! tr5*es t are s di/9ctly cut across ! ,t]ti>y baselevel l[l& by ! l>g] riv]s1 z well z ! lat]al %all[] *annels ( ! small] /reams4 ,?is w be call$ ! ,quat]n>y cycle2 & = ! pres5t no fur!r m5tion ( ! oscillations kn[n to h occurr$ 9 ?is division ( "t ne$ be consid]$2 ! read] may f9d c>eful discussion ( !m 9 ! pap] by ,mc,gee1 above ref]r$ to4 ,x is prop] t ,i %\ld add t ! sugge/ion ( baselevell+ bo? ( ! cre/-l9es & ( ! l[l&s1 t ,i h f\nd s pr(itable 9 ?is & o!r "w1 is due l>gely to p]sonal conf]5ce ) ,messrs4 ,gilb]t & ,mc,gee ( ! ,geological ,survey2 b x is n desir$ to make !m 9 any way responsible = ! /atem5ts "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 #ad4 ,illu/rations ( ,p5nsylvanian topography4--,a few sket*es made dur+ a rec5t recess-trip ) sev]al /ud5ts ?r\gh ,p5nsylvania may be introduc$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! fir/1 fig4 #d1 is a view f ,j5ny ,jump m\nta91 on ! nor?we/]n side ( ! ,new ,j]sey highl&s1 look+ nor?we/ across ! ,kittat9ny valley-l[l& to ,blue or ,kittat9ny m\nta91 :]e x is cut at ! ,delaw>e ,wat]-gap4 ,! extraord9>ily level cre/ ( ! m\nta9 pres]ves record ( ! ,cretace\s baselevel l[l&2 s9ce ! elevation ( ?is anci5t l[l&1 its s(t] rocks h1 z x 71 be5 et*$ out1 leav+ ! h>d] ones 9 relief2 ?us ! pres5t valley-l[l& is to be expla9$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! /ill lat] elevation ( less am\nt1 ! ,delaw>e has cut a tr5* 9 ! pres5t l[l&1 :i* is p>tly se5 to ! left 9 ! sket*4 ,fig4 #e is a g5]al view ( ! ,lehigh plateau & caon1 look+ s\? f ,bald ,m\nta9 j above ,p5n ,hav5 ,junction4 ,blue m\nta9 is ! mo/ di/ant cre/1 se5 = a little space4 ,! ridges ne> & above ,mau* ,*unk =m ! o!r outl9es2 all ris+ to an a/oni%+ly ev5 altitude1 9 spite ( _! great div]sity ( /ructure4 ,be=e ! exi/+ valleys 7 excavat$1 ! upl& surface mu/ h be5 an ev5 pla9--! ,cretace\s baselevel l[l& elevat$ into a plateau4 ,! valleys cut into ! plateau dur+ ! ,t]ti>y cycle are n>r[ "h1 because ! rocks are mo/ly h>d4 ,! /eep slopes ( ! caon-l valley ( ! ,lehigh & ! ev5 cre/s ( ! ridges manife/ly belong to diff]5t cycles ( developm5t4 ,figs4 #f & #g are gaps cut 9 ,black ,log & ,%ade m\nta91 by a small upp] bran* /ream ( ! ,juniata 9 s\!a/]n ,hunt+don c\nty4 ,! /ream trav]ses a brea*$ anticl9al ( ,m$9a s&/one1 ( :i* ^! m\nta9s are ! lat]al memb]s4 ,a long n>r[ valley is op5$ on ! axial ,tr5ton lime/one betwe5 ! two4 ,! gaps are n opposite to ea* o!r1 & !re=e 9 look+ ?r\gh ei!r gap f ! out] c\ntry ! ev5 cre/ ( ! fur!r ridge is se5 beyond ! axial valley4 ,! gap 9 ,black ,log m\nta91 fig4 #f1 is locat$ on a small fracture1 b 9 ?is respect x is unlike mo/ ( its fell[s4#ae ,! /rik+ simil>ity ( ! two views illu/rates ! uni=mity t s /rongly *>act]izes ! ,m$9a ridges ( ! c5tral di/rict4 ,fig4 #h is 9 good "p an ideal view1 bas$ on sket*es on ! upp] ,susquehanna1 & design$ to pres5t a typical illu/ration ( ! m significant features ( ! region4 ,x %[s ! ev5 cre/-l9es ( a high ,m$9a or ,pocono ridge 9 ! backgr\nd1 reta9+ ! =m giv5 to x 9 ! ,cretace\s cycle2 ! ev5 l[l&s 9 ! =egr\nd1 op5$ on ! weak] ,siluro-,devonian rocks 9 ! ,t]ti>y cycle2 & ! unev5 ridges 9 ! middle di/ance m>k+ ! ,oriskany & ,*emung b$s ( int]m$iate h>dness t h lo/ ! ,cretace\s level & yet h n be5 r$uc$ to ! ,t]ti>y l[l&4 ,! ,susquehanna fl[s di/9ctly bel[ ! l[l& pla91 & ! small side /reams run 9 n>r[ tr5*es ( late ,t]ti>y & ,quat]n>y date4 ,footnote #ae3 ,second ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pa41 ,report ,t#c1 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,if ?is int]pretation is accept$1 & ! ,p]mian m\nta9s are se5 to h be5 once greatly r$uc$ & at a lat] "t worn out1 :ile ! ridges ( to-day are m]ely ! relief left by ! et*+ ( ,t]ti>y valleys 9 a ,cretace\s baselevell$ l[l&1 !n we may well conclude ) ,p[ell t m\nta9s _c rema9 long z m\nta9s2 !y are ephem]al topographic =ms4#af ,footnote #af3 ,geol4 ,u9ta ,m\nta9s1 #ahgf1 #aif4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,g5]al conception ( ! hi/ory ( a riv]4 #ae4 ,! complete cycle ( riv] life3 y\?1 adolesc5ce1 maturity & old age4--,! g5]al outl9e ( an ideal riv]'s hi/ory may be n[ consid]$1 prep>atory to exam9+ ! special hi/ory ( ! riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania1 z controll$ by ! geological ev5ts j n>rat$4 ,riv]s are s long liv$ & survive ) m or less modification s _m *anges 9 ! attitude & ev5 9 ! /ructure ( ! l&1 t ! be/ way ( ent]+ on _! discussion seems to be to exam9e ! developm5t ( an ideal riv] ( simple hi/ory1 & f ! g5]al features ?us discov]$1 x may !n be possible to unravel ! complex sequ5ce ( ev5ts t leads to ! pres5t condition ( actual riv]s ( complicat$ hi/ory4 ,a riv] t is e/abli%$ on a new l& may be call$ an orig9al riv]4 ,x mu/ at fir/ be ( ! k9d kn[n z a consequ5t riv]1 = x has no ance/or f :i* to be d]iv$4 ,examples ( simple orig9al riv]s may be se5 9 "y pla9s1 ( :i* s\!rn ,new ,j]sey furni%es a fair illu/ration4 ,examples ( ess5tially orig9al riv]s may be se5 also 9 regions ( rec5t & rapid displacem5t1 su* z ! ,jura or ! brok5 c\ntry ( s\!rn ,idaho1 :]e ! directly consequ5t "* ( ! dra9age leads u to conclude t1 if any riv]s occupi$ ^! regions be=e _! rec5t de=mation1 !y 7 s completely ext+ui%$ by ! newly made slopes t we see no?+ ( !m n[4 ,once e/abli%$1 an orig9al riv] advances ?r\gh its long life1 manife/+ c]ta9 peculi>ities ( y\?1 maturity & old age1 by :i* its successive /ages ( gr[? may be recogniz$ )\t mu* difficulty4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 let u suppose ! l& mass1 on :i* an orig9al riv] has begun its "w1 /&s p]fectly /ill aft] its fir/ elevation or de=mation1 & s rema9s until ! riv] has complet$ its task ( c>ry+ away all ! mass ( rocks t rise above its baselevel4 ,?is lapse ( "t w be call$ a cycle 9 ! life ( a riv]4 ,a complete cycle is a long measure ( "t 9 regions ( great elevation or ( h>d rocks2 b :e!r or n any riv] ev] pass$ ?r\gh a s+le cycle ( life )\t int]ruption we ne$ n n[ inquire4 ,our purpose is only to le>n :at *anges x w\ld exp]i5ce if x did ?us develop /eadily f infancy to old age )\t di/urbance4 ,9 its infancy1 ! riv] dra9s its bas9 imp]fectly2 = x is !n emb>rass$ by ! orig9al inequalities ( ! surface1 & lakes collect 9 all ! depressions4 ,at su* "t1 ! ratio ( evaporation to ra9fall is relatively l>ge1 & ! ratio ( transport$ l& wa/e to ra9fall is small4 ,! *annels foll[$ by ! /reams t compose ! riv] z a :ole are n>r[ & %all[1 & _! numb] is small comp>$ to t :i* w be develop$ at a lat] /age4 ,! divides by :i* ! side-/reams are sep>at$ are poorly m>k$1 & 9 level c\ntries are surfaces ( consid]able area & n l9es at all4 ,x is only 9 ! lat] maturity ( a sy/em t ! divides are r$uc$ to l9es by ! consumption ( ! s(t] rocks on ei!r side4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 con/ructional =ms & ^? =ms t are due to ! action ( d5ud+ =ces is 9 a g5]al way s easily recogniz$1 t immaturity & maturity ( a dra9age area c be readily discrim9at$4 ,9 ! truly infantile dra9age sy/em ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 ! int]-/ream areas are s absolutely flat t wat] collects on !m 9 wet wea!r1 n hav+ ei!r orig9al /ructural slope or subsequ5tly develop$ d5ud$ slope to lead x to ! /reams4 ,on ! almo/ equally "y lava blocks ( s\!rn ,oregon1 ! well-m>k$ slopes are z yet h>dly *annel$ by ! fl[ ( ra9 d[n !m1 & ! depressions among ! tilt$ blocks are /ill undra9$1 unfill$ bas9s4 ,z ! riv] becomes adolesc5t1 its *annels are deep5$ & all ! l>g] ones desc5d close to baselevel4 ,if local contra/s ( h>dness all[ a quick deep5+ ( ! d[n-/ream "p ( ! *annel1 :ile ! "p next up-/ream resi/s erosion1 a cascade or wat]fall results2 b l ! lakes ( e>li] y\?1 x is evanesc5t1 & endures b a small "p ( ! :ole cycle ( gr[?2 b ! falls on ! small headwat] /reams ( a l>ge riv] may la/ into its maturity1 j z !re are "y twigs on ! bran*es ( a l>ge tree4 ,) ! deep5+ ( ! *annels1 !re comes an increase 9 ! numb] ( gulleys on ! slopes ( ! *annel2 ! gulleys gr[ into rav9es & ^! into side valleys1 jo9+ _! ma/] /reams at "r angles 7,la ,no & ,m>g]ie74 ,) _! cont9u$ developm5t1 ! maturity ( ! sy/em is rea*$2 x is m>k$ by an almo/ complete acquisition ( e "p ( ! orig9al con/ructional surface by erosion "u ! guidance ( ! /reams1 s t e drop ( ra9 t falls f9ds a way prep>$ to lead x to a /ream & !n to ! ocean1 its goal4 ,! lakes ( initial imp]fection h long s9ce disappe>$2 ! wat]falls ( adolesc5ce h be5 worn back1 unless on ! /ill "y headwat]s4 ,) ! increase ( ! numb] ( side-/reams1 ramify+ into all p>ts ( ! dra9age bas91 !re is a proportionate increase 9 ! surface ( ! valley slopes1 & ) ?is comes an increase 9 ! rate ( wa/e "u atmosph]ic =ces2 h5ce x is at maturity t ! riv] receives & c>ries ! greate/ load2 inde$1 ! increase may be c>ri$ s f> t ! l[] trunk-/ream1 ( g5tle slope 9 its e>ly maturity1 is unable to c>ry ! load br\ght to x by ! upp] bran*es1 & !re=e resorts to ! tempor>y exp$i5t ( lay+ x aside 9 a flood-pla94 ,! level ( ! flood-pla9 is sometimes built up fa/] ?an ! small side-/reams ( ! l[] c\rse c fill _! valleys1 & h5ce !y are conv]t$ = a little di/ance above _! m\?s into %all[ lakes4 ,! gr[? ( ! flood-pla9 also results 9 c>ry+ ! po9t ( junction ( tribut>ies f>!r & f>!r d[n /ream1 & at la/ 9 turn+ lat]al /reams aside f ! ma9 /ream1 sometimes =c+ !m to foll[ indep5d5t c\rses to ! sea 7,lomb>d9i74 ,b al?\gh ?us sep>at$ f ! ma9 trunk1 x w\ld be no m rational to reg>d su* /reams z indep5d5t riv]s ?an x w\ld be to reg>d ! bran* ( an old tree1 n[ fall5 to ! gr\nd 9 ! decay ( advanc+ age1 z an indep5d5t plant2 bo? are deta*$ portions ( a s+le individual1 f :i* !y h be5 sep>at$ 9 ! normal processes ( gr[? & decay4 ,9 ! lat] & quiet] old age ( a riv] sy/em1 ! wa/e ( ! l& is yield$ sl[] by reason ( ! dim9i%+ slopes ( ! valley sides2 !n ! headwat] /reams deliv] less detritus to ! ma9 *annel1 :i*1 ?us reliev$1 turns to its po/pon$ task ( c>ry+ its =m] excess ( load to ! sea1 & cuts t]races 9 its flood-pla91 prep>atory to sweep+ x away4 ,x does n always f9d ! buri$ *annel aga91 & p]haps settl+ d[n on a l[ spur a little to "o side ( its old l9e1 produces a rapid or a l[ fall on ! l[] slope ( su* an ob/ruction 7,p5ck74 ,su* c\rses may be call$ locally sup]impos$4 ,x is only dur+ maturity & = a "t be=e & aft]w>ds t ! ?ree divisions ( a riv]1 commonly recogniz$1 appe> mo/ di/9ctly2 ! torr5t portion be+ ! /ill "y headwat] bran*es1 gr[+ by gnaw+ backw>ds at _! s\rces2 ! valley portion prop]1 :]e long] "t ( "w has enabl$ ! valley to obta9 a great] dep? & wid?2 & ! l[] flood-pla9 portion1 :]e ! tempor>y deposition ( ! excess ( load is made until ! activity ( middle life is pa/4 ,maturity seems to be a prop] t]m to apply to ?is long endur+ /age2 = z 9 organic =ms1 :]e ! t]m fir/ came into use1 x "h also signifies ! highe/ developm5t ( all functions betwe5 a y\? ( endeavor t[>ds bett] "w & an old age ( rel9qui%m5t ( fulle/ p[]s4 ,x is ! mature riv] 9 :i* ! ra9fall is be/ lead away to ! sea1 & :i* c>ries ) x ! greate/ load ( l& wa/e2 x is at maturity t ! regul> desc5t & /eady fl[ ( ! riv] is be/ develop$1 be+ ! lea/ delay$ 9 lakes & lea/ ov]hurri$ 9 impetu\s falls4 ,maturity pa/1 & ! p[] ( ! riv] is on ! decay4 ,! relief ( ! l& dim9i%es1 = ! /reams no long] deep5 _! valleys al?\gh ! hill tops are degrad$2 & ) ! g5]al loss ( elevation1 !re is a failure ( ra9fall to a c]ta9 ext5t2 = x is well kn[n t up to c]ta9 consid]able altitudes ra9fall increases ) height4 ,a hyetographic & a hypsometric map ( a c\ntry = ?is reason %[ a m>k$ correspond5ce4 ,! slopes ( ! headwat]s decrease & ! valley sides wid5 s f> t ! l& wa/e desc5ds f !m sl[] ?an be=e4 ,lat]1 :at ) failure ( ra9fall & decrease ( slope1 !re is p]haps a return to ! e>ly imp]fection ( dra9age1 & ! numb] ( side /reams dim9i%es z bran*es fall f a dy+ tree4 ,! flood-pla9s ( maturity are c>ri$ d[n to ! sea1 & at la/ ! riv] settles d[n to an old age ( well-e>n$ re/ ) g5tle fl[ & light load1 little "w rema9+ to be done4 ,! great task t ! riv] ent]$ ^u is complet$4 #af4 ,mutual adju/m5t ( riv] c\rses4--,9 c]ta9 /ructures1 *iefly ^? ( m\nta9\s disord] on :i* ! /reams are at fir/ high above baselevel1 !re is a process ( adju/m5t extremely *>act]i/ic ( quiet riv] developm5t1 by :i* ! d[n-hill c\rses t 7 *os5 9 e>ly life1 & z we may say unadvis$ly & ) ! he$lessness & little =esight ( y\?1 are giv5 up = o!rs bett] fitt$ = ! "w ( ! mature riv] sy/em4 ,a *ange ( ?is k9d happ5s :5 ! "y /ream tak+ ! l[e/ l9e = its guide happ5s to fl[ on a h>d b$ at a consid]able height above baselevel1 :ile its bran*es on "o side or ! o!r h op5$ *annels on s(t] b$s3 a "p ( ! ma9 *annel may !n be des]t$ by ! )drawal ( its upp] wat]s to a l[] c\rse by way ( a side /ream4 ,! *ange to bett] adju/m5t also happ5s :5 ! initial c\rse ( ! ma9 /ream is mu* long] ?an a c\rse t may be (f]$ to its upp] portion by ! backw>d gnaw+ ( an adjac5t /ream 7,lwl1 ,p5ck74 ,sometimes ! lat]al cutt+ or planation t *>act]izes ! ma9 trunk ( a mature riv] gives x possession ( an adjac5t small] /ream ^: b$ is at a high] level 7,gilb]t74 ,a g5]al acc\nt ( ^! processes may be f\nd 9 ,phillippson's s]viceable ,/udi5 b] ,wass]s*eid5 7,leipzig1 #ahhf74 ,?is :ole matt] is ( mu* importance & des]ves delib]ate exam9ation4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t *anges 9 riv] c\rses ( ! k9d n[ ref]r$ to are unconnect$ ) any ext]nal di/urbance ( ! riv] bas91 & are purely normal spontane\s acts dur+ advanc+ developm5t4 ,two examples1 p]t95t to our special /udy1 w be consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,let ,,ab1 fig4 #i1 be a /ream ^: initial consequ5t c\rse l$ x d[n ! g5tly slop+ axial tr\gh ( a syncl9e4 ,! con/ructional surface ( ! syncl9e is %[n by cont\rs4 ,let ! succession ( b$s to be discov]$ by erosion be indicat$ 9 a section1 laid 9 prop] position on ! sev]al diagrams1 b revolv$ into ! horizontal plane1 ! h>d] b$s be+ dott$ & ! baselevel /&+ at ,,oo4 ,small side /reams w soon be develop$ on ! slopes ( ! syncl9e1 9 positions det]m9$ by cross-fractures or m (t5 by :at we call accid5t2 ! action ( /reams 9 simil> syncl9es on ! outside ( ! enclos+ anticl9es w be omitt$ = ! sake ( simplicity4 ,9 "t1 ! side /reams w cut ?r\gh ! h>d] upp] b$ ,m & ent] ! s(t] b$ ,n1 on :i* longitud9al *annels1 indicat$ by ha*ures1 w be ext5d$ along ! /rike1 fig4 #aj 7,la ,no & ,m>g]ie74 ,let ^! be call$ subsequ5t /reams4 ,consid] two side /reams ( ?is k9d1 ,c & ,d1 head+ aga9/ ea* o!r at ,e1 "o jo9+ ! ma9 /ream l[] d[n ! axis ( ! syncl9e ?an ! o!r4 ,! headwat]s ( ,c w rob ! headwat]s ( ,d1 because ! deep5+ ( ! *annel ( ,d is ret>d$ by its hav+ to jo9 ! ma9 /ream at a po9t :]e ! h>d b$ 9 ! axis ( ! fold holds ! ma9 *annel well above baselevel4 ,! not* cut by ,d w !n be *ang$ f a wat]-gap to a w9d-gap & ! upp] portion ( ,d w f9d exit ?r\gh ! not* cut by ,c1 z 9 fig4 #aa4 ,z o!r subsequ5t headwat]s make capture ( ,c1 ! great] dep? to :i* ! lat]al valley is cut on ! s(t rock causes a sl[ migration ( ! divides 9 ! ab&on$ gaps t[>ds ! ma9 /ream1 & be=e long ! upp] "p ( ! ma9 /ream itself w be l$ out ( ! syncl9al axis to foll[ ! monocl9al valley at "o side = a di/ance1 fig4 #ab1 until ! axis c be rejo9$ ?r\gh ! gap :]e ! axial portion ( ! controll+ h>d b$ is ne> or at baselevel4 ,! upp] "p ( ! syncl9al tr\gh w !n be attack$ by und]cutt+ on ! slope ( ! quickly deep5$ *annels ( ! lat]al /reams1 & ! h>d b$ w be worn away 9 ! high] "p ( ! axis be=e x is consum$ 9 ! l[] "p4 ,! location ( ! successful lat]al /ream on "o or ! o!r side ( ! syncl9e may be det]m9$ by ! dip ( ! b$s1 gaps be+ cut quick] on /eep ?an on g5tle dips4 ,if ano!r h>d b$ is enc\nt]$ bel[ ! s(t "o1 ! process w be repeat$2 & ! mature arrangem5t ( ! /reams w be z 9 fig4 #ac 7on a small] scale ?an ! prec$+71 runn+ obliquely (f ! axis ( ! fold :]e a h>d b$ ( ! syncl9e rises above baselevel1 & return+ to ! axis :]e ! h>d b$ is bel[ or at baselevel2 a monocl9al /ream w&]+ gradually f ! axis along ! /rike ( ! s(t b$1 ,,ae1 by :i* ! side-valley is locat$ & return+ abruptly to ! axis by a catacl9al#ag /ream 9 a transv]se gap1 ,,eb1 9 ! next high] h>d b$1 & !re rejo9+ ! dim9i%$ repres5tative or survivor ( ! orig9al axial or syncl9al /ream1 ,,gb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ! t]m9ology sugge/$ by ,p[ell4 ,expl4 ,col4 ,r4 ( ! ,we/1 #ahge1 #afj4 ,?is t]m9ology is applicable only to ! mo/ detail$ /udy ( our riv]s1 by reason ( _! cross+ s _m folds1 & *ang+ s (t5 f longitud9al to transv]se c\rses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 #ag4 ,t]m9ology ( riv]s *ang$ by adju/m5t4--,a special t]m9ology is ne$$ = easy ref]5ce to ! sev]al p>ts ( ! /reams conc]n$ 9 su* an adju/m5t4 ,let ,,ab & ,,cd1 fig4 #ad1 be /reams ( unequal size cutt+ gaps1 ,h & ,g1 9 a ridge t lies transv]se to _! c\rse4 ,,cd be+ l>g] ?an ,,ab w deep5 its gap fa/]4 ,( two subsequ5t /reams1 ,,je & ,,jf1 gr[+ on ! up-/ream side ( ! ridge1 ,,je w h ! /eep] slope1 because x jo9s ! deep] ma/]-/ream4 ,! divide1 ,j1 w !re=e be driv5 t[>ds ,,ab1 & if all ! conditions conc]n$ conspire favorably1 ,,je w at la/ tap ,,ab at ,f1 & lead ! upp] "p1 ,,af1 out by ! l9e ,,fegd1 fig4 #ae1 ?r\gh ! deep] gap1 ,g4 ,we may !n say t ,,je becomes ! div]tor ( ,,af1 :i* is div]t$2 & :5 ! process is complet$1 by ! transf] ( ! divide f ,j1 on ! s(t rocks1 to a /able location1 ,h1 on ! h>d rocks1 !re w be a %ort inv]t$ /ream1 ,,hf2 :ile ,,hb is ! rema9+ behead$ portion ( ! orig9al /ream1 ,,ab1 & ! wat]-gap ( ,,ab becomes a w9d-gap1 ,h4 ,x is v desirable t geographic exploration %\ld discov] examples ( ! process ( adju/m5t 9 its sev]al /ages4 ,! prep>atory /age is easily recogniz$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! two ma9 /reams1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! dep? ( _! gaps1 & ! unsymmetrical position ( ! divide1 ,j4 ,! v brief /age ( transition gives u ! r>e examples ( bifurcat+ /reams4 ,= a %ort "t aft] capture ( ! div]t$ /ream by ! div]tor1 ! new divide w lie betwe5 ,f & ,h1 9 an un/able position1 ! duration ( ?is "t dep5d+ on ! en]gy ( ! process ( capture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! consequ5ces result+ f readju/m5ts ( ?is k9d by :i* _! rec5t occurr5ce c be detect$ are3 a relatively sudd5 increase ( volume ( ! div]tor & h5ce a rapid deep5+ ( ! c\rse ( ! div]t+ /ream1 ,,fe1 & ( ! div]t$1 ,,af1 ne> ! po9t ( capture2 small side-/reams ( ^! two be+ unable to keep pace ) ?is *ange w jo9 _! ma/]s 9 local rapids1 :i* "w up /ream gradually & fade away 7,lwl1 ,p5ck1 ,mc,gee74 ,! exp&$ portion1 ,,ed1 ( ! l>g] /ream1 ,,cd1 already ( fa9t slope1 may be locally ov]come = a "t ) ! increase ( detritus t w be ?us deliv]$ to x at ! entrance1 ,e1 ( ! div]tor2 :ile ! behead$ /ream1 ,,hb1 w f9d itself emb>rass$ to live up to ! habits ( its l>ge valley ,heim4 ,geographic exploration ) ^! matt]s 9 m9d (f]s opportunity = ! mo/ attractive discov]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 #ah4 ,examples ( adju/m5t4--,ano!r case is r\ghly figur$ 9 ! next ?ree diagrams1 figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah4 ,two adjac5t syncl9al /reams1 ,,ea & ,,hb1 jo9 a transv]se ma/] /ream1 ,c1 b ! syncl9es are ( diff]5t =ms2 ! surface axis ( "o1 ,,ea1 /&s at "s altitude above baselevel until x ne>ly rea*es ! place ( ! transv]se /ream2 :ile ! axis ( ! o!r1 ,,hb1 desc5ds ne> baselevel at a consid]able di/ance f ! transv]se /ream4 ,z lat]al valleys1 ,e & ,d1 are op5$ on ! anticl9e betwe5 ! syncl9es by a process simil> to t already describ$1 ! divide sep>at+ !m w %ift t[>ds ! /ream ( fa9t] slope1 t is1 t[>ds ! syncl9e1 ,,ea1 ^: axis holds its h>d b$s above baselevel2 & 9 "t ! upp] "p ( ! ma9 /ream w be )drawn f ?is syncl9e to foll[ an easi] c\rse by cross+ to ! o!r1 z 9 fig4 #ag4 ,if ! elevation ( ! syncl9al axis1 ,,aes1 take ! %ape ( a long flat ar*1 desc5d+ at ! fur!r end into a syncl9al lake bas91 ,s1 ^: outlet is along ! ar*+ axis1 ,,sa1 !n ! mature arrangem5t ( /ream c\rses w lead ! lake outlet away f ! axis by "s gap 9 ! ne>] asc5d+ "p ( ! ar* :]e ! controll+ h>d b$ falls ne> to baselevel1 z at ,f1 fig4 #ah1ah & w take x by "s subsequ5t c\rse1 ,,fd1 across ! l[l& t is op5$ on ! s(t b$s betwe5 ! syncl9es1 & c>ry x into ! l[] syncl9e1 ,,hb1 at ,d :]e ! h>d b$s desc5d bel[ baselevel4 ,footnote #ah3 ,?is figure w\ld be improv$ if a great] am\nt ( wa/+ ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! h>d b$ 7 indicat$ 9 comp>ison ) ! prec$+ figure4 ,! v>iety ( adju/m5ts foll[+ ! g5]al pr9ciple "h indicat$ is inf9ite4 ,*anges ( great] or less value are ?us introduc$ 9 ! initial dra9age areas1 until1 aft] atta9+ an attitude ( equilibrium1 fur!r *ange is arre/$1 or if occurr+1 is relatively insignificant4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! new /ream c\rses ?us *os5 are n nam$ by any ( ! t]ms n[ curr5t to express ! relation ( /ream & l& hi/ory2 !y are nei!r consequ5t1 antec$5t nor sup]impos$4 ,! /ream is truly /ill an orig9al /ream1 al?\gh no long] "y2 b its *annel is n 9 all p>ts /rictly consequ5t on ! initial con/ructional =m ( ! l& t x dra9s4 ,/reams ?us re-arrang$ may !re=e be nam$ orig9al /reams ( mature adju/m5t4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly recogniz$ t ! process ( adju/m5t is a v sl[ "o1 unless measur$ 9 ! extremely long units ( a riv]'s life4 ,x progresses no fa/] ?an ! wea!r+ away ( ! slopes ( a divide1 & "h z a rule wea!r+ is delib]ate to say ! lea/1 unless accel]at$ by a =tunate comb9ation ( favor+ conditions4 ,among ^! conditions1 great altitude ( ! mass expos$ to erosion /&s fir/1 & deep *annel+ ( /reams bel[ ! surface--t is1 ! adolesc5t /age ( dra9age developm5t--/&s second4 ,! opportunity = ! lat]al migration ( a divide w dep5d on ! inequality ( ! slopes on its two sides1 & "h ! mo/ important factors are l5g? ( ! two opposite /ream c\rses f ! wat] p>t+ to ! common baselevel ( ! two1 & inequality ( /ructure by :i* "o /ream may h an easy c\rse & ! o!r a h>d "o4 ,x is manife/ t all ^! conditions = active %ift+ ( divides are be/ unit$ 9 "y & high m\nta9 ranges1 & h5ce x is t riv] adju/m5ts h be5 f\nd & /udi$ m 9 ! ,alps ?an else:]e4 #ai4 ,revival ( riv]s by elevation & dr[n+ by depression4--,i make no cont5tion t any riv] 9 ! _w ev] pass$ ?r\gh a simple un9t]rupt$ cycle ( ! ord]ly k9d "h describ$4 ,b by exam9+ _m riv]s1 "s "y & "s old1 ,i d n d\bt t ?is portrayal ( ! ideal w\ld be f\nd to be fairly correct if opportunity 7 (f]$ = its developm5t4 ,! int5tion ( ! sket* is simply to prep>e ! way = ! bett] und]/&+ ( our actual riv]s ( m complicat$ hi/ory4 ,at ! close or at any "t dur+ ! passage ( an initial cycle su* z ! "o j consid]$1 ! dra9age area ( a riv] sy/em may be bodily elevat$4 ,! riv] is !n turn$ back to a new y\? & ent]s a new cycle ( developm5t4 ,?is is an extremely common occurr5ce ) riv]s1 ^: life is s long t !y commonly outlive ! duration ( a quiesc5t /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! l&4 ,su* riv]s may be call$ reviv$4 ,examples may be giv5 9 :i* /reams are n[ 9 _! second or ?ird p]iod ( revival1 ! elevations t sep>ate _! cycles foll[+ s soon t b little "w 0 accompli%$ 9 ! quiesc5t int]vals4 ,! anti!sis ( ?is is ! effect ( depression1 by :i* ! l[] c\rse may be dr[n$1 flood$ or fjord$4 ,?is *ange is1 if sl[1 favorable to ! developm5t ( flood-pla9s 9 ! l[] c\rse2 b x is n ess5tial to _! production4 ,if ! *ange is m rapid1 op5 e/u>ies are =m$1 to be trans=m$ to delta-l[l&s lat] on4 #bj4 ,opportunity = new adju/m5ts ) revival4--,"o ( ! mo/ common effects ( ! revival ( a riv] by g5]al elevation is a new adju/m5t ( its c\rse to a great] or less ext5t1 z a result ( ! new relation ( baselevel to ! h>d & s(t b$s on :i* ! /reams _h adju/$ !mselves 9 ! previ\s cycle4 ,syncl9al m\nta9s are mo/ easily expla9$ z results ( dra9age *anges ( ?is k9d ,sci5ce1 ,dec4 #ba/1 #ahhh4 ,/reams ?us re>rang$ may be said to be adju/$ ?r\gh elevation or revival4 ,x is to be hop$ t1 z our /udy advances1 s+le names ( brief & appropriate =m may replace ^! p>aphrases2 b at pres5t x seems advisable to keep ! desir$ idea be=e ! m9d by a descriptive phrase1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( brevity4 ,a significant example may be describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,let x be suppos$ t an orig9ally consequ5t riv] sy/em has liv$ into advanc$ maturity on a surface ^: /ructure is1 l t ( ,p5nsylvania1 compos$ ( closely adjac5t anticl9al & syncl9al folds ) ris+ & fall+ axes1 & t a s]ies ( p>ticul>ly resi/ant b$s composes ! upp] memb]s ( ! fold$ mass4 ,! ma/] /ream1 ,a1 fig4 #ai1 at maturity /ill resides :]e ! orig9al folds 7 l[e/1 b ! side /reams h dep>t$ m less f ! axes ( ! syncl9als t !y fir/ foll[$1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( adju/m5t pres5t$ above4 ,! relief ( ! surface is mod]ate1 except ar\nd ! syncl9al tr\ghs1 :]e ! ris+ m>g9s ( ! h>d b$s /ill appe> z ridges ( m or less prom95ce4 ,! m9ute ha*ures 9 figure #ai are drawn on ! outcrop side ( ^! ridges4 ,n[ suppose a g5]al elevation ( ! region1 lift+ ! syncl9al tr\ghs ( ! h>d b$s up to baselevel or ev5 some:at above x4 ,! deep5+ ( ! reviv$ ma/]-/ream w be greatly ret>d$ by reason ( its hav+ to cross s _m outcrops ( ! h>d b$s1 & ?us excell5t opportunity w be giv5 = readju/m5t by ! gr[? ( "s div]t+ /ream1 ,b1 ^: beg9n+ on adjac5t s(t] rocks 0 already made 9 ! previ\s cycle4 ,?is w capture ! ma9 riv] at "s up-/ream po9t1 & draw x ne>ly all away f its h>d pa? across ! syncl9al tr\ghs to an easi] pa? across ! l[l&s t _h be5 op5$ on ! und]ly+ s(t] b$s1 leav+ only a small behead$ remnant 9 ! l[] c\rse4 ,! f9al re-arrangem5t may be indicat$ 9 fig4 #bj4 ,x %\ld be not$ t e capture ( bran*es ( ! initial ma9 /ream made by ! div]t+ /ream adds to its ability = fur!r encroa*m5ts1 = ) increase ( volume ! *annel is deep5$ & a flatt] slope is assum$1 & ! :ole process ( pu%+ away ! divides is !reby accel]at$4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! l>g] ! /ream & ! less its elevation above baselevel1 ! less likely is x to be div]t$1 = ) l>ge volume & small elevation x w e>ly cut d[n its *annel s close to baselevel t no o!r /ream c (f] x a bett] c\rse to ! sea2 x may also be said t1 z a rule1 ( two equal /reams1 ! headwat]s ( ! "o hav+ a long] or a h>d] c\rse w be div]t$ by a bran* ( ! /ream on ! %ort] or easi] c\rse4 ,e case mu/ !re=e be exam9$ = itself be=e ! k9d ( re-arrangem5t t may be expect$ or t may h already tak5 place c be discov]$4 #ba4 ,antec$5t & sup]impos$ riv]s4--,x n infrequ5tly happ5s t ! surface1 on :i* a dra9age sy/em is m or less fully develop$1 suff]s de=mation by tilt+1 fold+ or fault+4 ,!n1 9 accordance ) ! rate ( di/urbance1 & dep5d5t on ! size & slope ( ! /reams & ! resi/ance ( ! rocks1 ! /reams w be m or less re-arrang$1 "s ( ! l>g] ones p]si/+ 9 _! c\rses & cutt+ _! *annels d[n almo/ z fa/ z ! mass bel[ !m is rais$ & (f]$ to _! action4 ,x is manife/ t /reams ( l>ge volume & consid]able slope are ! ones mo/ likely to p]sev]e 9 ?is way1 :ile small /reams & l>ge ones ( mod]ate slope may be turn$ f _! =m] c\rses to new c\rses consequ5t on ! new con/ructional =m ( ! l&4 ,h5ce1 aft] a di/urbance1 we may expect to f9d ! small] /reams ( ! =m] cycle pretty completely de/roy$1 :ile "s ( ! l>g] ones may /ill p]si/2 ^! w\ld !n be call$ antec$5t /reams 9 accordance ) ! nom5clature introduc$ by ,p[ell4#ai ,a full] acqua9tance ) ! developm5t ( our riv]s w probably give u examples ( riv] sy/ems ( all degrees ( ext9ction or p]si/5ce at times ( di/urbance4 ,footnote #ai3 ,exploration ( ! ,colorada ,riv] ( ! ,we/1 #ahge1 #aec1 #afc-aff4 ,s9ce ,p[ell introduc$ ! idea ( antec$5t valleys & ,tietze1 ,m$licott & o!rs %[$ ! validity ( ! explanation 9 o!r regions ?an ! "o = :i* x 0 fir/ propos$1 x has f\nd mu* acceptance4 ,lwl's objection to x does n seem to me to be ne>ly s well f\nd$ z 8 sugge/ion ( an additional me?od ( riv] developm5t by means ( backw>d headwat] erosion & subsequ5t capture ( o!r /reams1 z already describ$4 ,& yet ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! explanation ( transv]se valleys z antec$5t c\rses savors ( ! ,gordian me?od ( expla9+ a difficult matt]4 ,! case ( ! ,gre5 riv]1 to :i* ,p[ell fir/ gave ?is explanation1 seems well support$2 ! examples giv5 by ,m$licott 9 ! ,himalayas are z good3 b /ill x does n seem advisable to expla9 all transv]se /reams 9 ?is way1 m]ely because !y are transv]se4 ,p]haps "o reason :y ! explanation has become s popul> is t x furni%es an escape f ! old cata/rophic idea t fractures control ! location ( valleys1 & is at ! same "t fully accordant ) ! ideas ( ! uni=mit>ian s*ool t h become curr5t 9 ?is half ( our c5tury4 ,b :5 x is rememb]$ t mo/ ( ! /reams ( a region are ext+ui%$ at ! "t ( m\nta9 gr[?1 t only a few ( ! l>g] ones c survive1 & t !re are o!r ways 9 :i* transv]se /reams may orig9ate1#bj x is evid5t t ! possibility ( any giv5 transv]se /ream be+ antec$5t mu/ be reg>d$ only z a sugge/ion1 until "s indep5d5t evid5ce is introduc$ 9 its favor4 ,?is may be difficult to f9d1 b x c]ta9ly mu/ be se>*$ =2 if n !n =?com+1 ! be/ conclusion may be to leave ! case op5 until ! evid5ce appe>s4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we f9d a riv] c\rse t is accordant 9 its location ) ! complicat$ results ( o!r me?ods ( orig91 !n ! burd5 ( pro( may be said to lie ) ^? :o w\ld ma9ta9 t an antec$5t orig9 w\ld locate ! riv] 9 s specializ$ a mann]4 ,ev5 if a riv] p]si/ = a "t 9 an antec$5t c\rse1 ?is may n prev5t its be+ aft]w>ds affect$ by ! v>i\s adju/m5ts & revivals t h be5 expla9$ above3 riv]s s di/9ctly antec$5t z ! ,gre5 & ! ,sutlej may h]eaft] be m or less affect$ by processes ( adju/m5t1 :i* !y are n yet old en\gh to exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce 9 m\nta9s z old z ! ,appala*ians ! c\rses ( ! pres5t riv]s ne$ n co9cide ) ! location ( ! pre-,p]mian riv]s1 ev5 if ! latt] p]si/$ 9 _! c\rses ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ! ,p]mian fold+2 subsequ5t elevations & adju/m5ts to h>d b$s1 at fir/ buri$ & unse51 may h greatly displac$ !m1 9 accordance ) ,lwl's pr9ciple4 ,footnote #bj3 ,hilb]1 ,pet4 ,mit?41 xxxv1 #ahhi1 #ac4 ,:5 ! deep] *annell+ ( a /ream discov]s an uncon=mable subjac5t t]rane1 ! /reams p]si/ at lea/ = a "t 9 ! c\rses t 7 det]m9$ 9 ! ov]ly+ mass2 !y are !n call$ sup]impos$ 7,p[ell71 inh]it$ 7,%al]71 or epig5etic 7,ri*?(574 ,su* /reams are p>ticul>ly liable to readju/m5t by transf] ( *annels f c\rses t lead !m ov] h>d b$s to o!rs on :i* ! h>d b$s are avoid$2 = ! fir/ *oice ( *annels1 :5 ! uncon=mable cov] 0 /ill pres5t1 0 made )\t any k ( ! buri$ rock /ructure or ( ! difficulties 9 :i* ! /reams w\ld be involv$ :5 !y enc\nt]$ x4 ,! examples ( falls produc$ :5 /reams t]race _! flood-pla9s & run on buri$ spurs has already be5 ref]r$ to z sup]impos$2 & ! riv]s ( ,m9nesota n[ disclos+ half-buri$ l$ges "h & !re may be in/anc$ z illu/rat+ ! transition /age betwe5 simple consequ5t c\rses1 det]m9$ by ! =m ( ! drift %eet on :i* _! fl[ began1 & ! fully inconsequ5t c\rses t w be develop$ !re 9 ! future4 #bb4 ,simple1 comp\nd1 composite & complex riv]s4--,we h ?us f> consid]$ an ideal riv]4 ,x n[ seems advisable to introduce a few t]ms ) :i* to indicate concisely c]ta9 well m>k$ peculi>ities 9 ! hi/ory ( actual riv]s4 ,an orig9al riv] has already be5 def9$ z "o :i* fir/ takes possession ( a l& area1 or :i* replaces a completely ext+ui%$ riv] on a surface ( rapid de=mation4 ,a riv] may be simple1 if its dra9age area is ( practically "o k9d ( /ructure & ( "o age2 l ! riv]s ( s\!rn ,new ,j]sey4 ,su* riv]s are g5]ally small4 ,x may be composite1 :5 dra9age areas ( diff]5t /ructure are includ$ 9 ! bas9 ( a s+le /ream4 ,?is is ! usual case4 ,a comp\nd riv] is "o :i* is ( diff]5t ages 9 its diff]5t p>ts2 z c]ta9 riv]s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :i* h old headwat]s ris+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 & "y l[] c\rses trav]s+ ! coa/al pla94 ,a riv] is complex :5 x has ent]$ a second or lat] cycle ( developm5t2 ! headwat]s ( a comp\nd riv] are !re=e complex1 :ile ! l[] c\rse may be simple1 9 its fir/ cycle4 ,! degree ( complexity measures ! numb] ( cycles t ! riv] has ent]$4 ,:5 ! /udy ( riv]s is ?us attempt$1 its necess>y complications may at fir/ seem s great z to r5d] x ( no value2 b 9 answ] to ?is ,i believe t x may be fairly urg$ t1 al?\gh complicat$1 ! results are true to nature1 & if s1 we c h no gr\nd ( compla9t aga9/ !m4 ,moreov]1 :ile x is desirable to r$uce ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( riv]s to its simple/ =m1 9 ord] to make x available = in/ruction & inve/igation1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is _c be done by neglect+ to inve/igate ! :ole tru? 9 ! hope ( avoid+ too great complexity1 b t simplicity c be rea*$ safely only ?r\gh fullness ( k1 if at all4 ,x is ) ^! po9ts 9 m9d t ,i h attempt$ to deciph] ! hi/ory ( ! riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,susquehanna1 :i* dra9s a great area 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate1 an example ( a riv] :i* is at once composite1 comp\nd & highly complex4 ,x dra9s di/ricts ( div]s /ructure2 x trav]ses di/ricts ( diff]5t ages2 & x is at pres5t 9 its f\r? or fif? degree ( complexity1 its f\r? or fif? cycle ( developm5t at lea/4 ,9 unravell+ its hi/ory & se>*+ out ! e>li] c\rses ( /reams :i* may h long s9ce be5 ab&on$ 9 ! processes ( mature adju/m5t1 x w be se5 t ! size ( ! pres5t /reams is n always a measure ( _! previ\s importance1 & to ?is we may ascribe ! difficulty t att5ds ! attempt to deciph] a riv]'s hi/ory f g5]al maps ( its /ream l9es4 ,no?+ b a detail$ exam9ation ( geological /ructure & hi/ory suffices to detect facts & conditions t are ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( ! result4 ,if ! po/ulates t ,i %all use seem uns\nd & ! argum5ts seem ov]drawn1 error may at lea/ be avoid$ by n hold+ fa/ to ! conclusions t are pres5t$1 = !y are pres5t$ only t5tatively4 ,i d n feel by any means absolutely p]suad$ ( ! correctness ( ! results1 b at ! same "t deem !m wor? giv+ out = discussion4 ,! :ole inve/igation 0 und]tak5 z an exp]im5t to see :]e x might lead1 & ) ! hope t x might lead at lea/ to a s]i\s /udy ( our riv] problems4 ,,"p ,,f\r?4 ,! developm5t ( ! riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania4 #bc4 ,means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 antec$5t & adju/$ consequ5t riv]s4--,! outl9e ( ! geological hi/ory ( ,p5nsylvania giv5 above af=ds means ( divid+ ! long progress ( ! developm5t ( our riv]s into ! sev]al cycles :i* make up _! complete life4 ,we mu/ g f> back into ! pa/ & imag9e anci5t /reams fl[+ d[n f ! ,ar*ean l& t[>ds ! paleozoic sea2 ga9+ l5g? by addition to _! l[] portions z ! l& grew ) ! build+ on ( successive m\nta9 ranges2 = example1 if !re 7 a ,cambro-,silurian de=mation1 a cont9uation ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s into ,p5nsylvania1 we suppose t ! pre-exi/5t /reams mu/ 9 "s mann] h f\nd _! way we/w>d to ! new coa/l9e2 & f ! date ( ?is m\nta9 gr[?1 x is app>5t t any /reams !n born mu/ h advanc$ f> 9 _! hi/ory be=e ! great] ,appala*ian di/urbance began4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! latt]1 z ( ! =m]1 !re mu/ h be5 /reams runn+ f ! l& into ! sea1 & at times ( tempor>y elevation ( ! broad s&-flats ( ! coal measures1 su* /reams mu/ h _h consid]able additions to _! l[] l5g?2 ris+ 9 long-gr[+ ,ar*ean highl&s or m\nta9s1 sn[-capp$ & dra9$ by glaci]s = all we c say to ! contr>y1 desc5d+ across ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 belt1 by t "t worn to mod]ate relief 9 ! f> advanc$ /age ( its topographic developm5t1 & f9ally fl[+ across ! coal-measure l[l&s ( rec5t appe>ance4 ,x 0 across ! l[] c\rses ( su* riv]s t ! ,appala*ian folds 7 =m$1 & ! fir/ /ep 9 our problem consi/s 9 decid+ if possible :e!r ! /reams held _! c\rses aft] ! antec$5t fa%ion1 or :e!r !y 7 ?r[n into new c\rses by ! gr[+ folds1 s t a new dra9age sy/em w\ld be =m$4 ,possibly bo? conditions prevail$2 ! l>g] /reams hold+ _! c\rses little di/urb$1 & ! small] ones disappe>+1 to be replac$ by o!rs z ! slopes ( ! gr[+ surface %\ld dem&4 ,x is n easy to make *oice 9 ?is matt]4 ,to decide t ! l>g] /reams p]si/$ & are /ill to be se5 9 ! great] riv]s ( to-day1 only rev]s$ 9 direction ( fl[1 is c]ta9ly a simple me?od ( treat+ ! problem1 b unless "s indep5d5t reasons are f\nd = ?is *oice1 x savors ( assumption4 ,moreov]1 x is difficult to believe t any /reams1 ev5 if antec$5t & m or less p]si/5t = a "t dur+ ! m\nta9 gr[?1 c\ld pres]ve till n[ _! pre-,appala*ian c\rses ?r\gh all ! v>y+ conditions pres5t$ by ! alt]nations ( h>d & s(t rocks ?r\gh :i* !y h _h to cut1 & at all ! diff]5t altitudes above baselevel 9 :i* !y h /ood4 ,a bett] means ( decid+ ! "q w be to admit provisionally ! occurr5ce ( a completely orig9al sy/em ( consequ5t dra9age1 locat$ 9 p]fect accord ) ! slopes ( ! gr[+ m\nta9s2 to /udy out ! *anges ( /ream-c\rses t w\ld result f lat] di/urbances & f ! mutual adju/m5ts ( ! sev]al memb]s ( su* a sy/em 9 ! diff]5t cycles ( its hi/ory2 & f9ally to comp>e ! c\rses ?us d$uc$ ) ^? n[ se54 ,if !re be no accord1 ei!r ! me?od is wrong or ! /reams are n consequ5t b ( "s o!r orig91 su* z antec$5t2 if ! accord betwe5 d$uction & fact be well m>k$1 v>y+ only :]e no def9ite location c be giv5 to ! d$uc$ /reams1 b agree+ :]e !y c be locat$ m precisely1 !n x seems to me t ! be/ conclusion is di/9ctly 9 favor ( ! correctness ( ! d$uctions4 ,= x is n likely1 ev5 if x be possible1 t antec$5t /reams %\ld h accid5tally tak51 be=e ! m\nta9s 7 =m$1 j su* locations z w\ld h result$ f ! subsequ5t gr[? ( ! m\nta9s & f ! complex *anges 9 ! initial riv] c\rses due to lat] adju/m5ts4 ,i %all !re=e foll[ ! d$uctive me?od ?us indicat$ & attempt to trace out ! hi/ory ( a completely orig9al1 consequ5t sy/em ( dra9age accordant ) ! gr[? ( ! c5tral m\nta9 di/rict4 ,9 do+ ?is1 x is fir/ necess>y to re/ore ! con/ructional topography ( ! region2 t is1 ! =m t ! surface w\ld h _h if no erosion _h accompani$ its de=mation4 ,?is involves c]ta9 po/ulates :i* mu/ be cle>ly conceiv$ if any measure ( confid5ce is to be ga9$ 9 ! results bas$ ^u !m4 #bd4 ,po/ulates ( ! argum5t4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i assume an ess5tial con/ancy 9 ! ?ickness ( ! paleozoic s$im5ts ov] ! entire area 9 "q4 ,?is is w>rant$ "h because ! kn[n v>iations ( ?ickness are relatively ( a second ord]1 & w n affect ! di/ribution ( high & l[ gr\nd z produc$ by ! int5se ,p]mian fold+4 ,! reasons = ma9ta9+ t ! :ole s]ies _h a consid]able ext5sion s\!a/ ( ! pres5t m>g9 ( ! ,m$9a s&/one h already be5 pres5t$4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i %all assume t ! dips & folds ( ! b$s n[ expos$ at ! surface ( ! gr\nd may be project$ upw>ds into ! air 9 ord] to re/ore ! =m ( ! erod$ b$s4 ,?is is c]ta9ly inadmissible 9 detail1 = x _c be assum$ t ! fold$ slates & lime/ones ( ! ,nittany valley1 = in/ance1 give any close indication ( ! =m t ! coal measures w\ld h tak51 _h !y ext5d$ ov] ?is di/rict1 unworn4 ,b 9 a g5]al way1 ! ,nittany massif 0 a complex ar* 9 ! coal measures z well z 9 ! ,cambrian b$s2 = our purpose & 9 view ( ! mod]ate relief ( ! exi/+ topography1 x suffices to say t :]ev] ! l[] rocks are n[ reveal$ 9 anticl9al /ructure1 !re 0 a great upfold+ & elevation ( ! orig9al surface2 & :]ev] ! high] rocks are /ill pres]v$1 !re 0 a relatively small elevation4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,i assume t by recon/ruct+ f ! complet$ folds ! =m :i* ! c\ntry w\ld h _h if unworn1 we ga9 a suffici5tly def9ite picture ( ! =m ?r\gh :i* x actually pass$ at ! "t ( initial & progressive fold+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m ( ! folds completely re/or$ & ! =m t ! surface actually rea*$ is r "o ( degree ?an ( k9d2 ! two mu/ correspond 9 ! g5]al di/ribution ( high & l[ gr\nd & ?is is ! *ief consid]ation 9 our problem4 ,:5 we rememb] h[ accurately wat] f9ds its level1 x w be cle>] t :at is ne$$ 9 ! discussion is ! location ( ! regions t 7 relatively rais$ & l[]$1 z we %all !n h m>k$ out ! g5]al c\rse ( ! consequ5t wat] ways & ! tr5d ( ! int]v5+ con/ructional ridges4 ,accept+ ^! po/ulates1 x may be said 9 brief t ! outl9es ( ! =mations z at pres5t expos$ are 9 effect s _m cont\r l9es ( ! old con/ructional surface1 on :i* ! ,p]mian riv]s took _! consequ5t c\rses4 ,:]e ! ,tr5ton lime/one is n[ se51 ! greate/ am\nt ( ov]ly+ /rata mu/ h be5 remov$2 h5ce ! outl9e ( ! ,tr5ton =mation is our highe/ cont\r l9e4 ,:]e ! ,held]b]g lime/one appe>s1 !re has be5 a less am\nt ( mat]ial remov$2 h5ce ! ,held]b]g outcrop is a cont\r ( less elevation4 ,:]e ! coal b$s /ill are pres]v$1 !re has be5 lea/ wa/+1 & ^! b$s !re=e m>k ! l[e/ cont\r ( ! e>ly surface4 ,x is manife/ t ?is me?od assumes t ! pres5t outcrops are on a level surface2 ?is is n true1 = ! ridges ?r\gh ! ,/ate rise a ?\s& feet m or less ov] ! int]v5+ valley l[l&s1 & yet ! exi/+ relief does n c\nt = mu* 9 discuss+ ! enorm\s relief ( ! ,p]mian surface t mu/ h be5 measur$ 9 t5s ( ?\s&s ( feet at ! "t ( its greate/ /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,con/ructional ,p]mian topography ( ,p5nsylvania4 #be4 ,con/ructional ,p]mian topography & consequ5t dra9age4--,a r\gh re/oration ( ! e>ly con/ructional topography is giv5 9 fig4 #ba = ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate1 ! close/ %ad+ be+ ! area ( ! ,tr5ton lime/one1 indicat+ ! highe/ gr\nd1 or bett]1 ! places ( greate/ elevation1 :ile ! ,c>bonif]\s area is un%ad$1 indicat+ ! e>ly l[l&s4 ,! preval5ce ( nor!a/ & s\?we/ tr5ds 0 !n ev5 m pron\nc$ ?an n[4 ,sev]al ( ! /rong] elem5ts ( =m des]ve names1 = conv5i5t ref]5ce4 ,?us we h ! great ,kittat9ny or ,cumb]l& highl&1 ,c1 ,c1 on ! s\!a/1 back$ by ! old] m\nta9s ( ,cambrian & ,ar*ean rocks1 fall+ by ! ,kittat9ny slope to ! syncl9al l[l& tr\ghs ( ! c5tral di/rict4 ,9 ?is l[] gr\nd lay ! syncl9al tr\ghs ( ! ea/]n coal regions1 & ! m local ,broad ,top bas91 ,,bt1 on ! s\?we/1 !n bett] ?an n[ des]v+ ! "n ( bas9s4 ,beyond ! corrugat$ area t connect$ ! coal bas9s rose ! great ,nittany highl&1 ,n1 & its s\?we/ ext5sion 9 ! ,b$=d range1 ) ! less conspicu\s ,ki%icoquilas highl&1 ,k1 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,beyond all /ret*$ ! great ,alleghany l[l& pla9s4 ,! names ?us sugge/$ are comp\nd$ ( ! local names ( to-day & ! morphological names ( ,p]mian "t4 ,:at w\ld be ! dra9age ( su* a c\ntry8 ,d$uctively we are l$ to believe t x consi/$ ( num]\s /reams z m>k$ 9 full l9es on ! figure1 foll[+ syncl9al axes until "s ma/] /reams l$ !m across ! int]v5+ anticl9al ridges at ! l[e/ po9ts ( _! cre/s & away into ! op5 c\ntry to ! nor?we/4 ,all ! enclos$ bas9s w\ld hold lakes1 ov]fl[+ at ! l[e/ "p ( ! rim4 ,! g5]al dis*>ge ( ! :ole sy/em w\ld be to ! nor?we/4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ resort to special names = ! easy indication ( ^! well-m>k$ features ( ! anci5t & n[ app>5tly lo/ dra9age sy/em4 ,! ma/] /ream ( ! region is ! great ,an?racite riv]1 c>ry+ ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,an?racite lakes (f to ! nor?we/ & !re p]haps turn+ along "o ( ! fa9tly m>k$ syncl9es ( ! plateau & jo9+ ! orig9al ,ohio1 :i* 0 ?us confirm$ 9 its previ\s location across ! ,c>bonif]\s m>%es4 ,! syncl9al /reams t ent]$ ! ,an?racite lakes f ! s\?we/ may be nam$1 beg9n+ on ! s\?1 ! ,swat>a1 ,s1 fig4 #ba1 ! ,wiconisco1 ,wo1 ! ,tusc>ora-,mahanoy1 ,m1 ! ,juniata-,catawissa1 ,c1 & ! ,wyom+1 ,wy4 ,"o ( ^!1 probably ! f\r?1 l$ ! ov]fl[ f ! ,broad ,top lake into ! ,catawissa lake on ! middle ,an?racite riv]4 ,! ,nittany highl& =m$ a /rong divide betwe5 ! c5tral & nor?we/]n riv]s1 & on its out] slope !re mu/ h be5 /reams desc5d+ to ! ,alleghany l[l&s2 & "s ( ^! may be reg>d$ z ! l[] c\rses ( ,c>bonif]\s riv]s1 t once rose 9 ! ,ar*ean m\nta9s1 n[ behead$ by ! gr[? ( m\nta9 ranges across _! middle4 #bf4 ,! ,jura m\nta9s homolog\s ) ! ,p]mian ,alleghanies4--,h[ev] will+ "o may be to grant ! =m] exi/5ce ( su* a dra9age sy/em z ! above1 an example ( a simil> "o /ill 9 exi/5ce w\ld be acceptable z a witness to ! possibilities ( ! pa/4 ,!re=e we turn = a mom5t to ! ,jura m\nta9s1 always comp>$ to ! ,appala*ians on acc\nt ( ! regul> s]ies ( folds by :i* ! two are *>act]iz$4 ,b :ile ! initial topography is long lo/ 9 our old m\nta9s1 x is /ill cle>ly p]ceptible 9 ! "y ,jura1 :]e ! anticl9es are /ill ridges & ! longitud9al /reams /ill foll[ ! syncl9al tr\ghs2 :ile ! transv]se /reams cross f "o syncl9al valley to ano!r at po9ts :]e ! int]v5+ anticl9al ar*es are l[e/4#ba ,we c\ld h>dly ask = bett] illu/ration ( ! d$uctive dra9age sy/em ( our e>ly ,appala*ians ?an is "h pres5t$4 ,footnote #ba3 ,?is is beautifully illu/rat$ 9 ! rec5t monograph by ,la ,no & ,m>g]ie on ,les ,=mes du ,t]ra94 #bg4 ,developm5t & adju/m5t ( ! ,p]mian dra9age4--,! problem is n[ be=e u4 ,c ! normal sequ5ce ( *anges 9 ! regul> c\rse ( riv] developm5t1 aid$ by ! po/-,p]mian de=mations & elevations1 evolve ! exi/+ riv]s out ( ! anci5t ones8 ,9 ord] to note ! degree ( comp>ison t exi/s betwe5 ! two1 sev]al ( ! l>g] riv]s ( to-day are dott$ on ! figure4 ,! po9ts ( agreem5t are inde$ few & small4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important ones are t ! ,broad ,top region is dra9$ by a /ream1 ! ,juniata1 :i* = a %ort di/ance foll[s ne> ! c\rse pr$ict$ = x2 & t ! ,nittany di/rict1 !n a highl&1 is /ill a well-m>k$ divide al?\gh n[ a l[l&4 ,b !re is no ,an?racite riv]1 & ! region ( ! anci5t coal-bas9 lakes is n[ avoid$ by l>ge /reams2 conv]sely1 a great riv]--! ,susquehanna--appe>s :]e no consequ5t riv] ran 9 ,p]mian "t1 & ! e>ly syncl9al /reams frequ5tly turn f ! /ructural tr\ghs to valleys locat$ on ! /ructural ar*es4 #bh4 ,lat]al wat]-gaps ne> ! apex ( syncl9al ridges4--,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t discrepancies betwe5 ! hypo!tical & actual /reams is t ! latt] nev] foll[ ! axis ( a desc5d+ syncl9e along its :ole l5g?1 z ! orig9al /reams mu/ h done1 b dep>t = a "t f ! axis & !n return to x1 not*+ ! ridge =m$ on any h>d b$ at ! side in/ead ( at ! apex ( its curve across ! axis ( ! syncl9e4 ,!re is n a s+le case 9 ! /ate ( a /ream cutt+ a gap at ! apex ( su* a syncl9al curve1 b !re are p]haps hundr$s ( cases :]e ! /reams not* ! curve to "o side ( ! apex4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is precisely ! arrangem5t atta9$ by spontane\s adju/m5t f an initial axial c\rse1 z indicat$ 9 figure #ac4 ,! gaps may be locat$ on small transv]se faults1 b z a rule !y seem to h no su* guidance4 ,x is true t mo/ ( our /reams n[ run out ( & n into ! syncl9al bas9s1 b a reason = ?is w be f\nd lat]2 = ! pres5t we look only at ! location ( ! /reams1 n at _! direction ( fl[4 ,z f> z ?is illu/ration goes1 x gives evid5ce t ! small] /reams at lea/ possess c]ta9 peculi>ities t c\ld n be d]iv$ f p]si/5ce 9 a previ\s accid5tal location1 b :i* w\ld be necess>ily d]iv$ f a process ( adju/m5t foll[+ ! orig9al e/abli%m5t ( /rictly consequ5t /reams4 ,h5ce ! hypo!sis t ^! small] /reams 7 long ago consequ5t on ! ,p]mian fold+ receives confirmation2 b ?is says no?+ z to ! orig9 ( ! l>g] riv]s1 :i* might at ! same "t be antec$5t4 #bi4 ,dep>ture ( ! ,juniata f ! ,juniata-,catawissa syncl9e4--,x may be next not$ t ! dra9age ( ! ,broad ,top region does n foll[ a s+le syncl9e to ! ,an?racite region1 z x %\ld h 9 ! initial /age ( ! consequ5t ,p]mian dra9age1 b soon turns aside f ! syncl9e 9 :i* x />ts & runs across c\ntry to ! ,susquehanna4 ,x is true t 9 its upp] c\rse ! ,juniata dep>ts f ! ,broad ,top region by "o ( ! two syncl9es t 7 indicat$ z ! probable l9e ( dis*>ge ( ! anci5t ,broad ,top lake 9 our re/oration ( ! con/ructional topography ( ! ,/ate2 !re does n appe> to be any significant diff]5ce betwe5 ! summit altitudes ( ! ,tusc>ora-,mahanoy & ! ,juniata-,catawissa syncl9al axes & h5ce ! *oice mu/ h be5 made = reasons t _c be detect$2 or x may be t ! syncl9e ly+ m to ! nor?we/ 0 rais$ la/1 & = ?is reason 0 tak5 z ! l9e ( ov]fl[4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! riv] is !re=e n discordant ) ! hypo!sis ( consequ5t dra9age1 b ! s\?w>d dep>ture f ! ,catawissa syncl9e at ,lewi/[n rema9s to be expla9$4 ,x seems to me t "s reason = ! dep>ture may be f\nd by lik5+ x to ! case already giv5 9 figs4 #af-ah4 ,! sev]al syncl9es ) :i* ! ,juniata is conc]n$ h precisely ! relative attitudes t are !re discuss$4 ,! ,juniata-,catawissa syncl9e has p>allel sides = _m miles ab\t its middle1 & h5ce mu/ h long ma9ta9$ ! initial ,juniata well above baselevel ov] all ?is di/ance2 ! progress ( cutt+ d[n a *annel ?r\gh all ! h>d ,c>bonif]\s s&/ones = s great a di/ance along ! axis mu/ h be5 exce$+ly sl[4 ,b ! syncl9es next s\?1 ! ,tusc>ora-,mahanoy & ! ,wiconisco1 plunge to ! nor!a/ m rapidly1 z ! rapid div]g5ce ( _! m>g9s demon/rates1 & mu/ = ?is reason h c>ri$ ! h>d s&/ones bel[ baselevel 9 a %ort] di/ance & on a /eep] slope ?an 9 ! ,catawissa syncl9e4 ,! fur!r s\?we/w>d ext5sion ( ! ,pocono s&/one ridges 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn syncl9e gives fur!r illu/ration ( ?is peculi>ity ( =m4 ,lat]al capture ( ! ,juniata by a bran* ( ! initial ,tusc>ora1 & ( ! latt] by a bran* ( ! ,wiconisco !re=e seems possible1 & ! accordance ( ! facts ) s highly specializ$ an arrangem5t is c]ta9ly aga9 indicative ( ! correctness ( ! hypo!sis ( consequ5t dra9age1 & ?is "t 9 a l>g] /ream ?an be=e4 ,at fir/ sight1 x appe>s t an easi] lat]al capture might h be5 made by "s ( ! /reams fl[+ f ! out] slope ( ! ,nittany highl&2 b ?is becomes improbable :5 x is p]ceiv$ t ! heavy ,m$9a s&/one w\ld "h h to be worn ?r\gh z well z ! repeat$ ar*es ( ! ,c>bonif]\s b$s 9 ! _m high folds ( ! ,sev5 ,m\nta9s4 ,aga91 z f> z pres5t appe>ances g1 we c give no suffici5t reason to expla9 :y possession ( ! headwat]s ( ! ,juniata 0 n ga9$ by "s subsequ5t /ream ( its own1 su* z ,g1 fig4 #ah1 in/ead ( by a side-/ream ( ! riv] 9 ! neighbor+ syncl9e2 b x may be admitt$1 on ! o!r h&1 t z f> z we c e/imate ! *ances = conque/1 !re 0 no?+ di/9ctly 9 favor ( "o or ! o!r ( ! side-/reams conc]n$2 & z long z ! problem is solv$ indiff]5tly 9 favor ( "o or ! o!r1 we may accept ! lead ( ! facts & say t "s control n n[ app>5t det]m9$ t ! div]sion %\ld be1 z drawn1 ?r\gh ,d & n ?r\gh ,g4 ,! detail$ location ( ! ,juniata 9 its middle c\rse bel[ ,lewi/[n w be consid]$ 9 a lat] section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 #cj4 ,avoidance ( ! ,broad ,top bas9 by ! ,juniata headwat]s4--,ano!r highly *>act]i/ic *ange t ! ,juniata has suff]$ is reveal$ by exam9+ ! adju/m5ts t w\ld h tak5 place 9 ! g5]al topography ( ! ,broad ,top di/rict dur+ ! ,p]m-,triassic cycle ( erosion4 ,:5 ! bas91 ,,bt1 fig4 #bb1 0 fir/ outl9$1 c5tripetal /reams desc5d$ its slopes f all sides & _! wat]s accumulat$ z a lake 9 ! c5t]1 ov]fl[+ to ! ea/ into ! subord9ate bas91 ,a1 9 ! ,juniata syncl9e along side ( ! l>g] bas91 & !nce escap+ nor!a/4 ,9 due "t1 ! brea*+ ( ! slopes op5$ ! s(t] ,devonian rocks b5ea? & p]iph]al l[l&s 7 op5$ on !m4 ,! process by :i* ! ,juniata dep>t$ f its orig9al axial location1 ,j1 fig4 #bb1 to a p>allel c\rse on ! s\!a/]n side ( ! syncl9e1 ,j1 fig4 #bc1 has be5 describ$ 7fig4 #ah74 ,! subsequ5t *anges are manife/4 ,"s lat]al bran* ( ! ,juniata1 l ,n1 fig4 #bc1 w\ld "w its way ar\nd ! nor!rn end ( ! ,broad ,top canoe on ! s(t und]ly+ rocks & capture ! axial /ream1 ,c1 t came f ! depression betwe5 ,nittany & ,ki%icoquillas highl&s2 ?us ren=c$1 capture w\ld be made ( a radial /ream f ! we/1 ,tn1 ! exi/+ ,tyrone bran* ( ! ,juniata2 9 a lat] /age ! o!r /reams ( ! we/]n side ( ! bas9 w\ld be acquir$1 _! div]tor con/itut+ ! ,little ,juniata ( to-day2 & ! end w\ld be :5 ! orig9al ,juniata1 ,a1 fig4 #bb1 t once issu$ f ! subord9ate syncl9al z a l>ge /ream1 _h lo/ all its we/]n tribut>ies1 & 0 b a %runk5 behead$ remnant ( a riv]1 n[ se5 9 ,aughwick creek1 ,a1 fig4 #bd4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! =m] lake bas9 0 fa/ becom+ a syncl9al m\nta9 ( dim9i%+ p]imet]4 ,! only really my/]i\s c\rses ( ! pres5t /reams are :]e ! ,little ,juniata runs 9 & out ( ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,broad ,top syncl9al1 & :]e ! ,frank/[n 7,,ft7 bran* ( ! ,juniata ma9ta9s its indep5d5t gap across ,tussey's m\nta9 7,m$9a71 al?\gh div]t$ to ! ,tyrone or ma9 ,juniata 7,tn7 by ,w>rior's ridge 7,oriskany7 j bel[4 ,at ! "t ( ! e>ly pr$atory gr[? ( ! initial div]tor1 ,n1 its c\rse lay by ! v conditions ( its gr[? on only ! weake/ rocks2 b aft] ?is little /ream _h gr[n to a good-siz$ riv]1 fur!r ris+ ( ! l&1 probably 9 ! "t ( ! ,jurassic elevation1 all[$ ! riv] to s9k its *annel to a great] dep?1 & 9 do+ s1 x enc\nt]$ ! h>d ,m$9a anticl9e ( ,jack's m\nta92 "h x has s9ce p]si/$1 because1 z we may suppose1 !re has be5 no /ream able to div]t ! c\rse ( s l>ge a riv] f its cross+ ( a s+le h>d anticl9al4 ,! d\bt t "o mu/ feel z to ! possibility ( ! processes j outl9$ arises1 if ,i may gauge x by my own feel+1 r f incr$ulity ?an f direct objections4 ,x seems incr$ible t ! wa/e ( ! valley slopes %\ld all[ ! backw>d gr[? ( ,n at su* a rate z to enable x to capture ! heads ( ,c1 ,tn1 ,f1 & s on1 be=e !y _h cut _! b$s d[n close en\gh to ! baselevel ( ! "t to be safe f capture4 ,b x is difficult to urge explicit objections aga9/ ! process or to %[ its quantitative insuffici5cy4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t :5 ^! adju/m5ts 7 go+ on1 ! region 0 "o ( great altitude1 its rocks !n _h ! same /rong contra/s ( /r5g? & weakness t are s app>5t 9 ! pres5t relief ( ! surface & ! /reams conc]n$ 7 ( mod]ate size2 less ?an n[1 = at ! "t1 ! ,tyrone1 ,frank/[n & ,b$=d head bran*es ( ! ,juniata _h n acquir$ dra9age we/ ( ! great ,nittany-,b$=d anticl9al axis1 b 7 suppli$ only by ! ra9fall on its ea/]n slope 7see section #ci7--;& all ^! conditions conspir$ to favor ! adju/m5t4 ,f9ally1 :ile app>5tly extraord9>y & difficult ( demon/ration1 ! explanation if applicable at all c]ta9ly gives rational correlation to a numb] ( peculi> & special /ream c\rses 9 ! upp] ,juniata di/rict t are mean+less "u any o!r !ory t has come to my notice4 ,x is *iefly = ?is reason t ,i am incl9$ to accept ! explanation4 #ca4 ,rev]sal ( l>g] riv]s to s\!a/ c\rses4--,our l>ge riv]s at pres5t fl[ to ! s\!a/1 n to ! nor?we/4 ,x is difficult to f9d any precise date = ?is rev]sal ( fl[ f ! initial hypo!tical direction1 b x may be sugge/$ t x occurr$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,triassic depression ( ! ,new>k belt4 ,we h be5 p]suad$ t mu* "t elaps$ betwe5 ! ,p]mian fold+ & ! ,new>k deposition1 ev5 "u ! mo/ lib]al all[ance = pre-,p]mian erosion 9 ! ,new>k belt2 h5ce :5 ! depression began1 ! riv]s mu/ h _h b mod]ate nor?we/w>d declivity4 ,! depression & subm]g5ce ( ! broad ,new>k belt may at ?is "t h brok5 ! cont9uity ( ! /reams t once fl[$ across x4 ,! headwat] /reams f ! anci5t ,ar*ean c\ntry ma9ta9$ _! c\rses to ! depression2 ! l[] portions ( ! riv]s may also h gone on z be=e2 b ! middle c\rses 7 p]haps turn$ f ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate back ( ! ,new>k belt4 ,no *ange ( attitude gives s fitt+ a cause ( ! s\!a/w>d fl[ ( our riv]s z ?is4 ,! only te/ t ,i h be5 able to devise = ! sugge/ion is "o t is d]iv$ f ! relation t exi/s betwe5 ! location ( ! ,new>k belt along ! ,atlantic slope & ! c\rse ( ! neighbor+ transv]se riv]s4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! belt rea*es some:at beyond ! nor?we/]n m>g9 ( ! cry/all9e rocks 9 ,s\? m\nta91 ! /reams are rev]s$1 z above /at$2 b 9 ! ,c>ol9as :]e ! ,new>k belt lies f> to ! ea/ ( ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,cambrian & cry/all9e rocks1 ! ,t5nessee /reams p]sev]e 9 :at we suppose to h be5 _! orig9al direction ( fl[4 ,?is may be int]pret$ z mean+ t 9 ! latt] region1 ! ,new>k depression 0 n felt di/9ctly en\gh1 if at all1 )9 ! ,alleghany belt to rev]se ! fl[ ( ! /reams2 :ile 9 ! =m] region1 x 0 ne>] to ^! /reams & det]m9$ a *ange 9 _! c\rses4 ,! orig9al ,an?racite riv] ran to ! nor?we/1 b its middle c\rse 0 aft]w>ds turn$ to ! s\!a/4 ,i am free to all[ t ?is has ! appe>ance ( heap+ hypo!sis on hypo!sis2 b 9 no o!r way does ! analysis ( ! hi/ory ( our /reams seem possible1 & ! success ( ! exp]im5t c be judg$ only aft] mak+ x4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i am con/ra9$ to admit t ?is is to my own view ! lea/ satisfactory ( ! sugge/ions "h pres5t$4 ,x may be correct1 b !re seems to be no suffici5t exclusion ( o!r possibilities4 ,= example1 x mu/ n be ov]look$ t1 if ! ,an?racite riv] ran s\!a/ dur+ ,new>k deposition1 ! =mation ( ! ,new>k nor?we/w>d monocl9e by ! ,jurassic tilt+ w\ld h _h a t5d5cy to turn ! riv] back aga9 to its nor?we/ fl[4 ,b z ! dra9age ( ! region is /ill s\!a/w>d1 ,i am tempt$ to ?9k t ! ,jurassic tilt+ 0 n "h /rong en\gh to rev]se ! fl[ ( s /rong & mature a riv] z ! ,an?racite _h by t "t come to be2 & t ! elevation t accompani$ ! tilt+ 0 n s p[]ful 9 rev]s+ ! riv] to a nor?we/ c\rse z ! previ\s depression ( ! ,new>k bas9 _h be5 9 turn+ x to ! s\!a/4 ,if ! ,an?racite did cont9ue to fl[ to ! s\!a/1 x may be add$ t ! d[n-cutt+ ( its upp] bran*es 0 greatly ret>d$ by ! decrease ( slope 9 its l[] c\rse :5 ! monocl9e 0 =m$4 ,! only o!r me?od ( rev]s+ ! orig9al nor?we/w>d fl[ ( ! /reams t ,i h imag9$ is by capture ( _! headwat]s by ,atlantic riv]s4 ,?is seems to me less effective ?an ! me?od j consid]$2 b !y are n mutually exclusive & ! actual result may be ! sum ( ! two processes4 ,! outl9e ( ! idea is z foll[s4 ,! long cont9u$ supply ( s$im5t>y mat]ial f ! ,ar*ean l& on ! s\!a/ implies t x 0 z cont9ually elevat$4 ,b !re came a "t :5 !re is no record ( fur!r supply ( mat]ial1 & :5 we may !re=e suppose ! elevation 0 no long] ma9ta9$4 ,f t "t onw>d1 ! ,ar*ean range mu/ h dw9dl$ away1 :at ) ! encroa*m5t ( ! ,atlantic on its ea/]n %ore & ! g5]al action ( d5ud+ =ces on its surface4 ,! ,new>k depression 0 an effective aid to ! same end1 z has be5 /at$ above1 & = a mod]ate di/ance we/w>d ( ! depress$ belt1 ! =m] direction ( ! /reams mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 rev]s$2 b ! "q rema9s :e!r ?is rev]sal ext5d$ z f> z ! ,wyom+ bas91 & :e!r ! subsequ5t =mation ( ! ,new>k monocl9e did n undo ! effect ( ! ,new>k depression4 ,x is manife/ t z f> z our limit$ k goes1 x is impossible to e/imate ^! matt]s quantitatively1 & h5ce ! importance ( look+ = additional processes t may supplem5t ! effect ( ! ,new>k depression & c\nt]act ! effect ( ! ,new>k uplift 9 *ang+ ! c\rse ( ! riv]s4 ,let x be suppos$ = ! mom5t t at ! end ( ! ,jurassic uplift by :i* ! ,new>k monocl9e 0 =m$1 ! divide betwe5 ! ,ohio & ! ,atlantic dra9age lay ab\t ! middle ( ! ,new>k belt4 ,!re 0 a long g5tle desc5t we/w>d f ?is wat]%$ & a %ort] & h5ce /eep] desc5t ea/w>d4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! divide mu/ h be5 pu%$ we/w>d1 & z long z ! rocks 7 s expos$ z to op5 areas ( weak s$im5ts on :i* capture by ! ,atlantic /reams c\ld g on ) relative rapidity1 ! we/w>d migration ( ! divide w\ld be important4 ,= ?is reason1 x might be c>ri$ f ! ,new>k belt z f> z ! pres5t ,alleghany front1 beyond :i* fur!r pu%+ w\ld be sl[1 on acc\nt ( ! broad /ret* ( c\ntry !re cov]$ by h>d horizontal b$s4 ,! end ( ?is is t1 "u any ( ! circum/ances "h detail$1 !re w\ld be e>ly 9 ! ,jurassic-,cretace\s cycle a di/9ct t5d5cy to a we/w>d migration ( ! ,atlantic-,ohio divide2 x is ! consequ5ces ( ?is t h n[ to be exam9$4 #cb4 ,capture ( ! ,an?racite headwat]s by ! gr[+ ,susquehanna4--,?r\gh\t ! ,p]m-,triassic p]iod ( d5udation1 a great "w 0 done 9 we>+ d[n ! orig9al ,alleghanies4 ,anticl9es ( h>d s&/one 7 brea*$1 & broad l[l&s 7 op5$ on ! s(t] rocks b5ea?4 ,little semblance ( ! e>ly con/ructional topography rema9$ :5 ! p]iod ( ,new>k depression 0 br\ght to a close2 & all ! :ile ! headwat] /reams ( ! region 7 gnaw+ at ! divides1 seek+ to develop ! mo/ p]fect arrangem5t ( wat]ways4 ,sev]al adju/m5ts h tak5 place1 & ! l>g] /reams h be5 rev]s$ 9 ! direction ( _! fl[2 b a m s]i\s problem is f\nd 9 ! disappe>ance ( ! orig9al ma/] /ream1 ! great ,an?racite riv]1 :i* mu/ h at fir/ l$ away ! wat] f all ! lat]al syncl9al /reams4 ,be+ a l>ge riv]1 x c\ld n h be5 easily div]t$ f its c\rse1 unless x 0 greatly ret>d$ 9 cutt+ d[n its *annel by ! pres5ce ( _m b$s ( h>d rocks on its way4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations may p]haps ?r[ "s light on ?is obscure po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,g5]al di/ribution ( high & l[ l& & dra9age 9 e>ly ,jurassic "t4 ,x may be assum$ t ! :ole gr\p ( m\nta9s =m$ by ! ,p]mian de=mation _h be5 r$uc$ to a mod]ate relief :5 ! ,new>k deposition 0 /opp$ by ! ,jurassic elevation4 ,! h>d] ribs ( rock d\btless rema9$ z ridges project+ above ! int]v5+ l[l&s1 b ! /r5g? ( relief t _h be5 giv5 by ! con/ructional =ces _h be5 lo/4 ,! g5]al di/ribution ( residual elevations !n rema9+ unsubdu$ is indicat$ 9 fig4 #be1 9 :i* ! ,cry/all9e1 ! ,m$9a1 & ! two ,c>bonif]\s s&/one ridges are d5ot$ by appropriate symbols4 ,9 re/or+ ?is phase ( ! surface =m1 :5 ! c\ntry /ood l[] ?an n[1 ,i h r$uc$ ! anticl9es f _! pres5t outl9es & increas$ ! syncl9es1 ! *ange ( area be+ made greate/ :]e ! dips are lea/1 & h5ce mo/ app>5t at ! ends ( ! plung+ anticl9es & syncl9es4 ,"s ( ! ,m$9a anticl9es ( ,p]ry & ,juniata c\nties are n indicat$ because !y 7 n !n uncov]$4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ! residual ridges ( ,jurassic "t 0 *iefly ,cambrian lime/one & ,siluro-,devonian %ales & s(t s&/ones4 ,! mod]ate ridges develop$ on ! ,oriskany & ,*emung s&/ones are n repres5t$4 ,! dra9age ( ?is /age reta9$ ! orig9al c\rses ( ! /reams1 except = ! adju/m5ts t h be5 describ$1 b ! great ,an?racite riv] is drawn z if x _h be5 controll$ by ! ,new>k depression & rev]s$ 9 ! direction ( its fl[1 s t its =m] upp] c\rse on ! ,cambrian rocks 0 replac$ by a sup]impos$ ,new>k l[] c\rse4 ,fig4 #be !re=e repres5ts ! /reams = ! mo/ "p /ill foll[+ ne> _! syncl9al axes1 al?\gh dep>t+ f !m :]e !y h to ent] a syncl9al cove-m\nta9 ridge2 ! headwat]s ( ! ,juniata avoid ! mass ( h>d s&/ones discov]$ 9 ! bottom ( old ,broad ,top lake1 & fl[ ar\nd !m to ! nor?1 & !n by a cross-c\ntry c\rse to ! ,wiconisco syncl9al1 z already describ$ 9 detail4 ,sev]al /reams come f ! nor!a/1 ent]+ ! ,an?racite di/rict aft] ! fa%ion g5]aliz$ 9 fig4 #ac4 ,?ree ( ! _m /reams t 7 develop$ on ! great ,kittat9ny slope are locat$1 ) _! direction ( fl[ rev]s$2 ^! are m>k$ ,sq1 ,l & ,d1 & are int5d$ to repres5t ! ance/ors ( ! exi/+ ,susquehanna1 ,lehigh & ,delaw>e4 ,we h n[ to exam9e ! opportunities (f]$ to ^! small /reams to increase _! dra9age areas4 ,! ,jurassic elevation1 by :i* ! ,new>k deposition 0 /opp$1 re/or$ to activity all ! /reams t _h 9 ! previ\s cycle s\ght & f\nd a c\rse close to baselevel4 ,!y n[ all set to "w aga9 deep5+ _! *annels4 ,b 9 ?is re/oration ( lo/ activity ) ref]5ce to a new baselevel1 !re came ! be/ possible *ance = num]\s re-arrangem5ts ( dra9age areas by mutual adju/m5t into :i* we mu/ inquire4 ,i h already illu/rat$ :at seems to me to be ! type ( ! conditions involv$ at ?is "t 9 figs4 #ai & #bj4 ,! ma/] /ream1 ,a1 trav]s+ ! syncl9es1 corresponds to ! rev]s$ ,an?racite riv]2 ! l[l&s at ! top are ^? t h be5 op5$ out on ! ,siluro-,devonian b$s ( ! pres5t ,susquehanna middle c\rse betwe5 ! ,pocono & ! ,m$9a ridges4 ,! small /ream1 ,b1 t is ga9+ dra9age area 9 ^! l[l&s1 corresponds to ! embryo ( ! pres5t ,susquehanna1 ,sq1 fig4 #be1 ?is hav+ be5 itself once a bran* on ! s\? side ( ! ,swat>a syncl9al /ream1 fig4 #ba1 f :i* x 0 fir/ turn$ by ! *ange ( slope accompany+ ! ,new>k depression2 b x is locat$ a little f>!r we/ ?an ! actual ,susquehanna1 s z to avoid ! two syncl9al cove m\nta9s ( ,pocono s&/one t ! ,susquehanna n[ trav]ses1 = reasons to be /at$ bel[ 7section #ce74 ,?is /ream _h to cross only "o b$ ( h>d rock1 ! out] wall ( ,m$9a s&/one1 betwe5 ! broad inn] l[l&s ( ! relatively weak ,siluro-,devonian rocks & ! great valley l[l&s on ! /ill weak] ,cambrian lime/ones4 ,/ep by /ep x mu/ h pu%$ its headwat] divide nor?w>d1 & f "t to "t x w\ld h ?us captur$ a subsequ5t /ream1 t cross$ ! l[l&s ea/w>d1 & ent]$ a ,c>bonif]\s syncl9e by "o ( ! lat]al gaps already describ$4 ,) e su* capture1 ! p[] ( ! gr[+ /ream to capture o!rs 0 increas$4 ,fig4 #ai repres5ts a /age aft] ! /reams 9 ! ,swat>a & ,wiconisco syncl9es 7! latt] !n hav+ ga9$ ! ,juniata7 _h be5 turn$ aside on _! way to ! ,c>bonif]\s bas9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,an?racite riv]1 ris+ some:]e on ! pla9s nor? ( ! ,wyom+ syncl9e & pursu+ an irregul> c\rse f "o coal bas9 to ano!r1 f\nd an extremely difficult task 9 cutt+ d[n its *annel across ! num]\s h>d b$s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s s&/ones1 s (t5 repeat$ 9 ! roll+ folds ( ! coal fields4 ,x is also important to rememb] t an aid to o!r conditions conc]n$ 9 ! div]sion ( ! upp] ,an?racite is f\nd 9 ! decrease ( slope t its l[] c\rse suff]$ 9 cross+ ! coal fields1 if t area took any "p 9 ! de=mation t produc$ ! ,new>k monocl9e--:i*ev] !ory prove true 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! s\!a/w>d fl[ ( ! riv]s--= loss ( slope 9 ! middle c\rse1 :]e ! riv] _h to cross _m reefs ( h>d s&/one1 w\ld h be5 v effective 9 l5g!n+ ! "t all[$ = ! div]sion ( ! headwat]s4 ,! "q is1 !re=e1 :e!r ! ret>dation ( d[n-cutt+ "h exp]i5c$ by ! ,an?racite 0 suffici5t to all[ ! capture ( its headwat]s by ! ,susquehanna4 ,!re c be little d\bt z to ! correct quality ( ! process1 b :e!r x 0 quantitatively suffici5t is ano!r matt]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any means ( te/+ its suffici5cy1 may ! result n be tak5 z ! te/8 ,is n ! correspond5ce betwe5 d$uction & fact close en\gh to prove ! correctness ( ! d$uction8 #cc4 ,pres5t outw>d dra9age ( ! ,an?racite bas9s4--,! ,lehigh1 l ! ,susquehanna1 made an attempt to capture ! headwat]s ( adjac5t /reams1 b fail$ to acquire mu* t]ritory f ! ,an?racite because ! ,c>bonif]\s s&/ones spread out betwe5 ! two 9 a broad plateau ( h>d rocks1 across :i* ! divide made little movem5t4 ,! plateau area t its upp] bran*es dra9 is1 ,i ?9k1 ! conque/ ( a lat] cycle ( gr[?4 ,! ,delaw>e _h little success1 except z aga9/ c]ta9 ea/]n syncl9al bran*es ( ! ,an?racite1 = ! same reason4 ,! ance/or ( ! ,swat>a ( to-day made little progress 9 ext5d+ its headwat]s because its po9t ( attack 0 aga9/ ! repeat$ ,c>bonif]\s s&/ones 9 ! ,swat>a syncl9al4 ,"o e>ly /ream alone f\nd a favorable opportunity = conque/1 & ?us grew to be ! ma/] riv]--! ,susquehanna ( to-day4 ,! head ( ! ,an?racite 0 c>ri$ away by ?is captor1 & its behead$ l[] portion rema9s 9 our ,s*uylkill4 ,! ,an?racite coal bas9s1 =m]ly dra9$ by ! s+le ma/] /ream1 h s9ce be5 apportion$ to ! surr\nd+ riv]s4 ,z ! ,siluro-,devonian l[l&s 7 op5$ ar\nd ! coal-bas9s1 especially on ! nor? & we/1 ! /reams t =m]ly fl[$ into ! bas9s 7 gradually inv]t$ & fl[$ out ( !m1 z !y /ill d4 ,! ext5t ( ! inv]sion seems to be 9 a g5]al way proportionate to its opportunity4 ,! mo/ consid]able conque/s 7 made 9 ! upp] bas9s1 :]e ! ,catawissa & ,nescopec /reams ( to-day dra9 _m squ>e miles ( wide valleys op5$ on ! ,mau* ,*unk r$ %ale betwe5 ! ,pocono & ,pottsville s&/one ridges2 ! anci5t middle wat]s ( ! ,an?racite "h be+ inv]t$ to ! ,susquehanna tribut>ies1 because ! nor!rn coal bas9s 7 degrad$ v sl[ly aft] ! upp] ,an?racite _h be5 div]t$4 ,! ,s*uylkill z ! mod]n repres5tative ( ! ,an?racite reta9s only c]ta9 /reams s\? ( a m$ial divide betwe5 ,nescopec & ,blue m\nta9s4 ,! only consid]able "p ( ! old ,an?racite riv] t /ill reta9s a c\rse along ! axis ( a syncl9al tr\gh seems to be t "p :i* foll[s ! ,wyom+ bas92 none ( ! _m o!r coal bas9s are n[ occupi$ by ! l>ge /ream t orig9ally foll[$ !m4 ,! reason = ?is is manife/ly to be f\nd 9 ! great dep? ( ! ,wyom+ bas91 :]eby ! axial portion ( its h>d s&/ones are ev5 n[ bel[ baselevel1 & h5ce h nev] yet act$ to ?r[ ! riv] f its axial c\rse4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! e>ly cycles ( d5udation1 ?is bas9 mu/ h be5 *ang$ f a deep lake to a lacu/r9e pla9 by ! accumulation 9 x ( wa/e f ! surr\nd+ highl&s1 & = a "t ! /reams t ent]$ x may h fl[$ 9 me&]+ c\rses across ! anci5t alluvial surface2 ! lacu/r9e & alluvial condition may h be5 tempor>ily reviv$ at ! "t ( ! ,jurassic elevation4 ,x is p]haps z an inh]itance f a c\rse ?us locally sup]impos$ t we may come to reg>d ! deflection ( ! riv] at ,nanticoke f ! axis ( ! syncl9e to a n>r[ %ale valley on its nor!rn side1 be=e turn+ s\? aga9 & leav+ ! bas9 altoge!r4 ,b l c]ta9 o!r sugge/ions1 ?is c only be reg>d$ z an op5 hypo!sis1 to be te/$ by "s bett] me?od ( riv] analysis ?an we n[ possess2 l sev]al ( ! o!r explanations "h (f]$1 x is pres5t$ m z a possibility to be discuss$ ?an z a conclusion to be accept$4 ,i believe t x 0 dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! great ,jura-,cretace\s cycle ( d5udation t ! ,susquehanna ?us became ! ma/] /ream ( ! c5tral di/rict ( ! /ate4 ,= ! re/ ( ! cycle1 x 0 occupi$ 9 c>ry+ (f ! wa/e & r$uc+ ! surface to a well f9i%$ baselevel l[l& t *>act]iz$ ! end ( ,cretace\s "t4 ,f an active y\? ( conque/1 ! ,susquehanna advanc$ into an old age ( e/abli%$ b\nd>ies2 & 9 lat] times1 its area ( dra9age does n seem to h be5 greatly alt]$ f t s long ago def9$2 except p]haps 9 ! di/ricts dra9$ by ! ,we/ & ,nor? ,bran* headwat]s4 #cd4 ,homologies ( ! ,susquehanna & ,juniata4--,look+ at ! *ange f ! ,an?racite to ! ,susquehanna 9 a broad way1 "o may p]ceive t x is an effect ( ! same ord] z ! p]iph]al div]sion ( ! ,broad ,top dra9age1 illu/rat$ 9 figures #bb1 #bc & #bd2 ano!r example ( a simil> *ange is se5 9 ! lat]al div]sion ( ! ,juniata above ,lewi/[n & its rectil9e> cont9uation 9 ,aughwick creek1 f _! orig9al axial location :5 !y =m$ ! initial ,broad ,top outlet4 ,!y h dep>t$ f ! axis ( _! syncl9e to ! s(t] b$s on its s\!rn side2 ,,fe ( fig4 #ag has be5 div]t$ to ,,fd ( fig4 #ah4 ,all ( ^! examples are truly only special cases ( ! "o already describ$ 9 :i* ! ,juniata left its orig9al syncl9e = o!rs to ! s\?4 ,! g5]al case may be /at$ 9 a few words4 ,a /ream fl[+ along a syncl9e ( h>d b$s 7,c>bonif]\s s&/ones7 develops side /reams :i* brea* ! adjac5t anticl9es & op5 l[l&s 9 ! und]ly+ s(t] b$s 7,devonian & ,silurian74 ,on ^! l[l&s1 ! headwat]s ( side /reams f o!r syncl9es are enc\nt]$ & a conte/ ensues z to possession ( ! dra9age t]ritory4 ,! divides are pu%$ away f ^? headwat]s ^: l[] c\rse leads !m ov] ! fewe/ h>d b>ri]s2 ?is conque/ goes on until ! upp] c\rse ( ! initial ma9 /ream is div]t$ to a new & easi] pa? ?an ! "o x *ose 9 its y\? 9 ob$i5ce to ! fir/ de=mation ( ! region4 ,?us ! ,juniata n[ avoids ! c5t] & once deepe/ "p ( ! old ,broad ,top lake1 because 9 ! g5]al progress ( erosion1 l[l&s on s(t ,devonian b$s 7 op5$ all ar\nd ! edge ( ! great mass ( s&/ones t held ! lake2 ! orig9al dra9age across ! lake1 f its we/]n slopes to its outlet j s\? ( ! ,jack's m\nta9 anticl9e1 has n[ tak5 an easi] pa? along ! ,devonian b$s to ! we/ ( ! old lake bas91 & is se5 9 ! ,little ,juniata1 fl[+ along ! out] side ( ,t]race m\nta9 & r\nd+ ! nor!rn syncl9al po9t :]e ,t]race m\nta9 jo9s ,sidel+ hill4 ,x !n crosses ,jack's m\nta9 at a po9t :]e ! h>d ,m$9a s&/ones ( ! m\nta9 7 /ill buri$ at ! "t ( ! *oice ( ?is *annel4 ,9 ! same way1 ! dra9age ( ! subord9ate bas91 ?r\gh :i* ! ma9 lake dis*>g$ ea/w>d1 is n[ n along ! axis ( ! ,juniata-,catawissa syncl9e1 b on ! s(t] b$s along "o side ( x2 & along ! s\!rn side because ! easi] escape t 0 provid$ = x lay on t side1 namely1 via ! ,tusc>ora & ,wiconisco syncl9es1 z already describ$4 ,! mu* broad] *ange f ! ,an?racite to ! ,susquehanna 0 only ano!r =m ( ! same process4 ,tak+ a transv]se view ( ! :ole sy/em ( c5tral folds1 x is p]ceiv$ t _! axes desc5d into ! ,an?racite di/rict f ! ea/ & rise we/w>d !refrom2 x is z if ! :ole region _h receiv$ a slight transv]se fold+1 & ! transv]se axis ( depression ?us =m$ def9$ ! initial c\rse ( ! fir/ ma/] /ream4 ,b ?is ma/] /ream des]t$ its orig9al c\rse on ! transv]se axis ( depression because a lat]al c\rse across l[l&s on s(t] b$s 0 op5$ by its side /reams2 & 9 ! conte/ on ^! l[l&s ) an ext]nal /ream1 ! ,susquehanna1 ! upp] portion ( ! ,an?racite 0 div]t$ f ! h>d rocks t _h appe>$ on ! transv]se axis4 ,! di/ance ( div]sion f ! axial to ! lat]al c\rse 9 ?is case 0 great because ( ! g5tle quality ( ! transv]se fold+2 or1 bett] said1 because ( ! g5tle dips ( ! axes ( ! longitud9al folds4 ,?is appe>ance ( sy/ematic re-arrangem5t 9 ! sev]al riv] c\rses :]e none 0 expect$ is to my m9d a /rong argum5t 9 favor ( ! orig9ally consequ5t location ( ! riv]s & _! lat] mutual adju/m5t4 ,x may p]haps be conceiv$ t antec$5t /reams might imitate "o ano!r r\ghly 9 ! attitude t !y prophetically *ose ) reg>d to folds subsequ5tly =m$1 b no reason has be5 sugge/$ = ! imitation be+ c>ri$ to s rem>kable & def9ite a degree z t "h outl9$4 #ce4 ,sup]imposition ( ! ,susquehanna on two syncl9al ridges4--,!re is h[ev] "o app>5tly v5turesome po/ulate t may h be5 already not$ z su* by ! read]2 unless x c be reasonably acc\nt$ = & %[n to be a natural result ( ! long sequ5ce ( *anges "h consid]$1 x w s]i\sly militate aga9/ ! validity ( ! :ole argum5t4 ,! pres5t c\rse ( ! middle ,susquehanna leads x ?r\gh ! apical curves ( two ,pocono syncl9al ridges1 :i* 7 disreg>d$ 9 ! /atem5t giv5 above4 ,x 0 !n assum$ t ! embryonic ,susquehanna ga9$ possession ( ! ,siluro-,devonian l[l& dra9age by gnaw+ out a c\rse to ! we/ ( ^! syncl9al po9ts2 = x is n to be ?\ght ( t any conque/ ( ! headwat]s ( ! ,an?racite riv] c\ld h be5 made by ! ,susquehanna if x _h _h to gnaw out ! exi/+ f\r trav]ses ( ! ,pocono s&/ones be=e secur+ ! dra9age ( ! l[l&s above !m4 ,! backw>d progress ( ! ,susquehanna c\ld n 9 t case h be5 ne>ly fa/ en\gh to rea* ! ,an?racite be=e ! latt] _h sunk its *annel to a safe dep?4 ,x is !re=e important to ju/ify ! assumption z to ! m we/]ly location ( ! embryonic ,susquehanna2 & aft]w>ds1 to expla9 h[ x %\ld h s9ce !n be5 transf]r$ to its pres5t c\rse4 ,a %ort cut ?r\gh all ?is r\nd-ab\t me?od is op5 to ^? :o adopt 9 ! beg9n+ ! !ory t ! ,susquehanna 0 an antec$5t riv]2 b z ,i h said at ! outset ( ?is inquiry1 x seems to me t su* a me?od is n fre] f assumption1 ev5 ?\gh %ort] ?an ! "o "h adopt$2 & x has ! dem]it ( n consid]+ all ! curi\s details t foll[ ! exam9ation ( consequ5t & adju/$ c\rses4 ,! suffici5t reason = ! assumption t ! embryonic ,susquehanna lay f>!r we/ ?an ! pres5t "o 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,pocono syncl9als is simply t--9 ! abs5ce ( any antec$5t /ream--x mu/ h la9 !re4 ,! :ole explanation ( ! developm5t ( ! ,siluro-,devonian l[l&s betwe5 ! ,pocono & ,m$9a ridges dep5ds simply on _! be+ wea!r$ out :]e ! rocks are weak en\gh to wa/e fa/] ?an ! enclos+ h>d] ridges ?r\gh :i* ! /reams escape4 ,9 ?is process1 ! /reams ex]cise no control :atev] ov] ! direction 9 :i* _! headwat]s %all gr[2 !y leave ?is entirely to ! /ructure ( ! di/rict t !y dra94 ,x ?us appe>s t1 "u ! po/ulate z to ! initial location ( ! ,susquehanna z "o ( ! _m /reams desc5d+ ! great slope ( ! ,kittat9ny 7,cumb]l&7 highl& into ! ,swat>a syncl9e1 its c\rse be+ rev]s$ f nor?w>d to s\?w>d by ! ,new>k depression1 we are requir$ to suppose t its headwat] 7nor?w>d7 gr[? at ! "t ( ! ,jurassic elevation mu/ h be5 on ! ,siluro-,devonian b$s1 s z to avoid ! h>d] rocks on ei!r side4 ,_m /reams compet$ = ! di/9ction ( becom+ ! ma/]1 & t "o ga9$ its ambition ^: initial location gave x ! be/ subsequ5t opportunity4 ,x rema9s !n to consid] ! means by :i* ! c\rse ( ! conqu]+ ,susquehanna may h be5 subsequ5tly *ang$ f ! l[l&s on to ! two ,pocono syncl9es t x n[ trav]ses4 ,"s dep>ture f its e>ly location may h be5 due to ea/w>d planation 9 its advanc$ age1 :5 x _h l>ge volume & g5tle slope & 0 !re=e sw++ & cutt+ lat]ally 9 its l[] c\rse4 ,?is may h _h a %>e 9 ! result1 b !re is ano!r process t seems to me m effective4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle1 ! :ole c\ntry h]eab\t suff]$ a mod]ate depression1 by :i* ! ,atlantic transgress$ _m miles inl& f its =m] %orel9e1 across ! l[l&s ( erosion t _h be5 develop$ on ! litoral belt4 ,su* a depression mu/ h _h a di/9ct effect on ! l[] c\rses ( ! l>g] riv]s1 :i* hav+ already cut _! *annels d[n close to baselevel & op5$ _! valleys wide on ! s(t] rocks1 7 !n e/u>i$1 or at lea/ s f> *eck$ z to build wide flood-pla9s ov] _! l[] /ret*es4 ,inde$1 ! flood-pla9s may h be5 begun at an e>li] date1 & h be5 confirm$ & ext5d$ 9 ! lat] "t ( depression4 ,is x possible t 9 ! late/ /age ( ?is process1 ! almo/ baselevell$ remnants ( ,blue m\nta9 & ! ,pocono ridges c\ld h be5 buri$ "u ! flood-pla9 9 ! neighborhood ( ! riv]8 ,if ?is be admitt$1 x is !n natural = ! riv] to dep>t f ! l9e ( its buri$ *annel & cross ! buri$ ridges on :i* x might settle d[n z a sup]impos$ riv] 9 ! next cycle ( elevation4 ,x is difficult to decide su* g5]al que/ions z ^!2 & x may be difficult = ! read] to ga9 mu* confid5ce 9 ! efficacy ( ! processes sugge/$2 b !re are c]ta9 features 9 ! side /reams ( ! ,susquehanna t l5d "s color ( probability to ! explanation z (f]$4 ,admit1 = ! mom5t1 t ! ag$ ,susquehanna1 9 ! lat] "p ( ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle1 did *ange its *annel some:at by cutt+ to "o side1 or by planation1 z x is call$4 ,admit1 also1 t 9 ! natural progress ( its gr[? x _h built a broad flood pla9 ov] ! ,siluro-,devonian l[l&s1 & t ! dep? ( ?is deposit 0 increas$ by ! =mation ( an e/u>9e delta ^u x :5 ! c\ntry sank at ! "t ( ! mid-,cretace\s transgression ( ! sea4 ,x is manife/ t "o ( ! consequ5ces ( all ?is might be ! peculi> c\rse ( ! riv] t is to be expla9$1 namely1 its sup]imposition on ! two ,pocono syncl9al ridges 9 ! next cycle ( its hi/ory1 aft] ! ,t]ti>y elevation _h giv5 x opportunity to re-discov] !m4 ,x rema9s to inquire :at o!r consequ5ces %\ld foll[ f ! same conditions1 & f ^! to devise te/s ( ! hypo!sis4 #cf4 ,evid5ce ( sup]imposition 9 ! ,susquehanna tribut>ies4--,"o ( ! peculi>ities ( flood-pla9$ riv]s is t ! lat]al /reams %ift _! po9ts ( union ) ! ma9 /ream f>!r & f>!r d[n ! valley1 z ,lomb>d9i has %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,po4 ,if ! ,susquehanna 7 heavily flood-pla9$ at ! close ( ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle1 "s ( its tribut>ies %\ld manife/ signs ( ?is k9d ( deflection f _! /ructural c\rses along ! /rike ( ! rocks4 ,side /reams t once jo9$ ! ma9 /ream on ! l9e ( "s ( ! s(t] nor!a/-s\?we/ b$s1 leav+ ! /rong] b$s z fa9t hills on ei!r side1 mu/ h =gott5 su* control aft] x 0 baselevell$ & buri$2 z ! flood pla9 grew1 !y prop]ly took m & m di/9ctly d[nw>d deflect$ c\rses1 & ^! deflections %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 subsequ5t cycles z sup]impos$ c\rses indep5d5t ( /ructural guidance4 ,su* ,i believe to be ! fact4 ,! d[n/ream deflection is s di/9ctly a peculi>ity ( a numb] ( tribut>ies t jo9 ! ,susquehanna on ! we/ side 7see figure #a7 t x _c be ascrib$ to accid5t1 b mu/ be ref]r$ to "s sy/ematic cause4 ,examples ( deflection are f\nd 9 ,p5n's creek1 ,middle creek & ,nor? ,mahantango creek 9 ,snyd] c\nty2 ,we/ ,mahantango betwe5 ! latt] & ,juniata c\nty2 & 9 ! ,juniata & ,little ,juniata riv]s ( ,p]ry c\nty4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,susquehanna1 ! examples are n s di/9ct1 b ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,delaw>e & ,w>rior runs1 ,*illisquaque creek & ,little ,%amok9 creek1 all 9 ,nor?umb]l& c\nty4 ,x may be rem>k$ t x does n seem impossible t ! reason = ! m di/9ct deflection ( ! we/]n /reams may be t ! ,susquehanna is at pres5t ea/ ( its old c\rse1 & h5ce t[>ds ! ea/]n m>g9 ( its flood pla91 z1 inde$ its position on ! ,pocono syncl9als implies4 ,a reason = ! f9al location ( ! sup]impos$ riv] on ! ea/]n side ( ! old flood pla9 may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! ea/w>d tilt+ t is kn[n to h accompani$ ! elevation ( ! ,cretace\s l[l&4 ,x foll[s f ! =ego+ t ! pres5t l[] c\rse ( ! ,susquehanna mu/ also be ( sup]impos$ orig92 = ! flood pla9 ( ! middle c\rse mu/ h ext5d$ d[n /ream to its delta1 & !re h become conflu5t ) ! %eet ( ,cretace\s s$im5ts t cov]$ all ! s\!a/]n l[l&1 ov] :i* ! sea _h transgress$4 ,mc,gee has already po9t$ out indications ( sup]impos$ /ream c\rses 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate2#bb b ,i am n sure t he w\ld reg>d !m z ( ! date "h ref]r$ to4 ,footnote #bb3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce1 xxxv1 #ahhh1 #aba1 #acd4 ,! !ory ( ! location ( ! ,susquehanna on ! ,pocono syncl9al ridges !re=e /&s z foll[s4 ,! g5]al position ( ! riv] indicates t x has be5 locat$ by "s process ( sl[ self-adju/+ developm5t & t x is n a p]si/5t antec$5t riv]2 & yet !re is no reason to ?9k t x c\ld h be5 br\ght into its pres5t special position by any process ( %ift+ divides4 ,! processes t h be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = its special location1 z dep>t+ slightly f a location due to sl[ adju/m5ts foll[+ an anci5t consequ5t orig91 call = ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 additional peculi>ities 9 ! c\rses ( its tribut>y /reams1 entirely un=ese5 & unnotic$ until ?is po9t 9 ! inquiry is rea*$2 & on look+ at ! map to see if !y occur1 !y are f\nd ) p]fect di/9ctness4 ,! hypo!sis ( sup]imposition may !re=e be reg>d$ z hav+ advanc$ beyond ! /age ( m]e sugge/ion & z hav+ ga9$ "s degree ( confirmation f ! correlations t x detects & expla9s4 ,x only rema9s to ask if ^! correlations might h orig9at$ 9 any o!r way1 & if ! answ] to ?is is 9 ! negative1 ! case may be look$ ^u z hav+ a fair measure ( evid5ce 9 its favor4 ,! rema9+ consid]ation may be tak5 up at once z ! fir/ po9t to be exam9$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y cycle ( developm5t4 #cg4 ,ev5ts ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle4--,! elevation giv5 to ! region by :i* ,cretace\s baselevell+ 0 t]m9at$1 & :i* ,i h call$ ! e>ly ,t]ti>y elevation1 (f]$ opportunity = ! /reams to deep5 _! *annels once m4 ,9 do+ s1 c]ta9 adju/m5ts ( mod]ate am\nt occurr$1 :i* w be soon exam9$4 ,z "t w5t on1 mu* d5udation 0 effect$1 b no wide-spread baselevell+ 0 rea*$1 = ! ,cretace\s cre/ l9es ( ! h>d s&/one ridges /ill exi/4 ,! ,t]ti>y cycle 0 an incomplete "o4 ,at its close1 l[l&s _h be5 op5$ only on ! weak] rocks betwe5 ! h>d b$s4 ,is x n possible t ! flood-pla9+ ( ! ,susquehanna & ! d[n-/ream deflection ( its bran*es took place 9 ! clos+ /ages ( ?is cycle1 in/ead ( at ! end ( ! previ\s cycle8 ,if s1 ! deflection might appe> on ! bran*es1 b ! ma9 riv] w\ld n be transf]r$ to ! ,pocono ridges4 ,?is "q may be safely answ]$ 9 ! negative2 = ! ,t]ti>y l[l& is by no means well en\gh baselevell$ to p]mit su* an ev5t4 ,! b$s ( int]m$iate resi/ance1 ! ,oriskany & c]ta9 ,*emung s&/ones1 _h n be5 worn d[n to baselevel at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle2 !y _h inde$ lo/ mu* ( ! height t !y possess$ at ! close ( ! previ\s cycle1 b !y _h n be5 r$uc$ z l[ z ! s(t] b$s on ei!r side4 ,!y 7 only r$uc$ to ridges ( mod]ate & unequal height ov] ! g5]al pla9 ( ! ,siluro-,devonian l[ c\ntry1 )\t great /r5g? ( relief b q /rong en\gh to call = ob$i5ce f ! /reams along side ( !m4 ,& yet ne> ,sel9's ,grove1 = example1 9 ,snyd] c\nty1 ,p5n's & ,middle creeks dep>t mo/ di/9ctly f ! /rike ( ! local rocks z !y ne> ! ,susquehanna1 & trav]se c]ta9 well-m>k$ ridges on _! way to ! ma9 riv]4 ,su* ab]rant /reams _c be reg>d$ z sup]impos$ at ! close ( ! incomplete ,t]ti>y cycle2 !y _c be expla9$ by any process ( spontane\s adju/m5t yet describ$1 nor c !y be reg>d$ z va/ly anci5t /reams ( antec$5t c\rses2 ,i am !re=e mu* tempt$ to consid] !m z ( sup]impos$ orig91 inh]it+ _! pres5t c\rses f ! flood-pla9 cov] ( ! ,susquehanna 9 ! late/ /age ( ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle4 ,) ?is t5tative conclusion 9 m9d z to ! f9al ev5ts ( ,jura-,cretace\s "t1 we may take up ! m delib]ate consid]ation ( ! "w ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle4 ,! *ief "w ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle 0 m]ely ! op5+ ( ! valley l[l&s2 little opportunity = riv] adju/m5t occurr$ except on a small scale4 ,! mo/ evid5t cases ( adju/m5t h result$ 9 ! *ange ( wat]-gaps into w9d-gaps1 ( :i* sev]al examples c be giv51 ! "o be/ kn[n be+ ! ,delaw>e w9d-gap betwe5 ! ,lehigh & ,delaw>e wat]-gaps 9 ,blue m\nta94 ,! w9d-gap m>ks ! unf9i%$ not* ( "s /ream t once cross$ ! ridge "h & ^: headwat]s h s9ce !n be5 div]t$1 probably to ! ,lehigh4 ,! difficulty 9 ! case is n at all h[ ! /ream t once fl[$ "h 0 div]t$1 b h[ a /ream t c\ld be div]t$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y cycle c\ld h escap$ div]sion at "s e>li] date4 ,! relative r>ity ( w9d-gaps indicates t ne>ly all ( ! initial lat]al /reams1 :i* may h cross$ ! ridges at an e>ly epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! riv]s1 h be5 behead$ 9 "s cycle e>li] ?an ! ,t]ti>y & _! gaps !reaft] oblit]at$4 ,:y ! ,delaw>e w9d-gap /ream %\ld h endur$ into a lat] cycle does n at pres5t appe>4 ,o!r w9d-gaps ( app>5tly simil> orig9 may be f\nd 9 ,blue m\nta9 we/ ( ! ,s*uylkill & ea/ ( ! ,susquehanna4 ,x is notewor?y t if any small /reams /ill p]sev]e 9 _! gaps across a h>d ridge1 !y are n v close to any l>ge riv]-gap2 h5ce x is only at ! v headwat]s ( ,con$ogw9et creek1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,frankl9 c\nty1 t any wat] is /ill drawn f ! back ( ,blue m\nta94 ,aga91 ^! small /ream gaps d n lie betwe5 l>ge riv]-gaps & w9d-gaps1 b w9d-gaps lie betwe5 ! gaps ( l>ge riv]s & ^? ( small /reams t are n yet div]t$4 ,excell5t illu/ration ( ?is is f\nd on ! ,pi$mont %eet ( ! cont\r$ maps issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,! %eet cov]s "p ( ,m>yl& & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ne> :]e ! ,nor? ,bran* ( ! ,potomac comes out ( ! plateau & crosses ,new ,creek m\nta94 ,elev5 miles s\? ( ! ,potomac gap !re is a deep w9d-gap2 b fur!r on1 at tw5ty1 tw5ty-five & tw5ty-n9e miles f ! riv]-gap are ?ree f9e wat]-gaps occupi$ by small /reams4 ,?is example m]ely %[s h[ _m important po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( our riv]s w be made cle> :5 ! c\ntry is prop]ly portray$ on cont\r$ maps4 ,a few l9es may be giv5 to ! g5]al abs5ce ( gaps 9 ,blue ,m\nta9 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,:5 ! initial consequ5t dra9age 0 e/abli%$1 _m /reams mu/ h be5 locat$ on ! nor?w>d slope ( ! great ,cumb]l& highl&1 ,c1 ,c1 fig4 #ba2 !y mu/ h gulli$ ! slope to great dep?s & c>ri$ away great volumes ( ! weak ,cambrian b$s t lay deep )9 ! h>d out] cas+s ( ! mass4 ,m9or adju/m5ts s]v$ to dim9i% ! numb] ( ^! /reams1 b ! m effective cause ( _! pres5t r>ity lay 9 ! natural selection ( c]ta9 ( !m to become l>ge /reams2 ! small] ones 7 g5]ally behead$ by ^!4 ,! only examples ( /reams t /ill cross ?is ridge ) _! initial ,p]mian direction ( fl[ to ! nor?we/ are f\nd 9 two s\!rn bran*es ( ,tusc>ora creek at ! s\!rn po9t ( ,juniata c\nty2 & ^! survive because ( _! obscure location among ! _m ,m$9a ridges ( t di/rict1 :]e !y 7 n easily accessible to capture by o!r /reams4 #ch4 ,t]ti>y adju/m5t ( ! ,juniata on ! ,m$9a anticl9es4--,! l[] c\rse ( ! ,juniata pres5ts sev]al examples ( adju/m5t ref]able to ! la/ "p ( ! ,jura-,cretace\s cycle & to ! ,t]ti>y cycle4 ,! explanation (f]$ = ! escape ( ?is riv] f its initial syncl9e did n %[ any reason = its peculi> position ) respect to ! sev]al ,m$9a anticl9es t x n[ bord]s1 because at ! "t :5 x 0 l$ across c\ntry to ! ,wiconisco syncl9e1 ! h>d ,m$9a b$s ( ^! anticl9es 7 n discov]$4 ,x is !re=e h>dly to be ?\ght t ! location ( ! ,juniata 9 ! ,n>r[s bel[ ,lewi/[n betwe5 ,blue ,ridge & ,%ade m\nta9 & its avoidance ( ,tusc>ora m\nta9 c\ld h be5 def9$ at t e>ly date4 ,b all ^! ,m$9a anticl9es rise m or less above ! ,cretace\s baselevel1 & mu/ h _h "s effect on ! position tak5 by ! riv] ab\t ! middle ( t cycle :5 its *annel sank ^u !m4 ,blue ,ridge & ,black ,log anticl9es rise highe/4 ,! fir/ location ( ! cross-c\ntry /ream t l$ ! e>ly ,juniata away f its initial syncl9e probably trav]s$ ! ,blue ,ridge & ,black ,log anticl9es :ile !y 7 yet buri$2 b its *annel-cutt+ 0 mu* ret>d$ on enc\nt]+ !m1 & "s bran* /ream work+ ar\nd f ! l[] side ( ! ob/ructions may h div]t$ ! riv] to an easi] pa?4 ,! only pa? ( ! k9d is ! n>r[ "o betwe5 ! ov]lapp+ anticl9es ( ,blue ,ridge & ,%ade m\nta9s1 & !re ! ,juniata n[ fl[s4 ,if ano!r elevation %\ld occur 9 ! future1 x might happ5 t ! sl[ deep5+ ( ! *annel 9 ! h>d ,m$9a b$s :i* n[ floor ! ,n>r[s w\ld all[ ,middle creek ( ,snyd] c\nty to tap ! ,juniata at ,lewi/[n & lead x by direct c\rse pa/ ,middleburgh to ! ,susquehanna2 ?us x w\ld return to ! pa? ( its y\?4 ,! location ( ! ,juniata at ! end ( ,tusc>ora m\nta9 is aga9 s def9ite t x c h>dly be ref]r$ to a "t :5 ! m\nta9 _h n be5 reveal$4 ,! mo/ likely position ( ! orig9al cross-c\ntry /ream :i* br\ght ! ,juniata into ! ,wiconisco syncl9e 0 some:]e on ! l9e ( ! exi/+ m\nta91 & assum+ x to h be5 !re1 we mu/ "q h[ x has be5 displac$4 ,! process seems to h be5 ( ! same k9d z t j giv52 ! ret>dation ( *annel-cutt+ 9 ! late ,cretace\s cycle1 :5 ! ,m$9a b$s ( ,tusc>ora anticl9e 7 discov]$1 all[$ a bran* f ! l[] "p ( ! riv] to "w ar\nd ! end ( ! m\nta9 & lead ! riv] out t way4 ,! occurr5ce ( a %all[ depression across ! summit ( ! o!rwise rem>kably ev5 cre/ ( ,tusc>ora m\nta9 sugge/s t ?is div]sion 0 n f9ally accompli%$ until %ortly aft] ! ,t]ti>y elevation ( ! c\ntry2 b at :atev] date ! adju/m5t occurr$1 x is natural t x %\ld pass ar\nd ! ea/]n end ( ! m\nta9 & n ar\nd ! we/]n end1 :]e ! c\rse w\ld h be5 mu* long]1 & !re=e n successfully to be tak5 by a div]t+ /ream4 ,:ile ! quality ( ^! processes appe>s satisfactory1 ,i am n satisfi$ z to ! suffici5cy ( _! quantity4 ,if div]sion 0 successfully practic$ at ! cross+ ( ! ,tusc>ora anticl9e1 :y n also at ! cross+ ( ,jack's m\nta9 anticl9e1 on :i* ! riv] /ill p]sev]es4 ,x is difficult "h to decide h[ mu* confid5ce may be plac$ 9 ! explanation1 because ( its giv+ reason = ! location ( c]ta9 /reams1 & h[ mu* d\bt mu/ be ca/ ^u x1 because x seems impossible & is n ( univ]sal application4 #ci4 ,migration ( ! ,atlantic-,ohio divide4--,!re are c]ta9 %ift$ c\rses :i* _c be def9itely ref]r$ to any p>ticul> cycle1 & :i* may !re=e be m5tion$ n[4 ,among ! greate/ are ^? by :i* ! divide betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,ohio /reams has be5 *ang$ f its initial position on ! great con/ructional ,nittany highl& & ,b$=d range4 ,!re 0 probably no significant *ange until aft] ,new>k depression1 = ! bran*es ( ! ,an?racite riv] c\ld n h begun to pu% ! divide we/w>d till aft] ! ea/w>d fl[ ( ! riv] 0 det]m9$2 until !n1 !re does n seem to h be5 any m>k$ advantage possess$ by ! ea/w>d /reams ov] ! we/w>d4 ,b ) ! ea/w>d escape ( ! ,an?racite1 x probably f\nd a %ort] c\rse to ! sea & "o t l$ x ov] alt]nately s(t & h>d rocks1 in/ead ( ! long] c\rse foll[$ by ! ,ohio /reams ov] cont9u\s s&/ones4 ,! advantage giv5 by ! great] ext5t ( s(t b$s is indicat$ by ! great bread? ( ! exi/+ valleys 9 ! c5tral di/rict comp>$ ) ! less bread? ( ^? 9 ! plateau to ! we/4 ,consid] ! effect ( ?is advantage at ! "t ( ! ,jurassic elevation4 ,z ! /reams on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,nittany divide _h ! %orte/ & /eepe/ c\rses to ! sea1 !y deep5$ _! valleys fa/] ?an ^? on ! we/ & acquir$ dra9age area f !m2 h5ce we f9d reason = ! dra9age ( ! entire ,nittany & ,b$=d di/rict by ! ,atlantic /reams at pres5t4 ,v>i\s bran*es ( :at are n[ ! ,alleghany & ,monongahela orig9ally rose on ! we/]n slope ( ! divid+ range4 ,^! probably rea*$ mu* f>!r ea/ 9 pre-,p]mian "t1 b _h _! headwat]s turn$ ano!r way by ! gr[? ( ! great anticl9al divide2 b ! small] anticl9es ( ,laurel ridge & ,negro m\nta9 f>!r we/ d n seem to h be5 /rong en\gh to =m a divide1 = ! riv]s /ill trav]se !m4 ,n[ z ! headwat]s ( ! ,juniata brea*$ ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,nittany-,b$=d range & pu%$ ! divide we/w>d1 !y at la/ ga9$ possession ( ! ,siluro-,devonian monocl9e on its we/]n slope2 b beyond ?is x has n be5 possible = !m yet to g4 ,z ! /reams cut d[n deep] & enc\nt]$ ! ,m$9a anticl9e ne> ! core ( ! ridge1 !y saw$ a passage ?r\gh x2 ! ,cambrian b$s 7 discov]$ bel[ & a valley 0 op5$ on !m z ! ,m$9a cov] wore away4 ,! mo/ important po9t ab\t ?is is t we f9d 9 x an adequate explanation ( ! opposite location ( wat]-gaps 9 pairs1 su* z *>act]ize ! bran*es ( ! ,juniata bel[ ,tyrone & aga9 bel[ ,b$=d4 ,?is opposite location has be5 held to indicate an antec$5t orig9 ( ! riv] t passes ?r\gh ! gaps1 :ile gaps =m$ by self-develop$ /reams are n ?\ght to pres5t su* correspond5ce 7,hilb]74 ,yet ?is special case ( pair$ gaps 9 ! opposite walls ( a brea*$ anticl9e is manife/ly a direct sequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( ! ,juniata headwat]s4 ,! settl+ d[n ( ! ma9 ,juniata on ,jack's m\nta9 anticl9e bel[ ,hunt+don is ano!r case ( ! same k9d1 9 :i* ! relatively l[ anticl9al cre/ is z yet n widely brea*$2 ! gaps bel[ ,b$=d /& ap>t1 z ! cre/ is !re high]1 & h5ce wid] op5$2 & ! gaps bel[ ,tyrone are sep>at$ by "s t5 or twelve miles4 ,:5 ! headwat] /reams captur$ ! dra9age ( ! ,siluro-,devonian monocl9e on ! we/]n side ( ! anci5t divid+ anticl9e1 !y develop$ subsequ5t rectangul> bran*es gr[+ l a well-tra9$ grape v9e4 ,mo/ ( ?is valley has be5 acquir$ by ! we/ bran* ( ! ,susquehanna1 probably because x trav]s$ ! ,m$9a b$s less (t5 ?an ! ,juniata4 ,= ! same reason1 x may be1 ! ,we/ ,bran* has captur$ a consid]able area ( plateau dra9age t mu/ h once belong$ to ! ,ohio1 :ile ! ,juniata has none ( x2 b if s1 ! capture mu/ h be5 be=e ! ,t]ti>y cycle1 = s9ce t "t ! ability ( ! ,we/ ,bran* & ( ! ,juniata z reg>ds su* capture appe>s ab\t alike4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ca/leman's riv]1 a bran* ( ! ,monongahela1 /ill reta9s ! dra9age ( a small bit ( ! ,siluro-,devonian monocl9e1 at ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,/ate1 :]e ! ,juniata headwat]s _h ! lea/ opportunity to capture x2 b ! *ange "h is probably only ret>d$1 n prev5t$ entirely2 ! ,juniata w "s day pu% ! divide ev5 "h back to ! ,alleghany ,front1 ! frontal bluff ( ! plateau4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 #dj4 ,o!r examples ( adju/m5ts4--,o!r examples ( small adju/m5ts are f\nd ar\nd ! ,wyom+ bas91 fig4 #bf4 ,orig9ally all ^! /reams ran c5tripetally d[n ! enclos+ slopes1 & 9 su* locations !y mu/ h cut gullies & brea*es 9 ! h>d ,c>bonif]\s b$s & op5$ l[ back c\ntry on ! weak] ,devonians4 ,"s ( ! exi/+ /reams /ill d s1 & ^! are precisely ! ones t are n easily rea*$ by div]tors4 ,! ,susquehanna 9 its c\rse outside ( ! bas9 has s5t out bran*es t h behead$ all ! c5tripetal /reams )9 rea*2 :]e ! same riv] ent]s ! bas91 ! c5tripetal /reams h be5 %ort5$ if n completely behead$4 ,a bran* ( ! ,delaw>e has captur$ ! heads ( "s ( ! /reams ne> ! ea/]n end ( ! bas94 ,else:]e1 ! c5tripetal /reams /ill exi/ ( good l5g?4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! p]si/5ce ( "s ( ! c5tripetal /reams "h & _! p]iph]al div]sion ar\nd ,broad ,top is a consequ5ce ( ! diff]5ce ( altitude ( ! old lake bottoms 9 ! two cases4 ,x is n to be d\bt$ t we %all become acqua9t$ ) _m examples ( ?is k9d z our intimacy ) riv]s increases4 #da4 ,ev5ts ( ! ,quat]n>y cycle4--,! brief quat]n>y cycle does n (f] _m examples ( ! k9d t we h consid]$1 & all t are f\nd are ( small dim5sions4 ,! only captur+ /ream t ne$ be m5tion$ has lately be5 describ$ z a riv] pirate2#bc b its conque/ is only a ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 affair comp>$ to ! ,go?- & ,hun-l depr$ations ( ! great] /reams 9 e>li] cycles4 ,footnote #bc3 ,sci5ce1 xiii1 #ahhi1 #ajh4 ,! "* ( ! /reams & _! valleys z !y n[ exi/ is /rik+ly dep5d5t 9 _m ways on ! relation ( ! incipi5t quat]n>y cycle to ! long] cycles ( ! pa/4 ,no lakes occur1 exception be+ made only ( ! relatively small ponds due to drift ob/ruction )9 ! glaciat$ area4 ,wat]falls are f\nd only at ! headwat]s ( small /reams 9 ! plateau di/rict1 exception aga9 be+ made only = c]ta9 cases ( l>g] /reams t h be5 ?r[n f _! pre-glacial c\rses by drift b>ri]s1 & :i* are n[ 9 a v immature /ate on _! new l9es ( fl[4 ,! small valleys ( ?is cycle are %all[ & n>r[1 always ( a size /rictly proportional to ! volume ( ! /ream & ! h>dness ( ! enclos+ rocks1 exception be+ made only 9 ! case ( po/-glacial gorges ^: /reams h be5 displac$ f _! pre-glacial *annels4 ,! t]races t are se51 especially on ! /reams t fl[ 9 or f ! glaciat$ di/rict1 are m]ely a tempor>y & subord9ate complication ( ! g5]al developm5t ( ! valleys4 ,9 ! region t has be5 "h consid]$1 ! /reams h be5 seldom mu* displac$ f _! pre-glacial *annels2 b 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate1 :]e ! drift 9 ! valleys seems to be heavi]1 m s]i\s di/urbance ( pre-glacial c\rses is report$4 ,! facts "h ref]r$ to 9 reg>d to lakes1 falls1 gorges1 t]races & displac$ /reams are to be f\nd 9 ! v>i\s volumes ( ! ,second ,geological ,survey ( ! ,/ate2#bd 9 reg>d to ! t]races & ! e/u>9e deflections ( ! ,delaw>e & ,susquehanna1 ref]5ce %\ld be made also to ,mc,gee's /udies4#be ,footnote #bd3 ,especially ,c>ll1 ,reports ,i#c1 ,i#d2 ,:ite1 ,reports ,g#e1 ,g#f2 ,lewis1 ,report ,z4 ,footnote #be3 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce1 xxxv1 #ahhh1 #cfg1 #ddh2 ,sev5? ,annual ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahhh1 #ede4 #db4 ,d\btful cases4--,x is h>dly necess>y to /ate t !re are _m facts = :i* no satisfactory explanation is f\nd "u ! !ory ( adju/m5ts t we h be5 consid]+4 ,"s w c]ta9ly include ! location ( ! ,susquehanna on ! po9ts ( ! ,pocono syncl9es "u ?is category2 all mu/ feel t su* a location savors ( an antec$5t orig94 ,! same is true ( ! examples ( ! alignm5t ( wat]-gaps f\nd on c]ta9 /reams2 = example1 ! f\r gaps cut 9 ! two pairs ( ,pocono & ,pottsville outcrops at ! we/ end ( ! ,wyom+ syncl9e1 & ! ?ree gaps :]e ! ,little ,s*uylkill crosses ! coal bas9 at ,tamaqua2 ! opposite gaps 9 pairs at ,tyrone & ,b$=d h already be5 suffici5tly expla9$4 ,! location ( ! upp] ,nor? ,bran* ( ! ,susquehanna is also unrelat$ to processes ( adju/m5t z f> z ,i c see !m1 & ! great area ( plateau dra9age t is n[ possess$ by ! ,we/ ,bran* is c]ta9ly difficult to und]/& z ! result ( conque/4 ,! two indep5d5t gaps 9 ,tussey's m\nta91 ma9ta9$ by ! ,juniata & its ,frank/[n bran* bel[ ,tyrone are curi\s1 especially 9 view ( ! app>5t div]sion ( ! bran* to ! ma9 /ream on ! upp] side ( ,w>rior's ridge 7,oriskany71 j ea/ ( ,tussey's m\nta94 #dc4 ,complicat$ hi/ory ( our actual riv]s4--,if ?is !ory ( ! hi/ory ( our riv]s is correct1 x foll[s t any "o riv] z x n[ exi/s is ( s complicat$ an orig9 t its developm5t _c become a matt] ( g5]al /udy & mu/ unhappily rema9 only a subject = special inve/igation = "s "t to come4 ,x 0 my hope on beg9n+ ?is essay to f9d "s tea*able sequ5ce ( facts t w\ld s]ve to relieve ! usual r\t9e ( /ati/ical & descriptive geography1 b ?is is n ! result t has be5 atta9$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,susquehanna1 ! ,juniata1 or ! ,s*uylkill1 is too involv$ ) complex *anges1 if n en%r\d$ 9 my/]y1 to become intelligible to any b advanc$ /ud5ts2 only ! simple/ cases ( riv] developm5t c be introduc$ into ! n>r[ limits ( ord9>y in/ruction4 ,! s+le c\rse ( an anci5t /ream is n[ brok5 into sev]al indep5d5t p>ts2 witness ! disjo9t+ & div]sion ( ! orig9al ,juniata1 :i*1 z ,i h suppos$1 once ext5d$ f ,broad ,top lake to ! ,catawissa bas94 ,n[ ! upp] "p ( ! /ream1 repres5t+ ! e>ly ,broad ,top outlet1 is r$uc$ to small volume 9 ,aughwick creek2 ! cont9uation ( ! /ream to ,lewi/[n is fir/ set to "o side ( its orig9al axial location & is !n div]t$ to ano!r syncl9e2 ! behead$ portion n[ repres5t$ by ,middle creek is div]t$ f its c\rse to ! ,catawissa bas9 by ! ,susquehanna2 p]haps ! ,catawissa ( ! pres5t day repres5ts ! rev]s$ c\rse ( ! l[] ,juniata :]e x jo9$ ! ,an?racite4 ,?is uns]viceably complicat$ /atem5t is n mu* simplifi$ if in/ead ( beg9n+ ) an orig9al /ream & se>*+ out its pres5t disjo9t$ p>ts1 we trace ! composition ( a s+le exi/+ /ream f its once indep5d5t p>ts4 ,! ,juniata ( to-day consi/s ( headwat]s acquir$ f ,ohio /reams2 ! lake 9 :i* ! riv] once ga!r$ its upp] bran*es is n[ dra9$ & ! lake bottom has become a m\nta9 top2 ! /reams fl[ ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! lake1 n across its bas92 a %ort c\rse t[>ds ,lewi/[n ne>ly co9cides ) ! orig9al location ( ! /ream1 b to conf\nd ?is ) a precise agreem5t is to lose ! true significance ( riv] hi/ory2 ! l[] c\rse is ! product ( div]sion at lea/ at two epo*s & c]ta9ly 9 sev]al places2 & :]e ! riv] n[ jo9s ! ,susquehanna1 x is suspect$ ( hav+ a sup]impos$ c\rse unlike any ( ! re/ ( ! /ream4 ,?is is too complicat$1 ev5 if x %\ld ev] be demon/rat$ to be :olly true1 to s]ve z mat]ial = ord9>y /udy2 b z long z x has a savor ( tru?1 & z long z we are ignorant ( ! :ole hi/ory ( our riv]s1 ?r\gh :i* alone _! pres5t features c be rightfully und]/ood1 we mu/ cont9ue to se>* aft] ! natural processes ( _! developm5t z c>efully & ?or\ghly z ! biologi/ se>*es = ! l9ks miss+ f 8 s*eme ( classification4 #dd4 ,provisional ,conclusions4--,x is 9 view ( ^! d\bts & complications t ,i feel t ! hi/ory ( our riv]s is n yet settl$2 b yet ! num]\s accordances ( actual & d$uctive locations appe> s def9ite & 9 "s cases s rem>kable t !y _c be neglect$1 z !y mu/ be if we %\ld adh]e to ! antec$5t orig9 ( ! riv] c\rses4 ,! me?od adopt$ on an e>ly page !re=e seems to be ju/ifi$4 ,! provisional sy/em ( anci5t consequ5t dra9age1 illu/rat$ on fig4 #ba1 does appe> to be suffici5tly relat$ to ! /reams ( to-day to w>rant ! belief t mo/ ( our riv]s took _! fir/ c\rses betwe5 ! primitive folds ( our m\nta9s1 & t f t di/ant "t to ! pres5t ! *anges !y h suff]$ are due to _! own int]action--to _! own mutual adju/m5t m ?an to any o!r cause4 ,! ,susquehanna1 ,s*uylkill1 ,lehigh & ,delaw>e are comp\nd1 composite & highly complex riv]s1 ( repeat$ mature adju/m5t4 ,! middle ,susquehanna & its bran*es & ! upp] portions ( ! ,s*uylkill & ,lehigh are desc5dants ( orig9al ,p]mian riv]s consequ5t on ! con/ructional topography ( t "t2 ,new>k depression rev]s$ ! fl[ ( "s ( ! transv]se /reams1 & ! spontane\s *anges or adju/m5ts f immature to mature c\rses 9 ! sev]al cycles ( developm5t are s num]\s & ext5sive t1 z ,lwl truly says1 ! initial dra9age has almo/ disappe>$4 ,! l>g] we/w>d-fl[+ /reams ( ! plateau are ( e>li]1 ,c>bonif]\s bir?1 & h suff]$ little subsequ5t *ange beyond a loss ( headwat]s4 ,! l[] c\rses ( ! ,atlantic riv]s are y\ng]1 hav+ be5 mu* %ift$ f _! ,p]mian or pre-,p]mian c\rses by ,new>k & ,cretace\s sup]imposition1 z well z by rec5t d[nw>d de=mation ( ! surface 9 _! exi/+ e/u>ies4 ,no recognizable remnant ( riv]s antec$5t to ! ,p]mian de=mation are f\nd 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,/ate2 & ) ! exception ( p>ts ( ! upp] ,s*uylkill & ( ! ,susquehanna ne> ,wilkes-,b>re1 !re are no l>ge survivors ( ,p]mian consequ5t /reams 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! t]m consequ5t4 ,! %ift+ ( c\rses 9 ! progress ( mature adju/m5t has _h m to d ) det]m9+ ! actual location ( our riv]s & /reams ?an any o!r process4 ,h>v>d ,college1 ,june1 #ahhi4 ,,topographic ,,models4 ,,by ,,cosmos ,,m9deleff4 ,( ! _m me?ods by :i* x has be5 s\ght to repres5t ! relief ( a c\ntry or di/rict1 only two h be5 at all widely us$4 ,^! me?ods are1 9 ! ord] ( _! developm5t1 by ha*ur$ & by cont\r$ maps4 ,bo? h advantages & bo? h s]i\s disadvantages4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! controv]sy t is ev5 yet rag+ ov] ! relative m]its ( ! two sy/ems1 "s slight notice ( :at ea* claims to accompli% is necess>y4 ,! repres5tation ( relief by ha*ures is a graphic sy/em1 & 9 ! be/ examples we h is an attempt to %[1 ^u a plane surface1 ! actual appe>ance ( a giv5 area "u giv5 conditions ( light+1--z 9 ! ,duf\r map ( ! ,alps4 ,( c\rse c]ta9 details t w\ld really disappe> if ! assum$ conditions 7 actual ones1 mu/ be %[n ^u ! map1--s t x is1 aft] all1 b a conv5tional repres5tation4 ,! v be/ examples are1 = ?is & o!r reasons1 unsatisfactory1 & f> m s is ?is ! case 9 ! va/ly l>g] class ( m$ium grade & poor "w4 ,! cont\r sy/em repres5ts relief by a s]ies ( l9es1 ea* ( :i* is1 at e po9t ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 at a c]ta9 /at$ elevation above sea-level1 or "s o!r datum-plane2 9 o!r words1 ea* cont\r l9e repres5ts :at w\ld be ! wat]'s edge1 if ! sea 7 to rise to t elevation4 ,x possesses ! advantage ( great cle>ness1 b fails to a l>ge degree 9 ! repres5tation ( surface detail2 moreov]1 "o mu/ h consid]able k ( topography1 9 ord] to read ! map correctly4#a ,footnote #a3 ,= specim5s ( repres5tation ( ! same subject on diff]5t scales1 9 bo? ! ha*ure & cont\r sy/ems1 see plate f ,en?(f]'s ,topographical ,atlas4 ,to ^? :o mu/ give fir/ place to ! quantity ( relief r ?an ! quality1 z1 = example1 ! geologi/ or ! eng9e]1 a cont\r$ map is n[ consid]$ ess5tial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e quality ( relief is ! prime consid]ation & ! quantity a second>y "o1 z1 = example1 = ! use ( ! army1 a ha*ur$ map is consid]$ ! be/4 ,! me?od ( ha*ures may be r\ghly *>act]iz$ z a graphic sy/em ) a conv5tional elem5t1 & ! cont\r me?od z a conv5tional sy/em ) a graphic elem5t1--= if ! cont\r int]val is small en\gh a sort ( %ad+ is produc$ :i* helps consid]ably ! idea ( relief4 ,9 addition to ^! two great sy/ems1 ) :i* ev]yone is m or less famili>1 !re is ano!r me?od ( repres5t+ a c\ntry or di/rict1--a me?od t succe$s :]e o!rs fail1 & :i* al?\gh by no means new1 has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves3 ?is is ! repres5tation ( a c\ntry by a model 9 relief4 ,c]ta9 /rik+ advantages ( models ov] maps ( all k9ds are1 inde$1 s app>5t t "o almo/ loses sight ( su* slight disadvantages z c1 ( c\rse1 be urg$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! graphic repres5tation ( ! surface !y are f> sup]ior to ! ha*ur$ map1 & !y h ! fur!r advantage ( express+ ! relative relief1 :i* ! ha*ur$ map fails to d1 except 9 a v g5]al way4 ,!y h also ! advantage ( %[+ actual %ad[s1 exactly z !y w\ld be se5 9 a bird's-eye view ( ! di/rict1 in/ead ( m or less conv5tional ones1 & are1 consequ5tly1 m easily compreh5d$ by ! layman1 )\t becom+ any less valuable to ! skill$ topograph]4 ,9 %ort1 !y comb9e all ! graphic features ( a ha*ur$ map ) all ! advantages ( ! be/ class ( cont\r$ maps1 & 9 addition !y %[ m ( ! surface detail1 ^u :i* s mu* ( ! "* ( ! c\ntry dep5ds & :i* is v inadequately express$ by ha*ures & almo/ completely ignor$ 9 a cont\r$ map ( l>ge int]val4 ,! cont\rs !mselves c be made to appe> ^u ! model v easily & )\t int]f]+ ) o!r features4 ,! uses ( models are _m & v>i\s4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s _! usefulness has be5 mu* ext5d$1 &1 n[ t !y are becom+ bett] kn[n1 w probably receive a /ill fur!r ext5sion4 ,to ! geologi/ !y are (t5 ( great value 9 work+ out ! /ructure ( complicat$ di/ricts1 = ! reason t s _m important /ructural relations c be pres5t$ to ! eye at a s+le glance4 ,simil>ly1 = ! graphic pres5tation ( results !re is no bett] me?od1 z ! topography1 ! surface geology1 & any numb] ( sections c be %[n toge!r & se5 9 _! prop] relation%ip4 ,to ! eng9e] an accurate model is (t5 ( ! greate/ assi/ance 9 work+ out 8 problems1 & x is simply invaluable to expla9 ! details ( a plan to anyone :o has little or no te*nical tra9+2 =1 z has be5 /at$1 a model is easily compreh5d$ by anyone1 :ile m or less te*nical k is requir$ = ! prop] und]/&+ ( ev5 ! be/ maps4 ,i might g on catalogu+ 9 detail ! _m uses to :i* models may be put1 b %all n[ m5tion only "o m--p]haps ! mo/ important ( all--_! use 9 ! education ( ! "y4 ,no me?od has yet be5 devis$ t is capable ( giv+ s cle> & accurate a conception ( ! pr9ciples ( physical geography z a s]ies ( well select$ models2 models h1 inde$1 already be5 us$ = ?is purpose1 b un=tunately _! great co/ has prev5t$ _! g5]al use 9 s*ools4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! /udy ( geography has be5 plac$ ^u a new basis & a new life has be5 infus$ into x1 _m m5 h giv5 _! att5tion to ! subject ( models1 & h exp]im5t$ ) a view to *eap5 ! co/ ( reproduction1 :i* has hi!rto prev5t$ _! wide di/ribution2 & probably ?is objection w soon be rem$i$4 ,! ability to read a map correctly1--to obta9 f a /udy ( ! map a cle> conception ( ! c\ntry repres5t$1--is m uncommon ?an is usually suppos$4 ,"s ( ! rec5t me?ods ( tea*+ geography are int5d$ to cultivate ?is v faculty1 b x is d\btful :e!r !re is any bett] me?od ?an t :i* consi/s 9 ! /udy ( a s]ies ( good models 9 conjunction ) a s]ies ( maps1 all on ! same scale & ( ! same areas4 ,! value ( a s]ies ( good models 9 tea*+ geology is s app>5t t x ne$ only be m5tion$4 ,x is (t51 = reasons /at$ above1 f> m valuable ev51 ?an field in/ruction4 ,= ! con/ruction ( a good relief map ! fir/ requisite is a good cont\r$ map4 ,to ?is %\ld be add$1 :5 possible1 a good ha*ur$ map1 ^u :i* ! elevations ( ! pr9cipal po9ts are /at$1--if ! int]val 9 ! cont\r$ map is a l>ge "o1--& z mu* mat]ial 9 ! way ( photographs & sket*es z x is possible to procure4 ,! model] %\ld1 moreov]1 h "s p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! region to be repres5t$1 or1 fail+ t1 a g5]al k ( topographic =ms1 & at lea/ a cle> conception ( ! g5]al "* ( ! c\ntry :i* he seeks to repres5t4 ,?is is v important1 = x is "h t _m model]s fail3 ! me*anical portion ( ! "w any ord9>ily intellig5t p]son c d4 ,a model may be z accurate z ! map f :i* x is made1 e cont\r may be plac$ exactly :]e x belongs1 & yet ! result+ model may be1--inde$1 (t5 is--flat1 expressionless1 & unsatisfactory4 ,e topograph] 9 draw+ 8 map is compell$ to g5]alize m or less1 & x is =tunate = ! map if ?is be done 9 ! field in/ead ( 9 ! draughtsman's (fice4 ,b topograph]s diff] among !mselves3 !re may be1 & (t5 is1 consid]able diff]5ce 9 two maps ( ! same region made by diff]5t m52 9 o!r words1 ! p]sonal equation is a l>g] elem5t 9 a map ?an is usually suppos$4 ,?is be+ ! case1 !re is some?+ m requir$ 9 a model] ?an ! m]e transf]r+ ( ! matt] 9 ! map1--giv+ x ?ree dim5sions in/ead ( two3 he mu/ supply ?r\gh 8 special k ( ! region 7or1 fail+ t ?r\gh 8 g5]al k7 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics t d n appe> ^u ! map1 & undo1 s f> z x is necess>y1 c]ta9 g5]alizations ( ! topograph] & draughtsman4 ,?is arti/ic or te*nical skill requir$ correctly to repres5t ! individuality ( a giv5 di/rict is especially important 9 ! model]2 x is m important1 p]haps1 9 small-scale maps ( l>ge di/ricts ?an 9 l>ge-scale maps ( small ones1--= 9 ! latt] ! g5]aliz+ process has n be5 c>ri$ s f>1 & ! small] int]val ( ! cont\r l9es pres]ves mu* ( ! detail4 ,! me?ods by :i* relief maps are made h always receiv$ m att5tion ?an w\ld1 at fir/ sight1 appe> to be _! prop] proportion4 ,x may be due1 h[ev]1 to ! difficulty ( apply+ any te/ to det]m9e ! accuracy ( ! f9i%$ model1 & p]haps also to ! g5]al impression t any "o c make a relief map1--& s he c1 ?\gh ( c\rse !re w be a wide diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! results4 ,"s1 inde$1 h devot$ _! att5tion to me?ods exclusively1 lett+ ! result take c>e ( itself1--& ! models %[ x4 ,!re is no m reason :y a model] %\ld tie himself d[n to "o me?od ( "w1 ?an t a wat]-colori/1 or a *emi/1 or anyone engag$ 9 te*nical "w1 %\ld d s2 ?\gh 9 "s cases he might be requir$1 z ! *emi/ is1 to %[ 8 me?ods z well z 8 results4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods1 ) any pret5sion to :at we may t]m me*anical control1 is t describ$ by ! ,messrs4 ,h>d5 9 a pap] on ,! con/ruction ( maps 9 relief1 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s 9 #ahhg4 ,! me?od 0 publi%$ 9 #ahch4 ,^u a cont\r$ map z a basis cross-section l9es are drawn at small & regul> int]vals1 &1 if ! topography be intricate1 correspond+ l9es at "r angles4 ,! sections ?us secur$ are transf]r$ to ?9 /rips ( "s suitable mat]ial1 su* z c>d-bo>d or metal1 & cut d[n to ! surface l9e1--! /rips !mselves ?us =m+ ! cross-sections4 ,^! cross-sections are m\nt$ ^u a suitable base-bo>d1 & ! cavities or boxes are !n fill$ up ) "s easily c>v$ mat]ial1 su* z pla/] or wax4 ,! top is !n c>v$ d[n to ! =m ( ! c\ntry or di/rict1--! necess>y guidance be+ obta9$ by ! upp] edges ( ! /rips t =m ! cross-sections4 ,x w be readily se5 t ?is me?od is a v crude & labori\s "o4 ,x necessitates 9 ! fir/ place a good cont\r$ map ^u :i* to draw ! sections1 b sacrifices mu* ( ! advantage ?us ga9$ because only a numb] ( po9ts on ea* cont\r l9e are us$1 in/ead ( ! entire l9e4 ,x is no bett]1 al?\gh actually m labori\s1 ?an ! lat] me?od ( driv+ cont\r p9s 7^: height above a base-bo>d may be accurately measur$17 along ! cont\r l9es1 & !n fill+ 94 ,a slight modification ( ! latt] me?od c be us$ to advantage :5 no cont\r$ map is available1 & :5 ! po9ts ^: elevation is kn[n are n num]\s en\gh to p]mit ! con/ruction ( "o4 ,9 ?is case ! only control t c be secur$ is by means ( a numb] ( p9s driv5 into ! base-bo>d at ^? po9ts ^: elevation is kn[n4 ,! rema9d] ( ! map is !n sket*$ 94 ,?is me?od is p]haps z satisfactory z any1 :5 ! mat]ial ^u ! map is scanty4 ,ano!r me?od1 h[ev]1 gr[+ out ( ! same scant9ess ( mat]ial1 is 9 "s cases to be pref]r$1 especially = l>ge models4 ,! map is enl>g$ to ! requir$ size1 & a trac+ ( x is m\nt$ ^u a frame4 ,ano!r deep frame1 j l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! m\nt$ trac+1 is made1 & laid ^u a suitable base-bo>d ^u :i* a copy ( ! map has be5 m\nt$4 ,^u ?is base-bo>d ! model is !n comm5c$1 9 clay or wax4 ,! l[ areas are model$ fir/1--horizontal control be+ obta9$ by prick+ ?r\gh ! m\nt$ trac+ ( ! map ) a ne$le po9t1 & v]tical control by measur+ d[n f a /raight edge slid+ on ! top ( ! deep frame4 ,?is sy/em is r crude1 & only useful :]e ! mat]ial ^u ! map is v scanty1 b x gives excell5t control4 ,a me?od us$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,k+ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 l>ge map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is describ$ by him 9 a lett] to ,messrs4 ,h>d51 & publi%$ by !m 9 ! place m5tion$4 ,a solid block ( pla/] is us$1--! cont\r$ map be+ transf]r$ to x--& ! pla/] is c>v$ d[n to produce a s]ies ( /eps l ^? made by build+ up ! cont\rs4 ,! %\ld]s are !n c>v$ d[n to produce a cont9u\s surface4 ,?is me?od is "o ( ! be/ ( ^? t require c>v+ in/ead ( model+4 ,_m o!r me?ods ( produc+ relief maps might be m5tion$1 b1 z mo/ ( !m h be5 us$ only to make special models1 !y ne$ n be describ$4 ,! me?od t has be5 m us$ ?an any o!r /ill rema9s to be describ$4 ,x is t :i* ! writ] has us$ almo/ exclusively1 & consi/s 9 build+ up ! model & model+ ! detail1 in/ead ( c>v+ x4 ,x is a maxim ( ! model] t ! subject %\ld be built up z f> z possible1 %\ld be produc$ by add+ bits ( clay or wax1 or o!r mat]ial1 & n by c>v+ away :at is already on1--by addition & n by subtraction4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by a ref]5ce to ! me?ods ( ! sculptor4 ,! bu/1 or figure1 or :atev] ! subject may be1 is fir/ model$ 9 clay or wax2 f ?is model a pla/] m\ld is made1 & f ?is m\ld a pla/] ca/ is tak54 ,?is ca/ is call$ ! orig9al1 & ! f9i%$ production1 :e!r 9 m>ble1 bronze1 or any o!r h>d sub/ance1 is simply a copy ( ?is orig9al4 ,no "o ev] attempts to produce ! f9i%$ bu/ or figure directly f ! object itself4 ,ev5 :]e ! arti/ has = a guide a dea? mask1 ! proc$ure does n *ange4 ,! bu/ is fir/ made 9 clay1 & ?is clay model1 z a rule1 conta9s all ! detail :i* subsequ5tly appe>s 9 ! f9i%$ bu/4 ,x seems /range1 !re=e1 t ! relief map mak] %\ld use a me?od :i* ! sculptor1 ) inf9itely m skill & judgm5t1 is afraid to use2 & ?is on subjects t d n diff] z mu* z might be imag9$4 ,! cont\r int]val to be us$ dep5ds on ! use to :i* ! model is to be put4 ,x is n always necess>y to c>ry into ! model all ! cont\r l9es ^u ! map3 ,i may g fur!r & say t x is n always desirable to d s4 ,! numb] to be us$ dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! skill ( ! model]4 ,z already /at$1 ! cont\rs are only a means ( control1 & "o model] requires m ?an ano!r4 ,to build into a model e cont\r 9 a cont\r$ map ( t5 foot int]val is a v labori\s proce$+1 & n wor? ! "t x takes1 z 9 n9e out ( t5 maps ( su* int]val only ! fifty-foot or ! "o hundr$-foot curves are def9itely fix$1 ! int]m$iate l9es be+ m]ely fill$ 94 ,?is fill+ 9 c be done z well1 or bett]1 by ! model]4 ,! "q z to ! prop] am\nt ( exagg]ation to be giv5 ! v]tical scale1 z comp>$ ) ! horizontal1 is ! "q ab\t :i* has rag$ mo/ ( ! controv]sy connect$ ) relief map mak+4 ,?is controv]sy has be5 r bitt]2 "s ( ! oppon5ts ( v]tical exagg]ation go+ to ! l5g? ( say+ t no exagg]ation is necess>y1 & t he t w di/ort or exagg]ate ! scale ( any?+ w lie4 ,on ! o!r h& ! great majority ( ^? :o h made relief maps insi/ ^u ! necessity ( m or less exagg]ation ( ! v]tical scale--g5]ally m ?an seems to me necess>y1 h[ev]4 ,an increase ( angle ( slope accompanies all v]tical exagg]ation1 & ?is is app>5t ev5 9 models 9 :i* ! v]tical elem5t is only v slightly exagg]at$4 ,x produces a false effect by dim9i%+ ! proportionate wid? ( ! valleys1 & by mak+ ! c\ntry seem mu* m rugg$ & m\nta9\s ?an x really is4 ,a second>y effect is to make ! region repres5t$ look v small--all idea ( ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry be+ lo/4 ,?is c be illu/rat$ bett] ?an describ$4 ,! ,k+ model ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is an example ( "o extreme2 x is wor?y ( note t no examples ( ! o!r extreme--too little exagg]ation--are kn[n4 ,9 small-scale models ( l>ge di/ricts "s exagg]ation ( ! v]tical scale is necess>y 9 ord] to make ! relief app>5t1 b ! am\nt ( ?is exagg]ation is (t5 increas$ mu* beyond :at is ess5tial4 ,! proportion ( scales mu/ dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! "* ( ! c\ntry repres5t$1 & on ! purposes = :i* ! model is made4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by a writ]1 quot$ by ! ,messrs4 ,h>d51 t ! foll[+ exagg]ation w\ld af=d a pleas+ relief3 ,= a map1 scale #f in*es to #a mile3 if m\nta9\s1 #a3c2 if only hilly1 #a3b2 if g5tly undulat+1 #b3c4 ,= small] scales1 except = v rugg$ tracts1 ! exagg]ation %\ld be correspond+ly increas$4 ,= a tract consi/+ :olly ( m\nta9s no exagg]ation is necess>y4 ,i "k ( no c\ntry ( su* a "* t its relief1 9 all its detail1 _c be %[n ^u a scale ( #f in*es to #a mile )\t any exagg]ation at all4 ,x seems to me t ! absolute & n ! relative am\nt ( relief is ! desid]atum1 & ,i h always us$ ?is z my guid+ pr9ciple4 ,= small scale models ,i h f\nd half an in* ( relief ample4 ,x may be wor? :ile to /ate t 9 a model ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates made = ! ,messrs4 ,butl]1 ( ,philadelphia1 ! horizontal scale 0 #gg miles to #a in*1 ! v]tical scale #dj1jjj feet to #a in*1 & ! proportion ( scales z #a to #aj4 ,?is proportion c\ld h be5 br\ght d[n z l[ z #a3f ) advantage4 ,"o-=tie? ( an in* to a ?\s& feet seems a v small v]tical scale1 b x suffic$ to %[ all ! important features ( ! relief4 ,x %\ld be /at$1 moreov]1 t ! model 9 "q 0 v hurri$ly made--9 fact1 0 h>dly m ?an a sket*-model--& t m c>e & m m9ute "w w\ld h br\ght out _m details t d n n[ appe>4 ,?is am\nt ( c>e 0 n consid]$ necess>y 9 ?is in/ance1 z ! model 0 made to be photograph$ & publi%$ z a photo-engrav+1 & 0 to suff] an enorm\s r$uction--com+ d[n to five by sev5 in*es4#b ,footnote #b3 ,see plate f ,butl]'s ,complete ,geography4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly urg$ by ! advocates ( l>ge exagg]ation t ! details ( a c\ntry _c be %[n unless ! v]tical scale is exagg]at$2 t hills #bjj1 #cjj1 or ev5 #ejj feet high--dep5d+ ( c\rse ^u ! scale--flatt5 out or disappe> entirely4 ,?is seems plausible1 b ! advantages ( great exagg]ation are m app>5t ?an real4 ,its effect ^u ! model has already be5 m5tion$2 x %\ld be add$ t1 ) ! prop] am\nt ( c>e 9 f9i%+ ! model1 exce$+ly small relief c be s br\ght out z to be readily se54 ,) ord9>y c>e1 "o-=tie? ( an in* c be easily %[n1 & ) great c>e & skill c]ta9ly "o-eightie? & probably "o-hundr$? ( an in*4 ,ano!r plausible argum5t t has be5 advanc$ 9 favor ( v]tical exagg]ation z a pr9ciple1 is well /at$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,lehman1 ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,geological ,survey1 9 a pap] on ,topographical ,models1 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s 9 #ahhe4 ,a p]fectly natural expression is ( c\rse desir$2 & to cause ?is ! features ( ! topography %\ld be di/ort$ & exagg]at$ 9 v]tical scale j en\gh to produce ! same effect on ! behold] or /ud5t ( ! di/rict ( c\ntry exhibit$ z 8 idea ( x w\ld be if he 7 on ! real gr\nd itself4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 n to make ! scales s disproportionate z to d viol5ce to m5tal impressions4 ,(t51 inde$1 prom95t or important features1 :5 !y w be> x1 may be /ill m effectively %[n by additional exagg]ation 9 ! v]tical scale4 ,! fallacy ( ?is argum5t is obvi\s4 ,x assumes t ! object ( a model is to %[ ! c\ntry z x appe>s to "o pass+ ?r\gh x1 & n z x really is--& !re is (t5 a v wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,! impression d]iv$ f pass+ ?r\gh a c\ntry is1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 a v l>ge-scale impression1 z any "o :o has tri$ x c c]tify2 x is c]ta9ly a mi/ake to attempt to reproduce ?is impression 9 a small-scale model1 ) ! help ( v]tical exagg]ation4 ,ev5 if ! pr9ciple 7 a good "o1 its application w\ld be v limit$4 ,x c\ld only be us$ 9 l>ge-scale models2 to apply x to a model ( a l>ge area--! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example--is obvi\sly absurd4 ,! me?od ref]r$ to z be+ n[ g5]ally 9 use may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3 requisites1 a good cont\r$ map2 a ha*ur$ map 9 addition1 if possible2 a cle> conception on ! "p ( ! model] ( ! c\ntry to be repres5t$2 & a fair am\nt ( skill4 ,mat]ials3 a base-bo>d ( wood or o!r suitable mat]ial2 c>d-bo>d or wood ( ! ?ickness requir$ by ! cont\r int]val & ! scale2 & model+ wax or clay4 ,proc$ure3 reproduce ! cont\rs 9 ! wood or o!r mat]ial2 m\nt ^! ^u ! base-bo>d 9 _! prop] relation%ip2 !n fill 9 ! int]v5+ spaces1 & ! space above ! topmo/ cont\r1 ) ! model+ mat]ial4 ,9 a s]ies ( models ( ! ,gr& ,divisions ( ! e>?1 made ab\t a ye> & a half ago1 ! cont\rs ( c>d-bo>d 7 made z foll[s3 ! map 0 photograph$ up to ! requir$ scale1 & z _m pr9ts 7 made z !re 7 cont\r int]vals to be repres5t$--9 a model ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( #a1jjj feet cont\r int]val !re 7 f\rte5 pr9ts4 ,?irte5 ( ^! 7 m\nt$ ^u c>d-bo>d ( ! exact ?ickness requir$ by ! v]tical scale1 & "o ^u ! base-bo>d4 ,all l>ge pap] companies use a micromet] gauge1 & c>d-bo>d c easily be obta9$ ( ! exact ?ickness requir$--ev5 to less ?an ! ?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,! l[e/ cont\r 0 !n saw$ out ^u a scroll saw1 & plac$ ^u ! correspond+ l9e ( ! map m\nt$ ^u ! base-bo>d4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ ) ea* ( ! succe$+ cont\rs until all 7 plac$ & glu$ into _! prop] positions4 ,at ?is /age ! model pres5ts ! relief 9 a s]ies ( /eps1 ea* /ep repres5t+ a rise correspond+ to ! cont\r int]val4 ,! disadvantages ( ! me?od lie 9 ! fact t unless ! greate/ c>e is ex]cis$ 9 mak+ ! photographic pr9ts !re w be consid]able di/ortion1 ow+ to ! /ret*+ ( ! pap] 9 diff]5t directions1 & consequ5tly mu* tr\ble 9 fitt+ ! cont\rs4 ,if c>e be ex]cis$ 9 hav+ ! gra9 ( ! pap] run 9 ! same direction 9 all ! pr9ts1 tr\ble 9 fitt+ ! cont\rs w be mu* r$uc$1 b ! di/ortion 9 "o direction w rema94 ,9 our exp]i5ce ?is di/ortion am\nts to ab\t two p] c5t42 9 o!r words1 a model t %\ld be fifty in*es long w 9 reality be fifty-"o in*es2 b1 z ?is error is di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole fifty in*es1 x is n too great = an ord9>y model4 ,if great] accuracy be requir$1 x c be secur$ by transf]r+ ! cont\rs to ! c>d-bo>d by means ( trac+ or transf] pap]4 ,! great advantage ( ! photographic me?od lies 9 ! fact t :5 ! model has be5 built up1 ) all ! cont\rs 9 position1 x pres5ts a copy ( ! map itself1 ) all ! details1 dra9age1 etc41 9 position1 in/ead ( blank int]vals betwe5 ! cont\rs4 ,su* details & dra9age are a great help 9 ! subsequ5t model+4 ,! next /ep 9 ! process is to fill 9 ) clay or wax ! int]vals betwe5 ! cont\rs4 ,i h always f\nd wax m conv5i5t ?an clay = ?is purpose z1 unless ! surface coat+ is a ?ick "o1 ! clay is difficult to keep moi/4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 "s model]s h us$ clay mix$ ) glyc]9e in/ead ( wat]2 ?is1 ( c\rse1 does n become dry1 b ! mat]ial is1 at its be/1 unsatisfactory4 ,! fill+-9 process is ! mo/ important "o 9 relief map mak+1 = x is "h t ! model] mu/ %[ 8 k (1 & feel+ =1 topographic =ms4 ,"s models seem to h be5 con/ruct$ ) ! idea t :5 ! cont\rs h be5 accurately plac$ ! "w ( ! model] is practically done4 ,?is is a great mi/ake4 ,! c>d-bo>d cont\rs are only a means ( control1 occupy+ some:at ! same relation to ! relief map t a core or base ( bricks1 or a frame ( wood1 does to o!r con/ructions z1 = example1 an ar*itectural ornam5t or a bu/4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to cut away ! cont\r c>d2 =1 z has be5 already expla9$1 a map is m or less g5]aliz$1 & a cont\r is frequ5tly c>ri$ across a rav9e1 in/ead ( foll[+ x up1 z x w\ld d if ! map 7 on a l>g] scale4 ,su* g5]aliz+ is ( c\rse p]fectly prop] 9 a map1 b1 ) ! same scale1 we expect m detail 9 a model4 ,! model] mu/ h judgm5t en\gh & skill en\gh to read betwe5 ! l9es1 & to undo ! g5]aliz+ ( ! topograph] & draughtsman1 ?us supply+ ! mat]ial omitt$ f ! map4 ,?is c be done )\t mat]ially affect+ ! accuracy ( ! model1 consid]$ ev5 z a copy ( ! cont\r$ map4 ,! cont\rs ( c>d-bo>d or o!r mat]ial are1 let me repeat1 only a means ( control4 ,! p]fect model]--a v>iety1 by ! way1 yet to be evolv$--w\ld be able to make an accurate relief map )\t !m1 9 ! same way t o!r subjects are made2 z1 = example1 a fl[] panel1 an ar*itectural ornam5t1 or any o!r subject 9 l[ relief1 :]e ! object s\ght is arti/ic effect & great accuracy is n a desid]atum4 ,x is ! conv]se ( ?is idea t has produc$ ! num]\s models t "o sees2 accurate en\gh1 p]haps1 b :olly expressionless & absolutely )\t feel+4 ,?is is ! great fault ( ne>ly all models made by build+ up ! cont\rs 9 wood & !n c>v+ d[n ! %\ld]s4 ,x is !n necess>y to s&-pap] !m1 & :at little "* !y might o!rwise h _h is completely oblit]at$ by ! s&-pap]4 ,su* models almo/ inv>iably look wood54 ,let ! model]1 !n1 h a cle> conception ( 8 subject & n dep5d :olly on ! cont\rs1 & let him "w out t conception 9 8 model1 controll$ & help$ by ! cont\rs1 b n b\nd by !m2 ! result+ model w ?us be f> m satisfactory & a f> bett] repres5tation ( 8 subject1 9 o!r words1 x w be m life-l--m ne>ly true to nature4 ,! model1 provid$ x be n ( clay1 is sometimes us$ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is left :5 f9i%$4 ,x is mu* m common1 h[ev]1 to make a pla/] m\ld1 & f ?is a pla/] ca/4 ,= ?is purpose a m\ld] is usually call$ 92 b m\ld]s z a rule are ignorant m51 accu/om$ to "o l9e ( "w only1 & ! result is n always satisfactory4 ,x is mu* bett] = ! model] himself to d ?is "w1 ?\gh to obta9 good results f pla/] x is necess>y to "k ! mat]ial ?or\ghly1 & ?is k comes only f exp]i5ce4 ,! m\ld is g5]ally made q heavy1 9 ord] to /& ! subsequ5t h>d treatm5t t x may receive1 & %\ld be ret\*$ & ?or\ghly dri$ be=e be+ prep>$ = ! ca/4 ,! me?od us$ by "s model]s ( plac+ a frame ab\t ! model & p\r+ 9 ! pla/]1 fill+ ! frame to ! top1 is a crude & v wa/eful "o & n at all to be recomm5d$4 ,9 a model ( l>ge size--say sev5 or eight feet squ>e--x w\ld require a d]rick to move ! m\ld4 ,x is :olly unnecess>y1 z1 ) a small am\nt ( c>e1 a good m\ld c be made n m ?an an in* ?ick1 or1 at mo/1 an in* & a half4 ,! dry+ ( ! m\ld be=e use c sometimes be disp5s$ )1 b is always desirable4 ,ne>ly all ,am]ican m\ld]s 7z di/+ui%$ f ,fr5* & ,italian ones7 v>ni% ! m\ld1 & ?us lose "s ( ! f9e/ detail & %>pness4 ,?is is unnecess>y4 ,! m\ld c be easily prep>$ ) a solution ( soap s z to leave no?+ on ! surface b a v ?9 coat+ ( oil1 :i* is tak5 up & replac$ by ! pla/] ( ! ca/4 ,( c\rse1 if ! model has be5 s&-pap]$1 no f9e "w 9 m\ld+ or ca/+ is necess>y1 z !re is no?+ to save4 ,if ! subject is a v intricate "o1 ) und]cuts 7z !y are call$71 x is cu/om>y to make a wa/e m\ld2 z ?is is v seldom necess>y 9 relief map "w1 h[ev]1 ! process ne$ n be describ$4 ,to make ! ca/ x is only necess>y to repeat ! processes us$ 9 mak+ ! m\ld4 ,) great c>e & "s skill a ca/ c be produc$ b little inf]ior 9 po9t ( %>pness & detail to ! orig9al model4 ,x is cu/om>y to make ! ca/ v ?ick1 &1 consequ5tly1 v heavy2 ?is is unnecess>y4 ,9 our "w we seldom make a ca/ ?ick] ?an "o in*1 & yet are nev] tr\bl$ ) *anges 9 ! model aft] x is f9i%$4 ,ev5 9 a v l>ge ca/ 7n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum71 weigh+ ne>ly #a1ejj p\nds & pres5t+ a surface ( ov] #afj squ>e feet1 ! av]age ?ickness is less ?an "o in*1 al?\gh x requir$ ov] five b>rels ( pla/] to make x4 ,! ca/1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly dri$1 %\ld be f9i%$--all its imp]fections be+ c>efully repair$4 ,! surface1 h[ev]1 %\ld be t\*$ z little z possible1 z ! slight r\ghness ( surface t comes f ! orig9al model1 ?r\gh ! m\ld1 is remov$ by any tool+4 ,?is r\ghness adds mu* to ! effect ( ! model2 9 fact1 :]e ! scale is l>ge en\gh1 x is sometimes desirable to emphasize x4 ,! prop] way to pa9t a model is a matt] t mu/ re/ pr9cipally ^u ! judgm5t ( ! model]1 dep5d+ to "s ext5t1 also1 on ! use to :i* ! model is to be put4 ,! pla9 ca/ is sometimes us$1 dra9age1 lett]+1 etc41 be+ put directly ^u x4 ,?is has ! advantage ( pres]v+ all ! detail t comes f ! m\ld1 b x has also ! disadvantage ( a surface easily soil$ & impossible to clean4 ,if ! model is to be photograph$1 ! surface %\ld be ne>ly :ite--9 our practice we use a small am\nt ( yell[ ) ! :ite4 ,?is yell[ is h>dly appreciable by ! eye1 b its effect ^u ! photographic negative is q m>k$4 ,yell[ becomes grey 9 a photograph1 &1 9 a photograph ( a model color$ z describ$1 a grey t9t is giv5 to ! :ole surface4 ,! high lights are n pure :ite1 & !re is no h>% contra/ betwe5 light & %ade4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( great importance 9 photograph+ models3 ! surface %\ld h a dead f9i%--t is1 %\ld h no gloss1 or1 at mo/1 %\ld h only :at is kn[n among pa9t]s z an egg-%ell gloss4 ,x is almo/ impossible satisfactorily to photograph a model t has a %9y surface4 ,any portion ( a model t x is desir$ to sep>ate f ! re/ %\ld be pa9t$ a diff]5t color--! wat]1 = example1 %\ld be pa9t$ a light blue2 n a blue compos$ ( indigo1 h[ev]1 or any ( ! grey blues1 z ^! produce 9 ! photograph a dead grey1 & are n pleasant to ! eye4 ,! mo/ satisfactory color t we h us$ is a mixture ( cobalt--! pure/ ( ! blues--) ,antw]p blue--:i* is q gre5--& :ite4 ,?is gives a color t is pleasant to ! eye1 has ! retreat+ quality to p]fection1 & photographs well4 ,models int5d$ = exhibition z su* %\ld be pa9t$ reali/ically4 ,!re is room "h = an imm5se improvem5t 9 ! usual practice1 :i* is to pa9t ! model ei!r 9 "s conv5tional s*eme ( light & %ade1 or else to put a s+le flat t9t ^u x4 ,if ! model is to be color$ conv5tionally x is1 9 my op9ion1 mu* bett] to use a flat t9t1 light 9 tone1 & ) a dead surface4 ,! use ( a v>iety ( colors ^u ! face ( a model int]f]es mat]ially ) ! relief1 especially if ! relief is f9ely model$4 ,= ?is reason models color$ to indicate geologic =mations %\ld always be accompani$ by duplicates repres5t+ topography only1 color$ reali/ically1 if possible1 & )\t lett]+4 ,well-def9$ l9es o!r ?an ^? p]ta9+ to ! model itself1 su*1 = example1 z ^? us$ to def9e ! b\nd>ies ( geologic =mations1 %\ld n be all[$ ^u a model :5 x is desir$ to br+ out all ! relief4 ,! lett]+ on su* models %\ld be kept d[n z small z possible1 or :olly disp5s$ )4 ,! latt] is mu* ! bett] me?od4 ,! *eap reproduction ( models is ! mo/ important problem connect$ ) ! art1 & ! "o t is attract+ mo/ att5tion among ^? engag$ 9 x2 z1 until models c be reproduc$ *eaply1 !y w nev] h any wide di/ribution & !re w be f> less inc5tive to ! model]4 ,v>i\s mat]ials h be5 sugge/$ & exp]im5t$ on1 b n9e-t5?s ( ! models t are made to-day are made ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,al?\gh ?is mat]ial 0 ! fir/ to be us$ = ?is purpose1 x has n yet be5 sup]s$$4 ,a pla/] ca/ is heavy1 exp5sive & easily injur$2 b pla/] gives an accurate copy ( ! orig9al1 reta9s p]man5tly ! =m giv5 x1 & is easily f9i%$ & repair$4 ,! weight is an ob/acle t c be easily ov]come4 ,by ! incorporation 9 ! pla/] ( f9e t[1 or ( bagg+ or nett+ ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! ca/ c be made v light & at ! same "t /rong1 b ! exp5se is increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ by ?is me?od4 ,models made 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 h ! advantage t :5 brok5 ! pieces d n fall out1 !y are1 h[ev]1 fully z liable to surface injury z ! o!r k9d4 ,! l>ge ca/ 9 ! ,national ,museum1 be=e ref]r$ to1 0 made 9 ?is way4 ,x weigh$ ne>ly #b1jjj p\nds :5 box$--n an easy ?+ to h&le--b x /ood %ipm5t to ,new ,orleans & back )\t suff]+ any mat]ial injury4 ,?is w\ld h>dly h be5 possible _h ! ca/ be5 made f pla/] alone4 ,pap] seems1 at fir/ sight1 to be ! mat]ial be/ adapt$ = ! reproduction ( models2 b no "o has succe$$ well en\gh ) x to br+ x into use4 ,l ne>ly all ^? :o h giv5 ?is subject att5tion1 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) pap]1 b ! only positive result has be5 a loss ( a l>ge "p ( ! confid5ce t ,i once _h 9 ! suitability ( ! mat]ial4 ,pap] has be5 us$ ext5sively = l>ge scale models ( pueblos1 ru9s1 etc41 b ,i h nev] obta9$ a satisfactory result ) subjects 9 l[ relief & f9e detail4 ,a pap] ca/ may look well :5 fir/ made1 b x absorbs moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 & contracts & exp&s ) ! wea!r4 ,! contraction is apt to flatt5 out ! model & ! expansion to make x buckle up4 ,ca/s ( models h be5 made 9 iron2 b ?is1 :ile suitable p]haps = models ( m\nds & subjects ( l "*1 w\ld h>dly be applicable to small scale models ) f9e detail2 su* ca/s require too mu* surface f9i%+4 ,! mat]ial kn[n z ,l9cru/a-,walton seems to me to be ! ideal mat]ial = ?is purpose4 ,x is t\gh] ?an rubb]1 w take ! f9e/ detail1 & its surface c be treat$ 9 any way desir$4 ,un=tunately ! manufacture ( models 9 ?is mat]ial w\ld require exp5sive ma*9]y1 & is outside ! scope ( a model+ room4 ,%\ld x ev] become comm]cially advantage\s1 h[ev]1 ca/s ( a model ( ord9>y size1 9 e way equal to ! orig9al1 c be turn$ out 9 ?is mat]ial at a v small co/4 ,x rema9s to speak ( ! reproduction ( models by process-engrav+s--a me?od t w probably receive mu* m att5tion 9 ! future ?an x has 9 ! pa/4 ,x is p]haps along ?is l9e t ! *eap reproduction ( models w develop2 b ! subject is too l>ge a "o to be adequately treat$ "h1 & mu/ be po/pon$ until "s future occasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ha*ur$ ,,& ,,cont\r$ ,,maps4 ,,repres5tation ,,( ,a ,,hill ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,two ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,on ,,diff]5t ,,scales4 ,f ,supplem5t to ,en?(f]'s ,topographical ,atlas by p]mission ( ,mr4 ,en?(f]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,butl]',s ,,complete ,,geography4 ,,copyright1 #ahhh1 ,,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,butl] ,,co4 ,pr9t$ by p]mission4 ,,national ,,geographic ,,society4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,m9utes4 ,octob] #e1 #ahhh1 ,n9? ,meet+4 ,a pap] 0 read entitl$1 ,topographic ,models1 by ,mr4 ,cosmos ,m9deleff4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c4 ,octob] #ai1 #ahhh1 ,t5? ,meet+4 ,! att5dance be+ v small1 no pap] 0 read4 ,novemb] #b1 #ahhh1 ,elev5? ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,surveys1 _! ,k9ds & ,purposes1 by ,mr4 ,m>cus ,bak]4 ,! pap] 0 discuss$ by ,messrs4 ,ogd51 ,goodfell[1 ,gannett & ,bak]4 ,publi%$ 9 ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #cjd4 ,novemb] #af1 #ahhh1 ,twelf? ,meet+4 ,a pap] 0 read by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,gannett1 giv+ c]ta9 ,physical ,/ati/ics ,relat+ to ,massa*usetts1 d]iv$ f ! map ( t ,/ate rec5tly prep>$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,a discussion foll[$ :i* 0 p>ticipat$ 9 by ,messrs4 ,bak]1 ,k5a/on1 ,f]n[1 ,we$1 & ! au?or4 ,a second pap] entitl$1 ,some?+ ab\t ,tornadoes1 0 read by ,lieut4 ,j4 ,p4 ,f9ley1 ,u4 ,s4 ,signal ,corps4 ,novemb] #cj1 #ahhh1 ,?irte5? ,meet+4 ,! annual reports ( vice-,presid5ts ,h]b]t ,g4 ,ogd5 & ,g54 ,a4 ,w4 ,greely 7 deliv]$4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b4 ,decemb] #bj1 #ahhh1 ,f\rte5? ,meet+4 ,held 9 ! ,law ,lecture ,room ( ! ,columbian ,univ]sity4 ,! ,presid5t deliv]$ 8 ,annual ,address1 entitl$1 ,africa4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b4 ,decemb] #bh1 #ahhh1 ,fifte5? ,meet+4 ,! ,society met 9 ! ,society ,hall ( ! ,cosmos ,club1 ,presid5t ,hubb>d 9 ! *air4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce f ! city ( ! ,secret>ies1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,h4 ,tittmann 0 reque/$ to act z ,secret>y ( ! meet+4 ,! m9utes ( ! fir/ & f\rte5? meet+s 7 read & approv$4 ,! report ( ! ,secret>ies 0 read1 9 _! abs5ce1 by ! tempor>y ,secret>y1 & 0 approv$4 ,! ,treasur]'s report1 %[+ a balance on h& ( #fbf4gj1 0 read & approv$1 z 0 also t ( ! audit+ committee4 ,! ,presid5t ann\nc$ t vacancies caus$ by ! resignation ( two ( ! manag]s1 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,johnson & ,h5ry ,mit*ell1 _h be5 fill$ by ! ,bo>d on ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 by ! election ( ,messrs4 ,o4 ,h4 ,tittmann & ,c4 ,a4 ,k5a/on2 & t a vacancy caus$ by ! resignation ( ,vice-,presid5t ,john ,r4 ,b>tlett1 _h be5 fill$ by ! election ( ,lieut4 ,george ,l4 ,dy]1 on ,novemb] #cj?4 ,! ,society !n proce$$ to ! election ( (fic]s1 ) foll[+ result3 ,presid5t--,,g>d9] ,g4 ,,hubb>d4 ,vice-,presid5ts--,,h]b]t ,g4 ,,ogd51 l&2 ,,george ,l4 ,,dy]1 sea2 ,a4 ,w4 ,,greely1 air2 ,c4 ,,h>t ,,m]riam1 life2 ,a4 ,h4 ,,?ompson1 art4 ,treasur]--,,*>les ,j4 ,,bell4 ,record+ ,secret>y--,,h5ry ,,gannett4 ,correspond+ ,secret>y--,,george ,,k5nan4 ,manag]s--,,clevel& ,,abbe1 ,,m>cus ,,bak]1 ,,rog]s ,,birnie1 ,,jr41 ,g4 ,,br[ne ,,goode1 ,w4 ,b4 ,,p[ell1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,well+1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,k5a/on1 ,o4 ,h4 ,,tittmann4 ,janu>y #aa1 #ahhi1 ,sixte5? ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,! ,great ,pla9s ( ,canada1 & 0 pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,k5a/on1 ( ,h[>d ,univ]sity4 ,janu>y #be1 #ahhi1 ,sev5te5? ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,irrigation 9 ,cali=nia1 by ,mr4 ,william ,hammond ,hall1 ,/ate ,eng9e] ( ,cali=nia4 ,to be publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d4 ,febru>y #h1 #ahhi1 ,eighte5? ,meet+4 ,! foll[+ pap]s 7 read by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,davis1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity3 ,topographic ,models1 & ,c]ta9 ,peculi>ities ( ! ,riv]s ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c4 ,febru>y #bb1 #ahhi1 ,n9ete5? ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,r\nd ab\t ,a%eville1 ,n4 ,c41 by ,mr4 ,bailey ,willis4 ,! pap] 0 illu/rat$ by *>coal sket*es & lant]n slides4 ,discussion foll[$1 :i* 0 p>ticipat$ 9 by ,messrs4 ,bak]1 ,m]riam & ,mc,gee4 ,to be publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d4 ,m>* #h1 #ahhi1 ,tw5tie? ,meet+4 ,! foll[+ am5dm5ts to ! ,by-,laws 7 adopt$4 ,= ,article ,,vi sub/itute ! foll[+3 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,meet+s4 ,regul> meet+s ( ! ,society %all be held on alt]nate ,fridays1 f ,novemb] until ,may1 & except+ ! annual meet+1 !y %all be devot$ to communications4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,manag]s %all1 h[ev]1 h p[] to po/pone or omit meet+s1 :5 deem$ desirable4 ,special meet+s may be call$ by ! ,presid5t4 ,! annual meet+ = ! election ( (fic]s %all be ! la/ regul> meet+ 9 ,decemb]4 ,! meet+ prec$+ ! annual meet+ %all be devot$ to ! ,presid5t's annual address4 ,! reports ( ! retir+ ,vice-,presid5ts %all be pres5t$ at ! meet+s 9 ,janu>y4 ,a quorum = ! transaction ( bus9ess %all consi/ ( tw5ty-five active memb]s4 ,9 ,article ,v1 ! foll[+ p>agraph 0 introduc$ imm$iately aft] ! fir/ p>agraph ( ! article3 ,! dues ( memb]s elect$ 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb] %all be cr$it$ to ! succe$+ ye>4 ,! foll[+ pap]s 7 !n pres5t$3 ,a ,trip to ,panama & ,d>i51 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,u4 ,goode1 & ,survey ( ,mason & ,dixon's ,l9e1 by ,mr4 ,m>k ,b4 ,k]r4 ,a ,trip to ,panama & ,d>i51 to be publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d4 ,m>* #bb1 #ahhi1 ,tw5ty-fir/ ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,rec5t ,ev5ts 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ( ,columbia1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,curtis4 ,! discussion :i* foll[$ 0 p>ticipat$ 9 by ,messrs4 ,bak]1 ,gannett1 & o!rs4 ,april #e1 #ahhi1 ,tw5ty-second ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,h\se ,life 9 ,mexico1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,johnson4 ,april #ai1 #ahhi1 ,tw5ty-?ird ,meet+4 ,?is meet+ 0 devot$ to pap]s ^u ! ,samoan ,isl&s4 ,! foll[+ programme 0 pres5t$3 ,samoa2 ! ,g5]al ,geography & ,hydrography ( ! ,isl&s & ,adjac5t ,seas1 by ,mr4 ,ev]ett ,hayd54 ,climate1 by ,pr(4 ,clevel& ,abbe4 ,n>rative ( a ,cruise ,among ! ,isl&s1 by ,capt4 ,r4 ,w4 ,meade1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,! ,home ,life ( ! ,samoans & ! ,botany ( ! ,isl&s1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,saf=d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,may #c1 #ahhi1 ,tw5ty-f\r? ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,across ,nic>agua ) ,transit & ,ma*te1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,pe>y1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,to be publi%$ 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d4 ,may #ag1 #ahhi1 ,tw5ty-fif? ,meet+4 ,! pap] ( ! ev5+ 0 entitl$1 ,! ,krakatoa ,eruption1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,graham ,bell4 ,! pap] 0 discuss$ by ,capta9 ,c4 ,e4 ,dutton4 7,translat$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,l]*47 ,,int]national ,,lit]>y ,,conte/ ,to be held at ,madrid1 ,spa91 "u ! auspices ( ! ,commission 9 *>ge ( ! celebration ( ! ,f\r? ,c5t5nial ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,,program4 ,! "w = :i* a prize is (f]$ is to be a prose essay1 a true hi/oric picture giv+ a j e/imate ( ! gr&eur ( ! occasion to be celebrat$4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 on ?is subject s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury t x w\ld seem difficult to say any?+ new & good4 ,p]haps ! details1 p]haps ! circum/ances 9 ! life & acts ( ,columbus are wor?y ( no little rese>*2 b already ! ,royal ,academy ( ,hi/ory is engag$ 9 ! erudite & dilig5t task ( br++ toge!r & publi%+ ! un-edit$ or little kn[n pap]s be>+ on ?is "q4 ,! book requir$ by ?is conte/ mu/ be ( a diff]5t nature3 x mu/ be compreh5sive & synoptic1 & mu/ be suffici5tly concise )\t be+ ei!r obscure or dry4 ,al?\gh !re is an abundance ( hi/ories ( ,am]ica1 ( voyages & discov]ies1 ( geographic sci5ce1 & ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,europeans 9 remote regions ( ! e>?1 !re is no book t sets =? z x c be done ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! nations ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 :o1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,x,vth c5tury1 h1 ) a fixity ( purpose & m>vel\s t5acity1 9 almo/ a s+le c5tury ( sil5t ef=ts br\ght ab\t ! exploration ( va/ cont95ts & isl&s1 trav]s$ seas nev] be=e cut by ,*ri/ian pr[s1 & 9 emul\s /rife obta9$ almo/ a complete k ( ! planet on :i* we live4 ,!re is a gr[+ int]e/ & manife/ unity 9 all ^? m important ev5ts2 n to m5tion ! circum/antial evid5ce borne by ! *>ts ( #acge & ! semi-fabul\s voyages1 su* z t ( ,doria y ,vivaldi & o!rs less apocryphal ?\gh isolat$ & b>r5 ( results1 l t ( ,f]r]1 begun 9 #adcd1 :5 ,gil ,eannes d\bl$ ,cape ,bojador1 discov]$ ,gu9ea1 & dispell$ ! t]ror inspir$ by ! unkn[n ocean1 & end$ 9 #aebb ) ,elcano's arrival at ,sanluc> aft] circumnavigat+ ! globe4 ,9 all ?is activity v little occurs by *ance4 ,! progressive s]ies ( geographic discov]ies1 due to p]si/5t prem$itation & n to accid5t1 0 inaugurat$ at ,sagres by ! ,infante ,d4 ,enrique & 8 illu/ri\s pilot ,jaime de ,mallorca4 ,well might ,p$ro ,nues exclaim t f t "t =? until ! =m & size ( ! t]raque\s globe 7 ?or\ghly kn[n1 ! mo/ to be obta9$ w\ld n be firmly e/abli%$1 unless our m>9]s sail$ away bett] in/ruct$ & provid$ ) bett] in/rum5ts & rules ( ,a/ronomy & ,geography ?an ! ?+s ) :i* cosmograph]s suppli$ !m4 ,! culm9ation 9 ! progress ( t beautiful hi/ory falls on ! #ab? ( ,octob]1 #adib1 :5 ,columbus 0 ! fir/ ,european to set foot ^u ! int]tropical %ores ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,b ?is act1 consid]$ ap>t f its intr9sic value1 z purely ! individual inspiration ( a m>9] & ! g5]\s en?usiasm ( a patron ,que51 d]ives a high] value :5 reg>d$ z "p ( a summation ( ef=ts1 a gr& developm5t ( an idea1 a purpose to explore & "k ! :ole globe1 to spread ! "n & ! law ( ,*ri/ toge!r ) ! civilization ( ,europe1 & to reap a h>ve/ ( gold1 spices1 & all ! ri*es ( :i* co/ly samples & exagg]at$ reports 7 furni%$ by ! traffic ( ! ,v5etians1 ,g5oese & ,catalonians1 :o 9 turn got !m f ,mussulmans4 ,d\btless ! mov+ cause1 ^: gorge\s bann] s _m m5 ( our p59sula foll[$1 0 clo!d 9 great s5tim5ts1 good or bad2 _! he>ts 7 fill$ ) religi\s f]vor1 ?ir/ = glory1 ambition1 ,*ri/ian love1 cupidity1 curiosity1 & viol5t dissatisfaction 7ev5 dur+ ! ,r5aissance71 to seek & und]go real adv5tures t %\ld surpass ! va91 fruitless1 & fanciful adv5tures ( *ivalry2 & to make voyages & conque/s eclips+ ^? ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 _m ( :i*1 record$ 9 classic hi/ories & fables1 7 n[ dis9t]r$ by ! le>n$4 ,:at mu/ be describ$ is ! complete picture 9 all its sumptu\sness s t its magnific5t mean+ may /& out di/9ctly1 )\t :i* ! conviction w\ld be lack+ t ! /udies1 voyages1 & happy audacity ( ,b>tolom ,diaz1 ,gama1 ,alburqu]que1 ,cabral1 ,balboa1 ,magallanes1 ,cortes1 ,piz>ro1 ,orellana1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 d n dim ! glory ( ! h]o ^: c5t5n>y is to be celebrat$1 ev5 ?\gh x height5 & add great] lu/] to ! "w ( civilization begun by ,portugal4444 ,! book "h vaguely outl9$ mu/ also conta9 a comp5di\s introduction1 notices ( voyages1 ideas1 & geographic progress up to ! date ( ,d4 ,enrique's e/abli%m5t at ,sagres1 & an epilogue or conclusion ( great] ext5t1 9 :i* are exam9$ & weigh$ ! *anges & progress t our subject has made1 collectively1 9 ! civilization ( ! _w--9 ! comm]ce1 economics & politics ( ! peoples1 9 reg>d to ! broad field op5$ to ! intellig5t activity ( ,europe1 ov] :i* x c\ld spread & dom9ate2 ! abundance ( data1 sunk5 hopes1 & m secure basis l5t to ! /udi\s & wise = ! ext5sion ( our k ( ,nature1 ! unravel+ ( h] laws1 & p5etration ( h] my/]ies4 ,! va/1 elevat$ argum5t ( ! book requires x be a f9i%$ "w ( art1 n 9 fullness & ri*ness ( diction1 b 9 plan & ord]1 9 sobriety & unity ( /yle1 ^: nobility & beauty mu/ lie 9 simplicity ( phrase1 correctness ( judgm5t & ri*ness ( ?\ght4 ,!re may ent] into ?is conte/ any unpubli%$ "w writt5 to ?is end 9 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5* or ,italian4 ,! tribunal t is to aw>d ! prize w be compos$ ( two memb]s ( ! ,r4 ,acad4 ( ,hi/ory1 & "o memb] f ea* ( ! ,spani% ,r4 ,academies ( ,moral ,sci5ces & ,politics1 & ,exact & ,natural ,sci5ces--all to be *os5 by ! ,academies !mselves4 ,fur!rmore1 !re w be includ$ 9 ! tribunal ! diplomatic repres5tative ( e p[] ^: subject or subjects wi% to ent] ! conte/1 :i* is to be done ?r\gh said repres5tative or "s p]son duly appo9t$ to act 9 8 place4 ,! tribunal w elect its presid+ (fic] & w decide on ! be/ works by an absolute majority ( all ! jurors :o take "p 9 ! vote4 ,ea* "w submitt$ 9 ?is conte/ mu/ be neatly copi$1 9 legible writ+1 on good pap]1 )\t ! au?or's "n b ) a quotation to id5tify him aft]w>ds4 ,ea* au?or w inclose a sep>ate fold$ %eet on ^: ext]ior is writt5 ! quotation he has *os5 & ! op5+ s5t5ce ( 8 "w2 )91 he w write 8 "n & resid5ce4 ,! fold$ %eets correspond+ to ! works t did n get a prize w be burnt publicly )\t be+ op5$4 ,?\gh x is difficult to set a limit z to size1 ! works %\ld n h m read+ matt] ?an is conta9$ 9 two volumes ( ! %ape & size ( ! complete works ( ,c]vantes issu$ by ,rivad5eyra 9 #ahfc-d4 ,if ! plan or purpose ( any ( ! works require x1 !re may be add$ ano!r volume ( docum5ts1 maps1 or o!r illu/rations4 ,z x w take "t to exam9e & judge ! works1 !y %\ld be s5t to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,r4 ,acad4 ( ,hi/4 prior to ,janu>y #a1 #ahib4 ,!re w be fir/ prize ( #cj1jjj pesetas 7#e1gij7 & a second ( #ae1jjj pesetas 7#b1hie74 ,besides ?is1 ea* ( ! two successful au?ors w receive #ejj copies ( ! pr9t$ edition ( 8 "w4 ,x re/s ) ! ,c5t5nial ,commission to det]m9e ! numb] ( copies 9 ! edition ( ea* ( ! two prize works1 & :at disposition is to be made ( ! copies t are n giv5 to ! au?ors4 ,^! 7! au?ors7 keep ! "r to re-pr9t & to sell _! works1 & to translate !m into o!r tongues4 ,! ,commission1 h[ev]1 w h ! "r1 if ei!r or bo? prize works are 9 a =eign tongue1 to h !m translat$ & publi%$ 9 ,ca/ilian4 ,! ,commission affix _! seal to ! prec$+ directions = ! in=mation ( ! public & gov]nm5t ( ^? p]sons :o desire to p>ticipate 9 ! conte/4 ,madrid1 ,june #ai1 #ahhi4 ,! ,vice ,presid5t1 ,,duke ,,( ,,v]agua4 ,secret>ies1 ,,juan ,,val]a1 ,,juan ,f4 ,,ria,o4