,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation rema9 z 9 ! orig9al4 ,a r[ ( a/]isks repres5ts a ?\ght break except 9 poetry :]e a r[ ( a/]isks indicates an ellipsis4 ,a complete li/ ( corrections foll[s ! text4 ,,social ,,environm5t ,,& ,,moral ,,progress ,illu/ration3 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace ,photo3 ,reg9ald ,ha9es ,illu/ration3 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace signature ,social ,environm5t & ,moral ,progress ,,by ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace ,o4,m41 ,d4,c4,l4,oxon4 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,au?or ( ,! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,d>w9ism1 ,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se1 ,! ,_w ( ,life1 c4 c4 ,cassell & ,company1 ,ltd ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,toronto & ,melb\rne #aiac ,fir/ ,edition ,m>* #aiac4 ,repr9t$ ,april & ,june #aiac4 ,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4--,,hi/orical ,,*apt] ,,page #a4 ,,introductory #a #b4 ,,morality ,,z ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,"* #d #c4 ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,"* #h #d4 ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,high ,,intellect #ae #e4 ,,spee* ,,& ,,writ+ ,,z ,,pro(s ,,( ,,intellig5ce #bh #f4 ,,savages ,,n ,,morally ,,inf]ior ,,to ,,civilis$ ,,races #ca #g4 ,a ,,selective ,,ag5cy ,,ne$$ ,,to ,,improve ,,"* #cf #h4 ,,environm5t ,,dur+ ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #dj #i4 ,,insanit>y ,,dwell+s ,,& ,,life-,,de/roy+ ,,trades #dg #aj4 ,,adult]ation1 ,,brib]y1 ,,& ,,gambl+ #ee #aa4 ,,our ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,is ,,immoral #fb #ab4 ,,indications ,,( ,,increas+ ,,moral ,,degradation #fg ,,"p ,,ii4--,,!oretical #ac4 ,,natural ,,selection ,,among ,,animals #ge #ad4 ,,selection ,,z ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,m9d #ic #ae4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,environm5t #ajc #af4 ,,moral ,,progress ,,?r\gh ,a ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,selection #abe #ag4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,initiate ,,an ,,era ,,( ,,moral ,,progress #aej ,,index #aei ,social ,environm5t & ,moral ,progress ,,"p ,i4--,,hi/orical ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,be=e ent]+ on ! "q ( ! relation ( morality to our exi/+ social environm5t1 x w be advisable to inquire :at we mean by moral progress1 & :at evid5ce !re is t any su* progress has occurr$ 9 rec5t times1 or ev5 )9 ! p]iod ( well-e/abli%$ hi/ory4 ,by morals we mean "r conduct1 n only 9 our imm$iate social relations1 b also 9 our deal+s ) our fell[ citiz5s & ) ! :ole human race4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! possession ( cle> ideals z to :at actions are "r & :at are wrong & ! det]m9ation ( our conduct by a con/ant ref]5ce to ^? ideals4 ,! belief 0 once preval5t1 & is /ill held by _m p]sons1 t a k ( "r & wrong is inh]5t or in/9ctive 9 ev]yone1 & t ! immoral p]son may be ju/ly puni%$ = su* wrongdo+ z he commits4 ,b t ?is _c be :olly1 if at all1 true is %[n by ! fact t 9 diff]5t societies & at diff]5t p]iods ! /&>d ( "r & wrong *anges consid]ably4 ,t :i* at "o "t & place is held to be "r & prop] is1 at ano!r "t or place1 consid]$ to be n only wrong1 b "o ( ! greate/ ( crimes4 ,! mo/ /rik+ example ( ?is *ange ( op9ion is t z to slav]y1 :i* 0 held to be q ju/ifiable by ! mo/ highly civilis$ p ( antiquity1 & h>dly less s by ourselves )9 ! memory ( p]sons /ill liv+4 ,! own]s ( sug> e/ates 9 ,jamaica cultivat$ by slaves 7 n /igmatis$ z immoral by _! relatives 9 ,engl& or by ! public at l>ge2 & x 0 ! horror excit$ by ! slave-trade 9 ,africa1 & 9 ! middle passage on ! slave %ips1 r ?an by ! slav]y itself1 t s excit$ public op9ion z to lead to ! abolition fir/ ( ! "o & !n ( ! o!r4 ,we are oblig$ to conclude1 !re=e1 t :at is commonly t]m$ morality is n :olly due to any inh]5t p]ception ( :at is "r or wrong conduct1 b t x is to "s ext5t & (t5 v l>gely a matt] ( conv5tion1 v>y+ at diff]5t times & places 9 accordance ) ! degree & k9d ( social developm5t :i* has be5 atta9$ (t5 "u diff]5t & ev5 div]g5t conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,! actual morality ( a community is l>gely a product ( ! environm5t1 b x is local & tempor>y1 n p]man5tly affect+ ! "*4 ,to br+ toge!r ! evid5ce 9 support ( ?is view1 to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is p]man5t & inh]it$ & :at is sup]ficial & n inh]it$1 & to trace out "s ( ! consequ5ces z reg>ds :at we t]m morality is ! purpose ( ! pres5t volume4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,morality ,,z ,,bas$ ,,^u ,,"* ,?\gh mu* ( :at we t]m morality has no absolute sanction 9 human nature1 yet x is to "s ext5t1 & p]haps v l>gely1 bas$ ^u x4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to consid] briefly ! nature & probable orig9 ( :at we t]m "*--9 individuals1 9 societies1 & especially 9 ^? m anci5t & m fundam5tal divisions ( mank9d :i* we t]m races4 ,"* may be def9$ z ! aggregate ( m5tal faculties & emotions :i* con/itute p]sonal or national individuality4 ,x is v /rongly h]$it>y1 yet x is probably subject to m inh]5t v>iation ?an is ! =m & /ructure ( ! body4 ,! comb9ations ( its con/itu5t elem5ts are s num]\s z1 9 common language1 to be t]m$ inf9ite2 & ?is gives to ea* p]son a v di/9ct individuality1 z manife/$ 9 spee*1 9 emotional expression1 & 9 action4 ,! m5tal faculties :i* g to =m ! "* ( ea* man or woman are v num]\s1 a l>ge proportion ( !m be+ su* z are requir$ = ! pres]vation ( ! individual & ( ! race1 :ile o!rs are pre-em95tly social or e?ical4 ,^! latt]1 :i* impel u to tru?1 to ju/ice1 & to b5evol5ce1 :5 9 due proportion to all ! o!r m5tal faculties1 g to =m :at we di/+ui% z a good or moral "*1 & w 9 mo/ cases result 9 actions :i* meet ) ! g5]al approval ( t section ( society 9 :i* we live2 & ?is approval reacts ^u ! "* s t x (t5 appe>s to be bett] ?an x really is4 ,s great is ! effect ( ?is approval ( our fell[s t x sometimes leads to behavi\r q diff]5t f :at x w\ld be if ?is approval 7 abs5t4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! approval leads to weal? or positions ( dignity or advantage4 ,occasionally1 9 cases ( ?is k9d ! individual _c resi/ 8 natural impulses1 & !n acts s z to %[ 8 und]ly+ real "*4 ,we t]m su* p]sons hypocrites = mak+ u believe t !y 7 inh]5tly good1 in/ead ( be+ s 9 appe>ance only :5 ! good action 0 pr(itable to !m4 ,h5ce 9 a highly complex /ate ( civilisation x becomes exce$+ly difficult correctly to appraise *>act]s z moral or immoral1 good or bad2 :ile !re is no su* difficulty z reg>ds ! intellectual & emotional aspects ( "*1 :i* are less influ5c$ by ! g5]al environm5t1 & :i* !re is less temptation to conceal4 ,all ! evid5ce we possess t5ds to %[ t al?\gh ! actions ( mo/ individuals are to a consid]able ext5t det]m9$ by _! social environm5t1 t does n imply any alt]ation 9 _! "*4 ,ev]yone's exp]i5ce ( life1 & especially ! example ( 8 fri5ds & associates1 leads him to repress 8 passions1 regulate 8 emotions1 & 9 g5]al to use 8 judgm5t be=e act+1 s z to secure ! e/eem ( 8 fell[s & great] happ9ess = himself2 & ^! re/ra9ts1 becom+ habitual1 may (t5 give ! appe>ance ( an actual *ange ( "* till "s great temptation or viol5t passion ov]comes ! usual re/ra9t & exhibits ! real nature1 :i* is usually dormant4 ,n[ x is ?is inh]5t & un*angeable "* itself t t5ds to be transmitt$ to (fspr+1 & ?is be+ ! case1 !re c be no progressive improvem5t 9 "* )\t "s selective ag5cy t5d+ to su* improvem5t4 ,by means ( a g5]al discussion ( ! nature & orig9 ( ,"*1 ,i h else:]e %[n t !re is no pro( ( any real advance 9 x dur+ ! :ole hi/orical p]iod4#g3;,a ,i %[ lat] on :at ! requir$ selective ag5cy is1 & h[ x w come into action automatically :51 & n until1 our social sy/em is s re=m$ z to af=d suitable conditions4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xvi47 #g3;,a ,see ,"* & ,life1 edit$ by ,p4 ,l4 ,p>k]1 pp4 #ai-ca4 7,williams & ,norgate2 ,novemb]1 #aiab47 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,"* ,i w n[ call att5tion to a few ( ! facts :i* lead to ! conclusion z to ! /ation>y condition ( g5]al "* f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( human hi/ory1 & presumably f ! dawn ( civilisation4 ,9 ! e>lie/ records :i* h come d[n to u f ! pa/ we f9d ample indications t g5]al e?ical conceptions1 ! accept$ /&>d ( morality1 & ! conduct result+ f ^!1 7 9 no degree inf]ior to ^? :i* prevail to-day1 ?\gh 9 "s respects !y diff]$ f ours4 ,z examples ( great moral tea*]s 9 v e>ly times we h ,socrates & ,plato1 ab\t #djj ,b4,c42 ,confucius & ,buddha1 "o or two c5turies e>li]2 ,hom]1 e>li] /ill2 ! great ,indian ,epic1 ! ,maha-,bh>ata1 ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 ,all ^! af=d indications ( intellectual & moral "* q equal to our own2 :ile _! l[] manife/ations1 z %[n by _! w>s & love ( gambl+1 7 no worse ?an correspond+ immoralities to-day4 ,9 ! beautiful translation by ! late ,mr4 ,rome% ,dutt1 ( su* portions ( ! ,maha-,bh>ata z are be/ fitt$ to give ,engli% read]s a prop] conception ( ! :ole "w1 !re is a /rik+ episode entitl$ ,woman's ,love1 9 :i* ! h]o9e1 a pr9cess1 by repeat$ petitions & reason+s p]suades ,yama1 ! god ( dea?1 to give back h] husb&'s _s to ! body4 ,x is describ$ 9 ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,& ! sable ,k+ 0 vanqui%$1 & he turn$ on h] aga91 ,& 8 words fell on ,savitri l ! cool+ summ] ra93 ',noble woman1 speak ?y wi%es1 "n ?y boon & purpose high1 ,:at ! pi\s mortal aske? gods 9 heav5 may n d5y6' ',?\ ha/1' s ,savitri answ]$1 'grant$ fa!r's realm & might1 ,to 8 va9 & sightless eyeballs ha? re/or$ ! bless$ light2 ,grant him t ! l9e ( mon>*s may n all untimely end1 ,t 8 k+dom to ,satyavan & ,savitri's sons desc5d6' ',h ?y wi%es1' answ]$ ,yama2 '?y good "l %all live aga91 ,he %all live to be a fa!r1 & y\r *ildr51 too1 %all reign2 ,= a woman's tro? endure? long] ?an ! fleet+ brea?1 ,& a woman's love abide? high] ?an ! doom ( dea?4' ,& :5 at ! end ( ! epic1 ! k+s & w>riors welcome ea* o!r 9 ! _s _w1 we f9d ! foll[+ noble conception ( ! qualities & actions :i* give !m a place !re3 ,^! & o!r mighty w>riors1 9 ! e>?ly battle sla91 ,by _! val\r & _! virtue walk ! bright e!real pla96 ,!y h lo/ _! mortal bodies1 cross$ ! radiant gate ( heav51 ,= to w9 cele/ial mansions unto mortals x is giv56 ,let !m /rive by k9dly action1 g5tle spee*1 endurance long1 ,bright] life & holi] future unto sons ( m5 belong6 ,mr4 ,dutt in=ms u t he has n only reproduc$1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! metre ( ! orig9al1 b has aim$ at giv+ u a lit]al translation4 ,no "o c read 8 beautiful r5d]+ )\t feel+ t ! p x describes 7 our intellectual & moral equals4 ,! wond]ful collection ( hymns kn[n z ! ,v$as is a va/ sy/em ( religi\s tea*+ z pure & l(ty z ^? ( ! f9e/ portions ( ! ,hebrew scriptures4 ,a few examples f ! translation by ,sir ,moni] ,moni]-,williams w %[ t its v>i\s writ]s 7 fully our equals 9 _! conceptions ( ! univ]se1 & ( ! ,deity1 express$ 9 ! f9e/ poetic language4 ,! foll[+ is a portion ( a hymn to ,! ,inve/+ ,sky3 ,! mighty ,v>una1 :o rules above1 looks d[n ,^u ^! worlds1 8 k+dom1 z if close at h&4 ,:5 m5 imag9e !y d aught by /eal?1 he kn[s x4 ,no "o c /& or walk1 or s(tly glide along ,or hide 9 d>k recess1 or lurk 9 secret cell ,b ,v>una detects him & 8 movem5ts spies4 99 99 99 99 ,?is b\ndless e>? is 81 ,8 ! va/ sky1 ^: dep? no mortal e'er c fa?om4 ,bo? oceans f9d a place )9 8 body1 yet ,9 ! small pool he lies conta9$2 :oe'er %\ld flee ,f>1 f> beyond ! sky w\ld n escape ! grasp ,( ,v>una1 ! k+4 ,8 mess5g]s desc5d ,c\ntless f 8 abode--= ev] trav]s+ ,?is _w1 & scann+ ) a ?\s& eyes its inmates4 ,:ate'er exi/s )9 ?is e>?1 & all )9 ! sky1 ,yea1 all t is beyond ,k+ ,v>una p]ceives4 ,may ?y de/roy+ sn>es ca/ sev5fold r\nd ! wick$1 ,entangle li>s1 b ! tru?ful sp>e1 ,o ,k+4 ,! foll[+ passage f a ,hymn to ,dea?1 %[s a p]fect confid5ce 9 t p]si/5ce ( ! human p]sonality aft] dea?1 :i* is /ill a matt] ( d\bt & discussion to-day3 ,to ,yama1 mighty k+1 he gifts & homage paid4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( m5 t di$1 ! fir/ to brave ,dea?'s rapid ru%+ /ream1 ! fir/ to po9t ! road ,to heav51 & welcome o!rs to t bright abode4 ,no p[] c rob u ( ! home ?us won by !e4 ,o k+1 we come2 ! born mu/ die1 mu/ tread ! pa? ,t ?\ ha/ trod--! pa? by :i* ea* race ( m51 ,9 long succession1 & our fa!rs too1 h pass$4 ,s\l ( ! dead6 dep>t2 fe> n to take ! road-- ,! anci5t road--by :i* ?y ance/ors h gone2 ,asc5d to meet ! god--to meet ?y happy fa!rs1 ,:o dwell 9 bliss ) him4 ,return unto ?y home1 ,o s\l6 ,?y s9 & %ame ,leave ?\ beh9d on e>?2 assume a %9+ =m-- ,?y anci5t %ape--ref9$ & f all ta9t set free4 ,9 ?is we f9d _m ( ! ess5tial tea*+s ( ! mo/ advanc$ religi\s ?9k]s--! imm$iate entrance to a high] life1 ! recognition ( fri5ds1 ! p]si/5ce ( ! human =m1 & ! %9+ raim5t1 typical ( ! loss ( e>?ly ta9t4 ,b besides ^! special deities1 we f9d also ! recognition ( ! "o supreme ,god1 z 9 ! foll[+ hymn3 ,:at god %all we adore ) sacrifice8 ,him let u praise1 ! gold5 *ild t rose ,9 ! beg9n+1 :o 0 born ! ,"l-- ,! "o sole "l ( all t is--:o made ,! e>?1 & =m$ ! sky1 :o give? life1 ,:o give? /r5g?1 ^: bidd+ gods rev]e1 ,^: hid+ place is immortality1 ,^: %ad[1 dea?2 :o by 8 might is k+ ,( all ! brea?+1 sleep+1 wak+ _w-- ,:o gov]ns m5 & bea/s2 ^: maje/y ,^! sn[y hills1 ?is ocean ) its riv]s1 ,decl>e2 ( :om ^! spread+ regions =m ,! arms by :i* ! firmam5t is /rong1 ,e>? firmly plant$1 & ! highe/ heav5s ,support$1 & ! cl\ds t fill ! air ,di/ribut$ & measur$ out2 to :om ,bo? e>? & heav51 e/abli%$ by 8 w1 ,look up ) trembl+ m9d2 9 :om reveal$ ,! ris+ sun %9es =? above ! _w4 ,if we make all[ance = ! v limit$ k ( ,nature at ?is e>ly p]iod1 we mu/ admit t ! m9d :i* conceiv$ & express$ 9 appropriate language1 su* ideas z are ev]y:]e app>5t 9 ^! ,v$ic hymns1 c\ld n h be5 9 any way inf]ior to ^? ( ! be/ ( our religi\s tea*]s & poets--to our ,miltons & our ,t5nysons4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,p]man5ce ,,( ,,high ,,intellect ,accompany+ ?is f9e lit]ature & moral tea*+ 9 ,anci5t ,india 0 a civilisation equal to t ( e>ly classical races1 9 gr& temples1 =ts & palaces1 weapons & implem5ts1 jewelry & exquisite fabrics4 ,_! ar*itecture 0 highly decorative & peculi>1 & has cont9u$ to q rec5t times4 ,ow+ p]haps to ! tropical or sub-tropical climate1 ) m>k$ wet & dry seasons1 ! olde/ build+s t h surviv$1 ev5 z ru9s1 are less anci5t ?an ^? ( ,greece or ,rome--b ^? correspond+ 9 age to ! p]iod ( our ,go?ic ca!drals are imm5sely num]\s1 & %[ an orig9ality ( design1 a weal? ( ornam5t1 & a p]fection ( workman%ip equal to ^? ( any o!r build+s 9 ! _w4 ,two o!r great civilisations ( :i* we h au!ntic records are ^? ( ,egypt & ,mesopotamia1 bo? ( :i* appe> to h be5 mu* old] ?an ^? ( ,india or ,greece4 ,b :]eas ,egypt has left u ! mo/ cont9u\s s]ies ( tombs1 temples1 & palaces 9 ! _w1 abundant works ( art 9 /atues & sculptures1 toge!r ) *>act]i/ic reliefs & wall pa9t+s1 %[+ ! :ole public & dome/ic life ( ! p1 ,mesopotamia is repres5t$ only by va/ masses ( ru9s on ! sites ( ! anci5t cities ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 f :i* h be5 dis9t]r$ _m f9e /atues & reliefs1 exhibit+ a v di/9ct /yle ( art4 ,= m ?an #b1jjj ye>s ! hi/ory & rema9s ( ?is once greate/ ( civilisations 0 absolutely unkn[n1 except by a few d\btful facts & names 9 ,greek & ,hebrew writ+s4 ,b dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a b& ( explor]s & /ud5ts1 su* z ,lay>d & ,rawl9son1 made kn[n1 fir/ ! works ( art1 &1 latt]ly1 an enorm\s quantity ( small bricks & /one slabs1 ?ickly cov]$ ) a peculi> k9d ( writ+ kn[n z ! cunei=m inscriptions1 :i*1 aft] an enorm\s am\nt ( lab\r1 h at l5g? be5 translat$4 ,:ole libr>ies ( ^! brick-books h be5 discov]$1 & z ! read+ & translat+ goes on1 we obta9 a k ( ! hi/ory1 laws1 cu/oms1 & daily life ( ?is anci5t p almo/ equal to t we n[ possess ( ! anci5t ,indians & ,egyptians4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 h[ev]1 ,egyptian civilisation is ! mo/ important1 because x pres5ts u ) ! mo/ def9ite pro( ( ! atta9m5t ( a high degree ( :at is specially sci5tific atta9m5t at ! v dawn ( hi/orical k4 ,?is is well exhibit$ by t mo/ wond]ful "w ( con/ructive art--! ,great ,pyramid ( ,gizeh--:i*1 ?\gh n q ! e>lie/1 is ! l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable ( ab\t sev5ty pyramids 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,egypt1 & has be5 m ?or\ghly explor$ & /udi$1 bo? z to its proportions1 con/ruction & uses1 ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,?is pyramid is kn[n hi/orically to h be5 built by ! ord] ( ,k+ ,*eops 7or ,khufu71 & ! date ( its design & erection c be pretty accurately fix$ z ab\t #cgjj ,b4,c41 or ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s e>li] ?an t ( ! civilisation depict$ 9 ! ,indian & ,greek epics4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ?is pyramid is its mo/ int]e/+ feature1 because x %[s cle>ly t x 0 design$ to be n only ! tomb ( ! k+ :o built x1 b also a true a/ronomical obs]vatory dur+ 8 life4 ,?is has be5 d5i$ by "s mod]n hi/orians4 ,9 ,h>mswor?'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7p4 #bjcd7 x is said3 ,= ! pyramids are no?+ b tombs4 ,!y h no a/ronomical mean+ or int5tion :atev]4 ,& !n1 aft] ref]r+ to ! ideas ( ,piazzi ,smy? & o!rs z va9 imag9+s1 x is add$3 ,!re is no?+ m>vell\s ab\t ^! great tombs1 except _! size & ! accuracy ( _! build+4 ,an almo/ exactly simil> /atem5t is made 9 ! great ,hi/orian's ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 & 9 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4 ,if ! writ]s ( ^! hi/ories _h read ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor's book1 ,! ,great ,pyramid3 ,obs]vatory1 ,tomb & ,temple1 !y w\ld h kn[n t ?is /atem5t is entirely errone\s4 ,! size1 %ape1 & angles ( ! int]nal passages h be5 describ$ & measur$ by _m compet5t /ud5ts1 among ! mo/ c>eful & exact ( :om 0 ,piazzi ,smy?1 !n ,a/ronom] ,royal ( ,scotl&4 ,x is true he _h _m va9 imag9+s1 b 8 measurem5ts 7 among ! mo/ tru/wor?y4 ,! pyramid religion1 :i* he help$ to e/abli% by a s]ies ( co9cid5ces 9 ! dim5sions ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! pyramid ) a/ronomical dim5sions1 ( :i* ! pyramid build]s c\ld h _h no k :atev] 7su* z ! di/ance ( ! sun1 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 etc471 0 no d\bt a va9 imag9+1 b he frankly claim$ x z a div9e inspiration4 ,all ^! are reject$ by ,mr4 ,proctor1 :o cle>ly expla9s ! purpose ( ! great] "p ( ! int]nal /ructure z only an exp]i5c$ practical a/ronom] c\ld d4 ,i w n[ /ate z briefly z possible :at are ! well-e/abli%$ facts1 z well z ! conclusions at :i* ,mr4 ,proctor arrives4 ,! ,great ,pyramid & ! two small] ones ne> x1 =m+ ! pyramids ( ,gizeh1 are plac$ on a small rocky plateau ne> ! apex ( ! delta ( ! ,nile4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is situat$ s t its nor!rn face rises f ! v edge ( ?is plateau4 ,! reason ( ?is seems to h be5 t ! build]s wi%$ to place x z ne>ly z possible on ! #cj? p>allel ( latitude4 ,x is really ab\t a mile & a ?ird s\? ( t p>allel1 & x is %[n t su* an error is a small "o = t e>ly p]iod1 & w\ld matt] b v little = ! purpose requir$4 ,! next feature is t x is truly ori5t$2 t is1 ! f\r sides run nor? & s\?1 ea/ & we/4 ,x is also a true squ>e1 ! f\r sides be+ ( equal l5g?1 & ! f\r corn]s are on a truly level plane4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! build]s _h to d 0 to get a true m]idian l9e1 & !y c\ld h done ?is 9 two ways--by obs]vations ( ! sun or ( ! pole />1 ! latt] be+ mu* ! m accurate1 ?\gh m labori\s & co/ly4 ,at ! "t ! pyramid 0 built ! pole /> 0 ,alpha ,draconis1 :i* 0 f>!r f ! pole ?an our pole /> & revolv$ ar\nd ! true pole 9 a circle ( #g #bd 9 diamet]4 ,9 ord] to obs]ve ! direction ( ?is /> at its l[e/ po9t1 ! build]s excavat$ 9 ! solid rock a tunnel ab\t #d feet 9 diamet]1 s z to keep ?is /> visible ea* day at ! l[e/ po9t ( its circuit4 ,?is tunnel ext5d$ #cej feet ?r\gh ! rock to a po9t ne>ly "u ! c5tre ( ! pyramid1 :]e1 by a small v]tical bor+1 a plumb-l9e c\ld h be5 dropp$ s z to obta9 ! exact l9e ( ! m]idian on ! surface1 & aft]w>ds on ea* successive /ep ( ! pyramid z x 0 built up4 ,:ile ! build+ w5t on ! slop+ tunnel 0 cont9u$ backw>ds to its nor!rn face2 & a tunnel asc5d+ to ! s\? 0 =m$ ( ! same size & mak+ ! same angle ) ! horizon4 ,?is _h puzzl$ all previ\s explor]s ( ! pyramid till ,mr4 ,proctor %[$ t1 by /opp+ up ! d[nw>d passage at ! angle & fill+ ! holl[ ) wat] ! pole /> c\ld be obs]v$ by reflexion & ?us give ! exact direction ( ! m]idian on ! upp] surface ( ! pyramid ) extreme accuracy1 z x 0 built up sl[ly ye> by ye>4 ,b at a di/ance ( #abg feet a new feature appe>s4 ,! asc5d+ tunnel is *ang$ into :at is call$ ! ,great ,gall]y1 :i*1 :ile cont9u+ exactly ! same floor l9e z ! tunnel1 is sudd5ly rais$ to a height ( #bh feet1 ) a wid? ( #g feet on ! floor & #c feet at ! top4 ,along ea* side !re is a l$ge or seat1 #bj in*es broad & #ba in*es high4 ,! sides d n slope inw>ds1 b are =m$ ( sev5 c\rses ( /one1 ea* "o ov]lapp+ ! "o bel[ by ab\t #c in*es4 ,! :ole ( ?is gall]y1 or incl9$ corridor1 is =m$ ( lime/one beautifully smoo?1 or ev5 poli%$4 ,! l5g? ( ?is gall]y is #aef feet1 & its floor t]m9at$ at ! plat=m ( ! pyramid1 ^u ! c5tral l9e f ea/ to we/1 :5 x _h rea*$ two-?irds ( its total height4 ,?is is on ! level ( ! ,k+'s ,*amb]2 & x 0 probably only aft] ! k+ 0 dead & 8 body embalm$ & plac$ 9 8 s>cophagus t ! pyramid 0 complet$1 ! op5+s ( ! passages c>efully clos$ up1 & ! :ole ext]ior cov]$ ) a smoo? cas+ ( /one1 v small portions ( :i* n[ rema94 ,!re are two o!r features ( ?is gall]y :i* h puzzl$ ! m]ely antiqu>ian explor]s4 ,^! are squ>e holes cut 9 ! slop+ b5*es close to ! side walls1 & ab\t #e feet ap>t1 !re be+ eighte5 on ea* side exactly opposite ea* o!r4 ,on ea* side ( ! gall]y1 ab\t half-way up1 is a longitud9al groove1 :i* w\ld s]ve to c>ry transv]se scre5s :i* c\ld be slid up or d[n1 & easily w$g$ 9 position 9 ord] to m>k exactly ! c5tral l9e1 l ! cross hairs 9 an a/ronomical telescope4 ,! holes on ! b5*es w\ld s]ve to c>ry cross seats on :i* ! obs]v] c\ld be firmly & com=tably seat$ :ile obs]v+ a transit ( sun1 />1 or planet4 ,be+ op5 to ! s\?1 ! ,great ,gall]y w\ld give a magnific5t view ( ! s\!rn sky1 & enable obs]v]s to det]m9e ! altitudes & azimu?s ( _m />s1 & ( ! sup]ior planets ,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,! /> ,alpha ,c5tauri1 :i* 0 at t p]iod ( ! fir/ magnitude ?\gh n[ mu* dim9i%$ 9 brightness1 w\ld1 :5 cross+ ! m]idian1 h be5 situat$ ab\t ! c5tre ( ! field ( view z se5 f ?is rem>kable feature ( ! pyramid :i*1 ,mr4 ,proctor consid]s1 0 ! f9e/ transit-in/rum5t ev] con/ruct$ = nak$-eye obs]vations4 ,ty*o ,brah1 ) 8 celebrat$ ,quadrant at ,urani5burg1 did n atta9 su* a degree ( accuracy z did ^! ,ea/]n a/ronom]s ne>ly #f1jjj ye>s ago4 ,"o great sup]iority ( ! subt]ranean obs]vatory ov] any op5-air obs]vations t c be made )\t telescopes is1 t by clos+ up ! end1 except = ! small ap]ture requir$ to see ! object1 ! bright] />s c\ld be well obs]v$ 9 ! daytime4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! ,great ,pyramid cov]s #ac acres ( gr\nd1 t x is truly squ>e & on a truly horizontal base1 t ea* side is accurately direct$ to a po9t ( ! compass1 t ! angle ( its slope is su* t ! area ( ea* ( ! f\r triangul> faces is equal to t ( a squ>e ^: sides are equal to ! height ( ! pyramid2 &1 fur!r1 t ! slope ( ! long desc5d+ tunnel is precisely su* z to po9t accurately to ! pole /> ( ! epo* at ! l[e/ "p ( its circuit r\nd ! true pole2 &1 la/ly1 t all ?is c\ld only be done1 z accurately z x has be5 done1 by ! sy/em ( subt]ranean tunnels & gall]ies t actually exi/s1 :ile almo/ all ! details ( _! con/ruction are %[n to be adapt$ = a/ronomical obs]vations ( ! nature requir$1 ! conclusion becomes irresi/ible t !y 7 design$ & us$ = su* obs]vations1 & t by no o!r means c\ld ! same am\nt ( accuracy h be5 atta9$4 ,i h giv5 a r full acc\nt ( :at ! ,pyramid build]s really did1 because x =ms a v important "p ( ! argum5t ,i am develop+ z to ! /ation>y condition ( ! human intellect dur+ ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,! great majority ( educat$ p]sons hold ! op9ion t our wond]ful discov]ies & inv5tions 9 e dep>tm5t ( art & sci5ce prove t we are really m intellectual & wis] ?an ! m5 ( pa/ ages--t our m5tal faculties h increas$ 9 p[]4 ,b ?is idea is totally unf\nd$4 ,we are ! inh]itors ( ! accumulat$ k ( all ! ages2 & x is q possible & ev5 probable1 t ! e>lie/ /eps tak5 9 ! accumulation ( ?is va/ m5tal treasury requir$ ev5 m ?\ght & a high] intellectual p[] ?an any ( ^? tak5 9 our own era4 ,we c p]haps be/ und]/& ?is by suppos+ any "o ( our great m5 ( sci5ce to h be5 born & educat$ 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! civilisations4 ,if ,newton _h be5 born 9 ,egypt 9 ! era ( ! ,pyramid build]s1 :5 !re 7 no su* sci5ces z ma!matics1 p]haps ev5 no decimal notation :i* makes ari?metic s easy to u1 he c\ld probably h done no?+ m ?an !y h actually done4 ,9 build+ up ! sci5ces ea* ( ! e>ly /eps 0 ! "w ( a g5ius4 ,b n[ t !re has be5 ne>ly a hundr$ c5turies ( discov]y & specialisation by ?\s&s or ev5 millions ( work]s1 t by means ( writ+ & ( ! pr9t+ press e discov]y is quickly made kn[n1 & t ev] l>g] & l>g] numb]s devote _! lives to /udy1 ! rate ( progress becomes quick] & quick]1 till ! total result is amaz+ly great4 ,b t does n prove any sup]iority ( ! lat] ov] ! e>li] discov]ies4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no pro( ( cont9u\sly increas+ intellectual p[]4 ,b we h n[ evid5ce ( ano!r k9d1 :i* adds to ! =ce ( ?is argum5t4 ,q rec5tly1 papyri h be5 discov]$ :i* give u in=mation z to ! ideas1 ! beliefs1 & ! aspirations ( a p]iod ev5 e>li] ?an t ( ! ,great ,pyramid4 ,! result ( ! /udy ( ^! & o!r records ( e>ly ,egypt is ?us /at$ by ,pr(essor ,adolf ,erman 9 ,! ,hi/orian's ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w3 ,b :5 "o consid]s ! anci5t resid5t ( ! valley ( ! ,nile z a human be+1 ) desires1 emotions1 & aspirations almo/ precisely l our own2 a man /ruggl+ to solve ! same problems ( practical ,socialism t we are /ruggl+ = to-day--!n1 & !n only1 c ! lessons ( anci5t ,egyptian hi/ory be br\ght home to u 9 _! true mean+1 & ) _! true significance4 ,& cle>e/ ( all w t significance be1 p]haps1 if we con/antly be> 9 m9d ! possibility t ! :ole sweep ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 dur+ ! ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s t sep>at$ ! ,pyramid build]s f ! contempor>ies ( ,alex&]1 0 a "t ( national decay--a d>k age1 if y w--9 ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,t a great hi/orian1 f a /udy ( ! ideas & social aspirations ( ! e>lie/ kn[n civilisations1 %\ld h arriv$ at simil> views z to ! id5tity ( _! m5tal capacity ) our own z ,i h d$uc$ f _! sci5tific atta9m5ts1 mu/ be held to be a v /rong argum5t 9 support ( ! accuracy ( our indep5d5t conclusions4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,spee* ,,& ,,writ+ ,,z ,,pro(s ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,!re is yet ano!r pro( t ! faculties ( mank9d at a v e>ly epo* 7 fully equal to ^? ( our own "t4 ,!re is p]haps no?+ m difficult 9 its nature1 m utt]ly beyond ! m]e l[] animal1 ?an ! faculty ( articulate spee* possess$ by e race ( mank9d4 ,we _c b believe t its acquisition 0 an extremely sl[ process1 & t x is r5d]$ possible by special c]ebral developm5ts giv+ ! necess>y m5tal p[] = its acquirem5t4 ,h[ long a process ?is w\ld be1 x is impossible to say1 b x w\ld c]ta9ly h _h to rea* a high degree ( p]fection be=e ! equally difficult process ( inv5t+ a mode ( writ+ c\ld h be5 br\ght to su* p]fection z to facilitate ! fur!r developm5t ( ! high] faculties ?r\gh poetry on ! "o h& & ! pres]vation ( facts & discov]ies1 z well z tra9s ( reason+1 on ! o!r4 ,n[1 ,i wi% to call att5tion to ! v important fact t ! orig9 & developm5t ( spee*1 & lat]1 ( writ+1 7 app>5tly almo/ simultane\s1 & c]ta9ly q indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 9 c\ntries n v di/ant ap>t4 ,?is is %[n by ! radical div]sity ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( languages 9 ,europe1 ,ea/]n ,asia & ,nor? ,africa1 & ! equal div]sity ( ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 & ,*9ese writ+4 ,all o!r writt5 *>act]s are believ$ to be d]iv$ f "o or o!r ( ^!1 & x is kn[n t ! =ms & peculi>ities ( alphabetic *>act]s h be5 greatly modifi$ by ! v>i\s mat]ials employ$1 su* z wood & /one slabs1 clay1 or wax2 papyrus1 pap] or p>*m5t2 & :e!r engrav$1 impress$ or pa9t$1 :e!r writt5 ) a re$ or quill p51 or ) a small bru%4 ,b if intellectual man z a species ( mammal _h develop$ by ! pres]vation ( v>iations ( survival-value1 we %\ld expect to f9d su* an important faculty z spee* to h orig9at$ 9 "o c5tre & to h spread rapidly ov] ! _w ) only slight modifications 9 isolat$ communities4 ,! fundam5tal div]sities we f9d seem to accord bett] ) ! conception t :51 z a m]e animal1 8 mat]ial organism _h rea*$ ! requir$ degree ( p]fection1 !re occurr$ ! spiritual influx :i* alone enabl$ him to beg9 t c\rse ( intellectual & moral developm5t1 & t m>vell\s p[] ov] ! =ces ( ,nature1 9 :i* spee* & writ+1 foll[$ by pr9t+1 h be5 su* important factors4 ,9 ord] = man to develop spee* he mu/ h possess$ a bra9 & an intellect f> above t ( ! brutes4 ,z 9 ! m fundam5tal problem ( ! orig9 ( life1 x is admitt$ t organisation is a product ( life--n life ( organisation--s we mu/ believe t spee* 0 a product ( a bra9 & an intellect suffici5t = _! developm5t4 ,b su* bra9 & intellect 7 n necess>y = ! l[] animals1 :i* h rea*$ _! highe/ l9es ( developm5t 9 ! dog1 horse1 elephant1 & ape )\t mak+ any def9ite approa* to ! acquirem5t ( su* high] faculties4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,savages ,,n ,,morally ,,inf]ior ,,to ,,civilis$ ,,races ,if ! facts & argum5ts set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s are correct we %\ld n expect to f9d any liv+ examples ( ! unspiritualis$ man1 s9ce ! assumption is t ! :ole race receiv$ ! influx :i* />t$ !m on _! c\rse ( purely human developm5t )9 a /rictly limit$ p]iod1 p]haps ( a v few g5]ations or ev5 "o g5]ation4 ,! ance/ral =m--! suppos$ miss+ l9k--w\ld !n h become ext9ct4 ,if ?is 7 n s we %\ld expect to f9d "s isolat$ gr\ps ( spee*less man1 & ( ?is !re is no example2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! v l[e/ ( exi/+ races are f\nd to possess languages :i* are (t5 ( extreme complexity 9 grammatical /ructure & 9 no way sugge/ive ( ! primitive man-animal ( :i* !y are suppos$ to be surviv+ relics4 ,s long z we got our k respect+ !m f ! l[-class ,europeans :o captur$ !m = slaves or %ot !m d[n z wild bea/s1 we c\ld n possibly acquire any real k ( !m z human be+s4 ,b n[ t we h m tru/wor?y acc\nts ( !m by intellig5t travell]s or mission>ies1 we f9d ample evid5ce t :5 by k9dness & sympa?y we p5etrate to _! inn] nature1 we discov] t !y possess human qualities ( ! same k9d z our own4 ,a few examples ( :at unprejudic$ witnesses say ( !m w be v in/ructive4 ,d>w91 aft] att5d+ a meet+ betwe5 ,capta9 ,fitzroy & ! *ief ( a small isl& ne> ,tahiti to settle a "q ( comp5sation = injury to an ,engli% %ip1 says3 ,i _c suffici5tly express our surprise at ! extreme good s5se1 ! reason+ p[]s1 mod]ation1 c&\r1 & prompt resolution :i* 7 display$ on all sides4 ,capta9 ,cook himself1 :o saw !m 9 _! primitive condition1 speaks ( ! natives ( ! ,fri5dly ,isles z be+ lib]al1 brave1 op5 & c&id1 )\t ei!r suspicion or trea*]y1 cruelty1 or rev5ge2 & a c5tury lat] ,admiral ,ersk9e rem>ks t !y c>ry _! habits ( cleanl9ess & dec5cy to a high] po9t ?an ! mo/ civilis$ nations2 :ile all ! ,polynesian races are k9d & att5tive to ! sick & ag$1 & unlimit$ hospitality is ev]y:]e practis$ by !m4 ,ev5 ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 :o are (t5 said to be "o ( ! l[e/ ( human races1 are f\nd to possess _m good qualities by ^? :o "k !m be/4 ,mr4 ,curr1 :o 0 = =ty ye>s protector ( ! aborig9es 9 ,victoria1 says3 ,socially1 ! black is polite1 gay1 fond ( laught]1 & has mu* bonhomie 9 8 composition4 4 4 4 ,! natives are v /rict 9 obey+ _! laws & cu/oms1 ev5 "u great temptation4 ,! horror ( m>ry+ a woman )9 ! prohibit$ degrees ( relation%ip1 ! extreme grief !y manife/ at ! dea? ( *ildr5 or relatives1 & sometimes ev5 = :ite m51 z illu/rat$ by ! native boy :o 0 ! sole companion ( ! un=tunate ,k5n$y :5 he 0 murd]$1 are suffici5t to indicate t !y possess affections & a s5se ( "r & wrong n v diff]5t f our own4 ,! fact t ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! ,au/ralians are sub/antially ^? ( ! ,caucasian race 9 its l[e/ types has l$ me to conclude t ^! int]e/+ p may h be5 desc5d$ f mu* m civilis$ remote ance/ors1 & are ?us an example ( degradation r ?an ( survival4#cd3;,a #cd3;,a ,see my ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 ,*ap4 ,v41 ,! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 :]e ?is view 0 fir/ set =?4 7,/an=d1 #ahic47 ,= cases ( morality among savages see my ,natural ,selection & ,tropical ,nature1 pp4 #aii-bja4 ,_m o!r illu/rations ( bo? intellig5ce & morality are met ) among savage races 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 & ^!1 tak5 z a :ole1 %[ a sub/antial id5tity ( human "*1 bo? moral & emotional1 ) no m>k$ sup]iority 9 any race or c\ntry4 ,9 intellect1 :]e ! greate/ advance is suppos$ to h occurr$1 ?is may be :olly due to ! cumulative effect ( successive acquisitions ( k h&$ d[n f age to age4 ,euclid & ,ar*im$es 7 probably ! equals ( any ( our greate/ ma!maticians ( to-day1 :ile ! ar*itecture ( ,greece1 ( ,india1 & ( ,c5tral ,am]ica is little inf]ior to m$ival ,go?ic4 ,b none ( ^!1 ?\gh s diff]5t 9 /yle1 c be said to prove any real advance 9 intellectual p[] f t ( ! build]s ( ! mu* m anci5t temples & pyramids ( ,egypt4 ,?is latt] c\ntry1 too1 9 its high mat]ial civilisation & its rem>kable religi\s sy/em1 %[s itself ! equal ( any t has succe$$ x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,,selective ,,ag5cy ,,ne$$ ,,to ,,improve ,,"* ,! g5]al result ( ! facts & argum5ts n[ set =? 9 ! m]e/ outl9e leads u to conclude t !re has be5 no def9ite advance ( morality f age to age1 & t ev5 ! l[e/ races1 at ea* p]iod1 possess$ ! same intellectual & moral nature z ! high]4 ,! manife/ations ( ?is ess5tially human nature 9 habits & conduct 7 (t5 v div]se1 9 accordance ) div]sities ( ! social & moral environm5t4 ,?is is q 9 accordance ) ! n[ well-e/abli%$ doctr9e t ! ess5tial "* ( man1 intellectual1 emotional1 & moral1 is inh]5t 9 him f bir?2 t x is subject to great v>iation f individual to individual2 & t its manife/ations 9 conduct c be modifi$ 9 a v high degree by ! influ5ce ( public op9ion & sy/ematic tea*+4 ,^! latt] *anges1 h[ev]1 are n h]$it>y1 & x foll[s t no def9ite advance 9 morals c occur 9 any race unless !re is "s selective or segregative ag5cy at "w4 ,z !re is a great am\nt ( misconception on ?is subject "s explanation may be advisable4 ,_m well-educat$ & intellig5t p]sons seem to ?9k t :atev] *>act]s or faculties are h]$it>y are also necess>ily cumulative4 ,!y he> t m5tal z well z physical *>act]i/ics are h]$it>y2 _! own obs]vation tells !m t !re are musical families z well z tall families4 ,!y he> t ! late ,sir ,francis ,galton wrote a book on ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 & p]haps !y h read x2 b !y d n obs]ve t nei!r he nor anyone else has prov$ t g5ius ( any k9d is cumulative1 t is t a man or woman ( g5ius w h1 on ! av]age1 "s "o or m *ildr5 ) a great] am\nt ( t special p[] or faculty ?an _! own4 ,! v contr>y ( ?is is really ! case4 ,! m a p]son's tal5t or m5tal p[] is above ! av]age ! less *ance !re is t any ( 8 or h] *ildr5 w h /ill m ( t p[] ?an he has4 ,a really great poet1 or pa9t]1 or musician1 appe>s sudd5ly 9 a family ( m$iocre ability or ( no ability at all 9 t special direction4 ,a few examples may be in/ructive4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*ell 0 ! son ( a ,g]man musician1 & 0 himself a musician by pr(ession2 b he became an a/ronomical g5ius1 "o ( ! greate/ ( 8 age4 ,8 son1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell1 0 a v clev] man1 ) advantages ( education & position4 ,he foll[$ 8 fa!r z an a/ronom]1 & 0 a great ma!matician1 b is nev] consid]$ to be equal to 8 fa!r4 ,d>w9's mo/ em95t son 0 a ma!matician1 n a naturali/4 ,! reason ( ?is is t h]$ity foll[s ! law ( recession to m$iocrity4 ,?is is1 t all gr\ps ( liv+ ?+s v>y ar\nd an av]age or mean z reg>ds ea* ( _! *>act]s2 & ^? ne> ! av]age are always num]\s1 :ile z we approa* ! extremes 9 ei!r direction ! numb]s become less & less4 ,families foll[ ! same law4 ,if y take a family = ?ree or f\r g5]ations1 includ+ p]haps "s hundr$s ( p]sons1 "s w be %ort1 "s tall2 b ! majority w be ne> ! mean1 & ! talle/ ( all w be less likely to h tall] desc5dants ?an !mselves ?an ^? ne>] ! av]age4 ,b ! *ildr5 ( ! talle/1 ?\gh g5]ally %ort] ?an _! p>5ts1 w /ill t5d to be above ! av]age height4 ,:5 a "* is s useful to its possessor 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce z to be ( :at is t]m$ survival value1 !n ^? t v>y mo/ above ! av]age w be pres]v$ or select$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation z long z ! increase is useful4 ,x is because ! high] intellectual or moral p[]s are s r>ely ( life-pres]v+ value1 & are n unfrequ5tly ! rev]se1 t !y are n cumulative1 ?\gh !y are h]$it>y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ?is explanation we w n[ proce$ to exam9e some:at closely our moral position z a nation2 :at is ! nature ( our social environm5t2 h[ x came to be :at x is1 & :at lessons we may le>n f x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,environm5t ,,dur+ ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury our mat]ial civilisation1 :i* _h long be5 almo/ /ation>y1 began to advance ) ! gr[? ( ! physical sci5ces1 b at fir/ ) extreme sl[ness4 ,! e>lie/ /eps 7 made by ! application ( ma*9]y to "s ( ! dome/ic arts4 ,"s ref9em5ts 7 made 9 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( our daily life2 b !re 7 few1 if any1 indications ( p]man5t or widespread *ange1 ei!r = bett] or worse1 9 our intellectual or moral nature4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 saw ! initiation ( a great *ange 9 ! economic environm5t due to ! rapid inv5tion ( lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y2 :i*1 ) ! equally rapid application ( /eam p[]1 l$ to an increase ( weal? production su* z _h nev] be5 kn[n on ! e>? be=e4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod new modes ( locomotion 7 br\ght into daily use1 ! facilities = int]-communication 7 increas$ a hundr$-fold1 sci5tific discov]ies op5$ up to u new & un?\ght-( my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 & ! :ole e>? 0 ransack$ = its treasures1 bo? vegetable & m9]al1 to an ext5t t surpass$ all t _h be5 accompli%$ s9ce ! dawn ( civilisation4 ,b ?is rapid gr[? ( weal?1 & increase ( our p[] ov] ,nature1 put too great a /ra9 ^u our crude civilisation & our sup]ficial ,*ri/ianity1 & x 0 accompani$ by v>i\s =ms ( social immorality1 almo/ z amaz+ & unprec$5t$4 ,"s ( ^! may be "h briefly ref]r$ to4 ,our va/ textile factory sy/em may be said to h comm5c$ ) ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! pr(its 7 at fir/ s l>ge & s dep5d5t on ! supply ( lab\r t ! mill-own]s hir$ *ildr5 f ! workh\ses ( ! great cities by hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s4 ,^! *ildr51 f ! age ( five or six upw>ds1 7 tak5 z appr5tices = sev5 ye>s1 & !y really became ! slaves ( ! manufactur]s1 ^: manag]s made !m "w f #f a4m4 to #g p4m41 or sometimes long]2 &1 9 ord] to keep !m awake 9 ! close atmosph]e ( ! factories x 0 f\nd necess>y to :ip !m at frequ5t int]vals4 ,x 0 n till #ahai t ! age ( *ildr5 employ$ 9 factories 0 rais$ to n9e ye>s1 :ile 9 #ahbe ! work+ h\rs 7 limit$ to sev5ty-two a week6 ,f t "t onw>d1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re 0 a cont9u$ succession ( ,factory ,acts1 ea* aim+ at aboli%+ or ameliorat+ ! wor/ results ( *ild lab\r--its inhumanity1 its cruelty1 & its immorality4 ,^! legislative ef=ts 7 always oppos$ by ! employ]s1 :o usually succe$$ 9 s mutilat+ !m 9 ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons z to r5d] !m almo/ useless4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,br[n+'s noble v]ses1 ,! ,cry ( ! ,*ildr51 %[ t aft] ne>ly fifty ye>s ( /ruggle ! condition ( ! *ild-work]s 0 /ill1 9 a high degree1 cruel1 degrad+1 & !re=e immoral2 :ile t ( ! half-tim]s :o succe$$ !m 0 almo/ z injuri\s4 ,z ! c5tury wore on1 o!r evils ( a simil> nature 7 gradually br\ght to light4 ,*ildr5 & wom5 7 f\nd to be work+ und]gr\nd 9 coal m9es1 "u equally vile conditions z reg>ds heal? & morality2 & an enorm\s loss ( life 0 caus$ by inadequate v5tilation1 insecure ro(-propp+1 imp]fect w9d+ ma*9]y1 & o!r causes1 all due to want ( prop] precautions by ! own]s ( ! m9es4 ,z a matt] ( simple ju/ice1 su* own]s %\ld be held responsible to ! injur$ p]son n only to ! full ext5t ( 8 wages & = m$ical att5dance1 b %\ld also pay a lib]al comp5sation = ! pa9 suff]$1 & = ! extra lab\r1 exp5se & anxiety to 8 family4 ,b all su* ?+s are ignor$ 9 ! case ( poor work]s1 s t ev5 ! money comp5sation is r$uc$ to ! smalle/ am\nt possible4 ,x is "o ( ! great defects ( our law t dea?s due to prev5table causes 9 any pr(it-mak+ bus9ess are n crim9al (f5ces4 ,till !y are made s1 x w be impossible to save ! hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s1 ( lives n[ lo/ ow+ to neglect ( prop] precautions 9 all k9ds ( dang]\s or unheal?y trades4 ,h[ev] co/ly su* precautions may be1 exp5se %\ld n be consid]$ :5 human life is risk$2 & ! pres5t /ate ( ! law is !re=e immoral4 ,not)/&+ ,acts ( ,p>liam5t & num]\s ,inspectors 7^: sal>ies %\ld be paid by ! m9e own]s71 explosions & o!r accid5ts und]gr\nd cont9ue to increase1 ! ye> #aiaj be+ a record ye>1 ) its #a1gge dea?s2 & ev5 ! numb] 9 proportion to ! work]s employ$ is ! highe/ = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,yet no "o is puni%$1 or ev5 held responsible = ^! dea?s4 ,surely1 ?is %[s a deplorable abs5ce ( moral feel+1 bo? 9 ! g5]al public & 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,! responsibility ( ,p>liam5t is really crim9al1 s9ce x always all[s its legislation to be made ineffective by ! fe> ( dim9i%+ ! employ]s' pr(its1 ?us delib]ately plac+ money-mak+ above human life & human well-be+4 ,9 ! case ( m9es & qu>ries1 ,p>liam5t is especially responsible1 because ! possession ( ! m9]al weal? ( our c\ntry by private individuals is itself a gross usurpation ( public rights1 & %\ld h be5 long ago decl>$ illegal4 ,:atev] argum5ts--& !y are v /rong--%[ u t ! l& itself %\ld n be private prop]ty1 are t5 times /rong] 9 ! case ( ! m9]als )9 its b[els4 ,! value ( l& increases ) its prop] use1 b 9 ! case ( m9]als1 ! value is absolutely de/roy$4 ,surely1 x is a crime aga9/ po/]ity to all[ ! /rictly limit$ m9]al weal? ( our c\ntry to be made private prop]ty1 & v l>gely sold to =eign]s1 solely to increase ! weal? ( individuals & to ! absolute impov]i%m5t ( ourselves & our *ildr54#de3;,a #de3;,a ,i po9t$ ?is out =ty ye>s ago 9 an article entitl$ ,coal a ,national ,tru/1 :i* ,i republi%$ twelve ye>s ago 9 my ,/udies1 ,sci5tific & ,social 7,vol4 ,,ii41 ,*ap4 ,,viii474 ,i w "h add "o o!r argum5t :i* goes to ! root ( ! matt] by %[+ t ! alleg$ own]s ( m9]als h n ev5 a legal title to !m4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 a maxim ( law t public rights _c be lo/ by disuse4 ,l&$ e/ates 71 9 our c\ntry1 creat$ by ! ,norman ,conqu]or to be held subject to ! p]=mance ( feudal duties4 ,deep-seat$ m9]als 7 !n n kn[n to exi/1 & 7 n 7,i believe7 specifically includ$ 9 ! orig9al grants4 ,except1 !re=e1 :]e !y h s9ce be5 made private prop]ty by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 !y /ill rema9 public prop]ty4 ,i submit1 !re=e1 t !y may be bo? legally & equitably resum$ by ! ,gov]nm5t z public prop]ty1 & work$ = ! good ( ! public & ( po/]ity4 ,comp5sation to ! suppos$ pres5t own]s w\ld be a matt] ( fav\r1 n ( "r4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,insanit>y ,,dwell+s ,,& ,,life-,,de/roy+ ,,trades ,! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 t[n & c\ntry dwell]s z reg>ds duration ( life & ! preval5ce ( zymotic diseases has be5 kn[n /ati/ically s9ce ! era ( regi/ration1 & a body ( ,heal? ,(fic]s h be5 set up to report ^u ! wor/ cases4 ,! local au?orities h p[] to compel ! own]s ( unheal?y dwell+s to put !m into a sanit>y condition1 or ev5 ord] !m to be entirely rebuilt4 ,b z _m ( ! memb]s ( ,corporations & o!r ,local ,bo>ds are (t5 !mselves own]s ( su* prop]ty1 or h intimate fri5ds :o are s1 v little has be5 done to rem$y ! evil4 ,aga9 & aga91 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,heal? ,(fic]s h duly report$1 b _! reports h be5 ignor$4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! ,heal? ,(fic] has be5 too p]si/5t1 he has be5 ask$ to resign or has be5 dis*>g$4 ,a few g5]al facts may be "h giv54 ,by ! la/ complete ,c5sus returns 7#aija71 !re are 9 ,engl& & ,wales #g1jcf1hfh t5em5ts1 & ( ^! #c1bhf1ebf1 or ne>ly half1 h f "o to f\r rooms only4 ,9 ,london1 out ( a total ( #a1jai1fdf t5em5ts1 #fgb1jcj1 or consid]ably m ?an half1 h f "o to f\r rooms2 :ile !re are ab\t #aej1jjj t5em5ts ( only "o room1 9 :i* are liv+ #cac1bih p]sons1 or ab\t two & a qu>t] p]sons 9 ea* room on ! av]age4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ab\t #bj1jjj p]sons liv+ five 9 a room1 & #bj1jjj m :o h six1 sev51 or eight 9 a room4 ,z mo/ ( ^! "o-room$ t5em5ts are ei!r ! cell>s or attics ( h\ses 9 ! mo/ cr[d$ p>ts ( l>ge t[ns1 :]e !re is impure air1 little light1 & scanty wat] supply1 ! condition ( ^? :o dwell 9 !m may be imag9$--or r _c be imag9$1 except by ^? :o h explor$ !m4 ,equally inhuman1 immoral1 & ev5 crim9al1 is ! neglect ( all adequate measures to *eck ! loss ( infant life ?r\gh ! ov]work1 pov]ty1 or />vation ( ! "m1 toge!r ) ov]cr[d$ & insanit>y dwell+s4 ,9 ! mad race = weal? by capitali/s & employ]s mo/ ( our t[ns & cities h be5 all[$ to develop into v]itable dea?-traps = ! poor4 ,?is has be5 kn[n = ! great] "p ( a c5tury1 yet no?+ really effective has be5 done1 not)/&+ abundant heal? legislation--aga9 made useless by ! dread ( dim9i%+ ! excessive pr(its ( manufactur]s & slum-own]s4 ,"o ( ! ,lab\r newspap]s calls our att5tion to ! foll[+ facts = #aiaa z to ,infant mortality p] #a1jjj born3 ,,p] #a1jjj ,dept=d1 ,ea/ ,w>d 7poor7 #aig ,dept=d1 ,we/ ,w>d 7ri*7 #fh ,b\rnville ,g>d5 ,village #fe ,/4 ,m>y's ,w>d1 ,birm+ham #cca ,su* facts exi/ all ov] ! k+dom4 ,!y h be5 talk$ ab\t & deplor$ = ! la/ half-c5tury at lea/4 ,:o has murd]$ ! #ajj1jjj *ildr5 :o die annually be=e !y are "o ye> old8 ,:o has robb$ ! millions t j survive ( all t makes *ildhood happy--pure food1 fre% air1 play1 re/1 sleep1 & prop] nurture & tea*+8 ,aga9 we mu/ answ]1 our ,p>liam5t1 :i* occupies itself ) any?+ r ?an ! imm$iate sav+ ( human life & aboli%+ widespread human mis]y1 ! :ole ( :i* is rem$iable4 ,& all = fe> ( (f5d+ ! ri* & p[]ful by "s dim9ution ( _! ev]-increas+ accumulations ( weal?4 ,no ?9k+ man or woman c believe t ?is /ate ( ?+s is absolutely irrem$iable2 & ! p]si/5t acquiesc5ce 9 x :ile l\dly boa/+ ( our civilisation1 ( our sci5ce1 ( our national prosp]ity1 & ( our ,*ri/ianity1 is ! pro( ( a hypocritical lack ( national morality t has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 any =m] age4 ,a new set ( evils has gr[n up 9 ! v>i\s s-call$ unheal?y trades--! lead glaze 9 ! *9a manufacture1 ! /eel du/ 9 cutl]y "w1 & ! endless v>iety ( poison\s liquids & vap\rs 9 ! num]\s *emical works or processes1 by :i* s _m =tunes h be5 made4 ,^!1 toge!r1 are ! cause ( a l>ge direct loss ( life1 & a mu* l>g] am\nt ( p]man5t injury1 toge!r ) a t]rible r$uction 9 ! duration ( life ( all ! work]s 9 su* trades4 ,yet 9 "o case only--t ( phosphorus mat*es--has any su* injuri\s process ( manufacture be5 put an end to4 ,weal? has be5 delib]ately pref]r$ to human life & happ9ess4#ea3;,a #ea3;,a ,an acc\nt ( "s deadly trades is giv5 9 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,%]>d's book1 ,! ,:ite ,slaves ( ,engl&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ deadly ( trades seems to h rema9$ unnotic$ till x has be5 br\ght to light by ! new ,lab\r pap]1 ,! ,daily ,citiz51 9 a s]ies ( articles by ,mr4 ,keighley ,sn[d51 entitl$ ,! ,brok5 ,wom54 ,nev] 0 a title bett] des]v$1 s9ce l>ge numb]s ( girls & "y wom5 are employ$ at ,lye & ,cradley ,hea?1 9 :at is commonly nam$ ! ,holl[ ,w>e works4 ,?is is ! t9n+1 or galvanis+1 z x is usually t]m$1 ( buckets & o!r dome/ic ut5sils1 9 :i* lead is us$2 & x produces "o ( ! mo/ virul5t =ms ( lead-poison+4 ,! symptoms are1 among o!r m pa9ful ones1 ! loss ( hair & ! loos5+ & ultimate loss ( tee?1 culm9at+ ei!r 9 *ronic illness or dea?1 sometimes 9 a few mon?s or ye>s4 ,five ye>s ago !re 0 a ,home ,(fice inquiry1 :i*1 aft] full exam9ation1 report$ t ! process us$ 0 dang]\s to life1 t no precautions c\ld r5d] x h>mless1 & t x %\ld be totally discont9u$4 ,an ord] 0 !n issu$ by ! ,home ,(fice t aft] a "t-limit 7two ye>s7 ! process %\ld be no long] us$2 b t ord] has n be5 obey$ 7except by a few employ]s7 to ?is day4 ,! deadly nature ( ?is "w 0 accompani$ by mis]ably l[ wages1 z %[n by ! fact t ! wom5 work]s h at l5g? /ruck to obta9 a m9imum ( #ajs4 a week6 ,help$ by "s humane fri5ds1 !y h at l5g? succe$$ 9 obta9+ ?is mis]able wage1 & = ! pres5t are 9 a /ate ( comp>ative happ9ess6 ,h[ long x w be be=e ! ,gov]nm5t aboli%es ?is deadly process we _c tell4 ,! foll[+ is a brief /atem5t ( :at ^! poor wom5 h to suff]1 extract$ f ,! ,daily ,citiz5 ( ,novemb] #bj?1 #aiab3-- ,!y _h1 )\t p[] to resi/ !m1 suff]$ repeat$ & ru?less r$uctions ( wages4 ,!y _h se5 _! indu/ry br\ght d[n by reckless competition1 & ! manufacture ( %oddy goods1 to ! po9t at :i* m5 c\ld no long] e>n en\gh to support _! families4 ,!y _h se5 _! wives & daught]s & boys =c$ by want at home into work%ops1 :]e1 z (ficial inquiry has %[n1 heal? 0 suck$ out ( _! bodies z ?\gh !y _h be5 ! victims ( vampires4 ,!y _h se5 ! introduction & gr[? ( ! sub-contract+ '/9t' sy/em1 "u :i* boyhood & girlhood & mo!rhood 7 driv5 z ?\gh !y _h be5 slaves "u ! la%1 & _! e>n+s cut d[n to a p5ny an h\r4 ,mean:ile1 !y liv$ 9 ! hovels & holes ( a place :i* c only be fitly describ$ z "o ( ! dirtie/ a%pits ( a civilisation reckless ( dirt :]e pr(it is a "q4 ,^? :o want to "k :at horrors c exi/ to-day 9 ,engl& %\ld read ,mr4 ,sn[d5's s]ies ( articles on ! subject4 ,!y are re/ra9$ 9 language1 & /ate ! b>e facts f c>eful p]sonal obs]vation4 ,t su* ?+s %\ld /ill exi/ 9 a c\ntry claim+ to be civilis$ w\ld be incr$ible1 7 !re n s _m o!rs ( a l nature & almo/ z bad4 ,9 an almo/ exhau/ive volume on ,diseases ( ,occupation by ,sir ,?omas ,oliv]1 ,m4,d4 7#aijh71 !re is only a %ort ref]5ce to ! holl[w>e trade ( ! black c\ntry ne> ,birm+ham4 ,b ! t9 plate indu/ry ( ,s\? ,wales is m fully describ$1 ) ! same pitiable condition ( ! wom5 work]s & ! same t]rible results to heal? & life4 ,yet no?+ :atev] seems to be done by ! manufactur]s2 & ?\gh two ,home ,(fice ,inspectors h fully report$ on its horrors f #ahhh onw>ds1 no notice appe>s to h be5 tak5 ( !m1 nor has !re be5 any ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce ) conditions ( lab\r :i* are a disgrace to civilisation4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,adult]ation1 ,,brib]y1 ,,& ,,gambl+ ,aft] ! t]rible national crime ( deadly employm5ts x is almo/ an anti-climax to enum]ate ! va/ mass ( di%one/y & falsehood t p]vades our comm]cial sy/em 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,almo/ e fabric1 :e!r ( cotton1 l951 wool1 or silk1 is s widely & +5i\sly adult]at$ by ! int]mixture ( *eap] mat]ials t ! pure article z suppli$ to our gr&p>5ts is h>dly to be obta9$4 ,( ?is "o example only mu/ s]ve4 ,calicoes h be5 successively dress$ ) su* sub/ances z pa/e & tall[2 !n ) ! /ill *eap] *9a clay & size2 & 9 "s cases f #ej to #ij p] c5t4 ( ^! latt] mat]ials h be5 sold z calico = exportation to c\ntries inhabit$ by :at we t]m savages4 ,^! p only f\nd out ! deception :5 ! ne$ = wa%+ or exposure to tropical ra9s r$uc$ ! mat]ial to a flimsy & wor?less rag1 z ,i h myself witness$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4#ef3;,a #ef3;,a ,^! facts are giv5 9 ! ,n9? ,edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,9 rec5t editions ! article ,adult]ation is limit$ to food & drugs4 ,9 ,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia1 cotton1 l95 & wooll5s are includ$ among adult]at$ fabrics4 ,ev5 worse is ! adult]ation ( almo/ e k9d ( prep>$ food--includ+ ! %[y sweetmeats :i* tempt our *ildr5--) v>i\s *emicals1 :i* are (t5 injuri\s to heal?1 & sometimes fatal2 :ile ev5 ! drugs we take 9 ! endeav\r to cure our v>i\s ailm5ts are frequ5tly s treat$ z to be useless or ev5 hurtful4 ,along ) ?is =m ( di%one/y is :at may be t]m$ simple *eat+ 9 ! description ( goods sold1 especially z to quantity4 ,?reads & fabrics are g5]ally %ort] or n>r[] ?an /at$1 giv+ a l>g] pr(it :5 sold 9 enorm\s quantities 9 our great retail %ops4 ,!n1 aga91 !re is a widespread sy/em ( brib]y ( s]vants or o!r employees 9 ord] to obta9 m cu/om]s or to secure contracts2 & ?\gh ^! are all crim9al (f5ces1 & a great ho/ ( inspectors & (ficial analy/s are employ$ to discov] & convict ! (f5d]s1 yet s few p are will+ to take ! tr\ble & lose ! "t & money involv$ 9 putt+ ! law into motion1 t a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ^! (f5ces g undiscov]$ & unpuni%$4 ,yet ano!r & m s]i\s =m ( plund] ( ! public is c>ri$ on by means ( ,jo9t ,/ock ,companies1 ( :i* !re are n[ m ?an #ej1jjj 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,9 ! ye> #aiaa ! numb] ( new companies 0 #e1iei1 :ile #d1cec ceas$ to exi/1 giv+ an increase ( #a1fjf 9 ! ye>4 ,! ,limit$ ,liability ,act 0 pass$ 9 #ahee1 9 ord] t ! public might inve/ _! sav+s 9 companies1 & ?us %>e 9 ! pr(its ( our indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be q prop] t anyone %\ld b5efit by ! ent]prise & indu/ry ( o!rs2 b to d s is ess5tially immoral1 & has result$ 9 a va/ sy/em ( sw9dl+ & t]rible losses to ! innoc5t inve/ors4 ,! promot]s1 directors1 secret>ies & bank]s ( ^! companies always ga92 ^? t take up ! %>es (t5 lose2 & ! am\nt ( mis]y & absolute ru9 ( ^? :o fondly hop$ to add to _! scanty incomes1 & h be5 delud$ by ! names ( well-kn[n public m5 among ! directors1 is incalculable4 ,our ,/ock ,ex*anges1 too1 are us$ l>gely = pure gambl+ :i*1 ow+ to its va/ ext5t & be+ c>ri$ on "u bus9ess =ms1 is p]haps m ru9\s ?an any o!r4 ,b ?is =m ( gambl+ goes on un*eck$1 & is g5]ally accept$ z q hone/ bus9ess4 ,yet ord9>y bett+ on races & o!r =ms ( direct gambl+ are hypocritically condemn$ z immoral & crim9al4 ,! va/ fabric ( our ,=eign ,trade 9 food1 or ! raw mat]ials ( our manufactures1 is also us$ to support p]haps ! greate/ sy/em ( gambl+ ! _w has ev] se54 ,! fluctuat+ prices ( corn or cotton1 ( coal or m9]al oil1 ( iron & o!r metals1 9 ! great m>kets ( ! _w1 are us$ 9 two ways by a l>ge community ( gambl]s1 :o n only d n require ! goods !y buy1 b :o nev] see nor possess !m4 ,! ord9>y speculator :o buys :5 prices are l[1 to sell aga9 at a pr(it1 )\t himself be+ able to influ5ce ! rise or fall ( price1 is a pure gambl] :o ?9ks he c =esee ! *anges ( ! m>ket price 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,b ! great capitali/s :o1 ei!r s+ly or by means ( :at are call$ r+s or comb9es1 pur*ase su* va/ quantities ( ! special product z to create a sc>city 9 ! m>ket1 lead+ to a l>ge rise ( price1 are +5i\s robb]s r ?an gambl]s1 because1 by clev] deal+s ) su* a monopoly1 (t5 aid$ by false rum\rs widely circulat$ 9 newspap]s own$ or brib$ by !m1 !y are able to make enorm\s pr(its at ! exp5se ( ^? :o are oblig$ to pur*ase = actual bus9ess purposes or = daily use4 ,?is is "o ( ! me?ods by :i* ! great millionaires & multi-millionaires ( ! _w accumulate _! weal?1 e p5ny ( :i* is at ! co/ ( ! consum+ public4 ,?is is c]ta9ly z immoral z any ( ! petty =ms ( sw9dl+ ) m>k$ c>ds1 load$ dice1 or ! wilful los+ ( a race2 yet ! possessors ( su* weal? are usually held to be clev] bus9ess m51 ^: morality is n que/ion$4 ,all ^! inconsi/5cies z reg>ds ! moral /atus ( v>i\s k9ds ( gambl+ or di%one/ speculation arise f our invet]ate habit ( deal+ ) limit$ cases1 ea* judg$ on its suppos$ m]its z to consequ5ces1 in/ead ( look+ to fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,:y is gambl+ immoral8 ,n because x is a game ( *ance1 ent]$ into = m]e amusem5t1 ev5 :5 play$ = small money /akes :i* are ( no importance to any ( ! play]s4 ,! fundam5tal wrong arises :5ev] x is us$ = obta9+ weal? or any "p ( ! play]'s income2 & ! reason is1 t :atev] "o w9s1 someone else loses2 :ile its evil nature1 socially1 dep5ds ^u ! fact t :oev] acquires weal? by su* means contributes no?+ useful to ! social organism ( :i* he =ms a "p4 ,if x 7 taught to e *ild1 & 9 e s*ool & college1 t x is morally wrong = anyone to live ^u ! comb9$ lab\r ( 8 fell[-m5 )\t contribut+ an approximately equal am\nt ( useful lab\r1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 9 return1 all k9ds ( gambl+1 z well z _m o!r k9ds ( useless occupation1 w\ld be se5 to be ( ! same nature z direct di%one/y or fraud1 &1 !re=e1 w\ld soon come to be consid]$ disgraceful z well z immoral4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! :ole comm]cial fabric ( our c\ntry--our imm5se mills & factories1 our va/ exports & imports1 our home trade1 :olesale & retail1 & innum]able transactions 9 our ,/ock ,ex*anges--is p]meat$ ) v>i\s =ms ( di%one/y1 gambl+1 & direct robb]y ( individuals or ( ! public4 ,no class is :olly free f x1 & x increases 9 volume f decade to decade1 j z our boa/$ comm]ce & accumulat$ weal? increases4 ,i h "h call$ att5tion to ^! v>i\s =ms ( immoral practices because !y are s (t5 ignor$4 ,yet !y are all (ficially admitt$ by ! enorm\s mass ( ! v>i\s ,royal ,commissions1 ,p>liam5t>y & o!r ,reports1 z well z by ! hundr$s ( ,acts by :i* successive ,p>liam5ts h endeav\r$ to deal ) !m1 b :i* h1 "o & all1 prov$ to be ei!r :olly or p>tially ineffective4 ,! reason ( ?is failure is t 9 e case symptoms & isolat$ results only h be5 consid]$1 :ile ! und]ly+ causes ( ! :ole va/ mass ( social corruption h nev] be5 s\ght =1 or1 if kn[n1 h nev] influ5c$ legislation4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,our ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,ju/ice ,,is ,,immoral ,:5 we read ab\t ! ,turki% or o!r ,ea/]n law c\rts1 9 :i* direct brib]y ( e (ficial up to ! judge himself is a regul> feature1 we are horrifi$1 & are apt to proclaim ! fact t our judges nev] take bribes4 ,b1 practically1 x comes to v ne>ly ! same ?+ 9 ,engl&4 ,no s+le /ep c be made = ! purpose ( gett+ ju/ice )\t pay+ fees2 :ile ! :ole process ( br++ or def5d+ an action-at-law is s absurdly complex z to be almo/ incr$ible4 ,j]emy ,b5?am satiris$ ?is by suppos+ a fa!r ( a l>ge family to adopt ! same me?od ( settl+ a dispute betwe5 two ( 8 sons4 ,he w\ld n he> ei!r ( !m himself1 b ea* mu/ tell 8 /ory to a /rang] 7a solicitor71 :o wrote x d[n & !n in/ruct$ ano!r /rang] 7a b>ri/]7 to expla9 x to ! fa!r 7z judge7 & twelve neighb\rs 7! jury74 ,!n ! /rang] 7b>ri/]7 on ea* side ask$ que/ions ( all ! family :o knew any?+ ab\t x2 & ! b>ri/]s1 :o _h only ?ird-h& k ( ! facts1 tri$ to make ea* witness contradict himself1 or to ackn[l$ge hav+ done some?+ z bad ano!r "t2 till ! jury became q puzzl$1 & (t5 decid$ z ! clev]e/ ( ! b>ri/]s told !m4 ,t is really ! sy/em ( law c\rts to ?is day2 & x is grossly unfair1 because ! p>ty :o c pay ! highe/ fees = ! s]vices ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ c\nsel is mo/ likely1 ?r\gh ! lawy]'s skill & eloqu5ce1 to secure a v]dict 9 8 fav\r4 ,yet !re is no effective prote/ aga9/ ?is unju/ & absurd sy/em1 :i* absolutely d5ies all r$ress ( wrongs to ! poor man :5 oppress$ by a ri* "o4 ,"o w\ld ?9k x self-evid5t t ju/ice ceases to be ju/ice :5 x has to be paid =4 ,b ! sy/em is s "t-hall[$1 ! pr(ession ( a b>ri/] s hon\r$1 & its rew>ds s great1 t x w nev] be aboli%$ till !re comes ab\t 9 our social sy/em t fundam5tal *ange :i* w cut at ! v root-cause ( almo/ all our exi/+ law-suits1 immorality & crime4 ,9 our crim9al z well z our civil law & proc$ure !re is equal inju/ice4 ,:5 ! poor man is accus$ ( ! slighte/ (f5ce & br\ght be=e a magi/rate by ! police1 he is1 ev5 ?\gh p]fectly hone/ & respectable1 treat$ f ! v fir/ z if he 7 guilty1 (t5 refus$ communication ) 8 fri5ds2 &1 :5 ! accusation is s]i\s1 he is rem&$ to prison aga9 & aga9 till evid5ce has be5 hunt$ up1 or ev5 manufactur$1 aga9/ him4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! latt] is (t5 done & a q innoc5t man n infrequ5tly puni%$4 ,! dictum ( ! law1 t an ,engli%man %\ld be held to be innoc5t till he is prov$ to be guilty1 is absolutely rev]s$1 & he is treat$ z if he 7 guilty till1 aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds1 he is able to prove himself innoc5t4 ,!re is no possible excuse = ?is n[1 & at ! v lea/ e man :o has a home or a p]man5t employm5t %\ld be at once dis*>g$ on 8 own recognizances4 ,equally unju/ & b>b>\s is ! sy/em ( money-f9es1 (t5 = m]ely nom9al (f5ces1 ) ! alt]native ( imprisonm5t4 ,to ! well-(f1 or to ! habitual crim9al1 ! f9e is a trifle2 b to ! poor man *>g$ ) be+ drunk1 ) begg+1 or ) sleep+ "u a hay/ack1 or any su* act :i* is no real (f5ce1 ! common puni%m5t ( #ajs4 or a week's imprisonm5t1 leav+ p]haps wife & *ildr5 to />ve or be s5t to ! workh\se1 is really f> m immoral ?an ! alleg$ (f5ce4 ,aga91 our ,poor ,law itself1 z usually adm9i/]$1 is utt]ly immoral4 ,?is is :at a compet5t au?ority--,mr4 ,sidney ,webb--says ( x3 ,und]nea? ! feet ( ! :ole wage-e>n+ class is ! abyss ( ! ,poor ,law4 ,i see be=e me a respectable family apply+ = relief4 ,:at d we d to !m8 ,we1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,engl&1 break up ! family4 ,we /rip ea* individual ( :at makes life wor? liv+4 ,:5 ! man ent]s ! workh\se he is /ripp$ ( 8 citiz5%ip--br&$ z too infam\s to vote = a memb] ( ,p>liam5t4 ,once 9 ! workh\se1 we put him to toil or to loit] "u conditions t are s demoralis+ t we turn him into a wa/rel4 ,& we /rip ! wife ( h] *ildr54 ,we s5d h] to ! wa%-tub or ! sew+-room1 :]e %e associates ) pro/itutes & imbeciles4 ,! little *ildr51 if !y are "u five1 are tak5 to ! workh\se nurs]y1 :]e !y also are t5d$ by pro/itutes & imbeciles4 ,!re !y rema91 day aft] day1 )\t ev] go+ d[n ! workh\se /eps until !y are old en\gh to g to ! ,poor ,law s*ool1 or until !y are tak5 d[n 9 _! c(f9s1 ow+ to ! t]rible mortality among ! workh\se babies4 ,( c\rse1 all workh\ses are n s bad z ?is1 b _m are1 & h be5 dur+ ! ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ( _! exi/5ce4 ,c we1 !re=e1 wond] t week by week "s poor & hone/ p>5ts commit suicide r ?an see _! *ildr5 />ve1 or be sep>at$ f !m 9 ! workh\se6 ,! p we ?us drive to dea? are _m ( !m z good z we ourselves are2 yet ! ,gu>dians ( ! ,poor--well-to-d g5tlem5 & ladies--g on adm9i/]+ x week aft] week & ye> aft] ye> )\t prote/ or app>5t compunction4 ,su* is ! dead5+ effect ( long-cont9u$ cu/om4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,indications ,,( ,,increas+ ,,moral ,,degradation ,!re are 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al a few /ati/ics ( special importance because !y cle>ly po9t to c]ta9 k9ds ( moral degradation :i* h be5 increas+ = ! la/ half-c5tury1 ?us co9cid+ ) our exceptionally rapid increase 9 weal?2 & also1 z ,i h %[n 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 ) v>i\s =ms ( national1 economic1 & social det]ioration4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! cont9u\s increase 9 dea?s f alcoholism1 9 proportion to population1 s9ce ! ye> #ahfa4 ,mo/ p]sons w be amaz$ to f9d t ?is is ! case1 because ! dr9k+ habit has c]ta9ly dim9i%$2 b :5 ! habit becomes s p[]ful & la/s s long z to be ! direct cause ( dea?1 we are able to see ! dim5sions ( ! mo/ exagg]at$ =m ( ! dr9k evil4 ,! foll[+ figures are tak5 f ! successive ,reports ref]r$ to3-- ,dea?s f ,av]age ,alcoholism p] ( ,ye>s ,million liv+ #ahfa-ahfe #da4f #ahff-ahgj #ce4d #ahga-ahge #cg4f #ahgf-ahhj #db4d #ahha-ahhe #dh4b #ahhf-ahij #ef4j #ahia-ahie #fg4h #ahif-aijj #he4h #aija-aije #gh4d #aijf-aiaj #ed4f ,!re are "s irregul>ities1 ! ratio be+ ne>ly equal = ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s1 aft] :i* !re is su* a cont9u\s l>ge increase t f #ahgf-hj to #ahif-aijj ! mortality is d\bl$1 b = ! la/ t5 ye>s !re has be5 a decrease1 :i* 9 ! la/ five ye>s is v m>k$4 ,b a /ill worse & m disquiet+ feature is ! rec5t l>ge increase ( mortality f alcoholism 9 wom54 ,figures = ! sep>ate sexes 7 n giv5 till #ahgf1 & ! foll[+ table %[s ! comp>ison up to #aiaj3-- ,dea?s f ,av]age ,alcoholism ( ,ye>s p] ,million ,m5 ,wom5 #ahgf-ahhj #fj4a #bd4j #ahha-ahhe #ff4f #ca4j #ahhf-ahij #gc4f #ci4b #ahia-ahie #hf4f #ej4b #ahif-aijj #ajf4b #ff4f #aija-aije #ie4j #fc4j #aijf-aiaj #ff4f #dc4f ,^! figures1 h[ev] deplorable & />tl+ 9 !mselves1 are z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) :at !y imply4 ,dea? f dr9k1 m ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r disease1 is ! ultimate & r>ely atta9$ result ( ! vice ( habitual intoxication4 ,m5 & wom5 may greatly injure _! heal?1 ru9 _! families1 & be disgraceful drunk>ds1 & yet n die ( x1 or make any ne> approa* to do+ s4 ,:at is ! proportion ( ^? :o are morally & physically injur$ by dr9k to ^? :o kill !mselves by x1 is1 ,i suppose1 unkn[n1 b ,i imag9e t "o 9 a ?\s& is1 probably1 too high an e/imate1 & t "o dea? among t5 ?\s& mod]ate dr9k]s :o also occasionally or frequ5tly become intoxicat$1 w\ld be ne>] ! m>k4 ,?is w\ld imply an increase 9 ! consumption ( alcoholic dr9ks1 in/ead ( :i* !re has be5 an actual dim9ution4 ,! fact probably is t a v l>ge numb] ( mod]ate dr9k]s h ceas$ to consume alcohol 9 any =m1 & ?is w\ld acc\nt = a mu* l>g] r$uction 9 ! total ?an has actually occurr$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ow+ to ! increase ( ^? :o are only casually employ$ 9 our great cities1 & ^: "o luxury is ! excitem5t ( dr9k1 a l>g] quantity ( *eap1 & injuri\sly adult]at$ spirits & o!r liquors is consum$1 :i*1 comb9$ ) a defici5cy ( :olesome food1 leads m frequ5tly to a fatal result4 ,increase ( ,suicide ,! increase has be5 long kn[n & g5]ally admitt$4 ,x is suppos$ to be l>gely due to ! ev]-increas+ /ruggle = subsi/5ce 9 our great cities1 ! consequ5t increase ( unemploym5t1 & ! dread ( ! workh\se z ! only alt]native to />vation4 ,! foll[+ are ! figures = ! la/ =ty-five ye>s = :i* (ficial data h be5 publi%$3-- ,dea?s by ,av]age ,suicide p] ( ,ye>s ,million liv+ #ahff-ahgj #ff4d #ahga-ahge #ff4j #ahgf-ahhj #gc4f #ahha-ahhe #gc4h #ahhf-ahij #gi4d #ahia-ahie #hh4f #ahif-aijj #hi4b #aija-aije #ajj4f #aijf-aiaj #ajb4b ,su* a table z ?is1 occurr+ 9 a c\ntry :i* boa/s ( its enorm\s weal?1 ( its ev]-increas+ comm]cial prosp]ity1 ( its m>vell\s advance 9 sci5ce & ! arts1 & comm& ( natural =ces1 %\ld1 surely1 give u pause1 & =ce ^u u ! conviction t !re is some?+ radically wrong 9 a social sy/em :i* br+s ab\t su* t]rible evils4 ,& ?is %\ld be ! m c]ta9ly se5 to be ! case because ! same increase is tak+ place 9 all ^? c\ntries :i* approa* u 9 _! weal? & _! comm]cial prosp]ity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a gr\p ( diseases :i* are fatal to infants soon aft] bir?4 ,!y h be5 /eadily increas+ dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 & call = special notice "h1 z !y seem to indicate physical deg5]ation z well z p]sonal immorality ( a dang]\s & p]haps ev5 a crim9al nature4 ,five-ye> ,proportion ( ,dea?s ,av]age to #a1jjj ,bir?s ,premature ,cong5ital ,bir?s ,defects #ahfa-ahfe #aa4ai #a4gf #ahff-ahgj #aa4ej #a4hd #ahga-ahge #ab4fj #a4he #ahgf-ahhj #ac4ch #b4ci #ahha-ahhe #ad4ah #c4bc #ahhf-ahij #af4a #d4b #ahia-ahie #ah4d #d4g #ahif-aijj #ai4f #d4i #aija-aije #bj4b #e4i #aijf-aiji #bj4j #f4f ,! l>ge increase dur+ ! la/ =ty-five ye>s ( v e>ly infantile dea?s1 involv+ abnormalities ( "m or *ild1 seems v significant4 ,! fir/ may be connect$ ) ! increas+ dislike ( *ild-be>+1 & unsuccessful attempts to avoid x4 ,! second indicates "s injuri\s condition ( life ( ! "m1 su* z work+ at unheal?y or ev5 deadly trades1 :i* has c]ta9ly be5 l>gely increas+ dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,su* "w = "y m>ri$ wom5 %\ld be impossible 9 a civilis$ community4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! va/ subject ( pro/itution1 ( :i* ! pres5t movem5t = ! suppression ( :at is call$ ,! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic is b "o ( ! aspects1 ,i d n propose to dwell1 because ,i c f9d no /ati/ics to %[ :e!r x has increas$ or decreas$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,b z ! conditions h all be5 fav\rable = x1 ,i h little d\bt t x has increas$ 9 proportion to population4 ,su* conditions are1 ! enorm\s gr[? ( great cities2 an increas+ numb] ( unm>ri$ & weal?y "y m52 ) an enorm\s numb] ( girls & "y wom5 ^: wages are insuffici5t to provide !m ) ! rational enjoym5ts ( life4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,divorce ,c\rts %[ o!r aspects ( ! result ( weal? & leisure2 :ile a fri5d :o _h be5 a good deal 9 ,london ,society assur$ me t bo? 9 c\ntry h\ses & 9 ,london v>i\s k9ds ( orgies 7 occasionally to be met ) :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 surpass$ 9 ! ,rome ( ! mo/ dissolute emp]ors4 ,( w>1 too1 ,i ne$ say no?+4 ,x has always be5 m or less *ronic s9ce ! rise ( ! ,roman ,empire1 b !re is n[ und\bt$ly a dis9cl9ation = w> among all civilis$ peoples4 ,yet ! va/ burd5 ( armam5ts1 tak5 toge!r ) ! mo/ pi\s decl>ations 9 fav\r ( peace1 mu/ be held to %[ an almo/ total abs5ce ( morality z a guid+ pr9ciple among ! gov]n+ classes4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! increas+ p[] ( ,lab\r-p>ties all ov] ! _w seems to af=d ! only hope ( a real moral advance4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,!oretical ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,natural ,,selection ,,among ,,animals ,:ile writ+ ! pres5t volume ,i 0 l$ to ref] to x dur+ "s ( ! num]\s int]views on ! occasion ( my rec5t bir?day4 ,?is l$ to "s misrepres5tation ( my views1 & %[$ me h[ few popul> press-writ]s h any real k ( ! nature & ext5t ( natural selection1 m especially z x affects ! human race4 ,!re is also ! same ignorance z reg>ds h]$ity2 & ?is latt] has become almo/ a ^w to conjure )1 & is ?\ght by mo/ writ]s to expla9 _m ?+s to :i* x is q inapplicable1 & z ! pres5t "w is a v cond5s$ argum5t f\nd$ to a consid]able ext5t ^u ^! great natural laws1 ,i propose devot+ two *apt]s to expla9+ & demon/rat+ ! effect ( natural selection 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals & ( man respectively4 ,t su* an explanation is necess>y may be se5 f ! foll[+ extract f "o ( our mo/ influ5tial & well-writt5 daily pap]s1 ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! view ( ! utt] rott5ness ( our pres5t civilisation1 x quotes me z say+3 ,& ! av]age ( mank9d w rema9 ! same until natural selection /eps 9 to save x4 7,:at ,i actually said to ! int]view] 0 until "s =m ( selection improves x47 ,! writ] !n goes on3 ,^! words mu/ h /ruck ! int]view] l ! crack ( doom4 ,=1 /at$ popul>ly1 ! !ory ( natural selection is ! doctr9e ( ',devil take ! h9dmo/4' ,if natural selection _h fair play !re w\ld be no ,*ildr5's ,c>e ,committees2 !re w\ld be no ,poor ,law1 no ,hospitals2 !re w\ld be no ,old ,age ,p5sions4 ,all ! humanit>ian ef=t to c>e = ! weak & to help !m along ! pa? ( life1 e ef=t to b9d up ! brok5-he>t$1 e comb9ation ( lab\r to secure equality among ! memb]s ( a trade1 /& condemn$ z futile or worse by ! doctr9e :i* ,dr4 ,russel ,wallace ?9ks c alone raise ! av]age ( man4 ,8 own rem$ies = ! ills ( society--! levell+ up :i* he believes to be impossible )\t levell+ d[n1 ! dis9h]it+ ( ! unborn heir1 ! '/rik+' :i* he applauds1 ! univ]sal education :i* he fav\rs--all ^! are directly antagoni/ic to ! work+s ( natural selection4 ,n[1 z ,i am cr$it$ by all my sci5tific fri5ds ) hav+ discov]$ ! !ory ( natural selection m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 & z ! :ole read+ public h _h ?is hamm]$ into !m ) ne$less repetition dur+ ! :ole ( t p]iod1 x is r amus+ to be told n[ t ,i d n "k :at natural selection is1 nor :at x implies4 ,x is also a /rik+ pro( t ! :ole subject is n[ held to be s old & commonplace z n to be wor? /udy+ by a popul> tea*] be=e writ+ ab\t x s /rongly & dogmatically4 ,if he _h done s he w\ld n delib]ately ass]t t ,i hold op9ions 9 reg>d to ! matt] :i* 9 sev]al ( my books ,i h %[n ! fallacy (4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to give "h a %ort acc\nt ( ! ess5tial features ( ! !ory ( natural selection2 h[ x has op]at$ 9 br++ ab\t ! evolution ( ! almo/ inf9itely v>i$ =ms ( plants & ( ! l[] animals2 & also to expla9 z cle>ly z ,i c :y1 & to :at ext5t1 x has act$ diff]5tly 9 ! case ( man4 ,lam>ckism & ,d>w9ism--,h[ !y ,diff] ,! fir/ great naturali/ :o put =w>d a detail$ explanation ( h[ he suppos$ ! v>i$ =ms ( animal life to h be5 produc$ 0 ,lam>ck1 a contempor>y ( ,buffon & ,goe!1 bo? ( :om believ$ 9 evolution b (f]$ no explanation ( h[ x c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,lam>ck1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ t ! v>i\s organs ( animals 7 modifi$ by volunt>y ef=t produc+ increas$ developm5t1 z :5 an antelope escapes f a lion by its swiftness1 :i* swiftness is increas$ by ! /ra9+ ( its limbs 9 flight2 :ile ! long neck & =e-limbs ( ! giraffe 7 expla9$ by ! cont9ual /ret*+ ( ^! p>ts ( ! body to obta9 foliage = food dur+ sev]e dr\ghts4 ,9 addition to ?is o!r causes are at "w1 z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 translat$ or p>aphras$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology3 ,e consid]able alt]ation 9 ! local conditions "u :i* ea* race ( animals exi/s causes a *ange 9 _! wants1 & ^! new wants excite !m to new actions & habits4 ,^! actions require ! m frequ5t employm5t ( "s p>ts be=e b slightly ex]cis$1 & !n great] developm5t foll[s z a consequ5ce ( _! m frequ5t use4 ,o!r organs1 no long] 9 use1 are impov]i%$ & dim9i%$ 9 size2 nay1 are sometimes entirely annihilat$1 :ile 9 _! place new p>ts are ins5sibly produc$ = ! dis*>ge ( new functions4 ,aga91 he says3 ,?us ott]s1 beav]s1 wat]-f[l1 turtles1 & frogs 7 n made web-foot$ 9 ord] t !y might swim2 b _! wants hav+ attract$ !m to ! wat] 9 se>* ( prey1 !y /ret*$ out ! toes ( _! feet to /rike ! wat] & move rapidly along its surface4 ,by ! repeat$ /ret*+ ( _! toes ! sk9 :i* unit$ !m at ! base acquir$ a habit ( ext5sion1 until1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! broad membranes :i* n[ connect _! extremities 7 =m$4 ,9 ! case ( plants1 :]e no volunt>y movem5ts occur1 ! cause ( modification 0 said to be due almo/ exclusively to ! *ange ( local conditions1 z ! v>i\s k9ds ( plants became disp]s$ ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,! influ5ce ( soil1 ( temp]ature1 ( light & %ade1 are suppos$ to produce def9ite *anges :i* are gradually increas$2 j z plants long cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s h become s *ang$ t ! wild prog5itors _c n[ be recognis$4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o made a c>eful /udy ( ,lam>ck's great "w1 notes especially t ! :ole ( ! argum5t is vague & g5]al1 & t no cases are giv5 9 :i* is %[n h[ ! alleg$ causes c be suppos$ to h act$ s z to br+ ab\t ! innum]able *anges t mu/ h occurr$4 ,:at is m important1 h[ev]1 is ! failure to expla9 h[ ! num]\s m9ute adaptations ( ea* species to its environm5t c\ld h aris5 by ! direct action ( t environm5t--9 plants1 ! inf9itely v>i$ =ms ( leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruits2 9 animals1 ! =ms & sizes ( ! tee? ( mammalia & ( ! beaks1 w+s & feet ( birds to ! food !y obta92 :ile ! enorm\s range ( col\r & m>k+ 9 mo/ gr\ps ( animals are su* z no am\nt ( desire or ex]tion on ! "o h&1 or direct action ( ext]nal causes on ! o!r1 c\ld possibly h br\ght ab\t4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t1 al?\gh a va/ am\nt ( evid5ce 0 adduc$ to %[ t *anges _h tak5 place lead+ to ! evolution ( species f pre-exi/+ species1 yet causes adequate to br+ ab\t ! *anges1 & especially ^? necess>y to produce ! m>vell\s adaptations cont9ually be+ discov]$1 _h n be5 %[n to exi/4 ,x is necess>y to po9t ?is out1 because ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! almo/ univ]sal rejection ( ,lam>ck's attempt$ solution ( ! problem ( evolution1 & ! almo/ imm$iate & univ]sal acceptance ( t adduc$ by ,d>w91 is o!rwise unexpla9$4 ,! belief 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution z ! only rational explanation ( ! gradual developm5t ( ! innum]able =ms ( liv+ ?+s became m & m g5]al4 ,! great body ( argum5ts 9 its fav\r 7 admirably set =? by ,rob]t ,*amb]s 9 8 ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #ahdd2 :ile ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ma/]ly exposition ( ! argum5t = univ]sal evolution conv9c$ a l>ge numb] ( naturali/s & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,b /ill ! nature ( ! laws & =ces by :i* ! evolution ( ! organic _w 9 all its v>iety & beauty1 c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t rema9$ n only unkn[n b unimag9$1 s t ev5 s great a ?9k] z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el t]m$ x ! my/]y ( my/]ies4 ,i w n[ /ate z briefly z possible ! ess5tial features ( ,d>w9's solution ( ! my/]y 9 8 epo*-mak+ "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,natural ,selection z ! ,ess5tial ,factor 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species ,!re are two great1 univ]sal1 & v conspicu\s *>act]i/ics ( ! :ole organic _w :i*1 because !y are s v common1 7 almo/ ignor$ be=e ,d>w9 %[$ _! importance4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! great v>iability 9 all common & widespread species1 & 7#b7 _! enorm\s p[]s ( increase4 ,! facts ( v>iability are record$ 9 e book on ,d>w9ism or on organic evolution1 & x is only necess>y "h to appeal to ! read]'s own obs]vation or to /ate a few illu/rative facts4 ,ev]ybody sees t among a hundr$ or a ?\s& p he kn[s or frequ5tly meets no two are alike4 ,?is is v>iability4 ,he also kn[s t ! am\nt ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m is (t5 v l>ge1 & always1 if y h any two ( !m side by side1 easily p]ceptible & capable ( be+ describ$4 ,he also kn[s t !y diff] 9 e "p & organ t c be se53 ! height1 ! bulk ( body2 ! %ape ( ! h&s1 feet1 head1 e>s1 nose1 & m\?2 ! proportions ( ! legs1 arms1 & body to ea* o!r2 ! abundance & "* ( ! hair--co>se or f9e1 /raight or curly1 & ( all col\rs betwe5 flax5 & int5se black4 ,to decl>e t v>iability among m5 & wom51 ev5 ( ! same race & 9 ! same c\ntry1 is a r>e ph5om5on1 & t 9 am\nt x is inf9itesimal1 w\ld be a ludicr\s mis/atem5t ( ! facts or a wilful p]v]sion ( ! tru?4 ,b1 z reg>ds animals or plants 9 a /ate ( nature1 ?is mis/atem5t has be5 made & has be5 us$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n[ well kn[n1 z a matt] ( direct obs]vation & measurem5t1 t :5 a few scores or hundr$s ( individuals are comp>$1 ev5 9 ! same di/rict & at ! same season1 !y diff] 9 _! proportions to ab\t ! same am\nt1 & to "s ext5t 9 e visible "p or organ1 z d human be+s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n well kn[n :5 ,d>w9 collect$ ! mat]ials = 8 v>i\s works1 & he ev5 sometimes makes ! proviso--if !y v>y1 = )\t v>iation selection c d no?+2 & ?is has be5 tak5 z an admission t v>iation is a r>e in/ead ( be+ a univ]sal ph5om5on4 ,he also (t5 spoke ( ! accumulation ( small or m9ute v>iations1 & ?is has l$ to ! /atem5t t v>iations are inf9itesimal 9 am\nt1 & !re=e c\ld1 at fir/1 be ( no use to ! possessor 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,rapid ,increase ( ,all ,organisms ,?is is ano!r fact ( ,nature :i* requires to be kept 9 m9d 9 all discussions ( ! action ( natural selection1 yet x is (t5 altoge!r ignor$ by critics ( ! !ory4 ,z an illu/rative fact1 a n uncommon ,european we$ ( ! ,crucif] family has be5 f\nd to produce ab\t #gjj1jjj se$s on a s+le plant1 :5ce x c be calculat$ t if e se$ _h room to gr[ = ?ree successive ye>s _! produce w\ld cov] a space ( ab\t #b1jjj times z l>ge z ! :ole l& surface ( ! globe4 ,"s ( ! m9ute aquatic =ms ( life :i* increase by division 9 a few h\rs w\ld1 if !y all _h ! means ( liv+1 9 ! same p]iod occupy a space equal to t ( ! entire sol> sy/em4 ,ev5 ! l>ge/ & sl[e/ bre$+ ( all kn[n mammals1 i4e4 ! elephant1 w\ld1 if all[$ space to live & bre$ freely = #gej ye>s1 result 9 no less ?an n9ete5 million animals4 ,by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! criticisms ( ,d>w9ism by popul> writ]s are due to _! cont9ually =gett+ ^! two great natural facts3 enorm\s v>iability ab\t a mean value ( e "p & organ2 & su* ev]-pres5t p[]s ( multiplication t1 ev5 9 ! case ( v]tebrate animals1 ( ^? born e ye> only a small proportion--"o-t5? to "o-hundr$? or !reab\ts--live ov] ! second ye>4 ,if !y all liv$ _! numb]s w\ld g on cont9ually increas+1 :i* we "k is n ! case4 ,h5ce arises :at has be5 t]m$ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 result+ 9 ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,?is /ruggle = life is ei!r aga9/ ! =ces ( inorganic or ^? ( organic nature4 ,among ! =m] are /orms1 floods1 int5se cold1 long-cont9u$ dr\ghts1 or viol5t blizz>ds1 all ( :i* take toll ( ! weak] or less w>y individuals ( ea* species--^? t are less adapt$ to survive su* conditions4 ,9 judg+ h[ ?is w\ld act1 we mu/ always rememb] ! enorm\s scale on :i* ,nature works1 & t al?\gh n[ & !n a few ( ! weak] individuals may live & a few ( ! /rong] be kill$1 yet :5 we deal ) hundr$s ( millions1 ( :i* eighty or n9ety millions inevitably die e ye> :ile ab\t t5 or tw5ty millions only survive1 x is impossible to believe t ^? :i* survive1 n "o ye> only b ye> aft] ye> ?r\gh\t ! :ole exi/5ce ( ea* species1 are n on ! av]age bett] adapt$ to ! complex conditions ( _! environm5t ?an ^? :i* succumb to x4 ,x is a m]e truism t ! fitte/ survive4 ,exactly ! same ?+ occurs 9 ! case ( ! organic environm5t1 to :i* ea* species mu/ also be well adapt$ 9 ord] to live4 ,! two great ess5tials = animal exi/5ce are1 to obta9 abundant food ?r\gh successive ye>s1 & to be able to escape f _! v>i\s enemies4 ,:5 food is sc>ce ! /ronge/1 or ^? :o c fe$ quicke/ & dige/ m rapidly1 or ^? t c detect food at great] di/ances or rea* x m quickly1 w h ! advantage4 ,enemies are escap$ by /r5g?1 by swiftness1 by acute vision1 by w>9ess1 or by col\rs :i* conceal ! v>i\s species 9 _! natural surr\nd+s2 & ^? :i* possess ^! or any o!r advantages w 9 ! long run survive4 ,! weak]1 ! less well-def5d$1 & ! small] species (t5 h special protection1 su* z nocturnal habits1 mak+ burr[s 9 ! e>?1 possess+ poison\s /+s or fangs1 be+ cov]$ ) protective arm\r2 :ile great numb]s are col\r$ or m>k$ s z exactly to correspond ) _! surr\nd+s1 & are ?us conceal$ f _! *ief enemies4 ,natural ,selection1 or ,survival ( ! ,fitte/ ,x may be "h not$ t ! t]m ,natural ,selection1 :i* has (t5 be5 misund]/ood1 0 sugge/$ to ,d>w9 by ! way 9 :i* almo/ all our v>ieties ( cultivat$ plants & dome/ic animals h be5 obta9$ f wild =ms cont9ually improv$ = _m g5]ations4 ,! me?od is to bre$ l>ge quantities1 & always pres]ve or select ! be/ 9 ea* g5]ation to be ! p>5ts ( ! next4 ,?is me?od1 c>ri$ on by hundr$s ( f>m]s1 g>d5]s1 dog1 horse or p\ltry bre$]s1 & especially by pigeon-fanci]s1 has result$ 9 all ^? useful1 beautiful & ev5 wond]ful v>ieties ( fruits1 vegetables & fl[]s1 dray-horses & hunt]s1 greyh\nds1 spaniels & bull-dogs1 c[s :i* give l>ge quantities ( ! ri*e/ milk1 & %eep ) ! greate/ quantity & f9e/ quality ( wool4 ,all ^! 7 produc$ gradually = ! special purposes ( mank9d2 b a simil> result has be5 effect$ by ,nature ?r\gh rapid increase1 great v>iability1 & cont9ual de/ruction ( all ! individuals less adapt$ to ! conditions ( _! special environm5t1 s t only ! /ronge/ or ! swifte/1 ! be/-conceal$ or ! mo/ w>y1 ! be/ arm$ ) tee?1 horns1 ho(s or claws1 ^? :o c\ld swim be/1 or ^? t protect$ ea* o!r by keep+ 9 flocks or h]ds--liv$ ! longe/ & t5d$ to improve /ill fur!r ! next g5]ation4 ,survival ( ! fitte/ 0 sugge/$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z be/ describ+ exactly :at happ5s1 & x is a mo/ useful descriptive t]m :i* %\ld always be kept 9 m9d :5 discuss+ or inve/igat+ ! process by :i* ! inf9itely v>i$ & beautiful productions ( ,nature h be5 develop$4 ,!re is really n "o s+le "p or organ ( any plant or animal t _c h be5 d]iv$ by means ( ! fundam5tal facts ( v>iability & reproduction f "s alli$ plant or animal4 ,x is int]e/+ "h to note1 t ! two ess5tial factors ( ! process ( con/ant adaptation to ! environm5t by great v>iability & rapid multiplication1 =m$ no "p ( ,lam>ck's !ory1 :i* "s p /ill ?9k to be z good z ,d>w9's4 ,equally sugge/ive is ! fact t1 :ile ext5sive gr\ps ( life-ph5om5a1 su* z col\r1 weapons1 hair1 scales1 & fea!rs1 c h>dly be conceiv$ z hav+ be5 produc$ or modifi$ by ef=t or by ! direct action ( ! environm5t1 !y are yet1 e "o ( !m1 p]fectly expla9$ by ! fundam5tal & necess>y processes ( v>iability & survival1 act+ sl[ly & cont9u\sly1 b ) int]mitt5t p]iods ( extreme activity at long int]vals1 on all liv+ ?+s4 ,"o ( ! weake/ & mo/ fooli% ( all ! objections to ! ,d>w9ian !ory is1 t x does n expla9 v>iation1 & is !re=e wor?less4 ,we might z well say t ,newton's discov]y ( ! laws ( gravitation 0 wor?less because its cause 0 n & has n yet be5 discov]$2 or t ! undulatory !ory ( light & heat is wor?less1 because ! orig9 ( ! e!r1 ! ?+ t undulates1 is n kn[n4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?+s c nev] be kn[n2 &1 z ,d>w9 well said1 x is fooli% to wa/e "t 9 speculation ab\t !m4 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n 9 my ,_w ( ,life t inf9ite v>iability is a basic law ( ,nature1 & h sugge/$ its probable purpose4 ,t purpose seems to h be5 ! developm5t ( a life-_w culm9at+ 9 ,man--a be+ capable ( /udy+1 & enjoy+1 & to "s ext5t compreh5d+1 ! va/ univ]se ar\nd him1 f ! microscopic life 9 almo/ e drop ( wat] to ! :irl+ nebul ( ! glitt]+ />-dep?s ext5d+ to almo/ unimag9able di/ances ar\nd him4 ,look+ at him ?us1 man is z mu* above1 & z diff]5t f1 ! bea/s t p]i% z !y are above & beyond ! inanimate masses ( meteoritic matt] :i*1 z we n[ "k1 occupy ! app>5tly vacant spaces ( our sol> sy/em1 & f :i* comets & />s are 9 all probability ! aggregations due to ! action ( ! v>i\s cosmic =ces :i* ev]y:]e seem capable ( produc+ v>iety & ord] out ( a m uni=m b less ord]ly *aos4 ,b besides ?is l(ty intellect1 man is gift$ ) :at we t]m a moral s5se3 an insi/5t p]ception ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 ( "r & wrong1 ( ord] & beauty & tru?1 :i* z a :ole con/itute 8 moral & /hetic nature1 ! orig9 & progress ( :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to ?r[ "s light ^u 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,! long c\rse ( human hi/ory leads u to ! conclusion t ?is high] nature ( man arose at "s f> di/ant epo*1 & ?\gh x has develop$ 9 v>i\s directions1 does n seem yet to h elevat$ ! :ole race mu* above its e>lie/ condition1 at ! "t :51 by ! influx ( "s portion ( ! _s ( ! ,deity1 man became a liv+ s\l4 ,we w n[ consid] "s ( ! *anges :i* ?is high] nature ( man has produc$ 9 ! action ( ! laws ( v>iation & natural selection4 ,^! are v important1 & are s little und]/ood t almo/ all popul> writ]s on ! subject ( ! future ( mank9d are l$ into /at+ z sci5tific conclusions :at are :olly oppos$ to ! actual tea*+ ( evolution4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,selection ,,z ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,m9d ,! !ory ( natural selection z exp\nd$ by ,d>w9 0 s completely successful 9 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! almo/ inf9itely v>i$ =ms ( ! organic _w1 /ep by /ep1 dur+ ! long succession ( ! geological ages1 t x 0 naturally suppos$ to be equally applicable to mank9d4 ,?is 0 ?\ght to be almo/ c]ta9 :51 9 8 lat] "w1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,d>w9 prov$ by a s]ies ( conv]g+ facts & conv9c+ argum5ts t ! physical /ructure ( man 0 9 all its p>ts & organs s extremely simil> to t ( ! an?ropoid apes z to demon/rate ! desc5t ( bo? f "s common ance/or4 ,s close is ?is resemblance t e bone & muscle 9 ! human body has its c\nt]p>t 9 t ( ! apes1 ! only diff]5ces be+ slight modifications 9 _! %ape & position2 yet ^! diff]5ces lead to ext]nal =ms1 attitudes1 & modes ( life s div]g5t t we c h>dly recognise ! close aff9ity t really exi/s4 ,?is aff9ity is s real & unmi/akable t su* a great & cons]vative zoologi/ z ! late ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 decl>$ t to discov] & def9e any important diff]5ces betwe5 !m 0 ! anatomi/'s difficulty4 ,x 0 9 ! dim5sions1 ! %ape1 & ! proportions ( ! bra9 t ,ow5 f\nd a suffici5t am\nt ( di/9ctive *>act]s to enable him to place ,man 9 a sep>ate ord] ( mammals--,bimana1 or two-h&$--:ile ! rema9d] ( ! :ole monkey tribe--includ+ ! apes1 baboons1 monkeys1 & lemurs--=m$ ! ord] ,quadrumana1 or f\r-h&$ animals4 ,?is classification has be5 reject$ by mo/ mod]n biologi/s1 :o consid] man to =m a di/9ct family only--,hom9id--( ! ord] ,primates1 :i* ord] includes all f\r-h&$ animals z well z man4 ,b if we recognise ! bra9 z ! organ ( ! m9d1 & give due weight to ! complete di/9ctness & enorm\s sup]iority ( ! m9d ( man z comp>$ ) t ( all o!r mammals1 we %all be incl9$ to accept ,ow5's view z ! mo/ natural2 & ?is becomes almo/ c]ta9 :5 we realise ! enorm\s effect 8 m9d has produc$1 9 modify+ & almo/ neutralis+ ! action ( t great law ( natural selection :i* has held supreme sway 9 e o!r portion ( ! organic _w4 ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ e =m ( organic life dur+ all ! va/ ext5t ( geological "t has be5 subject to ! law ( natural selection1 :i* has incessantly m\ld$ _! bodily =m & /ructure1 ext]nal & int]nal1 9 /rict adaptation to ! successive *anges ( ! _w ar\nd !m2 :ile t _w 0 itself h>dly1 if at all1 modifi$ by !m4 ,a few isolat$ cases--su* z ! =mation ( isl&s by ! coral-=m+ zoophytes1 or ! damm+ ( a few riv]s by ! rude ?\gh v rem>kable lab\rs ( ! beav]--c h>dly be consid]$ z =m+ exceptions to ?is law4 ,b s soon z man appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods at :i* we h any pro(s ( 8 exi/5ce1 or 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( b>b>ism 9 :i* we are n[ able to /udy him1 we f9d him able to use & act ^u ! =ces ( ,nature1 & to modify 8 environm5t1 bo? inorganic & organic1 9 ways :i* =m$ a completely new dep>ture 9 ! entire organic _w4 ,among ! v rude/ ( mod]n savages ! w\nd$ or ! sick are assi/$1 at lea/ ) food & %elt]1 & (t5 9 o!r ways1 s t !y recov] "u circum/ances t to mo/ ( ! high] animals w\ld be fatal4 ,nei!r does less robu/ heal? or vig\r1 or ev5 ! loss ( a limb or ( eyesight1 necess>ily entail dea?4 ,! less fit are !re=e n elim9at$ z among all o!r animals2 & we behold1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ! great law ( natural selection by ! survival only ( ! fitte/ to "s ext5t neutralis$4 ,b ?is is only ! fir/ & lea/ important ( ! effects produc$ by ! sup]ior faculties ( man4 ,9 ! :ole animal _w1 z we h se51 e species is pres]v$ 9 h>mony ) ! sl[ly *ang+ environm5t by modifications ( its own organs or faculties1 ?us gradually lead+ to ! production ( new species equally adapt$ to ! new environm5t z its ance/or 0 be=e ! *ange occurr$4 ,9 ! case ( man1 h[ev]1 su* bodily adaptations 7 unnecess>y1 because 8 greatly sup]ior m9d enabl$ him to meet all su* difficulties 9 a new & diff]5t way4 ,z soon z 8 specially human faculties 7 develop$ 7& we h z yet no k ( him 9 any e>li] condition71 he w\ld cease to be influ5c$ by natural selection 9 8 physical =m & /ructure4 ,look$ at z a m]e animal he w\ld rema9 almo/ /ation>y1 ! *anges 9 ! surr\nd+ univ]se ceas+ to produce 9 him t p[]ful modify+ effect :i* !y ex]cise ov] all o!r memb]s ( ! entire organic _w4 ,9 ord] to protect himself f ! l>g] & fi]c] ( ! mammalia he made use ( weapons1 su* z /one-head$ clubs1 wood5 spe>s1 b[s & arr[s1 & v>i\s k9ds ( traps & sn>es1 all ( :i* are exce$+ly effective :5 families or l>g] gr\ps comb9e 9 _! use4 ,aga9/ ! sev]ity ( ! seasons he protect$ himself ) a clo?+ ( sk9s1 & ) "s =m ( %elt] or well-built h\se1 9 :i* he c\ld re/ securely at night1 free f tempe/u\s ra9s or ! attacks ( wild bea/s4 ,by ! use ( fire he 0 enabl$ to r5d] bo? roots & fle% m palatable & m dige/ible1 ?us increas+ ! v>iety & abundance ( 8 food f> beyond t ( any species ( ! l[] animals4 ,yet fur!r1 by ! simple/ =ms ( cultivation1 he 0 able to increase ! be/ ( ! fruits1 ! roots1 ! tub]s1 z well z ! m nutriti\s ( ! se$s1 su* z ^? ( rice & maize1 ( :eat & ( b>ley1 ?us secur+ 9 conv5i5t proximity to 8 dwell+-place an abundance ( food to supply all 8 wants & r5d] him almo/ always secure aga9/ sc>city or fam9e or disa/r\s dr\ghts4 ,we see1 !n1 t ) ! adv5t ( ,man !re _h come into exi/5ce a be+ 9 :om t subtle =ce we t]m m9d became ( f> m importance ?an m]e bodily /ructure4 ,?\gh ) a nak$ & unprotect$ body1 ?is gave him clo?+ aga9/ ! v>i$ inclem5cies ( ! seasons4 ,?\gh unable to compete ) ! de] 9 swiftness or ) ! wild bull 9 /r5g?1 ?is gave him weapons ) :i* to capture or ov]come bo?4 ,?\gh less capable ?an mo/ o!r animals ( liv+ on ! h]bs & ! fruits t unaid$ ,nature supplies1 ?is wond]ful faculty taught him to gov]n & direct ,nature to 8 own b5efit1 & compell$ h] to produce food = him almo/ :]e & :5 he pleas$4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ sk9 0 us$ z a cov]+1 :5 ! fir/ rude spe> 0 =m$ to assi/ him 9 ! *ase1 :5 fire 0 fir/ us$ to cook 8 food1 :5 ! fir/ se$ 0 s[n or %oot plant$1 a gr& revolution 0 effect$ 9 ,nature--a revolution :i* 9 all previ\s ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory _h _h no p>allel4 ,a be+ _h aris5 :o 0 no long] subject to bodily *ange ) *anges ( ! physical univ]se--a be+ :o 0 9 "s degree sup]ior to ,nature1 inasmu* z he knew h[ to control & regulate h] action1 & c\ld keep himself 9 h>mony ) h]1 n ?r\gh any *ange 9 8 body1 b by means ( 8 va/ sup]iority 9 m9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! view above exp\nd$ ( ! transf]5ce ( ! action ( natural selection f ! bodily /ructure to ! m9d ( e>ly man 0 my fir/ orig9al modification ( t !ory1 hav+ be5 communicat$ to ! ,an?ropological ,review 9 #ahfd4 ,x receiv$ ! approval bo? ( ,d>w9 himself & ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & ,i am n aw>e t anyone has %[n any flaw 9 ! reason+ by :i* x is e/abli%$4 ,x is c]ta9ly ( high importance1 s9ce if true x r5d]s impossible any important *ange 9 ! ext]nal =m ( mank9d1 :ile x s]ves z an explanation ( ! complete id5tity ( specific type ( ! ?ree great races ( man--! ,caucasian or :ite1 ! ,mongolian or yell[1 & ! ,negroid or black--9 e ess5tial ( human =m & /ructure1 :ile 9 _! be/ examples !y approa* v ne>ly to ! same ideal ( symmetry & ( beauty4 ,yet s little att5tion has be5 giv5 to ?is view t mo/ popul> & ev5 "s sci5tific writ]s take x = grant$ t no su* diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 man & ! l[] animals4 ,!y assume t we are de/9$ to h our bodies modifi$ 9 ! remote future 9 "s unkn[n way1 & t ! idea t !re is any?+ approa*+ f9al p]fection 9 ! human =m is a m]e figm5t ( ! imag9ation4 ,o!rs are s imbu$ ) ! univ]sality ( natural selection z a b5eficial law ( ,nature t !y object to our int]f]+ ) its action 91 z !y urge1 ! elim9ation ( ! unfit by disease & dea?1 ev5 :5 su* diseases are caus$ by ! insanit>y conditions ( our mod]n cities or ! mis]y & de/itution due to our irrational & immoral social sy/em4 ,su* writ]s entirely ignore ! und\bt$ fact t affection1 sympa?y1 compassion =m z ess5tial a "p ( human nature z d ! high] intellectual & moral faculties2 t 9 ! v e>lie/ p]iods ( hi/ory & among ! v l[e/ ( exi/+ savages !y are fully manife/$1 n m]ely betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! same family1 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole tribe1 & also 9 mo/ cases to e /rang] :o is n a kn[n or imag9$ enemy4 ,! e>lie/ book ( travels ,i rememb] he>+ read by my fa!r 0 t ( ,mungo ,p>k1 "o ( ! fir/ explor]s ( ! ,nig]4 ,he 0 once alone & sick !re1 & "s negro wom5 nurs$ him1 f$ him1 & sav$ 8 life2 & :ile ly+ 9 _! hut he he>d !m s++ ab\t him z ! poor :ite man1 ( :om !y said3-- ,he has no "m to give him milk1 ,no wife to gr9d 8 corn4 ,hospitality is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ g5]al ( all human virtues1 & 9 "s cases is almo/ a religion4 ,x is an inh]5t "p ( :at con/itutes human nature1 & x is directly antagoni/ic to ! rigid law ( natural selection :i* has univ]sally prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! l[] animal _w4 ,^? :o advocate our all[+ natural selection to h free play among ourselves on ! gr\nd t we are int]f]+ ) ,nature1 are totally ignorant ( :at !y are talk+ ab\t4 ,x is ,nature h]self1 untaught1 unsophi/icat$ human nature1 :i* !y are seek+ to int]f]e )4 ,!y seek to degrade ! high] nature to ! level ( ! l[]1 to br+ d[n ,heav5-born humanity1 9 its ess5tial *>act]i/ics only a little l[] ?an ! angels1 to ! inf9itely l[] level ( ! bea/s t p]i%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! conclusion rea*$ 9 ! e>li] portion ( ?is volume1 t ! high] intellectual & moral nature ( man has be5 approximately /ation>y dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( human hi/ory1 & t ! cause ( ! ph5om5on has be5 ! abs5ce ( any selective ag5cy adequate to increase x1 r5d]s x necess>y to give "s fur!r explanation z to ! probable or possible orig9 ( ?is high] nature1 & also ( t admirable human body :i* also appe>s to h rea*$ a condition ( p]man5t /ability4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,environm5t ,9 deal+ ) ! great problems ( organic developm5t !re is probably no dep>tm5t 9 :i* s mu* error & misconception prevails z on ! nature & limitations ( ,h]$ity4 ,^! misconceptions n only p]vade mo/ popul> writ+s on ! subject ( evolution1 b ev5 ^? ( m5 ( sci5ce & ( speciali/s 9 biology1 & !y are ! m important & dang]\s because _! promulgators are able to quote ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & to a less ext5t ,d>w91 z hold+ simil> views4 ,! subject is ( special importance "h because x involves ! "q ( :e!r ! effects ( ! environm5t1 includ+ education & tra9+1 are 9 any degree transmitt$ f ! individuals s modifi$ to _! prog5y--:e!r !y are or are n cumulative4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! mu* discuss$ & vitally important problem ( ! ,h]$ity ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s4 ,! effects ( use & disuse1 ano!r =m ( ! same g5]al ph5om5on1 7 assum$ by ,lam>ck to be inh]it$1 & a l>ge portion ( 8 !ory ( evolution re/$ on ?is assumption2 x seem$ s probable1 & 0 app>5tly support$ by s _m facts1 t ,d>w91 l mo/ o!r naturali/s at ! "t1 accept$ x )\t any special inquiry1 & :5 he work$ out 8 !ory ( ,pang5esis 9 ord] to expla9 ! ma9 facts ( h]$ity1 8 suppositions 7 adapt$ to include su* ph5om5a4 ,let u !n fir/ expla9 :at is meant by ! acquir$ *>act]s :i* x 0 ?\ght t a true !ory ( h]$ity mu/ expla94 ,z a rule1 ! great majority ( ! peculi>ities ( any species ( animal or plant are con/antly reproduc$ 9 its (fspr+4 ,! %ort tail ( ! wr51 ! mu* long] tail ( ! long-tail$ tit1 ! cre/ ( ! cre/$ tit & ( innum]able o!r birds1 always :5 full-gr[n exhibit ! same *>act]s z 9 _! p>5ts4 ,^! are said to be innate *>act]s4 ,9 r>e cases1 h[ev]1 (fspr+ are born :i* diff] mat]ially f _! p>5ts1 z :5 a :ite blackbird or a six-to$ kitt5 appe>s1 b ^! are equally innate1 & are (t5 /rongly inh]it$4 ,all ^! are subject to v>iation1 & c !re=e be modifi$ by selection1 :e!r natural or artificial1 & ! effects ( su* selection 9 ! case ( dome/ic animals is (t5 enorm\s4 ,su* are ! p\t]s & tumbl]s among pigeons1 ! bull-dog & ! greyh\nd1 ! num]\s bre$s ( p\ltry1 all ( :i* are kn[n to h be5 produc$ by artificial selections ( fav\rable v>iations ext5d+ ov] _m c5turies2 & ! *>act]s ( ^! v>ieties are all /rongly inh]it$4 ,*>act]s :i* are acquir$ dur+ ! life ( ! individual ow+ to diff]5ces 9 ! use ( c]ta9 organs or ( exposure to light1 heat1 dr\ght1 w9d1 moi/ure1 etc41 are comp>atively v slight1 & are liable to be s comb9$ ) innate *>act]s & ) ! effects ( natural or artificial selection1 t x is exce$+ly difficult to asc]ta91 )\t su* c>eful & long-cont9u$ exp]im5ts z h n yet be5 made1 :e!r !y are 9 any degree transmissible f p>5t to (fspr+1 & !re=e cumulative4 ,almo/ e individual case ( suppos$ inh]itance ( su* *>act]s1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 has be5 f\nd to be explicable 9 o!r ways2 b !re is a v l>ge am\nt ( g5]al evid5ce1 demon/rat+ t ev5 if a c]ta9 small am\nt ( su* inh]itance exi/s1 x c c]ta9ly n be a factor ( any importance 9 ! process ( organic evolution1 all ! factors ( :i* mu/ be univ]sally pres5t because ! process itself is univ]sal4 ,i w !re=e "h limit myself to a %ort enum]ation ( a few ( ! v num]\s cases 9 :i* ! cont9u$ use ( an organ does n /r5g!n or improve x1 b (t5 ! rev]se2 & ( o!rs 9 :i* x _c be ass]t$ t ! action ( ! environm5t c h _h any "p :atev] 9 ! cont9u\s *ange or specialisation ( ! "p or organ4 ,! numb]1 size1 =m1 position1 & composition ( ! tee? ( all ! mammalia are extremely v>i$1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole class af=d ! be/ *>act]s to di/+ui% family & g5]ic gr\ps2 !y are !re=e ( great value 9 det]m9+ ! aff9ities ( ext9ct =ms1 because ! jaws & tee?1 especially ! latt]1 are mo/ frequ5tly pres]v$4 ,b z ! p]man5t tee? are always fully =m$ :ile buri$ 9 ! jawbones & cov]$ by ! gums1 x is q c]ta9 t ! special adaptation ( ! tee? ( ea* species to seize1 cru%1 te>1 or gr9d up its p>ticul> food _c possibly h be5 produc$ by ! act ( fe$+1 ! effect ( :i* is almo/ always to gr9d away ! tee? & r5d] !m less s]viceable4 ,su* adaptation c\ld n possibly h be5 produc$ by use alone1 or any o!r direct action ( ! environm5t4 ,yet1 z ! adaptation is cle>1 & (t5 v rem>kable1 "s em95t palontologi/s h decl>$ x to be prov$ t ! *anges 9 !m 7 produc$ by ! *anges 9 ! environm5t1 & t !y con/itute v /rong evid5ce ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s--a /atem5t unsupport$ by any direct evid5ce4 ,! same objection applies to mo/ ( ! special organs ( s5se4 ,! int]nal organ ( he>+ is a highly complex s]ies ( bones & membranes1 protect$ by ! out] e>2 b x _c be ev5 imag9$ to h be5 gradually develop$ by ! action ( ! air waves ! vibrations ( :i* x conveys to ! bra94 ,! eye is a /ill m /rik+ case1 z too mu* use injures or ev5 de/roys x2 :ile specialities ( vision1 z long or %ort sight1 are und\bt$ly innate1 & usually p]si/ ?r\gh\t life4 ,s ! wond]fully v>i$ bills ( birds _c be conceiv$ z hav+ be5 modifi$ by use1 & are1 9 fact1 un*angeable :5 once =m$4 ,yet1 z !y v>y l>gely 9 e species1 !y are readily modifi$1 s z to become adapt$ to new conditions by ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,equally impossible is x to connect any use or disuse1 or environm5tal action1 9 ! production1 ! gradual developm5t1 or complete adaptation to _! conditions ( life ( ! out] cov]+s ( almo/ all liv+ ?+s--! hair ( mammalia1 ! fea!rs ( birds1 ! scales or horny sk9s or solid %ields ( reptiles1 ! solid %ells ( molluscs1 wond]fully ribb$ or sp9$1 :orl$1 or turret$1 & inf9itely v>i$ 9 surface col\r & m>k+s4 ,ev5 m conclusive are ! facts pres5t$ by ! va/ ho/s ( ! insect _w1 f ! massive arm\r ( ! ev]-pres5t beetle tribe1 m v>i$ 9 =m1 /ructure1 ornam5t1 & col\r ?an any o!r comp>able gr\p ( liv+ ?+s1 to ! widely diff]5t lepidopt]a1 equall+1 or p]haps surpass+1 ! :ole class ( birds 9 _! m>vell\s grace & beauty1 yet all utt]ly beyond any possible direct action ( ! environm5t or ( use & disuse 9 _! developm5t1 & _! close adaptation to t environm5t4 ,organic nature is indisputably "o & indivisible4 ,x has be5 develop$ ?r\gh\t by means ( ! fundam5tal =ces ( life1 ( gr[? & reproduction1 & ! equally fundam5tal laws ( v>iation1 h]$ity1 & enorm\s increase1 result+ 9 a p]petual adaptation 9 =m1 /ructure1 col\r1 & habits to ! sl[ly *ang+ environm5t4 ,^! =ces & laws are univ]sal 9 _! action2 !y are demon/rably adequate to ! production ( ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a we are n[ discuss+4 ,we see1 !n1 t ov] by f> ! great] "p ( ! :ole _w ( life any modification ( ext]nal /ructure1 =m1 or col\r+ dur+ ! life ( ! individual is impossible2 :ile 9 ! rema9d] its action1 if x exi/s at all1 is ( v limit$ range4 ,no adequate pro( ( ! inh]itance ( ! slight *anges ?us caus$ has ev] yet be5 giv51 & x is !re=e :olly unnecess>y & illogical to assume its exi/5ce & to adduce x z hav+ any "p 9 ! ev]-active & univ]sal process ( evolution4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( ! animal _w1 & especially 9 ! high] gr\ps :i* approa* ne>e/ to ourselves1 m5tal & physical *>act]s are s inextricably int]mix$ 9 _! relation to ! laws ( evolution & h]$ity1 t ei!r ( !m /udi$ sep>ately leads u to ! same conclusions4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 surpris$ to f9d t bre$]s ( animals ( all k9ds act ^u ! pr9ciple t all ! qualities ( ! v>i\s /ocks1 :e!r bodily or m5tal1 are innate & h be5 due to selection2 :ile tra9+1 ?\gh necess>y to br+ out ! good qualities ( ! individual1 has _h no "p 9 ! production ( ^? qualities4 ,:5 a horse or dog ( good p$igree is accid5tally injur$ s t x _c be regul>ly tra9$1 x is /ill us$ = bre$+ purposes )\t any d\bt z to its convey+ to its prog5y ! highe/ qualities ( its p>5tage4 ,9 ! case ( ! human race1 h[ev]1 _m writ]s ?\ghtlessly speak ( ! h]$it>y effects ( /r5g? or skill due to any me*anical "w or special art be+ cont9u$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation 9 ! same family1 z among ! ca/es ( ,india4 ,b ( any progressive improvem5t !re is no evid5ce :atev]4 ,^? *ildr5 :o _h a natural aptitude = ! "w w\ld1 ( c\rse1 =m ! successors ( _! p>5ts1 & !re is no pro( ( any?+ h]$it>y except z reg>ds ?is innate aptitude4 ,_m p are al>m$ at ! /atem5t t ! effects ( education & tra9+ are n h]$it>y1 & ?9k t if t 7 really ! case !re w\ld be no hope ( improvem5t ( ! race2 b clos] consid]ation w %[ !m t if ! results ( our education 9 ! wide/ s5se1 9 ! home1 9 ! %op1 9 ! nation1 & 9 ! _w at l>ge1 _h really be5 h]$it>y1 ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree1 !n inde$ !re w\ld be little hope = humanity2 & !re is no cle>] pro( ( ?is ?an ! fact t we h n all be5 made mu* worse--! wond] be+ t any fragm5t ( morality1 or humanity1 or ! love ( tru? or ju/ice = _! own sakes /ill exi/s among u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we glance ?r\gh ! pa/ hi/ory ( mank9d we see an almo/ unbrok5 succession ( aggression & combat betwe5 ! v>i\s races1 nations1 & tribes4 ,we c dimly see t ?is cont9ual /ruggle did lead to a r sev]e process ( selection1 z 9 ! l[] animal _w4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t z a result ( ^! /ruggles ! /ronge/ physically1 ! mo/ +5i\s 9 ! use ( weapons1 & ! be/ organis$ = w> did survive1 & t ! weak] & l[] 7 ei!r ext]m9at$ or kept z slaves by ! conqu]ors4 ,?is leads to alt]nation ( success & failure4 ,we see great conqu]ors & great mat]ial civilisations z a result ( _! accumulations ( weal? & ( slaves4 ,!n1 = a "t1 luxury & ! arts fl\ri%$1 & ) !m came rul]s :o enc\rag$ degradation & vice at home1 support$ by m & m remote conque/s4 ,!n new conqu]ors arose1 (t5 l[] 9 civilisation--b>b>ians1 z !y 7 t]m$--b high] 9 ! simple dome/ic virtues & a m natural life ( productive lab\r4 ,^! aga91 or "s portions ( !m1 rose to luxury & civilisation1 to lives ( gross s5suality & ! mo/ cruel despotism1 till outrag$ humanity rais$ up new conqu]ors to g ov] aga9 ! old t]rible r\t9e4 ,! p]iods ( culm9ation ( ^! old civilisations1 f\nd$ always on conque/1 massacre1 & slav]y1 are m>k$ out = u by ! ru9s ( great cities1 temples1 & palaces1 (t5 ( wond]ful gr&eur1 & ) indications ( arts1 sci5ce1 & lit]ature :i* /ill excite our admiration 9 ,egypt & ,india1 ,greece & ,rome2 & !nce ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages d[n to our own "t4 ,b ! inhumanities & horrors ( ^! p]iods are inconceivable4 ,a gloomy picture ( !m is giv5 9 t p[]ful book1 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,man1 by ,w9wood ,reade2 & !y are summ>is$ 9 ,burns' f9e l9es3 ,man's inhumanity to man ,makes c\ntless ?\s&s m\rn4 ,?9k ( ! horrors ( w> 9 ! p]petual w>s ( ^? days be=e ! ,r$ ,cross s]vice did any?+ to alleviate !m4 ,?9k ( ! old ca/les1 _m ( :i* _h besides ! dungeons a sal>i$ tortur] & execution]4 ,?9k ( ! sy/ematic tortures ( ! c5turies1 ( ! wit*craft mania & ( ! ,inquisition4 ,?9k ( ! burn+s 9 ,smi?field & 9 e great city ( ,europe4 ,?9k ( ,tru? = ev] on ! scaffold1 ,wrong = ev] on ! ?rone4 ,fre$om ( spee*1 ev5 ( ?\ght1 7 ev]y:]e crimes3 h[1 !n1 did ! love ( tru? survive z an ideal ( to-day8 ,to escape ^! horrors1 ! g5tle1 ! good1 ! le>n$1 & ! peaceful _h to seek refuge 9 mona/]ies & nunn]ies1 :ile by means ( ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy ! ,*ur*1 z ,galton tells u1 by a policy s+ul>ly unwise & suicidal1 brutalis$ ! bre$ ( our =efa!rs4 ,"h 0 ! actual education ( ! _w z man rose f b>b>ism to civilisation1 & x 0 accompani$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( retrograde selection by ! cruel puni%m5ts1 conf9em5t 9 dungeons1 or torture & dea? ( ^? :o oppos$ ! rul]s1 & by ! survival ( ! wor/ tools ( ! lords & tyrants4 ,ought we n to be ?ankful t su* education & cu/om1 ! v>i$ influ5ces ( su* an environm5t1 7 n h]$it>y8 ,& is n ! fact t ! :ole _w has n become utt]ly degrad$1 & t any?+ good rema9s 9 our cruelly oppress$ human nature1 an ov]:elm+ pro( t su* influ5ces are n h]$it>y8 ,:5 we rememb] t _m ( ^! degrad+ laws & cu/oms1 oppressions1 & puni%m5ts h ext5d$ d[n to our own times2 t ! t]rible slave-trade & ! equally t]rible slav]y h only be5 aboli%$ )9 ! memory ( _m ( u2 & t ! sy/em ( wage-slav]y1 ! di/9ction ( classes1 ! gross inequality ( ! law1 ! ov]work ( our lab\r+ millions1 ! immoral luxury & idl5ess ( our upp]-class ?\s&s1 :ile f> m ?\s&s die annually ( want ( ! b>e necess>ies ( life2 t millions h _! lives %ort5$ by easily prev5table causes1 :ile o!r millions pass _! :ole lives 9 cont9u\s & almo/ inhuman lab\r 9 ord] to provide means = ! enjoym5ts & p]nici\s luxuries ( ! ri*--we mu/ be amaz$ at ! fact t !re is nev]!less s mu* real goodness1 real humanity1 among u z c]ta9ly exi/s1 9 spite ( all ! degrad+ influ5ces t ,i h be5 compell$ "h to enum]ate4 ,to myself1 !re seems only "o explanation ( ! v rem>kable & almo/ incr$ible result j /at$4 ,x is1 t ! ,div9e nature 9 u--t portion ( our high] nature :i* raises u above ! brutes1 & ! influx ( :i* makes u m5--_c be lo/1 _c ev5 be p]man5tly det]iorat$ by conditions h[ev] adv]se1 by tra9+ h[ev] s5seless & bad4 ,x ev] rema9s 9 u1 ! c5tral & ess5tial portion ( our human nature1 ready to respond to e fav\rable opportunity t arises1 to grasp & hold firm e fragm5t ( high ?\ght or noble action t has be5 br\ght to its notice1 to oppose ev5 to ! dea? e falsehood 9 tea*+1 e tyranny 9 action4 ,! e?ics ( ,plato & ( ! great morali/s ( ! ,cic]onian epo*1 toge!r ) ^? ( ,jesus & ( ,8 disciples & foll[]s1 kept alive ! sacr$ flame ( pure humanity1 & _! pres]vation con/itutes p]haps ! greate/ s]vice ! mona/ic sy/em r5d]$ to ! human race4 ,?is s]vice is f9ely express$ by an almo/ unkn[n poet1 ,j4 ,h4 ,dell1 9 ! prefatory to 8 volume1 ,! ,dawn+ ,grey4 ,nev] has our indebt$ness to ! classical writ]s be5 m p[]fully insi/$ on ?an 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,he> ye n ! measur$ footfalls e*o+ solemn & sublime1 ,f ! groves ( ,academus d[n ! av5ues ( ,"t2 ,see'/ ?\ n ! giant figures ( ! ,sages ( ! ,pa/1 ,?r\gh ! d>k5'd long p]spective on ! liv+ =egr\nd ca/2 ,feel'/ ?\ n ! ?rill+ rhy?m ( ! gr& old ,grecian l9e1 ,puls+ to ! m>* ( ,progress1 cad5c+ h] hymn div9e1 ,all ! =ces ( ! pres5t by ! subtle sp>ks controll$1 ,( ! quick5+ ,grecian fire1 ( ! mighty ,lights ( old4 ,?r\gh ! d>k & desolation ( ! c5turies betwe51 ,/ill ',! ,por*'s' glories glimm]1 /ill ',! ,g>d5's' wrea?s are gre54 ,/ill ! ,z5o1 /ill ! ,plato1 /ill ! ,pyrrho po9ts ! page1 ,/ill ! ,philip fe>s ! pebble--/ill ,melitus dreads ! ,sage1 ,/ill ! ,dionysius trembles at ! /ylus ( ! age4 ,/ill ! dauntless ranks ( ,fre$om k9dle to ,tyrtu' song2 ,/ill !y be> al(t ! symbol--be> ! glori\s tor* along4#aah3;,a #aah3;,a ,see ,note on page #abd4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h done no?+ = u b pres]ve 9 its mona/]ies & abbeys ! f9e/ examples ( classic lit]ature t h come d[n to u1 & giv5 u ^? glories ( ,go?ic ar*itecture :i* seem to express 9 /one ! gr&eur & sublimity1 ! peacefulness & ! beauty ( a pure religion1 x w\ld1 not)/&+ its _m defects1 its cruelty & oppression1 its opposition to ! /udy ( nature & to fre$om ( ?\ght1 h fully ju/ifi$ its exi/5ce z help+ u to realise :atev] m advanc$ & pur] civilisation ! imm$iate future may h 9 /ore = u4 ,"s ,light on ! ,problem ( ,evil ,be=e pass+ on to ano!r bran* ( my subject ,i feel x necess>y to make a few sugge/ions 9 reply to ! objection t w c]ta9ly & v prop]ly be made1 z to :y1 if our high] human nature is 9 its ess5ce ,div9e1 x has suff]$ su* long & t]rible eclipses--:y has ! l[] s (t5 & = s long prevail$ ov] ! high]8 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( ! _m =ms ( ! old problem ( ! orig9 ( evil1 :i* is no d\bt insoluble by u4 ,b z x is a fairly well-def9$ & limit$ portion ( t problem x may be possible to obta9 "s idea ( a possible solution1 & z su* an "o has occurr$ to myself dur+ ! composition ( ! pres5t volume1 ,i w give x z briefly z possible 9 ! hope t x may int]e/ "s ( my read]s4 ,9 my rec5t works1 ,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se & ,! ,_w ( ,life1 ! conclusion 0 =c$ ^u me1 t ! s*eme ( ! developm5t ( ! univ]se ( />s & nebul ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & especially ( our sun & sol> sy/em1 0 su* z to furni% ! exact conditions on our e>?1 & !re only1 :i* %\ld all[ ( ! orig9 & evolution ( ! organic _w culm9at+ 9 man4 ,yet fur!r1 t ! conditions %\ld be su* z to produce ! maximum ( div]sity bo? ( inorganic & organic products useful to man1 & su* z w\ld aid 9 ! developm5t ( ! greate/ possible div]sity ( "* & especially ( 8 high] m5tal & moral nature4 ,:at ,i h "h t]m$ ! ,div9e influx1 :i* at "s def9ite epo* 9 8 evolution at once rais$ man above ! re/ ( ! animals1 creat+ z x 7 a new be+ ) a cont9u\s spiritual exi/5ce 9 a _w or worlds :]e et]nal progress 0 possible = him4 ,to prep>e him = ?is progress ) ev]-increas+ div]sity1 faculties ( enorm\s range 7 requir$1 & ^! ne$$ developm5t 9 e direction :i* e>?ly conditions r5d]$ possible4 ,9 ord] t ?is extreme div]sity ( "* %\ld be br\ght ab\t1 a great space ( "t1 z measur$ by successive g5]ations1 0 necess>y1 ?\gh utt]ly insignificant z comp>$ ) ! prec$+ duration ( organic life on ! e>?1 & /ill m insignificant z comp>$ ) ! _s-life to succe$ x4 ,x is = ?is purpose1 p]haps1 t languages become s rapidly div]se & mutually un9telligible aft] a mod]ate p]iod ( isolation1 b9d+ toge!r small or mod]ate communities 9 di/9ct tribes or nations1 :i* ea* develop 9 _! own way "u ! influ5ce ( special physical surr\nd+s & orig9ate peculi>ities ( habits1 cu/oms1 & modes ( ?\ght4 ,antagonisms soon arise betwe5 adjac5t tribes1 lead+ ea* to protect itself aga9/ o!rs by means ( *iefs & "s quasi-milit>y comb9ations4 ,?is requires organisation & =esight1 & aft] a "t ! mo/ p[]ful conqu]s ! weak]1 !y int]m+le1 & /ill great] div]sity arises4 ,by ?is con/ant /ruggle ! less advanc$ suff] mo/1 & ! race z a :ole takes a /ep =w>d 9 ! m>* ( civilisation4 ,we see ! be/ example ( ?is mode ( progress by antagonism 9 ! small ,/ates ( ,anci5t ,greece1 :]e ea* little k+dom develop$ its peculi> =m ( art1 ( gov]nm5t1 & ( civilisation1 :i* x transf]r$ to all p>ts ( ,europe2 & aft] two ?\s& ye>s ( degradation by ,roman & ,turki% conque/1 its language /ill rema9s b little alt]$1 :ile its anci5t lit]ature & art are /ill unsurpass$4 ,9 l mann] ,rome br\ght law1 lit]ature1 & milit>y discipl9e to an equally high level2 & x too sank into a /ate ( ru9 & degradation1 :ile its lit]ature & its law cont9u$ to illum9ate ! civilis$ _w dur+ its long /ruggle t[>ds fre$om4 ,:]ev] conditions 7 fav\rable to progress 9 art or sci5ce1 "t 0 ne$$ = its full gr[? & developm5t2 :ile p]petual w> necessitat$ organisation & tra9+ aga9/ conque/ or de/ruction4 ,ev5 ! cruelties & massacres by despotic rul]s excit$ at la/ ! upris+ ( ! oppress$1 & s develop$ ! nobl] attributes ( patriotism1 c\rage1 & love ( fre$om4 ,9 ! v wor/ ( times !re 0 an und]curr5t ( peaceful lab\r1 art1 & le>n+1 sl[ly m\ld+ nations t[>ds a high] /ate ( civilisation4 ,! po9t ( view n[ sugge/$ w p]haps be r5d]$ some:at m intelligible if we apply x to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ( :i* ,i h writt5 9 su* condemnatory t]ms4 ,! prec$+ eighte5? c5tury 0 und\bt$ly a some:at /ation>y epo*1 ( a r commonplace "* alike 9 lit]ature1 9 art1 9 sci5ce1 & 9 social life4 ,its vices also 7 l[1 its gov]nm5t bad1 its sy/em ( puni%m5ts cruel1 & its recognition ( slav]y degrad+4 ,x 0 a k9d ( d>k age betwe5 ! lit]>y & national brilliance ( ! ,elizabe?an age & ! wond]ful sci5tific & indu/rial advance ( ! ,victorian age4 ,b ?is latt] p]iod 0 also a p]iod ( a great upris+ ( ! specially human virtues ( ju/ice1 ( pity1 ( ! love ( fre$om1 & ( ! importance ( education2 & ?\gh ! rapid increase ( weal? ?r\gh ! utilisation ( natural =ces l$ to all ! evils due to ! un*eck$ gr[? ( individual ri*es & p[]1 yet ^! v evils 9 all _! int5sity & horror 7 p]haps necess>y to excite 9 a suffici5t numb] ( m9ds ! det]m9ation to get rid ( !m4 ,"t 0 also requir$ = ! work]s to le>n _! own p[]1 &1 v gradually1 to le>n h[ to use x4 ,! rick-burn+ & ma*9e-break+ ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury h be5 succe$$ by comb9ation & /rikes2 /ep by /ep political p[] has be5 ga9$ by ! masses2 b only n[1 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 are !y beg9n+ to le>n h[ to use _! /r5g? 9 an effective mann]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 indications t ! :ole m>* ( progress has be5 dang]\sly rapid1 & x might h be5 saf] if ! great increases ( k & ! va/ accumulations ( weal? _h be5 spread ov] two c5turies in/ead ( "o4 ,9 t case our high] nature might h be5 able to keep pace ) ! gr[+ evils ( sup]flu\s weal? & increas+ luxury1 & x might h be5 possible to put a *eck ^u !m be=e !y _h atta9$ ! full p[] = evil !y n[ possess4 ,nev]!less1 ! om5s = ! future are good4 ,! great body ( ! m intellig5t work]s are det]m9$ to h ,,ju/ice4 ,!y insi/ ^u ! abolition ( monopolies ( ! =ces ( nature1 & ^u ! gradual admission ( all to equal opportunities = lab\r by free access to _! native soil4 ,?us may be initiat$ ! bir? ( a new era ( peaceful re=m & moral advancem5t4 ,,note4--,z _m ( my read]s may n und]/& ! allusions 9 ! second v]se ( ,mr4 ,dell's poem 7pp4 #aag-aah71 ,i app5d ! explanation3 ,! ,por*1 ! place :]e ! ,/oic philosoph]s taught--,! ,pa9t$ ,por* 9 ,a!ns4 ,! ,g>d51 sc5e ( ,plato's & ,socrates' tea*+4 ,z5o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,pyrrho 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sceptic s*ool4 ,philip ( ,mac$on lo/ an eye at ! siege ( ,me?one by a sl+]'s pebble4 ,melitus 0 "o ( ! disputants ) ,socrates1 & 0 always vanqui%$ by him4 ,dionysius1 ! ,tyrant ( ,syracuse1 0 also a ,poet & 0 a c&idate = ! prize at ! ,olympic games1 b 0 conqu]$ & !re=e fe>$ ! m skilful /ylus 7p57 ( ! victors4 ,tyrtu1 a lame s*oolma/] ( ,a!ns1 inspir$ ! ,lac$monians by 8 patriotic w>-songs1 & ?us contribut$ l>gely to _! victories4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,moral ,,progress ,,?r\gh ,a ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,selection ,_m read]s1 & "s writ]s ( books on organic evolution1 seem q unaw>e t ,d>w9 e/abli%$ two modes ( selection1 bo? alike natural b act+ 9 diff]5t ways & produc+ some:at diff]5t results4 ,he t]m$ ! second mode sexual selection1 & 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species he briefly describes x z consi/+ 9 ! fight+ ( males = ! possession ( females1 :i* und\bt$ly occurs 9 numb]s ( ! high] v]tebrates & also 9 insects4 ,b he also includes "u sexual selection ano!r mode ( rivalry by ! display ( ! special male ornam5ts ( _m birds1 & ! *oice ( ! m ornam5tal by ! females4 ,to ?is latt] phase he devotes ne>ly half 8 volume on ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 & on ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex4 ,selection by ! fight+ ( males has l$ to ! developm5t ( ! /ag's antl]s1 ! bo>'s tusks1 & ! lion's mane s]v+ z a %ield4 ,^! combats r>ely lead to ! dea? ( ! vanqui%$1 b to a l>g] numb] ( (fspr+ = ! victor2 & ?is leads to ! improvem5t ( ! race by keep+ up its /r5g?1 vig\r1 & fight+ p[]4 ,! o!r =m ( selection1 by ! display ( ornam5ts by male birds & ! suppos$ cont9u\s developm5t ( ^? ornam5ts by ! appreciative *oice ( ! females1 ,i believe to be imag9>y4 ,i h discuss$ ?is subject 9 _m ( my books1 & my views are n[ g5]ally adopt$ by evolutioni/s4 ,! fact t ! col\rs ( male insects1 especially butt]flies1 are almo/ exactly p>allel to ^? ( birds1 fir/ l$ me to ?is conclusion1 because we c h>dly suppose insects to be end[$ ) any /hetic s5se1 ev5 if !y really see col\r at all1 :i*1 9 my la/ book1 ,i h giv5 /rong reasons = d\bt+4 ,b 9 ! human race ! conditions are altoge!r diff]5t2 = :ile1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv41 ! k9d ( natural selection :i* ?r\gh all ! ages _h m\ld$ ! inf9itely v>i$ animal =ms into h>mony ) _! environm5t1 ceas$ to act ^u man's body & only = a limit$ "t ^u 8 l[] m5tal faculties1 sexual selection t5d$ to act if at all prejudicially1 ?r\gh polygamy1 pro/itution1 & slav]y1 ?\gh x possesses ! pot5tiality ( act+ 9 ! future s z to ensure ,intellectual & ,moral ,progress1 & ?us elevate ! race to :atev] degree ( civilisation & well-be+ x is capable ( rea*+ 9 e>?-life4 ,eug5ics1 or ,race ,improvem5t ?r\gh ,m>riage ,! total cessation ( ! action ( natural selection z a cause ( improvem5t 9 our race1 ei!r physical or m5tal1 l$ to ! proposal ( ! late ,sir ,f4 ,galton to e/abli% a new sci5ce1 :i* he t]m$ ,eug5ics4 ,a society has be5 =m$1 & mu* is be+ writt5 ab\t *eck+ deg5]ation & elevat+ ! race to a high] level by its means4 ,sir ,f4 ,galton's own proposals 7 limit$ to giv+ prizes or end[m5ts = ! m>riage ( p]sons ( high "*1 bo? physical1 m5tal1 & moral1 to be det]m9$ by "s =m ( inquiry or exam9ation4 ,?is may1 p]haps1 n d mu* h>m1 b x w\ld c]ta9ly d v little good4 ,its range ( action w\ld be extremely limit$1 & s f> z x induc$ any c\ples to m>ry ea* o!r = ! pecuni>y rew>d1 x w\ld be absolutely immoral 9 its nature1 & probably result 9 no p]ceptible improvem5t ( ! race4 ,b !re is great dang] 9 su* a process ( artificial selection by exp]ts1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly soon adopt me?ods v diff]5t f ^? ( ! f\nd]4 ,we h already _h proposals made = ! segregation ( ! ,feeble-,m9d$1 :ile ! /]ilization ( ! unfit & ( "s classes ( crim9als is already be+ discuss$4 ,?is might soon be ext5d$ to ! de/ruction ( de=m$ infants1 z 0 actually propos$ by ! late ,grant ,all52 :ile ,mr4 ,hiram ,m4 ,/anley1 9 a "w on ,our ,civilisation & ! ,m>riage ,problem1 propos$ m f>-rea*+ measures4 ,he says3 ,! drunk>d1 ! crim9al1 ! diseas$1 ! morally weak1 %\ld nev] come into society4 ,n re=m1 b prev5tion %\ld be ! cry4 ,& he h9ts at ! me?ods he w\ld adopt1 9 ! foll[+ passages3 ,9 ! true gold5 age1 :i* lies n beh9d b be=e u1 ! privilege ( p>5tage w be e/eem$ an hon\r = ! comp>atively few1 & no *ild w be born :o is n only s\nd 9 body & m9d1 b also above ! av]age z to natural ability & moral =ce4 ,& he concludes3 ,! mo/ important matt] 9 society1 ! inh]5t quality ( ! memb]s ( :i* x is compos$1 %\ld be regulat$ by tra9$ speciali/s4 ,( c\rse1 our mod]n eug5i/s w disclaim any wi% to adopt su* measures z are "h h9t$ at1 :i* are 9 e way dang]\s & dete/able4 ,b ,i prote/ /r5u\sly aga9/ any direct int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( m>riage1 :i*1 z ,i %all %[1 is n only totally unnecess>y1 b w\ld be a mu* great] s\rce ( dang] to morals & to ! well-be+ ( humanity ?an ! m]e tempor>y evils x seeks to cure4 ,i tru/ t all my read]s w oppose any legislation on ?is subject by a *ance body ( elect$ p]sons :o are totally unfitt$ to deal ) f> less complex problems ?an ?is "o1 & z to :i* !y are sure to bungle disa/r\sly4 ,x is 9 ! highe/ degree presumptu\s & irrational to attempt to deal by compulsory enactm5ts ) ! mo/ vital & mo/ sacr$ ( all human relations1 reg>dless ( ! fact t our pres5t phase ( social developm5t is n only extremely imp]fect1 b1 z ,i h already %[n1 vici\s & rott5 at ! core4 ,h[ c x be possible to det]m9e by legislation ^? relations ( ! sexes :i* %all be be/ alike = individuals & = ! race1 9 a society 9 :i* a l>ge proportion ( our wom5 are =c$ to "w long h\rs daily = ! b>e/ subsi/5ce1 ) an almo/ total abs5ce ( ! rational pleasures ( life1 = ! want ( :i* ?\s&s are driv5 into :olly uncong5ial m>riages 9 ord] to secure "s am\nt ( p]sonal indep5d5ce or physical well-be+8 ,let anyone consid]1 on ! "o h&1 ! lives ( ! weal?y z portray$ 9 ! society newspap]s ( ! day1 ) _! endless r\nd ( pleasure & luxury1 _! almo/ inconceivable wa/efulness & extravagance1 indicat$ by ! co/ ( female dress & ! fact ( a ?\s& p\nds or m be+ exp5d$ on ! fl[]s = a s+le ent]ta9m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let him contemplate ! awful lives ( millions ( work]s1 s mis]ably paid & ) su* unc]ta9ty ( "w t _m ?\s&s ( ! wom5 & "y girls are driv5 on ! /reets z ! only means ( break+ ! monotony ( _! unceas+ lab\r & obta9+ "s ta/e ( ! enjoym5ts ( life at :atev] co/2 & !n ask himself if ! ,legislature :i* _c rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s %\ld v5ture to m$dle ) ! great problems ( m>riage & ! sanctities ( family life4 ,is x n a hide\s mock]y t ! successive ,gov]nm5ts :i* = =ty ye>s h se5 ! p !y pr(ess to gov]n s driv5 to despair by ! vile conditions ( _! exi/5ce t 9 an ev] l>g] & l>g] proportion !y seek dea? by suicide z _! only means ( escape--t ,gov]nm5ts :i* h done no?+ to put an end to ?is cont9u\s horror ( />vation & suicide1 %\ld be ?\ght capable ( rem$y+ "s ( its m t]rible results1 :ile leav+ its causes absolutely unt\*$8 ,x is my firm conviction1 = reasons ,i %all give f>!r on1 t1 :5 we h cleans$ ! ,augean /able ( our pres5t social organisation1 & h made su* arrangem5ts t all %all contribute _! %>e ei!r ( physical or m5tal lab\r1 & t e "o %all obta9 ! full & equal rew>d = _! "w1 ! future progress ( ! race w be r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! full] developm5t ( its high] nature act$ on by a special =m ( selection :i* w !n come into play4 ,:5 m5 & wom5 are1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! c\rse ( civilisation1 alike free to foll[ _! be/ impulses2 :5 idl5ess & vici\s or hurtful luxury on ! "o h&1 oppressive lab\r & ! dread ( />vation on ! o!r1 are alike unkn[n2 :5 all receive ! be/ & broade/ education t ! /ate ( civilisation & k w admit2 :5 ! /&>d ( public op9ion is set by ! wise/ & ! be/ among u1 & t /&>d is sy/ematically inculcat$ on ! "y2 !n we %all f9d t a sy/em ( truly natural selection w come spontane\sly into action :i* w /eadily t5d to elim9ate ! l[]1 ! less develop$1 or 9 any way defective types ( m51 & w ?us cont9u\sly raise ! physical1 moral1 & intellectual /&>d ( ! race4 ,! exact mode 9 :i* ?is selection w op]ate w n[ be briefly expla9$4 ,free ,selection 9 ,m>riage ,x w be g5]ally admitt$ t al?\gh _m wom5 n[ rema9 unm>ri$ f necessity r ?an f *oice1 !re are always consid]able numb]s :o feel no /rong impulse to m>riage1 & accept husb&s to secure subsi/5ce & a home ( _! own r ?an f p]sonal affection or /rong sexual emotion4 ,9 a /ate ( society 9 :i* all wom5 7 economically indep5d5t1 7 all fully occupi$ ) public duties & social or intellectual pleasures1 & _h no?+ to ga9 by m>riage z reg>ds mat]ial well-be+ or social position1 x is highly probable t ! numb]s ( ! unm>ri$ f *oice w\ld increase4 ,x w\ld probably come to be consid]$ a degradation = any woman to m>ry a man :om %e c\ld n love & e/eem1 & ?is reason w\ld t5d at lea/ to delay m>riage till a wor?y & sympa!tic p>tn] 0 enc\nt]$4 ,9 man1 on ! o!r h&1 ! passion ( love is m g5]al & usually /rong]2 & 9 su* a society z "h po/ulat$ !re w\ld be no way ( gratify+ ?is passion b by m>riage4 ,e woman1 !re=e1 w\ld be likely to receive (f]s1 & a p[]ful selective ag5cy w\ld re/ ) ! female sex4 ,"u ! sy/em ( education & public op9ion "h suppos$1 !re c be little d\bt h[ ?is selection w\ld be ex]cis$4 ,! idle or ! utt]ly selfi% w\ld be almo/ univ]sally reject$2 ! *ronically diseas$ or ! weak 9 intellect w\ld also usually rema9 unm>ri$1 at lea/ till an advanc$ p]iod ( life2 :ile ^? :o %[$ any t5d5cy to insanity or exhibit$ any cong5ital de=mity w\ld also be reject$ by ! y\ng] wom51 because x w\ld be consid]$ an (f5ce aga9/ society to be ! means ( p]petuat+ any su* diseases or imp]fections4 ,we mu/ also take acc\nt ( a special factor1 hi!rto almo/ unnotic$1 :i* w\ld t5d to int5sify ! selection ?us ex]cis$4 ,x is a fact well kn[n to /ati/icians t al?\gh females are 9 excess 9 almo/ all civilis$ populations1 yet ?is is n due to a law ( ,nature2 = ) u1 & ,i believe 9 all p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 m males ?an females are born to an am\nt ( ab\t #c to #d p] c5t4 ,b betwe5 ! ages ( five & ?irty-five !re 71 9 #aiaj1 #dbbe dea?s ( males f accid5t or viol5ce & only #acjj ( females1 %[+ an excess ( male dea?s ( #bibe 9 "o ye>2 & = _m ye>s ! numb]s ( ?is class ( dea?s h n v>i$ mu*1 ! excess ( prev5table dea?s ( males at ^? ages be+ v ne>ly #c1jjj annually4 ,?is excess is no d\bt due to boys & "y m5 be+ m expos$1 bo? 9 play & "w1 to v>i\s k9ds ( accid5ts ?an are wom51 & ?is br+s ab\t ! con/ant excess ( females 9 :at may be t]m$ normal civilis$ populations4 ,9 #aija x 0 ab\t a million2 :ile fifty ye>s e>li]1 :5 ! population 0 ab\t half1 x 0 only #cei1jjj1 or consid]ably less ?an half ! pres5t proportion4 ,?is is :at we %\ld expect f ! con/ant increase ( accid5ts & ( emigration1 ! effects ( bo? ( :i* fall mo/ ^u males4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! l>g] numb] ( wom5 9 our population to-day is n a natural ph5om5on1 b is almo/ :olly ! result ( our own man-made social environm5t4 ,:5 ! lives ( all our citiz5s are acc\nt$ ( equal value to ! community1 irrespective ( class or ( weal?1 a mu* small] numb] w be all[$ to suff] f su* prev5table causes2 :ile1 z our colonies fill up ) a normal population1 & ! enorm\s areas ( uncultivat$ or half-cultivat$ l& at home are ?r[n op5 to our own p on ! mo/ fav\rable t]ms1 ! great tide ( emigration w be dim9i%$ & w !n cease to affect ! proportion ( ! sexes4 ,! result ( ^! v>i\s causes1 n[ all t5d+ to increase ! numb]s ( ! female population1 w1 9 a rational & j sy/em ( society1 ( :i* we may hope soon to see ! comm5cem5t1 act 9 a contr>y direction1 & w 9 a few g5]ations br+ ! sexes fir/ to an equality1 & lat] on to a majority ( males4 ,!re are "s1 no d\bt1 :o w object t ev5 :5 wom5 h a free *oice1 ow+ to improv$ economic conditions1 !y w n *oose wisely s z to advance ! race4 ,b no "o has ! "r to make su* a /atem5t )\t adduc+ v /rong evid5ce 9 support ( x4 ,we h = g5]ations degrad$ wom5 9 e possible way2 b we n[ "k t su* degradation is n h]$it>y1 & !re=e n p]man5t4 ,! great philosoph] & se]1 ,sw$5borg1 decl>$ t :]eas m5 lov$ ju/ice1 wisdom & p[] = _! own sakes1 wom5 lov$ !m z se5 9 ! *>act]s ( m54 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t !re is tru? 9 ?is obs]vation2 b !re is surely /ill m tru? 9 ! conv]se1 t !y d n admire ^? m5 :o are palpably unju/1 /upid1 or weak1 & /ill less ^? :o are di/ort$1 diseas$1 or grossly vici\s1 ?\gh "u pres5t conditions !y are (t5 driv5 to m>ry !m4 ,x may be tak5 z c]ta91 !re=e1 t :5 wom5 are economically & socially free to *oose1 numb]s ( ! wor/ m5 among all classes :o n[ readily obta9 wives w be almo/ univ]sally reject$4 ,n[1 ?is mode ( improvem5t by elim9ation ( ! less desirable has _m advantages ov] t ( secur+ e>ly m>riages ( ! m admir$2 = :at we mo/ require is to improve ! av]age ( our population by reject+ its l[] types r ?an by rais+ ! advanc$ types a little high]4 ,great & good m5 are always produc$ 9 suffici5t numb]s & h always be5 s produc$ 9 e phase ( civilisation4 ,we d n ne$ m ( ^! s mu* z we want a dim9ution ( ! weak] & less advanc$ types4 ,?is we$+-out process has be5 ! me?od ( natural selection1 by :i* ! :ole ( ! glori\s vegetable & animal k+doms h be5 develop$ & advanc$4 ,! survival ( ! fitte/ is really ! ext9ction ( ! unfit2 & x is ! "o brilliant ray ( hope = humanity t1 j z we advance 9 ! re=m ( our pres5t cruel & disa/r\s social sy/em1 we %all set free a p[] ( selection 9 m>riage t w /eadily & c]ta9ly improve ! "*1 z well z ! /r5g? & ! beauty1 ( our race4 ,social ,re=m & ,ov]-population ,"o ( ! mo/ g5]al & app>5tly ! /ronge/ ( ! objections to any ?or\gh s*emes ( social re=m1 & especially to ^? t w aboli% want & ! con/ant dread ( />vation is t1 9 any society 9 :i* ?is is done e>ly m>riages w be mu* m num]\s2 !re w be no prud5tial *ecks to l>ge families2 & 9 a few g5]ations1 z ,mal?us argu$1 populations w increase beyond ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,!n w comm5ce a cont9ual decrease ( well-be+1 culm9at+ 9 univ]sal pov]ty1 worse ?an any t n[ exi/s1 because x w be univ]sal4 ,! foll[+ quotation f an em95t ,am]ican writ] %[s t ?is fe> has really be5 felt3 ,if x be true t reason mu/ direct ! c\rse ( human evolution1 & if x be also true t selection ( ! fitte/ is ! only me?od available = t purpose2 !n1 if we are to h any race-improvem5t at all1 ! dreadful law ( de/ruction ( ! weak & helpless mu/1 ) ,sp>tan firmness1 be c>ri$ out volunt>ily & delib]ately4 ,aga9/ su* a c\rse all t is be/ 9 u revolts4#aci3;,a #aci3;,a ,pr(essor ,joseph ,le ,conte1 9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ccd4 ,a m rec5t writ]1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ! well-kn[n ,egyptian explor]1 has put =w>d simil> views 9 a t5tative mann]1 b cle>ly %[+ :at he ?9ks our pres5t /ate ( society requires4 ,( ! comp5sation to workm5 = accid5t he says3 ,! imm$iate effect ^u "* is to save ! c>eless1 ?\ghtless1 & incompet5t f ! results ( _! faults2 ?is at once r$uces l>gely ! we$+ & educational effects ( ! bad qualities4 ,& ( old-age p5sions 8 conclud+ rem>k is3 ,nature kn[s ( no "r to ma9t5ance1 b only ! necessity ( gett+ rid ( ^! :o ne$ x by m5d+ or end+ !m4 ,aga91 z to ! huge wa/e ( infant life n[ go+ on1 :i* he admits is prev5table & might be sav$1 he rem>ks3 ,we mu/ agree t x w\ld be ( ! l[]1 or l[e/ type ( c>eless1 ?riftless1 dirty1 & incapable families t ! increase w\ld be obta9$4 ,is x wor? :ile to dilute our increase ( population by #aj p] c5t4 m ( ! m inf]ior k9d8 ,& he concludes ?us3 ,?is movem5t is do+ away ) "o ( ! few rema9s ( natural we$+ out ( ! unfit t our civilisation has left u4 ,& x w c]ta9ly cause m mis]y ?an happ9ess 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury4#adj3;,a #adj3;,a ,janus 9 ,mod]n ,life4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! :ole book is full ( su* /atem5ts z ! above1 = :i* nei!r facts nor argum5ts are giv54 ,x is assum$ ?r\gh\t t ! failures 9 our mod]n society are s ?r\gh _! own fault--!y are wa/rels--& des]ve nei!r pity nor help4 ,he kn[s no?+ app>5tly ( ,dr4 ,b>n>do's "w 9 rescu+ ^! wa/rel *ildr5 f ! gutt] & ! workh\se1 treat+ !m well & k9dly1 tra9+ !m 9 "w1 & s5d+ _m ?\s&s to ,canada4 ,a record ( _! subsequ5t life 0 kept1 & x 0 f\nd t v few fail$ to d well1 :ile a v l>ge majority became valuable citiz5s 9 _! new home4 ,on ! :ole1 !y 7 9 no way inf]ior to ! av]age ( emigrants :o g at _! own exp5se1 & :o are admitt$ to be among ! be/ ( our work]s4 ,none ( ! writ]s ( ! class "h quot$ seem to h made !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! rese>*es ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,sir ,f4 ,galton1 & o!rs1 z to ! natural laws :i* det]m9e ! rate ( increase ( population :5 ^? laws are all[$ to op]ate freely "u rational & moral social conditions4 ,a %ort /atem5t ( ^! laws w !re=e be giv54 ,9 a rem>kable essay1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aheb1 ,h4 ,sp5c]1 ) 8 usual philosophical insight1 exam9$ ! facts ( reproduction & population ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! animal k+dom1 & %[$ t ! duration ( ! individual life & ! increase ( ! race v>i$ inv]sely1 ^? gr\ps :i* h ! simple/ organisation & ! %orte/ lives produc+ ! greate/ numb] ( (fspr+2 9 o!r t]ms1 individuation & reproduction are antagoni/ic4 ,b individuation dep5ds almo/ entirely on ! developm5t & specialisation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?r\gh :i* alone all advance 9 in/9ct1 emotion1 & intellect is r5d]$ possible4 ,! actual rate ( increase 9 man has be5 det]m9$ by ! necessities ( ! savage /ate1 9 :i*1 z 9 mo/ species ( mammals1 x is usually :at is j requir$ to ma9ta9 a limit$ av]age population4 ,b ) a true advance 9 civilisation ! av]age duration ( life increases1 & ! possible increase ( population "u fav\rable conditions becomes v great1 because f]tility is great] ?an is ne$$ "u ! new conditions4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 no g5]al advance 9 intellectuality has tak5 place2 b t ! facts d accord ) ! !ory is indicat$ by ! common obs]vation t highly intellectual p>5ts d n h l>ge families1 :ile ! mo/ rapid increase occurs 9 ^? classes :i* are engag$ 9 heal?y manual lab\r4 ,b a law f\nd$ on su* a broad physiological basis ( obs]vation is sure to cont9ue 9 action1 & we may !re=e feel c]ta9 t z ! intellectual level ( ! :ole race is rais$ by g5]al culture & physical heal?1 ! law ( dim9i%+ f]tility w act1 & w t5d 9 ! remote future to br+ ab\t an exact balance betwe5 ! rate ( increase & t ( mortality4 ,a m imm$iate & effective *eck to rapid increase ( population w1 h[ev]1 be br\ght ab\t by ! social re=ms already sugge/$4 ,:5 pov]ty is aboli%$ & nei!r economic nor social advantages w be ga9$ by e>ly m>riage1 !re c be no d\bt x w be g5]ally def]r$ to a lat] age4 ,/ill m effective w be ! ext5sion ( ! p]iod ( education or tra9+ = ! :ole population = sev]al ye>s long] ?an at pres5t1 toge!r ) ! gr[? ( public op9ion aga9/ all m>riages betwe5 p]sons :o h n yet begun ! s]i\s "w ( life4 ,x w\ld also be an ess5tial "p ( education to inculcate ! delay ( m>riage till e opportunity has be5 af=d$ bo? ( ! p>ties conc]n$ ( becom+ ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r be=e und]tak+ s s]i\s a responsibility z m>riage usually involves4 ,! effect ( ev5 a few ye>s' delay ( m>riage on population is v consid]able4 ,sir ,f4 ,galton has %[n f ! be/ /ati/ics available t if we comp>e wom5 m>ri$ at tw5ty ) ^? at tw5ty-n9e1 ! comp>ative f]tility is z #h to #e4 ,b ?is does n repres5t ! :ole effect on increase ( population4 ,:5 m>riage is delay$1 ! "t betwe5 successive g5]ations is correspond+ly increas$2 & yet ano!r effect 9 ! same direction is produc$ by ! fact t ! great] ! av]age age ( m>riage ! few] g5]ations are alive at ! same "t1 & x is ! comb9$ effect ( ^! ?ree factors t det]m9es ! actual increase ( ! population due to ?is cause4 ,sir ,f4 ,galton gives a rem>kable table %[+ ?is comb9$ result ( ^! causes4 ,he f9ds t if "o hundr$ mo!rs & _! daught]s 9 ea* successive g5]ation m>ry at tw5ty1 !re w be an increase ( su* mo!rs 9 ea* successive g5]ation ( #aae4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y m>ry at tw5ty-n9e1 ea* successive g5]ation ( mo!rs dim9i%es 9 ! proportion ( #jhe4 ,if ?is goes on = #ajh ye>s1 ! hundr$ mo!rs :o m>ry at tw5ty h increas$ to #age1 & 9 #baf ye>s to #bii2 :ile ^? :o m>ry at tw5ty-n9e w h decreas$ to #fa & #ch respectively4 ,x is !re=e %[n t "u pres5t social conditions ! age ( m>riage necess>y to pres]ve a /ation>y population w be some:]e betwe5 tw5ty & tw5ty-n9e4 ,! above figures are1 h[ev]1 f\nd$ on special cases1 & ! actual facts are s complicat$ by ! numb] ( *ildless m>riages1 ! rate ( infantile mortality & o!r causes1 t !y mu/ be tak5 only z e/abli%+ a law ( r rapid decrease ( f]tility ) ea* ye>'s addition to ! av]age age ( m>riage ( ! "m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h n[1 ,i v5ture to hope1 e/abli%$ two important pr9ciples 9 relation to human progress4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i h %[n t mod]n ideas z to ! necessity ( deal+ directly ) "s ( our gl>+ social evils1 su* z race deg5]ation & ! v>i\s =ms ( sexual immorality1 are fundam5tally wrong & are doom$ to failure s long z _! fundam5tal causes--widespread pov]ty1 de/itution1 & />vation--are n greatly dim9i%$ & ultimately aboli%$4 ,i h prov$ t human nature is n 9 itself su* a complete failure z our mod]n eug5i/s seem to suppose1 b t x is influ5c$ by fundam5tal laws :i* "u reasonably j & equal economic conditions w automatically aboli% all ^! evils4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i h %[n t ! dread ( ov]-population z ! result ( ! abolition ( pov]ty is :olly & utt]ly fallaci\s--a m]e bugbe> creat$ by ignorance ( natural laws & ( presumption 9 ?9k+ t we c cure social evils :ile leav+ ! man-made causes :i* produce !m unalt]$4 ,! ?ree great natural laws :i* all our w\ld-be re=m]s ignore are3-- 7#a7 ,t a v mod]ate advance 9 ! av]age age ( m>riage--:i* w\ld c]ta9ly result f a truly rational sy/em ( education comb9$ ) economic equality--necess>ily dim9i%es ! rate ( increase ( ! population4 7#b7 ,t e approa* to educational & economic equality by effect+ a l>ge sav+ ( ! lives ( males :o n[ die f prev5table causes1 comb9$ ) ! fact t male bir?s exce$ ^? ( females1 w\ld s dim9i% ! numb] ( ! latt] t !y w\ld soon become less in/ead (1 z n[1 m ?an t ( males3 t ?is w\ld give !m an effective *oice 9 m>riage :i* !y d n n[ possess1 toge!r ) ! p[] ( delay :i* = _m reasons l>ge numb]s ( !m w\ld ex]cise4 7#c7 ,! law ( dim9i%+ f]tility ) increase ( bra9-"w ?r\gh education & tra9+ w\ld fur!r t5d to ! dim9ution ( f]tility4 ,^! ?ree natural causes all t5d 9 "o direction--! equality ( bir?s ) dea?s2 :ile _! action w\ld be s readily modifi$ by public op9ion z to obviate all dang] ( ei!r increase or decrease beyond :at 0 necess>y = ! well-be+ ( ea* community1 nation1 or race4 ,! ,future ,/atus ( ,woman ,! =ego+ /atem5t ( ! effect ( e/abli%$ natural laws1 if all[$ free play "u rational conditions ( civilisation1 cle>ly indicates t ! position ( woman 9 ! n di/ant future w be f> high] & m important ?an any :i* has be5 claim$ = or by h] 9 ! pa/4 ,:ile %e w be conc$$ full political & social rights on an equality ) man1 %e w be plac$ 9 a position ( responsibility & p[] :i* w r5d] h] 8 sup]ior1 s9ce ! future moral progress ( ! race w s l>gely dep5d ^u h] free *oice 9 m>riage4 ,z "t goes on1 & %e acquires m & m economic indep5d5ce1 t alone w give h] an effective *oice :i* %e has nev] _h be=e4 ,b ?is *oice w be fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! fact t1 ) ev]-increas+ approa* to equality ( opportunity = e *ild born 9 our c\ntry1 t t]rible excess ( male dea?s1 9 boyhood & e>ly manhood especially1 due to v>i\s prev5table causes1 w disappe>1 & *ange ! pres5t majority ( wom5 to a majority ( m54 ,?is w lead to a great] rivalry = wives1 & w give to wom5 ! p[] ( reject+ all ! l[] types ( "* among _! suitors4 ,x w be _! special duty s to m\ld public op9ion1 ?r\gh home tra9+ & social influ5ce1 z to r5d] ! wom5 ( ! future ! reg5]ators ( ! entire human race4 ,we hope & believe t !y w be fully equal to ! high & responsible position :i*1 9 accordance ) natural laws1 !y w be call$ ^u to fulfil4 ,! c]ta9ty t ?is p[]ful selective ag5cy w come into exi/5ce j 9 proportion z we re=m our exi/+ social sy/em by ! abolition ( pov]ty & ! e/abli%m5t ( full equality ( opportunity 9 education & economic position1 demon/rates t ,nature--or ! ,univ]sal ,m9d--has n fail$ or bungl$ our _w s completely z to require ! weak & ignorant ef=ts ( ! eug5i/s to set x "r1 :ile leav+ ! great fundam5tal causes ( all exi/+ social evils absolutely unt\*$4 ,let !m devote all _! en]gies to purify+ ?is :it5$ sepul*re ( de/itution & ignorance1 & ! b5efic5t laws ( human nature w !mselves br+ ab\t ! physical1 intellectual1 & moral advancem5t ( our race4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,h[ ,,to ,,initiate ,,an ,,era ,,( ,,moral ,,progress ,9 ,*apt]s ,,viii to ,,xii ( ?is volume ,i h giv5 9 briefe/ outl9e a summ>y ( ! gr[? dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! actual social environm5t 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live4 ,we see a cont9u\s advance ( man's p[] to utilise ! =ces ( ,nature1 to an ext5t :i* surpasses ev]y?+ he _h be5 able to d dur+ all ! prec$+ c5turies ( 8 record$ hi/ory4 ,we also see t ! result ( ?is va/ economic revolution has be5 almo/ :olly evil4 ,we see t ?is hundr$fold increase ( weal?1 amply suffici5t to provide necess>ies1 com=ts1 & all b5eficial ref9em5ts & luxuries = our :ole population1 has be5 di/ribut$ ) su* gross inju/ice t ! actual condition ( ^? :o produce all ?is weal? has become worse & worse1 no effici5t arrangem5ts hav+ be5 made t f ! ov]fl[+ abundance produc$ all %\ld receive ! m]e ess5tials ( a heal?y & happy exi/5ce4 ,we h se5 huge cities gr[ up1 e "o ( !m ) _! ov]cr[d$1 insanit>y slums1 :]e m51 wom51 & *ildr5 die prematurely z surely z ?\gh a body ( secret poison]s 7 con/antly at "w to de/roy !m4 ,we see ?\s&s ( girls compell$ by />vation to "w 9 su* an empoison$ environm5t z to produce horribly pa9ful & disfigur+ disease1 :i* is (t5 fatal 9 e>ly y\?1 or 9 :at ought to h be51 & :at might h be51 ! p]iod ( maximum enjoym5t ( _! womanhood4 ,& to ?is v day no effici5t /eps h be5 tak5 to aboli% ^! conditions4 ,we see millions /ill /ruggl+ 9 va9 = a suffici5cy ( ! b>e necess>ies ( life 7:i* 9 _! mis]y is all !y ask71 (t5 culm9at+ 9 actual />vation1 or 9 suicide to :i* !y are driv5 by ! dread ( />vation4 ,yet our ,gov]nm5ts1 select$ f among ! mo/ educat$1 ! mo/ tal5t$1 ! weal?ie/ ( ! c\ntry1 ) absolute p[] to make :at laws & regulations !y please1 & an ov]fl[+ fund ( accumulat$ weal? to draw ^u1 d no?+1 al?\gh m p die annually ( want ?an are kill$ 9 a great w>1 & m *ildr5 ?an c\ld be slaught]$ by _m ,h]ods4 ,& :ile all ?is goes on 9 ! dep?s1 :]e-- ,pale angui% keeps ! heavy gate1 ,& ! ,w>d] is ,despair-- a little high] up1 among ! middle-m5 di/ributors ( ! necess>ies & luxuries ( life1 brib]y1 adult]ation1 & v>i\s =ms ( petty di%one/y are rampant4 ,& high] yet1 among ! great ,capitali/s1 ! m]*ant ,pr9ces1 ! ,capta9s ( indu/ry1 we f9d h>d taskma/]s :o drive d[n wages bel[ ! level ( b>e subsi/5ce1 & :o support a m gigantic & widespread sy/em ( gambl+ ?an ! _w has ev] se54 ,&1 f9ally1 our adm9i/ration ( :at we call ,ju/ice 7& ( :i* we are s pr\d because our judges _c be brib$7 is utt]ly unju/1 because x is bas$ on a sy/em ( money fees at e /ep2 because x is s cumbr\s & full ( te*nicalities z to ne$ ! employm5t ( attorneys & c\nsel at great co/1 & because all petty (f5ces are puni%able by f9e or imprisonm5t1 :i* makes pov]ty itself a crime :ile x all[s ^? ) money to g practically free4 ,tak+ acc\nt ( ^! v>i\s gr\ps ( und\bt$ facts1 _m ( :i* are s gross1 s t]rible1 t !y _c be ov]/at$1 x is n too mu* to say t our :ole sy/em ( society is rott5 f top to bottom1 & ! ,social ,environm5t z a :ole1 9 relation to our possibilities & our claims1 is ! wor/ t ! _w has ev] se54 ,su* are ! evil products ( ! social environm5t we h ourselves creat$ 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le c5tury4 ,we h se5 x go+ f bad to worse1 & h appli$ petty rem$ies "h & !re dur+ ! :ole p]iod2 b ! evils h cont9u$ to increase4 ,x has n[ become cle> to ! m intellig5t ( ! work]s t if we wi% to improve x--if we wi% to prev5t x f gett+ ev5 worse ?an x is--we mu/ deal ) ! root-causes ( ! evil &1 s f> z possible1 rev]se ! conditions :i* are s demon/rably bad1 su* hide\s failures4 ,&1 =tunately1 ?is is by no means s difficult z x may seem to be1 because a l>ge body ( our ?9k]s & a consid]able numb] ( our work]s see cle>ly :at ^! root-causes are1 &1 less cle>ly1 h[ to rem$y !m4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 give _! en]getic support to any ,gov]nm5t t devotes itself to ! task ( rem$y+ !m4 ,! foll[+ are my own views z to h[ ! problem mu/ be attack$ 9 ord] to solve x ?or\ghly & p]man5tly4 ,! ,root-cause & ! ,rem$y ,if we review ) c>e ! long tra9 ( social evils :i* h gr[n up dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we %all f9d t e "o ( !m1 h[ev] div]se 9 _! nature & results1 is due to ! same g5]al cause1 :i* may be def9$ or /at$ 9 a v>iety ( diff]5t ways3 7#a7 ,!y are due1 broadly & g5]ally1 to our liv+ "u a sy/em ( univ]sal competition = ! means ( exi/5ce1 ! rem$y = :i* is equally univ]sal co-op]ation4 7#b7 ,x may be also def9$ z a sy/em ( economic antagonism1 z ( enemies1 ! rem$y be+ a sy/em ( economic bro!rhood1 z ( a great family1 or ( fri5ds4 7#c7 ,our sy/em is also "o ( monopoly by a few ( all ! means ( exi/5ce3 ! l&1 )\t access to :i* no life is possible2 & capital1 or ! results ( /or$-up lab\r1 :i* is n[ 9 ! possession ( a limit$ numb] ( capitali/s & !re=e is also a monopoly4 ,! rem$y is fre$om ( access to l& & capital = all4 7#d7 ,also1 x may be def9$ z social inju/ice1 inasmu* z ! few 9 ea* g5]ation are all[$ to inh]it ! /or$-up weal? ( all prec$+ g5]ations1 :ile ! _m inh]it no?+4 ,! rem$y is to adopt ! pr9ciple ( equality ( opportunity = all1 or ( univ]sal inh]itance by ! ,/ate 9 tru/ = ! :ole ,community4 ,^! f\r /atem5ts ( ! exi/+ causes ( all our social evils _c1 ,i believe1 be controv]t$1 & ! rem$ies = !m may be cond5s$ into "o g5]al proposition3 t x is ! fir/ duty 79 importance7 ( a civilis$ ,gov]nm5t to organise ! lab\r ( ! :ole community = ! equal good ( all2 b x is also _! fir/ duty 79 "t7 to take imm$iate /eps to aboli% dea? by />vation & by prev5table disease due to insanit>y dwell+s & dang]\s employm5ts1 :ile c>efully elaborat+ ! p]man5t rem$y = want 9 ! mid/ ( weal?4 ,i myself h po9t$ out h[ ^! two ends may be be/ a*iev$1 & hope to elaborate !m4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i call att5tion to ,mr4 ,/&i% ,o',grady's lett] ,to ! ,lead]s ( ,lab\r 9 ,! ,new ,age ( ,novemb] #ba/1 #aiab1 9 :i*1 aft] ref]r+ to ! v natural dread by ! ri* ( any su* radical reorganisation ( ,society1 z lead+ to _! own f9ancial ru9 7:i* x c]ta9ly ne$ n d71 he makes ! foll[+ sugge/ive /atem5t1 ) :i* ,i hope all my read]s w agree3 ,b :at !y fail to p]ceive is1 t1 9 a _w l ?is1 made by inf9ite goodness & wisdom1 ,"r is always ! great /&-by = m5 & = ,nations1 & = ! ri* z well z = ! poor2 & t ,wrong1 soon] or lat]1 ends 9 mis]y & de/ruction4 ,t is s\nd moral tea*+4 ,we h be5 do+ ! ,wrong = ! pa/ c5tury1 & we h reap$1 & are reap+1 mis]y & de/ruction4 ,x is "t t we *ang$ our me?ods1 :i* are all 7z ,i ?9k ,i h suffici5tly po9t$ out7 fundam5tally ,wrong1 radically ,unju/1 :olly ,immoral4 ,we h ourselves creat$ an immoral or unmoral ,social ,environm5t4 ,to undo its inevitable results we mu/ rev]se our c\rse4 ,we mu/ see t all our economic legislation1 all our social re=ms1 are 9 ! v opposite direction to ^? hi!rto adopt$1 & t !y t5d 9 ! direction ( "o or o!r ( ! f\r fundam5tal rem$ies ,i h sugge/$4 ,9 ?is way only c we hope to *ange our exi/+ immoral environm5t into a moral "o1 & initiate a new era ( ,moral ,progress4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,*apt]s ,,xiii to ,,xvi ,i h %[n t ! well-e/abli%$ laws ( ,evolution z !y really apply to mank9d are all fav\rable to ! advance ( true ,civilisation & ( ,morality4 ,our exi/+ competitive & antagoni/ic ,social ,sy/em alone neutralises _! b5efic5t op]ation4 ,t ,sy/em mu/ !re=e be radically *ang$ into "o ( bro!rly co-op]ation & co-ord9ation = ! equal good ( all4 ,to succe$ we mu/ make ?is pr9ciple our guide & our pole /> 9 all ,social legislation4 ,index ,acquir$ *>act]s1 def9ition (1 #ajd *>act]s1 on ! h]$ity (1 #ajc ,adaptation1 #ajf ,adult]ation1 #ee ,alcoholism1 dea?s f1 #fg 9 wom51 #fh /ati/ics (1 #fh ,am]ica1 ,c5tral1 ar*itecture (1 #cd ,animals1 natural selection among1 #ge ,an?ropological ,review1 #ii ,apes1 an?ropoid1 aff9ity ) man1 #ic ,aquatic =ms ( life1 increase (1 #he ,ar*im$es1 #cd ,au/ralian aborig9es1 "* (1 #cc & ,caucasians1 #cd ,b>n>do1 ,dr41 #ada ,beav]1 #ie ,bimana1 #id ,brah1 ,ty*o1 #bc ,bra9 z organ ( ! m9d1 #id ,brib]y1 #ef ,br[n+'s1 ,mrs41 ,cry ( ! ,*ildr51 #db ,buddha1 #h ,capitalism1 #aeb ,caucasians & ,au/ralian aborig9es1 #cd ,causes ( economic evils1 #aed ,*amb]s's ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 #ha ,"*1 def9ition (1 #d difficulty ( kn[+ good f bad1 #e m5tal faculties &1 #e morality bas$ ^u1 #e n cumulative1 #cg ( savage races1 #cb p]man5ce (1 #h public op9ion &1 #cf selective ag5cy to improve1 #cf subject to v>iation1 #cf transmission (1 #d1 #g1 #cf v>iability &1 #hb ,*>act]s1 acquir$1 def9ition (1 #ajd acquir$1 h]$ity (1 #ajc innate1 #ajd1 #aaj h]$ity (1 #aaj ,*emical trades1 evils (1 #ej ,*ild lab\r1 evils (1 #da1 #dc ,*ur*1 ! "w ( !1 #aah ,civil law sy/em1 #fb ,civilisation dur+ #ah? c5tury1 #dj evolution &1 #aeg ( anci5t ,egypt1 #ae1 #ce ( anci5t ,india1 #h ( anci5t ,mesopotamia1 #ae ,civilisations1 anci5t1 #aab ,classical writ]s1 our indebt$ness to1 #aae ,coal m9es1 accid5ts 91 #dc *ild lab\r 91 #dc female work]s 91 #dc insecurity 91 #dc :o !1 belong to1 #de ,comm]cial sy/em1 immorality ( our1 #ee ,companies1 ,limit$ ,liability1 #ef ,competition1 #aed ,conduct1 "* &1 #e environm5t &1 #f ,confucius1 #h ,cook1 ,capta91 op9ion (1 on natives ( ,fri5dly ,isles1 #cb ,co-op]ation1 #aed1 #afj ,crim9al law sy/em1 #fd ,crucif] family1 increase (1 #hd ,curr1 ,mr41 op9ion (1 on ,au/ralian aborig9es1 #cc ,cutl]y trade1 evils (1 #ej ,daily ,citiz5 quot$1 #ea1 #eb ,d>w9 & h]$ity1 #ajc & natural selection1 #hg1 #ic1 #abe & transf]5ce ( selection to m9d1 #ii & v>iability1 #hb on ,tahitians1 #cb ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ic1 #abe ,orig9 ( ,species1 #hb !ory ( ,pang5esis1 #ajd ,d>w9ism & ,lam>ckism1 #gh1 #ha & v>iability1 #hb objections to1 #he1 #ij 7,see also ,evolution1 ,lam>ckism1 ,natural selection1 etc47 ,deadly trades1 #ej ,dell's1 ,j4 ,h41 ,dawn+ ,grey quot$1 #aag ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,d>w9's1 #ic1 #abe ,div9e influx into man1 #ib1 #aae1 #aai ,divorce1 #gd ,dutt1 ,mr4 ,rome%1 quot$1 #i ,dwell+s1 insanit>y1 #dg ,economic advance1 evils (1 #aej antagonism1 #aee bro!rhood1 #aee evils1 causes (1 #aed rem$ies =1 #aed ,education1 effects (1 n h]$it>y1 #aaa1 #aad ext5sion ( p]iod (1 #adc national sy/em (1 ne$$1 #adf ( ! _w1 #aaa ,egypt1 a/ronomy 9 anci5t1 #ah civilisation ( anci5t1 #ae1 #ce intellect 9 anci5t1 #af ,eighte5? c5tury1 /ation>y epo*1 #dj1 #abb ,elephants1 increase (1 #he ,environm5t1 laws ( h]$ity &1 #ajc modifi$ by man1 #ie n always responsible = specialisation1 #ajf rem$ies1 #aed social1 & conduct1 #f social1 "* (1 #aec social1 dur+ #ai? c5tury1 #dj social1 evils (1 causes (1 #aed ,equality ( opportunity1 #aee ,erman1 ,pr(4 ,adolf1 quot$1 #bf ,euclid1 #cd ,eug5ics1 me?ods (1 #abg sci5ce (1 e/abli%$ by ,sir ,f4 ,galton1 #abg ,eug5i/s1 #adi ,evil1 orig9 (1 problem (1 #aah possible solution (1 #aai ,evolution1 a rational !ory1 #ha acceptance (1 #ha & civilisation1 #aeg ,lam>ckism &1 #ha ,*amb]s &1 #ha ,d>w9 &1 #ha exposition (1 by ,sp5c]1 #ha natural selection &1 #gg objections to1 #ha1 #ij v>iability ( species1 #h1 #hb 7,see also ,d>w9ism1 ,lam>ckism1 ,natural selection1 etc47 ,factory sy/em1 developm5t (1 #da evils (1 #da ,f]tility1 law ( dim9i%+1 #add1 #adg ,f9es v4 imprisonm5t1 #fe ,fri5dly ,isles1 natives (1 "* (1 #cb ,galton1 ,sir ,francis1 #cg eug5ic !ory (1 #abg on laws ( increase ( population1 #abg ,galvanis+ trade1 evils (1 #ea ,gambl+1 immorality (1 #ei 9 trade1 #eh inconsi/5t attitude to1 #ei ,/ock ,ex*ange1 #ei ,g5ius1 n cumulative1 #cg n necess>ily h]$it>y1 #cg2 examples1 #ch ,go?ic ar*itecture1 #cd ,greece1 #aba ar*itecture ( anci5t1 #cd ,h]$ity & g5ius1 #cg & recession to m$iocrity1 #ch b5efic5ce ( law (1 #aae ,d>w9 &1 #ajc importance ( subject1 #ajc ,lam>ck &1 #ajd laws (1 & environm5t1 #ajc misconceptions reg>d+1 #ajc ( innate *>act]s1 #aaj ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 #hb ,hom]1 #h ,hom9id1 #id ,human nature1 faculties (1 #ajj ,imprisonm5t v4 f9es1 #fe ,india1 ar*itecture ( anci5t1 #cd intellig5ce & morality 9 anci5t1 #i1 #aa1 #ae religi\s conceptions 9 anci5t1 #aa ,individuation1 #adb ,infantile mortality1 ,pr(4 ,petrie on1 #adj /ati/ics (1 #dg1 #gb ,inju/ice1 social1 #aee ,innate *>act]s1 #ajd h]$ity (1 #aaj ,insanit>y dwell+s1 #dg ,intellect 9 anci5t ,india1 #i1 #aa1 #ae p]man5ce (1 #ae ,intellectual advance n g5]al1 #adb ,jesus ,*ri/1 #aaf ,ju/ice1 adm9i/ration (1 #fb immorality (1 #ff1 #aeb ,lam>ck & evolution1 #ha & h]$ity1 #ajd ,lam>ckism1 #gh1 #hi & ,d>w9ism1 #gh insuffici5cy (1 z a !ory1 #hj ,l&1 access to1 #aee ,language1 #bh div]sity (1 #abj l[e/ races possess1 #ca ,law1 civil1 sy/em1 #fb crim9al1 sy/em1 #fd p>tiality ( !1 #fe ,lay>d1 ,sir ,h41 #af ,le ,conte1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #aci ,lead glaze trade1 evils (1 #ej ,lead poison+ ( work]s1 #ea ,life-de/roy+ trades1 #dg ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology quot$1 #gh ,maha-,bh>ata1 ,indian epic1 quot$1 #h ,mal?us1 #aci ,mammals1 classification (1 #id ,man1 aff9ity (1 ) an?ropoid apes1 #ic & m>riage1 #acc dignity (1 #ia ,div9e influx into1 #ib1 #aae1 #aai ext]nal diff]5ces betwe51 & apes1 #ic modifies 8 environm5t1 #ie moral s5se 91 #ia nature (1 /ation>y1 #ajb position (1 #ia pr$om9ance ( m9d 91 #ih prep>ation (1 = progress1 #abj selection transf]r$ to m9d 91 #ii ?ree great races (1 #ajj triumph (1 ov] ,nature1 #ie1 #aej ,m>riage1 #adc fre$om (1 insi/$ ^u1 #abh man &1 #acc wom5 &1 #acc ,m5tal faculties 9 =mation ( "*1 #e ,mesopotamia1 civilisation ( anci5t1 #ae ,m9d1 bra9 ! organ ( !1 #id pr$om9ance (1 9 man1 #ih selection transf]r$ to1 9 man1 #ii ,moni]-,williams1 ,sir ,m41 #aa ,monopoly1 #aee ,moral degradation1 indications (1 #fg progress1 def9ition (1 #a progress1 initiat+ new era (1 #aej progress ?r\gh new =m ( selection1 #abe s5se 9 man1 #ia ,morality among/ ! anci5ts1 #h bas$ ^u "*1 #e bas$ ^u human nature1 #d evolution &1 #aeg 9 anci5t ,india1 #i no def9ite advance 91 #cf product ( environm5t1 #c savages &1 #ca /&>ds (1 v>y+1 #b ,morals1 def9ition (1 #a ,natural selection1 among animals1 #ge & evolution1 #gg & orig9 ( species1 #hb explanation (1 #ge1 #hg modification (1 by man1 #if1 #ii modifi$ by m9d1 #ic new =m (1 #abe process (1 #aab two modes (1 #abe ,n9ete5? c5tury1 environm5t dur+1 #dj movem5ts dur+1 #abb reaction aga9/ =c$ civilisation dur+1 #da ,o',grady1 ,mr4 ,s41 quot$1 #aef ,oliv]'s1 ,sir ,t41 ,diseases ( ,occupation1 #ec ,organic nature1 developm5t (1 #aji indivisibility (1 #aji ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,d>w9's1 ess5tial features (1 #hb ,orig9 ( species1 natural selection ess5tial factor 91 #hb ,ov]cr[d+1 /ati/ics (1 #dh ,ow51 ,sir ,ri*>d1 & man's aff9ity ) apes1 #id ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 reply to1 #gf ,pang5esis1 !ory (1 #ajd ,p>k1 ,mungo1 #aja ,petrie1 ,pr(41 quot$1 #aci ,plato1 #h1 #aaf ,poor ,law1 immorality ( !1 #fe ,population1 increase (1 laws gov]n+1 #ada social re=m &1 #ach ,pov]ty1 #acj1 #adc1 #aea ,polynesian races1 "* (1 #cc ,prev5table dea?s1 responsibility =1 #dc ,primates1 #id ,proctor1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a41 quot$1 #ah ,progress1 moral1 def9ition (1 #a moral1 h[ to initiate era (1 #aej moral1 ?r\gh new =m ( selection1 #abe ,pro/itution1 #gc ,pyramid ( ,gizeh z obs]vatory1 #bc purpose (1 #ag /ructure (1 #ai ,quadrumana1 #id ,rawl9son1 #af ,reade's1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,man1 #aac ,recession to m$iocrity1 h]$ity &1 #ch ,religi\s conceptions 9 anci5t ,india1 #aa ,rem$ies = economic evils1 #aed ,reproduction1 #adb ,ri*1 dread (1 to social reorganisation1 #aef ,rome1 #aba ,savage races1 morality (1 #ca ,selection1 artificial1 #aje1 #abg free1 9 m>riage1 #acc ,selection1 natural1 action (1 transf]r$ to m9d 9 man1 #ii among/ animals1 #ge & orig9 ( species1 #hb explanation (1 #ge1 #hg modification (1 by man1 #if1 #ii modifi$ by m9d1 #ic process (1 #aab two modes (1 #abe ,selection1 new =m (1 #abe sexual1 #abe ,selective ag5cy to improve "*1 #cf ,%]>d's1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,h41 ,:ite ,slaves ( ,engl&1 #ea 7note7 ,slav]y1 #b1 #aae ,slums1 #dg1 #aea ,smy?1 ,piazzi1 on ,pyramids1 #ah ,sn[d51 ,philip1 #ec ,social environm5t & conduct1 #f "* (1 #aec dur+ #ai? 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