,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are    
available ?r\gh        ,int]net         
,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see       
https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/huxley&$u
cat#jaosbogoog            ,,huxley ,,&  
,,education    ,address at ! ,op5+ ( !  
,college ,ye>  ,columbia ,univ]sity     
,septemb] #bh1 #aiaj    by    ,,h5ry    
,,fairfield ,,osborn  ,,ll4,d41 ,hon4   
,d4,sc1 ,camb4  ,da ,co/a ,pr(essor (   
,zoology                ,new ,york      
,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons  #aiaj          
,copyright1 #aiaj  ,by ,h5ry ,fairfield 
,osborn    ,! ,de ,v9ne ,press          
,,huxley ,,& ,,education         ,! />s 
come nightly to ! sky2       ,! tidal   
wave comes to ! sea2       ,nor "t1 nor 
space1 nor deep1 nor high       ,c keep 
my own away f me4                       
--,,burr\ghs4      ,! mo/ sangu9e day ( 
! college ye> is ! op5+ "o3 !  /ud5t has
 n yet fac$ ! impossible task annually  
pres5t$ (  embrac+ ! mod]n _w ( k2 8    
errors & failures (  e>li] ye>s are     
=gott52 he faces ! com+ mon?s full ( new

  hope4    ,h[ w\ld my old ma/]1        
,huxley1 address y if he 7 to f9d y 9   
?is felicit\s frame ( m9d1 %>p5+ y\r    
wits & y\r p5cils =  ! conte/ :i* w beg9
 to-morr[ morn+ 9 e hall &  laboratory (
 ?is great ,univ]sity8 ,may ,i speak =  
him z ,i he>d him  dur+ ! w9t] (        
#ahgi-hj f 8 lecture desk & z he k9dly 9
  conv]sation gave me ( 8 /ores ( wisdom
 & exp]i5ce8 ,may ,i add  f 8 truly     
brilliant essays entitl$ ,sci5ce &      
,education1  deliv]$ betwe5 #ahgd &     
#ahhg8 ,may ,i contribute also f my own 
?irty-sev5 ye>s ( life z a /ud5t &      
tea*]1 beg9n+ 9 #ahgc  & rea*+ a turn+  
po9t 9 #aiaj :5 ,columbia enroll$ me    
among its  rese>* pr(essors8 ,x 0       
,huxley's life1 8 example1 ! tone ( 8   
writ+s1 r ?an 8 actual precepts :i* mo/ 
influ5c$ me1 =  9 #ahgi he 0 s int5sely 
absorb$ 9 public "w & adm9i/ration1  z  
well z 9 rese>* & tea*+1 t little       
opportunity rema9$  = laboratory        
conf]5ces ) 8 /ud5ts4 ,h[ ,i happ5$ to g
 to  him 0 z foll[s3    ,unlucky--z !y  

appe>$ to me at ! "t1 b lucky z ,i look 
back  ^u !m--7 my own e>ly fl\nd]+s &   
blund]+s 9 seek+ !  true me?od (        
education4 ,huxley has obs]v$ ( 8       
,voyage ( !  ,rattlesnake t x is a good 
?+ to get d[n to ! b>e bones (  exi/5ce4
 ,! same is true ( self-education4 ,z   
comp>$ ) !  ho/s ( to-day1 few m5 9     
#ahgg knew h[ to guide ! graduate y\?2  
! ,johns ,hopk9s 0 /ill nasc5t2 !       
creative =ce ( ,l\is ,agassiz  _h sp5t  
itself 9 produc+ ! fir/ s*ool (         
naturali/s1 includ+  ! g5ius1 ,william  
,james4 ,"o le>nt "o's errors ?r\gh     
fall+ into  pitfalls4 ,) two companions 
,i 0 guid$ by a sort ( bl9d in/9ct  to  
feel t ! mo/ important ?+ 9 life 0 to   
make a discov]y (  "s k9d4 ,on consult+ 
"o ( our mo/ =ceful & g5ial pr(essors  8
 advice 0 negative & disc\rag+3 ,"y m51 
he said1 g on  ) y\r /udies = t5 or     
twelve ye>s until y h cov]$ !  :ole     
subject2 y w !n be ready = rese>* ( y\r 
own4 ,!re  appe>$ to be some?+ wrong    
ab\t ?is1 al?\gh we did n "k  exactly   

:at4 ,we disreg>d$ ! advice1 left !     
laboratory ( ?is  pr(essor1 & at ! end (
 ! ye> did succe$ 9 writ+ a pap]  :i*   
subsequ5tly attract$ ! att5tion (       
,huxley & 0 !  indirect means ( an      
introduction to ,d>w94 ,x 0 a lame      
product1 b  x 0 ours1 & 9 look+ back ^u 
x1 "o feels ) ,t\*/one 9  8 comm5t ^u   
,audrey3           ,a poor virg91 ,sir1 
,an ill favor$ ?+1 ,sir1       ,b m9e   
own4      ,i %all pres5t 9 ?is brief    
address only "o idea1 namely1 ! lesson  
( ,huxley's life & ! result ( my own    
exp]i5ce is t productive  ?9k+ is ! *ief
 means z well z ! *ief end ( education1 
& t ! natural evolution ( education w be
 to develop ?is k9d  ( ?9k+ e>li] &     
e>li] 9 ! life ( ! /ud5t4    ,"o ( ! mo/
 m>vel\s ( ! manifold laws ( evolution  
is :at is  call$ 'accel]ation4' ,by ?is 
law ! beg9n+ ( an important organ  l !  
eye ( ! *ick1 = example1 is ?ru/ =w>d   
into a v  e>ly /age ( embryonic         
developm5t4 ,?is is1 fir/1 because ! eye
  is a v complex organ & ne$s a long "t 

= developm5t1 &  second because ! fully 
=m$ eye ( mo/ animals is ne$$           
imm$iately at bir?4 ,i pr$ict t !       
analogy 9 ! evolution (  education w be 
v close4 ,productive ?9k+ may be comp>$ 
to !  eye2 x is ne$$ by ! /ud5t ! mom5t 
he graduates1 or is hat*$1  s to speak2 
x is n[ develop$ only 9 ! graduate      
s*ools4 ,x is  su* an integral &        
ess5tial "p ( education t ! _s ( x  is  
de/9$ to be 'accel]at$1' or ?ru/ =w>d   
into ! op5+ &  prep>atory ye>s4    ,if !
 l9es ( "o's life 7 to be ca/ afre%1 if 
by "s  metempsy*osis "o 7 m\ld$ into :at
 is kn[n z a great  educator1 a man (   
conv5tions & plat=ms1 & 7 sudd5ly to    
become m or less responsible = #c1jjj   
m9ds & s\ls1 productive  ?9k+1 or !     
c5trifugal me?od ( tea*+1 w\ld n be     
po/pon$ to graduation or !reaft]1 b w\ld
 beg9 ) !  ,fre%man1 yes1 among ^!      
humble m5 ( l[ e/ate6 ,x may be apropos 
to recall a /ory told ( ,presid5t       
,mc,cosh ( ,pr9ceton1 a man :o  inspir$ 
all 8 /ud5ts to production & enliv5$ !m 

) a  con/ant fl[ ( humor4 ,on "o        
occasion he invit$ 8 pr$ecessor1        
ex-,presid5t ,mc,lean1 to (f] pray]s 9 !
 ,college ,*apel4 ,dr4  ,mc,lean's pray]
 0 at once all embrac+ & rem9isc5t2 x   
desc5d$  f ! =eign p[]s to ! heads ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t1 to  ! ,/ate (   
,new ,j]sey1 ?r\gh ! ,tru/ees1 !        
,faculty1 &1 9 a  p]fectly logical      
mann]1 f9ally rea*$ ! ent]+ class4 ,?is 
naturally rais$ a great di/urbance among
 ! ,sophomores1 :o 7  evid5tly jeal\s ( 
! div9e bless+4 ,! di/urbance br\ght !  
pray] to an abrupt close1 & ,dr4        
,mc,cosh 0 he>d to rem>k3 ,i %\ld  ?9k t
 ,dr4 ,mc,lean w\ld h m s5se ?an to pray
 = !  ,fre%m54    ,z reg>ds ! raw       
mat]ial into :i* 'productive ?9k+' is to
 be  in/ill$1 ,i am an optimi/4 ,i d n  
belong to ! 'despair s*ool' (           
educators1 & h no sympa?y ) ! army (    
editorial writ]s &  prigs :o are        
depreciat+ ! ,am]ican /ud5t4 ,! *ief    
tr\ble lies  n ) our y\?1 nor ) our     
s*ools1 b ) our adults4 ,h[ c  spr+s    

rise high] ?an _! s\rces8 ,on ! :ole1 y 
/ud5ts are  v mu* above ! av]age        
,am]ican4 ,y are n driv5 to ^! doors2   
c]ta9ly 9 ^! days ( y\?ful fre$om &     
*oice y came ( y\r  own free w4 ,! v    
fact ( y\r com+ raises y above ! g5]al  
level1 & :ile y are "h y w be liv+ 9 a  
_w (  ideas1--! only k9d ( a _w at all  
wor? liv+ 94 ,y are  tempor>ily cut (f m
 or less f ! _w ( doll>s & c5ts1  %ill+s
 & p5ce4 ,"h ,huxley helps y 9 extoll+ !
 %e] s5se  ( joy 9 ?9k+ tru] & /raight] 
?an o!rs1 a k9d (  sup]iority :i* does n
 mean conceit1 ! possession ( some?+    
:i* is d5i$ ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,y r$\nd ) 
orig9al  impulses & creative en]gy1 :i* 
mu/ f9d expression someh[ or  some:]e2  
if n "u ! prevail+ incurr5t1 or         
'c5tripetal  sy/em' ( academic          
in/ruction1 x mu/ let itself out 9      
extra-academic activities1 9 y\r sports1
 y\r societies1 y\r  committees1 y\r    
organizations1 y\r dramatics1 all good  
?+s &  hav+ ! highe/ educational value 9
 s f> z !y repres5t y\r  output1 y\r    

outfl[1 y\r c5trifugal =ce4    ,y are1 9
 fact1 9 a conte/ ) y\r intellectual    
environm5t  outside ( ^! walls4         
,morally1 accord+ to ,f]r]o1            
politically1  accord+ to ,bryce1 &      
economically1 accord+ to ,c>negie1 y are
 9  ! mid/ ( a 'triumphant democracy4'  
,b 9 ! _w ( ideas su* z  sways ,italy1  
,g]many1 ,engl&1 & 9 ! highe/ degree    
,france1 y are  9 ! mid/ ( a 'triumphant
 m$iocrity4' ,p>is is a city :]e  ideas 
are at a premium & money values c\nt = v
 little 9  public e/imation4 ,! :ole    
public waits brea?less ^u ! production  
( ',*anticle]4' ,t ,walhalla ( ,fr5*    
ambition1 'la ,gloire1' may be  rea*$ by
 m5 ( ideas1 b n by m5 ( ! m>ts4 ,is x  
conceivable  t ! police ( ,new ,york    
%\ld assemble to fight a mob ga!r$ to   
break up ! op]a ( a c]ta9 compos]8 ,is x
 conceivable t y  /ud5ts %\ld cr[d into 
?is !atre to prev5t a speak] be+  he>d1 
z ^? ( ! ,sorbonne did "s ye>s ago 9 !  
case (  ,brunetire8 ,if y %\ld1 no "o 9 
?is city w\ld und]/& y1 &  ! au?orities 

w\ld be call$ on promptly to int]f]e4   
,a fair measure ( ! culture ( y\r       
environm5t is ! dep? to :i*  y\r morn+  
pap] pro/itutes itself = ! doll>1 its   
%ades (  yell[ness1 its frivolity or its
 unscrupul\sness1 or bo?4 ,i sometimes  
?9k x w\ld be bett] n to read !         
newspap]s at all1 ev5 :5  !y are        
consci5ti\s1 because ( _! lack ( a s5se 
( proportion1  9 ! news columns at lea/1
 ( ! really important ?+s 9 ,am]ican    
life4 ,our mo/ s]i\s ev5+ m5tor ( /ud5t 
mann]s & morals  gives six columns to a 
football game & six l9es to a great     
int]collegiate debate4 ,su* is !        
diff]5ce betwe5 precept &  practice4    
,am]ican laurels are = ! giant capta9 ( 
indu/ry2 :5  8 life is ?reat5$ or tak5  
away acres ( beautiful =e/ are cut  d[n 
to procure ! pap] pulp necess>y to set  
=? 8 a*ievem5ts1  :ile our greate/      
a/ronom] & ma!matician passes away &    
p]haps  ! pulp ( a s+le tree w suffice =
 ! brief1 inconspicu\s  p>agraphs :i*   
record 8 illness & dea?4    ,y\r ,briti%

 c\s9 is 9 a f> m favorable atmosph]e1  
beg9n+  ) 8 morn+ pap] & end+ ) !       
conv]sation ( 8 s5iors  ov] ! ev5+ cig>4
 ,z a ,cambridge man1 hav+ sp5t two ye>s
 9  ,london & ! univ]sity1 ,i w\ld n    
describe ! life s mu* z  s]i\s z wor?   
:ile4 ,!re are humor & ! pleasures (    
life 9  abundance1 b :at is done1 is    
done ?or\ghly well4 ,contra/ !  comm5ts 
( ! ,briti% & ,am]ican press on su* a   
light subject z  int]national polo2 !   
=m] alone are well wor? read+1 writt5 by
  exp]ts & add+ some?+ to our k ( !     
game4 ,9 ! m  novel subject ( aviation  
we look 9 va9 9 our press = any solid   
in=mation ab\t con/ruction4 ,or take !  
practical subject (  politics2 ! ,briti%
 /ud5t f9ds e great spee* deliv]$ 9  e  
"p ( ! ,empire publi%$ 9 full 9 8 morn+ 
pap]2 z an  elector he gets 8 evid5ce at
 fir/ h& in/ead ( ?r\gh ! m$ium  ( !    
editor4    ,i believe ! greate/ fault ( 
! ,am]ican /ud5t lies 9 !               
ov]-developm5t ( "o ( 8 greate/ virtues1
 namely1 8  collectivism4 ,8 /rong      

esprit de corps patt]ns & m\lds him too 
f>4 ,! rew>ds are = ! 'lock-/ep' type ( 
man :o con=ms to !  prevail+ ideals ( 8 
college4 ,he mu/ p>ade1 he mu/ *e]1 to  
ord]4 ,individualism is at a disc\nt2 x 
deb>s a man f ! social  rew>ds ( college
 life4 ,9 my la/ address to ,columbia   
/ud5ts on !  life ( ,d>w91#a ,i ask$ :at
 w\ld be ?\ght ( t peculi>1  unga9ly1   
beetle collector if he 7 to ent] "o (   
our colleges  to-day8 ,he w\ld be       
lampoon$ & laugh$ out ( ! ex]cise ( 8   
pref]5ces & pr$ispositions4 ,! "m ( a v 
tal5t$ "y  honor man rec5tly confess$ to
 me t %e nev] spoke ( h] son's  rank    
because %e f\nd x 0 consid]$ que]4 ,?is 
is n :at "y  ,am]ica g5]ates1 b :at x   
borr[s or reflects f ! environm5t  ( its
 eld]s4    ,?us ! "y ,am]ican is n lift$
 up by ! example ( 8 s5iors1  he has to 
lift x up4 ,if he is a /ud5t & has s]i\s
 ambitions he  repres5ts ! "y salt ( 8  
nation1 & ! college bro!rhood 9  g5]al  
is a light %9+ 9 ! d>kness4 ,?us /umbl+1
 grop+1  (t5 misl$ by 8 natural lead]s1 

he does someh[ or o!r1 ?r\gh  %e] =ce1  
acquire an education1 & is j z surely   
com+ to !  front 9 ! lead]%ip ( !       
,am]ican nation z ! ,ox=d or  ,cambridge
 man is lead+ ! ,briti% nation4    ,our 
/ud5t body is z f9e z c be1 x repres5ts 
! be/ blood &  ! be/ impulses ( !       
c\ntry2 b !re may be some?+ wrong1 "s   
loss1 "s delay1 "s misdirection (       
educational en]gy4    ,bad z ! ,briti%  
univ]sity sy/em may be1 & x has be5     
va/ly  improv$ by ! influ5ce ( ,huxley1 
x is m effective ?an ours  because m    
c5trifugal4 ,engli% lads are taught to  
compose1 ev5 to  speak 9 ,lat9 & ,greek4
 ,! ,greek play is an anomaly "h1 x is  
an  annual affair at ,cambridge4 ,!re   
are n "o b _m active &  successful      
debat+ clubs 9 ,cambridge4    ,! faults 
) our educational design are to be      
discov]$ ?r\gh  /udy ( ! lives ( great  
m5 & ?r\gh "o's own h>d & /ony          
exp]i5ce4 ,! be/ text-books = ! nurture 
( ! m9d are ^!  v lives1 & !y are n f\nd
 9 ! li/s ( ! p$agogues4  ,consult y\r  

,froebel1 if y w1 b foll[ ! actual /eps 
to  ,p>nassus ( ! m5 ^: political1      
lit]>y1 sci5tific1 or  pr(essional c>e] 
y expect to foll[4 ,if y w\ld be a      
mission>y1  take ! lives ( ,patt]son &  
,liv+/one2 if an eng9e]1 ',! ,lives  (  
,eng9e]s2' if a physician1 /udy t (     
,pa/eur1 :i* ,i consid]  by f> ! noble/ 
sci5tific life ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 if y 
w\ld be a man ( sci5ce1 /udy ! rec5tly  
publi%$ lives &  lett]s ( ,d>w91 ,sp5c]1
 ,kelv91 & ( our prototype ,huxley4     
,"h y may discov] ! secret ( greatness1 
:i* is1 fir/1 to be  born great1        
un=tunately a difficult & (t5 impossible
 task2 second1  to possess ! in/9ct (   
self-education4 ,y w f9d t e  "o ( ^!   
ma/]s :ile m or less influ5c$ by _!     
tutors &  gov]nors 0 l$ f> m by a sort (
 int]nal1 in/9ctive feel+  t !y mu/ d   
c]ta9 ?+s & le>n c]ta9 ?+s4 ,!y may     
fight ! battle royal ) p>5ts1 tea*]s1 & 
pr(essors1 !y may  be z rebelli\s z     
duckl+s amid/ broods ( *ick5s & give z  
mu*  conc]n to ! "m f[ls1 b )\t         

exception f a v e>ly age  !y d _! own   
?9k+ & revolt aga9/ hav+ x done = !m1  &
 !y seek _! own mode ( le>n+4 ,! boy    
,kelv9 is tak5 to  ,g]many by 8 fa!r to 
/udy ! ma!matics ( ,kell&2 he slips d[n 
into ! cell> to ! ,fr5* ( ,f\ri]1 & at !
 age ( fifte5  publi%es 8 fir/ pap] to  
demon/rate t ,f\ri] is "r &  ,kell& is  
wrong4 ,pa/eur's fir/ rese>* 9          
cry/allography is s  brilliant t 8      
pr(essor urges him to devote himself to 
?is bran*  ( sci5ce1 b ,pa/eur insi/s ^u
 cont9u+ = five ye>s long]  8 g5]al     
/udies 9 *emi/ry & physics4    ,?is is !
 true empirical1 or laboratory me?od (  
gett+ at !  tr\ble1 if tr\ble !re be 9 !
 ,am]ican modus op]&i2 b a  g5]ation (  
our great educators h gone into ! "q z  
if no  exp]im5ts _h ev] be5 made4 ,9 !  
la/ ?irty ye>s "o has se5  rise up a    
s]ies ( 'heal]s1' try+ to locate !      
suppos$ weakness 9  ! ,am]ican /ud5t3 "o
 f9ds x 9 ! classic tongues &           
sub/itutes ! mod]n2 "o 9 ! requir$ sy/em
 & sub/itutes !  elective2 "o 9 ! lack (

 contact betwe5 tea*] & /ud5t &  br+s 9 
preceptors1 "u :om ! pati5t %[s a slight
 improvem5t4  ,n[ ! k9d ( diagnosis :i* 
comes f exam9+ su* a life z t  ( ,huxley
 %[s t ! real tr\ble lies 9 !           
prolongation to mature  ye>s ( :at may  
be /yl$ ! 'c5tripetal sy/em1' namely1 t 
aff]5t1 or infl[+ m$ival & ori5tal k9d (
 in/ruction 9  :i* ! /ud5t is r>ely if  
ev] =c$ to d 8 own ?9k+4    ,y w p]ceive
 by ?is t ,i am altoge!r on y\r side1 an
  insurg5t 9 education1 altoge!r aga9/  
mo/ ( my pr(ession1  altoge!r 9 sympa?y 
) ! ov]-f$ /ud5t1 & altoge!r aga9/  !   
prevail+ sy/em ( ov]fe$+1 :i* /uffs1    
crams1 p\rs 91  spoon-fe$s1 & z a sort (
 dea?b$ rep5tance in/itutes creative  "w
 aft] graduation4    ,h[ d y y\rself /& 
on ?is "q8 ,is y\r idea ( a good  /ud5t 
t ( a good 'receptacle'8 ,d y reg>d y\r 
in/ructors z  useful gra9 hopp]s ^: duty
 x is to ga!r k]nels ( wisdom f  all    
s\rces & direct !m into y\r receptive   
m9ds8 ,are y cont5t  to be a sort (     
psy*ic ,saccul9a1 a vegetative animal1  

y\r m9d a  va/ sack ) two sy/ems1 "o = !
 incurr5t1 ! o!r = !  outcurr5t (       
pr$ige/$ ideas8 ,if s1 all y\r m5tal    
organs ( combat  & locomotion w atrophy4
 ,d y put y\r fai? 9 read+1 or 9  book  
k8 ,if s1 y %\ld "k t n a five foot %elf
 (  books1 n ev5 ! ard5t read+ ( a fifty
 foot %elf aid$ by  prodigi\s memory w  
give y t enviable ?+ call$ culture1     
because ! y>d/ick ( ?is preci\s quality 
is n :at y take 9  b :at y give out1 &  
?is f ! subtle *emi/ry ( y\r bra9  mu/ h
 pass$ ?r\gh a m5tal metabolism ( y\r   
own s t y  h l5t some?+ to x4 ,to be a  
man ( culture y ne$ n be a man  (       
creative p[]1 because su* m5 are few1 !y
 are born n made2 b  y mu/ be a man ( "s
 degree ( c5trifugal =ce1 (             
individuality1  ( critical op9ion1 :o   
mu/ make ov] :at is read into           
conv]sation  & into life4 ,yes1 "o      
little idea ( y\r own well express$ has 
a  great] cultural value ?an "o hundr$  
ideas y absorb2 "o page t  y produce1   
f9ely writt51 new to sci5ce or to lett]s

 & really  wor? read+1 outweighs = y\r  
own purposes ! five foot %elf4 ,on      
graduation1 pre/o1 all *anges1 !n (     
necessity mu/ y\r life be  indep5d5t &  
c5trifugal2 & j 9 s f> z x has ^! p[]s  
w x be successful2 j 9 s f> z x is m]ely
 imitative w x  be a failure4    ,!re is
 no revolution 9 ! contr>y1 or outfl[+  
design4 ,l all  else 9 ! _w ( ?\ght x   
is1 9 ! g]m at lea/1 z old z !  ,greeks 
& its illu/ri\s pione] 0 ,socrates      
7#dfi-cii ,b4 ,c471 :o l$  ! approa* to 
tru? n by lay+ d[n ! law himself b by   
means (  answ]s requir$ ( 8 /ud5ts4 ,!  
eff]5t outfl[+ pr9ciple1  moreov]1 is 9 
! program ( ! ,briti% ma!matician1 ,p]ry
 & _m  o!r re=m]s to-day4    ,aga9/ !   
c5tripetal !ory ( acquir+ culture       
,huxley revolt$ )  all 8 might4 ,8 daily
 tra9+ 9 ! c5trifugal s*ool 0 9 !       
g5esis ( op9ion2 & he incessantly       
practic$ ! precept t  =m+ "o's own      
op9ion is inf9itely bett] ?an borr[+ "o4
 ,our  sophi/icat$ age disc\rages       
orig9ality ( view because ( !  pl5itude 

( a ready-made supply ( editorials1 (   
reviews1 ( reviews  ( reviews1 (        
critiques1 comm5ts1 translations &      
cribs4 ,/udy  political spee*es1 n      
editorials ab\t !m2 read orig9al        
debates1  spee*es1 & reports4 ,if y     
purpose to be a naturali/ get z soon z  
y c at ! objects !mselves2 if y w\ld be 
an arti/1 g to y\r  models2 if a writ]1 
on ! same pr9ciple take y\r au?ors at   
fir/  h&1 &1 aft] y h wre/l$ ) ! texts1 
& rea*$ ! full  l5g? ( y\r own fa?om    
l9e1 !n take ! fa?om l9e ( ! critic  &  
review]4 ,d n tru/ to m5tal peptones4   
,c>ry ! indep5d5t1  inquisitive1        
skeptical & ev5 rebelli\s _s ( !        
graduate s*ool  well d[n into           
und]graduate life1 & ev5 into s*ool     
life4 ,if y are  a /ud5t =ce y\rself to 
?9k indep5d5tly2 if a tea*] compel  y\r 
y\? to express _! own m9ds4 ,9 li/5+ to 
a lecture weigh  ! evid5ce z pres5t$1   
cultivate a polite skepticism1 n affect$
  b g5u9e1 keep a runn+ fire (          
int]rogation m>ks 9 y\r m9d1  & y w     

f9ally develop a m9d ( y\r own4 ,d n    
climb t  m\nta9 ( le>n+ 9 ! hope t :5 y 
rea* ! summit y w  be able to ?9k =     
y\rself2 ?9k = y\rself :ile y are       
climb+4    ,9 /udy+ ! lives ( y\r great 
m5 y w f9d c]ta9 ( !m  7 v]itable       
/oreh\ses ( facts1 b ,d>w91 ! greate/ ( 
!m  all 9 ! la/ c5tury1 dep5d$ l>gely ^u
 8 invet]ate &  volum9\s p[]s (         
note-tak+4 ,?us y may pray = ! daily    
bread  ( real m5tal gr[?1 = ! future    
p>adise is a /ate ( m9d &  n a /ate (   
memory4 ,! l9e ( ?\ght is ! l9e (       
greate/  resi/ance2 ! l9e ( memory is ! 
l9e ( lea/ resi/ance2 9  itself x is    
purely imitative1 l ! gold or silv]     
electroplat+  process :i* l5ds a        
sup]ficial coat+ ( brilliancy or poli%  
to  :at may be a %all[ m9d4    ,! case  
is delib]ately ov]/at$ to give x        
emphasis4    ,true1 ! accumulat$ k ( :at
 has be5 ?\ght & said1  s]ves z !       
gravity law :i* w keep y f fly+ (f at a 
tang5t4 ,b no w>n+ signals are ne$$1 !re
 is n ! lea/  dang] t con/ructive ?9k+ w

 drive y away f le>n+2 x  w mu* m surely
 drive y to x1 ) a deeply int5sifi$     
rev]5ce = y\r intellectual =ebe>s2 9    
fact1 ! elde/  (fspr+ ( c5trifugal      
education is t ke5 & fre% appetite =  k 
:i* spr+s only f try+ to add y\r own    
mite to x4 ,h[  y\r ,maxwell1 ,h]z1     
,rntg51 ,curie1 ) _! _w-invigorat+      
discov]ies among ! laws ( radiant matt]1
 beg9 to so> 9 y\r  e/imation :5 y      
y\rself wre/ "o s+le new fact f !       
reluctant _w ( atoms6 ,h[ y\r mod]n     
poets1 ,maet]l9ck &  ,ro/&1 take on !   
air ( inspiration :5 y w\ld add a l9e ( 
prose v]se to :at !y are delv+ = 9 ?is  
my/]i\s human  faculty ( ours4 ,reg>d   
,voltaire at ! age ( t5 9               
',l\is-le-,gr&1'  ! ,eton ( ,france1    
already produc+ bad v]ses1 b ) a        
passionate  voracity = poetry & ! drama4
 ,reg>d ! y\?ful ,huxley return+  f 8   
voyage ( ! ',rattlesnake' & lay+ out =  
himself a t5  ye>s' c\rse 9 se>* ( pure 
in=mation4    ,?is r\te ( y\r own to    
op9ions1 ideas1 & ! discov]y ( new      

facts or pr9ciples br+s y back aga9 to  
,huxley z ! man :o  always _h some?+ ( 8
 own to say & labor$ to say x 9 su* a   
way z to =ce p to li/5 to him4 ,8       
wondr\s /yle did n come  easily to him2 
he himself told me x co/ him ye>s (     
ef=t1 & ,i  consid] 8 advice ab\t /yle  
f> wis] ?an t ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4  ,:y =ego
 pleasures1 turn y\r back on ! _w1 !    
fle%1 & !  devil1 & devote y\r life to  
erudition1 obs]vation1 & ! p5 if  y     
rema9 unimpressive1 if y _c get an      
audi5ce1 if no "o c>es  to read :at y   
write8 ,?is moral is "o ( ! fir/ t      
,huxley has  impress$ ^u y1 namely1     
write to be read2 if necess>y /oop to   
conqu]1 employ all y\r arts & wiles to  
get an audi5ce 9 sci5ce1  9 lit]ature1 9
 ! arts1 9 politics4 ,get an audi5ce y  
mu/1  o!rwise y w be a ciph] & n a =ce4 
,pursuant ( ! con/ructive design1 !     
measure ( ! tea*]'s  success is ! degree
 9 :i* ideas come n f him b f 8  pupils4
 ,a brilliant address may produce a     
tempor>y emotion (  admiration1 a dry   

lecture may produce a p]man5t productive
 impulse 9  ! he>]s4 ,"o may comp>e "s  
:o are popul>ly kn[n z gift$  tea*]s to 
exp]t swimm]s :o sit on ! bank & talk   
inspir+ly on  analyses ( /rokes2 !      
c5trifugal tea*] takes ! pupils into !  
wat] ) him1 he may ev5 pret5d to dr[n & 
call = a rescue4 ,9  football p>lance ! 
coa* mu/ get into ! scrimmage ) ! team4 
,?is 0 ! lesson taught me by ! great    
embryologi/ ,francis ,balf\r  (         
,cambridge1 :o 0 s+ul>ly not$ = do+ jo9t
 pap]s ) 8  m54 ,an exp]im5t ,i h tri$ )
 m>k$ success 9 ord] to  cultivate      
c5trifugal p[] & expression at ! same "t
 is to get  out ( ! lecture *air & make 
my /ud5ts 9 turn lecture to me4  ,?is is
 virtually ! fam\s me?od ( tea*+ law    
re-discov]$ by !  educational g5ius (   
,langdell2 ! /ud5ts d all ! lectur+ &   
disc\rs+1 ! pr(essor lolls quietly 9 8  
*air & makes 8  comm5ts2 ! /imulus ^u   
ambition & competition is fairly        
magical2  !re is 9 ! classroom ! real   
intellectual /ruggle = exi/5ce  :i* "o  

meets 9 ! _w ( affairs4 ,i w\ld apply   
?is v  ,socratic pr9ciple 9 e bran* (   
in/ruction1 e>ly & late1 &  ?us obey !  
'accel]ation' law 9 education :i* ,i h  
spok5 (  above z br++ into e>li] & e>li]
 /ages ^? p[]s :i* are  to be actually (
 s]vice 9 aft] life4    ,!re is !n no   
my/]y ab\t education if we plan x along 
! actual  l9es ( self-developm5t foll[$ 
by ^! great lead]s & %ape its  deep     
"u-curr5t pr9ciples aft] our own ne$s & 
exp]i5ce4 ,look  e>ly at ! desir$ goal &
 "w t[>d x f ! v beg9n+4  ,! pro( t !   
secret does n lie 9 subject1 or         
language1 b 9  prep>ation = ! liv+      
productive pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ! fact  t 
!re h be5 relatively educat$ m5 9 e /age
 (  hi/ory4 ,! wall pa9t]s 9 !          
,magdal5ian caves 7 ! produc]s  & h5ce !
 educat$ m5 ( _! day4 ,?is goal (       
production 0  s\ght ev5 e>li] by !      
lead]s ( ,eoli?ic m5 #bjj1jjj ye>s ago &
  is equally magnetic = ! m5 ( dirigible
 balloons & a]oplanes (  our day4 ,x is1
 to foll[ 9 m9d-culture ! pr9ciple (    

addition &  accretion *>act]i/ic ( all  
liv+ ?+s1 namely1 to develop !  highe/  
degree ( productive p[]1 c5trifugal =ce1
 orig9al1  creative1 individual         
effici5cy4 ,?r\gh ?is ! _w advances2 !  
,neoli?ic man ) 8 inv5tion ( poli%$     
implem5ts succe$s !  ,paloli?ic1 & ! man
 ( books & pr9t+ replaces ! savage4     
,! /&>ds ( a lib]al m9d are & always h  
be5 ! same1  namely1 ! s5se ( ,tru? &   
,beauty1 bo? ( :i* are aga9 9  con=mity 
) ,nature4           ,beauty is tru?1   
tru? beauty1 t is all       ,ye "k on   
e>?1 & all ye ne$ to "k4                
,,keats' ,ode on a ,grecian ,urn4       
,! s\rces ( our facts are & always h be5
 ! same1 namely1 !  le>n+ ( :at m5 be=e 
y h obs]v$ & record$1 & !  advance only 
?r\gh ! obs]vation ( new tru?1 t is1 old
 to  nature b new to man4 ,! h&l+ ( ?is 
k has always be5  ! same1 namely1 ?r\gh 
human reason4 ,! giv+ =? ( ?is  k & ?us 
! fur!r+ ( ideas & cu/oms has & always  
w be ! same1 namely1 ?r\gh expression1  
vocal1 writt51 or manual1  t is1 9      

symbols & 9 design4    ,x foll[s t ! all
 r\nd lib]ally educat$ man1 f ,paloli?ic
  times to ! "t :5 ! e>? %all become a  
cold c9d]1 w always  be ! same1 namely1 
! man :o foll[s 8 /&>ds ( tru? &        
beauty1 :o employs 8 le>n+ & obs]vation1
 8 reason1 8  expression1 = purposes (  
production1 t is1 to add some?+ ( 8  own
 to ! /ock ( ! _w's ideas4 ,?is is !    
au?or's conception  ( a lib]al          
education4    ,"o _c too (t5 quote !    
rugg$ insi/5ce ( ,c>lyle3 ,produce6     
,produce6 ,7 x b ! pitifulle/           
inf9itesimal fraction ( a  product1     
produce x 9 ,god's "n6 ',tis ! utmo/ ?\ 
ha/ 9 !e3  out ) x1 !n4    ,n[ note t   
:]eas !re are ! above six p[]s1 namely1 
tru? &  beauty1 le>n+ & obs]vation1     
reason1 & expression1 :i*  subs]ve !    
sev5?1 production or con/ructive ?9k+1 &
 :]eas  ! giv+ out ( ideas is ! object  
to be atta9$1 only "o p[]  figures      
prom95tly 9 our mod]n sy/em ( college & 
s*ool  education1 namely1 ! le>n+ (     
facts & ! memory !re(4 ,x is  no        

exagg]ation to say t ?is makes up #ie ( 
mod]n education4 ,:o  are ! meteors (   
s*ool & college days8 ,= ! mo/ "p ^? )  
precoci\s or well tra9$ memories4 ,:y d 
s _m ( ^! meteors  fla% out ( exi/5ce at
 graduation8 ,! answ] is simple if y    
accept  my conception ( education4      
,:]eas x takes six p[]s to make a       
lib]ally educat$ man or woman1 & sev5 to
 make a productive man or  woman1 only  
"o p[] has be5 cultivat$ assidu\sly 9 ! 
'c5tripetal' education2 :]eas !re are   
two great gateways (  k1 le>n+ &        
obs]vation1 only "o has be5 cont9u\sly  
pass$ ?r\gh2 :]eas !re are two univ]sal 
/&>ds ( tru? &  beauty1 only tru? has   
con/antly be5 held up to y1 & t 9       
precept r ?an 9 practice4 ,= no?+ is    
sur] ?an ?is1 t  ! s5se ( tru? mu/ come 
z a daily p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! life  ( !
 /ud5t ?r\gh te/+ values = himself1 z x 
does 9 !  life ( ! sci5ti/1 ! arti/1 !  
physician1 ! eng9e]1 !  m]*ant4 ,note t 
:]eas y are p[]less unless y c by !     
metabolism ( logic make ! sum ( acquir$ 

& obs]v$ k y\r  own1 t k9d ( "w-a-day   
effici5t logic has nev] be5 =c$ ^u  y & 
y are daily1 p]haps h\rly1 guilty ( !   
non sequitur1  ! po/ hoc ergo propt]    
hoc1 ! 'undi/ribut$ middle1' & all  ^?  
innoc5t s9s aga9/ tru? :i* come ?r\gh ! 
illogical m9d4    ,t man1 says ,huxley1 
has _h a lib]al education 444 ^:        
intellect is a cle>1 cold1 logic eng9e1 
) all its p>ts ( equal  /r5g?1 & 9 smoo?
 work+ ord]2 ready1 l a /eam-eng9e1 to  
be  turn$ to any k9d ( "w1 & sp9 !      
gossam]s z well z =ge !  an*ors ( ! m9d4
    ,note t :]eas y are a useless memb] 
( society unless y c  give =? some?+ (  
:at y "k & feel 9 writ+1 speak+1 or     
design1 y\r expressive p[]s may h be5   
atrophi$ ?r\gh  insuffici5t use4 ,9     
brief1 y may h %unn$ individual op9ion1 
obs]vation1 logic1 expression1 because  
!y are ea* & e "o on  ! l9es ( greate/  
resi/ance4 ,& y\r tea*]s n only all[$ y 
b actually enc\rag$ & rew>d$ y = foll[+ 
! l9es (  lea/ resi/ance 9 ! accurate   
reproduction1 9 exam9ation pap]s &  m>k+

 sy/ems1 ( _! own ideas & ^? y f\nd 9   
books4    ,may y1 !re=e1 write d[n ^!   
sev5 words & read !m ov]  e morn+3      
,tru?1 ,beauty1 ,le>n+1 ,obs]vation1    
,reason1 ,expression1  ,production4     
,9 ! wondr\s old quilt "w ( inh]it$1 or 
ance/ral  pr$ispositions :i* make y\r   
be+ y may be gift$ ) all ^!  sev5 p[]s 9
 equal & well balanc$ degree2 if y are s
 bless$  y h a great c>e] be=e y4 ,if1 z
 is m likely1 y h 9  full measure only a
 "p ( ea*1 or "s 9 l>ge measure1 "s 9   
small1 keep on ! daily exam9ation ( y\r 
*>t z giv+ y !  canons ( a lib]al       
education & ( a productive m9d4         
,rememb] t z reg>ds ! some:at ov]work$  
^w 's]vice' e  addition 9 e conceivable 
dep>tm5t ( human activity :i* is        
con/ructive ( society is s]vice2 t ! _s 
( sci5ce is to  transf] some?+ ( value f
 ! unkn[n into ! realm ( !  kn[n1 & is1 
!re=e1 id5tical ) ! _s ( lit]ature2 t  !
 moral te/ ( e advance is :e!r or n x is
 con/ructive1  = :atev] is con/ructive  
is moral4    ,i w\ld n = a mom5t take   

advantage ( ! pres5t opportunity to     
disc\rage ! /udy ( human nature & ( !   
humanities1 b = :at  is call$ ! be/ op5+
 = a con/ructive c>e] let x be ,nature4 
,! gr\nd = my pref]5ce is t human nature
 is an exhau/ible  f\nta9 ( rese>*2     
,hom] und]/ood x well2 ,solomon fa?om$  
x2  ,%akespe>e div9$ x1 bo? normal &    
abnormal2 ! mod]ni/s h  be5 squeez+ out 
! la/ drops ( abnormality4    ,nature1  
/udi$ s9ce ,ari/otle's "t1 is /ill full 
to ! brim2 no  p]ceptible fall+ ( its   
tides is evid5t f any po9t at :i* x  is 
attack$1 f nebul to protoplasm2 x is    
always :olesome1  refre%+1 & invigorat+4
 ,( ! two creative lit]>y arti/s (  our 
"t1 ,maet]l9ck1 jad$ ) human            
abnormality1 comes back to !  bee & !   
fl[]s & ! 'blue bird1' ) a delici\s     
r5ewal (  y\?1 :ile ,ro/& turns to !    
b>ny>d4    ,,footnote3    #a ,life &    
,works ( ,d>w94 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1    
,apr41 #aiji1 pp4  #cae-cdj4 7,address  
deliv]$ at ,columbia ,univ]sity on ! "o 
hundr$?  anniv]s>y ( ,d>w9's bir?1 z !  

fir/ ( a s]ies ( n9e lectures  on ,*>les
 ,d>w9 & ,8 ,influ5ce on ,sci5ce47