,advertisement4 ,there is now ,engraving1 and will speedily be ,publish'd1 ,a ,new ,pair of ,,globes1 sixteen ,inches ,diameter2 the ,terrestrial has on it all the ,new ,discoveries that have been lately made1 together with an useful ,view of the ,general and ,coasting ,trade-,winds1 ,moonsoons1 c4 ,the ,clestial has the ,stars laid down from the ,correctest ,tables of the best ,astronomers of our ,age1 with eighteen ,constellations never ,engraven upon any ,globe4 ,all those ,gentlemen that are willing to ,furnish themselves with them1 are desired speedily to inform the ,undertakers ,j4 ,senex and ,c4 ,price1 next the ,fleece-,tavern in ,cornhill2 ,they intending to fit up no more than what are ,subscrib'd for4 ,miscellanea ,curiosa4 ,containing a ,,collection ,,of ,curious ,travels1 ,,voyages1 ,,and ,natural ,histories ,,of ,,countries1 ,as they have been ,delivered in to the ,,royal ,,society4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,london3 ,printed by ,j4 ,b4 for ,jeffery ,wale at the ,angel in ,st4 ,paul's ,church-yard2 ,j4 ,senex ,c4 ,price next the ,fleece ,tavern in ,cornhill1 #agjg4 ,,the ,,contents4 ,a ,journal of a ,voyage from ,england to ,constantinople1 made in the ,year1 #affh4 by ,t4 ,smith1 ,d4 ,d4 and ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #a ,historical ,observations relating to ,constantinople4 ,by the ,reverend and ,learned ,tho4 ,smith1 ,d4 ,d4 ,fellow of ,magd4 ,coll4 ,oxon4 and of the ,royal ,society4 #cb ,an account of the ,city of ,prusa in ,bythynia1 and a continuation of the ,historical ,observations relating to ,constantinople1 by the ,reverend and learned ,thomas ,smith ,d4 ,d4 ,fellow of ,magd4 ,coll4 ,oxon4 and of the ,royal ,society4 #di ,a ,relation of a ,voyage from ,aleppo to ,palmyra in ,syria2 sent by the ,reverend ,mr4 ,william ,hallifax to ,dr4 ,edward ,bernard 7late7 ,savilian ,professor of ,astronomy in ,oxford1 and by him communicated to ,dr4 ,thomas ,smith1 ,reg4 ,soc4 ,s4 #hd ,an ,extract of the ,journals of two several ,voyages of the ,english ,merchants of the ,factory of ,aleppo1 to ,tadmor1 anciently call'd ,palmyra4 #abj ,some ,account of the ,ancient ,state of the ,city of ,palmyra1 with short ,remarks upon the ,inscriptions found there4 ,by ,e4 ,halley4 #afj ,a ,voyage of the ,emperour of ,china into the ,eastern ,tartary1 ,anno4 #afhb4 #agi ,the ,distances of the ,places thro' which we passed in the ,eastern ,tartary4 #aie ,a ,voyage of the ,emperor of ,china1 into the ,western ,tartary in the ,year1 #afhc4 #aif ,an ,explanation1 necessary to justify the ,geography supposed in these ,letters4 #baj ,some ,observations and ,conjectures concerning the ,chinese ,characters4 ,made by ,r4 ,h4 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 #bab ,a ,letter from ,f4 ,a4 ,esq2 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 to the ,publisher1 with a ,paper of ,mr4 ,s4 ,flowers1 containing the ,exact ,draughts of several unknown ,characters1 taken from the ,ruins at ,persepolis4 #bcc ,a ,letter from ,monsieur ,n4 ,witsen to ,dr4 ,martin ,lister1 with two ,draughts of the ,famous ,persepolis4 #bcf ,a ,description of the ,diamond-mines1 as it was presented by the ,right ,honourable the ,earl ,marshal of ,england1 to the ,r4 ,society4 #bch ,a ,letter from the ,east ,indies1 of ,mr4 ,john ,marshal to ,dr4 ,coga1 giving an ,account of the ,religion1 ,rites1 ,notions1 ,customs1 ,manners of the ,heathen ,priests commonly called ,bramines4 ,communicated by the ,reverend ,mr4 ,abraham de la ,pryme4 #bef ,part of two ,letters to the ,publisher from ,mr4 ,james ,cunningham1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 and ,physician to the ,english at ,chusan in ,china1 giving an account of his ,voyage thither1 of the ,island of ,chusan1 of the several sorts of ,tea1 of the ,fishing1 ,agriculture of the ,chinese1 c4 with several ,observations not hitherto taken notice of4 #bfi ,a ,letter from ,mr4 ,john ,clayton ,rector of ,crofton at ,wakefield in ,yorkshire1 to the ,royal ,society1 ,may #ab #afhh4 giving an account of several ,observables in ,virginia1 and in his ,voyage thither1 more particularly concerning the ,air4 #bha ,mr4 ,clayton's second ,letter1 containing his farther ,observations on ,virginia4 #bic ,a ,continuation of ,mr4 ,john ,clayton's ,account of ,virginia4 #cja ,mr4 ,john ,clayton1 ,rector of ,crofton at ,wakefield1 his ,letter to the ,royal ,society1 giving a farther ,account of the ,soil1 and other ,observables of ,virginia4 #cab ,a ,continuation of ,mr4 ,clayton's ,account of ,virginia4 #ccg ,part of ,two ,letters from ,mr4 ,j4 ,hillier1 dated ,cape ,corse1 ,jan4 #c4 #afhg_/h4 and ,apr4 #be4 #afhh4 ,wrote to the ,reverend ,dr4 ,bathurst1 ,president of ,trinity ,colledge1 ,oxon2 giving an ,account of the ,customs of the ,inhabitants1 the ,air1 c4 of that ,place1 together with an ,account of the ,weather there from ,nov4 #bd4 #afhf4 to the same ,day #afhg4 #cef ,an ,account of the ,moorish ,way of ,dressing their ,meat 7with other ,remarks7 in ,west-,barbary1 from ,cape ,spartel to ,cape de ,geer4 ,by ,mr4 ,jezreel ,jones4 #cha ,a ,letter from ,mr4 ,john ,monro to the ,publisher1 concerning the ,catacombs of ,rome and ,naples4 #cid ,an accurate ,description of the ,lake of ,geneva1 not long since made by a ,person that had visited it divers times in the pleasantest season of the ,year2 and communicated to the ,publisher by one of his ,parisian ,correspondents3 ,english'd as followeth4 #djd ,part of a ,journal kept from ,scotland to ,new ,caledonia in ,darien1 with a short ,account of that ,country4 ,communicated by ,dr4 ,wallace1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #dac ,a ,discourse tending to prove at what ,time and ,place ,julius ,csar made his first ,descent upon ,britain3 ,read before the ,royal ,society by ,e4 ,halley4 #dbb ,miscellanea ,curiosa4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,a ,journal of a ,voyage from ,england to ,constantinople1 made in the ,year1 #affh4 by ,t4 ,smith1 ,d4 ,d4 and ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,on ,monday ,evening ,august #c1 #affh4 we took ,barge at ,tower-,wharf1 and at ,greenwich went on ,board the ,bezant ,yacht for the ,downs1 where we arrived the next day in the ,afternoon1 and went on ,board the ,leopard ,frigat1 a ,ship of #ef ,guns mounted1 ,captain ,o ,bryen ,commander1 appointed to carry ,sir ,daniel ,harvey1 his ,majesty's ,ambassador to the ,port of the ,ottoman ,emperor at ,constantinople4 ,here1 upon his first ,arrival1 the ,ambassador was ,complemented by ,sir ,jeremy ,smith1 then riding ,admiral1 ,sir ,edward ,spragg1 and several other ,commanders of the ,men of ,war1 and afterwards ,saluted with ,fifteen ,pieces of ,ordinance by the ,admiral1 to whom we returned as many2 then by the ,vice-,admiral1 and several other ,ships4 ,all which were answered together at the same time with #ba in the whole4 ,here we were forced to ,ride for several days1 the ,winds being contrary4 ,in the ,offing between the ,north ,foreland and ,south ,foreland it runs ,tide and half ,tide1 that is1 it is either ebbing ,water or ,flood upon the ,shore1 in that part of the ,downs1 three hours1 which is grossly speaking the time of half a ,tide1 before it is so1 off at ,sea4 7,for the flux and reflux of the ,sea is not made exactly twice in #bd hours1 but1 as it appears by accurate observation1 it requires an overplus of almost #ej minutes47 ,the reason of this diversity of ,tides1 ,i take to be from the meeting of the two ,seas in that narrow ,streight4 ,oftentimes when the ,wind has blown hard at ,n4 ,e4 or at ,w4 or ,w4 and by ,s4 there has hapn'd an alteration of the ,tides in the ,river of ,thames1 which ignorant ,people have mistakenly lookt upon as a ,prodigy4 ,it is a most certain ,observation1 that where it flows ,tide and half ,tide1 tho' the ,tide of ,flood runs aloft1 yet the ,tide of ,ebb runs under foot1 that is1 close by the ground2 and so at the ,tide of ,ebb1 it will flow under foot1 as that great and experienc'd ,sea-,commander1 ,sir ,h4 ,manwaring1 words it4 ,august #i4 ,we sailed from the ,downs1 but were soon forced back by distress of ,weather1 and came to an ,anchor ,s4 ,w4 of the ,south ,foreland4 #aj4 ,the ,wind blew at ,s4 ,s4 ,w4 and the ,sea run very high1 so that we were in danger of losing our ,cable and ,anchor2 the ,ground1 where we rode1 at #af ,fathom water1 being somewhat gruff4 #ae4 ,the ,wind coming about at ,w4 ,n4 ,w4 we sailed1 and were ,saluted with nine ,guns from ,dover ,castle1 and seven from one ,fort1 and five from another4 ,we carried a ,flag upon our ,maintop1 after we came out of the ,downs4 ,the ,wind in the ,afternoon at ,n4 ,e4 brought us by seven of the ,clock to the ,ness1 where we lay at ,anchor during the ,tide of ,flood2 during which time the ,mariners caught good store of ,whitings1 baiting their ,hooks with raw ,mutton4 #af4 ,we were in the morning athwart ,st4 ,helen's ,point in the ,isle of ,wight2 where we discovered ,sir ,thomas ,allen with his ,squadron under ,sail1 bound for the ,straits4 #ag4 ,in the morning we got to the ,west of ,portland1 the ,wind at ,n4 by ,e4 our ,course lying thereupon ,s4 ,s4 ,w4 but about noon1 sailing over part of the ,race of ,portland1 where we met with a tumbling ,sea1 we ,anchored at the ,n4 ,w4 part in the ,bay1 over against the ,point that looks towards ,weymouth4 ,we were ashore in the ,island1 which seems to be but one continued ,rock2 the ,soil in several places not being above five or six ,inches deep1 as ,i found by digging a hole with my ,knife2 yet the ,corn flourishing enough4 ,the ,castle consists of a double ,fortification2 we could not observe above five ,guns mounted4 ,they told us1 that in the ,island there was but #a ,church1 and #d ,villages4 ,we weighed at twelve of the ,clock at night3 ,but #ah4 ,the ,wind blowing fiercely at ,w4 directly in our teeth1 we made but little way1 and could not weather the ,start ,point that night4 ,the ,moon upon its first emerging above the ,horizon1 seemed to have a colour like burnt ,brick1 the ,sky very cloudy3 but some ,rain falling1 as she advanced higher and higher1 she appeared more and more fiery4 #ai4 ,we weathered the ,start ,point by noon1 but could not make much way beyond it4 #bj4 ,we got into ,plymouth ,sound4 ,the ,cittadel1 built upon a ,rock1 with large ,counterscarps and ,bastions1 returned our ,salute with nine ,guns4 ,sir ,thomas ,allen with his ,fleet stood to the ,lizard1 and came not to an ,anchor4 #ba4 ,misty ,weather4 ,about eleven ,clock ,forenoon1 and about six in the ,evening1 we observed the ,vapours in great quantity ascend out of the ,sea1 soon covering the tops of the ,mountains4 ,here we staid three days1 taking in some ,provisions1 ready prepared for us4 ,on ,sunday the #bc;d of ,august we weighed out of ,plymouth ,sound1 and made the ,lizard1 a ,promontory in ,cornwall1 before night3 ,the ,manacles1 several ,rocks so called1 we discerned very distinctly1 it being then low ,ebb2 as also the ,lands end4 ,the ,wind blew fresh2 and we observed the ,waves in the ,night-time1 as if they had been liquid ,fire1 but palish4 ,the ,lizard bearing ,n4 of us1 we changed our ,course1 and taking leave of ,england1 we sailed into the ,ocean4 ,god of his ,mercy send us a happy ,voyage4 #bd4 ,we run this day thirty nine ,leagues by a ,compute from our ,log-line4 #be4 ,we were full open with the ,bay of ,biscay4 ,several ,gulls were hovering over the ,surface of the ,water to catch ,fish1 which swam by in vast sholes1 at about #ej ,leagues distance from any ,land4 ,at other times ,i have seen several ,birds floating upon the ,water1 which being driven by some ,tempest from the ,coasts of ,spain and ,portugal1 have been tired in their flight1 and so drowned4 ,this happens frequently in the great ,ocean1 where they meet with no ,land to fly to in several hundreds of ,leagues2 and sometimes even in the ,mediterranean1 in the ,mid-,seas between the ,christian and ,barbary ,shores4 ,in blowing ,weather1 among other ,birds flying cross1 we saw a ,hawk making to our ,ship1 then under good and swift ,sail1 which perched upon the round-top of the ,main-mast2 which one of the ,seamen espying1 he presently run up the ,shrouds1 and brought down the ,hawk1 which made no attempt to fly away1 being quite spent4 ,but not long after1 the ,hawk recovering his ,spirits by rest and meat which was given him1 took wing and got away from the ,fellow1 notwithstanding all the care he took to secure his new ,adventure1 which he hoped to have made ,mony of at the next ,port that we should come to4 #bf4 ,a strong ,levant still blowing1 and the ,sea very rough and boisterous1 the ,gale continuing almost right a stern1 we run these #bd hours above #gj ,leagues4 #bg4 ,we found our selves by our observations1 that we were in the ,latitude of #db degrees #ag minutes1 and began to be very sensible of our nearer approach to the ,south1 the ,weather being excessive hot4 ,in the ,afternoon we heard the report of several ,guns fired at about seven or eight ,leagues distance1 as we guessed4 ,at eight of the ,clock at night another ,gun was fired somewhat near us1 which we thought might be from an ,algerine ,man of ,war1 who gave a signal to his ,consorts1 and who answered by several flashes of ,powder4 ,whereupon our ,trumpeters sounded a ,point of ,war1 but no return was made4 ,however1 the ,captain quartered his ,men1 and the ,decks were cleared1 and all things made ready in order to a ,fight the next ,morning2 as soon as day appeared1 we saw the ,sea clear1 no ,ships being in view any way3 so that we concluded that they were ,merchant-,ships1 with their ,convoy1 standing to the ,northward4 #bh4 ,dreadful ,lightnings in the ,clouds towards the ,evening2 after which great ,dews fell3 the ,weather extream hot4 #bi4 ,we saw a ,pilot-fish swim by the sides of the ,ship1 and several ,bonito's and ,albicores playing1 as it were with their ,heads above ,water4 ,the ,wind took us short in the night1 and soon after there was a stark ,calm2 and we had great reason to bless ,god for it3 ,for had we continued our ,course that night1 we had either run a-ground1 or had been cast upon the ,rocks near to ,peniche in ,portugal4 ,the fault was mis-reckoning1 and haling in too soon to make the ,southern ,cape3 though the ,seamen1 to salve their ,credit1 and to excuse their ,error1 which had like to have proved so fatal to us1 pretended that we were set in by a strong ,current4 ,god make us thankful for this great ,deliverance4 #cj4 ,this ,morning we were surprized to see our selves within four or five ,leagues of the ,shore1 when we had thought that we had been above twenty4 ,in the ,afternoon1 the ,wind coming on fresh1 we weathered the westermost ,isle of the ,barlings4 ,on the greatest of which1 being as we guessed1 above half a ,mile in length1 the ,portuguese have built a ,fort to hinder the ,barbary ,pirates from careening their ,ships there1 or taking in fresh ,water4 ,the ,land of it very high1 and bore off us ,s4 ,e4 by ,e4 ,by it lie several ,rocks4 ,the other ,islands are distant about a ,league4 ,i told five of them3 the greatest of which last lie somewhere inward to the ,shore4 ,for two ,nights together about this time 7#bh and #bi7 the ,sky being very hazy1 the ,sun set in a colour as deep as ,blood1 which was very astonishing4 ,we were then in the ,latitude of #dj4 #ca4 ,betimes in the ,morning we sailed by the ,rock of ,lisbon1 at some distance1 which was scarce discernible by reason of the cloudiness of the ,weather4 ,two ,turks ,men of ,war are now plying to the ,windward of us2 but dare not come up to speak with us1 perceiving that we are only laden with ,powder and ,bullet4 ,september #a4 ,in the ,morning we made ,cape ,st4 ,vincent4 ,i went on ,shore with the ,lieutenant and several others in our ,pinnace1 which we drove into one of the ,coves2 and were forced to climb up a ,rock1 the ascent of which was very dangerous and troublesome2 and made more so by the ,rays of the ,sun1 which were reflected with that vehemence1 that the ,heat was almost intolerable4 ,having gained the top1 we were met by an ,officer and some ,soldiers1 who had us into the ,castle1 the middlemost of the three1 which are built along that ,promontory for the ,security of the ,coasts1 and entertained us with ,wine1 ,grapes1 and ,marmalade4 ,they told us1 that a ,squadron of ,english ,men of ,war sailed by the day before4 ,we here met with two ,vessels belonging to ,dartmouth1 laden with ,fish from ,newfoundland1 bound for ,alicant4 ,all along the ,coasts1 at the distance of about two or three ,leagues1 are several ,watch-towers built to give notice of ,pirates4 ,becalmed for the most part these two or three days4 #e4 ,in the ,morning we weathered the ,point of ,cadiz1 and came to an ,anchor in the ,bay of ,bulls1 about half a ,league from the great ,porgoe2 and in the ,afternoon went on shore4 ,we were entertained by the ,english ,consul1 and carried by him to view the ,fortifications1 which are esteemed to be as regular as any in ,christendom2 built in the same place where the ,town had been attacked formerly by the ,english1 under the ,conduct of the ,earl of ,essex in the ,reign of ,q4 ,elizabeth4 ,plays are usually here1 as in other parts of ,spain1 acted on a ,sunday4 ,during the time of our stay1 was represented the ,history of the ,patience of ,job1 the ,devil brought upon the ,stage1 tempting ,job's ,wife in a drolling way1 which caused great ,laughter and ,merriment among the ,spectators4 ,at ,malaga1 as the ,merchants told us1 the ,sunday before we arrived there1 was acted the ,schism of ,england in the time of ,king ,henry the ,eighth1 whom the ,spaniards will not yet forgive1 for ,divorcing himself from ,q4 ,catherine1 their ,country-,woman4 #i4 ,we sailed from ,cadiz4 #aj4 ,this ,afternoon we were forced to ,anchor1 not far from ,cape ,spartel or ,sprat1 as the ,seamen call it1 not being able to weather the ,point4 #aa4 ,this day we came to an ,anchor in ,tangier-,bay1 with ,sir ,thomas ,allen's ,squadron4 ,tangier lies within the ,entrance into the ,strait of the ,mediterranean1 in the ,latitude of about #ce1 #cf4 ,it is situated in the bottom of a ,bay1 and is built on the side of the ,hill1 overlooking the ,sea1 encompassed with high ,walls to the ,land-ward1 and commanded by a strong ,castle4 ,the ,heats would be very troublesome but for the ,sea-breezes which cool and fan the ,air4 ,in the ,castle ,i met with a ,roman ,monument1 erected to the ,honour of ,p4 ,belius1 a great ,officer and ,souldier in ,trajan's time2 who1 among his other ,titles1 is there stiled1 ,,ppo4 ,,fig4 ,,mauritaniae4 ,,tingitanae3 which since has been taken away1 and presented to the ,university of ,oxon by ,sir ,hugh ,cholmondley1 and now serves to adorn the ,area about the ,theatre4 ,the ,english have two ,churches here1 7though they only make use of one1 the other being reserved against all ,accidents7 both of them very neat and convenient2 though not to be compared with the ,church of the ,portuguese1 retained still1 according to the ,articles of ,agreement1 when the ,king of ,portugal made over the ,right and ,title1 and gave the ,possession of ,tangier to the ,crown of ,england1 by the ,canons ,regulars1 belonging to it1 which is very stately1 and adorn'd with rich ,images1 and supported by ,marble ,pillars4 ,toward one end of the ,english ,church1 just by the ,vestiary1 which had been formerly a ,turkish ,mosch1 and afterward the ,chappel of a ,convent of ,dominicans1 is a ,monumental ,stone-,table in ,arabick ,characters1 containing an account of the ,houses1 ,lands1 and other ,revenues belonging to it1 set up in the #gdc year of the ,hegira1 that is1 of ,christ #acda4 ,the ,mole is in good forwardness1 they having gained above #bjj yards in the ,sea1 in order to the making of a good and safe ,harbour for ,ships to ride in1 which lye open to ,wind and ,waves2 the outward side to the ,seaward somewhat sloping4 ,the ,garrison is in so good a posture of ,defence1 that they defy ,taffiletta and all his ,forces4 ,here we met with great ,civilities from ,colonel ,norwood1 ,deputy-,governour1 and the ,gentlemen belonging to the ,garrison4 ,sir ,harry ,mildmay and ,mr4 ,goodland1 two of ,king ,charles the ,first his ,judges1 are here2 but who have the ,liberty of the ,town4 ,now1 at our being here1 come in several ,moors from ,arzilla1 and among the rest1 the ,father of one of ,gayland's ,wives1 to get a ,passage for ,algiers4 ,old ,tangier lyes at some little distance1 where they find very frequently in digging several pieces of ,roman ,coin4 ,but for the above-mentioned1 and the other ,curiosities and ,antiquities of ,tangier1 of which ,i forbear to make mention1 from the imperfect and hasty ,observations of two days1 the greatest part of which being taken up by the ,entertainment of our obliging ,country-men1 you may consult with great pleasure and satisfaction1 a little ,book called ,the present ,state of ,tangier1 written by a very ingenious ,gentleman1 and printed in the ,year #afgf4 ,there is a vast draught of water poured continually out of the ,atlantick into the ,mediterranean1 the mouth or entrance of which between ,cape ,spartel or ,sprat1 as the sea-men call it1 and ,cape ,trafalgar1 may be near #g leagues wide1 the current setting strong into it1 and not losing its force till it runs as far as ,malaga1 which is about #bj leagues within the ,streights4 ,by the benefit of this ,current1 tho' the wind be contrary1 if it does not over-blow1 ,ships easily turn into the gut1 as they term the narrow passage1 which is about #bj miles in length4 ,at the end of which are two ,towns1 ,gibraltar on the coast of ,spain1 which gives denomination to the ,streight1 and ,ceuta on the ,barbary coast3 at which places ,hercules is supposed to have set up his ,pillars4 ,what becomes of this great quantity of water poured in this way1 and of that1 which runs from the ,euxine into the ,bosporous and ,propontis1 and is carried at last through the ,hellespont into the gan or ,archipelago1 is a curious speculation1 and has exercised the wit and understanding of ,philosophers and ,navigators4 ,for there is no sensible rising of the water all along the ,barbary ,coast1 even down to ,alexandria1 the land beyond ,tripoli1 and that of gypt1 lying very low1 and easily overflowable4 ,they observe indeed1 that the water rises #c feet1 or #c feet and an half1 in the gulph of ,venice1 and as much1 or very near as much1 all along the ,riviera of ,genoa1 as far as the river ,arno3 but this rather adds to the wonder4 ,i here omit to speak at large of the several ,hypotheses which have been invented to solve this difficulty3 such as subterraneous vents1 cavities and indraughts1 exhalations by the ,sun-beams1 the running out of the water on the ,african side1 as if there were a kind of circular motion of the water1 and that it only flowed in upon the ,christian shore3 which latter ,i look upon as a meer fancy1 and contrary to all observation4 ,my conjecture is1 that there is an under-,current1 whereby as great a quantity of water is carried out1 as comes flowing in4 ,to confirm which1 besides what ,i have said above about the difference of tides in the offing1 and at the ,shore in the ,downs1 which necessarily supposes an under-,current1 ,i shall present you with an instance of the like nature in the ,baltick ,sound1 as ,i received it from an able ,seaman1 who was at the making of the tryal4 ,he told me1 that being there in one of the ,king's ,frigats1 they went with their ,pinnace into the middle stream1 and were carried violently by the ,current3 that soon after they sank a bucket with a large ,cannon bullet to a certain depth of water1 which gave check to the boats motion1 and sinking it still lower and lower1 the boat was driven a-head to wind-ward against the upper ,current3 the current aloft1 as he added1 not being above #d or #e fathom deep1 and that the lower the bucket was let fall1 they found the under-,current the stronger4 ,i designed to have made the ,experiment in the ,streights-,channel2 but both times ,i past1 the ,easterly wind blew so hard1 that there was no putting out the boat with any safety2 nor indeed at those times had we any leisure for such a ,curiosity2 which those1 who liv'd at ,tangier1 might have tryed without any difficulty or danger4 ,this conjecture1 how likely or unlikely soever1 will stand or fall according to the certainty of the ,observations1 which shall be made there1 which ,i will endeavour to procure in order to the further establishment1 or utter overthrow of it4 #ac4 ,we weighed out of ,tangier and turned into the ,strait1 though against the ,wind4 ,the distance between ,gibraltar ,cape1 which gives name to the ,straits1 and is joyned to the ,continent of ,spain and ,ceuta a well-built and strongly fortified ,town1 lying under the ,hill ,alybe1 called so by the ,greeks1 which the ,seamen commonly call1 as do some ,spanish ,writers1 ,apes-hill1 from the great number of ,apes which used formerly to haunt there1 7at which places ,hercules is feigned to have set up his ,pillars7 may be about six ,leagues2 tho' both ,lands lying very high 7for we saw the ,clouds much below them7 it does not appear in the middle of the ,current1 out of a tall ,ship1 scarce half so broad4 #ad4 ,little ,wind stirring4 #ae4 ,a great ,mist all the ,sea over1 so that we could scarce see three lengths of the ,ship1 which began to vanish in the ,afternoon2 and than we descryed the ,cape of ,malaga at about four ,leagues distance2 and came to an ,anchor that ,night4 ,the ,city lies under a high ,hill1 and is the ,seat of a ,bishop1 who is at this time a ,natural ,son of ,king ,philip the ,fourth1 of the ,order of ,st4 ,dominic4 ,here the ,merchants told us1 that it had not rained for seven ,months together1 except a day or two for an ,hour3 and that the ,algerines1 who were then breaking with us1 had not been able to have set a ,fleet to ,sea about two years before1 if they had not been furnished with ,masts from ,england2 and that they were now in ,expectation of another ,ship laden with the same1 notwithstanding the ,rupture1 which was as good as began4 ,i only make a ,query1 ,whether ,jews or ,english ,men were the ,freighters8 #af4 ,the next ,morning the ,governour immediately returned our ,salute ,gun for ,gun3 soon after we weighed from ,malaga ,road1 the ,weather very hot4 ,some ,rain fell at ,night1 though very moderately4 ,in the ,evening1 after we had sailed about eighteen ,leagues1 we were becalm'd4 ,the ,sea being quiet1 we saw a great number of ,tortoises swimming above ,water1 several ,bottle-noses1 fish of about three yards long1 and very thick1 and ,hawks flying over to the ,barbary ,coast4 ,the ,hills of ,granada were seen plainly by us1 though at a great distance4 ,the ,wind coming ,easterly1 we kept at ,sea1 beating and plying to and again for these four days1 scarce gaining sixteen ,leagues of our way1 and were forc'd to come to an ,anchor in the ,bay of ,adera1 where there is a strong ,cittadel1 about thirty four or thirty five ,leagues from ,malaga4 #ba4 ,we passed by ,cape de ,gata3 but the ,levant wind still blowing1 having continued almost in that ,point for above two ,months1 as we computed from what they had told us at ,tangier1 we could make but little progress in our ,voyage4 #be4 ,between three and four of the ,clock in the ,morning the ,tornado's began to blow1 and the ,wind violent for the time1 with such continued ,flashes of ,lightning for several hours1 as that the whole ,sky seemed to be on fire1 intermixed with terrible ,claps of ,thunder1 after which followed great showers of ,rain4 #be4 ,the ,wind still contrary1 we descryed ,cape ,st4 ,martin at about fifteen ,leagues distance4 ,tacking about and standing off to ,seaward1 next ,morning #bg4 we found that we had lost about three ,leagues of our way4 #bh4 ,we were athwart ,orlando's ,gap within two ,leagues of the ,shore1 ,cape ,st4 ,martin bearing off us ,n4 by ,w4 ,the ,wind now still2 but a swelling ,sea coming from the ,westward1 which is usual before a ,wind1 which drives the ,water before it4 ,on ,michaelmas-day we were up with the ,island ,ivica1 or ,ivise1 as the ,mariners call it1 and the ,wind blowing fair1 we stood our ,course2 and the next day at ,noon we made the ,island ,majorca1 situate over against the ,kingdom of ,valentia1 and came to an ,anchor in the ,bay of the ,city1 being forced in hither for want of fresh ,water4 ,in the ,afternoon the ,boat was sent on shore2 but the ,vice-,roy would not give us ,prattick1 not bringing a ,patent from ,malaga4 ,octob4 #a4 ,the ,secretary was sent with the ,king's ,pass to the ,vice-,roy to demand ,prattick1 who presently summoned the ,officers of the ,sanita4 ,after long ,debates and ,delays they consented1 and came to the ,mole to receive him4 ,he went directly to the ,governour to acquaint him1 that we were ready to ,salute the ,city with what number of ,guns he pleased1 if he would engage upon his ,honour to give us as many4 ,he replied1 that he would give us three for five2 and wondered1 that we being but a single ,ship1 should make such a ,demand4 ,the ,secretary told him1 ,that we were to be treated as an ,admiral1 having a ,flag on our ,maintop2 and that the ,governour of ,malaga had done it4 ,to this he said1 ,that ,majorca was a ,kingdom1 that he was the ,king's ,representative1 and that by ,reason of the ,miscarriage of his ,predecessor1 when ,monsieur de ,beaufort1 the ,french ,admiral was there1 he had received strict ,orders from ,madrid not to do the like4 ,the ,secretary replied1 ,that we had an ,ambassador on board1 and had as strict ,orders1 and should answer as severely for the ,breach of them4 ,his last ,answer was1 ,that we might1 with our ,sails loose1 keep before the ,town1 till we had furnished our selves with what we wanted4 ,upon receiving this ,message1 the ,ambassador dispatched away one ,joseph ,gabriel ,cortez1 a ,spaniard1 but employed by the ,english ,merchants trading to that ,island1 then on board our ,ship1 to acquaint him1 ,that when we were ready to go away1 we would loose our ,sails1 and not before4 ,we landed within the ,mole2 the ,walk upon it about four or five ,yards broad2 at the ,extremity of which is a very large and stately ,gate1 which leads into the ,city4 ,we went into the great ,church1 somewhat wider than ,westminster-,abbey1 but darkish within3 the ,portal very magnificent1 adorned with several ,marble ,statues in ,niches one over another4 ,the ,high ,altar very plain and unadorned3 but others extraordinary rich and glorious4 ,not far from the ,city are several ,mills to grind their ,olives1 ,oyl being the great ,commodity of the ,island4 #b4 ,the next ,morning we weighed1 without taking any kind of notice of the ,town1 sailing all along in sight of the ,island1 which presented us with a pleasing and delightful ,prospect2 the ,valleys1 lying under the ,hills1 fruitful of ,wine and ,corn4 ,the whole ,island is judged to be about sixty ,leagues in ,compass1 and in length about fifteen3 which we sailed from the ,westermost ,point1 where lies the ,isle ,dragovera1 at a very little distance to the ,eastermost1 where there is built a small ,fort4 ,to the ,s4 ,s4 ,e4 lie several little ,islands1 called the ,cabreas2 between which and ,majorca we steered4 #c4 ,we were athwart ,port ,maon in ,minorca2 a fine level ,country1 having but one ,hill in it ,n4 ,w4 by ,w4 as it bore off us4 ,in the ,evening the ,wind very scant4 #d4 ,this day1 as yesterday1 excessive hot4 #e4 ,in the ,afternoon we descryed the ,main ,land of ,provence4 #f4 ,we were over against the ,islands ,hieres and the ,highland of ,thoulon4 #g1 #h4 ,these two ,days becalmed2 and the ,sea extraordinary smooth4 #i4 ,we were over against the ,westermost part of the ,alpes1 which we distinctly saw at about twenty ,leagues distance1 and appeared far higher than the ,hills of ,granada4 #aj4 ,we sailed by ,final and ,ventimiglia4 #ab4 ,we came in the ,morning to an ,anchor over against the ,mole1 and not far from the ,lantern in ,genoa4 ,having obtained ,prattick of the ,maestri della ,sanita1 after a little demur about the ,salute1 the ,senate being assembled1 and some of them protesting upon their ,honours1 and ready to produce their ,registers1 that they never saluted the ,ship wherein was an ,ambassador of ,france or ,spain1 as not taking any notice of the ,person who did bear that ,character1 'till they had first intimation1 that the ,ship was arrived in their ,port by its saluting the ,town4 ,it was agreed that the ,ship should ,salute the ,town with eleven ,guns1 which they were to answer1 as they did1 with an equal number3 and after a little pause1 they saluted the ,ambassador with nineteen more1 which was answered with as many4 ,after this1 the ,duke and ,senate sent the ,master of the ,ceremonies to wait upon the ,ambassador3 who going away1 returned soon after with a ,present of ,calves1 ,fowl1 ,wine1 ,sweetmeats1 c4 and acquainted his ,lordship1 that they had deputed six of their ,gentlemen to ,complement him1 and wait upon him2 which ,civility he thought fit to refuse1 desiring to be ,incognito4 ,but however1 going ashore1 he was welcomed by the ,illustrissimi ,signiori1 the ,durazzo's1 two ,brothers1 the elder of which had been ,ambassador for the ,republick1 in the ,court of ,england1 and the other at ,constantinople1 and by them carried to see the ,villas out of ,town4 ,the figure of ,genoa is ,semicircular1 beginning from the ,lantern ,westward1 lying under an high ,hill1 upon the rising of which the several ,houses1 built of ,marble1 afford a very fine ,prospect1 and add much to the ,beauty and ,glory of the place4 ,strada nuova perchance is the most stately ,street in the whole ,world4 ,the new ,church of the ,annunciata1 built by the ,lomellini1 where a thousand may go up the stairs abreast at the same time1 for curious ,painting1 rich ,altars1 and exactness of ,architecture1 incomparable4 ,the ,duome also and the ,church of the ,theatins very stately and curious4 ,other matters ,i purposely omit4 #ad4 ,in the ,evening we set ,sail from ,genoa4 ,becalmed for the most part these three ,days1 though helped somewhat forward by the ,breezes that blew off the shore after ,sun set4 #ah4 ,in the ,afternoon we made the ,island ,gorgonia1 about nine ,leagues from ,livorne2 a little round ,island1 with a ,castle on the top4 #ai4 ,in the ,morning we came to an ,anchor in ,livorne ,road1 about a ,mile from the ,town3 the ,road large and secure1 especially to the ,northward4 ,the ,ambassador keeps on ,board1 the ,governour refusing to ,salute the ,ship first1 though he had formerly saluted the ,french2 pretending that every ,convoy might carry a ,flag2 and alledging that his ,master1 the ,grand ,duke1 was as great and absolute1 as the ,republick of ,genoa3 and that they had rather throw themselves upon the ,king of ,england1 than do a thing which might prove of such an ill ,consequence4 ,sir ,john ,finch1 his ,majesty's ,resident1 together with ,sir ,thomas ,baines1 came from ,florence to ,complement the ,ambassador1 and immediately dispatched away a ,courier to the ,grand ,duke about the ,salute2 who referred the whole ,affair to the ,governor3 and he making a ,protest that he was ready to pay all the respect which was due to the ,ambassador's ,character and ,quality1 upon the fore-mentioned ,pretensions1 six days1 after our arrival1 absolutely refused to ,salute the ,ship first4 ,livorne is the great ,magazine of ,trade for the ,levant1 being a free ,port3 ,merchants of all ,countries residing here1 ,armenians especially1 and ,jews2 which latter enjoy great ,priviledges1 without wearing any distinct ,mark in their ,hats or ,habits1 whereby they may be known4 ,they are allow'd the publick ,exercise of their ,religion3 their ,synagogue large and handsome4 ,the ,port inward has a ,mole for the ,duke's ,galleys and other small ,vessels to ride in3 the ,entrance of which is chained up every ,night4 ,hard by is the ,statue of ,duke ,ferdinand in ,marble1 raised upon an high ,pedestal2 under which are four ,slaves in ,brass1 in different ,postures1 very large1 and above the ordinary proportion1 but done with exquisite and admirable ,art4 ,two ,castles to the ,seaward well fortified3 the ,town ,walls very high1 and the four ,gates strongly guarded3 below which is a ,ditch of about fifteen or twenty yards over1 and very deep4 ,no ,stranger is allowed to view the ,works1 nor ,souldier permitted to come out of the ,castles4 ,about four thousand ,slaves are there1 as the ,merchants told us1 who are lockt up in the ,bagno every ,night4 ,the ,piazza1 where the ,merchants meet1 is adorned with ,marble ,pillars1 which sustain the ,porticos3 at the ,east end of which is the great ,church whose ,roof appears very glorious1 having several ,circles richly gilded and painted with curious ,figures4 ,the broad ,street is paved between two and three yards on each side with ,free-stone4 #bg4 ,in the ,afternoon we weighed out of ,livorne ,road1 and sailed by the ,islands ,gorgonia and ,capraria1 seeing ,corsica at a distance4 #bh4 ,we lay beating at ,sea all this ,day1 the ,wind being contrary4 #bi4 ,this ,day we were forced back1 the contrary ,winds still continuing4 #cj4 ,we weighed a second time1 and sailed by three small ,islands1 ,capraria1 ,planasia1 and ,monte ,christi4 ,we saw also ,gigio and ,sanuti1 two other small ,islands near the ,main3 but we made but little way1 by reason of ill ,weather for #d or #e ,days4 ,novemb4 #e4 ,at ,evening we saw the ,eruptions of ,fire from ,stromboli1 which lies to the ,n4 ,w4 of ,sicily4 ,sometimes it flamed very bright ,light as a ,beacon1 at other times there appeared only a glorious kind of ,light1 like that of an ordinary ,star when the ,air is thick and hazy4 ,they say that it flames most in rainy ,weather4 #f4 ,in the ,morning we were up within a ,league of it1 and plainly perceived it to smoke4 ,it is of a round figure1 and1 as we gathered1 may be about three or four ,miles in compass4 ,it bore ,w4 by ,s4 of us4 ,not far from it lye scattered several other ,islands1 called by the ,ancients oli and ,vulcani3 among which are ,lipara1 a long flattish ,island1 and ,vulcanello1 which smokes most4 ,this ,afternoon we came to an ,anchor in eight ,fathom ,water in the ,phare of ,messina1 in the mid ,stream between ,scylla and ,charybdis3 a violent and strong ,current setting against us1 and the ,wind not high enough1 so as to be able to stemm it4 ,the breadth of the ,strait from ,messina to ,rhegium may be about a ,league4 ,the ,land is very high on the ,calabrian side1 where are very steep ,rocks1 and great depth of ,water1 above #aej ,fathom1 as they told us3 but on the ,sicilian side1 near ,charybdis ,shole-water1 and usually an ,eddy4 ,on the ,sandy ,banks stands the ,phare or ,watch-tower4 ,several ,currents meeting in this narrow ,passage1 cause a great rippling of the ,water3 and great quantity of ,water coming in1 as the ,winds drive1 in great quantity meeting with the ,shole1 is broken into ,waves4 ,the ,eddies here are caused by the meeting of the different ,currents by which the ,waters are sometimes carried ,n4 and sometimes ,s4 the great danger is1 lest they drive the ,ship on either side4 ,we have had ,lightning for seven or eight ,nights together4 #g4 ,we sail'd by tna1 now called ,mongibel1 where the ,sea widens ten or eleven ,leagues over4 ,now we see plainly the ,smoke briskly issuing out of the ,crater1 the ,limbus of which was all black4 ,the uppermost part of the ,mountain was covered with ,snow1 except some streaks of ,ashes1 as we judge1 which lie as it were in a ,gutter1 spread here and there4 #h4 ,we espied a ,saettia at about #c ,leagues distance1 and making up to her1 found her forsaken4 ,the ,captain sent several ,seamen on board1 and carried the ,vessel to ,smyrna4 ,scanty ,wind for several ,days3 and the ,lightning still continued4 #ac4 ,we were up with ,cape ,modona1 the ,southernmost ,cape of the ,morea1 and sailed by ,coron4 ,the ,land very high1 the ,hills of ,arcadia lying ,eastward from us4 ,the ,weather excessive hot at this time1 as it is in ,england at ,midsummer4 ,we espied from our ,maintop-mast five ,sail of great ,ships1 which we supposed to be ,tripolines1 who did not think fit to come up and speak with us4 ,but afterward we heard for certain1 that they were part of the ,venetian ,fleet4 #ad4 ,we lay for the most part becalmed over against ,cape ,matapan3 but in the ,evening the ,wind blowing fresh1 we sailed between the ,island of ,cerigo and the ,main ,land of ,greece2 it being about three ,leagues over to ,cape ,angelo4 #ae4 ,we entred the ,arches1 and steered through the ,north ,channel1 leaving ,melo and ,antimelo on the ,starboard-quarter1 at some ,leagues distance4 #af4 ,betimes in the ,morning we were athwart ,negropont1 and sailed between it and ,andros4 ,the ,bocca lies ,s4 ,w4 and ,n4 ,e4 #ag4 ,we sailed by ,chios or ,scio1 which is very mountainous toward the middle4 ,it is about four ,leagues distant from ,cape ,caraboroun1 or the ,cape of the black ,nose1 as the ,turkish word signifies1 which the ,seamen1 in their usual way of corrupting ,names1 call ,cape ,jobbernoule1 the ,corinum of the ,ancients1 a ,promontory of the famous ,mountain ,mimas1 which runs along the ,southern side of the ,bay of ,smyrna4 ,this ,day the ,smyrna ,fleet from ,england comes up to us very luckily1 to our great ,satisfaction and ,joy4 #ah4 ,we are now got into the ,bay of ,smyrna1 and come to an ,anchor without the ,castle1 not far from ,st4 ,jacomo's ,point1 as the ,seamen call it1 or rather ,sangiac ,point4 ,in the ,afternoon the ,consul1 with several ,gentlemen of the ,factory1 came to wait upon my ,lord ,ambassador1 and desired his ,lordship to defer his ,entrance into ,smyrna till the ,twentieth1 that he might be received with greater ,honour4 ,that ,evening we heard a great howling of ,jackalls upon the ,hills4 #bj4 ,the ,consul with the ,nation1 accompanied with his ,druggermen and ,janizaries in their ,habit1 together with several ,french1 ,dutch and ,genoese ,merchants1 residing in that famous ,emporium1 came to the ,village near the ,castle1 who there expected us with ,horses4 ,upon our going ashore1 the ,leopard fired fifty one ,guns4 ,we made about #adj ,horse2 and immediately upon our setting forth1 we rode for about three ,miles together under the ,hill to the ,s4 ,w4 of ,smyrna2 the places adjoyning set thick with ,olive1 ,fig1 and ,almond-trees4 ,afterwards we clambered over some rocky ,ascents2 but the ,horses of the ,country being sure-footed1 we were in no danger of falling4 ,some little way we were forced to ride on the ,sea-shore1 and soon after came to the ,jews burying place1 whose ,monuments lie flat upon the ground4 ,as soon as we entred into the ,city1 we found the ,streets full of ,greeks1 ,armenians1 ,turks1 and ,jews1 whom ,curiosity had drawn together to see and observe our ,cavalcade2 the ,english ,ships1 which were in the ,bay1 firing their ,guns1 as we past near the ,shore4 ,and so after three hours riding the ,ambassador was brought to the ,consul's ,house1 where ,lodgings were provided for him4 ,during our stay we met with not only kind1 but very noble ,entertainment from the worthy ,gentlemen of the ,factory4 ,decemb4 #h4 ,we took our leave of ,smyrna1 being accompanied by the ,consul and ,merchants on board the ,london-,merchant1 ,capt4 ,john ,hill ,commander1 the ,leopard being ordered to go no further than ,smyrna1 it being feared in ,england1 that if she had sailed up to ,constantinople1 the ,turks might have press'd her for their ,service in ,candia1 which they were then besieging4 #i4 ,this ,morning we weighed betimes1 and sailed between ,scio and ,mytilene4 ,but on the #aj4 ,we were forced back near the long ,island within the ,bay1 being unwilling to go to ,scio1 the ,tripolines and ,turkish ,galleys lying there4 ,here we lay ten ,days1 expecting a fair ,wind4 #bj4 ,the ,wind coming about and favouring us1 we sailed a second time between ,scio and ,mytilene4 #ba4 ,we past by ,lemnos1 and were up with the ,island ,tenedos2 a fine ,champaign ,country1 only with one ,hill toward the middle of it4 ,the ,castle to the ,n4 ,e4 part of the ,isle3 over against which lye three small ,islands in a strait ,line4 ,here we came to an ,anchor4 ,we saw the ,ruins of ,troas at a distance1 but did not think it safe to go ashore4 #bb4 ,the ,wind coming about at ,s4 we entred the ,hellespont1 which may be about two ,leagues and a half over4 ,the ,castles built upon the opposite points of ,land1 about #aa or #ab ,years before1 after the great ,defeat given the ,turkish ,armata at the ,dardanels by the ,venetians2 ,cape ,janizary on the ,asian side2 which1 with the ,philum1 makes a tolerable good ,bay for ordinary ,vessels4 ,the narrowest ,strait of the ,hellespont is at the two other ,castles1 distant about six ,leagues1 where it may be about of a ,mile wide4 ,these the ,christians call the ,dardanelli2 at which are situate the ,towns1 ,sestus and ,abydus1 famous in ,greek ,poesie4 ,these ,castles we saluted with our ,guns and ,trumpets1 as we did the first3 but each1 whether out of ,pride1 or out of ,covetousness1 to save the ,grand ,signior's ,powder1 return'd us no more than two ,guns4 ,the ,wind blowing very fair we sailed into the ,propontis4 #bc4 ,we passed by ,st4 ,stephano's ,point1 where we had a full view of the ,s4 ,e4 ,angle of ,constantinople1 which being situated upon several ,hills to a mighty advantage1 what with the ,cypress-,trees intermixed1 and what with the gilded ,spires of the ,moschs1 yielded us a very diverting glorious ,prospect4 ,passing by the ,seraglio ,point1 which we saluted by a discharge of several ,guns1 in the mid ,stream between it and the ,tophana1 we came to an ,anchor4 #bf4 ,on ,st4 ,stephen's ,day the ,ambassador landed at ,galata1 7having before been visited by the ,earl of ,winchelsea1 and the ,merchants residing there7 and was received there by the ,chiaus ,basha and the ,vaivod of ,galata1 the ,janizaries and ,chiauses attending1 and was waited upon by them to his ,palace3 and soon after the ,kaimacam1 or ,governor of ,constantinople1 sent an ,officer to ,complement him upon his ,arrival2 the ,grand ,signior being then at ,larissa in ,thessaly4 ,january #b4 ,the ,ambassadors1 ,old and ,new1 went over to ,constantinople1 that ,morning being assigned by the ,kaimacam to give them ,audience1 the ,chiaus ,basha and other ,officers attending at the ,water-side to receive them2 ,horses being brought thither for them and their ,followers to mount4 ,this ,kaimakam ,jusuph1 a little old ,man1 had formerly been a ,page of the ,chamber1 and chief ,falconer1 and afterwards ,basha of ,silistria4 ,he entertained the ,ambassadors and their ,company with ,perfumes1 ,coffee1 and ,sherbet1 and distributed about fifteen ,koftans ,orrests among them3 after about an ,hours stay they took their leave4 ,being upon the ,coasts of ,greece about ,august or ,september #fi4 in the ,latitude of #ce4 #ec4 we found by our ,azimouth ,compass1 that we had ,westerly variation there #e4 #bb4 ,the variety of ,colours of the ,sea-,water at several times chiefly depends upon the ,wind and ,weather1 and the reflexion of the ,light upon it4 ,it's usual and most natural ,colour is a deep ,green3 but in ,cloudy and ,rainy ,weather1 the ,surface of the ,water appears blackish4 ,on the ,goodwins upon the ,tide of ,flood1 the ,water was white1 the ,waves by reason of the ,shallows1 meeting with opposition1 and breaking into ,foam1 till the ,flood is well advanced4 ,sometimes the ,water is of a perfect ,azure colour1 as we observed for several ,weeks in the ,mediterranean4 ,the ,sun shining bright upon the ,water1 sometimes the upper part of the ,waves appears ,purplish1 sometimes ,reddish2 though in ,shallows perchance it may receive this latter ,tincture also from the ,sands which lie under it4 ,when the ,wind has freshened1 and the ,ship has been under full ,sail1 ,i have observed the ,waves to the head1 and at the sides of the ,ship1 to appear with a pale kind of brightness3 and at ,malaga1 and at my return1 going on board our ,ship1 which lay about half a ,league from the shore1 at ,night1 the ,wind then at ,east1 the ,boats ,crew letting their ,oar fall roughly into the ,water1 diverted us as it were with the sight of a continued ,flame1 raised by their rowing2 which ,i ascribe rather to the ,saline ,particles of the ,sea-,water1 which were then put into a violent ,agitation1 than to the ,spawn of ,fish1 as some of our ,company imagined4 ,sailing toward the ,west of ,portland1 we saw several ,porpisces playing with their ,heads above ,water2 which ,i mention only1 because the ,seamen look upon them as fore-runners of a ,storm2 the ,wind soon after blowing very hard at ,north by ,east4 ,and afterwards arriving at ,constantinople1 the ,wind blowing a stiff ,gale at ,north1 ,i observed with a pleasing kind of astonishment good part of the ,propontis1 that is1 from the ,seraglio ,point toward the ,islands1 which lye against the ,bay of ,nicomedia1 ,eastward and ,south-,east from us1 as far as we could see1 covered as it were with ,porpisces1 which appeared every where in great abundance4 ,so that ,i am very apt to believe that ,julius ,solinus in ,chap4 #ab4 of his ,polykister is to be understood of ,porpisces1 and not of ,dolphins1 now properly so called1 though that be his ,word1 speaking of the ,bosphorus and ,propontis3 ,hc profunda ,delphinas plurimos habent3 and soon after1 ante omnia nihil velocius habent maria1 sic ut plerunque transvolent vela navium4 ,i could not hear that any ,dolphins are caught in those ,seas by the ,greeks1 whose ,poverty1 added to the love which their ,nation has for ,fish1 and the advantage arising thence1 upon the account of their solemn ,fasts and ,abstinences from all ,flesh1 even to a wonderful strictness and scrupulosity1 has made them excellent ,fishermen3 nor did ,i ever see any in their ,fish-,markets1 or see one of them brought to the ,ambassador's ,table by the ,proveditor for curiosity3 ,though otherwise it is an excellently well tasted ,fish1 especially when soused4 ,i allow1 that they will swim very swiftly1 as do the ,porpisces2 and that they will follow a ,ship for several ,leagues together3 but then they ,swim somewhat deep in the ,water1 sometimes are catch'd1 though not often4 ,the ,seamen have reached them with a ,fisgig1 a kind of barbed ,iron1 at the ,end of a ,pole tied fast to a ,rope1 and have made good ,chear with them4 ,but this is only my ,conjecture1 with which ,i end my ,journal4 ,deo ,servatori ,laus4 ,historical ,observations relating to ,constantinople4 ,by the ,reverend and ,learned ,tho4 ,smith1 ,d4 ,d4 ,fellow of ,magd4 ,coll4 ,oxon4 and of the ,royal ,society4 ,constantinople1 formerly ,byzantium1 was#a by ,constantine the ,great1 called so after his own ,name1 who being mightily pleased with the beautiful and advantageous situation of the ,place between two ,seas1 and defended by narrow ,streights on both sides1 removed the ,seat of the ,empire hither1 and laid the foundation of its future ,splendor and ,greatness4 ,it was also by a#bspecial ,edict or ,law of the same ,emperor1 which he caused to be engraven on a ,marble ,pillar1 placed near his own ,statue on ,horse-back1 in one of the ,piazza's of his new built ,city called ,strategium1 where the ,soldiers used to ,muster1 as in the ,campus ,martius1 called second or new ,rome1 in emulation of old ,rome1 which he designed and endeavoured this should equal in all things4 ,accordingly he endowed it with the same ,priviledges and ,immunities1 and established the same number of ,magistrates and ,orders of ,people1 and divided the whole extent of it into fourteen ,precincts or#c,regions1 according to the division of ,rome4 ,and the ,greek ,writers were as elegant and extravagant in their commendations of it2 but the usual ,title in their ordinary ,discourses and ,writings1 when they had occasion to mention it without any flourish1 was 1 1 that is1 the ,imperial ,city1 to the same sense with that of#d,sidonius ,apollinaris1 ,salve sceptrorum columen1 ,regina orientis1 ,orbis ,roma tui4 ,the ,country about it was afterwards called ,romania in a limited and restrained sense1 7for that ,romania was anciently the same with orbis ,romanus1 seems clear from#e;,epiphanius7 and the ,people 4 ,but ,i suppose this was not done till about the middle times of the ,empire1 when it began to decline4 ,the ,greeks still retain this ,name4 ,for if you ask any of the ,greeks born upon the ,continent of ,thrace1 what ,country ,man he is8 he answers forthwith1 ,romios1 for so they pronounce it4 ,the ,turks in like manner call a ,greek ,christian ,urum ,gaour1 or the ,roman ,infidel1 as they will call sometimes the ,emperor of ,germany1 ,urumler ,padisha or ,emperor of the ,romans4 ,hence it was1 that the latter ,grcian ,emperors stiled themselves 1 ,kings of the ,romans1 that is1 such as were ,born in ,romania and the other ,countries1 which made up the ,eastern division of the ,empire4 ,tho' perchance by this flourishing ,title they pretended a right to the ,government of the ,west3 ,upon which vain presumption they assumed also the ,title of 1 or ,emperors of the ,world1 as if they had been the true ,successors of ,augustus1 and the ,western ,emperors1 ,usurpers1 whom they called by way of contempt and indignation1 1 ,reges1 as#f ,luitprandus informs us in the accompt of his ,embassy to ,nicephorus ,phocas1 and afforded the ,people of ,italy no other ,title than that of#g,longobards or ,lombards4 ,the present ,greeks call all the ,western ,christians or ,latins or ,franks1 the ,turks only making use of the latter1 when they speak civilly of us1 and calling ,christendom ,phrenkistan1 in the present ,greek 4 ,the ,turks now as proudly call ,constantinople ,alem pena1 or the refuge of the ,world3 ,where indeed seems to be a medley of all or most ,nations of three parts of it1 and of all ,religions1 which are allowed to be publickly profest and exercised every where throughout the ,empire1 except the ,persian4 ,for they look upon it as a corruption of1 and deviation from the ,rules and ,doctrine of ,mahomet1 their great false ,prophet1 and therefore absolutely forbid it1 as repugnant to1 and destructive of the ,doctrine of ,life and ,salvation1 as they speak4 ,and accordingly they condemn with all imaginable fury the ,professors of it1 who pretend to follow ,ali1 as ,sectaries and ,apostates1 and entertain worse ,opinions of them1 than of ,christians1 or ,jews or ,infidels4 ,the ,persians are not behind-hand with them in their hatred and disrespect1 deriding them as gross and stupid1 and looking upon them as little less than barbarous2 ,interest and ,zeal for their several ,tenets heightning their differences so much1 that in time of ,war they destroy one anothers ,moschs4 ,i remember1 that there was a great ,discourse in ,constantinople among the ,turks concerning an impudent hot-headed ,persian1 who publickly in the new ,mosch built by the ,mother of the present ,emperor1 asserted that ,ali was equal to ,mahomet4 ,but it seems he very luckily made his escape out of their ,hands1 at which the ,priests and the more zealous ,turks were very much scandalized4 ,the ,greeks have twenty six ,churches within the ,walls of the ,city1 besides #f in ,galata1 of which ,i have given an ,account elsewhere4 ,they have also two ,churches at ,scutari1 one at ,kadikui or ,chalcedon4 ,so at ,staurosis1 ,chingilkui1 and several other ,villages upon the ,asian ,shore off the ,bosphorus1 as at ,beshictash1 ,ortakui1 ,chorouch chesme1 which ,church is dedicated to ,st4 ,michal the ,archangel1 ,jenikui or ,neochorion1 ,therapia1 ,bujukdere1 and other ,villages on the ,european side4 ,they have also a ,church at ,haskui1 where is their ,burying place1 and another near the ,bagnio1 dedicated to ,st4 ,parasceve4 ,and at ,tatoula about a ,mile from ,pera1 upon a ,hill1 which from the ,name of the ,church is thence called by the ,greeks and ,franks1 ,st4 ,demetrius his ,hill4 ,next to the holy ,virgin1 ,st4 ,demetrius and ,st4 ,george have most ,churches dedicated to them4 ,the ,armenians have not1 if ,i remember aright1 above seven ,churches2 they being few in number in comparison of the ,greeks4 ,the ,jews may have in the ,city and places adjacent between twenty and thirty ,synagogues1 this being the greatest shelter of that accursed contemptible ,people in the ,grand ,signiors ,dominions1 next to ,caire and ,saloniki3 and ,i believe there may be about twenty or thirty thousand families of them4 ,they are of great use and service to the ,turks1 upon accompt of their ,brocage and ,merchandise1 and ,industry in several mechanical ,trades4 ,all these ,i look upon as ,natives1 or ,slaves rather1 each paying mony for his ,head every year4 ,the ,jews indeed very wisely collect this ,tax among themselves1 and according to an agreement made with the ,teftardar or ,treasurer1 pay a certain sum in gross for their whole ,nation residing there3 by which piece of cunning they are great gainers1 and spare the poor among them less able to pay1 by a contribution of the rich to make up the sum4 ,the ,english and ,dutch ,ambassadors have their ,chappels in their ,palaces common to their respective ,nations4 ,the ,churches and ,chappels of the ,western ,christians of the ,roman ,communion in ,galata1 are ,st4 ,peters1 belonging to the ,dominicans1 where is the famous piece of ,madonna di ,constantinopolis as the ,italians call it1 or of the blessed ,virgin1 holding the holy ,child ,jesus in her arms3 which they pretend to be drawn by the hand of ,st4 ,luke1 celebrated by some of the latter ,ecclesiastical ,writers to have been a famous ,painter4 ,out of respect to this idle tradition the credulous and superstitious ,latins and ,greeks of the ,roman ,communion shew great veneration to it1 which otherwise hath little in it of proportion1 art1 or beauty1 to derive any reputation upon the designer1 or upon his work4 ,st4 ,francis1 belonging to the ,conventuali1 ,friars of the order of ,st4 ,francis2 the ground of this by the wise conduct and intercession of ,caviliere ,molino1 the ,venetian ,bailo1 after the surrender of ,candia1 upon the ,peace made by the ,republick with the ,grand ,signior1 was procured to be restored1 and a handsome ,church rebuilt with the large contributions of mony sent out of ,christendom4 ,st4 ,benedict1 belonging to the ,jesuits1 where is a rich ,altar curiously adorn'd with several figures in ,mosiack4 ,this ,convent was purchased for them by their great ,benefactor1 ,henry the fourth of ,france4 ,st4 ,mary1 belonging to the ,observantines or ,zoccolanti1 a branch of the order of ,st4 ,francis1 so called from their going in ,zoccoli or wooden clogs4 ,the ,capuchines have a little ,chappel dedicated to ,st4 ,george1 hard by the ,french ,ambassadors ,palace4 ,st4 ,ann1 a ,chappel frequented by the ,perotes4 ,st4 ,paul and ,st4 ,anthony1 were both taken away some years since from the ,christians1 and turned into ,moschs4 ,the former of which is now known by the name of ,arab ,giamesi1 or the ,mosch of the ,arabians4 ,our ,interpreters mentioned also to me the ,church of ,st4 ,john1 which the ,turks have seized upon for their use1 ,st4 ,george1 which the ,jews are possest of1 and ,st4 ,sebastian1 which was used to be visited chiefly on ,holy days4 ,the ,north-wind blows for the most part at ,constantinople4 ,which must be ascribed to its nearness to the ,euxine ,sea1 which bears that point from it4 ,so that for want of a ,southwardly wind ,ships have been forced to lye a month or two sometimes near the mouth of the ,hellespont4 ,this was taken notice of long since by ,eunapius in the life of desius1 who ascribes the seldom blowing of the ,south wind to the situation of the mountains1 whereas it is checked and overpowered by the exuberance of the ,vapours continually sent forth from the black and great ,sea1 as the ,greeks call it in comparison of the ,mediterranean4 ,vide ad finem ,codini de origin4 ,constantinopol4 ,edit4 ,paris4 ,pag4 #hj4 ,the ,hellespont is about forty miles in length1 and at the ,castles of ,sestos and ,abydos the streight may be about three quarters of an ,english mile over1 or less4 ,the length of the ,propontis is about a hundred and fifty miles1 both shores may be seen in the middle of it4 ,in it are1 ,cyzicus1 an ,island near the ,asian shore1 to which it is joined by two bridges4 ,it still retains its ancient name 1 and is the seat of a ,bishop1 being inhabited by a considerable number of ,greeks4 ,proconnesus1 not far from the former2 now1 as for some centuries past1 called ,marmora1 from the excellent quarries of ,marble there found1 the marmor ,cyzenicum also being famous in the time of ,pliny4 ,besbychus1 now called by the ,greek 1 or the good haven1 not far from the entrance into the bay of ,montanea to the ,north and by ,east4 ,the ,turks call it ,imralme4 ,there are several ,islands over against the bay of ,nicomedia1 formerly called ,sinus ,astacenus1 according to ,strabo1 about six or seven leagues from ,constantinople4#h ,prote1 so called because they approach first to it1 coming from ,constantinople2 to the ,south of this ,prencipe and ,pytis1 which ,i take to be the same with ,pyrgos1 that lyes inmost toward the bay3 ,chalcitis1 in modern ,greek1 ,chalce or ,chalcis4 ,oxia and ,platy to the ,north-west4 ,i have expressed the ,turkish names of the lesser and uninhabited islands elsewhere1 which perchance were phantastically imposed by some ,franks4 ,the ,seraglio is at the extreme point of the ,north-east ,angle of ,constantinople1 where formerly stood old ,byzantium1 within which towards the ,haven is a stately ,kiosk or summer house1 from whence the ,grand ,signior usually takes ,barge1 when he passes into ,asia1 or diverts himself upon the ,bosphorus1 at which time the ,bostangi ,bashi1 who hath the principal care of the ,emperors palace1 and hath the command of the ,bosphorus1 sits at the helm and steers4 ,the seven ,towers are at the ,south-east extremity4 ,the only ,suburbs are to the ,north-west1 along the ,haven-side2 for above the hill1 where the three walls begin1 lies an open champaign ,country1 except that here and there at considerable distances farm houses are scatter'd4 ,the ,haven runs in from the ,west1 and so opens ,east4 ,at the ,east end of ,galata is ,tophana1 where they cast their great ,guns4 ,pera and ,galata have about six gates to the ,seaward4 ,the whole tract of ground was anciently1 before the times of the ,emperor ,valentinian1 who enclosed and fortified ,galata with walls and towers1 styled or ,regio ,pera being 1 on the other side of the ,city to the ,north1 which is the reason of its name1 seated on higher hills1 and whose ascent is more steep and difficult4 ,our modern ,geographers1 such as ,mercator and ,ortelius1 who herein follow ,ptolomy1 place ,constantinople in the ,latitude of #dc4 degrees and #e minutes3 the ,arabian and ,persian ,astronomers1 as ,abulfeda1 ,nassir ,edin1 ,vlugh ,beigh1 and so the 1 ,chrysococcas translated out of the ,persian tables1 place it more ,northerly in #de4 ,but by latter and better observation it is found1 that they have erred in assigning the ,latitude of this ,city1 as of several other places4 ,to salve these differences1 there is no just ground of pretence to say1 that the ,poles are moveable and have changed their situation since their time1 whereas it may better be imputed to their want of due care1 or to their taking things upon trust1 from the reports of ,travellers and ,seamen1 not having been upon the places themselves3 which certainly is to be said for ,ptolomy whose observations1 as to places more remote from ,alexandria1 are far from being accurate and true4 ,the learned ,mr4 ,john ,greaves1 as ,i find in a ,manuscript discourse1 very worthy of being ,printed1 which he presented to the most reverend and renowned ,arch-bishop ,usher1 took the height of the ,pole at ,constantinople with a brass sextant of above #d feet radius1 and found it to be but #da degrees #f4 but by the observation we made in our ,court-yard at ,pera with a very good ,quadrant we found it but #dj degrees and #eh minutes of ,north ,latitude4 ,there is no place between the ,propontis and the walls of the ,city1 except just at the ,seraglio-point1 which may be two hundred paces in length2 where they have raised on a platform a battery for ,great guns2 but from the point to the end of the ,haven ,west1 the space to the gates is unequal in some places about twenty paces broad1 in others three or four times as many more4 ,the distance between ,constantinople and ,chalcedon upon the opposite ,bythinian-shore may be about three or four miles4 ,in the ,walls are engraven the ,names of several ,emperors1 who reigned toward the declension of the ,grcian ,empire1 as ,theophilus1 ,michael1 ,basilius1 ,constantius ,porphyrogenitus1 by whose care1 and at whose expence the several breaches caused in them by the ,sea or by ,earthquakes1 were repaired4 ,kumkapi or the sand-gate lies toward the ,propontis2 this the ,greeks call in their vulgar language 1 ,contoscalium1 or the little scale or landing-place4 ,here formerly was an ,arsenal for ,gallies and other small vessels2 it being a convenient passage over ,sea4 ,over this ,gate was anciently engraven a curious ,inscription still preserved in that excellent collection published by#i;,gruterus4 ,jedicula ,kapi1 or the ,gate of the seven ,towers1 so called from its nearness to that ,acropolis1 is that1 ,i guess1 which the ,greeks formerly called or the ,golden ,gate1 and by some late ,latin ,writers ,chrysea1 in ,luitprandus1 ,carea1 by a mistake either of the ,transcriber or ,printer1 for ,aurea1 for so certainly it must be mended4 ,over this ,gate was this inscription1 ,hc loca ,theudosius decorat post fata ,tyranni1 ,aurea secla gerit1 qui portam construit auro4 cited by ,sirmond in his notes upon#aj,sidonius4 ,this ,gate is in the twelfth ,region1 and was also called from its beautiful and curious structure4 ,the ,gun gate formerly called ,roman gate1 not because it leads towards the continent of ,romania or ,thrace1 but from#aa,st4 ,romanus1 where the last ,christian ,emperor was killed at the assault which the ,turks made to force their ,way into the ,city by it4 ,near ,adrianople gate is a fair large ,mosch called ,ali-bassa1 upon a hill accounted the highest in the ,city4 ,the distance between tower and tower in the upper wall to the landward may be about ninety of my paces2 the space between that and the second wall about eighteen paces over4 ,the place1 where the ,lyons1 ,leopards1 and such like wild creatures are kept1 7where ,i saw also several ,jackalls7 was formerly1 as the ,greeks told me1 a ,christian ,church dedicated to or the ,blessed ,virgin1 where this ,verse is still legible1 4 ,there is no tide or running back of the water on any side of the ,bosphorus into the black ,sea1 as#absome have imagined1 whose mistake might possibly arise hence1 that the wind being at ,north1 and blowing hard1 the current sets more violently at such times against the several headlands jetting out into the channel1 which admits of several turnings1 and so the waters are forced back to some little distance3 or else because when the ,south-wind freshens and grows boisterous1 it makes a high rolling ,sea in the ,propontis and ,bosphorous1 and being contrary to the current1 gives a check to it1 so that it becomes less sensible1 and is easily stemmed4 ,where it is narrowest1 the distance seems to the eye to be scarce a mile over from one shore to another2 where broadest1 not much above a mile and a half1 unless where it runs into the deep ,bays1 which by reason of their shallowness only harbour ,boats4 ,the channel certainly is natural and not cut by art1 as some have idly fansied1 not considering1 how the ,euxine ,sea should discharge it self otherwise of those great quantities of waters1 poured into it by the ,ister and ,tanais1 now called ,don1 and the other ,rivers1 whereby it becomes less salt1 even very sensibly to the taste1 than several parts of the ,mediterranean4 ,the ,fish1 by a strange kind of instinct1 pass in vast shoals twice a year1 ,autumn and ,spring1 through the ,bosphorus1 that is1 out of one ,sea into another1 of which the ,greeks1 who live several months of the year upon them1 take great numbers1 and supply the markets at easie rates2 the ,cormorants and other ravenous water-fowl1 which the ,turks will not suffer to be destroy'd or otherwise molested1 preying upon them4 ,the weather in some months is very inconstant1 great heats and colds happening the same day upon the change of the wind4 ,the winters at ,constantinople are sometimes extraordinary severe4 ,i have heard it related by several old ,greeks1 as a thing most certain that the ,bosphorus was frozen over in the time of ,achmed1 and that a ,hare was coursed over it4 ,it hapned thus1 that upon a thaw huge cakes of ,ice came floating down the ,danube into the black ,sea1 and were driven by the current into the ,bosphorus1 whereupon the return of the frost1 they were fixed so hard that it became passable4 ,in the year #affi there was ,ice in the ,haven to the great amazement of the ,turks2 and some were so frighted at this unusual accident1 that they lookt upon it as a dismal prodigy1 and concluded1 that the ,world would be at an end that ,year4 ,the ,aguglia or ,obelisk in the ,hippodrome is betwixt fifty and sixty ,foot high4 ,the ,historical ,pillar in basso relievo1 raised in honour of the ,emperors ,arcadius and ,honorius1 may be in height about an hundred seven and forty feet4 ,alexius ,comnenus lies buried in the ,patriarchal ,church against the wall1 and his daughter ,anna ,comnena1 the ,historian1 who lived about the year of ,christ #aaag4 ,they pretend to shew there the reliques of ,st4 ,anastasia1 who suffered ,martyrdom under the ,emperor ,valerianus1 and of ,st4 ,euphemia1 ,virgin and ,martyr1 who lost her life most gloriously for ,christ's holy religion at ,chalcedon under ,dioclesian4 ,in ,sancta ,sophia there are pillars so great1 that a ,man can scarce fathom them at twice4 ,at the end of the ,gallery1 that joins the other two1 each about thirty of my paces wide1 there is a piece of transparent ,marble1 two or three ,inches thick4 ,in the ,north gallery upon the ,pavement is a reddish sort of a ,marble ,stone1 brought1 as the ,turks and ,christians relate1 from ,palestine1 on which they ,fable1 that the blessed ,virgin used to wash the linnen of our ,saviour4 ,i observed but one step from the ,body of the ,church to the ,bema or place where the ,altar formerly stood4 ,the great ,mosch at ,chasim-bassa on ,pera side to the ,west1 was formerly a ,church dedicated to ,st ,theodosia4 ,gianghir1 a ,mosch so called1 upon a hill at ,fondaclee near ,tophana4 ,in ,constantinople there are several narrow streets of ,trade1 closed up with sheds and pent-houses1 which ,i suppose were in use before the ,greeks lost their ,empire1 and are the same with the in ,chrysaloras his#ac;,epistle4 ,but besides these places1 several ,trades have their distant quarters4 ,the streets are raised for the most part on each side for the greater convenience4 ,not far from ,suleimania is the house of the ,aga or ,general of the ,janizaries1 which so often changes its ,masters4 ,pompey's pillar1 as the ,franks erroneously call it1 is of the ,corinthian order1 curiously wrought1 about eighteen foot in height and three in ,diameter4 ,beshiktash1 a ,village within three or four miles of ,constantinople towards the ,bosphorus1 where lies buried the famous ,pirate ,ariadin1 whom the ,christian ,writers call ,barbarossa1 who built here a handsome ,mosch1 having two rows of ,pillars at the entrance4 ,the ,captain ,bassa usually1 before he puts to ,sea with his ,armata of ,gallies1 visits the ,tomb of this fortunate ,robber1 who had made several thousand ,christians ,slaves1 and makes his ,prayers at the neighbouring ,church for the good ,success of his expedition4 ,they reckon in the ,city above a hundred publick ,baths1 every street almost affording one4 ,they are esteemed works of great ,piety and ,charity2 there being a continual use of them1 not only upon the accompt of ,religion1 but of ,health and ,cleanliness4 ,for their ,diet being for the most part hot spiced meats in the ,winter1 and crude fruits in the ,summer1 their ,liquor ,fountain ,water1 or ,coffee1 to which we may add their lazy kind of ,life 7for walking is never used by them for digestion1 or otherwise in the way of diversion7 frequent bathing becomes necessary4 ,there are several receptacles of ,water under ,ground1 and one particularly under the ,church of ,sancta ,sophia1 as ,i was informed2 but ,i did not think it worth my curiosity to descend into it4 ,these were of great use to the poor ,greeks in the last fatal ,siege2 but the ,turks are so secure1 that they do not think1 that they deserve either cost or pains to keep the ,waters sweet1 or the cisterns in repair4 ,the ,aqueducts1 which answer to those glorious ,aqueducts1 near ,pyrgos1 and convey the water to the great cistern near ,sultan ,selim's ,mosch1 are in that part of ,constantinople1 which lies between the ,mosch of ,mahomet the ,great and ,shaxade4 ,the ,turks began to besiege ,constantinople on the fifth of ,april1 and took it the twenty ninth of ,may on ,whitsun ,tuesday morning #adec4 or as the ,turks reckon in the year #heg4 of the ,hegira1 or flight of ,mahomet1 the #bb day of the first ,jomad4 ,the ,chappel1 where ,ejub ,sultan is interred1 at whose ,head and ,feet ,i observed great wax ,candles1 is enclosed with latten wire ,grates1 for the better accommodation of such religious ,turks as come to pay their respect to the memory of this great ,musulman ,saint4 ,in the middle of the ,area there is raised a building sustained by excellent marble ,pillars1 ascended by two several pair of stairs1 where the new ,emperor is inaugurated1 and where he usually goes in ,biram-time4 ,,footnotes3 #a 4 ,so the ,emperor ,constantine in a ,letter to ,eusebius4 de vita ,constantini4 lib4 #d4 cap4 #cf4 apud ,theodoritum ,histor4 ,eccles4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #af4 v4 etiam ,socrat4 ,scholast4 ,hist4 ,eccles4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #af4 #b ,v4 ,socratem ibidem4 ,et ,theophanem in ,chronographia ,,xxv4 anno ,constantini4 #c ,the ,italian ,word ,rione is a manifest corruption of the ,latin ,word4 #d ,in ,panegyrico1 quem ,rom dixit ,anthemio ,augusto1 bis ,consuli4 #e ,hresi ,,lxix4 qu est ,arianorum4 ,sect4 #b4 where he says a sad dismal ,fire was kindled by ,arius2 1 1 which seized almost upon all ,romania1 or ,universum ,romanorum imperium1 as ,petavius renders it1 but especially the ,eastern parts of it4 #f ,pag4 #add1 #aeb1 #aec4 #g ,pag4 #aci4 #h v4 ,gillium de ,bosp4 ,thracio lib4 ,,iii4 cap4 #ab4 c4 #i ,pag4 #afi4 ,num4 #c4 #aj ,pag4 #aba4 #aa ,vid4 ,historiam ,politicam ,constantinopoleos apud ,crusium in ,turco-,grcia1 pag4 #i4 #ab ,this was an old error2 for thus writes ,dionysius ,byzantinus in his little ,book of the ,bosphorus4 ' 4 #ac ,pag4 #aai4 ,an account of the ,city of ,prusa in ,bythynia1 and a continuation of the ,historical ,observations relating to ,constantinople1 by the ,reverend and learned ,thomas ,smith ,d4 ,d4 fellow of ,magd4 ,coll4 ,oxon4 and of the ,royal ,society4 ,montanea formerly called ,nicopolis according to ,bellonius1 or rather ,cios1 the bay hence called ,sinus ,cianus1 lies in the bottom of a ,bay about ,fourscore miles from ,constantinople1 and is the ,scale or ,landing-place for ,prusa1 from which it may be about twelve miles2 in the middle way to which is the ,village ,moussanpoula4 ,prusa1 now called by the ,turks ,bursia1 the chief ,city of ,bythynia1 is seated at the foot partly1 and partly upon the rising of the mount ,olympus1 which is one of the highest ,hills of the lesser ,asia4 ,its top is covered with ,snow for nine or ten ,months of the ,year1 several streams of ,water flowing down the ,hill continually1 accounted very unwholesom from the ,snow mixed with it4 ,in the upper part of the ,city to the ,north-west lies the ,seraglio1 which is walled round2 but the ,emperors not residing here since their acquests in ,thrace1 or scarce making visits to this ,imperial ,city1 and none of their ,sons living here of late1 according to the former ,policy of the ,turkish ,emperors1 who did not permit their ,sons1 when grown up1 to be near them1 but sent them to some ,honourable ,employment1 accompanied with a ,bassa and ,cadi to instruct them in the ,arts of ,war and ,government1 it lies now neglected and despoiled of all its ornaments4 ,in this part also are the ,sepulchers of ,osman1 the founder of the ,family1 which now ,reigns1 and his ,son ,urchan1 who took the ,city1 near a ,mosch1 formerly a ,christian ,church dedicated to ,st4 ,john1 and where was formerly a ,convent of ,religious1 built by ,constantinus ,iconomachus1 where ,i saw the figure of a ,cross still remaining upon the ,wall4 ,here hangs up a ,drum of a vast bigness1 such as they carry upon the backs of ,cammels1 and ,i suppose is one of those which they used in the taking the ,place4 ,in the lower part1 near the bottom of the ,hill1 ,morad the second1 the ,father of ,mahomet the ,great1 lies buried3 near whereunto was formerly the ,metropolitical ,church of the ,holy ,apostles4 ,the ,bezesten1 or ,exchange1 seems to be much better and larger than the great one at ,constantinople1 as are the several ,caravanserais built for the use and accommodation of ,merchants1 and ,travellers2 in one of which1 the ,rice ,chane1 ,i took up my quarters4 ,without the ,city toward the ,east is the ,mosch and ,sepulcher of the ,emperor ,bajazid the first1 whom the ,turks call ,jilderim or lightning1 and the ,greek ,writers 4 ,not far from hence is the ,mosch of ,mahomet the first1 and his ,sepulcher4 ,toward the ,west upon the side of the ,hill is the ,mosch of ,morad the ,first1 whom they call ,gazi or the ,conqueror1 near which he lies buried4 ,there are in the whole about #abd ,moschs1 several of which were formerly ,christian ,churches1 and between fifty and sixty ,chanes4 ,the ,castles built by ,osman1 when he besieged the ,city1 are slighted and altogether unfortified1 the one to the ,north1 the other to the ,south-,west4 ,at ,checkerghe1 about a mile and a half out of ,town1 are the hot ,baths1 much frequented both by ,christians and ,turks4 ,they are made very ,convenient to ,bath in1 and are covered over1 that they may be used in all ,weathers4 ,among others1 there is a large round ,basin1 where they usually divert themselves by ,swimming4 ,what opinions the ,turks have of our ,blessed ,saviour and the ,christian ,religion1 ,i shall briefly shew1 as they lie dispersed in several ,chapters of the ,alcoran1 according to which they frame their ,discourse1 whensoever either ,zeal or ,curiosity puts them upon this ,topick4 ,for ,mahomet upon his setting up to be the ,author of a new ,religion1 finding such a considerable part of the ,world professing the doctrine of ,christ1 with all the ,mysteries of ,faith therein contained1 was cast upon a necessity of saying something both concerning ,him and ,it4 ,by which it will appear1 how great the ,power of ,truth is above ,imposture and ,subtility1 and that as the ,devils in the ,possessed confess'd1 though against their ,wills1 ,christ to be the ,son of ,god1 so this ,dmoniack in the midst of all his ,forgeries and ,lies1 and ,ridiculous and ,childish ,narratives1 not being able to contradict the universal ,belief of the ,christians of that1 and the preceding ,ages1 founded on the ,history of the ,gospel1 hath been forced to give ,testimony to several particulars of it4 ,they confess then that ,christ was ,born of a ,pure ,spotless ,virgin1 the ,virgin ,mary1 chosen by ,god and sanctified above all the ,women in the ,world2 and that the ,angel ,gabriel was dispatched out of ,heaven to acquaint her with the ,news of it4 ,that such a kind of ,miraculous and ,supernatural ,birth never hapned to any besides1 and that ,christ was conceived by the ,holy ,ghost1 and that he wrought mighty ,miracles1 for ,instance1 that he cleansed ,lepers1 gave ,sight to the ,blind1 restored ,sick ,persons to their ,health1 and raised the ,dead4 ,that he is a great ,prophet1 sent by ,god to convert ,men from the ,vanity and ,error of their false ,worship to the ,knowledge of the true ,god1 to ,preach ,righteousness1 and to correct and restore the ,imperfection and ,miscarriages of ,humane ,nature2 that he was of a most ,holy and ,exemplary ,life1 that he was the true ,word of ,god1 the ,apostle or ,ambassador of ,god2 ,that his ,gospel was revealed to him from ,heaven1 and that he is in ,heaven standing nigh to the ,throne of ,god4 ,they ,blaspheme indeed with a ,brutishness and ,stupidity only befitting ,turks1 the ,mysteries of the ,holy ,trinity1 and of the ,divinity of our ,blessed ,saviour1 and deny that he was put to ,death1 and say that another in his ,shape was ,crucified by the ,jews1 and that he himself was assumed into ,heaven in his ,body without dying at all1 and consequently they will not own1 that he satisfied ,divine ,justice for the ,sins of the ,world2 so great an affinity is there between the ,heresie of ,socinus and profess'd ,mahometanism4 ,i could never yet see any ,turkish ,translation of the ,alcoran2 they cry up the ,elegance of the ,style1 which being ,enthusiastick and ,high-flown1 by reason also of the tinkling of the ,periods1 is very delightful to their ,ears1 who seem to be affected with ,rhime mightily4 ,though ,i suppose it is upon a more ,politick ,account1 that they are so averse1 as to the translating it into their vulgar ,language1 not out of respect to the ,sacredness of the ,original only1 whose full commanding ,expressions they think cannot be translated without a great diminution to the ,sense2 but to keep it in greater ,veneration among the ,people1 who might be apt to ,slight and ,dis-esteem it1 should it become thus common among them4 ,it is enough1 that the ,priests and ,learned ,men explain the difficult ,passages of it to the ,people1 and write ,commentaries for the use of the more ,curious and ,inquisitive4 ,the ,persians on the contrary think it no disparagement to the ,arabick1 or ,profanation of the ,sense1 to ,translate this cursed ,book into their own ,language1 and ,copies are frequent among them4 ,the ,grand ,signior's ,women are usually the choicest ,beauties of the ,christian ,spoils1 presented by the ,bassa's or ,tartars4 ,the present ,sultana1 the ,mother of the young ,prince ,mustapha1 is a ,candiot2 the ,valide or ,emperor's ,mother1 a ,russian1 the ,daughter of a poor ,priest1 who with her ,relations were seized upon by the ,tartars in an ,incursion1 which they made into the ,muscovites ,country4 ,she being receiv'd into the ,seraglio1 by her beautiful ,complexion and cunning ,behaviour1 gain'd the ,heart and ,affection of ,sultan ,ibrahim 7a ,man wholly addicted to soft ,pleasures1 and who seldom cared to be long absent from the ,women's ,apartment1 but chose to spend his time among them7 having the good fortune to be the ,mother of the ,prince ,mahomet1 the eldest ,son of his ,father1 who now ,reigns1 she had all the ,honours that could possibly be done her1 and was the beloved ,hazaki or chief ,concubine4 ,during this height of ,splendor and ,glory1 the ,court removing from ,constantinople to ,adrianople1 distant about an ,hundred and ,twenty ,miles1 as she was passing in great ,state attended with her ,guards1 through the ,streets of the ,city1 in a ,coach1 much like our ,carriage-,wagons1 but that they are latticed to let in the ,air 7for no one must presume to stare or scarce look upon the ,women1 much less must they themselves suffer their ,faces to be seen in this jealous ,country7 she out of ,curiosity looking through the holes1 saw a poor ,christian ,slave in a ,shop1 where ,sugar and such like ,wares were ,sold4 ,upon her return she sent one of her ,eunuchs to enquire for the ,person1 and to ask him several ,questions about his ,country1 ,relations1 ,friends1 and the time when and how long he had been a ,slave3 ,his answers were so particular and satisfactory1 that she was soon convinc'd of the ,truth and ,certainty of her apprehensions1 when she first cast her ,eyes upon him1 that he was her ,brother1 and accordingly it proved so4 ,whereupon acquainting the ,emperor with it1 she immediately redeemed him from his ,patron1 and having made the poor ,wretch turn ,turk1 got him considerably preferred4 ,the ,bassa's for the most part are the ,sons of ,christians1 taken into the ,seraglio1 near the ,emperor's ,person1 and so are prefer'd to considerable ,governments1 or else they raise themselves by their ,conduct and ,valour4 ,mahomet ,bassa in the time of ,achmet1 whose eldest ,daughter he ,married1 was the first natural ,turk1 that was made chief ,vizir1 having before been ,captain ,bassa4 ,the chief ,vizir ,mahomet ,kupriuli1 7who settled the ,empire in the ,minority of this ,emperor1 when it was ready to be shaken into ,pieces1 and dissolved by several powerful ,factions in the ,state1 and by the ,mutinies and ,discontents of the ,janizaries and ,saphi's1 who drove different ways7 was an ,albaneze by ,birth1 the ,son of a ,greek ,priest1 whom out of the height of ,zeal for ,mahomet1 he made turn ,turk in his ,old ,age1 and converted the ,christian ,church in the ,village where he was ,born into a ,mosch4 ,this ,man also forbad the ,dervises to ,dance in a ,ring and turn round1 which before was their solemn ,practice at set times before the ,people1 which they would do so long1 till they were giddy by this swift circular ,motion1 and fell down in a ,swound1 and then oftentimes upon their recovery from such ,trances1 they pretended to ,revelation4 ,the ,church-,men are not very kind to his ,memory1 looking upon him as a ,man of little or no ,religion2 and they give out1 that if he had lived1 he would have forbid their calling to ,prayers from the ,spires of their ,moschs1 and hanging out ,lamps2 both which they look upon as ,solemn and ,essential to the exercise of ,religion2 but he as the effect of ,bigotry and ,superstition4 ,they have a mighty ,honour and ,esteem for ,physicians1 for though they are of ,opinion1 that they cannot with all their ,art prolong ,life1 the ,period and ,term of it being ,fatal1 and absolutely determin'd by ,god1 yet they often consult them upon any violent ,sickness or ,pain1 in order to make the time allotted them in this ,world more pleasant and easie4 ,it is extraordinary rare1 that a natural ,turk makes ,physick his ,profession and ,study4 ,they who practice it among them1 when ,i was in ,turky1 were for the most part ,greeks and ,jews1 who know nothing of ,chymical ,medicines1 but follow the usual ,methods1 which they learnt in ,italy and ,spain1 the former having studied in ,padua1 and the latter in ,salamanca1 where they pass for good ,catholicks4 ,and ,i remember ,i met with a certain ,jew ,physician1 who had been a ,capuchine in ,portugal4 ,during the tedious ,siege of ,candia1 the ,vizir1 what with the melancholy1 and what with the ill ,air of the ,camp1 finding himself much indispos'd1 sent for a ,christian ,physician ,signior ,massalins1 a subject of the ,republick of ,venice1 but ,married to a ,greek ,woman1 by whom he had several ,children1 who was our ,neighbour at ,pera1 an experienc'd able ,man1 to come speedily to him1 and made him a ,present of about a thousand ,dollars1 in order to fit himself for the ,voyage and bear the expence of it4 ,by this worthy ,gentleman's ,care1 he recovered his ,health1 and would not permit him to depart1 till after the surrendry of that ,city1 which might be about seven ,months after his ,arrival there1 treating him in the mean while with all imaginable ,respect4 ,during our short stay at ,bursia1 one of our ,janizaries accidentally discoursing with a ,turk about us1 whom they knew to be ,franks1 told him that there was a ,physician in the ,company1 who had been lately at the ,grand ,signior's ,court at ,saloniki with the ,english ,ambassador1 and was now upon his return from ,constantinople to ,smyrna1 where he lived4 ,this presently took vent1 and the ,turks thought that they had got a ,man among them1 that could ,cure all ,diseases ,infallibly2 for several immediately came to find us out in behalf of themselves or their ,sick ,friends1 and one of the most considerable ,men upon the ,place1 desir'd the ,doctor to go to his ,house to visit one of his ,women ,sick in ,bed1 who being permitted to feel her naked ,pulse 7for usually they throw a piece of fine ,silk or ,curl over their ,womens ,wrists at such times7 soon discovered by that and other ,symptoms and ,indications of her ,distemper1 that opening a ,vein would presently give her ,ease and recover her3 which he did accordingly2 for which he received an embroidered ,handkerchief instead of a ,fee1 and gained the ,reputation of having done a mighty ,cure4 ,they have little of ,ingenious or ,solid ,learning among them2 their chief ,study1 next to the ,alcoran1 being metaphysical ,niceties about the ,attributes of ,god1 or else the ,maintenance of other odd speculative ,notions and ,tenets1 derived down to them from some of their famed ,masters and ,holy ,men1 whom they pretend to follow4 ,their ,knowledge of the motion of the ,heavens1 for which the ,arabians and the other ,eastern ,nations have been so deservedly famous1 as their ,astronomical ,tables of the ,longitude and ,latitude of the fixed ,stars1 and of the appulse of the ,moon to them1 fully evince1 is now very mean1 and is chiefly studied for the use of ,judiciary ,astrology4 ,the great ,instrument they make use of is an ,astrolabe1 with which they make very imperfect ,observations1 having no such thing as a ,quadrant or ,sextant1 much less a ,telescope1 or any mechanical ,engine1 to direct and assist them in their ,calculation4 ,their ,skill in ,geography is as inconsiderable2 ,i remember ,i heard the ,captain ,bassa1 whom they stile ,admiral of the ,black and ,white ,seas1 meaning the ,euxine and the ,mediterranean1 ask this silly ,question2 whether ,england were out of the ,streights8 and at another time the ,caymican or ,governour of ,constantinople1 hearing that ,england was an ,island1 desired to know1 how many ,miles it was about1 in order1 we supposed1 to make an estimate of our ,king's ,greatness and ,strength by the extent and compass of it4 ,one of the great ,astrologers of ,constantinople1 having heard that ,i had a pair of ,globes in my ,chamber1 made me a ,visit on purpose to see their contrivance1 being introduced by a worthy ,gentleman of our own ,nation4 ,after the first ,ceremonies were over1 ,i took my ,terrestrial ,globe1 and rectified it to the position of the ,place1 and pointed to the several ,circles both without and upon it1 and told him in short the several uses of them3 ,then shewed him how ,constantinople bared from ,candia at that time ,besieged1 ,cair1 ,aleppo1 ,mecca1 and other chief ,places of the ,empire1 with the other ,parts of the ,world3 ,at which he was mightily surprized to see the whole ,earth and ,sea represented in that ,figure and in so narrow a compass1 and pleased himself with turning the ,globe round several times together4 ,afterwards ,i set before him the ,celestial ,globe1 and rectified that1 and shewed him how all the noted ,constellations were exactly described1 and how they moved regularly upon their ,poles1 as in the ,heavens2 some rising1 and others setting1 some always above the ,horison1 and others always under1 in an oblique ,sphere1 and particularly what ,stars would rise that ,night with us at such an ,hour2 the ,man seemed to be ravished with the ,curiosity of it1 turning this ,globe also several times together with his ,finger1 and taking a mighty ,pleasure in viewing the motion of it3 and yet this silly ,animal past for a ,conjurer among the ,turks1 and was look'd upon as one that could foretel the events of ,battels1 the fates of ,empires1 and the end of the ,world4 ,they have no ,genius for ,sea-,voyages1 and consequently are very ,raw and ,unexperienc'd in the ,art of ,navigation1 scarce venturing to ,sail out of ,sight of ,land4 ,i speak of the natural ,turks1 who ,trade either into the ,black ,sea1 or some part of the ,morea1 or between ,constantinople and ,alexandria2 and not of the ,pyrats of ,barbary1 who are for the most part ,renegado's1 and learn'd their ,skill in ,christendom1 which they exercise so much to the ,terror and ,damage of it4 ,a ,turkish ,compass consists but of eight ,points1 the four ,cardinal and four ,collateral2 they being at a mighty ,loss how to ,sail by a side ,wind1 when by hauling their ,sails sharp1 they might lie their ,course1 and much more1 when they are in the ,winds ,eye1 not knowing how to make ,tacks and ,bords1 but choose rather to make hast into some ,neighbouring ,port1 'till the ,wind blows fair4 ,an ,english and ,turkish ,vessel both bound for the ,bay of ,saloniki1 at the time of the ,grand ,signior's being there1 past together out of the ,hellespont2 but foul ,weather happening1 the ,turks got into ,lemnos2 while our ,men kept at ,sea and pursued their ,voyage1 and after three ,weeks stay1 returned back to us1 observing in their way1 that the ,turks remained in the same place where they left them1 for want of a ,fore-,wind to put to ,sea in4 ,they trouble not themselves with reading the ,histories of other ,nations or of antient times1 much less with the ,study of ,chronology1 without which1 ,history is very lame and imperfect2 which is the cause of those ridiculous and childish ,mistakes1 which pass current and uncontradicted among them4 ,for instance1 they make ,job one of ,solomon's ,judges and 7,iscander7 ,alexander the great ,captain ,general of his ,army4 ,they number ,philip of ,macedon among the ,ancestors of our ,blessed ,saviour1 and believe that ,sampson1 ,jonas1 and ,st4 ,george were his ,contemporaries4 ,in this they are more excusable then their false ,prophet ,mahomet1 who in his ,alcoran has perverted several ,historical ,notices in the ,writings of the ,old ,testament1 and is guilty of vile and absurd ,pseudo-chronismes4 ,to remedy this defect1 of which he was very conscious1 and the better to understand the ,states of ,christendom1 and the particular ,kingdoms and ,republicks of it1 the late ,great and ,wise ,vizir1 ,achmet1 made his ,interpreter ,panagiotti1 a ,learned ,greek1 at leisure ,hours1 even at the ,siege of ,candia1 as well as at other times1 read several ancient ,histories to him1 and render them ,ex-tempore into the ,turkish ,language1 and particularly ,blaeus ,atlas1 with which he was mightily pleased1 and made great use of1 and truly gained the ,reputation of a solid and judicious ,states-man1 as well as ,souldier among the ,christian ,ministers1 who in the ordinary course of their ,negotiations apply'd themselves to him4 ,tho' their ,year be according to the course of the ,moon1 and so the ,turkish ,months run round the civil ,year in a ,circle of thirty three ,years and a few odd ,days1 yet they celebrate the ,neuruz1 which signifies in the ,persian ,tongue the ,new ,year1 the twenty first ,day of ,march 7on which ,day the vernal ,equinox was fixed by the ,greeks and other ,oriental ,christians1 in the time of the ,emperor ,constantine1 who made no ,provision for the 1 or ,precession1 which in process of ,time the inequality between the ,civil and ,astronomical ,year must necessarily produce7 at which time the ,cadyes and other annual ,magistrates1 and ,farmers of the ,customs take ,place1 and reckon to that ,day twelve ,month again4 ,in their civil ,deportment and ,behaviour one towards another1 the left ,hand is the more ,worthy and ,honourable ,place1 except among their ,ecclesiasticks2 and the ,reason they alledge is1 because they ,write from the right ,hand1 and the ,sword is worn on the left ,side1 and so is more at his disposal1 who walks on that ,hand4 ,the chief ,vizir accordingly in the ,divan sits at the left ,hand of the ,mufty1 each maintaining their ,right of ,precedence according to this way of decision4 ,in their ,moschs they sit without any distinction of degrees4 ,some of the more zealous ,turks cause to be engraven on their ,scymitars and ,bucklers a ,sentence out of the sixty first ,surat1 which is concerning ,fighting or ,battle-array1 and contains ,incouragements to ,fight in the ,way and ,paths of ,god1 as the ,impostor ,words it2 for which he assures them1 besides assistance from ,heaven to help them to get the ,victory over their ,enemies1 and that ,god will ,pardon their ,sins and bring them to ,paradice4 ,thus spirited with ,zeal1 a ,turk lays about him with ,fury1 when he is a fighting1 and seems ambitious of dying to gain the delights of ,paradice1 at least indifferent whether he dies or lives4 ,the ,turks are as to their ,temper serious1 or rather inclining to morosity1 seldom ,laughing1 which is accounted an argument of great ,vanity and ,lightness4 ,they perform the ,exercises1 which they use in the way of ,diversion1 as ,shooting and ,hunting1 with a great deal of gravity1 as if they designed them more for ,health than for ,pleasure2 and this too but seldom4 ,the better and richer sort1 who have nothing to do1 sitting all ,day at ,home1 lolling upon a ,sofa or rais'd ,place in their ,rooms1 and taking ,tobacco1 which their ,slaves fill and light for them3 ,and if they retire in the ,summer or ,autumn1 for a ,week or ,fort-night to some convenient ,fountain in a ,wood with their ,women1 it is chiefly to enjoy the ,refreshments of the cool ,air4 ,in the times of ,triumph indeed for some great ,success obtained against the ,christians1 when the ,shops are open for three ,nights together1 and hung with ,lights1 as well as the ,spires of the ,moschs in curious ,figures1 they are guilty of extravagant ,mirth1 running up and down the ,streets in ,companies1 and sometimes ,singing and ,dancing after their rude way2 but this fit being over1 they soon return to their former ,melancholy4 ,in the ,coffee-,houses where they use to resort to ,tipple1 there is usually one hired by the ,owners to read either an idle ,book of ,tales1 which they admire as ,wit1 or filthy obscene ,stories1 with which they seem wonderfully affected and pleased1 few of them being able to ,read4 ,these are the ,schools1 which they frequent for their ,information1 tho' in times of ,war1 when things went ill with them1 their ,discourses would be of the ill ,government2 and the ,grand ,signior himself and his chief ,ministers could not escape their ,censures1 which manifestly tending to ,sedition1 and to the heightning of their ,discontents by their mutual ,complaints1 and by this free venting of their ,grievances during the ,war at ,candia1 the ,wise ,vizir seeing the evil ,consequences that would follow1 if such ,meetings and ,discourses were any longer tolerated1 ,commanded1 that all the publick ,coffee-houses should be shut up in ,constantinople and several other great ,cities of the ,empire1 where the ,malcontents used to rendezvouz themselves1 and find fault upon every ill ,success and ,miscarriage with the administration of ,affairs4 ,the custom of the ,turks to salute the ,emperor or the ,vizir ,bassa's with loud ,acclamations and ,wishes of ,health and long ,life1 when they appear first in their ,houses or any publick ,place1 is derived from the ,greeks1 who took it from the ,romans4 ,this was done by them in a kind of ,singing ,tone2 whence ,luitprandus ,bishop of ,cremona tells us1 that in a certain ,procession 77 at which he was present1 they ,sang to the ,emperor ,nicephorus that is1 many ,years1 7which ,codinus1 who lived just about the taking of ,constantinople1 by the ,turks1 expresses or by and the wish or salute by 7 and at ,dinner the ,greeks then present wish'd with a loud ,voice to the ,emperor and ,bardas1 ,ut ,deus annos multiplicet1 as he ,translates the ,greek4 ,the ,turkish ,coin in it self is pitiful and inconsiderable1 which ,i ascribe not only to their want of ,bullion1 but to their little ,skill in matters relating to the ,mint4 ,hence it comes to pass that ,zecchines and ,hungars for ,gold1 and ,spanish ,dollars and ,zalotts for ,silver stampt in ,christendom pass current among them1 most of the great ,payments being made in them1 they not caring either through ,ignorance or ,sloth to follow the ,example of the ,indian or ,persian ,emperors1 who usually melt down the ,christian ,mony imported by the ,merchants into their several ,countries1 and give it a new ,stamp4 ,the most usual pieces are the ,sheriphi of ,gold1 somewhat less in value than a ,venetian ,zecchine1 and ,aspers2 ten of which are equal to six ,pence ,english1 and some few three ,asper ,pieces4 ,a ,mangur is an ugly old ,copper ,piece1 eight of which make but one ,asper1 and is not ,i think a ,turkish ,coin1 but rather ,greek4 ,they have no ,arms upon their ,coin1 only ,letters embossed on both sides1 containing the ,emperor's ,name1 or some short ,sentence out of the ,alcoran4 ,the ,turks look upon ,earthquakes as ,ominous1 as the vulgar do upon ,eclipses1 not understanding the ,philosophy of them4 ,during my stay in ,constantinople1 which was above #b ,years1 there hapned but one1 which was ,october #bf4 #affi4 about six a ,clock in the ,morning a stark ,calm preceeding4 ,it lasted very near a ,minute1 and we at ,pera and ,galata were as sensible of it1 as those who were on the other side of the ,water2 but praised be ,god nothing fell1 and we were soon rid of the ,fears in which this frightful ,accident had cast us1 being in our ,beds1 and not able by reason of the ,surprize in so little a space to have past through a ,gallery down a pair of ,stairs into the ,court1 if we had attempted it4 ,the ,turks made direful ,reflexions on it1 as if some ,calamity would inevitably fall upon the ,empire1 quickly forgetting the great ,triumphings and ,rejoycings which they exprest but a few ,days before for the ,surrendry of ,candia4 ,in the ,year #affh4 in ,august1 the ,earth shook more or less for forty-seven ,days together in the lesser ,asia at ,anguri 7,ancyra71 and for fifteen at ,bacbasar1 as we heard from a ,scotch ,merchant1 who liv'd there3 ,and particularly1 that at this latter ,place on the second of ,august1 between three and four of the ,clock in the ,afternoon it lasted for a quarter of an ,hour2 several ,houses were overthrown1 and some hundreds of ,chimneys fell 7it being a very populous ,town7 and yet there were but seven kill'd4 ,the trembling being so violent1 both ,turks and ,christians forsook their ,houses1 and betook themselves to the ,fields1 ,vineyards1 and ,gardens1 where they made their ,abode for several ,days4 ,their ,punishments are very severe1 this being judg'd the most effectual way to prevent all publick ,disorders and ,mischiefs4 ,they use no great ,formality in their ,processes3 ,if the ,criminal be taken in the ,fact1 and the ,witnesses ready and present to attest it1 and sometimes if there be but probable circumstances1 without full ,conviction1 condemn him2 and soon after ,sentence1 sometimes an ,hour1 or less1 hurry him away to ,execution4 ,for an ordinary ,crime1 hanging is the usual ,death3 ,but for ,robbery and ,murder1 committed upon the ,high ,way by such as ,rob in ,parties and alarm whole ,provinces1 or for ,sacriledge1 or for any hainous ,crime against the ,government1 either ,gaunching or ,excoriation1 or cutting off the ,legs and ,arms1 and leaving the ,trunk of the ,body in the ,high ,way1 or ,empaling1 that is1 thrusting an ,iron ,stake through the ,body out under the ,neck or at the ,mouth2 in which extreme ,torment the miserable ,wretch may live two or three ,days1 if the ,guts or the ,heart happen not to be wounded by the pointed ,spike in its ,passage4 ,this ,punishment seems to have been in use among the ,romans1 ,seneca's ,epist4 #ad4 ,cogita hoc loco carcerem1 cruces1 eculeos1 uncum1 adactum per medium hominem1 qui per os emergat1 stipitem3 and so in his ,book ,de ,consolatione ad ,marciam cap4 #bj4 ,ali capite conversos in terram suspendere3 ,alii per obscena stipitem egerunt3 ,alii brachia patibulo explicuerunt4 ,murder is seldom ,pardon'd1 and especially if the ,relations of the ,murder'd ,person demand ,justice4 ,the ,circumcision1 tho' it be a ,sacred ,right1 is perform'd in their private ,houses1 and never in the ,moschs4 ,the ,women colour their ,eye-,brows and ,lids with an ugly black ,powder1 ,i suppose1 to set off their ,beauty by such a ,shadow2 and their ,nails with the ,powder of ,kanna1 which gives them a ,tincture of faint ,red1 like ,brick 7as they do the ,tails and ,hoofs of ,horses7 which they look upon as a great ,ornament4 ,their great diversion is ,bathing2 sometimes thrice1 if not four times a ,week4 ,they do not permit them to go to ,church in time of ,prayer1 for fear they should spoil their ,devotion3 ,the ,turks being of so brutish a ,temper1 that their ,lust is rais'd upon the sight of a fair ,object4 ,they are call'd oftentimes by the ,names of ,flowers and ,fruits1 and sometimes ,phantastick ,names are given them1 such as ,sucar ,birpara1 or bit of ,sugar1 ,dil ,ferib1 or ,ravisher of ,hearts1 and the like4 ,their ,skill in ,agriculture is very mean4 ,in their ,gardens they have several little ,trenches to convey ,water1 where it may be most necessary for their ,plants and ,flowers4 ,they know little or nothing of manuring their ,grounds3 ,sometimes they burn their ,fields and ,vineyards after ,harvest and ,vintage1 partly to destroy the ,vermin1 and partly to enrich the ,soil4 ,they tread out their ,corn with ,oxen1 drawing a square ,plank ,board1 about a ,foot and a half or two ,foot over1 studded with ,flints1 and winnow it upon their threshing ,floors in the open ,air1 the ,wind blowing away the ,chaff4 ,they feed their ,horses with ,barly and chopt ,straw2 for ,i do not remember ever to have seen any ,oats among them2 and they make but little ,hay4 ,for ,draught of great ,weight in their ,carts they make use of ,buffalo's4 ,camels will endure ,travel four ,days together without ,water1 and will eat tops of ,thistles1 ,shrubs1 or any kind of ,boughs3 ,they are very sure-footed1 and kneel when they are a loading1 and live to a considerable number of ,years1 some even to sixty4 ,the chief ,furniture of their ,houses are ,carpets or ,mats of ,grand ,cairo1 neatly wrought with ,straw1 spread upon the ,ground2 they having no occasion of ,chairs1 ,couches1 ,stools1 or ,tables2 their postures within ,doors1 being different from ours4 ,they have no ,hangings1 but their ,walls are whited and set off with ,painting1 only adorn'd with a kind of ,porcelane2 no ,beds clos'd with ,curtains4 ,they seal not with ,wax1 but ,ink1 at the bottom of the ,paper the ,emperor's ,name being usually written with ,flourishes and in perplext ,characters3 ,nor have they any ,coats of ,arms upon their ,seals1 there being no such thing as ,gentility among them4 ,some of them1 notwithstanding their ,zeal for ,mahomet and the ,religion by him establish'd1 retain not only a favourable and honourable ,opinion of our ,blessed ,saviour1 but even place some kind of ,confidence in the usage of his ,name1 or of the ,words of the ,gospel1 tho' it may seem to be wholly in the way of ,superstition4 ,thus in their ,amulets1 which they call ,chaimaili1 being little bits of ,paper of two or three ,fingers breadth1 roul'd up in pieces of ,silk1 containing several short ,prayers or ,sentences out of the ,alcoran1 with several ,circles with other ,figures1 they usually inscribe the ,holy and ,venerable ,name of ,,jesus1 or the ,figure of the ,cross1 or the first ,words of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 and the like2 they hang them about their ,necks1 or place them under their ,arm-pits1 or in their ,bosom near their ,hearts 7being the same with what the ,greeks call 7 and especially when they go to ,war1 as a preservative against the ,dangers of it2 and indeed against any misfortune whatsoever4 ,some have them sow'd within their ,caps3 ,and ,i heard of a ,turk1 who was so superstitious herein1 that he always pluck'd it off1 and was uncover'd when he had occasion to make ,water4 ,some are such ,bigots in their ,religion1 and so furious against the ,christians1 that not only do they treat them with all imaginable ,scorn and ,contempt1 but take it ill to be salam'd or saluted by them1 as if it were the effect of ,sawciness or unbecoming ,familiarity4 ,their ,malice against the ,christians makes them envy the rich ,furs they line their ,vests with1 and it is a trouble to these hypocritical ,zealots to see the ,franks ride upon their fine ,arabian ,horses4 ,the respect which they shew the ,alcoran is wonderful3 ,they dare not open the ,leaves of it with unwashen ,hands1 according to the ,advice or ,command written in ,arabick upon the ,cover1 ,let no one touch this ,book1 but he that is clean4 ,they kiss it1 and bend their ,heads and touch their ,eyes with it1 both when they open it and shut it4 ,the ,janizaries1 when they attend upon ,christian ,ambassadors to their ,audience1 seem to appear in their ,bravery1 and in a ,habit far from that of a ,soldier1 being without either ,fire-,arms or ,swords1 7which latter are not worn but in time of ,service71 or when they are upon a ,march1 or embodied1 wearing a ,cap made of ,camel's ,hair1 with a broad ,flap dangling behind1 a gilt embroider'd ,wreath running round it1 and an oblong piece of ,brass rising up from the middle of their ,forehead near a ,foot1 with a great ,club in their ,hand1 like inferior ,officers of the ,civil ,government4 ,but when they are in the ,camp1 they throw off their upper ,vest1 and ,turbants1 which they wear at all other usual times1 as troublesome1 and put on a ,fess1 or red ,cap1 which sits close to their ,head1 and tuck up their ,duliman or long ,coat1 to their ,girdle1 that they may be the more quick and expedite in their ,charge4 ,they affect finery and neatness in their ,cloths and ,shashes2 not so much as a spot to be seen upon them1 and in rainy or suspicious ,weather1 are very careful how they go abroad without their ,yamurlicks1 which is a kind of ,coat they throw over their ,heads at such times4 ,their ,pans and ,dishes are for the most part of ,copper1 but so handsomly ,tinn'd over1 that they look like ,silver4 ,there are thousands of ,gypsies or ,zinganies in ,turky1 who live the same idle nasty kind of ,life1 as they do in ,christendom1 and pretend to the same ,art of telling ,fortunes2 and are look'd upon as the ,off-scouring of ,mankind4 ,it is accounted the extremest point of human ,misery to be a ,slave to any of this sort of ,cattel4 ,the ,haggi1 or ,pilgrims1 that have been at ,mecca and ,medina1 forbear to drink ,wine most ,religiously1 out of a perswasion1 that one drop would efface all the ,merits of that troublesome and expensive ,journey2 and some have been possess'd with such a mad ,zeal1 that they have blinded themselves after their having been bless'd with the sight of ,mahomet's ,sepulcher4 ,after ,jatzih1 that is1 an ,hour and a half in the ,night1 throughout the whole ,year1 there is as great a silence in the ,streets as at ,midnight3 ,the ,emperor ,achmet in the ,year #afaa4 having made an ,order1 that no one should presume to be out of his ,house after that time2 which is to this ,day most punctually observed4 ,the ,bostangi bashi1 who has the ,command of all the ,agiamoglans in the ,seraglio1 the ,topgibashi or such great ,officers attended with a great ,train of armed ,men1 walking the ,rounds1 and drubbing such as they find abroad at unseasonable ,hours of what ,nation or ,quality soever1 except ,physicians1 ,chyrurgeons1 and ,apothecaries1 whom they allow at all times to visit the ,sick4 ,the ,turkmans1 7for so they are peculiarly called1 as if they were the true ,descendents of the ,old ,turks or ,scythians1 whose wandering kind of ,life is described by the ,poet2 ,nulla domus1 plaustris habitant1 migrare per arva ,mos1 atq2 errantes circumvectare penates47 have no fixt ,residence any where1 but ,travel with their ,families and ,cattle from ,place to ,place1 carrying their ,wives and ,children upon ,camels2 they pitch their ,tents usually near ,rivers and ,fountains1 for the convenience of ,water1 and according as their necessities require1 make a longer or a shorter stay4 ,their whole ,estate consists in their numerous ,flocks and ,herds1 which they sell upon occasion to supply themselves with what they want1 at the ,towns they pass by4 ,their only concern is how to enjoy the ,benefits and ,blessings of ,nature1 without the troubles and turmoils and disquiets of ,life2 being contented and happy in one another's ,company1 void of all ,ambition and ,envy1 ,courteous and ,humane to ,strangers1 that may want their ,help and ,assistance1 kindly entertaining them with such ,provision as their ,folds afford4 ,i have met with some ,companies of these harmless ,wanderers in my ,travels4 ,the ,country lies open without any ,inclosures1 and the ,propriety not being vested in any one1 they ,travel thro' the ,plains unmolested1 and find excellent ,pasturage every where4 ,the ,turks ,till no more ,ground than will serve their necessities3 ,being supplied with ,corn from gypt1 and from ,moldavia and ,walachia1 by the way of the ,black ,sea1 letting vast ,tracts of ,ground lie wast and uncultivated2 so that their ,sloth herein sometimes is justly punished with ,dearths4 ,they have nothing to shew for their ,houses and ,possession1 but an ,hogiet or piece of ,paper subscribed by the ,cadi1 if they have acquired them by their ,mony1 or that they were their ,fathers before them4 ,the ,dervises generally are ,melancholy1 and place the greatest part of their ,religion in ,abstinence and other ,severities4 ,some cut their ,flesh1 others vow not to speak for six or seven ,years1 or all their ,lives long1 tho' never so much provoked or distressed4 ,their ,garments are made of a course sort of ,wool or ,goat's ,hair3 ,they are tied up by the ,vow of their ,order ever from ,marrying4 ,several of this ,sect in the heighth of their ,religious ,phrenzy have attempted upon the ,lives of the ,emperors themselves1 7at whose ,government they have taken disgust7 as ,mahomet the second1 and ,achmet1 as if such desperate ,attempts were fatal to ,bigots in all ,religions4 ,they pay a mighty ,veneration to any ,relique of ,mahomet1 his ,banner is still preserved in the ,treasury of the ,seraglio1 and is look'd upon as the great ,security of the ,empire4 ,they believe that it was sent from ,heaven1 and conveyed into the ,hands of ,mahomet1 by the ,angel ,gabriel1 as a ,pledge and ,sign of ,success and ,victory in his ,battels against the ,christians1 and all other ,enemies of the ,musulman-,faith4 ,it was sent to ,candia to encourage the ,soldiers to endure the fatigue of that long and tedious ,siege2 and when it was brought thence after the ,surrendry of that ,city1 to be deposited in its usual ,place1 the ,vizir gave several ,christian ,slaves1 that row'd in the ,galley that was fraught with this ,holy ,ware1 their ,liberty4 ,they pretend to have some ,rags of ,mahomet's ,vest1 to which they ascribe great ,virtue4 ,in confidence of which1 the ,emperor ,achmet1 in the time of a great ,fire which raged at ,constantinople1 when all other means fail'd1 dipt part of them in ,water to be sprinkled upon the ,fire to rebate the ,fury of it4 ,next to the ,mufti or ,cadaleskires are the ,mollas1 of which these four are the chiefest in ,dignity4 ,the ,molla of ,galata1 ,adrianople1 ,aleppo1 ,prusa2 and after them are reckoned these eight1 ,stambol ,ephendi1 ,larissa1 ,misir or ,cairo1 ,sham or ,damascus1 ,diarbekir or ,mesopotamia1 ,cutaia1 ,sophia1 ,philippi4 ,the ,priests have no ,habit peculiar to their ,profession1 whereby they are distinguish'd from others4 ,if they are put from their ,moschs for miscarriage or neglect of doing their ,duty1 or if they think fit to resign and be ,priests no longer1 they may betake themselves without any ,scandal to secular ,employments1 their former ,character and ,quality wholly ceasing4 ,while they remain ,priests1 they counterfeit a more than ordinary ,gravity in their ,discourse and ,walking3 and affect to wear ,turbants swelling out1 and made up with more cross folds3 which was all the difference which ,i could observe by their ,head ,attire1 which is various1 tho' ,i could not find that this was constantly and strictly observed4 ,in ,byram time1 which is the great ,festival of the ,year1 at which time every one looks cheerfully and merrily1 among other signs of mutual ,respect1 they besprinkle one another with sweet ,water4 ,they indulge to several ,sports3 and some are mightily pleased with swinging in the open ,air1 the ordinary sort of ,people especially1 paying only a few ,aspers for the diversion4 ,the ,government is perfectly ,arbitrary and ,despotical2 the ,will and ,pleasure of the ,emperor having the force and power of a ,law1 and oftentimes is above it4 ,his bare ,command without any process is enough to take off the ,head of any ,person1 7tho' never so ,eminent in ,dignity1 tho' usually for formality and to silence the ,murmurings of the ,soldiery and ,people1 the ,sentence is confirm'd by the ,mufti7 sometimes ,bassa's who have amassed great ,treasures in their ,governments1 are cut off in their own ,houses in the midst of their ,retinue1 the ,messengers of ,death producing the ,imperial ,command1 usually sent in a black ,purse1 and not a ,sword drawn in their ,defence4 ,others1 if they are obnoxious to the least ,umbrage or ,jealousie1 tho' dismist the ,seraglio with all possible demonstrations of the ,grand ,signior's ,favour1 and with ,rich ,presents in order to take possession of ,places of great ,command in the ,empire1 before they have got two or three ,days ,journey from ,constantinople1 have been overtaken and strangled4 ,in the ,army ,commands are given according to ,merit1 ,courage and ,conduct are sure to be rewarded1 the way lying open to the meanest ,soldier to raise himself to be the chief of his ,order4 ,but other ,preferments depend upon meer ,chance1 and upon the fansie of the ,emperor1 whether the ,person be fit or no1 and they are as soon lost4 ,the least ill ,success or ,miscarriage proves oftentimes fatal1 and a more lucky ,man is put in his ,place1 and he succeeded by a third1 if unfortunate in a ,design1 tho' managed with never so much ,prudence and ,valour4 ,they admit of no hereditary ,honours1 and have no respect to ,descent or ,blood1 except the ,ottoman ,family3 ,he only is ,great and ,noble1 whom the ,emperor favours1 and while his ,command lasts4 ,according to a tradition1 that passes current among them1 a ,bassa's ,son by a ,sultana or a ,daughter or ,sister of the ,emperor can rise no higher than to be a ,sangiac-bei or ,governor of some little ,province1 much inferior to a ,bassa and under his ,jurisdiction4 ,being born of ,slaves for the most part1 they do not pride themselves in their ,birth1 very few among them being scarce able to give any account of their ,grandfathers4 ,they have no ,sirnames1 but are distinguish'd by their ,possessions and places of ,abode1 and enjoying by ,law a ,liberty of having what ,women they please1 they have little or no regard to ,alliance or ,kindred4 ,their ,empire owes the continuance of its being to the severity of the ,government1 which oftentimes takes place without regard either to ,justice or ,equity1 and to their frequent ,wars1 which prevent all occasions of ,mutiny and ,faction among the ,soldiers1 which happen frequently when unimploy'd4 ,so that tho' ,ambition may put a warlike ,sultan upon enlarging his ,territories by new ,conquests1 yet reason of ,state forces a weak and effeminate ,prince1 such as was ,ibrahim1 to make ,war for his own ,security4 ,their ,politicks are not owing to ,books and ,study and the ,examples of past times1 but to ,experience and the plain ,suggestions of ,nature and common ,sense3 ,they have ,rules of ,government1 which they firmly adhere to1 holding the ,reins strait1 especially being cruel and inexorable to ,criminals of ,state1 who never are to expect any ,mercy or ,pity4 ,their ,councils formerly were open1 and their ,designs known1 and proclaimed before ,hand1 as if this had been a ,bravery becoming their ,greatness1 and that they scorned to steal a ,conquest4 ,but they have learned since the ,art of dissimulation1 and can ,lie and ,swear for their ,interest1 and seem excessive in their ,caresses to the ,ministers of those ,countries1 which they intend to ,invade4 ,but their preparations for ,arming are made with so much ,noise1 that an ordinary ,jealousie is soon awakened by it to oppose them1 in case of an ,attack4 ,they seldom or never care to have ,war at both ,extremes of the ,empire at the same time1 and therefore they are mighty sollicitous to secure a ,peace with ,christendom1 when they intend a ,war upon the ,persians3 ,and as much as is possible1 they avoid quarrelling with two ,christian ,princes at once1 being usually at ,league either with ,poland and ,muscovy1 when they ,war upon ,hungary1 and so on the contrary2 dreading nothing more than an ,union of the ,christian ,princes1 bordering upon them1 which would prove so fatal to their ,empire1 and quickly put a ,period to their ,greatness4 ,for hereby they would be put upon a necessity of making a defensive ,war to their great ,loss and ,disadvantage1 and at last either be forced to beg a ,peace of the ,christians1 or run the hazard of losing all1 by a further ,prosecution of ,war4 ,this they are very sensible of1 and therefore as they take all occasion to promote ,quarrels and ,dissentions in ,hungary and ,transylvania1 so they greatly rejoyce1 when the ,princes of ,christendom are at ,war one with another4 ,this is their great time of ,advantage1 and they know that it is their true ,interest to pursue it1 tho' they do not always1 by reason of the ill condition of their own ,affairs1 make use of it4 ,during the ,civil ,wars of ,germany1 the ,bassa's and other ,commanders of the ,army were very importunate with the grand ,signior1 to make a ,war on that side1 and to enlarge his ,conquests as far as ,vienna1 no conjuncture having been ever so favourable to consummate such a ,design1 in which ,solyman so unhappily miscarried4 ,they promised him an easie ,victory1 assuring him that the ,animosities of the ,princes of the ,empire were so heightned1 that there was no room left for a ,reconciliation1 that he was but to go in the ,head of an ,army to take ,possession1 and that ,austria would ,surrender at the first ,news of his ,march towards it4 ,the ,emperor was not to be moved at that time by these ,insinuations and plausible ,discourses2 being continually urged1 ,he as often denied4 ,one day when they came to ,renew their advice about the ,german ,war1 ,he having given order before1 that several ,dogs should be kept for some ,days without ,meat1 commanded that they should be brought out1 being almost ,starved1 and ,meat thrown among them1 whereupon they snarled and bit one another3 ,in the midst of their ,noise and ,fighting1 he caused a ,bear to be let loose in the same ,area2 the ,dogs forgetting their ,meat1 and leaving off their fighting1 ran all upon the ,bear1 ready to ,prey upon them singly1 and at last killed him4 ,this ,diversion the ,emperor gave his ,bassa's1 and left them to make the application4 ,a certain ,prophecy of no small ,authority runs in the ,minds of all the ,people1 and has gain'd great ,credit and ,belief among them1 that their ,empire shall be ruined by a ,northern ,nation1 which has white and yellowish ,hair4 ,the ,interpretation is as various as their ,fansie4 ,some fix this ,character on the ,muscovites3 ,and the poor ,greeks flatter themselves with foolish ,hopes1 that they are to be their ,deliverers1 and to rescue them from their ,slavery1 chiefly because they are of their ,communion1 and owe their ,conversion to the ,christian ,faith to the ,piety and ,zeal of the ,grecian ,bishops formerly4 ,others look upon the ,swedes1 as the ,persons describ'd in the ,prophecy1 whom they are most to fear4 ,the ,ground and ,original of this fancy ,i suppose is owing to the great ,opinion1 which they have of the ,valour and ,courage of that ,warlike ,nation4 ,the great ,victories of the ,swedes in ,germany under ,gustavus ,adolphus were loudly proclaimed at ,constantinople1 as if there were no withstanding the shock and fury of their ,arms3 ,and their continued ,successes confirmed the ,turks in their first belief1 and their ,fears and their ,jealousies were augmented afterwards1 when ,charles ,gustave1 a ,prince of as heroick a ,courage1 and as great ,abilities in the ,art and ,management of ,war as the justly admired ,gustavus1 entred ,poland with his ,army1 and carried all before him1 seized upon ,warsaw and drove ,casimire out of his ,kingdom1 and had almost made an entire and absolute ,conquest1 only a few ,places holding out4 ,this alarmed the ,grand ,signior and the ,bassa's of the ,port1 as if the ,prophecy were then about to be fulfilled1 who did not care for the ,company of such troublesome ,neighbours1 who might push on their ,victories1 and joyning with the ,cossacks1 advance their ,arms further1 and make their ,country the seat of a ,war1 which might draw after it fatal ,consequences4 ,to prevent which1 ,couriers are dispatch'd from ,constantinople to ,ragotski1 ,prince of ,transylvania1 then in concert with the ,sweeds1 to ,command him to retire with his ,army out of ,poland1 as he valued the ,peace and ,safety of his own ,country1 and the ,friendship of the ,grand ,signior1 whose ,tributary he was1 and by whose ,favour he had gain'd that ,principality3 ,and the ,crim-,tartars1 the ,sworn ,enemies of the ,poles1 who at that time lay heavy upon them1 were wrought upon by the same ,motives and ,reasons of ,state1 to clap up a ,peace with them1 that being freed from these ,distractions1 they might unite their ,forces the better together1 and make ,head against the ,sweeds4 ,the ,ambassadors of ,christian ,princes1 when they are admitted by the ,grand ,signior to an ,audience1 7their ,presents being then of course made1 which are look'd upon as due1 not to say1 as an ,homage7 are dismiss'd in few ,words1 and referred by him to his ,wakil or ,deputy1 as he usually stiles the chief ,vizir3 ,and a small number of their ,retinue only permitted the ,honour of kissing his ,vest1 and then rudely enough sent away4 ,the ,grand ,signiors keep up the ,state of the old ,asiatick ,princes3 ,they do not expose themselves often to the ,view of the ,people1 unless when they ride in ,triumph1 or upon some such solemn ,occasion2 when they go to the ,moschs1 or divert themselves in the ,fields1 either in ,riding or ,hunting1 they do not love to be stared upon1 or approached4 ,it is highly ,criminal to pry into their ,sports1 such an ,insolent ,curiosity being often punished with ,death4 ,the ,story is ,famous of ,morad the ,third1 who baiting a ,bear in the old ,palace with a ,mastiff1 and espying three ,fellows upon the ,tower of ,bajazid's ,mosch1 who had planted themselves to see the ,sport1 commanded their ,heads to be struck off immediately1 and be brought before him1 which was done accordingly4 ,instances of such ,capricio's are frequent in the ,turkish ,history2 this following happened during my stay at ,constantinople4 ,upon the return of ,vizir ,achmet from ,candia1 after the ,surrendry of that ,city1 and a happy end put by him to that tedious and bloody ,war1 he acquainting the present ,emperor1 then at ,adrianople1 with the ,history of that famous ,siege at large1 made such terrible ,representations of their and the ,venetians ,mining and ,countermining one another1 that the ,emperor was resolved out of ,curiosity to see the ,experiment made of a thing1 that seemed to him almost ,incredible4 ,a ,work was soon raised and undermined1 and above #cj ,murderers and ,robbers upon the ,high-,way and such like ,villains were put into it1 as it were to defend it4 ,the ,grand ,signior stood upon an ,eminence at some considerable distance1 expecting the issue of it2 upon a ,signal given1 the ,mine was sprung1 and the ,fort demolished1 and the poor ,wretches torn piece-meal to his great ,satisfaction and ,amazement4 ,the ,moon is the auspicious ,planet of the ,turks3 ,according to the course of which they celebrate their ,festivals4 ,they begin their ,months from the first appearance of it1 at which time they choose1 except a delay brings a great ,prejudice and ,inconvenience with it1 to begin their great ,actions4 ,the ,crescent is the ,ensign of the ,empire1 which they ,paint in ,banners1 and place upon the ,spires of their ,moschs4 ,next to the ,day of the appearing ,moon1 they pitch upon ,friday1 to fight upon1 to begin a journey1 and especially their ,pilgrimage toward ,mecca1 or do any thing of great ,consequence1 as very lucky and fortunate4 ,a ,relation of a ,voyage from ,aleppo to ,palmyra in ,syria2 sent by the ,reverend ,mr4 ,william ,hallifax to ,dr4 ,edward ,bernard 7late7 ,savilian ,professor of ,astronomy in ,oxford1 and by him communicated to ,dr4 ,thomas ,smith4 ,reg4 ,soc4 ,s4 ,d4 ,thom ,smitho ,edoardus ,bernardus1 ,s4 ,quanquam ,epistolas tuas1 ,o cor medulla amiciti nostr1 alia munera grato animo in finum hunc recipere soleo2 eas tamen ,notitias1 quas tuo dono hodie accepi1 tanquam germana fam nunquam marcescentis pignora1 multo chariores habeo1 1 dum vivam1 reverenter adservabo4 ,sic enim ,asianarum ,ecclesiarum ,pleiada e tenebris denuo excitas3 sic antiquissimorum ,episcoporum sedes instauras1 ut candelabrum cum magno ,theologo ,apocalypta iterum ardens ac fulgens videre mihi videor4 ,prterea1 in descriptione urbis ,constantini ,silentiarios1 ,codinos1 ,gyllios1 cteros exsuperas4 ,fruere diu superstes hac laude1 quam suam esse maluit ,sponius1 prter morem ingenuum aut fas sibi abripere4 ,gaudeo tamen mihi jam novum adesse munus1 quod tecum queam impertire volente spero1 lto4 ,id est ,epigrapharum ,sylloge1 quas a columnis ,palmyrenis ,charissimus amicus1 ,gulielmus ,hallifaxius pulchro studio descripsit4 ,utinam ,syriaca plura ipse addisset sub ,grcis1 ,epocham ,palmyrenam a ,seleuco victore1 non ab ,alexandri magni obitu incepisset4 ,histori vero ,august scriptores qui teruntur1 ,herodianus ,grammaticus plerasque ,inscriptionum istarum multum illustrant4 ,verum isthc vix sunt nostri otii4 ,attamen si hc commiseris ,philosophicarum ,transactionum1 ut nunc loquuntur1 conditoribus haud injucundum fuerit1 donec vir illustris adprime doctus ,d4 ,cuperus uberiora forte ediderit de urbe ,solomonis ejusque reliquiis4 ,vale vir venerabilis4 ,oxoni ,nonis ,octobribus ,a4 ,d4 ,,ci,i,,cxcv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,reverend ,sir1 ,sidenote3 ,tadmor ,castle4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,valley of ,salt4 ,having promised you an ,account of my ,voyage to ,tadmor1 ,i cannot now ,excuse my self from being as good as my ,word1 whatever ,censure ,i may incur of having misspent my ,mony and ,time in search of such unprofitable ,curiosities2 or what ,i more fear1 of having made such poor ,improvements1 of which a ,man of larger ,reading and ,understanding1 might have afforded much greater ,information4 ,we departed ,aleppo on ,michaelmas-day1 #afia4 and in six easie ,days ,travel over a ,desart ,country1 came to ,tadmor2 ,journying almost continually to the ,south1 with very little variation to the ,eastward4 ,as we rode into the ,town1 we took notice of a ,castle about half an ,hours distance from it1 and so situated as to ,command both the ,pass into the ,hills1 by which we entred1 and the ,city too4 ,but we could easily perceive it was no ,old ,building1 retaining no ,footsteps of the exquisite ,workmanship and ,ingenuity of the ,ancients4 ,upon ,enquiry we were informed1 that it was built by ,man-,ogle1 a ,prince of the ,druces1 in the ,reign of ,amurath the ,third1 ,anno ,d4 ,n4 #aehe4 ,but ,i know not how to give much ,credit to this ,story1 because ,i find not that either ,man-,ogle1 or any ,drucian ,prince1 was ever ,powerful in these ,parts1 their strength lying on ,mount ,libanus1 and along the ,coast of ,sydon1 ,berytus1 c4 ',tis a ,work of more ,labour than ,art1 and the very ,situation alone is enough to render it almost ,impregnable2 standing on the top of a very high ,hill1 enclosed with a deep ,ditch1 cut out of the very ,rock1 over which there was only one sole ,passage by a ,draw-,bridge3 ,this ,bridge too is now broken down2 so that there is no ,entrance remaining1 unless you will be at the ,pains to clamber up the ,rock1 which is in one place feasible1 but withal so difficult hazardous1 that a small slip may endanger ones ,life4 ,nor is there any thing within to be seen sufficient to recompence your ,trouble of getting up to it1 the ,building being confused1 and the ,rooms very ill contrived4 ,upon the top of the ,hill there is a ,well of a prodigious depth1 as certainly it must be a great way to come at ,water from the top of such a ,rock1 the ,ditch that surrounds it1 not having the least appearance of moisture therein2 which made it therefore seem more strange that a ,wild ,boar should rush out thence among our ,horses1 when we rode up to take a more particular ,view of the ,place4 ,this ,castle stands on the ,north side of the ,town1 and from hence you have the best ,prospect of the ,country all about4 ,you see ,tadmor under you inclosed on three sides with long ,ridges of ,mountains1 which open towards the ,east gradually to the distance of about an ,hours ,riding2 but to the ,south stretches a vast ,plain beyond the reach of the ,eye4 ,in this ,plain you see a large ,valley of ,salt affording great quantities thereof1 and lying near about an ,hours distance from the ,city4 ,and this more probably is the ,valley of ,salt1 mentioned #b ,sam4 #h4 #ac4 where ,david smote the ,syrians1 and slew #ahjjj ,men1 than another which lies but four ,hours from ,aleppo1 and has sometimes past for it4 ,the ,air is good1 but the ,soil exceeding barren1 nothing green to be seen therein1 save some few ,palm-,trees in the ,gardens1 and here and there about the ,town4 ,and from these ,trees ,i conceive is obtained its ,name1 both in ,hebrew 7,tadmor7 which signifies a ,palm-,tree1 and in ,latin 7,palmira27 and the whole ,country is thence denominated ,syria ,palmirena2 and sometimes ,solitudines ,palmiren3 ,so that the ,latins did not change but only ,translate the old ,name1 which therefore still obtains in these ,eastern ,parts1 and the more ,modern is wholly unknown4 ,sidenote3 ,tadmor4 ,the ,city it self appears to have been of a large ,extent1 by the space now taken up by the ,ruins2 but there are no ,footsteps of any ,walls remaining1 nor is it possible to judge of the ancient ,figure of the ,place4 ,the present ,inhabitants1 as they are a ,poor1 ,miserable1 dirty ,people1 so they have shut themselves up1 to the ,number of about ,thirty or ,forty ,families1 in little ,huts made of ,dirt1 within the ,walls of a spacious ,court1 which enclosed a most ,magnificent ,heathen ,temple4 ,hereinto also we entred1 the whole ,power of the ,village1 if ,i may so call it1 being gathered together at the ,door1 whether to stand upon their ,defence1 in case we proved ,enemies1 7for some of them had their ,guns in their ,hands7 or out of meer ,curiosity to gaze upon us1 ,i know not4 ,however our ,guide1 who was an ,arab1 whom ,assyne#ad their present ,king had sent to ,conduct us through the whole ,voyage1 being a ,man known among them1 we had an easie ,admittance1 and with a great many ,welcomes in their ,language were led to the ,sheck's ,house1 with whom we were to make our ,abode4 ,and to mention here what the ,place at first ,view represents4 ,certainly the ,world it self cannot afford the like mixture of ,remains of the greatest ,state and ,magnificence1 together with the ,extremity of ,filth and ,poverty4 ,the nearest ,parallel ,i can think of1 is that of the ,temple of ,baal1 destroyed by ,jehu1 and converted into a ,draught-,house1 #b ,kings #aj4 #bg4 ,and if1 what is not improbable1 this very ,place was a ,temple of ,jupiter ,belus1 the ,similitude will run upon all ,four4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,temple4 ,being thus lodged within the ,place1 ,i shall begin with a ,description thereof1 and proceed to what ,i observed remarkable without4 ,the whole inclosed ,space is a ,square of #bjj ,yard each side1 encompass'd with a high and stately ,wall1 built of large square ,stone1 and adorned with ,pilasters within and without1 to the number1 7as near as we could compute by what is standing of the ,wall1 which is much the greater part7 of #fb on a side4 ,and had not the ,barbarity of the ,turks1 ,enemies to every thing that is splendid and noble1 out of a vain ,superstition1 purposely beat down those beautiful ,cornishes both here and in other ,places1 we had seen the most curious and exquisite ,carvings in ,stone which perhaps the ,world could ever boast of2 as here and there a small ,remainder1 which has escap'd their ,fury1 does abundantly evidence4 ,the ,west side1 wherein is the ,entrance1 is most of it broken down1 and near the middle of the ,square1 another higher ,wall erected out of the ,ruins2 which shews to have been a ,castle1 strong but rude2 the old ,stones and many ,pillars broken or sawn asunder1 being rolled into the ,fabrick1 and ill cemented4 ,within were to be seen the ,foundations of another ,wall1 which probably might answer this ,front1 and that the ,mamalukes1 whose ,workmanship it seems most likely to have been1 built the ,castle here for the ,security of the ,place4 ,before the whole length of this new ,front1 except a narrow ,passage which is left for an ,entrance1 is cut a deep ,ditch1 the ascent whereof on the inner side is fac'd with ,stone to the very ,foot of the ,wall1 which must have render'd it very difficult to have assaulted it4 ,the ,passage to1 and the ,door it self is very narrow1 not wider than to receive a loaded ,camel1 or that two ,foot-men may well walk abreast4 ,and as soon as you are within the first ,door1 you make a short turn to the ,right1 and pass on to another of the like bigness1 which leads into the ,court4 ,but all this is but a new ,building upon an old1 and by this outward ,wall is quite shrouded that ,magnificent ,entrance1 which belonged to the first ,fabrick2 of the stateliness whereof we were enabled to judge by the two ,stones which supported the sides of the great ,gate1 each of which is #ce ,foot in length1 and artificially carved with ,vines and clusters of ,grapes1 exceeding bold and to the ,life4 ,they are both standing1 and in their ,places1 and the distance between them1 which gives us the wideness of the ,gate #ae ,foot4 ,but all this is now walled up to the narrow ,door before mentioned4 ,over the little ,door there is an ,inscription in ,greek1 and also another in another ,language and ,character1 which ,i never saw till in ,tadmor1 nor understand what to make of it4 ,from that in ,greek we hoped for some ,information2 but it will be evident to any one that reads it1 that the ,stone was brought from another ,place and casually put in there4 ',tis thus3 4 ,under this was the unknown ,characters1 which ,i shall here give you a ,specimen of1 it being as well as it could be taken1 thus4 ,vide ,figuram4 ,the ,letters between these ,marks were not ,legible1 but ,i have ventured to supply the defect1 as also you will see in some others following4 ,neither was the in upon the ,stone1 but was doubtless omitted by mistake2 and the ,inscription is nothing else but the ,inscription of a ,sepulchre1 the like to which we saw several1 as ,i shall have occasion to mention some of them hereafter4 ,and as for the other ,character1 it being added almost under every ,greek ,inscription we saw1 and rarely found alone1 ,i am apt to believe it the ,native ,language and ,character of the ,place1 and the ,matter it contains nothing else but what we have in the ,greek4 ,as soon as you are entred within the ,court1 you see the ,remainders of two ,rows of very ,noble ,marble ,pillars #cg ,foot high1 with their ,capitals of most exquisite ,carved ,work2 as also must have been the ,cornishes between them1 before by ,rude and ,superstitious ,hands they were broken down4 ,of these there are now no more than #eh remaining entire2 but there must have been a great many more1 for they appear to have gone quite round the whole ,court1 and to have supported a most spacious double ,piazza or ,cloyster4 ,of this ,piazza the ,walks on the ,west side1 which is opposed to the ,front of the ,temple1 seem to have exceeded the other in ,beauty and ,spaciousness2 and at each end thereof are two ,niches for ,statues at their full length1 with their ,pedestals1 ,borders1 ,supporters1 and ,canopies1 carved with the greatest ,artifice and ,curiosity4 ,the ,space within this once ,beautiful ,enclosure1 which is now filled with nothing but the dirty ,huts of the ,inhabitants1 ,i conceive to have been an open ,court1 in the midst whereof stands the ,temple1 encompass'd with another row of ,pillars of a different ,order1 and much higher than the former1 being above #ej ,foot high4 ,of these remain now but #af1 but there must have been about double that ,number1 which whether they enclosed an inner ,court1 or supported the ,roof of a ,cloyster1 there being nothing now of a ,roof remaining1 is uncertain4 ,only one great ,stone lies down1 which seems to have reach'd from these ,pillars to the ,walls of the ,temple4 ,the whole ,space contained within these ,pillars we found to be #ei ,yards in ,length1 and in ,breadth near #bh4 ,in the midst of which ,space is the ,temple1 extending in ,length more than #cc ,yards1 and in ,breadth #ac or #ad4 ,it points ,north and ,south1 having a most ,magnificent ,entrance on the ,west1 exactly in the middle of the ,building1 which by the small ,remains yet to be seen1 seems to have been one of the most glorious ,structures in the ,world4 ,i never saw ,vines and clusters of ,grapes cut in ,stone1 so ,bold1 so ,lively1 and so ,natural1 in any ,place3 ,and we had doubtless seen things abundantly more curious1 if they had not been maliciously broken to pieces4 ,just over the ,door we could make a shift to discern part of the ,wings of a large ,spread-,eagle1 extending the whole wideness thereof4 ,the largeness whereof led me at first to imagine it might have been rather a ,cherub over-shadowing the ,entrance1 there being nothing of the ,body remaining to guide ones ,judgment1 and some little ,angels or ,cupids appear still in the corners of the same ,stone4 ,but afterwards seeing other ,eagles upon ,stones that were fallen down1 ,i conclude this must have been one likewise1 only of a much larger size4 ,of this ,temple there is nothing at present but the outward ,walls standing1 in which it is observable1 that as the ,windows were not large1 so they were made narrower towards the top1 than they were below2 but all adorned with excellent ,carvings4 ,within the ,walls1 the ,turks1 or more probably the ,mamalukes1 have built a ,roof1 which is supported by small ,pillars and ,arches2 but a great deal lower1 as well as in all other respects disproportionate and inferior to what the ,ancient ,covering must have been4 ,and they have converted the place into a ,mosque1 having added to the ,south ,end thereof new ,ornaments after their manner1 with ,arabick ,inscriptions and ,sentences out of the ,alcoran1 wrote in ,flourishes and ,wreaths1 not without ,art4 ,but at the ,north ,end of the ,building1 which is shut out of the ,mosque1 are ,relicks of much greater ,artifice and ,beauty4 ,whether they were in the ,nature of ,canopies over some ,altars placed there1 or to what other use they served1 ,i am not able to conjecture4 ,they are beautified with the most curious ,fretwork and ,carvings2 in the midst of which is a ,dome or ,cupola1 above six ,foot ,diameter1 which we found above to be of one piece2 whether hewn out of a ,rock entire1 or made of some ,artificial ,cement or ,composition1 by ,time hardened into a ,lapideous ,substance1 seems doubtful2 though ,i am rather inclined to believe the latter4 ,it is in fine1 a most exquisite ,piece of ,workmanship1 and on which ,i could have bestowed more time to view it1 than what was allowed us1 hastening to other ,sights4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,mosch4 ,having taken this ,survey of the ,temple1 we went ,abroad1 where our ,eyes were presently accosted with an amazing sight of a multitude of ,marble ,pillars1 standing scattered up and down1 for the space of near a ,mile of ,ground1 this way and that1 but so disposed as to afford no solid ,foundation to judge1 what sort of ,structures they formerly framed4 ,i pass by the ,ruins of a ,mosch1 which directing our ,course ,northward1 was the first thing occurr'd to our ,view1 after we came out of the ,court of the ,temple1 which though of a more ,artificial ,frame and ,composure than many ,i have seen1 yet is not worthy to stop us in the way to things both of greater ,antiquity1 and every way more noble and worthy our ,consideration4 ,having therefore past this1 you have the ,prospect of such ,magnificent ,ruins1 that if it be lawful to frame a ,conjecture of the ,original ,beauty of the ,place1 by what is still remaining1 ,i question somewhat whether any ,city in the ,world could have challenged ,precedence of this in its ,glory4 ,but it being impossible as they now stand to reduce them to any regular ,method1 ,i must be forced to give you a rude ,account of them as they came in sight2 and which will fall much short of the ,greatness and ,stateliness which they shew to the ,eye4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,obelisk4 ,advancing then towards the ,north1 you have before you a very tall and stately ,obelisk or ,pillar1 consisting of seven large ,stones1 besides its ,capital and a wreath'd ,work above it2 the ,carvings here1 as in all other ,places1 being extraordinary fine4 ,the height of it is above #ej ,foot1 and upon it ,i conceive may have stood a ,statue1 which the ,turks1 zealous ,enemies of all ,imagery1 have thrown down1 and broken in pieces4 ',tis in compass1 just above the ,pedestal1 #ab ,foot and a half4 ,on each ,hand of this1 towards the ,east and ,west1 you see two other large ,pillars1 each a quarter of a ,mile distant from you1 which seem to have some ,correspondence one to the other4 ,and there is a piece of another standing near that of the ,east1 which would incline one to think there was once a continued row of them4 ,the height of this to the ,east ,i took with my ,quadrant1 and conclude to be more than #db ,foot high1 and the ,circumference proportionable4 ,upon the ,body thereof is the following ,inscription4 77 77 4 ,i perswade my self it would be but lost ,labour to spend time in making ,reflections upon this or the following ,inscriptions2 as for the ,knowledge they may exhibit to the ,world1 your own ,conjectures will more happily lead you unto it1 than any thing ,i am like to suggest4 ,it seems however pretty evident they were a ,free ,state1 governed by a ,senate and ,people1 though perhaps under the ,protection of great ,empires1 the ,parthians1 it is probable1 first1 and afterward the ,romans1 who for a long time contended for the ,mastery here in the ,east4 ,and this ,government might continue among them till about the time of ,aurelian1 who demolished the ,place1 and led ,zenobia1 ,wife of ,odenatus1 ,captive to ,rome3 ,who1 though she be called ,queen1 yet ,i find not that ever her ,husband had the ,title of ,king2 but was only one of the ,chief ,inhabitants1 a ,leading ,man in the ,senate 7as 'tis probable this ,alilamanes and ,airanes were before him7 who while the ,romans were busied in ,europe1 made himself great here1 and by his own ,force repelled the ,parthians2 who having ,master'd whatever was held by the ,romans on the other side of ,euphrates1 made an ,incursion into ,syria1 but were by ,odenatus driven back beyond the ,river4 ,in the course of these ,wars ,odenatus was slain1 but his ,wife ,zenobia1 being a ,woman of a ,masculine ,spirit1 not only kept her ,ground against her ,enemies ,abroad1 but maintained her ,authority at ,home1 keeping the ,government in her ,hands4 ,afterwards out of a desire to cast off the ,roman ,yoke1 she caused the whole ,garrison1 which was left there by ,aurelian1 to be barbarously cut off3 ,which bringing ,aurelian back with his ,army1 he quickly took the ,city1 and destroyed it1 putting the ,inhabitants to the ,sword1 and carrying ,zenobia ,captive to ,rome2 which was the ,fatal ,period of the ,glory of the ,place4 ,this ,custom of theirs of running up their ,genealogies or ,pedigrees to the fourth or fifth ,generation1 shews them to have borrowed some of their ,fashions from their ,neighbours the ,jews1 with whom it is not unlikely they had of old great ,commerce2 and perhaps many of them were descended from that ,people1 ,zenobia her self being said to have been a ,jewess2 ,or else this must have been the manner of all the ,eastern ,nations4 ,their ra or ,account of ,time they begin from the ,death of ,alexander the ,great1 as the ,syrians generally do2 the very ,christians at this ,day following the same usage4 ,yet though they mark the ,date of the ,year by ,greek ,letters1 you may observe they place them a different way from the ,greeks1 setting the lesser ,number first1 as if they were to be read backward1 from the right ,hand to the left2 as here1 denoting #dej4 ,the third ,letter 1 ,i take to stand for the ,day of the ,month1 viz4 the last of ,xandicus1 which is with us ,april2 this and other names of ,months1 which are found in other ,inscriptions1 being borrowed from the ,macedonians with very little variation4 ,that they were ,idolaters1 is plain by the mention of their ,country ,gods1 both here and in other ,places3 ,so that their ,commerce with the ,jews1 did not1 it seems1 bring them to the ,knowledge of the true ,god1 or else they must have degenerated therefrom1 and relapsed into ,idolatry4 ,the other ,pillar towards the ,west in ,height and ,circumference answers this1 and has upon the side the following ,inscription engraved4 4 ,the ,date of this is not legible1 neither does one know what ,judgment to make of the thing it self4 ,that such a ,pillar should be erected only to support the ,inscription1 and convey these ,mens ,names to ,after-,ages1 without particularizing what they did to deserve that ,honour1 is something strange3 unless we may suppose it was a prevailing ,vanity in these ,eastern ,countries thus to endeavour to ,eternize their ,fame4 ,an ,instance whereof we have in ,scripture1 in ,absalom's setting him up a ,pillar1 #b ,kings #ah4 #ah4 and perhaps before him1 in ,saul1 #a ,sam4 #ae4 #ab4 ,otherwise it may appear no improbable ,conjecture1 that the ,pillar was erected long before upon some other ,occasion1 and afterwards made use of to this end3 ,and ,i look upon it as past all doubt that several other ,inscriptions which we saw1 were much more ,modern than the ,pillars1 on which they were engraved4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,piazza4 ,proceeding forward1 directly from the ,obelisk1 about #ajj ,paces1 you come to a ,magnificent ,entrance1 vastly large and lofty1 and for the exquisiteness of the ,workmanship not inferior to any thing before described4 ,i wish ,i could add1 that it had not suffered the same ,fate as the rest1 and then we might have seen a rare ,piece of the ,ancient ,beauty of the ,place4 ,this ,entrance leads you into a ,noble ,piazza of more than half a ,mile long1 #ich ,yards according to our ,measuring1 and #dj ,foot in breadth1 enclosed with two rows of stately ,marble ,pillars1 #bf ,foot high1 and #h or #i about4 ,of these remain standing and entire #abi1 but by a moderate ,calculate there could not have been less at first than #efj4 ,covering there is none remaining1 nor any ,pavement at the bottom1 unless it be buried under the ,rubbish4 ,but upon almost all the ,pillars we found ,inscriptions1 both in ,greek and the ,language unknown1 of which we had time to take but very few1 and those not very ,instructive4 ,but such as they are ,i'll present you them here1 without observing any other ,order1 but as they happened to be transcribed4 44444443 77 4444 ,i give you1 ,sir1 these ,inscriptions1 as those before1 just as ,i found them1 without any ,amendments1 so much as of litteral ,faults1 only where a ,letter1 or piece of a ,word was not legible1 if ,i could make a probable ,conjecture what it should be1 ,i have ventured to add it4 ,the last seems to have been put up in ,memory of an ,embassy1 performed by those ,men that are named therein1 for settling a ,commerce and ,traffick1 which was to their ,satisfaction accomplish'd3 ,but with whom1 till ,i can find out what ,place is meant by#ae1 ,i must remain ,ignorant4 ,i am unwilling to entertain any ,thoughts of ,getia in ,macedonia1 or of ,olgassus1 a ,place mentioned by ,strabo in ,bythinia1 which comes a little nearer the ,name1 being both so remote1 and the ,city of ,tadmor ill contrived for a ,place of ,trade1 being far from the ,sea1 and without the ,advantage of any ,river4 ,yet the ,magnificence of the ,place shews they have not wanted ,riches among them3 ,and their ,salt is a ,commodity which still brings them in a considerable ,advantage4 ,the ,order of the ,numeral ,letters you may take notice is again inverted2 but taking them the right way1 the ,year #eeh falls in with the last ,year of the ,reign of ,alexander ,severus1 which is of our ,lord #bcd4 ,about the middle of the ,piazza1 upon another ,pillar1 was this following ,inscription4 4444444 4 ,this is as perfect an ,inscription as any ,i met with1 by the help of which we may make a ,judgment of all the rest2 at least thus far1 that they were put up in ,memory of some1 who had behaved themselves1 in those publick ,offices they bore1 either in their own ,republick1 or under the ,romans1 with ,commendation2 this being a ,publick ,place1 where their ,names and worthy ,actions were ,recorded and ,transmitted to ,posterity4 ,what ,i further observed particularly in this1 was the want of the ,name after 1 and took notice of the like space vacant in the other ,language under it2 and in both places it seemed to be not worn out with ,time1 but voluntarily scratch'd out4 ,which confirms me in the ,opinion that they are both one1 and that the unknown was the ,vulgar1 as the ,greek was the learned ,language of the ,place4 ,upon another ,pillar in the same ,walk was this4 77 444 774 ,from another ,pillar in the same ,piazza was ,transcribed this broken ,inscription which follows1 which ,i have endeavoured to make up from the former1 believing them in substance the very same1 with some little ,alteration of ,names4 7 7 7 7 7 7 444 4 ,this is so like the preceeding1 that ,i thought ,i might fairly take the ,liberty to make these ,additions to it4 ,and what we may ,collect from both1 and divers others of a like ,import1 is1 ,that as the ,state1 the ,senate1 and ,people1 did sometimes ,honour those that had been in ,publick ,trust1 with ,inscriptions upon these ,pillars3 ,so when this was not done by them1 private ,persons had the ,liberty to do the same for their ,friends4 ,and ,i shall give you an ,instance by and by of one ,engraven by a ,husband in ,memory of his ,wife4 ,upon several of these ,pillars are little ,pedestals jetting out about the middle of them1 sometimes one way only1 and sometimes more1 which seem to have been the ,bases or standing ,places of ,statues4 ,but none of these are remaining2 neither is it to be expected they should1 in a place which has been so long in the ,hands of the ,turks4 ,on these ,pedestals we saw many ,inscriptions1 sometimes when there were none upon the ,body of the ,pillar1 and sometimes when there were4 ,as for ,instance this that follows upon the ,pedestal1 thus4 4 ,and upon the ,body of the ,pillar this ,imperfect one2 which ,i dare not venture to fill up1 but shall give it you as we found it4 444444 44444 44444 4444444 4 ,we see they esteemed it very ,honourable to have their ,memories preserved after this manner2 but it is but little ,knowledge of them we can get from hence1 save now and then the ,time when they lived4 ,as here1 #efc ,years after the ,death of ,alexander reach to the ,year of our ,lord #bci4 ,another ,inscription in the same ,piazza was thus4 4444 7 7 44444 4 ,this affords a sufficient confirmation of what ,i before observed1 that these were ,honorary ,inscriptions in ,memory of those that had behaved themselves well in ,publick ,offices2 of which we have several mentioned here1 whereof some are very well known1 but the others not easie to be met with in ,books4 ,by the ,word 1 we may be assured that though the ,city was reduced by the ,romans into the form of a ,colony1 yet it had a peculiar mark of ,honour set upon it1 to signifie that it was the chief of their ,colonies in these ,oriental ,parts4 ,that the ,authority also of their ,senate and ,people was continued to them4 ,and besides that there was a ,society of ,men1 either ,curators of the ,temple of ,jupiter ,belus 7to whom the ,temple before described perhaps was dedicated17 or ,overseers of the ,sports and ,festivals that were celebrated in ,honour of him2 of which ,sodality this ,septimius was1 when this ,inscription was made1 a ,symposiarch1 perhaps their ,chief and ,governour4 ,by this too we find they did not wait for the ,deaths of those they thus honoured1 before they provided for the ,preservation of their ,memories2 but ,famous ,men were thus ,registered for ,after-,ages even while they were alive4 ,upon one of these ,pedestals before described1 not far from the former1 was the following ,inscription2 which ,i valued the more for the little remainder it has preserved of the ,name of ,palmyra1 by which the ,place was known to the ,romans4 444 4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,banquetting-,house4 ,the upper end of this spacious ,piazza was shut in by a row of ,pillars1 standing somewhat closer than those on each side2 and perhaps there might have been a kind of ,banquetting-,house above1 but now no certain ,footsteps thereof remain4 ,but a little farther to the left ,hand1 and1 it may be1 continued with the former ,walk1 lie the ,ruins of a very stately ,building1 which ,i am apt to believe might have been for such an use4 ',tis built of better ,marble1 and has an ,air of ,delicacy and ,exquisiteness in the ,work1 beyond what is discernable in the ,piazza4 ,the ,pillars which supported it are of one entire ,stone2 and on one of them that is fallen down1 but so firm and strong that it has received no ,injury thereby1 we measured1 and found #bb ,foot in length1 and in compass #h ,foot and #i ,inches4 ,among these ,ruins we found the only ,latin ,inscription we saw in the ,place1 and that so imperfect1 there is but little of it ,intelligible4 444444es ,orbis ,propagatores ,generis ,humani ,d4 ,d4 ,n4 ,n4 ,diocletianus 444444444444ssimi ,impp4 ,et ,constantius ,maximianus ,nobb4 ,cs4 ,castra feliciter condiderunt4 ,and upon the same ,stone a little lower1 44444444ntes ,ossiano ,hieroclete1 ,v4 ,p4 ,prs4 ,provinci ,d4 ,n4 ,m4 ,o4 ,eorum4 ,the ,name of ,maximianus ,hercules1 who was ,partner in the ,empire with ,dioclesian which should have followed in the ,inscription1 seems to have been on purpose scratch'd out1 and defaced1 for what reason ,i cannot guess4 ,the rest is lost by the breaking of the ,stone4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,palace4 ,in the ,west side of the great ,piazza are several openings for ,gates leading into the ,court of the ,palace3 ,two whereof1 one would easily believe when they were in their ,perfection1 were the most ,magnificent and ,glorious in the ,world1 both for the ,elegancy of the ,work in general1 and particularly for those stately ,porphyry ,pillars with which they were adorned4 ,each ,gate had four1 not standing in a ,line with the others of the ,wall1 but placed by couples in the ,front of the ,gate1 facing the ,palace1 two on one ,hand1 and two on the other4 ,of these remain two entire1 and but one standing in its place4 ,they are about #cj ,foot in length1 and #i in circumference2 of a ,substance so exceeding hard1 that it was with great difficulty we broke off a few shivers to bring home with us for a pattern of the ,stone1 the ,art of making which1 ,i think is quite lost4 ,we saw several other broken pieces of ,porphyry1 but neither of so accurate a ,mixture and ,composition1 nor so large as the former4 ,the hard ,fate of one ,i could not but lament1 when ,i saw it debased to support the corner of a little ,hut1 scarce good enough for a ,dog-,kennel1 or a ,hogsty4 ,the ,palace it self is so entirely ruined1 that no ,judgment can be made what it was in its ,ancient ,splendor1 either for the ,figure or ,workmanship thereof4 ,there is only here and there a broken piece of a ,wall remaining1 beat into pieces by ,violence1 and consumed by ,time to that degree1 that without the help of ,tradition we could hardly be well assured1 that a ,royal ,palace did once fill that ,space4 ,we may guess however that it fronted the ,famous ,piazza before mentioned1 and was surrounded with rows of ,pillars of different ,orders1 many of which are still standing1 some plain1 and some wrought and channell'd1 as those immediately encompassing the ,temple4 ,and upon those little ,pedestals which stood out of the middle of some of them1 ,i observed several ,inscriptions1 but could not conveniently take more than one1 which together with the ,pillar that supported it was fallen to the ,ground4 ',twas this4 4 ,if the rest were of a like ,nature with this1 we have lost no great matter by not taking them1 this being only a ,memorial1 which a kind ,husband caused to be set up in ,honour of his ,wife4 ,the ,month ,dystrus1 answers our ,march1 and the ,year #dij from the ,death of ,alexander the ,great1 the ,year of our ,lord #aff4 ,i omitted to mention before1 that under the long ,walk runs a ,current of hot ,sulphureous ,waters2 and there is a ,well and other ,passages down to them4 ,but whatever they may have been of old1 they are not now so convenient as another about half a ,mile ,westward from hence2 where there is a very good ,descent into the ,water1 and it is still used by the ,people to ,bath in4 ,near to which1 upon the ,pedestal of a broken ,pillar1 7or perhaps it might be an ,altar7 remains this following ,inscription4 forsan ,y 4 ,i am pretty confident that the ,word ,i have mark'd with a ,line under it1 is rightly taken1 and therefore know not what to guess it to be1 unless the proper ,name of the ,fountain4 ,and upon that ,supposition the ,inscription is easily ,intelligible1 shewing that ,bolanus1 ,son of ,zenobius1 c4 being elected ,overseer or ,curator of this ,fountain1 under ,jaribolus1 built this ,altar to ,jupiter1 in the ,year of ,alexander #dgd4 i4 e4 of our ,lord #aej4 and on the #bjth of ,october1 if the last ,kappa be a ,numeral1 as ,i suppose it must4 ,but who this ,jaribolus was1 on whom they bestow1 as generally upon the ,roman ,emperors1 whose ,names occur in the ,inscriptions1 the ,title of 1 is not so facile a ,conjecture4 ,they were under the ,parthians1 before the ,romans fell in amongst them2 but the ,date shews this to be after the time of ,hadrian1 and so after their coming4 ,nay1 and in an ,inscription before mentioned1 which is of a later ,date than this by #hh ,years1 we have the ,name of the same ,person4 ,hot ,sulphureous ,baths are things very frequent in this ,country2 and thence it was that it obtained the ,name of ,syria ,salutifera4 ,the scent of the ,waters here is much like those of ,bath in ,england1 but not so strong1 neither is the ,taste so offensive4 ,on the contrary1 when they have run so far from the ,fountain1 as to become cold1 they are very potable1 and are the only ,waters the ,inhabitants use4 ,but we1 during our stay there1 sent to a ,fountain of very excellent ,water1 about an hour distant from the ,city4 ,sidenote3 ,the little ,temple4 ,on the ,east side likewise of the long ,piazza stands1 if ,i may use such an ,expression1 a ,wood of ,marble ,pillars1 some perfect1 and others deprived of their beautiful ,capitals2 but so scattered and confused1 that it is not possible to reduce them into any ,order1 so as to conjecture to what they anciently served4 ,in one place are ,eleven together in ,square after this manner 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 paved at the bottom with broad flat ,stone1 but without any ,roof or ,covering4 ,and at a little distance from that stands the ,ruins of a small ,temple1 which by the remains seems to have been for the ,workmanship very curious3 ,but the ,roof is wholly gone1 and the ,walls very much defaced and consumed with ,time4 ,before the ,entrance which looks to the ,south1 is a ,piazza supported by six ,pillars1 two on one ,hand of the ,door1 and two on the other1 and at each end one4 ,and the ,pedestals of those in the ,front have been filled with ,inscriptions1 both in ,greek and the other ,language2 but they are now so obliterated and worn out1 as not to be ,intelligible4 ,the most perfect was this that follows4 1 444444 ,and a little below were these straggling ,letters visible4 4444 4444 444 444444444 44444444444444 ,i should have imagined the to have been a ,copulative1 and the second ,name ,agrippa distinct from the former1 but that the ,words following in the ,singular ,number1 will not admit of such a ,construction4 ,the ,person then in ,memory of whom this ,inscription was made1 must have been named ,malentus ,cagrippa1 who bearing such an ,office as ,scribe1 or the like1 in the ,expedition of ,adrian the ,emperor1 performed an ,act of ,publick ,benificence and ,generosity1 both to ,strangers and ,citizens1 denoted by the ,word#af 1 or 1 which signifies ,unction4 ,perhaps he distributed amongst them ,sweet ,oyls1 to be used in or after their ,bathings4 ',tis pity what follows is so imperfect2 and especially that we cannot find out the ,date3 ,for that might have directed us to the precise time of ,hadrian's ,expedition into these ,oriental ,parts1 where he made great ,conquests1 and enlarged the ,bounds of the ,roman ,empire4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sepulchers4 ,but as great a ,curiosity as any were their ,sepulchers1 being ,square ,towers1 four or five ,stories high1 and standing on both sides of a hollow way1 towards the ,north part of the ,city4 ,they stretch out in length the space of a ,mile1 and perhaps formerly might extend a great way further4 ,at our first view of them1 as we entred the place1 we could not conjecture what they were2 some thought them the ,steeples of ruined ,churches1 and were in hopes we should have found some footsteps of ,christianity here4 ,others took them to have been ,bastions1 and part of the ,old ,fortifications1 tho' there is not so much as any ,foundation of a ,wall to be seen4 ,but when we came a ,day or two after1 more curiously to enquire into them1 we quickly found their use4 ,they were all of the same ,form1 but of different ,splendor and ,greatness1 according to the ,circumstances of their ,founders4 ,the first we viewed was entirely ,marble2 but is now wholly in ,ruins1 and nothing but a heap of broken ,stones1 among which we found the pieces of two ,statues1 one of a ,man1 and another of a ,woman1 cut in a sitting1 or rather leaning posture2 and the ,heads and part of the ,arms of both being broken off1 but their ,bodies remaining pretty entire2 so that we had the ,advantage of seeing their ,habits1 which appeared very ,noble1 but more approaching the ,european ,fashion1 than what is now in use in the ,east2 which inclined me to believe they might be ,romans4 ,upon broken pieces of ,stone tumbled here and there1 we found some as broken ,inscriptions1 but not affording any perfect ,sense1 they are not worth the ,transcribing4 ,many other ,sepulchers there were1 as much gone to decay as this1 which therefore we past by1 to go to two1 which stood almost opposite to one another1 and seemed most perfect of any1 though not without marks of the ,turkish ,malice4 ,they are two square ,towers1 rather larger than ordinary ,steeples1 and five ,stories high1 the outside being of common ,stone1 but the ,partitions and ,floors within of good ,marble2 and beautified too with very lively ,carvings and ,paintings1 and ,figures both of ,men and ,women1 as far as the ,breast and ,shoulders2 but miserably defac'd and broken4 ,under these ,statues1 or by their sides1 are in the unknown ,character1 the ,names probably of the ,persons there buried1 or by them represented2 or else some other ,memorials of them4 ,we entred one of these by a ,door on the ,south side1 from which was a ,walk cross the whole ,building just in the middle4 ,but the ,floor was broke up1 and so gave us a sight of a ,vault below1 divided after the same manner4 ,the ,spaces on each ,hand were again sub-divided into six ,partitions by thick ,walls1 each ,partition being capable of receiving the largest ,corps3 ,and piling them one above another1 as their way appears to have been1 each of those ,spaces might contain at least six or seven ,bodies4 ,for the lowest1 second and third ,stories1 those ,partitions were uniform1 and altogether the same2 save from the second ,floor1 which answered the main ,entrance1 one ,partition was reserved for a ,stair-,case4 ,higher than this1 the ,building1 being something contracted towards the top1 would not afford space for the continuation of the same ,method3 ,therefore the two uppermost ,rooms were not so parted1 nor perhaps ever had any ,bodies lain in them4 ,unless it was that of the ,founder alone1 whose ,statue wrapt up in ,funeral ,apparel1 and in a lying ,posture1 is placed in a ,nich1 or rather ,window in the ,front of the ,monument1 so as to be visible both within and without4 ,near to this ,statue was the following ,inscription4 4 ',tis a little doubtful whether should not rather be made 2 or else there must be a ,fault in the ,verb1 and all those but the ,names of one ,person4 ,the other ,monument on the other side of the way is very much like this2 only the ,front and ,entrance are towards the ,north1 and 'tis not altogether so ,polite1 nor so well ,painted4 ,but the ,carvings are as good1 and it shews altogether as ,stately and ,magnificent as the former4 ,besides1 it has the ,advantage in ,age of a whole ,century of ,years3 ,as appears from the ,date of the following ,inscription4 ',tis placed above a ,nich in the ,front1 adorned with handsom ,borders and ,cornishes2 the place1 doubtless1 of some ,statue1 and probably that of the ,founder4 444444 4 ,this is the most ,ancient ,inscription ,i met with in ,tadmor1 the #cadth4 ,year from the ,death of ,alexander the ,great1 preceding the ,birth of our ,saviour about ,ten ,years4 ,the other also is between ,twenty and ,thirty ,years before the ,reign of ,hadrian1 and consequently before the ,romans got footing here4 ,and from these sumptuous ,structures1 and these costly ,mausola1 we may reasonably conclude1 they were a ,potent and ,opulent ,people1 before they became subject to the ,romans1 and were not obliged to them for their ,greatness4 ,and now ,i believe ,i have wearied you sufficiently by leading you up and down the ,ancient and ,famous ,city of ,tadmor1 and giving you so dry an ,account of our ,employment there4 ,after #d ,days stay we returned1 not the way that we came1 but proceeding ,eastward towards the ,river ,euphrates4 ,in our way to which1 the third ,day1 passing though a ,village called ,tieve1 upon a ,stone set wrong ,end upwards1 in the midst of the ,wall of the ,mosch1 we met with the following ,inscription4 3 444 4444 4 ,and under this was another in the same ,language and ,character we had seen at ,tadmor2 ,i was surprized to find such an ,inscription in this ,place1 nor can any way guess how they should come by it3 ,and the mention of ,decapolis makes me still more in the ,dark4 ,if one might extend the ,bounds of ,decapolis1 as some are said to have done1 as far as ,closyria1 and comprize under this ,name again all ,syria1 ,phnicia only excepted1 then need it not be brought from elsewhere1 but first set up in this ,village4 ,but this will not be allowed by those who make ,decapolis only a part of ,palestine4 ,the ,matter of ,fact it contains is only an ,account of the ,magnificence of this ,agathangelus ,abilenus1 whoever he was2 who for the safety of the ,emperor ,hadrian1 erected at his own ,charges1 and ,dedicated to ,jupiter the ,thunderer1 a ,royal ,banquetting-,house1 7for so ,i take #ag to signifie7 and a ,bed of ,state2 for after there is doubtless a ,letter omitted1 and it ought to be 4 ,the ,date #dde agrees to the ,year of our ,lord #abc4 which was the seventh of the ,reign of ,hadrian4 ,and the ,month is our ,august4 ,sidenote3 ,arsoffa4 ,the next ,day we past by the ,ruins of a large ,monastery of the ,maronites1 as ,i guess it to have been by an ,inscription we met with upon the ,capitals of several ,marble ,pillars1 which supported the middle ,isle of a handsome ,church1 which was to this effect4 4 4 ,from thence we past on1 and came the same ,night to ,euphrates1 and having travelled two ,days on the ,banks of that ,famous ,river1 we came to the ,tents of the ,king of the ,arabs1 who had furnish'd us with a ,guide for our ,voyage4 ,with him we remained two ,nights1 and in two ,days ,travel more came back safe to ,aleppo1 having been out in the whole just #ah ,days4 ,the ,reverend and ,learned ,author of this ,account1 cannot with ,justice be censured1 if some ,minute ,particulars of the ,history of this ,place1 have escaped his ,memory1 being obliged to write without recourse to the ,books proper for his purpose1 which were not to be had in that ,country4 ,we have since procured a ,curious ,prospect of these ,noble ,ruins1 taken on the ,place2 which1 with some further ,remarks thereon1 are here ,published4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,this ,assyne was in the ,year of our ,lord #afic4 ,deposed by the ,turks1 and one ,dor advanced to fill his place2 so that now he is constrained to live upon ,rapine1 being followed by a considerable ,number of ,men1 who delight not to ,labour1 nor to live under any settled ,government4 #ae ',tis not improbable that might have been the ,name of a ,person4 ,vologeses is a known ,name in ,history among the ,parthian ,kings2 to which the other seems to bear a great ,affinity4 #af ,plin4 ,secun4 ,ep4 l4 #b4 ,tells us of one1 who was accused of an ,illegal ,exaction of ,money from a ,province1 ,titulo ,unguentarii2 now what was in that case unjustly exacted1 might be in this a ,voluntary ,donation1 not of the ,province to the ,governour1 but of a great ,man to the ,people4 ,or else ,unguentarium may be supposed to be a ,donative1 like ,clavarium or ,culinarium1 used sometimes by the ,romans4 #ag ,this ,word ,i find both in ,tacitus and ,strabo1 used for a kind of ,ships or ,boats1 long1 narrow1 light1 and capable of receiving #bj1 or at most #cj ,men2 but what they should do with ,boats in an ,inland ,town1 without either ,river or ,lake near it1 ,i cannot imagine4 ,i rather adhere to the other signification4 ,an ,extract of the ,journals of two several ,voyages of the ,english ,merchants of the ,factory of ,aleppo1 to ,tadmor1 anciently call'd ,palmyra4 ,our ,merchants of this worthy ,factory1 being generally ,men of more than ordinary ,birth and ,education1 have not been wanting 7as the intervals of leisure from their gainful ,traffick would permit7 to make ,voyages of ,curiosity1 to visit the celebrated ,remains of ,antiquity in those ,parts1 whereby the once flourishing ,state of the ,world1 under the ,roman ,empire1 is abundantly evinced4 ,and being inform'd by the ,natives1 that the ,ruins of the ,city of ,tadmor were more considerable than any they had yet seen1 they were tempted to enterprize this hazardous and painful ,voyage over the ,desart2 but having been1 by the perfidy of the ,arabs1 disappointed of their ,desires in their first ,attempt1 they were obliged to defer their ,curiosity1 till they could better provide for their ,security3 whereof being assured1 from the ,confidence some of them had in the ,friendship of ,assyne then ,king of the ,arabs1 they adventured again1 in the ,year #afia1 and had full liberty to visit1 observe and transcribe what they pleased4 ,illustration3 ,a ,view of the ,ruines of ,palmyra alias ,tadmor1 taken on the ,southern ,side4 ,what ,account they there took1 the ,publick has already seen in our ,last1 since which1 by the ,favour of ,mr4 ,timothy ,lanoy and ,mr4 ,aaron ,goodyear1 two very ,eminent ,merchants1 who were both in the first ,voyage1 we have received not only the ,draught of the ,prospect of those noble ,ruins1 taken upon the ,place1 7of which we here give a ,copy17 but also the ,journals of both the ,voyages2 which1 for the ,satisfaction of the ,curious1 we have thought fit to ,publish4 ,the first ,voyage1 ,anno #afgh4 ,july #ah4 at ,five in the ,morning1 we set out from ,aleppo1 being sixteen ,english2 but with ,servants and ,mulettiers in all forty2 and in four ,hours and an half1 travelling ,south by ,east1 we arrived at a ,village call'd ,cafferabite1 being at the edge of the ,desart1 here we reposed the rest of that ,day4 ,july #ai4 we rose at one in the ,morning1 and directed our ,course ,s4 ,s4 ,e4 over the ,desart1 for a ,fountain call'd ,churraick2 but our ,guide losing his ,way1 there being no ,path1 'twas near ,noon before we found it3 which made us doubt of our ,safety4 ,this ,well has no ,signs near it to discover it by4 ,here we pitch'd our ,tents1 and refresh'd our ,selves and ,horses2 and the ,water being of a ,purgative ,quality1 made us some ,diversion4 ,in our way1 we found two ,arabs with two ,asses1 one whereof carried ,water and a little ,bread1 the other they rod on by turns2 they had one ,gun1 with which they they shot ,antelopes1 the ,bullet being a hard ,stone broken round1 and cased with ,lead2 they had on the ,palms of their ,hands1 ,elbows1 ,knees and ,feet1 some ,antelope-,skin tied1 that they may be able to creep the better on the ,ground1 to ,shoot2 one of the ,asses walking by as a ,stalking-horse1 and the ,arab imitating the ,cry of the ,gazel till he get within ,shot3 ,these ,arabs are called ,selebee4 ,at the ,well came to us some ,arabs that were making ,ashes of the ordinary sort of ,weeds call'd ,chuddraife1 ,ruggot and ,cuttaff2 these they cut and dry1 and putting them into a ,pit1 set ,fire to them1 and the ,ashes cake at the bottom4 ,the ,ashes they carry to ,eglib and ,tripoli1 to make ,soap of3 ,but the best sort of ,ashes are made of the ,weed ,shinon1 which grows about ,tadmor1 ,soukny1 ,tibe and ,yarecca2 it grows like ,broom in ,england1 and in ,shape resembles ,coral4 ,july #bj4 we rose at four in the ,morning1 and ,travelling two ,hours ,e4 ,s4 ,e4 we arrived at ,andrene1 where we found the ,ruins of two or three ,churches1 and of a great ,town lying in a large ,plain2 where having tarried about an ,hour and an half1 and taken some fragments of ,greek ,inscriptions1 which afforded no certain ,sense1 but yet were evidently ,christian1 we march'd again ,s4 by ,e4 and in about four ,hours time came to a pleasant ,aqueduct call'd ,sheck-alal2 this ,aqueduct is cut through the main ,rock1 for a great way from the ,mountains2 and where it ends1 the ,arabs have made a ,garden1 which afforded us ,melons1 ,cucumbers1 ,purslain1 c4 ,in a ,grotto hard by1 there dwelt an ,arab with his ,family2 he had a dozen ,buffalo's1 which they used both for their ,milk1 and to ,plow the ,ground1 ,sowing both ,wheat1 and ,barly3 ,hither the ,arabs resort1 when they have committed any ,robbery about ,aleppo1 or ,hama1 and here they repose1 and divide the ,spoil4 ,july #ba4 we rose at four in the ,morning1 and riding two ,hours ,south1 we came to a ,ruin call'd ,briadeen2 here we found the following ,inscription on a ,stone1 good part in the ,ground3 7 7 -------- -------- ,from hence going ,south-,east1 in four ,hours more we came to a ,well called ,costal 7which signifies a ,spring in ,arab47 ,most part of our way through the ,desart we were troubled with ,rat-holes in great numbers1 like ,coneyboroughs1 which by the sinking in of the ,earth1 very much incommoded our ,horses and ,mules4 ,these ,rats have at the ends of their ,tails a bush of ,hair1 and the ,arabs eat them all1 excepting one part4 ,from this ,well we arose about four in the ,afternoon1 and began to ascend small ,hills1 covered with ,trees1 which1 for the most part1 were the small ,pistacho's which the ,arabs pickle with ,salt2 but eaten green1 are good to quench ,thirst4 ,we travelled on three ,hours up the ,hills1 where we pitch'd that ,night1 having no other ,water but what we carry'd with us2 and at ,night we had a small ,shower of ,rain1 a thing unusual in that ,country at that time of the ,year4 ,july #bb4 we rose by ,two in the ,morning1 and ,travelling ,e4 ,s4 ,e4 we came by ,eleven to a ,well call'd ,g'hor1 where we found it very ,hot1 and saw several prints of ,horses ,feet1 so that we suspected some ,arabs had newly past that way4 ,july #bc4 we rose by ,one in the ,morning1 and ,travelling most ,east1 we came to a large ,plain1 where we saw before us1 on a high ,mountain1 a great ,castle1 call'd by the ,arabs ,anture4 ,when we had travelled two or three ,hours in this ,plain1 we espied an ,arab driving towards us a ,camel1 with his ,launce1 so fast1 that he came on a round ,gallop1 and we supposed him sent as a ,spy3 being come up to us1 he told us he was of ,tadmor1 and that his ,prince1 the ,emir ,melkam1 had that ,day made ,friendship with ,hamet ,shideed another ,prince1 and that together they had four hundred ,men2 so he kept us ,company an ,hour or two1 and enquired of our ,mulettiers if we were not ,turks disguised1 with intent to seize on ,melkam2 for we travelled with a ,bandiero1 the ,impress being a ,hanjarr or ,turkish ,dagger1 and a ,half-,moon4 ,we told him we were ,franks1 which he could hardly believe1 wondering that we travelled thus in the ,desart1 only out of ,curiosity4 ,being come near to ,tadmor1 he went a little before us1 and on a sudden run full speed towards the ,ruins1 we not endeavouring to hinder him4 ,our ,guide told us he was gone to acquaint the ,arabs who we were1 and that we ought to suspect and prepare for the worst2 so we dismounted twenty of our ,servants1 each having a long ,gun1 and ,pistols at his ,girdle1 and placed them abreast before us3 we following at a little distance behind1 on ,horse-back1 with ,carbines and ,pistols4 ,in this order we proceeded1 and came to a most stately ,aqueduct1 which runs under ,ground in a direct passage five ,miles1 and is covered with an ,arch of ,bastard ,marble all the ,way1 and a ,path on both sides the ,channel for two ,persons to walk abreast2 the ,channel it self being about an ,english ,yard in breadth1 and of a ,yard in depth4 ,at #bj ,yards distance all the way are ,ventiducts for the ,air to pass1 and the holes are surrounded with small ,mounts of ,earth to keep the ,sand and ,dust from falling down4 ,we marched close by these ,mounts1 which might serve us for ,defence1 expecting every moment that the ,arabs would come to ,assail us1 having the disadvantage of ,sun and ,wind in our ,faces3 wherefore we ,travelled hard to gain an ,eminence where we might ,post our selves advantageously1 and stop and repose a little1 to consider what we had to do4 ,the ,arabs finding us to come on with this ,order and ,resolution1 thought not fit to adventure on us1 so we gained the ,hill1 from whence we might discern these vast and noble ,ruins1 having a ,plain like a ,sea for greatness to the ,southwards of it4 ,here having refresh'd our ,men1 we fetch'd a little ,compass and descended by the foot of a ,mountain1 on which stands a great ,castle1 but uninhabited4 ,here two ,arabs came to us with ,lances1 one being ,chiah to ,melkam1 and we sent two to meet them2 they gave the ,salam alika1 and ours returned the ,alica salam1 and advancing to our ,company1 told us the ,emir had understood of our coming1 and had sent them to acquaint us that he was our ,friend1 and that all the ,country was ours4 ,we sent back with them our ,janizary and a ,servant to visit the ,prince in his ,tents1 which were in a ,garden4 ,in the mean time we dismounted at a watering ,place amidst the ,ruins1 but did not unload till our ,janizary and ,servant returned with the ,emir's ,tescarr1 assuring us of ,friendship and ,protection1 a ,writing which the ,arabs were never known to violate before4 ,with them came also one that belonged to the ,sheck of the ,town1 for whom we had ,letters from ,useffe ,aga the ,emeer of ,aleppo4 ,he desired us for greater ,security to pitch our ,tents under the ,town ,walls1 which is in the ,ruins of a great ,palace1 the ,wall yet standing very high1 the ,town within but small1 and the ,houses excepting two or three no better than ,hog-sties4 ,so we pitched in a deep ,sandy ,ground where we found it exceeding hot4 ,here we waited till three of the ,clock without eating any thing1 expecting the ,sheck should have presented us according to the usual ,custom of the ,turks to their ,friends1 and have given some answer to the ,letters we brought him2 but on the contrary we found by the gesture of the ,people1 that we had ,reason to suspect them4 ,hereupon two of our ,company believing that the want of a present to the ,emir was the cause thereof resolved to adventure to give him a ,visit1 and taking the ,janizary and one ,servant1 they carried him a ,present of two pieces of ,red ,cloath1 and four of ,green1 and several other things3 ,being come he welcomed them into his ,tent1 and placed the one on his right ,hand and the other on his left4 ,melkam was a young ,man1 not above ,five and ,twenty1 and well ,featur'd1 and a most ,excellent ,horse-man2 ,hamet ,shideed1 the other ,prince1 was more elderly1 as about forty ,years of ,age1 and was not in the ,tent1 but sat under a ,palm-,tree near it4 ,he treated them with ,coffee1 ,camel's-flesh and ,dates1 and enquired of their ,journey1 and the ,cause of their coming3 ,they told him 'twas only ,curiosity to see those ,ruins2 he said that formerly ,solomon ,ibnel ,doud ,built a ,city in that ,place1 which being destroyed1 was ,built again by a strange ,people1 and he believed1 that we understanding the ,writing on the ,pillars1 came to seek after ,treasure1 he having but six ,moons before found a ,pot of ,corra ,crusses4 ,after this he went out of the ,tent1 leaving them smoaking ,tobacco1 to the ,janizary and ,servant1 and told them1 that never till that ,day any ,franks had been at that ,place1 and that now we knew the way through the ,desert1 we might inform the ,turks to their ,ruin and ,destruction1 so that 'twould be convenient for them to destroy us all3 ,but that we coming as ,friends1 he would only have #djjj ,dollars as a ,present1 else he would hang them and the two ,franks up1 and go fight the rest4 ,this ,message being brought them1 they wish'd they had excus'd themselves from this ,embassy1 and answered1 they could say nothing to that ,demand1 not knowing our ,minds1 but if he would permit them to go and speak with the rest1 they would return an ,answer4 ,hearing this1 he threatened present ,death1 but at length gave leave to our ,janizary to carry us a ,letter from them1 wherein they shewed the danger they were in1 and earnestly entreated us to redeem them1 the ,price set on them being #bjjj ,dollars1 one half in ,mony1 the other half in ,goods1 as ,swords1 ,cloaths1 ,tents1 c4 which the ,emir promised to estimate at their ,worth4 ,this ,letter amazed us mightily1 and a little before it arrived1 we understanding a little1 and fearing more ill ,treatment to our ,friends1 were getting ready to free them or die with them4 ,the ,garden where ,melkam lay1 was about half a ,mile from the ,tents1 full of ,palm-,trees1 and had no ,walls1 but loose ,stones piled up ,breast high about them1 so we designed to have gone suddenly and given two or three ,volleys on them1 e'er they could get to ,horse2 and the ,arab know not how to ,fight on ,foot4 ,and though they bragg'd they had #djj ,men1 we supposed #bjj might be the most1 and they not all ,lances4 ,but on receipt of this ,letter1 and the ,servants telling us that they would certainly be cut off1 if we endeavoured their ,rescue1 we began to examin what ,moneys we had1 ,cloaths and other ,trade1 and found we could not near make up that ,sum4 ,in this ,confusion came two ,arabs to receive the things1 and immediately ,word was brought that the ,emir would come and ,visit us2 we sent him ,word1 that if he came with more than two followers1 we would not admit him3 so he came with #b ,servants only2 and in conclusion1 we made him up in ,money and ,goods to the ,value of #aejj ,dollars4 ,he valuing our ,things as we pleased2 his ,design being not so much to compleat the ,sum1 as to take from us all we had4 ,after this1 about ,sun ,set1 he returned us our two ,friends1 when the ,sheck of the ,town invited us to ,lodge within the ,town2 which we found afterwards was with a design to have forced something from us3 ,but we giving him to understand that the ,emir had taken all already1 and had left us only our ,arms and the ,cloaths on our ,backs2 which if they would have1 they must ,fight for3 ,that ,resolution daunted them1 and away they went1 promising us ,barley for our ,horses in the ,morning4 ,we kept good watch in the ,night1 and when ,day broke1 we began to consider how to clear our selves2 we expected the ,barly till ,nine in the ,morning1 when it came1 and the ,emir himself came and gave us the good ,morrow3 ,we feared least they should pretend to stop some of us in the ,gate-way1 so we placed six of our ,company to secure the ,passage1 'till all the rest were got out1 under pretence of taking an ,inscription that was over the ,gate4 ,being all got clear1 we returned by the same way we came and arrived at ,aleppo ,july #bi4 in the ,morning4 ,this ,melkam told us1 ,that if we had not submitted our selves to his ,demands1 he was resolved to ,fight us after this ,method3 ,loading #ej ,camels with ,baggs of ,sand1 and making small holes in the ,baggs for the ,sand to drop out1 he would drive these ,camels abreast upon us before the ,wind1 that the ,sand might blow in our ,eyes1 and we spending our ,bullets on the ,camels1 might so be easily overthrown2 we answered1 that we believed he would not venture his ,camels and ,horses to such a ,combat4 ,he wondered extreamly when we talk'd of ,shooting ,birds flying1 and ,hares running4 ,this and other the like ,violences used by this ,arab ,prince1 made the ,bassa of ,aleppo resolve to destroy him2 and not long after he cajoled him with the ,hopes of being made ,king of the ,arabs1 and to draw him near the ,city1 he vested and caressed some of his ,followers3 ,which having its effect1 the ,bassa surprized him in his ,tents by ,night1 and soon after he was put to ,death3 ,this those ,people were willing to believe the effect of their so abusing the ,english1 and might much contribute to the ,security and good ,usage they found1 that went the second time on this ,expedition4 ,we had not time to view these ,ruins by reason of this usage1 though perhaps we might with safety4 ,we only took one of the ,inscriptions as we past by1 which was thus4 44 44 4 ,wherein the principal difference is in the ,word 1 which in the ,account already ,published is read 1 which seems to signifie some peculiar ,officer of the ,syrians1 as ,ducenarius of the ,latins1 which perhaps those skill'd in the ,oriental ,customs and ,languages may be able to expound4 ,as far as we could conclude from our ,journeys1 and the ,position of the ,ways taken by two good ,compasses1 the ,distance of ,tadmor from ,aleppo is about a #aej ,english ,miles1 and the ,course ,s4 ,s4 ,e4 or rather somewhat more ,southerly1 considering the ,variation of the ,compass1 which is above a half a ,point ,westward in these ,parts4 ,the second ,voyage1 ,anno #afia4 ,we set out from ,aleppo for ,tadmor on ,michaelmas-day1 being in all1 ,masters and ,servants1 thirty ,men1 well armed1 having obtained a ,promise of ,security from ,assyne1 then ,king of the ,arabs1 and one of his own ,people for a ,guide4 ,this ,day our ,road pointed ,s4 b4 ,e4 and in four ,hours we came to a ,fountain call'd ,caphir-,abiad1 leaving ,old ,aleppo about an ,hour distant on the right ,hand3 ,here we made but a very short stay1 but proceeded to a better ,fountain at the foot of a very high ,hill1 cover'd with loose ,stones1 the ,ruins of a ,village called ,broeder1 of which there was not one ,house remaining2 and dining here1 we advanced in an ,hour and a quarter more1 in the ,afternoon1 through a fertile open ,place1 to a ,place called ,emghir1 famous for the best ,wheat that is brought to ,aleppo4 ,this we made our first ,stage2 and mounting again in the ,morning about five a ,clock1 in less than an ,hour1 past by an uninhabited ,village1 call'd ,urghee1 our ,road pointing as before1 through the fruitful ,plain1 even and pleasant2 but when we came to ascend the ,hills1 where ,i reckon'd we entred the ,desart1 and were to take our leave of ,mankind1 at least of an inhabited ,country for some ,days1 we had a troublesome ,passage1 over loose great ,stones1 without any appearance of a ,road4 ,our ,guide had promised to conduct us through pleasant ,groves and ,forests2 but no such thing appeared1 unless we would bestow that ,name upon low withered ,shrubs that grew in the ,way1 only one ,tree we saw1 which was of good use to us1 serving as a ,land-mark2 and when we were come up with it1 being left at a little distance on the right ,hand1 we gain'd the ,prospect of a remote ridge of ,hills before us1 and on the top of one of them an old ,castle2 this ,castle1 we were told1 was known by the ,name of ,gazar ,ibn ,wordan2 but what it anciently was1 or in what ,condition it is at present1 ,i could not learn2 therefore1 not unwillingly1 ,i turned my ,eyes from it1 to a little round ,hill more on the left1 by which we were to direct our ,course1 and about a quarter of an ,hour from which stood a ,sheck's ,house1 call'd ,sheck ,ailha1 where we were to bait1 with a ,well of ,water by it1 but such that we had but little gusto to taste1 though it served our ,horses3 ,all the ,country hereabouts is stor'd with ,antelopes1 and there is a barbarous sort of ,people there1 that have hardly any thing else to live upon1 but what of these they can kill2 and ,necessity has taught them to be no mean ,artists in their way1 for they lie down behind the ,stones1 and as the poor harmless ,creature passes1 shoot them2 and though their ,guns be very ordinary1 exceeding heavy and thick1 with ,match-,locks1 yet are they such excellent ,marks-men1 that they kill many4 ,that ,morning we had ,travelled about five ,hours to reach ,sheck ,ailha's2 yet finding nothing to invite our stay there1 7though there were four or five ,tombs there not ill made1 according to the ,turkish mode7 about one a ,clock we mounted again1 bending to the ,s4 ,e4 or something more ,easterly4 ,in our way we had two remarkable ,prospects1 one on the right ,hand1 of the ,ruins of an ancient ,city call'd ,andreen1 and sometimes ,londrine1 which we were told had been formerly inhabited by ,franks1 and that there were many ,inscriptions there2 but it was too far out of our way1 and withal something too dangerous too1 for us to take a view of them3 ,the other1 on the left ,hand1 was another ,tree1 not far from which our ,guide assured us of good ,water1 where we designed to take up our ,lodging2 the hopes of the ,water made us slight a ,well we past by on the ,road1 at which afterwards we repented we had not stay'd2 for when we came up with the ,tree1 from which we had declined a great way to the right1 we found our ,water still at a very great distance1 and were constrained to take new ,directions by a white chalky ,hill1 almost as far as we could see1 and yet not much beyond the ,place which was to be our ,stage2 on therefore we proceeded till ,sun-set1 very weary1 and almost without hope of our coming to ,water that ,night1 though at the same time near dead with ,thirst2 and which the more supriz'd us1 our ,guide was advanced a great way before1 out of our sight1 upon what design we knew not1 but at his return1 we found it was only to assure himself better of the way1 and in an ,hours time more he brought us to the side of a ,bog1 call'd by the ,name of ,zerga1 where1 such as it was1 we found ,water enough1 but it was neither palatable nor wholsome1 neither did the ,ground seem proper to ,sleep upon2 yet we were forced to be content1 there being no removing thence that ,night4 ,october #a4 ,we departed from ,zerga1 about two ,hours before ,sun-rise1 and as soon as it was light1 had the ,prospect of a very high ,hill1 which was to be the bounds of our ,travel that ,day4 ,to this we made as directly as we could look1 finding nothing in our way observable either to arrest our curiosity1 or to slacken our ,pace1 except a multitude of ,holes made in the sandy ,earth1 by ,rats1 ,serpents1 and other ,animals1 which render'd our ,riding a little troublesome2 as we had found it upon the same ,account the ,afternoon before4 ,about two ,hours short of our ,stage1 we were shewn three little round ,hills lying to the right in a direct line1 known by the ,name of ,tenage2 where we were told there was good ,water1 and it's for that reason only they deserve the notice of those that ,travel through such a thirsty ,desart4 ,the ,place to which we directed our ,course was called ,esree1 where we arrived about eleven a ,clock1 and found to our great ,satisfaction1 that our ,guide had not deceived us in his ,promise of excellent ,water3 ,here we could discern the ,foundations of a spacious ,city1 and a piece of a thick ,wall1 built of a chalky ,stone1 was standing3 ,this we judged to be the remainder of a ,castle situated on the side of the ,hill1 so as both to defend and command the ,city4 ,on the top of the ,hill1 above the ,castle1 stands the ,ruins of a ,fabrick1 in appearance very ,ancient1 built of very hard ,stone1 yet exceedingly worn by the ,weather2 'tis of an oblong ,figure1 pointing near to the ,n4 ,e4 and ,s4 ,w4 with only one ,door on the ,easterly end1 which was once adorned with extraordinary good ,carvings1 of which there are still some remains1 but the greatest part is either worn away1 or purposely defaced2 and those marks of ancient ,beauty that remain are very obscure1 and difficultly discernable2 the outside of the ,walls is beautified with ,pilasters quite round1 with their ,pedestals and ,capitals regular and handsom2 but the ,roof is all fallen down1 and within appears nothing which looks either great or beautiful4 ,the ,situation1 and placing the ,door1 hinders one from conjecturing it to have been a ,christian ,oratory1 or ,chappel1 and therefore in probability it must have been a ,heathen ,temple2 and if so1 then the piece of the ,castle ,wall being of a softer ,stone1 must be much more modern2 the goodness of the ,water brings the ,arabs 7who rove up and down the ,desart7 and the ,turk-men frequently hither1 which has occasion'd a great many ,graves about the ,temple2 and some have had leisure1 and1 7which is more difficult to be imagin'd7 skill enough to scratch in the ,walls the first ,letters of their ,names1 and many more in ,arabick ,characters1 which we could make nothing of1 no more than of an ,arabick ,inscription which lay hard by1 but appeared not ancient4 ,october the #b;d4 ,we departed from ,esree1 about an ,hour1 or an ,hour and an half after ,midnight1 and in six ,hours and an half arrived at two ,wells1 the ,water #ah ,fathom and #b ,foot deep1 known by the ,name of ,imp malcha ,giub3 ,through the greatest part of this ,stage we had a broad beaten ,road1 and where that was not discernible1 we guided our selves by a ridge of chalky ,hills1 under which the ,wells lay2 the ,water we found exceeding bad1 and of so noisome a ,scent1 that we could not endure it so much as at our ,noses2 which made our ,guide laugh at us1 who told us1 the ,arabs1 and even the ,king himself used to drink freely of it2 which1 ,i am sure1 our ,horses would not do1 though they were under a necessity of drinking that or none3 ,for our selves we had brought from ,esree ,water1 sufficient for one ,day at least4 ,in our way hither we were shewn the true ,plant which they burn for ,soap-,ashes1 which has no ,leaves1 but a soft juicy ,stalk shooting into several ,branches1 and something resembling our ,camphire1 only it's more round than that2 the ,ashes likewise we saw1 which were made not far from the ,wells1 which in burning run into ,cakes1 not much unlike the ,cinders of a ,forge1 only they are heavier1 and not so full of ,pores1 nor so hard as they are4 ,in the ,afternoon1 we proceeded on our ,voyage two ,hours and an half1 to a place called ,almyrrha1 passing rather between than over the ,hills1 though we had something of an ascent too2 this we did to shorten our ,stage the next ,morning1 for we were told before-hand we should find no ,water upon those ,mountains2 so1 for our ,selves1 we liv'd upon our old ,stock1 and our ,horses were constrain'd to pass that ,night without ,water4 ,our ,journy hitherto had been altogether ,southerly1 and but little varying to the ,eastward of due ,south4 ,october the #c;d4 ,we mounted from ,almyrrha between five and six in the ,morning1 making to the point of a high ridge of ,mountains1 through an uneven ,desart ,way1 frequently interrupted with ,gutts and ,channels1 probably made by the descent of the ,waters from the ,hills1 upon sudden ,rains3 ,we came to the ascent after about four ,hours ,travel1 which we found not difficult2 and when we were on the top1 we had a pleasant ,prospect of the ,country1 and what we rejoyced at most1 we were shewn a little ,hill1 just behind which1 we were told lay ,tadmor4 ,this ,mountain was cover'd on both sides with great plenty of ,turpentine-,trees1 which was an ,object very pleasing1 having seen very few greens in our whole ,journey3 ,this ,tree grows very thick and shady1 and several of them we saw loaded with a vast abundance of small round ,nut1 the chief use whereof is to make ,oil1 though some eat them1 and account them as great a ,regalio as ,pistaches2 their outward ,husk is green1 and more ,oily than that of ,pistaches1 and within a very thin ,shell is contained a ,kernel both in colour and relish very much resembling them2 but those that eat them1 seldom take the ,pains to search for the ,kernels1 but eat ,husk and ,shell all together1 which have no ungrateful ,taste3 ,from this ,hill we had a tedious descent1 and coming at the foot into a narrow ,gut1 winding this way and that between the ,mountains1 our ,passage seemed very long1 hot and tiresome2 our want of ,water however obliged us to proceed1 whereof we now began to be in great necessity1 especially for our ,horses and ,mules1 who had none the ,night before1 nor none all that ,day2 with this we had hopes of being supplied two different ways2 having had a shower of ,rain the ,night before1 we hoped to have found ,water standing in the hollows of the ,rocks2 but either the ,rain had not reach'd so far1 or not in such plenty as to fill those naturally hewed ,cisterns3 ,our other expectation was from the ,wells that were in the ,road2 but these our ,guide advancing before and examining1 met us with the unwelcome ,news1 that they were all dried up1 and the best ,advice he could give us1 was to pitch where we were1 and content our selves with the remains of what we had brought two ,days in our ,vessels1 till our ,horses and ,mules might be sent to a ,fountain two ,hours out of our way1 and being watered there themselves1 bring a fresh supply for us3 ,this way1 with some difficulty1 we assented to1 as more eligible1 than weary as we were1 to wander so far out of the ,road1 to have the same ,ground to stage over again the next ,morning3 ,we resolved therefore to send our ,guide1 with one or two of our ,servants1 in search of the ,water1 and afterwards others with our ,horses1 while in the mean time we pitch'd our ,tents1 it being then about two a ,clock in the ,afternoon3 ,as soon as they were gone1 a small drizzling ,rain1 which we had about half an ,hour1 encreased to a very plentiful ,shower1 which put us upon producing all the ,vessels we had to catch it as it fell from the ,heavens1 or ran down the ,skirts of our ,tents1 our ,horses at the same time greedily drinking it from the ,ground2 but we might have spared our ,pains1 for in less than half an ,hours time1 our ,camp was in a manner a-float1 and we were surrounded with ,water not only sufficient for us1 but for an ,army of #bjjjj ,men2 those hollow ,gutts which we passed over without the least appearance of moisture1 were1 by the ,cataracts which descended from the ,mountains1 become ,rivers2 and our ,guide with those ,servants we had sent out1 that before rode over it dry1 it being swoln to such a ,torrent1 were put to some difficulty to repass it2 so plentifully was ,god pleased to provide for us in our greatest streight2 and which encreases both the ,wonder and ,mercy1 the next ,morning1 all this great quantity of ,water was past away1 so that in about two ,hour's ,riding we could hardly perceive that there had been any ,rain at all4 ,this memorable ,place is known by the ,name of ,al-,wishal4 ,october the #dth4 ,from ,al-,wishal we proceeded for ,tadmor1 some of the ,ruins of which we perswaded our selves we could see the ,day before2 perhaps it might be the ,castle1 which is more than half an ,hour's distance from the ,city2 our way lay ,southward1 but the ,gut in which we travelled would not permit us to keep a direct course3 ,however1 in about an ,hour's ,walk1 we past by ,antor ,mountains 7our ,guide call'd them ,toul ,antor7 through a ,gut or ,rent1 both sides of which so directly answered one to the other1 they would tempt a ,man to believe they were separated by ,art1 for an entrance into the ,country2 but it must have been a work of prodigious ,labour and ,charges to have cut through such vast ,mountains3 ,and if any one was so hardy as to attempt it1 he certainly grew weary of his ,undertaking2 for the ,ground is levelled but a very little way1 and almost as soon as we were well got within the open space1 we were obliged to ascend another ,hill1 and so our ,road continued over ,hills and ,valleys interchangeably all the way4 ,on the left ,hand1 some distance from the ,road1 we saw a ,sheck's ,house on the top of a high ,hill1 which made a better show than usually those ,buildings do1 but being assured by our ,guide it was a modern ,structure1 and eager too to come to the principal ,place we aimed at1 we would not prolong our ,stage so much as to turn out of the ,road1 to see more of it3 ,so pressing still forwards1 we had hardly proceeded four ,hours1 when we came to the brow of a ,rocky ,mountain1 separated from that whereon stands the ,castle of ,tadmor1 but by a narrow ,valley3 ,in which ,hill1 by the ,way1 appeared some ,quarries of fine ,stone1 which probably might afford ,materials to the curious ,buildings in the ,city4 ,our ,guide here 7according to his accustomed ,diligence7 advanced some few ,paces before us1 and having espied three or four ,country-,fellows driving ,asses towards us1 he caused us to make halt1 to give them an opportunity to come nearer to us1 resolving to speak with them1 to know whether the ,coast was clear1 or if any of the ,mountain ,arabs were then at ,tadmor1 or not4 ,after a little space1 with our ,arms in our ,hands1 we marched in as good order as the ,way would permit1 down a rocky and steep ,precipice1 into the ,valley2 and our ,guide making greater speed than we could1 gallop'd after the poor affrighted ,country ,fellows2 who seeing such a ,company unexpectedly descend the ,hill1 left their ,asses1 and fled towards the ,city with all possible speed3 ,but they were soon overtaken1 and brought back again to us2 to whom they related the good ,news1 that there was no ,force at all in ,tadmor1 and that we might proceed with ,courage1 and see what we would there with all safety3 ,which ,news obtained them their ,liberty to go again to their ,asses1 and we continued in our ,way4 ,having tired our selves with roving from ,ruin to ,ruin1 and rummaging among old ,stones1 from which little ,knowledge could be obtained2 and more especially not thinking it safe to linger too long in a ,place1 where should the ,mountain ,arabs 7who were ,enemies to ,assyne ,abasse1 our ,friend7 have ,intelligence of us1 they might either fall upon or endeavour to intercept us in our return2 7for which reason also we had all along concealed our intended ,course1 under a pretence of proceeding forward to ,damascus47 ,on ,thursday1 ,october #h4 about half an ,hour after four in the ,morning1 we departed from ,tadmor1 being very well satisfied with what we had seen1 and glad to have escaped so dreaded a ,place1 without any ,trouble or ,pretences upon us2 but else with some ,regret1 for having left a great many things behind1 which deserved a more particular and curious ,inspection4 ,our ,road lay almost due ,east1 or a little inclining to the ,north2 and on the left ,hand1 a ridge of ,hills stretched along for a great space1 sometimes about half an ,hour distant from the ,road1 and sometimes opening wider3 ,these ,hills1 we were told1 were stored with rich ,veins of divers ,minerals1 and afforded all that vast quantity of ,marble1 the ,remains whereof we had seen at ,tadmor2 and it was from a ,fountain call'd ,abulfarras1 at the foot of one of them1 they fetch out ,water1 which we drank there2 the ,inhabitants contenting themselves with that which runs from the ,hot ,springs4 ,to the right ,hand lay a vast barren ,plain1 perfectly bare1 and hardly any thing green to be seen therein1 except it were a few ,gourds which our ,servants found on the side of a little rising-,ground1 where there was no shew of any thing moist to feed them4 ,our ,way being plain1 we had the sight of ,tadmor1 especially the ,castle1 for above half our ,stage1 till we came to an old ,caphar ,house4 ,we made indeed a very short ,days ,journey1 in the whole1 finding a ,fountain of excellent ,water in about five ,hours and a half's ,riding2 which1 as it was a most welcome ,refreshment to us in such a thirsty ,desart1 so it was the only good ,water we met with till we came to ,euphrates1 which was not till the third ,day from this ,place4 ,at this ,fountain we pitch'd1 near to which is a ,village1 but almost wholly ruined and deserted4 ',twas some time before any ,body would be seen1 for they were afraid of us2 at length1 three ,men came out to our ,tents1 ,spectacles of a miserable ,poverty1 occasion'd by their being frequently pillaged by the ,mountain ,arabs1 and a great ,duty they pay to ,assyne ,abasse their ,king1 for his ,protection3 ,three hundred ,dollars they pay him ,annually1 when one would think the whole ,village was not able to make up the ,sum of one ,hundred2 yet being the remotest ,place that was under his ,jurisdiction1 they often suffer by the ,inroads of the other4 ,the ,name of the ,place is ,yarecca1 a ,name it received 7as we were inform'd7 from a ,victory obtained there by the ,turks over the ,mamalukes4 ,october the #ith4 ,from ,yarecca we mounted early1 and ,travelling ,n4 ,e4 or near that ,point1 in seven ,hours time arrived at ,soukney4 ,the ,road we found much like what we had the ,day before1 lying over a barren ,plain2 only we had ,hills on both sides1 and sometimes closing within half an ,hours riding one of the other4 ,the ,village has its ,name from the ,hot ,waters1 7for so the ,word imports17 which are of the same ,nature with those of ,tadmor2 herein they ,bath frequently1 the same little dirty ,hole serving both for ,men and ,women2 only they have so much ,modesty remaining1 that they have different ,hours for one and the other4 ,to say the ,truth1 'twas the only mark of ,modesty ,i could observe among them2 in other respects they seemed a ,confident1 or rather ,impudent ,generation of ,people4 ,before we could pitch our ,tents1 they flock'd about us in multitudes1 ,men1 ,women1 and ,children2 and of the last1 many of them as naked as ever they came into the ,world1 not so much as a ,rag about them to cover them2 and so numerous they appeared1 that if we had reason to think ,yarecca wanted ,inhabitants1 we had no less1 to conclude ,soukney over-stock'd4 ,at this ,place usually resides an ,officer of ,assyne's1 who is their ,sub-,basha1 or ,governor3 ,he whom we found there1 was call'd ,dor1 of a good ,family among the ,arabs1 to whom we made a ,present2 and he civilly return'd it in ,barley for our ,horses4 ,afterwards he came under our ,tents1 and invited us to an ,entertainment2 which1 considering the ,circumstances of the ,place1 was very ,splendid1 though it was nothing but ,pilaw at last1 a little diversify'd by the dressing2 and1 to speak truly1 ,i judge we could not have less than a ,bushel of ,rice set before us4 ,his ,palace1 indeed was not very stately1 there being few ,cottages in ,england but might vie with it4 ,to the ,room wherein we were entertain'd1 which1 doubtless1 was the best1 if not the only one he had1 we were forced to clamber1 rather than ascend1 by broken ,steps made of ,stone and ,dirt4 ,when we were got in1 and commodiously seated after the ,turkish ,mode1 it seemed large enough for about a dozen or fourteen ,people3 ,at the upper end was a little space separated from the rest by a ridge made up of ,earth1 within which1 ,i suppose1 he slept4 ,the ,walls were mean2 but the ,roof much worse1 having no other ,covering but ,faggots2 so that certainly it could not be ,proof against a ,shower of ,rain which fell that ,night1 and forced us out of our ,tents1 into in old ruinous ,cane1 for shelter3 ,however1 it served well enough for our ,afternoons ,collation2 and we had come away with a good ,opinion of the ,gentleman's ,civility1 had he not afterwards endeavoured to make a ,pretence upon us1 and so would have forced us to pay dear for our ,rice3 ,he pretended to a ,customary ,duty of a ,chequeen a ,head of all ,franks that past that ,road2 though probably neither he1 nor his ,grand-father before him1 had ever seen a ,frank there before4 ,but when he understood by our ,guide1 that we were not so easily to be imposed upon2 and withal1 that we were ,assyne's ,friends1 and in our ,way to his ,tents2 and especially our ,treasurer a ,person he very much esteemed1 who therefore would be sure to acquaint him with any ,exaction or ,injury offer'd us1 his ,mouth was quickly stop'd1 and he grew so sensible of his ,error1 that he sent to excuse it1 and presented our ,treasurer with a ,fan of ,black ,ostrich ,feathers2 and not only so1 but in the ,morning came himself1 and begging ,pardon1 desired nothing might be said of what had past1 and so conducted us about an ,hour on our way4 ,this ,village pays to ,assyne fifteen hundred ,dollars per ,annum4 ,october the #ajth4 ,continuing our ,voyage still to the ,n4 ,e4 or something more ,easterly1 we found it another pleasant and easie ,stage to another ,village call'd ,tiebe1 so called 7as they say7 from the goodness of the ,water1 the ,word signifying good3 ,but we found them not so over excellent2 they had the ,tast1 and were doubtless tinctured with the same ,mineral1 with those of ,soukney and ,tadmor1 though not so strong4 ,but the ,village it self made a better ,shew than usual2 and the ,people appear'd of something better ,fashion1 and more civiliz'd1 than those we had left4 ,it's pleasantly situated1 and makes a good appearance as one comes up to it2 the ,prospect being helped by a well built ,steeple1 to which is now adjoyned their ,mosch3 ,but ,i am apt to believe it the remains of a ,christian ,church1 being built with more ,art and ,beauty than you shall easily find in ,turkish ,fabricks3 ,and there are also several ,ruins about it1 which speak it to have been a more famous ,place than now it is4 ,into the ,mosch we were permitted to enter1 without any ,disturbance4 ,this ,village lies in one of the ,roads from ,aleppo to ,bagdatt1 and pays to ,assyne an ,annual ,tribute of one thousand ,dollars4 ,from hence we mounted again in the ,afternoon1 and proceeded about two ,hours and a half farther1 to shorten our next ,days ,stage4 ,having travelled this ,day1 in all1 about seven or eight ,hours1 the ,place we pitch'd at was a ,fountain1 and known by the ,name of ,alcome2 but neither ,town nor ,house by it3 neither was the ,water fit to be ,drank1 being of the same nature with that of ,soukney1 and almost as warm4 ,october the #aath4 ,from ,alcome we rose about an ,hour and an half after ,midnight1 our ,guide groping out the way1 by the help of the ,stars1 which now bended more to the ,north than formerly4 ,as soon as it was light enough to look about us1 we found our selves in a wild open ,desart1 the ,ground1 in some ,places covered with a sort of ,heath1 and in others quite bare4 ,nor had we travelled long after the ,sun was up1 before1 by the help of a rising ,ground1 we discovered ,arsoffa1 the ,place whither we were tending1 which gave us hopes we should quickly be there3 ,but having a dry tiresome ,plain to traverse1 and the hot ,sun causing our ,mules a little to slacken their ,pace1 'twas after ten a ,clock before we reach'd it3 ,and which was more vexatious still1 finding no ,water any where near1 we were necessitated to proceed forward for the ,river ,euphrates1 which we found four ,hours distant from hence4 ,arsoffa1 or 7as the ,arabs call it7 ,arsoffa ,emir1 seems to be the remains of a ,monastery1 having no ,town nor ,village near it1 and being one continued ,pile of ,building of an oblong ,figure1 stretching long ways ,east and ,west1 and enclosing a very capacious ,area3 ,at a distance it makes a glittering shew1 being built of ,gypsine ,stone1 or ,rock-,ising-glass1 resembling ,alabaster1 but not so hard2 several ,quarries of which we past by in our way to it4 ,when the ,sun shines upon it1 it reflects the ,beams so strong1 that they dazzle the ,eyes of the ,spectators4 ,art or ,accuracy in the ,workmanship we found none2 and but very little ,carved ,work1 and that mean enough2 nay1 the very ,cement they made use of1 is but little better than ,dirt2 so that it's no great ,wonder to see it in ,ruins1 though it has not the appearance of any great ,antiquity4 ,round about were the little ,apartments or ,chambers for the ,monks1 built ,arch-wise1 only one ,story above ,ground2 but underneath are several ,cells or ,vaults1 larger than the ,chambers1 which perhaps might serve for their ,schools1 or ,working-houses4 ,in the midst of the ,area stand the ,ruins of several ,buildings1 some of which seem to have been ,cisterns for ,water1 and it may be the ,bathing-,places3 ,but the most remarkable was one1 which probably was the ,abbot's or ,bishop's ,house1 there having been something more ,pains bestow'd upon it1 than the rest3 ,and another1 which was the ,relicks of their ,church4 ,this was formerly no unhandsom ,structure1 being built in the form of our ,churches1 and distinguish'd into three ,isles1 of which the middle one is supported by eighteen turned ,marble ,pillars1 with ,capitals upon them1 not of ,marble1 but of a sort of ,clay1 and ,cast into the shape they are in1 but of a ,colour exactly resembling the ,pillar it self4 ,that which perswades to believe them ,cast1 is a ,greek ,inscription to be seen on all of them2 the ,letters whereof are not made by ,incision in the ,stone1 but seem to be stamped1 standing out higher than the distance between them2 and on one of them1 by mistake1 they are so placed1 as to be read after the ,oriental manner1 from the right ,hand to the left4 ,the ,words are these1 with the ,crucifix before1 as follows3 4 4 ,from hence our ,guide led us to the ,river1 by the assistance of two little ,hills1 which are known by the ,name of ,aff ,dieu1 our way lying ,north1 and a little bending to the ,east4 ,the sight of the ,river was a very pleasing ,prospect2 and to our great comfort1 we found the ,water very clear1 happening to be there before the ,rains1 and after the ,snow-,waters 7which swell and disturb it in the ,summer-time7 were all past3 ,and our ,happiness seemed the greater1 having had so tedious and thirsty a ,journey of at least fourteen ,hours1 and neither our ,selves nor our ,horses touch'd a drop of ,water all ,day4 ,we pitch'd upon a ,reach of the ,river1 where it was not very broad1 not being above half a ,musket-shot over4 ,october the #abth4 ,this ,morning1 about ,sun-rise1 we proceeded on our ,voyage1 keeping along the ,banks of the ,river1 which1 for the most part1 led us ,west and ,north-,west3 ,and here we had pleasant ,travelling1 having the ,river on the right ,hand1 and ,hills of ,marble or other fine ,stone1 on the left2 and delightful ,groves of ,tamarisk1 ,mulberry1 and other ,trees to pass through4 ,here every thing about us lookt fresh and verdant1 and we met frequently ,men and ,women passing on their ,occasions1 a thing to which 7in our former ,stages7 we had not been accustomed4 ,we had also a pleasing ,prospect of the opposite ,shore1 and could see a great way into ,mesopotamia1 but could meet with no ,convenience to cross the ,river1 which we were very desirous to have done4 ,there are no ,places of ,note remaining upon the ,river either on one side or the other1 only on the farther side we saw an old ,castle call'd ,giabar1 which made a good ,shew1 being situated on the top of a ,hill1 and both for that and the way of ,building1 very much resembling that of ,aleppo1 only that is the larger1 and in the midst of a ,city2 this less1 and has neither ,town nor ,houses about it4 ,on our side we past by a ,sheck's ,house call'd ,abul-,rarra1 and the ,ruins of a ,town a little farther1 where there was a square ,tower built of a very ordinary ,brick1 but pretty entire4 ,after we had left these ,ruins1 we rested to bait1 under the ,shadow of a ,rock1 wherein were many ,apartments and ,conveniences cut to lodge in1 which ,i suppose are made use of in the ,winter by the ,people1 who1 during the ,summer1 pitch among the ,trees by the ,river-side4 ,in the ,afternoon we continued our ,journey as before1 keeping always at a little distance from the ,river1 till a little before ,sun-set2 when we came to a very convenient ,place upon the ,banks1 where we took up our lodging for that ,night1 having travell'd between seven or eight ,hours the whole ,day4 ,october the #acth4 ,this ,day we had the same ,satisfaction as the ,day before1 proceeding as near the ,river as the ,road would permit2 and having made a ,stage of about six ,hours1 we rested under the shade of the ,tamarisk ,trees by the ,river side1 hoping to have found conveniency to have crossed it1 but we could not4 ,in our ,way we saw nothing observable but the ,ruins of a ,city call'd ,baulas1 where the ,turks had formerly a ,sangiack2 but now there is never an ,inhabitant in the ,place1 nor ,house standing1 but the ,ruins of ,houses1 and an ,octagonal ,tower of a considerable height1 viz4 ,one hundred and seven ,steps1 and beautified on the outside with ,flourishes and an ,arabick ,inscription round about3 ,it's a handsome ,structure1 and probably the ,work of the ,mamalukes1 since whose time little has been done to adorn1 but abundance to destroy and wast this ,country4 ,after ,dinner1 we mounted sooner than ordinary2 because hoping to reach the ,tents of ,assyne1 we were unwilling it should be late when we arrived3 yet we made it near ,sun-set before we got to ,fay1 a ,fountain by which he lay4 ,we had travell'd still on the same ,point ,n4 ,w4 with the ,prospect of the ,river the greater part of the ,way2 the nearest ,reach thereof not being above an ,hours ,riding from the ,fountain4 ,on the ,road we met with several ,bandera's of the ,emir's ,soldiers1 who knowing our ,guide1 and understanding we were going to him1 gave us a very courteous ,salam1 who else1 perhaps1 might have treated us with another sort of ,civility4 ,the ,king's ,tents spread over a large ,plain1 and took up so vast a ,space1 that though we had the advantage of a rising ,ground1 we could not see the uttermost extent of them4 ,his own particular ,tent was pretty near the middle of the rest1 which were pitch'd about it1 not in a circular manner1 but stretching out in length as the ,plain open'd1 or for the better conveniency of a ,current of ,water1 which from the ,fountain ran through the midst of them4 ',twas not at all distinguishable from the rest1 but by its bigness1 and a little more ,company about it1 being all made of a sort of ,hair-,cloth1 which seemed hardly a defence against ,rain or ,sun3 ,but certainly they must find otherwise1 else their ,necessity 7they spending their ,lives in such moveable ,habitations7 would have taught them to have contrived something better4 ,it cannot well be doubted but they are descended from the old ,arabs ,scenit1 they living just after the same manner1 having no settled ,abode1 but remove from ,fountain to ,fountain1 as they find ,grass for their ,sheep and ,camels1 and ,water for them and themselves4 ,they love to derive themselves from ,ismael the ,son of ,abraham2 and it may be they are descended from him1 but ,i believe they would be hard put to't to prove their ,pedigree4 ,as soon as we alighted1 we were attended by the ,officers of the ,emir1 and conducted to a very noble ,tent built after the ,turkish ,mode1 and pitch'd next to his own4 ,hither he sent to bid us welcome1 and to enquire how we had past in our ,voyage2 and presently after we had a ,repast of several ,dishes of ,meat set before us1 to stay our ,appetites till a more plentiful ,supper could be got ready4 ,but before ,supper the ,king himself made us a ,visit in ,person1 bidding us ,welcome to ,fay1 and asking what we had seen in our ,travels that pleas'd us8 how we liked ,tadmor8 and whether we had found a ,treasure there8 ,for this ,notion sticks in the ,heads of these ,people1 ,that the ,franks go to see old ,ruins1 only because they there meet with ,inscriptions which direct them to some hid ,treasures4 ,and therefore it's no unusual thing with them1 when they find a ,stone with an ,inscription on one side1 to turn that down to the ,ground1 that it might not be seen or read of any4 ,but we assur'd him we went with no such ,expectations1 but only out of a desire to see the ,place3 ,neither had we brought any thing away with us2 but a piece of ,porphyry ,stone1 which1 upon his ,request1 we shew'd him4 ,we let him see too1 a kind of rude ,draught which we had taken of the ,place2 which he seemed to like4 ,he made his ,visit the shorter1 that he might not incommode us after our ,journey2 but desir'd us we would live after our own ,pleasure and to our ,satisfaction1 and command freely whatever the ,camp would afford2 ordering some of his ,people constantly to attend upon us4 ,when there was mention made of our ,design to be gone the next ,morning1 he answer'd1 ,it must not be2 himself was invited the next ,day1 to a great ,entertainment1 by one of his ,grandees1 and we should accompany him3 ,but the ,day following1 he would go out with us1 and ,hunt part of our ,way towards ,aleppo4 ,when ,supper was brought in1 there was ,victuals enough for three times our ,number3 ,a large ,dish of ,pilaw in the middle1 and twelve or fifteen ,dishes of several sorts of ,meat about it1 all dress'd after their manner1 but exceeding good1 and such as one might have fed heartily upon1 had he not spoil'd his ,appetite before4 ,after we had ,eat and ,drank what we pleas'd1 we rose up1 and our ,servants sat down in our ,places2 it being the ,custom of the ,arabs1 and ,turks too1 from the ,highest to the ,meanest1 all to eat at the same ,table3 ,the best sort sit down first1 and so in order till all are satisfy'd1 and then what remains is carry'd away4 ,we might1 if we had pleas'd1 have lodg'd under the same ,tent where we eat2 but having ,tents of our own pitch'd1 some of our ,company chose rather to retire thither1 to avoid being disturbed by too many ,visitants4 ,october the #adth4 ,the next ,morning1 about ten a ,clock1 we were told that the ,king was gone to the ,entertainment1 and expected we should follow him2 and that two young ,camels were kill'd1 to furnish this sumptuous ,feast2 which is the highest piece of ,magnificence and ,greatness to which these ,people1 whose greatest ,riches consist in ,camels1 can arrive4 ,the ,tent was about a ,furlong from ours2 so mounting our ,horses1 we rode to it1 and found it surrounded with a numerous train of ,guests1 three hundred at least1 of different ,sort and ,quality3 ,it was very large of it self1 and to be still more capacious1 'twas left open toward the ,west4 ,the ,king was seated at the ,north-end1 about the midst of the ,tent1 upon a ,place raised with ,cushions and ,quilts1 and ,carpets before him3 ,neither did he sit cross-,legg'd1 as all the rest of the ,company were obliged to do1 but in a leaning ,posture4 ,they seemed to observe an exact ,order in their ,places2 and when any ,person of ,note enter'd1 those that were near his ,place1 rose up and stood till he had seated himself4 ,but the far greatest part could not come within the compass of the ,ring1 but stood behind the ,backs of the rest1 leaving a spacious ,area vacant in the middle4 ,when we entred1 they made room for us on the ,king's left ,hand1 which here is esteem'd the more ,honourable2 where we sat down in the same ,posture with those about us1 cross-,legg'd upon a thin ,carpet4 ,before mid-day1 a ,carpet being spread in the middle of the ,tent1 our ,dinner was brought in1 being served up in large ,wooden ,bowls between two ,men2 and truly to my apprehension1 ,load enough for them4 ,of these great ,platters there were about fifty or sixty in number1 perhaps more1 with a great many little ones1 ,i mean1 such as one ,man was able to bring in1 strewed here and there among them1 and placed for a ,border or ,garnish round about the ,table4 ,in the middle of all was one of a larger size than all the rest1 in which was the ,camel's ,bones1 and a thin ,broth in which they were boiled3 ,the other greater ones seemed all filled with one and the same sort of ,provision1 a kind of ,plumb-,broth1 made of ,rice1 and the fleshy part of the ,camel1 with ,currants and ,spices1 being of something a darker ,colour than what is made in our ,country4 ,the lesser were1 for the the most part1 charged with ,rice dress'd after several ,modes1 some of them having ,leben1 7a thick sour ,milk7 poured upon them4 ,leben is a thing in mighty ,esteem in these ,hot ,countries1 being very useful to quench ,thirst3 ,and truly we had need of it here2 for ,i did not see a drop of any sort of ,liquor1 excepting a ,dish of ,coffee before ,dinner1 drank at this splendid ,feast4 ,knives1 ,forks1 ,spoons1 ,trenchers1 c4 are silly ,impertinent ,things in the ,esteem of the ,arabs3 ,however1 we being known to make use of such things1 had large ,wooden ,spoons laid before us4 ,when the ,table was thus plentifully furnish'd1 the ,king arising from his ,seat1 went and sat down to that ,dish that was directly before him2 and so did the rest1 as many as it would contain1 which could not be much short of a hundred2 and so without further ,ceremony1 they fell to thrusting their ,hands into the ,dishes1 and ,eating by ,handfuls3 ,neither was there any occasion of ,carving2 only because those ,dishes in the middle were too remote to be reach'd1 there was an ,officer on purpose1 who stepping in among them1 and standing in the ,spaces designedly left for that end1 with a long ,ladle in both his ,hands1 helpt any one according to their ,desire4 ,when the ,king had eaten what he thought fit1 he rose up and wash'd1 and retir'd back to his former ,seat2 and we also did the like2 others being ready to fill our ,places4 ,nor did we continue much longer under the ,tent in that numerous ,crowd2 for ,assyne perceiving us a little uneasie1 and supposing we had now sufficiently satisfy'd our ,curiosity1 though perhaps not our ,appetites1 told us we might take our ,liberty1 and if we thought fit retire to our ,tents4 ,this ,favour we gladly accepted1 and without ,ceremony returned1 several of his ,attendants waiting upon us back4 ,here we had another ,dinner set before us2 and having some of our own ,wine and ,water to ,drink with it1 it went down better with us than the famous ,camel-,feast4 ,in the ,evening1 the ,king mounted to see the flight of a new ,hawk1 and stay'd ,abroad very late1 his ,hawk flying away3 ,but she was afterwards taken up by his ,falconer2 otherwise he had not been in a good ,humour all that ,night1 being a ,man that delights very much in ,sport4 ,after his return from ,hawking1 we went to ,wait upon him at his own ,tent1 to return him ,thanks for his most courteous and royal ,reception of us1 and to desire leave to depart the next ,morning4 ,here we found him surrounded with the chiefest of his ,people2 and being placed again on his left ,hand1 he entertain'd us with a great deal of pleasant ,discourse2 and ask'd such ,questions1 as shew'd him to be a ,man of extraordinary ,capacity and ,judgment4 ,as for ,learning1 they have no such thing among them1 and therefore it's not to be expected that he should be a ,scholar3 ,but were he not a ,person of more than common ,prudence and ,understanding1 he could never have managed that ,wild and ,unruly ,people as he has done1 ever since his ,advancement to the ,throne2 which must therefore have been the more difficult1 because as he came to it by the ,deposition of his ,father 7though not immediately7 who now lives with him as a private ,man1 so has he never wanted ,competitors4 ,to his ,father he pays a great deal of outward ,respect1 but is forced to keep a very watchful ,eye over him4 ,after about an ,hours ,discourse1 we were dismiss'd4 ,october the #aeth4 ,in the ,morning1 ,assyne not being at leisure to go a ,hunting1 we proceeded on our ,voyage ,homewards1 with a great deal of ,alacrity2 and finding nothing remarkable in our ,road1 in about #c ,hours and an half arrived at ,seray4 ,and hence1 after a short ,repast1 we continued our ,journey to ,sherby ,fountain1 which took us up about the like space of ,time4 ,here we accounted our selves as good as at ,home1 being at a ,place with which we were well acquainted1 and to which several times in the ,year some or other of our ,nation usually resort1 either for ,antelope or ,hog-hunting1 according to their ,season2 nor had we hence above seven or eight ,hours to ,aleppo4 ,october the #afth4 ,getting up pretty early in the ,morning1 we resolved to ,hunt the greatest part of our ,way ,home1 as we did2 and ,dining at the famous ,round-,hill1 whereon has been spent by the ,english more ,money than would purchase a noble ,estate round about it1 in the ,afternoon we arrived safe at ,aleppo4 ,some ,account of the ,ancient ,state of the ,city of ,palmyra1 with short ,remarks upon the ,inscriptions found there4 ,by ,e4 ,halley4 ,the ,city of ,tadmor1 whose ,remains in ,ruins do with so much evidence demonstrate the once happy ,condition thereof1 seems very well to be proved to be the same ,city which ,solomon the great ,king of ,israel is said to have founded under that ,name in the ,desart1 both in #a ,kings #i4 #ah4 and #b ,chron4 #h4 #af4 in the ,translation of which1 the ,vulgar ,latin ,version1 said to be that of ,st4 ,jerom1 has it1 ,condidit ,palmyram in ,deserto4 ,and ,josephus 7in lib4 #h4 ,antiq4 ,jud4 wherein he treats of ,solomon and his ,acts7 tell us1 that he ,built a ,city in the ,desart1 and called it ,thadamora2 and the ,syrians at this ,day 7says he7 call it by the same ,name2 but the ,greeks name it ,palmyra4 ,the ,name is therefore ,greek1 and consequently has no relation to the ,latin ,palma1 and seems rather derived from or 1 which ,hesychius ,interprets 3 or perhaps from 1 which 7according to the same ,author7 was an ,egyptian ,god4 ,neither is the ,word but that in ,hebrew signifies a ,palm-,tree4 ,history is silent as to the ,fate and ,circumstances of this ,city1 during the great ,revolutions in the several ,empires of the ,east2 but it may well be supposed1 that so advanced a ,garrison as this was1 being above three hundred ,miles from ,jerusalem1 continued not long in the ,possession of the ,jews1 who immediately after ,solomon1 fell into ,civil ,dissention1 and divided their ,force3 so that it is not to be doubted1 but that it submitted to the ,babylonian and ,persian ,monarchies1 and afterwards to the ,macedonians under ,alexander and the ,seleucid4 ,but when the ,romans got footing into these ,parts1 and the ,parthians seemed to put a stop to their farther ,conquests in the ,east1 then was this ,city of ,palmyra1 by reason of its ,situation1 being a ,frontier1 and in the midst of a vast ,sandy ,desart1 where ,armies could not well subsist to reduce it by ,force1 courted and caressed by the contending ,princes1 and permitted to continue a ,free ,state1 a ,mart or ,staple for ,trade1 for the ,convenience of both ,empires1 as is abundantly made out from the ,words of ,appian and ,pliny4 ,appian 7lib4 #e4 de ,bellis ,civil47 tells us1 that ,m4 ,antonius1 after his ,victory at ,philippi1 about forty ,years before ,christ1 sent his ,horse to ,plunder the ,city of ,palmyra1 pretending only that they were not sufficiently in the ,roman ,interest4 1 and that being ,merchants1 they conveyed the ,indian and ,arabian ,commodities by the way of ,persia into the ,roman ,territories2 though the true reason were their ,riches3 ,but the ,palmyrenes being informed of the ,design1 took care to prevent them1 and so escaped ,plunder3 ,and this ,attempt of ,antony's occasioned a ,rupture between the two ,empires4 ,the ,words of ,pliny 7lib4 #e4 ,nat4 ,hist47 above an hundred ,years after1 do likewise testifie that this ,city then continued in the same ,enjoyment of their ,liberties4 ,they being very much to the purpose1 ,i thought fit to ,copy them3 ,palmyra ,urbs nobilis situ1 divitiis soli atque aquis amnis1 vasto undique ambitu arinis includit agros1 ac velut terris exempta rerum ,natura2 privata sorte inter duo imperia summa ,romanorum ,parthorumque1 prima in discordia semper utrinque cura4 ,whereby it appears not only that it was a ,common-wealth in the time of ,vespasian2 but the situation thereof is truly described1 as it were an ,island of fertile ,land1 surrounded with a ,sea of barren ,sands4 ,such ,spots ,strabo tells us were frequent in ,lybia1 and by the ,egyptians were called ,abases2 whence possibly the ,name of the ,abassyne ,nation is derived4 ,with these ,advantages of ,freedom1 ,neutrality and ,trade1 for near two ,centuries1 'tis not strange that it acquired the ,state and ,wealth answerable to the ,magnificence of these noble ,structures4 ,but when the ,romans under ,trajan had made it appear1 that there was no comparison between the ,puissance of the ,parthians and them1 7,trajan having taken ,babylon and ,ctesiphon the then ,seat of the ,parthian ,empire17 the ,palmyreni were at length determined to ,declare for the ,romans2 which they did1 by submitting themselves to the ,emperor ,adrian1 about the ,year of ,christ #acj1 when ,adrian made his ,progress through ,syria into ,egypt4 ,and that ,magnificent ,emperor being highly delighted with the native ,strength and ,situation of the ,place1 was pleased to adorn and rebuild it3 ,when1 as 'tis likely1 he bestowed on it the ,privileges of a ,colony ,juris ,italici1 which it enjoyed 7as ,ulpian assures us47 ,and the ,inhabitants of the ,city1 in ,gratitude1 were willing to call themselves ,hadrianopolit1 7says ,stephanus47 ,nor is it unlikely that many of those ,marble ,pillars were the ,gift of that ,emperor1 and particularly those of the ,long ,porticus2 for that none of the ,inscriptions are before that ,date4 ,and it was usual for the ,csars to present ,cities that had obliged them1 with ,marble ,pillars to adorn their ,publick ,buildings4 ,these here were not far to fetch1 the ,neighbouring ,mountains affording ,marble-,quarries3 ,but the ,magnitude of the ,porphyry ,columns is indeed very remarkable1 considering how far those vast ,stones must have been brought by ,land-carriage to this ,place2 it being not known that any other ,quarries yield it1 except those of ,egypt1 which lie about mid-way between ,cairo and ,siena1 between the ,nile and the ,red-,sea3 ,the ,stone being very valuable for its ,colour and ,hardness1 and so that it rises in ,blocks of any magnitude required2 ,quantislibet molibus cdendis sufficiunt ,lapidicin1 7,plin4 lib4 #cf47 ,and it is a great mistake of those who suppose it fictitious4 ,from the time of ,adrian to that of ,aurelian1 for about an hundred and forty ,years1 this ,city continued to flourish and encrease in ,wealth and ,power1 to that degree1 that when the ,emperor ,valerian was taken ,prisoner by ,sapores ,king of ,persia1 ,odnathus one of the ,lords of this ,town 7which ,name occurs in several of these ,inscriptions7 was able 7whilst ,gallienus neglected his ,duty both to his ,father and ,country7 to bring a powerful ,army into the ,field1 and to recover ,mesopotamia from the ,persians1 and to penetrate as far as their ,capital ,city ,ctesiphon4 ,thereby rendring so considerable ,service to the ,roman ,state1 that ,gallienus thought himself obliged to give him a share in the ,empire3 ,of which ,action1 ,trebellius ,pollio 7in the ,life of ,gallienus7 has these ,words1 ,laudatur ejus 7,gallieni7 optimum factum1 qui1 ,odenatum participato ,imperio ,augustum vocavit1 ejusque monetam1 qua ,persas captos traheret1 cudi jussit3 quod ,senatus ,urbs omnis tas gratanter accepit4 ,the same in many ,places speaks of this ,odnathus with great ,respect2 and mentioning his ,death1 he says1 ,iratum fuisse ,deum ,reip4 credo1 qui interfecto ,valeriano noluit ,odenatum reservare4 ,but by a strange reverse of ,fortune1 this ,honour and ,respect to ,odnathus occasioned the sudden ,ruin and ,subversion of the ,city4 ,for he and his ,son ,herodes being murder'd by ,monius their ,kinsman1 and dying with the ,title of ,augustus1 his ,wife ,zenobia1 in ,right of her ,son ,waballathus then a ,minor1 pretended to take upon her the ,government of the ,east1 and did administer it to admiration3 ,and when soon after ,gallienus was murder'd by his ,soldiers1 she grasped the ,government of ,egypt1 and held it during the short ,reign of the ,emperor ,claudius ,gothicus4 ,but ,aurelian coming to the ,imperial ,dignity1 would not suffer the ,title of ,augustus in this ,family1 tho' he was contented that they should hold under him as ,vice ,csaris2 as plainly appears by the ,latin ,coins of ,aurelian on the one side1 and ,waballathus 7which ,name is often found in these ,inscriptions7 on the other1 with these ,letters ,v4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,im4 ,,or41 which ,p4 ,harduin has most judiciously interpreted ,vice ,csaris ,rector ,imperii ,orientis1 but without the ,title of ,csar or ,augustus1 and with a ,laurel instead of a ,diadem4 ,but both ,waballathus and ,zenobia are stiled in the ,greek ,coins1 made1 'tis probable1 within their own ,jurisdiction4 ,two of the ,latin ,i have seen1 and they are as described1 excepting the ,points4 ,but nothing less than a ,participation of the ,empire contenting ,zenobia1 and ,aurelian persisting not to have it dismembered3 ,he marched against her1 and having in two ,battles routed her ,forces1 he shut her up and ,besieged her in ,palmyra3 ,and the ,besieged finding that the great resistance they made1 availed not against that resolute ,emperor1 they yielded the ,town2 and ,zenobia flying with her ,son1 was pursued and taken3 ,with which ,aurelian being contented1 spared the ,city1 and leaving a small ,garrison1 march'd for ,rome with this ,captive ,lady3 ,but the ,inhabitants believing he would not return1 set up again for themselves1 and 7as ,vopiscus has it7 slew the ,garrison he had left in the ,place4 ,which ,aurelian understanding1 tho' by this time he was gotten into ,europe1 with his usual fierceness1 speedily returned2 and collecting a sufficient ,army by the way1 he again took the ,city without any great ,opposition1 and put it to the ,sword1 with an uncommon ,cruelty1 as he himself confesses in a ,letter 7extant in ,vopiscus71 and delivered them to the ,pillage of his ,soldiers4 ,and it is observable1 that none of the ,greek ,inscriptions are after the date of this ,calamity1 which befell the ,city in or about the ,year of ,christ #bgb1 as far as may be collected1 after it had been nine or ten ,years the ,seat of the ,empire of the ,east1 not without ,glory4 ,in this appears also the great utility of ,coins to illustrate ,matters of ,history2 for by them alone 'tis made out1 that there was such a ,prince as ,waballathus1 ,vopiscus singly mentioning him by the ,name of ,balbatus4 ,and from the same ,coins it appears1 that ,odnathus had the ,title of ,augustus four ,years1 and ,waballathus six at least2 and that the first ,year of ,aurelian was the fourth of ,waballathus4 ,and by the ,testimony of ,pollio1 ,odnathus was declared ,emperor of the ,east1 ,gallieno ,saturnino ,coss4 which was ,anno ,christi #bfc1 and died before ,gallienus1 but in the same ,year1 viz4 ,anno #bfg1 which1 by the ,coins1 was the first of ,waballathus4 ,he therefore immediately succeeded ,odnathus1 and was without doubt his ,eldest ,son by ,zenobia1 and not his ,grandson the ,son of ,herodes1 as some learned ,men have supposed3 ,for if ,zenobia could not endure that ,herodes ,son of ,odnathus by a former ,wife1 should succeed his ,father in prejudice to her ,children1 and for that reason was consenting to his ,murther 7as ,pollio intimates in ,herodes and ,monius17 much less would she endure the ,title of ,augustus in the ,son of ,herodes1 especially when her own ,sons were1 as 'tis probable1 elder than such ,grandson4 ,so that 'tis most likely that ,herennianus and ,timolaus1 whom ,pollio reckons among his ,,xxx ,tyrants1 might be the ,younger ,sons of ,zenobia1 on whom also1 out of ,motherly ,affection1 she might bestow the same ,titles of ,honour4 ,but it must be observed1 that in the ,greek ,coins1 this ,prince's ,name is usually written 4 7as ,tristan says he found it upon several ,medals17 but ,patin has the last ,word only 4 ,i should be glad to peruse some of these curious ,coins1 especially if found in or near ,palmyra3 but ,i am inclinable to believe that his true ,name was ranes ,waballathus 7as was one of his ,progenitors1 in ,inscription ,pag4 #ia47 though perhaps the remoter ,cities of ,asia and ,ionia might by mistake write it ,hermias4 ,and 'tis probable that might be for the first ,letters of the ,name of 1 which in ,syriack begun with an ,aleph2 and the was with those ,people used instead of 1 as we see the ,month ,xanthicus1 written in many of these ,inscriptions1 which doubtless was pronounced like ,d blsum or the ,saxon ,d4 ,though this ,city were at that time so roughly treated by ,aurelian1 yet it is certain that he did not burn it1 or destroy the ,buildings thereof3 ,and though ,zosimus1 on this occasion1 uses the ,words 1 yet that seems only to relate to his demolishing the ,walls and ,defences of the ,place2 and that ,emperors own ,letter extant in ,vopiscus1 doth sufficiently shew that he spared the ,city it self1 and that he took care to re-instate the beautiful ,temple of the ,sun that was there1 which had been ,plundered by his ,soldiers4 ,however1 the ,damage then sustained was never retrieved by the ,inhabitants1 and ,i do not find that ever this ,city made any figure in ,history after it3 ,yet the ,latin ,inscription1 7,pag4 #ajf47 seems to intimate1 as if ,dioclesian had restored their ,walls within thirty ,years after4 ,about the ,year of ,christ #djj1 it was the ,head ,quarters of the ,legio ,prima ,illyricorum2 and though ,stephanus gives it no better ,title than 1 yet it appears to have been an ,archbishop's ,see1 under the ,metropolitan of ,damascus4 ,to say in what ,age1 or from what ,hand it received its final ,overthrow1 which reduced it to the miserable ,condition it now appears in1 there is no light in any of our ,historians2 but it is probable it perish'd long since1 in the obscure ,ages of the ,world1 during the ,wars of the ,saracen ,empire2 and being burnt and desolated1 it was never rebuilt2 which occasions the ,ruins to lie so entire1 in a manner as they were left1 neither being used to other ,structures on the ,place1 nor worth carrying away1 because of the great distance thereof from any other ,city4 ,as to the ,geographical ,site of ,palmyra1 ,ptolemy places it in the ,latitude of ,tripoly on the ,coast of ,syria1 and four ,degrees more ,easterly1 viz4 4 1 4 4 and he makes it the ,capital of sixteen ,cities in ,syria ,palmyrena1 whereof ,alalis1 ,danaba and ,evaria were afterwards ,bishops ,sees4 ,pliny places it ,,cciii ,miles from the nearest ,coast of ,syria1 and ,,cccxxxvii from ,seleucia ad ,tygrim near ,bagdat1 7which ,numbers are erroneously ,printed #beb and #ecg in most ,editions1 contrary to the ,authority of the ,,mss47 ,josephus places it one ,days ,journey from ,euphrates1 and six from ,babylon2 which must be understood of ,horse-man's ,journeys of about sixty ,miles per diem1 it being more than so much from this ,city to ,euphrates4 ,ptolemy also mentions a ,river running by ,palmyra1 which did not appear to our ,travellers1 unless that ,gut or ,channel wherein they were overflowed by the ,rain-,waters1 were the ,bed thereof2 which may1 possibly1 run with a constant ,stream in the ,winter or times of much ,rain3 ,but this 7as the ,rivers of ,aleppo and ,damascus at this ,day7 is made by ,ptolomy to have no exit2 but to go off in ,vapour1 and to be imbibed by the thirsty ,earth of these ,desarts4 ,the ra or ,accompt of ,years observed by the ,palmyreni in these ,inscriptions1 is evidently that of ,seleucus1 call'd afterwards ,dhilcarnian or ,bicornis by the ,arabians1 and by them kept in use till above #ijj ,years of ,christ 7as appears by the ,observations of ,albatani1 published in ,numb4 #bjd of the ,philosoph4 ,transact47 and not that of the ,death of ,alexander4 ,this may be demonstrated from the ,inscription 7,pag4 #aja47 wherein ,alexander ,severus is stiled 2 that is1 after the ,death and ,consecration of that ,emperor1 or after the ,year of our ,lord #bcd2 and from the ,name of ,julius1 who1 when this ,inscription was put up1 was ,prfectus ,prtorio1 7and could be no other than ,julius ,philippus ,arabs who might be esteemed by the ,palmyreni as their ,country-man17 it follows1 that it was in the last ,year of ,gordian ,anno ,christi #bdb or #bdc3 ,and that ,emperor being soon after ,murder'd by the ,treachery of this ,philip1 who succeeded him3 ,and his ,treason coming afterwards to light1 'tis not strange that his ,name was purposely effaced in this ,inscription4 ,the ,date thereof1 ,anno #eed1 shews the beginning of this ,accompt #caa or #cab ,years before ,christ1 co-incident with the ra of ,seleucus1 which was likewise observed by several other ,cities in the ,east4 ,i shall not undertake the part of a ,critick on these ,inscriptions1 but chuse rather to leave them to the more professedly skilful in that part of ,learning1 and shall only make some few ,remarks on them1 such as occurred whilst they pass'd through my ,hands4 #a4 ,that the more ancient of these ,inscriptions dated before the ,year #ejj1 do no where make use of ,roman ,prnomina1 which yet are very frequent in them that follow2 particularly ,julius1 ,aurelius and ,septimius1 taken up by these ,people out of ,respect to the ,emperors that bore those ,names2 and consequently that ,septimius ,odnathus 7the ,inscription of whose ,tomb we have1 pag4 #ia47 was most probably the same who was afterwards ,augustus4 ,that ,name growing in use in the ,reign of ,septimius ,severus1 under whom or his ,son ,caracalla this ,odnathus was certainly ,born4 ,and this ,monument being erected by him whilst he was yet a private ,man2 and he afterwards attaining the ,imperial ,dignity1 it was necessary the ,inscription of his ,tomb 7which perhaps was that single one that was all of ,marble7 should be changed3 ,upon which occasion this ,stone might be brought back into the ,town1 and after its ,destruction1 be clapt up casually over the little ,gate-way where now it stands4 #b4 ,pag4 #ajj4 3 ,descendentes ,vologesiada ,commercium stabiliverunt1 ,anno #eeh1 sive ,anno ,christi #bdg4 ,whereby it appears1 that this ,people having had their ,trade interrupted by the ,wars between the ,romans and the ,persians1 under ,gordian2 did now send an ,embassy to the ,court of ,sapores ,king of the ,persians1 to get it re-established2 which succeeded according to their ,desires4 ,vologesias was a ,city built by ,vologeses ,king of the ,parthians in the time of ,nero1 on the ,euphrates below ,babylon4 ,ptolemy calls it 2 ,stephanus1 2 ,ammianus ,vologessia2 and ,pliny lib4 #f4 ,vologesocirta4 #c4 ,pag4 #aja4 4 ,i submit it to the ,judgment of the ,criticks1 whether this faulty ,place may not be amended by reading it 1 c4 as likewise whether in the same ,inscription may not be instead of 1 which is the ,ingenious ,conjecture of that excellent ,grammarian ,mr4 ,william ,baxter4 #d4 ,pag4 #ajb4 ,septimium ,vorodem ,procuratorem ,ducenarium ,augusti 4 ,this ,word1 if ,greek1 is faultily transcribed2 and in one ,copy ,i have seen1 the is very small1 as ,i suppose it on the ,stone1 which might occasion the transcribing thereof without it in the former ,voyage 7,pag4 #acj47 ,so that 'tis most probable that 'tis the remains of some other ,letter almost worn out4 ,i conjecture it to have been 1 being taken for 1 and that this ,septimius was ,prfectus ,annon1 having the ,care to see that the ,city were sufficiently provided with ,bread2 which was a most necessary ,officer in a ,place that must needs be furnish'd with ,corn from ,abroad4 ,and this same ,septimius1 7in the ,inscription1 ,pag4 #aje47 is stiled 4444 4 lege 1 which should signifie that he was the ,distributor of the ,emperor's ,munificence in ,flesh to the ,people4 ,these ,inscriptions bear ,date in ,april1 ,anno ,dom4 #bfg4 not long before the ,death of ,odnathus1 who is herein stiled 3 and 'tis not improbable but he might institute such a ,custom1 as at the ,publick ,charge1 to give the ,people a ,largess in ,flesh on particular ,days1 to reconcile them to the ,dominion of their ,fellow-,citizen4 ,this is certain1 that ,aurelian first instituted such a ,custom of giving ,flesh at ,rome3 ,the ,words of ,vopiscus are1 ,idem ,aurelianus porcinam carnem populo ,romano distribuit1 qu hodieque dividitur2 which ,custom continued till the time of ,constantine1 when 7according to ,zosimus7 one ,lucian1 who had this ,office of distributing ,swines ,flesh at ,rome1 had ,interest enough among the ,people to set up ,maxentius for ,emperor2 and ,salmasius assures us1 that it was not discontinued till the time of ,heraclius4 ,it will not therefore seem strange1 if ,i suppose ,aurelian might find that ,custom at ,palmyra1 and at his return from thence institute the like at ,rome4 ,i am inclined to believe1 that not only those two ,inscriptions1 ,pag4 #ajb1 and the last of ,pag4 #ajc1 but also that of ,pag4 #ajf1 were in ,honour of the same ,septimius ,vorodes who seems to have been a great ,favourite of ,odnathus1 and was without doubt respected by the ,romans on that account1 whom ,i conclude to have effaced all the ,memorials of ,zenobia and ,waballathus1 insomuch that no one appears1 among those many taken1 that was set up during the six ,years they reigned4 ,the ,name ,vorodes seems the same with ,orodes1 which was the ,name of the ,king of the ,parthians that slew ,crassus3 and the ,persians having1 about forty ,years before1 expelled the ,race of the ,arsacid1 'tis not improbable but the ,remains of that ,royal ,family might fly for ,succour to ,palmyra1 and this ,vorodes might be one of them4 #e4 ,in two other ,copies of these ,inscriptions2 the first of pag4 #ajd4 is read1 1 and not as in the first ,copy1 and perhaps ought rather to be 1 as being the ,inscription under a ,statue of the same ,odnathus1 who is here1 as well as on his ,tomb1 stiled ,illustrissimus ,patricius1 but without a ,date4 #f4 7pag4 #aja4 #aji47 ,it cannot well be doubted but that this ,deus ,jaribolus is the same with what ,gruter 7pag4 #hf47 and ,spon 7in the first of his ,inscriptions7 reads 4 ,by the ,figure of the ,idol extant in ,spon1 it appears that this ,god was made with the ,moon upon his ,shoulders1 and consequently was the ,deus ,lunus worshipped by the ,syrians1 whose ,name1 in the ,language of that ,country1 could not be better expressed than by ,jarehbol ,dominus ,lunus4 ,whence ,i am induced to believe1 that ,gruter mistook it for 1 the in the beginning1 and the lower part of the round stroke of the 1 being effaced1 so as to pass for 4 ,i have taken care to have the ,stone purposely viewed1 as also to get from thence the exact ,figure of the ,syrian or ,palmyrene ,characters thereon1 wherein there is an irreconcilable difference between ,spon and ,gruter4 ,by the help of these1 compared with two others taken at ,palmyra1 which ,i have by me1 7they being all very near the same ,date17 ,i hope we may be able1 one ,day1 to make out the ,palmyrene ,alphabet3 ,but it were to be wish'd our ,travellers had transcribed them with more ,curiosity1 and taken more of them4 ,by the way1 it is remarkable1 that the ,person who dedicated this ,monument1 in ,gruter and ,spon1 is stiled 4 4 3 and the same ,name occurs in a broken ,inscription which ,mr4 ,hallifax omitted in his ,letter to ,dr4 ,bernard1 as being too imperfect4 ,it stood on the right ,hand of the entrance to the little ,temple described pag4 #aaj4 and was thus1 44444 4 ,and after a ,blank of three lines all worn out except one single 1 there followed1 4444444 4 ,and that imperfect one in pag4 #ajd4 seems to have relation to the same ,name4 #g4 ,pag4 #aaa4 lege 1 it being written 1 with in the two other ,copies ,i have seen1 whereby the ,sence is cleared4 #h4 ,pag4 #aag4 1 ,agathangelus ,abilenus1 ,decapolitanus1 ,patronymice4 ,there were in these ,parts two ,cities known by the ,name of ,abila2 to distinguish which1 the one was called ,abila ,lysani1 from the ,name of the ,tetrarch3 ,st4 ,luke1 ch4 #c4 #a4 and is placed by ,ptolemy 7in his ,closyria7 about mid-way between ,damascus and ,heliopolis3 ,the other in ,juda1 called ,abila ad ,jordanem1 described by ,josephus in many ,places1 to lie over-against ,jericho1 near the ,dead-,sea4 ,decapolis was so called from its ,ten ,cities1 enumerated by ,pliny 7lib4 #e4 #ah47 ,and with them he reckons up1 among others1 the ,tetrarchy of ,abila1 in the same ,decapolis3 ,which demonstrates the ,abila ,decapolis and ,abila ,lysani to be the same ,place4 ,and tho' it cannot be denied1 but that some of ,pliny's ,ten ,cities are not far distant from that near ,jordan2 yet it doth not appear that ever this other had the ,title of a ,tetrarchy4 ,here it is to be observed1 that what ,pliny calls ,decapolis1 ,ptolemy makes his ,cle ,syria2 and the ,cle ,syria of ,pliny1 is that part of ,syria about ,aleppo1 formerly call'd ,chalcidene1 ,cyrrhistice1 c4 ,what this ,town of ,teibe was anciently call'd1 is not so easily conjectured3 ,but if the ,numbers of ,ptolemy may be confided in1 it is very near the ,situation of a ,city he calls ,oriza2 and perhaps his ,adada may be our ,soukney1 and his ,rhsapha what is now called ,arsoffa4 ,it is taken for granted1 that ,old ,aleppo was anciently the ,city of ,berrha1 and there wants not ancient ,testimony to prove it2 which being granted1 ,i think ,i may without scruple conclude1 that ,andrene 7pag4 #abb4 and #acc47 is the ,ruins of the ,city of ,androna2 and ,esree 7pag4 #ace47 that of ,seriane1 both mentioned in the ,itinerary of ,antoninus1 in the ,journey ,dolic ,seriane4 ,but this whole ,country is laid about half a ,degree more ,southerly than it ought1 by ,ptolemy1 who places ,berrha in ,lat4 #cf deg4 ,for the ,meridian ,altitude of the ,tropical ,sun at ,aleppo is found there but #gg deg4 whence the ,latitude #cf deg4 #cj min4 as it was observed1 ,anno #afhj4 by three several ,quadrants1 in the presence of a curious ,gentleman1 to whom ,i am obliged for this ,communication4 ,by the same ,observation a much greater ,error is amended in the ,latitude of ,aleppo1 in the ,rudolfine ,tables of ,kepler1 who supposes ,aleppo to have been the ancient ,antiochia ad ,taurum1 and accordingly places it ,lat4 #cg4 deg4 #bj min4 wherein he is followed by ,bullialdus and others2 and several ,maps have copied the ,mistake4 ,but a much greater use of it is1 that thereby we are assured1 that the ,city of ,aracta1 wherein ,albatani made the ,observations we have ,publish'd in the ,philosoph4 ,transact4 ,numb4 #bjd4 was1 without doubt1 the same which is now called ,racca on the ,euphrates2 of which ,town an ,account may be seen in ,rauwolf's ,voyages1 and which was not many ,miles below the ,place where our ,travellers first came on the ,river3 ,and if ,arecca1 in the ,language of this ,country1 relates to ,victory 7as is said in pag4 #adc47 it was1 doubtless1 anciently the ,city ,nicephorion1 built by ,alexander the ,great2 with which the ,situation exactly agrees4 ,the ,latitude thereof was observed by that ,albatani with great accurateness1 about eight hundred ,years since2 and therefore ,i recommended it to all that are curious of such ,matters1 to endeavour to get some good ,observation made at this ,place1 to determine the ,height of the ,pole there1 thereby to decide the ,controversie1 whether there hath really been any ,change in the ,axis of the ,earth1 in so long an ,interval2 which some great ,authors of late1 have been willing to suppose4 ,and if any curious ,traveller1 or ,merchant residing there1 would please to observe1 with due care1 the ,phases of the ,moons ,eclipses at ,bagdat1 ,aleppo and ,alexandria1 thereby to determin their ,longitudes1 they could not do the ,science of ,astronomy a greater ,service3 ,for in and near these ,places were made all the ,observations whereby the middle ,motions of the ,sun and ,moon are limited3 ,and ,i could then pronounce in what ,proportion the ,moon's ,motion does ,accelerate2 which that it does1 ,i think ,i can demonstrate1 and shall 7,god willing7 one ,day1 make it appear to the ,publick4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,philosophical ,reader is desired to excuse our breaking in upon the ,subject of these ,tracts1 by intermixing ,historical and ,philological ,matters1 as also our exceeding the ,bounds of an ,extract3 ,but we hope the ,curiosity of the ,subject1 joyned to the ,desires of the ,royal ,society1 may make an easie ,apology suffice4 ,there may be many other ,instructive ,remarks made thereon1 which still deserve the ,consideration of the ,learned1 and from such the ,publick may yet expect a further ,account4 ,a ,voyage of the ,emperour of ,china into the ,eastern ,tartary1 ,anno4 #afhb4 ,the ,emperour of ,china made a ,voyage into ,eastern ,tartary1 in the beginning of this ,year #afhb1 after having appeased 7by the ,death of three ,rebellious ,kings7 a ,revolt1 formed in some ,provinces of the ,empire3 ,one of those revolted ,princes1 was ,strangled in the ,province1 of which he had made himself ,master3 ,the second being brought to ,pekin with the ,principal ,heads of his ,faction1 was cut in ,pieces in the sight of the whole ,court3 ,the most ,considerable among the ,mandarines1 acting with their own hands in this sad ,execution1 to ,revenge upon this ,rebel the ,death of their ,parents1 which he had caused to be ,cruelly ,murdered4 ,the third which was the most ,considerable1 7and indeed the ,chief of all the ,revolt7 had by a voluntary ,death prevented his deserved ,punishment1 and so put an end to a ,war1 which had lasted for ,seven ,years4 ,the ,peace having been settled1 by the ,re-establishing in the ,empire and all the ,provinces1 the ,peaceable ,enjoyment of their ,ancient ,liberties3 ,the ,emperour departed the #bc;d4 of ,march to go into the ,province of ,leao-tum1 the ,country of his ,ancestors1 with a ,design of visiting their ,sepulchers1 and 7after having honoured them with the usual ,ceremonies7 of prosecuting his ,journey into the ,eastern ,tartary3 ,this ,journey was was about #aajj miles1 from ,pekin to the end of it4 ,the ,emperour took with him his eldest ,son1 a young ,prince of ten years old1 which had already been declared ,heir of the ,empire3 ,the three principal ,queens went also in this ,journy1 each in their gilded ,chariot2 the principal ,kings also which compose this ,empire1 were accompanying with all the ,grandees of the ,court3 ,and the most considerable ,mandarines of all the ,orders1 who having all a very great ,train of ,attendants1 and very numerous ,equipage1 made a ,court about the ,emperour of more then #gjjjj ,persons4 ,it was his ,will that ,i should accompany him in this ,journey1 and that ,i should be always near him1 to the end ,i might make in his ,presence1 the ,observations1 necessary for knowing the disposition of the ,heavens1 the elevation of the ,pole1 the ,magnetical ,declinations of every ,place1 and for ,measuring with ,mathematical ,instruments the height of the ,mountains1 and the distances of ,places3 ,he was well pleased also to be informed of what concerned ,meteors1 and many other ,physical and ,mathematical ,matters4 ,in so much1 that he gave ,order to an ,officer to carry upon ,horses such ,instruments as ,i should have occasion to make use of1 and recommended me to the ,prince his ,unkle1 who is also his ,father in ,law1 and the second ,person of the ,state1 he is called by a ,chinese ,name1 which signifies an ,associate of the ,empire3 ,he gave charge to him to cause all things to be provided for me which were necessary for this ,journey1 which this ,prince performed with a very particular goodness1 causing me to ,lodge always in his own ,tent1 and to eat at his ,table4 ,the ,emperour ordered that they should give me ,horses of his own ,stables1 to the ,end ,i might the more easily ,change in ,riding1 and some of those were of them ,he ,himself had ,rid1 which is a ,mark of very extraordinary distinction4 ,in this ,journey we always went toward the ,north-east3 ,from ,pekin to the ,province of ,leao-tum1 the ,way being about #cjj ,miles is pretty equal3 ,in the ,province it self of ,leao-tum1 it is about #djj ,miles1 but much more unequal by ,reason of the ,mountains2 from the ,frontier of this ,province to the ,city of ,la1 or the ,river which the ,tartars call ,songoro1 and the ,chinoise ,sumhoa1 the way 7which is about #djj ,miles7 is very difficult1 being crossed sometimes by ,mountains extreamly ,steep1 sometimes by ,valleys of extraordinary ,depth1 and through ,desert ,plains1 wherein for two or three ,days ,march we met with nothing4 ,the ,mountains of this ,country are ,covered on the ,east side with great ,oaks and old ,forrests1 which have not been cut for some ,ages4 ,all the ,country which is beyond the ,province of ,leao-tum is exceeding ,desert where nothing is to be seen on all sides but ,mountains and ,valleys1 and ,dens of ,bears1 ,tigers and other ,devouring ,beasts1 you can scarce find a ,house1 but only some poor ,reed ,huts1 upon the sides of some ,brooks and ,streams4 ,all the ,cities and ,burrow-towns which ,i have seen in the ,province of ,leao-tum1 and which are in very great ,numbers are intirely ruined3 ,one can see nothing thro' the whole ,country1 but old ruined ,walls with ,rubble1 ,bricks and ,stones4 ,in the out-skirts of these ,cities there have been of late some few ,houses built1 but without any order4 ,some of them made of ,earth1 others of the ,rubbish of the old ,buildings1 the most part of them covered with ,straw or ,thatch1 and but few with ,tiles4 ,there is now not the least ,footsteps remaining of a great number of ,towns and ,villages which were here before the ,war4 ,because the petty ,king of the ,tartars1 who began to kindle this ,war having but a very small ,army1 caused the ,inhabitants of those ,places to take ,arms1 which ,places he forthwith destroyed1 that he might take from his ,soldiers the hopes of ever returning again to their own ,homes4 ,the ,capital ,city of ,leao-tum1 which is called ,xyn-,yam1 is a ,city very fair and pretty intire1 it has as yet the ,remains of an ,antient ,palace4 ,it is 7for as much as ,i was able to remark by divers ,observations7 of the ,latitude of #da degrees #ef minutes2 that is to say1 two degrees above ,pekin1 tho' hitherto both the ,europeans and the ,chinese have given that ,city the ,latitude of #da degrees4 ,there is in that ,city no declination of the ,magnetick ,needle1 as ,i have found by many reiterated ,observations4 ,the ,city of ,ula which was almost the very ,extream of our ,journey1 lies in #dd degrees and #bj minutes4 ,the compass there declines from the ,south to the ,west one degree #dj minutes4 ,but to resume the ,prosecution of our ,journey1 from ,pekin to this ,extream towards the ,east there is made a new ,way1 by which the ,emperour can commodiously ,march with his ,horse1 and the ,queens in their ,chariots4 ,this ,way is about #aj foot broad1 and as even and streight as could possibly be made2 it is extended above #ajjj ,miles1 it has a little ,raising on each side of about a ,foot high every where equal and perfectly ,parallel to one another2 and this ,way was as neat1 especially when the ,weather was fair1 as a ,floor where the ,husbandmen beat out their ,corn in the ,field2 there were also certain ,persons along this way1 who only took care to ,smooth and ,cleanse it4 ,the ,christians have no where so great care of ,sweeping their ,streets and publick ,places where the ,holy ,sacrament is to pass in the ,processions1 as these ,infidels have of cleansing the ,ways1 where their ,kings and their ,queens are to pass1 every time they go out of their ,palaces4 ,there was made for their ,return a way like the former1 they plained or levelled the ,mountains as far as they were able1 they raised ,bridges over the ,rivers1 and for ornamenting them1 they had extended on each side of them a sort of ,mats upon which they had ,painted divers ,figures of ,animals1 which had the same effect with ,tapestry ,hangings1 with which the ,streets are usually hung in ,procession4 ,the ,emperor did very seldom make use of this ,way1 being almost always in ,hunting3 ,and when he accompanied the ,queens he only ,rode by the side of it1 to the ,end that the great number of ,horse which were in the ,train that followed should not spoil it3 ,he ordinarily ,marched at the ,head of this kind of ,army4 ,the ,queens followed immediately in their ,chariots1 with their ,train and their ,equipage2 they notwithstanding left some space between the ,king and themselves3 ,after these ,marched the ,kings1 the ,grandees of the ,court and the ,mandarines1 every one according to his ,rank1 behind these an infinity of ,attendants1 and other ,people on ,horse-back brought up the ,rear-guard4 ,as there was not one ,city upon all this ,way1 that could either ,lodge so great a ,multitude1 or ,furnish them with ,provisions1 and that the greatest ,part of their ,journey was through a ,country very little ,inhabited1 so they were ,necessitated to carry along with them all things that were ,necessary for the journey1 and even ,provisions of ,victuals for three ,months4 ,upon this ,account there were sent before by the ,ways which were made on each side of the ,emperors ,way1 an ,infinity of ,waggons1 ,cammels1 ,horses1 and ,mules for to carry the ,baggage3 ,besides these the ,emperor1 the ,kings and almost all the ,grandees of the ,court1 had great numbers of ,horses led1 for the use of changing from time to time4 ,i do not here reckon the ,droves of ,beefs1 ,sheep1 and other ,cattel1 which they were obliged to have with them4 ,and though this great ,multitude of ,men1 ,horses1 and ,droves1 passed by a way at a good distance from that of the ,emperor1 yet it raised so horrible a ,dust1 that we always seemed to ,march in a cloud1 and thence found it ,difficult to distinguish those that ,marched #ae or #bj ,paces from us4 ,the ,march was so well regulated1 that this ,army ,incamped every ,night upon the sides of some ,river or ,brook4 ',twas for this ,reason that they caused the ,tents and the ,baggage necessary for this ,incamping to set out very early in the ,morning2 and the ,quarter-masters upon their first arrival1 ,marked the ,ground most proper for the placing of the ,emperors ,tent1 of the ,queens1 of the ,kings1 of the ,grandees1 of the ,court1 of the ,mandarines1 each according to his ,dignity1 and according to the ,dignity he had in the ,chinese ,militia1 which is divided into eight ,orders or into eight ,standards4 ,in the space of three ,months we passed about #ajjj ,miles1 advancing towards the ,north-east1 and about as many in our return3 ,in fine1 we arrived at ,kam-,hay1 which is a ,fort situated between the ,south ,sea and the ,mountains of the ,north3 ,it is there where is the beginning of that so much ,celebrated ,wall1 and which separates the ,province of ,leao-tum from that of ,pekely2 from whence it is extended very far on the side of the ,north over the tops of the highest ,mountains4 ,when we entred this ,province1 the ,emperor1 the ,kings1 and the ,grandees of the ,court1 quitted the great ,way of which we have hitherto spoken1 to take that of the ,mountains of the ,north1 which are extended without ,interruption towards the ,north-,east3 ,there some ,days were passed in ,hunting1 which was performed in this manner4 ,the ,emperor chose #cjjj ,men of his ,life-guard1 ,armed with ,arrows and ,javelins1 and dispersed them some on this side some on that2 so that they possest themselves of a great ,circuit about the ,mountains1 which they ,environed on all ,parts1 which made a kind of ,circle whose ,diameter was at least #cjjj ,paces2 then ,marching to draw nearer together with equal ,progress and without quitting their ,range1 what ever ,obstacles they found in the way 7the ,emperor having joyned with them several of the ,captains1 and of the ,grandees of the ,court1 for the better keeping of their ,order7 they ,reduced this great ,circle to another much less1 which had about #cjj ,paces in the ,diameter3 ,so that all the ,beasts which had been stayed within the first1 found themselves taken in this last as in a ,net3 for that every one setting his ,feet upon the ,ground1 they ,locked themselves together so closely1 that they left no meshing ,place for them to make their ,escape by4 ,then they ,pursued them so ,vigorously in this little ,space1 that the poor ,creatures tired with the violence of their ,coursing1 came and fell down at the ,feet of their ,chasers1 and suffered themselves to be taken without trouble4 ,i saw taken in this ,manner two or three ,hundred ,hares in less then one day1 without counting an ,infinite of ,wolves and ,foxes4 ,i have seen the same thing divers times done in that part of ,tartary1 which is on the other side of the ,province of ,leao-tum1 where ,i remember to have seen1 among others1 more than #ajjj ,deer so pent up by these sort of ,nets1 which came to cast themselves into the ,hands of the ,hunters1 having found no passage to save themselves by3 they kill'd also ,bears1 ,boars1 and more than #fj ,tigers1 but these are taken by other means1 and with other ,weapons4 ,the ,emperor will'd that ,i should be present at all these different ,huntings1 and he recommended to his ,father in ,law1 in a most obliging ,manner the having a particular care of me1 and of giving charge that ,i should not be exposed to any danger in the ,hunting of the ,tigers1 and the other fierce ,beasts2 ,i was the only ,person of all the ,mandarines who was without ,arms1 and so near to the ,emperor2 though ,i made ,light of the ,fatigue during the time we were in our ,journey1 ,i found my self so wearied every ,evening when ,i got to my ,tent1 that ,i was not able to support my ,self2 and ,i should have dispensed with my self divers times from following the ,emperor1 if my ,friends had not counsel'd me to the contrary1 and if ,i had not fear'd that he would have taken it ill if he should have perceived it4 ,after having passed about #djj ,miles in ,hunting daily after this manner1 we arrived at last at ,xyn-,yam1 the ,capital ,city of the ,province1 where we stayed four ,days4 ,the ,inhabitants of ,coree came to present to the ,emperor a ,sea-,calf which they had taken1 the ,emperor caused me to see it1 and asked whither our ,european ,books had spoken any thing of this ,fish8 ,i told him we had a ,book in our ,library at ,pekin which had explain'd the ,nature of it1 and dispatched presently a ,courrier to our ,fathers at ,pekin1 who brought it me in a few ,days3 ,the ,emperor was pleased to see that what was said of this ,fish in this ,book1 was agreeable to this which he had seen1 and caused it to be carried back again to ,pekin to be carefully preserved4 ,during the stay which we made in this ,city1 the ,emperor with the ,queens went to visit the ,sepulchers of his ,ancestors1 which are not very far distant1 from whence he sent them back to ,xyn-,yam1 to continue his own ,journey into the ,eastern ,tartary4 ,after several ,days of ,marching and ,hunting1 he arrived at ,kirin1 which is distant from ,xyn-,yam #djj ,miles3 ,this ,city is built along the great ,river ,songoro which takes its source from the ,mountain ,cham-pe1 distant #djj ,miles towards the ,south3 ,this ,mountain so ,famous in the ,east for having been the ,antient ,seat of our ,tartars1 is always covered with ,snow1 from whence it had its ,name1 because ,cham-pe signifies the white ,mountain4 ,so soon as the ,emperor saw it1 he alighted from his ,horse and fell on his ,knees on the ,bank of the ,river1 and bowed ,himself three times to the ,ground to ,salute it3 ,after which1 he caused himself to be carried upon a glorious ,throne of ,gold1 and so made his ,entry into the ,city3 ,all the ,people ran in a throng before him1 testifying by their ,acclamations the ,joy they had to see him4 ,this ,prince took great ,pleasure in those ,testimonies of their ,affection2 and that he might give them some ,marks of his being very sensible of it1 he was pleased to suffer himself to be seen by all1 and forbid his ,guards to hinder the ,people from approaching him1 as they used to do at ,pekin4 ,they make in this ,city ,barks of a very particular manner3 ,the ,inhabitants keep always a great number of them ready fitted to ,repulse the ,muscovites1 who come often into this ,river1 to dispute the ,fishing of ,pearls4 ,the ,emperor reposed himself two ,days1 after which he ,descended upon the ,river with some ,lords1 accompanied with more than #ajj ,boats1 till he arrived at the ,city of ,ula1 which is the fairest of all this ,country1 and which at other times hath been the ,seat of the ,empire of the ,tartars4 ,a little below this ,city1 which is at most about #cb ,miles from ,kirin1 the ,river is very full of a certain ,fish which resemble near enough the ,plaice of ,europe3 and 'twas principally for the taking the ,divertisement of ,fishing1 that the ,emperor went to ,ula2 but the ,rains coming on so suddainly1 swelled the ,river so much1 that all their ,nets were broken and carried away1 by the great ,flood of those ,land ,waters3 ,the ,emperor notwithstanding stayed #e or #f ,days at ,ula2 but seeing the ,rains were not at all discontinued1 he was obliged to come back to ,kirin1 without having enjoyed the ,pleasure of ,fishing3 as we ascended the ,river1 the ,bark wherein ,i was with the ,emperors ,father in ,law1 was so indamaged by the agitation of the ,waves1 that we were constrained to go a ,shore1 and mount a ,chariot drawn by one ,ox1 which carried us very slowly to ,kirin1 the ,rains not at all ceasing during our ,journy4 ,in the ,evening when the ,emperor was entertained upon all these ,adventures1 he said ,laughing1 the ,fish have cheated us2 at length1 after we had stayed two ,days at ,kirin1 the ,rains began to diminish1 and we retook our ,way towards ,leao-tum4 ,i cannot here express the ,pains and ,fatigues these had caused us to undergo1 during the whole ,course of this ,journy1 by ,reason of the ,ways which the ,rains had ,spoiled1 and rendred almost impassable3 we went without staying over the ,mountains and over the ,vallies1 and we could not pass but with extream ,danger1 the ,brooks and ,rivers which were swelled by the ,floods and ,inundations which ran from all ,parts3 the ,bridges were either overturned by the ,violence of the ,currents1 or all covered by the great overflowing of the ,waters4 ,there were made in divers ,places great ,collections of ,water1 and of ,mud1 that it was almost impossible to be drawn out of it4 ,the ,horses1 ,cammels1 and other ,beasts of ,burthen1 which carried the ,baggage could not advance1 but remained sticking in the ,mud of the ,marshes1 or died of tiring upon the ,ways4 ,the ,men were not at all less incommoded1 and all were enfeebled for want of ,victuals1 and of ,refreshments necessary for so great a ,journy3 ,many of the ,horsemen were obliged1 either to lead their ,horses on ,foot1 who were no longer able to carry them1 or to rest in the middle of the ,fields to suffer them to take ,breath3 ,and though the ,quarter-masters and the ,harbingers1 spared not their ,pains1 nor for ,wood 7which they cut on all sides7 to fill with ,faggots all the bad ,passages3 ,yet notwithstanding after the ,horses and ,chariots1 which took the ,van early in the ,morning had quite passed1 it was impossible to pass after them3 ,the ,emperor himself1 with his ,son1 and all the great ,lords of the ,court1 were obliged more than once1 to ,foot it over the ,mud and the ,marshes1 fearing to expose themselves to greater danger1 if they should have passed them on ,horse-back4 ,when they came to ,bridges1 or those other obstructions all the ,army stayed3 ,and as soon as the ,emperor was passed1 with some of the most considerable ,persons1 all the rest came together in a ,throng1 and every one striving to pass first1 many were tumbled over into the ,water3 ,others taking ,ways more about1 found them more dangerous1 falling into ,sloughs and ,bogs1 out of which they could not ,recover themselves4 ,in fine1 there were so many ,inconveniencies to be met with1 in all the ,ways of ,eastern ,tartary1 that the old ,officers who had followed the ,court above #cj ,years1 said they had never suffered so much in any ,journy4 ,it was on those ,occasions1 that the ,emperor more than once1 gave me the ,marks of a ,respect altogether particular3 the first ,day that we put our ,selves in the way for returning1 we were stay'd in the ,evening1 by a ,torrent so great and rapid1 that 'twas impossible to ,ford it3 ,the ,emperor having by chance found a little ,boat1 which could not hold above #d ,persons at most1 passed first with his ,sons1 and some of the ,principal ,kings followed3 ,all the other ,princes1 ,lords1 and ,mandarines1 which the rest of the ,army attended1 7in the mean while7 with ,impatience the return of the ,boat1 to carry them to the other side of the ,torrent1 because the ,night approached1 and the ,tents had long before passed3 ,but the ,emperor being come back to us in such another ,boat as the former1 demanded aloud where ,i was8 and his ,father in ,law having presented me to him1 he added1 let him come in and ,cross over with us3 ,so we were the only ,persons that passed with the ,emperor2 and all the rest stayed on the ,bank1 where they must pass the ,night under the open ,heaven3 ,the same thing happened the next ,day almost in the same manner4 ,the ,emperor at ,noon meeting with a like rapid and swelled ,torrent1 gave order that the ,boats should be made use of for ,transporting the ,tents1 ,packs1 and other ,baggage till the ,evening2 then willed that ,i should pass alone with him and some few of his ,attendants1 having left on the other side all the great ,lords1 who were necessitated to pass the ,night there4 ,the ,emperor's ,father in ,law himself1 having asked if he should not pass with me1 since ,i ,lodged in his ,tent and eat at his ,table8 this ,prince answered him1 that he should stay1 and he himself would take ,order to give me what was necessary4 ,after we had past1 the ,emperor sitting on the ,bank-side1 made me sit by him1 with the two ,sons of the two petty ,western ,kings1 and the first ,colao of ,tartary1 whom he distinguished on all ,occasions4 ,as the ,night was ,fair1 and the ,heavens very ,clear2 he willed me to ,name in the ,chinese and ,european ,languages1 all the ,constellations that then appeared above the ,horizon1 and he himself first named all those he already knew2 then unfolding a small ,map of the ,heavens1 which ,i had some ,years since presented him1 he put himself upon inquiring the ,hour of the ,night1 by the ,stars in the ,meridian3 ,pleasing himself to shew to all the ,knowledge he had acquired in these ,sciences4 ,all the ,marks of his ,favours which he so often gave me1 even to the sending me to ,eat from his own ,table1 these ,marks ,i say were so ,publick1 and so ,extraordinary2 that the two ,unkles of the ,emperor1 who bore the ,titles of ,associates of the ,empire1 being on their ,return to ,pekin1 said that when the ,emperor had some ,regret or appeared somewhat ,sad1 he would ,resume his ordinary ,gaiety upon the sight of me4 ,i arrived at ,pekin in perfect ,health the #ith day of ,june very late1 though divers were detained in the ,way by ,distempers1 or were returned from their ,journy1 ,hurt and ,lamed4 ,i say nothing of what we did for ,religion in this ,journy1 having reserved that for a particular ,relation1 by which it will appear1 that by the ,grace of our ,lord1 the ,favours we received at the ,court of ,china1 produced considerable ,fruits for the ,church1 and did not take away the ,cross from the ,missionaries4 ,i shall here add the ,tartarean ,names1 and the distance of every ,place through which we passed in the ,eastern ,tartary1 from the ,capital of the ,province of ,leao-tum even to ,kirin1 according to the order of ,days which we ,spent in this ,progress4 ,a ,topographic ,chart may be made and inserted into the ,map of the ,province of ,leao-tum1 to be found in the ,atlas of ,father ,martin ,martinius1 by changing only the ,latitudes according to the ,heights of the ,pole1 which we have before ,specified4 ,i shall add one thing more which ,i ,understood from the ,inhabitants of ,ula1 to wit that ,nincrita 7which is a ,place much ,renowned in those ,parts7 is distant from ,ula #gjj ,chinese ,stadia 7each of which is #cfj ,geometrical ,paces7 and that ,embarking at ,nincrita upon the great ,river ,heleum1 into which the ,songoro1 and some other more considerable ,rivers are discharged1 and following the course of the ,river1 which runs towards the ,north-,east1 or somewhat more to the ,north1 they arrive in #dj ,days ,journy at the ,eastern ,sea1 which is 7as ,i believe7 the ,streight of ,anien3 ,i was told this by the ,general of the ,militia which is at ,kirin2 and who had performed this ,voyage himself4 ,the ,distances of the ,places1 thro' which we passed in the ,eastern ,tartary4 ,the first ,day we passed from ,xyn-,yam1 the ,capital of the ,province of ,leao-tum1 and we arrived at ,seao-,lysto1 so the ,place is called in the ,chinese ,language4 #ie4 stadia4 ,the #b;d4 day we arrived at ,cha-cay ,angha4 #he4 stadia4 ,the #c;d4 day at another ,torrent of the same ,name4 #gj4 stadia4 ,the #dth4 at ,kiaghuchen4 #ej4 stadia4 ,the #eth4 at ,feyteri4 #hj4 stadia4 ,the #fth4 at the ,torrent of ,seipery4 #fj4 stadia4 ,the #gth4 at the ,torrent of ,ciam4 #fj4 stadia4 ,the #hth4 at ,courou4 #ej4 stadia4 ,the #ith4 at the ,burrow of ,sape4 #dj4 stadia4 ,the #ajth4 at ,quaranny ,pira4 #dj4 stadia4 ,the #aath4 at ,elten eme ,ambayaga4 #gj4 stadia4 ,the #abth4 at ,ypatan4 #eh4 stadia4 ,the #acth4 at ,suayen ny ,pyra4 #fj4 stadia4 ,the #adth4 at ,ylmen4 #gj4 stadia4 ,the #aeth4 at ,seuten4 #gj4 stadia4 ,the #afth4 the ,city of ,kirin4 #gj4 stadia4 ------ #ajbh4 ,all this ,course being #ajbh ,chinese ,stadia1 contains #cfi ,miles 7each7 of #ajjj ,geometrical ,paces2 the ,chinese ,stadium containing as ,i mentioned before #cfj ,geometrical ,paces4 ,a ,voyage of the ,emperor of ,china1 into the ,western ,tartary1 in the ,year1 #afhc4 ,the ,emperor this ,year1 which is the #cjth4 of his ,age1 made a ,voyage into the ,western ,tartary1 together with the ,queen his ,grand-mother1 which they call the ,queen ,mother2 he departed the #afth4 of ,july1 in the ,company of more than #fjjjj ,men1 and #ajjjjj ,horse4 ,he positively resolved1 that ,i1 with one of the two ,fathers that were at the ,court of ,pekin1 the ,choice of which he left to me1 should follow him1 ,i chose ,father ,philip ,grimaldi2 because he is the most known1 and because he perfectly understood the ,mathematicks4 ,several ,reasons prevailed with the ,emperor to ,enterprize this ,journy4 ,the first was1 that he might keep his ,militia during the ,peace as well as in the ,wars1 in continual ,exercise2 and for this ,reason it was1 that after he had ,establish'd a firm ,peace in all the ,quarters of this so vast an ,empire2 he recalled his best ,troops hither out of every ,province1 and resolved in his ,council to make every ,year ,expeditions of this kind1 in several ,seasons1 that by hunting of ,deer1 ,boars1 ,bears1 and ,tigers1 they might learn to overcome the ,enemies of the ,empire1 or at least to prevent the cooling of their ,courage1 or the degenerating from their ,pristine ,valour1 by the ,luxury of ,china1 in a too long ,repose4 ,in effect these kinds of ,hunting had more of the shew of a ,military ,expedition1 than of one for ,divertisement1 as ,i have already noted3 ,the ,emperor took in his ,train1 #ajjjjj ,horse1 and above #fjjjj ,men1 all armed with ,arrows and ,cimiters1 divided into ,companies and ,marching in ,battle-,array after their ,colours1 with the sound of ,drums and ,trumpets3 ,during their ,hunting1 they intirely invested the ,mountains and ,forrests1 as if they had been ,cities which they design'd to ,beleaguer2 following in this the manner of ,hunting used by the ,eastern ,tartars1 of which ,i have spoken in my last ,letter4 ,this ,army had its ,van-guard and ,rear-guard1 and its ,main ,body1 its ,right ,wing and ,left ,wing1 was commanded by so many ,generals and petty ,kings4 ,there were spent more then ,seventy ,days before they were on their ,march1 in bringing together all the ,ammunitions of the ,army upon the ,waggons1 upon the ,camels1 upon the ,horses1 and upon the ,mules1 by reason of the ,incommodious ,ways4 ,for in all the ,western ,tartary 7,i call it ,western7 not with ,relation to ,china1 which lieth in ,respect of it ,westward it self1 but with respect of the ,eastern ,tartary there is nothing to be found but ,mountains1 ,rocks1 and ,vallies2 there are neither ,cities1 ,towns nor ,villages1 nor so much as any ,houses4 ,the ,inhabitants ,lodge under ,tents1 pitched on all sides in the open ,fields4 ,they are for the most part ,graziers1 and transport their ,tents from one ,vally to another1 according as the ,pastures are better4 ,there they ,pasture their ,beefs1 their ,horses1 and their ,camels1 they breed no ,hogs1 nor any of those other ,animals1 which elsewhere are fed in the ,villages1 as ,poultry and ,geese4 ,but only of such as the ,herbs1 which an uncultivated ,land doth ,naturally produce1 will serve to sustain4 ,they pass their ,life either in ,hunting1 or doing nothing4 ,and as they neither sow nor cultivate the ,earth1 so they make no ,harvest4 ,they ,live upon ,milk1 ,cheese1 and ,flesh1 and have a sort of ,wine1 not much unlike our ,aqua-vit2 with which they make their ,feasts1 and are often ,drunk4 ,in short they care for nought from ,morning to ,night1 but to ,drink and ,eat2 like the ,beasts1 and ,droves which they ,feed4 ,they are not without their ,priests1 which they call ,lamas1 for whom they have a singular ,veneration1 in which they differ from the ,oriental ,tartars2 the most part of whom have no ,religion1 nor do they believe any ,god4 ,for the rest both of the one and the other are ,slaves1 and wholly depend upon the will of their ,masters1 whose ,religion and ,manners they blindly follow3 ,like in this to their ,droves1 who go where they are lead1 and not where they ought to go4 ,this part of ,tartary1 lies without the prodigious ,wall of ,china about #ajjj ,chinese ,stadia1 that is to say more than #cjj ,european ,miles1 and extends from the ,north-east towards the ,north4 ,the ,emperor ,rides on ,horse-back1 in the ,head of his ,army through these ,desert ,places1 and these ,steep ,mountains1 and far from great ,roads1 exposed all the ,day to the ,scorchings of the ,sun1 to the ,rains1 and to all the ,injuries of the ,air4 ,many of those which had been in the last ,war1 assured me1 that they had not suffered so much during all that as during this ,hunting4 ,in so much that the ,emperor1 whose principal ,aim it was to give his ,forces a ,breathing1 performed effectually what he pretended4 ,the second ,reason he had of undertaking this ,journy1 was that he might keep the ,western ,tartars in their ,duty1 and to prevent any pernitious ,designs that might be formed against the ,states4 ,it was for this that he entred their ,country with so great an ,army1 and with so great ,preparations for ,war4 ,having carried along several great ,guns1 that he might cause them to be ,discharged from time to time into the ,vallies1 and by the ,noise and ,fire which issued out of the ,mouths of those ,dragons1 which served to ,ornament them1 he might cast a ,dread upon the ,rout4 ,besides this great ,retinue1 he would yet be accompanied with all the ,marks of ,grander1 with which he was environed at the ,court at ,pekin4 ,to wit1 with a ,multitude of ,drums1 ,trumpets1 ,timbals1 and other ,musical ,instruments1 which formed ,consorts ,during his sitting at ,table1 when he entred the ,palace1 or when he went out4 ,he caused all these to ,march with him1 that he might by this outward ,pomp ,astonish these ,barbarous ,people1 to strike them with a ,fear and ,respect of his ,imperial ,majesty4 ,for the ,empire of ,china never had any ,enemies more to be feared than these ,western ,tartars2 which beginning on the ,east of ,china encompass it with an almost infinite of ,people1 and keep it as it were continually beleaguered on the ,north and ,west sides thereof2 and 'twas to make a ,bulwork against their ,incursions1 that a ,chinese ,emperor in antient ,times caused this great ,wall to be ,built1 which separates ,china from their ,country4 ,i have passed it four times1 and have considered it very attentively4 ,and ,i can say without ,hyperbolizing1 that all the seven ,wonders of the ,world put together1 are not comparable to this ,work4 ,and all that ,fame has spread concerning it among the ,europeans1 is far short of what ,i my self have seen4 ,two things have more especially caused my ,admiration4 ,the first is1 that in this long extent from the ,east to the ,west1 it passes in several places not only through vast ,champains1 but also above the tops of exceeding high ,mountains1 upon which it is raised by little and little1 and fortify'd at certain ,intervals with great ,towers2 not distant the one from the other more than two flight ,shot4 ,at our return ,i had the ,curiosity to measure the height of it in one place by means of an ,instrument1 and ,i found that it was in that ,place #ajcg ,geometrical ,feet above the ,horison2 in such sort that 'tis hard to comprehend how 'twas possible to elevate this enormous ,bulwork to the height we saw it1 in places dry and full of ,mountains1 whence they must be obliged to bring from a great distance with incredible ,labour1 the ,water1 ,brick1 ,mortar1 and all the ,materials necessary for so great a ,work4 ,the second thing that surprized me was1 that this ,wall is not continued upon the same ,line1 but bent in divers places following the situation of the ,mountains1 in such manner1 that instead of one ,wall1 one may say that there are three1 which ,environ all this great part of ,china4 ,after all1 ,the ,monarch which in our ,days hath re-united the ,chinese and the ,tartars1 under one and the same ,government1 has done some things more for the advantage of the security of ,china1 than the ,chinese ,emperor that built the long ,wall4 ,for after having reduced the ,western ,tartars1 partly by ,artifice1 partly by force of ,arms3 ,he has obliged to go and remain at #cjj ,miles distance from the ,wall of ,china2 and in this ,place he distributes to them ,land and ,pastures1 whilst he has given their ,country to other ,tartars1 his ,subjects which have their ,habitation there at present3 ,notwithstanding which1 these ,western ,tartars are so powerful1 that if they should agree together1 they might make themselves ,masters of all ,china1 and of the ,eastern ,tartary1 even in the ,face of the ,oriental ,tartars4 ,i have said1 that the ,tartarian ,monarch that conquered ,china1 used an expedient for subduing the ,western ,tartars4 ,for one of his first ,cares was to engage to his ,interest by his ,royal ,bounties1 and by demonstration of a ,singular ,affection1 the ,lamas 7or ,priests7 these ,men having a great ,repute about all those of their ,nation1 easily perswaded them to submit to the ,government of so great a ,prince2 and 'tis in consideration of this ,service done to the ,estate1 that the present ,emperor looks upon these ,lamas with a favourable ,eye1 that he bestows ,presents on them2 and that he makes use of them to keep the ,tartars in the ,obedience which they owe him3 ,tho' at the bottom he hath nothing but ,dis-esteem for their ,persons1 and looks upon them as a sort of ,ignorant ,fellows1 which have not the least ,tincture of the ,sciences or commendable ,arts1 in which without doubt this ,prince shews a ,wise ,policy1 in so disguising his true ,sentiments1 by these exterior ,marks of ,esteem and ,good-will4 ,he has divided this vastly extended ,country into #dh ,provinces1 who have submitted and are ,tributary to him4 ,from whence it comes to pass1 that the ,emperor that ,reigns at present in ,china1 and in the one and the other ,tartary1 may justly be called the greatest and most powerful ,monarch of ,asia1 having so many vast ,estates under him1 without being any where interrupted by the ,territory of any ,foreign ,prince1 and he alone being as the ,soul which gives motion to all the ,members of so vast a ,body4 ,for after he had charged himself with the ,government1 he did not at all intrust the ,care to any of the ,colaos1 nor to any of the great ,men of his ,court4 ,he has not at all suffered1 that the ,eunuchs of the ,palace1 or any of his ,pages1 or any of the young ,lords that have been raised by him1 should dispose of the least thing in his ,house1 or should regulate any thing of themselves3 ,which appears very extraordinary2 especially if we examin what ,customs his ,predecessors were wont to use4 ,he chastises with wonderful ,equity the great ,ones as well as the ,inferiors2 he deprives them of their ,charges1 and makes them descend from the ,rank they held1 proportioning always the ,penalty to the heinousness of their ,fault4 ,he takes ,cognisance of the ,affairs which are transacted in the ,royal ,counsel1 and in the other ,tribunals1 even to the causing them to render to him an exact account of the ,judgments there given4 ,in one ,word1 he of himself ,disposes and ,orders all things2 and 'tis by reason of the absolute ,authority which he hath thus acquired1 that the greatest ,lords of the ,court1 and ,persons of the highest ,quality in the ,empire2 even the ,princes of the ,blood1 never appear in his ,presence1 but with a profound ,respect4 ,but to what remains1 the ,lamas or ,tartarian ,priests1 of whom we have spoken1 are not only respected by the ,people1 but also by the ,lords and ,princes of their ,nation1 who for ,politick ,ends testifie to them a great deal of ,friendship3 ,this makes us fear that the ,christian ,religion1 will not find so easie an entrance into the ,western ,tartary4 ,they are also very powerful upon the ,mind of the ,queen ,mother1 who is of their ,country1 and who is at present ,threescore and ,ten ,years ,old2 they are wont to tell her1 that the ,sect 7of which she makes ,profession7 has no more declared ,enemies than us4 ,and 'tis a kind of ,miracle1 or at least an extraordinary ,protection of ,god1 that notwithstanding this1 the ,emperor1 who has very much regard and respect for her1 has not hitherto ceased to heap on us ,graces and ,honours1 considering us after another manner than the ,lamas4 ,during the ,journey1 as the ,princes and the chief ,officers of the ,army went oftentimes to the ,queen to attend at her ,court2 and that we also were advertised to do so likewise3 ,we were willing first to consult a ,person of the ,court1 who loved us very much1 and who spake for us to the ,emperor in our ,affairs4 ,this ,lord having enter'd the ,princes ,tent1 told him what had passed1 and presently coming out again3 ,the ,emperor 7said he to us7 has given me to understand1 that 'tis not at all necessary for you to attend the ,queen as others do2 which made us to apprehend enough1 that this ,princess did not favour us4 ,the #c;d ,reason which the ,emperor had for making this ,journey1 was for his ,health3 because he knew by his ,experience long enough1 that when he is too long at ,pekin without going ,abroad1 he cannot avoid his being attacked by several ,distempers1 which he prevents by means of these long ,progresses4 ,for during the whole time he never sees any ,woman2 and that which is more surprizing1 there appears not any one in all this great ,army1 except those which are of the ,retinue of the ,queen ,mother3 ',tis yet also a ,novelty that she has accompanyed the ,king this ,year1 it having not been practiced above once1 when he took with him the three ,queens as far as the ,capital ,city of the ,province of ,leao-tum1 to visit the ,sepulchers of their ,ancestors4 ,the ,emperor and the ,queen ,mother pretend moreover by this ,journey1 to avoid the excessive ,heats which are in ,pekin1 in the ,summer during the ,dog-days4 ,for in this part of ,tartary1 there reigns during the ,months of ,july and ,august so cold a ,wind1 especially in the ,night1 that 'tis necessary to put on thick ,cloths and ,furs4 ,the ,reason that may be assigned for this so extraordinary ,cold1 is that this ,region is very much elevated and full of ,mountains3 ,there is one among the rest1 upon which we continually ascended1 for the space of #e or #f ,days ,march4 ,the ,emperor being desirous to know how much it surmounted the ,plains of ,pekin1 distant about #cjj ,miles2 at our return 7after having measured the height of above a hundred ,mountains that lay in our ,road7 we found that it had #cjjj ,geometrical ,pace of ,elevation1 above the ,sea that nearest approached ,pekin4 ,the ,salt ,peter also with which these ,countries abound1 may contribute to this great ,cold1 which is so violent1 that in digging the ,earth to three or four ,foot deep1 there are fetched out ,clods all frozen1 and pieces of ,ice4 ,divers of the ,petty ,kings of the ,western ,tartary1 came from all sides for #cjj ,miles1 and some for #ejj ,miles1 together with their ,children1 to salute the ,emperor4 ,these ,princes1 who for the most part know none but by their own natural ,language1 which is very different from that of the ,eastern ,tartary3 ,took regard of us1 with ,aspects and ,gestures of a goodness very particular4 ,there were some among them1 who had made a ,journey to ,pekin to see the ,court1 and who had seen our ,church4 ,one or two ,days before we arrived at the ,mountain which was the boundary of our ,journey1 we met a ,petty ,king very aged1 who returned from accompanying the ,emperor1 he seeing us stayed with all his ,retinue1 and enquired by his ,interpreter1 which of us was called ,nauboaij2 one of our ,servants having made a sign that it was ,i1 this ,prince accosted me with a great deal of ,civility1 and told me that for a long time he had known my ,name1 and that he had desired to know me4 ,he spoke also to ,father ,grimaldi1 with the same marks of ,affection4 ,the favourable ,entertainment he gave us in this ,re-encounter1 gave some ,reason to hope that our ,religion might find an easie ,entrance to those ,princes1 particularly if care be taken to insinuate into the ,minds of those ,princes1 by the means of the ,mathematicks3 ,which if there should at any time be a design to penetrate into their ,country1 the most sure way for divers ,reasons1 7which ,i have not the leisure to explain here7 will be to begin the entrance with the other ,tartars more remote1 which are not all ,subjects of this ,empire1 from whom we may pass on to these1 advancing by little and little towards ,china4 ,during the whole ,journey1 the ,emperor has continued to give us singular ,tokens of his good ,will1 shewing us ,favours in the sight of his ,army1 which he shewed to none besides4 ,one time meeting us in a great ,valley1 where we were measuring the height and the distance of some ,mountains1 he made a stay with the whole ,court2 and calling to us from a great distance1 he demanded of us in the ,chinese ,language1 ,hao-mo8 that is to say1 are you well in ,health8 ,and then asked us several ,questions in the ,tartarian ,language1 concerning the heighth of these ,mountains1 to which ,i answered also in the same ,language2 after which1 turning to the ,lords that were about him1 he discoursed with them concerning us in very obliging ,expressions1 as ,i learned the same ,night from the ,prince his ,unkle1 who was then by his side4 ,he testifyed also his ,affection to us1 by causing often ,meat to be carry'd to our ,tents from his own ,table1 willing also that on some ,occasions we should eat in his2 and every time he did us this ,honour1 he had a regard to our ,days of ,abstinence1 and of ,fasting1 sending us only such ,meats as we could use4 ,the eldest ,son of the ,emperor1 after the ,example of his ,father1 gave us marks also of his ,bounty1 for having been constrained to stay more than #aj ,days1 by reason of a fall from his ,horse1 by which he was hurt in his right ,shoulder2 and one part of the ,army in which we were1 having attended1 whilst the ,emperor with the other1 continued his ,hunting1 he was not wanting in sending to us daily1 and sometimes twice a ,day1 during this space1 ,food from his own ,table4 ,in fine1 we look'd on all these ,favours of the ,royal ,family1 as the effects of a particular ,providence which watched over us1 and over ,christianity1 for which we had so much the more occasion to thank ,god1 for that the affection of the ,emperor1 was never so constantly shewn to the ,grandees of the ,empire1 nor to the ,princes of the ,blood4 ,as to what relates to the other particularities of our ,journey1 they are like to those which happened to us the last ,year1 in the ,journey to the ,eastern ,tartary1 which ,i have fully described in my last ,letter2 that is to say1 that we made use of the ,emperor's ,horses1 and of his ,litters1 that we lodged in the ,tents1 and eat at the ,table of the ,prince his ,unkle1 to whom he had particularly recommended us4 ,during more than #fjj ,miles1 which we had passed in going and returning 7for we did not return by the same ,road7 he caused to be made a great ,high-way cross the ,mountains and the ,vallies1 for the ,queen ,mother1 who went in a ,chariot2 he caused also an infinite number of ,bridges to be made over the ,torrents1 as also the ,rocks to be cut1 and the ,points of the ,mountains1 with incredible ,pains and ,expences3 ,father ,grimaldi shall describe the other particulars in his ,letters4 ,as to the benefit which the ,religion may draw from our ,journey1 ,i have spoken elsewhere2 it sufficeth to say that the ,emperor1 to whose ,will we cannot make the least resistance1 without exposing all this ,mission to a manifest ,danger1 has order'd us to follow him4 ,i ceased not however to speak twice to that ,lord of the ,court1 who is our particular ,friend1 to excuse us for the time to come from these long ,journeys1 and especially me1 who am not of an ,age fit for it3 ,i tried to obtain at least that they would be contented to take only one of us2 the ,letters of our ,fathers were daily brought us during the ,journey1 and ,i had the convenience of writing to them1 by means of the ,couriers which continually went to and came from the ,royal ,city3 ,i write all this in haste1 that ,i may continue to give you an account of our ,affairs4 ,an ,explanation1 necessary to justify the ,geography supposed in these ,letters4 ,it may seem wonderful1 that the ,author of these ,letters makes mention in his former1 of a kind of ,war between the ,oriental ,tartars and the ,muscovites1 notwithstanding the extream distance these ,people appear to be from one another in our ,geographical ,charts2 but those who know how much the ,muscovites have extended the ,bounds of the ,empire along the ,tartarian ,sea1 will judge the thing less difficult1 besides those who have seen these ,countries1 have made ,discoveries much differing from those which our ,geographers have informed us of hitherto4 ,very lately ,monsieur ,d',arcy1 who commands one of the ,king's ,ships1 in the ,fleet of ,monsieur ,le ,marescal d',estrees1 informed us1 that having served in ,poland1 and having been made ,governor of a ,place towards ,moscovy1 the ,moscovite ,ambassadors in their return having pass'd by him1 and being by him treated in such a manner as put them into a very good ,humour2 one of them shewed him a ,chart of the ,countries between ,moscovy and ,china3 and told him1 that from three ,cities which he shewed him1 whose ,names were ,lopsla1 ,abasinko1 ,nerginsko1 all three under the ,government of the great ,dukes1 tho' situated in the great ,tartary1 there was a way to ,pekin1 which was not more than #be or #cj ,days ,journey4 ,this ,map it seems must be kept very secret in ,moscovy3 ,for the next ,day the ,moscovite was in despair1 for having given it1 saying that if it should be known1 he should come to great ,damage4 ,the ,officer being come back since into ,france1 has given a ,copy to the ,king1 and another to ,monsieur ,le ,marquis de ,signelay4 ,to confirm this1 it may be added1 what a ,french ,man has writ from ,moscovy within this two ,months1 that they are actually raising ,troops to go to ,war with the ,chinese4 ,some ,observations and ,conjectures concerning the ,chinese ,characters4 ,made by ,r4 ,h4 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,whether there ever were any ,language natural1 ,i dispute not3 ,but that there have been1 are1 and may be1 artificial ,languages 'tis not difficult to prove4 ,the ,chinese ,court ,language is said to be of this kind1 invented and spoken by the ,literati and ,mandarines throughout the whole ,empire of ,china1 differing from all the other ,languages spoken in it1 and ,i conjecture it to be nothing else but the ,names of the ,character by which they write and express their meaning1 arbitrarily imposed by them1 as we in ,europe set names to ,arithmetical ,figures1 not as we pronounce ,words written with a litteral ,character4 ,this ,i ,judge by comparing the ,characters with the ,names1 ,monosyllables or ,words they pronounce and read them with4 ,nor do they ascend above a ,monosyllabical ,name1 tho' the ,character be composed of many single ,characters1 each of which hath its proper ,sense1 and ,monosyllabical ,name1 and though the meaning of each ,character1 be an ingredient in the ,notion of that compounded ,character4 ,i might give an ,instance also in the ,artificial ,language ,invented by the ,late ,reverend ,bishop of ,chester ,dr4 ,wilkins1 which in all the accomplishments of ,language doth excel any one yet extant2 to which is also annexed a real ,character1 ,legible into that or any other ,language ,spoken4 ,by which ,language the ,character and every additional ,mark is effable1 and yet the ,character is not ,literal but ,real1 which is more curious and useful than the ,chinese way4 ,great pity it is that ,discourse is not published in ,latin1 that the ,learned of ,europe1 may think of further ,improving it1 and bringing it to ,use4 ,but whatever we may judge of ,language1 'tis past dispute that ,writing was ever ,artificial1 how ,antiently so ever it were in ,use1 and was the ,invention of some thinking and ,studious ,men4 ',tis also evident that there have been various ways thought of for ,expressing ,significancy1 according to the several ,genii of the ,persons that were the ,inventors4 ,as may be guessed by the gyptian ,hieroglyphicks1 the ,chinese ,characters1 the ,mexican ,chronology1 and the ,literal ,characters of several ,nations1 each of which seem to proceed upon differing methods1 and from differing thoughts of ,invention4 ,which of these ways is the most ,antient1 is hard to prove4 ,the gyptian ,mummies and ,obelesks prove a great ,antiquity of the ,hieroglyphicks1 but yet the ,chinese ,chronology 7if to be credited7 outstrips the gyptian in pretence to ,antiquity4 ,for the ,chinese make ,fohi1 the first ,king of ,china1 to be the inventer of their ,character3 ,and account him to have lived #biej ,years before the time of ,christ1 during all which time they pretend to have a certain and written ,account in their ,books3 ,but their ,account of the times preceding1 they esteem more ,hypothetical and ,fabulous2 depending chiefly upon ,fiction and ,oral ,tradition3 ,as you will easily believe1 when you understand how many ,years they make it since the ,creation of the ,world to the present ,year #afhf4 which by the ,account thereof in ,mr4 ,graves's ,translation of ,vulg4 ,beig4 will be found to be no less than eighty eight millions six hundred and forty thousand one hundred and two ,solar ,years1 there having been run out since the ,creation #hhfd ,ven4 of ,years 7every ,ven4 containing ten thousand such ,years7 and of the present ,ven4 this ,year #afhf4 is the #ajb;d4 ,which ,account is abundantly more extravagant than the gyptian3 ,but this need not invalidate their ,history since ,fohi2 by which it appears that their ,character was invented before the time of ,moses about #adjj ,years1 and even before ,menes the first ,king of gypt about #ejj ,years4 ,so that the ,chinese ,invention of ,writing or ,characters1 seems to be the most ancient of that kind4 ,and the ,book ,yekim said to be written by ,fohi1 the most antient ,book4 ,these ,accounts made me the more desirous to understand somewhat of the ,reality and ,truth1 of what is related concerning the ,knowledge of ,literature and manual ,arts1 which these ,people of ,china are said to have possessed so long a time in so great ,perfection1 and without ,alteration from the primitive ,institution1 especially upon the ,account of their ,art of ,printing1 which gave a hint to the ,inventors of that admirable and most useful of all ,inventions 7for the ,common ,wealth of ,learning7 the way of ,printing here in ,europe4 ,for ,paulus ,jovius affirms that the first occasion of that ,invention in ,germany1 was a ,german ,merchant1 who returning out of ,china into his own ,country1 related what he had observed concerning the ,practice of it as used in that ,country4 ,and tho' the ,chinese way be wholly differing as to the method of composing1 from what was invented and perfected here3 ,yet such an intimation was enough to an ingenious ,artist to improve the first ,contrivance1 and make it more accomodate to the literal way of ,writing with us3 ,and as our way may possibly be now brought to the greatest ,perfection for exactness and expedition1 so without doubt must be their way of ,printing any thing just as it is written1 since ,i find1 that they can engrave their ,stamps for a ,sheet1 as soon as one of our ,compositers can set and correct a ,sheet of our literal ,character1 and when so done1 one ,man alone will print off #aejj ,sheets in one ,day4 ,and though 'tis generally believed to be much the same with our ,wooden ,cuts for ,printing1 yet from some ,observations ,i have made1 ,i believe it to be much another way2 of which ,i shall hereafter say more when ,i describe their other ,arts of ,pottery1 ,staining1 ,varnishing1 c4 ,by a ,chinese ,manuscript1 out of which ,i transcribed the ,lord's ,prayer in the ,year #afff 7when it was lost7 ,i found that the ,pronunciations had no affinity with the stroaks of the ,character4 ,whence ,i conceived it was either a numeral ,character consisting of ,numbers1 or else a real ,character1 but not a literal1 unless it were a literal ,character of some other ,language than that by which it was pronounced1 whose pronunciation is lost though the significancy be retained1 as if one should read what is written in ,hebrew into the ,latin or ,roman ,language1 ,in ,principio ,cravit instead of ,brasit bra1 or ,beresith ,bara according to the ,masoreth4 ,since that time ,i procured from ,china1 a ,dictionary of the ,court ,language1 7as ,i found it written upon by the ,person that sent it me from thence7 but this whole ,book 7which ,i found was ,printed7 consisted only of the ,chinese ,characters without any ,interpretation1 or ,pronunciation2 however by the help of the ,pictures of that1 and a ,chinese ,almanack1 ,i quickly found out their ,characters for ,numbers1 and their way of ,numeration1 together with the ,figure and ,use of their ,abacus or counting ,board1 for performing the ,operations of ,arithmetick1 which ,i find pretty near to agree with that of the antient ,romans 7a ,description and ,picture of which is given by ,ursinus1 ,pignorius and ,velserus7 save only1 that1 instead of ,pins and sliding ,groves of the ,roman1 the ,chinese ,abacus hath ,strings or ,wires and ,beads1 to slide upon them2 and that1 instead of four ,pins for ,digits or ,units1 the ,chinese hath five ,beads3 ,so that it may seem to argue that the ,chinese ,abacus was designed for a ,duodecimal ,progression3 ,whereas that of the ,romans was design'd for the ,decimal4 ,one thing is remarkable in the ,chinese1 that ,i find the ,abacus to lie ,horizontal1 and their first place to be that next the left ,hand1 which ,i judge was also the first in their old way of reading1 much the same with ours1 though their other ,characters are erected 7as ,i shall by and by shew7 from the posture of ,writing and ,reading1 which ,i conjecture they did at first make use of2 and what does yet further agree with this conjecture1 is remarkable in the newly mentioned ,treatise of ,vulg4 ,beig4 ,that whereas the way of ,writing and ,reading used by the ,arabs1 was from the right to the left1 the first place or the place of ,units in their ,numeration1 was that next the right ,hand2 and so came first to be read3 ,as did that of ,china1 who as ,i conceive read the contrary way1 from the left to the right4 ,it appears therefore by this ,remark that we received this way of expressing ,numbers from the ,arabians1 for that we keep the same posture or position of places with them1 tho' our progression in ,writing and ,reading be the contrary way4 ,and though we now read them also in the order they are set1 twenty one1 twenty two1 thirty six1 forty eight1 c4 yet we retain also the other way of ,pronouncing1 viz4 one and twenty1 two and twenty1 six and thirty1 eight and forty1 c4 ,now as the ,chinese and ,roman ,abacus do much agree save only that they proceed contrary ways1 so doth their way of expressing ,numbers by ,letters or ,marks1 one stroke or line signifying one2 two lines two2 three lines three2 a cross ten2 two crosses twenty2 three crosses thirty2 and so onwards to a hundred1 which they expressed by a square ,mark1 and a cross with a stroak added for a thousand1 as will appear by the ,table annexed4 ,and though the ,characters are not all the same2 yet the order and method of one agrees very near with that of the other1 especially if ,i may be allowed my supposition1 that the primitive way of ,writing and ,reading with the ,chinese was ,horizontal1 and like the ,greek and ,latin or ,european way4 ,now that these are properly numeral ,figures1 or ,characters1 is manifest from this1 that they have also word ,characters for every ,number1 and they can 7in the same manner as the ,romans could7 express a ,number by their numeral characters or ,marks1 and by their literal or word ,characters2 for as one single stroak signifies one or the first1 so does the ,character 7in the ,plate marked with ,e7 signify the same thing1 that is one or the first4 ,having thus discovered their ,characters for ,numbers1 and their way of ,numeration1 ,i was next desirous to understand something concerning their ,language and ,character4 ,upon perusing all the ,accounts ,i could meet with in ,books1 ,i found very little satisfaction as to what ,i principally inquired after1 which was first concerning the method of the ,character1 whether it consisted of a certain number of ,marks methodically disposed like ,letters in a literal1 or like ,numbers in a ,numeral1 or like ,radicals in composite and decomposite ,derivations8 ',tis said to be legible into a great many ,languages considerably different one from another1 but how this is effected is not related1 only 'tis said that the ,marks are of the nature of our ,arithmetical ,figures1 7which are become almost ,universal at least to us here in ,europe17 and #b;dly1 concerning the number of these ,characters8 to which ,i found as little satisfaction2 for1 by some ,relations ,i found that there were #abjjjj1 by others #hjjjj1 and by others #fjjjj4 ,and that a ,man must be able to remember to ,write and ,read at least #hjjj1 or #ajjjj1 before he will be able to express his meaning thereby1 and that it is the business of a ,man's whole ,life to be throughly understanding in the whole ,character2 seeming to intimate that the ,characters are immethodical1 and there are as many primitive ,characters as ,words4 ,others tell us of various kinds of ,characters which have been in use in several ,ages4 ,the first they say were ,hieroglyphical like the gyptian or ,mexican1 consisting of the ,pictures of ,animals and ,vegetables4 ,but that the last are made up of ,lines and ,points1 that they have no such thing as ,letters or ,syllables1 but every distinct ,word and ,notion has a distinct ,character1 and that all are primitive or in composite1 so that if ,calepines ,dictionary were to be translated into the ,chinese1 'twere necessary to have as many distinct radical ,characters as there are ,words therein to be found1 which accounts do seem to insinuate that this ,character is the most difficult1 and the most perplexed piece of ,learning in the ,world1 and depends wholly upon the strength of the ,memory1 in retaining the form and signification of a perplexed scrawl4 ,but whether they who gave us these ,accounts did do it knowingly1 is much to be doubted1 my own ,observations1 at least1 make me think otherwise4 ,i have not yet been able to procure sufficient helps to inform my self of the whole ,art of ,writing and ,reading the ,chinese ,character1 and ,i fear the ,relations ,i have hitherto met with concerning it1 were written by such as did not well understand it1 however from such helps as ,i had1 what ,i collected or do conjecture1 ,i shall here relate4 ,the best help ,i had1 was the perusal of some ,books ,printed in ,china1 with the pronunciation and signification of the ,character in ,latin ,letters4 ,by these ,books then ,i observed1 first1 that every one of their ,characters1 whether consisting of more or fewer strokes or marks1 were comprised within a certain square space1 which is proportion'd according to the bigness of the size or manner of ,writing1 they design there to make use of1 not that the whole ,square is filled with every ,character1 but that no part of that ,character does exceed the limits of that ,square1 so that tho' the ,character have but one stroak1 it takes as much room in the line as another that hath #bj or #cj several ,marks1 so that their ,characters are most exactly ranged in ,rank and ,file1 not unlike our ,numbers in ,arithmetick4 ,notwithstanding which ,i find they do vary the bigness of the ,character upon several ,occasions1 as in the ,titles of ,books1 in the ,titles of the ,chapters or ,sections1 in the ,comments1 ,explications or ,notes1 and upon several other occasions of variety1 which they do at ,pleasure with their ,pencil1 as we use variety of ,letters in the ,printing of a ,book4 ,the ,titles of ,books are generally in very large ,characters1 #f or #h times as big as those of the ,book1 the explication ,notes of the bigness1 the ,contents usually twice as big1 and the like variety on several other occasions4 ,i have met with also three several kinds of ,characters1 the most usual is the fixed or set square form4 ,the second sort is the running ,hand1 in which the orders of the ,courts are written by their ,secretaries1 of which ,i have seen #c or #d kinds1 in which the ,pencil is never taken off1 till the whole ,character be finished1 and sometimes two or three are all written without break4 ,the third seems to be somewhat like the flourishing great ,letters1 used by ,scriveners at the beginning of ,deeds1 and by the ,germans in the beginning of ,chapters and ,sections4 ,they are compounded of the same strokes as the set ,character1 but modulated and shaped a little otherwise to make them appear the more beautiful and regular4 ,a ,specimen of each of these three are in the ,plate4 ,this third is made use of for ,epitaphs1 and other ,inscriptions on ,buildings or ,monuments4 ,these three sorts ,i may call the three general kinds of ,writing1 but there is to be found an almost infinite variety of forms which ,men use4 ,this will be the more easie to be believed1 when we consider that the ,printed ,characters are exactly the same with the ,written1 insomuch that every variety in each stroke1 line or point1 that is or can be made with the ,pencil1 is perfectly expressed in the ,impression1 and the ,form1 ,mode1 or ,hand1 as we call it1 of every ,writer is exhibited so curiously1 that ,i think it hardly possible to be performed after the way of wooden ,cuts1 as ,authors affirm it is1 but must be done after the method of our ,copper ,cuts1 ,printed by a ,roll-press1 which the way of expressing the ,running or ,court-,hand1 does1 ,i conceive1 most evidently demonstrate1 and from divers circumstances1 ,i could evidently make appear from the ,book it self1 which ,i cannot so well express in ,writing4 ,their ,paper is generally very thin and fine1 and very transparent1 but brown1 so that whatever is ,written or ,printed on it1 is almost as legible on the back1 as on the foreside1 which is of great use in the cutting of their ,stamps4 ,and thence they never ,write or ,print on both sides of the same ,leaf1 but only on one1 and to make the ,leaf appear ,printed on both sides1 they double the ,sheet with the ,printed sides outwards1 and putting the folded part forward1 they ,sew1 ,bind1 or ,stitch together1 all these ,sheets with the cut ,edges1 and upon whole ,sheets instead of single ,leaves2 just in the same manner as the ,plate annexed to this ,discourse is ,printed4 ,they begin the ,book on the top of the right ,hand side of the ,page that is next the right ,hand1 and they read downwards to the bottom1 then begin the next ,line towards the left ,hand at the top1 and so read to the bottom1 and so proceed to the end of the ,book4 ,but this ,i suppose not to be the primitive or first way of ,writing or ,reading4 ,the ,title of the ,book is set first upon a whole ,leaf1 usually of a thicker ,paper1 and some ,title is likewise ,written upon the folding or edge of every ,sheet1 where is set also the ,number of the ,book1 and the ,number of the ,sheet1 half of which appears on one side1 and half on the other side of the fold4 ,as to the ,character it self1 7,i find by all the ,books and ,writings ,i have yet met with of that kind7 that each of them is made up of a certain number of ,strokes1 ,lines or ,marks1 which are very distinct from each other in their shape and position1 and by reason that these are single ,strokes1 and as ,i conceive uncompounded1 ,i think they may be called the ,letters1 ,elements or ,particles1 out of which the more compounded ,characters are constructed or contexed4 ,these are the first kind of which there are but a very few1 and ,i think those ,i have described in the thirteenth ,line of the ,plate are all4 ,two1 three1 four1 or more of these joined together in a certain order and contexture 7in the doing of which there is a great ,regularity and ,order observed1 which is not varied from1 and all within the regular square ,space7 ,i conceive do make ,syllables or primitive radical ,characters1 each of which have a primitive1 single or distinct ,notion or ,signification as well as ,sound1 which is made much use of in the more compounded ,characters or ,words4 ,of this kind ,i take the ,figures of the ,numbers to be3 ,if at least they are not single ,letters like the way of expressing ,numbers in the ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,arabick1 c4 ,languages1 for though there may be two or three of the single strokes joyned together into a compound ,character1 it hinders not1 but that it may still signify a ,letter1 as in the ,greek 444444 ,in the ,runick2 where every ,letter hath one upright ,line and some other additional ,marks3 ,in the ,roman ,i4,l4,f4,e4,o4,q4,v4,y3 ,or it may signify a ,syllable as in the thiopick1 and in the ,hanscret1 and ,sunscrit ,languages and ,characters3 ,the first of which being the ,brackmans ,character we find in ,p4 ,kircher's ,china ,illustrata1 described by ,p4 ,roth who studied it seven ,years2 and the second 7being a literal ,character used over all ,india by the ,merchants7 ,i have seen in a ,transcript1 brought lately out of ,india by a very ,worthy ,gentleman who lived there many ,years1 and had the ,curiosity to cause to be ,transcribed and ,translated also into ,english1 a ,dictionary of their ,language in their own ,character3 who did me the favour to let me peruse it4 ,in which ,characters or ways of ,writing a ,vowel is always join'd with a ,consonant into one compound ,character to make it effable4 ,and then the single ,strokes may be taken for single ineffable ,letters as are the ,consonants1 and the composition of two or three 7of which one at least may be a ,vowel7 will make ,syllables4 ,of this kind1 there are not so many in the whole ,chinese ,character1 but that it will be easie enough to assign each a proper ,monosyllable which shall only have #a or #b ,consonants1 and one or two ,vowels2 that is1 the ,consonants together1 and not separate1 either both behind the ,vowel or ,vowels1 if it be a ,diphthong or both after it or them4 ,of this kind1 ,i understand there are about #ejj1 probably #hhh1 or #eab4 ,i could enumerate a great many1 and give you also the ,name or ,words by which they are pronounced as also their signification1 but 7as ,i said before7 first1 ,i conceive the present ,chinese ,language to have no affinity at all with the ,character1 the true primitive1 or first ,language1 or ,pronunciation of it1 having been lost4 ,and secondly1 ,i want some further help to make a full and compleat ,discovery3 ,what ,i have learn'd from the ,book of ,fohi ,i shall give the next opportunity2 which will explain the reason of the multiplication of #h4 and the order and method of places in the ,letter or ,word square4 ,the third sort of ,characters1 is a decompounded sort being made up of two1 three or more of those of the second kind1 diminish'd proportionably in their size1 either as to their length1 or breadth1 or both1 from what they have in the same ,writing when they are single and fill up the whole ,letter square or ,words square4 ,for there being several of them to be crouded together within the same square1 according as there are more in number1 so they are always more squeezed together4 ,in this decompound sort1 there is a regular ,order observed in the placing of the several ,characters of the #b;d sort2 there being some that are always on the left side1 some always on the right1 some at the top1 some at the bottom4 ,of which ,i doubt not but that they have a certain regular ,method1 which had we ,dictionaries explained1 would be easie enough to be discovered4 ,this method alone of crouding together all the ,characters 7how many soever go to make up the decompounded ,character7 into one square 7which is of the same size for the most ,simple and for the most ,compound7 seems to be the great singularity1 by which the ,chinese ,characters differ from those of all the rest of the ,world4 ,and this ,i conceive has been the reason why all ,people1 and possibly even the very ,chinese themselves have1 and do believe it to be a real and not a literal ,character3 ,for if the primitive ,language1 or pronunciation of the ,characters be lost 7as ,i conceive it is7 and that the disposition1 order1 method1 texture1 or manner of placing the more simple in the more compound ,characters be also lost1 forgotten1 or not understood2 then the whole ,characters becomes a real and not a literal ,character3 ,and an immethodical one to such as want a method1 that must be learned by rote1 and depend wholly upon the strength of the ,memory to retain it4 ,but ,i conceive it might be at first either a literal ,character1 and so the whole square ,character was composed of so many distinct ,letters or ,syllables1 which composed the ,word signified thereby2 and so there might be a regular ,order of placing these ,letters in the ,character1 that is1 that the whole square being divided into so many parts1 there was a ,rule which was the first1 second1 third and fourth place3 so that there being placed in those the several ,letters that made up the ,word1 according to the order they had in the ,word1 it was easie by that ,rule to ,decipher the said ,character1 and thence to find the ,word and the ,signification1 as regularly as if the ,letters had been written one after another1 as most other literal ,characters we know are at this ,day written4 ,or ,secondly1 it might be a real ,character consisting of divers ,marks or ,letters1 that expressed so many simple ,notions1 several of which joined together might make up the more compounded ,characters1 of which ,i have added some ,examples in the ,plate1 which may be also made literal and pronounceable1 tho' that consideration were not made use of1 when they were first invented4 ,what things ,i have observed in my ,chinese ,books that seem to respect this ,method1 ,i will give more particulars of by the next opportunity1 by ,printing a ,specimen of the ,book ,ye-kim which explicated by these ,notions will ,i conceive appear more intelligible1 than by the ,accounts we find given of it by the ,chinese ,commentators1 and those that have ,translated them into ,latin1 who seem not to have understood the true design thereof3 ,for both the ,chinese and ,european ,commentators assert it to be a ,conjuring ,book1 or a ,book to tell ,fortunes by1 and to be made use of by the ,chinese for that purpose2 whereas by the small ,specimen ,i have seen of it1 ,i conceive it to contain the whole ,ground1 ,rule or ,grammar1 of their ,character1 ,language and ,philosophy1 and that by the understanding of it1 the ,foundation and ,rule of their ,language and ,character may be without much difficulty ,deciphered and ,understood4 ,the present use of this ,character1 ,i conceive to be differing from what it was at first1 both as to the position of ,writing and ,reading it1 and as to the ,expression and ,pronunciation thereof4 ,for the way of ,writing and ,reading it1 ,i conceive might at first be exactly the same with that of the ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,english1 and all other ,european ,nations1 and also the thiopick and ,coptick4 ,that is1 they began at the top of the ,page towards the left ,hand1 and so proceeded towards the right in the ,horizontal ,line to the end of it1 and then began at the left end of the next ,line under the first and proceeded with that in the same manner1 and so with the next under that and all the remaining4 ,continuing to ,write the ,words of the ,line towards the right ,hand1 and the ,lines of the ,page one under another till the whole ,discourse were compleated1 joyning ,leaf to ,leaf one under another1 after the same manner as the ,rouls are at present ,writ1 and as the ,volumina were of the ,ancients4 ,and to make the parts of the ,volume to be the more easily to be come at1 without the trouble of rolling and unrolling as the ,ancient ,romans did1 and we do with our ,rouls1 they contrived to fold them1 like the folds of a ,fan1 forwards and backward3 ,and so stitching them together1 that the ,written sides might lie outwards1 and open freely one from another1 and the fair sides might meet together1 it came to make the present form of their ,book1 which being laid as we generally place our ,books before us1 they seem to begin at the top of the ,page on the right ,hand1 and to proceed to the bottom1 and then at the top of the next ,line towards the left ,hand1 and descend as in the former2 proceeding in this order with all the rest1 which way must needs be very inconvenient for ,writing1 however they may use their ,pencil differing from our ,pen4 ,though there be a way of ,writing from the top to the bottom of the ,page1 which is very convenient for ,writing the ,syriack1 as also for ,writing ,latin1 ,english1 or ,greek1 where the ,writing is to be used for cutting the ,stamps of ,wood1 or graving of ,copper ,plates with the same ,character for ,printing1 in which ,cases the ,letters must be written backwards4 ,secondly1 as to the ,pronunciation of this ,character1 by the ,court ,language1 or by any other now used1 ,i conceive it to be wholly differing from that of a literal ,character1 that is from being pronounced or spoken according to the ,marks or ,figures thereof1 whether they be simple or compounded1 and made up of simple ,characters 7though there are some ,instances of affinity in ,characters and ,words47 ,the reason of which differing pronunciation ,i conceive may have proceeded1 partly from the loss of the primitive ,language1 for which it was made1 partly from a most inconvenient affection of ,monosyllabical ,words in this ,court ,language1 to help the ,poverty of which1 they are fain to make one ,syllable to signifie many differing ,notions1 to do which they have introduced a kind of ,musical toning or accenting of each of them1 and not single but compound of two or three ,tones to each signification of every one of these ,monosyllables3 ,partly from the using of this way of ,writing1 by divers ,nations of differing ,languages1 who minding only the ,figure and ,signification1 read it into their own ,mother ,tongues1 as we in ,europe do ,arithmetical ,figures3 ,and partly1 also from the omission of most ,grammatical ,distinctions1 the same ,character serving for ,substantive and ,adjective1 ,singular and ,plural1 in all ,cases1 7save only they have some ,characters for ,particles1 as of and to in ,english7 for the ,verb in all ,tenses1 and ,numbers1 c4 for the abstract and the concrete ,signification1 and for divers ,metaphorical2 if at least the ,interpretation ,i have met with in the ,books ,i have perused be exact3 ,partly1 also from the ,syntaxis of them1 it being necessary to consider the whole ,sentence1 to discover which part of ,speech each ,character is of1 in that ,sentence1 wherein the ,order and ,positions of the ,characters to one another1 for which they have ,rules1 hath its signification3 ,and lastly1 from the loss of the very ,notion of a literal ,character1 whence for the expressing of proper ,names1 they are fain to make use of several ,characters1 whose ,sounds or ,words come nearest to the ,sounds of the ,syllables of that ,name1 as in the ,plate tam4 jo1 van1 for ,adam4 ,jovan4 ,now1 though ,i conceive this ,character is not effable properly as a literal ,character by any of their present ,languages3 ,and though possibly it might be at first a real ,character1 that is each of them compounded of such ,strokes or ,marks as by their ,figures1 ,positions and ,numbers in the square1 denoted the several ,philosophical ,ingredients1 that made up the ,notion of the whole ,character1 as the ,book ,ye-,kim seems to shew by giving ,rules as ,i conceive for the ,order and ,significancy of places in the ,square1 c4 ,yet ,i think it not difficult to make it a ,literal1 or at least a ,syllabical ,character1 and legible into a ,language somewhat after the manner of the ,universal ,character ,i mentioned before4 ,and tho' this would not be the primitive ,language for which it was made1 yet for the present uses of it 7the chiefest of which is the assisting and refreshing the ,memory1 and helping the ,imagination by proper ,sounds7 it might be as good3 ,wherein the single ,characters might be ,monosyllables and the compounded ,dissyllables1 ,trissyllables1 c4 ,according to the ,numbers and ,order of simple ,characters in the square of the ,compounded4 ,and ,i am apt to think that the present pronunciation of ,languages1 as of ,hebrew1 ,syriack1 ,arabick1 ,greek and ,latin1 or any other ,language that has been so long ,written1 may be as much differing from what it was #bjjj ,years since1 as an ,arbitrary one now invented1 and grounded on the ,letters1 might possibly be4 ,and such an arbitrary ,pronunciation if generally agreed upon might serve as well for a help to learn the signification of ,words1 or ,word ,combinations of ,characters1 as if we now knew the exact primitive ,pronunciations1 as critically as the ,masoreth are said to have done that of the ,hebrew2 and possibly also a much better1 for that by such a one a great many irregularities and difficulties of ,pronunciation 7which are to be found in all ,languages now spoken7 might be omitted1 and the whole made exactly regular and easie1 as might be shewn in the ,hebrew and ,greek1 and especially in the ,arabick1 whose difficulties are sufficiently manifested by ,alphabetum ,arabicum1 ,printed at ,rome #aeib4 ,now as by such a ,language the ,character might be made effable without ,musical ,tones or difficult ,aspirations1 so had we ,dictionaries of the signification of the ,characters1 we might as soon learn the ,chinese ,characters1 as we can ,latin1 or any other ,language to be learn'd by ,book1 and not by speaking4 ,,imprimatur1 ,john ,hoskyns ,vice ,p4 ,r4 ,s4 ,july #agth41 #afhf4 ,illustration3 ,the ,roman ,abacus out of ,marcus ,velserus ,the ,chinese ,abacus from the ,chinese ,dictionary containing nine places or degrees ,i y ,,ii th ,,iii san ,,iv s ,v v ,,vi l ,,vii zi ,,viii p ,,ix kin ,x x ,,xi x y ,x x ,,ii lh ,x x ,,iii san ,x x ,v v ,,xx lhx ,,xx lh x ,,xxx sanx ,,xxx san x ,,xxxx s x ,l v x ,,lx l x ,,lxx zi x ,,lxxx pac x #ajj p #ajj p #bjj lh p #cjj san p #djj s p #ajjj zien #bjjj lh zien #cjjj san zien #ajjjj vn #cjjjj san vn ,,ci zien ,,dc l p ,,lxxx p x ,,vi l aus nien ,v v mensis yu ,,xiii x die san g ,e nien v gin ta sien gin p ch tm jo vm ten yun yu ,i ,senex ,sculpsit ,a ,letter from ,f4 ,a4 ,esq2 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 to the ,publisher1 with a ,paper of ,mr4 ,s4 ,flowers1 containing the ,exact ,draughts of several unknown ,characters1 taken from the ,ruins at ,persepolis4 ,,sir1 ,i here send you some ,fragments of ,papers put into my ,hands by a very good ,friend1 relating to antique and obscure ,inscriptions1 which were retrieved after the ,death of ,mr4 ,flower1 ,agent in ,persia for our ,east-,india ,company1 who1 while he was a ,merchant at ,aleppo1 had taken up a ,resolution to procure some ,draught or ,representation of the admired ,ruins at ,chilmenar1 pursuant to the third ,enquiry for ,persia1 mention'd in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 pag4 #dbj4 viz4 ,whether there being already good ,descriptions in ,words of the ,excellent ,pictures and ,basse ,relieves that are about ,persepolis at ,chilmenar1 yet none very particular1 some may not be found sufficiently ,skilled in those parts1 that might be engaged to make a ,draught of the ,place1 and the ,stories there ,pictur'd and ,carved4 ,this ,desire of the ,royal ,society1 as ,i believe1 it hinted at a ,summary ,delineation1 which might be perform'd by a ,man qualifi'd in a few ,days1 taking his own opportunity for the avoiding much ,expence1 7which you know they are never able to bear37 ,so ,i cannot but think ,mr4 ,flower conceived it to be a ,business much easier to perform than he found it upon the ,place1 where he ,spent a great deal of ,time and ,mony1 and dying ,suddainly after1 left his ,draughts and ,papers dispersed in several ,hands1 one part whereof you have here1 the rest its hoped may in some ,time be recovered1 if ,sir ,john ,chardin's exact and accurate ,publication of the entire ,work do not put a period to all further ,curiosity1 which ,i heartily wish4 ,an ,exact ,draught or ,copy of the several ,characters engraven in ,marble at the ,mountains of ,nocturestand and ,chahelminar in ,persia1 as they were taken in ,november #affg4 ,by ,mr4 ,s4 ,flower4 ,n #a4 ,n #b4 ,these two ,characters are engraven on the ,breast of two ,horses cut out of the ,mountain of ,black ,marble at ,nocturestand1 distant a ,league from ,chahelmanare1 or the ,ancient ,persepolis1 one whereof is said to be ,alexander's1 the other ,rustram's1 7a ,famous ,hero supposed to have lived about the time of ,cambises47 ,mr4 ,fl4 ,n #a4 ,this ,character hath some ,similitude with the ,ancient ,hebrew1 but the ,persians would have it their own1 tho' they understand not a ,letter4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,illustration3 ,u 444444 4444 4444 ,i ,senex ,sculpsit ,n #b4 ,in these ,lines the places are prickt where the ,letters were defaced and not ,perceptible4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n #c4 ,this is the 7,arabick7 ,persian ,character engraven at ,persepolis not above #ejj4 years since1 and is little different from the ,writing us'd at this day4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n #d4 ,these two ,lines were writ entire on ,rustram's ,horse4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n #e4 ,this ,character1 whether it be the ,ancient ,writing of the ,gaures or ,gabrees1 or a kind of ,telesmes1 is found only at ,persepolis1 being a part of what is there engraven in white ,marble1 and is by no ,man in ,persia legible or understood at this ,day4 ,a ,learned ,jesuit ,father1 who deceased ,three ,years since1 affirmed this ,character to be known and used in gypt4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,it seems written from the ,left ,hand to the ,right1 and to consist of ,pyramids1 diversly posited1 but not joined together4 ,as to the ,quantity of the ,inscriptions1 ,herbert reckon'd in one large ,table ,twenty ,lines of a ,prodigious ,breadth4 ,of this sort here are distinct ,papers each of several ,lines4 ,n #f4 ,this ,character is likewise ,engraved at ,persepolis1 of the like ,antiquity with the former4 ,it has some ,affinity with the ,syriack and ,arabick1 and has been pretended to be understood by some of the ,padrees4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,a ,letter from ,monsieur ,n4 ,witsen to ,dr4 ,martin ,lister1 with two ,draughts of the ,famous ,persepolis4 ,this ,ingenious and ,inquisitive ,gentleman having already often obliged the ,world with ,communications of his ,discoveries1 lately sent the following ,letter with the ,draughts to ,dr4 ,lister1 who was pleased to permit their ,publication in these ,tracts3 ,the greatness of the ,curiosity we hope will recommend them to the ,lovers of ,antiquity1 little of those famous ,remains having been yet publish'd1 and those that have been1 but ill designed or graved4 ,monsieur ,witsen's ,letter1 translated from the ,french1 is as follows4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,tsjihil mmar 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sir1 ,since ,i had the ,honour of receiving your last1 there came to my ,hands several curious ,shells from you1 with a piece of ,english ,agate1 and the ,transactions of the ,royal ,society for the ,month of ,june last1 for which ,favours ,i return my humble ,thanks4 ,as to the ,cockles of the ,caspian ,sea1 and from the ,mouth of ,wolga1 ,i have advice from ,moscou1 that they are expected there this ,winter3 ,mean while ,i herewith send you some ,snail-,shells1 taken out of the ,river ,jaute1 not far from the ,city of ,moscou4 ,our ,apothecaries make use of them powdered1 and probably for the same purpose as ,crabs-,eyes4 ,there are some others likewise which are found in the ,rivers of ,moscou and ,neglina1 and in the ,wolga4 ,since you have been pleased to communicate to me an ,inscription found at ,persepolis1 ,i thought it would be acceptable to send you the ,draughts of part of the ,ruins of the ,stone-work of that proud ,palace1 given me by the ,person himself that drew them upon the place4 ,i should be much satisfied had ,i any thing worthy of your ,curiosity and the ,publick1 which you so often oblige with your ,discoveries1 which justly merit mine and the ,thanks of all that esteem them as much as my self1 who am the ,cherisher of your ,friendship1 and desirous to shew that ,i am1 ,,sir1 ,your most ,humble and ,obedient ,servant1 ,n4 ,witsen4 ,amsterdam1 ,jan4 #a4 #afid4 ,a ,description of the ,diamond-mines1 as it was presented by the ,right ,honourable the ,earl ,marshal of ,england1 to the ,r4 ,society4 ,the parts of the ,world known to contain ,diamonds1 are the ,island ,borneo1 and the ,continent of ,india extra intra ,gangem3 ,pegu is likewise reported to have several2 but the ,king not potent1 his ,country being but thinly inhabited1 contents himself with his ,mines of ,rubies1 ,saphires1 ,topasses1 ,emeralds1 ,gold1 ,silver1 ,brass1 ,tinn and ,lead1 and several other ,commodities his ,country affords1 in great plenty1 rather than to suffer new enquiries to be made1 lest the ,discovery of such an additional ,treasure should invite some of his ,neighbours1 more potent to invade him4 ,but leaving the description of other ,places to those that know them better1 ,i shall only keep my self to the ,coast of ,coromandel1 with which ,i am acquainted1 and having visited several of its ,mines1 am able to say something thereof ,experimentally4 ,the ,diamond-,mines in these parts are generally adjacent to ,rocky-hills1 or ,mountains1 whereof begins a great ,ledge or ,range near ,cape ,comorin1 extending in ,breadth about #ej ,english ,miles1 some conjoyning1 others scatter'd3 and running thence in length quite through ,bengula4 ,in1 among1 and near these ,hills1 in several places1 are known to be 7as its believed most of them have7 ,mines2 many of them are possessed by petty ,princes1 or ,rajaes1 of the ,hundues2 some driven thither for shelter by the ,mores1 who have taken the greatest part of their ,country from them2 others never overcome1 as the ,rajaes1 on the ,hills in and near ,bengala1 who admit of little or no ,commerce with their ,neighbours1 or passage through their ,country1 which 7being ,barren1 in few ,places affording good ,water1 the ways craggy and very toilsome1 especially to an ,army7 the ,moors covet not1 but let them enjoy it peaceably2 yet to prevent danger1 they forbid digging 7as the ,king of ,pegu does7 or dig some few ,mines only very privately1 so that a great part of the ,mines are unsearcht and concealed4 ,but the ,kingdoms of ,golconda and ,visiapore contain in them scope enough of ground1 known to have ,mines sufficient to furnish all the ,world plentifully with ,diamonds2 but their ,kings permit digging only in some ,places appointed1 lest1 as it is imagined1 they should become too common2 and withal for fear of tempting the threatening greatness of ,aurenge ,zebe2 forbidding also those ,places that afford the largest ,stones1 or else keeping workmen in them for their own private uses3 ,so that but a very small quantity 7in ,comparison of what might be7 and those only of ordinary ,size1 are found4 ,in the ,kingdom of ,golconda 7as near as ,i can gather from the best acquainted7 are #bc ,mines now employed1 or that have been so lately1 viz4 ,quolure1 ,codawillicul1 ,malabar1 ,buttephalem1 ,ramiah1 ,gurem1 ,muttampellee1 ,currure1 ,ganjeeconeta1 ,luttawaar1 ,jonagerree1 ,pirai1 ,dugulle1 ,purwillee1 ,anuntapelle1 ,girrogeta1 ,maarmood1 ,wazzergerre1 ,munnemurg1 ,langumboot1 ,whootoor1 ,muddemurg1 and ,melwillee or the ,new ,mine4 ,quoloure was the first ,mine made use of in this ,kingdom4 ,the ,earth is something ,yellowish1 not unlike the ,colour of our ,gravel dried2 but whiter in some ,places where it abounds with smooth ,pebbles1 much like some of those that come out of our ,gravel-pits in ,england4 ,they use to find great quantities in the ,vein1 if it may properly be so called1 the ,diamonds not lying in continued ,clusters as some imagine1 but frequently so very scattering that sometimes in the space of of an ,acre of ,ground1 digged between two or three fathoms ,deep1 there hath been nothing found2 especially in the ,mines that afford great ,stones1 lying near the superficies of the ,earth1 and about three ,fathoms deep2 deeper they could not dig for ,water2 it being in a ,vale near a ,river4 ,in other places the ,earth is mixt with rugged ,stones1 where they seldom mine deeper1 though in higher ground1 before the ,colour of the ,earth alters1 and the ,vein ceases2 which they give a guess at by the small ,stones they find in the ,earth1 the principal ,guide they have in the discovery of the ,mines4 ,the ,diamonds found in these ,mines are generally well-shaped1 many of them pointed1 and of a good lively white ,water2 but it also produces some ,yellow ones1 some ,brown1 and of other colours4 ,they are of ordinary sizes1 from about six in a ,mangelin#ah 7of which they find but few7 to five or six ,mangelins1 each2 some of #aj1 #ae1 #bj4 they find but rarely4 ,they have frequently a bright and transparent skin1 inclining to a greenish ,colour1 though the heart of the ,stone be purely white2 but the ,veins of these ,mines are almost worn out4 ,the ,mines of ,codawillicul1 ,malabar1 and ,buttepallam consist of a reddish ,earth1 inclining to an ,orange-colour 7with which it stains the ,cloaths of the ,labourers that work in it7 they dig about four ,fathom deep4 ,they afford ,stones generally of an excellent ,water and crystaline ,skin2 smaller sizes than those of ,quoloure1 ,ramiah1 ,gurem1 and ,muttampelleo2 have a ,yellowish ,earth1 like ,quolure2 their ,stones like those of the two former ,mines1 but mixt with many of a blue ,water4 ,these five ,mines being under the same ,government with ,melwillee1 where the ,governour resides2 ,he to draw the ,adventurers and ,merchants near him1 that he may be better informed of the ,actions and ,advantages1 and know the better how to ,fleece them1 the general practice of ,governours in these parts1 has very lately forbid their use2 and commanded all to repair to his ,residence1 which they must obey1 or fly into another ,government4 ,the next ,mine in our way is ,currure1 the most famous of them all and most ,ancient4 ,it has been under ,subjection of the ,king of ,golconda2 but about #be ,years1 taken1 with the ,country of ,rarnaticum1 from the ,hendue-,rajaes1 about that time1 by the ,nabob1 ,meer ,jumla4 ,in it have been found ,diamonds of a size weight1 which is about #i ,ounces ,troy or #ha ,pago's weight4 ,it is only employed by the ,king for his own private use3 ,the ,diamonds that are found in it1 are very well spread1 large ,stones 7it yields few or none small17 they have generally a bright ,skin1 which inclines to a pale ,greenish colour1 but within are purely white4 ,the ,soil is ,reddish as many of the others4 ,about sixty or seventy years ago1 when it was under the ,government of the ,hundues1 and several ,persons permitted to adventure in digging1 a ,portugeez ,gentleman went thither from ,goa1 and having spent in ,mining a great sum of ,mony to the amounts of #ajjjjj ,pago's1 as 'tis reported1 and converted every thing he brought with him1 that would fetch any mony1 even to what wearing ,cloaths he could spare1 while the ,miners were at ,work for the last ,days expence1 he had prepared a cup of ,poison1 resolving1 if that ,night he found nothing1 to drink his last with the conclusion of his ,mony2 but in the ,evening the ,workmen brought him a very fair spread ,stone of #bj ,pago's weight1 in commemoration whereof he caused a great ,stone to be erected in the place1 with an ,inscription ingraven on it1 in the ,hundues or ,tellinga ,tongue1 to the following effect1 which remains to be seen to this day2 ,your ,wife and ,children sell1 sell what you have1 ,spare not your ,cloaths1 nay1 make your self a ,slave2 ,but money get1 then to ,,currure make hast2 ,there search the ,mines1 a ,prize you'll find at last4 ,after which he immediately returned with his ,stone to ,goa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,not far from ,currure are the ,mines of ,lattawaar and ,ganjeconta1 which are in the same ,soil as ,currure1 and afford ,stones not unlike3 ,but ,lattawaar hath many representing the great end of a ,razor-blade1 thin on one side and thick on the other1 very white and of an excellent ,water2 but the best of the ,mine is worn out1 and ,ganjeconta employed only to the ,kings private use4 ,jonagerre1 ,pirai ,dugulle1 ,purwillee and ,anuntapellee1 consist also of ,red earth1 are now employed1 and afford many large ,stones2 part of them of a greenish ,water1 but the most absolute ,mines are of ,wazzergerre and ,munnemurg1 7the other rather representing ,pits than ,mines27 for there they sink through high ,rocks till they go so far below their basis1 that they can go no further for ,water1 in some places #dj or #ej ,fathom deep4 ,the superficies of the ,rocks consist of hard1 firm1 white ,stone1 into which they cut a ,pit like a ,well1 of about #d or #e1 in some places #f ,foot deep1 before they come to a crust of a ,mineral ,stone1 like the ,mineral of ,iron2 when they fill the ,hole with ,wood and keep as hot a ,fire as they can there for two or three ,days1 till they think it sufficiently heated2 then they pour-in ,water till they have quencht it1 which also slacks and mollifies both ,stone and ,mineral2 both being cold1 they dig again1 take out all the crumbled stuff and dig up what they can besides1 before they heat it anew2 the ,crust seldom is thicker than three or four ,foot1 which ceasing1 they come to a ,vein of ,earth1 that usually runs under the ,rock two or three ,furlongs2 sometimes much further3 ,this they dig all out and search1 and if their first attempt prove successful1 they go to ,work again 7digging after the same manner7 as deep as they can1 till they come to ,water2 for the drawing whereof1 wanting the help of ,engins1 known in ,europe1 they can go no deeper1 although the ,vein lie lower2 all lumps of the ,mineral they break in pieces1 and frequently find ,diamonds enclosed in them4 ,to ,work on these ,mines is very expensive1 but the advantage is commonly answerable2 yet in respect of the certain disburse1 that must be before any thing be found1 they are not so much frequented as others1 where they may try their ,fortunes with a smaller ,stock4 ,the ,earth they dig out is ,red3 ,many large ,stones are found here2 the smallest about #f in a ,mangelleen4 ,they are mixt ,waters1 but the greatest part good1 only of ill-favoured shapes1 many cragged pieces of ,stones1 some as if they had been parts of very great ones1 others with pieces broken off them2 yet ,i never heard of any that ever found two seeming fellows1 although they do those that look as if they had been newly ,broken4 ,in ,langumboot they dig as they do at ,wazzergerree and ,munnemurg2 the ,rock is not altogether so solid1 but the ,earth and ,stones it produces much alike4 ,wootoor should have been placed next to ,currure1 it lying near it1 and affording ,stones of a like magnitude1 shapes and waters2 'tis employed only to the ,kings use3 ,and singular1 in that its ,diamonds are found in black ,earth4 ,muddemurg far exceeds all the rest for ,diamonds of a delicate ,shape1 ,water1 and bright transparent ,skin1 ,proud1 as it were1 in discovering their inward ,beauties1 with which no other ,mine can compare2 yet it has also store of ,veiny ones1 but those likewise of so curious ,shape and ,water1 that its difficult to discover them from the good1 especially the small ones4 ,it produces ,stones of divers ,magnitudes1 from ten and twelve in a ,mangelleen1 to six or seven ,mangelleens each1 and besides1 some great ones4 ,the ,earth is ,red1 but its seated in the ,woods1 and the ,water so bad1 that to all 7except the ,people ,bred there7 it presently occasions ,fevers and destroys abundance1 insomuch that most of the ,adventurers have forsaken it2 notwithstanding which it hath been more profitable than any of the rest1 the ,vein frequently lying near the superficies of the ,earth1 seldom running deep1 and is better furnisht than any other yet discover'd4 ,the ,river ,kishna1 of excellent waters1 is but #i ,miles distant2 but the ,miners or ,merchants are either poor that they cannot1 or else over-awed by the ,governour1 pretend to be and dare not be at the charges of fetching their ,water from thence4 ,divers are of the opinion1 that1 besides the ,water1 the ,town lying in a bottom1 environ'd with ,hills and ,morass adjoyning1 the ,air may be infected1 and contribute to its unhealthfulness4 ,melwillee or the ,new ,mine1 so called1 because it was but lately found out 7or at least permitted to be made use of7 in the ,year #afgj4 it had then a ,year employed the ,miners1 but it was forbidden1 and lay unoccupied till #afgc1 when complaint being made at ,quoleur1 that the ,vein was worn out1 the ,king again licensed its settlement4 ,the ,earth they ,mine in1 is very red1 and many of the ,stones found there1 have of it sticking to them1 as if it had clung there while they were of a soft glutinous ,substance1 and had not attained their hardness1 maintaining its ,colour on its ,skin 7seeming to be roughened with it7 that it cannot be fetch'd out by grinding on a rough ,stone with ,sand1 which they make use of to clean them4 ,the ,stones are generally well-shaped1 their size from #e or #f in a mangelleen to those of #ad or #ae each1 and some bigger2 but greatest quantities of the middle sorts3 ,most of them have a thick dull ,skin1 incline to a yellowish ,water1 not altogether so strong and lively as of the other ,mines2 very few of them of a crystaline ,water and ,skin4 ,they are reported to be apt to flaw in splitting1 which occasions these ,people to esteem them something softer than the ,product of many of the other ,mines3 ,several that flatter by their seeming whiteness when rough1 discover their deceitfulness having past the ,mill1 and too often a yellowish ,tincture1 to the disappointment and loss of them that have cut them2 but what they want in goodness1 is in part supplied by the plenty they find1 which1 together with their properties1 make them the cheaper4 ,this being what ,i have gathered1 both by ,experience of several of the places ,i have seen1 and the best ,informations ,i could meet with1 of the ,mines in this ,kingdom2 ,i shall now proceed to those in ,visiapore4 ,visiapore is known to contain ,mines enclosing ,stones as large and good as those of ,golconda2 but the ,king1 for ,reasons already given1 makes use but of the meanest3 ,whereby1 as ,golconda is famous for the largeness of those it affords1 ,visiapore is noted for the smallest2 whose ,mines1 though they seldom or never render an ,adventurer a ,fortune or ,estate at once1 as sometimes those of ,golconda do1 by a great ,stone or several found together2 yet they are more ,populous and better employed1 the small ,stones lying thicker in the ,earth1 so that the generality are gainers1 and few but they get their ,expence2 whereas those of ,golconda dig away a considerable ,estate and find nothing1 others not their ,charges1 and where one is a gainer1 divers lose4 ,there are #ae ,mines employed in the ,kingdom of ,visiapore1 viz4 ,ramulconeta1 ,banugunnapellee1 ,pendekull1 ,moodawarum1 ,cumerwillee1 ,paulkull1 ,workull1 ,lungeepoleur1 ,pootloor1 ,punchelingull1 ,shingarrampent1 ,tondarpaar1 ,gundepellee1 ,donee and ,gazerpellee4 ,in ,ramulconeta ,mines in red ,earth1 about #ae or #af ,foot deep1 they seldom find a ,diamond of a mangelleen weight1 but small to #bj or #cj in a mangelleen4 ,they are generally of an excellent ,crystalline ,water1 have a bright clear ,skin1 inclining frequently to a pale greenish ,colour1 are well shaped1 but few of them1 pointed ones4 ,there are also found among them several broken pieces of ,diamonds1 by the ,country ,people called ,shemboes4 ,in ,banugunnapellee1 ,pendekull1 and ,moodawarum1 they dig as at ,ramulconeta1 and in the same kind of ,earth2 they also afford ,stones much alike1 being neighbouring ,places4 ,cummerwillee1 ,paulkull1 and ,workull1 are not far distant1 produce ,stones much alike out of the same coloured ,earth1 but very small ones even to a hundred in a mangelleen4 ,lungepoleur ,mines are of a yellowish ,earth 7like those of ,quoleur17 its ,diamonds are generally well shaped1 globular1 few pointed1 of a very good ,crystalline ,water and bright ,skins2 many of them have a thick dark ,grass-green ,skin1 some spotted also with ,black1 that they seem all foul1 yet are not so1 but within purely white and clean4 ,their sizes are from #b or #c mangelleens downwards1 but few very small4 ,pootloor ,mines are of reddish ,earth1 but afford ,stones much like those of ,lungepoleur1 only smaller1 under a mangelleen2 the general sizes are of 1 1 1 of a mangelleen4 ,punchelingull1 ,shingarrampent1 and ,tondarpaar1 are also of red ,earth1 their ,diamonds not unlike those of ,quoleur1 only rarely or never any large ones are found there4 ,gundepellee hath the same ,earth with the former1 and produces ,stones of equal ,magnitude2 but frequently of a pure ,crystalline ,water1 wherein they exceed the former4 ,donee and ,gazerpellee dig both in red ,earth likewise1 and afford ,stones alike1 the greatest part whereof are of good ,shapes and ,waters4 ,they have also many ,shemboes1 and some of bad ,waters1 some brown1 which these ,people call soft or weak water'd1 being esteemed of a softer and weaker ,body than others1 by reason they have not so much ,life1 when cut1 and are subject to flaw in splitting1 and on the ,mill2 their general ,product is in ,stones of middle ,sizes3 ,but ,gazerpellee has besides many large ones1 and is the only ,mine noted for such in the ,kingdom of ,visiapore4 ,with which concluding the description of the ,mines1 ,i shall give some ,account how the ,diamonds are found1 and how they handle the ,earth to find them2 which is as followeth4 ,the ,diamonds are so scatter'd and dispersed in the ,earth1 and lie so thin1 that in the most plentiful ,mines it's rare to find one in digging1 or till they have prepar'd the ,stuff1 and do search purposely for them3 ,they are also frequently enclos'd in ,clods2 and some of those of ,melwillee1 the ,new ,mine in the ,kingdom of ,golconda1 have the ,earth so fix'd about them1 that till they grind them on a rough ,stone with ,sand1 they cannot move it sufficiently1 to discover they are ,transparent2 or1 were it not for their ,shapes1 to know them from other ,stones4 ,at the first opening of the ,mine1 the unskilful ,labourers1 sometimes to try what they have found1 lay them on a great ,stone1 and striking on them with another1 to their costly experience discover they had broken a ,diamond4 ,one ,i knew who had an excellent ,stone of #h mangelleens1 served so by ignorant ,miners he employed4 ,near the ,place where they dig1 they raise a ,wall with such rugged ,stones as they find at ,hand 7whereof all the ,mines afford ,plenty7 of about two ,foot high1 and six ,foot over1 flooring it well with the same2 for the laying of which they have no other ,mortar than the ,earth tempered with ,water4 ,to strengthen and make it tight they throw up a ,bank against the side of it3 ,in one whereof they leave a small vent about two ,inches from the bottom1 by which it empties it self into a little ,pit1 made in the ,earth to receive small ,stones1 if by chance any should run through4 ,the vent being stopped1 they fill the ,cistern they have made with ,water1 soaking therein as much as the ,earth they dig out of the ,mines1 as it can conveniently receive at a time1 breaking the ,clods1 picking out the great ,stones and stirring it with ,shovels1 till the ,water is all ,muddy1 the gravelly stuff falling to the bottom2 then they open the vent1 letting out the foul ,water and supplying it with clean1 till all the ,earthly ,substance be wasted away1 and none but a gravelly remains at the bottom4 ,thus they continue ,washing till about ,ten of the ,clock before ,noon1 when they take the gravelly ,stuff they have washed1 and spread it on a ,place made plain and smooth 7like a ,bowling-,alley7 for the purpose1 near the ,cistern1 which being soon dried by the heat of the ,sun at that time of the ,day1 they very curiously look it over1 that the smallest bit of a ,stone can hardly escape them4 ,they never examin the ,stuff they have wash'd but between the ,hours of ,ten and ,three1 least any ,cloud by interposing1 intercept the brisk ,beams of the ,sun1 which they hold very necessary to assist them in their search2 the ,diamonds1 not forbearing to reflect them when they touch therein1 rendring themselves thereby the more conspicuous4 ,some of the expertest ,labourers are employed in searching2 he that sets them at ,work usually sitting by1 and overlooking2 but it's hardly possible1 especially where many are employed1 to watch them so narrowly1 but that they may steal part of what they find1 as many times some of them do1 and1 selling it privately1 convert to their own use4 ,if they find a large ,stone1 they carry it not presently to their ,employer1 but keep on looking1 having an ,eye on him till they observe he takes notice of it1 when with a turn of their ,hand they give him a glimpse of it1 but deliver it not till they have done ,work1 and then very privately1 it being the general ,endeavour to conceal what they find1 least it should come to the ,knowledge of the ,governour of the ,place1 and he require a share1 which in the ,kingdom of ,golconda is usually practiced1 without respect to any agreement made with them4 ,the ,miners1 those that employ them1 and the ,merchants that buy the ,stones of them1 are generally ,ethnicks2 not a ,musselman1 that ever ,i heard of1 followed the ,employment4 ,these ,labourers and their ,employers are ,tellinga's1 commonly ,natives of or near the ,place4 ,the ,merchants are the ,banians of ,guzzarat1 who for some ,generations have forsaken their own ,country to take up the ,trade1 in which they have had such ,success1 that 'tis now solely engross'd by them2 who corresponding with their ,country-men in ,surrat1 ,goa1 ,golconda1 ,visiapore1 ,agra and ,dillee1 and other ,places in ,india1 furnish them all with ,diamonds4 ,the ,governors of the ,mines are also ,idolaters3 ,in the ,king of ,golconda's ,dominions a ,tellinga ,brammee ,rents most of them1 whose agreement with the ,adventurer is1 that1 all the ,stones they find under a#ai,pagoda ,weight1 are to be their own2 all of that ,weight and above it to be his1 for the ,king's ,use3 ,but although this ,agreement be signed and sealed unto1 he minds not at all the ,performance thereof1 but endeavours to engross all the ,profit to himself1 by ,tyrannical squeezing both ,merchants and ,miners1 whom he not only ,taxes very high1 but maintaining ,spies among them of their own ,people1 on the least ,inkling that they have been any ways ,fortunate1 he immediately makes a ,demand on them1 and raises their ,tax2 else1 on a false ,pretence they have found a great ,stone1 drubs them till they ,surrender what they have1 to redeem their ,bodies from ,torment4 ,besides1 the ,excise is so high on all sorts of ,provisions1 ,beetle1 and ,tobacco1 which to them is as absolutely necessary as ,meat1 or at least in their ,esteem1 that it is thereby raised to double that ,price they bear without the ,government2 and it is furnish'd only by some ,licens'd ,persons2 if any other should endeavour to bring in the least quantity by stealth1 he is ,fin'd 7even for one ,leaf of ,tobacco7 if it be a ,person of any ,repute1 or worth any thing1 else very severely drubb'd for it2 by which ,course there is hardly a ,man worth five ,hundred ,pound to be found among them1 most of them dealing by ,monies taken up at ,interest of ,usurers1 who reside there purposely to furnish them1 who1 with the ,governor eat up their ,gains3 ,so that one would wonder any of them should stay1 and not betake themselves to ,places where they might have better ,usage2 as there are several in other ,governments1 and some few that have the ,sense to remove2 but many their ,debts1 others hopes of a great hit1 detains4 ,both ,merchant and ,miner go generally naked1 only a poor ,clout about their middle1 and their ,shash on their ,heads2 they dare not wear a ,coat1 lest the ,governor should say they have thriven much1 are ,rich1 and so enlarge his ,demands on them4 ,the ,wisest1 when they find a great ,stone1 conceal it till they have an opportunity1 and then with ,wife and ,children run all away into the ,visiapore ,country1 where they are secure4 ,the ,government in the ,visiapore ,country is better1 their ,agreement observ'd1 ,taxes easier1 and no such ,impositions on ,provisions2 the ,merchants go handsomly ,clad1 among whom are several ,persons of considerable ,estates1 which they are permitted to enjoy peaceably1 by reason whereof their ,mines are much more ,populous and better employed than those of ,golconda4 ,it is observable1 that notwithstanding the ,agreement with the ,adventurers of the ,mines1 that all ,stones above a certain ,weight shall be for the ,king's ,use2 yet in the ,metropolis of either ,kingdoms1 as the ,cities of ,golconda and ,visiapore are1 there is no seizure1 all ,stones are free1 and the late deceased ,king1 ,abdull ,cutopshaw of the former1 and ,edelshaw of the latter1 would not only give very great ,prices for large ,stones1 but richly ,vest1 and present the ,merchant that ,sold them with ,horses or something else of ,value1 thereby encouraging others to bring the like4 ,but the present ,king of ,visiapore is a ,child1 and the ,king of ,golconda's ,delights solely pleased on light ,women-,dancers1 and ,trick-,showers1 that he neither minds ,diamonds1 nor many things more necessary1 committing the ,government of his ,kingdom to a ,tellinga ,braminee1 which the ,musselmen not well resenting1 does in some measure threaten the stability of his ,state4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,a ,mangelin is #d grains in weight1 saith ,linschoten4 #ai ,a ,pagoda weight is #i ,mangelleens4 ,a ,letter from the ,east ,indies1 of ,mr4 ,john ,marshal to ,dr4 ,coga1 giving an ,account of the ,religion1 ,rites1 ,notions1 ,customs1 ,manners of the ,heathen ,priests commonly called ,bramines4 ,communicated by the ,reverend ,mr4 ,abraham de la ,pryme4 ,worthy ,sir1 ,the last time that ,i had the happiness to be in your good ,company1 and to partake of those ,favours and ,blessings that your ,goodness was pleased liberally to bestow upon me and our ,companions1 at our departure1 and as it were ,exile from our ,native ,land1 does so loudly call out for some recompence or other at our ,hands1 that ,i cannot without the greatest ,ingratitude imaginable1 let slip this 7tho' sudden7 opportunity of ,writing unto you1 and presenting of you at this time with what ,i understand you more value than all the ,riches of the ,east2 to wit1 a few ,specimens of the ,knowledge of those ,people whom we stile ,barbarians1 ,heathens and ,idolaters1 which ,i have read in their own ,books1 and gather'd from the mouths of those that have been the greatest ,speakers and ,preachers among them4 ,i have always had a profound ,veneration for the ,dictates of ,nature1 and the universal ,traditions of ,nations1 for hereby are ,infinite ,things to be learned1 for the establishing of our ,glorious ,religion against ,atheists1 and the more easie propagation of the same among ,infidels and ,heathens4 ,upon what account or grounds it is that some ,travellers have stiled these ,people ,polytheists1 or ,atheists1 ,i cannot tell2 or whether there be any such ,people at all in the ,world1 except some of the base common sort in all ,nations1 ,i much question8 ,it is very observable here1 that their ,priests1 or ,bramines1 and ,holy ,men1 whom they call ,jagees1 when they have occasion to ,write any thing they always put a figure of one in the first place1 to shew1 as they say1 that they acknowledge but one ,god1 whom they say is ,burme1 that is1 ,immaterial4 ,when they preach to the ,people1 and ,instruct them1 which is commonly every ,feast-day1 full ,moon1 or the time of an ,eclipse of either ,luminary1 they tell the common ,people much of ,god1 ,heaven and ,hell1 but very ,imperfectly1 ,obscurely and ,mystically4 ,they say that when ,god thought of making the ,world1 he made it in a minute4 ,they account this ,world the ,body of ,god1 for all that they say he's ,immaterial2 and say that the ,highest ,heavens are his ,head1 the ,fire his ,mouth1 the ,air his ,breath and ,breast1 the ,water his ,seed1 and the ,earth and the foundations thereof his ,legs and ,feet4 ,but assert in general that ,god is the ,life of every thing1 yet is the thing neither greater nor less for him4 ,they hold that ,god dwelt in a ,vacuity before that he created the ,world1 and that as he dwelt in that ,vacuity he created several ,beings out of himself1 the first were ,angels1 the second ,souls1 the third ,spirits1 all differing in degrees of ,purity1 the first being more pure than the second1 and the second than the third4 ,the ,angels1 they say1 neither act ,good nor ,evil1 the ,souls either ,good or ,evil1 but the ,spirits1 or ,dewta's1 as they call them1 act scarce any thing but ,evil4 ,they have a good ,opinion of the ,angels1 and think their ,state mighty happy1 hoping that when they dye they shall be made partakers of the same ,bliss and ,pleasure4 ,they believe that every thing that hath ,life hath a ,soul1 but especially ,man2 and they accordingly affirm1 that as these ,souls behaved themselves in their pre-existent ,state1 so are their ,actions in this ,world either good or bad1 by a sort of fatal ,necessity1 which is very hard to conquer1 or to overcome4 ,hence it is1 say they1 that there are so many different ,humours and ,dispositions of ,men1 for their ,souls1 before their entrance into their ,bodies1 being tainted with different ,affections1 causes the like differences in the ,parties1 whose ,bodies are their ,vehicles4 ,so that if a ,man happen to have a suddain or unfortunate ,death1 they immediately ascribe the same to the ,party's own ,wickedness1 or the bad ,life that his ,soul led before that it enter'd into his ,body4 ,for1 say they1 the afore-acted ,evil that his ,soul did in its other ,life1 brought these accidents upon him1 by getting the upper hand of him1 and by being too powerful and strong4 ,and those that dye thus1 they believe that their ,souls turn immediately into ,devils4 ,they maintain ,pythagoras's ,transmigration1 or ,metempsycosis1 but in a grosser sense than he did4 ,for they believe that ,mens ,souls1 that have not lived so well as they ought1 go as soon as the ,body dyes not only into ,birds and ,beasts1 but even into the basest ,reptiles1 ,insects and ,plants1 where they suffer a strong sort of purgation1 to expiate their former ,crimes3 ,but as for the ,souls of the ,jogees1 or ,fuche's1 that is1 of ,religious ,men and ,saints1 they fancy that they go and inhabit with the good ,dewta's1 or ,angels1 among the ,stars4 ,as for the ,spirits1 or ,inferiour ,angels1 they believe that they are very evil1 and have a hand in all ,wickednesses1 ,murders1 ,wars1 ,storms1 and ,tempests2 so that when they solemnize the ,funerals of those that are dead1 they always present ,dishes of ,meat1 as ,offerings unto those ,spirits1 and sometimes ,sacrifice unto them1 that they may not hurt the ,souls of the ,dead4 ,as they acknowledge the being of a mighty ,god1 so they hold that he created the ,world1 and every thing therein4 ,they believe that there are almost infinite number of ,worlds1 and that ,god has oftentimes ,annihilated and ,re-,created the same4 ,but how he came first to ,create the ,world and ,mankind1 they relate to have been thus--,once on a time 7say they7 as he was set in ,eternity1 it came into his mind to make something1 and immediately no sooner had he thought the same1 but that the same ,minute was a perfect ,beautiful ,woman present immediately before him1 which he called ,adea ,suktee1 that is1 the first ,woman3 ,then this figure put into his mind the figure of a ,man2 which he had no sooner conceived in his mind1 but that he also started up1 and represented himself before him2 this he called ,manapuise1 that is1 the first ,man2 then upon a reflection of these things1 he resolv'd further to create several places for them to abide in1 and accordingly assuming a subtil body1 he ,breath'd in a ,minute the whole ,universe1 and every thing therein1 from the least to the greatest4 ,they constantly believe that the ,universe cannot possibly last longer than #ga ,joog's1 which is a measure of time with them1 and is 444 years4 ,which when it is come1 ,god does not only annihilate the whole ,universe1 but even every thing else1 as well ,angels1 ,souls1 and ,spirits1 as ,inferiour ,creatures2 and then he remains in the same ,state that he was in before the ,creation2 ,but say1 that after he has a while respired thus he ,breaths again1 and every thing is ,created afresh1 as well ,angels and ,souls1 as all other things2 but as for the ,spirits1 they are no more thought of4 ,yet for all this1 after #ga ,joogs more all is ,annihilated again4 ,how many ,joogs are past since the ,world was last ,created they cannot certainly tell2 only 'tis observable that in an ,almanack of theirs1 written in the ,sanscript ,language in #afgj1 they make the ,world then #chibgga years old from its last ,creation4 ,the ,bramines of ,persia tell certain long ,stories of a great ,giant that was led into a most delicate ,garden1 which upon certain conditions should be his own for ever4 ,but one evening in a cool shade1 one of the ,wicked ,dewta's1 or ,spirits1 came to him1 and tempted him with vast sums of ,gold1 and all the most precious ,jewels that can be imagined2 but he courageously withstood that temptation1 as not knowing what value or use they were of3 ,but at length this wicked ,dewta brought to him a fair ,woman1 who so charm'd him1 that for her sake he most willingly broke all his ,conditions1 and thereupon was turned out4 ,they tell a great many ,stories ,absurd and ,ridiculous enough1 of the first ,ages of this present ,world1 which would be too tedious here to take notice of2 only ,i shall here give you out of one of their own ,books what they tell us of a great ,flood that formerly happened4 ,they say1 that about #bajjj ,years ago the ,sea overwhelm'd and drowned the whole ,earth1 except one great ,hill1 far to the ,northwards1 called ,bindd1 and that there fled thither only one ,woman and seven ,men1 the names of whom were ,dehoolah1 ,sunnuk1 ,sunnaud1 ,trilleek1 ,sannotah1 ,cuppyloshaw1 ,suraschah and ,burroopung2 these understanding out of their ,books that such a ,flood would come1 and was then actually coming1 prepared against the same1 and repaired thither2 to which place also went two of all sorts of ,creatures1 ,herbs1 ,trees1 and ,grasses1 and of every thing that had ,life1 to the number in all of #ahjjjjj living ,souls4 ,this ,flood 7say they7 lasted #abj ,years1 #e ,months and #e days3 ,after which time all those ,creatures that were thus preserved1 descended down again and replenished the ,earth3 ,but as for the #g ,men and ,women1 only one of them came down with her1 and dwelt at the ,foot of the ,mountain1 the other six turned ,fuchee's1 or ,holy ,men1 and spent there the remainder of their days4 ,they hold in general the ,ptolomaic ,system of the ,universe1 and say that there are #h or #i ,heavens1 counting the ,air and ,earth1 every one exceeding another in ,beauty and ,glory4 ,their ,religion consists of nothing that ,i could ever see or learn1 but the leading of a ,pure ,life1 the ,washing away of their ,sins in the ,river ,ganges1 their muttering over of divers ,prayers1 and their doing of strange and incredible ,penances4 ,they say1 that ,god is such a one1 that whosoever seeks him1 let it be after what manner he pleases1 whether by thinking that the ,sun is he1 or the ,moon1 or the like1 if they do it but sincerely and honestly1 with a right affected heart1 they shall be received of him4 ,they report1 that on a time a ,mussulman seeing a ,hindoo1 or ,pagan ,priest1 in ,heaven1 he ask'd ,god how that ,infidel came to have admittance thither1 whom ,mahomet so often calls by the name of ,bitter ,roots8 ,to whom ,god answered1 ,what if a ,bitter ,root bring forth sweeter ,fruit than any of you1 why should ,i not receive it8 ,upon which the ,mussulman had no more to say4 ,they hold1 that such as suffer not their minds to wander after the lusts of the ,world are perfect ,jogees1 or ,saints1 and hold that ,god is always present with them in all their actions4 ,it is to be found in many of their ,books1 that there was a time1 a good while ago1 in which ,god took upon him the shape of a ,man1 and spent many ,years in reforming the world1 and giving better rules to walk by than had been before3 but at length having left them1 they soon forgot him and his ,rules1 and returned to their former courses2 upon which he told them that he would leave them to their ways1 and never undertake any such thing again4 ,the ,religious at some certain ,seasons of the ,year come unto the ,river ,ganges 7which they call the ,holy ,river7 in vast multitudes1 even from many parts of ,tartary1 to wash away their sins1 and make expiation for their faults4 ,this ,ganges is a delicate fine ,river chiefly for the sake of its most sweet1 pure and clear ,waters1 which have got it the greatest esteem of any ,river in the ,east4 ,i have oftentimes sail'd many ,miles up it1 and have found it in some places not to be above a ,mile broad1 in others not half so much1 and in one or two places not above one eighth of a ,mile4 ,in ,april1 when the ,water is at the lowest1 it is almost dry in many places2 but when it is at the highest1 which is commonly about the middle of ,september1 it is very deep1 and many ,miles broad4 ,when the ,people are here gather'd together1 they have a great many strange ,customs and ,ceremonies1 and pay a kind of ,divine ,honour and ,worship to the ,river1 too long and tedious here to mention4 ,the ,hindoos and ,bramines preach then every day to the people1 teaching them their ,duties1 and ordering them to say such and such ,prayers2 but above all things to be ,charitable to the poor and needy4 ,it is reported1 that upon the ,hills by ,casmere there are men that live some hundreds of ,years1 and can hold their ,breaths1 and lye in ,trances for several ,years together1 if they be but kept warm2 and that every year some of them come down unto the ,people at ,ganges1 and do many great ,cures2 for whom they have such a ,veneration1 that they frequently drink the ,water they wash their ,sweaty ,feet in4 ,the ,penances and ,austerities that they undergo are almost incredible2 most of them1 through their continual ,fastings1 and lying upon the parching hot ,sand in the ,heat of the ,sun1 are so ,lean1 ,dry'd and ,wither'd1 that they look like ,skeletons or ,shadows1 and one can scarce perceive them to breath1 or feel their ,pulse beat4 ,when any great ,man dyes among them1 but especially any of their ,jogees or ,saints1 they make great preparations for their ,funeral2 the ,corpse is laid on its ,belly1 and ,salt and ,rice laid round about it at every corner of the ,ground4 ,then the nearest ,relations to the ,party deceased carry a ,pot of ,water on their ,shoulders several times about the ,funeral ,pile1 when they burn them1 then breaking it in pieces1 spills the ,water4 ,which ,ceremony being ended1 the ,pile is fired1 and then all the ,relations begin to howl1 and embrace one another1 then washing themselves in some ,neighbouring ,river1 they depart every one to his ,home2 and as for the remaining ,ashes1 if he be ,rich they gather them up1 and cast them into the ,ganges or the ,sea4 ,sometimes it happens that the ,wife of the deceased ,party1 if she have no ,children1 and be old1 or ill to live in the ,world1 will burn her self with the dead ,body2 but this happens very seldom4 ,it is said1 that in such cases the ,bramines give the ,woman a stupefying ,liquor1 which by the time that they are in the ,fire makes them senseless of any ,pain4 ,to know into what ,body the ,soul of the deceased is transmigrated they do thus2 they strew the ,ashes of the ,dead upon the ,place where he was first laid after his ,death1 and handfuls of odoriferous ,flowers about the same1 and returning again in #dd ,hours1 they judge by some pretended ,impression or other in the ,ashes1 into what ,body it is gone3 ,if the ,foot of an ,horse1 or ,dog1 or ,ox1 or such like appear1 then they certainly give out that it is gone into such like ,creatures2 but if nothing appear1 then they think it is certainly gone to the ,starry ,regions4 ,as for their ,learning and ,knowledge it is but little2 they have indeed several ,books writ in divers ,languages1 but they contain nothing but a great deal of ,stuff and ,cant about their ,worship1 ,rites and ,ceremonies4 ,they are ignorant of all parts of the ,world but their own2 they wonder much at us1 that will take so much ,care and ,pains1 and run thro' so many ,dangers both by ,sea and ,land1 only1 as they say1 to uphold and nourish ,pride and ,luxury4 ,for1 say they1 every ,country in the whole ,world is sufficiently endow'd by ,nature with every thing that is necessary for the ,life of ,man1 and that therefore it is madness to seek for1 or desire1 that which is needless and unnecessary4 ,the last time that ,i was at ,modufferpore in ,indostan1 ,i had a great deal of talk with a ,bramine somewhat more ,learned than any of the rest1 his ,name was ,ramnaunt2 he told me a great many ,secrets in ,physick1 and told me many ,traditions and ,stories4 ,he says1 that if you bury a piece of ,mony for some considerable time in the ,mouth of a live ,frog1 and then dig it up again at ,midnight1 that this piece of ,money1 to whomsoever you give or pay it1 will always return to you again4 ,he says1 that if the little ,worm in the ,wood ,lukerakera be cut in two1 and the one part stirs and the other not1 if the stirring part be bruised1 and given with half a ,beetle to a ,man1 the other half to a ,woman1 this ,charm will keep them from ever lying absent one from the other4 ,they have ,books full of the like absurdities1 and ,cabalistick complication of ,figures2 as for ,example1 if you write these following ,numbers1 #bh1 #ce1 #b1 #g4 ---- #f1 #c1 #cb1 #ca--cd1 #bi1 #h1 #a1 --#d1 #e1 #cj1 #cc4 in the squares of a square ,figure1 and your ,enemies ,name under it1 and wear it always about you1 your ,enemy shall never be able to hurt you4 ,so if you write the following ,figures in the like manner upon the left ,hand1 #b1 #i1 #b1 #g1 --#f1 #c1 #f1 #e1 --#h1 #c1 #h1 #a--d1 #e1 #d1 #g--with ,turmerick1 and wash the same off with fair ,water of ,ganges1 and drink it1 it will cure all manner of ,venomous ,bitings4 ,multitudes of such like ridiculous ,fancies they have2 all which they seem to have borrowed from the ,cabala of the ,saracens1 which is full of such like4 ,i lately heard a ,bramine say1 that if some of the pieces or knots of the ,cloath 7in which a ,woman hath been burned with her ,husband7 be saved1 and made up in the form of a ,wick1 and fitted for a ,lamp1 and lighted1 and set in a dead ,womans ,skull1 that it would make the dead ,party appear4 ,this he said he had done1 but ,i did not believe him4 ,when they have any mad ,men among them1 they take them and put them into a close ,room1 just big enough to hold them1 and almost ,smoke them to ,death with ,musk and cold ,smells1 which soon brings their ,brains into their right temperature1 and so recover them1 c4 ,there happen'd two things in our ,voyage hither which ,i thought very observable tho' perhaps they may not be unknown to you--,the first was1 that all our ,tornadoes brought much ,rain with a stink2 and if the ,seamen did but lay their ,cloaths by for #bd ,hours1 they became all full of little ,maggots4 ,the second is1 ,when we came out of ,europe we took in some ,water at ,st4 ,jago's1 and when we were almost at our ,journeys end1 our ,cooper going with a ,candle to open one of the ,casks1 he had no sooner done it1 but the ,water immediatly took ,fire1 and burnt his ,face1 ,hands and ,fingers2 but he suddenly turning about quench'd the same1 by setting his ,britch on it4 ,it stunk pretty much also at the same time1 but afterwards came to its native ,sweetness1 c4 ,i am yours1 c4 ,jo4 ,marshal4 ,part of two ,letters to the ,publisher from ,mr4 ,james ,cunningham1 ,f4,r4,s4 and ,physician to the ,english at ,chusan in ,china1 giving an account of his ,voyage thither1 of the ,island of ,chusan1 of the several sorts of ,tea1 of the ,fishing1 ,agriculture of the ,chinese1 c4 with several ,observations not hitherto taken notice of4 ,,sir1 ,my last to you was from the ,island of ,borneo1 in which ,i gave you an account of our arrival there the #agth of ,july1 where we staid but two ,days1 the ,season of the ,year being so far past1 and from thence made the best of our way through the ,streights of ,banca with favourable ,winds and ,weather1 till we came on the ,coast of ,china the #acth of ,august1 then we had variable ,winds which carried us abreast of ,emuy the #aith following1 at which time the ,north ,east ,winds setting in fresh1 put us in great fears of losing our passage2 whereupon we were forced to turn it up against ,wind and ,current all the ,way1 the ,weather so favouring us1 that we were never but by our ,top-sails1 else we should have lost more ,ground in one ,day1 than we could have gain'd in eight4 ,the last of ,august we came to an ,anchor under the ,crocodile ,islands1 both to shelter us from the bad ,weather1 7which is generally expected on this ,coast at new and full ,moon1 and has been fatal to a great many ,ships7 and also to look for fresh ,water1 which was now grown scarce with us1 not having recruited since we came from the ,cape of ,good ,hope3 ,these are three small ,islands lying in the ,latitude of #bf ,degrees1 about six ,leagues from the ,river of ,hocksieu2 on two whereof we found very good fresh ,water1 with a convenient ,watering-place on the ,south ,west side of the innermost of the three2 and by the assistance of a few ,chinese ,fishermen we procured some fresh ,provisions from the main-land1 because we did not reckon it safe to adventure our selves thither1 lest we should have been brought into ,trouble by the ,government there4 ,while we lay here1 on the fifth of ,september we had a suddain short shift of the ,moonsoon to ,s4 ,w4 the fury whereof others felt1 in coming upon the ,coast of ,china at the same time4 ,the #hth of ,september we put to ,sea again1 turning to ,windward ,night and ,day without all the ,islands1 which are very numerous along this ,coast1 to which we were altogether strangers beyond ,emuy1 and the ,hydrography thereof is hitherto so imperfect1 that there was no trusting to our ,drafts1 which made our ,navigation somewhat more dangerous3 ,however1 on the first of ,october we got into the ,latitude of #cj ,degrees1 where we came to an ,anchor near the ,land1 until we found the way by ,boat to ,chusan1 about #ab ,leagues within the ,islands2 from whence we had a ,pilot1 who carried us safely thither on the #aath of ,october4 ,upon this ,island the ,chineses have granted us a ,settlement and ,liberty of ,trade1 but not to ,ning-po1 which is #f or #h hours sail to the ,westward1 all the way among ,islands2 this being the largest1 is #h or #i ,leagues in length from ,east to ,west1 and #d or #e ,leagues in breadth2 about #c ,leagues from that point of the ,main-,land called ,cape ,liampo by the ,portugueze1 but ,khi-tu by the ,chinese3 ,at the ,west ,end of this ,island is the ,harbour very safe and convenient1 where the ,ships ride within call of the ,factory1 which is built close by the shore on a low plain ,valley1 with near #bjj ,houses about it for the ,benefit of ,trade2 inhabited by ,men1 whose ,jealousie has not as yet permitted them to let their ,wives dwell here2 for the ,town where they are1 is of a ,mile further from the ,shore1 enviorn'd with a fine ,stone ,wall1 about #c ,miles in ,circumference1 mounted with #bb square ,bastions placed at irregular distances1 besides #d great ,gates1 on which are planted a few old ,iron ,guns1 seldom or never used3 ,the ,houses within are very meanly built3 ,here the ,chumpeen or ,governour of the ,island lives1 and betwixt three and four thousand beggarly ,inhabitants1 most part ,souldiers and ,fishermen2 for the ,trade of this place being newly granted1 has not as yet brought any considerable ,merchants hither4 ,the ,island in general abounds with all sorts of ,provisions1 such as ,cows1 ,buffalo's1 ,goats1 ,deer1 ,hogs wild and tame1 ,geese1 ,ducks and ,hens2 ,rice1 ,wheat1 ,calavances1 ,cole-worts1 ,turnips1 ,potatoes1 ,carrots1 ,beetes and ,spinach2 ,but for ,merchandize there's none but what comes from ,ning-po1 ,hang-cheu1 ,nankin and the ,inland ,towns1 some of which ,i hope to see1 when ,i have acquir'd a little of the ,chinese ,language4 ,here also the ,tea grows in great plenty on the tops of the ,hills1 but it is not in that esteem with what grows on more ,mountainous ,islands4 ,altho this ,island is pretty well stor'd with ,people1 yet its far from what it was in ,f4 ,martinius's time1 when he describes ,cheuxan3 and this puts me in mind1 that the ,superstitious ,pilgrimages thereto1 mention'd by him1 must be meant of the ,island ,pou-to1 which lies #i ,leagues from hence1 and #c ,miles to the ,eastward of this ,island1 whither 7they say7 the ,emperour designs in the ,month of ,may next 7being his ,birth-day1 and the #djth ,year of his ,age7 to come to worship in an ,ancient ,pagoda there1 famous for ,sanctity2 having sent one of his ,bonzes already thither to get all things in order4 ,chusan1 ,novemb4 #bb4 #agja4 ,,sir1 ,i formerly told you1 that the ,emperor design'd to have come to the ,island of ,pou-to 7a place of great ,devotion7 to worship in the ,month of ,may last1 being the #djth ,year of his ,age1 ,i should have said of his ,reign2 but all things being prepared there for his ,reception1 he was dissuaded from his purpose by some of his ,mandarines1 who made him believe that the terrible ,thunder there was very dangerous4 ,this ,pou-to is a small ,island about #e ,leagues round at the ,east end of this ,island1 famous for the ,superstitious ,pilgrimages made thither for the space of eleven hundred ,years3 ,it's inhabited only by ,bonzes1 to the number of #cjjj1 all of the ,sect call'd ,hoshang1 or unmarried ,bonzes1 who live a ,pythagorean ,life2 and there they have built #djj ,pagodes1 two whereof are considerable for their greatness and finery1 being lately covered with green and yellow ,tiles brought from the ,emperor's ,palace at ,nankin1 and inwardly adorn'd with stately ,idols finely grav'd and gilded1 the chief whereof is the ,idol ,quon-em4 ,to these two great ,pagodes belong two chief ,priests1 who govern all the rest4 ,they have several ,ways and ,avenues cut through the ,island1 some whereof are pav'd with ,flag-stones1 and over-shaded with ,trees planted on each side3 ,their dwellings are the best ,i have yet seen in these ,parts4 ,all which are maintain'd by ,charitable ,devotions2 and the ,junks which go from ,ning-po and this place to ,japan1 touch there both going and coming1 to make their ,offerings for their good ,success4 ,there is another ,island call'd ,kim-tong #e ,leagues hence in the way to ,ning-po1 whither1 they say1 do retire a great many ,mandarins to live a quiet ,life after they have given over their ,employments2 on that ,island also are said to be ,silver ,mines1 but prohibited to be open'd4 ,the rest of the circumjacent ,islands are either desert1 or meanly inhabited by a few fishing ,people1 but all of them stor'd with abundance of ,deer4 ,for it is not long since this ,island of ,chusan began to be ,peopled2 it's true1 in ,martini's ,days1 about #ej ,years ago1 it was very ,populous for the space of three or four ,years1 at which time the fury of the ,tartarian ,conquest was so great1 that they left it desolate1 not sparing so much as the ,mulberry ,trees 7for then they made a great deal of raw ,silk here7 and in this condition it continued till about #ah ,years ago1 that the ,walls of the ,fort or ,town1 which now is1 were built by the ,governor of ,ting-hai1 for a ,garrison to expel some ,pyrats1 who had taken shelter here4 ,about #ad ,years ago1 the ,island beginning to be peopled1 there was a ,chumpeen or ,general sent to govern it for three ,years1 to whom succeeded the late ,chumpeen 7who procur'd the opening of this ,port to ,strangers7 whose ,government continued till ,april last1 being translated to be ,chumpeen of ,tien-cing ,wei near to ,pekin1 and was succeeded by the present ,chumpeen1 who is ,son to the ,old ,chunkoon of ,emuy4 ,they have got no ,arts or ,manufactories here1 but making of lacker'd ,ware1 a particular ,account whereof ,i cannot as yet send you4 ,they begin to ,plant ,mulberry-,trees1 to breed up ,worms for the ,production of raw ,silk2 and they make some ,tea1 but chiefly for their own use4 ,altho' the following ,particulars contain nothing of extraordinary matters in them1 yet such as they are1 you may take1 till ,i can procure you better4 ,the three sorts of ,tea commonly carry'd to ,england are all from the same ,plant1 only the ,season of the ,year1 and the ,soil1 makes the difference4 ,the ,bohee 7or ,voiii1 so call'd of some ,mountains in the ,province of ,fo-kien1 where it is chiefly made7 is the very first bud gather'd1 in the beginning of ,march1 and dry'd in the ,shade4 ,the ,bing ,tea is the second growth in ,april3 and ,singlo the last in ,may and ,june1 both dry'd a little in ,tatches or ,pans over the ,fire4 ,the ,tea ,shrub being an ever-green1 is in ,flower from ,october to ,january1 and the ,seed is ripe in ,september and ,october following1 so that one may gather both ,flowers and ,seed at the same time2 but for one fresh and full ,seed1 there are a hundred nought2 these make up the two sorts of ,fruit in ,le ,compte's description of ,tea3 ,as for his other sort1 which he calls slymic ,pease1 they were nothing but the young ,buds of the ,flowers not yet open4 ,its ,seed-,vessels are really ,tricapsular1 each ,capsula containing one ,nut or ,seed1 and altho' two or one ,capsula only comes to ,perfection1 yet the ,vestiges of the rest may be discerned4 ,it grows in a dry gravelly ,soil1 on the sides of ,hills in several places of this ,island1 without any ,cultivation4 ,le ,compte is mistaken in saying 7pag4 #if47 that the ,chineses are wholly ,strangers to the ,art of ,grafting1 for ,i have seen a great many of his ,paradoxical ,tallow-,trees ingrafted here1 besides some other ,trees4 ,when they ,ingraft1 they do not slit the ,stock as we do1 but cut a small slice off the outside of the ,stock1 to which they apply the ,graft 7being cut sloping on one side1 agreeable to the slice cut from the ,stock7 bringing up the ,bark of the slice upon the outside of the ,graft1 they tie altogether1 covering with ,straw and ,mud as we do4 ,the ,commentator on ,magalhen seems doubtful in the length of the ,chinese ,che or ,cubit4 ,here they have two sorts1 one of #ac ,english ,inches1 which the ,merchants commonly use3 ,the other is of eleven ,inches1 us'd by ,carpenters1 and also in ,geographical ,measures4 ,albeit ,f4 ,martini is censur'd by ,f4 ,magalhen for spelling a great many ,chinese ,words with ng1 which the ,portuguese and others have done with m1 yet his way is more agreeable to the ,english ,pronunciation1 only in some ,words the g may be left out1 as in ,pekin1 ,nankin1 c4 ,having made enquiry about ,martini's ,account of ,sowing their ,fields at ,ven-cheu with ,oyster-shells1 to make new ones grow2 ,i was told that after they have taken out the ,oysters1 they sprinkle the ,shells with ,urine1 then putting them into the ,water again1 there grows new ,oysters on the foresaid ,shells4 ,martini says he could never find a ,latin ,name for the ,fula ,mogorin of the ,portuguese1 ,i'm sure it's the same with the ,syringa ,arabica flore pleno albo in ,parkinsone4 ,he says also1 that the ,kieu-yeu or ,tallow-tree bears a white ,flower like a ,cherry-tree2 but all that ,i have seen here bears a spike of small yellow ,flowers like the julus of a ,salix4 ,the ,bean1 or ,mandarin ,broth1 so frequently mentioned in the ,dutch ,embassy and other ,authors1 is only an ,emulsion made of the ,seed of ,sesamum and hot ,water4 ,their chief ,employments here are ,fishing and ,agriculture4 ,in ,fishing1 they use several sorts of ,nets and ,lines as we do2 but because they have large ,banks of ,mud in some ,places1 the ,fisherman1 to go more easily thereon1 has contriv'd a small frame about #c or #d ,foot long1 not much larger than a ,hen-trough1 elevated a little at each end1 in which he rests upon one ,knee1 leaning his ,arms on a cross ,stick1 rais'd so high as his ,breast1 and putting out the other ,foot often upon the ,mud1 he pushes forward his ,frame thereon1 and so carries himself along in it4 ,as to their ,agriculture1 all their ,fields 7where any thing is planted7 whether high or low1 are made into such ,plots as may retain the ,water on them when they please4 ,they ,plow up their ,ground with one ,buffalo or one ,cow4 ,where they are to ,sow ,rice1 they prepare the ,fields very well1 by clearing it of all manner of ,weeds1 moistening to a ,pulp1 and smoothing it with a ,frame drawn across2 on which they ,sow the ,rice very thick and cover it only with ,water for two or three ,inches high1 and when it has grown #f or #h ,inches long1 they pull it up by the ,roots1 and transplant it 7by ,tufts in a straight line7 to ,fields overflown with ,water2 and where a ,field is subject to ,weeds1 when the ,water drys up1 they prevent their growth in over-turning the ,mud with their ,hands in the interstices where the ,rice is planted4 ,when they ,sow ,wheat1 ,barley1 ,pulse1 and other ,grains1 they grub up some superficial ,earth1 ,grass and ,roots1 and with some ,straw they burn all together2 this ,earth being sifted fine1 they mix with the ,seed1 which they ,sow in holes made in a strait ,line1 and so grows up in ,tufts as the ,rice does2 the ,field being divided into ,beds and harrowed over1 both before and after the ,seed is ,sown3 ,this makes them somewhat resemble ,gardens4 ,altho' they meliorate their ,fields1 where they ,sow ,rice1 only by letting the ,water on them1 yet for other ,grains1 where ,ground requires it1 they make use of ,dung1 ,human ,excrements1 ,ashes1 c4 ,in watering their ,fields here they use the same ,instrument mention'd by ,martini in the ,preface to his ,atlas1 being all of ,wood1 and the contrivance the same with that of a ,chain-,pump4 ,their method in making of ,salt is this3 ,all the ,shores here being ,mud1 instead of ,sand1 in the ,summer ,season they pare off the superficial ,earth1 which has been overflown with the ,salt ,water1 and lay it up in heaps for use2 when they are to use it they dry it in the ,sun1 rubbing it small2 then digging a ,pit1 they cover the bottom thereof with ,straw1 at which thro' the side of the ,pit they pass a hollow ,cane1 that leads into a ,jar1 which stands below the level of the ,pits bottom2 they fill the ,pit almost full with the foresaid ,earth1 and pour ,salt ,water thereon1 till it be covered two or three ,inches with ,water1 which drains through1 into the foresaid ,jar1 and is afterwards boil'd into ,salt4 ,had ,i not found the ,printed ,news ,papers last ,year take notice of a singular ,root brought from ,china by ,f4 ,fontaney1 ,i should not have told you1 that ,i have seen one since ,i came here call'd ,hu-chu-u 7which ,i take to be the same7 whereto they ascribe wonderful ,properties of prolonging ,life1 and turning grey ,hairs into black1 by drinking its ,infusion for some time1 insomuch that they say it's to be had in value from #aj ,tael to #ajjj or #bjjj a single ,root2 for the larger it is1 the more is its value and efficacy3 ,which is too much ,money here to try the ,experiment4 ,you have it mention'd in ,cleyer's ,medicina ,sinica ,no4 #hd4 under the ,name of ,ho-xcu-u1 according to the ,portugal ,spelling3 ,it's likewise painted in the #bgth ,table of those ,plants ,mr4 ,petiver had of me4 ,if you'll have the ,story of its ,discovery1 which ,i will not warrant for ,gospel1 it runs thus4 ,upon a time a certain ,person going a ,simpling among the ,mountains1 fell by accident into such a steep ,valley that he could by no means get out of it again2 whereupon looking about for something to sustain his ,life2 in this melancholy condition1 he espy'd this ,root1 of which he made ,tryal2 and found that in eating thereof1 it serv'd him both for ,provisions and ,clothing1 by keeping his ,body in such a temperature1 that the ,injuries of the ,weather had no influence upon him during his stay there1 which was some hundreds of ,years2 till at last an ,earthquake happen'd in that place1 whereby the ,mountains were rent1 and he found a passage out to his ,house1 from whence he had been so long absent3 ,but the many alterations that came to pass there in such a space of time1 would not permit them to give ,credit to his ,story2 till consulting the ,annals of their ,family1 which gave an ,account of one of them lost at that time1 they were confirm'd in the truth of his ,relation4 ,and so much for this4 ,a ,letter from ,mr4 ,john ,clayton ,rector of ,crofton at ,wakefield in ,yorkshire1 to the ,royal ,society1 ,may #ab4 #afhh4 giving an ,account of several ,observables in ,virginia1 and in his ,voyage thither1 more particularly concerning the ,air4 ,having oftentimes been urged to give an ,account of ,virginia1 by several of the ,worthy ,members of the ,royal ,society1 ,i cannot but1 as far forth as ,i am able1 obey ,commands whereby ,i'm so much honour'd1 and show my ,respect by my ready ,compliance2 tho' ,i am so sensible of my own ,weakness and ,incapacity to answer your ,expectations1 that before-hand ,i must ,apologize for my self4 ,and indeed by ,sea ,i lost all my ,books1 ,chymical ,instruments1 ,glasses and ,microscopes1 which rendred me uncapable of making those ,remarks and ,observations ,i had designed1 they were all cast away in ,captain ,win's ,ship1 as they were to follow me2 and ,virginia being a ,country where one cannot furnish ones self again with such things1 ,i was discourag'd from making so diligent a ,scrutiny as otherwise ,i might have done1 so that ,i took very few ,minutes down in ,writing2 and therefore1 since ,i have only my ,memory to rely on1 which too has the ,disadvantage of it's own ,weakness1 and of the distance of two ,years since now ,i left the ,country1 if future ,relations shall in some small ,points make out my ,mistake1 ,i thought this requisite to justifie my ,candor2 for ,i ever judg'd it villanous to impose in matters of ,fact2 but ,descriptions of things that depend on ,memory may be liable to ,mistakes1 and yet the sincerity of the ,person that delivers them intire4 ,but hereof ,i shall be as cautious as possible1 and shall rather wave some things whereof ,i have some ,doubts1 and am uncapable now of satisfying my self1 than in any sort presume too far4 ,the method ,i design is1 ,first1 to give an ,account of the ,air1 and all such ,observations as refer thereto2 then of the ,water1 the ,earth and ,soil2 the ,birds1 the ,beasts1 the ,fishes1 the ,plants1 the ,insects2 and lastly1 the present state of the ,inhabitants3 ,but at present ,i shall neither trouble you nor my self with any more than an ,account of what refers to the ,air alone1 being conscious the ,honourable ,society may receive such a ,glut with the ,imperfection of this1 as to excuse me from a farther ,relation4 ,but before ,i begin1 perhaps it may not be impertinent to acquaint you with some things that happen'd in our ,voyage4 ,we sail'd in the ,ship ,judith1 ,captain ,trim ,commander1 'twas ,fly-boat built1 about #bjj or #bej ,tuns2 she sprung a considerable ,leak4 ,when the ,captain had made long and diligent ,search1 had tried all methods that ,seamen use upon such occasions1 or he could think of1 all in vain1 and that the ,leak encreased1 he came pensively to consult me4 ,discoursing with him about it1 and understanding that the ,ship was ,cieled within1 so that though the ,leak might possibly be in the fore-part1 it would fill the whole ,cavity betwixt the ,cieling and the ,planks1 and so run into the ,hold at all the ,crevices of the ,cieling up and down3 ,i thereupon conceive1 that where it burst in betwixt the ,cieling and the ,planks1 it must needs make some ,noise4 ,he told me1 they had endeavoured to find it out that way1 and according to custom had clapt ,cans to their ,ears to hear with2 but the working of the ,ship1 the ,tackle and the ,sea made such a ,noise1 that they could discover nothing thereby4 ,i happily bethought my self of the ,speaking ,trumpet2 and having one which ,i had contrived for some other ,conveniences1 of a differing shape from the common sorts1 ,i bid him take it and apply the broad end to the side of the ,ship1 the narrow end to his ,ear1 and it would encrease his ,hearing as much as it augmented the ,voice the other way1 and would ward the ,ear too from the confusion of foreign ,noise4 ,upon the first application1 accordingly they heard it1 tho' it happened to be at a considerable distance2 and when they removed the ,trumpet nigher1 they heard it as if it had been the ,current of a mighty ,river1 even so distinctly1 as to have ,apprehensions of the bigness and figure of the ,hole that the ,water came in at2 so that cutting there the ,sealing of the ,ship1 they immediately stopt the ,leak4 ,in the ,sea ,i saw many little things which the ,seamen call ,carvels2 they are like a ,jelly or ,starch that is made with a cast of ,blue in it2 they ,swim like a small ,sheep's ,bladder above the ,water1 downwards there are long ,fibrous ,strings1 some whereof ,i have found near half a yard long4 ,this ,i take to be a sort of ,sea-,plant1 and the strings its ,roots growing in the ,sea1 as ,duck-weed does in ,ponds4 ,it may be reckon'd among the ,potential ,cauteries2 for when we were one day becalm'd1 getting some to make ,observations thereof1 the sportful ,people rub'd it on one anothers ,hands and ,faces1 and where it touch'd it would make it look very ,red1 and make it smart worse than a ,nettle4 ,in my return for ,england we struck a ,hauksbill ,turtle1 in whose ,guts ,i found many of these ,carvels2 so that it's manifest they feed thereon4 ',tis commonly asserted by the ,seamen1 that they can smell the ,pines at ,virginia several ,leagues at ,sea before they see ,land1 but ,i could receive no ,satisfaction as to this ,point2 ,i could not discern any such thing when at a moderate distance1 ,i fear much of this may be attributed to ,fancy2 for one ,day there came three or four full scent to tell me they were certain they smelt the ,pines2 but it afterwards prov'd that we were at that time #bjj ,leagues from the ,shoar1 so that ,i was satisfied that was therefore meer ,fancy4 ,indeed we thought1 by the general ,accounts of the ,ship1 that we had been just on the ,coast1 but all were deceived by a ,current we met with1 that at that time set about ,south-,east1 or ,east ,south-,east1 which when once becalmed we tried thus3 ,we hoised out a ,boat1 and took one of the ,scuttles that cover'd one of the ,hatches of the ,ship1 tying thereto a great ,weight1 and a strong long ,rope1 we let it sink a considerable depth1 and then fastening it to the ,boat1 it serv'd as an ,anchor1 that the ,boat could not drive2 then with the ,glass and log ,line we found the ,current set1 as ,i say1 ,eastward1 at the rate of a ,mile and a half an ,hour4 ,this ,current is of mischievous ,consequence1 it does not always run one way1 but as it sets sometimes as we proved ,easterly1 so does it1 as they say1 set at other times ,westerly1 whereby many ,ships have been lost2 for then the ,ships being before their ,accounts1 they fall in with the ,land before they are aware4 ,thus one ,year many ,ships were lost on ,cape ,hattarasse1 and thereabouts4 ,of the ,,air4 ,the ,cape called ,cape ,henry1 lies in #cf of the ,northern ,latitude4 ,the ,air and ,temperature of the ,seasons is much govern'd by ,winds in ,virginia1 both as to ,heat and ,cold1 ,dryness and ,moisture1 whose ,variations being very notable1 ,i the more lamented the loss of my ,barometers and ,thermometers1 for considerable ,observations might be made thereby1 there being often great and suddain ,changes4 ,the ,nore and ,nore-,west are very nitrous and piercing1 cold and clear1 or else stormy4 ,the ,south-,east and ,south hazy and sultry hot3 ,their ,winter is a fine clear ,air1 and dry1 which renders it very pleasant3 ,their ,frosts are short1 but sometimes very sharp1 that it will freeze the ,rivers over three ,miles broad2 nay1 the ,secretary of ,state assured me1 it had frozen clever over ,potomack ,river1 over against his ,house1 where it is near nine ,miles over3 ,i have observed it freezes there the hardest1 when from a moist ,south ,east1 on a sudden the ,wind passing by the ,nore1 a nitrous sharp ,nore-,west blows2 not with high ,gusts1 but with a cutting brisk ,air2 and those ,vails then that seem to be shelter'd from the ,wind1 and lie warm1 where the ,air is most stagnant and moist1 are frozen the hardest1 and seized the soonest1 and there the ,fruits are more subject to blast than where the ,air has a free ,motion4 ,snow falls sometimes in pretty quantity1 but rarely continues there above a ,day or two3 ,their ,spring is about a ,month earlier than in ,england2 in ,april they have frequent ,rains1 sometimes several short and suddain ,gusts4 ,may and ,june the ,heat encreases1 and it is much like our ,summer1 being mitigated with gentle ,breezes that rise about #i of the ,clock1 and decrease and incline as the ,sun rises and falls4 ,july and ,august those ,breezes cease1 and the ,air becomes stagnant1 that the ,heat is violent and troublesome4 ,in ,september the ,weather usually breaks suddenly1 and there falls generally very considerable ,rains4 ,when the ,weather breaks many fall ,sick1 this being the time of an ,endemical ,sickness1 for ,seasonings1 ,cachexes1 ,fluxes1 ,scorbutical ,dropsies1 ,gripes1 or the like1 which ,i have attributed to this ,reason4 ,that by the extraordinary ,heat the ferment of the ,blood being raised too high1 and the ,tone of the ,stomach relaxed1 when the ,weather breaks the ,blood palls1 and like over-fermented ,liquors is depauperated1 or turns eager and sharp1 and there's a crude ,digestion1 whence the named ,distempers may be supposed to ensue4 ,and for confirmation1 ,i have observed the ,carminative ,seeds1 such as warm1 and whose ,oil sheaths the acid ,humors that ever result from crude ,digestions4 ,but ,decoctions that retain the ,tone of the ,stomach1 as ,i suppose1 by making the little ,glands in the ,tunicles of the ,stomach1 squeeze out their ,juice1 7for what is bitter may be as well offensive to the ,stomach1 as to the ,palate7 and then ,chalibiates that raise the decayed ,ferment1 are no bad ,practice2 after which1 ,i conceive1 ,armoniack ,spirits might be very beneficial4 ,but their ,doctors are so ,learned1 that ,i never met with any of them that understood what ,armoniack ,spirits were3 ,two or three of them one time ran me clear down by consent1 that they were ,vomitive1 and that they never used any thing for that purpose but ,crocus ,metallorum1 which indeed every ,house keeps2 and if their ,finger1 as the ,saying is1 ake but1 they immediatly give three or four ,spoonfuls thereof2 if this fail1 they give him a second ,dose1 then perhaps ,purge them with #ae or #bj ,grains of the ,rosin of ,jalap1 afterwards ,sweat them with ,venice ,treacle1 ,powder of ,snake-,root1 or ,gascoin's ,powder2 and when these fail conclamatum est4 ,but to return1 ',tis wonderful what influence the ,air has over ,mens ,bodies1 whereof ,i had my self sad assurances2 for tho' ,i was in a very close warm ,room1 where was a ,fire constantly kept1 yet there was not the least ,alteration or ,change1 whereof ,i was not sensible when ,i was sick of the ,gripes1 of which ,distemper ,i may give a farther account in its proper place4 ,when a very ,ingenious ,gentlewoman was visited with the same ,distemper1 ,i had the opportunity of making very considerable ,observations4 ,i stood at the ,window1 and could view the ,clouds arise3 ,for there small black fleeting ,clouds will arise1 and be swiftly carry'd cross the whole ,element2 and as these ,clouds arose1 and came nigher1 her ,torments were encreased1 which were grievous as a labouring ,womans2 there was not the least ,cloud but lamentably affected her1 and that at a considerable distance2 but by her ,shrieks it seemed more or less1 according to the bigness and nearness of the ,clouds4 ,the ,thunder there is attended often with fatal ,circumstances3 ,i was with my ,lord ,howard of ,effingham the ,governour1 when they brought ,word that one ,dr4 ,a4 was killed therewith1 after this manner3 ,he was ,smoaking a ,pipe of ,tobacco1 and looking out at his ,window when he was struck dead1 and immediately became so stiff1 that he did not fall1 but stood leaning in the ,window1 with the ,pipe in his ,mouth1 in the same posture he was in when struck3 ,but this ,i only deliver as ,report1 tho' ,i heard the same ,account from several1 without any contradicting it4 ,these things are remarkable1 that it generally breaks in at the ,gable end of the ,houses1 and often kills ,persons in1 or near the ,chimneys range1 darting most fiercely down the ,funnel of the ,chimney1 more especially if there be a ,fire1 7,i speak here confusedly of ,thunder and ,lightning7 for when they do any ,mischief1 the ,crash and ,lightning are at the same ,instant1 which must be from the nearness of the ,cloud4 ,one time when the ,thunder split the ,mast of a ,boat at ,james ,town1 ,i saw it break from the ,cloud1 which it divided in two1 and seem'd as if it had shot them immediatly a ,mile asunder1 to the ,eye3 ,it is dangerous when it ,thunders standing in a narrow ,passage1 where there's a thorough ,passage1 or in a ,room betwixt two ,windows2 tho' several have been kill'd in the open ,fields4 ',tis incredible to tell how it will strike large ,oaks1 shatter and shiver them1 sometimes twisting round a ,tree1 sometimes as if it struck the ,tree backwards and forwards4 ,i had noted a fine spreading ,oak in ,james ,town ,island1 in the ,morning ,i saw it fair and flourishing1 in the ,evening ,i observed all the ,bark of the ,body of the ,tree1 as if it had been artificially peel'd off2 was orderly spread round the ,tree1 in a ,ring1 whose ,semidiameter was four ,yards1 the ,tree in the ,center2 all the ,body of the ,tree was shaken and split1 but its ,boughs had all their ,bark on2 few ,leaves were fallen1 and those on the ,boughs as fresh as in the ,morning1 but gradually afterwards withered1 as on a ,tree that is fallen4 ,i have seen several vast ,oaks and other ,timber ,trees twisted1 as if it had been a small ,willow that a ,man had twisted with his ,hand1 which ,i could suppose had been done by nothing but the ,thunder4 ,i have been told by very serious ,planters1 that #cj or #dj ,years since1 when the ,country was not so open1 the ,thunder was more fierce1 and that sometimes after violent ,thunder and ,rain1 the ,roads would seem to have perfect casts of ,brimstone2 and 'tis frequent after much ,thunder and ,lightning for the ,air to have a perfect ,sulphurious ,smell4 ,durst ,i offer my weak ,reasons when ,i write to so great ,masters thereof1 ,i should here consider the nature of ,thunder1 and compare it with some ,sulphurious ,spirits which ,i have drawn from ,coals1 that ,i could no way condense1 yet were inflamable2 nay1 would burn after they pass'd through ,water1 and that seemingly fiercer1 if they were not over-power'd therewith4 ,i have kept of this ,spirit a considerable time in ,bladders2 and tho' it appeared as if they were only blown with ,air1 yet if ,i let it forth1 and fired it with a ,match or ,candle1 it would continue burning till all were spent4 ,it might be worthy ,consideration likewise1 whether those frequent ,thunders proceeded from the ,air's being more stagnant1 the motion of the ,winds being impeded by the ,trees1 or whether the motion of the ,winds being obstructed by them below1 the motion might not be more violent aloft2 and how far that may promote inflammability1 for ,stacks of ,hay or ,corn that ferment with moisture1 never burn1 unless when brisk ,winds blow1 that agitate and fan the little fermenting ,sparks1 and often kindle them into an actual ,fire4 ,and ,observance of the ,meteors there might perhaps not be ,impertinent1 as both what are more rare1 and what are more frequent1 as of ,gosimore in great abundance1 and of those small ,cob-webs in a ,morning1 which some have supposed to be ,meteors4 ,ignes fatui1 tho' there be many boggy ,swamps and ,marshes1 are seldom1 if any are seen there4 ,there be frequent little sorts of ,whirl-winds1 whose ,diameter may be sometimes not past two or three ,yards1 sometimes forty1 which whisking round in a ,circle1 pass along the ,earth1 according to the motion of the ,cloud1 from whence they issue2 and as they pass along with their gyrous or circular motion1 they carry aloft the dry ,leaves into the ,air1 which fall again often in places far remote4 ,i have seen them descend in a calm ,sun-shine ,day1 as if they had come from the ,heavens in great ,showers thereof1 so that all the ,elements seem'd filled therewith4 ,and ,i could perceive them to descend from on high as far as ,i could possibly discern a ,leaf4 ,i remember a roguish ,expression of a ,seaman1 otherwise silly enough1 who wondering thereat1 cry'd out1 ,sure now 'tis manifest there is a ,world above6 and now with them 'tis the ,fall of the ,leaf4 ,but to proceed1 ,i thought this made it manifest1 whence many preternatural ,showers have happen'd4 ,i remember at ,sir ,richard ,atherton's in ,lancashire1 some few ,years ago1 there fell a great number of the ,seeds of ,ivy-berries2 at first we admir'd what they were1 for they were cover'd with a thin ,skin that was red1 and resembled the ,figure of a small ,wheat ,corn2 but afterwards they fully manifested what they were2 for many sprouted and took ,root4 ,i suppose they were carry'd aloft by some such ,whirl-wind1 and let fall there4 ,i have purposely gone into the place where ,i perceived this ,gust1 which is notorious enough by the ,noise it makes1 with rattling the ,leaves as it carries them aloft1 and have found a fine sharp ,breeze of ,wind4 ,yours1 c4 ,mr4 ,clayton's second ,letter1 containing his farther ,observations on ,virginia4 ,being honour'd with the ,thanks of the ,society for my last1 and receiving by my worthy ,friend ,dr4 ,moulin their ,commands to proceed1 ,i have added here my ,observations of the ,waters1 and part of the ,earth and ,soil4 ,i shall wave both ,complements and ,apologies1 since ,i have greater ,respect and ,honour for the ,society than ,i can possibly express1 and have no reason to suspect their ,favour1 whose ,candidness ,i so signally proved in my last4 ,of the ,,water4 ',twixt the two ,capes1 the ,southern1 call'd the ,cape ,henry1 the more ,northerly call'd ,cape ,charles1 there runs up a great ,bay1 call'd the ,bay of ,cheesepeak2 nine ,leagues over in some places1 in most ,seven1 lying much ,west1 ,nore and ,south1 dividing ,virginia into two unequal ,parts4 ,on the ,east side of this ,bay there lies a narrow neck of ,land1 which makes the ,counties of ,northampton and ,accomack4 ,on the ,west side of the ,bay there branches forth four great ,rivers1 ,james ,river1 ,york ,river1 ,rapahanack and ,potomack1 that rise from a ridge of ,mountains1 whereof more in the ,sequel4 ,these ,rivers plentifully water all the other parts of ,virginia1 emptying themselves into the great ,bay4 ,the ,mouth of ,james ,river1 which is the most ,southerly of them1 the ,mouth of ,potomack1 which is the most ,northerly1 may be a hundred ,miles distance3 ,but as ,i have been credibly inform'd that the ,falls of ,james ,river are not past thirty ,miles from ,potomack1 which is a vast large ,river nine ,miles over in many places4 ,i have been told it was ,navigable nigh two hundred ,miles1 much higher than any of the other ,rivers3 ,whence ,i conclude in future times1 it will be the most considerable for ,trade when the ,country comes to be inhabited further up into the main ,land4 ,the other ,rivers are much about three ,miles over a piece4 ,and ,james ,river is ,navigable at least eighty ,miles4 ,within four or five ,miles of ,james ,town1 ,james ,river and ,york ,river are not past four or five ,miles asunder4 ,yea1 ,sloops of considerable ,carriage may ,sail up the ,branches of the two ,rivers1 till they come within a ,mile the one of the other2 for ,i take it to be no more from ,col4 ,bollards to ,major ,troop's ,landing1 and ,i believe they may come much what as near again as ,col4 ,coles1 and several other places4 ,york ,river is distant from ,rapahanack in some places not past ten or twelve ,miles1 ,rapahanack from ,potomack not past seven ,miles in one place1 tho' it may be sixty in others4 ,the ,heads of the ,branches of the ,rivers interfere and lock one within another1 which ,i think is best expressed after the manner that an ,indian explained himself once to me1 when ,i enquired how nigh the ,rivers of ,carolina1 ,virginia and ,maryland arose out of the ,mountains8 from those that ran ,westerly on the other side of the ,mountains1 he clapt the ,fingers of one ,hand 'twixt those of the other1 crying1 they meet thus2 the ,branches of different ,rivers rising not past a hundred ,paces distant one from another3 ,so that no ,country in the ,world can be more curiously watered4 ,but this conveniency1 that in future times may make her like the ,netherlands1 the richest place in all ,america1 at the present ,i look on the greatest ,impediment to the advance of the ,country1 as it is the greatest ,obstacle to ,trade and ,commerce4 ,for the great number of ,rivers and the thinness of the ,inhabitants distract and disperse a ,trade4 ,so that all ,ships in general gather each their ,loading up and down an hundred ,miles distant2 and the best of ,trade that can be driven is only a sort of ,scotch ,peddling2 for they must carry all sort of ,truck that trade thither1 having one ,commodity to pass off another4 ,this 7i4 e47 the number of ,rivers1 is one of the chief ,reasons why they have no ,towns2 for every one being more sollicitous for a private ,interest and ,conveniency1 than for a publick1 they will either be for making forty ,towns at once1 that is1 two in every ,country1 or none at all1 which is the ,countries ,ruin4 ,but to return1 ,the ,tides in these ,rivers regularly ebb and flow about two ,foot perpendicular at ,james ,town2 there is there1 as they call it1 a ,tide and half ,tide1 that is1 it flows near two hours along by the ,shoar1 after that it is ebb in the ,channel1 and again it ebbs near two ,hours by the ,shoar1 after that it is ,flood in the ,channel4 ,this is great advantage to the ,boats passing up and down the ,river4 ,i suppose this is caused by many ,creeks and ,branches of the ,rivers1 which being considerable many1 tho' only three or four ,miles long1 yet as broad as the ,thames at ,london2 others ten ,miles long1 some above twenty1 that have little fresh ,water which they carry of their own1 but their ,current primarily depending upon the ,flux and ,re-flux of the ,sea4 ,so that after the ,tide is made in the ,channel1 it flows by the ,shoar a considerable time afterwards1 being that those ,creeks are still to fill1 and therefore as it were draws up a ,source upwards by the ,shoar2 and likewise when the ,tide returns in the ,channel1 the ,creeks that could not so readily disburse their ,water1 being still to empty themselves1 they make an ebbing by the ,shoar a considerable time after that it is ,flood1 as ,i say1 in the ,channel4 ,so far as the ,salt ,waters reach the ,country is deemed less healthy4 ,in the ,freshes they more rarely are troubled with the ,seasonings1 and those ,endemical ,distempers about ,september and ,october4 ,this being very remarkable1 ,i refer the ,reason to the more piercing ,genius of those most judicious ,members of the ,society3 ,and it might perhaps be worthy the ,disquisition of the most ,learned to give an ,account of the various alterations and fatal effects that the ,air has on humane ,bodies1 especially when impregnated with a ,marine ,salt2 more peculiarly when such an ,air becomes stagnant3 ,this might perhaps make several beneficial ,discoveries1 not only in relation to those ,distempers in ,america1 but perhaps take in your ,kentish ,agues1 and many others remarkable enough in our own ,nation4 ,i lately was making some ,observations of this nature1 on a ,lady of a delicate ,constitution1 who living in a clear ,air1 and removing towards the ,sea-,coast1 was lamentably afflicted therewith1 which both my self and others attributed to this ,cause1 she having formerly upon her going to the same1 been seized in the same manner4 ,but to return3 ,there is one thing more in reference to this very thing very remarkable in ,virginia1 generally twice in the ,year1 ,spring and ,fall1 at certain ,spring-,tides1 the most of the ,cattle will set on gadding1 and run1 tho' it be twenty or thirty ,miles1 to the ,river to drink the ,salt ,water1 at which time there's scarce any stopping of them2 which the ,people know so well1 that if about those times their ,herds are stray'd from their ,plantations1 without more sollicitation they go directly to the ,rivers to fetch them home again4 ,as for the ,waters in the ,springs in general1 they are1 ,i think1 somewhat more eager than those in ,england4 ,in that ,i have observed1 they require some quantity more of ,malt to make strong ,beer than our ,english ,waters1 and will not bear ,soap4 ,i have try'd several by infusing of ,galls1 and found little difference in the ,colours1 turning much what the ,colour of common ,sack in ,taverns4 ,i tried two ,wells at ,col4 ,birds1 by the ,falls of ,james ,river1 several ,wells near ,james ,town1 some ,springs in the ,isle of ,wight ,county3 ,there's a ,spring in the ,isle of ,wight1 or ,nanzamond ,county1 vents the greatest ,source of ,water ,i ever saw1 excepting ,holy-well in ,wales1 but ,i had not opportunity to make ,experiments thereof4 ,i tried likewise some ,springs on the ,banks of ,york ,river1 in ,new ,kent and ,gloucester ,county1 but found them vary very little as to ,colour4 ,i could not try any thing as to their specifick ,gravity1 having neither ,aquapoise1 nor those other ,glasses ,i had contrived peculiarly for making such ,experiments1 they being all lost with my other things4 ,i had ,glasses blown would hold about five ,ounces1 others about ten ,ounces1 with ,necks so small1 that a ,drop would make a considerable ,variation2 with these ,i could make much more critical and satisfactory ,observations as to the specifical ,gravity of ,liquors1 having critical ,scales1 than by any other way yet by me tried4 ,i used this method to weigh ,urines1 which ,practice ,i would recommend to the ,inquisitive and critical ,physicians4 ,i had made many ,observations hereof1 but all ,notes were likewise lost with my other things4 ,yet ,i have begun afresh2 for there are more signal ,variations in the ,weights of ,urines than one would at first imagin2 and when the ,eye can discover little1 but judge two ,urines to be alike1 they may be found to differ very much as to ,weight4 ,by ,weight ,i find ,observations may be made of ,affections in the ,head1 which rarely make any visible ,alterations in the ,urine4 ,i have found two ,urines not much unlike differ two and twenty ,grains in the quantity of about four or five ,ounces3 ,but let them that make these ,essays weigh all their ,urines when cold1 lest they be thereby deceiv'd4 ,but to return to the ,spring ,waters in ,virginia4 ,there's a ,spring at my ,lady ,berkley's1 called ,green-,spring1 whereof ,i have been often told1 so very ,cold1 that 'tis dangerous drinking thereof in ,summer-time1 it having proved of fatal ,consequence to several4 ,i never tried any thing of what ,nature it is of4 ,there be many petrifying ,waters2 and indeed ,i believe few of the ,waters but participate of a petrifying ,quality1 tho' there be few ,pebbles or paving ,stones to be found in all the ,country4 ,but ,i have found many ,sticks with crusty ,congelations round them in the ,ruins of ,springs1 and ,stones figured like ,honey-,combs1 with many little ,stars as it were shot in the ,holes4 ,and nothing is more common than petrefy'd ,shells1 unless you would determine that they are parts of natural ,rock shot in those ,figures1 which indeed ,i rather think2 but thereof hereafter4 ,mr4 ,secretary ,spencer has told me of some ,waters participating much of ,alome or ,vitriol towards ,potomack4 ,up beyond the ,falls of ,rapahanack ,i have heard of ,poisonous ,waters4 ,but these ,i only mention as a hint to further ,enquiry of some others1 for ,i can say nothing of them my self4 ,a ,continuation of ,mr4 ,john ,clayton's ,account of ,virginia4 ,of the ,earth and ,soil4 ,when you make the ,capes of ,virginia1 you may observe it low ,land1 so that at some distance the ,trees appear as if they grew in the ,water2 and as you approach nigher to emerge thence4 ,for a hundred ,miles up into the ,country1 there are few ,stones to be found1 only in some places1 ,rocks of ,iron ,oar appear1 which made me expect to have found many ,waters turn ,purple with ,galls1 but never met with any4 ,providence has supplied the common use of ,stones1 by making the ,roads very good3 so that they ride their ,horses without shooing them2 which yet are more rarely beaten on their ,feet1 than ours are in ,england1 the ,country and ,clime being dry1 their ,hoofs are much harder2 ,for ,i observed1 that take a ,horse out of the wet ,marshes1 and ,swamps1 as they there call them1 and ride him immediatly1 and he'll quickly be tender-footed4 ,in some places1 for several ,miles together1 the ,earth is so intermix'd with ,oyster-shells1 that there may seem as many ,shells as ,earth2 and how deep they lie thus inter-mingled1 ,i think1 is not yet known3 for at broken ,banks they discover themselves to be continued many ,yards perpendicular4 ,in several places these ,shells are much closer1 and being petrefied1 seem to make a ,vein of a ,rock4 ,i have seen in several places1 ,veins of these ,rocky ,shells1 three or four ,yards thick1 at the foot of a ,hill1 whose ,precipice might be twenty ,yards perpendicular1 whose ,delf1 ,i suppose1 shot under the ,hill1 pieces of these ,rocks broken off1 lie there1 which1 ,i suppose1 may weigh twenty or thirty ,tuns a piece1 and are as difficult to be broken as our ,free-stone4 ,of these ,rocks of ,oyster-shells that are not so much petrified1 they burn and make all their ,lime2 whereof they have that store1 that no ,generation will consume4 ,whether these were formerly ,oysters1 which left by the subsiding ,seas1 7as some suppose1 that all that ,tract of ,land1 now high ,ground1 was once overflowed by the ,sea7 were since petrefied1 or truly ,stones1 sui ,generis1 ,i leave to the ,honourable ,society to determin4 ,but when ,i consider the constant and distinct shooting of several ,salts1 ,nature's ,curiosity1 in every thing1 so far exceeding that of ,art1 that the most ,ingenious1 when referr'd thereto1 seem only endued with an ,apish fondness1 ,i cannot think any thing too difficult or wonderful for ,nature2 and indeed ,i do not apprehend1 why it may not be as feasible to suppose them to have been ,rocks1 at first shot into those ,figures1 as to conceive the ,sea to have amass'd such a vast number of ,oyster-shells one upon another1 and afterwards subsiding1 should leave them cover'd with such ,mountains of ,earth1 under which they should petrify3 ,but not to launch forth too far into those ,disputes1 since ,i must modestly remember to whom ,i write4 ,often1 in the looser ,banks of ,shells and ,earth1 are found perfect ,teeth petrefied1 some whereof ,i have seen1 could not be less than two or three ,inches long1 and above an ,inch broad3 ,tho' they were not ,maxillary ,teeth1 the part that one might suppose grew out of the ,jaw1 was polish'd1 and black1 almost as ,jet2 the part which had been fasten'd in the ,jaw and ,gums1 was brown1 and not so shiningly polish'd1 or smooth2 if they were1 as they seemed to be1 really ,teeth1 ,i suppose1 they must have been of ,fishes4 ,the back-,bone of a ,whale1 and as ,i remember1 they told me of some of the ,ribs1 were digg'd out of the side of a ,hill1 several ,yards deep in the ,ground1 about four ,miles distant from ,james ,town1 and the ,river4 ,mr4 ,banister1 a ,gentleman pretty curious in those things1 shew'd me likewise the ,joint of a ,whale's back-,bone1 and several ,teeth1 some whereof1 he said1 were found in ,hills beyond the ,falls of ,james ,river1 at least1 a hundred and fifty ,miles up into the ,country4 ,the ,soil in general is ,sandy3 ,i had designed1 and ,i think it might be worth a critical ,remark1 to observe1 the difference of ,soils seem appropriated to the several sorts of ,tobacco3 ,for there is not only the two distinct sorts of a sweet-scented1 and ,aranoko ,tobacco1 but of each of these be several sorts much different1 the ,seeds whereof are known by distinct ,names1 they having given them the ,names of those ,gentlemen most famed for such sort of ,tobacco1 as of ,prior-seed1 c4 ,nay1 the same sort of ,seed in different ,earths1 will produce ,tobacco much different1 as to goodness4 ,the richer the ,ground1 the better it is for ,aranoko ,tobacco1 whose ,scent is not much minded1 their only aim being to have it specious1 large1 and to procure it a bright ,kite's ,foot colour4 ,had not my ,microscopes1 c4 ,tools to grind ,glasses1 been cast away1 with my other things1 ,i had made some critical ,enquiries into their several ,natures1 ,i would have examin'd what proportions of ,salts1 all the sorts of ,earths had afforded1 and how ,water impregnated with their ,salts1 would have changed with infusing ,galls1 how with the ,syrup of ,violets1 and how they would have precipitated ,mercury1 or the like1 and so far forth as ,i had been able1 examined them by the several ,tryals of ,fire4 ,i conceive ,tobacco to be a ,plant abounding with ,nitro-,sulphurious ,particles2 for the ,planters try the goodness of their ,seed1 by casting a little thereof into the ,fire2 if it be good1 it will sparkle after the manner of ,gun-powder3 so will the ,stalks of ,tobacco-leaves1 and perhaps has something analogous to the ,narcotick ,sulphur of ,venus1 which the ,chymists so industriously labour after4 ,the ,world knows little of the efficacy of its ,oyl1 which has wonderful ,effects in the curing of old inveterate ,sores1 and ,scrophulous ,swellings1 and some1 otherwise applied and qualified4 ,the goodness of ,tobacco ,i look on primarily consists in the volatility of its ,nitre3 ,and hence the sandy ,grounds that are most impregnated therewith1 and whose ,nitrous ,salt is most ,volatile1 for such ,grounds are quickliest spent1 yield ,tobacco's that have the richest ,scent1 and that shortly becomes a pleasant ,smoak2 whereas1 in ,tobacco that grows on stiff ,ground1 the ,salts seem more fix'd1 and lock'd up in the ,oyl1 so that whilst new1 'tis very heady and strong1 and requires some time for its ,salts to free themselves1 and become ,volatile2 which it manifests1 by its having an ,urinous ,smell4 ,the same ,reason satisfies1 why ,tobacco that grows on low ,lands as far as the ,salts1 tho' the ,plant be never overflowed with ,salt ,water1 yet the ,ground that feeds the ,plant being impregnated with ,salt ,water1 that ,tobacco ,smoaks not pleasantly1 and will scarcely keep ,fire1 but do all that a ,man can1 will oft go out1 and gives much trouble in frequent lighting the ,pipe1 'till after it has been kept some considerable time3 ,which may be assign'd to the fixeder ,saline ,particles of the ,marine ,salt in these ,plants1 which require more time e'er they be render'd ,volatile4 ,here it might be worthy an ,enquiry into the ,nature of ,filtration of ,plants1 since we may hence gather1 ,particles of the ,marine ,salt are carried along with the ,succus ,nutritius of the ,plant2 concerning which1 if it were not too much to deviate from the ,matter in hand1 ,i should offer some ,reflections of my own1 which the ,learned ,society might perhaps improve3 ,for ,i think thence might be made many happy ,conjectures as to the ,virtues of ,plants4 ,so where we see ,plants1 or ,trees1 of an open ,pore growing low1 we shall find their ,juice has subtile ,parts3 ,so have all ,vines1 whether the ,grape ,vine1 or ,briony1 or a ,smilax1 or the like4 ,if a ,gummous ,plant or ,tree1 that grows low1 and close ,pored1 it abounds with acid ,spirits1 as ,lignum ,vit1 c4 if it grow tall1 and be open ,pored1 it abounds with a subtile ,volatile ,spirit1 as your ,firs1 and the ,turpentine ,tree4 ,but to insist no further herein1 than as this may be applicable to the present ,discourse3 ,for ,i have observed1 that that which is called ,pine-wood ,land1 tho' it be a sandy ,soil1 even the ,sweet-scented ,tobacco that grows thereon1 being large and porous1 agreeable to ,aranoko ,tobacco2 it smoaks as coarsely as ,aranoko3 ,wherefore 'tis1 that ,i believe the ,microscope might make notable ,discoveries towards the knowledge of good ,tobacco3 ,for the closer the ,composition of the ,leaf1 the better the ,tobacco2 and therefore the ,planters and ,merchants brag of the ,substance of their ,tobacco2 which word1 did they always take it in a true ,sence1 for the ,solidness1 and not mistake it for the ,thickness1 it would be more consonant to a true ,observation3 for as ,i said of the ,pine-wood ,tobacco1 some of it is thick and not ,solid1 and differs from the best ,tobacco1 as ,buff does from ,tann'd ,leather2 so that if the ,tobacco be sound and not ,rotten1 you may give a great guess at the goodness of ,tobacco1 when you weigh the ,hogsheads1 before you see them3 ,for if an equal care be taken in the packing of them the best ,tobacco will weigh the heaviest1 and ,pack the closest4 ,now ,i said1 that the ,sweet-scented ,tobacco most in vogue1 which was most fam'd for its ,scent1 was that that grew on sandy ,land2 which is true1 if you would ,smoak it whilst new1 or whilst only two or three ,years ,old2 but if you keep the stiff ,land ,tobacco1 which is generally a ,tobacco of great ,substance five or six ,years1 it will much excel3 ,for tho' the sandy ,land ,tobacco abound with a ,volatile ,nitre at first1 yet the stiff ,land ,tobacco abounds with a greater quantity of ,nitre1 only that it is lock'd up in its ,oyl at first1 and requires more time to extricate it self1 and become ,volatile2 but the ,pine-wood ,land having little of the ,nitro-,sulphurious ,particles1 neither is1 nor ever will make any thing of a rich ,smoak4 ,discoursing hereof some days since1 to a ,gentleman of good ,observation1 that has been versed with ,malting1 he assured me1 to back this my ,supposition1 or ,hypothesis1 he had observed1 that ,barly that grew on stiff ,ground1 requir'd more time considerably to ,mellow1 and come to perfection1 than that that grew on light ,land4 ,having proceeded thus far to speak of ,tobacco1 ,i shall add one or two things more4 ,the ,planters differ in their ,judgments about the ,time of ,planting1 or ,pitching their ,crops3 ,some are for ,pitching their ,crops very early1 others late1 without any distinction of the ,nature of the ,soils2 and 'tis from the different ,effects that they find1 in that1 sometimes early1 sometimes the late ,planting succeeds3 ,but they have not the ,reason to judge of the ,cause1 to consider the ,accidents of the ,year1 and the ,difference of the ,soils4 ,in sandy ,grounds they need not strive so much for early ,planting1 the ,looseness of the ,earth1 and the kind natur'd ,soil1 yielding all that it can1 easily and speedily1 and ,sand retaining the ,heat1 makes the ,plants grow faster4 ,but in stiff ,soils1 if the ,crops be not early pitch'd1 so that during the ,season of ,rains it have got considerable ,roots1 and shot them some depth1 if early ,droughts come1 it so binds the ,land1 that the ,roots never spread or shoot deeper1 or further than the ,hill that they are planted in3 ,for they plant them as we do ,cabbages1 raising ,hills to set every ,plant in1 about the bigness of a common ,mole-hill3 observing this on the ,plantation where ,i lived1 that it was stiff ,ground1 ,i advised them to ,plant their ,crops as early as possible2 and in order thereunto1 ,i tried several ways to further the ,plants2 but not to trouble you with the several ,experiments that ,i made1 in reference thereto3 ,what ,i found most advantageous was1 by taking an infusion of ,horse-dung1 and putting thereon ,soot1 and then my ,seeds2 this ,i kept ,forty eight ,hours in an ordinary digestive heat1 ,i had two ,beds left me to ,sow1 in the midst of those the ,people sow'd1 and the quantity of ,seed that they generally allotted to the same quantity of ,ground2 when ,i sow'd1 ,i mix'd ,ashes with the ,seed1 having decanted the ,liquor1 that the ,seed might sow the evener3 ,the effect was1 that my ,plants came up much sooner1 grew swifter1 and ,i had five ,plants for one more than any of the other ,beds bore2 ,i left the ,country shortly after1 and so no certainty of the final ,result4 ,there be had various ,accidents and ,distempers1 whereunto ,tobacco is liable1 as the ,worm1 the ,fly1 ,firing to ,turn1 as they call them1 ,french-men1 and the like4 ,i propos'd several ways to kill the ,worm and ,fly1 as by ,sulphur and the like2 but had no opportunity to experiment it3 ,i shall set down that ,i had most hopes of1 which perhaps may give a hint to others to try or improve4 ,tobacco-seed is very small1 and by consequence so is the young ,plant at first1 that if gleamy ,weather happen at that time1 it breeds a small ,fly1 which consumes the ,plume of the ,plant2 now it being early in the ,year when they ,sow the ,seed1 viz4 about the fourteenth of ,january1 they cover the ,ground1 to secure1 as well as they can1 their tender ,plants1 from the nipping ,frosts1 that may happen in the ,nights2 they cover them only with a few ,oak-leaves1 or the like2 for ,straw they find apt to ,harbour and ,breed this ,fly3 ,i therefore would advise them to smoak ,straw with ,brimstone1 once in two or three ,nights1 and so they might cover them securely1 with that which would preserve them infinitely beyond the ,covering with ,oak-boughs2 indeed1 ,i would advise them to keep peculiarly so much of their ,indian ,corn-blades1 which they gather for their ,fodder1 for this very purpose1 being as ,i conceive1 much the best1 there being no ,chaff to foul their ,beds1 and prejudice them when they should weed them4 ,what they call ,firing is this3 ,when ,plants are of small ,substance1 as when there has been a very ,wet and ,cold ,season1 and very hot ,weather suddainly ensues1 the ,leaves turn ,brown1 and dry to dust3 the cause ,i conceive to be hence3 ,the ,plant being feeble1 and having a small quantity of ,oyl1 which makes the more solid part of the ,plant1 the ,earth being suddainly heated by the ,sun's fiercer ,beams1 the ,roots are rather scorch'd and dried up in the ,earth1 than nourish'd2 so that the ,plant consisting only of watry parts1 is consumed1 as it were1 by ,fire3 sometimes hopeful ,plants1 when by a sudden ,gust some ,master ,veins are broken1 if suddain heat ensues1 they likewise ,fire3 ,for being not come to maturity1 and being deprived of the ,supports of ,life and ,vegetation1 they likewise perish1 are dried up1 and fall to dust4 ,french-men they call those ,plants1 whose leaves do not spread and grow large1 but rather spire upwards1 and grow tall2 these ,plants they do not tend1 being not worthy their ,labour4 ,were they so ,critical1 ,i believe1 they might have great ,guess what ,plants were most likely to turn ,french-men1 by observing whether the ,roots of the ,plants run downwards1 as those whose ,branches are aptest to spire upwards3 ,for tho' ,i have not made positive proof thereof1 ,i have something more than bare fancy for my conjecture2 ,i have pull'd up some of these ,french-men1 and compar'd them with the ,roots of some other ,plants1 and found them much longer than others2 and 'tis observable1 loose ,soils1 and sandy ,ground1 are more subject thereto than the stiff ,land4 ,the ,country of it self is one entire ,wood1 consisting of large ,timber ,trees of several sorts1 free from ,thickets or under ,wood1 the small ,shrubs growing only on ,lands1 that have been clear'd1 or in ,swamps2 and thus it is for several ,hundreds of ,miles1 even as far as has yet been discover'd4 ,but that shall be reserv'd 'till another opportunity4 ,i am1 c4 ,mr4 ,john ,clayton1 ,rector of ,crofton at ,wakefield1 his ,letter to the ,royal ,society1 giving a farther ,account of the ,soil1 and other ,observables of ,virginia4 ,i shall here present you with a continuation of my ,remarks on the ,river1 ,soil1 and ,plants of ,virginia4 ,and first1 as to the ,river on the other side the ,mountains1 said to ,ebb and ,flow4 ,i have been assured by ,col4 ,bird1 who is one of the ,intelligentest ,gentlemen in all ,virginia1 and knows more of ,indian ,affairs than any ,man in the ,country1 that it was a ,mistake2 for that it must run into a ,lake1 now called ,lake ,petite1 which is fresh ,water2 for since that time a ,colony of the ,french are come down from ,canada1 and have seated themselves on the back of ,virginia1 where ,fallam and the rest suppos'd there might be a ,bay1 but is a ,lake1 to which they have given the ,name of ,lake ,petite1 there being several larger ,lakes 'twixt that and ,canada4 ,the ,french possessing themselves of these ,lakes1 no doubt will in short time be absolute ,masters of the ,beaver ,trade1 the greatest number of ,beavers being catch'd there4 ,the ,colonel told me likewise1 that the common ,notion of the ,lake of ,canada1 he was assured was a ,mistake1 for the ,river supposed to come out of it1 had no ,communication with any of the ,lakes1 nor the ,lakes one with another1 but were distinct4 ,but not to ramble after hear-say1 and other matters2 but to return to the ,parts of ,virginia inhabited by the ,english1 which in general is a very ,fertile ,soil1 far surpassing ,england1 for there ,english ,wheat 7as they call it1 to distinguish it from ,maze1 commonly called ,virginia ,wheat7 yields generally 'twixt ,fifteen and ,thirty fold1 the ,ground only once plow'd2 whereas 'tis a good ,crop in ,england that yields above ,eight fold1 after all their ,toil and ,labour4 ,and yet in truth 'tis only the barrennest ,parts that they have cultivated1 ,tilling and ,planting only the ,high-,lands1 leaving the ,richer ,vales unstirr'd1 because they understand not any thing of ,draining4 ,so that the ,richest ,meadow-,lands1 which is one third of the ,country1 is ,boggy1 ,marsh1 and ,swamp1 whereof they make little ,advantage1 but loose in them abundance of their ,cattle1 especially at the first of the ,spring1 when the ,cattle are weak1 and venture too far after young ,grass4 ,whereas vast ,improvements might be made thereof2 for the generality of ,virginia is a ,sandy ,land with a shallow ,soil4 ,so that after they have cleared a fresh piece of ,ground out of the ,woods1 it will not bear ,tobacco past two or three ,years1 unless ,cow-pen'd2 for they ,manure their ,ground by keeping their ,cattle1 as in the ,south you do your ,sheep1 every ,night confining them within ,hurdles1 which they remove when they have sufficiently dung'd one spot of ,ground2 but alas6 they cannot ,improve much thus1 besides it produces a strong sort of ,tobacco1 in which the ,smoakers say they can plainly taste the fulsomeness of the ,dung4 ,therefore every three or four ,years they must be for clearing a new piece of ,ground out of ,woods1 which requires much ,labour and ,toil1 it being so thick grown all over with ,massy ,timber4 ,thus their ,plantations run over vast ,tracts of ,ground1 each ambitioning to engross as much as they can1 that they may be sure to have enough to ,plant1 and for their ,stocks and ,herds of ,cattel to ,range and ,feed in1 that ,plantations of #ajjj1 #bjjj1 or #cjjj ,acres are common1 whereby the ,country is thinly inhabited2 their ,living solitary and unsociable2 ,trading confused and dispersed2 besides other ,inconveniences3 ,whereas they might ,improve #bjj or #cjj ,acres to more ,advantage1 and would make the ,country much more ,healthy2 for those that have #cjjj ,acres1 have scarce cleared #fjj ,acres thereof1 which is peculiarly term'd the ,plantation1 being surrounded with the #bdjj ,acres of ,woods3 so that there can be no free or even motion of the ,air1 but the ,air is kept either stagnant1 or the lofty ,sulphurous ,particles of the ,air1 that are higher than the tops of the ,trees1 which are above as high again as the generality of the ,woods in ,england1 descending when they pass over the cleared spots of ,ground1 must needs in the violent heat of ,summer1 raise a preternatural ,ferment1 and produce bad ,effects4 ,nor is it any advantage to their ,stocks1 or ,crops2 for did they but drain their ,swamps1 and ,low-,lands1 they have a very deep ,soil1 that would endure ,planting twenty or thirty ,years1 and some would scarce ever be worn out1 but be ever longer better1 for they might lay them all ,winter1 or when they ,pleased in ,water1 and the product of their ,labour would be double or treble1 whether ,corn or ,tobacco2 and that this is no fond ,projection1 7though when ,i have discoursed the same to several1 and in part shewn them how their particular ,grounds might be drained at a very easie rate7 they have either been so conceited of their old way1 so sottish as not to apprehend1 or so negligent as not to apply themselves thereto4 ,but on the ,plantation where ,i lived1 ,i drained a good large ,swamp1 which fully answered expectation4 ,the ,gentlewoman where ,i lived1 was a very ,acute ,ingenious ,lady2 who one day ,discoursing the ,overseer of her ,servants1 about pitching the ensuing ,year's ,crop4 ,the ,overseer was naming one place where he designed to ,plant #cjjjj ,plants1 another place for #aejjj1 another for #ajjjj1 and so forth the whole ,crop1 designed to be about #ajjjjj ,plants3 ,having observed the ,year before he had done the like1 and scattered his ,crop up and down the ,plantation1 at ,places a ,mile1 or a ,mile and a half asunder1 which was very ,inconvenient1 and whereby they lost much time4 ,i interposed1 and asked1 why they did not ,plant all their ,crop together8 ,the ,fellow smiled as it were at my ,ignorance1 and said1 there was very good ,reason for it4 ,i replied1 that was it ,i enquir'd after4 ,he returned1 the ,plantation had been an old planted ,plantation1 and being but a small ,plot of ,ground1 was almost worn out1 so that they had not ,ground altogether that would bring forth ,tobacco4 ,i told him then they had better ,ground than ever yet they had planted1 and more than their ,hands could manage4 ,he smil'd again1 and asked me1 where8 ,i then named such a ,swamp4 ,he then said scornfully1 he thought what a ,planter ,i was2 that ,i understood better how to make a ,sermon1 then managing ,tobacco4 ,i replied with some warmness1 tho' ,i hoped so1 that was ,impertinence1 and no ,answer4 ,he then said1 that the ,tobacco there would drown1 and the ,roots rot4 ,i replied1 that the whole ,country would drown if the ,rivers were stopt1 but it might be laid as dry as any ,land on the ,plantation4 ,in short1 we discoursed it very warmly1 till he told me1 he understood his own ,business well enough1 and did not desire to learn of me4 ,but the ,gentlewoman attended somewhat better to my ,reasoning1 and got me one day to go and shew her how ,i projected the draining of the ,swamp1 and thought it so feasible1 that she was resolved to have it done2 and therefore desir'd me ,i would again ,discourse her ,overseer1 which ,i did several times1 but he would by no means hearken thereto1 and was so positive1 that she was forc'd to turn him away1 to have her ,servants set about the ,work2 and with three ,men in thirteen ,days ,i drained the whole ,swamp1 it being ,sandy ,land1 soaks and drains admirably well1 and what ,i little expected1 laid a ,well dry at a considerable distance4 ,the ,gentlewoman was in ,england last ,year1 and ,i think ,dr4 ,moulin was by when she asked me4 ,now to teach her how she might make her ,tobacco that grew in the ,swamp less1 for it produced so very large1 that it was suspected to be of the ,aranoko kind3 ,i told her1 though the complaint was rare1 yet there was an ,excellent ,remedy for that1 in letting every ,plant bear eight or nine ,leaves instead of four or five1 and she would have more ,tobacco1 and less ,leaves4 ,now you must know they top their ,tobacco1 that is1 take away the little top-bud1 when the ,plant has put forth as many ,leaves as they think the ,richness of the ,ground will bring to a ,substance2 but generally when it has shot forth four or six ,leaves4 ,and when the top-bud is gone1 it puts forth no more ,leaves1 but ,side-branches1 which they call ,suckers1 which they are careful ever to take away1 that they may not empoverish the ,leaves4 ,i have been more tedious in the ,particulars1 the fullier to evince how resolute they are and conceitedly bent to follow their old ,practice and ,custom1 rather than to receive ,directions from others1 tho' plain1 easie1 and advantageous4 ,there are many other ,places as easie to drain as this1 tho' of larger extent1 and richer ,soil1 for some of which ,i have given directions1 and have only had the return perhaps of a flout afterwards3 ,even in ,james ,town ,island1 which is much what of an ,oval ,figure1 there's a ,swamp runs ,diagonal-wise over the ,island1 whereby is lost at least #aej ,acres of ,land1 which would be ,meadow1 which would turn to as good ,account as if it were in ,england3 ,besides it is the great annoyance of the ,town1 and no doubt but makes it much more unhealthy4 ,if therefore they but scour'd the ,channel1 and made a pretty ordinary ,trench all along the middle of the ,swamp1 plac'd a ,sluice at the ,mouth1 where it opens into the back ,creek2 for the ,mouth of the ,channel there is narrow1 has a good hard bottom1 and is not past two ,yards deep when the ,flood is out2 as if ,nature had designed it before hand3 ,they might thus drain all the ,swamp absolutely dry1 or lay it under ,water at their ,pleasure4 ,i have talked several times hereof to ,mr4 ,sherwood1 the owner of the ,swamp1 yet nothing is essayed in ,order thereto4 ,and now since we are speaking of ,james ,town give me leave to adjoin some ,reflections as to the ,situation and ,fortifications of the ,place4 ,the ,natural ,situation of the place is such1 as perhaps the ,world has not a more commodious ,place for a ,town1 where all things conspire for ,advantage thereof4 ,james ,town ,island is rather a ,peninsula1 being joined to the ,continent by a small ,neck of ,land1 not past ,twenty or ,thirty ,yards over1 and which at ,spring-,tides is overflow'd1 and is then an absolute ,island4 ,now they have built a silly sort of a ,fort1 that is1 a ,brick ,wall in the shape of a ,half-,moon1 at the beginning of the ,swamp1 because the ,channel of the ,river lies very nigh the ,shoar2 but it is the same as if a ,fort were built at ,chelsey to secure ,london from being taken by ,shipping4 ,besides ,ships passing up the ,river are secured from the ,guns of the ,fort1 till they come directly over-against the ,fort1 by reason the ,fort stands in a ,vale1 and all the ,guns directed down the ,river1 that should play on the ,ships1 as they are coming up the ,river1 will lodge their ,shot within ,ten1 ,twenty1 or ,forty ,yards in the rising ,bank1 which is much above the ,level of the ,fort2 so that if a ,ship gave but a good ,broad-side1 just when she comes to bear upon the ,fort1 she might put the ,fort into that confusion1 as to have free ,passage enough4 ,there was indeed an old ,fort of ,earth in the ,town1 being a sort of ,tetragone1 with something like ,bastions at the four ,corners1 as ,i remember2 but the ,channel lying further off to the middle of the ,river there1 they let it be demolished1 and built that new one spoke of1 of ,brick1 which seems little better than a blind ,wall1 to shoot ,wild ,ducks or ,geese4 ,if they would build a ,fort for the ,security of the ,town and ,country1 ,i conceive it should be on ,archer's ,hope ,point1 for that would stop the ,ships from passing up the ,river1 before they came to the ,town1 and would secure the ,town from being block'd up by ,sea4 ,the ,channel at ,archer's ,hope ,point lies close by the ,shoar1 and makes such an ,angle there by reason of ,hog ,island1 that going up or down the ,river1 let the ,wind be where it will1 they must there bring the contrary ,tack on ,board1 and generally when they ,about the ,ship as they call it1 they are so near the ,shoar1 that a ,man may almost fling a ,finger-stone on ,board4 ,how much this hinders the motion of a ,ship1 and what ,confusion it must be to them to bring a contrary ,tack on ,board1 whilst they have all the ,guns of a ,fort playing so nigh upon them1 may readily be conceived4 ,archer's ,hope is a ,neck of ,land1 that runs down three ,miles long1 not much past half a ,mile broad betwixt the ,main ,river and ,archer's ,hope ,creek1 which has large ,marshes and ,swamps2 so that a ,citadel built upon the ,point1 would almost be ,impregnable1 being it could be attack'd no way but one1 which is so narrow a slender ,neck of ,land1 that it would be difficult to take it that way3 ,and it would secure ,james ,town from being block'd1 being it would not be past a ,mile by ,water1 to the ,point of ,james ,town ,island4 ,the ,island is so surrounded with ,water and ,marshy ,land1 that the ,town could never be ,bomb'd by ,land4 ,but now to return to the ,reflections of ,improving1 and ,manuring of ,land in ,virginia2 hitherto1 as ,i have said1 they have used none but that of ,cow-penning2 yet ,i suppose they might find very good ,marle in many places1 ,i have seen both the red and blew ,marle at some breaks of ,hills3 ,this would be the properest ,manure for their ,sandy ,land1 if they spread it not too thick1 theirs being1 as ,i have said1 a shallow1 ,sandy ,soil1 which was the ,reason ,i never advised any to use ,lime1 tho' they have very good ,lime of ,oyster-shells2 but that's the properest ,manure for cold ,clay ,land1 and not for a ,sandy ,soil4 ,but as most ,lands have one ,swamp or another bordering on them1 they may certainly get admirable ,slitch1 wherewith to ,manure all their uplands4 ,but this1 say they1 will not improve ,ground1 but clods and grows hard2 'tis true1 it will do so for some time1 a ,year or two at the first2 but did they cast it in heaps1 and let it lie for two or three ,years after a ,frost or two had seized it1 and it had been well pierced therewith1 ,i doubt not it would turn to good ,account3 ,and for this too ,i have something more than bare conjecture2 for ,discoursing it once with a good notable ,planter1 we went to view a heap thereof1 that casually he had cast up 'twixt three and four ,years before1 and we found it not very binding1 but rather a fine ,natural ,mold1 whereupon he did confess1 he then remembred that out of a ridge of the like ,mold he had very large ,plants1 which must have been of the like ,slime or ,slitch cast up before3 ,but said1 that himself and others despaired of this ,manure1 because they had taken of this ,slitch fresh and moist out of the ,swamp1 and fill'd ,tobacco ,hills with it1 and in the midst of it planted their ,plants1 which so bound the ,roots of their ,plants1 that they never came to any thing4 ,but he said1 he then saw his ,error1 yet ,i have not heard he has remembred to ,correct it4 ,but 'tis strange in how many things besides they are remiss1 which one would think ,english ,men should not be guilty of4 ,they neither ,house nor ,milk any of their ,cows in ,winter1 having a ,notion that it would kill them2 yet ,i perswaded the afore-mentioned ,lady where ,i lived1 to ,milk four ,cows the last ,winter that ,i staid in the ,country1 whereof she found so good ,effect1 that she assured me she would keep to my ,advice for the future2 and also as ,i had further urged1 ,house them too1 for which they have mighty ,conveniencies1 their ,tobacco ,houses being empty ever at that time of the ,year1 and may easily be fitted in two or three days time without any ,prejudice2 whereby their ,cattle would be much sheltered from those ,pinching sharp ,frosts that some ,nights on a sudden become very severe4 ,i had another ,project for the ,preservation of their ,cattle proved very successful2 ,i urged the ,lady to sow her ,wheat as early as possibly she could1 so that before ,winter it might be well rooted1 to be early and flourishing at the first of the ,spring3 ,so that she might turn thereon her weak ,cattle1 and such as should at any time be swamp'd1 whereby they might be recruited and saved1 and it would do the ,wheat good also4 ,i advised her likewise to save1 and carefully gather her ,indian ,corn-tops1 and blades1 and all her ,straw1 whatever could be made ,fodder1 for her ,cattle2 for they get no ,hay1 tho' ,i was urging her to that too1 and to sow ,saintfoin2 for being a ,sandy ,soil1 ,i am confident it would turn to very good ,account4 ,they have little or no ,grass in ,winter1 so that their ,cattle are pined and starved1 and many that are brought low and weak1 when the ,spring begins1 venture too far into the ,swamps after the fresh ,grass1 where they perish2 so that several ,persons lose ten1 twenty or thirty ,head of ,cattle in a ,year3 ,i observed this was much owing to their ,inadvertency and ,error in their way of ,managing and ,feeding them2 for they get little ,fodder1 but as they think ,corn being more ,nourishing1 feed them with their ,indian ,corn1 which they give them ,morning and ,evening2 they spend thus a great quantity of ,corn1 and when all's done1 what signifies two or three ,heads of ,corn to a ,beast in a ,morning8 ,it makes them only linger about the ,houses for more8 and after that sweet ,food they are not so prompt to browse on the ,trees1 and the course ,grass which the ,country affords4 ,so that thus their ,guts shrink up1 and they become ,belly-shot as they call it4 ,i advised therefore never to give them any thing in a ,morning1 whereby as soon as they were set forth of the ,cow-pens1 they would fall a feeding1 and tho' they filled their ,bellies only with such course stuff as had little ,nourishment in it1 yet it would keep out their ,bellies1 and they would have a better ,digestion2 and then when they were come home at ,nights1 to ,fodder them1 beginning with ,straw and their coarsest ,fodder1 which they would learn to eat by degrees1 before they tasted that that was more delicate1 and whilst their digestion was strong1 would yield them ,nourishment to keep them still so2 afterwards when the ,winter pinched1 their fine ,fodder then would stand them in stead2 and hereby they might preserve their weakest ,cattle4 ,by these ,methods1 and the help of the ,wheat-patch1 she1 the ,gentlewoman where ,i lived1 saved all her ,cattle1 and lost not one in ,two ,winters after1 that ,i staid there2 besides she saved above ,twenty ,barrels of ,corn1 as ,i remember that she told me she used to spend upon her ,stock2 and a ,barrel of ,corn is commonly worth ,ten ,shillings4 ,nay further1 ,the last ,spring she fed ,two ,beasts1 a ,bullock and a ,cow1 ,fat1 upon her ,wheat1 with the addition only of a little boil'd ,corn1 and yet the ,wheat was scarce eat down enough4 ,but to return again to the ,nature of the ,earth1 which may be pretty well gather'd from what ,i have already said4 ,i have observed1 that at ,five or ,six yards deep1 at the breaks of some banks1 ,i have found veins of ,clay1 admirable good to make ,pots1 ,pipes1 or the like of1 and whereof ,i suppose the ,indians make their ,pipes1 and ,pots1 to boil their ,meat in1 which they make very handsomly1 and will endure the ,fire better than most ,crucibles3 ,i took of this ,clay1 dryed1 powder'd1 and sifted it2 powdered and sifted ,potsherds1 and ,glass2 ,three parts1 ,two parts and ,one part as ,i remember1 and therewith made a large ,crucible1 which was the best ,i yet ever tried in my ,life2 ,i took it once red hot out of the ,fire1 and clapt it immediately into ,water1 and it started not at all4 ,the ,country abounds mightily with ,iron ,oar1 that as ,i have been assured by some upon tryal1 has been found very good4 ,there are ,rocks thereof appear at the precipice of ,hills1 at the foot whereof there runs a ,river fit for a ,forge1 and there's ,wood enough to supply it with ,charcoal2 as ,i have heard there was formerly some ,persons undertook the ,work1 and when they had made but a small quantity of ,iron1 which proved very good1 the ,indian ,massacre happened1 and they being higher seated than the then ,inhabited part of the ,country1 were all cut off1 and the ,works demolished2 so that it has frighted others ,i think from the like attempt2 besides1 such a work requires a greater ,fund1 and ,bank of ,mony to carry it on1 than any there are able to lay out2 and for ,persons in ,england to meddle therewith1 is certainly to be cheated at such a distance2 some ,indians brought ,col4 ,bird some ,black ,lead1 whereof he told me there was great store4 ,there's very curious ,chalk towards the falls of ,rapahanock ,river1 which they burn and make a delicate white ,wash of it4 ,the ,secretary of ,state ,col4 ,spencer1 has assured me1 there were ,vitriolick or ,alluminous ,earth on the ,banks of ,potomack4 ,and thus far of what my ,memory supplies me1 referring to the ,earth2 in the next place ,i shall give a short account of the ,birds4 ,of the ,,birds ,i had indeed begun once whilst ,i was in that ,country to have made a ,collection of the ,birds1 but falling sick of the ,griping of the ,guts1 some of them for want of care corrupted1 which made them fling others away that ,i had thoroughly cured2 for ,i was past taking care of them my self1 there remaining but small hopes of my ,life4 ,there are ,three sorts of ,eagles1 the largest ,i take to be that they call the ,grey ,eagle1 being much of the colour of our ,kite or ,glead4 ,the ,second is the ,bald ,eagle1 for the ,body and part of the ,neck being of a dark brown1 the upper part of the ,neck and ,head is covered with a white sort of ,down1 whereby it looks very bald1 whence it is so named4 ,the ,third is the ,black ,eagle1 resembling most the ,english ,eagle2 they build their ,nests much after the manner that ,dr4 ,willoughby describes1 and generally at the top of some tall old ,tree1 naked of ,bows and nigh the ,river side1 and the ,people fall the ,tree generally when they take the young2 they are most frequently sitting on some tall ,tree by the ,river side1 whence they may have a prospect up and down the ,river1 as ,i suppose to observe the ,fishing ,hauks2 for when they see the ,fishing ,hauk has struck a ,fish1 immediately they take ,wing1 and 'tis sometimes very pleasant to behold the ,flight1 for when the ,fishing ,hauk perceives her self pursued1 she will scream and make a terrible noise1 till at length she lets fall the ,fish to make her own escape1 which the ,eagle frequently catches before it reach the ,earth or ,water4 ,these ,eagles kill young ,lambs1 ,pigs1 c4 ,the ,fishing ,hauk is an absolute ,species of a ,kings-fisher1 but full as large1 or larger than our ,jay1 much of the ,colour and ,shape of a ,kings-fisher1 tho' not altogether so curiously ,feather'd2 it has a large ,crop1 as ,i remember1 there is a little ,kings-fisher much the same in every respect with ours4 ,if ,i much mistake not1 ,i have seen both ,goss ,hauk and ,falcon2 besides there are several sorts of the lesser ,kind of ,stannels4 ,there is likewise the ,kite and the ,ringtail4 ,i never heard the ,cuckow there to my remembrance4 ,there's both a brown ,owl and white ,owl1 much what as large as a ,goose1 which often kills their ,hens and ,poultry in the ,night2 the white ,owl is a very delicate ,feather'd ,bird1 all the ,feathers upon her ,breast and ,back being ,snow-white1 and tipp'd with a ,punctal of ,jet-black3 besides there is a ,barn ,owl much like ours2 and a little sort of ,scritch ,owl4 ,there's both the ,raven1 and the ,carrion-,crow2 ,i do not remember ,i ever saw any ,rooks there4 ,dr4 ,moulin and my self1 when we made our ,anatomies together1 when ,i was at ,london1 we shew'd to the ,royal ,society1 that all ,flat-bill'd ,birds that groped for their ,meat1 had three ,pair of ,nerves1 that came down into their ,bills2 whereby as we conceived they had that accuracy to distinguish what was proper for ,food1 and what to be rejected by their ,taste when they did not see it2 and as this was most evident in a ,duck's ,bill and ,head1 ,i draw'd a ,cut thereof1 and left it in your ,custody3 ,a ,duck has larger ,nerves that come into their ,bills than ,geese or any other ,bird that ,i have seen and therefore quaffer and grope out their ,meat the most3 ,but ,i had then discover'd none of these ,nerves in ,round-bill'd ,birds3 ,but since in my ,anatomies in the ,country1 in a ,rook ,i first observed two ,nerves came down betwixt the ,eyes into the upper ,bill1 but considerably smaller than any or the three ,pair of ,nerves in the ,bills of ,ducks1 but larger than the ,nerves in any other ,round-bill'd ,birds2 and 'tis remarkable these ,birds more than any other ,round-bill'd ,birds seem to grope for their ,meat in ,cow-dung and the like3 ,since ,i have found in several ,round-bill'd ,birds the like ,nerves coming down betwixt the ,eyes1 but so very small that had ,i not seen them first in a ,rook ,i should scarce have made the discovery2 in the lower ,bill there are ,nerves have much the same situation with the ,flat-bill'd ,birds1 but very small1 and scarce discernable1 unless to the ,cautious and ,curious4 ,the ,night ,raven1 which some call the ,virginia ,bat1 is about the bigness of a ,cuckow1 feather'd like them but very short1 and short ,leg'd1 not discernable when it flies1 which is only in the ,evening scudding like our ,night ,raven4 ,there's a great sort of ravenous ,bird that feeds upon ,carrion1 as big very nigh as an ,eagle1 which they call a ,turky ,bustard1 its ,feathers are of a ,duskish black1 it has red ,gills1 resembling those of a ,turky1 whence it has its ,name2 it is nothing of the same sort of ,bird with our ,english ,turky ,bustard1 but is rather a ,species of the ,kites1 for it will hover on the ,wing something like them1 and is carnivorous2 the ,fat thereof dissolved into an ,oil1 is recommended mightily against old ,aches and ,sciatica ,pains4 ,i think there are no ,jackdaws1 nor any ,magpys2 they there prize a ,magpye as much as we do their ,red ,bird4 ,the ,pica ,glandaria1 or ,jay1 is much less than our ,english ,jay1 and of another colour1 for it is all blue where ours is brown1 the ,wings marbled as curiously as ours are1 it has both the same ,cry1 and sudden jetting ,motion4 ,there are great ,variety and ,curiosity in the ,wood-peckers1 there's one as big as our ,magpye1 with blackish brown ,feathers1 and a large ,scarlet ,tuft on the top of the ,head3 ,there are four or five sorts of ,wood-peckers more1 variegated with ,green1 ,yellow and ,red ,heads1 others spotted black and white1 most lovely to behold4 ,there's a ,tradition amongst them1 that the ,tongue of one of these ,wood-peckers dryed will make the ,teeth drop out if pick'd therewith1 and cure the ,tooth-ach 7tho' ,i believe little of it1 but look on it as ridiculous7 yet ,i thought fit to hint as much that others may try2 for sometimes such old ,stories refer to some peculiar ,virtues1 tho' not to all that is said of them4 ,there be wild ,turkies extream large2 they talk of ,turkies that have been kill'd1 that have weigh'd betwixt #ej and #fj ,pound weight2 the largest that ever ,i saw1 weigh'd something better than #ch ,pound2 they have very long ,legs1 and will run prodigiously fast4 ,i remember not that ever ,i saw any of them on the ,wing1 except it were once3 ,their ,feathers are of a blackish shining ,colour1 that in the ,sun shine like a ,dove's ,neck1 very specious4 ,hens and ,cocks are for the most part without ,tails and ,rumps2 and as some have assured me our ,english ,hens after some time being kept there have their ,rumps ,rot off2 which ,i'm the apter to believe1 being all their ,hens are certainly of ,english breed4 ,i'm sorry ,i made no ,anatomical ,observations thereof1 and ,remarks about the ,use of the ,rumps in ,birds1 which at present ,i take to be a couple of ,glands1 containing a sort of ,juice for the ,varnishing the ,feathers2 having observed all ,birds have much recourse with their ,bills to the ,rumps when they dress their ,plumes1 whereby they scud thro' the ,air more nimbly in their ,flight4 ,partridges there are much smaller than ours1 and resort in ,covies as ours do2 their ,flesh is very white1 and much excels ours in my mind1 ,sed de gustibus non est disputandum4 ,their ,turtle-,doves are of a duskish blue colour1 much less than our common ,pidgeon1 the whole ,train is longer much than the ,tails of our ,pidgeons1 the middle ,feather being the longest4 ,there's the strangest ,story of a vast number of these ,pidgeons that came in a ,flock a few ,years before ,i came thither2 they say they came thro' ,new ,england1 ,new ,york and ,virginia1 and were so prodigious in number as to darken the ,sky for several ,hours in the place over which they flew1 and brake massie ,bows where they light2 and many like things which ,i have had asserted to me by many ,eye-witnesses of ,credit1 that to me it was without doubt1 the ,relaters being very sober ,persons1 and all agreeing in a ,story3 nothing of the like ever happen'd since1 nor did ,i ever see past ,ten in a ,flock together that ,i remember4 ,i am not fond of such ,stories1 and had suppressed the relating of it1 but that ,i have heard the same from very many4 ,the ,thrush and ,feldefire are much like ours1 and are only seen in ,winter there1 accordingly as they are here4 ,their ,mocking ,birds may be compared to our ,singing ,thrushes1 being much of the same bigness2 there are two sorts1 the ,gray and the ,red1 the gray has ,feathers much of the colour of our gray ,plovers with white in the ,wings like a ,magpye2 this has the much softer ,note1 and will imitate1 in its singing1 the ,notes of all ,birds that it hears1 and is accounted much the finest ,singing ,bird in the ,world4 ,dr4 ,moulin and ,i made in our ,anatomy many ,observations of ,singing ,birds to this effect3 ,the ,ears of ,birds differ much from those of ,men or ,beasts1 there's almost a direct passage from one ,ear to the other of ,birds1 so that prick but the small ,membrane call'd the ,drum on either ,ear1 and ,water poured in at one ,ear will run out at the other3 ,but this is not all1 but what is much more remarkable1 they have no ,coclea1 but instead thereof there's a small ,cocleous or twisting ,passage that opens into a large ,cavity1 that runs betwixt two ,sculls1 and passes all round the ,head1 the upper ,scull is supported by many hundreds of small ,thred-like ,pillars or ,fibers1 which as we supposed had another use also1 to break the ,sound from making any confused ,echo1 and to make it one and distinct2 this passage we observed betwixt the two ,skulls was much larger in ,singing ,birds than in others that do not sing1 so very remarkable that any ,person that has been but show'd this may easily judge by the ,head what ,bird is a ,singing ,bird1 or has aptitude thereto1 tho' he never saw the ,bird before1 nor knew what ,bird it were3 ,this has often made me reflect how much the ,modification of ,voices depends upon the accuracy of the ,ear1 and how deaf ,persons become ,dumb3 ,and since ,i have observed that many ,children that have an acute ,wit enough that are slow of ,speech1 that is long before they speak are much longer before they can pronounce those ,letters that are sharps1 as g4 h4 r4 and never have an aptitude to learn to sing4 ,hence ,i judge that ,songs that have many ,sharps in them are the difficultest to sing well1 and discover any ,persons skill upon the trial of ,musick most4 ,this ,i suppose only1 having no ,skill in ,musick my self1 nor having ever discoursed any ,person about it4 ,as ,i remember we show'd some of these things to the ,royal ,society1 and ,i drew some ,cuts thereof1 and gave the ,doctor upon promise that he would put these and many other our joint ,observations in ,print1 but ,i hear he is since dead4 ,i have ,anatomized most sorts of ,creatures1 and never found any ,four-footed ,creature with an ,ear like a ,bird1 unless a ,mole2 and a ,mole has an ,ear much like them1 with a very thin double ,scull1 and great ,cavity like a ,bird1 and is very acute of hearing1 the ,scull by reason of the large ,cavity is very slender and easily crush'd1 so that a ,mole is quickly kill'd with a bruise on the ,scull like a ,lark1 and upon the bruise the ,membranes of the ,scull turn black2 whence ,segerus mistake ,membran ,cerebri in superficie exteriori omnino nigr vis4 ,but when ,i have taken care not to bruise the ,skull the ,membranes were not black at all1 both ,segerus and ,severinus ,i think had some perceptions of the different ,structure of a ,mole's ,ear1 but not any thing of its ,analogy to a ,bird's ,ear2 they speak of a ,bone ,egregie pumicosum3 ,and ,segerus says there's a ,ductus ad ossis usque petrosi cavitatem protensus1 plurimis fibrillis ,membraneis annectabatur4 ,but to return1 this ,mocking ,bird having its ,name from ,mimicking1 all other ,birds in singing is a wonderful mettled ,bird1 bold and brisk1 and yet seems to be of a very tender ,constitution1 neither singing in ,winter1 nor in the midst of ,summer1 and with much difficulty are any of them brought to live in ,england4 ,the ,red ,mocking is of a duskish red1 or rather brown2 it sings very well1 but has not so soft a ,note as the gray ,mocking ,bird4 ,of ,virginia ,nightingale1 or red ,bird1 there are two sorts1 the ,cocks of both sorts are of a pure ,scarlet1 the ,hens of a ,duskish red2 ,i distinguish them into two sorts1 for the one has a tufted ,cops on the ,head1 the other is smooth-feather'd4 ,i never saw a tufted ,cock with a smooth-headed ,hen1 or on the contrary2 they generally resorting a ,cock and ,hen together1 and play in a ,thicket of ,thorns or ,bryars in the ,winter1 nigh to which the ,boys set their ,traps1 and so catch them and sell them to the ,merchants for about ,six ,pence apiece2 by whom they are brought for ,england2 they are something less than a ,thrush4 ,there's a ,bird very injurious to ,corn1 they call a ,blackbird2 ,i look on it a sort of ,starling1 for they cry something like them but do not sing1 are much what of the same bigness1 have ,flesh blackish like theirs2 they resort in great ,flocks together1 they are as black as a ,crow all over their ,bills and all1 only some of them have scarlet ,feathers in the ,pinions of their ,wings4 ,qury1 ,whether a distinct ,species8 ,they have a ,lark nothing differing from our common ,lark2 they have another ,bird which they call a ,lark that is much larger1 as big as a ,starling1 it has a soft ,note1 feeds on the ,ground2 and as ,i remember has the ,specifical ,character of a long ,heel1 it is more inclined to yellow1 and has a large half ,moon on its ,breast of yellow2 if it have not a long ,heel1 ,qure1 ,whether a ,species of the ,yellow-hammer8 ,they have a ,martin very like1 only larger than ours1 that builds after the same manner4 ,the honourable ,col4 ,bacon has remarked for several ,years1 that they constantly come thither upon the ,tenth of ,march one or two of them appearing before1 being seen hovering in the ,air for a ,day or two then go away1 and as he supposed return'd with the great ,flock4 ,the ,colonel delighted much in this ,bird1 and made like ,pidgeon-holes at the end of his ,house with ,boards purposely for them4 ,their ,swallow differs but little from ours4 ,they have a ,bird they call a ,blue-bird1 of a curious azure colour about the bigness of a ,chaffinch4 ,there be other sorts of ,goldfinches variegated with ,orange and ,yellow ,feathers1 very specious and beautiful4 ,sparrows not much different from the ,english1 but build not in the ,eaves of ,houses that ever ,i saw4 ,the ,snow-bird which ,i take to be much the same with our ,hedge-,sparrow2 this is so called because it seldom appears about ,houses but against ,snow or very cold ,weather4 ,the ,humming ,bird that feeds upon the ,honey of ,flowers3 ,i have been told by some ,persons1 that they have kept of these ,humming ,birds alive1 and fed them with ,water and ,sugar3 they are much the smallest of all ,birds1 have long ,bills and curious coloured ,feathers1 but differ much in colour4 ,herons three or four several sorts1 one larger than the ,english1 feather'd much like a ,spanish ,goose4 ,another sort that only comes in ,summer ,milk white1 with red ,legs very lovely to behold4 ,the ,bittern is there less than in ,england1 and does not make that sounding ,noise that ever ,i heard4 ,curlews something less than our ,english1 tho' bigger than a ,wimbrel4 ,the ,sandpiper much resembling the ,english4 ,the ,snipe1 two sorts1 one resembling ours1 the other much less4 ,the ,tewits are smaller than the ,english1 and have no long ,toppins1 but just like a young one that begins to fly4 ,there are a great number of wild ,swans4 ,wild-geese and ,brent-geese all ,winter in mighty ,flocks1 ,wild-ducks innumerable1 ,teal1 ,wigeon1 ,sheldrakes1 ,virginia-didapers1 the ,black-diver1 c4 ,in my return home for ,england1 ,may #afhf41 off of the ,banks of ,newfoundland1 when we were1 according to account1 a hundred ,leagues from the ,shoar1 we saw several prodigious floating ,islands of the ,ice1 no less to our ,wonder than ,terror1 for they were very dangerous3 ,i got the ,master to sail one day as nigh one of them as we securely durst1 which we judged to be full a ,league in length1 and was higher above ,water than the top of our ,main-mast2 the ,snow drove to and fro upon it as upon a large ,plane4 ,there was a great ,flock of small ,black-divers1 that were not much bigger than a ,fieldfare1 came to us a little before1 but all of them then left and betook themselves to this ,island of ,ice4 ,they dived the constantly'st1 and the longest at a time of any ,bird that ,i ever saw4 ,we saw1 as ,i remember1 nigh ,thirty of these ,islands of ,ice4 ,captain ,rider being some fews days later in his ,passage1 and bearing more to the ,nore1 told me1 he saw many more of these ,islands of ,ice1 and some much larger4 ,there are in ,virginia a great many ,cormorants2 several sorts of ,gulls1 and in about the ,bay many ,bannets4 ,thus much for the ,birds4 ,yours1 c4 ,a ,continuation of ,mr4 ,clayton's ,account of ,virginia4 ,of the ,beasts of ,virginia4 ,there were neither ,horses1 ,bulls1 ,cows1 ,sheep1 or ,swine1 in all the ,country1 before the coming of the ,english1 as ,i have heard1 and have much reason to believe4 ,but now among the ,english ,inhabitants there are good store of ,horses1 though they are very negligent and careless about the ,breed3 ,it is true1 there is a ,law1 that no ,horse shall be kept stoned under a certain size1 but it is not put in execution4 ,such as they are1 there are good store1 and as cheap or cheaper than in ,england1 worth about ,five ,pounds apiece4 ,they never ,shoe them1 nor ,stable them in general2 some few ,gentlemen may be something more ,curious1 but it is very rare2 yet they ,ride pretty sharply1 a ,planter's ,pace is a ,proverb1 which is a good sharp ,hand-,gallop4 ,the ,indians have not yet learned to ,ride1 only the ,king of ,pomonkie had got three or four ,horses for his own ,saddle1 and an ,attendant1 which ,i think should in no wise be indulged1 for ,i look on the allowing them ,horses much more dangerous than even ,guns and ,powder4 ,wild ,bulls and ,cows there are now in the uninhabited ,parts1 but such only as have been bred from some that have strayed1 and become ,wild1 and have propagated their kind1 and are difficult to be shot1 having a great ,acuteness of ,smelling4 ,the common rate of a ,cow and ,calf is #ejs4 sight unseen1 be she big or little1 they are never very curious to examine that ,point4 ,their ,sheep are of a middling size1 pretty fine fleeced in general1 and most ,persons of ,estate begin to keep ,flocks1 which hitherto has not been much regarded1 because of the ,wolves that destroy them2 so that a piece of ,mutton is a finer ,treat1 than either ,venison1 ,wild-,goose1 ,duck1 ,wigeon1 or ,teal4 ,elke1 ,i have heard of them beyond the ,inhabitants1 and that there was one presented to ,sir ,william ,berkley1 which he sometime kept4 ,deer1 there are abundance of brave ,red ,deer1 so that a good ,woodsman1 as they call them1 will keep a ,house with ,venison2 the ,indians1 they say1 make ,artificial sorts of ,heads of ,boughs of ,trees1 which they ,consecrate to their ,gods1 and these they put on to deceive the ,deer when they go a ,shooting1 or ,hunting1 as they call it1 and by mimicking the ,feeding of the ,deer1 they by degrees get within ,shot4 ,swine1 they have now in great abundance1 ,shoats or ,porkrels are their general ,food2 and ,i believe as good as any ,westphalia1 certainly far exceeding our ,english4 ,rackoone1 ,i take it to be a ,species of a ,monkey1 something less than a ,fox gray-hair'd1 its ,feet formed like a ,hand1 and the ,face too has likewise the resemblance of a ,monkeys1 besides being kept tame they are very ,apish3 ,they are very prejudicial to their ,poultry1 as ,i remember4 ,an ,opossum1 as big1 and something shaped like our ,badgers1 but of a lighter ,dun colour1 with a long ,tail something like a ,rat1 but as thick as a ,man's ,thumb2 the ,skin of its ,belly is very large1 and folded so as to meet like a ,purse1 wherein they secure their ,young whilst little and tender1 which will as naturally run thither1 as ,chickens to a ,hen2 in these ,false ,bellies they will carry their ,young2 these also feed on1 and devour ,corn4 ,hares1 many will have them to be a ,hedge-,rabbet1 but ,i know not what they mean thereby4 ,i take them to be a perfect ,species of ,hares1 because ,i have seen ,leverets there with the white spot in the ,head which the ,old ones have not1 so it is in ,england2 and the ,down is perfectly of the colour of our ,hares1 they sit as our ,hares do1 and make no ,holes and ,burrows in the ,earth2 true1 they are but about the bigness of an ,english ,rabbet1 and run no faster2 they generally take into some hollow ,tree within a little space1 which then the ,people catch by gathering the withered ,leaves1 and setting them on fire within the hollow of the ,tree1 and smoaking of them so till they fall down4 ,sometimes they take long ,bryars1 and twist them in the ,down and ,skin1 and so pull them forth4 ,squirrels1 there are three sorts4 ,the first is the great ,fox ,squirrel1 much larger than the ,english1 and gray1 almost as a common ,rabbet4 ,these are very common1 ,i have eaten of them at the best ,gentlemen's ,tables1 and they are as good as a ,rabbet4 ,the ,second is the ,flying ,squirrel1 of a lighter ,dun colour1 and much less than the ,english ,squirrel2 the ,skin on either side the ,belly extended is very large betwixt the fore-leg and hind-leg1 which helps them much in their skipping from one ,bough to another1 that they will leap farther than the ,fox-,squirrel1 though much less1 yet this is still rather skipping than flying1 though the distinction be well enough4 ,the ,third is the ,ground-,squirrel1 ,i never saw any of this sort1 only ,i have been told of them1 and have had them thus described to me1 to be little bigger than a ,mouse1 finely spotted like a young ,fawn2 by what ,i further apprehended1 they are an absolute sort of ,dor-,mouse1 only different in colour4 ,musk-,rats1 in all things shaped like our ,water-,rats1 only something larger1 and is an absolute ,species of ,water-,rats1 only having a curious ,musky scent3 ,i kept one for a certain time in a wooden ,chest2 two days before it died it was extraordinary ,odoriferous1 and scented the ,room very much2 but the day that it died1 and a day after the scent was very small1 yet afterwards the ,skin was very fragrant2 the ,stones also smelt very well4 ,they build ,houses as ,beavers do1 in the ,marshes and ,swamps 7as they there call them7 by the ,water-sides1 with two or three ways into them1 and they are finely daubed within4 ,i pulled one in pieces purposely to see the contrivance3 ,there were three different ,lodging-,rooms1 very neat1 one higher than another1 as ,i conceive purposely made for ,retirement1 when the ,water rises higher than ordinary2 they are considerably large1 having much ,trash and ,lumber to make their ,houses withal2 ,i suppose they live mostly on ,fish4 ,batts1 as ,i remember at least two sorts2 one a large sort with long ,ears1 and particularly long straggling ,hairs4 ,the other much like the ,english1 something larger ,i think1 very common4 ,i never heard of any ,lions2 they told me of a ,creature killed whilst ,i was there1 in ,glocester ,county1 which ,i conceived to be a sort of ,pard1 or ,tyger4 ,bears there are1 and yet but few in the ,inhabited part of ,virginia2 towards ,carolina there are many more4 ,there was a small ,bear killed within three ,miles of ,james ,city the ,year that ,i left the ,country1 but it was supposed to have strayed1 and swam over ,james ,river4 ,they are not very fierce1 their ,flesh is commended for a very rich sort of ,pork2 but the lying side of the ,bear1 as ,i remember1 is but half the value of the other1 weight for weight4 ,there are several sorts of ,wild-,cats and ,poll-,cats4 ,beavers build their ,houses in like manner as the ,musk-,rats do1 only much larger1 and with pieces of ,timber make ,dams over ,rivers2 as ,i suppose either to preserve their ,furs dry in their passage over the ,rivers1 otherwise to catch ,fish by standing to watch them thereon1 and jumping upon them on a sudden2 they are very subtil ,creatures1 and if half the ,stories be true that ,i have been told1 they have a very orderly ,government among them2 in their ,works each knows his proper ,work and ,station1 and the ,overseers beat those ,young ,ones that loiter in their ,business1 and will make them cry1 and work stoutly4 ,wolves there are great store2 you may hear a ,company ,hunting in an ,evening1 and yelping like a pack of ,beagles2 but they are very cowardly1 and dare scarce venture on any thing that faces them2 yet if ,hungry1 will pull down a good large ,sheep that flies from them4 ,i never heard that any of them adventured to set on ,man or ,child4 ,foxes1 they are very much like ours1 only their ,fur is much more grisled1 or gray2 neither do ,i remember ever to have seen any ,fox-holes1 but of this ,i am not positive4 ,every ,house keeps three or four ,mungrel ,dogs to destroy ,vermin1 such as ,wolves1 ,foxes1 ,rackoons1 ,opossums1 c4 ,but they never ,hunt with ,hounds1 ,i suppose1 because there are so many ,branches of ,rivers1 that they cannot follow them4 ,neither do they keep ,grey-,hounds1 because they say1 that they are subject to break their ,necks by running against ,trees1 and any ,cur will serve to run their ,hares into a hollow ,tree1 where after the aforesaid manner they catch them4 ,they have great store both of ,land and ,water ,tortoises1 but they are very small1 ,i think ,i never saw any in that ,country to exceed a ,foot in length2 there is also another sort of ,land-,tortoise1 different from the common sort1 with a higher ridged ,back1 and speckled with red sort of ,spots4 ,frogs they have of several sorts1 one of a prodigious largeness1 eight or ten times as big as any in ,england1 and it makes a strange noise1 something like the ,bellowing of a ,bull1 or betwixt that and the hollow sounding noise that the ,english ,bittern makes4 ,another very common sort1 which they call ,toads1 because black1 but ,i think differs nothing from our black ,frog4 ,they have ,toads also like ours in ,england2 and another small sort of ,frog1 which makes a noise like ,pack-horse ,bells all the ,spring long4 ,another little green ,frog1 that will leap prodigiously1 which they therefore call the ,flying ,frog4 ,there is frequently heard in the ,woods a shrill sort of noise1 much like that which our ,shrew-,mouse makes1 but much sharper2 ,i could never learn the certainty what it was that made this noise1 it is generally in a ,tree1 and some have asserted to me1 that it was made by the green ,frog1 yet ,i scarcely believe it4 ,mr4 ,banister assured me it was made by a sort of ,scarabeus ,beetle1 that is ,i think full as big as the ,humming-,bird2 but neither do ,i believe that1 and for this ,reason1 for ,i never saw that ,beetle so low as the ,salts1 but always as high up in the ,country as the ,freshes1 and that noise is frequent all over the ,country4 ,lizards1 that are gray1 and very common1 the ,snakes feed much on them1 for ,i have taken several of them out of the ,bellies of ,snakes4 ,snakes1 about seven several sorts4 ,the ,rattle-,snake1 so called from certain ,rattles at the end of the ,tail3 ,these ,rattles seem like so many perished ,joints1 being a dry ,husk over certain ,joints1 and the common ,opinion is1 that there are as many ,rattles or ,joints1 as the ,snake is years old4 ,i kill'd four or five1 and they had each eleven1 twelve1 or thirteen ,joints each2 but the young ,ones have no ,rattles of a year or two1 but they may be known notwithstanding1 being very regularly diced or checker'd1 black and gray on the backs4 ,the ,old shake and shiver these ,rattles with wonderful nimbleness when they are any ways disturbed2 their bite is very deadly1 yet not always of the same force1 but more or less ,mortal1 accordingly as the ,snake is in force or vigour1 and therefore in ,june or ,july much worse1 and more ,mortal1 than in ,march and ,april4 ,this ,snake is a very ,majestick sort of ,creature1 and will scarce meddle with any thing unless provok'd1 but if any thing offend it1 it makes directly at them4 ,i was told a pleasant ,story of an ,old ,gentlemen1 ,col4 ,cleyborn as ,i remember was his ,name1 the same that sent the ,rattle-,snakes to the ,royal ,society some ,years since4 ,he had an odd ,fancy of keeping some of these ,snakes always in ,barrels in the ,house1 and one time an ,indian pretending to ,charm them so as to take them by the ,neck in his ,hand without biting of him2 the ,old ,gentleman caused a ,rattle-,snake to be brought forth1 the ,indian began his ,charm with a little ,wand1 whisking it round and round the ,rattle-,snake's ,head1 bringing it by degrees nigher and nigher1 and at length flung the ,switch away1 and whisked his ,hand about in like manner1 bringing his ,hand nigher still and nigher1 by taking less ,circles1 when the old ,gentleman immediately hit the ,snake with his ,crutch1 and the ,snake snap'd the ,indian by the ,hand1 and bit him very sharply betwixt the ,fingers1 which put his ,charm to an end1 and he roared out2 but stretch'd his ,arm out as high as he could1 calling for a string1 wherewith he bound his ,arm as hard as possibly he could1 and clapt a hot burning ,coal thereon1 and singed it stoutly1 whereby he was cured1 but looked pale a long while after4 ,and ,i believe this truly one of the best ways in the ,world of ,curing the ,bite either of ,viper or ,mad ,dog4 ,i was with the ,honourable ,esquire ,boyle1 when he made certain ,experiments of ,curing the ,bite of ,vipers with certain ,east-,india ,snake-stones1 that were sent him by ,king ,james the ,second1 the ,queen1 and some of the ,nobility1 purposely to have him try their ,vertue and ,efficacy3 ,for that end he got some brisk ,vipers1 and made them bite the ,thighs of certain ,pullets1 and the ,breasts of others3 ,he applied nothing to one of the ,pullets1 and it died within three ,minutes and a half1 as ,i remember2 but ,i think they all recovered to which he applied the ,snake-stones1 tho' they turned wonderful pale1 their ,combs1 c4 immediately1 and they became extream sick1 and purged within half an hour1 and the next morning all their ,flesh was turned green to a wonder1 nevertheless they recovered by degrees4 ,the manner of the ,application was only by laying on the ,stone1 and by two cross-bits of a very sticking ,diaculum ,plaister binding it on1 which he let not lie on past an hour or two1 but ,i think not so long1 took the ,stone off1 and put it into ,milk for some time2 some ,stones were of much stronger ,vertue than others4 ,i proposed a piece of unquench'd ,lime-stone to be apply'd to see whether it might not prove as powerful1 but know not whether ever it was tried4 ,but here one telling ,mr4 ,boyle the ,story of this ,indian1 he approved the method of ,cure1 and said1 an actual ,cautery was the most certain ,cure4 ,the ,poison1 both of ,viper and ,mad-,dog 7as ,i conceive7 kill by thickning of the ,blood1 after the manner that ,runnet congeals ,milk when they make ,cheese4 ,vipers1 and all the ,viperous ,brood1 as ,rattle-,snakes1 c4 that are deadly1 have ,i believe their ,poisonous ,teeth ,fistulous1 for so ,i have observed that ,vipers ,teeth are1 and the ,rattle-,snakes very remarkable1 and therefore they kill so very speedily by injecting the ,poison through those ,fistulous ,teeth into the very ,mass of ,blood2 but the bite of ,mad-,dogs is oft of long continuance before it get into and corrupt the ,mass of ,blood1 being it sticks only to the out-sides of the ,teeth1 and therefore when they bite thro' any thickness of ,cloaths1 it rarely proves ,mortal1 the ,cloaths wiping the ,poison off before it come to the ,flesh4 ,a ,girl that was bit about ,new-,years ,day1 continued well till ,whitsontide1 when coming to see certain ,friends in our ,parts1 she fell very ill1 and being a ,poor ,girl1 they came to me2 it pleased ,god ,i recovered her4 ,sometime after she returned to give me thanks for saving her ,life1 being two ,persons that were bit with the same ,dog1 were dead1 whilst she remained under ,cure1 and therefore she was the fullier convinc'd she owed her life to me2 but of this ,i shall give a more particular ,instance by and by4 ,but the ,poisons of ,vipers seems to be like the injecting of ,liquors into the ,veins of ,creatures2 ,dr4 ,moulin and ,i made many ,experiments of this ,nature together1 and ,i have made many more by my self4 ,we once1 ,i remember1 injected half a ,dram of ,allom into the ,jugalar-,vein of a ,dog before the ,royal ,society1 7the ,allom being only dissolved in a little ,water7 which within something less than one ,minutes time was so absolutely dead1 as not to have the least ,convulsive ,motion2 and ,i have done the like with many other things besides ,allom1 but with some things it is more curdled and broken1 than with others2 and will differ much both as to colour and consistence4 ,salt-,petre kills much as quickly as ,allom1 but then the ,blood in the ,heart looks very florid1 smooth1 and even4 ,i wish some ,person of ,observation and ,leisure would prosecute these sort of ,experiments1 and make ,injections of the several things most used in ,physick into the ,veins of ,creatures1 both in quantities1 and into different ,veins1 as into the ,thigh-veins of some ,dogs1 and ,jugalars of some others1 and in much lesser quantities of such things as kill suddenly2 for in the little time ,i have spent in these sort of ,experiments1 ,i easily perceive notable discoveries might be made thereby3 ,one ,dog that lived became ,lame and ,gouty2 another with ,quick-,silver died in about ,sixteen ,weeks time1 ,consumptive1 and ,i discovered ,quick-,silver in the ,impostumated parts of his ,lungs4 ,query1 ,whether some ,persons that have been ,flux'd1 or used ,quick-silver ,oyntments1 and the like1 and afterwards become consumptive1 owe not their ,distemper to the abusive use of a most excellent ,remedy8 ,much after the same manner1 the subtile ,quick-,silver getting into the ,mass of ,blood by degrees1 through its ponderosity settles in the ,lobes of the ,lungs1 and causes ,ulcers there4 ,but to return3 ,the ,poison of ,vipers and ,mad ,dogs ,i suppose kill by thickning of the ,blood1 as many ,malignant ,fevers1 also do2 in all which ,cases1 ,i look on ,volatil ,salts to be the properest ,physick1 as keeping the ,blood from congealing4 ,i had a singular ,instance hereof in a ,gentleman of ,yorkshire1 bit with a ,grey-,hound on the ,thursday1 not three ,minutes before the ,dog died ,mad2 he bit him in several places of the ,hands1 as he was giving him a ,remedy3 ,the ,monday following the ,gentleman was very ill1 and came to our ,town to an ,apothecary his ,acquaintance1 who knowing not what to do1 desired my ,assistance4 ,when ,i came1 the ,gentleman could talk1 but every two or three ,minutes he had violent ,fits1 and would tell us when they were over1 that his ,brains worked like ,birm in an ,ale-,fat1 and seemed to ,froth up at every ,fit4 ,the ,apothecary had no ,volatile ,salt of ,vipers2 so ,i took the ,volatile ,salt of ,amber1 and ordered him ,ten ,grains in ,treacle-,water every half hour3 ,he told me every ,dose seemed to clear his ,brain1 and cool it as perfectly1 as if a ,bason of ,cold ,water were poured on his ,head1 but it returned by degrees again3 ,having then a ,volatile ,salt by me that ,vomits very well1 ,i gave him a ,dose thereof1 it worked very well1 and he was very much better after it3 ,i then ordered him to continue the ,volatile ,salt of ,amber once every four hours1 and at each two hours end1 that is betwixt1 ,spec4 ,pleres ,archonticon and ,rue pouder'd ana gr4 #ae4 whereby he was so well recovered1 that within two days he would needs go home1 to look after some urgent ,affairs1 and afterwards found himself so well1 that he forgot to return1 and perfect the course2 and ,i heard no more of him for half a ,year1 when ,i was fetch'd one ,morning to him in great hast4 ,he had been abroad1 play'd the ,good-,fellow1 and in his return home1 having rode a great days ,journey1 being weary1 and ,i suppose finding himself indisposed1 he staid all ,night in our ,town1 it being fortunately in his way4 ,in the ,morning when he should have got up1 he could not stand1 whereupon the ,apothecary was sent for1 and a ,surgeon to ,blood him1 which was accordingly done1 but he grew worse2 for in this ,case ,i look upon ,bleeding to be very prejudicial1 as well as in most ,malignant ,fevers1 for thereby the ,spirits are diminished1 and the ,blood congeal'd the sooner4 ,when they had done all they could1 and the ,symptoms still increased1 they at length sent for me4 ,i never saw ,man or ,creature in that ,agony in all my life1 that ,i found him in1 ,senseless1 and ,mad1 when at best1 but every ,minute the fiercest shiverings ran through him1 his ,eyes would first roll and then set1 as if ready to start out of his ,head1 but above all1 the ,swelling and ,luctation at his ,breast1 was as if he would burst1 which went off with a prodigious sigh3 ,all this ,i judge the ,effects of the ,heart labouring to discharge it self of the stagnating ,blood1 and the ,nervous ,convulsions as consequences thereof4 ,and ,i am the more confirm'd in this1 from what ,i saw in a ,woman that was bit also with a ,mad-,dog in the ,leg1 and fell ill the very day that she had paid the ,chirurgeon for her ,cure2 and notwithstanding all that could be done1 growing worse1 they sent for me2 ,i went1 and found her with what is called a ,hydrophobia3 ,she would look earnestly after ,drink or ,water1 and seem to desire it1 but as soon as she began to drink1 away it went1 be it what it would1 with the greatest ,violence she could possibly fling it4 ,i gave her the ,vomit hereafter and also before mentioned1 but she got but little of it down1 and ,i had no more with me2 nevertheless it so brought her to her self1 that she could answer ,questions1 and ,i asked her1 whether she was afraid of the ,drink and ,water1 when she flung the ,cups in that violent manner from her8 ,she said ,no2 but when she offered to drink1 her ,breast and ,heart would not let her4 ,i asked1 whether through any ,aversion or ,fear8 ,she said1 ,no1 she was very ,thirsty2 but when she offered to drink1 it struck to her ,heart1 and stopped her ,breath4 ,that is1 as ,i apprehend1 the cold ,drink passing down the ,throat struck a chillness in the ,blood1 and made it readier to stagnate3 ,besides the very act of ,drinking1 hindering the free breathing1 conduced also much thereto2 and therefore the ,heart was so suddenly oppress'd1 that she could not forbear flinging away whatever she had in her ,hand4 ,she complained also of a great rigour and stiffness or straitness of the ,muscles of her ,breast1 so that possibly the ,spiritous ,liquor that flows in the ,genus ,nervosum may be congeal'd as well as the ,blood2 or the same ,effects may be supposed notwithstanding to be the result of the condensed ,blood clogging both the ,heart and ,lungs1 so that the ,breast may seem to be straitened therewith4 ,the same ,i judge to be the cause of all the violent ,luxations in this ,gentleman1 whose ,fingers ,i looked on1 and found the places where he had formerly been bit1 turned blackish1 and much inflamed about them1 which confirmed me in my sentiment1 that it was a relapse of his former ,distemper1 that is1 of the ,bite of the ,mad-,dog4 ,i told them1 if any thing in the ,world would save his ,life1 ,i judged it must be the former ,vomit of ,volatile ,salts2 they could not tell what to do1 nevertheless such is the ,malignancy of the ,world1 that as soon as it was given1 they ran away and left me1 saying1 he was now certainly a dead ,man1 to have a ,vomit given in that condition4 ,nevertheless it pleased ,god that he shortly after cried1 ,this ,fellow in the ,black has done me good1 and after the first ,vomit1 came so to himself1 as to know us all4 ,i vomited him every other day with this ,vomit for three times1 and made him in the ,interim to take ,volatile ,salt of ,amber1 and the aforesaid ,powders1 and to wash his ,hands1 and ,sores in a strong ,salt ,brine3 to drink ,posset-drink with ,sage and ,rue1 and by this course1 and the ,blessing of ,god1 his ,life was saved1 and he perfectly cured1 for it is now four ,years since1 and he had had no ,relapse4 ,i have cured several others by the same ,method4 ,coll4 ,spencer1 the ,secretary of ,state in ,virginia1 a very ,serious and ,ingenious ,gentleman1 told me1 that his ,servant brought him word once that a ,sow having farrow'd1 a ,rattle-,snake was got into the ,den1 and had kill'd the ,piggs4 ,the ,colonel went to see the ,snake1 which they said was still coyl'd in the ,den2 there followed them two or three ,mungrel ,curs1 and they sat one of the ,dogs at the ,snake1 which was too quick for the ,dog1 and snapt him by the ,nose1 whereupon he set a howling1 and run immediately into the adjacent ,river1 and died very shortly after4 ,another of the ,dogs upon the like attempt was bit by the ,snake also1 and fell a howling1 and frothing1 and tumbling2 but being he died not so soon as the other ,dog did1 they fetched some of the ,herb which they call ,dittany1 as having a great ,traditionary ,vertue for the ,cure of ,poisons2 they pounded it1 and adding a little ,water1 express'd the ,juice1 and gave the ,dog frequently thereof1 nevertheless he died within a day or two4 ,the howling of the ,dogs he supposed gave notice to the ,sow1 and made her come furiously bristling1 and run immediately into her ,den2 but being likewise bit by the ,snake1 she set up a terrible ,squeak1 and ran also into the ,river1 and there died4 ,a ,gentlewoman1 that was a notable ,female ,doctress1 told me1 that a ,neighbour being bit by a ,rattle-,snake1 swelled excessively2 some days afterwards she was sent for1 who found him swell'd beyond what she thought it had been possible for the ,skin to contain1 and very ,thirsty4 ,she gave him ,oriental ,bezoar shaved1 with a strong ,decoction of the aforesaid ,dittany1 whereby she recovered the ,person3 ,to the best of my ,remembrance1 it was he that told me1 asking him afterwards1 what he felt when the ,snake first bit him8 ,he said1 it seemed as if a flash of ,fire had ran through his ,veins4 ,besides the ,rattle-,snake1 there is the ,blowing-,snake1 an absolute ,species of a ,viper1 but larger than any that ,i have seen in ,europe2 it is so called1 because it seems to blow1 and spread its ,head1 and swell very much before it bite1 which is very deadly4 ,it is ,remarkable there is none of their ,snakes there1 make any of that hissing noise that ours in ,england make1 but only shoot out their ,tongues1 shaking them as ours do1 without any noise at all2 this is a short thick sort of ,snake4 ,there is another sort of deadly ,snake1 called the ,red-,snake2 ,i once narrowly escaped treading on the back of one of them3 ,they are of an ugly dark brown colour1 inclining to red2 their ,bellies are of a more dusky white1 with a large streak of ,vermillion ,red on either side2 this too is of the ,viper kind1 but is not so short1 but its ,tail is more taper and small4 ,the ,horn-,snake is1 as they say1 another sort of deadly ,snake2 ,i never saw any of them1 unless once1 shortly after my ,arrival in that ,country1 which ,i cannot attest to be the ,horn-,snake1 for ,i could not distinctly view it1 being in a ,thicket of ,sumach1 it was perch'd up about two ,foot high in a ,sumach ,branch1 its ,tail twisted about the ,shrub1 and about a quarter of a ,yard stood bolt forward1 leaning over the forked branch thereof3 ,i could not see the ,horn1 which they say it has in its front1 wherewith it strikes1 and if it wounds1 is as deadly as the ,rattle-,snake's bite4 ,the ,gentleman that was with me1 told me it was a ,horn-,snake1 but being in hast1 and on ,horse-back1 and the ,snake in a ,thicket1 ,i could not see the ,horn2 but had ,i thought ,i should never have seen more of them1 ,i should have took a little pains to have been better satisfied4 ,this ,i think may not improperly be referr'd to the ,dart-,snakes4 ,the ,black-,snake1 is the largest ,i think of all others1 but ,i am sure the most common2 ,i have kill'd several of them full six ,foot long1 their ,bite is not deemed ,mortal1 but it swells1 and turns to a ,running ,sore2 they feed upon ,lizards1 ,mice1 ,rats1 ,frogs1 and ,toads1 which ,i have taken out of their ,bellies4 ,i was once a ,simpling in the woods1 on a fair ,sun-shine day1 when ,i saw a ,snake crawling on a ,tree that was fallen1 and licking with its forked ,tongue as it moved2 ,i stood still to observe it1 and saw it lick up small ,insects and ,flies with wonderful nimbleness1 catching them betwixt the ,forks of its ,tongue4 ,the ,corn-,snake1 most like the ,rattle-,snake of all others in colour1 but the ,checkers are not so regular1 neither has it any ,rattles3 ,they are most frequent in the ,corn-,fields1 and thence ,i suppose so called2 the ,bite is not so venomous as the ,black-,snakes4 ,the ,water-,snake1 a small ,snake1 ,i never saw any of them above a ,yard long1 though ,i have sometimes seen ,forty or ,fifty at once2 they are of an ugly dark blackish colour3 ,they say1 they are the least ,venomous of any4 ,part of ,two ,letters from ,mr4 ,j4 ,hillier1 dated ,cape ,corse1 ,jan4 #c4 #afhg_/h4 and ,apr4 #be4 #afhh4 ,wrote to the ,reverend ,dr4 ,bathurst1 ,president of ,trinity ,colledge1 ,oxon2 giving an ,account of the ,customs of the ,inhabitants1 the ,air1 c4 of that ,place1 together with an ,account of the ,weather there from ,nov4 #bd4 #afhf4 to the same ,day #afhg4 ,cape ,corse1 ,jan4 #c4 #afhg_/h4 ,i ,thought the ,custom of destroying ,slaves at the ,death of great ,people had been abolish'd1 and ,i was so inform'd2 but we have seen that it is not2 for ,oct4 #c4 this ,year1 died ,ahen ,penin ,ashrive1 ,king of ,feton1 here at ,cape ,corse1 where he had been long sick2 the ,fetishers had done all they could to save his ,life1 which was nothing at all to purpose2 their ,physick scarce extends to any thing but the ,flux1 and what we call the ,french ,disease2 his was a ,consumption and an ,asthma 7if ,i mistake not the ,word7 of a great continuance3 so they fled to the ,aid of their ,religion1 and according it seems to the ,rules of that1 they made several ,pellets of ,clay1 which they set in his ,room1 in ,rank and ,file1 all sprinkled with blood2 besides the several ,muttons which they eat to his good ,health4 ,but that was of too little ,force2 so the ,man died1 having delivered his ,sword to the ,dy1 who in the ,interregnum was to be the principal ,man1 for the ,kingdom is ,elective1 contrary to what we wrote before1 and commanding him to be constant to the ,english1 of whom himself had been a great ,favourer1 with a ,threat1 if he was not1 of haunting him after his ,death2 he also appointed one of his ,wives1 whom he thought worthy of that unlucky ,honour1 to accompany him to the other ,world2 the next ,day he was carried to ,feton1 and buried there1 ,nov4 #b4 with the poor ,woman we spoke of4 ,presently after1 they that were considerable1 or had a mind to seem so1 sent in them that they had a mind to ,murder in ,honour of the ,king3 how many there were 'tis hard to say1 the highest ,account gives #ij1 the lowest #ej1 the middle #gj2 the ,blacks do not understand ,arithmetick1 so the ,numbers they give in all ,cases are very uncertain4 ,i think there were about ,eight from this ,town1 which will not hold ,proportion to the highest rate2 but 'tis like near ,feton there might be more4 ,they say also1 that many more will follow at half a ,years distance from his ,death4 ,the manner of the ,execution of these poor ,creatures ,i have not yet learnt1 only that they make them drink and dance1 with a great deal of ,bravery all the begining of the ,day1 and towards ,night cut off their ,heads1 but whether by that they mean the common way of their ,executions ,i am yet to seek4 ,after the ,kings ,funeral1 the next thing was to chuse a ,successor2 so the ,people was called together at ,feton1 7,i suppose by the ,authority of the ,dy7 without inquiring any thing of their ,freehold2 they pitched upon ,mr4 ,dy1 though he was not of the ,blood-,royal2 the ,reason was1 as they said1 because he had ,power enough to do what he pleas'd1 and they could do nothing against him2 but he refused the ,honour because of the ,charge 'twould put him to1 and propos'd the ,brother of the deceased ,king3 ,so the ,business stuck some time1 but at last 'twas accorded1 and he ,king ,ashrive's ,brother declared ,king1 ,nov4 #ah4 his ,name is ,ahenaco4 ',tis ,wonder how they could dispatch such a ,business1 with so little ,disturbance2 but ,i suppose there was no considerable ,number that dissented2 otherwise it would scarce have been determined without ,blood-shed2 for it would scarce have been possible for them to have taken any ,pole4 ,i said it was doubt whether these ,sacrifices died after the rate of their ordinary ,executions2 if you would know that1 thus it is1 the ,creature that is condemn'd1 is made to drink abundance of ,palm-,wine1 and to dance1 every ,body that will1 in the mean time striking or pushing him1 when that is over1 as is said1 he is thrown down1 his ,face into the ,sand1 which whether it stifle him or not1 ,i can't tell1 then his ,legs are cut off below the ,knees1 and his ,arms below the ,elbow1 afterward his ,thigh and his ,arms below the ,shoulder1 lastly his ,head4 ,a ,man would not expect any thing more barbarous than this2 yet there is a ,custom which has something worse2 when any one has new ,drums or ,trumpets1 'tis necessary that they be consecrated with ,humane ,blood3 ,i have known but one happen of this ,kind1 that was ,jan4 #g4 #afhf_/g4 when after the ,man had been executed after the former rate1 about ,eight in the ,morning2 at one in the ,afternoon1 they drank ,palm-,wine out of the upper part of his ,skull1 and this in the sight of all the ,factors at ,cape ,corse4 ,i remember for the ,unhealthiness of the ,place1 you proposed to inquire if it were ,woody1 and if any good might be done to it by cutting down the ,woods1 as has happen'd in many ,american ,plantations2 of that ,matter this is what ,i can say4 ,the ,shore lies almost ,east and ,west1 expos'd to the ,sea wholly upon the ,south1 the ,country is ,hilly1 the ,hills not very high1 but thick1 clustering together1 the ,valleys between extream narrow1 the whole in a manner cover'd with certain ,shrubs1 low1 but very thick2 what the ,people ,till1 comes not to above a ,tenth part of their ,ground2 and where they do ,till1 it hinders not that within half a ,year the ,ground is over-grown as before1 for they do not root up the ,shrubs1 but only cut1 or sometimes burn them somewhat close to the ,earth1 so they spring again in a very little time2 this is sufficient for their planting the ,corn1 which they do by making little ,holes in the ,earth at a competent ,distance1 and putting ,seeds into them4 ,it may be that if those ,shrubs were destroyed1 the ,matter might be mended1 which yet is not to be hop'd for1 but by bringing the ,people to some kind of ,industry1 and that will not be easie2 they are so wholly given to ,laziness1 and so intirely bred up in it1 that there must be the greatest ,change imaginable1 before they become any whit tolerable2 a ,man may see their ,temper by this1 that though their ,tillage be very easie1 and the ,earth yields many ,hundreds for ,one1 yet so little is the use they make of it1 that ,one scarce ,year brings them to danger of ,starving1 and though there be ,people enough1 and every ,man has ,power of choosing what he will1 that is not already ,till'd by some other1 yet not the ,tenth ,part1 as we have said1 is employed3 ,so that a ,man would wonder what came in the ,french ,man's ,head to fancy them ,industrious2 but subtile they are1 and diligent to ,cheat any ,man that is not cautious enough to avoid it4 ,so that the ,fault of the ,wood is 7by the ,laziness of the ,people7 without any ,remedy4 ,but there may be something in the ,earth it self2 the ,water which they have here in ,pits 7,rain-,water for the most part1 but yet strain'd through the ,earth7 has a kind of ,taste mixt of ,sweet and ,subacid1 if ,i understand what ,i say1 ,i am told 'tis of ,vitriol1 whether that be mischievous1 you know better than ,i do4 ,but ,i take this for certain1 since ,i have had it from good ,hands1 that at ,widdah1 which is one of the most unhealthy ,places in ,guiney1 but 'tis not upon the ,gold-coast1 he that opens the ,ground1 though it be but to dig a ,grave1 runs the ,hazard of his ,life3 ,so mischievous are the ,steams from thence arising4 ,it's possible there may be some such ,steams here1 only not so violent2 though in ,england ,i think1 a ,gravel or a ,sand 7which here are always uppermost for as much as ,i have seen7 are esteem'd very wholesom ,soils2 under them is a kind of whitish ,marle almost like ,fullers-,earth4 ,for the ,air1 except what ,i have said before1 ,i do not know what ,fault it has2 'tis extream hot1 'tis also subtile and piercing1 and ,i believe enters a ,man's ,body easier than that in ,england4 ,it has been clearer than that uses to be one day with another1 even this last ,year1 which has been the wettest and most cloudy which has happen'd a long time2 ,i think to give you an ,account of the ,weather in it as soon as ,i have time to transcribe4 ,for the ,age of the ,inhabitants1 'tis very uncertain1 because none of them keep an ,account of it2 there are some of them very ,grey1 but if the ,country be to them unhealthy1 ,grey ,hairs may come early3 ,i think there be many more ,funerals here than at ,oxford1 though that be a much larger ,place1 especially in the ,rain-times1 which to us are always healthful4 ,i think that much of the ,mortality 7not all7 that happens among ,strangers1 is the ,effect of their ill ,diet1 and ill ,government of themselves2 for they eat but little1 having neither ,stomach nor ,mony to buy what they want2 but they drink excessively1 being for that more readily trusted1 and of ,liquors very hot and ,spirituous2 and if any chuse the cold rather1 his ,stomach is chil'd1 and he is in danger of a ,flux or an extream ,looseness1 and that immediately4 ,there is another thing1 ,men guard themselves less from the ,air than in any other ,places trusting to the ,heat of the ,climate1 and receive the cool of the ,evening with only a ,shirt4 ,now ,i think that the ,air1 tho' not so cold1 is much more subtle and piercing here1 than in our ,country1 it corrodes ,iron much more1 not by the ,moisture1 for it is not so moist1 and besides it does it in the dry ,weather too4 ,perhaps there are some other ,effects to evidence the same thing2 besides that1 the ,diet which most ,men procure1 is not extraordinary1 and the passing by ,canoes from one ,place to another has a ,danger in it beside that of the ,sea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cape ,corse1 ,apr4 #be4 #afhh4 ,i ,promised in my last to give you an ,account of the ,weather at ,cape ,corse for the last ,year1 which ,account ,i have inclosed in this2 it is as exact as ,i could give2 'tis a thing which has been very little observed1 whether it deserves to be more1 ,i do not know4 ,that ,year has had the most ,rain of any that can be here remember'd2 yet the ,mortality was much less than the ,years before2 so that perhaps ,wet is not that which makes the ,country unhealthy2 though we had very many ,sick1 especially in ,june and ,july1 whose ,diseases were not ,mortal4 ,if you give your self the ,trouble to read the inclosed1 you will find often mention of a ,tornada1 which is a violent ,storm of ,wind1 followed commonly by ,rain1 but not always2 the ,wind ceases not presently upon the ,rain1 but after sometimes it does3 ,in this ,place it comes 7as does an ,hermitan7 most frequently from the ,north1 taking in the next ,points1 whether to the ,east or ,west1 but chiefly the ,east1 though ,i have seen both that and an ,hermitan from other ,points2 so the ,account is not without ,exception2 there are in it short1 uncertain ,blasts from all ,quarters1 which ,i believe reach not many ,yards1 but the general ,wind 7for ought that ,i see7 is not so unconstant2 ,vessels that go to ,windward are help'd by them1 when they are not over strong1 for they are opposite to the ,sea ,breze1 and they can steer by them a regular ,course2 which sure they could not do1 if they were very irregular4 ,they never fail to give warning before hand1 though sometimes after that warning they do not follow2 there is a very black ,cloud appears afar1 in which if there be a kind of white ,spot1 the ,wind will be moist1 if not the ,rain2 this the ,sailors say4 ,sometimes there is that ,mark1 sometimes not1 though ,i doubt the ,prediction from it is not very certain2 as neither are any perhaps of that kind4 ,an ,account of the ,weather at ,cape ,corse in ,guiney1 from ,nov4 #bd4 #afhf4 to the same ,day1 #afhg4 ,lat4 ,n4 #d;d4 #dim4 ,nov4 #afhf4 #bd4 ,and #be4 ,clear and ,hot4 #bf4 ,about #b4 a4 m4 a ,storm of ,rain with ,thunder for ,hour4 #bg4 ,at the same ,hour1 ,rain which lasted somewhat longer4 #bh4 ,about #e4 a4 m4 ,some ,rain1 afterward ,misty1 about #aj4 extream hot4 #bi4 ,about #b4 a4 m4 a great storm of ,rain1 slacking often but renewing again1 it lasted about an ,hour2 the ,day after clear4 ,december1 #afhf4 ,thence to ,dec4 #g4 clear2 then cloudy in the ,morning2 between #ab4 and #a4 p4 m4 a ,shower lasting about ,hour4 ,thence clear and hot4 #aj4 ,a little ,mist in the ,morning1 otherwise very clear and hot2 so till #ae4 #ae4 ,and some ,days after somewhat thick1 especially in the ,morning4 #ai1 ,and #bj4 ,we had a dry ,north1 and ,north-,easterly ,wind1 call'd an ,hermitan1 and it overcame the ,sea-,breeze2 found very ill for the ,eyes1 and most ,men complained of a ,feverish ,temper2 it was parching1 but rather colder than ordinary4 #ba4 ,it ceased2 a clear ,air and very hot4 #bc4 ,we had the ,hermitan again2 but the ,morrow it ceased2 then and #be4 ,some ,clouds1 but no ,rain4 ,thence to #bi4 clear and hot2 #bi4 the ,hermitan returned1 but did not continue4 ,thence ,clouds sometimes1 but no ,rain till ,jan4 #b4 ,this ,month we had ,three ,funerals1 one being ,sick of the ,flux laid violent ,hands upon himself1 through impatience of the ,pain1 the #c;d ,day4 ,the ,second upon the #beth died convulsively1 not having been ,sick above one ,day4 ,the ,third1 ,dec4 #bg4 died of a ,dropsy1 which had succeeded a tedious ,flux4 ,january1 #afhf_/g4 #b4 ,about #e4 a4 m4 ,rain for ,hour between #g4 and #i4 an ,hour2 from ,hour past #i4 to #a4 p4 m4 the rest cloudy4 #e4 ,at #b4 a4 m4 about ,hour4 #h4 ,at #a4 in the ,morning about an ,hour1 the ,days between somewhat cloudy4 ,thence to #ab4 extream hot4 #ab1 ,and #ad4 somewhat cloudy otherwise the ,heat continued4 #ag4 ,at #g4 p4 m4 a ,tornada for above ,hour1 and about #ab4 at ,night another2 but the ,heat very little abated4 #bb4 ,between #e4 and #f4 p4 m4 began a ,tornada1 which lasted above an ,hour very violent1 with great ,claps of ,thunder and ,lightning4 ,tank fill'd #a ,foot4 #bc4 ,in the ,morning a great ,mist1 after #h4 clear and extream hot4 ,the latter end of ,january1 and the begining of ,february commonly ,misty in the ,morning2 after extream hot4 ,i find no ,funeral this ,month4 ,february1 #afhf_/g4 ,beginning of ,february1 as before4 #aj4 ,somewhat ,cloudy and cool1 till then we were troubled with ,coughs1 for the most part2 about this time they ceased4 ,so the #aath1 toward ,night1 ,thunder afar off1 and expectation of a ,tornada3 but it fail'd4 #ab4 ,extream hot4 #ac4 ,a stronger ,wind than ordinary from ,seaward4 #ad4 ,something like an ,hermitan1 but not from its usual ,quarter4 ,clear and hot till about #b4 p4 m4 then cloudy but no ,rain4 ,thence to #bb4 extream hot and clear4 ,from #bb4 to ,march #a4 some flying clouds without ,rain2 sultry hot and unwholesom4 #bd4 ,some shew of a ,tornada1 but it past away4 ,this ,month we had two ,funerals1 but their ,diseases ,i find not4 ,march1 #afhf_/g4 ,the beginning of ,march as the latter end of ,february4 #e4 ,from #f4 a4 m4 for an ,hour and 4 a violent ,tornada2 the ,day after cloudy4 #f4 ,clear4 #g4 ,at ,night ,lightning and ,clouds afar off2 but nothing followed4 ,thence to #aa4 clear and hot4 #aa4 ,about #e4 a4 m4 a violent ,rain for almost ,hour4 #ab1 ,and #ac4 cloudy4 #ad4 ,about #d4 a4 m4 a gentle ,shower but lasted not long4 #ae4 ,between #f4 and #g4 a4 m4 a few ,drops1 and likelyhood of more1 but nothing followed2 both ,days cloudy4 #af4 ,extream hot4 #ag4 ,somewhat cloudy4 ,thence to #bj4 extream hot4 #bj4 ,cloudy2 about #aj4 a4 m4 some few ,drops4 #ba4 ,very hot4 #bb4 ,in the ,morning hot2 about #ab4 a violent ,rain for a ,quarter of an ,hour4 #bc4 ,clear4 #bd4 ,about #b4 a4 m4 ,rain for about ,hour2 the ,day after clear4 ,thence to ,april #c4 clear and extream hot4 ,no ,funeral4 ,april1 #afhg4 #c4 ,at #c4 p4 m4 a violent ,tornada1 but only some few ,drops of ,rain2 at #e4 p4 m4 a little more ,rain4 #d4 ,cloudy by ,fits1 otherwise very hot4 #e4 ,hot and clear4 #f4 ,in the ,morning hot1 about #b4 p4 m4 cloudy2 about #c4 some ,drops of ,rain1 in the ,evening the ,clouds dispersed4 #g4 ,clear and hot4 #h4 ,between #ab4 and #a4 in the ,morning1 a violent ,rain for near an ,hour2 after #b4 one somewhat longer2 the ,day after there appeared to have been much ,rain2 ,tank fill'd ,two ,foot and somewhat more4 #i4 ,about #g4 a4 m4 some ,drops2 cloudy all ,day4 #aj4 ,cloudy about #aa4 a4 m4 a small ,mist4 #aa4 ,presently after ,midnight it began to ,rain and lasted till #f4 a4 m4 a great part of the time very violently1 it began with a strong ,tornada2 ,tank above ,three ,feet4 ,the ,day after some ,clouds2 otherwise extream hot4 ,so also #ab1 and #ac4 #ad4 ,about #e4 a4 m4 a ,shower for ,hour1 between #f4 and #g4 p4 m4 another of the same continuance1 the ,day between extream hot4 ,so #ae4 #af4 ,a ,shower for ,hour1 it began with a violent ,tornada1 the ,rain not much1 afterward cloudy4 #ag1 ,and #ah4 ,clear4 #ai4 ,clear also1 about #g4 p4 m4 a considerable ,wind and some ,drops of ,rain4 #bj4 ,clear but ,windy4 #ba4 ,between #ab4 and #b4 moderate ,rain for near an ,hour4 #bb4 ,about #b4 a4 m4 moderate ,rain almost an ,hour2 at #aa4 p4 m4 a short ,shower and gentle2 the ,day between extream hot4 #bc4 ,cloudy about #aj4 a4 m4 some ,drops4 #bd4 ,extream hot4 #be4 ,about #a4 a4 m4 ,rain for near an ,hour2 the ,morning after hot2 ,afternoon cloudy2 most part of the ,night1 ,thunder and ,lightning1 but no ,rain4 #bf4 ,at #g4 a4 m4 strong ,rain for ,hour1 after that a little ,mist2 ,afternoon1 from #ab4 to #ae4 it rain'd unequally1 but the most part moderate4 #bg4 ,extream hot4 #bh4 ,about #ab4 ,somewhat ,cloudy1 at #c4 p4 m4 it began to ,rain1 and lasted about an ,hour and 2 after cloudy and some ,drops2 in the ,night a ,shower or two4 #bi4 ,cloudy4 ,thence to ,may #f4 sometimes cloudy2 but for the most part violent hot4 ,this ,month we had ,three ,funerals2 one the #c;d of a ,fever1 another on the #aith of ,i know not what ,pains in the ,guts1 another #bd4 of the ,flux4 ,the #ae4 and some ,days following1 there settled upon the ,castle ,walls1 certain ,swarms of wing'd ,ants1 a little bigger than ,bees2 they would bite very severely1 and were blown up with ,powder4 ,may1 #afhg4 ,till the #f4 as before4 #f4 ,in the ,morning cloudy1 a little after ,noon some ,wind1 followed by gentle ,rain1 which lasted till #c4 p4 m4 after cloudy4 #g4 ,hot4 #h4 ,cloudy about #aj4 a4 m4 a gentle ,shower for ,hour2 about #h4 p4 m4 a very violent ,storm of ,wind and ,rain1 but it quickly grew moderate1 and lasted in all not above ,hour4 #i4 ,clear4 #aj4 ,about ,noon a violent ,shower for of an ,hour2 after #h4 p4 m4 another as long1 but not so violent2 past #i4 another shorter4 #aa4 ,clear4 #ab4 ,clear1 past #i4 p4 m4 a very ,violent ,tornada with ,rain1 which lasted somewhat more than #b ,hours4 #ac4 ,between #ab4 and #a4 in the ,night1 a short ,shower2 about #i4 a4 m4 some ,drops2 so also in the ,afternoon but nothing considerable2 cloudy all ,day4 #ad4 ,cloudy2 at #i4 a4 m4 a violent ,rain for 2 after gentle for above an ,hour2 about #c4 p4 m4 some ,drops4 #ae4 ,about #c4 a4 m4 ,rain for ,hour2 between #d4 and #e4 another2 after foggy and cloudy1 with some few ,drops2 about #g4 p4 m4 a violent ,tornada with ,rain for near an ,hour4 #af4 ,about #d4 a4 m4 ,rain for an ,hour2 after #h4 for ,hour2 after #f4 p4 m4 ,rain and ,wind1 but both moderate1 for ,hour2 past #h4 about as much4 #ag4 ,about #d4 a4 m4 a short ,shower1 after clear2 #ah4 clear4 #ai4 ,cloudy1 about #aj4 a4 m4 some ,drops4 #bj4 ,cloudy between #h4 and #aj4 a4 m4 a ,shower2 first violent1 after more moderate1 till it ended in a kind of ,mist2 it lasted in all about #a ,hour2 the ,day after clear1 #ba1 and #bb4 clear4 #bc4 ,in the ,afternoon cloudy2 about #f4 p4 m4 some ,drops2 the ,night after1 a ,shower1 not considerable4 #bd4 ,hot1 about #aj4 p4 m4 a little ,shower4 #be4 ,clear2 #bf4 in the ,night some little ,rain4 #bg4 ,held up2 #bh4 at #i4 p4 m4 a short ,shower4 #bi4 ,at #e4 a4 m4 ,rain till near #g4 a little past #g4 till #i4 after cloudy4 #cj4 ,cloudy2 the ,night after some ,rain4 #ca4 ,about #h4 a4 m4 ,rain for ,hour2 from #i4 till #ab4 it rained for the most part very violently2 before #a4 another ,shower for ,hour2 from a little after #b4 till #e4 with very great ,thunder4 ,one ,funeral on the #beth after but ,three ,days ,sickness1 of which ,i can give no account4 ,the beginning of this ,month1 we had an extraordinary ,number of ,toads1 which after some time were not to be seen4 ,the #adth we had wing'd ,ants1 as before4 #bd4 ,was the first ,corn1 the ,seed-time having been the middle of ,march4 ,june1 #afhg4 #a4 ,about #d4 a4 m4 ,rain for an ,hour2 past #a4 p4 m4 for ,hour2 the rest cloudy and misty4 #b4 ,from #b4 a4 m4 till #e4 continual ,rain1 'tis said there was some before2 from #i4 a4 m4 till ,hour past #f4 p4 m4 continual ,rain1 sometimes very fierce2 from ,hour past #i at ,night1 ,rain till past #aj4 #c4 ,from #f4 to a little past #g4 a4 m4 a very gentle ,rain1 from thence till #a4 p4 m4 most commonly very fierce2 thence for a little while more moderate2 but it rain'd hard again till #f4 p4 m4 then it drop'd but slowly1 and so continued till about #g4 in the ,night some little ,rain4 #d4 ,about #h4 a4 m4 some ,drops1 thence clear4 #f1 ,and #g4 clear1 except some few flying ,clouds4 #h4 ,after #c4 a4 m4 gentle ,rain for near an ,hour2 then cloudy and some ,drops1 after #aj4 p4 m4 a ,shower4 #i4 ,at #e4 a4 m4 a gentle ,shower1 lasted till past #g4 thence a very violent ,rain till almost #i4 some ,drops after that2 about #c4 p4 m4 it began and rain'd till past #aj4 somewhat moderately4 #aj4 ,clear and hot4 #aa4 ,cloudy2 about #h4 p4 m4 a few ,drops4 #ab4 ,from about #b4 a4 m4 till near #e4 ,rain1 but not violent2 a little before #f4 a furious ,storm of ,rain1 but little ,wind2 it lasted till ,hour past #g4 about #c4 p4 m4 a moderate ,rain1 till a little past #d4 and from thence to #f4 somewhat more than a ,mist2 the ,night after it rained a little4 #ac4 ,cloudy2 in the ,afternoon it drop'd a little4 #ad4 ,about #h4 a4 m4 a few ,drops4 #ae4 ,somewhat cloudy4 #af4 ,extream hot2 toward ,night cloudy2 about #e4 p4 m4 a violent ,shower for ,hour2 from a little before #h4 till past #aj4 it rained continually4 #ag4 ,from #d4 a4 m4 till almost #f4 gentle ,rain2 so from a little past #f4 till past #g4 thence till past #c4 p4 m4 cloudy1 and now and then some ,drops2 then a violent ,shower for th of an ,hour2 half an ,hour after #d4 it rain'd again and continued till past #aj4 for the most part very furiously2 with some little ,intermission it rain'd all ,night4 #ah4 ,at #c4 a4 m4 it rained very fiercely2 about ,hour after #f4 it held up1 but cloudy still2 from #h4 a4 m4 till past #c4 p4 m4 it rained1 but moderately2 then it held up a little1 but rained after till past #f4 all ,day cloudy1 and at ,night a great ,fog4 #ai4 ,about #i4 a4 m4 some ,drops2 from #a4 till past #c4 p4 m4 very gentle ,rain4 ,thence to the ,first of ,july1 foggy1 ,morning1 sometimes hot1 but for the most cloudy1 and more temperate than could be expected from the ,climate4 ,two ,funerals1 one the #ith of an ,asthma2 the other #ba4 of a ,fever4 ,we saw some ,sorts of ,insects not usual here1 whether monstrous or not1 ,i cannot tell4 ,the most notable1 a kind of ,spider1 about the ,bigness of a ,beetle1 the ,form nearest of a ,crab-fish1 with an odd kind of ,orifice visible in the ,belly1 whence the ,web proceeded4 ,july1 #afhg4 #a4 ,extream hot4 #b4 ,foggy in the ,morning2 about #i4 a4 m4 a few ,drops2 after clear4 #c4 ,in the ,morning a great ,fog2 about #i4 a4 m4 it rained small ,rain for near an ,hour2 toward night more foggy than ever before2 about #f4 p4 m4 small ,rain for a little time2 from #h4 till past #i4 somewhat more brisk ,rain1 after that it cleared up4 #d4 ,from #i4 a4 m4 to #c4 p4 m4 small ,rain1 the rest foggy2 between #aj4 and #aa4 p4 m4 some ,rain4 #e4 ,from #b4 a4 m4 till past #h4 constant ,rain1 sometimes very fierce1 sometimes moderate2 about #aj4 a4 m4 some ,rain2 between #b4 and #c4 p4 m4 it began to ,rain1 but continued not long2 from #h4 p4 m4 to #aj4 ,rain4 #f4 ,from about #b4 a4 m4 to #f4 ,rain1 after fair4 #g4 ,foggy and cloudy2 between #g4 and #h4 a4 m4 some ,drops4 #h4 ,foggy in the ,morning1 otherwise clear and hot4 #i4 ,about #a4 a4 m4 a smart ,shower1 between #c4 and #e4 some more ,rain1 the time of which we know not exactly4 ,the ,day after foggy4 #aj4 ,very dull and cloudy2 from #c4 p4 m4 till ,night a very great ,mist4 #aa4 ,tolerably clear1 and very hot1 yet somewhat foggy ,morning and ,evening4 #ab4 ,cloudy2 thence to #ae4 in the ,morning and ,evening foggy2 else very hot4 #ae4 ,cloudy2 about #aj4 a4 m4 some ,drops2 from half an ,hour past #b4 till #d4 moderate ,rain2 about #g4 some ,drops4 #af4 ,cloudy1 several times it drop'd a little but nothing considerable4 #ag4 ,a little before ,day1 a short ,shower2 after cloudy2 thence to #bj4 foggy ,morning and ,evening1 and the most part cloudy4 #bj4 ,very clear all ,day1 and extream hot4 #ba4 ,not foggy at all2 yet somewhat cloudy1 but about ,mid-day it cleared up4 #bb1 ,and #bc4 very clear and extream hot4 #bd4 ,cloudy in the ,morning2 after as the ,two last4 #be4 ,cloudy but not misty nor foggy1 sultry hot4 #bf4 ,in the ,morning cloudy1 after extream hot4 #bg4 ,hot and clear4 #bh4 ,thin ,clouds1 through which the ,sun shone very hot4 #bi4 ,and #cj4 cloudy4 #ca4 ,about #c4 a4 m4 ,two short ,storms of ,rain1 the ,day after clear and hot4 ,two ,funerals1 one the #agth drowned2 the other #ba4 of a ,fever4 ,august1 #afhg4 ,to #e4 clear1 for the most part in the ,mornings cloudy2 but without ,fogs2 sometimes very hot4 #e4 ,about #e4 a4 m4 a ,shower near an ,hour long1 about #g4 another for ,hour1 till #aj4 some small ,rain2 thence cloudy till #a4 about #g4 p4 m4 a few ,drops4 #f4 ,cloudy all ,day1 sometimes it drop'd a little4 #g4 about #b4 a4 m4 violent ,rain1 with ,wind for above ,hour4 ,the ,day after cloudy4 #h4 ,and #i4 cloudy and foggy4 #aj4 ,more foggy than ordinary2 about #aj4 a4 m4 a great ,mist1 or small ,rain for most part of the ,day after4 #aa4 ,foggy as the former and ,misty2 between #h4 and #i4 a4 m4 a ,shower of small ,rain2 after ,noon clear4 #ab4 ,small ,rain in the ,morning2 after as #aa4 #ac4 ,clear and hot1 the ,land ,breze very strong4 #ad4 ,cloudy all ,day1 the ,land ,breze turn'd to a kind of ,hermitan1 but not troublesome1 nor continued beyond this ,day4 #ae4 ,cloudy1 several times very misty1 and some small ,rain4 #af4 ,cloudy1 but no ,mist2 after ,noon clear4 ,thence to #bb4 clear and hot1 but the ,nights colder than at other times4 #bb4 ,at #f4 p4 m4 cloudy1 a ,wind ,tornada but moderate1 with some few ,drops of ,rain very large4 #bc4 ,clear and hot4 #bd4 ,cloudy and misty at first2 about #aj4 a4 m4 clear and hot4 #be4 ,clear and hot4 #bf4 ,very foggy1 ,morning and ,evening2 for the rest hot4 #bg4 ,from #e4 to #aj4 a4 m4 it rain'd smartly2 thence cloudy1 about #b4 p4 m4 it clear'd up for a while2 about #i4 p4 m4 a sharp ,rain for ,hour4 #bh4 ,between #ab4 and #c4 a4 m4 it rained about ,two ,hours2 about #g4 some few ,drops1 after ,cloudy1 in the middle of the ,day1 it clear'd a little1 but quickly overcast again4 #bi4 ,in the ,night some ,rain2 at #g4 a4 m4 ,rain for ,hour2 till past #ab4 a very thick ,mist2 about #c4 p4 m4 clear2 at ,night a very thick ,mist4 ,to the end cloudy and ,misty4 ,three ,funerals1 #f4 one of a ,fever1 #g4 another of a ,consumption1 #bi4 a third of a ,fever4 ,september1 #afhg4 #a4 ,and #b4 as the last4 #c4 ,some few ,drops4 ,thence to #h4 cloudy also and misty4 #h4 ,about #f4 p4 m4 some small ,rain2 between #h4 and #aj4 p4 m4 for an ,hour pretty brisk ,rain4 #i4 ,in the ,morning cloudy and misty4 #aj4 ,about #aj4 p4 m4 a little ,rain4 #aa4 ,extream hot and clear2 in the ,night1 considerable ,rain for several ,hours4 #ab4 ,about #aj4 a4 m4 some small ,rain1 the ,morning very foggy1 ,afternoon clear4 #ac4 ,clear and hot4 #ad4 ,and #ae4 ,in the ,morning extream cloudy1 and some ,drops of ,rain4 #af4 ,clear and extream ,hot4 #ag4 ,moderate1 about #g4 p4 m4 some ,drops2 at ,night also some ,rain1 not considerable4 #ah4 ,cloudy2 in the ,morning about #ab4 some ,drops2 all this ,week1 ,morning and ,evening ,foggy and thick4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,extream hot1 the ,fogs ceased4 #bb4 ,about #a4 a4 m4 some ,rain1 the ,day after cloudy4 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 ,in the ,morning cloudy after very hot4 #bf4 ,at ,night also somewhat ,misty1 with many ,flashes of ,lightning1 but no ,thunder4 ,the like ,flashes most ,nights to the end of the ,month1 also often cloudy2 at other times extream hot4 ,two ,funerals1 one the #aith of a ,fever1 the other the #bfth1 whose ,disease ,i do not know4 ,october1 #afhg4 #a4 ,about #c4 a4 m4 a very fierce ,rain for near an ,hour1 but milder toward the end2 the ,day after some flying ,clouds4 #b4 ,about #d4 a4 m4 a little ,rain1 the ,day after as before2 from #h4 p4 m4 till #aj4 moderate ,rain4 #c4 ,cloudy2 about #aj4 a4 m4 ,rain for somewhat more than an ,hour4 #d4 ,cloudy between #h1 and #aj4 p4 m4 a very smart ,rain for above an ,hour4 #e4 ,about #i4 a4 m4 a little ,shower4 #f4 ,about #e4 a4 m4 a little ,shower2 another past #f4 the ,day after1 and #g extream hot4 #h4 ,hot in the ,morning2 after ,noon a shew of a ,tornada1 with ,thunder1 and a considerable ,wind1 but no ,rain4 ,thence to #af4 some flying ,clouds1 but generally hot4 #af4 ,about #d4 p4 m4 a little ,rain1 the ,sun shining then1 and the whole ,day very hot2 about #h4 p4 m4 a very strong ,tornada1 ,wind and ,rain for about ,hour1 afterward the ,rain continued1 but more moderate1 for near ,two ,hours4 #ag4 ,clear and hot4 #ah4 ,so too1 except that about #c4 p4 m4 there was a very short ,shower4 #ai4 ,and #bj4 somewhat cloudy4 #ba4 ,about #g4 a4 m4 a few ,drops1 after clear and extream hot1 but quickly cloudy again2 at #aa4 a4 m4 a violent ,tornada1 with very strong ,rain and ,thunder for near an ,hour2 thence all the time till ,night1 thick and misty2 till #b4 p4 m4 ,rain4 #bb4 ,cloudy4 #bc4 ,clear and hot4 #bd4 ,somewhat cloudy2 at #g4 p4 m4 a little ,rain4 #be4 ,cloudy2 about #aa4 a4 m4 ,expectation of a ,tornada1 with some ,thunder1 but it ended in a few ,drops of ,rain about #a4 p4 m4 #bf4 ,about #b4 a4 m4 a very violent ,tornada1 and after the ,wind1 ,rain not very fierce1 which lasted till #h4 a4 m4 the ,day after cloudy4 #bg4 ,about #aj4 p4 m4 a violent ,wind with ,rain1 but it lasted not long4 #bh4 ,about #c4 a4 m4 a strong ,rain for near an ,hour the ,day after extream hot4 #bi4 ,and #cj4 hot1 yet with some ,clouds4 #cj4 ,half an ,hour after #aa4 p4 m4 began a very furious ,tornada1 the ,wind was quickly over1 but the ,rain lasted with extream violence about ,two ,hours4 #ca4 ,in the ,morning very hot2 about #b4 p4 m4 a violent ,tornada1 with ,rain and ,thunder very near2 it ceased sometimes1 but beginning again1 lasted till near #d4 p4 m4 afterward cloudy4 ,three ,funerals1 all upon the #fth ,day1 ,two of ,fevers1 the other ,i know not4 ,november1 #afhg4 ,clear and extream hot till the #fth4 #f4 ,about half an ,hour past #a4 in the ,morning a very violent ,rain for more than an ,hour4 ,thence to #ad4 except that the #aath at ,night there were some few ,drops1 very hot4 #ad4 ,extream hot1 about #i4 p4 m4 a little ,shower2 the same ,night about #a4 a smart ,rain for an ,hour and half4 #ae4 ,hot2 toward ,night ,cloudy and ,foggy4 ,thence to #ai4 very hot4 #ai4 ,some likelihood of a ,tornada1 but nothing followed4 #bj4 ,about #a4 p4 m4 a short ,shower2 about a quarter past #b4 another not much longer2 till ,night ,cloudy4 ,thence to #bf4 no ,rain1 but cloudy and somewhat cooler2 yet some ,days extream hot4 #bf4 ,about #aj4 p4 m4 a short ,shower4 #bg4 ,about #b4 another2 the rest clear4 #cj4 ,about #b4 a4 m4 fierce ,rain for about ,hour4 ,an ,account of the ,moorish ,way of ,dressing their ,meat 7with other ,remarks7 in ,west-,barbary1 from ,cape ,spartel to ,cape de ,geer4 ,by ,mr4 ,jezreel ,jones4 ,the ,mauritanian or ,barbarian ,moor1 when he rises in the ,morning1 washes himself all over1 and dresses1 then goes to their ,jiama1 or ,church1 says his ,prayers1 and returns home1 where his ,wife1 ,concubine1 or ,slave1 hath his ,breakfast provided for him1 which is sometimes made of ,barly or ,wheat-,gruel2 for ,i have known both4 ,it is made somewhat thicker than ours1 till it be ropy2 they put ,origan1 and other ,herbs1 powder'd1 into it1 which for such uses they keep dry'd all the ,year2 some will put a little ,pepper1 and other ,spice4 ,i have often been treated with warm ,bread1 fresh ,butter1 and ,honey1 in a ,morning1 which is not seldom used among themselves1 an ,hour or two after they have had ,gruel2 as also ,hasty-,pudding1 with ,butter1 and sometimes ,butter and ,honey1 7as the ,guests are1 and according to the ,ability of the ,entertainers47 ,some again give ,cuscusoo1 with ,milk1 others with ,flesh1 a third with ,roots4 ,it is to be observed1 when any one hath a ,guest or ,guests in his ,house1 the ,neighbours bring their ,dish to welcome him or them1 on account of the ,respect and ,love they bear to their ,neighbour1 as well as to shew their ,readiness to entertain the ,stranger4 ,this ,practice is found constantly used throughout the whole ,country among the ,moors1 one towards another1 reciprocally4 ,and ,i have as often found the like ,civility1 as ,i had occasion to take up my ,lodging at any ,place1 where ,i was acquainted with any of the ,inhabitants4 ,the ,jews likewise shew great ,civility to any ,christian1 and treat him with what they have1 as stew'd or bak'd ,hens1 ,capons1 hard ,eggs1 boil'd or roasted1 which they press flat with ,pepper1 and ,salt1 ,wine1 ,brandy1 c4 ,they have generally the best ,bread1 and every thing else of the kind that they can get4 ,they put ,annis1 and two or three other sorts of ,seeds1 in their ,bread2 one is black and angled1 tastes almost like ,carrot-seeds1 and ,i think ,i have seen these sometimes used in ,bread in ,spain2 ,i know not the ,names of the other ,seeds in ,english1 nor any ,language but ,arabick4 ,they esteem ,honey as a wholsome ,breakfast1 and the most delicious that which is in the ,comb1 with the young ,bees in it1 before they come out of their ,cases1 whilst they still look ,milk-white1 and resemble 7being taken out7 ,gentles1 such as ,fishers use3 ,these ,i have often eat of1 but they seem'd insipid to my ,palate1 and sometimes ,i found they gave me the ,heart-burn4 ,in ,suse ,i had a ,bag of ,honey brought by a ,friend who made a ,present of it1 as being of great ,esteem1 and such as they present to ,men of greatest ,note among them4 ,this1 he told me1 ,i was to eat a little of every ,morning1 to the quantity of a ,walnut2 it was thick as ,venice ,treacle1 and full of small ,seeds4 ,i used to breakfast on it for several ,days together1 taking the said quantity at a time2 it always made me sleepy1 but ,i found my self well1 and in very good temper of ,body after it4 ,the ,seeds were about the bigness of ,mustard1 and1 according to the ,description of them to me1 and the ,effects ,i found by eating the ,honey and them1 they must be a large sort of ,poppy-seed4 ,the ,honey was of that sort they call in ,suse1 ,izucanee1 or ,origanum1 which 7the ,bees feed on7 and these ,seeds were mixed with4 ,cuscus1 or ,cusksoo1 is the principal ,dish among them1 as the ,olla is in ,spain3 ,this is made of ,flower of ,wheat1 and when that is scarce1 of ,barley1 ,millet1 ,indian ,corn1 c4 ,they shake some ,flower into an earthen ,pan1 made on ,purpose1 which is not glazed1 sprinkling a little ,water on the bottom of the ,pan first1 and then working it with both their open ,hands flat1 turning them backwards and forwards to grain it1 'till they make it much resembling ,sago1 which comes from the ,east-,indies4 ,they stew their ,flesh keeping their ,pots close covered1 which are made of ,earth1 put the ,cusksoo into an earthen ,cullender1 which they call ,caskass1 ,b4 vid4 ,fig4 and this ,cullender into the ,mouth of the ,pot1 ,c4 that so all the ,steam which arises from the ,meat may be imbibed by the ,cusksoo1 which causes it to swell1 and make it fit to be eaten3 ,when it is enough1 for they love every thing thoroughly done1 they put this ,cusksoo out into the ,dish they serve it up in1 which is somewhat like ,d4 and the ,cusksoo being heaped up1 they make 7as it were7 a ,bed or ,place for the ,meat to lie in1 then they put good store of ,spice1 as ,ginger1 ,pepper1 ,saffron1 c4 ,this ,dish is set upon a ,mat on the ,ground1 and four ,men may easily sit about it1 tho' ,i have seen six and more at one ,dish2 they sit with their ,buttocks upon the ,calves of their ,legs1 with the bottom of their ,feet on the ,ground4 ,if there are many to eat at this ,meal1 there are more ,dishes4 ,this ,dish they have in use sometimes at ,breakfast1 as well as ,dinner and ,supper1 but it is commonly used for the two last ,meals4 ,they cover it with a thing made on purpose1 somewhat like ,e4 and it will keep hot enough two ,hours4 ,at a stately ,entertainment they will have a ,sheep roasted whole1 sometimes a half1 or a quarter1 on a wooden ,spit1 or the most convenient thing they can find4 ,they do not continually keep turning it1 as we do1 but leisurely let one side be almost roasted before they turn the other4 ,the ,fire is commonly of ,wood burnt to clear ,coal1 and made so1 that the ,heat ascends to the ,meat4 ,they baste it with ,oil1 and a little ,water and ,salt incorporated4 ,they let it be thoroughly roasted2 then they say1 ,bismiillah1 ,in the ,name of ,god1 after they have washed their ,right ,hands1 and pulling the ,meat in pieces1 they fall to eating4 ,it is to be noted1 that they never use but their ,right ,hand in eating1 and one holds whilst the other pulls it asunder1 distributing the pieces to the rest1 as he pulls it off4 ,they seldom use a ,knife1 and a ,fork is a strange thing among them4 ,they are dextrous at this way of carving1 and never flinch at the ,heat or warmth1 for that would look mean1 and might occasion one more bold to take his ,office upon him to perform4 ,when they have done1 they lick their ,fingers1 and as often as they have a hot ,dish1 they wash their ,hands afresh4 ,then they have ,alfdoush1 or ,virmizzelli1 with some ,meat on it1 stew'd ,meat1 well spiced1 with savoury ,broth2 which after they have eat the ,meat1 they dip their ,bread in the ,sauce1 or ,broth1 and eat it4 ,they are cleanly in their ,cookery1 and if a ,hair be found it is a capital ,crime1 but a ,fly not1 because it has ,wings1 and may get in after it passes from the ,cook's ,charge or ,management2 to be well and strongly season'd is no great ,fault2 and if one should say it is too high of ,pepper1 they'll reply1 it is better to be ,ah than ,faugh2 alluding to the ,differences between a strong1 high1 or hot1 and savoury ,taste1 and an insipid1 watry1 or unpleasant4 ,cubbob is small pieces of ,mutton1 with the ,caul of a ,sheep wrapped on them4 ,some make good ,cubbob of the ,liver1 ,lights1 and ,heart4 ,they ,pepper and ,salt them1 and put ,sweet ,herbs and ,saffron into them1 and then roast them1 and when they dish them up1 squeeze an ,orange or two on them4 ,thus they use commonly in their stew'd ,meats1 ,lemon and ,orange for ,roast or ,fish4 ,elmorosia is another3 ,this is pieces of ,beef1 of ,cow or ,camel1 stew'd with ,butter1 ,honey1 and ,water2 some will put ,rob of ,wine among it2 they add ,saffron1 ,garlick1 or ,onions1 a little ,salt1 and when 'tis enough1 serve it up4 ,they esteem this a delicious ,dish1 used mostly in the ,winter1 and say it is good against ,colds1 notwithstanding they say ,beef is cooler than ,mutton4 ,they have a piece of good ,housewifery for a ready ,dish1 which is likewise appropriated to the ,winter ,season2 and this ,i will give an ,account of before ,i have done4 ,then they will treat you with ,hare stew'd1 stew'd and roasted ,hens and ,partridges3 ,these they disjoint1 and let stew in ,water1 and ,oil1 or ,butter1 if they are not fat enough of themselves4 ,when they are almost enough1 they beat a couple of ,eggs1 mix them with the ,liquor1 with ,juice of ,lemon or ,vinegar1 which they usually have very good1 and serve it up4 ,then you may have more baked and roast1 and another ,dish of stew'd ,meat1 which for its ,goodness would be esteem'd among us3 ,they take a ,leg of ,mutton1 cut off the fleshy part1 leave out the ,skin and ,sinews4 ,this ,flesh they mince very fine 7with two ,knives1 one in each ,hand7 by holding them across1 which they manage with great ,dexterity2 they also mince some ,suet1 ,parsly1 ,thime1 ,mint1 c4 ,then they take ,pepper1 ,salt1 and ,saffron beaten together1 and some ,nutmeg2 all these they add to the rest1 with about half a handful of ,rice2 they cut an ,onion1 of the best sort1 half through1 and take off the first ,lay1 as not so fit for use1 unless it be thick4 7,they that are curious take out the inner ,skin1 saying it is not wholsome1 and bad for the ,eyes1 it being the worst thing in an ,onion1 which otherwise would be the best of ,roots47 ,this ,lay they fill with forc'd ,meat1 then the next1 and so on1 which makes them look like so many ,onions2 some they put up in ,vine-leaves of the best they can find for their purpose4 ,whilst this is doing1 the ,bones and ,residue of the ,leg of ,mutton1 being in moderate pieces1 are stewing1 with as much ,water as will just cover them2 then they put on their forc'd ,meat-,balls a top of the ,meat1 and a green ,bunch of ,grapes upon them1 cover it1 and let it boil till thoroughly enough4 ,this ,i think1 is one of their best ,dishes1 which they often use in ,fess and other ,cities4 ,pillowe1 or ,piloe1 is a ,dish very well known1 made with ,rice boil'd1 with a good ,hen1 ,mutton1 and ,spice1 the ,flesh and ,fowl being put on the ,rice in a ,dish as ,cusksoo1 and so served up4 ,a ,bustard1 which they roast and stew1 and make an excellent ,dish of its ,guts1 ,i eat of it once2 to me it seemed very pleasant and savoury1 and very grateful to the ,stomach4 ,this ,bird is fit for their ,king's ,table1 as likewise the ,hedgehog1 of which ,i will give an ,account anon4 ,then they have ,ragous1 made with ,sparrows1 ,pidgeons1 c4 ,their ,drink is plain ,water1 or ,milk1 and sometimes ,rob of ,wine mixed with ,water4 ,i was once treated with this by the ,bashaw of ,suse1 ,abdolmeleck ben ,alchotib1 and there was brought to me a great ,bowl which held above three ,quarts2 he told me there was not above half a ,pint of this ,rob in it1 and the rest was filled up with ,water4 ,it was very generous and pleasant1 and tho' ,i did not drink a quarter of it1 yet ,i found the ,strength in half an ,hour4 ,this they say is a ,remedy against ,cold likewise1 and pretend to take it medicinally2 tho' ,rob of ,grapes is lawful according to their#bj,law4 ,under this ,pretext1 many ,fessee ,merchants1 to make ,rob1 or ,vinegar1 press all the ,grapes in their ,vineyards1 put it up in great ,jars1 under ,ground1 and keep it long1 so that it proves excellent ,wine4 ,when four or five merry ,companions1 with every one his ,mistress1 appoint to be merry1 they go out to their ,vineyard or ,garden1 have ,musick1 and all or most of these ,dishes1 and there sit and carouse over a great earthen ,bowl full of ,wine1 of about four or five ,gallons1 and so drink round in a ,cup that will hold almost a ,pint1 like a large ,tea ,dish1 till there is none left2 it often happens that they do not part till they have made an end of the whole ,jar1 which seldom is less than a ,weeks time4 ,i have known some that have been nine ,days successively drunk2 those that are known to drink ,wine or ,piss standing1 their ,testimony will not be valid in ,law4 ,in a ,morning1 during this time of ,merriment1 they are for some savoury ,bit1 ,pickled ,fish1 or ,escaveche1 or ,elcholle4 ,they are great ,lovers of ,fish1 and have as great ,variety and very good1 which they fry in ,organ ,oil1 stew1 roast1 and bake1 with good store of ,spice1 ,onions1 ,garlick1 ,cummin1 ,parsly1 and ,coriander4 ,the ,escaveche1 or fry'd ,fish1 is cut in thin slices1 and put into ,vinegar1 with the aforesaid ,spices1 adding ,saffron1 and ,pepper1 c4 ,it will keep above a ,month1 and this they have commonly1 as also pickled ,limes1 ,olives1 ,capers1 c4 ,they eat parched ,garavancas1 parched ,almonds1 and ,beans1 which they parch in a ,pan with ,water and ,salt4 ,these1 and other things1 they have to relish their ,glass of ,wine1 or give them a fresh ,appetite to drink4 ,they say1 to cure the ill ,effects of a drunken ,bout1 is1 to take a swinging ,cup of the same ,liquor1 which invites them to more1 and so on4 ,but ,i have left some ,dishes1 by this ,digression1 to give an ,account of their extravagant ,mirth4 ,the ,hedgehog is a princely ,dish among them1 and before they kill him rub his ,back against the ,ground1 by holding its ,feet betwixt two1 as ,men do a ,saw that saws ,stones1 till it has done ,squeaking2 then they cut its ,throat1 and with a ,knife cut off all its ,spines and singe it4 ,they take out its ,guts1 stuff the ,body with some ,rice1 sweet ,herbs1 ,garavancas1 ,spice1 and ,onions2 they put some ,butter and ,garavancas into the ,water they stew it in1 and let it stew in a little ,pot1 close stopped1 till it is enough1 and it proves an excellent ,dish4 ,the ,moors do not care to kill ,lamb1 ,veal1 nor ,kid1 saying it is a ,pity to part the ,suckling from its ,dam4 ,they eat with their boil'd ,meat1 many times ,carrots1 ,turnips of two or three sorts1 ,cabbage1 ,beans1 and ,pease1 c4 which they have plenty1 and very good4 ,i have eat of ,porcupine stewed1 which much resembled ,camels ,flesh in ,tast1 and that is the nearest to ,beef of any thing ,i know4 ,i come now to give an ,account of the ,alcholea3 ,it is made of ,beef1 ,mutton1 or ,camel's ,flesh1 but chiefly ,beef1 which they cut all in long slices1 salt it well1 and let it lie twenty four ,hours in the ,pickle4 ,then they remove out of those ,tubs1 or ,jars1 into others with ,water1 and when it has lain a ,night1 they take it out1 and put it on ,ropes in the ,sun and ,air to dry2 when it is thoroughly dri'd1 and hard1 they cut it into pieces of two or three ,inches long1 and throw it into a ,pan1 or ,chauldron1 which is ready1 with boiling ,oil and ,suet sufficient to hold it1 where it boils till it be very clear and red1 if one cuts it1 which1 taken out1 they set to drain3 ,when all is thus done1 it stands till cool1 and ,jars are prepared to pot it up in1 pouring the ,liquor they fried it in upon it1 and as soon as it is thoroughly cold they stop it up close4 ,it will keep two ,years1 it will be hard1 and the hardest they look on to be best done4 ,this they dish up cold1 sometimes fry'd with ,eggs and ,garlick1 sometimes stew'd1 and ,lemon squeezed on it4 ,it is very good any way1 either hot or cold4 ,before ,i conclude1 ,i willingly give an ,account of their ,travelling-,provision1 viz4 ,bread1 ,almonds1 ,raisons1 ,figs1 hard ,eggs1 cold ,fowl1 c4 ,but what is most used by ,travellers1 is ,zumeet1 ,tumeet1 or ,flower of parched ,barley for ,limereece4 ,these are not ,arabian but ,shilha ,names1 so ,i believe it is of a longer standing than the ,mahometans in that ,part of ,africk4 ,they are all three made of parched ,barley ,flower1 which they carry in a ,leather ,satchel4 ,zumeet is the ,flower mixed with ,honey1 ,butter1 and ,spice2 ,tumeet is the same ,flower done up with ,organ ,oil2 and ,limereece is only mixed with ,water1 and so drank3 ,this quenches ,thirst much better than ,water alone1 satisfies a hungry ,appetite1 cools and refreshes tired and weary'd ,spirits1 overcoming those ill ,effects a hot ,sun and fatiguing ,journey might occasion4 ,this among the ,mountaineers of ,suse is used for their ,diet as well at home as on their ,journey4 ,all things taken in ,game1 as ,hawking1 ,hunting1 and ,fowling1 are lawful for them to eat1 if they take it before it be dead1 so that they can have time to cut its ,throat1 and say1 ,bismiillahe2 or if he is known to be an expert ,man at the ,game1 and says those ,words before he lets the ,hawk take its ,flight1 lets slip the ,grey-hound1 or fires his ,gun1 it is lawful2 all 7,i say1 but ,swine's ,flesh1 and what dies of its self7 they have ,liberty to eat1 and may sell it4 ,they tell us there is but one ,part about the ,hog or ,swine that is unlawful1 which they do not know1 and are obliged to abstain from the whole2 but if they knew it1 they would let us have but little to our share4 ,they eat ,snails boil'd with ,salt1 and praise their ,wholesomeness4 ,fish of all sorts1 are lawful4 ,in ,taffilet and ,dra most of their ,food is ,dates1 there are ten or a dozen sorts4 ,they have good ,capons all the ,country over2 no ,turkeys1 ,ducks1 nor ,geese but wild1 and those they have of two sorts2 ,duck1 ,teal1 and ,mallard1 ,curlews1 ,plovers1 ,snipes1 ,ox-birds1 ,pipers1 a sort of a black ,crow1 with a bald ,pate1 and long crooked ,bill1 is good ,meat1 and a hundred other sort of ,fowl4 ,i have eat ,antelope1 which we have kill'd in hunting1 and are very good ,food4 ,they are as large as a ,goat1 of a ,chestnut ,colour1 and white under the ,belly2 their ,horns are almost quite streight from their ,head up1 tapering gradually1 with ,rings at a distance from one another1 till within an ,inch and a half of the top2 fine large black ,eyes1 long and slender ,neck1 ,feet1 ,legs1 and ,body1 shaped somewhat like a ,deer2 they have two ,cavities between their ,legs1 ,i think the ,male as well as the ,female4 ,i have sent of these ,antelopes alive to ,england4 ,there are many in a ,herd1 when at the same time they have ,scouts1 or those who by running give 'em notice of an approaching ,foe4 ,when two lie down together1 they lay themselves so1 that their ,backs are towards each other1 and the ,head of one towards the ,tail of the other1 that they may see every way4 ,their ,dung is sweet and pleasant enough4 ,they are taken sometimes by the ,hawk1 sometimes by the ,shot2 for they are too swift for a ,grey-hound4 ,partridges in ,sus commonly roost on ,trees2 there are so many ,foxes which would otherwise destroy them4 ,and here ,i should make mention of another ,dish3 ,the ,moors will eat ,fox1 if it be ,fat1 either stewed or roasted1 but they do not care for it lean1 which has occasioned a ,proverb among them on that ,account1 to wit1 ,hellel deeb1 harom deeb2 alluding to the ,scruple might be made of its lawfulness4 ,those ,words signifie1 a ,fox is lawful1 and a ,fox is unlawful2 i4 e4 ,fat1 ,lawful2 ,lean1 ,unlawful4 ,illustration ,sidenote3 ,lat4 #cj1 or thereabouts4 ,fruits and ,sweat-,meats they have of many kinds1 as of three or four sorts of ,pumpkins1 ,macaroons1 ,almonds prepared many ways1 ,raisins1 ,dates1 ,figs dry and green1 excellent ,melons of two or three sorts1 and ,water-,melons1 ,pomegranates of several kinds1 ,apples1 ,pears1 ,apricocks1 ,peaches1 ,mulberries white and black1 ,plumbs1 and ,damascens1 ,cherries1#ba;,grapes of many kinds1 and very good1 and if they would assist ,nature1 they might have every thing in ,perfection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,their ,salating is ,lettuce1 ,endive1 ,carduus1 ,parsley1 ,apium1 and other sweet ,herbs1 ,onions1 ,cucumbers of several kinds1 some about a ,yard in length1 and two or three ,inches thick1 and hairy1 7this is esteemed the wholesomest7 ,radishes1 ,fumatas1 or ,apples of ,love1 all which they will cut1 and put ,oil1 ,vinegar1 and ,salt1 with some red ,pepper3 ,this ,salate they eat with ,bread4 ,they have a ,fruit called ,baraneen1 in ,spain1 ,baragenas2 these they stew with their ,victuals1 and sometimes cut them in thin slices1 and fry them2 it makes a pretty ,dish4 ,when the ,moors have feasted1 every one washes his ,hands and ,mouth1 thanks ,god1 and blesses the ,hosts and ,entertainers from whom they had it2 they talk a little1 or tell some ,story1 and then lie down to rest1 where ,i shall leave them at present1 and do beg your ,pardon for so tiresome and frivolous a ,discourse4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,alcoran4 #ba ,grapes in ,messina ,i have known as big as a ,pigeon's ,egg2 but they do not make ,wine4 ,a ,letter from ,mr4 ,john ,monro to the ,publisher1 concerning the ,catacombs of ,rome and ,naples4 ,,sir1 ,the ,catacombs are an obscure ,argument4 ,i have seen those of ,rome1 ,i have seen those of ,naples1 and as they say there are ,catacombs in the ,neighbourhood of all the great ,towns of that part of ,italy1 ,i had been glad to have seen them where-ever they are4 ,they are an obscure argument indeed2 but perhaps the greatest obscurity about them is1 that a ,matter that has so much exercis'd the ,pens of the ,moderns1 shou'd be totally neglected by the ,ancients3 ,neither the name nor the thing is found in the latter1 whereas among the former1 ,antiquaries and ,travellers are full of them4 ,all they into whose way they come1 think they do nothing if they do not exhaust them before they leave them2 they take all their dimensions1 and measure their height1 their breadth and their length2 they survey all the little ,rooms1 search every hole and corner1 ,criticize nicely on the quality1 and calculate the ,age of the poor ,painting and ,inscriptions1 and make excursions into other ,arguments1 to find out the end for which they were made4 ,the ,catacombs are a narrow ,gallery dug and carried a vast way under ,ground1 with an infinite number of others going off it on all hands1 and an infinite number of little ,rooms going off the ,principal1 and them too4 ,those commonly shew'd ,strangers are those of ,san ,sebastiano1 those of ,san ,lorenzo1 those of ,san ,agnese1 and the others in the ,fields a little off of ,sant ,agnese4 ,they take their ,names from the ,churches in their ,neighbourhood1 and seem to divide the circumference of the ,city without the ,walls between them1 extending their ,galleries every where under1 and a vast way from it1 so that all the ,ground under1 and for many ,miles about it1 is said to be hollow4 ,now there are two sorts of ,authors that run into extravagance on this subject2 the one will have them made by the ,primitive ,christians1 adding1 that in the times of ,persecution they liv'd1 held their ,assemblies1 and laid up the ,bodies of their ,martyrs and ,confessors in them4 ,this is the ,account that prevails at ,rome1 and consequent to it there are ,men kept constantly at ,work in them4 ,as soon as these ,labourers discover a ,repository1 with any of the marks of a ,saint about it1 ,intimation is given to the ,cardinal ,treasurer1 who immediately sends ,men of ,probity and ,reputation to the place1 where they find a ,palm painted or ingraven1 or the ,cypher ,,xp1 which is commonly read pro ,christo1 or a small round projection in the side of the ,gallery1 a little below the ,repository2 what is within it is carried to the ,palace4 ,many of these ,projections we have seen open1 with pieces of the ,vials in them2 the ,glass indeed was tinctur'd1 and 'tis pretended that in these ,vials was conserved the ,blood of the ,martyrs1 which was thus laid up nigh their ,bodies1 towards the ,head1 to distinguish them from those of the others that were not called to the ,honour of laying down their ,lives for the ,faith of the ,gospel4 ,after the ,labourers have survey'd a ,gallery1 they do up the entry that leads into it2 thus most of them are shut2 nor are more left open than what is necessary to keep up the ,trade of shewing them to ,strangers1 which they say is done to prevent what has often happen'd1 ,i mean ,peoples losing themselves in these subterraneous ,labyrinths2 by this conduct depriving us of the means of knowing whither and how far they were carried4 ,to this it may be justly excepted1 that allowing the ,catacombs to be proper for the end for which they are presum'd to be made1 and that the ,christians of that ,age were in a capacity of making that convenience1 for themselves to live and assemble in below ,ground1 at a time when 'twas so very unsafe to appear above it2 yet to suppose that a work of that ,vastness and ,importance cou'd be carried on without the knowledge of the ,government1 is to suppose the ,government asleep1 and that that was actually done under its ,nose1 that must necessarily have alarm'd it1 had it been attempted on the frontiers of the ,empire4 ,the other sort of ,authors give indeed a mighty ,idea of the ,catacombs1 represent them as a work of that ,vastness1 that the ,christians in the persecuting times had not number enough to carry it on2 but then most unadvisedly with the same breath they confound them with the ,puticuli in ,festus ,pompeius1 where1 at the same time that the ,ancient ,romans us'd to burn the ,bodies of their dead1 the custom was1 to avoid expence1 to throw those of the ,slaves to rot4 ,this is not all1 the ,roman ,christians1 say they1 observing at length the great veneration that certain ,places gain'd by the presence of ,relicts1 resolv'd to provide a stock for themselves2 entring therefore the ,catacombs1 they made in some of them what ,cyphers1 what ,inscriptions1 what ,painting they thought fit1 and then shut them up2 intending to open them again upon a ,dream1 or some other important incident4 ,the few that were in the secret of this ,artifice either dying1 or as the ,monks1 who were the only ,men that seem to have had ,heads adapted to a thought of this quality1 were subject to so many removes1 being transported to other ,places1 the contrivance came to be forgot1 and those ,galleries continu'd shut1 till ,chance1 the ,parent often of great discoveries1 open'd them at last4 ,thus they conclude1 the ,remains of the vilest part of ,mankind are trump'd up in the ,church for the ,bodies of the most eminent ,confessors and ,martyrs4 ,to leave the latter part of this ,tale to shift for it self as well as it can1 either the ,catacombs are not that great work they are represented to be1 nor to be found every where about the ,city1 or 'twas very improper in ,festus ,pompeius to call them by the little name of ,puticuli1 and so confine them to one place only1 that ,i mean unknown now without the ,esquilin-,gate4 ,indeed the ,characters of the ,places are so very unlike1 that one wou'd wonder how a common ,burying place1 where in holes ,bodies were thrown together to rot1 came to be confounded with ,repositories cut in the face of a long ,gallery1 one over another1 sometimes to the number of seven1 in which ,bodies were singly laid1 and handsomly done up again1 so that nothing cou'd offend the view of those that went in1 especially with the little ,rooms of the fashion of ,chappels1 that have all the ,appearances of being the ,sepulchers of ,people of distinction4 ,the ,remark1 ,puticulos ,antiquissimum sepultur genus appellatos1 quod ibi in puteis sepirentur homines1 is that of an ,etymologist1 that would be now thought to speak against all the property of ,language1 if he apply'd the name to our ,graves or ,vaults1 to which it may with more ,justice and ,reason be apply'd1 than to the ,galleries of the ,catacombs1 and the ,rooms that go off them4 ,what the particulars were is not difficult to define1 after what we have seen so often4 ,when the ,persecutors spilt the ,blood of so many ,martyrs1 they us'd to dig holes perpendicularly in the ,ground1 and to throw their ,bodies promiscuously in them2 of this the ,memory is still conserv'd1 ,churches being built in the ,places where the holes were made1 and little ,monuments erected over the holes themselves1 to which the name of ,putei is continued to this day4 ,this is the true notion of the ,puticuli1 holes dug perpendicularly in the ,ground to throw ,bodies indifferently and without any decency in2 and according to the ,argument this ought to be the conduct of the ,ancient ,romans1 with ,respect to their ,slaves1 as implying simplicity and the care to avoid a greater expence2 but then what's all this to the ,galleries and ,chambers of the ,catacombs1 where decency and distinction of quality is nicely observ'd2 and that1 if they were look'd after1 and kept in better repair1 would be without dispute the noblest ,burying-place this ,day in the ,world8 ,as often as they fall under my consideration1 ,i cannot forbear thinking they were made for this end by the ,ancient ,romans1 and made in consequence of these two ,ancient opinions1 that the shadows hate the light1 and love to hover about the place where the ,bodies are laid1 they appear so easie and decent a resting-place for the one1 without the least fear of being ever disturb'd1 and at the same time there is provided a noble and a vast convenience full of variety for the others1 to space themselves freely and with pleasure in4 ,i think 'twill not be denied1 that laying up the ,bodies in ,caves was the original way of disposing of the dead2 this was that of the ,phnicians1 and as they were the ,men that with their ,colonies peopled the ,western parts of the ,world1 'tis more than probable they carried it along with them whither soever they went4 ,afterwards1 as ,men grew great and powerful1 they erected noble and magnificent ,monuments for themselves above ground2 at length others of inferior degree imitated them1 all leaving room enough and excluding the light3 ,but then interring as we do now in the open ,air1 or in ,temples1 was never the manner till ,christianity brought it in4 ,of the whole we have many ,instances1 and ,il ,signior ,abbate ,bencini1 ,bibliothecary of the ,propaganda1 a ,gentleman of good ,ancient ,learning1 assured me in the conversation ,i had with him on this ,argument1 that on the great ,roads in most parts of ,italy little ,catacombs have been and are still found under ground1 and that 'twas the ,custom to build little ,houses over them4 ,this1 and the testimony of the ,labourers whom ,i consulted on the matter1 made me abandon an opinion of which ,i was once fond1 that the ,catacombs are of the ,nature of our ,gravel-pits1 as old as the ,city itself1 and yet out of them was taken the ,puzzolana1 the famous ,ingredient in the ,roman ,mortar4 ,the same learned ,gentleman added1 relating to the marks of a ,martyr1 that they don't conclude much2 that the so fam'd ,cypher ,,xp was in use among the ,ancients long before ,christianity begun3 ,and when ,i ask'd him what the meaning of it might be among them8 return'd1 that 'twas compos'd of the two ,greek ,letters 1 under which something mystical was comprehended1 but that he met with no ,author that gave account what the mystery was4 ,thus1 after a multitude of thoughts about the ,catacombs1 ,i'm forced to take up with this2 so natural it is1 arising from the sole ,theory of the ,place1 and falls in so oppositely with the ,religion and ,practice of the ,ancients1 among whom the ,dii ,manes were the ,tutelary ,gods of the ,country1 and ,d4 ,m4 at the head of an ,inscription1 argues the ,moles1 the ,sepulchre1 the ,monument1 c4 was in the primary intention made for and dedicated to the ,soul4 ,upon the same ,maxims1 in ,foreign expeditions1 when a ,hero died or was kill'd1 as the ,body was liable to a quick corruption1 and for that ,reason unfit to be transported entire1 they fell on the expedient of ,burning1 in order to bring home the ,ashes1 to oblige the ,manes to follow1 that so the ,country might not be deprived of the ,benefit of its tutelage4 ,this ,i humbly conceive was the ,original of ,burning1 which by ,degrees became more and more universal1 till at last the ,pomp and ,magnificence of it reconcil'd it to all that were able to go to the length of the expence4 ,as for the prejudice of the ,silence of the ,ancient ,authors in this matter1 'tis easily removed1 and to be regretted at the same time that the ,authors of all ,ages1 too much neglect the customs of their own time4 ,writing for the satisfaction of their ,cotemporaries1 they think it impertinent to ,trouble them with the ,account of what they see ,transacted every ,day4 ,by this means the ,ancient ,customs1 with the ,time1 and ,reasons of their disuse1 are lost with ,respect to us1 and ours with the same ,circumstances may come to be so with relation to ,posterity4 ,as the ,authors are pleas'd to adopt them for their ,children1 one wou'd wonder greater care is not taken not to entail visible occasions of complaint on them2 nay1 one wou'd wonder more1 to see these ,gentlemen so little ambitious of a future reputation1 when they may infallibly assure it themselves1 without resigning the present1 by transmitting the knowledge of things1 the knowledge of which may in a small series of ,years become otherwise irretrievable2 they cannot but observe every ,day what esteem is placed on those ,authors1 to whom we are forced to go1 to find in them what cannot be found elsewhere1 to compare with the others1 in whom nothing is to be found1 but what ,men of ,reason are able to find at home4 ,upon the whole1 the ,catacombs ,i humbly conceive were the ,burying-places of the ,ancient ,romans2 at length the manner of ,burning1 which they received from the ,grcians1 coming by degrees to prevail universally1 they fell under a total neglect4 ,this is the ,state in which the ,primitive ,christians must be suppos'd to have found them2 'tis not to be imagin'd they could have made any use of them1 at a time when 'twas the daily practice to lay up even the depositions of the ,slaves in them2 so that either the ,christians made no use of them at all1 or they never were the burying ,place of the ,slaves4 ,now as these are ,suppositions that naturally destroy one another1 one would count it more safe to follow the faint light of a glimmering tradition1 than abandon ones self to the ,conduct of an ,ignis fatuus1 that for ought a ,man knows is actually misleading him1 so ,i beg leave to call the ,testimony of ,festus ,pompeius1 that may rather be apply'd to any other thing than to the ,galleries of the ,catacombs1 carry'd under ground1 they say #bj ,miles from the ,city in some places1 and no ,body knows how far in others1 and to that vast number of ,chambers that go off them4 ,thus therefore the ,christians finding them in a state of neglect laid up the ,bodies of their ,dead in them2 and perhaps when the ,persecution was hot1 conceal'd themselves and kept little separate ,assemblies in their ,chambers4 ,at last the ,empire turning ,christians1 they fell again in the old state of neglect1 in which they continu'd till upon the reading of ,i have forgot what ,author that makes mention of them1 they came to be look'd into and search'd4 ,what ,i have writ relates to the ,catacombs of ,rome1 those of ,naples are a quite other thing1 of which per next4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,your most humble ,servant1 ,marseilles1 ,aug4 #bb4 #agjj4 ,j4 ,monro4 ,an accurate ,description of the ,lake of ,geneva1 not long since made by a ,person that had visited it divers times in the pleasantest season of the ,year2 and communicated to the ,publisher by one of his ,parisian ,correspondents3 ,english'd as followeth4 ,you have reason1 ,sir1 to demand of me an ,account of the ,lake of ,geneva1 which1 in my opinion1 about this ,season of the ,year 7in ,june7 is one of the most pleasant ,places of the ,world4 ,this is the ,third time ,i have visited it1 and ,i am1 if ,i may say so1 more charmed with it than the first4 ,i shall say nothing of the ,alpes1 nor of mount ,jura1 which do environ it1 which by this ,lake as by a large ,ditch1 are separated from one another3 ,for that would not give you a sufficiently fair ,idea of the ,country4 ,be pleased therefore to represent unto your self a ,croissant of ,water1 one extremity whereof is ,eighteen ,leagues distant from the other1 and the ,banks of which are gently raised to some heights1 then to collines1 and at length to stupendous ,mountains2 which yet are not so linked to one another but that they leave betwixt them interstices of ,fifteen or ,twenty ,leagues prospects1 checkered by ,meadows1 ,corn-,fields1 ,orchards1 ,vines1 ,forrests of ,fir-,trees1 ,snow lying on the sides of the ,rocks4 ,all these ,objects1 which at a distance are confounded1 and seem to make but one1 have near hand their several ,beauties3 ,so well is the ,country intersected by ,rivulets1 which1 after they have served to make ,iron1 ,paper1 c42 run into the ,lake1 carrying with them very many ,fountains4 ,but leaving these ,things1 ,i shall now content my self to entertain your ,curiosity by giving you a candid ,relation of what ,i have there observed in the space of ,four ,months4 99 99 99 99 99 ,although ,i have told you1 that this ,lake hath the figure of a ,croissant1 yet that point1 where is ,geneva1 is somewhat longer and more extended than the other4 ,this ,croissant where 'tis largest1 which is from ,morges to ,thonon1 is about ,five good ,leagues over4 ,that which hinders from making an exact estimate of its ,largeness in other places1 is1 that the ,winds by driving the ,water toward the ,banks have made certain points1 which advance far into the ,lake1 in such sort that when one happens to be opposite to the other1 the ,lake seems to be narrow3 ,as may be observed in going from ,geneva to ,nion1 where it seems as if the ,pharus or watch ,tower of ,prangin1 which is in ,suisse1 did almost touch ,savoy2 whereas yet one is a ,league distant from the other4 ,and1 what is remarkable1 is1 that at the coming out of this ,streight1 the ,lake hath there almost its greatest breadth and depth4 ,the ,water of this ,lake is very good to drink1 and ever so limpid1 that even in the rolling of the ,waves1 which sometimes go high enough1 the ,water is not troubled but along the ,banks4 ,and if one do attentively look down from the ,castle of ,chilon or from any of the neighbouring heights into the bottom of the ,lake1 he may see high ,mountains under the ,water4 ,and the ,water is so ,deep before ,veuvay1 that the sounding ,line at the end of four hundred ,fathoms seems1 because it will not stay1 to ,touch upon something slippery4 ',tis held to be #ejj ,fathoms deep before ,roole2 and 'tis affirm'd1 that near this great ,depth there may be seen a kind of ,isle under ,water4 ,the ,rhone enters at one of the ,points of the ,croissant into the ,lake1 and issueth out at the other2 but with this ,difference1 that whereas he comes in ,dirty and ,miry1 he ever goes out so ,pure and ,clear1 that under the ,bridge of ,geneva1 where the ,water is deep twenty five ,feet in ,summer1 you may well discern the smallest ,stones at the bottom4 ,and the same ,water1 which in this ,place appears of a ,saphyring ,blew in the shade of the ,houses1 appears altogether ,green1 nor is so ,transparent1 when the ,sun shines on it4 ,there is a great diversity of ,opinions as to the ,current of the ,rhone in the ,lake2 some maintaining1 that it may be discerned1 others denying it4 ,having heard the ,sentiments of the ,curious of ,lausanne and ,geneva1 and the ,opinions of the most knowing ,fishermen that are there in great ,number1 and especially at ,coupet1 ,i believe with the latter2 that1 although the ,rhone entring into the ,lake loseth its ,violence1 yet doth he still keep some sensible ,motion in some places1 and every were observable1 and that no ,trouts are taken any were in this ,lake1 but in this ,current of the ,rhone2 which is what these ,fishermen call1 to go and ,fish sur le mont4 ,others there are1 that go further and say1 that one may every where distinguish the ,water of the ,lake from that of the ,rhone3 ,but the ,fishermen will not allow this1 but assert1 that there is no other ,mark than those lately alledged1 viz4 of the ,trouts1 and the ,current2 and that the latter of these is alone sufficient1 in calm ,weather1 to observe the ,current of the ,rhone from the place of his entring the ,lake unto that of his going out4 ,the ,water of this ,lake commonly begins to ,increase about the end of ,january1 or the beginning of ,february1 and continues to do so unto the twentieth of ,july1 and often unto the very ,month of ,august2 and then it insensibly decreaseth1 so that the ,water is less high in ,winter than ,summer by twelve or fifteen ,feet2 the ,frosts draining the ,springs1 or rather ,freezing the ,waters that issue out of them4 ,about this ,increase of the ,water there are also different ,opinions4 ',tis true1 they all believe in general1 that the principal cause of the ,increase of the ,water is the melting of the ,snow1 and of the ,mountainous ,ice1 that is in the ,winter form'd of the ,waters of the ,springs and ,torrents1 which the ,frost fixeth4 ,this is so true1 that when there is much ,snow in ,winter1 the ,waters are very high the ensuing ,summer4 ,but when great ,rains chance to fall in ,january1 then the ,snow1 not yet being well hardened1 melteth on a sudden altogether4 ,and when this melting is not so violent1 all the ,snow that will melt1 melts at the end of ,may or at the beginning of ,june2 so that1 there remaining but the stock of ,ice for entertaining the ,increase of the ,water unto the ,month of ,august1 some have thence been induced to say1 that this ,increase1 which amounts1 as has been said1 to #ae ,feet ,water generally all over the ,lake1 is caused by the ,herbs1 growing1 as they pretend1 at its bottom in great abundance2 and that these ,herbs1 whilst growing1 do force the ,water upwards1 and dying in ,autumn make the ,water to sink lower4 ,which is not satisfactory to me1 because there are no ,herbs seen upon the ,lake1 and very little within it1 and the ,banks being very dry4 ,others there are1 that will have this ,water rarified by the ,heat of the ,sun1 and thereupon swell'd on the ,borders1 hot ,water not being so high in the middle as cold4 ,this is certain1 that all the ,rivers and ,torrents1 that fall into this ,lake1 carry with them store of ,stones and ,earth1 which may indeed enlarge and raise it3 ,but such an augmentation or rise cannot be sensible but from ,age to ,age2 not to mention1 that in ,winter1 whilst the ,water is low1 the ,stones of the ,lakes are carried away for building or fortifying at ,geneva4 ,at the issuing out of the ,barres1 that form ,geneva1 on the side of the ,lake1 are seen in the ,water two or three huge ,flints1 standing out of the ,water2 the chief of which they call ,niton3 ,and the ,tradition is1 that it formerly was an ,altar consecrated to ,neptune2 there being also a place cut out in the middle1 which they take to have been the place for the ,sacrifice4 ,on this ,flint seven or eight ,persons can sit2 and sometimes1 when the ,waters are very low1 there are found about it ,knives1 and ,needles as thick as ,bodkins of tweeses1 and much longer2 both of ,brass1 well enough made1 and esteemed to have served for the ,sacrifices4 ,this ,lake in serene and calm ,weather appears sometimes1 and that even before ,sun-rising1 as if it were made of divers pieces1 differently coloured2 part of it being ,browner than the rest1 which seems to be caused by a ,breath of ,wind passing thorough the ,water1 coming either from the bottom of the ,lake1 or from above2 tho' others think this gentle agitation to proceed from some ,springs that are at the bottom1 making the ,water shiver above4 ,but that part of the ,water1 that is not moved1 appears as even and smooth as a ,looking-,glass1 or like ,water traced by a ,ship4 ,and as for the ,colours1 they are1 in my ,opinion1 an effect of the neighbouring ,mountains1 the different ,images of which1 being confounded in the ,water1 make an appearance of very pale ,colours4 ,after that the ,rhone is entred into the ,lake1 he retakes not his impetuous course before a quarter of a ,mile's distance from its coming forth again1 that is1 above ,geneva4 ,and the nearer he comes to that ,town1 the more his ,bed becomes narrow1 and consequently his course more ,rapid4 ,yet this ,rapidness hath been in our times once surmounted by ,wind1 and once by ,water4 ,to understand which1 you may imagine1 that in ,geneva there is a streak of ,land about an hundred ,fathoms long1 which divides the ,rhone into two parts1 passing under four ,bridges1 then covered with ,houses4 ,from the ,point of this ,isle unto several ranks of ,stakes on that side of the ,town1 there are about a ,thousand common ,paces4 ,this whole space of ,water1 which makes the figure of an ,v 7whereof the ,isle is the ,point1 and the ,town forms the sides1 and the ,stakes the empty place of the end7 hath been once laid dry by a violent ,wind1 after this manner4 ,one ,day in the ,winter of the ,year #afde4 there arose in the ,morning about #i a clock so furious a ,wind1 that not only it uncovered the ,houses1 but also laid dry the ,bed of the ,rhone above the ,bridges1 so that many1 in the view of all the ,town crossed quite over it dry-foot1 and one of the ,sons of ,m4 ,d4 ,aubigny took up some ,medals1 which he found in his way4 ,this passage was free during an ,hours time2 at the end of which the ,river retook its course4 ,at that ,season the ,water being very low1 and a ,west-,wind1 to arrive at ,geneva1 being pressed by the high ,mountains that bring it upon the ,town as by the nose of a pair of ,bellows2 it came to pass1 that that ,wind did violently bear upon the ,water near the said ,bars keeping suspended the ,water that was beyond1 and those ,waters1 that were beneath1 running away downwards by a declivity1 and under the shelter of the ,houses4 ,whilst ,i was scrupling at this ,relation1 they brought me ,gallasius his ,commentary upon ,exodus1 ,printed #aefj4 where 'tis recorded1 that the like accident had fallen out at ,geneva at the time when that ,minister lived there1 a ,south ,west ,wind having made the ,rhone to recoil into the ,lake1 and many ,people having thereupon passed over dry for an ,hours time4 ,concerning the other ,accident2 you may remember1 that the ,river ,arve1 which is a kind of ,torrent falls into the ,rhone1 about a #ajjj ,paces beneath ,geneva4 ,in the ,month of ,december in the ,year #afeb4 the said ,arve did so extraordinarily swell1 that not only it over-run its ,banks with impetuosity1 but also interrupted the course of the ,rhone1 and forc'd it to re-enter into the ,lake for the space of fourteen hours2 though some do esteem1 that the ,arve dis-gorged it self for that time into the ,lake1 by passing over the ,water of the ,rhone1 which1 in their ,opinion1 continued his course under the ,water of the ,arve4 ,however the ,water was seen at ,geneva to re-enter into the ,lake4 ,but to conclude1 this ,lake doth very much abound in ,fish2 but that which is observable is1 that those ,fishes have as 'twere cantonized themselves1 and divided the ,lake among them4 ,the ,trouts are not to be found there1 but1 as hath been already mentioned1 in the ,current of the ,rhone3 ,the ,carps have taken up their quarter towards ,veuvay3 ,the ,pikes and ,pearches have also their ,habitations apart4 ,but some other ,fish1 that are but ,passengers1 not living constantly in the ,lake1 spread themselves almost every where indifferently4 ,the great ,trouts pass out of the ,lake for four ,months of the ,summer1 and are taken in ,autumn when they are returning thither4 ,the ,fishing is farmed out at ,geneva2 and there are ,conservatories where many of those big ,trouts are kept1 among which there are some that weigh fifty pounds4 ,sometimes they catch ,pikes there of eighty pounds weight2 and a pound weight at ,geneva you know to be eighteen ,ounces4 ,in the ,months of ,july and ,august they fish there for the ,fry of ,pearches1 at a time when they are no bigger than the smallest ,taggs4 ,these are a very delicious ,dish1 there called ,mille ,cantons4 ,i shall add no more than put you in mind of that ,duke of ,savoy1 who renounced his ,crown and the ,pontificat it self1 to pass deliciously the rest of his ,days at ,ripialles1 where he made so good cheer to all that visited him1 that to express a very merry ,entertainment1 they say still1 faire ,ripialles4 ,part of a ,journal kept from ,scotland to ,new ,caledonia in ,darien1 with a short ,account of that ,country4 ,communicated by ,dr4 ,wallace1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,september #b4 we weighed at ,maderas1 and were under the ,tropic of ,cancer by the #ajth of the ,month1 at which time the usual ,ceremony of ,ducking from the ,yards-arm was performed on those that could not pay their ,tropick ,bottle4 ,all this time we had a brisk and constant ,trade-wind1 which lasted three days more1 but afterwards we had it more variable than is usual in that place of the ,sea4 ,the #bhth we made ,deseada1 a small high ,island1 about a league in length and as much in breadth2 it is full of ,trees1 but whether it affords ,water or not ,i know not4 ,it is uninhabited4 ,next morning we were betwixt ,antego and ,montserat1 belonging to the ,english1 both pretty large and mountainous4 ,antego is ,peopled with ,english for the most part1 and ,montserat by a mixture of ,english and ,irish4 ,their ,product is ,sugar and ,tobacco4 ,we were in the afternoon close by ,redonda1 a small ,rock about a mile long1 inhabited only by ,noddies and ,boobies4 ,when we were some leagues from ,redonda1 we saw at the same time ,antego1 ,montserat1 ,redonda1 ,nevis1 ,st4 ,christophers1 and ,statia4 ,we sailed close by ,nevis1 it bearing ,north of us2 it is a small well ,peopled ,island1 its ,product is ,sugar4 ,they twisted the ,flag at the ,harbour1 and we shew'd them the ,company's ,colours4 ,st4 ,christophers is a large ,island1 ill ,peopled1 belongs half to the ,english1 half to the ,french4 ,night parted us from these ,islands1 and next day1 which was the #cjth1 we came in sight of ,santa ,cruz1 belonging to the ,spaniards4 ,when we were within four leagues they held a ,council4 ,the ,unicorn and ,snow were sent to ,st4 ,thomas1 a small ,island belonging to the ,danes2 it is a free ,port1 and they say is well fortified4 ,we went on to the ,southward of the ,island1 and next ,day1 being ,october #a4 we were about #ab a clock past the ,s4 ,w4 corner4 ,it is very level towards the ,south4 ,that ,night we got a sight of ,crab ,island1 and next ,day ,october #b4 we came into it1 and sent some of our ,people ashore1 and took possession of it in the ,companies name4 ,october the #dth we stood to the ,leeward1 hearing there was a ,harbour there2 when we came we saw the ,danes ,colours flying on the ,shore1 for the ,governour of ,st4 ,thomas had sent #ad ,men and a ,captain to take possession of it in the ,king of ,denmark's name4 ,our ,councellors sent to know his ,business there1 and he told them this1 but we found that we had taken possession of the ,place before they came from ,st4 ,thomas4 ,they gave in their ,protest1 yet seem'd to be glad enough of our ,neighbourhood4 ,we had notwithstanding our ,flag upon the ,shore all the while we stay'd1 with #ajj ,men1 and ,captain ,melean ,governour2 they stayed till we were gone1 but would certainly ,march next ,day1 otherwise the ,spaniards of ,porto ,rico would not miss to take them off4 ,the #fth1 ,captain ,pinkerton and the ,snow came in from ,st4 ,thomas1 with old ,captain ,alison along with them for a ,pilot4 ,on the #hth we left this place1 and on the #agth made ,nostra ,signiora della ,popa1 we lay aside there along the ,coast1 until the #c;d ,day of ,november1 generally losing by ,night what we had gain'd all ,day4 ,crab ,island is about #f ,leagues long1 and in some places #e broad1 the ,soil is very good4 ,it's all full of ,trees2 all the ,south side is full of ,bays1 very fit for anchoring in1 but the best of all is to the ,leeward1 where the ,dane hoised his ,colours4 ,it would have been worth our while to possess it1 had we not been a coming to a better ,country4 ,it has this ,inconvenience1 that nothing but strength of ,men1 or ,peace with every ,body1 can render it secure4 ,it is called ,crab ,island1 from the multitude of ,land-,crabs there4 ,november #c4 ,we anchored before ,golden ,island1 and sent in our ,pinnace to the ,bay4 ,the ,natives had hoised a ,white ,flag in sign of ,peace1 and told us a great many ,stories of ,captain ,swan1 ,captain ,davies1 and others1 for they took us for ,english1 by reason of our red ,fly2 but we took no notice of the ,men they nam'd4 ,at last they ask'd us our ,business8 we told them we designed to settle among them1 and to be their ,friends4 ,they told us we were very welcome1 and that by prediction they had expected us these two ,years2 for they say that two ,years ago it was foretold them that a ,people should come and live among them1 that would treat them civilly1 and teach them good manners4 ,we conversed some time with them1 and after viewing the ,harbour came aboard4 ,the #dth we came into the great ,harbour of ,caledonia3 ,it is a most excellent one1 for it is about a ,league in length from ,n4 ,w4 to ,s4 ,e4 ,it is about half a ,mile broad at the ,mouth1 and in some places a ,mile and more farther in4 ,it is large enough to contain #ejj sail of ,ships4 ,the greatest part of it is ,land-lock'd1 so that it is safe1 and cannot be toucht by any ,wind that can blow the ,harbour1 and the ,sea makes the ,land that lies betwixt them a ,peninsula4 ,there is a ,point of the ,peninsula at the ,mouth of the ,harbour1 that may be fortified against a ,navy4 ,this ,point secures the ,harbour1 so that no ,ship can enter but must be within reach of their ,guns4 ,it likewise defends half of the ,peninsula1 for no ,guns from the other side of the ,harbour can touch it1 and no ,ship carrying ,guns dare enter for the ,breast-work at the ,point4 ,the other side of the ,peninsula is either a ,precipice1 or defended against ,ships by ,shoals and ,breaches1 so that there remains only the narrow ,neck that is not naturally fortify'd2 and if #cj ,leagues of a ,wilderness will not do that1 it may be artificially fortified #bj ways4 ,in short1 it may be made impregnable1 and there is ,bounds enough within it1 if it were all cultivated1 to afford #ajjjj ,hogsheads of ,sugar every ,year4 ,the ,soil is rich1 the ,air good and temperate1 the ,water is sweet1 and every thing contributes to make it healthful and convenient4 ,the ,product of this ,place1 ,i mean in the ,harbour and ,creeks hereabouts1 is ,turtle1 ,manatee1 and a vast variety of very good small ,fish1 from the bigness of a ,salmon to that of a ,perch4 ,the ,land affords ,monkeys of different sorts1 ,wild-,deer1 ,indian ,rabbit1 ,wild ,hog1 ,parrots of many kinds1 ,parakites1 ,macaws1 ,pelicans1 and a hundred more ,birds we have got no name to4 ,there are moreover ,land-,crabs1 ,souldiers1 ,land-,turtle1 ,lizards1 ,guanha's1 ,cock-,lizards1 and ,scorpions3 ,i had almost forgot ,partridges1 ,pheasants1 and a kind of ,turkey4 ,all the ,birds in this ,country are beautiful1 but none of them that ,i could observe have any ,notes4 ,we have a ,monkey aboard that chirms like a ,lark1 it will never be bigger than a ,rat4 ,this ,place affords legions of monstrous ,plants1 enough to confound all the ,methods of ,botany ever hitherto thought upon4 ,however1 ,i found a shift to make some ,specimens1 and that is all ,i can do4 ,i say some ,specimens1 because if ,i should gather all1 'twould be enough to load the ,st4 ,andrew1 for some of their ,leaves exceed three ,ells in length1 and are very broad2 besides these ,monsters1 reducible to no ,tribe1 there are here a great many of the ,european kindred1 7but still something odd about them7 as ,lingua ,cervina of different kinds1 ,filix of different kinds1 ,polypodium1 several of the ,plant ,papilonace1 ,musci1 ,fungi1 ,convolvuli1 and a great many more ,i cannot now remember4 ,now come we to their ,people4 ,the ,men are generally very ,civil and ,sagacious1 have all of them good ,faces1 are of low stature1 but very well built2 they are of a ,copper ,colour1 and have black ,hair2 they us'd to go naked1 but are now as well ,cloath'd as our selves2 they wear a ,plate of ,gold in their ,nose1 and a great many rows of ,beads about their ,neck and ,wrists4 ,they cover their ,yard with a piece of ,bark1 or sometimes ,silver1 of the very shape and bigness of that ,paper-case we use to put a dose of ,pills in2 they seem to be very ill furnish'd1 for ,i never saw any of them have it half an ,inch long1 yet no doubt it's longer1 but ,i fancy they sheath it up1 as ,dogs and ,horses do4 ,the ,women are generally the most pitiful like things that ever ,man saw2 their ,habit differs from the ,men1 for they ordinarily wear a ,ring in their ,nose2 they have ,petticoats and a ,veil over their ,face4 ,they are under no formal ,government1 but every ,captain commands his own ,river1 ,bay or ,island1 where he lives2 the greatest of them all is one ,captain ,ambrosio1 he commands particularly the ,country about the ,samballoes ,point1 but when he pleases he can ,levy all the ,men betwixt that and the ,gulf about #bj ,leagues4 ,there is another ,captain ,pedro1 that lives in the ,house with ,ambrosio1 and is his ,nephew and ,son in ,law2 there is a #c;d ,captain ,andreas that commands the ,river ,das armas2 a #dth ,captain ,brandy1 that commands about the ,golden ,island2 a #eth ,captain ,andreas1 that commands the ,country adjoining to our ,settlement2 and a #fth ,captain ,pedro his ,consort2 a #gth ,captain ,pacigo1 who commands at ,carret ,bay1 and ,captain ,diego that commands the ,gulph4 ,ambrosio seems to be the greatest1 and ,diego next1 both old ,men2 they are all very much our ,friends1 and fond of us4 ,all have been frequently here except ,captain ,diego who is ,goutish4 ,some of these ,captains wear the ,scots ,flag in their ,canoa's4 ,there is no such thing as a ,king or ,emperor of ,darien1 nor1 so far as we can gather from all the chief ,men hereabout1 has been these #dj or #ej ,years3 ,the old ,men remember such a ,man1 they say he was a ,tyrant1 would take as many ,wives as he pleased1 and allow them but one1 and therefore they cut him off4 ,this derogates much from the reputation of the ,history of the ,buccaneers4 ,if there were such a ,man1 he has been an ,indian made ,emperor by themselves1 ,i mean by the ,buccaneers4 ,this ,country certainly affords ,gold enough1 for besides that the ,natives constantly assure us1 that they know several ,gold ,mines on this side2 besides that1 ,i say1 the ,plates they wear in their ,noses1 and the quantity of ,gold that is among them1 is enough to perswade any ,man of the truth of it4 ,there was one ,night aboard here some ,indians that had a hundred ,ounces of ,gold about them4 ,we are certainly much bound to ,providence in this affair2 for as we were searching for the place we were directed to1 we found this1 and though the ,privateers had been so often at ,golden ,island1 and though ,english1 ,dutch and ,french had been all over this ,coast1 from ,portobelo to ,cartegena1 yet never one of them made the discovery2 even the ,spaniards themselves never knew of this place4 ,besides1 for as great a secret as we thought the ,project1 it was known all the ,west ,indies over1 and yet it was not in their power to crush it4 ,at ,madera they seem'd to know it1 at ,st4 ,thomas ,i'm sure they knew it2 at ,portobelo their ,intelligence was so good1 that they knew the names of all our ,councellors and ,captains of ,ships before we landed1 and had that particular observation1 that there were four ,roberts among them4 ,our circumstances are in some ,respects very good1 for we have advice by the way of ,portobelo1 that there is a great ,rebellion in ,mexico1 and ,captain ,diego and all the ,indians about him are at present at ,war with the ,spaniards4 ,captain ,ambrosio is going to his assistance1 and that will divert them on that side2 but which is better than all1 that we are now in a posture of defence against all the ,spanish force in ,america4 ,i have seen already ,dutch1 ,french1 and ,english all at the same time in our ,harbour1 and all of them wonder what the rest of the ,world have been thinking on1 when we came hither to the best ,harbour of ,america1 in the best place of it4 ,captain ,long came in eight days after1 and ,i believe we were a great ,eye-sore to him1 tho' he said nothing4 ,he commanded the ,rupert ,prize1 a small ,english ,man of ,war1 fitted out by the ,king1 upon what design we know not1 but he pretends it was to search for a ,silver ,wreck2 he was on this coast a ,month before sounding it2 and conversing with the ,natives1 he put ashore ,men in some places1 to take possession for the ,king of ,great ,britain1 but none of them within #ae ,leagues of us4 ,hearing by the ,natives that we were here1 he came in with his ,long-,boat1 as he said to see us1 but ,i believe it was only to know the certainty of what he feared was too true4 ,he had told all the ,indian ,captains that he came only to try their inclinations1 and that there was a great ,fleet coming with a great many ,people to settle among them1 and defend them against their enemies1 he meant ,english that were to come by his direction2 but our ,fleet coming within a ,month after1 they all lookt upon us to be the ,people he spoke of2 so that whatever ,presents he made them before that time1 was as much for our ,advantage as if our selves had given them4 ,he pretends to be a ,conjurer1 and to foretel things2 but that was the truest ,prophecy ever he spoke1 though he knew not whom he spoke of4 ,a ,,discourse tending to prove at what ,time and ,place1 ,julius ,cesar made his first ,descent upon ,britain3 ,read before the ,royal ,society by ,e4 ,halley4 ,though ,chronological and ,historical ,matters1 may not seem so properly the ,subject of these ,tracts1 yet there having1 in one of the late ,meetings of the ,royal ,society1 been some ,discourse about the ,place where ,julius ,cesar ,landed in ,britain1 and it having been required of me to shew the ,reason why ,i concluded it to have been in the ,downs2 in doing thereof1 ,i have had the good ,fortune so far to please those worthy ,patrons of ,learning ,i have the ,honour to serve1 that they thought fit to command it to be inserted in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 as an instance of the great ,use of ,astronomical ,computation for fixing and ascertaining the ,times of memorable ,actions1 when omitted or not duly delivered by the ,historian4 #a4 ,the ,authors that mention this ,expedition with any ,circumstances1 are ,csar in his ,commentaries lib4 #d1 and ,dion ,cassius in lib4 #ci2 ,livy's account being lost1 in whose #ajeth4 ,book might possibly have been found the ,story more at large4 ,it is certain that this ,expedition of ,csars1 was in the ,year of the ,consulate of ,pompey and ,crassus1 which was in the ,year of ,rome #fii4 or the #eeth before the usual ra of ,christ3 ,and as to the time of the ,year1 ,csar says that ,exigua parte statis reliqua1 he came over only with two ,legions1 viz4 the #gth and #ajth and all ,foot1 in about #hj ,sail of ,merchant ,ships1 #ah ,sail that were ordered to carry the ,horse not being able to get out at the same time from another ,port1 where they lay ,wind-bound4 ,he says that he arrived about the #dth hour of the ,day1 viz4 between ,nine and ,ten in the ,morning1 on the ,coast of ,britain1 where he found the ,enemy drawn up on the ,cliffs ready to repel him1 which place he thus describes4 ,loci hc erat natura1 adeo montibus augustis mare continebatur ut ex locis superioribus in littus telum adjicit possit1 by which the ,cliffs of ,dover and the ,south ,foreland are justly described1 and could be no other ,land1 being he says in the #eth ,book of his ,commentaries1 in ,britanniam trajectum esse cognoverit circitur millium passum triginta continenti1 the ,cliffs of the ,north-,foreland being at a much greater distance4 ,here he says he came to an ,anchor1 and staid till the #ith hour1 or till about between ,three and ,four in the ,afternoon1 expecting till his whole ,fleet was come up2 and in the mean time called a ,council of ,war1 and advertised his ,officers1 after what manner they were to make their ,descent1 particularly in relation to the ,stuff of the ,sea1 whose motion he calls celerem atq4 instabilem1 quick and uneven4 ,then1 viz4 about ,three in the ,afternoon he weighed ,anchor1 and having gotten the ,wind and ,tide with him1 he ,sail'd about ,eight ,miles from the first place1 and ,anchor'd against an open and plain ,shore4 #b4 ,here he made his ,descent1 and having told us the opposition that was made1 and the means he used to get on ,shore1 he comes to say1 that after he had been ,four ,days in ,britain1 the #ah ,ships with his ,horse put to ,sea1 and were come in sight of his ,camp1 when a suddain ,tempest arose1 with contrary ,wind1 so that some of the ,ships put back again1 others were driven to the ,westwards1 not without great danger1 and coming to ,anchor1 they found they could not ride it out3 so when ,night came on1 they put off to ,sea and returned from whence they came4 ,that same ,night it was ,full-,moon1 which makes the greatest ,tides in the ,ocean1 and they being ignorant thereof1 their ,gallies1 which were drawn on ,shore1 were filled by the ,tide1 c4 #c4 ,then he says that the ,day of the ,autumnal ,equinox being at hand1 after some ,days stay1 wherein there passed no ,action because he kept close in his ,camp by the shore2 and not thinking it proper to stay till the ,winter came on1 he returned into ,gallia3 ,the next ,year he made a further ,expedition with #e ,legions and a good ,body of ,horse1 but there is but little in the ,history thereof serving to our purpose1 excepting that he says he set ,sail from the ,portus ,icius about ,sun ,set1 with a gentle ,s4 ,w4 ,wind1 leni ,africo profectus2 that about ,midnight it fell ,calm1 and being carried away with the ,tide1 by the time it was ,day1 he found he had left ,britain on the left hand2 but then the ,tide turning they fell to their ,oars1 and by ,noon reached that part of the ,island where he ,landed before1 and came on ,shore without opposition3 and then ,march'd up into the ,country1 leaving his ,ships at ,anchor in littora molli aperto4 #d4 ,this is all in ,csar that is any thing pertinent1 and ,i find no where else any thing to guide us farther1 except one passage in ,dion ,cassius1 who speaking of the first ,landing of ,csar1 says 1 that is1 as ,i ,translate it4 ,but he ,landed not where he intended1 for that the ,britains hearing of his coming1 had possest all usual ,places of ,landing 4 1 1 in my ,english4 ,wherefore doubling a certain head ,land1 he made to the ,shore on the other side1 where he overcame those that ,skirmished with him at the ,waters edg1 and so got well on ,land4 ,here ,i make bold to translate the ,words 1 at the water edge1 which in ,h4 ,stephens ,edition is interpreted in paludibus1 but ,i have the ,authority of ,suidas1 who says 1 1 or the ,sea ,mud1 and is therefore properly the ,ouse on the ,sea ,shore1 and by an easie ,figure may be put for the ,shore it self1 where such ,ouse commonly is found4 #e4 ,from these data1 ,that it was in the ,year of the ,consulate of ,pompey1 and ,crassus2 ,that it was ,exigua parte statis reliqua1 and ,four ,days before a ,full-,moon1 which fell out in the ,night time4 ,the time of this ,invasion will be determined to a ,day3 ,for by the ,eclipse of the ,moon1 whereof ,drusus made so good use to quiet a ,mutiny in the ,pannonian ,army1 upon the ,news of the ,death of ,augustus1 it follows that ,augustus ,died ,anno ,christi #ad4 which was reckoned ,anno ,vrbis condit #gfg4 and that this ,action was #fh ,years before1 viz4 in the #eeth ,year before ,christ ,current4 ,in which ,year the ,full ,moon fell out ,august #cj4 after ,midnight1 or #ca in the ,morning before ,day2 and the preceeding ,full-,moon1 was ,august #a4 soon after ,noon2 so that this could not be the ,full-,moon mentioned1 as falling in the ,day time3 nor that in the beginning of ,july1 it being not #aj ,days after the ,summer solstice1 when it would not have been said exigua parte statis reliqua4 ,it follows therefore that the ,full-,moon spoken of1 was on ,august #cj4 at ,night1 and that the ,landing on ,britain was ,august #bf4 in the ,afternoon1 about a ,month before the ,autumnal equinox2 which agrees to all the ,circumstances of the ,story in point of ,time4 #f4 ,as to the ,place1 the high ,land and ,cliffs described1 could be no other than those of ,dover1 and are allowed to have been so by all1 it remains only to examine whether the ,descent was made to the ,northward or ,southward of the place where he first ,anchored4 ,the data to determine this are first that it was ,four ,days before the ,full-,moon4 #b4 ,that that ,day by ,three of the ,clock in the ,afternoon the ,tide ran the same way he ,sail'd4 #c;dly4 ,that a ,s4 by ,e4 ,moon makes ,high-,water on all that ,coast1 the ,flood coming from the ,southward3 hence it will follow1 that that ,day it was ,high-,water there about ,eight in the ,morning1 and consequently ,low-,water about ,two1 wherefore by ,three the ,tide of ,flood was well made up1 and it is plain that ,csar went with it1 and the ,flood setting to the ,northward shews that the open plain ,shore where he ,landed was to the ,northward of the ,cliffs1 and must be in the ,downs2 and this ,i take to be little less than ,demonstration4 ,a second ,argument is drawn from the ,wind wherewith he set out on his second ,expedition1 viz4 ,s4 ,w4 as appears by the ,words leni ,africo profectus1 with which the ,navigation of those times would hardly permit a ,ship to ,sail nearer the ,wind than ,eight ,points1 or a ,n4 ,w4 ,course2 which would serve indeed to go into the ,downs1 but would by no means fetch the ,low-land towards ,dengyness1 which is much about ,west from ,calais1 and not more than ,w4 ,n4 ,w4 from ,boulogne1 if it shall be said that that was the ,portus ,icius from which ,csar set out4 ,whence ,i take it to be evident that if ,csar was not bound more ,northerly than the ,south-,foreland1 he could not have thought the ,africus or ,s4 ,w4 ,wind proper for his passage1 which was then intended for the place where he first ,landed the year before4 #g4 ,justly to determine which the ,portus ,icius was ,i find no where sufficient grounds2 only ,ptolemy calls the ,promontory of ,calais-,cliffs by the name of 1 whence there is reason to conjecture1 that the ,portus ,icius was very near thereto1 and that it was either ,ambletuse on one side1 or ,calais on the other4 ,the same ,ptolemy places in the same ,latitude with the 1 but something more to the ,east1 which seems to refute those that have supposed the ,ancient ,port of ,gessoriacum to have been ,boulogne1 whereas by ,ptolemy's position1 it must be either ,dunkirk or ,graveling1 but the former most likely1 both by the distance from the 1 being about #bj ,miles or half a degree of ,longitude to the ,east1 or of the whole ,coast of ,flanders1 which he makes but a degree and quarter from the ,acron ,icion to the mouth of the ,scheld which he calls ,ostia ,tabud3 ,as also for that ,pliny l4 #d4 c4 #af4 speaking of ,gessoriacum1 says the ,proximus ,trajectus into ,britain from thence is #ej ,miles1 which is too much unless ,gessoriacum were something more ,easterly than ,calais4 ,dion ,cassius makes the distance between ,france and ,britain #dej stadia or #ef ,miles1 and says likewise 'tis the nearest1 4 ,but this is in part amended by the explication given in the ,itinerary of ,antoninus1 where the space between ,gessacorum and ,rutupium is said to be #dej stadia 7for this was the ordinary passage of the ,romans into ,britain17 ,rutupium being more ,northerly and ,gessoriacum more ,easterly than the termini of ,csars ,voyage1 and consequently the distance greater than #cj ,miles which ,csar had observ'd2 and now lately an accurate ,survey has proved the distance between ,land and ,land to be #bf ,english ,miles or #bh ,roman ,miles1 which shews how near ,csars estimate was to the ,truth4 ,a farther ,argument 7but not of equal force with the former because of the modernness of the ,author1 who writ above #bej ,years after7 may be drawn from the words of ,dion ,cassius1 where he says 1 that after his first ,anchoring he ,sail'd about a ,promontory to the place where he ,landed3 ,now there are no other ,promontories on all that ,coast but the ,south-,foreland and ,dengyness2 the latter of which it could not be1 because ,csar says he ,sail'd but #h ,miles1 and the ,ness it self is about #aj ,miles from the ,south and nearest end of the ,chalk-,cliffs by the ,town of ,hith2 and to have gone round that ,point to the other side1 the distance must have been much greater4 ,so that the ,promontory spoken of by ,dion1 must needs be the ,south-,foreland1 and ,csar must ,anchor near over against ,dover1 from whence ,sailing #h ,miles1 he would double a ,head-land and come to the ,downs2 which is such a ,coast as he describes in one place by apertum ac planum littus1 and in his #eth ,book by molle ac apertum littus4 ,as to ,dions word 1 what ,i have already said about it seems sufficient to prove that he means no more than the ,waters edg2 and the ,etymologists derive it from madefacio1 because the wash and breach of the ,sea does always keep it wet4 ,and this word is used by ,polybius for the ,sea ,ouse2 and in another place he speaks of the difficulty of ,landing at the mouth of a ,river1 1 ob limosum accessum1 so that it is not to be doubted that it ought to be rendred in this place1 ad vadum maris rather than in paludibus4 ,and so this objection against the assertion that ,csar ,landed in the ,downs1 which is known to be a firm ,champain ,country without ,fenns and ,morasses1 will be removed2 and the whole ,argument will 'tis hoped be admitted by the ,curious4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,finis4 ,books ,printed for1 and ,sold by ,jeffery ,wale1 at the ,angel1 in ,st4 ,paul's ,church-,yard4 ,miscellany ,poems1 as ,saytyrs1 ,epistles1 ,love ,verses1 ,songs1 ,sonnets1 c4 by ,william ,wycherley1 ,esq42 ,fol4 ,a ,supplement to ,dr4 ,hammond's ,paraphrase and ,annotations of the ,new ,testament1 by ,mr4 ,l',clerk4 ,quarto4 ,to which is perfix'd a ,letter from the ,author to a ,friend in ,england1 occasioned by this ,translation4 ,the ,posthumous ,works of ,mr4 de ,st4 ,evermont1 containing variety of elegant ,essays1 ,letters1 and ,poems2 and other ,miscellaneous ,pieces on several curious ,subjects4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,the plain ,man's ,guide to ,heaven4 ,by ,dr4 ,lucas4 ,in #abs4 ,the practice of ,physick reduced to the ancient way of ,observations1 containing a just parallel between the ,wisdom and ,experience of the ,ancients1 and the ,hypothesis of ,modern ,phisicians1 with new and curious ,observations on the ,tarantula4 ,octavo4 ,a ,treatise of the ,two ,covenants1 by ,j4 ,parker4 ,octavo4 ,an impartial ,account of the ,affairs of ,scotland1 from the ,death of ,king ,james ,v4 to the ,tragical ,exit of the ,earl of ,murray ,regent of ,scotland1 a ,person of ,quality4 ,octavo4 ,the ,church of ,england proved to be ,conformable to1 and ,approved by all the ,protestant ,churches in ,europe4 ,in ,octavo ,price #f;d4 ,the ,history of the famous ,knight ,don ,quixot de la ,mancha1 ,vol ,,iii4 by ,capt4 ,john ,stevens4 ,never before done into ,english4 ,books and ,maps ,sold by ,john ,senex1 next the ,fleece-,tavern in ,cornhil4 ,atlas ,clestis3 ,containing the ,systems and ,theories of the ,planets1 the ,constellations of the ,stars1 and other ,phenomena's of the ,heavens4 ,price #e s4 ,a ,pocket-,book1 containing several choice ,collections in ,arithmetick1 ,astronomy1 ,geometry1 ,surveying1 ,dialing1 ,navigation1 ,astrology1 ,geography1 ,measuring1 ,gauging1 c4 ,price #e s4 ,the ,theory of the ,handling or ,working of ,ships at ,sea1 the like never before published4 ,a ,new ,pair of ,globes1 ,twelve ,inches ,diameter4 ,the ,terrestrial is laid down according to the newest ,discoveries1 and from the most exact ,observations1 with a general view of the ,trade ,winds and ,moonsoon's4 ,the ,clestial has the ,stars ,places1 from the ,correct ,tables of ,m4 ,hevelii1 ,capt4 ,halley1 c4 the like never before extant1 ,price #c l4 ,a ,new ,system of ,geography1 design'd in a most plain and easie ,method for the better understanding that ,science3 ,accommodated with new ,maps of all the ,empires1 ,kingdoms1 ,principalities1 ,dukedoms1 ,provinces and ,countries in the whole ,world2 with ,geographical ,tables1 explaining the ,divisions in each ,map4 ,the ,third ,edition4 ,to which is added1 ,an ,introduction to that ,science4 ,price #f s4 ,where may be had all ,sorts of ,mathematical ,books1 ,maps and ,instruments1 for the ,sea or ,land4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,in the texts of ,greek inscriptions1 original letter forms have been normalised as follows3 ,lunate epsilon 7the usual form in the inscriptions71 curly epsilon 7in the plate facing p4 #bce71 and two reversed lunate epsilons 7both probable misprints7 have been replaced by ordinary epsilon 4 ,lunate sigma 7the usual form in the inscriptions7 and rectangular sigma 7in the inscription on pp4 #aah and #adi7 have been replaced by 4 -shaped omega 7the usual form in the inscriptions7 has been replaced by 4 ,inverted mu 7throughout the inscription on p4 #acj7 has been replaced by upright mu 4 -ligature 7in the inscription on pp4 #aah and #adi7 has been replaced by 4 ,in the illustration facing p4 #bcb the columns illustrating ,chinese characters in the caption are ordered from top to bottom then from right to left across the columns4 ,silently corrected simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4 ,enclosed italics markup in underscores4 ,enclosed bold markup in equals4 ,enclosed ,greek underline markup in underscores4