,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,fractions h be5 left 9 ! =m a_/b except = 4 ,a doz5 or s occurr5ces ( 'nn a-b' h be5 *ang$ to 'nn-a_/b'1 ma9ly on pages #bg-dj1 = consi/5cy4 ,footnote an*ors 9 a table are ( ! =m 7a7 & ! correspond+ ,footnote is plac$ at ! bottom ( t table4 ,o!r ,footnote an*ors are ( ! =m ,a ) placem5t at ! end ( t ,*apt]4 ,to save table space "s column head+s use ! foll[+ abbreviations3 ,pass4 = ,pass5g] ,mill4 = ,millions ,prop4 = ,proportion ,_m wide tables h be5 split into two or m p>ts4 ,ea* "p aft] ! fir/ is labell$ at ! top ) table cont9u$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,m detail c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,railway ,,libr>y #aiji ,a ,,collection ,,( ,,notewor?y ,,*apt]s1 ,,addresses ,,& ,,pap]s ,,relat+ ,,to ,,railways1 ,,mo/ly ,,publi%$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye>4 ,,compil$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,slason ,,?ompson ,,manag] ,,( ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,railway ,,news ,,& ,,/ati/ics ,,*icago ,,*icago ,,! ,,gun?orp-,,w>r5 ,,pr9t+ ,,co #aiaj ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,,introduction #c ,,pre-,,railway ,,era ,,9 ,,am]ica #e ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,clevel& & ,f4 ,w4 ,p[ell4 ,,fir/ ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,eng9e] ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad ,,company #ba ,by ,j4 ,edg> ,?omson4 ,,railways ,,& ,,! ,,pacific ,,nor?we/ #de ,by ,james ,j4 ,hill4 ,,s\!rn ,,railways ,,& ,,_! ,,ne$s #eh ,by ,john ,f4 ,wallace4 ,,problems ,,confront+ ,,am]ican ,,railways #ff ,by ,daniel ,will>d4 ,,! ,,railroad ,,situation ,,( ,,to-,,day #hj ,by ,frank ,trumbull4 ,,transportation ,,*>ge ,,& ,,prices #ij ,by ,logan ,g4 ,mc,pherson4 ,,! ,,freight ,,rate ,,prim] #ajg ,issu$ by ! ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,h4 ,r4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 ,,progressive ,,safety ,,9 ,,railway ,,op]ation #aaf ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,smi?4 ,,railway ,,mail ,,pay #adb ,by ,julius ,krutts*nitt4 ,,! ,,dim9i%$ ,,pur*as+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,railway ,,e>n+s #afe ,by ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,cain4 ,,! ,,railroads ,,& ,,public ,,approval #aii ,by ,edw>d ,p4 ,ripley4 ,,railroads ,,& ,,! ,,public #bje ,by ,john ,c4 ,spoon]4 ,,railroad ,,problems ,,( ,,to-,,day #baa ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,?ay]4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,railroads ,,to ,,! ,,/ate #bbj ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,acwor?1 ,m4 ,a4 ,,railway ,,nationalization #bch ,by ,sir ,george ,s4 ,gibb4 ,,conc]n+ ,,advances ,,9 ,,railway ,,rates #bfa ,by ! ,s5ate ,committee on ,int]/ate ,comm]ce1 #aiji4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,am]ican ,,railways ,,= #aiji #bia ,by ,slason ,?ompson4 ,i ,mileage 9 #aiji #cjf ,,ii ,equipm5t #cad ,,iii ,employes & _! ,comp5sation #cba ,,iv ,capitalization #ccg ,v ,co/ ( ,con/ruction #cdb ,,vi ,own]%ip ( ,am]ican ,railways #cde ,,vii ,public ,s]vice ( ! ,railways #cdf ,,viii ,e>n+s & ,exp5ses #ceh ,,ix ,taxes #cfc ,x ,damages & ,injuries to ,p]sons #cfe ,,xi ,locomotive ,fuel #cfg ,,xii ,! ,safety ( ,am]ican ,railways #cfh ,,xiii ,railway ,receiv]%ips 9 #aiji #chd ,,xiv ,co/ ( ,railway ,regulation #che ,,xv ,/ati/ics ( ,=eign ,railways #chf ,,xvi ,gr[? ( ,railways #cia ,recomm5dations #cic ,,index #cie ,,introduction ,9 ! foll[+ pages is pres5t$ a numb] ( ! m timely pap]s & addresses ( ! ye> #aiji on ! pres5t railway situation1 toge!r ) *apt]s f two books ( curr5t int]e/ on ! same subject4 ,z ! object ( ! compilation has be5 to pres5t 9 p]man5t & accessible =m in=mation 9 reg>d to ,am]ican railways wor?y ( m ?an ! ephem]al life ( newspap] or pamphlet publication1 x has be5 ?\ght well to accompany ! messages ( today ) a brief glance at ! conditions on ?is cont95t be=e ! days ( railways4 ,happily = ?is purpose ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,messrs4 ,clevel& & ,p[ell's ,railroad ,promotion & ,capitalization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 fre% f ! press1 af=d$ ! v backgr\nd ne$$1 & ! fir/ report ( ! eng9e] ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad provid$ ! glasses ?r\gh :i* ! read] c look =w>d f ! small beg9n+s to :at is n[ kn[n z ! greate/ railway sy/em on ! globe4 ,aft] ?is /udy ( conditions z !y 71 & ( ! opportunities t invit$ ! railway pione]s ( #ahdh1 x is in/ructive to read ! utt]ances ( ! late/ ( our empire build]s1 ^: =esight & indomitable w anticipat$ ! developm5t ( our ,pacific ,nor?we/ ) railway facilities t already lag beh9d ! necessities ( its amaz+ gr[?4 ,( ! o!r addresses & pap]s x is unnecess>y to say m ?an t !y reflect ! prevail+ s5tim5ts ( all ?\ghtful railway (ficials respect+ conditions ( ! grave/ import to ! great indu/ry ^u :i* ! entire fabric ( our national prosp]ity & well-be+ dep5ds4 ,only ! %all[e/ /ud5t ( our social1 economic & political sy/em c view ! p]si/5t attacks ^u ! ,am]ican sy/em ( transportation )\t s]i\s al>m = ! results4 ,?is al>m is ! prevail+ note ( ^! pap]s & x comes f m5 :o are at ! helm & :o see ! f9ancial break]s ^u :i* ! fi]ce bla/s ( political exig5cy are driv+ ! railways4 ,! pap]s by ,sir ,george ,s4 ,gibbs & ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,acwor?1 ! lead+ au?orities on ,briti% railways1 discuss ! alt]native to wisely regulat$ railways--nationalization ( railways4 ,) a cont9uance ( unwise & burd5some regulation ( railways1 :i* /rips responsibility ( all discretion1 nationalization is inevitable4 ,! ,bureau's /ati/ics ( ,am]ican railways = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji1 is includ$ 9 ,,! ,,railway ,,libr>y because x af=ds ! late/ data n only z to ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates b = ! _w4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are made to ! au?ors & publi%]s ( ! v>i\s pap]s1 & especially to ! publi%]s ( ! two works f :i* important *apt]s h be5 extract$ by _! c\rte\s p]mission1 z well z t ( _! au?ors4 ,if ?is publication fulfils ! purpose ( its compilation1 x w be succe$$ by annual volumes ( l "* "u ! same title4 ,s4 ,t4 ,*icago1 ,june #a1 #aiaj4 ,,pre-,,railway ,,era ,,9 ,,am]ica ,f ,*apt]s ,i & ,,ii ( ,railroad ,promotion & ,capitalization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,f4 ,a4 ,,clevel& & ,e4 ,w4 ,,p[ell4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #aiji4 7,by p]mission ( ! au?ors47 ,inl& transportation1 z we "k x1 is ! product ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x _h its beg9n+ 9 ! indu/rial revolution4 ,9 ,engl& at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! manor z a productive ag5cy _h be5 supplant$ by a sy/em ( dome/ic production1 & ?is 9 turn 0 giv+ place to ! factory4 ,! comb9$ influ5ces ( increas+ capital & inv5tion _h op]at$ to c5tralize ! indu/rial population 9 ! t[ns4 ,ocean comm]ce 0 comp>atively well develop$1 & manufacture 0 fa/ be+ e/abli%$ ^u a mod]n basis2 b inl& transportation 0 /ill encumb]$ by su* primitive me?ods z to make difficult ! utilization ( ! res\rces ( ! int]ior4 ,a c5tury & a half be=e1 ,"l ,bacon _h call$ att5tion to ! ?ree great elem5ts necess>y to make a nation great & prosp]\s--a f]tile soil1 busy work%ops1 & easy conveyance ( m5 & ?+s f "o place to ano!r1--b ! significance ( ?is reflection 0 n appreciat$ until aft] ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! controll+ =ce ( cu/om--social in]tia--_h /ood 9 ! way ( progress4 ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,until ab\t ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! pr9cipal manufactur+ t[ns ( ,great ,brita9 7 situat$ on or ne> ! coa/2 = 9 ! inl& c\ntry goods 7 /ill c>ri$ on ! backs ( m51 or haul$ 9 c>ts ov] heavy roads4 ,said ,l>dn]3 ,! int]nal transport ( goods 9 ,engl& 0 p]=m$ by wagon1 & 0 n only intol]ably sl[1 b s exp5sive z to exclude e object except manufactur$ articles1 & su* z1 be+ ( light weight & small bulk 9 proportion to _! value1 w\ld all[ ( a high rate ( transport4 ,?us ! *>ge = c>riage by wagon f ,london to ,le$s 0 at ! rate ( #ac 7#fc4ca7 a ton1 be+ #ac;d4 7#bg c5ts7 p] ton p] mile4 ,betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] x 0 #djs4 7#i4fj7 a ton1 or #ae;d4 7#cj c5ts7 p] ton p] mile4 ,heavy articles1 su* z coal & o!r mat]ials1 c\ld only be available = comm]ce :]e _! position favor$ transport by sea1 &1 consequ5tly1 _m ( ! ri*e/ di/ricts ( ! k+dom rema9$ unproductive1 await+ ! t>dy advancem5t ( ! art ( transport4 ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,be=e ! ,revolution ! ,am]ican coloni/s liv$ 9 almo/ complete isolation4 ,travel by l& 0 limit$1 = wat] communication pres5t$ few] ob/acles to progress4 ,population 0 arrang$ along ! seabo>d1 or 9 isolat$ gr\ps a %ort di/ance inl&4 ,liv+ n>r[1 self-c5t]$ lives1 ea* community develop$ a di/9ct dialect & *>act]i/ic cu/oms & dress4 ,social activities 7 limit$ to go+ to mill1 m>ket & *ur*1 or ex*ang+ fri5dly calls2 travel+ on foot or on horseback along wood$ trails4 ,ev5 betwe5 seacoa/ t[ns !re 0 little int]*ange ( products or population2 & a citiz5 ( "o colony go+ to ano!r 0 at once /ruck ) ! _m local peculi>ities4 ,x 0 less ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,revolution>y w> :5 ! fir/ /age l9e 0 op5$ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 & ?ree days 7 !n requir$ = a s+le trip4 ,x 0 t5 ye>s lat] :5 ! fir/ /age l9e 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,baltimore4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,travel ,,& ,,transport4 ,betwe5 t[ns ( consid]able size !re 7 c\ntry roads ov] :i* vehicles c\ld pass :5 ! wea!r w\ld p]mit4 ,! /age coa*1 :i* 0 ! only public l& conveyance1 pli$ along ! coa/ & betwe5 a few inl& c5t]s1 b ! coa*es ( t day 7 rude boxes swung on :eels by lea!rn /raps in/ead ( spr+s1 ) seats = a doz5 or m & accommodations = a limit$ am\nt ( baggage4 ,! rate ( travel 0 f two to six miles an h\r1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! roads & ! importance ( ! r\te4 ,on ! f>m ! mud-boat or /one sl$ge 0 9 common use1 & at times x 0 ev5 employ$ to c>ry produce to local m>kets4 ,9 m progressive communities two-:eel$ c>ts & wagons 7 to be f\nd4 ,! be/ ( roads1 h[ev]1 7 no?+ b mud roads2 & ! wagons1 commonly ( ! l9*p9 type1 7 clumsy & awkw>d4 ,"s ( ! m primitive wagons _h :eels made ( cross sections ( trees1 trimm$ & c5t]$ to roll on axles ( wood4 ,^? :o travel$ _h little ?\ght ( "t2 companion%ip f\nd expression 9 /ory-tell+1 gossip & tippl+2 & an em]g5cy :i* requir$ all to get out & take a :eel only add$ spice to ! trip4 ,we h ! foll[+ description ( ! roads ab\t ,philadelphia1 ! metropolis & comm]cial c5t] ( ! ,new ,_w3 ,on ! be/ l9es ( communication ! ruts 7 deep1 ! desc5ts precipit\s4 99 99 99 ,ne> ! great cities ! /ate ( ! roads 0 s bad z to r5d] all approa* difficult & dang]\s4 ,out ( ,philadelphia a quagmire ( black mud cov]$ a long /ret* ( road ne> ! village ( ,ris+ ,sun4 ,!re horses 7 (t5 se5 fl\nd]+ 9 ! mud up to _! bellies4 ,on ! ,york road1 long l9es ( wagons 7 e day to be met )1 drawn up ne> ,logan's hill1 :ile ! wagon]s unhit*$ _! teams1 to assi/ ea* o!r 9 pull+ ?r\gh ! mire4 ,at "s places1 /akes 7 set up to w>n teams ( ! quicks& pits2 at o!rs1 ! f5ces 7 pull$ d[n1 & a new road made ?r\gh ! fields4 ,transportation facilities 7 ei!r entirely lack+ or su* z to make travel bo? exp5sive & haz>d\s4 ,x is difficult to realize t z late z #aghj ! roads ov] a l>ge "p ( ,p5nsylvania 7 n>r[ pa?s :i* _h be5 made ?r\gh ! woods by ,indians & trad]s4 ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,roads ,,9 ,,! ,,int]ior4 ,! isolation ( int]ior settlem5ts f9ds apt illu/ration 9 ! ,wyom+ valley4 ,?is ri* region along ! ,susquehanna _h be5 until #aghf almo/ completely cut (f f ! out] _w4 ,a small colony _h mov$ 9 f ! ,ea/1 & tak+ color ( title f ,connecticut1 disclaim$ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,quak] propriet>y4 ,w> consequ5tly broke out betwe5 ?is isolat$ settlem5t & ! ,p5nsylvania gov]nm5t4 ,sev]al milit>y exp$itions 7 s5t out to r$uce ! ,yankees to submission2 b ! abs5ce ( roads & ! necessity ( c>ry+ provisions on horseback left ! det]m9$ pione]s ma/]s ( ! situation :5 ! l>g] issue1 ! ,revolution>y w>1 susp5d$ local /rife4 ,! spr+ aft] ,burgoyne's surr5d] at ,s>atoga ! settl]s ( ! ,wyom+ valley le>n$ t a deta*m5t ( ,johnson's ,royal ,gre5s & ,butl]'s ,rang]s1 ) a company ( ,tories1 _h alli$ !mselves ) ! ,s5eca ,indians1 & 7 prep>+ to desc5d ^u ! valley4 ,a c\ri] 0 despat*$ to congress1 & appeals = aid 7 made to ! neighbor+ /ates1 b ! isolation :i* _h be=e s]v$ = def5se n[ br\ght disa/]4 ,) ! ,june fre%et ! ,briti% allies came d[n f ,tioga1 & no?+ b ru9s 7 left to m>k ! sc5e4 ,"o ( ! reasons urg$ = ! removal ( ! /ate capitol f ,philadelphia to ,h>risburg 9 #agii 0 ! co/ ( travel1 :i* bore heavily ^u legislators f ! int]ior4 ,,! ,,roads ,,( ,,new ,,engl&4 ,! e>ly settl]s ( ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts1 7 oblig$ to s5d _! h\sehold goods f ,roxbury ar\nd by way ( ,long ,isl& ,s\nd & ! ,connecticut riv]1 b !y !mselves 7 able to proce$ on foot along an ,indian trail4 ,9 "t ?is trail 0 wid5$1 & z ! ,bay pa? & ! ,bo/on road occupi$ an important place among ! transportation r\tes ( ! colonies4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 little m ?an a n>r[ wagon pa? until aft] ! ,revolution1 & s indi/9ct 0 x t travel]s frequ5tly w&]$ (f ! r\te4 ,a curi\s /one po/ m>ks ! place ne> ! national armory at ,spr+field1 :]e 9 #agfc a we/]n ,massa*usetts m]*ant lo/ 8 way1 & set up a guide = o!r travel]s4 ,ev5 z late z #agie !re 7 b two /ages betwe5 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 & a week 0 requir$ = ! j\rney4 ,john ,b]n>d1 ! ,engli% actor1 ?us describ$ a typical ,new ,engl& road 9 #agig3 ,?\gh f> bett] ?an 9 any o!r qu>t] ( ! ,union1 ! frequ5t jolts & plunges ( ! vehicle br\ght x into sad comp>ison ) ! b[l+-gre5s ( ,engl&4 ,v (t5 we surpris$ a family ( pigs tak+ a ba? 9 a gully ( suffici5t compass to admit ! coa*4 ,z (t51 su* *asms 7 fill$ ) piles ( /ones t1 at a di/ance1 look$ l ,indian tumuli4 ,! driv]'s skill 9 /e]+ 0 em95t4 ,i f\nd !re 7 two evils to be dread$ 9 ,new ,engl& travel+--a clayey soil 9 wet wea!r1 :i*1 unqualifi$ ) gravel1 made ! road a canal2 & a s&y "o 9 summ]1 :i* might emphatically be call$ an enorm\s insect pres]ve4 ,su* te/imony makes real ! difficulties :i* att5d$ travel ov] ! important r\tes1 & enables "o to und]/& h[ x c\ld h requir$ ,wa%+ton ne>ly two weeks to make ! trip f ,philadelphia to ,cambridge at ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,revolution>y ,,w>4 ,be=e ! ,revolution ! subject ( road improvem5t 0 seldom consid]$ 9 public assemblies1 & ! e>ly laws conta9 few provisions ev5 = common roads4 ,^? :o propos$ measures = g5]al improvem5t met ) little enc\ragem5t4 ,z e>ly z #afij ,william ,p5n sugge/$ ! practicability ( a wat]way f ! ,s*uylkill to ! ,susquehanna4 ,9 #agfb ,david ,ritt5h\se ( ,philadelphia1 & ,provo/ ,smi? ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 propos$ a simil> project1 & made surveys ( ! r\te by ! ,swat>a & ! ,tulpehock52 9 #agfi ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society int]e/$ itself 9 a canal survey betwe5 ,*esapeake ,bay & ! ,delaw>e1 recomm5d+ ! ent]prise to ! public4 ,9 #agfh ,gov]nor ,moore ( ,new ,york project$ a canal ar\nd ! ,canajoh>ie ,falls ( ! ,mohawk4 ,b to none ( ^! sugge/ions 0 !re any active response1 = ! "t 0 n ripe = su* und]tak+s4 ,contribut+ to ! road-mak+ impulse imm$iately aft] ! w> ( indep5d5ce 0 a newly awak5$ community int]e/4 ,at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ! con/itution !re 7 two di/9ct classes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 a highly localiz$ class ( ! seabo>d & ( ! inl& trade r\tes1 & a widely di/ribut$ agricultural class4 ,am]ican comm]ce 0 l>gely conf9$ to ,am]ican products4 ,engl&1 ,france & ,holl& monopoliz$ ! trade ( _! colonies1 & 9 o!r ways favor$ _! own m]*antm5 9 =eign trade4 ,su* be+ ! condition1 our comm]cial advantage lay 9 ! developm5t ( our own res\rces4 ,! settlem5t ( ! ,middle ,atlantic /ates & ( ! valleys ( ! int]ior only s]v$ to /r5g!n ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! p1 :o f\nd a common int]e/ 9 int]nal improvem5ts4 ,to ! agriculturi/1 *eap conveyance to m>ket 0 a pr]equisite to pr(itable indu/ry4 ,to ! comm]cial class on ! seabo>d & on ! lead+ trade r\tes1 inl& improvem5t 0 at t "t no less important4 ,,fir/ ,,era ,,( ,,road ,,mak+4 ,!re 0 a notable *ange 9 ! popul> attitude t[>d road mak+ aft] ! w>1 & all public-spirit$ m5 n[ saw 9 bett] means ( communication an in/rum5t = ! e/abli%+ ( ,am]ican supremacy ov] ! we/]n cont95t4 ,legislatures made g5]\s appropriations = highways4 ,an active migration set 9 f ,new ,york & nor!rn ,p5nsylvania to ! ,we/4 ,9 #agch ! fir/ regul> mail s]vice 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,albany & ,s*5ectady4 ,9 #agic ! horse pa? f ,albany to ! ,connecticut valley 0 wid5$ to a wagon road4 ,l activity 9 road mak+ 0 %[n ?r\gh\t s\!rn & we/]n ,new ,york1 middle ,p5nsylvania1 ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia4 ,9 #aghe ,p5nsylvania appropriat$ #aj1jjj to lay out a road f a po9t ne> ! m\? ( ! ,juanita to ,pittsburgh4 ,9 #aghf an act 0 pass$ appropriat+ #a1ejj to view & op5 a road f ,lehigh ,wat] ,gap to ,wyom+1 :i* 0 ! fir/ road into t valley f ! ,delaw>e4 ,9 #aghg ano!r road 0 au?oriz$ betwe5 ! ,susquehanna & ! ,delaw>e4 ,activity 9 op5+ communication ) ! int]ior increas$ until by #agia ! movem5t _h assum$ proportions to be /yl$ a mania4 ,by a s+le act ov] #aej1jjj 0 appropriat$ = ! improvem5t ( elev5 riv]s & ov] a score ( roads 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,o!r acts 7 pass$ at ! same session1 grant+ *>t]s & appropriations = v>i\s transportation ent]prises4 ,new ,york 9 #agig au?oriz$ ! rais+ by lott]ies ( #de1jjj = ! improvem5t ( v>i\s roads ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,z if by common impulse1 all ! /ates n[ became int]e/$ 9 road improvem5t1 & congress 0 ask$ to aid by ?is means ! op5+ up ( ! res\rces ( ! int]ior4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,canals ,,& ,,pikes4 ,! l[ co/ ( wat] transportation _h e>ly direct$ popul> att5tion to canals z a means ( ov]com+ ob/ructions 9 natural wat] c\rses1 !reby s]v+ ! ne$s ( ! inl& population1 & also provid+ ! means = div]t+ trade f "o seaport to ano!r4 ,! ,revolution>y w> 0 h>dly ov] :5 ,*>les ,c>roll organiz$ a company to op5 a canal ab\t ! ob/ructions 9 ! l[] ,susquehanna4 ,^? :o took ! mo/ active int]e/ 9 canal con/ruction at ?is "t 7 m5 :o1 l ,wa%+ton1 view$ ! future ) patriotic int]e/4 ,?is int]e/1 h[ev]1 0 "o :i* did n appeal to ! private inve/or4 ,an ent]prise bas$ ^u su* public consid]ation requir$ gov]nm5t support4 ,?is p]iod also m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( turnpike con/ruction4 ,! fir/ turnpike road 9 ?is c\ntry ( :i* we h a record 0 built betwe5 ,alex&ria & ! ,l[] ,%5&oah4 ,x 0 begun 9 #aghe-f1 & its completion 0 ! cause ( great satisfaction to ,jeff]son & o!r public-spirit$ m5 ( ,virg9ia1 :o _h labor$ 9 ! cause ( a broad] national life4 ,alex&ria 0 at t "t an important competitor ( ! o!r seabo>d cities4 ,across ! ,m>yl& p59sula on ! ,*esapeake lay ,baltimore1 a comm]cial rival ( bo? ,alex&ria & ,philadelphia4 ,9 #aghg ! gr& jury sitt+ at ,baltimore call$ att5tion to ! deplorable condition ( ! roads lead+ to t city1 & urg$ ! au?orities to take imm$iate action4 ,z a result1 ! c\nty gov]nm5t ord]$ ! old ,fr$]ick1 ,rei/]t[n & ,york roads turnpik$ at public exp5se4 ,to ! we/ ( ,philadelphia lay ! ,susquehanna valley4 ,! natural outlet ( ?is gr[+ region 0 d[n ! ,*esapeake to ,baltimore4 ,to attract traffic to ! ,quak] ,city a company 0 organiz$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #agib to build ! ,lanca/] pike1 :i* 0 ! fir/ turnpike 9 ?is c\ntry built by volunt>y subscription4 ,,effect ,,( ,,european ,,w>s ,,on ,,am]ican ,,situation4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,european w>s 9 #agic 0 foll[$ by a m>k$ *ange 9 ! ,am]ican indu/rial situation4 ,! imm$iate effect ^u ! gra9 gr[+ ( ! ,we/ 0 to increase ! dem& = :eat4 ,prices ( c]eals rose to twice _! =m] height4 ,! av]age price ( fl\r dur+ ! sev5 ye>s f #aghe to #agic _h be5 ab\t #e4dj a b>rel2 ! av]age price f #agic to #ahjf 7! two ye>s ( peace1 #ahjb & #ahjc1 exclud$7 0 #i4ab4 ,su* 0 ! inducem5t to gra9 gr[+ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,back f ! ,nor? ,atlantic coa/ radiat$ ri* valleys--l>ge tracts ( agricultural l&s :i* 7 well adapt$ to gra9 gr[+4 ,a ru% set 9 = ! unclaim$ res\rces ( ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania & ,m>yl&1 & = a "t ! tide ( migration mov$ to ! we/w>d along ! ,ohio1 & ! bord] ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,^? :o cultivat$ l&s ne> ! coa/ %>$ 9 ! increas$ prosp]ity due to ! ,european di/urbance1 b unless !y c\ld obta9 bett] means ( transportation1 ^? :o _h locat$ inl& soon f\nd t !y c\ld pr(it little4 ,gra9 z comp>$ ) cotton & tobacco 0 a l[ pric$ product4 ,at be/1 ! co/ ( transportation 0 t5 doll>s a ton = ea* hundr$-mile haul2 9 _m places x 0 mu* high]4 ,,am]icans ,,turn ,,to ,,home ,,m>kets4 ,be=e #ahjg ! c\ntry _h come to be divid$ into ?ree sections3 ! comm]cial1 %ipbuild+ ,ea/1 ! cotton & tobacco export+ ,s\?1 & ! isolat$ gra9 gr[+ int]ior1 l9k$ ) :i* 0 a langui%+ manufactur+ int]e/ on or ne> ! seabo>d4 ,beyond a limit$ range ! produc+ proportion ( our population c\ld n p>ticipate 9 ! pr(its ( ! ,european trade4 ,! gra9 gr[]s dem&$ a m>ket1 & ! manufactur]s saw _! pr(its swept away by an influx ( =eign goods4 ,^! 7 ! int]e/s :i* suff]$ f ! div]sion ( capital to %ipbuild+ & =eign trade4 ,bo? look$ to int]nal improvem5ts z a solution ( _! tr\bles2 _! only hope 0 9 a home m>ket--9 bett] roads1 & 9 ! developm5t ( ! res\rces ab\t !m4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates agriculturi/ & manufactur] turn$ to ! national gov]nm5t = relief4 ,b s long z ! adm9i/ration rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! =eign trade p>ty1 ! way 0 block$ to int]nal improvem5ts4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree adm9i/rations aft] ! adoption ( ! con/itution1 ! individuali/ic republicans _h be5 unable to ga9 control ( ! gov]nm5t2 b ) ! admission ( ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee & ,ohio & ! settlem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! sea coa/ /ates remote f transportation facilities1 ! anti-comm]cial con/itu5cy ga9$ ! balance ( p[]4 ,x 0 to ! vot]s ( ^! new regions t ,jeff]son ow$ 8 success4 ,x 0 to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! ,we/ = an outlet to ! gulf t ,l\isiana 0 pur*as$4 ,to satisfy ! insi/5t dem& = int]nal improvem5ts ! national gov]nm5t also built ! ,cumb]l& road1 & contribut$ to _m o!r transportation projects4 ,x 0 ! op5 ho/ility ( ! ,we/ & ,s\? t[>d ! comm]cial ,ea/ :i* =c$ ! emb>go1 & broke d[n ! dom9ation ( ! seabo>d int]e/s 9 national affairs4 ,,riv] ,,traffic ,,develop$ ,,by ,,private ,,capital4 ,! inl& r\tes :i* requir$ ! lea/ capital to utilize 9 a primitive way 7 ! riv]s4 ,"h ! *ief ob/acle 0 ! curr5t4 ,9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury long l9es ( rafts1 flat-boats & arks might be se5 float+ d[n ! ,connecticut1 ! ,hudson1 ! ,susquehanna & ! ,potomac4 ,!re 7 #b1hjj miles ( riv]s tribut>y to ! ,atlantic seabo>d :i* 7 navigable1 or :i* ne$$ only to be cle>$ ( snags & rocks to r5d] !m available = use by small craft4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t on ! ea/]n slope !re 7 ab\t #be1jjj miles ( /reams :i* might be utiliz$ by ! con/ruction ( locks & canals4 ,9 ! ,mississippi valley !re 7 #ad1jjj miles ( navigable riv]s1 & ab\t #ge1jjj m :i* 7 consid]$ possibilities4 ,b ) a ?ree or f\r-mile curr5t x 0 impracticable to r[1 pole or w>p a boat & c>go up/ream = a long di/ance4 ,! result 0 t along ^? /reams :i* nature _h provid$ z highways ! produc] fir/ built 8 boat out ( ! timb]s ( ! =e/1 !n load$ x ) ! produce ( 8 f>m or mill1 & float$ d[n /ream to m>ket4 ,^u rea*+ 8 de/9ation1 he ab&on$ 8 craft & return$ by /age or on foot4 ,?is 0 inde$ an exp5sive process--exp5sive 9 "t1 exp5sive 9 funds & exp5sive 9 human ef=t4 ,x 0 an exp5se ( production1 h[ev]1 & "o :i* did n require capitalization4 ,x 0 n until #ahjg t ! /eamboat became a comm]cial success4 ,at ?is "t ,new ,york 0 becom+ well settl$1 & z ! ,hudson 0 a natural highway a boat :i* c\ld drive aga9/ w9d & /ream _h e promise ( success4 ,rob]t ,fulton1 :o _h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! problem ( /eam navigation s9ce #ahjb1 return$ f ,europe aft] sev]al ye>s ( inve/igation1 & br\ght back "o ( ,watt's eng9es4 ,he obta9$ ! f9ancial co-op]ation ( ,*ancellor ,liv+/on1 & toge!r !y obta9$ a monopoly ( /eam navigation 9 ,new ,york wat]s4 ,a boat 0 fitt$ ) ! ,watt eng9e1 & a successful trip 0 made f ,new ,york to ,albany & return4 ,! r\te yield$ l>ge pr(its f ! />t1 & o!r boats 7 built4 ,by #ahac six boats 7 do+ a pr(itable bus9ess on ! ,hudson4 ,! success ( ,fulton & ,liv+/on prov$ attractive to o!rs4 ,cr[d$ out ( ,new ,york's wat]s by ! monopoly1 ,john ,/ev5s1 9 #ahji1 took a /eamboat ar\nd f ,hobok5 into ! ,delaw>e4 ,! ,pho5ix n[ f\nd bus9ess s good 9 ^? wat]s :]e ,fit* _h fail$ t x 0 soon foll[$ by two o!r boats4 ,soon ! :ole ,atlantic seabo>d1 includ+ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 0 suppli$ ) /eam craft4 ,b ent]prise 9 /eamboat navigation 0 n conf9$ to ! coa/4 ,bus9ess opportunities 9 ! ,mississippi valley attract$ ! att5tion ( "o ,ni*olas ,roosevelt1 :o propos$ to ,fulton & ,liv+/on t he w\ld make a trip to ,new ,orleans to survey ! prospects = an inl& wat] r\te1 ) ! und]/&+ t !y %\ld f9ance a /eamboat l9e if 8 report 0 favorable4 ,s favorable 0 x t he 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( a riv] boat at ,pittsburg1 & 9 #ahaa ! ,new ,orleans made h] maid5 trip d[n ! ,mississippi4 ,!reaft] ,roosevelt's boat took a regul> r\te betwe5 ,new ,orleans & ,nat*ez4 ,o!r boats 7 add$1 b x 0 n until #ahae t a voyage 0 made up/ream f ,new ,orleans to ,l\isville & ,c9c9nati4 ,aft] assi/+ ,jackson 9 ! campaign ab\t ,new ,orleans1 ! ,ent]prise1 tak+ advantage ( high wat]1 /eam$ to ,l\isville 9 tw5ty-five days4 ,9 #ahag ! ,wa%+ton accompli%$ ! same feat :ile ! riv] 0 )9 h] banks1 & ! public became conv9c$ ( ! practicability ( up/ream navigation4 ,! same ye> ! ,%elby r$uc$ ! "t to tw5ty days1 & by #ahbc fifte5 days suffic$4 ,) ! success ( ! /eamboat1 ! ,middle ,we/ 0 op5$ to rapid communication ) ! gulf4 ,,wagon ,,roads ,,into ,,! ,,int]ior4 ,f #ahjg to #ahae two *anges _h a m>k$ effect ^u ! national attitude t[>d int]nal improvem5ts4 ,be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,european w>s manufactures _h made "s progress 9 ,new ,engl& & 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /ruggle1 & be=e ! peace ( ,ami5s1 ! only s]i\s ob/acle to ,am]ican indu/ry 0 ! t5d5cy to div]t capital to :eat rais+1 %ipbuild+ & =eign trade4 ,prices 7 high1 & ! mak]s ( goods f\nd enc\ragem5t 9 l>ge pr(its4 ,) ! cessation ( ho/ilities ,am]ican manufactur]s look$ to ,congress = protection1 = =eign goods p\r$ into ! c\ntry 9 su* quantities & at su* prices z to ?reat5 ! de/ruction ( dome/ic production4 ,at ! mo/1 h[ev]1 ! manufactur+ population 0 relatively small1 b ! di/urbances to indu/ry f #ahae to #ahah 7 su* z to ?r[ _m out ( employm5t1 & to br+ to ! v]ge ( bankruptcy & />vation ^? :o _h be5 engag$ 9 %ipbuild+ & =eign trade4 ,a great exodus to ! int]ior 0 ! result4 ,9 wagons1 on horseback1 or on foot--sometimes us+ h&c>ts1 sl$s & :eelb>r[s to c>ry _! provisions & light luggage--emigrants cr[d$ ! wood$ pa?s t l$ to ! ,we/1 :]e !y might f9d conditions m favorable to indep5d5t livelihood4 ,all ^! conditions conspir$ to increase ! depression 9 ! ,ea/1 & drive h] p into agriculture & ! developm5t ( ! int]ior2 :ile ! op5+ ( ! ,mississippi by ! /eamboat add$ to ! attractions ( ! ri* valleys 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,b ^u 8 arrival 9 ! ,we/ ! newcom] f\nd himself beyond ! range ( any m>ket except ,new ,orleans4 ,to rea* ?is m>ket he w\ld produce or get toge!r a quantity ( corn1 fl\r1 bacon & su* articles4 ,he w\ld build a flat-bottom$ boat on ! %ore ( "s riv] or l>ge creek1 load 8 w>es into x1 &1 await+ ! rise1 ) a few ( 8 negroes to assi/ him1 w\ld float d[n to ,new ,orleans4 ,! voyage 0 long1 t$i\s & exp5sive4 ,:5 he arriv$ !re he f\nd himself 9 a /range city1 fill$ ) %>p]s ready to take advantage ( 8 necessities4 ,ev]ybody comb9$ aga9/ him to pr(it by 8 ignorance ( bus9ess1 want ( fri5ds or comm]cial connections1 & n9e times out ( t5 he return$ a brok5 m]*ant4 ,8 j\rney home 0 p]=m$ on foot1 ?r\gh ?ree or f\r nations ( ,indians inhabit+ ! we/]n p>ts ( ,mississippi1 ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky4 ,he return$ to a desolate f>m1 :i* _h be5 neglect$ :il/ he _h be5 gone4 ,"o crop 0 lo/ by abs5ce & ano!r by tak+ x to m>ket4 ,?is k9d ( bus9ess 0 p]sev]$ 9 a/oni%+ly = sev]al ye>s1 to ! great injury & utt] ru9 ( a great _m p4 ,x 0 ! dem& = safe transportation aris+ out ( ?is situation :i* made ,roosevelt's /eamboat ent]prise a success4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,coa/wise ,,comm]ce4 ,! ,briti% blockade ( our coa/ dur+ ! w> ( #ahab _h a m>k$ effect ^u ! developm5t ( inl& r\tes ( transportation1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,! int]ruption ( ! coa/+ trade 0 inde$ a v s]i\s affair4 ,= ye>s pa/ t trade _h giv5 occupation to ?\s&s ( coa/]s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( sailors4 ,! %oes made at ,lynn1 ! ,yankee notions ( ,connecticut1 ! cotton c>ds1 ! dome/ic cottons1 ! play+ c>ds produc$ 9 ,new ,engl&1 ! fl\r ( ! ,middle ,/ates1 ! ,ea/ ,india goods br\ght 9 f abroad _h f\nd a ready m>ket at ,*>le/on1 ,savannah & ,augu/a1 :5ce great quantities ( rice & cotton 7 br\ght ,nor?4 ,on ! arrival ( ! ,briti% fleet ?is trade1 no long] to be c>ri$ on 9 safety by wat]1 began ( necessity to be c>ri$ on by l&4 ,at fir/ "s m]*ants at ,bo/on1 hav+ *>t]$ a few wagons1 despat*$ !m ) loads to ,philadelphia1 & ev5 to ,baltimore4 ,?is 0 en\gh4 ,! h9t 0 tak54 ,a new indu/ry sprang up1 & by e>ly summ] ! roads lead+ s\?w>d exhibit$ "o cont9u\s /ream ( huge canvas-cov]$ wagons tugg$ along by d\ble or triple teams ( horses or ( ox54 ,no di/ance 0 !n too great1 & hundr$s ( !m w\ld make _! way f ,salem & ,bo/on to ,augu/a & ,savannah4 ,an e/imate made t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> 7#ahad7 places ! numb] ( wagons ?us employ$ at f\r ?\s&1 & ! numb] ( cattle1 horses & ox5 at tw5ty ?\s&2 nor does ?is seem excessive1 = a travel] :o drove f ,new ,york to ,ri*mond decl>es t he pass$ two hundr$ & sixty wagons on ! way4 ,,! ,,capitalization ,,( ,,turnpikes4 ,bo? ov]l& trade & we/w>d migration drew att5tion to ! importance ( good roads1 bo? swell$ ! receipts ( turnpike companies1 & gave enc\ragem5t to inve/m5t ( local capital 9 transportation improvem5t4 ,by #ahjd ! ,lanca/] road _h be5 ext5d$ to ,pittsburg1 & a regul> /age l9e e/abli%$ :i* made a trip ea* way once a week4 ,/ate gov]nm5ts l5t e enc\ragem5t to ! build+ ( turnpike roads1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( subscrib+ to _! /ock4 ,f contempor>y writ+s & *>t] grants1 x is e/imat$ t ne>ly eight hundr$ turnpike companies 7 organiz$ be=e ! end ( ! w> ( #ahab4 ,p5nsylvania 0 pre-em95t 9 grant+ lib]al *>t]s1 & toll rights1 !reby enc\rag+ ! p ( ! m ?ickly settl$ di/ricts to make su* improvem5ts = !mselves4 ,! corporations ?us =m$ _h little difficulty 9 obta9+ capital subscriptions1 :e!r = ! con/ruction ( turnpikes or bridges1 or = ! op]ation ( f]ries4 ,to ! /ock ( ^! corporations sev]al ( ! /ates subscrib$ 9 v>y+ am\nts4 ,al?\gh a few toll roads 7 con/ruct$ be=e t "t1 ! turnpike movem5t may be said to date f ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,turnpikes 7s call$ f ! revolv+1 or turn+ b>1 or pike :i*1 :5 set across a toll road1 prev5t$ passage until *>ges 7 paid7 7 macadamiz$ or o!rwise improv$ at a co/ v>y+ f #ejj to #aj1jjj p] mile4 ,almo/ )\t exception !y foll[$ 9 a g5]al way ! old l9es :i* _h be5 work$ out :5 travel on foot or on horseback 0 ! *ief me?od ( communication1 b :]ev] possible !y 7 made /raight1 go+ ov] & n ar\nd hills & o!r ob/acles4 ,:5 ! ,bo/on & ,salem turnpike 0 built a small b deep pond 0 enc\nt]$1 b in/ead ( go+ ar\nd ! road cross$ on a float+ bridge4 ,! con/ruction ( bridges & ! op]ation ( f]ries 7 p>ts ( ?is l>g] turnpike movem5t1 & l ! turnpikes !mselves1 !y 7 usually disappo9t+ to ^? :o _h inve/$ ) ! hope ( l>ge divid5ds4 ,at be/1 ?is movem5t did b little to supply ! great ne$ = improv$ transportation4 ,to pass5g] s]vice x 0 a great boon1 9 t x add$ mu* to p]sonal com=t1 ?\gh ! "t & co/ ( travel 7 little r$uc$4 ,x requir$ five doll>s & fifty c5ts to pay tolls f ,philadelphia to ,new ,york1 besides ! hotel bills & o!r exp5ses ( ! road4 ,x took a week to g f ,philadelphia to ,pittsburg4 ,:at ! c\ntry mo/ ne$$--a *eap me?od ( h&l+ ! bulky products ( ! int]ior--0 n suppli$4 ,freight 0 c>ri$ ^u ! turnpike ) great difficulty & exp5se1 & heavy goods 7 compell$ to rema9 unt\*$ on acc\nt ( ! high tolls4 ,,revival ,,( ,,canal ,,con/ruction4 ,to meet ?is situation1 canals _h be5 propos$ long be=e ! p]iod ( turnpike build+1 & "s surveys _h be5 made1 b because ( lack ( capital1 con/ruction 0 def]r$4 ,! e>lie/ projects 7 = %ort cuts ar\nd rapids or falls1 or betwe5 neighbor+ wat]s1 b bold] plans foll[$4 ,! fir/ canal ( any importance actually begun 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! two-mile cut ?r\gh ! rocks ab\t ! ,s\? ,hadley falls ( ! ,connecticut4 ,! ,massa*usetts legislature pass$ an act 9 #agib incorporat+ ! ,proprietors ( ! ,locks & ,canals on ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,"w 0 begun at once ) ,dut* capital1 & 9 two ye>s ! canal 0 complet$4 ,! ,santee canal 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 ! fir/ l>ge "w ( ?is k9d con/ruct$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x connect$ ! ,santee riv] ) ! ,coop] riv] at ,*>le/on1 & x 0 op5$ 9 #ahjj4 ,its l5g? 0 tw5ty-two miles1 & its co/ #fjj1jjj4 ,a mu* m important project 0 ! ,middlesex canal 9 ,massa*usetts1 a *>t] = :i* 0 obta9$ 9 #agic4 ,?is canal ext5d$ f ! ,*>les riv] to ! ,m]rimac1 tw5ty-sev5 miles1 & 0 design$ to attract to ,bo/on ! trade normally tribut>y to ,portsm\?4 ,"w 0 begun 9 #agid1 & t5 ye>s lat] ! canal 0 op5$ = traffic1 ?\gh x 0 n entirely complet$ until #ahjh4 ,! successful completion ( ! ,erie canal1 :i* became an assur$ fact long be=e its actual accompli%m5t 9 #ahbe1 /imulat$ simil> projects all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! local /rife betwe5 trade c5t]s1 comb9$ ) ! local dem& = outlet1 set a numb] ( private projects 9 motion4 ,bo/on1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore & ,georget[n 7 successfully appeal$ to = support = transportation r\tes :i* w\ld enable !m to compete ) ,new ,york = ! trade ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,black/one ,canal ,company1 *>t]$ by ,rhode ,isl& & ,massa*usetts 9 #ahbc1 began ! con/ruction ( a canal along ! ,black/one riv] to connect ,provid5ce & ,worce/]1 & ?is r\te 0 op5$ = traffic 9 #ahbh4 ,ano!r ,new ,engl& project />t$ at ab\t ! same "t 0 = a canal to ext5d f ,new ,hav5 nor?w>ds to ,nor?ampton1 & on up ! ,connecticut valley into ,v]mont4 ,two companies 7 *>t]$ = ?is purpose1 ! ,f>m+ton canal 9 ,connecticut 9 #ahbb & ! ,hamp%ire & ,hampd5 canal 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #ahbc4 ,! ,f>m+ton canal 0 complet$ 9 #ahcj2 b ! "w on ! ,hamp%ire & ,hampd5 project 0 = a "t ab&on$ = want ( funds1 & ! canal 0 n cut ?r\gh to ,nor?ampton until #ahce4 ,:ile c>ry+ a l>ge traffic ?is canal1 l ! ,black/one canal1 0 m b5eficial to ! g5]al bus9ess ( ! section trav]s$ ?an to ^? :o held its /ock4 ,o!r private works ( ?is p]iod ^u :i* l>ge sums 7 exp5d$ 73 ,! ,delaw>e & ,r>itan canal1 connect+ ,philadelphia ) ,new ,york2 ! ,james ,riv] & ,kana:a1 an unf9i%$ canal project 9 ,virg9ia2 & ! ,*esapeake & ,ohio canal1 :i* 0 n ext5d$ fur!r we/ ?an ,cumb]l&4 ,,sc>city ,,( ,,capital ,,= ,,canals4 ,on acc\nt ( local ne$s1 few canal or navigation companies _h difficulty 9 obta9+ _! fir/ subscriptions1 b mo/ ( !m exp]i5c$ tr\ble 9 collect+ assessm5ts & 9 obta9+ additional subscriptions4 ,?is timidity ( inve/ors1 x n[ appe>s1 0 n )\t gr\nd1 = few ( ! private canal companies 7 able to br+ _! con/ruction "w to completion1 & few] /ill paid any divid5ds to _! /ockhold]s4 ,! ,middlesex canal 0 pr(itable until ! build+ ( a p>allel l9e ( railroad2 ! ,montague canal1 also 9 ,massa*usetts1 yield$ a fair return dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s t foll[$ its completion 9 #ahjj4 ,! ,delaw>e & ,s*uylkill canal may be cit$ z a ?ird exception4 ,b x e>ly became evid5t t public works ( ! numb] & magnitude requir$ c\ld be con/ruct$ only at national exp5se4 ,z ! con/itution conta9s no direct provision = int]nal improvem5ts1 ! subject became a p>ty "q4 ,f ! fir/ ,congress _h appropriat$ money = ligh?\ses1 public pi]s1 buoys & o!r aids to navigation1 & ab\t su* action !re _h be5 no dispute1 = x 0 agre$ t ^! matt]s lay /rictly )9 f$]al jurisdiction4 ,f ! fir/1 also1 ,congress _h be5 petition$ = appropriations = int]nal improvem5ts4 ,mo/ ( ^! dem&s 7 local 9 "*1 & s 7 easily dispos$ (2 b :5 ! directors ( ! ,*esapeake & ,delaw>e canal ask$ ,congress to supply ! funds :i* !y _h be5 unable to obta9 f sales ( %>es1 ! "q 0 =c$ to an issue4 ,two facts 7 inconte/able1 ! g5]al importance ( ! "w1 & ! ability ( ! national gov]nm5t to c>ry x on 9 view ( ! rev5ue surplus 9 ! treasury4 ,9 ano!r way ,congress _h already committ$ itself to ! support ( public works4 ,s long z ! c\ntry 0 made up ( /ates bord]+ on ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 improvem5ts 7 matt]s ( int]e/ to all alike1 b ) ! admission ( new /ates 9 ! int]ior1 & ! prospect ( future accessions to ! we/w>d z ! c\ntry exp&$1 an elem5t ( inju/ice seem$ to ent] ^! appropriations1 :i* b5efit$ ! seabo>d /ates at ! exp5se ( all4 ,! feel+ ( discont5t 0 int5sifi$ by ! fact t ! favor$ /ates 7 m ?ickly settl$1 & !re=e bett] able to incur ! exp5se4 ,) ! admission ( ,ohio1 h[ev]1 ?is 0 rem$i$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! five p] c5t4 l& fund1 & ! self-int]e/ ( ! seabo>d 0 appeal$ to by ! argum5t t ! build+ ( roads into ! ,we/ w\ld s /imulate sales ( ! public l&s z to increase ! national rev5ues4 ,! matt] ( national aid to int]nal improvem5ts 0 aga9 br\ght be=e ,congress 9 #ahaf by ,calh\n1 :o pres5t$ a bill provid+ = ! direct con/ruction ( roads & canals & ! improvem5t ( wat]ways out ( a fund to be creat$ by sett+ ap>t ! bonus & divid5ds receiv$ by ! gov]nm5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates bank4 ,?is bill1 :i* 0 drawn up by ,clay1 pass$ ?r\gh ,congress 9 #ahag1 b x 0 veto$ by ,madison1 :o1 ?\gh favorably dispos$ t[>d public works1 _h inh]it$ f ,jeff]son a d\bt z to ! rights ( ,congress to p>ticipate 9 _! con/ruction )\t a con/itutional am5dm5t specifically grant+ ! au?ority4 ,& ,monroe1 hold+ ! same op9ion1 veto$ a bill = ! repair ( ! ,cumb]l& road1 & submitt$ to ,congress a long /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 8 decision4 ,9 ! meantime1 we>y ( wait+1 ,new ,york _h succe$$ 9 build+ ! ,erie canal4 ,its success %ift$ ! :ole plan ( promotion4 ,) cr$it e/abli%$ abroad1 int]nal improvem5ts 7 tak5 up by ! /ates1 & = ! next two decades transportation int]e/ c5t]s 9 /ate fund+4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod ( /ruggle = means ( transportation facilities adequate to meet ! dem&s ( ^? ^: =tunes _h be5 ca/ 9 ! remote int]ior t ! railroad became ! subject ( s]i\s economic int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 7,9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 ,messrs4 ,clevel& ,p[ell trace ! beg9n+s ( ! railroad1 ! physical & f9ancial difficulties t beset !m at e turn2 ! indomitable _s ) :i* !y 7 project$1 promot$ & built into e qu>t] ( ! ,union1 until ?r\gh ! inve/m5t ( billions ( private capital ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 furni%$ ) ! be/ sy/em ( int]nal transportation 9 ! _w4 ,to _! pages ! read] is ref]r$ = ! cont9uation ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ n>rative47 ,,fir/ ,,annual ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,eng9e] ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad ,,company ,june #ab1 #ahdh4 ,by ,j4 ,,edg> ,,?omson4 ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,,eng9e] ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,,co4 ,philadelphia1 ,june #ab1 #ahdh4 ,to ! ,presid5t & ,directors ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company3 ,,g5tlem5--,i h ! honor to communicate to y ! foll[+ ,report ( ! op]ations ( ?is ,dep>tm5t s9ce x 0 committ$ to my *>ge1 n[ some?+ m ?an a ye>4 ,"u ! organization ( ! ,eng9e] ,dep>tm5t1 z adopt$ previ\s to my acceptance ( ! (fice y h conf]r$ ^u me1 ! ,road 0 to be divid$ into ?ree divisions1 ,ea/]n1 ,we/]n & ,middle3 ,edw>d ,mill]1 ,esq41 z associate eng9e]1 0 assign$ to ! ,we/]n1 & ,w4 ,b4 ,fo/]1 ,jr41 to ! ,ea/]n division4 ,^! g5tlem5 _h ent]$ ^u ! survey ( _! respective l9es1 previ\s to my arrival1 "u in/ructions f ! presid5t1 ea* ) two full corps ( assi/ants4 ,! middle1 or m\nta9 division1 n hav+ be5 provid$ =1 ,i conclud$ aft] a full consid]ation ( ! subject t ! int]e/ ( ! ,company w\ld be be/ promot$ by s alt]+ ! organization z to aboli% x altoge!r1 & ext5d ! ea/]n & we/]n divisions to ! summit ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s1 ! natural b\nd>y betwe5 !m4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t1 ! surveys h s9ce be5 prosecut$4 ,! ,bo>d hav+ direct$ me to cause a location ( ! :ole l9e1 f ,h>risburg to ,pittsburg1 to be made at ! e>lie/ practicable p]iod1 ,i at once comm5c$ a reconnoissance ( t portion ( ! int]v5+ c\ntry1 ov] :i* x seem$--f an inspection ( a map ( ! ,/ate--t ! ,road w\ld probably pass1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! be/ plan ( op]ations to c>ry out _! views4 ,! ,legislature1 9 _! grant to ! ,company1 wisely left ! *oice ( a r\te = ! ,road1 betwe5 its t]m9i1 entirely free1 ?r[+ ^u ! ,bo>d ! responsibility ( select+1 ^u ! wide field t 0 op5$ to !m1 a l9e = _! great "w1 :i* w\ld (f] ! *eape/ railroad conveyance = ! transportation ( freight & ! mo/ exp$iti\s = travel t c\ld be select$ betwe5 ! we/ & ! nor!rn ,atlantic cities4 ,su* a r\te1 x 0 believ$ f previ\s surveys1 lay )9 ! bord]s ( ,p5nsylvania1 an expectation :i* has be5 fully ju/ifi$ by ! results obta9$ f our exam9ations4 ,( ! sev]al r\tes propos$1 ,i f\nd no difficulty--aft] a c>eful inspection ( ! plans ( ! v>i\s surveys1 made "u ! au?ority ( ! ,commonweal?1 & my reconnoissance ( ! c\ntry--9 com+ to ! conclusion t ! valley ( ! ,juniata (f]$ advantages = a l9e :i*1 :e!r we consid] ! l[ gradi5ts t may be obta9$ along x or its g5]al directness1 ! desid]ata requir$1 is )\t a rival4 ,?is /ream has its s\rce 9 ! ,allegh5ies1 & consequ5tly sev]s1 z x fl[s t[>ds ! ,atlantic1 all ! second>y m\nta9 ranges t lie ea/ ( !m1 & x heads opposite to ! ,black ,lick & ,conemaugh riv]s1 bo? ( :i* sev] ^? on ! we/1 leav+ ! ma9 ,allegh5y only to be surm\nt$1 :i* w\ld h to be enc\nt]$ ^u any o!r direct r\te1 9 addition to _m ( ! inf]ior m\nta9 ranges4 ,a m nor!rn r\te1 by ! we/ bran* ( ! ,susquehanna 7:i* has its s\rce beyond ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s71 w\ld h enc\nt]$ less elevation at ! pr9cipal summit1 b its great increas$ l5g? preclud$ its adoption2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a s\!rn r\te1 ?\gh n indirect1 0 equally objectionable on acc\nt ( ! rugg$ "* ( ! c\ntry1 & ! high gradi5ts necess>y to ov]come ! num]\s summits ^u x4 ,a p>tial exam9ation ( "o ( ! propos$ s\!rn r\tes 0 made1 :i* foll[$ ! ,cumb]l& ,valley ,railroad to ne> ,%ipp5sburg1 & !nce1 cross+ to ! we/ side ( ! valley at ,roxbury1 x pass$ ?r\gh ! ,blue ,m\nta91 by a long tunnel1 into ,pa? valley2 !nce1 foll[+ ar\nd ! po9t ( ,divid+ m\nta91 x cross$ ?is valley & pass$ ?r\gh ,tusc>ora1 by ano!r tunnel1 to ! valley ( ,augwick creek4 ,!nce x w\ld h be5 trac$ betwe5 ,broad ,top & ,sidel+ m\nta9s1 & up ,dunn+ & ,bob's creeks to ! summit ( ! ,allegh5ies at ,bob's ,creek gap2 or1 turn+ we/ by ,b$=d1 cross$ ! ,allegh5ies at ! head wat]s ( ! tribut>ies ( ,ca/leman's riv]1 :]e ! m\nta9 is /ill mu* m elevat$4 ,a l9e leav+ ! ,cumb]l& ,valley ,railroad at ,*amb]sburg1 & turn+ ! end ( ,blue m\nta91 !nce seek+ ! l[ depression at ,c[an's gap 9 ,tusc>ora1 w\ld be too circuit\s to comp>e favorably ) ! bold] l9e f ,%ipp5sburg1 already describ$4 ,b t l9e w\ld enc\nt] eng9e]+ difficulties ( ! mo/ =midable "*2 leav+ out ( view its objectionable gradi5ts1 & consid]+ x 9 ref]5ce to its co/1 & ! local accommodations x w\ld ext5d to a l>ge portion ( ! ,/ate--at pres5t 9 a great measure depriv$ ( ! advantages ( ! ,/ate improvem5ts--7! /ronge/ argum5t 9 favor ( ! r\te71 x w be f\nd t equal accommodations c\ld be ext5d$ to t region ) a less exp5diture ( capital by plac+ ! ma9 /em ( ! road on ! ,juniata1 & runn+ a bran* along "o ( ! comp>atively level valleys t lie betwe5 mo/ ( ! p>allel m\nta9 ranges t we pass4 ,! facilities t railroads (f] = ext5d+ _! b5efits to remote di/ricts by means ( lat]al l9es con/itute "o ( _! *ief advantages ov] canals1 & %\ld prev5t ! error1 too frequ5tly committ$ 9 locat+ lead+ r\tes1 ( turn+ f a direct c\rse to accommodate local int]e/s to ! injury ( ! great object int5d$ to be accompli%$4 ,o!r modifications ( ! ,juniata r\te h be5 sugge/$1 & _! m]its fully consid]$1 b1 ^u exam9ation1 all ( !m t5d$ to confirm our pref]5ce 9 favor ( ! riv] l9e4 ,^! conclusions 7 communicat$ to ! ,bo>d1 & ! g5]al r\te recomm5d$ hav+ be5 adopt$ by !m1 ,i proce$$ at once to make arrangem5ts to h ! l9e survey$ ?r\gh\t4 ,= ?is purpose ?ree additional corps ( eng9e]s 7 organiz$--"o = ,mr4 ,mill]'s division1 "u ! imm$iate direction ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,leuff]1 to op]ate on ! summit & we/]n slope ( ! m\nta91 & two ^u ,mr4 ,fo/]'s1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ,edw>d ,tilghman1 ,esq41 to :om 0 assign$ ! di/rict betwe5 ,lewi/[n & ! conflu5ce ( ! ,ray/[n bran* & ma9 ,juniata riv]s4 ,! o!r corps 0 giv5 9 *>ge to ,s4 ,w4 ,miffl91 ,esq41 a g5tleman ( well-kn[n pr(essional skill & exp]i5ce1 to :om we committ$ ! surveys ( ! region f ! ,ray/[n bran* to ! summit ( ! ,allegh5ies1 embrac+ ! mo/ important & difficult di/rict ^u ! :ole r\te to ,pittsburg4 ,^! p>ties did n take ! field until ! close ( ,july1 b !y prosecut$ _! exam9ations ) s mu* en]gy & success t we 7 enabl$ to det]m9e ! g5]al l9e ( ! ea/]n division 9 season to place ! mo/ difficult po9ts ^u x "u contract 9 ,novemb] ( la/ ye>4 ,:ile ^! arrangem5ts 7 9 progress1 ! p>ties previ\sly 9 ! field 7 actively engag$ 9 exam9+ ! c\ntry betwe5 ,h>risburg & ,lewi/[n4 ,at ! in/ance ( a numb] ( g5tlem5 f ,p]ry c\nty1 a l9e 0 tri$ up ,little ,juniata creek1 leav+ ! ,susquehanna at ,pet]sburg1 !nce ne> ,bloomfield & along ,%]man's valley to ,concord gap1 :]e x pass$ ! ,tusc>ora m\nta91 !nce x foll[$ ,tusc>ora valley to ,%ade creek1 & d[n t /ream to ,augwick creek1 along ! valley ( :i* x 0 c>ri$ to ,drake's f]ry on ! ,juniata4 ,! advantage promis$ = ?is r\te 0 a consid]able sav+ ( di/ance4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 demon/rat$ t n only w\ld we h _h to enc\nt] gradi5ts runn+ up z high z sixty feet p] mile1 b ! l5g? ( ! l9e w\ld be increas$ f\r miles by its adoption4 ,x 0 consequ5tly ab&on$4 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,susquehanna & ,juniata riv]s1 a l9e has be5 locat$ z f> up z ,hunt+don1 :i* is believ$ to be ! be/ t c be obta9$4 ,if ! valleys ( ^! /reams _h n be5 preoccupi$ by o!r improvem5ts1 a r\te w\ld h be5 select$ diff]+ some:at 9 its details f t adopt$4 ,ev5 = ! %ort di/ance t we are br\ght into close proximity ) !m1 ! co/ ( ! grad+ ( ! ,road has be5 greatly enhanc$ by ! conf9$ gr\nd we h be5 =c$ ^u4 ,! locat$ l9e comm5ces at ! ,h>risburg & ,lanca/] ,railroad depot2 !nce1 pass+ ?r\gh ,h>risburg1 x foll[s ! slop+ gr\nd betwe5 ! canal & ! capitol ridge f\r miles1 :5 x crosses ! canal &1 t\*+ ! po9t ( ,blue m\nta91 recrosses & passes to ! we/ side ( ! ,susquehanna riv] by a bridge #c1ffj feet 9 l5g?1 & #dd feet above l[ wat] at grade l9e1 :i* enables u to place ! road on ! top ( ! bridge4 ,!nce we pursue ?is bank ( ! riv] ?r\gh ! villages ( ,duncannon & ,pet]sburg to ! ,juniata1 along ! s\!rn side ( :i* x is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,newport & ,p]rysville to a po9t a %ort di/ance above ,lewi/[n4 ,"h ! l9e crosses to ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 & )9 a %ort di/ance recrosses1 to save ne>ly a mile ( road1 & "o hundr$ & eighty degrees ( curvature1 toge!r ) "s difficult gr\nd along ! bluff %ores on ! s\? side ( ! /ream4 ,aft] rega9+ ! s\!rn side we foll[ ! riv] slopes1 ov] favorable gr\nd1 to ,mr4 ,h>vey's1 ab\t sev5 miles above ,waynesburg1 :]e ! l9e aga9 crosses to ! nor? side1 & pass+ back ( ,newton ,hamilton1 cuts ?r\gh ! neck ( l& 9 ! great b5d ( t /ream1 #dj feet 9 dep? at ! summit & #c1ajj feet 9 l5g? at grade4 ,desc5d+ along ! ea/]n slope ( ! riv]1 we once m cross x at ,%aeff]'s aqu$uct1 & cont9ue ^u its s\?we/]n bank ?r\gh ,jack's n>r[s1 )\t meet+ any s]i\s difficulties1 & f9ally pass to its nor? side1 along :i* x is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,hunt+don to ! ,little ,juniata1 above ,pet]sburg4 ,above ,hunt+don1 a prelim9>y location has be5 c>ri$ up ! ,little ,juniata to ,logan's n>r[s1 at :i* po9t ?is /ream divides ,bald ,eagle & ,bru% m\nta9s 9 its passage f ,tuckahoe valley4 ,along ! ,little ,juniata1 f ,dorsey's =ge to ! ,n>r[s1 ! l9e enc\nt]s mu* difficult gr\nd1 ow+ to ! circuit\s "* ( ! /ream1 & ! high hills & m\nta9s :i* b\nd its c\rse4 ,to obta9 a r\te ) easy curves we are =c$1 )9 ?is di/ance1 to tunnel ! po9t ( ,tussey's m\nta91 & to cross ! riv] twelve times4 ,to foll[ ! l9e recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,s*latt] ?r\gh ?is region curves ( #djj feet radius w\ld h _h to be resort$ to1 :i* ,i deem :olly inadmissible ^u a road ( ! importance ( t y h 9 view4 ,at ,logan's ,n>r[s we rea* ! valley t skirts ! :ole ea/]n base ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s4 ,"h x becomes necess>y to det]m9e ! plan to be adopt$ to ov]come ! great b>ri] t sep>ates u f ! ,we/4 ,if x is to be surm\nt$ by a road1 ) ! gradi5ts ( ! we/]n division1 ! asc5t mu/ comm5ce at ?is po9t1 & gradually w9d its way to ! summit1 by an almo/ cont9u\s gradi5t1 along ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s = ne>ly ?irty-two miles1 cross+ ! sev]al /reams t issue f x1 by high bridges1 & cutt+ ?r\gh or tunnel+ _! divid+ summits4 ,mr4 ,s*latt]1 9 8 ,report to ! ,canal ,commission]s1 e/imates ! co/ ( grad+ ! road1 on ?is asc5t1 at #a1dif1adf1 :i* ,i consid] too l[ = a l9e ) ! gradi5t he adopt$1 b ) ! increas$ maximum grade f\nd necess>y on ! we/]n division1 & a some:at l5g!n$ l9e1 x w\ld probably prove suffici5t4 ,^u my fir/ reconnoissance ( ?is portion ( ! c\ntry x occurr$ to me t its peculi> topographical features 7 lo/ sight ( 9 ! adoption ( ?is plan ( asc5t1 :i* seem$ to look to ! s+le object ( obta9+ a l9e ) a p>ticul> gradi5t1 )\t reg>d to ! magnitude ( ! ob/acles to be ov]come to procure x2 :ile1 by pursu+ a c\rse f ! ,n>r[s1 ne>ly 9 a direct l9e to ,sug> ,run gap 7:i* we %all h]eaft] %[ is ! be/ po9t to cross ! m\nta971 ! l9e w\ld pass ?r\gh a beautiful valley ov] comp>atively favorable gr\nd1 gradually ga9+ elevation ?r\gh its :ole c\rse1 )\t exce$+ ! maximum incl9ation requir$ on ! l9e bel[1 until x rea*es ! summit ( ! valley at ,rob9son's1 a di/ance ( fifte5 miles4 ,at ?is po9t we atta9 an elevation ( #a1agd feet above tide1 leav+ b #ihj feet to be ov]come to rea* ! height f\nd mo/ suitable = pass+ ! m\nta91 :i* is atta9$ by a cont9u\s gradi5t ( #hj feet p] mile1 enc\nt]+ no v =midable difficulties4 ,a resort to a gradi5t ( #hj or m feet p] mile is by no means an unusual exp$i5t on lead+ railroads4 ,^u ! ,we/]n ,railroad1 9 ,massa*usetts1 _! maximum gradi5t is #hc feet p] mile4 ,on ! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad !y n[ h1 betwe5 ! wat]s ( ! ,patapsco & ,potomac1 on ea* side ( ,p>r's ridge1 gradi5ts ( #hb feet p] mile1 & f ! great] elevation ( ! ,allegh5y m\nta9s at ! place !y mu/ cross1 x is to be presum$ t _! gradi5ts at t po9t w /ill be increas$ to a high] rate4 ,_m o!r in/ances might be cit$1 "s runn+ up to #abj feet p] mile1 b x seems unnecess>y to ext5d ! li/4 ,!oretically1 ! p[] necess>y to ov]come a giv5 height is ! same at all incl9ations ( ! plane ( asc5t1 b 9 practice1 x is to "s ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! k9d ( p[] to be appli$4 ,9 ! case "u consid]ation1 ! locomotive /eam eng9e w be ! m$ium us$1 :]e ! p[] is c>ri$ ) ! tra91 & =ms "p ( ! load to be mov$1 consequ5tly1 ! co/ ( p[] on a plane asc5d+ #hj feet p] mile is great] ?an ^u "o ( a m mod]ate incl9ation ( equal height1 by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gravity ( ! eng9es requir$ to c>ry ! same load on bo? planes4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple ?is w\ld be true :5 ! l5g?s ( ! roads to ov]come ! same height are equal1 & x is necess>y to c>ry ! locomotives1 requir$ = ! high gradi5t1 ov] ! same di/ance t !y mu/ run ^u ! l[ gradi5t4 ,b 9 "o ( ^! cases ! maximum gradi5t due to ! l9e bel[ ,logan's ,n>r[s is c>ri$ to )9 #ab miles ( ! summit ( ! m\nta9--requir+ extra p[] = t di/ance only--& 9 ! o!r x ends #cb miles f x4 ,to expla9 m fully ! relative value ( ! maximum gradi5ts us$ on ! diff]5t divisions ( our ,road1 ,i h prep>$ ! foll[+ table3 ,table head+s3 ,col ,a3 ,division ( ,road4 ,col ,b3 ,maximum ,gradi5t1 asc5d+ we/w>dly1 p] mile4 ,col ,c3 ,maximum ,gradi5t1 asc5d+ ea/w>dly1 p] mile4 ,col ,d3 ,gross load ( a #bj ton freight locomotive1 exclusive ( eng9e1 & a t5d] ( #aj tons4 ,friction #h lbs4 p] ,t4 ,adhesion 4 ,col ,e3 ,load ( m]*&ise = a #bj ton freight eng9e1 ! c>s be+ e/imat$ at #d_/aj?s ( _! weight & load4 ,col ,f3 ,relative load ( locomotive on ea* gradi5t1 level be+ unit4 ,col ,g3 ,numb] ( locomotives ( equal p[] necess>y to c>ry ! same load up ea* gradi5t4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,f ,h>risburg #af #cdf4f #bjg4i #j4ecd #a4hg to ,lewi/[n1 #fj-g_/aj miles #h #ded4c #bgb4f #j4fig #a4db ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,f ,lewi/[n to foot ( #ba #cjj4g #ahj4d #j4dfd #b4ae ,allegh5y ,mts41 #aj #dad4f #bdh4h #j4fdj #a4ef #gb miles ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,f foot to summit ( ,allegh5y #hj #aje4f #fc4d #j4afc #f4ac ,m\nta9s1 ,level #fdh4j #chh4h #a4jjj #a4jj #ab-c_/aj miles ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,f summit to #dg #agb4d #ajc4d #j4bff #c4gf ,pittsburg1 #ajf #ej #ej #afc4g #ih4b #j4beb #c4ie miles #eb4h #eb4h #aef4b #ic4g #j4bda #d4ad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x w be p]ceiv$ f ! =ego+ table t ?ree locomotives are fully suffici5t to transport ! same load up ! #hj feet gradi5t t two w c>ry on ! gradi5t ( ! we/]n division1 & "o on ! ea/]n2 h5ce ! practical work+ ( ! road on ! two me?ods ( asc5t w\ld be to run two locomotives ) ! load br\ght f bel[ f ,logan's ,n>r[s to ! summit1 say #ca miles1 up ! #ej feet gradi5t2 :ile1 on ! o!r1 ! same eng9e t br\ght ! load f ,h>risburg w\ld cont9ue ) x to ,rob9son's 7#ae miles71 :]e x w\ld accompany ! two de/9$ = ,pittsburg to ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & return4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! eng9es toge!r w h travel$ #fc miles1 &1 9 ! o!r1 ! ?ree #ea1 leav+ a diff]5ce 9 di/ance to be travel$ by ! mov+ p[] due to ea* full tra91 f ! ea/1 #aa miles 9 favor ( ! #hj feet gradi5t4 ,9 practice x w !re=e be se5--*iefly on acc\nt ( ! actual di/ance sav$--t transportation c be af=d$ *eap]1 9 ?is case1 on ! #hj feet gradi5t ?an on ! #ej1 )\t br++ into ! e/imate ! int]e/ on #hda1jjj t ! latt] w\ld co/ to obta9 x m ?an ! =m]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we did n hesitate :5 ! *oice ( r\tes 0 r$uc$ to a selection betwe5 ^! two me?ods ( ov]com+ ! m\nta91 to decide 9 favor ( ! l9e by ,rob9son's1 :i* has ! additional advantage ( br++ u )9 #f-a_/c miles ( ,hollidaysburg1 :]e a connection may be made ) ! ,allegh5y ,portage by a bran* l9e1 pass+ ov] favorable gr\nd4 ,! di/ance f ,h>risburg to ,rob9son's summit is #acb-b_/c miles2 ^u ! :ole ( ?is l9e1 ! only extraord9>y imp$im5ts to ! easy graduation ( ! road b$ are ! bridge ov] ! ,susquehanna1 a deep & long cut ne> ,newton ,hamilton1 & a tunnel #a1bjj feet 9 l5g? ?r\gh a po9t ( ,tussey's m\nta91 & 9 ?is di/ance ! maximum asc5d+ gradi5t to ,lewi/[n is #af feet p] mile1 & desc5d+ #h feet4 ,!nce1 to ,rob9son's summit1 !y are increas$ to #ba feet asc5d+1 & #aj-a_/h feet desc5d+4 ,! desc5d+ gradi5ts are g5]ally s %ort t !y w n be f\nd1 9 practice1 to decrease ! load go+ ea/ mu* bel[ :at is due to a fair work+ load = a locomotive on a level4 ,! maximum asc5d+ gradi5t above ,lewi/[n is det]m9$ by ! deep cut ne> ,newton ,hamilton4 ,! asc5t ( ! ,little ,juniata seems1 h[ev]1 to require--to obta9 an economical l9e--! use ( ?is incl9ation1 )\t mu* int]mission1 f ,dorsey's =ge to ,rob9son's summit4 ,bel[ ,lewi/[n ! gradi5ts are fix$ to accommodate ! increas$ trade t w\ld fall ^u ! l9e betwe5 t place & ,h>risburg1 )\t increas+ ! numb] ( tra9s4 ,^! l[ gradi5ts insure to u ! important advantages ( a s+le pair ( driv]s = ! pass5g] eng9es1 ^u ! ea/]n division1 &1 ) ^! rates ( incl9ation1 we are enabl$ to make ! l9e con=m to ! natural features ( ! c\ntry 7above high wat] m>k7 )\t decreas+ ! curvature bel[ #iee feet radius1 except at ! ea/ end ( ! ,susquehanna bridge1 :]e a radius ( #hhj feet has be5 admitt$4 ,all ( our ef=ts to save di/ance1 by deviat+1 tempor>ily1 f ! imm$iate valley ( ! riv]1 involv$ ei!r ! use ( high gradi5ts1 n ju/ifi$ by ! di/ance sav$1 or an increas$ co/ t 0 equally unw>rant$4 ,! beautiful valley ( ! ,ki%acoquillas (f]$ ! greate/ temptation to leave ! riv] r\te2 b "h we w\ld h _h to enc\nt] gradi5ts1 9 bo? directions1 ( #bf-d_/aj feet p] mile1 a bridge ov] ,mill creek1 #a1bjj feet long1 #aaa high2 ano!r ov] a small tribut>y ( ! ,juniata1 #hej feet long & #aej feet 9 height1 toge!r ) sev]al o!rs1 or embankm5ts ( great magnitude1 across rav9es 9 ! nor? slope ( ! riv] hills4 ,^! difficulties1 add$ to #cdb feet ( additional elevation to be surm\nt$ at ! ,all5t[n summit1 s greatly ov]balanc$ ! small increase ( curvature & di/ance 7#g_/aj ( a mile71 by ! riv] r\te1 t x c\ld n be adopt$4 ,x 0 also asc]ta9$ t by ! use ( ! maximum gradi5ts requir$ on ! valley r\te1 ! %orte/ l9e c\ld h be5 procur$ by ! riv]1 & at ! lea/ co/4 ,a fact1 conclusive 9 itself1 z to ! prop] r\te4 ,i deem$ x unnecess>y to make fur!r in/rum5tal exam9ations ( ! ,/one m\nta9 r\te1 feel+ satisfi$ t ev5 if a l9e c\ld be obta9$ 9 t direction :i* w\ld approximate to an equality1 9 an eng9e]+ po9t ( view1 ) ! r\te select$--:i*1 f a reconnoissance ( a portion ( ! l9e & an exam9ation ( ! plots ( ,mr4 ,s*latt]'s surveys1 ,i %\ld consid] q improbable--t its additional co/ w\ld entr5* s mu* ^u ! means ( ! ,company z to place x entirely out ( ! "q4 ,a l9e 0 trac$ f ,hunt+don to ! ,frank/[n bran* ( ! ,juniata1 bel[ ,williamsburg1 across ,tussey's m\nta91 by :i* a sav+ ( di/ance c\ld h be5 made ne>ly equal to ! ,/one m\nta9 r\te1 b its high gradi5ts1 co/1 & ! l5g? ( "t t x w\ld require to build ! road ov] x r5d]$ x equally objectionable4 ,! valley ( ! ,frank/[n bran* 0 also survey$2 ! r\te by x jo9+ ! ,little ,juniata l9e at ,rob9son's ridge1 b x prov$ bo? long] & m exp5sive ?an ! latt]4 ,! se>*+ exam9ations made ( ! :ole region (f]+ any *ance = a m practicable r\te1 on ! nor? or s\? ( ! ,juniata1 leaves no d\bt ^u my m9d b t ! be/ l9e has be5 procur$ = ! ea/]n division4 ,its comp>atively easy curvature & l[ gradi5ts1 adapt$ 9 _! incl9ation to ! direction ( ! l>ge/ bus9ess1 & ext5d+ f ! ea/]n t]m9us ( our ,road to ! foot ( ! great b>ri] t divides u f ! we/1 give x advantages t are n equal$ by any o!r r\te propos$1 betwe5 ! ea/ & we/1 & c n be too highly appreciat$ by ! ,company4 ,be=e det]m9+ ! po9t to pass ! m\nta91 a full exam9ation ( its cre/ 0 made1 f ,c$> ,swamp summit on ! s\?1 to ,?ree ,spr+s ,gap at ! head ( ,mo%annon creek on ! nor?1 embrac+ a di/ance ( #dd miles4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! elevation1 above tide1 ( ea* summit )9 t di/ance2 also1 t at ,emigh's ,gap1 on ! nor!rn r\te1 & at ! head wat]s ( ,ca/leman's riv] on ! s\!rn3 ,tabul> ,/atem5t ( ,depressions ( ,allegh5y ,m\nta94 ,"n4 ,wat]s ,divid$4 ,au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,summit ( ,*esa4 ,ohio ,canal ,ca/leman's & ,potomac ,u4 ,s4 ,eng9e]s ,albright's ,summit d4 d4 ,s& ,pat* d4 d4 d4 ,j4 ,knight ,*amb]sburg & ,pittsburg ,survey ,h4 ,hage ,c$> ,swamp ,gap ,ray/[n ,bran* ( ,juniata & ,s4 ,=k ( ,conemaugh ,s4 ,h4 ,long ,bob's ,creek d4 ,ray/[n ,b4 & ,conemaugh d4 ,big ,spr+ d4 ,juniata & ,conemaugh d4 ,laurel d4 d4 d4 d4 ,adams d4 d4 d4 d4 ,portage & ,summit ,juniata & ,cle>field ,c4 ,l4 ,s*latt] ,sug> ,run ,gap ,s4 ,h4 ,long ,burgoon's d4 d4 d4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s*latt] ,kittann+ d4 d4 d4 d4 ,dry d4 d4 d4 d4 ,ham]'s d4 ,little ,juniata & ,cle>field d4 ,s*ultz d4 d4 d4 ,e4 ,mill] ,cock ,run d4 d4 d4 d4 ,maple d4 d4 d4 d4 ,bell's d4 d4 d4 d4 ,?ree ,spr+s ,gap ,little ,juniata & ,mo%annon d4 ,emigh's d4 d4 d4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s*latt] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ table cont9u$ ,feet above ,feet bel[ ,feet ,"n4 ,sug> ,run ,sug> ,run above ,gap4 ,gap4 ,tide4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,summit ( ,*esa4 ,ohio ,canal #dgf #bgci ,albright's ,summit #ada #bdbd ,s& ,pat* d4 #abi #bdab ,*amb]sburg & ,pittsburg ,survey #bfd #bedg ,c$> ,swamp ,gap #afj #bddc ,bob's ,creek d4 #bac #bdif ,big ,spr+ d4 #cad #beig ,laurel d4 #bbb #beje ,adams d4 #age #bdeh ,portage & ,summit #da #bcbd ,sug> ,run ,gap #j #bbhc ,burgoon's d4 #hj #bcfc ,kittann+ d4 #ge #bceh ,dry d4 #fg #bcej ,ham]'s d4 #agg #bdfj ,s*ultz d4 #ag #bbff ,cock ,run d4 #ee #bbbh ,maple d4 #fa #bbbb ,bell's d4 #ab #bbga ,?ree ,spr+s ,gap #ec #bbcj ,emigh's d4 #bdj #bjdc ---------------------------------------- -------- ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! m\nta91 except at ,emigh's1 is ,maple ,gap1 f :i* issues ,bell's ,run 7a bran* ( ! ,little ,juniata71 on ! ea/1 & ,s&y ,run ( ,cle>field1 on ! we/4 ,?is po9t is #fa feet bel[ ,sug> ,run ,gap & c\ld be fur!r r$uc$ #aej feet by a tunnel #gjj y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,if ! gr\nd _h be5 favorable beyond ! summit1 ?is r\te w\ld probably h (f]$ ! greate/ advantages to cross ! m\nta91 b x op5s we/w>dly ^u ! deep valley ( ,cle>field1 a desc5t into :i* w\ld involve ! necessity ( a resort to z /eep a gradi5t on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta9 z t requir$ on ! ea/2 & ! elevation ?us lo/ w\ld h to be rega9$ by foll[+ up ! valley to ,laurel ,swamp or ,mun/] summits1 9 ! ridge t sep>ates ,cle>field f ! ,conemaugh1 :i* is "h ! true backbone ( ! c\ntry4 ,any attempt to c>ry a l9e along ! we/ slope ( ! m\nta91 to avoid ! desc5t to ,cle>field1 w\ld1 f ! rugg$ "* ( ! gr\nd1 prove impracticable1 )\t a va/ increase 9 its co/1 l5g? & curvature4 ,no o!r po9t (f]s equal advantages to cross ! m\nta9 until we rea* ,sug> ,run ,gap1 :i* is #da feet bel[ ! ,portage ,railroad summit1 & may be r$uc$ #abj feet m by a tunnel #b1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,emigh's ,gap1 :i* is /ill l[] ?an ,maple ,gap1 c\ld n1 on acc\nt ( its gradual slope1 be r$uc$ by a tunnel ( mod]ate co/1 & x is also too f> nor? = a direct r\te to ,pittsburg4 ,s\? ( ! ,portage ! ,allegh5ies become ! wat]%$ ( ! ,union1 divid+ ! /reams t fl[ into ! gulf f ^? t empty into ! ,atlantic4 ,!y "h assume a m elevat$ "* ?an :ile sep>at+ only ! tribut>ies ( ! ,susquehanna1 af=d+ no opportunity to pass !m by a l9e adapt$ to locomotive p[]--unless by a tunnel ( imm5se ext5t--until we rea* ,bob's ,creek ,gap4 ,! accompany+ pr(ile1 :i* exhibits ! cre/ l9e ( ! m\nta9 7= #dd miles7 w give a m def9ite idea ( ! relative height ( ^! summits4 ,! m\nta9 on ea* side ( ,bob's ,creek ,gap rises to a consid]able height1 mak+ x appe>1 to a casual obs]v]1 a v deep depression2 &1 f ?is circum/ance1 x has g5]ally be5 consid]$ by ! resid5ts ( ! adjo9+ c\ntry to be ! l[e/ pass 9 ! ,allegh5ies1 &1 z x falls (f rapidly on ei!r side1 x has also be5 suppos$ t x c\ld be f>!r r$uc$ by a tunnel ( mod]ate ext5t4 ,! sev]al surveys ( ! m\nta91 h[ev]1 prove x to be #bab feet high] ?an ,sug> ,run ,gap1 &1 to r$uce x to a level ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd at ! latt] po9t1 :i* is #abj feet above ! grade ( ! adopt$ l9e1 x w\ld require a tunnel #a miles 9 l5g?1 to be con/ruct$ "u v disadvantage\s local circum/ances4 ,c$> ,swamp ,gap1 /ill f>!r s\?1 is #ec feet l[] ?an ,bob's ,creek ,gap1 b x falls (f on ea* side s gradually t x c\ld n be r$uc$ conv5i5tly m ?an #dj feet4 ,nei!r ( ^! po9ts1 !re=e1 :i* are ! only passes wor?y ( notice s\? ( ! ,portage ,railroad t lie )9 ! region ov] :i* a direct l9e to ,pittsburg mu/ necess>ily trav]se1 af=d depressions t w comp>e favorably ) ^? f>!r nor?2 nor does ! gr\nd lead+ to !m1 ea/ or we/ ( ! m\nta9s1 (f] equal facilities to obta9 a l9e ( uni=m asc5t to ! summit4 ,! di/ance f ! ,conemaugh is too %ort to ov]come ! elevation ) ! gradi5t us$ on ! we/]n division1 &1 f ! ,juniata1 ! great] height to be asc5d$ w\ld cont9ue ! l9e s long ^u ! m\nta9 /eeps t x w\ld be exce$+ly exp5sive to procure a roadb$ ) a gradi5t ev5 high] ?an #hj feet p] mile4 ,f ! =ego+ description ( ! mo/ favorable m\nta9 passes1 x w be se5 t ,sug> ,run ,gap (f]s ! greate/ facilities to cross ! ,allegh5y4 ,x n[ becomes necess>y to consid] 9 :at direction ! ,road c be c>ri$ !nce to ,pittsburg4 ,f an inspection ( a map ( ! ,/ate x w be se5 t a /raight l9e1 drawn f ?is gap to ,pittsburg1 w fall on ,mun/]1 ,beulah1 & foll[ ! valley ( ,black ,lick = ne>ly its :ole ext5t1 & int]sect ! ,conemaugh ne> ,blairsville2 !nce x crosses ! c\ntry ly+ )9 ! elb[ =m$ by ! ,kiskem9etas & ,allegh5y riv]s1 pass+ ! ,loyalhanna & ,crabtree wat]s1 & foll[+1 g5]ally1 ! high & brok5 ridge p>t+ ! ,allegh5y & ,monongahela riv]s4 ,t l9e1 :i* w\ld approximate mo/ ne>ly to ?is c\rse1 w\ld--all o!r ?+s be+ equal--be ! mo/ desirable = ! ,road4 ,! op]ations ( ! diff]5t corps1 on ?is division1 h be5 conf9$ to surveys t 7 necess>y to det]m9e ! po9t ( cross+ ! m\nta9 & to ! regions betwe5 ! ,conemaugh & ,pittsburg1 we/ ( ! ,*e/nut ridge4 ,our exam9ations h n yet be5 suffici5tly ext5sive to enable me to give a full description ( t "p ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! m\nta9 & ,blairsville1 & ,i %all !re=e leave x = a future report1 ) ! simple rem>k t1 f ! in=mation be=e me1 ,i am satisfi$ t a practicable l9e may be obta9$ by ! valleys1 ei!r ( ! ,black ,lick or ,conemaugh1 )9 ! maximum gradi5t us$ ^u ! we/]n division4 ,! di/rict ( c\ntry ov] :i* x w be necess>y to c>ry ! road f ! ,conemaugh to ,pittsburg is "o ( rem>kable intricacy4 ,x lies :olly )9 ! coal measures1 & has1 at "s p]iod1 evid5tly be5 ne>ly a level plane ( va/ ext5t1 cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! wat]s f ?is wide spread field seems to h be5 sudd51 =m+ num]\s circuit\s *annels 9 e direction1 cutt+ deeply into ! s(t horizontal /rata ( ?is region1 9 _! desc5t to ! tribut>ies ( ! ,ohio1 leav+ ! int]v5+ ridges wa%$ into s unev5 a surface z to r5d] ! passage ( a railroad along !m entirely out ( ! "q4 ,a l9e foll[+ ! ,conemaugh--:i* be>s nor?we/ f ,blairsville--to ! ,allegh5y w\ld avoid ?is difficult c\ntry1 b ! l5g? ( ! r\te w\ld be increas$ fully #ej p] c5t41 & x is1 !re=e1 inadmissible4 ,a r\te ) high] gradi5ts ?an ^? adopt$ on ! ,juniata ?r\gh\t ?is division seems to be call$ = by ! topography ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 8 report ^u ! we/]n division1 ,mr4 ,mill] gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! surveys1 conduct$ "u 8 direction by ,messrs4 ,day & ,pemb]ton1 8 pr9cipal assi/ants3 ,if a /raight l9e be drawn f ,blairsville to ,pittsburg1 x w be se5 t ,turtle creek is ! only /ream t approximates to ! prop] c\rse ( ! road1 :il/ ! ,loyalhanna1 ! *ief tribut>y ( ! ,conemaugh1 crosses x ne>ly at "r angles1 & ,spruce ,run1 ,ro>+ ,run1 ,port]'s ,run1 ,beav] ,run & o!rs int]sect x at v>i\s angles ( obliquity4 ,mu* "t & labor 7 be/[$ by ,mr4 ,s*latt] & 8 pr9cipal assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,roebl+1 ^u ! inve/igation ( ?is di/rict1 & _! maps & pr(iles1 loan$ to u by ! ,canal ,commission]s1 h be5 ( mu* s]vice 9 our exam9ations4 ,f a c>eful inve/igation ( ,mr4 ,s*latt]'s pref]r$ r\te on ! gr\nd1 x appe>$ possible to avoid "s ( ! mo/ =midable ob/acles :i* he enc\nt]$ by adopt+ a high] gradi5t ?an 8 maximum ( #de feet p] mile1 & by a reasonable increase ( di/ance at a few po9ts4 ,our trial l9es confirm$ ?is1 &1 9 ! location made1 a maximum ( #a4 9 #ajj1 or #eb-h_/aj feet p] mile1 has be5 us$ at sev]al places4 ,! *eapness ( fuel ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! we/]n division r5d]s ?is increase ( gradi5t less objectionable ?an else:]e4 ,bitum9\s coal1 ( ! be/ quality1 is ev]y:]e abundant1 & c be deliv]$ at ! depots at f #ef to #hd c5ts p] ton4 ,! pr9cipal *anges made 9 ! r\te ref]r$ to 9 ,mr4 ,s*latt]'s report ,mr4 ,mill] describes z foll[s3 ,^u ! ,:ite ,?orn our l9e keeps ! left bank1 entirely to its m\?1 avoid+ a tunnel ( #fjj feet1 lead+ into ! valley ( ,buck ,run1 & a high bridge ov] ,:ite ,?orn creek1 & r$uc+ t ov] ! ,loyalhanna1 f #ij to #ej feet 9 height4 ,we/ ( ,bu*anan's summit we run level r\nd ! hill1 betwe5 ,port]'s ,run & ,beav] ,run1 avoid+ ! ,/ill ,h\se summit entirely1 :]e a tunnel ( #a1jjj feet 0 propos$1 ) a cut ( #gj feet at its we/]n end1 runn+ out to grade 9 a di/ance ( #a1gjj feet4 ,pass+ ,burnt ,cab9 summit1 by a deep cut1 ! l9e desc5ds along ,turtle creek to ! ,monongahela4 ,bel[ ,murraysville ! creek makes a d\ble b5d1 l ! lett] ,s4 ,! =m] l9e cross$ "o ( ^! b5ds1 by a tunnel #fjj feet long1 :il/ ours crosses ! o!r by a %ort1 deep cut1 foll[+ a rem>kable pass by :i* ! hill is ne>ly cut ?r\gh4 ,^! *anges h r$uc$ _m ( ! deep cuts1 avoid$ sev]al bridges1 sav$ ?ree tunnels1 & r$uc$ ! l5g? ( a f\r?1 am\nt+ 9 all to a r$uction ( #b1cjj feet ( tunnel+4 ,aft] rea*+ ! ,monongahela1 two r\tes pres5t !mselves1 "o foll[+ ! bank ( ! /ream to ,pittsburg1 & ! o!r asc5d+ along ! slope ( ! riv] hills1 ent]s a valley lead+ by ,wilk9sburg & ,ea/ ,lib]ty4 ,!nce1 foll[+ ?is valley1 x desc5ds ,two ,mile ,run1 & ent]s ! city on ! ,allegh5y side4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh ! longe/ r\te1 & requir+ gradi5ts ( #ej feet p] mile1 has be5 adopt$ z x pres5t$ ! only app>5tly feasible r\te by :i* a connection c\ld be =m$ ) a road ext5d+ t[>ds ! great we/4 ,! comp>ative co/ ( grad+ & damages1 ^u ! two l9es1 w\ld be r 9 favor ( ! r\te adopt$4 ,a l9e has also be5 locat$ f ! junction ( ,turtle & ,bu% creeks1 :i* passes up ,bu% creek & ?r\gh ,gre5sburg to ,b]nh>d's summit1 !nce by ! valleys ( ,f\rte5 ,mile ,run1 ,sauxman's & ,magee's ,runs1 to ! ,conemaugh1 at ! gap ?r\gh ,*e/nut ridge4 ,if ! ,conemaugh r\te1 by ,john/[n1 %\ld be adopt$1 ! l9e by ,gre5sburg w be ab\t #c miles long] ?an t by ,turtle creek1 b passes ea/ ( ! ,loyalhanna1 ov] mu* m favorable gr\nd ?an any o!r l9e exam9$4 ,its advantages1 9 relation to ! local trade ( a ri* & popul\s section ( c\ntry1 we/ & ea/ ( ,*e/nut ridge1 ?r\gh ! gap =m$ by ! ,loyalhanna1 give x /rong claim = consid]ation4 ,:e!r ! increas$ l5g? ( ! l9e & ! difficulties we/ ( ,gre5sburg w be suffici5t to c\nt]balance ^! local advantages we w leave undecid$ until ! comp>ative e/imates h be5 fully made out4 ,ano!r l9e 0 trac$1 leav+ ,gre5sburg & pass+ into ,ligoni] valley1 ?r\gh ,*e/nut ridge1 at ! ,loyalhanna ,gap1 !nce nor? ( ?is ridge along ,coalpit & ,k5drick's ,runs1 to ! ,conemaugh1 :i* result$ unfavorably4 ,fur!r exam9ations w be made ?r\gh ,ligoni] valley1 /rik+ ! ,conemaugh high] up4 ,! ,black ,lick & ! c\ntry betwe5 x & ! ,conemaugh w also be exam9$ dur+ ! season4 ,! foll[+ summ>y /atem5t w exhibit ! e/imat$ co/ & di/ances ( a cont9u\s railroad f ,h>risburg to ,pittsburg1 via ,john/[n & ,blairsville1 grad$ = a d\ble track1 & a s+le track & turn\ts laid4 ,! e/imate is bas$ on prices t are believ$ to be ample to f9i% ! road 9 a sub/antial mann]4 ,if ! "w %\ld be pu%$ ) cauti\s en]gy1 x may be complet$ = a some:at less sum4 ,! wid? ( ! roadb$ at grade l9e 9 ?or\gh cuts ( e>? is #cb feet1 9 rock #bf feet & on embankm5ts #be feet4 ,di/4 ,items4 ,places4 9 ,co/4 ,miles4 ,doll>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,betwe5 ,h>risburg & ,lewi/[n #fj4gj #gje1faj ,lewi/[n & ,hunt+don #cf4gj #ehb1cdb ,hunt+don & ,rob9son's #ce4bj #gjc1jjj ,graduation ,rob9son's & ,sug> ,run ,gap #ab4be #fee1jjj ,sug> ,run ,gap & ,john/[n #bh4ej #hge1jjj ,john/[n & ,blairsville #bh4 #dde1jjj ,blairsville & ,bru% ,creek #cc4 #ibe1jjj ,bru% ,creek & ,pittsburg #ae4 #ade1jjj ----------------- ,am\nt #bdi4ce #e1jce1ieb ------- ,sup]9t5d5ce1 c4 #bej1jjj ,cont+5cies #cej1jjj ,s+le track1 includ+ an av]age ( #dej ,sup]/ructure4 feet ( turn-outs1 p] mile #b1gib1gbb ,int]e/ acc\nt #eea1jjj ,l& damages & f5c+ #agj1cbf ---------- ,gr& ,total #i1aej1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,t "p ( ! l9e bel[ ,hunt+don has be5 locat$ p]man5tly2 !nce to ,logan's ,n>r[s ! calculations are bas$ on a prelim9>y location1 & betwe5 ?is po9t & ,blairsville ^u an exp]im5tal survey1 ) lib]al all[ances = cont+5cies4 ,betwe5 ,blairsville & ,pittsburg ! road has be5 c>efully locat$4 ,^u t portion ( x1 betwe5 ,blairsville & ,turtle creek1 gradi5ts ( #eb-h_/aj feet p] mile h be5 admitt$1 :i* may be r$uc$ to #ej feet p] mile1 by ! exp5diture ( an additional sum ( #dj1jjj4 ,our measurem5ts ( di/ances comm5ce at ! depot ( ! ,h>risburg & ,lanca/] ,railroad ,company1 #ajf miles f ! corn] ( ,v9e & ,broad /reets1 9 ! city ( ,philadelphia1 & t]m9ate at ! int]section ( ,lib]ty /reet1 9 ! city ( ,pittsburg4 ,^? made = ! ,commonweal?1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,s*latt]1 began at ,/ate /reet1 9 ,h>risburg1 & end$ at ,two ,mile ,run1 on ! ,monongahela riv]1 giv+ a diff]5ce 9 favor ( ,mr4 ,s*latt]'s l9e ( ab\t #a-h_/aj miles 9 ! po9ts ( />t+4 ,betwe5 ,blairsville & ,pittsburg our di/ance has be5 actually increas$ #b-h_/aj miles ov] t propos$ by ,mr4 ,s41 aft] mak+ all[ance = ab\t #f_/aj ( a mile ( an unacc\ntable discrepancy 9 ! two measurem5ts4 ,?is increas$ di/ance is incurr$ to save ?ree tunnels1 & o!r exp5sive "w1 am\nt+1 toge!r1 to #bhj1jjj1 or #ajj1jjj p] mile4 ,! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,s*latt]'s & ,mr4 ,mill]'s measurem5ts1 suppos+ ! po9ts ( />t+ & end+ to h be5 ! same1 is #d-c_/aj miles4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! po9ts ( />t+ ( ! two surveys1 on ,mr4 ,fo/]'s division1 is ab\t #b_/aj ( a mile4 ,f ,h>risburg to ,hunt+don we lose1 by foll[+ ! riv] r\te4 #g_/aj ( a mile,a on ,mr4 ,s*latt]'s l9e1 & save1 f !nce to ! summit ( ! m\nta91 ab\t f\r miles4 ,z a connection ) ! ,allegh5y ,portage ,railroad w\ld insure to u mo/ ( ! advantages ( an indep5d5t road to ! we/]n base ( ! m\nta91 x is evid5tly ! policy ( ! ,company to make x at ! e>lie/ practicable mom5t4 ,our location fall+ )9 #f-a_/c miles ( t road1 x becomes a v small matt] to effect a junction ) x4 ,if ! pres5t means ( ! ,company1 h[ev]1 w\ld ju/ify ! exp5diture1 ! connection c\ld readily be made at ! foot ( ,plane ,no4 #d1 on ! we/ side ( ! m\nta91 ?us sav+ #g out ( #aj ( ! incl9$ planes4 ,?is c\ld be effect$ = ! additional sum ( #a1bej1jjj1 or = #iej1jjj a junction might be made at ! summit ( ! ,portage1 avoid+ ! five ea/]n planes4 ,! bran* to1 or above1 ,hollidaysburg is1 h[ev]1 ! *eape/ & mo/ spe$y way ( effect+ ! connection1 & :5 our road is c>ri$ ov] ! m\nta9 x w rema9 a good fe$] to ! ma9 l9e1 & a fair inve/m5t ( ! capital ( ! ,company4 ,! foll[+ is an e/imate ( ! co/ ( a cont9u\s road f ,h>risburg to ,pittsburg1 9 connection ) ! ,allegh5y ,portage ,railroad1 grad$ = a d\ble track ?r\gh\t1 except ! bran* to ,hollidaysburg3 ,di/4 ,items4 ,places4 9 ,co/ ,miles4 ,doll>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,f ,h>risburg to ,rob9son's #acb4fg #a1iij1ieb ,rob9son's to ,hollidaysburg #f4cc #cb1jjj ,graduation ,hollidaysburg to ,john/[n #cf4fg ,john/[n to ,pittsburg #gf4jj #a1eae1jjj ----------------- ,total #bea4fg #c1ecg1ieb ------- ,sup]9t5d5ce & ,cont+5cies #dai1ged ,sup]/ructure4 ,includ+ turn-outs on #bae miles #b1djh1jjj ---------- ,co/ ( ,road #f1cfe1gjf ,int]e/ acc\nt #dej1jjj ,l& damages & f5c+ #aed1bid ---------- ,gr& ,total #f1igj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,to ! above am\nt %\ld be add$1 = ! pur*ase ( depot gr\nds1 erection ( w>eh\ses & %ops1 & ! con/ruction ( c>s & locomotives1 z foll[s3 ,w>eh\ses1 includ+ gr\nd at depots #dge1jjj4jj ,%ops & ma*9]y #ahe1jjj4jj ,locomotives #eaj1jjj4jj ,pass5g] & burd5 c>s #hbj1jjj4jj ------------ ,total #a1iij1jjj4jj ,mak+ ! :ole co/ ( ! ,road1 grad$ = a d\ble & a s+le track laid1 includ+ outfit1 #h1ifj1jjj4jj4 ,x w n be necess>y to exp5d ! :ole ( ?is am\nt until "s "t aft] ! ,road is 9 use to ,pittsburg4 ,z ! bus9ess increases ! turn\ts mu/ be l5g!n$1 depots & %ops enl>g$1 & ! numb] ( locomotives & c>s add$ to4 ,^! w n rea* ! sum e/imat$ until probably f\r ye>s aft] ! ,road is complet$1 9 connection ) ! ,allegh5y ,portage4 ,we %all also r$uce ! cutt+s & embankm5ts to a s+le track wid?1 :]ev] ! "* ( ! excavations or a defici5cy ( mat]ial = embankm5t w ju/ify ! curtailm5t4 ,?is w effect a sav+1 9 ! fir/ outlay1 ( ab\t #dej1jjj1 :i* w n be requir$ until ! bus9ess dem&s a d\ble track4 ,! exp5diture = ! outfit1 :5 ! ,road is op5$ ?r\gh1 w n exce$ #a1cdj1jjj1 leav+ #fej1jjj ( ! e/imate = ?is item to be disburs$ aft] ! ,road is f9i%$1 to meet ! dem&s ( ! increas$ bus9ess = ! "t /at$4 ,?is w leave ! co/ ( ! ,road & outfit1 :5 op5$ = use1 9 connection ) ! ,portage ,road to ,pittsburg1 z foll[s3 ,co/ ( ,road1 ) s+le track & turn-outs1 z e/imat$ #f1cfe1gjf4jj ,less e/imat$ co/ ( unf9i%$ grad+ requir$ to prep>e ! ,road = d\ble track #dej1jjj4jj ------------- ,leav+ co/ ( grad+ & sup]/ructure ( ,road #e1iae1gjf4jj ,to ?is add int]e/ acc\nt #dej1jjj ,& l& damages & f5c+ #aed1bid -------- #fjd1bid4jj ,also1 co/ ( locomotives1 %ops1 depots & c>s #a1cdj1jjj4jj ------------- ,total #g1hfj1jjj4jj ,! ,bo>d hav+ wisely det]m9$ 9 no ev5t to ent] into engagem5ts beyond _! asc]ta9$ means1 ,i h ?\ght x be/1 ?us e>ly1 to pres5t an e/imate ( ! co/ ( ! :ole "w = _! guidance4 ,x w be recollect$ t ! e/imate = ! grad+ is made1 9 "p1 ^u exp]im5tal surveys1 ) full all[ances = cont+5cies4 ,by ! close ( ! ye> we hope to be able to give an e/imate ( ! :ole ,road1 9 detail1 f actual location1 :i* may %[ a some:at r$uc$ co/4 ,"u ! contemplat$ connection ) t road1 ! ,allegh5y ,portage becomes an important "p ( our l9e1 &1 = ! in=mation ( ! ,bo>d1 ,i ins]t ! foll[+ description ( x1 extract$ f a pamphlet writt5 by ,s4 ,w4 ,rob]ts1 ,civil ,eng9e]3 ,! ,portage ,railroad consi/s ( elev5 levels1 or grad$ l9es1 & t5 incl9$ planes4 ,! asc5t f ,john/[n to ! summit is #a1aga4eh feet1 9 a di/ance ( #bf4ei miles1 & ! desc5t1 f ! summit to ,hollidaysburg1 is #a1cih4ga feet 9 a di/ance ( #aj-a_/aj miles4 ,!re are five incl9$ planes on ea* side ( ! m\nta91 v>y+1 9 incl9ation1 f #d #i to #e #ea1 or f #g4be feet to #aj4be feet elevation to ea* #ajj feet base4 ,!y are numb]$ ea/w>dly1 ! "o ne>e/ ,john/[n be+ ,no4 #a2 t ne>e/ ,hollidaysburg1 ,no4 #aj4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! l5g?1 rise & fall ( ea* ',level' or grade l9e1 & ea* incl9$ plane4 ,feet ,level ,no4 #a ,f ,john/[n to ,plane ,no4 #a #d4ac miles,rise1 #aja4df ,plane #a ,asc5d+ #afjg4gd feet #aej4jj ,level #b ,long ,level #ac4jf miles #ahi4eh ,plane #b ,asc5d+ #agfj4dc feet #acb4dj ,level #c ,asc5d+ #a4di miles #ad4ej ,plane #c ,asc5d+ #adhj4be feet #acj4ej ,level #d ,asc5d+ #a4ij miles #ah4hj ,plane #d ,asc5d+ #bfie4id feet #ahg4hf ,level #e ,asc5d+ #b4ef miles #be4hj ,plane #e ,asc5d+ #bfbh4fj feet #bja4fd ,level #f ,summit ( ,m\nta9 #a4fb miles #ai4jd -------- ,total rise #aaga4eh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,feet ,plane ,no4 #f ,desc5d+ #bgac4he feet ,fall #bff4ej ,level #g ,desc5d+ #ae miles #j4jj ,plane #g ,desc5d+ #bfee4ja feet #bfj4ej ,level #h ,desc5d+ 4#ff miles #e4hj ,plane #h ,desc5d+ #caaf4ib feet #cjg4fj ,level #i ,desc5d+ #a4be miles #ab4jj ,plane #i ,desc5d+ #bgbj4hj feet #ahi4ej ,level #aj ,desc5d+ #a4gf miles #bi4eh ,plane #aj ,desc5d+ #bbie4fa feet #ahj4eb ,level #aa ,to ,hollidaysburg #c4gb miles #adf4ga -------- ,total fall #acih4ga ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 con=mity ) resolutions ( ! ,bo>d1 eighte5 miles ( ! grad+ on ! ea/]n & fifte5 on ! we/]n ends ( ! ,road 7 plac$ "u contract 9 ,july la/4 ,9 ,novemb] ! contracts ^u ! ea/]n division 7 ext5d$ to ,lewi/[n1 & on ! #ag? ult41 to ,hunt+don1 toge!r ) a few miles ( heavy "w along ! ,little ,juniata1 embrac+ altoge!r #ajf miles4 ,v little ( ! grad+1 on ! we/]n division1 has be5 execut$1 z !re appe>$ to be no suffici5t reason = press+ t portion ( ! ,road until ! means ( ! ,company w\ld ju/ify a l>g] exp5diture ^u x ?an !y h h]et(ore4 ,! "w ^u ! ea/]n division has be5 ret>d$ f ! sc>city ( labor4 ,"t seems to be requir$ to collect ! necess>y =ce ^u ! l9e4 ,) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,susquehanna bridge1 ! grad+ w be prep>$ = ! sup]/ructure1 to ,lewi/[n1 ?is ye>4 ,! masonry ( t important job 0 fir/ allott$ to contractors4 ,! pr9cipal ( ! firm1 ?\gh highly recomm5d$ by ! (fic]s ( ! ,read+ ,railroad1 prov$ unequal to ! task he _h und]tak51 & _! contract 0 ab&on$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! remnant ( la/ season1 aft] ! contract 0 let1 0 mo/ly lo/4 ,! "w has be5 re-let to ,holman1 ,simons & ,burke1 :o h c>ri$ x =w>d satisfactorily4 ,! preval5ce ( high wat]1 s9ce ! season = lay+ masonry comm5c$1 has prev5t$ z mu* progress1 at ?is "t1 z c\ld h be5 desir$2 b we /ill ent]ta9 hopes t x w be complet$ be=e ! ensu+ w9t]4 ,if ?is is accompli%$1 ! ,road c be op5$ to ,lewi/[n next spr+4 ,"u any ord9>y circum/ances x w be f9i%$ to ,hunt+don 7#ih miles7 by ! close ( navigation 9 #ahdi--;a po9t z l[ d[n z we may anticipate a pr(itable use ( ! ,road f4 ,our arrangem5ts h be5 made ) a view to ! completion ( ! ,road to ! ,allegh5y ,portage1 e>ly 9 ! spr+ ( #ahej4 ,an e>li] p]iod c\ld n be fix$1 ow+ to ! magnitude ( "s ( ! "w on ! ,little ,juniata2 a portion ( :i*1 embrac+ ! tunnel1 ?r\gh a po9t ( ,tussey's m\nta91 0 locat$ & contract$ = la/ ,decemb]1 to avoid delay & a premature exp5diture ( capital on ! light] "w1 :i* w\ld h foll[$ a g5]al lett+ ( ! :ole ,road at t "t1 or s9ce1 ev5 if x c\ld h be5 prep>$ = contract 9 season4 ,if suffici5t means %all be obta9$ to prosecute ! we/]n division1 ,i w\ld recomm5d t ! heavy portions ( ! "w1 betwe5 ! ,conemaugh & ! conflu5ce ( ,bru% & ,turtle creeks1 %\ld be plac$ "u contract1 toge!r ) ! grad+1 cont9u\sly f ! ,portage road to ! po9t ( div]g5ce ( ! l9e f t riv] t[>ds ,pittsburg1 if ! ,conemaugh r\te is adopt$4 ,:5 ! connection is made ) ! ,portage ,railroad1 f ! ea/1 !re w !n be a cont9u\s railroad f ,philadelphia to ,john/[n1 #bhb miles 9 l5g?1 &1 if op5$ at ! same "t to ne> ,blairsville1 x w be ext5d$ to #caj miles1 ) only #dc miles ( turnpike !nce to ,pittsburg1 or #ge miles ( canal navigation1 giv+ a l9e ( communication1 ) ! ,ohio riv]1 f> sup]ior to any railroad r\te exi/+1 or any t w at t "t be built4 ,on freight de/9$ to ! int]ior ( ,ohio b "o trans%ipm5t w !n be necess>y4 ,! canal boats1 load$ at ! t]m9us ( ! ,road1 c be convey$ to any po9t ^u ! ,ohio canal4 ,if y\r ,road possesses no o!r s\rce ( rev5ue ?an ! local travel & transportation ( ! ri* & popul\s region to be trav]s$ by x--secur$1 z x w be1 f compet+ l9es by natural b>ri]s /ret*+ out on ei!r side f ! ,susquehanna to ! ,potomac--!y w\ld be suffici5t to ju/ify its con/ruction4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,p5nsylvania canal has call$ into activity all ! elem5ts necess>y to r5d] ! ent]prise pr(itable1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 x w be m successful ) t improvem5t1 z a pione] rival1 ?an if x 0 n[ to ent] ^u an unoccupi$ field4 ,:atev] may be ! effect ( y\r "w ^u ! bus9ess ( ! canal--& ,i d n believe x w be injuri\s--!re c be no d\bt b t x w add v mat]ially to ! rev5ues ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,important z ! local s\rces ( rev5ue are to ! ,company1 !y w af=d b a limit$ am\nt ( bus9ess comp>$ ) t to be d]iv$ f ! great ,we/4 ,! r\te ( y\r improvem5t is directly on ! l9e t w\ld be mo/ desirable = a railroad to pass f ,/4 ,l\is1 or ! conflu5ce ( ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri riv]s1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! weal? & ent]prise ( ! ,mississippi valley to ! ,atlantic4 ,) a map ( ! ,union be=e y1 x w be f\nd to be impossible to draw a l9e ^u x t w\ld accommodate s l>ge an am\nt ( population1 or an equal ext5t ( f]tile c\ntry4 ,?r\gh ! broad b$ ( m\nta9s t divide ! ,atlantic f ! ,we/]n ,/ates--trav]s$ by our r\te = #aij miles--natural gorges are f\nd1 cutt+ all ( !m to _! bases1 except ! ,allegh5y1 :i* is pass$ ) comp>atively easy gradi5ts1 & )\t enc\nt]+ difficulties ( a v unusual "*4 ,^! favorable features ( ! c\ntry give to u a l9e :i* is ! %orte/ & be/ t c be obta9$ betwe5 ^! sections ( ! ,union1 & insures to ! ,company ! :ole ( ! travel & light transportation1 ) mu* ( ! heavy trade1 de/9$ to ,philadelphia & po9ts nor? ( ?is city1 ( ! va/ region betwe5 a l9e along ! s\!rn %ores ( ,lake ,erie1 t\*+ ,lake ,mi*igan1 & ext5d+ to ! f> ,we/1 & ! imm$iate valley ( ! ,ohio riv]4 ,! di/ance f ,clevel& to ,new ,york be+ #hj miles %ort] by ?is r\te ?an by ! ,new ,york & ,erie ,railroad1 mu* ( ! travel emb>k$ ^u ! lakes = t city f ! nor? & we/ mu/ also be div]t$ to ?is l9e4 ,9 view ( ^! circum/ances1 c a reasonable d\bt be ent]ta9$ by any "o z to ! pr(itabl5ess ( ! /ock ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company8 ,its natural position mu/ give to x m ?an suffici5t bus9ess to make x yield l>ge pr(its4 ,inde$1 ,i confid5tly advance ! op9ion t :5 ! ,road %all h be5 complet$ t x w n be a "q :e!r x w pay an int]e/ on its co/1 b to :at po9t ! rates ( freight & passage %all be r$uc$ to give ! ,company ample rev5ues & at ! same "t make ! "w mo/ ext5sively useful to ! public4 ,divid5ds f its rev5ue c be made ( #f1 #h or #aj p] c5t4 by *ang+ ! rates ( freight & passage1 at ! discretion ( ! ,directors4 ,f "s exp]i5ce 9 ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess ( o!r roads1 mu* less favorably situat$ ?an ?is1 ,i feel no hesitation 9 mak+ ?is pr$iction4 ,i look ^u ! result z "o ^u :i* !re c be no d\bt ent]ta9$4 ,! inquiry may be made1 ,if ?is ,road mu/ prove a pr(itable inve/m5t1 :y o!r works 9 ,p5nsylvania1 favorably locat$1 h n yield$ remun]at+ divid5ds to _! proprietors8 ,9 reply x c be /at$ t !re is no important "w1 lead+ f ,philadelphia1 t ought n n[ to divide l>ge pr(its1 if _! /ock & fund$ debts exhibit$ a fair ca% value ( ! prop]ty repres5t$4 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ^! works1 7 comm5c$ ) inadequate capital1 = ! object 9 view1 & f ! anxiety ( ! /ockhold]s to realize ! l>ge pr(its promis$ on _! completion1 & ! public to enjoy ! use ( ! improvem5t1 !y h be5 press$ =w>d fa/] ?an true economy1 or ! funds ( ! company1 w\ld ju/ify4 ,engagem5ts 7 made1 rely+ ^u =tune1 or accid5t1 to provide ! means to meet !m4 ,^! res\rces fail+1 !y 7 ?r[n ^u ! m]cy ( ei!r ! contractors or ! money l5d]4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce1 ! co/ ( ! works has be5 roll$ up to an am\nt n anticipat$1 &1 9 _m cases1 debts incurr$1 "u ! pressure ( ! mom5t1 9 ! mo/ objectionable %ape1 to meet :i* ! :ole ( ! receipts ( ! companies h necess>ily be5 mortgag$4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 & also 9 ,new ,york--:]e railroads h1 9 _m cases1 be5 depriv$ ( ! privilege ( c>ry+ freight--judici\sly locat$ roads h inv>iably paid well4 ,_! success has n be5 caus$ by ! ex]cise ( any peculi> skill or economy 9 _! managem5t1 z g5]ally suppos$1 =1 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh !y /& des]v$ly high1 !re is none t conduct _! bus9ess1 "u all circum/ances1 ) z mu* economy z ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad1 or "s o!r s\!rn companies4 ,9 clos+ ?is communication x gives me mu* pleasure to ackn[l$ge ! zeal\s & cordial co-op]ation t ,i h receiv$ f my ,associate & ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s 9 c>ry+ on ! important "w t y h committ$ to our *>ge4 ,respectfully submitt$1 by ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,j4 ,,edg> ,,?omson1 ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,note4--,by way ( ,!n & ,n[ contra/1 ! income acc\nt ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji1 f ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission ,bullet9 ,no4 #e is subjo9$4 ,rev5ues & ,exp5ses ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji4 ,miles op]at$ #d1jhg ,op]at+ rev5ues #ach1ddi1aai ,f ,freight #ajj1cef1afj ,pass5g]s #bh1ggd1bha ,o!r transportation #h1dch1igb ,non-transportation #hgi1gjf ,op]at+ exp5ses #ig1ajg1gea ,= ,ma9t5ance ( ,way & /ructures #af1ejc1bdf ,ma9t5ance ( equipm5t #bg1bbe1hhg ,traffic #a1hdd1cfe ,transportation #dh1jfd1agf ,g5]al #c1dgj1jgg ,net op]at+ rev5ue #da1cda1cfh ,taxes7a7 #b1cgj1cad 7a7 ,exclusive ( "s #a1gij1jjj taxes paid on leas$ l9es4 ,obs]ve t ! am\nt exp5d$ on ma9t5ance ( way & /ructures 9 #aiji 0 m ?an d\ble ! total e/imat$ co/ ( ! road f ,h>risburg to ,pittsburg 9 #ahdh4 ,! am\nt exp5d$ dur+ ! cal5d> ye> #aiji 9 revision ( grades & alignm5t1 & = additional tracks1 y>ds & o!r t]m9al facilities1 abolition ( grade cross+s & improvem5t ( equipm5t 0 #e1eha1hji1 exclusive ( #d1jjj1jjj appli$ t[>ds con/ruction ( ,new ,york ,t]m9al ,ext5sion4 ,?is road z x exi/s today is a liv+ monum5t to ! s\nd policy ( ! ,am]ican railway practice ( a doll> = improvem5ts = e doll> ( divid5ds4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,footnote3 ,a ,by an alt]ation ( ! l9e1 s9ce made1 ! di/ance lo/ by ! riv] r\te is r$uc$ to f\r-t5?s ( a mile4 ,,railways ,,& ,,! ,,pacific ,,nor?we/ ,,by ,,james ,j4 ,,hill4 ,on ! occasion ( ! completion ( ! ,spokane1 ,portl& ,seattle ,ry41 connect+ ,portl& ) ,briti% ,columbia1 ,mr4 ,hill deliv]$ ?ree notewor?y addresses at ,portl&1 ,novemb] #f1 #aijh1 at ,tacoma ,novemb] #i & ,seattle ,novemb] #aj4 ,! spee* at ,portl& 0 an e>ne/ plea = a m intellig5t & economical cultivation & cons]vation ( ! va/ agricultural res\rces ( ! ,pacific nor?we/2 ! o!r two relat$ l>gely to ! "p play$ by ! railways 9 ! developm5t ( t t]ritory4 ,! portions ( ^! addresses :i* foll[ are tak5 f ! full reports :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,seattle & ,tacoma newspap]s ! next days4 ,,mr4 ,,hill ,,at ,,seattle4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,hill _h be5 introduc$ & w>mly applaud$ z ! ,empire ,build]1 :o _h be5 intimately associat$ ) ! developm5t ( ! nor!rn ti] ( /ates f ! ,lakes to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & he _h ackn[l$g$ 8 obligation to ! indomitable _s ( ,seattle & its p1 he began 8 address by disclaim+ ! own]%ip ( ! ,great ,nor!rn railway4 ,fifte5 ?\s& p own x4 said he4 ,! av]age hold+ is ab\t #abj %>es4 ,ov] #f1jjj wom5 are own]s 9 ! ,great ,nor!rn railway1 & ,i h to manage _! affairs4 ,!n he proce$$3 ,x is ?ree ye>s s9ce ,i 0 "h1 & ,i nev] expect$ t ?ree mon?s w\ld pass )\t my com+ to ,seattle1 b ?ree ye>s h pass$ & :at d ,i f9d8 ,i ?9k ! city 9 ?ree ye>s has d\bl$4 ,i ?9k x has d\bl$ 9 ev]y?+ t goes to make a city4 ,j look at ! /reets l9$ ) comm]cial h\ses :i* w\ld be a cr$it to any city 9 ! _w4 ,x is f> beyond :at ,i expect$ to f9d1 & ,i ?9k t ,seattle has a future4 ,seattle is entitl$ to h] gr[?1 & if ! same _s t has mov$ h] citiz5s 9 ! pa/ cont9ues1 if ! mantle ( ! old] m5 falls on ! %\ld]s ( ! y\ng] m51 ,seattle _c help b ?rive4 ,y h beh9d y "o ( ! ri*e/ /ates 9 ! ,union2 "o ( ! v ri*e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,railways4 ,n[1 to come back to ! relation ( ! railway to ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,next to ! cultivation ( ! soil itself1 9 ! am\nt ( money inve/$ & 9 ! importance to all ! p1 is ! railway prop]ty ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is on a little diff]5t basis1 ,i am sorry to say1 f ! g5]al attitude ( ! public1 f any o!r prop]ty4 ,f :at ,judge ,burke says z to ! ,gold5 ,rule1 if y c h x fairly appli$1 x w\ld make our he>ts glad4 ,we frequ5tly he> ab\t railroad wat]$ /ock4 ,x is a hackney$ phrase :i* is us$ ) :i* to cat* gudgeons1 & x has caught a great _m4 ,n[1 let u see4 ,y c op5 a bank--five ( u sitt+ "h1 if we _h ! money1 c\ld op5 a bank1 put up ! build+ & draw our *ecks1 & t is dispos$ (4 ,we h a million or a million & a half ( capital1 &1 conduct+ ! bus9ess ( ! bank )9 ! law appli$ to bank]s1 we c e>n any divid5d we l1 & we c divide x1 ev5 up to #dj or #ej p] c5t41 & x has be5 done1 & nobody f9ds any fault4 ,n[1 we might />t a manufactur+ e/abli%m5t & we c divide any pr(its t we c legally make up to #dj or #ej or #ajj p] c5t41 or we c />t a m]cantile e/abli%m5t & conduct x s z to br+ any pr(it--!re is no limit s long z we are )9 ! laws ( trade4 ,b take ! railroad4 ,n[1 rememb]1 y c run y\r manufactur+ e/abli%m5t tw5ty-f\r h\rs a day1 or y c run x "o day 9 ! week1 or y c run x half ! "t & y c close x & x w n affect y1 or y ne$ n run x at all2 & if y d n l ! bus9ess y c dispose ( x4 ,y c liquidate y\r bank & g out ( bus9ess2 & s ) ! m]cantile e/abli%m5t1 y c close x at any "t4 ,b :5 y h inve/$ y\r money 9 a railway1 y h und]tak5 an obligation to s]ve ! public2 y h tak5 a bus9ess risk t is great] ?an ! bus9ess risk ( any o!r bus9ess 9 ! _w4 ,if y d n run x1 move y\r tra9s ) regul>ity1 move y\r tra9s s z to accommodate ! bus9ess1 ! c\rts w appo9t a receiv] & w issue receiv]'s c]tificates to an ext5t t w\ld wipe out y\r inve/m5t4 ,if !re 7 any?+ left !y w\ld h& x back1 b ! *ances are altoge!r t if y c\ld n make x pay ! receiv] c\ld n4 ,,railroad ,,bigge/ ,,risk4 ,n[1 ,i m5tion ?is simply to %[ t ! bus9ess risk 9 build+ or op]at+ a railway is great] ?an x is 9 any o!r bus9ess4 ,!re is no?+ gu>ante$1 & sometimes y are told :at appliances y may use2 y are told :at y mu/ n use2 y are told :om y c hire1 & y are told :5 y c dis*>ge him1 & x has be5 at lea/ h9t$ z to :at y %\ld pay him--:at 8 wages & condition ( "w %all be4 ,s t ! only privilege t 0 left = ! railroads 0 to pay ! bills4 ,t !y are always expect$ to d1 & x w\ld be a great disappo9tm5t if !y 7 n able to4 ,9 ! section ( ?is c\ntry1 ! portion ( ?is c\ntry ea/ ( ,*icago1 ,i d n "k any:]e nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 :]e a railroad1 built ) ! greate/ c>e & economy1 c\ld pay "o p] c5t4 on its co/2 t is1 a new road1 built betwe5 any ( ! l>ge cities ( ! we/ to ! l>ge cities ( ! ea/1 pay+ ! pres5t price ( real e/ate & t]m9als & ! co/ ( con/ruction1 ! co/ ( elim9at+ great pr(its1 ! co/ ( ! necess>y exp5diture ( money to make life & limb safe4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a railroad f ,new ,york to ,*icago4 ,i _h curiosity en\gh to inquire f ! lead+ real e/ate man :o 0 gett+ ! additional prop]ty = ! ,new ,york ,c5tral1 _! t]m9als1 :at x w\ld co/ f ,?irty-eigh? /reet to ,h>lem ,riv]1 a n>r[ /rip ( blocks on ! ,ea/ ,side1 say t5 blocks1 f ,?irty-eigh? to ,=ty-eigh? /reet1 to be us$ z a t]m9al4 ,he told me x ought to be secur$ = #bjj1jjj1jjj1 b he w\ld n l to take ! contract4 ,n[1 foll[ t up ?r\gh ,albany & ,syracuse1 ,ro*e/] & ,buffalo & ,erie & ,clevel& & on to ,*icago1 & if y c get into ,*icago & get out ( ,new ,york ) any reasonable co/ ,i want to say t :5 y\r road 0 f9i%$1 at ! pres5t rate1 x c\ld n pay #a p] c5t4 on :at x co/ 9 money4 ,,no ,,room ,,= ,,m ,,roads4 ,n[1 :at *ance is !re = m roads betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago1 or betwe5 any ,atlantic city & any l>ge city 9 ! we/8 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s f #ahih to #aijh ! railroad mileage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ ab\t #bd p] c5t41 ! pass5g] bus9ess increas$ #abe p] c5t41 & ! freight bus9ess increas$ #adh p] c5t4 ,! additional burd5 0 plac$ on ! railways1 ) an increase ( ov] #adh p] c5t4 9 ! tons mov$4 ,:at is x co/+ ! ,p5nsylvania road to get into ! ,city ( ,new ,york8 ,i d n "k ! exact figures1 b ,i h se5 x e/imat$ f "t to "t at "o hundr$ millions ( doll>s to secure pass5g] facilities 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ^! ?+s & see :at y h "h ,i ?9k t we h reason to congratulate ourselves1 & ,i ?9k t we _h a n>r[ escape f be+ compell$ to d our bus9ess we/ ( ,comm]cial /reet 9 place ( :]e we are today4 ,!re are no places t ,i "k ( today :]e !re is any room or any use = any o!r l>ge railway ent]prise4 ,! ,milwaukee ,/4 ,paul are com+ to ! ,coa/--& we are glad !y are !re4 ,at diff]5t times1 :5 p l>gely int]e/$ 9 t ent]prise talk$ ) me1 ,i said1 ',by all means build to ! ,coa/2 ext5d y\r road--if y d n1 somebody :o has m ent]prise ?an y w take ! bus9ess & w keep x on _! own rails & y w n get a %>e ( x4' ,b :5 t ent]prise is f9i%$1 ,i d n "k1 nor? ( ! ,platte ,riv]1 :]e !re is room = ano!r railroad or occasion = "o4 ,!re w be bran*es built1 & !y are necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,y _h exp5d$1 & !re is be+ exp5d$ n[1 a v l>ge sum dur+ ! la/ two ye>s4 ,! ,nor!rn ,pacific & ! ,great ,nor!rn1 )9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton1 h sp5t millions ( doll>s betwe5 ,portl& & ,spokane4 ,x ought n to fright5 y2 x w n wipe y out2 y h y\r roots deep 9 ! gr\nd & !y w /ay !re4 ,,tacoma ,,is ,,wak+4 ,n[1 ,i f9d 9 summ+ up ! pres5t population ( ! new c\ntry betwe5 ,bla9e & ,vanc\v]--,portl& is on ! o!r side ( ! ,columbia1 al?\gh1 =tunately1 ! /ate l9e does n limit our comm]ce or our "r to trade ) ea* o!r--!re are ov] #gjj1jjj p liv+ on ! l9e ( ! railway betwe5 ,bla9e & ,vanc\v]4 ,portl& claims #bjj1jjj1 & ,i feel sure t %e mu/ be ne> t figure4 ,portl& has gr[n rapidly1 & ,i ?9k possibly ! "y m5 h tak5 a %eet out ( y\r book4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 !y 7 altoge!r too weal?y 9 ,portl&4 ,e man _h bus9ess ( 8 own to att5d to & 0 s deeply engag$ 9 x t he ov]look$ ! bus9ess ( ! city4 ,!y did n take hold4 ,y c\ld come !re if y 7 will+ to be> all ! exp5se & take :at y c\ld get4 ,b ,portl& has _h an awak5+1 & ,i believe t ,portl&1 not)/&+ its remot5ess f ! sea1 w h a good gr[?4 ,x has a good c\ntry beh9d x & !re is no reason :y x %\ld n h a good gr[?4 ,ano!r city d[n "h :]e we 7 beautifully ent]ta9$ la/ night1 ,tacoma--,i rememb] :5 we came out "h !y really did n ne$ u & we did n want to =ce ourselves on !m1 & s we /ay$ "r "h4 ,b ,i ?9k1 & ,i hope1 t ,tacoma is gett+ its eyes op5 & t x wants m railways4 ,we don't ask mu*2 we want ! privilege ( a place = foo?old1 a place to d our bus9ess at our own exp5se2 & ,i ?9k t we w probably succe$ 9 gett+ x--,i hope s4 ,,gr[? ,,pleases ,,him4 ,i want$ to come back to y\r city "h4 ,i 0 m ?an surpris$ at y\r gr[? & ,i am m ?an gratifi$4 ,i r ga!r$ t y _h gr[n fa/ & t possibly y want$ a re/+ spell1 b ,i don't see t !re is any re/ = y n[4 ,i ?9k t y w g on z y h begun1 & ,i 0 m ?an glad to see :at y are do+ 9 ! way ( adju/+ y\r /reet grades4 ,x is inexp5sive2 ! burd5 may be h>d ^u "s p1 & difficult to c>ry1 b x w co/ inf9itely less to d x n[ ?an 9 five or t5 ye>s1 aft] ^? /reets 7 l9$ ) build+s t _h co/ a great deal ( money & y c\ld n af=d to ?r[ !m away4 ,lay y\r f\ndations "r & ! /ructure w take c>e ( itself4 ,x w gr[ by degrees1 &1 :5 x is f9i%$ x w be "p ( a complete :ole & y w be glad y did x4 ,we h a good _m communities to take c>e ( along our railway1 & ) e "o ( !m we h always ! feel+ t _! prosp]ity means our prosp]ity4 ,!y h to e>n ! money be=e !y c pay x to u1 & :at !y d pay u we ?9k is a small "p2 b we expect ! railway bus9ess mu/ dep5d ^u close managem5t & small sav+s4 ,take ! divid5d ( ! ,great ,nor!rn railway4 ,?ree copp] c5ts 9 mov+ a ton ( freight t5 miles pays our divid5ds4 ,a ton ( freight on a c\ntry road w\ld be a fair load = a f>m]'s wagon1 & t5 miles w\ld be a fair day's "w if he return$ ! same night4 ,we d t4 ,our divid5d am\nts to ab\t #c c5ts--a little less ?an ?ree copp] c5ts--= mov+ t load ( freight4 ,we f9d t we h nei!r poison$ ! air nor ! wat] & y h all ! highways t y _h be=e we came1 b we give y a bett] "o & a *eap] "o4 ,,mu/ ,,h ,,money4 ,& rememb] t y nev] c injure ! railway )\t injur+ y\rselves4 ,! railway has only two s\rces f :i* to get money4 ,x mu/ ei!r e>n x or borr[ x1 & if x borr[s1 & borr[s judici\sly1 ! rate ( int]e/ ought n to be high1 b :atev] x is1 high or l[1 y pay x4 ,sometimes p :o d n "k bett] ?9k t !y are s]v+ a good cause to /ick ! railway--! company is ri*--a p]sonal injury case or some?+ ( t k9d--b x is a railway & !y c af=d x--/ick !m4 ,n[1 :o pays ! bill8 ,c we *>ge t up to ! con/ruction ( a /ation8 ,x is a "p ( ! exp5se1 & ! law says t y mu/ pay u = ! use ( our prop]ty en\gh to pay our exp5ses & our taxes1 & a reasonable return ^u ! inve/m5t1 s t all is *>g$ 9 y\r bills4 ,we _h 9 "o ?riv+ city on ! ,great ,nor!rn1 ,i recall1 a suit = #bj1jjj4 ,a "y brakeman /umbl$ aga9/ a pile ( c9d]s t x 0 repres5t$ ! trackm5 ?rew out f betwe5 ! rails & p\r$ wat] ^u x1 & x froze 9 ! w9t] & 0 solid1 & z he 0 runn+ alongside ( 8 tra9 he /umbl$ & fell & 0 injur$--"s great injury to ! sp9e t wreck$ 8 entire n]v\s sy/em1 & we inquir$ & f\nd out h[ ! coal got !re1 & our exp]i5ce & education h made u suspici\s2 we took ! c9d]s to ! laboratory & _h !m analyz$ & absolutely !y 7 an?racite1 & !re nev] 0 a ton ( an?racite coal burn$ 9 a locomotive 9 ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota2 we foll[$ x up & we f\nd t ! man :o br\ght ! suit--a pr(essional suit br+]--_h1 ) a brakeman & 8 own son1 tak5 ! c9d]s f 8 own (fice & pil$ !m !re & p\r$ wat] on !m4 ,n[1 ,i speak ( t j z an illu/ration ( "s applications ( t ,gold5 ,rule4 ,,comp>es ,,railway ,,co/4 ,y\r future gr[? w dep5d on y\rselves h]eaft]1 z x has l>gely dep5d$ ^u y\r own ef=ts 9 ! pa/4 ,! comm]ce go+ to & f ! ,pacific ,coa/ cities by ! sea is be+ l>gely c>ri$ 9 =eign bottoms4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,am]ican nation 0 a nation ( seaf>+ m51 b t does n apply any long]1 & ,i am sorry t t is s4 ,i believe t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,i believe t ! g5ius ( ! c\ntry is j z able to c>ry ^u ! sea z ^u ! l&4 ,z matt]s /& today1 any bay or inlet :]e a =eign flag c =ce its way inl& into our c\ntry !y c call to u to drop ! bundle & !y take x f u & we c't help ourselves4 ,n[1 we ought to be able to help ourselves1 = on ! l& we h s f> surpass$ ! o!rs t !re is no comp>ison4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 _! av]age railway co/ is #bcd1jjj p] mile4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is a little less ?an #fj1jjj p] mile4 ,9 ,g]many x is ab\t #aaj1jjj1 9 ,france ab\t #adj1jjj1 9 ,au/ria ab\t ! same4 ,n[ let u see :at !y d ) _! two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r ?\s& doll> ma*9e & _! "o hundr$ & t5 & "o hundr$ & =ty4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !y move an av]age ( five hundr$ ?\s& ton miles to ! mile ( road at a co/ ( #b4af = e hundr$ miles4 ,9 ,g]many !y move ab\t sev5 hundr$ ?\s& ton miles at a co/ ( a trifle "u #a4cf = e hundr$ miles4 ,9 ,france #dej1jjj ton miles at a co/ ( #a4dj = e hundr$ miles4 ,9 ,au/ria ! co/ is #a4ej = mov+ a ton ( freight a hundr$ miles1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! co/ is #gd c5ts & a fraction4 ,,aga9/ ,,%ip ,,subsidy4 ,n[ we 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates move ! bus9ess = less ?an half ! av]age co/ ( ,europe4 ,we pay f twice to f\r times ! rate ( wages1 & we d x ) an inve/m5t ( ab\t a ?ird ( _! av]age4 ,if we c d t on l&1 :y c't we d x on ! sea8 ,i "k t if ! %ips ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h ! same c>e & ! same opportunity t ! %ips ( o!r nations h !y w\ld d x1 & until !n no subsidy1 no %ip subsidy1 w ev] enable !m to compete ) o!r bus9ess1 because 9 pr9ciple x is wrong to tax all ! bus9ess ( ! c\ntry--to put y\r h& into ! public treasury & h& out to "o p>ticul> bus9ess a ca% subsidy 9 ord] t x may live4 ,i want to tell y t a /eam%ip l9e t _c live )\t a ca% subsidy w make a mighty1 mighty lean race ) "o4 ,x ought to re/ on a bus9ess f\ndation4 ,t is ! only reason = runn+ %ips1 because !y c be made to pay1 & if we c make our railways pay & "w at ! l[ rates t ! railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates d c>ry & pay ! scale ( wages t !y d pay1 :y c't we succe$ on ! high seas8 ,if we c't1 let u h& t bus9ess ov] to somebody :o w d x *eap] & bett]2 b ,i don't feel t ! case is a hopeless "o1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i d feel t x w\ld only limit ! ef=ts ( ^? :o 7 try+ to make & to build up a m]*ant m>9e = ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 x w\ld only limit _! ef=ts to ext5d a subsidy to a few %ips engag$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,,=eign]s ,,get ,,subsidy4 ,i rememb] on "o occasion t ,i w5t home f "h & !re 0 no tonnage to move ! /uff we _h to s5d to ! ,ori5t4 ,absolutely no tonnage 0 available1 & :5 ,i got home !re 0 a reception to "o ( our public m51 & ! late ,s5ator ,m>k ,hanna 0 !re4 ,i took up 9 a few rem>ks ! "q ( a subsidy1 & ,i said4 ',if we are go+ to h "o1 let u pay a subsidy = some?+ t is go+ to d u "s good4 ,let u pay a tonnage on ! actual products t rea* a new m>ket4' ,t w\ld h done "s good4 ,! tonnage ( ! products t does n rea* a new m>ket1 we w\ldn't h any?+ to pay on t1 & on t t does we c\ld af=d to pay4 ,n[1 we 7 driv5 out ( ! bus9ess on ! ,atlantic1 b we might reta9 a hold ^u ! bus9ess ( ?is ocean4 ,imm$iately !re 0 a s*eme = ,congress = an appropriation1 ,i ?9k ( #i1jjj1jjj1 = %ip subsidies1 & !y f\nd t #hj p] c5t4 ( x w\ld g to "o l9e1 "u ! bill t 0 be+ !n drawn--& t l9e on ! ,atlantic ,ocean--& ,i "k t ! m5 & mo/ ( ! (fic]s liv$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 & ! /ock 0 own$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,n[ t w\ld n build up a m]*ant m>9e = u4 ,a company ov] !re has dispos$ ( ?is old boat to our p & tak5 :at new money !y got & built new boats4 ,t 0 all & t 0 celebrat$--a portion ( t 0 celebrat$ z ! inauguration ( a new m]*ant m>9e = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?9k ( x6 ,b "s ( our /atesm5 7 wise en\gh to believe t x 0 go+ to succe$1 b x did n4 ,x fell +lori\sly4 ,:5 we h a m]*ant m>9e x w be because !re is a reason = x4 ,b until t "t comes1 j put up ) ! bus9ess t we c get1 & let ! o!rs c>ry x :o c c>ry x l[] & bett] ?an we c 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b be> ?is 9 m9d3 ,t all y\r great h>bors 9 ! c\ntry :5 comp>$ ) ! railroad y>ds s9k into insignificance 9 ! tonnage t !y move4 ,i ?9k t1 9 ,seattle1 ,i w\ld be safe 9 say+ t tw5ty tons are mov$ by rail :]e "o goes by wat]1 unless y c c\nt saw logs4 ,& ,i _h occasion to look up ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! ,mississippi at ,/4 ,l\is has f eight to twelve feet ( wat] = ne>ly n9e mon?s 9 ! ye> & boats run 9 & out ( ,/4 ,l\is1 & we are all anxi\s to make a deep wat] *annel f !re to ,new ,orleans4 ,n[1 9 look+ up ! am\nt1 ,i f\nd t1 not)/&+ !y _h f eight to twelve feet ( wat] = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>1 or ab\t n9e mon?s1 less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! tonnage t came into ,/4 ,l\is mov$ by wat]2 & out ( ov] #a1ejj1jjj tons ( coal--& if !re is any article among all ! %ipm5ts t c\ld be mov$ by wat] easily & *eaply x w\ld be coal--n "o ton ( coal mov$ out ( ,/4 ,l\is by wat] la/ ye>4 ,!re is a s*eme to sp5d ! public money & create a *annel f\rte5 feet deep to ! levees at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 & !re are plans to la? & pla/] ! bottoms ( a great _m o!r /reams ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & s _m t 9 ord] to get any appropriation = an ent]prise ( great national m]it1 x is necess>y to divide up & load x d[n ) a lot ( appropriations4 ,^! make :at is kn[n z ! pork b>rel1 ! riv] & h>bor bill4 ,!y load x d[n ) ! v>i\s ent]prises t h no value to anybody1 /reams on :i* ! gov]nm5t is call$ to sp5d m money ?an all ! boats w\ld br+ if sold at auction1 & 9 "s cases :]e !re h be5 no boats run = t5 ye>s4 ,,leads ,,_w ,,9 ,,tonnage4 ,!y say !y ought to regulate ! railroads4 ,n[1 :5 y come to consid] ! matt] practically1 ,i w\ld r h a railroad alongside ( a navigable riv]1 or a riv] ) six or eight or t5 feet ( wat] 9 x1 ?an to h x f> away f ! riv]4 ,a box c> w beat any t5-foot *annel 9 ! _w1 b :5 we get tw5ty or tw5ty-five-foot *annels1 ! box c> is n 9 x 9 bulky freight4 ,y h got to h dep? ( wat]4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i built six freight /eam]s on ! ,great ,lakes & !y 7 consid]$ :ales 9 _! day4 ,!y c\ld c>ry #c1jjj tons4 ,today a lake /eam] & a d\ble *annel ?r\gh ! ,soo ,canal c>ries #ab1jjj tons1 & has two additional firem5 & "o deckh&1 & t is all ! additional crew4 ,sometime ,i w\ld l to h ! city c\ncil ( ! ,city ( ,seattle1 if !y _h ! "t1 run d[n to ! head ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 & see :at is ! greate/ port 9 ! matt] ( tons mov$ 9 ! _w4 ,london 01 & ,dulu? & ,sup]ior a few ye>s ago 7 trail+ along fif? or six? place2 b la/ ye> x took fir/ place ) ! cities ( ! _w1 & x h&l$ m tonnage ?an any o!r city4 ,london _h #cj1jjj1jjj tons & ,dulu? _h #cd1jjj1jjj4 ,n[1 to %[ ! enorm\s importance ( t load ( tonnage1 t tonnage t is great] ?an any o!r city 9 ! _w1 ,i und]take to say1 & d say1 t !re are n #a1jjj p1 m51 wom5 & *ildr51 connect$ directly or indirectly1 ) mov+ t traffic betwe5 ! l& & ! wat] 9 bo? directions4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z do+ a v l>ge bus9ess )\t a h>bor at all4 ,,seattle ,,_s ,,w9s4 ,al?\gh z f> z =eign comm]ce is conc]n$1 z f> z bus9ess is conc]n$1 :5 we get to ! seaside1 we h to h& x ov] to ! %ips4 ,x mu/ be done4 ,b ! great bus9ess is done 9 ! railroad y>ds4 ,i w\ld n be )\t ! h>bor--f> f x1 b don't feel t ! h>bor is go+ to make y1 & don't feel z a g5tleman 9 public life 9 ,wa%+ton1 :5 a fri5d ( m9e talk+ ) him said1 ',y won't get any m railways built along ! policies y advocate4' ',oh1 well1' he said1 'we h got !m1 we h got !m4' ,& he 0 a memb] ( ! h\se committee ( int]/ate comm]ce1 a r dang]\s /atem5t = him to make4 ,,at ,,tacoma4 ,9 8 address at ! banquet ( ! ,tacoma ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce on ! prec$+ ev5+ 7,novemb] #i71 ,mr4 ,hill dwelt especially on ! intimate relation ( railway & agriculture int]e/s4 ,among o!r ?+s he said3 ,! "q ( t]m9als means a great deal to a railroad & x is gett+ to be m & m full ( mean+ e ye>4 ,"s cities1 & l>ge cities1 today h all ! railroads !y w ev] get1 simply on acc\nt ( ! difficulty 9 gett+ t]m9als4 ,i ?9k ! ,nor!rn ,pacific t]m9als today--,i ?9k to buy !m on ! entire sy/em--w\ld co/ m money ?an to grade ! :ole road1 & ,i d n "k b :at x w\ld co/ m ?an to grade & put ! rails d[n4 ,t is a condition &1 rememb]1 t y pay ! freight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,w ,,soon ,,ne$ ,,all ,,! ,,:eat ,,we ,,raise4 ,)9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 ,i w say t )9 six ye>s1 ,i w g on record1 y won't s5d _m c>goes ( :eat f ,tacoma by sea1 simply because ! ,unit$ ,/ates wants e bu%el t w be rais$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to fe$ h] own p1 & w pay y m money = x4 ,if !y didn't pay y m money = x1 x w\ld g to ! =eign]1 b our own p w pay m money = x & take x some:]e & gr9d x into fl\r4 ,if y look = great] av5ues or great] economy 9 transportation1 b x w cease to g out z :eat4 ,i w give y an illu/ration & y c draw y\r own conclusions z well z ,i c3 ,9 #ahhb ! ,unit$ ,slates rais$ #ejd1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat & we _h #eb1jjj1jjj p & we export$ some:]e betwe5 #age1jjj1jjj & #bjj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 9 #aijg1 we rais$ #fcd1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,we increas$ 9 t tw5ty-five ye>s a little less ?an #be p] c5t4 9 our :eat yield1 or #acj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,our population increas$ #fd p] c5t41 & conv]g+ l9es meet some:]e4 ,n[1 if we _h #ij1jjj1jjj ( p--& we h betwe5 #hh1jjj1jjj & #ij1jjj1jjj ?is ye>--& use six & a half bu%els p] capita1 x w\ld take #ehe1jjj1jjj bu%els = bread & se$4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s1 ( ! ,m9nesota ,agricultural ,college1 puts our consumption = bread & se$ = ! la/ few ye>s at a trifle ov] or a trifle "u sev5 bu%els4 ,i ?9k he uses t5 ye>s = 8 av]age1 & ,i use tw5ty-five to get an av]age ( ab\t six bu%els & =ty p\nds1 & ,i call x six & "o-half bu%els4 ,on la/ ye>'s crop1 ) #fcd1jjj1jjj1 we h _h ab\t #ei1jjj1jjj bu%els to sell & we sold ab\t #hj1jjj1jjj4 ,:at is ! result8 ,aft] ! #ae? ( ,janu>y :eat 0 high] 9 ,m9neapolis ?an x 0 9 ,*icago1 ev5 up to ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 & "p ( ! "t x 0 high] ?an x 0 9 ,new ,york1 because !y want$ x to make a loaf ( bread to fe$ our p at home4 ,we h n ! great m>g9 t we us$ to h4 ,! se$ on la/ ye>'s crop w5t d[n to #ei1jjj1jjj bu%els &1 if my figures are equal to ,pr(essor ,rog]s'--& he is a pr(essor ( agriculture 9 ! ,agricultural ,college & maybe he has m "t to look ^! que/ions up m c>efully--b ) 8 figures we hadn't a bu%el to sell4 ,suppose we _h #fj1jjj1jjj bu%els to sell1 & we are increas+ 9 population at ! rate ( #b1jjj1jjj p] ye>1 our natural figure is betwe5 #a1cjj1jjj & #a1djj1jjj1 & all[ #gjj1jjj = immigration1 n elev51 twelve1 ?irte5 or f\rte5 z we h be5 hav+1 b say sev5 & by #aiej y w h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x figures out to be accurate1 #bjh1jjj1jjj1 b suppose we h #bjj1jjj1jjj1 x might come by #aide1 or #aidg1 or x might be 9 #aiee1 b ab\t t "t we w h #bjj1jjj1jjj p1 & if !y use six & a half bu%els p] capita = bread & se$1 x w\ld take #a1cjj1jjj1jjj bu%els to fe$ !m4 ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,:eat4 ,t is a little m ?an twice :at y are rais+ today1 & y hav5't any new fields to put a new pl[ 94 ,f #ahhb1 :5 we rais$ #ejd1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat1 foll[+ t "t m ?an half ( ,m9nesota1 all ! nor!rn "p ( ,m9nesota1 0 br\ght "u ! pl[1 all ( ,nor? ,dakota1 all ( ,s\? ,dakota1 all ( ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton & all ( ,oregon1 except #c1jjj1jjj or #d1jjj1jjj bu%els rais$ 9 #ahhb1 m ?an half ( ,cali=nia1 two-?irds or ?ree-qu>t]s 9 ,kansas & ,nebraska1 a l>ge "p1 practically all ( ,oklahoma or ! ,indian ,t]ritory & a l>ge "p ( ,texas1 & take :at 0 rais$ 9 #aijg on ! new fields t 7 op5$ up1 any new t]ritory aft] #ahhb1 & y w f9d t x is approa*+ #cjj1jjj1jjj bu%els1 b ! increase 9 ! :ole c\ntry 9 t tw5ty-five ye>s 0 only #acj1jjj1jjj bu%els1 s t ! old fields fell (f ab\t #agj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,are we increas+ our yield p] acre8 ,by no mann] ( means4 ,x has be5 a /eady & uni=m decl9e = ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,n[1 we h z good :eat fields z !re are any:]e on ! cont95t1 & !y w be made bett]4 ,i am n a disciple ( ,mal?us1 because ,mal?us 0 an hone/ man no d\bt1 b :5 he wrote he did n und]/& ! sci5ce ( mod]n agriculture or ! adaptation ( ! soil or ( ! se$ to ! soil1 or ! comm]cial value ( a correct analysis ( ! soil & ! adaptation ( ! soil nor its comm]cial value z suit$ to ! crop x is be/ fitt$ =4 ,all ^! ?+s we h le>n$1 & :ile y are tea*+ y\r "y p let me advise y t ! s*ool t is mo/ entitl$ to y\r c>e & ! s*ool t w d ! mo/ = ! /ate 9 e place & w turn out m5 & wom5 z !y h always 9 indu/ry & intellig5ce & ev]y?+ else t goes to make good citiz5%ip1 ! s*ool att5d$ by ! boy on ! f>m is c]ta9ly z good z ! be/4 ,:5 y\r =e/s are cut & haul$ away1 & sold to somebody else y h !n1 & we w give y a p]5nial =e/1 a crop e ye> ( great value too4 ,b we ought to be able to take c>e ( our l& & we w4 ,i h no d\bt ab\t ! future4 ,we w d :at o!r p h be5 compell$ to d4 ,9 #agij1 ,great ,brita9 0 d[n to f\rte5 bu%els4 ,we are d[n to ?irte5 & n9e-t5?s n[1 av]age4 ,!y took ! "q up & x 0 mu* easi] = !m to control1 z f> z t]ritory 0 conc]n$1 because ! t]ritory 0 small1 9 ! h&s ( a few l& own]s1 mo/ly r5t$1 & !y fac$ conditions compell+ ! l& own] to sub-fall[1 & f]tilize & c>ry "o crop ye> aft] ye>4 ,!y appo9t$ a royal commission & t royal commission w5t to "w jo9tly4 ,we h a royal commission1 too1 & !y are able m54 ,"o is a pr(essor at ,cornell & ano!r is a publi%] ( books 9 ,new ,york1 & ano!r is ,mr4 ,p9*ot1 :o is do+ a great deal ( "w1 b he is ov]run ) ! "w he has to d4 ,?is commission is to report 9 "t = ! meet+ ( ,congress4 ,n[1 be> ?is 9 m9d1 ,great ,brita9 />t$ 9 #agij try+ to keep ! p on ! l&4 ,! l&lord 0 afraid ( ! great drift ( ! agricultural p to ! colonies & ! new republic1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at t "t4 ,! new republic 0 go+ to impov]i% !m1 & leave !m )\t any r5t rolls4 ,!y w5t to "w intellig5tly & 9 #ahaj & #ahaa ,sir ,humphrey ,david1 ! =emo/ sci5ti/ ( 8 "t1 deliv]$ mo/ intellig5t lectures on ! qualities ( ! soil4 ,9 =ty or fifty ye>s aft] !y />t$ !y _h gott5 _! yield up to an av]age ( tw5ty-five bu%els p] acre4 ,la/ ye>1 x 0 #cb4b4 ,/>t+ at f\rte5 we ought to get up 9 place ( #ac4i or #ad1 we ought to be able to get up to #bh or #cj1 & if we d we w h gra9 to fe$ our #bjj1jjj1jjj p & to sp>e1 & :at d ,i he>8 ',"s m1 & !n "s8' ,n[ 9 go+ ov] ^? que/ions1 ,i am n worry+ ab\t ! future ( ! c\ntry4 ,i h m confid5ce 9 x today1 ! day = *eap :eat has left ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n to return1 & we c /& t4 ,?is l&1 ?is side ( ! range1 y c devote to bett] uses ?an rais+ :eat4 ,i d n "k :y y %\ld n get returns1 z ,i said1 t w\ld equal #aj p] c5t4 on #b1jjj p] acre4 ,y c d x4 ,!re is no "q z to t4 ,,s\!rn ,,railways ,,& ,,_! ,,ne$s ,,by ,,john ,f4 ,,wallace4 ,ab/ract ( ,address be=e ,s\!rn ,comm]cial ,congress ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,dec4 #g & #h1 #aijh4 ,?is "q has be5 ext5sively treat$ by lead+ railroad m51 /atesm5 & ,press ( ! ,s\?1 & admirably cov]$ by addresses on num]\s occasions be=e v>i\s audi5ces ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?4 ,i !re=e feel t ! s\!rn railroad situation is gradually becom+ bett] und]/ood1 n only by ! public at l>ge1 b by ! railway m5 ( ! ,s\?1 :o are jo9tly appreciative ( ! fact t ! greate/ ne$ ( s\!rn railroads is ! confid5ce & support ( ! communities ?r\gh :i* !y run & s]ve4 ,!re=e1 my rem>ks w be few1 & are made 9 ord] t c]ta9 fundam5tals may be read into ! record ( ?is conv5tion4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is address ! ,s\? is describ$ z t portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ly+ s\? ( ! ,potomac & ,ohio ,riv]s & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,%ortly aft] ! close ( ! ,civil w>1 ! ,s\? realiz+ ! *ang$ ord] ( ?+s1 accept$ ! situation 9 ! _s ( ,am]ican manhood & />t$ on a new era ( indu/rial & comm]cial developm5t4 ,"o ( ! fir/ necessities 0 a compreh5sive sy/em ( transportation facilities4 ,! railroads1 :i* prior to ! ,civil w> _h comp>$ favorably ) ^? 9 ! ,nor?1 at its close 7 practically bankrupt f9ancially & physically1 & 7 m ! %ad[ ?an ! sub/ance ( :at !y %\ld h be54 ,s\!rn]s ) bra9s & en]gy1 />t+ ) #aa1ehg miles ( deta*$1 dilapidat$ & crippl$ railways1 imm$iately comm5c$ to lay ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t indu/rial & comm]cial prosp]ity 9 ! ,s\? by con/ruct+ its l9es ( railway4 ,! ef=ts ( ^! m5 & ! confid5ce !y 7 able to inspire 9 nor!rn & =eign capital are be/ illu/rat$ by ! fact t today ! ,s\? is s]v$ ) #df1dcd miles ( railroad1 s]v+ elev5 /ates1 tw5ty million p1 & repres5t+ a total inve/m5t 9 r\nd numb]s ( two billion doll>s4 ,( ^! #df1dcd miles ( railroads only #a1acd miles approximately1 or #b p]c5t1 are d\ble track4 ,x is possible t ! next t5 ye>s w see at lea/ "o-f\r?1 or ov] t5 ?\s&1 additional miles ( second track4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t :ile transportation is ! burd5 be>] ( bo? production & comm]ce1 x is only able to p]=m ! full & complete measure ( its functions :5 prop]ly n\ri%$ & assi/$ by f9ance4 ,9 anci5t days ! bir? ( civilization />t$ ) ! ability to pres]ve food products4 ,?is grew f ! tempor>y necessity ( accumulat+ suffici5t food to la/ f "o *ase to ano!r1 or to enable j\rneys to be p]=m$ or w9t] climates endur$1 to ! /orage ( va/ quantities ( food to enable nations to survive ye>s ( fam9e1 z 0 exemplifi$ by ! /orage ( gra9 9 ,egypt 9 ! days ( ,joseph1 :i* p]iod hi/ory %[s u 0 ! cr[n+ epo* ( ,egyptian civilization4 ,today ! measure ( our mod]n civilization is our transportation facilities4 ,safe1 effici5t & rapid communication1 & ! economy ( ! _w's transportation sy/ems1 are b9d+ ! nations ( ! e>? clos] toge!r day by day1 & help+ to create ! conditions :i* w ultimately place ! cr[n ( accompli%m5t ^u our mod]n civilization4 ,com+ back to ! ,s\?1 f :i* we h be5 tempor>ily l$ a/ray1 x is self-evid5t to ! c>eful obs]v] t all ! div]se int]e/s ( ?is section--agriculture1 m9+1 manufacture1 comm]ce & bank+--are unavoidably & irrevocably b\nd up ) ! transportation facilities furni%$ & to be furni%$ by ! railway sy/ems ramify+ its t]ritory & p]=m+ a s]vice = ! ,s\? simil> to t p]=m$ by ! art]ies & blood-vessels 9 ! body ( corporeal man4 ,x is also app>5t to ! imp>tial obs]v] t if ! ,s\? is to rea* its highe/ /ate ( developm5t its transportation facilities %\ld n lag1 b %\ld lead ! m>* ( progress1 & t ?is developm5t %\ld be /imulat$ 9 e possible way2 & m5 ( ! ,s\? %\ld nev] =get = a s+le mom5t t ! ne$s ( ! railroads are ! ne$s ( ! ,s\?4 ,x has be5 our cu/om 9 ,am]ica to anticipate future ne$s 9 transportation1 & 9 a measure attempt to =e/all & provide = !m4 ,! policy ( =eign c\ntries has be5 practically ! rev]se4 ,! railway sy/ems ( ,engl& h be5 con/ruct$ to take c>e ( & supply a dem& = transportation facilities t already exi/$4 ,! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ h be5 project$ & con/ruct$1 & to a great ext5t f9anc$1 by m5 ^: inspiration 0 a firm belief 9 an unse5 future & ^: assets 7 l>gely compos$ ( hope & an undy+ fai? 9 ! future developm5t ( _! c\ntry4 ,n[1 ! future dem&s = increas$ transportation facilities 9 ! ,s\? are pla9ly indicat$ by pa/ records1 %[+ ! gr[? ( productive activities & ! con/ant increase ( tonnage to be mov$4 ,if ^! requirem5ts are to be met1 dem& & supply mu/ move =w>d h& 9 h&4 ,additional tonnage w ju/ify increas$ facilities & increas$ facilities w /imulate /ill great] tonnage4 ,dur+ ! pa/ #be ye>s ! total products ( ! ,s\?1 f agriculture1 =e/1 m9es & manufactures1 h increas$ 9 valuation ov] #bbe p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ five ye>s ( ?is p]iod1 end+ 9 #aijf1 ! increase has be5 #ej p] c5t4 ,! common fallacy t a railroad is complet$ :5 op5$ = traffic has long s9ce pass$ away1 at lea/ 9 ! m9ds ( intellig5t m54 ,! railroad ( today is no soon] complet$ z a s+le track1 ?an x becomes necess>y to provide indu/rial spurs2 additional or enl>g$ t]m9als2 replace its tempor>y /ructures by p]man5t ones2 wid5 its excavations2 /r5g!n its embankm5ts2 provide pass+ tracks1 additional %op facilities1 enl>g$ pass5g] & freight /ations1 w>eh\ses1 elevators1 docks & :>ves at wat] t]m9als1 additional tracks1 heavi] rail1 rock balla/1 elim9ation ( curves1 r$uction ( grades1 block signals1 elim9ation ( grade cross+s1 heavi] eng9es1 l>g] & bett] c>s1 to ! end t ! con/antly gr[+ requirem5ts & exactions ( mod]n traffic conditions may be met2 all ( :i* requires increas$ exp5ditures1 :i* x is easily se5 c\ld n 9 any ev5t be provid$ = out ( e>n+s4 ,dur+ ! next t5 ye>s ! railroads ( ! ,s\? w require #a1jjj1jjj1jjj to enable !m to fully provide = ! increas$ dem&s = transportation facilities1 an av]age ( #ajj1jjj1jjj p] annum4 ,includ+ ! e/imat$ increas$ mileage & ! pres5t capital inve/m5t1 ! result+ av]age capitalization w\ld am\nt to #ec1jjj p] mile1 be+ #bj1jjj p] mile "u ! pres5t av]age capitalization ( all ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates today1 :i* is #gc1jjj p] mile4,b ,meet+ ! requirem5ts ( ! railroad situation 9 ! ,s\? by ! exp5diture ( a r\nd billion doll>s dur+ ! next t5 ye>s1 z outl9$ h]e91 w\ld make ! total inve/m5t 9 s\!rn railways at ! end ( t p]iod ?ree billions ( doll>s on an e/imat$ mileage ( #ef1jjj4 ,x w\ld require av]age e>n+s ( #i1jjj gross p] mile p] annum1 ) op]at+ exp5ses at #gj p] c5t ( ! gross1 to yield suffici5t net income to provide a return ( #e p] c5t on ?is total inve/m5t4 ,:5 ^! figures are comp>$ ) ! pres5t av]age gross e>n+s ( ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aa1djj p] mile p] annum1 ) an av]age co/ ( op]ation ( #g1geg p] annum1 result+ 9 a ratio ( op]at+ exp5ses to gross e>n+s ( #fh p] c5t1 ! above e/imates appe> reasonable & cons]vative4 ,ev5 if ?is exp5diture is made & ! results pr$ict$ obta9$ at ! end ( ! t5-ye> p]iod1 s\!rn railroads w /ill fall approximately #be p] c5t %ort ( yield+ ! pres5t av]age gross e>n+s p] mile p] annum ( ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates today4 ,to provide funds to meet ^! ev]-gr[+ & incessant dem&s = additional facilities1 ! railroad companies mu/ necess>ily be l>ge borr[]s4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! ,s\? 9 ! next decade1 & 9 ^? to foll[ aft]1 dep5ds ^u ! ability ( ! own]s & manag]s ( s\!rn railways to =esee & provide = future necessities1 & ^u ! promptness ) :i* ! "w is accompli%$4 ,! ability ( railroads to con/ruct ^! improvem5ts1 :i* are s ess5tial to ! future prosp]ity ( ! ,s\?1 dep5ds ^u ! will+ness ( capital to furni% ! necess>y funds = ! purpose4 ,:ile legislation may control & regulate ! returns ^u inve/$ capital1 !re is no process by :i* x c compel t inve/m5t orig9ally4 ,:ile inve/m5t is easily ret>d$ x is difficult to attract4 ,!re is probably no =m ( capital inve/m5t m op5 to attack or m liable to depreciation ?r\gh unfair or unwise legislation ?an ! railway inve/m5ts ( today4 ,:ile ! speak] is a firm believ] 9 ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5tal control & sup]vision ov] ! corporate entities :i* h be5 creat$ by ! p & = ! p1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t e %ield has its rev]se1 & t ! ex]cise ( su* control & sup]vision mu/ necess>ily be along ! l9es ( "r & ju/ice1 :i* no m]e legislative enactm5t c *ange4 ,any v>iance br+s its own rew>d1 :i* frequ5tly spells disa/]4 ,! p[] to control1 regulate & sup]vise necess>ily c>ries ) x responsibilities f :i* !re c be no escape4 ,e tax1 e re/riction1 e requirem5t :i* co/s money or r$uces rev5ue to our s\!rn railroads is a tax :i* mu/ ultimately be paid by ! communities :i* !y s]ve4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! s\!rn railroads & ! prosp]ity ( ! ,s\? are irrevocably b\nd toge!r1 & ! ne$s ( ! ,s\? are id5tical ) ! ne$s ( ! railroads4 ,! basis ( secur+ capital mu/ necess>ily be ! ability ( ! borr[] to inspire confid5ce 9 ! l5d] t 8 capital w ultimately be return$ to him intact1 & t he w receive regul>ly & promptly adequate hire !re=4 ,no section ( our great c\ntry has su* reputation = unit$ action z ! ,s\?4 ,9 political matt]s ?is unity ( action = ye>s has l$ to ! designation ,! ,solid ,s\?4 ,:at ! railroads 9 ?is section ne$ today is a solid ,s\? beh9d & b5ea? !m2 a solid ,s\? tak+ a calm & rational view ( ! imm5se factor ! railways h be5 & always w be 9 ! developm5t ( its future greatness4 ,! rec5t rev]sion ( s5tim5t 9 ! ,/ate ( ,georgia1 br\ght ab\t by a calm & delib]ate analysis ( ! pres5t situation by ! bus9ess m5 ( t ,/ate1 %\ld be ! keynote ( ! future action ( ! solid ,s\?4 ,! adoption ( a policy ( fairness & lib]ality t[>ds ! railroad int]e/s on behalf ( all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & ! ability to conv9ce ! f9ancial _w t ?is action is s9c]e & g5u9e & w be p]man5t1 is ! great p>am\nt ne$ ( ! railroads ( ! ,s\? today4 ,prompt action along ^! l9es w enable ! railroad companies ( ?is section to successfully compete 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w = ! capital ne$$ to c>ry out ! improvem5ts outl9$1 & ?us provide ! facilities :i* w enable ! produc]s ( ! ,s\? to ride ! cre/ ( ! wave ( com+ prosp]ity4 ,9 its calls = capital ! s\!rn railroads mu/ come into competition 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w1 n only ) ! railroad requirem5ts ( ! ,nor?1 ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 b ) all ! l9es ( human indu/ry & endeavor ?r\gh\t ! wide _w4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! five or six p] c5t paid by s\!rn railroads = ! money :i* goes into _! additional facilities or equipm5t1 & ! ?ree or f\r p] c5t :i* may be yield$ by ! high-class _w inve/m5ts1 is m]ely ! gauge by :i* ! confid5ce ( ! capitali/ is measur$ 9 ! integrity ( 8 inve/m5ts4 ,today x is difficult to secure money = railroad developm5t1 ei!r ,s\? or ,nor?1 at any ord9>y rate ( int]e/4 ,:y8 ,is x because money is sc>ce8 ,no4 ,i c be/ answ] ?is by a /ory ( ! panic ( '#ic1 :5 a citiz5 ( ,*icago dropp$ into ! (fice ( ,lyman ,gage1 ( ! ,fir/ ,national ,bank ( t city1 & inquir$ ( ,mr4 ,gage if money 0 tight4 ,he repli$1 ,no1 ! bank _h pl5ty ( money4 ,! citiz5 said1 ,t's f9e2 c ,i secure a loan ( #ajj1jjj8 ,mr4 ,gage repli$1 ,yes1 y c h x2 we w loan x to y4 ,:at is y\r collat]al1 :at security c y give8 ,x is ne$less to say t ! loan 0 n made4 ,! cu/om] aft]w>ds rem>k$ to a fri5d t he _h f\nd t ! tr\ble 0 n t money 0 tight1 or t money 0 sc>ce1 b 0 due to ! sc>city ( collat]al or security1 :i* is only ano!r designation = gu>ante$ confid5ce4 ,?is is ! situation today4 ,!re is n a railroad 9 ! ,s\?1 ,nor?1 ,ea/ or ,we/ t c\ld n secure all ( ! funds necess>y = any developm5t x might desire to make provid$ x c\ld %[ ! capitali/s to :om application = ! loan 0 made t x c\ld furni% security :i* w\ld insure ! repaym5t ( ! loan & ! int]e/ !reon z due4 ,i d\bt if !re is a s+le s\!rn railway sy/em1 ! (fic]s ( :i* w\ld n gladly today take up1 consid] & block out a s*eme = ! improvem5t & bett]m5t ( _! prop]ty1 & comm5ce prep>ations to enable _! sy/em to fully p]=m ! increas$ functions ( a common c>ri]1 :i* ! abundant ye>s ( ! imm$iate future promise to require1 if !y c\ld be sure1 & 9 turn c\ld assure _! f9ancial back]s1 t ! e>n+s ( _! road w\ld be amply & safely suffici5t to provide =1 & take c>e (1 ! inve/m5t necess>y4 ,!re=e1 rememb] t ! ne$s ( ! railroads are ! ne$s ( ! ,s\?4 ,i presume !re is no plant]1 m9]1 manufactur]1 produc] ( any sort1 bank]1 m]*ant or pr(essional man 9 ! wide ,s\? :o w\ld n say 9 a mom5t t e ?\s& doll>s ( capital inve/$ 9 8 vic9ity1 or 9 8 t[n1 or 9 8 /ate1 w\ld be gladly welcom$ & eag]ly s\ght =1 by ! plant] pay+ eight p] c5t & ! m]*ant & miscellane\s produc] f six to eight p] c5t1 & t approximately "o billion ( doll>s inject$ into ! comm]cial *annels ( ! s\!rn /ates dur+ ! next t5 ye>s w\ld br+ a relative measure ( prosp]ity to e man1 woman & *ild )9 its bord]s4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ?is am\nt ( money c\ld be inve/$ 9 additional railroad improvem5ts & facilities2 t "u prop] conditions x c\ld be secur$ at a rate n 9 excess ( five p] c5t2 t approximately eighty p] c5t or m w\ld be sp5t = s\!rn labor & s\!rn mat]ial1 & w\ld f9d its way ?r\gh e art]y & ve9 ( s\!rn trade & comm]ce1 x w\ld seem t ! solid ,s\? w\ld be ?or\ghly alive to ! burn+ fact t--,! ne$s ( ! railroads are ! ne$s ( ! ,s\?4 ,i might talk to y = h\rs ab\t ! evil & unfairness ( legislative enactm5ts to ret>d & make unproductive railway inve/m5ts2 ( ! inju/ice ( any body ( m5 attempt+ by legislation1 )\t giv+ ! railroad corporations prop] he>+1 to arbitr>ily adju/ _! rates ( toll = ei!r pass5g] or freight simply because politicians consid] x a popul> ?+ to d4 ,i might sugge/ a multitude ( ?+s :i* c\ld be done to increase ! cr$it ( railroads ?r\gh\t y\r section4 ,i might m5tion a multitude ( ?+s :i* h be5 done to injure & impair & prev5t railroads secur+ ! necess>y capital to provide = _! ne$s4 ,i might also attempt to enum]ate ! ill-advis$ actions ( railroad manag]s & employees t[>d ! public4 ,i might expatiate ^u ! fooli%ness & unwisdom ( a corporation--! creature ( ! public--attempt+ to dictate to its ma/] or decl9+ to obey its comm&s4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if ! enum]ation ( ! errors & %ortcom+s ( ! fell[-memb]s ( ! same family ev] t5ds to a bett] und]/&+ or m h>moni\s relation%ips4 ,! ne$ ( ! h\r is a recognition ( ! int]dep5d5t relations :i* exi/ betwe5 u all1 & to rememb]--int5sely1 actively1 pot5tly rememb]--t an injury to "o is an injury to all1 & t unit$ we /&1 divid$ we fall4 ,,footnote3 ,b ,?is includes #ae1jjj p] mile ( duplicat$ capital4--,s4 ,t4 ,,problems ,,confront+ ,,am]ican ,,railways ,,by ,,daniel ,,will>d1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,baltimore ,,ohio ,,railroad4 ,an ,address deliv]$ at ,galesburg1 ,ill9ois1 to ,burl+ton ,railroad ,employes1 ,febru>y #bj1 #aiji1 by ,mr4 ,will>d1 !n ,second ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,*icago1 ,burl+ton ,qu9cy ,railroad ,company4 ,a %ort "t ago ,i _h occasion to expla9 to "s ( y\r associates :o happ5$ to be 9 my (fice1 "s ( ! difficulties ! railroads _h be5 cont5d+ ) dur+ ! two ye>s j pa/1 & ,i 0 ask$ if ,i w\ld be will+ to come to ,galesburg & expla9 to o!r ,burl+ton employes ! ?+s ,i _h endeavor$ to make cle> to !m4 ,i repli$ t ,i w\ld be v glad to d s1 & ,i suppose t is h[ ,i happ5 to be "h tonight4 ,i und]/& t ?is audi5ce is compos$ l>gely ( employes ( ! ,burl+ton ,railroad ,company1 & ,i am glad t t is s1 & :at ,i %all say w be address$ p>ticul>ly to !m4 ,s mu* has be5 said & writt5 ab\t railroads dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 & by _m well qualifi$ to d bo?1 z well z by "s n qualifi$ to d ei!r1 t x c h>dly be possible t any new ?+ rema9s to be said1 & ,i fe> ,i %all only be able ?is ev5+ to repeat to y collectively ! same ?+s ,i h already said to _m ( y individually4 ,"u ! ,burl+ton plan ( organization ! ,second ,vice-,presid5t has direct *>ge ( ! op]ation ( ! l9e 7responsible1 ( c\rse1 to ! ,presid5t71 & = ! la/ five ye>s ,i h _h ! privilege & honor ( hold+ t (fice4 ,i ref] to ?is only t ,i may by s do+ e/abli% my relation%ip ) ! v>i\s matt]s to :i* ,i %all lat] specifically ref]1 because ,i propose to conf9e my rem>ks *iefly to home matt]s2 t is to say1 to matt]s p]ta9+ directly to ! ,burl+ton ,company4 ,i feel t ,i ought to be qualifi$ to speak cle>ly on t subject1 & :ile ,i h naturally read mu* conc]n+ ! g5]al railroad "q z a :ole1 ! same s\rces ( in=mation h also be5 op5 to y1 ,i h no d\bt _m ( y h giv5 ! g5]al subject z mu* or ev5 m /udy ?an ,i h4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aijg--af mon?s ago--! ,burl+ton ,company did ! l>ge/ bus9ess 9 its entire hi/ory--ran ! mo/ tra9s1 e>n$ ! mo/ money & employ$ ! mo/ m54 ,dur+ t mon? ! names ( #ec1jjj m5 appe>$ ^u its pay-rolls2 & ! same condition exi/$ q g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re 0 a well-nigh univ]sal compla9t ( c> %ortage & lack ( motive p[]4 ,f\r mon?s lat]1 reports f ! ,c> ,effici5cy ,bureau 9 ,*icago %[$ a surplus ( ov] #cbe1jjj freight c>s on ! ,am]ican railroads4 ,9 ! meantime ! ,burl+ton ,company _h r$uc$ its =ce by ne>ly #ah1jjj m5 & x 0 e/imat$ t ! transportation bus9ess ( ! c\ntry _h fall5 (f m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ,:at caus$ ?is unprec$5t$ *ange8 ,m5 f> abl] ?an ,i h und]tak5 to expla91 & _m reasons h be5 giv51 all1 ,i presume1 m or less 9 h>mony ) ! facts1 b influ5c$ no d\bt by ea* man's po9t ( view4 ,i say1 c&idly1 ,i d n "k :at caus$ x2 t is1 assum+ t !re 0 any "o cause1 b ,i ?9k ,i c po9t out to y "s ( ! contribut+ causes1 at lea/ s f> z ! ,burl+ton ,company is conc]n$4 ,a railroad1 z y all well "k1 is a liv+1 gr[+ ?+4 ,x is nev] f9i%$1 or if we ?9k we h f9i%$ "s c]ta9 "p1 z 0 probably ?\ght :5 ! orig9al /one eng9e h\ses 7 built "h "s ye>s ago1 or :5 ! fir/ bridge 0 built across ! ,mississippi ,riv] at ,burl+ton1 x always happ5s t heavi]1 l>g]1 & long] eng9es come along 9 c\rse ( "t1 =c$ ^u u by ! *ang$ conditions1 & our eng9e h\se :i* 0 built = all "t becomes too %ort1 & our bridge is too light1 & bo? mu/ be rebuilt4 ,! same ?+ is go+ on 9 e dep>tm5t ( railroad op]ations--balla/1 ties1 rails1 coa*es1 /ation build+s1 ev5 grades & curvature1 all come )9 ! *ang+ influ5ce ( "t & progress4 ,i ref]r$ to ! eng9e h\se specifically simply to illu/rate my po9t4 ,because ( ! con/ant *ange or evolution :i* is go+ on1 x is necess>y t ,railroad ,companies1 if !y expect to keep abrea/ ( ! times1 %\ld make annually l>ge exp5ditures = su* improvem5ts z f "t to "t become desirable or necess>y1 if ! /&>d ( s]vice is to be rais$1 or ev5 ma9ta9$4 ,^! are call$ extraord9>y exp5ditures1 & x is cu/om>y on ?is ,l9e to prep>e ea* ye>1 z ( ,janu>y #a/1 :at is call$ a ,budget1 be+ 9 effect a li/ ( ! m important improvem5ts consid]$ necess>y by ! (fic]s ( ! ,road4 ,! ,budget %[s ! sep>ate items1 ) description ( ea*1 & also e/imat$ co/4 ,x may & does include su* items z new c>s or eng9es ne$$1 additional sidetracks1 new t]m9al y>ds1 su* z y h "h1 wat] treat+ plants1 new coal *utes1 etc4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #aijg1 ! sum total ( ! ,burl+ton ,budget1 z x /ood approv$ by ! ,presid5t on t date1 am\nt$ to some?+ ov] #af1jjj1jjj4jj4 ,x includ$ "s new equipm5t & also "s q l>ge improvem5ts1 su* z new y>d at ,l9coln1 grade r$uctions betwe5 ,galesburg & ,savanna1 etc4 ,! ,burl+ton ,sy/em is ov] #i1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 & goes ?r\gh p>ts ( elev5 diff]5t /ates4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aijg1 ! legislatures 9 all ( ! elev5 /ates1 ,i ?9k1 7 9 session4 ,! ,f$]al ,congress 0 also 9 session at ,wa%+ton4 ,bills hav+ special ref]5ce to railroads 7 be+ introduc$ daily 9 "s ( ! legislative bodies above m5tion$4 ,i _c say n[ t all ( !m 7 aga9/ ! railroads1 b ,i feel ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t :ile p]haps "s ( !m if pass$ might n h injur$ ! railroads mu*1 none1 or at mo/ v few1 7 int5d$ to help ! roads4 ,9 fact1 ! attitude ( ! ,f$]al ,congress z well z ( mo/ ( ! /ate legislatures 0 consid]$ by ne>ly all railroad own]s1 & (fic]s z well1 z di/9ctly ho/ile4 ,?is belief may or may n h be5 ju/ifi$ by ! facts--at any rate x exi/$4 ,! own]s ( ! ,burl+ton ,company believ$ x4 ,its executive (fic]s believ$ x4 ,i believ$ x4 ,! numb] ( bills affect+ railroads introduc$ 9 ! legislatures ( ! elev5 /ates above ref]r$ to1 & 9 ! ,f$]al ,congress1 dur+ ! session ( ,w9t] ( #aijf-aijg 0 ov] #hjj--;at lea/1 ov] #hjj su* bills 7 actually laid ^u my desk4 ,among ^! 7 bills r$uc+ ! pass5g] f>es 9 sev]al /ates2 o!rs ab\t reciprocal demurrage--if any "o c expla9 h[ su* a matt] c be made reciprocal2 /ill o!rs fix+ ! spe$ ( /ock tra9s1 & ! size ( caboose c>s2 fix+ ! h\rs ( labor = m5 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( ! s]vice 7& ,i wi% to say "h t t "p ( ! ,f$]al law fix+ limit ( h\rs = m5 9 tra9 & eng9e s]vice has my he>ty support72 bills hav+ ref]5ce to ! liability ( ! railroads to _! patrons & employes1 etc41 etc4 ,i d n wi% y to und]/& t ,i criticise all1 or = t matt]1 any1 ( ! bills by ?is enum]ation4 ,i am n[ simply recit+ ! facts4 ,b :e!r ! bills 7 good or bad1 desirable or undesirable1 x 0 cle> if "s ( !m became laws t ! exp5ses ( ! railroads w\ld 9 consequ5ce be l>gely increas$1 & no way 0 provid$ :]eby ! rev5ue or e>n+s w\ld be correspond+ly rais$--9 fact1 !re seem$ to be a dem& f all directions t rates %\ld be r$uc$1 & !y 7 r$uc$ 9 _m /ates4 ,ano!r important movem5t 0 also "u way at ! same "t1 & t 0 9 ! direction ( a g5]al wage increase 9 practically all dep>tm5ts4 ,?is "o item alone co/ ! ,burl+ton ,company #c1jjj1jjj4jj a ye>4 ,n[1 :at effect d y suppose all ^! ?+s _h ^u ! ,budget & simil> que/ions8 ,j ! same effect t ! same k9d ( que/ions 9 a p]sonal way w\ld h _h ^u y & y\r p]sonal affairs4 ,y w rememb] t ,i said ! ,budget am\nt$ to #af1jjj1jjj on ,janu>y #a1 #aijg4 ,t 0 j be=e ?is wave ( anti-railroad legislation ref]r$ to _h fully develop$2 b :5 we saw :at 0 happ5+1 :5 we read ! bills t 7 be+ pass$ daily1 & ! o!rs t 7 "u consid]ation1 we became v mu* conc]n$4 ,x seem$ cle> to u t ev5 if bus9ess cont9u$ good--& rememb] ?is 0 t5 mon?s be=e ! panic ( ,novemb]--t our e>n+s w\ld probably be consid]ably r$uc$ by ! r$uction ( freight & pass5g] rates 9 v>i\s /ates1 & our exp5ses 7 c]ta9 to be mu* increas$ by "s ( ! legislation & also by ! advance 9 wages1 & x 0 necess>y to consid] :]e ! money 0 com+ f to pay ! l>ge bills t w\ld come due 9 connection ) ! ,budget program4 ,aft] consid]+ ! matt] v c>efully e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 we decid$1 fir/1 n to au?orize any?+ fur!r 9 ! way ( improvem5ts unless actually necess>y2 &1 second1 to /op z _m ?+s already au?oriz$ z x 0 possible to get along )\t4 ,among ! ?+s s put (f or def]r$ 7 ! build+ ( a new eng9e h\se & necess>y %op build+s at ,clyde2 ! con/ruction ( a new l9e ab\t #ee miles 9 l5g? f ,h]r9 to ! ,ohio ,riv]2 d\ble track betwe5 ,galesburg & ,bu%nell2 new pass5g] depots at ,monm\? & sev]al o!r places2 "w on new t]m9als at ,l9coln1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 x may n h seem$ to y at ! "t t we 7 /opp+1 because we /ill _h s _m ?+s "u way1 & y _c prud5tly /op l>ge und]tak+s all at once--= in/ance1 we c\ld n /op "w on ! new y>d at ,galesburg :5 x 0 half done1 & y w recall t x requir$ m ?an two ye>s to complete ! plan1 b we did sl[ up z mu* z possible2 t is to say1 we tri$ to f9i% up su* ?+s z 7 au?oriz$ be=e ,janu>y #a1 #aijg1 & :i* 7 /ill consid]$ necess>y1 b we did n />t any new ?+s4 ,! effect ( ?is is be/ %[n by ! size ( ! ,budget on ,janu>y #a1 #aijh--;x 0 !n a little ov] #h1jjj1jjj4jj1 or ab\t "o-half :at is 0 twelve mon?s be=e4 ,9 ! meantime ! ,novemb] panic ( #aijg _h come ^u u1 & x seem$ n only be/1 b necess>y1 to cont9ue ! policy decid$ ^u 9 ,janu>y ( t ye>1 & on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #aiji1 ! ,budget1 z x !n /ood1 & z x n[ /&s1 am\nts to a little less ?an #a1jjj1jjj4jj2 & ?is br+s u up to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aijg1 ,i _h ! honor to be invit$ to ! annual banquet ( ! ,comm]cial ,club at ,cl>9da1 ,i[a1 & ,i 0 ask$ to speak ab\t ! railroad situation4 ,aft] ref]r+ to "s ( ! propos$ laws t 7 !n "u consid]ation 9 ! v>i\s /ates1 ,i cont9u$ z foll[s3 ,i w n speak ( ! probable effect ( su* a public policy z ,i h ref]r$ to1 on ! g5]al railroad situation1 z o!rs are mu* bett] qualifi$ to d t1 b speak+ = ! ,company :i* ,i repres5t1 we view ! situation ) mu* conc]n1 & we h done1 ,i ?9k1 :at any prud5t manag] w\ld d if he saw confront+ him conditions :i* he 0 c]ta9 w\ld increase 8 co/ ( op]ation a l>ge b unkn[n am\nt & at ! same "t r$uce 8 rev5ues--we h plann$ to curtail our exp5ditures :]ev] possible4 ,i d n mean t we %all let ! prop]ty suff]1 or l[] ! "* ( ! s]vice1 b we w n und]take ext5sions or l>ge improvem5ts until we c see m cle>ly :]e ! money is com+ f1 or if x comes at all4 ,h[ f> rea*+ ?is policy ( retr5*m5t1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say curtailm5t1 w be1 ,i1 at lea/1 _c say2 x w dep5d ^u ! future4 ,c]ta9 x is t our exp5ditures 9 t direction w be mu* less ?is ye> ?an la/1 :i* means1 ( c\rse1 few] m5 employ$ & less mat]ial pur*as$4 ,x is two ye>s s9ce t 0 writt51 & ,i regret to say t circum/ances h n yet seem$ to ju/ify any consid]able *ange ( policy4 ,! ,burl+ton ,company has on its pay-rolls today ab\t #ch1jjj m51 #ae1jjj less ?an 9 ,octob]1 #aijg1 & #g1jjj less ?an 9 ,febru>y1 #aijg4 ,we are do+ all ! ?+s t we consid] necess>y = ! safe op]ation ( ! tra9s1 & = ! prop] ma9t5ance ( ! prop]ty1 b conditions s f> h n seem$ to u to ju/ify a resumption ( ! policy ( bett]m5ts & ext5sion foll[$ dur+ #aijf & ! prec$+ ye>s4 ,i d n "k absolutely t x is s1 b ,i imag9e t ! o!r ,railroad ,companies h be5 pursu+ mu* ! same c\rse z we h "h4 ,! late/ reports indicate t ! total railroad mileage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t #bcj1jjj1 s t ! ,burl+ton's mileage is ab\t "o-tw5ty-fif? ( ! :ole1 & if y multiply :at has happ5$ on ?is road by tw5ty-five1 y w get a result = ! :ole c\ntry :i* w probably n be f> f ! tru?4 ,9 fact ! ,ea/]n roads suff]$ mu* m f ! actual bus9ess depression ?an we did 9 ! ,we/4 ,x has be5 /at$ by m5 :o %\ld be compet5t judges t f "o-?ird to "o-half ( all manufactur$ /eel & iron is us$ ei!r directly or indirectly by ! railroads1 & t fully "o-half ( all ! lumb] manufactur$ is s us$4 ,:5 x became necess>y = ! railroads to /op buy+ new c>s & eng9es1 & also to /op all new con/ruction & improvem5ts1 :5 possible to d s1 y c well und]/& ! effect t t c\rse mu/ h _h ^u ! two p>ticul> l9es ( bus9ess j m5tion$4 ,( c\rse1 _m o!r l9es 7 simil>ly affect$1 & x w\ld seem logical t no full & real resumption ( bus9ess c be expect$ until ! railroads are aga9 able to resume ! policy :i* !y 7 =c$ to ab&on e>ly 9 #aijg4 ,:5 w t "t come8 ,i d n "k4 ,:at w br+ x ab\t8 ,i d n "k t ei!r1 b ,i d "k :at w help matt]s greatly1 at lea/ s f> z ! ,burl+ton ,company is conc]n$2 b be=e say+ :at ,i h 9 m9d 9 t connection1 ,i w digress a little1 & briefly expla9 some?+ ( ! f9ancial responsibilities ( a l>ge ,railroad ,company1 because 9 spite ( all we he> ab\t corrupt managem5t1 /ock wat]+1 etc41 x is /ill a fact t ! railroads did co/ some?+1 & ! money t 0 us$ = t purpose 0 all1 or v ne>ly all1 furni%$ by private p]sons l y\rselves1 & x 0 furni%$ by !m = inve/m5t because !y ?\ght or hop$ su* an inve/m5t w\ld be pr(itable to !m1 = !re is1 !re c be no o!r reason = inve/+ money 9 any?+1 unless x be inve/$ = *>itable purposes4 ,! ,burl+ton ,sy/em today1 z ,i h said1 is ov] #i1jjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,x has l>ge t]m9als 9 ,*icago1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,kansas ,city1 & ! o!r great cities x rea*es4 ,x owns #a1fjj locomotives1 #a1bjj pass5g] c>s1 & #eb1jjj freight c>s4 ,! la/ annual report %[s t its bond$ debt 7or ! size ( its mortgage7 am\nts 9 r\nd numb]s to #afe1jjj1jjj4jj1 equal to ab\t #ah1jjj4jj a mile4 ,?is mortgage is legally entitl$ to int]e/ at ! av]age rate ( #d4ahe p] c5t p] annum1 because x is s specifi$ 9 ! bond1 & t int]e/ mu/ be paid1 or ! mortgage w\ld be =eclos$ j z w\ld happ5 if y fail$ to pay ! int]e/ on a mortgage1 9 case y happ5$ to h "o on y\r home4 ,9 addition to ! bond$ debt above ref]r$ to1 !re is out/&+ #aaj1jjj1jjj4jj ( /ock 9 r\nd figures1 or ab\t #ab1jjj4jj a mile1 mak+ a total capitalization ( #cj1jjj4jj p] mile4 ,we are con/antly told t ! ,am]ican railroads are ov]capitaliz$1 & yet ! ,burl+ton ,road c\ld n be replac$ today = twice its capitalization4 ,i d\bt if x c\ld be duplicat$ = ?ree times its out/&+ capital4 ,! /ock1 z y "k1 receives z int]e/ or divid5ds :atev] sum ! ,directors may decide to pay1 out ( :at is left aft] pay+ ! op]at+ exp5ses1 taxes1 & int]e/ on ! mortgage4 ,if !re is no?+ left aft] pay+ ! o!r items m5tion$ above1 ! /ockhold]s receive no?+1 s t !re is a c]ta9 risk connect$ ) an inve/m5t 9 railroad /ock t does n apply to railway or ,gov]nm5t bonds4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! ,burl+ton ,company has paid #h p] c5t divid5ds to its /ockhold]s4 ,x has e>n$ m ?an t1 z ! annual reports %[1 & ! ,directors might legally & prop]ly h paid l>g] divid5ds1 b !y did n1 & all ! money e>n$ 9 excess ( #h p] c5t on ! /ock has be5 sp5t = bett]m5ts1 new equipm5t1 etc4 ,?is policy1 pursu$ ?r\gh a long p]iod ( ye>s1 z x has be51 expla9s h[ x is t ! ,burl+ton is 9 su* good physical condition z x is today1 & ) su* a l[ capitalization4 ,) ?is explanation1 y w und]/&1 ,i am sure1 t ) an increase p] ye> 9 wages alone ( #c1jjj1jjj4jj1 toge!r ) o!r increases due to legislation1 su* z #cbe1jjj4jj p] ye> because ( ! n9e-h\r law = op]ators1 & a small] income because ( rates r$uc$ 7freight & pass5g]7 9 _m /ates1 ! surplus1 if any1 aft] pay+ divid5ds w\ld be mu* less ?an =m]ly1 & if any new "w 0 und]tak5 x w\ld be necess>y to keep its co/ )9 su* surplus z might be available1 or else borr[ ! money ) :i* to pay = su* "w4 ,i hope ,i h n[ made cle> :y x 0 t we became worri$ ab\t ! ,budget 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 & :y = ! la/ two ye>s we h be5 try+1 s to speak1 to get our h\se 9 ord]4 ,x w p]haps be said t we c\ld h borr[$ money = new ext5sions1 bett]m5ts1 etc41 & t is actually :at we 7 compell$ to d1 9 ord] to complete ! ,budget plans above ref]r$ to2 b :at prud5t man w\ld want to borr[ beyond 8 =c$ necessities1 at a "t :5 ! future seem$ s unc]ta91 & :5 ! int]e/ on ! money s borr[$ w\ld add t mu* m to 8 exi/+ burd5s8 ,! same s\nd pr9ciples %\ld & d und]lie railroad op]ations t y %\ld & d apply to y\r own p]sonal affairs4 ,! items are l>g] 9 ! case ( ! railroad--t is all4 ,i w n[ repeat ! "q--,:at w br+ ab\t a resumption ( bus9ess on railroads8 ,& if ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ cle> :at ,i s\ght to expla91 ,i ?9k y c answ] ! "q j z well z #a c1 b ,i w give y my views1 & y w n[ be 9 position to judge :e!r !y seem s\nd or o!rwise4 ,9 my op9ion1 railroad bus9ess1 :i* really means all bus9ess1 w recov] its =m] proportions :5 ! influ5ces & =ces at "w dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s %all h ceas$ do+ ! ?+s t h contribut$ s l>gely t[>ds br++ ab\t ! depression :i* we all deplore4 ,p]haps t is n q cle>4 ,i d n mean t laws already made mu/ necess>ily be unmade1 t wages rais$ mu/ be r$uc$1 b we mu/ h a re/4 ,we mu/ be giv5 "t & opportunity to "w out ! new problems t h be5 =c$ ^u u dur+ ! la/ two ye>s4 ,we mu/ be giv5 a *ance to f9d out :at x is go+ to co/ to meet ! new requirem5ts1 & also h[ mu* our rev5ues are go+ to be r$uc$ by r$uction ( rates4 ,p]haps x w be f\nd t by new me?ods gr[+ out ( ! exig5cies ( ! case we w /ill be able to e>n a surplus suffici5t to ju/ify ! resumption ( extraord9>y exp5ditures z =m]ly4 ,if n1 !n1 ei!r rates mu/ be advanc$1 or wages be r$uc$1 or improvem5ts mu/ wait or be c>ri$ on ) borr[$ money & railroads w be sl[ to increase _! int]e/-be>+ debt "u su* circum/ances4 ,z ,i h said1 two ye>s ago dur+ ! legislative p]iod1 #hjj bills affect+ railroads 7 introduc$ 9 /ates rea*$ by ! ,burl+ton ,sy/em1 includ+ ^? propos$ at ,wa%+ton4 ,s f> ?is season1 #bgb su* bills h be5 pres5t$4 ,x is too e>ly n[ to v5ture ev5 a guess z to h[ _m ( !m w become laws1 b until we "k j :at to expect1 y c cle>ly see1 ,i am sure1 t we w n feel l incurr+ any new or unnecess>y obligations4 ,among ! bills s f> introduc$ are two 9 ,ill9ois1 call$ ! full-crew bills4 ,^! two bills1 if pass$1 w increase ! co/ ( op]ation on ! ,burl+ton ,road alone #if1jjj4jj a ye>1 on basis ( pres5t bus9ess4 ,9 ,nebraska a simil> bill is "u consid]ation4 ,x is true t ! two ,ill9ois bills if !y become laws w n necess>ily make our op]ations 9 ,ill9ois unpr(itable1 b t class ( legislation w d mu* to disc\rage new developm5ts1 by mak+ su* developm5ts m difficult1 or r1 less pr(itable2 & besides1 9 my op9ion1 su* laws are n necess>y4 ,z ,burl+ton employes1 y may be int]e/$ 9 :at ,i am n[ go+ to tell y ab\t ! developm5t ( ! coal bus9ess nor? ?r\gh ,galesburg4 ,i ne$ n tell y h[ mu* x has increas$ dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s1 = y h se5 x gr[ f practically no?+ up to its pres5t proportions4 ,"s six or sev5 ye>s ago ! ,burl+ton (fic]s gave c>eful consid]ation to ! problem ( increas+ ! ,company's bus9ess1 & y mu/ be> 9 m9d t freight %ipm5ts d n j happ5 to g ?is way or t4 ,well1 !y f9ally decid$ t ! mo/ promis+ op5+ 0 to try & develop a coal movem5t f ,s\!rn ,ill9ois to ! cities ( ,/4 ,paul & ,m9neapolis1 & ! ,nor?we/ g5]ally1 :]e ! w9t]s are sev]e & fuel supply limit$4 ,x 0 f\nd t if coal f ,ill9ois 0 tak5 to ! ,tw9 ,cities x w\ld h to be sold 9 competition ) coal f ,p5nsylvania & o!r ea/]n /ates %ipp$ by wat] to ,dulu?4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! coal f ,frankl9 & ,williamson ,c\nties 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate1 :ile ( v good quality1 w\ld n br+ ! same price on ! m>ket 9 ,/4 ,paul z ! ea/]n coal4 ,x 0 also f\nd t 9 ord] to be sold at a suffici5t pr(it to ! deal]1 9 competition ) ! ea/]n coal1 ! railroad w\ld h to c>ry x f ,h]r91 ,ill41 to ,/4 ,paul1 #fdh miles1 = n m ?an #b4aj p] ton1 or #c4b mills p] ton mile4 ,x 0 also f\nd t x 0 impossible to d ?is at a pr(it to ! railroad1 z conditions !n 72 t is to say1 we c\ld n haul coal at t rate & make money on a road full ( "o p] c5t grades4 ,! eng9e]s 7 put to "w1 h[ev]1 & an e/imate 0 prep>$ %[+ :at x w\ld co/ to put ! l9e f ,savanna to ,h]r9 all to a /&>d grade n exce$+ sixte5 feet p] mile1 ! l9e above ,savanna be+ all "r4 ,x 0 believ$ t x w\ld pay to make ! improvem5t--& y "k ! re/4 ,! l9e 0 built f ,c5tralia to ,h]r91 ! ,f5ton-,?ompson cut-(f 0 built1 grades 7 cut1 &1 altoge!r1 m ?an #e1jjj1jjj 7 sp5t to put ! road 9 %ape to haul coal to ,/4 ,paul 9 #c1jjj-ton tra9s4 ,( c\rse1 _m new eng9es 7 b\ght1 z well z new & high capacity c>s suitable = ! coal trade4 ,x is a l[ rate bus9ess1 & z y "k1 ! c>s z a rule return empty1 b h&l$ ov] l[ grades & 9 full tra9s x pays a fair pr(it2 b e additional item ( co/1 ( c\rse1 r$uces ! pr(it4 ,n[ to %[ ! effect ( propos$ legislation4 ,9 ,nebraska a bill has be5 introduc$ plac+ ! limit ( c>s t c be legally h&l$ 9 "o tra9 at fifty4 ,if ?is bill becomes a law1 h[ long w x be be=e somebody w want a simil> "o 9 ,ill9ois1 & if y are go+ to fix a limit s z to make x necess>y to run m tra9s1 & consequ5tly employ m m51 & t is ! und\bt$ purpose ( ! bill1 h[ long w x be be=e ! limit w be r$uc$ to =ty1 or ev5 tw5ty-five8 ,:]e w ! ?+ end1 & :58 ,) ! m]e possibility ( su* legislation loom+ up 9 ! future1 c y expect improvem5ts su* z ,i h j describ$ to cont9ue8 ,w\ld y recomm5d !m if 9 my place8 ,h[ long w su* legislation f9d favor 9 our halls ( ,congress8 ,j z long z y\r repres5tatives ?9k y want x--by y ,i mean ! majority ( _! con/itu5ts--& no long]4 ,y\r repres5tatives & s5ators are human4 ,!y seek to obta9 political pref]m5t at ! polls1 & desire to rema9 9 (fice4 ,!y mu/ h a majority ( ! votes to be elect$1 & naturally !y w %ape _! c\rse s z to meet y\r wi%es1 z !y und]/& !m1 because by s do+ !y hope to reta9 y\r support4 ,no "o today que/ions ! "r ( ! prop]ly con/itut$ au?orities to sup]vise ! railroads4 ,no "o def5ds ! rebate1 or discrim9ation ( any k9d1 b1 z ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has rec5tly well said1 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t railroads are ! private prop]ty ( _! own]s2 t1 :ile f ! public "* ( ! "w 9 :i* !y are engag$1 ! public has ! p[] to prescribe rules = secur+ fai?ful & effici5t s]vice & equality betwe5 %ipp]s & communities1 yet 9 no prop] s5se is ! public a g5]al manag]4 ,no d\bt !re may be mu* 9 connection ) railway managem5t 9 ! pa/ 7& = t matt] at ! pres5t "t z well7 to criticise2 b please tell me :at l9e ( human und]tak+ s9ce ! _w began1 be x indu/rial1 educational or religi\s1 has be5 free f criticism2 &1 grant+ all t is said aga9/ ! railroads1 !n :at8 ,?is is :at we f9d3 ,t ! railroad rates 9 ?is c\ntry are ! l[e/ 9 ! _w1 ) few m9or exceptions n wor? consid]+2 t ! wages paid railroad employes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are high] ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w1 & t ! capitalization ( ,am]ican railroads p] mile1 z report$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 is b "o-f\r? z mu* z t ( ,engli% railroads1 & "o-half t ( ! railroads ( ,g]many & ,france1 & "o-?ird t ( ,belgium2 & ?is has all be5 accompli%$ 9 a c\ntry :]e a high protective t>iff obta9s1 & :]e ev]y?+ ! railroad uses co/s m on t acc\nt4 ,x is claim$ t our manufactur]s mu/ h ! protection ( a high t>iff 9 ord] to enable !m to meet ! prices ( _! =eign competitors & pay ,am]ican wages2 b ! ,am]ican railroad sells its product1 t is1 transportation1 = less ?an any o!r nation & /ill pays high] wages4 ,a locomotive eng9e]1 = in/ance1 receives #d4ja p] day "h z aga9/ #a4fb p] day 9 ,engl&1 & #a4ja p] day 9 ,belgium4 ,x is sometimes said t railroads h receiv$ great help f ! p 9 ! %ape ( l& grants1 & on t acc\nt %\ld give mu* 9 return4 ,let me give "o in/ance ( h[ ?is has work$ ) ! ,burl+ton ,company4 ,9 ord] to induce ! orig9al projectors ( ?is l9e to ext5d ! road ?r\gh ,i[a1 ?is ,company 0 giv5 #cei1jjj acres ( gov]nm5t l& 9 t /ate1 sell+ at t "t at #a4be p] acre1 am\nt+ to less ?an #dej1jjj ca% value4 ,by an act ( ,congress1 pass$ ov] ?irty-two ye>s ago1 a r$uction is made ( #bj p] c5t f ! mail pay on all l& grant roads4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! am\nt s d$uct$ f ! ,burl+ton1 because ( ! ,i[a grant1 am\nts to ov] #fe1jjj a ye>1 & s9ce ! law 0 pass$ has am\nt$ 9 ! aggregate to ov] #a1ejj1jjj1 or m ?an ?ree times ! orig9al value ( ! entire grant4 ,n only t1 b x goes on )\t end4 ,d y ?9k t is fair8 ,we d n ask = favors4 ,we wi% to be treat$ fairly2 t is all4 ,no "o c possibly be m int]e/$ 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! railroads ?an ! railroad employes4 ,f e doll> e>n$ by ! railroad =ty-two c5ts g directly to pay wages ( railway employes1 :ile only tw5ty-"o c5ts1 or "o-half t am\nt1 g to pay int]e/ & divid5ds4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w does ! railroad employe get s l>ge a %>e & ! security hold] s little4 ,:y %\ld n ! man :o inve/s 8 money 9 railroad /ock receive z mu* return 9 %ape ( divid5ds z ! man :o inve/s 8 9 a f>m or factory8 ,! la/ c5sus report ( ! gov]nm5t1 t = #aijj1 %[$ t money inve/$ 9 f>m l&s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates e>n$ an av]age return ( ov] #aj p] c5t1 & money inve/$ 9 manufactures e>n$ ov] #ai p] c5t4 ,! gov]nor ( ,i[a1 9 a pr9t$ article ov] 8 own signature1 appe>+ 9 ! ,febru>y1 #aijg1 numb] ( ,f>m+1 gave a numb] ( specific in/ances :]e money inve/$ 9 f>m l&s 9 ,i[a e>n$ f #ah to #bc p] c5t1 & he ref]r$ to su* cases z typical4 ,! la/ report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission %[s total e>n+s ( all railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 to h be5 #b1ehi1aje1egh4 ,x also %[s total capitalization z #ac1jec1igd1aef1 & money paid z int]e/ & divid5ds #eea1abh1gac1 equal to #d4b p] c5t on capitalization4 ,c]ta9ly ?is does n seem excessive :5 comp>$ ) pr(its 9 f>m+ & manufactur+ z giv5 above4 ,we are glad to "k t our f>m]s & manufactur]s are prosp]\s1 because we h long s9ce le>n$ t :5 !y are n prosp]\s ! railroads _c prosp]4 ,i fe> !y h n yet fully realiz$ t x is bett] = !m1 also1 t ! railroads %\ld prosp]4 ,we he> no compla9ts 9 ,congress or else:]e because our f>m]s & manufactur]s are prosp]\s2 9 fact1 we are all incl9$ to boa/ ab\t x4 ,! la/ annual report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission gives ! aggregate capitalization ( ! railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ov] #ac1jjj1jjj1jjj1 %[+ t ! railroad inve/m5t 9 our c\ntry is second 9 am\nt only to t 9 agriculture4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! numb] ( railroad /ockhold]s today is ov] #djj1jjj4 ,we "k t 9 #aijg ov] #a1fjj1jjj m5 7 employ$ on ,am]ican railroads4 ,d y "k ( any good reason :y ?is army ( railroad m51 toge!r ) ! #djj1jjj /ockhold]s1 %\ld n receive z fair consid]ation f gov]nm5t & p at l>ge z ! f>m] & manufactur] receive8 ,& yet ! gov]nm5t 9 effect lets ! "o h money )\t int]e/ to buy 8 l&1 & by means ( a t>iff makes y pay m = mu* t y buy1 s t ! o!r c pay 8 employes good wages4 ,p]sonally ,i make no compla9t because ( ei!r ( ^! ?+s2 b s f> z ,i c le>n no "o 9 ,congress has sugge/$ t railroads %\ld raise _! rates s t y might receive high] wages1 & yet ! two ?+s1 rates & wages1 are v closely relat$4 ,if any?+ ,i h said has help$ y to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! railroad problem1 ,i am glad4 ,if x has caus$ y to take a r5ew$ or deep] int]e/ 9 ! subject1 ,i am glad4 ,i c\ld g on & multiply cases 9 confirmation ( :at ,i h said _h ,i ! "t1 b :at ,i h said already is p]haps suffici5t4 ,d y int5d to make railroad+ y\r life bus9ess8 ,are y int]e/$ 9 ! prosp]ity ( railroads1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! ,burl+ton8 ,d y cle>ly see ! relation betwe5 rates & wages8 ,d y ?9k wages are too high8 ,if n1 p]haps y d n agree ) "o ( y\r congressm5 9 ,wa%+ton1 :o has j rec5tly1 on ! floor ( ! h\se1 urg$ t ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission be giv5 m p[] ov] rates1 :i* means p[] to r$uce !m /ill m1 because !y h nev]1 s f> z ,i h he>d1 ex]cis$ _! p[] ov] rates 9 any o!r way4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am glad ,i c claim to be a railroad man1 & n only glad1 b pr\d ( x z well4 ,i ?9k ! ,am]ican railway is ! "o great in/itution above all o!rs t ,am]icans %\ld be pr\d (4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,lawson1 an ,engli%man1 :o inve/igat$ our railroads 9 #aijc1 wrote ^u 8 return1 9 8 book on ,am]ican ,indu/rial ,problems3 ,! sci5ce ( transportation is go+ to be ! special contribution ( ! ,am]ican p to political economy4 ,mr4 ,neville ,prie/ley1 an ,engli% g5tleman & ,"u ,secret>y to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 ,railway ,dep>tm5t1 came to ?is c\ntry 9 #aijd = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ our ,am]ican railroads4 ,8 report 0 submitt$ to ! ,engli% gov]nm5t & pr9t$4,c ,among o!r ?+s he said3 ,am]ican railway m5 are quick to see a new idea4 ,!y are quick] /ill to try x4 ,!y take a great pride 9 _! pr(ession & are /riv+ to get at ! sci5ce ( x4 ,t _! me?ods are n always p]fect is :at might h be5 expect$1 b !y h manag$ to d :at no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w has done1 & t is1 c>ry _! goods traffic pr(itably at extraord9>ily l[ rates1 not)/&+ ! fact t !y pay m = _! labor ?an any o!r c\ntry4 ,x is 9 ! /udy ( h[ !y d ?is t mu* b5efit c be d]iv$ by o!r c\ntries4 ,mr4 ,l]oy ,beaulieu1 a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* economi/1 :o visit$ ?is c\ntry 9 #aije & made a c>eful exam9ation ( ,am]ican economic conditions1 wrote z foll[s ^u 8 return to 8 native c\ntry3 ,all 9 all1 ! prosp]ity ( ! ,am]ican railway sy/em z well z ! excell5ce ( s]vice x r5d]s1 is und5iable4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o 7 9 se>* ( model railway me?ods1 x w\ld be wise to turn to ^? practic$ "u ! free ,am]ican sy/em1 n to ^? illu/rat$ by a sy/em op]at$ "u ! debilitat+ control ( ! /ate4 ,x has be5 well said t a prophet is n )\t honor save 9 8 own c\ntry & 9 8 own h\se4 ,,footnote3 ,c ,a cond5sation ( ,mr4 ,prie/ley's able report 0 made = ! ,bureau ( ,railway ,news & c be _h on application4 ,,! ,,railroad ,,situation ,,( ,,today ,,by ,,frank ,,trumbull ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,colorado ,,s\!rn ,,railway ,,company4 ,an ,address to ! ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s at _! ,annual ,d9n]1 ,*icago1 ,jan4 #e1 #aiji4 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,society3 ,i %all n attempt to deal ) any te*nical phase ( ! railroad indu/ry1 & 9 say+ ?is ,i am embold5$ by a decl>ation :i* ,i f9d 9 ! ,con/itution ( y\r society1 to-wit3 ,?is ,society %all nei!r endorse nor recomm5d any individual or any specific or eng9e]+ production1 b ! op9ion ( ! ,society may be express$ on su* subjects z affect public welf>e4 ,! ,am]ican railroad adm9i/ration ( today has abundantly demon/rat$ its ability to solve all eng9e]+ & me*anical problems1 & we may rely ^u x t ! same ,am]ican ent]prise & valor :i* h gridiron$ ! cont95t ) %9+ b&s ( /eel w solve any te*nical problem t may be ahead ( u = :i* money may be _h4 ,i !re=e proce$ at once to engage y\r ?\ght = a few m9utes1 if ,i may1 ^u :at seems to me to be ! great problem ( ! ,am]ican railroad situation ( today2 t is1 h[ to satisfactorily settle ! relations betwe5 private capital & ! us]s ( ! railroads4 ,,f\r ,,ye>s' ,,retrospect4 ,dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s ! ,am]ican railroad has be5 9 a see?+ cauldron ( publicity2 a good deal ( refuse has ris5 to ! surface & has ne$$ to be skimm$ (f1--b ,i ?9k ,i d n violate any confid5ce 9 say+ t n all ( x has come f ! body ( ! railroad4 ,"p ( x seems to consi/ ( political bact]ia & defunct /atutes :i* attempt$ to violate ! voice ( ! p1--! ,con/itution :i* legislators _h sworn to support4 ,& 9 ?is connection1 p]haps ,i ought1 9 pass+1 to say a ^w :i* has r>ely be5 spok5 9 def5se ( ! railroads1 by po9t+ out ! %ame ( putt+ !m to ! great co/ ( prov+ 9 ! c\rts ! uncon/itutionality ( /atutes :i* ought nev] to h be5 enact$ because !y 7 nev] valid4 ,9 ! la/ f\r ye>s !re has be5 mu* noise2 ! air has be5 fill$ ) %\ts & cries1 & m or less du/4 ,hy/]ia & virtue1 al?\gh really n at all alike1 became confus$1 & a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! public absorb$ ! idea t ! railroad highways are public prop]ty1 =gett+ t all ( u are absolutely dep5d5t ^u private capital = ! ,am]ican railroad ( today4 ,aga91 we seem to h be5 ^u a /orm-toss$ ocean4 ,=tunate are we t ?r\gh x all has run ! ,gulf ,/ream ( our wond]ful ,am]ican res\rces4 ,if x 7 n = t1 we %\ld all h be5 ru9$4 ,we h surviv$1 b ! pity ( x is to ?9k h[ mu* bett] (f we might be1 if ,we1 ! ,p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld1 9 f9ancial legislation1 railroad regulation & o!r matt]s1 only ex]cise our wisdom z mu* z we d our p[]4 ,legislation has be5 re/rictive1 n con/ructive4 ,!re is v little 9 x1 ?us f>1 to help ! railroad4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ seems to h be5 ?\ght (1 except provision = money or = improv+ cr$it s z to comm& *eap money4 ,! c\ntry has be5 flood$ ) conflict+ laws & /ill ! cry goes up = m bureaucratic p[] & m /atutes4 ,x rem9ds me ( an immigration meet+ 9 ,mississippi3 ,! c\rt-h\se 0 fill$ ) an assemblage ( :ite p1 & :5 ! meet+ adj\rn$ an old d>key ask$ "o ( ! g5tlem5 :o came out ( ! c\rt-h\se :at ! meet+ 0 =4 ,! reply 0 t x 0 an immigration meet+4 ,:at is dat8 ask$ ! d>key1 to :i* ! g5tleman respond$1 ,we want to get m :ite p f ! ,nor? & ,ea/ to settle "h4 ,:]eupon ! d>key said1 ,foh de ,lawd's sake1 ,majah1 d>s moh :ite p 9 dis c\nty n[ dan u niggahs c support6 ,i admit !re h be5 _m evils 9 railroad adm9i/ration1 b ,i mode/ly affirm t !re h be5 no m ?an 9 o!r l9es ( bus9ess4 ,! railroad indu/ry ( ?is c\ntry is "y & x acquir$ "s *ildr5's diseases4 ,_m p ?9k ! railroads w\ld h recov]$ f measles1 mumps & :oop+ c\gh )\t prescriptions f =ty-sev5 v>ieties ( doctors--=ty-six /ates plus ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,x has seem$ _m times t ! railroad pati5t has be5 l ! man :o fell ill 9 "s my/]i\s way4 ,! consult+ surgeons det]m9$ t an op]ation 0 necess>y4 ,!y c\ld n locate any def9ite malady1 b !y f\nd five hundr$ doll>s on him s !y op]at$ on him = t6 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 we may be absolutely sure--t is t ! law ( comp5sation is always at "w4 ,if we h an excess ( regulation1 !re is less ( some?+ else4 ,x is entirely probable t if !re _h be5 no political regulation ( railroads1 ! p ( ?is c\ntry w\ld h m roads1 f> bett] & saf] roads1 & a great] di/ribution ( weal? ?an !y h today4 ,b ,i mu/ n =get t1 accord+ to ! subject assign$ me1 we are "h n to look backw>d1 b to look at ! pres5t1 & !n p]haps take a little look =w>d4 ,,"s ,,contradictions4 ,f a me*anical & traffic /&po9t ! ,am]ican railroad ( today is "o ( ! wond]s ( ! age4 ,i give "o illu/ration only3 ,comp>e its spl5did p]=mance ) a report ,i h "h ( ! ,nor!a/]n ,railway ( ,engl&1 :i* has a l>ge m9]al traffic4 ,?is report %[s av]age cont5ts ( load$ freight c>s to be #e4gb tons1 & av]age cont5ts ( freight tra9s to be #aad4g tons4,d ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,am]ican railroad situation 9 its political & gov]nm5tal relations is a bundle ( contradictions4 ,if y 7 to engage y\r money 9 m]*&is+ or manufactur+1 y w\ld no d\bt be appall$ if y %\ld discov] t "s "o entirely outside ( y\r l9e ( bus9ess c\ld fix ! prices at :i* y mu/ sell y\r product1 & t ! burd5 ( pro( t ! prices s fix$ are confiscatory1 is ^u y1--& t y c\ld n ab&on y\r op]ations4 ,yet ?is is precisely :at may happ5 if y inve/ y\r money 9 a railroad4 ,! contradiction is t !re are no reciprocal assurances 9 y\r behalf4 ,nei!r ! ,/ate nor ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t w give y any f9ancial aid1 nor w !y gu>antee y any?+1 nor w !y ev5 protect y aga9/ competition1 z ,france has long s9ce be5 wise en\gh to d4 ,a second contradiction is t al?\gh !re 0 a f\r ye>s' w> to prev5t a division ( ?is c\ntry1 & al?\gh !reaft] our ,am]ican g5ius connect$ up remote sections ( our common c\ntry1 & al?\gh ! "w ( ! railroads has be5 spl5didly national1 ! attempt to regulate !m has be5 lam5tably local & ,lilliputian4 ,i ne$ only cite ! conflicts betwe5 ! enactm5ts & rate-mak+ ( diff]5t /ates & ^? ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,we he> m or less ^! days ab\t ! twilight zone betwe5 ! /ates on ! "o h& & ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t on ! o!r2 b = ^? :o adm9i/] ! affairs ( a great railroad sy/em1 ! phrase twilight zone is too polite a t]m4 ,x is in/ead a jungle 9 :i* ! wayf>+ railroad man may easily lose 8 way1 & possibly be actually dev\r$ by laws ) tee? 9 !m4 ,we he> a great deal ab\t ! simple desire t ! railroads %all obey ! law2 b :o is wise en\gh to say :at ! law is1 :5 only ye/]day ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates left an important case unsettl$1 s f> z x 0 conc]n$1 because x 0 divid$ f\r to f\r4 ,^! unc]ta9 & conflict+ laws & *anges 9 rates confuse ! railroad manag] m ?an ! public has ev] realiz$4 ,a ?ird contradiction is ! attempt1 by anti-tru/ laws1 to ma9ta9 ! competitive idea alongside regulation1 z if unre/rict$ competition 7 compatible ) compulsory uni=mity 9 rates & s]vice4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r high (ficials h spok5 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms conc]n+ ! absurdity ( a situation l ?is1 & yet ?us f> !re is no relief4 ,a f\r? contradiction is f\nd 9 ! great increase 9 co/ ( produc+ transportation )\t ! correspond+ increases 9 sell+ prices :i* h tak5 place 9 o!r k9ds ( bus9ess 9 :i* private capital is engag$4 ,! errone\s impression seems to prevail t ! supply ( capital = ! railroad indu/ry is an inexhau/ible res]voir1 reg>dless ( ! comp5sation :i* x %all receive & ! conditions "u :i* x %all p]=m its "w4 ,a fif? contradiction is ! ef=t to connect up rate-mak+ ) physical valuations4 ,if x w be a satisfaction to ! politicians to h a physical valuation ( all ! railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! p are will+ to be tax$ to pay ! great exp5se ( obta9+ x1 p]haps no great h>m w be done2 b ,i believe all ( u "h w\ld conc$e t valuations by ! able/ eng9e]s1 if sep>ately made1 w\ld n agree1 & t be=e su* valuations c\ld be f9i%$1 !y w\ld be out ( date4 ,"s ( u probably ?9k t = rate-mak+ purposes ! ,gov]nm5t may z well be employ$ 9 mak+ a physical valuation ( f>ms & f>m improvem5ts 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at is a fair price = :eat2 or1 = t matt]1 p]haps be z well employ$ 9 add+ up c> numb]s4 ,i "k some?+ ( a piece ( railroad out we/1 :i* 9 a great m9+ excitem5t 0 built ?r\gh rocky & tortu\s gorges1 & ) f\r p] c5t grade hung ^u ! precipit\s sides ( awful m\nta9s 9 a climate describ$ by "o ( ! inhabitants z consi/+ ( ?ree seasons--,july1 ,augu/ & w9t]4 ,lat] ! boom evaporat$ & ! bus9ess ( ! road got d[n to "o tra9 a day4 ,9 ! l[ ebb ( traffic a brakeman "o day sift$ into ! tra9ma/]'s (fice & ask$ = a job4 ,! tra9ma/] put him ?r\gh ! cate*ism1 & among o!r ?+s inquir$1 ,:at w\ld y ?9k if y saw a tra9 c>ry+ gre5 signals8 to :i* ! applicant promptly respond$1 ,i'd ?9k bus9ess 0 pick+ up4 ,n[1 c any ( u tell :at !y w\ld d 9 ,wa%+ton ) a physical valuation ( a road l t8 ,its rates today are only ab\t "o-fif? :at !y 7 at fir/4 ,a six? contradiction is ! wide-spread desire to regulate capitalization4 ,n[ x may be t !re h be5 abuses2 b if "o asks any ( ^! critics :at is ! grievance to be rem$i$1 great sil5ce usually falls ^u !m1 = !y are unable to %[ any m relation betwe5 rate-mak+ & ei!r physical valuation or capitalization ?an !re is betwe5 ! price ( a pair ( susp5d]s & ! physical valuation or capitalization ( a dep>tm5t /ore4 ,railroads are cont9ually importun$ to make rates t w move ! bus9ess1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,we/]n road j cit$1 & ^? p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h ! highe/ railroad capitalization h ! l[e/ av]age freight rate4 ,if y w look at ! ,am]ican ,review ( ,reviews = ! mon? ( ,june1 #aijh1 y w f9d a v int]e/+ article by ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission] ,lane on ,railroad ,capitalization & ,f$]al ,regulation4 ,8 program is a v simple "o1 & :ile po9t+ out t !re %\ld be "s way ( insur+ t ! proce$s ( all railroad securities %all be actually inve/$ 9 acquisition ( prop]ty1 con/ruction1 completion1 ext5sion1 or improvem5t ( facilities1 ! improvem5t or ma9t5ance ( s]vice & ! dis*>ge or lawful refund+ ( obligations1 he says3 ,fundam5tally1 !re is at pres5t no int]-dep5d5ce ( capitalization & rate--! latt] is n 9 law1 nor 9 railroad policy1 ! *ild ( ! =m]--?\gh railroad m5 h sometimes exp$i5tly urg$ ! claim1 & c\rts h sometimes too k9dly giv5 x _! nod ( sanction4 ,also1 ,! mo/ pot5t k9d ( regulation is t :i* ca/s ! burd5 ^u ! individual to d ! regulat+ himself & makes him responsible to ! law = d]eliction2 & ! plan = ! regulation ( capitalization "h pres5t$ is f\nd$ ^u t !ory--to require ! directors ( ! railroad companies to make public ann\ncem5t ( _! security issues1 to publi% ! objects = :i* su* issues are made1 & be responsible = ! use ( ! proce$s 9 ! precise & limit$ mann] ann\nc$4 ,?is is f> too mode/ a program to please ^? :o delight 9 elaborate me?ods ( proc$ure involv+ mu* fil+ ( =ms & petitions & _m he>+s1 appraisem5ts1 vise+s1 & solemn giv+s ( cons5t2 & )\t "q x is n ne>ly z ?or\ghgo+ a plan z o!rs :i* h be5 devis$4 ,b ! simpl] ! plan is1 ! bett]1 if x may effect its purpose4 ,he fur!r says t 8 program does n gu>antee ! prospective pur*as] ( ! /ock t ! /ock c]tificate :i* be>s a pr9t$ p> value ^u its face does 9 fact repres5t prop]ty ( ! full value s designat$2 b ?is is n a duty :i* ! ,gov]nm5t = any reason is b\nd to assume1 & ,i "k ( no motive aris+ out ( national policy :i* compels ! assumption ( su* responsibility--c]ta9ly n at pres5t4 ,if our complex gov]nm5t %all control all future issues ( railroad capitalization1 we may rely ^u x t mo/ ( ! new railroad con/ruction 9 ?is c\ntry1 in/ead ( be+ indep5d5t1 w be fa!r$ by exi/+ railroad sy/ems1 because _! e/abli%$ cr$it1 :atev] x may be1 w be requir$4 ,,reconciliation4 ,is x n evid5t t ^! contradictions nev] c be reconcil$ by untra9$ m58 ,i believe t = ! ,am]ican railroad ! "t has gone by :5 illit]ate m5 w be put 9 *>ge ( millions ( doll>s' wor? ( ma*9]y & o!r prop]ty4 ,we are 9 a new era4 ,railroad+ is rapidly com+ to be a pr(ession4 ,we are necess>ily 9 all ?+s do+ m & m specializ+4 ,:y n insi/ t ! regulation also %all be 9 accordance ) e?ical pr9ciples & n det]m9$ by political exp$i5cy8 ,! great ov]-%ad[+ problem ( reconcil+ private capital & ! us]s ( railroads1 & ! contradictions :i* ,i h m5tion$1 are ! inh]itance ( ?is g5]ation ( railroad m52 & ,i h no d\bt t ?is g5]ation1 l all previ\s ones1 w be equal to ! task put ^u x4 ,out ( ! pa9ful processes ( ! la/ f\r ye>s1 we h em]g$ ) "s ga9s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! c\ntry n[ realizes t ! "o million1 five hundr$ ?\s& employes & (fic]s ( ,am]ican railroads are n surpass$ 9 integrity by any o!r simil> numb] ( bus9ess m54 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s h>dly a voice has be5 lift$ to say ?is1 & s ,i am glad to h ?is opportunity to raise my own 9 _! comm5dation4 ,9 ! second place1 x is easi] = %ipp]s & railroad traffic m5 to be hone/ ?an x ev] 0 be=e4 ,! /oppage ( rebates is a di/9ct ga91 morally z well z f9ancially4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x has be5 demon/rat$1 ,i ?9k1 t our ,gov]nm5t ought always to be bigg] ?an any corporation1 or any man1 or any set ( m51 & ?is is a good ?+ = u nev] to =get4 ,already publicity has br\ght ab\t a fri5dli] feel+ betwe5 ! p & ! railroads1 & along c]ta9 pa?s ,i h no d\bt we %all f9d our way out ( our difficulties1 = ! ,am]ican p are n unfair :5 !y und]/& a situation4 ,^u "o occasion ,i 0 mak+ a trip ov] a division ( road :]e !re 0 no competition & :]e we !re=e enjoy$ "o hundr$ p] c5t ( ! bus9ess4 ,!re 0 an unexpect$ /op = some?+ & a brakeman w5t to ! re> to protect ! tra94 ,pres5tly a wagon-load ( girls came 9 sight4 ,! brakeman took out 8 h&k]*ief & initiat$ a flirtation4 ,!n discov]+ t ,i _h se5 ! p]=mance & evid5tly desir+ to squ>e himself1 he said )\t hesitation1 ,if we make fri5ds ( ^! p !y ride on our road4 ,"o c\ld h>dly convey bett] ?an t brakeman did to me1 an idea :i* we %\ld nev] ab&on1 namely1 t "o ( ! be/ assets a road c h is fri5ds1 & ,i sugge/ t probably our fir/ duty is to keep 9 good humor & be consid]ate "o = ano!r4 ,t involves & includes good s]vice to ! public1 & no?+ w help m to keep ! public 9 good humor4 ,! p ( ?is c\ntry already h ! l[e/ rates & ! highe/ wages 9 ! _w4 ,!y are ! be/ p 9 ! _w & are entitl$ to ! be/ s]vice 9 ev]y?+4 ,i believe !y %\ld insi/ ^u hav+ ! be/ railroads1 & :5 !y s insi/1 & realize t our population has ?us f> d\bl$ e ?irty ye>s & w soon be "o hundr$ million1 & n v long aft] t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five million1 & t our transportation necessities d\ble fa/] ?an our population does1 !y w set ab\t f9d+ out :at is necess>y to obta9 adequate railroads1 & !n we %all probably he> less ab\t rates & m ab\t effici5cy & safety4 ,:5 ! p d ?is !y w soon discov] t x is no m disgraceful to make money 9 build+ railroads ?an 9 sell+ l& or 9 m]*&is+ or 9 manufactur+ or 9 m9+4 ,!y w also discov] t al?\gh ! c\rts h said railroad inve/ors are entitl$ to a reasonable return ^u a fair value1 no c\rt--n ev5 t great tribunal1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--c f9ally say :at is a reasonable return4 ,?is "q w\ld /ill be unsettl$ because we h n yet gott5 away f our dep5d5ce ^u private capital4 ,:at is a reasonable return mu/ be answ]$ by ! inve/or z well z by ! commissions or ! c\rts1 because x always takes two to make a b>ga91 & money1 l its human own]s1 w g :]e x has ! be/ prospective rew>d & ! greate/ lib]ty4 ,! p w f9d t :at we ne$ 9 ?is c\ntry is n m bureaucratic gov]nm5t by untra9$ (ficials ) brief t5ures ( political (fice1 or m p[] to commissions1 b m responsibility ^u bo>ds ( directors4 ,if /atutes are necess>y to insure ?is1 well & good2 b if regulation is g5]al 9 "* & national 9 scope1 is direct$ aga9/ oppression & discrim9ation1 & design$ to promote safety & effici5cy & fai?ful acc\nt+1 ! p w get bett] results f intellig5t & hone/ directors ?an !y w f ! be/ gov]nm5tal managem5t :i* c be devis$2 & s long z ! railroads are own$ by private inve/ors1 ^? inve/ors w d\btless insi/ ^u _! directors hav+ m & m to d4 ,i am aw>e t !re is a sociali/ic tr5d all ov] ! _w4 ,!re is m & m disposition to prescribe m$ic9e = o!r p to take1 b no am\nt ( legislation w *ange ! fundam5tal laws ( ! univ]se4 ,! fact is1--not)/&+ our ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1--m5 are n creat$ equal4 ,x is a f9e ?+ = all ( u t !y are n4 ,!re is a div]sity ( gifts2 money-mak+ is "o ( !m1 b a man may h ! tal5t = mak+ money & be totally unable to build a bridge or pa9t a portrait or lead an or*e/ra or an army1 & if =tunes are acquir$ "u ! laws :i* we ourselves h made1 :y %\ld we be envi\s8 ,unless a ri* man ho>ds money l a mis]1 x is--if n al>m$--cont9u\sly at "w = all ( u1 ?r\gh ! banks or o!rwise1 9 spite ( any?+ he c d1 & ! *eap] x c be _h1 ! great] ! economy to society z a :ole4 ,x is impossible to r$uce ev]ybody to a dead level1 & h[ monoton\s x w\ld be if we c\ld6 ,we don't satisfy ev]ybody ev5 9 our =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* we are prone to ?9k is ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,= example1 at ! la/ election six & a half million p did n get :at !y vot$ =4 ,"p ( !m got :at !y really want$1 b on ! face ( ! returns1 six & a half million 7 disappo9t$1 & yet ! c\ntry goes happily on1 app>5tly to great] prosp]ity ?an ev]4 ,b h[ mu* happi] & h[ mu* m prosp]\s we might be if !re 7 n s mu* untra9$ m$dl+--if !re 7 n s _m brakes ^u ! :eels ( our progress6 ,a brake1 we all admit1 is a good ?+ 9 its place1 b x has no propulsive p[]1 & ! ef=ts ( ! "t to comb9e 9 "o man or 9 any "o body ( m5 ! f\r functions ( prosecut+ attorney1 judge1 jury & execution]1 mu/ soon] or lat] give way4 ,fir/1 because x is un-,am]ican1 & :]e su* a condition exi/s1 z ,alex&] ,hamilton po9t$ out to ! p ( ,new ,york1 ,!re is no lib]ty4 ,second1 because x w n "w practically4 ,reconciliation ( private capital & ! us]s ( railroads might1 ( c\rse1 be br\ght ab\t by gov]nm5t own]%ip1 because if !re 7 a deficit ! p c\ld pay x 9 _! taxes4 ,ev5 !n railroad rates c\ld n be made ma!matically consi/5t1 = gov]nm5t is nev] ma!matically consi/5t4 ,= example1 if ,i mail a lett] to ,san ,francisco or ,london1 ,i pay two c5ts1 & if y mail a lett] to ,evan/on y pay two c5ts4 ,b nobody seems to want gov]nm5t own]%ip1 al?\gh _m p cont5d t t w\ld be mu* fair] & m hone/ ?an gov]nm5tal control ( railroads )\t f9ancial responsibility4 ,p]haps a middle gr\nd may sometime be work$ out by a pr(it-%>+ arrangem5t1 z 9 ,*icago betwe5 ! city & ! /reet railway companies4 ,t w\ld h its advantages4 ,among ! advantages w\ld be *eap] money = railroads1 if ! gov]nm5t w\ld gu>antee a m9imum return on agre$ valuations4 ,b ( c\rse ?is w\ld be mu* m complex ?an to "w out an arrangem5t ) corporations l /reet railways1 :i* d a s+le k9d ( bus9ess at "o rate1 in/ead ( a bus9ess affect+ e commodity ( human consumption & /ret*+ ?r\gh =ty-six /ates & two t]ritories4 ,h[ev]1 ,i ?9k !re is food = ?\ght = all ( u 9 :at has be5 accompli%$ "h 9 ,*icago1 & ! pr(essional intellect pres5t tonight may well ?9k x ov]4 ,f9ally1--:ile a man has z good a "r to increase 8 =tune by inve/+ 9 railroads z 9 any o!r mann]1 no matt] :at x may be1 ,i believe we %all f9d a solution = "s ( ! puzzles t beset u1--n ?r\gh ! gospel ( tyranny on ! "o h&1 nor ! gospel ( equality on ! o!r h&1 b ?r\gh a gospel ( /ew>d%ip4 ,let u all feel t al?\gh ! acquisitive faculty is und\bt$ly plant$ 9 ! human brea/ = "s wise purpose1 we are n "h prim>ily = p]sonal aggr&izem5t4 ,we are "h = s]vice1 & ! great] our tal5ts or our weal? or our opportunities ! great] our responsibility4 ,we are tru/ees--= ! us]s ( our railroads1 = our employees1 & = inve/ors2 & let u welcome all ! additional responsibility :i* may be put ^u u z directors or sal>i$ (ficials4 ,i am sure ?is s5tim5t w comm5d itself to all ( y1 because !re is no body ( m5 9 ! _w :i* has a high] code ( e?ics & :i* has demon/rat$ p]sonal fidelity 9 a high] degree ?an ! ,eng9e]s ( ,am]ica4 ,,footnote3 ,d ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijh ! av]age cont5ts ( load$ freight c>s 0 #ai4f tons & ! av]age ( a freight tra9 0 #cea4hj4 ,on "s ( ! m9]al roads ! av]ages 7 mu* great]4--,s4 ,t4 ,,transportation ,,*>ge ,,& ,,prices ,,by ,,logan ,g4 ,,mcph]son1 ,lectur] on ,transportation1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,au?or ( ,! ,work+ ( ! ,railroads4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission f ,railway ,freight ,rates 9 ,relation to ! ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,logan ,g4 ,mc,pherson4 ,copyright #aiji by ,h5ry ,holt & ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,va/ly ! great] proportion ( ! commodities mov$ by ! railroads are 9 ! processes ( comm]ce2 t is1 ! conveyance f ! place ( consignm5t to place ( receipt 9 ! majority ( cases is sequ5t to a transf] ( own]%ip4 ,! sell] _c cont9ue 9 bus9ess unless he obta9 a m>ket = 8 mat]ial1 or 8 m]*&ise1 & ! pur*as] c n cont9ue 9 bus9ess unless he secure ! mat]ial1 or ! m]*&ise1 :i* he ne$s4 ,! m>g9 )9 :i* ! add$ *>ge = transportation may be adju/$ is !re=e limit$ 9 "o direction by ! am\nt :i* ! sell] ( a commodity w accept & ! pur*as] w pay & cont9ue 9 bus9ess4 ,if ! sell] or ! pur*as] _c make a pr(it at lea/ approximately z great z f o!r op]ations 9 :i* x might be feasible = him to engage he w1 o!r ?+s equal1 *ange 8 bus9ess1 & ! railroad w no long] h ! traffic t fl[$ f 8 op]ations4 ,a railroad1 !re=e1 mu/ adju/ its transportation *>ges t production may cont9ue4 ,?is includes ! adju/m5t ( rates t products may be s5t to m>kets1 t ! products ( ! region tribut>y to "o railroad may rea* m>kets 9 competition ) simil> products ( o!r regions1 & 9 competition ) o!r products t w answ] ! same purpose4 ,! wid] ! m>kets t ! produc]s c rea*1 ! great] is ! enc\ragem5t to production4 ,! m num]\s & v>i$ ! s\rces ( supply ( :i* ! pur*as] has *oice1 ! m likely t 8 requirem5ts w be met to 8 satisfaction4 ,?is is ! case :e!r ! sale or pur*ase be ( food1 :e!r x be ( raw mat]ial to fe$ ! processes ( mill or factory1 :e!r x be ( w>es = :olesale di/ribution1 or :e!r ! pur*ase be ( m]*&ise by ! retail deal]1 or ! f9al consum]4 ,x has long be5 claim$ by ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t _! rates ( freight are l[] ?an ^? ( any o!r c\ntry1 & t ! nation's progress 9 indu/ry & comm]ce has 9 l>ge measure be5 due to ! *eapness & ! effici5cy ( its transportation s]vice4 ,by way ( pro( has be5 in/anc$ ! proportion t ! transportation *>ge be>s to ! sell+ price ( ! /aple commodities4 ,x is said t ! rate *>g$ = ! transportation ( food products does n affect _! sell+ price 9 any m>ket ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--t price be+ fix$ by ! processes ( supply & dem& :i* ! am\nt ( ! freight rate does n influ5ce4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijg inquiry 0 made ^u ?is po9t among ! produce deal]s ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 :o gave ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,! price paid by ! h\sekeep] p] doz5 = eggs dur+ ! season ( %ipm5t seldom exce$s by m ?an five c5ts ! price receiv$ by ! ,we/]n f>m] :o takes !m to ! c\ntry /ore4 ,t is1 ! railroads br+ eggs a ?\s& miles to ,new ,york = a c5t or a c5t & a half a doz51 & two ?\s& miles or s = ab\t two c5ts & a half a doz51 ! deal]s tak+ ! rema9d] ( ! five c5ts z paym5t = h&l+4 ,! net diff]5ce betwe5 ! price paid p] p\nd = butt] at ! cream]y1 :e!r 9 ,new ,york ,city or 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & t paid by ! ,new ,york retail deal] av]ages ab\t "o & "o-half c5ts = commission & "o c5t = freight4 ,9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y & ,febru>y turkeys are tak5 f ! ,texas ran*es to m>ket+ c5t]s1 ! transportation *>ge on t5 birds weigh+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds be+ ab\t #be c5ts4 ,aft] ^! t5 birds h be5 dress$ & pack$ !y weigh ab\t "o hundr$ & two p\nds1 & ! freight rate f ,texas to ,new ,york is #a4ej = #ajj p\nds4 ,t is1 a ,texas turkey t retails 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket = #bj c5ts a p\nd w h paid "o & ?ree-f\r?s c5ts p] p\nd to ! railroads t took x f ! ran* to ! conc5tration po9t & !nce to ! m>ket4 ,! f>m] 9 ,texas receiv$ ab\t n9e c5ts p] p\nd1 leav+ a trifle ov] n9e c5ts to be divid$ betwe5 ! pack+ h\se1 ! produce m]*ant & ! retail deal]4 ,*ick5s & o!r dress$ p\ltry t come f ,*icago pay a freight rate ( ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a c5t a p\nd1 ! railroad company supply+ a refrig]ator c>1 & keep+ !m ic$ :ile 9 transit4 ,! rail rate f ,*icago to ,new ,york on gra9 & gra9 products = dome/ic consumption has be5 ab\t #ag c5ts p] #ajj p\nds2 t is1 a bu%el ( oats or corn or :eat1 t may br+ 9 ,new ,york any:]e f #dj c5ts to #a1 has be5 br\ght f ! ,we/]n f>m = f eight to fifte5 c5ts4 ,hay t has yield$ ! f>m] #ah or #ai a ton & sells 9 ,new ,york at ab\t #bd has paid ! railroads some:]e f #c to #e p] ton1 accord+ to :e!r x came f ! mead[s ( ! ,ohio or ! ,mississippi ,valleys4 ,a bullock t weighs #a1bjj p\nds w1 at ,*icago1 br+ on an av]age #e4ej p] #ajj p\nds1 :i* includes an av]age ( five c5ts p] #ajj p\nds = freight f ! graz+ gr\nds4 ,its total value at ! /ock y>ds1 !re=e1 is #ff4 ,:5 x has pass$ ?r\gh ! pack+ h\se its weight w h be5 r$uc$ to #gjj p\nds4 ,f ,*icago to ,new ,york x w pay #de c5ts p] #ajj p\nds freight or1 9 o!r words1 ! #gjj-p\nd c>cass1 :i*1 if retail$ at an av]age ( #ae c5ts a p\nd w\ld br+ #aje1 has paid ! railroads betwe5 #c4ej & #d f ! f> ,we/ to ! metropolis4 ,on potatoes ! freight rate p] b>rel conta9+ ab\t two & a half bu%els is #a4je f ,florida1 #fe c5ts f ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #de c5ts f ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #cj c5ts f ,virg9ia1 & f ?is #ab c5ts p] bu%el ! rate scales d[n to five or six c5ts p] bu%el f ne>by regions4 ,! freight rate on tomatoes f ,florida is #be c5ts p] package ( six baskets1 f ,texas #ae c5ts = twelve qu>ts1 f ,mississippi #gf c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 & f ! ne>by f>ms eight c5ts p] bu%el ( tw5ty-eight qu>ts4 ,! freight rate on cantal\ps to ,new ,york ranges f less ?an a c5t = a melon f ! ,c>ol9as to ab\t two & a half c5ts = t f ,cali=nia4 ,oranges f ,florida to ,new ,york pay ! railroads f f\r to n9e c5ts a doz51 & ^? f ,cali=nia six to twelve c5ts a doz51 z !y may be l>ge or small4 ,a ?ree-p\nd c ( tomatoes f ,m>yl& pays ! railroad ab\t "o-half c5t p] c4 ,! freight rates to ,new ,york on food/uffs h be5 select$ z typical ( ! transportation *>ges apply+ on su* commodities 9 ! ma9 *annels ( traffic f ! ,we/ to ! ,ea/2 &1 9 s f> z fruits & vegetables are conc]n$1 f ! ,s\? to ! ,ea/4 ,! transportation *>ge p] consum]'s unit on ^! food/uffs is a trifle less to ,philadelphia & adjac5t ,delaw>e & ,new ,j]sey2 ano!r fraction l[] to ! great ,pittsburg di/rict1 & /ill l[] to ! cities ( ! ,we/ & ,s\? t are ne>] ! places ( production4 ,z prices ( food products fluctuate )9 a fairly wide range & freight rates also fluctuate1 ?\gh )9 b a v n>r[ range1 ! rates & prices specifi$ 9 ! =ego+1 z well z 9 ! succe$+ p>agraphs ( ?is *apt]1 _c be consid]$ z ( specific application at any giv5 "t 9 ! future4 ,!y 7 exact at ! "t !y 7 collat$ & w v closely approximate accuracy at any p]iod4 ,z ,new ,york may be consid]$ repres5tative ( ! places to :i* edible products ( ! ,we/ & ,s\? are consign$1 s also may ,/4 ,l\is be consid]$ a typical c5t] ( reception ( ! manufactur$ products ( ! ,ea/4 ,! in=mation giv5 9 ! imm$iately foll[+ p>agraphs 0 obta9$ f m]*ants & manufactur]s ( t city4 ,! transportation *>ge on ! mat]ial ent]+ into a pair ( %oes made 9 a ,/4 ,l\is factory av]ages "o & "o-qu>t] c5ts4 ,! transportation *>ge requir$ to place t pair ( %oes 9 ! h&s ( a consum] 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates av]ages betwe5 two & ?ree c5ts4 ,! mat]ial ent]+ into an ord9>y b$/ead1 su* z retails 9 ,/4 ,l\is = #h1 w h paid ! railroad ab\t #dj c5ts4 ,f t5 p\nds ( nails made 9 ,pittsburg & retail$ 9 ,/4 ,l\is ! railroad w h obta9$ a trifle ov] two c5ts1 & f t5 p\nds ( wire two & "o-half c5ts4 ,an axe made 9 ! ,pittsburg di/rict t retails 9 ,/4 ,l\is = #a w h paid ! railroads "o & "o-f\r? c5ts4 ,at ,kansas ,city t same axe w h paid freight ( a fraction ov] f\r c5ts & at ,d5v]1 :]e ! retail price w h advanc$ to #a4cj1 x w h paid #ad c5ts freight4 ,a padlock retail+ 9 ,/4 ,l\is at #ej c5ts w h paid ! railroads a little m ?an "o-half c5t2 at ,kansas ,city x w h paid "o c5t1 & at ,d5v]1 :]e ! retail price advances to #ge c5ts1 x w h paid two c5ts to ! railroads4 ,an eighte5-gallon galvaniz$ iron tub t retails 9 ,/4 ,l\is at #hj c5ts w h paid ! railroad f place ( manufacture two & ?ree-t5?s c5ts2 to ,kansas ,city ! freight rate w h be5 six & "o-f\r? c5ts1 & to ,d5v] #ae c5ts1 b "h ! retail price ( t tub is #a4 ,a /ove t weighs two hundr$ p\nds & retails 9 ,/4 ,l\is = #ah w1 9 c>load lots1 pay #dd c5ts to ,kansas ,city or ,omaha1 & retail !re = #bb2 #a4dh to ,d5v]1 & retail !re = #be2 #b4ej to ,seattle1 & retail !re = #cj4 ,:5 a h\sewife ( ,/4 ,l\is buys a doz5 clo!sp9s %e has paid ! railroad five t5 ?\s&?s ( a c5t4 ,if %e buys a wa%bo>d at #ej c5ts %e has paid ! railroad =ty-two "o-hundr$?s ( a c5t4 ,9 ,d5v] %e w\ld pay = t wa%bo>d #fj c5ts1 ( :i* ! railroad w\ld h receiv$ two c5ts4 ,! high] rates & prices t h be5 specifi$ z apply+ 9 ,kansas ,city & ,d5v] may also be tak5 z applicable to cities 9 ! int]ior ,s\? & ,s\?we/1 su* z ,oklahoma1 ,=t ,wor? & ,san ,antonio4 ,9 response to inquiries made conc]n+ c]ta9 /aple articles ( daily & g5]al use 9 v>i\s ( ! small] cities & t[ns ext5d+ f ,massa*usetts to ,georgia & ,ill9ois1 & f ,mi*igan to ,mississippi1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ?r\gh\t ?is region ! transportation *>ge on su* articles ranges z foll[s3 ,on a man's suit ( clo!s1 f two to eight c5ts2 on calicos & g+hams1 f "o-fiftie? ( a c5t to "o-fif? ( a c5t a y>d2 ! freight *>ge paid on ! entire app>el ( a fully dress$ man or woman 9 ?is section w\ld range p]haps f six or sev5 to #af or #ah c5ts4 ,! rate on an ord9>y d9+ room suite consi/+ ( table1 sidebo>d1 six *airs & a *9a closet w\ld av]age f #ge c5ts to #e1 on a p>lor suite ( s(a & f\r *airs f #ej c5ts to #d1 on a b$/ead & its equipm5t f #ge c5ts to #a4ej1 9 ea* case f ! factory to ! home4 ,! lumb] us$ 9 ! ord9>y eight-room h\se w h paid ! railroads f #ce to #aej1 & ! brick f #f or #h to #ej or #fj1 z ! kiln may be ne> or remote4 ,a fifty-p\nd sack ( fl\r f ! mill1 ev5 at ,m9neapolis1 9 b a few cases has paid a freight rate ( ov] eight or n9e c5ts to ! consum]4 ,products ( ! beef or ! hog are c>ri$ f ! we/]n pack+ h\ses ?r\gh\t ?is t]ritory at rates t v>y f a fif? ( a c5t to n exce$+ a c5t p] p\nd4 ,x has n be5 difficult to secure su* in=mation z applies 9 ! ma9 to ! transportation *>ge borne by a manufactur$ article f ! place ( mak+ to ! f9al m>ket1 or on food/uff f ! place ( gr[? to ! place ( sale to ! consum]4 ,data z to ! am\nt ( transportation *>ge c>ri$ by ! v>i\s k9ds ( raw mat]ial ent]+ into a manufactur$ product has n 9 _m cases be5 s easy ( asc]ta9m5t4 ,a pr9cipal reason has be5 t ! manufactur]s 9 numb]s ( in/ances d n "k :at x is !mselves4 ,_m k9ds ( mat]ial are b\ght at a price :i* includes deliv]y at ! factory1 ! freight rate n com+ "u ! cognizance ( ! pur*as]4 ,! diff]5t mat]ials us$ 9 a product may h come f su* div]se s\rces1 & paid su* v>y+ rates ( freight1 t ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! total freight *>ge 9 any giv5 unit ( manufacture w\ld be too difficult to be wor? :ile4 ,9 num]\s o!r cases ! freight *>ge is confess$ly s small an item t no attempt is made to apportion x z an item ( exp5diture p] unit ( product1 ! total simply be+ gr\p$ 9 ! aggregate ( exp5se4 ,! /atem5t t ! transportation *>ge borne by ! mat]ial ent]+ into an ord9>y pair ( m5's %oes av]ages "o & a qu>t] c5ts is ! result ( a def9ite calculation made by "o ( ! l>ge/ %oe manufactur]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,a lead+ wool5 manufactur] e/imates t ! price ( wool at ,bo/on w av]age p]haps #cj c5ts a p\nd 9 ! grease1 includ+ a transportation *>ge t w av]age "o c5t a p\nd4 ,! loss 9 clean+ & sc\r+ is ab\t =ty-five p] c5t41 & ! price ( a p\nd ( sc\r$ wool w av]age ab\t #fc c5ts at ! mill4 ,( ?is ab\t two c5ts is *>geable to transportation4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( wool w make ab\t sev5ty p\nds ( /raight wool5 clo?1 on :i* ! transportation *>ge has !re=e be5 a fraction less ?an ?ree c5ts a p\nd4 ,on clo? t is mix$ ) cotton ! transportation *>ge is less4 ,! rates on wool5 goods f any ( ! ,new ,engl& mills are s l[ t a y>d ( clo? :i* w sell f #a4ej upw>ds 9 any ( ! we/]n m>kets w n h paid ! railroads m ?an five c5ts f ! %eep's back 9 ,colorado to ,massa*usetts & back aga9 to ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,! foll[+ in=mation z to ! ext5t ( ! transportation *>ge borne by div]s mat]ials ( v>i\s indu/ries has be5 obta9$ 9 ea* in/ance f an au?ority 9 t indu/ry4 ,! transportation *>ge on raw cotton to ! mills 9 ,massa*usetts w av]age f "o-half to two-?irds ( a c5t a p\nd1 n exce$+ "o c5t p] p\nd ev5 f plantations s remote z ^? ( ,texas4 ,cotton loses f fifte5 to tw5ty p] c5t4 9 ! clean+1 "o hundr$ p\nds ( cotton mak+ f eighty to eighty-five p\nds ( cotton goods4 ,z ord9>y calico w run ab\t six y>ds to ! p\nd & sell = ab\t five c5ts1 ! cotton t has paid a freight rate ( f #ej c5ts to #a is wov5 into #bd wor? ( calico4 ,! transportation *>ge on a pair ( rubb] ov]%oes1 includ+ ! rubb] f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! cotton /ock1 & ! %ipm5t to ! we/]n m>kets1 av]ages ab\t two & "o-half p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( ^? m>kets4 ,t is1 a pair ( rubb] ov]%oes retail+ = #ge c5ts w h paid = transportation1 all told1 less ?an "o & n9e-t5?s c5ts4 ,9 no "o ( ^! examples1 :i*1 p]haps1 are typical ( ! entire clo?+ indu/ries 9 s f> z ! use ( lea!r1 wool & cotton are conc]n$1 is ! transportation *>ge an appreciable factor 9 ! price ei!r ( ! mat]ial to ! manufactur] or ( ! f9i%$ article to ! consum]4 ,a b>rel ( fl\r made 9 ,m9neapolis & transport$ to ,bo/on is sold at ! "t ( ?is writ+ by ! mill+ company to a deal] ( t city1 or any o!r place 9 ,new ,engl&1 = #f4 ,( t #f accrues to ! transportation ag5cies1 = c>ry+ ! :eat ( :i* t fl\r 0 made f ! ,we/]n f>m to ! ,m9neapolis mill1 & = c>ry+ ! fl\r f ! mill to ,bo/on1 an am\nt t av]ages #he c5ts4 ,! proportion ( ! transportation *>ge to price at diff]5t m>kets v>ies ) ! freight rate4 ,at ,new ,york ! mill+ company w\ld sell t b>rel = #e4ie1 :i* w\ld include a total transportation *>ge ( #hj c5ts2 at ,philadelphia ! sell+ price w\ld be #e4ij1 ! transportation *>ge #ge c5ts2 at ,buffalo or ,pittsburg ! sell+ price #e4hj1 & ! total transportation *>ge #fe c5ts2 at ,atlanta ! price #f4bj1 ! transportation *>ge #a4je2 at ,new ,orleans ! price #f4aj1 ! transportation *>ge #ie c5ts4 ,typical rates on leaf tobacco1 av]ag+ 9 value #ac p] #ajj p\nds f plantation to w>eh\se 9 ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as1 are f #ae c5ts to #ba c5ts p] #ajj p\nds2 on ! smok+ tobacco into :i* ?is leaf is conv]t$1 & :i* sells at #dh p] #ajj p\nds1 f ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 to ,new ,york ,city #cj c5ts1 to ,*icago #ei c5ts1 to ,kansas ,city #a4af4 ,rates f ! plantation to ! w>eh\se on ! leaf tobacco ( ! ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee region1 :i* also br+s an av]age ( #ac p] #ajj p\nds1 are f #e c5ts = %ort to #bj c5ts = long] di/ances4 ,! plug tobacco into :i* ?is leaf is conv]t$ is sold at #bh p] #ajj p\nds1 be+ di/ribut$ on su* rates z ^!3 ,/4 ,l\is to ,l\isville1 #be c5ts2 to ,new ,york ,city1 #eh c5ts2 to ,kansas ,city1 #ce c5ts2 to ,seattle1 #b4bj4 ,manufactur$ tobacco 9 all cases is sold at a price :i* includes deliv]y f ! factory to ! place ( consignm5t1 :]ev] x may be1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ales4 ,! freight rate on cane sug> f ! c5tral 9 ! ,l\isiana di/rict to ! f9al ref9]y ranges f #e to #aj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 ! ref9]y pay+ f #c4ej to #d4ej = ! sug>4 ,sug> t is sold by ! ref9+ company at #d to #e c5ts a p\nd retails at #f c5ts1 ! deal] mak+ little or no pr(it4 ,z a t[n ( five to t5 ?\s& p at ! av]age p] capita consumption ( sev5ty-five p\nds a ye> w consume a c>load ( sug> 9 ab\t a week1 ! jobb+ ( sug> is greatly dec5traliz$4 ,contra/+ ) ?is retail price ( #f p] hundr$ p\nds typical di/ributive rates are1 f ,new ,york to ,*icago #be c5ts1 to ,/4 ,paul #cj c5ts1 to ,kansas ,city #db c5ts2 f ,new ,orleans to ,*icago #be c5ts1 to ,atlanta #bd c5ts1 to ,kansas ,city #cd c5ts4 ,! freight *>ge on sug> beets rais$ 9 ,colorado & ,utah f ! f>m to ! ref9]y is always paid by ! sug> company4 ,x av]ages f #cj to #dj c5ts p] ton1 or = a di/ance ( fifty miles is z mu* z #ej c5ts4 ,a ton ( beets conta9s ab\t ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( sug>1 :i*1 all[+ = an av]age loss dur+ extraction1 w\ld produce two hundr$ & =ty p\nds ( ref9$ sug>4 ,?is is s5t f ! factories to ! pr9cipal places ( /orage--,kansas ,city1 ,omaha & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! aggregate freight *>ge f ! f>m to ,/4 ,l\is on ^! two hundr$ & =ty p\nds is ab\t #a4gj1 & ! aggregate rev5ue to ! ref9]y at five c5ts a p\nd1 #ab4 ,:ile ! price ( bananas is subject to great fluctuation1 a fair av]age at ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,*>le/on1 ,mobile & ,new ,orleans1 ! ports ( import1 is #a4ge p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! av]age rail *>ge = c>load lots f port to m>ket is f #cj to #ej c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! bananas consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry are receiv$ at ! ,nor? ,atlantic ports1 :5ce !y are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates4 ,! rema9+ two-?irds1 :i* supply ! ,s\? & ,we/1 are receiv$ at ! ,s\!rn ports4 ,imm$iately ^u receipt at ,new ,orleans1 = example1 %ipm5ts are made to ! ,nor? 9 tra9 loads t !y may be tak5 out ( ! w>m climate be=e !y spoil1 & c>s are re-consign$ en r\te at ! in/ance ( ! company :i* has v ?or\ghly organiz$ ! banana bus9ess1 an alli$ company hav+ ab\t sixty ag5cies ) m5 :o devote _! entire "t to ext5d+ ! sale ( ! fruit4 ,= hides t pay a freight rate f ! pack+ h\ses at ,*icago to ,new ,york ( #cj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 ! but*] receives1 accord+ to quality1 f #f or #g to #aa or #ab p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! but*]s remote f m>ket h ! freight rate d$uct$ f ! price paid !m = hides1 b x is a trifle1 seldom exce$+ five c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! hide loses f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five p] c5t4 9 ! process ( tann+2 ! price ( lea!r is fix$ by measure & n by weight4 ,! rate on tann$ lea!r1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ,*icago & ,bo/on is #ci c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! railroads make l[ rates on f]tiliz] to enc\rage its use by ! f>m]s1 x be+1 ( c\rse1 to ! int]e/ ( a railroad to enc\rage ! production ( l>g] crops t its traffic may be augm5t$4 ,f]tiliz] ( diff]5t grades br+s f #ah & #bj to #ee & #fj a ton4 ,typical rail rates f ! places ( manufacture are f ,j]sey ,city to ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 #a4aj p] ton1 & f ,bo/on to ,portl& #a4bj p] ton--bo? rates apply+ 9 c>load lots4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 :]e f]tiliz] is ext5sively utiliz$1 repres5tative rates are f ,atlanta to ,?omasville #b4ej1 f ,*>le/on to ,columbia #b4jj p] ton4 ,:5 all[ance is made = ! elim9ation ( wat] f pulp & ! %r9kage 9 its manufacture into pap]1 ! av]age freight rate borne by ! mat]ial ent]+ into pap] at ! nor!rn ,new ,engl& mill is ab\t #ac c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! manufactur]s consid] #ag c5ts p] #ajj p\nds to be ! av]age freight rate on ! pap] f ! mill to places nor? ( ! ,ohio & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]s4 ,! aggregate freight *>ge borne on ! av]age by ! #ajj p\nds ( pap] :i* sells at ! factory = #b4ej is !re=e #cj c5ts4 ,z ) all ?+s else1 ! rates on ! ores ( ! f> we/]n region h be5 adju/$ "u ! necessity ( ! transportation ag5cies to s s]ve ! m9es t _! products may be m>ket$4 ,! rate ^u ! ore f ! m9e to ! smelt]1 ^u ! metal f ! smelt] to ! ref9]y1 & ^u ! ref9$ lead or ref9$ copp] f ,*icago to ! seabo>d m>ket1 are all det]m9$ by ?is prime factor4 ,! freight *>ges1 = example1 f ! ,coeur d',al5e di/rict 9 nor!rn ,idaho on ! ores f :i* ! extrane\s mat]ial has be5 r\ghly sep>at$1 to ! ,puget ,s\nd ref9]ies1 rea* a maximum ( #f p] ton = a di/ance ( f\r or five hundr$ miles1 & ! rate f ,puget ,s\nd to ,new ,york is #ad4ej1 ! av]age transportation *>ge1 !re=e1 be+ ab\t #bj p] ton4 ,! value ( a ton ( copp] at #ab c5ts a p\nd is #bdj1 & a ton ( lead at f\r c5ts a p\nd is #hj4 ,copp] passes ?r\gh manifold & exp5sive processes & its ext5sive consumption has foll[$ ! developm5t ( electricity4 ,lead does n require s _m or s exp5sive work+s1 & x has long be5 a great /aple ( g5]al use4 ,! m9e f>!r f a smelt] naturally has to pay a high] rate ( freight ?an a m9e ne>] to x1 receiv+1 !re=e1 a less] net price = its product1 b ! railroads are oblig$ to s adju/ rates t practically e m9e c rea* a m>ket4 ,! rate on ref9$ petroleum betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago is #bg c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 ! av]age rate paid nor? ( ! ,ohio & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]s be+ f eight to t5 c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,f ,tol$o to ,atlanta ! rate is #dh c5ts1 f ,:it+ #df c5ts1 f ,new ,orleans #ce c5ts4 ,! rate f ,*icago to ! ,miss\ri ,riv] is #bb c5ts1 to ,/4 ,l\is #aj c5ts2 :ile ! rate f ! ,kansas field to ,/4 ,l\is is #ag c5ts4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( ref9$ oil conta9 approximately sixte5 gallons :i*1 at an av]age price ( #ab c5ts a gallon at ! ref9]y1 w\ld aggregate #b4 ,! price p] gallon to ! consum] is increas$ "o c5t ) ea* increm5t ( sev5 c5ts 9 ! freight *>ge4 ,! pr9cipal biscuit company receives f #h to #af p] #ajj p\nds = its crack]s & cakes1 av]ag+ #aj p] #ajj p\nds = its lead+ br&4 ,f its ,new ,york plant to ,bo/on ! freight rates are #ai c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 to ,atlanta #fb c5ts4 ,! rate f ,*icago to ,montgom]y is #fi c5ts1 to ,h\/on #ha c5ts1 to ,d5v] #ig c5ts4 ,f ei!r ,new ,york or ,*icago to ! ,pacific ,coa/ ! rate is #a4fj4 ,^! rates apply to c>load lots1 all goods be+ sold deliv]$1 ! company absorb+ ! freight4 ,! retail price is ! same all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates z x is ) %oes1 cig>s1 soap1 propriet>y m$ic9es & doz5s ( o!r famili> articles4 ,on cotton1 ! great /aple product ( ! ,s\?1 ! freight rate /ructure has be5 9 process ( developm5t ev5 a long] "t ?an t affect+ ! movem5t ( gra9 f ! ,we/4 ,f ! plantation into ,memphis1 ! l>ge/ inl& cotton c5t] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a typical rate is #cj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds = "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,f ,memphis to ,bo/on ! rate is #eg c5ts1 & f ,memphis to ! ,gulf #cj c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,f ,augu/a1 ,ga41 a c5tral m>ket ( ! ,ea/]n cotton gr[+ di/rict1 ! rate to ,*>le/on & ,savannah is #ba c5ts1 to ,brunswick #bc c5ts & to ,norfolk #bf c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,a bale ( cotton conta9s five hundr$ p\nds & is !re=e wor?1 at #aa c5ts a p\nd1 #ee4 ,! aggregate transportation *>ge on ?is bale f ! plantation1 "o hundr$ & fifty miles f ,memphis1 to ,bo/on1 is #d4bg4 ,ma9ly because ( ! rapid %ift+ ( ! s\rces ( supply1 !re has n yet be5 develop$ a /able /ructure ( rates = ! movem5t ( lumb] 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by way ( illu/ration1 h[ev]1 x may be said t a fair av]age rate on lumb] into ,memphis f ! =e/s ( ,arkansas is six c5ts p] #ajj p\nds1 or #b4dj p] #a1jjj feet4 ,lumb] go+ f ,memphis to ,new ,orleans = export w pay #d4hj1 or a total transportation *>ge f ! =e/ ( #g4bj p] #a1jjj feet4 ,a fair av]age rate to ! m>kets 9 ,ohio & ,indiana is #h p] #a1jjj feet1 a total transportation *>ge f ! =e/ ( #aj4dj4 ,?is is on ! k9d ( lumb] t 9 #aije & #aijf sold at ab\t #dj4 ,! rate on yell[ p9e f ,new ,orleans to ,*icago is #bd c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,!re is an equalization ( rates on ! iron ore f ! upp] lakes 9 t ! rates ( ! boat l9es f ! ore m9es are ! same to ea* ( ! ,lake ,erie ports4 ,f !nce to ! furnaces !y are adju/$ "u ! policy ( ! railroads to make ! transportation *>ge on ! raw mat]ial requir$ to make a ton ( pig iron approximate ! same am\nt at ea* ( ! compet+ furnaces ( s\!rn ,ohio1 ,pittsburg1 ,:eel+1 9 ! ,mahon+ & ,%5ango ,valleys1 & ev5 z f> z ! ,s*uylkill ,valley4 ,h[ closely ?is equalization is effect$ is %[n by ! fact t ! transportation *>ge on ! ore1 coke & lime/one requir$ to produce "o ton ( pig-iron is z foll[s 9 ^! respective di/ricts3 ,at ! furnaces on ! ,monongahela ,riv] 9 ! ,pittsburg di/rict1 #e4hb2 at ! furnaces ( ! ,mahon+ & ,%5ango ,valleys1 #e4eg2 at ! furnaces ( ! ,:eel+ di/rict1 #e4gh4 ,^! *>ges comp>e favorably ) ^? at ! furnaces on ! ,lake ,%ore 9 ! ,*icago di/rict1 :i* aggregate #e4fc p] ton ( pig-iron1 b are high] ?an at ! furnaces on ! ,lake ,%ore 9 ! ,clevel& di/rict1 :]e !y aggregate b #d4gb4 ,! rates on coal1 :i* gives return loads to ! c>s t take ! ore s\? front ! ,lake ,erie ports1 are ma9ta9$ at e/abli%$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! coal fields ( ,ohio1 ,pittsburg & ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! rates 9 effect 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh 7 #a p] ton f s\!rn ,ohio1 #ij c5ts f s\!a/]n ,ohio1 #a p] ton f ! ,pittsburg field & #a4ae a ton f ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! claim ( ! railroads t ! rates on food/uffs are n high en\gh to ent] z a factor 9 fix+ ! sell+ price is fully sub/antiat$ by ! /atem5ts ( ! deal]s 9 su* products4 ,t is1 ! conditions are1 ) negligible exceptions1 su* t if ! price obta9able 9 ! m>kets be suffici5t to enc\rage ! gr[+ ( live/ock1 gra9s1 dairy products1 fruits or vegetables1 ! rate ( freight1 f :atev] locality to :atev] m>ket1 is suffici5tly l[ to all[ ! produc] to ent] t m>ket4 ,8 pr(its are1 h[ev]1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 dim9i%$ by ! am\nt ( freight :i* he pays1 &1 z a rule1 ! f>!r ! place ( production f ! m>kets ! great] is ! freight *>ge4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! net return to ! produc] are almo/ inv>iably reflect$ 9 ! value ( ! l&1 :i* is l[] z ! di/ance f ! m>kets is great]4 ,l>gely because ( ! defective sy/em ( m]cantile di/ribution ! gr[] ( food/uffs obta9s a small] proportion ( ! price paid by ! consum] ?an accrues to ! gr[] ( any o!r agricultural product4 ,:]e1 z 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! opportunity = ! ext5sion ( cultivation is practically unlimit$1 a good m>ket "o season leads ! f>m]s ( any di/rict to increase _! production up to ! po9t ( m9imum pr(it & ! railroads are !n bes\ght = l[] rates2 :5 unfavorable wea!r or o!r conditions r$uce _! output !y are also disgruntl$4 ,x !re=e r>ely happ5s t ! gr[]1 especially ( ! quickly p]i%able food/uffs1 is entirely satisfi$ ) ! freight rates4 ,a controv]sy1 t x is sc>cely an exagg]ation to designate z typical1 occurr$ sev]al ye>s ago betwe5 ! gr[]s ( wat]melons 9 a ,s\?we/]n ,/ate & ! railroads convey+ ! melons to ! prim>y m>kets4 ,9 comp>atively a few ye>s t region _h become s productive t ! %ipm5ts ( wat]melons ov] "o road alone rang$ f #a1djj to #a1hjj c>s dur+ a wat]melon season1 deliv]ies be+ made all ov] ,ohio & ,indiana ?r\gh deal]s f ^? ,/ates :o came d[n & b\ght ! melons at ! f>ms4 ,! cont5tion = l[] rates _h wax$ s w>m t a r$uction 9 ! wat]melon rate became ! issue ^u :i* a legislative campaign 0 f\ght4 ,! c&idate pl$g$ to secure a r$uction 9 ! rate 0 elect$1 & introduc$ a bill1 :i* 0 enact$ by ! legislature1 mak+ ! rate to ! ne>e/ prim>y m>ket #g c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,! railroad companies put ?is rate 9 effect & us$ x z a basis = ! l[]+ ( rates to ! t]ritory beyond4 ,dur+ ! ye> ( ?is rate r$uction ! traffic dep>tm5t ( ! railroad company ref]r$ to s5t ^w to ! f>m]s t ! company _h h&l$ #a1ejj c>s ( melons t season1 ! prompt %ipm5t ( :i* _h be5 highly satisfactory to ! gr[]s4 ,x fur!rmore said t ! movem5t ( ^! melons f t t]ritory 0 a "o-way traffic entirely1 x be+ necess>y to s5d special c>s empty = ! crop4 ,^! 7 necess>ily /ock c>s t !re might be ample v5tilation1 b !y _h to be suppli$ ) extra slats 9 ord] t ! melons might n fall out4 ,x 0 necess>y = !m to be swit*$ 9 requisite numb] on side tracks especially built adjo9+ ! f>ms :]e ! fruit 0 gr[n2 t swit*+ eng9es be kept at "w1 putt+ c>s 9 & tak+ c>s out all night & all day4 ,! c>s ( melons1 moreov]1 _h to be haul$ on special tra9s at a high rate ( spe$ to get !m to ! m>kets be=e !y spoil$4 ,?is r$uc$ ! tonnage p] tra9 fifte5 or tw5ty p] c5t bel[ ! maximum t c\ld be haul$ at ! normal freight tra9 spe$4 ,a c> ) ! av]age all[able load ( #a1ajj wat]melons w\ld conta9 b ab\t twelve tons1 al?\gh its capacity w\ld be eighte5 or tw5ty tons2 ! weight ( ! c> exce$$ ! weight ( ! load4 ,! swit*+ & o!r special movem5ts necessitat$ ! employm5t ( night telegraph op]ators & o!r extra help at ! melon fields4 ,all ( ^! conditions l$ ! assi/ant to ! g5]al manag] ( ! company to make an analysis ( ! exp5diture z comp>$ ) ! e>n+s4 ,waybills 7 ab/ract$ & ! receipts li/$4 ,a tabulation 0 made ( ! rev5ue tonnage1 ! gross tonnage1 ! t>e weight1 & ! exp5ses incurr$ 9 behalf ( ! traffic4 ,he f\nd t ! h&l+ ( ! #a1ejj c>s ( wat]melons involv$ a loss to ! company ( #ab1jjj if ! exp5ses ( op]ation alone 7 consid]$4 ,! results ( ?is inve/igation 7 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! traffic dep>tm5t & ! next spr+ x s5t a circul> to ! f>m]s 9 ! truck region urg+ t ! wat]melon acreage be r$uc$1 z ! rates on t bus9ess 7 n remun]ative1 & /at+ t ! railroad w\ld n und]take to h&le x except 9 ! regul> c>s t 7 br\ght into ! t]ritory 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( traffic2 t !re w\ld be no special tra9s1 nor special s]vice ( any "*4 ,! melon gr[]s at once notifi$ ! ,/ate ,railroad ,commission1 :i*1 9 turn1 reque/$ ! railroad company & ! melon gr[]s to att5d a meet+ to discuss ! :ole subject4 ,:5 ! meet+ conv5$ ! *airman call$ ^u ! railroads to say :y !y _h caus$ s mu* tr\ble4 ,! railroad repres5tative1 :o 0 ! a=esaid assi/ant to ! g5]al manag]1 /at$ t z he _h be5 invit$ to att5d ! meet+ x might be prop] = :omsoev] in/igat$ x to op5 ! discussion4 ,sev]al %ipp]s made /atem5ts ( _! compla9ts1 all admitt+1 h[ev]1 t ! melon bus9ess _h become v pr(itable1--"o gr[] say+ t #cjj to #ejj p] c> 0 be+ made out ( a crop4 ,! railroad repres5tative !n made a reply1 %[+ ! loss to ! company f h&l+ ! bus9ess = ! previ\s ye>1 & /at$ t unless co/ = ! h&l+ & some?+ by way ( pr(it c\ld be obta9$1 ! company w\ld pref] to move o!r crops4 ,he %[$ t x _h be5 necess>y to p>k #cej to #djj especially prep>$ /ock c>s 9 ! melon t]ritory2 t x _h tak5 a mon? or six weeks to ga!r ^! c>s1 :i* _h to be haul$ empty to ! melon fields4 ,he !n po9t$ out t ! rate p] melon 0 less ?an a c5t & a qu>t]1 :]eas x _h co/ ! f>m] f\r or five c5ts p] melon to br+ x by wagon ! "o or two or ?ree miles to ! railroad track4 ,! *airman object$ to "s ( ! analyses1 especially to ! contra/ ( f\r or five c5ts p] melon = ! wagon haul f ! f>m ) ! c5t or a c5t & a half p] melon = ! railroad haul ( two hundr$ miles4 ,:5 ! railroad man _h f9i%$1 f>m]s f all ov] ! room began to ask que/ions directly ( him4 ,!y want$ to "k h[ mu* !y %\ld pay to af=d ! railroad "s slight pr(it4 ,!y 7 told #ab or #ab1 c5ts4 ,! *airman said3 ,! rate _c be *ang$4 ,x has be5 fix$ by law at #g c5ts & t is ! rate4 ,i am "h to protect ! p ( ^! c\nties4 ,! railroad man sugge/$ t 8 company might be will+ 9 addition to affix ! necess>y slats to ! /ock c>s & p]=m ! swit*+ = #e to #f p] c>4 ,! f>m]s 7 will+ to accept ?is1 b ! *airman insi/$ t x 0 contr>y to law1 & f9ally said 9 8 wra?1 ,if y m5 "h are go+ to deal ) ! railroad company y c d x )\t me4 ,?is meet+ is adj\rn$4 ,) "o exception ! f>m]s rema9$ 9 ! hall & express$ a will+ness to pay a rate ( #ab c5ts p] #ajj p\nds4 ,return+ to ! ma9 discussion1 we h f\nd t ! rates on raw mat]ials are s adju/$ z to p]mit ! manufacture ( any /aple article at any logical place ( manufacture4 ,on ! raw mat]ial ( we>+ app>el ! freight rate is entirely unimportant4 ,on ! lumb] t ent]s into build+ mat]ial1 on ! ore1 coke1 & lime/one us$ 9 ! manufacture ( iron & /eel ! freight rate is suffici5t to become an appreciable factor 9 ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,on brick1 coal & cem5t ! sell+ price is ! high] by ! am\nt ( ! freight *>ge1 :i* = di/ances sometimes n consid]able exce$s ! value ( ! commodity at ! place ( production4 ,! freight *>ge1 ev5 on ^? heavi] commodities1 h[ev]1 is f> less 9 proportion to ! wage ( ! day labor] z well z to ! incomes & sal>ies receiv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,?is is obvi\sly a bett] te/ ( comp>ison ?an t bas$ ^u rates ( freight z express$ 9 money4 ,to say t a specific rate is tw5ty c5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a %ill+ 9 ,great ,brita91 a franc 9 ,france1 or a m>k 9 ,g]many1 conveys an inadequate idea4 ,:5 x is asc]ta9$ t ! av]age wage ( ! day labor] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is high] 9 comp>ison ) ! av]age rate ( transportation ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 ! comp>ison is significant4 ,9 ?is c\ntry a cont9ually increas+ am\nt ( railroad transportation c be pur*as$ ) ! wage ( ! day labor]4 ,) ! sum ( money repres5t+ ! value ( a giv5 unit ( any ( ! /aple commodities ( comm]ce1 also c a cont9ually increas+ am\nt ( railroad transportation be pur*as$4 ,t :i* makes possible ! l[ freight rate ( ! ,am]ican railroads is ! magnitude ( ! scale ^u :i* ! transportation is conduct$4 ,! l>ge c>s1 ) a capacity ( f ?irty to fifty tons1 & ! p[]ful locomotives t draw a score or m ( ^! load$ c>s 9 "o tra91 p]mit an almo/ inf9itesimal freight *>ge p] p\nd or p] y>d t1 h[ev]1 yields by ! c>load or by ! tra9load no inconsid]able rev5ue4 ,= example1 ! av]age weight ( ! c>load ( food products is ab\t #cj1jjj p\nds4 ,if ! freight on su* a c>load be #cjj ! rate p] p\nd w\ld be only "o c5t1 & !re is sc>cely a commodity ^u :i* a freight rate ( "o c5t p] p\nd makes any diff]5ce 9 ! retail price4 ,z a matt] ( fact a c>load ( food products does n br+ to ! railroad s mu* rev5ue z #cjj unless x has be5 mov$ f a f> region2 = in/ance1 f ! ,dakotas or ,texas to ,new ,york4 ,specific compla9t 9 reg>d to ! freight rates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = _m ye>s has n1 except 9 a small m9ority ( cases1 be5 bas$ on ! gr\nd t !y h prev5t$ food/uffs f f9d+ a m>ket1 raw mat]ial f rea*+ places ( manufacture1 or f9i%$ products f di/ribution4 ,:ile ! diff]5ce ( a c5t or two 9 ! rate ( freight may n 9 ! lea/ int]f]e ) ! conduct ( indu/ry or comm]ce 9 ! aggregate1 su* a slight diff]5ce1 may p]haps det]m9e :e!r a manufactur] obta9 8 raw mat]ial f ?is or t s\rce ( supply1 :e!r a :olesale deal] obta9 8 /ock f ! manufactur] 9 "o1 or ! manufactur] 9 ano!r city1 :e!r a retail deal] make 8 pur*ases f ! :olesale deal] 9 ?is city or 9 t city4 ,t is1 = example1 ! prices ( ! products at ! s\rces ( supply be+ equal1 a diff]5ce 9 ! rate ( freight may det]m9e :e!r ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 obta9 potatoes f ,mi*igan or f upp] ,new ,york2 :e!r a factory 9 ,l\isville obta9 coal f ! fields ( s\!rn ,indiana or c5tral ,k5tucky4 ,a c>p5t] 9 ,des ,mo9es may p]haps pay a doll> = tw5ty p\nds ( nails )\t kn[+ or c>+ :at ! freight rate may h be51 or :]e !y may h come f4 ,a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 ( a few c5ts a hundr$ p\nds 9 ! rate ( freight may h l$ ! h>dw>e deal] to h pur*as$ ! nails 9 ,*icago or ,/4 ,l\is or ev5 directly f ,pittsburg4 ,z ! pur*ase ( raw mat]ial t5ds t[>d ! prosp]ity ( ! region :]e x is produc$1 z ! op]ation ( a factory t5ds to ! increase ( population1 to appreciation 9 ! value ( real e/ate & ! augm5tation ( bus9ess at ! place ( its location1 s also does ! gr[? ( a :olesale bus9ess or ( a retail bus9ess aid 9 ! developm5t ( its surr\nd+s4 ,produc]s1 manufactur]s1 :olesal]s & retail]s naturally all desire to ext5d _! sales1 to rea* fur!r m>kets 9 competition ) _! rivals1 & are support$ 9 ?is desire by ! communities to ^: welf>e !y contribute4 ,any diff]5ce 9 freight rates t gives a produc] ( raw mat]ial1 a manufactur]1 a :olesale di/ribut]1 or a retail m]*ant an advantage ov] a competitor ( ano!r locality is !re=e promptly made ! subject ( compla9t4 ,! pressure br\ght ^u ! railroads by su* compet+ produc]s1 manufactur]s & deal]s has be5 a v important factor 9 ! developm5t ( c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( freight rates1 :i* we %all t]m ! ,regional ,rate ,/ructures1 ea* ( :i* has gr[n out ( ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( a traffic region & has become adapt$ to ^? *>act]i/ics4 ,o!r arrangem5ts ( freight rates :i* h gr[n out ( ! ne$s entail$ by ! production & m>ket+ ( c]ta9 ( ! pr9cipal articles ent]+ into comm]ce we %all designate z ! ,commodity ,rate ,/ructures4 7,end ( ,*apt] ,,vi47 ,,! ,,freight ,,rate ,,prim] ,adapt$ f ! ,illu/rat$ ,pamphlet1 ,s ,entitl$4 ,issu$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral & ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad ,company4 ,,! ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,( ,,! ,,matt]4 ,!re has be5 mu* wild talk z to ! ext5t ( ! ov]-capitalization ( our railroads4 ,! c5sus reports on ! comm]cial value ( ! railroads ( ! c\ntry1 toge!r ) ! reports made to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission by ! railroads on _! co/ ( con/ruction1 t5d to %[ t1 z a :ole1 ! railroad prop]ty ( ! c\ntry is wor? z mu* z ! securities repres5t+ x1 & t1 9 ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( inve/ors1 ! total value ( /ock & bonds is great] ?an _! total face value1 not)/&+ ! 'wat]' t has be5 inject$ 9 p>ticul> places4 ,! huge value ( t]m9als1 ! imm5se exp5ditures 9 rec5t ye>s 9 d\ble-track+ & improv+ grades1 roadb$s & /ructures1 h br\ght ! total inve/m5ts to a po9t :]e ! op9ion t ! real value is great] ?an ! face value is probably true4 7,f ,presid5t ,roosevelt's ,decoration-,day address at ,indianapolis1 ,may #cj1 #aijg47 ,,! ,x4 ,y4 ,z4 ,,( ,,! ,,situation4 ,an army ( m ?an #a1ejj1jjj m5 is employ$ directly 9 ! op]ation & ma9t5ance ( ! railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & millions ( o!r m5 are furni%$ employm5t indirectly 9 ! m9es1 ! =e/s & ! factories1 supply+ ! railroads ) approximately "o & "o-qu>t] billions ( doll>s' wor? ( mat]ial & equipm5t annually consum$4 ,^! are wond]fully int]e/+ & impressive facts2 b ! fact ( great] int]e/ & wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful ?\ght ( e citiz5 ( ?is c\ntry is t ?is va/ army ( m5 engag$ 9 produc+ ! commodity ( transportation at an av]age co/ m ?an #dj p] c5t l[] ?an is %[n by any o!r c\ntry is paid an av]age wage m ?an #ej p] c5t high] ?an is paid 9 any o!r c\ntry :]e railroads exi/4 7,w4 ,c4 ,br[n1 be=e ! ,mi*igan ,manufactur]s' ,association1 ,june #bb1 #aijh47 ,,lesson ,i4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,! ,,clo!s ,,we ,,we>4 ,:om h we "h8 ,elev5 diff]5t types ( ,am]ican citiz5s1 /&+ 9 a r[1 clad 9 ! v>i$ uni=ms or togs ( _! sev]al occupations or leisure f hod-c>ri] to ! dude 9 dress suit & op]a hat4 ,^! m5 all live 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,_! clo!s 7 made 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,!y paid ! railroads n9e c5ts apiece = transport+ _! clo!s1 includ+ %oes & hats1 f ! po9t ( manufacture to ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! comb9$ freight *>ges on all ! clo!s worn by ! elev5 m5 9 ! gr\p1 includ+ %oes & hats1 0 less ?an "o doll>4 ,if freight rates 7 advanc$ #aj p] c5t ! increas$ price to ^! m5 on _! entire we>+ app>el w\ld be less ?an "o c5t ea*4 ,if !y h to pay m ?an t p] c5t x w n be because freight rates are advanc$4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,agricultural ,,implem5ts4 ,consid] ! ,mc,cormick h>ve/]4 ,x m[s1 ga!rs1 b9ds & /acks ! be>d$ gra91 :ile its pr\d possessor cracks 8 :ip above ! backs ( 8 ?ree-horse team4 ,x has bani%$ ! nightm>e ( f>m mortgages f ! great prairies ( ! ,we/4 ,?is p>ticul> h>ve/] we are consid]+ is cutt+ gra9 "o hundr$ miles we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,x 0 built 9 ,*icago & sold = #acj4 ,! f>m] paid #a4gf to h x br\ght to him f ,*icago1 ?ree hundr$ miles away4 ,if freight rates 7 advanc$ #aj p] c5t ! co/ ( ! h>ve/] w\ld be increas$ sev5te5 & "o-half c5ts4 ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,cook+ ,,ut5sils4 ,next to ! h>ve/] ! mod]n kit*5 cook+ range has add$ m joys & ye>s to ! f>m]'s life ?an any?+ 9 ! cornucopia ( mod]n civilization4 ,"h is a /&>d range4 ,x is a ?+ ( beauty z well z a means = cook+ ev]y?+ y\r "m us$ to cook & mu* m4 ,! freight on a /eel range1 weigh+ f #djj to #ejj p\nds1 f ,detroit to po9ts 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 approximates f #b to #b4ej p] /ove on /oves :i* retail at f #ee to #fj ea*4 ,an increase ( #aj p] c5t w\ld add f tw5ty to tw5ty-five c5ts to ! co/ ( ! /ove1 :i*1 divid$ by ! life ( ! /ove1 tak+ ! l[ av]age ( t5 ye>s1 w\ld add "o & "o-half to two c5ts p] ye> to ! co/4 ,on heat+ /oves ! increase w\ld be ab\t "o-?ird less4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,refrig]ators4 ,:at are ! cold facts ab\t refrig]ators8 ,:at cold /orage is to ! :ole p1 ! mod]n refrig]ator is to ! individual family4 ,x pres]ves all ?+s sweet & clean & :olesome4 ,n[ ! freight on a refrig]ator1 su* z is us$ by ! ord9>y family1 f ,beld+1 ,mi*41 :]e !y are manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities1 to ,new ,york is approximately sev5ty-five c5ts4 ,an increase ( #aj p] c5t w\ld add sev5 & "o-half c5ts to ! co/ ( ! refrig]ator1 deliv]$ 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,lesson ,v4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,h\sehold ,,furniture4 ,ev] s9ce ,gr& ,rapids became ! furniture hub ( ! ,union !re has be5 no excuse = any ,am]ican family be+ )\t its antique or mod]n d9+ room set4 ,look at ?is suite consi/+ ( a solid table1 six *airs1 sidebo>d & *9a closet1 etc4 ,x c\ld be b\ght ,f4 ,o4 ,b4 at ,gr& ,rapids = f #ee to #ge1 accord+ to ! wood & f9i%4 ,x weighs approximately #gej p\nds & ! freight f ! factory to ,*icago w\ld be #a4fj4 ,an increase ( #aj p] c5t w\ld add sixte5 c5ts to ! co/ ( all ?is furniture4 ,,lesson ,,vi4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,a ,,bus9ess ,,suit4 ,behold ?is bus9ess suit :i* no "o w\ld be a%am$ to we>4 ,x might co/ any:]e f #aj up to #ce1 accord+ to ! reputation ( ! tailor or ! r5t & adv]tis+ rates he pays4 ,! freight rate on su* a suit ( clo!s1 includ+ hat & %oes1 = a di/ance ( #cjj miles f any ( our l>ge jobb+ or di/ribut+ c5t]s is approximately ?ree & "o-half c5ts4 ,a #aj p] c5t increase w\ld add a little m ?an "o-?ird ( "o c5t to ! co/ ( ?is suit1 & x w\ld add no m if x co/ #ej or #ajj4 ,,lesson ,,vii4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,k+ ,,cotton4 ,befo' de wah cotton 0 k+4 ,( our exports x /ill leads all our dome/ic products1 hav+ no second 9 sight4 ,if ! entire cotton crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 compress$ into "o bale its value w\ld be ab\t #gej1jjj1jjj4 ,( ?is bale 9 #aijh ! railways got a little jag wor? accord+ to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission #ab1cid1jjj1 or less ?an #b p] c5t4 ,an advance ( #aj p] c5t 9 rates on cotton c\ld n add m ?an "o-fiftie? ( a c5t p] p\nd to ! price ( cotton4 ,,lesson ,,viii4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,a ,,sack ,,( ,,fl\r4 ,m9neapolis1 z all good little s*ool *ildr5 "k1 is ! seat ( ! fl\r indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if !y d n le>n ?is at s*ool x is impress$ ^u _! receptive m9ds by e illum9at$ billbo>d & pa9t$ rock t meets _! gaze f ,ea/port to ,cali=nia4 ,!re are half a doz5 br&s ( fl\r gr\nd at ,m9neapolis & e "o is bett] ?an all o!rs4 ,! rate on ?is incomp>able product 9 c>loads f ,m9neapolis to ,new ,york is #be c5ts p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,t is #ab c5ts p] fifty-p\nd sack4 ,?is fl\r is sold to ! consum] 9 ,new ,york at approximately #a4he p] fifty-p\nd sack 7or x 0 :5 ?is 0 writt574 ,an increase ( #aj p] c5t 9 freight rates w\ld add b "o & "o-qu>t] c5ts to ! price ( a fifty-p\nd sack1 or a little less ?an two "o-hundr$?s ( "o c5t p] p\nd4 ,! freight rate on a fifty-p\nd sack ( fl\r f ,m9neapolis to ,*icago is five c5ts p] sack4 ,an increase ( #aj p] c5t 9 rates w\ld add only five mills p] sack betwe5 ^! po9ts1 or "o "o-hundr$? ( "o c5t p] p\nd4 ,,lesson ,,ix4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,dress$ ,,beef4 ,! reason cattle are but*]$ & c>ri$ to ! consum] z dress$ beef r ?an driv5 to m>ket on foot or haul$ z live /ock1 is t ! freight *>ge is less & ! beef arrives 9 bett] condition4 ,little *ildr5 9 ,new ,york & ,bo/on appreciate ?is1 if ! wise gr[n-ups ( ! ,we/ sometimes seem to d\bt x4 ,! rate on dress$ beef f ,*icago to ,new ,york is =ty-five c5ts p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,! av]age price ( ?is beef to ! consum] 9 ,new ,york is 7or 07 approximately tw5ty-five c5ts p] p\nd4 ,a #aj p] c5t increase 9 freight rates w\ld add less ?an five "o-hundr$?s ( "o c5t p] p\nd4 ,if freight rates 7 advanc$ #aj p] c5t1 ! increas$ co/ 9 ,new ,york ,city ( a two-rib roa/ ( ! be/ quality1 weigh+ eight p\nds1 retail+ = #a4ib1 w\ld be less ?an "o-half c5t4 ,surely ?is is n an excessive price to pay = ,national prosp]ity & indu/rial peace4 ,,lesson ,x4 ,,freight ,,on ,,eggs1 ,,butt] ,,& ,,p\ltry4 ,eggs 7 *eap] :5 ,columbus exp]im5t$ ) !m ?an !y are n[1 b x co/ m to c>ry a doz5 eggs or a firk9 ( butt] t5 miles 9 #adib ?an x w\ld to c>ry !m #ajj miles n[4 ,! rate on butt] & eggs f po9ts 9 ,ea/]n ,i[a to ,new ,york--a di/ance ( approximately #a1bjj miles--is eighty-f\r c5ts p] hundr$ p\nds4 ,on dress$ p\ltry f ! same po9ts to ,new ,york ! rate is n9ety-six & "o-half c5ts4 ,! eggs are sold to ! consum] by ! doz5 & ! o!r commodities by ! p\nd2 & ! consum] pays e f>?+ ( freight t has accru$ f ! "t ! egg is laid1 :i* he buys 9 ! orig9al package1 or z dress$ p\ltry1 or f ! "t ! c[ is milk$1 f :i* ! butt] is made4 ,an increase ( #aj p] c5t w\ld add eight "o-hundr$?s ( "o c5t p] p\nd to ! price ! consum] pays = butt] & eggs1 & x w\ld add n9e & "o-half "o-hundr$?s ( "o p] c5t p] p\nd to ! co/ ( dress$ p\ltry1 = :i* he pays f tw5ty to ?irty c5ts p] p\nd4 ,,lesson ,,xi4 ,,freight ,,rates ,,& ,,lea!r ,,belt+4 ,"s little *ildr5 & _m ( _! mo!rs d n "k t a great deal ( ! p[] t makes ! :eels g r\nd 9 ?is indu/rial beehive is transmitt$ by belt+4 ,! %ops ( ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn ,railway at ,elkh>t1 ,indiana1 are equipp$ ) #ac1bhh runn+ feet1 or practically two & "o-half miles1 ( lea!r belt+4 ,?is belt+ co/ ! railroad company #f1bce1 or an av]age ( #df4i c5ts p] runn+ foot4 ,! belt+ 0 %ipp$ f ,bo/on to ,elkh>t1 a di/ance ( #icg miles4 ,! total freight *>ges am\nt$ to #ah4cg1 or f\rte5 "o-hundr$?s ( "o c5t p] runn+ foot4 ,an increase ( #aj p] c5t w\ld add #a4hc to ?is co/1 or f\rte5 "o-?\s&?s ( "o c5t p] runn+ foot4 ,?is belt+1 moreov]1 co/ ! railroad company #a1jhb m ?an x w\ld h co/ at ! prices prevail+ 9 #ahii1 repres5t+ an increase ( #ba p] c5t4 ,dur+ ?is same p]iod !re 0 no *ange :atev] 9 ! freight rate4 ,,lesson ,,xii4 ,,! ,,railways ,,& ,,national ,,developm5t4 ,n[ li/5 to ! sob] words ( ! "o man :o has p]haps giv5 m (ficial att5tion to ! subject ?an any o!r citiz5 ( ! republic3 ,)\t reg>d to ! p]sonnel ( railroad (ficials1 )\t reg>d prim>ily to ! int]e/ ( /ockhold]s1 b 9 ! int]e/ ( public welf>e & national prosp]ity1 we mu/ p]mit railway e>n+s to be adequate = railroad improvem5t at advantage & pr(it4 ,to my m9d x is a mo/ impressive fact1 s great z to elude ! grasp ( imag9ation1 t ! railway traffic ( ! c\ntry fully d\bl$ 9 ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( ?is tw5tie? c5tury4 ,?is enorm\s addition to ! volume ( transportable goods ov]tax$1 z y "k1 ! exi/+ facilities1 & ! result+ condition p]haps acc\nts = mu* ( ! ho/ility :i* has be5 manife/$ 9 v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,= ! man :o has rais$ some?+ by h>d labor or made some?+ ) pa9/ak+ skill1 :i* he c\ld sell at a h&some pr(it 9 an eag] m>ket1 & f9ds t he _c get x c>ri$ to de/9ation1 & s sees 8 anticipat$ ga9s turn$ into a positive loss1 is naturally exasp]at$ & un?9k+ly 'blames x' on ! railroads1 & is ready to hit !m ) any?+ he c lay 8 h&s to2 & z ! /ate legislature seem$ to be ! mo/ conv5i5t weapon he wield$ x = all x 0 wor?4 ,i dwell ^u ?is a mom5t fur!r1 because x seems pla9 to me t ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry is measur$ & w be measur$ by ! ability ( its railroads & wat]ways to transport its increas+ comm]ce4 ,) a c\ntry ( su* va/ ext5t & limitless res\rces1 ) all ! means ( production develop$ to a wond]ful /ate ( effici5cy1 ! cont9u$ advancem5t ( ?is great p dep5ds prim>ily ^u su* an increase ( transportation facilities z w provide prompt & safe movem5t ev]y:]e f produc] to consum]2 & t we %all n secure unless ! m5 :o are reli$ ^u to manage ^! great highways ( comm]ce h fitt+ opportunity1 & ! capital :i* is requir$ = _! ne$ful expansion is p]mitt$ to realize fairly lib]al returns4 7,hon4 ,m>t9 ,a4 ,knapp1 ,*airman ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 9 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce47 ,,lesson ,,xiii4 ,,look ,,^u ,,?is ,,picture4 ,:at is ?is ,i see8 ,smokeless *imneys6 ,clos$ factories4 ,spid]s' webs across ! doors ( opportunity4 ,grass gr[+ rankly 9 ! /reets ( indu/rial t[ns4 ,dejection on ! face ( nature & ( man4 ,:at does x mean8 ,! railways h ceas$ to e>n en\gh to meet exp5ses & provide = ! progressive ma9t5ance ( _! equipm5t & plant4 ,:y1 are n _! receipts great] ?an ev]8 ,true1 b _! exp5ses h increas$ m rapidly ?an _! e>n+s & _! net rev5ues h only be5 ma9ta9$ by po/pon+ pur*ases t mu/ be made "s "t or ! railways w be incapable ( p]=m+ _! public s]vice ) safety1 dispat* & economy4 ,9 #aijh & #aiji ! railways scrimp$ ma9t5ance #cjj1jjj1jjj & ?is w h to be made good "s "t1 "s h[1 be=e !y are on z s\nd an op]at+ basis z !y 7 be=e ! panic ( #aijg4 ,:at mu/ be done to av]t ! consequ5ces describ$ above8 ,a readju/m5t ( freight rates1 involv+ a reasonable increase appli$ to su* articles & commodities z c /& x1 )\t any appreciable h>d%ip ei!r to manufactur]1 m]*ant or consum]1 means ! diff]5ce betwe5 gr9d+ economy & a fair degree ( prosp]ity4 ,,! ,,rev]se ,,( ,,! ,,picture4 ,w\ld a #aj p] c5t increase 9 freight rates mean su* a diff]5ce8 ,x mo/ c]ta9ly w\ld4 ,x w\ld mean ! diff]5ce betwe5 clos$ %ops & susp5d$ improvem5ts & ! resumption ( improvem5ts ) ! ability to resume ! l>ge pur*ases ( mat]ial & equipm5t1 giv+ full employm5t to labor & furni%+ improv$ transportation facilities1 :i*1 )9 a v %ort "t ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry is go+ to dem& m insi/5tly ?an ev]4 ,to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( work+m5 x means ! diff]5ce betwe5 /eady1 well-paid employm5t & walk+ ! /reets look+ 9 va9 = "w4 ,,lesson ,,xiv4 ,,n>r[ ,,m>g9 ,,betwe5 ,,e>n+s ,,& ,,exp5se4 ,i h look$ up ! /atem5t ( ab\t #hj p] c5t ( ! pr9cipal railroads ( ! c\ntry & f9d t dur+ ! la/ half ( ! ye> #aijg1 aft] ! trem5d\s increase 9 exp5ses _h become effective1 :ile ! gross e>n+s ( ! railroads increas$ #eg1dac1jgh ov] ! same p]iod ( ! prec$+ ye>1 _! exp5ses increas$ #hj1bce1hbc1 %[+ a net loss = ! p]iod1 despite ! trem5d\s bus9ess h&l$1 ( #bb1hbb1gde4 ,! conv]g+ l9es ( co/ & comp5sation 9 railroad op]ation1 :i* = ye>s h be5 /eadily approa*+ ea* o!r1 are n[ sep>at$ by s n>r[ a m>g9 t 9 ord] to pay fix$ *>ges1 taxes & op]at+ exp5ses1 ) ev5 a v mod]ate return to %>ehold]s1 !re mu/ be ei!r a mod]ate increase 9 freight rates or a v sub/antial r$uction 9 ! wages ( railroad employes4 7,w4 ,c4 ,br[n1 be=e ! ,mi*4 ,mfrs4 ,assn41 #f-bb-jh47 ,,lesson ,,xv4 ,,:i* ,,%all ,,x ,,be8 ,is x n bett]1 ,mr4 ,presid5t1 t y & ,i1 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( p :o buy & use automobiles1 %\ld pay a doll> or two m freight on our ma*9es ?an t ! family ( ! eng9e]1 ! conductor1 ! brakeman1 ! swit*man or ! humble section h& %all be depriv$ ( ! actual necessities & com=ts ( life1 :i* we "k !y mu/ give up if ! mon?ly pay *eck is r$uc$8 ,no "q ( great] importance confronts ! p ( ! c\ntry today1 = ^u its righte\s solution hangs ! mom5t\s issue ( an e>ly return ( prosp]ity or a cont9uance ( ! depression ( ! pa/ six mon?s1 emphasiz$ & d>k5$ by a /ruggle ) organiz$ labor su* z ?is c\ntry has nev] exp]i5c$4 7,w4 ,c4 ,br[n1 be=e ! ,mi*4 ,mfrs4 ,assn41 #f-bb-jh47 ,,lesson ,,xvi4 ,,moral4 ,our prosp]ity came ) ! prosp]ity ( ! railroads2 x decl9$ :5 adv]sity /ruck ! railroads4 ,we d n believe we c h ! full measure ( prosp]ity aga9 until ! railroads are prosp]\s4 7,national ,prosp]ity ,association ( ,/4 ,l\is47 ,,progressive ,,safety ,,9 ,,railway ,,op]ation ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,,smi?1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,h4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 ,an ,address ,deliv]$ ,be=e ! ,national ,association ( ,railroad ,commission]s1 at _! ,annual ,conv5tion1 held 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,novemb] #af1 #aiji4 ,9 exam9+ into ! /ate ( an art ( su* f>-rea*+ importance & su* div]sifi$ nature z t ( transportation by rail1 x seems necess>y to acqua9t ourselves ) its beg9n+s & gr[?2 to det]m9e ! elem5ts ^u :i* its developm5t relies & ! necessity :i* has invok$ ! v>i\s /eps ( improvem5t 9 ! plant devot$ to transportation & ! art ( employ+ & controll+ x 9 ! p]=mance ( a public s]vice4 ,! lay obs]v] w sc>cely appreciate1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! actual analysis1 t !re exi/s s _m bran*es ( ?is subject1 ea* bran* ( :i*1 by itself1 may be consid]$ ! object ( a sep>ate pr(essional sci5ce & a di/9ct human indu/ry4 ,,e>ly ,,railroad ,,hi/ory4 ,railways _h _! orig9 9 tramways laid ov] #bjj ye>s ago 9 ! m9]al di/ricts ( ,engl&1 :i* convey$ coal to ! sea4 ,animal motive p[] 0 us$4 ,by ! discov]y1 9 #ahad1 ( ! adhesion ( a smoo? :eel to a smoo? rail1 x became possible to consid] ! employm5t ( ! tractive p[] ( a roll+ locomotive1 & = "s "t subsequ5t to ?is1 to ! trial trip ( ! ,rocket1 9 #ahbi1 :i* may be describ$ z ! fir/ successful /eam locomotive1 ! exp]im5ts 7 along ^! l9es4 ,:ile indu/rial railroads simil> 9 "* to ! ,engli% exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,baltimore ,ohio 0 ! pione] ,am]ican railroad built = public use4 ,on ,july #d1 #ahbh1 ! fir/ rail 0 laid by ,*>les ,c>roll1 ! only surviv+ sign] ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & ?irte5 miles 7 op5$ = traffic 9 #ahcj4 ,9 ! same ye> ! ,we/ ,po9t ,f\ndry began build+ locomotives1 produc+ ! ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 9 #ahca4 ,x weigh$ ?ree & "o-half tons1 & 0 built = ! ,mohawk ,hudson ,railroad1 ! pione] company ( ! pres5t ,new ,york ,c5tral ,l9es1 :i* _h be5 *>t]$ 9 #ahbf1 f\r ye>s be=e actual con/ruction 0 begun4 ,! l9e 0 op5$ f ,albany to ,s*5ectady 9 #ahca2 to ,utica 9 #ahcf1 & to ,buffalo 9 #ahdb4 ,connections to ,new ,york & ,bo/on 7 built 9 rapid succession4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,columbia ,railroad 0 built f ,philadelphia to ,columbia1 on ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 =m+ ! pione] division ( ! pres5t ,p5nsylvania ,sy/em4 ,sev]al companies 7 *>t]$ ab\t ! same "t 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,foll[+ ! panic ( #ahcg !re 0 little indu/rial developm5t & a lull 9 railroad con/ruction1 b ) #ahej beg9s ! era ( rapid ext5sion & ! weld+ ( %ort connect+ l9es "u s+le own]%ips4 ,! consolidation 0 vigor\sly object$ to at fir/4 ,orig9ally !re 7 elev5 companies own+ & op]at+ ! l9e betwe5 ,albany & ,buffalo4 ,betwe5 ,buffalo & ,clevel&1 *anges ( pass5g]s & freight 7 made at ,dunkirk & ,erie4 ,! latt] *ange 0 made necess>y by ! diff]5ce 9 gauge2 to ! ea/ six feet & to ! we/ f\r feet t5 in*es4 ,plans = ! consolidation ( "s ( ^! l9es made 9 #ahec entail$ = ?r\gh op]ation ! *ange ( ! gauge ea/ to con=m to t we/ ( ,erie1 to obviate transf]4 ,?is proposition s ar\s$ ! inhabitants ( ,erie t !y resort$ to viol5ce4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahec1 !y tore d[n ! railroad bridge1 no tra9s go+ ?r\gh until ,febru>y1 #ahed4 ,?is same bridge 0 rebuilt 9 #ahee1 b aga9 torn d[n & burn$ by a mob4 ,f9ally a compromise end$ :at is kn[n z ! ,erie ,w> & ! gauge 0 *ang$1 f :i* "t dates ! beg9n+ ( def9ite ?r\gh op]ation4 ,9 #ahea ! ,erie ,railroad jo9$ ,new ,york ) ,lake ,erie4 ,! ,baltimore ,ohio rea*$ ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,two ye>s lat] ! ,atlantic seabo>d & ,*icago 7 connect$ by rail1 :i* ! foll[+ ye> rea*$ ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,^! ext5sions to ! ,we/]n ,fronti] op5$ ! traffic betwe5 ! ,ohio & ,mississippi riv]s4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! public desire = rail transportation facilities l$ to num]\s ent]prises secur+ public f9ancial support1 b ow+ to ! disa/] t 0 exp]i5c$ 9 "s ( ^! ent]prises ! ,ohio law prohibit$ any t[n1 c\nty or ,/ate f r5d]+ su* assi/ance4 ,:5 ! ,l\isville ,na%ville ,railroad 0 built1 ,c9c9nati f\nd x imp]ative to h railroad communication to ! ,s\?1 b ! prohibition ( ! a=esaid law prev5t$ public assi/ance1 & ! s*eme 0 devis$ ( build+ & own+ a l9e4 ,?is l9e w5t s\? ?r\gh ,k5tucky to ,*attanooga1 0 built & op]at$1 & ev5tually leas$ to ! ,c9c9nati1 ,new ,orleans ,texas ,pacific4 ,! railroads play$ an important "p 9 ! conduct ( ! ,civil ,w>1 _m ( !m be+ practically devot$ to ! transportation ( ,gov]nm5t troops & supplies4 ,great damage 0 done to ! _m l9es 9 ! ,s\? ow+ to ! milit>y op]ations4 ,by ! close ( ! w> !re _h be5 no pron\nc$ advance 9 protection by ! appliances :i* are n[ commonly employ$ 9 ! control ( tra9 op]ation4 ,?is 0 l>gely due to ! light equipm5t1 sl[ spe$s & sp>se traffic4 ,! fir/ ,pacific railroad 0 begun1 ) ,gov]nm5t aid1 9 ! '#fjs4 ,) ! op5+ up ( ! ,we/ & ! return to indu/rial pursuits ( ! p aft] ! close ( ! w> dates a rem>kable era 9 railroad ext5sion4 ,9 ! decade f #ahhj to #ahij1 #gj1jjj miles 7 built 9 ! c5tral & we/]n di/ricts1 op5+ va/ unoccupi$ agricultural1 graz+ & m9]al sections to immigration & developm5t4 ,! panic ( #ahic ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce on railroad con/ruction dur+ ! foll[+ decade4 ,! p]iod s9ce #aijj has be5 m "o ( recon/ruction & improv+ exi/+ l9es2 ! gr[? ( indu/ries & population tribut>y to exi/+ l9es necessitat+ ?is c\rse4 ,! va/ness ( ! railroad indu/ry may be imag9$ :5 "o consid]s t f fifte5 to tw5ty p] c5t ( ! capital ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is inve/$ 9 railroads4 ,z an exhibit ( ! gr[? & importance let me quote ! foll[+ /ati/ics ( railroad gr[? by decades s9ce ! fir/ op]ation3 #ahcj #bc miles #ahdj #b1had #ahej #i1jba #ahfj #cj1fce #ahgj #eb1iad #ahhj #ic1bif #ahij #afc1eig #aijj #aic1cdf #aiji ab\t #bej1jjj ,su* is ! exhibit ( progress 9 ! ext5t ( railroads1 broadly view$4 ,) ! gr[? 9 ext5t ! elem5ts ( safety h multipli$ & h become v num]\s2 9 fact1 an almo/ indef9ite subdivision ( railroad prop]ty & op]ation 9 respect ( safety might be conceiv$4 ,we w consid]1 h[ev]1 ! beg9n+s & ! gr[? ( a few ( ! m important & /rik+ items & _! relation%ip to ! /ate ( ! art1 z portray+ 9 a m graphic mann] ! adju/m5t1 if y may call x su*1 ( safety to progress1 or1 z ! subject has be5 assign$ to me1 ,progressive ,safety4 ,,air ,,brakes4 ,z ! d5sity ( traffic1 & ! spe$1 toge!r ) ! weight ( equipm5t1 develop$1 foll[+ ^u ! great] transportation to be und]tak51 ! "q ( brakes 0 an important factor4 ,m effici5t brakes 7 ne$$2 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics be+ t !y %\ld be cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! tra91 simultane\sly appli$ & releas$1 ) a s+le po9t ( control4 ,9 #ahfi ,george ,we/+h\se1 ,jr41 br\ght =? :at is kn[n z ! /raight air brake1 consi/+ ( a pump1 ma9 res]voir1 ?ree-way valve1 brake cyl9d] & tra9 l9e4 ,application 0 made by admitt+ air f ! ma9 res]voir into ! tra9 l9e4 ,! brakes 7 releas$ by r$uc+ ! tra9-l9e pressure into ! atmosph]e ?r\gh ! ?ree-way valve4 ,! brakes 7 useless if !re 0 a leak1 a bur/ 9 ! air l9e or a p>t$ tra94 ,) ^! %ortcom+s 9 m9d1 ! automatic air brake 0 produc$ 9 #ahgc1 9 :i* ! me?od 0 rev]s$4 ,) ! addition ( an auxili>y res]voir "u ea* pass5g] c> & a triple valve1 application ( brakes 0 secur$ by r$uc+ ! tra9-l9e pressure1 :ile admitt+ air f ! ma9 res]voir rais$ ! pressure & releas$ ! brakes4 ,on ! application ( ! automatic air brake to freight c>s x 0 f\nd ! r$uction ( pressure 0 n quick en\gh to set ! re> brakes promptly1 & 9 consequ5ce accid5ts occurr$ f ! bun*+ ( ! c>s4 ,! consid]ation ( ! brake "q by ! ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' ,association 9 #ahhe1 & public te/s "u _! auspices 9 #ahhf1 at :i* "t ! manufactur]s 7 repres5t$1 did n succe$ 9 /opp+ freight tra9s )\t viol5t & disa/r\s %ocks4 ,s disc\rag+ did ^! te/s seem = ! "t be+1 t a report 0 made1 sugge/+ t ! successful application ( su* brakes on long tra9s c\ld only be accompli%$ by electricity4 ,h[ev]1 ! foll[+ ,janu>y witness$ ! introduction ( ! ,we/+h\se ,quick-,action air brake1 :i* correct$ ! previ\s tr\ble & made practicable ! application ( air brakes to long freight tra9s4 ,cont9u+ f ?is "t !re has be5 m>k$ improvem5t & developm5t 9 all features ( ! app>atus1 )\t1 h[ev]1 modify+ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( :i* x is con/itut$4 ,) ! solution ( a means ( tra9 control came a fur!r gr[? 9 _! size & weight2 soon] or lat] ?is _h to emphasize ! necessity = effici5t c\pl+ devices4 ,n only 7 !re accid5ts due to ! primitive l9k & p9 c\pl]s1 b ! v>i\s /&>ds 9 exi/5ce bo? complicat$ ! op]ations ( c\pl+ & unc\pl+ ( c>s & involv$ ! "q ( int]*ange & safety4 ,,automatic ,,c\pl]s4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( accid5ts1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,d4 ,adams1 ( ! ,bo/on ,albany ,railroad1 recomm5d$ to ! ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' ,association1 at its ?ird conv5tion1 9 #ahfi1 t a uni=m height %\ld be e/abli%$ = c\pl]s2 _! failure to meet :5 c>s came toge!r be+ consid]$ ! cause ( num]\s accid5ts4 ,9 #ahga t conv5tion adopt$ #cc in*es z ! /&>d height = /&>d-gauge c>s4 ,at ! conv5tion ( #ahgc ,mr4 ,m4 ,n4 ,=ney urg$ t a committee inve/igate ! cause ( accid5ts & make recomm5dation4 ,?is committee 9 ! foll[+ ye> gave z ! pr9cipal cause ! same z report$ by ,mr4 ,adams eight ye>s be=e4 ,!y pron\nc$ ! te/s ( automatic c\pl]s to date a failure4 ,ano!r committee at ?is same conv5tion gave ! fir/ recognition to automatic c\pl]s by report+ t a great advantage w\ld be d]iv$ f a uni=m drawb>1 su* z w\ld be accept$ z a /&>d & :i* w\ld be a self-c\pl]4 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s foll[+ v>i\s models 7 exam9$1 b no?+ 0 f\nd to meet ! dem&s4 ,9 #ahgg ,mr4 ,john ,kirby1 ( ! ,lake ,%ore1 report$ t 8 company int5d$ to equip #ajj c>s ) self-c\pl]s1 & at ! same meet+ ,mr4 ,g>ey1 ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral1 told ( hav+ be5 wait$ ^u by a committee ( y>dma/]s1 ask+ = dead blocks or "s su* safety device4 ,?is turn$ ! att5tion ( ! ,association f ! c\pl] to ! dead block4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ !y invit$ ! ,y>dma/]s' ,association to act 9 conc]t ) _! committee 9 report+ ^u means ( safety = protection ( y>d & tra9 m5 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,?is 0 ! situation :5 on ,m>* #ai1 #ahhj1 ! ,massa*usetts ,legislature in/ruct$ ! ,railroad ,commission to inve/igate & report ) recomm5dation z to means ( prev5tion ( accid5ts 9 ! c\pl+ ( c>s4 ,!y report$ t !y pref]r$ to be guid$ by ! action ( ! railroad companies1 & any device made /&>d by !m w\ld1 9 _! op9ion1 be ! be/ recomm5dation = su* device4 ,9 #ahhb ! ,connecticut ,railroad ,commission]s recomm5d$ to ! ,legislature t automatic c\pl]s be requir$ on all new c>s4 ,9 #ahhc ! ,massa*usetts ,commission]s express$ ! hope t ! ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' ,association w\ld at its conv5tion agree ^u "s type ( c\pl] = freight c>s4 ,9 #ahhd ! ,association select$ ,mr4 ,m4 ,n4 ,=ney to conduct te/s ( automatic c\pl]s & report4 ,att5tion 0 call$ at t "t to less ?an a doz5 v>ieties t 7 wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,) ?is action ( ! ,association z a guide1 ! ,massa*usetts ,commission]s und]took to solve ! problem1 & ann\nc$ t !y w\ld n prescribe any c\pl] t _h n be5 te/$ 9 actual traffic1 b notifi$ ! railroad companies 9 ! ,/ate t all new c>s1 & c>s requir+ new c\pl]s1 %\ld be provid$ ) "o ( five k9ds specifi$4 ,x happ5$ t ! k9ds specifi$ w\ld n c\ple ) ea* o!r4 ,9 #ahhe public te/s 7 held at ,buffalo by ,mr4 ,=ney4 ,=ty-two c\pl]s 7 te/$1 twelve ( :i* 7 recomm5d$ = fur!r te/s4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! trials made ( p[] brakes on freight tra9s made x v evid5t t ! l9k & p9 type ( c\pl+ w\ld n suffice1 & x 0 elim9at$ f fur!r consid]ation4 ,9 #ahhg ! ,executive ,committee report$ 9 favor ( ! ,janney type ( c\pl] & all o!r =ms t w\ld automatically c\ple ) x "u all conditions ( s]vice4 ,?is report 0 adopt$ 9 #ahhh by a vote ( #dgd = & #aid aga9/4 ,! ,executive ,committee !n und]took to e/abli% cont\r l9es1 draw+s & templates z /&>d1 b f\nd t ! ,janney pat5ts cov]$ ! cont\r ( v]tical plane c\pl]s4 ,?is 0 rem$i$ 9 #ahhh1 :5 ! ,janney ,c\pl] ,company waiv$ all claims = pat5ts on cont\r l9es ( c\pl+ surfaces ( c> c\pl]s us$ on railroads memb]s ( ! ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' ,association1 :i* enabl$ ! ,association to =mally adopt 9 all respects ?is type ( c\pl] z /&>d4 ,at ! conv5tion ( #ahhi su* action 0 tak51 on motion ( ,mr4 ,voorhees1 ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad1 & s9ce t "t ?is type ( c\pl] has be5 ! /&>d1 & call$ ! ,ma/] ,c> ,build]s' ,c\pl]4 ,9 #ahic ,congress enact$ a law requir+ all railroads engag$ 9 int]/ate comm]ce to provide on all c>s & locomotives a cont9u\s p[] brake capable ( be+ controll$ by ! eng9eman 9 ! locomotive cab1 & also automatic c\pl]s :i* w\ld op]ate by impact4 ,janu>y #a1 #ahih1 0 ! date set by :i* ^! *anges mu/ be made--subsequ5tly ext5d$ two ye>s4 ,we n[ h uni=mity 9 height & cont\r to insure p]fect contact betwe5 all classes ( equipm5t1 & a positively lock$ knuckle4 ,! design & atta*m5ts to c> body are prescrib$ ( a /r5g? 9 excess ( ! p[] ( locomotives1 & 9 mod]n friction draft ge> ! /r5g? rea*es #bej1jjj p\nds4 ,,signal+4 ,! ne$ ( indicat+ ! conditions ( ! road to tra9s came ) ! increas+ traffic & spe$4 ,z ^! conditions develop$ 9 ,engl& be=e !y did "h1 ! fir/ /eps 7 tak5 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 #ahcd ! ,liv]pool ,man*e/] introduc$ ! fir/ sy/em ( fix$ signals1 consi/+ ( an upright po/ ) a rotat+ disk at its top1 %[+ r$ = dang] & ! abs5ce ( indication by day & a :ite light by night = cle>4 ,on ! op5+ ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ?is me?od 0 improv$4 ,exp]im5ts by ,messrs4 ,*appe1 ! inv5tors ( optical telegraphy1 %[$ t "u c]ta9 conditions ( illum9ation ! color ( any body w\ld disappe>4 ,?is demon/rat$ t ! =m1 & n ! color1 ( ! day signal c\ld be reli$ on4 ,x 0 also f\nd t a long1 n>r[ surface c\ld be se5 fur!r z project$ aga9/ ! horizon or l&scape ?an ! same area 9 a squ>e or circle4 ,mak+ use ( ^! results1 ,sir ,*>les ,gregory1 9 #ahda1 design$ & erect$ at ,new ,cross ! fir/ semaphore signal4 ,!re 0 no communication betwe5 /ations2 ea* signalman display+ 8 signal at dang] aft] ! passage ( a tra9 until a c]ta9 "t _h elaps$1 :5 x 0 cle>$4 ,! only in=mation convey$ to ! eng9eman 0 t ! prec$+ tra9 _h pass$ ! /ation at lea/ ! requir$ "t be=e him4 ,! failure or inability to act ) suffici5t promptness at ! display ( ! dang] position1 & ! consequ5t collisions1 l$ to ! in/allation ( additional signals to give advance in=mation to ! eng9eman ( ! position ( ! signal he 0 to obey4 ,?us we h cle>ly portray$ ! inception ( ! pres5t block & caution signals4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,walk]1 ( ! ,s\?we/]n ,company1 introduc$ ! ,bell ,code1 :i* 0 ! fir/ audible me?od ( communication betwe5 signal /ations4 ,! same ye> ,mr4 ,ty] supplem5t$ ?is ) electric visual signals1 ! object be+ to give ! op]ator indication ( ! signal hav+ be5 receiv$ & giv51 & at all times to %[ ! exact position ( ! signal itself4 ,?is sugge/$ ! space int]val betwe5 tra9s1 9 place ( ! "t int]val1 mak+ signal indications def9ite4 ,9 #aheh ! positive block sy/em 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 bas$ on ! space int]val sy/em4 ,mak+ use ( telegraph communication1 ,mr4 ,a%bel ,wel*1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,unit$ ,new ,j]sey ,canal & ,railroad ,company1 devis$ & in/all$ dur+ #ahfc & #ahfd ! fir/ block sy/em ( signals 9 ?is c\ntry1 on ! d\ble-track l9e betwe5 ,philadelphia & ,new ,brunswick4 ,signal /ations 7 suitably spac$1 & at ea* /ation a signal 0 provid$1 visible z f> z possible ea* way4 ,! signal itself 0 a :ite bo>d by day & a :ite light by night1 indicat+ cle>1 %[n ?r\gh a glass ap]ture two feet 9 diamet] 9 front ( ! block signal box4 ,= ! dang] indication a r$ scre5 fell to cov] ! :ite bo>d or light4 ,on a tra9's pass+ a /ation ! signalman releas$ ! scre51 :i* fell by gravity1 & did n raise x until advis$ by telegraph t ! prec$+ tra9 _h pass$ ! next /ation1 !reby ma9ta9+ a space int]val4 ,?us 0 evolv$ ! telegraph block sy/em1 /ill g5]ally us$1 ) modifications ( app>atus & signals1 on l9es ( light traffic4 ,elaborations ( ?is sy/em 7 lat] in/all$ foll[+ m closely ! ,engli% practice1 p]haps rea*+ ! mo/ complete developm5t ^u ! ,new ,hav5 & ,new ,york ,c5tral l9es1 :]e x is /ill 9 use4 ,not)/&+ num]\s improvem5ts 9 app>atus1 ! same practice ( fix+ a positive space int]val by means ( communication betwe5 block /ations /ill holds4 ,! addition ( track circuits = lock+ & indicat+ purposes & int]lock+ betwe5 /ations1 m fully effect$ by ! introduction ( ! ,coleman block in/rum5t1 9 #ahif1 has ?us evolv$ ! controll$ manual block sy/em z n[ us$4 ,,automatic ,,signals4 ,9 #ahfg ,?omas ,s4 ,hall pat5t$ an electric signal & al>m bell1 us$ 9 connection ) a swit* or drawbridge4 ,its %ortcom+ lay 9 ! fact t a break 9 ! circuit or failure ( ! latt] gave no dang] indication4 ,to correct ?is a clos$ circuit 0 necess>y1 al?\gh m exp5sive4 ,9 #ahgj ,mr4 ,wm4 ,rob9son devis$ ! plan ( hav+ ! circuit clos$ at ! po9t ( dang]1 if conditions 7 favorable1 & op5$ a %ort di/ance 9 advance ( ! signal4 ,! :eels ( ! approa*+ tra9 depress$ a lev]1 :i* clos$ ! circuit & cle>$ ! signal1 unless int]rupt$ at ! po9t ( dang]4 ,subsequ5t modifications 7 made1 :]eby ! circuit once complet$ rema9$ s ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( an electromagnet1 & reop5$ :5 ! tra9 pass$ out ( t portion ( ! track gov]n$ by ! signal4 ,9 #ahga ,mr4 ,hall put 9 op]ation ! fir/ automatic electric block sy/em1 on ! ,new ,york ,h>lem ,railroad1 betwe5 ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,/ation & ,mott ,hav5 ,junction4 ,x 0 normal safety4 ,! :eels ( a pass+ tra9 /rik+ a lev] complet$ a circuit1 :i* put ! signal to dang]1 aft] ! tra91 & held x s until ! succe$+ signal w5t to dang]1 :5 a sep>ate circuit 0 complet$1 :i* releas$ ! =m] signal1 all[+ x to return to cle>4 ,! disadvantage 9 hav+ ! :eels ( a tra9 /rike a lev] to complete ! circuit l$ ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,pope to exp]im5t4 ,aft] a successful attempt 9 transmitt+ an electric circuit ?r\gh an ord9>y track ) fi%plate jo9ts1 he made a signal te/ at ,ea/ ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,a section ( track 0 insulat$ f ! re/1 ) a wire circuit1 includ+ a batt]y & electromagnet = op]at+ ! signal1 fa/5$ at ei!r end to ! opposite rails4 ,! metal :eels & axles complet$ ! circuit1 ?r[+ ! signal to dang] aga9/ foll[+ tra9s4 ,a det5t s]v$ to keep ! circuit clos$ until ! next signal 0 rea*$1 :5 a sep>ate circuit releas$ ! det5t1 p]mitt+ ! signal to cle>4 ,9 #ahgi ?is sy/em 0 put 9 s]vice1 &1 ) "s alt]ations1 /ill rema9s 9 "s localities4 ,foll[+ ! orig9al manual semaphore & ! controll$ manual sy/em ( op]ation came ! pneumatic & electric sy/ems1 = localities :i* requir$ a great numb] ( signal movem5ts4 ,) ! developm5t ( motors & batt]ies capable ( economic op]ation1 automatic signals ( ! semaphore type h be5 successfully & widely in/all$4 ,9 ! semaphore sy/em num]\s failures h occurr$1 due to ! =mation ( ice & sleet ^u ! blades4 ,?is has l$ to ! introduction ( ! s-call$ upp] quadrant op]ation2 t is1 ! motion ( ! signal be+ f horizontal to an upw>dly incl9$ position & back4 ,on acc\nt ( ! widespread preval5ce ( electric light+ & ! build+ up ( ! t]ritory adjac5t to railroads1 *anges 9 ! color indication ( night signals h be5 adopt$1 g5]ally 9 su* localities us+ gre5 in/ead ( :ite = ! safety indication4 ,,int]lock+4 ,develop+ ) ! manual op]ation ( signals1 & z a safegu>d aga9/ mi/akes ( ! signalm51 int]lock+ grew up z a means = prev5t+ conflict+ signals be+ giv5 at ! same "t4 ,z ) signals1 s ) int]lock+1 ,engl& l$ at fir/4 ,aft] a trip to t c\ntry 9 #ahfi1 ,mr4 ,a%bel ,wel* recomm5d$ ! advantage d]iv$ f ! ,engli% me?od ( op]at+ swit*es & signals 9 l>ge y>ds & t]m9als1 :]e ! entire control fell to "o man s locat$ z to be 9 t\* ) ! :ole situation & equipp$ ) a ma*9e t w\ld n p]mit ( sett+ up conflict+ r\tes4 ,! plea result$ 9 ! ord] ( a tw5ty-lev] ,saxby ,f>m] int]lock+ ma*9e1 :i* 0 in/all$ 9 #ahgd on ! ,new ,j]sey ,division ( 8 l9e4 ,railroads 7 prompt to see its advantage1 & 9 a %ort "t ma*9es p]=m+ ! functions 7 made & in/all$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 n only = ! protection ( railroad int]sections1 b = ! control ( l>ge t]m9al lay\ts4 ,9 #ahgf ! fir/ p[]-op]at$ int]lock+ sy/em 0 p]fect$1 :i* 0 ! pneumatic type4 ,9 #aijj an all-electric int]lock+ sy/em1 advantage\s :]e di/ant functions 7 to be embrac$ )9 ! op]ation ( ! plant1 & applicable to localities :]e electric traction 0 9 use1 0 devis$4 ,! m rec5t developm5t ( p[]-op]at$ int]lock+ sy/ems1 ) complete electric indication ( ! conditions on all tracks1 has made x possible = l>g] sy/ems to be consolidat$ "u ! control ( a c5tral plant1 & ?us "u ! direction ( a c5tral au?ority2 ^! ma*9es1 be+ ( a completely int]lock$ "*1 insure great] safety by ! c5tral control1 z well z great] facility ( op]ation4 ,,tra9 ,,dispat*+4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! fir/ radical dep>ture f ! "t int]val & flagg+ me?od ( op]ation came 9 #ahea4 ,! ,new ,york ,erie ,railroad _h e/abli%$ a s+le l9e ( telegraph betwe5 ,pi]mont1 on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 & ,dunkirk1 on ,lake ,erie1 = company bus9ess4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,telegraph1 ,mr4 ,lu!r ,c4 ,tillottson1 & ! ,division ,sup]9t5d5t 7 toge!r 9 ! ,elmira depot on an occasion & le>n$ t ! we/b\nd express f ,new ,york 0 f\r h\rs late4 ,at ,corn+ an ea/b\nd /ock tra9 & a we/b\nd freight at ,elmira wait$ = ! express4 ,) ?is in=mation1 ,mr4 ,tillottson sugge/$ t ! freight tra9 at ,elmira c\ld be s5t to ,corn+ & ! /ock tra9 at t po9t ord]$ to ,elmira1 ) p]fect safety1 be=e ! arrival ( ! express4 ,! move 0 successful & enc\rag$ simil> op]ation1 :i* %ortly l$ to ! adoption1 ) "s modifications1 ( ?is tra9-dispat*+ me?od on ! ,susquehanna ,division ( ! ,erie4 ,its adoption ov] ! entire l9e foll[$1 9 spite ( ! great opposition :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,m9ot1 ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t1 met :5 plann+ = its introduction4 ,"s ( ! conductors & eng9em5 w5t s f> z to resign r ?an run on telegraphic ord]s aga9/ ! "t ( ano!r tra94 ,?is sy/em spread rapidly to o!r l9es &1 9 company ) o!r features ( railroad op]ation1 has be5 progressively develop$ & improv$4 ,"o ( ! important elem5ts ( safety 9 ! dispat*+ practice has be5 ! t5d5cy to ! same words 9 ! same sequ5ce to convey ! same in/ructions1 insur+ a uni=m und]/&+ ( ! in/ructions in/ead ( p]mitt+ a discretion>y phraseology 9 orig9at+ or a misund]/&+ 9 con/ru+ ! ord] transmitt$4 ,! rules = tra9 dispat*+ n[ prescribe ! use ( /&>d =ms ( expression = ord]s gov]n+ ! movem5t ( tra9s4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s exp]im5ts h be5 made ) a sy/em ( tra9 dispat*+ by telephone1 n[ 9 successful op]ation ^u "s important l9es1 & gr[+ 9 ext5t4 ,advantage lies 9 ! ability to use tra9$ railroad employes :o _c "w "u ! telegraph sy/em1 n be+ telegraph op]ators4 ,! telephone-dispat*+ sy/em n only insures a rapid di/ribution ( in=mation1 b by its great] capacity enables a m complete k ( ! /ate ( ! l9e to be _h 9 ! controll+ (fice1 z well z 9 all ! (fices tribut>y to ! dispat*+ sy/em4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,locomotive4 ,:ile x is n our int5tion to take up y\r "t ) ! recital1 ev5 9 cond5s$ =m1 ( ! developm5t ( all ! items :i* g to make up ! p>ts ( a railroad1 we _c =ego ! opportunity to speak briefly ab\t ! locomotive1 ! motive p[]1 giv+ action & effect to transportation4 ,z e>ly z #afhj ,sir ,isaac ,newton pr$ict$ /eam-propell$ c>riages1 & ev5 made sugge/ions be>+ on _! design4 ,?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury v>i\s types ( /eam vehicles appe>$1 m z curiosities ?an any?+ else1 "s ( !m =]unn]s ( ! locomotive & o!rs ( ! automobile4 ,x 0 n until #ahjc t any?+ really des]v+ ! "n locomotive 0 built4 ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 a ,corni% m9]1 con/ruct$ ! locomotive be>+ 8 "n1 curi\sly en\gh z ! result ( a wag]4 ,on trial ?is ma*9e did convey t5 tons ( iron = n9e miles on a ca/-iron tramway by /eam p[]1 w9n+ ! wag]4 ,! desire ( ,*ri/oph] ,blackett1 a m9e own]1 to use /eam motive p[] 9 place ( animals l$ to ! practical demon/ration ( adhesion4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 ,blackett's ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,william ,h$ley1 built 8 ,puff+ ,billy1 a complicat$ affair ( lev]s1 beams & ge>s4 ,on ! completion ( ! ,liv]pool ,man*e/] ,railroad1 ! directors1 be+ undecid$ z to ! motive p[]1 (f]$ a prize ( five hundr$ p\nds = a locomotive t w\ld fulfill c]ta9 conditions4 ,! te/ came (f at ,ra9hill1 9 ,octob]1 #ahbi1 on a level piece ( track ab\t "o & "o-half miles long1 betwe5 f\r competitors4 ,/eph5son's ,rocket won & gave ! _w ! me*anical comb9ation ess5tially repres5t$ 9 locomotive practice s9ce t "t4 ,am]ican locomotive practice foll[$ ! ,/eph5son model4 ,among ! e>ly build]s 7 ,ph9eas ,davis1 ,ross ,w9ans & ,mat?ias ,baldw94 ,! f\r-:eel eng9es ( ! ,engli% type prov$ injuri\s to ! light rail & %>p curves on our e>ly roads1 & to ov]come ?is ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,j]vis1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,mohawk ,hudson ,railroad1 introduc$ ! f\r-:eel ,bogie truck4 ,= "s tw5ty ye>s ?is design rema9$1 until 9 ! '#ejs ! dem& = m tractive p[] br\ght ab\t ! addition ( ano!r pair ( c\pl$ driv]s1 ?us evolv+ ! well-kn[n ,am]ican type4 ,additional driv]s 7 add$ ) ! dem& = increas$ tractive p[]1 lead+ 9 turn to ! developm5t ( ! ,mogul & ,consolidat$ types4 ,9 ! decade betwe5 #ahhj & #ahij m driv]s1 su* z 9 ! t5-:eel type1 began to be us$ 9 high-spe$ s]vice1 & ! adaptation ( wide fire-boxes to ! ,am]ican type necessitat$ ! addition ( a trail] truck to support ! re> end ( ! locomotive frame1 & br\ght ab\t ! ,atlantic type1 9 #ahie4 ,! ,pacific type1 or ! mo/ mod]n high-spe$ pass5g] locomotive1 is a developm5t ( ?is4 ,9 #ahhh ,anatole ,mallett design$ ! articulat$ locomotive4 ,9 #aijd ! fir/ "o ( ?is type 0 plac$ 9 op]ation on an ,am]ican railroad1 & s9ce t "t has ga9$ favor :]e maximum tractive p[] on heavy grades is requir$4 ,!re is p]haps no m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! progress ( ! art ?an c be obta9$ f an exam9ation ( ! illu/rations ( ! v>i\s types ( locomotives built & op]at$ s9ce #ahbi4 ,x all bespeaks a trem5d\s gr[?1 bas$ on a trem5d\s necessity4 ,we c po9t to ! /r5g!n+ ( all p>ts comm5surate ) ! "w to be done2 to ! p]fection ( detail 9 mat]ials2 manufacture1 ma9t5ance & inspection2 & possibly obs]ve ) pride t ! motive p[] ( ! railroads ( ! pres5t contributes an almo/ negligible "p ( ! difficulties ( mod]n railroad op]ation1 due to features ( design or control4 ,,c> ,,con/ruction4 ,"o ( ! e>ly problems 9 transportation 0 to secure ! c>ry+ capacity ( c>s z well z safety4 ,we h po9t$ out h[ x 0 necess>y to add a guid+ truck to ! ,engli% locomotive1 design$ to adapt ! same locomotive safely to ,am]ican conditions4 ,bo? ! excessive :eel loads on f\r-:eel freight c>s & ! great] liability to accid5t or d]ailm5t l$ at an e>ly "t to ! use ( f\r-:eel trucks "u c>s4 ,betwe5 #ahca & #ahcd ,mr4 ,ross ,w9ans1 ( ,baltimore1 made improvem5ts on c>s on ! ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad4 ,he appli$ ! swivel f\r-:eel truck1 ! outside be>+ = axles1 & ! application ( ! draft ge> to ! c> body & n to ! trucks4 ,! increase 9 l5g?s ( pass5g] c>s1 ) correspond+ increases 9 weight1 l$1 ab\t #ahhj1 to ! q g5]al employm5t ( a six-:eel truck in/ead ( a f\r-:eel truck1 & ev5 eight-:eel trucks 7 us$ = a "t1 b reject$ on acc\nt ( ! excessive l5g? ( :eel base & o!r complications4 ,9 #ahgi ! ,all5 :eel1 consi/+ ( built-up con/ruction ) =g$-/eel tire1 0 introduc$ & rapidly became appli$ to c>s 9 ! mo/ exact+ s]vice4 ,orig9ally ! tires 7 import$ f ! ,krupp ,works1 9 ,g]many1 b lat] 7 manufactur$ "h4 ,great int]e/ atta*es itself at ! pres5t "t to ! manufacture ( solid-/eel =g$ :eels1 on acc\nt ( ! r$uction 9 p>ts4 ,9 ! latt] '#hjs exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ! developm5t ( /eel fram+ = c> con/ruction1 & built-up /eel und]frames 7 introduc$ %ortly aft]2 at fir/ on c>s = m9]al traffic1 :]e excessive weights & capacities 7 requir$4 ,! success ( ?is type ( con/ruction has l$ to its adaptation at ! pres5t "t to all classes ( equipm5t1 & n only /eel und]frames1 b complete /eel con/ruction 9 c]ta9 classes ( s]vice :]e ! conditions require4 ,) ! increase 9 ?r\gh pass5g] s]vice we note ! appe>ance ( ! ve/ibule1 protect+ ! communication betwe5 c>s4 ,orig9ally ?is ve/ibule 0 n>r[1 ab\t ! wid? ( ! c> door1 & 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahhb1 al?\gh exp]im5t$ ) z f> back z #ahde4 ,! equipm5t ( ! ,exposition ,fly]1 op]at$ f ,new ,york to ,*icago dur+ ! ,_w's ,fair1 0 ! fir/1 we believe1 to appe> ) full-wid? ve/ibules1 ^! be+ orig9ally design$ z (f]+ less atmosph]ic resi/ance to high-spe$ tra9s1 b hav+ subsequ5tly be5 f\nd a m economical1 attractive & saf] =m ( con/ruction4 ,! "q ( /eel c>s & composite /eel & wood5 c>s is hav+ v c>eful inve/igation & exp]im5t at ! pres5t "t4 ,:ile consid]ably us$1 ! results ( ! use ( ^! c>s mu/ be await$4 ,aft] ! factor ( safety has be5 det]m9$ ! "q ( t>e weight p] pass5g] c>ri$ w naturally arise4 ,9 ?is c\ntry our weights are n[ f> 9 excess ( all =eign railroad practice4 ,?is ent]s into ! resi/ance & co/ to produce ! s]vice4 ,,c> ,,heat+4 ,! orig9al me?od ( heat+ pass5g] c>s by direct radiation f coal or wood /oves 0 a s\rce ( discom=t to ! pass5g]s z well z a m5ace 9 case ( disa/]4 ,?is br\ght ab\t 9 ! late '#hjs ! introduction ( ! ,bak] ,hot-,wat] ,heat]1 :i* 0 a great improvem5t = ! com=t ( pass5g]s1 b /ill left a fire 9 ! c>4 ,9 _m in/ances ( collisions & d]ailm5ts dur+ ?is p]iod1 especially 9 w9t]1 ! c>s 7 set on fire & ! wreckage consum$ f ! fire scatt]$ f ! /oves or heat]s4 ,exp]im5tally1 /eam f ! locomotives 0 us$1 b ! difficulties 9 secur+ satisfactory c\pl+s betwe5 ! c>s1 ! dra9 on ! boil]1 & ! fact t ! locomotive 0 sometimes deta*$ f ! tra91 7 ob/acles4 ,"o ( ! ,we/]n roads ev5 atta*$ a sep>ate c> = ! sole purpose ( supply+ heat & light4 ,! gr[? 9 ! capacity ( locomotive boil]s1 & ! p]fection ( ! c\pl+s betwe5 c>s1 h l$ to ! pres5t practice ( c> heat+1 :i* entirely elim9ates ! pres5ce ( any fire or s\rce ( dang] f t s\rce4 ,,c> ,,light+4 ,c> light+ has pass$ ?r\gh ! same /ages z h\se light+1 possibly m gradually1 on acc\nt ( ! great] difficulties4 ,! old l[-ro($ pass5g] c>s 7 illum9at$ by c&les ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]1 plac$ 9 racks along ! sides ( ! c>4 ,) ! adv5t ( m9]al oil1 j be=e ! ,civil ,w>1 ! c&les gave place to oil lamps4 ,great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ma9ta9+ a /eady flame1 until ! pr9ciple ( ! /ud5t lamp 0 adopt$4 ,! flame 0 %ield$ f ! outside air by a *imney1 & ! c5tral draft to ! burn] provid$ ! air necess>y1 at ! "r po9t1 to insure combu/ion4 ,= m ?an fifte5 ye>s ?is me?od prevail$1 & :ile ! pres5ce ( oil lamps 9 wrecks contribut$ fuel to ! flames1 ! pro( t !y 7 9 any way ! pr9cipal cause 0 lack+4 ,/ill1 to elim9ate ?is contributory feature1 attempts 7 made to use ord9>y coal gas1 compress$ 9 tanks on ea* c>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,9 #ahgj a sy/em ( compress$ gas made f crude petroleum _h be5 inv5t$ by ,julius ,p9ts*1 ( ,b]l91 & by #ahhg _h be5 put into a numb] ( c>s on ,european railroads4 ,! light 0 too dim to satisfy ,am]ican conditions4 ,x 0 only a "q ( "t1 h[ev]1 = its prop] & adequate developm5t to our ne$s1 :5 its use became g5]al1 on ! p]fection ( ! lamp & burn]4 ,= ! la/ fifte5 ye>s electric light+ ( v>i\s types has be5 9 use on c>s 9 an exp]im5tal way4 ,:ile possess+ advantages1 p]haps1 9 safety1 ow+ to l[ voltages & small quantity ( curr5t1 its g5]al use has n yet be5 entirely practicable1 ow+ to ! complications involv$1 ei!r 9 g5]at+ & satisfactorily controll+ ! curr5t ^u ! c>s1 or 9 supply+ x at t]m9als ?r\gh /orage batt]ies4 ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ l>gely features ei!r ( equipm5t or tra9 control4 ,p]haps m important ?an ^! is ! p]man5t way4 ,comp>$ ) eng9es1 c>s1 signals & dispat*+1 ! v>iety ( problems pres5t$ 9 ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance are _m4 ,we p]haps owe to ! anci5t beg9n+s & highly sci5tific developm5t ( ! pr(ession ( civil eng9e]+ & its bran*es ! fact t ^! problems ( con/ruction & ma9t5ance are s well met & ! s\rce ( s little anxiety 9 connection ) railroad transportation at ! pres5t "t4 ,am]ican eng9e]+ +5uity & c\rage h devis$ /ructures to meet e requirem5t ( railroad developm5t4 ,9 bridge con/ruction = c5turies ! simple beam or ! ar* 7 ! only spans employ$4 ,! natural b>ri]s to con/ruction ( railroads requir$ some?+ m ?an ei!r4 ,betwe5 #ahcj & #ahej _m wood5 trusses 7 built 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates aft] ! design ( ,burr & ,palm]4 ,s4 ,h4 ,long's introduction ( c\nt]-braces 9 truss con/ruction 9 #ahcj 0 a long /ep 9 advance1 & aft] t5 ye>s ! celebrat$ ,h[e truss 0 br\ght out by ! inv5tor4 ,f\r ye>s lat] came ! ,pratt truss4 ,9 #ahei sev]al rivet$ lattice trusses 7 built = ! ,new ,york ,c5tral1 v>y+ f #dj to #ij feet 9 l5g?1 by ,h[>d ,c>roll4 ,! ,lehigh ,valley built a ,:ipple-,murphy p9-connect$ bridge ( #afe-;foot span4 ,?is progress 9 truss con/ruction enabl$ ! railroads to bridge /reams & secure cont9u\s roadway4 ,z an int]e/+ hi/orical note 9 connection ) railroad bridges1 we f9d t ! fir/ railroad bridge 0 built across ! ,mississippi ,riv] at ,rock ,isl& 9 #ahef4 ,x _h h>dly be5 complet$1 at great exp5se1 be=e ,/4 ,l\is /eamboat int]e/s dem&$ its removal z a nuisance & an ob/ruction to navigation4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt s adjudg$ x1 & ord]$ its removal )9 six mon?s4 ,! presid+ judge 9 8 op9ion /at$ t if "o railroad is able to transf] freight & pass5g]s )\t delay & exp5se ( *ang+ at ! riv]1 f9ancial necessity w compel compet+ roads to provide !mselves ) ! same facilities1 :i* l$ him to =esee great int]f]5ce to riv] traffic & great mis*ief 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a prec$5t4 ,! case 0 appeal$1 & ,abraham ,l9coln 0 ! c\nsel = ! bridge company be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,he argu$ t bo? ! riv] & ! railroad 7 great highways = ! p1 & :ile at ! imm$iate "t ! wat] traffic 0 possibly great]1 he pr$ict$ t ! "t might come :5 ! railroads might equal or exce$ ! traffic on ! riv]1 & he consequ5tly felt t ea* int]e/ 0 entitl$ to equal consid]ation4 ,8 broad grasp ( ! subject secur$ = 8 company a rev]sal ( ! decision ( ! l[] c\rt1 & ! bridge rema9$4 ,) ! adv5t ( /eel ! possibilities ( bridge con/ruction may be said to h become almo/ unlimit$1 & _! design exce$+ly simplifi$ & /&>diz$4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,rail4 ,equally important is ! evolution ( ! rail & its fa/5+s4 ,! type ( metal rails ( :i* ! bottom s]v$ z ! runn+ surface = flat :eels guid$ by a flange on ! rail gave place to edge rails on :i* flang$ :eels us$ ! upp] surface ( ! rail be=e ! day ( ! /eam locomotive4 ,( ! edge type1 ! fir/ 7 ca/ iron1 fi%-belli$1 9 sections ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,!y 7 support$ by /one blocks or 9 ca/-iron *airs :i* 7 9 turn made secure to ! /one4 ,lat] ! same type 0 made ( wr\ght iron by ,john ,birk9%aw1 9 ,engl&1 :o roll$ x up to #ae or #ah feet 9 l5g?4 ,f #ahbj to #ahej ! flat /rap rail1 spik$ to longitud9al timb]s1 9 turn support$ by cross-ties1 0 l>gely us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 z x 0 ! only %ape t c\ld be roll$ "h4 ,9 #ahcd ,mr4 ,/rickl& design$ ! ,bridge1 or ,u-%ap$ section1 :i* 0 us$ on "s ( our e>li] roads & 0 ! fir/ /yle ( edge rail roll$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 #ahdd4 ,! pres5t ,t section 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahcj by ,colonel ,/ev5s1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,camd5 ,amboy ,railway1 & until #ahde1 :5 x 0 fir/ roll$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 _h to be import$ f ,engl&4 ,! poor quality ( ! iron at ?is "t requir$ su* a broad support1 9 ! design ( ! rail1 = ! head1 t no satisfactory plate fa/5+ c\ld be secur$4 ,iron %oes1 into :i* ! rail ends fitt$1 7 ! means ( connection4 ,! greate/ improvem5t dates f #ahee1 :5 ! fir/ /eel rails 7 roll$ 9 ,engl&4 ,t5 ye>s lat] !y 7 exp]im5tally roll$ "h4 ,9 #ahfg1 ?r\gh ! introduction ( ! ,bessem] process1 :i* made possible _! manufacture at a greatly r$uc$ co/1 began a revolution 9 track con/ruction4 ,:ile ! decade f #ahhj to #ahij witness$ ! greate/ rate ( railroad build+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 x also witness$ ! sub/antial sub/itution ( /eel rails on our l9es4 ,! e>li] rails weigh$ f #ej to #gj p\nds p] y>d4 ,! increas+ weight ( equipm5t br\ght out a heavi] section1 & fifte5 ye>s ago !re 0 a l>ge p]c5tage ( mileage on :i* weights ( #ij p\nds & ov]--& ev5 #ajj p\nds--p] y>d _h be5 introduc$4 ,"u special conditions rails weigh+ z high z #adj p\nds p] y>d are us$4 ,) ! increas+ weights ( rails1 & ! developm5t ( /eel manufacture1 great] att5tion has be5 paid to details ( analysis1 process ( manufacture1 %ape & lay+1 & x may be briefly /at$ t all ^! matt]s are uni=mly prescrib$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,our rail fa/5+s1 ties & balla/ h kept pace ) ! developm5t ( ! rail & equipm5t4 ,an or?odox "p ( ! rules gov]n+ ! ma9t5ance ( railway prop]ty places 9 ! h&s ( ! ma9t5ance =ce /&>d plans & specifications1 n only = ! elem5ts1 su* z rail & ties1 b = ! complete make-up ( ! f9i%$ track /ructure & roadb$1 & ^! plans are ! result ( curr5t exp]i5ce & /udy ( ! sev]al railroads1 & ( ! v>i\s associations ( eng9e]s1 ma9t5ance (fic]s & manufactur]s1 & x is safe to say t ^! plans1 specifications & /&>d practices repres5t ! be/ kn[n /ate ( ! art4 ,,grade-,,cross+ ,,elim9ation4 ,9 ! e>ly days bo? ! railroads & public ways us$ ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd1 z a matt] ( economy4 ,! public "q !n 0 h[ !y 7 to get ! railroads1 & n h[ !y 7 to re/rict !m 9 ! mann] ( _! con/ruction4 ,! di/ricts trav]s$ 7 sp>sely settl$ & tra9s 7 few & sl[ 9 _! movem5t2 ! highways 7 little us$2 all ( :i* made = fre$om f accid5t :]e ! two cross$4 ,! conditions 9 ,engl& 7 va/ly diff]5t4 ,!re ! c\ntry 0 ?ickly settl$ & an assur$ traffic 0 evid5t f ! inception ( ! ent]prise1 :i* w\ld w>rant exp5ditures on orig9al con/ruction t c\ld n be ent]ta9$ by ! promot]s ( our fir/ companies4 ,s x 0 n ?r\gh any bl9dness t made grade cross+s gr[ up 9 ?is c\ntry1 b x 0 purely ! result ( economic conditions :i* preclud$ _! elim9ation4 ,) ! increase 9 population & ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry came ! ne$ ( increas$ transportation facilities4 ,m frequ5t1 fa/] & heavi] tra9s 7 mov+ up ! railroads & a great] numb] ( p came to use ! highways4 ,! inevitable result foll[$1 & at l5g? ! great numb] ( accid5ts occurr+ at ! grade cross+s attract$ public att5tion4 ,! ,legislature ( ,massa*usetts took ! fir/ action 9 #ahfi1 :5 x provid$ = ! appo9tm5t ( a ,railroad ,commission1 to inve/igate & report ^u ,saf] & ,bett] ,me?ods ( ,con/ruction & ,op]ation4 ,!y v promptly took up ! ,grade-,cross+ "q4 ,at ?is "t 9 ,massa*usetts !re 0 #a mile ( track to #e4dg squ>e miles ,new ,york !re 0 #a mile ( track to #ad4ab squ>e miles ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 #a mile ( track to #df4gb squ>e miles ,great ,brita9 !re 0 #a mile ( track to #h4fj squ>e miles ,?is %[$ t ! railroad network 9 ,massa*usetts 0 m ext5sive 9 proportion to ! area ( ! ,/ate ?an exi/$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 _! report ! ,commission sugge/$ ! avoidance ( future cross+s ( railroads & highways at grade1 & ! propriety ( ! railroads *ang+ "s exi/+ cross+s :i* pres5t$ no great difficulty or exp5se4 ,9 #ahgc a law 0 pass$ provid+ = ! sep>ation ( grade :5 a t[n & railroad effect$ an agreem5t4 ,! co/ 0 to be apportion$ by a ,commission appo9t$ by ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt4 ,?is law did accompli% some?+1 b h>dly aboli%$ exi/+ cross+s z fa/ z new ones 7 built4 ,"u x ! ,fit*burg ,railroad did away ) tw5ty-five betwe5 #ahge & #ahij1 be>+ v>y+ portions ( ! exp5se4 ,9 #ahhe an ,act provid$ t ! ,c\nty ,commission]s c\ld ord] ! abolition ( a grade cross+ on a petition ( tw5ty legal vot]s if ! co/ w\ld n exce$ #c1jjj4 ,aga91 9 #ahhh ! ,legislature ask$ ! ,gov]nor to appo9t ano!r ,commission to inve/igate & report ^u a s*eme = gradual abolition & ! me?od ( apportion+ ! exp5se4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahhi1 ?is ,commission1 compos$ ( ,kimball1 ,web] & ,locke1 submitt$ sy/ematic plans1 ) e/imates1 etc41 9 :i* !y fix$ =ty ye>s z n an unreasonable l5g? ( "t = ! completion ( ! "w4 ,! next /ep came 9 #ahij ) ! passage ( ! ,grade ,cross+ ,law1 :i* provid$ t ! directors ( a railroad or ! au?orities ( a t[n or city c\ld petition ! ,supreme ,c\rt = a ,commission on ! ,abolition ( a ,grade ,cross+4 ,?is ,commission 0 to det]m9e ! mann] ( ! sep>ation & by :om ! "w 0 to be done1 & h[ ! exp5se 0 to be divid$ z betwe5 ! railroad1 city & ,/ate4 ,be=e ! report 0 pres5t$ to ! ,c\rt = approval x 0 incumb5t ^u ! ,commission]s to asc]ta9 t ! aggregate proportion ( ! ,/ate's liability 9 ?is connection w\ld n exce$ #ejj1jjj p] ye> = t5 ye>s4 ,:ile on ! "o h& ! ,legislature au?oriz$ ?is exp5diture ( #e1jjj1jjj to aboli% ! cross+s ( highways ) railroads at grade1 !y grant$ *>t]s indef9itely to electric l9es to cross /eam roads at grade4 ,! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,railroad ,commission]s 0 creat$ 9 #ahhb & its memb]%ip appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor4 ,among ! functions :i* !y imm$iately assum$ 0 ! "q ( public safety 9 connection ) cross+s at grade ( railroads & highways4 ,! consid]ation :i* ?is receiv$ & ! compla9ts ( unsafe conditions1 z well z ! complications & adjudications involv$1 l$ to ! pass+ ( ! ,grade ,cross+ ,law1 :i* w5t into effect ,july #a1 #ahig4 ,n only by ! ,new ,york ,/ate law1 b by ! ,massa*usetts law1 ! me?od ( elim9ation1 z well z ! apportionm5t ( exp5se1 is specific4 ,! initiative is op5 to bo? ! railroad & to ! community1 & ! rapid progress ( elim9ations 9 ^! two ,/ates may be tak5 z an endorsem5t ( ! wisdom ( su* legislation1 pav+ ! way1 z x does1 = m progress on ! "q ( elim9ations ?an x is believ$ w\ld ord9>ily take place :]e no specific rule exi/$ = ! und]tak+4 ,:ile ! exact conditions ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry are n def9itely kn[n1 x is believ$ t progress is be+ made q g5]ally 9 ?is direction4 ,! influ5ce ( grade-cross+ elim9ation ^u ! safety ( op]ation is ( su* importance z to des]ve s]i\s consid]ation1 z ,i w fur!r sugge/4 ,p]haps ! elim9ation ( grade cross+s1 !reby sep>at+ ! public f ! railroad except z au?oriz$ 9 connection ) _! patronage ( x1 is "o ( ! mo/ important factors z safety4 ,,human ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,op]ation4 ,not)/&+ ! great improvem5ts 9 roadb$1 track1 bridges1 signals1 equipm5t & o!r respects1 all secur+ increas$ s]vice & safety 9 railroad op]ation1 ! human elem5t is a vital factor4 ,) a view ( rais+ ! /&>d ( individual s]vice1 a sy/em ( physical & educational exam9ations has be5 adopt$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( railroads ! individual s]vice 0 possibly less def9itely classifi$ & qualifi$ ?an mu/ prevail "u ! exactions ( mod]n conditions4 ,9 keep+ ) ! progress 9 me*anical & safety devices & ! necessity ( a bett] sy/em1 we h today a prelim9>y exam9ation1 bo? physical & z to fitness4 ,employes mu/ pass exam9ations z to vision1 color s5se & he>+1 & _! k ( ! fundam5tal rules & regulations1 z well z ! fundam5tal k ( road1 appliances & equipm5t4 ,^! exam9ations are repeat$ f "t to "t z ! class ( s]vice & fur!r advancem5t ( ! employes may require4 ,_m ( ! l>ge railroads h e/abli%$ s*ools1 ) capable in/ructors1 :]e employes may receive in/ruction ^u ! p]=mance ( _! duties1 z well z af=d+ !m an opportunity to fit !mselves = promotion4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,g5]al ,"t ,conv5tion "s ?irty ye>s ago1 ! ne$ to /&>dize railroad practices & sy/ematically qualify employes began to be realiz$4 ,! ,conv5tion1 l>gely ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,all51 saw t1 z "t is ! t]m 9 :i* railroad s*$ules are express$1 x 0 a fundam5tal necessity t !re %\ld be /&>d "t1 & t ! timepieces ( employes :i* %\ld gov]n _! obs]vance ( in/ructions & s*$ules mu/ con=m to ! /&>d4 ,?is l$ to ! pres5t sy/em ( /&>d "t2 to ! sy/em :]eby employes mu/ comp>e wat*es ) /&>d clocks2 mu/ h wat*es inspect$ regul>ly & record tak5 ( same2 mu/ comp>e wat*es & regi/] be=e trips4 ,! ,g5]al ,"t ,conv5tion l$ to ! =mation ( ! ,am]ican ,railway ,association1 consi/+ ( ! executive & op]at+ (fic]s ( ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! ,association consid]s problems ( railroad op]ation1 con/ruction & equipm5t1 & recomm5ds practices = _! solution4 ,_! inve/igations1 conclusions & recomm5d$ practices embrace tra9 op]ation1 dispat*+1 block-signal op]ation1 air-brake op]ation1 physical & educational qualifications ( employes1 regulations = ! transportation ( dang]\s articles1 cle>ances1 rail manufacture1 safety appliances1 inspection1 c> con/ruction1 track gauge1 tra9 heat+ & light+1 me?ods ( load+1 etc4 ,m>k$ progress has be5 made 9 co-ord9at+ ! "w ( ! v>i\s organizations ( railroad (fic]s ) ! "w ( ! ,association1 to secure ! b5efit ( ! broade/ & mo/ c>eful consid]ation ( ! subjects4 ,assurance1 !re=e1 exi/s t ! exp]i5ce & k ( railway managem5t & (fic]s w be br\ght f "t to "t into ! text & fact ( /&>d practices1 promot+ conv5i5ce by close int]l9e relation%ips & uni=mity ( regulation1 & caus+ a uni=m1 sy/ematic & c>eful reg>d = safety4 ,,by ,,way ,,( ,,recapitulation4 ,s1 to recapitulate3 ,f a few miles ( crude tramways ! _w has 9 a c5tury built #ejj1jjj miles ( /eam op]at$ & #ajj1jjj miles ( electrically op]at$ roads2 in/ead ( spragg+ ! :eels we rely on ! automatic high-spe$ brake2 ! c\pl+ ( c>s has become an imitation ( ! action ( human h&s in/ead ( risk+ _! de/ruction2 ea* tra9 f9ds ! condition ( road ahead & protects itself by ! ag5cy ( electric circuits & semaphores1 ! sequ5ce ( ^: op]ation discloses on behalf ( safety any ob/ruction ( ! r\te2 f\r-:eel b>r[s are replac$ by /eel c>s1 l>g] ?an ! m9]'s cab91 & c>ry+ m ?an 8 mon?'s output2 in/ead ( travel+ on a tramway /age coa*1 ! pass5g] f9ds available = 8 com=t a mod]n hotel on :eels1 ) e luxury kn[n to-day--electrically light$1 /eam heat$1 wea!r-pro(2 ! old /rap iron1 :i* became deta*$ & p5etrat$ ! c> floor1 frequ5tly imp++ pass5g]s to ! ro(1 is replac$ by ! b> ( /eel weigh+ #ajj p\nds to ! y>d1 ^: manufacture1 in/allation & ma9t5ance is prescrib$ ) e degree ( ref9em5t kn[n to ! *emi/ & eng9e]2 we h le>n$ to treat sub-grade1 dra9age & balla/ z an ar*itectural sci5ce1 & our bridges1 f ! s+le-log span1 n[ make cont9u\s roadb$ = high-spe$ op]ation1 ev5 ov] ! cont95tal riv]s4 ,"s "o has said t ! build]s' art consi/$ 9 mak+ ! /ructure proclaim ! purpose = :i* design$1 & to my m9d !re is no?+ :i* q s dramatically fulfils ?is z ! mod]n /eam locomotive4 ,h[ _m ( y h se5 a huge ,pacific locomotive1 draw+ a tra9 ( #fjj tons at a spe$ ( #gj miles an h\r1 yet "u control ( "o man1 j ! same z ,/eph5son's ,rocket1 :i* c\ld h be5 lift$ (f its track & set on ! gr\nd by f\r /rong m51 & :i* 0 a _w-wond] :5 = a %ort di/ance x atta9$ a spe$ ( tw5ty miles an h\r8 ,we "k t our eng9eman ) a ,pacific locomotive & ! high-spe$ tra9 c /op 8 tra9 ) ! air brake 9 a def9ite di/ance4 ,^! comp>isons1 briefly z might be1 betwe51 we w say1 ! beg9n+s ( ! n9ete5? & ( ! tw5tie? c5turies1 %[ h[ ! comm]cial gr[? & increase ( trade h produc$ a dem& = transportation to be p]=m$1 & ) ! p]=mance an economic revolution4 ,we h1 9 a g5]al way1 ?\gh ) f> less ?an ! ?or\ghness ( :i* ! subject is wor?y1 outl9$ :at might be call$ ! /ate ( ! art1 ( railroad plant & op]ation1 9 a relative s5se4 ,progress ( a pron\nc$ "* has occurr$4 ,t ?is progress has be5 accompli%$ by increas$ safety is demon/rat$ by common k & confirm$ by ! records1 bo? ( ! railroads & ! public au?orities4 ,z an illu/ration1 take ! /ati/ics ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,! increas$ safety ( railroad op]ation is indicat$ 9 "p by ! foll[+ figures3 ,= ! decade foll[+ ! beg9n+ ( ! records1 namely1 #ahhh to #ahig1 ! fatalities 7 #a 9 #de1cjj1jjj2 = ! next decade1 br++ x d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! fatalities 7 #a 9 #ed1ijj1jjj2 ! ga9 9 ratio be+1 = ! nation at l>ge1 fully #bj p] c5t4 ,look+ at ! conditions 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :]e ! d5sity ( travel is consid]ably 9 excess ( t ( ! c\ntry z a :ole1 we f9d a report ( ! ,/ate ,eng9e] 9 ! ye> #ahfb %[+ ratio ( fatalities ( #a 9 #bh1bjj1jjj2 ! av]age = six ye>s1 #aijb to #aijg1 inclusive1 %[s #a 9 #bjj1jjj1jjj2 an increase 9 relative safety ( #hjj p] c5t4 ,we may assume t nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( railroad transportation 0 !re pres5t$ a bigg] problem ?an to-day4 ,! weights are great]2 ! di/ances are great]2 ! spe$ is great]2 ! population is m d5se2 prices & wages are high]1 & ! public s]vice m exact+4 ,a ga!r+ ( ! (ficial repres5tatives ( ! nation & ( e ,/ate1 possibly ) a desire = uni=m & conc]t$ action1 ev5 ?\gh x may be un(ficial1 po9ts ) emphasis to ! attitude f :i* ! public contemplates ! employm5t ( ! railways 9 _! behalf4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 an accept$ fact ( our political con/itution at ! pres5t "t t ! public1 ?r\gh its au?oriz$ repres5tatives & ?r\gh lawful *annels1 has a "r to be reasonably assur$ 9 ?is respect4 ,i believe t ! co-op]ation manife/$1 z well z ! inquiries by ! v>i\s railway bo>ds1 has 9 a great s5se aid$ 9 rea*+ our pres5t /&>d ( excell5ce1 to :i* we c po9t ) pride 9 comp>ison ) any o!r national railway sy/em ( ! globe4 ,we are becom+ m famili>--! railroad managem5t & employes--) ! /&po9t ( ! public1 & ! public is becom+ m famili> ) ! problems ( ! railroads4 ,! mutual aim is3 ,fir/1 safety & s]vice2 &1 second1 economy4 ,! public conc]n = ! safety & s]vice is = its own protection1 & ! railroad managem5t mu/ give bo? ) economy4 ,s f> we h be5 deal+ l>gely ) ! progressive safety ( railroad op]ation z fur!r$ by ! action ( ! railways1 ei!r initiatively or responsively1 z ! case might be4 ,we h describ$ ! improvem5t 9 roadway1 equipm5t & appliances2 ! /&>diz+ ( regulations = op]ation2 ! selection ( employees & _! gov]nm5t4 ,) ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! problem ( ! railroad by ! public ?r\gh & 9 connection ) ! special bo>ds repres5t$ "h today1 x might n be amiss to express ! hope t su* ne$s z _c be met )\t ! active support ( public op9ion & p]haps legislation w be cle>ly br\ght out4 ,"o ( ! ?\ghts t occurs to me 0 sugge/$ by a rec5t exhibit1 f ! records1 ( ! loss ( life1 damage to railroad prop]ty1 z well z injury to p]sons & prop]ty convey$1 due to ! pres5ce ( unau?oriz$ p]sons ^u railroad prop]ty1 :e!r wilfully or c>elessly trespass+4 ,z an illu/ration ( its s]i\sness3 dur+ la/ ye> ov] #e1jjj trespass]s lo/ _! lives on railroads besides a l>ge numb] injur$4 ,num]\s mi%aps h be5 trac$ to acts ( trespass]s1 :i* may be ! secret ( _m unexpla9$ casualties4 ,! railroads are a highway = ! migration ( tramps & unemploy$ p]sons1 :o commit petty depr$ations1 jeop>dize ! safety ( tra9s & ! lives ( employees & pass5g]s4 ,x seems ( no avail t ?\s&s ( ! wor/ class are arre/$ by railroad police =ces & convictions secur$1 z ! s5t5ces 9 ! majority ( cases s]ve r to aggravate1 ?an to mitigate1 ! evil4 ,"o l9e arre/$ ov] #i1jjj trespass]s dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & secur$ convictions 9 #ge p] c5t ( ! cases2 b 9 half ( !m s5t5ce 0 susp5d$1 :i* usually meant t ! (f5d] us$ ! railroad to escape f ! sc5e4 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood to asp]se ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 nor to insi/ t (f5ces ( a s]i\s "* are always committ$ by railroad trespass]s1 b ! haz>d involv$ is "o t %\ld n be p]mitt$ to exi/1 ! railroad prop]ty de/roy$ or damag$ be>+ no relation to ! risk ( p]sons & prop]ty transport$1 & to ! enorm\s loss ( life involv$4 ,i feel t ! att5tion ( ^? accu/om$ to broadly view+ problems ( public conc]n %\ld be br\ght to be> ^u ^! facts1 ) ! hope t measures may be tak5 to insure great] safety 9 ?is respect1 z well z to save ! wa/e ( life & prop]ty n[ result+ f or incid5t to ! practice4 ,i might v5ture to sugge/ t ! loss ( life is f> great] ?an entail$ ?r\gh decades by boil] explosions or re>-end collisions1 ! s]i\sness ( :i* ,i d n wi% to deprecate2 & ! situation might w>rant special record ( ! facts be+ obta9$ 9 behalf ( ! public ?r\gh ! regul> *annels4 ,:]e9 lies ! increas$ safety ( ! future may p]haps be ! qu]y 9 _m m9ds4 ,x is univ]sally s\ght4 ,x w\ld be m]e conjecture on my "p1 &1 ) y\r indulg5ce1 ,i am n incl9$ to prophesy4 ,z ,i see x1 ! great problem is to make our progress sure1 tak+ no d\btful measures1 adopt+ no speci\s devices :i* may appeal to u at fir/ blu% until we h satisfi$ ourselves t no great] risk is involv$ by ! *ange4 ,! multiplication ( rules enjo9+ ob$i5ce1 toge!r ) devices = additional protection1 may yield a false s5se ( security if fundam5tal ob$i5ce to exi/+ rules & effici5cy ( exi/+ appliances is "o bit impair$ by ! addition4 ,we mu/ n embrace pap] re=ms1 ev5 ?\gh clamor & pressure be great4 ,an ounce ( prev5tion is bett] ?an a p\nd ( cure1 we grant1 b rev]se ! prov]b1 & ! p\nd ( prev5tion may ov]-:elm u4 ,! public (ficial w\ld seem to be 9 a judicial position1 m9dful ( public ju/ice & safety1 bas+ 8 judgm5t & acts ^u facts alone4 ,improvem5t 9 g5]al safety & "* ( railroad op]ation mu/ be ! product n only ( an enlight5$ public op9ion & ! cons]vative wisdom ( public repres5tatives1 b progressive & c>eful managem5t1 c\pl$ ) a s5se ( discipl9e & responsibility & indu/ry ( railroad employees1 :o mu/ jo9tly %>e ! obligations ( ! problem4 ,speak+ ( ! compliance we h *e]fully made to ! sugge/ions ( ! public repres5tatives--! ,commissions--9 reg>d to improvem5ts ( s]vice1 facilities & conditions ( op]ation1 etc41 we believe 9 ! long run t ^! ?+s mean a bett] /&>d & great] security = railroad prop]ty1 z well z ! enorm\s b5efit t accrues to ! public by reason ( prop] & effici5t railway s]vice1 & we h only ?\ghts ( admiration = ! attitudes ( ! ,commissions z we h f\nd !m4 ,!y h a l>ge problem4 ,we are glad to avail ourselves ( _! wisdom1 & believe x to be ! means :]eby ! responsibility ( ! c>ri]s to ! public is secur$1 & ?r\gh :om ! responsibility ( ! public to ! railroads mu/ be voic$4 ,g5tlem51 ,i ?ank y = y\r k9d att5tion1 & ! favor1 :i* ,i ackn[l$ge1 ( be+ p]mitt$ to address y z be/ ,i may ^u a subject to :i* we are all devot$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a di/9ct lit]ature on ! subject t y\r wor?y ,presid5t assign$ to me1 my ef=ts are p]haps a bit crudely devis$1 hav+ no patt]n4 ,9 ano!r g5]ation we may p]haps evolve a di/9ct species ( railroad /atesman & an encyclop$ia f :i* we w be able to po9t back to ! beg9n+s & ! ef=ts at mutual advice1 & to ! gr[? & k t h ensu$1 j z we h se5 ! day ( small ?+s 9 railroads to be ! beg9n+ ( a con/ant gr[? to ! wond]s ( today4 ,i am sure t ! ,am]ican p c congratulate !mselves ^u an in/itution ( ! "* ( y\r ,conv5tion & ( y\r sev]al honorable bodies1 & tru/ t ?is meet+ w be su* t y w feel t y h made def9ite progress 9 y\r concurr5t aims4 ,,railway ,,mail ,,pay ,,by ,,julius ,,krutts*nitt1 ,,director ,,( ,,ma9t5ance ,,& ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,union ,,pacific ,,sy/em ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,pacific ,,company4 ,! "q ( comp5sation to ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = c>ry+ ! mails has be5 "u review be=e ,congress at diff]5t times dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,! subject 0 exhau/ively inve/igat$ by a ,jo9t ,commission ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 #ahih & #ahii1 :i* rea*$ ! foll[+ conclusion aft] full consid]ation & tak+ ( a mass ( te/imony on all sides ( ! "q3 ,^u a c>eful consid]ation ( all ! evid5ce & ! /atem5ts & argum5ts submitt$1 & 9 view ( all ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! railroads1 we are ( ! op9ion t ! prices n[ paid to ! railroad companies = ! transportation ( ! mails are n excessive1 & recomm5d t no r$uction !re( be made at ?is "t4 7,see ,report #bbhd1 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 #ef? ,congress1 #b;d ,session47 ,?is ,commission also conclud$ z to ! pay = railway po/(fice c>s3 ,tak+ 9 view all ^! facts z disclos$ by ! te/imony fil$ h]e)1 we are ( ! op9ion t ! prices paid z comp5sation = ! po/al c> s]vice are n excessive1 & recomm5d t no r$uction be made !re9 s long z ! me?ods1 conditions & requirem5ts ( ! po/al s]vice cont9ue ! same z at pres5t4 ,s9ce ! above recomm5dations 7 made1 ! op]at+ co/s on railroads1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! co/ ( h&l+ ! mail1 z h]eaft] %[n1 h be5 l>gely increas$1 ?r\gh high] prices = bo? mat]ial & labor1 s t if ! railways 7 n ov]-paid t5 ye>s ago1 ! pres5t rates1 be+ l[] ?an ^? paid at t "t1 w\ld be too l[ & %\ld really be increas$ to give ! railroads a reasonable return4 ,f> f do+ ?is1 legislation enact$ 9 ! pa/ few ye>s has _h ! effect ( cutt+ d[n ! mail pay ( ! railroads1 :il/ ! special requirem5ts z to s]vice & equipm5t h be5 made m sev]e & exact+4 ,rec5t acts ( ,congress or ord]s ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t1 :i* h ! =ce ( law1 t h caus$ r$uction ( railroad rev5ues1 are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,act ( ,congress ( ,m>* #b1 #aijg1 r$uc$ pay on all r\tes mov+ 9 excess ( #e1jjj p\nds p] day4 ,?is r$uc$ ! pay = h&l+ mails #a1gdj1did4fc1 or #c p] c5t4 ( ! total e>n+s4 ,! same act r$uc$ ! r5tal rates = railway po/al c>s #ice1igd4ji p] annum1 or #af p] c5t4 ,! total r$uction 9 pay to ! railroads "u ?is act 0 #b1fgf1dfh4gb1 or #f p] c5t4 ( ! total comp5sation = bo? classes ( s]vice4 #b4 ,act ( ,congress ( ,june #bf1 #aijf1 effective ,july #a1 #aijf1 )drew f ! mails empty mail bags & c]ta9 supplies1 to be !reaft] %ipp$ z freight or express4 ,x may be cons]vatively e/imat$ t ! annual loss 9 mail rev5ue to ! railroads by )draw+ ^! %ipm5ts f ! mails is at lea/ #a1jjj1jjj1 ) practically no r$uction 9 space furni%$ because ( ?is *ange4 #c4 ,ord] ( ,po/ma/]-,g5]al ( ,june #g1 #aijg1 *ang+ ) ea* mail weigh+ !reaft] ! me?od ( comput+ av]age weights on :i* pay is bas$ f t always previ\sly us$ & !ret(ore reg>d$ z ! prop] int]pretation ( ! law4 ,! effect ( ?is on ! mail weigh+s ( #aijg & #aijh 0 to r$uce railway mail pay 9 two sections ( ! c\ntry1 #b1bbb1ajh4ib1 or #i p] c5t41 or at ! rate ( #d1ejj1jjj p] annum = all roads ( ! c\ntry4 #d4 ,ord]s ( ,po/ma/]-,g5]al r$uc+ railway po/al c> pay by all[+ %ort]-c> pay on c]ta9 l9es ?an h]et(ore au?oriz$ & *ang+ c]ta9 full l9es to half l9es2 t is1 r$uc+ pay = return movem5t1 ?us caus+ an annual loss to ! railroads ( #cde1bhg4jf4 7,second ,assi/ant ,po/ma/]-,g5]al's ,annual ,report #aijh1 page #ac47 ,! effect ( all ( ^! r$uctions on ! mail rev5ue ( ! railroads aggregate #h1ejj1jjj p] annum1 or #ag p] c5t4 ( ! total pay receiv$ by !m 9 ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijh1 = h&l+ ! mail & furni%+ railway po/al c>s4 ,^! r$uctions 7 made )\t ju/ification & = ! purpose ( r$uc+ railroad rev5ues--&1 incid5tally1 ! exp5ses ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t1 at a "t :5 ! net e>n+s ( ! c>ri]s seem$ l>ge to ! public m9d1 al?\gh "u ^! favorable conditions ! returns to ! %>ehold]s approximat$ b #d p] c5t41 :il/ f>m]s 7 receiv+ #aj p] c5t41 manufactur]s #ae p] c5t4 & ,national banks #ah to #bj p] c5t4 ,x is true t !re has be5 a l>ge increase 9 ! gross rev5ue ( ! railroads 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 b ?is has accru$ f traffic o!r ?an c>riage ( ! mails & has be5 accompani$ by great increase 9 op]at+ exp5ses4 ,9 fact1 7 x n = ! economies ( ! c>ri]s1 effect$ by ! use ( m p[]ful locomotives & l>g] freight c>s1 ! increase 9 op]at+ exp5ses w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 h fully neutraliz$ ! gr[? 9 rev5ue4 ,9 ! mon?s prec$+ ! panic ( ,octob]1 #aijg1 ! railroads 7 q g5]ally %[+ decreases 9 net e>n+s 9 face ( ! l>ge/ gross e>n+s 9 _! hi/ory4 ,x 0 co/+ !m mu* m ?an a doll> to h&le e doll> increase 9 gross e>n+s4 ,s9ce ! ha/y enactm5t ( ill-consid]$ legislation r$uc+ mail pay1 ! rev5ues ( ! roads h be5 s]i\sly affect$ by a *ange 9 bus9ess conditions :i* has r$uc$ traffic )\t r$uc+ prices ( mat]ials & labor4 ,at ! same "t1 legislation has increas$ labor co/s by r$uc+ h\rs ( s]vice4 ,9 #ahih rates = transport+ ! mails 7 too l[ to cov] ! co/ ( s]vice1 !y are mu* too l[ n[1 & ! losses on ! mail s]vice z a :ole--!re are "s r\tes t pay--are borne by freight traffic entirely4 ,,receipts ,,f ,,mail ,,& ,,o!r ,,railroad ,,traffic4 ,! late/ /ati/ics ( op]ations ( all railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 issu$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 ,july #i1 #aijh4 ,f !m we compile ! foll[+ exhibit comp>+ results ( #aijg ) #ahih--:5 a ,commission ( ,congress1 aft] complete inve/igation ( ! subject1 recomm5d$ t mail rates be n r$uc$4 ,pct4 ,pct4 ,ye> end+ ,june #cj?-- #aijg4 #ahih4 ,inc4 ,dec4 ,e>n+s f pass5g]s #efd1fjf1cdc #bff1igj1dij #aaa -- ,e>n+s f express #eg1ccb1ica #be1ijh1jge #aba -- ,e>n+s f mails #ej1cgh1ifd #cd1fjh1ceb #df -- ,e>n+s f freight #a1hbc1fea1iih #hgf1gbg1gai #ajh -- ,op]at+ exp5ses #a1gdh1eae1had #hag1igc1bgf #aad -- ,pass5g] tra9 mileage #eda1dci1agf7;a7 #cda1ebf1gfi #eh -- ,freight tra9 mileage #ffb1ajf1heg7;a7 #ejc1gff1beh #ca -- 7a7 ,includ+ mix$ tra9s4 ,e>n+s p] pass5g] tra9 mile 7c5ts73 ,pct4 ,pct4 #aijg4 #ahih ,inc4 ,dec4 ,f pass5g]s #aje4g #gi4d #ca -- ,f express #aj4g #g4g #ch -- ,f mails #i4d #aj4c #aj ----- ---- -- -- ,total #abe4h #ig4d #bi -- ,numb] pass5g]s c>ri$ p] tra9 #ea #ci #ca -- ,tons ( mail c>ri$ p] tra9 4#hf 4#hj #g -- ,e>n+s p] freight tra9 mile 7c5ts73 ,e>n$ f freight #bgd4j #agc4a #eh -- ,tons ( freight c>ri$ p] tra9 #ceg4ce #bbf4de #eh -- ,op]at+ exp5ses p] total tra9 mile 7c5ts7 #adg4j #ie4f #ed -- ,net e>n+s p] tra9 mile 7c5ts73 ,pass5g] tra9s #ba4b 7,loss7 #a4h ,freight #abg4j #gg4e #fd -- ,pass5g] e>n+s p] pass5g] mile 7c5ts7 #b4jad #a4igc #b -- ,mail e>n+s p] mail ton mile 7c5ts7 #aj4ff #ab4eg -- #ae ,freight e>n+s p] freight ton mile #j4gei #j4gec #a -- 7c5ts7 ,note4--,be> 9 m9d ^! figures d n1 ( c\rse1 %[ effect ( cut ( #h1ejj1jjj 9 mail pay effective ,july #a1 #aijg1 or losses 9 net rev5ue ?r\gh depression 9 bus9ess conditions comm5c+ 9 latt] "p ( #aijg4 ,z an index ( ! latt]1 ! ,comm]cial & ,f9ancial ,*ronicle ( ,septemb] #e1 #aijh1 %[$ t #ada roads1 aggregat+ #afh1hci miles or #gj p] c5t4 ( all roads 9 ! c\ntry1 _h suff]$ a loss ( #fc1dhd1ijb1 or #bd4ig p] c5t41 9 net e>n+s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! cal5d> ye> #aijh1 z comp>$ ) same p]iod ( previ\s ye>4 ,! =ego+ /atem5t cle>ly %[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! rev5ue obta9$ f pass5g] tra9s z comp>$ ) freight tra9s4 ,! control ( ! =m] is l>gely out ( ! h&s ( railroad op]at+ (fic]s1 z to meet competitive & traffic conditions1 heavi] & m luxuri\s pass5g] c>s mu/ con/antly be furni%$1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 means l>gely increas$ exp5se ) v little increase 9 ! pay+ tra9 load4 ,9 fact1 z to ! mails1 not)/&+ an increase 9 tonnage c>ri$ on ! av]age tra91 ! mail e>n+s p] pass5g] tra9 mile 7 actually less 9 #aijg ?an 9 #ahih1 due l>gely to ! automatic r$uction ( railway mail pay p] ton mile4 ,consid]+ ! freight tra9 mile1 ! composition ( :i* is almo/ entirely )9 ! control ( ! railroads1 :i* in/itute me?ods = r$uc+ co/ ( transportation1 x w be obs]v$ t by su* me?ods ! railroads h be5 enabl$ to place #eh p] c5t4 m tonnage 9 a tra91 br+ !m #eh p] c5t4 m e>n+s1 :i* c be appli$ z an (fset to ! increase ( #ed p] c5t4 9 ! co/ ( runn+ a tra9 "o mile4 ,?is increase 9 op]at+ exp5ses p] tra9 mile la/ ref]r$ to has be5 br\ght ab\t l>gely because ( ! increas$ co/ ( labor & mat]ials1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 has be5 g5]al ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,comp>+ results ( op]ation ( all railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 ) #ahih1 :5 ?is "q 0 la/ up1 x is %[n by reports ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission t gross rev5ue f op]ations1 z well z income f inve/m5ts1 increas$ #a1chj1jjj1jjj4 ,?is is a v l>ge sum1 b let u see :at becomes ( x4 ,increas$ wages paid to employes consum$ #egg1jjj1jjj1 or #db p] c5t41 pur*ase ( mat]ial includ$ 9 op]at+ exp5ses1 #ced1jjj1jjj1 or #bf p] c5t4 ( ! increas$ income1 & ^! mat]ial pur*ases repres5t$ l>gely labor involv$ 9 _! production4 ,increases 9 bett]m5ts & miscellane\s d$uctions consum$ #gg1jjj1jjj1 or #f p] c5t4 ( ! increas$ income4 ,l>g] paym5ts = int]e/ on fund$ debt & curr5t liabilities consum$ #if1jjj1jjj1 or #g p] c5t41 & l>g] taxes #b4e p] c5t41 leav+ #bdj1jjj1jjj1 or #af4e p] c5t4 ( ! increas$ income = ! own]s ( ! prop]ties1 ! /ockhold]s4 ,9 #ahih divid5ds 7 less ?an #b p] c5t4 ( ! capital /ock1 & 9 #aijg1 ev5 ) ! l>ge increase not$1 !y 7 only #d p] c5t4 ,contra/ ?is ) ! manufactur]s' returns ( #ae p] c5t41 ! f>m]s' ( #aj p] c5t41 & ! ,national banks' ( #ah to #bj p] c5t4 on _! capitalization4 ,r$uction 9 railway mail pay 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 #ahih2 x 0 f> less ju/ifi$ 9 #aijg4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re has be5 a l>ge fall 9 mail pay p] ton mile1 & conditions "u :i* mails are transport$ are becom+ m & m on]\s4 ,! co/ ( build+ a railway po/(fice c> to ! pres5t plans & specifications ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t is at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 m ?an x 0 9 #ahih1 al?\gh pay receiv$ = h&l+ ^! c>s1 t weigh f #be to #cj p] c5t4 m ?an =m]ly1 has be5 arbitr>ily cut ov] #af p] c5t4 by ! ,act ( ,congress ( #aijg1 & has s9ce be5 fur!r cut ?r\gh readju/m5t ( r\tes4 ,= ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijh1 ! railroads receiv$ gross #dh1aee1cgi1 includ+ railway po/(fice pay1 = c>ry+ #hj p] c5t4 great] tonnage ( mails ?an 9 #ahih1 a sum #ab1gdg1fbi less ?an x w\ld h be5 b = ! r$uction ( rate f #ab4ei c5ts 9 #ahih to #i4id c5ts 9 #aijh4 ,9 face ( ?is1 z we h %[n1 arbitr>y cuts ( #h1ejj1jjj m h be5 made1 a gr& total ( ov] #ba1jjj1jjj less paid n[ ?an t5 ye>s ago4 ,ab\t eighte5 mon?s ago ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t heavi] & /rong] c>s 7 dem&$ by *ang$ conditions result+ 9 heavi] tra9s1 great] spe$ & increas$ frequ5cy & consequ5t risk ( accid5t to cl]ks & mail 9 collisions & wrecks4 ,aft] c>eful inve/igation & exp]t te/imony ! specifications 7 revis$ s t full #fj-;foot c>s w\ld weigh ab\t #ajj1jjj p\nds in/ead ( #hj1jjj p\nds1 & be greatly /r5g!n$ by ! free use ( /eel plates & oak timb]s4 ,to meet ! views ( c> build]s1 ea/ & we/1 two plans & specifications1 slightly diff]+1 7 adopt$ z /&>d1 & railroads 7 giv5 ! option ( con=m+ to "o or ! o!r4 ,! be/ kn[n anti-telescop+ features 7 adopt$ 9 bo? plans1 produc+ 9 ! judgm5t ( responsible c> build]s a c> ( exceptional resi/+ & c>ry+ p[]4 ,:5 new l9es ( c>s are au?oriz$ by ! ,dep>tm5t1 or new c>s are ord]$ to take ! place ( old c>s 9 s]vice1 companies op]at+ ! r\tes are furni%$ copies ( ^! specifications & ! sup]9t5d5t ( division is in/ruct$ to see t c>s are built 9 con=mity !re)4 ,inspections are made :ile ! c> is 9 ! %op1 & :5 x is complet$ a full report is made & =w>d$ to ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,a decision is !n rea*$ z to :e!r ! c> is satisfactory & c be accept$4 7,annual ,report ,po/ma/]-,g5]al = #aije47 ,?is increase 9 weight ( a po/al c> might n be ?\ght ( mu* mom5t1 b x means to ! railroads ! movem5t ( #a1jjj1jjj additional gross ton miles p] c> p] ye>1 co/+ !m #aj1jjj p] annum 9 op]at+ exp5ses1 :il/1 z %[n1 !y receive #af p] c5t4 less railway po/(fice pay n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,po/al ,laws & ,regulations1 ,section #aafd1 provide t ! av]age weight ( ! mails us$ 9 fix+ rates %all be e/abli%$ by ! actual weigh+ ( ! mails = a p]iod ( n less ?an ?irty days & n less frequ5tly ?an "o 9 e f\r ye>s4 ,! con/ruction plac$ ^u ?is by ! ,dep>tm5t has be5 ! "o :i* r$uc$ to ! m9imum ! pay :i* ! railroads receive = s]vices r5d]$4 ,if mail traffic 7 /ation>y1 weigh+ e f\r ye>s w\ld n matt] mu*1 b ! increase ( mail matt] ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 v great1 &1 because ( ! policy ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 to weigh ! mails n m frequ5tly ?an e f\r ye>s1 heavy losses h result$ ?r\gh ! railroads hav+ to haul tonnage = ?ree successive ye>s foll[+ ea* weigh+ = :i* !y receive no pay4 ,z a result ( ?is policy ( quadr5nial weigh+s1 ! roads 9 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,gr\ps #g1 #h1 #i & #aj 7includ+ ! t]ritory we/ ( ! ,miss\ri riv] & ! ,mississippi bel[ ,/4 ,l\is7 betwe5 #ahgh & #aije suff]$ a loss ( #ai1bjj1jjj1 or #ab p] c5t4 ( ! aggregate railway mail pay1 comp>$ ) :at !y %\ld h receiv$ if ! mails _h be5 weigh$ annually4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is loss is equival5t to a r$uction 9 ! rate receiv$ p] ton mile 9 ^! gr\ps ( /ates ( #ab p] c5t4 ,! loss to roads 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is mo/ /rik+1 due z x is to ! rapid gr[? ( t section4 ,! same r$uction1 ?\gh to a slightly less degree1 obta9s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,comp>ative ,,returns ,,to ,,! ,,railroads ,,f ,,conduct+ ,,mail4 ,,pass5g] ,,& ,,freight ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,9 ord] to make a fair comp>ison ( op]at+ results f diff]5t classes ( traffic1 x is necess>y to consid] !m "u sub/antially simil> conditions4 ,! be/ measure ( railroad s]vice is "w done1 or weight multipli$ by di/ance c>ri$2 9 o!r words1 ! ton mileage4 ,a comp>ison ( s]vices diff]+ s widely z ! mail1 pass5g] & freight on ! basis ( ton mileage ( su* bus9ess is1 h[ev]1 unfair1 because 9 ! two =m] an excessive proportion ( dead weight mu/ be transport$ = ea* ton ( pay+ load1 :il/ ) freight traffic ! proportion ( dead weight is small4 ,! haul+ p[] ( a locomotive is measur$ n by rev5ue ton miles1 b by ton miles ( gross weight1 x mak+ little diff]5ce to ! locomotive z to :at ?is gross ton mileage is compos$ (1 ! gross tonnage & ! spe$ at :i* x mu/ be mov$ be+ ! factors t consume ! en]gy ( ! locomotive4 ,a computation has be5 made ( ton mileage on ea* individual mail r\te by multiply+ weight c>ri$ by l5g? ( r\te2 to ! sum ( ^! we add ! dead weight ( c>s4 ,! report ( ! ,second ,assi/ant ,po/ma/]-,g5]al = ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijh1 page #cb1 gives ! numb] ( c>s engag$ 9 mail s]vice1 :i* we h multipli$ by ! av]age mileage made by ! av]age c>1 bas$ on exp]i5ce ( ! ,union ,pacific & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,sy/ems1 to asc]ta9 total c> mileage = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,multiply+ ?is by ! dead weight ( a c> gives ! ton mileage ( dead weight1 :i*1 add$ to ! ton mileage ( mails1 gives ! gross ton mileage1 measure ( "w & co/ impos$ on ! railroads 9 return = ! pay !y receive = h&l+ ! mails4 ,^! computations are %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 ! results be+ cons]vative1 z = want ( accurate data x has be5 necess>y to omit "s "w :i* ! railroads d1 :i*1 if asc]ta9able1 w\ld increase ! co/4 ,= example1 we h made no *>ge = ! dead weight ( t portion ( baggage c>s devot$ to ! h&l+ ( p\* mail1 su* p\* s]vice1 accord+ to ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al's report1 cov]+ annually on railroads & express tra9s #abb1jbg1eig miles2 nor = ! dead weight ( /orage mail c>s provid$ by ! railroads4 ,nei!r has any acc\nt be5 tak5 ( ! value ( transportation giv5 mail cl]ks1 :i*1 bas$ on ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al's report ( #aijh1 am\nt$ to #fbi1ggh1ddc miles1 :i* at #b c5ts a mile w\ld be #ab1ejj1jjj2 nor = ! value ( transportation or po/al commissions ( ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t (ficials2 nor does x take into acc\nt special s]vice r5d]$ by ! railroads1 su* z deliv]+ mail at /ations1 value ( space furni%$ by ! railroads & requir$ ( !m by ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t at important junction & t]m9al po9ts = mail di/ribution & accommodation ( gov]nm5t transf] cl]ks4 ,! /ati/ics ( pass5g] s]vice 9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts are bas$ on ! #aijg ,annual ,report ( ,/ati/ics ( ,railways publi%$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission 7#aijh figures1 :i* w\ld %[ high] op]at+ co/1 n available71 ) ! exception t ! av]age mileage p] c> p] annum run by pass5g] c>s is bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,union ,pacific & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,sy/ems4 ,/ati/ics ( freight s]vice are likewise bas$ on ! #aijg ,report ( ,/ati/ics ( ,railways1 freight c> mileage be+ actually report$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 dead weight p] c> be+ comput$ f all freight c>s h&l$ on ,union ,pacific & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,sy/ems4 ,,mail ,,s]vice4 ,ye> ,end+ ,june #cj1 #aijh4 ,paid to ! railroads = railway po/(fice c>s #d1efg1cff ,paid to ! railroads = mail transportation #dc1ehh1jac ----------- ,total #dh1aee1cgi ,ton mileage ( mails h&l$ by railroads #dhd1fhc1ace ,pay p] rev5ue ton mile1 includ+ railway po/al pay c> #i4id;c ,pay p] rev5ue ton mile1 exclud+ railway po/al c> pay #h4ii;c ,r4,p4,o4 ,ap>tm5t4 ,total4 ,numb] ( c>s 7,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t ,report7 #a1cdb #c1efh #d1iaj ,av]age l5g? 7special mail weigh+ #aijg71 feet ( mail ap>tm5t #ei #bg -- ,equival5t full ,r4,p4,o4 c>s #a1cdb #a1fcc #b1ige ,miles run p] c> p] annum 7exp]i5ce ( ,u4 ,p4 ,sy/em & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,company7 #ajj1jjj #fj1jjj -- ,total equival5t ,r4,p4,o4 c> miles #acd1bjj1jjj #ig1ihj1jjj #bcb1ahj1jjj ,miles travel$ by ,r4,p4,o4 cl]ks 7miles report$ z travel$ by crews multipli$ by av]age numb] ( m5 p] crews7 -- #fbi1ggh1ddc ,gross ton mileage-- ,equival5t railway po/al cl]ks1 #bcb1ahj1jjj miles1 at #de tons p] c> #aj1ddh1ajj1jjj ,ton miles ( cl]ks at #afj p\nds p] man #ej1chb1bge ,rev5ue ton miles ( mail1 includ+ p\* mail #dhd1fhc1ace -------------- ,total gross ton miles7a7 #aj1ihc1afe1daj ,av]age weight ( mail p] equival5t full ,r4,p4,o4 c> 7tons77a7 #b4ji ,av]age weight ( cl]ks p] equival5t full ,r4,p4,o4 c> 7tons7 4#bb ,av]age weight ( c> p] equival5t full ,r4,p4,o4 c> 7tons7 #de4jj ,rate ( mail & ,r4,p4,o4 c> pay p] gross ton mile 7c5ts7 #j4dch ,ratio ( pay+ to dead load7a7 #a to #ba4g 7a7 ,no portion ( mileage or weight ( /orage c>s or c>s h&l+ p\* mail has be5 consid]$4 ,,pass5g] ,,s]vice ,,o!r ,,?an ,,mails4 ,miles run ,total c> ,numb] p] c> miles run ( c>s4 p] annum4 p] annum4 7a7 7b7 ,baggage & express1 exclud+ #b1ige equival5t po/al c>s #g1djd #fj1jjj #ddd1bdj1jjj ,sleep]s1 d9]s & p>lor c>s #b1jjj #ajj1jjj #bjj1jjj1jjj ,coa*es1 etc4 #ca1eid #dj1jjj #a1bfc1gfj1jjj ------ ------------- ,total #dj1iih #a1ijh1jjj1jjj ,pass5g] tra9 miles1 includ+ mix$ tra9s #eda1dci1agf ,c>s p] tra9 mile-- ,mail #j4dc ,o!rs #c4eb ---- ,total #c4ie ,gross ton mileage-- ,baggage & express c>s1 #ddd1bdj1jjjx#cj tons #ac1cbg1jjj1jjj ,sleep]s1 d9]s & p>lor c>s1 #bjj1jjj1jjjx#ej tons #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj ,coa*es1 etc41 #a1bfc1jjj1jjjx#dj tons #ej1eej1djj1jjj -------------- ,total ton miles dead weight #gc1hgg1djj1jjj -------------- ,ton miles ( pass5g]s1 #bg1gah1jcj 7a7 pass5g] miles at #aej p\nds p] pass5g] #b1jgh1hia1eeb ,ton miles ( baggage & express1 #ddd1bdj1jjj c> miles e/imat$ at only #c tons av]age load 9 a c> #a1ccb1gjj1jjj ------------- ,total ton miles rev5ue load #c1daa1eia1eeb ,total gross ton miles #gg1bhh1iia1eeb ,total rev5ue receiv$ f pass5g]s & express #fba1ici1bgd ,total rev5ue receiv$ p] gross ton mile 7c5ts7 #j4hje ,total rev5ue receiv$ p] rev5ue ton mile 7c5ts7 #ah4bc ,ratio ( pay+ weight to dead load #a to #ba4g ,,freight ,,s]vice4 ,total miles run by freight c>s 7a7 #ag1abb1bei1ged ,total ton miles dead weight1 ea* c> e/imat$ at #ae tons 7b7 #bef1hcc1hif1caj ,total ton miles rev5ue freight 7a7 #bcf1fja1cij1dac --------------- ,total gross ton miles #eaj1eeg1edf1dgg ,ratio ( pay+ to dead load #a to #a4a ,total rev5ue receiv$ = transport+ freight #a1hbc1fea1iih ,total rev5ue receiv$ p] gross ton mile 7c5ts7 #j4cfi ,total rev5ue receiv$ p] rev5ue ton mile 7c5ts71 7a7 #j4gei ,tons p] c> rev5ue freight 7load$ & empty7 #ac4h ,rev5ue p] c> mile 7c5ts7 #aj4e 7a7 ,/ati/ics ( ,railways ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aijg4 7b7 ,exp]i5ce ( ,union ,pacific & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,sy/ems4 ,,relative ,,co/ ,,( ,,s]vice4 ,to det]m9e ! relative co/s to ! railroads ( p]=m+ mail1 pass5g] & freight s]vice1 we mu/ allocate ! exp5ses to freight & pass5g] s]vice z a :ole1 aft]w>ds apportion+ ! latt] to mails & o!r s]vice4 ,railroad op]at+ exp5ses apply jo9tly to bo? pass5g] & freight tra9s1 s t1 ) few exceptions1 x is impossible to det]m9e exactly f any publi%$ /ati/ics ! co/ ( pass5g] tra9 s]vice z di/+ui%$ f freight4 ,!re are "s items ( tra9 mile exp5se directly connect$ ) movem5t :i* are less = pass5g] ?an = freight tra9s1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 _m o!r exp5ses are great] = pass5g] ?an = freight1 su* z dang] f casualties1 necessity ( exp5sive t]m9als1 delays to o!r traffic ?r\gh pref]5ce giv5 to pass5g] tra9s1 additional ma9 tracks1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 high] /&>ds ( ma9t5ance ( roadb$ requir$ = high spe$ pass5g] tra9 movem5t4 ,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( sep>at+ ! exp5ses1 we assume t ! above factors ab\t balance ea* o!r & t ! av]age co/ ( runn+ all tra9s c be tak5 z ei!r pass5g] or freight tra9 mile co/1 respectively1 )\t s]i\s error4 ,we allocate a proportion ( ! pass5g] tra9 co/ to ! mails on ! basis ( ! gross ton miles h&l$ 9 ea* class ( pass5g] traffic4 ,! relative rev5ues & exp5ses are %[n on opposite page1 mail rev5ues be+ z %[n by #aijh ,report ( ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t1 & o!r /ati/ics z giv5 9 ! #aijg ,/ati/ics ( ,railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 publi%$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 or are comput$ !refrom4 ,,all ,,railroads ,,9 ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,summ>y ( ,mail1 ,pass5g] & ,freight ,s]vice4 ,o!r ,total ,mails4 ,pass5g]4 ,pass5g]4 ,freight4 ,gross rev5ue #dh1aee1cgi #fba1ici1bgd #fgj1jid1fec #a1hbc1fea1iih ,op]at+ exp5ses #if1cbb1ceg #fgg1fad1fcg #ggc1icf1iid #igd1egg1hbj ,taxes & int]e/ on bonds #bc1ejc1igc #afe1ehb1eeb #ahi1jhf1ebe #bce1dfh1dfg ,total exp5ses #aai1hbf1ccj #hdc1aig1ahi #ifc1jbc1eai #a1baj1jdf1bha ,surplus -- -- -- #fac1fje1gaa ,deficit #ga1fgj1iea #bba1beg1iae #bib1ibh1hff -- ,ton mileage 7?\s&s7-- ,rev5ue weight #dhd1fhc #c1daa1eib #c1hif1bge #bcf1fja1cij ,dead weight #aj1dih1dhb #gc1hgg1djj #hd1cge1hhb #bef1hcc1hif ,total gross #aj1ihc1afe #gg1bhh1iib #hh1bgb1aeg #dic1dce1bhf ,tons dead weight p] ton rev5ue #ba4g #ba4g #ba4g #a4a ,p] gross ton mile 7c5ts7-- ,gross e>n+s #j4dch #j4hje #j4gei #j4cfi ,op]at+ exp5ses #j4hgg #j4hgg #j4hgg #j4aig ,e>n+s ov] op]at+ exp5ses -- -- -- #j4agb ,op]at+ exp5ses ov] e>n+s #j4dci #j4jgb #j4aah -- ,taxes & int]e/ on bonds #j4bad #j4bad #j4bad #j4jdh ,surplus -- -- -- #j4abd ,deficit #j4fec #j4bhf #j4ccb -- ,p] c5t ( op]at+ exp5ses to e>n+s #bjj #aji #aae #ec ,gross exp5ses to e>n+s #bdi #ace #add #fg ,figures exclude divid5ds1 bett]m5ts & additions1 etc4 ,! above %[s t :il/ pass5g] s]vice z a :ole is unremun]ative1 ! mail e>n+s are h>dly :at !y %\ld be to pay a fair %>e ( ! railroad op]at+ exp5ses only1 reg>dless ( taxes & int]e/4 ,or1 put 9 ano!r way1 our computations h %[n t 9 ea* pass5g] tra9 run ! railroads haul an av]age ( #dc_/ajj ( a mail c>1 & ! cont5ts ( ?is c> yield$ av]age e>n+s ( #i4d c5ts = ea* mile run4 ,! computation j made %[s t ea* freight c> run1 load$ or empty1 yields a rev5ue to ! c>ri] ( #aj4e c5ts p] mile4 ,incr$ible z ?is may seem1 x is und]/&able :5 we reflect t ! railroads transport #a4a tons ( dead weight = ea* ton ( freight = :i* !y are paid2 ) mail !y transport #ba4g tons1 or tw5ty times z mu*4 ,! freight rate is 4#gei;c p] ton mile1 ! mail rate #i4id;c1 or only ?irte5 times z mu*4 ,argu+ 9 /ill ano!r way3 ,av]age numb] ( c>s 9 ea* pass5g] tra9 h&l$ 9 ,unit$ ,/ates is #c4ie1 ( :i* mail c>s am\nt to #j4dc1 or #aa p] c5t4 ,elev5 p] c5t4 ( ! av]age e>n+s ( a pass5g] tra9 is #ac4h c5ts1 b mail contribut$ only #i4d c5ts4 ,t is1 x %\ld pay #dg p] c5t4 m ?an x does to be made to contribute a fair %>e to ! insuffici5t e>n+s ( a pass5g] tra94 ,mails are fairly responsible on basis ( space us$ = #aa p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( runn+ a pass5g] tra91 or #af4ag c5ts1 & z dead weight p] foot ( space is great] ) mails1 _! proportion ( tra9 mile co/ is ev5 l>g]4 ,!y pay little m ?an "o-half ?is co/4 ,by build+ l>g] capacity c>s & l>g] eng9es1 ! co/ ( h&l+ freight traffic1 entirely 9 ! control ( ! c>ri]1 has be5 r$uc$ to foll[ rate r$uctions & increas$ exp5ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 because me?ods ( conduct+ pass5g] traffic are l>gely--& mail traffic entirely--beyond _! control ! co/ ( h&l+ mail & pass5g]s has be5 /eadily increas+1 &1 z rev5ue has n increas$1 ! net rev5ue or m>g9 ( pr(it has be5 cut to a po9t :]e x is unremun]ative4 ,! argum5t advanc$ by advocates ( r$uc$ mail pay1 t increas+ d5sity p]mitt$ economies & t l[] rates w\ld yield m net1 is n applicable :5 ! c>ri]s' h&s are ti$ & measures ( economy s successfully appli$ to h&l+ freight are prohibit$4 ,! foll[+ w illu/rate ?is3 ,on r\tes :]e p\* s]vice is us$ mail is h&l$ ) express & baggage )\t mu* increase ( co/ ov] o!r pass5g] traffic4 ,a some:at great] mail traffic obliges ! railroads to furni% ap>tm5t c>s1 at increas$ exp5se & dead weight = ! po/(fice feature1 b /ill p]mitt+ ! railroads to c>ry o!r traffic 9 ! same c>4 ,a /ill fur!r increase 9 weight means ! e/abli%m5t ( full ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 l9es = :i* ! railroads receive extra1 b inadequate1 comp5sation1 ^! c>s be+ us$ = no o!r class ( traffic & add+ l>gely to ! weight & co/ ( tra9 s]vice4 ,ev5 aft] ! r\te has be5 made an ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 r\te1 ! railroads are n p]mitt$ to economize by c>ry+ m mail 9 ! c>1 & z traffic d5sity gr[s ! roads mu/ "u ! requirem5ts ( ! ,dep>tm5t add m c>s1 almo/ 9 proportion to ! bus9ess1 z ! loads c>ri$ 9 ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 c>s1 z %[n by rec5t special weigh+1 av]age only #b tons1 & _m ( !m return empty--= :i* empty haul ! railroads (t5 receive no pay4 ,:5 ! mail bus9ess has assum$ v l>ge proportions & ! ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 c>s h multipli$ 9 ratio !re)1 special tra9s are !n add$ to c>ry ! bulk ( ! mail1 be+ run at v high spe$ & add+ to ! railroad exp5se acc\nt 9 a f> high] degree p] unit ( bus9ess ?an any o!r class ( traffic4 ,9 contra/ to ! above1 baggage & express are v g5]ally haul$ 9 ! same & a mu* light] & less co/ly c> ?an ! mail c>1 & increase 9 tonnage is accommodat$ by haul+ great] loads p] c>4 ,9 ! case ( freight1 increas$ d5sity means l>g] c> & tra9 loads & greatly r$uc$ co/s ( op]at+ p] ton mile4 ,despite ^! diff]5ces 9 conditions1 ! automatic scale has secur$ to ! ,gov]nm5t a l>g] r$uction 9 mail rates p] ton mile 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ?an ! p]c5tage ( fall 9 freight rates1 despite high] labor & mat]ial co/s ( railroad op]at+4 ,z a result1 ! mail bus9ess--:i*1 accord+ to evid5ce introduc$ be=e ! ,congressional ,committee ( #ahii1 0 unpr(itable at t "t1 has be5 made m unpr(itable at ! pres5t "t by ! heavy rate r$uctions ( #aijf-g4 ,z ! greate/ r$uction made deals ) mail r\tes on :i* traffic is heavie/1 a consid]ation %\ld be giv5 to ! foll[+ conditions ( h&l+ mail on su* r\tes3 ,,heavy ,,traffic ,,mail ,,r\tes4 ,on v _m ( ! heavy traffic r\tes :]e ! pr9cipal r$uction 9 pay occurr$ a l>ge "p ( ! mail is n[ h&l$ 9 special mail tra9s run at excessively high rates ( spe$4 ,su* tra9s introduce ! foll[+ conditions3 #a4 ,a v mu* great] liability to accid5t4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! deplorable accid5ts t h occurr$ on ! ,am]ican railroads 9 rec5t ye>s h occurr$ to excessively high spe$ tra9s1 accid5ts to su* tra9s be+ almo/ inv>iably de/ructive to life & prop]ty4 ,an exam9ation ( s]i\s accid5ts on ! ,union ,pacific ,sy/em & ,s\!rn ,pacific ,company = ! cal5d> ye> #aijf %[s t #cf p] c5t4 ( ! prop]ty damage f all causes1 includ+ neglig5ce1 z traceable to tra9s n "u control & excessive spe$1 :il/ #cj p] c5t4 additional damage 0 due to causes t might prev5t inf]ior tra9s gett+ out ( _! way1 su* z keep+ ma9 l9e on "t ( sup]ior tra9s1 failure to obs]ve signals or ord]s1 etc4 #b4 ,mail tra9s run at excessive high spe$ are mu* m exp5sive to op]ate ?an o!r tra9s1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 7a7 ,fuel consumption p] traffic unit is v mu* great] at high spe$ because ( dim9i%$ tractive p[] ( locomotives4 7b7 ,a relative great] haul+ capacity ( locomotives mu/ be consum$ 9 mov+ tra9s at high] spe$s4 7c7 ,excessive spe$ requires high] /&>ds ( track ma9t5ance1 d\ble-track+1 block signals1 heavy rail1 bett] balla/$ roadb$1 etc41 etc4 7d7 ,high spe$ means increas$ we> & te> on equipm5t & track4 7e7 ,high spe$ tra9s are exp5sive1 delay+ & add+ to ! co/ ( o!r traffic4 #c4 ,spe$ ( tra9s c>ry+ mails has be5 con/antly increas$1 a /udy made ( ! spe$ p] h\r made on fa/e/ tra9s on :i* ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 c>s are h&l$ on sev5te5 ( ! pr9cipal mail r\tes giv+ ! foll[+ results3 ,av]age ( fa/e/ tra9 on sev5te5 mail r\tes3 ,spe$ ,ye>4 7,miles p] ,h\r47 ,relative4 #aije #db4ba #acf #ahii #ci4bc #abf #ahij #cd4ce #aaj #ahhe #ca4cd #ajj ,av]age increase p] ye> #j4ee ,) ! above increase 9 spe$1 rates paid ! railroads h automatically decreas$ :il/ exp5ses h l>gely increas$ to provide = ! above great] spe$ & because ( increase 9 prices ( labor & mat]ials ( all k9ds 9 ! pa/ five or six ye>s4 ,?is increase 9 spe$ has be5 made co9cid5t ) gr[? ( freight traffic1 :i* is ! railroads' pr(itable bus9ess1 ! non-pr(itable high spe$ tra9s delay+ ! pr(itable ones1 increas+ _! co/ & incurr+ liability to accid5t4 #d4 ,e>n+s ( mail tra9s suppos$ly high are n high] ?an o!r pass5g] tra9s1 :i*1 z a :ole1 e>n v mu* less p] mile run ?an freight1 relative figures be+ z %[n by la/ report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission--z #ajj is to #bah1 :il/ ! co/ ( runn+ pass5g] tra9s is z mu*1 if n m4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) high spe$ pass5g] tra9s1 :i* is ! mo/ unpr(itable bus9ess 9 :i* railroads are engag$4 7,on ,union ,pacific ,sy/em la/ ye> e>n+s p] pass5g] tra9 mile 7 #a4ga1 p] freight tra9 mile #d4ca47 #e4 ,pass5g] eng9es 9 haul+ fa/ pass5g] tra9s on pr9cipal ma9 l9es at ! pres5t "t h assum$1 on acc\nt ( increas$ weight ( equipm5t & excessive spe$ requir$1 enorm\s proportions4 ,we n[ h 9 su* s]vice on our l9es eng9es weigh+ exclusive ( t5d] #bbb1jjj p\nds1 ?is p[] be+ #fj p] c5t4 heavi] & twice z co/ly z locomotives us$ 9 ! same class ( s]vice t5 ye>s ago1 burn+ d\ble ! am\nt ( fuel4 ,eng9e]s runn+ ^! locomotives receive high] pay because ( ! great] size ( ^! eng9es--to say no?+ ( rec5t increases made 9 _! s*$ules4 ,su* heavy p[] mov+ at fa/ spe$ is extremely de/ructive to ! roadb$1 requir+ a mu* high] /&>d ( ma9t5ance ?an =m]ly1 ma9t5ance ( way co/ 9 ! pa/ few ye>s hav+ gone up #ej p] c5t4 ,eng9e failures are l>gely conf9$ to fa/ pass5g] tra9s1 &1 9 g5]al1 exp5ses are increas$ all along ! l9e because ( _! introduction4 #f4 ,z illu/rat+ ! additions to exp5ses because ( increas$ track ma9t5ance on acc\nt ( fa/ pass5g] & mail tra9s1 we h made a /udy ( /ati/ics1 us+ ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce report ( #aijf z a basis1 ( sev5 roads hav+ a l>ge proportion ( fa/ pass5g] s]vice & sev5 roads hav+ a mod]ate spe$ pass5g] s]vice1 b ) a l>ge proportion ( freight s]vice4 ,on ! roads fir/ nam$ ! av]age co/ ( ma9t5ance ( way p] mile 0 #b1iea1 & on roads 9 ! latt] class #a1efe4 ,! op]at+ exp5ses p] tra9 mile 9 ! =m] class 7 #a4dg1 & 9 ! latt] #a4cc4 ,! roads 9 ! =m] class1 on acc\nt ( l>ge numb] ( excessively high-spe$ tra9s1 7 oblig$ to d\ble-track _! l9es1 :i* directly increas$ ma9t5ance exp5ses4 ,,pay ,,= ,,railway ,,po/al ,,c>s4 ,! l>ge r$uction made by ,act ( ,m>* #b1 #aijg1 9 pay = railway po/al c>s 0 made 9 face ( l>ge increase 9 ! co/ ( con/ruct+ su* c>s1 due to high] prices ( labor & mat]ial & great] co/ ( meet+ ! m exact+ specifications ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,*ang+ to /eel con/ruction1 increases 9 weight1 & g5]ally heavi] op]at+ exp5ses1 h creat$ an extremely l>ge increase 9 co/ ( mov+ ^! c>s4 ,! /&>d railway po/al c> ( only a few ye>s ago1 #fj feet long1 weigh$ #hj1jjj p\nds & co/ ab\t #e1ejj4 ,! /&>d railway po/(fice c>s1 #fj feet long1 ( wood5 con/ruction1 us$ on ! railroads ) :i* ,i am connect$1 weigh ov] #ajj1jjj p\nds ea*1 or "o-f\r? m weight1 & co/s #dj p] c5t4 m1 :il/ our new /&>d po/al c>s ( /eel con/ruction weigh #ajh1jjj p\nds & co/ ov] #i1jjj1 or #fj p] c5t4 m ?an ! c> ( a few ye>s ago4 ,an argum5t sometimes made 9 favor ( a l[]+ ( ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 c> pay is t = ap>tm5t c>s us$ 9 runs :]e mail d5sity does n require a full c>1 no additional comp5sation is all[$4 ,b we feel t a fair consid]ation ( ! circum/ances "u :i* mail is h&l$ z comp>$ ) o!r traffic w ju/ify ! conclusion t ?is is n an argum5t 9 favor ( r$uc+ ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 pay1 b r = all[+ ! railroad additional comp5sation = ! ap>tm5t c>s z well4 ,bo? s]vices require ! furni%+ ( special features 9 ! way ( travel+ po/(fices n requir$ except = ! conv5i5ce ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t to enable x to d "w :ile mail is 9 transit1 su* z ord9>ily p]=m$ 9 (fice build+s4 ,! full po/al c> is m exp5sive to ! roads1 z x always means additional c> s]vice1 :il/ 9 "s cases ( ap>tm5t c>s ! space n occupi$ by ! travel+ po/(fice is adequate to take c>e ( baggage & express1 ?\gh v frequ5tly ?is s]vice also means additional c> movem5t t w\ld n be necess>y b = ! po/(fice feature4 ,! sav+ to ! railroads f r$uction 9 c> mileage t w\ld be possible if x 7 n oblig$ to furni% travel+ po/(fices1 b c\ld use ! space occupi$ by racks & o!r po/(fice features by load+ additional mail 9 c>s1 w\ld be _m times ! rev5ue all[$ by ! railway po/al c>s4 ,to illu/rate3 ,! c> mileage ( po/al c>s 7*ang+ ap>tm5t c>s to full c>s on basis ( l5g?7 is #bcb1ahj1jjj p] annum2 ! ton mileage ( mail #dhd1fhc1ace1 or #b4ji tons p] c>4 ,f figures obta9$ f ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t1 av]age c> weights %[n on page #ei1 table ,,ee1 special mail weigh+ ( #aijg1 x is asc]ta9$ t /orage mail c>s1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 conta9 no po/(fice features1 c>ry an av]age ( #g4jd tons ( mail4 ,at ?is rate ! :ole mail bus9ess c\ld be c>ri$ by ! movem5t ( #fh1hdd1jjj c> miles1 or #afc1ccf1jjj less ?an actually employ$1 due to ! po/(fice features4 ,! total railway po/al c> pay is only #d1efg1cff1 or only #b4h c5ts p] additional c> mile1 :il/ ! op]at+ exp5ses *>geable to runn+ ^! #afc1ccf1jjj c> miles1 ( #gj p] c5t4 ( ! total movem5t1 am\nt to #fg1jjj1jjj4 ,b = ! po/(fice feature1 ! comb9$ weight ( an entire r\te c\ld _m times be h&l$ 9 a s+le c> su* z is us$ = express in/ead ( sev]al heavy & exp5sive po/(fice c>s1 :il/ (t5 extra c>s = /orage mail mu/ be add$1 = :i* no extra pay is all[$1 ! co/ ( runn+ ^! /orage c>s also n be+ includ$ 9 ! computation ( co/ ( s]vice1 z no accurate /ati/ics ( _! numb] or c> mileage are available4 ,9 addition to ! furni%+ ( /orage c>s1 al?\gh _m ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 r\tes are paid = on a basis ( #dj foot c>s1 x is n economical = ! railroads to con/ruct su* c>s :i* are n int]*angeable ) o!r equipm5t & :i* w\ld h to be ?r[n aside if ?r\gh gr[? ( traffic l>g] c>s are aft]w>ds requir$4 ,z a result1 full #fj-;foot ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 c>s h = ye>s be5 furni%$ on _m #dj & #ej-;foot r\tes1 ! railroad gett+ no cr$it = ?is1 :il/ on _m o!r r\tes ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 c>s h be5 run 9 advance ( ! fix+ ( ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 pay = !m4 ,on a numb] ( r\tes po/al c> pay has be5 all[$ = runn+ full c>s 9 "o direction only1 class+ su* r\tes z half-l9es4 ,?is obliges ! railroads to move ! c> 9 ! opposite direction )\t pay1 ! small additional comp5sation ( less ?an #d c5ts p] mile run receiv$ 9 "o direction be+ entirely inadequate to comp5sate ! road = ! empty haul--to say no?+ ( all[+ any?+ = mov+ x 9 direction = :i* pay is receiv$4 ,to illu/rate3 ,! ,union ,pacific ,railroad 9 "o case betwe5 ,c\ncil ,bluffs1 ,i[a1 & ,ogd51 ,utah1 #a1jjc miles1 receives no pay = h&l+ ea/-b\nd a #fj-;foot mail c>1 :i* is paid = we/-b\nd only1 six mail c>s be+ requir$ on ?is l9e4 ,! ,r4 ,p4 ,o4 pay p] c> mile1 includ+ movem5t 9 bo? directions1 is only #b4bd c5ts1 or ab\t :at w\ld be receiv$ = transport+ a s+le pass5g]1 al?\gh a /&>d pass5g] coa* has a capacity = #gj pass5g]s4 ,9 connection ) ! railway po/(fice1 an item n (t5 consid]$ is ! value ( transportation furni%$ cl]ks 9 ! railway mail & comp>tm5t c>s4 ,figur+ ?is at #b c5ts p] mile1 :i* is ab\t ! l[e/ pass5g] f>e1 ! total value ( ?is transportation = cl]ks 9 railway po/(fice c>s w\ld be #h1fjj1jjj p] annum1 or #d1jjj1jjj m ?an ! railroads receive = ! h&l+ ( ^! c>s1 & ! value ( transportation 9 ! case ( ap>tm5t c>s w\ld be #d1jjj1jjj p] annum additional4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a l>ge am\nt ( free transportation is requir$ annually by ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t = inspectors & o!r (fic]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t issues annually ab\t six hundr$ travel+ commissions to po/(fice inspectors & o!r po/al (ficials1 & requires railroad companies to honor su* commissions = free transportation on all tra9s on all l9es on :i* mails are c>ri$4 ,9 "s cases ^! commissions are issu$ to ,gov]nm5t (ficials ^: (ficial duties are 9 no way connect$ ) ! transportation ( mails on railroads4 ,! railroads h no control :atev] ov] ! issuance ( ^! commissions & c n ev5 secure f ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t a li/ ( !m1 ! ,dep>tm5t hold+ t ! li/ is confid5tial4 ,^! commissions are frequ5tly us$ = p]sonal travel 9 violation ( ! rul+s ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,9 brief1 ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t 9 effect arbitr>ily issu$ ab\t six hundr$ annual passes ov] e mail c>ry+ railroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is equival5t to ab\t #bjj1jjj annual passes4 ,,po/al ,,deficit4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! subject ( railway mail pay1 we h be5 /ruck v =cibly ) *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! rev5ues & exp5ditures ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t s9ce #ahii1 :5 ?is subject 0 la/ review$4 ,al?\gh po/al op]ations /ill %[ a deficit1 x is a fact t its rev5ues h increas$ 9 a rem>kable degree1 & ! deficit is c]ta9ly n due to ! am\nts paid to ! railroads = haul+ mail1 z ^! paym5ts are relatively f> less n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,rev5ues ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t h gr[n f #ajb1jjj1jjj 9 #aijj to ov] #aia1jjj1jjj 9 #aijh1 or #hg p] c5t41 ?is increase 9 rev5ue 9 eight ye>s be+ z great z ! entire increase 9 ! previ\s ?irty-five ye>s4 ,b 9 ?is same p]iod ( eight ye>s !re 0 an increase ( #ajj1fjj1jjj1 or #ic p] c5t41 9 ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t exp5ditures1 ( :i* only #aj1ijj1jjj1 or #aa p] c5t41 0 paid to ! railroads1 #cc1ice1jjj1 or #cd p] c5t41 go+ to ,rural ,free ,deliv]y1 #be1jjj1jjj1 or #be p] c5t41 to po/ma/]s & _! cl]ks1 & ! balance to o!r items4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t %[s = ! ye> #ahie & = ! ye>s #ahii to #aijh1 inclusive1 po/al rev5ue & po/al exp5ditures divid$ betwe5 am\nts paid ! railroads1 co/ ( rural deliv]y & o!r exp5ditures3 ,,rev5ue4 ,,exp5ditures4 ,paid ,rural ,ye>4 ,railroads4 ,deliv]y4 ,o!r4 ,total4 #ahie #gj1ihc1jjj #ca1ahi1jjj7;a7 -- #eg1fcg1jjj #hh1hbf1jjj7;a7 #ahii #ie1jba1jjj #ce1gge1jjj #aej1jjj #fe1fjg1jjj #aja1fcb1jjj #aijj #ajb1cee1jjj #cg1cae1jjj #dbj1jjj #gj1jje1jjj #ajg1gdj1jjj #aija #aaa1fca1jjj #ch1afa1jjj #a1ggh1jjj #ge1faf1jjj #aae1eee1jjj #aijb #aba1hdh1jjj #ci1eai1jjj #c1iih1jjj #ha1bfi1jjj #abd1ghf1jjj #aijc #acd1bbd1jjj #da1cgg1jjj #h1ajb1jjj #hi1cje1jjj #ach1ghd1jjj #aijd #adc1ehc1jjj #dc1iga1jjj #ab1fhb1jjj #ie1gji1jjj #aeb1cfb1jjj #aije #aeb1hbg1jjj #de1dhb1jjj #bj1hbd1jjj #aja1jic1jjj #afg1cii1jjj #aijf #afg1icc1jjj #df1iec1jjj #bd1ggd1jjj #ajf1edc1jjj #agh1bgj1jjj #aijg #ahc1ehe1jjj #di1hca1jjj #bf1fdc1jjj #aac1ged1jjj #aij1bch1jjj #aijh #aia1dgi1jjj #dh1aee1jjj #cd1cee1jjj #abe1hdb1jjj #bjh1ceb1jjj 7a7 ,includes #a1fdf1gda accru$ 9 favor ( ,pacific ,railroads 9 #ahie1 b n *>g$ to po/al exp5ditures4 ,! railroads are !mselves l>ge contributors to ! rev5ues ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t4 ,x is asc]ta9$ t n9e roads1 cov]+ #bg1ejj miles1 pay annually #bfa1jjj = po/age /amps1 or at ! rate ( #b1jjj1jjj = ! entire railroad mileage ( ! c\ntry4 ,! next /atem5t %[s cle>ly t ! ratio ( exp5ses to receipts ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t w\ld 9 #aijh h be5 b #ia p] c5t4 & no deficit b = ! exp5ditures made = ,rural ,free ,deliv]y1 ! am\nt paid ! railroads be+ n[ only #be p] c5t4 ( ! total rev5ue z comp>$ ) #da p] c5t4 9 #ahie4 ,,ratio ,,( ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,po/(fice ,,dep>tm5t ,,to ,,po/al ,,rev5ues #ahie-aijh4 ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ,p]c5tage ( ,po/al ,rev4 ,paid to ,paid to ,ye>4 ,paid to ,r'ys4 ,rural ,free ,del4 ,o!r ,exp5ses4 ,total4 #ahie #da #j #ge #aaf #ahii #ch #j #fi #ajg #aijj #cf #j #fi #aje #aija #cd #a #fi #ajd #aijb #cb #c #fg #ajb #aijc #ca #f #ff #ajc #aijd #ca #i #ff #ajf #aije #cj #ad #ff #aaj #aijf #bh #ae #fc #ajf #aijg #bg #ae #fb #ajd #aijh #be #ah #ff #aji ,9 ord] to avoid a deficit1 att5tion has be5 conc5trat$ on ?is #be p] c5t4 ( ! po/al exp5diture1 :i* we cont5d is at lea/ n an unfair comp5sation to ! railroads = s]vices r5d]$4 ,?\gh ! proportion ( ! total rev5ue go+ to ! railroads has fall5 "o-?ird 9 t5 ye>s1 ! deficit /ill rema9s1 & is x reasonable to suppose t any r$uction 9 railway mail pay w\ld n be spe$ily absorb$ 9 o!r directions8 ,on ! contr>y1 ought n ef=ts be conc5trat$ to br+ )9 reasonable figures ! o!r exp5ses ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 :i* n[ absorb #hd p] c5t4 ( its rev5ue z comp>$ ) only #fi p] c5t4 9 #aijj--;despite an actual gr[? 9 po/al rev5ue 9 ! same "t ( #hi1jjj1jjj1 or #hg p] c5t48 ,x w be not$ f ^! figures t a r$uction ( #aj p] c5t4 9 ! ratio ( railway mail pay to total rev5ue c be entirely wip$ out by an increase ( only #c p] c5t4 9 o!r po/al exp5ses1 :il/ a retr5*m5t ( #aj p] c5t4 9 ! latt] w\ld h put ! ,dep>tm5t almo/ on a pay+ basis1 not)/&+ ! heavy co/ ( ,rural ,free ,deliv]y4 ,f #ahie to #aijh actual totals %[ t ! railroads' pay has increas$ #ed p] c5t4 = h&l+ #aad p] c5t4 m mail tonnage1 :il/ 9 ! same p]iod o!r exp5ses ( ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t h gr[n #agh p] c5t41 rev5ues increas+ #adi p] c5t4 ,increas$ mail bus9ess means a direct increase 9 po/al rev5ue1 z po/age rema9s ! same reg>dless ( tonnage1 b c>ry+ ?is increas$ bus9ess on ! "p ( ! railroads means less proportionate rev5ue to !m accord+ to volume ( tonnage1 s t ! proportion ( ! po/al rev5ue !y n[ receive is v mu* less ?an =m]ly4 ,labor1 mat]ial1 & ! price ( ev]y?+ sold 9 comm]ce h advanc$ mat]ially1 z we all "k1 9 ! pa/ sev5 or eight ye>s2 railway mail pay be+ practically ! only ?+ t has decreas$ 9 ! face ( conditions t %\ld h rais$ x4 ,z a l>ge increase 9 mail tonnage means to ! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t ab\t an equal increase 9 rev5ue ) a decreas$ paym5t p] ton to ! railroads ?r\gh l[] rates1 ! avoidance ( a deficit w\ld seem n a difficult matt] if o!r po/al exp5ses 7 kept at lea/ )9 suffici5t control1 s !y w\ld n increase fa/] ?an ! increase 9 volume ( mail h&l$4 ,! ,po/(fice ,dep>tm5t enjoys ?is peculi> advantage ( receiv+ ) ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry an increase 9 rev5ue directly 9 proportion to ! increase 9 bus9ess h&l$4 ,9 disburs+ ?is rev5ue1 x mu/ pay less to ! railroads 9 proportion to ! d5sity ( bus9ess1 ?us reta9+ to apply on o!r exp5ses a l>g] net rev5ue ye> by ye>4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ! co/ ( _m bran*es ( ! ,dep>tm5t %\ld n increase 9 ! same ratio z tonnage ( mail 7= example1 t exp5ses ( individual po/(fices & adm9i/rative & g5]al exp5ses %\ld n gr[ 9 ?is proportion74 ,yet1 reg>dless ( ^! favorable influ5ces1 exp5ditures 9 o!r directions h absorb$ ! great net rev5ues aft] pay+ ! railroads1 & x is 9 ^! directions t ! cause ( ! po/al deficit mu/ be look$ =4 ,! gr[? ( ^! exp5ditures1 :i* s9ce #aijj has be5 mu* fa/] ?an ! rise 9 mail tonnage1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ comp>ison ( #aijh ) #ahih3 #aijh4 #ahih4 ,increase4 ,pct4 ,ton mileage ( mails h&l$ by railroads #dhd1fhc1ace #bgb1gad1jag #baa1ifi1aah #gh ,po/al rev5ues #aia1dgh1ffc #hi1jab1fai #ajb1dff1jdd #aae ,less paid to railroads #dh1aee1cgi #cd1cgi1bbg #ac1ggf1aeb #dj ,net applicable to o!r exp5ditures #adc1cbc1bhd #ed1fcc1cib #hh1fhi1hib #afb ,o!r exp5ditures #afj1aif1ejg #fc1fed1big #if1edb1baj #aeb ,deficit #af1hgc1bbc #i1jbj1ije #g1heb1cah #hg ,p] ton ( mail h&l$ by railroads 7c5ts7-- ,po/al rev5ues #ci4e #cb4f #f4i ,paid to railroads #i4i #ab4f -#b4g ---- ---- ---- ,net applicable to o!r items #bi4f #bj4j #i4f ,o!r exp5ditures #cc4a #bc4c #i4d ---- ---- ---- ,deficit #c4e #c4c #j4b ,note4--,! increase 9 gross po/al rev5ue p] unit ( mail h&l$ by railroads is no d\bt due to increase 9 city mail n h&l$ by railroads4 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,m>* #a1 #aiji4 ,,! ,,dim9i%$ ,,pur*as+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,railway ,,e>n+s ,,by ,c4 ,c4 ,,mcca94 ,*airman ( ! ,trunk ,l9e ,association1 ,new ,york1 #aiji2 ,=m]ly ,auditor ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,,introduction4 ,! t5 ye>s or m :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! resumption ( indu/rial activity t began "s "t 9 #ahig h be5 *>act]iz$ by *anges 9 rates ( wages = sub/antially all k9ds ( labor1 & 9 ! prices ( mo/ commodities :i* am\nt to a pr(\nd & mat]ial alt]ation 9 ! value ( money4 ,wages ( railway labor1 prices ( railway mat]ials & supplies & prices ( commodities c>ri$ by railways & ( ^? produc$ by ! pur*as]s ( railway transportation h rapidly increas$4 ,?is is equival5t to a decrease 9 ! value ( ! money 9 :i* railway *>ges are paid = ! appreciation ( commodities is ! depreciation ( money4 ,commodities _c h g5]ally augm5t$ value )\t money hav+ dim9i%$ value4 ,railway rates h n be5 adju/$ to ?is dim9i%$ value ( money4 ,! involunt>y & unsolicit$ r$uction 9 railway rates has gone s f> z s]i\sly to ?reat5 ! /ability ( railway wages & t ( ! :ole railway indu/ry4 ,"s adju/m5t ?r\gh comp5satory advances 9 money rates 7i4 e41 nom9al rates7 is1 !re=e1 absolutely necess>y4 ,! ext5t ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place1 _! relation to ! problem ( railway rates & ! adju/m5ts :i* !y h made necess>y are set =? 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,,typical ,,un*ang$ ,,rates4 ,a fifte5-ton c>-load ( f\r? class freight c>ri$ all-rail betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york at any "t dur+ ! ye> #ahig w\ld h br\ght ! railways transport+ x #aje4jj 9 gross receipts4 ,!re has be5 no *ange 9 ! class-rates betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york s9ce #ahig & ! same quantity ( freight1 classifi$ 9 ! same way1 produces ! same gross receipts n[ t x did 9 #ahig4;,e ,! rates betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york1 z is v well kn[n1 are ! basis ( all rates 9 ! region nor? ( ! ,james1 ,potomac & ,ohio ,riv]s1 & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] & ( a l>ge proportion ( ! rates applicable to traffic orig9at+ or de/9$ to any po9t 9 t region4 ,)\t a *ange 9 rates betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york !re c\ld h be51 dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! sy/em ( rate adju/m5t t has be5 9 =ce s9ce long prior to ! ye> #ahig1 no g5]al *ange 9 ! rates bas$ ^u ^? 9 =ce betwe5 ^? cities4 ,,wages ,,( ,,railway ,,employees4 ,m ?an =ty p] c5t4 ( ! gross receipts ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are exp5d$ 9 ! paym5t ( employees1 ! sums annually paid out = t purpose s9ce #ahig be+ z foll[s3 ,am\nt paid to ,ye>4 employees4 #ahig #dfe1fja1eha #ahih #die1jee1fah #ahii #ebb1ifg1hif #aijj #egg1bfd1hda #aija #faj1gac1gja #aijb #fgf1jbh1eib #aijc 7a7#ggf1cba1dae #aijd #hag1eih1haj #aije #hci1idd1fhj #aijf 7a7#ibg1hja1fec #aijg #a1jgb1chf1dbg --------------- ,total #g1gha1fhe1bad 7a7 ,includes #ai1jjj1jjj e/imat$ = ,*icago1 ,milwaukee ,/4 ,paul 9 #aijc & #bg1jjj1jjj = ! ,s\!rn ,pacific 9 #aijf4 ,x is a matt] ( common k & ( frequ5t comm5t t a giv5 sum ( money w n[ buy v mu* less 9 labor or commodities ?an x w\ld 9 #ahig4 ,! *ange has be5 gradual b sub/antially cont9u\s & ! aggregate result has be5 enorm\s4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is *ange has work$ great h>d%ip to ^? ^: incomes h n be5 adju/$ to ! *ang$ pur*as+ p[] ( money b =tunately ! rates ( wages ( ne>ly all workm5 & ! prices ( practically all products ( labor exp5d$ ^u f>ms or 9 factories or o!rwise h be5 rais$ suffici5tly to m or less completely (fset x4 ,! pr9cipal suff]]s are ^? sal>i$ employees ^: sal>ies h n be5 readju/$ & ^? ^: incomes are receiv$ "u contracts cov]+ long p]iods ( "t or are d]iv$ f ! m>ket+ ( commodities or s]vices at prices m or less effectively controll$ by cu/om or /atute4 ,_m ( ! own]s ( railway bonds are 9 ! second class & all int]/ate railways are1 z to ! disposal ( _! s]vices1 9 ! ?ird class4 ,z already not$1 ! gross rev5ue d]ivable by ! railways f ! transportation ( a c>load consi/+ ( fifte5 tons ( f\r? class freight betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york is ! same n[ t x 0 9 #ahig--;i4 e41 #aje4jj4 ,b #aje4jj is wor? mu* less to any railway n[ ?an x 0 9 #ahig = money is wor? at any "t :at x w buy at t "t4 ,! reports ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission %[ ! foll[+ increases 9 rates ( av]age daily wages paid to railway employees3 ,wages p] day4 ,class ( ,employees4 ------------------------- ,increase1 #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 ,/ation ag5ts #a4gc #b4je #ah4ej ,o!r /ationm5 #a4fb #a4gh #i4hh ,eng9em5 #c4fe #d4cj #ag4ha ,firem5 #b4je #b4ed #bc4ij ,conductors #c4jg #c4fi #bj4bj ,o!r tra9m5 #a4ij #b4ed #cc4fh ,ma*9i/s #b4bc #b4hg #bh4gj ,c>p5t]s #b4ja #b4dj #ai4dj ,o!r %opm5 #a4ga #b4jf #bj4dg ,section =eman #a4gj #a4ij #aa4gf ,o!r trackm5 #a4af #a4df #be4hf ,swit*m51 flagm5 & wat*m5 #a4gb #a4hg #h4gb ,telegraph op]ators & despat*]s #a4ij #b4bf #ah4ie ,employees1 acc\nt float+ equipm5t #a4hf #b4bg #bb4jd ,all o!r employees & labor]s #a4fd #a4ib #ag4jg ,! =ego+ af=ds a means ( asc]ta9+ ! real value ( #aje4jj ( railway gross receipts 9 #ahig & #aijg & ! decrease f ! e>li] to ! lat] ye>4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] ( days labor ( ea* ( ! diff]5t classes ( railway labor :i* #aje4jj w\ld buy 9 ea* ( ! ye>s indicat$3 ,numb] ( days labor pur*asable = #aje4jj4 ,class ( ,employees4 ------------------------ ,decrease1 #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 ,/ation ag5ts #fj4g #ea4b #ae4fe ,o!r /ation m5 #fd4h #ei4j #h4ie ,eng9em5 #bh4h #bd4d #ae4bh ,firem5 #ea4b #da4c #ai4cd ,conductors #cd4b #bh4e #af4fg ,o!r tra9m5 #ee4c #da4c #be4cb ,ma*9i/s #dg4a #cf4f #bb4bi ,c>p5t]s #eb4b #dc4h #af4ji ,o!r %opm5 #fa4d #ea4j #af4id ,section #fa4h #ee4c #aj4eb ,o!r trackm5 #ij4e #ga4i #bj4ee ,swit*m51 flagm5 & wat*m5 #fa4j #ef4a #h4jc ,telegraph op]ators & despat*]s #ee4c #df4e #ae4ia ,employees1 acc\nt float+ equipm5t #ef4e #df4c #ah4je ,all o!r employees & labor]s #fd4j #ed4g #ad4ec ---- ---- ----- ,av]age -- -- #af4bg ,! =ego+ %[s t on ! av]age ! gross railway receipts d]iv$ f ! s]vice assum$ z ! basis ( ! calculation w\ld pur*ase #af4bg p] c5t4 less ( ! necess>y s]vices ( railway employees1 9 #aijg ?an 9 #ahig & :at is true ( ! receipts f ?is s]vice is true ( e doll> receiv$ by a railway--t is1 no railway doll> w pay = m ?an eighty-f\r p] c5t41 on ! av]age1 z mu* railway labor z x w\ld 9 #ahig4 ,! *ange 9 railway rates necess>y fully to (fset ?is decrease 9 ! value ( ! money 9 :i* rates are paid w\ld am\nt to an app>5t advance ( #ai4dc p] c5t1 ( ! money rates n[ 9 =ce4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,fuel ,,= ,,locomotives4 ,next to labor ! pr9cipal s+le item ( exp5se incurr$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is = ! fuel us$ 9 _! locomotives4 ,! exp5ditures = ?is purpose n[ con/itute ab\t elev5 p] c5t4 ( ! co/ ( op]ation & s9ce #ahig h be5 z foll[s3 ,co/ ( fuel ,ye>4 = locomotives4 #ahig #fe1jdd1fgj #ahih #gb1dfi1ggg #ahii #gg1ahg1cdd #aijj #ij1eic1ife #aija #ajd1ibf1efh #aijb #abj1jgd1aib #aijc #adf1eji1jca #aijd #aeh1idh1hhf #aije #aef1dbi1bde #aijf #agj1dii1acc #aijg #bjj1bfa1ige -------------- ,total #a1cfb1idd1ghf ,?us1 f #ahig to #aijg1 ! co/ ( fuel = locomotives1 9 spite ( ! economies 9 its use p>tially sugge/$ by ! contemporane\s increase 9 ! tra9-load ( freight f #bjd4fb to #ceg4ce tons1 or #gd4fd p] c5t41 increas$ #bjg4hh p] c5t41 :ile pass5g] traffic increas$ b #abf4ae p] c5t4 & freight traffic by #adh4fi p] c5t4 ,?us :ile !re 0 "o doll> sp5t = locomotive fuel 9 #ahig = ea* #ag4be ( gross railway receipts ! ratio _h decl9$ by #aijg to "o doll> = locomotive fuel = ea* #ab4ic ( gross receipts--a diff]5ce :i* mu/ pla9ly be productive ( pr(\nd *anges 9 ! proportion ( gross receipts rema9+ aft] ! paym5t ( necess>y op]at+ exp5ses4 ,! av]age prices ( coal1 p] ton ( #b1jjj p\nds1 at ! m9es1 9 ! sev]al /ates1 9 ! ye>s #ahig & #aijg1 z giv5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 7 z foll[s3 ,price p] ton4 ----------------------------- ,increase1 ,/ate4 #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 ,alabama #j4hh #a4bi #df4ei ,arkansas #a4jf #a4fh #ef4di ,cali=nia 7a7#b4ee 7a7#c4ha #di4da ,colorado #a4ag #a4dj #ai4ff ,georgia 7b7#a4jc 7b7#a4ch #cc4ih ,idaho 7c7#c4cc 7c7#d4aj #bc4ab ,ill9ois 4#gb #a4jg #dh4fa ,indiana 4#hd #a4jh #bh4eg ,i[a #a4ac #a4fb #dc4cf ,kansas #a4ah #a4eb #bh4ha ,k5tucky 4#gi #a4jf #cd4ah ,m>yl& 4#gf #a4bj #eg4hi ,mi*igan #a4df #a4hj #bc4bi ,miss\ri #a4jh #a4fd #ea4he ,montana #a4gf #a4id #aj4bc ,new ,mexico #a4ch #a4df #e4hj ,nor? ,dakota #a4jh #a4fa #di4jg ,ohio 4#gh #a4aj #da4jc ,oklahoma #a4cd #b4jd #eb4bd ,oregon #c4ji #b4cd ,decrease ,p5nsylvania-- ,bitum9\s 4#fi #a4jd #ej4gb ,an?racite #a4ea #a4ia #bf4di ,t5nessee 4#ha #a4be #ed4cb ,texas #a4eb #a4fi #aa4ah ,utah #a4ai #a4eb #bg4gc ,virg9ia 4#fg #a4jb #eb4bd ,wa%+ton #a4id #b4ji #g4gc ,we/ ,virg9ia 4#fc 4#ii #eg4ad ,wyom+ #a4ba #a4ef #bh4ic 7a7 ,includes ,alaska4 7b7 ,includes ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 7c7 ,includes ,nebraska4 ,x w be not$ t ! co/ ( coal increas$ 9 e /ate ( consid]able production4 ,9 ,cali=nia mu* ( ! locomotive fuel us$ consi/s ( petroleum1 & ! same fuel is us$ to "s ext5t 9 ,oregon & ,new ,mexico4 ,! numb] ( tons ( coal pur*asable at ! m9es 9 ! sev]al /ates ) #aje4jj1 ! gross rev5ue f ! typical %ipm5t :i* has be5 us$ = illu/rative purposes1 9 #ahig & 9 #aijg1 w\ld h be5 z foll[s3 ,tons ( coal pur*asable = #aje4jj4 ------------------------ ,decrease1 ,/ate4 #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 ,alabama #aai #ha #ca4ic ,arkansas #ii #fb #cg4cg ,cali=nia #da #bh #ca4ga ,colorado #ij #ge #af4fg ,georgia #ajb #gf #be4di ,idaho #cb #bf #ah4ge ,ill9ois #adf #ih #cb4hh ,indiana #abe #ig #bb4dj ,i[a #ic #fe #cj4aa ,kansas #hi #fi #bb4dg ,k5tucky #acc #ii #be4ef ,m>yl& #ach #hh #cf4bc ,mi*igan #gb #eh #ai4dd ,miss\ri #ig #fd #cd4jb ,montana #fj #ed #aj4jj ,new ,mexico #gf #gb #e4bf ,nor? ,dakota #ig #fe #cb4ii ,ohio #ace #ie #bi4fc ,oklahoma #gh #ea #cd4fb ,oregon #cd #de ,increase ,p5nsylvania-- ,bitum9\s #aeb #aja #cc4ee ,an?racite #gj #ee #ba4dc ,t5nessee #acj #hd #ce4ch ,texas #fi #fb #aj4ad ,utah #hh #fi #ba4ei ,virg9ia #aeg #ajc #cd4ci ,wa%+ton #ed #ej #g4da ,we/ ,virg9ia #afg #ajf #cf4ec ,wyom+ #hg #fg #bb4ii ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be not$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor reports an increase1 betwe5 #ahig & #aijg1 9 ! price ( an?racite ( #bi4bc p] c5t41 & 9 bitum9\s coal f ! ,georges ,creek region ( #he4ed p] c5t4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,railway ,,supplies4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ge1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor1 %[s av]age prices = ! foll[+ articles us$ by railways1 or1 z raw mat]ials1 = ! manufacture ( railway supplies3 ,price4 ------------------------------- ,articles4 ,increase1 ,unit4 #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 ,axes1 ,m4 ,c4 ,o4 ,yankee ,ea* 4#ci 4#fh #gd4cf ,coke1 ,connellsville1 furnace ,ton #a4fb #b4hc #gd4fi ,b> iron1 be/ ref9$1 f mill ,p\nd 4#jaa 4#jage #ei4ji ,b>b$ wire1 galvaniz$ ,cwt4 #a4hj #b4fc #df4aa ,copp] wire1 b>e ,p\nd 4#acge 4#bdjb #gd4fi ,doorknobs1 /eel1 bronze1 plat$ ,pair 4#aff 4#dej #aga4jh ,files1 #h-;in* ,doz5 4#ha #a4jj #bc4df ,hamm]s1 ,magdole1 ,no4 #a ,ea* 4#ch 4#dg #bc4fh ,lead pipe ,cwt4 #d4cb #f4ga #ee4cb ,locks1 common1 mortise ,ea* 4#jhcc 4#bj #adj4aj ,nails1 cut1 #h-p5ny1 f5ce & common ,cwt4 #a4cc #b4af #fb4da ,nails1 wire1 #h-p5ny1 f5ce & common ,cwt4 #a4di #b4ab #db4bh ,pig iron1 ,bessem] ,ton #aj4ac #bb4hd #abe4dg ,pig iron1 f\ndry ,no4 #a ,ton #ab4aj #bc4ij #ig4eb ,pig iron1 f\ndry ,no4 #b ,ton #aj4aj #bc4hg #acf4cd ,pig iron1 gray1 =ge1 s\!rn1 coke ,ton #h4hj #bj4ii #ach4eb ,/eel billets ,ton #ae4jh #bi4be #ic4ig ,/eel rails ,ton #ah4ge #bh4jj #di4cc ,/eel %eets1 black1 ,no4 #bg ,p\nd #j4jai #j4jbe #ca4eh ,t91 pig ,p\nd 4#aceh 4#chge #ahe4ce ,t91 plates1 dome/ic1 ,bessem]1 coke ,cwt4 #c4ah #d4ji #bh4fb ,z9c1 %eet ,cwt4 #d4id #g4di #ea4fb ,brick1 common dome/ic ,m #d4id #f4af #bd4gj ,cem5t1 ,ros5dale ,bbl4 4#ge 4#ie #bf4fg ,doors1 p9e ,ea* 4#ha #a4hh #acb4aj ,lumb]1 hemlock ,m feet #aa4jj #bb4be #ajb4bg ,lime1 common ,bbl4 4#gb 4#ie #ca4id ,l9se$ oil1 raw ,gal4 4#cc 4#dc #cj4cj ,lumb]1 maple1 h>d ,m feet #bf4ej #cb4be #ba4gj ,lumb]1 oak1 :ite1 pla9 ,m feet #cf4be #ee4ba #eb4cj ,lumb]1 oak1 :ite1 qu>t]$ ,m feet #ec4hc #hj4jj #dh4fb ,lumb]1 p9e1 yell[ ,m feet #af4dd #cj4ej #he4eb ,lumb]1 popl> ,m feet #cj4fg #eh4jh #hi4cg ,%+les1 cypress ,m #b4ce #d4bc #hj4jj ,lumb]1 spruce ,m feet #ad4jj #bd4jj #ga4dc ,w9d[ glass1 ,am]ican1 s+le1 fir/s1 #f by #h to #aj by #ae in* #ej sq4 ft4 #b4bj #b4ha #bg4gc ,w9d[ glass1 ,am]ican1 s+le1 ?irds1 #f by #h to #aj by #ae in* #ej sq4 ft4 #a4if #b4bd #ad4bi ,! bullet9 indicates t putty1 ,portl& cem5t & ,ames %ovels are ab\t ! only exceptions to ! g5]al rule ( greatly increas$ prices ( railway supplies4 ,x is pla9 t z to all ( ! important supplies & mat]ials includ$ 9 ! =ego+ li/ ! #aje4jj ( gross receipts f ! typical %ipm5t h]et(ore us$ z an example w\ld %[ ! same1 or a great]1 loss 9 pur*as+ p[] :i* has *>act]iz$ ! comp>isons previ\sly %[n4 ,evid5ce f (ficial s\rces ?us %[s t 9 pur*as+ ! same quantities ei!r ( labor or ( supplies ! railways h n[ to exp5d mu* l>g] sums ?an !y did t5 ye>s ago4 ,! (ficial /ati/ics already quot$ are fully support$ & _! p]t95ce to ! problem 9 h& is fully prov5 by ! acc\nt+ records ( ! pur*as+ dep>tm5ts ( ! sev]al railways4 ,! ,trunk ,l9e ,association has obta9$ detail$ in=mation conc]n+ pur*ases 9 #ahig & #aijg1 by important railways repres5t$ 9 its organization1 & ?is in=mation has be5 c>efully & accurately tabulat$4 ,a table %[+ ! l>gely increas$ co/ ( articles :i* ?is tabulation reveals has be5 made ,app5dix ,b & w be f\nd at pages #aid to #aih ( ?is pamphlet4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is app5dix &1 p>ticul>ly ( ! classes ( labor & ( ! articles %[n to h greatly increas$ 9 co/1 discloses ! unque/ionable fact t ! increas$ co/ p]vades ! :ole aggregate ( op]at+ exp5ses & t !re is no consid]able exception to ! rule t e item ( op]at+ exp5diture is n[ v mu* great] ?an x 0 9 #ahig4 ,,o!r ,,co/s ,,( ,,supply+ ,,railway ,,s]vices4 ,! co/ ( railway transportation :i* mu/ be borne out ( ! receipts = railway s]vices includes op]at+ exp5ses1 int]e/ on capital & taxes4 ,be=e discuss+ ! increase 9 ! rate ( int]e/ dem&$ x is wor? :ile to note t ! exactions made by ! tax+ p[] ^u ! railways h also notably increas$4 ,! sums annually paid z taxes on railway prop]ty s9ce #ahig foll[3 ,taxes paid4 ,miles op]at$ ---------------------- & includ$ ,av]age 9 reports ,am\nt4 p] mile ( taxes paid4 op]at$4 #ahig #ahc1bhd4be #dc1acg1hdd #bce4cf #ahih #ahd1fdh4bf #dc1hbh1bbd #bcg4cf #ahii #ahg1ecd4fh #df1ccg1fcb #bdg4ji #aijj #aib1eef4jc #dh1ccb1bgc #bea4jj #aija #aie1efa4ib #ej1idd1cgb #bfj4ej #aijb #bjj1aed4ef #ed1dfe1dcg #bgb4ab #aijc #bje1cac4ed #eg1hdi1efi #bha4gf #aijd #bab1bdc4bj #fa1fif1ced #bij4fi #aije #baf1igc4fa #fc1dgd1fgi #bib4ee #aijf #bbb1cdj4cj #gd1ghe1fae #ccf4cf #aijg #bbg1ded4hc #hj1cab1cge #cec4ji ---------- ------------ ------ 99 99 #fbe1afd1cgd 99 99 ,?us 9 ! ye>s f #ahig to #aijg railway taxation p] mile ( l9e has increas$ f #bce4cf to #cec4ji1 or no less ?an #ej4jb p] c5t4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,regulation4 ,closely ak9 to taxation ( railway prop]ty are ! additional exp5ses :i* h to be met out ( railway rev5ues on acc\nt ( public regulation4 ,! increas$ &1 9 _m cases1 m9ute regulation impos$ by ! ,hepburn law ( #aijf & ! rules & requirem5ts e/abli%$ !reund] by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission & by v>i\s ,/ate enactm5ts h caus$ ! railways _m new & augm5t$ exp5ditures4 ,among ! _m purposes = :i* ^! exp5ditures h become necess>y are ^? enum]at$ bel[3 #a4 ,prep>ation1 publication1 fil+1 po/+1 etc41 ( rate s*$ules4 #b4 ,compilation & tabulation ( /ati/ics1 prep>ation & fil+ ( annual reports ( op]ation & f9ance4 #c4 ,litigation "u regulatory /atutes includ+ cases be=e ,national & ,/ate commissions & includ+ legal & incid5tal exp5ses !re(4 #d4 ,appliances & special equipm5t requir$ by safety appliance laws4 #e4 ,additional employees & additional wages paid on acc\nt ( laws regulat+ ! h\rs ( labor4 ,besides ^! & o!r positive additions to ! exp5ses ( op]ation !re h be5 consid]able r$uctions 9 rev5ue br\ght ab\t by ! v>i\s regulative /atutes4 ,?us !re h be5 r$uctions 9 rev5ue caus$ by ! foll[+3 #a4 ,ord]s1 or sugge/ions hav+ practically ! =ce ( ord]s1 requir+ *anges 9 ! classification ( freight4 #b4 ,ord]s1 or sugge/ions hav+ practically ! =ce ( ord]s1 requir+ r$uctions 9 rates4 #c4 ,/atutory r$uction 9 ! rates ( comp5sation = c>ry+ ! mail4 #d4 ,r$uction ( comp5sation = c>ry+ ! mail made by executive ord]4 ,a pa9/ak+ ef=t to secure accurate /ati/ics conc]n+ rec5t increases 9 ^! exp5ditures & losses has be5 made & data = t purpose h be5 suppli$ by _m ( ! railways op]at+ ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]4 ,^! data are necess>ily incomplete & fragm5t>y1 ! acc\nts ( _m ( ! companies n be+ kept 9 su* =m z fully to disclose ! items desir$4 ,9 few cases 7 ! data :i* c\ld be obta9$ = any l9e complete--"s companies 7 able to report p>ticul> items :ile o!r companies c\ld n give ^!1 b c\ld supply o!rs4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x %\ld be realiz$ t ! tabulation ( ^! reports makes a %[+ :i* is incomplete ma9ly 9 ! =m ( omissions4 ,a cons]vative computation discloses t ! co/s due to increases 9 exp5ses or r$uctions 9 rev5ue impos$ by /atutes or by ,commissions act+ "u ,f$]al & ,/ate regulatory laws co/s ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates approximately #bjj1jjj1jjj 9 two ye>s4 ,t ?is is n an exagg]at$ e/imate w be appreciat$ by ref]5ce to ! pr9cipal g5]al items ( exp5ditures z enum]at$ on ! prec$+ pages4 ,until ^! items %all h be5 assign$ a prop] classification 9 ! acc\nts ( ! railroads ! accurate results may n be asc]ta9$1 b x w at once occur to ^? 9 any measure in=m$ t !re has be5 an enorm\s increase ( "w & exp5se plac$ ^u ! c>ri]s to con=m to ! innum]able requirem5ts ( ,/ate & ,f$]al laws & ! rul+s ( ! ,commissions !reund]1 & t ?is burd5 has ext5d$ to all dep>tm5ts ( ! c>ri]s4 ,litigation & miscellane\s exp5ses appe> z a l>ge "p ( ^! new co/s1 & 9 addition ! c>ri]s' rev5ues h be5 greatly deplet$ ei!r directly by ! laws1 ord]s ( ,commissions or sugge/ions hav+ practically ! =ce ( ord]s1 result+ 9 r$uctions ( freight & pass5g] *>ges4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,obta9+ ,,new ,,capital4 ,9 ! matt] ( int]e/ on ! capital employ$ ! railways h app>5tly enjoy$ an advantage :i* w\ld seem to (fset ! natural t5d5cy ( int]e/ rates to rise 9 response to ! /imulus ( augm5t$ co/1 9 doll>s & c5ts1 ( ! commodities ent]+ into ! budget ( exp5ditures ( ! av]age recipi5t ( int]e/--t is to say1 ! advantage gr[+ out ( ! fact t a l>ge proportion ( railway capital is secur$ "u long-"t contracts & t _m ( ! contracts n[ 9 =ce unque/ionably run back to a "t be=e ! ext5sive depreciation ( ! ,am]ican doll> began4 ,?is advantage is a real "o1 b its ext5t is easily exagg]at$4 ,= ! purpose ( ?r[+ light ^u ! effect ^u ! co/ ( railway transportation ( ! rise 9 int]e/ rates :i* has *>act]iz$ rec5t ye>s an analytical /udy ( railway indebt$ness 7includ+ gu>ante$ divid5ds7 am\nt+1 9 ! aggregate1 to #i1dii1jii1jfe has be5 made4 ,?is sum repres5ts indebt$ness n[ out/&+ & includes "s duplication ow+ to ! fact t c]ta9 ( ! securities repres5t$ 9 ! aggregate are !mselves bas$ ^u o!r securities deposit$ z collat]al or held 9 ! treasuries ( ! corporations mak+ ! second>y issues2 duplication :i* c\ld n be elim9at$ )\t add+ va/ly to ! difficulty ( ! inquiry ) no correspond+ ga9 9 ! accuracy ( ! result4 ,^! data are also subject to ! qualification necess>ily due to ! fact t all ( ! issues includ$ 7 n sold at p>4 ,9 "s cases a small premium 0 d\btless obta9$ & 9 o!r cases a slight disc\nt 0 requir$1 b1 nev]!less1 x is believ$ t ! data fairly indicate ! g5]al *ange 9 int]e/ rates on capital loan$ to railways4 ,( ! total out/&+ indebt$ness ( #i1dii1jii1jfe ! portion incurr$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahig to #aijh1 inclusive1 am\nts to #e1dff1cdj1beb1 or #eg4ee p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! am\nts incurr$ at ! diff]5t rates dur+ ea* ( ! ye>s nam$3 ,rate ( ,int]e/ & ,am\nt ,incurr$ ,dur+ ,ye> & ,out/&+4 ,ye>4 #f p] c5t4 #f p] c5t4 #e p] c5t4 #d p] c5t4 #ahig -- #aa1jci1jjj #db1abf1jjj #g1gjj1jjj #ahih -- #dhg1jjj #g1dhf1gjj #bjg1jjj #ahii -- #ac1jid1jjj #bi1aig1jjj #ae1hif1jjj #aijj -- #a1acc1jjj #ae1ibf1cea #g1igi1jjj #aija -- #a1ggg1gge #ch1hdj1jjj #cg1hde1cgh #aijb -- -- #dd1idi1ejh #ai1idi1fjj #aijc -- #a1eeb1jjj #ec1eib1jcj #bb1jib1ejj #aijd -- #bef1jjj #fa1aia1efa #cj1bda1gbi #aije -- #a1haj1jjj #ff1cdf1jjj #gc1iif1ajj #aijf #cej1jjj #a1ahj1egi #ada1ghf1eaa #dj1ibb1aha #aijg -- #cj1cbe1jjj #bhi1deh1hib #agg1hje1ifb #aijh7;a7 -- #aad1ejd1igj #dg1edf1che #b1hej1jjj -------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ,total #cej1jjj #agg1aei1cbd #hch1ddf1ich #dcg1dhe1dej ,rate ( ,int]e/ & ,am\nt ,incurr$ ,dur+ ,ye> & ,out/&+4 ,ye>4 #d p] c5t4 #c p] c5t4 #c p] c5t4 #c p] c5t4 #ahig #bje1hhb1ejj -- #bba1ffc1jjj #d1iih1bge #ahih #ahg1hih1jjj -- #aid1gbd1cbe -- #ahii #bgg1ghd1djj -- #abf1gcd1jjj #dc1bca1bgb #aijj #hc1gce1ejj -- #fb1egg1jjj #dc1fhi1jjj #aija #chb1aca1bej #ccj1jjj #ea1fce1jjj -- #aijb #cdh1jch1jej -- #eh1fda1ejj -- #aijc #cag1idh1jjj -- #bb1cjh1jjj #i1hff1dce #aijd #aic1dii1ejj -- #ci1hij1jjj -- #aije #cfd1ejg1djd -- #aab1fde1aee #af1jjj1jjj #aijf #bea1jcg1fha #dh1bfb1edh #ca1jih1fgj -- #aijg #baj1cii1jge -- #dbc1jjj -- #aijh7;a7 #aja1chj1jjj -- -- -- ------------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ,total #b1ibd1aha1cfj #dh1eib1edh #ibb1cci1fej #aag1ghd1ihb 7a7 ,janu>y to ,july1 only4 ,ev5 a cursory exam9ation ( ! =ego+ /atem5t %[s t ! av]age rate ( int]e/ dem&$ by ^? :o supply railway capital has greatly increas$4 ,9 #ahig & #ahih ! l>ge/ aggregate ( new indebt$ness 0 incurr$ at ! rate ( ?ree & "o-half p] c5t4 p] annum2 9 #ahii1 #aijj1 #aijb1 #aijc1 #aijd1 #aije & #aijf ! prepond]at+ portion 0 at f\r p] c5t42 9 #aijg ! l>ge/ aggregate 0 at five p] c5t41 :ile 9 ! mon?s ( #aijh = :i* data are available ! great] portion 0 obta9$ at six p] c5t4 ,loans at ?ree & ?ree & "o-half p] c5t41 :i* suppli$ a consid]able aggregate dur+ all ( ! ye>s to & includ+ #aijf & p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! p]iod1 _h sub/antially disappe>$ be=e #aijg & no funds 7 procur$ at less ?an f\r p] c5t4 dur+ ! portion ( #aijh :i* is includ$4 ,! increas$ volume ( loans at five & six p] c5t4 is equally m>k$4 ,! foll[+ table makes ?is analysis cle>] by %[+ ! total borr[+s ( ea* ye> & ! p]c5tage at ea* rate3 ,rate ( ,int]e/ & ,proportion ( ,total ,indebt$ness ,incurr$ ,dur+ ,ye> & ,out/&+4 ,ye>4 ,borr[$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #f #f #e #d #d #c #c #c p] p] p] p] p] p] p] p] c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ahig #dic1djh1gge -- #b4bd #h4ed #a4ef #da4gc -- #dd4ib #a4ja #ahih #cij1hjc1jbe -- 4#ab #a4ib 4#je #dh4jh -- #di4hc -- #ahii #eje1icf1fgb -- #b4ei #e4gg #c4ad #ed4ia -- #be4je #h4ed #aijj #bae1jci1hea -- 4#ec #g4dj #c4ga #ch4id -- #bi4aj #bj4cb #aija #eab1eei1djc -- 4#ce #g4eh #g4ch #gd4ee #j4jg #aj4jg -- #aijb #dga1egh1feh -- -- #i4ec #d4bc #gc4hj -- #ab4dd -- #aijc #dbg1ceh1ife -- 4#cf #ab4ed #e4ag #gd4dj -- #e4bb #b4ca #aijd #cbe1jgh1gij -- 4#jh #ah4hb #i4cj #ei4ec -- #ab4bg -- #aije #fce1cjd1fei -- 4#bh #aj4dd #aa4fe #eg4ch -- #ag4gc #b4eb #aijf #ead1fch1agj #j4jg 4#bc #bg4ee #g4ie #dh4gh #i4ch #f4jd -- #aijg #gjh1cea1ibi -- #d4bh #dj4hf #be4aj #bi4gj -- 4#jf -- 7a7#aijh #bff1bha1cee -- #dc4jj #ag4hf #a4jg #ch4jg -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,total #e1dff1cdj1beb #j4ja #c4be #ae4cd #h4jj #ec4di #j4hi #af4hg #b4ae ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7a7 ,janu>y to ,july1 only4 ,! =ego+ table %[s t :ile1 9 #ahig1 ! railways borr[$ #hg4ff p] c5t4 & 9 #ahih1 #ig4ia p] c5t4 ( ! new capital obta9$ 9 ! =m ( loans at f\r p] c5t4 or bett]1 !y 7 compell$1 9 #aijg1 to promise m ?an f\r p] c5t4 on #gj4bd p] c5t4 & 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aijh to promise six p] c5t4 on #dc4jj ( _! borr[+s4 ,! significance ( ^! figures is made /ill m app>5t by ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s opposite ! aggregate borr[+s ( ea* ye>1 ! int]e/ *>ges !reon & ! av]age rate ^u ! portion ( ! capital :i* x repres5ts3 ,ye>4 ,aggregate int]e/ ,av4 rate ,borr[$4 *>ges4 int]e/4 #ahig #dic1djh1gge #ai1beh1eic #c4ij #ahih #cij1hjc1jbe #ad1gdd1ada #c4gg #ahii #eje1icf1fgb #ai1hjd1had #c4ia #aijj #bae1jci1hea #h1jgc1fch #c4ge #aija #eab1eei1djc #bj1hef1eei #d4jg #aijb #dga1egh1feh #ai1aai1ahb #d4je #aijc #dbg1ceh1ife #ag1efa1egg #d4aa #aijd #cbe1jgh1gij #ac1ega1ide #d4ag #aije #fce1cjd1fei #be1geh1fja #d4je #aijf #ead1fch1agj #ba1ifd1bae #d4bg #aijg #gjh1cea1ibi #cb1gbb1jha #d4fb #aijh7;a7 #bff1bha1cee #ac1dca1jfg #e4jd -------------- ------------ ---- ,total #e1dff1cdj1beb #bbf1hhf1dac #d4ae 7a7 ,janu>y to ,july1 only4 ,! =ego+ %[s an increase1 9 ! av]age int]e/ rate dem&$ ^u new loans to railway corporations1 f #c4ij p] c5t4 9 #ahig to #d4fb 9 #aijg & #e4jd 9 #aijh4 ,! increase 9 ! rate f #ahig to #aijg 0 equal to #ah4df p] c5t4 & f #ahig to #aijh x 0 #bi4bc p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words1 "o doll> w\ld pay int]e/ on z mu* ( ! new capital secur$ by loans 9 #ahig z #a4bi w\ld ( ! loans ( #aijh4 ,! gross rev5ue ( #aje4jj obta9$ 9 bo? ye>s f ! typical %ipm5t ( f\r? class freight betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york1 at ! un*ang$ rate applicable to su* a %ipm5t 9 bo? ye>s1 w\ld pay int]e/ on #b1fib4ca secur$ 9 ! e>li] ye> & on only #b1jhc4cc secur$ 9 ! lat] ye>4 ,! loss 9 p[] to pur*ase loan$ capital !re=e am\nts to #bb4fb p] c5t4 ,9 ord] fully to appreciate ! importance ( ?is rise 9 ! co/ ( capital x is necess>y to realize t v great sums ( new capital are annually requir$ = ! necess>y augm5tation & improvem5t ( railway facilities4 ,?is is made evid5t by ! total ye>ly borr[+s z %[n 9 ! =ego+ tables1 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t fur!r sums1 c]ta9ly n less ext5sive 9 ! aggregate1 h be5 rais$ ?r\gh issues ( /ock1 :i* promise no c]ta9 rate ( int]e/1 al?\gh ^! sums c\ld n h be5 obta9$ unless ! subscrib]s _h consid]$ x probable t !y w\ld1 9 ! long run1 receive returns 9 divid5ds at lea/ equal to ! go+ rate ( int]e/4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! aggregate ( new capital secur$ by loans 9 ea* ye> has v l>gely exce$$ ! total int]e/ paym5ts to all capital obta9$ by borr[+4 ,?is is %[n by ! foll[+ table1 ! data 9 :i*1 except ^? z to ! sums obta9$ by loans1 are f ! reports ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission3 ,p] ct4 int4 ,new capital ,int]e/ on paym'ts new ,ye>47a7 borr[$4 fund$ debt4 borr['gs4 #ahih #cij1hjc1jbe #bcg1egh1gjf #fj4gi #ahii #bae1jci1hea #bda1feg1ece #dg4gf #aijj #bae1jci1hea #bdb1iih1bhe #aac4jj #aija #eab1eei1djc #beb1eid1hjh #di4bh #aijb #dga1egh1feh #bfj1bie1hdg #ee4bj #aijc #dbg1ceh1ife #bfh1hcj1efd #fb4ij #aijd #cbe1jgh1gij #bhb1aah1dch #hf4gh #aije #fce1cjd1fei #bid1hjc1hhd #df4dj #aijf #ead1fch1agj #cje1ccg1ged #ei4cc #aijg #gjh1cea1ibi #cbc1gcc1gea #de4gj -------------- -------------- ----- ,total #d1gjf1fej1abb #b1gji1idi1egb #eg4eh 7a7 ,accurate data = paym5ts to capital 9 #ahig are n available4 ,,f ,,! ,,viewpo9t ,,( ,,! ,,pur*as] ,,( ,,! ,,s]vices4 ,s f> ! ext5t & significance ( ! *anges 9 ! value1 or pur*as+ p[]1 ( money h be5 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( ^? :o produce & sell railway transportation4 ,b equally /rik+ *anges w appe> & simil> conclusions are inevitable :5 rec5t hi/ory is review$ 9 ! aspect :i* x pres5ts to ^? ^: e>n+s are devot$1 9 "p1 to ! pur*ase ( ! s]vices :i* ! railways supply4 ,= ! important consid]ation to ! wage-e>n] :o wi%es to travel by rail or :o buys commodities t h be5 s c>ri$1 or to ! produc] ^: products mu/ g to m>ket ov] railway r\tes1 is n1 h[ mu* money mu/ be paid = ! railway s]vices1 b1 r1 h[ mu* labor mu/ be exp5d$1 or :at quantity ( 8 goods mu/ be produc$1 9 ord] to obta9 t sum ( money4 ,if ! e>n+s ( a p>ticul> wage-e>n] h increas$ f fifty to sev5ty-two c5ts p] h\r1 a railway s]vice is *eap]1 to him1 if x co/s twelve c5ts ?an x 0 at t5 c5ts :5 8 e>n+s 7 on ! fifty-c5t basis1 = he n[ procures ) ! fruit ( t5 m9utes' toil :at =m]ly co/ ! result ( twelve m9utes' labor4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #gg1 j issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,labor1 ! (ficial /ati/ician pres5ts data %[+ ! relative wages p] h\r ( _m diff]5t classes ( wage-e>n]s1 n includ+ railway employees1 9 #ahig & #aijg4 ,:ile ^! data %[ t wages h almo/ uni=mly advanc$ 7!re are t5 some:at que/ionable exceptions among ! #cdb classes7 ! data suppli$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission %[ t dur+ ! same p]iod av]age railway freight rates h decl9$ f #g4ih mills to #g4ei mills p] ton p] mile1 or #d4hi p] c5t4 ,a table pres5t+ & bas$ ^u ^! (ficial /ati/ics & %[+ ! relative wages p] h\r ( ! v>i\s classes ( labor1 9 #ahig & #aijg1 ! p]c5tage increase 9 wages rates p] h\r & ! increas$ comm& ov] railway freight s]vices :i* ^! wage-e>n]s h obta9$ ?r\gh ! comb9$ effect ( high] wages & l[] ton-mile rates is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,c,f4 ,9 /udy+ ! data pres5t$ 9 ?is app5dix x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! wages are relative & n absolute4 ,!y mean1 = example1 t ! av]age male blacksmi? 9 ! agricultural implem5t indu/ry 0 paid1 9 #aijg1 #a4be = ! same quality & p]iod ( labor = :i* he 0 paid a little less ?an n9ety-six c5ts1 9 #ahig4 ,?is increase am\nt$ to #cj4eh p] c5t4 ( ! wages rate ( #ahig1 &1 comb9$ ) a decreas$ co/ ( railway freight s]vice ( #d4hi p] c5t41 :i* made #ie4aa c5ts g z f> 9 pur*as+ ! latt] 9 #aijg z "o doll> w\ld g 9 #ahig1 gave him #cg4bi p] c5t4 great] comm& ov] railway freight s]vices4 ,9 an e>li] bullet91 ,no4 #ge1 publi%$ dur+ ! curr5t ye>1 ! ,bureau ( ,labor cont9u$ its index numb]s1 :i* %[1 9 simil> mann]1 ! av]age relative :olesale prices ( ! commodities ent]+ into ! ord9>y budget ( family exp5ditures4 ,= ! purpose ( pres5t+ ! *anges 9 ^! prices on a uni=m basis ! ,bureau repres5ts ! av]ages = ! t5 ye>s f #ahij to #ahii1 inclusive1 z "o hundr$ p] c5t4 & r$uces ! av]ages = ea* ye> to p]c5tages ( ! av]ages = ! basic p]iod4 ,! foll[+ table pres5ts ^! figures = ! ye> #ahig to #aijg1 inclusive3 ,relative ,:olesale ,prices4 ,clo?s ,fuel ,metals ,f>m & & & ,ye>4 ,products4 ,food4 ,clo?+4 ,light+4 ,implem5ts4 #ahij-ahii #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ahig #he4b #hg4g #ia4a #hf4d #hf4f #ahih #if4a #id4d #ic4d #ie4d #hf4d #ahii #ajj4j #ih4c #if4g #aje4j #aad4g #aijj #aji4e #ajd4b #ajf4h #abj4i #abj4e #aija #aaf4i #aje4i #aja4j #aai4e #aaa4i #aijb #acj4e #aaa4c #ajb4j #acd4c #aag4b #aijc #aah4h #ajg4a #ajf4f #adi4c #aag4f #aijd #abf4b #ajg4b #aji4h #acb4f #aji4f #aije #abd4b #ajh4g #aab4j #abh4h #abb4e #aijf #abc4f #aab4f #abj4j #aca4i #ace4b #aijg #acg4a #aag4h #abf4g #ace4j #adc4d ,lumb] & ,h\se ,build+ ,drugs & ,furni%+ ,miscell- ,all ,com- ,ye> ,mat]ials4 ,*emicals4 ,goods4 ane\s4 modities4 #ahij-ahii #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ahig #id4d #id4d #hi4h #ib4a #hi4g #ahih #ie4h #ajf4f #ib4j #ib4d #ic4d #ahii #aje4h #aaa4c #ie4a #ig4g #aja4g #aijj #aae4g #aae4g #ajf4a #aji4h #aaj4e #aija #aaf4g #aae4b #aaj4i #ajg4d #ajh4e #aijb #aah4h #aad4b #aab4b #aad4a #aab4i #aijc #aba4d #aab4f #aac4j #aac4f #aac4f #aijd #abb4g #aaj4j #aaa4g #aaa4g #aac4j #aije #abg4g #aji4a #aji4a #aab4h #aae4i #aijf #adj4a #aja4b #aaa4j #aba4a #abb4e #aijg #adf4i #aji4f #aah4e #abg4a #abi4e ,f ! data 9 ! =ego+ table1 :i* %[ advances av]ag+ ne>ly =ty-five p] c5t41 ! foll[+ table1 indicat+ ! pres5t pur*as+ p[] ov] railway freight s]vice ( ea* class ( articles1 9 a mann] simil> to t adopt$ to measure ! increas$ p[] ( labor to buy railway freight transportation1 has be5 d]iv$3 ,increas$ ,relative prices4 p[] to pur- ---------------------- *ase railway ,commodities4 ,increase freight s]vices #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,f>m products #he4b #acg4a #fj4ib #fi4ai ,food #hg4g #aag4h #cd4cb #da4bb ,clo?s & clo?+ #ia4a #abf4g #ci4jh #df4bc ,fuel & light+ #if4d #ace4j #dj4jd #dg4bd ,metals & implem5ts #hf4f #adc4d #fe4ei #gd4aj ,lumb] & build+ mat]ials #ij4d #adf4i #fb4ej #gj4he ,drugs & *emicals #id4d #aji4f #af4aj #bb4jg ,h\se furni%+ goods #hi4h #aah4e #ca4if #ch4gd ,miscellane\s #ib4a #abg4a #ch4jj #de4jj ,all commodities #hi4g #abi4e #dd4cg #ea4gi ,,agricultural ,,products ,,& ,,freight ,,rates4 ,! /ati/ician to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture obta9s annually a v l>ge numb] ( reports f f>m]s z to prices obta9$ = _! products & ^! are c>efully tabulat$4 ,! results %[ ! av]age prices1 at ! f>ms1 ( ! pr9cipal agricultural products4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! increas$ prices obta9$ = su* products1 & ! increas$ p[] :i* ^! produc]s enjoy1 p] unit ( _! products1 to pur*ase railway freight s]vices3 ,increas$ p[] to pur*ase ,price4 railway ------------------------- freight ,product4 ,value ( ,increase s]vice crop ( #aijg4 ,unit4 #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,corn #a1ccf1ija1jjj ,bu%el #j4bfc #j4eaf #if4bj #ajf4bh ,:eat #eed1dcg1jjj 4#hjh 4#hgd #h4ag #ac4gc ,oats #ccd1efh1jjj 4#bab 4#ddc #ajh4if #aai4gj ,b>ley #ajb1bij1jjj 4#cgg 4#fff #gf4ff #he4gd ,rye #bc1jfh1jjj 4#ddg 4#gca #fc4ec #ga4id ,buck:eat #i1ige1jjj 4#dba 4#fih #fe4hj #gd4cb ,potatoes #ahd1ahd1jjj 4#edg 4#fah #ab4ih #ah4gi ,hay #ggc1ejg1jjj ,ton #f4fb #aa4fh #gf4dd #he4ea ,cotton #fac1fcj1dcf ,p\nd 4#jff 4#ajd #eg4eh #fe4fh -------------- ,total #c1icb1efj1dcf ,detail$ tables pres5t+ ! data f :i* ! =ego+ av]ages = ! :ole c\ntry h be5 d]iv$ & %[+ prices & pur*as+ p[] ov] freight s]vice are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,d,g4 ,^! tables disclose ! uni=mity1 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( ! advance 9 agricultural prices & ( ! augm5t$ comm& ( agricultural produc]s ov] railway freight s]vice4 ,,f>m ,,animals ,,& ,,freight ,,rates4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates also collects data conc]n+ ! value ( f>m animals & annually publi%es ! av]age values report$ = ! fir/ day ( ea* successive ye>4 ,all classes ( f>m animals h increas$ 9 value s9ce #ahig & ea* repres5ts a great comm& ov] railway freight s]vices1 = ! sum repres5t+ ! av]age value ( ea* animal w n[ buy mu* m freight transportation ?an x w\ld 9 #ahig4 ,?is is %[n by ! foll[+ table3 ,increas$ p[] to pur*ase ,av]age price1 ea*4 railway -------------------------------- freight ,janu>y #a1 ,janu>y #a1 ,janu>y #a1 ,increase1 s]vice1 #aijh4 #ahig4 #aijh4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,horses #a1hfg1ecj1jjj #ca4ea #ic4da #aif4de #baa4fi ,mules #daf1ici1jjj #da4ff #ajg4gf #aeh4fg #aga4ig ,mil* c[s #fej1jeg1jjj #bc4af #cj4fg #cb4dc #ci4bd ,cattle1 except mil* c[s #hde1ich1jjj #af4fe #af4hi #a4dd #f4fe ,%eep #baa1gcf1jjj #a4hb #c4hh #aac4ai #abd4ae ,sw9e #cci1jcj1jjj #d4aj #f4je #dg4ef #ee4ad -------------- ----- ------ ------ ------ ,total #d1cca1bcj1jjj -- -- -- -- ,9 consid]+ ! =ego+ ! fact t ! prices relate solely to animals on f>ms %\ld be borne 9 m9d4 ,!y are d\btless some:at l[] ?an = animals else:]e locat$1 b prices ( ! latt] h probably mov$ 9 ! same direction & 9 ab\t ! same ext5t4,h ,,railway ,,rates ,,9 #ahig ,,& ,,at ,,pres5t ,,measur$ ,,9 ,,money4 ,?r\gh\t ! =ego+ discussion ref]5ce has frequ5tly be5 made to :at has be5 assum$ to be a typical %ipm5t1 t is1 a fifte5-ton c>load ( f\r? class freight transport$ betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york4 ,! typical s]vice r5d]$ 9 mov+ ?is %ipm5t w\ld h br\ght ! railways gross receipts ( #aje4jj1 9 #ahig or 9 any ( ! int]m$iate ye>s1 & w\ld br+ ! same am\nt n[4 ,! p]iod 9 "q1 h[ev]1 has witness$ _m ?\s&s ( *anges 9 railway rates on p>ticul> commodities & betwe5 p>ticul> po9ts1 &1 conf9+ ! discussion = ! pres5t to ! m]e expression ( rates 9 t]ms ( money1 x is necess>y to inquire :e!r ! g5]al level ( all rates has be5 rais$ or l[]$ & h[ f> ! *ange1 if any is discov]$1 has gone 9 ei!r direction4 ,n[1 x is manife/ly impossible to correlate all rates 9 a s+le tabulation1 &1 giv+ to ea* its prop] weight 9 ! det]m9ation ( a f9al av]age1 ?us e/abli% def9itely & ) complete precision ! relation betwe5 ! money rates ( #ahig & ^? at ! pres5t "t4 ,! numb] ( diff]5t articles %ipp$ & ! great numb] ( diff]5t po9ts at :i* ea* article may ent] into ! aggregate ( traffic movem5t or to :i* x may be de/9$1 z well z ! elusive "* ( ! factors :i* w\ld indicate ! relative weight prop]ly to be all[$ to ea* sep>ate rate1 :olly preclude ! adoption ( su* a me?od4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,am]ican railway acc\ntants long ago adopt$ a measure ( traffic movem5t1 :i* 0 lat] (ficially sanction$ by its adoption = ! same purpose by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 & :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) ! gross receipts f freight s]vice1 results 9 an av]age t ?r[s great light ^u ! movem5t or abs5ce ( movem5t 9 ! g5]al level ( ! rates *>g$4 ,:5 ! weight ( any %ipm5t1 express$ 9 tons1 is multipli$ by ! di/ance :i* x is c>ri$1 express$ 9 miles1 ! result+ product gives a measure ( ! s]vice p]=m$1 9 units :i* are designat$ z ton-miles4 ,:5 ! ton-miles 7or ton-mileage7 ( all %ipm5ts are aggregat$ ! total repres5ts ! sum ( all s]vices4 ,! result ( divid+ ! rev5ue f a p>ticul> %ipm5t by its ton-mileage is ! av]age rate p] ton p] mile = t %ipm5t & if ! sum repres5t+ ! aggregate gross receipts f all railway freight s]vices is divid$ by ! aggregate ton-mileage ( ^? s]vices ! quoti5t obta9$ is ! av]age ton-mile rate = all s]vices4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f #ahig to #aijg ^! data h be5 compil$ annually by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams1 its /ati/ician4 ,! av]age rates ?us e/abli%$ are giv5 bo? = ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole & = ea* ( t5 di/ricts or gr\ps4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ^! av]ages z !y are giv5 9 ! successive annual /ati/ical reports ( ! ,commission3 ,,table ,,leg5d ,,region3 ,a ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut4 ,b ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,new ,york1 ea/ ( ,buffalo1 ,p5nsylvania1 ea/ ( ,pittsburgh1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ( ,p>k]sburg4 ,c ,new ,york1 we/ ( ,buffalo1 ,p5nsylvania1 we/ ( ,pittsburgh1 ,mi*igan1 l[] ,p59sula1 ,ohio1 ,indiana4 ,d ,we/ ,virg9ia1 s\? ( ,p>k]sburg1 ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,e ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,l\isiana1 ea/ ( ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,f ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 nor? ( ,/4 ,l\is & ,kansas ,city1 ,s\? & ,nor? ,dakota1 ea/ ( ,miss\ri riv]1 ,mi*igan1 upp] ,p59sula4 ,g ,nebraska1 ,wyom+1 ,montana1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,dakota1 ea/ ( ,miss\ri ,riv]1 ,colorado1 nor? ( ,d5v]4 ,h ,arkansas1 ,indian ,t]ritory1 ,oklahoma ,t]ritory1 ,kansas1 ,colorado1 s\? ( ,d5v]1 ,texas1 ,panh&le1 ,new ,mexico1 nor? ( ,santa ,fe4 ,i ,texas1 except ,panh&le1 ,l\isiana1 we/ ( ,mississippi ,riv]1 ,new ,mexico1 nor? ( ,santa ,fe4 ,j ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 ,idaho1 ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,new ,mexico1 we/]n portion4 ,ye> & av]age rate 9 mills p] ton p] mile4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,gr\p4 ,region4 #ahig #ahih #ahii #aijj #aija #aijb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,i4 ,a #ab4jb #aa4gf #aa4bc #aa4eb #aa4ea #aa4gb ,,ii4 ,b #f4ge #f4ag #e4hb #f4ac #f4df #f4fd ,,iii4 ,c #f4je #e4gh #e4bi #e4df #e4fh #e4gf ,,iv4 ,d #f4dh #e4ib #e4id #e4ie #f4da #f4ej ,v4 ,e #h4fd #h4ce #h4jg #h4jh #h4jb #h4af ,,vi4 ,f #h4ee #h4bf #h4ba #h4jf #g4hi #g4hg ,,vii4 ,g #aa4dh #aa4eg #aa4ja #aj4fd #aj4dc #i4id ,,viii4 ,h #aj4gi #i4fa #i4fh #i4fd #i4ga #i4gh ,,ix4 ,i #aj4dj #aj4db #aj4fe #i4ch #aj4ah #i4hd ,x4 ,j #ab4ge #aa4df #aa4cf #aj4fg #aj4ee #aj4cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #g4ih #g4ec #g4bd #g4bi #g4ej #g4eg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- table cont9u$ ,ye> & av]age rate 9 mills p] ton p] mile4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,gr\p4 ,region4 #aijc #aijd #aije #aijf #aijg #aijh7;a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,i4 ,a #aa4fg #aa4if #aa4gi #aa4gb #aa4de #aa4aj ,,ii4 ,b #f4fg #f4hf #f4fe #f4ej #f4ee #f4dc ,,iii4 ,c #f4jg #f4bj #f4jg #e4id #e4ih #e4id ,,iv4 ,d #g4ad #g4af #f4ia #f4ij #g4jc #f4if ,v4 ,e #h4bg #h4ea #h4ci #h4ac #h4bg #h4be ,,vi4 ,f #g4gd #g4gi #g4ff #g4de #g4dc #g4ce ,,vii4 ,g #i4hj #i4fd #i4jj #h4id #i4cc #i4db ,,viii4 ,h #i4fb #i4ih #i4hh #i4dg #i4ff #i4ec ,,ix4 ,i #i4gd #aj4jj #aj4if #aj4ji #aj4ea #aj4jb ,x4 ,j #aj4je #aj4cf #aj4ih #aa4jc #aa4fc #ab4jd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #g4fc #g4hj #g4ff #g4dh #g4ei #g4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 7a7 ,av]age = #aijh add$ f #ba/ annual ,report ( ,pr(4 ,adams4 ,s4 ,t4 ,! =ego+ %[s t ! av]age rates p] ton p] mile1 express$ 9 money1 7 l[] 9 e gr\p b "o1 z well z 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 9 #aijg ?an !y 7 9 #ahig4 ,! av]age = ! :ole c\ntry 0 l[] 9 #aijg ?an 9 any o!r ye> %[n except ! ye>s #ahih to #aijb1 inclusive1 & = ?ree ( ^? ye>s ! diff]5ce 0 less ?an "o-t5? ( "o mill4 ,! decrease 9 ! g5]al av]age f #ahig to #aijg 0 #d4hi p] c5t4 & ! increase f #ahii1 ! ye> ( ! l[e/ av]age1 0 #d4hc p] c5t4 ,s f> z ! quality ( ! ton-mile unit is affect$ by *anges 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( traffic ! t5d5cy betwe5 #ahig & #aijg 0 t[>d a high] quality1 = traffic movem5t grew m rapidly 9 ! regions :]e rates are normally high] ?an x did 9 ! regions ( l[] rates4 ,9 ! foll[+ /atem5t ! gr\ps us$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission are arrang$ ) ! gr\p 9 :i* ton-mileage increas$ mo/ rapidly f #ahig to #aijg at ! top1 ! gr\p t increas$ next mo/ rapidly 9 ! second l9e1 & s on to ! gr\p t increas$ lea/ rapidly at ! bottom3 ,av]age rate p] ton ,tons ( freight c>ri$ "o mile4 ,increase1 p] mile 9 mills4 ,gr\p4 #ahig4 #aijg4 p] c5t4 ,9 #ahig4 ,9 #aijg4 ,x #c1acc1fbc1gcd #aa1beb1dej1ddj #bei4ji #ab4ge #aa4fc ,,vii #b1fcc1hfj1ieh #i1cjj1bcd1hdi #bec4aj #aa4dh #i4cc ,,viii #f1ccc1eia1dfc #ag1djf1dcj1iga #agd4hc #aj4gi #i4ff ,,iii #ag1ehg1ccd1fji #dg1iid1iji1jjb #agb4hi #f4je #e4ih ,v #f1hjb1aai1dhi #ag1cig1cba1cfj #aee4gf #h4fd #h4bg ,,vi #ag1cic1dga1dhj #dd1cah1gcd1aee #aed4hj #h4ee #g4dc ,,ix #c1afe1ajh1efa #g1edf1fee1eee #ach4dc #aj4dj #aj4ea ,,iv #d1icf1fce1jdf #aa1dah1bdc1ada #aca4cj #f4dh #g4jc ,,ii #bi1egi1fac1eei #fc1dee1bdc1fei #aad4eb #f4ge #f4ee ,i #c1egc1ffc1cbf #f1eaa1aff1iga #hb4bj #ab4jb #aa4de -------------- --------------- ------ ----- ----- ,u4 ,s4 #ie1aci1jbb1bbe #bcf1fja1cij1ajc #adh4fi #g4ih #g4ei ,x w be not$ f ! =ego+ t ! gr\p 9 :i* ! av]age rates 7 highe/ 9 bo? #ahig & #aijg %[s ! mo/ rapid increase 9 traffic movem5t & t1 ) few exceptions1 ! regions ( high] rates %[ m rapid augm5tation ( ton-mileage4 ,?is is exactly :at might h be5 anticipat$1 = ! highe/ av]age rates are usually to be f\nd 9 ! regions mo/ scantily populat$ &1 z ^! regions are fill+ up & are !re=e ^? mo/ rapidly gr[+ 9 population & indu/ry1 !y naturally %[ ! greate/ relative increases 9 freight tonnage4 ,! only notable exception is furni%$ by ,new ,engl&1 a region ( high developm5t1 b :]e traffic movem5t is l>gely ( a "* :i* imposes high] av]age rates4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! traffic increase is giv5 = ! regions t _h ton-mile rate av]ages above & bel[ ! av]age = ! :ole c\ntry1 9 #ahig3 ,ton mileage4 ,increase4 ,9 #ahig4 ,9 #aijg4 p] c5t4 ,ton mile rates above ! av]age #dc1jce1dci1jaa #aac1gcb1iid1cja #afd4bh ,ton mile rates bel[ ! av]age #eb1ajc1ehc1bad #abb1hfh1cie1hjb #ace4hb -------------- --------------- ------ ,total #ie1aci1jbb1bee #bcf1fja1cij1ajc #adh4fi ,! region ) rates above ! av]age 9 #ahig _h #de4bc p] c5t4 ( ! total ton-mileage 9 t ye>1 & #dh4jg p] c5t4 9 ! ye> #aijg4 ,( ! total increase 9 traffic movem5t #di4ih p] c5t4 0 9 ?is region4 ,! precise effect t ^! *anges 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( ton-mileage w\ld h _h ^u ! av]age ton-mile rate = ! :ole c\ntry is %[n by ! computation set =? 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,product ( ton-mileage ( ,ton mileage ,ton-mile rates ( #aijg & ton-mile ,gr\p ( #aijg4 #ahig 9 mills4 rates ( #ahig4 ,i #f1eaa1aff1iga #ab4jb #gh1bfd1bbf4ii ,,ii #fc1dee1bdc1fei #f4ge #dbh1cbb1hid4gj ,,iii #dg1iid1iji1jjb #f4je #bij1cfi1aii4df ,,iv #aa1dah1bdc1ada #f4dh #gc1iij1bae4ee ,v #ag1cig1cba1cfj #h4fd #aej1cab1hef4ee ,,vi #dd1cah1gcd1aee #h4ee #cgh1ibe1agg4jc ,,vii #i1cjj1bcd1hdi #aa4dh #ajf1gff1fif4jg ,,viii #ag1djf1dcj1iga #aj4gi #ahg1hae1cij4ah ,,ix #g1edf1fee1eee #aj4dj #gh1dhe1bag4gg ,x #aa1beb1dej1ddj #ab4ge #adc1dfh1gdc4aa --------------- ----- ----------------- ,unit$ ,/ates #bcf1fja1cij1ajc -- #a1iaf1gbj1fag4da ,by divid+ ! aggregate ( ! products 9 ! la/ column ( ! =ego+ by ! total ton-mileage %[n 9 ! second column1 an av]age is obta9$ :i* repres5ts ! ton-mile rate t w\ld h result$ 9 #aijg _h ! traffic ( ea* gr\p 9 t ye> mov$ 9 precisely ! same volume 9 :i* x actually mov$ & _h ! av]age rates 9 ea* gr\p be5 exactly ! same z !y 7 9 #ahig4 ,?is %[s t1 "u ! conditions assum$1 ! av]age ton-mile rate = ! :ole c\ntry w\ld h be5 #h4aj mills or #j4ab mill high] ?an 9 #ahig4 ,?is advance ( #a4ej p] c5t4 w\ld h be5 :olly due to ! m rapid gr[? ( traffic 9 ! regions ( normally high] rates4 ,! *ief significance ( s small a *ange 9 s long a p]iod is1 really1 to indicate t ! ton-mile unit1 s f> f be+ ( rapidly *ang+ "*1 is actually1 at lea/ z f> z x might be assum$ to be affect$ by *anges 9 ! location ( traffic movem5t1 a fairly /able unit & ?us an excell5t measure ( ! rise or fall 9 rates4 ,:e!r ! same conclusion is to be d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! *anges 9 ! proportion ( ! total movem5t made up ( commodities ( diff]5t grades & naturally tak+ diff]5t rates is n[ to be made ! subject ( inquiry4 ,publication ( ! classifi$ /ati/ics ( tonnage necess>y = su* an inquiry 0 begun by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission ) ! report = ! ye> #ahii4 ,consequ5tly x is n practicable to ext5d ! inquiry to a p]iod prior to t ye>4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t %[s ! numb] ( tons ( freight ( ea* ( ! classes ( commodities nam$ :i* 7 receiv$ by ! railways = transportation 9 #ahii1 #aijc & #aijg & ! proportion ( ! tonnage 9 ea* class to ! total numb] ( tons c>ri$3 ,tons4 ,class ( commodity4 #ahii4 #aijc4 #aijg4 ,products ( agriculture #ej1jgc1ifc #fa1jef1bab #gg1jcj1jga ,products ( animals #ac1ggd1ifd #af1hjb1hic #bj1dgc1dhf ,products ( m9es #bbg1dec1aed #cbi1cce1fba #dgf1hii1fch ,products ( =e/ #dh1abb1ddg #gd1eei1ihj #aja1fag1gbd ,manufactures #ed1dae1bje #ia1ihj1ijc #acg1fba1ddc ,m]*&ise #ai1hdd1gce #bi1idi1jbb #cd1gah1dhg ,miscellane\s #bc1aig1aee #ce1aaf1jbg #dd1hbd1abc ----------- ----------- ----------- ,total #dda1hha1fbc #fch1hjj1feh #hic1ahd1igb table cont9u$ ,p]c5tage ( total tonnage4 ,class ( commodity4 #ahii4 #aijc4 #aijg4 ,products ( agriculture #aa4cc #i4ef #h4fb ,products ( animals #c4ab #b4fc #b4bi ,products ( m9es #ea4dg #ea4ef #ec4ei ,products ( =e/ #aj4hi #aa4fg #aa4ch ,manufactures #ac4de #ad4ci #ae4da ,m]*&ise #d4di #d4fi #c4hi ,miscellane\s #e4be #e4ej #e4jb ------ ------ ------ ,total #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! =ego+ /atem5t repres5ts tons receiv$ = %ipm5t reg>dless ( ! di/ance c>ri$ &1 9 consequ5ce1 does n ?r[ ! light ^u traffic movem5t t w\ld be available if x 7 possible to "k ! ton-mileage ( ea* class ( commodities4 ,nev]!less1 ! data und\bt$ly convey "s in=mation z to ! "* ( ! ton-mile unit dur+ ! diff]5t ye>s & ! nature ( ! *anges 9 its quality :i* are 9 progress4 ,?is w be made m evid5t by ! foll[+ table %[+ comp>isons = ! ye>s #ahii & #aijg3 ,tons4 ,increase4 ,class ( commodity4 #ahii4 #aijg4 ,am\nt4 ,p] c5t4 ,products ( agriculture #ej1jgc1ifc #gg1jcj1jga #bf1ief1ajh #ec4hc ,products ( animals #ac1ggd1ifd #bj1dgc1hdf #f1fih1ebb #dh4fc ,products ( m9es #bbg1dec1aed #dgf1hii1fch #bdi1ddf1dhd #aji4fg ,products ( =e/ #dh1abb1ddg #aja1fag1gbd #ec1die1bgg #aaa4af ,manufactures #ei1dae1bje #acg1fba1ddc #gh1bjf1bch #aca4fc ,m]*&ise #ai1hdd1gce #cd1gah1dhg #ad1hgc1geb #gd4ie ,miscellane\s #bc1aig1aee #dd1hbd1abc #ba1fbf1ifh #ic4bc ----------- ----------- ----------- ------ ,total #dda1hha1fbc #hic1ahd1igb #dea1cjc1cdi #ajb4ac ,obvi\sly ! effect ( ! increases %[n 9 ! =ego+ ^u ! quality ( ! av]age ton-mile mu/ be 9 proportion z !y h exce$$ or fall5 %ort ( ! av]age increase %[n at ! foot ( ! la/ column4 ,!re is no "q t1 9 g5]al1 products ( agriculture1 animals1 =e/s & m9es are l[-grade commodities1 or t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! commodities class$ z manufactures1 m]*&ise & miscellane\s are high-grade articles4 ,an increase 9 excess ( ! g5]al av]age increase 9 ! fir/ f\r classes nam$ w\ld t5d to l[] ! quality ( ! av]age ton-mile :ile ! opposite effect1 t is1 a rais+ ( ! quality1 w\ld result if ! la/ ?ree classes %\ld increase m rapidly ?an ! increase 9 all tonnage4 ,adopt+ ?is classification1 ! foll[+ %[s ! respective increases 9 high-grade & l[-grade tonnage3 ,tons4 ,increase4 ,class ( commodity4 #ahii4 #aijg4 ,am\nt4 ,p] c5t4 ,high-grade #ajb1deg1jie #bag1afd1jec #aad1gjf1ieh #aaa4if ,l[-grade #cci1dbd1ebh #fgf1jbj1iai #ccf1eif1cia #ii4ag ----------- ----------- ----------- ------ ,total #dda1hha1fbc #hic1ahd1igb #dea1cjc1cdi #ajb4ac ,! consid]ably great] increase 9 ! tonnage ( high-grade articles indicat$ by ! =ego+ is sc>cely )9 ! possible m>g9 ( error 9 ! classification1 b1 9 any ev5t1 :at ! figures c]ta9ly prove is ! abs5ce ( any actually f>-rea*+ *ange 9 ! typical or av]age unit ( traffic4 ,t ?is conclusion ext5ds to traffic movem5t is cle>ly probable4 ,,prices ,,& ,,actual ,,rates4 ,comp>isons betwe5 actual prices ( commodities %ipp$ by rail & typical freight *>ges on ! same articles1 = #ahig & #aijg1 demon/rate ! fact t :ile prices h almo/ uni=mly advanc$ ! great] numb] ( rates h rema9$ /ation>y :ile among ^? :i* h *ang$ ! r$uctions are z num]\s z ! advances & exce$ ! latt] 9 ext5t & importance4 ,mr4 ,mc,cain "h pres5ts a table compil$ f reports ( ! ,bureau ( ,labor ( ! actual prices ( commodities & ! rates betwe5 pr9cipal po9ts ( %ipm5t1 occupy+ pp4 #ej-eh ( 8 pamphlet4 ,exam9ation ( prices collect$ & report$ by ! ,bureau ( ,labor1 giv+ ! prices 9 #ahii & #aijg ( #bbi articles1 %[s t among ^! #bjd prices or #hi4jh p] c5t4 ( ! total 7 increas$4 ,! rates on =ty-n9e ( ^! articles 7 advanc$ an av]age ( #ac4ad p] c5t4 & ! rates on =ty-eight ( !m 7 r$uc$ an av]age ( #af4dd p] c5t4 ,o!r conclusions are %[n 9 ! foll[+ summ>y table3 ,aggregate ,av]age ,p] c5t4 p]c5tage *anges1 ,item4 ,numb]4 ( total4 ( *anges4 p] c5t4 ,prices-- ,advanc$ #bjd #hi4jh #aa1cdj #ee4ei ,r$uc$ #ac #e4fh #ccj #be4ch ,un*ang$ #ab #e4bd -- -- ,total #bbi #ajj4jj -- -- ,rates advanc$-- ,prices advanc$ #dd #ai4bb #fjf #ac4gg ,prices r$uc$ #c #a4ca #cj #aj4jj ,prices un*ang$ #b 4#hg #h #d4jj ,total #di #ba4dj #fdd #ac4ad ,rates r$uc$-- ,prices advanc$ #db #ah4cd #gjh #af4hf ,prices r$uc$ #c #a4ca #cc #aa4jj ,prices un*ang$ #c #a4ca #dh #af4jj ,total #dh #bj4if #ghi #af4dd ,rates un*ang$-- ,prices advanc$ #aah #ea4eb -- -- ,prices r$uc$ #g #c4jf -- -- ,prices un*ang$ #g #c4jf -- -- ,total #acb #eg4fd -- -- ,! =ego+ %[s t :ile prices 7 advanc$ = #bjd out ( #bbi articles1 or #hi4jh p] c5t4 ( ! entire numb] includ$ 9 ! table1 ! freight rates on ! same articles1 z express$ 9 money1 7 advanc$ 9 b =ty-n9e in/ances1 or #ba4dj p] c5t4 ( ! total1 money rates 7 r$uc$ 9 =ty-eight in/ances1 or #bj4if p] c5t4 ( ! total1 & rema9$ /ation>y 9 #aah in/ances1 or #eg4fd p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,( ! rates advanc$ =ty-f\r 7 9 cases 9 :i* ! prices _h also advanc$1 & ( ! rates r$uc$ =ty-two appli$ to articles :i* _h advanc$ 9 price4 ,ev5 z to ! commodities :i* _h advanc$ 9 price1 ! av]age advance be+ ov] fifty-five p] c5t41 money rates 7 advanc$ 9 b =ty-f\r in/ances out ( #bjd & ! av]age advance 0 b #ac4gg p] c5t4 & !re 7 =ty-two r$uctions 9 money rates1 su* r$uctions av]ag+ #af4hf p] c5t4 ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,depreciation ,,( ,,money4 ,x has n[ be5 fully demon/rat$ 7fir/7 t ! railways h to pay mu* m1 probably n less on ! av]age ?an tw5ty-five p] c5t4 m1 = ev]y?+ !y require 9 ! conduct ( _! bus9ess1 includ+ labor1 ?an !y did t5 ye>s ago1 7second7 t ^? :o make use ( railway s]vices receive mu* m1 probably n less on ! av]age ?an tw5ty-five p] c5t4 m1 = _! labor or = ! commodities :i* !y produce ?an !y did t5 ye>s ago1 7?ird7 t av]age rates p] ton p] mile = railway freight transportation1 express$ 9 money1 t is to say1 9 doll>s & decimal fractions ( doll>s1 are n[ some:at l[] ?an !y 7 9 #ahig or =m]ly1 & 7f\r?7 t ! ton-mile unit is a highly /able "o z to quality & t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is /ability ! ton-mile rates accurately answ] ! "q :e!r rates1 express$ 9 money1 h rema9$ /ation>y1 h advanc$ or h decl9$4 ,! latt] conclusion has be5 supplem5t$ & re-en=c$ by data f ! classifications & rate s*$ules :i* t5d /rongly to prove ! same fact4 ,!re=e1 x has be5 made pla9ly app>5t t !re has be5 a decl9e 9 money rates s9ce #ahig4 ,b railways require money only to remun]ate ! highly skill$ labor !y employ1 to pur*ase necess>y mat]ials & supplies1 to pay taxes & to comp5sate ! capital !y use4 ,consequ5tly money is wor? to ! railway corporation1 z to ! wage-e>n]1 only :at x w buy = ! satisfaction ( wants4 ,a doll> :i* w pay = less labor or buy less fuel = locomotives is wor? less to ! railway j z a doll> t w buy less bread or clo?+ is wor? less to ! man :o works = wages or receives x z int]e/ on 8 sav+s4 ,x has long be5 realiz$ t any ef=t to /udy ! "q ( wages1 ?r\gh\t an ext5d$ p]iod1 :i* fails to take into consid]ation ! pur*as+ p[] ( ! money receiv$ is worse ?an valueless1 because x is deceptive & mislead+4 ,x has be5 g5]ally recogniz$ also t any ef=t to consid] ! condition ( p>ticul> classes ( produc]s by comp>isons ( ! prices obta9$ = _! products at diff]5t p]iods1 z t ( f>m]s by ! prices ( corn & :eat1 is simil>ly dang]\s unless ^! prices are turn$ into quantities ( ! commodities :i* su* produc]s mu/ pur*ase4 ,9 elucidat+ ?is obvi\s po9t ,mr4 ,mc,cain cites su* au?orities z ,adam ,smi?1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ,presid5t ,hadley ( ,yale1 ,pr(essor ,frank ,w4 ,taussig ( ,h>v>d1 & !n cont9ues4 ,a rapid decrease 9 ! pur*as+ p[] ( ! money !y receive has br\ght ab\t1 )9 a s+le decade1 a r$uction 9 railway freight rates t _c be less ?an tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ,?is r$uction began almo/ imp]ceptibly at a "t :5 ,am]ican railway rates 7 already l[] ?an ev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( railways & l[] ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,x has proce$$1 concurr5tly ) ! fall 9 ! real value 7t is 9 ! pur*as+ p[]7 ( ! ,am]ican doll>1 b 9 su* subtle =m t only :5 its consequ5ces ?reat5 ! /ability ( ! ,am]ican railway sy/em1 ! wages ( railway employes & ! prosp]ity ( ! great rail-manufactur+1 c>-build+ & o!r alli$ indu/ries is its real significance & ext5t p]ceiv$ ev5 by ^? mo/ imm$iately int]e/$4 ,t su* a ?reat n[ hangs ov] ! railway indu/ry ( ,am]ica & e employe & indu/ry dep5d5t ^u x is too pla9 = argum5t4 ,! situation is acute & no?+ b a prompt adju/m5t ( ! rates obta9$ = ! s]vices r5d]$ to (fset1 p>tially1 at lea/1 ! loss 9 ! value ( ! money receiv$ w prev5t disa/]4 ,t su* an adju/m5t1 if effect$ n[1 w1 at be/1 be t>dy & belat$ is evid5t f ! facts h]e9 pres5t$1 :i* %[ t prices 9 e o!r indu/ry & ! wages ( all artisans 7 long ago adju/$ to ?is fundam5tal condition4 ,,app5dix ,b ,/atem5t %[+ prices ( railway supplies pur*as$ 9 #ahig & #aijg z disclos$ by ! records ( v>i\s ,ea/]n railways4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! quality ( ! supplies1 made ! basis ( ?is /atem5t1 may h *ang$ some:at betwe5 #ahig & #aijg1 b 9 few in/ances w\ld ! all[ance = ?is s\rce ( v>iation mat]ially affect ! results4 ,prices4 ,increase4 ,class4 #ahig4 #aijg4 ,p] c5t4 ,locomotives-- ,mogul #aj1aha4jj #ad1aaa4jj #ch4f #aj-,:eel pass5g] #aa1jbf4jj #ae1gcd4jj #db4g ,atlantic n built #af1bcf4jj -- ,pacific n built #ai1ehj4jj -- ,prairie n built #af1dfh4jj -- #h-,:eel pass5g] #aj1bdc4jj #ac1eha4jj #cb4e #f-,:eel swit*] #i1cib4jj #ab1jih4jj #bh4h ,c>s 7#ahii-aijg7-- ,hopp] #dge4jj #a1ahe4jj -- ,box #ghc4jj #a1aaj4jj -- #dij4jj #hdd4jj -- #eai4jj #hig4jj -- ,note4--,! prices ( c>s %[n above are typical prices paid by diff]5t roads 9 ! respective ye>s & employ$ 9 ! same s]vice4 ,z ! c>s pur*as$ 9 #aijg are ( m mod]n con/ruction1 bett] quality & l>g] capacity ?an ^? pur*as$ 9 #ahii1 no accurate comp>ison c be made or p]c5tage ( increas$ co/ %[n4 7#aijb-aijg7-- #ajj1jjj lbs4 ,capacity ,box ,c> ) ,/eel ,und]frame & wood sup]/ructure #a1jdc4di #a1adh4hh #aj4ji #ajj1jjj lbs4 ,capacity ,composite ,gondola ,c> ) ,/eel ,"u- frame & wood sup]/ructure #a1jba4fb #a1adh4de #ab4db #ajj1jjj lbs4 ,capacity ,composite ,flat ,c> ) ,/eel ,und]frame & wood floor #iec4bc #a1jaj4fj #f4jb #ajj1jjj lbs4 ,capacity1 all /eel ,hopp] ,c>s #a1jjb4bb #a1jgf4je #g4dg ,angle ,b>s ,cwt4 #a4jb #a4ee #eb4j ,axles-- ,locomotive ,cwt4 #b4ge #b4ie #g4b ,cwt4 #b4gb #b4he #d4g ,t5d] ,cwt4 #a4dj #b4ce #fg4h ,c> ,cwt4 #a4fj #a4ie #ba4i ,cwt4 #a4de #b4bj #ea4g ,cwt4 #a4fh #b4be #cd4j ,b> ,iron ,cwt4 #a4ai #a4gh #di4e ,cwt4 #a4aj #a4hj #fc4f ,cwt4 #a4je #a4ej #db4h ,brick-- ,common ,m #d4ej #f4jj #cc4c ,pav+ ,m #h4jj #aa4jj #cg4e ,ca/+s-- ,brass ,lb4 #j4aa #j4be #abg4c ,brass ,lb4 #j4ab #j4be #aad4f ,/eel ,cwt4 #c4ej #f4jj #ga4d ,m4 ,iron ,cwt4 #b4ej #d4be #gj4j ,cwt4 #b4gj #c4fj #cc4c ,cwt4 #b4ce #b4he #ba4b ,gray ,cwt4 #a4ae #b4jj #gd4j ,cwt4 #a4bj #a4fe #cg4e ,coal ,ton #a4df #a4gf #bj4e ,ton #a4cb #a4hb #ch4j ,ton #a4ag #a4eb #bi4h ,ton #a4hc #b4jg #ac4a ,run ( ,m9e ,ton 4#fe #a4je #fa4e ,ton 4#ge #a4ae #ec4c ,c\pl]s-- ,freight ,set #ad4jj #ae4jj #g4a ,pass5g] ,set #bj4ej #bg4jj #ca4g ,t5d] ,set #ah4jj #ah4ej #b4h ,f5c+ ,m4 ,ft4 #ab4jj #be4jj #ajh4c ,m4 ,ft4 #aj4jj #ah4ae #ha4e ,flues ,ft4 #j4ac #j4ae #ai4b ,ft4 #j4ad #j4ae #g4a ,=g+s-- ,axles ,lb4 #j4jb #j4jc #ej4j ,crank ,p9s ,lb4 #j4je #j4aj #ajj4j ,pi/on ,rods ,lb4 #j4jf #j4aj #ff4f ,ma9 ,rods ,lb4 #j4jh #j4aj #be4j ,side ,rods ,lb4 #j4jh #j4aj #be4j ,lead-- ,:ite ,cwt4 #d4ie #f4be #bf4c ,lumb]-- ,l>ge ,bridge ,timb]s ,m4 ,ft4 #ac4ab #be4fb #ie4c ,m4 ,ft4 #bc4jj #ch4jj #fe4b ,m4 ,ft4 #bj4jj #cc4jj #fe4j ,m4 ,ft4 #ag4jj #bh4jj #fd4g ,m4 ,ft4 #bb4ej #ch4jj #fh4i ,m4 ,ft4 #ae4jj #bg4jj #hj4j ,c> ,sid+s ,m4 ,ft4 #ag4jj #ce4jj #aje4i ,m4 ,ft4 #ah4jj #cc4jj #hc4c ,/r+]s ,m4 ,ft4 #ah4jj #bh4jj #ee4e ,m4 ,ft4 #af4jj #cd4jj #aab4e ,m4 ,ft4 #ah4jj #bf4jj #dd4d ,m4 ,ft4 #ag4jj #bh4jj #fd4g ,c> ,floor+ ,m4 ,ft4 #ag4jj #bd4jj #da4b ,m4 ,ft4 #bj4jj #cc4jj #fe4j ,m4 ,ft4 #aa4jj #be4jj #abg4b ,m4 ,ft4 #ad4jj #ai4ga #dj4h ,piles 7,s(t7 ,ft4 #j4jh #j4ad #ge4j ,ft4 #j4jh #j4aa #cg4e 7,h>d7 ,ft4 #j4ab #j4ag #da4g ,heavy ,planks ,m4 ,ft4 #ad4jj #bb4jj #eg4a ,m4 ,ft4 #ad4jj #cj4jj #aad4c ,m4 ,ft4 #af4jj #bg4jj #fh4h ,cross ,ties 7,h>dwood7 ,ea* #j4dg #j4hj #gj4b ,ea* #j4fj #j4he #da4g ,ea* #j4ee #j4ge #cf4d ,ea* #j4cg #j4gj #hi4b ,ea* #j4de #j4fj #cc4c ,ea* #j4de #j4ee #bb4b ,ea* #j4dh #j4ij #hg4e ,ea* #j4ch #j4hj #aaj4e ,ea* #j4ch #j4fg #gf4d ,s(twood ,ea* #j4bb #j4fj #agb4g ,ea* #j4bj #j4bh #dj4j ,ea* #j4bc #j4dh #ajh4g ,ea* #j4dh #j4eh #bj4h ,nails ,cwt4 #a4fj #b4bj #cg4e ,cwt4 #a4cc #b4af #fb4d ,cwt4 #a4aj #b4ae #ajd4e ,wire ,cwt4 #a4bg #a4he #de4g ,cwt4 #a4dh #b4aa #db4f ,oil-- ,k]os5e ,gal4 #j4jf #j4ji #eh4c ,signal ,gal4 #j4bh #j4cf #bh4f ,gal4 #j4bj #j4cf #hj4j #cjj degree ,gal4 #j4ji #j4aj #aa4a ,pa9t-- ,gal4 #j4gg #a4jc #cc4h ,gal4 #j4ej #j4fe #cj4j ,cwt4 #d4ge #f4fb #ci4d ,cwt4 #e4ej #f4ej #ah4b ,pipe-- ,ca/ ,iron ,ton #af4jj #cd4jj #aab4e ,ton #af4ge #bi4ae #gd4j ,ton #ac4ej #ba4jj #ee4f ,ton #af4jj #cb4jj #ajj4j ,copp] ,lb4 #j4ca #j4cd #i4g ,lb4 #j4cj #j4cc #aj4j ,lb4 #j4cj #j4ce #af4g ,rails-- ,/eel ,gross ,ton #ai4jj #bh4jj #dg4d ,gross ,ton #ah4jj #bh4jj #ee4f ,gross ,ton #ah4je #bf4fj #dg4d ,rubb] ,hose-- #a ,in* ,ft4 #j4cd #j4da #bj4f #a in* ,ft4 #j4dj #j4df #ae4j ,spr+s-- ,loco4 ,cwt4 #d4je #d4aj #a4b ,swit*es-- ,comp4 #hj #ca4ij #dj4gg #bg4h ,frogs #hj #ah4ge #bg4ej #df4g ,swit* ,lamps ,doz4 #de4jj #fe4jj #dd4d ,tile ,rod #j4dj #j4fj #ej4j ,track ,bolts ,cwt4 #a4gj #b4de #dd4a ,cwt4 #a4fe #b4fj #eg4f ,cwt4 #b4bj #b4ge #be4j ,cwt4 #a4fe #b4de #dh4e ,cwt4 #a4ge #b4gf #eg4g ,track ,spikes ,cwt4 #a4he #b4eb #cf4b ,cwt4 #a4ce #a4gj #be4i ,cwt4 #a4ej #b4fj #gc4c ,cwt4 #a4fe #b4be #cf4d ,cwt4 #a4ej #a4ij #bf4g ,cwt4 #a4de #a4ij #ca4j ,cwt4 #a4ge #b4jj #ad4c ,track ,tools-- ,axes ,doz4 #h4jj #i4jj #ab4e ,drills ,ea* #j4ce #j4df #ca4d ,rat*ets ,doz4 #e4ac #f4fe #bi4f ,%ovels ,doz4 #e4jj #e4fe #ac4j ,lamp ,b>s ,ea* #j4eb #j4fe #be4j ,wa/e-- ,color$ ,lb4 #j4jdg #j4jee #ag4j ,:ite ,lb4 #j4jf #j4jh #cc4c ,:eels-- ,c> ,ea* #e4fj #g4hj #ci4bi ,ea* #f4jj #h4ce #ci4ag ,ea* #g4ej #i4cj #bd4j ,ea* #d4gh #h4df #gf4i ,ea* #d4ej #i4jj #ajj4j ,ea* #f4ge #h4jj #ah4e ,ea* #f4ej #i4jj #ch4e ,ea* #f4jj #i4je #ej4h #cc-;9 ,/eel ,ea* #ej4jj #ef4jj #ab4j ,ea* #db4ej #dd4ej #d4g #cf-;94 ,/eel ,ea* #db4ej #ej4ej #ah4h ,ea* #ed4jj #fj4jj #aa4a ,wire-- ,b>b$ ,cwt4 #a4gj #b4ej #dg4j ,iron ,cwt4 #a4ej #b4bj #df4g ,copp] ,lb4 4#ac 4#bf #ajj4j ,lb4 4#ac 4#ah #ch4e ,,footnotes3 ,e ,a p>tial li/ ( ! articles 9 ea* class 9 #ahjg :i* are /ill 9 ! same class1 z %[n by ,(ficial ,classifications ,nos4 #af & #cb1 is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a to ,mr4 ,mc,cain's pamphlet4 ,!re 7 approximately #c1jjj v>i\s articles be>+ ! same classification or rat+ 9 #aijh z 9 #ahih4 ,f ,app5dix ,c occupies pages #hi to #ie ( ,mr4 ,mc,cain's pamphlet4 ,g ,app5dix ,d occupies pages #if to #aja ( ,mc,cain's pamphlet4 ,h ,details f :i* ! table 0 d]iv$ are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,e to ,mr4 ,mc,cain's pamphlet1 pp4 #ajb-ajf4 ,,! ,,railroads ,,& ,,public ,,approval ,,by ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,ripley1 ,presid5t ,at*ison1 ,topeka & ,santa ,fe ,railway ,company4 ,address deliv]$ at ! annual d9n] ( ! ,railway ,bus9ess ,association1 ,new ,york1 ,novemb] #aj1 #aiji4 ,circum/ances ov] :i* ,i _h no control caus$ me to be born ) a di/9ct inability to ?9k consecutively1 or talk coh]5tly1 9 a /&+ position & be=e an audi5ce4 ,seat$ on ! small ( my back ) my feet on ! desk ,i sometimes ?9k ,i am ?9k+1 b :5 ,i get be=e an audi5ce ,i am l ! little /eam] ply+ on ! ,sangamon ,riv] t _h a #aj-;foot boil] & a #ab-;foot :i/le--:5 %e :i/l$ %e /opp$4 ,b my weakness1 or r "o ( my weaknesses1 is susceptibility to flatt]y1 & :5 "o ( y\r (fic]s repres5t$ 9 honey$ phrase ! importance ( y\r organization & ( ?is meet+1 & laid p>ticul> /ress ^u ! importance ( my say+ some?+1 ,i weakly yield$4 ,i "k ! result w be disappo9tm5t1 b ! responsibility is only p>tly m9e1 & y "k we railroad m5 get s little flatt]y t :5 prop]ly adm9i/]$ ! result is intoxicat+4 ,also1 let me /ate 9 ext5uation ( ! crime ,i am ab\t to commit t ! subject 0 n my own selection1 b 0 *os5 = me4 ,my natural disposition 9 discuss+ railroads & ! public is to gr[l1 :ile1 if ,i und]/& y\r (fic]s' wi%es1 ,i am "h expect$ to purr4 ,b :ile a bett] man might h be5 select$ to say x1 !re is mu* to be said z to ! railroads & public op9ion4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! p rule--& 9 ! long run t sy/em1 t me?od or t p]sonality t does n meet ! approbation ( ! public c n succe$4 ,true1 ! public is (t5 fool$2 true1 x gets on ! wrong feet1 z (t5 p]haps z on ! "r2 true1 x has to be guid$1 controll$1 & at times abruptly /opp$ by ^? au?orities :i* x has select$ = t purpose2 yet ! fact rema9s t ! gov]nm5t ( ! p1 t ,congress1 ! legislatures & ev5 ! c\rts are ke5ly alive to public s5tim5t & anxi\s n to /ray f> f ! l9e ( public op9ion4 ,our =efa!rs recogniz$ ! dang] t ! majority w\ld n necess>ily be "r1 b might (t5 be wrong1 & s\ght to provide safegu>ds = ! rights ( ! m9ority4 ,b ^! safegu>ds are obvi\sly gr[+ less effici5t2 obvi\sly gr[+ weak]2 obvi\sly m s5sitive to ! public clamor :i* = ! mom5t /&s = public op9ion1 & :5 all safegu>ds h be5 exhau/$ x is to public op9ion t we mu/ look at la/4 ,!re are two ?+s ab\t :i* ! public is mo/ critical--"o is ! managem5t ( ! newspap]1 ! o!r ! managem5t ( ! railroad4 ,9 8 he>t ! av]age citiz5 believes t he c\ld op]ate ei!r 8 daily newspap] or ! railroad pass+ ?r\gh 8 t[n mu* bett] ?an x is be+ op]at$2 he w\ld p]haps hesitate to ann\nce ?is op9ion1 b 8 attitude is coldly critical1 & x is to be rememb]$ t ! railroad is all out ( doors--all out 9 ! wea!r1 ev]y?+ ab\t x expos$ to ! limelight & visible to anybody's nak$ eye4 ,!re is no human activity ! op]ation ( :i* is att5d$ ) s mu* publicity4 ,all our e>n+s & exp5ses are publi%$2 all our *>ges & all our me?ods ! subject ( regulation1 intellig5t or o!rwise4 ,_m ye>s ago ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,v&]bilt1 j\rney+ to ,*icago1 0 met on ! outskirts ( ! city by an ent]pris+ report] = a daily pap]1 :o bo>d$ ! tra9 & =c$ himself into ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,v&]bilt & 8 p>ty1 & dem&$ news on behalf ( ! public4 ,probably ,mr4 ,v&]bilt1 res5t+ ! intrusion1 said some?+ uncomplim5t>y to ! report] & possibly to ! public he claim$ to repres5t1 & ! next issue ( t pap] quot$ him 9 sc>e headl9es z us+ ! phrase1 ,! public be damn$4 ,mr4 ,v&]bilt subsequ5tly d5i$ hav+ said x1 b :e!r he did or n & :atev] may h be5 8 provocation1 ! phrase has = ne>ly =ty ye>s be5 us$ z indicative ( ! railway man's attitude t[>d 8 patrons4 ,_m ye>s ago also ! late ,george ,b4 ,blan*>d1 be+ on ! witness /& at ,albany1 0 ask$ :at 0 ! correct basis = mak+ freight rates1 & repli$1 ,:at ! traffic w be>--a mo/ excell5t answ]1 b a mo/ un=tunate "o--= x has pass$ into hi/ory z mean+ all ! traffic w be>1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,su* ?+s z ^!1 di/ort$ z !y h be51 conspir$ to inflame public op9ion1 b t is n all4 ,x is ! cu/om & privilege ( m5 pa/ middle age to be rem9isc5t & ,i ask y\r indulg5ce = a v brief hi/ory ( ! ev5ts t h l$ u to our pres5t /atus4 ,my railroad exp]i5ce began ab\t =ty ye>s ago & ! railroad bus9ess 0 !n mu* l any o!r bus9ess--x _h its price li/ z did ! m]*ant2 b1 l ! m]*ant1 x _h its disc\nts = l>ge %ipp]s & = special conditions1 & ! disc\nts 7 irregul> & v>i\s4 ,! l>g] %ipp]s dem&$ concessions z a "r1 & ! pr9ciple 0 g5]ally admitt$4 ,naturally ! result 0 favoritism1 n because ! railroads desir$ especially to favor "o z aga9/ ano!r1 b because 9 ! nature ( ?+s secret rates c\ld n well be giv5 to ev]ybody4 ,nobody reg>d$ ^! secret rates z crim9al or objectionable4 ,b z "t pass$ & ^! discrim9ations became m frequ5t & great] !re arose a dem& f ! less favor$ portion ( ! %ipp+ community = legislation =bidd+ ! discrim9ation & provid+ = l opportunity = all4 ,?is 0 /r5u\sly oppos$ by ! favor$ %ipp]s & by ^? railroad m5 :o believ$ ! railroad to be purely a private in/itution & n am5able to law z to its *>ges4 ,x 0 common en\gh to he> x s]i\sly argu$ t ! l>g] %ipp] 0 entitl$ to ! l[] rate--?is view 0 held by _m %ipp]s &1 ,i believe1 by mo/ railroad manag]s4 ,!y argu$ t ! bus9ess 0 l any o!r bus9ess--t ea* int]e/ mu/ look out = itself1 & t competition betwe5 ! roads w\ld prev5t rates f ev] be+ too high4 ,= myself ,i may say t ,i realiz$ f an e>ly p]iod t discrim9ation z to rates 0 unju/ & at no "t object$ to laws =bidd+ x4 ,! int]/ate comm]ce law 0 pass$ 9 #ahhg4 ,x 0 crude 9 its provisions & 0 ! result ( compromises betwe5 radicals & cons]vatives2 x s\ght bo? to fo/] competition & to aboli% x1 & 9 t respect rema9s /ill contradictory & impossible4 ,^u ! passage ( ! law1 t :i* _h be5 look$ ^u z p]fectly prop] & z ! work+ ( natural competitive =ces became illegal & crim9al4 ,! railroads g5]ally accept$ ! law & made an hone/ ef=t to obs]ve x--! m]cantile community did n--inde$1 !y op5ly defi$ x1 solicit+ rebates unblu%+ly & ?reat5+ ) ! loss ( _! tonnage ^? roads :o w\ld n succumb4 ,! ,int]/ate ,commission1 new to its duties1 cont5t$ itself ) comp>atively unimportant decisions & practically did no?+ to help ^? railroads :o desir$ hone/ly to c>ry out ! provisions ( ! law2 &1 z a result1 )9 a ye> ( ! passage ( ! law x 0 q g5]ally disreg>d$4 ,a few railroad m5 7 f9$1 a few %ipp]s convict$--& almo/ imm$iately p>don$--& ! law fell into disrepute1 a condition disgraceful alike to ! gov]nm5t1 ! %ipp]s & ! railroads & especially di/a/eful to ! latt]1 b exactly :at 0 to be expect$4 ,! result 0 ! passage ( ! s-call$ ,elk9s bill1 & lat] ! ,hepburn bill1 :i*1 :ile amateuri% & 9 _m ways vici\s1 h effectually /opp$ ! rebate sy/em--a result = :i* we may all be ?ankful4 ,9 all ! controv]sies t h l$ up to ?is almo/ complete control ( railroad e>n+s & railroad policies by gov]nm5tal ag5cies1 ! railroads h1 z a rule1 act$ 9 active opposition4 ,!y h n be5 unanim\s--"s ( u 7 will+ to accept x long be=e x became a fact1 b ! majority c\ld see no?+ 9 x b disa/]--x is too e>ly to say :i* 0 "r--p]haps an e>li] acceptance ( control w\ld h made ! control m l5i5t2 p]haps its e>li] acceptance w\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 h b\nd ! *a9s m tightly4 ,b ! fact rema9s t :ile ! basic pr9ciple ( absolute equality z to rates has be5 accept$ by ! railroads gladly & 9 all good fai?1 & !y h also accept$ ! pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t regulation1 ! sc>s ( ! conflict rema9 & a l>ge section ( ! public /ill suspects & misjudges u4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t 9 ! rapid developm5t ( our bus9ess & 9 ! exig5cies ( a mo/ exact+ pr(ession !re h be5 abuses & lapses1 b ,i am "h to ma9ta9 t ! /&>ds ( fair deal+ & comm]cial hone/y 9 our bus9ess h be5 z high z 9 any o!r1 & ,i appeal to y :o sit ar\nd ?is table to say if x be n s4 ,b :atev] s9s may be laid at our door1 h[ev] mu* we may h once believ$ t ours 0 a private bus9ess to be controll$ exclusively by its own]s1 h[ev] mu* we h res5t$ or /ill res5t ! int]f]5ce ( ! public z manife/$ 9 ! v>i\s gov]n+ bodies1 x is1 aft] all1 ! public t is ma/] & we mu/ all recognize x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill our privilege to ex]cise our "r z citiz5s & memb]s ( ! body politic to use our ef=ts to guide x4 ,ackn[l$g+ z we mu/ t ! public is all-p[]ful1 ! "q is1 ,h[ may we satisfy our ma/]s & ?us mitigate our woes & pres]ve our prop]ties8 ,fir/4 ,we mu/ realize1 z ,i ?9k we all d 7aft] a s]ies ( v h>d knocks71 t ! railroads are n /rictly private prop]ty1 b subject to regulation by ! public ?r\gh its regul>ly con/itut$ au?orities--t ! ,gov]nm5t may r$uce our e>n+s & increase our exp5ses has be5 suffici5tly prov$4 ,second4 ,to meet ?is situation we mu/ endeavor to get 9 t\* ) public op9ion4 ,p]haps y w smile :5 ,i say t = ye>s ,i h read e article on railroad matt]s 9 ea* ( ! pap]s publi%$ along our t5 ?\s& miles ( road--n an easy task = a busy man--b :ile ,i h wad$ ?r\gh mu* *aff ,i am sure x has result$ 9 "s re=ms4 ,?ird4 ,! avoidance ( action s]i\sly c\nt] to public op9ion1 except = compell+ reasons4 ,f\r?4 ,! disposition to expla9 ^! reasons ?r\gh (fic]s & employes ( all grades4 ,g5]ally1 ! l\de/ criticisms come f ^? :o are n anxi\s to "k ! tru?4 ,fif?4 ,ef=ts to improve s]vice 9 _m cases )\t hope ( rew>d & = ! delib]ate purpose ( w9n+ public approval1 su* z bett] /ations1 improv$ heat+ & light+ devices1 bett] equipm5t1 bett] t]m9al facilities1 sep>ation ( grades1 etc4--all ) due reg>d to ! rights ( ^? ^: money we are sp5d+4 ,z we d all ^! ?+s1 meet u half way4 ,enc\rage ! habit ( n ru%+ into abuse4 ,try to consid] ! facts & ! difficulties--?is is = ! public int]e/ z well z ours4 ,oppose unnecess>y & re/rictive legislation & give u a *ance4 ,mo/ ( our railroads are m]e imitations ( :at a railroad %\ld be1 & :at x mu/ be to keep abrea/ ( ! c\ntry--yet ev5 ! poore/ s]ves a useful purpose & c n be sp>$4 ,an em95t au?ority has said t five ?\s& millions ( doll>s w\ld be requir$ to supply ! transportation ne$s ( ! next decade1 & ,i d n believe x is an ov]-e/imate4 ,c private capital be f\nd to t am\nt unless public s5tim5t is will+ to assure x ( return8 ,a portion ( ! public is clamor+ = facilities involv+ great additions to exp5ses2 ano!r portion = limitation ( e>n+s2 w ! inve/or cons5t to accept ! risks :ile /rictly limit$ z to 8 return8 ,s9ce ! public may d z x w ) u & s9ce we are necess>y to ! public1 we may prop]ly call att5tion to ! fact t railway inve/m5ts already pay less ?an any o!r l9e1 & to ask :at is to be done--really1 x is q z mu* ! public's affair z ours4 ,is x c]ta9 t ! mixture ( private own]%ip & public regulation :i* is n[ preval5t w succe$8 ,is x n contr>y to all rules ( political economy & to all ! tea*+s ( hi/ory8 ,/>t+ z a purely private indu/ry x has be5 appropriat$ 9 "p & o!r p>ts are app>5tly to foll[4 ,grant+ :atev] may be claim$ = ! advantages ( regulation by gov]nm5t1 d n equity & ord9>y comm]cial dec5cy require t su* close re/riction & sup]vision %\ld be accompani$ by "s gu>anty ( return8 ,i h endeavor$ to sket* briefly :at %\ld be ! attitude ( ! railway man z a railway man t[>d ! public4 ,i am sure ,i voice ! s5tim5t ( all manag+ railroad (fic]s :5 ,i say t our great desire is to please ! public & to give x ! be/ possible s]vice = ! lea/ possible comp5sation consi/5t ) reason4 ,discrim9ations h long s9ce pass$ away & nobody is bett] pleas$ ?an ! railroad man t x is s4 ,!re is no desire to escape ei!r responsibility or regulation4 ,we desire to accord only ju/ice & we ask 9 return only ju/ice4 ,may ,i n[1 z a citiz51 appeal to ! railway employe1 to ! memb]s ( ?is ,association1 & to all o!r good citiz5s1 to resi/ to ! utmo/ ( _! p[]s ! encroa*m5t ( gov]nm5t on private rights8 ,mr4 ,elb]t ,hubb>d1 ( ,ea/ ,aurora1 ,n4 ,y41 rec5tly rem>k$ t :5 ,god s5t a curr5t ( common s5se ?r\gh ! univ]se mo/ ( ! re=m]s wore rubb] boots & /ood on glass4 ,our tr\bles are ) ?is class--well-mean+ m5 :o h zeal )\t k & en?usiasm )\t sanity2 ^! we may n rea*1 b ! great mass ( ! solid & sub/antial citiz5%ip may p]haps be induc$ to /op & consid] :i!r we are drift+ & :e!r ?is greate/ ( all ! c\ntry's indu/ries is be+ fairly treat$4 ,,railroads ,,& ,,! ,,public ,,by ,,hon4 ,,john ,c4 ,,spoon]4 ,f ! address deliv]$ at ! annual d9n] ( ! ,railway ,bus9ess ,association1 ,new ,york1 ,novemb] #aj1 #aiji4 ,! topic :i* has be5 assign$ to me is brief1 b v l>ge3 ,railroads & ! ,public4 ,x sugge/s no?+ ( humor1 b ev]y?+ ( gravity & involves consid]ations :i* affect ! prosp]ity ( our :ole p4 ,! railroads1 (t5 b]at$ 9 legislatures & 9 congresses z lee*like & piratical1 are1 aft] all1 vital to ! happ9ess ( our p & to ! progress ( our indu/ries & comm]ce4 ,! p are apt to =get t !y h be5 ! greate/ factors--,i say ! greate/ factors--9 ! developm5t ( our res\rces & ! enl>gem5t ( our comm]ce1 bo? 9 times ( w> & 9 times ( peace4 ,if "o w\ld /op to ?9k ( :at w\ld h happ5$ if1 dur+ ! w> = ! pres]vation ( ! ,union1 we _h be5 )\t railroads1 ready & will+ to s]ve ! gov]nm5t ^u its dem& & at prices fix$ by x1 h[ long w\ld ! w> h cont9u$8 ,& :at might n h be5 its result8 ,!y c>ri$ troops f ! ,nor? to ! places ( r5dezv\s 9 ! fields2 !y enabl$ ! gov]nm5t to transf] quickly f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/1 or ! ,we/ to ! ,ea/1 z em]g5cy dem&$1 troops ess5tial to successful milit>y op]ations4 ,!y c>ri$ munitions ( w>1 !y c>ri$ ! mail to our soldi]s1 !y c>ri$ food & raim5t to ^? :o 7 fight+ "u our flag4 ,& 9 "t ( peace1 :at w\ld ?is c\ntry h be5 )\t ! railroads8 ,! railroad has be5 ! advance c\ri] ( progress1 ( settlem5t1 ( production1 ( comm]ce4 ,x is absolutely1 & has be51 indisp5sable to ! gov]nm5t1 to ! comm]ce & to ! happ9ess & com=t ( our p4 ,its mission is n p]=m$ or fulfill$4 ,consid]$ solely ) ref]5ce to con/ruction1 !re are new fields to be p5etrat$ by !m4 ,today m5 ( c\rage & m5 ( means are build+ railways ) *>act]i/ic ,am]ican en]gy 9 f> (f ,alaska1 to br+ ! gold m9es & ! coal m9es & ! timb] & ! unkn[n res\rces ( t di/ant t]ritory into ! m>kets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if !re is "o in/rum5tality :i* above ano!r has be5 a factor1 appreciable by all ?\ghtful m51 9 mak+ ?is c\ntry :at x is1 x is ! railroad4 ,& ! railroad has kept abrea/ ) ! dem&s ( comm]ce4 ,e device :i* +5uity or inv5tion has pres5t$ has be5 promptly adopt$ by ! railway companies ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y h kept abrea/ ( inv5tion & improvem5t1 until today ! railway sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! mo/ luxuri\s1 ! safe/1 ! be/ manag$ railway sy/em "u ! b5d+ sky4 ,! fir/ ?+ t w\ld occur to "o f ?is toa/1 ! railroads be+ fir/ m5tion$1 is :at d ! railroad companies owe to ! public8 ,t is easily def9$4 ,!y owe x to ! public to furni% safe roadb$s & equipm5t2 !y owe x to ! public to furni% prompt s]vice2 !y owe x to ! public to treat all m51 ) obvi\s limitations1 pass5g]s & %ipp]s "u ! same circum/ances1 equally & )\t unju/ discrim9ation1 & !y owe to ! public ! duty (1 z f> z x is possible1 s ma9ta9+ _! roads & _! equipm5t z to be able to meet 9 a fair way all ! dem&s ( comm]ce & traffic at reasonable rates4 ,t excludes ! rebate :i* nev] _h any ju/ification 9 logic or 9 fair play4 ,i ?9k ^? :o hat$ x mo/ 7 ^? :o felt oblig$ to adopt x4 ,:5 "o railway company gave rebates x is q manife/ t ! competitor 0 oblig$ to1 or g out ( bus9ess4 ,& ,i believe t railway companies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 glad1 & _! (fic]s 7 glad1 :5 x 0 made a p5al (f5se = railway companies to give rebates4 ,i ?9k a railway company owes to ! public to be c>eful 9 ! selection ( its employes2 !y %\ld be capable1 ( c\rse1 & !y %\ld n only be capable1 b !y %\ld be c\rte\s & polite4 ,to sum x up1 y w\ld say t :at ! railway 9 ! enl>g$ s5se--:i* includes details--owes to ! public is j & fair treatm5t4 ,:at does ! public owe to ! railway companies8 ,precisely1 z ,i view x1 ! same ?+1 j & fair treatm5t4 ,only t & no?+ m4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ! railway companies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,i won't put x t way--t ! railway sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates nev] c\ld h be5 creat$ )\t ! utilization ( corporate entities4 ,p>tn]%ips nev] c\ld h conc5trat$ ! capital necess>y to t end4 ,only corporations c\ld h a*iev$ x4 ,t 0 true 9 ! pa/ & x always w be true4 ,n[1 :y is ! railway company diff]5t f o!r corporations1 mo/ o!r corporations8 ,"o tr\ble ) ! g5]al public is t !y don't seem to und]/&--& !y are n p]haps to be *id$ = x--_! relation to ! railway company4 ,!y ?9k1 & !y are told1 !y h be5 told x 9 ,congress1 & !y h be5 told x :]e "o w\ld lea/ h expect$ x1 t railway corporations are public corporations1 & !y h be5 taught to believe t _! p[] ov] public corporations 0 supreme1 :i* is n f> f ! tru?2 b ! railway corporation is n a public corporation4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt has _m times decid$ t a railway company is a private corporation1 t its prop]ty is private prop]ty1 "u ! protection & safegu>ds ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aga9/ ! public z well z aga9/ individuals :o attack x4 ,!n1 :]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 a private corporation engag$ 9 manufacture & a railway corporation8 ,"r "h3 ,a railway corporation c n con/ruct its railway )\t be+ clo!d ) a p[] :i* is n giv5 to ! usual private corporation1 a p[] :i* inh]es 9 ! sov]eignty ( ! /ate1 ! ultimate p[] ( ! p delegat$ to ! railway corporations & v few o!rs1 & t is ! p[] to take y\r l& )\t y\r w at a price fix$ n by y b by a jury4 ,:y8 ,because x is = ! public use1 & private int]e/ & private s5tim5t c n be p]mitt$ to ob/ruct ! int]e/ ( ! /ate1 & !re=e ! prop]ty ( a railway company :ile x is private prop]ty is1 z ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has said1 affect$ ) ! public int]e/4 ,a railway company s]ves ! public1 t is :at x is organiz$ to d4 ,^? :o apply = ! corporate fran*ises d n apply = an altrui/ic purpose4 ,!y wi% x because !y ?9k !y c make pr(it out ( x1 & t is legitimate1 b ! /ate grants x = ! public use4 ,& s x comes ab\t t ! /ate has ! p[] to regulate x4 ,m>k :at ,i say1 to regulate x1 to prev5t x f exact+ extortionate rates f ! p2 to prev5t x f putt+ ^u ! p abuses 9 its managem5t1 b t does n mean t ! /ate may take its prop]ty4 ,t does n mean t ! /ate may take its managem5t out ( ! h&s ( its own]s4 ,x means simply t ! /ate may protect ! public f any abdication by x or violation by x ( its duty z a common c>ri]1 & ?is pr9ciple is too (t5 =gott54 ,9 ^! days regulation has app>5tly a*iev$ a wid] field = op]ation1 & is deem$ to be broad en\gh to regulate n only ! prop]ty & ! managem5t ( ! prop]ty1 b ! managem5t ( ev]ybody connect$ ) x4 ,t won't d4 ,:y1 ,i see x is /at$ 9 ! report ( y\r ,bus9ess ,association t commissions :i* h be5 organiz$ by ! /ates & ! ,commission organiz$ "u ! act ( ,congress1 h come to /ay4 ,( c\rse !y h come--we "k t1 & we "k ano!r ?+1 t :5ev] a gov]nm5tal commission comes1 x /ays4 ,! commissions 9 ! /ates1 mo/ ( ! /ates--,god kn[s ,i wi% ,i c\ld say all ! /ates1 b ,i c n tru?fully--h subs]v$ a useful purpose4 ,! /ate lays d[n ! rule & ! commission adm9i/]s ! law4 ,!re is "o ?+ ab\t a commission 9 ! regulation "u ! law ( railway c>ri]s :i* places x 9 respect ( propriet>y1 fairness & fitness = t function1 f> above ,congress or any o!r legislative body1 & t is ?is3 ,t !y h "t to li/51 to inve/igate1 to get at ! tru?1 :i* a legislative body does n h "t to d 9 ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,i d n "k1 b ,i ?9k no?+ add$ m to ! reputation ( ,gov]nor ,*>les ,e4 ,hughes1 ( ,new ,york1 ?an ! fact t he refus$ to sign a bill1 b veto$ x1 r$uc+ ! rates :i* railway companies might *>ge1 ^u ! gr\nd t !re _h be5 no inve/igation :i* enabl$ fair judgm5t z to :at 0 fair treatm5t to ! railway corporations4 ,i 0 9 public life a good _m ye>s & ,i am a firm believ] 9 ! sob] second ?\ght ( ! ,am]ican p1 = x repres5ts ! av]age judgm5t ( e class ( our p2 b !y get wrong1 !y get wrong ab\t m51 & !y get wrong ab\t policies & measures4 ,!y are subject1 en masse1 z m5 are individually1 to mom5ts ( passion & excitem5t1 & !y "k x4 ,z ,mr4 ,web/] said1 & z ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has said1 ! fundam5tal object ( a con/itution adopt$ by ! p is t !y may protect !mselves aga9/ !mselves 9 mom5ts ( excitem5t & passion4 ,& ! ,am]ican p w always give he$ to ! popul> translation ( ! phrase1 ,due process ( law1 t is1 he> be=e y /rike4 ,n[ ! ,commission1 ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 0 int5d$ by ! ,congress :i* creat$ x to be an absolutely indep5d5t body4 ,x 0 to report to ! ,congress1 x 0 n to be subject to ! comm& ( ei!r ,h\se ( ,congress1 or ( ! ,executive ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 int5d$ to be a quasi-judicial body4 ,i "k all ( its memb]s1 & ,i d n depreciate to ! slighte/ ext5t ! s]vices :i* x has r5d]$4 ,! only criticism ,i w\ld h ( x1 & t does n arise f its memb]%ip1 b x is inh]5t 9 ! sy/em1 is t x is nev] satisfi$ ) ! p[]s x has got4 ,x is z insatiable z dea? = p[]4 ,x has be5 propos$ t !y %all h ! p[] to regulate ! issue ( /ocks & bonds by railway corporations creat$ by ! /ates1 t is1 if ! /ate :i* creates ! railway company au?orizes x1 desir+ x to utilize its privileges = ! con/ruction ( a new railroad1 to issue /ock1 or issue bonds1 t x %all n be p]mitt$ to d t ?+ until ! act ( ! legislature & ! approval ( ! gov]nor %all h be5 supplem5t$ by ! approval ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,n[ ,i am gett+ along 9 ye>s1 & ,i am a little old-fa%ion$1 & ,i h n yet be5 able to satisfy myself t :]e "o gov]nm5t creates a /ock corporation1 ano!r gov]nm5t %all regulate ! am\nt ( its capital /ock & its bond$ indebt$ness4 ,i h se5 x propos$ lately t ! ,commission %\ld h ! p[] to fix a rate1 & t t rate %\ld be f9al until a f9al judgm5t sett+ x aside 0 rea*$4 ,:at becomes ( ! con/itution "u su* a law z t8 ,a railway company1 z ,i h said1 owns its prop]ty4 ,x r5d]s a compulsory s]vice to ! public ov] its own prop]ty1 ) its own equipm5t1 ) its own employes1 & at its own risk1 & is entitl$ to a fair comp5sation1 bas$ ^u ! fair value ( ! prop]ty :i* x devotes to ! public conv5i5ce1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt has held t t prop]ty c n be tak5--because ! use ( prop]ty is ! prop]ty--c n be tak5 = ! public use )\t j comp5sation1 & if ! /ate1 ! legislature1 or ! ,congress may au?orize a commission to fix a rate z reasonable & fair1 beyond :i* ! railway company may n *>ge = s]vices x r5d]s1 & require x to obs]ve t rate until ! f9al adjudication z to :e!r ! rate is reasonable or n1 & aft] ! lapse ( mon?s x is decid$ t x 0 unreasonable1 h[ c ! railway company recov] ! great sum 9 unreasonable rates :i* x _h lo/8 ,x is a tak+ ( a private prop]ty = a public use )\t j comp5sation1 & ,i d5y ! con/itutional p[] ( ,congress to d t ?+4 ,i admit ! p[]1 & ! ex]cise ( x to ! fulle/ ext5t to s f> regulate railway corporations z to secure to ! public a fai?ful dis*>ge ( all _! duties to ! public at reasonable rates1 & "u fair regulations2 beyond t ,i believe t ! own]s ( ! prop]ty ought to be p]mitt$ to manage ! prop]ty4 ,! bus9ess ( railway managem5t has become "o ( ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,x calls = "s ( ! brighte/ intellects 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x calls = ! ex]cise ( p[]s :i*1 if devot$ to ! law or to f9ance or to any o!r bus9ess1 w\ld place ^? :o ex]cise x among ^? at ! head4 ,x is "o ( inf9ite complication1 & x is n to be suppos$ t railway commissions c manage railway prop]ties z well z ! m5 :o h be5 tra9$ f boyhood to t bus9ess4 ,i h nev] que/ion$ t ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 ! ,commission 9 ,wiscons91 & o!r commissions1 e>ne/ly set out to d ! j & fair ?+1 b ! tr\ble ) ?is :ole "q is1 & has be5 ?r\gh _m a ye>1 t x gets too (t5 into politics4 ,i d n believe myself t que/ions ( bus9ess ev] ought to f9d _! way into ! political plat=m ( ! p>ty1 any m ?an ,i believe t ! relations ( ! employ] to ! employe1 :atev] ! bus9ess may be1 ought to become ! football ( p>ty politics4 ,?is ,association 0 born out ( a happy inspiration4 ,i ?9k ^! tr\blesome problems are approa*+ solution4 ,! railway companies mu/ obey ! law4 ,! p ought to see to x t ! law :i* ! railway corporations are oblig$ to obey is a j law1 & t is to be asc]ta9$ only on pa9/ak+ inquiry1 & n ?r\gh ! spee*es ( en?usia/ic orators or on ! floors ( ,congress4 ,x has got to be at times t :]e !re 0 no o!r issue ^u :i* a political conte/ c\ld be f\ght out1 ! easy1 obvi\s & la/ resort 0 let u g = ! railroads1 or1 z a ,gov]nor ( ,m9nesota once express$ x1 ,let's %ake ! railroads ov] hell4 ,! tru? is t ! int]e/ ( ! railroads is ! int]e/ ( ! p4 ,! railroad company is dep5d5t ^u ! p = its life & its su/5ance1 & ! p are no less dep5d5t ^u ! railway company1 & betwe5 ! two !re %\ld be ev5-h&$ ju/ice4 ,!y %\ld be dealt ) calmly1 & legislation %\ld only foll[ delib]ation & inve/igation1 & a law once enact$ %\ld be imp]sonally en=c$1 n en=c$ aga9/ "s & left to fall into innocu\s desuetude z to o!rs4 ,,railroad ,,problems ,,( ,,today ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,?ay]1 ,vice-,presid5t ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company4 ,address deliv]$ be=e ! ,traffic ,club ( ,new ,york1 ,saturday ,ev5+1 ,febru>y #af1 #aiji4 ,problems--bo? _m & v>i$--h always confront$ ! railway manag]4 ,p>ticul> problems come to ! front f "t to "t t tax all ( our res\rces4 ,!y diff] ) diff]5t p]iods ( our hi/ory4 ,today "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s dep5ds m = its solution ^u our lawmak+ bodies1 bo? ,/ate & national1 ?an ^u ! railroad m51 & = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 we mu/ feel l ! old ,arkansas d>ky1 :o said he 0 9 ! h&s ( an all-wise & unscrupul\s ,provid5ce4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( railroads ! *ief problem 0 t ( con/ruction & equipm5t2 lat]1 :5 m railroads _h be5 built ?an !re 0 traffic to fe$1 !re came ! traffic problem1 & all ! abuses :i* foll[$ 9 its tra94 ,^!1 9 turn1 l$ to ! legislative problem accompani$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,law ( #ahhg1 & ?r\gh ! '#ijs all sorts ( problems--includ+ bankruptcy = _m4 ,n[1 )9 ! pa/ few ye>s has come ! great problem ( enl>gem5t--! con/ruction p]iod aga91 b 9 a diff]5t %ape4 ,n exp]im5tal1 = we _h le>n$ h[ to build & h[ to equip2 n ! build+ s mu* into new c\ntry1 b to take c>e ( ! traffic :i* 0 ov]fl[+ our rails4 ,ev5ts ( ! pa/ ye> h prov$ ! absolute necessity = almo/ all ! l>ge railroads 9 ?is c\ntry to enl>ge _! trackage1 _! t]m9als1 & _! equipm5t2 & yet1 "h aga91 :5 9 consid]+ :]e to obta9 ! necess>y funds = su* purposes1--:i* mu/1 ( c\rse1 come f ! public1--! railroad manag]s f9d !mselves confront$ ) great difficulties4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is l>gely due to ! trem5d\s dem&s = capital1 9 ! developm5t t is go+ on 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 b x is increas$1 at ! mom5t1 by ! natural timidity ( capital to inve/ its funds 9 railroad securities1 9 view ( ! viol5t attacks t are be+ made aga9/ corporations ?r\gh ,congress & ! ,/ate legislatures4 ,,popul> ,,ho/ility ,,to ,,! ,,railroads4 ,?is br+s u1 !n1 to our greate/ & mo/ p]plex+ problem--t ( h[ to re/ore a /ate ( reciprocal und]/&+ & fairness betwe5 ! c>ri]s & ! public4 ,_m railroad (ficials believe t s deep-seat$ is ! app>5t ho/ility ( ! p t ! managem5t ( ! railways w be tak5 practically out ( ! h&s ( _! own]s1 & t great disa/]s are to foll[4 ,i d n %>e ?is view1 pr9cipally = ! reason t :atev] may h be5 ! faults 9 ! pa/1 ! me?ods & practices ( railroad managem5t are n[ bas$ ^u a dec5t reg>d = _! public responsibilities4 ,soon] or lat] ! p w recognize ?is--z ,i believe !y are already beg9n+ to d4 ,b by no means c we m9imize ! actual situation ( today4 ,x is1 inde$1 a "t ( great anxiety to all ^? entru/$ ) railroad managem5t1 & :o h ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry at he>t z well4 ,) ! old rebates & secret discrim9ations ?+s ( ! pa/1 ) all k9ds ( bus9ess 9 a mo/ prosp]\s condition1 we all "k t )9 ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 sudd5ly1 out ( an almo/ cl\dless sky1 !re has bur/ =? ^u ! railroads ( ?is c\ntry a torr5t ( ! mo/ bitt] & viol5t attacks--by political orators ^u ! /ump2 9 magaz9es & newspap]s2 9 ,congress & ,/ate legislatures4 ,x is fair to say1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is onslaught _h its orig9 9 ! agitation ( #aijd = *anges 9 ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce law4 ,x 0 bas$ ^u a misund]/&+ ( exi/+ railroad conditions & ! position ( ! railroad 9 reg>d to ! po9ts at issue1 :i* ,i %all pres5tly expla94 ,foll[+ ! agitation surr\nd+ ! passage ( ! rate bill has come a sw>m ( bills 9 ,congress & ,/ate legislatures1 :i*1 if !y become laws1 & are en=c$1 w prove disa/r\s to ! railroads1 &1 equally s1 to ! public at l>ge4 ,! "q is1 ,:at is to be done to prev5t x8 ,! old me?od ( influ5ce has be5 ab&on$1 &1 ,i hope1 =ev]4 ,has x left u unequipp$ to meet ! issue8 ,to answ] ?is "q let u get a p]spective4 ,,railroads ,,n ,,blameless4 ,we mu/ n imag9e1 to beg9 )1 t we are entirely blameless4 ,we are 9 "s respects only realiz+ ! wages ( pa/ s9s4 ,we h done _m ( ^? ?+s :i* we ought n to h done1 & we h left undone _m ( ^? ?+s we ought to h done4 ,mo/ ( ! evils date back _m ye>s & _m ( !m might h be5 prev5t$ _h ! gov]nm5t done its duty & en=c$ ! law4 ,yet ev5 9 mo/ rec5t ye>s we c f9d "s mi/akes ) :i* to conc]n ourselves4 ,x is n /range t _m m5 :o h suff]$ loss ?r\gh delays 9 _! traffic1 or 9 _! p]sonal transportation1 or :o saw !mselves depriv$ ( pr(itable bus9ess because !y c\ld n secure c>s1 %\ld h become exasp]at$ &1 n hav+ "t to prop]ly analyze ! difficulty1 ?\ght t ! railroads 7 lack+ 9 =esight & managem5t4 ,b let u g back a few ye>s4 ,x is a great mi/ake to hold ! railroads responsible = su* practices z rebat+ 9 ^? days1 :5 x w\ld h be5 impossible to ?r[ a /one 9 a comm]cial community )\t hitt+ somebody :o 0 tak+ rebates & want+ m4 ,_m m5 are today runn+ = (fice on anti-railroad plat=ms :o if y 7 to say ,rebates w\ld duck _! heads v mu* z ,david ,h>um said 8 ,newport fri5ds w\ld d if he call$ out ,l[ bridge6 ,t rebates 7 wrong nobody que/ions1 b to pillory a man today = accept+ rebates at t "t is a f>ce4 ,_m p]sons believe t ! s-call$ discrim9ations1 result+ 9 ! secret arrangem5ts1 7 l>gely influ5c$ by ! desire ^u ! "p ( railroad (ficials to favor "o man aga9/ ano!r1 b no ?\ghtful man :o has at all /udi$ ! problem believes ?is4 ,rebates & o!r =ms ( discrim9ation1--:atev] may h be5 ! result 9 specific in/ances1--_h _! orig9 ma9ly 9 ! competition betwe5 c>ri]s = ! traffic4 ,incid5tally1 9 transact+ railroad bus9ess ?r\gh secret arrangem5ts1 z became ! cu/om 9 t p]iod1 !re 7 _m cases ( discrim9ation 9 favor ( ! /rong & aga9/ ! weak4 ,!re 0 a /rong feel+ ^u ! "p ( _m m51 bo? 9 & out ( railway s]vice1 t ! l>g] %ipp]1 "u ! ord9>y rules ( bus9ess1 0 entitl$ to a l[] rate1 & !y c\ld n conceive ! real pr9ciple :i* %\ld gov]n ! mak+ ( railroad rates1--:i*1 h[ev]1 has come cle>ly to be realiz$ s9ce t "t4 ,! railroad sy/ems1 g5]ally1 7 n m anxi\s to pay rebates ?an !y 7 to pay high] prices = _! supplies1 & simply pursu$ ! c\rse ( _! competitors because1 o!rwise1 !y saw no?+ b loss & probable bankruptcy />+ !m 9 ! face4 ,! railroads 7 =bidd5 by law to meet & make =mal agreem5ts = ! ma9t5ance ( rates1 & by ano!r law 7 requir$ to compete4 ,we all ?\ght t ! old plan 0 competition4 ,_h ! ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh its ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 vigor\sly und]tak5 to en=ce ! law--pass+ if necess>y1 long be=e x did1 ! ,elk9s ,act--,i ?9k we %\ld h se5 a correction ( ^! abuses long be=e ! re=m came2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 nei!r ! ,gov]nm5t au?orities nor _m ( ^? manag+ ! railroads _h yet rea*$ a cle> conception ( ! significance ( ! abuses :i* exi/$ & ( ! prop] legal me?od ( uproot+ ^? evils4 ,,gett+ ,,away ,,f ,,old ,,abuses4 ,^u ! resumption ( bus9ess activity1 9 #ahih & #ahii1 &1 lat]1 foll[+ ! passage ( ! ,elk9s ,act1 ! opportunity 0 pres5t$1--& 9 g5]al accept$ by ! railroads1--to get away f ! old me?ods4 ,:ile s9ce !n !re h be5 "s cases ( violation ( ! law1 9 ! matt] ( secret arrangem5ts1 yet ,i ?9k t1 at lea/ )9 ! la/ f\r or five ye>s1 x is safe to say t !y h be5 ( small importance1 & p]haps1 9 _m ( ! cases--:ile a te*nical violation ( ! law--7 actually n discrim9ations4 ,i say ?is advis$ly1 s f> z ! ea/]n situation is conc]n$1 because ,i "k t ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company has n paid a rebate = ye>s1 & x is fair to believe t z t company held its traffic1--9 fact1 l>gely increas$ x1--)\t ! necessity = su* arrangem5ts1 its competitors mu/ h to a l>ge ext5t pursu$ ! same policy4 ,b n alone 9 ref]5ce to freight rates 0 !re m or less complicity 9 evil betwe5 ! p & ! railroads1 b let me ask y to consid]1 = a mom5t1 ! "q ( free transportation1 or passes1--:e!r political or bus9ess4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ ye> or two t ! public consci5ce has be5 awak5$ on ?is subject4 ,x is true1 ! railroads h be5 abus$ = sev]al ye>s by ^? :o did n enjoy su* favors1 b is ! railroad m responsible = ! conditions t exi/$ ?an ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! p1 ei!r 9 ! ,national ,congress or 9 ! ,/ate legislatures1 & h[ c\ld x be expect$ t ! legislators 9 "o ,/ate c\ld feel t !y 7 do+ v wrong 9 accept+ passes1 :5 ! legislators ( ano!r ,/ate enjoy$ !m by law ( ! ,/ate8 ,h[ c\ld memb]s ( ,congress be criticis$ = accept+ su* privileges1 or ! railroads = ext5d+ !m1 :5 ! ,presid5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & memb] ( _! cab9ets1 & o!r important (fic]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t n only accept$ !m1 b practically exact$ !m1 &1 fur!r1 expect$ t private c>s & private tra9s %\ld be furni%$ )\t *>ge8 ,^u "o occasion )9 ! pa/ two ye>s ,i call$ ^u ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission to ask its assi/ance 9 elim9at+ ! pass abuse1 & 0 v frankly told t x c\ld make no move1 nor take any int]e/ 9 ! subject1 9 view ( ! fact t important public (ficials includ+ ,s5ators & ! memb]s ( ,congress felt t x 0 n improp] = !m to accept !m4 ,out ( ?is situation grew a l>ge "p ( ! pass abuse1 because1 foll[+ ! national gov]nm5t & ! legislatures1 ! l>ge m5 ( bus9ess felt t !y c\ld prop]ly accept simil> privileges4 ,!re=e1 ,i repeat1 t :ile !re 7 great abuses--especially dur+ ! p]iod ref]r$ to--embitt]+ a l>ge portion ( p1 yet ! railroads 7 no m responsible ?an ! p !mselves2 & yet1 )\t d\bt x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t ! f\ndation 0 laid = ! feel+ ( ! pres5t day4 ,,railways ,,welcome ,,j ,,regulation4 ,b1 z ,i /at$1 we 7 =c$ to be> ! brunt ( our pa/ s9s--& m--9 ! campaign = increas+ ! p[]s ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,d n misund]/& me4 ,_m ?\ghtful railroad m5 believ$ always1 9 ! value1 bo? to ! railroads & ! public1 ( an int]/ate law1 &1 fur!r1 consid]$ x wise to /r5g!n ! p[] ( ! ,commission4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 betwe5 :at railroad m5 did & did n believe 91 is v cle>4 ,we felt & we feel n[ t ! gov]nm5t is p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 regulat+ railroad practices to ! ext5t ( prev5t+ discrim9ations4 ,inde$1 ! gov]nm5t %\ld act z a sort ( policeman to see to x t ! weak & ! helpless are protect$4 ,if reasonably adm9i/]$1 ! railroads ne$ ! law4 ,b ! gov]nm5t %\ld n h ! "r to int]f]e ) ! prop] play ( ! natural comm]cial =ces ( ! nation4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 police & comm]cial p[]s %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,! dang] does n lie 9 ! provisions ( ! new national law4 ,!re is no sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 its provisions & ^? ( ! old law1 except 9 respect to ! p[]s ( ! ,commission4 ,!re 0 no necessity = ! new law1 s f> z ! prev5tion ( ! old abuse ( secret rates & discrim9ation 0 conc]n$4 ,! op]ation ( ?is law does n involve any mat]ial *ange 9 traffic op]ations ( ! railroads2 ! only dang] is z to h[ ! ,commission may ex]cise _! p[] 9 influ5c+ r$uctions 9 rates1 b ev5 9 t respect ! railroads h ! "r ( appeal to ! c\rts4 ,x is f v>i\s o!r bills be+ pres5t$ 9 ,congress 9 :i* ! imm$iate dang] lies1 %[+ possible int]f]5ce by ! national gov]nm5t ) ! op]ation ( railroads1 ) respect to ! h\rs ( labor ( its employes1 sy/ems ( signals1 & o!r me?ods ( op]ation1 :i* %\ld prop]ly be left to ! railroads !mselves4 ,?is ?reat5$ int]f]5ce ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t is hav+ a p[]ful & dang]\s influ5ce ^u ! legislatures ( ! v>i\s /ates1 :o app>5tly are--9 a slang t]m--,see+ ,congress & go+ !m five or six bett]--9 ! bills = r$uction ( /ate rates1 bo? pass5g] & freight2 = increase 9 taxation1 & all sorts ( measures :i* t5d to r$uce ! e>n+s & increase ! exp5ses1 & hamp] & delay ! actual developm5t necess>y4 ,x 0 un=tunate t 9 ! agitation & discussion foll[+ ! ,presid5t's recomm5dations1 until ! pres5t law 0 f9ally adopt$1 !re 0 a total misund]/&+ ^u ! "p ( ! public at l>ge z to ?is attitude ( ! railroads4 ,x 0 mo/ un=tunate 9 t campaign t ! pr9cipal po9t ( conte/ ^u ! "p ( ! railroads 0 lo/ sight (--& t is--! objection ^u _! "p n to reasonable am5dm5ts to ! law1 & n--if ! p want$ x--to "s increase ( p[] to ! ,commission1 b to ! attempt to make a commission ( five or sev5 m5--9 _m respects a political body--! f9al arbit]s z to ! rates & f>es ( ! railroads4 ,,difficulties ,,"u ,,! ,,pres5t ,,law4 ,yet ev5 ) ! new law on ! /atute books1 our traffic problems are /ill ) u4 ,we are =bidd5 by law to make =mal agreem5ts z to rates1 yet x is univ]sally recogniz$ t 9 ord] to secure an equitable adju/m5t ( rates1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! traffic manag]s ( ! railroads %all conf] frequ5tly4 ,x is well kn[n t su* conf]5ces are held & mu/ be held to prev5t discrim9ations1 yet no def9ite agreem5ts c be made4 ,! pres5t law /ipulates t !re %all be no discrim9ation by railroads aga9/ p]sons or communities4 ,"r "h1 h[ev]1 ! railroads are face to face ) a problem all _! own1 :i* is a v s]i\s "o1 & t is3 ,h[ %all a p>ticul> railroad prev5t discrim9ation aga9/ a community on its own l9e by "s o!r railroad seek+ to specially favor a community on its l9e8 ,is x n absolutely ess5tial t !re %\ld be bo? an und]/&+ & a virtual agreem5t on ! "p ( ! two railroads conc]n$ = ! purpose ( protect+ bo? communities8 ,cases ( dispute betwe5 railroads z to prop] rate adju/m5ts h1 inde$1 be5 ref]r$ to ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission]s z arbitrators & _! f9d+s h be5 obs]v$4 ,?is %[s h[ absolutely vital to all bus9ess is ! necessity = t co-op]ation :i* c only be secur$ by agreem5t & conf]5ce betwe5 all int]e/$ p>ties4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates recogniz$ ! necessity = ?is fact 9 8 la/ annual message & recomm5d$ t "s legislation be pass$ :i* w\ld p]mit agreem5ts betwe5 railroads z to rates4 ,we are ?us 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is ridicul\s situation2 t on ! "o h& we are be+ ?reat5$ ) prosecution by ! ,gov]nm5t = violation ( ! ,%]man ,act 9 respect to me?ods :i* on ! o!r h& ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission]s agree mu/ be foll[$ 9 ord] to prop]ly dis*>ge our responsibility to ! public--9 o!r words1 we are betwe5 ! devil & ! deep sea1 or we are damn$ if we d1 or we are damn$ if we don't4 ,s mu* = ! mom5t1 = our national problem4 ,z to ,/ate regulation3 :ile n believ+--n[ t we h a national law--t x is necess>y or desirable = ! public to e/abli% /ate commissions & special railroad laws1 at ! same "t1 if ! p desire su* commissions1 we h no "r to look ^u su* a dem& z an>*i/ic1 b we feel t ! work+ ( su* commissions w be unsatisfactory to ! bus9ess int]e/s4 ,,confid5ce ,,& ,,ju/ice ,,ne$$4 ,^! are b a few ( our problems & difficulties4 ,:ile ,i d n wi% to m9imize ! dang]s ( ! pres5t situation1 :ile ,i recognize t x is n[ to "s ext5t1 by add+ to ! timidity ( inve/ors1 ret>d+ our ability to secure funds necess>y to make ext5sions & buy equipm5t requir$ = ! ev]-increas+ traffic ( ! c\ntry1 & if cont9u$ w make x impossible1 yet ,i am firmly ( ! op9ion t ! good s5se ( ! p w prevail & ! unju/ attacks cease4 ,confid5ce ( inve/ors bo? "h & abroad is ne$$ to furni% funds1 &1 if ?is is s]i\sly %ak51 ! prosp]ity ( ! railroads1 :i* are ! key/one ( ! ar* ( bus9ess1 w be de/roy$4 ,to avoid ^! dang]s a regime ( confid5ce & fairness on ! "p ( ! public t[>d ! railroads mu/ be re/or$1 & to accompli% ?is we mu/ place our case1 z x 71 be=e ! legislators & ! p & make cle> our difficulties & ! complications :i* beset u4 ,few1 aft] all1 und]/& ! railroad problem1 & we h n made x pla9 to ! p1 ei!r because x 0 ! fa%ion n to d s1 or because we c\ld n realize t ?+s simple to u 7 n und]/ood by ! public4 ,we mu/ n /op at "o /atem5t1 b disc\rse ^u & elucidate e subject :i* ! public misund]/&s4 ,let u be frank & take ! public into our confid5ce z fully z is consi/5t ) ! prop] conduct ( our bus9ess4 ,let u approa* ! subject ) ! feel+ t ! railroads are n absolutely p]fect1 t we h to "s ext5t br\ght ?is condition ( affairs ^u ourselves1 & t we %\ld gov]n ourselves 9 ! future accord+ly4 ,let u und]take to g frankly be=e ! p & pres5t ! actual facts 9 connection ) our affairs4 ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,z ,,an ,,illu/ration4 ,let me illu/rate3 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,legislature is 9 session4 ,num]\s bills h be5 pres5t$1 ( a mo/ radical nature4 ,x is our purpose to appe> be=e e committee t w he> u1 & tell our side ( ! /ory4 ,i d\bt v mu* if ! av]age legislator--& c]ta9ly n ! av]age citiz5--und]/&s :om he is injur+ 9 unju/ acts t[>ds ! railroads4 ,take our company1 = example4 ,x is n a small gr\p ( ri* capitali/s2 x is n ,mr4 ,mc,crea & myself & a few o!rs2 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad is own$ by m ?an #ej1jjj p1 #cj p] c5t ( :om live 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,=ty-sev5 p] c5t ( our %>ehold]s are wom52 & 9 _m cases ! divid5d is _! only s\rce ( income4 ,!n !re are ?\s&s ( bondhold]s2 beyond !m are ne>ly #ajj1jjj employes 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania dep5d5t ^u ! prosp]ity ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad = _! livelihood4 ,!re=e1 by ! usual computation1 x is safe to say t approximately half a million p--m51 wom5 & *ildr5--are actually dep5d5t ^u ! welf>e ( ?is company 9 ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania alone4 ,^u ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad's prosp]ity dep5ds ! prosp]ity ( ! o!r l9es 9 its sy/em1 & includ+ ! employes ( ^! l9es1 !re are #bjj1jjj m51 :o1 ) _! families1 con/itute an army ( a million or m4 ,beh9d !m1 aga91 are ! ?\s&s ( m51 ) _! families1 :o produce ! coal & o!r mat]ials :i* ! railroads use4 ,any?+ t cripples ! railroads injures e "o ( ^! p4 ,:5 we make ^! & o!r facts pla91 ,i _c b feel t no inju/ice w be done4 ,9 ! meantime1 let u keep our m9ds well balanc$1 & n all[ ourselves to believe t *aos is com+2 let u meet ! issue fairly & squ>ely & frankly4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 necess>y = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 to susp5d _m improvem5ts1 let u keep our c\rage1 tru/+ to ! ultimate good s5se ( ! lawmak]s & ! p = t sympa?y & support to :i* we feel t we are entitl$4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,railroads ,,to ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,acwor?1 ,m4 ,a4 ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,dubl91 ,irel&1 ,septemb] #b1 #aijh4 ,i propose to treat ! subject 9 two aspects2 fir/1 ! hi/ory 9 outl9e ( ! relations betwe5 railroads & ! /ate 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 &1 second1 ! "q ( ! factors :i* are ( prim>y importance 9 any consid]ation ( ! matt]4 ,ev] s9ce ! ye> #ahcj1 :5 ! dramatic success ( ! ,liv]pool ,man*e/] ,railway fir/ reveal$ to a g5]ation less accu/om$ ?an our own to revolution>y advances 9 mat]ial effici5cy ! />tl+ improvem5ts 9 transport t railroads 7 ab\t to effect1 !ori/s h discuss$ ! "q :e!r /ate or private own]%ip ( railroads be 9 ! ab/ract ! m desirable4 ,b x is safe to say t 9 no c\ntry has ! practical "q1 ,%all ! /ate own or n own ! railroads8 be5 decid$ on ab/ract consid]ations4 ,! dom9ant consid]ations h always be5 ! hi/orical1 political & economic position ( ! p>ticul> c\ntry at ! "t :5 ! "q came up 9 concrete %ape = decision4 ,,belgium4 ,! ,belgian railroads h belong$ to ! /ate f ! outset1 because !y 7 con/ruct$ j aft] ,belgium sep>at$ f ,holl&1 & 7! available private capital be+ 9 ,holl& & n 9 ,belgium7 ,k+ ,leopold & 8 ,m9i/]s felt t1 if ! railroads 7 9 private h&s1 t w\ld mean 9 ,dut* h&s1 & ! newly acquir$ indep5d5ce ( ,belgium w\ld be !reby jeop>diz$4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ?is hi/ory has repeat$ itself1 & ! fact t ! bulk ( ! ,swiss railroad capital 0 held 9 ,france & ,g]many 0 "o ma9 reason1 if n ! ma9 reason1 :i* induc$ ! ,swiss p to nationalize _! railroads4 ,,g]many4 ,9 ,g]many #gj ye>s ago ! small] /ates 7 reg>d$ z ! p]sonal prop]ty ( _! respective ,sov]eigns1 almo/ z def9itely z ,su!rl&%ire is ! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,su!rl&4 ,& x 0 !re=e z natural t ! ,dukes ( ,old5burg or ,meckl5burg %\ld make railroads = ! developm5t ( _! e/ates z t ! ,duke ( ,su!rl& %\ld build a railroad 9 ,su!rl&4 ,,au/ralasia4 ,take1 aga91 ,au/ralasia4 ,9 t region ! :ole ( ! railroads1 ) negligible exceptions1 n[ belong to ! diff]5t /ate gov]nm5ts1 & ! public s5tim5t t railroads ought to be public prop]ty is today s /rong t x is impossible to imag9e any s]i\s developm5t ( private l9es4 ,b at ! outset ! traditional ,engli% pref]5ce = private ent]prise 0 j z /rong !re z x 0 at home1 & x 0 only ! fact t ! :ole ( ! available private capital 0 absorb$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! gold fields & t1 !re=e1 if railroads 7 to be built at all1 public cr$it mu/ be pl$g$ & ,engli% capital mu/ be obta9$1 t caus$ ! /ate to g into ! railroad bus9ess4 ,,italy4 ,take1 once m1 ! case ( ,italy4 ,9 ! days :5 ,italy 0 only a geographical expression1 ! v>i\s ,italian /ates exp]im5t$ ) railroad managem5t ( all sorts & k9ds4 ,:51 aft] #ahgj1 ,italy 0 unifi$1 x 0 necess>y to adopt a national railroad policy1 & ! ,italian gov]nm5t in/itut$ an inquiry ^: exhau/iv5ess has n s9ce be5 approa*$4 ,! =ce ( circum/ances has inde$ already compell$ ! gov]nm5t to acquire ! own]%ip ( ! railroads1 b ! ,commission report$ t x 0 n desirable t ! gov]nm5t %\ld "w !m4 ,! railroads 7 accord+ly leas$ = a p]iod ( #fj ye>s1 runn+ f #ahhd1 to ?ree op]at+ companies1 & x 0 provid$ t ! leases might be brok5 at ! end ( ! #bj? or ! #dj? ye>4 ,f ! v outset a condition ( ?+s develop$ :i* _h n be5 contemplat$ :5 ! leases 7 grant$1 & = :i* ! leases made no provision4 ,con/ant disputes took place betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & _! lessees4 ,capital = ext5sions & improvem5ts 0 urg5tly ne$$2 nei!r p>ty 0 b\nd to f9d x2 & agreem5t = f9d+ x on t]ms mutually acceptable 0 impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,9 ! end ! gov]nm5t has be5 =c$ to cut ! knot1 to break ! lease at ! end ( ! fir/ #bj ye>s' p]iod1 & = ! la/ two ye>s ! ,italian gov]nm5t has op]at$ its own railroads4 ,b x is safe to say t an a priori pref]5ce = /ate managem5t ov] private managem5t play$ b scant "p 9 ! ultimate decision4 ,,g5]al ,,increase ,,( ,,/ate ,,control4 ,x is impossible to review1 ev5 9 ! m]e/ outl9e1 ! railroad hi/ory ( all ! c\ntries 9 ! _w1 b ! in/ances already giv5 w s]ve to illu/rate my proposition t ! position 9 ea* c\ntry dep5ds n on ab/ract consid]ations1 b on ! practical facts ( ! local situation4 ,yet "o _c look r\nd ! _w & fail to recognize t ! connection betwe5 ! railroads & ! /ate is ev]y:]e becom+ m intimate ye> by ye>4 ,:atev] h be5 ! causes1 ! fact rema9s t ,italy & ,switz]l& h conv]t$ _! railroads f private to public4 ,9 ,g]many ! few rema9+ private l9es are becom+ /ill few]4 ,9 ,belgium ! process is practically complet$4 ,9 ,au/ria x is mov+ /eadily 9 ! same direction2 f\r-fif?s ( ! total mileage is n[ op]at$ by ! /ate4 ,9 ,russia ! /ory w\ld h be5 ! same1 _h x n be5 = ! w> ) ,japan4 ,ev5 9 ,france1 ^: railroads h a v def9ite local & national hi/ory ( _! own1 an act = ! pur*ase ( ! ,we/]n ,railway by ! /ate 0 pass$ la/ ye> by ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 & has n[1 aft] mu* cont5tion1 be5 pass$ by ! ,s5ate )9 ! la/ few weeks4 ,b x is n )\t int]e/ to note t1 ?\gh a majority bo? ( deputies & ( s5ators support$ ! bill1 ! repres5tatives ( ! di/rict s]v$ by ! company 7 by a l>ge majority oppos$ to x1 :ile ! comm]cial community ( ! :ole ( ,france1 z repres5t$ by ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 7 almo/ unanim\sly ho/ile4,i ,s f> z c be se5 at pres5t1 ! pur*ase ( ! ,we/]n ,railway by ! /ate is n likely to be made a prec$5t = ! g5]al nationalization ( ! ,fr5* railroads4 ,/ill1 ! broad fact rema9s t a s]ies ( railroad maps ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 con/ruct$ at int]vals ( t5 ye>s1 w\ld und\bt$ly %[ an ev]-increas+ proportion ( /ate l9es1 & t ! la/ ( ! s]ies w\ld exhibit ! private l9es z v f> bel[ ! /ate l9es bo? 9 ext5t & 9 volume ( traffic4 ,a ^w ought to be said ( ,holl&1 n only because ,holl& is a c\ntry ) free in/itutions l our own1 b because ! railroad position ( ,holl& is unique4 ,! railroads ( t c\ntry 7 built p>tly by ! /ate & p>tly by private ent]prise1 b ! work+ has always be5 :olly 9 private h&s4 ,"s t5 ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ! ,dut* gov]nm5t b\ght up ! private l9es & re>rang$ ! :ole sy/em4 ,! ma9 l9es ( ! c\ntry are n[ leas$ to two op]at+ companies1 s organiz$ t ea* company has access to e important t[n1 & railroad competition is n[ practically ubiquit\s ?r\gh\t ,holl&4 ,s f> !re are no signs t ! ,dut* p are o!rwise ?an satisfi$ ) _! sy/em4 ,n[ comp>e ?is ) ,france4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 ?\gh x has hi!rto1 except on ! comp>atively unimportant /ate railroads 9 ! s\?we/ ( ! c\ntry1 /ood alo( f ! actual op]ation1 has always kept entire control ( railroad con/ruction & ( ! allocation ( new l9es betwe5 ! sev]al companies4 ,& ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t has proce$$ on a pr9ciple diametrically oppos$ to ! ,dut* pr9ciple4 ,9 ,france railroad competition has1 z f> z possible1 be5 def9itely exclud$1 & ! v>i\s sy/ems h be5 made to meet1 n1 z 9 ,holl&1 at ! great t[ns1 b at ! po9ts :]e ! competitive traffic 01 z ne> z might be1 a negligible quantity4 ,n[ t que/ions ( competition & comb9ation are to ! =e 9 ,engl&1 & seem likely to give v practical occupation to ,p>liam5t 9 ! session ( #aiji1 ! prec$5ts on bo? sides are p]haps n )\t int]e/4 ,,am]ica4 ,:5 we turn f ! cont95t ( ,europe to ! cont95t ( ,am]ica ! position ( affairs is />tl+ly dissimil>4 ,! railroads ( ,am]ica f> surpass 9 l5g? ^? ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 :ile 9 capital exp5diture !y are equal4 ,/ate own]%ip & op]ation ( railroads on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica is z mu* ! exception z x is ! rule 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,canada !re is "o comp>atively important /ate railroad1 ! ,int]colonial1 ab\t #a1ejj miles 9 l5g?4 ,?\gh its e>n+s are q consid]able--ab\t #bj p] mile p] week--x b>ely pays work+ exp5ses4 ,i may add t 9 all ! volum9\s lit]ature ( ! subject ,i h nev] se5 ?is l9e cit$ z an example ( ! b5efits ( /ate managem5t4 ,!re is ano!r small l9e1 9 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 :i* is work$ at a loss2 & a ?ird1 ! ,temiskam+ ,nor!rn ,ont>io ,railway1 own$ n by ! ,dom9ion b by ! ,prov9cial gov]nm5t1 :i* is too new to af=d any gr\nd = conclusions4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has nev] own$ a railroad1 ?\gh "s ( ! individual /ates did own1 & 9 "s cases also "w1 railroads 9 v e>ly days4 ,!y all burnt _! f+]s badly4 ,b ! /ory is s old a "o t x w\ld be unreasonable to f\nd any argum5t on x today4 ,9 ,mexico1 ( :i* ,i %all h m to say directly1 ! /ate owns no railroads4 ,z = ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,co/a ,rica & ,honduras h "s petty l9es1 :i* are work$ at a loss4 ,guatemala _h a railroad till #aijd1 :5 x 0 transf]r$ to a private company4 ,nic>agua has also leas$ its l9es4 ,colombia owns & works at a pr(it1 all ( :i* is said to be devot$ to bett]m5t1 #bd miles ( l9e4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,p]u & ,arg5t9a own1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 no railroads4 ,! ,*ilian gov]nm5t owns ab\t #a1fjj miles out ( ! #c1jjj miles 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ne$less to say private capital has secur$ ! mo/ pr(itable l9es4 ,! gov]nm5t railroad receipts h>dly cov] ! work+ exp5ses4 ,! ,brazilian gov]nm5t =m]ly own$ a consid]able proportion ( its railroad network ( ne>ly #aa1jjj miles4 ,f9ancial /raits =c$ x "s ye>s ago to dispose ( a l>ge "p to private companies1 to ! app>5t advantage at once ( ! taxpay]1 ! %>ehold] & ! railroad cu/om]4 ,ab\t #a1hjj miles ( l9e are /ill op]at$ by ! gov]nm5t1 ! receipts ( :i*1 r\ghly speak+1 d a little m ?an balance work+ exp5ses4 ,b x may be broadly said t ! pres5t ,brazilian policy is adv]se to /ate own]%ip & 9 favor ( ! developm5t ( ! railroad sy/em by private ent]prise4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,situation4 ,! "q ( public own]%ip & op]ation 01 h[ev]1 rais$ v def9itely 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only two ye>s ago1 :5 ,mr4 ,bryan made a spee* /at+ t 8 ,european exp]i5ce _h conv9c$ him t x 0 desirable to nationalize ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= _m weeks aft]1 ,mr4 ,bryan's pron\ncem5t 0 discuss$ 9 e newspap] & on e plat=m1 f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia4 ,practically1 ,mr4 ,bryan f\nd no foll[]s1 & today1 ?\gh he is ! accept$ c&idate ( ! ,democratic p>ty = ! ,presid5cy1 ! subject has be5 tacitly %elv$4 ,to "s ext5t ?is may h be5 due to ! ludicr\s impossibility1 if ,i may say s ) all respect = a possible ,presid5t1 ( ,mr4 ,bryan's proposals4 ,9 ord]1 presumably1 n to (f5d 8 own ,democratic p>ty1 ! traditional uphold]s ( ! rights ( ! sev]al /ates1 he s]i\sly sugge/$ t ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %\ld "w ! trunk l9es1 & ! respective /ate gov]nm5ts ! bran*es4 ,ev5 if anybody knew 9 e case :at is a trunk l9e & :at is a bran*1 ! result w\ld be to create an organism ab\t z useful = practical purposes z w\ld be a human body 9 :i* ! sp9al cord 0 sev]$ f ! bra94 ,mr4 ,bryan's proposal 0 nev] discuss$ 9 detail3 public s5tim5t ?r\gh\t ! ,union 0 unexpect$ly unanim\s aga9/ x1 & x is safe to say t ! nationalization ( ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n 9 sight at pres5t4 ,b ?\gh nationalization is n[h]e 9 ,am]ica a practical issue1 ev]y:]e 9 ,am]ica ! relations betwe5 ! railroads & ! /ate h become mu* clos] )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,canada a few ye>s ago consolidat$ its railroad laws & e/abli%$ a ,railway ,commission1 to :i* 0 giv5 v wide p[]s ( control bo? ov] railroad con/ruction & op]ation & ov] rates & f>es = goods & pass5g]s4 ,arg5t9a has also mov$ 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n only has !re be5 ! passage by ! ,f$]al ,congress at ,wa%+ton ( ! law am5d+ ! orig9al ,act to ,regulate ,comm]ce & giv+ mu* increas$ p[]s to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 besides v>i\s o!r ,acts deal+ ) subsidi>y po9ts1 su* z h\rs ( railroad employes1 b scores1 if n hundr$s1 ( ,acts h be5 pass$ by ! v>i\s /ate legislatures4 ,) ^! x is q impossible to deal 9 detail2 _m ( !m impose new pecuni>y burd5s ^u ! railroad companies1 z1 = in/ance1 ! obligation to c>ry pass5g]s at ! maximum rate ( a p5ny p] mile4 ,all ( !m1 speak+ broadly1 impose new obligations & new re/rictions ^u ! railroad companies4 ,n a few h already be5 decl>$ uncon/itutional1 & !re=e invalid1 by ! law c\rts4 ,& :5 ! mills ( ,am]ican legal proc$ure %all at l5g? h f9i%$ _! exce$+ly sl[ gr9d+1 x is safe to prophesy t a good _m m w h ceas$ to op]ate4 ,b = all t1 ! net result ( /ate & ,f$]al legislation 9 ! sessions ( #aijf & #aijg w unque/ionably be t ev5 aft] ! reaction & repeal1 :i*1 ?anks to ! ,wall /reet panic ( la/ ye>1 is n[ 9 progress1 ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w 9 ! future be subject to mu* m rigid & detail$ control by public au?ority ?an !re has be5 9 ! pa/4 ,! reign ( railroad despotism1 m or less b5evol5t1 is def9itely at an end2 ! reign ( law has begun4 ,x is only to be regrett$ t ! quantity ( ! law errs z mu* on ! side ( excess z its quality on ! side ( defici5cy4 ,,! ,,mexican ,,situation4 ,ap>t f its int]e/ z a q />tl+ example ( h[ n to d x1 ! rec5t railroad legislation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is only valuable z an indication ( ! t5d5cy1 univ]sal 9 all c\ntries1 h[ev] gov]n$1 = ! /ate to take a clos] control ov] its railroads4 ,mu* m int]e/+ z conta9+ a def9ite political ideal1 work$ out 9 detail 9 a /atesmanlike mann]1 is ! rec5t railroad legislation ( ,mexico4 ,"o may be ?\ght to be v]g+ on p>adox 9 sugge/+ t ,engl&1 ) sev5 c5turies ( p>liam5t>y hi/ory1 c le>n some?+ f ! ,republic ( ,mexico4 ,b = all t ,i w\ld say1 ) all s]i\sness1 t ,i believe ! relation betwe5 ! /ate & ! national railroads is "o ( ! mo/ difficult & important que/ions ( mod]n politics1 & t ! "o valuable & orig9al contribution to ! solution ( t "q :i* has be5 made 9 ! pres5t g5]ation is due to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,mexican ,republic & 8 ,f9ance ,m9i/]1 ,seor ,limant\r4 ,broadly1 ! ,mexican situation is ?is3 ,! ,mexican railroads 7 9 ! h&s ( =eign capitali/s1 ,engli% ma9ly s f> z ! old] l9es 7 conc]n$1 ,am]ican 9 respect to ! new] railroads1 m especially ^? :i* con/itut$ cont9uations s\?w>ds ( ! great ,am]ican railroad sy/ems4 ,! =eign companies1 :e!r ,engli% or ,am]ican1 naturally reg>d$ ,mexico z a field = e>n+ divid5ds = _! %>ehold]s4 ,! ,am]ican companies fur!r1 equally naturally1 t5d$ to reg>d ,mexico z an annexe & dp5dance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if !y ?\ght at all ( ! int]e/ ( ,mexico 9 develop+ z an indep5d5t self-conta9$ /ate1 !y 7 b\nd to reg>d x ) ho/ility r ?an ) favor1 & su* a po9t ( view c\ld h>dly comm5d itself to ! /atesm5 at ! head ( ! ,mexican gov]nm5t4 ,yet ,mexico is a poor & undevelop$ c\ntry1 q unable to disp5se ) =eign capital2 &1 fur!r1 x 0 at lea/ que/ionable :e!r ,mexican political virtue 0 suffici5tly firm-root$ to )/& ! manifold temptations inh]5t 9 ! direct managem5t ( railroads "u a p>liam5t>y rgime4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! ,mexicans h adopt$ ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,= a comp>atively small exp5diture 9 actual ca%1 c\pl$ ) a n v s]i\s obligation to gu>antee ! int]e/ on necess>y bond issues1 ! ,mexican gov]nm5t h acquir$ su* a hold+ ( def]r$ ord9>y /ock 9 ! ,national ,railroad ,company ( ,mexico z gives !m1 n1 inde$1 any imm$iate divid5d on _! inve/m5t1 b a pres5t control 9 all ess5tials ( ! policy ( ! company1 & also prospects ( consid]able pr(it :5 ! c\ntry %all h fur!r develop$4 ,! organization ( ! company z a private comm]cial und]tak+ subsi/s z be=e4 ,a bo>d ( directors1 elect$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] by ! votes ( %>ehold]s1 rema9s z a b>ri] aga9/ political or local pressure 9 ! direction ( uncomm]cial concessions1 :e!r ( new l9es or ( ext5d$ facilities or r$uc$ rates on ! old l9es2 b--& "h is ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! new sy/em & ! old--:]eas "u ! old sy/em ! f9al appeal 0 to a body ( %>ehold]s ) no int]e/ beyond _! own divid5d1 ! majority %>ehold] is n[ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,mexico1 ) e inducem5t to reg>d ! int]e/s1 bo? pres5t & prospective1 ( ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,,irrefragable ,,!ory ,,( ,,public ,,own]%ip4 ,public own]%ip ( railroads is 9 !ory irrefragable4 ,railroads are a public s]vice2 x is "r t !y %\ld be op]at$ by public s]vants 9 ! public int]e/4 ,un=tunately1 especially 9 democratically organiz$ communities1 ! facts h n infrequ5tly refus$ to fit ! !ories1 & ! public s]vants h all[$1 or be5 con/ra9$ to all[1 ! railroads to be run1 n 9 ! p]man5t int]e/ ( ! community z a :ole1 b 9 ! tempor>y int]e/ ( t portion ( ! community :i* at ! mom5t c\ld ex]t ! mo/ /r5u\s pressure4 ,! ,mexican sy/em1 if x succe$s 9 e/abli%+ itself p]man5tly--= z yet x is only on its trial--may p]haps h avoid$ bo? ,scylla & ,*>ybdis4 ,fac$ ) a p[]ful b local & tempor>y dem&1 ! gov]nm5t may be able to reply t ?is is a matt] to be dealt ) on comm]cial l9es by ! bo>d ( directors4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 p]man5t national int]e/s are involv$1 ! gov]nm5t c ex]cise its res]ve p[] z a %>ehold]1 c vote ! directors out ( (fice1 & s prev5t ! cont9uance ( a policy :i* w\ld 9 its judgm5t be prejudicial to ^? int]e/s1 h[ev] mu* x might be to ! advantage ( ! railroad z a m]e comm]cial conc]n4 ,,/ate ,,control ,,or ,,own]%ip4 ,! hi/ory ^: outl9e ,i h n[ v briefly sket*$ %[s1 ,i ?9k1 t :]eas !re is ev]y:]e a t5d5cy t[>ds fur!r /ate control1 ! t5d5cy t[>ds absolute /ate-own]%ip & /ate-op]ation is f> f be+ equally univ]sal4 ,i %all h a ^w to say pres5tly z to ! reasons :y ,am]ica %[s no signs ( int5tion to foll[ ! example ( cont95tal ,europe4 ,mean:ile x is well to notice t ,am]ican exp]i5ce proves also ! extreme difficulty ( f9d+ satisfactory me?ods ( control4 ,sir ,h5ry ,tyl] said "s five-&-?irty ye>s ago 9 ,engl&1 9 words t h (t5 be5 quot$ s9ce1 ,if ! /ate c't control ! railroads1 ! railroads w control ! /ate2 & ,presid5t ,roosevelt has aga9 & aga9 9 ! la/ few ye>s insi/$ on ! same po9t4 ,! ,am]ican p1 he said 9 effect1 mu/ "w out a satisfactory me?od ( controll+ ^! great organizations4 ,if left uncontroll$1 !re w be su* abuses & su* consequ5t popul> indignation t /ate-own]%ip w become inevitable1 & /ate-own]%ip is ali5 to ,am]ican ideas1 & might cause v s]i\s political dang]s4 ,p]haps "s ( my he>]s may rememb] ,macaulay's graphic description ( ! passion t 0 ar\s$ by ,*>les ,james ,fox's propos$ ,india ,bill2 x 0 describ$ z a ,bill = giv+ 9 p]petuity to ! ,:igs1 :e!r 9 or out ( (fice1 ! :ole patronage ( ! ,indian gov]nm5t4 ,! objection felt by ,am]ican /atesm5 to h&+ ov] _! railroads to ! ,national gov]nm5t--= ,i ?9k x may be tak5 = grant$ t if !y 7 nationaliz$ x w\ld h to be :olly "u ,f$]al managem5t1 & t ! sep>ate /ates c\ld take no "p 9 ! matt]--is 9 pr9ciple ! same4 ,!re are some?+ l a million & a half m5 employ$ on ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 say r\ghly #g or #h p] c5t4 ( ! vot]s4 ,am]icans feel t rival political p>ties might bid aga9/ ea* o!r = ! support ( s va/ & homog5e\s a body ( vot]s2 t ! am\nt ( patronage plac$ at ! disposal ( ! executive gov]nm5t = ! "t be+ w\ld be enorm\s2 & t ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! nation might be sacrific$ by politicians anxi\s to placate--to use _! own t]m--p>ticul> local & sectional int]e/s4 ,h[ f> ?is fe>1 :i* is und\bt$ly v preval5t 9 ! /ates1 is ju/ifi$ by ! hi/ory ( /ate railroads 9 o!r c\ntries is a "q exce$+ly difficult to answ]4 ,deal+ ) /ate railroads 9 ! lump1 x is easy to po9t to "s aga9/ :i* ! *>ge w\ld be conspicu\sly untrue4 ,to take ! mo/ important /ate railroad organization 9 ! _w1 ! ,prussian sy/em1 no "o1 ,i ?9k1 c fairly d5y t x has be5 op]at$--9 int5tion at lea/1 if n always 9 result--= ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,b !n ,prussia is ,prussia1 ) a gov]nm5t 9 effect autocratic1 ) a civil s]vice ) /rong esprit de corps & p]meat$ ) old traditions1 lead+ !m to reg>d !mselves z ! s]vants ( ! k+ r ?an z c&idates = popul> favor4 ,an ,am]ican /atesman1 ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 wrote z foll[s m ?an #cj ye>s ago3 ,9 apply+ results drawn f ! exp]i5ce ( "o c\ntry to problems :i* pres5t !mselves 9 ano!r1 ! diff]5ce ( social & political habit & education %\ld ev] be borne 9 m9d4 ,because 9 ! c\ntries ( cont95tal ,europe ! /ate c & does hold close relations1 am\nt+ ev5 to own]%ip1 ) ! railroads1 x does n foll[ t ! same c\rse c\ld be successfully pursu$ 9 ,engl& or 9 ,am]ica4 ,! =m] nations are by political habit adm9i/rative1 ! latt] are p>liam5t>y4 ,9 o!r words1 ,france & ,g]many are ess5tially executive 9 _! gov]nm5tal sy/ems1 :ile ,engl& & ,am]ica are legislative4 ,n[ ! executive may design1 con/ruct or op]ate a railroad2 ! legislative nev] c4 ,a c\ntry !re=e ) a weak or un/able executive1 or a crude & imp]fect civil s]vice1 %\ld accept ) caution results a*iev$ "u a gov]nm5t ( bureaus4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh conclusions _c be adopt$ 9 ! gross1 !re may be 9 !m mu* good food = reflection4 ,,control ,,by ,,democracy1 ,,or ,,own]%ip ,,by ,,autocracy4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! effect ( ! evid5ce is t ! fur!r a gov]nm5t dep>ts f autocracy & develops 9 ! direction ( democracy1 ! less successful x is likely to be 9 ! direct managem5t ( railroads4 ,belgium is f> f be+ a pure democracy2 b comp>$ ) ,prussia x is democratic1 & comp>$ ) ,prussia its railroad managem5t is c]ta9ly inf]ior4 ,popul> op9ion 9 ,belgium seems at pres5t to be exce$+ly ho/ile to ! railroad adm9i/ration2 (ficial docum5ts ass]t t1 :ile ! s]vice to ! public is bad1 ! /aff are sc&al\sly und]paid1 & yet t ! railroads are actually n pay+ _! way4 ,!re 01 x is true1 till rec5tly an accumulat$ surplus ( pr(its c>ri$ 9 ! railroad acc\nts1 b ! (ficial figures h be5 rec5tly revis$1 & ! surplus is %[n to be non-exi/5t4 ,! ,swiss exp]im5t is too new to ju/ify any v positive conclusions be+ drawn f x2 b ?is mu* is cle>3 ! /ate has _h to pay = ! acquisition ( ! private l9es sums v mu* l>g] ?an 7 put =w>d 9 ! orig9al e/imate2 ! surplus pr(its t 7 c\nt$ on h n be5 obta9$ 9 practice2 ! economies t 7 expect$ to result f unification h n be5 realiz$2 ! exp5diture = sal>ies & wages has increas$ v l>gely2 & s f> f !re be+ a pr(it to ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t1 ! (ficial /atem5t ( ! railroad adm9i/ration is t1 unless ! utmo/ c>e is ex]cis$ 9 ! future1 ! railroad receipts w n cov] ! railroad exp5diture4 ,! ,italian exp]im5t is /ill new]4 ,x w\ld n be fair to say t x proves any?+ aga9/ /ate managem5t2 b ,i d n ?9k t ! mo/ f]vid ,etati/ w\ld claim t1 ei!r on ! gr\nd ( effici5cy or on ! gr\nd ( economy1 x has s f> furni%$ any argum5t 9 favor ( t policy4 ,if we wi% to /udy ! /ate managem5t ( railroads by pure democracies ( ,anglo-,saxon type1 we mu/ g to our own ,colonies4 ,my own impressions1 =m$ aft] consid]able /udy ( ! subject & hav+ _h ! advantage ( talk+ ) n a few ( ! m5 :o h made ! hi/ory1 ,i hesitate to give4 ,x is easy to f9d p>tisan /atem5ts on bo? sides2 = example1 9 a rec5t article 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 entitl$ ,! ,pure ,politics ,campaign 9 ,canada1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ quotation f ! ,montreal ,gazette--a pap] ( high /&+--dat$ ,may #bg1 #aijg3 ,e job alleg$ aga9/ ! ,russian autocracy has be5 p>allel$ 9 k9d 9 ,canada4 ,fir/1 !re is ! awful example ( ! ,int]colonial ,railway1 probably z to con/ruction ! mo/ co/ly s+le-track sy/em 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 s]v+ a good traffic-be>+ c\ntry1 ) little or no competition dur+ mu* ( ! ye>1 & 9 connection ) mu* ( its l5g? no competition at all1 b s mi%&l$ t "o ( its manag]s1 giv+ up 8 job 9 disgu/1 said x 0 run l a comic op]a4 ,"s ye>s x does n e>n en\gh to pay ! co/ ( op]ation & ma9t5ance 7,i may int]polate t its gross e>n+s p] mile are equal to ^? ( an av]age ,unit$ ,/ates railroad71 & e ye> x ne$s a grant ( "o1 two1 ?ree or f\r million doll>s out ( ! ,treasury to keep x 9 condition to d at a loss ! bus9ess t comes to x4 ,:5 l& is to be b\ght = ! road1 somebody :o kn[s :at is int5d$ obta9s possession ( x1 & turns x ov] to ! gov]nm5t at #dj1 #ej & #ajj p] c5t advance4 ,?is is e/abli%$ by ! records ( ,p>liam5t & ( ! c\rts ( ! l&4 ,,african ,,cape ,,gov]nm5t ,,railroads4 ,probably no "o outside ! some:at heat$ air ( ,canadian politics is likely to believe ?is damn+ accusation q implicitly2 b ev5 if !re 7 n a ^w ( tru? 9 x--& t ! managem5t ( ! ,int]colonial ,railway is1 = :atev] cause1 bad1 appe>s1 ,i ?9k1 cle>ly f ! public figures--x is bad en\gh t su* *>ges %\ld be publicly made & app>5tly believ$4 ,let me quote n[ f a docum5t ( a v diff]5t type ref]r+ to a colony v f> di/ant f ,canada3 ,a memor&um relative to ,railroad ,organization1 prep>$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,railroad ,commission]s ( ! ,cape ,gov]nm5t ,railways1 by ,sir ,?omas ,r4 ,price1 =m]ly g5]al manag] ( ^? railroads1 & n[ g5]al manag] ( ! ,c5tral ,s\? ,africa 7i4 e41 ,transvaal & ,orange ,riv]7 ,railways1 dat$ ,johannesburg1 ,febru>y #bb1 #aijg4 ,! drawbacks 9 ! managem5t ( ! railroads 9 ! ,cape t call = removal arise f ! ext5t to :i*1 & ! mann] 9 :i*1 ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t is ex]cis$4 ,!y are tw(old 9 _! "*1 viz43 7#a7 ,! practice ( public au?orities1 influ5tial p]sons1 & o!rs b5t on secur+ concessions or o!r advantages :i* ! g5]al manag] has ei!r refus$ 9 ! consci5ti\s ex]cise ( 8 functions1 or is n likely to grant1 mak+ repres5tation to ! ,commission] 7z ! m9i/]ial head ( ! ,gov]nm5t71 supplem5t$ by su* pressure1 political influ5ce1 or o!r means z are consid]$ p]fectly legitimate 9 _! way1 & are be/ calculat$ to atta9 ! end applicants h 9 view4 7,_m memb]s ( ,p>liam5t act simil>ly 9 ! int]e/s ( ! di/ricts1 con/itu5ts1 or railroad employes 9 :om !y happ5 to be int]e/$4 ,x is by no means unkn[n = ! reque/s 9 bo? classes ( cases to co9cide some:at ) a critical division 9 ,p>liam5t--pres5t or 9 prospect--or o!rwise some?+ has occurr$ :i* is reg>d$ z irritat+ to ! public or emb>rass+ to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! desire to m9imize ! effect by "s conciliatory act is n unnatural47 7#b7 ,! ext5t to :i* ! fictiti\s1 & (t5 transitory1 importance :i* a community or di/rict manages to acquire obscures 7"u ! guise ( ! ,colony's welf>e7 ! consid]ation ( ! railroad & g5]al int]e/ 9 ! ,colony z a :ole4 7,dur+ ! e>li] p]iod ( my railroad s]vice 9 ! ,cape ,colony few ?+s impress$ me m1 com+ z ,i _h f a railroad conduct$ on /rictly bus9ess l9es1 ?an ! ext5t to :i* ! conduct ( railroad affairs 0 influ5c$ by c]ta9 conditions4 ,nor 0 ?is impression less5$ aft]w>ds :51 9 ! c\rse ( a conv]sation on ! matt]1 ,sir ,*>les ,elliott m5tion$ to me t he _h m ?an once told a late railway commission]1 ,! ,gov]nm5t is p[]ful1 b m5tion+ ! t[n & au?ority is m p[]ful /ill47 ,i d n reg>d x z op5 to d\bt t ! ,colony z a :ole has suff]$ sev]ely 9 consequ5ce1 ! inl& portions ( ! ,colony p>ticul>ly s2 & t ! ne$ = a rem$y is press+ if ! railroads are to be conduct$ z a bus9ess conc]n = ! b5efit ( ! ,colony4 ,! necessity = ! railroads & _! adm9i/ration be+ remov$ f su* an atmosph]e1 & treat$ z a mo/ valuable means ( b5efit+ ! ,colony z a :ole1 :ile n neglect+ ! int]e/s ( a di/rict 7b n subord9at+ ! welf>e ( ! :ole ,colony !reto71 is press+4 ,t !re %\ld be an au?ority to ref] to 9 case ( real necessity1 :]e ! decision or action ( ! g5]al manag] is n reg>d$ z be+ 9 ! public int]e/s1 is also cle>4 ,b x is equally manife/ t ! ,commission] or ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day1 ) political or p>ty consid]ation always 9 view1 is n ! prop] c\rt ( ref]5ce4 ,!re c be little d\bt t 9 ! ,cape ,colony political consid]ations h influ5c$ ! adoption ( new l9es & _! con/ruction--_m1 if n mo/ ( !m ( an unpr(itable "*--)\t suffici5t inquiry or in=mation1 (t5 ) scanty p>ticul>s1 & possibly contr>y to ! advice ( ! (fic] aft]w>ds entru/$ ) ! con/ruction & work+ ( ! l9e4 ,a mat]ial *ange is imp]atively necess>y 9 ?is respect1 if only to insure ! solv5cy ( ! ,colony4 ,,victorian 7,,au/ralia7 ,,railroads4 ,x is sometimes conc$$ t improp] ex]cise ( political influ5ce may be a real dang] :]e railroads are manag$ "u a p>liam5t>y rgime by a ,m9i/] directly responsible to ,p>liam5t2 b t difficulty1 x is said1 c be got ov] by ! appo9tm5t ( an indep5d5t ,commission entirely outside ! political ar5a4 ,hi/ory does n altoge!r ju/ify ! cont5tion4 ,! la/ report ( ! ,victorian ,/ate ,railways gives a li/ ( sev5 bran*es1 ) an aggregate l5g? ( #df miles1 con/ruct$ "u ! ,commission] rgime at a co/ ( #chg1jjj1 :i* are n[ clos$ = traffic & ab&on$ because ! gross receipts fail$ ev5 to cov] ! out-(-pocket work+ exp5ses4 ,x is n alleg$1 nor is x a fact1 t ^? l9es 7 con/ruct$ 9 consequ5ce ( any error ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! ,commission]s4 ,b 9 tru? x is inh]5tly impossible to use a ,commission to protect a community aga9/ itself4 ,9 !ory a ,commission might be a despot p]fectly b5evol5t & p]fectly intellig5t2 9 t case1 h[ev]1 x c h>dly be said t ! nation manages its own railroads4 ,b ( c\rse any su* idea is practically impossible1 because despots1 h[ev] b5evol5t & intellig5t1 _c be made to fit into ! framework ( an ,anglo-,saxon con/itution4 ,9 practical life ! ,railway ,commission mu/ be responsible to someone1 & t someone c only be a memb] ( ! political gov]nm5t ( ! day4 ,,competition ,,has ,,ceas$ ,,to ,,regulate4 ,i h indicat$ :at 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! subject is mu* m c>efully consid]$ ?an "h1 is reg>d$ z a great ob/acle to a /ate-railroad sy/em2 b ,i h po9t$ out also t x is q possible t /atesm5 fully alive to ! dang]s may yet f9d !mselves con/ra9$ to risk !m unless "s satisfactory me?od ( controll+ private railroad ent]prise c be f\nd4 ,i d n ?9k x c be consid]$ t ?is has be5 done 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! ma9 we h reli$ on ! =ce ( competition to secure = u reasonable s]vice at n unreasonable rates2 & z ,i /ill *]i% a long-=m$ belief t ,engli% railroads are on ! :ole among ! be/1 if n actually ! be/1 9 ! _w1 ,i am f> f say+ t competition has n done its "w well4 ,b competition is an in/rum5t t is at ?is mom5t break+ 9 our h&s4 ,)9 q a few ye>s ! ,s\? ,ea/]n ,railway 0 unit$ ) ! ,*a?am2 ! ,great ,s\!rn has obta9$ a monopoly ov] a l>ge "p ( ,irel&2 9 ,scotl& ! ,cal$onian & ! ,nor? ,briti%1 ! ,highl& & ! ,great ,nor? h 9 v great measure ceas$ to compete4 ,if ! pres5t proposals = ! work+ union ( ! ,great ,ea/]n1 ! ,great ,nor!rn & ! ,great ,c5tral g ?r\gh1 competition 9 ! ,ea/ ( ,engl& w be absolutely non-exi/5t f ! ,*annel to ! ,twe$4 ,& "o c h>dly suppose t matt]s w /op !re4 ,9 fact1 s9ce ?is address 0 9 type a compreh5sive s*eme ( arrangem5t = a long t]m ( ye>s betwe5 ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n & ! ,midl& has be5 ann\nc$4 ,we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 assume t competition1 :i* has done good "w = ! public 9 its day1 is practically ceas+ to h any real op]ation 9 regulat+ ,engli% railroads4 ,,h[ ,,%all ,,gov]nm5t ,,regulate8 ,= regulation1 !re=e1 we mu/ fall back on gov]nm5t2 b h[ %all a gov]nm5t ex]cise its functions8 ,regulation may be legislative1 judicial1 executive1 or1 z usually happ5s 9 practice1 a comb9ation ( all ?ree4 ,b we may notice t1 z ,mr4 ,adams po9ts out1 9 ,anglo-,saxon c\ntries x is ! ,legislature & ! ,judicature t are pr$om9ant2 :]eas 9 a c\ntry l ,france1 :i* ?\gh a democracy is bureaucratically organiz$1 x is executive regulation t is mo/ important4 ,n[1 ! capacity ( ! ,legislature to regulate is /rictly limit$2 x c lay d[n g5]al rules2 x c1 s to speak1 provide a framework1 b x _c decide ad hoc h[ to fit into t framework ! innum]able que/ions t come up = practical decision day by day4 ,! capacity ( ! law c\rts to regulate is ev5 m /rictly limit$4 ,= n only is x conf9$ )9 ! precise limits ( ! jurisdiction expressly conf]r$ ^u x by ! ,legislature1 b fur!r1 by ! necessity ( ! case1 a c\rt ( law c only decide ! p>ticul> case br\ght be=e x2 a hundr$ o!r cases1 equally important 9 pr9ciple1 & p]haps m important 9 practice1 may nev] be br\ght be=e x at all4 ,ev5 if ! c\rt _h decid$ all ! pr9ciples1 x has no ma*9]y to secure _! application to any o!r case ?an ! "o p>ticul> case on :i* judgm5t 0 giv54 ,!re 0 a case decid$ #cj ye>s ago by our ,railroad ,commission1 ! pr9ciple ( :i*1 _h x be5 g5]ally appli$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 w\ld h revolutioniz$ ! :ole c>ry+ bus9ess ( ,great ,brita94 ,x has n be5 s appli$1 to ! great advantage1 9 my judgm5t1 ( ,engli% trade4 ,fur!r1 ! great bulk ( ! cases :i* make up ! practical "w ( a railroad3 ,:at is a reasonable rate1 hav+ reg>d to all ! circum/ances1 pres5t & prospective1 ( ! case8 ,w\ld x be reasonable to run a new tra9 or to take (f an old "o8 ,w\ld x be reasonable to op5 a new /ation1 to ext5d ! area ( free c>tage1 & ! l8--all ^! are que/ions ( discretion1 ( comm]cial in/9ct4 ,!y c only be answ]$ ) a ,probably on ! :ole1 n ) a categorical ,yes or ,no1 & !y are absolutely unsuitable = det]m9ation by ! positive me?ods ( ! law c\rt ) its precisely def9$ issues1 its sworn evid5ce1 & its rigor\s exclusion ( :at1 :ile ! lawy] describes x z irrelevant1 is (t5 precisely ! class ( consid]ation :i* w\ld det]m9e "o way or o!r ! decision ( ! practical man ( bus9ess4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica we mu/ expect to see 9 ! ne> future a consid]able developm5t ( executive gov]nm5t control ov] railroads4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss 9 detail ! =m t control %\ld take1 b "o or two g5]al obs]vations seem wor? mak+4 ,! lead+ example ( executive control is ,france2 9 t c\ntry ! sy/em is work$ out ) all ! ,fr5* neatness & all ! ,fr5* logic4 ,b x is impossible to imag9e ! ,fr5* pr9ciple be+ transplant$ "h4 ,= "o ?+1 ! :ole ,fr5* railroad f9ance re/s ^u ! gu>antee ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t pays1 or at lea/ is liable to pay1 ! pip]1 & has1 !re=e1 ! "r to call ! tune4 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t has n paid & does n propose to pay1 & its claim to call ! tune is !re=e mu* less4 ,morally ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t has a "r--s f> at lea/ z ! railroad %>ehold]s are conc]n$--to call on a ,fr5* company to c>ry workm5 at a loss2 morally1 9 my judgm5t at lea/1 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t has no su* "r4 ,b !re is a fur!r objection to ! ,fr5* sy/em2 ! (fic]s ( ! ,fr5* companies h on _! own responsibility to =m _! own decisions1 & !n ! (fic]s ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t h1 also on _! own responsibility1 to decide :e!r ! decision ( ! company's (fic] %all be all[$ to take effect or n4 ,! company's (fic] has ! mo/ k & ! mo/ int]e/ 9 decid+ rightly1 b ! gov]nm5t (ficial has ! supreme p[]4 ,! sy/em has work$--l>gely1 ,i ?9k1 because ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! companies h be5 tra9$ z gov]nm5t s]vants 9 "o or o!r ( ! great ,eng9e]+ ,corps1 des ,m9es or des ,ponts et ,*ausses4 ,b x is vici\s 9 pr9ciple1 & 9 any case w\ld n be> transplant+4 ,:at we ne$ is a sy/em "u :i* ! responsibility re/s1 z at pres5t1 ) a s+le man 7let u call him ! g5]al manag]71 & he does :at he on ! :ole decides to be be/1 subject h[ev] to ?is3 t if he does :at no reasonable man c\ld d1 or refuses to d :at any reasonable man w\ld d1 !re %all be a p[] beh9d to re/ra91 or1 z ! case may be1 to compel him4 ,& t p[] may1 ,i ?9k1 safely be simply ! ,m9i/]--let u call him ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,=1 be x obs]v$1 ! "q = him is n ! exce$+ly difficult & complicat$ "q1 ,:at is be/ to be done8 b ! q simple "q1 ,is ! decision come to :i* ,i am ask$ to rev]se s obvi\sly wrong t no reasonable man c\ld hone/ly make x8 ,& ev5 ?is comp>atively simple "q ! ,presid5t w\ld n be expect$ to decide unaid$4 ,he w ne$ compet5t advisory bodies4 ,railroad hi/ory %[s two su* bodies t h be5 em95tly successful--! ,prussian ,/ate ,railway ,c\ncils & ! ,massa*usetts ,railroad ,commission4 ,:olly unlike 9 mo/ respects1 !y are yet alike 9 ?is3 _! proce$+s are public1 _! conclusions are publi%$1 & ^? conclusions h no m&atory =ce :atev]4 ,& x is to ^! causes t1 9 my judgm5t1 _! success1 :i* is und5iable1 is ma9ly due4 ,let me describe bo? bodies a little m at l5g?4 ,!re are 9 ,prussia a numb] 7ab\t t5 ,i ?9k7 ( ,di/rict ,railway ,c\ncils1 & !re is also "o ,national ,c\ncil2 !y consi/ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( repres5tative trad]s1 manufactur]s1 agriculturi/s1 & ! l1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 numb] ( gov]nm5t nom9ees2 & ! railroad (ficials conc]n$ take "p 9 _! proce$+s1 b )\t votes4 ,! ,c\ncils meet ?ree or f\r times a ye>1 _! ag5da pap] is prep>$ & circulat$ 9 advance1 & all propos$ *anges ( g5]al int]e/1 :e!r 9 rates or 9 s]vice1 are br\ght be=e !m1 f ! railroad side or ! public side1 z ! case may be4 ,! decision ( ! ,c\ncil is !n available = in=mation ( ! ,m9i/] & 8 subord9ates1 b z has be5 said1 x b9ds nobody4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,railroad ,commission is a body ( ?ree p]sons1 usually "o lawy]1 "o eng9e] & "o man ( bus9ess1 appo9t$ = a t]m ( ye>s by ! ,gov]nor ( ! /ate4 ,orig9ally ! p[]s ( ?is ,commission 7 conf9$ to ! expression ( op9ion4 ,if a trade1 or a locality1 or inde$ a s+le individual1 ?\ght he 0 be+ treat$ badly by a ,massa*usetts railroad1 he c\ld compla9 to ! ,commission2 8 compla9t 0 he>d 9 public2 ! answ] ( ! railroad company 0 made !re & !n2 & !reupon ! ,commission]s express$ _! reason$ op9ion4 ,! sy/em has exi/$ n[ = m ?an #cj ye>s1 & x is safe to say t1 ) negligible exceptions1 if ! ,commission expresses ! op9ion t ! railroad is 9 ! "r1 ! applicant accepts x2 if ! ,commission says t ! applicant has a real grievance1 ! railroad promptly r$resses x on ! l9es :i* ! ,commission's op9ion has indicat$4 ,! success ( ! ,commission 9 ga9+ ! confid5ce ( bo? sides has be5 s great t ( late ye>s its p[]s h be5 ext5d$1 & x has be5 giv51 = example1 au?ority to control ! issue ( new capital & ! con/ruction ( new l9es4 ,b on ! "q ) :i* we are specially conc]n$ "h1 ! conduct ( exi/+ railroad companies z public s]vants1 x c /ill d no?+ b express an op9ion2 & x may be add$ t ! ,commission itself has m ?an once object$ to any ext5sion ( t p[]4 ,mr4 ,adams1 f :om ,i h already quot$1 0 ! fir/ ,*airman ( ! ,commission4 ,he has describ$ _! position z re/+ on ! "o great social feature :i* di/+ui%es mod]n civilization f any o!r ( :i* we h a record1 ! ev5tual supremacy ( an enlight5$ public op9ion4 ,t public op9ion is supreme 9 ?is c\ntry1 few w\ld be f\nd to d5y2 t public op9ion 9 railroad matt]s is enlight5$1 few w\ld c>e to ass]t4 ,b giv5 ! enlight5$ public op9ion1 "o c h>dly d\bt t x w secure n m]ely ev5tual b imm$iate supremacy4 ,9 tru?1 z ,bagehot once po9t$ out1 a great company is ( necessity timor\s 9 confront+ public op9ion4 ,x is s l>ge t x mu/ h _m enemies1 & its bus9ess is s ext5d$ t x (f]s innum]able m>ks to %oot at4 ,x is mu* m likely to make1 = ! sake ( peace1 concessions t ought n to be made ?an x is to resi/ a dem& t reasonable m5 ) no p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! matt] publicly decl>e to be su* z ought rightly to be conc$$4 ,to sum up 9 a s5t5ce ! lesson :i* ,i ?9k ! hi/ory we h be5 consid]+ conveys1 x is ?is3 ,clos] connection ?an has hi!rto exi/$ betwe5 ! /ate & its railroads has got to come1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,hi!rto 9 ,anglo-,saxon democracies nei!r /ate own]%ip nor /ate control has be5 ov]-successful4 ,! be/ success has be5 obta9$ by rely+ = control1 n on ! con/able1 b on ! ev5tual supremacy ( an enlight5$ public op9ion4 ,ne>ly #bj ye>s ago1 9 ! pages ( ! ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,i appeal$ to ,engli% economi/s to give u a s]i\s /udy ( :at ! ,am]icans call ! transportation problem 9 its broad economic & political aspects4 ,s9ce !n half-a-doz5 p>tisan works h appe>$ on ! subject1 n "o ( !m 9 my judgm5t wor? ! pap] on :i* x is pr9t$2 b n a s+le s]i\s "w by a tra9$ economi/4 ,& yet su* a "w is today ne$$ m ?an ev]4 ,let me once m appeal to "s ( our y\ng] m5 to come =w>d1 /op ! gap1 & enlight5 public op9ion4 ,,footnote3 ,i ,fur!r1 x is common k t ! ,s5ate only pass$ ! bill 7& t by a majority ( no m ?an ?ree7 because ,m4 ,clem5ceau insi/$ t he w\ld resign if x 0 n pass$1 &1 ?\gh !y dislik$ nationalization mu*1 !y dislik$ ,m4 ,clem5ceau's resignation m4 ,,railway ,,nationalization ,,by ,,sir ,,george ,s4 ,,gibb4 ,a pap] read at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,economic ,society1 on #aj? ,novemb]1 #aijh4 ,railway nationalization has = _m ye>s occupi$ ! m9ds ( economic & political /ud5ts & ! practical activities ( /atesm5 9 _m c\ntries & 9 ,engli% colonies4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ "h z a remote possibility :i* might "s day or o!r come to ! front = practical discussion4 ,b q rec5tly x w\ld h be5 ?\ght to be z incr$ible t any responsible politicians %\ld be consid]+ proposals = pur*as+ our railways = ! ,/ate z t any sub/antial numb] ( p]sons c\ld be f\nd :o w\ld advocate an ab&onm5t ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t !re %\ld be no taxation ( imports into ,engl& except = rev5ue purposes4 ,9 ^! days1 h[ev]1 public op9ion moves sudd5ly & rapidly4 ,! despis$ fallacy ( ye/]day rises z ! cre$ ( to-day4 ,!re are already _m indications t1 be=e long1 !re w be a num]\s & influ5tial1 ?\gh p]haps a some:at het]og5e\s p>ty1 :o w urge t imm$iate /eps %\ld be tak5 to nationalize our railways4 ,! te/1 & ! only te/1 to be appli$ to proposals = railway nationalization is :e!r railways own$ by ! ,/ate & work$ directly by ,gov]nm5t (ficials w\ld be bett] & m effici5t ?an railways own$ & work$ by private corporations1 & :e!r1 aft] tak+ acc\nt ( all ! effects ( ! *ange1 ^u ea* class1 ea* di/rict1 ea* int]e/1 ! net result w\ld increase ! weal? & well-be+ ( ! community1 & be a p]man5t b5efit to ! public4 ,we may1 ,i ?9k1 />t f ! assumption t railway proprietors z su* h no int]e/ 9 oppos+ nationalization4 ,! value ( _! prop]ty1 :e!r measur$ 9 t]ms ( capital value or 9 t]ms ( future income1 e/imat$ on a fair basis1 w\ld1 x is assum$1 be fully provid$ = 9 ! gigantic f9ancial op]ation :i* railway pur*ase w\ld involve4 ,!re is no legal flaw 9 ! title ( railway proprietors4 ,!y enjoy ! fundam5tal rights atta*$ by our law to absolute prop]ty1 subject only to ! p]=mance ( obligations def9itely prescrib$ by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t we may discuss ?is subject ( railway nationalization )\t appreh5sion t ! *ange1 if x 7 adopt$ by ! delib]ate judgm5t ( ! community1 w\ld be accompani$ by any?+ 9 ! nature ( confiscation ( exi/+ rights4 ,?is might n be ! int5tion or ! wi% ( all :o ?9k t our railways %\ld be nationaliz$4 ,probably "s extreme ,sociali/s w\ld l to transf] railways to ! ,/ate )\t giv+ :at1 9 our judgm5t1 w\ld be adequate comp5sation to exi/+ own]s4 ,_! aim is ! sub/itution ( a new social polity = t :i* exi/s1 9 :i* antiquat$ ideas ( private prop]ty w\ld h no place4 ,b t is only a phase ( _! cre$ :i* condemns x to /]ility4 ,x is n ! small b& ( ,sociali/ zealots1 b ! majority ( ! nation t we h to consid] 9 e/imat+ ! risk ( any?+ be+ done 9 ! nature ( confiscation4 ,^? :o jo9 ! p>ty = nationaliz+ w1 no d\bt1 f9d !mselves 9 /range company4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! movem5t up to ! pres5t has be5 ma9ly ,sociali/ic4 ,a trad]1 :o advocates nationalization because he hopes t he might be able to transf] to somebody else1 p]haps he does n v mu* c>e :om1 "s "p ( ! burd5 ( ! *>ges :i* he has to pay = railway c>riage1 w f9d t 8 next neighbor at a meet+ ( ! p>ty is a man :o has jo9$ = q o!r reasons1 ) ! object1 inde$1 ( ultimately seiz+ = ! ,/ate "s "p ( 8 neighbor1 ! trad]'s1 prop]ty1 :i* ! latt] 0 reckon+ to increase at ! exp5se (1 among/ o!rs1 8 neighbor ! ,sociali/1 ?r\gh ! plan ( railway nationalization4 ,b ! homog5eity ( ! p>ty ne$ n conc]n u1 nor ! "q :e!r ea* & e memb] ( x w\ld be actuat$ by a s+le-m9d$ desire = ! public good4 ,! =ces mak+ = hone/y & equity 9 ! treatm5t ( exi/+ int]e/s w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 s ov]:elm+ly outweigh ! influ5ces t5d+ 9 a contr>y direction t we ne$ n complicate ! "q by import+ into x a discussion z to :e!r adequate comp5sation %\ld or w\ld be paid to exi/+ own]s 9 ! ev5t ( ! ,/ate decid+ to acquire _! prop]ty4 ,fair & adequate comp5sation = exi/+ int]e/s may be tak5 = grant$4 ,b al?\gh comp5sation c be paid = prop]ty1 x _c be paid to ! g5]al community :o w\ld suff] 9 ! ev5t ( ! adm9i/ration & op]ation ( railways "u ,/ate managem5t be+ less effici5t ?an "u private managem5t4 ,if a mi/ake be made1 all w\ld suff]1 & _! suff]+s w\ld n1 & c\ld n1 be mitigat$ by comp5sation 9 any =m4 ,x may be useful at ! outset to consid] :at has l$ to ! "q ( railway nationalization 9 ?is c\ntry be+ discuss$4 ,! orig9 & ! causes ( ^? movem5ts 9 public op9ion :i* br+ ab\t great con/itutional & social *anges are frequ5tly mo/ difficult to trace1 especially by contempor>y obs]v]s4 ,= a full und]/&+ ( su* movem5ts1 x is necess>y to wait = ! hi/orian's po9t ( view1 & to survey a wid] field ?an is possible :il/ ! ev5ts are occurr+1 :5 mu* ( ! mat]ial = f9al judgm5t z to ! causes 9 op]ation is conceal$ 9 an undisclos$ future4 ,t !re is a movem5t 9 progress t5d+ to ! nationalization ( railways 9 ,engl& is app>5t to e ?\ghtful obs]v] ( ! times4 ,b :5ce does ?is movem5t come1 & :at are its pr9cipal causes8 ,we are able to id5tify "s ( !m1 less able to weigh ! relative importance ( ea*1 /ill less able to =etell ! ultimate %>e :i* ea* w h on ! future c\rse ( developm5t1 :i* w dep5d on ! direction tak5 by o!r movem5ts 9 public op9ion :i*1 at ! mom5t1 may seem to be entirely indep5d5t ( all connection ) ! p>ticul> movem5t we are consid]+4 ,i w ref] to a few ( ! causes :i* seem to me to be mo/ prom95tly at "w1 b ,i w n attempt to /ate !m 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,i w m]ely enum]ate ^? :i* are pla9ly disc]nible z exi/+ 9 "s %ape or o!r4 ,! fir/ ,i w "n1 ?\gh x may n be ! mo/ influ5tial1 is ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( dissatisfaction ) ! pres5t /ate ( railway adm9i/ration4 ,i suppose t if railway s]vices 7 z good z possible1 *>ges z *eap z possible1 pr(its z high z possible1 & ! managem5t z p]fect z x is possible = railway managem5t to be1 & ^! conditions 7 g5]ally admitt$ to exi/1 ! natural in/9ct to leave well alone w\ld prev5t any proposal = nationalization f obta9+ a he>+4 ,x mu/ be conc$$ t !re is a c]ta9 feel+ ( dissatisfaction1 sup]ficial & indef9ite ?\gh x be1 to :i* advocates ( nationalization1 ^: s*emes orig9ate 9 consid]ations :i* h no relation ei!r to ! excell5ce or to ! imp]fections ( railway arrangem5ts1 are able to appeal 9 ! pursuit ( _! aims4 ,x is n t _m p really ?9k t our railways d n1 z a :ole1 s]ve ! public well1 :atev] individuals may say 9 mom5ts ( ha/e4 ,hut compla9ts are suffici5tly num]\s to h a real importance z an influ5ce on public op9ion4 ,&1 un=tunately1 _! influ5ce is to a l>ge ext5t indep5d5t ( _! ju/ice4 ,! exi/5ce ( criticism1 :i*1 aft] all1 is only ano!r "n = diff]5ce ( op9ion1 is inevitable1 & probably w\ld be inevitable "u ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( railway managem5t :i* ! _w has se5 or ev] c see4 ,/ate railways w\ld n be immaculate4 ,! nature ( railway bus9ess lays x op51 to an exceptional ext5t1 to ! unpopul>ity :i* unavoidably ga!rs r\nd e in/itution on :i* !re is univ]sal dep5d5ce4 ,provid5ce itself does n :olly escape unpopul>ity4 ,no o!r indu/ry is comp>able ) ! railway indu/ry 9 ! close dep5d5ce ^u x ( ! va/ majority ( ! p4 ,! necessity = transport s]vices p5etrates m frequ5tly & m deeply into ! lives & habits ( ! p ?an any ( ! o!r prime necessities ( civilization4 ,! ne$ = transport is a tyranny4 ,all tyrants are unpopul>4 ,& ! tyranny ( a ne$ is apt to beget1 by an illogical transposition ( ideas1 a dislike ( ^? :o are responsible = supply+ ! ne$4 ,p are consci\s ( grievances1 or1 let u say1 unsuppli$ wants4 ,!y _c measure ! range ( possibility :i* limits ! supply ( ^? wants or rem$ies = ^? grievances4 ,!y con/antly wi% = ! impossible1 b h n suffici5t k to di/+ui% betwe5 ! possible & ! impossible4 ,defects :i* _c be rem$i$ are g5]ally condemn$ ) m emphasis ?an ^? :i* are due to mismanagem5t4 ,x is irrelevant to consid] :e!r ! dissatisfaction to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is ju/ifi$ or n4 ,:e!r well or ill f\nd$1 x mu/ be set d[n z "o ( ! causes ( ! movem5t = nationalization4 ,! second cause ,i w\ld m5tion is a belief1 gr[+ f a suspicion into a conviction "u ! /imulus ( repeat$ failures 9 control exp]im5ts1 t x is impossible = any ,gov]nm5t1 by any legislative or executive action 9 any =m1 to ex]cise useful & effective control ov] railways4 ,p turn 9 despair f ideas ( regulation & control to ideas ( own]%ip4 ,! ?ird cause is ! preval5ce ( t feel+ :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ,i w call di/rict jeal\sy4 ,! competition ( privately-own$ railways und\bt$ly does create inequalities4 ,x w\ld be m]e affectation to pret5d t ! railway accommodation & facilities af=d$ to all places & all di/ricts are equal 9 m]it & value4 ,! less favor$ di/ricts see o!r di/ricts enjoy+ sup]ior facilities4 ,!y d n all[ = diff]5ces 9 conditions :i*1 9 "s cases1 expla9 & ju/ify ! diff]5ces ( s]vice4 ,i say 9 "s cases1 because x w\ld be impossible to d5y t 9 o!r cases ! comp>ative inf]iority ( railway facilities _c be expla9$ away by inevitable det]m9+ conditions4 ,h5ce di/rict jeal\sy arises & a desire = uni=mity1 su* uni=mity z x is hop$ a ,/ate sy/em ( railways w\ld give4 ,! f\r? cause ,i w\ld "n is ! example ( o!r c\ntries4 ,?is is affect+ m5's judgm5ts ) great =ce4 ,we are sl[ to be mov$ by =eign example4 ,b !re is an increas+ t5d5cy to submit to int]national influ5ces1 & =eign example 9 ?is matt] does1 on ! :ole1 po9t to national railways becom+ ! g5]ally accept$ sy/em4 ,! fif? cause is ! "o :i*1 ,i ?9k1 has m to d ) ! initiation ( ! discussion ( nationalization s*emes ?an any o!r cause4 ,?is is ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! "t to ,sociali/ic exp]im5ts4 ,if !re 7 no ,sociali/s1 & no ,socialism 9 ! ?\ght ( ! age1 !re w\ld1 we may safely conclude1 be no talk ( nationalization ( railways4 ,x is ! ,sociali/ic propag&a1 & ! influ5ce :i* t propag&a has _h on _m m9ds1 :i* m ?an any?+ else has br\ght ! "q ( ! nationalization ( railways )9 ! range ( practical discussion4 ,! six? cause is ! anxi\s se>* = m rev5ue = ! ,/ate4 ,national exp5diture has gr[n to su* enorm\s & al>m+ dim5sions t ! provision ( rev5ue to meet x has become a s]i\s & urg5t difficulty4 ,a ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] on ! look\t = ca% has n be5 able to resi/ ! attraction ( railways z a s\rce ( rev5ue = ! ,/ate4 ,he has not$ ! v>i\s influ5ces at "w :i* are t5d+ to br+ ! "q ( railway nationalization to ! front1 has look$ ) envy at ! l>ge rev5ue :i* ,prussian railways yield to ! ,/ate1 & has at lea/ gone ! l5g? ( ask+ himself ! "q1 )9 ! he>+ ( report]s1 :e!r he ought n to enc\rage & to take advantage ( a /ate ( op9ion :i* might conceivably be work$ ^u s z to create a majority prep>$ to approve ! pr9ciple ( ,/ate own]%ip ( :at might be a highly lucrative ,/ate monopoly4 ,! mileage ( railways op5 = traffic 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom at ! end ( ea* ( ! la/ f\r decades up to #aijg is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,mileage op5 ,increase 9 ,av]age increase ,ye>4 = traffic4 t5 ye>s4 p] annum4 #ahgg #ag1jgg -- -- #ahhg #ai1egh #b1eja #bej4a #ahig #ba1dcc #a1hee #ahe4e #aijg #bc1ajh #a1fge #afg4e ,! gr[? has be5 sl[ & decreases ) ea* decade4 ,x is probably true t ! p]iod ( con/ruction has ne>ly come to an end4 ,future additions to ! mileage are n likely to be ei!r l>ge or ( sub/antial importance4 ,?is r indicates ! pres5t z a suitable "t = consid]+ a *ange ( sy/em4 ,! consid]ations :i* are applicable to :at ,i may call ! age ( con/ruction are v diff]5t f ^? :i* become mo/ important 9 ! age ( op]ation4 ,x w\ld probably be accept$ z indisputable t 9 a c\ntry l ,engl&1 :]e capital is pl5tiful & ent]prise active1 ! sy/em ( leav+ ! con/ruction ( railways to private ent]prise is ! be/ sy/em4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght z to ! respective m]its ( private & public own]%ip1 x _c be d5i$ t private ent]prise does take m risk ?an any ,gov]nm5t is likely to d1 except "u pressure ( milit>y necessities4 ,! hope ( ga9 is ! /ronge/ motive = ent]prise1 & ?is desire op]ates m /rongly on ! private citiz5 ?an x does on ! ,/ate4 ,! gr[? ( railway mileage dur+ ! age ( con/ruction 9 any c\ntry is promot$ by ! con/ant influ5ce & mov+ =ce ( ^? inc5tives :i* act on capitali/s4 ,! spur ( competition is always 9 active op]ation4 ,!n !re are ! v p[]ful pr(essional influ5ces :i* are con/antly at "w to induce capitali/s to sp5d _! money on works & ent]prises :i* af=d pr(essional "w1 ev5 if !y d n subsequ5tly provide divid5ds4 ,!oretically2 no d\bt1 railways promot$ by private ent]prise t5d to ! favor+ ( p>ticul> localities at ! exp5se ( o!r localities4 ,p]haps x is "r t ! /rong] %\ld gr[ at ! exp5se ( ! weak]1 b1 at all ev5ts1 x is inevitable4 ,y _c expect private competitors to ?9k ( any?+ b _! own int]e/s4 ,& if ?is be s1 y _c expect f a sy/em 9 :i* private int]e/s pr$om9ate ! same consid]ation ( g5]al design1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! int]e/s ( ! :ole c\ntry1 z f a sy/em :i* places public 9 front ( private int]e/s4 ,x is difficult to d5y t ! miscellane\s & unequal activities ( private ent]prise fail 9 ! abs5ce ( "s c5tral guidance to produce ! be/ results s f> z h>mony & complet5ess ( design are conc]n$4 ,9 ,engl& railway con/ruction has n be51 z 9 ,am]ica1 almo/ entirely free f any public control4 ,we h _h ! control1 ,i ?9k ! mo/ salut>y & useful control ( ,p>liam5t1 s f> z x has gone1 bo? ov] location & capitalization4 ,b x has n gone f>4 ,al?\gh !re has be5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( control1 !re has be5 practically no guidance4 ,! control1 "u ! sy/em ( private bill legislation1 has be5 v ineffectual except z reg>ds capitalization4 ,x has be5 ma9ly negative2 nev] con/ructive4 ,all t ,p>liam5t c\ld practically d 0 to prohibit ! mak+ ( p>ticul> railways :i* ar\s$ opposition f "s l&[n+ or railway int]e/s p[]ful en\gh to oppose & weal?y en\gh to pay ! heavy co/s ( opposition4 ,private int]e/s h be5 protect$1 b ! g5]al int]e/ has1 9 ! ma91 be5 ignor$4 ,b :il/ conc$+ t x w\ld h be5 a great advantage if ! vag>ies ( private ent]prise _h be5 m re/ra9$ by "s prud5t1 g5]al guidance1 ,i ?9k t ! *ief public requirem5t dur+ ! age ( con/ruction is t z mu* mileage z possible %\ld be con/ruct$2 & ,i submit1 z a true conclusion on ! po9t ,i am discuss+1 t1 z reg>ds ! age ( con/ruction1 at all ev5ts1 ,engl& has d]iv$ incalculable b5efit f ! fact t ! railway sy/em has be5 made by private ent]prise4 ,b ! problem ( work+ ! railway sy/em aft] x has be5 con/ruct$ is1 ,i admit1 ess5tially diff]5t f ! problem ( secur+ its con/ruction4 ,my subject is n "o :i* admits ( discussion except on v g5]al l9es4 ,our views on x mu/ necess>ily be =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! op9ions we hold z to ! legitimate functions ( ! ,/ate4 ,x has be5 truly said t no c\ntry has ev] adopt$ ,/ate own]%ip ( railways f !oretical consid]ations4 ,9 ea* & e in/ance !re 7 "s practical reasons1 bas$ on milit>y necessities or concrete & press+ economic conditions to meet :i* ,/ate own]%ip 0 accept$1 n z a sy/em desirable 9 itself1 b z an exp$i5t :i*1 9 ! circum/ances1 0 consid]$ to be ! be/ practical solution ( difficulties :i* /ood 9 ! way ( ! satisfactory developm5t ( railways4 ,b :il/ agree+ ) ?is z a true hi/orical /atem5t1 ,i d\bt :e!r !ory c be entirely exclud$ f a /atem5t ( ! g5esis ( national railway sy/ems4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e ,individuali/ op9ions prevail1 z ,i ?9k at ! pres5t "t !y d 9 ,engl&1 no temptations1 no pressure ( circum/ances %ort ( extreme national em]g5cy1 w\ld induce p to face ! evils :i* ! ,individuali/ kn[s mu/ result f ! intrusion ( ,/ate action into matt]s ( trade4 ,?is is !ory1 al?\gh ^? :o are influ5c$ by x may ?9k t x is f\nd$ on practical exp]i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? p]sons :o wi% to secure trad+ pr(its = ! ,/ate ev5 at ! co/ ( tak+ comm]cial risks1 or :o1 :5 difficulties & ob/acles arise 9 comm]cial developm5t1 resort to ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate to ov]come !m1 ei!r by ! imposition ( taxes on ! g5]al community 9 ! int]e/s ( a class1 or by h&+ ov] to ,/ate (ficials ! direction ( an indu/ry1 in/ead ( rely+ on ! skill1 self-reliance1 ent]prise1 en]gy1 & "* ( ! p1 are ,sociali/s at he>t1 :e!r !y "k x or n1 & are actuat$ by ! radical !ory ( a cre$ :i*1 p]haps1 mo/ ( !m w\ld disav[4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! "q is n :e!r ,/ate pur*ase w\ld be a /ep 9 ! ,sociali/ direction1 b :e!r x w\ld be a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,:y %\ld we *ange8 ,are we suff]+ f intol]able evils f :i* !re is no o!r way ( escape1 or is !re "s great national b5efit to be d]iv$ f ! *ange8 ,! g5]al case = nationalization1 z put =w>d by its advocates1 re/s on v few argum5ts1 & x is n1 ,i ?9k1 unfair to describe ^! z be+ ma9ly assumptions1 ! accuracy ( :i* x is impossible to v]ify4 ,i may summ>ize a few ( ^!3-- 7#a7 ,gov]nm5t managem5t w\ld be m effici5t & less co/ly ?an private managem5t4 7#b7 ,gov]nm5t managem5t w\ld prim>ily reg>d ! int]e/s ( ! community & ( ! c\ntry z a :ole1 & ! sub/itution ( t condition = ! exi/+ sy/em "u :i* ! int]e/s ( private trad+ conc]ns take fir/ place 9 ! ?\ghts & ef=ts ( ^? responsible = managem5t w\ld h ! effect ( secur+ a m equal & m satisfactory developm5t ( ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 &1 z "o writ] expresses x ) m ?an ! usual proportion ( assumption 9 8 /atem5t1 trade w\ld be /imulat$ "u equitable1 reasonable1 & uni=m sy/ems ( rates4 7#c7 ,! *ange w\ld result 9 ! removal ( mo/ ( ! s]i\s compla9ts made aga9/ ! exi/+ adm9i/ration ( railways4 7#d7 ,^? :o refuse to look ^u ! matt] z ma9ly a comm]cial problem ?9k & hope t new means w\ld be f\nd = ! satisfaction ( ! social ne$s ( ! nation if ! railways 7 at ! disposal ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 7#e7 ,exp]i5ce ( ! economy result+ f l>ge comb9ations 9 o!r indu/ries is invok$ 9 support ( ! proposal to get rid ( ! sep>ate adm9i/rations ( private railways4 ,x is said t ! advantage ( production on ! l>ge/ scale by a s+le corporation 9 place ( production by a numb] ( small] units is be+ v]ifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ne>ly e important trade & indu/ry4 ,! pr9ciple has be5 recogniz$ 9 ! hi/ory ( railway developm5t 9 ?is c\ntry by ! amalgamation ( l>ge numb]s ( small railways into ! great railway sy/ems :i* we n[ see1 & x is argu$ t a fur!r /ep %\ld n[ be tak5 9 ! same direction4 ,b a /ep involv+ ! creation ( s great a monopoly z fur!r l>ge amalgamations w\ld involve c only1 x is ?\ght1 be tak5 by ! ,/ate4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! l>ge/ railway sy/em "u "o managem5t is no great] ?an ab\t #b1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 :]eas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica railway sy/ems cov]+ ab\t #ae1jjj miles are n[ "u ! control ( a s+le ,presid5t & a ,bo>d ( ,directors4 ,x is said1 !re=e1 t mod]n me?ods ( adm9i/ration h made x feasible to direct ! #bc1jjj miles ( railway 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom effici5tly & successfully by means ( "o compreh5sive organization1 & probably if !re is to be "o organization !re w\ld be no diff]5ce ( op9ion t ! s+le organization to own1 control1 & manage ! railways mu/ be ! ,/ate4 ,mo/ ( ! pr9cipal objections are1 ,i ?9k1 cov]$ by ! foll[+ li/3-- 7#a7 ,/ate managem5t w\ld be less effici5t ?an managem5t "u private ent]prise4 7#b7 ,! ext5sion ( ,gov]nm5t patronage1 by plac+ at ! disposal ( ,gov]nm5t su* a va/ numb] ( appo9tm5ts to lucrative (fices4 7#c7 ,! risk ( political corruption1 n only 9 connection ) ! ex]cise ( patronage1 b also 9 ord9>y adm9i/ration 9 ! settlem5t ( que/ions relat+ to *>ges1 wages1 & s]vices4 7#d7 ,! dang] t int]e/$ p>ties w\ld1 by political pressure1 compel ! ,/ate to exp5d public money on unremun]ative l9es & unremun]ative s]vices4 7#e7 ,! contraction ( ! available field = private ent]prise1 & h5ce ! weak5+ ( ! f\ndation ( all individual & national progress4 7#f7 ,! introduction ( s]i\s dang]s 9 connection ) labor disputes betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t & ! l>ge body ( railway s]vants4 ,! subject has n be5 suffici5tly long "u public discussion to make x easy to /ate fully ! hopes ( its support]s & ! fe>s ( its oppon5ts4 ,probably bo? are exagg]at$4 ,if "o exam9es ! compla9ts made aga9/ ! exi/+ railway sy/em1 x is obvi\s t _m ( ^! mu/ exi/ "u any sy/em1 :il/ "s are ! necess>y accompanim5ts ( e sy/em into :i* competition ent]s4 ,b if competition is disc>d$ 9 favor ( monopoly x does n ne$ argum5t to %[ t ?is m]ely means a *ange f ! evils ( competition to ! evils ( monopoly4 ,no "o w\ld d5y t ea* sy/em conta9s inh]5t & *>act]i/ic evils4 ,! evil ( competition is wa/e2 ! evils ( monopoly are /agnation & ! re/riction ( fre$om4 ,hi!rto1 = ! regulation ( railways1 reliance has be5 plac$ on two factors--competition & control4 ,p>liam5t>y action & public op9ion h ve]$ ab\t f "o to ! o!r1 & ! abs5ce ( cle> pr9ciple 9 ! policy ( ! ,legislature has introduc$ evils :i* a m logical & consi/5t adh]5ce ei!r to ! policy ( free competition on ! "o h&1 or to ! policy ( /rict control on ! o!r1 w\ld h avoid$4 ,t "s regulation is necess>y all w\ld admit4 ,railways sell transportation z a commodity1 b ! nature ( ! bus9ess makes x impossible to secure ! conditions ( absolutely free competition z 9 ! case ( o!r indu/ries4 ,h5ce ! necessity = control1 b e plan ( control t has be5 tri$ has prov$ practically inop]ative & ineffective ma9ly because x has endeavor$ to leave competition 9 op]ation1 & x is ! evils :i* necess>ily arise f competition :i* lead to mo/ ( ! compla9ts aga9/ railways4 ,! inevitable weakness ( ! dual sy/em ( competition & control is t control *ecks competition j :]e x w\ld be useful 9 ! public int]e/1 & competition nullifies control j :]e x c\ld be advantage\sly appli$4 ,"u no sy/em c\ld we expect railways to be free f compla9ts4 ,!y arise equally f ! nature ( ! bus9ess & ! nature ( ! cu/om]s4 ,b ) a view to see+ :e!r ,/ate own]%ip w\ld rem$y ! compla9ts t exi/1 let u try to und]/& z cle>ly z possible :at ! compla9ts are4 ,! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] 7,mr4 ,lloyd-,george71 speak+ to a deputation ( trad]s 9 #aijf1 :5 he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 said t he 0 impress$ ) ! great & gr[+ discont5t ) ! :ole sy/em4 ,n[ :at are ! causes ( ! pres5t discont5t8 ,is x great8 ,is x gr[+8 ,^! are que/ions v difficult to answ]4 ,b !re are "s useful data available = ! answ]4 ,! way has be5 made pla9 & easy = compla9ants aga9/ railways4 ,e enc\ragem5t & e facility has be5 af=d$ to !m4 ,a special ,c\rt has be5 creat$--! ,railway & ,canal ,commission--! con/itution ( :i* 0 c>efully fram$ s z to enc\rage anyone ) a grievance aga9/ railways to hope t he w\ld get a sympa!tic he>+ ( 8 case4 ,! applications to t ,c\rt 7 s few t ^? p :o _c br+ !mselves to believe t ! numb] ( real1 z di/9ct f imag9>y1 grievances aga9/ railways are rem>kably few1 said t ! public 7 det]r$ f br++ compla9ts =w>d by ! exp5se ( litigation be=e ! ,railway ,commission]s4 ,s1 to r5d] ! pa? ( ! compla9ant /ill easi]1 a proc$ure 0 introduc$ :i* is unique = simplicity & *eapness4 ,all1 )\t di/9ction1 :o _h any compla9t or grievance ( any sort or k9d aga9/ any railway or canal company1 7 invit$ to come & lay ! same be=e a ,dep>tm5t ( ,gov]nm5t1 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 :o practically promis$ to use _! influ5ce to secure an amicable adju/m5t ( any diff]5ces4 ,?is proc$ure is s simple1 s sweep+1 s all-embrac+1 s enc\rag+ to compla9ants1 & has1 on ! :ole1 be5 ex]cis$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ) s mu* tact & success1 t its records %\ld supply ! in=mation we are seek+4 ,9 view ( ^! ef=ts to get e aggriev$ or discont5t$ p]son to come =w>d & disclose 8 compla9t1 is x possible to imag9e t !re are n[ any conceal$ compla9ts8 ,x is (t5 said t trad]s w n compla91 t !y are afraid ( r\s+ ! ho/ility ( ^? t]rible tyrants1 ! railways1 ^: p[] 9 ,engl&1 at any rate1 :atev] x may be 9 ,am]ica1 is ludicr\sly exagg]at$4 ,x is true t a s5sible trad] :o has a fair case does n fly ) x to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,he submits x to ! railway (fic]s 9 ! ord9>y daily c\rse ( bus9ess1 & almo/ inv>iably gets ! matt] adju/$4 ,b ,i d n believe t !re is any trad] :o w\ld be det]r$ f submitt+ a compla9t to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade by any feel+ ( fe>4 ,on ! contr>y1 trad]s 9 ^! days suff] f an excess ( boldness4 ,if a trad] is dissatisfi$ ) any railway *>ge1 he simply refuses to pay1 & only ^? :o h exp]i5ce ( ! daily conduct ( railway bus9ess c "k h[ common1 & un=tunately h[ effective1 ?is rem$y is4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade make an annual report to ,p>liam5t ( all compla9ts made to !m "u _! conciliation jurisdiction1 & ,i ?9k ! cont5ts ( ^! reports may fairly be reli$ on z pres5t+ a complete view ( ! k9d ( compla9ts t exi/ aga9/ railways4 ,a useful table is giv5 9 ! t5? report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 issu$ 9 ,july la/1 %[+ ! total numb] ( compla9ts = t5 ye>s1 classifi$ accord+ to _! nature z foll[s3 ,no4 p] ,total4 annum4 #a4 ,rates unreasonable or excessive 9 !mselves or :i* 7 unreasonably increas$ #gae #ga4e #b4 ,undue pref]5ce #ceb #ce4b #c4 ,sundry compla9ts #eaj #ea ----- ----- #a1egg #aeg4g ,( ! total numb] =ty-eight 7 compla9ts aga9/ canal companies1 b ^! are n sep>at$ 9 ! classification4 ,surely ! above is a rem>kable table1 consid]+ ! va/ aggregate ( bus9ess & ! facilities (f]$ = compla9ts4 ,only #a1ebi compla9ts aga9/ railways1 or an av]age ( ab\t #aec p] annum1 h be5 f\nd to exi/4 ,!n look at ! results ( ^! compla9ts4 ,^! are giv5 9 ano!r table1 & only #egc compla9ts1 or an av]age ( #eg p] annum1 are ent]$ z result+ 9 ! compla9ants f9ally express+ !mselves z dissatisfi$4 ,s]vices = :i* ! aggregate paym5t am\nts to #abj millions /]l+ p] annum are r5d]$1 & yet !re are only an av]age ( fifty-sev5 cases p] annum ( dissatisfi$ compla9ants to ! mo/ op51 mo/ favorable1 & lea/ co/ly tribunal 9 ! _w = he>+ compla9ts aga9/ railways4 ,n[ let u look at ! nature ( ! compla9ts made4 ,w\ld ,/ate own]%ip rem$y any ( ^! compla9ts8 ,i set aside ! #eaj cases ( miscellane\s compla9ts ab\t delay 9 transit & o!r m9or matt]s1 because x is obvi\s t compla9ts ab\t su* matt]s w\ld n disappe> "u any conceivable sy/em ( railway managem5t4 ,practically all o!r compla9ts gr\p !mselves "u two heads3 #a4 ,excessive rates4 #b4 ,undue pref]5ce4 ,! compla9t t railway rates are excessive g5]ally takes ! %ape ( a comp>ison ( ! *>ges on "s =eign railway4 ,n[1 ,i confess t x is v difficult to meet su* allegations1 because ( ! difficulty ( pres5t+ all ! conditions ( :i* acc\nt mu/ be tak5 9 ord] to make a fair & s\nd comp>ison1 & also ow+ to ! abs5ce ( adequate data or mat]ials 9 ! publi%$ /ati/ics ( ,engli% railways4 ,a g5]al allegation t ,engli% rates are high] ?an ^? *>g$ 9 "s c\ntries _c ev5 be discuss$1 because ! factors ne$$ = ! comp>ison are n available4 ,are !y 9 fact high] is a "q ! answ] to :i* mu/ prec$e discussion z to reasons & explanations4 ,! facts 9 reg>d to ! av]age l5g? ( haul1 ! av]age rate p] ton mile = diff]5t k9ds ( traffic1 or ! av]age *>ge p] pass5g] mile1 & g5]al in=mation z to ! nature ( commodities c>ri$1 spe$ ( transit1 & s]vices r5d]$ = ! rates *>g$ mu/ be asc]ta9$ be=e any comp>ison is possible1 & ^! facts are n asc]ta9able = ,engli% railways4 ,my belief is t hav+ reg>d to ! capital exp5d$ on con/ruction ( railways1 ,engli% railway rates are n excessive = ! s]vices r5d]$1 & ,i greatly d\bt :e!r1 aft] mak+ prop] all[ances = diff]5ces 9 capital co/ ( railway accommodation1 & = o!r ess5tially diff]5t conditions1 rates 9 any c\ntry are l[]1 comp>+ l ) l1 ?an railway rates 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is an issue ( fact4 ,x lies at ! ?re%old ( any inquiry into ! subject ( railway rates1 & ,i confess ,i d n see h[ mu* progress c be made ) any discussion :i* turns on ass]tions z to ! relative de>ness ( ,engli% railway rates until adequate mat]ials are available = a s\nd comp>ison4 ,x is true beyond "q t ,engli% railways h co/ m to con/ruct ?an ! railways ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,! capital exp5diture ( all railways 9 ,engl& is repres5t$ by ! figure ( ab\t #ef1jjj p] mile z comp>$ ) ab\t #ba1jjj1 :i* is ! correspond+ figure = ,g]man railways1 & ab\t #ab1jjj p] mile = ,am]ican railways4 ,railway proprietors 9 ,engl& are n responsible = ! high capital co/4 ,!y 7 =c$ by law1 & by cu/om p[]ful z law1 to pay mon/r\sly inflat$ values = _! l&s4 ,burd5 ^u burd5 has be5 heap$ ^u !m by ! action ( ! ,legislature1 by ! requirem5ts ( ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts1 & by ! exactions ( public op9ion4 ,!y h borne heavy losses 9 be+ compell$ to sp5d capital )\t reg>d to _! ability to secure adequate return ^u x1 & assur$ly no reckon+ is due f !m to ! public 9 ?is matt]4 ,! rev]se w\ld be m true4 ,! total capitalization ( railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 ! ye> #aijg1 z giv5 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ,returns1 0 #a1bid millions /]l+1 ( :i* #aif millions repres5ts nom9al additions4 ,! net e>n+s 7"s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 arose f miscellane\s s\rces indep5d5t ( ! op]ation ( ! railways7 am\nt$ to #dd1idj1jjj1 or #c4dg p] c5t on ! nom9al capital4 ,out ( a total ( #a1bid millions /]l+1 #acf millions ( loan & pref]5tial capital receiv$ int]e/ or divid5ds 9 excess ( #d p] c5t4 ,?is presumably arose f ! insecurity ( capital1 involv+ ! paym5t ( a high rate ( int]e/ or divid5d4 ,"o hundr$ & eighty-"o millions ( ord9>y capital receiv$ divid5ds 9 excess ( #d p] c5t4 p] annum4 ,! capital receiv+ int]e/ or divid5ds 9 excess ( #d p] c5t4 p] annum is1 !re=e1 #cag millions1 or #bd4e p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,x _c be said on ^! figures t ! int]e/ receiv$ by ^? :o provid$ ! capital = ! railways is excessive4 ,b w\ld x be possible = ,/ate railways to r$uce ! am\nt includ$ 9 railway rates = int]e/ & divid5ds8 ,x _c be d5i$ t our pres5t sy/em does involve ! ne$less duplication ( railway accommodation--! inevitable wa/e ( competition4 ,!re is ! con/ant endeavor to div]t traffic1 ! correspond+ ef=t to keep x4 ,capital is wa/$1 b public facilities are increas$4 ,! public c\ld c]ta9ly secure by monopoly ! sav+ ( wa/e1 b only at ! co/ ( los+ ! advantages1 su* z !y are1 ( gett+ m ?an !y pay =4 ,i suspect t on a broad & compreh5sive view ^! advantages are n wor? to ! community ! wa/e ( capital involv$ 9 provid+ !m4 ,b x is r late 9 ! day to adopt ?is view4 ,enorm\s wa/e has already be5 incurr$1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is dra9 on ! res\rces ( ! nation is n likely to be s s]i\s 9 ! future z x has be5 9 ! pa/1 ev5 if ! sy/em ( leav+ railways to private ent]prise is n ab&on$4 ,! private own]%ip ( railways provides = ! absorption ( ! wa/age ( capital 9 a mann] :i* w\ld be impossible "u ,/ate own]%ip4 ,eighty-eight millions ( ! capital exp5diture on railways goes )\t divid5d1 & #aea millions has to be cont5t ) a return less ?an #b p] c5t p] annum4 ,al?\gh ?is und\bt$ly repres5ts a loss to ! community1 ! loss is di/ribut$4 ,x falls on ^? :o volunt>ily sp5t _! money 9 ! hope ( ga91 & lo/ x4 ,! ,/ate _c lose capital 9 ?is way4 ,all exp5diture incurr$ by ! ,/ate w\ld be repres5t$ by money borr[$ on ! public cr$it1 & ! int]e/ w\ld h to be paid 9 full1 :e!r ! exp5diture prov$ remun]ative or ! rev]se4 ,t !re w\ld be sav+s1 & l>ge sav+s1 "u ,/ate managem5t ,i w\ld n d5y1 b t is because ! railways w\ld be work$ z a monopoly1 & n because !y w\ld be work$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! same & /ill l>g] economies 9 work+ c\ld be effect$ "u private ent]prise if competition 7 ab&on$ 9 favor ( univ]sal comb9ation or monopoly4 ,! :ole "q dep5ds on ! wa/e ( competition4 ,ea* railway company works = its own r\te4 ,! result is t unnecess>y tra9 mileage is run1 & tra9 loads are less5$4 ,! secret ( success1 ! f\ndation ( all economy 9 railway work+1 lies 9 secur+ ! l>ge/ possible tra9 loads4 ,?is is a simple rule1 b x embodies a univ]sal tru?4 ,if ^? responsible = ! h&l+ & c>riage ( railway traffic c\ld "w ) a s+le eye to economical results1 & 9 all cases =w>d traffic by ! r\tes :i* yield$ ! be/ work+ results1 great economies c\ld und\bt$ly be effect$4 ,?is consid]ation does indicate t a s\rce ( improvem5ts 9 railway results w\ld be op5 to a railway sy/em "u ,gov]nm5t managem5t :i* is n available = privately own$ railways compet+ ) "o ano!r4 ,& 9 fairness "o mu/ admit t ?is s\rce ( economy obta9able only "u ! conditions ( monopoly mu/ be set d[n z a po9t to ! cr$it ( ,/ate own]%ip4 ,_m ( ! compla9ts aga9/ railway rates z excessive are really1 :5 analyz$1 compla9ts ( undue pref]5ce4 ,!y are bas$ on comp>isons ) o!r rates1 &1 9 ne>ly e case1 x is ! factor ( competition :i* lies at ! root ( ! difficulty4 ,?is is ! natural result ( our mix$ sy/em ( competition & control4 ,9 pr9ciple all w\ld admit t !re %\ld be equal treatm5t on railways4 ,b :at is & :at ought to be equality are que/ions 9 reg>d to :i* !re is mu* room = diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,to :at ext5t does ! law really require equality8 ,! ,railway & ,canal ,traffic ,act1 #ahhh1 enacts 9 sub/ance t a railway company %all n make any diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( trad]s :i* %all am\nt to an undue pref]5ce4 ,x p]mits ! gr\p+ ( places situat$ at v>i\s places f any po9t ( de/9ation or dep>ture ( m]*&ise1 provid$ t ! di/ances %all n be unreasonable1 & t ! rates *>g$ & ! places gr\p$ toge!r %all n be s gr\p$ z to create an undue pref]5ce4 ,n[1 9 ?is legislation !re is no def9ite or tangible pr9ciple4 ,! ,legislature has n really made up its m9d h[ trad]s %\ld be treat$4 ,x simply says t any pref]5ce giv5 to "o trad] ov] ano!r %all n be undue1 b ! int]pretation ( ! ^w undue is left op54 ,! prohibition ( undue pref]5ce only applies to ! actions ( "o company on its own railway1 &1 !re=e1 cov]s b a small "p ( ! matt]4 ,a trad] desir+ to h 8 goods s5t to "s m>ket :i* is prejudic$ by ! competition ( goods c>ri$ to ! same m>ket f "s o!r place by "s o!r railway :i*1 = "s reason or o!r1 good or bad1 gives bett] treatm5t to its cu/om]s--a prejudice f> m likely to happ51 9 fact1 ?an "o aris+ f diff]5ces 9 treatm5t on ! same railway--is n protect$ or assi/$ by any legislation4 ,! "q may be ask$ :e!r national railways w\ld or c\ld cure ?is some:at indef9ite position8 ,if railways 7 nationaliz$1 w\ld x n be necess>y1 & w\ld x be practicable to settle ! pr9ciples to be appli$ 9 treat+ diff]5t di/ricts 9 competition ) "o ano!r8 ,at pres5t !re are no pr9ciples if ! di/ricts are s]v$ by diff]5t railways4 ,if "o railway s]ves two di/ricts1 ! law provides t su* railway %all n mete out unequal treatm5t s z to con/itute undue pref]5ce1 :atev] t may mean1 b if ^! two compet+ di/ricts are s]v$ by diff]5t railways1 ! law %r9ks f any int]f]5ce4 ,n[1 9 practically e case ! favorable treatm5t compla9$ (1 due or undue1 z ! case may be1 is =c$ ^u ! railway company by competition 9 "s %ape or o!r4 ,x may be competition ( o!r c>ri]s by sea or by l&1 or x may be ! necessity = enabl+ "o di/rict to compete ) ano!r less favorably situat$4 ,su* consid]ation = ! comm]cial ne$s ( di/ricts 9 relatively advantage\s positions is p]mitt$ & enc\rag$ :5 x is af=d$ by diff]5t railways1 ?\gh r5d]$ difficult :5 "o railway s]ves ! compet+ di/ricts4 ,:at w\ld ,/ate railways d8 ,if ! law ( undue pref]5ce n[ op]ative )9 ! limits ( p>ticul> railway sy/ems became1 by reason ( ,/ate own]%ip1 applicable to all railways1 !re w\ld be a /up5d\s di/urbance ( exi/+ trad+ conditions4 ,in/ead ( ,/ate pur*ase dim9i%+ ! compla9ts ( undue pref]5ce1 x w\ld be ! signal = ! comm5cem5t ( fi]ce conflicts betwe5 di/ricts4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to face ! "q :e!r & to :at ext5t geographical advantage ( position %\ld be recogniz$ 9 fix+ railway rates4 ,! c5t]s ( production & consumption 9 ,engl& h be5 fix$ away back 9 comm]cial hi/ory1 & f a railway po9t ( view ^! h l>gely to be tak5 z facts beyond control4 ,facilities = rea*+ ! popul\s c5t]s ( consumption are ( vital importance to produc]s & import]s4 ,w\ld ,/ate railways be compell$ by ! pressure ( int]e/$ l&[n]s & o!rs to fix rates = agricultural produce & manufactur$ articles & = import & export trade rigidly 9 proportion to di/ance8 ,x is probable t a bitt] controv]sy w\ld arise on ! "q1 & discont5t ) ! railway arrangem5ts :i* h gradually1 & ) v g5]al approval1 be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 in/ead ( be+ less5$1 w\ld be greatly ext5d$ if we emb>k$ on ! exp]im5t ( ,/ate own]%ip4 ,w\ld ! managem5t ( railways by ,gov]nm5t (ficials be1 on ! :ole1 bett] ?an managem5t by ! (fic]s ( private corporations work+ = pr(it8 ,t is ! "q :i* lies at ! root ( ! subject :i* we are discuss+4 ,s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i h no incl9ation to jibe at ! managem5t ( ^? ent]prises :i* are conduct$ by ! ,/ate & municipal bodies4 ,i d n ?9k t ! po/al s]vices w\ld be bett] manag$ if !y 7 "u private control1 probably n s well4 ,municipal tramways %[ ! weakness ( public managem5t1 *iefly 9 ! t5d5cy t[>ds fix+ *>ges at figures :i* sacrifice ! int]e/s ( ratepay]s to ! int]e/s ( ! work+ classes :o possess votes1 b :o g5]ally occupy h\ses 9 respect ( :i* !y d n directly pay rates4 ,t !re w\ld be v grave risks 9 sub/itut+ ,/ate managem5t = comm]cial managem5t ( railways mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be g5]ally admitt$4 ,b "s ( ! pr9cipal argum5ts aga9/ municipal trad+ d n seem to me to apply to ! work+ ( railways by ! ,/ate4 ,( c\rse1 ! objection ( ^? :o ?9k t no public au?ority %\ld become directly responsible = ! managem5t ( any comm]cial und]tak+ is z valid aga9/ ,/ate work+ ( railways z aga9/ municipal work+ ( tramways1 or municipal supply ( electricity = light & p[]4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a re/riction ( ! field ( private ent]prise1 & t is en\gh = ! out-&-out ,individuali/4 ,he is conv9c$1 on g5]al gr\nds1 t all comm]cial und]tak+s %\ld be left exclusively to private ent]prise4 ,b ^? :o are n prep>$ to settle su* matt]s on any g5]al !ory1 & :o pref] to weigh ! advantages & disadvantages 9 ea* case1 see t _m ( ! reasons aga9/ municipal trad+ _c fairly be urg$ aga9/ ! national own]%ip ( railways4 ,municipal trad+ is indef5sible because x unfairly competes ) private trad]s4 ,competition 9 comm]ce mu/ be fair competition on equal t]ms1 o!rwise x fails to secure any ( ! economic advantages :i* d und\bt$ly fl[ f ! free competition ( private trad]s4 ,a comm]cial und]tak+ mu/ be work$ = a comm]cial pr(it4 ,a municipality raises money on public cr$it1 & ?us ga9s an advantage ov] e private competitor4 ,x also fixes scales ( *>ges & rates ( wages )\t ref]5ce1 or1 at all ev5ts1 )\t exclusive ref]5ce1 to consid]ations ( pr(it1 & ?us makes x impossible = any compet+ trad] to e>n a legitimate comm]cial pr(it4 ,& to make x possible to d ?is x uses ! p[] ( taxation1 & levies rates on ! compet+ trad]s !mselves1 s t ! municipal bus9ess c be c>ri$ on )\t ! comm]cial pr(it :i* ! private trad] mu/ e>n 9 ord] to live4 ,no "o c say t ?is is fair competition4 ,!n municipal bodies are1 f _! composition1 unsuitable = c>ry+ on comm]cial bus9ess4 ,_! organization _c be adapt$ to comm]cial managem5t4 ,! individuals :o s]ve on ^! bodies h nei!r ! "t nor1 z a collective body1 ! capacity = manag+ ! bus9ess on :i* !y emb>k ) effici5cy & success4 ,! diff]5ce 9 results due to ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad managem5t is paid = out ( ! rates4 ,^! consid]ations d n1 h[ev]1 apply ) equal =ce to ! ,/ate managem5t ( railways4 ,! ,/ate w\ld h a complete & univ]sal monopoly4 ,!re w\ld be no private competition left1 except1 ( c\rse1 competition by sea or by tramway or any o!r mode ( conveyance :i* c compete ) railways4 ,!n !re w\ld n be1 x may be assum$1 any body l a municipal c\ncil :o w\ld practically int]f]e ) ! managem5t4 ,!re might be ,advisory ,c\ncils1 l ! ,prussian ,/ate ,railway ,c\ncils1 &1 ( c\rse1 !re w\ld be a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate responsible to ,p>liam5t = ! railway adm9i/ration1 & ,p>liam5t itself1 already1 "o may rem>k 9 pass+1 clogg$ & ov]burd5$ ) "w4 ,b x is c]ta9 t :atev] ! details ( ! organization adopt$ might be1 ! :ole ( ! managem5t w\ld practically be left to ! exp]t p]man5t (ficials ( ! railways4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t railway (fic]s w\ld s]ve ! ,/ate ) z mu* loyalty & ) z great a measure ( success z !y n[ s]ve ! proprietors4 ,in/ead ( be+ responsible to bo>ds ( directors & %>ehold]s1 !y w\ld be responsible to a c]ta9 numb] ( (fic]s ( ,/ate1 probably1 inde$ necess>ily1 to a l>ge ext5t recruit$ f _! own ranks1 & ,i d n ?9k t ! *ange w\ld result 9 mu* practical diff]5ce s f> z ! "w ( ^? :o really c>ry out ! duties ( managem5t are conc]n$4 ,! only diff]5ce w\ld be t ^! (fic]s w\ld h 9 view t !y 7 work+ = ! ,/ate in/ead ( = %>ehold]s4 ,!re c be little d\bt t if railways 7 nationaliz$ !y w\ld be us$ z a field = _m k9ds ( social exp]im5ts4 ,! comb9ation ( philan?ropy ) bus9ess is g5]ally reg>d$ ) suspicion1 b ! conv]sion ( ! railway manag] into a social re=m] w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 ar\se s]i\s & legitimate al>m4 ,! c]ta9ty :i* we n[ possess t ! action ( any railway company1 :e!r x be wise or fooli% 9 itself1 is :olly comm]cial 9 its motives & its aims1 is a valuable safegu>d4 ,b if railway policy 7 to become ! m$ium = ! promotion ( social or ev5 economic !ories "u ! guidance ( politicians1 w\ld n ?is be a mo/ al>m+ p]il to trad+ & indu/rial int]e/s8 ,"o gr\p might insi/1 by political pressure1 t ! /&>d ( wages %\ld be ma9ta9$ at a high] level ?an c\ld be comm]cially ju/ifi$4 ,ano!r gr\p1 or _m gr\ps1 might devote _! ef=ts to secur+ ! con/ruction ( railways 9 di/ricts :i* c\ld n support !m ) suffici5t traffic1 ) ! result ( burd5+ ! railway sy/em ) _m unremun]ative bran*es = :i* ei!r trad]s1 pass5g]s1 or ! taxpay]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry w\ld h to pay4 ,! policy ( o!rs w\ld be to make suburban railways at enorm\s co/1 & run *eap tra9s to s]ve ! population resid5t 9 l>ge cities1 reg>dless :e!r su* railways or tra9s 7 self-support+ or n4 ,9 ?is policy !y w\ld h ! ard5t & influ5tial support ( ! own]s ( suburban l&1 :o w\ld rejoice 9 ! increase ( _! r5ts1 br\ght ab\t by ! exp5diture ( public money 9 creat+ railway facilities on uncomm]cial t]ms4 ,^! are n fanciful dang]s4 ,!y are ! results :i* we may feel sure w\ld inevitably foll[ ! nationalization ( our railways1 & ! advantages to be ga9$ f ,/ate managem5t w\ld ne$ to be v great to comp5sate = ^! burd5s4 ,ano!r aspect ( ! "q :i* requires ! grave/ consid]ation is t :i* conc]ns ! position ( ! ,/ate z an employ] ( labor4 ,!re are upw>ds ( #fbj1jjj railway (fic]s & s]vants4 ,! ,/ate w\ld become ! direct employ] ( t huge army1 & w\ld h to settle all que/ions relat+ to h\rs1 wages1 & o!r conditions ( s]vice4 ,if a railway company is unable to settle diff]5ces ) its m5 ! ultimate resort ( ! m5 is ! )drawal ( _! labor1 :il/ ! company are free to employ o!r m5 :o are will+ to accept _! conditions ( employm5t4 ,any railway /rike on a l>ge scale is a dire calamity to trade & to ! public1 b if "o 7 compell$ to consid] ! possibility ( a g5]al /rike on a national railway sy/em1 ev5 ! deplorable results :i* accompany /rikes on privately-own$ railways w\ld seem comp>atively insignificant4 ,probably a railway dep>tm5t ( ,gov]nm5t w\ld n urge ! adoption ( compulsory arbitration1 if !y 7 !mselves conc]n$1 ) z mu* equanimity z !y d 9 ! case ( /rikes on private railways4 ,x is true t 9 ?is matt] ! advocates ( ,/ate railways c po9t to ! comp>ative abs5ce ( labor conflicts 9 connection ) ! s]vices n[ "u ,gov]nm5t control1 b municipal und]tak+s h n be5 s successful 9 avoid+ labor disputes1 & 9 _m cases h secur$ ev5 ! degree ( immunity f su* conflicts :i* !y enjoy by ! concession ( t]ms ( employm5t :i* con/itute heavy burd5s on ! ratepay]s4 ,x seems to me t ! dang] ( s]i\s labor disputes _c be put aside1 & ,i confess t ,i am unable to see any safe way ( meet+ ! objection to ,/ate own]%ip on ! gr\nd t ! ,/ate ought to limit1 z f> z possible1 its liability to become directly conc]n$ 9 su* disputes4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld say t ,i h felt unable to take up a p>tisan attitude on ! "q4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ bo? my /udies on railway subjects & my practical exp]i5ce h l$ me to a conv9c$ belief 9 ! advantages ( well-regulat$ monopoly1 & ,i am unable :olly to disapprove ( a s*eme :i* w\ld secure = ! c\ntry ! advantages ( a sy/em ( well-regulat$ monopoly 9 :i* ,i believe1 ev5 al?\gh x %\ld come 9 ! guise ( ,/ate own]%ip4 ,competition1 9 my judgm5t1 creates m evils ?an x cures1 especially ! half-he>t$ & imp]fect competition :i* exi/s 9 ,engl& s f> z railways are conc]n$1 :i* _c be reg>d$ z free competition on a comm]cial basis4 ,i recognize t x is impracticable to secure unification or any v ext5sive or f>-rea*+ comb9ations ( railways "u our sy/em ( private own]%ip4 ,! public w\ld n tol]ate uncontroll$ railways "u private managem5t1 & ,i d\bt :e!r any =m ( control :i* has yet be5 devis$1 or is likely to be devis$1 comb9$ ) p>tial competition1 c give entirely satisfactory results4 ,t !re are grave dang]s & risks 9 ! public own]%ip ( railways ,i fully admit2 inde$1 s grave are !y1 t ,i ?9k he w\ld be a v bold m9i/] :o w\ld v5ture to br+ =w>d1 "u ,gov]nm5t sanction1 a proposal = ! nationalization ( our railways4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a huge am\nt ( ,gov]nm5t patronage w\ld op5 ! door to political corruption4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an enorm\s body ( ,gov]nm5t s]vants possess+ ! fran*ise--& ,i confess x seems to me impracticable to hope t any measure c\ld be c>ri$ subject to disfran*isem5t ( ,gov]nm5t s]vants--w\ld imp]il ! f9ancial /ability ( ! railway sy/em1 & introduce new & v s]i\s s\rces ( weakness & dang] into ! body politic4 ,! risk ( loss f ! *>g+ ( unduly l[ rates "u pressure f ! influ5tial body ( trad]s seek+ to enri* !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! g5]al community seems to me a risk :i* no ?\ghtful man c ignore4 ,no exp$i5ts = *eck+ & re/ra9+ political influ5ce s t x c\ld n rea* or sway ! decision ( ! (fic]s ( ,/ate responsible = railway managem5t seem to me practicable "u our democratic con/itution4 ,if ! nation owns ! railways1 ! nation mu/ take all ! risks ( ,/ate own]%ip1 & we c\ld only tru/ t ! exi/+ purity ( our politics & ! common s5se1 honorable "*1 & long exp]i5ce 9 self-gov]nm5t ( ! ,engli% p w\ld suffice to protect ! commonweal? f ^! p]ils result+ 9 s]i\s h>m4 ,b :atev] may be ! issue ( ! consid]ation ( ! "q ( ,/ate pur*ase ( railways1 ,i am prep>$ to believe t ,engli% railways w cont9ue1 :e!r "u ,/ate managem5t or "u private managem5t1 to des]ve ! praise :i* ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,acwor? express$ 9 8 rec5t address z ,presid5t ( ! ,economic ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,dubl91 by say+ t 9 8 judgm5t--aft]1 ,i may rem9d y1 a full] /udy ( railway conditions 9 all c\ntries ( ! _w ?an has be5 giv5 to ! subject ( _m m5 9 ,engl&--t ,engli% railways are1 on ! :ole1 among ! be/1 if n actually ! be/1 9 ! _w4 ,,conc]n+ ,,advances ,,9 ,,railway ,,rates ,,febru>y #h1 #aiji4--,ord]$ to be pr9t$4 ,mr4 ,,elk9s1 f ! ,committee on ,int]/ate ,comm]ce1 submitt$ ! foll[+ ,,adv]se ,,report4 ,to accompany ,s4 #dbc4 ,! ,committee on ,int]/ate ,comm]ce1 to :i* 0 ref]r$ ,s5ate bill #dbc ,to am5d section #f ( an act entitl$ ',an act to regulate comm]ce1' approv$ ,febru>y f\r?1 eighte5 hundr$ & eighty-sev51 & acts am5datory !re(1 respectfully reports said bill adv]sely1 & recomm5ds its indef9ite po/ponem5t4 ,! am5dm5t propos$ to section #f w be f\nd on page #d1 comm5c+ on l9e #aj1 & end+ on page #e1 on l9e #h1 ( ! bill1 z foll[s3 ,provid$ fur!r1 ,t at any "t prior to ! expiration ( ! notice h]e9 requir$ to be giv5 ( a propos$ increase ( rates1 f>es1 or *>ges1 or ( jo9t rates1 f>es1 or *>ges1 any %ipp] or any numb] ( %ipp]s1 jo9tly or sev]ally1 may file ) ! commission a prote/1 9 writ+1 aga9/ ! propos$ increase 9 :ole or 9 "p1 /at+ succ9ctly ! gr\nds ( 8 or _! objections to ! propos$ *ange4 ,! fil+ ( su* prote/ %all op]ate to cont9ue 9 =ce ! !n exi/+ rate or rates1 f>e or f>es1 *>ge or *>ges1 propos$ to be *ang$ & prote/$ aga9/ z a=esaid1 until ! reasonabl5ess ( ! rate or rates1 f>e or f>es1 *>ge or *>ges1 propos$ to be sub/itut$ %all h be5 det]m9$ by ! commission4 ,^u ! fil+ ( su* prote/1 a copy !re( %all be mail$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! commission to ! c>ri] or c>ri]s propos+ ! *ange & !reaft] ! commission %all proce$ to he> & det]m9e ! matt] 9 all respects z x is requir$ to d by sections ?irte5 & fifte5 ( ?is act1 9 case ( a compla9t made because ( any?+ done or omitt$ to be done by any common c>ri]1 z provid$ 9 said section ?irte52 b ?r\gh\t ! proce$+1 ! burd5 ( pro( %all be on ! c>ri] propos+ ! *ange to %[ t ! rate1 f>e or *>ge propos$ to be sub/itut$ is j & reasonable4 ,an am5dm5t 0 (f]$ 9 ! committee :i* w\ld modify ! orig9al proposition ( ! am5dm5t1 by leav+ x to ! discretion ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 ^u ! fil+ ( a prote/ aga9/ ! propos$ increase ( rates1 to det]m9e :e!r ! s*$ule fil$ %\ld g into effect at ! end ( ?irty days or %\ld be susp5d$ by ord] ( ! commission until aft] f9al he>+1 ^u ! "q z to :e!r ! advance 0 reasonable4 ,?is propos$ am5dm5t to ! am5dm5t ( ! #f? section1 al?\gh some:at modify+ its effect1 did n alt] ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! orig9al am5dm5t re/$1 or remove ! objections t influ5c$ ! committee 9 report+ ! bill adv]sely4 ,! reasons :i* control ! action ( ! committee may be briefly /at$ z foll[s3 ,,review ,,( ,,"q ,,be=e ,,committee4 #a4 ,f #ahhg ,congress1 by ! act !n pass$ to regulate comm]ce ?r\gh all ( its am5dm5ts to t act1 includ+ ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf 7:i* 0 pass$ aft] ! mo/ elaborate inve/igation ( ! entire subject & ! fulle/ debate71 has adh]$ to a fix$ policy 9 its legislation ^u ?is subject4 ,x has decl>$ its con/itutional "r to regulate ! transportation ( p]sons & prop]ty 9 int]/ate & =eign comm]ce1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x has recogniz$ ! "r ( ! own]s ( ! in/rum5talities ( comm]ce to control & manage _! prop]ties subject to ! sup]vision & limitation impos$ by ! regulat+ /atute1 t ! *>ges1 f>es & rates mu/ be fair1 j1 & reasonable2 t nei!r discrim9ation z to p]son or place mu/ be f\nd 9 ! s*$ules2 & t no device ( any "* %\ld result 9 unlawful pref]5ce betwe5 %ipp]s4 ,x has 9 all ^! acts recogniz$ ! "r ( ! responsible manag]s ( ! transportation int]e/s ( ! c\ntry to fix ! rates = transportation1 z ^u its rev5ue mu/ re/ ! effici5cy ( its s]vice to ! public & ! value ( its prop]ty to its hold]s1 subject only to ^? wise limitations :i* prohibit ! ex]cise ( ^! prop]ty rights to ! injury ( ! public4 ,congress has appreciat$ ! magnitude ( ! va/ int]e/ affect$ by su* legislation4 ,) #bcj1jjj miles ( track1 ) millions ( rates publi%$ 9 accordance ) ! /atute1 ) *anges ( rates numb]+ betwe5 #fjj & #gjj a day1 & rea*+ ! enorm\s sum ( #bbe1jjj a ye>1 x has1 ) ! practical exp]i5ce ( tw5ty-two ye>s1 refus$ to take ! initiation ( rates f ! c>ri] & impose x ^u its adm9i/rative tribunal4 ,congress & ! ,supreme ,c\rt h adopt$ ! con/ruction ( ! act to regulate comm]ce1 ann\nc$ by ,judge ,jackson 7,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission v4 ,b4 ,o4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 #dc ,f$4 ,rep41 #cg1 & affirm$1 #ade ,u4 ,s41 #bfc73 ,subject to ! two lead+ prohibitions t _! *>ges %all n be unju/ or unreasonable1 & t !y %all n unju/ly discrim9ate1 s z to give undue pref]5ce or disadvantage to p]sons or traffic simil>ly circum/anc$1 ! act to regulate comm]ce leaves common c>ri]s z !y 7 at ! common law1 free to make special contracts look+ to ! increase ( _! bus9ess1 to classify _! traffic1 to adju/ & apportion _! rates s z to meet ! necessities ( comm]ce1 same pr9ciples1 :i* are reg>d$ z s\nd1 & adopt$ 9 o!r trades & pursuits4 ,?is policy1 we believe1 has be5 approv$ by ! c\ntry dur+ t p]iod4 ,p5d+ ! elaborate inve/igation ( ?is subject prior to ! passage ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 no cry/alliz$ s5tim5t 0 manife/$1 ei!r 9 ! press or dur+ ! he>+s1 t indicat$ a public s5tim5t t ?is policy %\ld be dep>t$ f4 ,s9ce ?is bill has be5 be=e y\r committee no su* public s5tim5t has be5 %[n to exi/ by ^? :o appe>$ be=e x4 ,! conf]r+ ^u ! commission ! p[] to susp5d a rate advanc$1 ei!r ^u ! fil+ ( a prote/ by a %ipp] or 9 ! discretion ( ! commission1 tak5 9 connection ) ! provision ( ! /atute :i* gives to ! commission ! p[] to fix a rate & to designate ! "t1 n long] ?an two ye>s1 t x %\ld rema9 9 =ce1 w\ld ultimately turn ov] to t adm9i/rative body ! function ( initiat+ ! rates ( ! entire c\ntry4 ,x w\ld (f] a premium to e %ipp] to ent] a prote/ to ! advance ( rates1 :e!r !y 7 reasonable or unreasonable1 ev5 if discretion 0 ve/$ 9 ! commission4 ,! prote/1 prep>$ by skill$ attorneys1 pres5t+ a prima facie case ( unreasonable advance ( ! rate1 ) no opportunity = an inve/igation be=e x mu/ be act$ ^u1 an (ficial body1 on :i* 0 impos$ ! responsibility to act w\ld be con/ra9$ to susp5d ! rate until a f9al det]m9ation ( ! compla9t4 ,! exi/+ law p]mits any %ipp] to prote/ any rate t has gone into effect1 ! he>+ on ! prote/ is made )\t =mal plead+s1 & ! commission is au?oriz$ !n to det]m9e ! "q :e!r ! rate put 9 effect by ! c>ri] 0 a reasonable rate or n1 &1 if n1 to make ! rate reasonable4 ,s f>1 9 ! practical op]ation ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 ?is provision ( law has work$ satisfactorily1 & b comp>atively few ( ! decisions ( ! commission h be5 conte/$ by ! c>ri]s4 ,"u exi/+ law bo? p>ties are protect$4 ,if ! decision is t ! rate is unreasonable a judgm5t may be r5d]$ 9 favor ( ! prote/ant = ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at ! commission]s det]m9e is a reasonable rate & ! rate fix$ by ! c>ri]1 ) #f p] c5t int]e/ f ! date ( ! ov]*>ge4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is am5dm5t %\ld receive ! approval ( ,congress & ! rate fil$ by ! c>ri] %\ld be prote/$ & !n susp5d$ by ! commission 79 ! multiplicity ( duties impos$ ^u t tribunal71 consid]able "t w\ld elapse be=e a f9al det]m9ation ( ! "q c\ld be rea*$4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! c>ri] w\ld be receiv+ only ! old rate1 & if ! commission f9ally decid$ t ! advance 0 reasonable no rep>ation 9 any way c\ld be aw>d$4 ,x 0 alleg$ be=e ! committee t ?is la/ result w\ld n be v injuri\s to ! c>ri]1 = ! reason t x w\ld be receiv+ ! rate :i* x _h fix$ z a fair comp5sation = ! s]vice p]=m$ prior to ! *ange4 ,! answ] to ?is seems reasonable1 :i* 01 t conditions _h s *ang$ t x requir$ an advance ( ! rate to meet ^? new conditions4 ,o!rwise ! advanc$ rate w\ld h no ju/ification4 ,t traffic (ficials fully appreciate ! fact t1 ) ! wat*ful eyes ( e %ipp] affect$ by an advanc$ rate & ! au?ority ( ! commission to det]m9e & fix a j & reasonable rate 7z a g5]al rule71 rates w\ld n be advanc$ by su* (ficials )\t a belief ^u _! "p t !re 7 suffici5t reasons to su/a9 !m1 if prote/$4 ,! att5tion ( ! committee has be5 call$ to ! attitude ( ! commission 9 its rul+s ^u ! advance ( rates1 ev5 :]e ! facts h %[n t ! rates h be5 l[]$ ) a view ( develop+ a p>ticul> indu/ry4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,new ,albany ,furniture ,company aga9/ ,mobile1 ,jackson & ,kansas ,city ,railroad ,company1 etc41 decid$ ,june #b1 #aijh1 ! commission held3 ,! rates 7 l[ be=e ! increase1 b hav+ be5 e/abli%$1 aft] prolong$ negotiations1 especially = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ compla9ant to rea* a p>ticul> m>ket1 & 9 pref]5ce to mak+ a readju/m5t 9 "s o!r direction or t]ritory1 & compla9ant hav+ adju/$ its bus9ess !reto1 def5dants may n by an arbitr>y advance 9 ^? rates de/roy compla9ant's bus9ess1 !re be+ no evid5ce t ! rates advanc$ 7 less ?an ! co/ ( s]vice4 ,a simil> decision 0 r5d]$ on ! #a/ ( ,june 9 ! case ( ,we/]n ,oregon ,lumb] ,manufactur]s' ,association aga9/ ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,company4 ,k ( ! views held by ! commission by ! traffic (ficials & %ipp]s w s]ve z ! mo/ effective *eck ^u ! "p ( ! c>ri] 9 advanc+ rates ov] ^? :i* h be5 9 exi/5ce = any consid]able p]iod ( "t1 unless !y c support ! advance by ! mo/ satisfactory reasons4 ,,w\ld ,,! ,,am5dm5t ,,propos$ ,,be ,,9 ,,conflict ,,) ,,! ,,fif? ,,am5dm5t ,,to ,,! ,,con/itution8 #b4 ,an objection urg$ to ! approval ( ?is am5dm5t1 ev5 ?\gh modifi$ z sugge/$ 9 committee1 0 t x conflict$ ) ! fif? am5dm5t 9 depriv+ ! c>ri] ( its prop]ty )\t due process ( law4 ,! exi/+ law au?orizes c>ri]s to make reasonable rates4 ,congress recogniz+ ! "r ( control by ! c>ri] has provid$ reasonable regulations to safegu>d ! int]e/s ( ! public 9 ! ex]cise ( t "r4 ,x au?orizes a prote/ aft] ! rate _h gone into effect2 x provides = a full he>+ aft] notice by ! commission2 x has fur!r ext5d$ ! "t :5 ! rate %all be made effective to ?irty days f ! fil+ ( ! s*$ule ) ! commission4 ,^! 7 held to be reasonable regulations1 b x is claim$ t "u ! am5dm5t propos$ to ! six? section1 t if ! rate is susp5d$ f go+ into effect at ! end ( ! ?irty days by a prote/1 !re is no limitation 9 ! act fix+ ! "t :5 ! commission %all det]m9e ! "q ( ! reasonabl5ess ( ! advance2 t ! p]iod is !re=e indef9ite1 dep5d+ ^u num]\s consid]ations :i* might ext5d ! "t :5 ! rate w\ld be effective1 if x 0 f9ally held to be reasonable1 to six mon?s or a ye>4 ,t ! act ( susp5sion ei!r by ! op]ation ( ! /atute or by ! commission is )\t notice or he>+ to ! c>ri]2 t ,congress has no great] "r to au?orize an adm9i/rative tribunal to susp5d indef9itely ! tak+ effect ( a reasonable rate )\t notice or he>+ ?an x has ! "r to provide t an adm9i/rative tribunal may au?orize a rate :i* w\ld yield less ?an ! co/ ( ! s]vice4 ,x 0 decid$ 9 ! case ( ,*icago1 ,m4 ,/4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 aga9/ ,m9nesota1 #acd ,u4 ,s41 #dah1 t ! "r to make a reasonable rate 0 a prop]ty "r4 ,9 ! case ( ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission v4 ,*icago ,great ,we/]n ,ry41 #bji ,u4 ,s41 #aah1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt said3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t railroads are ! private prop]ty ( _! own]s2 t :ile f ! public "* ( ! "w 9 :i* !y are engag$ ! public has ! p[] to prescribe rules = secur+ fai?ful & effici5t s]vice & equality betwe5 %ipp]s & communities1 yet 9 no prop] s5se is ! public a g5]al manag]4 ,ju/ice ,brew]1 9 ! above case1 page #ajh1 speak+ = ! c\rt said3 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t !re is no presumption ( wrong aris+ f a *ange ( rate by a c>ri]4 ,! presumption ( hone/ int5t & "r conduct att5ds ! action ( c>ri]s z well z x does ! action ( o!r corporations or individuals 9 _! transactions 9 life4 ,und\bt$ly :5 rates are *ang$ ! c>ri] mak+ ! *ange mu/1 :5 prop]ly call$ ^u1 be able to give a good reason !re=1 b ! m]e fact t a rate has be5 rais$ c>ries ) x no presumption t x 0 n rightfully done4 ,^? presumptions ( good fai? & integrity :i* h be5 recogniz$ = ages z att5d+ human action h n be5 ov]?r[n by any legislation 9 respect to common c>ri]s4 ,x is claim$ t ! indef9ite susp5sion ( ! rate until f9al he>+ is to deprive ! c>ri]1 if ! rate advanc$ is reasonable1 ( its "r ( prop]ty dur+ ! p]iod ( susp5sion1 )\t hav+ giv5 x any opportunity to be he>d prior to ! act ( susp5sion4 ,due process ( law mu/ prec$e1 & %\ld n foll[1 ! susp5sion4 ,to set aside ! c>ri]'s act 9 fix+ ! rate p5d+ ! inve/igation requir$ by due process ( law is to deprive ! c>ri]1 pro tanto1 ( its prop]ty "r to *>ge a reasonable rate4 ,! fact t ! /atute requires an inve/igation aft] ! susp5sion ( ! rate does n avoid ! con/itutional inhibition1 z t provision c only be satisfi$ :5 ! inve/igation prec$es any di/urbance ( prop]ty rights4 ,! c>ri] is entitl$ to ! inve/igation be=e x is re/ra9$ 9 ! ex]cise ( its prop]ty rights2 ! !ory ( ! am5dm5t sugge/$ is t ! %ipp] is entitl$ to an inve/igation be=e ! c>ri] c ex]cise its prop]ty rights4 ,^? cont5d+ = ?is objection to ! am5dm5t assum$ t ! indef9ite susp5sion )\t he>+ ( ! act ( ! c>ri] :i* depriv$ x1 beyond a reasonable "t1 ( ! b5efit ( ! advanc$ rate1 0 9 effect ! same z t :i* 0 condemn$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! case ( ! ,*icago1 ,m4 ,/4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 aga9/ ,m9nesota4 ,"u ! /atute ( t ,/ate1 a c>ri] _h ! "r to initiate ! rate1 & to put x 9 effect1 &1 "u ! law1 ! commission 0 au?oriz$ to make su* *anges z x deem$ prop] 9 ! s*$ule s fil$1 & to direct ! c>ri] to modify or *ange ! s*$ule 9 accordance ) ! decision ( ! tribunal4 ,9 ! "o case ! go+ into effect ( ! rate is susp5d$ indef9itely )\t notice or he>+2 9 ! o!r1 ! rate is *ang$ or modifi$ )\t he>+4 ,on page #dah ! c\rt condemns ?is 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,no he>+ is provid$ =1 no summons or notice to ! company be=e ! commission has f\nd :at x is to f9d & decl>$ :at x is to decl>e1 no opportunity provid$ = ! company to introduce witnesses be=e ! commission1 9 fact1 no?+ :i* has ! semblance ( ! process ( law4 ,on page #deh ! c\rt said3 ,if ! company is depriv$ ( ! p[] ( *>g+ reasonable rates = ! use ( its prop]ty1 & su* deprivation takes place 9 ! abs5ce ( an inve/igation by judicial ma*9]y1 x is depriv$ ( ! lawful use ( its prop]ty1 & ?us1 9 sub/ance & effect ( ! prop]ty itself )\t due process ( law & 9 violation ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is view ( ! law z ann\nc$ 9 #acd ,u4 ,s4 0 affirm$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! case ( ,l\isville & ,na%ville ,co4 aga9/ ,k5tucky1 #ahc ,u4 ,s41 #eaj4 ,x 0 fur!r sugge/$ t if ?is am5dm5t 0 incorporat$ 9 ! six? section1 t x 0 s fundam5tal 9 its "*1 t if ! c\rt %\ld hold t x 0 an uncon/itutional ex]cise ( p[] by ,congress1 t x might h ! effect ( de/roy+ ! entire value ( ?is rem$ial legislation1 z x w\ld be impossible to sep>ate ! clause f ^? provisions ( ! law directly controll+ ! subject ( rates4 ,! committee1 )\t express+ any op9ion ^u ! con/itutional que/ions sugge/$1 feels t x is ( suffici5t importance & gravity to cause x to hesitate to incorporate su* am5dm5t into ! six? section1 especially 9 view ( ! o!r objections to su* legislation4 ,,c\ld ,,! ,,commission1 ,,"u ,,! ,,am5dm5t1 ,,fix ,a ,,reasonable ,,rate1 ,,if ,,x ,,held ,,! ,,propos$ ,,advance ,,rate ,,unreasonable8 #c4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s objections to ?is measure1 if ! cont5tions ( ^? :o oppose x are well f\nd$1 is ! ass]tion t ! adoption ( ?is am5dm5t w\ld1 9 ref]5ce to advanc$ rates t 7 prote/$1 deprive ! commission ( ! p[] conf]r$ ^u x by ! fifte5? section ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 emp[]+ x1 if on prote/ & he>+ x f\nd a rate to be unreasonable1 to fix a reasonable rate4 ,! au?ority to ! commission propos$ 9 ! am5dm5t to he> & det]m9e ! matt] 9 all respects z x 0 requir$ to d by sections #ac & #ae ( ?is act1 c only be con/ru$ to ref] to ! proc$ure z provid$ 9 ! ?irte5? & fifte5? sections ( ! int]/ate comm]ce law4 ,!re is no attempt to am5d ! provisions ( section #ae1 :i* conf]s ^u ! commission ! "r to decl>e a rate unreasonable1 & :5 s decl>$ to fix a reasonable rate4 ,!re are no provisions f\nd 9 ! am5dm5t sugge/$ to ! six? section conf]r+ ^u ! commission ! p[]1 :5 x f9ds a rate propos$ to be advanc$ unreasonable1 t x may !n proce$ to fix a reasonable rate4 ,an exam9ation ( section #ae 9 ref]5ce to ! p[] ( ! commission to fix a rate dep5ds ^u a condition prec$5t t is cle>ly set =? 9 said section4 ,x is1 t be=e ! commission has ! au?ority to fix a rate x mu/ fir/ rea* ! op9ion t-- ,! rates1 or *>ges :atsoev]1 dem&$1 *>g$1 or collect$ by any common c>ri] or c>ri]s1 99 99 99 or t any regulation or practice :atsoev] ( su* c>ri] or c>ri]s affect+ su* rates1 are unreasonable1 or unju/ly discrim9atory1 or are unduly pref]5tial or prejudicial1 or o!rwise 9 violation ( ! provisions ( ?is act4 ,:5 ?is conclusion has be5 rea*$ z to exi/+ rates ! section !n au?orizes ! commission-- to det]m9e & prescribe :at w be ! j & reasonable rate or rates1 *>ge or *>ges1 to be !reaft] obs]v$ 9 su* cases z ! maximum to be *>g$2 & :at regulations or practice 9 respect to su* transportation is j1 fair & reasonable to be !reaft] foll[$4 ,to leave no d\bt ( ! true con/ruction ( ?is section1 an exam9ation ( ! ord] requir$ to be ent]$ by ! commission is conclusive ( ! mean+ & int5tion ( ,congress 9 ! enactm5t ( ?is portion ( ! fifte5? section4 ,x provides3 ,& to make an ord] t ! c>ri] %all cease & desi/ f su* violation to ! ext5t to :i* ! commission f9ds ! same to exi/1 & %all n !reaft] publi%1 dem&1 or collect any rate or *>ge = su* transportation 9 excess ( ! maximum rate or *>ge s prescrib$4 ,an analysis ( ?is ord] ( ! commission :i* requires x to provide t ! c>ri] %all cease & desi/ f su* violation1 to ! ext5t to :i* ! commission f9ds ! same to exi/1 recognizes ! fact t ! rate is an exi/+ rate1 is an effective rate1 is a rate 9 full op]ation1 & _c1 !re=e1 be appli$ "u ! provisions ( ! am5dm5t sugge/$ to ! six? section1 z no rate has gone into effect & become op]ative4 ,! subject we are consid]+ z affect$ by ! propos$ am5dm5t & ! provisions ( ! fifte5? section1 d n re/ ^u any pr9ciple ( ! common law1 b are purely /atutory enactm5ts to c>ry out a policy 9 ref]5ce to int]/ate comm]ce deem$ wise by ,congress4 ,! con/ruction1 !re=e1 ( ! /atute 9 ?is respect _c be aid$ by any pr9ciples ( ! common law1 & ! conclusion z to its mean+ mu/ re/ entirely ^u ! int5tion ( ! legislature z express$ by ! language ( ! act4 ,if ?is view ( ! fifte5? section is correct1 ! adoption ( ! am5dm5t to ! six? section w\ld *ange "o ( ! mo/ effective provisions ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 & :i* 0 cont5d$ = ) su* e>ne/ness 9 its passage ?r\gh ,congress4 ,"u ! am5dm5t to ! six? section1 if adopt$1 & a prote/ 0 made to ! advanc$ rate1 or ! commission "u a prote/ 0 au?oriz$ 9 its discretion to susp5d ! advanc$ rate1 until he>+ z to its reasonabl5ess1 ! only decision t c\ld be made "u t am5dm5t w\ld be1 t ! rate propos$ to be advanc$ 0 ei!r reasonable or unreasonable1 b !re w\ld exi/ no p[] 9 ! commission1 if !y f\nd ! rate unreasonable1 to fix :at 9 its judgm5t w\ld be a reasonable rate4 ,! committee does n believe t x is ! desire ( ,congress1 9 view ( ! s5tim5t ( ! c\ntry z express$ 9 ! press & be=e x1 to pass additional legislation :i* w\ld invite & sugge/ su* confusion & legal difficulties 9 ! con/ruction ( an act :i* has n yet be5 put 9 full op]ation by ! tribunal *>g$ ) t duty4 ,,c\ld ,,! ,,decision ,,( ,,! ,,commission1 ,,condemn+ ,,an ,,advance ,,( ,,rates1 ,,be ,,review$ ,,by ,,! ,,c\rts8 #d4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to ! committee t ! incorporation ( ?is am5dm5t to ! six? section ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 w\ld deprive ! c>ri] ( ! "r to review by a bill 9 equity a decision ( ! commission :i* d5i$ to ! c>ri] ! "r to advance a rate4 ,?is cont5tion is bas$ ^u ! rul+ ( ! c\rts1 t ! mak+ ( a future rate is a legislative act1 & n a "q = judicial review1 & t until ! rate is fix$ & becomes effective x is purely "o )9 ! legislative function1 & pres5ts no subject cognizable by ! c\rt4 ,"u ! am5dm5t propos$ a c>ri] w\ld file a s*$ule ( advanc$ rates2 a %ipp] ent]s a prote/ to ! rate tak+ effect2 ei!r by op]ation ( ! /atute or ! ex]cise ( discretion by ! commission1 ! rate is susp5d$ until f9al he>+2 subsequ5tly !re is a notice ( ! he>+ & a decision r5d]$ adv]se to ! cont5tion ( ! c>ri] seek+ an advance ( ! rate4 ,"u ^! circum/ances !re is no rem$y ( review ( t act ( ! commission provid$ = by exi/+ law or "u ! pr9ciples ( equity4 ,exi/+ law1 provid+ = a review ( a decision ( ! commission1 does n by its t]ms enl>ge ! subject ( equitable jurisdiction4 ,! provision ( ! /atute conf]s ^u ! c\rt ! "r to take jurisdiction ( a case aga9/ ! commission & to review its decision :5 bas$ ^u an exi/+ rate4 ,!re is no provision ( ! /atute t contemplates ! ex]cise ( a jurisdiction by ! c\rts 9 a case aris+ "u a provision ( law simil> to ! am5dm5t s\ght to ! six? section ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf4 ,9 ! decision r5d]$ by ! commission d5y+ ! "r to advance ! rate1 ! "q ( ! reasonabl5ess ( ! =m] rate or ( any exi/+ rate is n involv$ 9 ! ord] to be ent]$ by ! commission4 ,"u ?is propos$ am5dm5t ! c>ri] submits a proposition to advance ! rate1 :i* has nev] become effective4 ,! ord] ( ! commission w\ld simply approve ! proposition or d5y ! advance ( ! rate4 ,?is1 "u ! propos$ am5dm5t1 w\ld be ! ext5t ( ! au?ority & act ( ! commission4 ,9 ! case ( ,mc,chord v4 ,l4 ,n4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 7#ahc ,u4 ,s41 #dhc71 foll[$ by ! case ( ,l4 ,n4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 v4 ,ky4 7#ahc ,u4 ,s41 #ejc71 ! c\rt su/a9s ! doctr9e ann\nc$1 & held t be=e a c\rt ( equity c int]v5e1 ! adm9i/rative body mu/ d "s act t advances beyond ! legislative function4 7,reagan v4 ,f>m]s' ,loan ,tru/ ,co41 #aed ,u4 ,s41 #cfb2 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission v4 ,railway ,co41 #afg ,u4 ,s41 #dgi47 ,x is cont5d$ t ! decision ( ! commission prohibit+ ! advance is a legislative act1 & t "u ! decisions ( ! c\rts ! ord] simply prohibit+ ! tak+ effect ( a propos$ advance c\ld n be ! subject ( equitable cognizance4 ,if ?is view is n correct1 x is cont5d$ t ! c\rts by ov]rul+ ! ord] ( ! commission w\ld 9 effect be putt+ 9 =ce a future rate4 ,"u exi/+ law1 h[ev]1 if ! rate has tak5 effect its reasonabl5ess is a matt] ( judicial review1 & %\ld ! commission aft] prote/ & he>+ decl>e x to be an unreasonable rate & set ! same aside 9 its ord]1 t decision is reviewable by ! c\rts1 z x pres5ts a judicial "q4 ,! /atute conf]r+ ^u ! commission ! p[] to det]m9e :e!r an exi/+ rate is reasonable or unreasonable has fix$ ! /&>d :i* mu/ det]m9e ! jurisdiction ( ! adm9i/rative tribunal1 & ! c\rts h a "r to review ! act ( ! commission1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r x has act$ )9 ! limitations ( ! p[] conf]r$ ^u x4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,/ate ,corporation ,commission ( ,virg9ia aga9/ ,railways1 decid$ by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,holmes ,novemb] #cj1 #aijh1 speak+ ( ! p[] ( ! commission to fix a rate & ! appeal f its decision to ! c\rt ( appeals ( ,virg9ia1 ! c\rt said3 ,a judicial inquiry inve/igates1 decl>es1 & en=ces liabilities z !y /& on pres5t or pa/ facts & "u laws suppos$ already to exi/4 ,t is its purpose & end4 ,legislation1 on ! o!r h&1 looks to ! future & *anges exi/+ conditions by mak+ a new rule to be appli$ !reaft] to all or "s p>ts ( ^? subject to its p[]4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a rate is ! mak+ ( a rule = ! future1 & !re=e is an act legislative1 n judicial1 9 k9d4 99 99 99 ,proce$+s legislative 9 nature are n proce$+s 9 a c\rt )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes1 section #gbj1 no matt] :at may be ! g5]al or dom9ant "* ( ! body 9 :i* !y may take place4 99 99 99 ,t "q dep5ds n ^u ! "* ( ! body1 b ^u ! "* ( ! proce$+s4 7,ex p>te ,va41 #ajj2 ,u4 ,s41 #cci-cdh47 ,!y are n a suit 9 :i* a writ ( error w\ld lie "u ,revis$ ,/atutes1 section #gji1 & act ( ,febru>y #ah1 #ahge4 7,c4 #hj ,/at41 #cah47 99 99 99 ,litigation c n arise until ! mom5t ( legislation is pass$4 99 99 99 ,we may add t :5 ! rate is fix$ a bill aga9/ ! commission to re/ra9 ! memb]s f en=c+ x w n be bad z an attempt to enjo9 legislation or z a suit aga9/ a ,/ate1 & w be ! prop] =m ( rem$y4 ,! rec5t decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! case ( ,public ,s]vice ,commission v4 ,consolidat$ ,gas ,co4 ( ,new ,york1 9 :i* ! op9ion 0 deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,peckham1 9 decid+ :at is kn[n z ! ,eighty-,c5t ,gas ,case f ! s\!rn di/rict ( ,new ,york1 is in/ructive ^u ! "q discuss$ 9 ?is objection4 ,9 t case1 ! p>ties _h gone to issue ^u ! "q z to :e!r ! rate ( #hj c5ts enjo9$ by ! c\rt f tak+ effect 0 confiscatory4 ,aft] decid+ ! case ^u ! m]its 9 favor ( ! commission1 ! c\rt 0 unwill+1 ^u ! suppos$ effect ( a rate :i* _h nev] be5 9 op]ation1 to b> ! p>ties ( _! "r :5 ! same became effective f ask+ ! protection ( ! c\rt aga9/ its practical results4 ,! memor&um ann\nc+ ! position ( ! c\rt ^u t "q is z foll[s3 ,z x may possibly be t a practical exp]i5ce ( ! effect ( ! acts by actual op]ation "u !m might prev5t ! compla9ant f obta9+ a fair & j return ^u its prop]ty us$ 9 its bus9ess ( supply+ gas1 ! compla9ant1 9 t ev5t1 ought to h ! opportunity ( aga9 pres5t+ its case to ! c\rt4 ,!re=e1 ! decree is rev]s$1 ) direction to dismiss ! bill )\t prejudice4 ,?is case simply illu/rates ! fact t ! c\rt 0 unwill+ to decide ! "q f9ally until ! rate conte/$ _h become effective4 ,?is 0 a suit involv+ a s*$ule ( rates1 & ! "q made by ! record 0 t ^! rates w\ld result 9 ! confiscation ( ! prop]ty ( ! compla9ant 9 violation ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,:]e t "q c be prop]ly made1 ! c\rts h int]v5$ ^u cle> pro( & su/a9$ _! jurisdiction to prev5t su* a violation ( ! con/itutional protection4 ,9 ?is case1 al?\gh ! c\rt held t ! evid5ce develop$ ! fact t ?is allegation ( ! bill 0 n su/a9$1 x 0 s reluctant to give effect to te/imony z to :at might be ! effect ( ! rates be=e !y 7 made op]ative t x pres]v$ ! rights ( ! p>ties by au?oriz+ a new suit aft] ! rate %\ld become effective4 ,"u ! act to regulate comm]ce1 su* a con/itutional "q c\ld h>dly be practically rais$1 & ! rights ( ! c\rt to int]v5e mu/ dep5d ^u ! limit plac$ ^u ! p[] ( ! commission by ,congress 9 ! enactm5t ( ! law1 9 fix+ ! /&>d :i* %\ld guide ! commission 9 its action4 ,,burd5 ,,impos$ ,,on ,,! ,,commission4--,,conflict ,,( ,,jurisdiction4--,,h[ ,,rates ,,are ,,made4 #e4 ,y\r committee has deem$ x prop] t x %\ld report to ! ,s5ate ! legal objections to ! incorporation ( ?is am5dm5t 9 ! six? section ( ! act ( ! #bi? ( ,june1 #aijf1 b al?\gh giv+ due weight to ^! objections1 ! committee has be5 m /rongly influ5c$ 9 its adv]se report ^u ?is bill because ( ! /rong & =cible practical objections :i* h be5 urg$ to ! adoption ( ?is am5dm5t z a "p ( ! int]/ate comm]ce law4 ,%\ld ?is am5dm5t become a "p ( ! law1 x w\ld be 9 ! p[] ( any %ipp]1 :e!r int]e/$ or n 9 ! result1 to file a prote/ aga9/ ! advance ( ! rate :i* "u ! propos$ am5dm5t w\ld at once susp5d its go+ into effect1 & "u ! am5dm5t (f]$ 9 committee w\ld place x 9 ! p[] ( ! commission to ord] its susp5sion1 if a prima facie case 0 pres5t$ 9 ! prote/4 ,! %ipp] 9 fil+ a prote/ assumes no responsibility1 ei!r z to ! effect ( 8 action ^u ! c>ri] or liability 9 any way = co/ accru+ dur+ ! proce$+4 ,consid]+ ! ?\s&s ( articles transport$ by ! c>ri]s ( ! c\ntry1 ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( rates publi%$ = ! transportation ( ^! articles1 & ! ?\s&s ( %ipp]s int]e/$ 9 _! movem5t1 "s idea ( ! numb] ( prote/s t probably w\ld be fil$ on ! advance ( rates c be imag9$4 ,! burd5 t w\ld be ?r[n ^u ! commission 9 its ef=t to meet ?is responsibility w\ld1 z ,judge ,cooley well rem>k$1 require sup]human ef=ts on its "p4 ,he said3 ,moreov]1 an adjudication ^u a petition = relief w\ld 9 _m cases be f> f conclud+ ! labors ( ! commission 9 respect to ! equities involv$1 = que/ions ( rates assume new =ms1 & may require to be met diff]5tly f day to day2 & 9 ^? sections ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! reasons or suppos$ reasons = exceptional rates are mo/ preval5t ! commission w\ld1 9 effect1 be requir$ to act z rate mak]s = all ! roads & compell$ to adju/ ! t>iffs s z to meet ! exig5cies ( bus9ess :ile at ! same "t endeavor+ to protect relative rights & equities ( rival c>ri]s & rival localities4 ,?is 9 any consid]able ,/ate w\ld be an enorm\s task4 ,9 a c\ntry s l>ge z ours1 & ) s va/ a mileage ( roads1 x w\ld be sup]human4 ,a con/ruction ( ! /atute :i* %\ld require its p]=mance w\ld r5d] ! due adm9i/ration ( ! law altoge!r impracticable1 & t fact t5ds /rongly to %[ t su* a con/ruction c\ld n h be5 int5d$4 ,if ! advance ( rates 0 ultimately decid$ to be reasonable1 ! c>ri] w\ld h be5 depriv$ dur+ ! p]iod ( susp5sion ( ! additional e>n+s to :i* x 0 entitl$1 & "u su* a provision ( law w\ld be requir$ to ma9ta91 at enorm\s exp5se1 a l>ge =ce ( attorneys to answ] & def5d ^! prote/s4 ,x w\ld conf] ^u ! commission ! p[]s n[ ex]cis$ by ! c\rts1 & ! jurisdictions ov] ! same subject by bo? ! c\rts & ! commission w\ld necess>ily produce conflict & confusion4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! case ( ,texas ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 v4 ,abil5e ,cotton ,oil ,co4 7#bjd ,u4 ,s41 #dbf71 con/ru+ ! n9? & tw5ty-second sections on ! "r ( a %ipp] to apply to ! c\rts = pecuni>y r$ress = an alleg$ unreasonable rate held t1 until ! prote/$ rate 0 condemn$ by ! commission1 !re 0 no relief 9 ! c\rts4 ,?is decision avoid$ a conflict ( jurisdiction betwe5 ! c\rts & ! commission4 ,x w\ld less5 v greatly ! value ( ! am5dm5t ( ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 :i* requires ?irty days' notice 9 a *ange ( rate1 :i* 0 adopt$1 ) a view ( inve/+ rate conditions ) a great] degree ( /ability ?an =m]ly4 ,"u exi/+ law1 ! %ipp] is assur$ ( t degree ( /ability1 & c pr$icate 8 sales & pur*ases accord+ly4 ,"u ! am5dm5t1 %ipp]s w\ld nev] "k :e!r or n a rate is to become effective on s*$ule "t1 or at any future "t4 ,! effect ( ! am5dm5t w\ld1 !re=e1 be to a consid]able degree to nullify ! p]man5cy :i* ?is am5dm5t to ! act to regulate comm]ce s\ght to impress ^u ! law4 ,we mu/ rememb] 9 consid]+ ?is "q t ! majority ( advances h result$ f ! practice ( ! roads 9 ! r$uction ( rates to meet c]ta9 comm]cial & economic conditions at ! "t1 :i* h usually be5 ! result ( appeals f %ipp]s & sugge/ions f comm]cial organizations4 ,we desire to direct att5tion to ! /atem5t fil$ be=e ! ,committee on ,int]/ate & ,=eign ,comm]ce ^u a simil> bill to ?is by ! *airman ( ! committee ( ! ,s\?we/]n ,traffic ,association1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,a v small p]c5tage ( ! *anges 9 freight rates1 ei!r r$uctions or advances1 is evolv$ by railroad (ficials4 ,practically e *ange 9 rates is ! result ( sugge/ion f "o or m %ipp]s1 :o f9d t by "s modification 9 ! exi/+ s*$ules _! bus9ess 9 a c]ta9 t]ritory c be increas$ by enabl+ !m to meet competition :i* !y enc\nt] f o!r s\rces ( supply1 :i* are 9 mo/ cases s]v$ by rival railroads4 ,_! repres5tation is t by ! propos$ *ange _! pr(it or bus9ess w be increas$1 & consequ5tly ! railroad s]v+ !m w %>e 9 an augm5t$ traffic :i*1 at ! "t ( ! sugge/ion1 is be+ h&l$ by ! rival %ipp] & c>ri]4 ,n9ety or m p] c5t4 ( ^! sugge/ions are = r$uctions 9 rates or = *anges 9 rules & regulations b5eficial to %ipp]s & class$ z r$uctions4 ,! railroad company is anxi\s at all times to increase its traffic & gives a ke5 e> to su* pleas ( ! %ipp]4 ,! railroad (ficial to :om su* reque/s are made c>efully inve/igates ! conditions recit$ by ! %ipp] &1 by correspond5ce ) su* railroad's repres5tatives at ! po9ts ( orig9 & de/9ation1 confirms1 if possible1 ! views ( ! %ipp] & ! effect ( ! propos$ *ange on ! tonnage & rev5ue ( ! company4 ,! traffic (ficial ( ! railroad ?us be+ daily engag$ 9 inve/igations ( ?is k9d becomes v pr(ici5t 9 8 k ( ! factors surr\nd+ ! movem5t ( ! pr9cipal articles ( comm]ce & becomes1 aft] exp]i5ce1 a ready judge ( ! m]it ( su* propositions4 ,:5 ?us conv9c$1 he becomes ! ag5t ( ! %ipp] 9 secur+ ! propos$ adju/m5t4 ,?is may take ! =m ( sugge/+ to a rival railroad t ! advantage :i* its %ipp]s h enjoy$ is unju/ & t he %\ld be p]mitt$1 )\t any correspond+ r$uction on ! "p ( su* rival railroad1 to r$uce 8 rate t ! compla9+ %ipp] may pr(itably secure an increas$ %>e ( ! competitive traffic 9 "q4 ,be+ unable to ?us p]suade ! compet+ railroad ( ! m]its ( su* a cont5tion he is =c$ to proce$ by r$uc+ 8 own rate )\t reg>d to ! possible *ange :i* may foll[ on ! "p ( o!r railroads z a consequ5ce ( 8 r$uction4 ,x w1 !re=e1 naturally be se5 t ! railroad (ficial & ! %ipp] are con/antly plann+ to increase ! bus9ess 9 :i* !y are jo9tly int]e/$1 to ! disadvantage ( ! rival railroad & %ipp]4 ,sometimes ^! ef=ts result 9 s]i\s rate w>s until ! po9t 9 controv]sy has be5 adju/$ & ! competitive rates plac$ on a basis :i* is m ne>ly equitable to all conc]n$4 ,9 _m in/ances ^! disputes result 9 arbitration ei!r by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission or by individuals :o may be agre$ ^u by ! cont5d+ int]e/s4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 !re=e1 t practically all rate r$uctions are ! result ( ! ef=t ( ! railroad company to s]ve ! %ipp]1 x c easily be se5 :at ! result w be if no advances 9 rates c be made )\t practically ! approval ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,:]e x is difficult to re/ore rates to normal figures1 ! c>ri] w be loa? to r$uce !m 9 ord] t ! %ipp] dep5d5t ^u su* c>ri] may increase1 = ! "t be+1 8 %>e 9 ! competitive traffic 9 :i* he is int]e/$4 ,,adju/m5t ,,( ,,rates4--,,int]relation ,,( ,,rates4--,,practical ,,op]ation ,,( ,,am5dm5t4 #f4 ,! subject ( rate adju/m5t1 ev5 ^u a s+le sy/em ( transportation1 is "o involv+ great difficulty & p]plexity4 ,:5 ?is adju/m5t is consid]$ 9 its relation to ! entire c\ntry1 to ! div]sifi$ comm]cial conditions1 z affect$ by comm]cial competition1 & z controll$ by ! int]relation ( rates1 x /&s =? z "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( all ! problems :i* mu/ be ma/]$ t ! transportation ag5cies may n be injuri\sly crippl$ 9 ! p]=mance ( _! quasi public functions1 or ! prosp]ity & developm5t ( ! comm]cial int]e/s be ret>d$ by ! failure to enact prop]1 reasonable1 & j gov]nm5tal regulations4 ,rates :i* c be consid]$ alone are comp>atively few 9 numb]4 ,9 ! l>ge majority ( cases !y are int]relat$ ) o!r rates1 & frequ5tly ?is int]relation exi/s z betwe5 areas widely sep>at$4 ,! rates ^u iron & /eel f mills )9 #ej to #ajj miles ( ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia & ,baltimore1 ^: relations to ea* o!r are e/abli%$ by long cu/om & usage1 are bas$ prim>ily ^u ! necessity ( pres]v+ a fair comp>ative *>ge betwe5 ! diff]5t %ipp+ po9ts & de/9ations4 ,rates ^u coal f c5tral ,p5nsylvania to tide wat] h close relations ) ! rates ^u coal f ,we/ ,virg9ia to tide wat]1 compet+ z su* coal does1 9 ! same m>kets4 ,! rates ^u lumb] f ! ,mi*igan m>kets mu/ be> "s relation to ! rates on lumb] f ,l\isiana & ,georgia to ! same m>ket ( di/ribution1 al?\gh sep>at$ by hundr$s ( miles4 ,! rates ^u gra9 f we/]n f>ms to ea/]n po9ts be> a relation to ! o!r1 & ^u export gra9 ! rates to ! ,atlantic seabo>d be> a close relation to ! rates to ! ,gulf4 ,! rates ^u fruit & vegetable traffic f ! v>i\s %ipp+ di/ricts1 z ,cali=nia on ! ,we/ & ,florida on ! ,s\?1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! mak+ ( rates4 ,! /ructure ( rates betwe5 ! t]ritory ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 & ! t]ritory ea/ ( ,pittsburg & ,buffalo1 includ+ ,new ,engl&1 is closely int]relat$2 z an example1 ! rates betwe5 ,*icago & ,new ,york take a p]c5tage ( ! ,*icago rate f all po9ts we/ ( ,pittsburg & ,buffalo4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! int]relation ( rates has frequ5tly be5 recogniz$ 9 ! decisions ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( ! manufactur] !re is a v important relation%ip betwe5 rates ^u diff]5t products ent]+ into ! manufacture ( a giv5 article4 ,9 ! great /eel-produc+ di/ricts ( ! ,%5ango & ,mahon+ valleys & ,pittsburg = _m ye>s ! rates ^u raw mat]ial to ! furnaces = ! production ( pig iron h be5 adju/$ ^u a basis1 s f> z possible1 ( mak+ ! freight co/ ( assembl+ ! raw mat]ials t ent] into ?is product ! same to ea* furnace4 ,9 ! "o case ! rate ^u coke may be high] & ! rate ^u ore or lime/one l[]2 9 o!r cases ! rev]se4 ,! adju/m5t ( rates ^u ^! diff]5t raw mat]ials is s made t :5 assembl$ at ! diff]5t furnaces ! aggregate co/ is relatively ! same4 ,?is illu/rates ! cont5tion t su* rates _c be consid]$ sep>ately1 b mu/ be tak5 z a :ole4 ,be>+ ^! facts 9 m9d x is manife/ t if an advance 9 rates is made & ! prote/ ( "o %ipp] %all op]ate z a /ay to ! advance ( a p>ticul> rate 9 :i* he may be int]e/$ ! result w\ld be to burd5 ?\s&s ( o!r %ipp]s :o h made no objection4 ,! prote/+ %ipp] w\ld ?us secure an advantage1 enjoy+ = a "t1 at lea/1 a rate relatively l[] ?an t to :i* he 0 entitl$4 ,x might be urg$ t x w\ld be op5 to all o!r %ipp]s to file simil> prote/s1 b "u ! provisions ( ! bill1 or ( ! am5dm5ts sugge/$ 9 committee1 ! prote/+ %ipp] might wait until ! la/ day ( ! ?irty-day p]iod1 ?us giv+ no opportunity to o!r %ipp]s1 :o w\ld be ignorant ( 8 purpose1 to file _! prote/4 ,x w\ld be possible if ?is am5dm5t became a law t _m individual %ipp]s w\ld take advantage ( _! competitors by mak+ contracts ^u ! basis ( a l[] rate & at ! la/ mom5t file ! prote/1 susp5d ! advance rate1 & deliv] _! product "u su* contracts )9 ! p]iod ( ! susp5sion ( ! advanc$ rates & ?us pr(it at ! exp5se ( _! competitors4 ,! effect ( ?is am5dm5t becomes m s]i\s :]e ! relation ( rates is betwe5 wide areas1 & ^! relative rate adju/m5ts _c be made simultane\sly4 ,! rates ^u gra9 = export1 f ! ,we/ to ! ,gulf1 z comp>$ ) ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 w illu/rate ?is /atem5t4 ,! prote/ ( "o %ipp] betwe5 two specific po9ts w\ld n only result 9 ?r[+ out ( relation ! rates f all po9ts 9 t section1 b w\ld also affect ! competitive rates f o!r sections4 ,su* a result w\ld necess>ily r5d] ! rate situation 9 ref]5ce to ! gra9 rates confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,rates 9 a c\ntry l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* is comp>atively "y1 & ! developm5t ( :i* attracts ! att5tion ( ! _w1 mu/1 necess>ily1 be ela/ic1 n only 9 ! int]e/ ( ! c>ri]1 b ( ! %ipp+ public4 ,! pr9ciple is s\nd & has receiv$ ! approval ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 t rates mu/ be fix$ ) reg>d to _! relations "o ) ! o!r1 & n entirely ^u ! co/ ( s]vice4 ,?is relation is because ( ! competition betwe5 %ipp]s1 betwe5 sections ( %ipp]s1 & betwe5 localities1 & z 7because ( ! rapid developm5t ( our c\ntry 9 ! production ( new s\rces ( supply1 9 ! op5+ up ( new gra9 fields1 fl\r mills1 m9es1 & factories1 etc47 ?is competition is con/antly *ang+4 ,x is manife/ t rates mu/ con/antly fluctuate1 s z to be adju/$ to ! new condition2 x is ess5tial 9 ! developm5t ( ! c\ntry1 ev5 9 ! old] sections1 t rates mu/ be ela/ic1 :i* means con/ant r$uctions & advances4 ,?is is 9 ! int]e/ ( communities & ! individual %ipp]4 ,!re mu/ be ela/icity = o!r reasons1 9 ! int]e/ ( communities z ( ! railroads2 9 meet+ *anges 9 comm]cial conditions t necessitates r$uctions 9 rates = %ort] or long] p]iods1 z an illu/ration1 to enable our gra9 & o!r products ( ! f>m to rea* =eign m>kets1 :i* w\ld be impossible 9 "o p]iod unless rates 7 l[]$1 :]eas 9 o!r p]iods high] rates c\ld be *>g$ )\t injuri\s results4 ,und]/&+ ! conditions t surr\nd ?is complex subject1 x is manife/ t if a s+le %ipp]1 or ev5 ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 is to h ! p[] to prev5t at any "t t ela/icity :i* involves an advance 9 rates1 ! natural result w be t r$uctions w n be made by ! c>ri]1 & ! ela/icity w be lo/4 ,! fe> w\ld be ev] pres5t$ to ! m9d ( ! traffic (ficial t ! rate once r$uc$ c\ld n--at lea/1 until aft] exhau/ive & long-drawn-out he>+s be=e ! commission--be advanc$4 ,! necess>y fluctuation 9 rates to meet ! *ang+ conditions ( comm]ce1 :5 exam9$ 9 ! light ( ! reports ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 is />tl+ to "o n famili> ) ! rapid *ange ( comm]cial conditions 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re 7 #bbe1ihb t>iff publications fil$ ) ! commission 9 "o ye>1 all conta9+ *anges ( rates1 ei!r r$uctions or increases1 & rules gov]n+ transportation4 ,^! publications--_m ( !m--conta9$ a great numb] ( diff]5t t>iffs4 ,! ,p5nsylvania l9es1 ea/ ( ,pittsburg1 issu$ #b1bjj t>iffs & #c1fjj supplem5ts4 ,ab\t #cc-a_/c p] c5t ( ^! cov]$ advances1 & #ff-b_/c p] c5t 7 r$uctions4 ,z ! law exi/s today1 !re 0 no special inducem5t to ! %ipp] to file prote/s aga9/ ! advances4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ?is am5dm5t _h be5 a "p ( ! act to regulate comm]ce1 h[ _m prote/s w\ld h be5 fil$1 & :at l5g? ( "t w\ld x h tak5 ! commission to h dispos$ ( !m8 ,:at unc]ta9ty w\ld h result$ to ! comm]cial int]e/s :ile wait+ = ! adjudication ( ^! que/ions8 ,,opportunity ,,= ,,fraud ,,& ,,discrim9ation ,,"u ,,! ,,am5dm5t4 #g4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s objections urg$ to ! passage ( ?is am5dm5t is ! opportunity :i* su* a law w\ld pres5t = ! p]petration ( frauds "u x1 & 9 ! case ( ev5 hone/ prote/ to ! advance ( rates1 :]e rates re/ on a diff]5tial basis1 9 produc+ ?\s&s ( in/ances ( unfair discrim9ation4 ,an example "u ! fir/ proposition may be /at$ briefly1 z foll[s3 ,!re are two m5 engag$ 9 ! same l9e ( trade2 !y are bo? call$ ^u to bid on a contract involv+ a l>ge am\nt ( a giv5 commodity 9 :i* bo? deal4 ,! c>ri] has giv5 notice ( an advance 9 rate1 effective ?irty days f ! fil+ & publication ( ! s*$ule2 ! commodity is n to move = "s days2 "o ( ! bidd]s files 8 bid1 bas$ ^u ! advanc$ rate1 assum+ t ! notice ( ! c>ri] w be made effective2 ! o!r %ipp] & bidd] waits until two or ?ree days be=e ! date ! rate is to be made effective1 files a prote/1 confid5t t x w take ?ree or f\r mon?s to h ! matt] adjudicat$1 files 8 bid aga9/ 8 competitor1 bas$ on ! curr5t rate1 & be+ ! l[e/1 secures ! contract4 ,an example "u ! second proposition w\ld be 9 case ( a rate publi%$ f ,/4 ,l\is to be foll[$ diff]5tially f ,*icago by a numb] ( compet+ roads4 ,a %ipp] on "o ( ! l9es1 j prior to ! tak+ effect ( ! rate1 w\ld file 8 prote/ z to ! rate ea/ ( ,*icago4 ,! diff]5tial adju/m5t t has be5 made by all ^! roads w at once be de/roy$1 & ! %ipp] on ! road aga9/ :i* ! prote/ 0 fil$ w\ld h ! advantage ov] all ( 8 competitors on ! o!r l9es 9 %ipp+ ea/4 ,^! discrim9ations betwe5 %ipp]s w\ld be ! direct result ( ! p[] plac$ by ,congress 9 ! h&s ( %ipp]s & w\ld h receiv$ ! sanction ( legislative approval1 &1 !re=e1 be lawful4 ,! /atute has tak5 x out ( ! p[] ( ! c>ri] to meet su* a condition & to prev5t ! discrim9ation4 ,x _c *ange its rate "u ?irty days )\t a special ord] ( ! commission1 & t ord]1 x mu/ be assum$1 _c be grant$ )\t a reasonable he>+4 ,congress s9ce #ahhg has s\ght by ! mo/ /r+5t measures ( legislation to prev5t discrim9ation & pres]ve equality among %ipp]s4 ,! orig9al act 0 dem&$ m to accompli% t purpose ?an = any o!r4 ,! ,elk9s ,act 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! subject1 & ! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 increas$ ! p5alties = ! violation ( ^! provisions4 ,%\ld ?is policy1 :i* has be5 foll[$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 be modifi$ & an act pass$1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* is to tempt ! cupidity ( ! %ipp] to accompli% results :i* x has e>ne/ly & vigor\sly f\ght to /amp out8 ,,w\ld ,,prev5t ,,r$uctions1 ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,advances1 ,,9 ,,rates1 ,,& ,,de/roy ,,_! ,,flexibility4 #h4 ,on ! face ( ?is am5dm5t1 x seems only to give to ! commission ! au?ority to prev5t an increase 9 rates1 b ! practical result ( su* a law w\ld be f> m rea*+4 ,su* a law w\ld mean a rigid freight t>iff 9 place ( ! pres5t flexible & ela/ic sy/em ( rates :i* exi/s alone 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,/ability ( freight rates is important1 b n to ! ext5t t ! c>ri] %all n feel w>rant$ 9 promptly apply+ rem$ies = ! relief or assi/ance ( %ipp]s :o f9d !mselves no long] able to compete1 due to advantages :i* o!r %ipp]s h secur$1 or *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 ! conditions surr\nd+ ! m>ket+ ( _! products4 ,a law :i* t5ds to m9imize ! comm]cial or competitive conditions exi/+ at ! pres5t "t w necess>ily result to ! disadvantage ( %ipp]s1 to ! c>ri]1 & to ! communities !y s]ve4 ,x is n necess>y "h to aga9 ref] to ! pres5tation ( ! importance ( ! flexibility ( rates1 :i* is s cle>ly %[n 9 ! discussion ( ! influ5ces :i* control 9 mak+ r$uctions1 z well z advances ( rates by ! *airman ( ! ,s\?we/]n ,traffic ,committee1 z quot$ "u section #e ( ?is report4 ,! m ! committee has reflect$ ^u ! probable t5d5cy ( ! pr9ciple ann\nc$ by ?is am5dm5t1 if incorporat$ into ! law1 ! m def9ite has become its conviction t x w\ld ultimately result 9 de/roy+ t important factor 9 ,am]ican railroad managem5t1 ! flexibility ( _! t>iffs--_! adaptability to ! *ang+ comm]cial & economic conditions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & skill$ traffic (ficials 9 ! c\ntry1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,f9k1 9 consid]+ ?is am5dm5t uses ! foll[+ language3 ,railroad (ficials are con/antly engag$ 9 ! "w ( adju/+ rates s z to meet z f> z practicable ! requirem5t ( _! patrons4 ,9 times ( depression ( bus9ess !y make r$uction 9 rates 9 ord] to enable %ipp]s to s5d _! commodities to c]ta9 m>kets1 & keep indu/rial e/abli%m5ts f be+ clos$4 ,^! r$uc$ rates are (t5 s l[ z to b>ely cov] ! co/ ( transportation4 ,b !y are meant to be tempor>y 9 _! op]ation1 & to be advanc$ :5 bus9ess conditions h become m favorable4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t :5 ! re/oration ( su* rates is ob/ruct$1 s t railroad (ficials are n p]mitt$ to advance rates except by p]mission ( a gov]nm5t bureau aft] an inve/igation :i* mu/ consume consid]able "t1 railroad (ficials w naturally hesitate1 & (t5 decl9e1 to make r$uctions 9 rates :i* involve consid]able loss ( rev5ue )\t any comp5sat+ b5efits to _! companies1 ei!r 9 ! pres5t or future4 ,x is easy to see ! effect ( ?is4 ,railroads w\ld no long] be able to af=d ! desir$ assi/ance to %ipp]s1 h[ev] anxi\s !y might be to d s4 ,! rates w\ld 9 a l>ge measure lose _! ela/icity1 & become rigid1 & a condition simil> to t exi/+ 9 ,france w\ld be creat$1 :]e /ate controll$ rates prev5t railroads f build+ up ! t]ritory4 ,9 consid]+ ?is "q1 we mu/ n =get t :5 we de/roy ela/icity & flexibility 9 our rates1 we prev5t r$uctions ( rates1 z well z ! rais+ ( rates4 ,its t5d5cy is n only to prev5t ! r$uction 9 p>ticul> in/ances t has result$ 9 great advantage to ! %ipp]s & ! c\ntry 9 ! pa/1 b x prev5ts ! l[]+ ( ! g5]al av]age ( rates4 ,!re h be5 comp>atively few compla9ts1 z to ! unreasonabl5ess ( ! rates ( ?is c\ntry p] se4 ,! va/ majority ( compla9ts1 aga9/ ! reasonabl5ess ( rates1 is ! claim t !y are relatively unreasonable4 ,"u ! ,am]ican sy/em ( rate adju/m5t1 ) its fre$om to meet comm]cial & economic conditions1 ! g5]al av]age ( rates p] ton p] mile has volunt>ily be5 r$uc$ by ! c>ri]s ( ! c\ntry f #ahgj2 n s /rik+ly s9ce #ahif z previ\sly1 b sub/antial r$uction z foll[s3,j #ahif #hjb #ahig #ghi #ahih #gec #ahii #gbd #aijj #gbi #aija #gej #aijb #geg #aijc #gfc #aijd #ghj #aije #gff #aijf #gdh #aijg #gei ,! lead]s ( railroad managem5t & ! able/ exp]ts on railroad economics 9 =eign c\ntries h approv$ 9 ! mo/ en?usia/ic language1 ! wisdom :i* has pres]v$ to ! ,am]ican railway sy/em its fre$om ( managem5t & its flexibility ( rates1 subject only to ! limitations ( reasonable rates1 equality among %ipp]s1 & ! avoid+ ( all devices t might result 9 discrim9ation among ^? :o use ^! public means ( transportation4 ,! view ( ,m4 ,emile ,heurteau1 presid5t ( ! ,orleans ,railroad1 speak+ ( ! ,am]ican sy/em ( roads1 said3 ,we w\ld be only too glad to adopt ! ,am]ican sy/em ( fix+ ! l[e/ rates prop]1 & mak+ up ! loss ( pr(it on ea* %ipm5t out ( ! increas$ volume ( bus9ess !y make ! railways available to1 :i* is ! only economically & comm]cially "r & s5sible way ( do+4 ,we w\ld be glad to build up our t]ritory z ! ,am]ican railways d1 by enc\rag+ its indu/ries1 by op5+ its m>kets1 by enabl+ x to compete ) o!r t]ritory contribut+ to ! same m>kets4 ,b we c n d t2 ! /ate-controll$ rates prev5t x1 h[ev] /rong our desire or ! p's may be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,railroads "u gov]nm5t sup]vision mu/ set _! rates close to ! maxima !n1 & ma9ta9 !m !re1 = _! own salvation4 ,!re are _m times :51 if x 7 possible1 we w\ld l to l[] freight *>ges to meet "s special em]g5cy1 su* z ! necessities ( a di/rict suff]+ f a crop failure1 = example4 ,t is n philan?ropy1 b comm]cial s5se1 to help ! man :o creates bus9ess = y1 :5 he is h>d press$1 & to increase ! volume ( traffic t is fall+ because p h n ! money to pay ! price !y h be5 accu/om$ to pay easily4 ,b if we %\ld once l[] our rates--possibly to ! po9t ( loss1 z ,am]ican railways h done frequ5tly 9 crises--we w\ld n be all[$ to re/ore !m lat]1 :5 !y c\ld be fairly re/or$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! wond]ful gr[? & developm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! admiration ( ! :ole _w4 ,i h no d\bt x is to be attribut$ l>gely to ! fre$om y h always enjoy$ 9 y\r comm]cial & indu/rial life4 ,opportunity is giv5 "h = railways & communities to be mutually helpful1 & spl5did use has be5 made & is be+ made ( x4 ,! few cases ( compla9ts aga9/ y\r railways1 ! expansion ( trade ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ,european m>kets to ! produc]s ( y\r ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,/ates1 :o are enabl$ to deliv] _! products abroad1 ! l[ co/ ( transportation t enables !m to compete !re ) ! =eign produc] ne> at h&1 ^: railways are 9 no position to help him--all ^! ?+s seem to me suffici5t evid5ce ( ! success & desirability ( ! ,am]ican practice 9 ! managem5t & regulation ( railway matt]s4 ,any economi/1 any bus9ess man1 any transportation manag] w tell y t ! pres5t ,am]ican me?od ( fix+ freight rates is ! only logical & rational "o4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( railways by ! ,s5ate committee 9 #aije1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,acwor?1 :o is reg>d$ z "o ( ! lead+ exp]ts 9 ,engl& on railroad transportation & railroad economics1 0 invit$ to appe> be=e ! committee1 ) ! reque/ to give a review ( ! hi/orical facts be>+ on ! control & managem5t ( ! railways ( ,engl&4 ,aft] comply+ ) ! reque/ ( ! committee1 c]ta9 que/ions 7 ask$ him t 7 ( great importance at t "t 9 ! consid]ation ( ! que/ions !n be+ inve/igat$ by ! committee4 ,"o ( ^! que/ions involv$ ! effect ( ! provision ( ! new canal & traffic act ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* = ! fir/ "t embodi$ ! provision t railway companies mu/ make no increase except = good cause1 if anybody objects1 & :i*1 z con/ru$ by ! c\rts1 prev5t$ any increase ( a rate :]e objection 0 made1 until aft] he>+ by ! bo>d ( trade4 ,8 exam9ation w be f\nd 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! he>+s ( t inve/igation1 pages #ahdh1 #aheb1 #ahec & #ahed1 & 0 z foll[s3 ,s9ce x has be5 decid$ t no rate c be put up once x has be5 put d[n1 )\t appeal to ! law c\rts1 ! railway companies h practically arriv$ at ! conclusion t !y w n put !m d[n because !y d n "k :e!r !y w h an opportunity to put !m up aga94 ,s5ator ,,cullom3 ,d y ?9k x works to ! advantage ( ! p t ! railways w n put ! rates d[n = fe> !y w n get a *ance to put !m up aga98 ,mr4 ,,acwor?3 ,p]sonally1 ,i h no d\bt x does n4 ,x is fair to rememb] always t x may protect ! weak] 9 comm]cial /rife4 ,x is r h>d on ! weak] man to be cr[d$ to ! wall by a :olesale conc]n 9 any walk ( life4 ,b if x be true 9 ord9>y bus9ess t1 on ! :ole1 ! public ga9s by ! :olesal+ me?od1 x is probably true 9 railway bus9ess also4 ,i ?9k t1 s to speak1 ! he>t has be5 tak5 out ( ! railway man4 ,! railway m5 und]/& ?is bus9ess2 !y "k h[ to manage x 9 _! own way4 ,! railway m5 ?9k '! responsibility has ceas$ to be ours2 we mu/ ma9ta9 ! /atus quo1' & t is :at !y d4 ,! ,,*airman3 ,y ?9k t divid+ responsibility impairs ! adm9i/rative p[] ( ! (ficials ( ! roads z well z ! s]vice !y r5d] to ! public8 ,mr4 ,,acwor?3 ,f ! op]at+ po9t ( view1 ,i d n ?9k our railways h be5 suffici5tly int]f]$ ) to prev5t !m develop+ ! goodness ( ! s]vice4 ,b z to rate mak+1 ,i h no d\bt t ! int]f]5ce ( ,p>liam5t1 ! c\rts1 & ! ,executive has all t5d$ to /]eotype & keep rates at an unnecess>ily high level4 ,! ,,*airman3 ,w\ld y say t1 on ! :ole1 ! p[] to make rates g5]ally & prim>ily %\ld be left to ! railroads & to ! free play ( ! =ces ( ! bus9ess _w8 ,mr4 ,,acwor?3 ,speak+ z an individual /ud5t1 ,i h no d\bt t t is ! process t w arrive at ! be/ results = ! community1 ) ?is exception3 ,t ,i fully ?9k x is necess>y t ! community 9 "s way %\ld int]f]e to protect all cu/om]s f unfair treatm5t4 ,! ,,*airman3 ,y ?9k t ! p[] %\ld reside some:]e to correct excessive & extortionate rates by summ>y & prop] proce$+s8 ,mr4 ,,acwor?3 ,i am n sure t ,i %\ld g s f> z to say excessive rates reg>d$ z excessive 9 !mselves4 ,i am myself incl9$ to ?9k t excessive rates w correct !mselves4 ,! wise m5 w discov] t x does n pay to *>ge excessive rates4 ,b ,i ?9k ! law %\ld int]f]e to prev5t unfair rates to ,a z comp>$ ) ! rates giv5 to ,b4 ,x seems to me t ! ,/ate is b\nd to insi/ t ! rates %all be public1 & t practically w settle x1 = if !y are public !y h got to be fair2 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! law %\ld conf9e itself to secur+ t1 :]e !re is a diff]5ce made z betwe5 ,a & ,b1 ! diff]5ce %\ld be a diff]5ce = a comm]cial reason1 & n = any reason ( p]sonal favoritism4 ,s5ator ,,=ak]3 ,& ,i und]/& y to say t ! effect ( fix+ maximum rates is to less5 ! t5d5cy to r$uce rates1 :i* railroads _h practic$ be=e ?is legislation 0 enact$8 ,mr4 ,,acwor?3 ,i am n q sure t ! maxima h really _h v mu* effect at all4 ,x has be5 a t5d5cy1 b ,i d n ?9k an important t5d5cy4 ,b ! int]pretation by ! c\rts ( ! undue pref]5ce law1 & ! rec5t limitation t hav+ once r$uc$ y c n subsequ5tly increase1 h _h t effect m>k$ly1 ,i believe4 ,s5ator ,,=ak]3 ,s t ! rates = ! transportation ( freight on railroads 9 ,engl& h n be5 decl9+1 ,i take x f y\r /atem5t1 9 rec5t ye>s1 b h rema9$ practically /ation>y8 ,mr4 ,,acwor?3 ,i d n "k :at ! av]age rate is1 because !re are no /ati/ics 9 ,engl&2 b my own impression w\ld be t x _h probably n decl9$ to an appreciable ext5t1 :]eas 9 an e>li] p]iod x c]ta9ly did decl9e pretty fa/4 ,! effect ( a simil> law1 pass$ 9 ,engl&1 z %[n by ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,acwor?1 confirms ! views ( ! committee :i* h be5 express$ 9 ?is report1 t ) su* a provision embodi$ 9 ! pres5t int]/ate comm]ce law1 !re w\ld be few r$uctions or advances 9 ,am]ican rates4 ,if x _h ! effect 9 ,engl& ( de/roy+ ! flexibility ( ! rates ( ! c>ri] & int]f]$ ) ! developm5t ( ,engl&'s comm]ce1 z well z h] railroads1 h[ mu* m s]i\s w\ld be ! result 9 ?is c\ntry1 t is 9 ! process ( rapid developm5t1 bo? z to its comm]ce & t]ritory8 ,x has be5 cr$ibly /at$ t ! ,bo>d ( ,trade ( ,engl& is n[ s]i\sly consid]+ a recomm5dation = ! repeal ( t provision ( ! /atute4 ,,an ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,communication ,,to ,,! ,,commission--,,_m ,,( ,,its ,,objections ,,apply ,,to ,,! ,,am5dm5t ,,(f]$ ,,9 ,,committee4 #i4 ,:5 ?is bill 0 ref]r$ to y\r committee = its consid]ation ! *airman address$ a lett] to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 inclos+ ! bill1 & reque/$ ! op9ion ( ! commission z to ! wisdom ( incorporat+ ! am5dm5t into ! int]/ate comm]ce law4 ,! *airman repli$ 9 ! foll[+ communication3 ,,int]/ate ,,comm]ce ,,commission1 ,wa%+ton1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aijh4 ,,hon4 ,,/eph5 ,b4 ,,elk9s1 ,*airman ,committee on ,int]/ate ,comm]ce1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission has ! honor to submit ! foll[+ 9 response to y\r communication ( #bd? in/ant1 transmitt+ a bill 7,s4 #dbc7 to am5d section #f ( ! act to regulate comm]ce1 introduc$ by ,s5ator ,fulton ,decemb] #d1 #aijg1 & reque/+ ! commission to 'advise ! committee be=e its next meet+1 ,janu>y #ca1 _! op9ion ( said bill & :at action !y w\ld sugge/ !reon4' ,:il/ ! views ( ! entire commission c n be def9itely asc]ta9$ )9 ! "t nam$1 because ( abs5ces on (ficial bus9ess1 a majority ( ! commission]s & probably all ( !m w\ld n be dispos$ to favor ! enactm5t ( ?is measure4 ,to give to ! prote/ ( a s+le %ipp] ! effect ( prev5t+ ! advance ( any rate until ! reasonabl5ess ( t advance 0 affirmatively det]m9$ by ! commission w\ld e/abli% a h>d & fa/ rule ( d\btful fairness to ! railroads & que/ionable advantage to ! public4 ,"u exi/+ conditions we are ( ! op9ion t x w\ld be unwise to adopt ! arbitr>y limitation :i* ?is bill proposes1 :atev] may be f\nd desirable or necess>y 9 ?is reg>d 9 ! future4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! passage ( su* a bill at ?is "t w\ld impose a burd5 ^u ! commission :i* x ought n to be ask$ to und]take4 ,if e propos$ advance _h to be inve/igat$ by ! commission & (ficially sanction$ be=e x c\ld take effect1 ! numb] ( cases to be consid]$ w\ld presumably be s great z to r5d] _! prompt disposition almo/ impossible4 ,9 in/ances ( ju/ifiable increase ! necess>y delay result+ f ! probable volume ( cases w\ld "w inju/ice to ! c>ri]s4 ,until conditions become m /able & ! sub/antive provisions ( ! act are m completely obs]v$ 9 railway t>iffs & practices we ent]ta9 ! belief t a wid] latitude ( discretion on ! "p ( c>ri]s ?an ?is measure all[s %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,x is also sugge/$ t ! practical effect ( ! propos$ am5dm5t might be to prev5t volunt>y r$uctions ( rates by ! c>ri]s4 ,if no rate c\ld be increas$ )\t ! approval ( ! commission aft] affirmative %[+ by ! c>ri] x might happ5 t _m r$uctions n[ volunt>ily accord$ w\ld n be made4 ,?is subject ( rate advances 0 discuss$ 9 our rec5t annual report to ! ,congress1 & t portion ( ! report is transmitt$ h]e) = ! in=mation ( y\r committee4 ,x concludes ) a recomm5dation relat+ to ! matt] 9 "q 9 :i* ! entire commission concurr$1 & t recomm5dation is n[ respectfully r5ew$4 ,v respectfully1 ,,m>t9 ,a4 ,,knapp1 ,*airman4 ,x w be obs]v$ by an exam9ation ( ?is communication f ! commission t x deem$ x unwise to recomm5d ! adoption ( ! am5dm5t to ! six? section z (f]$ 9 ,s5ate bill #dbc1 b ! lett] ref]s to its =m] report z expressive ( its views ^u ?is subject1 :i* recomm5d$ a some:at simil> provision1 b diff]+ 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ,s5ate bill #dbc ! fil+ ( a prote/ w\ld susp5d ! tak+ effect ( ! rate until aft] full he>+ z to ! m]its ( ! advance4 ,! recomm5dation ( ! commission 9 its =m] report1 ref]r$ to 9 ! communication1 recomm5d$ ! adoption ( a provision t w\ld conf] ^u ! commission1 ^u ! fil+ ( a compla9t1 ! discretion to susp5d ! rate until f9al he>+4 ,! am5dm5t to ! bill be=e y\r committee (f]$ dur+ its consid]ation1 & :i* has be5 fully discuss$ 9 ?is report1 0 9 sub/ance ! recomm5dation ( ! commission4 ,an analysis ( ! lett] ( ! *airman ( ! commission1 /at+ ! objections to ! enactm5ts ( ! propos$ am5dm5t into law1 su/a9s _m ( ! reasons :i* h be5 urg$ 9 ?is report aga9/ ! approval ( ! pr9ciple ann\nc$ by t am5dm5t4 ,! committee quotes f ! lett]1 z foll[s3 7a7 ,to give to ! prote/ ( a s+le %ipp] ! effect ( prev5t+ ! advance ( any rate until ! reasonabl5ess ( t advance 0 affirmatively det]m9$ by ! commission1 w\ld e/abli% a h>d & fa/ rule ( d\btful fairness to ! railroads & que/ionable advantage to ! public4 7b7 ,"u exi/+ conditions we are ( ! op9ion t x w\ld be unwise to adopt ! arbitr>y limitation :i* ?is bill proposes4 7c7 ,if e propos$ advance _h to be inve/igat$ by ! commission & (ficially sanction$ be=e x c\ld take effect ! numb] ( cases to be consid]$ w\ld presumably be s great z to r5d] ?is prompt disposition almo/ impossible4 7d7 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! passage ( su* a bill at ?is "t w\ld impose a burd5 ^u ! commission1 :i* x %\ld n be ask$ to und]take4 7e7 ,9 in/ances ( ju/ifiable increase all necess>y delay result+ f probable volume ( cases w\ld "w inju/ice to ! c>ri]s4 7f7 ,until conditions become m /able & ! sub/antive op]ations ( ! act are m completely obs]v$ 9 railway t>iffs & practices1 we ent]ta9 ! belief t a wid] latitude ( discretion on ! "p ( c>ri]s ?an ?is measure all[s w\ld be p]mitt$4 7g7 ,x is also sugge/$ t ! practical effect ( a propos$ am5dm5t might be to prev5t volunt>y r$uctions ( rates by ! c>ri]s4 7h7 ,if no rate c\ld be increas$ )\t ! approval ( ! commission aft] affirmative %[+ by ! c>ri]1 x might happ5 t _m r$uctions n[ volunt>ily accord$ w\ld n be made4 ,! n9e reasons sugge/$ by ! commission :y ! orig9al am5dm5t (f]$ to section #f %\ld n be adopt$1 fully su/a9 ! committee 9 report+ ! bill adv]sely1 & to a great ext5t1 fully ju/ify ! views :i* x has express$ 9 ?is report z influ5c+ ! actions ( ! committee 9 its adv]se report ^u ! am5dm5t propos$ 9 ! committee4 ,! committee is unable to appreciate ! =ce ( ! sugge/ion ( ! modification propos$ to ! orig9al am5dm5t1 z 9 any way *ang+ ! pr9ciple embodi$ 9 x1 or ! practical results :i* w\ld fl[ f its adoption4 ,if ! p[] 0 conf]r$ ^u ! commission1 :5 a rate 0 advanc$1 ^u compla9t to susp5d ! go+ into effect ( t rate until a f9al he>+1 e objection urg$ by ! commission to ! adoption ( ! bill1 b ! fir/ two1 w\ld be applicable to ! modification propos$ by ! commission to ! orig9al am5dm5t4 ,"u ! modification sugge/$ by ! commission ! burd5 impos$ ^u x w\ld be great]1 if possible1 ?an "u ! orig9al am5dm5t4 ,"u ! orig9al am5dm5t1 by =ce ( ! /atute1 ! fil+ ( ! prote/ w\ld susp5d ! advanc$ rate1 & ! he>+ ^u ! m]its w\ld take place aft] ! ?irty days _h expir$4 ,"u ! sugge/ion ( ! commission conf]r+ ^u x ! discretion>y au?ority ^u compla9t to det]m9e :e!r ! rate %\ld g into effect at ! "t prescrib$ by law or be susp5d$1 !re is impos$ an (ficial quasi judicial duty ^u ! commission1 :i* x %\ld n p]=m except ^u pro( t probably ! rate s\ght to be advanc$ w\ld ultimately be det]m9$ to be unreasonable4 ,rememb]+ ! l>ge numb] ( *anges ( rates daily1 & ! fact t "u ! law ! compla9t c\ld be fil$ at any "t )9 ! ?irty days1 w\ld x n be an impossible und]tak+ = ! commission to hope to p]=m ?is (ficial act ) ju/ice to ! public or to ! c>ri]8 ,9 ! multiplicity ( duties n[ dem&+ its mo/ e>ne/ att5tion1 w\ld n ! practical op]ation ( su* a law compel x to ent] a pro =ma ord] ( susp5sion until ! f9al he>+1 :5 ! commission1 ^u an exam9ation ( ! compla9t1 is satisfi$ t x pres5t$ a prima facie case ( unreasonable advance8 ,an (ficial tribunal *>g$ ) ! duty ( prev5t+ an unreasonable advance 9 rates w\ld be con/ra9$1 on ! pres5tation ( su* a compla9t1 to issue ! ord] ( susp5sion4 ,if ! slighte/ d\bt 0 rais$ 9 its m9d z to ! reasonabl5ess ( ! advance1 its (ficial obligation w\ld require x to ent] ! ord] ( susp5sion4 ,is !re any "q t su* a prima facie case c\ld be made :]e ! consid]ation ( ! prote/ w\ld1 ( necessity1 be ex p>te8 ,! committee is n1 !re=e1 able to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! orig9al am5dm5t & t propos$ 9 committee4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! committee ! reasons /at$ 9 ! lett] ( ! *airman ( ! commission1 & ! reasons giv5 9 ?is report1 n only ju/ify x b compel an adv]se report4 ,,conditions ,,confront+ ,,congress4 #aj4 ,! act ( ,june #bi1 #aijf1 took effect ,augu/ #bh1 #aijf4 ,x has be5 op]ative only ab\t tw5ty-eight mon?s4 ,dur+ half ( t p]iod ( "t ! c\ntry has exp]i5c$ ! effects ( a sev]e comm]cial panic2 bus9ess has be5 pro/rat$2 transportation p>alyz$2 ?\s&s ( c>s h be5 /or$ on ! sid+s1 & hundr$s ( eng9es h be5 plac$ 9 ! %ops1 await+ ! revival ( bus9ess4 ,f conditions exi/+ today1 we h a "r to assume t be=e _m mon?s we %all be approa*+ normal conditions4 ,! commission has n _h suffici5t "t to int]pret & con/rue ! rec5t law & to promulgate its ord]s 9 ref]5ce to ! action ( ! c>ri]s "u x4 ,_m ( ! traffic que/ions involv$1 "u ! provisions ( t law1 are yet to be con/ru$ & put 9 =ce by ord]s ( ! commission4 ,is x wise1 "u ^! conditions1 to beg9 am5d+ t /atute by introduc+ provisions inconsi/5t ) ! basis ( ! act8 ,x has be5 %[n t "u ! p[] conf]r$ by t rec5t enactm5t1 ! commission is ve/$ ) ! p[] to *ange an exi/+ unreasonable rate & to fix = ! future a reasonable rate4 ,x has also ! au?ority conf]r$ ^u x to aw>d rep>ation to ! ext5t ( any injury result+ to a %ipp]1 by reason ( ! exi/5ce ( an unreasonable rate4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! op9ion ( ! commission1 z express$ 9 its decisions1 n>r[+ v greatly ! "r ( ! c>ri] to advance a rate t w\ld meet ) its approval ^u he>+4 ,! committee mu/ assume1 9 consid]+ ?is "q1 t bo? ! %ipp]s & traffic (ficials1 ) k ( ! views ent]ta9$ by ! commission ^u ! "q ( an advance ( rates1 w 9 ! "o case be prompt to avail !mselves ( t attitude ( ! commission1 & 9 ! o!r t !y w seek to s adju/ _! rates z to br+ _! s*$ules )9 ! rul+s ( t tribunal4 ,! committee believes ! highe/ duty ( ! commission is to br+ toge!r %ipp]s & c>ri]s1 to ! end t ea* may see t nei!r c be p]man5tly prosp]\s at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,x fur!r believes t 9 _m in/ances ?is ef=t has be5 made by ! commission1 & successfully made4 ,x _c be accompli%$ by /atutes caus+ rigidity ( rates4 ,! mo/ s5sitive spot 9 ! great bus9ess deal+s ( ! c\ntry is ! railroad rate4 ,?is rate mu/ be rais$ or l[]$1 n 9 ob$i5ce to a rigid /atutory law1 b 9 ob$i5ce to ! v>y+ conditions ( trade & comm]ce4 ,! ,national ,bo>d ( ,trade1 "o ( ! mo/ important comm]cial organizations 9 ! c\ntry & "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial1 met 9 ,wa%+ton on ,tuesday1 ,janu>y #ai1 #aiji4 ,two propos$ resolutions 7 submitt$ to t conv5tion4 ,fir/1 by ! ,philadelphia ,press ,league1 urg+ an am5dm5t to ! int]/ate comm]ce law1 to p]mit railroads engag$ 9 int]/ate traffic to ent] into ! mak+ ( agreem5ts "u ! sup]vision & control ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,! second proposition 0 submitt$ by ! ,scranton ,bo>d ( ,trade1 embody+ ! provisions ( ! am5dm5t (f]$ 9 ! committee ^u ! consid]ation ( ,s5ate bill #dbc1 & approv$ 9 ! report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission z to ! advance ( rates4 ,^! resolutions 7 ref]r$ to ! committee on resolutions hav+ *>ge ( int]/ate comm]ce matt]s4 ,t committee1 ?r\gh its *airman1 made ! foll[+ report1 :i* 0 unanim\sly indors$ by ! conv5tion ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,trade3 ,! committee on int]/ate comm]ce law respectfully reports t1 9 its judgm5t1 ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,trade ought n at ?is "t to recomm5d any *ange 9 ! laws relat+ to int]/ate comm]ce4 ,! conv5tion 0 n satisfi$ ) ! passage ( ?is resolution1 b ! *airm5 ( ! sev]al committees ( t association 7 subsequ5tly au?oriz$ & direct$ by resolution to urge ! conclusions ( ! bo>d 9 its "n :5ev] possible4 ,! c\ntry is n[ dem&+ repose 9 its indu/rial upbuild+4 ,x is n a "t to exp]im5t & to *ange ! basis ^u :i* ! =m] acts to regulate comm]ce h be5 pr$icat$4 ,! rec5t law pass$ by ,congress s greatly enl>g+ ! au?ority ( ! commission %\ld1 be=e *anges are s\ght1 h ! opportunity ( at lea/ a fair trial z to ! value ( its provisions 9 ! regulation ( int]/ate comm]ce4 ,:5 trial has be5 giv5 & normal conditions h be5 re/or$1 any defect 9 ! regulat+ /atute c !n1 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce1 be promptly rem$i$4 ,,footnote3 ,j ,! av]age rate p] ton mile 9 #aijh 0 #g4ed mills4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,am]ican ,,railways ,,= ,,! ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,june #cj #aiji ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,slason ,,?ompson ,,manag] ,,( ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,railway ,,news ,,& ,,/ati/ics ,,introduction ,! function ( acc\nts is to record facts4 ,true acc\nt+ is no?+ m1 nor no?+ less1 ?an ! correct /atem5t ( :at 9 fact has tak5 place1 & ! measurem5t ( t fact 9 an appropriate figure4--,pr( ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams4 ,to be ( ! highe/ value1 /ati/ics mu/ be accurate1 uni=m & cont9u\s4 ,no?+ 9 ! nature ( /ati/ics "u (ficial au?ority m confus+ & mislead+ has ev] be5 issu$ f ! gov]nm5t pr9t+ (fice ?an ^? portions ( ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji1 purport+ to deal ) ! f9ancial results ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! fiscal ye>s #aijh & #aiji4 ,on ! fir/ page ( ! ,report ! f9ancial results ( ! la/ two fiscal ye>s are set d[n ?us3 ,op]at+ ,op]at+ ,op]at+ ,rev5ues ,exp5ses ,taxes ,income ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aijh #b1dfa1eba1cde #a1gba1cbg1aee #hc1gge1hfi #fee1dah1cba #aiji #b1did1aae1ehi #a1ffb1ajb1agb #hi1jbf1bbf #gdb1ihg1aia ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! mileage op]at$ 9 #aijh is /at$ z #bbh1afd4hj & 9 #aiji z #bcc1jjb4fg miles4 ,on page #ed ( ! report ! summ>y compil$ f ! mon?ly reports gives ! foll[+ comp>ative figures = ! same ye>s3 ,total ,total ,op]at+ ,op]at+ ,net ,rev5ue ,taxes ,rev5ues ,exp5ses #aijh #b1dba1edb1jjd #a1fhg1add1ige #gcd1cig1jbi #hc1gge1hfi #aiji #b1ddc1cab1bcb #a1fae1dig1bcc #hbg1had1iih #hi1jbf1bbf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! mileage is ! same z above1 ) ! add$ in=mation t ! mileage op]at$ at ! end ( ! fiscal ye> #aijh 0 #bbi1ieb4cf2 & at ! end ( #aiji1 #bcd1ahb4gj4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! taxes 9 bo? summ>ies are id5tical1 b 9 "o !y are subtract$ f net rev5ues & 9 ! o!r !y are n4 ,an ins]t fac+ page #ed1 giv+ ! details ( ! mon?ly reports f :i* ! table on t page is compil$1 reveals ! common s\rce ( bo? sets ( returns & gives ! key to ! discrepancy betwe5 !m4 ,?is is no less ?an ! inclusion 9 ! =m] ( ! rev5ues & exp5ses f outside op]ations1 :i* are exclud$ f ! summ>y on page #ed1 9 :i* ! net rev5ue only f su* outside s\rce is m5tion$ & add$ to ! net rev5ue f rail op]ations4 ,! impropriety & inaccuracy ( su* acc\nt+ becomes manife/ :5 its effect is se5 to v>y ! ratio ( op]at+ exp5ses to e>n+s f #fi4fg to #fi4ic 9 #aijh1 & f #ff4ab to #ff4fd 9 #aiji4 ,on pages #fd & #fe appe>s ano!r set ( income figures = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijh4 ,?is is compil$ f ! annual reports ( ! c>ri]s op]at+ #bcj1did miles ( l9e1 f :i* ! mileage ( swit*+ & t]m9al companies is exclud$4 ,x supplies ! foll[+ summ>y3 ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,june #cj1 #aijh4 ,rail op]ations3 ,op]at+ rev5ues #b1cic1hje1ihi ,op]at+ exp5ses #a1ffi1edg1hgf ,net op]at+ rev5ue #gbd1beh1aac ,taxes #gh1fgc1gid ,net rev5ue f outside op]ations #e1igg1bfh ,op]at+ income #fea1efa1ehg ,ratio ( op]at+ exp5ses to e>n+s #fi4gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,z ^! figures are compil$ f ! only returns :i* furni% data respect+ all ! v>i\s phases ( railway op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y w be accept$ 9 subsequ5t pages z ! (ficial returns = #aijh4 ,! above figures are exclusive ( returns f swit*+ & t]m9al companies1 ^: e>n+s1 accord+ to ! mon?ly reports 9 #aijh1 7 #bc1jbh1ggc2 exp5ses1 #af1chc1dha1 & taxes1 #a1bde1bfa4 ,,grossly ,,exagg]at$ ,,divid5ds4 ,b ^! are v5ial v>iations comp>$ to ! delib]ate misrepres5tation z to divid5ds on page #fb ( ! report1 :]e x is /at$3 ,! am\nt ( divid5ds decl>$ dur+ ! ye> 0 #chf1hgi1cfb1 be+ equival5t to #g4ii p] c5t on divid5d-pay+ /ock4 ,= ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 ! am\nt ( divid5ds decl>$ 0 #cjh1jhh1fbg4 ,?is /atem5t is ! m repreh5sible because ! inaccuracy ( ! ref]5ce to divid5ds 9 #aijg 0 expos$ a ye> ago1 & #aae1eej1iji ( ! #aijh total is prov$ to be fictiti\s by ! l9e 9 ! cond5s$ income /atem5t ( ! report 7page #fe7 read+3 ,divid5ds decl>$ f curr5t income1 #bga1chh1dec4 ,x takes divid5ds f surplus1 divid5ds by leas$ companies1 & divid5ds f surplus ( leas$ companies to make up t gross deception z to ! divid5ds decl>$ 9 #aijh4 ,& all ^! sev]al divid5ds are only made /ati/ically possible by includ+ 9 curr5t income #bgd1dej1aib o!r income ,,n d]iv$ f transportation4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! h>mful popul> effect ( exagg]at+ ! divid5ds paid by ! railways by #hj1fic1ffe 9 #aijg & #aae1eej1iji 9 #aijh4 ,! public m9d does n /op to di/+ui% betwe5 divid5ds decl>$1 divid5ds paid out ( income & net divid5ds actually paid out ( net e>n+s ( railway traffic4 ,?is :ole /ati/ical /ructure ( fictiti\s divid5ds has be5 built up 9 successive reports ^u ! false premise ( includ+ int]corporate paym5ts on bo? sides ( ! income acc\nt4 ,:at ! public is entitl$ to "k is ! disposition ( ! gross sum paid by x = transportation s]vices--^? s]vices :i* ! ,act to ,regulate ,comm]ce 0 pass$ to regulate4 ,,bewild]+ ,,*anges ,,9 ,,nom5clature4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ! (ficial reports = #aijh ! /ud5t is confront$ ) num]\s *anges 9 t]m9ology1 _m ( :i* are = ! bett]1 b ne>ly all impair t cont9uity ( names & phrases :i* is s desirable 9 comp>ative /ati/ics4 ,= in/ance1 ! public has be5 taught1 by (ficial practice1 to speak ( ! rev5ues ( ! railways d]iv$ f ! transportation ( pass5g]s1 freight1 mail & express1 z ,gross e>n+s f op]ation4 ,! phrase is descriptive1 def9ite & cle>4 ,= ?is ! ,commission has sub/itut$ ,rail op]ations1 op]at+ rev5ues4 ,=m] reports spoke ( ,income f op]ation1 :i* n[ gives place to ,net op]at+ rev5ue4 ,to ?is is add$ ! net rev5ue f outside op]ations1 mak+ a ,total net rev5ue1 f :i* ,taxes accru$ are d$uct$1 ! rema9d] be+ ,op]at+ income4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is la/ phrase1 :i* cov]s rev5ues f :i* op]at+ exp5ses & taxes h be5 d$uct$ & to :i* ! net rev5ues f outside op]ations 7sometimes !y involve a deficit7 h be5 add$1 comes p]il\sly ne> ! ,income f op]ation ( prec$+ reports4 ,! exclusion ( ! reports f swit*+ & t]m9al companies 9 "s in/ances1 :ile !y are includ$ 9 o!rs1 introduces an elem5t ( p]plex+ unc]ta9ty at e turn & really vitiates all comp>isons ) =m] reports4 ,! ,commission itself seems to realize ! bog into :i* ! (ficial /ati/ician has plung$ its acc\nts1 :5 x says3 ,! *anges 9 ! income acc\nt submitt$ 9 ! report "u consid]ation are s f> rea*+ 9 _! results1 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 z to impair direct or close comp>ison ) figures = simil> items 9 previ\s /ati/ical reports4 ,& n[ x is propos$ to ?r[ all ! accumulat$ /ati/ics ( tw5ty-two ye>s out ( consecutive ge> by sub/itut+ ! cal5d> = ! fiscal ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! writ] has deem$ ! =ego+ comm5ts necess>y to cle> ! atmosph]e be=e proce$+ to ! introductory summ>y %[+ ! sali5t features ( ! railway indu/ry 9 #aiji comp>$ ) simil> items 9 #ahii & #ahhi4 ,! data = #aiji is compil$ f ! annual reports to ?is ,bureau cov]+ #bba1acb miles ( op]at$ l9e1 toge!r ) ! mon?ly reports to ! ,commission ( e>n+s & exp5ses ( all classes ( roads = t ye>1 cov]+ an av]age op]at$ mileage ( #bcc1jjb4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,railway ,,results ,,9 #aiji1 #ahii ,,& #ahhi1 ,,) ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,increase ,,= ,,ea* ,,item ,,by ,,decades4 7m #a1jjj2 d decrease47 ,item #ahhi #ahii ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,miles ( l9e #aec1che #ahg1ecd ,miles ( all track #aie1ieh #bej1ghd ,net capitalization 7m7 #g1cff1gde #i1dcb1jda ,net capitalization p] mile ( l9e #dh1jba #ea1gfd ,net capitalization p] mile ( track #cg1eic #ch1ebg ,gross e>n+s f op]ation 7m7 #ifd1haf #a1cac1faj ,gross e>n+s p] mile ( l9e #f1bij #g1jje ,exp5ses ( op]ation 7m7 #fdd1gjf #hef1ifh ,exp5ses ( op]ation p] mile ( l9e #d1bjd #d1egj ,net e>n+s f op]ation 7m7 #cbj1aja #def1fdb ,net e>n+s p] mile ( l9e 7m7 #b1jhf #b1dce ,ratio ( exp5ses to e>n+s #ff4ha #fe4bd ,receipts f freight 7m7 #bed1jda #bia1aac ,receipts f pass5g]s 7m7 #fdb1ffb #iac1gcg ,receipts f mail 7m7 #ba1ija #ce1iii ,receipts f express 7m7 #ai1ggh #bf1gef ,pass5g]s c>ri$ 7m7 #dgb1aga #ebc1agf ,pass5g]s c>ri$ "o mile 7m7 #aa1eec1hbj #ad1eia1cbg ,receipts p] pass5g] p] mile 7c5ts7 #b4afe #a4igh ,freight tons c>ri$ 7m7 #eci1fci #iei1gfc ,freight tons c>ri$ "o mile 7m7 #fh1gbg1bbc #abc1ffg1beg ,receipts p] ton p] mile 7mills7 #i4bb #g4bd ,locomotives1 numb] #bi1jcf #cf1gjc ,locomotives1 weight 7tons7 #a1afa1ddj #a1ide1bei ,pass5g] c>s 7numb]7 #bd1ehf #cc1hej ,freight c>s1 numb] #hbi1hhe #a1bie1eaj ,freight c>s1 capacity 7tons7 #af1eig1gjj #cd1igh1ggj ,av]age tons 9 tra9 #agi #bdc ,employes1 numb] #gjd1gdc #ibh1ibd ,employes1 comp5sation #chi1ghe1ffdebb1ifg1hif ,proportion ( gross e>n+s #dj4dj #ci4hj ,proportion ( op]at+ exp5ses #fj4df #fa4jb ,taxes #bg1eij1cid #df1ccg1fcb ,p] mile ( l9e #ahj #bdg ,proportion ( gross e>n+s #b4hf #c4ec ---------------------------------------- -------------------- table cont9u$ ,increase,increase ,item #aiji ov] ov] #ahhi #ahii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,miles ( l9e #bcd1ahb #eb4g #bd4i ,miles ( all track #cdj1jjj #gc4e #ce4e ,net capitalization 7m7 #ac1ejh1gaa #hc4c #dc4b ,net capitalization p] mile ( l9e #eg1ifb #bj4g #aa4i ,net capitalization p] mile ( track #ci1gcj #e4f #c4a ,gross e>n+s f op]ation 7m7 #b1ddc1cab #aec4b #hf4j ,gross e>n+s p] mile ( l9e #aj1dhf #ff4g #di4g ,exp5ses ( op]ation 7m7 #a1fae1dig #aej4e #hh4d ,exp5ses ( op]ation p] mile ( l9e #f1icc #fd4i #ea4g ,net e>n+s f op]ation 7m7 #hbg1had #aeg4i #ha4b ,net e>n+s p] mile ( l9e 7m7 #c1eeb #gj4b #de4h ,ratio ( exp5ses to e>n+s #ff4ab d #b4c #a4j ,receipts f pass5g]s 7m7 #efd1cjb #abb4a #ic4h ,receipts f freight 7m7 #a1fhb1iai #afa4h #hd4a ,receipts f mail 7m7 #ej1ice #acb4f #da4e ,receipts f express 7m7 #fc1ffi #bba4i #acg4i ,pass5g]s c>ri$ 7m7 #hhj1gfd #hf4e #fh4c ,pass5g]s c>ri$ "o mile 7m7 #bi1deb1jjj #aed4h #aja4h ,receipts p] pass5g] p] mile 7c5ts7 #a4iaf d #aa4e d #c4a ,freight tons c>ri$ 7m7 #a1dhf1jjj #age4c #ed4h ,freight tons c>ri$ "o mile 7m7 #bbb1ijj1jjj #bbd4c #hj4b ,receipts p] ton p] mile 7mills7 #g4ee d #ag4j #d4b ,locomotives1 numb] #eg1bbj #ig4j #ee4i ,locomotives1 weight 7tons7 #d1aeh1jjj #beh4j #aac4g ,pass5g] c>s 7numb]7 #df1jbf #hg4b #ce4i ,freight c>s1 numb] #b1aac1dej #aed4f #fc4a ,freight c>s1 capacity 7tons7 #gc1abf1cgj #cdj4e #aji4j ,av]age tons 9 tra9 #chh #aaf4i #ei4f ,employes1 numb] #a1ebd1jjj #aaf4b #fd4j ,employes1 comp5sation #a1jjc1bgj1jjj #aeg4d #ia4h ,proportion ( gross e>n+s #da4jj #a4d #c4j ,proportion ( op]at+ exp5ses #fb4aj #b4g #a4g ,taxes #ia1bhj1jjj #bcj4h #if4i ,p] mile ( l9e #cij #aaf4f #eg4i ,proportion ( gross e>n+s #c4gc #cj4d #e4f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,!re is n a l9e or figure ( ?is table1 ) its p]c5tages ( increase1 t does n te/ify at once to ! amaz+ gr[? ( ,am]ican railways & to ! equally amaz+ economical basis ^u :i* !y r5d] incalculable s]vices to ! ,am]ican p on t]ms t *all5ge ! admiration ( less favor$ peoples4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,?ree ,,cal5d> ,,ye>s4 ,:]e ! ,tw5ty-second ,annual ,report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission m9imiz$ ! loss inflict$ on ! railways by ! bus9ess depression ( #aijh1 ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,annual ,report naturally1 & by reason ( ! same cause1 m9imizes ! sub/antial recov]y ( #aiji4 ,:]e ! =m] %[$ a loss 9 gross e>n+s ( only #afd1dfd1ida bel[ ! prec$+ ye>1 :5 ! actual result ( ! depression 0 ne>ly #cjj1jjj1jjj 7#bih1deg1egf71 ! latt] %[s a recov]y ( only #ba1ggj1bbh1 :5 x 0 approximately #bhb1jjj1jjj 7#bha1icd1icb74 ,! explanation ( ?is discrepancy is1 ( c\rse1 ! ,commission's adh]5ce to its own fiscal p]iods ( /ati/ics1 :i* d n happ51 9 ?is in/ance1 to co9cide ) ! ebb & fl[ ( adv]sity & prosp]ity4 ,! true movem5t ( railway traffic be=e1 dur+ & aft] ! rec5t bus9ess depression is m ne>ly reflect$ 9 ! foll[+ figures = ! cal5d> ye>s #aijg1 #aijh & #aiji1 compil$ f ! mon?ly returns to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 divid$ into p]iods ( six mon?s3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,gross ,,e>n+s ,,( ,,! ,,railways ,,dur+ ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,ye>s #aijg1 #aijh ,,& #aiji1 ,,by ,,mon?s ,,& ,,half-,,ye>ly ,,divisions4 #aijg #aijh #aiji ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,janu>y #aii1jjj1jjj #agc1faa1hji #ahc1aci1dai ,febru>y #agh1cjj1jjj #afa1jhe1dic #agd1dbe1hcb ,m>* #baa1gjj1jjj #ahc1eji1ice #bje1gjj1jab ,april #bad1hjj1jjj #age1jga1fjd #aif1iic1ajd ,may #bbd1hjj1jjj #agd1ebg1ach #bja1egb1jgb ,june #bbc1jjj1jjj #ahd1jdg1baf #baj1cef1ife ---------------------------------------- ------- ,half ye> #a1bea1fjj1jjj #a1jea1hec1aie #a1agb1ahe1djd ---------------------------------------- ------- ,july #bbh1fgb1bej #aie1bde1fee #bai1ifd1gci ,augu/ #bda1cjc1dfi #bjf1hgg1jad #bcf1eei1hgg ,septemb] #bcd1chf1hii #bai1jac1gjc #bdf1jfe1iee ,octob] #bej1ege1geg #bcc1aje1jdb #bfj1fac1jec ,novemb] #bbj1dde1dfe #baa1bha1ejd #bdg1cgj1ied ,decemb] #aid1cjd1ifi #bje1dee1agj #bbb1jjf1ahc ---------------------------------------- ------- ,half ye> #a1cfi1fhh1hji #a1bgj1igh1jch #a1dcb1ehj1gfa ,total #b1fba1bhh1hji #b1cbb1hca1bcc #b1fjd1gff1afe ,av]age mileage #bbg1jjj #bca1ehd #bcd1iej ,e>n+s p] mile #aa1edh #aj1jcj #aa1jhf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,summ>y ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,! ,,railways ,,dur+ ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,ye>s #aijg1 #aijh ,,& #aiji1 ,,by ,,mon?s ,,& ,,half-,,ye>ly ,,p]iods1 ,,) ,,ratios ,,to ,,gross ,,e>n+s4 #aijg #aijh #aiji ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,janu>y #acd1bbe1jjj #acb1ejb1hcj #acb1fei1jcg ,febru>y #aba1ejj1jjj #abc1ggc1ijf #abe1bbi1jga ,m>* #adb1dbe1jjj #abh1bjj1jfe #acf1jhf1bii ,april #add1iij1jjj #abd1bhd1afd #acd1fab1egf ,may #aea1gdj1jjj #abc1icb1efh #ace1hdf1cja ,june #aej1ebe1jjj #abd1bjh1efa #acf1afj1gge ---------------------------------------- ------- ,half ye> #hde1dje1jjj #gef1ijb1jid #hjj1eid1jei ,ratio #fg4g #gb #fh4c ---------------------------------------- ------- ,july #aeb1iib1dde #abg1igh1cjd #ada1fac1ifg ,augu/ #aef1hcg1iad #aca1eeg1dge #adf1age1cch ,septemb] #aef1fca1ghj #acg1aee1adc #aej1fba1iii ,octob] #aff1iii1bff #add1aie1ccj #aef1fbh1eac ,novemb] #aed1aej1dfh #acf1hji1dba #aec1jdc1eii ,decemb] #adb1fca1jjh #acf1hfg1fbb #aec1fii1egh ---------------------------------------- ------- ,half ye> #icj1bdb1hha #had1efc1bie #ija1ghb1iid ,ratio #fh #fd4a #fb4i ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total #a1gge1fdg1hha #a1ega1dfe1chi #a1gjb1cgg1jec ,ratio #fg4h #fg4g #fe4d ---------------------------------------- ------- ,net op]at+ rev5ue #hde1fdj1ibh #gea1cfe1hdd #ijb1chi1aac ,taxes #hc1aef1ahh #hf1hgb1hhe #ib1ifd1eaj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,net op]at+ income #gfb1dhd1gdj #ffd1dib1iei #hji1dbd1fjc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,?r\gh ^! tables ! read] is able to trace ! upw>d c\rse ( railway receipts 9 #aijg to _! culm9ation 9 ,octob] ( t ye>2 _! rapid drop to ,febru>y1 #aijh2 ?r\gh ! h>d summ] foll[+ to ! gradual recov]y ( #aiji1 until 9 ,octob] la/ !y rea*$ ! highe/ mon?ly total on record4 ,concurr5tly ) ?is /ory ( ! depression ( #aijh1 ! tale ( railway di/ress & ( ! dra/ic measures adopt$ to meet ! em]g5cy c be read 9 ! half-ye>ly ratios4 ,! ratio = ! fiscal ye> #aijf-'jg 0 #fg4ec1 & ! %ad[ ( approa*+ tr\ble 0 %[n 9 an increase ( ?is ratio to #fg4g = ! fir/ six mon?s 9 ! table4 ,by ,decemb] ?is ratio _h ris5 to #gc4dj4 ,! enorm\s receipts ( ! autumn mon?s held ! ratio = ! six mon?s d[n to #fh4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aijh1 x m>k$ ! high & ru9\s figure ( #gf4hd1 & f t po9t ! tr5d1 due to sev]e retr5*m5ts1 0 /eadily d[nw>d until x t\*$ #fj4aj 9 ,octob]1 #aiji4 ,! ratio ( #fd4a = ! second half ( #aijh is ! true measure ( ! ability ( ! railways to cut _! exp5ditures to fit ! times4 ,b !y 7 on b$ rock1 z ! succe$+ mon?s ( small receipts prov$1 :5 ! ratio w5t up to #gb4dc 9 ,janu>y1 & av]ag$ ! high figure ( #fh4c = ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aiji4 ,! heavy receipts ( ,octob] & ,novemb] )\t a correspond+ expansion ( exp5ditures result$ 9 ! ph5om5ally l[ ratios ( ^! mon?s4 ,b ! sev]ity & necessities ( op]at+ conditions 9 ,decemb]1 #aiji1 ran ! ratio ( exp5ses up to #fi4bc4 ,! net e>n+s = ! ?ree ye>s "u consid]ation are apt to lead to errone\s conclusions z to ! effect ( ! depression4 ,nei!r ! loss 9 #aijh nor ! recov]y 9 #aiji reflects ! true sw+ ( ! p5dulum4 ,! "o m9imizes ! loss1 because x conceals ! cessation ( all con/ructive "w1 ! curtailm5t ( bett]m5ts & improvem5ts1 & ! po/ponem5t ( all pur*ases = replacem5ts except ( ! mo/ imm$iate & imp]ative nature2 ! o!r exagg]ates ! recov]y because ( heavy receipts )\t ! resumption ( ! concurr5t exp5ditures t %\ld att5d !m4 ,! railways 9 ! fall ( #aiji 7 simply do+ bus9ess on ! m>g9 ( facilities provid$ dur+ ! fat mon?s ( #aijg 9 anticipation ( a cont9uation ( prosp]\s times4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5t ( ?is m>g9 may be ga9$ f ! p>k+ ( #djj1jjj freight c>s 9 ! y>ds ) #bjj1jjj 9 ! %ops 9 ,april1 #aijh4 ,at no "t s9ce has ?is m>g9 be5 :olly exhau/$4 ,b a cont9uation ( traffic on ! scale ( ! pa/ six mon?s w necessitate an imm$iate exp5diture ( #ajj1jjj1jjj to #aej1jjj1jjj = ! replacem5t ( freight c>s alone4 ,,income ,,acc\nt ,,= ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,ye> #aiji4 ,! mon?ly summ>ies issu$ by ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission f "t to "t af=d ! details = ! con/ruction ( ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! transportation rev5ues & exp5ses ( ! railways = ! cal5d> ye> #aiji1 f :i* ! av]ages p] mile & ! ratios h be5 comput$ on ! basis ( #bcd1iej miles ( op]at$ l9e4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,receipts ,,& ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,! ,,railways ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,= ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,decemb] #ca1 #aiji1 ,,) ,,am\nts ,,p] ,,mile ,,& ,,ratios4 7,av]age miles ( l9e op]at$1 #bcd1iej47 7a7 ,ratio to ,am\nt ,p] ,mile ,gross ,e>n+s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,receipts f3 ,freight #a1gif1beh1cad #g1fde #fh4if ,pass5g]s #fja1gbb1iei #b1efa #bc4aj ,o!r transportation rev5ues #ahb1gjf1jij #ggg #g4ja ,non-transportation s\rces #bd1jhj1hjb #ajc 4#ic --------------------------------- ,total rev5ues #b1fjd1gff1afe #aa1jhf #ajj4jj ,exp5ses3 ,ma9t5ance ( way & /ructures #cci1afg1fff #a1ddh #ac4jf ,ma9t5ance ( equipm5t #chg1aee1jhj #a1fdd #ad4hc ,traffic exp5ses #ec1beg1djh #bbc #b4ja ,transportation #heg1cci1jcg #c1fej #cb4ib ,g5]al exp5ses #fe1dda1jec #bhj #b4eb ,unclassifi$ #af1hji -- -- --------------------------------- ,total exp5ses #a1gjb1cgg1jeb #g1bde #fe4ce ,net op]at+ rev5ues #ijb1chi1aab #c1hda #cd4fe ,pr(it f outside op]ations #c1cfg1gac #ad --------------------------------- ,net rev5ues #ije1gef1hbe -- -- ,taxes #ib1ifd1eaj #cie #c4ef ---------------- ,net income #hab1gib1cae #c1dfj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- 7a7 ,at ! close ( ! ye> ! reports cov]$ #bcf1aff miles ( op]at$ l9e4 ,un=tunately !re are no simil> figures = ! cal5d> ye> #aijg ) :i* comp>isons may be made1 b ! (ficial returns = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 :5 railway e>n+s rea*$ _! maximum be=e ! panic ( t ye>1 af=d ! foll[+ in/ructive comp>isons3 ,ye> to ,ye> to ,june #cj1 #aijg ,dec4 #ca1 #aiji ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,gross e>n+s #b1ehi1aje1egh #b1fjd1gff1afe ,p] mile #aa1chc #aa1jhf ,op]at+ exp5ses #a1gdh1eae1had #a1gjb1cgg1jec ,p] mile #g1fhg #g1bde ,ratio #fg4ec #fe4ce ,net rev5ues #hdj1ehi1gfd #ijb1chi1aab ,p] mile #c1fif #c1hda ,taxes #hj1ajh1jjf #ib1ifd1eaj ,p] mile #cfg #cie ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,x w be p]ceiv$ t :ile ! e>n+s 9 #aiji exce$$ ^? ( #aijg by ov] #ae millions !y 7 almo/ #cjj less p] mile1 :ile ! op]at+ exp5ses 7 actually #ddb less p] mile4 ,! decreas$ op]at+ ratio 9 #aiji be>s unmi/akable te/imony z to :]e ! increase 9 net rev5ues came f4 ,) an increase ( ne>ly #i1jjj miles ( l9e only #cci1afg1ffe 0 sp5t on ma9t5ance ( way & /ructures 9 #aiji aga9/ #cdc1edd1ijg 9 #aijg1 & ! urg5t dem&s ( return+ activity made ! exp5ditures on ?is acc\nt lib]al 9 comp>ison ) ^? = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji1 i4 e4 #caa1cfh1jhc1 or #a1ccf p] mile4 ,x w be ye>s be=e ! railways recov] f ! economies =c$ on !m by ! loss ( #cjj1jjj1jjj 9 rev5ues 9 #aijh4 ,,unregulat$ ,,regulation ,,( ,,am]ican ,,railways4 ,today ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are cribb'd1 cab9'd & conf9$ 9 _! s]vices to ! ,am]ican p1 n s mu* by ! laws = _! regulation z by ! _s 9 :i* ^? laws are adm9i/]$4 ,to ! g5]al t5or & purposes ( /atutory regulation ! railways h become l>gely reconcil$2 b f ! _s 9 :i* ! laws are s\ght to be en=c$1 !re has to be cont9u\s appeal to ! c\rts & to ! public s5se ( ju/ice4 ,regulation ( railways has be5 p]si/5tly int]pret$ by political ,commissions to spell r$uction ( rates & exact+ conditions t w\ld dra9 ! purse ( ,=tunatus4 ,betwe5 #ahhi1 :5 ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission's /ati/ics fir/ became a valuable index ( railway op]ation1 & #aiji1 ! av]age rate p] ton mile has fall5 f #i4bb to #g4ee mills4 ,on ! freight tonnage ( #aiji ?is meant a r$uction ( ov] #cgb1jjj1jjj 9 ! ye>ly rev5ues ( ! railways4 ,! railways suff]$ t loss f _! income :5 !y ne$$ e c5t ( x to ma9ta9 ! p's highway 9 a condition to transport ! p's ev]-gr[+ traffic4 ,! railways lo/ x1 b :o got x8 ,! p8 ,se>* ! m>ket reports ( ! l&1 f ,ea/port to ,san ,diego1 & y w f9d inconte/able pro( t n "o c5t ( ^! millions rea*$ ! pockets ( ! p1 9 ^: "n all regulation ( railways is dem&$ & = ^: b5efit all r$uctions are claim$4 ,! av]age rate on all commodities has gone d[n1 ! price ( e commodity transport$ by ! railways has gone up4 ,:o has pocket$ ! diff]5ce8 ,!re c be only "o answ]--! produc]s1 ! %ipp]s & ! trad]s4 ,today n9e-t5?s ( ! increas$ co/ ( liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is *>geable to ?is ev] vigilant & aggressive coalition4 ,= ev]y?+ ! railways mu/ buy--labor1 supplies1 money--!y h to pay ! advanc$ prices ( ! day4 ,b ! prote/s ( ! %ipp]s & ! rul+s ( ! ,commission =bid _! rais+ a rate or adopt+ a money-sav+ economy4 ,!y attempt$ to readju/ freight rates 9 #aijj "o-fiftie? ( a c5t p] ton mile above a ru9\sly l[ av]age & ! outrag$ %ipp]s secur$ ! passage ( ! ,hepburn ,act6 ,h[ ! f$]al ,commission & %ipp]s "w toge!r = ! s-call$ regulation ( ! railways is evid5c$ 9 ! unbrok5 t5or ( ! decisions h&$ d[n by ! ,commission4 ,out ( #ceg decisions pr9t$ dur+ ! ye> #aijh-ji1 no less ?an #bai1 or #fa4c1 7 ord]s grant+ r$uctions ( rates or rep>ation = *>ges f\nd comp>atively excessive or unreasonable4 ,9 n "o case 9 a score 0 ! rate f\nd excessive or unreasonable p] se4 ,9 only "o case out ( ! #ceg 0 an increas$ rate ord]$1 & ?is 0 done reluctantly & z unavoidable4 ,al?\gh ! decisions are = ! mo/ "p ! unanim\s f9d+ ( ! ,commission1 ! foll[+ table di/ributes ! op9ions ( ! ye> among its memb]s into dismissals & r$uctions or rep>ations among ! ,commission]s writ+ !m3 ,grant+ ,op9ion by ,dismiss+ ,r$uctions or ,compla9ts ,rep>ation ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,*airman ,knapp #ba #bj ,commission] ,clem5t #af #bi ,pr\ty #ac #dj ,cock]ill #bj #bj ,lane #bj #db ,cl>k #bi #bh ,h>lan #ai #dj -------------------------- ,total #ach #bai ,p] c5t #ci4g #fa4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,"s ( ! cases ^u :i* ! ,commission is call$ on to pass are s trivial z to be b5ea? ! notice ( a ju/ice's c\rt1 :ile o!rs involve issues s mom5t\s z to ?reat5 ! :ole /ructure ( railway rates by :i* ! unp>allel$ prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry has be5 made possible4 ,b ! numb] ( cases rea*+ ! ,commission = adjudication is insignificant comp>$ ) ! gri/ ( in=mal rep>ation ord]s t runs an endless /ream ?r\gh its regulat+ roll]s4 ,9 ! twelve mon?s f ,decemb] #a1 #aijh1 to ,novemb] #cj1 #aiji1 ^! aggregat$ no less ?an #b1bbc sep>ate ord]s involv+ am\nts all ! way f #dg c5ts to #ad1gag4fd1 z se5 9 ! foll[+ ord]s3 #gajj4 ,l>abee ,fl\r ,mills ,company v4 ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,fe ,railway ,company4 ,septemb] #aa1 #aiji4 ,refund ( #j4dg on %ipm5t ( cotton bags f ,kansas ,city1 ,mo41 to ,hut*9son1 ,kas41 on acc\nt ( excessive rate4 #cfbi4 ,lackawanna ,/eel ,company v4 ,c5tral ,railroad ,company ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,june #bf1 #aiji4 ,refund ( #ad1gag4fd on %ipm5ts ( spiegeleis5 f ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 & ,haz>d1 ,pa41 to ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 on acc\nt ( excessive rates4 ,multiply+ ^! aw>ds by ! numb] ( ord]s enables ! read] to imag9e ! range ( _! respective pett9ess or port5t\s possibilities4 ,x is d\btful if ! ,am]ican p1 or ev5 ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission]s !mselves1 realize h[ ! =mal decisions & in=mal ord]s ( ! ,commission are sl[ly b surely :ittl+ away ! safe m>g9 ( ,am]ican railway pr(its4 ,at ! rate ( two decisions e ?ree days & =ty in=mal ord]s p] week1 ! "w ( incipi5t confiscation proce$s ) remorseless en?usiasm4 ,) ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w ! pres5t ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission is s enme%$ 9 its own anti-railway traditions1 s enamor$ ( ! adm9i/rative control !ories ( its /ati/ician1 s covet\s ( unbridl$1 irresponsible au?ority to te> d[n :]e x has no con/ructive capacity1 t any?+ l co-op]ation betwe5 ! ,commission & ! railway managem5t = ! public good seems out ( ! "q4 ,to ! writ] x appe>s t only bl9d rejection ( facts c f9d any cons]v+ elem5t 9 ! regulation ( railways z at pres5t adm9i/]$4 ,signs ( a helpful disposition 9 (ficial acts are entirely lack+4 ,! ,s5ate & ,h\se cal5d>s groan "u bills = ! fur!r regulation & re/riction ( ! railways1 b n "o conta9s a promise ( relief4 ,= n "o is !re a g5u9e public dem&4 ,& :at is ! situation z ?is is writt58 ,x c be /at$ 9 a few l9es4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! drop ( #cjj1jjj1jjj 9 gross e>n+s 9 #aijh1 ! railways 9 #aijh & #aiji cut #bgg1jjj1jjj out ( _! exp5ditures4 ,?is 0 done ma9ly at ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance ( way & /ructures & 9 a cessation 9 ! pur*ase ( equipm5t1 b ! s-call$ economies ( po/pon$ exp5ditures p]meat$ e l9e ( railway ext5sion1 op]ation & replacem5t4 ,9 #aijh1 ) #f1jjj m miles ( track to ma9ta91 #ah1ghh1bag less 0 sp5t = ma9t5ance ?an 9 #aijg1 & 9 #aiji ) #ab1jjj m miles ( track #cb1agf1hbd less 0 exp5d$4 ,betwe5 #ahig & #aijg ! exp5ditures = ma9t5ance ( way increas$ f #aei1dcd1djc to #cdc1edd1ijg1 or ov] #aae4 ,?is means an increase ( approximately #h a ye>1 or at lea/ #be1jjj1jjj on pres5t plant4 ,!re=e at lea/ #dc1jjj1jjj 0 )held f ?is ess5tial l9e ( railway ma9t5ance 9 #aijh & fully #hb1jjj1jjj 9 #aiji1 a total ( #abe1jjj1jjj4 ,! sav+ on equipm5t 0 ne>ly z great & is dealt ) 9 ! body ( ! report4 ,a comp>ison ( ! income acc\nts = ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aijg & #aijh1 corroborates ! =ego+ /atem5t z to ! economies =c$ on ! railways by ! adv]se w9ds ( regulation & bus9ess depression4 ,mon? ( ,octob] #aijg #aiji ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,e>n+s f op]ation #bej1ege1geg #bfj1fac1jec ,op]at+ exp5ses #aff1iii1bff #aef1fbh1eac ---------------------------- ,net e>n+s #hc1egf1dia #aac1ihd1edj ,op]at+ ratio #ff4fd #fj4aj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! cank] worm 9 ?is1 ! mo/ promis+ fl[] ( return+ prosp]ity1 is reveal$ 9 ! abnormal ratio ( #fj4aj = ,octob]1 #aiji1 or ne>ly #g bel[ ! ,am]ican av]age4 ,n[ ?is #g on ! rev5ues ( la/ ,octob] means t 9 "s way ov] #af1jjj1jjj less ?an normal 0 exp5d$ on ,am]ican railways 9 t mon? alone4 ,& ,octob]1 #aiji1 0 only a sample ( h[ railways _h cut exp5ses = #bd consecutive mon?s4 ,t ?is %\ld be s1 ) no r$uction 9 ! scale ( wages or ! price ( supplies1 is1 9 ! view ( ! writ]1 a situation ( s]i\s national conc]n4 ,happily he is n *>g$ ) any commission to sugge/ h[ or :]e ! def]r$ debt ( ne>ly #cjj1jjj1jjj to effici5t railway road & equipm5t is to be met4 ,b t x mu/ be met1 to place ! railways 9 z good condition z !y 7 be=e ! panic ( #aijg1 :5 ! cry 0 = m1 n less facilities1 does n admit ( "q4 ,if x1 toge!r ) ! advance 9 wages n[ be+ adju/$1 is to be met out ( income1 only an advance 9 freight rates c take c>e ( x4 ,if out ( fre% capital1 x c only be coax$ f ! pockets ( %rewd inve/ors by rates ( int]e/ t disc\nt ! risk att5dant on ! unregulat$ & irresponsible regulation ( railway rev5ues1 res\rces & responsibilities4 ,& x is propos$ to make an irresponsible ,commission1 unfamili> ) ! necessities ( ! situation & unv]s$ 9 ! ways & means ( rais+ capital arbit]s ( ^! necessities1 ways & means4 ,all attempts to meet su* a situation by legislation1 unless x be direct$ to a re=m ( ! in/rum5talities ( regulation1 mu/ prove ineffectual4 ,9 a broad]1 san]1 m helpful adm9i/ration ( ! laws already on ! f$]al & /ate /atute books lies ! hope = ! future ( ! great ,am]ican transportation indu/ry4 ,:ate'er is be/ adm9i/]$ is be/4 ,,! ,,bureau',s ,,/ati/ics ,,= #aiji4 ,?us f> :at has be5 writt5 has relat$ almo/ :olly to ! f9ancial aspect ( ! transportation indu/ry z pres5t$ ?r\gh ! mon?ly reports ( ! railways4 ,:ile ^! 9 _! way s]ve z an admirable b>omet] 9 keep+ ! public in=m$ z to g5]al bus9ess conditions ?r\gh\t ! ,union1 !y ?r[ little light ^u ! railway op]ations beh9d ! f9ancial results4 ,!y are absolutely dumb on ! ma9 "q ^u :i* all railway legislation & regulation %\ld h+e--adequate & effici5t public s]vice4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! ,bureau attempts to rem$y ?is omission1 9 ! ess5tial p>ticul>s = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji4 ,! reports f :i* its summ>ies h be5 compil$ 7 receiv$ almo/ a mon? e>li] ?is ye> ?an la/1 b ! publication ( ! ,bureau's /ati/ics has be5 delay$ 9 ord] to make ! usual comp>isons ) ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ics = #aijh4 ,! writ] is advis$ f ,wa%+ton t ! fault = ?is unusual delay re/s ) ! ,gov]nm5t pr9t]--^: (fice is ov]:elm$ ) ,congressional & dep>tm5tal "w--& n ) ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission or its ,bureau ( ,/ati/ics & ,acc\nts4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 ! reports to ?is ,bureau cov] ! division ( freight movem5t into ! sev5 *ief commodities2 ! sep>ation ( rev5ues f ,mail & ,express2 ! di/ribution ( exp5ses = injuries & damages1 & ! summ>ies ( exp5ses = ma9t5ance ( way & equipm5t1 traffic exp5ses1 transportation exp5ses & g5]al exp5ses4 ,x is believ$ t ) ! addition ( ^! acc\nts ! annual report ( ! ,bureau has become s compreh5sive z to w>rant its publication h]eaft] at an e>li] date1 )\t wait+ on ! publication ( ! (ficial /ati/ics = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,?is ye> ! ,bureau has receiv$ reports f #cfh roads op]at+ #bba1acb miles ( l9e or approximately #id4d ( ! mileage & c>ry+ ov] #ig ( ! traffic ( ! c\ntry4 ,la/ ye> reports 7 receiv$ cov]+ #baf1dfj miles4 ,! increase ( #d1fgb miles fairly repres5ts ! actual increase ( railway mileage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! twelve mon?s4 ,9 pres5t+ ^! /ati/ics1 ! writ] has endeavor$ to make !m z colorless summ>ies ( facts z an e>ne/ desire to arrive at ! tru? p]mits4 ,su* comm5t z accompanies !m w be conf9$ to comp>isons & elucidation & n to ! fur!rance ( any p]sonal !ories4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission w be ref]r$ to h]e9 z ! ,commission2 ! ,commission's ,/ati/ics ( ,railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ,(ficial ,/ati/ics & ! ye> end+ ,june #cj? w be impli$ be=e ! ye> nam$ unless o!rwise specifi$4 ,! /atem5ts z to =eign railways are compil$ f ! late/ (ficial s\rces available4 ,"h ! writ] wi%es to record 8 p]sonal appreciation ( ! assi/ance r5d]$ by ! executives & acc\nt+ (ficials ( ! railways1 ^: co-op]ation has made ?is report possible4 ,9 ! mid/ ( increas+ burd5s impos$ on !m 9 report+ to f$]al & /ate commissions & legislatures1 ! reque/s = in=mation f ?is ,bureau might h seem$ excusably negligible4 ,! complet5ess ( ! report itself te/ifies to ! cordiality ) :i* ! ,bureau's "w is view$4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are also due to ,f$]al & ,/ate (ficials = _! uni=m c\rtesy 9 respond+ to ! _m reque/s f ?is ,bureau1 & ! writ] has be5 mu* gratifi$ to receive f ! *ief gov]nm5t railway (ficial ( "o =eign c\ntry ! assurance t he consid]s its ,annual ,report "o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive & useful compilations ( /ati/ical matt] relat+ to railways t has come into 8 h&s4 ,,slason ,,?ompson4 ,,*icago1 ,april #cj1 #aiaj4 ,i ,,mileage ,,9 #aiji ,accord+ to ! prelim9>y income report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji1 compil$ f ! mon?ly returns1 ! av]age railway mileage op]at$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye> 0 #bcc1jjb4fg miles2 & ! total mileage op]at$ at ! end ( ! ye> 0 #bcd1ahb4gj4 ,! =m] total is made up (3 ,l>ge roads op]at+ #bea miles or m #bad1iaf4hf miles ,small roads #bej or less #af1hja4eb ,swit*+ or t]m9al companies #a1bhd4bi ----------------- ,total #bcc1jjb4fg miles ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! returns to ?is ,bureau1 compil$ f ! annual reports = ! same ye>1 cov] #bba1acb miles1 aga9/ #baf1dfj 9 #aijh1 an increase ( #d1fgb miles4 ,reports to ! ,commission = ,decemb]1 #aiji1 %[$ a total op]at$ mileage ( #bcf1aff miles4 ,9 its report dat$ ,decemb] #ba1 #aiji1 ! ,commission /at$ t = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijh1 sub/antially complete returns _h be5 receiv$ = #bcj1did miles ( l9e op]at$1 includ+ #h1ffa4cd miles us$ "u trackage rights4 ,^! are ! (ficial figures ( mileage = #aijh1 :i* w be us$ 9 all subsequ5t comp>isons ) ! ,bureau's figures = #aiji--! latt]1 h[ev]1 may include "s swit*+ & t]m9al mileage exclud$ f ! =m]4 ,( ! mileage report+ to ?is ,bureau1 #h1ibg miles 7 op]at$ "u trackage rights1 leav+ a net ( #bab1bje miles ( l9e cov]$ by capitalization & r5tal4 ,assum+ t ! total op]at$ mileage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! close ( ! fiscal ye> #aiji 0 #bcd1ahb1 ! complete returns to ?is ,bureau cov] approximately #id4d ( ! mileage & #ig ( ! traffic ( all ! railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no attempt has be5 made1 or w be made1 to segregate ! returns ( swit*+ & t]m9al companies f ! ,bureau's figures1 ( :i* !y are an integral "p4 ,! fir/ summ>y "u ?is table pres5ts ! op]at$ mileage report$ to ?is ,bureau 9 #aiji & #aijh1 classifi$ by /ates & t]ritories 9 comp>ison ) ! (ficial figures ( mileage own$ 9 #aijh1 ) relation to area & population ( ! respective t]ritorial divisions3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,railway ,,mileage ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories ,,9 #aiji1 #aijh ,,& #aijg ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,area ,,& ,,population4 ,bureau's ,figures ,miles ( ---------------- #aijg7;a7 ,l9e ,inhabitants #aiji #aijh ,own$ p] #ajj p] ,op]at$,op]at$7,(ficial7,sq4 ,miles ( ,mile ( ,miles ,miles ,miles ,t]ritory ,l9e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,alabama #d1iag #d1fdd #d1hdj #i4gg #djf ,arkansas #c1iif #c1geh #d1hfa #i4ba #cja ,cali=nia #f1cgf #f1bea #f1ffd #d4ch #bdc ,colorado #e1bbi #e1jif #e1bie #e4aa #aad ,connecticut #icj #icf #a1jaf #bj4if #iii ,delaw>e #cdb #cdc #ccf #ag4ad #fae ,florida #c1aag #b1ifj #c1igj #g4ci #adh ,georgia #f1dhe #f1bic #f1ghc #aa4fe #cfa ,idaho #a1fea #a1efh #a1gca #b4ji #ajb ,ill9ois #ac1baf #ab1gif #ab1acg #ba4hj #ddb ,indiana #g1ggd #g1cbf #g1bei #bj4bd #chh ,i[a #i1ibc #i1hfe #i1hfg #ag4hg #beb ,kansas #i1abe #i1age #h1icf #aj4id #ahd ,k5tucky #c1bbi #c1bje #c1dda #h4ga #fij ,l\isiana #c1hfj #c1hje #d1eeh #aj4dc #cbf ,ma9e #a1ihd #a1gej #b1jic #g4ai #cfa ,m>yl& #a1cbe #a1bgh #a1dcb #ad4ij #ijf ,massa*usetts #b1jgi #b1jgi #b1aab #bf4de #a1dib ,mi*igan #h1chd #h1cab #h1ida #ae4fc #cjb ,m9nesota #h1beh #h1ajj #h1bdf #aj4df #bcf ,mississippi #c1ede #c1bha #d1jha #i4jj #daf ,miss\ri #h1bjj #h1ada #h1jci #aa4gi #dbi ,montana #c1ecg #c1djf #c1cjg #b4bh #ia ,nebraska #f1jii #f1jhc #e1icb #g4gf #bjj ,nevada #a1fba #a1edj #a1gjj #a4ee #bh ,new ,hamp%ire #a1baa #a1baa #a1bdh #ac4hf #cfi ,new ,j]sey #b1jdf #b1jdf #b1bej #cj4ei #iag ,new ,york #h1ajf #g1ihi #h1dgb #ag4hf #ieg ,nor? ,c>ol9a #c1efg #c1ccb #d1che #i4ba #dgc ,nor? ,dakota #d1jbf #d1jbe #c1ijf #e4ef #aah ,ohio #h1iea #i1jda #i1bfa #bb4ge #ejb ,oklahoma #e1egb #e1ecb #b1hba #g4hd #bjb ,oregon #a1fhg #a1fjj #a1ici #b4jg #bcg ,p5nsylvania #aj1ecb #aj1bbd #aa1bei #be4be #fba ,rhode ,isl& #aib #aij #bjh #bj4aa #b1bfb ,s\? ,c>ol9a #b1hib #b1ige #c1bga #aa4jb #dea ,s\? ,dakota #c1fdf #c1efh #c1gjc #d4hb #abb ,t5nessee #c1bhc #c1ebh #c1gbe #i4ja #fjj ,texas #ab1hdg #ab1icb #ab1icb #d4ie #bfc ,utah #a1hbj #a1ggb #a1ieg #b4db #aef ,v]mont #ida #ibf #a1jga #aa4ih #cea ,virg9ia #d1jii #c1ijj #d1jef #aj4dc #die ,wa%+ton #c1cec #c1bjg #c1gfg #e4fi #aeb ,we/ ,virg9ia #b1hdf #b1ggg #c1bfd #ac4fb #cbj ,wiscons9 #g1jci #f1ijj #g1dei #ad4ja #cjd ,wyom+ #a1dbi #a1dad #a1ebf #a4ef #gj ,arizona #a1gje #a1fhd #a1ibh #a4ga #ga ,new ,mexico #b1ghb #b1eba #b1ife #b4db #gd ,di/rict ( ,columbia #ea #db #ca #ec4ec #i1gji ,canada7b7 #a1cdc #a1bgc ---------------------------------------- --------- ,unit$ ,/ates #bba1acb #baf1dfj #bbg1fga #g4gd #cgj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7a7 ,(ficial mileage by ,/ates n available = #aijh4 7b7 ,mileage op]at$ 9 ,canada by ,am]ican roads4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,railway ,,mileage ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories ,,9 #aiji ,,& #aijh ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,area ,,& ,,population--,cont9u$4 #aijh ,miles ( ,own$ ,l9e ,inhabitants 7,(ficial7 p] #ajj p] ,miles ,sq4 ,miles ( ,mile ( ,t]ritory ,l9e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiji #bcd1ahb #g4hh #cgi #aijh #bcj1did #g4gf #cgh #aijg #bbg1fga #g4gd #cgj #aijf #bbb1ege #g4ee #cgc #aije #bag1jah #g4cd #cgh #aijd #bab1egg #g4bj #cgi #aijc #bjg1ahg #g4jj #chd #aijb #bja1fgc #f4hb #chh #aija #aif1jge #f4fd #cia #aijj #aib1ida #f4ea #cic #ahii #ahh1bgg #f4cg #cie #ahih #ahe1cga #f4bh #cid #ahig #ahb1ibj #f4ba #cij #ahif #aha1aed #f4ae #chd #ahie #agi1agf #f4jh #chb #ahid #agf1fjc #f4jb #cgi #ahic #agj1ccb #e4id #cgg #ahib #afe1fia #e4gh #chj #ahia #afd1fjc #e4fg #chj #ahij #aei1bgb #e4ea #chd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! column ( op]at$ mileage 9 #aiji te/ifies to ! compreh5sive "* ( ! reports to ?is ,bureau1 :ile ! la/ two columns demon/rate h[ railway ext5sion has kept pace ) ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry4 ,t]ritorially ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ has #dc m railway mileage ?an x _h 9 #ahij1 & ! la/ column proves t ! mileage is great] proportionately to ! population ?an x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! contra/ 9 ! d5sity ( population p] mile ( l9e betwe5 ,rhode ,isl& & ,nevada is illu/rative ( ! />tl+ div]sity ( conditions "u :i* railways are op]at$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,railways ,,built ,,9 #aiji4 ,! new mileage report$ z con/ruct$ 9 #aiji tallies m ne>ly ?an usual ) ! increase 9 mileage = :i* op]at+ reports are receiv$4 ,z report$ 9 ! ,railway & ,eng9e]+ ,review1 ,febru>y #ai1 #aiaj1 ! new mileage by /ates 0 z foll[s3 ,,miles ,,( ,,l9e ,,con/ruct$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,ye> #aiji ,,by ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories4 ,miles ,/ate ,built #aiji -------------------------------------- ,alaska #dh ,alabama #ce4fb ,arkansas #aee4bj ,arizona #dh4jb ,cali=nia #bdh4fj ,colorado #ih4ac ,di/rict ( ,columbia #c4ha ,florida #ajb4ha ,georgia #ach4gj ,idaho #ej4di ,ill9ois #bc4de ,indiana #aj4hb ,kansas #hg4ba ,k5tucky #aja4eb ,l\isiana #aca4eg ,ma9e #hg4jj ,m>yl& #d4fh ,mi*igan #gg4eh ,m9nesota #afd4gj ,mississippi #cf4fj ,miss\ri #aa4hd ,montana #abe4jh ,nebraska #ac4ae ,nevada #cjd4ej ,new ,hamp%ire #a4ee ,new ,j]sey #cc4ie ,new ,mexico #ce4jj ,new ,york #eb4bj ,nor? ,c>ol9a #aaa4ib ,ohio #ah4da ,oklahoma #afc4bj ,oregon #aeh4ch ,p5nsylvania #ajf4ff ,s\? ,c>ol9a #ff4ad ,t5nessee #id4bf ,texas #fej4fa ,utah #bh4jj ,virg9ia #he4ge ,wa%+ton #bji4hd ,we/ ,virg9ia #aca4gh ,wiscons9 #fh4cj ,wyom+ #ae4eg -------------------------------------- ,total #d1jdj4fj ,second track1 sid+s1 etc4 #a1eae4jg -------- ,total all tracks #e1eee4fg -------------------------------------- ,,railway ,,mileage ,,( ,,=eign ,,c\ntries4 ,! ratios ( railway mileage to area & population 9 ! table on page #ai may be comp>$ ) ^? ( =eign c\ntries = #aijg 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,railways ,,& ,,ratio ,,( ,,! ,,mileage ,,to ,,! ,,area ,,& ,,population ,,( ,,ea* ,,c\ntry ,,9 #aijg4 ,f ,ar*iv fur ,eis5bahnwes51 ,may-,june1 #aiji4 ,miles ( ,inhabitants ,miles ,l9e p] p] ,c\ntries #aijg #ajj ,squ>e ,mile ( ,miles ,l9e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,europe3 ,g]many #cf1jfe #ag4b #a1efc ,au/ria-,hung>y #be1heb #aj4j #a1hah ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& #bc1jhd #ai4j #a1ghe ,france #bi1gaf #ad4b #a1caf ,russia 9 ,europe & ,f9l& 7#b1jeg miles7 #cf1bgi #a4h #b1ida ,italy #aj1cab #i4c #c1abe ,belgium #d1hgd #db4h #a1cgj ,ne!rl&s & ,luxemburg #b1bcj #ae4j #b1efd ,switz]l& #b1gfc #ab4b #a1bje ,spa9 #i1bbg #d4h #a1ibc ,portugal #a1fhi #d4g #c1bbf ,d5m>k #b1ada #ad4c #a1aej ,norway #a1fjf #a4c #a1cij ,sw$5 #h1cba #d4h #fag ,s]via #cgi #b4a #f1fff ,r\mania #a1iid #c4b #b1ida ,greece #gga #c4a #c1abe ,turkey 9 ,europe1 ,bulg>ia & ,rumelia #a1ifg #a4i #e1jjj ,malta1 ,j]sey & ,isle ( ,man #fh #af4a #e1bgc -------------------------------- ,total = ,europe1 #aijg #aii1cde #e4c #a1hhg #aijf #aif1dcg #e4b #a1iic #aije #aib1ejg #e4a #b1jhd #aijd #ahi1hjf #e4j #b1jhd #aijc #ahf1fhe #e4j #b1jhd #aijb #ahc1ihi #d4i #b1abg #aija #ahj1hag #d4h #b1agd #aijj #agf1cif #d4g #b1bbj #ahii #agb1iec #d4f #b1bbj #ahih #afg1fad #d4d -- #ahig #afc1eej #d4c -- #ahif #afj1jcj #d4b -- -------------------------------- ,increase 9 elev5 ye>s #ci1cae -- -- ,o!r ,=eign ,c\ntries 9 #aijg3 ,canada #bb1ddg #j4f #cgc ,mexico #ac1fab #a4h #cba ,brazil #aj1gac 4#cb #a1djh ,arg5t9e ,republic #ac1fgc #a4c #cef ,p]u #a1ccb 4#cb #c1ddi ,uruguay #a1baj #a4h #gfi ,*ili #b1ici #a4j #a4abc ,c5tral ,russia 9 ,asia #b1hjh #a4c #b1ggg ,sib]ia & ,man*uria #e1ffd 4#aa #a1jbj ,japan #e1jab #c4a #i1jij ,*9a #d1afb #j4a #he1hbj ,briti% ,india #bi1hib #a4d #aj1jjj ,new ,zeal& #b1egj #b4d #cbd ,victoria #c1dbh #c4i #cea ,new ,s\? ,wales #c1dga #a4a #cid ,s\? ,au/ralia #a1ibd #j4af #ahh ,que5sl& #c1djd #j4e #adb ,egypt #c1dde #a4j #b1hfj ,cape ,colony #c1hjd #a4c #dfc ,natal #igf #c4e #gic ,transvaal #a1cfa #a4a #fcf ,recapitulation3 ,total = ,europe #aii1cde #e4c #a1hhi ,am]ica #cjb1ibg #b4c #ebd ,asia #ef1bhc #j4ch #ae1edj ,africa #ah1eaf #j4af #h1jad ,au/ralia #ag1gff #j4f #bgi ! :ole _w #eid1hcg -- -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,( ! above total railway mileage = ! :ole _w1 no less ?an #ccb1cfj miles1 or ne>ly #ef1 is op]at$ 9 ,engli% speak+ c\ntries1 ! mileage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone be+ ov] #ce ( ! :ole4 ,to ! mo/ casual /ud5t ! disp>ity betwe5 ! d5sity ( population to railway mileage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe ( "o to five1 is z app>5t z x is significant ( our necessity = s mu* great] provision ( transportation facilities p] capita4 ,if our p] capita mileage 7 relatively ! same z t ( ,europe1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be set back to ! transportation facilities ( #ahfi1 :5 ! completion ( ! ,union ,pacific rais$ its total mileage to #dg1bed miles4 ,b ev5 !n x _h a ratio ( "o mile ( railway to #haj inhabitants1 :i* 0 high] ?an ,europe's ratio today4 ,cle>ly !re is no?+ 9 ! /ati/ics ( ! railway mileage ( ! _w to acc\nt = ! epidemic ( railway phobia t p]iodically convulses ! p & legislatures ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,mileage ,,( ,,all ,,tracks ,,9 #aiji4 ,( almo/ equal importance to ! mileage ( ,am]ican railways are ! auxili>y tracks ^u :i* ! ext5t & effici5cy ( _! public s]vice s l>gely dep5ds4 ,z ! next /atem5t %[s1 ^! cont9ue to increase m rapidly ?an ! miles ( l9e4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,mileage ,,( ,,s+le ,,track1 ,,second ,,track1 ,,?ird ,,track1 ,,f\r? ,,track ,,& ,,y>d ,,track ,,& ,,sid+s1 ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahig ,,to #aiji4 ,total ,s+le ,second ,?ird ,f\r? ,y>d ,mileage ,ye> ,track ,track ,track ,track ,track ,op]at$ & 7all ,sid+s tracks7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aiji 7#id4d7 ,bureau #bba1acb #bj1fcg #b1ahf #a1dia #hj1ffi #cbf1aae #aijh ,(ficial 7a7#bcj1did #bj1bji #b1jha #a1dji #gi1deb #ccc1fdf #aijg #bbg1dee #ai1dba #a1ifj #a1cij #gg1gdi #cbg1ige #aijf #bbb1cdj #ag1cif #a1gff #a1bgi #gc1gfj #cag1jhc #aije #baf1igc #ag1jef #a1fji #a1bae #fi1ida #cjf1gif #aijd #bab1bdc #ae1hbd #a1dfg #a1jdf #ff1dib #big1jgc #aijc #bje1cac #ad1fha #a1cjc #ifc #fa1efj #bhc1hba #aijb #bjj1aed #ac1gbj #a1bjd #hie #eh1bbj #bgd1aie #aija #aie1efa #ab1hde #a1aec #hgf #ed1iad #bfe1ceb #aijj #aib1eef #ab1aea #a1jid #hbi #eb1aec #beh1ghd #ahii #ahg1edc #aa1edf #a1jdg #gij #di1bbc #bej1adb #ahih #ahd1fdh #aa1bic #a1jji #gic #dg1ehi #bde1ccc #ahig #ahc1bhd #aa1jah #iie #ghj #de1icd #bdb1jac ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 7a7 ,to ! figures = #aijh %\ld be add$ ! #a1fbf miles ( ma9 track & #b1jhe ( y>d track & sid+s ( swit*+ & t]m9al companies1 exclud$ by ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician1 rais+ ! total ( all tracks to #ccg1ceg4 ,by add+ ! auxili>y trackage report$ to ?is ,bureau = #aiji to ! #bcd1ahb miles ( op]at$ l9e report$ to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission = ,june #cj ( t ye>1 x appe>s t ! total ( all tracks on t date 0 upw>ds ( #cdj1jjj miles4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 e in/ance ! mileage ( second1 ?ird & f\r? track & y>d track & sid+s report$ to ?is ,bureau 9 #aiji1 ! ye> ( comp>ative /agnation 9 railway con/ruction1 exce$$ ! complete mileage ( ^! tracks 9 #aijh report$ to ! ,commission4 ,! above table 7) ! ,commission's figures = s+le track7 %[s t :]e !re has be5 an increase ( only #ej1gih miles ( s+le track1 or #bg4g1 9 twelve ye>s1 all trackage has increas$ ov] #ih1jjj1 or #db1 dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,x also %[s t dur+ ! same twelve ye>s second track has increas$ #hg2 ?ird track #abj2 f\r? track #ia1 & y>d track & sid+s #gf4 ,,mileage ,,& ,,track ,,( ,,briti% ,,railways4 ,z ,engli% railways are s (t5 br\ght into comp>ison ) ,am]ican railways1 x is well to "k ! total ( all tracks 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom z well z ! mileage4 ,bo? are giv5 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t1 compil$ f returns to ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade = ! ye>s end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aijd to #aijh3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,description ( ,track #aijh #aijg #aijf #aije #aijd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s+le track 7miles7 #bc1bji #bc1aab #bc1jfc #bb1hgj #bb1fja ,second track #ac1jdh #ab1ifc #ab1icd #ab1hai #ab1fib ,?ird track #a1dce #a1che #a1cfc #a1cbd #a1bga ,f\r? track #a1ada #a1ajc #a1jia #a1jfg #a1jcj ,fif? track #bjh #aie #ahf #agj #aec ,six? track #abb #aag #aaa #ig #he ,sev5? track #ei #ea #dg #dj #ce ,eigh? to tw5tie? tracks #id #hg #ge #dd #cd ,sid+s #ad1cec #ad1ade #ad1jcb #ac1hia #ac1gcc --------------------------------------- ,total trackage #ec1ffi #ec1ahi #eb1ijd #eb1cbb #ea1fcd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,"h x w be p]ceiv$ ! mileage ( ,briti% roads increas$ only #fjh miles & ! trackage only #b1jce miles 9 f\r ye>s4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ table1 ! mileage ( ,am]ican railways increas$ #ah1bea miles & _! total trackage #cf1edc4 ,x is ?is cont9u\s dem& = increas$ mileage & trackage 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to say no?+ ( equipm5t1 t diff]5tiates ! problem confront+ ,am]ican railway managem5t f ,briti%4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we ne$ m railways & /ill m railways1 & ! problem is to get ! capital on reasonable t]ms to provide ! facilities4 ,9 railroad mileage alone we h ov] t5 times t ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & we h m ?an six times z _m miles ( track4 ,we h en\gh trackage 9 our y>ds & sid+s to d\ble track all ! ,briti% railways1 ) en\gh ov] to put f\r tracks :]e !y h only two tracks n[4 ,,ii ,,equipm5t ,,an ,,object ,,lesson ,,9 ,,equipm5t4 ,no c> %ortage occurr$ to int]rupt ! ord]ly movem5t ( railway traffic dur+ ! fiscal ye> #aijh-ji4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re 0 an unpr(itable surplus ( c>s ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 rang+ f #aaj1iab 9 ,septemb]1 #aijh1 to #ccc1jai 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji4 ,f ?is high figure ! surplus 0 sl[ly r$uc$ by ! dem&s ( traffic until subsequ5t to ! close ( ! fiscal ye>1 9 ,septemb] la/1 x rea*$ a practical level ( %ortages & surpluses4 ,dur+ ! ye> !re 0 an av]age ( #aej1jjj freight c>s 9 ! %ops1 :]e 9 times ( ord9>y activity ! mean w\ld be 9 ! neighborhood ( #ajj1jjj4 ,^! conditions1 :i* prevail$ s9ce ,novemb]1 #aijg1 acc\nt = ! greatly r$uc$ pur*ases ( roll+ /ock dur+ ! ye>s #aijh & #aiji %[n 9 ! foll[+ record ( locomotives & c>s built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! pa/ elev5 ye>s3 ,,elev5 ,,ye>s' ,,output ,,( ,,c>s ,,& ,,locomotives4 ,f ! ,railroad ,age-,gazette4 ,numb] ,ye> ,locomotives ,pass5g] ,freight ,c>s ,c>s ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aiji7;a7 #b1hhg #b1hdi #if1dai #aijh7;a7 #b1cdb #a1gaf #gf1eee #aijg7;a7 #g1cfb #e1deg #bhd1ahh #aijf7;a7 #f1ieb #c1afg #bdc1fgj #aije7;a7 #e1dia #b1eea #afh1jjf #aijd #c1dda #b1add #fj1hjf #aijc #e1aeb #b1jjg #aec1aie #aijb #d1jgj #a1idh #afb1eii #aija #c1chd #b1jee #acf1iej #aijj #c1aec #a1fcf #aae1fca #ahii #b1dge #a1cje #aai1hhf ---------------------------------- ,total #df1gji #bf1hce #a1fag1ije ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 7a7 ,includes ,canadian output4 ,betwe5 #ahih & #aijh ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission report$ an increase ( #ba1dfd locomotives1 #aa1fig pass5g] c>s1 & #hef1iii freight & company c>s4 ,all[+ = ! ,canadian output 9 ! above table1 ?is w\ld %[ #bb1gdb m locomotives1 #ac1hba m pass5g] c>s1 & #fgd1jbc m freight c>s built 9 t5 ye>s ?an are acc\nt$ = 9 ! (ficial returns4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ^! la/ figures repres5t ! numb] ( locomotives & c>s worn out beyond repair or de/roy$ t h to be replac$ annually4 ,x means t provision has to be made e ye> = ! pur*ase ( new equipm5t am\nt+ to approximately #e ( locomotives & pass5g] c>s & #d ( freight c>s 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! equipm5t num]ically1 irrespective ( ! sums sp5t on ma9ta9+ ! rema9d] 9 s]viceable condition4 ,on ! equipm5t report$ by ! ,commission = #aijh ?is w\ld necessitate ! foll[+ outlay = replacem5t alone3 ,numb] ,ne$$ = ,av]age ,total ,replacem5t ,co/ ,co/ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,locomotives #eg1fih #e #b1hhd #ae1jjj #dc1bfj1jjj ,pass5g] c>s #de1bib #e #b1bad #f1jjj #ac1bhd1jjj ,freight c>s #b1ajj1ghd #d #hd1jca #a1jjj #hd1jjj1jjj ,company c>s #ih1bha #c1ica #ejj #a1ife1ejj ------------- ,total co/ = replac+ equipm5t #adb1eji1ejj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,x is probable t ! comput$ p]c5tage = ! replacem5t ( locomotives & pass5g] c>s is too high & t = freight c>s too l[4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( op]at+ (ficials4 ,if s1 x w\ld am\nt to a set (f & ! aggregate w\ld /ill be approximately #adb1jjj1jjj to be exp5d$ annually = new equipm5t to take ! place ( old1 worn out & disc>d$ roll+ /ock4 ,conditions =bade ! exp5diture ( any su* sum 9 #aijh & #aiji4 ,,numb] ,,& ,,capacity ,,( ,,locomotives ,,= ,,eight ,,ye>s1 #aiji ,,to #aijb4 ,next foll[s a summ>y giv+ ! numb] & capacity ( locomotives = ! sev5 ye>s s9ce ! ,commission has includ$ capacity 9 ! publi%$ returns3 ,weight ,tractive )\t ,av]age ,ye> ,numb] ,p[] ,t5d] ,weight 7,p\nds7 7,tons7 7,tons7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aiji 7#id4d repres5t$7 #ee1die #a1dba1aad1gih #d1jcc1cji #gb4g #aijh ,f9al returns #eg1fih #a1eai1efh1eea #d1jga1eed #ga4e #aijg #ee1chh #a1dbi1fbf1feh #c1hbh1jde #fi4a #aijf #ea1fgb #a1bgg1hfe1fgc #c1dei1jeb #ff4i #aije #dh1ceg #a1ada1ccj1jhb #c1jgi1fgc #fc4f #aijd #df1gdc #a1jfc1fea1bfa #b1hhi1dib #fb4a #aijc #dc1hga #iec1gii1edj #b1fjf1ehg #ei4d #aijb #da1bbe #hci1jgc1ggi #b1cbc1hgg #ef4c ---------------------------------------- -- ,increase sev5 ye>s to #aiji #cd4f #fi4d #gc4f #bi4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,complete returns w raise ! totals = #aiji approximately to #eg1gjd locomotives ( #a1dfe1jgj1jjj p\nds tractive p[] & #d1aeh1jjj tons weight1 exclusive ( t5d]s4 ,^! figures be> out ! conclusion express$ above t ! pur*ase ( new locomotives 9 #aiji 0 b>ely suffici5t to replace ^? ab&on$ or de/roy$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,! loss1 h[ev]1 0 9 a measure made good by ! great] weight ( ! new eng9es4 ,z ! av]age weight ( locomotives 9 #ahii 0 approximately #ec tons1 ! figures j giv5 indicate an increase ( ne>ly #aad 9 ! weight ( all locomotives dur+ ! decade4 ,9 connection ) ! e/imate ( #ae1jjj put on locomotives 9 ?is report1 x is ( int]e/ to reproduce ! return to ! legislature ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ( ! co/ ( eng9es built 9 ! railway %ops at ,sydney rec5tly4 ,! figures ref] to #f-:eel-c\pl$ heavy mail & express eng9es weigh+1 ) t5d]1 #afc1abh p\nds1 z publi%$ 9 ! ,railway ,age-,gazette1 ,decemb] #c1 #aiji3 ,,details ,,( ,,locomotive ,,co/s4 #aj ,eng9es ,co/ ,p] ,p] ,eng9e ,ton7a7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,direct *>ges3 ,mat]ials #aag1dfb4gg #aa1gdf4bh #afa4bi ,wages #gf1dhd4bc #g1fdh4db #ajd4ii --------------------------------- ,total #aic1idg4jj #ai1cid4gj #bff4bh ,indirect *>ges3 ,p]c5tage ( %op *>ges 7exclusive ( sup]9t5d5ce7 on wage basis 9 ea* %op1 #cg4hd #bh1idc4gi #b1hid4ch #ci4gd ,sup]9t5d5ce1 on wage basis1 #c #b1bid4ea #bbi4de #c4aj ,int]e/ on capital co/ ( new %op & ma*9]y1 includ+ l& #d1hej4eb #dhe4je #f4fc ,proportion ( int]e/ on capital co/ ( old %ops on locomotive "w produc$ = new eng9es #e1ddi4ec #edd4ie #g4de ,depreciation ( ma*9]y & plant1 #b on capital co/ #e1adi4ii #eae4jj #g4jc --------------------------------- ,total indirect *>ges #df1fhh4cd #d1ffh4hc #fc4ie ,total *>ges #bdj1fce4cd #bd1jfc4ec #ccj4bc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 7a7 ,ton ( #b1bdj lbs4 ,appli$ to a ,mallet articulat$ comp\nd locomotive1 su* z t built = ! ,erie weigh+ #daj1jjj p\nds on ! driv]s1 ! rate p] ton paid by ! gov]nm5t ( ,new ,s\? ,wales w\ld make x co/ ov] #fj1jjj4 ,x did n co/ any su* sum1 b ! ,au/ralian exp]i5ce is a /raw :i* %[s h[ ! co/ ( locomotives is so>+4 ,am]ican railways f9d x necess>y economy to build eng9es ^: av]age weight is well above t built 9 ! gov]nm5t %ops at ,sydney4 ,,pass5g] ,,& ,,freight ,,c>s4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 #aijb to #aiji1 cov]$ 9 ! table relat+ to locomotives1 = :i* alone full data is available1 ! increase 9 ! numb] ( pass5g] c>s & freight c>s1 & 9 ! capacity ( ! latt]1 is %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,freight ,s]vice ----------------------- ,company's ,ye> ,pass5g] ,numb] ,capacity ,av]age ,s]vice ,s]vice 7tons7 tons ,numb] ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aiji 7#ig repres5t$7 #dd1ffe #b1jej1jdi #ga1jbh1bff #cd4f #if1gci #aijh 7,f9al returns7 #de1bib #b1ajj1ghd #gc1ebf1ddj #ce #ih1bha #aijg #dc1igc #a1iia1eeg #fg1baf1add #cd #ia1jfd #aijf #db1bhb #a1hcg1iad #ei1aif1bcj #cb #gh1gcf #aije #dj1gac #a1gca1dji #ec1cgb1eeb #ca #gj1gdi #aijd #ci1geb #a1fib1aid #ej1hgd1gbc #cj #ff1fae #aijc #ch1adj #a1fec1ghb #dh1fbb1abe #bi #fa1dfg #aijb #cf1ihg #a1edf1aja #dc1daf1igg #bh #eg1jig ---------------------------------------- -------- ,sev5 ye>s' increase7a7 #bj4h #ce4i #fd4j #bc4e #fi4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 7a7 ,f9al returns = #aiji w raise ^! p]c5tages mat]ially4 ,x is 9 ! increas$ capacity ( locomotives & c>s r ?an 9 _! numb]s t ! seek] aft] tru? w f9d ! explanation ( h[ ,am]ican railways h be5 able to h&le freight traffic t has increas$ 9 volume ov] #hj 9 t5 ye>s :]e num]ically ! increase ( equipm5t has be5 less ?an #fj4 ,dur+ t p]iod ! av]age capacity ( ! freight c> has increas$ f #bg to ne>ly #ce tons1 acc\nt+ = an aggregate increase ( #aji4f4 ,betwe5 #ahii & #aiji ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ f #gd1cah1jjj to #hh1hjf1jjj1 or #ai4e4 7,on ,april #a1 #aiaj1 ! treasury e/imate 0 an ev5 #ij1jjj1jjj47 ,9 ! same t5 ye>s ! numb] ( pass5g] c>s increas$ ov] #cf1 accompani$ by a /eady advance 9 _! size1 /r5g? & conv5i5ces4 ,betwe5 #aijb & #aijg ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ics furni% ! foll[+ in=mation %[+ ! gradual trans=mation tak+ place 9 ! numb] & capacity ( freight c>s3 ,,numb] ,,& ,,capacity ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,sizes ,,( ,,freight ,,c>s1 #aijb-aijg4 ,capacity ,increase or ,class ,p\nds #aijb #aijg ,decrease ,p] ,c5t ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,i #aj1jjj #e1abb #d1bgg ,dec4 #af4e ,,ii #bj1jjj #ae1fae #g1bdd #ec4e ,,iii #cj1jjj #df1cec #aj1acb #gh4a ,,iv #dj1jjj #cbg1cdb #bjd1ehc #cg4e ,v #ej1jjj #bdf1fhd #agh1hbg #bg4e ,,vi #fj1jjj #fcd1fbf #hjb1ahg ,inc4 #bf4d ,,vii #gj1jjj #bb1dic #cd1feb #ec4f ,,viii #hj1jjj #aeh1agi #deb1jgj #ahe4i ,,ix #ij1jjj #caj #e1jed #a1ebg4a ,x #ajj1jjj #dh1hcd #bhe1bda #dhd4c ,,xi #aaj1jjj #chi #a1dgf #bgi4d ,,xii #abj1jjj #dc #fj #ci4e ,all ov] #abj1jjj #b #bad ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! l9e ( cleavage betwe5 =m] & mod]n railway me?ods ( h&l+ freight is cle>ly %[n 9 ! above table to lie betwe5 c>s ( #be & #cj ton capacity4 ,! =m] & all ( less capacity are on ! decl9e1 :]eas ! latt] & all ( great] capacity are on ! increase4 ,num]ically ! #cj-ton c>s /ill exce$ ^? ( #dj & #ej tons1 b already !y are exce$$ by ! comb9$ capacity ( ! latt]4 ,,! ,,surplus ,,( ,,freight ,,c>s4 ,= two ye>s 7#bh mon?s z ?is is writt57 ! reports ( ! ,committee on ,c> ,effici5cy ( ! ,am]ican ,railway ,association %[ t ! supply ( freight c>s has be5 9 excess ( ! dem&4 ,9 o!r words1 ! railways dur+ t p]iod 7 pay+ int]e/ on a consid]able p]c5tage ( unremun]ative equipm5t1 besides ! co/ ( its ma9t5ance4 ,! rise & fall ( ?is surplus ( freight c>s is set =? bel[3 ,,freight ,,c> ,,%ortages ,,& ,,surplus ,,by ,,mon?s ,,f ,,janu>y1 #aijg1 ,,to ,,april1 #aiaj4 #aijg #aijh #aiji #aiaj ,mon? ,%ortage ,surplus ,surplus ,surplus ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,janu>y #aaj1jjj #cdb1ehj #ccc1jai #eb1cji ,febru>y #aej1jjj #cbb1eac #cja1ega #de1eac ,m>* ,no data #big1jdb #bia1dah #de1fgb ,april #ajj1jjj #dac1fje #bhb1cbh #hd1hhg ,may #fj1jjj #djd1ecd #bgc1hij -- ,june #dj1jjj #cdi1iid #bfb1idd -- ,july7a7 #bj1jjj #cjh1fhj #bdc1ced -- ,augu/7a7 #ae1jjj #bec1jjc #aei1dbd -- ,septemb] #fj1jjj #acc1gib #gh1gih -- ,octob] #ij1geg #aaj1iab #ce1igg -- ,novemb] #eg1jjc #acb1hbi #ci1ebh -- ,decemb] 7surplus7 #bji1caj #bbb1jgg #eh1ced -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 7a7 ,9 ,july & ,augu/1 #aijg1 !re 0 a net surplus4 ,at ! date ( "o report 9 ,octob]1 #aiji1 a surplus ( c>s 9 "o t]ritory 0 practically (fset by a %ortage 9 ano!r t]ritory4 ,,freight ,,c> ,,p]=mance4 ,accord+ to ,/ati/ical ,bullet9 ,no4 #eh ( ! ,committee on ,relations betwe5 ,railroads ( ! ,am]ican ,railway ,association1 ! av]age p]=mance ( ! freight c>s ( ,am]ican & ,canadian railways dur+ ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji1 includ+ & exclud+ surplus c>s1 0 z foll[s3 ,av]age ,miles ,av]age ,ton ,miles p] ,day p] ,c> p] ,day ---------------------------------------- --- ,mon? ,includ+ ,exclud+ ,includ+ ,exclud+ ,surplus ,surplus ,surplus ,surplus ,c>s ,c>s ,c>s ,c>s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,july1 #aijh #bj4j #bd4h #bge #cdb ,augu/1 #bj4h #be4a #bib #ced ,septemb]1 #bb4j #be4b #cbj #cfg ,octob]1 #bc4h #be4i #cdf #cgf ,novemb]1 #bc4e #be4h #cda #cge ,decemb]1 #bb4c #be4b #ccb #cgf ,janu>y1 #aiji #bj4i #be4c #bic #ced ,febru>y1 #ba4g #be4i #cjf #cfe ,m>*1 #bb4g #bg4b #ccj #cic ,april1 #bb4d #bf4h #caj #cga ,may1 #bb4e #bf4h #cjd #cfb ,june1 #bb4d #bf4e #cad #cga ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,^! figures ( ! av]age miles p] day ( freight c>s are ! delight ( demagogues & o!r detractors ( ,am]ican railways :o ignore1 or h nev] be5 able to compreh5d1 t ! av]age p]=mance ( a c> p] day dep5ds f six to n9e times m on ! "t all[$ = %ipp]s to load & unload c>s ?an on its spe$ 9 transit4 ,?is spe$ runs all ! way f t5 to =ty miles & ov] an h\r4 ,b if freight tra9s av]ag$ #dj miles an h\r x w\ld make little impression on ! p] day av]age ( c>s s long z #dh h\rs has to be all[$ z a m9imum at ei!r end = load+ & unload+ & almo/ z mu* m = plac+ notices & dispos+ ( c>s1 to say no?+ ( "t consum$ 9 mak+ up tra9s4 ,! sali5t & significant feature ( ?is table is ! pro( x af=ds t ea* c> ( ^? 9 commission av]ages ! movem5t ( "o ton #cfg miles p] day4 ,?is means an av]age load ( #ad tons p] c>4 ,x w\ld take at lea/ ?ree ,engli% or ,european freight c>s to av]age su* a load4 ,,safety ,,appliances4 ,( all ! locomotives & c>s 9 railway s]vice 9 #aijh1 aggregat+ #b1cjb1jee1 less ?an #d 7 n fitt$ ) tra9 brakes1 & less ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( #a 7 unprovid$ ) automatic c\pl]s4 ,,block ,,signals4 ,:ile ! ga9 9 mileage protect$ by "s =m ( block signals 9 #aiji is only slightly m ?an half ! increase 9 #aijg1 x %[s a heal?y revival ( ?is mo/ important con/ructive "w4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ cal5d> ye>1 accord+ to ! ,railroad ,age-,gazette1 ! mileage on :i* "s sy/em ( block signals _h be5 in/all$ 0 z foll[s3 ,sy/em ,s+le ,track ,two or ,total ,total ,m ,tracks #aiji #aijh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,automatic block signals 7miles7 #f1dcf #g1ihc #ad1dai #aa1icb ,non-automatic block signals 7miles7 #dj1cbc #h1eic #dh1iaf #dh1ggg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total miles #df1gei #af1egf #fc1cce #fj1gji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,miles ( l9e op]at$ by ! companies1 #aiji #aeh1ich ,! second annual report ( ! gov]nm5t ,block ,signal & ,tra9 ,control ,bo>d %[s t little advance has be5 made 9 ! se>* aft] ! p]fect sy/em ( automatic me*anical op]ation4 ,s9ce ! organization ( ! bo>d 9 #aijg no less ?an #hce plans & descriptions ( inv5tions design$ to enhance ! safety ( railway op]ation h be5 submitt$ = its consid]ation4 ,( ^! #ahd 7 exam9$ & report$ ^u 9 #aijh & #ab 7 f\nd wor?y ( fur!r inve/igation4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> #cbg o!rs h be5 review$ ) a net result t aga9 #ab h be5 f\nd to possess en\gh m]it to w>rant ! ,bo>d 9 conduct+ fur!r te/s4 ,x f9ds t ! va/ majority ( ! propos$ devices are uns\nd ei!r 9 pr9ciple or design4 ,) reg>d to "s =m ( automatic /op1 ! ,bo>d says t x is n yet prep>$ to make a def9ite & positive recomm5dation1 b x ?9ks x reasonable to expect t sev]al =ms ( automatic tra9 controll+ devices w be f\nd available = use4 ,9 ?is connection x v s5sibly concludes3 ,x is n to be expect$ t trials or te/s conduct$ by ! gov]nm5t w1 indep5d5tly ( ext5d$ use by railways1 result 9 ! production ( devices or sy/ems fully develop$ to meet all ! exact+ conditions ( railway op]ation4 ,,iii ,,employes ,,& ,,_! ,,comp5sation ,,numb] #a1ebd1djj ,,comp5sation #a1jjh1bgj1jjj ,! #cfh railway companies report+ to ?is ,bureau _h #a1dfc1dbi p]sons 9 _! employ ,june #cj1 #aiji1 & _! pay roll = ! twelve mon?s to t date am\nt$ to #igc1agb1dig4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ^! roads employ ov] #if ( ! labor & pay #ig ( ! comp5sation e>n$ by railway employes4 ,f :i* x appe>s t ! employes ( all ! railways 9 #aiji numb]$ #a1ebd1djj1 ^: comp5sation = t ye> 0 approximately #a1jjc1bgj1jjj4 ,?is w\ld %[ an increase ( #ff1gef m5 employ$ & a decrease ( #dh1cfb1bbe 9 comp5sation--a discrepancy acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! pay roll 9 ,june1 #aijh1 0 num]ically at l[ tide :ile ! aggregate comp5sation 0 swell$ by ! l>ge pay rolls ( ! fir/ six mon?s ( ! fiscal ye>4 ,! conditions 7 ne>ly rev]s$ 9 #aiji1 = ! pay roll 0 at ! ebb dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye> :]eas ! numb] on x did n beg9 to %[ ! dem&s ( increas+ traffic until ! v close ( ! fiscal ye>4 ,^! /ati/ics w\ld be m enlight5+ if ! numb] ( employes 0 det]m9$ by ! av]age f ! mon?ly pay rolls ?r\gh\t ! ye> & n z at pres5t f ! pay rolls on ,june #cj4 ,! discrepancies not$ are liable to increase if ! ,commission succe$s 9 gett+ ! p]mission ( ,congress to sub/itute ,decemb] #ca/ = ,june #cj? z ! end ( its /ati/ical ye>4 ,"u ! pres5t practice1 ! summ>y :i* foll[s reflects ! improvem5t ( bus9ess 9 ! increase ( employes1 :ile _! aggregate comp5sation cont9ues to %[ ! effect ( ! depression t prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,:51 h[ev]1 t comp5sation comes to be divid$ by ! ,aggregate numb] ( days work$ by all employes dur+ ! ye>1 ! daily av]age :i* results is f\nd to be )9 a fraction ( a c5t ! same z = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! aggregate numb] ( days work$ by ! employes ( ! roads report+ to ?is ,bureau 0 #dcd1cbh1jbf days 9 #aiji aga9/ #dec1jjb1bbh = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! fir/ summ>y "u ?is title gives ! numb]1 comp5sation & av]age pay ( ! sev]al classes ( employes ( ! roads report+ = ! ye> #aiji1 toge!r ) ! aggregates z report$ to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission = ! prec$+ ye>s3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,railway ,,employes1 ,,comp5sation ,,& ,,rates ,,( ,,pay ,,by ,,classes ,,9 #aiji ,,& ,,aggregates ,,f #ahhi ,,to #aiji4 ,class #aiji ,p] #ajj ,av]age,p] ,c5t 7#bba1acb ,miles ,numb] ,miles ,comp5sation ,pay ( ,gross ,repres5t$7 ( ,l9e p] ,day,receipts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,g5]al (fic]s #c1cab #a4f #ae1dhd1jjh #ad4hb #j4f ,o!r (fic]s #g1dae #c4c #af1hdg1ged #f4ec #j4g ,g5]al (fice cl]ks #fg1bbb #cj #ea1ide1bca #b4ca #b4b ,/ation ag5ts #cd1gfe #ae #bd1idd1ajj #b4aj #a4j ,o!r /ation m5 #ace1jef #fa #gh1bhi1jci #a4ha #c4c ,eng9em5 #ee1gdg #be #gg1gfb1aeh #d4df #c4c ,firem5 #eh1ibg #bg #dg1eia1iec #b4fg #b4j ,conductors #db1cbe #ai #ej1bfi1eha #c4gf #b4a ,o!r tra9m5 #aab1cih #ea #hh1gea1gec #b4fj #c4g ,ma*9i/s #dg1fbi #bb #da1cha1jed #b4ih #a4g ,c>p5t]s #ei1dgg #bg #db1ied1iic #b4dc #a4h ,o!r %opm5 #aib1ghd #hg #aah1hia1fgi #b4ac #e4j ,section =em5 #ci1iec #ah #bf1cgg1chj #a4if #a4b ,o!r trackm5 #cjh1cfi #adj #ajg1gcd1dai #a4ch #d4e ,swit* t5d]s1 cross+ t5d]s & wat*m5 #dd1aee #bj #bf1jai1aje #a4gh #a4a ,telegraph op]ators & dispat*]s #ch1fef #ag #bi1fee1iaf #b4cj #a4c ,employes1 acc\nt float+ equipm5t #h1fcb #d #f1ecg1aif #b4cb #j4c ,all o!r employes & labor]s #bjf1fjg #ic #aba1gce1agh #a4ih #e4b ---------------------------------------- - ,total 7#id4d mileage repres5t$7 #a1dfc1dbi #ffa #igc1agb1dig #b4bd #da4jj #aijh ,(ficial figures #a1deh1bdd #fcb #a1jea1fcb1bbe7;b7#b4be #dc4ch #aijg #a1fgb1jgd #gce #a1jgb1chf1dbg #b4bj #da4db #aijf #a1eba1cee #fhd 7a7#icj1hja1fec #b4ji #dj4jb #aije #a1chb1aif #fcg #hci1idd1fhj #b4jg #dj4cd #aijd #a1bif1aba #faa #hag1eih1haj,no data #da4cf #aijc #a1cab1ecg #fci #gge1cba1dae,no data #dj4gh #aijb #a1ahi1cae #eid #fgf1jbh1eib,no data #ci4bh #aija #a1jga1afi #edh #faj1gac1gja,no data #ch4ci #aijj #a1jag1fec #ebi #egg1bfd1hda,no data #ch4hb #ahii #ibh1ibd #die #ebb1ifg1hif,no data #ci4ha #ahih #hgd1eeh #dgd #die1jee1fah,no data #ci4gj #ahig #hbc1dgf #ddi #dfe1fja1eha,no data #da4ej #ahif #hbf1fbj #ded #dfh1hbd1eca,no data #dj4gg #ahie #ghe1jcd #dda #dde1ejh1bfa,no data #da4dd #ahid #ggi1fjh #ddd ,no data ,no data -- #ahic #hgc1fjb #eae ,no data ,no data -- #ahib #hba1dae #ejf ,no data ,no data -- #ahia #ghd1bhe #dhf ,no data ,no data -- #ahij #gdi1cja #dgi ,no data ,no data -- #ahhi #gjd1gdc #dei ,no data ,no data -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 7a7 ,includes #cj1jjj1jjj e/imate pay-roll ( ,s\!rn ,pacific1 ^: records 7 de/roy$ 9 ! ,san ,francisco disa/]4 7b7 ,bureau computations4 ,?is table br+s out cle>ly ! effect ( ! depression ( #aijh on railway labor4 ,:ile !re 0 a decrease 9 numb]s employ$ 9 #aijh ( #bac1hcj or ne>ly #ac1 co9cid5t ) a proportionate decrease 9 gross rev5ues1 ! r$uction 9 comp5sation am\nt$ to less ?an #b4 ,?is anomaly 0 due to ! fact t ! increas$ scale ( pay adopt$ 9 ! w9t] ( #aijf-jg 0 only effective dur+ six mon?s ( ! fiscal ye> #aijg1 :]eas x 0 9 full op]ation ?r\gh\t #aijh1 z x /ill is1 ) dem&s1 negotiations & arbitrations reg>d+ wages all t5d+ upw>d4 ,,unremun]ative ,,exp5ditures4 ,la/ ye> att5tion 0 call$ to ! unremun]ative burd5s impos$ on ! railways by ! multiply+ dem&s ( legislatures & commissions = reports on e conceivable feature ( _! multif>i\s affairs4 ,?is ye> ) ! comp5sation ( e o!r class %[+ ! effects ( ! en=c$ retr5*m5ts ( ! p]iod1 t ( ! sev]al classes especially affect$ by ^! requirem5ts & ! enactm5ts relat+ to ! h\rs & conditions ( employm5t cont9ue to be ! only ones m>k$ by advances ov] ! record figures ( #aijg1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ comp>ison3 ,,comp5sation ,,( ,,classes ,,especially ,,affect$ ,,by ,,multiply+ ,,dem&s ,,( ,,commissions ,,& ,,legislatures ,,9 #aijg ,,& #aiji4 #aijg #aiji ,class #bbg1dee ,miles #bba1acb ,miles ,repres5t$ ,repres5t$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,o!r (fic]s #ae1jab1bbf #af1hdg1ged ,g5]al (fice cl]ks #dh1cdj1abc #ea1ide1bca ,/ation ag5ts #bd1hca1jff #bd1idd1ajj ,telegraph op]ators & dispat*]s #bi1jeh1bea #bi1fee1iaf ,employes1 acc\nt float+ equipm5t #f1jce1dae #f1ecg1aif ---------------------------- ,total #abc1bgg1jha #abi1icj1aig ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,add #d = unreport$ mileage1 #aiji #e1aig1bjg ,total #ace1abg1djd ,increase ov] #aijg #aa1hej1cbc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,moreov]1 _h ! aggregate comp5sation ( ^! five classes foll[$ ! g5]al tr5d ( all o!r railway comp5sation1 ! exp5diture on ?is acc\nt w\ld h be5 at lea/ #bb1jjj1jjj less ?an x 04 ,?is sum repres5ts only a "p ( :at ! railways h to pay = a sy/em ( acc\nt+ & report+ out ( all proportion to its publi%$ results4 ,! public has no idea ( ! on]\s & unpr(itable burd5s impos$ on ! railways by ! impractical !ory ( adm9i/]+ railways ?r\gh ! m$ium ( arbitr>y & !oretical acc\nts4 ,,av]age ,,daily ,,comp5sation #aiji-ahib4 ,:]e ! data 9 reg>d to total comp5sation ( railway employes has be5 kept s9ce #ahie1 t ( _! daily av]age pay runs back to #ahib1 ?us cov]+ ! p]iod ( ! la/ prec$+ sev]e panic4 ,"u in/ructions ( ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician1 ^! av]ages are comput$ by divid+ ! comp5sation paid by ! actual days work$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 ! sev]al classes z ne>ly z x has be5 practicable to d s4 ,al?\gh ! =mula is m or less arbitr>y1 ! sy/em has be5 cont9u\s & s ! results are reliable = comp>ative purposes4 ,9 ! /atem5t foll[+1 figures = #ahie1 #ahif & #aije h be5 omitt$ to economize space1 & because !y pres5t no significant v>iations f ! ye>s prec$+ !m4 ,,comp>ative ,,summ>y ,,( ,,av]age ,,daily ,,comp5sation ,,( ,,railway ,,employes ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s ,,end+ ,,june #cj1 #aijh ,,to #ahib4 ,class #aiji7;a7 #aijh7;a7 #aijg #aijf #aijd #aijc #aijb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5]al (fic]s #ad4hb #ae4ah #aa4icaa4haaa4faaa4bgaa4ag ,o!r (fic]s #f4ec #f4db #e4ii #e4hb #f4jg #e4gf #e4fj ,g5]al (fice cl]ks #b4ca #b4ce #b4cj #b4bd #b4bb #b4ba #b4ah ,/ation ag5ts #b4aj #b4aj #b4je #a4id #a4ic #a4hg #a4hj ,o!r /ation m5 #a4ha #a4hb #a4gh #a4fi #a4fi #a4fd #a4fa ,eng9em5 #d4df #d4df #d4cj #d4ab #d4aj #d4ja #c4hd ,firem5 #b4fg #b4fe #b4ed #b4db #b4ce #b4bh #b4bj ,conductors #c4gf #c4hc #c4fi #c4ea #c4ej #c4ch #c4ba ,o!r tra9m5 #b4fj #b4fd #b4ed #b4ce #b4bg #b4ag #b4jd ,ma*9i/s #b4ih #b4ie #b4hg #b4fi #b4fa #b4ej #b4cf ,c>p5t]s #b4dc #b4dj #b4dj #b4bh #b4bf #b4ai #b4jh ,o!r %opm5 #b4ac #b4ac #b4jf #a4ib #a4ia #a4hf #a4gh ,section =em5 #a4if #a4if #a4ij #a4hj #a4gh #a4gh #a4gb ,o!r trackm5 #a4ch #a4de #a4df #a4cf #a4cc #a4ca #a4be ,swit*m51 flagm5 & wat*m5 #a4gh #a4hb #a4hg #a4hj #a4gg #a4gf #a4gg ,telegraph op]ators & dispat*]s #b4cj #b4cj #b4bf #b4ac #b4ae #b4jh #b4ja ,employes acc\nt float+ equipm5t #b4cb #b4cg #b4bg #b4aj #b4ag #b4aa #b4jj ,all o!r employes & labor]s #a4ih #a4ih #a4ib #a4hc #a4hb #a4gg #a4ga ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- table cont9u$ ,class #aija #aijj #ahii #ahih #ahig #ahid #ahic #ahib ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5]al (fic]s #aj4igaj4deaj4jc #i4gc #i4ed #i4ga #g4hd #g4fb ,o!r (fic]s #e4ef #e4bb #e4ah #e4ba #e4ab #e4ge -- -- ,g5]al (fice cl]ks #b4ai #b4ai #b4bj #b4be #b4ah #b4cd #b4bc #b4bj ,/ation ag5ts #a4gg #a4ge #a4gd #a4gc #a4gc #a4ge #a4hc #a4ha ,o!r /ation m5 #a4ei #a4fj #a4fj #a4fa #a4fb #a4fc #a4fe #a4fh ,eng9em5 #c4gh #c4ge #c4gb #c4gb #c4fe #c4fa #c4ff #c4fh ,firem5 #b4af #b4ad #b4aj #b4ji #b4je #b4jc #b4jd #b4jg ,conductors #c4ag #c4ag #c4ac #c4ac #c4jg #c4jd #c4jh #c4jg ,o!r tra9m5 #b4jj #a4if #a4id #a4ie #a4ij #a4hi #a4ia #a4hi ,ma*9i/s #b4cb #b4cj #b4bi #b4bh #b4bc #b4ba #b4cc #b4bi ,c>p5t]s #b4jf #b4jd #b4jc #b4jb #b4ja #b4jb #b4aa #b4jh ,o!r %opm5 #a4ge #a4gc #a4gb #a4gj #a4ga #a4fi #a4ge #a4ga ,section =em5 #a4ga #a4fh #a4fh #a4fi #a4gj #a4ga #a4ge #a4gf ,o!r trackm5 #a4bc #a4bb #a4ah #a4af #a4af #a4ah #a4bb #a4bb ,swit*m51 flagm5 & wat*m5 #a4gd #a4hj #a4gg #a4gd #a4gb #a4ge #a4hj #a4gh ,telegraph op]ators & dispat*]s #a4ih #a4if #a4ic #a4ib #a4ij #a4ic #a4ig #a4ic ,employes acc\nt float+ equipm5t #a4ig #a4ib #a4hi #a4hi #a4hf #a4ig #a4if #b4jg ,all o!r employes & labor]s #a4fi #a4ga #a4fh #a4fg #a4fd #a4fe #a4gj #a4fg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7a7 ,av]ages = #aiji & #aijh are calculat$ f ! returns to ! ,bureau ( days work$ & comp5sation ( ! sev]al classes ( roads repres5t+ #ig ( ! traffic4 ,! av]age pay ( g5]al (fic]s = #aiji & #aijh 9 ?is summ>y is out ( proportion1 = ! reason t ! returns to ! ,bureau cov] only #fj ( ! class num]ically & include all ! l>g] sy/ems4 ,be=e #ahid1 ?is class includ$ ,o!r (fic]s1 s ! returns = #ahic & #ahib are n comp>able ) ^? = ?is class 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,comp>+ ! av]age daily comp5sation ( ! f\r great classes mo/ intimately associat$ 9 ! public m9d ) railway op]ations 9 #ahii & #aiji1 x appe>s t dur+ ! decade ! av]age wages ( eng9em5 increas$ approximately #bj2 ( firem5 #bg2 ( conductors #bj2 & ( o!r tra9m51 includ+ swit*m51 brakem5 & baggagem5--! mo/ num]\s body--#cd4 ,an e/imate bas$ on ! numb] employ$ & _! aggregate comp5sation 9 #ahii1 all[+ #caj work+ days to ! ye>1 w\ld place ! increase = all employes dur+ ! decade at #bc4 ,! relation ( ! comp5sation ( railway employes to ! gross e>n+s ( ! railways1 :i* furni% ! fund f :i* !y are paid1 & also to ! sum ( ! exp5ses incurr$ 9 produc+ ^? e>n+s = ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 is %[n 9 ! next summ>y1 9 conjunction ) ! op]at+ ratio3 ,,summ>y ,,%[+ ,,proportion ,,( ,,comp5sation ,,( ,,employes ,,to ,,gross ,,e>n+s ,,& ,,op]at+ ,,exp5ses1 ,,& ,,( ,,op]at+ ,,ratio ,,t5 ,,ye>s1 #ahii ,,to #aiji4 ,ratio ,ratio ,ratio ( ,comp5sation ,comp5sation ,op]at+ ,exp5ses ( ,labor to ( ,labor to to ,gross ,e>n+s,op]at+ ,exp5ses ,gross ,e>n+s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aiji #da4jj #fb4jf #ff4ab #aijh #dc4ch #fb4cc #fi4fg #aijg #da4db #fa4da #fg4ec #aijf #dj4jb #fj4gi #ff4jh #aije #dj4cd #fj4dj #ff4gh #aijd #da4cf #fa4jg #fg4gi #aijc #dj4gh #fa4fe #ff4af #aijb #ci4bh #fj4eh #fd4ff #aija #ch4ci #ei4bg #fd4hf #aijj #ch4hb #fj4jd #fd4fe #ahii #ci4ha #fa4jd #fe4bd ,increase #ahii to #aiji #c4jj #a4fe #a4ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! significance ( ?is /atem5t is t 9 spite ( all ! labor sav+ devices & economies ( op]ation--r$uc$ grades1 modifi$ curves & m effici5t equipm5t--adopt$ by ! railways dur+ ! pa/ decade1 ! proportionate co/ ( labor to e>n+s & to exp5ses has increas$4 ,x rea*$ an abnormally high ratio 9 #aijh because ( ! unprec$5t$ recession 9 rev5ues dur+ ! second half ( ! ye>4 ,! fact t x has be5 above #dj p]si/5tly s9ce #aijb proves t labor cont9ues to receive its full proportion ( ! receipts ( ,am]ican railways4 ,,pay ,,( ,,employes ,,on ,,briti% ,,railways4 ,al?\gh ! /ati/ics ( ,briti% railways are s+ul>ly b>r5 ( details respect+ ! comp5sation ( ,briti% railway s]vants1 z !y are t]m$1 ! reports ( ,bo>ds ( ,conciliation af=d data z to ! rates ( pay ( sev]al classes z foll[s3 ,,scale ,,( ,,wages ,,( ,,driv]s ,,& ,,firem5 ,,on ,,nor? ,,briti% ,,railway1 #aiji4 ,rate p] ,day ( #ab ,h\rs -------------- ,driv]s,firem5 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pass5g] eng9es1 ma9 l9e1 long road #a4ef #j4hh ,pass5g] eng9es runn+ into *ief t]m9al /ation #a4dd 4#hd ,pass5g] eng9es1 bran* l9es #a4cb 4#hj ,goods eng9es1 ma9 l9e1 long road1 trip m5 #a4dd 4#hh ,goods eng9es1 ma9 l9e1 o!r ?an long road #a4cb 4#hd ,goods & m9]al eng9es runn+ into depots & t]m9al /ations #a4bj 4#hj ,goods & m9]al eng9es work+ bran* l9es & colli]ies #a4ad 4#gf ,m9]al pilot1 pilot & %unt+ eng9es #a4jd 4#gb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 8 aw>d 9 ! case ( ! ,nor? ,ea/]n ,railway1 ,sir ,james ,woodh\se fix$ ! foll[+ scales3 ,firem54--,fir/ ye>1 #hd c5ts p] day2 #b;d ye>1 #ij c5ts2 #c;d ye>1 #if c5ts2 #d? & #e? ye>s1 #a4jb2 #f? ye>1 #a4jh2 #g? ye>1 #a4ad2 #h? ye>1 & subsequ5t ye>s1 #a4bj4 ,firem5 to pass = driv]s dur+ ! #h? ye>4 ,clean]s4--,age #af to #ag ye>s1 #b4dj p] week2 #ag to #ah ye>s1 #b4fd2 #ah to #ai ye>s1 #c4ab2 #ai to #bj ye>s1 #c4fj2 #bj to #ba ye>s1 #d4jh2 & an advance ( #bd c5ts p] week = ea* subsequ5t ye> up to a maximum ( #d4hj p] week4 ,t ! wages ( all goods & m9]al gu>ds be increas$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,! wages ( ^? :o h be5 9 receipt ( #g4bj 7! maximum ( ! exi/+ scale7 = n less ?an two ye>s %all be increas$ to #g4dd p] week4 7b7 ,! wages ( ^? :o h be5 9 receipt ( ! said maximum = n less ?an five ye>s %all be increas$ to #g4fh p] week4 ,! bonus = work+ ) l>ge eng9es on freight tra9s discont9u$ :5 any gu>d becomes entitl$ to ! maximum wages ( #g4fh p] week4 ,m5 work+ 9 ! ,london di/rict get f #f to #ab c5ts m p] day ?an ^? 9 outside di/ricts4 ,! aw>d 9 ! case ( ! ,great ,nor!rn made an addition ( #bd c5ts to ! weekly scale ( ! foll[+ grades3 ,signalm5 #d4cb1 #d4ef1 #d4hj & #e4jd2 pass5g] gu>ds & brakem5 #e4bh up to #f4jj2 goods gu>ds & brakem5 #e4jd up to #f4bd2 ticket collectors #e4jd up to #e4eb2 horse %unt]s #d4ef up to #e4jd2 p>cels port]s #d4cb to #e4jd2 c>riage clean]s #d4jh to #d4cb2 plate lay]s1 second m5 & "u m5 #d4cb & less up to #e4jd2 balla/ tra9 gu>ds1 flagm5 & greas]s rates less ?an #e4jd p] week4 ,an additional all[ance ( #bd c5ts p] week is made to m5 /ation$ 9 ! ,london di/rict4 ,f ^! figures a fair idea is ga9$ ( ! av]age pay ( ,briti% railway labor4 ,!y support ! /atem5t t !re are ov] #ajj1jjj railway m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom work+ = less ?an "o p\nd 7#d4hg7 a week4 ,! total comp5sation paid ,briti% railway employes 9 #aijh 0 #aej1bdh1jjj aga9/ #afb1ddj1jjj = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,b :e!r ! decrease 0 due to a r$uction 9 pay or 9 numb]s employ$ _c be told1 z !re has be5 no c5sus ( railway s]vants s9ce #aijg4 ,! av]age pay may be safely approximat$ at #bfj p] ye> p] man1 boy & port]1 :o two ye>s ago numb]$ #fba1cda4 ,9 #aijg1 ,special ,ag5t ,ames1 ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 report$ wages on ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom z foll[s3 ,eng9em5 #i4cb p] week ,firem5 #e4gf ,conductors #f4bf ,brakem5 #f4dd ,%unt]s #e4hj ,exam9]s #e4hj ,signalm5 #e4ff ,trackm5 #e4eh ---------------------------------- ,,pay ,,( ,,railway ,,employes ,,9 ,,o!r ,,c\ntries4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! wages ( ,am]ican & ,european railway employes is emphasiz$ by ^? paid on ! cont95t4 ,! (ficial /ati/ics ( ! empire %[ an increase ( #e 9 ! av]age ye>ly comp5sation ( ,g]man railway employes 9 #aijh4 ,_! numb] & pay = t ye> to ,decemb] #ca/ 9 ! f\r ma9 classes into :i* !y are divid$ 7 z foll[s3 ,,numb] ,,& ,,pay ,,( ,,g]man ,,railway ,,employes ,,by ,,pr9cipal ,,divisions ,,= ,,! ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,decemb] #ca1 #aijh4 ,division ,employes ,comp5sation ,av]age ,increase ,numb] 7,total7 p] ye>ov] #aijg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,g5]al adm9i/ration #ca1iif #be1afg1bdj #ghg #cd ,ma9t5ance & gu>d+ road #agg1fcc #db1hia1gec #bda #e ,/ation s]vice & tra9 crews #cjb1cdc #aaf1bai1feg #chd #bd ,swit*+ crews & %ops #ahg1ahc #ge1cbh1jhd #djb #ah ---------------------------------------- - ,total #fii1aee #bei1fjf1gcd #cga #ai ,increase ov] #aijg #c1eih #ad1baf1hge -- -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,comb9$ ) a fall+ (f 9 rev5ues & an increase 9 ! co/ ( mat]ials ?is increase 9 ! comp5sation ( employes _h ! effect ( rais+ ! op]at+ ratio ( ,g]man railways f #fi4ja 9 #aijg to #gc4ef 9 #aijh4 ,x also increas$ ! proportion ( wages to gross e>n+s f #cg4be to #dj4a & _h ! effect ( r$uc+ ! net rev5ues f #e4fj to #d4ea on ! co/ ( con/ruction4 ,h[ railway labor f>es "u gov]nm5t own]%ip 9 a republic z comp>$ ) its pay 9 an empire may be judg$ f a comp>ison ( ! foll[+ /atem5t z to ! numb] & pay ( ! railways ( ,switz]l& ) ! l classes 9 ! prec$+ table = ,g]many4 ,,numb] ,,& ,,pay ,,( ,,swiss ,,railway ,,employes ,,by ,,pr9cipal ,,divisions ,,9 #aijg4 ,division ,employes ,comp5sation ,av]age ,numb] 7,total7 p] ,ye> ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,g5]al adm9i/ration #a1fca #ghj1gae #dgh ,ma9t5ance & inspection ( way #aj1cjh #a1dei1igg #adb ,transportation & tra9 s]vice #ag1hae #f1hbi1dbf #chc ,port]s & labor]s #ab1bai #c1bji1haj #bfb --------------------------------- ,total #da1igc #ab1bgi1ibh #bib ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! wages paid ! employes ( ,swiss railways 9 #aijg am\nt$ to only #ca4i p] c5t4 ( ! gross e>n+s1 & yet !y add$ en\gh to ! co/ ( op]ation to help increase ! telltale ratio ( exp5ses to rev5ues f #fd4ii 9 #aijf to #fg4bi 9 #aijg4 ,! result 0 increas$ op]at+ exp5ses p] mile & a decrease 9 ! am\nt available = int]e/ 9 divid5ds f #c4bf 9 #aijf to #c4bc 9 #aijg4 ,z ! ,swiss republic has to pay #c on gov]nm5t loans its inve/m5t 9 railways does n appe> to be a v pr(itable "o4 ,,employes ,,( ,,fr5* ,,railways4 ,! employes ( ! railways ( ,france are divid$ into ! foll[+ classes3 ,g5]al adm9i/ration #c1aai ,transportation & traffic #abh1hbc ,traction & mat]ial #hj1gcb ,way & /ructures #ha1hig ,auxili>ies #hb1hji ,female employes #bi1agh --------- ,total #djf1eeh ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,! (ficial /ati/ics only give ! comp5sation ( employes 9 ! division ( traction & mat]ial1 :]e ! #hj1gcb m5 employ$ get an av]age ( #ahg p] ye>4 ,on ! /ate railways ( ,belgium1 firem5 receive f #ae4bj to #bb4hj p] mon?1 ! high] wage only aft] #ae ye>s' s]vice2 eng9em5 beg9 at #bb4ej p] mon? & at ! end ( #bd ye>s' s]vice "w up to #ch4jj p] mon?2 conductors e>n f #ae4ig p] mon? up to a maximum ( #cd4gj2 brakem51 beg9n+ z %unt]s 7swit*m57 at #de c5ts a day1 :5 promot$ get a m9imum ( #ag4aj p] mon?1 f :i* !y are sl[ly advanc$ to a maximum ( #bb4jj4 ,! av]age railway work] 9 ,belgium gets #b4bb francs 7#dc c5ts7 a day4 ,:ole classes ( ,am]ican railway employes get m 9 a mon? ?an ,belgian railway employes av]age 9 a ye>4 ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,liv+4 ,:at & h[ great ! virtue & ! art1 ,to live on little ) a *e]ful he>t4--,pope4 ,n because x has any legitimate place 9 fix+ ! /&>d ( railway wages1 :i* %\ld be relative to ! "p capacity1 intellig5ce1 indu/ry1 loyalty & exp]i5ce play 9 railway s]vice1 b because 9 rec5t ye>s ! /eady increase 9 ! co/ ( liv+ has be5 made ! fulcrum on :i* e lev] to advance wages works1 is x prop] to ref] to ! subject 9 ?is report4 ,n[ !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole wild]ness ( economics s utt]ly illusive & mislead+ z ?is same co/ ( liv+4 ,x is z incapable ( /ati/ical expression z ! airy imag9+s ( a dream & yet x broods ov] ! dome/ic happ9ess ( nations ) all ! disquiet+ effects ( a nightm>e--& l e nightm>e x comes f eat+ too mu* & want+ to eat m4 ,9 economics1 beyond ! b>e/ subsi/5ce1 ! co/ ( liv+ is n rul$ by necessity b by individual *oice4 ,ea* p]son & family settles x along ! l9es ( ab/95ce or indulg5ce4 ,x ranges f ! d9n] ( h]bs :]e love is & ! virtues ( self-d5ial are n\ri%$1 to ! fea/s ( ,lucullus & ,pompeian pr(ligacy 9 ^: indulg5ce :ole peoples h p]i%$4 ,9 e discussion ( ! subject fir/ consid]ation is giv5 to ! price ( food4 ,?is am\nts to measur+ ! co/ ( liv+ ) an ela/ic /r+4 ,! proportion ( ! co/ ( food to ! co/ ( liv+ v>ies 9 e l&1 9 e occupation & 9 e h\sehold4 ,x am\nts to less ?an #dj 9 an av]age ,am]ican family1 b ea* family fixes x = itself4 ,foll[+ c]ta9 well recogniz$ economic laws ! p]c5tage = subsi/5ce increases z ! income decreases4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,france families ) an income ( "u #d4hj p] week sp5d #fc ( x = food alone1 :]eas ^? ) #i4fj a week sp5d #ec4 ,9 ,engl&1 families av]ag+ #e4ab a week sp5d #fg on food1 :ile ^? ( #i4fj sp5d #eg or less4 ,9 ,g]many1 a simil> inquiry %[$ t families ) an av]age income ( #d4bc p] week sp5t #fh4g on food 7exclud+ be]71 or #fi4e 7) be]72 :]eas families ) an income ( #i4fj p] week sp5t less ?an #eg on food exclud+ be]4 ,! exhau/ive inve/igation made by ,commission] ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright :5 head ( ! ,bureau ( ,labor 9 #aijc anticipat$ = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^! results ( m rec5t ,european inquiries1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ table %[+ ! p] c5t ( total exp5diture made = v>i\s purposes 9 normal families accord+ to classifi$ incomes3 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,exp5diture ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,purposes ,,9 #aa1aef ,,normal ,,families1 ,,by ,,classifi$ ,,incomes1 #aija4 ,classifi$ income ,r5t ,fuel ,light+ ,food ,clo?+,sundries ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"u #bjj #af4ic #f4fi #a4bg #ej4he #h4fh #ae4eh #bjj or "u #cjj #ah4jb #f4ji #a4ac #dg4cc #h4ff #ah4gg #cjj or "u #djj #ah4fi #e4ig #a4ad #dh4ji #aj4jb #af4ji #djj or "u #ejj #ah4eg #e4ed #a4ab #df4hh #aa4ci #af4ej #ejj or "u #fjj #ah4dc #e4ji #a4ab #df4af #aa4ih #ag4bb #fjj or "u #gjj #ah4dh #d4fe #a4ab #dc4dh #ab4hh #ai4ci #gjj or "u #hjj #ah4ag #d4ad #a4ab #da4dd #ac4ej #ba4fc #hjj or "u #ijj #ag4jg #c4hg #a4aj #da4cg #ac4eg #bc4jb #ijj or "u #ajjj #ag4eh #c4he #a4aa #ci4ij #ad4ce #bc4ba #ajjj or "u #aajj #ag4ec #c4gg #a4af #ch4gi #ae4jf #bc4fi #aajj or "u #abjj #af4ei #c4fc #a4jh #cg4fh #ad4hi #bf4ac #abjj or ov] #ag4dj #c4he #a4ah #cf4de #ae4gb #be4dj ---------------------------------------- - ,all classes #ah4ab #d4eg #a4ab #dc4ac #ab4ie #bj4aa ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:ile x is sc>cely believable t _m ,am]ican families ) incomes "u #bjj sp5t less ?an #ajj a ye> on food--! ,european p]c5tage 9 su* cases be+ m cr$ible--!re is no reason to "q ! g5]al economic law reflect$ 9 ?is table1 t ! proportion ( income sp5t on food dim9i%es z ! income increases4 ,b x is gov]n$ m by individual t5d5cies1 "* & ta/e ?an by any rule or pr9ciple4 ,ea* family works out ! problem on its own acc\nt4 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce pres5t$ at rec5t arbitration he>+s 9 ?is city1 ,am]ican swit*m51 z a body1 belong 9 ! classes ^: family exp5ditures are #a1jjj or ov]4 ,irrespective ( ! incomes ( o!r memb]s ( _! families1 ! arbitrators f\nd t ! actual mon?ly e>n+s ( swit*m5 9 ! ,*icago di/rict1 = ^? :o work$ full "t runs f ab\t #hj to #ajj p] mon?4 ,?is means ov] #a1jjj ye>ly comp5sation4 ,!re=e !y are 9 ! class :i* sp5ds less ?an #ci ( its income on food4 ,! av]age income = all railway employes engag$ 9 tra9 s]vice1 t is1 eng9em51 firem51 conductors & o!r tra9m51 is probably above ! highe/ figure 9 ! =ego+ table & !re=e ! proportion ( _! income sp5t = food w\ld be approximately #cf4 ,b accept+ #dj z approximately ! proportion ( ! pay ( all railway employes sp5t on food1 x foll[s t x takes only two-fif?s ( "o p] c5t increase 9 wages to take c>e ( an increase ( "o p] c5t 9 ! price ( food4 ,) ?is 9 m9d x becomes in/ructive to foll[ ! retail prices ( ! v>i\s articles ( food z select$ by ,mr4 ,wright 9 8 inquiry into ! co/ ( liv+ 9 #aija & adopt$ by ! ,bureau ( ,labor 9 subsequ5t ,bullet9s4 ,^! = ?irty articles ( food = ! eighte5 ye>s #ahij to #aijg1 z giv5 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #gg ( ! ,bureau ( ,labor1 & = ! two ye>s #aijh-aiji z comput$ f ,brad/reet's index & o!r s\rces ( commodity prices1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t relatively to ! av]age price = #ahij to #ahii #ajj3 ,,relative ,,retail ,,prices ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,articles ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahij ,,to #aiji4 7,av]age price = #ahij-ahii #ajj4j47 ,*ickns 7ye> ,apples,beans1,beef1 ,beef1 ,beef1 ,bread1,butt],*eeseor m,c(- ,ye> ,evapo- ,dry ,fre%1,fre%1,salt ,:eat old7 fee rat$ ,roa/s,roa/s dress$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahij #aji4j #ajc4c #ii4e #ih4h #ig4e #ajj4c #ii4b #ih4h #aja4c #aje4d #ahia #aaj4c #ajf4b #ajj4j #ii4d #ih4c #ajj4c #ajf4dajj4c #ajd4j #aje4b #ahib #ii4c #ajb4d #ii4f #ii4c #ii4e #ajj4c #ajf4haja4e #ajc4h #ajc4h #ahic #ajg4j #aje4j #ii4j #ii4f #ajj4c #ajj4a #aji4iaja4h #ajd4b #ajd4h #ahid #aje4h #ajb4h #ih4c #ih4b #ih4i #ii4i #aja4gaja4f #ih4f #ajc4c #ahie #ig4d #ajj4e #ih4f #ii4a #ii4f #ii4g #ig4j #ii4b #ih4d #aja4g #ahif #hh4f #ib4g #ii4a #ii4e #ii4h #ii4i #ib4g #ig4i #ig4a #ii4f #ahig #hg4h #ia4e #ajj4c #ajj4b #ajj4i #ajj4j #ic4a #ii4j #id4j #id4f #ahih #ie4d #ie4i #aja4g #ajb4j #ajb4a #ii4h #ie4a #ig4e #if4h #ia4a #ahii #ii4e #ii4g #ajc4g #ajc4i #ajc4b #ii4f #ig4gajb4d #aja4h #ij4e #aijj #ie4b #aaj4j #ajf4e #ajf4d #ajc4g #ii4g #aja4dajc4i #ajj4h #ia4a #aija #if4h #aac4i #aaj4g #aaa4j #ajf4a #ii4d #ajc4bajc4c #ajc4j #ij4g #aijb #ajd4d #aaf4h #aah4f #aah4e #aaf4j #ii4d #aaa4eajg4c #aac4b #hi4f #aijc #ajj4h #aah4a #aac4a #aab4i #ajh4h #ajj4b #aaj4haji4d #aac4e #hi4c #aijd #ii4b #aaf4h #aab4h #aac4d #ajh4c #ajc4i #aji4jajg4d #abj4g #ia4h #aije #ajf4j #aaf4c #aab4b #aab4i #ajg4i #ajd4e #aab4gaaj4i #abc4f #ic4f #aijf #aae4f #aae4b #aae4g #aaf4e #aaj4h #ajb4c #aah4baae4e #abi4a #id4g #aijg #abd4f #aah4h #aai4a #abj4f #aad4a #ajd4e #abg4fabc4b #aca4d #ie4j #aijh #abf4d #ach4i #abf4b #aca4e #aaf4d #abd4e #abc4eaba4c #abh4f #id4g #aiji #abh4f #ada4b #acb4f #acd4a #abh4b #abd4e #acd4hadb4j #aej4b #ajh4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,milk1 ,ye> ,corn ,eggs ,fi%1 ,fi%1 ,fl\r ,l>d ,fre%1,mola- ,mutton,pork1 ,meal ,fre% ,salt ,:eat unski- sses ,fre% mm$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahij #ajj4j #ajj4f #ii4c #ajj4g #aji4g #ih4b #ajj4eajd4g #ajj4g #ig4j #ahia #aji4g #ajf4i #ii4f #aja4g #aab4e #ii4h #ajj4eaja4g #ajj4f #ih4g #ahib #aje4b #ajf4h #ajj4a #ajb4b #aje4a #ajc4f #ajj4faja4b #aja4j #ajj4e #ahic #ajc4a #ajh4a #ajj4a #ajc4d #if4a #aag4i #ajj4dajj4f #ii4i #ajg4j #ahid #ajb4b #if4c #ajj4d #aja4e #hh4g #ajf4i #ajj4bajj4c #ig4h #aja4h #ahie #ajj4h #ii4c #ii4h #ih4i #hi4j #ajj4a #ajj4j #ii4j #ih4g #ii4g #ahif #ie4j #ib4h #ajj4b #ig4e #ib4g #ib4e #ii4i #ih4g #ih4g #ig4d #ahig #ic4g #ia4d #ii4h #ie4b #ajd4c #hi4h #ii4g #ig4g #ii4f #ig4f #ahih #ie4j #if4b #ajj4e #ih4h #ajg4d #ic4i #ii4d #ig4i #ajj4d #ih4f #ahii #ie4a #aja4a #ajj4b #ajj4b #id4f #ig4a #ih4i #ih4b #ajb4f #aja4g #aijj #ig4d #ii4i #ajj4d #ii4a #id4c #ajd4d #ii4iajb4b #aje4f #ajg4g #aija #ajg4a #aje4g #aja4d #ajj4i #id4d #aah4a #aja4aaja4c #aji4j #aag4i #aijb #aah4h #aai4a #aje4j #ajb4h #id4i #acd4c #ajc4cajb4a #aad4g #abh4c #aijc #abj4g #abe4c #ajg4c #ajh4d #aja4b #abf4g #aje4hajc4h #aab4f #abg4j #aijd #aba4e #acj4i #ajg4i #aaa4g #aai4i #aag4c #ajf4cajd4j #aad4a #abd4j #aije #abb4b #aca4f #aji4i #aac4h #aai4i #aaf4f #ajg4jajd4d #aag4h #abf4f #aijf #abc4b #acd4b #aaf4b #aaf4h #ahj4a #abh4j #ajh4iaje4c #abd4a #acg4g #aijg #aca4f #acg4g #abj4f #aba4f #aag4g #acd4b #aaf4hajg4g #acj4a #adb4e #aijh #aed4j #adj4b #aaf4b #aah4d #adj4j #acb4a #aae4dajb4b #abf4d #ada4f #aiji #afj #adb4b #abj4d #abb4f #aed4d #aec4h #ada4fajf4d #acd4h #afh4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pork1 ,pork1 ,pork1,potat- ,ye> ,salt1 ,salt1 ,salt1 oes1 ,prunes ,rice ,sug> ,tea ,veal ,v9e- ,bacon dry or ,ham ,iri% g> pickl$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahij #ie4h #ie4c #ih4g #aji4c #aaf4h #aja4c #aah4f #ajj4j #ih4h #ajb4i #ahia #if4f #ih4i #ii4c #aaf4f #aaf4e #ajb4e #ajb4g #ajj4d #ii4f #aje4e #ahib #ii4a #ajj4e #aja4i #ie4g #aac4e #aja4c #if4b #ajj4b #ajj4j #ajb4g #ahic #aji4j #ajh4g #aji4c #aab4c #aae4f #ih4d #aja4e #ajj4a #ajj4j #ii4e #ahid #ajc4f #ajc4d #aja4i #ajb4f #ajj4i #ii4j #ic4h #ih4g #ih4g #ii4h #ahie #ii4d #ii4b #ih4h #ia4h #id4b #ih4h #ia4h #ih4e #ih4e #ih4i #ahif #if4g #ie4e #ig4f #gg4j #hf4h #if4g #if4f #ih4h #ii4e #ig4b #ahig #ig4d #ig4c #ih4b #ic4j #hd4c #ig4i #ie4g #ih4e #ii4i #ig4d #ahih #ajj4b #ii4a #ie4a #aje4d #hf4c #aja4g #aja4c #ajj4g #aja4b #ig4i #ahii #ajb4i #aja4h #ii4b #if4a #he4a #ajb4d #aja4g #ajd4d #ajc4g #ih4c #aijj #aji4g #ajg4g #aje4c #ic4e #hc4j #ajb4d #ajd4i #aje4e #ajd4i #ih4e #aija #aba4j #aag4e #aaj4b #aaf4h #hb4f #ajc4e #ajc4j #ajf4g #ajh4h #ih4i #aijb #ace4f #acb4e #aai4d #aag4j #hc4d #ajc4e #if4a #ajf4j #aad4i #ii4a #aijd #acg4i #abe4h #aah4d #aba4c #gi4f #aja4f #aja4i #aje4h #aae4e #ih4i #aije #ach4h #abf4j #aah4e #aaj4b #ha4d #ajb4f #ih4b #aje4e #abc4b #ajb4f #aijg #aeg4c #ada4b #acj4g #abj4f #hh4d #ajh4e #ii4f #aje4c #abe4j #ajd4e #aijh #adb4d #acg4d #aab4j #ach4d -- #aje4a #ajj4j #ajh4f #abd4b #aab4d #aiji #ahj4j #aea4b #ade4j #abj4j -- #ajc4c #aje4j #aji4j #acj4b #aac4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no au?ority is claim$ = ! prices 9 ^! tables = ! ye>s #aijh & #aiji4 ,!y m]ely repres5t ! t5d5cies 9 ^? ye>s1 z f\nd 9 (ficial & un(ficial :olesale prices ( ! sev]al commodities1 & !re are (t5 /rik+ div]g5ces betwe5 :olesale & retail prices ov] %ort p]iods4 ,ev5tually !y foll[ ! same c\rse1 al?\gh n always 9 ! same proportion4 ,n[ let u see h[ ! av]age retail price ( ^! #cj articles ( food comp>es ) ! av]age daily pay ( ! f\r repres5tative classes ( railway employes 9 tra9 s]vice = ! t5 ye>s #ahii to #aiji4 ,av]age ,daily ,comp5sation ,relative -------------------------------------,pr ices ( ,o!r ,food1 ,ye> ,eng9em5 ,firem5 ,conductors ,tra9m5#ahij-ahii #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ahii #c4gb #b4aj #c4ac #a4id #ii4f #aijj #c4ge #b4ad #c4ag #a4if #aja4e #aija #c4gh #b4af #c4ag #b4jj #aje4e #aijb #c4hd #b4bj #c4ba #b4jd #aaj4i #aijc #d4ja #b4bh #c4ej #b4bg #aaa4f #aije #d4ab #b4ch #c4ej #b4ca #aab4e #aijf #d4ab #b4db #c4ea #b4ce #aaf4b #aijg #d4cj #b4ed #c4fi #b4ed #abj4g #aijh #d4df #b4fe #c4hc #b4fd #aag4g #aiji #d4df #b4fg #c4gf #b4fj #abg4g ---------------------------------------- ------ ,p] c5t4 increase #ai4i #bg4a #bj4a #cd4j #bh4b ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,"h x w be obs]v$ ! p]c5tage ( increase 9 ! av]age daily comp5sation ( ,o!r tra9m5 exce$s ! relative increase 9 ! price ( food1 t ( firem5 almo/ equals x1 :ile t ( eng9em5 & conductors is bel[ x by approximately #h po9ts4 ,b1 z demon/rat$ 9 ! table f ! ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,labor 7#aijc71 a small] p]c5tage ( ! income ( eng9em5 & conductors is sp5t on food ?an ( ^? employes receiv+ l[] pay4 ,moreov] z only two-fif?s ( all exp5ditures is sp5t on food an increase ( #bj 9 wages w\ld take c>e ( a #ej advance 9 ! av]age price ( food--provid$ ! increase 9 wages 0 n att5d$ by a correspond+ increase 9 e o!r item ent]+ into ! co/ ( liv+4 ,& "r "h's ! rub ) any attempt to measure wages by ! co/ ( liv+4 ,:i* is ! egg & :i* is ! h51 9 ! matt] ( prec$5ce4 ,does ! co/ ( liv+ lay ! income or does ! income hat* ! co/ ( liv+8 ,economically & !oretically x is n up to ! railways to solve ?is _w old conundrum4 ,practically !y are call$ on to meet e advance 9 ! co/ ( liv+ ( _! employes to :i* 9 tw5ty ye>s !y h n add$ a nickel1 & !y are d5i$ ! privilege1 enjoy$ by e o!r employ] ( labor1 to add its increas$ co/ to ! price ( _! only commodity or s]vice--transportation4 ,today ! advances 9 ! scale ( railway wages aw>d$1 propos$ & dem&$ mean an increase ( f #fj1jjj1jjj to #ge1jjj1jjj 9 ! annual co/ ( liv+ ( ! railways4 ,! advance made 9 #aijf-jg add$ #abj1jjj1jjj to ! pay roll ( #aijh4 ,comb9$1 ^! two advances )9 ?ree ye>s mean an increase ( approximately #bjj1jjj1jjj a ye> to ! op]at+ exp5ses ( ! railways )\t add+ a s+le unit to effici5cy ( ! labor factor 9 railway op]ation4 ,?is is equal to an annual fir/ *>ge ( #e on #d1jjj1jjj1jjj6 ,imag9e ! hue & cry f ! press1 ! imm$iate injunctions f ,wa%+ton1 ! despond5t wail f ,wall ,/reet1 if ! railways propos$ to p\r t mu* wat] into _! own co/ ( liv+ )\t gett+ a mile ( track1 a s+le eng9e1 c>1 or coa*1 a cubic y>d ( balla/1 "o untreat$ tie or any semblance ( improvem5t or new facility to %[ = ! va/ exp5diture6 ,& yet ! railways h _! increas$ co/ ( liv+ to meet j z ! re/ ( u4 ,no?+ !y ne$ & mu/ h c be pur*as$ at ! prices ( a few ye>s back4 ,:5 y m5tion /eel rails y h nam$ ab\t ! only railway necessity t has n advanc$ its co/ ( liv+ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & ! railways h to buy #ajj-p\nd rails :]e five ye>s ago #hj-p\nd rails suffic$1 & t5 ye>s ago #gj p\nds 0 heavy en\gh = ! light] c>s & eng9es ( ! "t4 ,b at ! fir/ sugge/ion ( advanc+ rates to meet advanc+ prices ( commodities ! ,commissions 7 ov]:elm$ ) prote/s f %ipp]s & ! p>+ ( freight rates d[n w5t on z ! prices ( ! goods !y c>ri$ w5t up4 ,9 t5 ye>s ! price ( lumb] advanc$ ne>ly #ej4 ,z a *eap bulky commodity x _h enjoy$ a l[ rate 9 ord] to move x & x 0 mov$ at ! exp5se ( o!r commodities4 ,:5 x 0 able to pay a little m t[>d ! co/ ( gett+ x to m>ket ! proposal ( an advance 0 met ) indignant prote/s f lumb] %ipp]s & deal]s & rev]s$ ?umbs by ! sympa!tic commissions4 ,! railways pay m = _! lumb] & o!r mat]ial today ?an !y did t5 ye>s ago b !y w h to fight = any advance 9 rates to meet ?is "p ( _! co/ ( liv+4 ,x is said to be a poor rule t w n "w bo? ways--b ! co/ ( liv+ seems to h only "o way ( work+ s f> z railway economics are conc]n$4 ,j z a /raw to indicate t high prices ( food are ! result & n ! basis ( high wages ! foll[+ table ( comp>ative prices 9 ,london & ,new ,york f ! ,new ,york ,times ( ,m>* #bg1 #aiaj1 is in/ructive3 ,,comp>ative ,,retail ,,prices ,,( ,,articles ,,( ,,food ,,9 ,,london ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,9 ,,m>*1 #aiaj4 ,london4 ,new ,york4 ,c5ts4 ,c5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,apples1 #a lb #d to #f #aj ,bread1 #a lb #d #e ,butt]1 #a lb #bd to #cb #cj to #ce ,*eese1 #a lb #ad to #af #ah to #bb ,cocoa1 #a lb #af to #cf #be to #ej ,c(fee1 #a lb #af to #cj #bj to #ej ,currants1 #a lb #d to #h #h to #ab ,eggs1 #ab to #af #be #f to #ab--be ,codfi%1 #a lb #h to #ab #ae to #bi ,fi% 7g5]al71 #a lb #d to #ab #aj to #be ,fl\r1 #c lbs #i to #aj #ab ,meats3 ,bacon1 #a lb #af to #bd #be to #cj ,beef1 #a lb #af to #bj #bb to #cj ,pork1 #a lb #ab to #af #bj to #bd ,milk1 #a p9t #d #d to #e ,oatmeal1 #a lb #d to #f #e to #aj ,onions1 #a lb #b #d ,oranges1 #a doz #aj to #ab #ah to #ej ,potatoes1 #a lb #a to #b #c to #d ,prunes1 #a lb #h to #ab #aj to #ah ,rais9s1 #a lb #f to #aj #aj to #af ,rice1 #a lb #d #f ,syrup1 #a lb #f #aj ,sug> :ite1 #a lb #f #f ,sug>1 yell[1 #a lb #d #e ,tapioca1 #a lb #h #aj ,tea1 #a lb #bj to #fj #cj to #a4ej ,tomatoes1 #a lb #h #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! amaz+ feature ( ?is /atem5t is t ! ,unit$ ,/ates produces & exports to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom enorm\s quantities ( bread/uffs1 meat & provisions1 :i* con/itute ! *ief articles ( food 9 ,london & :i* are sold !re at prices f #bj to #be l[] ?an 9 ,new ,york4 ,cle>ly x is ! high scale ( wages t fo/]s ! high co/ ( liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !re c be little "q b x bre$s ! high wages x fe$s on4 ,x is humanly c]ta91 ?\gh economically uns\nd1 t wages w cont9ue to advance ) ! co/ ( liv+ & w n rec$e proportionately z prices ( food fall4 ,b bo? w decl9e toge!r :5 = any consid]able p]iod !re is a surplus ( effici5t labor = ! requirem5ts ( ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,ev5 railway labor 9 ! mo/ /able ( all employm5ts yield$ to ?is influ5ce 9 #ahic & #ahid2 & ! prices ( food rec$$ to ! l[ m>k 9 ! foll[+ ye>s #ahie1 #ahif & #ahig4 ,n until wages took _! upw>d turn 9 #ahih did ! co/ ( food beg9 to %[ above ! index av]age ( #ahij-ahii4 ,,iv ,,capitalization ,accord+ to ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission ! am\nt ( railway capital1 includ+ /ocks & bonds out/&+ 9 ! h&s ( ! public on ,june #cj1 #aijh1 0 #ab1hdj1jia1dfb1 :i*1 if assign$ on a mileage basis1 %[s a capitalization ( #eg1bcj p] mile ( l9e4 ,9 ! face ( all ! fu/ian ab\t ov]-capitalization ( ,am]ican railways1 ?is is a mo/ rem>kable admission1 n only ( _! mod]ate1 b ( _! decreas+ capitalization p] mile4 ,9 its report on ! ,int]corporate ,relation%ips ( ,railways1 dat$ ,m>* #aj1 #aijh1 ! ,commission f\nd t z ! result ( its inve/igation ! figure = railway capital out/&+ 9 ! h&s ( ! public1 ,measur+ ! claim ( railway securities on railway rev5ues1 r$uc$ ! am\nt f #fg1icf p] mile ( l9e 7#aijf7 to #eh1jej p] mile ( l9e4 ,( c\rse !re 0 nev] any ju/ification = us+ ! l>g] sum z a true measure ( railway capitalization1 = x 0 kn[n to conta9 at lea/ #ae duplicat$ capital4 ,9 its ,/ati/ics ( ,railways = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 ! ,commission gave ! net am\nt ( railway capital out/&+ 9 ! h&s ( ! public at t date1 assign$ on a mileage basis z #eh1bih p] mile ( l9e1 or #a1jfh m ?an ! figure report$ = #aijh4 ,z ! computation = #aijh 0 made on a basis ( #bbd1cfc miles ( l9e1 ?is w\ld indicate a %r9kage ( no less ?an #bci1faf1dhj 9 ! p> value ( railway capital4 ,x is ne$less to say !re 0 no su* %r9kage4 ,,net ,,capitalization ,,9 #aiji4 ,foll[+ ! e>li] judgm5t ( ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician1 ?is ,bureau seeks to arrive at a fair approximation ( ! capitalization ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?r\gh ! reports ( op]at+ roads & ! capitalization ( ! r5tals paid = leas$ roads4 ,?is1 9 ! m rec5t language ( ! ,/ati/ician1 furni%es ! only capitalization t measures ! claim ( railway securities on railway rev5ues4 ,appli$ to ! returns receiv$ by ?is ,bureau f #bba1acb miles ( op]at$ l9e1 ?is =mula yields ! foll[+ result = ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji3 ,,summ>y ,,%[+ ,,capitalization ,,( #cfh ,,companies ,,op]at+ #bba1acb ,,miles ,,( ,,l9e ,,= ,,! ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,june #cj1 #aiji4 ,capitalization #aiji 7#ahb1jdf ,miles ,own$7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,capital /ock #f1aii1iai1eea ,fund$ debt #h1jae1hda1hje ,receiv]s' c]tificates #bj1dig1ddg ---------------- #ad1bcf1beh1hjc ,r5tal ( #ci1jhf miles1 #abj1ghd1ihb1 capitaliz$ at #e4 #b1dae1fii1fdj ---------------- ,total #af1fea1ieh1ddc ,d$uct37a7 ,railway /ocks own$ 7actual value7 #a1hhi1aeg1bad ,o!r /ocks own$ 7actual value7 #bjf1dfa1dbc ,railway bonds own$ 7actual value7 #a1jed1jie1ije ,o!r bonds own$ 7actual value7 #adj1bhb1gbh ---------------- #c1bhi1iig1bgj ,net capitalization1 #aiji #ac1cfa1ifa1agc ,net capitalization p] mile op]at$ #fj1dbe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 7a7 ,! p> value ( ^! /ocks & bonds own$ is giv5 z #d1gci1bca1hcb4 ,an e/imate ( #be1jjj p] mile = ! #aa1hgj miles ( l9e n report+ to ?is ,bureau w\ld add #bif1gej1jjj to ! above total4 ,f ?is %\ld be d$uct$ #aej1jjj1jjj = ! sum assign$ by ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician to o!r prop]ties1 & we arrive at ! foll[+ close approximation ( ! true measure ( ! capital employ$ 9 ! transportation indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,net capitalization1 #bcc1jjb miles op]at$ l9e1 #aiji #ac1ejh1gaa1agc ,net capitalization p] mile ( l9e #eg1ifb ,net capitalization p] mile ( track #ci1gcj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,9 comput+ ! av]age capital p] mile la/ giv51 no all[ance has be5 made = ! #h1ibg miles op]at$ "u trackage rights = ! suffici5t reason t ! r5tal paid !re= is repres5t$ 9 ! total capitalization j z fully z if s mu* capital _h be5 exp5d$ 9 ! con/ruction ( t _m miles ( l9e4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! net capitalization ?us arriv$ at ?r\gh a /raight=w>d analysis ( ! returns ( ! op]at+ companies is 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! ,commission's report on ! ,int]corporate ,relation%ip ( ,railways 9 #aijh4 ,! con/ruction ( #aa1jjj miles ( l9e s9ce #aijf w\ld und\bt$ly acc\nt = ! diff]5ce betwe5 #eh1jej & #eg1ifb p] mile ( l9e4 ,,summ>y ,,%[+ ,,net ,,capitalization ,,( ,,! ,,railways ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #aiji-aijd4 ,ye> ,net ,p] ,mile ,capital ( ,l9e ---------------------------------------- ----- #aiji #ac1ejh1gaa1agc #eg1ifb #aijh #ac1jjg1jab1efc #eh1hfd #aijg #ac1jfd1bgi1cjc #ei1fjj #aijf #ab1fbh1jjj1jjj #eg1iff #aije #aa1afg1aje1iib #ec1cbh #aijd #aj1gaa1gid1bgh #eb1jii ---------------------------------------- ----- ,ow+ to ! int]corporate own]%ip ( /ocks & bonds & ! consequ5t int]corporate paym5ts ( int]e/ & divid5ds1 x is no easy matt] to make an entirely satisfactory e/imate ( ! return paid to capital out ( ! purely transportation rev5ues ( ! railways4 ,b ! p]si/5t reit]ation by ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician ( ! fictiti\s aggregate ( all ! divid5ds paid by op]at+ & non-op]at+ companies1 cov]+ 9 #aijh1 by 8 own admission1 #c1ibg1dec1cfe duplicat$ capital1 ju/ifies ! attempt4 ,! op]at+ income ( ! roads report+ to ?is ,bureau = ! ye> #aiji is arriv$ at ?us3 ,gross e>n+s 7#bba1acb miles op]at$7 #b1cge1ada1gff ,op]at+ exp5ses #a1efh1jjh1chi --------------- ,net e>n+s f op]ation #hjg1acc1cgg ,less taxes #hb1fej1bad --------------- ,net op]at+ income #gbd1dhc1afc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is #gbd1dhc1afc is ! balance 9 ! h&s ( ! #cfh companies ( ! moneys receiv$ by !m f transportation1 or1 z ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician n[ calls x1 rail op]ations1 = ! paym5t ( int]e/1 r5t1 o!r d$uctions1 divid5ds1 additions & bett]m5ts1 res]ves1 surplus & deficits4 ,b be=e proce$+ to ?is di/ribution ^! companies receiv$ #bjj1gbe1fif income f o!r s\rces1 pr9cipally int]e/ & divid5ds on /ocks & bonds own$ & = r5t ( track1 & a net balance ( #e1daj1cch f outside op]ations4 ,! total ( ^! two sums1 #bjf1acf1jcd1 may be arbitr>ily appli$ fir/ to (fset ! item ( r5t1 #abj1ghd1ihb1 paid = leas$ l9es & track1 & ! balance 9 paym5t ( int]e/ & divid5ds 9 proportion to ! value ( bonds & /ocks own$ z above1 viz43 #cf & #fd1 respectively4 ,?is enables u to make ! foll[+ di/ribution ( ! net op]at+ income ( ! railways report+ to ?is ,bureau1 z foll[s3 ,net op]at+ income1 z above #gbd1dhc1afc ,disposition ( same3 ,int]e/ on fund$ debt #cbd1aha1eba ,less paid f o!r income #cj1hdc1daf #bic1cch1aje ,int]e/ on curr5t liab- ilities #bb1edf1ggi ,o!r d$uctions #gj1agd1dgc ,divid5ds pref]r$ /ock #ej1ahc1gci ,divid5ds common /ock #agf1fjg1eej ------------- #bbf1gia1bhi ,less paid f o!r income #ed1hcb1gdb #aga1ieh1edg ------------- ,divid5ds on o!r securities #gfi1bbb ,additions & bett]m5ts *>g$ to income #bd1hjg1edf ,appropriations to res]ves #af1ihd1ddg ,miscellane\s #e1fjb1gfa ,deficits ( weak l9es #d1iif1aie ,surplus available = adju/- m5ts & improvem5ts #aac1bje1jhh #gbd1dhc1afc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,?is table %[s ! actual disposition made ( ! net income f op]ation ( ! roads report+ to ?is ,bureau1 repres5t+ #ig ( ! railway bus9ess ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except t #abj1ghd1ihb ( ! income f o!r s\rces has be5 elim9at$ f ! acc\nt & appli$ to (fset ! r5tal paid by ! report+ roads4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! gross divid5ds decl>$ 7 only #bbf1gia1bhi1 :i* is #c4fd on ! p> value ( ! /ock ( ! #cfh report+ companies4 ,,misrepres5tations ,,z ,,to ,,divid5ds4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ?is condition & ! (ficial /atem5t z to divid5ds decl>$ 9 #aijh calls = an analysis ( ! latt]4 ,?is reads1 ,! am\nt ( divid5ds decl>$ dur+ ! ye> 7#aijh7 0 #chf1hgi1cfb1 be+ equival5t to #g4ii on divid5d-pay+ /ock4 ,= ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijg1 ! am\nt ( divid5ds decl>$ 0 #cjh1jhh1jbg4 ,two income acc\nts--"o ( op]at+ roads & ! o!r ( leas$ roads--= ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aijh1 give a clew z to h[ ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician m ?an d\bles ! divid5ds actually paid out ( transportation rev5ues4 ,! gross total is made up ( ^! f\r items3 ,op]at+ roads3 ,divid5ds decl>$ f curr5t income #bga1cbh1dec ,divid5ds decl>$ out ( surplus #eg1gcc1hjh ,leas$ roads3 ,divid5ds decl>$ f curr5t income #cc1hdc1egg ,divid5ds decl>$ out ( surplus #bg1eej1eif ------------- ,total #cij1def1dcd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,z ^! income acc\nts %[ t ! op]at+ companies receiv$ #bhj1dbg1dfj o!r income f outside op]ations & s\rces o!r ?an transportation1 & ! leas$ roads receiv$ #aaa1aec1jac income f lease ( road1 ! s\rce ( ! major "p ( ?is fictiti\s divid5d is reveal$4 ,! #bhj1dbg1dfj f o!r s\rces w\ld pay ! entire income ( ! leas$ roads & leave ne>ly #agj1jjj1jjj to ext+ui% s mu* ( ! divid5ds decl>$ by ! op]at+ roads4 ,modifi$ z to details1 ?is is :at actually occurs e ye>4 ,9 ! ye> #aijh ! total am\nt paid out ( transportation rev5ues on acc\nt ( capital ( ! #ig ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates report+ to ?is ,bureau 0 repres5t$ 9 ! sums3 ,net int]e/ on fund$ debt #bhb1ced1jjj ,int]e/ on curr5t liabilities #ca1hce1gjh ,r5t paid = lease ( roads #aac1ebi1bfa ,net divid5ds #ajd1jgd1jjf ------------- ,total #eca1gib1ige ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,?is total 0 equival5t to #d4ae on ! net capitalization ( ! roads repres5t$4 ,! r5tal paid ! lessor roads con/itut$ ! fund f :i* ^? roads paid _! int]e/ & divid5ds4 ,fur!r rem>k on ! mislead+ & h>mful /atem5t ( ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician z to divid5ds decl>$ 9 #aijh is unnecess>y4 ,v ,,co/ ,,( ,,con/ruction ,incomplete z are ! figures ( ! co/ ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & exclusive z !y are ( ! millions put back into ! prop]ties out ( income = additions1 bett]m5ts & recon/ruction 9 ! process ( op]ation1 yet ! /ati/ics ( ! co/ ( con/ruction & equipm5t af=d a complete answ] to all *>ges t ,am]ican railways are ov]-capitaliz$4 ,^u ! "q ( ! co/ ( road & equipm5t 9 #aiji1 ! returns ( ! #cfh roads report+ to ?is ,bureau furni% ! foll[+ data3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,co/ ,,( ,,road ,,& ,,equipm5t ,,cov]+ #bba1acb ,,miles ,,( ,,op]at$ ,,l9e ,,= #aiji4 ,item ,am\nt ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,co/ ( road 7#ahb1jdf miles own$7 #f1fjc1ejd1dfc ,co/ ( equipm5t #a1abb1dji1hac ,undi/ribut$ co/ ( road & equipm5t #c1jhj1jfd1ifj ,co/ ( #ci1jhf miles leas$ l9es r5tal capitaliz$ #b1dae1fii1hgf ---------------- ,total #ac1bbj1fgh1hgf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,add+ to ?is #bij1gej1jjj to repres5t ! #aa1hgj miles ( road n report+ to ?is ,bureau at #be1jjj p] mile1 we obta9 #ac1dag1dch1hgf z ! co/ ( road & equipm5t ( ! #bcc1jjb miles ( l9e employ$ 9 ! transportation indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiji1 or #eh1jca p] mile ( l9e4 ,?is is an und]e/imate by reason ( ! failure ( a few l9es to furni% ev5 approximate figures on ! accumulat$ co/ ( _! prop]ties4 ,av]ag+ ! co/ ( locomotives at #ae1jjj1 ( pass5g] c>s at #f1jjj1 ( freight c>s at #hjj1 & ( company's c>s at #ejj apiece--_! pres5t co/ rates mu* high]--! equipm5t ( ,am]ican railways repres5ts an inve/m5t ( ov] #c1jjj1jjj1jjj1 & its b>e ma9t5ance alone involves an exp5diture ( ne>ly #djj1jjj1jjj annually4 ,,physical ,,valuation ,,( ,,! ,,railways4 ,x is wor?y ( pass+ note t j z ! railway companies h %[n _! indiff]5ce to a physical valuation ( _! prop]ty1 ! clamor ( regulators & agitators 9 its favor has subsid$4 ,! proposal lo/ its attractiv5ess to !m ! mom5t !y became conv9c$ t su* an inve/igation w\ld put a valuation on ! roads s high z to take n only ! w9d out ( _! sails b ! la/ drop ( wat] out ( _! m\?s4 ,to-day ! only insi/5t dem& = ?is futile und]tak+ comes f qu>t]s int]e/$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! appropriation ( sev]al millions x w\ld co/4 ,cr$it = ! rev]sal 9 ! popul> & political attitude on ?is subject is l>gely due to ! valuations attempt$ by ! /ates ( ,m9nesota1 ,wa%+ton & ,wiscons94 ,! results 9 ^! /ates may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,miles ,capitalization ,valuation by ( ,l9e p] ,mile ,/ate1 p] ,mile ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,m9nesota1 #aijg #g1eif #dd1bjf #ed1bja ,wa%+ton1 #aijh3 ,great ,nor!rn #hjf #dd1jgh #gc1ijj ,nor!rn ,pacific #idb #gj1bgh #ajf1ejj ,oregon ,r4 ,r4 ,navigation ,co #eja #dc1jab #ch1ijj ,wiscons91 #aijf #g1ace #cc1dbd #cd1fcj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,ev5 ,s5ator ,alb]t ,b4 ,cumm9s ( ,i[a has se5 su* a bright light on ?is subject t 9 8 spee* be=e ! ,traffic ,club ( ,*icago la/ ,febru>y he said t he w\ld n be will+ to make a pres5t valuation ( railroad prop]ty a basis = det]m9+ rates1 = ! reason t x 0 m ?an probable t ! pres5t capitalization ( betwe5 fifte5 & sixte5 billions w\ld be increas$ to tw5ty billions4 ,9 ! ,bureau's ,/ati/ics = #aijh x 0 said3 ,if ! valuations 9 ,m9nesota & ,wa%+ton1 made by none too fri5dly commissions1 are any crit]ions ( :at a national valuation made "u presumably unbias$ f$]al au?ority w\ld be1 ! pres5t co/ to reproduce ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be ne>] #bj1jjj1jjj1jjj ?an any sum )9 ! anticipations ( ^? agitat+ = su* valuation4 ,,capitalization ,,( ,,=eign ,,railways4 ,) bo? sides ( ! balance %eet te/ify+ to a capital inve/m5t 9 ,am]ican railways ( "u #fj1jjj1 & (ficial valuation ab&on$ because x w\ld demon/rate t !y c\ld n be reproduc$ = less ?an #hj1jjj p] mile1 ! read] is ask$ to comp>e ! ,am]ican figures ) ^? ( ! capitalization1 or co/ ( con/ruction1 ( ! pr9cipal =eign c\ntries set =? bel[4 ,^! h be5 compil$ f ! late/ available (ficial returns4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,railway ,,capitalization ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,=eign ,,railways ,,f ,,late/ ,,data4 ,ye> ,c\ntry ,miles ( ,capital or ,co/ ,p] ,l9e ( ,con/ruction ,mile ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,europe3 #aijh ,unit$ ,k+dom #bc1bje #f1chb1bif1gdb #bge1jdj #aijh ,g]many #ce1eeh #c1ijc1hdh1djj #aji1ghh #aijg ,russia 9 ,europe 7excl- usive ( ,f9l&7 #cb1ijj 7a7#c1agj1hgf1cfj #hj1ihe #aijg ,france 7b7#bd1gcj #c1ddg1cff1jjj #aci1cij #aijg ,au/ria #ac1dbg #a1eae1egf1hhe #aab1hgi #aijg ,hung>y #aa1gfi #gda1ehf1cia #fc1jaj #aijg-h ,italy 7,/ate roads only7 #h1fii #a1jhf1jjj1jjj #abd1gcj #aije ,spa9 7#ac roads7 #f1hdj #ehc1fcb1jjj #he1cbg #aijf ,sw$5 #g1ich #beg1djh1dej #cb1dbg #aijg ,belgium 7,/ate only7 #b1ecg #dcj1hjj1jjj #afi1hjf #aijg ,switz]l& #b1gdj #bih1gji1baj #aji1jjj ,o!r ,c\ntries3 #aiji ,canada #bd1ajd #a1fjh1iij1fef #ff1geb #aijh ,briti% ,india #cj1egf #a1cfd1ffi1cge #dd1fcb #aijg ,arg5t9e ,republic #ac1fij #hbj1dcc1gif #ei1icj #aijh ,japan #d1ddd #aij1agc1gbh #db1hjj #aiji ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #bcc1jjb #ac1ejh1gaa1agc #eg1igf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- 7a7 ,russian capitalization1 includ+ railways 9 ,asia1 cov]s a total ( #ci1bgg miles1 f :i* ! capital p] mile is comput$4 7b7 ,?is is exclusive ( #d1bei miles ( local int]e/4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 ?is table is ! /eady advance x %[s 9 ! capital co/ ( ,g]man railways4 ,9 t5 ye>s ?is has increas$ f #bea1eig m>ks p] kilomet] 9 #ahih to #bhc1fjh 9 #aijh1 i4 e4 #ca1gca m>ks p] kilomet] or #ab1bhb p] mile4 ,?is means an increase ( #iia1fhg1ddj 9 capital co/ = an increase ( only #e1ebe miles ( l9e4 ,,vi ,,own]%ip ,,( ,,am]ican ,,railways ,returns to ?is ,bureau place ! numb] ( /ockhold]s ( record at ! date ( ! la/ election ( directors prior to ,june #cj1 #aiji1 ( ! #cfh roads report+ at #cbj1fif4 ,z only #ahb1jdf ( ! #bba1acb miles op]at$ by ^! roads 0 cov]$ by ! capital /ock1 ?is w\ld %[ #a /ockhold]s = ea* mile ( road & w\ld indicate t !re are at lea/ #dae1jjj /ockhold]s 9 all ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ow+ to ! incomplet5ess ( ! returns on ?is subject & ! fact t l>ge blocks ( /ock are held 9 ! names ( associations & tru/ees1 x is safe to e/imate t ! actual own]%ip ( railway /ock is di/ribut$ among at lea/ #ddj1jjj p]sons4 ,9 #aije ! ,commission report$ ! numb] ( /ockhold]s ( record prior to ,june #cj1 #aijd1 z #cbg1hea1 b has giv5 no lat] figures4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to comp>e ^! figures ) ! p>tial reports to ?is ,bureau s9ce !n4 ,ye> ,numb] ,numb] ( ,report+ ,/ockhold]s ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aijd #a1ahb roads #cbg1hea #aijf #bhd #bbf1ihf #aijg #cag #bdj1eed #aijh #cae #cae1gbg #aiji #cdj #cbj1fif ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,if ! own]%ip ( railway bonds1 :i* is ev5 m widely di/ribut$ ?an t ( /ocks1 c\ld be trac$1 x w\ld be f\nd t ov] a million inve/ors are int]e/$ 9 ! f9ancial welf>e ( ! railways4 ,?is w\ld give to ea* an int]e/ ( #ac1jjj1 f :i* ! av]age income is n ov] #ebj a ye>4 ,! attempt ( ! ,commission 9 #aijh to secure evid5ce t ! control ( ! railways 0 conc5trat$ 9 a few h&s by call+ = a /atem5t ( ! t5 l>ge/ hold]s ( vot+ securities ( ! report+ companies hav+ e/abli%$ t n[h]e did !y own a majority or an approa* to a majority ( ! controll+ /ock1 inquiry along t l9e 0 dropp$ 9 #aiji4 ,9 railways1 z 9 any republic1 ! lat5t p[] is widely di/ribut$ among ! _m1 :ile ! adm9i/rative responsibility is necess>ily entru/$ to ! few4 ,,vii ,,public ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,railways ,x is ! reproa* ( our sy/em ( gov]nm5t /ati/ics ( railways t _! fir/ conc]n is f9ancial results1 :i* ! gov]nm5t takes no ?\ght to improve1 & ! h>r[+ roll ( accid5ts1 & n ! adequacy ( ! s]vice & ! /eady developm5t ( ! means ( transportation4 ,e mon?1 almo/ e week1 ! public is in=m$ ( ! volume ( traffic1 & e qu>t] ! record ( casualties is told 9 s5sational head l9es4 ,x is left = belat$ annual reports to record ! public s]vice ( ?is great indu/ry ^u ^: progressive effici5cy e o!r indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dep5ds4 ,x is n ^u :at ! railways e>n1 b ^u :at !y ,,d t ! :ole indu/rial fabric ( ! republic re/s4 ,x is n ^u ! divid5ds !y pay b ^u ! traffic !y c>ry1 ! net income )held f divid5ds & put into improvem5ts1 t _! success z c>ri]s dep5ds4 ,,! ,,pass5g] ,,traffic4 ,9 consid]+ ! public s]vice ( ! railways x is cu/om>y to give fir/ att5tion to ! pass5g] traffic4 ,?is is n because x is ! mo/ important bran* ( ! s]vice b because pass5g]s are numb]$ by millions1 :]e ?\s&s suffice 9 ! enum]ation ( ! %ipp]s1 :o frequ5tly mi/ake !mselves = ! entire ,am]ican p4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s betwe5 ,june #a1 #ahhi1 & ,june #a1 #aiji1 ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ f #fa1bhi1jjj to #hh1hjf1jjj1 or ne>ly #de4 ,9 ! meantime ! pass5g] c>s provid$ by ! railways increas$ f #bd1ehf to #df1jbf1 or ov] #hg4 ,b ?is does n measure ! lib]al provision made by ! railway = ! travell+ public1 :i* is m fully & accurately express$ by ! amaz+ gr[? ( ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ "o mile f #aa1eec1hbj1dde 9 #ahhi to approximately #bi1deb1jjj1jjj 9 #aiji1 or ne>ly #aee4 ,"h is %[n an increase ( c>s n f> %ort ( d\ble ! increase 9 population & an increase 9 pass5g]s c>ri$ proportionately great] ?an ! num]ical increase 9 c>s4 ,9 ! meantime ! av]age receipts ( ! traffic h decl9$ f #b4afe c5ts p] pass5g] mile 9 #ahhi to #a4iaf 9 #aiji--;a decl9e ( ov] #aa1 al?\gh e item involv$ 9 ! s]vice1 locomotives1 c>s1 track1 /ations1 labor1 etc41 co/ m4 ,! pass5g] s]vice1 except z precursor to ! freight s]vice1 & 9 c]ta9 d5sely populat$ sections1 0 unremun]ative 9 #ahhi & is m s n[4 ,x is ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! freight s]vice by :at ! ,railroad ,commission ( ,wiscons9 has *>act]iz$ z a species ( piracy practic$ ^u ! %ipp]s ( freight4 ,! sali5t features ( ! pass5g] s]vice report$ to ?is ,bureau = ! ye> #aiji1 z comp>$ ) ! f9al (ficial returns = ! prec$+ ye>1 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,item ,bureau ,figures ,(ficial ,figures #aiji #aijh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,miles ( l9e repres5t$ #bba1acb #bcj1did ,pass5g]s c>ri$4 #hed1bee1ccg #hij1jji1egd ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #a mile #bh1ghh1hee1jjj #bi1jhb1hcf1idd ,pass5g] rev5ue #eea1fcd1bgh #eff1hcb1gdf ,mileage ( pass5g] tra9s #dia1ijc1ajg #eje1ide1ehb ,av]age numb] ( pass5g]s 9 tra9 #eh #ed ,av]age c>s to a tra9 #e4c ,pass5g] c> miles #b1eid1ejh1ihg #b1gje1fei1iid ,av]age pass5g] j\rney 7miles7 #cc4ga #cb4ff ,av]age receipts p] pass5g] mile 7c5ts7 #a4iaf #a4icg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,accord+ to ! mon?ly reports to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission cov]+ an av]age ( #bcc1jjb miles ( l9e1 ! pass5g] rev5ues 9 #aiji 7 #efd1cjb1ehj1 or #a1idc1jgg less ?an ! above rev5ues = only #bbh1afd miles ( l9e 9 #aijh4 ,! av]age receipts p] pass5g] mile 9 #aiji are ! l[e/ ev] report$ = ,am]ican railways4 ,tak5 9 connection ) ! (ficial returns cov]+ ! p]iod s9ce #aijj1 ! above figures af=d evid5ce ( ! confiscatory effect ( ! #b-;c5t pass5g] laws on railway rev5ues1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,pass5g] ,,mileage1 ,,rev5ue ,,& ,,receipts ,,p] ,,pass5g] ,,mile1 #aijj ,,to #aiji4 ,increase ,pass5g]s ,ov] ,receipts ,ye> ,c>ri$ ,prec$+ ,pass5g] p] ,"o ,mile ,ye> ,rev5ue ,pass5g] 7,p] ,c5t7 ,mile ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #aijj #af1jch1jgf1bjj #cbc1gae1fci #b4jjc #aija #ag1cec1ehh1ddd #h4b #cea1cef1bfe #b4jac #aijb #ai1fhi1icg1fbj #ac4d #cib1ifc1bdh #a4ihf #aijc #bj1iae1gfc1hha #f4b #dba1gjd1eib #b4jjf #aijd #ba1ibc1bac1ecf #d4h #ddd1cbf1iia #b4jjf #aije #bc1hjj1adi1dcf #h4f #dgb1fid1gcb #a4ifb #aijf #be1afg1bdj1hca #e4g #eaj1jcb1ehc #b4jjc #aijg #bg1gah1eed1jcj #aj4a #efd1fjf1cdc #b4jad #aijh #bi1jhb1hcf1idd #d4i #eff1bde1feg #a4icg #aiji #bi1deb1jjj1jjj #a4c #efd1cjb1ehj #a4iaf ,increase1 p] c5t #hc4g -- #gd4f -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"h x is %[n t ! pass5g] s]vice r5d]$ has increas$ #ab m ?an ! pass5g] rev5ues4 ,b m significant ?an ?is is ! column ( ye>ly increases 9 s]vice by p]c5tages4 ,?is utt]ly explodes ! !ory t pass5g] travel is greatly /imulat$ by l[ f>es--aside f "s positive inc5tive to increas$ travel1 su* z p]iodical expositions1 ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition = in/ance1 ! effect ( :i* is cle>ly traceable 9 ! increas$ s]vice 9 #aije1 :i* includes ! heavy travel dur+ ! mon?s ( heavy att5dance1 ,july #a to ,decemb] #a1 #aijd4 ,! #b-;c5t pass5g] laws 7 pass$ s z to become g5]ally effective ,july #a1 #aijg1 & _! effect on pass5g] receipts dur+ ! foll[+ ye> 0 su* t ^! receipts 7 actually less 9 #aiji ?an 9 #aijg1 al?\gh ! s]vice p]=m$ by ! railways 0 ov] #f great]4 ,_h ! railways receiv$ ! same rate 9 #aiji t !y did 9 #aijg _! rev5ue f pass5g]s w\ld h be5 ne>ly #bi1jjj1jjj m ?an x 04 ,,pass5g] ,,traffic #aiji-ahhh4 ,9 ! next /atem5t ! sali5t facts 9 reg>d to ! pass5g] traffic s9ce ! ,commission began collect+ ! data is pass$ "u review4 ,av]age ,pass5g]s,pass5g]s,mileage,av]age ,av]age,pass4 ,receipts ,ye> ,c>ri$ ,c>ri$ ,pass4 ,pass4 ,j\rney,rev5ue p] 7,millions7 ,"o ,mile ,tra9s9 ,tra9 ,miles 7,mill47,pass4 7,millions77,mill47 ,mile 7,c5ts7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aiji #hhh #bi1deb #ejg #eh #cc #ejd #a4iaf #aijh #hij #bi1jhb #ejj #ei #cc #eff #a4icg #aijg #hgc #bg1gah #eji #ea #cb #efd #b4jad #aijf #gig #be1afg #dgi #di #ca #eaj #b4jjc #aije #gch #bc1hjj #dei #dh #cb #dgb #a4ifb #aijd #gae #ba1ibc #ddj #df #ca #ddd #b4jjf #aijc #fid #bj1iae #dbe #df #cj #dba #b4jjf #aijb #fdi #ai1fhi #dje #de #cj #cib #a4ihf #aija #fjg #ag1cec #che #db #bi #cea #b4jac #aijj #egf #af1jch #cfc #da #bh #cbc #b4jjc #ahii #ebc #ad1eia #cdg #da #bh #bia #a4igh #ahih #eja #ac1cgi #ccd #ci #bg #bfg #a4igc #ahig #dhi #ab1bef #cce #cg #be #bea #b4jbb #ahif #eaa #ac1jdi #ccb #ci #bf #bff #b4jai #ahie #ejg #ab1ahh #cag #ch #bd #beb #b4jdj #ahid #edj #ad1bhi #cbf #dd #bf #bhe #a4ihf #ahic #eic #ad1bbi #cce #db #bd #cja #b4ajh #ahib #efj #ac1cfb #cag #db #bd #bhf #b4abf #ahia #eca #ab1hdd #cjh #db #bd #bha #b4adb #ahij #dib #aa1hdg #bhe #da #bd #bfj #b4afg #ahhi #dgb #aa1eec #bgg #db #be #bed #b4aii #ahhh #dab #aj1aja #beb #dj #bd #bcg #b4cdi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,increase #ahhh to #aijg #aae #aia #aja #de #ch #ach ,decrease #ah4d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! sev]al increases %[n 9 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & six? columns ( ! table reflect ! g5]al advancem5t 9 pass5g] traffic4 ,t ( #de 9 ! av]age pass5g]s to a tra9 m>ks ! progress 9 d5sity ( t traffic :i* may ev5tually place x on a pr(itable basis4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 :]e ?is d5sity yields an av]age ( #gi pass5g]s to a tra9 !re is no dem& = a two-c5t rate /atute1 = ! conditions h made a rate ( #a4fd c5ts pr(itable4 ,9 ! gr\p ( /ates consi/+ ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota1 :]e ! d5sity ( traffic yields only #df pass5g]s by tra91 a /atutory two-c5t f>e becomes confiscatory because x co/s at lea/ "o doll> to op]ate a pass5g] tra9 "o mile & #df times two c5ts is only #ib c5ts4 ,moreov] ! #df pass5g]s p] tra9 is only an av]age & !re are z _m tra9s t av]age less z m4 ,! av]age has to be rais$ above #ej to yield any m>g9 ( pr(it on pass5g] traffic4 ,if x 7 n = ! d5sity ( traffic 9 ! ,new ,engl& & ,nor? ,atlantic gr\p ( /ates ! av]age = ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be well bel[ #df pass5g]s p] tra94 ,! /eady increase 9 ! di/ance travel$ p] pass5g] reflects ! effect ( trolley competition 9 div]t+ ! %ort haul pass5g] traffic4 ,! mo/ notewor?y feature ( ! sev5? column is ! decl9e ( #ih_/ajjj?s ( a c5t 9 ! av]age receipts p] pass5g] mile betwe5 #aijg & #aiji1 mak+ a new l[ record aft] hov]+ ar\nd ! two c5t m>k = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,z not$ above1 ?is r$uction 9 ! av]age co/ ! railways ne>ly #bi1jjj1jjj on ! pass5g] traffic ( #aiji4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to recall t betwe5 #ahhh & #ahic ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician1 !n z n[ ,pr(essor ,adams1 made ! foll[+ computation ( ! av]age co/ ( c>ry+ "o pass5g] "o mile = ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates3 #ahhh #ahhi #ahij #ahia #ahib #ahic ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,av]age co/ ( c>ry+ a pass5g] "o mile1 c5ts #b4jdb #a4iic #a4iag #a4iaj #a4ici #a4iee ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x w be obs]v$ t ! av]age receipts p] pass5g] mile 9 #aiji are bel[ ! comput$ co/ 9 e "o ( ! ye>s above nam$1 except #ahia4 ,:5 ! advance 9 ! co/ ( ev]y?+ necess>y to ! s]vice--track1 labor1 equipm5t1 conv5i5ces1 spe$1 t]m9al facilities--is consid]$1 ! practical co9cid5ce ( av]age co/ & receipts leaves no m>g9 = legitimate pr(its4 ,,receipts ,,f ,,mail ,,& ,,express4 ,closely associat$ ) ! pass5g] traffic ( ! railways are ! mail & express s]vices4 ,al?\gh pr9cipally c>ri$ by pass5g] tra9s1 ea* has a special s]vice ( its own by mail & express tra9s4 ,b all are includ$ "u ! pass5g] s]vice4 ,! receipts f ^! two bran*es ( ! s]vice dur+ ! la/ decade are %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,receipts ,,f ,,mail ,,& ,,express1 #ahii ,,to #aijh4 ,mail ,express ---------------------------------------- - ,ye> ,rev5ues ,p]c5t- ,rev5ues ,p]c5t- age ( age ( ,e>n+s ,e>n+s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahii #ce1iii1jaa #b4gd #bf1gef1jed #b4jd #aijj #cg1geb1dgd #b4ed #bh1daf1aej #a4ia #aija #ch1dec1fjb #b4db #ca1aba1fac #a4if #aijb #ci1ifc1bdh #b4ca #cd1bec1dei #b4jg #aijc #da1gji1cif #b4ai #ch1cca1ifd #a4ih #aijd #dd1dii1gcb #b4be #da1hge1fcf #b4ab #aije #de1dbf1abe #b4ah #de1adi1aee #b4ag #aijf #dg1cga1dec #b4jd #ea1jaj1icj #b4ai #aijg #ej1cgh1ifd #a4id #eg1ccb1ica #b4ba #aijh #dh1eag1efc #b4jc #eh1fjb1jia #b4de #aiji #ej1ice1jjj #b4jh #fc1ffi1jjj #b4fj ,increase1 p] c5t #da4e -- #ach4j -- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,aside f ! /rik+ contra/ 9 ! p]c5tages ( increase ( rev5ues f ^! two s\rces1 ! mo/ significant feature ( ?is table is ! rev]sal x %[s 9 _! respective importance f ! railway rev5ue po9t ( view4 ,prior to #aije1 c>ry+ ! mails br\ght l>g]1 if n m pr(itable1 returns to ! railways4 ,s9ce !n ! returns f express h increas$ s mu* m rapidly t !y are n[ ne>ly #bc m ?an ^? f mails4 ,if pro( 7 ne$$ ( ! absolute falsity ( ! *>ge t ! railways are receiv+ an exorbitant rate = c>ry+ mail1 ! above table ( _! receipts f ! s]vice 9 connection ) ! foll[+ /atem5t ( mail h&l$ & rev5ues 9 view ( ! f9d+ ( ! ,jo9t ,commission ( ,congress 9 #ahii w\ld furni% x4 ,aft] a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! subject la/+ f ,augu/1 #ahih1 to ,july1 #aijj1 ! ,commission came to ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,^u a c>eful consid]ation ( all ! evid5ce & ! /atem5ts & argum5ts submitt$1 & 9 view ( all ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! railroads1 we are ( ! op9ion t ! prices n[ paid to ! railroad companies = ! transportation ( ! mails are n excessive1 & recomm5d t no r$uction !re( be made at ?is "t4 ,! increase 9 ! railroad s]vice s9ce ?is report 0 made is %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( miles ( mail transportation by railroads1 ! po/al rev5ues & ! numb] ( cl]ks 9 ! railway mail s]vice s9ce #ahii3 ,annual ,transportation ,numb] ( ( ,mail ,po/al ,railway by ,railroads ,rev5ues ,mail 7,miles7 ,cl]ks ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #ahii #bhg1eia1bfi #ie1jba1chd #h1chh #aijj #big1bef1cjc #ajb1ced1egi #h1fie #aija #cjb1fac1cbe #aaa1fca1aic #i1aje #aijb #cab1eba1dgh #aba1hdh1jdg #i1fbg #aijc #ccc1dia1fhd #acd1bbd1ddc #aj1dah #aijd #cec1jch1cig #adc1ehb1fbd #aa1fba #aije #cfb1fde1gca #aeb1hbf1ehe #ab1dgd #aijf #cga1ffa1jga #afg1icb1ghc #ac1eih #aijg #chg1eeg1afe #ahc1ehe1jjf #ad1ceg #aijh #djg1gii1jci #aia1dgh1ffc #ae1bie #aiji #bjc1efb1chc #ae1hff ,increase 9 #aj ye>s1 p] c5t #ej4e #abd4g #hi4a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,comp>$ ) ! increase ( only #da4e 9 ! rev5ues f mail receiv$ by ! railways dur+ ! same p]iod1 ea* "o ( ! above p]c5tages te/ifies to a positive r$uction 9 ! rate receiv$ by ! railways = ! s]vice4 ,& if ! increase 9 weight ( mail c>ri$ 9 #aiji 7 kn[n1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! s]vice & ! pay w\ld be m /rik+4 ,9 #ahii ! total weight ( all mail 0 report$ z #fce1ahj1cfb p\nds4 ,9 #aijg ! e/imates made f ! special weigh+ plac$ ! weight ( mail c>ri$ t ye> at #a1bij1ceh1bhd p\nds1 or an increase ( ne>ly #aje 9 eight ye>s4 ,by ref]5ce to ! above table x w be se5 t ! railway rev5ues f mail betwe5 #ahii & #aijg increas$ only #dj4 ,! contra/ is illum9at+4 ,9 its light ! *>ge t ! railways are 9 any way responsible = ! po/al deficit is grotesque4 ,,freight ,,traffic ,accord+ to ! mon?ly returns to ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 ! proportion ( rev5ues f freight ( ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to total e>n+s f op]ation1 = ! ye>s #aijh & #aiji1 rec$$ to ! unusually l[ figures ( #fh4ea & #fh4hh respectively4 ,! (ficial summ>y = #aijh1 bas$ on ! annual returns1 %[s a proportion ( #fi4ag = t ye>1 :i* probably is ne>] ! m>k4 ,! annual reports to ?is ,bureau = #aiji yield a proportion ( #fi4ah = la/ ye>4 ,accept+ ?is proportion tak5 f ! annual returns z be+ bas$ on ! same "* ( reports z ^? f :i* =m] ratios 7 d]iv$1 ! prepond]ance ( freight traffic is %[n 9 bold relief 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! ratio ( its rev5ues to total e>n+s f op]ation1 #ahii to #aiji3 ,proportion ( ,freight ,rev5ues ,ye> to ,total ,e>n+s ---------------------------- #ahii #fi4ee #aijj #gj4ef #aija #gj4da #aijb #fi4ic #aijc #gj4ci #aijd #fi4hb #aije #fi4fg #aijf #gj4ed #aijg #gj4dd #aijh #fi4ag #aiji #fi4ah ---------------------------- ,! av]age proportion = ! n9e ye>s prec$+ #aijh is se5 to be slightly above #gj1 & ! fact t x 0 almo/ "o po9t bel[ #gj 9 #aijh & #aiji indicates t x 0 ! freight traffic t bore ! brunt ( ! bus9ess depression :i* curtail$ railway rev5ues dur+ ^? ye>s4 ,9 no o!r ( ! lead+ c\ntries ( ! _w does ! freight traffic assume ! ov]:elm+ relative proportion t x does 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom x am\nts to #ej4ce2 9 ,france to #ec4fd2 & 9 ,g]many1 includ+ express & mail1 to #fe4 ,if ^! 7 class$ ) freight 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w\ld raise ! proportion = t traffic "h to ov] #gd4 ,,freight ,,traffic #aiji ,,& #aijh4 ,! next /atem5t pres5ts ! significant items ( ! freight traffic 9 #aiji = ! roads report+ to ?is ,bureau comp>$ ) ^? ( ! f9al (ficial returns = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,item #aiji #aijh ,bureau ,figures ,(ficial ,figures ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,miles op]at$ #bba1acb #bcj1did ,numb] ( tons c>ri$ #a1dda1jab1dbf #a1ecb1iha1gij ,tons c>ri$ #a mile #bag1gef1ggf1jjj #bah1cha1eed1hjb ,freight rev5ue #a1fdc1jbh1efd #a1fee1dai1ajh ,mileage ( freight tra9s #efj1fjb1eeg #ehg1bah1ded ,numb] ( c>s 9 tra9 #bi4g #bh4c ,av]age numb] ( tons 9 tra9 #chh #cea4hj ,av]age haul p] ton 7miles7 #aea4a #adc4hc ,av]age receipts p] ton mile 7mills7 #g4ed #g4ed ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 comp>+ ^! /atem5ts ( av]ages = pass5g] & freight traffic1 all[ance has to be made = ! fact t ! ,bureau's figures include all ! great sy/ems & are exclusive ( "s #ac1jjj miles ( m9or l9es4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! effect ( ^! discrepancies ) any?+ l exactness4 ,b complete returns inv>iably %[ a %ort] mean haul & j\rney = ! entire c\ntry ?an ! ,bureau's figures indicate & also a less tra9 load ( pass5g]s & freight1 ! result be+ a slightly high] av]age = pass5g] & freight ton receipts p] mile4 ,la/ ye> f its returns ! ,bureau comput$ ! pass5g] mile receipts at #a4icc c5ts & ! ton mile receipts at #g4ec mills4 ,! ,commission's f9al figures 7 #a4icg c5ts & #g4ed mills respectively4 ,,freight ,,traffic #aiji ,,to #ahhh4 ,9 ! next summ>y is pres5t$ a cond5s$ /atem5t ( ! significant data relat+ to ! freight traffic = ! tw5ty-two ye>s t ! ,commission has be5 compil+ /ati/ics4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,tons ,,c>ri$1 ,,ton ,,mileage1 ,,mileage ,,( ,,freight ,,tra9s1 ,,av]age ,,tons ,,9 ,,tra91 ,,freight ,,rev5ues ,,& ,,av]age ,,receipts ,,p] ,,ton ,,mile4 ,tons ,mileage ,av]age ,receipts ,tons ,c>ri$ ,freight ,av]age,haul p],freight p] ,ton ,ye> ,c>ri$ ,"o ,mile ,tra9s ,tons 9 ,ton ,rev5ue ,mile 7,millions77,millions77,mill47 ,tra9 7,miles7 7,mill47 7,c5ts7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #aiji 7a7#a1dhf #bbb1ijj #egi #chh #aea #a1fhb 4#gee #aijh #a1ecb #bah1cha #eig #cfj #adc #a1fee 4#ged #aijg #a1gif #bcf1fja #fbi #ceg #aca #a1hbc 4#gei #aijf #a1fca #bae1hgg #eid #cdd #acb #a1fdj 4#gdh #aije #a1dbg #ahf1dfc #edf #cbb #acj #a1dej 4#gff #aijd #a1cji #agd1ebb #ece #cjg #acc #a1cgi 4#ghj #aijc #a1cjd #agc1bba #ebf #caj #acb #a1cch 4#gfc #aijb #a1bjj #aeg1bhi #dii #bif #aca #a1bjg 4#geg #aija #a1jhi #adg1jgg #dia #bha #ace #a1aah 4#gej #aijj #a1jha #ada1eif #dib #bgj #acj #a1jdi 4#gbi #ahii #idc #abc1ffg 7b7#ejg #bdc #aca #iac 4#gbd #ahih #hfc #aad1jgg #ejc #bbf #acb #hgf 4#gec #ahig #gbh #ie1aci #dfd #bjd #acj #ggb 4#gih #ahif #gfe #ie1cbh #dgi #aih #abd #ghf 4#hjf #ahie #fif #he1bbg #ddi #ahi #abb #gbi 4#hci #ahid #fch #hj1cce #ddf #agi #abe #fii 4#hfj #ahic #gde #ic1ehh #ejh #ahc #abe #hbi 4#hgh #ahib #gjf #hh1bda #dhe #aha #abd #gii 4#hih #ahia #fge #ha1jgc #ddf #aha #abj #gcf 4#hie #ahij #fcf #gf1bjg #dce #age #aai #gad 4#ida #ahhi #eci #fh1gbg #chc #agi #abg #fdd 4#ibb #ahhh #dhj #fa1cbi #cdh #agf #abh #fac #a4jja ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,increase #ahhh to #aiji #bji #bfc #ff #abj #ah #agd ,decrease #bd4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7a7 ,figures = #aiji comput$ on basis ( returns to ?is ,bureau4 7b7 ,includes #ge ( mix$ tra9 mileage1 t be+ ! practice prior to #aijj4 ,m>k ! "o column :i* %[s a decrease4 ,?is means a remission ( almo/ exactly a qu>t] ( a c5t p] ton mile 9 ! av]age receipts f freight4 ,on ! tonnage c>ri$ 9 #aiji x meant a sav+ ( ov] #edj1jjj1jjj to ! %ipp]s4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ! pres5t high price ( ev]y?+ c>ri$ by ! railways1 !re is no gr\nd = assum+ t any portion ( ?is half billion doll>s )held f ! railways ev] rea*$ ! ultimate consum]4 ,on ! contr>y ! presumption is unavoidable t x has be5 absorb$ by ! %ipp]s & consignors1 ^: pr(its are great] ?an ev]4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,commodities ,,mov$ #ahii-aiji4 ,ref]r+ to ! movem5t ( diff]5t classes ( commodities 9 8 report = #aijd1 ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician said3 ,a slight *ange 9 ! ratio ( freight c>ri$ = any "o ( ! classes nam$ may h decid$ results1 n only ^u ! e>n+s ( ! roads1 b ^u ! av]age rate p] ton mile4 ,b )\t kn[+ ! l5g? ( ! haul ( ! respective classes1 any e/imate ( ! effect ( su* v>iation mu/ be l>gely speculative4 ,9 #aiji1 = ! fir/ "t ! ,bureau und]took to collect ! in=mation z to ! tonnage ( ! ma9 divisions ( commodities c>ri$4 ,its inquiries 7 limit$ to ! tonnage orig9at+ on ! sev]al roads1 & ! next /atem5t pres5ts ! results 9 comp>ison ) ! (ficial figures = #aijg1 :i* are ! la/ available3 ,,tonnage ,,& ,,proportion ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,( ,,commodities ,,mov$ #aiji ,,& #aijg4 #aiji #aijg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,class ( ,commodity ,tonnage ,tonnage ,report$ z ,p] ,c5t ,report$ z ,p] ,c5t ,orig9at+ ( ,orig9at+ ( on ,l9e ,aggregate on ,l9e ,aggregate ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,products ( agriculture #gf1iee1aca #i4di #gg1jcj1jga #h4fb ,products ( animals #ba1hjg1dhf #b4fi #bj1dgc1dhf #b4bi ,products ( m9es #ddi1ich1bdh #ee4ej #dgf1hii1fch #ec4ci ,products ( =e/s #hc1fgi1agi #aj4cc #aja1fag1gbd #aa4ch ,manufactures #aji1fbe1ffi #ac4eb #acg1fba1ddc #ae4da ,m]*&ise #ce1ejj1hcc #d4ch #cd1gah1dhg #c4hi ,miscellane\s #cc1cah1bgb #d4ji #dd1hbd1abc #e4jb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total #haj1ghd1hah #ajj4jj #hic1ahd1igb #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,note4--,^! tables fail to include ne>ly #bjj1jjj1jjj tons unassign$4 ,! mo/ significant feature ( ?is /atem5t is ! m>k$ decrease1 absolutely & relatively1 9 ! tonnage ( manufactures c>ri$4 ,great z 0 ! decrease 9 ! tonnage ( animals c>ri$ !re 0 an increase relatively4 ,! next /atem5t %[s ! p]c5tages ( commodity tonnage mov$ s9ce ! ,commission has compil$ ! in=mation divid$ betwe5 l[ & high rate freight4 ,,summ>y ,,%[+ ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,freight ,,traffic ,,movem5t ,,by ,,classes ,,( ,,commodities1 #aijg ,,to #ahii4 ,table head+s3 ,col ,a3 ,products ( ,agriculture ,col ,b3 ,animals ,col ,c3 ,m9es ,col ,d3 ,=e/ ,col ,e3 ,total ,col ,f3 ,manufactures ,col ,g3 ,m]*&ise ,col ,h3 ,miscellane\s ,col ,i3 ,total ,l[ ,rate ,freight ,high ,rate ,freight ,p]c5tage ( ,aggregate ,p]c5tage ( ,aggregate ,ye> ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ahii #aa4cc #c4ab #ea4dg #aj4hi #gf4ha #ac4de #d4di #e4be #bc4ai #aijj #aj4ce #b4hg #eb4ei #aa4fa #gg4db #ac4da #d4bf #d4ia #bb4eh #aija #aj4gf #b4ia #ea4fg #aa4fg #gg4ja #ac4ge #d4af #e4jh #bb4ii #aijb #i4bc #b4fd #eb4cf #aa4fd #ge4hg #ad4di #d4cg #e4bg #bd4ac #aijc #i4ef #b4fc #ea4ef #aa4fg #ge4db #ad4ci #d4fi #e4ej #bd4eh #aijd #i4ei #b4gd #ea4ef #ab4ec #gf4db #ac4da #d4hc #e4cd #bc4eh #aije #i4jc #b4ed #ec4ei #aa4bd #gf4dj #ac4fj #d4cb #e4fh #bc4fj #aijf #h4ef #b4cb #ec4ji #aa4bd #ge4ba #ad4ha #d4jf #e4ib #bd4gi #aijg #h4fb #b4bi #ec4ci #aa4ch #ge4fh #ae4da #c4hi #e4jb #bd4cb #aijh #h4gd #b4df #ee4gb #aa4ce #gh4bg #ac4ae #d4jd #d4ed #ba4gc #aiji #i4di #b4fi #ee4ej #aj4cc #gh4ja #ac4eb #d4ch #d4ji #ba4ii ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x w be obs]v$ t ! p]c5tage ( l[ rate freight c>ri$ 9 #aiji 0 great] ?an = any o!r ye> cov]$ by ^! /ati/ics4 ,?is 0 due m to ! fall+ (f 9 manufactures & miscellane\s freight ?an to any increas$ movem5t ( l[ class freight4 ,,c> ,,s]vice ,,op]ations4 ,:at ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor calls a conv5i5t index to ! traffic activities ( ! c\ntry is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ comp>ative /atem5t ( c>s h&l$ by ! v>i\s c> s]vice associations & demurrage bureaus1 #aije-aiji4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,c>s ,,h&l$ ,,by #cf ,,c> ,,s]vice ,,associations ,,& ,,demurrage ,,bureaus ,,dur+ ,,twelve ,,mon?s ,,end+ ,,decemb]1 #aije-aiji4 ,twelve ,mon?s ,end+ ,decemb] ----------------------------------- ,names ( ,associations & ,bureaus #aije #aijf #aijg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,alabama #geb1ihb #gdd1edh #ggi1djb ,c5tral ,new ,york #faa1fja #fed1hfa #gec1bfi ,c5tral 7,/4 ,l\is7 #hfc1ghh #ijh1jif #iai1acj ,*icago #b1aff1iaj #b1bea1gfc #b1bhb1aia ,c9c9nati #fge1aag #gdh1gfc #gga1iij ,clevel& 7a7 #fdj1cfd #gif1fhg #a1jaf1jjc ,colorado #dbe1adj #dee1edj #dde1ijj ,columbus #cid1aeb #ddc1fch #dfi1ggc ,ea/ ,t5nessee #cbj1hee #ceh1gcc #chh1jff ,indiana #iab1hbg #ifb1ida #a1ajd1hee ,int]m\nta9 #aaf1ecc #aeh1bca #ahd1egg ,lake ,sup]ior #ccb1fcc #cga1cab #dae1fdb ,l\isville ,c> #die1jie #eda1ide #ejf1ebh ,memphis #bce1efi #beh1caf #bee1afi ,mi*igan #fhg1dbh #gff1iej #hch1ibh ,missabe ,range #cj1bda #cg1fac #db1ghf ,miss\ri ,valley #a1ech1jhg #a1ffe1hhb #a1iaj1aci ,na%ville #cjj1fjb #ccf1aaj #cea1egb ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey #iig1cjd #a1ajj1jfg #a1dji1afa ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ceg1dgd #cgd1gaj #djg1beg ,nor!a/]n ,p5nsylvania #hjb1jgb #hcf1ddc #iag1icf ,nor!rn #a1dfg1jda #a1gbb1cde #a1gcf1iha ,pacific #gfa1chb #igb1cih #a1aff1hhf ,pacific ,nor?we/ #fdg1gbf #gbg1dgd #hhh1jic ,philadelphia #b1jef1gdd #b1bah1gee #b1cbf1gbc ,pittsburg #c1cge1ecj #c1bie1dfc #b1ice1bii ,s\!a/]n #hac1ddd #hfb1cgi #hec1gbj ,s\!rn #bgc1bgc #cja1bgc #dib1iad ,texas #icb1iib #igg1fcj #ihf1dge ,tol$o #bfb1hge #cab1cbi #ecj1fag ,virg9ia & ,we/ ,virg9ia #hah1iae #hff1hfa #hic1ije ,we/]n ,new ,york #hab1dji #hha1fdj #ihf1ifb ,we/]n 7,omaha7 #fbb1hfh #gah1hgb #ggj1dgj ,wiscons9 #a1aeg1jcf #a1aai1cbf #a1aah1gbj ----------------------------------- ,total report$ by #cd associations & bureaus 7b7 #bg1fei1jji #bi1gdi1hid #ca1heh1jci ------------------------------------ ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton ,demurrage ,bureau 7c7#gba1dbh 7c7#gdj1ijc 7c7#gce1ajc ,ill9ois & ,i[a ,demurrage ,bureau 7d7 #c1jed1cae #c1beh1ggj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- table cont9u$ ,twelve ,mon?s ,end+ ,decemb] ----------------------- ,names ( ,associations & ,bureaus #aijh #aiji ---------------------------------------- --------- ,alabama #fca1dhg #gjj1cic ,c5tral ,new ,york #gch1jed #hjd1dai ,c5tral 7,/4 ,l\is7 #hch1jag #a1jja1acf ,*icago #b1afa1gfg #b1gij1hja ,c9c9nati #fce1cfe #gab1ade ,clevel& 7a7 #gae1gfd #hdc1fji ,colorado #che1bfj #dbh1gfj ,columbus #cfc1acj #dja1fif ,ea/ ,t5nessee #bic1eig #ccj1jee ,indiana #a1jgg1ghf #a1baa1gic ,int]m\nta9 #aec1hhe #bja1jgg ,lake ,sup]ior #cch1aji #cgj1dij ,l\isville ,c> #eah1iee #efe1gdh ,memphis #bci1aef #bbd1fdh ,mi*igan #fif1ibf #hei1hab ,missabe ,range #db1icj #ed1icd ,miss\ri ,valley #a1fjf1geh #a1hfc1jeb ,na%ville #cbf1che #ccg1bcd ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey #a1bdh1fji #a1daf1hca ,nor? ,c>ol9a #djd1ccd #dde1cih ,nor!a/]n ,p5nsylvania #fcc1fee #eid1bca ,nor!rn #a1eae1gjf #a1fcf1ehh ,pacific #a1adg1cde #a1cij1idh ,pacific ,nor?we/ #hde1dje #ihg1aae ,philadelphia #a1iba1adb #b1ejh1bjd ,pittsburg #a1igg1hia #b1hjg1bef ,s\!a/]n #hbc1idh #iha1gcg ,s\!rn #eac1dcg #fdi1chd ,texas #a1aah1fbb #a1cjb1baa ,tol$o #chc1hgj #dib1abg ,virg9ia & ,we/ ,virg9i #ggh1idj #idb1bca ,we/]n ,new ,york #hjf1dhh #ica1ahe ,we/]n 7,omaha7 #gcc1cdf #gge1hbh ,wiscons9 #a1jbb1bgj #a1jjf1jej ----------------------- ,total report$ by #cd associations & bureaus 7b7 #bg1fch1cci #cb1efi1aef ----------------------- ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton ,demurrage ,bureau #ehh1icj #fgb1ied ,ill9ois & ,i[a ,demurrage ,bureau 7d7 #c1efa1gdj ---------------------------------------- ---------- 7a7 ,clevel& report$ #aj1jaf lake coal c>s = ,decemb]1 #aiji4 7b7 ,! ,butte ,t]m9al ,association 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,montana ,demurrage ,bureau 9 ,may1 #aijh4 ,! returns ( ! new bureau = ! twelve mon?s end+ ,decemb]1 is #ddh1cha c>s4 7c7 ,figures apply to l>g] t]ritory2 *ange & revision ( #aijg1 #aijh & #aiji figures made ,octob] #a1 #aiji4 7d7 ,n report$4 ,,viii ,,e>n+s ,,& ,,exp5ses ,hav+ 9 ! prec$+ pages giv5 ! facts z to ! provision made by ! railways = fulfill+ _! obligations z common c>ri]s1 x is n[ 9 ord] to pres5t a brief review ( _! receipts & exp5ditures 9 relation to _! public s]vice4 ,= ! second successive ye> ! ,bureau has to w>n ! read] t innovations 9 ! =ms ( keep+ railway acc\nts prescrib$ by ! ,commission preclude ! mak+ ( /rictly accurate comp>isons ( ! returns = #aiji ) ^? ( any prec$+ ye>4 ,9 submitt+ its report = #aijh ! ,commission made ! foll[+ explanation3 ,a numb] ( important *anges h be5 made 9 ! annual report =ms = #aijh1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! gr\p+ ( c]ta9 items 9 connection ) ! ,income ,acc\nt & ! ,pr(it & ,loss ,acc\nt4 ,! figures :i* foll[ d n include returns apply+ to c>ri]s class$ z swit*+ & t]m9al4 ,! *anges 9 ! income acc\nt submitt$ 9 ! report "u consid]ation are s f> rea*+ 9 _! results1 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 z to impair direct or close comp>ison ) figures = simil> items conta9$ 9 previ\s /ati/ical reports4 ,9 ! comp>ative ,income ,acc\nt bel[1 :i* aims to pres5t ! situation z x w\ld result f ! actual op]ations _h su* op]ations be5 conduct$ by a s+le corporation1 ! ,bureau has s\ght to make ! returns = #aijh & #aiji con=m z ne>ly z possible to previ\s /ati/ical reports4 ,x %\ld be premis$1 h[ev]1 t ! (ficial figures = #aijh exclude ! returns f swit*+ & t]m9al companies1 :]eas ! ,bureau's figures = #aiji include "s portion ( ^! returns1 :i* are z mu* an integral "p ( ! transportation s]vice ( ,am]ican railways z any !y p]=m4 ,! (ficial figures = #aijh d n correspond absolutely to ! prelim9>y figures = ! same ye> compil$ f ! mon?ly reports z review$ 9 ! ,introduction to ?is report4 ,) ?is by way ( explanation1 ! comp>ative ,income ,acc\nt = ! ye>s #aiji & #aijh is submitt$3 ,,comp>ative ,,income ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,railways ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,sy/em ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s ,,end+ ,,june #cj1 #aiji ,,& #aijh4 ,am\nt ,item #aiji #aijh 7#bba1acb miles 7#bcj1jjb miles op]at$7 op]at$7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pass5g] rev5ue #eea1fcd1bgh #eff1hcb1gdf ,mail rev5ue #di1ejh1igb #dh1eag1efc ,express rev5ue #fa1hhc1fie #eh1fib1jia ,freight rev5ue #a1fdc1jbh1efd #a1fee1dai1ajh ,o!r e>n+s f op]ation #fi1jhf1beg #fd1cdd1dha ----------------------------------- ,gross e>n+s f op]ation #b1cge1ada1gff #b1cic1hje1ihi ,op]at+ exp5ses #a1efh1aaa1bgb #a1ffi1edg1hgf ,taxes #hb1fej1bad #gh1fgc1gid ----------------------------------- ,total #a1fej1gfa1dhf #a1gdh1bba1fgj ----------------------------------- ,net e>n+s f op]ation #gbd1chj1bhj #fde1ehd1caj ,net rev5ue f outside op]ations #e1daj1cch #e1igg1bfh ,op]at+ income #gbi1gij1fah #fea1efa1ehg ,disposition3 ,net int]e/ on fund$ debt #bic1cch1aje #bhb1ced1jja ,int]e/ on curr5t liabilities #bb1edf1ggi #ca1hce1gjh ,r5t paid = lease ( road #abj1ghd1ihb #aaa1aec1jac ,additions & bett]m5ts *>g$ to income #bd1hjg1edf #bh1jhf1ded ,appropriations to res]ves & miscellane\s items #bb1ehg1bjh #ba1fcf1ahb ,o!r d$uctions #gj1agd1dgc #fd1ffi1edf ----------------------------------- ,total d$uctions #eed1bci1jic #eci1gcd1ijd ----------------------------------- ,surplus available = divid5ds1 adju/m5ts & improvem5ts #age1eea1ebe #aaa1hbf1fhc ,net divid5ds #aga1fjg1eej #ajd1jgd1jjf ----------------------------------- ,balance to pr(it & loss #c1idc1ige #g1geb1fgg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 #aiji ! ,income ,acc\nt ( ! railways 0 swell$ & confus$ by includ+ !re9 #bjj1gbe1fif ( int]corporate paym5ts1 :ile t = #aijh includes #bgd1dej1aib ,o!r ,income :i*1 z has be5 =m]ly not$ by ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician1 swells ! totals to a fictiti\s figure4 ,x is out ( ?is fictiti\s income t fictiti\s int]e/ & divid5ds are paid1 fictiti\s d$uctions made1 & fictiti\s surpluses accumulat$4 ,if ,o!r d$uctions 9 ! above /atem5t _h be5 *>g$ aga9/ ,o!r income in/ead ( be+ d$uct$ f e>n+s f op]ation ! balance to ,pr(it & ,loss = ea* ye> w\ld h be5 s mu* l>g]4 ,:at becomes ( ! r5t paid by op]at+ roads = leas$ roads is well %[n 9 ! /atem5t includ$ 9 ! ,commission's prelim9>y report ( /ati/ics = #aijh 9 :i* ! am\nt receiv$ by ! latt] m5tion$ 9 ! table j submitt$ is dispos$ (4 ,,cond5s$ ,,income ,,acc\nt ,,& ,,pr(it ,,& ,,loss ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,leas$ ,,roads ,,= ,,! ,,ye> ,,end+ ,,june #cj1 #aijh4 ,income ,acc\nt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,gross income f lease ( road #aaa1aec1jac ,sal>ies & ma9t5ance ( organization #cij1hda ,taxes accru$ #e1hha1ceb ------------- ,net income f lease ( road #ajd1hhj1hbj ,o!r income #e1dcf1abi ------------ ,gross corporate income #aaj1caf1idi ,d$uctions f gross corporate income #fb1bcb1ejh ------------ ,net corporate income #dh1jhd1dda ,disposition ( net corporate income3 ,divid5ds decl>$ f curr5t income #cc1hdc1egg ,additions & bett]m5ts *>g$ to income #a1jhh1jjb ,appropriations to res]ves & miscellane\s items #beh1ehj ------------- ,total #ce1aij1aei ,balance c>ri$ =w>d to cr$it ( pr(it & loss #ab1hid1bhb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pr(it & ,loss ,acc\nt ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,cr$it balance 9 ,pr(it & ,loss ,acc\nt1 ,june #cj1 #aijg #de1heb1jca ,cr$it balance br\ght f ,income ,acc\nt1 ,june #cj1 #aijh #ab1hid1bhb ------------ ,total #eh1gdf1cac ,divid5ds decl>$ out ( surplus #bg1eej1eif ,o!r pr(it & loss items--debit balance #b1jjf1egc ------------ ,balance cr$it ,june #cj1 #aijh1 c>ri$ to balance %eet #bi1ahi1add ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,includ$ "u ! bl9d item ( ,d$uctions f gross corporate income1 #fb1bcb1ejh 9 ?is /atem5t may be m5tion$ r5ts ( o!r roads & facilities ( :i* ^! leas$ roads are ! lessees1 int]e/ on fund$ debt & o!r int]e/1 s9k+ funds *>geable to income & o!r d$uctions n specifically provid$ = else:]e4 ,9 case ( op]at+ roads ?is item also includes ! balance ( hire ( equipm5t1 to :i*1 ( c\rse1 !re is a cr$it ) o!r op]at+ roads4 ,! significant feature 9 ?is /atem5t is ! decrease 9 ! pr(it & loss cr$it balance ( #af1ffb1hhg4 ,b ?is does n alt] ! fact t :at becomes ( r5t paid = lease ( road is no m a conc]n ( int]/ate comm]ce ?an :at becomes ( ! r5t paid = w>eh\ses or (fice space 9 any t]m9al4 ,! op]at+ roads pay all ! co/ ( ma9t5ance ( way & equipm5t4 ,! leas$ roads are n common c>ri]s 9 any s5se4 ,!y are simply di/ribut+ m$iums ( ! r5ts paid !m--?is r5t be+ ! equival5t ( int]e/ on s mu* capital4 ,z appe>s f ! =ego+ table1 ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ ! organization ( ^! leas$ prop]ties am\nt$ 9 #aijh to #ce_/ajj?s ( #a p] c5t4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,gross ,,e>n+s4 ,h[ ! gross e>n+s ( ! railways report+ to ?is ,bureau 9 #aiji 7#b1cge1ada1gff7 7 di/ribut$ is %[n 9 ! next /atem5t 9 comp>ison ) a simil> division ( e>n+s 9 #aijh & #aijg4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,gross ,,e>n+s ,,( #bba1acb ,,miles ,,( ,,l9e ,,9 #aiji ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,p]c5tages ,,= #aijh ,,& #aijg4 7,,gross ,,e>n+s #aiji1 #b1cge1ada1gff47 ,item ,am\nt ,p] ,c5t,p] ,c5t,p] ,c5t #aiji #aiji #aijh #aijg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,op]at+ exp5ses3 ,ma9t5ance ( way & /ructures #bii1geg1jgg #ab4fb #ac4da #ac4bg ,ma9t5ance ( equipm5t #ceh1gdg1cga #ae4aj #ae4db #ad4bb ,traffic exp5ses #dh1dec1gjg #b4jh #b4jj ,transportation exp5ses #gii1fij1aid #cc4fg #cf4bd #cg4ej ,g5]al exp5ses #fa1dfb1ibc #b4eh #b4eh #b4ed -------------------------------------- ,total #a1efh1aaa1bgb #ff4jc #fi4fg #fg4ec ,disposition ( same3 ,pay ( employes #igc1agd1dai #da4jj #dc4dc #da4db ,fuel = locomotives #ahd1cei1aab #g4gf #g4gd ,oil & wat] = locomotives #ai1iea1ahd 4#hd 4#hh ,mat]ial & supplies #bai1dfc1jbh #i4bd #aa4ha ,hire & r5t ( equipm5t & facilities #ed1fch1bdc #b4cj #b4df ,loss & damage #ef1cgi1jdb #b4cg #a4hc ,miscellane\s7a7 #fj1adf1bdb #b4eb #a4ci -------------------------------------- ,total exp5ses #a1efh1aaa1bgb #ff4jc #fi4fg #fg4ec ,taxes7b7 #hh1eca1eff #c4gb #c4ec #c4aj ,r5tals ( leas$ roads #aad1ijc1fcj #d4hd #d4fd #d4fi ,int]e/ on fund$ debt & curr5t liabilities #cae1hhd1hhd #ac4cj #ac4cd #ac4ad ,divid5ds #aga1fjg1eej #g4bc #d4db #h4gh ,deficits ( weak companies #bj1bbc1bdf 4#he #a4bd 4#ai ,bett]m5ts1 res]ves & sundries #dg1did1ged #b4jj #b4jg #a4ej ,surplus #dh1chd1hfd #b4jc #a4ji #a4jg -------------------------------------- ,total 7gross e>n+s7 #b1cge1ada1gff #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,gross e>n+s #aijh #b1cic1hje1ihi ,gross e>n+s #aijg #b1ehi1aje1egh ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 7a7 ,legal exp5ses1 adv]tis+ & insurance are includ$ "u ,miscellane\s2 /ation]y & pr9t+ "u ,mat]ial & ,supplies4 7b7 ,includes taxes paid by leas$ l9es & d$uct$ f r5t4 ,ow+ to ! fact t int]e/ on fund$ debt & divid5ds are paid out ( ! common fund d]iv$ f op]ation & inve/m5ts1 ! am\nts devot$ to ^! items 9 ! above /atem5t are necess>ily computations4 ,t !y are n und]e/imates is prov$ by ! fact t ! surplus w\ld n p]mit ( l>g] *>ges = int]e/ & divid5ds paid out ( net e>n+s4 ,any int]e/ or divid5ds mat]ially great] ?an ! am\nts /at$ above1 n paid out ( ! r5ts accru+ to leas$ roads z giv51 mu/ necess>ily be d]iv$ f o!r s\rces ?an transportation rev5ues1 & has no place 9 railway acc\nts com+ "u ! provisions ( ! ,act to ,regulate ,comm]ce among ! sev]al /ates4 ,,ix ,,taxes ,s f> z taxes are conc]n$1 seasons ( prosp]ity1 depression & m>k+ "t are alike to ,am]ican railways4 ,! burd5 ( _! taxation kn[s no recession b m\nts /eadily1 absolutely1 p] mile & 9 proportion to gross e>n+s4 ,! #cfh roads report+ to ?is ,bureau own+ #ahb1jdf miles ( l9e & op]at+ #bba1acb miles1 ( :i* #ci1jhf miles 7 leas$1 paid #hb1fej1bad taxes 9 #aiji4 ,! ,commission's report = #aijh %[s t ! leas$ roads paid #e1hha1ceb taxes out ( _! r5ts4 ,putt+ a cons]vative e/imate ( #bjj a mile on ! #aa1hgj miles ( l9e n repres5t$ 9 ?is report w\ld add #b1cgd1jjj to ! above figures & br+ ! aggregate taxes paid by ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiji up to ! /rik+ total ( #ij1ije1eff4 ,h[ railway taxation has increas$ absolutely & relatively to e>n+s & mileage dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty-"o ye>s is %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,,taxes ,,annually ,,& ,,relatively1 #ahhi ,,to #aiji4 ,p]c5tage ,ye> ,taxes ,paid ,p] ,mile ( ,e>n+s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #aiji 7,(ficial figures7 #hi1jbf1bbf #chb #c4gc #aijh #hd1eee1adf #cfg #c4ec #aijg #hj1cab1cge #cec #c4aj #aijf #gd1ghe1fae #ccf #c4ba #aije #fc1dgd1fgi #bib #c4jd #aijd #fa1fif1ced #bij #c4ab #aijc #eg1hdi1efi #bha #c4jd #aijb #ed1dfe1dcg #bgb #c4ae #aija #ej1idd1cgb #bfj #c4bj #aijj #dh1ccb1bgc #bej #c4bd #ahii #df1ccg1fcb #bdg #c4ec #ahih #dc1hbh1bbd #bcg #c4ea #ahig #dc1acg1hdd #bce #c4hd #ahif #ci1igj1gia #bai #c4dh #ahie #ci1hcb1dcc #bbd #c4gj #ahid #ch1abe1bgd #baf #c4ef #ahic #cf1ead1fhi #bae #b4ii #ahib #cd1jec1die #bji #b4ij #ahia #cc1bhj1jie #bjf #c4jd #ahij #ca1bjg1dfi #aii #b4if #ahhi #bg1eij1cid #agi #b4hf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 ?is table ! figures = #aiji are bas$ on ! mon?ly reports to ! ,commission & are subject to revision1 b !y are 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! e/imate on ! returns to ! ,bureau4 ,obs]ve t ! highe/ ratio ( taxes to gross e>n+s %[n 9 ?is table 0 #c4hd p] c5t 9 #ahig1 :5 ev]y?+ relat+ to railways1 except taxes1 0 pro/rat$ "u ! reign ( receiv]%ips t foll[$ ! panic ( #ahic4 ,x 0 ( #ahig t ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician record$ ! fact t #gj4aj p] c5t ( out/&+ /ock paid no divid5ds1 & #af4ei p] c5t ( out/&+ bonds1 exclusive ( equipm5t tru/ obligations1 paid no int]e/4 ,!re is in/ruction & w>n+ beh9d ! rem>kable increase 9 ! ratio ( taxation %[n 9 ! figures = #ahid to #ahig4 ,!re is ! reflection ( simil> conditions 9 ! ris+ ratios ( #aijh & #aiji4 ,x ,,damages ,,& ,,injuries ,,to ,,p]sons ,!re are two items 9 railway acc\nts connect$ ) ! exp5se ( op]ation t give ! managem5t mo/ s]i\s conc]n1 because no means has be5 devis$ to limit or control !m4 ,9 a leaflet issu$ by ?is ,bureau 9 ,septemb] la/1 x 0 e/imat$ t ! paym5ts ( ,am]ican railways on acc\nt ( ,injuries to ,p]sons & ,loss & ,damage = ! ye> #aijh w\ld approximate #ef1gjj1jjj1 or m ?an #b4c p] c5t ( _! gross e>n+s4 ,! ,commission has n yet made public ! f9al figures = #aijh1 b ! returns on ^! acc\nts ( ! #cfh roads report+ to ?is ,bureau = ! ye> #aiji1 aggregate #ef1cgi1jbd1 or #b4cg p] c5t ( _! gross e>n+s4 ,divid$ accord+ to ! new sy/em ( acc\nt+ adopt$ by ! ,commission1 ^! returns %[ ! foll[+ figures3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,paym5ts ,,on ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,injuries ,,to ,,p]sons ,,& ,,loss ,,& ,,damage ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye> #aiji4 ,p] ,c5t ,acc\nt ,am\nt ( ,e>n+s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,injuries to p]sons #bc1def1jch 4#ii ,ma9t5ance ( way #b1gjb1jff ,ma9t5ance ( equipm5t #b1cae1aai ,transportation #ah1dch1hec ,loss & damage #cb1ibb1ihf #a4ch ,to freight #bd1gfh1dec ,to baggage #cjj1hfi ,to prop]ty #d1dfi1dif ,to live /ock1 etc4 #c1chd1afh ---------------------- ,total #ef1cgi1jbd #b4cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,unlike _m ( ! o!r exp5ses ( ,am]ican railways1 ! burd5 ( ?is co/ ( op]ation does n fall heavie/ on ! l>ge sy/ems4 ,9 ! case ( "o road ( mod]ate importance paym5ts on ^! two acc\nts am\nt+ to #d4h p] c5t ( gross e>n+s 7 en\gh to tip ! balance into a deficit aft] pay+ int]e/ on fund$ debt2 "o m9or b prosp]\s road1 aft] pay+ #ad p] c5t ( gross receipts to meet ^! two acc\nts1 _h no?+ left = divid5ds aft] pay+ int]e/1 :i* am\nt$ to less ?an #aj p] c5t ( its e>n+s2 & a small ?ird road aft] be+ call$ on to pay #ba4e p] c5t ( its e>n+s = injuries & damages _h only #f p] c5t ( its op]at+ rev5ue left to pay int]e/ on fund$ debt1 :i* call$ = #bj p] c5t ( ! e>n+s1 & taxes r$uc$ ! net op]at+ rev5ue to less ?an #d p] c5t4 ,^! are extreme cases b !y illu/rate h[ ! ,injury & ,damage claims /rike roads t c ill af=d to pay !m z well z ! great sy/ems :i* are ! common prey ( e claimant ) en\gh ( a grievance to int]e/ an attorney :o sc5ts a cont+5t fee4 ,t ! claims beh9d ^! exp5ses are l>gely m]etrici\s is indicat$1 if n prov$1 by _! disproportionate increase 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! railways h exp5d$ millions 9 provid+ safegu>ds = _! tra9s & employes4 ,?is increase absolutely & relatively to gross e>n+s is %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,,paym5ts ,,on ,,acc\nt ,,or ,,loss ,,& ,,damage ,,& ,,injuries ,,to ,,p]sons ,,dur+ ,,! ,,decade #ahii ,,to #aiji ,,& ,,proportion ,,to ,,gross ,,e>n+s4 ,loss & ,damage ,injuries to ,p]sons ---------------------------------------- --- ,ye> ,p] ,c5t ,p] ,c5t ,am\nt ( ,am\nt ( ,e>n+s ,e>n+s ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ahii #e1igf1jhb 4#dee #g1aaf1bab 4#eda #aijj #g1jee1fbb 4#dgd #h1dje1ihj 4#efe #aija #h1aji1fcg 4#eaj #i1jad1add 4#efg #aijb #aa1jcd1fhf 4#fci #aa1fhb1gef 4#fgf #aijc #ac1gbf1ejh 4#gbb #ad1jeb1abc 4#gci #aijd #ag1jjb1fjb 4#hfa #ae1hch1agi 4#hjb #aije #ai1ghb1fib 4#idf #af1jcd1gbg 4#ggj #aijf #ba1jhf1bai 4#ijg #ag1dff1hfd 4#gea #aijg #be1gif1jhc 4#iif #ba1dfb1ejd 4#hbi #aijh -- -- -- -- #aiji #cb1ibb1ihf #a4chf #bc1def1jch 4#ihh ,increase 9 #aj ye>s1 p] c5t #dej4e #bjd4f #bbi4f #hb4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,/>tl+ z are ^! increases absolutely1 ^? relatively to e>n+s pres5t a condition truly al>m+1 = :i* !re is no app>5t relief except ?r\gh a revulsion 9 ! popul> tol]ance ( blackmail at ! exp5se ( ! railways4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w are ! railways held up on bogus claims = damages to ! ext5t !y are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"u ! /rict laws ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z to comp5sation = damages & injuries1 ! ,briti% railways paid less ?an #g_/aj?s ( #a p] c5t ( _! e>n+s = all damages1 losses & injuries1 or less ?an "o-?ird ! proportion paid by ,am]ican railways on ! same acc\nt4 ,,xi ,,locomotive ,,fuel ,despite ! cont9u\s improvem5ts 9 ! /eam-produc+ capacity ( railway locomotives p] ton ( coal1 ! /eady advance 9 ! co/ ( coal dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s has m ?an (fset ! economies ( locomotive con/ruction4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! next /atem5t1 :i* gives ! co/ ( locomotive fuel & its relative proportion to gross e>n+s & op]at+ exp5ses1 & also ! av]age price p] %ort ton ( coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce #ahii3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,co/ ,,( ,,locomotive ,,fuel ,,& ,,proportion ,,to ,,e>n+s ,,& ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,am]ican ,,railways1 #aiji ,,to #ahii1 ,,) ,,price ,,( ,,bitum9\s ,,coal ,,p] ,,ton ,,dur+ ,,! ,,same ,,p]iod4 ,proportion,proportion,price ( ,miles ( ,co/ ( to to ,coal at ,ye> ,l9e ,locomotive ,op]at+ ,gross ,m9es ,fuel ,exp5ses ,e>n+s p] ,ton7a7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aiji #bba1acb #ahd1cei1aab #aa4geg #g4gg -- #aijh #bcj1did #aig1che1eac #ab4jih #h4be #a4ab #aijg #bbg1ded #bjj1bfa1ige #aa4dga #g4gd #a4ad #aijf #bbb1cdj #agj1dii1acc #aa4aai #g4cd #a4aa #aije #baf1igc #aef1dbi1bde #aa4bgh #g4ea #a4jf #aijd #bab1bdc #aeh1idh1hhf #aa4hic #h4je #a4aj #aijc #bje1cac #aaf1eji1jca #aa4fge #g4gj #a4bd #aijb #bjj1aed #abj1jgd1aib #aj4ggf #f4if #a4ab #aija #aie1efa #ajd1ibf1efh #aj4fjb #f4fa #a4je #aijj #aib1eef #ij1eic1ife #i4hji #f4ji #a4jd #ahii #ahg1ecd #gg1ahg1cdd #i4dgh #e4hh 4#hg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 7a7 ,^! figures are f ! late/ report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,! significance ( ?is table is t x co/ ! railways almo/ "o-?ird m = fuel p] doll> e>n$ 9 #aiji ?an x did 9 #ahii1 ! increase 9 ! proportion ( fuel co/ to gross e>n+s hav+ be5 #cb1 due to ! advance ( #ca 9 ! price ( coal at ! m9es dur+ t p]iod4 ,! effect ( ! an?racite coal /rike & ! ,commission's aw>d ( date ,m>* #ah1 #aijc1 ^u ! co/ ( bitum9\s coal is se5 9 ! %>p advances 9 #aijb & #aijc4 ,! railways h n escap$ ! advance 9 _! co/ ( liv+ due to ! increas$ price ( fuel any m ?an ! public at l>ge1 & s f> !y h n be5 able to %ift any portion ( t co/1 z manufactur]s & %ipp]s h done4 ,,xii ,,! ,,safety ,,( ,,am]ican ,,railways ,nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( railways has su* a record = comp>ative safety be5 made z t record$ ( ,am]ican railways dur+ ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji4 ,foll[+ its cu/om ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission has publi%$ ! report ( accid5ts4 ,x rema9s to set =? "h ! m rem>kable record ( safety4 ,,( ,,! #cfh ,,companies ,,report+ ,,to ,,?is ,,bureau1 ,,no ,,less ,,?an #cdg1 ,,op]at+ #aei1feg ,,miles ,,( ,,l9e ,,& ,,c>ry+ #egj1fag1efc ,,pass5g]s1 ,,w5t ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,ye> ,,)\t ,a ,,s+le ,,fatality ,,to ,a ,,pass5g] ,,9 ,a ,,tra9 ,,accid5t4 ,( ! rema9+ #ba companies1 no less ?an #aj1 op]at+ #bg1fha miles & c>ry+ #ahe1ddg1ejg pass5g]s1 only miss$ su* p]fect immunity by a s+le fatality ea* 9 accid5ts to tra9s4 ,?is leaves #aa roads ^: mis=tune x 0 to be> ! burd5 ( tra9 accid5t fatalities to pass5g]s dur+ ! ye>4 ,! inv>iable rule ( ! ,bureau precludes ! publication ( ! honor roll ( safety4 ,& x is well s1 = x w\ld lead to invidi\s comp>isons1 :]e1 9 su* matt]s z accid5ts1 all comp>isons are z irrelevant z !y are invidi\s4 ,b x may be /at$ t ! roll ( immunity includes roads 9 e section ( ! union1 f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia1 sev]al great sy/ems op]at+ ov] #g1jjj miles ( l9e ea*1 z well z little bran* l9es ( bel[ t5 miles ( s+le track2 l9es op]at$ ) all ! safety appliances kn[n to tw5tie? c5tury progress & l9es op]at$ "u z primitive conditions z prevail$ on ?is cont95t m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,,?is ,,record ,,( ,,complete ,,immunity1 ,,/ret*+ ,,ov] #aei1feg ,,miles ,,( ,,op]at$ ,,l9e1 ,,repres5ts ,a ,,mileage ,,ne>ly ,,sev5 ,,times ,,t ,,( ,,all ,,briti% ,,roads1 ,,& ,,equals ,,! ,,aggregate ,,( ,,all ,,europe1 ,,exclud+ ,,russia ,,b ,,includ+ ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles4 ,:at immunity to fatalities to pass5g]s ov] su* a va/ mileage means may be p>tly realiz$ f ! fact t only twice 9 half a c5tury has x occurr$ on ! #bc1jjj miles ( ,briti% railways1 & nev]1 to ! writ]'s k1 s f> z /ati/ics reveal1 on ! railways ( any ( ! great divisions ( ,europe4 ,c]ta9ly x has nev] occurr$ on ! aggregate railways ( ,europe4 ,x w\ld take sev5 consecutive ye>s ( immunity f fatalities to pass5g]s 9 tra9 accid5ts on ,briti% railways to equal ?is ph5om5al record ( ,am]ican roads4 ,9 pres5t+ simil> returns = #aijh1 x 0 said t consid]+ ! myriad units ( risk involv$1 ! record = immunity f fatal accid5ts to pass5g]s is )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( railway op]ation4 ,h[ t record has be5 n only equall$ b surpass$ is %[n 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t = ! la/ two ye>s3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,mileage ,,& ,,traffic ,,( ,,roads ,,on ,,:i* ,,no ,,pass5g] ,,0 ,,kill$ ,,9 ,a ,,tra9 ,,accid5t ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye>s #aijh ,,& #aiji4 #aiji #aijh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,numb] ( op]at+ companies #cdg #caf ,mileage ( ^! companies #aei1feg #abd1jej ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #egj1fag1efc #dee1cfe1ddg ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #a mile #ah1iec1jbe1jjj #ad1ggf1cfh1jjj ,tons ( freight c>ri$ #a1aaf1hgg1jeb #iaf1abc1daj ,tons ( freight c>ri$ #a mile #aea1igd1die1jjj #aba1ehi1cii1jjj ,pass5g]s kill$ 9 tra9 accid5ts ,none ,none ,pass5g]s injur$ 9 tra9 accid5ts #b1ehe #b1fie ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,?is table proves t ! area ( p]fect safety1 s to speak1 0 ext5d$ ov] f #bb to #bf m units ( risk 9 #aiji ?an 9 #aijh1 :i* already held ! palm = immunity 9 tra9 accid5t fatalities to pass5g]s4 ,! figures giv5 above z to pass5g]s injur$ 9 tra9 accid5ts are equally illum9at+ z to ! safety ( ,am]ican railways1 = !y demon/rate t ) ! multiplication ( risks 9 #aiji ! numb] ( injur$ 0 less by #d4 ,! fact t no pass5g] is kill$ 9 tra9 accid5ts is m or less adv5titi\s1 b a r$uction 9 ! numb] injur$ te/ifies to a r$uction 9 ! opportunities = fatalities4 ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ! av]age ( pass5g]s injur$ 9 tra9 accid5ts on ,briti% railroads has be5 #ehj1 :i*1 consid]+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! units ( risk1 is #ajj high] ?an ! above record = #aei1feg miles ( ,am]ican railway 9 #aiji4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* includes no less ?an six great sy/ems ( ov] #b1jjj miles ea*1 pres5ts simil> data 9 respect to ! t5 roads ^: record = safety to pass5g]s 9 tra9 accid5ts is m>r$ by a s+le fatality3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,mileage ,,& ,,traffic ,,( ,,roads ,,on ,,:i* ,,only ,,"o ,,pass5g] ,,0 ,,kill$ ,,9 ,a ,,tra9 ,,accid5t ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye> #aiji4 #aiji ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,numb] ( op]at+ companies #aj ,mileage ( ^! companies #bg1fha ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #ahe1ddg1ejg ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #a mile #e1ggh1fba1jjj ,tons ( freight c>ri$ #bac1jhf1fab ,tons ( freight c>ri$ #a mile #dj1agg1hha1jjj ,pass5g]s kill$ 9 tra9 accid5ts #aj ,pass5g]s injur$ 9 tra9 accid5ts #ggh ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,^! figures %[ a mileage ( #d1dha miles great] ?an all ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 approximately "o-half ! pass5g] mileage1 & ov] ?ree times ! ton mileage1 ) only #aj pass5g]s kill$ 9 tra9 accid5ts1 to an av]age ( #bj on ,briti% railways dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,fur!r analysis ( ! returns to ! ,bureau1 s9ce data along ?is l9e has be5 compil$1 af=ds ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! numb] ( roads & _! mileage t h records ( entire immunity f fatalities to pass5g]s 9 tra9 accid5ts ( f "o up to six ye>s3 ,,/atem5t ,,%[+ ,,numb] ,,( ,,railways ,,& ,,mileage ,,on ,,:i* ,,no ,,pass5g] ,,has ,,be5 ,,kill$ ,,9 ,a ,,tra9 ,,accid5t1 #aijd ,,to #aiji4 ,numb] ( ,miles ( ,companies ,l9e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,six consecutive ye>s1 #aijd-aiji #ag #i1fda ,five #aije-aiji #ie #dd1hid ,f\r #aijf-aiji #agg #eg1cca ,?ree #aijg-aiji #bbh #fi1gac ,two #aijh-aiji #bhg #ajh1gaj ,"o ye>1 #aiji #cdg #aei1feg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,gratify+ & rem>kable z 0 ! immunity f fatalities ( ! class "u consid]ation 9 #aiji1 ! fact t = a p]iod ( five ye>s #ie ,am]ican roads ) a mileage practically d\ble t ( all ,briti% railways h c>ri$ hundr$s ( millions ( pass5g]s )\t a fatality to "o ( !m is s at v>iance ) ! popul> impression reg>d+ ! dang]s ( ,am]ican railway travel z to seem little %ort ( m>vel\s4 ,! impressive "* ( ?is %[+ w be bett] appreciat$ :5 x is und]/ood t ! immunity f fatalities 9 tra9 accid5ts repres5ts consecutive ye>s c\nt+ back f #aiji4 ,no road has be5 admitt$ to ! li/ :]e ! immunity has be5 int]rupt$ by a s+le accid5t4 ,) ?is fact 9 m9d1 ! clean slate ( ! #ag roads = six ye>s *all5ges admiration1 especially z ! ,bureau's reports 9 #aijd cov]$ less ?an two-fif?s ( ! op]at$ mileage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,railway ,,accid5ts ,,9 #aiji4 ,hav+ ?us %[n ! gratify+ immunity f fatalities to pass5g]s 9 tra9 accid5ts dur+ ! ye> #aiji1 & on #i1fda miles ( l9e s9ce #aijd1 x rema9s to pres5t ! rev]se side ( ! picture1 :i* is s inv>iably ?ru/ =w>d 9 (ficial docum5ts4 ,accid5t ,bullet9 ,no4 #cb ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission furni%es ! foll[+ data z to ! numb] kill$ & injur$ on ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! la/ two fiscal ye>s3 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,casualties ,,to ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,railway ,,accid5ts ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s ,,end+ ,,june #cj1 #aiji ,,& #aijh4 #aiji ------------------------------- ,class ( ,accid5t ,pass5g]s ,employes ----------------------------- ,kill$ ,injur$ ,kill$ ,injur$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,collisions #id #c1jcc #bdh #b1cfb ,d]ailm5ts #cg #b1gag #bbg #a1ddh ,miscellane\s tra9 accid5ts1 includ+ locomotive boil] explosions -- #aae #de #a1jfg ----------------------------- ,total tra9 accid5ts #aca #e1hfe #ebj #d1hgg ----------------------------- ,c\pl+ or unc\pl+ -- -- #afa #b1cec ,:ile do+ o!r "w ab\t tra9s or :ile att5d+ swit*es -- -- #ic #ad1cae ,com+ 9 contact ) ov]head bridges1 /ructures at side ( track1 etc #b #cf #gf #a1bbi ,fall+ f c>s or eng9es or :ile gett+ on or (f #acg #c1jgf #dha #aj1bei ,o!r causes #fe #c1aci #a1abe #ah1gga ----------------------------- ,total 7o!r ?an tra9 accid5ts7 #bjd #f1bea #a1icf #df1ibg ----------------------------- ,total 7all classes7 #cce #ab1aaf #b1def #ea1hjd ,totals 9 #aijg3 ,9 tra9 accid5ts #daj #i1jgj #a1jaa #h1ibd ,9 o!r ?an tra9 accid5ts #bcg #d1ebg #c1cdb #ec1gfe ----------------------------- ,all classes ( accid5ts #fdg #ac1eig #d1cec #fb1fhi ---------------------------------------- --------------------- table cont9u$ #aijh ------------------------------- ,class ( ,accid5t ,pass5g]s ,employes ----------------------------- ,kill$ ,injur$ ,kill$ ,injur$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,collisions #aaa #d1bhd #cjc #c1dbh ,d]ailm5ts #ed #c1jeg #bfj #b1jfe ,miscellane\s tra9 accid5ts1 includ+ locomotive boil] explosions -- #hi #gi #a1cbe ----------------------------- ,total tra9 accid5ts #afe #g1dcj #fdb #f1hah ----------------------------- ,c\pl+ or unc\pl+ -- -- #bci #c1aba ,:ile do+ o!r "w ab\t tra9s or :ile att5d+ swit*es -- -- #bjf #ae1iia ,com+ 9 contact ) ov]head bridges1 /ructures at side ( track1 etc #d #cg #aaj #a1cec ,fall+ f c>s or eng9es or :ile gett+ on or (f #aei #b1eja #ffh #aa1gce ,o!r causes #gh #b1fgg #a1dic #ag1cbf ----------------------------- ,total 7o!r ?an tra9 accid5ts7 #bda #e1bae #b1gaf #di1ebf ----------------------------- ,total 7all classes7 #djf #ab1fde #c1ceh #ef1cdd ,totals 9 #aijg3 ,9 tra9 accid5ts #daj #i1jgj #a1jaa #h1ibd ,9 o!r ?an tra9 accid5ts #bcg #d1ebg #c1cdb #ec1gfe ----------------------------- ,all classes ( accid5ts #fdg #ac1eig #d1cec #fb1fhi ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! same cause :i* acc\nt$ = ! rem>kable recession ( railway casualties 9 #aijh 0 /ill op]ative 9 a m m>k$ degree ?r\gh\t #aiji1 z evid5c$ 9 ! above table4 ,"h is %[n a r$uction f #aijg ( #fh 9 fatalities to pass5g]s 9 tra9 accid5ts & ( ne>ly #ej 9 ^? to employes4 ,ev5 9 all classes ( accid5ts ! decrease is almo/ z /rik+4 ,a drop f #fdg to #cce 9 fatalities to pass5g]s & f #d1cec to #b1def 9 fatalities to employes1 result+ f :atev] cause1 %\ld be a matt] = national congratulation & ?anksgiv+4 ,t ! facts h]e9 set =? %\ld h no lesson = national au?orities beyond mov+ !m to appeal = additional control ( safety appliances is no?+ %ort ( a national sc&al4 ,z = safety devices1 ! railways 9 #aijg 7 practically z well equipp$ z 9 #aiji4 ,! p]c5tage op]at$ "u ! protection ( block signals 0 #bg4a 9 #aiji aga9/ #bf4b 9 #aijg1 a diff]5ce inappreciable z comp>$ ) ! record$ diff]5ce 9 fatalities4 ,! gov]nm5t inspectors report$ ! equipm5t 9 bett] condition 9 #aijg ?an = any previ\s ye> by fully #cj1 & yet t 0 ! wor/ ye> 9 ! annals ( railway accid5ts4 ,an ,engli% writ] 7,h4 ,raynor ,wilson71 8 vision unobscur$ by ! prop9quity ( pat5t devices1 has plac$ 8 f+] on ! true cause ( ! r$uction 9 railway accid5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aijh & #aiji :5 writ+ 9 ,! ,safety ( ,briti% ,railways he says3 ,exp]i5ce 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! p]iod ( depression t has prevail$ s9ce ! summ] ( #aijg %[s t few] accid5ts occur dur+ su* times4 ,!re are n s _m goods tra9s1 ! m5 are less 'pu%$1' !y "w few] h\rs1 & ! c>eless & indiff]5t are we$$ out4 ,b we d n h to g to ,engl& = a conv9c+ analysis ( ! causes ( ! rem>kable decrease 9 accid5ts on ,am]ican railways 9 #aijh & #aiji4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( simil> conditions ,/ati/ician ,adams 9 8 (ficial report = #ahid p5n$ ! foll[+3 ,ano!r explanation may be sugge/$ = ?is decrease 9 casualties to railway employes4 ,! "* ( equipm5t us$ dur+ ! ye> cov]$ by ?is report 0 und\bt$ly ( a high] grade ?an 9 previ\s ye>s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( old c>s ( ab&on$ type 7 de/roy$ dur+ ! ye>1 :ile !re 0 an increase 9 ! bett] grades ( c>s equipp$ ) tra9 brakes & automatic c\pl]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a sugge/ion m]ely1 !re be+ no /ati/ical pro( ( any relation betwe5 a high] grade equipm5t & ! decrease ( accid5ts to employes4 ,x is also probable1 9 view ( ! fact t liability to accid5t is increas$ by ! employm5t ( ! %iftless & unskill$1 t ! grade ( labor 0 rais$ ?r\gh ! dis*>ge ( s l>ge a numb] ( employes4 ,?is latt] sugge/ion f9ds support 9 ! fact t ! ratio ( casualties 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :]e ! grade ( labor is some:at inf]ior1 has = a s]ies ( ye>s be5 high] ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,) a cont9uation ( simil> conditions z to traffic & labor ?r\gh\t #ahie1 ! ,(ficial ,/ati/ician1 hav+ n yet accept$ ! !ory t violation ( rules1 c>elessness & neglig5ce are am5able to pat5t appliances1 emphasiz$ ! conclud+ sugge/ion ( 8 #ahid report 9 ^! t]ms3 ,f ! above comp>ative /atem5t x is cle> t ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahie1 is m satisfactory1 s f> z accid5ts are conc]n$1 ?an any previ\s ye>4 ,ref]5ce 0 made 9 la/ ye>'s report to ! fact t ! m>k$ r$uction 9 ! pay roll ( ! railways1 by :i* ! incompet5t & ineffici5t 7 dropp$ f ! railway s]vice1 & ! consignm5t to ! scrap heap ( equipm5t worn out or out ( date1 7 l>gely responsible = ! great] safety 9 railway travel & railway employm5t %[n by ! /ati/ics ( ! ye>4 ,! result ( rais+ ! "* ( ! railway s]vice & grade ( railway equipm5t is yet m m>k$ dur+ ! pres5t ye>1 & to ?is mu/ be add$ ! fact t ! dem&s ^u ! pass5g] s]vice dur+ ! pres5t ye> h be5 some:at decreas$4 ,x is also wor?y ( sugge/ion1 al?\gh ! facts yet at comm& are n adequate = confid5t ass]tion1 t ! fitt+ ( equipm5t ) automatic devices is beg9n+ to %[ b5eficial results4 ,f t ye> to ?is ! fitt+ ( equipm5t ) automatic devices has proce$$ ) un9t]rupt$ despat*4 ,:]e 9 #ahie only #bg4g ( x 0 equipp$ ) tra9 brakes & #ca4c ) automatic c\pl]s1 9 #aijg ! ,commission report$ #id4d equipp$ ) tra9 brakes & #ii ) automatic c\pl]s4 ,9 e =m ( me*anical safety device ! railway equipm5t ( #aijg 0 incomp>ably bett] ?an 9 #ahie1 & yet ! numb] ( fatal accid5ts to employes 9 #aijg exce$$ ^? 9 #ahie sev5 to ?ree & to pass5g]s ?ree & f\r-fif?s to "o4 ,9 ! matt] ( dea?s 9 c\pl+ accid5ts alone are b5eficial results traceable to automatic safety devices4 ,! "* ( ! m5 9 ! s]vice1 _! automatic obs]vance ( regulations1 intellig5ce & al]t devotion to duty are ! be/ prev5tives ( railway accid5ts1 & ! conditions preval5t aft] ! panics ( #ahic & #aijg are conducive to ^! conditions4 ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ! ,am]ican p w welcome exp]i5ces1 ev5 9 homeopa?ic doses1 su* z we knew 9 #aijd1 z ! cure = railway accid5ts4 ,b f ! lessons ( e depression1 z read 9 ! /ati/ics ( railway fatalities1 ! ,am]ican p h a "r to expect _! repres5tatives 9 f$]al & /ate legislatures to le>n t ! prev5tion ( railway accid5ts re/s on ! intellig5ce1 vigilance & exp]i5ce ( ! man & n ) ! multiplication ( devices4 ,automatic ob$i5ce to rules w prev5t m accid5ts ?an all ! safety devices t cumb] ! %elves ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice at ,wa%+ton4 ,inv5tion1 h[ev]1 is easi] to ! av]age ,am]ican ?an pla9 ev]yday obs]vance ( rules4 ,besides ! sell+ ( devices to railways is a pr(itable bus9ess4 ,,accid5ts ,,increase ,,9 #aiji-aj4 ,accid5t ,bullet9 ,no4 #cc = ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! curr5t fiscal ye> %[s ! unfavorable turn 9 casualties always att5dant on reviv+ bus9ess4 ,giv5 9 brief ! figures are z foll[s3 ,,casualties ,,to ,,p]sons1 ,,july1 ,,augu/ ,,& ,,septemb]1 #aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,kill$ ,injur$ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,to pass5g]s3 ,f accid5ts to tra9s #ef #b1cbe ,by accid5ts f o!r causes #dh #b1jhh ,to employes3 ,f accid5ts to tra9s #acg #a1dbg ,by accid5ts f o!r causes #faa #ac1dja ---------------- ,total classes #ai1bda ,correspond+ qu>t] #aijh #af1ede ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,z ?is report goes to press1 ! ,commission1 ?r\gh ! ,associat$ ,press1 has issu$ a summ>y ( ,accid5t ,bullet9 ,no4 #cd :i* /ates t !re 7 #a1jgc p]sons 7#aje pass5g]s & #ifi employes7 kill$ & #ba1hdi injur$ on ! /eam railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ?ree mon?s end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji4 ,?is %[s an increase ov] ! correspond+ qu>t] la/ ye> ( #bge kill$ & #e1jjc injur$4 ,= ! same qu>t] 9 #aijg ! kill$ 7 #a1jib2 9 #aijf1 #a1dcj2 & 9 #aije1 #a1aji4 ,z ! qu>t] end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aiji1 saw railway traffic at its highe/ pressure1 x %[s an improvem5t ov] ! records ( #aijg1 '#jf & '#je4 ,! numb] injur$ is ! highe/ ev] record$ = ?ree mon?s1 surpass+ ! qu>t] end+ ,septemb] #cj1 #aijg1 h[ev]1 by only #abf4 ,b z expla9$ else:]e1 injuries is too ela/ic a t]m = comp>ative /ati/ics4 ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,o!r ,,p]sons4 ,:]e ! qu>t]ly ,bullet9s ( ! ,commission make no m5tion ( ! accid5ts to p]sons o!r ?an pass5g]s & employes1 ! annual reports ( ! c>ri]s supply ! miss+ data z to ,o!r ,p]sons4 ,^! include casualties at highway cross+s1 to trespass]s1 p]sons walk+1 /&+ or sleep+ on ! track1 workm5 9 railway %ops & all o!r accid5ts directly or indirectly connect$ ) ! transportation indu/ry4 ,accid5ts to ,o!r ,p]sons cov] ov] #fj ( all fatalities *>g$ to ! railways & ( ^! ov] #hj are to trespass]s4 ,! returns to ?is ,bureau %[ ! foll[+ casualties to p]sons o!r ?an pass5g]s & employes dur+ ! ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #aiji3 ,class ,kill$ ,injur$ ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,trespass]s 7includ+ suicides7 #d1iai #e1fig ,n trespass+ #hbj #c1jfi ---------------- ,total o!r p]sons #e1gci #h1gff ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,^! figures w>rant ! e/imate t ! total numb] ( trespass]s & o!r p]sons kill$ & injur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiji ?r\gh ! op]ation ( railways 0 approximately #e1igh & #i1acb respectively4 ,?is m>ks a decrease f #aijh1 b n ne>ly s great z 9 ! case ( pass5g]s & employes4 ,,fatalities ,,9 ,,railway ,,accid5ts ,,s9ce #ahhh4 ,we are n[ enabl$ to pres5t a complete /atem5t ( ! fatalities connect$ ) ! transportation indu/ry s9ce ! ,commission began compil+ casualty /ati/ics 9 #ahhh4 ,! figures 9 ?is summ>y are conf9$ to fatalities1 = ! reason giv5 by ! ,commission t x is well kn[n ! t]m 'injury1' z us$ 9 /ati/ics ( ?is "*1 is ela/ic4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! t]ms injury & casualty are s individually or locally indef9ite & v>iable z to h little or no /ati/ical value4 ,,pass5g]s1 ,,employes ,,& ,,o!r ,,p]sons ,,kill$ ,,9 ,,railway ,,accid5ts ,,f #ahhh ,,to #aijh4 ,o!r ,p]sons ,ye> ,pass5g]s,employes -------------------------- ,total ,trespass]s,n ,trespass+ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aiji #cce #b1def #e1abd #hed #h1gfi #aijh #djf #c1ceh #e1efj #idj #aj1bfd #aijg #fdg #d1cec #e1fab #a1jdd #aa1fef #aijf #cei #c1ibi #e1cha #idi #aj1fah #aije #ecg #c1cfa #d1hfe #idj #i1gjc #aijd #dda #c1fcb #e1aje #hfh #aj1jdf #aijc #cee #c1fjf #e1jjj #hgi #i1hdj #aijb #cde #b1ifi #d1djc #hga #h1ehh #aija #bhb #b1fge #d1fja #hig #h1dee #aijj #bdi #b1eej #d1cdf #ffj #g1hfe #ahii #bci #b1baj #d1jdj #fcd #g1abc #ahih #bba #a1ieh #d1jfc #fag #f1hei #ahig #bbb #a1fic #c1iai #fjc #f1dcg #ahif #aha #a1hfa #c1haa #eie #f1ddh #ahie #agj #a1haa #c1fca #ebd #f1acf #ahid #cbd #a1hbc #c1gbj #ehj #f1ddg #ahic #bii #b1fbg #c1fgc #fdg #g1cdf #ahib #cgf #b1eed #c1fjc #fad #g1adg #ahia #bic #b1ffj #c1dfe #faa #g1jbi #ahij #bhf #b1dea #c1jfb #ecf #f1cce #ahhi #caj #a1igb ,n 7a7#c1eda #e1hbc #ahhh #cae #b1jgj giv5 7a7#b1hig #e1bhb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- 7a7 ,includes trespass]s4 ,to ! mo/ casual /ud5t ?is table illu/rates h[ railway accid5ts increase & decl9e ) p]iods ( bus9ess activity & recession4 ,! effect ( ! panic ( #ahic-id is se5 9 ! decrease 9 accid5ts 9 #ahie & #ahif4 ,! tempor>y sl[+ up 9 #aijd is reflect$ 9 few] fatalities 9 #aije1 & a drop ( #aa 9 ! bus9ess ( #aijh 0 foll[$ by a decreas$ dea? roll ( #ab = t ye> & #be 9 #aiji4 ,,relation ,,( ,,accid5ts ,,to ,,pass5g] ,,traffic4 ,! relation ( railway accid5ts to pass5g] travel is mo/ accurately measur$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ "o mile to "o kill$ 9 tra9 accid5ts dur+ ! ye>s = :i* ^! /ati/ics h be5 compil$3 ,,pass5g]s ,,c>ri$ ,,"o ,,mile ,,to ,,"o ,,kill$4 ,pass5g]s ,kill$ ,pass5g]s ,c>ri$ ,pass5g]s ,c>ri$ ,ye> 9 ,"o ,mile ,"o ,mile ,tra9 ,accid5ts to ,"o ,kill$ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #aiji #aca7;a7 #bi1deb1jjj1jjj #bhh1gde1ajj #aijh #afe7;b7 #bi1jhb1hcf1idd #aif1eje1fdh #aijg #daj #bg1gah1eed1jcj #gb1hjb1fjj #aijf #ahb #be1afg1bdj1hca #ahc1gjb1dhh #aije #cej #bc1hjj1adi1dcf #fh1jjj1dbg #aijd #bgj #ba1ibc1bac1ecf #ha1aig1jhg #aijc #afd #bj1iae1gfc1hha #abg1ece1gde #aijb #agj #ai1fhi1icg1fbj #aae1hbc1afb #aija #aaj #ag1cec1ehh1ddd #aeg1gei1hid #aijj #ic #af1jch1jgf1bjj #agb1dfc1ahc #ahii #hc #ad1eia1cbg1fac #age1gii1abg #ahih #gd #ac1cgi1icj1jjd #ahj1hji1hfd #ahig #if #ab1bef1ici1fdg #abg1fgf1ded #ahif #da #ac1jdi1jjg1bcc #cah1bfh1dfi #ahie #cj #ab1ahh1ddf1bga #djf1bha1edb #ahid #afb #ad1bhi1dde1hic #hh1bjf1def #ahic #ajj #ad1bbi1aja1jhd #adb1bia1jaj #ahib #aie #ac1cfb1hih1bii #fh1ebb1eee #ahia #aaj #ab1hdd1bdc1hha #aaf1gfe1hec #ahij #aac #aa1hdg1ghe1fag #ajd1hdg1ffj #ahhi #afa #aa1eec1hbj1dde #ga1gfb1hei ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 7a7 ,( ^! only #ajb 7 pass5g]s 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 7b7 ,( ^! only #adh 7 pass5g]s 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! /ud5t has to g back to ! ye>s ( cont9u$ bus9ess p>alysis1 #ahie & #ahif1 to f9d any record ( immunity to pass5g]s f fatalities 9 tra9 accid5ts at all comp>able ) ! conditions t prevail$ 9 #aiji4 ,,decreas$ ,,haz>d ,,to ,,tra9 ,,crews4 ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican railways has ! occupation ( ! m5 directly engag$ 9 ! op]ation ( tra9s be5 z free f fatalities z dur+ ! ye> #aiji4 ,?is is prov$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t %[+ ! numb] ( tra9m5 kill$ 9 all descriptions ( accid5ts s9ce ! figures h be5 compil$1 ) ! ratio to ! numb] employ$3 ,,summ>y ,,%[+ ,,numb] ,,( ,,tra9m5 ,,kill$ ,,9 ,,railway ,,accid5ts #ahhi ,,to #aiji1 ,,) ,,ratio ,,to ,,numb] ,,employ$4 ,y>d ,numb] ( ,tra9m5 ,tra9m5 ,tra9m5 ,all ,tra9m5 9 ,y>ds ,swit*+ ,tra9m5 = ,"o ,crews ,kill$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ahhi #a1agi #a1agi #aag #ahij #a1dei #a1dei #aje #ahia #a1ecc #a1ecc #ajd #ahib #a1ejc #a1ejc #aac #ahic #a1efg #a1efg #aae #ahid #a1jbi #a1jbi #aef #ahie #a1jag #a1jag #aee #ahif #a1jgc #a1jgc #aeb #ahig #igf #igf #afe #ahih #a1ada #a1ada #aej #ahii #a1aee #a1aee #aee #aijj #a1cif #a1cif #acg #aija #a1ecg #a1ecg #acf #aijb #a1ejg #a1ejg #ace #aijc #b1jba #b1jba #abc #aijd #a1aha #dhg #dhh #b1aef #abj #aije #a1aee #chf #dic #b1jcd #acc #aijf #a1cfj #djj #ege #b1cce #abd #aijg #a1ejg #dei #fcj #b1eif #abe #aijh #a1jig #cfb #dif #a1iee #aej #aiji #ghi #bgj #cac #a1cgb #bjb ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! figures ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission h only made ! division ( tra9m5 %[n above s9ce #aijd4 ,"h aga9 ! la/ column proves ! relation ( accid5ts to ! ebb & fl[ ( traffic4 ,,freight ,,traffic ,,& ,,accid5ts4 ,! prepond]at+ "p play$ by ! imm5se freight traffic ( ,am]ican railways z a cause ( accid5ts is %[n 9 ! foll[+ analysis ( ! sixty prom95t collisions describ$ 9 ! ,commission's qu>t]ly ,accid5t ,bullet9s = ! ye> #aiji3 ,k9d ( ,tra9 9 ,accid5t ,numb] ( ,kill$ ,injur$ ,collisions ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pass5g] & pass5g] #h #cj #bbe ,freight & pass5g] #ah #fh #cgd ,freight & freight #cd #dg #ia ---------------------------- ,total #fj #ade #fij ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,"h x w be obs]v$ freight tra9s 7 involv$ 9 #hf4f ( ! prom95t collisions ( ! ye> & %>$ 9 responsibility = #gi4c ( ! fatalities4 ,! proportion ( injur$ 9 accid5ts to freight tra9s is n s great = ! obvi\s reason t ! numb] ( p]sons expos$ 9 collisions involv+ only freight tra9s is g5]ally limit$ to tra9 crews4 ,,causes ,,( ,,tra9 ,,accid5ts4 ,an exam9ation ( ! causes giv5 = ! prom95t collisions & d]ailm5ts 9 ! ,accid5t ,bullet9s ( ! ,commission s9ce ! passage ( ! ,act ( ,m>* #c1 #aija1 requir+ ! railway companies to make full mon?ly reports ( all accid5ts af=ds ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5t3 ,cause ,numb] ( ,accid5ts ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,neglig5ce1 error or =getfulness ( "s memb] ( #bda tra9 crew ,recklessness1 c>elessness1 ov]look+ or disreg>d+ #bcc ord]s or tak+ *ances ,disob$i5ce #ec ,incompet5ce or inexp]i5ce #bj ,defect ( equipm5t1 tires1 :eels1 etc4 #fd ,defect ( roadway #bd ,malici\s acts #bg ,misadv5ture1 wa%\ts1 l&slides1 cyclones1 etc4 #ia ,undiscov]$ #da ---------- ,total #gid ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,among ! prom95t d]ailm5ts *>g$ aga9/ ! railways 9 ! ,bullet9 = ,april1 ,may & ,june1 #aiji1 is ! foll[+1 result+ 9 "o kill$ & ?ree injur$4 ,automobile runn+ on track1 d]ail$ by runn+ ov] a dog1 "o gue/ kill$4 ,?r\gh ! inclusion 9 ^! ,bullet9s ( accid5ts on trolley l9es1 _! value z records ( railway accid5ts is be+ greatly impair$4 ,)\t any in=mation z to ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ by ! electric c>s x is impossible to arrive at an accurate idea ( ! relation ( accid5ts to traffic1 & )\t ?is ! m]e record ( accid5ts has little in=mation value4 ,,accid5ts ,,on ,,briti% ,,railways4 ,= a second "t 9 _! hi/ory1 9 ! ye> end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh1 ,briti% railways w5t ?r\gh a twelvemon? )\t kill+ a s+le pass5g] 9 a tra9 accid5t1 ?us p>allel+ _! record ( #aija 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ! matt] ( pass5g]s injur$1 ! ye> #aijh %[$ a rem>kable improvem5t1 n only ov] #aija b ov] any o!r ye> 9 ! hi/ory ( ,briti% railways4 ,:5 x comes to ! totals ( casualties1 h[ev]1 #aijh %[s little v>iation f ! av]age record4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! total numb] ( p]sons kill$ & injur$ 9 ! work+ ( ,briti% railways1 z report$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade = ! cal5d> ye> #aijh z comp>$ ) #aija3 #aijh #aija ,class ----------------------------- ,kill$ ,injur$ ,kill$ ,injur$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,pass5g]s3 ,9 accid5ts to tra9s -- #bhc -- #dgf ,by accid5ts f o!r causes #ajg #c1aje #ace #b1bfi ------------------------------ ,total pass5g]s #ajg #c1chh #ace #b1gde ,employes3 ,9 accid5ts to tra9s #f #afd #h #aef ,by accid5ts f o!r causes #dbf #bd1jag #efh #ad1ebb ------------------------------ ,total employes #dcb #bd1aha #egf #ad1fgh ,o!r p]sons3 ,accid5ts to tra9s -- #g #c #e ,:ile pass+ ov] railways at level cross+s #ea #dd #ee #bf ,:ile trespass+ on l9e 7includ+ suicides7 #dgi #aah #dbf #aga ,n com+ "u above classification #ei #gdg #hb #gej ------------------------------ ,total o!r p]sons #ehi #iaf #eff #ieb ,gr& total all classes1 #aijh #a1abh #bh1dhe #a1bgg #ah1cge #aijg #a1baa #be1ige #aijf #a1beb #bj1ddd #aije #a1ahj #ah1bcf #aijd #a1aeh #ah1hjb #aijc #a1bfb #ah1eeg #aijb #a1aga #ag1had #aija #a1bgg #ah1cge #aijj #a1cbe #ai1egb #ahii #a1cdj #ai1aee ------------------------------ ,total1 t5 ye>s #ab1bid #bje1dae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,z "o ye> ( traffic on ,am]ican railways approximates t5 ye>s on ,briti% railways1 ! above totals = t5 ye>s on ! latt] may be comp>$ ) #hgfi kill$ & #gc1jeb injur$ on ! =m] la/ ye>1 or ) #aa1hci kill$ & #aaa1jaf injur$ 9 #aijg1 ! d>ke/ ye> 9 ! annals ( ,am]ican railway accid5ts4 ,att5tion is ask$ to ! app>5tly />tl+ increase 9 injuries on ,briti% railways s9ce #aije4 ,! increase is absolutely fictiti\s1 hav+ result$ f a *ange 9 ! def9ition ( a reportable accid5t1 & n f any great] haz>d 9 ! work+ ( ,briti% roads4 ,?is confirms ! objection1 express$ 9 ! report ( ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 #aijc1 to any *anges 9 ! =m ( tables ext5d+ ov] a long s]ies ( ye>s t admit ( comp>isons1 :i* any *ange ( =m w\ld invalidate if n de/roy4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! m]e *ange 9 ! def9ition ( :at con/itutes a reportable accid5t increas$ ! numb] ( injuries report$ aga9/ ,briti% railways fully #ej4 ,?is ju/ifies ! writ]'s view t comp>isons ( injuries 9 railway accid5ts are ( little value4 ,ev5 ! same injury does n affect two p]sons 9 ! same degree4 ,"o holl]s & cries = a doctor :]e ! o!r :i/les & goes on ) 8 "w4 ,! inquiries ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade into ! causes ( ,briti% railway accid5ts 9 #aijh confirm =m] f9d+s t1 exclusive ( tra9 accid5ts1 9 ! case ( pass5g]s !y mo/ly arise f c>elessness ( ! pass5g]s !mselves1 & ! same is true ( ! va/ majority ( accid5ts to employes4 ,,ov]work ,,& ,,railway ,,accid5ts4 ,at la/ ! /ati/ics ( ! ,briti% ,bo>d ( ,trade furni% :at well nigh am\nts to demon/ration t long h\rs play v little "p z an actual cause ( railway accid5ts4 ,"u ! /atute ! ,bo>d requires reports ( all in/ances ( p]iods ( duty 9 excess ( twelve h\rs work$ on ,briti% railways4 ,= ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aijh1 ! returns %[ #ca1jeb excess h\rs work$ out ( #b1ggc1hia2 & = ,octob]1 #aiji1 #bd1dhf out ( #b1fie1jcf1 or an excess ( #a4ab 9 #aijh & 4#ib1 9 #aiji4 ,n[1 out ( #hfa accid5ts inve/igat$ 9 #aijh1 only #af1 or #a4he1 occurr$ to m5 work+ 9 excess ( #ab h\rs2 & out ( #hjd inve/igat$ 9 #aiji only #i1 or #a4ab4 ,?is be>s out ! op9ion ( a high ,engli% (ficial1 t exp]i5ce does n %[ any close connection betwe5 long h\rs & accid5ts4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t %[s ! relation ( accid5ts to ! h\rs ! p]sons involv$ h be5 on duty on ,briti% railways = a p]iod ( five ye>s3 ,,h\rs ,,:5 ,,briti% ,,accid5ts ,,occur4 ,h\rs on ,duty :5 ,accid5ts ,occurr$ ,?ree mon?s ,(f ---------------------------------------- to duty #a/ #b;d #c;d #d? #e? #f? #g? #h? #i?#aj? ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sept4 #cj1 #aijh #a #bj #ah #ai #ag #ae #bc #ai #aa #aa #ag ,dec4 #ca1 #aijh #e #ab #bb #cd #ad #bc #bc #af #ad #ai #ac ,m>* #ca1 #aiji #d #ad #af #bi #bh #af #ag #ah #ai #aa #ab ,june #cj1 #aiji #a #ae #af #aj #ai #ae #ad #ae #af #bd #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ye> #aiji #aa #fa #gb #ib #gh #fi #gg #fh #fj #fe #ed ,ye> #aijh #f #fj #ajc #hc #he #gg #ha #gb #gj #fc #eg ,ye> #aijg #a #gj #hf #gh #gh #ga #fd #ei #dh #fh #fb ,ye> #aijf #f #eb #fd #gj #hf #fc #ha #fh #gj #ga #fa ,ye> #aije #c #eb #gd #fe #ed #ga #ff #ei #dh #ec #ef ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,five ye>s #bg #bie #cii #chh #cha #cea #cfi #cbf #bif #cbj #bij ---------------------------------------- ------------------- table cont9u$ ,h\rs on ,duty :5 ,accid5ts ,occurr$ ,?ree mon?s ,(f ----------------------------------- to duty #aa? #ab? #ac? #ad? #ae? #af? #ag? ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,sept4 #cj1 #aijh #a #ad #ag #c #j #j #a #j ,dec4 #ca1 #aijh #e #aa #h #e #j #j #j #j ,m>* #ca1 #aiji #d #ae #g #j #j #j #j #j ,june #cj1 #aiji #a #aa #e #j #j #j #j #j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,ye> #aiji #aa #ea #cg #h #j #j #a #j ,ye> #aijh #f #ec #ce #h #h #j #j #j ,ye> #aijg #a #dc #ce #ad #ab #e #c #a ,ye> #aijf #f #db #ci #g #d #c #j #b ,ye> #aije #c #da #cg #g #c #c #j #a ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,five ye>s #bg #bcj #ahc #dd #g #aa #d #d ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,x w be obs]v$ t out ( ^! #c1ide accid5ts inve/igat$ & report$ on by ,briti% inspectors dur+ ! ye>s #aije to #aiji1 inclusive1 a majority happ5$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! twelve h\rs = :i* ! m5 7 book$ & #b4bh :5 !y 7 work+ ov]time4 ,9 no in/ance 0 ! accid5t attribut$ to long h\rs4 ,,railway ,,accid5ts ,,9 ,,europe4 ,exclud+ ! returns ( injur$1 = ! reason t no two c\ntries h a common def9ition ( a reportable injury1 ! accid5ts on ,european railways1 accord+ to ! late/ reports1 result$ 9 ! foll[+ fatalities3 ,,kill$ ,,9 ,,european ,,railway ,,accid5ts4 7,total mileage repres5t$ #ahb1dei47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c\ntry ,ye> ,pass5g]s,employes ,o!r ,total ,prec$+ ,p]sons ,ye> ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #aijh #ajg #dcb #ehg #a1abh #a1baa ,g]many #aijh #aje #fjd #fdd #a1cec #a1eeh ,russia 9 ,europe #aije #bca #dgh #a1adi #a1heh #a1fcb ,france #aijg 7a7#cf #cbb 7b7#cja #fei #fbg ,au/ria #aijg #aa #adg #ade #cjc #bac ,hung>y #aijg #cb #ach #agb #cdc #cai ,italy #aijg-h 7c7#db #aje #aae #bfb #bgg ,spa9 #aijg #be #fd #bac #cjb #bai ,portugal #aijd #ee ,sw$5 #aijf #aj #de #eg #aab #aje ,norway #aijh #a #d #f #aa #i ,d5m>k #aijg-h 7c7#a #bj #i #cj #bb ,belgium #aijg #d #gb #gj #adf #abe ,holl& #aijg #c #ah #be #df #fj ,switz]l& #aijg #ad #de #cf #ie #gh ,r\mania #aijg-h #h #db #ej #ajj #ajc ---------------------------------------- -------- ,totals #fcj #b1ecf #c1ehj #f1hjc #f1eie ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7a7 ,tra9 accid5ts only2 o!r accid5ts to pass5g]s includ$ "u ,o!r ,p]sons4 7b7 ,exclud+ suicides4 7c7 ,/ati/ics cov] ,/ate railways only4 ,^! figures1 repres5t+ a ,european mileage ( #ahb1dei1 may be comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahig :5 x _h #ahc1bhd miles ( l9e & an accid5t record ( #bbb fatalities to pass5g]s1 #a1fic to employes & #d1ebb to o!r p]sons2 or ev5 ) ! ,am]ican record = #aiji1 :5 ) a mileage #bg great] ! record /ood #cce fatalities to pass5g]s1 #b1def to employes & #e1igh to o!r p]sons4 ,! excess ( fatalities to o!r p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry is due to ! notori\s indiff]5ce to dang] & law ( all classes ( citiz5s 9 us+ railway "r ( way z a common ?or\ghf>e = adults & playgr\nd = *ildr54 ,despite ! elevation ( ! tracks 9 ,*icago1 ! writ] has se5 scores ( y\ng/]s sc>cely able to walk play+ on ^? rais$ tracks & laugh+ at ! locomotives z !y w5t %riek+ by4 ,9 all comp>isons ( accid5ts on ,am]ican railways ) ^? on =eign roads1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t our excess ( mileage & freight traffic m ?an balance _! d5sity ( pass5g] traffic & t n[h]e else on e>? is railway "r ( way common to foolh>dy p$e/rians & creep+ *ildr54 ,! ,railroad ,commission ( ,indiana is to be comm5d$ = its ef=ts to enli/ public s5tim5t aga9/ trespass+ on railway tracks4 ,,xiii ,,railway ,,receiv]%ips ,,9 #aiji ,only five railway companies1 op]at+ #hei miles ( l9e1 w5t into ! h&s ( receiv]s dur+ ! cal5d> ye> #aiji1 z comp>$ ) #bd companies1 op]at+ #h1jji miles1 = ! prec$+ ye>4 ,! capitalization ( ^! five roads 0 #gh1jie1jjj1 aga9/ #eif1cei1jjj = ^? f9ancially involv$ 9 #aijh4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t gives ! names1 mileage1 fund$ debt & capital /ock ( ! roads = :i* receiv]s 7 appo9t$ 9 #aiji3 ,mileage ,fund$ ,debt ,/ock ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,atlanta1 ,birm+ham ,atlantic #egb #ah1ecc1jjj #ce1jjj1jjj ,alabama ,t]m9al -- #b1dde1jjj #c1jjj1jjj ,georgia ,t]m9al -- #c1jjj1jjj #a1ejj1jjj ,yell[/one ,p>k #cb #fif1jjj #fif1jjj ,*icago1 ,peoria ,/4 ,l\is #bee #e1hge1jjj #g1cej1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #hei #cj1edi1jjj #dg1edf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! numb]1 mileage & capitalization ( ! railways t h fail$ s9ce #ahge are z foll[s1 ! figures be+ f ! ,railroad ,age ,gazette3 ,,receiv]%ips ,,s9ce #ahgf4 ,bonds & ,roads ,miles ,/ock -------------------------------- #ahgf #db #f1ffb #dfg1jjj #ahgg #ch #c1fcg #bbj1bid #ahgh #bg #b1cbj #ib1che #ahgi #ab #a1ajb #ci1cfg #ahhj #ac #hhe #adj1bfe #ahha #e #aaj #c1gdb #ahhb #ab #iab #ci1jgd #ahhc #aa #a1iij #ajh1dgj #ahhd #cg #aa1jch #gad1gee #ahhe #dd #h1hcf #che1dfj #ahhf #ac #a1gii #gj1cdf #ahhg #i #a1jdf #ij1cah #ahhh #bb #c1bgj #ahf1had #ahhi #bb #c1hjc #ii1ffd #ahij #bf #b1ifc #aje1jjg #ahia #bf #b1aei #hd1dgi #ahib #cf #aj1ejh #ceg1fib #ahic #gd #bi1cdj #a1gha1jdf #ahid #ch #g1jbe #cie1gia #ahie #ca #d1jhi #cfi1jge #ahif #cd #e1dda #bge1eig #ahig #ah #a1ecg #ib1iji #ahih #ah #b1jfi #ach1gja #ahii #aj #a1jai #eb1bhe #aijj #af #a1afe #gh1bcd #aija #d #gc #a1fbg #aijb #e #bgh #e1hce #aijc #i #bbi #ah1hbc #aijd #h #gdd #cf1jfi #aije #aj #c1eic #agf1cba #aijf #f #bjd #ee1jdb #aijg #g #cag #ac1ehe #aijh #bd #h1jji #eif1cei #aiji #e #hei #gh1jie -------------------------------- ,total1 #cd ye>s #gab #abh1dih #g1cgj1ebf -------------------------------- ,?ree figures omitt$ 9 bonds & /ock column4 ,,xiv ,,co/ ,,( ,,railway ,,regulation ,no?+ 9 ! record ( railway developm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has increas$ ) ! rapidity ( ! co/ ( _! regulation "u ! act creat+ ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,s9ce ! fir/ ,commission1 compos$ ( ,judge ,?omas ,m4 ,cooley1 ( ,mi*igan1 *airman1 ,william ,r4 ,morrison1 ( ,ill9ois1 ,augu/us ,s*oonmak]1 ( ,new ,york1 ,aldace ,f4 ,walk] ( ,v]mont1 & ,walt] ,l4 ,bragg1 ( ,alabama1 ,commission]s1 & ,edw>d ,e4 ,moseley1 ,secret>y1 & ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,adams1 ,/ati/ician1 to date ! ye>ly exp5ditures on its acc\nt h be5 z foll[s3 #ahhh ,five ,commission]s #ig1hfg #ahhi #adi1dec #ahij #ahj1ddj #ahia #bad1hdd #ahib #bba1gde #ahic #bag1gib #ahid #bji1bej #ahie #baf1bjf #ahif #bcd1ida #ahig #bcd1iji #ahih #bcg1ceh #ahii #bch1abe #aijj #bdc1fbd #aija #bee1igi #aijb #bga1gbh #aijc #bih1hdb #aijd #cba1ecc #aije #ccj1gci #aijf #chb1ada #aijg ,sev5 ,commission]s #ech1hbg #aijh #gcf1ecj #aiji #ihh1icf ------------------------------------ ,f ?is x appe>s t ! co/ ( regulat+ ,am]ican railways has increas$ t5fold 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,( ?is only #cd1jjj is *>geable to ! increase 9 numb] & comp5sation = ! ,commission "u ! ,hepburn ,act4 ,( ! balance x 0 *>g$ by ,repres5tative ,adair ( ,indiana 9 a spee* 9 ,congress la/ ,janu>y t #dej1jjj annually 0 = ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,detectives4 ,,xv ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,=eign ,,railways ,9 ! foll[+ review ( ! mileage & traffic /ati/ics ( ! pr9cipal divisions ( ,europe & o!r c\ntries1 ! in=mation has be5 d]iv$ f ! late/ (ficial s\rces :]ev] available1 & :]e e/imates h be5 resort$ to z not$ !y h be5 comput$ f asc]ta9$ facts4 ,miles ,cov]$ ,capitalization ,pass5g] ,c\ntry ,ye> by or ,co/ ( ,rev5ues ,capitalization ,con/ruction ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #aijh #bc1bje #f1chb1bif1gdbbjg1eci1jjd ,g]man ,empire #aijh #ce1eeh #c1ijc1hdh1djj #agh1ajj1djj ,france #aijg #bd1hag #c1dee1dcf1jjj #ade1cee1ddh ,russia 9 ,europe #aije #ca1ede 7b7#c1agj1hgf1cfj #eh1hac1ejj ,au/ria #aijg #ac1dbg #a1eae1egf1hjj #da1gaf1hjj ,hung>y #aijg #aa1gfi #gda1ehf1bjj #bj1hcf1hjj ,italy7a7 #aijg-h #h1gfb 7c7#a1jia1fjh1jjj #ca1adi1hhf ,spa9 #aije #h1dcb #fdi1iai1faj #af1bae1hff ,portugal #aije #a1dbe #afb1che1bhj #d1jad1aif ,sw$5 #aijf #g1ich #bfg1djh1dej #aj1ffe1bgj ,norway #aijh #a1fjh #fa1hda1faj #b1bec1dbj ,d5m>k7a7 #aijg-h #a1aia #ei1hjf1fbj #e1aaa1iaj ,belgium #aijg #b1hga 7d7#dea1eib1ihj #ah1cdj1gij ,holl& #aijg #b1bbe #aia1hba1jjj #aj1igh1djj ,switz]l& #aijg #b1gdj #cjc1dbf1gdg #af1bbb1dbb ,r\mania #aijg-h #a1igi #ahc1dib1jgd #e1jhi1aia ,canada #aiji #bd1ajd #a1fjh1ifc1ccg #ci1jgc1dhh ,arg5t9e #aijg #ac1fij #hbj1dcc1bhj #ai1hec1gfj ,japan7a7 #aijh #c1ihb #aij1agc1gbh #ah1ghf1hie ,briti% ,india #aijh #cj1hji #a1ccf1jje1gfj #ee1acb1afj ,new ,s\? ,wales #aiji #c1fbc #bca1hgj1ddj #h1chj1gdd ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total #bee1gjj #bf1ghj1cfi1dahiac1fcj1cej ,unit$ ,/ates #aijh #bcj1did 7e7#ab1hdj1jia1dfb #eff1hcb1gdf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7a7 ,/ate only4 7b7 ,includ+ ,sib]ian4 7c7 #aijf-g4 7d7 ,/ate only4 #b1edc miles4 7e7 ,exclusive ( swit*+ & t]m9al companies 7#a1fbf miles74 table cont9u$2 "p #b ,freight ,o!r ,total ,c\ntry ,ye> ,rev5ues ,rev5ues ,e>n+s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #aijh #bhf1ghf1bdi #hi1efj1aae #ehc1hhe1cga ,g]man ,empire #aijh #dab1fce1gfj #ef1gae1bjj #fdg1dea1cfj ,france #aijg #agf1ffd1bae #f1dba1jaj #cbc1ddj1fgc ,russia 9 ,europe #aije #bba1ifg1ejj #ci1fgh1ejj #cbj1dei1ejj ,au/ria #aijg #abb1bad1bjj #e1fib1hjj #afi1fbh1hjj ,hung>y #aijg #ed1fej1djj #c1cbg1jjj #gh1had1bjj ,italy7a7 #aijg-h #ea1bff1igf #f1ibi1igi #hi1cdf1hda ,spa9 #aije #cd1fid1eee #f1aij1bga #eg1ajj1fib ,portugal #aije #e1cbb1hge #dbc1icf #i1gfa1jjj ,sw$5 #aijf #ba1jea1cfj #hae1fgj #cb1egb1cjj ,norway #aijh #c1jbi1ibj #ajh1haj #e1cib1aej ,d5m>k7a7 #aijg-h #e1bff1cej #fhj1djj #aa1jeh1ffj ,belgium #aijg #ch1ecb1dej #heh1bga #hi1gca1eaa ,holl& #aijg #aj1ffd1djj #a1cjj1jjj #bb1idb1hjj ,switz]l& #aijg #ba1bjd1cca #a1fgg1eef #ci1aad1caj ,r\mania #aijg-h #aj1bfi1ecj #fbi1cgc #ae1ihh1jid ,canada #aiji #ie1gad1ghc #aj1bfh1jfe #ade1jef1ccf ,arg5t9e #aijg #ef1eig1gfj #g1egh1bdj #hc1jbi1gfj ,japan7a7 #aijh #ad1fea1hjh #a1ddh1hha #cd1hhg1ehd ,briti% ,india #aijh #hd1bbe1bhj #d1jhh1fdj #adc1ddf1jhj ,new ,s\? ,wales #aiji #ad1dcg1iha #a1ffi1hbf #bd1dhh1eea ---------------------------------------- ------ ,total #a1gda1hdh1fhcbdf1jfb1edcb1ibg1eif1egc ,unit$ ,/ates #aijh #a1ffe1dai1ajh #aga1eed1ace #b1cic1hje1ihi ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 7a7 ,/ate only4 table cont9u$2 "p #c ,p] ,c5t ,c\ntry ,ye> ,op]at+ ,exp5se ,av]age ,exp5ses to ,pass5g]s,j\rney ,rev5ue ,c>ri$ ,miles ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #aijh #cgb1ajc1iij #fc4g #a1gbe1fca1fbj #g4h ,g]man ,empire #aijh #dgf1bij1jhj #gc4f #a1cfa1fee1aej #ad4a ,france #aijg #ahc1ddd1ejc #ee4i #dgd1cce1cjf #ai4i ,russia 9 ,europe #aije #baf1ihg1ejj #fg4h #aaf1dda1jjj #gc4b ,au/ria #aijg #abj1ajc1hjj #gj4h #bbc1gag1cjb #ai4a ,hung>y #aijg #ec1cji1jjj #fg4f #ajg1aga1jjj #ba4d ,italy7a7 #aijg-h #gc1gce1jga #hb4f #fd1bgf1eja #be4j7;f7 ,spa9 #aije #bg1gej1icf #dh4f #da1hdf1bdi #bf4j7;f7 ,portugal #aije #d1dbf1bcf #de4c #ac1ddf1jdc #bj4j7;f7 ,sw$5 #aijf #ba1fbd1hdj #ff4c #df1deb1dde #af4h ,norway #aijh #c1gbg1fbj #fi4a #aj1fgi1gcb #ae4e ,d5m>k7a7 #aijg-h #i1cdd1dcj #hd4e #bj1hah1fci #ba4g ,belgium #aijg #ch1dbh1hji #fd4d #aha1baf1cad #ad4j ,holl& #aijg #ai1agd1djj #hc4f #db1cai1jjj #ah4d ,switz]l& #aijg #bf1caa1hhc #fg4c #ig1geb1dfe #ab4h ,r\mania #aijg-h #i1ehg1dfh #fj4j #h1aic1jcg #db4b ,canada #aiji #ajd1fjj1jhb #gb4a #cb1fhc1cji #fb4j ,arg5t9e #aijg #ef1aih1jhj #fg4g #da1iaa1eab #be4b ,japan7a7 #aijh #ag1hge1iga #ea4b #aja1aae1gci #bc4c ,briti% ,india #aijh #hf1djh1jjj #fj4b #cba1afi1jjj #cg4g ,new ,s\? ,wales #aiji #ad1chj1beb #eh4g #eb1jea1eef #aa4a ---------------------------------------- --------- ,total #a1ice1hab1iea #ff4a #e1jhd1hhb1iai #af4eb ,unit$ ,/ates #aijh #a1ffi1edg1hgf #fi4ge #hij1jji1egd #cb4ff ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7a7 ,/ate only4 7f7 ,e/imat$4 table cont9u$2 "p #d ,p] ,c5t ,c\ntry ,ye> ,freight ,tons ,av]age ,net ,c>ri$ ,haul ,rev5ues 7,miles7 to ,capital ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom #aijh #dia1eie1jef #be4j #c4cb ,g]man ,empire #aijh #dfa1bif1gei #fa4f #d4ea ,france #aijg #aef1ejd1cec #gh4h #d4ah ,russia 9 ,europe #aije #aef1abi1hge #aea4a #c4gc ,au/ria #aijg #aea1ida1acb #ec4g #c4bg ,hung>y #aijg #fa1dhc1jjj #fi4e #c4f ,italy7a7 #aijg-h #cb1fce1gfc #ff4j7;f7 #a4d ,spa9 #aije #bb1ffb1edh #fi4d #d4e ,portugal #aije #c1gge1eei #ed4j7;f7 #c4c ,sw$5 #aijf #ca1ifa1bdd #dc4d #d4bd ,norway #aijh #d1eja1dee #ce4d #b4ee ,d5m>k7a7 #aijg-h #d1gbf1geg #ee4a #b4ib ,belgium #aijg #gb1did1jgc #dc4e #d4gb ,holl& #aijg #ae1ibd1fjj #ec4h #a4ic ,switz]l& #aijg #ag1daa1gaa #fi4e #c4g ,r\mania #aijg-h #f1gif1cae #ee4i #c4ed ,canada #aiji #ff1hdb1beh #aig4j #b4ea ,arg5t9e #aijg #bg1icc1hbh #aae4i #c4ie ,japan7a7 #aijh #ah1cab1bbc #gh4g #h4i ,briti% ,india #aijh #fb1cih1jjj #aei4a #d4cc ,new ,s\? ,wales #aiji #i1bih1ibi #fh4d #d4cf ------------------------------------ ,total #a1hgf1fbe1dch #ff4g #c4ga ,unit$ ,/ates #aijh #a1ecb1iha1gij #adb4e #d4ag ---------------------------------------- ------------- 7a7 ,/ate only4 7f7 ,e/imat$4 ,f ! data "h furni%$ x is possible to arrive at a close approximation ( ! pass5g] & freight rates 9 ! c\ntries nam$4 ,! av]age pass5g] j\rney & freight haul 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ne>ly twice z long z ! av]age = ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,9 comp>+ net results x %\ld be rememb]$ t r5tals & taxes %\ld be d$uct$ f ! ,am]ican figures4 ,= fur!r details ( ! railways ( ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ! ,g]man ,empire1 = :i* complete /ati/ics are available1 ! read] is ref]r$ to succe$+ pages4 ,"h ! writ] w\ld ackn[l$ge ! c\rtesy ( ! ,railway ,dep>tm5t ( ,canada = advance copies ( ! ,dom9ion railway /ati/ics = #aiji4 ,,railways ,,( ,,canada4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,! ,,railways ,,( ,,! ,,dom9ion ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s ,,end+ ,,june #cj1 #aijg1 #aijh ,,& #aiji4 #aijg #aijh #aiji ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,miles ( l9e op]at$ #bb1fjh #bb1iff #bd1ajd ,second track #a1jif #a1baa #a1dfd ,y>d track & sid+s #d1jib #d1edf #d1gfa ---------------------------------------- ---- ,all tracks #bg1gif #bh1gbc #cj1cbi ,capital co/3 ,/ock #ehh1efc1eia #fjg1dbe1cdi #fdg1ecd1fdg ,fund$ debt #ehc1cfi1bag #fca1hfi1ffd #ffj1idf1gfi ,gov]nm5t railways #ajj1ieh1djb #aji1dbc1ajd #aaa1ede1ijc ,subsidies #afb1jag1aeg #aff1bia1dhb #ahh1ifc1ccg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total capital co/ #a1dcd1ijh1cfg #a1eae1jji1eii #a1fjh1iij1fef ,p] mile ( l9e #fc1iaj #fe1ifh #ff1geb ,pass5g] traffic3 ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #cb1acg1cai #cd1jdd1iib #cb1fhc1cji ,pass4 c>ri$ #a mile #b1jdi1edi1hac #b1jha1ifj1hfd #b1jcc1jja1bbe ,av]age j\rney 7miles7 #fd #fa #fb ,av]age pass4 p] tra9 #ef #ed #ea ,mileage ( pass4 tra9s #cj1bbj1dfa #ca1iej1cdi #cb1bie1gcj ,mileage ( mix$ tra9s #e1iga1dad #f1baj1hjg #g1jfa1ehj ,receipts f pass4 #ci1ahd1dcg #ci1iib1ejc #ci1jgc1dhh ,receipts p] pass4 mile 7c5ts7 #a4iaa #a4ibj #a4iba ,freight traffic3 ,tons c>ri$ #ef1dig1hhe #fc1jai1ijj #ff1hdb1beh ,tons c>ri$ #a mile #aa1fhg1gaa1hcj #ab1ifa1eab1eai #ab1ifa1eab1eai ,av]age haul 7miles7 #ahc #bjf #aig ,freight tra9 mileage #ch1ibc1hij #dj1dgf1cgj #dj1cjd1ijf ,av]age tons p] tra9 #bfj #bgh #bgh ,receipts f freight #id1iie1jhg #ic1gdf1fee #ie1gad1ghc ,receipts p] ton mile 7mills7 #h4ab #g4bc #g4bg ,miscellane\s receipts #ab1eeh1fhi #ac1agi1aee #aj1bfh1jfe ,total receipts #adf1gch1bad #adf1iah1cac #ade1jef1ccf ,exp5ses ( op]ation3 ,way & /ructures #bj1hhg1jib #bj1ggh1faj #ba1aec1bgd ,ma9t5ance ( equipm5t #ba1fff1cgc #bj1bgc1fbf #ba1eaj1cjc ,conduct+ transportation #eg1cbe1edc #fb1dhf1bgj #ed1bhd1ehg ,g5]al exp5ses #c1hfi1ffd #c1gfe1fcf #c1hec1jid ,traffic exp5ses -- -- #c1gih1hbd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total exp5ses #ajc1gdh1fgb #ajg1cjd1adb #ajd1fjj1jhb ,ratio to e>n+s #gj4gb #gc4jd #gb4aa ,net receipts #db1ihi1eeb #ci1fad1aga #dj1def1bea ,p]c5tage to capital co/ #c4jj #b4fa #b4ea ,gross receipts p] mile #f1ece #f1cih #f1jah ,gross exp5ses p] mile #d1fba #d1fgb #d1cci ,numb] ( employes #abd1jab #ajf1djd #abe1aie ,comp5sation #eh1gai1dic #fj1cgf1fjg #fc1baf1ffb ,prop4 ( gross e>n+s #dj4jb #da4aj #dc4eh ,prop4 ( op]at+ exp5ses #ef4fa #ef4bg #fj4dc ,av]age p] employe p] ye> #dgc #efi #eje ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,railways ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,mileage1 ,,capitalization1 ,,& ,,traffic ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s #aijg ,,& #aijh4 #aijg #aijh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,l5g? ( railways3 ,d\ble track or m 7miles7 #ab1hde #ab1ibf ,s+le track #aj1bfc #aj1bgi ------------------------------ ,total l5g? ( l9e #bc1ajh #bc1bje ,total l5g?1 all tracks1 sid+s1 etc4 #ec1aeh #ec1ffi ,total capitalization 7paid up7 #f1cjb1jii1ggc #f1chb1bif1gdb ,capitalization p] mile ( l9e #bgb1gbc #bge1jdj ,pass5g] traffic3 ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #a1bei1dha1jjj #a1bgh1aae1jjj ,season ticket j\rneys #dde1aja1ief #ddg1eaf1fbj ,pass5g]s c>ri$ "o mile #ac1bie1gdg1jeh #ac1dei1ibf1fcf ,av]age j\rney 7miles7 #g4h #g4h ,receipts f pass5g]s #bje1jcf1gdj #bjg1eci1jjd ,av]age receipts p] pass5g] p] mile 7c5ts7 #a4ed #a4edb ,mail & o!r pass5g] tra9 receipts #dc1bac1fcb #dd1jfg1jdc ,freight traffic3 ,m9]als1 tons c>ri$ #djg1fjb1agg #chh1dbd1eda ,g5]al m]*&ise #ajh1bhd1ici #ajc1agj1eae ,total freight1 tons #eae1hhg1aaf #dia1eie1jef ,tons c>ri$ "o mile #ab1hig1agg1ijj #ab1bhi1hgf1djj ,av]age haul 7miles7 #be #be ,receipts f freight #bih1jeh1faj #bhf1ghf1bdi ,av]age receipts p] ton mile 7c5ts7 #b4ca #b4ccc ,miscellane\s receipts #de1fcd1fdh #de1dic1jge ------------------------------ ,total receipts #eia1idc1fcj #ehc1hhe1cga ,exp5ses ( op]ation #cgc1jhe1hdj #cgb1ajc1iij ,ratio ( exp5ses to e>n+s #fc4j #fc4ge ,net receipts #bah1heg1gij ,p]c5tage to total paid-up capital #c4dg ,gross receipts p] mile #be1faf #be1afb ,gross exp5ses p] mile #af1afe #af1jce ,numb] ( employes #fba1cda 7a7#fba1cda ,total comp5sation #aeh1aaf1efj #aef1cdh1iae ,proportion ( gross e>n+s #bf4g #bf4gh ,proportion ( op]at+ exp5ses #db4d #db4jb ,av]age p] employe p] ye> #bed4dg #bea4gh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 7a7 ,no enum]ation ( employes has be5 made s9ce #aijg1 ! la/ prec$+1 9 #aijd1 gave a total ( #eha1ffd4 ,,railways ,,( ,,g]many4 ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,mileage1 ,,co/ ,,( ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,traffic ,,= ,,! ,,ye>s #aijf1 #aijg ,,& #aijh4 #aijf #aijg #aijh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,l5g? ( ,/ate railways 7miles7 #cb1jej #cb1cfg #cb1ibb ,l5g? ( private railways #b1eac #b1fac #b1fcf ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #cd1efc #cd1ihj #ce1eeh ,co/ ( con/ruction #c1fac1dic1gjfc1gfg1bbj1gggc1ijc1hdh1djj ,co/ p] mile #ajd1edh #ajg1fid #aji1ghh ,pass5g] traffic3 ,pass5g]s c>ri$ #a1bji1bbd1jgb #a1bid1hha1ibc #a1cfa1fee1aej ,pass5g]s c>ri$ 7"o mile7 #ag1ahi1ccf1idjah1cgb1fdd1cbgai1bjb1ice1 abj ,av]age j\rney 7miles7 #ad4ba #ad4ah #ad4aj ,receipts f pass5g]s #agj1afe1jjb #agb1cci1eic #agh1ajj1djj ,receipts p] pass5g] p] mile 7c5ts7 #j4ii #j4id #j4ic ,freight traffic3 ,fa/ freight & express3 ,tons c>ri$ #c1gia1gfi #c1ice1ech #d1jac1igj ,tons c>ri$ #a mile #bfe1aae1gbj #bgb1hih1bga #bfi1gbf1jdj ,av]age haul 7miles7 #fi4ia #fi4cd #ff4if ,receipts f same #af1ibd1jhj #ag1bie1ifi #ag1jae1jdj ,receipts p] ton mile 7c5ts7 #f4ch #f4cd #f4cb ,all freight3 ,tons c>ri$ #dee1add1chb #dhd1adg1cbe #dfa1bif1gei ,tons c>ri$ "o mile #bh1aah1fbj1fhjbi1gjb1iha1adibi1dbj1fhj1 cdj ,av]age haul 7miles7 #fa4gh #fa4ce #fa4fj ,receipts f freight #cig1ehj1gch #dah1jba1jeb #dab1fce1gfj ,receipts p] ton mile 7c5ts7 #a4da #a4da #a4db ,miscellane\s receipts #fc1aea1jfj #fh1dac1iji #ef1gae1bjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,total receipts #fcj1gif1hjj #feh1ggd1eed #fdg1dea1ejc ,exp5ses ( op]ation #djg1agd1djj #ded1faj1jcb #dgf1bij1jhj ,ratio exp5ses to e>n+s #fd4e #fi4a #gc4f ,net receipts #bbc1fbb1djj #bjd1fde1ebb #aga1bfa1jdj ,p]c5tage on co/ ( con/ruction #f4ah #e4db #d4ea ,gross receipts p] mile #ah1bea #ah1hcc #bh1agc ,gross exp5ses p] mile #aa1ghj #ab1iif #ac1dhi ,numb] ( employes #fdh1dcg #fie1eeg #fii1aee ,total comp5sation #bai1cij1icb #bde1chi1hei #bei1fjf1efj ,prop4 ( gross e>n+s #cd4gh #cg4be #dj4aj ,prop4 ( op]at+ exp5ses #ec4hh #ec4ih #ed4ej ,av]age p] employe p] ye> #cch4ce #ceb4hb #cga4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,m>k ! increas$ capital co/ p] mile & 9 proportion ( wages to e>n+s1 & ! increas$ ratio ( net e>n+s to co/ ( con/ruction4 ,!n figure h[ long x w take at ?is rate be=e ! ,g]man p are tax$ to support _! railways or by increas$ rates because ! railways h be5 run = politics & n = ! p4 ,,xvi ,,gr[? ,,( ,,railways ,9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ,am]ican railways1 f small beg9n+s 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahbg1 ,m>yl& 9 #ahbh1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahcj1 & ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts 9 #ahca1 %[ ! foll[+ rem>kable gr[? by decades3 ,,progress ,,( ,,railways ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,s9ce #ahce4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aiji ,/ates #ahce #ahdj #ahej #ahfj #ahgj #ahhj #ahij #aijj ,incom- plete ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,alabama #df #df #ge #gdc #a1dbi #a1hea #c1adh #d1bai #e1jcg ,arkansas #ch #bef #hif #b1aac #c1cda #d1hhc ,cali=nia #bc #ibe #b1bbj #d1adh #e1gdd #f1hce ,colorado #aeg #a1eca #d1aed #d1ehg #e1bie ,connecticut #ajb #djb #fja #gdb #ied #a1jjg #a1jbc #a1jae ,delaw>e #af #ci #ci #abg #bbd #bhj #cbh #cdf #cdb ,florida #ba #djb #ddf #ecj #b1cij #c1bgb #d1jaj ,georgia #ahe #fdc #a1dbj #a1hde #b1ece #d1aje #e1fci #f1hfh ,idaho #bbj #ida #a1bfa #a1gfc ,ill9ois #aaa #b1gii #d1hbc #g1iee #i1hdcaj1iigac1baf ,indiana #bbh #b1afc #c1agg #e1ded #e1hia #f1dfi #g1ggd ,i[a #fee #b1fhc #e1bce #h1cdg #i1ahj #i1ibc ,kansas #a1eja #c1dci #h1hjf #h1gai #i1abe ,k5tucky #ae #bh #gh #ecd #a1jag #a1eih #b1fid #c1jei #c1dhd ,l\isiana #dj #dj #hj #cce #dgi #fcc #a1feh #b1hbd #d1gcg ,ma9e #aa #bde #dgb #ghf #a1jac #a1cac #a1iae #b1aej ,m>yl& & ,d4,c4 #aag #bac #bei #chf #fga #a1jab #a1afh #a1djg #a1dfh ,massa*usetts #aac #cjaa1jce #a1bfd #a1dhj #a1hic #b1jid #b1aah #b1abf ,mi*igan #ej #cdb #ggi #a1fch #c1ica #f1ghi #h1aic #h1igf ,m9nesota #a1jgb #c1ajh #e1dff #f1idb #h1bhe ,mississippi #ge #hfb #iij #a1ahc #b1bib #b1iai #d1afi ,miss\ri #hag #b1jjj #d1jaa #e1hig #f1hfg #h1bjj ,montana #dh #b1aha #c1jaj #c1ecg ,nebraska #a1hab #b1jjj #e1bgd #e1fhd #f1jii ,nevada #eic #gfi #ibe #iji #a1fii ,new ,hamp%ire #ec #dfg #ffa #gcf #a1jae #a1acc #a1bci #a1bdh ,new ,j]sey #ii #ahf #bjf #efj #a1abe #a1gja #b1jcd #b1bcg #b1cjb ,new ,york #ajd #cgda1cfa #b1fhb #c1ibh #f1jai #g1dfb #h1aba #h1ejd ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ec #aed #icg #a1agh #a1dii #b1ijd #c1hjh #d1dgf ,nor? ,dakota #ce #fce #a1idj #b1gca #d1jbf ,ohio #cj #ege #b1idf #c1ech #e1iab #g1gai #h1ggd #i1bgd ,oklahoma #bge #a1bac #b1aej #e1egb ,oregon #aei #ehb #a1bfi #a1gbc #a1ici ,p5nsylvania #cah #geda1bdj #b1eih #d1fef #f1bdc #h1cjgaj1bggaa1ceg ,rhode ,isl& #ej #fh #ajh #acf #baj #bab #bab #bab ,s\? ,c>ol9a #acg #acg #bhi #igc #a1aci #a1dbi #b1jif #b1gie #c1cbd ,s\? ,dakota #cj #fcj #b1dhe #b1hej #c1gjc ,t5nessee #a1bec #a1dib #a1hbd #b1gaj #c1abd #c1gfa ,texas #cjg #gaa #c1bic #g1iaa #i1hgcab1ihg ,utah #beg #ggj #a1jij #a1edg #a1ihf ,v]mont #bij #eed #fad #iab #iac #a1jab #a1jid ,virg9ia #ic #adg #chd #a1cgi #a1dhf #a1hbf #c1adb #c1gbi #d1ahg ,wa%+ton #bgd #a1fii #b1hij #c1hjf ,we/ ,virg9ia #chg #fid #a1cjf #b1aih #c1cee ,wiscons9 #bj #ije #a1ebe #c1acj #e1dfh #f1dif #g1fbf ,wyom+ #dgb #ida #a1bbh #a1ebf ,arizona #chd #a1jfa #a1eaa #a1icj ,new ,mexico #fdc #a1bhd #a1geb #b1ifg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #a1jihb1hahi1jbacj1fceeb1ibbic1fgaaei1bg a #aib1idj -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ?is /atem5t is ! numb] ( /ates devoid ( railway mileage previ\s to #ahgj1 :i* s9ce !n ! railways h conv]t$ into mighty commonweal?s ^: res\rces h be5 multipli$ "s ?irty fold1 "s sixty & "s an hundr$4 ,& ^? to :i* ! railways h made ! greate/ prosp]ity possible are ! /ates ^: politicians today are try+ ! h>de/ to muzzle ! ox t treads out ! corn = _! p4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,railways ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,9 ! foll[+ table is giv5 ! mileage ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries 9 ! _w f ! e>lie/ date available to ! late/3 ,miles ( ,road ,complet$ ,c\ntry ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,op5$ #ahdj #ahej #ahfj #ahgj #ahhj #ahhi #ahii #aiji7;b7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,great #ahbe #a1hegf1fbaaj1dccae1ecgag1icc #ai1idcba1fff #bc1bje ,brita9 ,unit$ #ahbg #b1hahi1jbacj1fbfeb1ibbic1bifafj1edd #bcd1ahb ,/ates ,canada #ahcf #af #ff #b1jfe #b1fag #g1aid #ab1eheag1bej #bd1ajd ,france #ahbh #a1gad #e1gjjaa1adbaf1bge #ba1hiibf1bbi #bi1cfd ,g]many #ahce #cdac1fcg #f1igiaa1gbibj1fic #bd1hdeca1chf #ce1eeh ,belgium #ahce #bjg #eed #a1jgd #a1gii #b1cii #b1ggf #b1hcc #b1hga ,au/ria #ahcg #hag #a1hac #c1gij #g1jhc #i1cdeaa1iba #ac1dbg 7prop]7 ,russia 9 #ahch #caj #ihh #g1jihad1jbf #ag1ecdbf1hhi #ca1ede ,europe ,italy #ahci #ac #bfe #a1aag #c1hbe #e1cdj #g1hcj #i1ggj #aj1cab ,holl& #ahci #aj #aaj #bjh #hgd #a1adc #a1fcb #a1iff #b1bbe ,switz]l& #ahdd #ae #fec #hhe #a1eif #a1hfi #b1cdb #b1gdj ,hung>y #ahdf #acg #a1jjd #b1aeg #d1dba #f1geaaj1fai #aa1gfi ,d5m>k #ahdg #bj #fi #dgj #ige #a1bag #a1gfd #b1ada ,spa9 #ahdh #ag #a1aij #c1djj #d1eej #e1iea #h1beb #h1dcb ,*ili #ahea #abj #deb #a1ajj #a1hja #b1gia #b1ici ,brazil #ahea #acd #ejd #b1agd #e1edf #i1aie #aj1gac ,norway #ahed #db #fib #igj #igj #a1bca #a1fjh ,sw$5 #aheh #cge #a1jhi #c1fed #d1hii #f1ffc #h1cba ,arg5t9e #aheg #fcg #a1ecf #d1ejfaj1jac #ac1fij ,republic ,turkey 9 #da #cib #gbg #a1jbd #a1ijj #a1ifg ,europe ,p]u #dg #bdg #a1agi #iic #a1jce #a1ccb ,portugal #db #ddd #gaj #a1ahh #a1dge #a1fhi ,greece #ahfi #f #g #daf #fjd #gga ,uruguay #ahfi #fa #bfh #cii #iig #a1baj ,mexico #ahfh #bae #fee #e1jab #h1ejc #ac1fab ,r\mania #aeb #hei #a1ecg #a1ibj #ai1idb ,au/ralia7a7 #ghi #d1hejaa1aaa #af1ejb ,japan #ahgd #ge #edb #c1fcb #e1gee ,briti% #ahec #hch #d1gga #i1afb #ae1hhgbc1ebc #cj1egf ,india ,*9a #ahhc #abd #dja #d1afb ,africa #ehc #b1hgc #e1cec #ah1eaf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 7a7 ,includ+ ,new ,zeal&4 7b7 ,or late/ figures4 ,,recomm5dations ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld reit]ate ! foll[+ recomm5dations3 ,,railway ,,/ati/ics4 ,t ! ,bureau ( ,railway ,/ati/ics & ,acc\nts1 n[ a division ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 be transf]r$ to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor4 ,t its /ati/ics be conf9$ to ! affairs ( op]at+ railway companies1 ! only c>ri] companies engag$ 9 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce4 ,t its inquiries be conf9$ to ! data necess>y to furni% ! public ) a compreh5sive k ( railway conditions & op]ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ye> to ye>4 ,t ^! /ati/ics be devot$ to publicity & n to ! promotion ( p]sonal or (ficial !ories4 ,,accid5ts4 ,t ,congress provide = an (ficial inve/igation ( all railway accid5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates along ! l9es s successfully adopt$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & n 9 a _s ( ho/ility to ! railways1 z propos$ 9 p5d+ legislation4 ,?is inve/igation %\ld be ?r\gh a ,bureau ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce & ,labor1 compos$ z foll[s3 ,"o ,*ief ,inspector4 ,t5 ,di/rict ,inspectors1 "o = ea* ,int]/ate ,comm]ce gr\p1 appo9t$ f ,eng9e] s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 ) ! rank ( ,major4 ,?is w\ld insure fitness & imp>tiality = ! "w & valuable exp]i5ce 9 reg>d to railway op]ations to ! ,army ,eng9e]s4 ,?ree ,deputy ,inspectors = ea* gr\p4 ,?ree ,assi/ant ,inspectors = ea* gr\p4 ,sev]al gr\ps might require f\r inspectors ( ea* class1 & z _m c\ld get along ) two4 ,en\gh money c\ld be d$uct$ f ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission appropriation to pay ^! (ficials lib]ally1 s z to secure compet5t s]vice1 )\t crippl+ ! legitimate "w ( ! ,commission4 ,respectfully submitt$1 ,,slason ,,?ompson4 ,,index ,page ,abuses1 old1 re=m$1 #bad ,accid5ts1 decrease 9 #aiji1 #cga ,accid5ts1 effect ( freight traffic on1 #cgh ,accid5ts1 fatalities 91 s9ce #ahhh1 #cge ,accid5ts on ,briti% railways1 #cgi ,accid5ts on ,european railways1 #chb ,accid5ts1 ov]work seldom cause (1 #cha ,accid5ts1 tra91 causes (1 #cgi ,acwor?1 ,w4 ,m41 on relations ( railroads to ! /ate1 #bbj ,acwor?1 ,w4 ,m41 te/imony be=e ,s5ate committee1 #bhc ,additional l9es1 little room =1 #dg ,advances 9 railway rates1 conc]n+1 #bfa ,african ,cape gov]nm5t railroads1 #bca ,agricultural implem5ts1 freight rates on1 #ajh ,agricultural products & freight rates1 #ahc ,air brakes1 introduction (1 #aai ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s1 elevations1 #ca ,am]ican railways by /ates1 #ahce to #aiji1 #cia ,area1 numb] ( miles to1 9 #ahfi1 #acd ,au/ralian railways "u gov]nm5t own]%ip1 #bba1 #bcb ,automatic c\pl]s1 #abj ,automatic me*anical /op1 #cbj ,automatic signal+1 #abd ,bacon1 ,"l1 on ! necessity ( easy transportation1 #e ,bananas1 relation ( freight rate to price1 #ig ,beaulieu1 ,l]oy1 on ,am]ican railways1 #gi ,belgian railroads own$ by ! /ate1 #bbj ,bills1 multitude (1 affect+ railways1 #fh ,block signal+1 evolution (1 #abc ,block signals1 miles protect$ by1 #aijh1 #aiji1 #cbj ,brew]1 ,judge1 on ! "r to *ange rates1 #bff ,briti% railway commission discuss$1 #bdh ,briti% railways1 sl[ gr[? (1 #bdc ,briti% railways1 /ati/ics (1 #chi ,br[n1 ,w4 ,c41 on ! freight rate situation1 #ajg ,bus9ess suit1 freight rates on a1 #aaj ,butt]1 freight rates on1 #aaa ,butt]1 price (1 little affect$ by freight *>ge1 #ia ,canada railways1 /ati/ics (1 #chh ,canals1 beg9n+s ( ,am]ican1 #aj ,canal con/ruction1 revival (1 #ag ,canals1 sc>city ( capital =1 #ah ,capital exp5diture ( ,briti%1 ,g]man & ,am]ican railways1 #bea ,capital = improvem5ts ! railway problem ( to-day1 #baa ,capital1 increas$ co/ (1 #agf ,capital ne$$ = ,s\!rn railways1 #fa ,capital1 private1 develops riv] traffic1 #ab ,capitalization1 #aiji1 #ccg ,capitalization1 =eign railways1 #cdd ,capitalization1 net1 #aijd-aiji1 #cci ,capitalization ( turnpikes1 #af ,capitalization1 ,pres4 ,roosevelt rejects claims ( ov]1 #ajg ,c> con/ruction1 #abh ,c> s]vice op]ation1 #cef ,c>s1 numb] & capacity1 #aijb to #aiji1 #cag ,*icago1 ,burl+ton & ,qu9cy ,r4 ,r41 condition (1 #gb ,civil w>1 importance ( railways dur+1 #aah ,class rates1 no *ange 9 c]ta91 s9ce #ahig1 #afe ,coa/wise comm]ce fir/ develop$1 #ae ,clo!s we we>1 freight rates on1 #ajh ,commission1 ,int]/ate ,comm]ce1 its creation & purpose1 #bjh ,commissions h advantages ov] legislatures1 #bjh ,commodities1 proportions ( v>i\s1 mov$1 #cee ,comp>ison ( ,am]ican & ,engli% loads1 #hb ,competition has ceas$ to regulate1 #bcc ,competition1 public facilities increas$ by1 #beb ,conflict betwe5 competitive & uni=m rates1 #hc ,congress1 conditions confront+1 9 #aiji1 #bhh ,con/ruction1 co/ (1 #cdb ,control by democracy1 #bbi ,cook+ ut5sils1 freight rates on1 #ajh ,cooley1 ,judge1 on sup]human task ( fix+ rates by ,commission1 #bgc ,co/ ( ,am]ican & =eign railways comp>$1 #ej ,co/ ( liv+1 #cbi ,co/1 orig9al1 ( ,p5n ,r4 ,r41 ,h>risburg to ,pittsburg1 #cf ,corporate entities necess>y to railway con/ruction1 #bjf ,cotton1 effect ( freight *>ge on1 #ie-ii ,cotton1 freight rates on1 #aaj ,crack]s1 relation ( freight *>ge to price1 #ii ,cumm9s1 ,s5ator1 on physical value ( railways1 #cdc ,daily comp5sation ( employes1 av]age1 #ahib to #aijh1 #cbd ,damages & injuries to p]sons1 #cfe ,dead weight haul$ 9 mail s]vice excessive1 #adi ,decisions ( ,i4 ,c4 ,c4 r$uc+ rates1 #cja ,depreciation ( money1 significance1 #aib ,developm5t ( railways1 #de ,depression1 #aijh1 effect (1 #bif ,depression ( #aijh1 effect on ,c4 ,b4 ,q4 pay roll1 #fg-ga ,difficulties "u ! pres5t law1 #baf ,dim9i%$ pur*as+ p[] ( railway e>n+s1 #afe ,discrim9ations once ! rule )\t objection1 #bja1 #bac ,di/ribution ( gross e>n+s1 #aiji1 #cfa ,divid5ds1 #aijh1 exagg]at$1 #bib1 #cdj ,doll> pur*ases less labor or commodities n[ ?an #ahig1 #aff ,dress$ beef1 freight rates on1 #aaa ,e>ly hi/ory ( railroads1 #aaf ,e>ly me?ods ( travel1 #f ,e>n+s & exp5ses1 #aijh-aiji1 #ceh ,e>n+s1 gross1 cal5d> ye>s #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji1 #bif ,eggs1 freight rates on1 #aaa ,eggs1 price slightly affect$ by freight *>ge1 #ia ,employes1 av]age daily comp5sation1 #ahib-aiji1 #cbd ,employes1 numb] & comp5sation1 #aiji1 #cba ,employes1 pay ( =eign1 #cbf ,enlight5$ public op9ion ! hope ( ! railways1 #bcg ,equipm5t co/1 #ahig-aijg1 #aid ,equipm5t ( ,am]ican railways1 #aiji1 #cad ,equipm5t1 output1 #ahii to #aiji1 #cad ,equipm5t requirem5ts = replacem5t1 #cae ,erie railroad complet$ to ,lake ,erie1 #aag ,e?ics ( railroad op]ation high & j1 #bjb ,european w>s1 effect on ,am]ican developm5t1 #aa ,exp5ses1 cal5d> ye>s #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji1 #big ,express1 receipts f c>ry+1 #cej ,f>m animals & freight rates1 #ahd ,f>ms bett] inve/m5ts ?an railways1 #gg ,fatalities1 proportion (1 to traffic1 #ach ,f9k1 ,h5ry1 on ! "r to increase rates1 #bha ,fl\r1 effect ( freight *>ge on price1 #if ,fl\r1 freight rates on a sack (1 #aaj ,food /uffs1 relation ( freight *>ge to price1 #aja ,=eign railways1 mileage (1 #caj ,=eign railways1 ratio to area & population1 #caj ,=eign railways1 /ati/ics (1 #chf ,freight c> p]=mance1 #aijh-aiji1 #cai ,freight c> %ortages & surplus1 #aijg-aiaj1 #cah ,freight c>s1 numb] & capacity1 #aijb-aiji1 #cag1 #cah ,freight mov$ t5 miles = ?ree c5ts1 #di ,freight rate prim]1 #ajg ,freight rates decrease 9 #ahig-aijg1 #ahj ,freight rates1 l[1 enc\rage production1 #ij ,freight s]vice comp>$ ) mail s]vice1 #aea ,freight traffic1 #aijh-aiji1 #ceb ,freight traffic1 /ati/ics (1 #ahhh to #aiji1 #ced ,fr5* railway employes1 numb] (1 #cbi ,fr5* sy/em vici\s1 #bce ,fuel1 co/ (1 #ahii to #aiji1 #cfg ,fuel1 co/ (1 9 sev]al /ates1 #agj ,fuel = locomotives1 co/ (1 #afh ,g]man railway employes1 numb] & pay (1 #cbh ,g]man railways own$ & op]at$ by ! /ate1 #bbj ,g]many1 railway /ati/ics (1 #cij ,gibb1 ,sir ,george ,s41 on ,railway ,nationalization1 #bch ,gov]nm5t assi/ance s\ght1 #ab ,gov]nm5t may n usurp managem5t ( railways1 #bjg ,gov]nm5t own]%ip mu/ assume all risks1 #bei ,gradi5ts on fir/ ,p5nsylvania railroad1 #bb-bf ,grade cross+s1 elim9ation (1 #acc ,gr[? ( ! railways1 #acg-cia ,h>bors insignificant comp>$ to railroad y>ds1 #eb ,h>risburg to ,pittsburg1 location ( road f1 #ba ,haz>d1 decreas$1 to tra9 crews1 #cgg ,heat+ c>s1 #abi ,heurteau1 ,emile1 on ,am]ican railway sy/em1 #bhb ,hides1 relation ( freight rates to price1 #ih ,high grade tonnage1 increase 91 #aij ,highways 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 #i ,hill1 ,james ,j41 spee*es at ,seattle & ,tacoma1 #de ,home m>kets1 ,am]icans turn to1 #aa ,ho/ility to railroads1 reasons !re=1 #bda ,h\sehold furniture1 freight rates on1 #aji ,human elem5t 9 op]ation1 #ace ,improvem5ts1 dem& =1 imp]ative1 #bjc ,improvem5ts1 po/ponem5t (1 #fh ,income acc\nt1 #aijh1 #bib ,income acc\nt1 cal5d> ye> #aiji1 #bih ,income acc\nt ( leas$ roads1 #cfj ,increas+ co/ ( railway ma9t5ance & op]ation1 #fg ,injuries to p]sons & damages1 #cfe ,int]relation ( rates1 #bge ,int]lock+ signals1 #abe ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,law contradictory1 #bja ,iron ore1 relation ( freight *>ge on1 to indu/ry1 #ajj ,isolation ( int]ior settlem5ts1 #g ,italian railways own$ by ! /ate1 #bba ,knapp1 ,*airman ,i4 ,c4 ,c41 lett] to ,s5ate committee1 #bhe ,knapp1 ,*airman ,i4 ,c4 ,c41 analysis ( same1 #bhf ,knapp1 ,*airman ,i4 ,c4 ,c41 on fair returns = railway inve/m5ts1 #aac ,krutts*nitt1 ,julius1 on railway mail pay1 #adb ,l& grants unremun]ative to railways1 #gf ,lane1 ,commission] ,i4 ,c4 ,c41 on relation ( capitalization to rates1 #hd ,lea!r belt+1 freight rates on1 #aab ,legislation adds to exp5se ( railways1 #gd ,light+ c>s1 #acj ,l9coln1 ,abraham1 9 ,mississippi bridge case1 #aca ,liv+1 co/ (1 #cbi ,liv+1 co/ (1 = normal families1 #aija1 #ccj ,locomotives1 co/1 #ahig-aijg1 #aid ,locomotives1 co/ to build 9 ,au/ralia1 #caf ,locomotives1 developm5t1 #abi ,locomotives1 haul+ p[] measur$ by weight1 n rev5ues1 #adi ,locomotives1 numb] & capacity1 #aijb to #aiji1 #cae ,l[ freight rates1 h[ made possible1 #ajd ,lumb]1 relation ( freight *>ge to price1 #ajj ,mail c>ry+ made unremun]ative1 #adc ,mail c>s /rong] & co/ m1 #adf ,mail pay1 railway1 #adb ,mail1 receipts = c>ry+1 #cej ,mail1 receipts f1 comp>$ ) o!r receipts1 #add ,mail r\tes1 effect ( heavy traffic on1 #aee ,managem5t1 railway1 a le>n$ pr(ession1 #baj ,manufactures e>n m ?an railways1 #gg ,m>g9 betwe5 e>n+s & exp5ses n>r[1 #aad ,massa*usetts railroad commission comm5d$1 #bcf ,meat1 effect ( freight *>ge on price1 #ib ,mexican railway situation1 #bbf ,mileage by /ates1 #aijg1 #aijh & #aiji1 #cjg ,mileage ( ,am]ican railways1 #aiji1 #cjf ,mileage1 ratio to area & population1 #cjg ,mileage1 #ahij to #aiji1 #cjh ,miles built 9 #ahij-aiji1 by /ates1 #cjh ,mississippi riv]1 fir/ bridge across1 #aca ,money = improvem5ts mu/ be e>n$ or borr[$1 #ej ,municipal bodies unfitt$ = bus9ess ent]prises1 #bef ,mc,cain1 ,c4 ,c41 on dim9i%$ pur*as+ p[] ( railway e>n+s1 #afe ,mc,pherson1 ,logan ,g41 on transportation *>ge & prices1 #ij ,national aid = int]nal improvem5ts1 #ai ,national ,bo>d ( ,trade opposes *anges 9 ,i4 ,c4 ,law1 #bij ,national developm5t & ! railways1 #aab ,nationalization1 argum5ts =1 #bdf ,nationalization1 argum5ts aga9/1 #bdg ,nationalization ( ! railways1 #bch ,nationaliz$ railways a field = social exp]im5ts1 #beg ,new ,engl&1 e>ly railways (1 #h ,nom5clature1 *anges 91 #bic ,ores1 relation ( freight rates to values1 #ih ,own]%ip ( ,am]ican railways1 #cde ,own]%ip ( ! ,great ,nor!rn1 #ih ,own]s ( railways n oppos$ to nationalization1 #bch ,pacific ,nor?we/1 railways (1 #de ,panic ( #ahcg1 effect on railways1 #aag ,pass5g] c>s1 numb]1 #aijb-aiji1 #cag ,pass5g] s]vice comp>$ ) mail s]vice1 #aea ,pass5g] traffic1 #aiji1 #cdf ,pass5g] traffic1 relation ( accid5ts to1 #cgf ,pass5g] traffic1 /ati/ics conc]n+1 #ahhh to #aiji1 #cdh ,pay1 increase 9 av]age daily comp5sation1 #ccd ,pay ( ,briti% railway employes1 #cbf ,pay ( =eign railway employes1 #cbg ,pay roll1 proportion to gross e>n+s1 #ahii-aiji1 #cbe ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 fir/ report ( eng9e]1 #ba ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 h[ locat$1 #bd ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 9 #ahdh & #aiji1 #dd ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 own$ by #ej1jjj p1 #bah ,petroleum1 relation ( freight *>ge to price (1 #ii ,physical valuation & rate mak+1 #hc ,physical valuation1 ,s5ator ,cumm9s on1 #cdc ,policy ( fairness & lib]ality ne$$1 #fb ,popul> ho/ility to ! railroads1 #bab ,po/al c>s1 increas+ co/ (1 #aeh ,po/al c>s1 pay =1 #aeg ,po/al deficit1 cause (1 #afj ,potatoes1 effect ( freight *>ge on price1 #ib ,p\ltry1 freight rates on1 #aaa ,pref]5ce1 undue1 w\ld increase "u nationalization1 #bee ,pre-railway era 9 ,am]ica1 #e ,pre-railway era 9 ,engl&1 #e ,prices & actual rates1 #aia ,prices1 relative1 :olesale1 #ahb ,prices1 retail1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ccf ,prices1 retail1 ( pr9cipal articles1 #ahij-aiji1 #chb ,prie/ley1 ,neville1 on ,am]ican railways1 #gh ,private capital1 dep5d5ce on1 #hg ,private corporations1 railway companies are1 #bjg ,private prop]ty1 railways are1 #ge ,problems confront+ railways1 ,daniel ,will>d on1 #ff ,problems ( con/ruction & op]ation ess5tially diff]5t1 #bdd ,problems1 railroad1 ( to-day1 ,j4 ,b4 ,?ay] on1 #baa ,prop]ty rights involv$ 9 fix+ rates1 #bff ,proportion ( pay roll to gross e>n+s1 #ahii-aiji1 #cbe ,prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry dep5ds on prosp]\s railways1 #aae ,public & ! railroads1 ,john ,c4 ,spoon] on1 #bje ,public approval & ! railroads1 ,e4 ,p4 ,ripley on1 #aii ,public be damn$1 orig9 ( say+1 #bjj ,public control & private own]%ip1 are !y compatible81 #bjd ,public s5tim5t rules 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bjj ,public s]vice ( ,am]ican railways1 #cdf ,rails1 _! evolution1 #acb ,railway mail pay 9 #ahii report$ n excessive1 #acb ,railways1 ,am]ican1 are private prop]ty1 #ge ,railways ess5tial to happ9ess ( ,am]ican p1 #bje ,railways1 situation (1 to-day1 ,frank ,trumbull on1 #hj ,rates be=e ! era ( railways1 #e ,rates by ,i4 ,c4 ,c41 gr\ps1 #ahig-aijh1 #ahf ,rates1 discussion ( h[ made1 #bgb ,rates 9 ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ be ela/ic1 #bgg ,rates made to get ! bus9ess1 #gd ,rates measur$ 9 money1 #ahig-aijg1 #ahd ,rates mu/ fluctuate to meet conditions1 #bgh ,rates1 true pr9ciple ( mak+1 recogniz$ f ! fir/1 #dc ,raw mat]ials1 h[ rates are adju/$ on1 #ajd ,reasonable rates1 "r to make1 fundam5tal1 #bfe ,rebates pa/1 #bjb ,receiv]%ips1 railway1 s9ce #ahgf1 #chd ,r$uction 9 railway mail pay n w>rant$ 9 #ahii1 #adf ,r$uctions1 no1 )\t ! "r to advance1 #bhj ,relations ( railways to ! /ate1 #bbj ,relative co/ ( mail1 freight & pass5g] s]vice1 #aeb ,refrig]ators1 freight rates on1 #aji ,regulate1 h[ %all gov]nm5t1 #bcc ,regulation1 co/ (1 #agd ,regulation1 co/ (1 increase s9ce #ahhh1 #che ,regulation ( ,am]ican railways1 #cjj ,regulation1 j1 welcom$ by ! railways1 #bae ,results1 comp>ative1 #ahhi1 #ahii & #aiji1 #bie ,retrospect ( f\r ye>s1 #hj ,returns f mail1 freight & pass5g]s comp>$1 #adh ,revolution1 highways be=e & aft]1 #h ,"r ( railways to fix rates recogniz$1 #bfb ,ripley1 ,e4 ,p41 on ! railways & public approval1 #aii ,risk 9 railway inve/m5ts1 #df ,roosevelt1 ,presid5t1 rejects ov]-capitalization !ory1 #ajg ,safety appliances1 #cbj ,safety 9 railway op]ation progressive1 #aaf ,safety ( ,am]ican railways1 #cfh ,seattle1 ,james ,j4 ,hill at1 #de ,s5ate committee conc]n+ advance 9 railway rates1 #bfa ,%>ehold]s1 numb] ( railway1 #cde ,%ip subsidy criticis$1 #ea ,%ipp]s protect$ "u exi/+ law1 #bfc ,%oes1 effect ( freight *>ge on price (1 #ic ,signal+1 developm5t ( railway1 #abb ,smi?1 ,a4 ,h41 on progressive safety 9 railway op]ation1 #aaf ,sociali/ic aspect ( nationalization ( railways1 #bci ,s\!rn products increase 9 #be ye>s1 #fj ,s\!rn railways & _! ne$s1 #eh ,s\!rn railways crippl$ by ! civil w>1 #eh ,s\!rn railways1 mileage (1 #ei ,spoon]1 ,john ,c41 on railroads & ! public1 #bje ,/age l9e1 fir/1 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 #f ,/ate control or /ate own]%ip1 #bbh ,/ate own]%ip by autocracy1 #bbi ,/ate own]%ip n favor$ 9 ,am]ica1 #bbc ,/ate own]%ip widely ext5d$1 #bbb ,/&>d "t1 adoption (1 #acf ,/ati/ics ( ,am]ican railways1 #aiji1 #bia ,/ati/ics ( =eign railways1 #chf ,/eamboat1 :5 fir/ a comm]cial success1 #ac ,sug> beets1 relation ( freight rate to indu/ry1 #ig ,sug>1 effect ( freight *>ge on price (1 #ig ,supplies1 co/ ( railway1 #aga-aid ,supreme c\rt gives control ( rates to c>ri]s1 #bfc ,surplus ( freight c>s 9 #aijh-aiji1 #cah ,swiss railway employes1 numb] & pay (1 #cbh ,tacoma1 ,james ,j4 ,hill at1 #ed ,tacoma wak+ up1 #dh ,taxes1 #ahhi-aiji1 #cfc ,taxes1 increase1 #ahig-aijg1 #agd ,t]m9als1 increas$ co/ (1 #dg ,?ay]1 ,j4 ,b41 on railroad problems ( to-day1 #baa ,tobacco1 effect ( freight *>ge on price (1 #if ,tolls on turnpikes1 #ag ,tonnage1 classifi$1 #ahi ,tonnage1 wat]1 at ,dulu? leads ! _w1 #ec ,tracks1 all1 mileage (1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cab ,tracks1 all1 mileage (1 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #cac ,tra9 despat*+1 #abf ,transportation *>ge & prices1 ,logan ,g4 ,mc,pherson on1 #ij ,transportation ne$s anticipat$ 9 ,am]ica1 #ei ,trespass]s1 fatalities to1 #aci ,trumbull1 ,frank1 on railroad situation ( to-day1 #hj ,turnpikes1 capitalization (1 #af ,turnpikes1 ! e>ly ,am]ican1 #aj ,unit$ ,k+dom railways1 /ati/ics (1 #chi ,valuation1 physical1 #cdc ,va/ness ( railway indu/ry1 #aah ,wages1 effect ( increase on ,c4 ,b4 ,q41 #fi ,wages1 railway1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & abroad1 #gf ,wages1 railway employes1 #ahig-aijg1 #aff ,wages1 railway1 p] day1 #ahig-aijg1 #afg ,wages1 railway1 #aiji1 #cbb ,wages1 railway1 p] day1 #ahib-aiji1 #cbd ,wagon roads into int]ior ( ,am]ica1 #ad ,wallace1 ,john ,f41 on ne$s ( ,s\!rn railroads1 #eh ,wat]$ ,/ock discuss$ by ,james ,j4 ,hill1 #df ,wat]melons1 relation ( freight *>ge to ! indu/ry1 #aja ,we>+ app>el1 effect ( freight *>ge on price1 #id ,:at ! traffic w be> miscon/ru$1 #bjj ,:eat m>g9 betwe5 production & consumption1 #ee ,:eat1 ! problem (1 discuss$ by ,james ,j4 ,hill1 #ed ,will>d1 ,daniel1 on ,am]ican railway problems1 #fe ,_w railways1 mileage (1 #ahdj to #aiji1 #cib ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equal signs4 ,fractions h be5 left 9 ! =m a_/b except = 4 ,a doz5 or s occurr5ces ( 'nn a-b' h be5 *ang$ to 'nn-a_/b'1 ma9ly on pages #bg-dj1 = consi/5cy4 ,footnote an*ors 9 a table are ( ! =m 7a7 & ! correspond+ ,footnote is plac$ at ! bottom ( t table4 ,o!r ,footnote an*ors are ( ! =m ,a ) placem5t at ! end ( t ,*apt]4 ,to save table space "s column head+s use ! foll[+ abbreviations3 ,pass4 = ,pass5g] ,mill4 = ,millions ,prop4 = ,proportion ,_m wide tables h be5 split into two or m p>ts4 ,ea* "p aft] ! fir/ is labell$ at ! top ) table cont9u$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts has be5 exp&$ to include ! sev5te5 sections "u ! ',/ati/ics' *apt] at page #bia4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,= example3 employes1 employees2 pay roll1 pay-roll2 reconnoissance2 asp]se4 ,pg #ae1 'w\ld built' replac$ by 'w\ld build'4 ,pg #ai1 'inconte/ible' replac$ by 'inconte/able'4 ,pg #ch1 column head+s1 copi$ f ! e>li] simil> table on pg #cf1 h be5 add$ to ?is table = cl>ity4 ,pg #db1 'tran%ipm5t' replac$ by 'trans%ipm5t'4 ,pg #ig1 ',oamha' replac$ by ',omaha'4 ,pg #ig1 'rema9d+' replac$ by 'rema9+'4 ,pg #acc1 'uni=mily' replac$ by 'uni=mly'4 ,pg #aej1 ',r4 ,p4 ,o4' 9 ! ,table replac$ by ',r4,p4,o4' to save space4 ,pg #aec1 "s signs remov$ f ! ,table to save space4 ,pg #agg1 miss+ ,table ,footnote '7a7 ,janu>y to ,july1 only4' add$4 ,pg #aha ,footnote ,f1 '#hi & #ie' replac$ by '#hi to #ie'4 ,pg #bjj1 'corre/' replac$ by 'correct'4 ,pg #bje1 'lea*like' replac$ by 'lee*like'4 ,pg #baj1 'inocu\s' replac$ by 'innocu\s'4 ,pg #bbf1 'p>lim5t>y' replac$ by 'p>liam5t>y'4 ,pg #bgb1 'is practical' replac$ by 'its practical'4 ,pg #bie1 '7m #a1jjj47' replac$ by '7m #a1jjj2 d decrease47'4 ,pg #bih1 'ph5om5onally' replac$ by 'ph5om5ally'4 ,pg #caf1 'direct *>ges' replac$ by ',indirect *>ges'4 ,pg #caf1 '#bej1fce4cd' replac$ by '#bdj1fce4cd'4 ,pg #cah1 ,table #aa? r[1 ',,xii' replac$ by ',,xi'4 ,pg #cca1 'arbitrat]s' replac$ by 'arbitrators'4 ,pg #cce1 'despond+' replac$ by 'despond5t'4 ,pg #ceg1 ,table note 7b71 ',bureau #ii' replac$ by ',bureau 9'4 ,pg #ceg1 ,table note 7b71 ',decemb]1 9 #aj' replac$ by ',decemb]1 is'4 ,pg #cei1 to save space 9 ! ,table1 ! two columns ) totals h be5 m]g$ into ! columns ) _! con/itu5t data4 ,no data has be5 omitt$4