,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,words 9 italics 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,a r[ ( a/]isks repres5ts a ?\ght break4 ,ellipses mat* ! orig9al4 ,a complete li/ ( corrections z well z o!r notes foll[s ! text4 ,,talks ,,on ,,tea*+ ,,lit]ature ,,by ,,arlo ,,bates ,illu/ration3 ,riv]side ,press colophon ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,& ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press1 ,cambridge #aijf ,,copyright #aijf ,,by ,,arlo ,,bates ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,publi%$ ,octob] #aijf ,^! ,talks are f\nd$ ^u lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,summ] ,s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois 9 ,june1 #aije4 ,! int]e/ :i* 0 %[n 9 ! subject & 9 ! views express$ enc\rag$ me to /ate r m elaborately & 9 book =m :at ,i felt 9 reg>d to a matt] :i* is c]ta9ly ( great importance1 & conc]n+ :i* s _m tea*]s are 9 d\bt4 ,i wi% "h to express my obligation to ,assi/ant-,pr(essor ,h5ry ,g4 ,pe>son1 :o has v k9dly gone ov] ! manuscript1 & to :om ,i am indebt$ = sugge/ions ( great value4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,! ,,problem #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,conditions #aa ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,difficulties #bh ,,iv4 ,,o!r ,,ob/acles #ci ,v4 ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,"w #fa ,,vi4 ,,prelim9>y ,,"w #gd ,,vii4 ,,! ,,inspirational ,,use ,,( ,,lit]ature #hh ,,viii4 ,,an ,,illu/ration #if ,,ix4 ,,educational #aji ,x4 ,,exam9ational #aba ,,xi4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,prose #acf ,,xii4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,novel #aeb ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,macbe? #afe ,,xiv4 ,,criticism #aic ,,xv4 ,,lit]>y ,,workman%ip #bjg ,,xvi4 ,,lit]>y ,,biography #bbb ,,xvii4 ,,volunt>y ,,read+ #bbg ,,xviii4 ,,9 ,,g5]al #bcg ,,index #bde ,,talks ,,on ,,tea*+ ,,lit]ature ,i ,,! ,,problem ,few e>ne/ tea*]s ( lit]ature h escap$ ^? black mom5ts :5 x seems p]fectly evid5t t ! "o ?+ sure 9 connection ) ! :ole bus9ess is t lit]ature _c be taught4 ,if !y are ( s5sitive consci5ce !y are likely to h wond]$ at times :e!r x is hone/ to g on pret5d+ to give in/ruction 9 a bran* 9 :i* in/ruction 0 s obvi\sly impossible4 ,! m !y consid]1 ! m evid5t x is t if a pupil really le>ns any?+ 9 lit]ature1--z di/+ui%$ f le>n+ ab\t lit]ature1--he does x himself2 & !y _c fail to see t z an art lit]ature necess>ily p>takes ( ! nature ( all art1 ! quality ( be+ inexpressible & unexpla9able 9 any language except its own4 ,! root ( :atev] difficulty exi/s 9 fulfill+ ! requirem5ts ( mod]n c\rses ( tra9+ :i* h to d ) lit]ature is j ?is fact4 ,any art1 z has be5 said (t5 & (t51 exi/s simply & solely because x embodies & conveys :at c be adequately express$ 9 no o!r =m4 ,a picture or a melody1 a /atue or a poem1 gives delight & inspiration by qualities :i* c\ld belong to no?+ else4 ,to tea* pa9t+ or music or lit]ature is at be/ to talk ab\t ^! qualities4 ,words _c express :at ! "w or art expresses1 or ! "w itself w\ld be sup]flu\s2 & ! tea*] ( lit]ature is !re=e app>5tly confront$ ) ! task ( endeavor+ to imp>t :at language itself _c say4 ,s /at$ ! proposition seems self-contradictory & absurd4 ,inde$ x too (t5 happ5s t 9 actual practice x is s4 ,tea*]s we>y _! v s\ls 9 necess>ily fruitless endeavors to a*ieve ! impossible1 & fail 9 _! "w because !y h n cle>ly appreh5d$ :at !y c\ld effect & :at !y %\ld endeavor to effect4 ,9 any in/ruction x is ( great importance to recognize natural & inevitable limitations1 & n[h]e is ?is m true ?an 9 any tea*+ :i* has to d ) ! f9e arts4 ,9 o!r bran*es failure to p]ceive ! natural re/rictions ( ! subject limits ! effici5cy ( ! tea*]2 9 ! arts x n only utt]ly vitiates all "w1 b x gives /ud5ts a fundam5tally wrong conception ( ! v nature ( t ) :i* !y are deal+4 ,9 mo/ /udies ! tea*] has to d *iefly ) ! und]/&+1 or1 to put x m exactly1 ) ! intellect ( ! pupil4 ,9 deal+ ) lit]ature he mu/ reckon con/antly ) ! emotions also4 ,if he _c ar\se ! feel+s & ! imag9ations ( 8 /ud5ts1 he does n succe$ 9 8 "w4 ,n only is ?is difficult 9 itself1 b x calls = an emotional condition 9 ! in/ructor :i* is n easily comb9$ ) ! didactic mood requir$ by tea*+2 a condition1 moreov]1 :i* begets a s5sitiv5ess to results mu* m ke5 ?an any disappo9tm5t likely to be excit$ by failure to c>ry a class triumphantly ?r\gh a lesson 9 ari?metic or hi/ory4 ,?is s5sitiv5ess con/antly br+s disc\ragem5t1 & ?is 9 turn leads to r5ew$ failure4 ,9 "w :i* requires ! happie/ mood on ! "p ( ! tea*] & ! free/ play ( ! imag9ation1 ! consci\sness ( any lack ( success increases ! difficulty a hundr$fold4 ,! tea*] :o is able by %e] =ce ( det]m9ation to manage ! /upidities ( a dull algebra class1 may fail signally 9 ! attempt to make ! same =ce c>ry him ?r\gh an unappreciat$ ex]cise 9 ,macbe?4 ,x is true t no tea*+ is effective unless ! int]e/ z well z ! att5tion ( ! pupils is enli/$2 b :]eas 9 o!r bran*es ?is is a condition1 9 ! case ( lit]ature x is a prime ess5tial4 ,! tea*+ ( lit]ature1 moreov]1 is less ?an useless if x is n educational z di/+ui%$ f exam9ational4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t necessity compels ! hold+ ( exam9ations at all 9 a subject ( :i* ! wor? is to be measur$ /rictly by ! ext5t to :i* x inspires ! imag9ation & develops ! "* ( ! /ud5t4 ,any sy/em ( exam9ations is likely to be at be/ a make%ift made inevitable by exi/+ conditions1 & x is r5d]$ tol]able only :]e tea*]s--(t5 at ! exp5se1 "u pres5t s*ool me?ods1 ( a /ress ( body & ( s\l to be appreciat$ only by ^? :o h taught--are able to m+le a c]ta9 am\nt ( education ) ! gr9d+ drill ( r\t9e "w4 ,exam9ation pap]s h>dly t\* & c h>dly %[ ! results ( lit]>y tra9+ :i* are ! only excuse = ! pres5ce ( ?is bran* 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,e fai?ful work] :o is try+ to d :at is be/ = ! *ildr5 :ile fulfill+ ! requirem5ts ( ! (ficial p[]s above him is face to face ) ! fact t ! tabulat$ returns ( int]m$iates & f9als d n 9 ! lea/ repres5t 8 be/ or mo/ labori\sly a*iev$ success4 ,"u ^! conditions x is n /range t s _m tea*]s are at a loss to "k :at !y are expect$ to d or :at !y %\ld attempt to d4 ,if ! tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ools ( ?is c\ntry 7 br\ght toge!r into "s ,palace ( ,tru? :]e absolute hone/y 0 =c$ ^u !m1 x w\ld be int]e/+ & p]haps sadd5+ to f9d h[ few c\ld confid5tly ass]t t !y h cle> & logical ideas 9 reg>d to ! tea*+ ( lit]ature4 ,!y w\ld all be able to say t !y dealt ) c]ta9 specifi$ books because su* "w is a prom95t "p ( ! s*ool requirem5t2 & _m w\ld1 unless re/ra9$ by ! tru?-compell+ p[] ( _! environm5t1 add vague phrases ab\t broad5+ ! m9ds ( ! *ildr54 ,a pitiful numb] w\ld be =c$ to confess t !y _h no cle> conception ( :at !y 7 to d beyond load+ up ! memories ( ! luckless "y folk ) c]ta9 dead in=mation ab\t books to be unload$ at ! next exam9ation1 & !re left =ev]4 ,too (t5 broad5+ ! m9d ( ! "y is simple flatt5+ x out by ! dead weight ( lifeless & wor?less fact4 ,?is unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to :at !y are to d & h[ !y are to d x is con/antly evid5t 9 ! compla9ts & inquiries ( tea*]s4 ,h[ w\ld y tea* ',macbe?'8 "o ask$ me4 ,d y ?9k ! s\rces ( ! plot %\ld be ?or\ghly ma/]$8 ,ano!r wrote me t %e _h always tri$ to make ! moral lesson ( ,silas ,m>n] z cle> & /rong z possible1 b t "o ( h] boys _h call$ h] att5tion to ! fact t no "q on su* a matt] _h ev] appe>$ 9 ! college entrance exam9ation pap]s1 & t %e did n "k :at to d4 ,a ?ird said frankly t %e c\ld nev] see :at !re 0 9 lit]ature to tea*1 s %e j took ! que/ions sugge/$ by a text-book & conf9$ h] att5tion to !m4 ,if ^! seem extreme cases1 x is *iefly because !y are put into words4 ,c]ta9ly ! numb] ( in/ructors :o are virtually 9 ! position ( ! ?ird tea*] is by no means small4 ,ev5 ! editors ( s*ool classics are sometimes f\nd to be no m enlight5$ ?an ^? !y pr(ess to aid1 & n infrequ5tly seem m anxi\s to h ! appe>ance ( do+ a s*ol>ly piece ( "w ?an "o fitt$ = actual use4 ,! devices !y recomm5d = fix+ ! att5tion & enlight5+ ! d>kness ( *ildr5 9 lit]>y /udy are num]\s2 b n infrequ5tly !y are ei!r ludicr\s or pa!tic4 ,a /rik+ example is t conspicu\sly futile me?od1 ! use ( symbolic diagrams4 ,! attempt to repres5t ! poetry1 ! pa?os1 ! passion ( ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice or ,romeo & ,juliet by a diagram l a proposition 9 geometry seems to me n only ! height ( absurdity1 b n a little pr(ane4 ,i h exam9$ ^! cryptic comb9ations ( l9es1 tang5ts1 triangles1 & circles1 ) m bewild]m5t ?an compreh5sion1 ,i confess2 g5]ally ) irritation2 & always ) ! pr(\nd conviction t !y c\ld h>dly be surpass$ z a means ( produc+ confusion worse conf\nd$ 9 ! m9d ( any *ild :atev]4 ,o!r s*emes are only less wild1 & :ile excell5t & helpful text-books are n want+1 n a few %[ evid5ce t ! writ]s 7 z little sure ( :at !y 7 try+ to effect1 or ( h[ x 7 be/ effect$1 z ! mo/ bewild]$ tea*] :o might unadvis$ly come to !m = enlight5m5t4 ,in/ruction 9 lit]ature z x exi/s to-day 9 ! common s*ools ( ?is c\ntry is almo/ always pa9/ak+ & consci5ti\s2 b x is by no means always intellig5t4 ,! tea*]s :o resort to diagrams are s9c]ely 9 e>ne/1 & no less fai?ful are ^? :o at ! exp5se ( mo/ exhau/+ labor are dragg+ classes ?r\gh ! morass ( que/ions sugge/$ by ! lea/ desirable ( s*ool editions ( college requirem5ts4 ,!y dose _! pupils ) notes z ,mrs4 ,sque]s dos$ ! poor wret*es at ,do!boys ,hall ) brim/one & treacle4 ,! result is mu* ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,oh6 ,nons5se1 rejo9$ ,mrs4 ,sque]s4 4 4 4 ,!y h brim/one & treacle1 p>tly because if !y hadn't some?+ or o!r 9 ! way ( m$ic9e !y'd be always 4 4 4 giv+ a _w ( tr\ble1 & p>tly because x spoils _! appetites1 & comes *eap] ?an breakfa/ & d9n]4 ,c]ta9ly any *ild1 no matt] h[ great 8 natural appetite = lit]ature1 mu/ f9d ! desire greatly dim9i%$ aft] a dose ( text-book notes4 ,! difficulties ( tea*]s 9 h&l+ ?is bran* ( in/ruction h be5 increas$ by ! sy/em "u :i* "w mu/ be c>ri$ on4 ,! trem5d\s problem ( educat+ *ildr5 9 masses has yet to be solv$1 & x is at lea/ d\btful if x c be work$ out successfully )\t a v sub/antial dim9ution ( ! requirem5ts n[ insi/$ ^u4 ,c]ta9ly x is h>dly conceivable t ) ! curriculum z cr[d$ z x is at pres5t any tea*] c\ld d mu* 9 ! common s*ools ) ! tea*+ ( lit]ature4 ,! p$agogic committees :o h fix$ ! college entrance requirem5ts1 moreov]1 seem to h act$ l>gely along conv5tional l9es4 ,9 ! ?ird place ! _s ( ! "t is out ( sympa?y ) art1 & ! v>iety & insi/5ce ( outside calls on ! att5tion & int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 make dem&s s great z to leave ! m9d dull to f9] impressions4 ,to ! boy eag] ov] football1 ! circus1 & ! automobile race he is to see :5 s*ool is out1 ev5 an inspir$ tea*] may talk 9 va9 ab\t ,dr4 ,primrose1 ,lady ,macbe?1 or any o!r ( ! immortals4 ,e>s accu/om$ to ! /rid5t measures ( ! mod]n /reet-song are n easily beguil$ by ! music ( ,milton1 & yet ! tea*] ( to-day is expect$ to p]suade 8 flock t !y %\ld pref] ,l',allegro to ! vulg> b rollick+ rag-"t comic songs ( dime-museum & alley4 ,"u circum/ances s adv]se1 x is n to be wond]$ at t tea*]s are n only disc\rag$ b (t5 bewild]$4 ,:at happ5s 9 _m cases is suffici5tly well %[n by ?is extract f a fre%man composition1 9 :i* ! writ] frankly gives an acc\nt ( 8 tra9+ 9 ,engli% lit]ature 9 a high s*ool n tw5ty-five miles f ,bo/on3 ,v special att5tion 0 paid to ! in/ruction ( ! classics z to :at ! exam9ations require4 ,z closely z possible ! faculty det]m9e ! scope ( ! exam9ations1 & ! class is drill$ 9 t "w especially4 ,exam9ation pap]s are procur$ = sev]al ye>s back1 & are giv5 to ! /ud5ts z regul> high s*ool exam9ations1 & z samples ( ! k9d ( que/ions to be expect$4 ,! in/ructors notice especial que/ions t are (t5 repeat$ 9 exam9ation pap]s1 w>n ! pupils ( !m1 & ev5 g s f> z to e/imate :5 ! "q w be us$ aga94 ,i h he>d 9 ! classroom1 ,?is "q 0 giv5 ?ree ye>s ago1 & x is ab\t due aga94 ,!y ask x e ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,ano!r boy wrote1 9 ! same set ( !mes1 t he _h tak5 ! exam9ation 9 ! autumn1 & add$3 ,on ! ,june exam9ations ,i notic$ t !re 0 no?+ ab\t ,milton1 s ,i /udi$ ,milton ) he>t & s\l4 ,"h we f9d /at$ pla9ly :at ev]ybody connect$ ) tea*+ kn[s to be common1 & inde$ :at "u ! pres5t sy/em is almo/ inevitable4 ,i "k ( _m s*ools ( no inconsid]able /&+ :]e 9 all bran*es old exam9ation pap]s1 if n us$ z ! text-books1 are at lea/ ! actual guide to all "w done 9 ! la/ ye> ( fitt+ = college4 ,?is is p]haps only human1 & x is easy to und]/&2 b x c]ta9ly is n education1 & ( t fact bo? /ud5ts & tea*]s are entirely well aw>e4 ,all ?is ,i say ) no int5tion ( blam+ anybody = :at is ! result ( difficult conditions4 ,x is n well1 h[ev]1 to ignore :at is p]fectly well kn[n1 & :at is "o ( ! important difficulties ( ! situation4 ,! problem1 !n1 :i* confronts ! tea*] 9 ! second>y s*ool is tw(old4 ,he has to decide 9 ! fir/ place :at ! tea*+ ( lit]ature c & %\ld legitimately accompli%1 & 9 ! second1 by :at means ?is may mo/ surely & effectively be done4 ,9 a ^w1 al?\gh "w 9 ?is l9e has be5 go+ on multitud9\sly & confus$ly = ye>s1 we are yet f> f suffici5tly def9ite ideas :y & h[ lit]ature %\ld be taught to *ildr54 ,,ii ,,! ,,conditions ,! inclusion ( lit]ature 9 ! li/ ( common s*ool /udies1 h[ev] ! orig9al int5t may h be5 lo/ sight (1 0 und\bt$ly made 9 ! int]e/ ( g5]al culture4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ^? :o put x 9 _h def9ite conceptions ( me?ods or results1 b unque/ionably _! idea 0 to aid ! developm5t ( ! *ildr5's m9ds by help+ !m to appreciate & to assimilate ?\ghts ( nobility & ( beauty1 & by fo/]+ a love = lit]ature :i* %\ld lead !m to g on acquir+ ^! f ! ma/]pieces4 ,h[ cle> & well def9$ 9 ! m9ds ( educators ?is idea 0 x is ne$less to inquire4 ,x is en\gh t x 0 und\bt$ly s9c]e1 & t x 0 f\nd$ on a g5u9e fai? 9 ! broad5+ & elevat+ influ5ce ( art4 ,! importance ( lit]ature z a means ( m5tal developm5t us$ to be tak5 = grant$4 ,our fa!rs & gr&fa!rs _h = ! classics a rev]5ce :i* ! ris+ g5]ation looks back to z a phase ( antiquat$ sup]/ition1 h>dly m reasonable ?an ! wor%ip ( sacr$ wells or a belief 9 gobl9s4 ,s mu* /ress is n[ laid ^u ! tangible & ! mat]ial z ! only g5u9e values1 t ev]y?+ less obvi\s is discr$it$4 ,! t5d5cy is to take only direct results into consid]ation2 & influ5ces :i* s]ve r to elevate "* ?an to aid 9 money-gett+ are at be/ look$ ^u ) tol]ation4 ,t s5se ( mank9d1 h[ev]1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! p]ception ( ! few1 & :i* 9 ! long run =ms ! op9ion ( society 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 holds /ill to ! importance ( lit]ature 9 any intellig5t s*eme ( education4 ,! popul> disbelief makes enorm\sly difficult ! "w ( ! tea*]1 b ! =ce ( ! conviction ( ! wise m9ority keeps ?is bran* 9 ! s*ools4 ,! s9c]e tea*]1 !re=e1 naturally tries to analyze effects1 & to disc]n possibilities1 9 ord] to discov] ^u :at facts ! belief 9 ! educational value ( ! /udy ( lit]ature prop]ly re/s4 ,! mo/ obvi\s reasons = ! /udy ( lit]ature may be quickly dispos$ (4 ,x is well = a /ud5t to be reasonably famili> ) ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 ) ! names & p]iods ( great writ]s4 ,?is adds to 8 *ances ( appe>+ to advantage 9 ! _w1 & especially 9 t portion ( society :]e he c lea/ af=d to be at a disadvantage4 ,he is provid$ ) facts ab\t books & au?ors q z mu* to protect him f ! ill effects ( appe>+ ignorant z = any direct influ5ce ?is k w h on 8 m9d4 ,:atev] ! t5d5cy ( ! times to und]value 9 daily life acqua9tance ) ! m ref9$ side ( human k1 ! fact rema9s t to betray ignorance 9 ^! l9es may br+ real h>m to a p]son's social /&+4 ,e "o recognizes t among educat$ p a lad is bett] able to make 8 way if he does n conf\nd ! age ( ,%akespe>e ) t ( ,br[n+1 & if he is able to di/+ui% betwe5 ,edmund ,sp5s] & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,su* in=mation may n be specially vital1 b x is wor? possess+4 ,consid]ations ( ?is sort1 h[ev]1 are evid5tly n ( weight en\gh to acc\nt = ! place ( ! /udy 9 ! s*ools1 & /ill less to excuse ! am\nt ( "t & att5tion be/[$ ^u x4 ,! same l9e ( reason+ w\ld def5d ! introduction ( danc+1 because ,^? move easie/ :o h le>n$ to dance4 ,m important & m f>-rea*+ reasons mu/ be f\nd to satisfy ! tea*]1 & to he>t5 him = ! sev]e labor ( work+ ) class aft] class 9 ! ef=t1 n always successful1 ( ar\s+ int]e/ & en?usiasm ov] ! writ+s :i* g by ! "n ( ,engli% ,classics4 ,"s ( ^! ,i may specify briefly4 ,to deal ) !m exhau/ively w\ld take a book 9 itself1 & w\ld leave no room = ! consid]ation ( me?ods4 ,a c>eful & intellig5t /udy ( ma/]pieces ( prose or v]se1 ! tea*] soon p]ceives1 mu/ develop greatly ! /ud5t's s5se ( ! value ( words4 ,?is is n ! highe/ function ( ?is "w1 b x is by no means "o to be despis$4 ,lit]>y /udy af=ds opportunities = tra9+ ( ?is sort :i* are n to be f\nd else:]e2 & a s5sitiv5ess to ^w-values is ) a *ild ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,*ildr5 too (t5 acquire & adults foll[ ! habit ( accept+ words in/ead ( ideas4 ,a g5u9e appreciation ( ! wor? ( language is aft] all ! *ief outw>d sign ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! wise man & ! dull>d4 ,"o is cont5t to receive spee* z /]l+ co91 & ! o!r p]ceives t words are b c\nt]s4 ,if /ud5ts c\ld b appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 appreh5d+ & compreh5d+ :at !y are taught1 betwe5 le>n+ words & assimilat+ ideas1 ! intellectual mill5nium w\ld be at h&4 ,*ildr5 ne$ to le>n t ! s5t5ce is aft] all only ! envelope1 only ! vehicle = ! ?\ght4 ,ev]ybody agrees to ?is !oretically1 b practically ! fact is g5]ally ignor$4 ,! *ild is fa!r to ! man 9 no?+ else m surely ?an 9 ! trait ( accept+ 9 p]fect good fai? empty words z complete & satisfactory 9 !mselves4 ,! habit ( be+ cont5t ) phrases once br$ into a *ild c be eradicat$ by no?+ %ort ( sev]e intellectual surg]y4 ,to say t words are receiv$ z suffici5t 9 !mselves & n z convey+ ideas s\nds l a p>adox2 b !re are few ( u :o may n at once make a p]sonal application & f9d an illu/ration 9 ! common phrases & =mulas ( our life4 ,p]haps none ( u are free f ! fault ( sometimes sub/itut+ empty phrases = vital rules ( conduct4 ,! mo/ simple & ! mo/ trem5d\s facts ( human life are (t5 kn[n only z lifeless /atem5ts r ?an realiz$ z vibrant tru?s4 ,) *ildr5 ! language ( text-book or classroom is s likely to be repeat$ by rote & rememb]$ me*anically t con/ant vigilance on ! "p ( ! tea*] c h>dly ov]come ! evil4 ,=ce ! boy :o on ! college entrance exam9ation pap] writes flu5tly t ,milton is ! poet ( sublimity to try to def9e1 ev5 to himself1 :at ! /atem5t means1 & ! result is confusion4 ,he meant no?+4 ,he _h ! words1 b !y _h nev] convey$ to him a ?\ght4 ,language %\ld be ! s]vant ( ! m9d1 b nev] 0 s]vant t s con/antly & s successfully usurp$ ! place ( ma/]4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be taught1 & taught n simply by precept b by exp]i5ce1 to realize t ! value ( ! ^w lies solely 9 its effici5cy z a vehicle ( ?\ght4 ,!y mu/ le>n to appreciate z well z to "k me*anically t language is to be e/imat$ by its effect 9 communicat+ ! idea1 & t to be satisfi$ ) words = !mselves is obvi\s folly4 ,= en=c+ ?is fact lit]ature is especially valuable4 ,x is h>dly possible 9 ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial "w on a play ( ,%akespe>e1 = in/ance1 = ! read] to fail to p]ceive h[ ! idea burns ?r\gh ! ^w1 h[ wide is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]e appreh5sion ( ! language & ! compreh5sion ( ! poet's mean+4 ,9 ! /udy ( great poetry ! impossibility ( re/+ satisfi$ ) any?+ %ort ( ! ideas is s /rongly br\ght out t x _c be ignor$ or =gott52 & 9 ?is way pupils are impress$ ) ! value ( words4 ,?is s5sitiv5ess to ! value ( words 9 g5]al is closely c\pl$ ) an appreciation ( ! =ce ( words 9 p>ticul>1 ( :at may be call$ ^w-values4 ,! p[] ( appreciat+ t a ^w is m]ely a mess5g] br++ an idea1 is naturally connect$ ) ! ability to di/+ui% ) exactness ! nature & ! value ( ! ?\ght :i* ! mess5g] pres5ts4 ,to feel ! ne$ ( kn[+ cle>ly & surely ! ?\ght express$ inevitably leads to precision & delicacy 9 di/+ui%+ ! significance & =ce ( language4 ,:5 once a *ild appreciates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! accept+ ( :at he reads vaguely or me*anically & ! gett+ f x its full mean+1 he is eag] to h x all2 he f9ds delight 9 ! intellectual ex]cise ( se>*+ out ea* hidd5 sugge/ion & 9 ! s5se ( possession :i* belongs to a*iev+ ! ?\ght ( ! ma/]4 ,x is n to be expect$ t our pupils %all be able to receive 9 its full ri*ness ! deepe/ ?\ght ( ! poets1 b !y none ! less f9d delight 9 possess+ x to ! ext5t ( _! abilities4 ,! po9t is too obvi\s to ne$ expansion2 b e in/ructor w recognize its great importance4 ,obvi\s z is ?is importance ( ! s5se ( ! value ( words & a s5sitiv5ess to ^w-values1 x is n infrequ5tly ov]look$4 ,tea*]s see ! ne$ ( a k ( ! mean+ ( t]ms & phrases 9 a p>ticul> selection )\t /opp+ to ?9k ( ! prime value ( ! pr9ciple involv$1 or inde$ t a g5]al pr9ciple is involv$ at all4 ,/ill m (t5 !y fail to p]ceive all t logically foll[s4 ,9 exact1 vital realization ( ! full =ce ( language lies ! secret ( %>+ ! wisdom ( ! ages4 ,if /ud5ts c be tra9$ to p5etrate ?r\gh ! ^w ( ! pr9t$ page to ! ?\ght1 !y are br\ght into communication ) ! ma/]-m9ds ( ! race4 ,x is n le>n+ to read 9 ! common1 prim>y acceptation ( ! t]m t op5s = ! "y ! ?\ght ( ! race2 b le>n+ to read 9 ! high] & deep] s5se ( receiv+ ! ^w only z a symbol beh9d & beyond :i* ! ?\ght lies conceal$ f ! ord9>y & sup]ficial read]4 ,mo/ ( all is x ! bus9ess ( ! "y to le>n ab\t life4 ,:atev] does n t5d1 directly or indirectly1 to make ! *ild bett] acqua9t$ ) ! _w he has come into1 ) h[ he mu/ & h[ he %\ld be> himself "u its complex conditions1 is ( small value z f> z education goes4 ,( rules = conduct he is giv5 pl5ty z to matt]s ( morality & ( religion4 ,moral laws & religi\s precepts are good1 & c\ld !y accompli% all t is sometimes expect$ ( !m1 life w\ld quickly be a diff]5t matt]1 & tea*]s w\ld f9d !mselves liv+ 9 an e>?ly p>adise4 ,unhappily ^! excell5t maxims effect 9 actual life f> less ?an is to be desir$4 ,n infrequ5tly ! ur*9 :o has be5 /uff$ ) moral admonitions z a doll ) sawdu/ %[s 9 8 conduct no reg>d = !m o!r ?an a f9e zeal 9 scorn+ !m4 ,*ildr5 are seldom mu* affect$ by explicit directions 9 reg>d to conduct4 ,!y mu/ be rea*$ by indirection1 & !y are m\ld$ less by :at !y recognize z int5tionally wise views ( life ?an by ^? :i* !y receive unconsci\sly4 ,! m j ^! unrecogniz$ ideas ( !mselves & ( ! _w are1 ! great] is ! *ance t !y w develop a "* well balanc$ & well adju/$ to ! conditions ( human life4 ,*ildr5 live 9 a _w l>gely made up ( half-p]ceptions1 ( misund]/&+s1 & ( dreams2 a _w pa!tically full ( guesses4 ,!y mu/ dep5d l>gely ^u appe>ances1 & con/antly conf\nd :at seems ) :at really is4 ,!y le>n b sl[ly1 h[ev]1 to %ape _! beliefs or _! emotions by conv5tionality4 ,!y d n easily acquire ! vice ( accept+ %ams because "s au?ority has endors$ ^!4 ,all ( u are likely to h _h que]ly uncom=table mom5ts :5 we h f\nd ourselves conf\nd$ & reprov$ by ! unfl9*+ hone/y ( ! *ild2 & we h be5 =c$ to confess1 at lea/ to ourselves1 t mu* ( our admiration is m]e affectation1 _m ( our pr(essions unadult]at$ truckl+ to "s au?ority 9 :i* aft] all we h little real fai?4 ,*ildr5 are naturally too unsophi/icat$ = self-deception ( ?is sort4 ,!y conf\nd sub/ance & %ad[1 b !y d x 9 good fai? & ) no affectations4 ,!y are !re=e at ! place :]e !y mo/ ne$ s\nd & sure help to appreh5d & to compreh5d ^? ?+s :i* _! eld]s call ! realities ( life4 ,:at human nature & human life are l is le>n$ mo/ quickly & mo/ surely f ! be/ lit]ature4 ,! outw>d1 ! evid5t conditions ( society & ( humanity may p]haps be be/ obta9$ by *ildr5 f ! ev5ts ( e-day exi/5ce2 b 9 all t goes deep] ! wisdom ( great writ]s is ! sure/ guide4 ,on ! face ( x su* a proposition may n seem self-evid5t1 & to n a few tea*]s x is likely to appe> a little absurd4 ,*ildr51 x is evid5t1 le>n ! realities ( life by liv+4 ,!y p]ceive physical tru? by ! p]suasive =ce ( actual exp]i5ce3 by tumbl+ d[n & bump+ _! preci\s noses2 by unmi/akably impressive contact ) ! fi/ ( a pugnaci\s s*ool-fell[2 by be+ hungry or uncom=tably /uff$ ) ,?anksgiv+ turkey2 by heat & by cold1 by sweets or by s\rs1 by h>dness or by s(tness4 ,c]ta9ly ?r\gh su* means z ^! ! *ild ga9s k & develops m5tally2 b ! process is inevitably sl[4 ,mo/ ( all is ! gr[? 9 ! y\?ful m9d ( g5]al d$uctions & ! p]ception ( und]ly+ pr9ciples extremely gradual4 ,he does n le>n quickly en\gh t c]ta9 l9es ( conduct are likely to lead to un=tunate ends4 ,ev5 :5 ?is is grasp$1 he has n come to appreciate :at human laws und]lie ! :ole matt]2 nor is he 9 ! lea/ likely to realize !m s fully z to %ape by !m 8 conduct 9 ! /eadily m & m complicat$ affairs ( life4 ,! small boy le>ns ! wisdom ( mod]ation f ! /oma*-a*e :i* foll[s too mu* plum-pudd+ or too _m gre5 apples--if ! pa9 is (t5 en\gh repeat$4 ,! matt]1 h[ev]1 is apt to pres5t itself to 8 m9d z a sort ( tacit b>ga9 betwe5 himself & ,fate3 s _m gre5 apples1 s mu* /oma*-a*e2 s mu* self-indulg5ce & s mu* pa91 & ! acc\nt is balanc$4 ,life is n s simple z ?is2 & t ,fate does n make b>ga9s s direct is le>n$ f exp]i5ce s gradually z (t5 to be le>n$ too late4 ,to tell ?is to a *ild is ( v little effect2 = ev5 if he believes x ) 8 *ildi% intellig5ce1 he c h>dly feel ! intimate l9ks :i* b9d all humanity toge!r1 & make him subject to ! same conditions t rule 8 eld]s & in/ructors4 ,! phrase realities ( life1 moreov]1 includes n only s5sible--t is1 mat]ial--facts & conditions1 b ! m subtle ?+s ( inn] exi/5ce4 ,a hundr$ p]sons are able to ga!r facts1 :ile v few are capable ( draw+ f !m adequate conclusions or ( p]ceiv+ h[ "o tru? be>s ^u ano!r4 ,a v mod]ate degree ( intellig5ce is requir$ = analysis z comp>$ to t necess>y = syn!sis4 ,! p[] to put two & two toge!r1 z ! common phrase has x1 gr[s sl[ly 9 ! m9d ( a *ild4 ,)9 a limit$ range *ildr5 appreciate t "o fact is someh[ jo9$ to ano!r2 & inde$ ! education :i* life gives consi/s *iefly 9 exp&+ ?is p]ception4 ,! connection betwe5 t\*+ a hot coal & be+ burn$ br+s home ! pla9 physical relations e>ly4 ,! connection betwe5 disob$i5ce & unpleasant consequ5ces w be borne 9 ^u ! y\?ful consci\sness accord+ to ! %>pness ( discipl9e by :i* x is en=c$2 & s on to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,to p]ceive a relation & to appreciate :at t relation is are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t matt]s4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! nature ( break+ rules & suff]+ 9 consequ5ce involves a p]ception ( und]ly+ pr9ciple1 & "s compreh5sion ( ! real nature ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,! "p :i* lit]ature may play 9 giv+ *ildr51 & = t matt] _! eld]s1 a vivid p]ception ( moral laws is %[n by ! use :i* has be5 made ( fables & moral tales4 ,! p>ables ( ,scripture illu/rate ! po9t4 ,( ! habit ( mak+ lit]ature directly a vehicle = moral in/ruction by ! draw+ ( morals ,i %all h some?+ to say lat]2 b ! ext5t to :i* ?is has be5 done at lea/ s]ves "h to make cle>] :at we mean by say+ t 9 ?is /udy ! *ild le>ns g5]al pr9ciples & _! relation4 ,! small *ild1 = in/ance1 :o is told 9 t5d] ye>s t +5i\sly virtu\s fable :i* relates ! h]oic do+s ( little ,george ,wa%+ton & 8 immortal hat*et1 gets "s idea ( a connection betwe5 virtue & joy 9 ! ab/ract4 ,a notion fa9t1 b none ! less g5u9e1 rema9s 9 8 m9d t "s real connection exi/s betwe5 tru? & desirability2 & ! same sort ( ?+ holds true 9 cases :]e ! tea*+ is less directly didactic4 ,! directly didactic is likely to be mo/ 9 evid5ce 9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr51 & s af=ds conv5i5t illu/ration ( ! illum9at+ effect ( lit]ature on "y m9ds4 ,despite ! fact t ,i disbelieve 9 read+ into any tale or poem a moral :i* is n expressly put !re by ! au?or1 & t ,i hold m /rongly yet to ! belief t ! mo/ m>k$ & mo/ la/+ effects ( imag9ative "w are indirect1 ,i am n )\t a p]ception ( ! value at a c]ta9 /age ( human developm5t ( ! direct moral ( ! fable & ! improv+ tale4 ,a small lad ( t5 )9 ! range ( my obs]vation1 ^u :om _h be5 lavi%$ an abundance1 & p]haps ev5 a sup]abundance1 ( moral precept1 a/oni%$ & disconc]t$ 8 "m by rem>k+ ) delightful navet t he _h at s*ool be5 read+ ,! ,little ,m]*ant1 9 ,miss ,edgewor?'s ,p>5ts' ,assi/ant1 & t f x he _h le>n$ h[ mean & fooli% x is to lie4 ,b1 my de> boy1 ! "m cri$ 9 dismay1 ,i've be5 tell+ y t ev] s9ce y 7 born6 ,oh1 well1 respond$ ! lad1 ) ! unconsci\sly brutal frankness ( 8 ye>s1 b t nev] int]e/$ me4 ,! obvi\s moral tea*+ t _h made no impression :5 (f]$ z a b>e precept _h be5 effective to him :5 pres5t$ z an appeal to 8 feel+4 ,?r\gh imag9ative lit]ature ab/ract tru?s are made to h = ! *ild a reality :i* is giv5 to !m by ! exp]i5ces ( daily life only by ! sl[e/ ( degrees4 ,*ildr5 r>ely g5]alize1 except 9 matt]s ( p]sonal feel+ & 9 ! regions ( g5]al misappreh5sion4 ,a *ild easily receives ! fact ( ! mom5t = a tru? ( all "t3 if he is mis]able1 = in/ance1 he is v apt to feel t he mu/ always be 9 t doleful condition2 b ?is is 9 no real s5se a g5]alization4 ,x is m ?an half self-deception4 ,any *ild1 h[ev]1 :o has be5 ?rill$ by a s+le l9e ( imag9ative poetry has--ev5 if unconsci\sly--come into direct t\* ) a wide & humanly univ]sal tru?4 ,especially & ess5tially is ?is to be said ( tru? :i* has to d ) human feel+1 ! univ]sal tru? ( ! emotions4 ,! man or ! woman into :om ! s*ool-boy or girl is to gr[ w 9 %ap+ life be guid$ *iefly by ! feel+s4 ,:e!r ! ord9>y mortal lives well or ill1 basely or nobly1 dully or vividly1 is practically det]m9$ by :at he feels4 ,h[ev] mu* ! convictions h to d 9 ord]+ conduct1 feel+ has m1 & conviction itself is ) mo/ mortals insep>ably b\nd up ) ! emotions4 ,! highe/ (fice ( education is to develop ! emotions highly & nobly2 & x is no less ess5tial to ! intellectual ?an to ! moral well-be+ ( ! *ild t he be br$ to feel z deeply & z :olesomely z possible4 ,e tea*] kn[s t 9 deal+ ) *ildr5 ! ultimate appeal is to _! feel+s4 ,if a crisis arises 9 s*ool-life x is to ! emotions t ! matt] is inevitably ref]r$1 :e!r ! in/ructor likes ?is or n1 & :e!r ! appeal is made op5ly or is indirect & tacit4 ,tea*+ mu/ deal ) ! s5tim5ts z well z ) ! und]/&+4 ,t no o!r means ( tra9+ & prop]ly develop+ ! feel+s ( y\? is s effici5t z lit]ature seems to me a proposition too self-evid5t to ne$ fur!r comm5t4 ,en?usiasm is s closely connect$ ) ! cultivation & tra9+ ( ! emotions t x is n easy to draw a l9e betwe5 !m4 ,:ile !re is c]ta9ly no ne$ to enl>ge "h ^u ! wor? ( en?usiasm 9 education or 9 life1 or ^u lit]ature z a means ( ar\s+ x1 x is wor? :ile to emphasize ! ext5t to :i* ! m9d ( y\? may be affect$ by en?usiasm4 ,! effects are naturally (t5 s indirect or intangible z n to be easily measur$1 b (t51 too1 !y are direct & practical4 ,"s ye>s ago 9 a c\ntry s*ool 9 ea/]n ,ma9e 0 /ill p>am\nt ! old-"t ,gre5leaf's ,ari?metic :i* we eld]s rememb] ) mix$ feel+s4 ,! law ( education 9 ^? days1 :5 *ildr5 7 /ill expect$ to d ?+s :i* 7 mapp$ out = !m & to foll[ a c\rse ( /udy :e!r x *anc$ to please _! individual fancy or n1 en=c$ ! ma/]+ ( ev]y?+ 9 ! text-book1 ev5 to sundry weird processes ) que] names su* z ,alligation ,alt]nate & ! l4 ,! tea*] ( ?is p>ticul> s*ool1 a plucky morsel ( ,new ,engl& womanhood1 n mu* bigg] ?an a *ickadee1 set h]self resolutely to c>ry ?r\gh ! ari?metic a class ( f>m] lads1 bett] at ! pl[ ?an 9 ma!matics4 ,:at happ5$ %e told me tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 & ,i am /ill able to call up ! vision ( ! air half ( defiance1 half ( amusem5t ) :i* %e said3 ,! boys 7 9 a p]fectly hopeless muddle4 ,i _h expla9$ & expla9$1 until ,i wi%$ ,i c\ld ei!r cry l a woman or be a man & swe>6 ,! ?ird day ,i _h an inspiration4 ,9 ! v middle ( ! recitation1 ,i told !m to %ut up _! books1 & ,i clean$ e m>k ( ! lesson (f ( ! blackbo>d4 ,!n )\t a ^w ( explanation ,i began to tell !m a little ab\t ! pamphlet ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh wrote ab\t ! ',rev5ge2' & !n ,i began to recite ,t5nyson's ballad--:i* 0 new !n4 ,i 0 wr\ght up to ! v top-not* anyway1 & ,i j gave t ballad = all !re 0 9 me4 ,!y 7 daz$ a m9ute1 & !n !y prick$ up _! e>s1 _! eyes began to %9e1 & ,i _h !m4 ,we k9dl$ ea* o!r1 & by ! "t ,i got ?r\gh ! te>s 7 runn+ d[n my *eeks = simple excitem5t4 ,:5 ,i got to ! end1 y c\ld j feel ! hu%4 ,!n ,i told !m to g outdoors & sn[-ball = t5 m9utes1 & !n to come 9 & conqu] t lesson4 ,!y 7 great1 r\gh f>m] boys1 y und]/&2 b ! mom5t !y 7 outside1 !y gave a *e]1 j to express ?+s !y c\ldn't h put into words4 ,:5 !y came 9 !y 7 alive to ! ends ( _! f+]s1 & we w5t ov] t old ,alligation ) a p]fect ru%4 ,?is sort ( ?+ w\ld n be possible any:]e outside ( ! old-fa%ion$ c\ntry s*ool1 b x is a capital illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* poetry may /ir ! en?usiasm4 ,m valuable /ill1 because at once deep] & mo/ la/+1 is ! effect ( lit]ature 9 n\ri%+ imag9ation4 ,! real progress :i* *ildr5 make 9 education--! assimilation ( ! k :i* !y receive--dep5ds l>gely ^u ?is p[]4 ,9 _m bran*es ( /udy ?is is easily evid5t4 ,:at a *ild actually kn[s ( geography or ( hi/ory obvi\sly dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* 8 m9d is able to make real places or ev5ts remote 9 space or 9 "t4 ,! same is true ( ^? /udies :]e ! fact is n s evid5t2 & x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! advance ( any /ud5t 9 high] education is measur$ by ! developm5t ( 8 imag9ation4 ,! tea*] ( lit]ature 9 ! second>y s*ools1 !n1 is to consid] t al?\gh 8 "w is prim>ily done z a "p ( ! s*ool requirem5t1 he ne$ n be )\t "s cle> & delib]ate int5tion 9 reg>d to ! p]man5t effect ^u ! education & s ^u ! "* ( ! pupil4 ,he may treat ! gett+ ( 8 *>ges ?r\gh ! exam9ations z a purely second>y matt]2 a matt]1 moreov]1 :i* is practically sure to be accompli%$ if ! great] & bett] purposes ( ! /udy h be5 secur$4 ,besides a g5]al k ( lit]>y hi/ory1 ! /ud5t %\ld ga9 f 8 tra9+ 9 ! second>y s*ool a vivid s5se ( ! importance & value ( words2 an appreciation ( ^w-values z %[n 9 actual use by ! ma/]s2 %\ld increase 9 k ( life1 & z x 7 ga9 exp]i5ce vic>i\sly1 s z to advance 9 p]ception ( intellectual & moral values2 %\ld be advanc$ 9 ! control ( ! feel+s2 9 en?usiasm2 & 9 ! developm5t ( t noble/ ( faculties1 ! imag9ation4 ,,iii ,,"s ,,difficulties ,to deal cle>ly ) ! "w ( tea*+1 x is fir/ ( all ess5tial to deal frankly4 ,9 ord] t sugge/ions 9 reg>d to in/ruction 9 lit]ature may be ( practical value1 we mu/ be entirely hone/ 9 admitt+ & 9 fac+ :atev] difficulties lie 9 ! way & :atev] limitations are impos$ by ! conditions "u :i* ! "w is done4 ,z ?+s are at pres5t arrang$1 an in/ructor1 x seems n unju/ to say1 mu/ decide h[ f> he is able to m+le g5u9e education ) ! r\t9e "w :i* ! sy/em imposes ^u him4 ,if he has n ! p[] to settle ?is "q1 or if he is lack+ 9 ! disposition to propose ! "q to himself1 8 labor is inevitably conf9$ *iefly to r\t9e4 ,8 /ud5ts are turn$ out exam9ation-p]fect1 x may be1 b ) m9ds z fatally cramp$ & *eck$ z ! feet ( a ,*9ese lady4 ,if lit]ature has a high & important function 9 education1 ! tea*] mu/ consid] deeply bo? :at t function is & h[ he is be/ to develop x4 ,! failure on ! "p ( in/ructors to d ?is makes mu* ( ! "w done 9 ! second>y grades s me*anical z to be ( ! smalle/ possible use s f> z ! expansion ( ! m9d & ( ! "* ( *ildr5 is conc]n$4 ,= a pupil 9 ! l[] grades ! fir/ purpose ( any & ( all s*ool-"w %\ld be to tea* him to use 8 m9d1--to ?9k4 ,! actual acquirem5t ( facts is ( importance really slight z comp>$ to ! value ( ?is4 ,if at twelve he kn[s h[ to read & to write1 is s\nd on ! multiplication-table1 is famili> ) ! outl9es ( gramm> & ! broade/ divisions ( geography1 yet is accu/om$ to ?9k = himself 9 reg>d to ! facts :i* he p]ceives f life or receives f books1 he may be reg>d$ z admirably well on 9 ! education :i* he is to ga9 f ! s*ools4 ,inde$1 if he h le>n$ to ?9k1 he is excell5tly />t$ ev5 if he h accompli%$ no?+ fur!r ?an simply to read & to write4 ,9 ^! ye>s ( *ild-life ! /udy ( lit]ature c legitimately h b two objects3 x may & %\ld m9i/] to ! delight ( y\?1 t s ! ta/e = good books be fo/]$ & z x 7 inbr$2 & x %\ld n\ri% ! p[] ( ?9k+4 ,:atev] is beyond ?is has no place 9 ! l[] grades1 & p]sonally ,i am entirely free to say t mu* t is n[ call$ ! /udy ( lit]ature is ! sort ( elaborate "w :i* belongs 9 ! college or n[h]e4 ,few /ud5ts are qualifi$ to /udy--z ! t]m is commonly int]pret$--lit]ature until !y are advanc$ fur!r ?an ! boys & girls admitt$ to our high s*ools2 fur!r1 inde$1 ?an _m :o are all[$ to ent] ! univ]sities4 ,! great majority ( ^? :o gr9d labori\sly ?r\gh ! college entrance requirem5ts 9 ,engli% are utt]ly unequal to ! "w & get f x little ( value & a good deal ( h>m4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 ! l[] grades1 & usually all t c ) pr(it be attempt$ 9 ! second>y s*ools any:]e1 is to cultivate 9 ! *ildr5 a love ( lit]ature & "s appreciation ( x3 appreciation intellig5t1 ,i mean1 b n analytic4 ,i w\ld h ! second>y s*ools d little ) ! hi/ory ( au?ors1 less ) ! criticism ( /yle1 & h no m explanation ( difficulties ( language & ( /ructure ?an is necess>y = ! /ud5t's enjoym5t4 ,9 a "t :5 ! draughts made by daily life ^u ! att5tion ( ! "y are s trem5d\s1 :5 ! pressure ( ! m imm$iately practical bran*es ( in/ruction is s great1 to add drudg]y 9 connection ) lit]ature seems to me completely futile & d\bly wrong4 ,! supreme te/ ( success 9 :atev] "w 9 lit]ature is done 9 s*ools ( ! second>y grades %\ld be1 accord+ to my conviction1 :e!r x has giv5 delight1 has fo/]$ a love ( :atev] is be/ 9 imag9ative writ+s & 9 life4 ,! natural abilities ( *ildr5 diff] widely1 & p]haps m diff]5ce /ill is made by ! home influ5ces 9 :i* !y pass _! e>lie/ ye>s4 ,:at %\ld be done 9 ! nurs]y c nev] be fully made up 9 ! s*ool1 & :at %\ld be brea!d 9 f an atmosph]e ( cultivation c nev] be imp>t$ by in/ruction4 ,x is manife/ly impossible to int]e/ all 9 ! arti/ic side ( life to ! same ext5t1 j z x is idle to hope to tea* all to draw ) equal skill4 ,?is does n alt] ! direction ( ef=t4 ,! tea*] mu/ recognize & accept natural limitations1 b n on t acc\nt be satisfi$ ) aim+ at less admirable results4 ,:atev] are ! conditions1 x is possible to d some?+ to fo/] a love ( :at is really good 9 lit]ature1 & to avoid ! sub/itution ( =mal drill 9 ! hi/ory ( au?ors1 ! /udy ( conundrums conc]n+ ! s\rces ( plots1 ! mean+ ( obsolete words1 & l p$antic p$agogics1 = ! fri5dly & vital /udy ( :at %\ld be a w>m1 live topic4 ,if "y folk c be made really to c>e = good books1 n only is sub/antial & la/+ good ga9$1 b mo/ t is n[ attempt$ is m surely secur$4 ,william ,blake decl>es t ! tru? c nev] be told s z to be und]/ood & n be believ$4 ,9 ! same way x may be said t if *ildr5 c be tra9$ to recognize ! *>act]i/ics ( good lit]ature1 !y are sure1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 at lea/1 to c>e = x4 ,?is is ! "w :i* prop]ly belongs to ! second>y s*ools2 & x is q z mu* z !y c be expect$ to d ev5 up to ! close ( ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,i am p]sonally unable to see :at good is accompli%$ by tak+ any body ( s*ool-*ildr5 t ev] came "u my own obs]vation1--& ! "q mu/ be judg$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce1--& drill+ !m 9 su* matt]s z ! foll[+4 ,i h tak5 ^! notes almo/ at r&om f approv$ s*ool editions ( ! classics1 & !y seem to me to be fairly repres5tative4 ,"s /rik+ resemblances 9 ! incantation sc5es 9 ,macbe? & ,middleton's ,wit* h l$ to a some:at g5]ally accept$ belief t ,?omas ,middleton 0 answ]able = ! alleg$ un-,%akespe>ean portions ( ,macbe?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,%akespe>e's indebt$ness 9 ,midsumm]'s ,night's ,dream to ,il ,p]cone admits ( no dispute4 ,! incid5t ( a ,jew :ett+ 8 knife l ,%ylock occurs 9 a ,lat9 play1 ,ma*iavellus1 p]=m$ at ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 at ,*ri/mas1 #aeig4 ,! op5+ note 9 a popul> edition ( ,silas ,m>n] is a comm5t ^u ?is passage3 ,! que/ionable s\nd ( ,silas's loom1 s unlike ! natural1 *e]ful trott+ ( ! w9n[+-ma*9e1 or ! simple rhy?m ( ! flail1 _h a half-fe>ful fasc9ation = ! ,raveloe boys4 ,! note reads z foll[s3 ,! h&-loom1 once f\nd 9 e village & hamlet1 0 controll$ by ! action ( ! feet on ! treadles1 & work$ by ! h&s4 ,a figure repres5t+ ! p>ts may be f\nd 9 ,johnson's ,cyclopdia4 ,! long] article on ,weav+ 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica may also be consult$4 ,! rattle ( ! loom 0 9 direct contra/ to ! *e]ful trott+ ( ! w9n[+-ma*9e--an old-fa%ion$ h&-ma*9e = sep>at+ ! *aff f ! gra9 by means ( w9d produc$ by revolv+ fans4 ,! flail1 /ill 9 common use = ?re%+ gra9 by h&1 consi/s ( a wood5 /aff or h&le1 hung on a club call$ a swiple1 s z to turn easily4 ,if ! end ( ! /udy ( fiction is ! acquirem5t ( dry facts1 ?is note may pass4 ,i h purposely select$ an example :i* is n worse ?an ! av]age1 & :i* may p]haps be suppos$ to h an excuse 9 ! consid]ation t s _m read]s may be ignorant ( all ! contrivances m5tion$2 b c any p]son ) a s5se ( humor suppose t a real boy is to get any prop] enjoym5t out ( a /ory :5 he is at ! outset ask$ to consult a c\ple ( cyclopdias1 & is int]rupt$ 9 8 read+ by comm5ts ( ?is sort8 ,! real po9t ( ! passage1 moreov]1--! lit]>y significance1--! fact t ! boys ( ,raveloe he>d ! w9n[+-ma*9e & ?re%+-flail daily1 & s 7 attract$ by ! novelty ( ,m>n]'s weav+1 ) ! use ( ?is by ,george ,eliot to emphasize ! weav]'s isolation 9 ! neighborhood1 is left utt]ly unnotic$4 ,7 x wor? :ile1 ,i c\ld give f text-books 9 g5]al use examples m unsatisfactory ?an ^!2 b ?is is a fair sample ( ! ?+s :i* are adm9i/]$ to pupils 9 ! "n ( lit]>y /udy4 ,! /ud5ts are n int]e/$ 9 ^! details2 & ,i am incl9$ to believe t mo/ ( ! tea*]s :o mi/ak5ly feel oblig$ to drill classes 9 !m c\ld n hone/ly say t !y !mselves c>e a fig = su* b>r5 facts4 ,x is no wond] t out ( ! s*ool c\rse "y folk s (t5 get ! notion t lit]ature is dull4 ,9 a rec5t entrance pap] a boy wrote z foll[s3 ,i c\ld nev] und]/& :y s mu* "t has to be giv5 9 s*ool to old books j because !y h be5 kn[n a long "t4 ,x w\ld be bett] if we c\ld h giv5 ! "t to some?+ useful4 ,he said :at _m boys feel1 & :at n a few ( !m h ?\ght out frankly to !mselves1 al?\gh p]haps few w\ld express x s squ>ely4 ,if ! /udy ( lit]ature means no m ?an is repres5t$ by "w on notes & ! hi/ory ( books & au?ors1 ,i mo/ fully agree ) him4 ,"s ( ! books at pres5t includ$ 9 ! college entrance requirem5t1 x mu/ be add$1 l5d !mselves too mu* to un9tellig5t p$antry4 ,und\bt$ly mu* ?\ght has be5 giv5 to ! selection1 al?\gh p]haps less sympa!tic consid]ation ( *ild nature4 ,! result is n 9 all cases satisfactory4 ,to fo/] a ta/e = poetry a tea*] may1 x is true1 d mu* ) ,julius ,cs>1 b ,i h yet to see ! class ( und]graduates ) :i* ,i %\ld p]sonally hope to ar\se en?usiasm ) ,l',allegro1 ,il ,p5s]oso1 ,lycidas1 or ,comus4 ,i may be simply confess+ my own limitations1 b ,i %\ld ?9k all ( ^! poems1 magnific5t 9 !mselves1 h>dly fitt$ = ! boys & girls :o are f\nd 9 our public s*ools4 ,i h extract$ f m ?an "o tea*] a confession ( entire inability to take pleasure 9 ! ,milton :i* !y assure _! pupils is beautiful2 & :ile ?is is an arraignm5t ( in/ructors r ?an ( ! works1 x is significant ( ! attitude ! hone/ m9ds ( *ildr5 are likely to take4 ,by way ( mak+ ?+s worse1 s*ol>s are drill$ 9 ,macaulay's ,milton4#ce3a ,! inclusion ( ?is essay1 ! product ( ! au?or's 'pr5tice h&1 is mo/ lam5table4 ,! phili/9ism ( ,macaulay is "h rampant2 & ! "o ?+ :i* /ud5ts are sure to get f ! essay is ! conception t poetry is ! product ( b>b>ism1 to be outgr[n & ca/ aside :5 civilization is suffici5tly advanc$4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 entrance exam9ations & 9 second-ye> notebooks1 ,i h f\nd ?is idea express$4 ,x is n only ! "o ?+ :i* survives out ( ! essay1 b is (t5 ! "o conviction 9 reg>d to lit]ature :i* has surviv$ exam9ations z ! result ( ! /udy ( ! entire entrance requirem5t4 ,9 ! entrance pap] ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology = la/ ye> 7#aije71 ,i _h put a "q 9 reg>d to ! diff]5ce betwe5 poetry & prose4 ,f ! replies ,i h tak5 a few ( ! _m e*oes f ! /udy ( ! ,milton4 ,macaulay claims t ! unciviliz$ alone c>e = poetry4 ,i agree ) ,macaulay t prose is ! product ( civilization1 4 4 4 :ile poetry 0 ! way ! anci5ts express$ !mselves4 ,poetry is n be+ writt5 ne>ly s mu* n[ z 9 ! ,d>k ,ages1 simply because m5 are le>n+ to treat subjects 9 classes4 ,macaulay says t ! writ] ( a great poem mu/ h a c]ta9 uns\ndness ( m9d1 & ,c>lyle makes ! /atem5t t to be a great poet a man mu/ fir/ be z a little *ild4 ,if ^! op9ions are j1 "o w\ld ?9k poetry c\ld n be reg>d$ z ( a quality equal to prose works4 ,poetry came fir/ 9 ! lapse ( "t1 & z p grew m civiliz$1 z _! education grew high]1 !y wrote 9 prose4 ,obvi\sly ^! extracts h>dly d ju/ice to ! views ( ,macaulay1 b x is evid5tly absurd to try to int]e/ pupils 9 poetry :5 !y are gett+ f "o ( ! works select$ = c>eful /udy ! idea t ! poet is a semi-madman practic+ "o ( ! habits ( a half-civiliz$ race6#cf3a ,=tunately mu* ( ! read+ is bett]1 al?\gh 9 effect ! books are sometimes limit$ by ! difficulty ( keep+ ! int]e/ ( *ildr5 up = ! long poem4 ,! inclusion 9 ! li/ ( ,ela9e & ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake ( c\rse presupposes on ! "p ( ! pupil famili>ity 9 ! l[] grades ) lyrics & brief n>rative poems2 & 9 _m cases ?is may be suffici5t4 ,mo/ pupils w be sure to c>e = ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 _m = ,! ,pr9cess2 & any :olesome boy1 ) ord9>y intellig5ce1 %\ld be int]e/$ 9 ,ivanhoe & ,macbe?4 ,z ?+s /&1 h[ev]1 ! tea*] is =c$ to deal l>gely ) books :i* almo/ compel =mal & p$antic treatm5t4 ,burke's ,spee* on ,conciliation1 admirable z x is 9 its place & way1 w h>dly give to a "y /ud5t an insight into lit]ature or a ta/e = imag9ative "w4 ,! normal1 av]age lad is likely1 x seems to me1 to be bor$ by ,silas ,m>n]1 or at lea/ v mildly int]e/$2 & ,i confess frankly my inability to und]/& h[ y\?ful en?usiasm is to be ar\s$ or m ?an y\?ful tol]ance secur$ = ,irv+'s ,life ( ,goldsmi? or ,macaulay's ,life ( ,johnson4 ,pl5ty ( pupils are docile en\gh to all[ !mselves to be l$ placidly ?r\gh ^! works1 & inde$ to submit to any volume impos$ by s*ool regulations2 b :at ! tea*] is endeavor+ to d is to conv9ce ! "y read]s t books entitl$ to ! "n lit]ature are really ( m wor? & int]e/ ?an ! newspap]1 ! detective /ory1 ! s5sational novel1 or ! dime-!atre song4 ,x is p]haps n possible to f9d among ! ,engli% ,classics works well adapt$ to su* use1--al?\gh ,i refuse to believe x1--b ,i d at lea/ feel t ! pres5t entrance-requirem5t li/ does n l5d itself readily1 to say ! lea/1 to ! task ( ! tea*] :o aims at develop+ an intellig5t & lov+ appreciation ( lit]ature4 ,! li/ ( ob/acles :i* beset ! way ( a tea*] ( lit]ature might easily be l5g!n$2 b ^! seem *ief4 ,!y are disc\rag+2 b !y exi/4 ,!y mu/ be fac$ & ov]come1 & no?+ is ga9$ by ignor+ !m4 ,! successful tea*]1 l ! successful g5]al1 is he :o mo/ cle>ly exam9es difficulties1 & be/ succe$s 9 devis+ means by :i* !y may be vanqui%$4 ,,footnotes3 #ce3a ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ?is essay has be5 remov$ f ! li/1 b ! effects ( x are /ill ) u1 z x 0 us$ = all classes ent]+ college be=e #aijf4 ,i leave ?is comm5t1 h[ev]1 because ( its important be>+ on a po9t :i* ,i wi% to br+ up lat]4 #cf3a ,see page #bab4 ,,iv ,,o!r ,,ob/acles ,! difficulties set d[n 9 ! la/ *apt] exi/ 9 ! conditions "u :i* tea*]s mu/ "w4 ,!y %\ld be recogniz$1 to ! end t !y may be z f> z possible ov]come4 ,!y c be done away ) only by ! sl[ & gradual *ang+ ( public op9ion & ! re-=m+ ( p$agogic intellig5ce4 ,= ! pres5t !y are to be reckon$ ) z inevitable limitations4 ,ano!r class ( ob/acles to ! ideal result ( ! tea*+ ( lit]ature exi/s l>gely 9 ! application ( ! mod]n sy/em or 9 ! me?od ( ! individual tea*]4 ,^! may to a great ext5t be done away ) by a prop] und]/&+ ( conditions1 a j e/imate ( :at may be accompli%$1 & a wise *oice ( ! means ( do+ ?is4 ,tea*]s mu/ take ?+s z !y f9d !m1 b ! ultimate result ( "w dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u h[ !y take !m4 ,if !y mu/ (t5 accept un=tunate conditions1 !y may at lea/ r$uce to a m9imum :atev] is uneffective 9 _! own me?od4 ,! mo/ s]i\s defects :i* dep5d l>gely ^u individual tea*+ are f\r4 ,! fir/ is ! dang]1 already allud$ to1 ( tea*+ *ildr5 ab\t lit]ature2 ! second is t ( mak+ too great a dem& ^u ! *ild2 ! ?ird is ! common habit ( endeavor+ to rea* ! en?usiasm ( ! pupil ?r\gh ! reason1 in/ead ( aim+ at ! reason ?r\gh ! en?usiasm2 & ! f\r? is--to speak boldly--! possible incapacity ( ! tea*] = ?is p>ticul> "w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! mo/ widespread4 ,x is s natural to br+ =w>d facts conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( writ]s & ( books1 x is inde$ s impossible to avoid ?is entirely2 to induce /ud5ts to repeat glibly :at "s critic has writt5 ab\t au?ors & _! works is s easy1 t ?is ins5sibly & almo/ inevitably t5ds to make up ! bulk ( in/ruction4 ,e incompet5t tea*] takes refuge 9 su* =mal drill4 ,! hi/ory ( lit]ature is concrete2 x is easily tabulat$2 & x is naturally accept$ by *ildr5 z be+ exactly 9 l9e ) ! "w :i* prop]ly belongs to o!r /udies ) :i* !y are acqua9t$4 ,if a *ild is set to treat lit]ature j z he has treat$ hi/ory or ma!matics1 ! process w appeal to him z logical & easily to be ma/]$4 ,he w f9d no incongruity 9 apply+ ! same me?od to ,macbe? & to ! li/ ( ,presid5ts or to ! multiplication-table2 & h[ev] well or ill he succe$ 9 memoriz+ :at is giv5 him1 he w feel ! ease ( work+ 9 accu/om$ l9es4 ,names & dates may be le>n$ by rote1 old entrance-pap] que/ions are tangible ?+s1 & ?us exam9ations come to mean annual (f]+s ( *ildi% bra9s4 ,to tea* lit]ature requires sympa?y & imag9ation3 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature requires only p]sev]ance4 ,mu* t 9 s*ool reports is set d[n z ! /udy ( ma/]pieces is 9 reality only a mixture ( c\rses 9 biography & hi/ory1 m or less spic$ ) gossip4 ,! second dang]1 t ( mak+ too great a dem& ^u ! *ild1 is "o :i*1 to "s ext5t1 besets all s*ool "w to-day1 b :i* seems to be especially great & especially disa/r\s 9 ! case ( ! /udy we are consid]+4 ,(t5 ! nature ( ! que/ions ask$ %[s "o =m ( ?is dem& 9 a way t is no?+ less ?an prepo/]\s4 ,*ildr5 9 second>y s*ools are requir$ to h orig9al ideas 9 reg>d to ! "* ( ,lady ,macbe?2 to def9e ! work+s ( ! m9d ( ,%ylock2 to produce p]sonal op9ions 9 ! discussion ( ! madness ( ,hamlet4 ,*ildr5 ^: highe/ acquirem5ts 9 ,engli% composition d n & _c rea* beyond ! pla9e/ expository /atem5t ( simple facts & ideas1 are coolly reque/$ to discrim9ate betwe5 ! /yle ( ,il ,p5s]oso & t ( ,l',allegro1 & to %[ h[ ea* is adapt$ to ! purpose ( ! poet4 ,if !y 7 all[$ to write f ! po9t ( view ( a *ild1 ! matt] w\ld be bad en\gh2 b no tea*] :o sets su* a task w\ld be satisfi$ ) any?+ prop]ly belong+ to ! *ild-m9d4 ,x is probably safe to be tol]ably c]ta9 t no tea*] ev] gave out ?is sort ( a "q :o c\ld )\t cribb+ f ! critics p]=m satisfactorily ! task laid ^u ! un=tunate *ildr54 ,i h be=e me a pamphlet entitl$ ,sugge/ions = ,tea*]s ( ,engli% ,classics 9 ! ,high ,s*ools4 ,x is n a graci\s task to f9d fault ) a fell[ work] & a fell[ writ] 9 ! same l9e 9 :i* ,i am myself (f]+ sugge/ions1 & ,i !re=e simply put x to ! common s5se ( tea*]s :at ! effect ^u ! av]age high s*ool pupil w\ld be if he 7 confront$ ) que/ions su* z are includ$ 9 ! propos$ outl9e = ! /udy ( ,evangel9e4 ,! au?or ( ! pamphlet directs t ^! po9ts are to be us$ aft] "s p[] ( analysis has be5 develop$4 ,! language4 ,relative proportion ( ,engli% & ,lat94 ,ar*aic elem5t1 proportion & use4 ,weight ( ! /yle2 pres5tative & symbolic words4 ,emotional elem5t2 exp]im5tal significance ( t]ms4 ,picture-elem5t2 prevail+ "* ( figures ( spee*4 ,! /ructure4 ,grammatical4 ,poetic uses ( words2 ar*aisms1 poetic =ms4 ,poetic uses ( p>ts ( spee*1 p>se4#db3a ,poetic con/ructions & inv]sions1 analyze4 ,metrical4 ,numb] & "* ( metrical feet4 ,acc5t & quantity1 ! spondee4 ,scan select$ l9es1 comp>e ) classic hexamet]4 ,comp>e hexamet] ) o!r v]se-=ms4 ,"* ( rhyme1 comp>e ) o!r poems4 ,pres5ce & use ( allit]ation4 ,musical4 ,exam9e = lightness & spe$2 tro*ee1 dactyl1 polysyllables4 ,exam9e = dignity2 iambus1 monosyllables4 ,numb] ( syllables 9 individual l9es4 ,"* ( consonants2 /opp$1 un/opp$1 voic$4 ,"* ( v[els2 back1 front1 r\nd1 h>%4 ,correspond5ce ( s\nd to s5se4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 & p]haps some:at humiliat+1 = ea* "o ( u :o are tea*]s to take a li/ ( ! que/ions we h set = exam9ations 9 lit]ature & ) p]fect hone/y tell ourselves h[ _m ( !m we c\ld ourselves answ] ) any orig9ality1 & h[ _m x is fair to suppose t our /ud5ts c\ld write ab\t ) any ideas except ^? ga!r$ f tea*] or text-book4 ,) ! pressure ( a d\btful sy/em & ( un9tellig5t cu/om always ^u u1 few ( u1 x is to be fe>$1 w\ld escape )\t a sore consci5ce4 ,:5 ,i speak ( a s*ool-boy or a s*ool-girl z writ+ ) orig9ality1 ,i d n mean any?+ pr(\nd4 ,i am n s delud$ z to suppose ?is orig9ality w take ! =m ( />tl+ly novel discov]ies 9 reg>d to ! significance ( "w or ! int5tion ( au?ors4 ,i only mean t :at ! boy or girl writes %all be writt5 because he or %e really ?9ks x1 & t ea* idea1 no matt] if x be obvi\s & crude1 %all h "s trace ( individuality :i* w indicate t x has pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d ( ! p>ticul> pupil :o expresses x4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 is :at %\ld *iefly conc]n ! mak] ( exam9ation-pap]s4 ,he %\ld especially aim at giv+ /ud5ts an opportunity ( %[+ p]sonal op9ions & convictions4 ,no "o :o has look$ ov] files ( exam9ation-pap]s is likely to d5y t we are mo/ ( u likely to be betray$ into ask+ ( our classes absurd ?+s 9 ! l9e ( criticism4 ,x is all v well to rememb] ! scriptural phrase ab\t ! high "* ( "s ( ! utt]ances ( babes & suckl+s2 b ?is is h>dly suffici5t w>rant = insi/+ t our s*ool-*ildr5 %all babble 9 philosophy & *att] 9 criticism4 ,! hone/ tru? is t we are con/antly dem&+ ( pupils ?+s t we c\ld = ! mo/ "p d b v poorly ourselves4 ,! un=tunate y\ng/]s :o %\ld be solac+ !mselves ) fairy-tales or ) /ories ( adv5ture z _! ta/e happ5s to be1 are be+ dragg$ ?r\gh ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1--an exquisite book1 :i* ,i d\bt if "o p]son 9 fifty c read to-day ) prop] appreciation & delight until he is at lea/ tw5ty-five4 ,!y are be+ ask$ to write !mes ab\t ,lady ,macbe?1--& if !y 7 really frank1 & wrote _! own real ?\ghts1 if !y consid]$ h] f ! po9t ( view ( ! *ildr5 !y are1 :]e is ! tea*] :o w\ld n feel oblig$ to return ! !me z a failure8 ,^? in/ructors :o recogniz$ t x 0 ( real wor? because g5u9e w\ld also realize t x w\ld be impossible :5 tri$ by ! mod]n /&>d ( exam9ations4 ,h[ f> individual tea*]s g 9 dem&+ f *ildr5 :at ! y\?ful m9d _c be fairly expect$ to give w dep5d ^u ! p]sonal equation ( ! in/ructor4 ,9 too _m cases ! entrance-exam9ations set a /&>d :i* 9 ! fitt+-s*ools may n safely be ignor$1 b :i* is fatal to all orig9al ?9k+4 ,p]haps ! wor/ =m ( ?is is ! wr5*+ f ! /ud5t :at are suppos$ to be criticisms ^u arti/ic =m or cont5t4 ,a h9t ( ! tea*+ :i* is int5d$ to lead up to ?is has be5 giv5 9 ! topics sugge/$ 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ,evangel9e on page #db4 ,! outl9e f :i* ^? are quot$ goes on to give ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,( :at lit]>y _s is ,evangel9e ! expression8 ,:at is ! au?or's ?\ght-habit z %[n 9 ! poem8 ,:at is ! place ( ?is poem 9 ! developm5t ( v]se8 ,i am p]haps a little un*>itable to ^! qu]ies because ,i am1 ,i confess1 entirely unable to answ] !m myself2 b ,i am also sure t no *ild 9 ! /age ( m5tal developm5t belong+ to ! second>y s*ools w\ld h any cle> & reasonable idea ev5 ( :at !y mean4 ,! example is an extreme "o1 b x has m p>allels ?an w\ld seem possible4 ,! =mulation ( views on /hetics1 :e!r 9 reg>d to workman%ip or to motive1 is utt]ly beyond ! range ( any m5tal condition ! tea*] 9 second>y s*ools has a "r to assume or to expect4 ,all t c happ5 is t ! /ud5t :o is ask$ to answ] /hetic conundrums w reproduce1 9 =m m or less di/ort$ accord+ to ! p>rot-l fidelity ( 8 memory1 views he has he>d )\t und]/&+ !m4 ,any tea*] ( common s5se kn[s ?is1 & any tea*] ( indep5d5t m9d w refuse to be bulli$ by manuals or by entrance-exam9ation pap]s into inflict+ tasks ( ?is sort ^u 8 pupils4 ,9 any bran* _m /ud5ts ei!r g on blund]+ly or fail altoge!r ?r\gh %e] ignorance ( h[ to /udy4 ,9 ! case ( lit]ature p]haps m fail ?r\gh ?is cause ?an ?r\gh all o!rs comb9$4 ,a robu/1 hone/1 & n un9tellig5t lad1 :o is fairly well dispos$ t[>d s*ool "w1 b ^: real int]e/s are 9 outdoor life & active sport1 :o is intellectually int]e/$ only 9 ! obvi\sly practical side ( k1 is set d[n to /udy a play ( ,%akespe>e's4 ,he is dispos$ to d x well1 if n f any vital int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 at lea/ f a g5]al habit ( be+ fai?ful 9 8 "w & a heal?ful in/9ct to d a ?+ ?or\ghly if he und]takes x at all4 ,he is at ! outset puzzl$ to "k :at is expect$ ( him4 ,9 ari?metic or algebra he has _h def9ite tasks1 & success has be5 9 direct proportion to ! dilig5ce ) :i* he has foll[$ a c\rse def9itely m>k$ out4 ,n[ he ca/s ab\t = a rule ( proc$ure4 ,he c und]/& t he is expect$ to le>n ! mean+ ( unusual or obsolete words1 t he is to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! /ory s t he may be able to answ] any ( ! conundrums :i* adorn +5i\sly ! puzzle dep>tm5t ( exam9ation pap]s4 ,^! ?+s he does1 b he is too s5sible n to "k t if ?is is all !re is to ! /udy ( lit]ature ! game is n wor? ! c&le4 ,he _c help feel+ t ! "t ?us employ$ might be put to a bett] use2 he is probably bor$2 & z he is sure to "k t he is bor$1 he is likely to conceive a contempt = lit]ature :i* is none ! less deep & none ! less p]man5t = n be+ put into words4 ,he v likely comes to believe1 ) ! inevitable t5d5cy ( y\? to make its own feel+s ! crit]ia by :i* to judge all ! _w1 t ev]ybody is really bor$ by lit]ature1 if only1 = "s inscrutable reason1 p did n feel x necess>y to %r\d ! matt] 9 s mu* humbug4 ,talk ab\t ! beauty ( ,%akespe>e1 ab\t ! greatness ( 8 poetry1 ! wond]s ( lit]>y art1 come to affect him z cant pure & simple4 ,he puts ?is to himself pla9ly or n accord+ to 8 temp]am5t2 b ! feel+ is 9 8 m9d1 %[+ at e turn to "o wise en\gh to disc]n4 ,n[ & !n a boy is born ) ! ta/e & appreciation ( poetry1 & ( c\rse ev5 9 ^! days1 :5 a lit]>y atmosph]e 9 ! home is unhappily s r>e1 an occasional /ud5t appe>s f "t to "t :o has be5 taught to c>e = poetry :]e e *ild %\ld le>n to love x1 9 ! nurs]y4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! av]age s*ool-boy really c>es little or no?+ = lit]ature1 & 9 8 secret he>t is entirely conv9c$ t nobody else c>es ei!r4 ,n kn[+ h[ to /udy lit]ature1 !n1 & feel+ t 9 lit]ature is no?+ to /udy :i* is ( consequ5ce1 ! pupil is 9 no position to make ev5 a reasonable beg9n+4 ,he _c ev5 approa* lit]ature 9 any prop] attitude unless he c be made to c>e = x2 unless he c be s int]e/$ t he ceases to feel ! pr(ession ( admiration = ! ,%akespe>e he is ask$ to "w ^u to be necess>ily cant & affectation4 ,p]haps ! h>de/ "p ( ! task set be=e ! tea*] is to br+ ! pupil into a frame ( m9d :]e he c prop]ly /udy poetry & to give him "s insight into :at su* /udy may & %\ld mean4 ,h[ ?is is to be accompli%$ ,i _c pret5d fully to say4 ,9 speak+ ( :at ,i may call inspirational tra9+ 9 lit]ature ,i %all try to answ] ! "q to "s ext5t2 & "h ,i may at lea/ po9t out t ! situation is f ! fir/ utt]ly hopeless if ! tea*] is 9 ! same /ate ( m9d z ! pupil4 ,if ! in/ructor is able to see no me?od ( /udy+ lit]ature o!r ?an me*anical drudg]y ov] =m1 ! look+-up ( words1 v]ification ( dates1 dissection ( plot1 & s on1 x is idle to hope t he w be able to aid ! class to any?+ bett] ?an ?is dry-z-du/ plodd+4 ,! tea*] may at lea/ le>n :at at its be/ ! /udy is4 ,he may or may n h ! p[] ( incit+ ^? "u him to en?usiasm1 b he may at lea/ %[ !m t some?+ is possible beyond ! me*anical treatm5t ( ! ma/]pieces ( art4 ,a writ] 9 ! 7,*icago7 ,dial /ates admirably ! attitude ( great masses ( /ud5ts 9 say+3 ,!re are _m p1 "y p 9 p>ticul>1 :o1 ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 _c und]/& :y x is t m5 make su* a fuss ab\t lit]ature1 & :o are hone/ly puzzl$ by ! praises be/[$ ^u ! great lit]>y arti/s4 ,!y w\ld l to jo9 9 sympa!tic appreciation ( ! ma/]s1 & !y h an abundant /ore ( gratitude & rev]5ce to lavi% ^u objects t approve !mselves z wor?y2 b j :at !re is 9 ,%akespe>e & ,wordswor? & ,t5nyson to call = su* seem+ extravagance ( eulogy rema9s a d>k my/]y4 ,su* p are apt 9 _! mom5ts ( revolt to set x all d[n to a sort ( critical conspiracy1 & to consid] ^? :o voice ! conv5tional lit]>y e/imates z *>geable ) an irritat+ k9d ( hypocrisy4 ,!y _c see = ! life ( !m :y ! books ( ! h\r1 ) _! timel9ess1 _! clev]ness1 _! s5tim5tal or s5sational int]e/1 %\ld be held ( no s]i\s acc\nt by ! real lov]s ( lit]ature1 :ile ! dull babbl]s ( a bygone age are exalt$ to ! skies by ^! same devotees ( ! art ( lett]s4 4 4 4 ,"s "y p nev] recov] f ! condition ( op5 revolt into :i* !y are ?r[n by ! injudici\s me?ods ( our education4 ,out ( 8 own exp]i5ce & appreciation ! tea*] mu/ be able to %[ ! pupil "s me?od ( /udy+ lit]ature :i* %all 9 ! measure ( ! /ud5t's individual capacity lead to a conception ( :at lit]ature is & :]e9 lies its importance4 ,until ?is c be done1 no?+ has be5 effect$ :i* is ( any real or la/+ value4 ,! ?ird defect :i* ,i h m5tion$ ,i h put 9 a phrase :i* may at fir/ seem some:at cryptic4 ,:at is meant by ! attempt to rea* ! en?usiasm ( ! *ild ?r\gh ! reason may n be at once app>5t4 ,yet ! ?+ is simple4 ,x is n difficult to lead *ildr5 to ?9k1 & to ?9k deeply1 ( ?+s :i* h t\*$ _! feel+4 ,if once _! emotions are ar\s$1 !y w g actively =w>d 9 e inve/igation ( :i* _! m9ds are capable1 & ) :atev] degree ( appreciation !y are equal to4 ,a *ild _c1 h[ev]1 be reason$ into any vital admiration4 ,! ext5t to :i* an adult is to be t\*$ emotionally by argum5t is extremely limit$4 ,few travel]s1 = in/ance1 are able really to respond :5 an (fici\s v]g] or c>e-tak] po9ts out "s hi/oric spot1 & aft] glibly relat+ "s ev5t 9 8 pr(essional patt]1 ends ) a look :i* says almo/ m pla9ly ?an words3 ,/& j "h1 & ?rill6 ,sixp5ce a ?rill1 please4 ,yet ?is is v mu* :at is expect$ ( *ildr54 ,! tea*] takes a fam\s book1 labori\sly rec\nts its m]its1 its fame1 its beauties1 & !n tacitly comm&s ! *ildr53 ,?9k ( t1 & ?rill6 ,"o cr$it = e ?rill4 ,x is true t ! v]g] dem&s a fee & ! tea*] promises a rew>d1 b ! result is ! same4 ,d ! *ildr5 ?rill8 ,is !re a consci5ti\s tea*] :o has tri$ ?is me?od :o has n ) bitt] disappo9tm5t realiz$ t ! /ud5ts h come out ( ! c\rse ) no?+ save a few poor facts & disfigur$ conv5tional op9ions :i* !y res]ve = exam9ations z !y might save batt]$ p5nies = ! contribution-box8 ,!y h be5 p]sonally conduct$ ?r\gh a c\rse ( lit]ature4 ,!y come out ( x 9 mu* ! same condition z return home ! p]sonally conduct$ ?r\gh =eign art-gall]ies :o say3 ,yes1 ,i mu/ h se5 ! ',mona ,lisa1' if x's 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,i saw all ! pictures !re1 y "k4 ,! *ief diff]5ce is t *ildr5 are g5]ally incapable1 outside ( exam9ation-pap]s1 ( pret5d+ an en?usiasm :i* !y d n feel4 ,"o ?+ :i* is indisputable is t *ildr5 "k :5 !y are bor$4 ,_m adults become s pr(ici5t 9 ! art ( self-deception z to be able to *eat !mselves into ?9k+ !y are at ! height ( enjoym5t because !y are do+ :at !y consid] to be ! prop] ?+2 :5 9 simple tru? _! only pleasure mu/ lie 9 ! gratification ( a futile vanity4 ,( *ildr5 ?is is seldom true2 or1 if x is true1 x ext5ds only to ! fictions practic$ by _! own *ildi% _w4 ,if !y h conv5tions1 ^! diff] f ! conv5tions ( _! eld]s1 & !y d n fool !mselves ) a %[ ( enjoym5t :5 ! reality is want+4 ,if !y are we>i$ by a book1 ! fact t x is a ma/]piece does n 9 ! lea/ console !m4 ,!y may be =c$ by tea*]s to read or to /udy x1 & to say on exam9ation-pap]s t x is beautiful2 yet !y n only "k !y are n pleas$1 b to ea* o!r !y are g5]ally ready to ackn[l$ge x ) p]fect frankness4 ,! ne$ ( say+ ?is 9 ! pres5t connection is t x is n possible really to conv9ce *ildr5 !y are enjoy+ ! writ+ ( !mes ab\t ,mrs4 ,primrose1 or ab\t ,silas ,m>n] & ,effie1 or on ! "* ( ,lady ,macbe?1 unless !y are vitally int]e/$4 ,i am f> f be+ s mod]n z to ?9k t pupils %\ld n be ask$ to d any?+ :i* !y d n wi% to d2 b ,i am radical en\gh to believe t no o!r good :i* may be accompli%$ by ! /udy ( lit]ature 9 any o!r way c comp5sate = mak+ good books we>isome4 ,! idea t lit]ature is some?+ to be vaguely respect$ b n to be read = enjoym5t is already suffici5tly preval5t2 & r ?an see x m widespread1 ,i w\ld h all ! s-call$ tea*+ ( lit]ature 9 ! second>y s*ools aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,! la/ po9t :i* ,i m5tion$ z likely to dim9i% ! value ( tea*+ is t x s (t5 dem&s ( tea*]s m ?an c be surely or safely c\nt$ on 9 ! way ( fitness4 ,?is ,i d n mean to dwell ^u1 nor is x my purpose to draw up a bill ( arraignm5t aga9/ my craft4 ,i wi% simply to comm5t t "o ess5tial1 a prime ess5tial1 9 ! tea*+ ( lit]ature is ! p[] ( imag9ative en?usiasm on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,?is w\ld be recogniz$ if ! subject ( in/ruction 7 any o!r ( ! f9e arts4 ,if tea*]s 7 requir$ to tra9 s*ool-*ildr5 9 ! symphonies ( ,bee?ov5 or 9 ! pictures ( ,titian1 ev]ybody w\ld realize t "s special aptitude on ! "p ( ! in/ructor 0 requisite4 ,e normal s*ool or college graduate is set to tea* ! ma/]pieces ( ,%akespe>e or ( ,milton1 & ! fact t ! poetry is z completely a "w ( art z is symphony or picture1 & t :at holds true ( "o z ! product ( arti/ic imag9ation mu/ hold true ( ! o!r1 is quietly & ev5 unconsci\sly ignor$4 ,no am\nt ( /udy w create 9 a tea*] ! arti/ic imag9ation 9 its highe/ s5se1 al?\gh mu* may be done 9 ! way ( develop+ arti/ic p]ception2 b at lea/ self-improvem5t may g f> 9 ! n\ri%+ ( ! important quality ( self-hone/y4 ,an in/ructor mu/ le>n to deal fairly ) himself4 ,he mu/ be /rong en\gh to ackn[l$ge to himself fe>lessly if he is n able to c>e = "s "w t is rank$ z an arti/ic ma/]piece4 ,he mu/ be will+ to say unfl9*+ly to himself t he _c d ju/ice to ?is "w or to t1 because he is n 9 sympa?y ) x1 or because he lacks any exp]i5ce :i* w\ld give him a key to its mood & mean+4 ,"o ?+ seems to me to be entirely above dispute 9 ?is delicate inquiry3 t x is idle to hope to imp>t to *ildr5 :at we h n le>n$ ourselves2 & x foll[s t ! fir/ necessity is to appreciate our %ortcom+s4 ,i ask only = ! same sort ( hone/y :i* w\ld by common cons5t be ess5tial 9 tea*+ ! m humble bran*es4 ,a tea*] :o c\ld n solve quadratic equations w\ld manife/ly be an ill in/ructor 9 algebra4 ,by ! same tok5 x is evid5t t a tea*] :o _c ent] into ! he>t ( a poem1 :o does n und]/& ! mood ( a play1 :o has n a real en?usiasm = lit]ature1 is n fitt$ to help *ildr5 to a compreh5sion & an appreciation ( ^!4 ,nei!r is ! p[] to rehe>se ! praises & phrases ( critics or comm5tators a suffici5t qualification = tea*+4 ,9 an exam9ation-pap] at ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology a boy rec5tly wrote ) admirable frankness & directness3 ,i confess t :ile ,i l ,%akespe>e1 ,i l o!r poets bett]1 & :ile my tea*]s h told me t he 0 ! greate/ writ]1 !y nev] seem$ to "k :y4 ,! boy unconsci\sly implies a mo/ important fact1 namely1 t if a tea*] does n "k :y a poet is great1 x is n only difficult to conv9ce ! pupil ( ! reality ( 8 claims1 b also is x impossible to disguise f ! clev] s*ol>s ! real ignorance ( ! in/ructor4 ,z well try to w>m *ildr5 by a description ( a fire z to endeavor to awake 9 !m admiration & pleasure by p>rot-phrases1 no matt] h[ glibly or effectively repeat$4 ,!y are ar\s$ only by ! contagion ( g5u9e feel+2 !y are mov$ only by f9d+ t ! tea*] is fir/ g5u9ely mov$ himself4 ,x is bad en\gh :5 an in/ructor repeats unemotionally :at he has unemotionally acquir$ ab\t ari?metic or geography4 ,pupils w receive me*anically :atev] is me*anically imp>t$2 & 9 ev5 ! mo/ purely intellectual bran*es su* tra9+ c at be/ only di/5d ! m9d ( ! *ild )\t n\ri%+ x4 ,:5 x comes to a /udy :i* is pres5t$ z ( value precisely because x k9dles feel+1 ! absurdity becomes no?+ less ?an mon/r\s4 ,any *ild ( ord9>y intellig5ce comes soon] or lat] to p]ceive1 :e!r he reasons x out or n1 t mu* ( ! lit]ature pres5t$ to him is n 9 ! lea/ wor? ! bo!r ( /udy if x is to be tak5 m]ely on its face-value4 ,if ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield or ,silas ,m>n] is to be read simply = ! plot1 ei!r book might be swept out ( exi/5ce to-morr[ & ! _w be little poor]4 ,a consci5ti\s tea*] w at lea/ be hone/ ) himself 9 det]m9+ h[ mu* m ?an ! obvi\s & (t5 slight face-value he is enabl+ 8 class to p]ceive4 ,an ord9>y mod]n s*ool-boy unconsci\sly b inevitably measures ! values ( ! books pres5t$ to him by ! news ( ! day & ! facts ( life z he sees x4 ,if he is n made to feel t books repres5t some?+ m ?an a /atem5t ( outw>d fact or ( fiction1 he is too cle>-head$ n to see t !y are ( little real wor?1 & ) ! pitiless c&or ( y\? he is too hone/ n to ackn[l$ge ?is to himself4 ,"y p are apt to cr$it _! eld]s ) enorm\s p[] ( pret5d+4 ,! conv5tionalities ( life1 ^? arrangem5ts :i* adults recognize z necess>y to ! com=t & ev5 to ! cont9uance ( society1 are n infrequ5tly reg>d$ by ! "y z rank hypocrisy4 ,! same is true ( any ta/es :i* !y _c %>e4 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i h come ^u ! feel+ among /ud5ts t ! respect = lit]ature pr(ess$ by _! eld]s 0 only "o ( ! _m %ams ( :i* adult life appe>s to *ildr5 to be s l>gely made up4 ,f ! purely intellectual side ( ! matt]1 moreov]1 ! y\? is "r 9 feel+ t !re is no?+ s rem>kable 9 play or poem z to ju/ify ! en?usiasm :i* he is told he %\ld feel4 ,if he sees only :at ,i h call$ ! face-value1 he w\ld be a dunce if he did n imag9e an absurdity 9 ! e/imate at :i* ! works ( great arti/s are held4 ,he is precisely 9 ! position ( ! man :o judges ! great pa9t+ by its reali/ic fidelity to details1 & logically1 f 8 po9t ( view1 ranks a well-def9$ photograph above ,! ,night ,wat* or ! ,dresd5 ,madonna4 ,!re is m ?rill & m emotion = ! boy 9 ! poore/ newspap] acc\nt ( a game ( football ?an 9 ! greate/ play ( ,%akespe>e's1--unless ! lad has really got into ! _s ( ! poetry4 ,if no?+ is to be tak5 into acc\nt b ! intellectual cont5t ( lit]ature1 ! *ild is !re=e p]fectly "r1 & d\bly s f 8 own po9t ( view4 ,reg>d$ z a m]e /atem5t ( fact x is to be expect$ t ! av]age mod]n boy w f9d ,macbe? f> less excit+ & absorb+ ?an an acc\nt ( a football mat* or ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt's spectacul> hunt+4 ,if we expect ! lad to believe )\t cont5tion & )\t m5tal res]vation t ! "w ( lit]ature is really ( m importance & int]e/ ?an ^! articles ( ! newspap] or ! magaz9e1 we are =c$ to dep5d ^u ! qualities :i* di/+ui% poetry z art4 ,if books are to be us$ only z glove-/ret*]s to exp& me*anically ! m9ds ( ! "y1 x is bett] to ?r[ aside ! works ( ! ma/]s1 & to come d[n frankly to able expositions ( lit]al fact1 /irr+ & absorb+4 ,x mu/ be always borne 9 m9d1 moreov]1 t little p]man5t result is produc$ except by :at ! pupil does = himself4 ,! tea*] is !re to enc\rage1 to /imulate1 to direct2 b ! real "w is done 9 ! bra9 ( ! /ud5t4 ,?is limits :at may wisely be attempt$ 9 ! l9e ( in/ruction4 ,:at ! tea*] is able to lead ! pupil to discov] or to ?9k out = himself is )9 ! limit ( s\nd & valuable "w4 ,) e class1 &--:at makes ! problem mu* m difficult--) e boy or girl 9 ! class1 ! capacity w v>y4 ,! signs1 moreov]1 by :i* we det]m9e h[ f> a *ild is ?9k+ = himself1 in/ead ( m or less consci\sly mimick+ ! m9d ( ! ma/]1 are all well-nigh intangible1 & mu/ be wat*$ = ) ! nice/ disc]nm5t4 ,(t5 ! tea*] is oblig$ to help ! class or ! individual z we help little *ildr5 play+ at guess+-games ) ,n[ y are hot1 or ,n[ y are cold2 b j z ! game is a failure if ! *ild has 9 ! end to be told outright ! answ] to ! conundrum1 s ! in/ruction is a failure if ! /ud5t does n make 8 own discov]y ( ! mean+ & wor? ( poem or play4 ,! mom5t ! in/ructor f9ds himself =c$ to d ! ?9k+ = 8 class 9 any bran* ( /udy1 he may be sure t he has ov]/epp$ ! b\nd>y ( real "w1 or at lea/ t he has be5 go+ too rapidly = 8 pupils to keep pace ) him4 ,?is is ev5 likely to be true :5 he is oblig$ to d ! phras+1 ! putt+ ( ! ?\ght into ^w4 ,he _c pr(itably g f>!r at t "t4 ,9 ano!r way1 at ano!r "t1 he may be able to br+ ! class ov] ! difficulty2 b he is do+ !m an injury & n a b5efit1 if he g on to d = !m ! ?9k+1 or t realiz+ ( ?\ght :i* belongs to putt+ ?\ght into ^w4 ,he is !n n educat+1 b cramm+4 ,x is 8 duty to enc\rage1 to assi/1 b nev] to d himself :at to be ( value mu/ be ! actual "w ( ! le>n] himself4 ,all ?is is evid5t en\gh 9 ^? bran*es :]e results are def9ite & concrete1 l ! le>n+ ( ! multiplication-table or ( ! facts ( geography4 ,x is equally true 9 subjects :]e reason+ is ess5tial1 l algebra or syntax4 ,mo/ ( all1 if n mo/ evid5tly1 is x vitally true 9 any connection :]e are involv$ ! feel+s & any?+ ( ! nature ( appreciation ( arti/ic values4 ,we evid5tly _c d ! *ildr5's memoriz+ = !m2 b no m c we d = !m _! reason+2 & lea/ ( all is x possible to manufacture = !m _! lik+s & _! dislik+s1 _! appreciations & _! en?usiasms4 ,to tell *ildr5 :at feel+s !y %\ld h ov] a giv5 piece ( lit]ature produces ab\t ! same effect z an adjuration to /op gr[+ s fa/ or a reque/ t !y *ange ! color ( _! eyes4 ,9 any emotional z 9 any intellectual exp]i5ce1 int5sity & complet5ess mu/ ultimately dep5d ^u ! capacity & ! temp]am5t ( ! individual conc]n$4 ,x is useless to hope t a dull1 /olid1 unimag9ative boy w h ei!r ! same appreciation or ! same enjoym5t ( art z 8 fell[ ( f9e organization & s5sitive temp]am5t4 ,! p]sonal limitation mu/ be accept$1 j z is accept$ ! impossibility ( mak+ "s y\?s pr(ici5t 9 geometry or physics4 ,x may be necess>y "u our pres5t sy/em--& if s ! fact is n to ! cr$it ( exi/+ conditions--to pres5t ! dull pupil ) a set ( ideas :i* he may use 9 exam9ations4 ,! proce$+ w\ld be n unlike provid+ ! dead ) an obolus by way ( f>e across ! ,/yx2 & c]ta9ly 9 no prop] s5se c\ld be consid]$ education4 ,difficult z x may be1 ! pupil mu/ be made to ?9k & to feel = himself1 or ! "w is naught4 ,p]haps ! t5d5cy to try to d = ! /ud5t :at he %\ld accompli% = himself is ! mo/ g5]al & ! mo/ s]i\s ( all ! errors into :i* tea*]s are likely to fall4 ,! temptation is s great1 h[ev]1 & ! conditions s favorable to ?is sort ( mi/ake1 t x is n possible to mete out to in/ructors :o fall into x an am\nt ( blame at all equal to ! gravity ( ! (f5se4 ,,footnotes3 #db3a ,i am unable to resi/ ! temptation to call att5tion to ! intimation t ! writ] p]ceives "s relation betwe5 poetry & p>s+4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ if he _h develop$ ?is4 ,v ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,"w4 ,! f\ndation ( any und]/&+ or appreciation ( lit]ature is manife/ly ! p[] ( read+ x intellig5tly4 ,a tru? s obvi\s might seem to be tak5 = grant$ & to ne$ no say+2 b any "o :o has dealt ) entrance exam9ation-pap]s is aw>e h[ _m /ud5ts get to ! close ( _! fitt+-s*ool life )\t hav+ acquir$ ! p[] ( read+ ) any?+ ev5 approa*+ intellig5ce4 ,prim>y z x may s\nd1 ,i _c help emphasiz+ z ! f\ndation ( all /udy ( lit]ature ! tra9+ ( /ud5ts 9 read+1 pure & simple4 ,! practical value ( simple read+ al\d seems to me to h be5 too (t5 ov]look$ by tea*]s ( lit]ature4 ,tea*]s read to _! pupils1 & ?is is or %\ld be ( great importance2 b ! ?+ ( :i* ,i am n[ speak+ is ! read+ ( ! /ud5ts to ! tea*] & to ! class4 ,9 ! fir/ place a /ud5t _c read al\d )\t mak+ evid5t ! degree ( 8 intellig5t compreh5sion ( :at he is read+4 ,he mu/ %[ h[ mu* he und]/&s & h[ he und]/&s x4 ,! que] freaks 9 mis9t]pretation :i* come out 9 ! read+ ( pupils are (t5 disc\rag+ en\gh1 b !y are amus+ & enlight5+4 ,any tea*] c furni% absurd illu/rations1 & x is n safe to assume ( ev5 app>5tly simple passages t ! *ild und]/&s !m until he has prov$ x by intellig5t read+ al\d4 ,! att5tion :i* oral read+ is at pres5t receiv+ is "o ( ! enc\rag+ signs ( ! times1 & _c b d mu* to =w>d ! "w ( ! tea*] ( lit]ature4 ,( s mu* importance is x1 h[ev]1 t ! fir/ impression ( a class be good1 t ! in/ructor mu/ be sure ei!r to f9d a reasonably good read] among ! pupils = ! fir/ r5d]+ or mu/ give x himself4 ,9 plays ?is is h>dly wise or practicable2 b "h ! p>ts are easily assign$ be=eh&1 & ! pride ( ! /ud5ts made a help 9 secur+ good results4 ,9 any "w a class %\ld be made to und]/& t ! fir/ ?+ to d 9 /udy+ a piece ( lit]ature is to le>n to read x al\d intellig5tly & z if x 7 ! p]sonal utt]ance ( ! read]4 ,9 deal+ ) a class x is (t5 a sav+ ( "t & an easy me?od ( avoid+ ! effects ( individual %yness to h ! pupils read 9 conc]t4 ,9 deal+ ) %ort pieces ( v]se ?is is1 moreov]1 a means ( gett+ all ! class into ! _s ( ! piece4 ,! me?od lacks1 ( c\rse1 9 nicety2 b x is 9 _m cases practically s]viceable4 ,above ev]y?+ ! tea*] mu/ be sure1 be=e any attempt is made to d any?+ fur!r1 t ! pupil has a cle> und]/&+ at lea/ ( ! language ( :at he reads4 ,my own exp]i5ce ) boys :o come f second>y s*ools ev5 ( good grade has %[n me t !y n infrequ5tly display an extraord9>y incapability ( gett+ f ! s5t5ces & phrases ( lit]ature ! mo/ pla9 & obvi\s mean+1 especially 9 ! case ( v]se2 :ile z to unusual expressions !y are con/antly at sea4 ,on a rec5t entrance exam9ation-pap] ,i _h put1 z a te/ ( ?is v p[]1 ! l9es f ,macbe?3 ,& ) "s sweet oblivi\s antidote ,cleanse ! /uff'd bosom ( t p]il\s /uff4 ,! play is "o :i* !y _h /udi$ c>efully at s*ool1 & !y 7 ask$ to expla9 ! =ce 9 ^! l9es ( oblivi\s4 ,"h are "s ( ! replies3 ,oblivi\s1 us$ 9 ?is quotation1 means t ! p]son speak+ 0 n p>ticul> z to ! k9d ( antidote t 0 *os54 ,a rem$y t w\ld n expose ! lady to public suspicion4 ,! ^w oblivi\s implies a soo?+ cure1 :i* w heal )\t ar\s+ ! s5ses4 ,an antidote appli$ 9 a =getful way1 or unkn[n to ! p]son4 ,oblivi\s "h means "s antidote t w\ld put ,lady ,macbe? to sleep :ile ! doctor remov$ ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,oblivi\s antidote means "o t is v pleas+4 ,! ^w oblivi\s is beautifully us$ "h4 ,macbe? wi%es ! doctor to adm9i/] to ,lady ,macbe? "s antidote :i* w cure h] ( h] fatal sic illness1 b :i* w n at all be any bitt] m$ic9e4 ,oblivi\s "h means reliev+4 ,oblivi\s means "s rem$y ! doctor _h =gott51 b might rememb] if he ?\ght h>d en\gh4 ,( c\rse _m ( ! replies 7 s5sible & s\nd1 b ^? h>dly bett] ?an ^! 7 disc\rag+ly num]\s4 ,9 my own second-ye> "w1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts h _h all ! fitt+-s*ool tra9+ & ! fre%man drill besides1 ,i am n infrequ5tly conf\nd$ by ! inability ( /ud5ts to und]/& ! mean+ ( words :i* "o uses z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! /atem5t t ,raleigh secretly m>ri$ a ,lady 9 ,wait+1 = in/ance1 reappe>$ 9 a note-book 9 ! ass]tion t ,sir ,walt] ran away ) ,que5 ,elizabe?'s wait+-maid2 & a rem>k ab\t some?+ :i* took place at ,holl& ,h\se br\ght out ! unbelievable p]v]sion t ! ev5t happ5$ 9 a ,dut* tav]n4 ,p]sonally ,i h nev] discov]$ h[ f> beyond words ( "o syllable a lectur] to /ud5ts may safely g 9 any assurance t 8 language w be und]/ood by all ! memb]s ( 8 class2 b ?is is "o ( ! ?+s :i* mu/ be decid$ if tea*+ is to be effective4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! vocabul>y ( lit]ature is to "s ext5t diff]5t f t employ$ 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life4 ,! /ud5t is confront$ ) a set ( t]ms :i* he seldom or nev] uses 9 common spee*2 he mu/ le>n to appreciate f9e di/9ctions 9 ! use ( language2 he mu/ receive f words a precision & a =ce ( mean+1 a ri*ness ( sugge/ion1 :i* is to be appreciat$ only by special & specific tra9+4 ,x w be in/ructive = ! tea*] to take any ord9>y high-s*ool class1 = in/ance1 & exam9e h[ f> ea* memb] gets a complete & lucid notion ( :at ,burke meant 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce ( ! ,spee* on ,conciliation3 ,i hope1 ,sir1 t not)/&+ ! au/]ity ( ! ,*air1 y\r good nature w incl9e y to "s degree ( indulg5ce t[>d human frailty4 ,an in/ructor is apt to assume t ! int5t ( a passage su* z ?is is entirely cle>1 yet ,i appreh5d t n "o high-s*ool pupil 9 tw5ty gets ! real =ce ( ?is unaid$4 ,if ?is example seems 9 its diction too remote f e-day spee* to be a fair example1 ! tea*] may try ! exp]im5t ) ! s5t5ce 9 ,books 9 :i* ,em]son speaks ( volumes t are ,s m$ic9al1 s /r+5t1 s revolution>y1 s au?oritative4 ,e ^w is ( common1 habitual use1 b mo/ "y p w\ld be well-nigh helpless :5 confront$ ) !m 9 ?is passage4 ,! use 9 lit]ature ( allusion1 ( figures1 ( /rik+ & unusual employm5t ( words1 mu/ become famili> to ! /ud5t be=e he is 9 a condition to deal ) lit]ature easily & ) full intellig5ce4 ,! process mu/ be almo/ l t ( le>n+ to read 9 a =eign tongue4 ,= a tea*] to ignore ?is fact is to take ! position ( a pr(essor 9 ,italian or ,spani% :o beg9s ! read+ ( 8 pupils n ) words & simple s5t5ces1 b ) intricate prose & v]se4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t if ! diction ( lit]ature is remov$ f ! daily exp]i5ce ( ! pupil1 ! ideas & ! s5tim5ts ( lit]ature are yet m widely ap>t f x4 ,lit]ature mu/ deal l>gely ) ab/ract ?\ghts & ideas1 express$ or impli$2 x is necess>ily conc]n$ ) s5tim5ts m elevat$ or m pr(\nd ?an ^? ) :i* life makes ! "y famili>4 ,!y mu/ be educat$ to take ! po9t ( view ( ! au?or1 to rise to ! m5tal plane ( a great writ] z f> z !y are capable ( s do+4 ,until !y c 9 "s measure accompli% ?is1 !y are n ev5 capable ( read+ ! lit]ature !y are suppos$ to /udy4 ,=tunately x is ) read+ lit]ature z x is ) read+ =eign tongues4 ,(t5 ! context1 ! g5]al tone1 ! _s1 w c>ry u ov] passages 9 :i* !re is mu* t is n cle> to our exact k4 ,*ildr5 are con/antly able to get f a /ory or a poem mu* m ?an w\ld seem possible to _! ignorance ( ! language ( lit]ature4 ,!y are help$ by tru? to life ev5 :5 !y are f> f realiz+ :at !y are receiv+2 s t x w\ld be manife/ly unju/ to assume t ! measure ( a *ild's pr(it 9 a giv5 case is to be gaug$ too nicely by 8 acqua9tance ) ! words1 ! phrases1 ! tropes1 ! sugge/ions 9 :i* ! au?or has convey$ x4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t 9 attempt+ to d any?+ effective 9 ! way ( in/ruction ! tea*] has fir/ ( all to tra9 8 pupil 9 ! language ( lit]ature4 ,! /ud5t1 hav+ le>n$ to read ! "w :i* is to be /udi$1 mu/ approa* x ?r\gh "s p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! tea*] :o is endeavor+ to assi/ him mu/ !re=e discov] :at 9 ! *ild's range ( k may be/ s]ve z a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,9 all education1 no less ?an 9 =mal argum5t1 a />t c be made only f a po9t ( agreem5t1 f some?+ z evid5t to ! /ud5t z x is to ! in/ructor4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly e tea*] acts ^u ?is pr9ciple1 f ! e>ly lessons 9 addition :i* beg9 ) ! obvi\s agreem5t produc$ by ! sight ( ! blocks or apples or beads :i* are be=e ! *ild4 ,9 lit]ature1 too1 ! fact is commonly act$ ^u1 if n s univ]sally =mulat$4 ,if "y pupils are hav+ ,! ,village ,blacksmi? read to !m1 ! tea*] in/9ctively />ts ) ! fact t !y may h se5 a blacksmi? at "w at 8 =ge4 ,! difficulty is t tea*]s :o naturally d ?is 9 simple poems fail to see t ! same pr9ciple holds good ( lit]ature ( a high] ord]1 & t ! m complex ! problem1 ! great] ! ne$ ( be+ sure ( ?is beg9n+ ) "s actual exp]i5ce4 ,) ?is f9d+ "s safe & sub/antial f\ndation 9 ! pupil's own exp]i5ce is connect$ ! necessity ( speak+ ( lit]ature1 z ( any?+ else "o tries to tea*1 9 ! language ( ! class address$4 ,( all t we say to our pupils v little if any ( all our c>eful wisdom really impresses !m or rema9s 9 _! m9ds except t portion :i* we h manag$ to phrase 9 t]ms ( _! language & s to put t x appeals to emotions ( _! own "y lives4 ,!y c h no conception ( ! *>act]s 9 fiction or poetry except 9 s f> z !y are able to consid] ^! %ad[s z mov+ 9 _! own _w4 ,!y %\ld be told to make up _! m9ds ab\t ,lady ,macbe?1 or ,rob9 ,hood1 or ,dr4 ,primrose z if ^! 7 p]sons ( _! own community ab\t :om !y _h le>n$ ! facts set =? 9 ! books read4 ,!y _c completely realize ?is1 b !y get hold ( ! fictiti\s "* only s f> z !y are able to d x4 ,!y w at lea/ come to h a conception t p !y see 9 ! fle% & ^? !y meet 9 lit]ature are ( ! same /uff fundam5tally1 & %\ld be judg$ by ! same laws4 ,!y w receive ! b5efit1 moreov]1 :e!r !y realize x or n1 ( be+ help$ by fiction to und]/& real life1 & !y w be 9 ! "r way ( judg+ books by exp]i5ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( speak+ to pupils only 9 ! language ( _! own exp]i5ce is ( univ]sal application1 b x is to be appli$ ) common s5se4 ,no?+ is m un=tunate 9 tea*+ ?an to h pupils feel t !y are be+ talk$ d[n to or t too great an ef=t is be+ made to br+ in/ruction to _! level4 ,a fri5d once told me ( a pr(essor :o 9 ! days ( ! fir/ p]iod ( t5nis en?usiasm 9 ?is c\ntry made s great an ef=t to take all 8 illu/rations f ! game t ! class reg>d$ ! matt] a /&+ joke4 ,yet if c>e be ex]cis$ x is n difficult to mix ) ! *ildi%1 ! famili>1 & ! commonplace1 ! dignifi$1 ! unusual1 & ! sugge/ive4 ,/>t+ ) a daily exp]i5ce ! tea*] may g on to /ates ( ! same emotion :i* are f> great] & high] ?an c h come into ! actual life ( ! *ild1 b :i* are imag9atively intelligible & possible because al?\gh !y diff] 9 degree !y are ! same 9 k9d4 ,no?+ is lo/ ( ! dignity ( a play ( ,%akespe>e's deal+ ) ambition if ! tea*] />ts ) ambition to be at ! head ( ! s*ool1 to lead ! baseball n9e1 or to excel 9 any sport2 b f ?is ! *ild %\ld be l$ on ?r\gh :atev] in/ances he may "k 9 hi/ory1 & 9 ! end made to feel t ! ambition ( ,macbe? is an emotion he has felt1 ev5 ?\gh x is t emotion c>ri$ to its highe/ t]ms4 ,s ! small & ! great are l9k$ toge!r1 & ! use ( ! little does n appe> undignifi$ because x has be5 a /epp+-/one to ! great4 ,! aim 9 tea*+ lit]ature is to make x a "p ( ! /ud5t's intimate & actual life2 a w>m1 human1 p]sonal matt]1 & n a ?+ tak5 up =mally & laid aside z soon z outside pressure is remov$4 ,to ?is end is ! appeal made to ! pupil's exp]i5ce1 & to ?is end is he all[$ to make 8 own e/imates1 to =mulate 8 own likes & dislikes4 ,any tea*]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is = ! s*ol> 9 ! position ( a special plead]4 ,! /ud5t reg>ds x z "p ( ! p$agogic duty to praise :atev] is taught1 & in/9ctively di/ru/s comm5dation :i* he feels may be only =mal & (ficial4 ,he =ms 8 own op9ion indep5d5tly or f ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1--! conclusions ( 8 classmates4 ,he may repeat glibly = purposes ( recitation or ( exam9ation ! criticisms ( ! tea*]1 b he is likely to be little influ5c$ by !m unless !y are confirm$ by ! voice ( 8 fell[s & 8 own ta/e4 ,if "y p d n reason ?is out1 !y are nev] un9flu5c$ by x2 & ?is condition ( ?+s mu/ be accept$ by ! tea*]4 ,x foll[s t x is practically nev] wise to praise a book be=eh&4 ,! prop] position 9 pres5t+ to ! class any "w = /udy is t x is some?+ :i* ! class are to read toge!r ) a view ( discov]+ :at x is l4 ,( c\rse ! tea*] assumes t x has m]it or x w\ld n be tak5 up1 b he also assumes t individually ! memb]s ( ! class may or may n c>e = x4 ,! logical & safe me?od is to set ! /ud5ts to see if !y c discov] :y good judges h reg>d$ ! "w z ( m]it4 ,! tea*] %\ld say 9 effect3 ,i d n "k :e!r y w c>e = ?is or n2 b ,i hope y w be able to see :at !re is 9 x to h made x notable4 ,:5 ! /udy ( poem or play is practically ov]1 :5 ! pupils h done all t c be reasonably expect$ ( !m 9 ! way ( indep5d5t judgm5t1 ! tea*] may %[ z _m reasons = prais+ x z he feels ! pupils w und]/&4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 be hone/ 9 lett+ !m l x or n4 ,he mu/ recognize t x is bett] = a lad hone/ly to be bor$ by e ma/]piece ( lit]ature 9 exi/5ce ?an to /ultify 8 m9d by ! reception ( m]ely conv5tional op9ions got by rote4 ,mu* ! same ?+ might be said ( ! draw+ ( a moral1 except t x is n easy to speak ) pati5ce ( ^? (t5 well-mean+ b gravely mi/ak5 p$agogues :o seem b\nd to impress ^u _! s*ol>s t lit]ature is didactic4 ,9 s f> z a book is delib]ately didactic1 x is n lit]ature4 ,x may be arti/ic 9 spite ( its en=c+ a delib]ate lesson1 b nev] because ( ?is4 ,my own in/9ct w\ld be1 & ,i am consi/5t en\gh to make x pretty g5]ally my practice1 to conceal f a class z well z ,i c any delib]ate draw+ ( morals into :i* a writ] ( g5ius may h fall54 ,x is l ! fault ( a fri5d1 & is to be scre5$ f ! public z f> z hone/y w p]mit4 ,c]ta9ly x %\ld nev] be p>ad$ be=e ! "y1 :o w n reason ab\t ! matt]1 b are too :olesome by nature & too ne> to primitive human conditions n to di/ru/ an (f]+ ( intellectual jelly :i* obvi\sly conta9s a moral pill4 ,morals are z a rule drawn by tea*]s :o feel t !y mu/ tea* some?+1 & some?+ tangible4 ,!y !mselves lack ! conception ( any (fice ( art high] ?an moraliz+1 & !y deal ) lit]ature accord+ly4 ,!y are unable to appreciate ! fact t ! mo/ effective influ5ce :i* c be br\ght to be> ^u ! human m9d is nev] ! direct tea*+ ( ! prea*] or ! moraliz]1 b ! indirect in/ruction ( ev5ts & emotions4 ,p]sonally ,i h suffici5t mode/y1 moreov]1 to make me hesitate to assume t ,i c judge bett] ?an a ma/] arti/ h[ f> x is well to g 9 draw+ a moral4 ,if ! man ( g5ius has *os5 n to po9t to a delib]ate lesson1 ,i am f> f feel+ incl9$ to take ! gr\nd t ,i "k bett]1 & t ! s]mon %\ld be !re4 ,:5 ,%akespe>e1 or ,col]idge1 or ,br[n+ feels t a vivid transcript ( life %\ld be left to "w out its own effect1 f> f me be ! presumption to consid] ! poet wrong1 or to try to piece out 8 magnific5t "w ) trite moraliz+4 ,! t5d5cy to abuse *ildr5 ) morals is z vici\s z x is widespread4 ,x is p]haps n unconnect$ ) ! idea t in/ruction & improvem5t mu/ alike come ?r\gh means n 9 !mselves enjoyable4 ,x is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* an old ,new ,engl& c\ntry wife rates ! efficacy ( a drug by its bitt]ness4 ,we all f9d x h>d to realize t z f> z lit]ature1 at lea/1 is conc]n$1 ! good x does is to be measur$ r by ! pleasure x gives4 ,if ! *ildr5 entirely & intellig5tly delight 9 x1 we ne$ bo!r ab\t no morals1 we ne$--z f> z ! "q ( its value 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild's m9d goes--h no conc]n ab\t exam9ations4 ,art is ! m9i/ry ( joy1 & lit]ature is art or x is ! mo/ futile & fooli% ?+ ev] introduc$ into ! tra9+ ( ! "y4 ,,vi ,,prelim9>y ,,"w ,x w n always d to plunge at once into a giv5 piece ( lit]ature1 = (t5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( prelim9>y "w is ne$$ to prep>e ! m9d ( ! pupil to receive ! effect int5d$ by ! au?or4 ,= conv5i5ce ,i %\ld divide ! tea*+ ( lit]ature into f\r /ages3 ,prelim9>y2 ,inspirational2 ,educational2 ,exam9ational4 ,! division is ( c\rse arbitr>y1 b x is aft] all "o :i* comes naturally en\gh 9 actual "w4 ,"o division w n infrequ5tly pass into ano!r1 & no "o c\ld be s fooli% z to suppose lit]ature is to be taught by a cut & dri$ me*anical process ( any sort4 ,! division is conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 at lea/ = purposes ( discussion2 & no argum5t %\ld be ne$$ to prove t 9 _m cases ! pupil _c ev5 read intellig5tly ! lit]ature he is suppos$ to /udy until he has _h "s prep>atory in/ruction4 ,! vocabul>y ( any p>ticul> "w mu/ fir/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,we d n ask a *ild to read a poem until we suppose him to h by e-day use become famili> ) ! common words x conta9s4 ,we %\ld rememb] t ! poet 9 writ+ has assum$ t ! read] is equally famili> ) any less common words :i* may be us$4 ,x is c]ta9ly n to be held t ! writ] int5ds t 9 ! middle ( a fl[+ l9e or at a po9t :]e ! emotion is at its highe/1 ! read] %all be bo!r$ by ignorance ( ! mean+ ( a t]m2 t he %all be oblig$ to turn to notes to look up def9itions1 %all be plung$ into a puddle ( d]ivations1 alli$ mean+s1 & p>allel passages su* z are s (t5 prep>$ by ! +5i\s editors ( s*ool texts4 ,^! ?+s are well en\gh 9 _! place & way2 b no au?or ev] int5d$ 8 "w to be read by any su* process1 & s9ce lit]ature dep5ds s l>gely on ! production ( a mood1 su* int]ruptions are no?+ less ?an fatal to ! effect4 ,i rememb] z a boy sitt+ at ! feet ( an eld] si/] :o 0 read+ to me 9 ,engli% f a ,fr5* text4 ,at ! v climax ( ! tale1 :5 ! h]o9e 0 be+ pursu$ d[n a wild rav9e by a b&it1 ! read] came to an adjective :i* %e c\ld n translate4 ,) true ,new ,engl& consci5ti\sness %e began to look x up 9 ! diction>y2 b ,i c\ld n be> ! delay4 ,i caught ! lexicon out ( h] h&s1 & )\t hav+ ev5 se5 ! ,fr5* or kn[+ a syllable ( t language1 cri$ out3 ,oh1 ,i "k t ^w6 ,x means 'blood-bolt]$4' ,did he cat* h]8 ,%e ab&on$ ! se>*1 & 9 all ! horror ( ! picturesque ,%akespe>ean epi!t ! b&it da%$ on1 to be enc\nt]$ by ! h]o at ! next turn ( ! romantic rav9e4 ,i _h at ! mom5t1 s f> z ,i c rememb]1 no consid]ation ( ! exact tru? ( my /atem5t4 ,i simply c\ld n be> t ! emotion ( ! crisis %\ld be int]rupt$ by t bo!rsome se>* = an exact equival5t4 ,! t]m 'blood-bolt]$' fitt$ ! situation admirably1 & ,i ?ru/ x 91 s t we might hurry =w>d on ! ru%+ curr5t ( excitem5t4 ,?is1 z ,i und]/& x1 is ! fa%ion 9 :i* *ildr5 %\ld take lit]ature4 ,few occasions1 p]haps1 are likely to call = epi!ts s lurid z t 9 :i* ,macbe? describ$ ! gho/ ( ,banquo1 b ! _s ( ! ?+ read %\ld s c>ry ! read] =w>d t he _c endure int]ruption4 ,:5 "w mu/ be done ) gloss>y & notes 9 ord] t ! text may be easily & prop]ly und]/ood1 ?is %\ld be tak5 z /raight=w>d prelim9>y /udy4 ,x %\ld be made z agreeable z possible1 b agreeable = & 9 itself4 ,:5 ,i say agreeable = itself1 ,i mean )\t especial ref]5ce to ! text = :i* prep>ation is be+ made4 ,! hi/ory ( words1 ! gr[? & modification ( mean+s1 ! peculi>ities & relations ( spee*1 may always be made attractive to an intellig5t class2 & s9ce "h & ?r\gh\t all /udy ( lit]ature /ud5ts are to be made to d z mu* ( ! actual "w z possible1 ?is "p is simple4 ,! am\nt ( "t giv5 to su* le>n+ ( ! vocabul>y might at fir/ seem to be an objection to ! me?od4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 !re is an actual economy ( "t 9 do+ all ?is at fir/ & at once1 ?us gett+ x out ( ! way1 & sav+ ! wa/e ( con/ant int]ruptions 9 go+ ov] ! text2 9 ! second1 x af=ds a means ( mak+ ?is portion ( ! "w actually int]e/+ 9 itself & valuable = its relation to ! /udy ( language 9 g5]al2 & 9 ! ?ird place x bo? fixes mean+s 9 m9d & all[s ! read+ ( ! au?or ) "s s5se ( ! effect he design$ to give by ! words he employ$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t 9 ?is matt] ( tak+ up ! vocabul>y be=eh& _m tea*]s1 p]haps ev5 mo/ tea*]s1 w n agree ) me4 ,! o!r side ( ! "q is v well put 9 a leaflet by ,miss ,m>y ,e4 ,lit*field1 publi%$ by ! ,new ,engl& ,association ( ,tea*]s 9 ,engli%3 ,my pupils1 ,i f9d1 c "w long] & h>d] on ,macbe? & ,hamlet1 ) con/antly increas+ int]e/1 ?an on any o!r ma/]pieces suit$ to s*ool use4 ,j because ^! dramas are s /imulat+1 ! pupils h ! pati5ce to /ruggle ) ! difficulties ( ! text4 ,9 g5]al !y feel only a languid int]e/ 9 ^w-puzzles su* z delight ! /ud5t ( language2 = in/ance1 ! expression1 ,he doesn't "k a hawk f a h&saw1 might fail to ar\se _! curiosity4 ,b :5 ,hamlet says3 ,i am b mad nor?-nor? we/3 :5 ! w9d is s\!rly ,i "k a hawk f a h&saw1 !y are on ! al]t2 !y really c>e to "k :at he means & :y he has us$ ?is peculi> expression4 ,?us ^w-/udy :i* might be m]e drudg]y is r5d]$ int]e/+ by ! human elem5t 9 ! play--! elem5t :i*1 9 my op9ion1 %\ld always be kept well 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,a l>ge numb] ( tea*]s1 _m ( !m1 v likely1 ( exp]i5ce great] ?an m9e1 w agree ) ?is view4 ,i am n able to d s because ,i believe we %\ld "k ! language be=e we try to read2 b ,i at lea/ hold t ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 any successful tea*+ is t a tea*] %all foll[ ! me?od :i* he f9ds be/ adapt$ to 8 own temp]am5t4 ,= ! in/ructor :o is conv9c$ t ! habit ( tak+ up difficulties ( language z !y are met 9 actual read+1 to take !m up !n is p]haps ! only effective way ( do+ ?+s4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 a little l sacrific+ ! lit]ature to a desire to make tea*+ ! vocabul>y easi]4 ,x is v likely a simpl] way ( ar\s+ int]e/ 9 difficulties ( language2 b 9 tea*+ lit]ature ! elucidation ( obscure words & phrases is ( int]e/ or value simply = ! sake ( ! effect ( ! text1 & ,i hold t to ?is effect1 & to ?is effect z a :ole1 ev]y?+ else %\ld be subord9ate4 ,ea* tea*] mu/ decide = himself :at is ! prop] me?od1 b ,i insi/ t no au?or ev] wrote s9c]ely )\t assum+ t 8 vocabul>y 0 famili> to 8 audi5ce be=eh&4 ,c]ta9ly ,i am n able to feel t x is wise to int]rupt any fir/ read+ ) any?+ save p]haps ! briefe/ possible explanations1 comm5ts t are s %ort z n to break ! fl[ ( ! "w z a :ole4 ,! fir/ read+ ( a n>rative ( any sort1 x may surely be said1 is *iefly a matt] ( mak+ ! read]1 & especially ! *ildi% read]1 acqua9t$ ) ! /ory4 ,s9ce little real /udy c be accompli%$ :ile int]e/ is conc5trat$ on ! plot1 x may be wise = ! tea*] to h a fir/ read+ )\t any m att5tion to ! difficulties ( vocabul>y ?an is absolutely ne$$ to make ! /ory intelligible1 & !n to h ! difficulties le>n$ be=e a second & m intellig5t go+ ov] ( ! "w z a :ole4 ,ea* tea*] mu/ decide a po9t ( ?is sort accord+ to individual judgm5t & ! "* ( ! class4 ,9 all ! l[] grades ( s*ool "w :atev] lit]ature is giv5 to ! *ildr5 %\ld be 9 diction & 9 phras+ s simple t v little ( ?is sort ( prelim9>y "w ne$ be done4 ,s long z :at is select$ has real lit]>y excell5ce x c h>dly be too simple4 ,we con/antly =get1 x seems to me1 h[ simple is ! _w ( *ildr54 ,dr4 ,john ,br[n1 de> & wise s\l1 has ju/ly said3 ,*ildr5 are long 9 see+1 or at lea/ 9 look+ at :at is above !m2 !y l ! gr\nd1 & its fl[]s & /ones1 its r$ sodg]s & lady-birds1 & all its que] ?+s2 _! _w is ab\t ?ree feet high1 & !y are m (t5 /oop+ ?an gaz+ up4 ,x does n foll[ t *ildr5 are to be f$ on t sort ( wat]-gruel :i* is s (t5 v5d$ z juv5ile lit]ature4 ,!y %\ld be giv5 ! be/1 ! "w ( real writ]s2 b ( ?is ! simple/ %\ld be *os51 & 9 deal+ ) x ! *ildr5 %\ld n be bo!r$ ) ?\ghts & ideas :i* are ov] _! heads4 ,!y live1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 9 a _w ab\t ?ree feet high1 m5tally z well z physically4 ,9 prelim9>y "w ! fir/ object is to remove :atev] ob/acles might h9d] ease & smoo?ness ( progress 9 read+4 ,beside hav+ all obscure t]ms und]/ood1 x is well to call att5tion to "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ & beautiful passages 9 ! book or poem :i* is to be read4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 up z deta*$ quotations1 & ! pupils made to discov] or to see h[ & :y ea* is good4 ,! pleasure ( com+ ^u !m :5 ! text is read helps 9 itself2 x dim9i%es ! /ra9 ^u ! m9d ( ! /ud5t 9 ! ef=t ( compreh5sion1 & x d\bles ! effect ( ! portions *os54 ,my idea is t _m f9e passages may be treat$ almo/ z a "p ( ! vocabul>y ( ! text2 _! mean+ & =ce may be made s evid5t & s attractive t :5 ! complete play or poem is tak5 up a k ( ^! bits helps greatly 9 secur+ a /rong effect ( ! "w z a :ole4 ,we tea*]s too (t5 ignore1 x is to be fe>$1 ! /ra9 x is to ! "y to und]/& & to feel at ! same "t4 ,we fail to recognize1 inde$1 h[ difficult x is = !m--or = any "o--to feel :ile ! att5tion is tax$ to take 9 ! mean+ ( a ?+2 s t 9 lit]>y /udy we are likely to dem& ! impossible1 ! responsiv5ess ( ! emotions :ile all ! =ce ( ! *ild's m9d is conc5trat$ ^u ! ef=t to compreh5d4 ,:atev] may be done legitimately to less5 ?is /ress is mo/ desirable4 ,! prep>ation ( ! vocabul>y1 ! elucidation ( obscure passages obvi\sly aids 9 ?is2 b s does ! po9t+ out ( beauties4 ,in/ead ( be+ bo!r$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ef=t to take 9 a poem or a play z a :ole & be+ h>ass$ by ! ne$ ( ma/]+ details ( diction or phras+1 ! /ud5t has a pleasant s5se ( self-confid5ce 9 com+ ^u obscure matt]s already conqu]$2 & 9 ! same way receives bo? pleasure & a feel+ ( ma/]y 9 recogniz+ beauties already famili>4 ,! prelim9>y "w1 besides ?is /udy ( any difficulties ( vocabul>y1 %\ld include :atev] is ne$ful 9 mak+ cle> any diff]5ce betwe5 ! po9t ( view ( ! "w /udi$ & t ( ! *ild's ord9>y life4 ,9 ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 = in/ance1 x is necess>y to make cle> ! fact t ! play 0 writt5 = an audi5ce to :i* usury 0 an intol]able crime & a ,jew a creature to be ?or\ghly dete/$4 ,! ,jew-bait+ ( rec5t ye>s 9 ,europe helps to make ?is intelligible4 ,! po9t mu/ be made1 because o!rwise ,antonio appe>s l a cad & ,jessica inexcusable4 ,! /ory is easily br\ght home to ! s*ool-boy1 moreov]1 by its close relation to ! simple/ emotions4 ,! two facts t ,antonio has incurr$ ! hatr$ ( ,%ylock ?r\gh 8 k9dness to p]sons 9 tr\ble & t he comes )9 ! range ( dang] ?r\gh rais+ money to aid 8 fri5d ,bassanio are s closely alli$ to univ]sal human feel+s & univ]sal human exp]i5ce t x is only ne$ful to be sure ^! po9ts are cle>ly p]ceiv$ to h ! sympa?ies ( ! class ?or\ghly awak5$4 ,all ?is is s obvi\s t x is h>dly necess>y to say x except = ! sake ( n omitt+ :at is ( s mu* real importance4 ,e tea*] und]/&s ?is & acts ^u x4 ,to include ?is 9 ! prelim9>y "w may seem a contradiction ( a previ\s /atem5t t x is n wise to tell *ildr5 :at !y are expect$ to get f any giv5 book4 ,! two matt]s are entirely di/9ct4 ,:at %\ld be done is really t sort ( giv+ ( ! po9t ( view :i* we s commonly & s naturally ex]cise 9 tell+ an anecdote 9 conv]sation4 ,( all conceit$ m5 ,i ev] met1 we say1 ,tom ,br&yw9e 0 ! wor/4 ,:y1 once ,i saw him--& s on = ! /ory :i* is ?us decl>$ to be an exposition ( ov]we5+ vanity4 ,see1 we say to ! class 9 effect1 y mu/ h felt sorry to see "s k9dly1 hone/ fell[ *eat$ j because he 0 too hone/ to suspect ! sneak t *eat$ him4 ,"h is ! /ory ( a great1 spl5did1 hone/ ,moor1 a noble g5]al & a f9e lead]1 :o 0 utt]ly ru9$ & br\ght to 8 dea? 9 j t way4 ,?is is n draw+ a moral1 & x seems to me entirely legitimate aid to ! /ud5t4 ,x is less do+ any?+ = !m t !y c\ld & %\ld d ?an x is direct+ !m s t !y may advance m quickly & 9 ! "r direction4 ,?is indication ( ! g5]al direction 9 :i* ! m9d %\ld move 9 consid]+ a "w is closely connect$ ) :at might be call$ e/abli%+ ! prop] po9t ( dep>ture4 ,?is is nei!r m nor less ?an fix+ ! fact ( common exp]i5ce 9 ! life ( ! pupil at :i* x seems safe & wise to beg94 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! way 9 :i* a tea*] calls ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ! pupils to br+ home ! picture ( ! ,village ,blacksmi? at 8 =ge is an indication ( :at is "h meant4 ,9 tea*+ hi/ory to-day1 ) a some:at old] grade ( pupils ?an w\ld be read+ t poem ( ,longfell['s1 an in/ructor naturally makes vivid ! ,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew by comp>ison ) ! reports ( ,jewi% massacres 9 our own "t2 & 9 ! same l9e ! fact t x is s %ort a "t s9ce ! ,k+ ( ,s]via 0 assass9at$1 or t ! pres5t ,sultan ( ,turkey cem5t$ on 8 cr[n ) ! blood ( 8 bro!rs1 may be made to assi/ a class to take ! po9t ( view necess>y = ! realization ( ! trag$y 9 ,macbe?4 ,i h already spok5#hc3a ( ! humbl]1 b p]haps ev5 m vital way 9 :i* ! vice ( ambition t is s /rong a motive p[] 9 t trag$y is to be und]/ood by />t+ f ! rivalry 9 sports1 s9ce f ?is s surely intelligible emotion ! m9d ( ! boy is easily l$ on to ! ambition :i* burns to rule a k+dom4 ,x is wise n to be afraid ( ! simple4 ,if ! poem to be /udi$ is ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 x is well to discov] :at is ! /range/ situation 9 :i* any memb] ( ! class has ev] f\nd himself4 ,aft] incit+ ! re/ ( ! pupils to imag9e :at mu/ be "o's feel+s 9 su* circum/ances1 x is n difficult to lead !m on to und]/& ! decl>ation ( ,col]idge t he tri$ to %[ h[ a man w\ld feel if ! sup]natural 7 actual4 ,= natural1 :olesome-m9d$ *ildr5 x is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y to take pa9s to reconcile !m to ! sup]natural4 ,to ! normal *ild ! l9e betwe5 ! actual & ! unreal does n exi/ until ?is has be5 drill$ into him by adult tea*+1 consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,! normal condition ( y\? is t :i* accepts a fairy z simply & z unque/ion+ly z x accepts a tree or a c[4 ,c]ta9ly x is true t *ildr5 are 9 g5]al ready en\gh = :at !y w\ld call make-believe1 t /age ( half-consci\s self-deception :i* lies betwe5 ! bless$ imag9ative fai? ( unsophi/icat$ *ildhood & ! m skeptical attitude ( ^? :o h discov]$ t !re isn't any ,santa ,claus4 ,= all y\ng] classes no?+ m is likely to be necess>y ?an to assume t ! wond]ful w be accept$4 ,:5 occasion arises to ju/ify ! m>vell\s1 ! tea*] may always call att5tion to ! fact t 9 poems l ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 or ,comus1 or ,macbe? ! sup]natural is a "p ( ! hypo!sis4 ,to connect ) ?is ! pupil's conception ( ! "p ! hypo!sis plays 9 a proposition 9 geometry is at once to help to connect "o bran* ( /udy ) ano!r1 always a desirable ?+ 9 education1 & to aid !m 9 und]/&+ :y & h[ !y are to accept ! wond]s ( ! /ory entirely )\t "q4 ,! impossible is "p ( ! proposition1 & ?is !y mu/ be made to feel be=e !y c be at ease ) _! au?or or get at all ! prop] po9t ( view4 ,! aim ( lit]ature is to ar\se emotion1 b we live 9 a reali/ic age1 & ! y\? ( ! pres5t is n giv5 to ! emotional4 ,y\?1 moreov]1 in/9ctively conceals feel+1 & ! lads 9 our s*ool-classes to-day are 9 _! outside lives & inde$ 9 mo/ ( _! s*ool-"w call$ ^u to be z h>d-head$ & z unemotional z possible4 ,!y are likely to feel t emotion is weak1 t to be mov$ is effem9ate4 ,!y w %y at any /atem5t t !y %\ld feel :at !y read4 ,! notion ( conceiv+ an hypo!sis helps j "h4 ,a boy w accept--n entirely reason+ ! ?+ out1 b really mak+ ( x an excuse to himself = be+ mov$--! idea t if ! hypo!sis 7 true he might feel deeply1 al?\gh he assures himself t z x is he is actually /able 9 a manly indiff]5ce4 ,! aim ( ! tea*] is to awake feel+1 b n to speak ( x2 to t\* ! class z deeply z possible1 yet n to seem aw>e1 or at lea/ n to %[ t he is aw>e t ! /ud5ts are t\*$4 ,9 ?is z 9 all treatm5t ( lit]ature1 any connection ) ! actual life ( ! pupil is ( ! greate/ value4 ,x seems to ju/ify emotion1 & x gives to ! "w ( imag9ation a c]ta9 solidity4 ,)\t reason+ ! ?+ out fully1 a boy ( ! pres5t day is likely to judge ! importance ( any?+ pres5t$ to him at s*ool by :at he c see ( its direct be>+ ^u 8 future "w1 & especially by its relations to ! mat]ial side ( life4 ,?is is ev5 measurably true ( *ildr5 s "y t !y might be suppos$ /ill to be ignorant ( ! realism ( ! "t & ( ! practical side ( exi/5ce4 ,! tea*] be/ evades ?is dang] by />t+ directly f "s ?\ght or fact 9 ! *ild's pres5t life & f ?is lead+ him on to ! mood ( ! "w ( lit]ature :i* is "u consid]ation4 ,"h & ev]y:]e ,i feel ! dang] ( seem+ to be recomm5d+ me*anical processes = t :i* no me*anical process c rea*4 ,if ! tea*] has a sympa!tic love = lit]ature1 he w und]/& t ,i d n & _c mean any?+ ( ! sort2 if he has n t sympa?y1 he _c treat lit]ature o!rwise ?an 9 a ma*9e fa%ion1 no matt] :at is said4 ,x sometimes seems t x is h>dly logical to expect e tea*] to be an in/ructor 9 lit]ature any m ?an x w\ld be to ask e tea*] to take classes 9 music & pa9t+4 ,art requires n only k b temp]am5t2 bo? ma/] & pupil mu/ h a responsiv5ess to ! imag9ative1 or little c be accompli%$4 ,s9ce ! exig5cies ( our pres5t sy/em1 h[ev]1 require t s l>ge a proportion ( tea*]s %all make ! attempt1 ,i am simply endeavor+ to give practical h9ts :i* may aid 9 ! "w2 b ,i wi% to keep pla9ly evid5t ! fact t n[h]e d ,i mean to imply a pat5t process1 a me*anical me?od1 or any?+ :i* is ( value except z x is appli$ ) a full compreh5sion t ! *ief ?+1 ! ?+ to :i* any me?od is to be at ne$ completely sacrific$1 is to awak5 appreciation & en?usiasm1 to quick5 ! imag9ation ( ! /ud5t1 & to develop :atev] natural p[]s he may h = ! enjoy+ & ! lov+ ( good books4#hg3a ,,footnotes3 #hc3a ,page #fi4 #hg3a ,:ile ?is volume 0 9 press a writ] 9 ! ,mon?ly ,review 7,london7 has rem>k$3 ,i fail to see h[ a lit]>y s5se c be cultivat$ until a firm f\ndation ( k has be5 laid :]eon to build1 & ,i tremble to ?9k ( ! result ( an en=c$ diet ( ',! ,cant]bury ,tales1' ',! ,fa]ie ,que51' & ',m>mion' ^u a class z yet ignorant ( ! elem5ts ( ,engli% composition4 ,,vii ,,! ,,inspirational ,,use ,,( ,,lit]ature ,! t]m inspirational1 :i* ,i h us$ z indicat+ ! second division ( ! tea*+ ( lit]ature1 is a some:at absurdly l>ge ^w = :at is ! mo/ simple & natural "p ( ! :ole deal+ ) books :i* goes on betwe5 tea*] & pupil4 ,x is a t]m1 h[ev]1 :i* expresses pretty well :at is or %\ld be ! exact "* ( ! /udy at its be/4 ,! *ief effect ( lit]ature %\ld be to inspire1 & by inspirational1 z appli$ to tea*+1 ,i mean t pres5tation ( lit]ature :i* be/ secures ?is end4 ,put 9 simpl] t]ms ! :ole matt] might be express$ by say+ t ! mo/ important (fice ( lit]ature 9 ! s*ool z 9 life is to m9i/] to delight & to en?usiasm2 & :oev] is famili> ) ! limit$ ext5t to :i* ! requir$ tra9+ 9 college requirem5ts or 9 prescrib$ c\rses fulfils ?is (fice w realize ! ne$ :i* exi/s = ! emphasiz+ ( ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,lit]ature is made a gymnasium = ! tra9+ ( ! intellect or a treadmill = ! ex]cise ( ! memory1 b x is too seldom t delight :i* x mu/ be to accompli% its highe/ uses4 ,t ! second>y s*ools %\ld be *iefly conc]n$ ) ?is phase ( lit]ature seems to me a tru? s obvi\s & s indisputable t ,i c see only ) a/oni%m5t t x is s g5]ally ignor$4 ,9 ! l[] grades1 x is true1 some?+ is done 9 ! way ( lett+ *ildr5 enjoy lit]ature )\t bo!r+ ab\t didactic mean+s1 hi/ory ( au?ors1 philological in/ances1 critical manipulations1 & all ! devices ) :i* lat] ! ma/]pieces ( g5ius are turn$ into bugbe>s2 b ev5 "h too _m tea*]s feel an innate crav+ to draw morals & to make poetry in/ructive4 ,!y seem to =get t z *ildr5 !mselves !y skipp$ ! moral :5 !y read a /ory1 or at be/ receiv$ x z an un9t]e/+ necessity1 l ! core ( an apple1 to be disc>d$ :5 f x _h be5 glean$ all ! sweets ( ! tale4 ,no?+ is m amaz+ ?an ! ext5t to :i* all we tea*]s1 9 v>y+ degrees1 b univ]sally1 ev5 to ! be/ ( u1 g on deal+ ) a sort ( imag9>y *ild :i* f our own exp]i5ce we "k nev] did & nev] c\ld exi/4 ,! fir/ great secret ( all tea*+ is to recognize t we mu/ deal ) our pupils z if we 7 deal+ ) our own selves at _! age4 ,if we c accompli% ?is1 we %all n bore !m ) dull moraliz+s "u ! pretext t we are introduc+ !m to ! delights ( lit]ature4 ,:]e a class has to be dealt )1 ! "w 9 any bran* mu/ be adapt$ to ! av]age m9d1 & n to ! und]/&+ ( ! individual2 s t 9 s*ool _m ?+s are impossible :i* at home1 or 9 individual tra9+1 are n difficult4 ,x is n h>d1 ,i believe1 to int]e/ ev5 ! av]age mod]n boy1 di/ract$ by ! multiplicity ( curr5t impressions1 9 ! be/ lit]ature1 provid$ he may be tak5 alone & compet5tly h&l$4 ,almo/ any :olesome & sane lad may at times be f\nd to be indiff]5t 9 class to ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 = in/ance2 yet ,i believe few heal?y & fairly intellig5t boys ( f t5 to fifte5 c\ld resi/ ! fasc9ation ( ! plays if ^! 7 read ) !m by a compet5t p]son at prop] times1 & )\t ! dilution ( m5tal p]ception :i* necess>ily comes ) ! pres5ce ( classmates4 ,be ?is1 h[ev]1 z x may1 ! tea*] mu/ be cont5t ) ar\s+ z well z he c ! _s ( ! class z a :ole4 ,"s "o or two ( ! clev]e/ pupils w lead1 & may seem to repres5t ! _s ( all2 b ev5 !y are n :at !y w\ld be alone1 & 9 any case ! in/ructor mu/ n devote himself to ! mo/ clev] :ile ! re/ ( ! pupils are neglect$4 ,x foll[s t 9 ! *oice ( pieces to be read to /ud5ts ! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ is t ^! %all be effective 9 a broad s5se s t !y w appeal to ! av]age intellig5ce & ta/e ( a giv5 class easily & naturally4 ,!y mu/ fir/ ( all h t /rong appeal to g5]al human emotion :i* w insure a ready response f y\? n well develop$ /hetically & r5d]$ less s5sitive by be+ mass$ ) o!r /ud5ts 9 a class4 ,su* a selection is n easy1 & x involves ! c>eful /udy ( :at may be t]m$ ! individuality ( any giv5 gr\p ( pupils2 b x seems to me to be at once "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s & "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! po9ts :i* %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( any attempt to create 9 s*ool a real enjoym5t 9 lit]ature4 ,a dang] :i* naturally pres5ts itself at ! v outset is ! likelihood ( =gett+ t ! possession ( ?is easy & obvi\s int]e/ is n a suffici5t reason :y a "w %\ld be pres5t$ to a class4 ,x too (t5 happ5s t ! desire ( ar\s+ & int]e/+ pupils leads tea*]s to br+ =w>d ?+s t are s5sational & h little if any fur!r recomm5dation4 ,d\btless ,dr4 ,johnson 0 "r :5 he decl>$ t y h done a great ?+ :5 y h br\ght a boy to h ent]ta9m5t f a book2 yet aft] all ! tea*] is n advanc+ 9 8 task & may be do+ positive h>m if he sacrifice too mu* to ! desire to be in/antly & /rongly pleas+4 ,fla%y & unwor?y books are s press$ ^u ! read+ public at ! pres5t day t especial c>e is ne$$ to avoid fo/]+ ! t5d5cy to receive !m 9 place ( lit]ature4 ,x is n my purpose to give li/s ( selections1 = 9 ! fir/ place x has be5 done ov] & ov]1 notably 9 su* a collection z ! admirable ,he>t ( ,oak s]ies2 & 9 ! second no selection c be held to be equally adapt$ to diff]5t classes or to h real value unless x has be5 made ) a view to ! actual ne$s ( a def9ite body ( pupils4 ,pupils mu/ be int]e/$1 yet ! ?+s *os5 to ar\se _! int]e/ %\ld be ^? :i* h n only ! sup]ficial qualities :i* make an in/ant appeal1 b possess also ^? m la/+ m]its ess5tial to g5u9e lit]ature4 ,9 ! l[] grades x is g5]ally1 ,i believe1 possible = ! tea*] to control ! *oice ( selections put be=e /ud5ts1 al?\gh ev5 "h ?is is n always ! case4 ,if errors ( selection are made1 h[ev]1 !y are l>gely due to inability to judge wisely & to a too great def]5ce to g5]al lit]>y ta/e4 ,a tea*] mu/ rememb] t two po9ts are absolutely ess5tial to any good tea*+ ( lit]ature3 fir/1 t ! selection be suit$ to ! possibilities ( ! individual class2 second1 t ! tea*] be qualifi$ s to use & pres5t ! selection z to make x effective4 ,_m consci5ti\s tea*]s take poems :i* !y "k are reg>d$ z ( high m]it1 & :i* h be5 us$ ) advantage by o!r in/ructors1 yet :i* !y individually1 f temp]am5t or f tra9+1 are utt]ly inadequate to h&le4 ,!y ei!r lack ! insight & delight 9 ! pieces :i* are ess5tial if ! pupils are to be k9dl$1 or are defici5t 9 p[] s to pres5t _! own appreciation & enjoym5t t ^! appeal to ! *ildr54 ,= illu/ration ( "o ( ! ways 9 :i* a *ild may be l$ into ! he>t ( a poem ,i h *os5 ,! ,tig]1 by ,william ,blake4 ,?is belongs to ! class ( lit]ature con/antly tak5 = use ) *ildr5 because x is reput$ to be beautiful1 yet :i* con/antly fails 9 its appeal to a class4 ,x is to me "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful lyrics 9 ! language1 yet ,i d\bt if x w\ld ev] h occurr$ to me to use x 9 our common s*ools1 & c]ta9ly ,i %\ld nev] h dream$ t x 0 to be pres5t$ to *ildr5 9 ! l[] grades4 ,i d n "k ) :at success tea*]s 9 g5]al may h us$ x1 b 9 "o or two ,bo/on s*ools ) :i* ,i happ5 to be fairly well acqua9t$ ! effect is pretty ju/ly repres5t$ by ! m5tal attitude ( ! small lad spok5 ( 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! ext5t to :i* *ildr5 acquiesce 9 a sort ( me*anical compliance 9 :at to !m are ! vag>ies ( _! eld]s 9 ! matt] ( lit]ature c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,d\btless !y (t5 unconsci\sly ga9 mu* ( :i* !y d n dream 9 ! way ( ! developm5t ( ta/e & p]ception1 b too (t5 ! :ole ( ! in/ruction giv5 along /hetic l9es slides ov] !m )\t produc+ any p]man5t effect ( appreciable value4 ,( c\rse ,i d n cont5d t *ildr5 are n advanc+ unless !y "k x4 ,e>ly tra9+ 9 lit]ature may (t5 be ( ! highe/ value )\t def9ite consci\sness on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,self-analysis is no m to be expect$ "h ?an any:]e else 9 ! e>ly /ages ( tra9+4 ,! *ild does n 9 ! lea/ compreh5d1 = in/ance1 t ! ditties ( ,"m ,goose1 mean+less j+les z !y are1 are educat+ 8 s5se ( rhy?m2 he does n und]/& t 8 imag9ative p[]s are be+ n\ri%$ by ! fairy-tale1 ! normal m5tal food = a c]ta9 /age ( ! developm5t ( ! individual z x is ! natural & inevitable product ( a correspond+ /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! race4 ,s long z a *ild has g5u9e int]e/ 9 a poem or a tale he is gett+ some?+ f x1 b he does n conc]n himself to consid] any?+ beyond pres5t enjoym5t4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages at lea/1 & = t matt] at any /age1 ! ?+ to be secur$ is int]e/2 & in/ruction 9 ! l[] s*ool grades %\ld be conf9$ to :at is actually ne$$ to make *ildr5 enjoy a giv5 piece4 ,any?+ beyond ?is may wisely be def]r$4 ,9 _m ( ! l[] grades x is n[ ! fa%ion to h *ildr5 act out poems4 ,! me?od is spok5 ( ) satisfaction by tea*]s :o h tri$ x4 ,i "k no?+ ( x by exp]i5ce1 b %\ld suppose x might be good if n c>ri$ too f>4 ,*ildr5 are naturally hi/rionic1 & advantage may be tak5 ( ?is fact to /imulate _! imag9ation & to quick5 _! responsiv5ess to lit]ature1 if s]i\sness & s9c]ity are n =gott54 ,9 ?is e>ly "w x does n seem to me t mu* c wisely be done 9 ! /udy ( metrical effects4 ,inde$1 ,i h s]i\s d\bts :e!r mu* 9 ! way ( ! exam9ation ( ! te*nique ( poetry prop]ly has place any:]e 9 prep>atory s*ools4 ,! *ild1 h[ev]1 %\ld be tra9$ gradually to notice metrical effects1 by hav+ att5tion call$ to passages :i* are especially musical or impressive4 ,by beg9n+ ) r++ & /rongly m>k$ v]se & lead+ on to effects m delicate ! tea*] may d mu* 9 ?is l9e4 ,i h call$ ?is e>ly "w inspirational because x %\ld be direct$ to mak+ lit]ature a pleasure & an inspiration4 ,! ^w1 clumsy z x may seem1 does express ! real function ( art1 & ! only function :i* may ) any pr(it be consid]$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! /udy ( lit]ature4 ,! object is to make ! *ildr5 c>e = good books2 to %[ !m t poetry has a mean+ = !m2 & to awak5 9 !m--al?\gh !y w be f> f und]/&+ ! fact--a s5sitiv5ess to ideals4 ,! *ild w n be aw>e t he is be+ giv5 high] views ( life1 t he is be+ tra9$ to "s p]ception ( nobl] aims & possibilities great] ?an are pres5t$ by common exp]i5ces2 b ?is is :at is really be+ accompli%$4 ,any tra9+ :i* op5s ! eyes to ! f9] side ( life is 9 ! be/ & true/ s5se inspiration2 & x %\ld be ! di/9ct aim ( ! tea*] to see to x t :atev] else may happ51 9 ! l[] grades or 9 ! high]1 ?is *ief function ( ! tea*+ ( lit]ature %all n be lo/ sight ( or neglect$4 ,,viii ,,an ,,illu/ration ,to attempt to give a concrete illu/ration ( ! me?od 9 :i* any tea*+ is to be c>ri$ on is 9 a way to try = ! impossible4 ,e class & e pupil mu/ be treat$ accord+ to ! especial nature ( ! case & ! p]sonal equation ( ! tea*]4 ,i p]haps expose myself to ! dang] ( seem+ egoti/ic if ,i ins]t "h an exp]i5ce ( my own1 &1 :at is ( m consequ5ce1 ,i may possibly obscure ! v po9ts ,i am endeavor+ to make cle>4 ,z well z ,i c1 h[ev]1 ,i %all set d[n an actual talk1 9 ! hope t x may af=d "s h9t ( ! way 9 :i* ev5 difficult pieces ( lit]ature may be made to appeal to a *ild4 ,( c\rse ?is is n 9 ! lea/ meant z a model1 b solely & simply z an illu/ration4 ,i once ask$ a f9e little fell[ ( eight :at he 0 do+ at s*ool4 ,he answ]$--because ?is happ5$ to be ! task :i* at ! mom5t 0 mo/ press+--t he 0 committ+ to memory ,william ,blake's ,tig]4 ,d y l x8 ,i ask$4 ,oh1 we don't h to l x1 he respond$ ) c>eless frankness1 we j h to le>n x4 ,! =m ( 8 reply appeal$ to "o's s5se ( humor1 & ,i wond]$ h[ _m ( my own /ud5ts 9 lit]ature might h giv5 answ]s n dissimil> 9 _s1 _h !y n outgr[n ! delici\s c&or :i* belongs to ! fir/ decade ( a lad's life4 ,! aft]noon *anc$ to be ra9y & at my disposal4 ,i 0 curi\s to see :at ,i c\ld d ) ?is comb9ation ( ,blake & small boy1 & ,i made ! exp]im5t4 ,i %\ld n h *os5 ! poem = "o s "y2 b x is real1 compact ( noble imag9ation1 ! boy 0 evid5tly g5u9e1 & a real poem mu/ h some?+ = any s9c]e read] ev5 if he be a *ild4 ,! foll[+ report ( our talk 0 n writt5 d[n at ! "t1 & makes no pret5se ( be+ lit]al4 ,x does repres5t1 s f> z ,i c judge1 ) sub/antial accuracy :at pass$ betwe5 ! /raight=w>d lad & myself4 ,too delib]ate & too diffuse to h tak5 place 9 a s*ool-room1 x yet gives1 on an ext5d$ scale1 :at ,i believe is ! true me?od ( tea*+ lit]ature 9 all ! second>y-s*ool "w4 ,i d n claim to h orig9at$ or to h discov]$ ! me?od2 b ,i hope t ,i may be able to make cle>] to "s tea*]s h[ *ildr5 may be help$ to d _! own ?9k+ & ?us br\ght to a vital & delight$ enjoym5t ( ! ma/]pieces !y /udy4 ,i began to repeat al\d ! op5+ l9es ( ! poem4 ,:y1 said ! boy1 d y "k t8 ,did y h to le>n x at s*ool :5 y 7 little l me8 ,i'm n sure :5 ,i did le>n x1 ,i answ]$2 ,i've kn[n x = a good :ile2 b ,i didn't j le>n x4 ,i l x4 ,i repeat$ ! :ole poem1 purposely refra9+ f giv+ x v great =ce1 ev5 9 ! supreme symphonic outbur/ ( ! magnific5t fif? /anza3 ,tig]1 tig]1 burn+ bright ,9 ! =e/s ( ! night1 ,:at immortal h& or eye ,c\ld frame ?y fe>ful symmetry8 ,9 :at di/ant deeps or skies ,burnt ! fire ( ?9e eyes8 ,on :at w+s d>e he aspire8 ,:at ! h& d>e seize ! fire8 ,& :at %\ld] & :at art ,c\ld twi/ ! s9ews ( ?y he>t8 ,&1 :5 ?y he>t began to beat1 ,:at dread h& =m$ ?y dread feet8 ,:at ! hamm]8 :at ! *a98 ,9 :at furnace 0 ?y bra98 ,:at ! anvil8 :at dread grasp ,d>e its deadly t]rors clasp8 ,:5 ! />s ?rew d[n _! spe>s1 ,& wat]$ heav5 ) _! te>s1 ,did he smile ,8 "w to see8 ,did he :o made ! lamb make !e8 ,x s\nds r pretty1 ,i comm5t$1 z c>elessly z possible4 ,yes1 ,i suppose s1 he ass5t$ colorlessly1 look+ at me r suspici\sly4 ,he 0 a %rewd little mortal1 & he _h be5 s (t5 told at s*ool t he %\ld l ?is & t = :i* 9 reality he did n c>e a button t he 0 on 8 gu>d4 ,i made a casual rem>k ab\t some?+ entirely unrelat$ to ! subject4 ,x 0 well t ! lad %\ld n feel t he 0 be+ in/ruct$4 ,!n 9 a mann] z natural & easy z ,i c\ld make x ,i ask$3 ,did y ev] see a tig]8 ,oh1 yes2 ,i've se5 lots ( !m at ! circus4 ,tom ,b5tly nev] w5t to b "o circus1 b ,i've be5 to f\r4 ,:at does a tig] look l8 ,i w5t on1 ignor+ ! irrelevant4 ,he's a fi]ce-look+ ?+6 ,didn't y ev] see "o8 ,yes1 ,i've se5 !m1 b ,i wond]$ if !y look$ ! same to y z !y d to me4 ,:y1 h[ d !y look to y8 ,i ask$ y fir/4 ,x's only fair = y to say fir/4 ,well1 ! small boy said1 ) a f9e %[ ( be+ det]m9$ to play fair1 ,i ?9k !y look l great big1 big1 big cats4 ,did y ?9k t8 ,t's exactly :at ,i %\ld h said4 ,!y really are a sort ( cat1 y "k4 ,did y ev] see a keep] /ir !m up8 ,oh1 yes1 sir2 & !y sn>l$ l any?+1 & lick$ _! lips j l ?is6 ,he gave a highly gratify+ imitation1 & !n add$ vivaci\sly3 ,if ,i 7 ! keep]1 ,i'd keep /irr+ !m up all ! "t4 ,!y did look s mad6 ,& !y op5$ & %ut _! eyes sl[ly1 ,i sugge/$1 z if !y'd l to get hold ( _! keep]4 ,yes2 & _! eyes 7 j l gre5 fire4 ',burn+ bright1' ,i quot$2 & !n )\t giv+ ! boy "t to suspect t he 0 be+ l$ on1 ,i ask$ at once3 ,did y ev] see a cat's eyes 9 ! d>k8 ,oh1 ,i saw our cat once la/ summ]1 :5 we 7 9 ! c\ntry1 "u a rosebu% aft] d>k1 :5 ,dick & ,i got out ( ! w9d[ aft] we'd gone to b$4 ,%e j sc>$ me2 h] eyes 7 j l little gre5 lant]ns4 ,dick said !y 7 l little bicycle lamps4 ,if x _h be5 a tig] "u a bu% 9 ! night1--'9 ! =e/s ( ! night1'-- ,oh1 int]rupt$ ! boy ) ! eag]ness ( a discov]]1 is t :at x means6 ,did he see a tig] 9 ! night "u a bu%8 ,a real1 truly tig]1 all loose8 ,i'd h run away4 ,i don't "k if he ev] saw "o1 ,i answ]$4 ,i r ?9k he saw a tig] or a picture ( "o1 or ?\ght ( "o1 & !n got to ?9k+ h[ x mu/ seem to come across "o 9 ! woods2 :5 "o 0 travell+1 say1 9 ! ,ea/ :]e tig]s live wild4 ,if y came ^u "o 9 ! =e/ 9 ! d>k1 :at d y ?9k w\ld be ! fir/ ?+ t w\ld tell y a tig] 0 ne>8 ,i'd he> him4 ,did y ev] he> a cat mov+ ab\t8 ,no1 ! boy said d\btfully4 ,aunt ,katie says ,spot doesn't make any m noise ?an a sunbeam4 ,c\ld a sunbeam make a noise8 ,%e meant t ,spot didn't make any4 ,y'd nev] he> a tig] com+1 = x's a k9d ( cat1 & moves )\t s\nd4 ,y w\ldn't "k t way4 ,i'd see him4 ,9 ! night8 ,y c\ldn't see him4 ,yes1 ,i c\ld6 ,yes1 ,i c\ld6 he cri$ triumphantly4 ,i'd see 8 eyes j l gre5 fire4 ,i _h int]e/$ ! lad & tak5 him f> en\gh to feel sure he w\ld foll[ me if ,i help$ him on a little fa/]4 ,i 0 ready to use cle> sugge/ion :5 ,i felt t he w\ld respond to x z if ! ?\ght 7 8 own4 ,well1 ,i said1 don't y see t ?is is j :at ! man :o wrote ! poem meant8 ,he got to ?9k+ h[ ! tig] w\ld look 9 ! night to anybody t came on him 9 ! =e/ & saw ^? eyes l gre5 fires %9+ at him out ( ! jungle4 ,don't y suppose y or ,i w\ld ?9k !y 7 pretty big fires if we saw !m1 & knew !re 0 a tig] beh9d !m8 ,i guess we %\ld6 ,wooh6 ,d y suppose ,bruno'd run8 ,bruno 0 a small & silky wat]-spaniel1 a *>m+ bea/ 9 8 way1 b n especially welcome at ?is po9t ( ! conv]sation4 ,v likely2 ,i slid ov] ! subject4 ,! man knew t he w\ld h a feel+ h[ big & /rong t tig] mu/ be3 & x gave him a %ock to ?9k :at a fe>ful ?+ ! bea/ w\ld be !re 9 ! d>k1 ) all ! w>m1 damp smells ( ! plants 9 ! air1 & ! /range noises4 ,x w\ld almo/ take away 8 brea? to ?9k :at a mighty ,be+ x mu/ h tak5 to make any?+ s awful z a tig]4 ,yes1 ! lad said s quietly t ,i let him ?9k a little4 ,he _h snuggl$ up aga9/ my knee & laid hold ( my f+]s1 & ,i knew "s s5se ( ! matt] 0 work+ 9 him4 ,aft] a mom5t or two ,i ask$ him if he c\ld repeat ! fir/ v]se ( ! poem z if he 7 ! man :o ?\ght ( ! tig] 9 ! jungle !re1 ) fi]ce eyes %9+ out ( ! d>k1 & :o _h s cle> an idea ( ! mighty creature t he c\ldn't help ?9k+ :at a wond]ful ?+ x 0 t x c\ld be creat$4 ,! boy fix$ 8 eyes on m9e z if he 7 gett+ mov$ & half-consci\sly desir$ to be assur$ t ,i 0 utt]ly s]i\s & sympa!tic2 & 9 8 cle> *ildi% voice he repeat$ 9 a way t _h really some?+ ( a ?rill 9 x3 ,tig]1 tig]1 burn+ bright ,9 ! =e/s ( ! night1 ,:at immortal h& or eye ,c\ld frame ?y fe>ful symmetry8 ,if a travell] 7 9 ! jungle 9 ! d>k night1 ,i w5t on aft] a ^w ( praise = 8 recitation1 ,i suppose he c\ldn't see mu* ar\nd him1 ! trees w\ld be s ?ick4 ,he'd h to look up to ! sky to see any?+ b ! tig]'s eyes4 ,he'd see ! />s !re1 ! boy obs]v$1 j z ,i _h hop$ he w\ld4 ,i've se5 />s ?r\gh ! trees4 ,i 0 out 9 ! woods long aft] d>k once4 ,7 y really8 ,! man mu/ h ?\ght ! />s look$ l ! eyes1 z if :5 ! animal 0 made ! ,creator w5t to ! sky itself = t fire4 ,?9k ( a ,be+ t c\ld rise to ! v />s & take _! light 9 ,8 h&4 ,ouf6 ! small man cri$ navely4 ,i %\ldn't want to take fire 9 my h&6 ,! writ] ( ! poem 0 ?9k+ :at a wond]ful ,be+ ,he mu/ be t c\ld d x2 b t if ,he c\ld make a creature l ! tig]1 ,he w\ld be able to d any?+4 ,! boy reflect$ a mom5t1 & !n1 ) a frank look1 ask$3 ,did ! fire 9 a tig]'s eyes really come out ( ! />s8 ,i don't ?9k t ! poem means t x really did1 0 my answ]4 ,i ?9k x means t :5 ! poet ?\ght h[ wond]ful a tig] is1 ) ! life & ! fi]c5ess %9+ l a flame 9 8 eyes1 & h[ we _c tell :]e t fire came f1 & t ! />s ov]head 7 sc>cely bright]1 x seem$ z if t 0 :]e ! gre5 light came f4 ,he 0 try+ to say h[ wond]ful & t]rible x 0 to him1--especially :5 he ?\ght ( com+ ^u ! bea/ all alone 9 ! =e/ 9 ! night ) nobody ne> to def5d him4 ,! boy 0 sil5t1 & ?9k+ h>d4 ,he _h evid5tly n yet cle>ly grasp$ all ! idea4 ,b ,god didn't make a tig] on an anvil & put pieces ( />s 9 = eyes1 he object$4 ,y told me ye/]day t ,bruno swims l a duck4 ,he doesn't really1 = a duck goes on ! top ( ! wat]4 ,oh1 b ,i meant t ,bruno goes z fa/ z a duck4 ,& y want$ me to "k h[ well he swims1 ,i suppose4 ,:y1 ( c\rse4 ,bruno c swim twice z fa/ z ,tom ,talcott's dog4 ,y said t ab\t ! duck to make me "k :at a wond]ful swimm] ,bruno is1 & ! man :o wrote ! poem want$ y :5 y read x to feel h[ wond]ful ! tig] seem$ to him2 its eyes z if !y 7 ( fire br\ght f ! />s1 its /r5g? s great t x seem$ z if 8 muscles _h be5 beat5 out on an anvil f r$-hot /eel by "s ,be+ mighty en\gh to d some?+ no man c\ld beg9 to d4 ,! poem doesn't mean t a tig] 0 really made 9 ?is way2 b x does mean t :5 y ?9k ( ! /r5g? & fe>fulness ( ! creature1 able to c>ry (f a man or ev5 a horse 9 its jaws1 ?is is ! be/ way to give an idea ( h[ t]rible ! animal seem$4 ,! boy accept$ ?is1 & s we came to ! fif? v]se4 ,! range ( ideas "h is s mu* beyond ! m9d ( any *ild t x 0 necess>y to sugge/ mo/ ( !m1 to g v sl[ly1 & 9 ! end to be cont5t ) a *ildi%ly inadequate notion ( ! magnific5t conception4 ,i gave frankly a sugge/ion ( ! creation ( all ! animals at ! beg9n+1 & ( h[ ! angels might h /ood ar\nd l />s1 wat*+ full ( int]e/ & ( k9dness4 ,! boy 0 easily made to feel z if he _h se5 ! mak+ ( ! de] & ! lamb & ! horse1 & ( h[ ! angels might see 9 "o or ano!r ( ! animals a help or a fri5d to man4 ,!n suppose1 ,i said1 t ! angels %\ld see ,god make ! great tig]1 royal & t]rible4 ,:at w\ld !y see8 ,oh1 a great fi]ce ?+1 ! lad return$4 ,d y suppose he'd jump "r at ! de] & ! lambs8 ,he w\ld make ! angels ?9k h[ he c\ld4 ,h[ diff]5t f ! o!r animals he'd be4 ,yes1 he'd h big1 big1 %>p tee?1 & he'd la% 8 tail1 & he'd put out 8 claws4 ,d y suppose he'd %>p5 8 claws ! way ,muff does on ! lea!r *airs8 ,v likely he w\ld1 ,i said4 ,at any rate ! angels w\ld ?9k h[ ! o!r animals w\ld be torn to pieces if ! tig] got hold ( !m2 & !y w\ld ?9k ( :at w\ld happ5 to m54 ,p]haps !y w\ld imag9e "s poor ,h9du woman1 ) h] baby on h] back go+ ?r\gh a pa? 9 ! jungle1 & h[ ! tig] might leap out sudd5ly & te> !m bo? to pieces4 ,! angels c\ldn't und]/& h[ ,god c\ld be> to make any animal s cruel1 or h[ ,he c\ld be will+ to h any?+ s wick$ 9 ! _w4 ,!y w\ld be s sorry = all ! suff]+ t 0 to come t !y w\ld ?r[ d[n _! spe>s & n be able to keep back ! te>s4 ,b angels w\ldn't h spe>s1 w\ld !y8 ,i w5t to a %elf ( ! libr>y 9 :i* we 7 talk+ & took d[n a volume 9 :i* ,i f\nd a picture ( ,/4 ,mi*ael 9 full armor4 ,x is l ! fire f ! />s1 ,i said4 ,( c\rse nobody ev] saw an angel to "k h[ he w\ld look1 b to %[ h[ /rong & p[]ful an angel might be1 a good _m m5 t make pictures h pa9t$ !m l knights4 ,b m5 t _h spe>s w\ldn't cry2 ,i %\ldn't ?9k angels w\ld4 ,ev5 ! /ronge/ m5 cry sometimes1 my boy2 only x has to be some?+ trem5d\s to make !m4 ,a ?+ t w\ld make ! angels 'wat] heav5 ) _! te>s' mu/ be some?+ s t]rible t y c\ldn't tell h[ sad x 04 ,well1 anyway1 ,i'd r be a tig] ?an a lamb1 he proclaim$ r unexpect$ly4 ,v likely1 ,i ass5t$1 b ,i ?9k y'd r h a lamb come aft] ,baby ,l\ ?an a tig]4 ,oh1 ,i w\ldn't want a tig] to get ,baby ,l\6 he cri$ ) a tremor4 ,i suppose t is ! way ! angels might feel at ! idea ( ! tig]'s kill+ anybody1 ,i rejo9$4 ,) a lad some:at old] "o w\ld h gone on to develop ! ?\ght t to ! wat*+ angels ! tig]1 leap+ out fi]ce & blood?ir/y f ! h& ( ! ,creator1 w\ld be l ! inc>nation ( evil1 & t 9 _! weep+ 0 repres5t$ all ! sorr[ful problem ( ! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! ,univ]se2 b ?is on ! pres5t occasion ,i did n t\* ^u4 ,s ! angels1 ,i w5t on1 c\ldn't keep back _! te>s2 b :at did ,god d8 ,:y1 ,he smil$6 ! boy answ]$1 evid5tly ) a/oni%m5t at ! ?\ght :i* n[ = ! fir/ "t came home to him4 ,i %\ldn't ?9k ,he'd h smil$4 ,:5 y 7 s disappo9t$ ! o!r day because ! c>riage 0 brok5 & y c\ldn't g ov] to ! lake 9 x1 d y rememb] t ,uncle ,jo laugh$8 ,oh1 he knew we c\ld g 9 8 automobile4 ,he knew4 ,yes1 he knew1 began ! boy1 & s-- ,he /opp$1 & look$ at me ) a sudd5 sob]ness4 ,:at did ,god "k8 he ask$ s]i\sly4 ,he mu/ h kn[n t someh[ ev]y?+ 0 "r1 don't y ?9k8 ,he knew :y ,he _h made ! tig]1 j z ,he knew :y ,he _h made ! lamb1 & s ,he c\ld see t ev]y?+ w\ld be z x %\ld be 9 ! end4 ,b--b-- ,! boy 0 spee*less 9 face ( ! et]nal problem1 z s _m great] & wis] h be5 be=e him4 ,x seem$ to me t we _h done q en\gh = once1 s ,i broke (f ! talk ) a sugge/ion t we try ! boy's favorite game4 ,t 0 ! end ( ! matt] = ! "t1 b 9 ! libr>y ( ! lad's fa!r ! copy ( ,blake is s bef+]$ at ! page on :i* ,! ,tig] is pr9t$ t x is evid5t t ! boy1 ) ! soil$ f+]s ( 8 age1 has turn$ x (t54 ,h[ mu* he made out ( ! talk ,i _c pret5d to say1 b at lea/ he came to love ! poem4 ,i said at ! />t t ,i d n give ! conv]sation1 :i* is actual1 z a sample1 b z an illu/ration4 ,! poem call$ = m lead+ on ( ! pupil ?an w\ld _m1 = z ,blake is "o ( ! mo/ imag9ative ( ,engli% writ]s1 8 conceptions are ! m subtle & pr(\nd4 ,a class1 moreov]1 _c be treat$ always ) ! same delib]ation z t :i* is natural 9 ! case ( a s+le *ild2 b ! ess5tial pr9ciple1 ,i believe1 is ! same ev]y:]e4 ,,ix ,,educational ,educational 9 ! broade/ s5se mu/ any?+ be :i* is inspirational2 = to int]e/ ! *ild 9 lit]ature1 to make him ent] into x z into a *>m+ h]itage1 is m truly to educate him ?an w\ld be any p$antic or =mal in/ruction :atev]4 ,i h us$ ! t]m specifically1 h[ev]1 z a conv5i5t ^w by :i* to designate t =m ( in/ruction :i* is m delib]ately & =mally an ef=t to make cle> :at lit]ature may be held to tea*4 ,to reg>d any "w ( art z directly & didactically tea*+ any?+ is p]haps to fail 9 s f> to treat x z art2 b ! po9t :i* su* a consid]ation raises is too deep = our pres5t inquiry1 & may be disreg>d$ except 9 ! case ( un9tellig5t attempts to make e tale or poem embody & convey a set moral4 ,to endeavor to aid pupils to p]ceive fully ! relation ( :at !y read to !mselves & to ! society 9 :i* !y live is "p ( ! legitimate "w ( ! tea*] ( lit]ature4 ,9 a ^w1 :ile ! t]m is p]haps n ! be/1 ,i h us$ ! ^w educational to designate su* /udy z is direct$ to help+ ! /ud5t to ga9 f books a wid] k ( life & human nature4 ,x is n my idea t 9 actual practice a =mal division is to be made1 & /ill less t :at ,i h call$ inspirational consid]ation ( lit]ature is ev] to be discont9u$4 ,9 ! gr[? ( a *ild's m9d comes naturally a simple & unreflect+ pleasure 9 lit]ature1 beg9n+1 z has be5 said1 ) unsophi/icat$ delight 9 ! m>k$ rhy?ms ( ,"m ,goose or 9 ! :olesome joy ( ! fairy-/ory4 ,to ?is is gradually add$ an equally unreflect+ absorption ( c]ta9 ideas conc]n+ life1 :i* by sl[ degrees gives place to reflection consci\s & delib]ate4 ,! delight & ! unconsci\s yield+ to ! influ5ce ( ! "w ( art rema91 & to ! end !y are m effective ?an any delib]ate & consci\s ideas c be4 ,no?+ t we tea* our pupils ab\t a poem c comp>e 9 influ5ce ) :at !y absorb )\t realiz+ :at !y are do+4 ,"o ( ! great dang]s ( ?is :ole matt] is t we %all hurry !m f an in/9ctive to a cultivat$ attitude t[>d lit]ature2 t we %all replace natural & heal?ful pleasure by labori\s & consci5ti\s /udy4 ,9 deal+ ) any piece ( real lit]ature ! wise me?od1 x seems to me1 is to take x up fir/ = ! absolute1 /raight=w>d emotional enjoym5t4#aaj3a ,x is ( v little use to /udy any "w :i* ! *ildr5 h n fir/ come to c>e =4 ,aft] !y see :y a piece is wor? :ile f ! po9t ( view ( pleasure1 !n /udy may g fur!r & consid] :at is ! core ( ! "w intellectually & emotionally4 ,9 speak+ ( treat+ lit]ature educationally ,i d n ref] to t sort ( in/ruction :i* s g5]ally & un=tunately takes ! place ( ! true /udy ( ma/]pieces4 ,! hi/ory ( a poem or a drama1 ! biography ( au?ors1 & all "w ( ?is sort %\ld 9 any case be kept subord9ate & %\ld g5]ally1 ,i believe1 come aft] ! /ud5t has at lea/ a tol]able idea & a fair appreciation ( ! writ+s !mselves4 ,:at is important & :at ,i mean by ! educational treatm5t ( lit]ature is ! developm5t ( ^? g5]al tru?s conc]n+ human nature & human feel+ :i* =m ! tangible ?\ght ( a play or poem4 ,! l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ?is & ! less tangible ideas :i* are convey$ by =m1 by melody1 by sugge/ion1--! ideas1 9 %ort1 :i* are ! secret ( ! inspirational effect ( a "w1--_c be %>ply drawn4 ,_m ( ! tangible ideas w h be5 obvi\s 9 ! read+ ( :i* ! recogniz$ purpose has be5 m]e delight & inspiration2 & on ! o!r h& ! two classes ( ideas are s closely int]wov5 t x is n possible1 ev5 7 x advisable1 to sep>ate !m entirely4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 aft] ! pupil has come to take pleasure 9 a "w1--?\gh x %\ld nev] be attempt$ soon]1--to g on to ! delib]ate /udy ( ! intellectual cont5t1 & to take up broad & g5]al tru?s4 ,"o way ( prep>+ a class = ! "w :i* is n[ to be done is to speak to !m ( lit]ature z a sort ( high k9d ( algebra2 to let !m see1 t is1 h[ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! great mass ( read+-matt] & :at is fairly to be call$ lit]ature is n unlike ! diff]5ce ) :i* !y are famili> 9 ma!matics betwe5 ari?metic & ! high] grade ( "w :i* comes aft]4 ,! newspap]1 ! text-book1 ! hi/ory1 ! sci5tific treatise all deal ) ! concrete1 j z ari?metic has to d ) absolute quantities4 ,9 ! m5tal developm5t ( ! pupil ! "t comes :5 he is consid]$ suffici5tly advanc$ to g on f ! h&l+ ( concrete ?+s to ! deal+ ) ! ab/ract4 ,:5 he is able to und]/& ! relation betwe5 ! sum paid = "o bu%el ( :eat & ! am\nt ne$$ to pur*ase fifty1 he may be advanc$ to ! lore ( g5]al =mul1 & be made to und]/& h[ x may repres5t any price & y any numb] ( bu%els4 ,9 ! same way f read+ 9 a newspap] ! /ory ( ! assass9ation ( ! late ,k+ ( ,s]via1 ! concrete case1 he may g on to read ,macbe?1 :]e9 ,duncan repres5ts any mon>* ( giv5 "*1 & ,macbe? n a p>ticul>1 actual1 concrete assass91 b a murd]] ( a sort1 a type1 ! g5]al or ab/ract "*4 ,! /ud5t has gone on f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al2 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract2 f ! ari?metic ( human nature to its algebra4 ,a simil> comp>ison betwe5 hi/ory & poetry is on ! same gr\nds easily to be made betwe5 ! hi/ory lesson & ! *ronicle plays ( ,%akespe>e4 ,! /ud5t :o 9 8 nurs]y days />t$ out ) ! in/9ctive "q 9 reg>d to ! fairy-tale3 ,is x true8 beg9s to p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 lit]al & ess5tial tru?4 ,he p]ceives t v]ity 9 lit]ature is n simple & obvi\s fidelity to ! specific fact or ev5t2 he le>ns to appreciate t ! tru? ( art1 l ! tru? ( algebra1 lies 9 its accuracy 9 repres5t+ tru? 9 ! ab/ract3 he comes to appreciate ! n>r[ness ( ! nurs]y "q1 :i* ask$ only = ! lit]al fact1 & he beg9s to compreh5d some?+ ( ! symbolic4 ,an excell5t illu/ration = practical use is a poem l ,h[ !y ,br\ght ! ,good ,news f ,gh5t to ,aix4 ,any live1 :olesome boy is sure to t+le ) ! sw+ & f]vor ( ! v]se1 ! s5se ( ! op5 air1 ! excitem5t1 ! d\bt1 ! hope1 ! joyful climax4 ,x is easy to lead ! class on to consid] h[ exhil>at+ su* an exp]i5ce w\ld be1 & to g on f ?is to po9t out t ! poem does n describe a lit]al1 actual occurr5ce2 b t x is a g5]aliz$ expression ( ! ze/ & exhil>ation ( a sup]b1 all b impossible ride1 ) ! add$ excitem5t ( be+ responsible = ! fre$om or ev5 ! lives ( ! folk ( a :ole city4 ,! fir/ feel+ ( ! class on le>n+ t su* a ride 0 n tak5 is sure to be "o ( disappo9tm5t4 ,x is bett] to meet ?is frankly1 & to comp5sate = x by ar\s+ int]e/ 9 ! embodim5t ( ab/ract feel+4 ,"o great s\rce ( ! lack ( int]e/ 9 lit]ature at ! pres5t "t is t ! mat]ial1 practical "* ( ! age makes x difficult = ! g5]al read] to respect any?+ b ! concrete fact4 ,lit]ature is apt to pres5t itself to ! h>d-head$ "y fell[ ( ! public s*ool z a lot ( make-believe /uff1 & !re=e at be/ a matt] ( r frivol\s amusem5t4 ,! sure/ way ( correct+ ?is common attitude ( m9d is to n\ri% ! appreciation ( :at fact 9 art really means2 to cultivate a cle> p]ception ( h[ a poem or a tale may be ! true/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 al?\gh deal+ ) imag9>y p]sonages & ) incid5ts :i* nev] happ5$4#aad3a ,z an illu/ration ( ! s5se 9 :i* lit]ature is a sort ( algebra ( human feel+ some:at m remote f ! ord9>y life ( a *ild may be tak5 ano!r poem ( ,br[n+'s1 ,! ,lo/ ,lead]4 ,my exp]i5ce is t mo/ y\? ( ! s*ool age />t out by be+ able to make little or no?+ ( ?is4 ,by a little talk1 h[ev]1 beg9n+ p]haps z simply z ) ! way 9 :i* a lad feels :5 a s*ool-fell[ he _h fai? 9 has fail$ 9 a crisis1 has = "s p]sonal advantage gone ov] to ! o!r p>ty 9 a s*ool election1 or ( h[ ! class w\ld feel if "s tea*] :o _h be5 ) ! /ud5ts 9 "s ef=t to obta9 an ext5sion ( privilege to :i* ! s*ol>s felt !mselves to be hone/ly entitl$ _h = 8 own purposes swung ov] to ! opposite side1 ! :ole ?+ may be br\ght home4 ,! boys may be l$ on to imag9e :at are ! feel+s ( a y\? eag] = ! cause ( fre$om & ! uplift+ ( man1 :5 "o :om he has look$ to z a lead]1 "o 9 :om he has _h absolute fai?1 des]ts ! rank = honors or = money4 ,once ! "y m9ds are on ! "r track x is by no means impossible to br+ !m to see pretty cle>ly t 9 ! poem is n ! "q ( a p>ticul> man or a p>ticul> cause2 b t ,br[n+ is deal+ ) a univ]sal expression ( ! pa9 t w\ld come to any man1 to any "o ( !m1 9 believ+ t ! lead] :o _h be5 mo/ tru/$ & rev]$ _h 9 reality be5 unwor?y1 & _h betray$ ! cause 8 foll[]s believ$ he w\ld gladly die to def5d4 ,^! two examples f ,br[n+ ,i h tak5 almo/ at r&om1 & n because !y are unusual 9 ?is respect1 = ?is quality is ! univ]sal prop]ty ( all real lit]ature1 & inde$ is "o ( ! te/s by :i* real lit]ature is to be id5tifi$4 ,any selection :i* x is wor? :ile to give /ud5ts at all mu/ h ?is relation :i* ,i h call$ algebraic1 b ( :i* ! true "n is imag9ative2 & x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! important p>ts ( any?+ :i* 9 a high s5se is prop]ly to be call$ tea*+ lit]ature to make ! s*ol>s realize & appreciate ?is4 ,! next /ep is m difficult because f> m subtle2 & ,i confess frankly t x is all b impossible to propose me?ods by :i* =mal in/ruction may deal ) x4 ,! aim ( lit]ature is l>gely ! attempt to produce a mood4 ,! prime aim ( ! poet is to induce 9 ! read] a /ate ( feel+ :i* w lead inevitably to ! reception ( :atev] he (f]s 9 ! same mood 9 :i* he (f]s x4 ,9 ! simple/ cases no in/ruction is ne$$1 = ev5 ) s*ool-boys a r++ metre1 to take a simple & obvi\s example1 has some:at ! same effect z ! da%+ sw+ ( m>tial music2 :oev] comes "u its influ5ce falls ins5sibly into ! frame ( m9d 9 :i* ! ideas ( ! v]se %\ld be receiv$4 ,! ?\ghts are accept$ 9 ! exhil>at$ _s 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 & ! effects ( ! metre are z great or great] ?an ! influ5ce ( ! lit]al mean+4 ,x is a commonplace to call att5tion to ! "p :i* ! melody ( poetry or ! rhy?m ( prose plays 9 ! effect1 b h[ to aid pupils to a responsiv5ess to ?is language ( =m is n ! lea/ ( ! problems ( ! tea*]4 ,! means by :i* an au?or e/abli%es or communicates 8 mood d n always appeal to ! "y4 ,inde$1 beyond a c]ta9 limit$ ext5t !y appeal to mo/ adults only aft] c>eful cultivation 9 ! und]/&+ ( art-language4 ,x is z idle to suppose t lit]ature appeals to ev]ybody & )\t /hetic education z x is to suppose t sculpture or music w surely meet ) a response ev]y:]e4 ,nobody expects ,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony or ,ba*'s ,passion ,music to ar\se en?usiasm 9 accid5tally assort$ s*ool-*ildr51 yet to all ! pupils 9 a mix$ public s*ool are (f]$ ! p>allel works ( ,%akespe>e & ,milton4 ,unless a class is made up ( boys or girls ) unusual aptitude or wisely & c>efully tra9$ to responsiv5ess to metrical effect1 x seems h>dly less idle to (f] !m ,comus or ,lycidas ?an x w\ld be to expect !m to enjoy a classic conc]t4 ,! language ( =m 9 ! high] range ( lit]ature is to !m an unkn[n tongue4 ,*ildr5 are likely to be susceptible to m>k$ metrical effects1 z witness _! love ( ,"m ,goose2 b to ! m delicate music ( v]se !y are (t5 l>gely or completely ins5sitive4 ,a musical e> is n1 x is probable1 to be creat$1 b x is c]ta9ly possible to develop ! metrical s5se4 ,*ildr5 :o are born ) good native responsiv5ess to rhy?m (t5 are s badly tra9$ or s neglect$ z to seem to h none1 & x is "p ( ! (fice ( in/ruction to call out :atev] p[]s lie 9 !m lat5t4 ,?is is l>gely accompli%$ by ! sort ( use ( lit]ature :i* ,i h call$ inspirational4 ,9 ! ideal home-tra9+ *ildr5 are s tak5 on f ! rhymes ( ! nurs]y to m advanc$ lit]ature t developm5t ( ! rhy?mical s5se is cont9u\s & inevitable2 b "o ( ! ?+s :i* e s*ool-tea*] kn[s be/ is t ?is sort ( home-tra9+ is r>e & ! "w mu/ be done 9 ! class4 ,! sub/itute is a poor "o1 b x has at lea/ "s degree ( ! univ]sal human responsiv5ess to rhy?m to appeal to4 ,ano!r difficulty is t *ildr5 h to le>n ! v]bal language ( lit]ature4 ,mu* ( ! atmosph]e ( a poem1 = in/ance1 is likely to be produc$ by sugge/ion1 by ! m5tion ( leg5d or tale or h]o1 :5 ! read] mu/ f9d 9 previ\s k & association a key to :at is int5d$4 ,all ?is is likely to be l>gely or entirely lo/ on *ildr52 & yet ?is is (t5 ! v qu9tess5ce ( :at ! au?or tries to convey4 ,*ildr5 are con/antly at ! same disadvantage 9 und]/&+ lit]ature t !y are 9 compreh5d+ life4 ,!y h n ga!r$ ! associations or exp]i5c$ ! emotions :i* make s l>ge a "p ( ! language ( great writ]s4 ,all ?is r5d]s x difficult = ! in/ructor to be sure t 8 class has any inkl+ ev5 ( ! mood 9 :i* a piece is int5d$2 yet he mu/ fir/ ( all be sure t z f> z is possible he has put !m1 ea* pupil accord+ to 8 "* & acquirem5ts1 9 t\* ) ! _s ( ! "w to be /udi$4 ,?is _c be done entirely4 ,we _c hope t a lad ( a doz5 ye>s w ent] into all ! emotions1 all ! passions ( ! great poets4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 be absorb+ly int]e/$ & ?rill$ by ,macbe?1 or ! ,tempe/1 or ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,he does n get f ^! plays all t 8 eld]s might get1 any m ?an he w\ld p]ceive ! full mean+ & passion ( a trem5d\s situation 9 real life2 b he does get "s portion ( ! message1 "s p]ception ( ! deeps & heights ( human nature4 ,ev5 if he f9d no m ?an simple1 unreason+ enjoym5t1 he is ga9+ unconsci\sly1 & he is obvi\sly n\ri%+ a love = good lit]ature4 ,! "q ( :at is ?or\ghness 9 s*ool /udy ( lit]ature is ( mu* importance1 & x is ( no less difficulty4 ,c]ta9ly x is n m]ely ! ma/]y ( te*nical obscurities ( language1 ! solv+ ( philological puzzles1 or ! c>eful exam9ation ( hi/orical facts4 ,?or\ghness 9 ^! ?+s1 z has already be5 said1 may be exactness 9 le>n+ ab\t lit]ature1 b n 9 ! /udy ( lit]ature itself4 ,consid]ation ( ! av]age acquirem5ts ( pupils 9 second>y s*ools makes x fairly evid5t1 x seems to me1 t ! /udy ( te*nique 9 any ( its phases _c 9 ^! classes be c>ri$ v f> )\t ! dang] ( its deg5]at+ into ! mo/ lifeless =malism2 & p]haps 9 no?+ else is ! tact & judgm5t ( ! tea*] s well %[n z 9 ! decision h[ f> x is wise to c>ry /udy along p>ticul> l9es4 ,i h nev] enc\nt]$ a class ev5 9 my college "w :i* ,i c\ld h set to ! subjects recomm5d$ 9 a book = tea*]s ( lit]ature :i* advises drill+ ! /ud5ts ( ! high s*ool on ! relations 9 ! plays ( ,%akespe>e ( metre to "*1 :atev] t may mean4 ,nei!r %\ld ,i set !m to di/+ui%1 z is advis$ by ano!r text-book1 betwe5 ! k9ds ( imag9ation employ$3 7a7 ,modify+2 7b7 ,recon/ructive2 7c7 ,poetical3 creative1 imp]ative1 or associative4 ,i c\ld n1 inde$1 d mu* ) su* subjects1 f ! simple fact t ,i d n myself "k :at su* que/ions mean1 & /ill less c\ld ,i answ] !m4 ,ea* in/ructor1 h[ev]1 mu/ decide = himself1 & ) e class decide anew4 ,no fix$ /&>d c be e/abli%$1 b ea* case mu/ be settl$ on its own m]its4 ,,footnotes3 #aaj3a ,! vocabul>y1 ( c\rse1 be+ kn[n be=e ! text is attempt$4 #aad3a ,see page #bba4 ,x ,,exam9ational ,exam9ations are at pres5t held to be an ess5tial "p ( ! ma*9]y ( education1 & :e!r we d or d n believe ?is to be true1 we are z tea*]s =c$ to accept !m4 ,especially is x incumb5t on tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ools to pay mu* att5tion to accu/om+ pupils to ^! ordeals & to prep>+ !m to g ?r\gh !m unsca!d4 ,_m in/ructors1 z has be5 said already1 become s completely ! slaves to ?is process t !y conf9e _! ef=ts to x entirely1 & few are able to prev5t its tak+ undue importance 9 _! "w & 9 ! m9ds ( _! pupils4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple %\ld be kept 9 m9d t no exam9ation is ( real value = itself 9 ! tra9+ ( y\?1 & t to /udy = x directly & explicitly is fatal to all ! high] uses ( ! /udy ( lit]ature or ( any?+ else4 ,te/s ( pr(ici5cy & advancem5t are necess>y1 b !y %\ld be reg>d$ z te/s1 & no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ to impress ^u e /ud5t ! fact t beyond ?is (fice ( measur+ atta9m5t !y are ( no value :atev]4 ,exam9ations exi/1 h[ev]1 & no?+ :i* c be done directly is likely to remove f ! m9ds ( sub-fre%m5 ! notion t !y /udy lit]ature l>gely if n solely = ! sake ( be+ able to /ruggle successfully ) ! difficulties ( entrance pap]s4 ,! only means ( combat+ ?is idea is ! indirect me?od ( mak+ ! /udy int]e/+ 9 & = itself2 ( n\ri%+ a love = great writ+s & fo/]+ appreciation ( ma/]pieces4 ,x may be add$1 moreov]1 t ?is is also ! sure/ way ( secur+ ease & pr(ici5cy on j ^? l9es 9 :i* x is ! ambition ( p$antic tea*]s to h _! pupils excel4 ,classes are m effectively tra9$ = college te/s by tea*+ !m to ?9k1 to exam9e = !mselves1 to h real responsiv5ess & feel+ = lit]ature1 ?an !y c possibly be by any drill along =mal l9es4 ,"h z pretty g5]ally 9 life ! indirect is ! sure/4 ,m is done 9 ! way ( prep>ation = any rational exam9ation1 ,i believe1 by tra9+ y\? to recognize good lit]ature & to realize :at makes x good1 ?an by any am\nt ( delib]ate drill ( especially prescrib$ works or labori\s foll[+ out ( ! l9es indicat$ by old exam9ation-pap]s4 ,mu* ( ?is is effect$ by :at has be5 spok5 ( z inspirational tea*+1 ! simple tra9+ ( *ildr5 to h real enjoym5t ( ! be/4 ,9 ! l[] grades ( s*ool ?is is all t c be pr(itably attempt$4 ,be=e ! /ud5t leaves ! second>y s*ool1 h[ev]1 he %\ld be able = himself to make 9 a g5]al way an application ( ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie lit]>y di/9ctions4 ,he %\ld be able broadly to recognize ! qualities :i* belong to ! be/ "w4 ,he %\ld be able f p]sonal exp]i5ce to appreciate ! =ce ( ! rem>ks ( ,de ,qu9cey3 ,:at is x t we mean by lit]ature8 ,popul>ly1 & among/ ! ?\ghtless1 x is held to include ev]y?+ t is pr9t$ 9 a book4 ,little logic is requir$ to di/urb ?is def9ition4 ,! mo/ ?\ghtless p]son is easily made aw>e t 9 ! idea ( lit]ature "o ess5tial elem5t is "s relation to a g5]al & common int]e/ ( man1 s t :at applies only to a local or pr(essional or m]ely p]sonal int]e/1 ev5 ?\gh pres5t+ itself 9 ! %ape ( a book1 w n belong to lit]ature4 4 4 4 ,m5 h s little reflect$ on ! high] functions ( lit]ature z to f9d x a p>adox if "o %\ld describe x z a mean or subord9ate purpose ( books to give in=mation4 ,b ?is is a p>adox only 9 ! s5se :i* makes x honorable to be p>adoxical4 4 4 4 ,:at d y le>n f ,p>adise ,lo/8 ,no?+ at all4 ,:at d y le>n f a cook]y-book8 ,some?+ new1 some?+ y did n "k be=e1 9 e p>agraph4 ,b w\ld y !re=e put ! wret*$ cook]y-book on a high] level ( e/imation ?an ! div9e poem8 ,:at y owe to ,milton is n any k1 ( :i* a million sep>ate items are /ill b a million ( advanc+ /eps on ! same e>?ly level2 :at y owe is p[]1 t is1 ex]cise & expansion to y\r own lat5t capacity ( sympa?y ) ! inf9ite1 :]e ea* pulse & ea* sep>ate influx is a /ep upw>d1 a /ep asc5d+ z ^u a ,jacob's ladd] f e>? to my/]i\s altitudes above ! e>?4 ,all ! /eps ( k1 f fir/ to la/1 c>ry y fur!r on ! same plane1 b c\ld nev] raise y "o foot above y\r anci5t level ( e>?2 :]eas ! v fir/ /ep 9 p[] is a flight1 is an asc5d+ movem5t into ano!r elem5t :]e e>? is =gott54--,! ,poetry ( ,pope4 ,if a boy or girl has any vital & p]sonal p]ception ( ! tru? :i* is "h s eloqu5tly set =?1 ?is p]ception af=ds a c]ta9 crit]ion by :i* to judge :atev] "w comes to h&4 ,x w also give bo? ! incl9ation & ! p[] to judge rightly1 s t any?+ :i* an exam9ation-pap] may legitimately ask is 9 s f> )9 ! scope ( ord9>y ?\ght4 ,i h v5tur$1 9 ano!r *apt]1 to give "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* ,i ?9k su* a "w z ,macbe? might be treat$ 9 ! second>y s*ool4 ,i wi% to emphasize ! fact t x is an illu/ration & n a model4 ,x is ! way 9 :i* ,i %\ld d x2 b ! tea*+ ( lit]ature1 ,i repeat1 is naught if x is n m>k$ by ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]4 ,( ! results to be aim$ at "o ne$ n be 9 d\bt2 conc]n+ ! me?ods !re are & !re %\ld be z _m op9ions z !re are s\nd & individual in/ructors4 ,?is illu/ration ,i h includ$ because x may s]ve z a sort ( diagram to make pla9 ?+s :i* c only clumsily be pres5t$ o!rwise1 & because ,i hope t x may be sugge/ive ev5 to tea*]s :o diff] widely f ?is exact me?od4 ,:at is aim$ at 9 ?is mann] ( treat+ ! play is prim>ily ! enjoym5t ( ! pupil1 second>ily ! broad5+ ( 8 m9d1 & ?irdly ! tra9+ ( 8 p[]s = ! exam9ations inevitably ly+ 9 wait = him4 ,x may seem contradictory t ,i put pleasure fir/ & yet w\ld beg9 ) /raight=w>d drill on ! vocabul>y4 ,su* tra9+1 h[ev]1 is prep>atory to ! tak+ up ( lit]ature1 ,i believe x necess>y to ! be/ results1 & ,i h already said t to my m9d no ne$ exi/s = mak+ ?is dull4 ,ev5 if x be look$ ^u z simple drudg]y1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld n %irk x4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught t !y are to meet h>d "w pluckily4 ,!y _c evade ! multiplication-table )\t subsequ5t inconv5i5ce1 & ! soon] !y realize t ?is is true 9 pr9ciple all ?r\gh life1 ! bett] = !m4 ,_! enjoym5t1 moreov]1 w be t5fold great] if !y e>n x by /urdy "w4 ,x w\ld be well1 ,i believe1 if all tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ools :o are 9 ! habit ( conc]n+ !mselves l>gely ) exam9ations & ( all[+ ! m9ds ( ^? "u !m to become fix$ on ^! c\ld realize t read]s ( blue-books are sure to be favorably impress$ by two ?+s3 by ! expression ( ?\ghts obvi\sly individual1 & by ! evid5ce ( cle> ?9k+4 ,if ^! two qualities *>act]ize an exam9ation-book1 ! *ances ( its pass+ mu/] are s l>ge t exact =mal k c\nts = little 9 comp>ison4 ,all tea*]s :o are intellig5tly 9 e>ne/ try to put z little /ress on exam9ations z is possible "u exi/+ conditions1 b n all keep cle>ly 9 m9d ! fact t ! be/ rem$y = possible h>m is ! cultivation ( ! /ud5t's individuality4 ,! "q ( writt5 "w 9 prep>ation = entrance te/s is a difficult "o1 & x is "o :i* has be5 l>gely answ]$ by ! pap]s set by ! colleges4 ,x is natural t tea*]s :o are entirely aw>e t _! own reputations w l>gely dep5d ^u ! success ( ! c&idates !y s5d up %\ld endeavor to tra9 _! classes 9 ! especial l9e ( writ+ :i* seems be/ to suit ! ideas ( exam9]s4 ,! pr9ciple ( selection is n1 x seems to me1 a s\nd "o1 b x is inevitable4 ,! "o ?+ :i* may be done is to make ! topics select$ z human & z p]sonal z possible3 to insi/ t ! boy or girl :o is writ+ ( ,lady ,macbe? or ,hamlet %all make ! /ronge/ ef=t possible to realize ! "* z a real be+2 %all z f> z possible take ! attitude ( writ+ conc]n+ "s actual p]son ab\t :om are kn[n ! facts set d[n 9 ! play4 ,?is is less difficult ?an x s\nds1 & :ile x is nev] entirely possible = a *ild to realize ,lady ,macbe? z if %e 7 a neighbor1 mo/ *ildr5 c g mu* f>!r 9 ?is direction ?an is g5]ally appreciat$4 ,!mes retell+ ! plot ( novel or play are seldom satisfactory4 ,satisfactorily to summ>ize ! /ory ( a "w ( any l5g? requires m lit]>y grasp ?an c possibly be expect$ 9 a second>y s*ool4 ,x is f> bett] to set ! wits ( *ildr5 to "w to fill up gaps ( "t 9 ! /ories z !y are orig9ally writt52 to imag9e :at ,macbe? & 8 wife _h said to ea* o!r be=e he goes to ! *amb] ( ,duncan 9 ! second act1 = in/ance1 or ! talk betwe5 ,silas ,m>n] & ,eppie aft] ! visit 9 :i* ,godfrey ,cass disclos$ himself z ! girl's fa!r4 ,^! are n easy subjects1 & x is n to be expect$ t ! grade ( "w produc$ w be high1 b x is at lea/ likely to be orig9al & g5u9e4 ,description is a sn>e into :i* x is easy = tea*] or pupil to fall4 ,x g5]ally means ! m or less consci\s imitation ( passages f ! read+1 or a sort ( crazy-quilt ( scraps 9 :i* s5t5ces ( ! au?or are clumsily piec$ toge!r4 ,9 ! highe/ grades good "w may sometimes be obta9$ by ask+ pupils to describe ! sett+ ( a sc5e 9 a play1 b ?is is f> too difficult = mo/ classes4 ,exam9ation ( "*1 ( situations1 or ( motives af=ds ! be/ opportunity = writt5 "w 9 connection ) lit]>y /udy4 ,to make lit]>y /udy subord9ate to ! practice ( composition is manife/ly wrong1 yet 9 _m s*ools ?is is done 9 practice ev5 if x is n ju/ifi$ 9 !ory4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught to write by o!r means ?an by !mes 9 connection ) ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature4 ,! old cry aga9/ us+ ,p>adise ,lo/1 & ! soliloquies ( ,hamlet z ex]cises 9 p>s+ might well be repeat$ ) add$ emphasis ( ! mod]n fa%ion ( mak+ ,%akespe>e & ,milton m]e adjuncts to a c\rse 9 composition4 ,! writt5 "w is1 ( c\rse1 to be correct$ :]e x is faulty1 b its *ief purpose %\ld nev] be any?+ outside ( ! bett] und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! au?ors read4 ,9 a brief1 s5sible pamphlet on ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ( ,novels ,may ,e/elle ,cook rem>ks3 ,!re is ano!r po9t :i* ,i %\ld l to make = ! /udy ( "*1 ?\gh ) "s hesitation1 s9ce !re is room = great diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t x4 ,x is ?is3 t ! /udy ( "* leads directly to ! ex]cise ( ! moral in/9ct4 ,:e!r we l x or n1 x is true t ! s*ool-boy--ev5 ! boy1 & mu* m ! girl--w raise ! "q1 ,is x "r8 & ,is x wrong8 & t we mu/ ei!r answ] or ignore ^! que/ions4 ,my own feel+ ab\t x is t ?is irrepressible moral in/9ct 0 includ$ by ,provid5ce p>tly = ! purpose ( mak+ a special div]sion 9 favor ( ! ,engli% tea*]4 4 4 4 ,a boy w read sc5es 9 ,macbe? ?r\gh a doz5 times = ! sake ( decid+ :e!r ,macbe? or ,lady ,macbe? 0 *iefly responsible = ! murd] ( ,duncan1 :5 he w read !m only once = ! /ory2 & ?is extra zeal is n s mu* because he wants to satisfy a crav+ = facts1 z because he enjoys fix+ praise or blame4 4 4 4 ,my exp]i5ce ) ! ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley pap]s has be5 t ! class fail$ to get any imag9ative grasp ( !m until ,i frankly appeal$ to ! moral in/9ct by ask+1 ,:at did ,addison mean to tea* 9 ?is pap]8 ,did ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury ne$ t lesson8 & ,d we /ill ne$ x8 ,by t process ! class h f9ally rea*$ a grasp ( ,sir ,rog] :i* has giv5 !m =titude to write a !me on ,sir ,rog] at an ,aft]noon ,tea4 ,my own def9ition ( imag9ation is evid5tly n t ( ! writ]1 & ,i am n able to agree t ?is appeal to ! moral in/9ct develops any?+ o!r ?an an intellectual und]/&+2 b t po9t is unimportant "h4 ,! ?+ :i* is to be not$ is t on ! moral side *ildr5 may be able to ?9k intellig5tly & individually 9 reg>d to ! *>act]s & ! situations ( ! plays & ! novels read4 ,! tea*]1 9 *oos+ su* subjects = writt5 "w1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be c>eful to avoid topics :i* h already be5 consid]$ 9 ! book itself4 ,9 a novel by ,george ,eliot1 = in/ance1 all possible moral issues are likely to be s discuss$ & r$iscuss$ by ! noveli/ z to leave little room = ! ?\ght ( ! read] to ex]cise itself indep5d5tly2 b 9 all ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 & 9 ! fiction ( mo/ ( ! ma/]s1 ! opportunities are ample4 ,! supreme te/ ( any subject :i* is to be giv5 to /ud5ts 9 _! writt5 "w is :e!r x is "o ^u :i* x is reasonable to suppose !y c & w h ?\ght :i* is individual & !re=e orig9al4 ,if x 7 necess>y to make nice di/9ctions betwe5 t :i* is & t :i* is n legitimately "p ( ! /udy ( lit]ature z an art1 "o mu/ g mu* fur!r ?an ?is4 ,! writ+ ( !mes1 h[ev]1 is "p ( ! exam9ational side ( ! "w2 ! ma9 ?+ is to be sure t x is n dwelt ^u m ?an is necess>y1 & t x is )9 ! range ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! /ud5t4 ,if tea*]s feel compell$ to set _! classes to write =mal & lifeless !mes on p$antic topics su* z too (t5 appe> 9 exam9ation-pap]s1 !y w d well to keep 9 m9d t ?is is n ! /udy ( lit]ature1 b a /ultify+ process :i* less5s ! p[] ( appreciation & replaces intellig5t compreh5sion by me*anical imitation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 connection ) ! subject ( ?is *apt] ,i may m5tion a device :i* may n be )\t practical value 9 second>y-s*ool exam9ations4 ,x af=ds a means ( discov]+ h[ well ! /ud5t is succe$+ 9 grasp+ g5]al pr9ciples & 9 mak+ actual application ( !m2 :ile at ! same "t x %\ld impress ^u him ! fact t he is n /udy+ m]ely a s]ies ( requir$ read+s1 b ! nature & qualities ( lit]ature4 ,on an exam9ation-pap] 9 second-ye> ,engli% at ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 0 put ?is te/3 ,x is assum$ t ! /ud5t has nev] read ! foll[+ extract4 ,/ate :at seem its excell5t po9ts 7a7 ( workman%ip2 7b7 ( ?\ght2 7c7 ( imag9ation4 ,to ?is 0 add$ a brief extract f "s /&>d au?or4 ,! op5+ /atem5t 0 made 9 ord] t ! class %\ld und]/& ! selection to be n f any requir$ read+1 b f "s "w presumably entirely unfamili>4 ,! po9ts ( excell5ce only 7 ask$ = 9 ord] to fix att5tion on m]its2 & indirectly to /r5g!n1 s f> z might be1 ! p]ception ( ! importance ( look+ 9 lit]ature = m]its r ?an = defects4 ,x is und\bt$ly prop] t s*ol>s %\ld be able to p]ceive defects1 b ?is p[] is be/ tra9$ by educat+ !m to be s5sitive & responsive to excell5cies4#aca3a ,! necessities ( "t made x impossible to put ^u ! pap]s ( :i* ,i am speak+ extracts ( mu* l5g?1 & ! class 7 told t n mu* 0 expect$ 9 comm5t ^u ! ?\ght express$4 ,! purpose ( ! "q1 t ( see+ h[ intellig5tly !y 7 able to apply su* pr9ciples z !y _h le>n$1 0 also frankly put4 ,!y 7 w>n$ aga9/ g5]alities & /atem5ts unsupport$4 ,!n !y 7 left to _! own devices4 ,! results 7 all sugge/ive1 & ( c\rse 7 ( widely v>y+ degrees ( m]it4 ,a few samples may be giv51 *os51 ,i confess1 f ^? m int]e/+4 ,on "o pap] 7 ! op5+ l9es ( ! second book ( ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,high on a ?rone ( royal /ate1 :i* f> ,out%one ! weal? ( ,ormus & ( ,ind1 ,or :]e ! gorge\s ea/ ) ri*e/ h& ,%[]s on h] k+s b>b>ic pe>l & gold1 ,satan exalt$ sat4 ,among ! comm5ts 7 ^!3 ,( ! workman%ip ( ?is selection we may say t x is good4 ,! selection ( words is especially =cible4 ,gorge\s ea/ & ri*e/ h& are extremely s4 ,b :at ,i consid] a f9e use ( a ^w is ! ^w b>b>ic4 ,"h we c see ! e>ly inhabitants ( ! unciviliz$ ri* c\ntries ( ! ea/2 ! inhabitants ignorant ( ! value ( _! weal?1 ?r[+ x ar\nd z we w\ld ! pebbles on a bea*4 ,! ?\ght & ! imag9ation are good4 ,we c see be=e u ! vividly portray$ picture4 ,!re sits ,satan high above 8 surr\nd+ 9 su* ri* & dazzl+ magnific5ce t x out%9es ev5 ! ri*e/ k+s ( ! ri*e/ "p ( ! _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! be/ po9t ( ! workman%ip consi/s 9 plac+ ! description fir/ & n complet+ ! ?\ght until ! la/ l9e2 ?us keep+ ! read] 9 susp5se1 & caus+ c>eful att5tion to be put on all ! s5t5ce4 ,! words high1 ?rone1 royal1 & exalt$ comb9e to br+ out ! ?\ght ( ,satan's maje/y4 ,! ?\ght ( unb\nd$ weal? is br\ght out by ! use ( ! ^w %[]s 9 ! ?ird l9e4 ,! au?or is able to give u a mu* m vivid idea ( ! magnific5ce ( ! ?rone by lett+ u con/ruct ! ?rone to suit ourselves ?an by giv+ a detail$ description & leav+ no?+ to ! imag9ation4 ,ev5 ! mat]ials are only sugge/$1 ! :ole idea be+ "o ( unb\nd$ weal? & spl5dor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *oice ( words is "o ( ! be/ po9ts 9 ! workman%ip ( ! quotation4 ,! arrangem5t also adds emphasis4 ,all ! descriptions ( ! ?rone are s vivid t ! m9d is deeply impress$ by ! spl5dor & ri*ness ( ! ?rone4 ,! gorge\s ea/ is v expressive ( weal? & beauty4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ( words ! piece becomes v /rik+ & ! *oice ( ! /ronge/ words is %[n too 9 t\* ) ! :ole s5t5ce4 ,:]eas on ! o!r h& if any o!r arrangem5t _h be5 us$ mu* ( ! =ce ( ^! words w\ld h be5 lo/4 ,! ?\ght ( ! extract is to describe ! great weal? & beauty ) :i* ,satan is surr\nd$4 ,! writ] mu/ h a v vivid imag9ation to describe su* a sc5e ( weal? & beauty4 ,! fir/ ^w1 ,high1 appeals directly to ! imag9ation & imm$iately gives ! impression ( p[]4 ,^! answ]s 7 writt5 by boys :o _h n be5 call$ ^u to d any?+ ( ! sort be=e1 & :ile _! inadequacy is evid5t en\gh1 !y are g5u9e1 & are s\nd z f> z !y g4 ,( c\rse1 aft] su* a te/1 ! fir/ bus9ess ( ! tea*] is to g ov] ! selection & to %[ h[ he w\ld himself h answ]$ ! "q4 ,! class is !n ready to appreciate qualities :i* might be recit$ to !m 9 va9 be=e !y h set _! m9ds to ! problem4 ,9 ! examples ,i h giv5 no "o has t\*$1 = in/ance1 ^u ! sugge/iv5ess ( ! words ,ormus & ,ind1 b v little is ne$$ to make !m see ?is aft] !y h _h ! passage 9 an exam9ation-pap]4 ,a c\ple ( examples deal+ ) ! fir/ two /anzas ( ,byron's ,de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib may be giv5 by way ( %[+ h[ a diff]5t selection 0 treat$4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i notic$ 9 read+ ! extract 0 ! p]fect rhy?m4 ,y _c read ! extract )\t want+ to say x al\d4 ,!n ! *oice ( words /ruck me3 ,! %e5 ( _! spe>s2 :5 summ] is gre54 ,x is h>d = me to di/+ui% workman%ip1 ?\ght1 & imag9ation4 ,i _c tell :e!r ! words & metaphors us$ 9 ! extract 7 ! result ( delib]ate *oice & ( long ?\ght2 b ,i /rongly suspect t he saw ! :ole ?+ 9 8 imag9ation1 & ! words j came to him4 ,x is h>d to und]/& h[ any?+ t reads s smoo?ly c\ld h be5 writt5 ) labor4 ,! /ronge/ po9t ( ! extract seems to be its ri*ness 9 illu/ration3 ,! ,assyrian came d[n l ! wolf on ! fold4 ,no long1 detail$ description c\ld expla9 bett] ! wildness ( su* an attack1 ! sudd5 swoop ( "s half-b>b>ic horde1 /rik+ sudd5ly1 & !n disappe>+ into ! night4 ,! %e5 ( ! spe>s 0 l />s on ! sea4 ,! fla% f a spe> w\ld be j su* a gleam z ! reflect$ /> f ! cre/ ( a wave1 visible = a mom5t & !n gone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ( its excell5t po9ts ( workman%ip are melody & selection ( words4 ,! melody is excell5t4 ,x has a soo?+ effect :5 read al\d1 & !re is n a place :]e "o w\ld hesitate 9 reg>d to ! acc5t+ ( words4 ,i believe ! melody is s good t a p]son only kn[+ ! pronunciation ( ! fir/ l9e c\ld almo/ read ! re/ ( x correctly because ! s\nd ( ea* l9e is s closely connect$ ) t ( all o!r l9es4 ,! selection ( words is v good4 ,!re is n a place :]e a sub/itution c\ld be made :i* w\ld improve ! mean+1 s5se1 or melody4 ,! extract %[s great ?\ght4 ,9 ! la/ p>agraph especially :]e ! ,assyrians are comp>$ to ! leaves ( summ] & 9 autumn4 ,no bett] ?\ght c\ld br+ out m cle>ly h[ badly ! ho/ 0 defeat$4 ,9 ! fir/ p>agraph x also comp>es ! ,assyrians to a wolf com+ d[n ^u a fold4 ,?is aga9 gives a def9ite idea1 & seems to po9t out h[ confid5t !y 7 ( victory4 ,! imag9ation is v vivid4 ,y c almo/ ?9k y 7 on ! field & t all ! ev5ts 7 tak+ place be=e y4 ,i h copi$ ^! p>tly to emphasize ! po9t t x is idle to expect too mu*1 & p>tly to illu/rate ! =m 9 :i* g5u9e p]ception is likely to "w out ^u a s*ool exam9ation-pap]4 ,^! h n be5 *os5 z ! be/ pap]s writt51 b ea* is good because ea* %[s s9c]e op9ion4 ,?is sort ( "q is ( c\rse 9 ! l9e ( :at is con/antly done 9 class1 b x is aft] all a diff]5t ?+ :5 x is made to emphasize ! idea t an exam9ation is a te/ ( ! p[] to appreciate lit]ature in/ead ( an ex]cise ( memory4 ,,footnotes3 #aca3a ,see page #bje4 ,,xi ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,prose ,me?od 9 tea*+ is prop]ly ! adaptation ( ! p]sonality ( a giv5 tea*] to ! p]sonality ( a giv5 class4 ,x _c be def9$ by h>d & fa/ rules1 & ! only value 9 pres5t+ su* illu/rations z ! foll[+ is t !y may af=d h9ts :i* tea*]s w be able ) advantage to develop 9 t]ms ( _! own individuality4 ,! way t is wise 9 "o is nev] to be set d[n z ! way be/ = ano!r2 & "h z else:]e ,i (f] n a model b simply an illu/ration4 ,if x sugge/1 x has fulfill$ a bett] purpose ?an if x 7 tak5 bl9dly z a rigid guide4 ,my own feel+ w\ld be t classes 9 lit]ature %\ld be provid$ ) no?+ b ! b>e text1 )\t notes ( any k9d unless ) a gloss>y ( t]ms n to be f\nd 9 available books ( ref]5ce4 ,9 ! matt] ( look+ up difficulties ! books ( ref]5ce 9 ! s*ool libr>y %\ld be us$2 & if ! s*ool has no libr>y beyond ! diction>y1 ,i %\ld /ill hold to my op9ion4 ,! vocabul>y may be v l>gely work$ out ) any fairly compreh5sive diction>y1 & :at _c be discov]$ 9 ?is way is bett] tak5 viva voce 9 recitation ?an swall[$ f notes )\t ev5 ! tr\ble ( ask+4 ,mu* w be done1 moreov]1 by ! n unheal?y _s ( emulation :i* is sure to exi/ :]e ! pupils are set to use _! wits & to report ! result 9 class4 ,!y w rememb] mu* bett]2 &1 :at 9 g5]al education is ( ! v fir/ importance1 !y w h admirable practice 9 ! use ( books ( ref]5ce4 ,_m difficulties mu/ be expla9$ by ! tea*]2 b ?is1 ,i insi/1 is bett] ?an ! foll[+ ( notes1 a habit :i* is sure to deg5]ate into lifeless memoriz+4 ,! model text = s*ool use w\ld be cut 9 ^? few passages n suit$ = ! s*ool-room1 w\ld be cle>ly pr9t$1 & w\ld be z free z possible f any outside matt] :atev]4 ,9 ! case ( poetry ! ideal me?od w\ld be to keep ! text out ( ! h&s ( ! /ud5t altoge!r until all "w necess>y to ! ma/]+ ( ! vocabul>y _h be5 done3 b 9 practice su* volunt>y read+ z a pupil *ose to d be=eh& w\ld d no h>m o!r ?an possibly to di/ract 8 att5tion f ! le>n+ ( ! mean+ ( words & phrases4 ,9 prose he w g5]ally be 9 a key :i* all[s ! int]ruption ( a pause = look+ up words )\t mu* injury to ! effect ( ! "w4 ,! /udy ( prose is ( c\rse direct$ by ! same pr9ciples z t ( poetry1 b ! application is 9 s*ool-"w some:at modifi$ 9 details4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! vocabul>y ( any prose us$ 9 ! s*ools is n likely to conta9 obsolete words su* z are f\nd 9 ,%akespe>e1 & 9 ! second place ! l5g? ( a novel =bids its be+ read al\d 9 class 9 its entirety4 ,i h tak5 my illu/rations *iefly f books includ$ 9 ! ,college ,requirem5ts1 because ^! books are ! ones ) :i* ! majority ( tea*]s are oblig$ to "w4 ,! ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley pap]s are sure to be tak5 up 9 any s*ool-room :]e lit]ature is /udi$ to-day1 & ,burke ,on ,conciliation is "o ( ! inevitable ob/acles 9 ! way ( e boy :o wi%es to ent] college4 ,:atev] ! "w1 h[ev]1 ! important ?+ is t ea* pupil %all und]/&1 %all appreciate1 & %all connect :at he reads ) 8 own life4 ,! ord] 9 :i* diff]5t works are tak5 up 9 class is a matt] ( mu* mom5t4 ,no rules c be giv5 arbitr>ily to gov]n ! arrangem5t ( ! read+s1 s9ce mu* dep5ds ^u ! individual class to be dealt )4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples1 = in/ance1 x might seem t ,burke's ,spee*1 z be+ ! lea/ imag9ative ( ! prescrib$ "w1 might well come fir/2 b on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5t dem&s intellectual capacity & maturity :i* w (t5 require t x be n put be=e a giv5 gr\p ( s*ol>s until !y h _h all ! tra9+ !y c ga9 f ! o!r requirem5ts4 ,a tea*] c h>dly af=d to h any rule 9 ! :ole treatm5t ( lit]ature :i* is n s flexible t x may be modifi$ or disreg>d$ entirely :5 circum/ances require4 ,! ideal me?od1 p]haps1 w\ld be to give a class fir/ a few %ort pieces z te/s1 & !n to arrange _! long] "w ^u ! basis ( ! result4 ,if ! ,spee* is to be tak5 up fir/ or la/1 x mu/ be prec$$ by a cle> und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! conditions ) :i* ,burke dealt4 ,?is k %\ld h be5 obta9$ 9 ! hi/ory class1 & ! use ( facts obta9$ 9 ano!r bran* af=ds "o ( ! opportunities = do+ t useful ?+ :i* %\ld be kept always 9 sight1 ! en=c+ ( ! fact t all education is "o1 al?\gh = conv5i5ce ( h&l+ necess>ily divid$ into v>i\s bran*es4 ,if ! class has n _h ! requisite in/ruction 9 hi/ory1 ! tea*] ( ,engli% is =c$ to pause & supply ! defici5cy1 z x is hopeless to try to g on )\t x4 ,! argum5t ( ,burke is pretty t\gh "w = any class ( high-s*ool /ud5ts1 & )\t famili>ity ) ! circum/ances :i* call$ x =? is utt]ly un9telligible4 ,! vocabul>y ( ,burke conta9s few words :i* ne$ to be /udi$ be=eh&1 & inde$ x is p]haps bett] to treat ! spee* z s f> a logical r ?an an imag9ative "w t )\t o!r prep>ation ?an a ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 deliv]$ & ( ! political issues ) :i* x dealt ! class may be giv5 ! text directly4 ,9 ! fir/ read+ ! ?+ to be insur$ is ! intellig5t compreh5sion ( ! language & ( ! argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ half-doz5 p>agraphs1 = in/ance1 su* passages z ^! mu/ be made p]fectly cle>3 ,i hope1 ,sir1 t not)/&+ ! au/]ity ( ! ,*air1 y\r good nature w incl9e y to "s degree ( indulg5ce t[>d human frailty4 ,! gr& p5al bill4 ,return$ to u f ! o!r ,h\se4 ,we are n at all emb>rass$ 7unless we please to make ourselves s7 by any incongru\s mixture ( co]cion & re/ra9t4 ,f be+ bl[n ab\t by e w9d ( fa%ionable doctr9e4 ,?is is cle> en\gh 9 mean+1 b ! class %\ld notice ! sugge/ion ( ! biblical phrase :i* ins9uates t a good deal ( ! political fluctuation :i* has complicat$ ! "q ( ! treatm5t ( ! colonies has be5 l ! hy/]ical in/ability ( ^? :o run aft] e fre% ecc5tricity (f]$ 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,i really did n ?9k x safe or manly to h fre% pr9ciples to seek ^u e fre% mail t %\ld arrive f ,am]ica4 ,x is 9 y\r equity to judge4 ,p>liam5t1 hav+ an enl>g$ view ( objects4 ,a situation :i* ,i w n miscall1 :i* ,i d>e n "n4 ,t ! public tribunal 7nev] too indulg5t to a long & unsuccessful opposition7 w\ld n[ scrut9ize our conduct ) unusual sev]ity4 ,we mu/ produce our h&4 ,some:at disreputably4 ,! :ole oration is /udd$ ) passages su* z ^!1 & x is ! habit ( too _m in/ructors to expect ! /ud5t to dep5d ^u notes = ! solution ( su* difficulties4 ,i h already indicat$ t ,i believe ?is to be an unwise & weak5+ process2 & 9 a political docum5t ( ?is sort a drill = elucidat+ difficulties may well be und]tak5 :5 9 an imag9ative "w m latitude may be all[$ 9 ! way ( slid+ ov] !m4 ,! read+ ( ! spee* z a :ole c\ld h>dly be attempt$ ) any pr(it until ! class has ma/]$ its te*nicalities & its logic4 ,! oration diff]s 9 ?is f m imag9ative lit]ature4 ,"h x is n only prop] b necess>y to make analysis "p ( ! fir/ read+4 ,! class %\ld = itself make a summ>y ( ! spee* z x goes =w>d4 ,= ea* p>agraph %\ld be devis$ a s+le s5t5ce :i* gives cle>ly & concisely ! ?\ght1 s t at ! conclusion a complete skeleton %all h be5 made4 ,ea* /ud5t %\ld make ^! s5t5ces = himself z "p ( 8 prep>ation ( a lesson1 & f a comp>ison 9 ! class ! f9al =m may be select$4 ,"s ( ! s*ool editions d ?is admirably1 b "o ( two ?+s seems to me indisputable3 ei!r ! ,spee* is too difficult = /ud5ts to h&le or !y %\ld make _! own summ>ies4 ,to d ?is "p ( ! "w = !m is to deprive ! /udy ( its mo/ valuable elem5t4 ,! be/ ju/ification su* a selection c h = its inclusion 9 ! li/ ( requir$ books is t x may fairly be us$ = ?is c>eful analytical "w )\t prejudice to ! effect ( ! piece z a :ole4 ,9 o!r words1 no objection exi/s to treat+ ?is especial selection fir/ f ! purely intellectual po9t ( view4 ,to consid] a play ( ,%akespe>e fir/ intellectually w\ld seem to me utt]ly wrong2 b ?is argum5t ( ,burke is int5tionally address$ to ! reason r ?an to ! imag9ation1 & w\ld !re=e logically be s read4 ,beside ! m]e int]pretation ( difficult passages1 ! pupil %\ld be made to disc]n & to weigh ! value & effect ( ! admirable s5t5ces 9 :i* ! orator has cond5s$ :ole tra9s ( logic4 ,! concessions ( ! weak are ! concessions ( fe>4 ,a wise & salut>y neglect4 ,! p[] ( refusal1 ! fir/ ( all rev5ues4 ,! volunt>y fl[ ( heap$-up pl5ty4 ,all gov]nm5t--inde$1 e human b5efit & enjoym5t1 e virtue & e prud5t act--is f\nd$ on compromise & b>t]4 ,! /udy ( phrases ( ?is sort is admirable tra9+ = ! reason+ faculties ( ! s*ol>1 x educates ! p[]s ( read+1 & x may be made a cont9u\s lesson 9 ! nature & value ( lit]>y te*nique4 ,( ?is /udy ( lit]>y workman%ip ,i %all speak lat]2 "h x is suffici5t to po9t ! necessity at once & ! advantage ( dwell+ on ^! vital ?\ghts s admirably express$4 ,by ! "t ! oration has be5 gone ?r\gh )1 & a summ>y ( ea* p>agraph made 9 ! class1 a skeleton is ready f :i* ! argum5t may be consid]$ z a :ole4 ,9 "s s*ools /ud5ts w be able to criticise f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 & any intellig5t boy to :om ! oration is giv5 = /udy %\ld be able to judge ( ! logic ( ! plea4 ,if ! ,spee* is to ju/ify its claim to be+ lit]ature 9 ! high] s5se1 h[ev]1 x is n possible to /op ) ! intellectual /udy4 ,! "q ( :at con/itutes lit]ature is bett] tak5 up1 x seems to me1 ne> ! end ( ! c\rse ( second>y "w1 if x is to come 9 at all2 b prep>ation = deal+ ) t "q mu/ come all along ! l9e4 ,:5 ,burke has be5 /udi$ = 8 political mean+s1 8 argum5t summ$ up & exam9$1 ! intellectual =ce ( ! p>ts & ( ! :ole suffici5tly consid]$1 !n x is necess>y to look at ! imag9ative qualities ( ! "w4 ,i w\ld nev] set *ildr5 to exam9e any piece ( prose or v]se = any qualities until ,i 0 sure !y und]/ood :at !y are to look =4 ,if !y are to exam9e ! oration = imag9ative passages1 !y mu/ fir/ "k cle>ly :at an imag9ative passage is4 ,"h ! previ\s tra9+ ( ! class is to be reckon$ )4 ,"s classes mu/ be taught ! significance ( ! t]m imag9ative by hav+ ! passages po9t$ out to !m & !n analyz$2 o!rs are s f> advanc$ z to be able to discov] !m4 ,! ?+ ,i wi% to emphasize is t :5 ! simply intellectual /udy has progress$ f> en\gh1 ! imag9ative mu/ foll[4 ,passages :i* may be us$ "h are su* z ^!3 ,my plan 4 4 4 does n propose to fill y\r lobby ) squabbl+ colony ag5ts1 :o w require ! int]position ( y\r mace at e in/ant to keep peace among !m4 ,x does n in/itute a magnific5t auction ( f9ance1 :]e captivat$ prov9ces come to g5]al ransom by bidd+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 until y knock d[n ! hamm]1 & det]m9e a proportion ( paym5ts beyond all p[]s ( algebra to equalize & settle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is ! /r5g? ) :i* population %oots 9 t "p ( ! _w1 t1 /ate ! numb]s z high z we w1 :il/ ! dispute cont9ues1 ! exagg]ation ends4 99 99 99 99 99 ,look at ! mann] 9 :i* ! p ( ,new ,engl& h ( late c>ri$ on ! :ale fi%]y4 ,:il/ we foll[ !m among ! tumbl+ m\nta9s ( ice1 & behold !m p5etrat+ into ! deepe/ froz5 recesses ( ,hudson ,bay & ,davis ,/rait1 :il/ we are look+ = !m b5ea? ! ,arctic ,circle1 we he> t !y h pi]c$ into ! opposite region ( pol> cold1 t !y are at ! antipodes & engag$ "u ! froz5 ,s]p5t ( ! s\?4 ,falkl& ,isl&1 :i* seem$ too remote & romantic an object = ! grasp ( national ambition1 is b a /age & re/+-place 9 ! progress ( _! victori\s indu/ry4 ,nor is ! equ9octial heat m disc\rag+ to !m ?an ! accumulat$ w9t] ( bo? poles4 ,we "k t :ile "s ( !m draw ! l9e & /rike ! h>poon on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 o!rs run ! longitude & pursue _! gigantic game along ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,no sea b is vex$ by _! fi%]ies4 ,no climate t is n witness ( _! toils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a p :o are /ill1 z x 71 b 9 ! gri/le1 & n yet h>d5$ into ! bone ( manhood4 ,passages ( ?is sort are frequ5t 9 ! spee*1 & x is n difficult to make ! pupils n only recognize !m1 b appreciate ! quality :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! matt]-(-fact /atem5ts ( figures1 /ati/ics1 or o!r necess>y in=mation4 ,a /ep fur!r is to make ! class see h[ ! imag9ation %[s 9 a passage l ! fam\s s5t5ce3 ,i d n "k ! me?od ( draw+ up an indictm5t aga9/ a :ole p4 ,^! doz5 or s words may pr(itably be made ! subject = an entire lesson1 & if ?is seem a proportionately extravagant am\nt ( "t to give to a s+le l9e1 ,i c only say t to d "o ?+ ?or\ghly is n only bett] ?an to d a score sup]ficially1 b 9 ! long run x is economy ( "t z well4 ,if ! class c be l$ to discuss ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 & ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ,burke re/$ ! argum5t :i* is beh9d ?is sup]b proposition1 n only w ! h\r h be5 well sp5t 9 develop+ ! ideas ( ! /ud5ts1 b ! :ole oration w be wond]fully illum9at$4 ,:5 to ?is is add$ an adequate und]/&+ ( ! imag9ative grasp :i* seizes ! p]sonality ( a :ole nation1 p]ceives its maje/y1 its sov]eignty1 & ! impossibility ( arraign+ x be=e ! b> l a crim9al1 ! /ud5t is gett+ ! be/ t ! /udy ( ! oration c give him4 ,writt5 "w %\ld be kept )9 ! limits ( ! capability ( ! individual pupil to ?9k intellig5tly4 ,p]haps ! be/ means ( en=c+ ^u a class ! vigor ( ,burke's /yle at once & ! complet5ess ( ! oration z a :ole is t ( requir+ f ea* an expression1 z cle> & z exact z possible1 ( j :at ! orator wi%$ to effect1 & an e/imate1 z critical z ! pupil is capable ( mak+1 ( h[ ! means employ$ 7 especially adapt$ to c>ry out 8 purpose4 ,su* "w w be useless if ! tea*] does ! reason+1 b mu* may be elicit$ by skilful lead+ 9 recitation1 & aft] ! s*ol>s h done all t !y c d1 ! in/ructor may add 8 comm5t4 ,aft] ! ,spee* on ,conciliation may reasonably come1 if ! requir$ li/ ( read+s is be+ foll[$1 ! ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley ,pap]s4 ,"h "o deals ) "w m delib]ately imag9ative4 ,prep>ation = tak+ up ^! essays %\ld beg9 ) a brief acc\nt ( ! ,spectator & ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 writt54 ,! less elaborate ?is is ! bett]1 s long z x s]ves ! purpose ( giv+ ! class "s notion ( ! po9t ( view2 & inde$ x is to be d\bt$ :e!r z a matt] ( fact any great h>m w\ld be done if ev5 ?is 7 omitt$4 ,:at is ne$$ is to int]e/ ! class 9 ! "w1 & facts ab\t times & circum/ances seldom effect mu* real good 9 ?is /udy4 ,! vocabul>y w give little tr\ble4 ,x is well to be sure t ! read]s und]/& be=eh& su* words z may be r remote f daily spee*4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! club 7,m>* #b1 #agaj-aa71 = in/ance1 ! li/ giv5 out = te/ might include su* t]ms z ^!3 b>onet1 c\ntry-dance1 %ire1 humor1 modes1 ,soho-squ>e1 qu>t]-sessions1 game-act4 ,9 ! fir/ p>agraph1 f :i* ^! words are tak51 are also two or ?ree phrases :i* %\ld be famili> be=e ! read+ is und]tak53 nev] dress$ aft]w>d1 9 8 m]ry humors1 r belov$ ?an e/eem$1 & ju/ice ( ! quorum4 ,! hi/orical allusions1 z repres5t$ by ! names ,"l ,ro*e/]1 ,sir ,george ,e!rege1 & ,dawson1 g also into ?is prelim9>y /udy4 ,! pap] %\ld be fir/ read z a :ole1 ) no o!r int]ruption ?an may come 9 ! =m ( que/ions f ! class4 ,! tea*] %\ld make no ef=t at any?+ "h b intellig5t read+4 ,!n ! pap] may be giv5 out = c>eful /udy2 ! =m ( ?is may be v>i$ at ! pleasure ( ! tea*] & ! ne$s ( ! class4 ,! pres5tation ( "* is ! po9t to be mo/ /rongly br\ght out1 & ?is mu/ be done delicately b z completely z possible4 ,! ,de ,cov]ley ,pap]s necess>ily seem to ! mod]n y\? extremely remote f actual life z he kn[s x1 & ! majority ( ,in/itute /ud5ts ) :om ,i h talk$ admit t !y f\nd ,addison v quiet1 or1 9 _! own phrase1 sl[4 ,! *>act]s are accord+ly apt to appe> to !m dim & unreal2 to be h>dly m alive ?an ! figures on an anci5t tape/ry4 ,?is feel+ _c be :olly ov]come1 especially 9 ! limit$ "t :i* is at ! comm& ( ! tea*] ( s*ool lit]ature1 yet :atev] vividness ( impression a read] ( ! essays gets is directly proportional to ! ext5t to :i* ,sir ,rog] & 8 fri5ds em]ge f ! l& ( %ad[s1 & seem to ! boys & girls g5u9e fle% & blood4 ,! *ief c>e ( ! in/ructor 9 deal+ ) ^! pap]s1 ! aim to :i* ev]y?+ else %\ld be subord9at$1 is to enc\rage & to develop ! s5se ( reality4 ,! little t\*es by :i* ! p]sonality ( ! old knight is %[n mu/ be dwelt ^u z ea* appe>s2 & 9 ! end a summ>y ( ^! may be made z a means ( /at+ briefly b cle>ly ,sir ,rog]'s "*4 ,con/antly1 too1 by means homely en\gh to be cle>ly & easily intelligible to ! class1 mu/ ea* ( ^! passages be connect$ ) ! p]sonal exp]i5ces ( ! *ildr54 ,9 ! essay g5]ally head$ ,sir ,rog] at ,home1 = in/ance1 ! au?or rem>ks3 ,sir ,rog]1 :o is v well acqua9t$ ) my humor1 lets me rise & g to b$ :5 ,i please2 d9e at 8 own table1 or 9 my *amb]1 z ,i ?9k fit2 sit /ill1 & say no?+1 )\t bidd+ me be m]ry4 ,! :ole situation1 t ( a notable man's visit to a c\ntry squire1 is utt]ly =eign to ! pupil's probable exp]i5ce4 ,he c1 h[ev]1 be made to recall occasions 9 :i* he has be5 consid]$ & 8 wi%es consult$4 ,he may or may n z a gue/ h te/$ diff]5t =ms ( hospitality1 b he easily decides h[ "u giv5 circum/ances he w\ld wi% to be treat$4 ,f ?is he is )\t difficulty l$ to an appreciation ( ! consid]ation ) :i* ,sir ,rog] 0 int5t n ^u 8 own wi%es or ! ease ( 8 h\sehold1 b ^u ! pleasure ( 8 gue/4 ,few boys or girls c h come to ! s*ool age )\t und]/&+ :at a drawback to good spirits x is to be told to be m]ry1 & !y c appreciate ! common s5se ( ! knight 9 ?9k+ ( ?is1 & 8 tact 9 n bo!r+ 8 gue/4 ,! same ?\ghtful k9dness is %[n 9 ! way ,sir ,rog] protect$ 8 lion f sightse]s4 ,incid5tally ! po9t may be made 9 pass+ t ,addison humor\sly took ?is means ( impress+ on ! read] ( ! ,spectator ! importance ( ! suppos$ writ]4 ,! be/ prep>ation a tea*] c make = deal+ ) ^! essays is to get cle>ly into 8 own m9d ! p]sonality1 ! *>act]i/ics1 ev5 ! outw>d appe>ance ( ea* ( ! *>act]s dealt )4 ,x is impossible to make ^! quiet & delicately drawn pictures real & alive unless we h = !m a g5u9e love & a s5se ( acqua9tance2 & ,i "k ( no me?od by :i* 9 practical "w ?is c be communicat$ except by ! vivify+ ( su* passages z t quot$ above4 ,ea* /ud5t %\ld br+ to ! class a /atem5t ( :at he reg>ds z ! *ief ?\ght 9 ea* pap] z x comes up1--n ! moral ( ! pap]1 b ! *ief end :i* ! writ] seems to h 9 view1 ! ?\ght :i* mo/ /rongly /rikes ! read]4 ,^! op9ions %\ld be talk$ ov] 9 class1 & f !m "o produc$ :i* at lea/ ! majority ( ! class are will+ to accept4 ,no pupil1 h[ev]1 %\ld be disc\rag$ f hold+ to 8 own orig9al proposition1 or f adopt+ a view at v>iance ) t ( ! majority4 ,always if possible1--& p]sonally ,i %\ld make x possible1 ev5 at ! sacrifice ( o!r ?+s1--! pap] %\ld la/ ( all be read z a :ole )\t int]ruption4 ,! fact %\ld always be kept be=e ! m9ds ( ! pupils t ! essay is n a collection ( deta*$ facts or ?\ghts1 b t x is a :ole1 & t x c fairly be receiv$ only 9 its entirety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to /ret* out illu/rations ( ! tea*+ ( p>ticul> books w\ld only be t$i\s1 & ,i tru/ ,i h done en\gh to make evid5t :at ,i believe %\ld be ! _s ( "w done 9 ! /udy+ ( prose 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,! matt] is ( comp>ative simplicity z contra/$ ) ! h&l+ ( poetry2 & ,i h !re=e res]v$ mo/ ( my space = ! latt]4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an ,i t any =mal me?od is fatal to real & vital "w2 & :at ,i h writt5 has be5 l>gely inspir$ by a k t _m in/ructors are at a loss to =mulate any rational me?od at all1 :ile o!rs1 ,i am =c$ sorr[fully to add1 seem nev] ev5 to h p]ceiv$ t any me?od is possible4 ,,xii ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,novel ,:atev] may be ! entrance requirem5ts & :atev] ! prescrib$ c\rse 9 ! way ( fiction1 ,i %\ld beg9 ! /udy ( ! novel ) a mod]n book4 ,to hold ! att5tion ( ! majority ( mod]n *ildr5 long en\gh = !m to =m any adequate idea ( ! quality & *>act]i/ics ( any "w ( ! l5g? ( an ord9>y novel1 long en\gh = !m to ga9 an idea :i* conceives ( ! "w z a :ole & n z a collection ( deta*$ sc5es & scraps1 is suffici5tly difficult 9 any case4 ,x %\ld n be made m difficult by select+ z a text a book requir+ ef=t 9 ! und]/&+ ( vocabul>y1 po9t ( view1 sett+1 & ! re/4 ,ivanhoe is good 9 its place1 b x is n adapt$ to use z fir/ aid to ! untra9$4 ,x is probable t a class aft] suffici5t exp]i5ce 9 fiction may be able to h&le ,silas ,m>n]1 & x is app>5tly fat$ by ! p[]s t be t !y mu/ /ruggle ) ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield2 b !y c]ta9ly ne$ prelim9>y practice be=e !y are set to grapple ) ^? fictions s remote f _! daily lives4 ,!y %\ld beg9 ) some?+ z ne> _! own _w z possible2 & ,treasure ,isl&1 ! sc5e laid 9 ! l& ( boyhood's imag9+s1 is an excell5t example ( ! sort ( /ory :i* may well be us$ to introduce !m to ! s]i\s consid]ation ( ?is bran* ( lit]ature4 ,a little prelim9>y talk may well prec$e ! actual read+4 ,! tea*] %\ld be sure t ! class has a fair idea ( :at piracy is1--a matt] g5]ally ( little difficulty1--& ( ! social conditions "u :i* ! tale beg9s4 ,! actual geography ( ! romance ne$ n be consid]$ mu*1 al?\gh /ud5ts lose no?+ if !y are tra9$ to ! habit ( kn[+ accurately ! location ( su* real places z are nam$ 9 any /ory2 b ! imag9>y geography ( ! tale1 ! topography ( ! isl&1 %\ld be well ma/]$4 ,beyond ?is1 ! tea*] %\ld h prep>$ a li/ ( words to be le>n$ be=e any read+ is done4 ,?is %\ld include all ^? 9 ! fir/ assignm5t t are likely to bo!r ! *ild 9 ! fir/ go+ ov] ( ! text4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt]1 = in/ance1 su* words z ^!3 ,buccane] 7title ( ,"p ,i74 ,cap/an b>s4 ,connoisseur4 ,dry ,tortugas4 ,spani% ,ma94 ,hawk]4 ,assizes4 ,9 ?is *apt] are a c\ple ( allusions to ! co/ume ( ! "t1 b z !y are intelligible only :5 tak5 z s5t5ces !y may be left = ! read+ 9 class3 ,"o ( ! cocks ( 8 hat hav+ fall5 d[n4 ,! neat1 bright doctor1 ) 8 p[d] z :ite z sn[4 ,:5 ! class comes toge!r ! vocabul>y is to be tak5 up z a solid & di/9ct task1 & aft] t is dispos$ (1 ! text may foll[4 ,x is g5]ally impossible to give ! "t to ! read+ al\d ( an entire novel2 b ,i am incl9$ to believe t at lea/ ! op5+ *apt]s1 ! portion ( ! /ory :i* mu/ be mo/ delib]ately consid]$ if ! "y read] is to g on ) ! tale 9 full possession ( ! atmosph]e & ! *>act]s z !y are introduc$1 %\ld always be ?us tak5 up4 ,! portions assign$ = ea* lesson mu/ be brief at fir/1 b may wisely increase z ! int]e/ gr[s & famili>ity ) p]sonages & situations is enl>g$4 ,! fir/ *apt]1 !n1 hav+ be5 read al\d1 ! class may make a li/ ( ! *>act]s introduc$3 ,squire ,trelawney1 ,dr4 ,livesey1 ! old pirate n yet nam$1 ! fa!r1 ! ,i :o is tell+ ! /ory4 ,! seaman :o br+s ! *e/ & ! neighbors are obvi\sly ( no p]man5t importance4 ,( ^! *>act]s ! class %\ld give orally s mu* ( an impression z !y h obta9$ f ?is *apt]4 ,?is is simple ) ! buccane]1 fairly easy 9 reg>d to ,dr4 ,livesey & ! inn-keep]1 b m difficult 9 ! case ( ! boy4 ,! p>agraph beg9n+3 ,h[ t p]sonage haunt$ my dreams1 ,i ne$ sc>cely tell y-- & ! op5+ s5t5ce ( ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,b ?\gh ,i 0 s t]rifi$ by ! idea ( ! seaf>+ man ) "o leg1 ,i 0 f> less afraid ( ! capta9 himself ?an anybody else :o knew him-- give admirable mat]ial = class discussion4 ,! fir/ %\ld appeal to ! *ildr51 :o mu/ be made to und]/& t to ,jim ,hawk9s ! "o-legg$ seaf>+ man 0 n a m]e idea1 b an actual p]sonage = :om he 0 set to wat*1 & ( :om ev5 ! t]rible old ,billy ,bones 0 mortally afraid4 ,! second at once illu/rates h[ ! unkn[n 0 m frightful to ! lad ?an ! v]itable fle% & blood pirate2 & x %[s also by excell5t contra/ h[ t]rify+ ! buccane] 0 to ! frequ5t]s ( ! inn4 ,= ! second *apt] ! vocabul>y w\ld = mo/ classes include su* words z ,cutlass4 ,talons4 ,*9e4 ,lancet4 ,! expressions :i* %\ld be made cle> 9 class w\ld include3 ,cle>$ ! hilt ( 8 cutlass4 ,%[$ a wond]fully clean pair ( heels4 ,f\l$ ! tap4 ,/ake my wig4 ,op5 a ve94 ,?is *apt] has a numb] ( delicate t\*es :i* %\ld be br\ght to ! notice ( ! class2 su* z ! lump 9 ! ?roat ( ,black ,dog :ile he wait$ = ! pirate 9 moral t]ror2 8 clev] excuse = hav+ ! door left op5 app>5tly t he might be sure ,jim 0 n li/5+1 b 9 reality t he might h a way ( escape 9 case ( dang]2 ! picture ( ! gall[s 9 ! tattoo+4 ,! *>act]s ( ,billy ,bones & ,jim are add$ to 9 ! *apt]1 & t ( ! doctor made m cle>4 ,! t\* by :i* ! boy is made to feel compassion = ! pirate :5 ,bones turns s gha/ly at ! sight ( ,black ,dog is "o :i* %\ld n be miss$4 ,! /ory1 too1 beg9s to develop1 & ! y\?ful read] mu/ be unusually ins5sitive if he does n speculate ^u ! pa/ ( ,bones & ^u ! relation ( ! pirate ) ,black ,dog4 ,x is n necess>y to g on ) ?is sort ( analysis1 = ! me?od ,i am detail+ mu/ be ess5tially t ( mo/ tea*]s4 ,if ! po9ts m5tion$ seem to "s ov]-m9ute1 ,i c only say t s9ce ! aim is to tea* *ildr5 h[ to h&le fiction1 ! task ( tra9+ !m to be intellig5tly c>eful 9 _! read+ is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,!re is no risk ( mak+ !m f9ical or too m9utely obs]vant4 ,?is is moreov] ! /udy ( a novel1 & x %\ld be m c>eful ?an read+ is suppos$ to be4 ,x is morally c]ta9 t any *ild w fall bel[ ! /&>d set1 & x is !re=e necess>y to h ! /&>d z high z x c be )\t tir+ or confus+ ! *ildr54 ,:5 ! book has be5 gone ?r\gh 9 ?is way comes ! important "q ( deal+ ) x z a :ole4 ,x w\ld h>dly be wise to ask *ildr5 directly :at !y ?9k ( a book z a complete "w2 & yet t is ! ?+ at :i* ! tea*] wi%es to arrive4 ,! way has be5 prep>$ by ! /udy ( "* & ! discussion ( incid5t ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! end ! subject ( "* z x is se5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! tale to ! close may easily lead ! way to mak+ up "s e/imate ( ! book z a unit4 ,fir/1 d ! p]sons 9 ! romance act consi/5tly2 second1 d ! incid5ts foll[ along s t !y seem really to h happ5$4 ,^! que/ions w at fir/ h a t5d5cy to bewild] "y read]s1 :o are likely to accept any?+ 9 a romance z if x 7 true1 & to h no judgm5t beyond ! matt] :e!r ! book does or does n int]e/ !m4 ,x is n to be expect$ t !y w g v deep or be v broad 9 _! deal+ ) su* po9ts 9 ! case ( a fir/ novel1 b !y c make a beg9n+4 ,!y _c 9 ! book 9 "q g f> 9 :at is ! natural ?ird "q conc]n+ a book z a :ole3 ,does x %[ cle>ly & truly ! developm5t ( "* "u ! circum/ances ( ! /ory4 ,jim ,hawk9s is at ! end ( ! book manife/ly old] & m manly ?an at ! />t1 z %[n1 = in/ance1 by 8 refusal to break 8 ^w to ,silv] :5 ! doctor talks ) him ov] ! /ockade & urges him to come away ) him4 ,) ! o!r *>act]s x is m ! br++ out ( traits already exi/+ ?an ! develop+ ( new ones4 ,john ,silv] is ( c\rse by f> ! mo/ ma/]ly figure 9 ! book--al?\gh ! /ud5t %\ld be all[$ to h 8 own idea 9 reg>d to ?is4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! ways 9 :i* he judges & %\ld judge a book z a :ole is by decid+ :at p]sonage 9 x is1 all ?+s consid]$ & ! /ory tak5 all ?r\gh1 mo/ cle>ly & %>ply def9$4 ,! class %\ld be able to see & to appreciate h[ ! tale z x progresses br+s to light "o phase aft] ano!r ( ! amaz+ "* ( ,silv]1 up to 8 pluck at ! mom5t :5 ! treasure-seek]s discov] t ! gold has be5 tak5 away f ! ca*e & to 8 humble attitude t[>d ! ,squire :5 ! cave ( ,b5 ,gunn is rea*$4 ,la/ly1 p]haps1--= ,i d n insi/ ^u ! ord] 9 :i* ^! po9ts %\ld be tak5 up1 b only give !m 9 ! sequ5ce :i* to me seems likely to be mo/ natural & effective1--! class %\ld be br\ght to appreciate ! con/ruction ( ! book4 ,?is involves obvi\sly ! way 9 :i* ! au?or weaves toge!r incid5ts s t ea* %all h a "p 9 ! g5]al s*eme2 b x also involves ! way 9 :i* he br+s out ! "p t ! individual traits & "* ( ! p]sons 9 ! /ory _h 9 lead+ up to ! end4 ,9 ,treasure ,isl&1 = in/ance1 x is easy to %[ h[ "o ?+ leads to ano!r1 & h[ out ( ! *a9 no l9k c\ld be tak5 )\t break+ ! cont9uity4 ,?is %\ld n be impress$ ^u ! class1 h[ev]1 z a matt] ( inv5tion on ! "p ( ! au?or4 ,*ildr5 "k t ! book is a fiction1 b !y pref] to ignore ?is4 ,x is n well to make ! fact "p ( ! in/ruction4 ,! way to h&le ?is is to dwell ^u ! skill ) :i* he has arrang$ p>ticul>s1 & pass$ 9 8 n>rative f "o p>ty to ano!r s z to h ea* incid5t cle>4 ,pupils may be rem9d$ ( h[ easy x is to mix ! details ( a /ory s z to confuse ! he>] or ! read]1 & ?us may be made to appreciate to "s degree ! clev]ness ( ! workman%ip :i* s di/+ui%es ! "w ( ,/ev5son4 ,m subtle 9 a way & yet n beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! s*ool-boy is ! "p :i* "* plays 9 %ap+ ev5ts & m\ld+ ! /ory4 ,! re/lessness & ! curiosity ( ,jim1 f ! adv5ture ( ! apple-b>rel to ! sav+ ( ! %ip1 are ess5tials 9 ! tale2 & equally ! diabolical clev]ness & unscrupul\sness ( ,silv] %ape ! ev5ts ( ! /ory f beg9n+ to end4 ,"o m illu/ration may be tak5 f ! novel :i* is s g5]ally includ$ 9 high-s*ool ,engli%1 ,scott's ,ivanhoe4 ,"h x is necess>y to prep>e = ! /ory by ! acquirem5t ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( hi/ory4 ,x is p]haps z well to take ! fir/ five#aei3a p>agraphs ( ! op5+ *apt] z a prelim9>y lesson1 & to treat x z hi/ory pure & simple4 ,9 prep>ation = ?is lesson ! foll[+ vocabul>y %\ld be ma/]$3 ,dragon ( ,wantley4 ,w>s ( ! ,roses4 ,vassalage4 ,inf]ior g5try1 or frankl9s4 ,feudal4 ,! ,conque/4 ,duke ,william ( ,norm&y4 ,normans4 ,anglo-,saxons4 ,battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,laws ( ! *ase4 ,*ivalry4 ,h9ds4 ,classical languages4 ,a few o!r expressions1 su* z petty k+s1 %\ld be look$ aft] 9 ! read+1 le/ ! class get a false impression4 ,! geography ( ! riv] ,don & ( ,donca/] may be pass$ ov]2 b x is p]haps bett]1 especially 9 ?is hi/orical prelim9>y1 to require full accuracy 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,to my ?9k+ all ?is %\ld be look$ up by ! /ud5ts1 & nev] tak5 f notes app5d$ to ! text4 ,! five p>agraphs 9 :i* ,scott gives ! hi/oric backgr\nd %\ld be tak5 frankly z a piece ( "w out ( :i* ! class is to make z cle> a conception ( ! p]iod ( ! tale z possible4 ,! pupils %\ld use _! common s5se & _! intellig5ce 9 /udy+ x1 gett+ all out ( x t !y c get4 ,!n x %\ld be read al\d 9 ! class1 & c>efully gone ov]4 ,! aim %\ld be to h und]/ood z cle>ly z possible :at 7 ! political & ! social conditions ( ! "t :5 ! ev5ts ( ! romance are repres5t$ z tak+ place4 ,su* o!r hi/oric p]sonages z ent] into ! /ory )\t be+ m5tion$ 9 ?is prelim9>y sket* %\ld be br\ght into ?is exposition4 ,?us :5 ,k+ ,ri*>d & ,pr9ce ,john & ,rob9 ,hood ! semi-hi/oric come ^u ! /age ! /ud5t w be prep>$ = ! effect :i* ! noveli/ int5d$1 & w h1 moreov]1 t pleasure :i* a "y read] always feels 9 f9d+ himself equal to an occasion4 ,?is prelim9>y "w be+ accompli%$1 ! re/ ( ! book w probably h to be l>gely assign$ = home read+4 ,! op5+ *apt]s1 h[ev]1 & ! mo/ /rik+ sc5es mu/ c]ta9ly be read al\d 9 class4 ,a suffici5t portion = a lesson w be assign$ ea* day4 ,a li/ ( words = t portion w be giv5 out ) x to be le>n$ fir/4 ,no tea*] w suppose1 ,i fancy1 t 9 e case a /ud5t w ma/] ! vocabul>y be=e he reads ! selection1 b ! pr9ciple is s\nd & ! words w\ld at lea/ be all tak5 up 9 class be=e any read+ is done4 ,/ud5ts %\ld be told to read ! selection al\d at home1 & %\ld come to ! class acqua9t$ ) ! mean+ & significance ( ea* passage1 or prep>$ to ask ab\t !m4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! novel1 :5 ! read] is le>n+ ! situation & ! *>act]s conc]n$1 ! assignm5ts mu/ be %ort] ?an 9 ! latt] "p ( ! book1 :5 ^! ?+s are und]/ood & ! curr5t ( ! tale runs m swiftly4 ,! rema9d] ( ! fir/ *apt]1 f ! p>agraph beg9n+ ,! sun 0 sett+ is q en\gh = a fir/ in/alm5t4 ,! foll[+ words make up ! prelim9>y vocabul>y3 ,rites ( druidical sup]/ition4 ,scrip4 ,b&eau4 ,h>lequ94 ,rational4 ,qu>t]-/aff4 ,murra94 ,eumu4 ,! me?od ( treat+ ! fiction itself has be5 suffici5tly indicat$ 9 ! previ\s illu/ration f ,treasure ,isl&1 b may be briefly t\*$ ^u4 ,9 ?is *apt] ( ,ivanhoe are introduc$ two *>act]s4 ,bo? are describ$ at "s l5g?1 b 9 ! case ( bo? important t\*es "h & !re add to ! impression4 ,gur? is said at ! beg9n+ to be /]n & sad1 & 9 ! talk ! reasons come out4 ,! "m ( mis*ief conf\nd ! ,rang] ( ! =e/1 t cuts ! =eclaws (f our dogs1 & makes !m unfit = _! trade4 ,little is left u b ! air we brea!1 & t appe>s to h be5 res]v$ ) mu* hesitation1 solely = ! purpose ( enabl+ u to endure ! tasks !y lay ^u our %\ld]s4 ,we h a pro( ( 8 impulsiv5ess 9 ! dang]\s fre$om ) :i* he speaks to ,wamba1 & ( h[ d>+ ?is is we are made aw>e :5 ! je/] says to him3 ,i "k ?\ ?9ke/ me a fool1 or ?\ w\ld/ n be s ra% 9 putt+ ?y head into my m\?4 ,"o ^w to ,reg9ald ,front-de-,buf 4 4 4 ?\ w\ld/ wav] on "o ( ^! trees z a t]ror to all evil speak]s aga9/ dignities4 ,( ! sup]/ition ( ,gur? we h pro( by 8 fe> at ! m5tion ( ! fairies4 ,wilt ?\ talk ( su* ?+s :ile a t]rible /orm ( ?und] & lightn+ is rag+ )9 a few miles ( u8 ,"h is a fairly satisfactory portrait ( ,gur?1 al?\gh o!r traits ( "* are develop$ z ! book goes =w>d4 ,at ! end ( ! novel ! att5tion ( ! class may be direct$ to ! skilful way 9 :i* at ! v />t ,scott has /ruck 9 ! words ( ,gur? ! keynote ( ! oppression ( ! ,normans & ! hatr$ = !m 9 ! he>ts ( ! ,saxons2 b a po9t ( ?is sort %\ld n be anticipat$4 ,x w tell = m if x is left until x has _h its full effect & its place z a "p ( ! :ole romance may be cle>ly %[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o la/ ^w ,i _c br+ myself to omit4 ,i h said else:]e t ,i disbelieve 9 ! draw+ ( morals1 & at ! risk ( repetition ,i wi% to emphasize ?is 9 connection ) fiction4 ,! temptation "h is especially /rong4 ,x is s easy to draw a moral f any tale ev] writt5 t two classes ( tea*]s1 ^? morally ov]-consci5ti\s & ^? ignorantly inept1 are almo/ sure to insi/ t _! classes %all drag a moral lesson out ( e /ory4 ,! habit seems to me ?or\ghly vici\s4 ,x is prop] to make ! "* ( ! p]sons 9 ! novel z vivid z possible4 ,! villa9 may be made z hateful to ,god & to man z ! te/imony ( ! au?or w 9 any way all[2 b :5 t is done ! *ildr5 %\ld be left to draw _! own morals4 ,!y %\ld n ev5 be all[$ to "k t ! tea*] is aw>e t a moral may be drawn1 & /ill less %\ld !y be ask$ to discov] "o4 ,if !y draw a moral !mselves or ask que/ions ab\t "o1 ?is is well1 s long z !y are s9c]e & spontane\s4 ,if !y are left entirely to !mselves 9 ?is !y w 9 a heal?y natural fa%ion get f ! /ory su* moral in/ruction z !y are capable ( pr(it+ by1 & !y w n be put into t antagoni/ic attitude :i* human nature inevitably takes :5 x is prea*$ to4 ,,footnotes3 #aei3a ,five 9 ! orig9al4 ,"s s*ool editions1 = :at reason ,i d n "k1 omit p>agraph five1 :i* beg9s3 ,?is /ate ( ?+s ,i h ?\ght x necess>y to premise4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,macbe? ,h[ ,i conceive ! /udy ( poetry may be manag$ 9 s*ool-"w ,i h already indicat$ some:at fully1 b "o concrete example is (t5 wor? a doz5 ab/ract /atem5ts4 ,9 ! lit]>y "w ( almo/ e high s*ool is n[ includ$ ! /udy ( at lea/ "o ,%akespe>ean play1 & z ,macbe? is s g5]ally select$ z ! "o to be fir/ tak5 up1 ,i h *os5 t z an illu/ration4 ,! /udy ( any play1 z ,i h said1 %\ld beg9 ) a requirem5t t ! class ma/] ! vocabul>y4 ,! pupils %\ld be made to und]/& t ! ne$ ( do+ ?is is precisely ! same z ! ne$ ( le>n+ common spee* = ! sake ( compreh5d+ ! talk ( e-day life1 or ( ma/]+ ! vocabul>y ( ,fr5* be=e go+ to ! !atre to he> a play 9 t language4 ,! s*ol>s %\ld be told frankly t ?is w n be p>ticul>ly easy "w1 b t x is to be tak5 9 ! same _s t "o le>n$ ! multiplication-table4 ,no h>m c come ( lett+ ! class expect ?is "p ( ! "w to be full h>d] ?an x really is1 & at lea/ x is well to h /ud5ts und]/& t !y are expect$ to labor to fit !mselves = ! enjoym5t ( lit]ature4 ,9 ?is prep>ation ! aim is to make x possible = ! read]s to g on ) ! text )\t important int]ruptions4 ,?is purpose det]m9es :at words & passages %all be tak5 up4 ,"s difficulties may safely & wisely be left = ! second read+ ( ! play1 & z x is well 9 ^! days n to expect too mu* ( ! indu/ry ( y\?1 ! tea*] w d well to keep ! li/ ( words to be ma/]$ z %ort z may be4 ,! :ole play %\ld be prep>$ = be=e any ( x is read1 b ,i give only examples f ! fir/ act4 ,i %\ld sugge/--ea* tea*] to v>y ! li/ at 8 pleasure--t 9 ! fir/ act ! foll[+ words %\ld be dealt )4 ,! numb]s ( ! l9es are ^? ( ! ,temple ,edition4 ,al>um4 ,?is occurs 9 ! /age-directions ( sc5e ii4 ,! class w see at once t x diff]s f al>m1 & c be made to appreciate h[ f ! /rong roll+ ( ! r--al>r'm came to ?is =m4 ,t ! latt] =m is n[ us$ 9 ! s5se ( a w>n+ s\nd1 & especially 9 ! s5se ( a s\nd ( trumpet or drum to ann\nce ! com+ ( a milit>y body or ! escort ( importance af=ds a good example ( ! mann] 9 :i* synonyms are e/abli%$ 9 ! language4 ,a quotation or two may help to fix ! ^w 9 m9d3 ,our /]n al>ums *ang$ to m]ry meet+s--,ri*>d ,,iii1 i1 #a4 ,& :5 %e speaks1 is x n an al>um to love8--,o!llo1 ii1 #c4 ,! dread al>um %\ld make ! e>? quake to its c5tre4--,haw?orne1 ,old ,manse4 ,k]ns & gall[glasses1 ii1 #ac4 ,x may be en\gh to give simply ! fact t ! fir/ ( ^! unc\? words means light-arm$ & ! second heavy-arm$ ,iri% troops4 ,if ! tea*] likes1 h[ev]1 he may add a brief m5tion ( ! passage f ,b>nabie ,ri*e3 ,! ,galloglas succe$e? ! ,horseman1 & hee is commonly arm$ ) a skull1#afg3a a %irt ( maile1 & a ,galloglas axe2 8 s]vice 9 ! field is nei!r good aga9/ horsem51 nor able to endure an enc\nt] ( pikes1 yet ! ,iri% d make great acc\nt ( !m4 ,! ,k]ne ( ,irel& are next 9 reque/1 ! v drosse & scum ( ! c\ntrey1 a g5]ation ( villa9es n wor?y to live3 ^! be !y t live by robb+ & spoil+ ! poor c\ntreyman1 t make? him _m times to buy bread to give unto !m1 ?\gh he want = himself & 8 poore *ildr54 ,^! are !y t are ready to run out ) e rebell1 & ^! are ! v hags ( hell1 fit = no?+ b = ! gall[s4--,new ,iri% ,progno/ication4 ,?ane1 ii1 #de4 ,?is ^w may be made int]e/+ by its close connection ) ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,!gan 0 orig9ally a s]vant1 !n te*nically ! k+'s s]vant1 & s an ,anglo-,saxon nobleman & "o ( ! k+'s m imm$iate w>riors4 ,bellona1 ii1 #ed4 ,! my?ological allusion is ( c\rse easy to h&le4 ,composition1 ii1 #ei4 ,?is ,i w\ld include 9 ! li/ *iefly to emphasize h[ (t5 a little common s5se w solve :at at fir/ sight seems a difficulty ( language4 ,craves composition is s easily connect$ ) compos+ difficulties or any simil> phrase t an intellig5t pupil c see ! po9t if he is only alive to ! =ce ( language4 ,aro9t1 iii1 #f4 ,x w int]e/ mo/ s*ol>s to le>n t ?is ^w--except = mod]n imitations--is f\nd only 9 ,%akespe>e1 & 9 him b twice1 bo? times 9 ! phrase ,aro9t !e1 wit* 7! second in/ance1 ,le>1 iii1 #d74 ,!y w be at lea/ amus$ by ! possibility ( its be+ d]iv$ f a dialect ^w giv5 9 ! ,*e%ire prov]b quot$ by an old au?or nam$ ,ray 9 #afic1 & probably 9 use 9 ! "t ( ,%akespe>e3 ',rynt y1 wit*1' quo? ,bessie ,locket to h] "m2 & 9 ! speculation :e!r ! dramati/ himself made ! ^w4 ,! curi\s d]ivation ( ! t]m f rauntree or rantry1 ! old =m ( r[an1 or m\nta9-a%1 is sure to appeal to *ildr5 :o h se5 ! r[an rip5+ its r$ b]ries4 ,! m\nta9-a%1 or ! quick51 z x is call$ 9 ,irel&1 is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s trees 9 ,iri% tradition1 & is sacr$ to ! ,g5tle ,p1 ! fairies4 ,x 0 ( old reg>d$ z a sure def5ce aga9/ wit*es1 & ! !ory ( "s s*ol>s is t ! orig9al =m ( ! exclamation giv5 by ,%akespe>e 0 ,i've a rauntree1 wit*1 ,i've a r[an-tree1 wit*4 ,all t x is necess>y = ! read] to "k is t ! ^w is evid5tly a w>n+ to ! wit* to dep>t2 b !re c be no objection to introduc+ into ?is prelim9>y /udy ( ! vocabul>y matt] :i* is likely to arre/ att5tion & to fix mean+s 9 ! m9d4 ,rump-f$ ronyon1 iii1 #f4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to d m ) ?is ?an to h x und]/ood t ronyon is a t]m ( contempt1 mean+ scabby or some?+ ( ! sort1 & t rump-f$1 :ile x may ref] to ! fact t kidneys1 rumps1 & scraps 7 p]quisites ( ! cook or giv5 to begg>s1 probably indicates no?+ m ?an a plump1 ov]-f$ woman4 ,p5t-h\se lid1 iii1 #bj4 ,a p5t-h\se is f ! diction>y f\nd to be a slop+ ro( project+ f a wall ov] a door or w9d[2 & f ?is to ! comp>ison ) ! eyebr[ is an easy /ep4 ,t ! simile 0 common 9 ! sixte5? c5tury may be %[n by num]\s quotations1 z1 = in/ance1 ! passage 9 ,?omas ,deck]'s ,gull's ,horne-book1 #afji3 ,! two eyes are ! glasse w9d[s1 at :i* light disp]ses itself into e roome1 hav+ goodlie p5t-h\ses ( hair to ov]%ad[ !m4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ,ivanhoe3 ,_h !re n lurk$ "u ! p5t-h\se ( 8 eye t sly epicurean tw9kle4 ,& s on d[n to our own "t1 :5 ,t5nyson1 9 ,m]l9 & ,vivian1 writes3 ,he dragg$ 8 eyebr[ bu%es d[n1 & made ,a sn[y p5t-h\se = 8 holl[ eyes4 ,insane root1 iii1 #hd4 ,9 ,plut>*'s ,lives1 :i* 9 ! fam\s translation ( ,nor? 0 famili> to ,%akespe>e & f :i* he took mat]ial = 8 plays1 we are told t ! soldi]s ( ,an?ony 9 ! ,p>?ian w> 7 =c$ by lack ( provisions to ta/e ( roots t 7 nev] eat5 be=e2 among :i* 0 "o t kill$ !m1 & made !m out ( _! wits4 ,any intellig5t /ud5t w\ld be likely to und]/& ! =ce ( ?is phrase f ! context1 b x is well to speak ( x be=eh& to avoid di/raction ( ! att5tion 9 read+4 ,coign1 vi1 #g4 ,jutty1 f our common use ( ! v]b to jut1 c>ries its own mean+1 & ! use ( ! ^w coign 9 ?is passage is giv5 9 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y4 ,sew]1 vii1 /age-directions4 ,! d]ivation & ! mean+ are also giv5 9 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y1 ) illu/rative quotations4 ,s f> = s+le words :i* w\ld be likely to bo!r ! ord9>y /ud5t 9 read+4 ,! li/ might be ext5d$ by individual tea*]s to fit individual cases1 & su* words includ$ z *oppy1 iii1 #dd2 bla/$1 iii1 #gg2 procreant1 vi1 #h2 h>b+]1 iv1 #de2 fl\ri%1 iv1 end2 m>tlet1 vi1 #d2 ,god 'ield1 vi1 #ac2 trammel up1 vii1 #c2 limbec1 vii1 #fg4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 n to make ! li/ long] ?an is absolute necess>y2 & z ! vocabul>y ( ! :ole play is to be tak5 up1 x is bett] to tru/ to ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! class z f> z possible4 ,,ii ,^! d\btful or obsolete words hav+ be5 ma/]$ by ! class1 & ! l9es 9 :i* !y occur us$ z illu/rations ( _! use1 ! next matt] is to take up obscure passages4 ,^! may be bl9d f unusual use ( famili> words or f "s o!r cause4 ,:]e ! difficulty is a matt] ( diction x is h>dly wor? :ile to make fur!r division into gr\ps1 & 9 ! fir/ act ! foll[+ passages may be giv5 to ! /ud5ts to /udy out = !mselves if possible1 or to h expla9$ by ! tea*] if necess>y3 ,say to ! k+ ! k ( ! broil ,z ?\ did leave x4--ii1 #f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= brave ,macbe?--well he des]ves t "n-- ,disda9+ =tune1 ) 8 br&i%$ /eel ,:i* smok$ ) bloody execution1 ,l val\r's m9ion c>v$ out 8 passage ,till he fac$ ! slave2 ,:i* ne'er %ook h&s1 nor bid f>ewell to him1 ,till he unseam'd him f ! nave to *aps1 ,& fix'd 8 head ^u our battlem5ts4--ii1 #af-bc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,except !y meant to ba! 9 reek+ w\nds1 ,or memorize ano!r ,golgo?a1 ,i _c tell4--ii1 #ci-da4 99 99 99 99 99 ,till t ,bellona's bridegroom1 lapp'd 9 pro(1 ,confront$ him ) self-comp>isons1 ,po9t aga9/ po9t rebelli\s1 arm 'ga9/ arm1 ,curb+ 8 lavi% _s4--ii1 #ed-eg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he %all live a man =bid4--iii1 #ba4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! weird si/]s1 h& 9 h&1 ,po/]s ( ! sea & l&4--iii1 #cb1 #cc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,art n )\t ambition1 b )\t ,! illness %\ld att5d x4--v1 #bj-ba4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all t imp$es !e f ! gold5 r\nd ,t fate & metaphysical aid do? seem ,to h !e cr[n$ )al4--v1 #cj-ca4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to beguile ! "t ,look l ! "t4--vi1 #fc4 99 99 99 99 99 --,^? honors deep & broad :]e) ,y\r maje/y loads our h\se3 = ^? ( old ,& ! late dignities heap'd up to !m ,we re/ y\r h]mits4--vi1 #af-bj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ,duncan ,ha? borne 8 faculties s meek4--vii1 #af-ag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at _c y & ,i p]=m ^u ,! ungu>d$ ,duncan8 :at n put ^u ,8 spongy (fic]s1 :o %all be> ! guilt ,( our great quell4--vii1 #fi-gb4 ,?is li/ aga9 may be made long] or %ort]1 ) ! same proviso z be=e1 t x be n unnecess>ily di/5d$4 ,phrases l craves composition & insane root1 :i* ,i h put into ! fir/ section1 may be gr\p$ "h if x seems bett]4 ,i h n felt x ne$ful to indicate ! way 9 :i* ! mean+ ( ^! obscure passages is to be br\ght out1 = ! me?od w\ld be ess5tially ! same z t tak5 to int]e/ ! class 9 ! vocabul>y ( deta*$ words4 ,,iii ,passages possibly obscure f ! ?\ght may = ! mo/ "p be left = ! lat] /udy ( ! play 9 detail4 ,a few ( !m x is well to take up = ! simple purpose ( tra9+ ! /ud5t 9 poetic language1 & "s ne$ to be und]/ood = ! sake ( ! fir/ g5]al effect4 ,9 ! fir/ act ( ,macbe? ! passages :i* x is actually necess>y to exam9e are few1 b ! li/ may be made long or %ort at ! pleasure ( ! tea*]4 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z examples3 ,! m]ciless ,macdonwald-- ,wor?y to be a rebel1 = to t ,! multiply+ villa9ies ( nature ,d sw>m ^u him4--ii1 #i-ab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z :5ce ! sun 'g9s 8 reflection ,%ipwreck+ /orms & direful ?und]s break1 ,s f t spr+ :5ce com=t seem'd to come ,discom=t swells4--ii1 #be-bh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ?i!r 9 a sieve ,i'll sail1 ,& l a rat )\t a tail1 ,i'll d1 ,i'll d & ,i'll d4--iii1 #h-aj4 ,?is passage is a good example ( :at may be pass$ ov] 9 ! fir/ read+1 yet :i* if und]/ood adds greatly to ! =ce ( ! effect4 ,if ! s*ol> kn[s t accord+ to ! old sup]/ition a wit* c\ld take ! =m ( an animal b c\ld be id5tifi$ by ! fact t ! tail 0 want+1 ! idea ( ! hag's fly+ ?r\gh ! air on ! w9d to ! tempe/-toss$ vessel b\nd = ,aleppo1 & on x tak+ ! =m ( a tailless rat to gnaw1 & gnaw1 & gnaw till ! %ip spr+s a leak1 is sure to appeal to ! y\?ful imag9ation4 ,my ?\ght1 ^: murd] yet is b fanta/ical1 ,%akes s my s+le /ate ( man t function ,is smo!r$ 9 surmise1 & no?+ is ,b :at is n4--iii1 #aci-adb4 ,?is is "o ( ^? passages :i* is sure to puzzle ! ord9>y s*ool-boy1 al?\gh a little help w enable him to und]/& x1 & to see h[ natural "u ! circum/ances is ! /ate ( m9d :i* x pa9ts4 ,! murd] is z yet only imag9$ 7fanta/ical71 & yet ! ?\ght ( x s %akes ,macbe?'s individual 7s+le7 consci\sness 7/ate ( man7 t ! ord9>y functions ( ! m9d are lo/ 9 confus$ surmises ( :at may come z ! consequ5ces ( ! de$2 until to 8 excit$ fancy no?+ seems real 7is7 b :at ! dreadful surmise pa9ts1 al?\gh t does n yet exi/4 ,y\r s]vants ev] ,h !irs1 !mselves1 & :at is !irs1 9 compt ,to make _! audit to y\r highness' pleasure1 ,/ill to return y\r own4--vi1 #be-bh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,8 two *amb]la9s ,w ,i ) w9e & wassail s conv9ce1 ,t memory1 ! w>d] ( ! bra91 ,%all be a fume1 & ! receipt ( reason ,a limbec only4--vii1 #fc-fg4 ,! :ole ( ,macbe?'s soliloquy at ! beg9n+ ( sc5e vii is a case 9 po9t4 ,x may be tak5 up "h1 b to my ?9k+ is bett] treat$ aft] ! class is famili> ) ! circum/ances "u :i* x is spok54 ,,iv ,! tak+ up ( especially /rik+ passages be=eh& may be omitt$ altoge!r1 al?\gh :at ,i consid] ! possible advantages ,i h already indicat$4#age3a ,p]haps ! bett] plan is to d ?is aft] ! fir/ read+ ( ! play1 & be=e ! second read+ prep>es ! way = detail$ /udy4 ,! sort ( passage ,i h 9 m9d is indicat$ by ! foll[+ examples3 ,if y c look into ! se$s ( "t1 ,& say :i* gra9 w gr[ & :i* w n4--iii1 #eh-ei4 ,! att5tion ( ! pupils may be call$ to ! especial =ce & fitness ( ! image4 ,! impossibility ( tell+ f ! appe>ance ( a se$ :e!r x w gr[ or :at w spr+ f x makes v /rik+ ?is comp>ison ( ev5ts to !m1 s unable are we to say :i* ( ^! se$s ( "t w produce important results & :i* w %[ no m gr[? ?an a se$ unspr\t+4 ,dun4 ,?is ca/le ha? a pleasant seat2 ! air ,nimbly & sweetly recomm5ds itself ,unto our g5tle s5ses4 ,ban4 ,?is gue/ ( summ]1 ,! temple-haunt+ m>tlet1 does approve ,by 8 lov$ mansionry t ! heav5's brea? ,smells woo+ly "h4--vi1 #a-g4 ,?is is n only *>m+ z poetry1 b x is excell5t z a help to tra9 ! class to appreciative read+ by att5tion to significant details4 ,nimbly1--) a light1 quick motion1--! air recomm5ds itself1--comes ^u u 9 a way :i* makes u appreciate its goodness1--unto our g5tle1--delicate1 capable ( p]ceiv+ subtle qualities1--s5ses4 ,9 ! reply ( ,banquo ! use ( gue/1 "o favor$ & invit$1 ( temple-haunt+1 convey+ ! idea ( "o frequ5t+ places consecrat$ & rev]$1 ( lov$ mansionry1 dwell+s :i* ! eye loves to recognize1 all help to /r5g!n ! impression1 & to give ! feel+ to ! m9d :i* we might h f wat*+ ! flight ( ! slim1 glossy swall[s flitt+ ab\t _! ne/s4 ,x is n necess>y to multiply examples1 s9ce ea* tea*] w h 8 p]sonal pref]5ces = /rik+ passages2 & s9ce _m w probably pref] to leave ?is :ole matt] to be tak5 up 9 ! read+4 ,v ,! fir/ read+ ( a play1 :e!r x come be=e or aft] ! ma/]+ ( ! vocabul>y1 %\ld be unbrok5 except by ! pauses necess>y betwe5 consecutive recitations1 & mu/ above ev]y?+ be cle> & intelligible4 ,9 all b ! mo/ exceptional circum/ances x %\ld be done by ! tea*]1 ! class foll[+ ! text 9 books ( _! own4 ,no tea*] :o _c read well has any bus9ess to attempt to tea* lit]ature at all1 = read+ al\d is ! mo/ effective ( all means to be us$ 9 ! /udy4 ,?is does n mean t ! read+ %\ld be ov]-dramatic1 & /ill less t x %\ld be :at is popul>ly kn[n z elocution>y2 b x does mean t x %all be agreeable1 intellig5t1 & sympa!tic4 ,! tea*] mu/ bo? und]/& & feel ! "w1 & mu/ be tra9$ to convey bo? compreh5sion & emotion ?r\gh ! voice4 ,! pupils w f a fir/ read+ get *iefly ! plot1 b !y may also be unconsci\sly prep>$ = ! m important k ( "* :i* is naturally ! next /ep 9 ! process ( /udy+ ! drama4 ,z prep>ation = ! fir/ read+ ( ,macbe? little is ne$$ 9 ! way ( g5]al explanation4 ,! discussion ( ! sup]natural elem5t1 ( ! responsibility ( ! *>act]s1 & ( ! c5tral ?\ght ( ! play1 may safely be left = lat] /udy4 ,"y p w respond to ! direct /ory1 & x is n unwise to let ! plot produce its full effect z simple n>rative4 ,x is well to /ate be=eh& h[ x comes t ! k+%ip does n necess>ily g by imm$iate desc5t1 & s to make x evid5t h[ ,macbe? secur$ ! ?rone2 x may be well also to comm5t briefly on ! /ate ( society 9 :i* crime 0 m possible ?an n[2 b beyond ?is ! play may be left to tell its own tale4 ,9 ?is fir/ read+ ! tea*] w d well to indicate su* po9ts ( /age-sett+ z are n evid5t1 & su* /age bus9ess z is necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ! sc5e4 ,x is z well1 h[ev]1 n to give too mu* /ress to ?is4 ,to foll[ ! play ( emotions is ) *ildr5 in/9ctive1 & ?is !y w d )\t dwell+ on ! details ( ! sc5e too closely 9 a mat]ial s5se4 ,at lea/ a v little aid w be suffici5t at ?is /age4 ,9 a subsequ5t read+ ^! matt]s may be m fully br\ght out1 al?\gh ,i am conv9c$ t ev5 !n x is easy to ov]do ! insi/+ ^u aids to visualization4 ,:at may be done & %\ld n be omitt$ is ! int]sp]sion 9 pass+ ( comm5ts s brief t !y d n int]rupt1 yet :i* ?r[ light ^u mean+s :i* might o!rwise be likely to pass unnotic$4 ,no?+ %\ld be t\*$ ^u 9 ?is way :i* is s complicat$ z to require m ?an a ^w or two to make x pla94 ,:at ,i mean is illu/rat$ by ^! examples3 ,i come ,graymalk94 ,paddock calls4--i1 #i1 #aj4 ,! voice 9 read+ conveys ! idea t ! wit*es speak to famili> spirits 9 ! air1 b x is well to /ate t fact explicitly4 ,:at1 c ! devil speak true8--iii1 #ajg4 ,banquo ?9ks in/antly ( ! ^w ( ! wit*es1 ,glamis1 & ?ane ( ,cawdor1 etc4--iii1 #aaa-aai4 ,9 ^! l9es & 9 #abf-adg1 x is ( s mu* importance t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! asides & ! direct spee* be appreciat$ t x may be well to call att5tion to ! *anges4 ,c\s9s1 a ^w1 ,i pray y4--iii1 #abf4 ,banquo draws ! o!rs aside1 probably to tell !m ( ! pr$iction by ! wit*es ( ! news !y h br\ght1 & ?is gives ,macbe? a mom5t by himself to ?9k ( ! /rang5ess ( x4 ,?9k ^u :at ha? *anc$4--iii1 #aec4 ,?is is said1 ( c\rse1 to ,banquo4 ,we w e/abli% our e/ate ^u ,our elde/ son1 ,malcolm4--iv1 #cg4 ,"h ! conditions ( succession already spok5 ( may be allud$ to1 & ! fact not$ t if ,macbe? _h ent]ta9$ any hopes ( succe$+ ,duncan legitimately1 ^! 7 n[ dispell$4 ,& :5 goes h5ce8--v1 #fj4 ,! s9i/] sugge/ion ( ?is may well be emphasiz$ by call+ att5tion to x4 ,by y\r leave1 ho/ess4--vi1 #ca4 ,) ^! words ,duncan1 :o has tak5 ! h& ( ,lady ,macbe?1 turns to lead h] 94 ,,vi ,once ! play has be5 read z a :ole ! way has be5 prep>$ = m c>eful att5tion to details4 ,= ea* recitation ! p>ts %\ld be assign$ be=eh& = oral read+1 ?ree or f\r pupils be+ assign$ to ea* "p s t 9 a long sc5e opportunity is giv5 = br++ a numb] ( ! /ud5ts to _! feet4#ahj3a ,x is well to prep>e = ?is second read+ by select+ ! c5tral motive ( ! play1 & hav+ ! class discuss x4 ,9 ! case ( ,macbe? x is easy to select ambition z ! ma9 ?read4 ,9 "s plays a s+le passion or emotion is n s easily deta*$1 b x is g5]ally ne$ful to rememb] t if *ildr5 are to be impress$ & are to see ?+s cle>ly1 !y mu/ be dealt ) simply2 s t ev5 at ! exp5se ( slight+ = ! "t be+ "s ( ! /r&s x is well to keep to ! pr9ciple ( nam+ "o & hold+ to x ) /raight=w>dness until ! "w is tol]ably famili>4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be made to say--n to write1 = contagion ( ideas is ( ! greate/ importance "h--:at !y und]/& by ambition1 h[ f> !y h notic$ x 9 o!rs1 & p]haps h[ f> felt x !mselves4 ,a wise tea*] %\ld h little difficulty 9 mak+ su* a talk p]sonal en\gh to en=ce ! idea )\t lett+ x become too intimate4 ,x c be br\ght out t ! te/ ( ambition is ! ext5t ( ! sacrifices "o is will+ to make to gratify x4 ,! ambition already spok5 ( to excel 9 class1 to be at ! head ( ! s*ool baseball n9e or football team1 to be popul> ) fri5ds1 & s on = ! common ambitions ( life may seem trifl+1 b x belongs to ! language ( ! *ild's life4 ,"h & !re ! tea*] f9ds pupils :o might seize ! conception ( ambition )\t />t+ s ne> ! rudim5ts1 b mo/ ne$ x2 ,i am unable to see h[ any c be hurt by x4 ,x is mu* m difficult to get a conception vividly into ! m9ds ( tw5ty pupils toge!r ?an x is to impress ! same ?+ ^u a hundr$ sep>ately1 & ,i %\ld nev] feel t ,i c\ld af=d to neglect ! humble/ means :i* might be s]viceable4 ,! talk1 moreov]1 does n /op "h4 ,x is to be l$ on to :at ! boys & girls w\ld wi% to be 9 ! _w2 & f ?is to hi/oric in/ances ( :at m5 h done to gratify _! ambitions4 ,! assass9ation ( ! late ,k+ ( ,s]via is /ill s rec5t z to seem mu* m real ?an murd]s f>!r back 9 hi/ory1 & x l5ds itself well to ! ef=t to make vital ! trag$y t is be+ /udi$4 ,i am n = an in/ant urg+ t lit]ature %all be treat$ 9 too reali/ic a mann]1 z ,i hope to %[ be=e ,i conclude2 b ,i d n feel t !re is any fe> ( mak+ x too real to ! boys & girls ) :om "o mu/ deal to-day 9 our s*ools4 ,x is p]haps well1 too1 t "s comm5t %\ld be made at ?is /age on ! sup]natural elem5t4 ,a class is likely to h _h geometry by ! "t x has come to ! /udy ( ,%akespe>e1 & mo/ *ildr5 c ) v little difficulty be made to und]/& t 9 ,macbe? & ,! ,anci5t ,m>9] ! exi/5ce ( ! sup]natural is ! hypo!sis ^u :i* ! "w proce$s4 ,:5 ?is is und]/ood x is n amiss to develop ! idea t ,%akespe>e p]haps introduc$ ! wit*es z a way ( %[+ h[ evil ?\ghts & desires spr+ up 9 ! he>t4 ,! class w easily see t ! ideas ( ambition1 ( ! possibility ( ga9+ ! cr[n1 :i* little by little grew 9 ! he>t ( ,macbe? c be bett] %[n to an audi5ce by putt+ ! words into ! m\?s ( ! wit*es ?an by means ( soliloquies4 ,?is giv+ ( reasons :y ! dramati/ does "o ?+ or ano!r %\ld n be press$ too f> & %\ld be t\*$ ^u ) caution4 ,x is (t5 bett] to let a detail g unrem>k$ ?an to run ! risk ( confus+ ! m9d ( ! pupil4 ,! wit*es1 h[ev]1 are almo/ sure to be rem>k$ ^u1 & !y mu/ be consid]$ frankly4 ,9 ?is second read+ su* obscure passages z h be5 glid$ ov] be=e are to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,if ! pupils h1 z !y %\ld h1 texts un5cumb]$ ) notes1 !y may be giv5 a sc5e or two at a "t1 & told to use _! wits 9 elucidat+ ! difficulties4 ,(t5 !y %[ surpris+ intellig5ce 9 ?is l9e1 & ! be/[al ( praise :]e x is des]v$ is "o ( ! mo/ effective z well z "o ( ! pleasante/ p>ts ( ! :ole process4 ,:at !y _c elucidate alone1 !y may be if possible help$ to "w out 9 class1 or1 if ?is fails1 may be told outright4 ,if !y h tri$ to arrive at ! true mean+1 !y are 9 a condition :5 an explanation w h its be/ & fulle/ effect4 ,passages 9 ! fir/ act ( ,macbe? :i* ,i h ?us f> pass$ ov] delib]ately1 to ! end t ! pupil be n bo!r$ ov] too _m difficulties at once1 are su* z ^!3 ,fair is f\l1 & f\l is fair1--i1 #aa4 ,:]e ! ,norweyan bann]s fl\t ! sky ,& fan our p cold4--ii1 #di1 #ej4 ,nor w\ld we deign him burial ( 8 m5 ,till he disburs$1 at ,sa9t ,colme's in*4--ii1 #ei1 #fj4 ,t5 ?\s& doll>s4--ii1 #fb4 ,if1 z is likely to be ! case1 ! great] "p or all ( ! class h pass$ ! ^w doll>s )\t notice1 t fact s]ves to illu/rate ! ne$ ( c>e 9 read+4 ,t !y %\ld pass x1 moreov]1 illu/rates also h[ ! ana*ronism might pass unnotic$ 9 ,%akespe>e's "t1 :5 hi/orical accuracy 0 ! la/ ?+ ab\t :i* a playwright bo!r$ 8 head4 ,! tea*] may well "h ref] back to ! idea ( consid]+ lit]ature z ! algebra ( ! emotions1 & rem9d ! class t z ! poet 0 n endeavor+ to write hi/ory or to tell :at happ5$ 9 a concrete in/ance1 b only to repres5t ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( su* a situation z t 9 :i* ,macbe? & 8 wife 7 involv$1 a dep>ture f hi/orical accuracy is ( no importance s long z x does n di/urb ! effect on ! m9d ( ! audi5ce or read]4 ,no m t ?ane ( ,cawdor %all receive ,our bosom int]e/4--ii1 #fc1 #fd4 ,i'll give !e a w9d4--iii1 #aa4 ,! suppos$ p[] ( ! wit*es to control ! w9ds & ! sup]/itions ( ! sailors ab\t buy+ favorable wea!r f !m may be tak5 up 9 ! fir/ read+2 b x seems bett] to leave x = ! "t :5 ! effect ( ! play z a :ole has be5 secur$1 & ! int]ruption w be less objectionable4 ,8 wond]s & 8 praises d cont5d ,:i* %\ld be ?9e or 83 sil5c$ ) t4--iii1 #fc4 ,t1 tru/$ home4--iii1 #abj4 ,poor & s+le bus9ess4--vi1 #af4 ,l ! poor cat i' ! adage4--vii1 #de4 ,x is n necess>y to cont9ue ?is li/4 ,its l5g? is decid$ by ! "o fix$ pr9ciple to :i* is no exception3 x is too long ! mom5t ! tea*] fails to hold ! int]e/ ( ! class 9 ! "w :i* is be+ done4 ,no am\nt ( in=mation acquir$ or skill 9 pass+ exam9ations c comp5sate = ! h>m done by associat+ ! plays ( ,%akespe>e 9 ! m9ds ( ! /ud5t ) ! idea ( dulness or bor$om4 ,textual explanation1 h[ev]1 is ( small importance z comp>$ to an intellig5t grasp ( ! (fice & effect ( ea* incid5t & ea* sc5e 9 ! developm5t ( ! /ory & ( ! *>act]s ( ! actors 9 ! trag$y4 ,at ! end ( ea* sc5e1 or = t matt] at any po9t :i* seems well to ! in/ructor1 ! /ud5ts %\ld 9 ?is second read+ be call$ ^u to comm5t orally on :at has be5 done 9 ! play & :at has be5 %[n4 ,i h mu* m fai? 9 ! g5u95ess ( :at a boy says on 8 feet 9 ! class room ?an 9 :at he may write at home4 ,a tea*] ) ! g5tle/ h9t may at once /op humbug & conv5tionality :5 x is spok51 b :5 /ock phrases1 conv5tional op9ions1 views imp]fectly rememb]$ or consci\sly borr[$ f somebody's notes h be5 neatly copi$ out 9 a !me1 no am\nt ( r$ ink corrects ! evil t has be5 done4 ,! important ?+ is to get an appreciation1 no matt] h[ limit$ or imp]fect x may be1 :i* is yet g5u9e & intellig5t4 ,) ! matt] ( disput$ read+s1 ,i may say 9 p>5!sis1 ! tea*] 9 ! second>y s*ool has no m to d ?an to answ] d\bts :i* may arise 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 ,p]sonally ,i %\ld (f] to ! consid]ation ( ! class ! conjectural read+ ( ! l9e ,vault+ ambition1 :i* o'erleaps itself4--vii1 #bg4 ,vault+ ambition1 :i* o'erleaps its selle 7saddle72 because x seems to me s plausible & because x is likely to comm5d itself4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld let sleep+ dogs lie1 & if nobody notic$ ! possible confusion ( ! text1 ,i w\ld n risk confusion ( m9d by call+ att5tion to x4 ,! p]sonal op9ions ( ! class ^u ! actions & ! acts ( ! *>act]s are n difficult to get at 9 ?is way1 & (t5 w be ! m fully %ap$ & m cle>ly ?\ght out if ! pupil is con/ra9$ to def5d an unpopul> view4 ,i am n introduc+ any?+ new1 = ?is sort ( discussion is c>ri$ on by e intellig5t tea*]2 x is m5tion$ "h only = ! sake ( complet5ess 9 ! process ( treat+ a play 9 ! class-room4 ,,vii ,x may seem sup]flu\s to "s tea*]s to end ! /udy z x began1 by a complete1 un9t]rupt$ read+ ( ! :ole4 ,x is possible t sometimes x w\ld we>y a class already we>y ( go+ ov] ! same gr\nd2 b if s ! class has be5 on ! wrong tack ?r\gh\t4 ,i make ! sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 9 confid5ce t ! effect w be good1 & t ! /ud5ts w enjoy ?is review4 ,:e!r ! read+ is done by tea*] or pupils dep5ds some:at ^u circum/ances2 b x %\ld c]ta9ly be by ! pupils if possible4 ,,viii ,i h c>efully & int5tionally omitt$ all m5tion ( ! /udy ( ! s\rces ( ! plot1 ! probable date ( ! play1 & ?+s ( t sort :i* int]e/ ?or\gh ,%akespe>ean s*ol>s1 & :i* are ! *os5 subjects ( p$antic =mali/s4 ,metrical effects & subtilties are beyond any pupils ,i h ev] enc\nt]$ 9 second>y s*ools4 ,i d n believe t /ud5ts 9 ! second>y s*ools %\ld be tr\bl$ ) any /udy ( ?is sort4 ,! tea*] %\ld ( c\rse be prep>$ briefly to answ] any que/ions ( ?is nature :i* are put1 & to %[ ! pupils :]e 9 books ( ref]5ce in=mation may be f\nd4 ,! great pr9ciple is1 h[ev]1 to include 9 ! /udy no?+ :i* does n enhance ! impression ( ! play z a "w ( imag9ative lit]ature1 & to omit ev]y?+ :i* c possibly be sp>$ )\t endang]+ ?is g5]al effect4 ,! dang] ( ov]%ad[+ lit]>y /udy ) irrelevant in=mation is great & con/ant4 ,! am\nt ( special k :i* a *ild mu/ acquire to appreciate a play ( ,%akespe>e's is unhappily l>ge 9 any case2 & ! con/ant aim ( ! tea*] %\ld be to r$uce ?is to a m9imum4 ,x is f> bett] t a pupil g ?r\gh ! "w ) imag9ative delight & fail to get ! exact mean+ ( half ! obscure passages ?an t he be bor$ & we>i$ by an exact explanation ( all ( !m at ! exp5se ( ! inspiration ( ! "w z a :ole4 ,my pa9ful d\bts ( ! wisdom ( our pres5t s*eme ( insi/+ ^u ! /udy ( lit]ature 9 ! common s*ools arises l>gely f ! unhappy necessity ( hav+ s mu* expla9$ & ! too common lack ( c\rage to d a suffici5t am\nt ( judici\s ignor+ ( difficulties4 ,,ix ,i _c %irk entirely1 z ,i %\ld be glad to d1 ! "q ( writt5 "w on ! play we h be5 consid]+4#ahh3a ,x is a ?\s& pities t *ildr5 mu/ be requir$ to write any?+ ab\t ,macbe? :5 !y h read x2 b x is evid5t t "u exi/+ conditions !y w be requir$ to produce some?+ on pap]4 ,9 reg>d to ?is ,i mu/ repeat t !y %\ld nev] be ask$ to write z ex]cises 9 composition4 ,ev]y?+ t a *ild writes is1 9 "o s5se1 a rhetorical ex]cise1 b ! tea*] %\ld impress x ^u ! class t "h ! *ief aim is to get an expression ( ! *ild's ?\ght4 ,! m completely ! *ildr5 c be made to feel t ?is is n a composition1 b a /atem5t ( impressions1 ( p]sonal ta/es1 & ( op9ions1 ! bett]4 ,:at subjects are suit$ = writt5 "w is a matt] :i* mu/ be decid$ by ea* tea*] accord+ to ! dispositions1 ! k1 ! aptitude %[n by ! s*ol>s 9 a p>ticul> class4 ,x w inevitably be influ5c$ l>gely by exam9ation-pap]s2 & 9 ! face ( ! li/s ( subjects provid$ by ^! x is idle to (f] any p>ticul> sugge/ions4 ,9 g5]al ! te/ ( a subject1 s f> z real b5efit is conc]n$1 is :e!r x is "o ^u :i* ! /ud5t may fairly be expect$ to be able to feel & to reason 9 t]ms ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,a subject is suit$ to 8 ne$s s long1 & s long only1 z he is able to consid] x z a matt] :i* might conc]n him p]sonally4 ,he may ?9k crudely & he mu/ ( c\rse ?9k inadequately2 b he %\ld at lea/ ?9k s9c]ely & )\t reg>d to :at somebody else has ?\ght be=e him4 ,he %\ld be orig9al 9 ! s5se t he is putt+ d[n 8 own impressions1 is writ+ ?\ghts :i* h n be5 ga!r$ f books1 b h be5 come at by consid]+ ! play 9 ! light ( :atev] k he p]sonally has ( life & human nature4 ,mu* may dep5d1 x is wor? rem>k+1 ^u ! way a subject = !me-"w is giv5 out4 ,phrases c\nt greatly 9 all human affairs1 b especially 9 ! developm5t ( *ildr54 ,adults are suppos$ to und]/& words s readily z to be free f ! dang] ( receiv+ wrong impressions f phraseology :i* is unfamili>2 b :e!r ?is be true or n1 c]ta9 x is t ! "y are (t5 bewild]$ by words & que]ly affect$ by turns ( language4 ,! same !me-subject may be hopelessly incompreh5sible or at lea/ unhappily remote :5 /at$ 9 "o way1 :ile 9 ano!r word+ x is entirely possible4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is to make cle> beyond all possibility ( d\bt :at is requir$1 & ?is is to be accompli%$ only by us+ language :i* ! /ud5t und]/&s4 ,! tea*] mu/ "h z 9 all in/ruction keep con/antly 9 m9d t language t is cle> & famili> to him may be no?+ less ?an cryptic to ! class4 ,i rememb] a lad 9 a c\ntry s*ool :o 0 hopelessly bewild]$ :5 confront$ ) ! subject giv5 out by 8 tea*]3 ,:at ,"* 9 ?is ,book ,appeals to ,y ,mo/1 & on :at ,gr\nds8 yet :o wrote easily en\gh a v respectable !me :5 ,i said3 ,%e only wants y to pick out ! p]son 9 ! book y l be/1 & tell :y y l him4 ,oh1 is t all8 he said at fir/ incr$ul\sly4 ,b t isn't say+ any?+ ab\t gr\nds4 ,! incid5t1 absurd z x is1 is really typical4 ,i h usually f\nd t ! ^w comp>e w r$uce mo/ /ud5ts to m]e memories1 z !y /rive almo/ me*anically to reproduce ?+s set d[n 9 ! notes ( text-books4 ,no?+ is m common ?an subjects l ,comp>e ! ,*>act]s ( ,macbe? & ,lady ,macbe?1 ,comp>e ',l',allegro' & ',il ,p5s]oso1' & s on4 ,! result is g5]ally a /atem5t ( ! criticisms ( ! *>act]s or works m5tion$1 a /atem5t :i* is a poor reha% ( notes1 b has ( real comp>ison no trace4 ,! comp>ison calls = analytical p[]s f> beyond any?+ pupils are likely to h develop$2 & :5 a boy ask$ me n s v long ago :at a tea*] expect$ ( him :5 he _h be5 requir$ to comp>e ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley & ,w ,honeycomb ,i 0 =c$ to reply t ,i 0 utt]ly unable ev5 to conjecture4 ,i reg>d ! frequ5t appe>ance ( !me-subjects ( ?is sort 9 ! second>y s*ools ) m+l$ envy & wond]3 envy = ! tea*]s :o app>5tly possess ! p[] to elicit satisfactory "w on ^! l9es1 & wond] t ! p[] to d ?is "w seems s completely to disappe> :5 ! pupil leaves ! second>y s*ools4 ,to comm5t on ! subjects :i* h actually /ood ^u entrance exam9ations 9 ! la/ half-doz5 ye>s w\ld 9 ! fir/ place be invidi\s1 9 ! second w\ld expose me to an unpleasant dang] ( seem+ to *all5ge att5tion to pap]s = :i* ,i h be5 p]sonally responsible1 & 9 ! ?ird place w\ld d no possible good4 ,a tea*] ) common s5se c make ! application ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ,i h /at$ if he *oose2 & he w at lea/ m9imize ! un=tunate necessity ( mak+ ! writt5 "w a prep>ation = exam9ations4 ,x ,memoriz+ is p]haps be/ done 9 connection ) ! la/ read+ ( ! play1 b t is a m]e detail4 ,/ud5ts %\ld be enc\rag$ to commit to memory ! f9e/ passages1 & %\ld be giv5 an opportunity ( repeat+ !m 9 ! class ) z mu* intellig5t effectiv5ess z possible4 ,!y %\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be enc\rag$ or all[$ to rant or to sp\t ,%akespe>e2 b ! tea*] %\ld insi/ t at lea/ l9es be recit$ s t ! mean+ is br\ght out cle>ly1 & he %\ld enc\rage ! speak] to give ea* passage z if x 7 be+ spok5 z ! expression ( a di/9ct p]sonal ?\ght4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,z ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ,i h n endeavor$ to provide a model1 b m]ely = ! sake ( sugge/iv5ess to (f] an illu/ration4 ,?is is at lea/ "o way 9 :i* ! /udy ( a play may be tak5 up 9 ! second>y s*ool4 ,:e!r x is ! be/ way = a giv5 case is ano!r matt]2 & ,i mu/ at ! risk ( tiresome it]ation add t "h z ev]y:]e ! highe/ function ( ! tea*] is to discov] :at is ! be/ possible me?od n = ! _w 9 g5]al1 b = ! p>ticul> class to be dealt ) at ! mom5t4 ,,footnotes3 #afg3a ,a metal cov]+ = ! head3 a helmet4 #age3a ,page #hj4 #ahj3a ,p]sonally ,i w\ld nev] h a pupil recite except on 8 feet4 #ahh3a ,see *apt] xi4 ,,xiv ,,criticism ,:at %\ld be us$ 9 ! way ( te/s ( ! k ( pupils is a puzzl+ "q = any tea*]4 ,l any o!r p$agogically natural & necess>y inquiry1 x c be answ]$ only ) a repetition ( ! caution t no set ( h>d & fa/ rules w apply to all s*ools or to all classes4 ,/ud5ts !mselves1 h[ev]1 w\ld (t5 be p]plex$ if !y 7 n giv5 def9ite tasks to p]=m1 def9ite que/ions to answ]1 def9ite facts to memorize4 ,9 acquir+ ! vocabul>y ne$$ = ! read+ ( a play bo? tea*] & pupil feel ) satisfaction t legitimate because tangible "w is be+ done2 & = ei!r x is h>d to appreciate ! fact t ! ess5tial ?+ 9 ! /udy ( lit]ature is too intangible to be te/$ or measur$ by specific /&>ds4 ,9 :at ,i h call$ ! inspirational treatm5t ( lit]ature bo? are likely to feel z if a vacation is be+ tak5 f real "w1 s9ce ! impression is g5]al t ! only me?od ( keep+ )9 ! limits ( useful educational progress is dep5d5t ^u ! accompli%+ ( concrete tasks4 ,! ne$ ( fitt+ /ud5ts = exam9ations is g5]ally all[$ 9 practice to answ] ! "q :at %all be done4 ,i h already said t ,i h p]sonally little fai? 9 ! ultimate value ( mu* ( ! drill ?us impos$1 & x is h>dly to be suppos$ t any intellig5t tea*] c\ld be satisfi$ to let matt]s re/ "h4 ,c]ta9ly a pupil :o graduates f ! high s*ool %\ld h "s p[] ( criticis+ intellig5tly any book :i* comes into 8 h&s1 & ( =m+ e/imates ( diction1 g5]al =m1 & to a less ext5t ev5 ( /yle4 ,8 criticism is necess>ily incomplete2 b x %\ld be g5u9e & s\nd z f> z x goes4 ,su* a result is n dep5d5t ^u ! p[] ( pass+ exam9ations1 b is *iefly secur$ by precisely t tra9+ 9 appreciation :i* is lea/ =mal & may easily appe> f>!/ f practice 9 criticism4 ,"s actual & def9ite criticism1 h[ev]1 is legitimately a "p ( ! s*ool-"w2 & conc]n+ ?is c]ta9 ?+s pres5t !mselves to my m9d z obvi\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place criticism is ( no value1 b r is h>mful1 if x fails to be g5u9e4 ,f ?is foll[s ! d$uction t no criticism c pr(itably be requir$ until ! *ild is old en\gh to =m an op9ion1 & t at no /age %\ld comm5ts be ask$ :i* are beyond ! *ild's intellectual developm5t4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages criticism is necess>ily g5u9e 9 proportion z x is p]sonal2 & x mu/ h become entirely easy & natural be=e x c safely be made at all !oretic4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! use ( lit]ature 9 education1 z has be5 said already1 ! aim is to help ! *ild to enjoy1 & to und]/& s t enjoym5t may be inevitable4 ,?is %\ld normally be done 9 ! home1 b s9ce 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases 9 ! common s*ools ! effects ( home tra9+ 9 lit]ature are s lam5tably want+1 ! tea*] mu/ 9 mo/ cases und]take to beg9 at ! v beg9n+4 ,s f> z criticism goes1 ! e>ly /ages are ( c\rse m]ely ! rudim5t>y lik+s or dislik+s1 & ! enc\ragem5t ( expression ( su* ta/es4 ,foll[+ ?is comes naturally ! putt+ into ^w ( reasons = pref]5ces4 ,?is mu/ be done ) simplicity1 9 ! homelie/ & mo/ unconv5tional mann]1 & above all ) no h9t to ! *ild t he is do+ any?+ s l>ge z to criticise4 ,x is precisely at ?is /age t *ildr5 are mo/ 9 dang] ( contract+ ! habit ( repeat+ p>rot-l ! op9ions ( _! eld]s4 ,all ( u h to beg9 life by receiv+ ! views ( adults1 & we are all--except 9 ! r>e in/ances ( extraord9>y g5iuses1 :o ne$ n be mu* consid]$ "h--eag] to conceal lack ( k by glib repetitions ( ! ideas ( o!rs4 ,to =ce "y pupils to give op9ions :5 !y h none ( _! own to give is to repeat ! mi/ake :i* ,wordswor? notes 9 8 ,lesson = ,fa!rs4 ,! *ild 9 ! poem un?9k+ly decl>$ t he pref]r$ 8 new home to ! old4 ,8 fa!r insi/s ^u a reason1 & ! poor little fell[1 hav+ none1 is =c$ into ! lie3 ,at ,kilve !re is no wea!rcock1 ,& t's ! reason :y4 ,9 ! l[] grades ! ?+ :i* may well & wisely be done is to accu/om ! *ildr5 to lit]ature & to lit]>y language4 ,if pupils come to ! upp] grades & %[ t ?is has n be5 done1 ! tea*] /ill has x to d1 j z he mu/ tea* !m ! alphabet or ! multiplication-table if !y arrive )\t ! k ( ^! ess5tials to advanc$ "w4 ,?is is ! only safe f\ndation ^u :i* "w may re/1 & al?\gh to acquire x consumes ! "t :i* %\ld be put on m elaborate /udy1 t /udy _c be s\ndly done until ! rudim5t>y prep>ation is well ma/]$4 ,criticism mu/ be po/pon$ until ! pupil is prep>$ = x4 ,criticism1 :5ev] x come1 mu/ beg9 simply1 & x mu/ be connect$ ) ! actual life & exp]i5ce ( ! *ild4 ,we are con/antly endang]+ success 9 tea*+ by be+ unwill+ to /op at ! limits ( ! possible4 ,boys & girls w be frank ab\t :at !y read if !y are once really conv9c$ t frankness is :at is expect$ & desir$4 ,!y are con/antly1 if n always consci\sly1 on ! wat* = :at ! tea*] wi%es !m to say4 ,:atev] enc\rages !m to ?9k = !mselves & to /ate t ?\ght unaffect$ly & freely is :at is educationally valuable1 & ?is only4 ,op9ions conc]n+ *>act]s 9 tales p]haps d z well z any?+ = ! beg9n+ ( criticism 9 classes4 ,a tea*] may say to a pupil3 ,suppose y _h kn[n ,silas ,m>n]1 :at w\ld y h ?\ght ( him8 ,! *ild is easily l$ to p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 see+ or kn[+ su* a man 9 real life1 ) its limit$ *ances ( any k ( "*1 ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! weav]1 ( 8 secret ?\ghts1 or ( 8 feel+s1 & kn[+ him f ! book :i* gives all ^! details s fully4 ,! "q !n becomes3 ,suppose y _h 9 "s way f\nd out ab\t him all t ! novel tells1 :at w\ld y h felt8 ,! tea*] w easily detect & %\ld ) ! g5tle/ firmness & ! firme/ g5tl5ess suppress any conv5tional answ]s4 ,! "y girl :o ) glib conv5tionality decl>es t ,silas 0 a noble "* :om %e pities because ( ! way 9 :i* he 0 misund]/ood may be que/ion$ :e!r if %e _h liv$ 9 ,raveloe %e w\ld h se5 m ?an ! homely1 unsocial /rang]1 & :e!r1 ev5 _h %e kn[n all t 0 conceal$ "u 8 homely life1 %e c\ld h held out aga9/ 8 g5]al unpopul>ity4 ,%e is =c$ to ?9k :5 %e is ask$ :e!r among ^? :o live ar\nd h] may n be m5 & wom5 ^: lives are z pa!tic & z misjudg$ z 0 t ( ! weav]4 ,*ildr5 h ideas ab\t ! p]sonages 9 ! /ories !y he> or read1 & x is only necess>y to enc\rage1 9 ea* pupil accord+ to 8 temp]am5t1 fir/ ! =mulat+ ( ^! cle>ly & !n ! frank /at+ ( !m4 ,9 all ?is sort ( criticism "o ?+ :i* %\ld be s$ul\sly avoid$ is any appe>ance ( draw+ a moral4 ,delib]ately to draw a moral is almo/ inevitably to defeat any lesson :i* ! tale might en=ce if x is left to make its own effect4 ,! po9t to be aim$ at "h is n to turn ! /ory into a s]mon1 b to make x z close to ! individual life ( ! *ild z is possible4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 ess5ce t betwe5 be+ told a ?+ & exp]i5c+ x4 ,once ?is relation is e/abli%$1 ! *ild feels an emotional %>e 9 ! matt] su* z c be creat$ by no am\nt ( s]moniz+4 ,x may be d\bt$ if any g5u9e *ild ev] drew a moral spontane\sly1 & 9 all ?is "w spontaneity is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,aft] ! pupil has come to h "s notion1 m or less cle> accord+ to 8 own m5tal developm5t1 ( :at ! p]sonages 9 a /ory or a play are l1 he easily goes on to det]m9e ! relation ( "o ev5t to ano!r1 ! int]relation betwe5 ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! "w4 ,he %\ld be able to tell 9 a g5]al way at lea/ :at influ5ce "o "* has ^u ano!r1 & ( ! responsibility ( ea* 9 ! ev5ts ( ! n>rative4 ,^! op9ions %\ld z mu* z possible be put into spee* be=e be+ writt54 ,! subject %\ld be talk$ out1 h[ev]1 9 a mann] s s9c]e & /raight=w>d z to make conv5tionality impossible4 ,/ud5ts mu/ be held rigor\sly to hone/ & simple expression ( real beliefs & feel+s4 ,9 e class1 & p]haps especially among girls1 are likely to be "s :o w surely repeat conv5tional phrases4 ,*ildr5 pick up set phrases ) surpris+ ease1 & w (f] !m :5ev] !y h reason to believe su* c\nt]feit w be receiv$ in/ead ( real co94 ,^! %ams are easily recogniz$1 & !y %\ld be m]cilessly dealt )1 almo/ any?+ except s>casm1 t weapon :i* is =bidd5 to ! tea*]1 be+ legitimate aga9/ su* cant4 ,! /ud5t :o repeats a set phrase is usually effectually dispos$ ( by a reque/ to expla91 to make cle>1 & to prove2 s t ! habit ( mean+less repetition _c gr[ unless ! tea*] is ins5sitive to x4 ,! g5u9e ideas ( ! pupils may be develop$ & put into ^w 9 ! class1 & aft]w>ds ! writ+ out w involve gett+ !m into ord] & logical sequ5ce4 ,x may be object$ t by ?is process ea* s*ol> w borr[ ideas f :at he he>s said 9 ! class4 ,?is is 9 reality no s]i\s drawback to ! me?od4 ,if ! individuals are tra9$ to ?9k = !mselves1 ea* w judge ! views :i* are pres5t$ 9 class1 & w make !m 8 own by %ap+ & modify+ !m4 ,9 any case ! dang] ( a /ud5t's gett+ too _m ideas is n l>ge1 & ^? he gets f 8 pe]s1 8 classmates1 are mu* m likely to appeal to him & to rema9 9 8 m9d ?an any :i* he culls f books4 ,! notions w sometimes be crude1 b !y w be s correct$ & discuss$ 9 recitation t !y _c be ess5tially false4 ,any criticism :i* is receiv$ f pupils1 :e!r spok5 or writt51 mu/ fir/ ( all be intellig5t4 ,s\nd common s5se is ! only safe basis = any comm5t1 & ! high] ! grade ( a "w ( lit]ature imag9atively ! m easy is x to treat x 9 a common-s5se _s4 ,pupils %\ld be made to feel n only t !y h a "r to any op9ion ( _! own on :at !y read1 b t !y are expect$ to h "o2 & t ?is op9ion may be ( any nature :atev]1 s long z !y c ju/ify x by s\nd reasons4 ,/ill f>!r ?an ?is1 !y %\ld be all[$ freely to *]i% ta/es = :i* !y _c give =mal ju/ification--provid$ !y c %[ a reasonable appreciation ( ! real qualities ( ! "w !y l or dislike4 ,9 ! high] regions ( imag9ative "w ! p[] ( analysis ( ! mo/ able critic may fail2 & x is manife/ly idle to expect f s*ool-*ildr5 exhau/ive criticism ( high ?+s :i* yet !y may feel deeply4 ,s9ce x is ( s mu* importance t all comm5t & criticism %all be s9c]e1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep "w )9 limits :i* make s9c]ity possible4 ,/ud5ts mu/ n be requir$ to p]=m tasks :i* are 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible4 ,to pu% beyond deal+ ) comp>atively simple matt]s 9 a frank & direct mann]1 is inevitably to enc\rage ! use ( conv5tional phrases & to replace s9c]ity ) cant4 ,a nice "q connects itself ) ! det]m9ation ( h[ mu* x is prop] & wise to require ( *ildr53 x is h[ mu* f>!r x is well to call ^u !m to criticise lit]ature ?an we %\ld ask !m to comm5t on life4 ,we ne$ to "k :at we are do+1 & ?\gh an exam9ation ( ! "* & motives ( a crim9al 9 a book is n ! same ?+ z w\ld be ?is sort ( criticism appli$ to a fle% & blood neighbor1 ! two processes are ! same 9 ess5ce4 ,! bett] ! tea*] succe$s 9 ar\s+ ! imag9ation ( ! pupil1 moreov]1 ! m closely ! two approa*4 ,we %\ld be sure t we are do+ well 9 requir+ ( ! "y1 :o w\ld n & %\ld n be enc\rag$ to dwell on actual crime & suff]+1 t !y produce orig9al op9ions ^u ^! ?+s z repres5t$ 9 fiction4 ,x is ( c\rse to be all[$ t no tea*+ c make fictions vital & real 9 exactly ! same way z is t :i* is kn[n actually to h happ5$4 ,an imag9ative *ild vitalizes ! /ory :i* t\*es him1 b does n br+ x home to himself z he w\ld occurr5ces )9 ! circle ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,x may be urg$ t by enc\rag+ him to analyze s9 9 ! comp>atively remote _w ( fancy we give him a *ance to p]ceive its moral hatefulness )\t t di/ru/ ( 8 fell[s :i* might come if he 7 =c$ to le>n ! lesson f ! h>%] happ5+s ( life2 & t 9 books ! k ( "* & circum/ance is s mu* full] ?an x is likely to be 9 exp]i5ce t he is able to see m cle>ly4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld h>dly expect or desire a lucid & reasonable e/imate ( ! late ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,s]via f ! s*ool-*ildr5 :o are be+ made to write labori\s reams on ! motives & ! "* ( ,macbe? & ,lady ,macbe?2 t we %\ld be %ock$ at f9d+ boys & girls consid]+ 9 real life occurr5ces l ! s$uction ( ,olivia ,primrose1 or suspicions l ^? ,g>e? ent]ta9$ ( ,lynette4 ,we c]ta9ly _c af=d to be pruri5t1 or to conf9e ! "y to goody-goody books4 ,!y may g5]ally be safely tru/$1 x seems to me1 to read any tale or poem ( fir/-class m]it1 al?\gh its subject 7 z pa9ful z t ( dipus4 ,!y w receive x z !y receive facts ( life told by a :olesome-m9d$ p]son1 (t5 ) v little real p]ception ( ! d>ke/ & mo/ s9i/] side4 ,x w be z x 0 ) "y ,copp]field :5 he read ,field+'s ma/]piece & took delight 9 ! h]o1 a *ild's ,tom ,jones1 a h>mless creature4 ,:5 x comes to ! discussion ( motives1 ( "*1 ( black ev5ts 9 fiction1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,! *ild is =c$ to take a new attitude2 to accumulate ! op9ions ( 8 eld]s1 to view life f _! m sophi/icat$ po9t ( view2 & inevitably to receive a fre%1 & n always a desirable insight into evil4 ,i am n incl9$ to dogmatize on ?is po9t1 & t\* ^u x *iefly = ! sake ( sugge/+ t tea*]s may d well to keep x a little 9 m9d4 ,ea* case1 x seems to me1 mu/ be decid$ ^u its own m]it1 & ,i at lea/ h no arbitr>y rules to lay d[n4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i am sure1 & t is t :atev] is tak5 up at all %\ld be treat$ ) absolute & fe>less frankness4 ,all criticism ( diction1 /yle1 or :atev] belongs to lit]>y workman%ip necess>ily comes late4 ,9 ! second>y s*ools ,i believe v little c pr(itably be done 9 ?is l9e at all4 ,( ?is ,i %all speak lat] 9 connection ) ! /udy ( workman%ip1 b "h ,i may say t ,i suppose mo/ tea*]s to recognize ! obvi\s absurdity ( su* que/ions ab\t metres & metrical effects z are giv5 on page #dc4 ,t !y %\ld be gravely propos$ 9 a book ( advice is indication t somebody believes 9 !m2 b any class ( /ud5ts ) :i* ,i h ev] _h to deal w\ld be r$uc$ to me*anical repetition ( cant conv5tionality by ! b>e sight ( su* int]rogations4 ,"o ?+ :i* is ( importance is ! ne$ ( enc\rag+ pupils to judge ( any "w z a :ole4 ,x is s mu* easi] to deal ) details ?an ) a complete "w t con/antly /ud5ts leave s*ools :]e ! tra9+ is 9 _m respects excell5t1 & h ga9$ no ability to g beyond ! exam9ation ( p>ticul>s4 ,! f> m important p[] ( e/imat+ a book or a play f its total effect has n be5 cultivat$4 ,no tea*] %\ld =get t ! ability to deal fairly ) a :ole is ( z mu* m value ?an any facility 9 m9ute criticism z t :ole is great] ?an any ( its p>ts4 ,?is does n mean t a /ud5t c well summ>ize ev]y?+ he reads or t he may wisely attempt x4 ,x does imply t at lea/ 8 att5tion %all h be5 direct$ ov] & ov] to ! great fact t ! /udy ( details is n ! /udy ( a ma/]piece2 t he %all h be5 requir$ to judge a book or a play1 s f> z he is able1 z a :ole "w & ) ref]5ce to its entire effect4 ,9 talk+ ) und]graduates ev5 ab\t %ort works1 pieces no long] ?an a s+le essay ( ,/eele or a simple lyric1 ,i con/antly f9d t !y are apt to h no conception :atev] t !y c\ld or %\ld d any?+ b pick out m9ute details4 ,i ask :at x am\nts to z a :ole1 h[ x ju/ifies itself1 or :at is its value z a complete poem or essay1 & !y seem utt]ly unable to see :at ,i am driv+ at4 ,! pa9ful attempt to f9d out :at ,i wi% !m to say s entirely occupies _! m9ds z to r5d] !m incapable ( us+ :atev] p[] ( judgm5t !y may possess4 ,n long ago "o boy said to me3 ,i didn't "k x made any diff]5ce :at ! poem 0 ab\t if y c\ld pick out ?+s 9 x4 ,:at d y suppose x 0 writt5 =8 ,i ask$4 ,a look ( pa9ful bewild]m5t came into 8 face1 & he answ]$ t he suppos$ "s folks lik$ to write t way4 ,i inquir$ :e!r he w\ld te/ a bridge--he 0 an eng9e]+ /ud5t--by pick+ out bits )\t see+ h[ ! p>ts held toge!r & h[ /rong x 0 z a :ole1 & he return$ ) puzzl$ frankness3 ,b a bridge has a use4 ,v good1 0 :at ,i assur$ him1 & s does a poem4 ,c't y appreciate t mank9d has n be5 keep+ poems f g5]ation to g5]ation )\t f9d+ out if !y really are useless8 ,any "w ( lit]ature t is really good mu/ be ( value z a :ole1 & y h n got hold ( x until y are able to see :at x is = z a s+le ?+1 a complete unit4 ,! fact is s evid5t t x seems almo/ absurd to m5tion x 9 a book int5d$ = tea*]s1 b scores ( boys come ye>ly f ! fitt+-s*ools :o prove h[ (t5 ! fact is ignor$1--ignor$1 v likely1 because x is tak5 = grant$1 b no less ignor$ ) s]i\sly ill effects4 ,9 g5]al1 criticism 9 ! second>y s*ools %\ld h to d only ) ! good po9ts ( "w4 ,unless a pupil himself %[s t he p]ceives %ortcom+s 9 :at is read1 x is on ! :ole ! place ( ! in/ructor to keep ! att5tion ( ! class fix$ on m]its1 :ile defects are ignor$4 ,?is is n to be int]pret$ z mean+ t any weakness %\ld ev] be all[$ to pass = a m]it2 or z indicat+ t x is ev] wise to %irk a difficulty4 ,any intellig5t pupil1 = in/ance1 %\ld see = himself t ! metaphors are sadly & inexcusably mix$ 9 ! passage3 ,:e!r 'tis nobl] 9 ! m9d to suff] ,! sl+s & arr[s ( outrage\s =tune1 ,or to take arms aga9/ a sea ( tr\bles1 ,& by oppos+ end !m4 ,x is necess>y to meet ?is k frankly1 & to %[ him h[ x is t ,%akespe>e c be s great 9 spite ( faults l ?is4 ,x is ! incl9ation ( *ildhood to feel t a man mu/ be p]fect to be great1 b ev5 at ! co/ ( enc\nt]+ ! difficulty ( su* a fai? ! tru? mu/ be told4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x is z well n to g out ( ! way to en=ce ! doctr9e ( human fallibility1 & ! y\?ful m9d is be/ n\ri%$ by be+ f$ on :at is good1 r ?an by be+ taught to p]ceive :at is bad4 ,:5 a pupil is ask$ to put into words ! reason :y a piece is writt51 he %\ld be requir$ to answ] by a complete s5t5ce1 a prop]ly phras$ ass]tion4 ,he is n unlikely to beg9 by giv+ a s+le t]m1 an incomplete & t5tative phrase1 or at be/ a fragm5t>y /atem5t4 ,= ! sake ( ! cle>ness ( 8 own idea & ( ! habit ( accurate ?9k+1 he %\ld be enc\rag$ & expect$ to make ! idea cle> & ! /atem5t f9i%$4 ,/ud5t-criticism1 z ,i h said p]haps (t5 en\gh already1 _c 9 ! nature ( ?+s be ei!r pr(\nd or exhau/ive1 b x %\ld be intellig5t & well def9$ z f> z x goes4 ,,xv ,,lit]>y ,,workman%ip ,! appreciation ( lit]>y workman%ip dawns v sl[ly on ! *ild's m9d4 ,9 ! second>y s*ools n mu* c be accompli%$ 9 ! way ( mak+ /ud5ts feel ! niceties ( lit]>y art2 b some?+ %\ld be done to en=ce ! nature & ! wor? ( te*nique4 ,mu* t t\*es ! und]graduate's feel+s he _c analyze1 & %\ld nev] 9 any "w ( ! second>y s*ools be ask$ to criticise4 ,he %\ld1 h[ev]1 if he is to be sy/ematically tra9$ 9 ! /udy ( ma/]pieces1 h k en\gh ( ! qualities :i* di/+ui% !m f less] "w to p]ceive on :at _! claims to sup]iority are f\nd$4 ,*ildr5 s naturally & s g5]ally feel t di/9ctions :i* d n appeal to !m are arbitr>y1 & x is ( s mu* importance to gu>d aga9/ any feel+ ( ?is sort 9 ! case ( lit]ature1 t x is wor? :ile to be at "s pa9s to make di/9ctions p]ceptible1 ev5 if !y may n always be made entirely cle>4 ,"o ( ! te/s ( rank 9 civilization is appreciation ( workman%ip4 ,! savage kn[s no?+ ( me*anics beyond ! p[] ( a lev] 9 pry+ up a rock1 ! action ( a b[/r+1 or crude facts ( ?is sort4 ,a ma*9e to him is n only incompreh5sible1 b sup]natural3 a locomotive is a fire-devil1 & a loom or a pr9t+-press1 %\ld he see "o1 a useful _s4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale ( appreciation ( me*anical appliances is ! inv5tor :o devises or ! tra9$ eng9e] :o und]/&s ! mo/ complicat$ eng9es ( mod]n +5uity4 ,some:]e betwe5 /&s any "o ( u1--! ord9>y pupil presumably f> above ! savage1 b f> bel[ ! exp]t4 ,9 ! appreciation ( ! art ( ! pa9t]1 at ! bottom ( ! scale is ! bu%man :o c look at ! clev] pa9t+ ( a man & n "k :at x repres5ts1 & at ! top ! great pa9t]s ( ! _w & ^? :o c be/ ent] into ! _s ( _! productions4 ,9 ?is scale aga9 ea* ( u /&s some:]e2 ! av]age s*ool-boy is unhappily likely to be s f> d[n z to take delight 9 ! color$ illu/rations ( ! ,sunday newspap]s & to be utt]ly indiff]5t to a ,titian or a ,rembr&t4 ,9 compreh5sion ( ! value & effect ( language1 ! same pr9ciple obta9s4 ,! scale ext5ds f ! savage tribes ) a vocabul>y ( b a few hundr$ words = ! entire spee* ( ! race & no p[] ( mak+ comb9ations beyond ! simple/1 to ! cultivat$ nations ) p]haps a c\ple ( hundr$ ?\s& words & ! art ( produc+ ! highe/ =ms ( prose & ( poetry4 ,! scale is a long "o1 & its developm5t has tak5 unc\nt$ ages2 b some:]e 9 ! l9e ea* individual has 8 place4 ,! degree ( ! civilization ( a race is un]r+ly det]m9$ by its comm& ( ! writt5 ^w2 ! m5tal rank ( ! individual is no less c]ta9ly fix$ by 8 p[] ( us+ & ( compreh5d+ human spee*4 ,?is g5]al tru? is easily br\ght home to "y p by rem9d+ !m h[ !y began _! k ( language ) ! acquirem5t ( s+le words & w5t on to appreciate h[ mu* m may be express$ by ^w-comb9ations4 ,aft] ! infantile give came 9 turn p'ease give & please give me a dr9k4 ,f su* /ages ea* ( !m has gone on le>n+4 ,!y h con/antly increas$ _! vocabul>y1 _! k ( ! value ( words1 ( ^w-arrangem5t1 & ( s5t5ce-con/ruction4 ,gradually by practical exp]i5ce !y h ga9$ "s appreciation ( all ^? po9ts :i* make up ! sum ( in/ruction 9 classes 9 composition4 ,!y n[ ne$ to be %[n t lit]>y appreciation is ! ext5sion ( ?is k along ! same l9es2 t x is ! means ( advanc+ t[>d a high] place 9 t scale :i* ext5ds f ! ignorant savage to ! sages4 ,!y may 9 ?is way be br\ght to a conception ( lit]>y te*nique z a matt] connect$ ) ! process ( p]ception :i* !y h be5 c>ry+ on f *ildhood4 ,h[ value 9 all workman%ip is to be judg$ by ! effects produc$ is admirably illu/rat$ by ma*9]y1 b x is h>dly less evid5t 9 ! case ( language4 ,! simpl] =ms ( s5t5ce come to be us$ by ! *ild 9 place ( s+le disconnect$ words because ) s5t5ces he c d m 9 ! way ( communicat+ 8 ideas & obta9+ :at he desires4 ,to illu/rate m complicat$ =ms ( language we h only to rem9d ! *ild h[ c>efully he ord]s 8 spee* :5 he is endeavor+ to coax a favor f an unwill+ fri5d or a reluctant p>5t4 ,! *ild feels himself clev] j 9 proportion z he is able s to frame 8 plea t x secures 8 end4 ,he may be rem9d$ t he selects mo/ c>efully ! t]ms :i* sugge/ su* ?+s & ideas z favor 8 wi% & avoids any t might h9t at possible objections4 ,out ( ^! homely1 univ]sal exp]i5ces ( *ildhood x is possible to build up 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil a v fair notion ( ! nature & ! use ( lit]>y workman%ip2 a notion1 moreov]1 :i* is at once s\nd 9 pr9ciple & entirely adequate z a work+ basis4 ,tea*+ consi/s pr9cipally 9 help+ pupils to ext5d ideas :i* !y h receiv$ f daily life4 ,9 ?is matt] ( lit]>y workman%ip1 = in/ance1 x means %[+ !m t !y h1 )\t be+ especially consci\s ( ! fact1 a responsiv5ess to well-turn$ =ms ( spee* & to skilful use ( words4 ,!y may p]haps be made to appreciate ?is ) especial vividness by hav+ _! att5tion call$ to ! pleasure !y take 9 clev] or apt say+s f _! fell[s or f jok+ spee*es4 ,?is =m ( illu/ration mu/1 x is true1 be us$ ) discretion4 ,x is always difficult to lead ! m9d ( a *ild f ! concrete to ! g5]al4 ,n a few *ildr5--& *ildr51 too1 ( consid]able intellig5ce--are n unlikely1 if je/+ rem>ks are in/anc$1 to conclude t good lit]>y workman%ip means some?+ amus+4 ,) due c>e1 h[ev]1 a class may be l$ to see h[ ! same quality ( apt pres5tation 9 ^w :i* pleases !m 9 ! say+s ( s*oolmates is :at1 c>ri$ f>!r1 is ! f\ndation ( lit]>y te*nique4 ,concrete examples ( ?\ghts s well express$ t !y h come to be almo/ "p ( common spee* are abundant4 ,! crisp1 dry phrases ( ,pope l5d !mselves admirably z illu/ration1 !y are s neat1 s compact1 &1 x may be add$1 s free f delicate s5tim5t :i* might be blurr$ 9 ! h&l+4 ,ord] is heav5's fir/ law4 ,an hone/ man's ! noble/ "w ( ,god4 ,! class c supply examples 9 mo/ cases1 & be pleas$ ) itself = be+ able to d s4 ,! f9] in/ances f great] writ]s may be l$ up to1 ! epigrams ( ,em]son1 ! imag9ative phrases ( ,%akespe>e2 & s on to long] examples1 ) illu/rations f ! roll+ p>agraphs ( ,macaulay1 ! panopli$ prose ( ,de ,qu9cey1 & aft] t f lyrics & passages 9 blank v]se4 ,?us mu* may be done 9 ! way ( in/ruction 9 te*nique fairly e>ly 9 high-s*ool "w4 ,) x or aft] x at a prop] int]val %\ld foll[ in/ruction 9 reg>d at lea/ to ! me*anical diff]5ces betwe5 prose & poetry & :at !y mean4 ,i h m5tion$ e>li]#bab3a ! impression /ud5ts (t5 br+ f ! read+ ( ,macaulay's ,milton4 ,! rem>ks !re quot$ are select$ f answ]s to a "q ( an entrance pap] 9 reg>d to ! diff]5ce 9 =m & 9 quality betwe5 prose & poetry4 ,o!rs f ! same exam9ation %[ yet m /rik+ly ! g5]al haz9ess ( conception 9 ! m9ds ( ! c&idates3 ,9 prose words are ?r[n toge!r 9 a way to make good s5se & to =m good ,engli%4 ,poetry is ! gr\p+ ( words into a metric sic sy/em4 ,poetry is (t5 writt5 9 rhyme1 :ile prose is express$ 9 s5t5ces4 ,poetry is ! "n giv5 to writ+ t is writt5 9 v]se =m4 ,"o does n z a rule get ! mean+ ( ?+s :5 !y are writt5 9 v]se =m4 ,prose may be v]se :5 dealt ) by su* an au?or z ,%akespe>e or ,milton1 b prose usually consi/s ( words arrang$ 9 s5t5ces & p>agraphs )\t any special ord]4 ,poetry is us$ z a pa/ime1 & z su* is all "r4 ,betwe5 good blank v]se & prose !re is n mu* diff]5ce except 9 ! =m ( word+ 9 :i* x is put ^u ! page4 ,= me1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 prose & poetry is ?is3 ,prose does n rhyme & poetry does4 ,"u su* a def9ition1 all lit]ature n poetry mu/ be prose4 ,!re=e ,%akespe>e's works are prose4 ,! illu/rations might be mu* ext5d$1 b ^! w %[ ! confusion :i* exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( boys :o _h be5 pa9fully drill$ 9 ! college entrance requirem5ts4 ,i h n select$ ! examples = _! absurdity1 al?\gh 9 a melan*oly way !y are droll en\gh2 b ,i h meant !m to illu/rate ! confusion :i* exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( a l>ge numb] ( ! c&idates at t p>ticul> exam9ation ( :at makes ! vital diff]5ce betwe5 prose & poetry4 ,x is n my cont5tion t tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ools are to g into m9ute details 9 reg>d to poetic =m2 b ,i d believe t x is idle to talk ab\t ! rank ( a writ] z a poet or ( ! beauty ( ,%akespe>e's v]se to /ud5ts :o d n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 v]se & prose4 ,i may be all[$ to rem>k 9 pass+ t to my m9d ! influ5ce ( ! !ories ( ,macaulay's ,milton allud$ to above illu/rates ! diff]5ce 9 effect ( t :i* appeals to ! p]sonal exp]i5ce & feel+s ( boys & t :i* !y are =c$ to receive )\t su* inw>d int]pretation4 ,! boys :o 7 tra9$ 9 ! ,milton 7 tra9$ also 9 ,c>lyle's ,burns4 ,! ,c>lyle1 ) its eloqu5t appreciation ( ! (fice ( ! poet1 ! se] to :om has be5 giv5 a gift ( vision1 _h app>5tly left no trace ^u _! m9ds4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 be5 =c$1 too (t5 unwill+1 ov] num]\s pages ( :at !y 7 assur$ 0 poetry ( ! highe/ quality1 yet :i* to !m 0 un9telligible & we>isome4 ,:5 ,macaulay decl>$ t poetry 0 a relic ( b>b>ism !y seiz$ ^u ! !ory eag]ly because x ju/ifi$ _! own feel+s1 because x co9cid$ ) _! own impressions2 & !nce=? !y d\btless held complac5tly to _! fai? 9 ! obsolete uselessness ( v]se1 =tifi$ by s high an au?ority4 ,9 ! :ole body ( pap]s 9 ! exam9ation f :i* ,i h be5 quot+ v few gave ! impression t ! writ] _h a cle> conception t someh[1 ev5 if he c\ld n express x1 a vital diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 poetry & prose4 ,! great] numb] ( ! boys seem$ to ?9k t rhyme made ! di/9ction1 or t di/ortion ( s5t5ces 0 ! lead+ *>act]i/ic4 ,n "o tea*] 9 a score _h succe$$ 9 impress+ ^u 8 pupils ! fundam5tal tru? t ! only excuse poetry c h = exi/+ is t x fulfils an (fice impossible = prose4 ,yet no?+ :i* c prop]ly be call$ ! /udy ( poetry c be done until ?is prime fact is recogniz$ ) entire cle>ness4 ,beyond ! entirely unanalytical enjoym5t ( v]se1 ! native responsiv5ess to rhy?m1 & ! uncritical pleasure ) :i* "o le>ns to love lit]ature & to seek x z a means ( pleasure1 ! fir/1 ! mo/ prim>y1 ! absolutely indisp5sable fact to be ?or\ghly impress$ on a "y /ud5t is t poetry uses =m z a "p1 & an ess5tial "p1 ( its language4 ,! boy mu/ be made to und]/& t j z he tries by 8 tone1 by 8 mann]1 by 8 smile1 to produce 9 8 he>]s ! mood 9 :i* he wi%es !m to receive :at he has to say1 s ! poet by 8 melody1 by ! =m ( 8 v]se1 by 8 r++ rhy?ms or long1 melt+ cad5ces1 by 8 rhyme or 8 pauses1 is endeavor+ to int]pret ! ideas he expresses z surely z he is by ! /atem5ts he makes4 ,! tru? :i* ! tea*] kn[s1 t n infrequ5tly ! metrical effect is really ( m value & significance ?an ! ideas /at$1 is naturally = ! mo/ "p too deep = ! compreh5sion ( pupils at ?is /age4 ,x w\ld only confuse a class to g s f> z ?is2 b if we are to /udy poetry1 we mu/ h at lea/ a work+ def9ition ( :at poetry is1 & "o :i* %all comm5d itself to ! *ildr5 ) :om we are work+4 ,z a m]e sugge/ion :i* may be ( practical use to "s tea*]s1 ,i w\ld call att5tion to :at may be done by comp>+ c]ta9 pieces ( prose ) ! poems :i* h gr[n out ( !m4 ,i "k ( no?+ bett] = ?is use ?an ,t5nyson's ,ballad ( ! ,rev5ge & ! prose v]sion ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh f :i* x is tak54 ,9 _m p>ts ! language is almo/ id5tical1--b ) ! diff]5ces betwe5 robu/ prose & a /irr+ lyric4 ,! tea*] :o c make a class see :at ! di/9ction is1 :at ! ballad accompli%es t ,raleigh has n attempt$1 w h made cle> by concrete example :at poetry does & :y x is writt54 ,ano!r example is ,byron's ,de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib comp>$ ) ! orig9al v]sion ( ! incid5t z giv5 9 ! ,bible4 ,x may seem to "s tea*]s t ,i am go+ r deep1 b to su* ,i %\ld simply prop\nd ! "q :at !y und]/& by ! /udy ( poetry4 ,! natural error ( ! untra9$ m9d is to reg>d ! intellectual cont5t ( a poem z its reason = be+1 & to fo/] su* an error z ?is is to make =ev] improbable if n impossible any intellig5t or g5u9e insight into poetry :atev]4 ,if we are n to protect *ildr5 aga9/ ?is mi/ake1 fatal z x is to any p]ception ( ! real prov9ce & nature ( poetic art1 :at d we expect to accompli% 9 all ! ext5sive att5tion :i* is "u ! pres5t sy/em devot$ to ! works ( ! ma/]s8 ,t s _m boys fail$ to answ] satisfactorily 9 ?is matt] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 prose & poetry is ( c\rse n conclusive evid5ce ei!r ( g5]al ignorance or ( consci\s fault on ! "p ( in/ructors4 ,boys (t5 fail 9 attempts to /ate di/9ctions ab\t :i* !y are yet reasonably cle> 9 _! m9ds1 & x may well be t _m :o gave absurd replies w\ld h no difficulty 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 v]se & prose1--at lea/ :5 v]se fulfill$ ! specification ( ! c&idate :o wrote3 ,a jagg$ appe>ance is ! ma9 =m-*>act]i/ic ( blank v]se4 ,ea* s5t5ce is a sep>ate l9e1 & e o!r s5t5ce is ind5t$ ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to pres5t to pupils :o h f9i%$ ! /udy ( ! college requirem5ts half a doz5 brief selections1 "s prose & "s poetry1 b all pr9t$ 9 solid p>agraphs4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts :o c\ld accurately & confid5tly di/+ui% 9 e case w\ld be a n unfair te/ ( ! ext5t to :i* ! di/9ction is und]/ood4 ,tea*]s probably fail to make ?is matt] cle> because !y n unnaturally assume t ( c\rse any intellig5t lad 9 8 te5s mu/ "k ! di/9ction betwe5 prose & poetry4 ,natural z su* an assumption may be1 h[ev]1 x is (t5--inde$1 ,i am tempt$ to say g5]ally--wrong4 ,! *ief bus9ess ( ! mod]n tea*] is aft] all ! in/ruct+ ( pupils 9 ?+s :i* !y w\ld naturally be suppos$ to "k already4 ,x is c]ta9ly saf] nev] to assume 9 any grade t a /ud5t kn[s any?+ :atev] until he has giv5 absolute pro(4 ,! weake/ po9ts 9 ! education ( ! mod]n /ud5t are c]ta9ly ^? :i* are cont9ually tak5 = grant$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ob/acles 9 ! way ( br++ "y p to und]/& te*nical excell5ce & to appreciate lit]>y value is ! difficulty ( hav+ s*ool-"w done ) prop] delib]ation4 ,x is d\btful if any process 9 education c pr(itably be hurri$2 x is c]ta9 t no?+ ( wor? c be done 9 ! /udy ( lit]ature :i* is n conduct$ 9 a leisurely mann]4 ,! fir/ c>e ( an in/ructor 9 ?is delicate & difficult bran* mu/ be to insure a g5ial atmosph]e3 an atmosph]e ( tranquillity & ( s]5ity4 ,no matt] h[ tall a heap ( prescrib$ books may block ! way to ! end ( ! s*ool ye>1 ea* ma/]piece t is dealt ) %\ld be treat$ ) def]5ce & an am\nt ( "t proportion$ n to its numb] ( pages b to ! spe$ ) :i* ! class c assimilate its wor? & beauty4 ,if wor/ comes to wor/1 ,i w\ld h a tea*] say hone/ly to 8 pupils3 ,we h tak5 up almo/ all ( ! t]m by treat+ :at we h /udi$ z lit]ature in/ead ( huddl+ ?r\gh x z a me*anical task4 ,= ! sake ( exam9ations we are =c$ to cr[d ! o!r books 94 ,! process is n fair to !m or to y2 s d n make ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ?is is ! prop] way ( treat+ real books4 ,*ildr5 :o h be5 prop]ly tra9$ w und]/& ! situation & w appreciate ! ju/ice ( ! proposition4 ,9 ?is connection is ( int]e/ ! rem>k ( an und]graduate :o said t he obta9$ 8 fir/ impression ( /yle & ( ! effectiv5ess ( words f translat+4 ,i suppose ! tru? is1 he expla9$ ) intellig5ce1 t 9 ,engli% ,i nev] read sl[ly en\gh to get any?+ m ?an ! /ory or :at 0 said4 ,:5 ,i 0 grubb+ ?+s out l9e by l9e & ^w by ^w ,i at la/ got an idea ( :at my tea*]s _h meant :5 !y talk$ ab\t ! effect ( ! *oice ( words4 ,_m ( u c look back to ! days :5 we le>n$ gramm> f ,lat9 r ?an f ,engli%1 al?\gh we _h be5 ov] mu* ! same ?+ 9 our own tongue4 ,9 ! =eign language we _h to g delib]ately & we _h to apply ! pr9ciples we le>n$4 ,only :5 ! /ud5t is treat+ lit]ature s sl[ly & ?or\ghly t ^! conditions are reproduc$ does he come to any compreh5sion ( /yle or inde$ ( ! real value ( lit]ature4 ,read]s ( all ages naturally & normally read any?+ ! fir/ "t = ! intellectual cont5t3 = ! /ory1 = ! in=mation1 = t mean+1 9 %ort1 :i* is ! appeal to ! intellectual compreh5sion4 ,! great majority are entirely satisfi$ to g no f>!r4 ,!y d n1 inde$1 p]ceive ! reason = go+ f>!r2 & !y are too (t5 left 9 ignorance ( ! fact t !y h entirely miss$ ! qualities :i* entitle :at !y h read to be consid]$ lit]ature 9 ! high] s5se4 ,9 ?is !y are (t5 enc\rag$1 moreov]1 by ! unhappy practice ( mak+ p>aphrases4 ,! p>aphras+ ( ma/]pieces is to me no?+ less ?an a sacrilege4 ,x degrades ! "w ( art 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild1 & contradicts ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t poetry exi/s solely because x expresses :at _c be adequately said 9 any o!r way4 ,a p>aphrase be>s ! same relation to a lyric1 = in/ance1 t a drop ( soapy wat] does to ! iridesc5t bubble ( :i* x 0 once ! film4 ,! old cry aga9/ ! selection ( passages f ,milton = ex]cises 9 p>s+ %\ld be repeat$ ) triple =ce aga9/ ! use ( lit]ature z mat]ial = *ildr5 to translate f ! words ( ! poet into _! own feeble phraseology4 ,! p>s+ 0 by f> ! less] evil4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to h an oral explanation ( difficult passages2 b ?is %\ld be always expressly pres5t$ z simply a means to help ! *ild to get at ! real significance ( a lyric1 a sort ( ladd] to climb by4 ,any p>aphras+ & expla9+ %\ld be c>efully held to its place z an inadequate & un=tunate necessity4 ,! class %\ld nev] be all[$ to ?9k t any p>aphrase really repres5ts a poet1 or t x is to be reg>d$ 9 any light b t ( apologetic tol]ance4 ,9 ?is matt] ( workman%ip1 z ev]y:]e else 9 ! process ( deal+ ) lit]ature1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! class4 ,mu* mu/ always be left unaccompli%$1 & mu* is always wisely left ev5 unattempt$4 ,(t5 ! tea*] mu/ g f>!r 9 individual cases ?an w\ld naturally h be5 ! case 9 a giv5 grade because que/ions w be ask$ :i* lead on4 ,x is (t5 necess>y1 = in/ance1 to expla9 t ! cr[d+ =w>d ( ev5ts made unavoidable by /age conditions is n a violation ( tru?1 b a con=m+ to ! tru? ( art4 ,a lad w object t ?+s c\ld n move =w>d s rapidly1 & x is !n wise to %[ him t dramatic tru? does n include fai?fulness to "t1 b may cond5se ! ev5ts ( days into an h\r s long z x is true to human nature & to ! effects ^? ev5ts w\ld h _h if occurr+ at int]vals h[ev] great4 ,aga9 *ildr5 w object 9 a tale t ! incid5ts are n likely to h happ5$2 & x is !n necess>y to make cle> ! di/9ction betwe5 probability & possibility1 & h[ fiction may deal ) ei!r4 ,^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 are to be left to ! intellig5ce ( ! individual in/ructor4 ,if he _c manage !m wisely )\t advice1 he _c d x ) arbitr>y rules4 ,= a la/ ^w on ! matt] ( tra9+ /ud5ts 9 ! appreciation ( lit]>y =m & workman%ip ,i %\ld (f] a w>n+ aga9/ attempt+ too mu*4 ,some?+ is c]ta9ly unavoidable1 b ( m9uti x is well to ex]cise :at ,burke calls a wise & salut>y neglect4 ,lit]>y language mu/ be le>n$ or all intellig5t "w is utt]ly impossible2 s9ce =m is an important elem5t 9 all arti/ic language1 x is n possible to ignore ?is4 ,! ext5t to :i* "w c & %\ld g 9 ! /udy ( =m 9 a giv5 class is "o ( ! matt]s :i* ! in/ructor has to decide2 & :5 he has decid$ x he mu/ resolutely refuse to all[ himself to be unhappy because 9 ! great realm ( lit]ature are s _m noble tracts ( :i* he has n ev5 h9t$ to 8 class ! exi/5ce4 ,if he has done ! less] "w well he has at lea/ put 8 /ud5ts 9 a condition to d ! great] = !mselves2 if he _h attempt$ m he might h accompli%$ no?+4 ,,footnotes3 #bab3a ,page #cf4 ,,xvi ,,lit]>y ,,biography ,h[ f> ! biography ( au?ors %all be a "p ( ! s*ool-"w is a "q :i* des]ves att5tion4 ,i began ^! talks by call+ att5tion to ! fact t x is s mu* easi] to tea* details ab\t ! life ( a writ] ?an x is to tra9 ! y\?ful m9d to a true appreciation ( lit]ature itself4 ,tea*]s naturally & almo/ unconsci\sly fall into ! habit ( ov]-emphasiz+ ?is division ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 & que/ions ab\t ! lives ( au?ors are dang]\sly easy to =mulate = recitation or = exam9ation-pap]4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be all[$ to obscure ! idea t ! "w & n ! work] is ! ?+ ) :i* /udy %\ld be conc]n$2 & ev]ybody w\ld agree t 9 !ory ! limit to biographical inquiry 9 second>y-s*ool /udy is ! ext5t to :i* a k ( an au?or's c>e] or p]sonality aids to ! und]/&+ ( :at he has writt54 ,to say ?is1 h[ev]1 is mu* l re/at+ ! "q4 ,l a good deal t passes = argum5t1 x only puts ! problem 9 o!r words2 = we are at once confront$ ) ! d\bt h[ f> a pupil 9 ! second>y s*ool is likely to be help$ by kn[+ ab\t ! facts ( a writ]'s life4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,spectator ,addison rem>ks3 ,i h obs]v$ t a read] seldom p]uses a book ) pleasure1 till he kn[s :e!r ! writ] ( x be a black or a fair man1 ( a mild or *ol]ic disposition1 m>ri$ or a ba*elor1 ) o!r p>ticul>s ( ! l nature1 t conduce v mu* to ! "r und]/&+ ( an au?or4 ,i may frankly confess t ?is is s entirely untrue ( myself t ,i am p]haps n a fair judge = o!rs4 ,s9ce x is to me a matt] almo/ ( indiff]5ce :o wrote a book1 :]e or :5 he liv$1 :at he 0 & :at he did1 ,i h n p]haps e/imat$ rightly ! effect ( biography on *ildr54 ,i am firm 9 my belief1 h[ev]1 t = mak+ lit]ature m cle>1 m vivid1 m attractive1 ! effect ( a k ( ! au?or's life is ) *ildr5 apt to be practically no?+4 ,if !y are int]e/$ 9 a book1 !y may on t acc\nt l to "k some?+ ( ! man :o wrote x1 b ,i h yet to f9d a /ud5t :o really c>$ = a piece ( lit]ature because he _h be5 made to le>n facts ab\t ! au?or4 ,t a book 0 writt5 9 a giv5 age w acc\nt to him = fa%ions ( ?\ght /range to-day1 b he is seldom able to c>ry su* analysis beyond ! mo/ g5]al idea4 ,9 reg>d to help+ s*ol>s 9 ! second>y s*ools to und]/& a giv5 piece ( lit]ature by in/ruct+ !m ab\t ! p]sonality ( ! writ]1 ,i am q z skeptical4 ,x may be t "o lad 9 a hundr$ may come to a bett] appreciation ( a book f :at he kn[s ( ! temp]am5t ( ! au?or4 ,x is possible to po9t ?is out 9 occasional /rik+ in/ances4 ,if a boy read ,a ,mode/ ,proposal1 a tea*] naturally calls att5tion to ! "* ( ,swift z hav+ det]m9$ ! f]oci\s =m :i* ?is plea = humanity has tak52 9 deal+ ) ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,plague ,ye> x is inevitable t ! in/ructor speak ( ! j\rnali/ic t5d5cy ( ,defoe1 :i* l$ him to write on topics :i* 7 at ! mom5t be=e ! public4 ,9 ei!r case ! result is n important 9 ! s5se ( go+ mu* beyond :at ! /ud5t may be made to feel )\t any m5tion ( ! writ] or ! writ]'s peculi>ities4 ,x is v easy to delude ourselves into feel+ t we are be+ helpful :5 9 reality we are simply be+ p$agogic4 ,if our pupils 7 s f> advanc$ z to be able to p]ceive ! subtle relations betwe5 "* & lit]ature1 betwe5 ! nature ( a writ] & ! int]pretation we are to put ^u :at he has writt51 !y w\ld 9 mo/ cases be bett] fitt$ to in/ruct u ?an to receive any in/ruction we are able to furni%4 ,x is sometimes well to give pupils ?+s :i* we are aw>e !y _c grasp2 to %[ !m ! exi/5ce ( l9es ( ?\ght :i* !y are n yet qualifi$ to c>ry out4 ,our aim 9 ?is is to broad5 _! p]ceptions1 & to direct !m t[>d tru?s :i* lat] !y may inve/igate = !mselves4 ,9 ! second>y s*ools1 h[ev]1 v little ( ?is sort c be pr(itably done 9 connection ) any?+ s complex & subtle z ! relation ( ! "* ( an au?or to 8 "w4 ,"y p mu/ take lit]ature at its face value1 s to say1 & 9 tea*+ !m to d ?is is m ?an room = all ! en]gies a tea*] 9 ^! grades c br+ to be>4 ,! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 its developm5t1 its relations to ! evolution ( human ?\ght1 %\ld all be z f> z possible famili> to ! tea*]2 & no in/ructor ) k & en?usiasm is likely to ignore any ( ^! 9 deal+ ) ma/]pieces4 ,!y mu/ all1 h[ev]1 be br\ght =w>d ) c>e1 = x is easy to ov]:elm ! m9d ( ! "y1 especially 9 an age l ! pres5t :5 a *ild goes to s*ool ) att5tion already /ra9$ by ! imp]ative & insi/5t calls ( daily life4 ,/ud5ts on leav+ ! high s*ool %\ld be famili> ) ! place 9 ! c5turies ( au?ors !y h especially /udi$1 & ( ! score or s ( writ]s mo/ important 9 ,engli% lit]ature f ,*auc] d[n4 ,) ! exact details ( biography !y ne$ n h be5 conc]n$4 ,if !y h _h curiosity en\gh to look ^! up z a matt] ( individual int]e/1 x is well1 al?\gh ,i am n sure t any?+ is ga9$ by enc\rag+ ?is rese>*4 ,to "k ( ,%akespe>e1 ( ,*auc]1 & ( ,milton1 = in/ance1 :at may be put into a doz5 l9es2 & ( less] writ]s to h proportionate in=mation1 seems to me ample4 ,! "w & n ! work] is ( importance2 ! book & n ! au?or2 ! poem & n ! poet4 ,_m tea*]s w n agree ) me 9 giv+ to ! p]sonality & ! biographies ( writ]s s small a place4 ,e man mu/ judge by 8 own exp]i5ce1 & ,i c only say t e ye> ,i deal ) classes 9 lit]ature ,i f9d myself delib]ately giv+ less att5tion to ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,i h insi/$ already ^u ! dang] t su* /udy %all take ! place ( ! consid]ation ( lit]ature itself1 & ,i h n[ attempt$ to ren=ce t ?\ght by /at+ def9itely :at x seems to me wise to attempt 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,i d n desire to be dogmatic1 h[ev]1 & "h z else:]e ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] is t :ile ! "q ( ! wisdom ( giv+ ext5d$ in/ruction 9 lit]>y hi/ory or biography is to be c>efully consid]$1 ea* in/ructor mu/ frame ! answ] accord+ to p]sonal exp]i5ce & ! individual ne$s ( any giv5 class4 ,,xvii ,,volunt>y ,,read+ ,no tea*] :o is really conc]n$ ) ! developm5t ( ! pupil's m9d c af=d to ignore outside influ5ces4 ,inde$1 ev5 7 a tea*] conceivable :o1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 c>$ only to drag s*ol>s ov] ! prescrib$ c\rse1 he w\ld yet be =c$ to take into acc\nt ! effect ( e-day life & circum/ance1 & "u exi/+ conditions e tea*] is sure to f9d t he is to a great ext5t oblig$ to d ! "w ( ! home 9 all t relates to ! /hetic tra9+ ( a l>ge numb] ( *ildr54 ,9 tea*+ lit]ature x is n only wise b x is easy to discov] & to a l>ge ext5t to influ5ce :atev] read+ pupils d ( _! own w outside ( ! requir$ "w4 ,?or\ghly to accompli% all t a tea*] desires1 or ev5 all t is (t5 expect$ ( him1 w\ld be possible only to ! gods2 & x is evid5t en\gh t no in/ructor c ex]cise complete p>5tal sup]vision ov] all ! life ( ! pupils "u him4 ,c]ta9 ?+s 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y are accompli%$ at home or g =ev] undone4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s]i\s difficulty 9 ?is :ole complicat$ bus9ess ( education is t ! s*oolma/] is s l>gely call$ ^u to undo :at is done outside ! s*oolroom4 ,he may at lea/ be ?ankful t 9 ! matt] ( read+ he is deal+ ) some?+ tangible1 some?+ 9 :i* s _m ( 8 flock may ) skilful managem5t be influ5c$4 ,9 a leaflet publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,new ,engl& ,association ( ,tea*]s ( ,engli%1 ,! ,volunt>y ,read+ ( ,high ,s*ool ,s*ol>s1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,bronson1 ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 comm5ts on ! fact t ! m9d ( ! "y p]son is likely to p]ceive little relation betwe5 ! lit]ature adm9i/]$ at s*ool & ! books volunt>ily read outside4 ,he says3 ,_m ( our high-s*ool y\? are lead+ a d\ble life 9 ?+s lit]>y3 9 ! class-room ,doctor ,jekyll /udies ! l(ty idealism ( ,comus or ,p>adise ,lo/2 outside1 ,mr4 ,hyde revels 9 ! yell[ j\rnalism & ! fla%y novel2 & 9 _m cases ,doctor ,jekyll does n ev5 realize t he has *ang$ into ano!r & l[] be+4 ,! difficulty 9 mak+ boys & girls realize a connection betwe5 s*ool-"w & actual life is famili> to e tea*]4 ,i am p]sonally conv9c$ t "o reason = ?is--al?\gh obvi\sly n ! only "o--is ! mod]n t5d5cy to dim9i% ! s5se ( value & necessity by too mu* yield+ to ! incl9ation ( ! *ild4 ,coax+ along ! l9e ( ! lea/ resi/ance is sure to produce an effective ev5 if h>dly consci\s indiff]5ce1 :i* is f> less heal?y ?an ! temp] ( m9d br$ by insi/5ce ^u progress along ! l9e ( duty4 ,be t z x may1 h[ev]1 ! mod]n s*ol> g5]ally reg>ds s*ool z "o ?+ & life z practically ano!r4 ,books read 9 ! class-room1 books /udi$1 discuss$ z a "p ( =mal & requir$ "w1 are felt to be remote f daily exi/5ce & almo/ z some?+ a bit unreal4 ,!y may be ev5 enjoy$1 & yet seem to ! illogical y\?ful m9d z hav+ a c]ta9 adult quality :i* sets !m ap>t f any vital connection ) ! life ( y\?4 ,x is n uncommon1 ,i believe1 = a boy to l a book 9 8 private capacity1 read+ x = simple & unaffect$ pleasure1 & yet to feel x almo/ a duty to be bor$ by ! same book :5 x comes up z a "p ( ! "w ( ! s*ool-room4 ,v likely a h9t ( ! explanation ( ! :ole matt] is to be f\nd 9 ?is la/ fact4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! "w ( ! s*oolroom1 h[ev] g5tly adm9i/]$1 repres5ts compulsion1 & we h tra9$ ! ris+ g5]ation to feel t compulsion is a ?+ to be abhorr$4 ,p]haps no?+ c\ld ev] make s*ool-"w ! same z ! life :i* is volunt>y & spontane\s2 b mod]n me?ods h g5]ally n succe$$ 9 m9imiz+ ?is difficulty4 ,9 ! second place1 tea*]s are too (t5 unc>eful or unable to s(t5 ! diff]5ces betwe5 read+ )\t responsibility ( ?or\ghness & read+ ) ! consci\sness t class-room que/ion+s may lie beyond4 ,almo/ any *ild has ! p[] ( treat+ a book or a poem z a fri5d :5 he reads = pleasure & ( reg>d+ ! same book z an enemy :5 x becomes a lesson4 ,! ?+ is normal & n unheal?y2 b x is to be reckon$ ) & c\nt]act$4 ,pr(essor ,bronson1 9 8 brief discussion ( ! matt]1 goes on to rem>k t :]e ! ,jekyll & ,hyde attitude ( m9d exi/s--:i* to "s degree1 ,i believe1 w\ld be 9 e pupil-- ,! fir/ task ( ! tea*] is to make ! pupil fully realize x & to urge ^u him ! necessity ( discrim9ation 9 8 volunt>y read+4 ,= ?is purpose ridicule ( tra%y books by "n & praise ( good books1 ) reasons :y !y are good1 may well fill ! "p ( a recitation p]iod1 n[ & !n1 ev5 ?\gh ! r\t9e "w suff] a little4 ,= ! same purpose1 x is v desirable t m ( ! be/ mod]n lit]ature be made a "p ( ! ,engli% c\rse1 especially 9 ! e>li] ye>s1 :5 ! pupil's ta/e is =m+1 = x is easi] to br+ su* works into close relation ) 8 volunt>y read+4 ,! tea*] ( ,engli% may also consid] himself recreant if he does n give 8 class advice ab\t ! read+ ( magaz9es & in/ructions h[ to read ! newspap]s4 ,) ! _s ( ?is ,i agree entirely4 ,! lett] does n seem to me entirely satisfactory4 ,i h le>n$ to be a little afraid ( ridicule z a means ( affect+ ! m9ds ( ! "y 9 any direction4 ,x is ! easie/ ( me?ods1 b no less is x ! "o :i* requires ! mo/ prud5ce & delicacy4 ,x is ! "o :i* is mo/ surely op5 to ! error ( ! po9t ( view4 ,if ! tea*] tries to less5 ! incl9ation ( pupils = specific books by ridicule1 he c d no good unless he is able to make ! class feel t ^! books are ridicul\s n only accord+ to ! /&>ds ( ! tea*] b accord+ to ! /&>d ( ! *ild4 ,to prove t f ! in/ructor's po9t ( view a book is poor & silly am\nts to little if ! "w really appeals to ! "y4 ,no m is effect$ ?an w\ld be accompli%$ if ! tea*] told lu/y lads t to him play+ ball seem$ a fooli% =m ( amusem5t4 ,!y appreciate at once t he is speak+ f a po9t ( view :i* is n !irs & :i* !y h no wi% to %>e4 ,he mu/ be able to make x evid5t t ! book 9 "q1 ) its attractions1 :i* he mu/ frankly ackn[l$ge1 is poor :5 judg$ by /&>ds :i* ! pupils feel to be true & :i* belong to ! sph]e ( boyhood4 ,i confess ) contrition t 9 my zeal = good lit]ature ,i h 9 e>li] days spok5 contemptu\sly ( popul> & tra%y books :i* ,i _h reason to ?9k my boys probably enjoy$ & admir$4 ,i believe ,i 0 wrong4 ,n[ ,i d n hesitate to say :at ,i ?9k ab\t any book :5 a /ud5t asks me1 b ,i make x a rule nev] 9 class to attack specific books or au?ors = any?+ b vici\sness1 & t "q is h>dly likely to arise 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,i _c af=d to run ! risk ( ali5at+ ! sympa?ies ( my pupils1 & ( ar\s+ a feel+ t my po9t ( view is s f> remov$ f !irs t !y _c tru/ my op9ions to be sympa!tic4 ,! normal attitude ( ! *ild t[>d ! adult is likely en\gh to be t ( believ+ gr[n-ups to be s f> f und]/&+ :at *ildr5 really c>e = z to be entirely untru/wor?y 9 ! selection ( read+4 ,! *ild disreg>ds or di/ru/s ! judgm5ts ( 8 eld]s n on ab/ract gr\nds1 b m]ely f an in/9ctive feel+ t adults d n look at ?+s f 8 po9t ( view4 ,i always fe> le/ by an unwise condemnation ( a book :i* a lad has enjoy$ ,i may be /r5g!n+ ?is p]fectly natural & inevitably /ubborn conviction4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important means ( influ5c+ outside read+ is by impress+ ^u ! *ild's m9d ! idea t he is /udy+ lit]ature *iefly = ! sake ( read+ to himself & = himself4 ,ab\t ?is %\ld be no d\bt or unc]ta9ty4 ,no *ild %\ld = a mom5t be all[$ to suppose t su* deal+ ) books z is possible 9 ! s*ool-room c be *iefly = its own sake1 c be s mu* an end z a means4 ,to all[ him to suppose t ! few works he goes ov] c be held adequately to repres5t ! great lit]>y treasures ( ! race1 or t he c be suppos$ to d m ?an to le>n h[ to deal ) lit]ature = himself1 is at once to make in/ruction 9 ?is bran* m an injury ?an a b5efit4 ,x w\ld be no m reasonable ?an to all[ him to ?9k t he le>ns ! multiplication-table = ! sake ( 8 s*ool sums r ?an t he may h an effective tool to help him 9 ! practical affairs ( life4 ,to influ5ce outside "w ( any sort is difficult1 especially 9 city s*ools :]e ! pupils are subject to s _m di/ractions4 ,! tea*] is g5]ally oblig$ to make 8 ef=t 9 ?is direction almo/ entirely individual1 treat+ no two s*ol>s exactly 9 ! same way1 & he is n infrequ5tly oblig$ to employ a consid]able am\nt ( %rewdness 9 ! process4 ,:5 ,i wi% to talk to ,john ,smi? ab\t 8 read+1 a clev] tea*] said 9 my he>+1 ,i s5d to him to see me ab\t 8 spell+1 or 8 h&writ+1 or any?+ to give an excuse = a *at4 ,!n ,i br+ 9 ! ?+ ,i am aim+ at z if by accid5t4 ,! numb] ( in/ructors possess$ ( ! adroitness1 ! "t1 & ! pati5ce = ?is sort ( f9esse is probably n l>ge2 b mu* may be done by words dropp$ app>5tly by *ance1 if only ! in/ructor has ! matt] e>ne/ly at he>t4 ,h[ f> ! relation ( books 9 ! requir$ read+ to books read volunt>ily may pr(itably be insi/$ ^u 9 class mu/ dep5d l>gely ^u ! p>ticul> pupils involv$4 ,e tea*] w c]ta9ly d well to f9d out :at 8 /ud5ts are read+ outside1 if !y are read+ any?+1 & he %\ld !n consid] :at use to make ( 8 k4 ,! v fact t he conc]ns himself ab\t ! matt] w call ! att5tion ( ! class to ! fact t a connection exi/s2 & t x is real en\gh to be wor? he$+4 ,any wise tea*] w f9d an advantage 9 hav+ indications ( ! natural ta/es & incl9ations ( ^? he is try+ to tra91 & to "k :at ! boys & girls really l to read w (t5 correct a t5d5cy to speak ( ! requir$ read+s 9 a tone t is outside ! range ( ! sympa?ies ( ! s*ol>s4 ,if he kn[s t ! girls are fond ( weep+ ov] ,! ,brok5 ,he>t ( ! ,b>maid1 t ! boys revel 9 ,! ,bloody ,boot-jack1 t bo? f9d ,mrs4 ,pigs ( ! ,potato-pat* exquisitely amus+1 he sees at once t he mu/ be cauti\s 9 dwell+ on ! pa?os ( ,evangel9e1 ! romance ( ,! ,flight ( a ,t>t> ,tribe1 or ! humor ( ,*>les ,lamb4 ,*ildr5 f$ on intellectual vi&s s co>se w\ld f9d real lit]ature insipid1 & mu/ be tra9$ ) frank acceptance ( t fact4 ,to say t tea*]s may also (t5 d some?+ 9 ! way ( ar\s+ p>5ts to d _! "p 9 guid+ ! read+ ( *ildr5 is to g some:at outside ( my field4 ,! public asks s mu* ( tea*]s already t any h9t ( labor 9 ! homes ( pupils seems--& 9 _m cases w\ld be--no?+ less ?an ! sugge/ion ( an impossibility4 ,if ,i 7 to urge ! matt]1 ,i %\ld d x purely on ! gr\nd t tea*]s may sometimes greatly less5 ! difficulty ( ! task !y und]take 9 ! s*ool-room by a little judici\s labor 9 ! home4 ,9 ! public s*ools to-day _m *ildr51 p]haps ev5 a majority1 come f homes :]e9 no lit]>y /&>d is app>5t1 & :]e = ! mo/ "p none exi/s4 ,!y are be+ giv5 a tra9+ :i* _! p>5ts did n h1 & !y feel !mselves bett] able to direct _! eld]s 9 ?+s intellectual ?an _! fa!rs & mo!rs are to advise !m4 ,9 ^! cases1 c]ta9ly v num]\s1 ! tea*] mu/ accept ! inevitable1 & d :at he c by induc+ 8 pupils to talk ) him ab\t _! outside read+4 ,:]e p>5ts are m cultivat$1 mu* may (t5 be effect$ by ! simple reque/ or sugge/ion t ! "y folk be sup]vis$ a little 9 ! *oice ( books4 ,! tea*] mu/ ( c\rse use tact 9 do+ any?+ 9 ?is l9e1 especially 9 ^? cases :]e su* a reque/ is mo/ ne$$4 ,p>5ts :o pay lea/ att5tion to su* matt]s are especially likely to res5t int]f]5ce ) _! pr]ogative ( neglect+ _! *ildr51 ?\gh !y may g5]ally be rea*$ by ! flatt]y ( a c>efully phras$ reque/ = cop]ation4 ,few ?+s are m delicate to h&le ?an neglect$ duties1 & ! fa!rs & mo!rs :o %irk all responsibility = ! m5tal tra9+ ( _! (fspr+ mu/ be approa*$ z if !y jeal\sly tri$ to leave no?+ 9 ?is l9e = any tea*] to d4 ,! mo/ common fault ( "y p to-day 9 connection ) read+ is ! neglect ( books altoge!r or ! dev\r+ ( fiction ( a poor quality4 ,to urge boys & girls to read good books or to admoni% !m to avoid poor ones is seldom likely to effect mu*4 ,su* direct & g5]al appeal is sure to seem to !m "p ( ! tea*]'s pr(essional r\t9e "w1 & n to alt] _! incl9ations or to make any especial diff]5ce ) _! practice4 ,*ildr5 are l$ to c>e = good read+ only by be+ made acqua9t$ ) books t appeal to !m2 & !y are protect$ aga9/ poor or injuri\s read+ only by be+ giv5 a ta/e = :at is bett]4 ,?is summ+-up ( ! situation is easily made1 b h[ to make *ildr5 acqua9t$ 9 a vital & pleasant fa%ion ) good books & h[ to cultivate ! ta/e is really ! :ole problem :i* we are /udy+4 ,?is is ! aim & ! sub/ance ( all g5u9e tea*+ ( lit]ature1 & ev]y?+ 9 ^! talks is an attempt to help t[>d an answ]4 ,:5 ! problem ( volunt>y read+ has be5 satisfactorily solv$ ! "w ( ! tea*] is practically done1 = ! pupil is sure to g =w>d 9 ! "r direction :e!r he is l$ or n4 ,all t treatm5t ( lit]ature :i* = conv5i5ce ,i h call$ inspirational is directly 9 ! l9e ( develop+ & rais+ ! ta/e ( "y read]s1 & beyond ?is ,i d n see t specific rules c be giv54 ,p]sonal influ5ce is aft] all :at tells1 & ! mo/ t c be done "h is to call att5tion to ! fact t 9 s f> z a tea*] c influ5ce & direct ! volunt>y read+ ( a pupil he has secur$ a mo/ effici5t aid to 8 s*ool-"w 9 lit]ature4 ,,xviii ,,9 ,,g5]al ,?r\gh\t ^! talks ,i h tri$ to deal ) ! tea*+ ( lit]ature 9 practical fa%ion1 n lett+ !ory lead me to =get ! conditions actually exi/+4 ,to consid] an ideal /ate ( ?+s might be int]e/+1 b x w\ld h>dly help ! tea*] bo!r$ by ! difficulties ( e-day s*ool-"w4 ,i h int5d$ always to keep well )9 ! field ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 & to make sugge/ions applicable to av]age tea*+4 ,h[ well ,i h succe$$ c be judg$ bett] by tea*]s ?an by me2 b ,i wi% 9 clos+ to insi/ t at lea/ ,i believe t :at ,i h said is e-day common s5se4 ,i h ?r\gh\t assum$ always t no tea*] wor?y ( ! "n c be cont5t ) m]ely =mal or conv5tional results1 b w be det]m9$ t pupils %all be br\ght to "s und]/&+ ( :at lit]ature really is & ( :y x is wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion--to "s appreciation1 9 a ^w1 ( lit]ature z an art4 ,if an in/ructor c\ld be satisfi$ ) fitt+ boys & girls = exam9ations1 no?+ c\ld be simpl] or easi]2 b ,i am sure t ,i am "r 9 believ+ t our public-s*ool tea*]s are eag]ly anxi\s to make ( ?is /udy all t is possible 9 ! l9e ( develop+ & ennobl+ _! pupils4 ,e e>ne/ tea*] kn[s t lit]ature _c be taught by arbitr>y me?ods4 ,! h&l+ ( classes /udy+ ! ma/]pieces ( g5ius mu/ be %ap$ by ! k & ! inspiration ( ! individual tea*] or x is naught4 ,nei!r ,i nor ano!r may give a receipt = /r5g!n+ ! imag9ation1 = in/ill+ ta/e1 = ar\s+ en?usiasm4 ,all t any book ( ?is sort c effect1 & all t ,i h endeavor$ to d1 is to prote/ aga9/ me?ods t are =mal & dead5+1 to (f] sugge/ions :i* may--ev5 if only by disagreem5t--help to make def9ite ! tea*]'s individual ideas1 & to w>n aga9/ dang]s :i* beset ! pa? ( all ( u to :om is committ$ ! high (fice ( tea*+ ?is noble art4 ,! idea :i* ,i h hop$ mo/ /rongly to en=ce is ! possibility ( ar\s+ 9 *ildr51 ev5 9 ^? br$ )\t ref9+ or intellectual influ5ces1 an appreciation ( ! _s & ! tea*+s ( ! great writ]s1 a love = good books :i* may lead !m to g on ) ! /udy aft] !y h pass$ beyond ! s*ool-room4 ,! be/ lit]ature is s ess5tially human1 x s truly & s irresi/ibly appeals to natural in/9cts & int]e/s1 t = its appreciation no?+ is ne$$ b t x be und]/ood4 ,to produce & to cultivate su* und]/&+ %\ld be1 ,i believe1 ! *ief aim ( any c\rse 9 lit]ature4 ,! und]/&+ & ! appreciation mu/ ( c\rse v>y accord+ to ! temp]am5t & ! responsiv5ess ( ! *ild4 ,miracles are n to be expect$4 ,no tea*] ne$ suppose t ! /reet ,arab & ! newsboy w lie d[n ) ,br[n+ & rise up ) ,*auc]2 t ,sally & ,molly w give up *ew+ gum = ,%akespe>e1 or t ,tom1 ,dick1 & ,h>ry w pref] ,wordswor? to football4 ,9 8 own way & to 8 own degree1 h[ev]1 ea* *ild w enjoy :atev] lit]ature he has compreh5d$4 ,z f> z he c be made to c>e = any?+ n directly p]sonal or appeal+ to ! s5ses1 he may be made to c>e = ?is4 ,nature has tak5 c>e ( ! matt] ( fitt+ *ildr5 to und]/& & to love lit]ature z x has prep>$ !m to desire life4 ,to br+ ! "y into appreciation ( ! be/ t has be5 ?\ght & record$ by man1 !re is b "o way3 make !m famili> ) x4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose1 moreov]1 t an especial sort ( books is ne$$ = *ildr54 ,a selection !re %\ld be1 & x is manife/ly necess>y to ex]cise common s5se 9 *oice ( works = /udy4 ,a class t w be deeply int]e/$ 9 ,macbe? w\ld be simply puzzl$ & bor$ by ,troilus & ,cressida4 ,*ildi% games = ! intellect !re may be1 z !re are *ildi% amusem5ts = ! body2 b s f> z s]i\s tra9+ is conc]n$ !re is nei!r adult lit]ature nor juv5ile lit]ature1 b simply lit]ature4 ,! range ( ! m9d ( a *ild is limit$1 & ! exp]i5ce dem&$ = ! simple/ compreh5sion ( a "w may be necess>ily beyond ! possible rea* ( *ild life4#bdj3a ,! limitations ( y\? h1 h[ev]1 & %\ld h1 ! same effect 9 lit]ature z 9 life4 ,!y re/rict ! compreh5sion & ! appreciation ( ! facts ( exi/5ce1 & equally !y re/rict ! compreh5sion & ! appreciation ( ! facts 9 :at is read4 ,! impressions :i* ! *ild takes f :at he sees or f :at he reads are n ^? ( 8 eld]s1 al?\gh ?is is less g5]ally true ( emotions ?an ( facts4 ,! important po9t is t ! impressions %all be vital & :olesome1 & above all else t !y be true ) ! actual v]ity ( human exp]i5ce4 ,we all commit errors 9 ! conclusions we draw f life2 & *ildr5 w make mi/akes 9 ! lessons !y draw f books4 ,books :i* are wise & sane1 h[ev]1 w soon] or lat] correct any misconceptions !y beget1 j z life 9 "t makes cle> ! false conclusions :i* life itself has produc$4 ,i h spok5 m or less ab\t ! enjoym5t ( ?is /udy by *ildr51 & x is difficult if n impossible to conceive t if a class is rightly h&l$ mo/ *ildr5 w n f9d ! "w a pleasure4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to be a little on our gu>d 9 ! practical application ( ! pr9ciple t *ildr5 get no?+ out ( lit]ature unless !y enjoy x4 ,!y c]ta9ly _c enjoy x unless !y get some?+ out ( x2 b x w h>dly d to make ! enjoym5t ( a class too entirely ! te/ by :i* to decide :at "w ! class %all d4 ,pupils %\ld be /imulat$ to solid ef=t 9 ! way ( application & conc5tration1 & ,i h already po9t$ out t 9 ma/]+ ! difficulties ( lit]>y language !y %\ld be made to d :atev] drudg]y is ne$$1 :e!r !y are incl9$ to x or n4 ,!y _c1 moreov]1 read ) intellig5ce any?+ ) real ?\ght 9 x1 until !y h le>n$ conc5tration ( m9d4 ,*ildr51 l _! eld]s1 value mo/ :at has co/ some?+ to atta91 & facile enjoym5t may mean aft]-indiff]5ce4 ,! contagion ( en?usiasm is "o ( ! means by :i* *ildr5 are mo/ surely induc$ to put =? _! be/ ef=ts to und]/& & to assimilate4 ,if ! tea*] is g5u9ely en?usia/ic 9 8 love = a ma/]piece1 ev5 if ?is be some?+ t might seem to be ov] ! heads ( ! *ildr51 he ar\ses !m 9 a way impossible ( atta9m5t by any o!r means4 ,a boy once said to me ) t %rewdness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( y\?1 ,my tea*] didn't l t book1 & we all knew x by ! way %e prais$ x4 ,%am en?usiasm does n deceive *ildr52 b !y are always impress$ by ! g5u9e1 & no influ5ce is m p[]ful4 ,! mo/ s]i\s ob/acle :i* tea*]s ( lit]ature to-day meet )1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 is ! difficulty *ildr5 h 9 seiz+ ab/ract ideas4#bda3a ,s long z /udy & in/ruction are conf9$ to ! concrete & ! p>ticul> ! pupil works ) good w & intellig5ce4 ,! mom5t ! b\nd>y is cross$ into ! region ( ! g5]al1 he becomes confus$1 baffl$1 & unable to foll[4 ,! algebra ( life is too mu* = ! bra9 :i* is accu/om$ to deal only ) def9ite values4 ,:at is evid5tly ne$$ all along ! l9e is ! cultivation ( ! reason+ p[]s 9 ! ability to deal ) ab/ract ?\ght4 ,p]sonally ,i believe t ?is c\ld be be/ secur$ by ! simplification ( ! "w 9 ! l[] grades1 & by ! introduction ( ?or\gh c\rses 9 ,engli% gramm> & ! old-fa%ion$ m5tal ari?metic4 ,if "s =ty p] c5t4 ( ! pres5t curriculum c\ld be suppress$ altoge!r1 & !n t5 p] c5t4 ( ! "t ga9$ giv5 to ^! two admirable bran*es1 ! results ( tra9+ 9 ! l[] grades1 ,i am conv9c$1 w\ld %[ an enorm\s improvem5t4 ,i may be wrong 9 ?is1 & 9 any case we mu/ deal ) ?+s z !y exi/2 & ! tea*] ( lit]ature mu/ accept ! fact t he has l>gely to tra9 8 class 9 bread? ( ?9k+4 ,he w be able to deal ) g5]alizations only s f> z he is assur$ t 8 /ud5ts w grasp !m1 & ?is w g5]ally mean s f> z he is able to tea* !m to deal ) ?is class ( ideas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is book has /ret*$ beyond ! limits :i* 9 ! beg9n+ 7 set = x1 & 9 ! end ! "o ?+ ( :i* ,i am mo/ consci\s is ( hav+ accompli%$ ! emphasiz+ ( ! difficulties ( ! bran* ( "w ) :i* x is conc]n$4 ,if ,i h done no?+ m ?an t1 ,i h disc\rag$ :]e ,i meant to help2 & ,i c only hope t at lea/ betwe5 ! l9es if n 9 ! actual /atem5ts may be f\nd by ! e>ne/ & h>d-work+ tea*]s ( ! l&--t class too little appreciat$ & wor?y s mu* honor--h9ts :i* w make easi] & m effective _! deal+ ) ?is mo/ important & mo/ difficult requirem5t ( ! mod]n curriculum4 ,,footnotes3 #bdj3a ,see pages #fh-gj4 #bda3a ,see page #aab4 ,,index ,abilities ( *ildr5 diff]1 #cj1 #fj4 ,ab/ract ideas1 #bc1 #aab-aae4 ,act+ out poems1 #id4 ,addison1 ,de ,cov]ley ,pap]s1 #abh1 #ach1 #adf-aej2 ,spectator1 #adf1 #bbc4 ,analysis vs4 syn!sis1 #ba4 ,art1 lit]ature an1 #ec2 n to be translat$ into words1 #b2 purpose (1 #a1 #gc4 ,ba*1 ,passion ,music1 #aaf4 ,bee?ov51 #ec2 ,n9? ,symphony1 #aaf4 ,biography1 lit]>y1 #bbb-bbf4 ,blake1 ,william1 quot$1 #ca2 ,! ,tig]1 #ic1 #if-ajh4 ,bronson1 ,w4 ,c41 ,volunt>y ,read+1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,br[n1 ,dr4 ,john1 quot$1 #gi4 ,br[n+1 #gb1 #aae1 #bci2 ,h[ !y ,br\ght ! ,good ,news1 #aac2 ,! ,lo/ ,lead]1 #aad4 ,burke1 #bba2 ,spee* on ,conciliation1 #cg1 #fe1 #ach-adf4 ,byron1 ,de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib1 #acc1 #bae4 ,c>lyle1 ,burns1 #bac4 ,*auc]1 #bbe1 #bci4 ,*ildr51 abilities diff]1 #cj1 #fj2 at disadvantage1 #aah2 comply me*anically1 #ic2 conceal feel+1 #he2 d n "k h[ to /udy1 #df-dh2 "k :5 bor$1 #eb2 le>n life by liv+1 #ai2 mu/ be taught 9 own language1 #fh2 mu/ d own "w1 #eh2 mu/ =m e/imates1 #gj2 n affect$ by prea*+1 #ah2 puzzl$ by lit]ature1 #di2 responsive to metrical effects1 #aag2 skip morals1 #hi2 _! _w1 #ah1 #gi2 too mu* dem&$ (1 #de2 und]/& only ?r\gh p]sonal exp]i5ce1 #ae1 #fg4 ,col]idge1 #gb2 ,anci5t ,m>9]1 #cg1 #hd1 #he1 #aha4 ,college entrance requirem5ts1 #h1 #cj1 #ach1 #bac2 books1 #cd-ch2 editors (1 #f4 ,conv5tionality1 h[ met1 #aig4 ,cook1 ,may ,e/elle1 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,novels1 #abh4 ,cramm+1 #ei4 ,criticism1 #aic-bjf2 ask$ ( pupils1 #dd2 ( tra%y books1 #bca2 mu/ take pupil's po9t ( view1 #bca4 ,deck]1 quot$1 #afi4 ,defoe1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,plague ,ye>1 #bbd4 ,delib]ation 9 "w necess>y1 #bag4 ,description1 h[ writt5 by pupils1 #abg4 ,de ,qu9cey1 #baa2 def9ition ( lit]ature1 #abc2 ,flight ( a ,t>t> ,tribe1 #bcd4 ,diagrams1 futility (1 #f4 ,dick5s1 quot$1 #g1 #bjb4 ,didactic lit]ature1 #bb1 #aji4 ,edgewor?1 ,m>ia1 ,p>5ts' ,assi/ant1 #bc4 ,eliot1 ,george1 #abi2 ,silas ,m>n]1 #e1 #cb1 #cg1 #ef1 #abg1 #aeb1 #aig4 ,em]son1 #baa2 quot$1 #fe4 ,emotion1 aim ( lit]ature to ar\se1 #he2 9 lit]ature1 #b1 #ij2 ! motive p[]1 #bd4 ,en?usiasm1 connect$ ) culture1 #bd2 contagi\s1 #bda2 necess>y 9 tea*+1 #ee2 ju/ification (1 #eg2 reason to be rea*$ ?r\gh1 #dj1 #ej4 ,evangel9e1 #bcd2 que/ions on1 #db1 #dc1 #de4 ,exam9ational tea*+1 #gd1 #aba-ace4 ,exam9ations1 #bh1 #dd1 #gj1 #ahd2 an ,in/itute pap]1 #acj-ace2 be/ prep>$ = by broad tea*+1 #abb2 boy's view (1 #h1 #i2 dang] (1 #dj2 entrance1 #ce1 #de2 inevitable1 #aba2 necess>ily a make%ift1 #d2 n ! aim 9 tea*+1 #bh1 #gc2 /udy =1 #aba-acj2 valuable only z te/s1 #aba2 :at c\nts 91 #abe2 :at exam9ations %\ld te/1 #dd4 ,fables1 tru? (1 #ba4 ,field+1 ,tom ,jones1 #bjb4 ,goldsmi?1 ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 #dd1 #ef1 #aeb4 ,haw?orne1 quot$1 #afg4 ,he>t ( ,oak ,s]ies1 #ia4 ,hone/y ess5tial 9 tea*+1 #ed4 ,illu/rations1 c>e 9 us+1 #baa4 ,il ,p]cone1 #cb4 ,imag9ation ess5tial 9 /udy ( lit]ature1 #c2 n creat$ b develop$1 #ec2 n\ri%$ by lit]ature1 #bf4 ,inspirational use ( lit]ature1 #gd1 #hh-ie1 #aag1 #bcf4 ,irv+1 ,life ( ,goldsmi?1 #cg4 ,ivanhoe1 #cg1 #aeb2 quot$1 #afi2 /udy (1 #aei-afc4 ,johnson1 ,samuel1 quot$1 #ia4 ,juv5ile lit]ature1 #hj4 ,lamb1 ,*>les1 #bcd4 ,language ( lit]ature1 #fc-fg1 #aah2 ( pupils1 #fd1 #fh-gj2 value judg$ by effect1 #bji4 ,life1 realities (1 #bj4 ,limitations1 inevitable1 #df-dh2 mu/ be accept$1 #ca1 #aif2 y\?ful1 #bdj4 ,lit*field1 ,m>y ,e41 quot$1 #gg4 ,lit]ature1 a ,f9e ,art1 #ec2 aim (1 #he2 algebraic1 #aab2 approa*$ ?r\gh p]sonal exp]i5ce1 #fg1 #fi2 deals ) ab/ract ideas1 #fg2 difficulty 9 tea*+1 #bh-ch2 def9$ by ,de ,qu9cey1 #abc2 ess5tially human1 #bch2 hi/ory (1 #dj1 #bbb2 juv5ile1 #hj1 #bci2 language (1 #fc-fg1 #aah2 measur$ by life1 #ef2 mu/ be connect$ ) life1 #fh2 mu/ be taught 9 language ( le>n]1 #fh2 n didactic1 #bb1 #aji2 n taught by arbitr>y me?ods1 #bch2 n\ri%es imag9ation1 #bf2 pupils indiff]5t to1 #dh2 relation to life1 #aaj2 reproduces mood1 #aaf2 symbolic1 #aac2 tru? 91 #aab-aad2 vocabul>y (1 #gd2 :y includ$ 9 s*ool c\rse1 #aa-bg4 ,see ,/udy ( ,lit]ature2 ,tea*+ ( ,lit]ature2 ,lit]>y ,workman%ip4 ,lit]>y appreciation1 may be unconsci\s1 #ic4 ,lit]>y workman%ip1 #bjg-bba4 ,longfell[1 #hc2 ,evangel9e1 #db1 #dc1 #de4 ,macaulay1 #baa1 #bad2 ,life ( ,johnson1 #cg2 ,milton1 #ce1 #cf1 #bab1 #bac4 ,macbe?1 #c1 #e1 #cg1 #dj1 #eg1 #fi1 #gf1 #gg1 #hc1 #he1 #aah1 #abd1 #bjb2 false explanations ( words 91 #fc2 ,miss ,cook on1 #abh2 note on1 #cb2 /udy (1 #afe-aib4 ,ma*iavellus1 #cb4 ,memoriz+1 #aia4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 #f1 #ha1 #aah4 ,metrical effects1 #aaf2 beyond ord9>y /ud5ts1 #ahf2 *ildr5 susceptible to1 #aag2 9 ,evangel9e1 #dc2 relation to "*1 #aai2 /udy (1 #id2 vs4 intellectual cont5t1 #baf4 ,middleton1 ,wit*1 #cb4 ,milton1 #ae1 #ec1 #aag1 #bbj1 #bbe2 ,comus1 #cd1 #he1 #aag1 #bbh2 ,il ,p5s]oso1 #cd1 #da1 #aij2 ,l',allegro1 #cd1 #da1 #aij2 ,lycidas1 #cd1 #aag2 ,p>adise ,lo/1 #abc1 #abg1 #aca1 #bbh4 ,milton1 ,macaulay's1 #ce1 #cf1 #bab1 #bac4 ,moral1 drawn by *ildr51 #abi2 n to be drawn by tea*]1 #ga-gc1 #afc1 #afd1 #aih2 skipp$ by *ildr51 #hi4 ,nor?1 ,plut>*'s ,lives1 #agj4 ,notes1 #ge1 #acf2 to be /udi$ fir/1 #gf4 ,novel1 /udy (1 #aeb-afd4 dipus1 #bjb4 ,oral recitation1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #aih4 ,orig9ality 9 *ildr51 #dc4 ,p>ables1 tru? (1 #ba-bb4 ,p>aphrases1 #bai4 ,plut>*1 #agj4 ,poetry1 comp>$ ) prose1 #baa-bag2 nature (1 #bae4 ,po9t ( dep>ture1 #hc1 #adc4 ,po9t ( view1 #hb1 #adi1 #ahj4 ,pope1 quot$1 #baa4 ,praise1 n to be giv5 be=eh&1 #gj2 :5 wise1 #ga4 ,prose1 comp>$ ) poetry1 #bab-bag4 ,quick5 tree1 #afh4 ,raleigh1 #be1 #bf1 #fd1 #bae4 ,raphael1 ,dresd5 ,madonna1 #eg4 ,ray1 #afh4 ,read+1 al\d1 #fa1 #aed1 #agg2 f9al1 ( play1 #ahf2 fir/1 ( play1 #agf-agi2 9 conc]t1 #fb2 intellig5t1 basis ( /udy1 #fa-fg2 second1 ( play1 #agi-ahf2 volunt>y1 #bbg-bcf4 ,read+s1 disput$1 #ahe4 ,ref]5ce1 books (1 #acf1 #acg4 ,rembr&t1 #bjh2 ,! ,night ,wat*1 #eg4 ,ri*e1 ,b>nabie1 quot$1 #afg4 ,ridicule1 dang] (1 #bcj4 ,roosevelt1 ,presid5t1 #eg4 ,s>casm1 =bidd51 #aii4 ,scott1 ,ivanhoe1 #cg1 #aeb1 #aei-afc1 #afi2 ,lady ( ! ,lake1 #cg4 ,%akespe>e1 #ac1 #af1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ec1 #eg1 #fi1 #gb1 #ij1 #aag1 #aai1 #abi1 #adb1 #afh1 #agj1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aia1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bbe1 #bci2 ,hamlet1 #gg1 #abg2 ill-judg$ notes on1 #cb2 ,julius ,cs>1 #cd2 ,le>1 #afh2 ,macbe?1 #c1 #e1 #cb1 #cg1 #dj1 #eg1 #fc1 #fi1 #gf1 #gg1 #hc1 #he1 #aah1 #abh1 #afe-aib1 #bjb1 #bci2 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 #f1 #ha1 #aah2 ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 #cb2 ,o!llo1 #hc1 #afg2 quot$1 #bje2 reason ( greatness unexpla9$1 #ee2 ,ri*>d ,,iii1 #aff2 ,romeo & ,juliet1 #f2 ,tempe/1 #aah2 ,troilus & ,cressida1 #bci4 ,silas ,m>n]1 #e1 #cg1 #ef1 #abg1 #aeb1 #aig2 note on1 #cb4 ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley ,pap]s1 #abh1 #ach2 /udy (1 #adf-aej4 ,spee* on ,conciliation1 #cg1 #fe2 /udy (1 #ach-adf4 ,/ev5son1 ,treasure ,isl&1 #aeb-aei4 ,swift1 ,a ,mode/ ,proposal1 #bbd4 ,/udy ( lit]ature1 9 l[] grades1 #cj2 mu/ be delib]ate1 #bag2 n /udy ab\t lit]ature1 #dj2 n /udy ( notes1 #cd2 object (1 #bg1 #bi1 #ca2 ob/acles to to-day1 #ci-fj2 ov]weight$ ) details1 #ahg2 puzzl+ to /ud5ts1 #dg1 #dh2 te/ ( success 91 #cj2 us$ z gymnasium1 #hh4 ,summ>y1 n a criticism1 #bjd4 ,sup]natural1 !1 #hd2 9 ,macbe?1 #aha2 9 ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 #aha4 ,sup]/ition1 ab\t wit*1 #agc2 ab\t quick5 tree1 #afh4 ,syn!sis vs4 analysis1 #ba4 ,tea*] asks too mu*1 #da-df2 ignores /ra9 on pupil1 #hj2 mu/ h cle> ideas1 #bg1 #di1 #adi2 mu/ take ?+s z !y are1 #ci2 n cle> z to object1 #di2 n equal to dem&s1 #ec-fj2 oblig$ to d "w ( home1 #bbg2 to lead1 n to drive1 #eh4 ,tea*+1 help+ to ext5d ideas1 #baj2 me?od 91 #acf1 #bbd4 ,tea*+ ( lit]ature1 aim (1 #aa-bg1 #fi-gj1 #bcf2 _c be done by rule1 #hf1 #ach2 *oice ( selections 91 #ij-ib2 confus$ me?ods1 #f2 deals ) emotion1 #b2 educational1 #c1 #gd1 #aji-abj2 exam9ational1 #c1 #gd1 #aba-ace2 f9e passages tak5 up 91 #hj2 importance ( read+ al\d 91 #fa2 inspirational1 #di1 #gd1 #hh-ie1 #aag2 mu/ be adapt$ to av]age m9d1 #hi2 prelim9>y1 #gd-hg2 unc]ta9ty 91 #a-aj2 writt5 "w 91 #abf4 ,te*nique1 in/ruction 94 ,see ,workman%ip1 lit]>y4 ,t5nyson1 #di2 ,ela9e1 #cg2 ,m]l9 & ,vivian1 #agj2 ,pr9cess1 #cg2 ,rev5ge1 #bf1 #bae4 ,text1 #acf2 model1 #acg4 ,?or\ghness1 #aai4 ,titian1 #ec1 #bjh4 ,translat+1 effect (1 #bah4 ,treasure ,isl&1 /udy (1 #aeb-aei4 ,tru? 9 lit]ature1 #aab-aad4 ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 #dd1 #ef1 #aeb4 ,vocabul>y1 gr[? (1 #bji2 ,miss ,lit*field's view1 #gg2 ( ,burke's ,spee*1 #aci2 ( ,ivanhoe1 #afj1 #afb2 ( ,macbe?1 #afe-aga2 ( prose1 #acg2 ( ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley1 #adg2 ( ,treasure ,isl&1 #aec1 #aee2 /udy (1 #gf-gi1 #abe1 #aic2 to be le>n$ fir/1 #gd1 #aaj1 n42 to be le>n$ f ref]5ce-books1 #gf4 ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 #bb4 ,words1 value (1 #af4 ,^w-values1 #ag4 ,wordswor?1 #di1 #bci2 ,lesson = ,fa!rs1 #aie4 ,workman%ip1 lit]>y1 #bjg-bba4 ,writt5 "w1 #abf-acj2 comp>ison 91 #aij2 description 91 #abg2 9 /udy ( ,macbe?1 #ahg-aia2 supreme te/ 91 #abi4 ,! ,riv]side ,press ,electrotyp$ & pr9t$ by ,h4 ,o4 ,h\ghton ,co4 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation rema9 z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made to ! orig9al text3 ,page #afe3 ,,xiiiorig9al has ,,xii ,page #agd3 gnaw till ! %ip spr+s a leakorig9al has aleak ,page #bde1 "u ,exam9ations3 be/ prep>$ = by broad tea*+1 #abb2orig9al has a comma ,page #bdg3 ,tea*+ ( lit]ature1 aim (1 #aa-bg1 #fi-gj1orig9al has a semi-colon #bcf