,,humboldt ,,libr>y ,,( ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,lit]ature4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,morals1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays2 ,viz43 ,"r & ,wrong2 ,! ,e?ics ( ,belief2 ,! ,e?ics ( ,religion4 ,by ,,william ,,k+don ,,clif=d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,morals4 ,by ,morals or ,e?ic ,i mean ! doctr9e ( a special k9d ( pleasure or displeasure :i* is felt by ! human m9d 9 contemplat+ c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct1 :]eby !y are felt to be "r or wrong1 & ( a special desire to d ! "r ?+s & avoid ! wrong ones4 ,! pleasure or displeasure is commonly call$ ! moral s5se2 ! correspond+ desire might be call$ ! moral appetite4 ,^! are facts1 exi/+ 9 ! consci\sness ( e man :o ne$ be consid]$ 9 ?is discussion1 & suffici5tly m>k$ out by ^! names2 !y ne$ no fur!r def9ition4 ,9 ! same way ! s5se ( ta/e is a feel+ ( pleasure or displeasure 9 ?+s savory or unsavory1 & is associat$ ) a desire = ! "o & a repulsion f ! o!r4 ,we mu/ assume t ev]ybody kn[s :at ^! words mean2 ! feel+s !y describe may be analyz$ or acc\nt$ =1 b !y _c be m exactly def9$ z feel+s4 ,! maxims ( e?ic are recomm5dations or comm&s ( ! =m1 ',d ?is p>ticul> ?+ because x is "r1' or ',avoid ?is p>ticul> ?+ because x is wrong4' ,!y express ! imm$iate desire to d ! "r ?+ = itself1 n = ! sake ( any?+ else3 on ?is acc\nt ! mood ( !m is call$ ! categorical imp]ative4 ,! p>ticul> ?+s comm&$ or =bidd5 by su* maxims dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! individual 9 ^: m9d !y arise4 ,!re is a c]ta9 g5]al agreem5t 9 ! e?ical code ( p]sons belong+ to ! same race at a giv5 "t1 b consid]able v>iations 9 diff]5t races & times4 ,to ! "q ',:at is "r8' c !re=e only be answ]$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ',t :i* pleases y\r moral s5se4' ,b x may be fur!r ask$ ',:at is g5]ally ?\ght "r8' & ! reply w specify ! e?ic ( a p>ticul> race & p]iod4 ,b ! e?ical code ( an individual1 l ! /&>d ( ta/e1 may be modifi$ by habit & education2 & accord+ly ! "q may be ask$1 ',h[ %all ,i ord] my moral desires s z to be able to satisfy !m mo/ completely & cont9u\sly8 ,:at ought ,i to feel to be "r8' ,! answ] to ?is "q mu/ be s\ght 9 ! /udy ( ! conditions "u :i* ! moral s5se 0 produc$ & is pres]v$2 9 o!r words1 9 ! /udy ( its functions z a prop]ty ( ! human organism4 ,! maxims d]iv$ f ?is /udy may be call$ maxims ( ab/ract or absolute "r2 !y are n absolutely univ]sal1 'et]nal & immutable1' b !y are indep5d5t ( ! individual1 & practically univ]sal = ! pres5t condition ( ! human species4 ,i mean by ,sci5ce ! application ( exp]i5ce to new circum/ances1 by ! aid ( an ord] ( nature :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! pa/1 & on ! assumption t su* ord] w cont9ue 9 ! future4 ,! simple/ use ( exp]i5ce z a guide to action is probably n ev5 consci\s2 x is ! association by cont9ually-repeat$ selection ( c]ta9 actions ) c]ta9 circum/ances1 z 9 ! unconsci\sly-acquir$ craft ( ! mak] ( fl9t implem5ts4 ,i /ill call ?is sci5ce1 al?\gh x is only a beg9n+2 because ! physiological process is a type ( :at takes place 9 all lat] /ages4 ,! next /ep may be express$ 9 ! =m ( a hypo!tical maxim1--',if y want to make brass1 melt y\r copp] along ) ?is blue /one4' ,to a maxim ( ?is sort x may always be repli$1 ',i d n want to make brass1 & s ,i %all n d z y tell me4' ,?is reply is anticipat$ 9 ! f9al =m ( sci5ce1 :5 x is express$ z a /atem5t or proposition3 brass is an alloy ( copp] & z9c1 & calam9e is z9c c>bonate4 ,belief 9 a g5]al /atem5t is an artifice ( our m5tal con/itution1 :]eby inf9itely v>i\s s5sations & gr\ps ( s5sations are br\ght into connection ) inf9itely v>i\s actions & gr\ps ( actions4 ,on ! ph5om5al side !re corresponds a c]ta9 c]ebral /ructure by :i* v>i\s comb9ations ( di/urbances 9 ! s5sor tract are made to lead to ! appropriate comb9ations ( di/urbances 9 ! motor tract4 ,! important po9t is t sci5ce1 ?\gh app>5tly trans=m$ into pure k1 has yet nev] lo/ its "* ( be+ a craft2 & t x is n ! k itself :i* c rightly be call$ sci5ce1 b a special way ( gett+ & ( us+ k4 ,namely1 sci5ce is ! gett+ ( k f exp]i5ce on ! assumption ( uni=mity 9 nature1 & ! use ( su* k to guide ! actions ( m54 ,& ! mo/ ab/ract /atem5ts or propositions 9 sci5ce are to be reg>d$ z bundles ( hypo!tical maxims pack$ into a portable %ape & size4 ,e sci5tific fact is a %or?& expression = a va/ numb] ( practical directions3 if y want s-&-s1 d s-&-s4 ,if ) ?is mean+ ( ! ^w ',sci5ce1' !re is su* a ?+ z a sci5tific basis ( ,morals1 x mu/ be true t1-- #a4 ,! maxims ( ,e?ic are hypo!tical maxims4 #b4 ,d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 #c4 ,on ! assumption ( uni=mity 9 nature4 ,^! propositions ,i %all n[ endeavor to prove2 & 9 conclusion1 ,i %all indicate ! direction 9 :i* we may look = ^? g5]al /atem5ts ( fact ^: organization w complete ! lik5ess ( e?ical & physical sci5ce4 ,! ,tribal ,self4--,9 ! metaphysical s5se1 ! ^w 'self' is tak5 to mean ! consci\s subject1 das ,i*1 ! :ole /ream ( feel+s :i* make up a consci\sness reg>d$ z b\nd toge!r by association & memory4 ,b1 9 ! m common & m re/rict$ e?ical s5se1 :at we call self is a select$ aggregate ( feel+s & ( objects relat$ to !m1 :i* hangs toge!r z a conception by virtue ( long & repeat$ association4 ,my self does n include all my feel+s1 because habitually sep>ate (f "s ( !m1 say !y d n prop]ly belong to me1 & treat !m z my enemies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does 9 g5]al include my body reg>d$ z an object1 because ( ! feel+s :i* occur simultane\sly ) ev5ts :i* affect x4 ,my foot is c]ta9ly "p ( myself1 because ,i get hurt :5 anybody treads on x4 ,:5 we desire any?+ = its some:at remote consequ5ces1 x is n common = ^! to be repres5t$ to ! m9d 9 ! =m ( ! actual feel+s ( pleasure :i* are ultimately to fl[ f ! satisfaction ( ! desire2 in/ead ( ?is1 !y are replac$ by a symbolic conception :i* repres5ts ! ?+ desir$ z do+ good to ! complex ab/raction self4 ,?is ab/raction s]ves ?us to support & hold toge!r ^? complex & remote motives :i* make up by f> ! great] "p ( ! life ( ! intellig5t races4 ,:5 a ?+ is desir$ = no imm$iate pleasure t x c br+1 x is g5]ally desir$ on acc\nt ( a c]ta9 symbolic sub/itute = pleasure1 ! feel+ t ?is ?+ is suitable to ! self4 ,&1 z 9 _m l cases1 ?is feel+1 :i* at fir/ d]iv$ its pleasurable nature f ! fa9tly repres5t$ simple pleasures ( :i* x 0 a symbol1 ceases aft] a "t to recall !m & becomes a simple pleasure itself4 ,9 ?is way ! self becomes a sort ( c5t] ab\t :i* our remot] motives revolve1 & to :i* !y always h reg>d2 9 virtue ( :i*1 moreov]1 !y become imm$iate & simple1 f hav+ be5 complex & remote4 ,if we consid] n[ ! simpl] races ( mank9d1 we %all f9d n only t imm$iate desires play a f> l>g] "p 9 _! lives1 & s t ! conception ( self is less us$ & less develop$1 b also t x is less def9ite & m wide4 ,! savage is n only hurt :5 anybody treads on 8 foot1 b :5 anybody treads on 8 tribe4 ,he may lose 8 hut1 & 8 wife1 & 8 opportunities ( gett+ food4 ,9 ?is way ! tribe becomes naturally includ$ 9 t conception ( self :i* r5d]s remote desires possible by mak+ !m imm$iate4 ,! actual pa9s or pleasures :i* come f ! woe or weal ( ! tribe1 & :i* 7 ! s\rce ( ?is conception1 drop out ( consci\sness & are rememb]$ no m2 ! symbol :i* has replac$ !m becomes a c5t] & goal ( imm$iate desires1 p[]ful en\gh 9 _m cases to ov]ride ! /ronge/ sugge/ions ( individual pleasure or pa94 ,"h a help+ cause comes 94 ,! tribe1 qu tribe1 has to exi/1 & x c only exi/ by aid ( su* an organic artifice z ! conception ( ! tribal self 9 ! m9ds ( its memb]s4 ,h5ce ! natural selection ( ^? races 9 :i* ?is conception is ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ habitually pr$om9ant z a motive ov] imm$iate desires4 ,to su* an ext5t has ?is proce$$ t we may fairly d\bt :e!r ! selfhood ( ! tribe is n e>li] 9 po9t ( developm5t ?an t ( ! individual4 ,9 ! process ( "t x becomes a matt] ( h]$it>y transmission1 & is ?us fix$ z a specific "* 9 ! con/itution ( social man4 ,) ! settlem5t ( c\ntries1 & ! aggregation ( tribes into nations1 x takes a wid] & m ab/ract =m2 & 9 ! highe/ natures ! tribal self is inc>nate 9 no?+ less ?an humanity4 ,%ort ( ^! heights1 x places itself 9 ! family & 9 ! city4 ,i %all call t quality or disposition ( man :i* consi/s 9 ! supremacy ( ! family or tribal self z a m>k ( ref]5ce = motives by its old "n ,piety4 ,& ,i h n[ to consid] c]ta9 feel+s & conceptions to :i* ! exi/5ce ( piety mu/ necess>ily give rise4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 h[ev]1 x w be advisable to fix z precisely z may be ! s5se ( ! words j us$4 ,self1 !n1 9 ! e?ical s5se1 is a conception 9 ! m9d ( ! individual :i* s]ves z a peg on :i* remote desires are hung & by :i* !y are r5d]$ imm$iate4 ,! individual self is su* a peg = ! hang+ ( remote desires :i* affect ! individual only4 ,! tribal self is a conception 9 ! m9d ( ! individual :i* s]ves z a peg on :i* ^? remote desires are hung :i* 7 implant$ 9 him by ! ne$ ( ! tribe z a tribe4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ! tribal self f society1 or ! 'common consci\sness2' x is some?+ 9 ! m9d ( ea* individual man :i* b9ds toge!r 8 greg>i\s in/9cts4 ,! ^w tribe is "h us$ to mean a gr\p ( t size :i* 9 ! circum/ances consid]$ is select$ = survival or de/ruction z a gr\p4 ,self-reg>d+ excell5ces are br\ght out by ! natural selection ( individuals2 ! tribal self is develop$ by ! natural selection ( gr\ps4 ,! size ( ! gr\ps mu/ v>y at diff]5t times2 & ! ext5t ( ! tribal self mu/ v>y accord+ly4 ,approbation & ,consci5ce4--,! tribe has to exi/4 ,su* tribes z saw no necessity = x h ceas$ to live4 ,to exi/1 x mu/ enc\rage piety2 & !re is a me?od :i* lies ready to h&4 ,we d n l a man ^: "* is su* t we may reasonably expect injuries f him4 ,?is dislike ( a man on acc\nt ( 8 "* is a m complex feel+ ?an ! m]e dislike ( sep>ate injuries4 ,a cat likes y\r h& & y\r lap1 & ! food y give h]2 b ,i d n ?9k %e has any conception ( y4 ,a dog1 h[ev]1 may l y ev5 :5 y ?ra% him1 ?\gh he does n l ! ?ra%+4 ,n[ su* likes & dislikes may be felt by ! tribal self4 ,if a man does any?+ g5]ally reg>d$ z good = ! tribe1 my tribal self may say1 9 ! fir/ place1 ',i l t ?+ t y h done4' ,by su* common approbation ( individual acts ! influ5ce ( piety z a motive becomes def9$2 & natural selection w 9 ! long run pres]ve ^? tribes :i* h approv$ ! "r ?+s2 namely1 ^? ?+s :i* at t "t gave ! tribe an advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! second place1 a man may z a rule & con/antly1 be+ actuat$ by piety1 d good ?+s = ! tribe2 & 9 t case ! tribal self w say1 ,i l y4 ,! feel+ express$ by ?is /atem5t on ! "p ( any individual1 ',9 ! "n ( ! tribe1 ,i l y1' is :at ,i call approbation4 ,x is ! feel+ produc$ 9 pi\s individuals by t sort ( "* :i* seems to !m b5eficial to ! community4 ,n[ suppose t a man has done some?+ obvi\sly h>mful to ! community4 ,ei!r "s imm$iate desire1 or 8 individual self1 has = once prov$ /rong] ?an ! tribal self4 ,:5 ! tribal self wakes up1 ! man says1 ',9 ! "n ( ! tribe1 ,i d n l ?is ?+ t ,i1 z an individual1 h done4' ,?is ,self-judgm5t 9 ! "n ( ! tribe is call$ ,consci5ce4 ,if ! man goes fur!r & draws f ?is act & o!rs an inf]5ce ab\t 8 own "*1 he may say1 ',9 ! "n ( ! tribe1 ,i d n l my individual self4' ,?is is remorse4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has well po9t$ out t imm$iate desires are 9 g5]al /rong b ( %ort duration1 & _c be adequately repres5t$ to ! m9d aft] !y h pass$2 :ile ! social =ces1 ?\gh less viol5t1 h a /eady & cont9u\s action4 ,9 a m9d suffici5tly develop$ to di/+ui% ! individual f ! tribal self1 consci5ce is ?us a necess>y result ( ! exi/5ce ( piety2 x is ready to h& z a means = its increase4 ,b to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( piety & consci5ce 9 ! elem5tal =m :i* we h hi!rto consid]$ is by no means to acc\nt = ! pres5t moral nature ( man4 ,we %all be l$ _m /eps 9 t direction if we consid] ! way 9 :i* society has us$ ^! feel+s ( ! individual z a means = its own pres]vation4 ,"r & ,responsibility4--,a l or a dislike is "o ?+2 ! expression ( x is ano!r4 ,x is atta*$ to ! feel+ by l9ks ( association2 & :5 ?is association has be5 selectively modifi$ by exp]i5ce1 :e!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ! expression s]ves a purpose ( reta9+ or repeat+ ! ?+ lik$1 & ( remov+ ! ?+ dislik$4 ,su* a purpose is s]v$ by ! expression ( tribal approbation or disapprobation1 h[ev] little x may be ! consci\s end ( su* expression to any individual4 ,x is necess>y to ! tribe t ! pi\s "* %\ld be enc\rag$ & pres]v$1 ! impi\s "* disc\rag$ & remov$4 ,! process is ( two k9ds2 direct & reflex4 ,9 ! direct process ! tribal dislike ( ! (f5d] is precisely simil> to ! dislike ( a noxi\s bea/2 & x expresses itself 9 8 spe$y removal4 ,b 9 ! reflex process we f9d ! fir/ trace ( t s+ul> & wond]ful judgm5t by analogy :i* ascribes to o!r m5 a consci\sness simil> to our own4 ,if ! process 7 a consci\s "o1 x might p]haps be describ$ 9 ?is way3 ! tribal self says1 ',put y\rself 9 ?is man's place2 he also is pi\s1 b he has (f5d$1 & t proves t he is n pi\s en\gh4 ,/ill1 he has "s consci5ce1 & ! expression ( y\r tribal dislike to 8 "*1 awak5+ 8 consci5ce1 w t5d to *ange him & make him m pi\s4' ,b ! process is n a consci\s "o3 ! social craft or art ( liv+ toge!r is le>n$ by ! tribe & n by ! individual1 & ! purpose ( improv+ m5's *>act]s is provid$ = by complex social arrangem5ts long be=e x has be5 conceiv$ by any consci\s m9d4 ,! tribal self le>ns to approve c]ta9 expressions ( tribal lik+ or dislik+2 ! actions ^: op5 approval is lik$ by ! tribal self are call$ "r actions1 & ^? ^: op5 disapproval is lik$ are call$ wrong actions4 ,! correspond+ *>act]s are call$ good or bad1 virtu\s or vici\s4 ,?is introduces a fur!r complication into ! consci5ce4 ,self-judgm5t 9 ! "n ( ! tribe becomes associat$ ) v def9ite & mat]ial judgm5t by ! tribe itself4 ,on ! "o h&1 ?is und\bt$ly /r5g!ns ! motive-p[] ( consci5ce 9 an enorm\s degree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x t5ds to guide ! decisions ( consci5ce2 & s9ce ! expression ( public approval or disapproval is made 9 g5]al by means ( "s organiz$ ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 x becomes possible = consci5ce to be kn[+ly direct$ by ! wise or misdirect$ by ! wick$1 in/ead ( be+ driv5 along ! "r pa? by ! sl[ selective process ( exp]i5ce4 ,n[ "r actions are n ^? :i* are publicly approv$1 b ^? ^: public approbation a well-in/ruct$ tribal self w\ld l4 ,/ill1 x is impossible to avoid ! guid+ influ5ce ( express$ approbation on ! great mass ( ! p2 & 9 ^? cases :]e ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t is approximately a means ( express+ ! true public consci5ce1 t influ5ce becomes a mo/ p[]ful help to improvem5t4 ,let u note n[ ! v important diff]5ce betwe5 ! direct & ! reflex process4 ,to cle> a man away z a noxi\s bea/1 & to puni% him = do+ wrong1 ^! are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,! purpose 9 ! fir/ case is m]ely to get rid ( a nuisance2 ! purpose 9 ! second case is to improve ! "* ei!r ( ! man himself or ( ^? :o w obs]ve ?is public expression ( disapprobation4 ,! (f5se ( :i* ! man has be5 guilty leads to an inf]5ce ab\t 8 "*1 & x is suppos$ t ! community may conta9 o!r p]sons ^: *>act]s are simil> to 81 or t5d to become s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! expression ( public disapprobation t5ds to awake ! consci5ce ( su* p & to improve _! *>act]s4 ,if ! improvem5t ( ! man himself is aim$ at1 x is assum$ t he has a consci5ce :i* c be work$ ^u & made to det] him f simil> (f5ses 9 future4 ,! ^w purpose has "h be5 us$ 9 a s5se to :i* x is p]haps wor? :ile to call att5tion4 ,adaptation ( means to an end may be produc$ 9 two ways t we at pres5t "k (2 by processes ( natural selection1 & by ! ag5cy ( an intellig5ce 9 :i* an image or idea ( ! end prec$$ ! use ( ! means4 ,9 bo? cases ! exi/5ce ( ! adaptation is acc\nt$ = by ! necessity or utility ( ! end4 ,x seems to me conv5i5t to use ! ^w purpose z mean+ g5]ally ! end to :i* c]ta9 means are adapt$1 bo? 9 ^! two cases1 & 9 any o!r t may h]eaft] become kn[n1 provid$ only t ! adaptation is acc\nt$ = by ! necessity or utility ( ! end4 ,& !re seems no objection to ! use ( ! phrase 'f9al cause' 9 ?is wid] s5se1 if x is to be kept at all4 ,! ^w 'design' might !n be kept = ! special case ( adaptation by an intellig5ce4 ,& we may !n say t s9ce ! process ( natural selection has be5 und]/ood1 purpose has ceas$ to sugge/ design to in/ruct$ p1 except 9 cases :]e ! ag5cy ( man is indep5d5tly probable4 ,:5 a man c be puni%$ = do+ wrong ) approval ( ! tribal self1 he is said to be responsible4 ,responsibility implies two ?+s3--7#a7 ,! act 0 a product ( ! man's "* & ( ! circum/ances1 & 8 "* may to a c]ta9 ext5t be inf]r$ f ! act2 7#b7 ,! man _h a consci5ce :i* might h be5 s work$ ^u z to prev5t 8 do+ ! act4 ,unless ! fir/ condition be fulfill$1 we _c reasonably take any action at all 9 reg>d to ! man1 b only 9 reg>d to ! (f5se4 ,9 ! case ( crimes ( viol5ce1 = example1 we might c>ry a six-%oot] to protect ourselves aga9/ simil> possibilities1 b unless ! fact ( a man's hav+ once committ$ a murd] made x probable t he w\ld d ! l aga91 x w\ld cle>ly be absurd & unreasonable to lyn* ! man4 ,t is to say1 we assume an uni=mity ( connection betwe5 "* & actions1 inf] a man's "* f 8 pa/ actions1 & endeavor to provide aga9/ 8 future actions ei!r by de/roy+ him or by *ang+ 8 "*4 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t 9 all ^? cases :]e we n only deal ) ! (f5se b treat x ) moral reprobation1 we imply ! exi/5ce ( a consci5ce :i* might h be5 work$ ^u to improve ! "*4 ,:y1 = example1 d we n reg>d a lunatic z responsible8 ,because we are 9 possession ( in=mation ab\t 8 "* d]iv$ n only f 8 "o (f5se b f o!r facts1 :]eby we "k t ev5 if he _h a consci5ce left1 8 m9d is s diseas$ t x is impossible by moral reprobation alone to *ange 8 "* s t x may be subsequ5tly reli$ ^u4 ,) 8 cure f disease & ! re/or$ validity ( ?is condition1 responsibility returns4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 cases 9 :i* an irresponsible p]son is puni%$ z if he 7 responsible1 p\r enc\rag] les autres :o are responsible4 ,! "q ( ! "r or wrong ( ?is proc$ure is ! "q ( its av]age effect on ! "* ( m5 at any p>ticul> "t4 ,! ,categorical ,imp]ative4--,may we n[ say t ! maxims ( ,e?ic are hypo!tical maxims8 ,i ?9k we may1 & t 9 %[+ :y we %all expla9 ! app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 !m & o!r maxims belong+ to an e>ly /age ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place e?ical maxims are le>n$ by ! tribe & n by ! individual4 ,^? tribes h on ! :ole surviv$ 9 :i* consci5ce approv$ su* actions z t5d$ to ! improvem5t ( m5's *>act]s z citiz5s & !re=e to ! survival ( ! tribe4 ,h5ce x is t ! moral s5se ( ! individual1 ?\gh f\nd$ on ! exp]i5ce ( ! tribe1 is purely intuitive2 consci5ce gives no reasons4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! e?ical maxims are pres5t$ to u z conditional2 if y want to live toge!r 9 ?is complicat$ way1 y\r ways mu/ be /raight & n crook$1 y mu/ seek ! tru? & love no lie4 ,suppose we answ]1 ',i don't want to live toge!r ) o!r m5 9 ?is complicat$ way2 & s ,i %all n d z y tell me4' ,t is n ! end ( ! matt]1 z x might be ) o!r sci5tific precepts4 ,= obvi\s reasons x is "r 9 ?is case to reply1 ',!n 9 ! "n ( my p ,i d n l y1' & to express ?is dislike by appropriate me?ods4 ,& ! (f5d]1 be+ desc5d$ f a social race1 is unable to escape 8 consci5ce1 ! voice ( 8 tribal self :i* says1 ',9 ! "n ( ! tribe1 ,i hate myself = ?is treason t ,i h done4' ,!re are two reasons1 !n1 :y e?ical maxims appe> to be unconditional4 ,fir/1 !y are acquir$ f exp]i5ce n directly b by tribal selection1 & !re=e 9 ! m9d ( ! individual !y d n re/ ^u ! true reasons = !m4 ,secondly1 al?\gh !y are conditional1 ! abs5ce ( ! condition 9 "o born ( a social race is rightly visit$ by moral reprobation4 ,e?ics are bas$ on ,uni=mity4--,i h already obs]v$ t to deal ) m5 z a means ( influ5c+ _! actions implies t ^! actions are a product ( "* & circum/ances2 & t moral reprobation & responsibility _c exi/ unless we assume ! efficacy ( c]ta9 special means ( influ5c+ "*4 ,x is n necess>y to po9t out t su* consid]ations involve t uni=mity ( nature :i* und]lies ! possibility ( ev5 unconsci\s adaptations to exp]i5ce1 ( language1 & ( g5]al conceptions & /atem5ts4 ,x may be ask$1 ',are y q sure t ^! obs]v$ uni=mities betwe5 motive & action1 betwe5 "* & motive1 betwe5 social influ5ce & *ange ( "*1 are absolutely exact 9 ! =m 9 :i* y /ate !m1 or inde$ t !y are exact laws ( any =m8 ,may !re n be v slight div]g5ces f exact laws1 :i* w all[ ( ! action ( an uncaus$ w1 or ( ! int]f]5ce ( "s extra-mundane =ce8' ,i am sure ,i d n "k4 ,b ?is ,i d "k3 t our s5se ( "r & wrong is d]iv$ f su* ord] z we c obs]ve1 & n f su* caprice ( disord] z we may fancifully conjecture2 & t to :atev] ext5t a div]g5ce f exactness became s5sible1 to t ext5t x w\ld de/roy ! mo/ widespread & wor?y ( ! acquisitions ( mank9d4 ,! ,f9al ,/&>d4--,by ^! views we are l$ to conclusions p>tly negative1 p>tly positive2 ( :i*1 z might be expect$1 ! negative are ! mo/ def9ite4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,e?ic is a matt] ( ! tribe or community1 & !re=e !re are no 'self-reg>d+ virtues4' ,! qualities ( c\rage1 prud5ce1 etc41 c only be rightly enc\rag$ 9 s f> z !y are %[n to conduce to ! effici5cy ( a citiz52 t is1 9 s f> z !y cease to be self-reg>d+4 ,! duty ( private judgm5t1 ( se>*+ aft] tru?1 ! sacr$ness ( belief :i* ought n to be misus$ on unprov$ /atem5ts1 foll[ only on %[+ ( ! enorm\s importance to society ( a true k ( ?+s4 ,& any div]sion ( consci5ce f its sole allegiance to ! community is condemn$ priori 9 ! v nature ( "r & wrong4 ,next1 ! end ( ,e?ic is n ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,y\r happ9ess is ( no use to ! community1 except 9 s f> z x t5ds to make y a m effici5t citiz5--t is to say1 happ9ess is n to be desir$ = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,if any end is po9t$ to1 x is ! end ( increas$ effici5cy 9 ea* man's special "w1 z well z 9 ! social functions :i* are common to all4 ,a man mu/ /rive to be a bett] citiz51 a bett] workman1 a bett] son1 husb&1 or fa!r4 ,aga91 ,piety is n ,altruism4 ,x is n ! do+ good to o!rs z o!rs1 b ! s]vice ( ! community by a memb] ( x1 :o loses 9 t s]vice ! consci\sness t he is any?+ diff]5t f ! community4 ,! social organism1 l ! individual1 may be heal?y or diseas$4 ,heal? & disease are v difficult ?+s to def9e accurately3 b = practical purposes1 !re are c]ta9 /ates ab\t :i* no mi/ake c be made4 ,:5 we h ev5 a v imp]fect catalogue & description ( /ates t are cle>ly & c]ta9ly diseases1 we may =m a r\gh prelim9>y def9ition ( heal? by say+ t x means ! abs5ce ( all ^! /ates4 ,n[ ! heal? ( society involves among o!r ?+s1 t "r is done by ! individuals compos+ x4 ,& c]ta9 social diseases consi/ 9 a wrong direction ( ! consci5ce4 ,h5ce ! det]m9ation ( ab/ract "r dep5ds on ! /udy ( heal?y & diseas$ /ates ( society4 ,h[ mu* light c be got = ?is end f ! hi/orical records we possess8 ,a v great deal1 if1 z ,i believe1 = e?ical purposes ! nature ( man & ( society may be tak5 z approximately con/ant dur+ ! few ?\s& ye>s ( :i* we h di/9ct records4 ,! matt]s ( fact on :i* rational e?ic mu/ be f\nd$ are ! laws ( modification ( "*1 & ! evid5ce ( hi/ory z to ^? k9ds ( "* :i* h mo/ aid$ ! improvem5t ( ! race4 ,= al?\gh ! moral s5se is intuitive1 x mu/ = ! future be direct$ by our consci\s discov]y ( ! tribal purpose :i* x s]ves4 ,,ii4 ,,"r ,,& ,,wrong3 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,gr\nd ,,( ,,_! ,,di/9ction4 #a ,! que/ions :i* are "h to be consid]$ are especially & peculi>ly ev]ybody's que/ions4 ,x is n ev]ybody's bus9ess to be an eng9e]1 or a doctor1 or a c>p5t]1 or a soldi]2 b x is ev]ybody's bus9ess to be a citiz54 ,! doctr9es & precepts :i* guide ! practice ( ! good eng9e] are ( int]e/ to him :o uses !m & to ^? ^: bus9ess x is to inve/igate !m by me*anical sci5ce2 ! re/ ( u nei!r obey nor disobey !m4 ,b ! doctr9es & precepts ( morality1 :i* guide ! practice ( ! good citiz51 are ( int]e/ to all2 !y mu/ be ei!r obey$ or disobey$ by e human be+ :o is n hopelessly & =ev] sep>at$ f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,no "o c say1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is inquiry we are n m9d+ our own bus9ess1 t we are m$dl+ ) o!r m5's affairs4 ,we are 9 fact /udy+ ! pr9ciples ( our pr(ession1 s f> z we are able2 a necess>y ?+ = e man :o wi%es to d good "w 9 x4 ,along ) ! "* ( univ]sal int]e/ :i* belongs to our subject !re goes ano!r4 ,:at is ev]ybody's practical bus9ess is also to a l>ge ext5t :at ev]ybody kn[s2 & x may be reasonably expect$ t a disc\rse ab\t ,"r & ,wrong w be full ( platitudes & truisms4 ,! expectation is a j "o4 ,! consid]ations ,i h to (f] are ( ! v olde/ & ! v simple/ commonplace & common s5se2 & no "o c be m a/oni%$ ?an ,i am t !re %\ld be any reason to speak ( !m at all4 ,b !re is reason to speak ( !m1 because platitudes are n all ( "o k9d4 ,"s platitudes h a def9ite mean+ & a practical application1 & are e/abli%$ by ! uni=m & long-cont9u$ exp]i5ce ( all p4 ,o!r platitudes1 hav+ no def9ite mean+ & no practical application1 seem n to be wor? anybody's :ile to te/2 & ^! are q suffici5tly e/abli%$ by m]e ass]tion1 if x is audaci\s en\gh to beg9 ) & p]si/5t en\gh aft]w>d4 ,x is 9 ord] to di/+ui% ^! two k9ds ( platitude f "o ano!r1 & to make sure t ^? :i* we reta9 =m a body ( doctr9e consi/5t ) itself & ) ! re/ ( our beliefs1 t we und]take ?is exam9ation ( obvi\s & widespread pr9ciples4 ,fir/ ( all1 !n1 :at are ! facts8 ,we say t x is wrong to murd]1 to /eal1 to tell lies1 & t x is "r to take c>e ( our families4 ,:5 we say 9 ?is s5se t "o action is "r & ano!r wrong1 we h a c]ta9 feel+ t[>d ! action :i* is peculi> & n q l any o!r feel+4 ,x is cle>ly a feel+ t[>d ! action & n t[>d ! man :o does x2 because we speak ( hat+ ! s9 & lov+ ! s9n]4 ,we might reasonably dislike a man :om we knew or suspect$ to be a murd]]1 because ( ! natural fe> t he might murd] u2 & we might l our own p>5ts = tak+ c>e ( u4 ,b ev]ybody kn[s t ^! feel+s are some?+ q diff]5t f ! feel+ :i* condemns murd] z a wrong ?+1 & approves p>5tal c>e z a "r ?+4 ,i say no?+ "h ab\t ! possibility ( analyz+ ?is feel+1 or prov+ t x arises by comb9ation ( o!r feel+s2 all ,i want to notice is t x is z di/9ct & recognizable z ! feel+ ( pleasure 9 a sweet ta/e or ( displeasure at a too?a*e4 ,9 speak+ ( "r & wrong1 we speak ( qualities ( action :i* ar\se def9ite feel+s t ev]ybody kn[s & recognizes4 ,x is n necess>y1 !n1 to give a def9ition at ! outset2 we are go+ to use famili> t]ms :i* h a def9ite mean+ 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ev]ybody uses !m4 ,we may ultimately come to some?+ l a def9ition2 b :at we h to d fir/ is to collect ! facts & see :at c be made ( !m1 j z if we 7 go+ to talk ab\t lime/one1 or p>5ts & *ildr51 or fuel4 ,x is easy to conceive t murd] & !ft & neglect ( ! "y might be consid]$ wrong 9 a v simple /ate ( society4 ,b we f9d at pres5t t ! condemnation ( ^! actions does n /& alone2 x goes ) ! condemnation ( a great numb] ( o!r actions :i* seem to be includ$ ) ! obvi\sly crim9al action1 9 a sort ( g5]al rule4 ,! wrongness ( murd]1 = example1 belongs 9 a less degree to any =m ( bodily injury t "o man may inflict on ano!r2 & x is ev5 ext5d$ s z to include injuries to 8 reputation or 8 feel+s4 ,i make ^! m ref9$ precepts foll[ 9 ! tra9 ( ! m obvi\s & r\gh ones1 because ?is appe>s to h be5 ! traditional ord] ( _! e/abli%m5t4 ',he t makes 8 neighbor blu% 9 public1' says ! ,mi%na1 'is z if he _h %$ 8 blood4' ,9 ! same way ! r\gh condemnation ( /eal+ c>ries ) x a condemnation ( m ref9$ =ms ( di%one/y3 we d n hesitate to say t x is wrong = a tradesman to adult]ate 8 goods1 or = a labor] to scamp 8 "w4 ,we n only say t x is wrong to tell lies1 b t x is wrong to deceive 9 o!r m +5i\s ways2 wrong to use words s t !y %all h "o s5se to "s p & ano!r s5se to o!r p2 wrong to suppress ! tru? :5 t suppression leads to false belief 9 o!rs4 ,& aga91 ! duty ( p>5ts t[>d _! *ildr5 is se5 to be a special case ( a v l>ge & v>i$ class ( duties t[>d t great family to :i* we belong--to ! fa!rl& & !m t dwell !re94 ,! ^w duty :i* ,i h "h us$1 has z def9ite a s5se to ! g5]al m9d z ! words "r & wrong2 we say t x is "r to d our duty1 & wrong to neglect x4 ,^! duties to ! community s]ve 9 our m9ds to expla9 & def9e our duties to individuals4 ,x is wrong to kill any "o2 unless we are an execution]1 :5 x may be our duty to kill a crim9al2 or a soldi]1 :5 x may be our duty to kill ! enemy ( our c\ntry2 & 9 g5]al x is wrong to injure any man 9 any way 9 our private capacity & = our own sakes4 ,?us if a man injures u1 x is only "r to retaliate on behalf ( o!r m54 ,( two m5 9 a des]t isl&1 if "o takes away ! o!r's cloak1 x may or may n be "r = ! o!r to let him h 8 coat also2 b if a man takes away my cloak :ile we bo? live 9 society1 x is my duty to use su* means z ,i c to prev5t him f tak+ away o!r p's cloaks4 ,obs]ve t ,i am endeavor+ to describe ! facts ( ! moral feel+s ( ,engli%m51 su* z !y are n[4 ,! la/ rem>k leads u to ano!r platitude ( exce$+ly anci5t date4 ,we said t x 0 wrong to injure any man 9 our private capacity & = our own sakes4 ,a rule l ?is diff]s f all ! o!rs t we h consid]$1 because x n only deals ) physical acts1 words & de$s :i* c be obs]v$ & kn[n by o!rs1 b also ) ?\ghts :i* are kn[n only to ! man himself4 ,:o c tell :e!r a giv5 act ( puni%m5t 0 done f a private or f a public motive8 ,only ! ag5t himself4 ,& yet if ! puni%m5t 0 j & )9 ! law1 we %\ld condemn ! man 9 ! "o case & approve him 9 ! o!r4 ,?is pursuit ( ! actions ( m5 to _! v s\rces1 9 ! feel+s :i* !y only c "k1 is z anci5t z any morality we "k (1 & ext5ds to ! :ole range ( x4 ,injury to ano!r man arises f ang]1 malice1 hatr$1 rev5ge2 ^! feel+s are condemn$ z wrong4 ,b feel+s are n imm$iately "u our control1 9 ! same way t ov]t actions are3 ,i c %ake anybody by ! h& if ,i l1 b ,i _c always feel fri5dly to him4 ,nev]!less we c pay att5tion to su* aspects ( ! circum/ances1 & we c put ourselves into su* conditions1 t our feel+s get gradually modifi$ 9 "o way or ! o!r2 we =m a habit ( *eck+ our ang] by call+ up c]ta9 images & consid]ations1 :]eby 9 "t ! (f5d+ passion is br\ght into subjection & control4 ,accord+ly we say t x is "r to acquire & to ex]cise ?is control2 & ! control is suppos$ to exi/ :5ev] we say t "o feel+ or disposition ( m9d is "r & ano!r wrong4 ,?us1 9 connection ) ! precept aga9/ /eal+1 we condemn envy & covet\sness2 we applaud a s5sitive hone/y :i* %udd]s at any?+ und]h& or di%onorable4 ,9 connection ) ! r\gh precept aga9/ ly+1 we h built up & are /ill build+ a great fabric ( intellectual morality1 :]eby a man is =bidd5 to tell lies to himself1 & is comm&$ to practice c&or & fairness & op5-m9d$ness 9 8 judgm5ts1 & to labor zeal\sly 9 pursuit ( ! tru?4 ,9 connection ) ! duty to our families1 we say t x is "r to cultivate public _s1 a quick s5se ( sympa?y1 & all t belongs to a social disposition4 ,two o!r words are us$ 9 ?is connection :i* x seems necess>y to m5tion4 ,:5 we reg>d an action z "r or wrong = ourselves1 ?is feel+ ab\t ! action impels u to d x or n to d x1 z ! case may be4 ,we may say t ! moral s5se acts 9 ?is case z a motive2 mean+ by moral s5se only ! feel+ 9 reg>d to an action :i* is consid]$ z "r or wrong1 & by motive some?+ :i* impels u to act4 ,( c\rse !re may be o!r motives at "w at ! same "t1 & x does n at all foll[ t we %all d ! "r action or ab/a9 f ! wrong "o4 ,?is we all "k to our co/4 ,b /ill our feel+ ab\t ! rightness or wrongness ( an action does op]ate z a motive :5 we ?9k ( ! action z be+ done by u2 & :5 s op]at+ x is call$ consci5ce4 ,i h no?+ to d at pres5t ) ! que/ions ab\t consci5ce1 :e!r x is a result ( education1 :e!r x c be expla9$ by self-love1 & s =?2 ,i am only conc]n$ 9 describ+ well-kn[n facts1 & 9 gett+ z cle> z ,i c ab\t ! mean+ ( well-kn[n words4 ,consci5ce1 !n1 is ! :ole aggregate ( our feel+s ab\t actions z be+ "r or wrong1 reg>d$ z t5d+ to make u d ! "r actions & avoid ! wrong ones4 ,we also say sometimes1 9 answ] to ! "q1 ',h[ d y "k t ?is is "r or wrong8' ',my consci5ce tells me s4' ,& ?is way ( speak+ is q analog\s to o!r expressions ( ! same =m2 ?us if ,i put my h& into wat]1 & y ask me h[ ,i "k t x is hot1 ,i might say1 ',my feel+ ( w>m? tells me s4' ,:5 we consid] a "r or a wrong action z done by ano!r p]son1 we ?9k ( t p]son z wor?y ( moral approbation or reprobation4 ,he may be puni%$ or n2 b 9 any case ?is feel+ t[>d him is q diff]5t f ! feel+ ( dislike t[>d a p]son injuri\s to u1 or ( disappo9tm5t at a ma*9e :i* w n g4 ,:5ev] we c morally approve or disapprove a man = 8 action1 we say t he is morally responsible = x1 & vice v]s4 ,to say t a man is n morally responsible = 8 actions is ! same ?+ z to say t x w\ld be unreasonable to praise or blame him = !m4 ,! /atem5t t we ourselves are morally responsible is some:at m complicat$1 b ! mean+ is v easily made out2 namely1 t ano!r p]son may reasonably reg>d our actions z "r or wrong1 & may praise or blame u = !m4 ,we c n[1 ,i suppose1 und]/& "o ano!r pretty cle>ly 9 us+ ! words "r & wrong1 consci5ce1 responsibility2 & we h made a rapid survey ( ! facts ( ! case 9 our own c\ntry at ! pres5t "t4 ,( c\rse ,i d n pret5d t ?is survey 9 any way approa*es to complet5ess2 b x w supply u at lea/ ) en\gh facts to enable u to deal always ) concrete examples in/ead ( rema9+ 9 g5]alities2 & x may s]ve to %[ pretty fairly :at ! moral s5se ( an ,engli%man is l4 ,we mu/ next consid] :at acc\nt we c give ( ^! facts by ! sci5tific me?od4 ,b fir/ let u /op to note t we really h us$ ! sci5tific me?od 9 mak+ ?is fir/ /ep2 & also t to ! same ext5t ! me?od has be5 us$ by all s]i\s morali/s4 ,"s w\ld h u def9e virtue1 to beg9 )1 9 t]ms ( "s o!r ?+ :i* is n virtue1 & !n "w out f our def9ition all ! details ( :at we ought to d4 ,s ,plato said t virtue 0 k1 ,ari/otle t x 0 ! gold5 mean1 & ,b5?am said t ! "r action 0 t :i* conduc$ to ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,b s also1 9 physical speculations1 ,?ales said t ev]y?+ 0 ,wat]1 & ,h]aclitus said x 0 ,all-becom+1 & ,emp$ocles said x 0 made out ( ,f\r ,elem5ts1 & ,py?agoras said x 0 ,numb]4 ,b we only began to "k ab\t ?+s :5 p look$ /raight at ! facts1 & made :at !y c\ld out ( !m2 & t is ! only way 9 :i* we c "k any?+ ab\t "r & wrong4 ,moreov]1 x is ! way 9 :i* ! great morali/s h set to "w1 :5 !y came to treat ( v]ifiable ?+s & n ( !ories all 9 ! air4 ,a great _m p ?9k ( a prophet z a man :o1 all by himself1 or f "s secret s\rce1 gets ! belief t ?is ?+ is "r & t ?+ wrong4 ,& !n 7!y imag9e7 he gets up & goes ab\t p]suad+ o!r p to feel z he does ab\t x2 & s x becomes a "p ( _! consci5ce1 & a new duty is creat$4 ,?is may be 9 "s cases1 b ,i h nev] met ) any example ( x 9 hi/ory4 ,:5 ,socrates puzzl$ ! ,greeks by ask+ !m :at !y precisely meant by ,goodness & ,ju/ice & ,virtue1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! words %[s t ! p1 z a :ole1 possess$ a moral s5se1 & felt t c]ta9 ?+s 7 "r & o!rs wrong4 ,:at ! morali/ did 0 to %[ ! connection betwe5 diff]5t virtues1 ! lik5ess ( virtue to c]ta9 o!r ?+s1 ! implications :i* a ?\ghtful man c\ld f9d 9 ! common language4 ,:]ev] ! ,greek moral s5se _h come f1 x 0 !re 9 ! p be=e x c\ld be en=c$ by a prophet or discuss$ by a philosoph]4 ,aga91 we f9d a wond]ful collection ( moral aphorisms 9 ^? %rewd say+s ( ! ,jewi% fa!rs :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,mi%na or oral law4 ,"s ( ?is tea*+ is famili> to u all f ! popul> exposition ( x :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels4 ,b ! v pla9ness & homel9ess ( ! precepts %[s t !y are j acute /atem5ts ( :at 0 already felt by ! popul> common s5se2 prote/+1 9 _m cases1 aga9/ ! =malism ( ! c]emonial law ) :i* !y are curi\sly mix$ up4 ,! ,rabbis ev5 %[ a jeal\sy ( prophetic int]f]5ce1 z if !y knew well t x takes n "o man1 b _m m51 to feel :at is "r4 ,:5 a c]ta9 ,rabbi ,eliez]1 be+ wor/$ 9 argum5t1 cri$ out1 ',if ,i am "r1 let heav5 pron\nce 9 my favor6' !re 0 he>d a ,ba?-kol or voice f ! skies1 say+1 ',d y v5ture to dispute ) ,rabbi ,eliez]1 :o is an au?ority on all religi\s que/ions8' ,b ,rabbi ,jo%ua rose & said1 ',our law is n 9 heav51 b 9 ! book :i* dates f ,s9ai1 & :i* tea*es u t 9 matt]s ( discussion ! majority makes ! law4' #b ,"o ( ! mo/ important expressions ( ! moral s5se = all "t is t ( ! ,/oic philosophy1 especially aft] its reception among ! ,romans4 ,x is "h t we f9d ! en?usiasm ( humanity--! c>itas g5]is humani--:i* is s l>ge & important a feature 9 all mod]n conceptions ( morality1 & ^: widespread influ5ce ^u ,roman citiz5s may be trac$ 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ! ,/oic emp]ors1 also1 we f9d probably ! e>lie/ example ( great moral pr9ciples consci\sly appli$ to legislation on a l>ge scale4 ,b are we to attribute ?is to ! individual insight ( ! ,/oic philosoph]s8 ,x might seem at fir/ sight t we mu/1 if we are to li/5 to t vulg> vitup]ation ( ! old] culture :i* has desc5d$ to u f ^? :o _h ev]y?+ to ga9 by its de/ruction4 #c ,we he> en\gh ( ! luxuri\s fea/+ ( ! ,roman capital1 h[ x w\ld almo/ h tax$ ! res\rces ( a mod]n pa/ry-cook2 ( ! cruelty ( gladiatorial %[s1 h[ !y 7 ne>ly z bad z autos-da-f1 except t a man _h 8 fair *ance & 0 n tortur$ = torture's sake2 ( ! oppression ( prov9cials by p l ,v]res1 ( :om x may ev5 be said t if !y _h be5 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company !y c\ld n h be5 worse2 ( ! compla9ts ( ,tacitus aga9/ bad & mad emp]ors 7z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e says72 & ( ! /ill m s]i\s compla9ts ( ! mod]n hi/orian aga9/ ! excessive taxation #d :i* 0 "o great cause ( ! fall ( ! empire4 ,( all ?is we are told a great deal2 b we are n told ( ! _m ?\s&s ( honorable m5 :o c>ri$ civilization to ! ends ( ! kn[n _w1 & adm9i/]$ a mighty empire s t x 0 lov$ & wor%ip$ to ! fur!/ corn] ( x4 ,x is to ^! m5 & _! common action t we mu/ attribute ! morality :i* f\nd its organiz$ expression 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,/oic philosoph]s4 ,f ^! ?ree cases we may ga!r t ,"r is a ?+ :i* mu/ be done be=e x c be talk$ ab\t1 al?\gh aft] t x may only too easily be talk$ ab\t )\t be+ done4 ,individual ef=t & en]gy may insi/ ^u gett+ t done :i* 0 already felt to be "r2 & individual insight & acum5 may po9t out consequ5ces ( an action :i* br+ x "u previ\sly kn[n moral rules4 ,!re is ano!r dispute ( ! ,rabbis t may s]ve to %[ :at is meant by ?is4 ,x 0 =bidd5 by ! law to h any deal+s ) ! ,saban idolat]s dur+ ! week prec$+ _! idolatr\s fea/s4 ,b ! doctors discuss$ ! case 9 :i* "o ( ^! idolat]s owes y a bill2 are y to let him pay x dur+ t week or n8 ,! s*ool ( ,%ammai said ',no2 = he w want all 8 money to enjoy himself at ! fea/4' ,b ! s*ool ( ,hillel said1 ',yes1 let him pay x2 = h[ c he enjoy 8 fea/ :ile 8 bills are unpaid8' ,! "q "h is ab\t ! consequ5ces ( an action2 b !re is no dispute ab\t ! moral pr9ciple1 :i* is t consid]ation & k9dness are to be %[n to idolat]s1 ev5 9 ! matt] ( _! idolatr\s rites4 ,x seems1 !n1 t we are no worse (f ?an anybody else :o has /udi$ ?is subject1 9 f9d+ our mat]ials ready made = u2 suffici5tly def9ite mean+s giv5 9 ! common spee* to ! words "r & wrong1 good & bad1 ) :i* we h to deal2 a fair body ( facts famili>ly kn[n1 :i* we h to organize & acc\nt = z be/ we c4 ,b our special inquiry is1 :at acc\nt c be giv5 ( ^! facts by ! sci5tific me?od8 to :i* end we _c d bett] ?an fix our ideas z well z we c ^u ! "* & scope ( t me?od4 ,n[ ! sci5tific me?od is a me?od ( gett+ k by inf]5ce1 & t ( two diff]5t k9ds4 ,"o k9d ( inf]5ce is t :i* is us$ 9 ! physical & natural sci5ces1 & x enables u to g f kn[n ph5om5a to unkn[n ph5om5a4 ,because a /one is heavy 9 ! morn+1 ,i inf] t x w be heavy 9 ! aft]noon2 & ,i inf] ?is by assum+ a c]ta9 uni=mity ( nature4 ,! sort ( uni=mity t ,i assume dep5ds ^u ! ext5t ( my sci5tific education2 ! rules ( inf]5ce become m & m def9ite z we g on4 ,at fir/ ,i might assume t all ?+s are always alike2 ?is w\ld n be true1 b x has to be assum$ 9 a vague way1 9 ord] t a ?+ may h ! same "n at diff]5t times4 ,aft]w>d ,i get ! m def9ite belief t c]ta9 p>ticul> qualities1 l weight1 h no?+ to d ) ! "t ( day2 & subsequ5tly ,i f9d t weight has no?+ to d ) ! %ape ( ! /one1 b only ) ! quantity ( x4 ,! uni=mity :i* we assume1 !n1 is n t vague "o t we />t$ )1 b a *a/5$ & correct$ uni=mity4 ,i might g on to suppose1 = example1 t ! weight ( ! /one _h no?+ to d ) ! place :]e x 02 & a great deal might be said = ?is supposition4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h to be correct$ :5 x 0 f\nd t ! weight v>ies slightly 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i %\ld f9d t ?is v>iation 0 j ! same = my /one z = a piece ( iron or wood2 t x _h no?+ to d ) ! k9d ( matt]4 ,& s ,i might be l$ to ! conclusion t all matt] is heavy1 & t ! weight ( x dep5ds only on its quantity & its position relative to ! e>?4 ,y see "h t ,i g on arriv+ at conclusions always ( ?is =m2 t "s "o circum/ance or quality has no?+ to d ) "s o!r circum/ance or quality4 ,i beg9 by assum+ t x is indep5d5t ( ev]y?+2 ,i end by f9d+ t x is indep5d5t ( "s def9ite ?+s4 ,t is1 ,i beg9 by assum+ a vague uni=mity4 ,i always use ?is assumption to inf] f "s "o fact a great numb] ( o!r facts2 b z my education proce$s1 ,i get to "k :at sort ( ?+s may be inf]r$ & :at may n4 ,an obs]v] ( sci5tific m9d takes note ( j ^? ?+s f :i* inf]5ces may be drawn1 & passes by ! re/4 ,if an a/ronom]1 obs]v+ ! sun1 7 to record ! fact t at ! mom5t :5 a sun-spot began to %r9k !re 0 a rap at 8 front door1 we %\ld "k t he 0 n up to 8 "w4 ,b if he records t sun-spots are ?icke/ e elev5 ye>s1 & t ?is is also ! p]iod ( extra cl\d9ess 9 ,jupit]1 ! obs]vation may or may n be confirm$1 & x may or may n lead to inf]5ces ( importance2 b /ill x is ! k9d ( ?+ f :i* inf]5ces may be drawn4 ,!re is always a c]ta9 in/9ct among in/ruct$ p :i* tells !m 9 ?is way :at k9ds ( inf]5ces may be drawn2 & ?is is ! unconsci\s effect ( ! def9ite uni=mity :i* !y h be5 l$ to assume 9 nature4 ,x may subsequ5tly be organiz$ into a law or g5]al tru?1 & no d\bt becomes a sur] guide by t process4 ,!n x goes to =m ! m precise in/9ct ( ! next g5]ation4 ,:at we h said ab\t ?is fir/ k9d ( inf]5ce1 :i* goes f ph5om5a to ph5om5a1 is %ortly ?is4 ,x proce$s ^u an assumption ( uni=mity 9 nature2 & ?is assumption is n fix$ & made once = all1 b is a *ang+ & gr[+ ?+1 becom+ m def9ite z we g on4 ,if ,i 7 told to pick out "s "o "* :i* especially colors ?is guid+ conception ( uni=mity 9 our pres5t /age ( sci5ce1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly reply1 ,atomism4 ,! =m ( ?is ) :i* we are mo/ famili> is ! molecul> !ory ( bodies2 :i* repres5ts all bodies z made up ( small elem5ts ( uni=m "*1 ea* practically hav+ relations only ) ! adjac5t ones1 & ^! relations ! same all ?r\gh--namely1 "s simple me*anical action ^u ea* o!r's motions4 ,b ?is is only a p>ticul> case4 ,a palace1 a cottage1 ! tunnel ( ! und]gr\nd railway1 & a factory *imney1 are all built ( bricks2 ! bricks are alike 9 all ^! cases1 ea* brick is practically relat$ only to ! adjac5t ones1 & ! relation is ?r\gh\t ! same1 namely1 two flat sides are /uck toge!r ) mort>4 ,!re is an atomism 9 ! sci5ces ( numb]1 ( quantity1 ( space2 ! !orems ( geometry are gr\p+s ( individual po9ts1 ea* relat$ only to ! adjac5t ones by c]ta9 def9ite laws4 ,b :at conc]ns u *iefly at pres5t is ! atomism ( human physiology4 ,j z e solid is built up ( molecules1 s ! n]v\s sy/em is built up ( n]ve-?reads & n]ve-corpuscles4 ,we owe to ,mr4 ,lewes our v be/ ?anks = ! /ress :i* he has laid on ! doctr9e t n]ve-fib] is uni=m 9 /ructure & function1 & = ! ^w neurility1 :i* expresses its common prop]ties4 ,& simil> gratitude is due to ,dr4 ,hughl+s ,jackson = 8 long def5se ( ! proposition t ! elem5t ( n]v\s /ructure & function is a s5sori-motor process4 ,9 /ructure1 ?is is two fib]s or bundles ( fib]s go+ to ! same gray corpuscle2 9 function x is a message travel+ up "o fib] or bundle to ! corpuscle1 & !n d[n ! o!r fib] or bundle4 ,out ( ?is1 z a brick1 ! h\se ( our life is built4 ,all ^! simple elem5t>y processes are alike1 & ea* is practically relat$ only to ! adjac5t ones2 ! relation be+ 9 all cases ( ! same k9d1 viz41 ! passage f a simple to a complex message1 or vice v]s4 ,! result ( atomism 9 any =m1 deal+ ) any subject1 is t ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity is hunt$ d[n into ! elem5ts ( ?+s2 x is resolv$ into ! uni=mity ( ^! elem5ts or atoms1 & ( ! relations ( ^? :i* are next to ea* o!r4 ,by an elem5t or an atom we d n "h mean some?+ absolutely simple or indivisible1 = a molecule1 a brick1 & a n]ve-process are all v complex ?+s4 ,we only mean t1 = ! purpose 9 h&1 ! prop]ties ( ! /ill m complex ?+ :i* is made ( !m h no?+ to d ) ! complexities or ! diff]5ces ( ^! elem5ts4 ,! solid made ( molecules1 ! h\se made ( bricks1 ! n]v\s sy/em made ( s5sori-motor processes1 are no?+ m ?an collections ( ^! practically uni=m elem5ts1 hav+ c]ta9 relations ( nextness1 & behavior uni=mly dep5d+ on t nextness4 ,! inf]5ce ( ph5om5a f ph5om5a1 !n1 is bas$ ^u an assumption ( uni=mity1 :i* 9 ! pres5t /age ( sci5ce may be call$ an atomic uni=mity4 ,! o!r mode ( inf]5ce :i* belongs to ! sci5tific me?od is t :i* is us$ 9 :at are call$ ! m5tal & moral sci5ces2 & x enables u to g f ph5om5a to ! facts :i* und]lie ph5om5a1 & :i* are !mselves n ph5om5a at all4 ,if ,i p9* y\r arm1 & y draw x away & make a face1 ,i inf] t y h felt pa94 ,i inf] ?is by assum+ t y h a consci\sness simil> to my own1 & relat$ to y\r p]ception ( y\r body z my consci\sness is relat$ to my p]ception ( my body4 ,n[ is ?is ! same assumption z be=e1 a m]e assumption ( ! uni=mity ( nature8 ,x c]ta9ly seems l x at fir/2 b if we ?9k ab\t x we %all f9d t !re is a v pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,9 physical inf]5ce ,i g f ph5om5a to ph5om5a2 t is1 f ! k ( c]ta9 appe>ances or repres5tations actually pres5t to my m9d ,i inf] c]ta9 o!r appe>ances t might be pres5t to my m9d4 ,f ! weight ( a /one 9 ! morn+--t is1 f my feel+ ( its weight1 or my p]ception ( ! process ( weigh+ x1 ,i inf] t ! /one w be heavy 9 ! aft]noon--t is1 ,i inf] ! possibility ( simil> feel+s & p]ceptions 9 me at ano!r "t4 ,! :ole process relates to me & my p]ceptions1 to ?+s conta9$ 9 my m9d4 ,b :5 ,i inf] t y are consci\s f :at y say or d1 ,i pass f t :i* is my feel+ or p]ception1 :i* is 9 my m9d & "p ( me1 to t :i* is n my feel+ at all1 :i* is outside me altoge!r1 namely1 y\r feel+s & p]ceptions4 ,n[ !re is no possible physical inf]5ce1 no inf]5ce ( ph5om5a f ph5om5a1 t w help me ov] t gulf4 ,i am oblig$ to admit t ?is second k9d ( inf]5ce dep5ds ^u ano!r assumption1 n includ$ 9 ! assumption ( ! uni=mity ( ph5om5a4 ,h[ does a dream diff] f wak+ life8 ,9 a fairly coh]5t dream ev]y?+ seems q real1 & x is r>e1 ,i ?9k1 ) mo/ p to "k 9 a dream t !y are dream+4 ,n[1 if a dream is suffici5tly vivid & coh]5t1 all physical inf]5ces are j z valid 9 x z !y are 9 wak+ life4 ,9 a hazy or imp]fect dream1 x is true1 ?+s melt into "o ano!r unexpect$ly & unacc\ntably2 we fly1 remove m\nta9s1 & /op runaway horses ) a f+]4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! m]e nature ( a dream to h9d] x f be+ an exact copy ( wak+ exp]i5ce4 ,if ,i f9d a /one heavy 9 "o "p ( my dream1 & inf] t x is heavy at "s subsequ5t "p1 ! inf]5ce w be v]ifi$ if ! dream is coh]5t en\gh2 ,i %all g to ! /one1 lift x up1 & f9d x z heavy z be=e4 ,& ! same ?+ is true ( all inf]5ces ( ph5om5a f ph5om5a4 ,= physical purposes a dream is j z good z real life2 ! only diff]5ce is 9 vividness & coh]5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 h9d]s u f say+ t life is all a dream8 ,if ! ph5om5a we dream ( are j z good & real ph5om5a z ^? we see & feel :5 we are awake1 :at "r h we to say t ! mat]ial univ]se has any m exi/5ce ap>t f our m9ds ?an ! ?+s we see & feel 9 our dreams8 ,! answ] :i* ,b]keley gave to t "q 01 ,no "r at all4 ,! physical univ]se :i* ,i see & feel1 & inf]1 is j my dream & no?+ else2 t :i* y see is y\r dream2 only x s happ5s t all our dreams agree 9 _m respects4 ,?is doctr9e ( ,b]keley's has n[ be5 s f> confirm$ by ! physiology ( ! s5ses1 t x is no long] a metaphysical speculation1 b a sci5tifically e/abli%$ fact4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 dreams & wak+ life1 :i* is ( f> too great importance = any ( u to be 9 dang] ( neglect+ x4 ,:5 ,i see a man 9 my dream1 !re is j z good a body z if ,i 7 awake2 muscles1 n]ves1 circulation1 capability ( adapt+ means to ends4 ,if only ! dream is coh]5t en\gh1 no physical te/ c e/abli% t x is a dream4 ,9 bo? cases ,i see & feel ! same ?+4 ,9 bo? cases ,i assume ! exi/5ce ( m ?an ,i c see & feel1 namely1 ! consci\sness ( ?is o!r man4 ,b n[ "h is a great diff]5ce1 & ! only diff]5ce--9 a dream ?is assumption is wrong2 9 wak+ life x is "r4 ,! man ,i see 9 my dream is a m]e ma*9e1 a bundle ( ph5om5a ) no und]ly+ reality2 !re is no consci\sness involv$ except my consci\sness1 no feel+ 9 ! case except my feel+s4 ,! man ,i see 9 wak+ life is m ?an a bundle ( ph5om5a2 8 body & its actions are ph5om5a1 b ^! ph5om5a are m]ely ! symbols & repres5tatives 9 my m9d ( a reality :i* is outside my m9d1 namely1 ! consci\sness ( ! man himself :i* is repres5t$ by ! work+ ( 8 bra91 & ! simpl] quasi-m5tal facts1 n wov5 into 8 consci\sness1 :i* are repres5t$ by ! work+ ( ! re/ ( 8 body4 ,:at makes life n to be a dream is ! exi/5ce ( ^? facts :i* we arrive at by our second process ( inf]5ce2 ! consci\sness ( m5 & ! high] animals1 ! sub-consci\sness ( l[] organisms & ! quasi-m5tal facts :i* g along ) ! motions ( inanimate matt]4 ,9 a book :i* is v l>gely & des]v$ly kn[n by he>t1 ',?r\gh ! ,look+-glass1' !re is a v in/ructive discussion ^u ?is po9t4 ,alice has be5 tak5 to see ! ,r$ ,k+ z he lies snor+2 & ,twe$l$ee asks1 ',d y "k :at he is dream+ ab\t8' ',nobody c guess t1' replies ,alice4 ',:y1 ab\t y1' he says triumphantly4 ',& if he /opp$ dream+ ab\t y1 :]e d y suppose y'd be8' ',:]e ,i am n[ ( c\rse1' said ,alice4 ',n y1' said ,twe$l$ee1 'y'd be n[h]e4 ,y are only a sort ( ?+ 9 8 dream4' ',if t !re ,k+ 0 to wake1' add$ ,twe$l$um1 'y'd g out1 bang6 j l a c&le4' ,alice 0 q "r 9 reg>d+ ^! rem>ks z unphilosophical4 ,! fact t %e c\ld see1 ?9k1 & feel 0 pro( positive t %e 0 n a sort ( ?+ 9 anybody's dream4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( t say+1 ,cogito ergo sum1 ( ,desc>tes4 ,by him1 & by ,sp9oza aft] him1 ! v]b cogito & ! sub/antive cogitatio 7 us$ to d5ote consci\sness 9 g5]al1 any k9d ( feel+1 ev5 :at we n[ call sub-consci\sness4 ,! say+ means t feel+ exi/s 9 & = itself1 n z a quality or modification or /ate or manife/ation ( any?+ else4 ,we are oblig$ 9 e h\r ( our lives to act ^u beliefs :i* h be5 arriv$ at by inf]5ces ( ^! two k9ds2 inf]5ces bas$ on ! assumption ( uni=mity 9 nature1 & inf]5ces :i* add to ?is ! assumption ( feel+s :i* are n our own4 ,by organiz+ ! 'common s5se' :i* embodies ! fir/ class ( inf]5ces1 we build up ! physical sci5ces2 t is to say1 all ^? sci5ces :i* deal ) ! physical1 mat]ial1 or ph5om5al univ]se1 :e!r animate or inanimate4 ,& s by organiz+ ! common s5se :i* embodies ! second class ( inf]5ces1 we build up v>i\s sci5ces ( m9d4 ,! description & classification ( feel+s1 ! facts ( _! association ) ea* o!r1 & ( _! simultaneity ) ph5om5a ( n]ve-action1--all ?is belongs to psy*ology1 :i* may be hi/orical & comp>ative4 ,! doctr9e ( c]ta9 special classes ( feel+s is organiz$ into ! special sci5ces ( ^? feel+s2 ?us ! facts ab\t ! feel+s :i* we are n[ consid]+1 ab\t ! feel+s ( moral approbation & reprobation1 are organiz$ into ! sci5ce ( e?ics & ! facts ab\t ! feel+ ( beauty or ugl9ess are organiz$ into ! sci5ce ( /hetics1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! philosophy ( art4 ,= all ( ^! ! uni=mity ( nature has to be assum$ z a basis ( inf]5ce2 b ov] & above t x is necess>y to assume t o!r m5 are consci\s 9 ! same way t ,i am4 ,n[ 9 ^! sci5ces ( m9d1 j z 9 ! physical sci5ces1 ! uni=mity :i* is assum$ 9 ! inf]r$ m5tal facts is a gr[+ ?+ :i* becomes m def9ite z we g on1 & ea* successive g5]ation ( obs]v]s kn[s bett] :at to obs]ve & :at sort ( inf]5ces may be drawn f obs]v$ ?+s4 ,b1 moreov]1 x is z true ( ! m5tal sci5ces z ( ! physical ones t ! uni=mity is 9 ! pres5t /age ( sci5ce an atomic uni=mity4 ,we h le>n$ to reg>d our consci\sness z made up ( elem5ts practically alike1 hav+ relations ( succession 9 "t & ( contiguity at ea* in/ant1 :i* relations are 9 all cases practically ! same4 ,! elem5t ( consci\sness is ! transf]5ce ( an impression into ! beg9n+ ( action4 ,our m5tal life is a /ructure made out ( su* elem5ts1 j z ! work+ ( our n]v\s sy/em is made out ( s5sori-motor processes4 ,& accord+ly ! int]action ( ! two bran*es ( sci5ce leads u to reg>d ! m5tal facts z ! realities or ?+s-9-!mselves1 ( :i* ! mat]ial ph5om5a are m]e pictures or symbols4 ,! f9al result seems to be t atomism is c>ri$ beyond ph5om5a into ! realities :i* ph5om5a repres5t2 & t ! obs]v$ uni=mities ( nature1 9 s f> z !y c be express$ 9 ! language ( atomism1 are actual uni=mities ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,s mu* = ! two ?+s :i* ,i h promis$ to br+ toge!r2 ! facts ( our moral feel+s1 & ! sci5tific me?od4 ,x may appe> t ! latt] has be5 exp\nd$ at m l5g? ?an 0 necess>y = ! treatm5t ( ?is p>ticul> subject2 b ! ju/ification = ?is l5g? is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 common objections to ! claims ( sci5ce to be ! sole judge ( m5tal & moral que/ions4 ,"s ( ! *ief ( ^! objections ,i w n[ m5tion4 ,x is sometimes said t sci5ce c only deal ) :at is1 b t art & morals deal ) :at ought to be4 ,! say+ is p]fectly true1 b x is q consi/5t ) :at is equally true1 t ! facts ( art & morals are fit subject-matt] ( sci5ce4 ,i may describe all t ,i h 9 my h\se1 & ,i may /ate ev]y?+ t ,i want 9 my h\se2 ^! are two v diff]5t ?+s1 b !y are equally /atem5ts ( facts4 ,"o is a /atem5t ab\t ph5om5a1 ab\t ! objects :i* are actually 9 my possession2 ! o!r is a /atem5t ab\t my feel+s1 ab\t my wants & desires4 ,!re are facts1 to be got at by common s5se1 ab\t ! k9d ( ?+ t a man ( a c]ta9 "* & occupation w l to h 9 8 h\se1 & ^! facts may be organiz$ into g5]al /atem5ts on ! assumption ( uni=mity 9 nature4 ,n[ ! organiz$ results ( common s5se deal+ ) facts are j sci5ce & no?+ else4 ,& 9 ! same way ,i may say :at m5 d at ! pres5t day1 h[ we live n[1 or ,i may say :at we ought to d1 namely1 :at c\rse ( conduct1 if adopt$1 we %\ld morally approve2 & no d\bt ^! w\ld be two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,b ea* ( !m w\ld be a /atem5t ( facts4 ,"o w\ld belong to ! sociology ( our "t2 9 s f> z m5's de$s c\ld n be adequately describ$ to u )\t "s acc\nt ( _! feel+s & int5tions1 x w\ld involve facts belong+ to psy*ology z well z facts belong+ to ! physical sci5ces4 ,b ! o!r w\ld be an acc\nt ( a p>ticul> class ( our feel+s1 namely1 ^? :i* we feel t[>d an action :5 x is reg>d$ z "r or wrong4 ,^! facts may be organiz$ by common s5se on ! assumption ( uni=mity 9 nature j z well z any o!r facts4 ,& we %all see f>!r on t n only 9 ?is s5se1 b 9 a deep] & m ab/ract s5se1 ':at ought to be done' is a "q = sci5tific inquiry4 ,! same objection is sometimes put into ano!r =m4 ,x is said t laws ( *emi/ry1 = example1 are g5]al /atem5ts ab\t :at happ5s :5 bodies are treat$ 9 a c]ta9 way1 & t su* laws are fit matt] = sci5ce2 b t moral laws are diff]5t1 because !y tell u to d c]ta9 ?+s1 & we may or may n obey !m4 ,! mood ( ! "o is indicative1 ( ! o!r imp]ative4 ,n[ x is q true t ! ^w law 9 ! expression 'law ( nature1' & 9 ! expressions 'law ( morals1' 'law ( ! l&1' has two totally diff]5t mean+s1 :i* no educat$ p]son w conf\nd2 & ,i am n aw>e t any "o has re/$ ! claim ( sci5ce to judge moral que/ions on :at is no bett] ?an a /ale & unpr(itable pun4 ,b two diff]5t ?+s may be equally matt]s ( sci5tific inve/igation1 ev5 :5 _! names are alike 9 s\nd4 ,a telegraph po/ is n ! same ?+ z a po/ 9 ! ,w> ,(fice1 & yet ! same intellig5ce may be us$ to inve/igate ! conditions ( ! "o & ! o!r4 ,t su* & su* ?+s are "r or wrong1 t su* & su* laws are laws ( morals or laws ( ! l&1 ^! are facts1 j z ! laws ( *emi/ry are facts2 & all facts belong to sci5ce1 & are h] portion =ev]4 ,aga91 x is sometimes said t moral que/ions h be5 au?oritatively settl$ by o!r me?ods2 t we ought to accept ?is decision1 & n to "q x by any me?od ( sci5tific inquiry2 & t reason %\ld give way to revelation on su* matt]s4 ,i hope be=e ,i h done to %[ j cause :y we %\ld pron\nce on su* tea*+ z ?is no light s5t5ce ( moral condemnation3 fir/1 because x is our duty to =m ^? beliefs :i* are to guide our actions by ! two sci5tific modes ( inf]5ce1 & by ^! alone2 &1 secondly1 because ! propos$ mode ( settl+ e?ical que/ions by au?ority is contr>y to ! v nature ( "r & wrong4 ,leav+ ?is1 !n1 = ! pres5t1 ,i pass on to ! mo/ =midable objection t has be5 made to a sci5tific treatm5t ( e?ics4 ,! objection is t ! sci5tific me?od is n applicable to human action1 because ! rule ( uni=mity does n hold good4 ,:5ev] a man ex]cises 8 w1 & makes a volunt>y *oice ( "o out ( v>i\s possible c\rses1 an ev5t occurs ^: relation to contigu\s ev5ts _c be includ$ 9 a g5]al /atem5t applicable to all simil> cases4 ,!re is some?+ :olly caprici\s & disord]ly1 belong+ to t mom5t only2 & we h no "r to conclude t if ! circum/ances 7 exactly repeat$1 & ! man himself absolutely unalt]$1 he w\ld *oose ! same c\rse4 ,x is cle> t if ! doctr9e "h /at$ is true1 ! gr\nd is really cut f "u our feet1 & we _c deal ) human action by ! sci5tific me?od4 ,i %all endeavor to %[1 moreov]1 t 9 ?is case1 al?\gh we might /ill h a feel+ ( moral approbation or reprobation t[>d actions1 yet we c\ld n reasonably praise or blame m5 = _! de$s1 nor reg>d !m z morally responsible4 ,s t1 if my cont5tion is j1 to deprive u ( ! sci5tific me?od is practically to deprive u ( morals altoge!r4 ,on bo? gr\nds1 !re=e1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t we %\ld def9e our position 9 reg>d to ?is controv]sy2 if1 inde$1 t c be call$ a controv]sy 9 :i* ! practical belief ( all mank9d & ! cons5t ( ne>ly all s]i\s writ]s are on "o side4 ,let u 9 ! fir/ place consid] a little m closely ! connection betwe5 consci5ce & responsibility4 ,words 9 common use1 su* z ^! two1 h _! mean+s practically fix$ be=e difficult controv]sies arise2 b aft] ! controv]sy has aris5 ea* p>ty gives t slight t+e to ! mean+ :i* be/ suits its own view ( ! "q4 ,?us x appe>s to ea* t ! common language obvi\sly supports _! own view1 t ?is is ! natural & prim>y view ( ! matt]1 & t ! oppon5ts are us+ words 9 a new mean+ & wre/l+ !m f _! prop] s5se4 ,n[ ?is is j my position4 ,i h endeavor$ s f> to use all words 9 _! common e-day s5se1 only mak+ ?is z precise z ,i c2 &1 ) two exceptions1 ( :i* due w>n+ w be giv51 ,i %all d my be/ to cont9ue ?is practice 9 future4 ,i seem to myself to be talk+ ! mo/ obvi\s platitudes2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^? :o take ! opposite view w ?9k ,i am p]v]t+ ! ,engli% language4 ,!re is a common mean+ ( ! ^w 'responsible1' :i* ?\gh n ! same z t ( ! phrase 'morally responsible1' may ?r[ "s light ^u x4 ,if we say ( a book1 ',a is responsible = ! preface & ! fir/ half1 & ,b is responsible = ! re/1' we mean t ,a wrote ! preface & ! fir/ half4 ,if two p g into a %op & *oose a blue silk dress toge!r1 x might be said t ,a 0 responsible = its be+ silk & ,b = its be+ blue4 ,be=e !y *ose1 ! dress 0 undet]m9$ bo? 9 color & 9 mat]ial4 ,a's *oice fix$ ! mat]ial1 & !n x 0 undet]m9$ only 9 color4 ,b's *oice fix$ ! color2 & if we suppose t !re 7 no m v>iable conditions 7only "o blue silk dress 9 ! %op71 ! dress 0 !n completely det]m9$4 ,9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w we say t a man is responsible = t "p ( an ev5t :i* 0 undet]m9$ :5 he 0 left out ( acc\nt1 & :i* became det]m9$ :5 he 0 tak5 acc\nt (4 ,suppose two n>r[ /reets1 "o ly+ nor? & s\?1 "o ea/ & we/1 & cross+ "o ano!r4 ,a man is put d[n :]e !y cross1 & has to walk4 ,!n he mu/ walk ei!r nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/1 & he is n responsible = t2 :at he is responsible = is ! *oice ( "o ( ^! f\r directions4 ,may we n say 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w t ! ext]nal circum/ances are responsible = ! re/riction on 8 *oice8 ,we %\ld mean only t ! fact ( 8 go+ 9 "o or o!r ( ! f\r directions 0 due to ext]nal circum/ances1 & n to him4 ,aga91 suppose ,i h a numb] ( pun*es ( v>i\s %apes1 "s squ>e1 "s oblong1 "s oval1 "s r\nd1 & t ,i am go+ to pun* a hole 9 a piece ( pap]4 ,:]e ,i %all pun* ! hole may be fix$ by any k9d ( circum/ances2 b ! %ape ( ! hole dep5ds on ! pun* ,i take4 ,may we n say t ! pun* is responsible = ! %ape ( ! hole1 b n = ! position ( x8 ,x may be said t ?is is n ! :ole ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'responsible1' ev5 9 its loose/ s5se2 t x ought nev] to be us$ except ( a consci\s ag5t4 ,/ill ?is is "p ( its mean+2 if we reg>d an ev5t z det]m9$ by a v>iety ( circum/ances1 a man's *oice be+ among !m1 we say t he is responsible = j t *oice :i* is left him by ! o!r circum/ances4 ,:5 we ask ! practical "q1 ',:o is responsible = s-&-s8' we want to f9d out :o is to be got at 9 ord] t s-&-s may be alt]$4 ,if ,i want to *ange ! %ape ( ! hole ,i make 9 my pap]1 ,i mu/ *ange my pun*2 b ?is w be ( no use if ,i want to *ange ! position ( ! hole4 ,if ,i want ! color ( ! dress *ang$ f blue to gre51 x is ,b1 & n ,a1 t ,i mu/ p]suade4 ,we mean some?+ m ?an ?is :5 we say t a man is morally responsible = an action4 ,x seems to me t moral responsibility & consci5ce g toge!r1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! man & 9 reg>d to ! action4 ,9 ord] t a man may be morally responsible = an action1 ! man mu/ h a consci5ce1 & ! action mu/ be "o 9 reg>d to :i* consci5ce is capable ( act+ z a motive1 t is1 ! action mu/ be capable ( be+ "r or wrong4 ,if a *ild 7 left on a des]t isl& & grew up :olly )\t a consci5ce1 & !n 7 br\ght among m51 he w\ld n be morally responsible = 8 actions until he _h acquir$ a consci5ce by education4 ,he w\ld ( c\rse be responsible1 9 ! s5se j expla9$1 = t "p ( !m :i* 0 left undet]m9$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 & if we want$ to alt] 8 actions 9 ^! respects we %\ld h to d x by alt]+ him4 ,b x w\ld be useless & unreasonable to attempt to d ?is by means ( praise or blame1 ! expression ( moral approbation or disapprobation1 until he _h acquir$ a consci5ce :i* c\ld be work$ ^u by su* means4 ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 ord] t a man may be morally responsible = an action1 ?ree ?+s are necess>y3-- #a4 ,he might h done some?+ else2 t is to say1 ! action 0 n :olly det]m9$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 & he is responsible only = ! *oice :i* 0 left him4 #b4 ,he _h a consci5ce4 #c4 ,! action 0 "o 9 reg>d to ! do+ or n do+ ( :i* consci5ce might be a suffici5t motive4 ,^! ?ree ?+s are necess>y1 b x does n foll[ t !y are suffici5t4 ,x is v commonly said t ! action mu/ be a volunt>y "o4 ,x w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is is conta9$ 9 my ?ird condition1 & also t ! =m ( /atem5t ,i h adopt$ exhibits m cle>ly ! reason :y ! condition is necess>y4 ,we may say t an action is involunt>y ei!r :5 x is in/9ctive1 or :5 "o motive is s /rong t !re is no volunt>y *oice betwe5 motives4 ,an involunt>y c\gh produc$ by irritation ( ! glottis is no prop] subject = blame or praise4 ,a man is n responsible = x1 because x is done by a "p ( 8 body )\t consult+ him4 ,:at is meant by him 9 ?is case w require fur!r inve/igation4 ,aga91 :5 a dipsomaniac has s great & ov]ma/]+ an incl9ation to dr9k t we _c conceive ( consci5ce be+ /rong en\gh to conqu] x1 he is n responsible = t act1 ?\gh he may be responsible = hav+ got himself into ! /ate4 ,b if x is conceivable t a v /rong consci5ce fully br\ght to be> might succe$ 9 conqu]+ ! incl9ation1 we may take a l5i5t view ( ! fall & say !re 0 a v /rong temptation1 b we %all /ill reg>d x z a fall1 & say t ! man is responsible & a wrong has be5 done4 ,b s9ce x is j 9 ?is di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y action t ! :ole crux ( ! matt] lies1 let u exam9e m closely into x4 ,i say t :5 ,i c\gh or sneeze involunt>ily1 x is really n ,i t c\gh or sneeze1 b a "p ( my body :i* acts )\t consult+ me4 ,?is action is det]m9$ = me by ! circum/ances1 & is n "p ( ! *oice t is left to me1 s t ,i am n responsible = x4 ,! "q comes !n to det]m9+ h[ mu* is to be call$ circum/ances1 & h[ mu* is to be call$ me4 ,n[ ,i want to describe :at happ5s :5 ,i volunt>ily d any?+1 & !re are two c\rses op5 to me4 ,i may describe ! ?+s 9 !mselves1 my feel+s & ! g5]al c\rse ( my consci\sness1 tru/+ to ! analogy betwe5 my consci\sness & y\rs to make me und]/ood2 or ,i may describe ^! ?+s z nature describes !m to y\r s5ses1 namely 9 t]ms ( ! ph5om5a ( my n]v\s sy/em1 appeal+ to y\r memory ( ph5om5a & y\r k ( physical action4 ,i %all d bo?1 because 9 "s respects our k is m complete f ! "o s\rce1 & 9 "s respects f ! o!r4 ,:5 ,i look back & reflect ^u a volunt>y action1 ,i seem to f9d t x diff]s f an involunt>y action 9 ! fact t a c]ta9 portion ( my "* has be5 consult$4 ,!re is always a sugge/ion ( "s sort1 ei!r ! end ( a tra9 ( ?\ght or a new s5sation2 & !re is an action ensu+1 ei!r ! movem5t ( a muscle or set ( muscles1 or ! fix+ ( att5tion ^u some?+4 ,b betwe5 ^! two !re is a consultation1 z x 71 ( my pa/ hi/ory4 ,! sugge/ion is view$ 9 ! light ( ev]y?+ be>+ on x t ,i ?9k ( at ! "t1 & 9 virtue ( ?is light x moves me to act 9 "o or m ways4 ,let u fir/ suppose t no hesitation is involv$1 t only "o way ( act+ is sugge/$1 & ,i yield to ?is impulse & act 9 ! p>ticul> way4 ,?is is ! simple/ k9d ( volunt>y action4 ,x diff]s f involunt>y or in/9ctive action 9 ! fact t ) ! latt] !re is no su* consci\s consultation ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,if we describe ^! facts 9 t]ms ( ! ph5om5a :i* picture !m to o!r m9ds1 we %all say t 9 involunt>y action a message passes /raight ?r\gh f ! s5sory to ! motor c5t]1 & s on to ! muscles1 )\t consult+ ! c]ebrum2 :ile involunt>y action ! message is pass$ on f ! s5sory c5t] to ! c]ebrum1 !re translat$ into appropriate motor /imuli1 c>ri$ d[n to ! motor c5t]1 & s on to ! muscles4 ,!re may be o!r diff]5ces1 b at lea/ !re is ?is diff]5ce4 ,n[ on ! physical side t :i* det]m9es1 :at gr\ps ( c]ebral fib]s %all be set at "w by ! giv5 message1 & :at gr\ps ( motor /imuli %all be set at "w by ^!1 is ! me*anism ( my bra9 at ! "t2 & on ! m5tal side t :i* det]m9es :at memories %all be call$ up by ! giv5 s5sation1 & :at motives ^! memories %all br+ into action1 is my m5tal "*4 ,we may say1 !n1 9 ?is simple/ case ( volunt>y action1 t :5 ! sugge/ion is giv5 x is ! "* ( me :i* det]m9es ! "* ( ! ensu+ action2 & consequ5tly t ,i am responsible = *oos+ t p>ticul> c\rse out ( ^? :i* 7 left op5 to me by ! ext]nal circum/ances4 ,?is is :5 ,i yield to ! impulse4 ,b suppose ,i d n2 suppose t ! orig9al sugge/ion1 view$ 9 ! light ( memory1 sets v>i\s motives 9 action1 ea* motive belong+ to a c]ta9 class ( ?+s :i* ,i rememb]4 ,!n ,i *oose :i* ( ^! motives %all prevail4 ,^? :o c>efully wat* !mselves f9d out t a p>ticul> motive is made to prevail by ! fix+ ( ! att5tion ^u t class ( rememb]$ ?+s :i* calls up ! motive4 ,! physical side ( ?is is ! s5d+ ( blood to a c]ta9 set ( n]ves--namely1 ^? ^: action corresponds to ! memories :i* are to be att5d$ to4 ,! s5d+ ( blood is accompli%$ by ! p9*+ ( art]ies2 & !re are special n]ves1 call$ vaso-motor n]ves1 ^: bus9ess x is to c>ry messages to ! walls ( ! art]ies & get !m p9*$4 ,n[ ?is act ( direct+ ! att5tion may be volunt>y or involunt>y j l any o!r act4 ,:5 ! trans=m$ & re-en=c$ n]ve-message gets to ! vaso-motor c5t]1 "s "p ( x may be s pr$om9ant t a message goes /raight (f to ! art]ies1 & s5ds a quantity ( blood to ! n]ves supply+ t "p2 or ! call = blood may be s5t back = revision by ! c]ebrum1 :i* is ?us aga9 consult$4 ,to say ! same ?+ 9 t]ms ( my feel+s1 a p>ticul> class ( memories r\s$ by ! orig9al sugge/ion may seize ^u my att5tion be=e ,i h "t to *oose :at ,i w att5d to2 or ! appeal may be c>ri$ to a deep] "p ( my "* deal+ ) wid] & m ab/ract conceptions1 :i* views ! conflict+ motives 9 ! light ( a pa/ exp]i5ce ( motives1 & by t light is drawn to "o or ! o!r ( !m4 ,we ?us get to a sort ( motive ( ! second ord] or motive ( motives4 ,is !re any reason :y we %\ld n g on to a motive ( ! ?ird ord]1 & ! f\r?1 & s on8 ,none :atev] t ,i "k (1 except t no "o has ev] obs]v$ su* a ?+4 ,!re seems pl5ty ( room = ! requisite me*anism on ! physical side2 & no "o c say1 on ! m5tal side1 h[ complex is ! work+ ( 8 consci\sness4 ,b we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! intellectual delib]ation ab\t motives1 :i* applies to ! future & ! pa/1 & ! practical *oice ( motives 9 ! mom5t ( w4 ,! =m] may be a tra9 ( any l5g? & complexity3 we h no reason to believe t ! latt] is m ?an eng9e & t5d]4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to classify actions 9 respect ( ! k9d ( responsibility :i* belongs to !m2 namely we h-- #a4 ,involunt>y or in/9ctive actions4 #b4 ,volunt>y actions 9 :i* ! *oice ( motives is involunt>y4 #c4 ,volunt>y actions 9 :i* ! *oice ( motives is volunt>y4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases :at is responsible is t "p ( my "* :i* det]m9es :at ! action %all be4 ,= in/9ctive actions we d n say t ,i am responsible1 because ! *oice is made be=e ,i "k any?+ ab\t x4 ,= volunt>y actions ,i am responsible1 because ,i make ! *oice2 t is1 ! "* ( me is :at det]m9es ! "* ( ! action4 ,9 me1 !n1 = ?is purpose1 is includ$ ! aggregate ( l9ks ( association :i* det]m9es :at memories %all be call$ up by a giv5 sugge/ion1 & :at motives %all be set at "w by ^! memories4 ,b we di/+ui% ?is mass ( passions & pleasures1 desire & k & pa91 :i* makes up mo/ ( my "* at ! mom5t1 f t inn] & deep] motive-*oos+ self :i* is call$ ,reason1 & ! ,w1 & ! ,ego2 :i* is only responsible :5 motives are volunt>ily *os5 by direct+ att5tion to !m4 ,x is responsible only = ! *oice ( "o motive out ( ^? pres5t$ to x1 n = ! nature ( ! motives :i* are pres5t$4 ,b aga91 ,i may reasonably be blam$ = :at ,i did ye/]day1 or a week ago1 or la/ ye>4 ,?is is because ,i am p]man5t2 9 s f> z f my actions ( t date an inf]5ce may be drawn ab\t my "* n[1 x is reasonable t ,i %\ld be treat$ z praisewor?y or blamable4 ,& )9 c]ta9 limits ,i am = ! same reason responsible = :at ,i am n[1 because )9 c]ta9 limits ,i h made myself4 ,ev5 in/9ctive actions are dep5d5t 9 _m cases ^u habits :i* may be alt]$ by prop] att5tion & c>e2 & /ill m ! nature ( ! connections betwe5 s5sation & action1 ! associations ( memory & motive1 may be volunt>ily modifi$ if ,i *oose to try4 ,! habit ( *oos+ among motives is "o :i* may be acquir$ & /r5g!n$ by practice1 & ! /r5g? ( p>ticul> motives1 by cont9ually direct+ att5tion to !m1 may be almo/ indef9itely increas$ or dim9i%$4 ,?us1 if by me is meant n ! in/antane\s me ( ?is mom5t1 b ! aggregate me ( my pa/ life1 or ev5 ( ! la/ ye>1 ! range ( my responsibility is v l>gely increas$4 ,i am responsible = a v l>ge portion ( ! circum/ances :i* are n[ ext]nal to me2 t is to say1 ,i am responsible = c]ta9 ( ! re/rictions on my own fre$om4 ,z ! eagle 0 %ot ) an arr[ t flew on its own fea!r1 s ,i f9d myself b\nd ) fett]s ( my prop] =g+4 ,let u n[ endeavor to conceive an action :i* is n det]m9$ 9 any way by ! "* ( ! ag5t4 ,if we ask1 ',:at makes x to be t action & no o!r8' we are told1 ',! man's ,ego4' ,! words are "h us$1 x seems to me1 9 "s non-natural s5se1 if 9 any s5se at all4 ,"o ?+ makes ano!r to be :at x is :5 ! *>act]s ( ! two ?+s are connect$ toge!r by "s g5]al /atem5t or rule4 ,b we h to suppose t ! "* ( ! action is n connect$ ) ! "* ( ! ,ego by any g5]al /atem5t or rule4 ,) ! same ,ego & ! same circum/ances ( all k9ds1 any?+ )9 ! limits impos$ by ! circum/ances may happ5 at any mom5t4 ,i f9d myself unable to conceive any di/9ct s5se 9 :i* responsibility c\ld apply 9 ?is case2 nor d ,i see at all h[ x w\ld be reasonable to use praise or blame4 ,if ! action does n dep5d on ! "*1 :at is ! use ( try+ to alt] ! "*8 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ?is indet]m9at5ess is only p>tial2 t ! "* does add "s re/rictions to ^? already impos$ by circum/ances1 b leaves ! *oice betwe5 c]ta9 actions undet]m9$1 & to be settl$ by *ance or ! transc5d5tal ,ego4 ,is x n cle> t ! man w\ld be responsible = precisely t "p ( ! "* ( ! action :i* 0 det]m9$ by 8 "*1 & n = :at 0 left undet]m9$ by x8 ,= x is j t "p :i* 0 det]m9$ by 8 "* :i* x is reasonable to try to alt] by alt]+ him4 ,we :o believe 9 uni=mity are n ! only p unable to conceive responsibility )\t x4 ,^! are ! words ( ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 z quot$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill3-- #e ',nay1 7 we ev5 to admit z true :at we _c ?9k z possible1 /ill ! doctr9e ( a motiveless volition w\ld be only casualism2 & ! free acts ( an indiff]5t are1 morally & rationally1 z wor?less z ! pre-ord]$ passions ( a det]m9$ w4' ',t1 ?\gh inconceivable1 a motiveless volition w\ld1 if conceiv$1 be conceiv$ z morally wor?less1 only %[s our impot5ce m cle>ly4' ',is ! p]son an orig9al undet]m9$ cause ( ! det]m9ation ( 8 w8 ,if he be n1 !n he is n a free ag5t1 & ! s*eme ( ,necessity is admitt$4 ,if he be1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is impossible to conceive ! possibility ( ?is2 & 9 ! second1 if ! fact1 ?\gh inconceivable1 be all[$1 x is impossible to see h[ a cause1 undet]m9$ by any motive1 c be a rational1 moral1 & acc\ntable cause4' ,x is true t ,hamilton also says t ! s*eme ( necessity is inconceivable1 because x leads to an inf9ite non-comm5cem5t2 & t '! possibility ( morality dep5ds on ! possibility ( lib]ty2 = if a man be n a free ag5t1 he is n ! au?or ( 8 actions1 & has1 !re=e1 no responsibility--no moral p]sonality at all4' ,i "k no?+ ab\t necessity2 ,i only believe t nature is practically uni=m ev5 9 human action4 ,i "k no?+ ab\t an inf9itely di/ant pa/2 ,i only "k t ,i ought to base on uni=mity ^? inf]5ces :i* are to guide my actions4 ,b t man is a free ag5t appe>s to me obvi\s1 & t 9 ! natural s5se ( ! words4 ,we ne$ ask = no bett] def9ition ?an ,kant's3-- ',w is a k9d ( causality belong+ to liv+ ag5ts1 9 s f> z !y are rational2 & fre$om is su* a prop]ty ( t causality z enables !m to be effici5t ag5ts indep5d5tly ( outside causes det]m9+ !m2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 necessity 7,naturno?w5digkeit7 is t prop]ty ( all irrational be+s :i* consi/s 9 _! be+ det]m9$ to activity by ! influ5ce ( outside causes4' 7',metaphysics ( ,e?ics1' *ap4 iii47 ,i believe t ,i am a free ag5t :5 my actions are indep5d5t ( ! control ( circum/ances outside me2 & x seems a misuse ( language to call me a free ag5t if my actions are det]m9$ by a transc5d5tal ,ego :o is indep5d5t ( ! circum/ances inside me--t is to say1 ( my "*4 ,! expression 'free w' has un=tunately be5 import$ into m5tal sci5ce f a !ological controv]sy r diff]5t f ! "o we are n[ consid]+4 ,x is surely too mu* to expect t good & s]viceable ,engli% words %\ld be sacrific$ to a phantom4 ,9 an admirable book1 ',! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1' ,mr4 ,h5ry ,sidgwick has /at$1 ) supreme fairness & imp>tiality1 bo? sides ( ?is "q4 ,aft] sett+ =? ! 'almo/ ov]:elm+ cumulative pro(' ( uni=mity 9 human action1 he says t x seems 'm ?an balanc$ by a s+le argum5t on ! o!r side3 ! imm$iate affirmation ( consci\sness 9 ! mom5t ( delib]ate volition4' ',no am\nt ( exp]i5ce ( ! sway ( motives ev] t5ds to make me di/ru/ my intuitive consci\sness t 9 resolv+1 aft] delib]ation1 ,i ex]cise free *oice z to :i* ( ! motives act+ ^u me %all prevail4' ,! only answ] to ?is argum5t is t x is n 'on ! o!r side4' ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! deliv]ance ( consci\sness2 & ev5 if our p[]s ( self-obs]vation _h n be5 acute en\gh to discov] x1 ! exi/5ce ( "s *oice betwe5 motives w\ld be prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( vaso-motor n]ves4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive way ( meet+ argum5ts ( ?is k9d is to inquire :at consci\sness ought to say 9 ord] t its deliv]ances may be ( any use 9 ! controv]sy4 ,x is affirm$1 on ! side ( uni=mity1 t ! feel+s 9 my consci\sness 9 ! mom5t ( volunt>y *oice h be5 prec$$ by facts out ( my consci\sness :i* are relat$ to !m 9 a uni=m mann]1 s t if ! previ\s facts _h be5 accurately kn[n ! volunt>y *oice might h be5 pr$ict$4 ,on ! o!r side ?is is d5i$4 ,to be ( any use 9 ! controv]sy1 !n1 ! imm$iate deliv]ance ( my consci\sness mu/ be compet5t to assure me ( ! non-exi/5ce ( some?+ :i* by hypo!sis is n 9 my consci\sness4 ,giv5 an absolutely d>k room1 c my s5se ( sight assure me t !re is no "o b myself 9 x8 ,c my s5se ( he>+ assure me t no?+ inaudible is go+ on8 ,z little c ! imm$iate deliv]ance ( my consci\sness assure me t ! uni=mity ( nature does n apply to human actions4 ,x is p]haps necess>y1 9 connection ) ?is "q1 to ref] to t s+ul> ,mat]ialism ( high au?ority & rec5t date :i* makes consci\sness a physical ag5t1 'correlates' x ) ,light & ,n]ve-=ce1 & s r$uces x to an objective ph5om5on4 ,?is doctr9e is f\nd$ on a common & v useful mode ( spee*1 9 :i* we say1 = example1 t a good fire is a s\rce ( pleasure on a cold day1 & t a man's feel+ ( *ill may make him run to x4 ,b s also we say t ! sun rises & sets e morn+ & night1 al?\gh ! man 9 ! moon sees cle>ly t ?is is due to ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,"o _c be p$antic all day4 ,b if we *oose = once to be p$antic1 ! matt] is aft] all v simple4 ,suppose t ,i am made to run by feel+ a *ill4 ,:5 ,i beg9 to move my leg1 ,i may obs]ve if ,i l a d\ble s]ies ( facts4 ,i h ! feel+ ( ef=t1 ! s5sation ( motion 9 my leg2 ,i feel ! pressure ( my foot on ! gr\nd4 ,along ) ?is ,i may see ) my eyes1 or feel ) my h&s1 ! motion ( my leg z a mat]ial object4 ,! fir/ s]ies ( facts belongs to me alone2 ! second may be equally obs]v$ by anybody else4 ,! m5tal s]ies began fir/2 ,i will$ to move my leg be=e ,i saw x move4 ,b :5 ,i "k m ab\t ! matt]1 ,i c trace ! mat]ial s]ies fur!r back1 & f9d n]ve-messages go+ to ! muscles ( my leg to make x move4 ,b ,i _h a feel+ ( *ill be=e ,i *ose to move my leg4 ,accord+ly1 ,i c f9d n]ve-messages1 excit$ by ! contraction due to ! l[ temp]ature1 go+ to my bra9 f ! *ill$ sk94 ,assum+ ! uni=mity ( nature1 ,i c>ry =w>d & backw>d bo? ! m5tal & ! mat]ial s]ies4 ,a uni=mity is obs]v$ 9 ea*1 & a p>allelism is obs]v$ betwe5 !m1 :5ev] obs]vations c be made4 ,b sometimes "o s]ies is kn[n bett]1 & sometimes ! o!r2 s t 9 tell+ a /ory we q naturally speak sometimes ( m5tal facts & sometimes ( mat]ial facts4 ,a feel+ ( *ill made a man run2 /rictly speak+1 ! n]v\s di/urbance :i* co-exi/$ ) t feel+ ( *ill made him run1 if we want to talk ab\t mat]ial facts2 or ! feel+ ( *ill produc$ ! =m ( sub-consci\sness :i* co-exi/s ) ! motion ( legs1 if we want to talk ab\t m5tal facts4 ,b we "k no?+ ab\t ! special n]v\s di/urbance :i* co-exi/s ) a feel+ ( *ill1 because x has n yet be5 localiz$ 9 ! bra92 & we "k no?+ ab\t ! =m ( sub-consci\sness :i* co-exi/s ) ! motion ( legs2 al?\gh !re is v good reason = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( bo?4 ,s we talk ab\t ! feel+ ( *ill & ! runn+1 because 9 "o case we "k ! m5tal side1 & 9 ! o!r ! mat]ial side4 ,a man might %[ me a picture ( ! battle ( ,gravelotte1 & say1 ',y c't see ! battle1 because x's all ov]1 b !re is a picture ( x4' ,& !n he might put a *assepot into my h&1 & say1 ',we c\ld n repres5t ! :ole con/ruction ( a *assepot 9 ! picture1 b y c exam9e ?is "o1 & f9d x out4' ,if ,i n[ insi/$ on mix+ up ! two modes ( communication ( k1 if ,i expect$ t ! *assepots 9 ! picture w\ld g (f1 & said t ! "o 9 my h& 0 pa9t$ on heavy canvas1 ,i %\ld be act+ exactly 9 ! _s ( ! new mat]ialism4 ,= ! mat]ial facts are a repres5tation or symbol ( ! m5tal facts1 j z a picture is a repres5tation or symbol ( a battle4 ,& my own m9d is a reality f :i* ,i c judge by analogy ( ! realities repres5t$ by o!r m5's bra9s1 j z ! *assepot 9 my h& is a reality f :i* ,i c judge by analogy ( ! *assepots repres5t$ 9 ! picture4 ,:51 !re=e1 we ask1 ',:at is ! physical l9k betwe5 ! +o+ message f *ill$ sk9 & ! outgo+ message :i* moves ! leg8' & ! answ] is1 ',a man's ,w1' we h z mu* "r to be amus$ z if we _h ask$ our fri5d ) ! picture :at pigm5t 0 us$ 9 pa9t+ ! cannon 9 ! =egr\nd1 & receiv$ ! answ]1 ',wr\ght iron4' ,x w be f\nd excell5t practice 9 ! m5tal op]ations requir$ by ?is doctr9e to imag9e a tra91 ! =e "p ( :i* is an eng9e & ?ree c>riages l9k$ ) iron c\pl+s1 & ! h9d "p ?ree o!r c>riages l9k$ ) iron c\pl+s2 ! bond betwe5 ! two p>ts be+ made out ( ! s5tim5ts ( amity subsi/+ betwe5 ! /ok] & ! gu>d4 ,to sum up3 ! uni=mity ( nature 9 human actions has be5 d5i$ on ! gr\nd t x takes away responsibility1 t x is contradict$ by ! te/imony ( consci\sness1 & t !re is a physical correlation betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,we h repli$ t ! uni=mity ( nature is necess>y to responsibility1 t x is affirm$ by ! te/imony ( consci\sness :5ev] consci\sness is compet5t to te/ify1 & t matt] is ! ph5om5on or symbol ( :i* m9d or quasi-m9d is ! symboliz$ & repres5t$ ?+4 ,we are n[ free to cont9ue our inquiries on ! supposition t nature is uni=m4 ,we began by describ+ ! moral s5se ( an ,engli%man4 ,no d\bt ! description w\ld s]ve v well = ! m civiliz$ nations ( ,europe2 mo/ closely = ,g]mans & ,dut*4 ,b ! fact t we c speak 9 ?is way discloses t !re is m ?an "o moral s5se1 & t :at ,i feel to be "r ano!r man may feel to be wrong4 ,?us we _c help ask+ :e!r !re is any reason = pref]r+ "o moral s5se to ano!r2 :e!r ! "q1 ',:at is "r to d8' has 9 any "o set ( circum/ances a s+le answ] :i* c be def9itely kn[n4 ,cle>ly1 9 ! fir/ r\gh s5se ( ! ^w1 ?is is n true4 ,:at is "r = me to d n[1 see+ t ,i am "h ) a c]ta9 "*1 & a c]ta9 moral s5se z "p ( x1 is j :at ,i feel to be "r4 ,! individual consci5ce is1 9 ! mom5t ( volition1 ! only possible judge ( :at is "r2 !re is no conflict+ claim4 ,b if we are delib]at+ ab\t ! future1 we "k t we c modify our consci5ce gradually by associat+ ) p1 read+ c]ta9 books1 & pay+ att5tion to c]ta9 ideas & feel+s2 & we may ask ourselves1 ',h[ %all we modify our consci5ce1 if at all8 :at k9d ( consci5ce %all we try to get8 :at is ! be/ consci5ce8' ,we may ask simil> que/ions ab\t our s5se ( ta/e4 ,!re is no d\bt at pres5t t ! nice/ ?+s to me are ! ?+s ,i l2 b ,i "k t ,i c tra9 myself to l "s ?+s & dislike o!rs1 & t ?+s :i* are v na/y at "o "t may come to be great delicacies at ano!r4 ,i may ask1 ',h[ %all ,i tra9 myself8 ,:at is ! be/ ta/e8' ,& ?is leads v naturally to putt+ ! "q 9 ano!r =m1 namely1 ',:at is ta/e good =8 ,:at is ! purpose or function ( ta/e8' ,we %\ld probably f9d z ! answ] to t "q t ! purpose or function ( ta/e is to discrim9ate :olesome food f un:olesome2 t x is a matt] ( /oma* & dige/ion4 ,x w foll[ f ?is t ! be/ ta/e is t :i* pref]s :olesome food1 & t by cultivat+ a pref]5ce = :olesome & nutriti\s ?+s ,i %all be tra9+ my palate 9 ! way x %\ld g4 ,9 j ! same way our "q ab\t ! be/ consci5ce w resolve itself into a "q ab\t ! purpose or function ( ! consci5ce--:y we h got x1 & :at x is good =4 ,n[ to my m9d ! simple/ & cle>e/ & mo/ pr(\nd philosophy t 0 ev] writt5 ^u ?is subject is to be f\nd 9 ! #b;d & #c;d *apt]s ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's ',desc5t ( ,man4' ,9 ^! *apt]s x appe>s t j z mo/ physical *>act]i/ics ( organisms h be5 evolv$ & pres]v$ because !y 7 useful to ! individual 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ o!r individuals & o!r species1 s ?is p>ticul> feel+ has be5 evolv$ & pres]v$ because x is useful to ! tribe or community 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ o!r tribes1 & aga9/ ! environm5t z a :ole4 ,! function ( consci5ce is ! pres]vation ( ! tribe z a tribe4 ,& we %all rightly tra9 our consci5ces if we le>n to approve ^? actions :i* t5d to ! advantage ( ! community 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!re are "h "s words1 h[ev]1 :i* require c>eful def9ition4 ,& fir/ ! ^w purpose4 ,a ?+ s]ves a purpose :5 x is adapt$ to "s end2 ?us a corkscrew is adapt$ to ! end ( extract+ corks f bottles1 & our lungs are adapt$ to ! end ( respiration4 ,we may say t ! extraction ( corks is ! purpose ( ! corkscrew1 & t respiration is ! purpose ( ! lungs4 ,b "h we %all h us$ ! ^w 9 two diff]5t s5ses4 ,a man made ! corkscrew ) a purpose 9 8 m9d1 & he knew & int5d$ t x %\ld be us$ = pull+ out corks4 ,b nobody made our lungs ) a purpose 9 8 m9d1 & int5d$ t !y %\ld be us$ = brea?+4 ,! respiratory app>atus 0 adapt$ to its purpose by natural selection--namely1 by ! gradual pres]vation ( bett] & bett] adaptations1 & ! kill+ (f ( ! worse & imp]fect adaptations4 ,9 us+ ! ^w purpose = ! result ( ?is unconsci\s process ( adaptation by survival ( ! fitte/1 ,i "k t ,i am some:at ext5d+ its ord9>y s5se1 :i* implies consci\sness4 ,b x seems to me t on ! score ( conv5i5ce !re is a great deal to be said = ?is ext5sion ( mean+4 ,we want a ^w to express ! adaptation ( means to an end1 :e!r involv+ consci\sness or n2 ! ^w purpose w d v well1 & ! adjective purposive has already be5 us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,b if ! use is admitt$1 we mu/ di/+ui% two k9ds ( purpose4 ,!re is ! unconsci\s purpose :i* is atta9$ by natural selection1 9 :i* no consci\sness ne$ be conc]n$2 & !re is ! consci\s purpose ( an intellig5ce :i* designs a ?+ t x may s]ve to d some?+ :i* he desires to be done4 ,! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ?is second k9d1 design or consci\s purpose1 is t 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ag5t !re is an image or symbol ( ! end :i* he desires1 & ?is prec$es & det]m9es ! use ( ! means4 ,?us ! man :o fir/ inv5t$ a corkscrew mu/ h previ\sly kn[n t corks 7 9 bottles1 & h desir$ to get !m out4 ,we may describe ?is if we l 9 t]ms ( matt]1 & say t a purpose ( ! second k9d implies a complex n]v\s sy/em1 9 :i* !re c be =m$ an image or symbol ( ! end1 & t ?is symbol det]m9es ! use ( ! means4 ,! n]v\s image or symbol ( any?+ is t mode ( work+ ( "p ( my bra9 :i* goes on simultane\sly & is correlat$ ) my ?9k+ ( ! ?+4 ,ari/otle def9es an organism z t 9 :i* ! "p exi/s = ! sake ( ! :ole4 ,x is n t ! exi/5ce ( ! "p dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole1 = e :ole exi/s only z an aggregate ( p>ts relat$ 9 a c]ta9 way2 b t ! %ape & nature ( ! "p are det]m9$ by ! wants ( ! :ole4 ,?us ! %ape & nature ( my foot are :at !y are1 n = ! sake ( my foot itself1 b = ! sake ( my :ole body1 & because x wants to move ab\t4 ,t :i* ! "p has to d = ! :ole is call$ its function4 ,?us ! function ( my foot is to support me1 & assi/ 9 locomotion4 ,n all ! nature ( ! "p is necess>ily = ! sake ( ! :ole3 ! comp>ative callosity ( ! sk9 ( my sole is = ! protection ( my foot itself4 ,society is an organism1 & man 9 society is "p ( an organism accord+ to ?is def9ition1 9 s f> z "s portion ( ! nature ( man is :at x is = ! sake ( ! :ole--society4 ,n[ consci5ce is su* a portion ( ! nature ( man1 & its function is ! pres]vation ( society 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we may be able to def9e ?is function m closely :5 we "k m ab\t ! way 9 :i* consci5ce t5ds to pres]ve society4 ,next let u endeavor to make precise ! mean+ ( ! words community & society4 ,x is cle> t at diff]5t times m5 may be divid$ into gr\ps ( great] or less ext5t--tribes1 clans1 families1 nations1 t[ns4 ,if a c]ta9 numb] ( clans are /ruggl+ = exi/5ce1 t portion ( ! consci5ce w be develop$ :i* t5ds to ! pres]vation ( ! clan2 s1 if t[ns or families are /ruggl+1 we %all get a moral s5se adapt$ to ! advantage ( ! t[n or ! family4 ,9 ?is way diff]5t portions ( ! moral s5se may be develop$ at diff]5t /ages ( progress4 ,n[ x is cle> t = ! purpose ( ! consci5ce ! ^w community at any "t w mean a gr\p ( t size & nature :i* is be+ select$ or n select$ = survival z a :ole4 ,selection may be go+ on at ! same "t among _m diff]5t k9ds ( gr\ps4 ,& ultimately ! moral s5se w be compos$ ( v>i\s portions relat+ to v>i\s gr\ps1 ! function or purpose ( ea* portion be+ ! advantage ( t gr\p to :i* x relates 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?us we h a s5se ( family duty1 ( municipal duty1 ( national duty1 & ( duties t[>d all mank9d4 ,x is to be notic$ t "p ( ! nature ( a small] gr\p may be :at x is = ! sake ( a l>g] gr\p to :i* x belongs2 & !n we may speak ( ! function ( ! small] gr\p4 ,?us x appe>s probable t ! family1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x n[ exi/s among u1 is det]m9$ by ! good ( ! nation2 & we may say t ! function ( ! family is to promote ! advantage ( ! nation or l>g] society 9 "s c]ta9 ways4 ,b ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be "r to foll[ ,augu/e ,comte 9 speak+ ( ! function ( humanity2 because humanity is obvi\sly n a "p ( any l>g] organism = ^: sake x is :at x is4 ,n[ t we h cle>$ up ! mean+s ( "s ( our words1 we are /ill a great way f ! def9ite solution ( our "q1 ',:at is ! be/ consci5ce8 or :at ought ,i to ?9k "r8' ,= we d n yet "k :at is = ! advantage ( ! community 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if we *oose to le>n by ! analogy ( an individual organism1 we may see t no p]man5t or f9al answ] c be giv51 because ! organism gr[s 9 consequ5ce ( ! /ruggle1 & develops new wants :ile x is satisfy+ ! old ones4 ,b at any giv5 "t x has q en\gh to d to keep alive & to avoid dang]s & diseases4 ,s we may expect t ! wants & ev5 ! necessities ( ! social organism w gr[ ) its gr[?1 & t x is impossible to pr$ict :at may t5d 9 ! di/ant future to its advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b /ill1 9 ?is vague & g5]al /atem5t ( ! functions ( consci5ce1 we %all f9d t we h already e/abli%$ a great deal4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "r is an affair ( ! community1 & mu/ n be ref]r$ to any?+ else4 ,to g back to our analogy ( ta/e3 if ,i tri$ to p]suade y t ! be/ palate 0 t :i* pref]r$ ?+s pretty to look at1 y might condemn me priori )\t any exp]i5ce1 by m]ely kn[+ t ta/e is an affair ( /oma* & dige/ion--t its function is to select :olesome food4 ,& s1 if any "o tries to p]suade u t ! be/ consci5ce is t :i* ?9ks x "r to obey ! w ( "s individual1 z a deity or a mon>*1 he is condemn$ priori 9 ! v nature ( "r & wrong4 ,9 ord] t ! wor%ip ( a deity may be consi/5t ) natural e?ics1 he mu/ be reg>d$ z ! fri5d & help] ( humanity1 & 8 "* mu/ be judg$ f 8 actions by a moral /&>d :i* is indep5d5t ( him4 ,& ?is1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is ! position :i* has be5 tak5 by mo/ ,engli% div9es1 z long z !y 7 ,engli%m5 fir/ & div9es aft]w>d4 ,! wor%ip ( a deity :o is repres5t$ z unfair or unfri5dly to any portion ( ! community is a wrong ?+1 h[ev] great may be ! ?reats & promises by :i* x is comm5d$4 ,& /ill worse1 ! ref]5ce ( "r & wrong to 8 arbitr>y w z a /&>d1 ! div]sion ( ! allegiance ( ! moral s5se f ! community to him1 is ! mo/ insidi\s & fatal ( social diseases4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is t ! ,teutonic consci5ce prote/$ 9 ! ,re=mation4 ,aga91 9 mon>*ical c\ntries1 9 ord] t allegiance to ! sov]eign may be consi/5t ) natural e?ics1 he mu/ be reg>d$ z ! s]vant & symbol ( ! national unity1 capable ( rebellion & puni%able = x4 ,& ?is has be5 ! !ory ( ! ,engli% con/itution f "t immemorial4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( natural e?ics1 !n1 is ! sole & supreme allegiance ( consci5ce to ! community4 ,i v5ture to call ?is piety 9 accordance ) ! old] mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,ev5 if x %\ld turn out impossible to sev] x f ! un=tunate associations :i* h clung to its lat] mean+1 /ill x seems wor? :ile to try4 ,an imm$iate d$uction f our pr9ciple is t !re are no self-reg>d+ virtues prop]ly s call$2 ^? qualities :i* t5d to ! advantage & pres]vation ( ! individual be+ only morally "r 9 s f> z !y make him a m useful citiz54 ,& ?is conclusion is 9 "s cases ( great practical importance4 ,! virtue ( purity1 = example1 atta9s 9 ?is way a fairly exact def9ition3 purity 9 a man is t c\rse ( conduct :i* makes him to be a good husb& & fa!r1 9 a woman t :i* makes h] to be a good wife & "m1 or :i* helps o!r p s to prep>e & keep !mselves4 ,x is easy to see h[ _m false ideas & p]nici\s precepts are swept away by ev5 s simple a def9ition z t4 ,next1 we may fairly def9e our position 9 reg>d to t moral sy/em :i* has des]v$ly f\nd favor ) ! great mass ( our c\ntrym54 ,9 ! common /atem5t ( utilit>ianism ! end ( "r action is def9$ to be ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,x seems to me t ! reason & ! ample ju/ification ( ! success ( ?is sy/em is t x explicitly sets =? ! community z ! object ( moral allegiance4 ,b our det]m9ation ( ! purpose ( ! consci5ce w oblige u to make a *ange 9 ! /atem5t ( x4 ,happ9ess is n ! end ( "r action4 ,my happ9ess is ( no use to ! community except 9 s f> z x makes me a m effici5t citiz52 t is to say1 x is rightly desir$ z a means & n z an end4 ,! end may be describ$ z ! greate/ effici5cy ( all citiz5s z su*4 ,no d\bt happ9ess w 9 ! long run accrue to ! community z a consequ5ce ( "r conduct2 b ! "r is det]m9$ indep5d5tly ( ! happ9ess1 &1 z ,plato says1 x is bett] to suff] wrong ?an to d wrong4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld add "s words on ! relation ( ,v]acity to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,piety4 ,x is cle> t v]acity is f\nd$ on fai? 9 man2 y tell a man ! tru? :5 y c tru/ him ) x & are n afraid4 ,?is p]haps is made m evid5t by consid]+ ! case ( exception all[$ by all morali/s--namely1 t if a man asks y ! way ) a view to committ+ a murd]1 x is "r to tell a lie & misdirect him4 ,! reason :y he mu/ n h ! tru? told him is t he w\ld make a bad use ( x2 he _c be tru/$ ) x4 ,ab\t ^! cases ( exception an important rem>k mu/ be made 9 pass+4 ,:5 we he> t a man has told a lie "u su* circum/ances1 we are inde$ ready to admit t = once x 0 "r1 m5songe admirable2 b we always h a sort ( feel+ t x mu/ n occur aga94 ,& ! same ?+ applies to cases ( conflict+ obligations1 :5 = example ! family consci5ce & ! national consci5ce disagree4 ,9 su* cases no g5]al rule c be laid d[n2 we h to *oose ! less ( two evils2 b ?is is n "r altoge!r 9 ! same s5se z x is "r to speak ! tru?4 ,!re is some?+ wrong 9 ! circum/ances1 t we %\ld h to *oose an evil at all4 ,! actual c\rse to be pursu$ w v>y ) ! progress ( society2 t evil :i* at fir/ 0 great] w become less1 & 9 a p]fect society ! conflict w be resolv$ into h>mony4 ,b mean:ile ^! cases ( exception mu/ be c>efully kept di/9ct f ! /raight=w>d cases ( "r & wrong1 & !y always imply an obligation to m5d ! circum/ances if we c4 ,v]acity to an individual is n only enjo9$ by piety 9 virtue ( ! obvi\s advantage :i* att5ds a /raight=w>d & mutually tru/+ community z comp>$ ) o!rs1 b also because deception is 9 all cases a p]sonal injury4 ,/ill m is ?is true ( v]acity to ! community itself4 ,! conception ( ! univ]se or aggregate ( beliefs :i* =ms ! l9k betwe5 s5sation & action = ea* individual is a public & n a private matt]2 x is =m$ by society & = society4 ,( :at enorm\s importance x is to ! community t ?is %\ld be a true conception ,i ne$ n attempt to describe4 ,n[ to ! atta9m5t ( ?is true conception two ?+s are necess>y4 ,fir/1 if we /udy ! hi/ory ( ^? me?ods by :i* true beliefs & false beliefs h be5 atta9$1 we %all see t x is our duty to guide our beliefs by inf]5ce f exp]i5ce on ! assumption ( uni=mity ( nature & consci\sness 9 o!r m51 & by ?is only4 ,only ^u ?is moral basis c ! f\ndations ( ! empirical me?od be ju/ifi$4 ,secondly1 v]acity to ! community dep5ds ^u fai? 9 man4 ,surely ,i ought to be talk+ platitudes :5 ,i say t x is n ,engli% to tell a man a lie1 or to sugge/ a lie by y\r sil5ce or y\r actions1 because y are afraid t he is n prep>$ = ! tru?1 because y don't q "k :at he w d :5 he kn[s x1 because p]haps aft] all ?is lie is a bett] ?+ = him ?an ! tru? w\ld be1 ?is same man be+ all ! "t an hone/ fell[-citiz5 :om y h e reason to tru/4 ,surely ,i h he>d t ?is crav5 crook$ness is ! object ( our national dete/ation4 ,& yet x is con/antly :isp]$ t x w\ld be dang]\s to divulge c]ta9 tru?s to ! masses4 ',i "k ! :ole ?+ is untrue3 b !n x is s useful = ! p2 y don't "k :at h>m y might d by %ak+ _! fai? 9 x4' ,crook$ ways are none ! less crook$ because !y are meant to deceive great masses ( p in/ead ( individuals4 ,if a ?+ is true1 let u all believe x1 ri* & poor1 m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,if a ?+ is untrue1 let u all disbelieve x1 ri* & poor1 m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,tru? is a ?+ to be %\t$ f ! h\setops1 n to be :isp]$ ov] rose-wat] aft] d9n] :5 ! ladies are gone away4 ,ev5 9 ^? :om ,i w\ld mo/ rev]5ce1 :o w\ld %r9k ) horror f su* actual deception z ,i h j m5tion$1 ,i f9d traces ( a want ( fai? 9 man4 ,ev5 t noble ?9k]1 to :om we ( ?is g5]ation owe m ?an ,i c tell1 seem$ to say 9 "o ( 8 po/hum\s essays t 9 reg>d to que/ions ( great public importance we might enc\rage a hope 9 excess ( ! evid5ce 7:i* w\ld infallibly gr[ into a belief & defy evid5ce7 if we f\nd t life 0 made easi] by x4 ,z if we %\ld n lose inf9itely m by n\ri%+ a t5d5cy to falsehood ?an we c\ld ga9 by ! delusion ( a pleas+ fancy4 ,life mu/ fir/ ( all be made /raight & true2 x may get easi] ?r\gh ! help ?is br+s to ! commonweal?4 ,& ,lange1 ! great hi/orian ( mat]ialism1 says t ! am\nt ( false belief necess>y to morality 9 a giv5 society is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,i _c believe t any falsehood :atev] is necess>y to morality4 ,x _c be true ( my race & y\rs t to keep ourselves f becom+ sc\ndrels we mu/ ne$s believe a lie4 ,! s5se ( "r grew up among heal?y m5 & 0 fix$ by ! practice ( comrade%ip4 ,x has nev] _h help f phantoms & falsehoods1 & x nev] c want any4 ,by fai? 9 man & piety t[>d m5 we h taught ea* o!r ! "r hi!rto2 ) fai? 9 man & piety t[>d m5 we %all nev] m dep>t f x4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,belief4 ,i4 ,! ,duty ( ,inquiry4--,a %ip[n] 0 ab\t to s5d to sea an emigrant-%ip4 ,he knew t %e 0 old1 & n ov]-well built at ! fir/2 t %e _h se5 _m seas & climes1 & (t5 _h ne$$ repairs4 ,d\bts _h be5 sugge/$ to him t possibly %e 0 n seawor?y4 ,^! d\bts prey$ ^u 8 m9d1 & made him unhappy2 he ?\ght t p]haps he ought to h h] ?or\ghly ov]haul$ & refitt$1 ev5 ?\gh ?is %\ld put him to great exp5se4 ,be=e ! %ip sail$1 h[ev]1 he succe$$ 9 ov]com+ ^! melan*oly reflections4 ,he said to himself t %e _h gone safely ?r\gh s _m voyages & wea!r$ s _m /orms t x 0 idle to suppose %e w\ld n come safely home f ?is trip also4 ,he w\ld put 8 tru/ 9 ,provid5ce1 :i* c\ld h>dly fail to protect all ^! unhappy families t 7 leav+ _! fa!rl& to seek = bett] times else:]e4 ,he w\ld dismiss f 8 m9d all ung5]\s suspicions ab\t ! hone/y ( build]s & contractors4 ,9 su* ways he acquir$ a s9c]e & com=table conviction t 8 vessel 0 ?or\ghly safe & seawor?y2 he wat*$ h] dep>ture ) a light he>t1 & b5evol5t wi%es = ! success ( ! exiles 9 _! /range new home t 0 to be2 & he got 8 insurance-money :5 %e w5t d[n 9 mid-ocean & told no tales4 ,:at %all we say ( him8 ,surely ?is1 t he 0 v]ily guilty ( ! dea? ( ^? m54 ,x is admitt$ t he did s9c]ely believe 9 ! s\ndness ( 8 %ip2 b ! s9c]ity ( 8 conviction c 9 no wise help him1 because he _h no "r to believe on su* evid5ce z 0 be=e him4 ,he _h acquir$ 8 belief n by hone/ly e>n+ x 9 pati5t inve/igation1 b by /ifl+ 8 d\bts4 ,& al?\gh 9 ! end he may h felt s sure ab\t x t he c\ld n ?9k o!rwise1 yet inasmu* z he _h kn[+ly & will+ly work$ himself into t frame ( m9d1 he mu/ be held responsible = x4 ,let u alt] ! case a little1 & suppose t ! %ip 0 n uns\nd aft] all2 t %e made h] voyage safely1 & _m o!rs aft] x4 ,w t dim9i% ! guilt ( h] own]8 ,n "o jot4 ,:5 an action is once done1 x is "r or wrong =ev]2 no accid5tal failure ( its good or evil fruits c possibly alt] t4 ,! man w\ld n h be5 innoc5t1 he w\ld only h be5 n f\nd out4 ,! "q ( "r or wrong has to d ) ! orig9 ( 8 belief1 n ! matt] ( x2 n :at x 01 b h[ he got x2 n :e!r x turn$ out to be true or false1 b :e!r he _h a "r to believe on su* evid5ce z 0 be=e him4 ,!re 0 once an isl& 9 :i* "s ( ! inhabitants pr(ess$ a religion tea*+ nei!r ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 nor t ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,a suspicion got abroad t ! pr(essors ( ?is religion _h made use ( unfair means to get _! doctr9es taught to *ildr54 ,!y 7 accus$ ( wre/+ ! laws ( _! c\ntry 9 su* a way z to remove *ildr5 f ! c>e ( _! natural & legal gu>dians2 & ev5 ( /eal+ !m away & keep+ !m conceal$ f _! fri5ds & relations4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 =m$ !mselves into a society = ! purpose ( agitat+ ! public ab\t ?is matt]4 ,!y publi%$ grave accusations aga9/ individual citiz5s ( ! highe/ position & "*1 & did all 9 _! p[] to injure ^! citiz5s 9 ! ex]cise ( _! pr(essions4 ,s great 0 ! noise !y made1 t a ,commission 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! facts2 b aft] ! ,commission _h c>efully inquir$ into all ! evid5ce t c\ld be got1 x appe>$ t ! accus$ 7 innoc5t4 ,n only _h !y be5 accus$ on insuffici5t evid5ce1 b ! evid5ce ( _! innoc5ce 0 su* z ! agitators might easily h obta9$1 if !y _h attempt$ a fair inquiry4 ,aft] ^! disclosures ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry look$ ^u ! memb]s ( ! agitat+ society1 n only z p]sons ^: judgm5t 0 to be di/ru/$1 b also z no long] to be c\nt$ honorable m54 ,= al?\gh !y _h s9c]ely & consci5ti\sly believ$ 9 ! *>ges !y _h made1 yet !y _h no "r to believe on su* evid5ce z 0 be=e !m4 ,_! s9c]e convictions1 in/ead ( be+ hone/ly e>n$ by pati5t inquir+1 7 /ol5 by li/5+ to ! voice ( prejudice & passion4 ,let u v>y ?is case also1 & suppose1 o!r ?+s rema9+ z be=e1 t a /ill m accurate inve/igation prov$ ! accus$ to h be5 really guilty4 ,w\ld ?is make any diff]5ce 9 ! guilt ( ! accus]s8 ,cle>ly n2 ! "q is n :e!r _! belief 0 true or false1 b :e!r !y ent]ta9$ x on wrong gr\nds4 ,!y w\ld no d\bt say1 ',n[ y see t we 7 "r aft] all2 next "t p]haps y w believe u4' ,& !y might be believ$1 b !y w\ld n !reby become honorable m54 ,!y w\ld n be innoc5t1 !y w\ld only be n f\nd out4 ,e "o ( !m1 if he *ose to exam9e himself 9 =o consci5ti1 w\ld "k t he _h acquir$ & n\ri%$ a belief1 :5 he _h no "r to believe on su* evid5ce z 0 be=e him2 & !re9 he w\ld "k t he _h done a wrong ?+4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t 9 bo? ( ^! suppos$ cases x is n ! belief :i* is judg$ to be wrong1 b ! action foll[+ ^u x4 ,! %ip[n] might say1 ',i am p]fectly c]ta9 t my %ip is s\nd1 b /ill ,i feel x my duty to h h] exam9$1 be=e tru/+ ! lives ( s _m p to h]4' ,& x might be said to ! agitator1 ',h[ev] conv9c$ y 7 ( ! ju/ice ( y\r cause & ! tru? ( y\r convictions1 y ought n to h made a public attack ^u any man's "* until y _h exam9$ ! evid5ce on bo? sides ) ! utmo/ pati5ce & c>e4' ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u admit t1 s f> z x goes1 ?is view ( ! case is "r & necess>y2 "r1 because ev5 :5 a man's belief is s fix$ t he _c ?9k o!rwise1 he /ill has a *oice 9 reg>d to ! action sugge/$ by x1 & s _c escape ! duty ( inve/igat+ on ! gr\nd ( ! /r5g? ( 8 convictions2 & necess>y1 because ^? :o are n yet capable ( controll+ _! feel+s & ?\ghts mu/ h a pla9 rule deal+ ) ov]t acts4 ,b ?is be+ premis$ z necess>y1 x becomes cle> t x is n suffici5t1 & t our previ\s judgm5t is requir$ to supplem5t x4 ,= x is n possible s to sev] ! belief f ! action x sugge/s z to condemn ! "o )\t condemn+ ! o!r4 ,no man hold+ a /rong belief on "o side ( a "q1 or ev5 wi%+ to hold a belief on "o side1 c inve/igate x ) su* fairness & complet5ess z if he 7 really 9 d\bt & unbias$2 s t ! exi/5ce ( a belief n f\nd$ on fair inquiry unfits a man = ! p]=mance ( ?is necess>y duty4 ,nor is t truly a belief at all :i* has n "s influ5ce ^u ! actions ( him :o holds x4 ,he :o truly believes t :i* prompts him to an action has look$ ^u ! action to lu/ aft] x1 he has committ$ x already 9 8 he>t4 ,if a belief is n realiz$ imm$iately 9 op5 de$s1 x is /or$ up = ! guidance ( ! future4 ,x goes to make a "p ( t aggregate ( beliefs :i* is ! l9k betwe5 s5sation & action at e mom5t ( all our lives1 & :i* is s organiz$ & compact$ toge!r t no "p ( x c be isolat$ f ! re/1 b e new addition modifies ! /ructure ( ! :ole4 ,no real belief1 h[ev] trifl+ & fragm5t>y x may seem1 is ev] truly insignificant2 x prep>es u to receive m ( its l1 confirms ^? :i* resembl$ x be=e1 & weak5s o!rs2 & s gradually x lays a /eal?y tra9 9 our inmo/ ?\ghts1 :i* may "s day explode into ov]t action1 & leave its /amp ^u our "* =ev]4 ,& no "o man's belief is 9 any case a private matt] :i* conc]ns himself alone4 ,our lives are guid$ by t g5]al conception ( ! c\rse ( ?+s :i* has be5 creat$ by society = social purposes4 ,our words1 our phrases1 our =ms & processes & modes ( ?\ght1 are common prop]ty1 fa%ion$ & p]fect$ f age to age2 an heirloom :i* e succe$+ g5]ation inh]its z a preci\s deposit & a sacr$ tru/ to be h&$ on to ! next "o1 n un*ang$ b enl>g$ & purifi$1 ) "s cle> m>ks ( its prop] h&iwork4 ,into ?is1 = good or ill1 is wov5 e belief ( e man :o has spee* ( 8 fell[s4 ,an awful privilege1 & an awful responsibility1 t we %\ld help to create ! _w 9 :i* po/]ity w live4 ,9 ! two suppos$ cases :i* h be5 consid]$1 x has be5 judg$ wrong to believe on insuffici5t evid5ce1 or to n\ri% belief by suppress+ d\bts & avoid+ inve/igation4 ,! reason ( ?is judgm5t is n f> to seek3 x is t 9 bo? ^! cases ! belief held by "o man 0 ( great importance to o!r m54 ,b =asmu* z no belief held by "o man1 h[ev] seem+ly trivial ! belief1 & h[ev] obscure ! believ]1 is ev] actually insignificant or )\t its effect on ! fate ( mank9d1 we h no *oice b to ext5d our judgm5t to all cases ( belief :atev]4 ,belief1 t sacr$ faculty :i* prompts ! decisions ( our w1 & knits into h>moni\s work+ all ! compact$ en]gies ( our be+1 is ours n = ourselves1 b = humanity4 ,x is rightly us$ on tru?s :i* h be5 e/abli%$ by long exp]i5ce & wait+ toil1 & :i* h /ood 9 ! fi]ce light ( free & fe>less que/ion+4 ,!n x helps to b9d m5 toge!r1 & to /r5g!n & direct _! common action4 ,x is desecrat$ :5 giv5 to unprov$ & unque/ion$ /atem5ts1 = ! solace & private pleasure ( ! believ]2 to add a t9sel spl5dor to ! pla9 /raight road ( our life & display a bright mirage beyond x2 or ev5 to dr[n ! common sorr[s ( our k9d by a self-deception :i* all[s !m n only to ca/ d[n1 b also to degrade u4 ,:oso w\ld des]ve well ( 8 fell[s 9 ?is matt] w gu>d ! purity ( 8 belief ) a v fanaticism ( jeal\s c>e1 le/ at any "t x %\ld re/ on an unwor?y object1 & cat* a /a9 :i* c nev] be wip$ away4 ,x is n only ! lead] ( m51 /atesman1 philosoph]1 or poet1 t owes ?is b\nd5 duty to mank9d4 ,e ru/ic :o deliv]s 9 ! village aleh\se 8 sl[1 infrequ5t s5t5ces1 may help to kill or keep alive ! fatal sup]/itions :i* clog 8 race4 ,e h>d-work$ wife ( an artisan may transmit to h] *ildr5 beliefs :i* %all knit society toge!r1 or r5d x 9 pieces4 ,no simplicity ( m9d1 no obscurity ( /ation1 c escape ! univ]sal duty ( que/ion+ all t we believe4 ,x is true t ?is duty is a h>d "o1 & ! d\bt :i* comes out ( x is (t5 a v bitt] ?+4 ,x leaves u b>e & p[]less :]e we ?\ght t we 7 safe & /rong4 ,to "k all ab\t any?+ is to "k h[ to deal ) x "u all circum/ances4 ,we feel mu* happi] & m secure :5 we ?9k we "k precisely :at to d1 no matt] :at happ5s1 ?an :5 we h lo/ our way & d n "k :]e to turn4 ,& if we h suppos$ ourselves to "k all ab\t any?+1 & to be capable ( do+ :at is fit 9 reg>d to x1 we naturally d n l to f9d t we are really ignorant & p[]less1 t we h to beg9 aga9 at ! beg9n+1 & try to le>n :at ! ?+ is & h[ x is to be dealt )--if inde$ any?+ c be le>nt ab\t x4 ,x is ! s5se ( p[] atta*$ to a s5se ( k t makes m5 desir\s ( believ+1 & afraid ( d\bt+4 ,?is s5se ( p[] is ! highe/ & be/ ( pleasures :5 ! belief on :i* x is f\nd$ is a true belief1 & has be5 fairly e>n$ by inve/igation4 ,= !n we may ju/ly feel t x is common prop]ty1 & holds good = o!rs z well z = ourselves4 ,!n we may be glad1 n t ,i h le>n$ secrets by :i* ,i am saf] & /rong]1 b t we m5 h got ma/]y ov] m ( ! _w2 & we %all be /rong1 n = ourselves1 b 9 ! "n ( ,man & 9 8 /r5g?4 ,b if ! belief has be5 accept$ on insuffici5t evid5ce1 ! pleasure is a /ol5 "o4 ,n only does x deceive ourselves by giv+ u a s5se ( p[] :i* we d n really possess1 b x is s9ful1 because x is /ol5 9 defiance ( our duty to mank9d4 ,t duty is to gu>d ourselves f su* beliefs z f a pe/il5ce1 :i* may %ortly ma/] our own body & !n spread to ! re/ ( ! t[n4 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( "o :o1 = ! sake ( a sweet fruit1 %\ld delib]ately run ! risk ( br++ a plague ^u 8 family & 8 neighbors8 ,&1 z 9 o!r su* cases1 x is n ! risk only :i* has to be consid]$2 = a bad action is always bad at ! "t :5 x is done1 no matt] :at happ5s aft]w>d4 ,e "t we let ourselves believe = unwor?y reasons1 we weak5 our p[]s ( self-control1 ( d\bt+1 ( judicially & fairly weigh+ evid5ce4 ,we all suff] sev]ely en\gh f ! ma9t5ance & support ( false beliefs & ! fatally wrong actions :i* !y lead to1 & ! evil born :5 "o su* belief is ent]ta9$ is great & wide4 ,b a great] & wid] evil arises :5 ! cr$ul\s "* is ma9ta9$ & support$1 :5 a habit ( believ+ = unwor?y reasons is fo/]$ & made p]man5t4 ,if ,i /eal money f any p]son1 !re may be no h>m done by ! m]e transf] ( possession2 he may n feel ! loss1 or x may prev5t him f us+ ! money badly4 ,b ,i _c help do+ ?is great wrong t[>d ,man1 t ,i make myself di%one/4 ,:at hurts society is n t x %\ld lose its prop]ty1 b t x %\ld become a d5 ( ?ieves2 = !n x mu/ cease to be society4 ,?is is :y we ought n to d evil t good may come2 = at any rate ?is great evil has come1 t we h done evil & are made wick$ !reby4 ,9 l mann]1 if ,i let myself believe any?+ on insuffici5t evid5ce1 !re may be no great h>m done by ! m]e belief2 x may be true aft] all1 or ,i may nev] h occasion to exhibit x 9 outw>d acts4 ,b ,i _c help do+ ?is great wrong t[>d ,man1 t ,i make myself cr$ul\s4 ,! dang] to society is n m]ely t x %\ld believe wrong ?+s1 ?\gh t is great en\gh2 b t x %\ld become cr$ul\s1 & lose ! habit ( te/+ ?+s & inquir+ into !m2 = !n x mu/ s9k back into savag]y4 ,! h>m :i* is done by cr$ulity 9 a man is n conf9$ to ! fo/]+ ( a cr$ul\s "* 9 o!rs1 & consequ5t support ( false beliefs4 ,habitual want ( c>e ab\t :at ,i believe leads to habitual want ( c>e 9 o!rs ab\t ! tru? ( :at is told to me4 ,m5 speak ! tru? to "o ano!r :5 ea* rev]es ! tru? 9 8 own m9d & 9 ! o!r's m9d2 b h[ %all my fri5d rev]e ! tru? 9 my m9d :5 ,i myself am c>eless ab\t x1 :5 ,i believe ?+s because ,i want to believe !m1 & because !y are com=t+ & pleasant8 ,w he n le>n to cry1 ',peace1' to me1 :5 !re is no peace8 ,by su* a c\rse ,i %all surr\nd myself ) a ?ick atmosph]e ( falsehood & fraud1 & 9 t ,i mu/ live4 ,x may matt] little to me1 9 my cl\d-ca/le ( sweet illusions & d>l+ lies2 b x matt]s mu* to ,man t ,i h made my neighbors ready to deceive4 ,! cr$ul\s man is fa!r to ! li> & ! *eat2 he lives 9 ! bosom ( ?is 8 family1 & x is no m>vel if he %\ld become ev5 z !y are4 ,s closely are our duties knit toge!r1 t :oso %all keep ! :ole law1 & yet (f5d 9 "o po9t1 he is guilty ( all4 ,to sum up3 x is wrong always1 ev]y:]e & = any "o1 to believe any?+ ^u insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,if a man1 hold+ a belief :i* he 0 taught 9 *ildhood or p]suad$ ( aft]w>d1 keeps d[n & pu%es away any d\bts :i* arise ab\t x 9 8 m9d1 purposely avoids ! read+ ( books & ! company ( m5 t call 9 "q or discuss x1 & reg>ds z impi\s ^? que/ions :i* _c easily be ask$ )\t di/urb+ x--! life ( t man is "o long s9 aga9/ mank9d4 ,if ?is judgm5t seems h>% :5 appli$ to ^? simple s\ls :o h nev] kn[n bett]1 :o h be5 br\ght up f ! cradle ) a horror ( d\bt1 & taught t _! et]nal welf>e dep5ds on :at !y believe1 !n x leads to ! v s]i\s "q1 ,:o ha? made ,israel to s98 ,x may be p]mitt$ me to =tify ?is judgm5t ) ! s5t5ce ( ,milton-- ',a man may be a h]etic 9 ! tru?2 & if he believe ?+s only because 8 pa/or says s1 or ! assembly s det]m9e1 )\t kn[+ o!r reason1 ?\gh 8 belief be true1 yet ! v tru? he holds becomes 8 h]esy4' ,& ) ?is fam\s aphorism ( ,col]idge-- ',he :o beg9s by lov+ ,*ri/ianity bett] ?an ,tru?1 w proce$ by lov+ 8 own sect or ,*ur* bett] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 & end 9 lov+ himself bett] ?an all4' ,inquiry into ! evid5ce ( a doctr9e is n to be made once = all1 & !n tak5 z f9ally settl$4 ,x is nev] lawful to /ifle a d\bt2 = ei!r x c be hone/ly answ]$ by means ( ! inquiry already made1 or else x proves t ! inquiry 0 n complete4 ',b1' says "o1 ',i am a busy man2 ,i h no "t = ! long c\rse ( /udy :i* w\ld be necess>y to make me 9 any degree a compet5t judge ( c]ta9 que/ions1 or ev5 able to und]/& ! nature ( ! argum5ts4' ,!n he %\ld h no "t to believe4 ,,ii4 ,! ,weight ( ,au?ority4--,are we !n to become univ]sal skeptics1 d\bt+ ev]y?+1 afraid always to put "o foot be=e ! o!r until we h p]sonally te/$ ! firmness ( ! road8 ,are we to deprive ourselves ( ! help & guidance ( t va/ body ( k :i* is daily gr[+ ^u ! _w1 because nei!r we nor any o!r "o p]son c possibly te/ a hundr$? "p ( x by imm$iate exp]im5t or obs]vation1 & because x w\ld n be completely prov$ if we did8 ,%all we /eal & tell lies because we h _h no p]sonal exp]i5ce wide en\gh to ju/ify ! belief t x is wrong to d s8 ,!re is no practical dang] t su* consequ5ces w ev] foll[ f scrupul\s c>e & self-control 9 ! matt] ( belief4 ,^? m5 :o h mo/ ne>ly done _! duty 9 ?is respect h f\nd t c]ta9 great pr9ciples1 & ^! mo/ fitt$ = ! guidance ( life1 h /ood out m & m cle>ly 9 proportion to ! c>e & hone/y ) :i* !y 7 te/$1 & h acquir$ 9 ?is way a practical c]ta9ty4 ,! beliefs ab\t "r & wrong :i* guide our actions 9 deal+ ) m5 9 society1 & ! beliefs ab\t physical nature :i* guide our actions 9 deal+ ) animate & inanimate bodies1 ^! nev] suff] f inve/igation2 !y c take c>e ( !mselves1 )\t be+ propp$ up by 'acts ( fai?1' ! clamor ( paid advocates1 or ! suppression ( contr>y evid5ce4 ,moreov] !re are _m cases 9 :i* x is our duty to act ^u probabilities1 al?\gh ! evid5ce is n su* z to ju/ify pres5t belief2 because x is precisely by su* action1 & by obs]vation ( its fruits1 t evid5ce is got :i* may ju/ify future belief4 ,s t we h no reason to fe> le/ a habit ( consci5ti\s inquiry %\ld p>alyze ! actions ( our daily life4 ,b because x is n en\gh to say1 ',x is wrong to believe on unwor?y evid5ce1' )\t say+ also :at evid5ce is wor?y1 we %all n[ g on to inquire "u :at circum/ances x is lawful to believe on ! te/imony ( o!rs2 & !n1 fur!r1 we %all inquire m g5]ally :5 & :y we may believe t :i* goes beyond our own exp]i5ce1 or ev5 beyond ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,9 :at cases1 !n1 let u ask 9 ! fir/ place1 is ! te/imony ( a man unwor?y ( belief8 ,he may say t :i* is untrue ei!r kn[+ly or unkn[+ly4 ,9 ! fir/ case he is ly+1 & 8 moral "* is to blame2 9 ! second case he is ignorant or mi/ak51 & x is only 8 k or 8 judgm5t :i* is 9 fault4 ,9 ord] t we may h ! "r to accept 8 te/imony z gr\nd = believ+ :at he says1 we mu/ h reasonable gr\nds = tru/+ 8 v]acity1 t he is really try+ to speak ! tru? s f> z he kn[s x2 8 k1 t he has _h opportunities ( kn[+ ! tru? ab\t ?is matt]2 & 8 judgm5t1 t he has made prop] use ( ^? opportunities 9 com+ to ! conclusion :i* he affirms4 ,h[ev] pla9 & obvi\s ^! reasons may be1 s t no man ( ord9>y intellig5ce1 reflect+ ^u ! matt]1 c\ld fail to arrive at !m1 x is nev]!less true t a great _m p]sons d habitually disreg>d !m 9 weigh+ te/imony4 ,( ! two que/ions1 equally important to ! tru/wor?9ess ( a witness1 ',is he di%one/8' & ',may he be mi/ak58' ! majority ( mank9d are p]fectly satisfi$ if "o c1 ) "s %[ ( probability1 be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,! excell5t moral "* ( a man is alleg$ z gr\nd = accept+ 8 /atem5ts ab\t ?+s :i* he _c possibly h kn[n4 ,a ,mohamm$an1 = example1 w tell u t ! "* ( 8 ,prophet 0 s noble & maje/ic t x comm&s ! rev]5ce ev5 ( ^? :o d n believe 9 8 mission4 ,s admirable 0 8 moral tea*+1 s wisely put toge!r ! great social ma*9e :i* he creat$1 t 8 precepts h n only be5 accept$ by a great portion ( mank9d1 b h actually be5 obey$4 ,8 in/itutions h on ! "o h& rescu$ ! negro f savag]y1 & on ! o!r h& h taught civilization to ! advanc+ ,we/2 & al?\gh ! races :i* held ! highe/ =ms ( 8 fai?1 & mo/ fully embodi$ 8 m9d & ?\ght1 h all be5 conqu]$ & swept away by b>b>ic tribes1 yet ! hi/ory ( _! m>vell\s atta9m5ts rema9s z an imp]i%able glory to ,islam4 ,are we to d\bt ! ^w ( a man s great & s good8 ,c we suppose t ?is magnific5t g5ius1 ?is spl5did moral h]o1 has li$ to u ab\t ! mo/ solemn & sacr$ matt]s8 ,! te/imony ( ,mohamm$ is cle>1 t !re is b "o ,god1 & t he1 ,mohamm$1 is 8 prophet2 t if we believe 9 him we %all enjoy ev]la/+ felicity1 b t if we d n we %all be damn$4 ,?is te/imony re/s on ! mo/ awful ( f\ndations1 ! revelation ( heav5 itself2 = 0 he n visit$ by ! angel ,gabriel1 z he fa/$ & pray$ 9 8 des]t cave1 & all[$ to ent] into ! bless$ fields ( ,p>adise8 ,surely ,god is ,god & ,mohamm$ is ! ,prophet ( ,god4 ,:at %\ld we answ] to ?is ,mussulman8 ,fir/1 no d\bt1 we %\ld be tempt$ to take exception aga9/ 8 view ( ! "* ( ! ,prophet & ! uni=mly b5eficial influ5ce ( ,islam3 be=e we c\ld g ) him altoge!r 9 ^! matt]s x might seem t we %\ld h to =get _m t]rible ?+s ( :i* we h he>d or read4 ,b if we *ose to grant him all ^! assumptions1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 & because x is difficult bo? = ! fai?ful & = infidels to discuss !m fairly & )\t passion1 /ill we %\ld h some?+ to say :i* takes away ! gr\nd ( 8 belief1 & !re=e %[s t x is wrong to ent]ta9 x4 ,namely ?is3 ! "* ( ,mohamm$ is excell5t evid5ce t he 0 hone/ & spoke ! tru? s f> z he knew x2 b x is no evid5ce at all t he knew :at ! tru? 04 ,:at means c\ld he h ( kn[+ t ! =m :i* appe>$ to him to be ! angel ,gabriel 0 n a halluc9ation1 & t 8 app>5t visit to ,p>adise 0 n a dream8 ,grant t he himself 0 fully p]suad$ & hone/ly believ$ t he _h ! guidance ( heav51 & 0 ! vehicle ( a sup]natural revelation1 h[ c\ld he "k t ?is /rong conviction 0 n a mi/ake8 ,let u put ourselves 9 8 place2 we %all f9d t ! m completely we endeavor to realize :at pass$ ?r\gh 8 m9d1 ! m cle>ly we %all p]ceive t ! ,prophet c\ld h _h no adequate gr\nd = ! belief 9 8 own inspiration4 ,x is mo/ probable t he himself nev] d\bt$ ( ! matt]1 or ?\ght ( ask+ ! "q2 b we are 9 ! position ( ^? to :om ! "q has be5 ask$1 & :o are b\nd to answ] x4 ,x is kn[n to m$ical obs]v]s t solitude & want ( food are p[]ful means ( produc+ delusion & ( fo/]+ a t5d5cy to m5tal disease4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t ,i1 l ,mohamm$1 g into des]t places to fa/ & pray2 :at ?+s c happ5 to me :i* w give me ! "r to believe t ,i am div9ely inspir$8 ,suppose t ,i get in=mation1 app>5tly f a cele/ial visitor1 :i* ^u be+ te/$ is f\nd to be correct4 ,i _c be sure1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! cele/ial visitor is n a figm5t ( my own m9d1 & t ! in=mation did n come to me1 unkn[n at ! "t to my consci\sness1 ?r\gh "s subtle *annel ( s5se4 ,b if my visitor 7 a real visitor1 & = a long "t gave me in=mation :i* 0 f\nd to be tru/wor?y1 ?is w\ld inde$ be good gr\nd = tru/+ him 9 ! future z to su* matt]s z fall )9 human p[]s ( v]ification2 b x w\ld n be gr\nd = tru/+ 8 te/imony z to any o!r matt]s4 ,= al?\gh 8 te/$ "* w\ld ju/ify me 9 believ+ t he spoke ! tru? s f> z he knew1 yet ! same "q w\ld pres5t itself--:at gr\nd is !re = suppos+ t he kn[s8 ,ev5 if my suppos$ visitor _h giv5 me su* in=mation1 subsequ5tly v]ifi$ by me1 z prov$ him to h means ( k ab\t v]ifiable matt]s f> exce$+ my own2 ?is w\ld n ju/ify me 9 believ+ :at he said ab\t matt]s t are n at pres5t capable ( v]ification by man4 ,x w\ld be gr\nd = int]e/+ conjecture1 & = ! hope t1 z ! fruit ( our pati5t inquiry1 we might by & by atta9 to su* a means ( v]ification z %\ld rightly turn conjecture into belief4 ,= belief belongs to man1 & to ! guidance ( human affairs3 no belief is real unless x guide our actions1 & ^? v actions supply a te/ ( its tru?4 ,b1 x may be repli$1 ! acceptance ( ,islam z a sy/em is j t action :i* is prompt$ by belief 9 ! mission ( ! ,prophet1 & :i* w s]ve = a te/ ( its tru?4 ,is x possible to believe t a sy/em :i* has succe$$ s well is really f\nd$ ^u a delusion8 ,n only h individual sa9ts f\nd joy & peace 9 believ+1 & v]ifi$ ^? spiritual exp]i5ces :i* are promis$ to ! fai?ful1 b nations also h be5 rais$ f savag]y or b>b>ism to a high] social /ate4 ,surely we are at lib]ty to say t ! belief has be5 act$ ^u1 & t x has be5 v]ifi$4 ,x requires1 h[ev]1 b little consid]ation to %[ t :at has really be5 v]ifi$ is n at all ! sup]nal "* ( ! ,prophet's mission1 or ! tru/wor?9ess ( 8 au?ority 9 matt]s :i* we ourselves _c te/1 b only 8 practical wisdom 9 c]ta9 v mundane ?+s4 ,! fact t believ]s h f\nd joy & peace 9 believ+ gives u ! "r to say t ! doctr9e is a com=table doctr9e1 & pleasant to ! s\l2 b x does n give u ! "r to say t x is true4 ,& ! "q :i* our consci5ce is always ask+ ab\t t :i* we are tempt$ to believe is n1 ',is x com=table & pleasant8' b1 ',is x true8' ,t ! ,prophet prea*$ c]ta9 doctr9es1 & pr$ict$ t spiritual com=t w\ld be f\nd 9 !m1 proves only 8 sympa?y ) human nature & 8 k ( x2 b x does n prove 8 sup]human k ( !ology4 ,& if we admit = ! sake ( argum5t 7= x seems t we _c d m7 t ! progress made by ,moslem nations 9 c]ta9 cases 0 really due to ! sy/em =m$ & s5t =? into ! ! _w by ,mohamm$1 we are n at lib]ty to conclude f ?is t he 0 inspir$ to decl>e ! tru? ab\t ?+s :i* we _c v]ify4 ,we are only at lib]ty to inf] ! excell5ce ( 8 moral precepts1 or ( ! means :i* he devis$ = s work+ ^u m5 z to get !m obey$1 or ( ! social & political ma*9]y :i* he set up4 ,& x w\ld require a great am\nt ( c>eful exam9ation into ! hi/ory ( ^? nations to det]m9e :i* ( ^! ?+s _h ! great] %>e 9 ! result4 ,s t "h aga9 x is ! ,prophet's k ( human nature1 & 8 sympa?y ) x1 t are v]ifi$2 n 8 div9e inspiration1 or 8 k ( !ology4 ,if !re 7 only "o ,prophet1 inde$1 x might well seem a difficult & ev5 an ungraci\s task to decide ^u :at po9ts we w\ld tru/ him1 & on :at we w\ld d\bt 8 au?ority2 see+ :at help & fur!rance all m5 h ga9$ 9 all ages f ^? :o saw m cle>ly1 :o felt m /rongly1 & :o s\ght ! tru? ) m s+le he>t ?an _! weak] bre?r54 ,b !re is n only "o ,prophet2 & :ile ! cons5t ( _m ^u t :i*1 z m51 !y _h real means ( kn[+ & did "k1 has endur$ to ! end1 & be5 honorably built into ! great fabric ( human k1 ! div]se witness ( "s ab\t t :i* !y did n & c\ld n "k rema9s z a w>n+ to u t to exagg]ate ! prophetic au?ority is to misuse x1 & to di%onor ^? :o h s\ght only to help & fur!r u aft] _! p[]4 ,x is h>dly 9 human nature t a man %\ld q accurately gauge ! limits ( 8 own insight2 b x is ! duty ( ^? :o pr(it by 8 "w to consid] c>efully :]e he may h be5 c>ri$ beyond x4 ,if we mu/ ne$s embalm 8 possible errors along ) 8 solid a*ievem5ts1 & use 8 au?ority z an excuse = believ+ :at he _c h kn[n1 we make ( 8 goodness an occasion to s94 ,to consid] only "o o!r su* witness3 ! foll[]s ( ! ,buddha h at lea/ z mu* "r to appeal to individual & social exp]i5ce 9 support ( ! au?ority ( ! ,ea/]n savi\r4 ,! special m>k ( 8 religion1 x is said1 t 9 :i* x has nev] be5 surpass$1 is ! com=t & consolation :i* x gives to ! sick & sorr[ful1 ! t5d] sympa?y ) :i* x soo!s & assuages all ! natural griefs ( m54 ,& surely no triumph ( social morality c be great] or nobl] ?an t :i* has kept ne>ly half ! human race f p]secut+ 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,if we are to tru/ ! acc\nts ( 8 e>ly foll[]s1 he believ$ himself to h come ^u e>? ) a div9e & cosmic mission to set roll+ ! :eel ( ! law4 ,be+ a pr9ce1 he dive/$ himself ( 8 k+dom1 & ( 8 free w became acqua9t$ ) mis]y1 t he might le>n h[ to meet & subdue x4 ,c\ld su* a man speak falsely ab\t solemn ?+s8 ,& z = 8 k1 0 he n a man miracul\s ) p[]s m ?an man's8 ,he 0 born ( woman )\t ! help ( man2 he rose into ! air & 0 transfigur$ be=e 8 k9sm52 at la/ he w5t up bodily into heav5 f ! top ( ,adam's ,peak4 ,is n 8 ^w to be believ$ 9 :5 he te/ifies ( heav5ly ?+s8 ,if !re 7 only he1 & no o!r1 ) su* claims6 ,b !re is ,mohamm$ ) 8 te/imony2 we _c *oose b li/5 to !m bo?4 ,! ,prophet tells u t !re is "o ,god1 & t we %all live =ev] 9 joy or mis]y1 accord+ z we believe 9 ! ,prophet or n4 ,! ,buddha says t !re is no ,god1 & t we %all be annihilat$ by & by if we are good en\gh4 ,bo? _c be infallibly inspir$2 "o or ! o!r mu/ h be5 ! victim ( a delusion1 & ?\ght he knew t :i* he really did n "k4 ,:o %all d>e to say :i*8 & h[ c we ju/ify ourselves 9 believ+ t ! o!r 0 n also delud$8 ,we are l$1 !n1 to ^! judgm5ts foll[+4 ,! goodness & greatness ( a man d n ju/ify u 9 accept+ a belief ^u ! w>rant ( 8 au?ority1 unless !re are reasonable gr\nds = suppos+ t he knew ! tru? ( :at he 0 say+4 ,& !re c be no gr\nds = suppos+ t a man kn[s t :i* we1 )\t ceas+ to be m51 c\ld n be suppos$ to v]ify4 ,if a *emi/ tells me1 :o am no *emi/1 t a c]ta9 sub/ance c be made by putt+ toge!r o!r sub/ances 9 c]ta9 proportions & subject+ !m to a kn[n process1 ,i am q ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ ?is ^u 8 au?ority1 unless ,i "k any?+ aga9/ 8 "* or 8 judgm5t4 ,= 8 pr(essional tra9+ is "o :i* t5ds to enc\rage v]acity & ! hone/ pursuit ( tru?1 & to produce a dislike ( ha/y conclusions & slov5ly inve/igation4 ,& ,i h reasonable gr\nd = suppos+ t he kn[s ! tru? ( :at he is say+1 = al?\gh ,i am no *emi/1 ,i c be made to und]/& s mu* ( ! me?ods & processes ( ! sci5ce z makes x conceivable to me t1 )\t ceas+ to be man1 ,i might v]ify ! /atem5t4 ,i may nev] actually v]ify x1 or ev5 see any exp]im5t :i* goes t[>d v]ify+ x2 b /ill ,i h q reason en\gh to ju/ify me 9 believ+ t ! v]ification is )9 ! rea* ( human appliances & p[]s1 & 9 p>ticul> t x has be5 actually p]=m$ by my in=mant4 ,8 result1 ! belief to :i* he has be5 l$ by 8 inquiries1 is valid n only = himself b = o!rs2 x is wat*$ & te/$ by ^? :o are work+ 9 ! same gr\nd & :o "k t no great] s]vice c be r5d]$ to sci5ce ?an ! purification ( accept$ results f ! errors :i* may h crept into !m4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! result becomes common prop]ty1 a "r object ( belief1 :i* is a social affair & matt] ( public bus9ess4 ,?us x is to be obs]v$ t 8 au?ority is valid because !re are ^? :o "q x & v]ify x2 t x is precisely ?is process ( exam9+ & purify+ t keeps alive among inve/igators ! love ( t :i* %all /& all possible te/s1 ! s5se ( public responsibility z ( ^? ^: "w1 if well done1 %all rema9 z ! endur+ h]itage ( mank9d4 ,b if my *emi/ tells me t an atom ( oxyg5 has exi/$ unalt]$ 9 weight & rate ( vibration ?r\gh\t all "t1 ,i h no "r to believe ?is on 8 au?ority1 = x is a ?+ :i* he _c "k )\t ceas+ to be man4 ,he may q hone/ly believe t ?is /atem5t is a fair inf]5ce f 8 exp]im5ts1 b 9 t case 8 judgm5t is at fault4 ,a v simple consid]ation ( ! "* ( exp]im5ts w\ld %[ him t !y nev] c lead to results ( su* a k9d2 t be+ !mselves only approximate & limit$1 !y _c give u k :i* is exact & univ]sal4 ,no em95ce ( "* & g5ius c give a man au?ority en\gh to ju/ify u 9 believ+ him :5 he makes /atem5ts imply+ exact or univ]sal k4 ,aga91 an ,arctic explor] may tell u t 9 a giv5 latitude & longitude he has exp]i5c$ su* & su* a degree ( cold1 t ! sea 0 ( su* a dep?1 & ! ice ( su* a "*4 ,we %\ld be q "r to believe him1 9 ! abs5ce ( any /a9 ^u 8 v]acity4 ,x is conceivable t we might1 )\t ceas+ to be m51 g !re & v]ify 8 /atem5t2 x c be te/$ by ! witness ( 8 companions1 & !re is adequate gr\nd = suppos+ t he kn[s ! tru? ( :at he is say+4 ,b if an old :al] tells u t ! ice is ?ree hundr$ feet ?ick all ! way up to ! ,pole1 we %all n be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ him4 ,= al?\gh ! /atem5t may be capable ( v]ification by man1 x is c]ta9ly n capable ( v]ification by him1 ) any means & appliances :i* he has possess$2 & he mu/ h p]suad$ himself ( ! tru? ( x by "s means :i* does n atta* any cr$it to 8 te/imony4 ,ev5 if1 !re=e1 ! matt] affirm$ is )9 ! rea* ( human k1 we h no "r to accept x ^u au?ority unless x is )9 ! rea* ( our in=mant's k4 ,:at %all we say ( t au?ority1 m v5]able & augu/ ?an any individual witness1 ! "t-honor$ tradition ( ! human race8 ,an atmosph]e ( beliefs & conceptions has be5 =m$ by ! labors & /ruggles ( our =efa!rs1 :i* enables u to brea! amid ! v>i\s & complex circum/ances ( our life4 ,x is ar\nd & ab\t u & )9 u2 we _c ?9k except 9 ! =ms & processes ( ?\ght :i* x supplies4 ,is x possible to d\bt & to te/ x8 & if possible1 is x "r8 ,we %all f9d reason to answ] t x is n only possible & "r1 b our b\nd5 duty2 t ! ma9 purpose ( ! tradition itself is to supply u ) ! means ( ask+ que/ions1 ( te/+ & inquir+ into ?+s2 t if we misuse x1 & take x z a collection ( cut-&-dri$ /atem5ts1 to be accept$ )\t fur!r inquiry1 we are n only injur+ ourselves "h1 b by refus+ to d our "p t[>d ! build+ up ( ! fabric :i* %all be inh]it$ by our *ildr51 we are t5d+ to cut (f ourselves & our race f ! human l9e4 ,let u fir/ take c>e to di/+ui% a k9d ( tradition :i* especially requires to be exam9$ & call$ 9 "q1 because x especially %r9ks f inquiry4 ,suppose t a m$ic9e-man 9 ,c5tral ,africa tells 8 tribe t a c]ta9 p[]ful m$ic9e 9 8 t5t w be propitiat$ if !y kill _! cattle2 & t ! tribe believe him4 ,:e!r ! m$ic9e 0 propitiat$ or n1 !re are no means ( v]ify+1 b ! cattle are gone4 ,/ill ! belief may be kept up 9 ! tribe t propitiation has be5 effect$ 9 ?is way2 & 9 a lat] g5]ation x w be all ! easi] = ano!r m$ic9e-man to p]suade !m to a simil> act4 ,"h ! only reason = belief is t ev]ybody has believ$ ! ?+ = s long t x mu/ be true4 ,& yet ! belief 0 f\nd$ on fraud1 & has be5 propagat$ by cr$ulity4 ,t man w und\bt$ly d "r1 & be a fri5d ( m5 :o %all call x 9 "q & see t !re is no evid5ce = x1 help 8 neighbors to see z he does1 & ev51 if ne$ be1 g into ! holy t5t & break ! m$ic9e4 ,! rule1 :i* %\ld guide u 9 su* cases is simple & obvi\s en\gh3 t ! aggregate te/imony ( our neighbors is subject to ! same conditions z ! te/imony ( any "o ( !m4 ,namely1 we h no "r to believe a ?+ true because ev]ybody says s1 unless !re are good gr\nds = believ+ t "s "o p]son at lea/ has ! means ( kn[+ :at is true1 & is speak+ ! tru? s f> z he kn[s x4 ,h[ev] _m nations & g5]ations ( m5 are br\ght into ! witness-box1 !y _c te/ify to any?+ :i* !y d n "k4 ,e man :o has accept$ ! /atem5t f somebody else1 )\t himself te/+ & v]ify+ x1 is out ( c\rt2 8 ^w is wor? no?+ at all4 ,& :5 we get back at la/ to ! true bir? & beg9n+ ( ! /atem5t1 two s]i\s que/ions mu/ be dispos$ ( 9 reg>d to him :o fir/ made x3 0 he mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t he knew ab\t ?is matt]1 or 0 he ly+8 ,?is la/ "q is un=tunately a v actual & practical "o ev5 to u at ?is day & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h no occasion to g to ,la ,salette1 or to ,c5tral ,africa1 or to ,l\rdes1 = examples ( immoral & debas+ sup]/ition4 ,x is only too possible = a *ild to gr[ up 9 ,london surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( beliefs fit only = ! savage1 :i* h 9 our own "t be5 f\nd$ 9 fraud & propagat$ by cr$ulity4 ,lay+ aside1 !n1 su* tradition z is h&$ on )\t te/+ by successive g5]ations1 let u consid] t :i* is truly built up out ( ! common exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,?is great fabric is = ! guidance ( our ?\ghts1 & ?r\gh !m ( our actions1 bo? 9 ! moral & 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,9 ! moral _w1 = example1 x gives u ! conceptions ( "r 9 g5]al1 ( ju/ice1 ( tru?1 ( b5efic5ce1 & ! l4 ,^! are giv5 z conceptions1 n z /atem5ts or propositions2 !y answ] to c]ta9 def9ite in/9cts1 :i* are c]ta9ly )9 u1 h[ev] !y came !re4 ,t x is "r to be b5efic5t is matt] ( imm$iate p]sonal exp]i5ce2 = :5 a man retires )9 himself & !re f9ds some?+1 wid] & m la/+ ?an 8 solit>y p]sonality :i* says1 ',i want to d "r1' z well z1 ',i want to d good to man1' he c v]ify by direct obs]vation t "o in/9ct is f\nd$ ^u & agrees fully ) ! o!r4 ,& x is 8 duty s to v]ify ?is & all simil> /atem5ts4 ,! tradition says also1 at a def9ite place & "t1 t su* & su* actions are j1 or true1 or b5efic5t4 ,= all su* rules a fur!r inquiry is necess>y1 s9ce !y are sometimes e/abli%$ by an au?ority o!r ?an t ( ! moral s5se f\nd$ on exp]i5ce4 ,until rec5tly1 ! moral tradition ( our own c\ntry--& inde$ ( all ,europe--taught t x 0 b5efic5t to give money indiscrim9ately to begg>s4 ,b ! que/ion+ ( ?is rule1 & inve/igation into x1 l$ m5 to see t true b5efic5ce is t :i* helps a man to d ! "w :i* he is mo/ fitt$ =1 n t :i* keeps & enc\rages him 9 idl5ess2 & t to neglect ?is di/9ction 9 ! pres5t is to prep>e paup]ism & mis]y = ! future4 ,by ?is te/+ & discussion1 n only has practice be5 purifi$ & made m b5efic5t1 b ! v conception ( b5efic5ce has be5 made wid] & wis]4 ,n[ "h ! great social heirloom consi/s ( two p>ts3 ! in/9ct ( b5efic5ce1 :i* makes a c]ta9 side ( our nature1 :5 pr$om9ant1 wi% to d good to m52 & ! intellectual conception ( b5efic5ce1 :i* we c comp>e ) any propos$ c\rse ( conduct & ask1 ',is ?is b5efic5t or n8' ,by ! cont9ual ask+ & answ]+ ( su* que/ions ! conception gr[s 9 bread? & di/9ctness1 & ! in/9ct becomes /r5g!n$ & purifi$4 ,x appe>s !n t ! great use ( ! conception1 ! intellectual "p ( ! heirloom1 is to enable u to ask que/ions2 t x gr[s & is kept /raight by means ( ^! que/ions2 & if we d n use x = t purpose we %all gradually lose x altoge!r1 & be left ) a m]e code ( regulations :i* _c rightly be call$ morality at all4 ,su* consid]ations apply ev5 m obvi\sly & cle>ly1 if possible1 to ! /ore ( beliefs & conceptions :i* our fa!rs h amass$ = u 9 respect ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,we are ready to laugh at ! rule ( ?umb ( ! ,au/ralian1 :o cont9ues to tie 8 hat*et to ! side ( ! h&le1 al?\gh ! ,birm+ham fitt] has made a hole on purpose = him to put ! h&le 94 ,8 p h ti$ up hat*ets s = ages3 :o is he t he %\ld set himself up aga9/ _! wisdom8 ,he has sunk s l[ t he _c d :at "s ( !m mu/ h done 9 ! f> di/ant pa/--call 9 "q an e/abli%$ usage1 & inv5t or le>n some?+ bett]4 ,yet "h1 9 ! dim beg9n+ ( k1 :]e sci5ce & art are "o1 we f9d only ! same simple rule :i* applies to ! highe/ & deepe/ gr[?s ( t cosmic ,tree2 to its l(tie/ fl[]-tipp$ bran*es z well z to ! pr(\nde/ ( its hidd5 roots2 ! rule1 namely1 t :at is /or$ up & h&$ d[n to u is rightly us$ by ^? :o act z ! mak]s act$1 :5 !y /or$ x up2 ^? :o use x to ask fur!r que/ions1 to exam9e1 to inve/igate2 :o try hone/ly & solemnly to f9d out :at is ! "r way ( look+ at ?+s & ( deal+ ) !m4 ,a "q rightly ask$ is already half answ]$1 said ,jacobi2 we may add t ! me?od ( solution is ! o!r half ( ! answ]1 & t ! actual result c\nts = no?+ by ! side ( ^! two4 ,= an example let u g to ! telegraph1 :]e !ory & practice1 gr[n ea* to ye>s ( discretion1 are m>vel\sly w$d$ = ! fruitful s]vice ( m54 ,ohm f\nd t ! /r5g? ( an electric curr5t is directly proportional to ! /r5g? ( ! batt]y :i* produces x1 & inv]sely z ! l5g? ( ! wire along :i* x has to travel4 ,?is is call$ ,ohm's law2 b ! result1 reg>d$ z a /atem5t to be believ$1 is n ! valuable "p ( x4 ,! fir/ half is ! "q3 :at relation holds good betwe5 ^! quantities8 ,s put1 ! "q involves already ! conception ( /r5g? ( curr5t1 & ( /r5g? ( batt]y1 z quantities to be measur$ & comp>$2 x h9ts cle>ly t ^! are ! ?+s to be att5d$ to 9 ! /udy ( electric curr5ts4 ,! second half is ! me?od ( inve/igation2 h[ to measure ^! quantities1 :at in/rum5ts are requir$ = ! exp]im5t1 & h[ are !y to be us$8 ,! /ud5t :o beg9s to le>n ab\t electricity is n ask$ to believe 9 ,ohm's law3 he is made to und]/& ! "q1 he is plac$ be=e ! app>atus1 & he is taught to v]ify x4 ,he le>ns to d ?+s1 n to ?9k he kn[s ?+s2 to use in/rum5ts & to ask que/ions1 n to accept a traditional /atem5t4 ,! "q :i* requir$ a g5ius to ask x rightly is answ]$ by a tyro4 ,if ,ohm's law 7 sudd5ly lo/ & =gott5 by all m51 :ile ! "q & ! me?od ( solution rema9$1 ! result c\ld be r$iscov]$ 9 an h\r4 ,b ! result by itself1 if kn[n to a p :o c\ld n compreh5d ! value ( ! "q or ! means ( solv+ x1 w\ld be l a wat* 9 ! h&s ( a savage :o c\ld n w9d x up1 or an iron /eam-%ip work$ by ,spani% eng9e]s4 ,9 reg>d1 !n1 to ! sacr$ tradition ( humanity1 we le>n t x consi/s1 n 9 propositions or /atem5ts :i* are to be accept$ & believ$ on ! au?ority ( ! tradition1 b 9 que/ions rightly ask$1 9 conceptions :i* enable u to ask fur!r que/ions1 & 9 me?ods ( answ]+ que/ions4 ,! value ( all ^! ?+s dep5ds on _! be+ te/$ day by day4 ,! v sacr$ness ( ! preci\s deposit imposes ^u u ! duty & ! responsibility ( te/+ x1 ( purify+ & enl>g+ x to ! utmo/ ( our p[]4 ,he :o makes use ( its results to /ifle 8 own d\bts1 or to hamp] ! inquiry ( o!rs1 is guilty ( a sacrilege :i* c5turies %all nev] be able to blot out4 ,:5 ! labors & que/ion+s ( hone/ & brave m5 %all h built up ! fabric ( kn[n tru? to a glory :i* we 9 ?is g5]ation c nei!r hope = nor imag9e1 9 t pure & holy temple he %all h no "p nor lot1 b 8 "n & 8 works %all be ca/ out into ! d>kness ( oblivion =ev]4 ,,iii4 ,! ,limits ( ,inf]5ce4--,! "q 9 :at cases we may believe t :i* goes beyond our exp]i5ce1 is a v l>ge & delicate "o1 ext5d+ to ! :ole range ( sci5tific me?od1 & requir+ a consid]able increase 9 ! application ( x be=e x c be answ]$ ) any?+ approa*+ to complet5ess4 ,b "o rule1 ly+ on ! ?re%old ( ! subject1 ( extreme simplicity & va/ practical importance1 may "h be t\*$ ^u & %ortly laid d[n4 ,a little reflection w %[ u t e belief1 ev5 ! simple/ & mo/ fundam5tal1 goes beyond exp]i5ce :5 reg>d$ z a guide to our actions4 ,a burnt *ild dreads ! fire1 because x believes t ! fire w burn x to-day j z x did ye/]day2 b ?is belief goes beyond exp]i5ce1 & assumes t ! unkn[n fire ( to-day is l ! kn[n fire ( ye/]day4 ,ev5 ! belief t ! *ild 0 burnt ye/]day goes beyond pres5t exp]i5ce1 :i* conta9s only ! memory ( a burn+1 & n ! burn+ itself2 x assumes1 !re=e1 t ?is memory is tru/wor?y1 al?\gh we "k t a memory may (t5 be mi/ak54 ,b if x is to be us$ z a guide to action1 z a h9t ( :at ! future is to be1 x mu/ assume some?+ ab\t t future1 namely1 t x w be consi/5t ) ! supposition t ! burn+ really took place ye/]day2 :i* is go+ beyond exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ! fundam5tal ',i am1' :i* _c be d\bt$1 is no guide to action until x takes to itself ',i %all be1' :i* goes beyond exp]i5ce4 ,! "q is n1 !re=e1 ',may we believe :at goes beyond exp]i5ce8' = ?is is involv$ 9 ! v nature ( belief2 b ',h[ f> & 9 :at mann] may we add to our exp]i5ce 9 =m+ our beliefs8' ,& an answ]1 ( utt] simplicity & univ]sality1 is sugge/$ by ! example we h tak53 a burnt *ild dreads ! fire4 ,we may g beyond exp]i5ce by assum+ t :at we d n "k is l :at we d "k2 or1 9 o!r words1 we may add to our exp]i5ce on ! assumption ( a uni=mity 9 nature4 ,:at ?is uni=mity precisely is1 h[ we gr[ 9 ! k ( x f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ^! are que/ions :i* = ! pres5t we lay aside1 be+ cont5t to exam9e two in/ances :i* may s]ve to make pla9] ! nature ( ! rule4 ,f c]ta9 obs]vations made ) ! spectroscope1 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( hydrog5 9 ! sun4 ,by look+ into ! spectroscope :5 ! sun is %9+ on its slit1 we see c]ta9 def9ite bright l9es3 & exp]im5ts made ^u bodies on ! e>? h taught u t :5 ^! bright l9es are se5 hydrog5 is ! s\rce ( !m4 ,we assume1 !n1 t ! unkn[n bright l9es 9 ! sun are l ! kn[n bright l9es ( ! laboratory1 & t hydrog5 9 ! sun behaves z hydrog5 "u simil> circum/ances w\ld behave on ! e>?4 ,b are we n tru/+ our spectroscope too mu*8 ,surely1 hav+ f\nd x to be tru/wor?y = t]re/rial sub/ances1 :]e its /atem5ts c be v]ifi$ by man1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ its te/imony 9 o!r l cases2 b n :5 x gives u in=mation ab\t ?+s 9 ! sun1 :]e its te/imony _c be directly v]ifi$ by man8 ,c]ta9ly1 we want to "k a little m be=e ?is inf]5ce c be ju/ifi$2 & =tunately we d "k ?is4 ,! spectroscope te/ifies to exactly ! same ?+ 9 ! two cases2 namely1 t light-vibrations ( a c]ta9 rate are be+ s5t ?r\gh x4 ,its con/ruction is su* t if x 7 wrong ab\t ?is 9 "o case1 x w\ld be wrong 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 we come to look into ! matt]1 we f9d t we h really assum$ ! matt] ( ! sun to be l ! matt] ( ! e>?1 made up ( a c]ta9 numb] ( di/9ct sub/ances2 & t ea* ( ^!1 :5 v hot1 has a di/9ct rate ( vibration1 by :i* x may be recogniz$ & s+l$ out f ! re/4 ,b ?is is ! k9d ( assumption :i* we are ju/ifi$ 9 us+ :5 we add to our exp]i5ce4 ,x is an assumption ( uni=mity 9 nature1 & c only be *eck$ by comp>ison ) _m simil> assumptions :i* we h to make 9 o!r su* cases4 ,b is ?is a true belief1 ( ! exi/5ce ( hydrog5 9 ! sun8 ,c x help 9 ! "r guidance ( human action8 ,c]ta9ly n1 if x is accept$ on unwor?y gr\nds1 & )\t "s und]/&+ ( ! process by :i* x is got at4 ,b :5 ?is process is tak5 9 z ! gr\nd ( ! belief1 x becomes a v s]i\s & practical matt]4 ,= if !re is no hydrog5 9 ! sun1 ! spectroscope--t is to say1 ! measurem5t ( rates ( vibration--mu/ be an unc]ta9 guide 9 recogniz+ diff]5t sub/ances2 & consequ5tly x ought n to be us$ 9 *emical analysis--9 assay+1 = example--to ! great sav+ ( "t1 tr\ble1 & money4 ,:]eas ! acceptance ( ! spectroscopic me?od z tru/wor?y1 has enri*$ u n only ) new metals1 :i* is a great ?+1 b ) new processes ( inve/igation1 :i* is va/ly great]4 ,= ano!r example1 let u consid] ! way 9 :i* we inf] ! tru? ( an hi/orical ev5t--say ! siege ( ,syracuse 9 ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,our exp]i5ce is t manuscripts exi/ :i* are said to be & :i* call !mselves manuscripts ( ! hi/ory ( ,?ucydides2 t 9 o!r manuscripts1 /at$ to be by lat] hi/orians1 he is describ$ z liv+ dur+ ! "t ( ! w>2 & t books1 suppos$ to date f ! revival ( le>n+1 tell u h[ ^! manuscripts _h be5 pres]v$ & 7 !n acquir$4 ,we f9d also t m5 d n1 z a rule1 =ge books & hi/ories )\t a special motive2 we assume t 9 ?is respect m5 9 ! pa/ 7 l m5 9 ! pres5t2 & we obs]ve t 9 ?is case no special motive 0 pres5t4 ,t is1 we add to our exp]i5ce on ! assumption ( a uni=mity 9 ! *>act]s ( m54 ,because our k ( ?is uni=mity is f> less complete & exact ?an our k ( t :i* obta9s 9 physics1 inf]5ces ( ! hi/orical k9d are m prec>i\s & less exact ?an inf]5ces 9 _m o!r sci5ces4 ,b if !re is any special reason to suspect ! "* ( ! p]sons :o wrote or transmitt$ c]ta9 books1 ! case becomes alt]$4 ,if a gr\p ( docum5ts give int]nal evid5ce t !y 7 produc$ among p :o =g$ books 9 ! names ( o!rs1 & :o1 9 describ+ ev5ts1 suppress$ ^? ?+s :i* did n suit !m1 :ile !y amplifi$ su* z did suit !m2 :o n only committ$ ^! crimes1 b glori$ 9 !m z pro(s ( humility & zeal2 !n we mu/ say t ^u su* docum5ts no true hi/orical inf]5ce c be f\nd$1 b only unsatisfactory conjecture4 ,we may1 !n1 add to our exp]i5ce on ! assumption ( a uni=mity 9 nature2 we may fill 9 our picture ( :at is & has be51 z exp]i5ce gives x u1 9 su* a way z to make ! :ole consi/5t ) ?is uni=mity4 ,& practically demon/rative inf]5ce--t :i* gives u a "r to believe 9 ! result ( x--is a cle> %[+ t 9 no o!r way ?an by ! tru? ( ?is result c ! uni=mity ( nature be sav$4 ,no evid5ce1 !re=e1 c ju/ify u 9 believ+ ! tru? ( a /atem5t :i* is contr>y to1 or outside (1 ! uni=mity ( nature4 ,if our exp]i5ce is su* t x _c be fill$ up consi/5tly ) uni=mity1 all we h a "r to conclude is t !re is some?+ wrong some:]e2 b ! possibility ( inf]5ce is tak5 away2 we mu/ re/ 9 our exp]i5ce1 & n g beyond x at all4 ,if an ev5t really happ5$ :i* 0 n a "p ( ! uni=mity ( nature1 x w\ld h two prop]ties3 no evid5ce c\ld give ! "r to believe x to any except ^? ^: actual exp]i5ce x 02 & no inf]5ce wor?y ( belief c\ld be f\nd$ ^u x at all4 ,are we !n b\nd to believe t nature is absolutely & univ]sally uni=m8 ,c]ta9ly n2 we h no "r to believe any?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,! rule only tells u t 9 =m+ beliefs :i* g beyond our exp]i5ce1 we may make ! assumption t nature is practically uni=m s f> z we are conc]n$4 ,)9 ! range ( human action & v]ification1 we may =m1 by help ( ?is assumption1 actual beliefs2 beyond x1 only ^? hypo!ses :i* s]ve = ! m accurate ask+ ( que/ions4 ,to sum up3-- ,we may believe :at goes beyond our exp]i5ce1 only :5 x is inf]r$ f t exp]i5ce by ! assumption t :at we d n "k is l :at we "k4 ,we may believe ! /atem5t ( ano!r p]son1 :5 !re is reasonable gr\nd = suppos+ t he kn[s ! matt] ( :i* he speaks1 & t he is speak+ ! tru? s f> z he kn[s x4 ,x is wrong 9 all cases to believe on insuffici5t evid5ce2 & :]e x is presumption to d\bt & to inve/igate1 !re x is worse ?an presumption to believe4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,religion4 ,! ^w religion is us$ 9 _m diff]5t mean+s1 & !re h be5 n a few controv]sies 9 :i* ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties 0 only ?is1 t !y und]/ood by religion two diff]5t ?+s4 ,i w !re=e beg9 by sett+ =? z cle>ly z ,i c "o or two ( ! mean+s :i* ! ^w appe>s to h 9 popul> spee*4 ,fir/1 !n1 x may mean a body ( doctr9es1 z 9 ! common phrase1 ',! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2' or 9 ?is s5t5ce1 ',! religion ( ! ,buddha tea*es t ! s\l is n a di/9ct sub/ance4' ,op9ions diff] ^u ! "q :at doctr9es may prop]ly be call$ religi\s2 "s p hold+ t !re c be no religion )\t belief 9 a ,god & 9 a future life1 s t 9 _! judgm5t ! body ( doctr9es mu/ necess>ily include ^! two2 :ile o!rs w\ld insi/ ^u o!r special dogmas be+ includ$1 be=e !y c\ld cons5t to call ! sy/em by ?is "n4 ,b ! numb] ( su* p is daily dim9i%+1 by reason ( ! spread & ! increase ( our k ab\t di/ant c\ntries & races4 ,to me1 inde$1 x w\ld seem ra% to ass]t ( any doctr9e or its contr>y t x might n =m "p ( a religion4 ,b1 =tunately1 x is n necess>y to any "p ( ! discussion on :i* ,i propose to ent] t ?is "q %\ld be settl$4 ,secondly1 religion may mean a c]emonial or cult1 involv+ an organiz$ prie/hood & a ma*9]y ( sacr$ ?+s & places4 ,9 ?is s5se we speak ( ! cl]gy z m9i/]s ( religion1 or ( a /ate z tol]at+ ! practice ( c]ta9 religions4 ,!re is a some:at wid] mean+ :i* x w be conv5i5t to consid] toge!r ) ?is "o1 & z a m]e ext5sion ( x1 namely1 t 9 :i* religion /&s = ! influ5ce ( a c]ta9 prie/hood4 ,a religion is sometimes said to h be5 successful :5 x has got its prie/s into p[]2 ?us "s writ]s speak ( ! wond]fully rapid success ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a nation is said to h embrac$ a religion :5 ! au?orities ( t nation h grant$ privileges to ! cl]gy1 h made !m z f> z possible ! lead]s ( society1 & h giv5 !m a consid]able %>e 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs4 ,s ! nor!rn nations ( ,europe are said to h embrac$ ! ,ca?olic religion at an e>ly date4 ,! reason :y x seems to me conv5i5t to take ^! two mean+s toge!r is1 t !y are bo? relat$ to ! prie/hood4 ,al?\gh ! prie/hood itself is n call$ religion1 s f> z ,i "k1 yet ! ^w is us$ = ! g5]al influ5ce & pr(essional acts ( ! prie/hood4 ,?irdly1 religion may mean a body ( precepts or code ( rules1 int5d$ to guide human conduct1 z 9 ?is s5t5ce ( ! au?oriz$ v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ',pure religion & undefil$ be=e ,god & ! ,fa!r is ?is1 to visit ! fa!rless & wid[s 9 _! affliction1 & to keep himself unspott$ f ! _w' 7,james1 i4 #bg74 ,x is sometimes difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 ?is mean+ & ! la/1 = x is a m>k ( ! great majority ( religions t !y conf\nd c]emonial obs]vances ) duties hav+ real moral obligation4 ,?us 9 ! ,jewi% decalogue ! comm& to d no "w on ,saturdays is f\nd side by side ) ! prohibition ( murd] & !ft4 ,x might seem to be ! m correct z well z ! m philosophical c\rse to foll[ 9 ?is matt] ! di/9ction made by ,butl] betwe5 moral & positive comm&s1 & to class all ^? precepts :i* are n ( univ]sal moral obligation "u ! head ( c]emonial4 ,&1 9 fact1 :5 we come to exam9e ! matt] f ! po9t ( view ( morality1 ! di/9ction is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( religion !re are difficulties 9 mak+ x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! di/9ction is n made1 or is n und]/ood1 by religi\s folk 9 g5]al4 ,innum]able tracts & pretty /ories impress ^u u t ,sabba?-break+ is r worse ?an /eal+1 & leads naturally on to mat]ialism & murd]4 ,less ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago sacrilege 0 puni%able by burn+ 9 ,france1 & murd] by simple decapitation4 ,9 ! next place1 if we pick out a religion at haphaz>d1 we %all f9d t x is n at all easy to divide its precepts into ^? :i* are really ( moral obligation & ^? :i* are indiff]5t & ( a c]emonial "*4 ,we may f9d precepts unconnect$ ) any c]emonial1 & yet positively immoral2 & c]emonials may be immoral 9 !mselves1 or con/ructively immoral on acc\nt ( _! kn[n symbolism4 ,on ! :ole1 x seems to me mo/ conv5i5t to draw ! pla9 & obvi\s di/9ction betwe5 ^? actions :i* a religion prescribes to all its foll[]s1 :e!r ! actions are c]emonial or n1 & ^? :i* are prescrib$ only z pr(essional actions ( a sac]dotal class4 ,! latt] w come "u :at ,i h call$ ! second mean+ ( religion1 ! pr(essional acts & ! influ5ce ( a prie/hood4 ,9 ! ?ird mean+ w be includ$ all t practically guides ! life ( a layman1 9 s f> z ?is guidance is suppli$ to him by 8 religion4 ,f\r?ly1 & la/ly1 !re is a mean+ ( ! ^w religion :i* has be5 com+ m & m prom95tly =w>d ( late ye>s1 till x has ev5 ?reat5$ to sup]s$e all ! o!rs4 ,religion has be5 def9$ z morality t\*$ ) emotion4 ,i w n "h adopt ?is def9ition1 because ,i wi% to deal ) ! concrete 9 ! fir/ place1 & only to pass on to ! ab/ract 9 s f> z t previ\s /udy appe>s to lead to x4 ,i wi% to consid] ! facts ( religion z we f9d !m1 & n ideal possibilities4 ',yes1 b1' e "o w say1 'if y mean my own religion1 x is already1 z a matt] ( fact1 morality t\*$ ) emotion4 ,x is ! highe/ morality t\*$ ) ! pure/ emotion1 an emotion direct$ t[>d ! mo/ wor?y ( objects4' ,un=tunately we d n mean y\r religion alone1 b all mann] ( h]esies & hea!nisms along ) x3 ! religions ( ! ,?ug1 ( ! ,jesuit1 ( ! ,s\? ,sea cannibal1 ( ,confucius1 ( ! poor ,indian ) 8 untutor$ m9d1 ( ! ,peculi> ,p1 ( ! ,mormons1 & ( ! old cat-wor%ip+ ,egyptian4 ,x mu/ be cle> t we %all re/rict ourselves to a v n>r[ circle ( :at are commonly call$ religi\s facts1 unless we include 9 our consid]ations n only morality t\*$ ) emotion1 b also immorality t\*$ ) emotion4 ,9 fact1 :at is really t\*$ ) emotion 9 any case is t body ( precepts = ! guidance ( a layman's life :i* we h tak5 to be ! ?ird mean+ ( religion4 ,9 t collection ( precepts !re may be "s agreeable to morality1 & "s repugnant to x1 & "s indiff]5t1 b be+ all enjo9$ by ! religion !y w all be t\*$ by ! same religi\s emotion4 ,%all we !n say t religion means a feel+1 an emotion1 an habitual attitude ( m9d t[>d "s object or objects1 or t[>d life 9 g5]al1 :i* has a be>+ ^u ! way 9 :i* m5 reg>d ! rules ( conduct8 ,i ?9k ! la/ phrase %\ld be left out4 ,an habitual attitude ( m9d1 ( a religi\s "*1 does always h "s be>+ ^u ! way 9 :i* m5 reg>d ! rules ( conduct2 b x seems sometimes z if ?is 7 an accid5t1 & n ! ess5ce ( ! religi\s feel+4 ,"s dev\t p pref] to h _! devotion pure & simple1 )\t admixture ( any su* application--!y d n want to li/5 to 'cauld morality4' ,& x seems z if ! religi\s feel+ ( ! ,greeks1 & p>tly also ( our own ance/ors1 0 s f> divorc$ f morality t x affect$ x only1 z x 71 by a side-w9d1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! "* & example ( ! ,gods4 ,s t x seems only likely to create confusion if we mix up morality ) ?is f\r? mean+ ( religion4 ,sometimes religion means a code ( precepts1 & sometimes x means a devotional habit ( m9d2 ! two ?+s are sometimes connect$1 b also !y are sometimes q di/9ct4 ,b t ! connection ( ^! two ?+s is m & m insi/$ on1 t x is ! keynote ( ! app>5t revival ( religion :i* has tak5 place 9 ?is c5tury1 is a v significant fact1 ab\t :i* !re is m to be said4 ,z to ! nature ( ?is devotional habit ( m9d1 !re are no d\bt _m :o w\ld l a clos] def9ition4 ,b ,i am n at all prep>$ to say :at attitude ( m9d may prop]ly be call$ religi\s1 & :at may n4 ,"s w hold t religion mu/ h a p]son = its object2 b ! ,buddha 0 fill$ ) religi\s feel+1 & yet he _h no p]sonal object4 ,sp9oza1 ! ,god-intoxicat$ man1 _h no p]sonal object = 8 devotion4 ,x might be possible to frame a def9ition :i* w\ld fairly include all cases1 b x w\ld require ! exp5diture ( va/ +5uity & rese>*1 & w\ld n1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 be ( mu* use :5 x 0 obta9$4 ,nor is ! difficulty to be got ov] by tak+ any def9ite & well-organiz$ sect1 ^: pr9ciples are settl$ 9 black & :ite2 = example1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ^: seamless unity has j be5 exhibit$ & protect$ by an ,o,ecumenical ,c\ncil4 ,%all we li/5 to ,mr4 ,miv>t1 :o 'execrates )\t res]ve ,m>ian p]secutions1 ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 & all simil> acts'8 or to ! editor ( ! ,dubl9 ,review1 :o ?9ks t a tea*] ( false doctr9es '%\ld be visit$ by ! law ) j t am\nt ( sev]ity :i* ! public s5tim5t w be>'8 ,= assur$ly common-s5se morality w pass v diff]5t judgm5ts on ^! two di/9ct religions1 al?\gh x appe>s t exp]ts h f\nd room = bo? ( !m )9 ! limits ( ! ,vatican def9itions4 ,moreov]1 !re is v great good to be got by wid5+ our view ( :at may be conta9$ 9 religion4 ,if we g to a man & propose to te/ 8 own religion by ! canons ( common-s5se morality1 he w be1 mo/ likely1 (f5d$1 = he w say t 8 religion is f> too sublime & exalt$ to be affect$ by consid]ations ( t sort4 ,b he w h no su* objection 9 ! case ( o!r p's religion4 ,& :5 he has f\nd t 9 ! "n ( religion o!r p1 9 o!r circum/ances1 h believ$ 9 doctr9es t 7 false1 h support$ prie/hoods t 7 social evils1 h tak5 wrong = "r1 & h ev5 poison$ ! v s\rces ( morality1 he may be tempt$ to ask himself1 ',is !re no trace ( any ( ^! evils 9 my own religion1 or at lea/ 9 my own conception & practice ( x8' ,& t is j :at we want him to d4 ,br+ y\r doctr9es1 y\r prie/hoods1 y\r precepts1 yea1 ev5 ! inn] devotion ( y\r s\l1 be=e ! tribunal ( consci5ce2 %e is no man's & no ,god's vic>1 b ! supreme judge ( m5 & ,gods4 ,let u inquire1 !n1 :at morality has to say 9 reg>d to religi\s doctr9es4 ,x deals ) ! mann] ( religi\s belief directly1 & ) ! matt] indirectly4 ,religi\s beliefs mu/ be f\nd$ on evid5ce2 if !y are n s f\nd$1 x is wrong to hold !m4 ,! rule ( "r conduct 9 ?is matt] is exactly ! opposite ( t impli$ 9 ! two fam\s texts3 ',he t believe? n %all be damn$1' & ',bless$ are !y t h n se5 & yet h believ$4' ,= a man :o cle>ly felt & recogniz$ ! duty ( intellectual hone/y1 ( c>efully te/+ e belief be=e he receiv$ x1 & especially be=e he recomm5d$ x to o!rs1 x w\ld be impossible to ascribe ! pr(\ndly immoral tea*+ ( ^! texts to a true prophet or wor?y lead] ( humanity4 ,x w com=t ^? :o wi% to pres]ve _! rev]5ce = ! "* ( a great tea*] to rememb] t "o ( ^! say+s is 9 ! well-kn[n =g$ passage at ! end ( ! second gospel1 & t ! o!r occurs only 9 ! late & leg5d>y f\r? gospel2 bo? be+ describ$ z spok5 "u utt]ly impossible circum/ances4 ,^! precepts belong to ! ,*ur* & n to ! ,gospel4 ,b :oev] wrote ei!r ( !m d[n z a deliv]ance ( "o :om he suppos$ to be a div9e tea*]1 has !reby writt5 d[n himself z a man void ( intellectual hone/y1 z a man ^: ^w _c be tru/$1 z a man :o w\ld accept & spread ab\t any k9d ( baseless fiction = fe> ( believ+ too little4 ,s f> z to ! mann] ( religi\s belief4 ,let u n[ inquire :at be>+ morality has ^u its matt]4 ,we may see at once t ?is c only be indirect2 = ! rightness or wrongness ( belief 9 a doctr9e dep5ds only ^u ! nature ( ! evid5ce = x1 & n ^u :at ! doctr9e is4 ,b !re is a v important way 9 :i* religi\s doctr9e may lead to morality or immorality1 & 9 :i*1 !re=e1 morality has a be>+ ^u doctr9e4 ,x is :5 t doctr9e decl>es ! "* & actions ( ! ,gods :o are reg>d$ z objects ( rev]5ce & wor%ip4 ,if a ,god is repres5t$ z do+ t :i* is cle>ly wrong1 & is /ill held up to ! rev]5ce ( m51 !y w be tempt$ to ?9k t 9 do+ ?is wrong ?+ !y are n s v wrong aft] all1 b are only foll[+ an example :i* all m5 respect4 ,s says ,plato3-- ',we mu/ n tell a y\?ful li/5] t he w be do+ no?+ extraord9>y if he commit ! f\le/ crimes nor yet if he *a/ise ! crimes ( a fa!r 9 ! mo/ unscrupul\s mann]1 b w simply be do+ :at ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! ,gods h done be=e him4444 ',nor yet is x prop] to say 9 any case--:at is inde$ untrue--t ,gods wage w> aga9/ ,gods1 & intrigue & fight among !mselves2 t is1 if ! future gu>dians ( our /ate are to deem x a mo/ disgraceful ?+ to qu>rel lightly ) "o ano!r3 f> less ought we to select z subjects = fiction & embroid]y ! battles ( ! giants1 & num]\s o!r feuds ( all sorts1 9 :i* ,gods & h]oes fight aga9/ _! own ki? & k94 ,b if !re is any possibility ( p]suad+ !m t to qu>rel ) "o's fell[ is a s9 ( :i* no memb] ( a /ate 0 ev] guilty1 su* ought r to be ! language held to our *ildr5 f ! fir/1 by old m5 & old wom51 & all eld]ly p]sons2 & su* is ! /ra9 9 :i* our poets mu/ be compell$ to write4 ,b /ories l ! *a9+ ( ,h]a by h] son1 & ! fl++ ( ,hephai/os out ( heav5 = try+ to take 8 "m's "p :5 8 fa!r 0 beat+ h]1 & all ^? battles ( ! ,gods :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,hom]1 mu/ be refus$ admittance into our /ate1 :e!r !y be allegorical or n4 ,= a *ild _c discrim9ate betwe5 :at is allegory & :at is n2 & :atev] at t age is adopt$ z a matt] ( belief has a t5d5cy to become fix$ & indelible1 & !re=e1 p]haps1 we ought to e/eem x ( ! greate/ importance t ! fictions :i* *ildr5 fir/ he> %\ld be adapt$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] to ! promotion ( virtue4'--7,rep4 ii4 #cgh4 ,tr4 ,davies & ,vaughan47 ,& ,s5eca says ! same ?+1 ) /ill m reason 9 8 day & c\ntry3 ',:at else is ?is appeal to ! prec$5t ( ! ,gods =1 b to inflame our lu/s1 & to furni% lic5se & excuse = ! corrupt act "u ! div9e protection8' ,& aga91 ( ! "* ( ,jupit] z describ$ 9 ! popul> leg5ds3 ',?is has l$ to no o!r result ?an to deprive s9 ( its %ame 9 man's eyes1 by %[+ him ! ,god no bett] ?an himself4' ,9 ,imp]ial ,rome1 ! s9k ( all nations1 x 0 n uncommon to f9d '! int5d+ s9n] address+ to ! deifi$ vice :i* he contemplat$ a pray] = ! success ( 8 design2 ! adult]ess implor+ ( ,v5us ! favors ( h] p>am\r2 444 ! ?ief pray+ to ,h]mes ,dolios = aid 9 8 ent]prise1 or (f]+ up to him ! fir/ fruits ( 8 plund]2 444 y\?s entreat+ ,h]cules to exp$ite ! dea? ( a ri* uncle4' ,:5 we reflect t crim9al deities 7 wor%ip$ all ov] ! empire1 we _c b wond] t any good p 7 left2 t man c\ld /ill be holy1 al?\gh e ,god 0 vile4 ,yet ?is 0 und\bt$ly ! case2 ! social =ces work$ /eadily on :]ev] !re 0 peace & a settl$ gov]nm5t & municipal fre$om2 & ! wick$ /ories ( !ologians 7 someh[ expla9$ away & disreg>d$4 ,if m5 7 no bett] ?an _! religions1 ! _w w\ld be a hell inde$4 ,x is v important1 h[ev]1 to consid] :at really ought to be done 9 ! case ( /ories l ^!4 ,:5 ! poet s+s t ,zeus kick$ ,hephai/os out ( heav5 = try+ to help 8 "m1 ,plato says t ?is fiction mu/ be suppress$ by law4 ,we _c foll[ him !re1 = s9ce 8 "t we h _h too mu* ( try+ to suppress false doctr9es by law4 ,plato ?9ks x q obvi\sly cle> t ,god _c produce evil1 & he w\ld /op ev]ybody's m\? :o v5tur$ to say t he c4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e itself1 we c only ask1 ',is x true8' ,& t is a "q to be settl$ by evid5ce4 ,did ,zeus commit ?is crime1 or did he n8 ,we mu/ ask ! apologi/s1 ! reconcil]s ( religion & sci5ce1 :at evid5ce !y c produce to prove t ,zeus kick$ ,hephai/os out ( heav54 ,t a doctr9e may lead to immoral consequ5ces is no reason = disbeliev+ x4 ,b :e!r ! doctr9e 7 true or false1 "o ?+ does cle>ly foll[ f its moral "*3 namely ?is1 t if ,zeus behav$ z he is said to h behav$ he ought n to be wor%ip$4 ,to ^? :o compla9 ( 8 viol5ce & inju/ice x is no answ] to say t ! div9e attributes are f> above human compreh5sion2 t ! ways ( ,zeus are n our ways1 nei!r are 8 ?\ghts our ?\ghts4 ,if he is to be wor%ip$1 he mu/ d some?+ va/] & nobl] & great] ?an good m5 d1 b x mu/ be l :at !y d 9 its goodness4 ,8 actions mu/ n be m]ely a magnifi$ copy ( :at bad m5 d4 ,s soon z !y are ?us repres5t$1 morality has some?+ to say4 ,n inde$ ab\t ! fact2 = x is n consci5ce1 b reason1 t has to judge matt]s ( fact2 b ab\t ! wor%ip ( a "* s repres5t$4 ,if !re really is good evid5ce t ,zeus kick$ ,hephai/os out ( heav51 & s$uc$ ,alkm5e by a mean trick1 say s by all means2 b say also t x is wrong to salute 8 prie/s or to make (f]+s 9 8 temple4 ,:5 m5 d _! duty 9 ?is respect1 morality has a v curi\s indirect effect on ! religi\s doctr9e itself4 ,z soon z ! (f]+s become less frequ5t1 ! evid5ce = ! doctr9e beg9s to fade away2 ! process ( !ological int]pretation gradually br+s out ! true inn] mean+ ( x1 t ,zeus did n kick ,hephai/os out ( heav51 & did n s$uce ,alkm5e4 ,is ?is a m]ely !oretical discussion ab\t f>-away ?+s8 ,let u come back = a mom5t to our own "t & c\ntry1 & ?9k :e!r !re c be any lesson = u 9 ?is refusal ( common-s5se morality to wor%ip a deity ^: actions are a magnifi$ copy ( :at bad m5 d4 ,!re are ?ree doctr9es :i* f9d v wide acceptance among our c\ntrym5 at ! pres5t day3 ! doctr9es ( orig9al s91 ( a vic>i\s sacrifice1 & ( et]nal puni%m5ts4 ,we are n conc]n$ ) any ref9$ evaporations ( ^! doctr9es :i* are exhal$ by c\rtly !ologians1 b ) ! nak$ /atem5ts :i* are put into ! m9ds ( *ildr5 & ( ignorant p1 :i* are taught broadca/ & )\t %ame 9 d5om9ational s*ools4 ,fa!r ,fab]1 good s\l1 p]suad$ himself t aft] all only a v few p w\ld be really damn$1 & ,fa!r ,ox5ham gives "o ! impression t x w n hurt ev5 !m v mu*4 ,b "o le>ns ! practical tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* f su* books z ',a ,glimpse ( ,hell1' :]e a *ild is describ$ z ?r[n betwe5 ! b>s ^u ! burn+ coals1 !re to wri! =ev]4 ,! masses d n get ! elegant emasculations ( ,fa!r ,fab] & ,fa!r ,ox5ham2 !y get 'a ,glimpse ( ,hell4' ,n[ to condemn all mank9d = ! s9 ( ,adam & ,eve2 to let ! innoc5t suff] = ! guilty2 to keep any "o alive 9 torture =ev] & ev]2 ^! actions are simply magnifi$ copies ( :at bad m5 d4 ,no juggl+ ) 'div9e ju/ice & m]cy' c make !m any?+ else4 ,?is mu/ be said to all k9ds & conditions ( m53 t if ,god holds all mank9d guilty = ! s9 ( ,adam1 if he has visit$ ^u ! innoc5t ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty1 if he is to torture any s+le s\l =ev]1 !n x is wrong to wor%ip him4 ,b !re is some?+ to be said also to ^? :o ?9k t religi\s beliefs are n inde$ true1 b are useful = ! masses2 :o deprecate any op5 & public argum5t aga9/ !m1 & ?9k t all skeptical books %\ld be publi%$ at a high price2 :o g to *ur*1 n because !y approve ( x !mselves1 b to set an example to ! s]vants4 ,let u ask !m to pond] ! words ( ,plato1 :o1 l !m1 ?\ght t all ^! tales ( ! ,gods 7 fables1 b /ill fables :i* might be useful to amuse *ildr5 )3 ',we ought to e/eem x ( ! greate/ importance t ! fictions :i* *ildr5 fir/ he> %\ld be adapt$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] to ! promotion ( virtue4' ,if we grant to y t x is good = poor p & *ildr5 to believe "s ( ^! fictions1 is x n bett]1 at lea/1 t !y %\ld believe ^? :i* are adapt$ to ! promotion ( virtue8 ,n[ ! /ories :i* y s5d y\r s]vants & *ildr5 to he> are adapt$ to ! promotion ( vice4 ,s f> z ! rem$y is 9 y\r own h&s1 y are b\nd to apply x2 /op y\r volunt>y subscriptions & ! moral support ( y\r pres5ce f any place :]e ! crim9al doctr9es are taught4 ,y w f9d m m5 & bett] m5 to prea* t :i* is agreeable to _! consci5ce1 ?an to ?und] out doctr9es "u :i* _! m9ds are always uneasy1 & :i* only a cont9ual self-deception c keep !m f feel+ to be wick$4 ,let u n[ g on to inquire :at morality has to say 9 ! matt] ( religi\s m9i/rations1 ! (ficial acts & ! g5]al influ5ce ( a prie/hood4 ,?is "q seems to me a m difficult "o ?an ! =m]2 at any rate x is n s easy to f9d g5]al pr9ciples :i* are at once simple 9 _! nature & cle> to ! consci5ce ( any man :o hone/ly consid]s !m4 ,"o su* pr9ciple1 inde$1 !re is1 :i* c h>dly be /at$ 9 a ,prote/ant c\ntry )\t meet+ ) a cordial response2 be+ inde$ t *>act]i/ic ( our race :i* made ! ,re=mation a necessity1 & became ! s\l ( ! ,prote/ant movem5t4 ,i mean ! pr9ciple :i* =bids ! prie/ to come betwe5 a man & 8 consci5ce4 ,if x be true1 z our daily exp]i5ce tea*es u1 t ! moral s5se ga9s 9 cle>ness & p[] by ex]cise1 by ! con/ant endeavor to f9d out & to see = ourselves :at is "r & :at is wrong1 x mu/ be no?+ %ort ( a moral suicide to delegate our consci5ce to ano!r man4 ,x is true t :5 we are 9 difficulties & d n altoge!r see our way1 we q rightly seek c\nsel & advice ( "s fri5d :o has m exp]i5ce1 m wisdom begot by x1 m devotion to ! "r ?an ourselves1 & :o1 n be+ involv$ 9 ! difficulties :i* encompass u1 may m easily see ! way out ( !m4 ,b su* c\nsel does n & ought n to take ! place ( our private judgm5t2 on ! contr>y1 among wise m5 x is ask$ & giv5 = ! purpose ( help+ & support+ private judgm5t4 ,i %\ld g to my fri5d1 n t he may tell me :at to d1 b t he may help me to see :at is "r4 ,n[1 z we all "k1 !re is a prie/hood ^: influ5ce is n to be made light (1 ev5 9 our own l&1 :i* claims to d two ?+s3 to decl>e ) infallible au?ority :at is "r & :at is wrong1 & to take away ! guilt ( ! s9n] aft] confession has be5 made to x4 ,! second ( ^! claims we %all come back ^u 9 connection ) ano!r "p ( ! subject4 ,b t claim is "o :i*1 z x seems to me1 ought to condemn ! prie/hood mak+ x 9 ! eyes ( e consci5ti\s man4 ,we mu/ take c>e to keep ?is "q to itself1 & n to let x be confus$ ) q diff]5t ones4 ,! prie/hood 9 "q1 z we all "k1 has taught t z "r :i* is n "r1 & has condemn$ z wrong "s ( ! holie/ duties ( mank9d4 ,b ?is is n :at we are "h conc]n$ )4 ,let u put an ideal case ( a prie/hood :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 taught a morality agree+ ) ! heal?y consci5ce ( all m5 at a giv5 "t2 b :i*1 nev]!less1 taught ?is z an infallible revelation4 ,! t5d5cy ( su* tea*+1 if really accept$1 w\ld be to de/roy morality altoge!r1 = x is ( ! v ess5ce ( ! moral s5se t x is a common p]ception by m5 ( :at is good = man4 ,x arises1 n 9 "o man's m9d by a fla% ( g5ius or a transport ( ec/asy1 b 9 all m5's m9ds1 z ! fruit ( _! necess>y int]c\rse & unit$ labor = a common object4 ,:5 an infallible au?ority is set up1 ! voice ( ?is natural human consci5ce mu/ be hu%$ & s*ool$1 & made to speak ! words ( a =mula4 ,ob$i5ce becomes ! :ole duty ( man2 & ! notion ( "r is atta*$ to a lifeless code ( rules1 in/ead ( be+ ! in=m+ "* ( a nation4 ,! natural consequ5ce is t x fades gradually out & ends by disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,i am n describ+ a purely conjectural /ate ( ?+s1 b an effect :i* has actually be5 produc$ at v>i\s times & 9 consid]able populations by ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x is true t we _c f9d an actually crucial in/ance ( a pure morality taught z an infallible revelation1 & s 9 "t ceas+ to be morality = t reason alone4 ,!re are two circum/ances :i* prev5t ?is4 ,"o is t ! ,ca?olic prie/hood has always practically taught an imp]fect morality1 & t x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ! effects ( precepts :i* are wrong 9 !mselves1 & precepts :i* are only wrong because ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are en=c$4 ,! o!r circum/ance is t ! prie/hood has v r>ely f\nd a population will+ to place itself completely & absolutely "u prie/ly control4 ,m5 mu/ live toge!r & "w = common objects ev5 9 prie/-ridd5 c\ntries2 & ^? conditions :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ages h be5 able to create ! moral s5se _c fail 9 "s degree to recall x to m5's m9ds & gradually to re-en=ce x4 ,?us x comes ab\t t a great & increas+ portion ( life breaks free f prie/ly influ5ces1 & is gov]n$ ^u "r & rational gr\nds4 ,! goodness ( m5 %[s itself 9 "t m p[]ful ?an ! wick$ness ( "s ( _! religions4 ,! practical inf]5ce is1 !n1 t we ought to d all 9 our p[] to re/ra9 & dim9i% ! influ5ce ( any prie/hood :i* claims to rule consci5ces4 ,b :5 we attempt to g beyond ?is pla9 ,prote/ant pr9ciple1 we f9d t ! "q is "o ( hi/ory & politics4 ,! "q :i* we want to ask ourselves--',is x "r to support ?is or t prie/hood8'--c only be answ]$ by ?is o!r "q1 ',:at has x done or got done8' ,9 ask+ ?is "q1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! ^w prie/hood1 z we h us$ x hi!rto1 has a v wide mean+--namely1 x means any body ( m5 :o p]=m special c]emonies 9 ! "n ( religion2 a c]emony be+ an act :i* is prescrib$ by religion to t body ( m51 b n on acc\nt ( its intr9sic rightness or wrongness4 ,x includes1 !re=e1 n only ! prie/s ( ,ca?olicism1 or ( ! ,obi rites1 :o lay claim to a magical "* & p[]s1 b ! m famili> cl]gym5 or m9i/]s ( ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 & ! memb]s ( mona/ic ord]s4 ,b !re is a consid]able diff]5ce1 po9t$ out by ,hume1 betwe5 a prie/ :o lays claim to a magical "* & p[]s1 & a cl]gym51 9 ! ,engli% s5se1 z x 0 und]/ood 9 ,hume's day1 ^: (fice 0 to rem9d p ( _! duties e ,sunday1 & to repres5t a c]ta9 /&>d ( culture 9 remote c\ntry di/ricts4 ,x w1 p]haps1 conduce to cle>ness if we use ! ^w prie/ exclusively 9 ! fir/ s5se4 ,!re is ano!r confusion :i* we mu/ endeavor to avoid1 if we w\ld really get at ! tru? ( ?is matt]4 ,:5 "o v5tures to d\bt :e!r ! ,ca?olic cl]gy has really be5 an unmix$ bless+ to ,europe1 "o is g5]ally met by ! reply1 ',y _c f9d any fault ) ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4' ,n[ x w\ld be too mu* to say t ?is has no?+ to d ) ! "q we 7 propos+ to ask1 = !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! ,ca?olic cl]gy h some?+ to d ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is admitt$ on all h&s to be ! be/ & mo/ preci\s ?+ t ,*ri/ianity has (f]$ to ! _w2 & x _c be d\bt$ t ! ,ca?olic cl]gy ( ,ea/ & ,we/ 7 ! only spokesm5 ( ,*ri/ianity until ! ,re=mation1 & are ! spokesm5 ( ! va/ majority ( ,*ri/ians at ?is mom5t4 ,b x mu/ surely be unnecess>y to say 9 a ,prote/ant c\ntry t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ,gospel are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,! moral tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 z p>tly pres]v$ 9 ! ?ree fir/ gospels1 or--:i* is ! same ?+--! moral tea*+ ( ! great ,rabbi ,hillel1 z p>tly pres]v$ 9 ! ,pirke ,abo?1 is ! expression ( ! consci5ce ( a p :o _h f\ght long & h]oically = _! national exi/5ce4 ,9 t t]rible conflict !y _h le>n$ ! supreme & ov]:elm+ importance ( conduct1 ! necessity = ^? :o w\ld survive ( fight+ manfully = _! lives & mak+ a /& aga9/ ! ho/ile p[]s ar\nd2 ! weakness & uselessness ( solit>y & selfi% ef=ts1 ! necessity = a man :o w\ld be a man to lose 8 poor s+le p]sonality 9 ! be+ ( a great] & nobl] combatant--! nation4 ,& !y said all ?is1 aft] _! fa%ion ( %ort & pot5t say+s1 p]haps bett] ?an any o!r m5 h said x be=e or s9ce4 ',if ,i am n = myself1' said ! great ,hillel1 ':o is = me8 ,& if ,i am only = myself1 :]e is ! use ( me8 ,& if n n[1 :58' ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a m /rik+ contra/ ?an exi/s betwe5 ! /urdy unselfi% indep5d5ce ( ?is say+1 & ! abject & selfi% s]vility ( ! prie/-ridd5 claimant ( ! skies4 ,x 0 ?is h]oic p t produc$ ! morality ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,b x 0 n !y :o produc$ ! prie/s & ! dogmas ( ,ca?olicism4 ,%av5 cr[ns1 l95 ve/m5ts1 & ! claim to prie/ly rule ov] consci5ces1 ^! 7 dwell]s on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! gospel inde$ came out ( ,juda1 b ! ,*ur* & h] dogmas came out ( ,egypt4 ,n1 z x is writt51 ',out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son1' b ',out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my daught]4' ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzum rem>k$ ) wond] t ,egypt1 hav+ s lately wor%ip$ bulls1 goats1 & crocodiles1 0 n[ tea*+ ! _w ! wor%ip ( ! ,tr9ity 9 its true/ =m4 ,poor1 simple ,/4 ,gregory6 x 0 n t ,egypt _h ris5 high]1 b t ! _w _h sunk l[]4 ,! empire1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us _h dread$1 & ) reason1 ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( ,egyptian sup]/itions1 0 n[ eat5 up by !m1 & rapidly rott+ away4 ,!n1 :5 we ask :at has be5 ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy ^u ,european nations1 we are n inquir+ ab\t ! results ( accept+ ! morality ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 we are inquir+ into ! effect ( atta*+ an ,egyptian prie/hood1 :i* tea*es ,egyptian dogmas1 to ! life & say+s ( a ,jewi% prophet4 ,9 ?is inquiry1 :i* requires ! k ( facts beyond our own imm$iate exp]i5ce1 we mu/ make use ( ! great pr9ciple ( au?ority1 :i* enables u to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( o!r m54 ,! great civiliz$ c\ntries on ! cont95t ( ,europe at ! pres5t day--,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy--h _h an ext5sive exp]i5ce ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy = a great numb] ( c5turies1 & !y are =c$ by /rong practical reasons to =m a judgm5t ^u ! "* & t5d5cies ( an in/itution :i* is suffici5tly p[]ful to comm& ! att5tion ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 public affairs4 ,we might add ! exp]i5ce ( our =efa!rs ?ree c5turies ago1 & ( ,irel& at ?is mom5t2 b home politics are apt to be look$ ^u ) o!r eyes ?an ^? ( reason4 ,let u he>1 !n1 ! judgm5t ( ! civiliz$ p ( ,europe on ?is "q4 ,x is a matt] ( notoriety t an aid] & abettor ( cl]ical pret5sions is reg>d$ 9 ,france z an enemy ( ,france & ( ,fr5*m52 9 ,g]many z an enemy ( ,g]many & ( ,g]mans2 9 ,au/ria z an enemy ( ,au/ria & ,hung>y1 ( bo? ,au/rians & ,magy>s2 & 9 ,italy z an enemy ( ,italy & ! ,italians4 ,he is s reg>d$1 n by a few wild & revolution>y en?usia/s :o h ca/ away all ! beliefs ( _! *ildhood & all bonds connect+ !m ) ! pa/1 b by a great & increas+ majority ( sob] & consci5ti\s m5 ( all cre$s & p]suasions1 :o are fill$ ) a love = _! c\ntry1 & ^: hopes & aims = ! future are animat$ & guid$ by ! examples ( ^? :o h gone be=e !m1 & by a s5se ( ! cont9uity ( national life4 ,! pr(\nd conviction & det]m9ation ( ! p 9 all ^! c\ntries1 t ! cl]gy mu/ be re/rict$ to a purely c]emonial prov9ce1 & mu/ n be all[$ to int]f]e1 z cl]gy1 9 public affairs--?is conviction & det]m9ation1 ,i say1 are n ! effect ( a rejection ( ! ,ca?olic dogmas4 ,su* rejection has n 9 fact be5 made 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries by ! great majority4 ,x involves _m difficult speculative que/ions1 ! pr(\nd di/urbance ( old habits ( ?\ght1 & ! toilsome consid]ation ( ab/ract ideas4 ,b su* is ! happy inconsi/5cy ( human nature1 t m5 :o w\ld be %ock$ & pa9$ by a d\bt ab\t ! c5tral doctr9es ( _! religions are f> m really & practically %ock$ & pa9$ by ! moral consequ5ces ( cl]ical asc5d5cy4 ,ab\t ! dogmas !y d n "k2 !y 7 taught !m 9 *ildhood1 & h n inquir$ into !m s9ce1 & !re=e !y are n compet5t witnesses to ! tru? ( !m4 ,b ab\t ! prie/hood !y d "k1 by daily & h\rly exp]i5ce2 & to its "* !y are compet5t witnesses4 ,no man c express 8 convictions m =cibly ?an by act+ ^u !m 9 a great & solemn matt] ( national importance4 ,9 all ^! c\ntries ! conviction ( ! s]i\s & sob] majority ( ! p is embodi$1 & is be+ daily embodi$1 9 special legislation1 op5ly & av[$ly int5d$ to gu>d aga9/ cl]ical aggression4 ,! m closely ! legislature ( ^! c\ntries reflects ! popul> w1 ! m cle> & pron\nc$ does ?is t5d5cy become4 ,x may be ?w>t$ or evad$ = ! mom5t by con/itutional devices & p>liam5t>y tricks1 b soon] or lat] ! nation w be ?or\ghly repres5t$ 9 all ( !m3 & z to :at is !n to be expect$1 let ! panic ( ! cl]ical p>ties make answ]4 ,?is is a /ate ( op9ion & ( feel+ :i* we 9 our own c\ntry f9d x h>d to und]/&1 al?\gh x is "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t *>act]s ( our nation 9 pa/ times4 ,we h spok5 s pla9ly & /ruck s h>d 9 ! pa/1 t we seem to h won ! "r to let ?is matt] alone4 ,we ?9k our enemies are dead1 & we =get t our neighbor's enemies are pla9ly alive3 & !n we wond] t he does n sit d[n & be quiet z we are4 ,we are n mu* accu/om$ to be afraid1 & we nev] "k :5 we are beat54 ,b ^? :o are ne>] to ! dang] feel a v real &1 x seems to me1 well-gr\nd$ fe>4 ,! :ole /ructure ( mod]n society1 ! fruit ( long & pa9ful ef=ts1 ! hopes ( fur!r improvem5t1 ! triumphs ( ju/ice1 ( fre$om1 & ( light1 ! bonds ( patriotism :i* make ea* nation "o1 ! bonds ( humanity :i* br+ diff]5t nations toge!r--all ^! !y see to be m5ac$ ) a great & real & ev5 press+ dang]4 ,= myself ,i confess t ,i _c help feel+ z !y feel4 ,x seems to me q possible t ! moral & intellectual culture ( ,europe1 ! light & ! "r1 :at makes life wor? hav+ & m5 wor?y to h x1 may be clean swept away by a revival ( sup]/ition4 ,we are1 p]haps1 ourselves n free f su* a dome/ic dang]2 b no "o c d\bt t ! dang] w\ld spe$ily arise if all ,europe at our side %\ld become aga9 b>b>ic1 n ) ! weakness & docility ( a b>b>ism :i* has nev] kn[n bett]1 b ) ! /r5g? ( a pa/ civilization p]v]t$ to ! s]vice ( evil4 ,^? :o "k be/1 !n1 ab\t ! ,ca?olic prie/hood at pres5t1 reg>d x z a /&+ m5ace to ! /ate & to ! moral fabric ( society4 ,"s w\ld h u believe t ?is condition ( ?+s is q new1 & has 9 fact be5 creat$ by ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 !y say1 ! ,*ur* did incalculable s]vice2 or ev5 if y d n all[ t1 yet ! anci5t ,egyptian prie/hood inv5t$ _m useful arts2 or if y h read any?+ :i* is n to _! cr$it1 !re 7 ! ,babylonians & ,assyrians :o _h prie/s1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago2 & 9 fact1 ! m y g back into prehi/oric ages1 & ! fur!r y g away into di/ant c\ntries1 ! less y c f9d to say aga9/ ! prie/hoods ( ^? times & places4 ,?is /atem5t1 = :i* !re is c]ta9ly mu* f\ndation1 may be put into ano!r =m3 ! m y come =w>d into mod]n times & neighbor+ c\ntries1 :]e ! facts c actually be got at1 ! m complete is ! evid5ce aga9/ ! prie/hoods ( ^! times & places4 ,b ! :ole argum5t is f\nd$ ^u :at is at lea/ a d\btful view ( human nature & ( society4 ,j z an e>ly s*ool ( geologi/s 7 accu/om$ to expla9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?'s surface by suppos+ t 9 primitive ages ! processes ( geologic *ange 7 f> m viol5t & rapid ?an !y are n[--s cata/rophic1 inde$1 z to con/itute a ?or\ghly diff]5t /ate ( ?+s--s !re is a s*ool ( hi/orians :o ?9k t ! intimate /ructure ( human nature1 its capabilities ( le>n+ & ( adapt+ itself to society1 h s f> alt]$ )9 ! hi/oric p]iod z to make ! pres5t processes ( social *ange totally diff]5t 9 "* f ^? ev5 ( ! mod]ately di/ant pa/4 ,!y ?9k t in/itutions & conditions :i* are pla9ly h>mful to u n[ h at o!r times & places done good & s]viceable "w4 ,w>1 pe/il5ce1 prie/craft1 & slav]y h be5 repres5t$ z positive boons to an e>ly /ate ( society4 ,!y are n bless+s to u1 x is true2 b !n times h alt]$ v mu*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a lat] s*ool ( geologi/s h se5 reason to ?9k t ! processes ( *ange h nev]1 s9ce ! e>? f9ally solidifi$1 be5 v diff]5t f :at !y are n[4 ,m rapid1 inde$1 !y mu/ h be5 9 e>ly times1 = _m reasons2 b n s v mu* m rapid z to con/itute an entirely diff]5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,& x does seem to me 9 l mann] t a wid] & m rational view ( hi/ory w recognize m & m ( ! p]man5t1 & less & less ( ! *angeable1 elem5t 9 human nature4 ,no d\bt our ance/ors ( a ?\s& g5]ations back 7 v diff]5t be+s f ourselves2 p]haps fifty ?\s& g5]ations back !y 7 n m5 at all4 ,b ! hi/oric p]iod is h>dly to be /ret*$ beyond two hundr$ g5]ations2 & x seems unreasonable to expect t 9 su* a t9y page ( our biography we c trace ) cle>ness ! gr[? & progress ( a long life4 ,comp>e ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,m5es1 say six ?\s& ye>s ago1 ) ,spa9 9 ?is pres5t c5tury1 be=e ,engli%m5 made any railways !re3 ,i suppose ! ma9 diff]5ce is t ! ,egyptians wa%$ !mselves4 ,x seems m analog\s to :at we f9d 9 o!r fields ( inquiry to suppose t !re are c]ta9 great broad pr9ciples ( human life :i* h be5 true all along2 t c]ta9 conditions h always be5 favorable to ! heal? ( society1 & c]ta9 o!r conditions always hurtful4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,i h _m times ask$ = x f ^? :o said t some:]e & at "s "t mank9d _h d]iv$ b5efits f a prie/hood lay+ claim to a magical "* & p[]s1 ,i h nev] be5 able to get any evid5ce = _! /atem5t4 ,nobody w give me a date1 & a latitude & longitude1 t ,i may exam9e into ! matt]4 ',9 ! ,middle ,ages ! prie/s & monks 7 ! sole deposit>ies ( le>n+4' ,q s2 a man burns y\r h\se to ! gr\nd1 builds a wret*$ hovel on ! ru9s1 & !n takes cr$it = :atev] %elt] !re is ab\t ! place4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ne>ly all le>n$ m5 7 oblig$ to become prie/s & monks4 ',!n aga91 ! bi%ops h sometimes act$ z tribunes ( ! p1 to protect !m aga9/ ! tyranny ( k+s4' ,no d\bt1 :5 ,pope & ,cs> fall out1 hone/ m5 may come by _! own4 ,if two m5 rob y 9 a d>k lane1 & !n qu>rel ov] ! plund]1 s t y get a *ance to escape ) y\r life1 y w ( c\rse be v grateful to ea* ( !m = hav+ prev5t$ ! o!r f kill+ y2 b y w\ld be mu* m grateful to a policeman :o lock$ !m bo? up4 ,two p[]s h s\ght to enslave ! p1 & h qu>rel$ ) ea* o!r2 c]ta9ly we are v mu* oblig$ to !m = qu>rel+1 b a condition ( /ill great] happ9ess & security w\ld be ! non-exi/5ce ( bo?4 ,i c f9d no evid5ce t s]i\sly militates aga9/ ! rule t ! prie/ is at all times & 9 all places ! enemy ( all m5--,sac]dos semp]1 ubique1 et omnibus inimicus4 ,i d n d5y t ! prie/ is v (t5 a mo/ e>ne/ & consci5ti\s man1 do+ ! v be/ t he kn[s ( z well z he c d x4 ,"l ,amb]ley is q "r 9 say+ t ! blame re/s m ) ! laity ?an ) ! prie/hood2 t x has insi/$ on magic & my/]ies1 & has =c$ ! prie/hood to produce !m4 ,b !n1 h[ dreadful is ! sy/em t puts good m5 to su* uses6 ,& al?\gh x is true t 9 its orig9 a prie/hood is ! effect ( an evil already exi/+1 a symptom ( social disease r ?an a cause ( x1 yet1 once be+ creat$ & made p[]ful1 x t5ds 9 _m ways to prolong & increase ! disease :i* gave x bir?4 ,"o ( ^! ways is s m>k$ & ( su* practical importance t we are b\nd to consid] x "h3 ,i mean ! education ( *ildr54 ,if !re is "o lesson :i* hi/ory =ces ^u u 9 e page1 x is ?is3 ,keep y\r *ildr5 away f ! prie/1 or he w make !m ! enemies ( mank9d4 ,x is n ! ,ca?olic cl]gy & ^? l !m :o are alone to be dread$ 9 ?is matt]2 ev5 ! repres5tatives ( app>5tly h>mless religions may d incalculable mis*ief if !y get education into _! h&s4 ,to ! e>ly ,mohamm$ans ! mosque 0 ! "o public build+ 9 e place :]e public bus9ess c\ld be transact$2 & s x 0 naturally ! place ( prim>y education1 :i* !y held to be a matt] ( supreme importance4 ,by & by1 z ! cl]gy grew up1 ! mosque 0 gradually usurp$ by !m1 & prim>y education fell into _! h&s4 ,!n ensu$ a 'revival ( religion2' religion became a fanaticism3 books 7 burnt & univ]sities 7 clos$2 ! empire rott$ away 9 ,ea/ & ,we/1 until x 0 conqu]$ by ,turki% savages 9 ,asia & by ,*ri/ian savages 9 ,spa94 ,! labors ( /ud5ts ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( in/itutions--notably ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e & ,m4 de ,laveleye--h disclos$ to u an elem5t ( society :i* appe>s to h exi/$ 9 all times & places1 & :i* is ! basis ( our own social /ructure4 ,! village community1 or commune1 or t[n%ip1 f\nd 9 tribes ( ! mo/ v>i$ race & "t1 has s modifi$ itself z to get adapt$ 9 "o place or ano!r to all ! diff]5t conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,?is union ( m5 to "w = a common object has trans=m$ !m f wild animals into tame ones4 ,c5tury by c5tury ! educat+ process ( ! social life has be5 work+ at human nature2 x has built itself into our inmo/ s\l4 ,su* z we are--moral & rational be+s--?9k+ & talk+ 9 g5]al conceptions ab\t ! facts t make up our life1 feel+ a necessity to act1 n = ourselves1 b = ,ourself1 = ! l>g] life ( ,man 9 :i* we are elem5ts2 su* moral & rational be+s1 ,i say1 ,man has made u4 ,by ,man ,i mean m5 organiz$ into a society1 :i* fights = its life1 n only z a m]e collection ( m5 :o mu/ sep>ately be kept alive1 b z a society4 ,x mu/ fight n only aga9/ ext]nal enemies1 b aga9/ treason & disruption )9 x4 ,h5ce comes ! unity ( int]e/ ( all its memb]s2 ea* ( !m has to feel t he is n himself only b a "p ( all ! re/4 ,consci5ce--! s5se ( "r & wrong--spr+s out ( ! habit ( judg+ ?+s f ! po9t ( view ( all & n ( "o4 ,x is ,ourself1 n ourselves1 t makes = righte\sness4 ,! codes ( morality1 !n1 :i* are adopt$ into v>i\s religions1 & aft]w>d taught z p>ts ( religi\s sy/ems1 are d]iv$ f secul> s\rces4 ,! mo/ anci5t v]sion ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 :atev] ! inve/igations ( s*ol>s may make x out to be1 orig9ates1 n 9 ! ?und]s ( ,s9ai1 b 9 ! peaceful life ( m5 on ! pla9s ( ,*alda4 ,consci5ce is ! voice ( ,man +ra9$ into our he>ts1 comm&+ u to "w = ,man4 ,religions diff] 9 ! treatm5t :i* !y give to ?is mo/ sacr$ heirloom ( our pa/ hi/ory4 ,sometimes !y inv]t its precepts--tell+ m5 to be submissive "u oppression because ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god2 tell+ !m to believe :]e !y h n se51 & to play ) falsehood 9 ord] t a p>ticul> doctr9e may prevail1 in/ead ( seek+ = tru? :atev] x may be2 tell+ !m to betray _! c\ntry = ! sake ( _! *ur*4 ,b !re is "o great di/9ction to :i* ,i wi%1 9 conclusion1 to call special att5tion--a di/9ction betwe5 two k9ds ( religi\s emotion :i* be> ^u ! conduct ( m54 ,we said t consci5ce is ! voice ( ,man )9 u1 comm&+ u to "w = ,man4 ,we d n "k ?is imm$iately by our own exp]i5ce2 we only "k t some?+ )9 u comm&s u to "w = ,man4 ,?is fact m5 h tri$ to expla92 & !y h ?\ght1 = ! mo/ "p1 t ?is voice 0 ! voice ( a ,god4 ,b ! explanation takes two diff]5t =ms3 ! ,god may speak 9 u = ,man's sake1 or = 8 own sake4 ,if he speaks = 8 own sake--& ?is is :at g5]ally happ5s :5 he has prie/s :o lay claim to a magical "* & p[]s--our allegiance is apt to be tak5 away f ,man1 & transf]r$ to ! ,god4 ,:5 we love our bro!r = ! sake ( our bro!r1 we help all m5 to gr[ 9 ! "r2 b :5 we love our bro!r = ! sake ( somebody else1 :o is v likely to damn our bro!r1 x v soon comes to burn+ him alive = 8 s\l's heal?4 ,:5 m5 respect human life = ! sake ( ,man1 tranquillity1 ord] & progress g h& 9 h&2 b ^? :o only respect$ human life because ,god _h =bidd5 murd] h set _! m>k ^u ,europe 9 fifte5 c5turies ( blood & fire4 ,^! are only two examples ( a g5]al rule4 ,:]ev] ! allegiance ( m5 has be5 div]t$ f ,man to "s div9ity :o speaks to m5 = 8 own sake & seeks 8 own glory1 "o ?+ has happ5$4 ,! "r precepts might be en=c$1 b !y 7 en=c$ ^u wrong gr\nds1 & !y 7 n obey$4 ,b "r precepts are n always en=c$2 ! fact t ! f\nta9s ( morality h be5 poison$ makes x easy to sub/itute wrong precepts = "r ones4 ,to ?is same treason aga9/ humanity belongs ! claim ( ! prie/hood to take away ! guilt ( a s9n] aft] confession has be5 made to x4 ,! ,ca?olic prie/ pr(esses to act z an embassador = 8 ,god1 & to absolve ! guilty man by convey+ to him ! =giv5ess ( heav54 ,if 8 cr$5tials 7 ev] s sure1 if he 7 inde$ ! embassador ( a sup]human p[]1 ! claim w\ld be treasonable4 ,c ! favor ( ! ,cz> make guiltless ! murd]] ( old m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 9 ,circassian valleys8 ,c ! p>don ( ! ,sultan make clean ! bloody h&s ( a ,pa%a8 ,z little c any ,god =give s9s committ$ aga9/ man4 ,:5 m5 ?9k he c1 !y comp\nd = old s9s :i* ! ,god did n l by committ+ new ones :i* he does l4 ,_m a remorseful despot has aton$ = ! levities ( 8 y\? by ! p]secution ( h]etics 9 8 old age4 ,t frightful crime1 ! adult]ation ( food1 c\ld n possibly be s common among u if m5 7 n taught to reg>d x z m]ely objectionable because x is remotely connect$ ) /eal+1 ( :i* ,god has express$ 8 disapproval 9 ! ,decalogue2 & !re=e z q1 naturally set "r by a punctual att5dance at *ur* on ,sundays4 ,:5 a ,rituali/ breaks 8 fa/ be=e celebrat+ ! ,holy ,communion1 8 deity c =give him if he likes1 = ! matt] conc]ns nobody else2 b no deity c =give him = prev5t+ 8 p>i%ion]s f sett+ up a public libr>y & read+-room = fe> !y %\ld read ,mr4 ,d>w9's works 9 x4 ,t s9 is committ$ aga9/ ! p1 & a ,god _c take x away4 ,i call ^? religions :i* und]m9e ! supreme allegiance ( ! consci5ce to ,man ultramontane religions1 because !y seek _! spr+s ( action ultra montes1 outside ( ! common exp]i5ce & daily life ( man4 ,& ,i rem>k ab\t !m t !y are especially apt to tea* wrong precepts1 & t ev5 :5 !y comm& m5 to d ! "r ?+s !y put ! comm& ^u wrong motives1 & d n get ! ?+s done4 ,b !re are =ms ( religi\s emotion :i* d n ?us und]m9e ! consci5ce4 ,f> be x f me to "u-value ! help & /r5g? :i* _m ( ! brave/ ( our bre?r5 h drawn f ! ?\ght ( an unse5 help] ( m54 ,he :o1 we>i$ or /rick5 9 ! fight ) ! p[]s ( d>kness1 asks himself 9 a solit>y place1 ',is x all = no?+8 %all we inde$ be ov]?r[n8'--he does f9d some?+ :i* may ju/ify t ?\ght4 ,9 su* a mom5t ( utt] s9c]ity1 :5 a man has b>$ 8 own s\l be=e ! imm5sities & ! et]nities1 a pres5ce 9 :i* 8 own poor p]sonality is %rivel$ into no?+ness arises )9 him1 & says1 z pla9ly z words c say1 ',i am ) !e1 & ,i am great] ?an ?\4' ,_m names ( ,gods1 ( _m %apes1 h m5 giv5 to ?is pres5ce2 seek+ by names & pictures to "k m cle>ly & to rememb] m cont9ually ! guide & ! help] ( m54 ,no su* comrade%ip ) ! ,great ,companion %all h any?+ b rev]5ce f me1 :o h kn[n ! div9e g5tl5ess ( ,d5ison ,maurice1 ! /rong & heal?y practical in/9ct ( ,*>les ,k+sley1 & :o n[ rev]e ) all my he>t ! tea*+ ( ,james ,m>t9eau4 ,!y seem to me1 "o & all1 to be rea*+ =w>d ) lov+ anticipation to a cle>] vision :i* is yet to come--t5d5tesque manus rip ult]ioris amore4 ,=1 aft] all1 su* a help] ( m51 outside ( humanity1 ! tru? w n all[ u to see4 ,! dim & %ad[y outl9es ( ! sup]human deity fade sl[ly away f be=e u2 & z ! mi/ ( 8 pres5ce floats aside1 we p]ceive ) great] & great] cle>ness ! %ape ( a yet gr&] & nobl] figure--( ,him :o made all ,gods & %all unmake !m4 ,f ! dim dawn ( hi/ory1 & f ! inmo/ dep? ( e s\l1 ! face ( our fa!r ,man looks out ^u u ) ! fire ( et]nal y\? 9 8 eyes1 & says1 ',be=e ,jehovah 01 ,i am6' ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,! ,sci5tific ,basis ( ,morals #a ,,ii4 ,"r & ,wrong #g ,,iii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,belief #be ,,iv4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,religion #cf ,,notes #a ,sunday ,lecture ,society1 ,novemb] #g1 #ahge4 #b ,treatise ,baba ,ba?ra1 #ei b4 #c ,comp>e ^! passages f ,m]ivale 7',romans "u ! ,empire1' vi471 to :om 'x seems a duty to prote/ aga9/ ! common t5d5cy ( ,*ri/ian morali/s to dwell only on ! d>k side ( ,pagan society1 9 ord] to height5 by contra/ ! bless+s ( ! ,gospel'3-- ',mu* c&or & discrim9ation are requir$ 9 comp>+ ! s9s ( "o age ) ^? ( ano!r 444 ! cruelty ( our inquisitions & sect>ian p]secutions1 ( our laws aga9/ sorc]y1 our s]fdom & our slav]y2 ! petty fraudul5ce we tol]ate 9 almo/ e class & call+ ( ! community2 ! bold front worn by our op5 s5suality2 ! deep] degradation ( t :i* is conceal$2 all ^! leave u little room = boa/+ ( our mod]n discipl9e1 & mu/ det] ! ?\ghtful inquir] f too confid5tly contra/+ ! morals ( ! old _w & ! new4' ',ev5 at ,rome1 9 ! wor/ ( times 444 all ! relations ( life 7 adorn$ 9 turn ) bright in/ances ( devotion1 & mank9d transact$ _! bus9ess ) an ord9>y confid5ce 9 ! =ce ( consci5ce & "r reason4 ,! /eady developm5t ( enlight5$ legal pr9ciples conclusively proves ! g5]al dep5d5ce ^u law z a guide & corrector ( mann]s4 ,9 ! camp1 h[ev]1 m especially1 z ! *ief sph]e ( ?is purify+ activity1 ! great qualities ( ! ,roman "* cont9u$ to be pla9ly manife/$4 ,?is hi/ory ( ! ,cs>s pres5ts to u a con/ant succession ( brave1 pati5t1 resolute1 & fai?ful soldi]s1 m5 deeply impress$ ) a s5se ( duty1 sup]ior to vanity1 despis]s ( boa/+1 cont5t to toil 9 obscurity & %$ _! blood at ! fronti]s ( ! empire1 unrep9+ at ! cold mi/ru/ ( _! ma/]s1 n clamor\s = ! honors s sp>+ly aw>d$ to !m1 b satisfi$ 9 ! daily "w ( _! h&s1 & full ( fai? 9 ! national de/9y :i* !y 7 daily accompli%+4' #d ,f9lay1 ',greece "u ! ,romans4' #e ,exam9ation1 p4 #die1 #b;d ed4