,grimm ,libr>y    ,no4 #ah    ,,an      
,,iri% ,,precursor ,,( ,,dante          
,uncial3 7,fis ,adamn97              ,! 
,grimm ,libr>y4        ,half buckram4   
,net prices4        ,i4 ,,georgian      
,,folk-,,tales4 ,by ,m4 ,,w>drop4 ,out (
 pr9t4        ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,v4 ,,!    
,,leg5d ,,( ,,p]seus4 ,a ,/udy (        
,tradition &      ,/ory1 ,cu/om & ,my?4 
,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,h>tl&4 #c vols4 ,out (    
pr9t4        ,,iv41 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,voyage  
,,( ,,bran1 ,,son ,,( ,,febal1 ,,to ,,! 
,,l& ,,( ,,!      ,,liv+4 ,an old ,iri% 
,saga1 n[ fir/ edit$1 ) ,translation1   
,notes1 & ,gloss>y by ,,kuno ,,mey]4 ,) 
an ,essay ^u ! ,iri%      ,vision ( !   
,happy ,o!rworld1 & ! ,celtic doctr9e ( 
,rebir?1 by ,,alfr$ ,,nutt4 #b vols4 #a1
 #as4        ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,! ,,happy     
,,o!rworld4 #ahie4 xviii1 #cca pp4      
,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,celtic ,,doctr9e ,,( 
,,rebir?4 #ahig4 xii1 #ceb pp4          
#ajs4 #f;d4        ,,vii4 ,,! ,,leg5d   
,,( ,,sir ,,gawa94 ,/udies ^u its       
,orig9al ,scope      & ,significance1   

,by ,,jessie ,l4 ,,we/on4 #ahig4 xvi1   
#aag pp4 #ds4        ,,viii4 ,,!        
,,cu*ull9 ,,saga ,,9 ,,iri% ,,lit]ature4
 ,by ,,eleanor ,,hull4      ,out ( pr9t4
        ,,ix41 ,x4 ,,! ,,pre- ,,&       
,,proto-,,hi/oric ,,f9ns4 ,by ! ,hon4   
,j4      ,,ab]cromby4 #b vols4 ,out (   
pr9t4        ,,xi4 ,,! ,,home ,,( ,,!   
,,eddic ,,poems4 ,by ,,sophus ,,bugge4  
,out (      pr9t4        ,,xii4 ,,!     
,,leg5d ,,( ,,sir ,,lancelot ,,du ,,lac4
 ,/udies ^u its      ,orig91            
,developm5t1 & ,position 9 ! ,ar?urian  
,romantic      ,cycle4 ,by ,,jessie ,l4 
,,we/on4 #aija4 xii1 #beb pp4 #gs4 #f;d4
        ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,wife ,,( ,,ba?',s 
,,tale4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,maynadi]4 ,out (  
pr9t4        ,,xiv4 ,,sohrab ,,&        
,,ru/em4 ,! ,epic ,!me ( a ,combat      
betwe5      ,fa!r & ,son4 ,a ,/udy ( its
 ,g5esis1 ,use 9 ,lit]ature &           
,popul> ,tradition4 ,by ,,murray ,a4    
,,pott]1 ,a4,m4 #aijb4 xii1 #bbd pp4    
#fs4        ,,xv4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,days'    
,,t\rnam5t4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,romance &       

,folklore4 ,be+ an ,app5dix to ! ,leg5d 
( ,sir ,lancelot4 ,by      ,,jessie ,l4 
,,we/on4 #aijc4 xvi1 #ei pp4 #bs4       
,,xvi4 ,,! ,,cattle ,,raid ,,( ,,cualnge
 7,t9 b ,cuailnge74 ,by ,l4             
,,w9ifr$ ,,f>aday1 ,m4,a4 ,out ( pr9t4  
,,xvii4 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,sir ,,p]ceval4
 ,/udies ^u its ,orig91                 
,developm5t1 & ,position 9 ! ,ar?urian  
,cycle4 ,by ,,jessie ,l4      ,,we/on4  
,vol4 ,i4 #aijf4        ,,xviii4 ,,an   
,,iri% ,,precursor ,,( ,,dante4 ,by ,c4 
,s4 ,,boswell4 #aijh4      #hs4 #f;d4   
,an ,iri% ,precursor ( ,dante           
,a ,/udy on ! ,vision ( ,heav5 & ,hell  
ascrib$ to !        ,eigh?-c5tury ,iri% 
,sa9t ,adamnn1 ) ,translation ( !       
,iri% ,text                             
,by                               ,c4   
,s4 ,boswell                            
,london                                 
,publi%$ by ,david ,nutt                
at ! ,sign ( ! ,phnix                   
,long ,acre                             
#aijh                                   

,,to                                ,h4 
,m4 ,h4 ,b4          ,,cont5ts          
,,page                                  
,,"p ,i        #a4 ,,introductory       
,dante's ,comm$ia prec$$ by a long s]ies
 ( ,visions ( !      ,o!rworld--,!      
,vision a fav\rite subject ) ,iri%      
writ]s (      ! ,middle ,ages--,dante's 
orig9ality                              
#a-d        #b4 ,,! ,,se]        ,!     
,iri% ,*ur* at ! close ( ! sev5?        
c5tury--,its      mission>y             
activity--,iri% s*ol>s & cl]ics on !    
,cont95t--,! au?orities = ,adamnn's     
life--,8 bir?      & p>5tage--,mean+ ( 8
 "n--,ent]s ! mona/]y (                 
,iona--,becomes abbot--,missions to     
,nor?umbria--,int]c\rse )      !        
,v5]able ,b$e--,! ,pas*al               
controv]sy--,adamnn adopts !      ,roman
 usage--,8 lab\rs 9 ! cause--,w9s ov]   
,irel& except      ,iona--,8 dea?--,8   
,life ( ,/4 ,colm ,cille--,8 treatise   
,de ,locis ,satutis--,miscellane\s &    
apocryphal writ+s--,8                   

s*ol>%ip--,adamnn 9 ! lat]              
annals--,anecdote ( 8      /ud5t        
days--,! ,boruma ,tribute--,remitt$ by  
rd ,r ,f9na*ta      ,fl$a*--,adamnn's   
opposition !reto--,d\btful au!nticity   
( ! record--,fur!r diss5sions ) ! rd    
,r--,dea?      ( ,f9na*ta--,adamnn's    
legislation on behalf ( ! wom5      (   
,irel&--,_! previ\s /atus & liability to
 milit>y      s]vice--,! ,c9            
,adamn9--,"* ( ,adamnn--,! ,fis         
,adamn91 :y associat$ ) 8 "n--,,mss4 &  
editions ( !      ,fis ,adamn9          
#d-bh        #c4 ,,translation ,,( ,,!  
,,fis ,,adamn,,9        #a4             
,exordium--#b4 ,enum]ation ( previ\s    
revelations ( !      ,o!rworld--#c4     
,adamnn's translation f ! body--#d-f4 ,!
 ,l&      ( ,sa9ts--#g-h4 ,! ,?rone ( ! 
,deity--#i4 ,! ,div9e ,pres5ce          
en?ron$1 & #aj4 ,pictur$ z a my/ic      
omnipres5t face--#aa4 ,!      ,cele/ial 
,city1 its sev5 walls & its floor2 #ab4 
,its inhabitants2      #ac4 ,its design1
 z ( a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--#ad4 ,limbo ( !  

exclud$--#ae-ah4 ,! ,s\l's progress     
?r\gh ! sev5 ,heav5s2      #ae4 ,_!     
doors & port]s2 ! fir/ ,heav52 #af4 ,!  
second      ,heav51 ,purgatorial pa9s2  
#ag4 ,! ?ird & f\r? ,heav5s2 #ah4       
,! fif? & six? ,heav5s--#ai4 ,! ,judgm5t
 ( ! ,s\l--#bj4 ,!      fate ( !        
damn$--#ba4 ,hell1 a fi]y gl5--#bb-bc4  
,! ,bridge (      ,doom--#bd4 ,! half   
good1 half wick$--#be-bi4 ,puni%m5ts ( !
      wick$ describ$2 classification (  
crimes & puni%m5ts--#bg4      ,!        
*>itable b c>nal--#bi4 ,fi]y wall res]v$
 until aft] !      ,la/ ,judgm5t--#cj4  
,description ( ,hell2 impati5ce ( !     
damn$      = ,judgm5t2 respite on       
,sundays--#ca4 ,adamnn returns to       
,heav52      is re/or$ to ! body1 &     
bidd5 report :at he has se5--#cb4       
,?is ! subject ( 8 subsequ5t prea*+2    
consonant ) !      doctr9e ( ! ,apo/les 
& ,sa9ts--#cc4 ,eno*1 ,elias1 & !       
,bird-flocks ( ,p>adise--#cd4           
,p]oration2 ,l',envoy--#ce4 ,rhapsodical
      description ( ,heav5              

#bh-dg                                  
,,"p ,,ii        #a4 ,,! ,,classical    
,,tradition        ,s\rces ( ! m$ival   
leg5d ( ! ,vision ( !      ,o!rworld--,!
 ,classical ,tradition--,! ,o!rworld 9  
! ,greek poets--,influ5ce ( !           
,my/]ies--,! effect      ( initiation on
 ! future life--,e?ical tea*+ ( !       
,my/]ies--,plato's ,vision (            
,er--,plato's op9ion ( !                
,my/]ies--,description ( ,elysium 9 !   
,axio*us--,!      ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes2
 visit to ,hades by ,dionysos2          
light ?r[n on ! ,greek views ( !        
,my/]ies ( !      next _w--,plut>*'s    
,vision ( ,!spesios--,plut>*'s          
es*atology--,rebir? !ory 9 ,plato &     
,plut>*--,! ,vision      9 ,lat9        
lit]ature--,! ,somnium                  
,scipionis--,virgil's      description (
 ! ,o!rworld--,lit]>y "* ( 8            
treatm5t--,composite nature ( 8         
es*atology--,8 au?ority      9 ! ,middle
 ,ages                                  
#dh-fg        #b4 ,,! ,,ori5tal         

,,tradition        ,dante's attitude    
t[>ds ,virgil--,8 s*eme 9 !             
,comm$ia--,non-classical elem5ts !reby  
necessitat$--,process      ( accretion 9
 ! lat] ,jewi% ,*ur*--,! ,*aldan        
es*atology--,visits to ,hades ( ,i%tr & 
,gisdub>--,!      ,*aldan               
,elysium--,arali1 ! ,*aldan             
,hades--,ari/ocratic      conception (  
,elysium--,! effect ( ! ,m$ian          
conque/--,!      ,ave/an es*atology--,! 
s\l aft] dea?--,! ,*9vt                 
,bridge--,judgm5t--,! ,ave/an           
,elysium--,! ,tree ( ,life &      !     
,_w-,sea--,! bird ,k>%ipta--! ,v>a (    
,yima--,yima      & ! ,indian           
,yama--,allegoric t5d5cies ( !          
,ave/a--,its      adoption ( e>li]      
animism--,! "q ( its influ5ce      on   
,judaism--,d>me/et] on ,neo-,platonic   
elem5ts 9 !      ,ave/a--,old] elem5ts 9
 ! ,ave/an !ory ( ! ,o!rworld2          
,a*m5ian1 ,indian & ,*aldan--,! ,ame%a  
,sp5tas & !      ,philonic              
emanations--,_! probable connection ) ! 

,*aldan ,spirits ( ,e>?--,*aldan &      
,p]sian influ5ces      ^u ,jewi%        
speculation--,ori5tal conceptions pres5t
 9 !      ,vision ( ,adamnn3 ! sev5     
,heav5s1 ! my/ical ,bird1 !      ,tree (
 ,life1 ! ,_w-,sea1 ! ,bridge--,rebir?  
!ory abs5t      f ! ,ave/an             
religion--,egypt & ,neo-,judaism--,!    
,jewi%      colony 9 ,alex&ria2 its     
culture ma9ly ,hell5ic2 int]*ange      (
 ideas ) ! ,egyptians--,egyptian cults 9
 ! ,hell5ic      _w--,egyptian          
es*atology2 ,judgm5t1 ! #8,eat] ( !     
,dead1'      ,elysium--,purgatorial &   
k9dr$ !ories ( ! ,rabbis &      e>ly    
,*ri/ians--,special treatm5t ( half     
good1 half wick$      s\ls--,greek &    
,ori5tal influ5ces on ! ,o!rworld       
conceptions      ( ! ,*ri/ian           
,*ur*--,rebir? reject$ by ! ,jews1 & by 
!      anci5t ,egyptians                
#fg-id        #c4 ,,! ,,ecclesia/ical   
,,tradition        ,! ,vision ( !       
,o!rworld a fav\rite subject 9 ! ,jewi% 
apocryphal scriptures--,! ,book (       

,eno*--,p>allels to ,*ri/ian            
,visions--,c>e = topographical          
details--,diss]tations z 9              
,dante--,purgatorial !ory--,descriptions
 ( ,hell & ,heav5--,!      ,cele/ial    
,m\nta9--,%eol--,! ,tree (              
,life--,judgm5t--,! ,gospel      (      
,nicodemus--,! ,vision ( ,esdras 9 !    
,old ,te/am5t      ,apocrypha--,ano!r   
,vision ( ,esdras 9 ! ,*ri/ian          
apocryphal      books--,! ,vision (     
,isaiah--,little in=mation respect+ !   
,o!rworld 9 ! canonical books ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t--,details      9 ! ,epi/les (  
,/4 ,jude & ,/4 ,pet] & !               
,revelation--,grco-,roman speculations  
dur+ ! e>ly ages ( !      ,*ur*--,!     
,sibyll9e books--,! #8,h>r[+ ( ,hell'   
leg5d--,spread      ( es*atological     
writ+s--,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas--,an        
anticipation ( ,dante & ,beatrice--,its 
scope r anagogical      ?an             
es*atological--,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4     
,pet]--,! ,revelation      ( ,/4        
,paul--,_! influ5ce app>5t 9 ! ,fis     

,adamn9--,!      ,transitus ,m>i--,bl5d+
 ( ,hebraic & ,hell5ic conceptions (    
! ,o!rworld--,p]si/5ce ( ! moral tea*+ 9
 ! ,my/]ies2      & ( ! popul> belief 9 
,t>t>us--,! ,vision leg5d little        
affect$ by ,pagan cults or              
,neo-,platonic speculation--,! ,vision  
leg5d 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur*--,in/ances       
record$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e      & ,/4      
,gregory--,m9or importance ( ! leg5d 9 !
 ,we/ until      develop$ by ! ,iri%    
,*ur*                                   
#id-aac        #d4 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,9      
,,irel&        ,relations ( ! ,iri%     
,*ur* ) ,s\!rn ,gaul & !                
,ea/--,iri% ,pilgrimages to ,egypt--,!  
,egyptian ,book ( ,adam &      ,eve     
pres]v$ 9 ,irel& only--,resemblances    
betwe5 ! ,iri%      & ,ori5tal mona/ic  
sy/ems--,iri% k ( ,greek writ]s      &  
int]c\rse ) ! ,greeks--,! ecclesia/ical 
conception (      ! ,o!rworld influ5c$  
by cognate ideas 9 ,iri% lit]ature      
& my?ology--,dignity ( ! ,iri% lit]>y   
pr(ession2      its                     

classifications--,categories ( ! ,iri%  
hi/orical &      romantic               
tales--,tol]ance ( ! ,iri%              
cl]gy--,survival (      ! ,imram & ,fis1
 & _! influ5ce ^u ! lit]ature (         
m$ival ,europe--,! ,o!rworld a fav\rite 
subject 9 ,iri%      leg5d--,elysian    
realms ( ! ,iri% ,gods2 ( ! ,dagda &    
,o5gus g1 ( ,mid]1 ( ,manannn ,mac      
,lr--,poetic description      9 !       
,voyage ( ,bran--,te?ra1 k+ ( ! dead--,8
      mess5g]s to summon mortals to     
him--,! /ory ( ,connla--,!      ,orpheus
 my? 9 ,irel&--,! ,s]glige              
,con*ula9d--,no      ,t>t>us 9 ! ,iri%  
my?ology--,malignant p[]s--,s9i/]       
aspects ( ! ,o!rworld--,! realm (       
,sca?a*--,! ,bridge      ( !            
,cliff--,:e!r ( ,norse orig91 or        
ecclesia/ical1 or      native--,p>allels
 9 ! ,ave/a & among primitive           
peoples--,!      ,adv5tures ( ,n]a--,!  
leg5d 9 ! ,f9n ,cycle--,late            
survivals--,! leg5d 9 ! ,conn ,cormac   
,cycle--,conn's visits to      ! ,tr    

,tairngire--,*ri/ian r$actions ( ,pagan 
/ories--,!      adv5tures ( rt 9 ! ,tr  
,tairngire1 & ! c\rt%ip      (          
,delb*aem--,! visit ( ,cormac to ! ,tr  
,tairngire--,!      introduction (      
allegory--,fir/ rudim5t>y e?ical        
conceptions      9 connection ) !       
,o!rworld--,:e!r orig9al or due to      
cl]ical r$actors--,int]polations by !   
r$actors--,increas+      prom95ce (     
es*atological ideas 9 ! ,*ri/ian        
,imrama--,!      *a/ity ideal exi/+ side
 by side ) its opposite 9 !      ,tr    
,tairngire--,cu*ula9n & ! *ildr5 ( ,doel
 ,d]mait--,!      en*ant$ ca/le & its   
,o!rworld orig9--,! ,voyage (           
,maeldu9's ,cura*--,greek               
influ5ces--,elysian isl&s--,inf]nal     
elem5ts--,! #8,mill] ( ,hell'--,picture 
( ,elysium--,adaptation      ( ! ,phnix 
leg5d to old ,iri% my?s--,bird          
s\ls--,isl&      h]mits--,! cook (      
,tora*--,! ,voyage ( ! ,cura* (      !  
,ui ,corra--,es*atology 9 !             
asc5dant--,influ5ces (                  

,nature--,purgatorial !ory introduc$    
into ! ,imram--,! ,voyage      ( ,sn$gus
 & ,mac ,ragla--,transition f ,pagan to 
,*ri/ian      conceptions ( !           
,o!rworld--,visions ( ! ,o!rworld 9     
,irel&--,visions ( ,/4 ,colm ,cille--,/4
 ,fursa2 8 ,vision--,vision      (      
,laisrn--,! ,scl ,li ,br?a--,! f\rfold  
division ( human      s\ls--,! ,d ,brn  
,fla?a ,nime                            
#aac-agd        #e4 ,,! ,,fis ,,adamn,,9
        ,its /ructural & lit]>y         
sup]iority to o!r ,visions      be=e    
,dante--,! g5]al plan--,indications (   
composite      au?or%ip--,au?orities    
foll[$ by ! writ] ( ! ,vision--,!       
guide to ! ,o!rworld--,! au?or's use (  
old ,iri%      imag]y--,8 ecclesia/ical 
treatm5t ( ! subject--,pictorial        
gr\p+ & imag]y--,p>allels to !          
,imrama--,! ,cockayne      idea & !     
ascetic idea--,! /ate describ$ to       
cont9ue      to ! ,la/ ,judgm5t         
only--,def]r$ ,judgm5t ( c]ta9          
spirits & _! ,limbo--,! s\l's progress  

?r\gh ! sev5      ,heav5s--,!           
,purgatorial !ory--,dante               
p>allels--,judgm5t--,!      fate ( !    
reprobate--,insi/5ce on ! spiritual side
 (      _! suff]+s--,! fur!r description
 ( ,hell app>5tly      int]polat$--,!   
,bridge incid5t--,f\rfold division ( !  
s\ls--,! puni%m5ts ( !                  
reprobate--,increas+ m9ut5ess      ( ^! 
descriptions by successive ,vision      
writ]s--,attempts      at               
classification--,dante                  
p>allels--,tempor>y puni%m5t (          
c]ta9 s9n]s--,! region ( ! damn$ aft] ! 
,la/      ,judgm5t--,*>act]i/ics (      
nor!rn & s\!rn writ]s                   
respectively--,! f\r riv]s (            
,hell--,adamnn's message--,eno*      &  
,elias ) ! ,bird-flocks ab\t ! ,tree (  
,life--,rhapsodical      description (  
,heav5                                  
#agd-bjf        #f4 ,,lat] ,,developm5ts
        ,iri% influ5ces ^u ,cont95tal   
writ]s--,endur+ effect (      ,/4       
,br5dan's leg5d--,! ,voyage ( ,/4       

,br5dan--,old ,iri%      incid5ts       
pres]v$ !re9--,! ,p>adise ( ,birds & !  
rebel angels--,cessation ( ! ,imram &   
cont9uance ( !      ,fis--,! ,vision (  
,tundale--,great developm5t (           
,purgatorial      incid5ts--,! ,bridge  
episode--,hell describ$ z ! m\? ( a     
dragon--,description ( ,hell--,! half   
righte\s--,conv]se )      p]sons :om    
,tundale _h kn[n 9 life--,k+            
,cormac--,p>adise--,!      ,tree ( ,life
 & ,bird-flocks--,bl5d+ 9 ?is vision (  
,iri%      & ecclesia/ical              
elem5ts--,influ5ce ( ! result ^u        
,european lit]ature--,relations to !    
,fis ,adamn9 & to      ! ,/4 ,patrick's 
,purgatory leg5d--,dante probably       
acqua9t$      ) ! ,vision (             
,tundale--,comp>ison betwe5 ! ,vision   
& ! ,comm$ia--,preval5ce ( ! ,vision    
leg5d on !      ,cont95t--,=eign        
,visions d]iv$ f ,iri% s\rces--,!       
,vision ( ,drih!lm--,/4 ,patrick's      
,purgatory--,! ,vision (                
,ow5--,d\btful orig9 ( ! leg5d ( ,/4    

,patrick's ,purgatory--,its             
popul>ity on ! ,cont95t--,treatm5t by   
,cont95tal      writ]s--,! ,vision (    
,alb]ic--,wan+ influ5ce ( ! ,iri%       
s*ool--,increas$ numb] b dim9i%$        
importance ( !      ,o!rworld           
/ories--,lack ( orig9ality              
#bjf-bda        #g4 ,,conclusion        
,recapitulation--,no !ory prop\nd$ z to 
,dante's indebt$ness      to ! ,iri%    
s*ool--,8 probable acqua9tance ) ! lat] 
,visions ( t s*ool--,probable nature &  
limitations ( _!      influ5ce--,t5d5cy 
( ea* s*ool to drop ! m *>act]i/ic      
traits ( its pr$ecessors--,dante's      
rejection ( _m conv5tional              
incid5ts--,! lit]>y qualities ( ! ,fis  
,adamn9--,iri%      susceptibility to ! 
beauties ( ,nature & to music--,abs5ce (
      diss]tations f ! ,fis             
,adamn9--,int]ruption ( ! ,iri%         
national lit]ature--,mod]n r5aissance   
#bdb-bdi        ,,index                 
#bea          ,,an ,,iri% ,,precursor   
,,( ,,dante          ,,"p ,i            

#a4 ,,introductory      ,few1 if any1 ( 
! great ma/]pieces ( lit]ature1 ev5 ( ^?
  :i* be> ! mo/ unmi/akable impr9t ( an 
orig9al m9d1 are  #8orig9al' 9 ! vulg>  
s5se ( be+ inv5t$ #8all out ( !  head' (
 ! au?or4 ,mo/ frequ5tly !y are !       
developm5t &  ! sublimation ( =ms &     
subjects already curr5t2 =1 z ,dumas    
pre truly said1 x is mank9d1 & n !      
individual man1 t  inv5ts4 ,! wagon (   
,!spis prec$$ ! /age ( s*ylus1 :ile     
,!spis himself _h pr$ecessors :o did n  
ev5 adopt ! wagon4 ,!  great dramatic   
s*ools ( all p]iods took ! great] &     
bett] "p  ( _! !mes f ! my?1 hi/ory1 or 
fiction curr5t 9 _!  day4 ,s x has be5 )
 mo/ o!r k9ds ( lit]ature1 & to ?is     
rule ! ,comm$ia ( ,dante1 ?\gh "o ( !   
mo/ truly orig9al  creations ( ! human  
m9d1 =ms no exception4 ,! ma9 subject ( 
! poem1 ! visit ( a liv+ man1 9 p]son or
 9 vision1 to !  _w ( ! dead1 & 8 report
 ( :at he _h se5 & he>d !re1  belongs to
 a class ( _w-my?s ?an :i* few are m    
widely  di/ribut$ 9 place or "t1 & none 

h be5 m =tunate 9  ! place won = !m by !
 ma/]s ( lit]ature4 ,aft] occupy+  an   
important place 9 sev]al ( ! antique    
religions x af=d$  subjects to ! g5ius (
 ,hom]1 ,plato1 & ,virgil2 x 0 !n adopt$
  into ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & aft]w>ds
 con/itut$ "o ( !  fav\rite subjects 9 !
 popul> lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages1    
until1  f9ally1 ,dante exhau/$ ! great  
pot5tialities ( ! !me1 &  preclud$ all  
fur!r developm5ts4    ,! ,comm$ia is l a
 mighty riv] =m$ by ! conflu5ce (       
sev]al great tribut>ies1 ea* ( :i* is f$
 by innum]able spr+s  & /reamlets1 :i* h
 _! rise 9 regions remote & mo/  div]se 
f ea* o!r1 & are all t+$ by ! soil ( !  
l&s  ?r\gh :i* !y fl[4 ,x is ) "o ( ^!  
tribut>y /reams  t ! foll[+ pages deal1 
& t n ! lea/ important among  !m1 = to x
 ! ,vision ( ! ,o!rworld1 z curr5t 9 !  
lat]  ,middle ,ages1 ow$ mu* bo? ( its  
popul>ity & its cont5ts1 n1  inde$1 by  
way ( direct d]ivation or sugge/ion--a  
view :i* sev]al  circum/ances =bid u to 
ent]ta9--b z ! result ( an influ5ce     

:i*1 9 an e>li] /age ( culture1 _h      
det]m9$ ! direction  :i* ! ,vision leg5d
 actually foll[$ 9 its lat] developm5ts4
    ,! subject w\ld appe> to h possess$ 
a special fasc9ation =  ! ,iri% writ]s  
at ! "t :5 ,irel& 0 ! *ief intellectual 
c5tre ( ,we/]n ,europe1 & ! con/ant flux
 & reflux ( ,iri%  tea*]s & =eign /ud5ts
 necess>ily t5d$ to spread abroad s     
mu*1 at any rate1 ( ! compositions ( !  
,iri% s*ools z 0 9  h>mony ) ! ta/es &  
beliefs ( ,*ri/5dom at l>ge4    ,by f> !
 mo/ important ( ! ,apocalyptic writ+s  
:i* proce$$  f ! ,iri% s*ools is !      
,vision :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/4  ,adamnn1 ( 
:i* a translation is giv5 9 ! pres5t    
volume4 ,x is  int]e/+ to comp>e x ) !  
lat] & great] "w1 & to m>k  ! num]\s    
po9ts ( resemblance :i* may be disc]n$ 9
 works s  widely diff]5t4 ,?is & ! l    
productions ( a rud]1 b n  ignorant nor 
uncultur$1 age1 des]ve no less att5tion 
?an t :i*  we be/[ ^u ! works ( !       
primitive s*ools ( art & lett]s1  be=e  
,giotto & 8 compe]s _h effect$ ! release

 ( pa9t+  f ! bonds ( =malism1 & _h op5$
 out ! ways ( ,nature  & imag9ation1 &  
be=e ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ,dante _h 
r5d]$ possible 8 dolce /il nuovo4    ,at
 ! same "t x may be se5 h[ ! leg5d :i*  
receiv$ its  apo!osis 9 ,dante's        
immortal v]se came into be+ ^u ! mi/y   
heights ( primitive my?1 & aft] =m+ !   
!me ( poets &  philosoph]s 9 classical  
antiquity1 ent]$ into ! lit]ature &     
tea*+ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 h[ !     
ecclesia/ical leg5d1  z x _h n[ become1 
0 adopt$ into ! ,iri% ,*ur* at ! "t (   
its greate/ activity1 & !re receiv$ !   
impress ( ! national  g5ius1 & became   
bl5d$ ) ! national traditions2 !nce x   
return$ aga9 to become a "p ( ! g5]al   
lit]ature ( ,europe1  & receiv$ yet     
fur!r elem5ts f ! newly popul> romances 
(  *ivalry1 & /ill m f ! reviv$         
classical tradition1 until  ! elixir ( !
 great magician's g5ius f9ally transmut$
 !  amalgam into gold to be a   4    ,to
 recognise ^! facts is n to disp>age or 
limit ! orig9ality  ( ,dante's g5ius2 r 

8 true orig9ality is ?r[n into high]    
relief by a comp>ison ) all o!r lab\r]s 
9 ! same field  :o _h gone be=e him4    
,no?+ b ! /udy ( ^! lab\rs  w enable u  
to give him 8 due place 9 ,european     
lit]ature &  ?\ght1 :ile su* a /udy w   
expla9 & ju/ify c]ta9 features  9 8     
treatm5t ( ! !me :i* may be repugnant to
 mod]n  ways ( ?9k+1 b 7 n only ju/ifi$1
 b necessitat$1  by ! beliefs &         
traditions univ]sally accept$ 9 8 own   
day4  ,dante himself always lov$ to     
ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to 8  lit]>y    
prog5itors1 alike among ! writ]s (      
antiquity & 8  own contempor>ies or     
imm$iate pr$ecessors2 & x seems fitt+ to
  pres]ve ! memory ( a s*ool ( writ]s to
 :om1 al?\gh he knew x  n himself1 are  
l>gely due ! actual "* & scope ( ! "w   
by :i* he a*iev$ immortality4           
#b4 ,,! ,,se]#a      ,by ! close ( !    
sev5? c5tury ! ,iri% ,*ur* _h almo/     
rea*$  ! p]iod ( its greate/ prosp]ity &
 ( its greate/ influ5ce  ^u ! culture ( 
,we/]n ,europe4 ,! ,?ree ,ord]s ( ,sa9ts

 _h  done _! "w1 & al?\gh 9 ,irel&1 z   
?r\gh\t ! re/ (  ,europe1 ,*ri/ianity _h
 n entirely prevail$ ov] ! hea!nism  ( !
 m seque/]$ populations--! pagani--yet1 
?r\gh !  l5g? & bread? ( ! c\ntry1 !    
,national ,*ur* 0 e/abli%$  9 close     
conjunction ) ! ,/ate1 ( :i*1 inde$1 x  
_h come to  =m an integral "p2 & :]ev] !
 ,iri% cl]gy prevail$1 /udies  fl\ri%$4 
,! mission>y zeal ( ! ,iri% cl]gy _h    
made kn[n ! ,gospel to  ! c\rts (       
b>b>ian pr9ces1 & to ! /ill pagan       
inhabitants (  ,nor? ,brita9 & ,g]many1 
,gaul & ,burgundy1 ,switz]l&1 ,/yria1 & 
,lomb>dy1 & ev5 c>ri$ x to ! ,f>oe      
,isles & ,icel&4 ,at home1  :at sp>ks ( 
antique le>n+ yet lurk$ b5ea? ! a%es to 
:i*  ! fires ( civilisation _h sm\ld]$  
d[n 7 ga!r$ into a  focus 9 s*ools :]e  
cr[ds ( /ud5ts f ! surr\nd+ nations     
f\nd hospitality & in/ruction2 :ile     
abroad1 ! f\ndations (  ,iona1          
,l9disf>ne1 & ,malmesbury1 ,luxeuil1 ,/4
 ,gall1 & ,bobbio1  ) _m m ( less] fame1
 /ood out l citadels erect$ to  ma9ta9 a

 peaceful conque/4 ,& f ! s*ools (      
,irel& 7 to  issue ! m5 :o 7 de/9$1 dur+
 ! next two c5turies1 n  m]ely to leave 
_! m>k ^u ! ,*ur* z !ologians & f\nd]s  
( mona/]ies1 b1 fur!r1 to play an       
important "p 9 m\ld+  ! new civilisation
 ( ! ,franki% ,empire1 to lay !         
f\ndations  ( mod]n philosophy1 & to    
promote ! /udy ( natural sci5ce  &      
lit]ature by lucubrations1 crude1 inde$1
 z comp>$ ) !  productions ( m fav\r$   
ages1 b /&+ out conspicu\s above  !     
level ( _! own "t4#b    ,mean:ile1 ?\gh 
! ,?ree ,ord]s ( ! ,iri% ,sa9ts _h come 
to an  end ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5?      
c5tury1 !y 7 succe$$ by  _m great       
,*ur*m51 :o comb9$ ) _! ecclesia/ical   
duties  a lively int]e/ 9 secul>        
politics1 9 :i* !y 7 wont to  int]v5e1  
mo/ commonly1 no d\bt1 ) b5eficial      
effect1 ?\gh  occasionally ) results    
no?+ less ?an disa/r\s4    ,"o ( !      
=emo/1 if n ! v =emo/1 among ! ,iri%    
cl]ics  ( ?is p]iod 0 ,/4 ,adamnn1 !    
reput$ se] ( ! ,vision :i*  be>s 8 "n4  

,?is great prelate is a /rik+ figure bo?
 9 !  ecclesia/ical & secul> hi/ory ( 8 
times2 b ! in=mation  we possess conc]n+
 him1 ?\gh n altoge!r scanty1 is n all (
  equal value4 ,x consi/s p>tly ( !     
evid5ces furni%$ by 8 own  writ+s &     
contempor>y records1 p>tly ( ! fur!r    
p>ticul>s  :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! annals 
compil$ f ! t5? to !  twelf? c5turies1  
?\gh ^!1 no d\bt1 are d]iv$ 9 great     
measure  f e>li] records4    ,adamnn 0 (
 high bir?1 z 7 _m ( ! lead+ ,iri%      
,*ur*m51  ! con/itution ( ! ,national   
,*ur* be+ ?or\ghly ari/ocratic1  9      
accordance ) ! civil society ^u :i* x 0 
m\ld$4 ,8  fa!r 0 ,ronn1 son ( ,t9ne1 a 
man ( *iefly rank 9 ! t]ritory  ( ,s]e?1
 or ,tr ,a$ha1 n[ ! b>ony ( ,tirhugh1 9 
s\?-we/  ,donegal1 & ! desc5dant (      
,conall ,gulbn1 ! f\nd] ( a fam\s  h\se1
 v>i\s bran*es ( :i* rul$ ,tr ,conaill f
 ! fif?  c5tury until ! fall ( !        
,o',donnells at ! beg9n+ ( !  sev5te5?  
c5tury4 ,adamnn's "m1 ,ronat by "n1 0 ( 
! ,c9el  ,enda1 a sept ( ,we/ ,mea?4#c  

,! date ( 8 bir? is v>i\sly  /at$1 b he 
appe>s to h be5 born betwe5 ! ye>s #fbd 
& #fbg  at ,drumhome1 9 ,tr ,a$ha4#d ,! 
"n ,adamnn is a dim9utive ( ,adam1  b   
?r\gh ! t5d5cy ( ,iri% phonetics to     
elide ! d & m  9 c]ta9 positions1 x came
 to be writt5 sometimes 9 ! confus+  =ms
 ,eunan & ,onan1 & has ev5 be5 trave/i$ 
into ,!unan &  ,d5nan4    ,adamnn ent]$ 
! great mona/]y ( ,iona z a novice1     
probably  ab\t ! ye> #fej1 z ,seg9e 7ob4
 #feb7 0 !n abbot4 ,!re he  0 di/+ui%$ =
 8 devotion & le>n+1 & 9 ! ye> #fgi1    
soon aft] ! dea? ( ,abbot ,failbhe1 0   
elect$ to succe$ him1  be+ n9? 9 desc5t 
f ,/4 ,colm ,cille1 ! f\nd]1 to :om he  
0 ak94 ,inde$1 all ,adamnn's            
pr$ecessors1 & 8 successors =  sev]al   
g5]ations1 7 memb]s ( ! same great      
family4 ,9 !  gov]nm5t ( 8 h\se & ( !   
ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts  9 ! neighb\r+
 isl&s1 he display$ ! qualities ( an    
able  adm9i/rator1 z well z ^? ( sa9t & 
s*ol>2 nor did he  conf9e 8 activities  
to matt]s ecclesia/ical1 b1 l mo/ ( !   

,iri% sa9ts1 took an active "p 9 public 
ev5ts4    ,ab\t ! ye> #fhd1 ,k+ ,ecgfrid
 ( ,nor?umbria made a desc5t ^u  ! ,iri%
 coa/1 betwe5 ,magh ,breg1 ! pla9 nor? (
 ! ,liffey1  & ,bela* ,dinn1 n[         
,ca/leki]an1 nor?-we/ ( ,kells1 & c>ri$ 
away _m captives4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he    
invad$ ! ,picts (  ,scotl&1 & 0 sla9 at 
,dun ,ne*tan4 ,8 successor1 ,aldfrid 7! 
son1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 ( an ,iri%  
"m71 _h be5 driv5  into exile 9 e>ly    
y\?1 & tak+ refuge 9 ,irel& 0 educat$  9
 ! s*ools ( t c\ntry1 to :i* he paid a  
grateful tribute  9 aft]-life4 ,he _h   
soj\rn$ = a :ile at ,iona1 & !re became 
acqua9t$ ) ,adamnn1 :o n[ took advantage
 ( ?is intimacy1 &  came to ,aldfrid's  
c\rt to plead ! cause ( ! captives4 ,he 
0  successful 9 ?is1 & _h ! happ9ess to 
r$eem f slav]y sixty  ( 8 c\ntrym51 :om 
he br\ght back ) him on 8 return4 ,?is  
visit produc$ results ( great importance
 to ! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,dur+  8 /ay 9       
,nor?umbria1 ,adamnn contract$ a close  
intimacy ) !  ,v5]able ,b$e--:o /rongly 

c5sur$ ,ecgfrid's unprovok$1 aggression 
7,hi/4 ,eccl4 iv4 #bf7--^u :om he made a
 /rong & fav\rable  impression1 z be+   
vir bonus1 et sapi5s1 et sci5tia        
scriptur>um  nobilissime in/ructus4 ,_! 
frequ5t colloquies dur+ ?is1 &1         
app>5tly1 a second mission ( ,adamnn to 
,nor?umbria1 ab\t two ye>s  lat]1 turn$ 
^u ! two ma9 po9ts :]e9 ! ,iri% usage   
diff]$  f t ( ,rome3 i4e4 ! =m ( !      
tonsure1 :i*1 9 ,irel&1  0 made         
cresc5t-wise across ! head1 & ! "t (    
keep+ ,ea/]4  ,9 ! latt] respect1 ,irel&
 reta9$ ! old] computation1 f\nd$  ^u ! 
,jewi% me?od ( calculat+ ! ,passov]1 :i*
 _h be5  adopt$ by ,rome dur+ ! disputes
 on ! subject ) ! ,ea/ &  ) ,alex&ria1 &
 0 9 =ce at ! conv]sion ( ,irel&4 ,9    
#dfc ,pope ,hil>ius introduc$ an improv$
 sy/em ( calculation1 :i*  ultimately 0 
g5]ally adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 ?\gh n   
)\t a /ruggle 9 ^? _m p>ts ( ! ,cont95t 
:]e ,iri%  influ5ce 0 p[]ful4 ,z a matt]
 ( c\rse1 ! re=m$ sy/em 0  br\ght into  
,engl& by ,augu/9e1 & contribut$ to wid5

 ! gulf  betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,briti%     
,*ur*es4 ,! s\? ( ,irel&1 or "p  ( x1   
appe>s to h accept$ ! *ange 9 ! ye>     
#fcc1 b x took  ne>ly ano!r c5tury to w9
 ov] ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,b$e urg$  ^u    
,adamnn ! propriety ( con=m+ to ! g5]al 
rule ( !  ,*ur*1 & 8 argum5ts wr\ght su*
 conviction 9 8 he>] t  ,adamnn devot$  
mu* ( ! latt] portion ( 8 life to ! task
 (  induc+ 8 c\ntrym5 to accept ! ,roman
 usage4    ,inde$1 ! rema9d] ( ,adamnn's
 life appe>s to h be5 divid$  betwe5 8  
abbatial duties & long & frequ5t visits 
to ,irel&1  9 ! c\rse ( :i* he is said  
to h tak5 t "p 9 secul>  politics to :i*
 we %all h to recur4 ,! great] "p ( ?is 
"t1 h[ev]1 he appe>s to h sp5t 9        
travell+ ab\t ,irel&1  occupi$ ) 8      
fav\rite s*eme = br++ ! "t ( !  ,ea/]   
celebration into con=mity ) ! g5]al     
practice ( !  ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,8 ef=ts 7  
g5]ally successful2 ,b$e1 9 fact  7,hi/4
 ,eccl4 v4 #ae71 ass]ts t he succe$$ 9  
w9n+ ov] to  ! ,ca?olic obs]vance       
#8almo/ all ^? :o 7 n subject to !  rule

 ( ,iona4' ,9 ! ye> #gjj1 or %ortly     
aft]1 he return$ to ,iona1  & attempt$  
to introduce 8 re=m into 8 own mona/]y1 
b 9  spite ( 8 abbatial au?ority & ( 8  
great p]sonal influ5ce1 he  f\nd !      
cons]vatism ( t great /ronghold ( !     
,iri% ,*ur* too  mu* = him1 & 8 monks   
refus$ to admit any innovation ^u !     
national practice4 ,he di$ on ! #bcrd   
,septemb] #gjd1 & 0 buri$ at  ,iona4 ,8 
relics 7 br\ght to ,irel& 9 #gbg1 b are 
said to h  be5 re/or$ to 8 mona/]y 9    
#gcj4    ,adamnn e>n$ well ! epi!t      
#8,high ,s*ol> ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1'  :i* is 
conf]r$ ^u him at ! op5+ ( 8 ,vision4 ,8
 mo/  celebrat$ "w 0 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,colm
 ,cille1 writt5 9 a ,lat9  :i* is       
g5]ally admitt$ to be f> sup]ior to t   
commonly 9 use  at 8 day4 ,! "w suff]s f
 ! =m 9 :i* x is ca/2 x does  n relate !
 ev5ts ( ! ,sa9t's life 9 *ronological  
sequ5ce1  b is divid$ into ?ree books1 !
 fir/ be+ devot$ to ,colm's  prophetical
 revelations1 ! second to 8 miracles1 & 
! ?ird to  8 angelical visions4         

,nev]!less1 x gives mu* in=mation (     
great  int]e/1 relat+ z well to ! life &
 acts ( ,/4 ,colm z to !  int]nal life (
 ! ,iri% ,*ur*1 :ile ! prefaces conta9  
important  biographical matt]4 ,!       
prom95ce giv5 to ! miracles1 visions1  &
 ! l1 associat$ ) ,colm's "n1 is m]ely  
:at we f9d 9  a l>ge proportion ( !     
hagiology ( all p]iods ( ! ,*ur*'s      
hi/ory1 :ile ! n>rative possesses a "* (
 its own1 & a  human int]e/1 :i* pres]ve
 x f ! monotony & conv5tionality  (t5   
prevail+ 9 writ+s ( ?is class1 & e/abli%
 a c]ta9  k9%ip ) ! ,fioretti ( ,/4     
,francis4 ,altoge!r1 ! ,life  is        
commonly accept$ z ! mo/ important      
extant monum5t ( !  ,celtic ,*ur*1 &    
also "o ( ! mo/ notable pieces (        
biography1  ecclesia/ical or lay1       
produc$ by ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4        
,ano!r "w proce$+ f 8 p5 0 a treatise ^u
 ! ,holy  ,places ( ,pale/9e4 ,?is1 too1
 0 writt5 9 ,lat91 & is consid]$  by    
,dr4 ,reeves to be sup]ior1 9 po9t (    
/yle1 to ! ,life (  ,colm ,cille4 ,he 0 

in/igat$ to und]take ?is task by        
,arculf1 a  bi%op ( ,gaul1 :o _h        
travell$ 9 ,pale/9e1 ,syria1            
,con/ant9ople1  ,alex&ria1 & o!r p>ts ( 
! ,ea/1 & on 8 return _h be5  bl[n out (
 8 c\rse1 & wreck$ on "s coa/ ne> to    
,iona4 ,"h  he 0 hospitably ent]ta9$ by 
,adamnn1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a  prolong$      
soj\rn ?r\gh ! /ormy w9t] mon?s held mu*
 le>n$  conv]se ) 8 ho/1 to _! mutual   
edification4 ,arculf _h /udi$  !        
topography & hi/ory ( ! places he visit$
 ) a ?or\ghness  almo/ unique at t day1 
& _h ev5 pres]v$ accurate  measurem5ts &
 descriptions ( build+s1 etc4 ,he freely
 imp>t$ !  results ( 8 inve/igations to 
,adamnn1 :o 0 himself possess$ (  !     
le>n+ :i* c\ld be acquir$ f su* books z 
7 accessible  to him4    ,sev]al        
ecclesia/ical works--a ,rule1 eight     
,canons1 etc4--are  attribut$ to        
,adamnn2 !re h also be5 pres]v$ a poem &
  sev]al dev\t opuscula 9 ,iri% :i* h   
be5 ascrib$ to him1  )\t f\ndation4     
,x w\ld appe> t he _h "s k ( ,greek1 &  

ev5 possess$  a c]ta9 acqua9tance )1 at 
any rate1 ! ,hebrew vocabul>y1  :e!r at 
fir/ or second h&4    ,x n[ rema9s to be
 se5 :at fur!r light is ca/ ^u ,adamnn's
  "* by ! lat] annals2 & "h we f9d a    
mixture ( ,di*tung  und ,wahrheit1 & no 
crit]ion :]eby we may di/+ui% ) any     
c]ta9ty betwe5 ! two4 ,! additional     
p>ticul>s d]iv$ f  ?is s\rce1 if we     
except a few leg5ds ( miracles & visions
 ( !  usual type1 relate = ! mo/ "p to  
,adamnn's political activity  dur+ ! la/
 decade ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,"o episode1  
h[ev]1  ( ,adamnn's s*ooldays gives !   
e>lie/ record$ fact1 if a fact1  ( 8    
c>e]4 ,x is a m]e anecdote1 unsupport$  
by evid5ce1 yet x  conta9s no inh]5t    
improbability1 & is wor? repeat+1 if    
only  z an au!ntic picture ( "o aspect (
 s*ola/ic life 9 anci5t  ,irel&1 & also 
z af=d+ ! fir/ glimpse1 probably1 ( !   
#8begg>-/ud5t' :o figur$ s conspicu\sly 
9 ! lat] ,middle  ,ages1 & 9 ,irel&     
surviv$ z ! #8poor s*ol>' almo/ to our  
own  day4 ,! /ud5ts at ! ,iri% c5tres ( 

le>n+--,univ]sities1 z  !y h be5 call$1 
n )\t reason--us$ to dwell ab\t _!      
tea*]s 9 huts ( wattle1 provision = _!  
ma9t5ance1 education1  & books be+ made 
by ! *iefs & ecclesia/ical f\ndations4  
,s great1 h[ev]1 7 ! ?rongs ( /ud5ts1   
native & =eign1  :o flock$ to ^! s*ools1
 t _m 7 compell$ to eke out !  public   
all[ance by hav+ rec\rse to ! *>ity (   
neighb\rs4 ,among  ^! 0 ,adamnn1 :o 0 "o
 ( a company1 or mess1 ( five /ud5ts  & 
_! tutor1 ! y\ng] /ud5ts tak+ x 9 turn  
to provide =  all4 ,"o day ?is task     
procur$ ,adamnn an adv5ture1 :i*        
introduc$  him to ! future mon>*1       
,f9na*ta ,fl$a*1 8 future relations  )  
:om1 if truly relat$ by ! annals1 7     
de/9$ to be fraught  ) mom5t\s          
consequ5ces to !m bo? & to ! :ole (     
,irel&4  ,f9na*ta1 ?\gh ( royal race1 _h
 once be5 s poor t 8 :ole  worldly      
possessions consi/$ ( a h\se1 a wife1 an
 ox1 & a c[4 ,at  ! "t ( :i* we speak1  
he possess$ a foll[+1 & "o day1 z  he & 
8 ret9ue 7 travell+ at full gallop1 !y  

came across a  "y /ud5t lad5 ) a pit*] (
 milk1 :o1 9 8 ha/e to avoid  ! horses1 
upset ! pit*] & spilt ! milk4 ,?is boy 0
 ,adamnn1  br++ home ! day's provision =
 himself & 8 messmates4 ,he set  out to 
run by ! side ( ! horsem51 & kept up )  
!m until  !y rea*$ _! de/9ation4        
,f9na*ta took notice ( ! boy1 &1  ent]+ 
into conv]sation ) him1 0 s well pleas$1
 t he n  only made good ! loss1 b       
provid$ ! five y\?s & _! tutor  ) a h\se
 & ma9t5ance1 receiv+ 9 return f ! tutor
 a  prophecy t he1 ,f9na*ta1 %\ld "o day
 become mon>* ( ,irel&1  ) ,adamnn = 8  
anam*>a1 or confessor4 ,x does n appe> t
  ?is int]view 0 imm$iately productive (
 any fur!r consequ5ces  to ,adamnn1 :o1 
9 due c\rse1 ent]$ ! mona/ic life1 z    
be=e  m5tion$4    ,! next incid5t (     
importance1 n already m5tion$1 :i* !    
annali/s relate conc]n+ ,adamnn1 is at  
once "o ( ! mo/  mom5t\s & mo/ obscure  
portions ( 8 c>e]--namely1 8 action  9  
connection ) ! ,boruma tribute4 ,?is 0 a
 heavy f9e1 9  cattle & v>i\s preci\s   

articles1 :i* ,tua?al ,te*tm>1 rd-,r  ( 
,irel& ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury       
,a4,d41 _h laid ^u  ,le9/] 9 p]petuity  
7or1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 = =ty    
ye>s7 to puni% a grave crime committ$ by
 ! k+ ( t prov9ce4  ,! int]mitt5t       
exaction ( ?is tribute 0 n ! lea/ among 
!  _m causes ( discord :i* prev5t$ !    
ideal polity ( ,irel&1  viz4 a          
conf$]ation ( k+doms & pr9cipalities--an
 ,empire we might  call x--"u !         
ov]lord%ip ( ! rd-,r1 f ev] becom+      
realis$ 9 a p]man5tly effici5t =m4 ,?is 
grievance ,/4 ,mol+1  ) ! support (     
sev]al o!r lead+ prelates1 det]m9$ to   
remove1 &1 x is said1 induc$ ,f9na*ta   
7:o _h become rd-,r 9  #fgc-d1 hav+     
defeat$ & sla9 9 battle 8 pr$ecessor    
,c5nfaelad7  to issue a decree = its    
abolition4 ,?is ev5t is commonly dat$ 9 
! ye> #fic1 b ,canon ,o',hanlon1 on !   
au?ority ( ,o',flah]ty's  ,ogygia1 ?9ks 
x mu/ be e>li]1 & is incl9$ to place x 9
  #fib1 ! ye> ( ,adamnn's visit to      
,irel&4#e ,x is record$ 9 a  treatise on

 ! ,boruma1 pr9t$ & translat$ by ,mr4   
,/&i% ,hayes  ,o',grady 9 8 ,silva      
,gadelica2 x is !re told 9 n>rative =m1 
) dialogues 9 ! oratio recta1 & int]m+l$
 ) _m  fictiti\s circum/ances s z to    
make up a /ory2 h[ev]1 ! ma9  incid5ts  
accord ) a fragm5t ( ,iri% annals giv5  
by ,mr4 ,o',grady  9 ! same "w1 & ) !   
,iri% poem =m]ly ascrib$ to ,adamnn4  ,!
 means by :i* ,/4 ,mol+ induc$ ! k+ to  
grant 8 reque/  %[ all ! symptoms ( a   
folk-tale4 ,by ! promise ( et]nal life  
imm$iately aft] dea?1 he procur$        
,f9na*ta's promise to remit !  tribute  
until ,luan1 :i* 9 ,iri% prop]ly means  
,monday1 b 0  also & /ill is a frequ5t  
t]m = ! ,day ( ,judgm5t--#8,black       
,monday4' ,! mon>*1 und]/&+ ! ^w 9 its  
lit]al s5se1  ?\ght ! t]ms easy1 & gave 
8 promise2 ! sa9t1 h[ev]1  insi/$ ^u    
putt+ 8 own int]pretation on x1 &       
,f9na*ta _h  to cons5t to ! p]petual    
remission ( ! tribute4 ,! measure       
itself 0 mo/ wise & /atesmanlike2       
nev]!less1 p]nici\s z  ! tribute 01 !   

abolition ( x t\*$ ! pride ( ! ,ui      
,nill1 ! rul+ race ( ,irel&4 ,!         
organisation ( ! ,*ur* 0  bas$ ^u ! clan
 sy/em :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,/ate2 religi\s 
communities 7 (t5 compos$ (             
fell[-tribesm51 ecclesia/ical  dignities
 pass$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r ( ! same  
*iefly  family1 & ! head ( an ord] 0    
practically a cl]ical *iefta91  %>+ ) ! 
lay pr9ces t fatal t5d5cy to pref] local
  to national int]e/s :i* has be5       
fraught ) consequ5ces to  ,irel& m dire 
?an ! ,boruma itself4 ,adamnn is        
repres5t$ z  possess+ 8 full %>e ( ?is  
family or racial pride1 & jo9$  ) !     
cl]gy ( 8 race 9 (f]+ a bitt] opposition
 to ! new  measure4 ,! n>rative ( 8     
deal+s ) ,f9na*ta is m graphic  ?an     
au!ntic4 ,) an au?ority1 to say ! lea/ (
 x1 wor?y  ( a ,hildebr& or ,innoc5t    
,,iii41 he s5t a cl]k to ,f9na*ta to    
summon him to in/ant conf]5ce4 ,! k+ 0  
!n play+ at *ess1  & decl9$ to budge    
until 8 game 0 end$4 ,adamnn1 in=m$ (   
?is1 s5t back ^w t he w\ld *ant fifty   

psalms :ile wait+1  ! effect ( :i* w\ld 
be to deprive ! k+'s :ole race ( !      
k+dom = ev]4 ,?is 0 ann\nc$ to ! k+1 b  
he _h begun  a second game1 & decl9$ to 
/ir until x 0 ov]4 ,adamnn !n  s5t ^w t 
he w\ld *ant ano!r fifty psalms1 :i*    
%\ld br+  on ! k+ %ortness ( life2 b    
,f9na*ta1 n[ engag$ 9 a ?ird  game1 s5t 
! same answ] z be=e4 ,!n ,adamnn s5t ^w 
t he  w\ld *ant yet ano!r fifty psalms1 
:i* %\ld deprive ,f9na*ta  ( ! ,"l's    
peace4 ,!n ,f9na*ta ha/ily arose1 quitt$
 8 *ess1  & repair$ to ,adamnn's        
pres5ce4 ,on be+ ask$ :y he came1 aft]  
ignor+ all previ\s messages1 he expla9$ 
t ! exclusion ( 8  po/]ity f 8 k+dom    
tr\bl$ him b little1 nei!r did he c>e  =
 a spe$y dea?1 see+ t ,mol+ _h promis$  
him et]nal life1  b he c\ld n be> to be 
exclud$ f ! ,"l's peace4 ,h[ev]1  ?\gh  
,f9na*ta !n made p]sonal submission to  
,adamnn1 ! decree  rema9$1 & ,god w\ld n
 suff] ,adamnn to deprive ! k+ ( !      
rew>d :i* ,mol+ _h promis$ him4    ,x is
 obvi\s t ?is n>rative1 9 po9t ( =m1 is 

fiction pure  & simple2 z fictiti\s z ! 
spee*es 9 ,?ucydides1 or !  dialogues 9 
,h]odotus or ,plut>*4 ,= ?is reason1 &  
because (  ! discrepancy ( dates1 & !   
unc]ta9ty att5d+ ! :ole  "q ( !         
remission ( ! ,boruma1 "s au?orities are
 incl9$  to call 9 "q ! entire /ory (   
,adamnn's relations )  ,f9na*ta1 & to   
relegate x to ! doma9 ( fiction4 ,?is   
summ>y  me?od ( cutt+ ! knot appe>s to  
be some:at arbitr>y3 if a  lib]al       
admixture ( fiction be suffici5t        
absolutely to discr$it !  *ronicles into
 :i* x ent]s1 we may be call$ ^u to     
disbelieve  t !re is any hi/oric basis =
 ,livy's ,hi/ory1 or ! records  (       
,*>lemagne1 = in/ance4 ,9 ! pres5t case 
x seems mo/  d\btful :e!r any means exi/
 = det]m9+ :at1 if any1 basis  ( fact   
und]lies ! n>rative1 b hav+ reg>d to !  
att5tion  paid by ! ,iri% writ]s to !   
record ( pa/ & contempor>y  ev5ts--:i*  
by no means implies ! /rict accuracy ( !
 record--x  seems improbable t ! record$
 acts1 9 matt]s ( great public  int]e/1 

( su* notable *>act]s z rd-,r ,f9na*ta &
 ,/4  ,adamnn %\ld n repres5t1 9        
sub/ance1 ! p>ts :i* !y  actually play$ 
9 ! public life ( _! "t4    ,ab\t ?is "t
 ano!r cause ( discord is said to h put 
a fur!r  /ra9 ^u ! relations subsi/+    
betwe5 ! ,sa9t & ! rd-,r4  ,f9na*ta hav+
 exclud$ ! l&s belong+ to ! ,ord] ( ,/4 
,colm  ,cille f ! privileges accord$ to 
! f\ndations ( ,,ss4 ,patrick1  ,f9ian1 
& ,ci>an1 ,adamnn aga9 provok$1 & ?is "t
 app>5tly  ) bett] reason1 by ?is fre%  
infr+em5t ( ! dignity ( ,ulad1  put a   
curse ^u ! k+1 & =etold t 8 life %\ld be
 %ort1  t he %\ld fall by a fratricidal 
/roke1 & t ! k+dom  %\ld pass f 8 race =
 ev]2 :i* triple prophecy 0 fulfill$  :5
 ,f9na*ta & 8 son ,bresal 7 sla9 by a   
c\s9 9 ! ye>  #fic-d4    ,a few ye>s    
aft] ^! ev5ts1 accord+ to ! annals1     
,adamnn  acquir$ a m hon\rable di/9ction
 by means ( ! ecclesia/ical  legislation
 embodi$ 9 8 #8,canons1' & by ! m fam\s 
law1 or code ( laws1 kn[n z ! ,c9       
,adamn94 ,ea* ( ^!  0 promulgat$ at a   

,mrdil--#8,great ,assembly'--! ,diet or 
,/ates-,g5]al ( ,irel&4 ,accord+ to ! m 
g5]al acc\nt1  bo? 7 pass$ at a ,mrdil  
held 9 #fig at ,t>a1 or1 accord+ to     
o!rs1 at ,bally%annon1 ,d]ry1 or        
,raphoe4 ,probably ,t>a 0 assum$        
inadv]t5tly to h be5 ! place ( meet+ by 
"s *ronicl]  :o1 be>+ 9 m9d ! anci5t    
cu/om1 _h =gott5 t ,t>a _h  be5 ab&on$  
s9ce ! curs+ ( x by ,/4 ,ruadn4 ,accord+
 to  ! ,f\r ,ma/]s & ,tig]na*1 ! la/    
,feis ( ,t>a 0 held 9 !  ye> #eed ,a4,d4
 ,or1 possibly1 !re is a confusion      
betwe5 ! g5]al  ,mrdil ( ire & an       
ecclesia/ical ,synod :i* appe>s to h    
be5 held at ,t>a ab\t ! "t 9 "q4 ,9 ?is 
unc]ta9ty z  to :i* ( ! sev]al ,synods &
 ,mrdla1 held t[>ds ! close (  ! sev5?  
c5tury1 0 ! sc5e ( ,adamnn's            
legislation1 ,canon  ,o',hanlon sugge/s 
t ! ,synod ( #fid-e w\ld be ! mo/ likely
  occasion ( ! enactm5t ( ! ,canons1 if 
x 7 c]ta9 t  ,adamnn 0 pres5t 7op4 cit4 
ix4 #ejh & #eab71 & t ! ,c9  0 pass$ at 
! ,mrdil ( #fif-g1 9 ! reign ( rd-,r    

,lo+sea*  mac ,o5gusa1 accord+ to !     
g5]al acc\nt2 ?is likewise agrees  ) !  
treatise ab\t to be m5tion$1 :i*1 h[ev]1
 gives ,birr z  ! place ( assembly4 ,!  
mo/ important article ( ! ,c9 0 !       
r5ewal ( a law pass$ by ,/4 ,colm ,cille
 at ! ,mrdil ( ,druimceatt  9 #eij1 b   
s9ce fall5 into desuetude1 :]eby wom5 7 
exempt$  f milit>y s]vice4 ,! ,c9       
,adamn9 is an ,old ,iri% treatise1      
probably ( ! t5? c5tury1 accord+ to     
,pr(essor ,kuno ,mey]1 :o  has publi%$  
an edition ( x1 ) notes1 9 ,anecdota    
,oxoni5sia  7,m$ival & ,mod]n ,s]ies1   
pt4 viii474 ,x is n ! "w (  ,adamnn     
himself1 b m]ely purports to give an    
acc\nt ( ! laws  :i* he pass$1 & !      
circum/ances ( 8 do+ s4 ,x is cle>ly    
comp\nd$ ( v>i\s elem5ts1 & x is work$  
up into a complete  /ory by d9t ( !     
employm5t ( a numb] ( fictiti\s details4
 ,x  op5s ) a melan*oly picture ( !     
/atus ( wom5 9 ,irel& 9  ,adamnn's day1 
_! home life be+ depict$ z a /ate (     
abject  slav]y1 :ile !y 7 fur!r liable  

to milit>y s]vice4 ,^!  descriptions c  
only be accept$ ) v great limitations1 =
  ! laws1 ! ,*ur* lit]ature1 & !        
romances ( ,irel& conta9  abundant      
evid5ce to prove t ! /ate ( ?+s "h      
depict$1 if  x exi/$ at all1 0 n g5]ally
 preval5t1 ! picture drawn 9  ! ,c9 be+ 
greatly exagg]at$ = ! great] hon\r &    
glory  ( ,adamnn4 ,at ! same "t !re is  
no ne$ to g to ! opposite  extreme1 &   
assume t ! position accord$ to wom5 9   
anci5t  ,irel& realis$ 9 practice !     
!ories ( *ivalry4 ,x does n  foll[ t !  
au?or ( ! ,c9 inv5t$ ! circum/ances he  
describes2 inde$1 !re is evid5ce t a    
simil> /ate ( ?+s  exi/$ 9 ,irel& s late
 z ,tudor times at lea/1 :ile p>allels  
might be f\nd 9 ! great cities ( a mu* m
 rec5t date4 ,b x  is ! wont ( ^? :o    
treat ( social & moral evils1 :e!r z    
re=m]s or satiri/s1 or 9 a less wor?y   
capacity--f ,juv5al to  ,zola1 & f      
,salvian to ,fa!r ,b]n>d ,vaughan--to   
repres5t !  sporadic & occasional evils 
( society z its habitual condition4  ,z 

reg>ds ! milit>y s]vice ( wom51 x appe>s
 c]ta9 t  wom5 did1 & probably 7 requir$
 to1 s]ve 9 ! w>s to "s  ext5t4         
,nev]!less1 nei!r ! annals nor !        
romances w>rant !  conclusion t great   
troops ( wom5 swell$ ! ,iri% armies4 ,x 
seems probable t 9 ! v>i$ & complicat$  
sy/em ( ! ,iri%  l& t5ure1 female t5ants
 may h be5 oblig$ to r5d] milit>y       
s]vice ratione t5urae1 in/ances ( :i*   
practice occur 9 o!r  p>ts ( ,europe4   
,:atev] ! nature or ext5t ( ! evil1 x 0 
greatly tak5 to  he>t by ,adamnn's "m   
,ronat1 & dutiful z h] son 0 to h]1 %e  
c\nt$ 8 s]vice z n\ght until he %\ld    
effect ! emancipation  ( wom54 ,"o day1 
z !y 7 on a j\rney--,adamnn1 aft] 8     
usual  cu/om1 c>ry+ 8 "m on 8 back--!y  
came to a battlefield1  :]e s great _h  
be5 ! slaught] t ! wom5 lay1 ! soles (  
"o t\*+ ! neck ( ano!r2 b ! mo/ pite\s  
sight ( all 0  a woman ) h] head 9 "o   
place & h] body 9 ano!r1 & h]  baby ly+ 
on ! brea/ ( ! corpse1 ) a /ream ( milk 
on "o  *eek1 & a /ream ( blood on ! o!r4

 ,at 8 "m's bidd+1  ,adamnn set !       
woman's head ^u ! trunk1 made ! sign ( !
  cross ) 8 /aff1 & %e arose & relat$ h]
 exp]i5ces 9 !  next _w betwe5 h] dea? &
 resuscitation4 ,ronat1 /ill fur!r      
confirm$ 9 h] purpose1 impos$ incr$ible 
au/]ities ^u ,adamnn  9 ord] to co]ce   
him into compliance4 ,at ! end ( f\r    
ye>s an  angel came to him & bade him   
rise1 b he refus$ to d s until  he      
receiv$ a promise t wom5 %\ld be        
emancipat$4 ,he !n came  =w>d ) 8       
proposals ( re=m1 :i* (f5d$ sev]al ( !  
lay  pr9ces1 s t !y comb9$ to put       
,adamnn to dea?4 ,at l5g? t]ms  7 agre$ 
^u1 & all p>ties pl$g$ !mselves t 9     
future  wom5 %\ld be exempt$ f milit>y  
s]vice1 & t no wom5  %\ld be sla9 by m5 
)\t full legal p5alties be+ exact$4 ,?is
  compact 0 solemnly sworn to by !      
contract+ p>ties2 ! =mula  ( ! oa? 0    
f\nd$ ^u t :]eby ! k+s 9 pagan times _h 
be5 wont to b9d !mselves 9 matt]s (     
great mom5t1 & :i*  surviv$1 ) necess>y 
modifications1 = "s c5turies aft] !     

introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y took to 
witness ! sun & moon1  & all ! o!r      
elem5ts ( ,god2 ! ,apo/les1 ,gregory1 ! 
two  ,patricks1 & o!r ,iri% sa9ts4 ,!   
t]ms ( ! oa? expla9 !  =m ( ,/4         
,patrick's fam\s hymn4    ,! con/ruction
 ( ! treatise is extremely loose2 ! =m1 
9 _m  places1 is t ( ! ecclesia/ical    
leg5d1 & ! pres5t r$action  0 evid5tly  
made 9 ! cl]ical int]e/4 ,z a fur!r     
in/ance  ( its composite "*1 9 c4 #cc x 
makes a fre% />t ) !  words ,incipit    
s5t5tia angeli ,adamnano1 & relates h[ !
 angel1  aft] two previ\s puni%m5ts     
inflict$1 came to ,adamnn & smote him   
on ! side1 bidd+ him g to ,irel& & enact
 a law t no woman  %\ld be sla9 )       
impunity4 ,x also /ates t ,adamnn's law 
0  ext5d$ to cl]ical /ud5ts & *ildr51 & 
fur!r gives sundry  am5dm5ts ( ! laws   
relat+ to cases ( assault1 rape1 sl&] ( 
*a/ity1 etc4 ,wom51 9 turn1 7 made      
liable = ! crimes !y  might commit2 9   
p>ticul>1 !y 7 r5d]$ puni%able = poison1
  arson1 or und]m9+ a *ur* by ! old     

,iri% p5alty ( be+ set  adrift 9 a boat 
) a s+le paddle1 & "o vessel ( meal & "o
  ( wat]4    ,! accuracy ( ?is treatise 
9 po9t ( detail h>dly calls =           
discussion4 ,x is a specim5 ( ! =m 9 :i*
 we h receiv$  mu* ( our in=mation      
conc]n+ anci5t ,irel&2 a =m comb9+  fact
 & fiction 9 a mann] :i* (t5 r5d]s x    
impossible to  di/+ui% betwe5 ! two )\t 
extrane\s evid5ce1 :i* is  seldom to be 
_h4 ,"h we h z ! sub/ratum an acc\nt (  
,adamnn's actual legislation1 set (f )  
an abundance ( fictiti\s  detail1 9 :i* 
a r$actor has attempt$ to comb9e two    
diff]5t  acc\nts ( ! circum/ances :i*   
br\ght ab\t ,adamnn's action1  :ile he  
has add$ a quantity ( o!r legislative   
re=ms1 m or  less connect$ ) ! subject1 
b only a "p ( :i*1 if any1  c be due to 
,adamnn himself4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( !    
,boruma1 x  is left = ! mo/ "p to our   
subjective views ( probability to       
det]m9e :at am\nt ( reliance is to be   
plac$ ^u ! hi/orical  facts :i* =m ! ma9
 subject ( ! treatise4 ,despite !       

crudity  ( ! "w1 p]haps ! evid5ce 9     
fav\r is r /rong] 9  ?is case1 = n only 
is x natural to assume t ! /atem5ts  ( a
 legal nature w\ld be tol]ably 9        
accordance ) ! facts1  :i* mu/ h be5    
kn[n to _m ( ! read]s1 b ! ascription  (
 ! re=m to ,adamnn--"u ! alt]native "n (
 ! lex  innoc5tium--appe>s to h be5     
accept$ )\t hesitation by  sev]al       
indep5d5t au?orities1 includ+ ! ,annals 
( ,ul/] &  ! ,fis ,adamn94    ,! la/    
action ( ,adamnn record$ by ! annals1 & 
"o t seems  fairly well au!nticat$1 is a
 s5t5ce ( excommunication pron\nc$  by  
him at ,t>a ^u "o ,irgala* = murd]4 ,"o 
( ! annali/ic  fragm5ts pres]ves a      
report t ,adamnn1 at ! close ( 8 life1  
0 expell$ f ,iona by 8 own monks on     
acc\nt ( 8 action 9 !  ,ea/] controv]sy2
 ?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be )\t f\ndation1
  = ! fact ( 8 dea? & burial at ,iona   
seems c]ta94 ,ano!r  rum\r 0 t grief at 
! recalcitrance ( 8 monks1 = ! same     
reason1 _h br\ght ab\t 8 dea?1 = :i* no 
o!r explanation  seems ne$$ ?an 8       

sev5ty-sev5 ye>s1 mo/ly sp5t 9 /r5u\s   
toil1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 any vexation or    
di/ress ( m9d might well be  ! imm$iate 
cause ( dea?4    ,our available         
in=mation conc]n+ ,adamnn does n set a v
 vivid  picture ( him be=e u4 ,8 own    
writ+s are ( a some:at imp]sonal  "*1   
:ile ! ,iri% annali/s seldom br+ to _!  
portrayal  ( hi/orical p]sons t p[] (   
*>act]isation & description  con/antly  
app>5t 9 ! romances4 ,we h already se5  
,b$e's  te/imony to ,adamnn's le>n+ &   
high "*2 ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1  9 _! notice (  
,adamnn's dea? 7:i* !y place 9 #gjc7    
ref] to  t passage1 & add t he 0        
#8te>ful1 p5it5t1 giv5 to pray]1        
dilig5t1 ascetic1 temp]ate2 = he nev]   
us$ to eat except+ on  ,sunday &        
,?ursday only2 he made a slave ( himself
 to ^! virtues2  &1 moreov]1 he 0 wise &
 le>n$ 9 ! cle> und]/&+ (  ! ,holy      
,scriptures ( ,god4' ,& a few scatt]$   
notices ( ! k9d  appe> to comprise all t
 we h 9 ! way ( direct description4     
,nev]!less1 ! au!ntic record ( 8        

actions1 comb9$ )  ! m d\btful evid5ce (
 lat] annali/s--:i*1 at ! v  lea/1 s]ve 
to %[ :at notion ( him surviv$1 & 0     
transmitt$  to po/]ity--may enable u to 
trace ) tol]able accuracy !  m sali5t   
outl9es ( 8 "*4 ,t 8 0 a /rik+ &  comm&+
 p]sonality !re is no d\bt3 he appe>s to
 h be5  fa%ion$ aft] ! same type z s _m 
( ! lead+ ,*ur*m5 (  ! ,middle ,ages1 f 
,ambrose d[n2 a type :i* comb9$ a great 
pr(ici5cy 9 le>n+1 & a devotion to !    
virtues ( ! cloi/]1  ) a /r5u\s activity
 :i* ass]t$ itself alike 9 ! dilig5t    
adm9i/ration ( _! ecclesia/ical (fice1 &
 9 ! ex]cise (  _! influ5ce ^u secul>   
affairs4 ,9 ^! la/1 _! int]v5tion       
commonly made = righte\sness1 & aim$ at 
putt+ a consci5ce into  politics1 nev] a
 sup]flu\s task4 ,!y (t5 /ood =w>d z !  
*ampions ( ! wrong$ & oppress$1 & 9 ?is 
cause1 &1 ev5  m1 9 def5ce ( ! claims & 
immunities ( ! ,*ur*1 nev]  fe>$ to     
enc\nt] ! temporal p[]2 r o!rwise1 9    
fact4  ,?is side ( ,adamnn's "* appe>s 9
 8 mission to ,nor?umbria  on behalf ( !

 kidnapp$ ,iri%m51 & 8 alleg$ def5ce    
aga9/  ,f9na*ta ( ! privileges ( 8 own  
ord]2 above all1 9 8  amelioration ( !  
lot ( wom5--possibly1 too1 ( /ud5ts &   
*ildr5--! records :]e(1 :atev] ! am\nt (
 hi/orical fact  :i* !y conta91 reveal !
 e/imation 9 :i* ,adamnn 0 held4  ,at ! 
same "t1 if ! incid5t ( ! ,boruma be    
ei!r true 9  fact1 or true to 8 "*1 x is
 evid5t t he 0 z liable z  any ( 8 great
 compe]s1 =eign or ,iri%--,colm ,cille &
 ,ruadn1  = in/ance--to all[ 8 zeal to  
be enli/$ 9 ! cause ( p>ty  int]e/ or   
p]sonal sympa?ies1 to ! great public    
detrim5t4 ,he  enjoy$ a traditional     
reputation = filial piety1 &1 at lea/1  
tribal patriotism4 ,8 record$           
asceticism1 h[ev] sev]e1 does n  appe>1 
save 9 "s ( ! lea/ cr$ible passages ( ! 
,c91 to  h be5 c>ri$ by him to ! same   
l5g?s ( self-torture1 wor?y (  a solit>y
 ( ! ,!baid1 or an ,indian yogi1 z x 0  
by _m (  ! ,iri% sa9ts4 ,inde$1 8 0     
ma9ly a life ( action1 & ev5  ! le>n+ = 
:i* he 0 fam\s is m app>5t 9 ! quality (

  8 "w ?an 9 ! quantity ( x4 ,! "p ( 8  
c>e] :i* left  ! mo/ endur+ m>k ^u 8    
,*ur* & 8 c\ntry 0 ! ma9ly  successful  
/ruggle :i* he c>ri$ on z ! lead+ ,iri% 
*ampion  ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! long conte/1 
begun be=e 8 "t1 & only  f9i%$ by       
,mala*i & ,gelasius 9 ! middle ( !      
twelf? c5tury1  betwe5 ! respective     
p>tisans ( national & ( g5]al usages 9  
! ritual ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,t portion ( 8
 "w :i* he left  unf9i%$1 ! submission (
 8 own ord]1 0 complet$ )9 a  qu>t] ( a 
c5tury aft] 8 dea?1 & ! ties betwe5 !   
,*ur*es  ( ,irel& & o!r c\ntries ( !    
,we/ 7 drawn tight] by !  removal ( !   
*ief cause ( sep>ation4    ,! ,vision   
:i* has come d[n to u "u ! "n ( ,adamnn 
is n  to be includ$ among 8 own works4  
,! language & /yle1 :i*  belong to a mu*
 lat] p]iod1 are conclusive z to ?is2   
:ile sev]al  allusions 9 x1 z t to !    
donation ( ,con/ant9e1 also po9t  to a  
lat] date4 ,dr4 ,:itley ,/okes1 inde$1  
consid]s t #8x is  n old] ?an ! elev5?  
c5tury1' b ,pr(essor ,w9dis*1 9 !       

preface to 8 edition1 demurs to ?is     
conclusion1 & holds t x  0 writt5 9 !   
t5? c5tury1 possibly ev5 9 ! n9?        
7,iris*e  ,texte1 i4 #afg sqq474        
,nev]!less1 x is n to be class$ among ! 
lit]>y =g]ies ) :i* ! ,middle ,ages     
teem1 compos$ sometimes  animo fraud&i1 
sometimes1 9 ! loose views !n prevail+  
z to lit]>y prop]ty & lit]>y fame1 9    
ord] to secure !  pre/ige ( a great "n4 
,! pres5t "w1 h[ev]1 nev] pr(esses  to  
be ,adamnn's own composition4 ,x        
inv>iably speaks ( him 9 !  ?ird p]son1 
t]m+ him ! #8,high ,s*ol> ( ! ,we/]n    
,_w1'  & ref]s to 8 legislation at !    
,mrdil1 :]e he is said to  h fir/       
receiv$ 8 ,vision1 & to 8 subsequ5t     
prea*+ z  matt]s ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,x       
rema9s1 !n1 to be consid]$ h[ ?is       
,vision came to be associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,we
 h se5 t he  _h become ! h]o ( a        
saga-cycle1 into :i* fiction _h made an 
entrance3 :e!r we mu/ class ! d\btful   
episodes z hi/orical  romance m]ely1 or 
z facts set (f by ! aid ( fiction4 ,?is1

  h[ev]1 br+s u little fur!r1 = x is    
c]ta9 t ?is popul>  reputation 0 e>n$ by
 8 actual a*ievem5ts3 aga91 !re=e1 we   
are fac$ ) ! "q h[ to di/+ui% fact f    
fiction4 ,x  may be t ! true au?or s\ght
 = 8 own tea*+ ! au?ority  ( s fam\s a  
sa9t2 or he may h _h be=e him an        
anonym\s "w1  & ins]t$ ! "n ( ,adamnn f 
a l motive1 or f a belief  9 ! fact2 or1
 aga91 ! "w may be :at x pr(esses to be1
 &  may h = its basis a m or less       
accurate tradition ( ,adamnn's  own     
tea*+4 ,a tradition1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1  
%\ld be all[$ a  c]ta9 weight :]e x is 9
 conflict nei!r ) asc]ta9$ fact  nor )  
probability2 & "h ! probabilities appe> 
to be r  fav\rable ?an o!rwise1 :i*1    
p]haps1 9 ! abs5ce ( fur!r  evid5ce1 is 
! ne>e/ approa* to a conclusion we c    
hope to make4  ,x is n a =g]y2 x is n a 
polemical "w1 :]e ! au?or might  wi% to 
%oot =? 8 d>ts f "u ! %ield ( "s ,ajax (
  controv]sy4 ,nei!r is x a m]e float+  
leg5d1 ready to be tack$  on to any "n  
indiff]5tly2 on ! contr>y1 x is writt5 )

 great  c>e1 & ) a lit]>y & con/ructive 
skill r>e at t day4 ,x  makes no        
pr(ession1 & betrays no purpose1 save to
 give ! sub/ance  ( ! ,vision :i*       
,adamnn relat$ to ! ,mrdil1 & ( 8       
subsequ5t prea*+4 ,! fa%ion ( ! day     
r5d]s x highly probable  t ,adamnn's    
tea*+ or prea*+ may h assum$ ?is =m4 ,!n
  8 fame & au?ority1 at ! mo/ active    
p]iod ( ,iri% lett]s1  might avail to   
pres]ve a "w1 ?us widely publi%$1 = a   
long]  "t ?an ! #aej or #bej ye>s :i*   
int]v5$ betwe5 8 dea? &  ! composition (
 ! ,vision1 ev5 9 its pres5t =m1 :ile if
  ! reasons adduc$ 9 a lat] place 7,"p  
#aa4 ,sec4 #e1 po/7 =  suppos+ x to be (
 a composite "* be correct1 x foll[s t  
! late/ au?or mu/ h _h be=e him--z 9 any
 case he probably  _h--mat]ials ( an    
e>li] date4    ,?us ! ,fis & ! ,c9 appe>
 to in/itute an exact p>allel4 ,we  h z 
! basis ( ! extant "w1 9 ! "o case1 a   
law enact$1  9 ! o!r1 a ,vision recit$1 
by ! sa9t1 :i* a lat] writ] has  work$  
up into lit]>y =m1 :ile o!r details     

relat+ to ! same  subject-matt]1 b      
entirely irrelevant1 h be5 add$ lat]4   
,two v]sions ( ! ,fis ,adamn9 exi/1 9   
two m$ival ,,mss41 n[  9 ! ,libr>y ( !  
,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,( ^!1 ! ,lebor  
na  h-,udri1 or #8,book ( ! ,dun' 7sc4  
#8,c['71 is ! olde/ extant  ,iri% ,,ms4 
:i* conta9s a collection ( secul>       
lit]ature1 be+  copi$ ab\t #aajc f ano!r
 ,,ms41 probably ab\t fifty ye>s old]1  
:i* 0 itself compil$ f v>i\s e>li]      
writ+s4 ,! o!r  ,,ms41 ! ,lebor ,brec1  
#8,speckl$ ,book1' 0 writt5 t[>ds ! end 
( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,bo? v]sions h be5  
edit$ & pr9t$  by ,pr(essor ,w9dis* 9   
,iris*e ,texte1 vol4 i4 ,i believe t no 
complete translation ( ei!r v]sion has  
be5 publi%$ 9 a =m  g5]ally accessible1 
?\gh ,o',donovan made & translat$       
extracts  f x1 & ,dr4 ,:itley ,/okes has
 edit$ & translat$ x1 )  notes1 b pr9t$ 
fifty copies only = private di/ribution 
7,simla1  #ahgj74 ,i h _h ! advantage ( 
ref]r+ to ?is edition1 ?anks  to !      
c\rtesy ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,nutt1 to :om ,i  

am indebt$ = sev]al  valuable sugge/ions
 & corrections4    ,! foll[+ translation
 has be5 made f ! ,l4,u4 v]sion4 ,!re   
is little diff]5ce 9 sub/ance betwe5 !  
two v]sions1 b !  ,l4,u4 is m attractive
 f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 ! ,l4,b4 be+   
some:at ov]load$ 9 places ) ,lat9       
quotations1 :ile x wants !  conclud+    
*apt]1 :i* ! ,l4,u4 possesses4          
#c4 ,,translation ,,( ,,! ,,fis         
,,adamn,,9      #a4 ,noble & wond]ful is
 ! ,"l ( ! ,elem5ts1 & great &  m>vell\s
 are ,8 might & ,8 p[]4 ,= ,he calle? to
 ,himself 9  ,heav5 ! *>itable &        
m]ciful1 ! meek & consid]ate2 b ,he     
consigns & ca/s d[n to ,hell ! impi\s & 
unpr(itable ho/  ( ! *ildr5 ( ! curse4  
,= ^u ! bless$ ,he be/[s !  hidd5       
treasures & ! manifold wages ( ,heav51  
:ile ,he inflicts a  div]sity ( torm5ts1
 9 _m k9ds1 ^u ! sons ( dea?4    #b4 ,n[
 !re are multitudes ( ! sa9ts & righte\s
 ones ( !  ,"l ( ,creation1 & ( !       
apo/les & disciples ( ,jesus ,*ri/1     
unto :om h be5 reveal$ ! secrets & !    

my/]ies ( !  ,heav5ly ,k+dom1 & ! gold5 
wages ( ! righte\s2 likewise !  div]s   
pa9s ( ,hell1 ) !m t are set 9 ! mid/   
!re(4 ,=  unto ! ,apo/le ,pet] 0 %[n !  
f\r-corn]$ vessel1 let d[n  f ,heav51#f 
) f\r cords to x1 & !y ) s\nd z sweet  z
 any music4 ,also1 ! ,apo/le ,paul 0    
caught up to ,heav51#g &  he>d !        
ineffable words ( ! angels1 & ! spee* ( 
!m t  dwell 9 ,heav54 ,moreov]1 on ! day
 ( ,m>y's dea?1 all ! apo/les  7 br\ght 
to look ^u ! pa9s & mis]able puni%m5ts (
 !  unble/2 = ! ,"l comm&$ ! angels ( ! 
,we/#h to op5 up  ! e>? be=e ! face ( ! 
apo/les1 t !y might see &  consid] ,hell
 ) all its torm5ts1 ev5 z ,himself _h   
told !m1  long "t be=e ,8 ,passion4     
#c4 ,f9ally1 to ,adamnn ua ,?9ne1 !     
,high ,s*ol> ( ! ,we/]n  ,_w1 7 reveal$ 
! ?+s :i* are "h record$2 = 8  s\l      
dep>t$ f out 8 body on ! fea/ ( ,john   
,bapti/1 &  0 convey$ to ! cele/ial     
realm1 :]e ! heav5ly angels are1  & to  
,hell1 ) its rabble r\t4 ,= no soon] _h 
! s\l issu$  f out ! body1 ?an !re      

appe>$ to x ! angel t _h be5  its       
gu>dian :ile 9 ! fle%1 & bore x away )  
him to view1  fir/ly1 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54
    #d4 ,n[ ! fir/ l& to :i* !y come is 
! ,l& ( ,sa9ts4 ,a  bright l& ( fair    
wea!r is t c\ntry4 ,9 x are div]se &    
wondr\s companies1 clad 9 cassocks (    
:ite l951 ) hoods (  radiant :ite ^u _! 
heads4 ,! sa9ts ( ! ,ea/]n _w =m  a     
company ap>t 9 ! ,ea/ ( ! ,l& ( ,sa9ts2 
! sa9ts ( !  ,we/]n _w are to ! ,we/ ( !
 same l&2 ! sa9ts ( !  ,nor!rn _w & ( ! 
,s\?1 9 _! great conc\rse1 are to !     
,s\? & ,nor?4 ,= e "o t is 9 ! ,l& (    
,sa9ts may freely  li/5 to ! music1 &   
may contemplate ! vault1#i :]e9 are !   
n9e classes ( ,heav51 aft] _! rank &    
ord]4    #e4 ,= "o spell1 !n1 ! sa9ts   
keep s++ m>vell\s music 9  praise (     
,god2 = ano!r1 !y are li/5+ to ! music (
 !  heav5ly ho/2 = ! sa9ts h no o!r ne$ 
?an to li/5 to !  music t !y he>1 & to  
contemplate ! radiance t !y see1  & to  
sate !mselves ) ! fragrance t !re is 9 t
 l&4  ,! wond]ful ,"l is face to face ) 

!m1 9 ! ,s\?-ea/1#aj  & a cry/al veil   
betwe52 to ! ,s\? is a gold5 portico1 & 
?r\gh x !y disc]n ! =m & adumbration ( !
 p (  ,heav54 ,no veil1 h[ev]1 nor cl\d 
is betwe5 ! ,ho/ ( ,heav5 &  ! ,ho/ ( ! 
,sa9ts1 b ^? are ev] manife/ & pres5t   
unto  ^!1 9 a place t is ov] aga9/ !m4  
,a circle ( fire surr\nds  ?is place1   
yet d !y all pass 9 & out1 & x does sca!
 to  none4    #f4 ,n[1 ! ,twelve        
,apo/les & ,m>y ! pure ,virg9 =m a b&   
ap>t1 ab\t ! mighty ,"l4 ,next to !     
,apo/les are ! ,patri>*s  & ,prophets1 &
 ! disciples ( ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r side   
are holy  ,virg9s1 at ,m>y's "r h&1 & ) 
no great space betwe54 ,babes  & /ripl+s
 are ab\t !m on e side1 & ! bird-*oirs (
 !  heav5ly folk1 mak+ _! m9/relsy4 ,&  
amid ^! companies1 b&s  ( angels1       
gu>dians ( ! s\ls1 d p]petual suit &    
s]vice 9 !  ,royal pres5ce4 ,no man is  
!re 9 ?is pres5t life :o may describe   
^? assemblies1 or :o may tell ( ! v     
mann] ( !m4 ,& !  b&s & companies :i*   
are 9 ! l& ( sa9ts abide cont9ually  9  

ev5 su* great glory z a=esaid1 until !  
great ,p>liam5t#aa  ( ,doom1 :5 !       
righte\s ,judge1 on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1  
%all  dispose !m 9 _! /ations & abid+   
places1 :]e !y %all  contemplate ,god's 
c\nt5ance1 ) no veil nor %ad[ betwe51   
?r\gh  ages ev]la/+4    #g4 ,b great &  
va/ z are ! spl5d\r & ! radiance 9 !    
,l& ( ,sa9ts1 ev5 z ha? be5 said1 m va/1
 a ?\s& times1  ! spl5d\r :i* is 9 !    
region ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/1 ab\t !  ,"l's 
own ?rone4 ,?is ?rone is fa%ion$ l unto 
a canopi$  *air1#ab & b5ea? x are f\r   
columns ( preci\s /one4 ,?\gh  "o %\ld h
 no m9/relsy at all1 save ! h>moni\s    
music (  ^? f\r columns1 yet w\ld he h 8
 fill ( melody & delight4  ,?ree /ately 
birds are p]*$ ^u t *air1 9 front ( !   
,k+1  _! m9ds int5t ^u ! ,creator       
?r\gh\t all ages1 = t is  _! vocation4  
,!y celebrate ! eight canonical h\rs1   
prais+  & ador+ ! ,"l1 & ! ,ar*angels   
accompany !m4 ,= ! birds  & ! ,ar*angels
 lead ! music1 & !n ! ,heav5ly ,ho/1 ) !
  ,sa9ts & ,virg9s1 make response4      

#h4 ,ov] ! head ( ! ,glori\s ,"o t      
sitte? ^u ! royal ?rone  is a great ar*1
 l unto a wr\ght helmet1 or a regal     
diadem3#ac &  ! eye :i* %\ld behold x   
w\ld =?) melt away4 ,?ree circles  are  
r\nd ab\t x1 sep>at+ x f ! ho/1 & by no 
explanation  may ! nature ( !m be kn[n4 
,six ?\s& ?\s&s1 9 guise (  horses & (  
birds1 surr\nd ! fi]y *air1 :i* /ill    
burns on1  )\t end or t]m4    #i4 ,n[ to
 describe ! mighty ,"l t is ^u t ?rone  
is n =  any1 unless ,himself %\ld d s1  
or %\ld s direct ! heav5ly  dignit>ies4 
,= none c\ld tell ( 8 vehem5ce & might1 
,8  gl[#ad & spl5d\r1 ,8 brightness &   
lovel9ess1 ,8 lib]ality  & /eadfa/ness1 
nor ( ! multitude ( ,8 ,angels &        
,ar*angels1  :i* *ant _! songs to ,him4 
,8 mess5g]s keep go+ to & f  ,him1 ev] &
 anon1 ) brief messages to ea*          
assemblage1 tell+  to ! "o ho/ ( ,8     
mildness & m]cy1 & to ! o!r ( ,8        
/]nness & h>%ness4    #aj4 ,:oso %\ld /&
 fac+ ab\t him1 ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,s\? &     
,nor?1 w\ld behold on ea* side ( him a  

maje/ic c\nt5ance1 sev5  times z radiant
 z ! sun4 ,no human =m !reto1 ) head or 
foot1  may be disc]n$1 b a fi]y mass1   
burn+ on = ev]1 :ile "o &  all are fill$
 ) awe & trembl+ be=e ,him4 ,heav5 & e>?
 are  fill$ full ) ! light ( ,him1 & a  
radiance z ( a royal />  encircles      
,him4#ae ,?ree ?\s& diff]5t songs are   
*ant$ by ea*  sev]al *oir ab\t ,him1 &  
sweet] ?an all ! v>i$ music ( !  _w is  
ea* individual song ( !m4    #aa4       
,fur!rmore1 9 ?is wise is ! fa%ion ( t  
city1 :]e9 t  ?rone is set4 ,sev5 cry/al
 walls ( v>i\s hue surr\nd x1 ea*  wall 
high] ?an ! wall t is be=e x4#af ,!     
floor1 moreov]1  & ! l[e/ base ( t city1
 is ( fair cry/al1 ) ! sun's  c\nt5ance 
^u x7871 %ot ) blue1 & purple1 & gre51 &
  e hue beside4    #ab4 ,a g5tle folk1  
mo/ mild1 mo/ k9dly1 lack+ 9 no goodly  
quality1 are !y t dwell )9 t city2 =    
none come !re1  & none abide !re ev]1   
save holy y\?s1 & pilgrims zeal\s =     
,god4 ,b z = _! array & ord9ance1 h>d is
 x to und]/&  h[ x is contriv$1 = none  

turns back nor side to o!r1 b !         
unspeakable p[] ( ,god has set1 & keeps1
 !m face to face1  9 ranks & l(ty       
coronels1 all r\nd ! ?rone1 circl+ x 9  
brightness & bliss1 _! faces all t[>ds  
,god4    #ac4 ,!re is a *ancel rail#ag (
 silv] betwe5 ea* two *oirs1  cunn+ly   
wr\ght ^u ) r$ gold & silv]1 & *oice r[s
  ( preci\s /ones1 v>iegat$ ) div]se    
gems1 & aga9/ t  lattice are seats &    
canopies#ah ( c>buncle4 ,betwe5 e two   
*ief companies are ?ree preci\s /ones1  
s(tly vocal ) sweet  melody1 & ! upp]   
halves ( !m are light$ lamps4 ,sev5 ?\s&
  angels1 z x 7 great c&les1 %9e &      
illum9e t city r\nd  ab\t2 sev5 ?\s&    
o!rs 9 ! mid/ !re( are aflame = ev]1    
?r\gh\t ! royal city4 ,! m5 ( all ! _w1 
if ga!r$ into  "o place1 _m z !y are1   
w\ld d]ive su/5ance en\gh f !  sweet    
sav\r ( any "o ( ^? c&les4    #ad4 ,n[1 
su* ( ! _w's inhabitants z atta9 n to t 
city  aft] _! life is sp5t1 & to :om a  
dwell+-place !re9 is  allott$ aft] !    
,words ( ,doom %all h be5 spok51 f9d a  

re/less & un/able habitation1 until !   
com+ ( ,judgm5t1 on  heights &          
hill-tops1 & 9 m>%y places4 ,ev5 s f>e  
^? hordes  & companies1 ) ! gu>dian     
angel ( e s\l 9 _! mid/1  s]v+ & t5d+   
!m4 ,9 ! ma9 doorway ( ! city !y are    
confront$ by a veil ( fire & a veil (   
ice1 smit+ p]petually  "o aga9/ ! o!r4  
,! noise & d9 ( ^! veils1 z !y  cla%    
toge!r1 are he>d ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & ! se$ (
 ,adam1  %\ld !y he> t d91 w\ld be seiz$
 !reat ) trembl+  & intol]able dismay4  
,fa9t & daz$ are ! wick$ at t d92       
h[beit1 on ! side ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/1    
n\ght is he>d ( t rude  discord1 save a 
v little only1 & t sweet] ?an any music4
    #ae4 ,awful is t city1 & wond]ful to
 describe2 = a little out  ( mu* is t   
:i* we h told conc]n+ its v>i\s ord]s1 &
  ! wond]s ( x4 ,seldom inde$ may a _s1 
aft] its conv]se &  co-habitation ) !   
body1 9 slumb] & repose1 9 fre$om &     
luxury1 w9 its way to ! ?rone ( !       
,creator1 unguid$ ( !  angels2 = h>d (  
essay are ! sev5 ,heav5s1 nor is any "o 

( !m  easi] ?an ! re/4 ,six gu>d$ doors 
confront all ^? ( mortal  race :o rea* !
 ,k+dom4 ,!re sits a port] & w>d] ( !   
,heav5ly ,ho/1 keep+ gu>d ov] ea* door4 
,at ! door ( t ,heav5  :i* is ne>e/ on !
 hi!r side sits ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 &  
) him two y\?s1#ai ) iron rods 9 _! laps
 to sc\rge &  smite ! s9n]s z !y pass   
?r\gh ?is ! fir/ grief & torm5t  ( ! pa?
 !y h to tread4    #af4 ,at ! door ( !  
next ,heav51 ! ,ar*angel ,ariel is w>d]1
 &  ) him two y\?s1#bj ) fi]y sc\rges 9 
_! h&s1 :]e)  !y sc\rge ! wick$ across !
 face & eyes4 ,a riv] ( fire1 its       
surface an ev]-burn+ flame1 lies be=e t 
door4 ,ab]setus is !  angel's "n :o     
keeps wat* ov] t riv]1 & purges ! s\ls (
  ! righte\s1 & wa%es !m 9 ! /ream1     
accord+ to ! am\nt  ( guilt t cleaves to
 !m1 until !y become pure & %9+ z  is ! 
radiance ( ! />s4 ,h>d by is a pleasant 
spr+1 fl[]y  & fragrant1 to cleanse &   
solace ! s\ls ( ! righte\s1 ?\gh  x     
annoys & scalds ! s\ls ( ! guilty1 &    
does away n\ght  f !m1 b x is increase (

 pa9 & torm5t t comes ^u !m  !re4 ,s9n]s
 arise f out ( x 9 grief & immeasurable 
sadness1  b ! righte\s proce$ ) joy &   
great delight to ! door ( !  ?ird       
,heav54    #ag4 ,above ?is1 a fi]y      
furnace keeps ev] burn+1 its flames     
rea*+  a height ( twelve ?\s& cubits2   
?r\gh x ! righte\s pass  9 ! tw9kl+ ( an
 eye1 b ! s\ls ( s9n]s are bak$ &       
scor*$ !re9 = twelve ye>s1 & !n _!      
gu>dian angel  conveys !m to ! f\r?     
door4 ,ab\t ! entrance door ( ! f\r?    
,heav5 is a fi]y /ream1 l ! =ego+4 ,x is
 surr\nd$ by a  wall ( fire1 9 bread?   
twelve ?\s& measur$ cubits1 ?r\gh :i*  !
 s\ls ( ! righte\s pass z ?\gh x 7 n    
!re1 :ile  ! s\ls ( ! s9ful t>ry !re91  
amid pa9 & tribulation1 =  ano!r twelve 
ye>s1 until _! gu>dian angel be>s !m to 
! door  ( ! fif? ,heav54    #ah4 ,9 t   
place is a fi]y riv]1 :i* is unlike all 
o!r riv]s1  = 9 ! mid/ ( x is a /range  
k9d ( :irlpool1 :]e9 !  s\ls ( ! wick$  
keep turn+ r\nd & r\nd1 & !re !y abide  
= ! space ( sixte5 ye>s2 ! righte\s1    

h[ev]1 w9 ?r\gh x  /raightway1 )\t any  
h9drance4 ,s soon z ! due "t come? =  ! 
s9n]s to be releas$ !re\t1 ! angel      
/rikes ! wat] ) a  rod1 h>d z ?\gh x 7 (
 /one1 & uplifts ! spirits ) !  end ( t 
rod4 ,!n ,mi*ael be>s !m up to ! door ( 
! six?  ,heav52 b no pa9 nor torm5t is  
met$ out to ! spirits at t  door1 b !re 
!y are illum9$ ) ! lu/re & ! brilliancy 
( preci\s /ones4 ,!n ,mi*ael come? to ! 
,angel ( ! ,tr9ity1  & "o on ei!r side  
!y u%] ! s\l into ! pres5ce ( ,god4     
#ai4 ,inf9ite & beyond all tell+ is !   
welcome :]e) ! ,"l  & ! ,heav5ly ,ho/ !n
 receive ! s\l1 if he be a pure &       
righte\s s\l2 if1 h[ev]1 he be an       
unrighte\s & unpr(itable  s\l1 h>% &    
ung5tle is ! reception ( him by !       
,mighty ,"l4  ,= ,he sai? to ! ,heav5ly 
,angels1 #8,take1 ,o ,heav5ly ,angels1  
?is  unpr(itable s\l1 & deliv] him into 
! h& ( ,lucif]1 t he  may plunge him &  
utt]ly ext+ui% him 9 ,hell's pr(\nd1    
?r\gh  ages ev]la/+4'    #bj4 ,!reupon t
 wret*$ s\l is p>t$1 fe>fully1 /]nly1   

awfully1 f sight ( ! ,heav5ly ,k+dom1 & 
( ,god's c\nt5ance4  ,!n utt]s he a     
groan1 heavi] ?an any groan1 z he comes 
into !  ,devil's pres5ce1 aft] behold+ !
 bliss ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54  ,he is !n  
depriv$ ( ! guidance ( ! ,ar*angels1 9  
^: company  he _h come unto ,heav54     
,twelve fi]y dragons swall[ up e _s1  "o
 aft] ! o!r1 until ! l[e/ dragon l&s him
 9 ! ,devil's  maw4 ,!re do? he exp]i5ce
 ! consummation ( all evil1 9 !         
,devil's own pres5ce1 ?r\gh\t all ages4 
#ba4 ,aft] t 8 gu>dian angel _h reveal$ 
to ,adamnn's _s  ^! visions ( ! ,heav5ly
 ,k+dom1 & ( ! fir/ progress (  e s\l   
aft] p>t+ f its body1 he br\ght him to  
visit !  ne!rmo/ ,hell1 ) all its pa9s1 
& its crosses1 & its torm5ts4  ,n[1 !   
fir/ region :]eunto he came 0 a l& burnt
 black1 wa/e  & scor*$1 b ) no puni%m5t 
at all !re94 ,a gl51 fill$  ) fire1 0 on
 ! fur!r side ( x2 huge ! flame ( x1    
ext5d+ beyond ! m>g9 on ei!r h&4 ,black 
its base1 r$ !  middle1 & ! upp] "p     
!re(4 ,eight s]p5ts 7 9 x1 )  eyes l    

coals ( fire4    #bb4 ,an enorm\s bridge
 spans ! gl51 rea*+ f "o bank to !  o!r2
 high ! middle ( x1 b l[] its two       
extremities4 ,?ree  companies seek to   
pass ov] x1 b n all succe$4 ,"o company 
f9d  ! bridge to be ( ample wid?1 f     
beg9n+ to end1 until !y w9  across !    
fi]y gl51 safe & s\nd1 fe>less &        
undismay$4 ,!  second company1 :5 ent]+ 
^u x1 f9d x n>r[ at fir/1 b  broad      
aft]w>ds1 until !y1 9 l mann]1 f>e      
across t same  gl51 aft] great p]il4 ,b 
= ! la/ company ! bridge is broad  at   
fir/1 b /rait & n>r[ !reaft]1 until !y  
fall f !  mid/ ( x into t same p]il\s   
gl51 into ! ?roats ( ^?  eight r$-hot   
s]p5ts1 t h _! dwell+-place 9 ! gl54    
#bc4 ,n[ ! folk to :om t pa? 0 easy 7 ! 
*a/e1 !  p5it5t1 ! dilig5t1 !y :o _h    
zeal\sly borne a bloody te/imony  to    
,god4 ,! b& :o f\nd ! pa? n>r[ at fir/1 
b aft]w>ds  broad1 7 !y :o _h h>dly be5 
con/ra9$ to d ,god's w1 b  _h aft]w>ds  
conv]t$ _! con/ra9t into ! will+ s]vice 
(  ,god4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 to :om ?is way 0   

broad at fir/1 b /rait  !reaft]1 7 s9n]s
 :o _h li/5$ to ! precepts 9 ,god's  ^w1
 & aft] hav+ he>d1 fulfill$ !m n4       
#bd4 ,fur!rmore1 va/ multitudes abide   
beyond1 feeble & p[]less1  ^u ! %ore (  
p]petual pa91 9 ! l& ( utt] d>kness4 ,e 
o!r h\r ! pa9 ebbs away f !m1 & ! next  
h\r x returns  ^u !m aga94 ,n[ ^! are !y
 9 :om good & evil 7 equally  balanc$1 &
 on ! ,day ( ,doom1 judgm5t %all be     
pass$ betwe5  !m1 & _! good %all qu5* _!
 evil on t day2 & !n  %all !y be br\ght 
to ! ,hav5 ( ,life1 9 ,god's own        
pres5ce1  ?r\gh ages ev]la/+4    #be4   
,ano!r great company is !re1 ne> to !   
la/-nam$ gr\p1 &  mon/r\s _! torm5t4 ,& 
?is is _! plight3 !y are fett]$  to fi]y
 columns1 a sea ( fire ab\t !m up to _! 
*9s1 &  ab\t _! middle fi]y *a9s1 9 !   
%ape ( vip]s4 ,_! faces  are aflame )   
agony4 ,!y :o are torm5t$ ?us are s9n]s1
  fratricides1#ba ravag]s ( ,god's      
,*ur*1 & m]ciless ,er5a*s1#bb  :o1 9    
pres5ce ( ! relics ( ! ,sa9ts1 _h be5   
set ov] !  ,*ur*'s ti!s & oblations1#bc 

& _h ali5at$ ^! ri*es to  _! private    
/ore1 away f ! ,"l's gue/s & ne$y ones4 
#bf4 ,great multitudes !re are1 /&+ 9   
blacke/ mire up to _!  girdles4 ,%ort   
c[ls ( ice are on !m4 ,)\t re/ or       
int]mission1  ?r\gh all "t1 _! girdles  
are p]petually scor*+ !m )  alt]nate    
cold & heat4 ,demon ho/s surr\nd !m1 )  
fi]y  clubs#bd 9 _! h&s1 /rik+ !m ov] ! 
head1 ?\gh !y  /ruggle aga9/ !m         
cont9ually4 ,^! wret*es all h _!        
=eheads to ! ,nor?1 & a r\gh1 %>p w9d   
bl[+ full ^u _!  =eheads1 9 addition to 
e o!r woe4 ,r$ %[]s ( fire are  ra9+ on 
!m1 e night & e day1 & !y _c w>d !m  (f1
 b mu/ ne$s endure !m ?r\gh\t all ages1 
wail+ & mak+  moan4    #bg4 ,"s ( !m h  
/reams ( fire 9 ! holl[s ( _! visages2  
"s1 fi]y nails ?r\gh _! tongues2 o!rs1  
?r\gh _! heads1  f side to side4 ,!y :o 
are s puni%$ are ?ieves & li>s1  & !y :o
 h practis$ trea*]y1 revil+ robb]y &    
rap9e2  judges ( false judgm5t &        
cont5ti\s p]sons2 wom5 :o h dealt  9    
poison & spells1 reiv]s1#be & le>n$ m5  

:o h practis$  h]esy4 ,ano!r great ?rong
 is set ^u isl&s1 9 ! mid/ ( !  fi]y    
sea4 ,ab\t !m is a silv] wall built ( ! 
raim5t & !  alms :i* !y _h be/[$4 ,^!   
are !y :o h practis$  m]cy )\t zeal1#bf 
& h rema9$ 9 loose liv+1 & 9 !  bonds ( 
_! s91 until ! h\r ( _! dea?2 b _! alms 
are  a bulw>k unto !m1 amid ! fi]y sea1 
until ! ,judgm5t1 & aft]  ,judgm5t !y   
%all be br\ght into ! ,hav5 ( ,life4    
#bh4 ,ano!r great multitude is !re1 clad
 9 r$ & fi]y mantles  d[n to _!         
middle4#bg ,_! trembl+ & _! outcries    
make  !mselves he>d1 ev5 unto !         
firmam5t4 ,an unspeakable ?rong (       
demons is ?rottl+ !m1 hold+ 9 lea% !    
:ile raw-hid$1  /9k+ h\nds1 :i* !y      
incite to dev\r & consume !m4 ,r$  gl[+ 
*a9s#bh are con/antly ablaze ab\t _!    
necks4 ,e  alt]nate h\r !y are borne up 
to ! firmam5t1 & ! next h\r  !y are da%$
 d[n into ,hell's pr(\nd4 ,n[ !y t are  
puni%$  9 ?is wise are ! regul>s :o h   
transgress$ _! rule1#bi &  become loa!rs
 ( piety2 also1 impo/ors :o h deceiv$ & 

s$uc$  ! multitude1 & h und]tak5        
miracles & wond]s :i* !y are  n able to 
p]=m4 ,moreov]1 ! *ildr5 t are te>+ ! m5
  9 ord]s1 are !y :o 7 committ$ to !m = 
am5dm5t1 b !y  am5d$ !m n1 nei!r reprov$
 !m = _! s9s4    #bi4 ,!reaft]1 is ano!r
 va/ company2 ,ea/ & ,we/ !y g1  unre/+1
 across ! fi]y flag/ones1 at w> ) demon 
ho/s4  ,innum]able %[]s ( r$-hot arr[s  
are ra9$ ^u !m by !  demons4 ,runn+1 !y 
g on )\t /op or /ay1 mak+ = a black     
lake & a black riv]1 t !y may qu5* ^?   
arr[s !re94 ,a  weep+ & wail+1 truly    
mis]able & pite\s1 d ! s9n]s make  9 ^? 
wat]s1 = 9 !m !y only meet ) augm5tation
 ( _!  pa94 ,n[ !y t are puni%$ ?us are 
*eat+ artific]s1 weav]s1  & m]*ants2    
judges t judg$ falsely1 bo? ,jews1 &    
o!rs  likewise2 impi\s k+s1 ,er5a*s (   
lewd & crook$ ways1 adult]\s  wom51 & ! 
p&]s t de/roy$ !m by _! evil practices4 
,beyond ! l& ( torm5t is a fi]y wall2   
sev5 times m horrible  & cruel is x ?an 
! l& ( pa9 itself4 ,h[beit1 no s\l      
dwells  !re9 till ,judgm5t1 b x is !    

prov9ce ( ! demons only1 until  ! ,day (
 ,judgm5t4    #cj4 ,at t "t1 woe unto   
him t %all dwell amid ^? pa9s1 9        
company ) ! ,devil's own tribe6 ,woe    
unto him t is n w>e (  t tribe6 ,woe    
unto him ov] :om a vile & savage demon  
is set 9  dom9ion6 ,woe unto him t %all 
be he>k5+ unto ! spirits1  mak+ moan &  
compla9+ unto ! ,"l1 = ! spe$y com+ (  !
 ,day ( ,judgm5t1 t !y may "k :e!r !y   
%all f9d any  remission ( _! doom2 = !y 
get no respite ev]1 save only =  ?ree   
h\rs on e ,sunday4 ,woe unto him unto   
:om t l& %all  be = a la/+ inh]itance1  
ev5 = ev] & ev]6 ,= ?is is !  nature (  
x3 ,m\nta9s1 cav]ns1 & ?orny brakes2    
pla9s1 b>e &  p>*$1 ) /agnant1          
s]p5t-haunt$ lo*s4 ,! soil is r\gh &    
s&y1 v rugg$1 iceb\nd4 ,broad fi]y      
flag/ones be/rew ! pla94  ,great seas   
are !re1 ) horrible abysses1 :]e9 is !  
,devil's  con/ant habitation &          
abid+-place4 ,f\r mighty riv]s cross !  
middle ( x3 a riv] ( fire1 a riv] ( sn[1
 a riv] ( poison1 a  riv] ( black1 murky

 wat]4 ,9 ^! wall[ eag] ho/s ( demons1  
aft] mak+ _! holiday & _! delight 9     
torm5t+ ! s\ls4    #ca4 ,:at "t ! holy  
companies ( ! ,heav5ly ,ho/ are s++ !   
eight h\rs ) h>moni\s melody1 prais+ !  
,"l ) *e]fulness  & great gladness1 !n d
 ! s\ls ( ! wick$ utt] pite\s &  we>y   
wail+s1 z !y are buffet$ unceas+ly by ! 
demon hordes4    ,su* !n are ! pa9s &   
torm5ts :i* 8 gu>dian angel reveal$  to 
! _s ( ,adamnn1 aft] 8 j\rney t[>ds !   
,heav5ly  ,k+dom4 ,aft] :i* he 0 borne 9
 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye ?r\gh  ! gold5       
=ec\rt1#cj & ?r\gh ! cry/al veil1 to !  
,l& (  ,sa9ts1 :]eunto he _h be5 br\ght 
at fir/1 aft] 8 dep>ture  f ! body4 ,b  
:5 he be?\ght him to re/ & t>ry 9 t  l&1
 he he>d1 ?r\gh ! veil1 ! angel's voice 
enjo9+ him to  return aga9 into t body  
:5ce he _h dep>t$1 & to rehe>se 9  c\rts
 & assemblies1 & 9 ! great congregations
 ( laym5 &  ( cl]ics1 ! rew>ds ( ,heav5 
& ! pa9s ( ,hell1 ev5 z 8  gu>dian angel
 _h reveal$ !m unto him4    #cb4 ,?is1  
!n1 0 ! doctr9e t ,adamnn cont9ually    

taught to  ! congregations1 f t "t =?1 s
 long z he rema9$ 9  life4 ,?is1 too1 is
 :at he prea*$ 9 ! great assemblies ( ! 
m5 ( ire1#ca :]e9 ! ,con/itution (      
,adamnn 0 impos$ ^u  ! ,gaels1 & ! wom5 
7 emancipat$ by ,adamnn & by ,f9na*ta   
,fl$a*1#cb ,k+ ( ire1 & ! pr9ces ( ire1 
( "o accord4  ,su*1 too1 7 ! tid+s :i*  
,patrick1 son ( ,calpurnius1 at !       
,gospel-dawn1 0 ev] wont to proclaim--to
 wit1 ! rew>ds ( ,heav5  & ! pa9s (     
,hell--to all !m t w\ld believe 9 ! ,"l1
  ?r\gh 8 tea*+1 & w\ld accept 8        
guidance ( _! s\ls4#cc  ,t1 too1 is !   
doctr9e mo/ con/antly taught by ,pet] & 
,paul1  & ! o!r apo/les likewise1 to    
wit1 ! enum]ation ( !  rew>ds & pa9s :i*
 _h be5 reveal$ to !m 9 l mann]4 ,&  s  
did ,silve/]1 ,abbot ( ,rome1 tea*      
,con/ant9e1 son ( ,hel51 ,high  ,k+ ( ! 
,_w1 9 ! ,g5]al ,synod :5 he (f]$ ,rome 
to ,paul  & to ,pet]4#cd ,ev5 s did     
,fabian1 successor to ,pet]1 tea*       
,philip1  son ( ,gordian1 ! ,k+ ( ,rome1
 :]eby he believ$ 9 ! ,"l1 &  _m ?\s&s  

beside believ$ 9 t h\r4#ce ,= he 0 !    
fir/  ,k+ ( ,rome t believ$ 9 ! ,savi\r1
 ,jesus ,*ri/4    #cc4 ,& ^! are ! tid+s
 :i* ,elias decl>es cont9ually unto !   
s\ls ( ! righte\s1 "u ! ,tree ( ,life1  
:i* is 9 ,p>adise4  ,s soon z ,elias    
op5s 8 book 9 ord] to in/ruct ! spirits1
  ! s\ls ( ! righte\s1 9 =m ( bright    
:ite birds1 repair to  him f e side4 ,!n
 he tells !m1 fir/1 ( ! wages ( !       
righte\s1 ! joys & delights ( ! ,heav5ly
 ,realm1 & "r glad  !reat are all !     
?rong4 ,aft] t he tells !m ( ! pa9s &   
torm5ts ( ,hell1 & ! woes ( ,doomsday2 &
 easy x is to m>k !  look ( sorr[ t is  
^u 8 face1 & ^u ! face ( ,eno*2 &  ^!   
are ! two sorr[s ( ! ,heav5ly ,k+dom4   
,!n ,elias %uts  8 book1 & !reupon !    
birds make exce$+ great lam5tation1     
/ra9+ _! w+s aga9/ _! bodies till /reams
 ( blood issue  f !m1 9 dismay ( ! woes 
( ,hell & ( ! ,day ( ,doom4    #cd4 ,n[1
 see+ t !y :o make ?is moan are ! ,sa9ts
 to :om  h be5 allott$ ev]la/+ mansions 
9 ! ,heav5ly ,realm1 h[ mu*  m fitt+ 7 x

 = ! m5 t are yet on e>? to pond]1 ev5  
) te>s ( blood1 ^u ! ,judgm5t ,day1 & ^u
 ! pa9s ( ,hell4  ,= at t "t w ! ,"l    
r5d] due recomp5se to e "o on  e>?2 t is
 to say1 rew>ds to ! righte\s1 &        
puni%m5ts to !  guilty4 ,& at t v "t    
%all ! guilty be set 9 ! abyss (        
ev]la/+ pa91 & ! book ( ! ,^w ( ,god    
%all !n be clos$1  "u ! curse ( ! ,judge
 ( ,doom1 = ev]4 ,b ! sa9ts & !         
righte\s1 ! *>itable & ! m]ciful1 %all  
be borne to ! "r  h& ( ,god1 to a la/+  
habitation 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 !re to  
abide )\t age or dea?1 end or t]m1 = ev]
 & ev]4    #ce4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! mann] ( t
 ,city3 ,a ,k+dom )\t pride1  or vanity1
 or falsehood1 or outrage1 or deceit1 or
 pret5ce1#cf or  blu%+1 or %ame1 or     
reproa*1 or insult1 or envy1 or         
arrogance1  or pe/il5ce1 or disease1 or 
pov]ty1 or nak$ness1 or dea?1 or        
ext9ction1 or hail1 or sn[1 or w9d1 or  
ra91 or d91 or ?und]1  or d>kness1 or   
cold1--a noble1 admirable1 e!real realm1
 end[$  ) ! wisdom1#cg & radiance1 &    

fragrance ( a pl5te\s l&1  :]e9 is !    
enjoym5t ( e excell5ce4                 
,,f9it--,,am5--,,f9it4          ,,"p    
,,ii          #a4 ,,! ,,classical       
,,tradition      ,! leg5d :i* =ms !     
gr\nd-plan ( ! ,vision ( ,adamnn & (  ! 
,comm$ia ( ,dante1 c claim a p$igree (  
great antiquity t  may be trac$ back    
along sev]al widely div]g5t l9es4 ,!    
pr9cipal  ( ^! may be gr\p$ r\ghly "u ! 
heads ( ! ,classical  ,tradition1 !     
,ea/]n ,tradition1 ! ,ecclesia/ical     
,tradition1  result+ f ! fusion 9 ! e>ly
 ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ,hell5ic &  ,ori5tal  
s*ools ( ?\ght2 & ! ,iri% ,tradition1   
:i* la/ does  n s mu* repres5t an       
entirely indep5d5t gr[? ( ! leg5d1 z  a 
new dep>ture1 :]eby ! ,ecclesia/ical    
,tradition1 transplant$  to ,irel&1 &   
!re com+ into contact ) c]ta9 cognate   
ideas  :i* 7 prom95t 9 ! native my?ology
 & romantic lit]ature1  acquir$ a fre%  
developm5t1 & reappe>$ 9 sev]al =ms :i* 
became ! mo/ popul> expon5ts ( ! m$ival 
!ories ( !  ,o!rworld1 until ! revival (

 classical le>n+1 9 ! twelf? &  foll[+  
c5turies1 enabl$ ,dante to c>ry ! lead+ 
idea1 common to  all =ms alike1 to its  
culm9ation4    ,! ,classical ,tradition 
0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages *iefly      
?r\gh ! six? book ( ,virgil's neid1 :i* 
relates ! visit (  neas to ,hades2 b ?is
 episode 0 itself sugge/$ by ! simil>   
adv5ture ( ,odysseus1 told 9 ! elev5?   
book ( ! ,odyssey4 ,!  fundam5tal       
conception1 a visit paid to ! ,o!rworld 
by a liv+ man1  appe>s 9 _m ( ! ,greek  
my?s3 e4g4 9 ! j\rney to ,hades (       
,demet]1 9 ! c\rse ( h] se>* aft] h]    
daught] ,p]sephone1  /ol5 away by       
,pluto2 ( ,orpheus 9 que/ ( ,eurydice2 (
 ,!seus &  ,peiri?oos 9 _! attempt to   
abduct ,p]sephone2 ( ,h]akles1 ,ca/or  &
 ,pollux1 & o!rs4 ,l mo/ ( ! my?s t h   
contriv$ to  #8make _! =tune' by virtue 
( _! /rong appeal to ! human            
imag9ation1 ^! leg5ds1 :5 ! my?-mak+ age
 _h long dep>t$  f ! ,hell5ic peoples1 &
 ! age ( creative imag9ation _h  giv5   
place to "o ( lit]>y culture1 pass$ into

 ! doma9 (  lit]ature pure & simple4 ,z 
su* !y ent]$ ^u a new life 9 !  writ+s (
 ! ,lat9 au?ors2 = ev5 9 ,virgil !      
lit]>y aspect  ( ! leg5d pr$om9ates1    
?\gh n to ! exclusion ( its m  s]i\s    
elem5ts4 ,?is m]ely lit]>y "* is yet m  
app>5t  9 ! treatm5t ( ! leg5d by !     
tragic poets1 & by ,lucan &  ,claudian1 
:ile ,apuleius1 ! ,p]rault ( antiquity1 
f\nd 9 x a  !me = ! play ( 8 graceful   
fancy4    ,! e>ly descriptions ( !      
,o!rworld1 be+ orig9ally my?s  (        
spontane\s gr[?1 & n compos$ to be !    
vehicles (  in/ruction or edification1  
conta9 little ( es*atological or  e?ical
 significance1#ch ! few /ock examples   
:i* !y give  ( ! p5alties atta*$ to     
guilt be+ r in/ances ( !  private       
v5geance ( ,zeus ^u ^? :o _h rebell$    
aga9/ him1  or _h outrag$ ! dignity ( "s
 memb] ( ! div9e family (  :i* he 0 !   
head4 ,9 ^! acc\nts ! abode ( ! dep>t$  
appe>s z a dre>y region1 :]e9 !y lead a 
%ad[y & undesirable  exi/5ce2#ci &      
al?\gh1 side by side ) ?is conception1  

ano!r  !ory subsi/$1 assign+ to ! happy 
dead a s]5e exi/5ce 9  ! ,elysian pla91 
or 9 ! en*ant$ isle ( ,leuke1 ?is belief
 did  n g beyond ! notion1 vaguely1     
h[ev] beautifully1 express$1  ( a bright
 & happy region ( p]petual calm1 :]e    
dea? or decay  or c>e 0 unkn[n1 & !     
dep>t$ spirits dwelt 9 fl[]y &  fragrant
 mead[s1 b5ea? blossom+ trees1 beside   
calm seas or  smoo?ly fl[+ /reams1 :ile 
s(t breezes 7 p]petually bl[+4  ,!      
,greek poets1 f ,hom] d[nw>ds1 conta9   
innum]able ref]5ces  to ?is ,elysium1#dj
 b al?\gh we sometimes f9d a h9t1 z 9   
,p9d> & "s ( ! tragic poets1 t ^! joys  
are res]v$ =  ^? :o h des]v$ !m by a    
righte\s life on e>?1 ! lat]  in/ances  
%[ sc>cely any advance ^u ! e>li] 9 !   
direction  ( a sy/ematic es*atology1 &  
consequ5tly br\ght ! ,vision leg5d      
little1 if any1 fur!r on its way4#da    
,our leg5d1 h[ev]1 receiv$ full]        
developm5t 9 ano!r s*ool (  ,hell5ic    
?\ght4 ,simultane\sly ) ! my?ology ( !  
,greeks1  & on "o side di/9ct f x1 ?\gh 

on ! o!r side closely  connect$ ) x1    
exi/$ a tradition ( a m ess5tially      
religi\s  "*2 religion be+ di/+ui%$ f   
philosophical speculation  on ! "o h&1 &
 my? & leg5d on ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 app>5tly1 
proce$$ ! ,neo-platonis+ t5d5cy 9 ,greek
 philosophy--to adopt  ! famili> &      
conv5i5t "n1 ?\gh ! ?+ is old] ?an !    
,neo-,platoni/s1 or ?an ,plato          
himself--! t5d5cy to reg>d ! old  my?s z
 a repository ( ! #8,wisdom ( !         
,anci5ts1' & to dis5gage  f ! husk (    
fable ! moral & sci5tific tru?s :i* x 0 
suppos$ to conta94 ,9 s do+1 !          
philosophic s*ools 7 n  m]ely attempt+  
to read _! own notions into ! traditions
 (  antiquity1 b 7 also1 to "s ext5t1   
endeav\r+ to develop g]ms  :i* already  
exi/$ 9 ! be/ & mo/ s]i\s ?\ght ( _!    
own & e>li] times4 ,?is side ( !        
,hell5ic religion w\ld appe>  to h exi/$
 9 its pure/ & mo/ highly develop$ =m 9 
!  ,my/]ies1 especially ^? practis$ at  
,eleusis1 & at o!r places  9 :i* !      
,eleus9ian rites prevail$4    ,mo/      

que/ions relat+ to ! ,greek my/]ies1 _! 
place ( orig91  ! date ( _!             
introduction1 ! relation ( "o s*ool to  
ano!r1  ! rites practis$ !re91 & !      
nature ( ! in/ruction imp>t$  to !      
neophytes1 h giv5 rise to _m debates1 & 
"s ( !m  c h>dly yet be reg>d$ z        
entirely settl$4 ,happily1 our subject  
does n call = discussion ( ^! conte/$   
po9ts1 all t we are  conc]n$ ) be+ !    
significance ( ! my/]ies to ! spiritual 
life ( ,greece at ! "t ( _! highe/      
developm5t4 ,! g5]al  result (          
inve/igation w\ld seem to make x        
probable t ! ,greeks1  f a v e>ly p]iod1
 practis$ c]ta9 rites 9 hon\r ( ,demet]1
  & t ^! rites 7 connect$ ) agriculture1
 & ) !  means :]eby ! unse5 p[]s presid+
 ov] x might be r5d]$  propiti\s4 ,^!   
rites1 z 9 _m b>b>\s nations1 7 held to 
conf] c]ta9 privileges ^u ! p>ticipants1
 :o c\ld only obta9  access !reto by a  
secret initiation2 & :5 ! ideas ( dea? &
  r5ovation1 :i* arose naturally out ( !
 subject1 proce$$ by an  easy           

transition--p>tly by an inh]5t pr9ciple 
( gr[?1 & p>tly  ?r\gh ! introduction ( 
=eign elem5ts#db--to que/ion+s  conc]n+ 
man's fate aft] dea?1 ! same rites 7    
reg>d$ z  efficaci\s 9 ameliorat+ 8     
condition 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,at !  same "t1 
z ! doctr9e ( ! effect ( conduct ^u !   
future  life ga9$ gr\nd1 ?is side ( ! "q
 likewise came )9 !  purview ( ! my/ical
 s*ools1 & an e?ical z well z a !urgic  
efficacy 0 ascrib$ to ! initiation rite4
 ,?is important /ep 9  advance w\ld     
appe> to h be5 tak5 9 ! six? c5tury     
,b4,c4 at  late/1 :5 ! !ories ( !       
,orphic-,py?agorean s*ool became  widely
 diffus$4 ,m4 ,f\c>t1 z we h se5 9 ! la/
 note1 holds  t ?is movem5t 0 due to !  
,egyptian rese>*es c>ri$ on by  ! e>ly  
,greek philosoph]s 9 ! c\rse ( _!       
travels2 ,rohde1 on  ! o!r h&1 reg>ds x 
z a /rictly national movem5t1 & d5ies  !
 late adoption ( any ali5 fai? ( a      
highly develop$ "*4  ,9 any case1 x is  
c]ta9 t ! !ories ( :i* ,py?agoras 0  !  
mo/ fam\s expon5t assum$ great prom95ce 

at ?is "t4 ,!  lead+ pr9ciple ( ^! 0 !  
doctr9e ( ! s\l's rebir? on  e>?1 9     
ano!r body1 aft] und]go+ a process (    
purification 9  ! ,o!rworld4 ,x 0 "o ( !
 prim>y objects ( ! my/]ies to  ensure t
 ! s\l's progress ?r\gh ! int]m$iate    
/ate %\ld  be z easy1 & ! conditions (  
its rebir? z fav\rable1 z c\ld  be      
effect$ by ! due p]=mance ( ! my/ical   
rites2 & :ile !  great progress ( e?ics1
 :i* ) ! e>ly philosoph]s w5t h&  & h& )
 philosophical speculation1 effect$ a   
full] recognition  ( moral conduct 9 ?is
 life z "o ( ! means mo/ conducive to ! 
desir$ end1 pref]5ce 0 /ill giv51 ev5   
among ! righte\s1 to  ^? :o _h und]gone 
! initiation c]emony4#dc    ,pr(essor   
,g>dn] ev5 traces ! ,hades !ory f !     
my/ic rites  7loc4 cit472 probably ?is  
d]ivation w\ld only apply to t  !ory 9  
its m fully develop$ =m4 ,he holds t !  
,orphic cult  #8occupies ! backgr\nd (  
religi\s life' 9 ,greece2 t x 0 an      
en?usia/ic type ( religion1 & capable ( 
ready association )  ! ideals ( su*     

moral & political revivali/s z          
,py?agoras &  ,emp$ocles4 ,accord+ to   
?is au?ority1 !re 7 two foci ( !        
,orphic cult3 at ,eleusis1 & 9 ! rites (
 ,dionysos4 ,m4 ,f\c>t1  x w be         
rememb]$1 d5ies any connection betwe5   
,eleusis & !  ,orphic my/]ies2 9 :i*    
cont5tion he w\ld appe> to be support$  
by ,plato1 :o speaks slight+ly ( !      
latt]1 :ile sev]al passages  9 8 writ+s 
te/ify to 8 respect = ! my/]ies (       
,eleusis4  ,c]ta9ly ! two 7 respectively
 connect$1 orig9ally1 ) !  wor%ip ( two 
sep>ate & widely diff]5t div9ities1     
al?\gh1  bo? hav+ to d ) ! e>? z ! s\rce
 & ! r5ew] (  life1 !y soon t5d$ t[>ds  
c]ta9 common developm5ts4 ,p]haps we    
may n greatly err if we assume t !      
,orphic my/]ies1 9 _!  mo/ p]fect$ =m1 7
 m especially conc]n$ ) ! orgia/ic      
ritual & ) ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation1 n[  
r$uc$ to a  philosophical sy/em1 :ile 9 
! ,eleus9ian s*ool ritual became m      
closely connect$ ) p]sonal morality1 ?us
 assum+ an aspect m  /rictly            

#8religi\s1' 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4     
,m4 ,f\c>t1 inde$1 holds t ! in/ruction 
imp>t$ 9 !  ,eleus9ian my/]ies 0        
ess5tiellem5t pratique2 elle avait p\r  
objet de mettre l'homme en tat de se    
tir] d'affaire lorsqu'il  arrivait dans 
la demeure d',hades 7op4 cit41 p4 #fc74 
,by #8practical'  ,m4 ,f\c>t w\ld appe> 
to ref] exclusively to ^? automatic or  
quasi-me*anical effects :i* are suppos$1
 all ! _w ov]1  to result f ! due       
p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites4 ,h[ev]1 !       
te/imony ( ! ,greeks !mselves1 z appe>s 
f ! examples  ab\t to be cit$ 9         
connection ) our own subject1 & f o!r   
evid5ces t h come d[n to u1 appe>s to be
 conclusive z to !  value attribut$ to !
 ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 at any rate1 z an  
ag5t  ( moral re=mation4 ,sir ,w4 ,m4   
,ramsay#dd di/+ui%es betwe5 !  my/]ies  
:i* _h 9 view ! pr(ici5cy & advancem5t (
 morals1  & ! my/]ies :i* 7 ( an        
exclusively ritual & orgia/ic  nature1  
associat+ ! =m] k9d ) ,eleusis1 & places
 :]e  k9dr$ rites 7 celebrat$4 ,9       

support ( ?is cont5tion1 he cites  a    
numb] ( passages occurr+ 9 ,greek writ]s
 f ! f\r? c5tury  ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 :5ce x 
pla9ly appe>s t ! ,greeks reg>d$ a      
moral reg5]ation z a natural concomitant
 ( initiation into !  my/]ies1 & ev5 z a
 condition ( happ9ess 9 ! future        
life4#de    ,x is 9 connection ) !      
my/]ies1 z repres5t+ ! moral  &         
spiritual side ( ! ,greek religion1     
:5cesoev] d]iv$1 t  ! ,vision leg5d     
becomes impress$ ) an epideictic "* &   
develops ^? elem5ts :i* _h b>ely exi/$ 9
 g]m 9 ! popul>  my?ology4    ,9 !      
,dialogues ( ,plato1 ! leg5d already    
appe>s z a vehicle (  religi\s          
in/ruction4 ,plato1 inde$1 m]ely gives  
lit]>y =m to  !ories :i* _h exi/$ = at  
lea/ two c5turies be=e 8 "t1  b z he is 
! fir/ to employ ! ,vision leg5d 9 ?is  
connection1  & z x is 9 8 h&s t x fir/  
assumes its f9al type1  ess5tially      
id5tical ) t ( its successors 9 !       
,*ri/ian  ,*ur*1 x is conv5i5t to make  
him a po9t ( dep>ture4    ,9 ! t5? book 

( 8 ,republic 7pp4 #fad sqq47 ,plato    
records  ! n>rative ( "o ,er1 an        
,arm5ian1 conc]n+ 8 exp]i5ces 9  ! _w ( 
spirits4 ,?is ,er _h be5 kill$ 9 battle1
 & br\ght  away ) ! re/ ( ! sla91 b 0   
re/or$ to life4 ,8 s\l1  ^u issu+ f !   
body1 _h be5 convey$ to a c]ta9         
spiritual  77 place1 :]e !re 7 two op5+s
 lead+ d[n bel[  ! e>?1 & two o!rs lead+
 up into heav51 ov] aga9/ "o  ano!r4    
,betwe5 ^! op5+s judges 7 /ation$1 :o   
dismiss$  ! s\ls ( ! righte\s to heav5  
by ! upp] & "r-h& way1  hav+ fir/       
impress$ ^u _! =eheads ! decree (       
absolution1  & despat*$ ! wick$ d[nw>d  
by ! left-h& pa?1 br&$  beh9d ) ! record
 ( _! misde$s4 ,! judges comm&$ ,er to  
see & he> all t pass$1 t he might become
 ! mess5g] ( x  all to mank9d4 ,! s\ls (
 ! dep>t$1 aft] a progress la/+  a ?\s& 
ye>s1 return$ by ! second op5+s f !     
cele/ial  & subt]ranean regions         
respectively4 ,! return ( ! "o company  
0 m>k$ by joy & gladness1 by reason ( ! 
delights :i* !y  _h enjoy$1 & !         

spectacles ( inconceivable beauty ?r\gh 
:i*  !y _h pass$1 9 ! c\rse ( _! heav5ly
 j\rney2 !y !n  ent]$ = a :ile into a   
smil+ mead[1 !re to hold conv]se )  o!rs
 ( ! j1 bo? ^? :om !y _h kn[n :ile 9 !  
body1  & o!rs :om !y !n met = ! fir/ "t4
 ,! o!r company  appe>$ all p>*$ & du/y 
f _! j\rney1 weep+ & dismay$  at !      
remembrance ( all !y _h se5 & suff]$    
dur+ _!  passage b5ea? ! e>?1 = !re ea* 
s9n] 0 requit$ t5fold  = all ! crimes t 
he _h committ$4 ,among ^! guilty ones1  
special m5tion is made ( homicides3 ( ^?
 :o _h betray$ cities  or armies1 &     
br\ght !m into captivity2 ( ^? :o _h    
committ$  impiety t[>ds ! gods1 or      
inflict$ viol5ce ^u _! p>5ts2  all ( :om
 7 s+l$ out = eximi\s p5alties4 ,"s     
inde$1 su*  z bloody tyrants1 & c]ta9   
private p]sons :o 7 /a9$ )  enorm\s     
crimes1 lo/ _! return entirely2 ^! 7    
dragg$ back  by wild-look+1 fire-sca!d  
m51 fett]$ h& & foot1 beat5 d[n  &      
flay$1 c>d$ ) c>d+-combs1 & f9ally ca/  
d[n into  ,t>t>us4 ,) ! exception1      

h[ev]1 ( ?is la/ & wor/ class  (        
crim9als1 ! puni%m5ts allott$ to all 7 b
 ( tempor>y  duration1 & ! #8s\ls ( a   
day' ent]$ ^u #8ano!r p]iod (  mortal1  
dea?-fraught exi/5ce' "u conditions     
impos$ by #8!  ,de/9ies1 daught]s (     
,necessity4'    ,?is acc\nt agrees 9    
pr9ciple1 ?\gh n 9 detail1 ) ,phd1  p4  
#ad4 ,9 ! ,phdrus1 ,plato speaks ( !    
,eleus9ian my/]ies z a  means (         
salvation1 & t1 app>5tly1 by means ( !  
re=mation  effect$ ?r\gh a consci5ti\s  
adh]5ce to ! in/ructions !re  imp>t$ to 
! initiate1 r ?an by any ?aumaturgic    
virtues  inh]5t 9 ! rites !mselves2 !   
true my/ics1 9 8 eyes1 be+  ^? :om he   
t]ms1 9 ! passage ( ! ,phd cit$ above1  
4    ,9 ! ,axio*os1 a dialogue once     
ascrib$ to ,plato1 b writt5 s9ce  8 "t1 
,socrates is made to describe ! abode ( 
! righte\s  z a c\ntry ( fl[]y mead[s   
beside cle> /reams1 & full (  fruit-be>+
 trees4 ,! light is full & radiant1 !   
air s(t &  pleasant1 free f extremes (  
heat & cold4 ,fit places are provid$  = 

philosophical disc\rse1 & !re are !atres
 :]e poets may  recite _! v]ses4 ,! mo/ 
hon\rable place is allott$ to !         
initiat$1 :o celebrate ! sacr$ my/]ies4 
,?is description1  :i* exhibits a nave  
adaptation ( ! mo/ primitive ,elysium to
  ! intellectual requirem5ts ( a highly 
civilis$ society1 is  int]e/+ m]ely z   
af=d+ additional evid5ce z to ! ,a!nian 
belief conc]n+ ! rew>ds ( ! righte\s 9 a
 future life1  & ! intimate connection  
betwe5 initiation into ! my/]ies1       
righte\sness ( life1 & bliss 9 ! life to
 come4    ,9 ?is connection1 p]haps1 we 
ought n to pass ov] ! ,hades  j\rney (  
,dionysos1 z portray$ 9 ! ,frogs (      
,ari/ophanes1  =1 burlesque z x is1 x   
repeat$ly expresses views conc]n+ !     
,o!rworld co9cid+ closely1 9 sub/ance1 )
 ! description  conta9$ 9 ,plato's      
,vision ( ,er4 ,! ,frogs be+ prior 9    
date  to ! ,republic1 ?is co9cid5ce     
af=ds an indep5d5t te/imony  to !       
repres5tative "* ( ,plato's             
es*atological !ories1  ! m s z          

,ari/ophanes1 9 8 com$y1 w\ld naturally 
treat 8  subject 9 a =m t he knew to be 
famili> to ! audi5ce4 ,9 ?is  play1     
ref]5ce is made to a true ,inf]no =     
puni%m5t ( ! grav]  s9s4 ,9 ll4         
#ade-aea1 ,h]akles affirms t !y :o _h   
violat$ !  laws ( hospitality1 beat5 _! 
"m1 smitt5 _! fa!r on !  *eek1 p]jur$   
!mselves1 etc4 etc41 are condemn$ to    
wall[ 9 a  morass ( mud & ordure1 l !   
wra?ful1 ! gloomy-m9d$1 & !  flatt]]s1  
:om ,dante consigns to a simil> doom 9  
,cantos #g & #ah (  ! ,inf]no4#df ,on ! 
o!r h&1 #8happy b&s ( m5 & wom5'        
inhabit myrtle groves1 #89 ! mid/ (     
faire/ light' 7ll4 #aee-g71  9 ! d+les (
 well-fl[]+ mead[s 7#cdg-h71 & fields   
bloom+  ) roses 7#ddh-i71 9 ! enjoym5t (
 dance & song & fea/ 7#cfi  sqq474 ,^!  
are !y :o h be5 initiat$ into ! my/]ies 
7l4  #aeh72 nor does ?is imply a m]ely  
ritual initiation1 z may n only  be     
inf]r$ f a comp>ison ) ! passages f     
,plato1 quot$  above1 & ) ! te/imonies  
to ! l effect cit$ by ,sir ,w4 ,m4      

,ramsay1 b1 fur!r1 appe>s f ! words ( ! 
beatifi$ my/ics  !mselves3 #8,= u alone 
! sun %9es1 & ! light is *e]ful2  = u1  
:o are initiate1 & h foll[$ ! way (     
righte\sness  9 all our deal+s1 alike ) 
/rang]s & ) our own folk' 7ll4  #ded-i74
    ,f\r c5turies lat]1 ,plut>* takes up
 ! tale4 ,8 treatise #8,on !  t>dy      
v5geance ( ,god' describes ! vision ( "o
 ,soleus1 simil> 9  "* to t ( ,plato's  
,er1 b1 9 _m ( its circum/ances1        
approximat+ f> m closely to ! ,*ri/ian  
visions4 ,?is ,soleus  _h l$ a life (   
extreme wick$ness1 /a9$ ) all mann] (   
vice & debau*]y2 he _h be5 viol5t1      
unju/1 & fraudul5t 9  8 deal+s1 & _h    
squ&]$ 8 patrimony by 8 extravagance4   
,beg9n+1 x w\ld seem1 to realise 8      
condition1 he s5t to !  oracle (        
,amphilo*us to inquire :e!r ! rema9d] ( 
8 life  %\ld be bett] ?an ! e>li] "p3 ! 
oracle repli$ t x  %\ld be bett] ) him  
aft] 8 dea?4 ,sometime aft] ?is he fell 
d[n a precipice1 & 0 tak5 up = dead2 b  
?ree days lat]1  hav+ be5 c>ri$ out =   

burial1 he came to himself j z he  0 be+
 l[]$ into ! grave1 & sat up4 ,!nce=? he
 became  a re=m$ "*1 & ! rema9d] ( 8    
life 0 z exempl>y  = virtue z ! e>li] "p
 _h be5 = wick$ness4 ,he expla9$  !     
reason ( ?is conv]sion to 8 fri5ds1 by !
 /ory ( 8  exp]i5ces dur+ 8 tempor>y    
demise4 ,8 fir/ s5sation 0 z (  a       
/e]sman swept into ! sea by a sudd5     
squall4 ,^u em]g+1 he  c\ld disc]n1 at  
fir/1 no?+ b />s ( great magnitude1 & v 
f> ap>t1 emitt+ radiant beams1 ^u :i* ! 
s\l rode z ?\gh  9 a *>iot4 ,look+      
d[nw>d1 he descri$ little fi]y bubbles  
ris+  ?r\gh ! yield+ air1 :i*1 bur/+1   
releas$ a]ial =ms ( m5  & wom51 "s ( :i*
 m\nt$ /raight upw>d1 ) great velocity1 
:ile o!rs :irl$ & span rapidly ab\t 9   
all directions4 ,among  ^! latt] he     
recognis$ sev]al ( 8 acqua9tance1 & tri$
  to acco/ !m1 b !y all avoid$ him4 ,he 
0 m successful  ) ^? spirits :o m\nt$   
upright1 among :om he recognis$ a       
k9sman :o _h di$ "y4 ,?is _s salut$ him 
by ! "n (  ,!spesios1 or ,div9e1 say+ t 

he mu/ h come ?i!r by ord]  ( ! gods1   
see+ t he 0 manife/ly alive1 = ! spirits
 (  ! dead nei!r ca/ %ad[s nor op5 & %ut
 _! eyelids4#dg  ,"u 8 k9sman's         
guidance1 ,!spesios not$ ! v>i\s k9ds ( 
s\ls1 & obs]v$ t :ile all 7 ( transp>5t 
sub/ance1 "s  emitt$ a pure untr\bl$    
light1 #8l ! full moon 9 h] greate/     
respl5d5ce1' o!rs be+ m>k$ ) long       
/reaks1 & o!rs1  aga91 repulsive ) black
 splot*es1 l ^? on ! sk9s (  vip]s4 ,8  
guide acc\nt$ = ?is div]sity by exp\nd+ 
! laws  :i* regulate ! condition (      
dep>t$ spirits4 ,adra/eia1 daught]  (   
,zeus & ,necessity1 0 *>g$ ) a g5]al    
sup]9t5d5ce  ov] ! puni%m5ts aw>d$ to ! 
guilty1 & none ( any rank or  k9d might 
escape h] v5geance2 b guilt is ( v>i\s  
degrees1 s  ,adra/eia deput$ ! *a/isem5t
 ( (f5ces1 aft] _! sev]al  k9ds1 to ?ree
 ,furies1 or av5g+ spirits4 ,! fir/ (   
^!1 ,po9e1  is ! m9i/] ( temporal       
p5alties1 :]eby m9or s9n]s are purg$  ( 
_! guilt by _! suff]+s 9 ?is life4 ,^?  
^: guilt  is n to be purg$ s easily are 

deliv]$ ov]1 aft] dea?1 to  ,dike1 or   
av5g+ ,ju/ice1 to be *a/5$ 9 mann] aft] 
describ$2  :ile ! absolutely incurable  
are ab&on$ to ,er9nys1 :o1 aft]  pursu+ 
!m 9 _! unavail+ flight ?r\gh c\ntless  
torm5ts1  plunges !m1 at la/1 into an   
abyss ( unspeakable horror4 ,! s\ls  :i*
 ,dike takes 9 h& %e fir/ exposes nak$  
to ! gaze ( _!  k91 9 ord]1 if ^! 7     
virtu\s1 t ! guilty s\l may be  /rick5 )
 ! great] %ame1 or1 if !y too _h be5    
wick$1 t  _! mutual remorse may be      
augm5t$ by ! sight ( "o ano!r's         
disgrace & suff]+s4 ,%e !n afflicts !m )
 suff]+s #8z  f> surpass+ 9 %>pness &   
sev]ity all torm5ts ( ! body1 z  reality
 surpasses an empty dream4' ,^!         
puni%m5ts leave ^u !  s\l /ripes & sc>s 
:i* correspond to ! gravity ( ! (f5ces1 
& gradually disappe> z ! s\l recov]s its
 prop] temp]am5t2  ?\gh c]ta9 s\ls1     
incapable ( ?or\gh re=mation1 are       
compell$  to complete _! expiation by   
inhabit+ ! bodies ( brutes = a  t]m4    
,aft] ?is1 ! _s convey$ ,!spesios across

 a va/ expanse  ov] :i* he 0 borne ^u a 
ray ( light1 z easily & swiftly z  ?\gh 
upborne by an eagle1 until he came to a 
yawn+1 unfa?omable  *asm4 ,"h ! =ce :i* 
_h hi!rto su/a9$ him fail$2 8  fur!r    
c\rse 0 /ay$1 & he1 & sev]al o!rs 9 l   
case1  7 left hov]+ ab\t ! m\? ( !      
cav]n1 l birds t  desir$ to ent] 91 b   
d>$ n4 ,! int]ior ( ! *asm 0 all  gre5 )
 trees & grass1 & adorn$ ) fl[]s ( e    
hue1  :i* emitt$ a fragrance sweet] ?an 
is ! fragrance ( w9e to  !m t love x1 & 
amid all ^! dwelt ! s\ls ( ! ble/ 9  !  
utmo/ mir? & good fell[%ip4 ,ere long1  
,!spesios 0 c>ri$  h5ce & br\ght to !   
place ( puni%m5t1 & among ! guilty he   
recognis$ c]ta9 ( 8 own k94 ,"h 8 k9dly 
_s guide quitt$  him1 & he 0 tak5 9 *>ge
 by sev]al grisly sprites1 :o ?ru/  him 
=w>d & made him obs]ve ! torm5ts t 7    
inflict$ on  ! wick$4 ,9 ! enum]ation ( 
^!1 a q ,dantesque int5tion  #8to make !
 puni%m5t fit ! crime' is app>5t4 ,=    
in/ance1  c]ta9 :o _h cloak$ a vici\s   
life ) f9e pr(essions 7  turn$ inside   

out1 & compell$ to wriggle onw>d 9 ?is  
guise2  hypocrites 7 flay$ & ga%$1 s z  
to reveal _! inn] nature2  deadly       
enemies 7 tw9$ toge!r1 & gnaw$ "o ano!r1
 z ,ugol9o  gnaw$ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,pisa 9 
! ,inf]no4 ,fur!rmore1 !re 7  ?ree      
lakes--"o ( molt5 gold1 "o ( lead1      
exce$+ cold1 & "o  ( iron2 demons arm$ )
 tongs1 l smi?s1 plung$ ! s\ls ( !      
av>ici\s into ! lake ( molt5 gold until 
!y 7 heat$ ?r\gh  & ?r\gh2 !n into !    
lead5 lake until !y 7 congeal$ l  hail2 
&1 f9ally1 into ! iron lake1 :]e !y 7   
brok5 to  pieces2 aft] :i* !y 7         
re9tegrat$1 = a repetition ( _!         
puni%m5t4 ,b mo/ wret*$ 0 ! case ( !m ^:
 crimes _h  communicat$ a ta9t to _!    
po/]ity2 = :5 !y deem$ t !  ,div9e      
ju/ice _h wr\ght its utmo/ ^u !m1 !y 7  
met by !  sc>r$ & di/ort$ s\ls ( _!     
desc5dants1 :o1 :5 _!  p>5ts 9 grief &  
%ame tri$ to %irk away f !m1 w\ld seize 
& cl+ to !m1 sometimes1 ev5 9 clu/]s l  
bees or bats1 &  w\ld hale !m back to   
r5ew$ torm5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! s\ls :o 7     

de/9$ to return to e>? 9 o!r bodies 7   
wr\ght & =g$  l iron to fit !m = _! new 
/ate4    ,plut>*'s es*atology displays m
 sy/em ?an is to be f\nd 9  8           
pr$ecessors1 or ev5 9 _m ( ! ,*ri/ian   
visions2 h[ev]1  nei!r by ,plut>* nor by
 ,plato is ! doctr9e ( ! metempsy*osis  
made to fit 9 q p]fectly ) t ( a /ate ( 
et]nal rew>ds  & puni%m5ts :i* co-exi/s 
) x4 ,moreov]1 ! purgatorial  s*eme1    
?\gh highly elaborat$1 is conceiv$      
entirely ) ref]5ce  to ! prep>ation ( ! 
s\l = a r5ew$ exi/5ce ^u e>?4    ,9     
foll[+ up ! ,greek developm5t ( !       
,vision leg5d to its  complete/         
exposition 9 ,plut>*1 we h pass$ by !   
,lat9  contributions to ! subject1 e>li]
 ?an ! ,vision ( ,!spesios 9  po9t (    
date1 ?\gh n 9 mann] ( treatm5t4 ,a     
g5]ation be=e  ! bir? ( ,virgil1 ,cic]o1
 9 8 ,somnium ,scipionis1 _h utilis$  ! 
,vision z a vehicle ( in/ruction2 he1   
h[ev]1 took natural  philosophy = 8 !me1
 n es*atology4    ,virgil1 inde$1 alone 
( ,roman writ]s1 made any contribution (

 real  importance to ! developm5t ( !   
,vision leg5d 9 lit]ature1  ?\gh t      
contribution is ! fl[] & consummation ( 
! leg5d  z x appe>s 9 ! purely classical
 tradition4 ,= ,virgil1 saturat$  ) !   
,hell5ic culture1 :ile rema9+ int5sely  
,roman 9 8  political views & national  
s5tim5t1 rema9s free f any t9cture  (   
,ori5tal ideas4 ,e>li] ?an ,plut>* by m 
?an a c5tury1 8  treatm5t ( ! subject is
 m mod]n 9 /yle & _s1 al?\gh1  9 8      
pictures ( ! o!r _w1 he repeats &       
comb9es ! ideas  :i* ! anci5ts _h held  
conc]n+ x4 ,8 topography ( ! o!r  _w & (
 ! approa*es !reto agrees s closely ) ! 
humor\s  acc\nt 9 ! ,frogs (            
,ari/ophanes1 :i*1 evid5tly1 he has no  
int5tion ( copy+1 z to make x cle> t bo?
 poets foll[$1 9  ! ma91 a g5]ally      
accept$ tradition4 ,s1 too1 9 8         
descriptions  ( ! ,elysian ,fields & (  
,t>t>us1 ,virgil simply reproduces 9    
sub/ance ! _m simil> descriptions :i*   
occur 9 ! ,greek poets  & philosoph]s2 &
 al?\gh he p]fects ^! ) _m exquisite    

t\*es ( 8 own1 su* orig9al contributions
 ( 8 belong r  to ! doma9 ( art ?an (   
es*atology4 ,to take "o in/ance1 8      
enum]ation ( ^? righte\s ones :o are    
admitt$ to ! seats (  ! ble/1 includ+1 z
 x does1        ,inv5tas aut qui vitam  
excolu]e p] artes1      ,quique sui     
memores alios fec]e m]5do 7n4 vi4       
#ffc-d71    c\ld only h be5 writt5 9 an 
age ( self-consci\s culture4    ,9 8    
es*atology he is no less cons]vative ?an
 9 8 descriptions2  witness ! judgm5t ( 
! dead by ,m9os 7#dca sqq47 &           
,rhadaman?us  7#efg-i72 ! ,fate ( !     
,giants 7#ehj sqq471 & o!r great  (f5d]s
 aga9/ ! p]sons ( ! gods 7#fja sqq471   
etc4 etc4  ,l ,plut>*1 he inflicts      
heavi] p5alties ^u ^? :o h  n expiat$ _!
 guilt 9 ?is life 7#efi74 ,moreov]1 he  
adopts1  )\t be+ able to reconcile1 !   
two conflict+ !ories held  by 8 ,grecian
 pr$ecessors1 & succe$s no bett] ?an    
,plato &  8 foll[]s 9 fus+ into a       
consi/5t s*eme ! !ory (  p]petual rew>ds
 & puni%m5ts1 & ! collat]al !ory ( !    

metempsy*osis4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( ! :ole   
subject he betrays  ! influ5ce ( sev]al 
( ! lat] s*ools ( ,greek philosophy1  & 
appe>s z a disciple ( ! ,py?agoreans &  
,/oics z well z  ( ,plato4 ,at ! same   
"t1 he displays 8 mod]nity alike 9 ?is  
eclectic & comb9+ me?od1 & 9 8 g5]al    
design1 :i* is  ma9ly arti/ic & lit]>y2 
! ,vision leg5d is n introduc$  ) any   
hortatory or epideictic purpose1 b1 z 9 
! e>li]  epic1 =ms m]ely a "p ( ! g5]al 
ma*9]y ( ! poem1 !  sev]al pictures &   
descriptive incid5ts ( ! ,o!rworld s]v+ 
z frescoes & /atues & g>goyles to adorn 
! ma9 body ( !  edifice4 ,an in/ance (  
?is occurs 9 ! picturesque gr\p+ ( !    
mon/]s & p]sonifi$ ab/ractions ab\t !   
gates ( ,hades 7n4  vi4 #bgc-bid71 :i*  
is conceiv$ 9 a purely arti/ic _s1 no   
less  ?an simil> descriptions 9 ,ario/o1
 ,sp5s]1 & ,milton--we might  almo/ add 
! ,rape ( ! ,lock4 ,! same may be said (
 ! ,city (  ,dis 7#edh sqq474 ,9 su*    
passages z ^!1 ,virgil indulges ! ,roman
  love ( classification :i* appe>s 9 t  

t5d5cy ( ! national  religion to        
apportion all phases ( nature & humanity
 among c\ntless  #8dep>tm5tal deities1' 
ridicul$ by sev]al ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian    
fa!rs1 & notably by ,/4 ,augu/9e4#dh    
,9 %ort1 ,virgil press$ into 8 s]vice   
ideas1 beliefs1 &  speculations drawn   
alike f ! popul> cre$s & traditions1 &  
f ! philosoph]s ( 8 own & e>li] times4  
,^! he bl5d$  ) consummate art into "o  
h>moni\s :ole1 unit+ antiquity (  matt] 
) mod]nity ( treatm5t2 & ?is            
complet5ess1 aid$ by  ! comb9ation (    
circum/ances :i* l$ him to be reg>d$1 9 
aft]  times1 z at once ! epitome & !    
consummation ( ! ,wisdom (  ! ,anci5ts1 
& z1 moreov]1 ! div9ely inspir$ h]ald ( 
!  com+ transition f ,paganism to       
,*ri/ianity1 fitt$ him1 at a "t  :5 !   
high] a*ievem5ts ( ! human intellect _h 
to be s\ght  9 classical antiquity1 to  
become ! duce1 mae/ro1 guida1 t  ,dante 
f\nd 9 him4          #b4 ,,! ,,ori5tal  
,,tradition      ,to ,dante1 ,virgil    
appe>$ z ! sac] vates 9 e s5se ( !  t]m4

 ,z a poet1 he t[]$ above all o!r ma/]s 
( ! craft )  :om ,dante 0 acqua9t$2 !   
te/imony ( ages _h concurr$ 9  pron\nc+ 
him to be ! repository & ! expon5t ( !  
wisdom &  le>n+ ( ! anci5t _w1 ! only   
secul> wisdom & le>n+  to :i* ! ,middle 
,ages c\ld turn = in/ruction & guidance4
 ,8  f\r? ,eclogue _h l$ ! ,*ur* to     
acclaim him z "o ( ^? pagan  se]s to    
:om1 jo9tly ) ! ,sibyls1 a %>e 9 !      
prep>ation =  ! ,gospel _h be5 committ$ 
by ,div9e appo9tm5t1 :ile ! six?  neid  
directly associat$ him ) ! ,sibyls      
!mselves2 f9ally1  8 great poem express$
 ! v _s ( t ,roman ,empire1 (  :i* !    
!ory at lea/ con/itut$ ! basis &        
framework ( !  ecclesia/ical & civil    
polity ( ,*ri/5dom4    ,h[ev]1 ! task   
:i* ,dante _h set himself 0 no?+ less1  
accord+ to 8 own affirmation1#di ?an to 
exp\nd ! s*eme (  ,div9e ,provid5ce )   
respect to #8man1 9 s f> z by 8 m]it  or
 dem]it1 by virtue ( freewill1 he is    
liable to remun]ative or  punitive      
,ju/ice'2#ej & by ! mov+ picture ( #8!  

condition  ( s\ls aft] dea?1'#ea #8to   
)draw ^? liv+ 9 ! pres5t  life f ! /ate 
( mis]y1 & to conduct !m unto ! /ate (  
bliss4'#eb ,hav+ no desire to innovate  
^u ! accept$ beliefs1 b  r to exp\nd !m 
9 _! utmo/ complet5ess1 & 9 accordance  
) ! fulness ( k1 he naturally1 &        
necess>ily1 avail$  himself ( ! mat]ials
 pres]v$ 9 ,*ri/ian leg5d & popul>      
tradition4 ,^! mat]ials1 9 great        
measure1 7 ! product ( a  fusion 9 !    
primitive ,*ur* ( ! speculations ( !    
,hell5i/ic  s*ools ) an abundant h]itage
 ( analog\s conceptions1 :i* _h  be5    
bequea!d to x by ! e>li] disp5sation4   
,long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 a gradual    
process ( accretion _h be5  go+ on )9 ! 
,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,9 ! days ( _! fre$om1 !  
p ( ,israel _h addict$ !mselves b little
 to speculations  conc]n+ ! ,o!rworld2  
dur+ ! captivity1 h[ev]1 !y _h  come    
into contact ) ! ri*] my?ology ( !      
conqu]+ nations1  & aft] ! return !y    
fell "u ! influ5ce ( ! v>i\s  s*ools (  
philosophy1 ^: tea*+1 col\r$ ) a        

!osophic t+e  ( cont9ually increas+     
dep?1 p]meat$ ,syria 9 common ) all  o!r
 l&s 9 :i* ! ,hell5i/ic culture         
prevail$4 ,^! v>i\s  influ5ces comb9$ to
 produce a m spiritual type ( religion1 
&  a m elaborate es*atology1 ?an _h     
orig9ally ent]$ into !  national fai? ( 
,israel4    ,! leg5d ( a ,vision ( !    
,o!rworld1 9 ! ,ea/ z 9 ,hellas1  _h    
gradually develop$ f ! mo/ primitive    
beg9n+s1 ! fir/  appe>ance ( x occurr+  
at a v e>ly /age ( popul> tradition4  ,!
 sacr$ books ( ,assyria1 :i* !mselves   
embodi$ mu* ( !  my?ology ( ! e>li]     
,accadian race1 record ! desc5t into    
,hades ( ! goddess ,i%tr1 9 que/ ( !    
wat]s ( life1 & (  ! national h]o       
,gisdub>1 :o1 l ,odysseus & neas1 _h    
gone  ?i!r seek+ c\nsel f ! %ades ( 8   
ance/ors4 ,! abodes  ( ! dead are       
approa*$ ?r\gh sev5 successive gates1   
gu>d$ by  mon/]s1 & at ea* sits a port] 
:o /rips ! s\ls t ent] (  "s "p ( _!    
raim5t1 until1 aft] pass+ ! la/ gate1 !y
  ent] ! _w ( %ades z nak$ z :5 !y came 

into ! _w  !y h j left4 ,gisdub>1 :o _h 
be5 convey$ to ! regions (  ! dead by a 
f]ry1 :]e9 we see ! prototype ( ,*>on's 
boat1  0 met on 8 arrival by mon/]s1    
betwe5 man & scorpion 9 %ape1  :o       
direct$ him to ! abode ( ! ble/1 situate
 #8at ! m\? (  ! riv]s4' ,he accord+ly  
rea*$ a grove by ! sea-%ore1 at !  e/u>y
 ( a riv]1 :i* 0 ! ,wat]s ( ,dea?4 ,!   
trees 9 ?is  grove 7 lad5 ) preci\s     
/ones1 & gu>d$ by two maid5s1 :o  %ut ! 
door aga9/ ,gisdub>1 because he bore !  
m>ks ( ! ,div9e  wra? ^u him4 ,!        
,*aldean ,elysium is describ$ z a m\nta9
 ly+  b5ea? a sky ( silv]1 & be>+ crops 
)\t ne$ ( tillage4  ,"h ! s\ls ( h]oes &
 great m5 dwell = ev]1 recl9+  on c\*es1
 & dr9k+ ! wat]s ( life4#ec ,^! wat]s   
are  repres5t$ 9 ! /ory ( ! desc5t (    
,i%tr z proce$+ f  "u a gold5 ?rone1 set
 9 ! mid/ ( ,hades1 :]eon sat !         
,spirits ( ,e>?4 ,9 ! grove ( ,eridu    
/ood a ,tree ( ,life1 :i*  appe>s to h  
be5 a ,_w ,tree1 l ,yggdrasil1 & at !   
same "t  to h possess$ ! prop]ty (      

re/or+ life & /r5g? to !  individual4   
,?is tree 0 gu>d$ by *]ubim1 ^: heads 7 
l  ! heads ( hawks or eagles4 ,f ?is    
,elysium a way l$ to ,arali1 !  abode ( 
! dead 9 g5]al4    ,t abode is describ$ 
z #8a gloomy realm b5ea? ! e>?1 :]e9  ! 
spirits ( ! dead flit ab\t 9 d>kness1 ) 
du/ & mud =  _! food & dr9k4'#ed ,no h9t
 is !re ( rew>d or puni%m5t2  ! same    
dre>y lot awaits ! evil & ! good alike s
 soon z !y  h quitt$ ! light ( day4 ,!  
only attempt at a diff]5tial  treatm5t  
is f\nd 9 t ari/ocratic conception (    
,elysium :i*  provides a place !re =    
h]oes & great m5 alone2 a conception    
:i* ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,*alda %>$ ) 
_m races ( v  diff]5t type & orig91     
includ+ sev]al ( ! peoples ( ,c5tral    
,am]ica & ,polynesia1 &1 app>5tly1 !    
e>ly ,aryans ( ,europe4 ,9  fact1 ! :ole
 ,*aldan !ory ( ! future life is v      
rudim5t>y1  not)/&+ ! great pr(ici5cy 9 
sev]al dep>tm5ts ( culture  to :i* !    
,accadian & ,assyrian races _h atta9$4  
,! ,m$ian conque/ ( ,assyria & ,babylon 

introduc$ ! ,hebrew exiles  to !        
,zoroa/rian religion1 ) its my?ology    
ri*] ?an any :i*  ! ,semitic or         
,pre-,semitic races _h evolv$1 & taught 
!m an  es*atology m elaborate ?an _!    
own4 ,! ,ave/a inculcat$ an  e?ic ( high
 morality1 & taught a v sy/ematic !ory (
 rew>ds  & puni%m5ts 9 ! future life4 ,!
 exp]i5ces ( ! s\l aft]  dea? are       
describ$ ) great m9ut5ess & copi\sness (
 detail4    ,= ?ree nights aft] dea? !  
s\l sits by ! head ( ! body1  & all ?is 
"t1 if a righte\s s\l1 exp]i5ces !      
consci\sness  ( a delight z great z any 
t ! :ole liv+ _w toge!r are  capable (  
enjoy+4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t x becomes    
aw>e ( a  sweet-sc5t$ w9d bl[+ f ! s\?1 
& feels a pleasant s5se  ( be+ borne    
into a place ( fragrant trees & v]dure4 
,! evil  s\l1 on ! contr>y1 exp]i5ces a 
correspond+ am\nt ( mis]y  dur+ its     
vigil1 at ! close ( :i* x is assail$ by 
a f\l w9d  f ! nor?4 ,its vigil end$1 e 
s\l1 good or bad1 _h to cross  ! n>r[   
,*9vt ,bridge 7c9vata p]etu%1 !         

#8,acc\ntant's  ,bridge'71 :]e good &   
evil spirits /ruggl$ = possession (  x1 
z did ! angels & devils = ! s\l (       
,goe!'s ,fau/1 &  z ,mi*ael & ,satan    
cont5d$ = ,moses1 accord+ to ! tradition
  ref]r$ to 9 ! ,book ( ,jude 7v]4 #i74 
,on rea*+ ! bridge head1  ! s\l ( #8good
 ?\ghts1 good de$s1 good words1 & good  
religion'  0 met by a lovely maid51 :o 0
 8 own consci5ce4 ,by h] he 0  conduct$ 
to ! place ( ,judgm5t1#ee & !re a book 0
 op5$  :]e9 _h be5 kept a record ( all !
 good & evil he _h wr\ght  9 life4 ,^u 8
 righte\sness be+ admitt$1 he 0 receiv$ 
)  acclamation by ! cele/ial p[]s1 & a  
place 0 allott$ to him  among _! gold5  
seats4#ef ,! ,ave/an ,elysium is        
describ$ z a  holy m\nta91 its summit   
clo!d ) ev]la/+ light1 :i!r  #8come     
nei!r night nor d>kness1 no cold w9d &  
no hot w9d1 no  dea?ful sickness1 no    
uncleanness made by ! ,davas demons1 & !
  cl\ds _c rea* up to x4' ,at ! foot ( !
 m\nta9 0 a va/  sea1 a m> del ess]e1 9 
! mid/ ( :i* grew ! ,:ite ,hama         

7,indian ,soma71 ! ,tree ( ,life4 #8,!  
wat]s /& !re boil+1  boil+ up 9 ! he>t (
 ! sea ,pitika1 & :5 cleans$ !re9  !y   
run back f ! sea ,pitika to ! tree      
b\ra-ka%a1 t[>ds  ! well-wat]$ tree1    
:]eon gr[ ! se$s ( my plants ( e        
k9d4'#eg ,a godlike bird sits on t tree2
 :5 he flies (f a  ?\s& bran*es gr[ out 
( x1 & :5 he alights ^u x he breaks  (f 
a ?\s& bran*es4#eh ,( ?is my/ical bird1 
! ,bundehe%1 "o  ( ! lat] ( ! sacr$     
books1 says1 #8,! bird ,k>%ipta dwells  
9 ! heav5s2 7 he liv+ on ! e>?1 he w\ld 
be ! k+ (  birds4 ,he br\ght ! ,religion
 into ! ,v> ( ,yima1 & recites !  ,ave/a
 9 ! language ( birds4'#ei ,) ?is we may
 comp>e !  angel describ$ 9 ,rev4 xiv4  
#f z an angel di ,dio1 fly+ #89 !  mid/ 
( ,heav51 be>+ ! ev]la/+ ,gospel to     
prea* unto !m  t dwell on ! e>?4'       
,di/9ct f ! ,elysium ( ! ,gods1 & f !   
abode ( ! dead1  is ,yima's ,heav5 (    
,light1 a ,v>a1 or hortus conclusus1 :i*
 is  a r$uplication ( ! realm ov] :i* he
 presid$ 9 ! ,gold5  ,age1 be=e ?is _w 0

 creat$4#fj ,! ,v>a 0 con/ruct$ by  #8! 
fair ,yima1 ! good %eph]d1' at ! comm& (
 #8! ,mak]1  ,ahura ,mazda1' 9 view ( ! 
de/ruction t 0 to come ^u !  mat]ial _w1
 :i* _h become corrupt1 s t he might    
pres]ve  !re9 ! se$s ( m5 & all o!r liv+
 be+s1 ( plants1 #8&  ( r$ blaz+ fires1'
 9 ord] t ! e>? might be repl5i%$4  ,)9 
?is ,v>a ,yima made a res]voir1 ! banks 
( :i* furni%$  an unfail+ supply ( food1
 & 7 ! haunt ( birds4 ,to ?is  happy    
region1 z we h se51 ! my/ical bird      
,k>%ipta br\ght  ! ,ave/a1 & prea*$ x to
 ! d5iz5s1 ^: life 0 "o (  p]petual mir?
 & gladness1 exempt f heat & cold1      
sickness1 old  age1 & dea?2 #8& !re 0 no
 hump-back$1 none bulg$ =w>d1  !re2 no  
impot5t1 no lunatic2 no "o malici\s1 no 
li>2 no "o  spiteful1 none jeal\s2 no "o
 ) decay$ too?1 no lepr\s to be  p5t up1
 nor any ( ! br&s :]e) ,angra ,ma9ya    
/amps ! bodies  ( mortals4'#fa    ,x is 
impossible n to be /ruck ) ! resemblance
 :i* ?is  passage be>s to *apt] #ce ( ! 
,fis ,adamn94 ,?is resemblance  mu/ be  

purely accid5tal1 b x is none ! less    
wor?y to be not$2  = !re is reason to   
suspect t a c>eful record ( !           
similitudes  & co9cid5ces :i* s         
frequ5tly occur :]e imitation or direct 
d]ivation is impossible1 might t5d to   
disc\rage ! arbitr>y  assumption t      
d]ivation mu/ ne$s exi/1 9 cases :]e x  
may be  possible1 b is n prov$4    ,x w 
be not$ t ,yima's ,v>a is n repres5t$ 9 
! ,v5ddd  z ! abode ( ! dead1 or        
connect$ 9 any way ) ! ,o!rworld2  x !re
 appe>s r z a ,platonic ideal _w1       
conta9+ !  =ms1 types1 or ideas aft] :i*
 ! mat]ial _w is to be  creat$1 or1 r1  
re/or$4 ,yima1 too1 f> f be+ "o ( !     
pr9cipal gods1 appe>s only z a          
subord9ate ,demi\rgos1 subject to  #8!  
,mak]1' ,ahura ,mazda4 ,h5ce x might    
seem to be =eign to our  subject2 9     
reality1 h[ev]1 x is n s4 ,h[ev] ! leg5d
 may  h be5 expla9$ by lat] philosophic 
speculations--probably "u  ,greek       
influ5ces1 z to :i* lat]--!re is no d\bt
 t 9 its  orig9al =m x 0 meant = a      

picture ( ! _w ( ! happy  dead4 ,int]nal
 evid5ce ( itself might conv9ce u ( ?is4
 ,! :ole  conception ( a sup]natural    
c\ntry1 inhabit$ by human be+s :o  lead 
a happy life amid conditions :i*        
reproduce ! pres5t _w1  b "u a bright] &
 s]5] aspect--a c\ntry1 moreov]1 :i*    
reproduces a tradition>y gold5 age--is  
entirely 9 accord ) !  famili> ,elysium 
( ! ,aryan peoples4 ,b m ?an ?is1 9 !   
anci5t ,p]sian my?ology ,yima is        
id5tical ) ! ,indian ,yama1 !  rul] ( ! 
dep>t$1 :o cross$ ! riv]s1 lead+ ! fa!rs
  aft] him1 & n[ presides ov] ! spirits 
( ! dead 9 a l&  beyond ! sunset4 ,"h1 9
 a l& ( s(t w9ds & cool ra9s1  trav]s$  
by p]5nial /reams ( milk & honey1 &     
illum9$ by  unfail+ light1 he sits "u ! 
,tree ( ,life1 dr9k+ ! ,soma 7!  ,p]sian
 ,hama7 f its bran*es1 & surr\nd$ by !  
s\ls ( !  righte\s1 all ^: desires are  
!re accompli%$4    ,! ,p]sian religion1 
9 ! /age at :i* x is pres]v$ 9  !       
,ave/a1 spiritualis$ mu* ( ! primitive  
,aryan my?ology1  allegoris+ _m ( its   

deities into p]sonifications ( good &   
evil pr9ciples & qualities4 ,?is        
not)/&+1 _m ( ! m  primitive elem5ts ( !
 old] religion 7 reta9$1 & 7  re9=c$ ) a
 numb] ( animi/ic beliefs d]iv$ f !     
,turanian  peoples2 & :5 ! ,zoroa/rian  
religion exp]i5c$ t process  (          
corruption :i* commonly affects all     
#8,religions ( ! ,book1' 9  great] or   
less degree1 ^! l[] & m anci5t elem5ts  
ass]t$  !mselves1 s t ! practical side (
 ! religion consi/$ 9  great measure (  
,%amani/ic practices design$ to         
propitiate an  innum]able ho/ ( good &  
evil spirits4#fb    ,! "q h[ f> !       
es*atological conceptions ( ! lat]      
,judaism may h be5 affect$ by contact ) 
,zoroa/rianism  obvi\sly dep5ds1 9 great
 measure1 ^u ! date to be assign$ to  ! 
fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,p]sian religion ( ! 
=ego+ !ories  conc]n+ ! future life4 ,! 
,ave/a consi/s ( sev]al books (  diff]5t
 "* & ( diff]5t dates4 ,d>me/et]#fc     
holds t  x 0 compil$1 9 its pres5t =m1  
dur+ ! fir/ & second  c5turies ( our    

era1 al?\gh a great "p ( ! mat]ial      
embodi$  0 ( mu* e>li] date4 ,he fur!r  
consid]s t ! ,zoroa/rian  belief receiv$
 its ultimate =m "u ! influ5ce ( !      
s*ools (  ,greek philosophy1 ) :i* !    
,p]sians 7 9 close contact 9 !  c5turies
 foll[+ ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 & m       
p>ticul>ly1  t ! f9al r$action ( !      
,ave/a 0 indebt$ = its m  spiritual &   
philosophic elem5ts to                  
#8,neo-,platonism1 t is to say1  t      
philosophic comp\nd inspir$ by ! _s (   
,plato1 :i*  p]meat$ all ! speculations 
( ! c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 & long  aft]1 &
 :i* f9ds its fir/ & mo/ influ5tial     
expon5t 9 ,philo  ,judu4 ,9 ,philo is   
f\nd1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ exact p>allel
  to ! ,ave/an doctr9e1' etc4 7p4 lv474 
,! pron\ncem5ts ( su* a s*ol> z         
,d>me/et] ^u any matt] (  fact belong+  
to a dep>tm5t ( le>n+ ( :i* he 0 s      
weighty  an au?ority c only be accept$  
by u )\t res]ve4 ,at ! same  "t1 x may  
be p]missible to consid] h[ f> ! above  
inf]5ces  are support$ by ! au?or's own 

argum5ts1 or r1 ! ext5t  to :i* ^?      
inf]5ces may be held to apply4 ,x is    
c]ta9 t  ! ,hell5ic1 or ,hell5i/ic1     
philosophies ex]cis$ great influ5ce     
?r\gh\t ! m civilis$ p>ts ( ,asia dur+ !
 exi/5ce  ( ! ,alex&rian ,empire1 & =   
long aft] its dissolution4 ,x  w be     
obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ,d>me/et]1 :ile assum+ 
t !  ,ave/a 0 m\ld$ by ^? ,platonic     
doctr9es #8:i* p]vad$ all  !            
speculations ( ! c5turies be=e ,*ri/1'  
goes on to say t  ?is speculation #8f9ds
 its fir/ ''' expon5t 9 ,philo ,judu4'  
,n[1  ,philo ,judu fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( 
! fir/ c5tury ( our era1  & ! o!r mo/   
celebrat$ f\nd]s1 or r precursors1 ( !  
,neo-,platonic s*ool 7 ( lat] date2     
,plut>* ( ,*ronea belong+  to ! latt] "p
 ( ! same c5tury1 ,num5ius to ! second  
c5tury  ,a4,d4 ,if1 !n1 #89 ,philo is   
f\nd ''' ! fir/ exact p>allel to !      
,ave/an doctr9e1' x might conceivably be
 argu$ ) reg>d to  ^? p>ts1 at any rate1
 ( ! ,ave/an doctr9e to :i* ! au?or     
ascribes a ,neo-,platonic orig9 on !    

/r5g? ( _! resemblance  to ! sy/em (    
,philo1 t su* resemblance %\ld be       
expla9$ by  a q opposite d]ivation      
!ory4#fd ,! fur!r "q also  pres5ts      
itself1 :e!r ! views ( ,philo & 8 s*ool 
obta9$ s  rapid an acceptance 9 ! ,ea/1 
beyond ! b\nds ( ! ,roman ,empire1  z   
greatly to affect ! sub/ance ( s anci5t 
& important a cre$  z ,zoroa/rianism1 z 
exp\nd$ 9 a rec5sion ( ! sacr$ books (  
t religion made almo/ imm$iately aft]   
,philo's dea?1 if n !n  actually 9      
progress4    ,x is en\gh to sugge/ ^!   
que/ions1 )\t attempt+ _!  solution2 we 
are only conc]n$ to see :e!r ,d>me/et]'s
 !ory1 if  correct1 is incompatible ) ! 
exi/5ce 9 ! e>li] =m ( !  ,ave/an       
religion ( elem5ts :i* may reasonably be
 presum$ to h  affect$ ! developm5t (   
our leg5d ?r\gh ,hebrew *annels4        
,d>me/et] himself does n attempt to set 
up any h>d & fa/ !ory  on ! subject4 ,9 
8 own words3 #8,)\t press+ conclusions  
too  h>d z to facts & dates1 ?is mu* c  
be safely inf]r$ ''' t  ,platonic       

doctr9es _h f\nd _! way to ,p]sia 9 !   
fir/ c5turies  ( ! ,*ri/ian era' 7loc4  
cit474 ,9 p>ticul>1 he traces ,platonic 
influ5ces 9 ! spiritual & allegorical   
mann] 9 :i* !  creations ( ! old ,aryan 
my?ology are dealt ) 9 ! ,ave/a1 &  9 ! 
preval5ce ( a simil> tone 9 ! ,ave/an   
cosmology4 ,! mo/  notable in/ances (   
?is mode ( ?\ght occur 9 ! ,v> ( ,yima1 
:i* is practically a ,platonic _w (     
,ideas1#fe & 9 ! ,ame%a  ,sp5tas1 or    
,b\ntiful ,immortals1 :o1 we are told1  
fir/ assume !  "* 9 :i* !y n[ appe> 9 ! 
,ave/a "u ! influ5ce (  ,neo-,platonic  
!ories4#ff    ,at ! same "t1 ,d>me/et]  
po9ts out t ! anci5t ,a*m5ian  religion 
already possess$ ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( 
! conflict  betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & evil1
 & ! f9al triumph ( ! good1  & ( ^? t _h
 adh]$ to x4 ,! duration ( ! univ]se is 
already divid$ into f\r p]iods ( #cjjj  
ye>s ea*1#fg 9 ! la/  ( :i* ,ahriman 0  
to be subdu$1 & m5 7 to #8live happily1 
ne$+ no food1 & ca/+ no %ad[4'#fh ,he   
fur!r /ates1 z we  h se51 t ! ,ave/a 0  

compil$ f v>i\s works ( diff]5t  dates2 
^! w\ld necess>ily embody mu* matt] (   
old] date ?an  !mselves--v mu* old]1 we 
are w>rant$ 9 believ+1 alike  by !      
analogy ( o!r religions1 & by ! nature (
 _m ( !  beliefs pres]v$ 9 ! ,ave/a4 ,9 
speak+ ( ! books ( :i*  ! ,ave/a is     
compos$1 ,d>me/et] gives x z 8 op9ion t 
#8!  ,v5ddd may be tak5 z ! be/ specim5 
( ! text imbu$ ) !  pre-,alex&rian      
_s'2#fi & x is precisely ! ,v5ddd t     
conta9s ! great] "p1 ?\gh n all1 ( !    
doctr9es conc]n+  ! ,o!rworld1 ( :i* an 
ab/ract has be5 giv5 above4    ,we are  
?us w>rant$ 9 assum+ t ! ,p]sians _h    
develop$ a  tol]ably complete !ory ( !  
,o!rworld1 & ( ! rew>ds &  puni%m5ts !re
 met$ out 9 recomp5se = man's conduct 9 
?is  life1 at a date e>ly en\gh to      
influ5ce ,hebrew ?\ght1 be=e ei!r       
nation _h come "u ,hell5ic influ5ces4   
,9 "s respects1 ,d>me/et]'s conclusions 
ev5 fav\r ?is  presumption1 = if we c   
attribute to ,neo-,platonic influ5ces ! 
ideal "* :i* ,yima's ,v>a be>s 9 !      

,v5ddd1 we c  und]/& at h[ rec5t a date 
! ,v>a came to be dive/$ ( !  "* ( an   
,elysium1 or abode ( ! happy dead1 su* z
 is !  realm ( ,yama1 ( :i*1 9 o!r      
respects1 x is s complete a  c\nt]p>t4  
,9 ?is connection1 x %\ld also be not$ t
 ! ,ave/an doctr9e  ( ! ,o!rworld gives 
no place to ! !ory ( ,rebir?1 :i* is a  
pr9cipal article ( ! ,platonic &        
,py?agorean s*ools1 & might  h be5      
expect$ to occupy a prom95t place 9 !   
,zoroa/rian  es*atology1 _h ?is be5     
m\ld$ to any great ext5t by ,greek      
philosophy4 ,9 hold+ ! f9ality ( man's  
lot aft] dea?1 !  ,p]sian doctr9e agrees
 ) t ( ! ,jews1 &1 app>5tly1 ( !        
,*aldans4    ,h[ev] mu*1 moreov]1 !     
elaborate dmonic sy/em conta9$ 9  !     
,ave/a may be indebt$ to ,neo-,platonism
 = its m spiritual  elem5ts1 x is nei!r 
c]ta9 nor probable t ! sub/ance ( x  c  
be d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,! es*atology (
 ! ,ave/a  conta9s mu* t _c be ref]r$ to
 ,neo-,platonic ideas1 ev5  if x mu/ be 
admitt$ t ^! 7 widely en\gh accept$1 9  

a suffici5tly sy/ematis$ =m1 at ! date  
:5 ! ,ave/a 0  complet$1 :ile _m p>ts ( 
x exhibit bo? ,indian & ,*aldan         
analogies4 ,x is en\gh1 9 ?is place1    
m]ely to ref] to ! ,tree (  ,life & !   
,wat]s ( ,life1 to bo? ( :i* ,indian1 & 
yet clos]  ,*aldan1 p>allels exi/2 !    
my/ical bird ,k>%ipta1 :i* is an        
,indian my?2 ! ,elysium ( ! ,gods1 :i*  
is little m ?an an  improvem5t on !     
,*aldan ,elysium2 ,m\nt ,elborz1 z !    
,p]sian  ,holy ,m\nta91 correspond+ to !
 ,indian ,m\nt ,m]u2 ! ,_w ,sea1  :i*   
r5ews & purifies all creat$ ?+s1 & is   
ak9 to !  ocean out ( :i* a new _w 0    
*urn$ by ! ,h9du gods4 ,!  ,v> ( ,yima1 
z we h already se51 is ! same z ,yama's 
blissful  realm4 ,! div9e be+s :i* appe>
 9 ! ,ave/a 9 ! guise (  p]sonifi$      
ab/ractions1 are ! deities ( ,aryan     
my?ology trave/i$  presumably1 accord+  
to ! hypo!sis1 "u ,neo-,platonic        
influ5ces4  ,s1 app>5tly1 ! ,ame%a      
,sp5tas1 :atev] t9cture ( philosophic   
culture !y may h acquir$ ?r\gh contact )

 ,hell5i/ic  ?\ght1 7 orig9ally id5tical
 ) ! #8,sev5 ,magnific5t  ,deities1' :o 
7 ! ,*aldan ,gods ( ! ,elem5ts4 ,we h   
already  se5 t ! ,sev5 ,spirits ( ,e>? 7
 said to h _! seats  on gold5 ?rones 9 !
 mid/ ( ! ,*aldan ,elysium1 ev5 z !     
,ame%a ,sp5tas 9 ! ,ave/an ,heav54      
,inde$1 x is n necess>y to  h rec\rse to
 ,neo-,platonism to acc\nt = ! va/      
hi]>*ies (  good & evil spirits :i* are 
f\nd 9 ! ,ave/a1 & /ill m 9  ! books ( !
 ,rabbis4 ,! ,*aldan my?ology1 ( :i* bo?
 ,jews  & ,p]sians _h und]gone !        
influ5ce long be=e _! contact  )        
,hell5i/ic culture1 0 abundantly suppli$
 9 ?is respect4  ,besides ! sev5        
pr9cipal deities 7to :om1 accord+ to    
,l5ormant1  sev5 malignant deities 7    
oppos$71 ,pr(essor ,sayce#gj alludes  to
 #ej great gods1 #cjj spirits ( heav51 &
 #cjj spirits ( e>?1  beside c\ntless   
m9or spirits ( _m k9ds2 :ile ! lat]     
,assyrian  au?orities1 he says1 rais$ ! 
numb] ( great gods ( heav5 &  e>? to    
#fe1jjj4    ,n[ ! di/rict occupi$ by !  

,jews dur+ ! captivity _h be5  a focus (
 ! religion ( ,*alda1 bo? 9 !           
,accado-,sum]ian &  9 ! ,semitic p]iods1
 & aft]w>ds became an important "p (  ! 
,p]sian empire4 ,! canonical books & !  
,apocrypha ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t alike     
prove t close relations subsi/$ betwe5 !
 ,jews  & bo? _! ,p]sian & ,assyrian    
rul]s1 & exhibit traces ( !  influ5ce   
ex]cis$ by ! latt] ^u ! ,jewi% writ]s4  
,?us x  appe>s no ra% assumption1 t x is
 to ^! s\rces we mu/ ascribe  !         
sub/ance1 at lea/1 ( ^? doctr9es        
enunciat$ by ! lat]  ,jewi% writ]s1 =   
:i* !re is no au?ority 9 ! e>li] writ+s 
( _! nation1 b :i* correspond to ideas  
already exi/+ among  nations ) :i* !y   
liv$ 9 close & intimate contact4    ,we 
h be5 disc\rs+ at some:at t$i\s l5g? ^u 
po9ts :i*  may n appe> to be directly   
relevant to our subject1 see+ t !       
,vision leg5d receives no developm5t    
lat] ?an ! v primitive  leg5ds ( ,i%tr &
 ,gisdub>4 ,nev]!less1 x is 9 ! ,*aldan 
&  ,p]sian religions t we f9d _m ( !    

notions & images :i*  furni%$ mat]ial to
 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian au?ors alike1 :51 "u 
,hell5i/ic influ5ces1 !y took up !      
,vision leg5d z a vehicle  ( in/ruction4
 ,_m ( ^! conceptions cont9u$ to subsi/ 
9 all  subsequ5t v]sions ( ! leg5d1 ev5 
9 its late/ =ms4 ,x is n[  "t to take   
/ock ( :at we h ga9$1 & to note :at     
features  ( ! ,vision ( ,adamnn1 ?\gh   
imm$iately d]iv$ by ! au?or1 z  we %all 
see lat] on1 f ! tradition curr5t 9 !   
,*ur* f  ! e>lie/ days ( ,*ri/ianity1 or
 be=e x1 correspond to simil>           
conceptions :i* exi/ 9 ! ,ori5tal       
tradition1 :ile !y are n  repres5t$ 9 ! 
classical tradition1 or1 if 9 "s cases  
!y  may be f\nd !re1 x is 9 a =m :i*    
pres5ts few] & fa9t]  analogies to !    
lat] developm5ts4    ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! 
e>lie/ ,*aldan leg5ds already exhibit ! 
rudim5ts ( t sev5fold division ( !      
,heav5s :i* 0 g5]ally  adopt$ by ,jewi% 
& ,*ri/ian writ]s alike1 & ultimately   
receiv$  ! sanction ( ! s*ola/ic div9es4
 ,! sci5ce1 if x c be  s call$1 ( numb]s

 is "o ( ! mo/ f]tile ( ! _m fields  :i*
 a p]v]t$ +5uity has devot$ to !        
assidu\s cultivation  ( t>es1 & h>dly   
any numb] has be5 accr$it$ ) a great]   
v>iety ( significance ?an ! numb] sev51 
by reason1 d\btless1  ( ! primitive     
a/ronomical !ory ( ! sev5 planets4      
,dante1  inde$1 rais$ ! numb] ( heav5s  
to t51 9 accordance ) !  a/ronomical    
sy/em t _h come to be adopt$ 9 8 day1 on
 !  au?ority ( ! anci5t cosmologi/s1    
introduc$ to ! m$ival  /ud5ts ?r\gh     
,arab *annels2 to ! orig9al sev5        
planet>y heav5s  he add$ ?ree o!rs--!   
,heav5 ( fix$ />s1 ! cry/all9e  ,heav51 
& ! ,empyrean4 ,we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t
 ! ,samoan  cosmology agrees ) ,dante 9 
?is t5fold division ( ! ,heav5s4  ,9 !  
,*aldan my?ology ?is conception ( a     
sev5fold division  occurs 9 g]m only1 b 
! ,sev5 ,magnific5t ,deities--!         
precursors  ( ! sev5 ,ame%a ,sp5tas1 & !
 sev5 ,ar*angels ( ! ,hebrew &  ,*ri/ian
 div9es--:o preside ov] ! sev]al p[]s ( 
nature1 l5d  !mselves easily to !       

attribution ( sep>ate t]ritories 9 !    
cele/ial doma94 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is phase is
 app>5t 9 ! sev5  portals1 ea* gu>d$ by 
a port]1 ?r\gh :i* ,i%tr _h to pass on  
h] way to ! abode ( ! gods & ( ! dead1  
ev5 z ! _s  ( ,adamnn _h to pass ?r\gh  
sev5 #8,heav5s1' s-call$1 ! door (  ea* 
be+ kept by an angelic w>d]2 :ile !     
symbolism embodi$ 9  ! gradual          
spoliation ( ,i%tr ( h] e>?ly raim5t is 
analog\s  to ! gradual purgation ( ! s\l
 f its e>?ly /a9s 9 !  ,*ri/ian leg5d4  
,! idea ( a ,tree ( ,life gr[+ 9 ! _s _w
 is ( wide  diffusion1 & appe>s at an   
e>ly date 9 ! my?ologies ( !  ,aryans1  
,semites1 & ,turanians alike1 & !       
,hebrews 9 p>ticul>  ne$$ n to h rec\rse
 = x to ! my?ology ( ei!r !  ,*aldans or
 ,p]sians4 ,nev]!less sev]al ( !        
,rabb9ical leg5ds1  z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! 
j\rney ( ,se? to ,p>adise 9 !  ,leg5d ( 
! ,dea? ( ,adam1 deal ) ! subject1      
associat+  ) x ! ,wat]s ( ,life1 9 a    
mann] less 9 agreem5t ) !  ,scriptural  
acc\nt ?an ) ! ,*aldan my?1 :i* mu/ h   

be5  made famili> to ! ,jews dur+ !     
captivity1 n m]ely by oral  & writt5    
tradition b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! pictorial 
art  :i* w\ld meet _! eyes on e side1 & 
9 :i* ?is 0 a  fav\rite subject4 ,9     
,*ri/ian leg5d1 moreov]1 ! ,tree ( ,life
 9  ,p>adise is con/antly introduc$ 9   
connection ) a my/ical bird1  or birds1 
z 9 ,adamnn's ,vision4 ,! frequ5cy ( ?is
 association  may be expla9$ 9 "p by !  
great popul>ity 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian         
symbolism ( ! ,phnix leg5d1 9 connection
 ) ! palm-tree &  ! ,tree ( ,life2      
nev]!less ! birds ( ,*ri/ian leg5d diff]
 9  sev]al conspicu\s respects f !      
traditional notion ( ! ,phnix1  &       
approa* f> m closely to ! ,k>%ipta1 !   
sacr$ bird ( !  ,p]sians1 adopt$ by !m f
 ! old ,indo-,aryan my?ology4 ,?is bird1
  z we h se51 p]*$ ^u ! sacr$ tree 9    
,heav51 & he br\ght  ! ,ave/a to ! ,v> (
 ,yima & prea*$ x !re1 ev5 z ! birds  ( 
,adamnn & o!r ,*ri/ian writ]s sang !    
,h\rs 9 ,p>adise2  :]e1 moreov]1 !y are 
con/antly associat$ ) ! prea*+  ( !     

,gospel by ,eno* & ,elias1 :o !mselves  
exhibit "s fa9t  analogies to ,yima4    
,! ,_w ,sea at ! foot ( ! ,holy ,m\nta9 
9 ! ,ave/an ,p>adise1  :]e9 all ?+s     
defil$ are cleans$ & made new1 rem9ds u 
(  t ,cry/al ,sea :i* appe>s 9 !        
lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ian  ,*ur*1 &1 9     
p>ticul>1 is introduc$ ) su* magnific5t 
effect  9 ! ,book ( ! ,revelation4#ga   
,! ,ave/an es*atology already conta9s ! 
idea1 unassociat$ )  t doctr9e ( rebir? 
by :i* x is accompani$ 9 ! philosophies 
( ,india & ,hellas alike1 ( a special   
tempor>y provision = !  s\ls ( ^? m+l$  
*>act]s :o are n yet fitt$ = an  et]nity
 ( ei!r bliss or bale--an idea 9        
accordance ) !  tea*+ ( ! lat] ,hebrew &
 ! ,*ri/ian div9es1 includ+ !  au?or ( !
 ,fis ,adamn92 & z 9 _! writ+s1 s 9 !   
,ave/a1 is t provisional /ate made to   
la/ until ! de/ruction  ( ! corrupt _w &
 ! f9al reign ( ! good pr9ciple4    ,!  
gu>dian angel :i* ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian   
div9es agree 9  assign+ to ea*          
individual s\l1 resembles1 if x does n  

:olly  co9cide )1 ! ,frava%i ( !        
,p]sians1 :i* w\ld seem to h  be5 a k9d 
( spiritual d\ble ( ! man1 di/9ct1      
app>5tly1 f  8 own s\l1 yet n s entirely
 sep>ate f him z if x _h be5 a  high] _s
 intru/$ ) ! *>ge ( him4    ,?us !      
,jewi% writ]s ( ! c5turies imm$iately   
prec$+ our era  f\nd ready to _! h&s a  
ri* /ore ( traditions relat+ to !  lot (
 man 9 ! ,o!rworld1 =m$ by ! comb9ation 
( ,ori5tal  dogmas ) ! classical        
tradition 9 ! =ms 9 :i* ?is 0  pres]v$ 9
 ! ,hell5i/ic s*ools ( ,asia4 ,be=e1    
h[ev]1 we  proce$ to trace ! mann] 9 :i*
 ^! bl5d$ traditions ent]$  into        
subsequ5t v]sions ( ! leg5d1 x may n be 
sup]flu\s to  ask :at1 if any1          
contributions 7 made by ! rema9+ great  
c5tre  ( anci5t religion & culture1     
,egypt4    ,to ?is "q x is difficult to 
reply ) c]ta9ty4 ,:ile "o (  ! great    
c5tres ( ! ,neo-,judaic le>n+ 0 ! ,s*ool
 ( ,babylon1  set 9 ! v focus ( ! anci5t
 ,ori5tal cre$s1 m9or c5tres  exi/$ 9 e 
city ( ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 9 ea* "o ( 

:i*  a ?riv+ ,jewi% colony appli$ itself
 eag]ly to ! absorption (  ,hell5i/ic   
ideas & culture2 b ! c5tre1 p>          
excell5ce1 (  ,jewi% le>n+ 9 ! ,we/ 0 ! 
fl\ri%+ & cultur$ ,jewi%  community at  
,alex&ria4 ,h[ev]1 ! intellectual life (
 ?is s*ool  drew its nutrim5t f ,greece1
 & ! :ole tone & "* (  its speculative  
philosophy1 z ( its lit]>y culture1 s f>
 z  x 0 n ,hebraic1 0 ,hell5i/ic1 n     
,egyptian1 & possibly m  ,hell5i/ic ?an 
,hebraic4 ,at "o "t x 0 cu/om>y to ref] 
!  my/ical speculations ( ! philosophic 
s*ools1 ,pagan1 ,jewi%1 &  ,*ri/ian     
alike1 ( ! c5turies 9 "q1 to ! #8wisdom 
( !  ,egyptians1' & to reg>d ,alex&ria z
 ! m>t1 s to speak1 :]e  ideas (        
,egyptian gr[? 7 ex*ang$ = o!rs ( k9dr$ 
nature  import$ f ,greece & ,asia4 ,x   
has n[ long be5 recognis$ t  ?is !ory is
 true to a v limit$ ext5t only1 & t     
,alex&ria  01 9 ! ma91 a ,grecian city1 
& indebt$ to ,greece = !  orig9s ( its  
le>n+ & culture1 :atev] new developm5ts 
^!  assum$ 9 ! f]tile soil to :i* !y _h 

be5 transplant$4  ,dur+ ! rule ( !      
,ptolemies1 &1 aft]w>ds1 ( ! ,romans1  !
 prevail+ attitude ( ! ,greek coloni/s 0
 n altoge!r  unlike t ( ! ,engli% 9     
,india2 !y held !mselves z a class      
ap>t1 & int]mix$ b little ) ! native    
population1 = ^:  religion & in/itutions
 !y w\ld seem to h (t5 manife/$  a      
contempt1 9 :i*1 d\btless1 ignorance _h 
its %>e4 ,at !  same "t1 we might err 9 
! opposite direction by conclud+ t      
,egyptian ideas :olly fail$ to influ5ce 
^? :o liv$ & wrote  9 su* close         
proximity to ! *ief c5tres ( ,egyptian  
life4 ,ev5  9 our own day1 ! philosophy 
( ! ,upani%ads1 & ! tea*+ (  ! ,buddha1 
9 h[ev] di/ort$ a =m1 h cross$ ! pale   
:i*  divides ,ea/ f ,we/1 & ! pale      
betwe5 ,egypt & ,hellas 0 f>  m p]vi\s4 
,bo? nations pr(ess$ a complex poly!ism1
 ) s  great a resemblance betwe5 ! two  
pan!ons1 t ev5 be=e !  "t ( ,h]odotus   
c]ta9 deities 9 ! "o _h come to be      
reg>d$  z id5tical ) _! c\nt]p>ts 9 !   
o!r2#gb ! traditions  ( ! ,greeks claim$

 an ,egyptian orig9 = sev]al ( !        
national  gods & h]oes2 a belief t !    
,hell5ic religion 0 indebt$ =  "s ( its 
m esot]ic elem5ts to ! same s\rce 0     
express$  by ,plato1 & _h be5 held by 8 
successors1 & we h se5 t  "s ( ! mo/    
au?oritative mod]n s*ol>s accept ?is    
op9ion  z well f\nd$1 h[ev] mu* !y may  
diff] z to ! am\nt (  ! debt4 ,^!       
circum/ances w\ld necess>ily pr$ispose !
 m  inquir+ m9ds among ! ,alex&rian     
,greeks & ,hell5is$ ,hebrews1 9  an age 
:5 speculation conc]n+ ! hidd5 ?+s (    
life1 & (  ! life aft] dea?1 0 a subject
 ( p>am\nt int]e/1 to exam9e  ! !ories  
:i* _h be5 held on t subject by !       
nations1 !  orgia/ic & magical side ( ^:
 religions 0 (f]+ j !n  s p[]ful an     
attraction to ! vulg> ( ! ,hell5ic _w4  
,nor  are we )\t direct evid5ce (       
contact betwe5 ! two sy/ems (  ?\ght4   
,ptolemy ,i4 7abdicat$ #bhe ,b4,c471    
act+ p>tly "u !  inspiration ( ,timo!us1
 an au?ority on ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1   
attempt$ to fuse ! ,greek & ,egyptian   

cults into "o eclectic  sy/em4#gc ,!    
poet ,callima*us1 :o held ! po/ (       
libr>ian  7c4 #bfj-bdj ,b4,c47 to       
,ptolemy ,philadelphus & 8 son          
,eu]getes1  acquir$ = ! ,alex&rian      
libr>y ,egyptian z well z ,greek &      
,hebrew books2 & 8 successor 9 (fice1   
,erato/h5es1 ! a/ronom]  & geometrician1
 0 also addict$ to ,egyptian /udies4    
,inde$1 !  ,plut>*ian treatise #8,on    
,isis & ,osiris' is "o in/ance out ( _m 
( ! int]e/ felt by cultivat$ ,greeks 9  
,egyptian beliefs1 :i*  _h long tak5 _! 
place z p>ts ( ! popul> cult 9 _m places
  9 ,greece & ,asia4#gd ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 
initiation ( ev5 a few  cultur$         
,egyptians into ,hell5ic le>n+ w\ld     
suffice to fur!r an  int]*ange ( ideas  
betwe5 ! two races4    ,9 any case1 !   
,egyptian es*atology (f]s _m po9ts (    
resemblance  to c]ta9 ( ! lat] ,jewi%   
beliefs1 & to ,*ri/ian doctr9e4  ,among 
^! is a belief 9 ! judgm5t to be pass$  
on e s\l  aft] dea?1 :]eby ! wick$ 7    
condemn$ to be dev\r$ by !  #8,eat] ( ! 

,dead1' :ile ! righte\s 7 l$ ?r\gh a    
s]ies (  p]il\s adv5tures to a region ( 
p]petual happ9ess1 :]e1 9 a  place      
surr\nd$ by a wall ( /eel1 !y l$ an     
exi/5ce :i* is !  reproduction ( a happy
 life on e>?1 conceiv$ 9 ! usual t]ms ( 
a pagan ,elysium1 ) a due all[ance ( ev5
 ! gross] pleasures4#ge    ,?is         
resemblance ext5ds to sev]al po9ts (    
detail4 ,among ! trials  ?r\gh :i* ! s\l
 mu/ pass are enum]at$ riv]s &          
atmosph]es  ( fire1 & ! assaults (      
demons & mon/]s2 x is ev5 affirm$1  9   
agreem5t ) ! tea*+ ( c]ta9 ,jewi%       
,rabbis1 & ( !  e>ly ,*ri/ian div9es1 t 
all dep>t$ s\ls1 good & bad alike1  mu/ 
und]go ^! trials1 b ! good pass$ ?r\gh  
!m spe$ily1  & )\t pa94 ,?is1 we h se51 
is ! tea*+ ( ! ,fis  ,adamn91 & occurs1 
z we %all see1 9 o!r ( ! ,*ri/ian       
,visions4    ,inde$1 ! ,rabb9ical s*ools
 develop$ ! ,purgatorial !ory to a      
consid]able ext5t4 ,?us1 we f9d m5tion (
 sev5 lodges ( ,hell1 "o  bel[ ano!r1   
?r\gh :i* ! s\l _h to pass successively1

 be+  torm5t$ on its way by fire1       
sc\rg+1 %[]s ( hail1 exposure to        
alt]nate heat & cold1 etc41 until all   
its guilt 0 purg$ away4  ,?is process   
f9ds its exact c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,fis        
,adamn91 save  t ! ,rabbis call$ ! sev5 
/ages or lodges ,hells1 in/ead (        
,heav5s1 ) at lea/ equal propriety4 ,!  
fundam5tal conception1 &  also ! nature 
( ! suff]+s endur$ by ! dead 9 ! c\rse (
  _! purgation1 are capable ( be+ ref]r$
 ei!r to an ,egyptian  or a ,hell5ic    
orig91 ?\gh probably ! latt] assumption 
w\ld be  correct2 ! sev5 successive     
lodges are evid5tly ! amplification (  a
 ,rabb9ical tradition borr[$ f ! ,*aldan
 my?ology4    ,z to ! ultimate fate ( ! 
wick$1 op9ions 7 divid$2 "s  ( ! ,rabbis
 taught ! f9al r$emption ( all1 aft]    
und]go+  ! necess>y ,purgatorial        
discipl9e2 ! s*ool ( ,%ammai held t  at 
! ,judgm5t mank9d w\ld be divid$ into   
?ree categories--!  good1 ! bad1 & ^? ( 
mix$ "*1 & t ! la/ w\ld  be cleans$ by  
,purgatorial suff]+s4#gf ,! g]ms ( ?is  

?reefold  division are conta9$ bo? 9 !  
,ave/an & ! ,platonic doctr9es4  ,!     
,kabbali/s ev5 _h an inkl+ ( ! ,treasury
 ( ,m]its ( !  ,sa9ts1 to :om !y accord$
 ! privilege ( cov]+ ) _!  g>m5ts1 &    
br++ up to ,heav5 ) !mselves1 ^? s9n]s  
:o  _h rep5t$ be=e dea?1 b too late to  
make expiation4 ,"h1 too1  we h a       
conception :i* recurs 9 ! ,fis ,adamn9 &
 else:]e1  namely1 ! special provision =
 t>dy p5it5ts1 ?\gh 9 !  ,*ri/ian       
,visions ! mode ( _! r$emption is       
diff]5t4    ,x is ?us difficult to      
assign ) c]ta9ty to ! ,egyptian religion
  any specific article ( ! es*atology ( 
! lat] ,jewi% &  e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s2  
nev]!less1 x does n foll[ t _!  contact 
) t religion 0 )\t effect 9 det]m9+ !   
%ape  :i* _! es*atology actually assum$4
 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t  speculations ( ! 
k9d :i* *>act]is$ ! ,orphic1 ,platonic1 
,py?agorean1 & ,neo-,platonic s*ools 7 n
 ! only =ms 9 :i*  ,greek ?\ght ent]$   
into ! intellectual evolution ( t age4  
,9  ! prevail+ welt] ( ,ea/]n cre$s &   

,we/]n philosophies1 all  ! pr9cipal    
philosophic s*ools ( ,greece 7          
repres5t$1 &1 9  p>ticul>1 ! ,/oics &   
,epicureans ex]cis$ an influ5ce bo? wide
  & deep4#gg ,if1 !n1 ! class ( ideas to
 :i* x is conv5i5t to  give ! g5]al "n1 
,neo-,platonic1 obta9$ s complete an    
asc5d5cy  9 ! evolution ( ,judaic &     
,*ri/ian es*atology1 ! presumption  is t
 ?is result 0 l>gely ow+ to ! aff9ity ( 
,neo-,platonism  ) ! ,ori5tal cre$s ) ^:
 doctr9es & my?ology ,neo-,judaic       
speculation 0 s deeply imbu$2 & if1     
moreov]1 ?is speculation  diff]$ f      
,neo-,platonism 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal po9ts
 :]e9 x  agre$ ) ! ,ori5tal doctr9es1 ! 
presumption is no less /rong  t x ow$   
its orig9al tr5d 9 ?is direction to !   
=ces by  :i* x 0 m\ld$ 9 pre-,hell5i/ic 
times1 & t su* tr5d  w\ld be confirm$ by
 subsequ5t contact ) any s*ool ( ?\ght  
9 :i* simil> views 7 preval5t4#gh ,! mo/
 important po9t  :]e9 ! es*atology ( !  
or?odox ,rabb9ical s*ools diff]$  f t ( 
! ,greek my?ical philosophies 0 !       

rejection by !  =m] ( ! doctr9e (       
rebir?1 :i* pr$om9at$1 ?\gh n to  !     
absolute exclusion ( ! doctr9e (        
f9ality1 9 ! tea*+ (  ! my/ical s*ools f
 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 at late/4    ,9  
?is respect1 z we h se51 ! philosophy no
 less ?an !  religion ( ! ,jews 0 ma9ly 
9 accord ) ! views held by  ! ,*aldans1 
bo? ,accadian & ,semitic1 & taught by ! 
,ave/a4  ,9 ?is view !y w\ld be fur!r   
confirm$ if1 9 ! ,alex&rian  p]iod1 !y  
fell "u ! influ5ce ( ! native ,egyptian 
religion1  z di/+ui%$ f ! lat]          
syncretism :]e9 t religion _h  become   
bl5d$ ) allegories & orgia/ic rites     
p]ta9+ to  ,asiatic my?s & ,greek       
!osophy4 ,egypt1 inde$1 0 =m]ly reg>d$  
z ! v home ( ! doctr9e ( rebir?2 x w\ld 
appe>1 h[ev]1  t ! doctr9e ( ! anci5t   
,egyptian religion 0 ( a directly       
contr>y import4 ,! idea ( trans=mation1 
inde$1 0 famili> to  x1 b ?is is a      
diff]5t ?+ f transmigration1 & ,mr4 ,le 
,page  ,r5\f /ates mo/ emphatically t   
al?\gh ! beatifi$ _s  receiv$ p[]s :i*  

enabl$ him to visit any "p ( ! univ]se 9
  any =m1 ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ at ! judgm5t
 0 f9al1 & !  s\l 0 nei!r purg$ nor     
puni%$ by a r5ew$ life on e>?4#gi  ,?is 
contradiction betwe5 ! doctr9e ( rebir? 
:i* prevail$ 9  ! ,greek my/]ies1 & !   
,egyptian dogma ( ! et]nity ( man's  lot
 aft] judgm5t1 l5ds support to !        
cont5tion1 ref]r$ to 9 !  previ\s       
section1 t ! e?ical & es*atological     
sides ( ,greek  religion 7 9 great "p ( 
native developm5t1 h[ev] mu* !  my/ical 
s*ools may h be5 indebt$ to =eign       
influ5ces 9 _!  orig94    ,hav+ ?us got 
rid ( a discussion :i*1 h[ev] t$i\s1    
appe>$  necess>y 9 ord] to make u und]/&
 :5ce & ( :at k9d  7 ! non-,hell5ic &   
non-,scriptural elem5ts :i* ent]$ into  
subsequ5t developm5ts ( ! ,vision       
,leg5d1 we n[ come to !  concrete =ms   
:i* t leg5d assum$ 9 ! ,jewi% & ! e>ly  
,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 ,9 trac+ ! progress ( 
! leg5d 9 ^! two  ,*ur*es1 x seems      
conv5i5t to deal ) ! :ole subject toge!r
  9 ! foll[+ section1 = n only d !      

pr9cipal ,jewi% examples  :i* h rea*$ u 
conta9 additions made to !m 9 ,*ri/ian  
times1 b ! v]sions belong+ respectively 
to ! two eras are  practically          
homog5e\s1 alike 9 _! fundam5tal        
doctr9es1 &1 =  ! mo/ "p1 9 _! me?od (  
treatm5t4          #c4 ,,!              
,,ecclesia/ical ,,tradition      ,a     
,vision ( ! ,o!rworld 0 a fav\rite      
subject ) ! writ]s (  ! apocryphal books
 ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ! olde/ ( ^!1 ! s-call$  
,book ( ,eno*1 :i* is also ! olde/      
non-pagan book ( ?is class  t has come  
d[n to u1 ! subject is treat$ at great] 
l5g? &  ) m elaborate detail ?an 9 any  
o!r contribution to ! ,vision  leg5d    
prior to ! ,comm$ia4 ,! la/ qu>t] ( !   
second c5tury  ,b4,c4 has be5 assign$ z 
! mo/ probable date ( ! great] "p  ( x1 
?\gh 9 its pres5t =m x evid5tly conta9s 
po/-,*ri/ian  additions4 ,quot$ 9 !     
,epi/le ( ,/4 ,jude 7vv4 #ad-ae71 & kn[n
  to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 x 0 long believ$ 
to h disappe>$  at a subsequ5t date1 & 0
 only recov]$ 9 rec5t times 9 an        

,e?iopian v]sion1 f :i* x has be5       
repeat$ly translat$ )  comm5t>ies4#hj   
,x relates1 ) copi\s detail1 h[ ! se] 0 
caught up by a  vehem5t w9d & uprais$ to
 ,heav51 :]e he 0 tak5 9 *>ge  by !     
,ar*angel ,mi*ael1 :o reveal$ to him    
,hell & ,p>adise1 !  my/]ies ( nature & 
( revelation1 & ! life to come4 ,9 !    
g5]al scope ( 8 "w ! au?or anticipates  
,dante 9 sev]al  p>ticul>s :i* are n    
common to ! ,vision writ]s 9 g5]al4 ,he 
pays mu* att5tion to topographical      
detail 9 8 descriptions (  ,hell1 = :i* 
he takes ! ,valley ( ,h9nom1 ne>        
,j]usalem1 z 8  model2 b al?\gh !       
accuracy ( 8 description has be5 atte/$ 
by sev]al travell]s :o h survey$ !      
valley1 he is f> f  manife/+ ! precision
 & visualis+ p[] ( ! ,flor5t9e4 ,l      
,dante1 moreov]1 he discusses v>i\s     
po9ts ( !ology1 & deliv]s  long         
diss]tations ^u natural philosophy & !  
physical s*eme (  ! univ]se4 ,"h1 too1  
he is vague & indi/9ct1 z also 9 8      
description ( ! future /ate ( ! lo/1    

:]e9 he displays none  ( ,dante's       
symmetry & ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,we may   
note sev]al po9ts  ( detail :]e9 !      
,vision ( ,eno* resembles ! ,fis ,adamn9
 or  o!r ( ! ,*ri/ian ,visions4 ,!      
,ar*angel ,mi*ael already appe>s  z !   
guide to ! o!r _w 7c4 #ga72 ! inf]nal   
regions are swept  by :irlw9ds & trav]s$
 by riv]s ( fire1 9 "o ( :i* !  fall5   
spirits are imm]s$ until ! c>nal lu/s ( 
all su* z are  capable ( r$emption are  
burnt away 7c4 #fg71 ?\gh !re is also a 
place :]e9 ! wick$ are b\nd & puni%$    
et]nally 7c4 #bb74  ,heav5 is describ$ z
 a city ( cry/al surr\nd$ by a cry/al   
wall1  a riv] ( vibrat+ fire fl[+ r\nd  
ab\t x 7c4 #ac74    ,^u ent]+ 91 ,eno*  
came to a spaci\s mansion1 built (      
cry/al  & ) a cry/al floor1 surr\nd$ by 
a flame z hot z fire & z  cold z ice4#ha
 ,aft] ?is1 he came to ano!r mansion1   
resembl+  ! fir/1 b surpass+ x 9 all    
respects4 ,riv]s ( fire issu$  f out (  
x2 9 ! mid/ ( x a ?rone 0 set1 :]eon ,"o
 sat  9 glory1 clad 9 a robe bright] ?an

 ! sun1 & :it] ?an !  sn[ 7c4 #ad74     
,fur!r1 ,eno* 0 in/ruct$ at l5g? by 8   
guide z  to ! significance ( _m p>ts ( !
 ,old ,te/am5t record1 &  0 tak5 to view
 ! sev]al heav5s1 ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! 
univ]se 9 g5]al1 ! nature & motions (   
:i* 7 expla9$ to  him by ! ,ar*angel4   
,he 0 conduct$ to ,%eol1 ! tempor>y     
abode (  dep>t$ s\ls until ,judgm5t1 :i*
 is situat$ 9 ! ,we/ 7c4 #ag71  & 0 %[n 
a m\nta9 :i* 0 res]v$ = ! life t %all be
  aft] ,god's com+4 ,h]eon /ood ! ,tree 
( ,life1 :i* 0 to af=d  su/5ance to !   
righte\s ( its fruit & fragrance 7cc4   
#bd-e74 ,9 a  second vision1 ! la/ ?+s &
 o!r div9e my/]ies 7 reveal$  to him by 
means ( p>ables4 ,9 8 ,vision ( ,judgm5t
 he beheld1  fir/1 ! spirits ( ! guilty 
/>s condemn$2 aft] !m1 !  unfai?ful     
%eph]ds t misl$ ! %eep1 & !n ! wick$    
%eep  !mselves2 aft] :i* he beheld a    
mansion great] ?an ! =m]1  support$ on  
ivory pill>s1 :]e9 7 assembl$ ! %eep t 7
  sav$ 7c4 #hi74    ,"h we f9d ! ,vision
 leg5d br\ght to a high /age (          

developm5t1  & conta9+ _m features :i*  
recur ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse (  ! ,vision 
lit]ature4 ,9 sev]al ( ^! traces ( an   
,ori5tal orig9  are app>5t4 ,simil>     
creations ( ! ,rabb9ical imag9ation     
occur  9 v>i\s writ+s belong+ to ! e>li]
 c5turies ( our era1  :i*1 ?\gh compos$ 
9 ,*ri/ian times1 & 9 "s cases claim+  a
 place among ! sacr$ books ( ! ,*ri/ian 
,*ur*1 embody ,jewi%  traditions4 ,( su*
 0 ! tradition curr5t 9 ^? c5turies1 &  
quot$ 9 ! apocryphal ,gospel (          
,nicodemus 7,"p ,,ii4 c4 #ai71 relat+   
h[ ,adam1 :5 at ! po9t ( dea?1 despat*$ 
,se? to ! gate (  ,p>adise 9 que/ ( !   
oil ( ! ,tree ( ,life1 or #8,tree (     
,m]cy1'  :]e91 z be=e not$1 we h a      
v>iant ( ,i%tr's visit to ,hades  9 que/
 ( ! ,wat]s ( ,life4    ,! ,f\r? ,book (
 ,esdras1 z x is numb]$ 9 ! ,vulgate1 ! 
,second 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 ?\gh     
includ$ 9 ! ,biblical ,old  ,te/am5t    
,apocrypha1 0 nev]!less compos$ 9       
,*ri/ian times &  to "s ext5t "u        
,*ri/ian influ5ces1 be+ writt5 probably 

9  ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 
?\gh by "s x is dat$  s late z ! fir/   
qu>t] ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! ,vision (     
,esdras  !re9 conta9$ is apocalyptic 9  
"*1 be+ a prophecy (  ! end ( ! _w1 !   
spe$y com+ ( :i* 0 g5]ally look$  =4 ,x 
is !re=e n prop]ly an in/ance ( our     
leg5d1 b x  calls = m5tion 9 ?is place1 
z x conta9s c]ta9 conceptions  d]iv$    
?r\gh ,hebrew tradition f ,*aldan or    
,p]sian s\rces1 &  transmitt$ to !      
es*atological lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ian    
,*ur*4  ,! angel ,uriel#hb %[$ to       
,esdras a great multitude assembl$  on  
,m\nt ,sion1 & told him t ^! 7 #8!y t h 
put (f  ! mortal clo?+ & h put on !     
immortal1 & h confess$  ! "n ( ,god2 n[ 
are !y cr[n$1 & receive palms4' ,sev]al 
e>li] passages furni% good examples (   
,p]sian or ,babylonian my?s  conv]t$1 s 
to speak1 & s9ce adopt$ into !          
conv5tional imag]y  ( ,*ri/ian          
es*atology4 #8,!y %all h ! ,tree ( ,life
 = an  o9tm5t ( sweet sav\r'2 #8,i h    
sanctifi$ & prep>$ = !m  twelve trees   

lad5 ) div]s fruits1 & z _m f\nta9s fl[+
  ) milk & honey1 & sev5 mighty m\nta9s 
:]eon !re gr[  roses & lilies4'#hc    ,!
 "n ( ,esdras is also atta*$ to "o ( !  
apocryphal books  ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian     
,*ur*1 ! ,vision ( ,esdras1 :i* relates 
h[ ,esdras 0 l$ by ,mi*ael1 ,gabriel1 & 
?irty-f\r o!r angels  ?r\gh ! realms (  
d>kness1 :]e9 ! puni%m5ts met$ out to  !
 wick$ are reveal$ to him1 & !n to      
,p>adise1 :]e he sees  ,eno* & ,elias1  
,pet]1 ,paul1 ,moses1 ! ,evangeli/s &   
,patri>*s1  & all ! righte\s1 assembl$  
b5ea? ! ,tree ( ,life4    ,ano!r vision 
( ,*ri/ian composition1 b likewise fa!r$
 ^u  an ,old ,te/am5t prophet1 is !     
,vision ( ,isaiah1 ! second "p  ( :i*1  
writt5 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 relates a
 visit ( t  prophet to ! sev5 ,heav5s4  
,h[ev]1 at an e>li] date ?an t ( ! works
 j nam$1 !  subject _h already =m$ ! !me
 ( writ+s pr(ess$ly ,*ri/ian  9 aim &   
orig94 ,! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 (  
its v  nature1 kept m5's ?\ghts b5t ^u !
 contemplation ( ! future  life1 0      

naturally att5d$ by an increas$         
production ( works  descriptive ( ! o!r 
_w & ( man's lot !re94 ,no v great      
contributions to ! subject are made by !
 ,canonical ,scriptures1  :i* v\*safe u 
b little direct in=mation conc]n+ !     
future  life4 ,/4 ,paul1 inde$1 relates 
h[ he 0 caught up to ! ?ird  ,heav51 &  
!re #8he>d unspeakable words1 :i* x is n
 lawful  = a man to utt]'2#hd b no      
intimation conc]n+ 8 exp]i5ces  !re are 
giv5 u1 & al?\gh ! passage quot$        
d\btless acc\nt$  = 8 subsequ5t         
inclusion among ^? to :om ! next _w _h  
be5 reveal$1 all details ( 8 vision are 
due to ! leg5d>y  n>ratives ref]r$ to   
h]eaft]4 ,/4 ,jude 7,ep4 v4 #f7 ref]s to
 !  rebelli\s angels :o are kept #89    
ev]la/+ *a9s "u d>kness  unto ! judgm5t 
( ! great day'2 & ,/4 ,pet] 7,,ii4 iii4 
#g-ab71  speaks ( a g5]al purification  
by fire1 b nei!r reveals any?+  conc]n+ 
! /ate ( man 9 ! life to come4 ,ev5 !   
,revelation (  ,/4 ,john1 :ile /&+ f>   
above ! level ( all o!r apocalyptic     

writ+s1 z 9 o!r respects1 s 9 ! gr&eur (
 conception &  beauty ( execution :]e) !
 au?or describes ! cele/ial  k+dom1 w\ld
 appe> to h made b slight impression1   
save by an  add$ ri*ness ( imag]y1 ^u ! 
subsequ5t c\rse ( ! ,vision  leg5d4     
,?is1 possibly1 may be because ! au?or  
treats 8 subject  f ! mill5n>y po9t (   
view1 tak+ = 8 !me r !  tribulations :i*
 7 com+ ^u ! _w1 & ! e/abli%m5t (  a new
 heav5 & a new e>? 9 place ( ! old1 ?an 
! condition  ( individual s\ls aft]     
dea?1 or ! places ( _! et]nal abode4    
,at ! same "t1 he makes use ( "s ( t    
,ori5tal imag]y :i*  _h already obta9$ a
 place 9 ! ,hebrew writ+s1 canonical &  
apocryphal alike1 & !reby contribut$ to 
its naturalisation 9 !  es*atological   
writ+s ( ! ,*ur*4#he    ,! e>li]        
c5turies ( our era 7 = ! ,grco-,roman _w
 a  p]iod n m]ely ( a g5]al feel+ (     
unre/1 consequ5t ^u !  collapse ( ! old]
 religions1 & ! social *anges result+  f
 a long s]ies ( revolutions1 b also (   
vigor\s attempts at  recon/ruction1 9   

:i* bo? ! ends aim$ at1 & ! me?ods      
adopt$ = _! atta9m5t--prea*+1 tea*+1    
asceticism1  my/ic symbolism1 etc4--7   
closely ak9 to ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian          
propag&a2 inde$1 x 0 no uncommon ?+ = a 
seek] 9 religion1  drift+ ab\t f "o sect
 or cult to ano!r1 to take ,*ri/ianity  
9 8 way1 ?us keep+ op5 an additional    
*annel by :i* ,pagan &  ,*ri/ian ideas 7
 br\ght to be> ^u "o ano!r4 ,?r\gh\t all
  ^! ages speculations 7 rife1 = :i* 0  
claim$ ! au?ority  ( ,orpheus1          
,py?agoras1 ,emp$ocles1 ,h]aclitus1 or  
"s o!r ( !  anci5t my/ics or            
philosoph]s1 & all ( ^!1 conjo9$ )  !   
simil> beliefs held by ! lat] ,/oics 9  
_m v>y+ =ms1  t5d$ to fo/] ! ,*ur*'s    
expectation ( ! approa*+ end ( !  _w4   
,?is !ory d]iv$ fur!r support f ! great 
au?ority  ascrib$ to ! s-call$ ,sibyll9e
 books1 a long s]ies ( =g]ies  ext5d+1  
probably1 f ! end ( ! second c5tury     
,b4,c4 to !  f\r? c5tury ( our era1 if n
 lat]1 conta9+ a *aotic mass (          
prophecies & oracles1 to :i* ,judaism1  

,*ri/ianity1 & ,hell5ic  my/icism _h all
 add$ _! quota1 & 9 :i* ! proximate     
de/ruction ( ! _w by fire1 & ! r5ewal ( 
?+s1 is a  con/antly recurr+ idea4      
,ano!r ( ! _m causes :i* kept m5's m9ds 
direct$ t[>ds !  ,o!rworld 0 ! leg5d1   
curr5t 9 ! ,*ur* f ! e>lie/  times1 &   
surviv+ f> into ! ,middle ,ages1#hf ( ! 
#8,h>r[+  ( ,hell' by ,our ,"l 9 !      
int]val betwe5 ! ,burial & !            
,resurrection4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ v]sions ( 
?is leg5d occurs 9  ,"p ,,ii4 ( !       
s-call$ ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 ,greek    
text1 :i*  relates h[ ,he #8rais$ _m ( !
 dead1 :o appe>$ unto _m 9  ,j]usalem1' 
& !n describ$ ,*ri/'s desc5t into       
,hades1 :i*  _h be5 prec$$ by a visit ( 
,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 :o came to !  ,old   
,te/am5t prophets1 among :om ,eno* &    
,elijah are especially  m5tion$1 &      
exp\nd$ to !m ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation4   
,f ! contemplation ( ! end ( ! _w to    
speculation  conc]n+ ! _w to come1 & !  
/ate ( ! dep>t$ spirits  !re1 0 b a /ep4
 ,accord+ly1 z is b natural1 _m ( !     

teem+ crop ( apocryphal ,gospels1 ,acts1
 & ,revelations :i* sprang  up dur+ !   
e>li] ages ( ! ,*ur* are compos$ ) a    
di/9ctly  es*atological purpose4        
,midway betwe5 ^! apocryphal writ+s & ! 
canonical books (  ! ,new ,te/am5t /&s !
 ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 :i* is commonly      
plac$ among ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/olic      
,fa!rs1 & 0 =m]ly  ascrib$ to t ,h]mas  
to :om ,/4 ,paul s5ds greet+ 9 8 ,epi/le
  to ! ,romans 7xvi4 #ad71 b is n[      
reg>d$ z a production ( !  latt] "p ( ! 
second c5tury1 be+ ! "w1 possibly1 (    
,h]mas1  bro!r ( ,pius1 :o occupi$ ! see
 ( ,rome f #adj to #aee ,a4,d4#hg  ,f an
 e>ly date ?is "w enjoy$ a high repute 9
 ! ,ea/]n  ,*ur*1 be+ admitt$ by "s     
writ]s1 includ+ ! au?or ( !  ,canon (   
,muratori1 to a place among ! canonical 
books4 ,:e!r we  reg>d its g5]al plan1  
or ! ma*9]y by :i* x is c>ri$ out1  x   
occupies a place by itself among !      
,*ri/ian ,visions ( !  ,o!rworld1 & is  
peculi>ly int]e/+ to ! ,dante /ud5t z   
af=d+ a rem>kably e>ly in/ance1 possibly

 an unique in/ance 9  ecclesia/ical     
lit]ature1 ( t idea1 p]ceiv$ by ,plato1 
& ly+  at ! root ( ! ,comm$ia--to wit1 !
 elevation ( ! human  _s1 ?r\gh ! highe/
 =m ( human love1 to ! p]ception (      
,div9e tru?4    ,9 ! op5+ ( 8 n>rative1 
,h]mas tells h[ he _h be5  acqua9t$1 9 8
 e>lie/ life1 ) a "y slave girl1 !      
prop]ty  ( "o by :om he himself _h be5  
br\ght up4 ,subsequ5tly1 ?is girl  0    
sold by h] ma/] 9 ,rome1 b ,h]mas met h]
 aga9 9 aft]-life1  & conceiv$ = h] a   
frat]nal affection1 :i* ultimately1 z "o
  day he saw h] ba?+ 9 ! ,tib]1 rip5$   
into love1 & he desir$  h] = 8 wife1    
#8bo? = h] beauty & = h] disposition4'  
,"s  "t aft]1 z he 0 walk+ 9 a lonely   
place1 #8mus+ on ^!  ?\ghts1 he began to
 hon\r ?is creature ( ,god1 ?9k+ )      
himself h[ noble & beautiful %e 04'#hh  
,:ile mus+ ?us1 he  0 caught up by ! _s1
 & borne beyond a rocky place impassable
  to man4 ,fall+ ^u 8 knees he began to 
confess 8 s9s1 :5 he  saw ! heav5s op51 
& ! object ( 8 desire appe> !re9 &      

greet him4 ,9 reply to 8 que/ion+1 %e   
expla9$ t %e _h be5  br\ght ?i!r t %e   
might accuse him be=e ! ,"l on acc\nt  (
 ! ?\ghts he _h ent]ta9$ conc]n+ h]1    
?\gh ^! w\ld  sc>cely appe> to h be5 su*
 z to m]it ! reproa*es %e  be/[$ on     
,h]mas by reason ( !m4 ,s ,h]mas ?\ght1 
& maybe  ! damsel ?\ght s too1 = aft]   
he>+ 8 reply %e smil$  ^u him z %e      
vani%$4 ,!reupon ! heav5s clos$1 b1 aft]
 a  :ile1 ,h]mas saw be=e him a *air (  
:ite/ wool1 9 :i* an old  woman took h] 
seat1 hav+ a book 9 h] h&4 ,%e acco/$   
,h]mas1  & imp>t$ to him c]ta9 moral    
admonitions1 b ^! 7 mo/ly  conf9$ 9 _!  
application to himself & to ! gov]nm5t (
 8  family4    ,o!r visions 7           
subsequ5tly v\*saf$ to ,h]mas1 mak+ f\r 
9  all2 ! ?ird ( ^! conta9$ a revelation
 ( ! build+ up  ( ! ,*ur* ,triumphant1 &
 ! f\r? ann\nc$ ! tribulations  :i* 7 to
 come ^u ! ,*ur*1 & ! f9al salvation (  
^?  :o %\ld endure unto ! end4 ,! second
 "p ( ! "w consi/s  ( #8,comm&s1'#hi & !
 ?ird ( #8,similitudes1' all imp>t$ to  

,h]mas by ,div9e revelation4 ,c]ta9 ( ! 
similitudes conta9 visions  :]e9 ,h]mas 
0 %[n ! corrective puni%m5t ( s9n]s1 !  
edification ( ! ,*ur* ,triumphant1 & !  
v>i\s classes into  :i* ! guilty & !    
righte\s are divid$1 toge!r ) !  div]se 
mann] 9 :i* ^! f>e respectively4 ,all   
?is1 h[ev]1 is  int5d$ r = an allegory (
 ! s\l's progress ?r\gh ?is  _w1 ?an = a
 picture ( its /ate 9 ! _w to come2 9   
f9e1  ! vision is m closely ak9 to !    
,pilgrim's ,progress ?an to  ! ,comm$ia1
 ?\gh x des]ves a place 9 our s]ies1    
alike z  conta9+ a curi\s anticipation (
 ! mo/ highly develop$ =m  to :i* !     
leg5d aft]w>ds atta9$1 & z connect+ !   
leg5d  ) ! famili> notion ( ! lat]      
,jewi% & ! e>ly ,*ri/ian  ,*ur*es1 t :5 
! o!r oracles ( paganism 7 sil5c$1 !    
,sibyls 7 left to proclaim ! adv5t ( !  
,messiah1 & ! trials  & triumph ( ,8    
,*ur*4 ,= x is impossible n to recognise
 9  ! old woman ) a book 9 h] h&1 9 !   
fir/ vision ( ,h]mas1  ! traits ( an    
anci5t ,sibyl2 & = su*1 inde$1 ,h]mas   

took  h]1 until %e told him t %e 0 a    
p]sonification ( ! ,*ur*4  ,! simple    
affection1 n want+ 9 elevation1 :i* !   
h]o ( !  op5+ /ory felt = ! h]o9e--"o at
 lea/ be+ ( ! s]vile  class--is int]e/+ 
z af=d+ a glimpse ( t k9dly social  life
 ( :i* !re are _m evid5ces dur+ ! fir/  
c5turies (  ! ,empire1 9 all grades (   
society1 f ! ari/ocratic circles (      
,pl9y & ,?rasea d[n to ! slave community
 itself1 h[ev] mu*  x is apt to be ?r[n 
into ! backgr\nd by ! tyranny & crime1  
vulg> o/5tation & base lu/s1 t occupi$ !
 front ( ! sc5e  dur+ t p]iod4          
,sev]al ( ! apocryphal books %[ a great 
advance 9 ! !ory  ( retributive ju/ice 9
 ! future life4 ,! s-call$ ,apocalypse  
( ,/4 ,pet] is kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ,syria 
& ,egypt be=e !  middle ( ! second      
c5tury1 & to h be5 admitt$ by sev]al (  
! ,fa!rs into ! ,canon1 side by side ) !
 ,book ( ,revelation4  ,p>adise is "h   
describ$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! ,greek  
,elysium--z a radiant place1 full (     
fl[]s1 fruit1 & sweet od\rs1  etc4 ,!   

pa9s ( ,hell are set out ) a m ?an      
common m9ut5ess1  & ) a great] att5tion 
to a k9d ( lex talionis1 s to speak1    
:]eby ! nature ( ! puni%m5t is analog\s 
to t ( ! crime1  ?an is f\nd 9 mo/ ( !  
,*ri/ian descriptions prior to ,dante4  
,hell is repres5t$ z a place full (     
lakes ( fire & burn+ mud1  ov] :i* ^? :o
 _h blasphem$ #8! way ( righte\sness'   
are  susp5d$ by _! tongues1 & adult]]s  
by ! hair1 :ile 9 !m  wall[ ! p]v]t]s ( 
righte\sness4 ,blasphem]s gnaw$ _! lips1
  & _h r$-hot iron ov] _! eyes2 false   
witnesses _h tongues (  fire 9 _! m\?s1 
:i* !y kept on *ew+2 ri* mis]s1 9  fil?y
 rags1 roll$ ^u r$-hot pebbles1 %>p] ?an
 sword or spit2  usur]s /ood up to _!   
knees 9 pit*1 blood1 & boil+ mire2  ^?  
guilty ( unnatural crimes 7 hurl$ f a   
cliff & driv5 up  aga91 to be aga9 ca/  
d[n4    ,a simil> vision ( ! ,o!rworld1 
?\gh diff]+ 9 plan & 9  _m details1 is  
conta9$ 9 ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,paul1    
writt5  ab\t ! ye> #chj ,a4,d4 ,app>5tly
 ! au?or ( ! ,fis ,adamn9 _h  ?is "w 9 8

 m9d :5 ref]r+ 9 *4 #b to ! ,revelation 
t  _h be5 v\*saf$ to ,/4 ,paul1 = !     
,apo/le's own m5tion ( 8  ,vision ( !   
,?ird ,heav5 conta9s no description ( ! 
,o!rworld4  ,moreov]1 x is impossible n 
to be /ruck by ! resemblance betwe5  !  
,iri% au?or's description ( ! mann] 9   
:i* ! s\ls 7  receiv$ ^u _! arrival at !
 sev5? ,heav5 7*4 #ai71 & !  correspond+
 acc\nt 9 ! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,paul3    
#8,& ! good  angels :o _h receiv$ ! s\l 
( ! righte\s man salut$ x1 z  be+ well  
kn[n to !m1' etc4#ij ,& s ( ! judgm5ts  
pass$ ^u  ! s9n]s 9 l mann]4 ,!re are   
also sev]al details giv5 by !           
apocryphal writ] conc]n+ ! pa9s ( ,hell1
 :i* are repeat$ 9  a closely simil> =m 
9 ! ,fis ,adamn93 e4g4 ! imm]sion (  "s 
( ! wick$ 9 a murky riv]1 ! imprisonm5t 
( o!rs 9 a  braz5 wall wrapt 9 flames1  
etc4    ,! !me 0 treat$1 ) m or less    
fulness1 by sev]al writ]s  ( ! ,ea/]n   
,*ur*1 b our task does n involve !      
enum]ation  ( all ! =ms 9 :i* x appe>$1 
& ! v]sions already  quot$ w\ld seem to 

be ^? :i* treat$ x mo/ elaborately1 &   
ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce ^u lat]      
developm5ts4 ,inde$ !  two ,visions la/ 
m5tion$1 be+ specially ref]r$ to by !   
au?or  ( ! ,fis ,adamn9 among ! in/ances
 ( revelations =m]ly  v\*saf$ to holy   
m51 may be reg>d$ z l&m>ks %[+ ! c\rse  
( ! tradition4 ,= ! same reason1 "s     
m5tion %\ld be made  "h ( ano!r ( ^?    
in/ances1 allud$ to by ! au?or 9 !  same
 place1 ?\gh x really belongs r to !    
apocalyptic ?an  to ! ,o!rworld class ( 
writ+s1 namely1 ! gr\p ( apocryphal     
books deal+ ) :at is kn[n z ! ,transitus
 ,m>i4 ,! olde/  ( ^!1 ! ,fall+ ,asleep 
( ,m>y1 by ,john1 ,ar*bi%op (           
,!ssalonica at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 0
 =m]ly ascrib$  to ,/4 ,john !          
,evangeli/1 & ,tis*5dorf ?9ks t x 0     
really  d]iv$ f a treatise be>+ ! "n (  
,/4 ,john1 & writt5  9 ! f\r? c5tury at 
late/1 :i* enjoy$ a wide popul>ity 9    
bo? ,ea/ & ,we/1 & 0 translat$ into     
sev]al languages4 ,!  sev]al v]sions    
diff] mu* 9 matt]s ( detail1 b !        

sub/ance is  practically ! same4#ia     
,x relates h[ x 0 ! ,virg9's practice to
 frequ5t ! ,holy  ,sepul*re1 !re to pray
 alone1 until at l5g? x 0 ann\nc$ to  h]
 9 a vision t ! "t ( h] e>?ly life 0    
accompli%$4  ,!reupon ! apo/les 7 all   
caught up f ! mo/ remote p>ts (  ! e>?1 
:]e !y !n 71 ev5 ^? :o 7 dead be+ rais$ 
f _! graves & br\ght to ,be?lehem1 :5ce 
!y proce$$ to  ! ,virg9's h\se 9        
,j]usalem 9 "t to be pres5t at h] dea?1 
&  to receive h] b5$iction4 ,!y laid h] 
9 a new tomb 9 ,ge?semane1  & witness$  
h] assumption1 at :i* "t ! ,heav5ly ,ho/
 appe>$  to !m1 & ! ,holy ,_s prophesi$ 
to !m conc]n+ ! la/  ?+s4    ,9 !       
descriptions ( ! ,o!rworld conta9$ 9 !  
=ego+  visions1 ! imag]y employ$ ev9ces 
a bl5d+ ( ,hebraic traditions  )        
mat]ials obta9$ f ,hell5ic s\rces4 ,!   
elem5ts  attributable to ! latt] s\rce  
p]ta9 r to ! popul> fai?  & to !        
doctr9es taught 9 ! anci5t my/]ies--:i*1
 mo/  likely1 7 fundam5tally            
id5tical--?an to ! speculations ( !     

,neo-,platonic s*ools1 or to ! cults :i*
 _h be5 adopt$ f !  ,ea/4 ,?is1 inde$1  
is :at might h be5 look$ =1 f ! fact  t 
,*ri/ianity receiv$ its e>lie/ & mo/    
num]\s recruits  f ! p at l>ge1#ib among
 :om ! old beliefs cont9u$ to  exi/4 ,! 
moral tea*+ :i*1 z m5tion$ 9 an e>li]   
section1  0 an important feature ( !    
,eleus9ian my/]ies1 reta9$ its          
importance long aft] ,greece _h ceas$ to
 be ! c5tre ( ,hell5ic  ?\ght ?r\gh\t ! 
c\ntries :i* _h come "u ! sway (        
,hell5ic civilisation4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury (
 ! ,roman ,republic ,cic]o  lauds !     
my/]ies1 :i*1 by _! ref9+ influ5ces1 _h 
civilis$  m9ds previ\sly ru/ical &      
savage1 _h imp>t$ ! true pr9ciples  (   
life1 & _h taught ! way1 n only to live 
) joy1 b to die  ) bett] hope4#ic ,9 !  
fir/ c5tury ( ! ,empire1 ,plut>*  rem9ds
 8 wife ( ! in/ruction !y _h %>$ at _!  
initiation  into ! my/]ies4#id ,inde$1  
at t p]iod1 x w\ld seem to h  be5 look$ 
^u z an impiety to )hold oneself f      
initiation1  t might ev5 be visit$ ) a  

crim9al prosecution4 ,! exp]i5ces  (    
,demonax1 z relat$ by ,lucian1 furni% a 
case 9 po9t4    ,equally great1 at lea/1
 0 ! vitality reta9$ by ! popul>  belief
 9 ! ,/ygian riv]1 & ! pa9s ( ,t>t>us t 
await$  ! wick$4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t
 9 ! classical &  po/-classical ages (  
,greece x 0 accept$ z an article ( !    
national cre$4 ,its p]si/5ce at a lat]  
date is atte/$ by !  vehem5ce ( !       
onslaught :i* ,lucretius made ^u x1 =1 )
 due  all[ance = exagg]ation1 he c\ld   
sc>cely reg>d x z an incubus1  an       
ev]-pres5t t]ror1 weigh+ d[n & d>k5+    
m5's lives1 an  ,upas-tree :i* x 0      
philosophy's noble/ "w to uproot1 unless
 x  _h met ) v g5]al & v conv9c$        
acceptance 9 8 day4  ,s5eca1 inde$1     
/ates t 9 8 "t ! belief 0 reject$ ev5   
by *ildr51 & h]e9 he is corroborat$ by  
o!r writ]s2 we mu/  conclude1 h[ev]1 t !
 *ildr5 9 "q 7 exceptionally            
enlight5$--! ,roman prototypes (        
,macaulay's s*oolboy--= 9 !  same c5tury
 ,plut>*1 & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury ,lucian1  

atte/s !  vigor\s survival ( ! old      
doctr9e4#ie    ,on ! :ole we may say t 9
 ! descriptions ( ,p>adise1 ) !  ,tree (
 ,life1 ! companies ( ,old ,te/am5t     
wor?ies1 etc41 ,hebrew  ideas g5]ally   
pr$om9at$1 :ile ! ,greek ,t>t>us furni%$
 mo/  ( ! ideas ( ! ,*ri/ian ,hell4 ,^! 
ideas1 h[ev]1 did n  include ! doctr9e (
 rebir?1 :i* 0 s prom95t a feature 9  ! 
,greek my/ic cults4 ,inde$1 ! lit]ature 
( ! ,vision ( !  ,o!rworld appe>s to h  
belong$1 9 ! ma91 to ! or?odox  portion 
( ! ,*ur*1 avoid+1 on ! "o h&1 ev]y?+   
p]ta9+  to ! popul> cults ( ,isis1      
,s]apis1 ,mi?ra1 ! ,magna ,mat]1 &  o!r 
fa%ionable ,ori5tal deities1 &1 on ! o!r
 h&1 tak+  f ,hell5ic beliefs only su* z
 7 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al  "* ( ! ,*ri/ian  
fai?1 little attract$ by !              
,neo-,platonic  !ories ( emanations1    
ons1 & ! l1 :i* did s mu* to m\ld  !    
,gno/ic & o!r h]esies4    ,x w\ld seem t
 ! ,vision ( ! ,o!rworld nev] acquir$ ! 
same importance 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* z 9 !  
,ea/2 nev]!less1  sev]al ( ! ,we/]n     

fa!rs report simil> cases1 _m ( :i*1  x 
is probable1 already exi/$ 9 popul>     
tradition4 ,"o ( ^!1  relat$ by ,/4     
,augu/9e1 tells h[ a c]ta9 ,cur9a1 a    
native (  ,hippo1 di$1 b1 z ! condition 
( 8 body sugge/$ t he 0  m]ely 9 a      
trance1 8 fri5ds delay$ ! burial = "s   
days4 ,at  l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! fun]al 0 ab\t 
to take place1 :5 ! corpse  return$ to  
life1 & told 8 fri5ds t he _h really    
di$1 b1 z  he 0 be+ br\ght up = judgm5t1
 x 0 discov]$ t ! ,angel  ( ,dea? _h    
mi/ak5 him = ano!r ,cur9a1 a blacksmi?1 
:o dwelt  9 ! same neighb\rhood4        
,accord+ly1 aft] be+ fav\r$ ) a  vision 
( ,p>adise1 our ,cur9a 0 dismiss$ ) a   
caution to m5d 8  ways1 & pres5t himself
 to ,/4 ,augu/9e = baptism1 bo? ( :i*   
comm&s he obey$4    ,! correspond5ce (  
,/4 ,gregory ! ,great conta9s sev]al    
in/ances  ( a simil> k9d4 ,"o ( ^!      
pres]ves ! exp]i5ces ( a man (          
,con/ant9ople1 ,/eph5 by "n1 :i* 7 mu* !
 same z ^?  ( ,cur9a1 he hav+ receiv$ ! 
fatal summons 9 place ( ano!r  ,/eph51  

:o too 0 a blacksmi?4 ,/eph51 l ,cur9a1 
0 re/or$  to ! body1 aft] receiv+ a     
vision1 9 8 case1 ( ,hell4    ,a        
fundam5tal diff]5ce is app>5t betwe5 !  
,visions j  record$1 & ^? compos$ 9 !   
,ea/]n ,*ur*1 ^! con/itut+  a specific  
=m ( composition ( :i* ! prim>y object 0
 to  pres5t a picture ( ! next _w1 :ile 
! ,we/]n fa!rs  w\ld appe> m]ely to h   
introduc$1 by way ( apologue1 a  curr5t 
religi\s folk-tale4 ,if a folk-tale1 x 0
 probably widely  diffus$1 = bo? ! above
 /ories are evid5tly v]sions ( "o       
orig9al--! sc5e ( ! fir/ be+ plac$ at   
,hippo1 ( ! second  at ,con/ant9ople4   
,bo? h mu* 9 common ) ,plut>*'s /ory (  
,!spesios1 & no?+ is m probable ?an t   
all 7 v>iants  ( a folk-tale curr5t 9   
antiquity--long be=e ,plato1 z likely z 
n1 = he too introduces ! /ory ( ,er z a 
float+ tradition--&  receiv+ at ! h&s ( 
,plut>* & ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs  embelli%m5ts
 prop] to _! respective cre$s4 ,moreov]1
 9 bo?  /ories ! p]sons :o ought to h   
di$ 7 blacksmi?s1 memb]s (  a trade :i*1

 by an obvi\s association ( ideas1 has  
always appe>$  9 popul> my?ology 9 a    
some:at s9i/] light4 ,! blund] ( !      
,angel ( ,dea? 9 br++ ! wrong p]son up =
 judgm5t1 is "o  ( ! motives :i*        
frequ5tly recur 9 ! innum]able comic    
tales  ( ,hell & ,judgm5t :i* enjoy$ mu*
 fav\r 9 ! ,middle ,ages1  & "s ( :i*   
are en%r9$ 9 ! ,+oldsby ,leg5ds = !     
delectation ( late-born m54    ,else:]e1
 h[ev]1 9 ano!r ( 8 epi/les1 ,/4        
,gregory records  a vision :i* con=ms m 
closely to ! lit]>y type4 ,a c]ta9      
soldi] fell into a trance1 & saw a      
bridge spann+ a f\l1 smoky1  /9k+ riv]1 
beyond :i* fair mead[s lay1 fre% &      
fl[]y1  & goodly companies ( folk walk+ 
!re9 clad 9 :ite app>el4  ,ov] ! bridge 
a procession ( ! dead 7 pass+1 ( :om !  
righte\s cross$ successfully1 & jo9$ !  
companies t 7  already 9 ! prata beata t
 lay beyond2 ! wick$ fell into  ! riv]4 
,!n ! soldi] recognis$ ! a=esaid ,/eph51
 :o _h  s9ce di$ f9ally1 & 0 n[         
endeav\r+ to cross ! bridge2 8  foot    

slipp$1 & z he 0 hang+ ov] ! edge1 c]ta9
 grisly  =ms seiz$ ^u him1 & endeav\r$  
to drag him d[n1 :ile :ite  & radiant   
be+s /rove to be> him up4 ,! issue is   
left undecid$4  ,! explanation ( ?is    
incid5t 0 t ,/eph5 _h be5 lib]al  9     
almsgiv+1 b 0 addict$ to s9s ( ! fle%4  
,"h we h a  connect+ l9k1 pass+ on to ! 
,iri% s*ool ! bridge incid5t1  belong+  
to ,ori5tal my?1 hav+ fir/ appe>$ 9     
,*9vt bridge  ( ! ,ave/a4 ,/4 ,gregory  
likewise p]petuates ! #8tug ( w>' =     
possession ( ! d\btful s\l1 :i* also    
fir/ appe>s 9 !  ,p]sian books4 ,l ,/4  
,gregory1 ,adamnn's *ronicl] %[s ! p>l\s
  /ate ( ! k9dly b c>nal s\ls1 ?\gh 8   
robu/] *>ity  pron\nces decid$ly = _!   
ultimate r$emption 7,f4 ,a41 c4 #bg74   
,9 ! l& beyond ! riv] 7 _m fair         
mansions2 "o ( ^! 0  !n 9 c\rse (       
con/ruction1 be+ built ( gold5 bricks1  
:i*  7 ! good works ( ! de/9$ occupant2 
& !y :o br\ght !  bricks 7 ! p]sons :om 
he _h befri5d$4    ,/4 ,gregory also    
relates ! case ( "o ,pet]1 a ,spani%    

monk1 :o  _h di$ & gone to ,hell1 :]e he
 saw ! torm5ts ( ! wick$1  & among !m _m
 :o _h liv$ 9 ?is _w 9 greatness & high 
repute1 & 7 !n hang+ 9 ! flames4 ,pet] 0
 ab\t to be  ?r[n 9 himself1 :5 an angel
 rescu$ him & s5t him back to !  body1 )
 a caution4    ,x is c]ta9 t ! e>li]    
,middle ,ages1 z well z ! lat]1         
possess$ _m /ories deal+ ) ! ,o!rworld1 
alike 9 =m  ( ! folk-tale & ( ! religi\s
 apologue4 ,probably1 too1 an           
exam9ation ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s ( ! 
p]iod w\ld disclose  examples ( !       
treatm5t ( ! leg5d z a di/9ct class (   
lit]>y  composition1 l ! =ego+ in/ances4
 ,nev]!less1 no important  contribution 
to ! subject appe>s to h be5 made1 nor  
any new  dep>ture tak51 until ! leg5d   
ent]$ ^u a fre% c\rse on ,iri%  soil4   
#d4 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,9 ,,irel&      ,:ile !
 ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ,teutonic ,engl& ow$  
its exi/5ce1  9 ! ma91 to ! mission>y   
ent]prise ( ,rome1 ! mu* old]  ,celtic  
,*ur*es1 & notably ! ,*ur* ( ,irel&1 7 m
 closely  connect$ ) ,gaul & ! ,ea/4 ,x 

0 to ,gaul t ,irel& 0  ma9ly indebt$ =  
its orig9al conv]sion1 & ! int]c\rse    
betwe5 ! two c\ntries rema9$ close &    
unbrok54 ,b ! ,*ur*  9 ! s\? ( ,gaul--& 
x 0 ! s\? alone t pres]v$ any           
consid]able culture1 or display$        
mission>y activity1 9 ! e>li]  ,middle  
,ages--_h f ! v fir/ be5 closely 9 t\* )
 !  ,*ur*es 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! great mona/]y (
 ,l]9s1 9 :i* ,/4  ,patrick is said to h
 /udi$1 0 f\nd$ f ,egypt1 & = _m        
c5turies ! ,egyptian ,*ur* cont9u$ to   
manife/ a lively int]e/  9 ,gallic      
matt]s4 ,inde$1 n only ,l]9s1 b         
,m>seilles1 ,lyons1 &  o!r p>ts ( ,s\!rn
 ,gaul ma9ta9$ a con/ant int]c\rse )    
bo? ,egypt & ,syria1 ) ! natural result 
t _m in/itutions (  ! ,gallic ,*ur*1    
despite its increas+ subjection to      
,rome1 dat+  f ! ye> #bdd1 bore !       
impress ( ,ori5tal influ5ces4#if ,h5ce  
! close relations ) ,gaul ma9ta9$ by !  
,iri% *ur*m5 &  s*ol>s necess>ily br\ght
 !m into contact ) _! ,egyptian &       
,syrian bre?r51 & ) ! ideas & practices 

:i* prevail$ 9  _! respective ,*ur*es4  
,nor 0 ,irel&'s connection ) ! ,ea/     
conf9$ to ! int]m$i>y  ( ,gaul4 ,iri%   
pilgrimages to ,egypt cont9u$ until !   
end ( !  eigh? c5tury1 & ,dicuil records
 a topographical exploration (  t c\ntry
 made by two ,iri%m51 ,fidelis & 8      
companion4#ig  ,docum5t>y evid5ce is yet
 extant1 prov+ t ev5 homekeep+  ,iri%m5 
7 n deb>r$ f all acqua9tance ) ! ,ea/4  
,!  ,saltair na ,rann#ih conta9s an     
,iri% v]sion ( ! ,book ( ,adam &  ,eve1 
a "w writt5 9 ,egypt 9 ! fif? or six?   
c5tury1 ( :i*  no m5tion outside (      
,irel& is kn[n4 ,adamnn's "w1 ,de ,locis
  ,sanctis1 already ref]r$ to1 conta9s  
an acc\nt ( ! mona/]y  on ,m\nt ,?abor1 
:i* might /& = ! description ( an ,iri% 
mona/ic community ( 8 day4 ,inde$1 !    
:ole sy/em bo? ( !  an*oretic & !       
cnobitic life 9 ,irel& corresponds      
closely to  t :i* prevail$ 9 ,egypt &   
,syria2 ! mona/ic communities1  consi/+ 
( gr\ps ( deta*$ huts or bee-hive cells1
 enclos$  )9 a g5]al wall1 ! /ructure ( 

! cells1 & ( ! o!r  e>lie/ examples (   
,iri% ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 all    
sugge/  a ,syrian orig92 & ,dr4 ,g4 ,t4 
,/okes holds t #8! ,iri% s*ools  7 mo/  
probably modell$ aft] ! =ms & rules ( ! 
,egyptian  ,lauras4'#ii    ,b x 0 n only
 ,egyptian & ,syrian influ5ces to :i*   
,irel& 0  subject$ by its int]c\rse )   
,s\!rn ,gaul4 ,! civilisation (  t      
c\ntry 0 ess5tially ,greek1 & s rema9$ =
 _m c5turies  aft] ! ,*ri/ian era2 & ?is
 circum/ance no d\bt contribut$ to  !   
well-kn[n survival ( ,greek le>n+ 9 !   
,iri% s*ools1 long  aft] x _h almo/     
p]i%$ 9 ! re/ ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,x is n 
to be suppos$ t ?is le>n+ 0 *>act]is$ by
 accuracy (  s*ol>%ip1 or by a wide     
acqua9tance ) classical lit]ature2 b    
nei!r 0 x always re/rict$ to a m]e      
smatt]+ ( ! language1  or to passages & 
quotations pick$ up at second-h&4       
,johannes ,scotus  ,erig5a translat$ !  
works ( ! pseudo-,areopagite2 ,dicuil & 
,firghil 7,virgilius1 ,bi%op (          
,salzburg71 /udi$ ! ,greek books (      

sci5ce2 ,hom]1 ,ari/otle1 & o!r         
classical au?ors 7 kn[n to  "s ( ! ,iri%
 writ]s2 sev]al ( ! ,iri% div9es 7      
acqua9t$  ) ! ,greek fa!rs & o!r        
!ological works4 ,nor 7 ! ,greeks  9    
p]son unkn[n to ,irel&4 ,_m ,greek      
cl]ics _h tak5 refuge  !re dur+ !       
,iconocla/ p]secution1 & left traces :i*
 7  recognisable 9 ,us%]'s day2 & ! old 
poem on ! ,fair ( ,c>man  makes m5tion (
 ! ,greek m]*ants :o resort$ ?i!r4    ,x
 is ?us app>5t t ! ,iri% writ]s possess$
 ample means (  becom+ acqua9t$ ) !     
traditions1 bo? oral & writt51 ( !      
,greek & ,ea/]n ,*ur*es4 ,! k ?us       
acquir$ ext5d$ to !  ,apocalyptic       
,visions ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ section1 z
 is prov$  by int]nal evid5ce furni%$ by
 ! ,iri% ,visions1 bo? by way (  direct 
ref]5ce1 & by ! nature ( _! cont5ts4 ,x 
rema9s to  see h[ f> ! pr$ilection :i* !
 ,iri% writ]s manife/$ =  ?is class (   
lit]ature1 & ! special *>act]i/ics :i* x
  assum$ 9 _! h&s1 may h be5 det]m9$ by 
_! famili>ity  ) analog\s ideas already 

exi/+ 9 _! national lit]ature4    ,at ! 
p]iod 9 "q1 ! traditional lit]ature (   
,irel&  w\ld appe> to h ent]$ into !    
national life to no less a  degree ?an 9
 ,greece itself4 ,inde$1 9 c]ta9        
respects1 x 0  /ill m closely int]wov5 )
 ! habits ( ! p & !  framework ( society
 ?an 9 ,greece1 = ! lit]>y pr(ession  0 
provid$ = by a public end[m5t1 some?+ l 
t ( an  e/abli%$ ,national ,*ur*1 & its 
pr(essors con/itut$ a body  organis$ by 
law1 & occupy+ a recognis$ position 9 ! 
,/ate4  ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics (  
e>ly ,iri% civilisation1  9 its e bran*1
 0 an exagg]at$ t5d5cy t[>ds symmetrical
  classification & multiplicity (       
detail4 ,?is t5d5cy ext5d$  to ! social 
sy/em1 & ! e>lie/ records ( anci5t      
,irel&  t h come d[n to u %[ t society 0
 arrang$ accord+  to a v elaborate s*eme
 ( ranks & classes1#ajj among :i*  !    
lit]>y pr(ession 0 rem>kable alike = !  
numb] ( its  memb]s1 & = ! consid]ation 
9 :i* !y 7 held4 ,x 0  divid$ into      
sev]al di/9ct ord]s1 ea* ( :i* 0        

specially  addict$ to its own dep>tm5t (
 /udy1 & ( ^! ! place (  greate/ hon\r &
 dignity belong$ to ! ,filid1 :o comb9$ 
)  o!r functions ! special duty (       
pres]v+ & transmitt+ !  national        
traditions4#aja ,! ord] ( ! ,filid 0    
fur!r subdivid$  into sev5 ranks or     
degrees1 graduat$ accord+ to ! atta9m5ts
  :i* _! respective memb]s 7 requir$ to 
possess4 ,= all1  h[ev]1 a k ( !        
romantic lit]ature ( _! c\ntry 0  an    
indisp5sable qualification--!           
rd-,ollamh1 ! *ief ( !  ord]1 be+       
requir$ to "k two hundr$ & fifty        
prm-scla1  or pr9cipal /ories1 & "o     
hundr$ ( second>y importance2 &  s on 9 
a desc5d+ scale ?r\gh ! inf]ior degrees 
( !  lit]>y hi]>*y4 ,^! tales1 9 turn1 7
 likewise gr\p$1  ) all ! precision ( a 
sci5tific classification1 accord+ to  _!
 subject-matt]4#ajb ,two li/s are extant
 giv+ ! titles (  ! sev]al k9ds2 ! eld]1
 pres]v$ 9 ! ,book ( ,le9/]1 is  ascrib$
 by ,m4 d',arbois de ,juba9ville to !   
sev5? c5tury1 or1 at  late/1 ! beg9n+ ( 

! eigh? c5tury4 ,!y are class$ "u !     
head+s ( ,ca?a1 battles2 ,longasa1      
travels 79 exile72 ,imrama1  voyages    
7volunt>y72 ,tgbla1 conque/s2 ,tglasi1  
de/ructions2  ,airgne1 slaught]s2       
,=basa1 sieges2 ,oitti1 tragic fates2   
,tna1 =ays2 ,to*m>ca1 woo+s2 ,ua?a1     
adv5tures 9 caves2  ,ea*tra1 de$s1      
adv5tures2 ,sluaigheadha1 ho/+s or      
exp$itions2  to :i* are to be add$      
,fessa1 banquets2 ,ai?idi1 elopem5ts2   
,s]ca1 love-/ories2 ,tomadma1 irruptions
 or invasions 7( rec5t  date72          
,tocomlada1 colonies2 ,fsi1 visions4 ,! 
subjects ( ^!  tales 7 tak5 f ! national
 hi/ory or my?ology1 or1 (t5]  /ill may 
be1 f t tradition>y lore :i* =ms a      
debatable  gr\nd betwe5 ! two4 ,_m ( !m 
7 m e/eem$ z au?orities  = tribal hi/ory
 or g5ealogy ?an ^u _! purely lit]>y    
m]it1  ?\gh 9 o!rs ! imag9ative elem5t  
is z frankly recognis$ z 9  a hi/orical 
novel by ,scott or ,dumas4    ,!        
romantic lit]ature ( ,irel& rea*$ its   
height ab\t ! "t (  ! greate/ activity (

 ! ,iri% ,*ur*1 & ! sacr$ & secul>      
s*ools did n fail to ex]cise a mutual   
influ5ce1 = ! ,iri%  cl]gy by no means  
despis$ ^! relics ( ,paganism3 !y       
possess$  a l>ge %>e ( t wise tol]ance  
:i* we f9d 9 _m ( !  great cl]ics ( !   
,middle ,ages1 :o did n desire !        
de/ruction  ( all ! associations t _h   
tw9$ !mselves ab\t ! lives  ( ! p1 b r  
to enli/ !m into ! s]vice ( ! new       
fai?4#ajc ,two classes ( ! ,iri% tales 7
 specially adapt$ =  ecclesia/ical      
treatm5t1 & be+ ?us br\ght into contact 
)  ! g5]al lit]ature ( m$ival ,europe1 h
 left ^u x a deep  & traceable          
impression4 ,^! 7 ! ,imram1 or ,voyage1 
& !  ,fis1 or ,vision1 species di/9ct 9 
k9d1 b conta9+ 9 practice  mu* t 0      
common to bo?2 = ! c\rse ( ! ,imram lay1
 =  ! mo/ "p1 among ! en*ant$ l&s (     
,celtic my?ology1 ?9ly  disguis$1 9 lat]
 times1 by a coat+ ( ,*ri/ian           
es*atology2 &  ! ,fis1 ?\gh m commonly (
 ,*ri/ian orig91 & (t5 indit$  expressly
 = edification1 0 indebt$ to ! same     

s\rce = mo/ (  its mise-en-scne4 ,bo?   
types ( n>rative are repres5t$ among !  
leg5ds :i* rec\nt ! adv5tures met ) by  
,cu*ula9n1 ,cormac ,mac  irt1 & o!r     
anci5t h]oes 9 a purely pagan ,o!rworld4
 ,/>t+  !nce & proce$+ ?r\gh ! travel   
tales1 simil> 9 _m  respects to ! =ego+1
 b m or less imbu$ ) a ,*ri/ian  t+e1   
:i* relate ! ,voyages ( ,maeldu91 (     
,tadg ,mac ,c91 ( !  ,sons ( ,ua ,corra1
 & ! l1 we rea*1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,voyage  
( ,/4 ,br5dan1 "o ( ! mo/ picturesque & 
popul> leg5ds (  ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 on 
! o!r h&1 ! visions ( ! ,iri%  ,sa9ts1 !
 /ories ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory1 &  
simil> leg5ds  :i* p]vad$ ,we/]n        
,europe1 & pass+ into ,italy w\ld appe> 
to h l$ up to ! /ory ( ! wick$ ,m>quis (
 ,br&5burg1 &  ! op5+ ( ! ,tesoretto (  
,brunetto ,lat9i1 :i* la/1 aga91        
sugge/$ to ,dante ! op5+ passages ( !   
,comm$ia4    ,a visit to ! ,o!rworld 0  
"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t subjects (  ,iri%    
leg5d4 ,n t ! region visit$ is always s 
describ$2  sometimes x is t]m$ ! realm (

 ! ,dagda1 "o ( ! mo/  primitive        
culture-deities 9 ! ,iri% my?ology1 &1  
at ! same  "t1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ,yama &     
,yima2#ajd sometimes1 ! isl&  p>adise ( 
,manannn ,mac ,lr1 ! ,sea-,god2 at o!rs1
 ! palace (  ,mid] or ( ,o5gus1 bo? (   
:om %>$ ) ,lug _m ( ! attributes  ( !   
,greek ,apollo4 ,v (t5 x is m]ely ! ra?1
 or isl&1 or  subaque\s abode1 ( "s     
en*antress or fairy lady1 b ev5 !n "s   
detail ( ! /ory w almo/ always make x   
cle> t ! spot is  to be id5tifi$ ) ! l& 
( dep>t$ spirits1 al?\gh1 9 "s          
in/ances1 ! au?ors may h be5 no m aw>e  
?an ,ario/o 9  describ+ ! g>d5 ( ,alc9a1
 or1 inde$1 ?an ,hom] 9 8 isl&s  ( !    
,phacians1 ( ,circe & ( ,calypso1 t all 
_! imag9>y  sc5es alike _h "o common    
orig91 ! region :]e !     h _!          
dwell+4#aje    ,! conception :i* ! ,iri%
 =m$ ( _! ,happy ,o!rworld  resembl$ 9  
sub/ance ! ideas :i* mo/ o!r nations    
held ^u  ! subject2 b _! descriptions ( 
x are frequ5tly rem>kable  = a poetry1 a
 vivid s5se ( beauty--9 %ort1 = a gu/o1 

:i* are f> less common4 ,= all t1 h[ev]1
 !y d n always  reject ! gross]--x w\ld1
 p]haps1 be m j to call !m  !           
simpl]--pleasures :i* w\ld naturally    
appeal to ! heal?y  imag9ations ( a p   
addict$ to a vigor\s & some:at rude way 
( life4 ,?us 9 ! subt]ranean palace ( ! 
,dagda 7aft]w>ds  usurp$ by 8 son1      
,o5gus g71 :i* 0 situate )9 ! ,brug na  
,bo9ne1 & is describ$ z a place (       
unceas+ delight1 :i!r  dea? or sickness 
nev] came1 ! god sat b5ea? ?ree fragrant
  apple-trees1 always lad5 ) ripe fruit1
 beside an inexhau/ible vat  ( be]2 two 
pigs 7 !re1 "o alive & ! o!r ready      
roa/$1  turn & turn ab\t1 & a caldron   
br\ght by ! ,d ,danann f ,murias        
7#8,seal&'71 :i* 0 nev] empty ( food1 & 
f :i* none ev]  rose unsatisfi$1 = x    
gave to ea* "o a portion correspond+ to 
8 rightful claims4 ,^! gross enjoym5ts  
recur ev5 9 ! truly  poetic l9es :i*    
,mid] s+s to ,bf9d 7or ,eta971 wife (   
,k+  ,eo*aid ,airem1 9 ! /ory ( ! ,brud9
 ,da ,d]ga1#ajf tempt+ h]  to foll[ him 

to 8 realm ( ,magh ,mr4 ,?is he         
describes z a wondr\s  l&1 trav]s$ by   
w>m sweet /reams2 ! p !re( are h&some1  
)\t a blemi%1 conceiv$ )\t s9 or lu/2 _!
 bodies are  l ! sn[1 :ite ( sk9 & black
 ( br[1 _! hair l tufts  ( primrose1 _! 
*eeks l ! foxglove1 & _! eyes l !       
blackbird's eggs4 ,b by way ( additional
 attraction ,mid] promises  ! lady a cap
 ( gold = h] head1 fre% pork1 s(t new   
milk1 w9e  & mead ( ! *oice/1 & ale     
#8headi] ?an ! ale ( ,irel&4'  ,we le>n 
else:]e t ,mid] also possess$ a magic   
caldron#ajg  l t ( ! ,dagda1 & ?ree c[s 
:i* nev] ran dry4 ,s1 too1  ,manannn    
,mac ,lr possess$ among o!r highly      
desirable *attels sev5  pigs t w\ld     
suffice to fe$ all ! _w1 & sev5 c[s ^:  
milk w\ld fill sev5 tubs1 :5ce all ! p (
 ! _w might  dr9k _! fill4 ,x is int]e/+
 to obs]ve h[ ?is side ( !  ,iri%       
,p>adise receiv$ a tw(old developm5t2 on
 ! "o h&1 be+  subject$ to a ref9+      
process1 z we %all see :5 consid]+ !    
,fis ,adamn92 on ! o!r1 develop+ into a 

v]itable ,cockayne1 9  su* humor\s      
writ+s z ! ,vision ( ,mac ,congl9ne4#ajh
    ,p]haps ! fulle/ & mo/ poetic acc\nt
 ( ! ,tr ,tairngire is  t conta9$ 9 two 
poems ( great beauty1 :i* occur 9 !     
,voyage  ( ,bran1 ,son ( ,febal1 be=e   
cit$4#aji ,x mu/ suffice1 9 ?is  place1 
to translate su* portions z be> m       
imm$iately ^u our  subject4    ,a lovely
 maid5 appe>s to ,bran1 be>+ 9 h] h& an 
apple bran*  ) twigs ( silv] & gold5    
fruit ^u x2 ?is %e places 9 8  h&1 &    
s+s3--         #8,an isle !re is af>2   
r\nd x sea-horses are fla%+2      a free
 /ret*1 aga9/ :i* :ite-sid$ surges      
swell2 f\r      p$e/als su/a9 x4 ,a     
delight ( ! eye1 a glori\s array1       
are ! ho/s t disport !m 9 ! h]oes' *>iot
 /rife1      9 ! ,s\!rn pla9 ( ,f9d>ggat
 7silv]-:ite74 ,( :ite      bronze are !
 p$e/als b5ea? x2 ?r\gh\t ! glori\s     
ages1 ?r\gh\t ! ages ( ! _w1 %9es !     
lovely l&1      ov]-sn[$ ) _m blossoms4 
,!re is a /ately tree 9      bloom2 !   
birds *ant responsive to ! canonical    

h\rs2      at e h\r !y s+ 9 h>mony4     
,jewels ( e hue are      gleam+ ?r\gh\t 
! s(t-voic$ pla92 p]petuity ( joy1      
) l9k$ melody1 is 9 ! ,s\!rn pla9 (     
,silv]cl\d4 ,no      wail+ is kn[n1 nor 
guile1 9 ! l& ( p]petual til?2      no?+
 r\gh nor h>%1 b only sweet music1      
/rikes !      e>4 ,no sorr[1 no gloom1  
no dea?1 no sickness at all1 nor        
feebl5ess1--t is ! tok5 ( ,ema91 no     
rival to x exi/s4      ,! beauty ( !    
wondr\s l&1 lovely ( aspect1 a l& fair  
to look ^u--nev] its l 0 f\nd4 ,%\ld/ ?\
 next look      on ,airctec1 be/rewn )  
dragon-/ones & cry/als2 ,ocean          
/rews ^u ! l& cry/al tresses f 8 mane4  
,moorl&s1      ?ickets ( e hue1 9 ! l& (
 ,calm2 ! beauty (      fre%ness1 ! he>+
 ( music 9 its sweetness1 ! dr9k+      (
 w9e ! brighte/4 ,9 ,magh ,r9 ,pla9 ( ! 
,sea !      gold5 *>iots come at        
flood-tide to meet ! sun2 9 ,magh ,mon  
,pla9 ( ,games are *>iots ( silv] & (   
bronze1 )\t      a blemi%4 ,a h]d (     
horses l yell[ gold is !re on !         

/r&2 ano!r h]d1 ( purple hue2 aft] !m1  
yet ano!r      h]d1 ( ! hue ( a pure    
grey pe>l4 ,at ! sun's upris+      a    
fair man w come1 :o illum9es ! level    
l&s2 he rides      ov] ! fair pla9 :]eon
 ! sea beats1 he temp]s ! ocean         
till x is z blood4 ,! ho/ w come across 
! pure sea2      !y %[ !mselves1 r[+    
t[>ds ! l&2 !n !y r[      to a flat     
rock1 well 9 view1 :5ce a hundr$ songs  
arise4      ,x *ants melody to ! ho/s1 s
 t sorr[ is n !re92      ! music swells 
f ! *oirs ( hundr$s1 :o look n      =   
return or dea?4 ,ema9 ( _m =ms by ! sea1
 x may      be ne>1 x may be f>2 !re9   
are wom51 _m ?\s&s1 9      *equ]$ array1
 & ! pure sea r\nd ab\t x4 ,:5 he has   
he>d ! music's s\nd1 ! note ( ! birds 9 
,im*i91 a      little b& ( ladies w come
 d[n f ! height to !      field ( games1
 :]eon he /&s4 ,fre$om ) heal? %all     
come to ! l& on :i* laught] is p\r$ =?2 
'tis on      ,im*i91 at e season1 t l5g?
 ( life ) joy %all      come4 ,a day (  
s]5ity un5d+ scatt]s silv] on ! l&2     

a pure :ite cliff is on ! seabo>d range1
 draw+ ! sun's      heat f him4 ,!      
multitude race _! horses along ,magh    
,mon1      a glori\s sport1 n languid2 9
 ! *equ]$ lea-l&1 all      beauty       
excell+ 7871 !y look n = return nor     
dea?4'    ,we may see at a glance h[    
?or\ghly pagan is ! conception ( !      
happy region "h depict$1 ?\gh assur$ly  
lack+ nei!r 9 beauty  nor ref9em5t1 9   
:i* respects ! ,tr ,tairngire ne$ fe> no
  comp>ison ) ! ,elysium ( ! ,greek     
poets1 :i* x s /rongly  resembles4 ,x is
 equally evid5t t ! "l ( ?is ,isl&      
,p>adise1  ,manannn ,mac ,lr1 is !      
,tua?a ,d ,danann c\nt]p>t ( ! ,fomorian
  ,te?ra1 k+ ( ! dead1 :o s5ds 8        
mess5g]s 9 ! guise (  beautiful wom5-- 9
 all lit]alness--to call 8 subjects unto
  him 9 8 realm beyond ! ocean4 ,inde$1 
,te?ra himself appe>s  9 a leg5d1       
exactly p>allel to ! =ego+ 9 design1    
?\gh (  m primitive /ructure1 :i*       
relates ! pass+ ( ,connla1 son (  !     
fam\s rd-,r1 ,conn ( ! ,hundr$ ,battles4

 ,connla1 l ,bran1  0 visit$ by a       
beautiful damsel1 :o promis$ to conf] ^u
 him a  cont9uance ( y\? & beauty :i*   
%\ld nev] fail or fade until  !         
,judgm5t4 ,%e !n gave him an apple &    
left him4 ,! virtue (  ?is apple 0 su* t
 x af=d$ ,connla nutrim5t en\gh = a     
mon?1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! damsel        
return$1 & told him t  ! ev]-liv+ ones  
_h s5t = him1 hav+ *os5 him to become "o
  ( ! folk ( ,te?ra1 !re to dwell = ev]1
 9 ! companies ( 8  =efa!rs1 9 ! mid/ ( 
8 acqua9tance & fri5ds4#aaj ,&  ,connla 
foll[$ h] to ! sea-%ore1 :]e a %ip (    
glass await$  !m1 9 :i* !y emb>k$1 :ile 
,conn foll[$ !m to ! %ore1  weep+1 &    
wat*$ !m until !y 7 out ( sight4    ,by 
f> ! great] numb] ( ! visits :i* ! h]oes
 & h]o9es  ( ,iri% tradition pay to !   
,o!rworld are v>iations ^u ! same  !me3 
a sup]natural visitant1 smitt5 ) love = 
*ief or maid51  induces him or h]1 by   
p]suasion1 guile1 or =ce1 to foll[ to   
fairy  ra? or ov]sea ,elysium2 a !me :i*
 has surviv$ to our own day 9  ! common 

leg5d ( ! ,leanamhn ,sidhe1 or ,fairy   
,lov]4 ,! /ory  ( ,mid] & ,eta91 or     
,ei?ne1 above ref]r$ to1 is an in/ance (
  ?is k9d1 ,mid] hav+ won ,eta9 ( h]    
husb&1 ,k+ ,eo*aid ,airem1  at a game ( 
*ess4 ,9 _m cases :]e a h]o's wife is   
?us abduct$  ! loss is b tempor>y1 !    
husb&1 a m m>tial & m  successful       
,orpheus1 w9n+ back 8 ,eurydice by =ce  
or /ratagem4  ,to ?is also ! mod]n ,iri%
 fairy tales conta9 _m p>allels4 ,s     
num]\s are ! examples ( ?is type1 t x is
 bo? impossible  & unnecess>y to discuss
 !m s]iatim2 x is en\gh to select  f ea*
 ( ! great tale cycles su* in/ances z   
may be/ %[ !  p]si/5ce ( ! !me1 & ( !   
orig9al ,iri% notions conc]n+  !        
,o!rworld1 "s ( :i* col\r$ ! v]sions 9  
:i* ! leg5d  appe>$ 9 ,*ri/ian times4 ,!
 ,elysian abodes ( ! ,dagda1 ( ,o5gus   
g1 ( ,mid]1 & ( ,manannn ,mac ,lr1 :i* h
 be5 describ$  already1 p]ta9 to !      
my?ological cycle ( ,iri% leg5d2 simil> 
visits to ! abodes ( ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann
 are record$ 9 _m  /ories belong+ to !  

greate/ ( ! h]oic cycles1 namely1 !     
,ultonian cycle4    ,"o ( ! be/ & longe/
 ( ^! /ories is ! ,s]glige              
,con*ula9d#aaa or ,sick-b$ ( ,cu*ula9n1 
! pr9cipal h]o (  ! cycle 9 "q4 ,we h   
room only = a brief ab/ract ( ?is  /ory1
 giv+ ! details :i* relate m p>ticul>ly 
to our subject4    ,once1 9 dream1      
,cu*ula9n 0 visit$ by two ladies ( great
 beauty1  :o1 )\t v\*saf+ any           
explanation ( _! conduct1 kept smit+    
him ) :ips z he lay until !y left him   
spee*less1 9 :i*  /ate he rema9$ = ne>ly
 a ye>4 ,at ! end ( t "t ,em]1          
,cu*ula9n's wife1 & ^? ) h]1 saw "o day 
a "y man sitt+  by 8 b$side1 s++ h[ he 0
 ,o5gus1 & ! dream-ladies 7  ,f& &      
,liban1 8 si/]s1 ( :om ,f&1 wife (      
,manannn ,mac ,lr1  hav+ be5 des]t$ by  
h] husb&1 _h conceiv$ a great love =    
,cu*ula9n1 & promis$ t if he w\ld visit 
h] 9 ! ,tr ,sor*a  7,l& ( ,light71 %e   
w\ld make him :ole1 & give him gold &   
silv]  & w9e g ler4 ,be=e comply+ ) ?is 
message1 ,cu*ula9n  s5t ,loeg1 8        

*>iote]1 to inspect & report4 ,loeg     
return$ ) a  gl[+ acc\nt ( ! ,tr ,sor*a4
 ,he _h be5 conduct$ to ! h\se  (       
,labraid ,lua?lam-ar-,claideb--,quick   
,h& on ,sword--husb& ( ,liban1  :]e ,f& 
0 !n resid+4 ,! ra? 0 situate 9 ! mid/ (
 #8a  pure lake1 :i!r companies ( wom5  
resort'2 be=e ! door /ood  ?ree /ately  
trees1 pure purple1 & ! bird-flock s++  
^u !  bran*es ( !m )\t ceas+1 #8& 9 !   
ea/]n doorway ( !  lios a tree--n paltry
 ! music !reon--( silv]1 on :i* !  sun  
%9es ) exce$+ radiance1 l gold4' ,)9 0 !
 usual  good *e]1 includ+ an            
inexhau/ible vat ( mead4 ,tempt$ by ?is 
acc\nt ,cu*ula9n repair$ ?i!r himself1 &
 f\nd t all ,loeg  _h said 0 true1 & m4 
,! beautiful ,f& cons5t$ to be 81 on    
condition t he w\ld aid h] p 9 w> aga9/ 
a rival god-clan2  ?is done1 he br\ght  
h] back to ,irel&4 ,! up%ot ( x all 0  t
 ,em]1 :om ,cu*ula9n _h always lov$ mo/ 
fondly until ,f&'s  spell 0 on him1     
became jeal\s ( h] rival1 & s\ght to    
kill h]4  ,cu*ula9n object$ to ?is1 b   

,em]'s devotion reviv$ ! unqu5*$  emb]s 
( 8 flame = h]4 ,at ! same "t1 ,manannn 
_h f\nd t  #8:at our contempts d (t5    
hurl f u we wi% x ours aga91' &  ! piece
 concludes ) ! return ( all to _!       
premi]s am\rs4    ,! ,o!rworld ( !      
anci5t ,iri% possess$ no ,t>t>us4       
,malignant  p[]s1 inde$1 !re 7 9 pl5ty2 
n to speak ( a multitude (  hags &      
wit*es1 giants & ogres1 gobl9s &        
spectres1 ! div9e  p]sonages !mselves   
(t5 display a v s9i/] side ( _!  "*1    
:ile n uncommonly a brilliant *ief or   
radiant lady  ( ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann w\ld
 be bro!r or si/] to a hide\s &  savage 
hag or giant4#aab ,9 l mann]1 ! ,iri%   
,wond]l& 7,tr  na n-,iongnadh7 c\ld %[1 
alongside ( its en*ant$ ra?s &  ,elysian
 pleasances1 sc5es ( a widely diff]5t   
k9d2 seas & lakes  haunt$ by t]rible    
mon/]s1 weird =e/s1 & gloomy1 p]il\s    
gl5s1 al?\gh1 x is true1 ?is side ( !   
picture is treat$ mu*  less fully ?an ! 
o!r4 ,nev]!less1 !re is no /rict l9e (  
dem>cation betwe5 ! two1 :i* exi/ side  

by side1 z might !  des]t & f]tile      
regions ( ! same c\ntry4    ,"o ( !     
ne>e/ approximations to ! gloomy ,hades 
( ! e>ly  ,greeks is f\nd 9 ! realm (   
,sca?a* 7,! ,%ad[y7 :i!r  ,cu*ula9n 0   
s5t by ! wiz>d ,=gall ,mona*1 8         
prospective  fa!r-9-law1 9 ! hope (     
gett+ rid ( him1 b on pretext  (        
complet+ 8 milit>y education--an in/ance
 ( ! univ]sal  article ( primitive      
belief t ! ultimate arcana ( k  are only
 to be won f ! p[]s ( dea? &            
d>kness4#aac ,!  approa* to ,sca?a*'s   
c\ntry lay across a pla91 to ! "o half  
( :i* ! feet ( :oso attempt$ to cross x 
w\ld adh]e1 :ile  9 ! o!r half ! gr\nd  
w\ld rise & impale ! pass5g] on  ! grass
 blades1 l spe> po9ts1 :i* grew !reon4  
,cu*ula9n  0 guid$ across ! pla9 by !   
famili> ag5cy ( a :eel & an  apple1 giv5
 him by a "y man :om he f\nd dwell+ 9 a 
fairy ra?1  at ! outset ( 8 j\rney1 & :o
 ?us dis*>g$ ! (fice (  psy*opompos1 :i*
 9 "o =m or o!r--,sibyl1 ,mi*ael1       
,virgil1  hag or damsel--almo/ always   

appe>s to be indisp5sable4 ,! way  !n l$
 ?r\gh a n>r[ gl51 peopl$ by mon/]s1 &  
ov] high  & p]il\s m\nta9 passes4       
,f9ally1 to rea* 8 goal1 he _h to  cross
 ! #8,bridge ( ! ,cliff1' an en*ant$    
bridge1 l[ at ! two  ends & high at !   
middle1 ( su* k9d t1 s soon z "o /epp$  
^u ei!r end1 ! o!r w\ld rise & ?r[ him  
back4 ,?is1 ,miss  ,hull says 7op4 cit41
 p4 #bia71 is ! e>lie/ occurr5ce 9 ,iri%
  leg5d ( ! bridge episode1 :i*1 z we h 
se51 _h previ\sly  be5 a prom95t feature
 9 pictures ( ! ,o!rworld1 & aft]w>ds   
appe>s ) almo/ equal frequ5cy 9 !       
*ivalr\s lit]ature (  ! ,middle ,ages4  
,miss ,hull sugge/s t ! idea1 9 ! pres5t
  case1 is borr[$ f ! ,norse2 ?is1 (    
c\rse1 is q possible1  hav+ reg>d to !  
prom95ce 9 ,nor!rn my? ( ! ,bridge (    
,gill1 cross$ by ,h]mdr on 8 j\rney to !
 ,%ades 9 que/ ( !  dead ,bald]2 :ile ! 
,wond]l& depict$ 9 ! ,erik ,saga & 9 !  
,/ory ( ,gorm is likewise approa*$ by a 
bridge4#aad ,h[ev]1 )\t  ent]+ into !   
difficult "q ( ! epo* at :i* ! ,bald]   

my? assum$ its pres5t %ape1 or ( !      
respective dates ( !  ,norse & ,iri%    
leg5ds 9 _! orig9al =ms1 ! hypo!sis     
h>dly  seems necess>y to acc\nt = !     
introduction ( s obvi\s & s  widespread 
an incid5t into ! ,cu*ula9n leg5d1 :]e1 
moreov]1 !  ,bridge ( ! ,cliff diff]s   
widely f ! ,ra9b[ bridge ( ,gill  & f ! 
m commonplace bridges ( ! ,norse ,sagas4
 ,z ,miss ,hull  h]self obs]ves1 ! idea 
recurs 9 ano!r bran* ( ,celtic /ory1  ! 
,ar?urian leg5d1#aae & #8belongs to !   
,hell doctr9e ( ne>ly  all ,ori5tal     
religions' 7loc4 cit47 ,sev]al ( ^! we h
 already  exam9$1 & h se5 h[ ! same idea
 pass$ into ! es*atology  ( ! ,we/]n    
,*ur*4 ,nei!r is x conf9$ to ! cultur$  
races1  f ,v$ic ,india to ,icel&2 x     
occurs also among su* primitive  nations
 z ! ,inoits ( ,aleutia & ! ,bagadas ( !
 ,nilghiris4 ,f  !m to ,addison's       
,vision ( ,mirza is a long /ep 9 e      
s5se4#aaf    ,ano!r /ory connect$ ) !   
same cycle1 ! ,e*tra ,n]ai1  ,adv5tures 
( ,n]a1 o!rwise call$ ! ,t9 ,bo ,a+51   

,cattle  raid ( ,a+51#aag may receive   
m5tion "h z pres5t+ a feature  :i*      
frequ5tly recurs 9 ! ecclesia/ical      
visions1 :ile ! ma9  outl9es ( ! /ory   
are pres]v$ 9 mod]n folk-tales4 ,z      
,ailill1  k+ ( ,conna*t1 0 keep+ !      
,samha9 fe/ival 9 8 ra? (  ,crua*an1 he 
(f]$ to give 8 gold-hilt$ sword to any  
"o :o  %\ld d>e to put a )e on ! foot ( 
a newly hang$ man1 :o 0  sw++ outside4  
,n]a accept$ ! *all5ge1 & aft] sev]al   
va9  attempts 7! )e spr++ (f ( its own  
accord7 succe$$4 ,!  corpse !n spoke1 & 
ask$ ,n]a = a dr9k1 & ,n]a oblig+ly took
  ! corpse on 8 %\ld]s1 & (f]$ to take  
him to a h\se :i*  appe>$ h>d by1 /&+   
amid a lake ( fire4 ,! corpse decl9$    
?is (f]1 :i* is h>dly to be wond]$ at1 &
 ! re/ ( !  /ory foll[s ! conv5tional   
l9es ( ! ord9>y folk-tale1 b we  h "h ! 
moat ( fire1 z 9 ! ,fis ,adamn9 &       
else:]e4    ,visits to ! en*ant$ abodes 
( ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann--to !  ,o!rworld1 
t is--are common 9 ! tales belong+ to ! 
?ird  great gr\p ( h]oic tales1 second 9

 importance to ! ,cu*ula9n  cycle above1
 namely1 ! ,f9n cycle1 9 :i* occurs !   
mo/  celebrat$ ( !m all--! visit ( ,os9 
to ,niamh ,c9n ir1 :i* s  late z !      
eighte5? c5tury inspir$ ,mi*ael ,comyn )
 8 f9e  poem1 ! ,laoi ,oisn ar d,tr na  
n-g4 ,/ill1 ! tales ( ?is cycle1  h[ev] 
anci5t _! mat]ials1 w\ld appe> to h     
und]gone a  sogme:at mod]nis+ influ5ce1 
comp>atively speak+1 9 receiv+  arti/ic 
%ape1 9 :i* la/ respect !y betray m     
signs ( a  delib]ately lit]>y treatm5t  
?an _! pr$ecessors1 :ile 9 _!  treatm5t 
( ! ,o!rworld !y d n appe> to h         
contribut$  mat]ially to ! evolution ( !
 leg5d4    ,di/9ct f ! ,f9n cycle1 ?\gh 
deal+ 9 "p ) ! p]sons  & ev5ts ( ! p]iod
 to :i* ,f9n has be5 assign$ by         
tradition1  is a gr\p ( highly          
picturesque tales relat+ to ! dyna/y (  
,conn  ,c$-ca?a* 7( ! ,hundr$ ,battles7 
rd ,r ( ,irel&1 accord+ to  tradition1 9
 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,9 ! ,conn cycle
 ! ,o!rworld  leg5d figures prom95tly1 !
 mon>* himself1 8 sons rt &  ,connla1 & 

8 gr&son ,cormac1 all hav+ j\rney$ ?i!r4
 ,^!  tales1 moreov]1 furni% c]ta9 l9ks 
:i* connect ! ,e*tra )  ! ,imram & ,fis4
    ,x is said to h be5 ,conn's daily   
wont to make ! circuit ( ,temair        
7,t>a71 9 company ( 8 ,druids & poets1  
to see t none ( !  ,tua?a ,d ,danann1 or
 ,dao9e ,sidhe1 alight$ !reon4 ,"o day1 
:ile  s engag$1 he trod ^u a flag/one1  
:i* %riek$ s l\d z to be  he>d all ov]  
,temair & ,magh ,breg4 ,conn ask$ 8 *ief
 ,druid = an  explanation ( ?is wond]1 b
 ! ,druid requir$ a respite ( fifty     
days be=e he c\ld give x4 ,at ! end ( t 
"t ! k+ & 8  suite aga9 repair$ to !    
spot1 & ! ,druid decl>$ t ! "n  ( ! flag
 0 ,fl1 & t x _h be5 br\ght f ,inis ,fil
 by !  ,tua?a ,d ,danann to rema9 at    
,temair = ev]1 & any ye> ! rd  ,r ( ire 
fail$ to look ^u x1 de>? w\ld be on !   
l&4#aah  ,& sudd5ly a mi/ fell ^u !m1 & 
f out ( ! mi/ 0 he>d  ! s\nd ( a        
horseman1 :o ca/ ?ree d>ts at !m4       
#8,:osoev] aims  at ,conn 9 ,temair w be
 violat+ ! k+'s maje/y1' exclaim$  !    

,druid2 :]eupon ! horseman came =w>d &1 
greet+ ,conn1  invit$ him to 8 home4    
,conn foll[$1 & soon rea*$ a fair pla9  
9 :i* /ood a royal ra?1 & a great tree1 
z x 7 ( gold1 9  ! doorway4#aai ,on     
ent]+1 he saw a lovely damsel1 a gold5  
diadem  on h] head1 /&+ by a silv] vat  
hoop$ ) gold1 full ( r$  ale1 & a gold5 
c & cup ^u x4 ,beside x 0 a royal ?rone1
  :]eon sat a ,scl 7*ampion7 ( maje/ic  
/ature1 & ( a beauty  nev] se5 at       
,temair4 ,conn ask$ him :o he 03 he     
repli$1 #8,no liv+  *ampion am ,i1 b "o 
( ,adam's sons return$ f dea?2 ,i am    
,lugh  ,mac ,cei?l5n1#abj & ,i am come  
to reveal to !e ! life ( ?9e  own       
sov]eignty1 & ! sov]eignty ( e k+ :o    
%all be aft]  !e 9 ire4'--#8,& ! maid5  
:o 0 pres5t to !m 9 ! h\se  0 !         
sov]eignty ( ire = ev]4' ,!n 7 reveal$  
to ,conn !  names ( all ! k+s ( 8 race  
:o %\ld succe$ to him 9 ire1 a  cup (   
ale be+ borne to ! "n ( ea*4 ,! sc5e1   
:i* sugge/s  ! simil> revelation made to
 ,macbe? 9 ! wit*es' cav]n1 closes  ) a 

prophecy ( ,/4 ,patrick--:om ,god %\ld  
hon\r1 & :o %\ld  k9dle a tor* t w\ld   
illum9e ire f sea to sea--& ( !  lat]   
races ( k+s t %\ld rule ov] ,irel&4     
,"h we h ano!r in/ance ( ,*ri/ian       
embroid]y ^u a ?or\ghly  ,pagan /uff2   
h[ev]1 ! id5tification ( ! ,d ,danann   
,lugh z a son  ( ,adam return$ f ! dead 
0 true 9 a full] s5se ?an !  au?or1     
probably1 0 aw>e4    ,ano!r visit (     
,conn to ! ,tr na n-g is relat$ 9 a tale
 kn[n z  ! ,e*tra irt1 or ,adv5tures (  
rt4#aba ,! ,leanamhn ,sidhe1 :o  figures
 9 ?is /ory1 be>s a m s9i/] aspect ?an d
 mo/ ( h]  ord] 9 ,iri% leg5d1 &        
possesses aff9ities to ! wit*-lady or   
,lamia4 ,%e 0 ,bcuma ,cneisgel 7,b4     
,:ite-sk971 wife ( ! ,d ,danann  *ief   
,labrad ,lua?lam-ar-,claideb 7,swift ,h&
 on ,sword71 & hav+ be5  f\nd guilty (  
infidelity1 _h be5 bani%$ f ! ,tr       
,tairngire4  ,f9d+ a cura* on ! %ore1 %e
 /epp$ 92 ?is #8trim skiff' ( !         
,wond]l& #8ask$ no aid ( sail or o>1' & 
,bcuma1 #8leav+ x to  ! heav+ ( w9d ov] 

sea1' rea*$ ,b5n ,edair1 ! ,hill ( ,h[?4
  ,"h %e f\nd ,conn1 :o _h retir$ ?i!r  
to m\rn ! rec5t dea?  ( 8 wife1 &       
introduc$ h]self to him z ,delb*aem     
7,fair-=m71  daught] ( ,morgan          
7,sea-born71 come to ,irel& f ! ,tr     
,tairngire  = love ( ,conn's son rt4    
,h[ev]1 x 0 ultimately settl$ t %e  %\ld
 m>ry ,conn himself1 & %e return$ ) him 
to ,temair1 hav+  fir/ obta9$ a pl$ge f 
! k+1 accord+ to ! rules ( ,iri%        
*ivalry1 t he w\ld grant h] ! boon %e   
might ask ( him1 :i*  prov$ to be !     
bani%m5t ( rt = a ye>4 ,h5ce=?1 all w5t 
wrong ) ! c\ntry2 ! l& yield$ nei!r corn
 nor milk1 &  ! ,druids1 on be+         
consult$1 affirm$ t by reason ( ,bcuma's
  wick$ness ! l& 0 "u a curse1 :i* c\ld 
only be remov$ by  sacrific+ ! son ( a  
s9less c\ple1 & m+l+ 8 blood )  ! soil (
 ,temair4 ,conn set =? 9 que/ ( su* a   
y\?2 at ,b5n  ,edair he f\nd a cura* :i*
 bore him across ! sea1 ?r\gh h]ds  (   
/range sea-mon/]s ( fe>some aspect1 :ile
 ! waves rose &  ! firmam5t trembl$1    

until he came to a /range isle1 #8hav+  
fair  fragrant apple-trees1 & _m wells (
 w9e1 mo/ beautiful1 & a  fair bright   
wood1 adorn$ ) clu/]+ hazel-nuts1       
surr\nd+ ^?  wells1 ) lovely gold5 yell[
 nuts1 & little bees1 ev] beautiful1    
hov]+ ov] ! fruits1 :i* 7 dropp+ _!     
blossoms & _!  leaves into ! wells' 7tr4
 ,be/1 loc4 cit474 ,h>d by 0 a goodly   
h\se1 ! dwell+ ( ,daire ,degamra2 ! ?at*
 0 ( birds' w+s1  :ite1 & yell[1 & blue2
 ! doors 7 ( cry/al1 & ! po/s  ( bronze4
 ,inside 0 a cry/al ?rone1 :]eon sat    
,segda ,sa]labrad1  son ( ,daire4 ,conn 
0 made welcome2 8 feet 7 wa%$ by an     
invisible h&1 :i* likewise guid$ him to 
! he>?1 :]efrom a  flame />t$ up ( its  
own accord4 ,tables lad5 ) v>i\s k9ds ( 
meat 7 set be=e him by invisible        
att5dants1 & a dr9k+ horn  0 set !reon4 
,!re 0 a vat1 f9ely wr\ght1 ( blue      
cry/al1 &  ?ree gold5 hoops ab\t x1 :]e9
 ,daire bade him ba!4 ,!n he 0  bidd5   
fall to2 b x 0 geis to him to eat alone1
 :]eas !  inmates told him t x 0 equally

 geis to !m to eat save alone2  h[ev]1  
,segda1 to oblige ! gue/1 cons5t$ to eat
 ) him4 ,next  morn+ ,conn ask$         
p]mission to take ,segda back ) him1    
hav+ he>d  t he 0 t son ( a s9less c\ple
 ( :om he 0 9 que/4 ,8  p>5ts admitt$ t 
?is 0 s1 = !y _h nev] come toge!r  save 
at 8 conception1 & s x _h be5 ) _! own  
p>5ts4  ,conn did n divulge :y he ne$$ !
 y\?2 nev]!less1 8 p>5ts  refus$ to let 
him g1 b ,segda prov+ resolute n to d5y 
! k+1  !y cons5t$1 putt+ him "u !       
protection ( ,conn1 & rt &  ,f9n1 & !   
#8m5 ( art1' = 8 safe return4 ,!        
dn\em5t1  %[+ h[ ,segda 0 pres]v$ f     
sacrifice1 is too long to relate  "h1   
hav+ no?+ to d ) our subject4    ,! /ory
 !n goes on to rt1 ^: adv5tures are !   
o/5sible  subject ( x4 ,bcuma behav$ l !
 typical /epmo!r ( !  folk-tale4 ,9 ord]
 to procure 8 abs5ce f ,irel&1 %e       
*all5g$  him to *ess1 & on w9n+--by f\l 
play1 be+ aid$ by spiritual  ag5cies at 
h] comm&--put a geis on him n to return 
to ,irel&  )\t ! be=e-m5tion$ ,delb*aem1

 daught] ( ,morgan1 :o dwelt  9 an isle 
9 ! sea4 rt1 l 8 fa!r1 set out 9 a      
cura*1  & rea*$ an isl& :]e9 0 a dn     
simil> to t ( ,daire4  ,9 x 0 a company 
( fair wom51 & among !m ,cr$e ,firala9d 
7,truly-beautiful74 rt 0 welcom$ &      
fea/$2 he told 8 tale1 &  ,cr$e told him
 t 8 com+ _h long be5 decre$2 %e gave   
him a  #8v>iegat$ mantle1 ) adornm5ts ( 
gold f ,arabia1' & ?ree  kisses1 & %[$  
him a cry/al b[]1 :]e9 0 an inexhau/ible
  vat1 :i* /raightway became full aga91 
h[ev] (t5 empti$4 ,"h  rt /ay$ a        
=tnight1 & ^u 8 leav+1 ,cr$e in/ruct$   
him z  to ! way he _h to foll[4 ,?is way
 0 wild & difficult1 full (  ! dang]s & 
ob/acles :i* commonly waylay ! h]o (    
romance1  ?\gh !y only call = m5tion "h 
z con/itut+1 ) ! realm  ( ,sca?a* be=e  
describ$1 z ne> an approa* to a ,t>t>us 
my? z ,iri% leg5d conta9s4 ,! t]rors :i*
 rt _h to trav]se  includ$ /ret*es (    
ocean fill$ ) sea-mon/]s t _h to be     
f\ght & ov]come2 a wood1 :]e x 0 z ?\gh 
spe>-po9ts (  battle 7 "u ! feet1 l     

leaves ( ! =e/2 a v5om\s icy  m\nta91 ) 
a gl5 full ( toads :i* lay 9 wait =     
pass]s-by2  an icy riv]1 ) a n>r[ bridge
 ov]1 def5d$ by a giant :om no  weapons 
w\ld h>m1 fire burn1 nor wat] dr[n4 ,(  
c\rse1 all end$  z x %\ld1 b ! rema9d] (
 ! /ory ca/s no light ^u !  ,o!rworld4  
,"o ( ! be/-kn[n /ories belong+ to ?is  
cycle is t  :i* relates ! adv5tures (   
,cormac1 son ( rt1 9 ! ,tr              
,tairngire4#abb ,at ! dawn ( a ,may     
morn+ ,cormac 0 walk+ on !  ramp>ts (   
,temair1 :5 he espi$ a dignifi$1        
grey-hair$ w>rior  approa*+ him1 be>+ on
 8 %\ld] a bran* ( silv] & ?ree  gold5  
apples on x2 & ! music :i* ^? apples    
made :5 %ak5  w\ld lull to re/ sick     
folk1 & w\nd$ m51 & wom5 9 ! pa9s  (    
*ildbir?4 ,aft] ! two _h ex*ang$        
greet+s1 ,cormac ask$ !  /rang] :5ce he 
_h come4 #8,f a l&1' he repli$1 #8:]e   
!re  is n\ght save tru?1 & !re is nei!r 
envy1 nor jeal\sy1 nor  hate1 nor       
haught9ess' 7tr4 ,w4 ,s474 ,!y plight$  
_! fri5d%ip1  & ,cormac begg$ = !       

musical bran*1 :i* ! o!r gave him1      
exact+ 9 return ! promise ( ?ree boons  
:i* he %\ld crave4  ,a ye> lat] ! w>rior
 return$1 & claim$ 8 fir/ boon1 :i*  0  
none o!r ?an ,cormac's own daught]      
,ailbe4 ,?\gh loa?1 ,cormac  submitt$1  
b\nd by 8 promise1#abc & /ill$ !        
lam5tations (  8 h\sehold by %ak+ !     
bran*1 & ca/+ !m into a pr(\nd  sleep4  
,aft] a mon? ! w>rior return$1 & dem&$  
,conn's son1  &1 f9ally1 8 wife4 ,cormac
 /ill felt himself b\nd to comply1  b he
 />t$ (f 9 pursuit1 foll[$ by all 8 p4  
,^u _!  pass+ beyond ! walls a d5se mi/ 
fell ^u !m1 & ,cormac  f\nd himself 9 ! 
pla9 alone4 ,be=e him /ood a great dn1 )
  a /ockade ( bronze ab\t x1 & )9 x a   
h\se ( silv]4 ,!  ?at* ( ?is h\se 0 !   
w+s ( :ite birds4 ,x 0 half ?at*$  only1
 & troops ( fairy horsem5 kept br++ o!r 
w+s to  complete x1 b ! w9d 0 always    
c>ry+ !m away4 ,aft] ?is1  he saw a man 
fe$+ a fire ) a great oak-tree1 entire1 
& z soon  z "o 0 consum$ he w\ld replace
 x ) ano!r4 ,!n he came to  an enclosure

 also ramp>t$ ) bronze1 & f\r h\ses     
!re92 "o  ( ^! 0 a great palace1 #8) its
 beams ( bronze1 its wattl+  ( silv]1 & 
its ?at* ! w+s ( :ite birds4 ,!n he sees
 9  ! g>? a %9+ f\nta91 ) five /reams   
fl[+ out ( x1 &  ! ho/s 9 turn a-dr9k+  
its wat]s4 ,n9e hazels ( ,buan gr[ ov]  
! well1 ! purple hazels drop _! nuts    
into ! f\nta91 & !  five salmon :i* are 
9 ! f\nta9 sev] !m & s5d _! husks       
float+ d[n ! /ream4 ,n[ ! s\nd ( ! fall+
 ( ^? /reams  is m melodi\s ?an any     
music t m5 s+' 7,w4 ,s4 loc4 cit474  ,9 
! h\se ,cormac f\nd a w>rior ( exce$+   
beauty1 bo? 9 face  & figure1 & a maid51
 #8! lovelie/ ( ! _w's wom51' )  a      
helmet ( gold on h] yell[ hair4 ,h]     
feet1 ,cormac notic$1 7  wa%$ by        
invisible h&s1 & )9 a p>tition 0 a ba?1 
heat$  )\t visible ag5cy1 & ,cormac ba!d
 !re4 ,9 ! aft]noon a man  came 91 be>+ 
9 "o h& an axe & 9 ! o!r a log ( wood1 &
  foll[$ by a pig4 ,at ! w>rior's bidd+1
 ! man k9dl$ a fire  ) ! log1 kill$ !   
pig1 & put him 9 a caldron on ! fire to 

boil4 ,aft] a :ile ! damsel bade him    
turn ! pig1 b he repli$  t x 0 useless1 
= t pig w\ld nev] be done until a tru?  
_h  be5 told = e qu>t]4 ,!reupon ea* "o 
told "s tru?2 !  man h[ he _h obta9$ !  
log & ! pig1 ! prop]ties ( :i*  7 su* t 
aft] ! log _h be5 burnt out at night1 & 
! pig  eat51 ! pig w\ld be f\nd alive 9 
! morn+1 & ! log :ole2  & "o qu>t] ( !  
pig 0 cook$4 ,! w>rior told h[ !re 0  a 
field outside ! lios1 :i* 0 f\nd1 at    
pl\gh+ "t1 to be  ready pl\gh$1 h>r[$1 &
 s[n ) :eat2 at h>ve/ "t1 ready  /ack$1 
& s on1 & !y _h be5 eat+ ( t :eat ev]   
s9ce1  & x none ! less2 & ano!r qu>t] 0 
done4 ,! girl said t  %e _h a h]d ( sev5
 c[s1 ^: milk suffic$ = all ! p (  ! ,tr
 ,tairngire1 & sev5 %eep ^: wool furni%$
 ! g>m5ts (  !m2 & ! ?ird qu>t] 0 cook$4
 ,!n ,cormac relat$ ! reason  ( 8 com+1 
& ! pig 0 cook$ entirely4 ,:5 ,cormac's 
portion  0 set be=e him1 he said t he   
nev] ate unless !re 7 fifty  m5 9 8     
company4 ,!n ! w>rior sang a /ra9 :i*   
s5t him to  sleep1 & on wak+ he beheld  

fifty m51 & ) !m 8 wife1 son1  &        
daught]4 ,s !y set to ^u ! food & ale 9 
all mir? &  gladness4 ,& a silv] cup 0  
plac$ 9 ! w>rior's h&1 :o1 z  ,cormac   
admir$ ! workman%ip ( x1 told him t !re 
0 some?+  yet m wond]ful ab\t x1 = :5   
?ree lies 7 told "u x  x w\ld break into
 ?ree pieces1 :ile ! utt]ance ( ?ree    
tru?s  w\ld make x :ole aga94 ,he !n    
told ?ree lies1 & ! cup broke1  ev5 z he
 _h said2 !n1 to re/ore x1 he decl>$ t  
nei!r  _h ,cormac's wife nor daught] se5
 a man1 nor 8 son a woman1 s9ce  !y _h  
left him1 & 9 pro( t 8 words 7 true1 !  
cup came  toge!r1 p]fect z be=e4 ,s     
,cormac receiv$ aga9 8 wife & son  &    
daught]2 & ) !m ! cup1 t he might disc]n
 betwe5  tru? & falsehood 9 8 judgm5ts1 
& ! bell-bran* = music &  delight4 ,& ! 
w>rior decl>$ t he 0 ,manannn ,mac ,lr1 
:o  _h allur$ ,conn to ! ,tr ,tairngire 
t he might behold ! wond]  ( x4 ,& ! m5 
:o _h br\ght ! w+s to complete ! ?at* ( 
! h\se 7 #8! m5 ( art 9 ,irel&1 collect+
 cattle & weal?  :i* pass$ away into    

no?+'2 ! man burn+ oak-trees 0 a "y  "l1
 pay+ out ( 8 own husb&ry = all t he    
consum$2 !  f\nta9 0 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,k1 & !
 five /reams issu+  !re\t ! five s5ses1 
#8,& no man w h k :o dr9ke?  n a draught
 out ( ! f\nta9 itself1 & out ( !       
/reams4 ,!  folk ( _m arts are ^? :o    
dr9k ( !m bo?' 7,w4 ,s4 loc4 cit474     
,! =ego+ gr\p ( /ories f ! ,conn cycle  
probably repres5t  a v anci5t leg5d1    
sev]al ( !m be+ manife/ v>iants ( a     
s+le orig9al1 :i* at "s p]iod became    
connect$ 9 turn ) !  successive memb]s (
 ! dyna/y4 ,?is is app>5t ev5 9 sev]al  
m9ute po9ts ( detail3 e4g4 ,conn's fir/ 
wife1 = :om he m\rn$1  & ,cormac's wife1
 tak5 f him by ,manannn1 7 bo? nam$     
,e?ne  ,taebfada 7,long-side74 ,! gr\p  
repres5ts a /age 9 ! !ory (  ! ,o!rworld
 9 advance ( previ\s conceptions2#abd & 
al?\gh  ! ideas :i* x conta9s fall f>   
%ort ( an es*atology1 prop]ly  s call$1 
!y yet conta9 mat]ials :i* lat] writ]s 7
 able to  employ 9 t s5se4 ,we c disc]n 
"h ! rudim5ts ( an e?ical  !ory ( !     

,o!rworld4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,connla1 ! l& (  
,te?ra  appe>s z a happy place :i!r !   
s\ls ( fam\s *iefta9s &  w>riors are    
borne across ! sea1 z ,a*illes 0 rapt   
away to !  isle ( ,leuke2 & ev5 ?is     
ari/ocratic ,elysium--p>allels to :i*   
ab\nd f ,polynesia to ,greece1 & f      
,greece to ,am]ica--conta9s  9 g]m a    
c]ta9 e?ical idea4 ,! fav\r ( !         
immortals is res]v$  = *iefta9s fam\s = 
_! bir? & qualities1 & ?us !  process is
 begun :i* fir/ designates z a          
#8g5tleman' ! scion (  a noble g5s1 & !n
 goes on to require 9 su* an "o         
qualities  wor?y ( 8 orig91 & to        
#8,loke :o t is mo/ v]tu\s alway1       
,priv & ap]t1 & mo/ ent5de? ay      ,to 
d ! g5til d$es t he c1      ,& take him 
= ! grete/ g5tilman4'    ,?us1 9 !      
,adv5tures ( ,cormac1 ,manannn describes
 ! ,tr  ,tairngire z #8a l& :]e !re is  
naught save tru?1 & !re is  nei!r envy  
nor jeal\sy1 hate nor haught9ess'2 a    
description :i*  is appli$ 9 a greatly  
amplifi$ =m to ,heav51 at ! close ( !   

,fis ,adamn91 & 9 o!r ,*ri/ian writ+s4  
,x rem9ds u (  a passage already cit$ f 
! ,ave/a1 descriptive ( ! ,v> (  ,yima4 
,inde$1 9 ,irel& z 9 ,irn1 #8ev]y?+ t   
make? a lie'  is exclud$ f ! ideal      
c\ntry1 ev5 z we h se5 a want (         
fidelity to plight$ fai? to be ! vice   
mo/ inconsi/5t ) !  "* ( a k+4    ,9 !  
episode ( ,segda ,sa]labrad1 & aga9 9 ! 
,adv5tures (  ,cormac1 occurs t idea (  
*a/ity 9 connection ) ! ,tr  ,tairngire 
to :i*1 9 its m develop$ =m 9 ! ,voyage 
(  ,bran1 we %all h to ref]4 ,?is gr\p1 
moreov]1 is m>k$ by  a t5d5cy to        
consci\s allegory :i* is =eign to !     
previ\s  cycles4 ,! maid5 :om ,conn f9ds
 9 ! dn is a p]sonification (  !        
sov]eignty ( ire2 & ! dn visit$ by      
,cormac is a v]itable  #8,h\se ( !      
,int]pret]4' ,! e?ical significance ( ! 
wond]s  se5 by ,cormac on ! way ?i!r1 & 
!re exp\nd$ to him1 is  entirely        
symbolical ( ! life ( ?is _w1 :]e9 !    
/ory  resembles n m]ely ! ,%eph]d (     
,h]mas & ! ,pilgrim's  ,progress1 b !   

,tablet ( ,cebes & ! ,*oice ( ,h]akles  
among  ! ,greeks1 & c\ntless moral      
apologues1 ,ori5tal & m$ival4    ,! ,d  
,danann *iefta9s1 seat$ on _! cry/al    
?rones beside !  m>vell\s tree & ! vat (
 ale1 are an advance ^u ! ,dagda1  seat$
 beside 8 vat ( ale & apple-trees1 &    
display ! leg5d 9  a /age at :i* x is   
ready to coalesce )1 & give native col\r
  to1 ! ,hebraic imag]y ( ! ,?rone & its
 ,occupant4    ,! pleasantly told little
 apologue ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ,k  & its five  
/reams1 :i* are ! five s5ses1 int]prets 
a v  primitive ,iri% leg5d 9 ! light ( a
 simple b n %all[  philosophy4    ,!    
,iri% h]oic tales hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s
 ( ,*ri/ian  r$actors1 ! "q occurs :e!r 
we mu/ ascribe to !m any  e?ical elem5t 
t occurs !re94 ,al?\gh x is h>d to      
pron\nce  ) c]ta9ty1 :]e !y conta9 no   
express ref]5ce to !  ,*ri/ian fai?1 x  
w\ld be ra%1 & probably a mi/ake1 to    
reply 9  ! affirmative 9 all cases4     
,c]ta9 e?ical ideas !re mu/ h  be5 9    
pre-,*ri/ian ,irel&1 & ! places & ! mode

 9 :i* we  f9d !m are (t5 ^? 9 :i* !y   
might mo/ naturally appe>4 ,9  !        
in/ances ref]r$ to1 !re is no?+         
inconsi/5t ) a sy/em  ( e?ics f> m      
primitive ?an t to :i* ! anci5t ,iri%   
might conceivably h atta9$4 ,moreov]1   
!re is no?+ ab\t !  passages 9 "q       
sugge/ive ( an int]polation2 !y arise q 
naturally out ( ! n>rative1 & 9 "o /rik+
 in/ance1 t (  ,segda ,sa]labrad1 are   
expressly b\nd up ) ! pagan idea ( human
  sacrifice 9 a mann] t no ,*ri/ian     
writ] c\ld or w\ld h  inv5t$4 ,nei!r    
does x seem likely t an ecclesia/ical   
writ]  :o %\ld make su* int]polations 9 
! int]e/ ( ! ,*ri/ian  religion w\ld    
make no m5tion ( t religion 9 connection
 )  !m4 ,! v tales 9 "q %[ 9 :at a      
clumsy & p]functory  mann] su*          
int]polations 7 made1 :5 x 0 f\nd       
exp$i5t  to br+ an anci5t leg5d into    
agreem5t ) ,*ri/ian doctr9e4  ,in/ances 
( ?is are furni%$ by ! prophecies (     
,manannn ,mac ,lr  9 ! ,voyage ( ,bran1 
& ! ref]5ce to ! ,judgm5t 9 !           

,adv5tures ( ,connla4 ,! la/-nam$ /ory  
fur!r conta9s a prophecy  ( ! com+ ( !  
law :i* %all de/roy ,druidism & its *>ms
  #8^u ! lips ( black ly+ demons4'    ,z
 previ\sly m5tion$1 !re exi/s 9 ^! same 
/ories a  connection betwe5 ! ,e*tra &  
,imram classes ( tales4 ,9 sev]al (  !m 
! h]o dep>ts 9 8 cura* 9 que/ ( a       
,wond]l& t lies  ov]sea1#abe pass+ 9 !  
c\rse ( 8 voyage ?r\gh ! h]ds  (        
sea-mon/]s :i* beset ! h]oes ( !        
,imrama1 & behold+  m>vels & visit+     
en*ant$ isl&s entirely simil> to ^? :i* 
occur 9 ! latt]4    ,9 ! ,imrama prop]  
we may note 9 an asc5d+ scale ! gradual 
prepond]ance ( ,*ri/ian ideas1 & !      
assimilation ( ! old  ,iri% conception (
 ! ,o!rworld to a g5u9e es*atology4 ,"s 
(  !m1 su* z ! ,voyage ( ,bran1 &       
,cu*ula9n's que/ ( ! sons  ( ,doel      
,d]mait1 relate a purely pagan leg5d1   
?\gh ! cl]ical  r$actors h s\ght to     
dissociate !m f ! paganism :i* 0        
sc>cely =gott5 9 _! day by !            
int]polation ( a ,*ri/ian  prophecy1 or 

! l1 z 9 ,*ri/ian ,rome ! /atues ( !    
,olympian  deities 7 conv]t$ into !     
effigies ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts by !          
apposition ( a nimbus to _! heads4 ,!n  
come a gr\p writt5  f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( 
view1 & en=c+ a lesson 9 ,*ri/ian       
morals1 al?\gh ! framework ( ! /ory &   
mo/ ( ! episodes  are d]iv$ f ! old]    
lit]ature3#abf su* are ! ,voyages (     
,maeldu91 ( ! sons ( ,ua ,corra1 & (    
,sn$gus & ,mac ,ragla4  ,f9ally1 !re are
 ! purely ecclesia/ical ,imrama1 includ$
 9 !  acts ( "o or o!r ( ! sa9ts1 ( :i* 
class ! ,voyage ( ,/4  ,br5dan is 9 e   
way ! mo/ important example4    ,we h   
be5 induc$ some:at to anticipate !      
e>lie/ ( ! ,imrama1  & to give ! great] 
"p ( ! description ( ,manannn's ,elysium
  conta9$ 9 ! ,voyage ( ,bran1 9 ord] to
 pres5t 9 a s+le view  ! diff]5t =ms 9  
:i* ! ,o!rworld 0 conceiv$ by !  anci5t 
,iri%4 ,! /ory goes on to relate h[1 !  
maid5's song  end$1 ! bran* leapt back  
aga9 into h] h&1 & %e vani%$2  b !      
glam\r 0 on ,bran1 & he set =? 9 8 cura*

 across  ! sea4 ,"h he meets ,manannn   
,mac ,lr1 trav]s+ ! sea 9 8  *>iot l a  
v]itable ,poseidon4#abg ,! god acco/s   
,bran1 &  s+s to him a song conc]n+ 8   
,elysian realm beyond ! sea4 ,8         
description adds b little to t conta9$ 9
 ! maid5's song2  "o t\*1 h[ev]1 we may 
note1 by reason ( its frequ5t occurr5ce 
9 subsequ5t writ+s4 ,he speaks ( a      
#8*>m+ delightful game1' at  :i* !      
d5iz5s play ov] _! w9e1 #8m5 & g5tle    
wom5 b5ea?  a bu%1 )\t s91 )\t          
transgression4' ,?is passage has be5    
accr$it$ to ,*ri/ian transcrib]s2 h[ev]1
 ! rem>ks previ\sly  (f]$ 9 relation to 
su* int]polations 9 g5]al w\ld seem to  
apply to ! pres5t case4 ,! v poetical   
description ( ! ,tr  ,tairngire conta9$ 
9 ?is tale1 :ile ?or\ghly 9 accord ) !  
m primitive leg5ds1 ?\gh amplifi$ &     
drawn by a m ma/]ly  h&1 is m>k$ by a   
ref9em5t ( imag9ation & execution m ?an 
suffici5t to acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( !   
idea 9 "q1  )\t any air ( incongruity ) 
! re/ ( ! description4#abh  ,we may add 

t x seems mo/ unlikely t a ,*ri/ian     
scribe w\ld1  if he c\ld1 introduce a   
t\* ( ! k9d1 :5 he has n f\nd x         
necess>y1 9 ?is & o!r leg5ds :]e ! old  
,iri% conception  ( ! ,o!rworld has     
und]gone an euhem]is+ & ,*ri/ianis+     
process1 to delete ! episodes ( en*ant$ 
dns & isl&s :]e !  wayf>] is refre%$ )  
delights ak9 to ^? ( ! ,mohamm$an       
,p>adise4#abi ,manannn's song 9 ! pres5t
 tale conta9s a palpable  int]polation (
 ! usual k9d1 9 ! =m ( sev]al /anzas    
prophetic ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/4    ,ano!r   
,imram belongs to ! ,cu*ula9n cycle1 & 9
 its orig9al =m  0 probably old] ?an any
 o!r /ory ( ?is class t has come  d[n to
 u1 b x is only pres]v$ 9 a lat]        
r$action4 ,cu*ula9n  hav+ ov]come 9     
battle ! k+ ( ! ,ui ,ma9e1 ! k+ put a   
spell on him t he %\ld "k no peace until
 he _h asc]ta9$ :y  ! *ildr5 ( ,doel    
,d]mait _h left _! c\ntry4 ,cu*ula9n    
c\ld  f9d no "o to tell him ?is1 &      
became a prey to unre/4 ,at l5g?  he _h 
occasion to fight a duel ) ! k+ (       

,alba's son1 :om he  vanqui%$ & w\ld h  
sla91 b t ! pr9ce begg$ 8 life1  :i*    
,cu*ula9n grant$ him on condition t he  
w\ld solve !  riddle4 ,?is ! pr9ce c\ld 
n d himself1 b he promis$ to take       
,cu*ula9n to ^? :o c\ld4 ,cu*ula9n      
accept$ ^! t]ms1 &  emb>k$ on bo>d !    
pr9ce's %ip ) 8 *>iote] ,loeg & 8       
comrade ,lugaid4 ,!y fir/ came to a fair
 isl&1 :]e9 0 a dn  surr\nd$ by a wall (
 silv] & a /ockade ( bronze ^u x4 ,!y   
receiv$ a cordial welcome1 b ^u prop\nd+
 _! "q 7  direct$ to ano!r isl&1 :]e    
dwelt ,a*tlann1 daught] ( ,doel  ,d]mait
 & wife ( ,condla ,coel ,corrbacc1 a k9d
 ( m>9e ,enceladus1  :o us$ to lie all  
across 8 isl&1 & at e brea? he drew     
w\ld s5d a great wave along ! sea ) !   
w9d ( x4 ,a*tlann  guid$ !m to a ?ird   
isl&1 :]e two great giants bore jo9t    
rule1  ,corpre ,cundail1 a k9sman (     
,doel ,d]mait1 & ,eo*aid ,glas ,corpre4 
,!  =m] *all5g$ ,cu*ula9n to fight1 &1  
be+ ov]come1 treat$  him hospitably1 &  
told him ( ,doel ,d]mait's *ildr51 :o 7 

held  captive 9 t isl& by ,eo*aid4 ,next
 day ,cu*ula9n attack$ ,eo*aid  9 8     
#8,place ( ,torture1' ! ,gl5n2 b ! giant
 0 s tall t  ,cu*ula9n c\ld only rea*   
him by jump+ on to ! rim ( 8 %ield1  f  
:i* ,eo*aid kept bl[+ him (f ea* "t4    
,cu*ula9n1 h[ev]1  by d9t ( "o ( ^?     
gymna/ic feats = :i* he 0 fam\s1 leapt  
into ! air ov] ! giant & slew him f     
above4 ,he !n releas$  ! captives1 :o   
/raightway ba!d 9 ! giant's blood1 & be+
  ?us heal$ ( _! tortures & suff]+s1 7  
enabl$ to return to  _! own c\ntry4 ,9  
?is /ory1 :i* assur$ly be>s small impr9t
  ( ,*ri/ian influ5ces1 we probably h ! 
e>lie/ =m ( t  episode ( ! release ( !  
captives ( "s giant or wiz>d1 :i*       
recurs 9 ! ,graal romances1 & is "o ( ! 
mo/ frequ5t incid5ts  ( ! romantic tales
 ( *ivalry4#acj ,its mean+ is cle>1 !   
release ( ! dead f ! p[]s ( ! l[] _w1 a 
feat :i*  is no less frequ5tly          
accompli%$ by diff]5t means1 9 m$ival   
/ories1 by a sa9t or jongleur1 accord+ z
 ! scope ( ! "w is  religi\s or comic4  

,! e>lie/ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,imrama t we     
possess is ,! ,voyage (  ,maeldu9's     
,cura*1 ! composition ( :i* ,pr(essor   
,zimm] ref]s  to ! eigh? c5tury at      
late/1 ?\gh x conta9s int]polations  :i*
 ,mr4 ,nutt consid]s to h be5 made at ! 
end ( ! t5?  c5tury4#aca ,x relates a   
voyage und]tak5 by ,maeldu91 a "y noble 
( ! ,eoghana*ta1 9 ord] to f9d ! murd]] 
( 8 fa!r :o  _h be5 sla9 by a m>aud] (  
,leix4 ,! tale is a rem>kably f9e  "o ( 
its k9d1 & its simple & picturesque     
prose is by no means  improv$ ^u by     
,t5nyson's poem1 ! subject ( :i* x      
sugge/$4  ,x is long1 & conta9s a great 
v>iety ( incid5ts1 "s ( :i*1  x is v    
possible1 may n belong to ! orig9al     
,celtic /ock1  b may be due to classical
 s\rces4 ,c]ta9 x is t a great "p  ( !m 
belong to t class ( #8f]lies' :i* old   
writ]s us$ to  place 9 t]r incognit1 & h
 _! analogues 9 ! writ+s  ( ,h]odotus & 
,aelian1 &1 ,mr4 ,/okes says1           
,mega/h5es1 to :om  we may add ,lucian &
 ,s9bad4 ,! majority ( !m1 h[ev]1 are   

v>iants1 & (t5 developm5ts1 ( topics    
common 9 ,iri% leg5d4 ,we  mu/ cont5t   
ourselves ) giv+ a brief summ>y ( ^?    
episodes  :i* mo/ illu/rate ! developm5t
 ( ! ,o!rworld leg5d 9 ,iri%            
ecclesia/ical lit]ature4    ,z usual1 ! 
n>rative ma9ly consi/s ( ! visits paid  
by !  w&]] to a numb] ( en*ant$ isl&s1  
:i* are mo/ly ( !  usual ,wond]l&       
patt]n1 ?\gh ! pres5t description ( !m  
conta9s1 9 mo/ cases1 c]ta9 di/9ctive   
features ( its own4 ,!  w&]]s are       
ent]ta9$ 9 /ately dns1 ) walls &        
palisades (  ! preci\s metals or (      
cry/al2 !y are regal$ ) magic food2  !re
 is ! usual ,calypso episode1 etc4 etc4 
,"o isl& is rais$  above ! sea ^u a     
p$e/al2 9 ano!r is a riv] ( fire2 "o is 
encompass$ ) a wall ( wat]2 ov] ano!r a 
/ream rises on "o  side & desc5ds on !  
o!r1 =m+ an ar* l a ra9b[2 ^u  ano!r is 
a tall column ) a my/ical veil dep5d+ f 
x &  en%r\d+ ! isl&1--all ( :i* recall  
features ( ! ,p>adise  describ$ 9 ! ,fis
 ,adamn94    ,"s ( ! incid5ts be> a     

decid$ly inf]nal significance4 ,on "o   
isl& ! voyag]s beheld a horse-race1 &   
he>d ! %\ts ( !  cr[d2 bo? jockeys &    
spectators 7 demons4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ 
t ?is incid5t1 = :i* no p>allel exi/s1 s
 f> z ,i am aw>e1  9 e>li] n>ratives1   
may be ( ,norse orig92 possibly x may be
  "o ( ^? loans f classical lit]ature   
be=e ref]r$ to1 &  ecclesia/ical        
influ5ces may h depict$ 9 ,/ygian col\r+
 !  pagan ,elysium 9 :i* dep>t$ h]oes   
cont9ue to ply _! wont$  sports4#acb ,at
 ! same "t1 x is possible t ! writ] may 
h  dealt 9 a l mann] ) ! sports ( ,magh 
,mell1 9 ,manannn's  ,elysium1 describ$ 
9 ! ,imram ,br94 ,( c\rse1 ! "q (  =eign
 importation turns ^u ! o!r "q1 :e!r    
horse-races1  z well z *>iot-races1 7   
kn[n 9 ,irel& at ! date :5 !  ,voyage ( 
,maeldu9 0 writt54    ,on ano!r isl& !y 
saw a p>ty ( demon smi?s =g+ a mass (   
gl[+ metal1 :i* "o ( !m ?rew aft] !     
cura*1 z ,polyphemus  ?rew ! rock aft]  
,odysseus4#acc ,on ano!r !y came to a   
huge1  hide\s mill1 & ! mill]1 huge &   

hide\s to mat*1 told !m  t ! gri/ :i* he
 ca/ into 8 mill 0 all ?+s t _h  be5    
begrudg$ on e>?4 ,?is demon mill] is r a
 fav\rite  symbol 9 ,iri% leg5d1 & is n 
conf9$ to pr(ess$ly religi\s            
compositions4 ,x occurs 9 ! /ory (      
,mongn 9 a slightly diff]5t  =m2 9 !    
,voyage ( ! sons ( ,ua ,corra1 :o saw   
all mann] (  preci\s ?+s ca/ into !     
mill1 & ! mill] told !m1 #8,i ca/  into 
! m\? ( ! mill all ?+s = :i* grudg+ has 
be5 made1  & 'tis ! ,mill] ( ,hell ,i   
am'2 & x surviv$ 9 local tradition  z ! 
,muilleann ,lupra*n 7,pixies' ,mill7 ne>
 ,tuam4#acd    ,!re is some?+ weirdly   
picturesque 9 ?is demon mill] :o ca/s   
into 8 ,mill ( ,vanities1 & gr9ds d[n   
!re1 all ! objects (  worldly covetise2 
! conception rem9ds u r curi\sly ( !    
my/ical ,:eat-sieve 9 ! c>nival hymn ( !
 ,flor5t9e ,piagnoni1  ,il ,trionfo del 
,vaglio4    ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ^! rude 
sket*es ( ! inf]nal realm is  a %ort b  
vivid episode 9 :i* ! subjects borr[$ f 
!  primitive ,elysium are r5d]$ by a    

ma/]'s h&4 ,"o isl& by :i*  ! voyag]s   
pass$ 0 surr\nd$ by a wall ( fire1 :i*  
revolv$  ab\t ! isl& cont9ually4 #8,!re 
0 an op5 doorway 9 ! side (  t ramp>t4  
,n[ :5ev] ! doorway w\ld come 79 its    
revolution7  opposite to !m1 !y us$ to  
see 7?r\gh x7 ! :ole isl& &  all t 0    
!re91 & all its indwell]s1 ev5 human    
be+s1  beautiful1 abundant1 we>+ adorn$ 
g>m5ts1 & fea/+1 )  gold5 vessels 9 _!  
h&s4 ,& ! w&]]s he>d ! ale-music4  ,& = 
a long space 7 !y see+ ! m>vel !y       
beheld1 &  !y deem$ x delightful'       
7trans4 ,w4 ,s41 loc4 cit474#ace ,nev]  
p]haps 9 sacr$ or pr(ane lit]ature has a
 passage ( equal brevity  portray$ )    
equal vividness t ,cele/ial ,fea/ :i*1 z
 fact  or symbol1 ent]s into e cre$2 f !
 gross delights ( t  #8humbl] heav5' :i*
 #8k9dly ,nature' has giv5 to ! hopes ( 
primitive man1 to ! imag]y :]e) high]   
cre$s seek to picture  ! indescribable  
b5 dell' intelletto4 ,!re is no         
sup]flu\s  detail1 & none is ne$$1 b !  
picture fla%es out be=e !  read]'s eye z

 x did be=e ,maeldu9 & 8 crew--t ideal  
region1  cut (f f ! w&]]s by a fi]y wall
 :i* =bids _! access1  b grants !m a    
fleet+ vision be=e !y pass on _! way4   
,?is tale conta9s a gr\p ( incid5ts :i* 
are l>gely repres5t$  9 ! ,acts ( !     
,iri% ,sa9ts4 ,on "o isl& an old h]mit1 
fifte5?  9 desc5t f ,/4 ,br5a9n ( ,birr1
 dwelt beside a lake4 ,h>d by1  a great 
eagle1 v old1 alight$1 be>+ 9 8 beak a  
bran* &  b]ries on x4 ,two o!r eagles   
came & pick$ (f ! v]m9 :i*  infe/$ !    
plumage ( ! fir/2 !y !n ate ( ! b]ries &
  ca/ o!rs into ! lake1 aft] :i* ! old  
eagle plung$ into !  wat]1 & wa%$ until 
8 y\?ful vig\r return$ to him1 aft]  :i*
 !y all flew away4 ,"o ( ,maeldu9's crew
 ba!d 9 ! lake  :]e9 ! b]ries _h be5    
ca/1 & lo/ nei!r too? nor hair1  nor    
suff]$ f any infirmity until ! day ( 8  
dea?4 ,z we h  se51 my/ical birds ab\nd 
9 ,iri% descriptions ( ! ,o!rworld1  b 9
 ! pres5t curi\s episode we c easily    
recognise !  classical leg5d ( ! ,phnix4
 ,mr4 ,nutt well develops ?is po9t 9  ! 

essay to :i* we h s (t5 _h occasion to  
ref]1 & gives an  int]e/+ p>allel 9 an  
,anglo-,saxon poem on ! ,phnix4 ,= ?is1 
& ! discussion !reon1 we mu/ ref] !     
read] to ,mr4 ,nutt's  "w4 ,we may note 
! v *>act]i/ic way 9 :i* ! ,iri% writ]  
adapts ! =eign incid5t to ! accept$ =ms 
( ! national  lit]ature4 ,! rejuv5esc5ce
 ( ! eagle is effect$ n by fire  b by   
wat]1 :i* owes its prop]ties to c]ta9   
b]ries dropp$  !re91 ^! evid5tly belong+
 to ! species :i* dropp$ f  !           
quick5-trees--a v>iant ( ! hazels (     
,buan--into ! wells  :]e ! ,salmon ( ,k 
consum$ !m1 & !reby acquir$ 8           
sup]natural virtues4    ,ano!r isl& 0   
cov]$ ) trees1 :i* 7 ! resort ( birds2  
& "h dwelt a man1 clad ) 8 own hair4    
,?is 0 a pilgrim f  ,irel& :o _h be5    
wreck$ on ! isl&1 & ! birds 7 8  *ildr51
 ) :om he 0 to abide !re till ,doomsday4
    ,ano!r an*orite1 likewise clad ) 8  
own hair1 dwelt ^u an  isl& surr\nd$ ) a
 gold5 ramp>t1 & ! gr\nd ( ! isl&  0    
:ite z d[n4#acf ,he 0 f$ by a f\nta91   

:i* ran on  ,w$nesdays & ,fridays ) :ey 
or wat]1 on ,sundays & ! fea/s (        
,m>tyrs ) good milk1 & on ,high ,days ) 
ale or w9e4    ,on yet ano!r isl& dwelt 
a h]mit cov]$ ) :ite hair1 s  t he look$
 l a :ite bird4 ,he _h be5 cook at !    
mona/]y  ( ,tora*1 :]e he us$ to        
embezzle & sell ! provisions ( !        
community1 & ho>d ! proce$s1 until he   
became exce$+ ri*1  & wax$ pr\d4 ,"o day
 he 0 bidd5 bury a peasant2 on digg+ !  
grave1 he 0 acco/$ by a corpse already  
buri$ on ! spot1 :o  =bade him to lay t 
s9n]'s corpse atop ( him1 a holy man4 ,!
  cook ask$ ! corpse :at boon he w\ld   
grant him = compliance2  ! corpse       
repli$1 #8,et]nal life'2 & ! cook f\nd  
ano!r  re/+-place = ! peasant4 ,"s "t   
lat]1 ! cook felt a desire  to quit !   
isl&1 s he set =? 9 a cura*1 lad5 ) all 
8  ill-gott5 weal?4 ,at sea he 0 hail$  
by a man seat$ ^u a wave1  :o told him t
 all ! air ab\t him 0 ?ick ) demons1    
because  ( 8 pride & !fts1 & bade him   
fl+ all 8 ri*es into !  sea4 ,he obey$1 

res]v+ to himself only a little wood5   
cup4 ,!  man gave him sev5 cakes & a    
cupful ( :ey-wat]1 :i* ! cook  c>ri$ to 
a rock1 & ?is 0 8 only food = sev5 ye>s1
 aft]  :i* "t he _h liv$ on salmon :i*  
an ott] _h br\ght him  p]iodically4#acg 
,9 ! man sitt+ ^u ! wave1 x is          
impossible  n to recognise an adaptation
 ( ,manannn ,mac ,lr1 :o drove ov] !    
waves 9 8 *>iot to meet ,bran4    ,!    
preval5ce ( ! isl&-h]mit incid5t 9 ,iri%
 leg5d is  acc\nt$ = by ! e>ly hi/ory ( 
! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,! pa/oral  duties &     
mission>y "w ( ! e>ly sa9ts necessitat$ 
frequ5t  voyages to ! ,we/]n ,isles (   
,scotl&1 to ,brita9 & to ,gaul1  :ile t 
passion = solitude & retirem5t1 :i*     
alt]nat$ 9  !m ) an int5se activity 9 _!
 call+1 & ev5 a vehem5t  p>tizan%ip 9   
public life1 f\nd full gratification on 
! small  isl&s :i* fr+e ! we/]n coa/s ( 
,irel&4 ,^! isl&s  naturally became !   
sc5e ( ^? miracles :i* 9 ,irel&1 z      
else:]e1 clu/]$ ab\t ! names ( ! sa9ts2 
b "h1 z 9  o!r ?+s1 a /rong nationality 

ass]t$ itself1 & recollections  ( ! isl&
 ,p>adise ( antiquity ent]$ l>gely into 
! leg5ds  ( ! sa9ts1 r5d]+ easy !       
transition f ! isl& retreat  to !       
,p>adise :]e ! sa9ts dwelt ) ,eno* &    
,elijah1 beside  ! ,tree ( ,life1 amid !
 songs ( ! bird-s\ls ( ! righte\s4 ,no  
d\bt a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! w&]+ sa9ts w\ld 
be bl[n out (  _! c\rse to /range l&s1 &
 br+ back tid+s ( ! wond]s  !y _h       
actually se51 :i* w\ld lose no?+ 9 _!   
passage f  m\? to m\?4 ,"o su* case is  
report$ by ,adamnn himself1 t  ( "o     
,baitan1 :o set out ) sev]al o!rs 9 que/
 ( an ocean  solitude1 b return$ aft]   
long w&]+s4#ach    ,9 ! ,voyage ( !     
,cura* ( ! ,ua ,corra1#aci ! e?ical &   
es*atological elem5t is entirely 9 !    
asc5dant4 ,conall ,de>g  ua ,conaill    
,fh9n1 a ri* & hospitable noble (       
,conna*t1 be+  discont5t$ at hav+ no    
*ildr51 ent]$ into a compact ) !        
,devil1 :o und]took t ,conall %\ld h    
*ildr51 on condition  t !y %\ld belong  
to himself4 ,9 due "t ,conall's wife    

bore him  triplets1 :o receiv$ #8hea!n  
baptism' by ! names ( ,lo*an1 ,e9ne1  & 
,silve/]4 ,^! grew up to be mighty m5 ( 
val\r2 h[beit1  !y consid]$ t z !y      
belong$ to ! ,devil1 x 0 h>d if  !y     
might n h>ry 8 enemies4 ,accord+ly1 !y  
set !mselves to  plund] & burn ! *ur*es 
& mona/]ies ( ,tuam1 & ( half  ,conna*t 
besides4 ,f9ally1 !y propos$ to add !   
la/ t\* to _!  guilt by murd]+ ! ,er5a* 
( ,clogh]1 _! "m's fa!r1  & burn+ 8 *ur*
 on him4 ,! bett] to effect _! purpose1 
!y visit$ ! ,er5a* & p>took ( 8         
hospitality1 & w5t to  sleep1 await+ !  
com+ ( night4 ,!n ,lo*an _h a dream1    
:]e9  he saw ,hell ) its f\r riv]s1 "o (
 !m full ( toads1 ano!r  ( s]p5ts1 !    
?ird runn+ fire1 & ! f\r? ice4 ,he also 
saw  ! #8,pia/ ( ,hell1' #8& abundance (
 heads & feet on x1' #8!  old ,dragon'  
(t5 appe>s 9 ,iri% sacr$ leg5d4 ,he 0 !n
 tak5  to ,heav51 & saw #8! ,"l ,himself
 on ,8 ?rone1 & bird-flocks  ( angels   
mak+ music to ,him1' ! sweete/ s+] ( all
 be+  ,mi*ael1 9 =m ( a bird4 ,on wak+1 

he relat$ 8 vision to 8  bre?r51 & !y   
all1 mov$ to rep5tance1 v[$ !nce=? to   
s]ve  ,god in/ead ( ! ,devil4           
,accord+ly1 #8!y made /aves ( _!        
spe>-%afts1' in/ead ( beat+ _! spe>s    
into prun+-hooks1  & betook !mselves to 
,/4 ,f9d5 ( ,clon>d1 to :om !y made     
confession4 ,he in/ruct$ !m 9 religion =
 a ye> & a day1 &  !n bade !m g & re/ore
 ! *ur*es :i* !y _h de/roy$4  ,?is !y   
did2 & !n1 #8"o day :5 !y came =? ov] ! 
edge  ( ! hav51 !y 7 contemplat+ ! sun1 
z he w5t pa/ !m  we/w>ds1 & !y m>vell$  
mu* conc]n+ 8 c\rse4 8,& 9 :at          
direction goes ! sun10 say !y1 8:5 he   
goes "u ! sea8 ,&  :at m wondr\s ?+10   
say !y1 8?an ! sea )\t ice1 & ice  on e 
o!r wat]80'#adj    ,^! reflections1 s   
typical ( ! old ,iri% attitude t[>ds    
,nature1  al?\gh to u !y may seem to be 
m 9 keep+ ) ! ideas (  mu* m rec5t      
times1 awoke 9 ! ,ui ,corra t _s ( w&]+1
  ?an :i*1 p]haps1 no o!r ,leanamhn     
,sidhe ca/s m pot5t spells  on man4 ,!y 
got a fri5d1 a wright1 to build !m a    

%ip1 :]e9 !y  emb>k$1 ) a bi%op1 a      
prie/1 a deacon1 a %ipwright1 a buffoon1
  & a s]vant1 be+ n9e 9 all2 !n1 at !   
bi%op's bidd+1 !y  committ$ !mselves to 
! guidance ( ! w9ds4    ,! incid5ts ( ! 
voyage & ! l&s !y visit$ resemble ^?    
describ$ 9 ! ,voyage ( ,maeldu91 sev]al 
( ! isl&s at :i*  !y t\*$ exhibit+ !    
mise en scne ( pagan leg5d1 adapt$  9 ! 
usual mann] to ! ,*ri/ian drama4 ,?us on
 "o ( ^!  isl&s !y f\nd an or*>d ( fair1
 fragrant apple-trees1 & a mo/          
beautiful riv] fl[+ ?r\gh x2 & #8:5 !   
w9d w\ld move !  tree-tops ( ! grove1   
sweet] 0 _! song ?an any music' 7trans4 
,w4 ,/okes1 loc4 cit474 ,& ! apples & ! 
riv]1 :i* 0 (  w9e1 cur$ all w\nds &    
sickness4 ,_m ( ! adv5tures belong to  !
 common /ock ( wond] voyages2 "h1 z 9 ! 
,voyage ( ,maeldu91  m5tion is made ( ! 
isl& uplift$ above ! sea by a p$e/al1   
:5ce ! voices ( ! isl&]s c\ld be he>d1 b
 ! speak]s n  se52 ( ! wat]y ar*1 !     
pill> & net1 ! demon smi?s1 etc4 ,on  "o
 isl& fl[]s 7 gr[+ z big z tables1      

dropp+ honey1 &  ab\t !m beautiful      
bright bird-flocks 7 s++4 ,"h dwelt a   
#8son  ( ! ,*ur*1' ,dega1 a disciple ( !
 ,apo/le ,&rew1 :o _h gone  on a        
pilgrimage across ! ocean to expiate 8  
hav+ =gott5 8  nocturn "o night2 he 0   
await+ ,doomsday on t isl&1 toge!r  ) ! 
birds1 :o 7 ! s\ls ( holy human be+s4   
,9 ^! isl&s1 ! abode ( pilgrims & h]mits
 until ,doomsday1  we h1 9 a pagan      
sett+1 ! limbo ( ! boni s$ non valde4 ,a
  little fur!r on1 we come to :at is !  
fir/ incid5t ( a purely  ,purgatorial   
nature occurr+ 9 ?is class ( lit]ature4 
,"o isl&  0 divid$ into two p>ts--! "o  
"p inhabit$ by ! liv+1 !  o!r by ! dead4
 ,multitudes 7 ly+ !re on r$-hot        
flag/ones1  ) r$-hot spits ?r\gh !m1    
h[l+ t]ribly z a fi]y sea s5t  its      
bill[s ( flame ov] !m4 ,^! 7 !y :o _h   
fail$ to make  expiation = _! s9s on    
e>?1 & 7 torm5t$ 9 ?is mann]  until     
,doomsday4    ,! voyag]s also p]ceiv$   
flocks ( birds ris+ f out ( a riv]1     
pursu$ by eels1 ott]s1 & black swans4   

,^! 7 ! spirits ( !  damn$1 let out (   
,hell = a day's respite on ,sundays1    
?\gh !y  7 n all[$ to enjoy ?is boon 9  
peace1 = ! eels1 etc41 7  demons t kept 
pursu+ !m4 ,"o ( ^! birds _h ?ree       
beautiful  rays on its brea/2 ?is 0 a   
woman :o _h =sak5 h] husb&1  b _h br\ght
 him food :5 sick & 9 want4 ,?is notion 
t !  damn$ 7 p]iodically all[$ a day's  
holiday#ada 0 g5]ally  accept$ by ! e>ly
 ,*ur* 9 ,irel&1 z else:]e4 ,sometimes1 
z  "h1 ?is 0 believ$ to take place s (t5
 z e ,sunday2 by  "s1 only on ! great   
fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*1 z ,*ri/mas ,day &   
,ea/]4 ,our au?or1 l sev]al o!r ( !     
,iri% ,*ur*m51 0  a /rict ,sabbat>ian1 &
 gives to violations ( ! ,sunday a place
  disproportionately l>ge1 visit+ !m ) a
 sev]ity t seems  excessive4 ,= in/ance1
 a solit>y r[] 0 r[+ ) a fi]y spade  ^u 
a fi]y riv]1 ! waves ( :i* kept break+  
ov] him2 ?is 0  a boatman :o _h pli$ 8  
trade on ,sunday4 ,! lurid              
picturesqu5ess  ( ?is figure1 wor?y (   
,dante1 is spoil$ by ! disproportion    

betwe5 crime & puni%m5t4 ,a horseman    
be/rode a fi]y horse2 he _h  /ol5 8     
bro!r's horse1 & ridd5 him on a ,sunday4
 ,!re 0 also  a black1 smoky giant1     
c>ry+ an iron /aff z big z a mill-%aft1 
& flakes ( fire1 z big z fleeces1 com+  
out ( 8 ?roat4 ,?is  0 no ,typhoeus1 nor
 h]esi>*1 nor conqu]or1 ! sc\rge (      
nations1  b a man :o _h c>ri$ firewood  
on a ,sunday2 = ?is he n[ bore on  8    
back a bundle ( faggots1 ! load ( six   
ox51 :i* w\ld blaze  up1 ev] & anon1 :5 
he w\ld fl+ himself into ! sea1 #8b x  0
 increase ( pa9 to him4'    ,ref]5ce has
 already be5 made to ! demon mill]1     
gr9d+ !  _w's va9 ri*es4 ,"o isl& 0     
peopl$ by m5 wail+ al\d z  !y 7 mangl$  
by ! fi]y r$ beaks & talons ( sable     
birds1  :ile _! tongues 7 aflame )9 _!  
heads2 ^! 7  di%one/ smi?s4    ,o!r     
isl&s :i* ! ,ui ,corra visit$ 7 v>iants 
( ! e>?ly  ,p>adise1 be+ inhabit$ by    
pilgrims1 solit>ies1 etc41 l ^?  already
 describ$4    ,! ,voyage ( ,sn$gus &    
,mac ,ragla#adb is equally ,*ri/ian 9   

conception1 & 9 "s respects approximates
 yet m closely to !  es*atology ( !     
,fis4 ,! m5 ( ,ross1 unable to endure ! 
tyranny  ( ,fia*a1 _! *ief1 kill$ him1  
!reby r5d]+ !mselves liable  to dea?4   
,at ! in/ance ( ,/4 ,colm ,cille1 ?is   
doom 0 commut$  to ! old ,iri% puni%m5t 
( exposure on ! sea2 & !y 7  set adrift1
 sixty c\ples ( !m1 9 z _m small boats1 
#8= ,god  to judge !m4' ,x 0 ,sn$gus &  
,mac ,ragla t 7 s5t to be>  ?is s5t5ce  
to !m1 & %ortly aft]w>ds !y emb>k$ on _!
  own acc\nt to make a pilgrimage to !  
,ea/4 ,aft] visit+ sev]al  isl&s ( !    
famili> type1 !y came to "o :]eon 0 a   
great  tree1 & _m beautiful birds p]*$  
!reon4 ,& #8melodi\s 0 !  music ( ^?    
birds1 s++ psalms & canticles1 prais+ ! 
,"l4  ,= !y 7 ! birds ( ! pla9 ( ,heav51
 & nei!r trunk nor  leaf ( t tree       
decay$' 7trans4 ,w4 ,/okes1 loc4 cit474 
,on ! top  ( ! tree sat a great bird1 ) 
a head ( gold & w+s ( silv]1  :o told ( 
! ,creation ( ! ,_w1 ( ! ,nativity1     
,baptism1  ,passion1 ,resurrection1     

etc42 #8& he tells tid+s ( ,doom2 & !n  
all ! birds us$ to beat _! sides ) _!   
w+s1 s t  %[]s ( blood dropt out ( _!   
sides1 = dread ( ! tid+s (  ,doom'      
7,ibid474    ,aft] :i* !y came to a l&  
:]e !y f\nd ! bani%$ m5 (  ,ross1 :o 7  
to abide !re until ,judgm5t1 = !y 7     
guiltless  9 :at !y _h done2 ,fia*a hav+
 app>5tly des]v$ 8 fate4  #8,good is ?is
 isl&1' !y said1 #8:]e9 we are1 = 9 x   
are ,elijah  & ,eno*1 & noble is !      
dwell+ :]e9 is ,elijah4' ,& !y  %[$ !   
voyag]s a lake ( wat] & a lake ( fire1  
:i* %\ld  long s9ce h come ov] ire1 _h n
 ,/4 ,patrick & ,/4 ,m>t9 be5  pray+ = !
 l&4 ,! travell]s ask$ to see ,eno*1 b 7
 told  t he 0 #89 a secret place1 until 
we %all all g to battle on !  ,day (    
,judgm5t4'#adc    ,we might h expect$ to
 f9d ,eno* & ,elijah 9 ! ,t]re/rial     
,p>adise1 9 company ( ! bird-flocks1 z 9
 o!r writ+s1 b  ! con/ruction ( ! ,imram
 0 commonly loose4 ,! introduction  ( !m
 %[s t ! fusion ( ! national traditions 
) !  tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* 0 n[ complete4 ,?is

 is equally app>5t 9  ! description (   
ano!r isl&1 on :i* !y l&$3 #8,a great   
l(ty  isl&1 & all !re9 0 delightful &   
hall[$4 ,good 0 ! k+  t abode 9 ?is     
isl&1 & he 0 holy & righte\s1' etc4     
7trans4  ,w4 ,/okes1 loc4 cit474 ,8 dn  
_h "o hundr$ doors2 at ea* door  0 an   
alt>1 & at ea* alt> a prie/1 celebrat+ !
 ,eu*>i/4  ,?is k+ & 8 dn aga9 rem9d u (
 ! ca/le ( ! ,graal4    ,we h n[ trac$1 
9 outl9e1 ! developm5t ( ! ,o!rworld    
!ory 9 ,iri% leg5d1 f its primitive     
conception z a ,l& (  ,cockayne1 presid$
 ov] by ! ,dagda1 ) 8 inexhau/ible      
ale-vat  & ready-roa/$ pigs1 to its     
id5tification ) ! ,t]re/rial  ,p>adise1 
?\gh )\t los+ its di/9ctive features4   
,"o /ep  only rema9$ to be tak5 be=e !  
,imram1 ?us modifi$1 %\ld  pass beyond !
 c\ntry ( its bir?1 & assume a prom95t  
place 9  ! lit]ature ( m$ival ,europe4  
,?is /ep 0 tak5 9 ! gr\p  ( /ories--"s  
leg5d>y1 o!rs m or less hi/oric1 ?\gh   
int]m+l$ ) leg5d>y matt]--:i* n>rat$ !  
voyages (  ! ,iri% ,sa9ts1 or1 r1 9 t   

mo/ fam\s example ( its  class :i*      
purports to give an acc\nt ( ! travels (
 ,/4 ,br5dan  ( ,clonf]t1 surnam$ #8!   
,voyag]4' ,s entirely does x surpass    
all o!rs 9 popul>ity & influ5ce1 &      
especially 9 ^?  circum/ances :i*       
connect x ) our subject1 t x may be tak5
  z ! repres5tative ( its class2 z1     
h[ev]1 x is lat] 9 date (  composition  
?an ! ,fis ,adamn91 & ev5 reproduces "s 
passages  ( ! latt]1 x may be left = a  
lat] section4    ,! au?ors ( ! ,voyages 
( ! ,ui ,corra1 & ( ,sn$gus & ,mac      
,ragla1 _h n only giv5 an entirely      
,*ri/ian tone to ! ,imram1  b1 )\t      
ab&on+ ! imag]y ( ! ,o!rworld h&$ d[n by
  ! national traditions1 _h bl5t !re) a 
numb] ( conceptions  d]iv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium
 ( ! ,apocalyptic lit]ature ( ! e>ly    
,*ur* f bo? classical & ,hebrai/ic      
s\rces4 ,fur!r1 !y  prep>$ ! transition 
f ! ,imram to ! ,fis4#add    ,! ,visions
 ( ! ,sa9ts figure prom95tly 9 !        
hagiology (  ,irel& z ( o!r c\ntries2 n 
all ( !m1 h[ev]1 relat$ to !  ,o!rworld1

 or1 9 p>ticul>1 treat$ ! ,o!rworld z a 
subject 9  itself1 & n m]ely z ! m$ium =
 convey+ "s moral lesson1  or = reveal+ 
! fate ( an individual4 ,adamnn1 9 8    
,life (  ,/4 ,colm ,cille1 "o ( 8       
au!ntic works1 /ates t ! sa9t  0 (t5    
rew>d$ ) angelic int]c\rse1 & receiv$   
frequ5t  revelations conc]n+ ! fates ( !
 good & ( ! wick$4#ade  ,h[ev]1 ! mo/   
fam\s ( ^! ,visions1 ) ! exception ( t  
( ,adamnn1 7 ^? ( ,/4 ,fursa 7c4        
#egj-;c4 #fej ,a4,d471 :i*  d]iv$       
additional celebrity f ! m5tion made (  
!m by ,b$e 9  8 ,ecclesia/ical          
,hi/ory4#adf    ,! exact place ( ,/4    
,fursa's bir? & race appe> to be unkn[n1
  ?\gh x seems t he 0 a ,mun/]man4 ,!   
pr9cipal sc5e ( 8  e>ly m9i/rations 0 ! 
neighb\rhood ( ,lo* ,orbs5 7,corrib71  &
 he aft]w>ds sp5t "s "t z a h]mit ^u an 
isl& 9 !  ocean4 ,at a lat] date he     
visit$ ,engl&1 probably ab\t #fcc       
,a4,d41  z record$ by ,b$e1 & won !     
fav\r & respect ( ,sigeb]t1 ,k+  ( ,ea/ 
,anglia4 ,! mona/]y ( ,burghca/le1 9    

,suffolk1 0 f\nd$  "u 8 auspices1 & 8   
lab\rs 7 att5d$ ) _m conv]sions  among !
 ,saxons4 ,he next pass$ ov] to ,gaul1  
:]e he enjoy$ a  great reputation1 &    
ex]cis$ influ5ce ov] ,k+ ,clovis ,,ii4  
,9 ,gaul  he f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,lagny1 &
 a bran* ( x at ,p]ronne4    ,fursa's   
visions ( ! ,o!rworld mu/ h appe>$ to   
him be=e 8  visit to ,engl&1 probably   
dur+ ! solitude ( 8 ocean retreat4      
,h[ev]1 he cont9u$ to see visions1 ( "o 
sort or o!r1 dur+ !  latt] "p ( 8 life4 
,inde$1 x is probable t 9 8 case1 z 9  s
 _m o!rs1 ! visions 7 l>gely produc$ by 
physical causes--a  con/itutional       
t5d5cy1 /imulat$ by special             
circum/ances--= we  read t ! fir/ ( 8   
visions came to him 9 a trance1 dur+ an 
illness1 & ! re/ aft] long fa/+4    ,9 !
 fir/ vision1 8 s\l 0 convey$ out ( !   
body1 & #8he 0  grac$ ) ! sight & ! he>+
 ( ! praises ( ! ,heav5ly  ,ho/s4' ,?ree
 days lat]1 he 0 aga9 tak5 by ?ree      
angels1 :o  repres5t$ ! ,tr9ity1 & borne
 ?r\gh cl\ds ( hide\s1 mis%ap5  demons1 

:o attempt$ to b> 8 progress1 & ca/ at  
him %[]s (  fi]y arr[s1 :i* ! lead+     
angel caught on 8 buckl]4#adg ,on  _!   
way !y pass$ by ,satan1 :o rais$ up 8   
head1 l t ( a  s]p5t1 & argu$ aga9/     
,fursa's acceptance into ,et]nal ,life1 
by  reason ( ! s9s to :i* he 0 prone1 & 
among ^!1 *iefly1  a v9dictive _s2 b    
al?\gh he %[$ t #8! ,devil c cite       
,scripture = 8 purpose1' ! angels answ]$
 8 argum5ts1 &  !y pass$ on4 ,!n ,fursa1
 l ,scipio 9 ! #8,dream1' 0 bidd5 to    
look back ^u ! _w2 & x appe>$ to him z x
 7 a d>k  valley1 & 9 ! air ab\t x f\r  
fires 7 burn+4 ,^! 7 !  fires t de/roy !
 _w2 & ! fir/ fire 0 ,neglect ( !       
,baptismal ,v[ to r5\nce ! ,devil & 8   
works2 ! second fire 0  ,covet\sness2 ! 
?ird ,diss5sion1 & ! f\r? ,inju/ice4    
,fursa  descri$ a fire approa*+1 & 0    
dismay$2 b ! angel said to  him1 #8,:at 
?\ ha/ n k9dl$ %all n consume !e'2 = !  
fire  tri$ e "o accord+ to 8 works2 &   
#8z ! body is consum$  by self-will$    
pleasure1 s %all ! s\l burn ) ev]la/+   

puni%m5t4' ,! doctr9e is z old z !      
,rabbis1 b ! moral lesson  is "h f9ely  
conceiv$ & =cibly convey$4 ,sev5 times m
 did z  _m demons 9 succession attempt  
to b> ,fursa's progress1 conte/+  8 "r  
to admittance ) v>i\s eri/ic argum5ts1  
support$ by  texts ( ,scripture4 ,x is  
to be rem>k$ t ! ob/acles :i*  commonly 
ob/ruct ! h]o's access to ! en*ant$ l&s 
( fable1  & (t5 survive 9 !ological     
adaptations ( ! subject1 h  "h assum$ an
 aspect almo/ purely intellectual &     
spiritual4 ,all  objections hav+ be5    
satisfactorily answ]$ by ! angels1      
,fursa  f\nd himself surr\nd$ by a great
 brightness1 & saw va/ multitudes  (    
angels & sa9ts fly+ ) w+s 9 motion4     
,among ^! ,fursa  recognis$ sev]al      
fri5ds1 ) :om he held conv]se4 ,he !n   
approa*$ a region ( s]5] air1 :]e !     
angelic ho/1 dispos$  9 f\r *oirs1 7 s++
 ! ,t]sanctus4 ,"h he receiv$ long      
in/ructions 9 !ology & morals1 :i* he 0 
bidd5 to ann\nce  to ! pr9ces & prelates
 ( ,irel&2 he 0 !n conduct$ back to  8  

body4 ,on ! way1 a great fire approa*$ 9
 a ?reat5+ mann]2  ! angels div]t$ x1 b 
f out ( ! mid/ ( x demons %ot  =? a     
s9n]1 aim+ him at ,fursa4 ,! angels ca/ 
him back1 b n  until he _h /ruck        
,fursa's %\ld] & burnt x4 ,?is 0 a s9n] 
f :om ,fursa _h accept$ a cloak1 :ile   
m9i/]+ to him on 8  dea?b$4#adh         
,ano!r ( ! ,visions ( ! ,iri% sa9ts1    
attribut$ to ,/4  ,laisrn1 has be5 made 
available = ! fir/ "t by ,pr(essor ,kuno
  ,mey]4#adi ,?is ,laisrn1 he ?9ks1 0   
probably ! mo/ celebrat$  ( ! _m sa9ts  
be>+ t "n1 ! ,abbot ( ,le?gl5n          
7,leighl97  9 ! ,co4 ,c>l[1 :o di$ 9 !  
ye> #fch4 ,f ! m]e fragm5t  t survives1 
x w\ld seem t ! complete ,vision mu/ h  
treat$  ! subject ) great fulness1 ?\gh 
a "p ( ,laisrn's visit to  ,hell is all 
t is left4 ,x is m 9 ! /yle ( ,fursa's  
vision  ?an t ( ,adamnn1 ?\gh x diff]s f
 bo? 9 c]ta9 respects1  notably 9 !     
mann] ( ! revelation to ! se] ( !       
vision4  ,laisrn _h gone to ,clua9 ,*91 
9 ,conna*t1 to purify a *ur*  !re1 &    

aft] n9e days' fa/+ fell asleep4 ,9 8   
sleep he he>d  a voice say #8,arise6' & 
^u ?is comm& be+ repeat$1 he rais$  8   
head1 cross+ himself4 ,! *ur* 0 all     
light$ up1 & betwe5  ! *ancel & ! alt>  
/ood a %9+ figure1 :o said to him1      
#8,come t[>ds me6' ,at ?is ,laisrn 0    
seiz$ ) a trembl+1 & 9  "s my/]i\s mann]
 he became aw>e t 8 own _s 0 p>t$  f !  
body1 & 0 hov]+ ov] 8 head4 ,! ro( ( !  
*ur*  !n op5$1 & two angels1 tak+       
,laisrn's s\l betwe5 !m1 bore  him al(t 
into ! air1 :]e a ho/ ( angels receiv$  
him4 ,fur!r  progress 0 oppos$ by ?ree  
hordes ( fi]y demons1 arm$ ) fi]y  spe>s
 & d>ts1 "o ( :om pref]r$ aga9/ ,laisrn 
a long *>ge1  enum]at+ all ! s9s :i* he 
_h committ$ s9ce bir?1 & (  :i* he _h   
fail$ to make confession2 #8& ! demon   
said no?+  t 0 n true4' ,h[ev]1 #8an    
angel ( ! great ho/' succe$$ 9  answ]+  
all *>ges1 & dismiss$ ! demons2 he !n   
bade ,laisrn's  conductors take him to  
see ,hell4 ,! two angels let him d[n    
into a  gl5 ly+ t[>ds ! nor?1 :i* seem$ 

to be z long z f !  ris+ ( ! sun to 8   
sett+4 ,!y ent]$ into a pit l a cave    
betwe5 two m\nta9s1 & at l5g? came to a 
l(ty black m\nta91  9 ! upp] "p ( :i* 0 
a gl51 broad bel[ & n>r[ above1  & ?is 0
 ! por* ( ,hell4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! gl5      
,laisrn saw  v _m ( ! p ( ,irel&1 wail+2
 s _m t he ?\ght  a pe/il5ce mu/ h      
br\ght !m ?i!r1 b ! angel expla9$  t    
#8:oev] is "u ! displeasure ( ,god aft] 
!e1 "h d  !y behold 7_!7 s\ls1 & ?is is 
_! c]ta9 fate1 unless  !y rep5t' 7tr4   
,k4 ,m41 loc4 cit474 ,laisrn w\ld fa9 h 
spok5  to !m1 b ! angel =bade x1 #8le/  
!y despair4' ,h[ev]1 he  enjo9$ ,laisrn 
to prea* rep5tance to !m1 :]eby !y %\ld 
escape t evil4 #8,& aga91 he :o %all    
live 9 righte\sness1 he  sees life :ile 
he is 9 ! body1 & he %all be 9 life if  
he is  /eadfa/ 9 righte\sness4 ,tell !m 
also1' said ! angel1 #8t he  :o lives 9 
righte\sness be /eadfa/ 9 x1 = !re is n 
mu*  "t = !m to consid]1 until dea?     
comes to !m' 7,ibid474    ,!y ent]$ into
 ,hell1 & saw a wild & bill[y sea (     

fire1 &  ! s\ls aflame !re91 wail+1 _!  
heads above ! surface4 ,"s  _h fi]y     
nails ?r\gh _! tongues1 o!rs ?r\gh !    
e>s1 or !  eyes2 o!rs1 aga91 7 be+ driv5
 by demons ) fi]y =ks4  ,laisrn1 ask+   
:at ^! diff]5t torm5ts might mean1 0    
told  t ^? ) nails ?r\gh _! tongues _h  
be5 less frequ5t 9  wor%ip & praise ?an 
9 blasphemy1 falsehood1 pry+1 & boa/+4  
,"h ! fragm5t breaks (f4    ,9 8 preface
 to ! =ego+ "w1 ,pr(essor ,mey] appe>s  
to  anticipate fur!r discov]ies 9 ?is   
field ( rese>*2 h[ev]1  ( all ! ,iri%   
,visions yet br\ght to light1 ! ,fis    
,adamn9  excels ! re/ 9 int]e/ &        
importance ev5 m completely ?an  !      
,voyage ( ,/4 ,br5dan excels all o!r    
memb]s ( its own class1  & may be reg>d$
 z ! type ( its g5re1 9 its mo/ highly  
develop$ =m4    ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e 
! cont5ts ( t ,fis1 we may glance  at   
two o!r works by ,iri% ecclesia/ical    
writ]s :i* %[ t a  great "p ( ! imag]y &
 incid5ts conta9$ alike 9 ! sacr$       
,imram & 9 ! ,fis belong$ to a common   

/ock ( ideas curr5t 9  ! ,iri%          
es*atology ( t p]iod4    ,"o ( ^! is !  
,scl ,li ,br?a 7#8,tid+s ( ,doomsday'71 
a homily  ascrib$ to #8,mat!w1 son (    
,alphu1' :i* is pres]v$ 9 !  ,lebor na  
h-,udri1 & 0 !re=e writt5 9 ! elev5?    
c5tury  at late/4#aej ,9 x occurs !     
famili> di/9ction betwe5 !  ,mali s$ non
 valde & ! ,mali valde1 bo? ( :om are   
condemn$  9 _! sev]al degrees2 ! ,boni  
s$ non valde1 :o are f9ally  sav$ by    
virtue ( _! almsgiv+1 & ! ,boni valde1  
:o g  direct to ,heav54 ,?is            
classification1 ?\gh n expressly made 9 
! ,fis ,adamn91 lies at ! root ( ! s*eme
 ( rew>ds &  puni%m5ts !re set =?4      
,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,zimm] po9ts out !    
frequ5cy ( ?is division 9 works writt5  
by ,iri% au?ors or "u  ,iri%            
influ5ces4#aea ,! ,limbus patrum1 !     
,limbus infantium1  etc41 repres5t      
simil> attempts ( ! m$ival !ologians to 
provide  = cases :i* d n seem to !m to  
be adequately dealt ) by !  broad]      
di/9ctions4 ,dante1 9 effect1 adopts an 

analog\s f\rfold  arrangem5t2 ! inf]nal 
regions inside & )\t ! ,city ( ,dis  be+
 allott$ to s9n]s ( great] or less      
degree ( guilt1 :ile !  sy/em (         
,purgatory is adapt$ to ! respective    
cases ( ! ,boni  valde & ! ,boni s$ non 
valde respectively4    ,9 its           
descriptions ( bo? regions ( !          
,o!rworld1 ! homily  pres5ts sev]al     
po9ts ( resemblance to ! ,fis ,adamn94  
#8,9 no  wise pleasant is ! pa? ( !     
s9ful2 !y f9d n food nor dr9k1  b       
p]petual hung]1 great ?ir/1 & bitt]     
cold4 ,!n !y are  conduct$ to ! ,devil's
 h\se amid ! s\nd ( despair & heavy1    
long-drawn moan+4 ,pite\s are ! cry+ &  
wail+1 ! weep+ &  sigh+1 ! m\rn+ & smit+
 ( h&s ( ! s9n]s1 z !y are  dragg$ t[>ds
 ,hell's torm5ts4 ,b !irs is ! we>9ess (
 remorse  )\t avail2 = _! pray] is n    
he>d !re1 see+ t !y  _h n he>k5$ a=etime
 :ile !y 7 9 ?is life1 body & s\l       
dwell+ toge!r4' ,"h1 too1 we h ! simile 
( ! clos+ ( !  locks1 :i* are "h        
?reefold3 #8to wit1 ! clos+ ( ,hell ^u  

!m  ?r\gh ages ev]la/+2 ! clos+ ( _!    
eyes to ! _w ^u  :i* !y _h set _! love2 
& ! clos+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5  aga9/    
!m4' ,! description ( ! torm5ts ( ,hell 
is copi\s &  v>i$4 ,cold1 gloomy tracts1
 ab\nd+ 9 d>k1 ftid lakes1 alt]nate  )  
regions ( gl[+ ?\gh murky flames1#aeb   
:]e ! s9n]s  /& on r$-hot flag/ones4    
,h]e9 sw>m mon/]s ( v>i\s k9ds3  add]s1 
toads1 cats :i* r5d ! damn$1 demons :o  
torm5t !m &  hew !m ) swords1 &1 above  
all1 ! ,pia/1 ! old s]p5t--#8a  /range  
s]p5t1' inde$1 = he is depict$ ) "o     
hundr$ necks1  & "o hundr$ heads on ea*1
 & five hundr$ tee? 9 e m\?2  "o hundr$ 
arms he has1 "o hundr$ h&s on e arm1 &  
"o  hundr$ claws on e h&4#aec    ,!re is
 little attempt made to discrim9ate     
betwe5 ! p5alties  accord$ to diff]5t   
k9ds ( guilt4    ,heav5 is describ$ 9 ! 
same rhapsodical /yle z 9 ! ,fis        
,adamn91 ! ,flire ,o5gusa1 etc4         
,ano!r moral treatise is ! ,d ,brn      
,fla?a ,nime1 #8,! ,two ,sorr[s  ( !    
,k+dom ( ,heav51' i4e4 ! two sorr[s     

ref]r$ to *4 #cc  ( ! ,fis ,adamn94 ,"h1
 too1 ,elias is repres5t$ z /&+ 9       
,p>adise1 ! ,gospels 9 8 h&1 & he prea*+
 to ! birds t  p]* on ! ,tree ( ,life1  
eat+ its b]ries4#aed          #e4 ,,!   
,,fis ,,adamn,,9      ,! g5]al plan ( ! 
,fis ,adamn9 is di/+ui%$ f t  ( ! o!r   
simil> writ+s t h come d[n to u by an   
ar*itectonic "* to :i* !y c make no     
claim4 ,! /ructure  prop] to ! ,imram 01
 9 great measure1 t ( a framework into  
:i* a great] or less numb] ( incid5ts   
c\ld be fitt$1 accord+  to ! au?or's    
ta/e1 )\t impair+ ! g5]al effect2 !     
same1  9 a some:at less degree1 may be  
said ( ! ,e*tra1 :i* are m  ne>ly ak9 to
 ! romance ( adv5ture ?an to ! epic4 ,! 
e>ly  ,*ri/ian writ]s1 aga91 solely     
int5t ^u edification1 & be+ =  ! mo/ "p 
m5 ( little culture--= ?is species (    
composition1  aft] all1 0 b a by-way (  
ecclesia/ical lit]ature--7 usually      
cont5t to repeat a few topics belong+ to
 ! common /ock ( ideas  preval5t 9 _!   
day1 & paid b little he$ to lit]>y      

effect1  or ev5 to ! cle> conception1 or
 ord]ly pres5tm5t1 ( _!  subject4#aee   
,?us1 9 ! ,fis ,adamn91 we h ! fir/     
s]i\s attempt made  betwe5 ! ,vision (  
,eno* & ! ,comm$ia ( ,dante1 ei!r to    
?9k ! subject ?or\ghly out1 or to treat 
x 9 a lit]>y _s3  an attempt on ! "p ( !
 au?or to con/ruct 9 8 own m9d "s       
di/9ct idea ( ! ,o!rworld1 & to pres5t 8
 conception to 8  read]s 9 a coh]5t =m4 
,9 "s respects1 inde$1 ! con/ruction  ( 
x is sup]ior to t ( its e>ly pr$ecessor1
 =1 ) due  all[ance made = !            
topographical m9ut5ess display$ by !    
au?or ( ! ,book ( ,eno* 9 8             
reproduction1 9 ! description (  ,hell1 
( ! details ( 8 model1 ! ,fis manife/s a
 m complete  grasp ( ! subject z a :ole1
 :ile x ga9s by ! omission ( !  volum9\s
 discussion ( ?+s cele/ial & sublun>y1 9
 :i* !  old] writ] indulges1 & :i* c    
only encumb] a "w conceiv$  ) less      
bread? & execut$ ) less p[] ?an ,dante1 
& he  alone1 has br\ght to ! task4      
,all ! same1 x _c be d5i$ t ^!          

ar*itectonic qualities  are /ill at a   
rudim5t>y /age1 & ! v fact t s mod]ate  
an  ex]cise ( con/ructive p[] %\ld      
suffice to set ?is "w1 z a  lit]>y      
a*ievem5t1 s f> above all o!r precursors
 ( ,dante1 does  b enhance our          
appreciation ( ! height at :i* ! /ately 
edifice  ( 8 creation t[]s above all    
previ\s ef=ts4    ,! /ructural          
imp]fections ( ! ,fis ,adamn9 are       
enhanc$ by !  appe>ance ( composite     
design :i* ! "w be>s 9 its pres5t  =m1  
be+ app>5tly made up f two di/9ct       
v]sions1 or else  hav+ be5 #8p]fect$' by
 "s r$actor by ! addition ( o!r  matt]4 
,! latt] explanation seems to u mo/     
probable4 ,! fir/  tw5ty *apt]s conta9 a
 complete & consi/5t acc\nt ( !  s\l's  
progress f dea? to judgm5t1 foll[$ by 8 
relegation  to ! place :i* he has m]it$4
 ,x is ?is "p ( ! "w :i*  displays t c>e
 = con/ruction already notic$2 a great  
"p (  ! details1 :e!r ( native or =eign 
orig91 :i* _h come to be  accept$ z     
conv5tional features ( ! ,fis or sacr$  

,imram1 is  "h reject$1 & ! borr[+s f ! 
old romantic lit]ature1  ?\gh /ill      
abundant1 are made duly subs]vi5t to !  
g5]al  design4 ,?is "p1 moreov]1 toge!r 
) ! p]oration 9 *apt]  #cb1 be>s        
te/imony1 by way ( direct ref]5ce &     
o!rwise1 to !  au?or's possession ( a   
great] erudition1 & a wid] culture1 ?an 
7 ev9c$ by mo/ ( ^? :o _h treat$ ( !    
same subject4  ,?us1 app>5tly1 we are   
entitl$ to conjecture t *apt]s #a-bj1   
*apt] #ca 7probably71 & *apt] #cb1 may  
repres5t ! "w :i*  orig9ally purport$1  
n1 inde$1 to h be5 writt5 by ,adamnn1 b 
to conta9 ! acc\nt ( a vision se5 &     
already relat$ by him4 ,if  ?is hypo!sis
 be correct1 !n ! evid5ces ( sup]ior    
culture &  erudition1 app>5t 9 ?is "p ( 
! "w1 & entirely consi/5t  ) :at we "k (
 ,adamnn1 increase ! probability t x is 
f\nd$ ^u "s m or less accurate tradition
 ( a vision actually  relat$ by him4 ,=1
 to repeat :at has be5 said on an e>li] 
page1  !re is no?+ b :at is natural &   
probable 9 ! tradition t  ,adamnn       

beheld1 or compos$ = spiritual          
edification1 a vision ( !  k9d !n s mu* 
9 vogue1 & took ! occasion ( a great    
conc\rse  ( ! *ief m5 ( ,irel& 9 ord] to
 promulgate x2 :ile x is  equally       
probable t a man ( 8 culture &          
acquirem5ts %\ld h  exp5d$ ^u 8 task an 
orig9ality & executive skill previ\sly  
unkn[n1 & altoge!r improbable t a "w (  
"o ( ! =emo/  & mo/ fam\s m5 ( 8 day1   
aft] be+ ?us publicly made kn[n1  %\ld h
 be5 left unrecord$ save by ! pass+     
m5tion ( a  *ronicl]4    ,to return to !
 /ructure ( ! ,fis3 at ! end ( ! fir/   
tw5ty *apt]s1 all t 0 necess>y1 9 ord]  
to complete !  design1 0 to br+ ,adamnn 
back into ,p>adise1 & to dismiss him  ) 
! admonition to communicate :at he _h   
se5 & he>d1 z  9 *apt] #ca1 aft] :i* !  
p]oration 9 *apt] #cb naturally  foll[s1
 & =ms a fitt+ conclusion to ! :ole4    
,h[ev]1 x  w\ld seem t ! r$actor1 foll[+
 ! example frequ5tly set by  m$ival     
compil]s1 :o knew n h[ (t5 ! half is    
bett] ?an !  :ole1 & 7 apt to look on   

p]fection z consi/+ r 9 !  abundance (  
matt] ?an 9 ! due disposition ( x1 has  
attempt$  to supplem5t ! design ( !     
orig9al au?or by ! introduction (       
additional details :i* _h long ere !n   
become matt]s ( common  =m 9            
descriptions ( ! ,o!rworld4 ,ev5 s1     
h[ev]1 x mu/ be  admitt$ t he has manag$
 8 transitions ) m ?an common  skill4   
,al?\gh ! word+ ( *apt] #bj sugge/s t x 
0 !  int5tion ( ! orig9al au?or to      
repres5t ! fate ( ! lo/  9 concise b    
impressive t]ms--a plan q 9 keep+ ) !   
g5]al tone ( re/ra9t :i* p]vades ! "w--x
 might yet h  be5 q consi/5t ) 8 design 
to ins]t ! usual description  ( ! v>i\s 
torm5ts ) :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( s9n]s are
  afflict$1 & su* a description w\ld    
foll[ on q naturally 9  ! place :]e x   
actually occurs 9 ! exi/+ text4 ,b !    
au?or  ( ?is "p1 :e!r ! orig9al au?or or
 a lat] editor1 does  n re/ cont5t ) su*
 a description2 he introduces :at am\nts
  to a /ructural alt]ation ( ! "w1 & t 9
 a /yle :olly  inconsi/5t ) ! design ( !

 e>li] "p4 ,= 9 t "p !  road has be5    
fully trac$ by :i* ! dep>t$ spirits h   
already  rea*$ _! f9al habitations2 n[1 
h[ev]1 _! pilgrimage is  resum$ anew1 & 
! famili> bridge incid5t appe>s 9 *apt] 
#ba1  :]e x dis*>ges its usual d\ble    
function ( an approa* to !  ,div9e      
,pres5ce1 & ( a sieve1 or w9n[+ fan1 z x
 71 =  sep>at+ ! :eat f ! *aff4 ,:olly  
consi/5t z ?is is )  m$ival es*atology1 
x is entirely inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al  plan
 ( ! pres5t "w1 :]eby t sep>ation is    
effect$ by q  o!r means4 ,m9or          
inconsi/5cies occur 9 ! purgatorial     
nature (  sev]al ( ! puni%m5ts describ$ 
9 ?is second "p1 = we might  expect t   
all requirem5ts ( ! k9d _h be5 fulfill$ 
dur+  ! s\l's progress ?r\gh ! sev5     
s-call$ ,heav5s4 ,^! small              
inconsi/5cies1 ( !mselves1 w\ld c\nt =  
little1 & might be  reg>d$ z faults (   
con/ruction on ! au?or's "p1 or z !     
result ( ! imp]fect developm5t ( !      
purgatorial !ory1 :i*  leads to simil>  
inconsi/5cies 9 o!r writ+s ( ?is class1 

:]e  a cle> di/9ction is n (t5 made     
betwe5 a normal process (  purgation 9 !
 int]m$iate /ate1 & ! po/ponem5t1 9     
special  cases1 ( ! f9al decision2      
occurr+ z !y d1 !y acquire a  c]ta9     
significance z t5d+ to acc5tuate !      
div]g5ce ( plan 9  ! two p>ts ( ! "w4   
,a simil> addition1 attributable to !   
same motives1 w\ld appe> to  exi/ 9 !   
la/ ?ree *apt]s ( ! "w4 ,z already      
sugge/$1  *apt] #cb w\ld br+ ! "w to a  
satisfactory conclusion2 h[ev]1  !      
m$ival compil] 0 commonly a simple-m9d$ 
p]son2 = him1  z = #8hone/ ,diggory1' ! 
#8old gr\se 9 ! gunroom' possess$ an    
inf9ite v>iety :i* age c\ld n )]1 nor   
cu/om /ale1 &1  l a *ild or peasant1 he 
object$ to a famili> tale be+ omitt$  9 
its usual place1 or be+ %orn ( its prop]
 incid5ts4 ,! picture  ( ,eno* & ,elijah
 beside ! ,tree ( ,life 9 ,p>adise1     
surr\nd$ by  ! bird-flocks ( ! righte\s 
to :om ,elijah prea*$ ! ,gospel1  _h    
become "o ( ! mo/ famili> & picturesque 
features ( !  ,iri% ,p>adise2 !re=e a   

place mu/ be f\nd = x4 ,! mo/  obvi\s   
place w\ld be t "p ( ,heav5 :]e1 z x is1
 ! birds  are describ$ z s++ ! h\rs 9 ! 
,div9e ,pres5ce1 & !re1  we c h>dly     
d\bt1 ! orig9al au?or w\ld h ins]t$ x1  
_h he  *os5 to make use ( ! famili>     
image4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1  be       
admitt$ t he ex]cis$ a wise discretion 9
 omitt+ x1  graceful & picturesque z x  
is2 = he has con/ruct$ 8 s*eme  ( ,heav5
 aft] :at mu/ seem to u ! mo/ obvi\s &  
appropriate  plan1 ?\gh "o :i*1 /rangely
 en\gh1 f\nd little fav\r ) 8  compe]s3 
he has made ! en?ron$ ,deity ! c5tre (  
all1 s t  to h introduc$ a fur!r gr\p   
ab\t a subord9ate c5tre w\ld  h be5 to  
break into ! design4 ,we may !re=e be   
grateful to  ! hypo!tical r$actor =     
app5d+ ! episode m]ely by way (  a coda1
 )\t obtrud+ x into :at w\ld h be5 its  
prop]  place1 b 9 :i* !re 0 no room = x4
 ,9 s do+1 he may h  desir$ to give ! "w
 a dev\t & edify+ t]m9ation1 & to  close
 x1 z x 71 ) a sacr$ volunt>y4    ,we   
may n[ proce$ to recapitulate "s ( !    

pr9cipal features (  ! ,fis1 ev5 at !   
risk ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition1 9    
ord]  to %[ at a glance ! relation 9 :i*
 x /&s to o!r writ+s  ( ! same class1   
bo? native & =eign4    ,! "w op5s ) an  
exordium 9 praise ( ! ,creator1 reg>d$  
*iefly 9 ,8 capacity ( ,righte\s ,judge1
 & ,disp5s] ( rew>ds  & puni%m5ts1 !    
aspect ( ,him mo/ p]t95t to ! subject  9
 h&4 ,already1 9 ?is =mal op5+1 we seem 
to recognise  ! exi/5ce ( a delib]ate   
plan1 :]eby ! pres5t "w is  di/+ui%$ f  
o!rs ( its class1 & ?is impression is   
/r5g!n$ z ! au?or goes on to cite1 by   
way ( prec$5t or  au?ority1 simil>      
revelations t _h be5 v\*saf$ to holy m5 
( e>li] date ?an ,adamnn4 ,^! au?orities
 h already be5  consid]$ 9 ,section #c (
 ! pres5t "p2 app>5tly1 h[ev]1 !  acc\nt
 ( ! vision :i* ! ,apo/les beheld ^u !  
dea? ( !  ,virg9 ,m>y1 to :i* ! au?or _h
 access1 mu/ h be5 m ample  ?an 9 ! gr\p
 ( apocryphal writ+s to :i* we h ref]r$4
 ,we  may note t ! revelation 9 "q 0    
made by ! ,angel ( !  ,we/1 !           

conv5tional region ( ! dep>t$4 ,!       
citation ( ,/4 ,paul  probably ref]s to 
! apocryphal revelation :i* be>s !      
,apo/le's  "n1 r ?an to 8 own words 9 8 
,epi/les1 = ^! nei!r  m5tion a visit to 
,hell1 nor describe ! /ate ( ! dead 9   
ei!r  place2 ?\gh1 inde$1 nei!r did su* 
a revelation =m "p ( ,/4  ,pet]'s       
vision1 z describ$ 9 ! ,acts1 ?\gh our  
au?or's words  appe> to imply t su* 0 ! 
case4 ,! m5tion ( ,/4 ,pet]'s  vision   
af=ds a curi\s in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* !
 imag]y  belong+ to ! national lit]ature
 0 apt to give its own col\r to  an     
,iri% writ]'s treatm5t ( =eign matt]4 ,!
 musical prop]ties  ) :i* ! au?or1      
app>5tly on 8 own responsibility1 has   
end[$ ! cords :i* let d[n ! f\r-corn]$  
vessel f ,heav51  recall ! musical /ones
 ( ! ,tr na n-g1 ( :i* fur!r  m5tion mu/
 be made lat] on4    ,x is notewor?y t !
 au?or1 9 8 li/ ( au?orities1 makes no  
m5tion ( e>li] ,iri% visions1 or1 inde$1
 ( any s\rce :i* 0  attribut$ to        
po/-,apo/olic times4    ,a simil>       

vision1 we are told1 0 v\*saf$ to       
,adamnn on ! ,fea/  ( ,/4 ,john !       
,bapti/1 :5 8 s\l 0 p>t$ f 8 body1 &    
conduct$ by 8 gu>dian angel to view     
,heav5 & ,hell1 ) _!  respective        
inhabitants4 ,ev5 su* a pilgrimage 0 set
 be=e ,dante by  8 guide1#aef & ?\gh    
,adamnn's *ronicl] does n "h make       
m5tion ( a sep>ate region devot$ to     
color *e son cont5ti1 ,nel  fuoco1 p]*  
sp]an di v5ire1 ,qu&o *e sia1 alle beate
 g5ti1 we  h se5 t ! case ( ^! spirits 0
 dealt ) by ! ,iri%  z by ! ,italian    
writ]1 ?\gh ! ext5t to :i* ! purgatorial
  !ory 0 develop$ betwe5 _! respective  
epo*s caus$ !m to  treat ! subject ) v  
diff]5t degrees ( precision4    ,!      
selection ( ,adamnn's gu>dian angel z   
psy*opompos1 r  ?an ,mi*ael1 or "s o!r (
 ! ,heav5ly ,ho/1#aeg may possibly be   
ascrib$ to ! pref]5ce :i* our au?or     
occasionally ev9ces (  an ecclesia/ical 
to a leg5d>y treatm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we 
may  note ! analogy betwe5 ! s\l's      
guidance ?r\gh ! ,o!rworld by  8 gu>dian

 angel1 & ! l function ascrib$ by !     
,ave/a to  ! beautiful maid5 #8:o 0 8   
own consci5ce1' & 0 probably an         
allegoris+ developm5t ( ! ,frava%i1 or  
spiritual alt] ego1  :i* 0 held to      
belong to e man4    ,we n[ beg9 to      
p]ceive ! ext5t1 hi!rto unexampl$1 to   
:i*  consci\s design & lit]>y =m ent]   
into our au?or's me?od4  ,! cele/ial    
c\ntry1 inde$1 is describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms 
z #8a  bright l& ( fair wea!r1' l ,magh 
,mell1 & all o!r pagan  ,elysiums2 b1 z 
! !me develops1 we p]ceive a wide       
div]g5ce  alike f ! mat]ial delights ( !
 pagan ,o!rworld1 & !  conv5tional      
am5ities describ$ 9 ecclesia/ical       
leg5ds4 ,z befits  ! ,heav5 ( a cre$ :i*
 makes ! summum bonum to consi/ 9  !    
enjoym5t ( ! ,beatific ,vision1 ! ,deity
 is repres5t$ z !  c5tre ( ! :ole1 & all
 p]sons & accessories are gr\p$ )       
direct ref]5ce to ,him4 ,9 ! ,voyage ( !
 ,sons ( ,ua ,corra1 !  ,"l is          
introduc$1 seat$ on ! ,?rone1 &         
bird-flocks ( angels  mak+ music to     

,him1 & ! idea z !re pres5t$ might /& = 
a developm5t ( ! ,dagda my?1 :]e ! god  
sits beside 8 magic  apple-trees & vat (
 ale1 & ! birds ( ! ,tr ,tairngire s+   
to him4#aeh ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 x  
seems evid5t t !  description conta9$ 9 
! ,apocalypse 0 ! au?or's s\rce (       
inspiration4#aei    ,"h aga9 ! au?or's  
ecclesia/ical proclivities appe> 9 8    
description ( ! abode ( ! ble/ 9 a mann]
 recall+ !  int]ior ( a *ur*1 ) *ancel  
rails1 & *oir /alls :]e9  ! righte\s /&1
 l monks1 9 cassocks & hoods ( :ite1#afj
  :ile ! place 0 illum9$ by sev5 ?\s&   
angels1 :o /ood r\nd  ab\t in/ead (     
c&les4 ,! sep>ation f ! ,?rone1 by means
  ( a portico1 ( ! sa9ts to :om _! f9al 
seats _h n yet  be5 aw>d$1 appe>s to h  
be5 sugge/$ by ! use 9 ! e>ly  *ur*es ( 
! n>!x z ! /ation = neophytes4#afa    ,!
 floor ( ,heav51 l #8fair cry/al1 ) !   
sun's c\nt5ance  ^u x1' seems to h be5  
sugge/$ by ! #8sea ( glass1 m+l$  )     
fire1' 9 ,rev4 xv4 #b1 :i*1 9 turn1 _h  
be5 anticipat$1 9  "s sort1 by ! ,pitika

 sea 9 ! ,ave/a1 beside :i* ! ,tree  (  
,life grew4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! sa9ts ab\t !   
,?rone w\ld  likewise appe> to be an    
amplification ( ! description 9 !       
,revelation4#afb ,! ,apo/les & ! ,bless$
 ,virg91 we are told1  occupy a special 
place1 next to ! ,"l ,himself2 !        
,apo/les on  ,8 left h&1 & next to !m ! 
patri>*s & prophets1 & on  ,8 "r !      
,virg91 & next to h] holy maid5s1 #8& no
 great  space betwe51' a graceful &     
k9dly t\*4 ,ab\t !m are babes &         
/ripl+s1 & #8bird-*oirs ( ! heav5ly     
folk'2 fur!r on1 o!rs  ( ! righte\s /&  
#89 ranks & l(ty coronals ab\t ! ,?rone1
  circl+ x 9 brightness & bliss1 _!     
faces all t[>ds ,god4' ,"h  we h1 9     
ess5tials1 ! ,cele/ial ,rose ( ,dante's 
,p>adise 7canto  #ca72 ! bird-*oir1 &1 a
 little lat]1 ! gu>dian angels t  keep  
flitt+ to & fro among ! sev]al companies
 ( ! righte\s1  rem9d u ( ! spirits :i* 
flitt$ 9 & out ( ! petals ( !  ,rose l  
bees4    ,sev]al o!r passages are       
impress$ ) ! au?or's ecclesia/ical  turn

 ( ?\ght4 ,! ,?rone /&s 9 ! s\?-ea/1    
probably  because ! direction (         
,j]usalem2 ref]5ce is made to ! n9e     
degrees ( ,heav51 i4e4 ! ,angels1       
,ar*angels1 & ,pr9cipalities2  ,p[]s1   
,virtues1 & ,dom9ations2 ,?rones1       
,*]ubim1 & ,s]aphim2  ! geographical    
di/ribution ( ! sa9ts 9 accordance ) !  
f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w--a di/ribution di/9ct 
f ! f\rfold  division ( mank9d accord+  
to _! m]its1 to :i* allusion has  be5   
made--is probably ( ! same "*4    ,!    
sev5fold wall surr\nd+ ,heav5 appe>s to 
conta9 a ref]5ce  to ! sev5 ,heav5s2 !  
diff]5t col\rs ( ^! walls may1 z        
sugge/$1 be a rem9isc5ce ( ! walls (    
,ecbatana1 z describ$ by  ,h]odotus1    
?\gh x is q possible t ! idea may h     
occurr$  to ! au?or spontane\sly4    ,9 
our au?or's repres5tation ( ! ,c\rt (   
,heav5 we already f9d1  completely      
develop$1 t idea ( ! subject :i* 0      
p]petuat$  long aft]w>ds by ! ma/]s (   
,italian art4 ,8 picture ( !  en?ron$   
,deity1 ) ! ,virg9 beside ,him1 ! ,sa9ts

 /&+ r\nd  ab\t ,him1 & ! cele/ial *oirs
 surr\nd+ ! :ole1 might well  be tak5 = 
! description ( "s pa9t+ by ,fra        
,angelico2 nor are  ! gem-l radiancy ( !
 angelical pa9t]'s works1 nor ! augu/   
bli!ness :i* p]vades !m1 entirely abs5t4
 ,inde$1 writ+s (  ?is class are n )\t  
value z a preface to ! hi/ory ( sacr$   
art1 z indicat+ ! orig9 ( ! /]eotyp$    
fa%ion 9 :i* !  ma/]s treat$ c]ta9      
religi\s subjects--:i* fa%ion 0 n       
creat$ by ! arbitr>y *oice ( !          
primitives1 & p]petuat$  ?r\gh any want 
( inv5tive p[] on ! "p ( _! foll[]s1 b  
repres5t$ _! attempt to portray ^!      
subjects 9 accordance )  ! traditional  
=m ) :i* leg5d _h already inve/$ !m4    
,"o v /rik+ image1 &1 s f> z ,i "k1 !   
(fspr+ ( our  au?or's imag9ation1 is !  
symbol :]eby he has endeav\r$ to        
repres5t ! ,div9e ,omnipres5ce--#8a     
maje/ic c\nt5ance1 sev5 times  z radiant
 z ! sun1' gaz+ f out a fi]y mass1 &    
fac+ !  spectator1 f :atev] side he     
might reg>d ,him4 ,! navet (  ?is       

attempt to repres5t ! ,inconceivable    
rem9ds u ( ! triple  orbs ( iridesc5t   
fire 9 canto #cc ( ! ,p>adiso1 :]eby    
,dante  symbolis$ ! ,tr9ity4 ,=         
pictorial effect1 h[ev]1 ! pref]5ce     
mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be aw>d$ to ! ,iri% writ]1 
^: image1 at once  qua9t & gr&iose1     
might be ! subject ( "s design by       
,blake4    ,at ! same "t1 ! au?or does n
 neglect ! /ores ( imag]y  conta9$ 9 !  
national traditions1 ?\gh he does n     
con=m  bl9dly to 8 prec$5ts2 = he diff]s
 f ! great majority (  8 pr$ecessors &  
successors alike 9 select+ 8 mat]ials f 
:atev] s\rce appe>s pref]able to him1   
in/ead ( heap+ toge!r  a great] or less 
quantity ( matt] tak5 at haphaz>d f !   
common  /ock4 ,! circle ( fire :i*      
surr\nds ! midmo/ ,heav5 is a  famili>  
object 9 bo? ! cele/ial & ! inf]nal     
regions1 & is  l>gely repres5t$ 9 ,iri% 
leg5ds deal+ ) ! ,o!rworld1 or  )       
occurr5ces ( a sup]natural ord]4        
,besides ! /rik+ in/ance  9 ! ,voyage ( 
,maeldu91 & o!r cases to :i* ref]5ce has

  already be5 made1 leg5ds ( ! ,f9n     
cycle m5tion wiz>d w>riors  :o surr\nd$ 
_! camp e night ) a ramp>t ( fire4#afc  
,! cry/al veil :i* p>tly hides ! ,?rone 
9 *apt] #e may be a  modification ( !   
veil :i* (t5 en%r\ds a my/ical isl& 9 ! 
,imrama2 or1 aga91 x may h be5 sugge/$  
by ! veil hang+  be=e a %r9e 9 a        
,*ri/ian *ur*1 or by ! veil ( ! ,temple1
  :i* curta9$ (f ! ,holy ( ,holies4     
,! ,?rone is support$ by f\r p$e/als1 z 
0 ! isl& ,p>adise  ( ,manannn ,mac ,lr 9
 ! ,imram ,bran1 9 imitation ( :i* an   
isl& support$ ^u a p$e/al1 or p$e/als1  
is introduc$ into  mo/ ( ! ,*ri/ian     
,imrama4 ,! p$e/als b5ea? ! ?rone are  (
 preci\s /one1 & f !m sweet music       
proce$s1 z f !  preci\s /ones :i*       
sep>ate ! sev]al companies ( ! cele/ial 
*oir 9 *apt] #ac4 ,vocal or musical     
/ones are common 9 ,iri%  leg5d2        
in/ances occur 9 ! description ( ,magh  
,mell1 j quot$1  & else:]e 9 simil>     
circum/ances1 & we may comp>e ! ,lia    
,fil1 :i* w\ld %riek :5 press$ by ! foot

 ( a lawful k+4  ,p>allels occur 9 !    
leg5ds ( o!r ,celtic nations3 e4g4 9 !  
,breton /ory ( ! ,groa* 7,iri%          
,gruaga*71 x is said t e  /ep lead+ to !
 palace ( t fairy lady sang l a bird :5 
trodd5 on4    ,! v words 9 :i* ! ,fis   
attempts to express ! beauty ( !        
cele/ial music are ^? ( ! old romances3 
#8,?\gh "o %\ld he>  no o!r m9/relsy    
besides1 yet %\ld he h 8 fill ( melody &
  delight4'    ,! fi]y ar* above !      
,?rone rem9ds u some:at ( ! wat]y  ar*  
ov] ! en*ant$ isl&s ( ! ,imrama1 9 spite
 ( all  diff]5ces4 ,probably bo? 7      
sugge/$ by ! ra9b[1 b x  may be t !     
au?or ( ! pres5t passage _h 9 8 m9d !   
description 9 ,rev4 x4 #a ( ! #8mighty  
angel ''' & a ra9b[ ^u 8  head4' ,9 a   
note to ! translation ( ?is passage1 we 
sugge/$ t  ! comp>ison ( ! ar* to #8a   
wr\ght helm1 or royal diadem1' may      
conta9 a ref]5ce to ! picturesque &     
*ivalr\s cu/om ( !  ,iri% rdr to we> 8  
helmet on /ate occasions1 res]v+ 8 cr[n 
= ! day ( battle4    ,! triple circle   

surr\nd+ ! ,?rone may be int5d$ to      
symbolise  ! ,tr9ity4#afd ,x is         
notewor?y t :ile ! g5]ality (  m$ival   
leg5ds describ+ ! ,o!rworld give little 
prom95ce to  ! ,triune nature ( !       
,deity1 ! pres5t ,vision conta9s sev]al 
ref]5ces to ! ,tr9ity1 z d ! ,vision (  
,fursa1 & sev]al (  ! lat] ,visions     
compos$ by ,iri% writ]s or "u ,iri%     
influ5ces4    ,our au?or does n fail to 
include among ! delights ( ,heav5 t     
bird-music :i* is s de> to ,iri% writ]s 
( all ages4 ,! birds (  ,heav5 are "h   
pres5t$ 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,9 ! fir/     
place1 !  #8bird-*oirs ( ! heav5ly      
folk1' :o m+le ) ! multitudes :o        
surr\nd ! *os5 b& /&+ ab\t ! ,?rone1    
correspond to !  bird-s\ls :om ! leg5ds 
commonly place ^u ! ,tree ( ,life1 9    
att5dance on ,eno* & ,elijah4 ,!re are  
also ! ?ree birds p]*$  ^u ! ,?rone1 :]e
 !y s+ ! h\rs1 aft] ! usual fa%ion (  _!
 cong5]s1 beg9n+ ) ! birds ( ,magh      
,mell1 9 ! ,voyage  ( ,bran1 :o1 by !   
way1 c only be made to dis*>ge _! pi\s  

function at ! co/ ( an ana*ronism4 ,!   
birds n[ 9 "q w\ld  seem to occupy a    
middle place betwe5 ! bird-*oirs1 ( :i* 
we h  j be5 speak+1 & ! great sacr$ bird
 :i* appe>s 9 !  my?ology ( e race (    
mank9d4#afe ,simil> birds are pres5t 9  
! e>lie/ & late/ /ages ( ,iri% my?1 f ! 
,dagda's palace  9 ! ,brug na ,bo9ne to 
! adaptation ( ! ,phnix leg5d :i*       
figures 9 ! ,voyage ( ,maeldu94         
,probably our au?or's *oice ( !  numb]  
?ree conveys ano!r ref]5ce to ! ,tr9ity2
 nev]!less1  ?ree 0 ! numb] alike ( !   
birds ( ,o5gus 9 ! ,brug na  ,bo9ne1 & (
 ! eagles se5 by ,maeldu94    ,c]ta9    
features ( our au?or's description (    
,p>adise repres5t  ! f9al /age 9 !      
be=e-m5tion$ process ( ref9+ ^u t       
conception ( ! happy ,o!rworld z a ,l& (
 ,cockayne1 :i* is  ! mo/ conspicu\s    
feature 9 ! primitive ,elysium ( e race4
  ,9 ! fragrance ( ! heav5ly l&1 ^u :i* 
! bless$ sate  !mselves :ile he>k5+ to !
 music1 & 9 ! sweet sav\r (  ! c&les :i*
 illum9e ! city--! c&les !mselves be+   

angels 9 t guise--! old mat]iali/ic idea
 appe>s to be ref9$  & spiritualis$     
almo/ beyond recognition2 nev]!less e   
degree  9 ! desc5t--or asc5t--f ! pigs &
 apple-trees & ale-vat (  ! ,dagda c be 
di/9ctly trac$4#aff    ,! pres5t        
condition ( ! bless$1 z manife/$ to !   
,se]1 is  int5d$1 x is said1 to la/     
until ! ,day ( ,judgm5t only1 :51  & n  
be=e1 _! /ate w atta9 to its utmo/      
p]fection 7*4  #f74 ,( l duration is !  
#8re/less & un/able habitation1' #8on   
hill-tops & 9 m>%y places1' :i* is      
allott$1 9 *4 #ad1 to  ^? :o f9d no     
place 9 ! ,city1 #8aft] ! words (       
,doom4' ,by  ^!1 app>5tly1 ! damn$ are n
 int5d$1 or else ! pres5t  passage w\ld 
be 9 contradiction ) ! foll[+ *apt]s1   
:i*  detail _! progress to1 & ! mann] (1
 _! f9al doom1 :ile  ! abyss to :i* !y  
are consign$ answ]s nei!r 9 k9d nor 9   
situation to ! description ( a wild &   
desolate region adjo9+  ! cele/ial city2
 nei!r c we suppose t ! reprobate1 9 _! 
f9al abode1 w\ld cont9ue to receive !   

m9i/rations ( _!  gu>dian spirits1 z d !
 d5iz5s ( ! region 9 "q4#afg ,x  w\ld r 
seem t !y are ! mix$ *>act]s ^u :om1 at 
!  individual judgm5t imm$iately foll[+ 
dea?1 no f9al s5t5ce has  be5 pass$4 ,! 
res]vation ( a tempor>y abode = su*like 
occurs  9 ! ,ave/an books1 9 c]ta9      
,hebrew speculations--z %[n by !        
ref]5ce 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* to ! m\nta9   
,%eol 9 ! we/1 &  by ! writ+s ( sev]al  
,rabbis--& 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian tradition4   
,sev]al in/ances occur 9 ! ,iri% leg5ds 
already report$3 e4g4  9 ! isl&s :]e    
h]mits1 9 company ) ! flocks (          
bird-s\ls1  await ! com+ ( ,judgm5t1 & !
 simil> isl& inhabit$ by  ! m5 ( ,ross1 
:o _h be5 bani%$ = ju/ifiable homicide4 
,!  passage af=ds "s confirmation ( !   
view t ! second "p (  ! "w is an        
int]polation1 = 9 t "p ! s9n]s :o are   
capable ( r$emption are dealt ) 9 a     
diff]5t mann]4    ,! veil ( fire & !    
veil ( ice1 :i* sep>ate ?is desolate    
region f ! ,city1 resemble ! flame :i*  
surr\nds ! cry/al  mansion 9 ! ,book (  

,eno*1 & is !re said to be z hot z fire 
& z cold z ice4#afh ,! cla%+ toge!r ( ^!
 veils 9 !  doorway :i* sep>ates ! two  
regions be>s ! appe>ance ( a  remnant ( 
"s ,symplegades my?1 b ,i am n aw>e t   
any my?  ( ! k9d exi/s 9 a =m :i* c\ld  
acc\nt = ! image 9  "q4 ,! angui% ) :i* 
! guilty are fill$ by ! d9 (  _!        
collision is 9 keep+ ) t extreme        
susceptibility to  musical s\nds :i* is 
ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,! effect ( pleasure to 
! good & pa9 to ! wick$ proce$+ f ! same
 cause recurs  9 _m subsequ5t passages4 
,9 *s4 #ae-ai is trac$ ! c\rse along :i*
 ! s\l proce$s on  its way f dea? to    
,judgm5t4 ,! sev]al /ages ( ?is j\rney  
are made to correspond ) ! sev5 ,heav5s 
?r\gh :i* ! s\l  w\ld naturally h to    
pass1 ea* ( ^? /ages be+ att5d$ )  "s   
k9d ( puni%m5t or suff]+1 :i* causes    
int5se pa9 to !  wick$1 :ile ! good pass
 ?r\gh x unh>m$4    ,! !ory ( !         
,purgatorial fires1 f\nd$ on #b ,pet]   
iii4 #g-ac1afi  0 held by ! e>ly fa!rs1 
?\gh1 at fir/1 )\t def9+ !  place or    

mann] 9 :i* ! purgation 0 effect$4 ,/4  
,augu/9e  0 ! fir/ to e/abli% ,purgatory
 9 ! int]m$iate /ate1 &  ! doctr9e 0    
fur!r develop$ by ,/4 ,gregory4 ,! e>ly 
fa!rs  held t ! good & bad alike mu/    
pass ?r\gh ?is /age1 &  h]e9 our au?or  
agrees ) !m2 8 !ory1 moreov]1 :5cesoev] 
d]iv$1 agrees closely ) t held by c]ta9 
( ! ,jewi% ,rabbis1  :o held t all1 good
 & bad alike1 mu/ pass ?r\gh ! sev5     
lodges ( ,hell--at lea/ z appropriate a 
t]m z t ( ! sev5  ,heav5s1 :i* our au?or
 applies to !m1 ?\gh ! latt] is  bett]  
suit$ to cosmological requirem5ts--) !  
concomitants (  fire1 sc\rg+1 hail-%[]s1
 ! extremes ( heat & cold1 etc41  ?r\gh 
all ( :i* ! righte\s pass$ unh>m$2#agj  
all ( :i*  is reproduc$ 9 ! pres5t "w4  
,x is rem>kable h[ little advance  ^u ! 
e>ly ,*aldan my? ( ! ,o!rworld is       
display$ by ?is  "p ( ! subject1 s f> z 
reg>ds ! ma*9]y or mat]ial  framework1 s
 to speak1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! ideas ( s9
 &  r$emption :i* lie at ! root ( !     
,jewi% & ,*ri/ian doctr9es  alike1      

con/itute a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !
 two /ages (  ?\ght4 ,! resemblance     
betwe5 ! ,iri% & ,*aldan n>ratives      
ext5ds ev5 to ! port] :o sat at ea* ( ! 
sev5 doors ( !  ,*aldan ,hades1 :]e !   
pass5g] _h to leave "s "p ( 8  e>?ly    
raim5t2 9 ! ,fis 8 c\nt]p>t exi/s 9 !   
p]son (  ! angel :o sits at ! gate ( ea*
 ( ! sev5 ,heav5s1#aga &  *a/ises ! s\ls
 z !y ent]4    ,! second ( ^! ,heav5s is
 ! only "o :i* appe>s to be  end[$ )    
di/9ctly purgatorial functions3 "h !    
angel ,ab]setus  #8purges ! s\ls ( !    
righte\s1 & wa%es !m 9 ! fi]y  riv]1    
accord+ to ! am\nt ( guilt t cleaves to 
!m4' ,su*1  9 sub/ance1 _h be5 ! tea*+ (
 ! ,*ur* = "s ages prior  to ,adamnn's  
day1 & su*1 too1 ! tea*+ ( "s ( !       
,rabb9ical  ,s*ools--t ( ,%ammai1 =     
in/ance1 :i* held t ^? 9 :om  good &    
evil 7 m+l$ 7 cleans$ by purgatorial    
pa9s2 9 l  mann]1 ! au?or ( ! ,book (   
,eno* describes a fire :]e9 !y  :o are  
capable ( r$emption are cleans$ ( _!    
c>nal lu/s4#agb    ,! fl[]y spr+ 9 :i* !

 purifi$ s\ls ( ! righte\s are  ba!d =  
_! solace1 is a prototype1 9 "s measure1
 ( !  fl[]y /ream ( ,le!1 9 :i*1 accord+
 to ,dante1 ! spirits  ^: purgation 0   
accompli%$ 7 imm]s$ 9 l mann]4    ,mo/ (
 ! trials endur$ 9 ! fir/ five ,heav5s h
 _!  c\nt]p>ts 9 ! g5]al lit]ature ( !  
,o!rworld1 d[n to &  includ+ ! ,comm$ia4
    ,! fi]y riv] or moat be=e ! gateways
 resembles ! riv] ( fire  :i* encircles 
,heav5 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & ! simil>    
riv]  ab\t ! inf]nal city 9 neid vi4    
#edi-ej4    ,! fi]y wall1 ( :i* _m      
p>allels h already be5 cit$1 aga9       
appe>s 9 ?is place1 :]e x may be comp>$1
 m aptly1 ) !  ,city ( ,dis1 its iron   
walls & t[]s gl[+ r$-hot1 9 c4 viii4 (  
! ,inf]no4 ,! fi]y ar* also recurs1 !   
passage ?r\gh :i*1  & ?r\gh ! fi]y wall1
 is analog\s to ! simil> trial =  !     
purgation ( fle%ly lu/s 9 c4 xxvii4 ( ! 
,purgatorio4 ,!  sc\rg+ ( ! spirits by !
 angelic w>d]s is l ! puni%m5t          
inflict$--?\gh !re by demons--9 ,inf4   
xviii4    ,! description ( ! :irlpool 9 

! fi]y riv] 7*4 #ah7 is  ?or\ghly       
,dantesque 9 /yle1 ?\gh none ( ,dante's 
inf]nal riv]s  or :irlpools exactly     
corresponds to x 9 details2 equally     
,dantesque  is ! reali/ic t\* ( ! angel 
lift+ out ! s\ls on ! end (  8 rod1     
#8h>d z x 7 ( /one4'    ,hi!rto all !   
s\ls1 good & bad alike1 h be5 conduct$  
by  _! gu>dian spirits4 ,at ! door ( !  
six? ,heav5 ,mi*ael  assumes 8 accu/om$ 
function ( psy*opompos = ! rema9d]  ( ! 
way4 ,?is ,heav5 is free f pa9 ( any    
k9d2 app>5tly !  au?or's int5tion is to 
convey ! impression ( a solemn pause1   
be=e ! s\l is u%]$ into ! awful pres5ce 
( ! ,creator4 ,!  mann] ( 8 reception   
!re recalls ! correspond+ sc5e 9 !      
,ave/an acc\nt4 ,?is reception1 & !     
,div9e ,judgm5t1 are describ$  9 !      
briefe/ possible t]ms1 b n ! less       
impressively =  t4#agc ,! fate ( !      
reprobate is depict$ 9 a mann] at once  
t]se & complete1 pres5t+ a rem>kable    
contra/ to ! rambl+  enum]ation (       
horrors 9 :i* mo/ ( ! vision writ]s     

indulge4 ,"o  circum/ance1 inde$1 is    
m>k$ by ! grotesque horror *>act]i/ic  (
 m$ival & ,ori5tal imag]y2 namely1 !    
twelve fi]y dragons  :i* swall[ ! guilty
 s\l 9 succession1 until ! l[e/ f9ally  
l&s him 9 ! ,devil's maw1 ! de/9ation   
res]v$ by ,dante = !  wor/ ( s9n]s4#agd 
,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 our au?or seems to   
dwell1 by pref]5ce1  ^u ! spiritual     
aspects ( 8 subject4 ,9 8 eyes1 ! ess5ce
 (  ! puni%m5t consi/s 9 ! =feiture ( ! 
,beatific ,vision by  ^? *i hanno p]duto
 il b5 del intelletto1 a loss enhanc$ by
 !  previ\s glimpse ( x :i* has be5     
v\*saf$ to !m4 ,?is1 inde$1  is a common
 feature ( ecclesia/ical pictures ( !   
,inf]no1 :]e  ! idea1 suffici5tly obvi\s
 9 itself1 is sanctifi$ by ! p>able  (  
,dives & ,laz>us1 ?\gh !re x is         
introduc$ ) a special &  diff]5t        
purpose4 ,commonly1 h[ev]1 x is us$     
m]ely to int5sify  ! suff]+s ( ! lo/ by 
a ,tantalus vision ( ! contra/ betwe5   
_! own pa9s & ! pleasures ( ! ble/4 ,our
 au?or w\ld seem  to introduce x z      

ess5tial = _! full compreh5sion ( !     
good1  o!rwise inconceivable1 :i* !y h  
=feit$ by _! own wilful  default4       
,evid5tly he und]/ood t 9 ?is life & !  
next--,dante  not)/&+--!re is a maggior 
dolore ?an ! remembrance1 9  "t ( sorr[1
 ( pa/ happ9ess1 & t is ! compreh5sion (
 !  ?+s t once might easily h be51 b    
nev] h be51 & nev]  c be4    ,f9ally1 ! 
lot ( ! s9n]--#8! p]fection ( all evil1 
9  ! ,devil's own pres5ce1 ?r\gh\t all  
ages1'--=ms ! exact  correlative ( !    
,beatific ,vision enjoy$ by ! elect4    
,?is climax leaves no?+ to be desir$ =  
complet5ess1 & x seems  impossible to   
believe t ! next t5 *apt]s 7 ! "w ( !   
same h&4 ,nev]!less1 ! au?or ( ?is      
second "p1 :e!r he be  ! orig9al au?or  
or a compil]1 has treat$ 8 mat]ials1    
trite z  ^! are1 ) m ?an common skill4  
,! approa* to ! l& ( et]nal pa91 to :i* 
! ,se] is n[  convey$1 leads across a   
desolate1 fire-sca!d region1 on ! f>!r  
side ( :i* lies a gl51 fill$ ) #8flame1 
t ext5ds beyond  ! m>g9 on ei!r h&4'    

,ev5 ?is slight descriptive t\* is an   
in/ance ( ! imag9ative1 or visualis+1   
faculty :i* is (t5  app>5t ?r\gh\t ! "w4
 ,?is gl5 is spann$ by ! bridge :i*     
s]ves to sep>ate ! bad f ! good1 9 a    
mann] q consi/5t  ) prec$5t1 b entirely 
inconsi/5t ) ! e>li] "p ( !  pres5t "w4 
,! description ( t incid5t1 z "h giv51  
diff]s f o!r  v>iants 9 sev]al po9ts (  
detail1 & especially 9 ! great]  lit]>y 
skill ) :i* x is relat$2 b z mu* has be5
 said ^u  ?is subject z our pres5t      
purpose dem&s4 ,we h se5 t ! idea  ( su*
 a bridge exi/$ previ\sly 9 ,iri%       
tradition1 b ! guise  9 :i* x appe>s 9 !
 pres5t place leads u to suppose t !    
au?or's imm$iate s\rce ( inspiration 0  
"o ( ! ecclesia/ical  leg5ds1 ?\gh we   
f9d ! usual difficulty ( assign+ any    
giv5  item to "s "o specific s\rce4 ,x  
is possible t ! au?or f\nd  8 imm$iate  
prototype 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,gregory1 )  
:i* he  0 likely to be acqua9t$2 equally
 possible t ! idea 0 d]iv$  f !         
traditions ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 ) :i* x is 

probable1  bo? on  priori gr\nds & f    
sev]al int]nal indications1  t he _h    
come 9 contact2 or1 aga91 f "s float+   
popul>  tradition1 orig9ally emanat+ f  
ei!r ( ! above s\rces4  ,h[ev] ?is may  
be1 ! pres5t is probably ! be/-told     
v]sion (  ! incid5t t we possess 9 any  
language2 nev]!less1 x fits 9  z badly )
 :at foll[s z ) :at goes be=e4 ,!       
good--bo? !  m & ! less good--pass ov] 9
 safety1 & ! bad1 ( c\rse1  fall (f1 b  
!re is no?+ to %[ h[ ei!r sort rea* _!  
ultimate habitations4 ,! ju/ifi$1 9     
fact1 are left to _! own  devices1 & we 
he> no m ( !m2 ! reprobate1 inde$1 z !y 
fall f ! bridge1 are receiv$ 9 ! jaws ( 
eight fi]y dragons1  :i* await !m 9 !   
fi]y gulf1 b !re is no?+ to %[ by  :at  
means !y are subject$ to ! specific     
torm5ts m5tion$  fur!r on1 nor yet h[ ! 
r$eemable s9n]s are br\ght to _!  /ate (
 tempor>y puni%m5t4    ,! classification
 ( ! ?ree companies :o attempt to cross 
!  bridge is n )\t int]e/4 ,! virtues ( 
! righte\s :o  pass ) ease are !        

specially ecclesia/ical virtues (       
m>tyrdom  & asceticism4 ,imm$iate access
 to ,heav5 _h be5 reg>d$ z !  peculi>   
rew>d ( m>tyrdom s e>ly1 at lea/1 z     
,t]tullian1  ^: au?ority 0 ,revelation  
vii4 #ad1 #ae2 al?\gh 9 ! f\rfold       
classification 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* ! l    
prec$5ce is aw>d$ to  ! m>tyrs4#age ,!  
association ( ! mortification ( ! fle%  
) ! pa9s ( m>tyrdom is easily           
explicable4    ,s9n]s t h be5 induc$ to 
see ! errors ( _! ways &  to am5d1 f9d !
 bridge n>r[ & difficult at fir/1 b easy
  aft]w>ds1 :ile ^? fall (f :o h p]sev]$
 9 evil4 ,we ?us  h only ?ree ( ! usual 
f\r categories :i* frequ5tly occur 9    
,iri% es*atology1 z 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*3 !
 boni valde1 ! boni  s$ non valde1 & !  
mali valde4 ,h[ev]1 ! mali s$ non valde 
are repres5t$1 approximately1 by ^?     
spirits ( m+l$ qualities1  & ^? s9n]s t 
are r$eem$ by _! good works1 :o are     
dealt  ) specially 9 ! sequel4    ,!    
torm5ts met$ out to evildo]s are ( !    
usual description1  ?\gh repres5t$ ) t  

increas+ fulness & t]ror :i* _h  be5    
p]ceptible = "s "t previ\sly 9 ! ,iri%  
visions1 or  ,imrama1 ! result1         
app>5tly1 ( increas$ famili>ity ) !     
,cont95tal writ]s ( ?is k9d1 :o1 s e>ly 
z ! ,apocalypses (  ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4     
,paul1 _h devot$ mu* +5uity to ?is      
horrible  bran* ( _! subject4 ,we may   
also p]ceive an attempt at a m  accurate
 classification ( crimes & puni%m5ts2 9 
?is respect1  too1 ^? ,apocalypses      
display m me?od ?an ! visions (         
subsequ5t writ]s4 ,! classification     
adopt$ by our au?or1 :i*  w\ld seem to  
be 8 own1 conta9s indications bo? ( 8   
nationality1  & ( 8 acqua9tance ) =eign 
lit]ature4 ,f\r categories (  evildo]s  
are enum]at$1 9 :i*1 al?\gh !y exhibit  
no?+ (  ,dante's sci5tific precision1 a 
c]ta9 sy/em is app>5t1 9 spite  ( !     
sev]al classes ov]lapp+ to a c]ta9      
ext5t4 ,9 *apt]  #be fratricides &      
sacrilegi\s p]sons are dealt )1 includ+ 
fraudul5t ,er5a*s--! gu>dians ( !       
,*ur*'s temporalities--:o  _h abus$ !   

consid]able p[]s :i* ! tribal           
con/itution  ( ! ,iri% ,*ur* _h giv5 !m4
 ,! class describ$ 9 *apt]  #bg         
comprises1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^? guilty ( v>i\s
 k9ds (  di%one/y or viol5ce1 ?\gh "s ( 
!m1 su* z false judges1  sorc]]s1 &     
tea*]s ( h]esy1 w\ld seem to belong r to
  ! two foll[+ classes1 ! "o ( :i*      
comprises r5egade  ecclesia/ics &       
h]esi>*s 7*apt] #bh71 :ile ! o!r1 & la/ 
deals ) an app>5tly het]og5e\s          
collection ( crimes1 all (  :i*1 h[ev]1 
w be f\nd to involve1 someh[1 a brea* ( 
fai? on  ! "p ( ! (f5d]4    ,! puni%m5ts
 describ$ conta9 _m /rik+ po9ts (       
simil>ity  to ,dante1 bo? 9 _! k9d1 & 9 
! vivid mann] 9 :i* !y  are portray$4 ,(
 su* are ! icy c[ls 9 *apt] #bf1 :i*    
recall  ! lead5 copes worn by !         
hypocrites 9 ,inf4 xxiii4 #fa sqq4 ,!   
s9n]s /& 9 black mire1 l ! beletta negra
 :]e /& !  gloomy-m9d$ 9 ,inf4 vii4     
#abd4agf ,! sc\rg+ by demons occurs     
alike 9 ! ,fis ,adamn97*apt] #bf71 & 9 !
 ,inf]no 7xviii4  #ce74 ,a cold w9d f ! 

nor? bl[s ^u ! =eheads ( ! damn$1  z 9 !
 froz5 regions ( ,dante's ,tolommea4#agg
 ,! fi]y ra91 &  ! unavail+ ef=ts ( !   
suff]]s to w>d x (f1 anticipate         
,dante's vivid picture4#agh ,) ! ?rongs 
( demons 9 *apt] #bh1  :o assail !      
h]esi>*s ) flights ( arr[s1 we may      
comp>e !  ,c5taurs 9 ,inf4 xii4 #ef4    
,! pictures ( ! s9n]s fett]$ to fi]y    
columns by means ( fi]y  *a9s 9 ! =m (  
vip]s 7*apt] #be71 & ( ^? clad 9 fi]y   
mantles1 are entirely ,dantesque 9 _s4  
,9 ! puni%m5t ( ^?  :o are alt]nately   
borne up to ,heav51 & !n da%$ d[n aga9  
to  ! dep? ( ,hell1 our au?or appe>s to 
typify ! tumultu\s di/ress  & horrible  
re/lessness :i* accompany hopeless      
suff]+4    ,two classes ( s9n]s rema91  
:o are dealt ) 9 a mann] :olly  ali5 f  
,dante's s*eme1 ?\gh 9 accord ) ! e>li] 
tea*+  ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made 
already to ^? 9 :om good  & evil be>    
divid$ sway1 & :o1 z 9 ! ,ave/a1 are    
res]v$ 9  a place ap>t until ! ,day (   
,doom1 :5 #8judgm5t %all be pass$       

betwe5 !m1 & _! good %all qu5* _! evil  
on t day1 &  !n %all !y be set 9 !      
,heav5 ( ,life1 9 ,god's own pres5ce1   
?r\gh ages ev]la/+4' ,?is m]ciful       
solution ( _! case af=ds  a /rong       
contra/ to ! loa?some doom to :i* ,dante
 consigns ^!  ,laodiceans4#agi ,"o      
passage ,dante himself might h be5 will+
 to  own1 _h x n be5 s discordant ) 8   
doctr9e3 ! picture (  ^? *>itable1 b    
s5sual1 p]sons :o are set ^u isl&s--an  
e*o ( ! ,imrama--9 ! mid/ ( a fi]y sea1 
b protect$ f  its waves by a silv]      
bulw>k1 built ( _! own almsgiv+1 until  
,judgm5t1 :5 !y %all be deliv]$4    ,^! 
two conceptions1 ?\gh n peculi> to !    
,iri% ,*ur*1 hav+  be5 (t5 promulgat$1 9
 v>i\s =ms1 by ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian        
doctors alike1 are *>act]i/ic ( t lean+ 
t[>ds m]cy1  :i*1 9 "o =m or o!r1 (t5   
appe>s 9 ,iri% ecclesia/ical            
leg5ds4#ahj    ,our au?or decl>es t !   
/ate ( ! ble/ & ( ! reprobate  alike1 z 
reveal$ to him1 is provisional only1 & t
 aft] ! ,la/  ,judgm5t ! happ9ess ( !   

righte\s w be inf9itely augm5t$1  & !   
suff]+s ( ! evil int5sifi$ 9            
proportion1#aha :5  !y %all be consign$ 
to ! fi]y wall1 :i* until !n is         
inhabit$ by ! demons only4#ahb    ,*apt]
 #cj gives a vivid repres5tation ( !    
m5tal suff]+s ( !  lo/ 9 _! m\rnful     
habitation1 _! own suff]+s be+ augm5t$  
by ! company ( o!rs 9 l case1 & by a    
re/less long+ =  ! com+ ( ,doom to end  
_! susp5se4 ,h]e9 ! au?or recognises  a 
tru?1 ! opposite ( t tru? conta9$ 9     
,hamlet's dictum1  ?\gh n less true2 =  
(t5 x is less tol]able to #8be> ! ills  
we h1 ?an fly to o!rs t we "k n (1' ev5 
?\gh !  *ange may surely be = !         
worse4#ahc    ,!n foll[s a %ort         
description ( ! dolor\s c\ntry1 :i* is  
depict$ z a wa/e & desolate region ( !  
k9d trav]s$ by  ,cu*ula9n on 8 j\rney to
 ! realm ( ,sca?a*1 & by rt on 8  way to
 ! ,tr na n-g4 ,! g5]al "* ( ?is        
description is  r ,miltonic ?an         
,dantesque4#ahd ,_m in/ances appe> to   
indicate  t1 to ! nor!rn _s1 ! extreme (

 t]ror is sugge/$  r by ! haunt+s ( wide
 & desolate spaces1 ?an by ! m          
reali/ic--we might almo/ say            
mat]iali/ic--imag9ation app>5t 9  !     
int5sive pres5tation ( specific &       
concrete suff]+s1 :i*  ,dante 0 l$ to   
adopt1 alike by 8 racial & p]sonal      
temp]am5t1  & by 8 !ory ( ! ,o!rworld4  
,prec$5ts = ! ,devil's abode 9 ! dep?s (
 ! inf]nal seas are  furni%$ alike by ! 
,scriptural ,levia?an1 & by ! ,pia/1 :i*
  haunts almo/ e ,iri% lo* ( any dep?1 z
 also by ! lake (  fire & brim/one 9    
,rev4 xx4 #aj1 into :i* ,satan is to be 
ca/ at  ! end ( ! _w4    ,! f\r riv]s ( 
,hell1 :i* likewise occur 9 ! ,voyage ( 
!  ,ui ,corra & 9 sev]al ,cont95tal     
visions1 h be5 suppos$ by  "s au?orities
 to be int5d$ z a c\nt]p>t to ! f\r     
riv]s  ( ,p>adise 9 ,g5esis ii4 #aj     
sqq42 ?is1 h[ev]1 seems d\btful1  hav+  
reg>d to ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( !      
sugge/$ prototype1  nei!r does x appe> t
 ! ,scriptural ,p>adise 0 pres5t to !   
au?or's m9d4 ,x seems m probable t !    

numb] has ref]5ce  to ! f\rfold division
 ( ! upp] _w2 inde$1 9 "s lat]  m$ival  
visions1 ^! riv]s are plac$ 9 accordance
 ) !  c>d9al po9ts4 ,!y may possibly be 
due to a rem9isc5ce ( !  classical ,/yx1
 ,a*]on1 ,cocytus1 & ,phlege?on1 z 9    
,milton 7,p4 ,l4  ii4 #ege sqq471 &     
,dante 7,inf4 xiv4 #aae sqq474    ,!    
torm5t+ ( ! spirits by ! eag] ho/s (    
demons t infe/  ! inf]nal lakes may be  
comp>$ to ! sportive malice ( ! fi5ds  9
 ,inf4 xxii4-xxiii4    ,9 *apt] #ca     
,adamnn is re-conduct$1 by ano!r        
skilfully manag$  transition1 to ! ,l& (
 ,sa9ts4 ,he desir$ to t>ry !re1 b l    
sev]al ( 8 pr$ecessors1 f ,plato's ,er  
d[nw>ds1 he he>d a  voice :i* bade him  
return to e>? & relate :at _h be5       
reveal$  to him1 = ! in/ruction ( 8     
c\ntrym53 he 0 !n re/or$ to  ! body4    
,*apt] #cb w\ld provide ! "w ) a        
symmetrical conclusion4 ,z  9 ! exordium
 ! au?or repres5ts ,adamnn z ! la/ 9 a  
s]ies  ( holy m5 to :om analog\s        
revelations _h be5 v\*saf$1 s 9  ?is    

p]oration he decl>es ! id5tity ( !      
doctr9e prea*$ by  ,adamnn1 respect+ !  
_w to come1 ) ! tea*+ ( o!r  sa9ts &    
fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 design+ 8 "w ) ?is  
/ructural complet5ess1 ! au?or /&s      
alone1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1  until ,dante 
comes on ! sc5e4    ,! episode ( ,eno* &
 ,elijah /&+ "u ! ,tree ( ,life1        
surr\nd$ by ! bird-flocks1 ?\gh well    
told1 adds no?+ to !  =m 9 :i* x appe>s 
9 o!r ,iri% leg5ds ( ! p]iod4 ,we h     
already giv5 reasons = suppos+ t x is an
 excresc5ce ^u !  orig9al design4    ,! 
reflections !re made ^u ! sorr[ exp]i5c$
 by ! righte\s  on he>+ ( ! sorr[s (    
,doomsday1#ahe rem9d u ( a simil>       
passage 9 ,dante3        #8,se di l     
sempre b5 p] noi si dice1      ,di qu *e
 dire e f> p] lor si puote1      ,da    
quei1 *'hanno al vol] buona radice8'    
,purg4 xi4 #ca-cc4    ,! rhapsodical    
description ( ,heav51 :i* concludes ! "w
 z x  n[ /&s1 is likewise a matt] (     
#8common =m4' ,x may possibly be  an    
amplification ( sev]al passages 9 !     

,revelation 7e4g4 xxi4 #d1  etc471 ?\gh 
we h se5 t some?+ ( ! k9d exi/$1 9 a    
rudim5t>y =m1 9 "s ( ! ,e*tra1 :5       
describ+ ! ,sidhe (  a ,d ,danann *ief4 
,! curi\sly close p>allel 9 ! ,ave/a has
 be5  not$ already4    ,?is *apt]1 z    
be=e m5tion$1 does n =m "p ( ! v]sion   
pres]v$ 9 ! ,lebor ,brec1 & al?\gh t    
,,ms4 is by f> !  m rec5t1 x is q       
possible t ! scribe foll[$ a v]sion     
transcrib$ be=e ! addition 0 made4#ahf  
#f4 ,,lat] ,,developm5ts      ,! ,fis   
,adamn9 repres5ts ! culm9at+ po9t to :i*
 !  ,vision ( ! ,o!rworld 0 br\ght by   
writ]s ( ! ,iri% s*ool3  h5ce=? !       
a*ievem5ts ( t s*ool are pr9cipally     
app>5t 9  ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]cis$ ^u !
 c\rse :i* ! leg5d  took ^u ! ,cont95t1 
& ?us1 indirectly1 ^u ! developm5t (    
,european lit]ature4 ,en\gh has be5 said
 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is  "w to %[ t        
abundant means exi/$ = famili>is+       
,cont95tal  /ud5ts ) any bran* ( lett]s 
to :i* ! ,iri% s*ools might  be addict$1
 & accord+ly we n[ f9d ! ,iri% leg5d ( !

  ,o!rworld dissem9at+ itself ?r\gh !   
m$ium z well ( works  writt5 ^u ,iri%   
soil1 z ( ! writ+s ( ,iri% s*ol>s 9     
,cont95tal f\ndations1 & simil> works   
compos$ by =eign au?ors  m or less "u   
,iri% influ5ces4    ,! fir/ ( ^!        
productions is ! la/ ( ! great ,imrama1 
&  by f> ! mo/ fam\s1 ?\gh n ! be/ f a  
lit]>y po9t  ( view4#ahg ,n only did !  
leg5d ( ,/4 ,br5dan1 ( ,clonf]t1        
surnam$ ! ,voyag] 7#dhc-egd71 become "o 
( ! mo/ widely diffus$  & mo/ popul>    
tales ( ! ,middle ,ages1 b x ev5        
influ5c$1 9  "s slight degree1 ! c\rse (
 ! _w's hi/ory1 = its acc\nt  ( a l&    
beyond ! ,atlantic fir$ ! imag9ation1 & 
direct$ !  c\rse1 ( ,spani% &           
,portuguese navigators _m c5turies aft] 
its  own date4#ahh    ,at "o p]iod ( 8  
lab\rs1 ,/4 ,br5dan appe>s to h be5     
seiz$  ) t ta$ium vitae :i* is apt1 at  
times1 to weigh ) special  =ce ^u       
dilig5t work]s = righte\sness4 ,9 8 case
 x ass]t$  itself1 *>act]i/ically1 9 t  
impulse :i* ev5 n[ urges s  _m ( 8      

c\ntrym5 to foll[ 8 c\rse across !      
,atlantic1 b on  a voyage :5ce !re is no
 return1 & to ano!r _w :i* seldom  af=ds
 a vision ( ,p>adise1 at any rate4 ,9   
?is frame ( m9d he  pray$ = a l&1       
#8secret1 hidd51 secure1 delightful1    
ap>t f  m5'2 he !n fell asleep1 &1 9 a  
dream1 0 direct$ to repair  to ,sliabh  
,daid*e 7n[ ,br&on ,hill1 9 ! ,co4      
,k]ry74 ,?is he did1  & !re met an      
angel1 :o bade him build ?ree %ips1 &   
commit  himself to ! ocean4 ,! build+ & 
mann+ ( ! %ips1 & !  e>ly /ages ( !     
voyage1 :]e9 ! old model ( ! ,imrama is 
closely foll[$1 are int]e/+1 b _c be    
giv5 "h4 ,"o day  ! voyag]s l&$ ^u !    
back ( a sleep+ :ale1 tak+ x = an  isl&1
 until ! mon/]1 awak+1 bore !m (f across
 ! sea4#ahi  ,?us !y j\rney$ = five     
ye>s1 be+ su/a9$ ! :ile by food         
miracul\sly s5t to !m1 z to ! isl&      
h]mits ( ! e>li]  ,imrama4 ,at l5g? ,/4 
,br5dan espi$ ! ,devil approa*+ !m      
across ! waves4#aij ,he hail$ ! demon1 &
 que/ion$ him1 :o  repli$ t he _h come  

to seek 8 puni%m5t #89 ! deep closes (  
! black1 d>k sea4' ,?is r\s$ ! ,sa9t's  
curiosity1 b ! ,devil  told him t none  
might see ^? ?+s & live2 he 0 prevail$  
on1 h[ev]1 to guide ! ,sa9t to ! gate ( 
,hell4 ,"h ,br5dan saw  #8a r\gh1 hot   
prison1 full ( /5* & fil? & flame1' &   
#8!  camps ( poison\s demons'2 "h 7     
wail+ & #8h&smit+ ( !  s9ful folk2#aia &
 a gloomy1 m\rnful life 9 cores ( pa91 9
  prisons ( fire1 9 /reams ( ! r[s (    
et]nal fire1 9 ! cup  ( et]nal sorr[ &  
dea?' 7tr4 ,w4 ,s474 ,! l& 0 full (     
black  swamps1 surr\nd+ fi]y =ts1 & fi]y
 m\nta9s1 ov] :i* demons  7 dragg+ !    
s\ls ( ! lo/1 )\t respite4 ,!n foll[    
long  & gruesome descriptions ( !       
suff]+s endur$ 9 t place2  ^! are ( !   
usual type1 includ+ all ! horrors ( a   
wild &  desolate region1 ) inclem5t     
wea!r1 comb9+ ! extremes ( heat  & cold2
 f\l1 poison\s lakes2 fi]ce w9ds2 wild1 
r\gh brakes1 &  m\nta9s haunt$ by       
mon/]s1 etc41 etc4 ,proce$+ on _! way1  
!y  visit$ v>i\s isl&s2 r\nd "o ( !m1 v 

l(ty1 !y cruis$  = twelve days1 )\t f9d+
 a spot :]e !y might l&1 ?\gh  !y saw a 
noble *ur* 9 x1 & he>d voices prais+ !  
,"l4  ,aft] visit+ sev]al isl&s1 ! ,sa9t
 return$ to ,irel&4#aib    ,h[ev]1 ! _s 
( w&]+ 0 n yet laid1 & ,/4 ,br5dan  set 
=? ^u a second voyage4 ,9 ?is1 z on !   
fir/ voyage1 !  ,o!rworld type ( ! l&s  
:i* he visit$ is evid5t4 ,9 "o          
#8little1 insignificant isl&1' ! h>b\r 0
 #8fill$ ) devils 9  ! %ape ( dw>fs &   
pygmies1 ) _! faces z black z coal4'    
,at l5g? ,br5dan came to an isl& :]eon 0
 a pilgrim cov]$ )  :ite hair1 :o       
direct$ him to ! ,tr ,tairngire4 ,"h he 
f\nd an  old man1 :o bade him ent] into 
possession ( ! l&1 = ^?  7 #8! pla9s (  
,p>adise1 & ! delightful fields ( ! l&1 
radiant1 fam\s1 loveable1 pr(itable1'   
etc4 #8,a l& ( odor\s  fl[]s1 smoo?1    
bl&4 ,a l& ( _m melodies1 musical1 %\ts 
=  joy1 unm\rnful' 7tr4 ,w4 ,s474 ,!re 7
 #8heal? )\t sickness1  delight )\t     
qu>rell+1 union )\t wrangl+1 pr9c$om )\t
  dissolution1 re/ )\t idl5ess1 fre$om  

)\t lab\r1 lum9\s  unity ( angels1      
delights ( ,p>adise1 s]vice ( angels1   
fea/+  )\t ext9ction1' & s on1 9 !      
rhapsodical /yle ( *4 #ce  ( ! ,fis     
,adamn94 ,! old man 0 cov]$ ) :ite hair1
 l  a dove or sea-mew1#aic & _h #8almo/ 
! spee* ( an angel4' ,at  ! /roke ( a   
bell ti]ce 0 celebrat$1 :5 #8!y s+ ?anks
 to  ,god1 ) _! m9ds fix$ on ,him1' a   
repetition ( ! words ( !  ,fis ,adamn92 
inde$1 a long passage at ! conclusion ( 
! voyage  co9cides almo/ ^w = ^w ) !    
,fis1 ( :i*1 accord+ to  ,mr4 ,:itley   
,/okes1 x is a copy1 & n vice v]sa4#aid 
,! ,lat9 n>ratives ( ,/4 ,br5dan's      
voyages#aie diff] widely f  ! ,iri%     
acc\nt2 on ! :ole1 ! ,o!rworld elem5t is
 mu* less  prom95t 9 !m1 ?\gh !y conta9 
sev]al details ( ! k9d4  ,( su* are !   
isl& /&+ on f\r p$e/als1 & an isl& )  a 
tall column on x1 f :i* a veil or canopy
 l silv] hung2 a  volcanic isle ) demon 
smi?s at "w1 hamm]+ ^u _! anvils  ! s\ls
 ( ! wick$1 :o ?rew masses ( gl[+ metal 
aft]  ! %ips2 h]mits f$ ) salmon by a   

cat1 etc4 ,!re is also a  v>iant ( !    
/ory told 9 ! ,voyage ( ,maeldu9 ab\t ! 
,tora*  grav$igg]4    ,! ,p>adise (     
,birds appe>s ) a new significance4 ,!  
birds are  ^? angels :o1 ^u ! rebellion 
( ,lucif]1 p] s =o1 &  fell )\t active  
guilt on _! "p1 & 7 relegat$ to ?is     
isl&1 !re to dwell until ! g5]al        
,resurrection1 suff]+ no  pa91 &        
celebrat+ ! canonical h\rs2 a happi] lot
 ?an t  :i* ,dante be/[s ^u !m 9 canto  
iii4 ( ! ,inf]no4    ,! /ory ( ,br5dan1 
x w be se51 ?\gh some:at lat] ?an  !    
,fis ,adamn91 is b an ,imram ( ! ord9>y 
type1 ?\gh  conta9+ sev]al orig9al      
features1 & ri*] 9 incid5t ?an  mo/ (   
its pr$ecessors4 ,h[ev]1 its *ief claim 
to consid]ation  re/s ^u ! "w :i* x     
effect$ 9 secur+ = ,iri% leg5d a        
p]man5t place 9 ,european lit]ature4    
,) ! ,voyage ( ,br5dan ! ,imram type (  
romance culm9ates1 &  ceases to occupy  
its =m] important place 9 ,iri%         
lit]ature4#aif  ,h5ce=?1 ! ,o!rworld    
tradition1 :e!r 9 ,iri% or =eign  h&s1  

is cont9u$ by means ( ! ,fis1 ! =m      
prop]ly its own1  f ! "t ( ,plato       
d[nw>ds4    ,9 ?is =m x inspir$ a "w :i*
 almo/ rivall$ ! ,voyage (  ,br5dan 9 ! 
popul>ity x a*iev$1 & ! influ5ce x      
ex]cis$  ^u lat] writ]s4 ,?is 0 !       
,vision ( ,tundale1 writt5 at ,ratisbon 
by an ,iri% monk1 a ,mun/] man1 nam$    
,m>cus1 app>5tly ab\t !  ye> #aadi1 9   
:i* ! vision is dat$4 ,x 0 writt5 9     
,lat91 &  imm$iately became widely      
popul>1 be+ translat$ 9 ! c\rse (  its  
own c5tury1 & sev]al c5turies foll[+1   
into ! languages (  mo/ ,european       
c\ntries1 f ,sw$5 to ,spa9 & ,italy4#aig
    ,?is ,tundale1 s-call$--^: prop] "n 
,pr(essor ,kuno ,mey]  conjectures to be
 ,tn?gal or ,tndgal 7op4 cit41 p4       
#ia7--0 a knight  ( ,ca%el1 said by !   
au?or to h be5 #8noble ( blood1 b bloody
  ( de$s2 fair z to body1 b c>eless ab\t
 8 s\l4 ,fi]ce &  t]rible t[>ds ! ,*ur*1
 = he w\ld endure none ( ! poor folk  ( 
! ,"l 9 8 sight4' ,once1 :5 on a visit  
to a fri5d 9 ,cork1  he fell into a fit 

:ile sitt+ at table2 he 0 tak5 up =     
dead1  b 0 n buri$1 z a slight w>m? 0   
p]ceptible 9 8 left  side4 ,he rema9$ 9 
a trance f ! f\r? h\r on ,w$nesday until
  ! same "t on ,saturday1 :5 he recov]$ 
sl[ly1 p>took ( !  ,sacram5t1 & gave    
?anks to ,god1 aft] :i* he gave all 8   
goods to  ! poor1 assum$ ! cross1 &     
#8turn$ 8 back on 8 =m] life4'  ,x 0    
dur+ ?is trance t he beheld ! vision :i*
 he relat$ to  ,m>cus4    ,imm$iately   
aft] ! dep>ture ( ,tundale's s\l f 8    
body1 8  consci5ce express$ great dread 
by reason ( ! magnitude ( 8  s9s4 ,fa9  
to re-ent] 8 body1 he c\ld n1 b flitt$  
un/eadily1  swiftly1 to & fro1 weep+ &  
we>y1 9 fe> & lam5tation4 ,great  hordes
 ( demons surr\nd$ him1 :o welcom$ him1 
t]m+ 8 s\l  #8daught] ( dea? & enemy (  
,god1 sp\se ( d>kness & foe (  light1'  
etc4 ,!y tore 8 face ) _! talons1 &     
taunt$ him  ) 8 s9s4 ,at l5g? he saw a  
light1 l a />1 approa*+2 ?is  0 8       
gu>dian angel :o bade him #8welcome f   
,god4'    ,tundale1 betwe5 fe> & joy1   

repli$1 #8,a sorry case1 my "l2 !  pa9s 
( ,hell h surr\nd$ me1 & ,i am 9 ! sn>e 
( dea?4'    ,! angel answ]$1 #8,i h ev] 
be5 ) !e1 yet nev] until n[  ha/ ?\     
call$ ^u me ?us4' ,!n1 po9t+ to ! uglie/
 (  ! demons1 he add$1 #8,t is ! de$ & !
 c\nsel devis$  indep5d5tly ( me4'      
,h[ev]1 he promis$ t ,tundale %\ld      
receive  m]cy1 ?\gh he mu/ suff] some:at
 fir/4 ,he !n bade him foll[1  & reta9  
firmly 9 8 memory :atev] he %\ld see4   
,^u see+ ,tundale escape !m1 ! demons   
began to blaspheme ,god1 &  to smite "o 
ano!r1 & f9ally dep>t$1 leav+ a f\l     
smell beh9d4    ,= long ,tundale j\rney$
 on 9 d>kness1 light$ only by ! radiant 
g>m5ts ( 8 guide4 ,at l5g? !y came to a 
gl5 #8d>k5$ )  ! mi/ ( dea?1' & fill$ ) 
sp>ks ( fire4 ,an iron cov]+1  six      
cubits ?ick1 0 on x1 hott] ?an ! sp>ks  
!mselves1 & a  /5* issu$ =? t 0 a m     
griev\s torm5t ?an ,tundale _h  ev]     
kn[n4 ,a huge multitude ( wret*$ s\ls 7 
sitt+ on t  lid1 burn+1 #8till !y 7     
melt$1 l g>lic 9 a pan1 ) !  gl[ !re(4' 

,o!rs 7 /ra9$ ?r\gh ! lid1 l wax ?r\gh a
  l95 clo?1 & !n temp]$ 9 ! sp>ks bel[ =
 a repetition (  ! infliction4 ,^! 7    
p>ricides & slay]s ( _! k94    ,!re 0 a 
va/ & hide\s m\nta91 "o side ( x all    
sulphur &  /5*1 fire & d>kness1 ! o!r   
side cov]$ ) sn[1 & a  pi]c+ w9d bl[+4  
,innum]able demons1 arm$ ) burn+ =ks &  
%>p trid5ts1 w\ld hale ! s\ls ( !m t _h 
be5 false &  trea*]\s f sn[ to fire &   
back aga94 ,ano!r gl5 0 full (  d>kness 
& ftor1 & #8su* 0 its dep? t none c\ld  
disc]n !  bottom ( x1 ?\gh he c\ld he> !
 s\nd ( /reams1 & p]ceive  ! /5* (      
ordure1 & ! outcry & wail+ ( ! s\ls t  7
 9 torm5t !re1' & a mi/ uprose f x4 ,a  
plank /ret*$  across betwe5 ! m\nta9s t 
b\nd$ ! gl51 a ?\s& feet  long & a s+le 
foot 9 bread?1 & su* z none w\ld d>e to 
tread  unless driv5 !reto by =ce4       
,tundale saw _m s\ls fall+ f !  bridge1 
& a prie/ pass+ ov] x unsca!d4 ,^? :o   
fell into !  gl5 7 ! pr\d & arrogant2   
nev]!less ! angel bade ,tundale  n to   
fe> t trial1 ?\gh he mu/ be> o!r torm5ts

 !reaft]1  & he bore him safe across4   
,aga9 !y w5t on ?r\gh d>k &  tortu\s    
ways1 until1 we>y & wret*$1 ,tundale    
espi$ an #8unc\?1  intol]able mon/]1'   
great] ?an ! m\nta9s :i* !y _h  cross$2 
8 eyes 7 l hills ( flame2 8 m\?1 wide   
yawn+1  might conta9 a legion ( arm$ m54
 ,two giants /ood !re91 huge z  ! pill>s
 ( a *ur*1 rea*+ f ! l[] too? to ! upp]4
  ,flames issu$ f its m\?1 into :i*     
cr[ds ( s\ls 7 press+1  driv5 by !      
sc\rges ( ?rongs ( demons4#aih ,a s\nd (
 wail+  c\ld be he>d proce$+ f ! mon/]'s
 belly1 = _m ?\s&s  ( s\ls 7 9 !re      
already4    ,tundale1 9 dismay1 ask$ :y 
!y approa*$ s ne>2 ! angel told  him t 8
 visit 0 n complete unless he pass$     
?r\gh !  mon/]1 = none b a *os5 few     
escap$4 ,a*]on 0 ! mon/]'s  "n2 x dev\r$
 ! covet\s1 & ! giants /&+ 9 its jaws  7
 !y :o _h be5 false & )\t consci5ce4    
,aft] br++  ,tundale to ! mon/]'s m\?1 !
 angel left him alone !re1 :5  a horde (
 demons surr\nd$ him1 sc\rg$ him1 &     
drove him into  ! mon/]'s belly4 ,"h he 

f\nd himself 9 company ( _m o!r  s\ls1  
:o 7 bitt5 by h\nds1 lions & vip]s1     
sc\rg$ by demons1  suff]+ ! :ile f !    
extremes ( heat & cold1 f\l /5*es1  etc4
 ,"h ! s\l accus$ himself ( all ! s9s he
 _h ev]  committ$1 9 grief & lam5tation1
 te>+ 8 face ) 8 nails4    ,at l5g?     
,tundale f\nd himself outside ! mon/]1 &
 languidly  op5+ 8 eyes saw ! angel1 :o 
bore him to a broad1 /ormy lake1  :]e9 7
 mon/]s innum]able1 seek+ to dev\r !    
wret*$  s\ls4#aii ,a bridge spann$ !    
lake1 two ?\s& feet long by "o  palm 9  
wid?1 /udd$ ) iron nails4#bjj ,! bea/s  
s\ght to  swall[ & *ew ! s\ls t 7 on !  
bridge1 ea* bea/ be+  z great z a *>iot1
 & a fi]y mi/ issu+ f _! jaws1 till  x  
seem$ z ?\gh all ! lake 7 ablaze4       
,tundale saw a man  attempt+ to cross ) 
a burd5 on 8 back l a %eaf ( corn4 ,he  
0 told t all _h to cross t bridge :o _h 
/ol5 any?+1  great or small1 be>+ a     
burd5 proportionate to ! magnitude ( !  
!ft4 ,tundale _h once /ol5 a c[2 he _h1 
inde$1 made re/itution1  b only because 

he _h be5 =c$ to d s1 !re=e he _h to    
cross  ! bridge1 c>ry+ a wild c[ on 8   
back4 ,on rea*+ ! o!r  side1 he po9t$   
out to ! angel t 8 feet 7 all ble$+ f  !
 spikes2 ?is 0 because he _h be5 "o (   
#8^? ^: feet are  swift to %$ blood4'   
,!y w5t on _! way ?r\gh r\gh & gloomy   
places1 till !y came  to a h\se1 great z
 a m\nta91 & r\nd l an ov51 :5ce flames 
arose to ! height ( a ?\s& feet1 & s\ls 
7 burn+ !re94  ,on approa*+1 !y saw     
execution]s /&+ 9 ! flames1 arm$  )     
axes1 %>p razors1 scy!s1 sickles1 aug]s1
 hooks1 #8& all  in/rum5ts beside1 :i*  
might s]ve = w\nd+1 flay+1 behead+1  or 
cutt+4' ,tundale begg$ h>d to be let (f1
 b ! angel told him  t he mu/ endure x1 
& h&$ him ov] to ! demons1 :o #8appli$  
to him ! in/rum5ts ( torm5t we h be=e   
m5tion$ until !y  made small fragm5ts ( 
him4' #8,9 t h\se 7 mu* moan+ &  sigh+1 
%riek+ & wail+1 weep+ & gna%+ ( tee?1   
%>p  fire scor*+ ! s\ls4' ,at l5g?      
,tundale confess$ t he _h b  suff]$ 8   
des]ts1 aft] :i* he f\nd himself /&+    

alone 9 a  d>k place free f pa94    ,^u 
be+ rejo9$ by ! angel1 ,tundale ask$    
him--z well he  might--:at 0 ! mean+ ( !
 say+1 ,mis]icordia ,dom9i pl5a  e/     
t]ra4 #8,t s5t5ce1' repli$ ! angel1     
#8has puzzl$ _m  be=e y4 ,n[ ?us is my  
,k+3 ?\gh ,he is b5efic5t1 yet is ,he   
wont to d ju/ice4' ,& he proce$$ to     
exp\nd ! necessity =  con/ra9+ man to   
foll[ 8 duty4 ,none 7 entirely free f   
s91  b ev5 ! righte\s 7 br\ght to see ^?
 suff]+s1 9 ord]  t !y might see :at !y 
_h escap$1 & give ?anks2 #8s 7  s9n]s   
br\ght to see ! joys ( ,heav51 t !y     
might grieve !  m = _! loss4'#bja       
,ano!r hide\s mon/] !re 01 ) two feet & 
two w+s1 &  _m necks1 beaks1 & talons4  
,an unqu5*able fire issu$ f 8  m\?2 he  
sat ^u a lake ( ice1 & swall[$ ! wret*$ 
s\ls1  melt+ !m1 & dipp+ !m into ! icy  
lake = a r5ewal (  _! pa9s4#bjb ,! bea/ 
became pregnant ) ^! s\ls1 :o kept  bit+
 & te>+ him l a brood ( m\nta9 vip]s1   
until !  "t = deliv]y came4 ,?is        
gruesome conception is elaborat$ ) a    

numb] ( fanta/ic details4 ,?us 7 puni%$ 
monks1 canons1 nuns1  etc41 :o _h brok5 
_! v[s1 :o _h tongues %>p z ( vip]s1  & 
refra9$ n !mselves f evil speak+2 also  
!y :o _h  defil$ !mselves ) inord9ate   
lu/4 ,?is puni%m5t too _h to be  endur$ 
by ,tundale4 ,aft] x _! way l$ !m by a  
d>k & devi\s  gl51 desc5d+ f m\nta9-tops
 into deep abysses1 _! pa?  light$ only 
by ! radiance ( ! angel4 ,tundale ask$  
:i!r _!  road l$4 ,! angel repli$1      
#8,?is is ! road :i* leade? unto  dea?4'
 ,tundale express$ surprise1 = he _h    
he>d t t way 0  broad1 & t _m w5t by x2 
b ! angel expla9$ t ! text  ref]r$ to   
?is life only4    ,aft] a we>y j\rney1  
!y came to a valley :]e9 7 sev]al       
smi?ies1 & a great weep+ & wail+ 9 !m4  
,! smi?s seiz$  ,tundale ) _! tongs1 &  
ca/ him into a furnace1 gl[+ fi]y  r$2  
_m s\ls 7 9 x already1 & ! bell[s 7 pli$
 b5ea?  #8z ?\gh !y 7 iron on ! he>?1   
until !y 7 r$uc$ to  n\ght1 until !y 7  
turn$ into wat]4' ,!y 7 aga9 uplift$  ) 
! tongs1 & =g$ into "o s+le mass1 _! pa9

 exce$+  all o!r pa91 & !y call+ = dea?1
 :i* !y c\ld n  obta94 ,aft] :i* !y 7   
pass$ on to ! o!r smi?ies 9  succession4
    ,! angel expla9$ t all ! s\ls :om   
,tundale _h yet se5 7  de/9$ f9ally to  
receive m]cy2 x /ill rema9$ = !m to see 
^? t 7 9 ! ne!rmo/ ,hell4 ,sudd5ly      
,tundale 0 seiz$  ) a great trembl+1 z  
he became aw>e ( an intol]able cold  &  
/5*1 d5se d>kness1 tribulation & angui%1
 :ile he saw  ! f\ndations ( ! e>? s9k+4
 ,turn+ to "q 8 guide  he f\nd himself  
alone4 ,he he>d ! wail+ & h[l+ ( wret*$ 
s\ls1 & t]rible ?und]+s1 b c\ld p]ceive 
no face1 nor  di/+ui% any voice4 ,at    
l5g? he disc]n$ a va/ f\r-corn]$  cav]n1
 9 ! mid/ ( :i* a huge pill> t[]$ up2   
fire &  vap\r rose up aga9/ ! pill>1 & 9
 ! mid/ ( ! flame _m  ?\s&s ( demons &  
s\ls flew up l sp>ks1 & fell back4      
,tundale /rove to turn away1 b c\ld n1 =
 8 feet clave to !  floor2 :]eat1 fill$ 
) fr5zy1 he began to te> himself ) 8    
nails4 ,demons surr\nd$ him1 ?reat5+ &  
revil+1 b ! angel  rescu$ him & br\ght  

him to ! gate ( ,hell4 ,"h1 he told him1
  0 no light small nor great1 b he c\ld 
see ! inhabitants )\t  _! see+ him4     
,tundale look$1 & saw ! ,pr9ce (        
,d>kness1 black  z a rav5 f head to     
foot1 ) m ?an a ?\s& h&s on him1  ea*   
two hundr$ cubits long1 & e f+] "o      
hundr$ palms 9  l5g?1 ) iron nails l    
w>riors' spe>s1 & toes to mat*2 he  _h a
 long ?ick tail1 cov]$ ) iron spikes4   
,he lay on an iron  hurdle ov] fi]y     
gl$es1 a bell[s on ea* side ( him1 &    
cr[ds  ( demons bl[+ x4 ,e limb 0 cov]$ 
) *a9s ( iron &  bronze4 ,z he lay !re  
roa/+1 toss+ f side to side1 fill$  )   
rage & fury1 he grasp$ ! s\ls 9 8 r\gh1 
?ick h&s1  bruis+ & cru%+ !m1 z a man   
w\ld cru% grapes to squeeze out  ! w9e4 
,) 8 fi]y1 /9k+ brea? he scatt]$ ! s\ls 
ab\t  ,hell1 & z he drew 9 8 brea? aga9 
he swall[$ !m d[n )  x1 & ^? :om 8 h&s  
c\ld n rea* he la%$ ) 8 tail4  ,?is1 !  
angel expla9$1 0 ,lucif]1 :om ,god _h   
creat$ fir/ (  all creatures1 & ( ! re/ 
"s 7 angels ( d>kness1 & "s  ( ! race ( 

,adam2 ev] s9ce _! damnation !y s\ght to
 lead  o!rs to d5y ,*ri/1 & ! great] !  
p[] ( ea*1 ! great]  0 8 puni%m5t4      
,"h ,tundale saw numb]s ( 8 fri5ds & k91
 :om he _h ev]  rejoic$ to see 9 ?is _w1
 b n[ beheld ) pa94    ,on leav+ ,hell1 
!y ent]$ into a great light1 & came to a
 wall  :]eon 7 multitudes ( m5 & wom54  
,ra9 & w9d 7 beat+  on !m1 b abundant   
light fell on !m1 & no f\lness 0 !re4   
,^! _h l$ a #8v>iegat$' life1 9 :i* good
 & evil 7 equally  comm+l$1 !re=e !y 7  
expos$ to w9d & ra91 hung] &  ?ir/1     
until ! end1 :5 !y %\ld ent] into       
ev]la/+ life4    ,!y next came to a =e/1
 & pass+ ?r\gh an op5 door !re9  f\nd   
!mselves 9 a goodly pla91 cov]$ ) fl[]s 
& fragrant  h]bs1 & ! ,well ( ,life 9 ! 
mid/ ( x2 "h dwelt ! good :o  7 n yet   
p]mitt$ to jo9 ! heav5ly ho/4 ,tundale  
recognis$  _m :om he _h kn[n1 includ+   
two ,iri% k+s1 ,donn*ad &  ,concob>1    
betwe5 :om a feud _h subsi/$1 b !y _h   
rep5t$  & become reconcil$4 ,he also saw
 a h\se ( /one1 )\t door or  w9d[1 yet  

all might ent] 9 :o w\ld1 & x seem$ z   
?\gh  ! sun 7 9 e "p ( x4 ,x _h no      
f\ndations1 b 0 all  set ab\t ) preci\s 
/ones4 ,9 x 0 a gold5 ?rone1 set )      
jewels1 & cov]$ ) f9e silk1 :]eon a k+  
sat1 calm & mild1  :ile great numb]s    
approa*$ him1 9 gladness & rejoic+1 be>+
  jewels & great treasures4 ,tundale    
drew ne> to see1 = 9 ! k+  he recognis$ 
,cormac1 ^: subject he _h be54 ,great   
numb]s (  prie/s & deacons 7 ab\t him 9 
ri* ve/m5ts1 z ?\gh =  ! mass4 ,! h\se 0
 hung ) *oice drap]y1 & tables 7 set    
out1 cov]$ ) vessels ( gold & silv] &   
ivory1 z ?\gh =  a royal banquet1 s t !y
 :o saw t h\se w\ld ?9k t ev5  ?\gh !re 
_h be5 no glory nor weal? beside1 ?is   
w\ld suffice  = delight4 ,all pres5t    
fell on _! knees & repeat$1 ,labores    
manuum tu>um m&ucabis2 beatus es1 et b5e
 tibi erit4 ,tundale  wond]$ to see t   
none ( ^? :o 7 s]v+ ,cormac 7 !  k+'s   
own p1 b ! angel said t he 0 s]v$ by !  
poor & pilgrims ( ! ,"l :om he _h       
reliev$1 s t ,god _h  deliv]$ unto him !

 ev]la/+ k+dom by _! h&s4#bjc    ,ev5 z 
!y wat*$1 ! h\se 0 sudd5ly d>k5$1 & all 
)9  x 7 ?r[n to ! gr\nd1 &1 lift+ up _! 
h&s1 said1  ,dom9e1 ,deus omnipot5s1    
sicut vis1 et sicut scis1 mis]]e s]vi   
tui6 ,!n ,cormac left ! h\se1 &         
,tundale1 foll[+1 saw him ent]  into a  
fire up to ! wai/1 & a hair-%irt on him 
f ! wai/  upw>d4 ,?us he sp5t ?ree h\rs 
( e day2 ! fire be+ !  expiation ( a    
brea* ( 8 m>riage v[1 & ! hair-%irt1 ( !
  murd] ( a noble t 0 "u ! protection ( 
,patrick1 & ( a  false v[1 all o!r s9s  
be+ freely remitt$4    ,proce$+ on 8    
way1 ,tundale saw wom51 & m51 & eld]s1 9
  silk5 robes1 & ! c\nt5ance ( ea* "o 0 
l ! sun at  midday4 ,_! hair 0 l gold1  
!y wore gold5 cr[ns cov]$ )  preci\s    
/ones1 & !y sang ,alleluia1 giv+ praise1
 s t #8if  "o he>d !m b once1 he w\ld h 
no memory ( ! grief & c>e  he _h kn[n   
be=e4' ,^! 7 ! sa9ts #8:o _h mac]at$ _! 
bodies = ,god's sake1 & wa%$ _! robes 9 
! blood ( !  spotless ,lamb1 & turn$ _! 
backs to ! _w1 & crucifi$ _!  w 9 !     

s]vice ( ,god :ile 9 ! body4'    ,he    
also beheld _m ca/les1 & pavilions (    
purple & byssus1 gold  & silv]1 silk &  
o!r preci\s cov]+s1 & 9 !m organs &     
timpans & h>ps1 & e k9d ( music1 7      
play+4 ,!re9 7  p ( devotion1 :o _h     
submitt$ _! own w to ,god1 & _h  tak5 ^u
 !m humility & l[l9ess1 )\t pride or    
va+lory1 &  7 submissive to _! sup]iors1
 & f\nd sav\r 9 spirituality1  & _h     
bridl$ _! tongues1 n only f evil-speak+1
 b ev5  f good words4    ,a little fur!r
 on !y saw a wall1 high & ?ick1 all (   
silv]1  & no door 9 x4 ,*oirs ( sa9ts 7 
!re1 clad 9 :ite raim5t1  full (        
gladness & rejoic+1 p]petually prais+ ! 
,tr9ity4  ,! radiance ( _! app>el 0 l ! 
sn[ ( a s+le night  b5ea? ! sun's       
brightness4 ,^! _h be5 fai?ful 9 w$lock1
 _h  ma9ta9$ _! p aft] ! w ( ,god1 & _h 
di/ribut$  _! goods among ! poor & !    
,*ur*2 to !m w ,*ri/ say1  ,v5ite       
b5$icti ,patris mei1 possidete regnum   
quod vobis p>tum e/  ab orig9e mundi4   
,ano!r wall 0 ( gold1 & )9 x gold5      

seats innum]able1 all set ) preci\s     
/ones--pe>ls & sapphires1  s>dius &     
topaz1 etc4 ,!n !y saw t1 ! l ( :i* eye 
_h n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r _h ! he>t (
 man conceiv$3  namely1 ! glory :i* ,god
 _h prep>$ = !m t lov$ ,him4 ,!  n9e    
ord]s ( angels1 & ! sa9ts m+l$ ) !m1    
he>k5$  to words exce$+ sweet :i* none  
might record4 ,9 ! pres5ce (  t vision1 
,tundale c\ld n only see ! glory t 0    
be=e him1  b also all ! pa9 t he _h left
 beh9d1 = #8to :omsoev]  ,god give? p[] 
to behold ,himself1 to him is p[] to see
 all o!r  creatures likewise4' #8,f t "t
 =? ,tundale ask$ no?+ ( !  ,angel1 = to
 himself 0 giv5 f ,god k ( :at he desir$
  to "k4'    ,he saw ,/4 ,patrick &     
sev]al bi%ops1 f\r ( :om he _h kn[n3    
viz4  ,cele/9e1 ,mala*i 7! celebrat$    
primate ( ,irel&1 & fri5d (  ,/4        
,b]n>d71 ,nemias 7,gilla na ,naemh ,ua  
,muir*]ta*1 bi%op ( ,cloyne  & ,ross71 &
 ,*ri/ian4 ,he also saw a great tree    
lad5 ) blossom1  & ) fruit ( e k9d4 ,va/
 flocks ( birds ( _m hues  7 on !       

tree-tops1 s++ e k9d ( music1 & no sc5t 
(  fragrant h]b is kn[n t 0 n ab\t t    
tree4 ,all r\nd ! tree  multitudes ( m5 
& wom5 sat 9 *airs ( gold & silv] &     
ivory1  ) gold5 cr[ns on _! heads1 &    
gold5 w&s 9 _! h&s1  s++1 & prais+ !    
,k+4 ,?is tree 0 ! prop & /ay ( !       
,*ur*1 & ! p ab\t x 7 !y :o _h unit$ to 
support &  def5d ! ,*ur*1 turn+ _! backs
 ^u worldly ?+s1 & lead+  a dev\t life4 
,! vision ov]1 ,tundale begg$ to be     
all[$ to /ay1 b ! ,angel  told him t he 
mu/ return to ! body4 ,he fur!r bade him
 rememb]  :at he _h se51 t he might     
deliv] x to ! p ( ! _w4  ,he engag$     
,tundale to es*ew evil 9 future1 &      
promis$ to protect  & c\nsel him4    ,= 
sev]al reasons1 x seem$ advisable to    
relate ,tundale's vision  ) "s fulness (
 detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x c h>dly be  
t a "w :i* s soon acquir$1 & long       
ma9ta9$1 an imm5se  popul>ity ?r\gh\t   
all ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom1 fail$ to ex]cise  
great influ5ce 9 ! way ( fix+1 if n (   
det]m9+1 ! views  g5]ally held conc]n+ !

 ,o!rworld4 ,fur!r1 z ! "w ( an  ,iri%  
au?or1 writt5 9 ! c5tre ( ,europe1 &    
almo/ imm$iately  adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/2
 embody+1 moreov]1 :ile cont9u+  &      
enl>g+1 ! ideas curr5tly held by memb]s 
( ! ,*ri/ian  ,*ur* respect+ ! future   
life1 &1 at ! same "t1 conta9+  _m      
elem5ts ( di/9ctly ,iri%1 & ev5 pagan1  
orig91 x reveals  beyond dispute !      
exi/5ce1 ! mann]1 &1 p>tly1 ! ext5t (  !
 contribution :i* ! leg5d made to !     
developm5t ( mod]n  lit]ature1 aft]     
quitt+ ! soil ^u :i* x _h matur$4    ,! 
,vision ( ,tundale has _m po9ts 9 common
 ) ! ,fis  ,adamn91 e4g4 ! pref]5ce     
accord$ to ! m>tyrs & ascetics1  !      
special provision made = ! *>itable     
s9n]s1 ! n9e  ord]s ( ,heav51 ! episodes
 ( ! bridges & ! ,tree ( ,life1  etc4 ,l
 ,adamnn1 ,tundale express$ a desire to 
rema9 9 ,p>adise1  b 0 bidd5 return1 &  
relate :at he _h se54 ,f a lit]>y  po9t 
( view1 ! "w is decid$ly inf]ior to !   
,fis2 x is  retrograde1 too1 9 ! abs5ce 
( a def9ite s*eme ( ! ,o!rworld2        

hi/orically1 h[ev]1 x m>ks a =w>d /ep 9 
! developm5t (  ! purgatorial idea1 (   
:i*1 p]haps1 x af=ds ! mo/ complete     
example :i* religi\s fiction conta9s1   
prior to its f9al p]fection  by ,dante4 
,x also prep>es ! way = ! gr\p ( leg5ds 
associat$  ) ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory1 
= x introduces ! idea ( ! ,se]  himself 
suff]+ ! purgatorial pa9s1 ) a view to 8
 own  r$emption2 ,tundale's vision1     
h[ev]1 conta9s no sugge/ion ( a  local  
purgatory 9 ?is _w4 ,9 bo? ^! respects1 
he is foll[$  by ,dante1 to "s ext5t1   
?\gh ! comp>atively slight annoyances   
endur$ by ! latt] dur+ 8 asc5t ( !      
purgatorial m\nt--)  ! exception ( !    
fi]y wall1 = :i* !re 0 a special        
reason--7 r1 s to speak1 incid5ts (     
travel1 necessitat$ by  ! nature ( !    
c\ntry ?r\gh :i* he _h to pass1 ?an     
suff]+s  inflict$ on him = 8 purgation4 
,9 "o respect1 ,m>cus m]its to be  rais$
 to a bad em95ce among 8 k9d3 we h m>k$ 
already1 9 !  developm5t ( ! ,iri% idea 
( ! ,o!rworld1 a gr[+ t5d5cy to         

accumulate horrors1 & to elaborate &    
multiply pa9ful details2 b  p]haps1 9   
all ! repulsive lit]ature ( ! ,*ri/ian  
,inf]no1#bjd  !re is no in/ance equal to
 ! pres5t ( ! l5g? to :i* !  m$ival     
imag9ation c\ld g 9 its conception ( !  
grotesque &  horrible1 ! cruel & obsc5e4
 ,x displays no?+ ( ! high]  qualities  
:i* ! au?or ( ! ,fis ,adamn9 possess$3 8
 dev\t  raptures1 8 s5se ( beauty1 8    
/rong moral feel+1 & 8 pity  = !        
reprobate4 ,at ! same "t1 x %[s h[ f>   
,dante 0 f  des]v+ ! reproa*1 s (t5     
made1 ( ! wanton accumulation (         
horrors2 h[ mu* ( ! k9d1 9 :i* 8        
pr$ecessors revell$1 he  reject$1 reta9+
 only s mu*--& t1 9 all consci5ce1 0 no 
little--z 0 necess>y to enable him to   
repres5t ! grim !ory (  8 day1 9 all !  
complet5ess & vividness ) :i* x pres5t$ 
itself to 8 imag9ation4    ,x is        
difficult to avoid mak+ "s comp>ison ( !
 pres5t "w  ) ! ,comm$ia1 = ( all !     
writ+s ( its class x is1  p]haps1 t :i* 
we h mo/ reason to assume mu/ h be5 kn[n

  to ,dante1 = n only does x seem       
improbable t s widely kn[n a  "w on 8   
own subject %\ld h escap$ 8 notice1 b   
!re are  analogies betwe5 ! two1 deep]  
?an m]e simil>ities 9 detail4  ,tundale1
 = in/ance1 frequ5tly appli$ to 8       
angelic guide = !  int]pretation (      
passages ( ,scripture :i* pres5t$       
!mselves to  8 recollection1 ev5 z      
,dante _h frequ5t rec\rse to ,virgil1 & 
aft]w>ds to ,beatrice & ,matilda1 = ! l 
purpose4 ,s1 too1  ! s5t5ces (          
,scripture :i* ,tundale he>d repeat$ 9 !
 region  ( probation may be comp>$ to ! 
simil> s5t5ces :i* ,dante  he>d float+  
along ! air 9 ,purgatory4 ,tundale1     
moreov]1 met &  conv]s$ 9 ! _w ( %ades n
 only ) p]sons ( 8 own  acqua9tance &   
k91 z ,!spesios & o!rs _h done be=e him1
  b ) a v>iety ( hi/orical p]sonages (  
pa/ & pres5t times1  includ+            
semi-my?ical ,iri% h]oes l ,f]gus ,mac  
,rig & ,conall  ,c]na*1 & sacr$         
p]sonages l ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,patrick4 ,l
  ,dante1 too1 he introduc$ incid5ts (  

contempor>y hi/ory 9 :i*  he felt an    
int]e/1 su* z ! /rife betwe5 ! pr9ces   
,donn*ad  & ,concob>1 & pass$ 8 own     
judgm5t ^u ! actors4 ,! rew>d  be/[$ ^u 
,k+ ,cormac1 9 ! %ape ( a little k+dom (
 8  own1 is a curi\s in/ance ( ! same   
k9d2 x 0 probably due to  an excessively
 lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,scripture    
promises4 ,x  recalls ! ari/ocratic type
 ( ! m primitive ,elysium4 ,! vision    
exhibits ! usual agreem5t ) ,dante 9 !  
provision ( a special  treatm5t = !     
#8v>iegat$1' or half-&-half s9n]s1 & !  
usual contra/ to him 9 ! nature ( t     
treatm5t4 ,m>cus foll[s  prec$5ts :i* _h
 become inconsi/5t ) ! design ( 8 "w1   
:i* expresses ! m complete !ory (       
,purgatory z a sep>ate  /ate4 ,dante1   
app>5tly1 0 guid$ 9 8 mode ( deal+ ) ?is
  class ( p]sons by 8 own s5se ( moral &
 arti/ic fitness4  ,m>cus1 9 giv+ ! "n (
 ,a*]on to ! flam+ m\? ( !  bea/1       
betrays a slight t5d5cy t[>ds t         
importation ( classical  ideas into     
,*ri/ian es*atology :i* ,dante aft]w>ds 

develop$ to  su* an ext5t4    ,com+ to  
simil>ities exi/+ betwe5 s+le incid5ts1 
!re is1 (  c\rse1 a g5]al resemblance   
betwe5 ! p5alties1 etc41 enum]at$  by   
bo? au?ors1 z 9 ! lakes ( fire & ordure1
 ! flames &  ice1 ! pi]c+ w9ds1 ! sc\rg+
 by demons1 etc4 etc42 !re is  also a m 
special lik5ess 9 ! nature ( !          
conception1 if n  9 ! details1 betwe5 ! 
grotesque trans=mations und]gone by !   
s\ls swall[$ by ,tundale's mon/]1 & !   
t]rible metamorphoses  br\ght ab\t by ! 
s]p5ts 9 cantos xxiii4 & xxiv4 ( !      
,inf]no4 ,aga91 ! demon on ! ice1 9     
,tundale's ,vision1 dev\r+  ! s\ls1     
resembles ,dante's ,lucif] *ew+ !       
ar*-traitors 9  ! icy c5tre ( ,hell4    
,tundale's demon1 inde$1 is n ,lucif]1  
:o  is describ$ lat] on z be+ roa/$ on a
 gridiron4 ,we may note 9  ?is place t !
 ,iri%man & ! ,italian h ex*ang$ ! ideas
  commonly accept$ by _! respective     
c\ntrym5 on ! subject3 ,dante  mak+ !   
suff]+s ( ! inmo/ core ( ,hell to consi/
 9 cold1  ,m>cus 9 heat4 ,!re are v>i\s 

t\*es besides 9 :i* ! "o  au?or rem9ds u
 ( ! o!r4 ,tundale's rescue by ! angel f
  ! demons1#bje & ! /rife betwe5 ^! 9 ! 
fury ( _!  disappo9tm5t1 pres5t a       
curi\sly close p>allel to ! simil>      
incid5ts 9 ,inf]no xxii4 ,tundale & 8   
guide1 aft] _! rude  j\rney1 look+ d[n  
into ! gulf ( fire & ordure1 recall     
,dante  & ,virgil paus+ 9 l mann] ^u !  
/eep & rugg$ causeways  ( ! ,inf]no1 to 
gaze into ! abysses ( ! l[] circles4 ,z 
,tundale 0 ab&on$ by 8 guide be=e ent]+ 
into ,hell1 s  0 ,dante left to himself 
by ,virgil ^u rea*+ ! ,t]re/rial        
,p>adise4#bjf ,to ,tundale1 :5 9 ,heav51
 x 0 %[n t he c\ld  look back1 & view ! 
regions ?r\gh :i* he _h pass$2 s ,dante1
  9 ,p>adise1 0 bidd5 to look d[nw>d    
t[>d ?is _w & its  ways4#bjg ,o!r       
resemblances exi/1 b ^! are ! mo/ /rik+4
    ,( c\rse x is n to be suppos$ t !   
cont9uation &  developm5t ( ! ,vision   
leg5d at ?is p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages 0  
conf9$ to ! ,iri% s*ool4 ,x 0 /ill1 & _h
 be5 s9ce !  e>lie/ days ( ! ,*ur*1 a   

fav\rite topic ) mona/ic homili/s  &    
biograph]s ( ! sa9ts4#bjh ,h[ev]1 x has 
n be5 my object  to compile a hi/ory1 or
 a summ>y1 ( ?is bran* ( lit]ature1 b   
to select ^? examples ( x :i* h ei!r    
c>ri$ ! subject  to a fur!r /age (      
developm5t1 or1 by reason ( _!          
popul>ity1  or ( _! accessibility to    
lat] writ]s1 may h s]v$ z l9ks  9 ! *a9 
( transmission4 ,few1 inde$1 out ( !    
:ole mass  possess any int]e/ ei!r f    
orig9ality ( inv5tion1 or v>iety  (     
treatm5t1 /ill less f any lit]>y m]it1 &
 x is m ?an  probable t ! va/ majority (
 !m nev] pass$ beyond ! limits  ( !     
community to :i* _! au?or belong$1 until
 !y 7  br\ght to light by ! rese>*es (  
mod]n antiqu>ies4    ,nev]!less1 ( !    
,cont95tal visions :i* belong to ?is    
epo*1  !re is "o :i* dem&s fur!r notice1
 z well by reason ( !  exceptionally    
elaborate mann] 9 :i* x treats !        
subject1 z (  ! recognition accord$ to x
 by lat] writ]s4 ,?is is ! ,vision  (   
,paul1 or ! ,desc5t ( ,paul into ,hell1 

a ,lat9 "w kn[n 9  ! ,s\? ( ,france be=e
 ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 &          
translat$ into ,anglo-,norman by ,adam  
de ,ros1 & soon aft]w>ds into  sev]al   
mod]n languages4 ,we h se5 t ! e>ly     
,*ur* produc$  a "w kn[n z ! ,apocalypse
 ( ,/4 ,paul1 b ?is1 app>5tly1 0  n kn[n
 to ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 at any rate at
 fir/ h&1 ?\gh  ! t]ms 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul's
 ,vision is m5tion$ at ! op5+ (  ! ,fis 
,adamn9 sugge/ t at lea/ ! tradition    
surviv$1 &  sev]al passages 9 m$ival    
visions be> a /rong resemblance to !    
e>li] "w4 ,x is probably to !           
elev5?-c5tury vision t ,dante  ref]s 9  
,inf]no ii4 #bh sqq42#bji evid5tly he   
does n ref] to  ! ,apo/le's own words   
exclusively1 = ,/4 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/les   
makes  no m5tion ( a visit to ,hell1    
?\gh x is also possible t ,dante  _h no 
o!r au?ority = ?is ?an ! float+         
tradition4    ,9 ?is ,vision ,/4 ,paul 0
 conduct$ by ,mi*ael to ,hell1 on !     
?re%old :]e( /ood a fi]y tree1 f !      
bran*es ( :i* 7  susp5d$ by ! tongue1   

leg1 neck1 or o!r peccant memb]1 ^? :o  
_h be5 guilty ( rapacity1 or _h giv5    
false judgm5t por confundre  la g5te4   
,ne> ?is 0 a fi]y furnace1 :]e( li feus 
e/ plus  neirs que mors1 & 9 x 7 plung$ 
!y :o _h lov$ n ,god4  ,!y !n came to a 
great & turbid riv] 9 :i* devils1 9 =m (
  lions1 swam ab\t l fi%es4 ,! riv] 0   
spann$ by a bridge1 !  wid? ( a s+le    
hair1#baj :i* _h to be cross$ 9 ord] to 
rea*  ,god's pres5ce4 ,! wick$ fell (f  
into ! m\? ( ,beelzebub1 :i*  /ood wide 
op51 vomit+ flame1 ready to receive !m4 
,^u issu+  !nce1 all black & *>r$1 !y 7 
plung$ into ! riv]1 :]e  !y /ood imm]s$ 
to diff]5t dep?s--to ! knees1 navel1    
eyes1  eyebr[s1 cr[n1 etc4--9 proportion
 to ! degree ( _! guilt4#baa  ,^! 7     
hypocrites1 adult]]s1 envi\s p]sons :o  
_h exult$ 9  ! sight ( o!rs' sorr[--por 
ceo sunt ore dol]eux1 etc4 ,^?  :o _h   
made w> ^u ! ,*ur* 7 subm]g$ entirely4  
,fai?less  virg9s :o _h violat$ _! v[ ( 
*a/ity1 & _h de/roy$  _! *ildr51 7 clad 
9 black g>m5ts sme>$ ) pit* &  sulphur1 

& aflame1 :ile !y endur$ ! embraces (   
s]p5ts &  dragons4#bab ,corrupt judges1 
:o _h abus$ ! wid[ & orphan1  burnt l   
bru%wood amid walls ( ice4 ,prie/s :o _h
 kn[n ! law  ( ,god1 b fail$ to keep x1 
wore heavy coll>s ab\t _! necks4    ,/4 
,paul1 l ,tundale1 exclaim$1 & ask$ :y  
man %\ld be born  = su* mis]y2 b ,mi*ael
 repli$ t b5ea? ^? dep?s a /ill  great] 
dep? rema9$4 ,?is 0 a well1 cov]$1 &    
seal$ ) sev5  seals1 :5ce proce$$ su* a 
/5* t ,/4 ,paul />t$ back4  ,"h 7       
imprison$ su* z _h d5i$ ! articles ( !  
,*ri/ian  fai?4#bac ,^! call$ ^u ,/4    
,paul1 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 & ! #8twelve  pe]s1'
 to pray = !m1 & t s l\dly t _! cry     
rea*$ to  ,heav52 b ,god ,himself repli$
 t no p>don 0 possible = ^?  t _h       
rebell$ aga9/ ,him2 h[beit1 ,he 0       
prevail$ ^u by !  pray]s ( ! ,sa9ts to  
grant !m ! usual ,sunday respite1 :i* 0 
made to la/ f none on ,saturday to prime
 on ,monday4    ,! au?or%ip ( ?is       
,vision is unkn[n1 s t !re is no say+   
:e!r or n x 0 compos$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! 

,iri%  ,visions4 ,! date & o!r          
circum/ances w\ld admit ( ?is1 &  x has 
mu* 9 common ) !m2 notably1 ! mann] 9   
:i* !  famili> bridge episode is treat$ 
is v simil> to t ( ! ,fis  ,adamn92     
nev]!less1 ! great] "p ( x might q z    
well  h be5 d]iv$ f o!r s\rces1 & x be>s
 at lea/ z /rong  a resemblance to !    
,apocalypses ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul2 l 
!m1  b to a great] ext5t1 x aims at !   
recomp5se ( specific crimes  by !       
appropriate puni%m5ts4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a 
consid]able gr\p  ( ,visions1 ! au?ors (
 :i*1 ?\gh =eign]s1 h confess$ly  drawn 
f ,iri% s\rces4 ,?is s]ies dates back at
 lea/ z f> z  ! "t ( ,b$e1 to :om1      
likewise1 we are indebt$ = ! e>lie/     
acc\nt ( ! visions ( ,/4 ,fursa1 & =    
sev]al p>ticul>s (  ! life ( ,adamnn4 ,=
 ,b$e has record$ a vision se5 by       
,drih!lm1  a ,nor?umbrian monk1 :o      
relat$ x to "o ,haemgils1 !n a h]mit 9  
,irel&1 f :om ,b$e receiv$ x4#bad ,! s\l
 ( ,drih!lm1 on  p>t+ f ! body1 0 tak5 9
 *>ge by an angel1 :o br\ght  him to a  

great valley 9 ! nor?-ea/1 :i* 0        
,purgatory4 ,"o side  ( ! valley 0 cov]$
 ) flames1 ! o!r ) ice1 ) !  usual      
accompanim5ts ( hail & sn[/orms1 fil?1  
evil spirits1 etc4  ,!y aft]w>ds came to
 a great pit & a fi]y pla91 :]e !y saw  
globes ( fire ris+ & s9k+1 & 9 !m ! s\ls
 ( m5 7  imprison$4#bae ,"h ,drih!lm 0  
assail$ by demons arm$ ) fi]y  =ks1 b ! 
angel rescu$ him4 ,!y f9ally rea*$ a    
wall 9 !  s\?-ea/1#baf :]e9 0 no op5+4  
,!y 7 convey$ to ! top  ( x1 :5ce !y    
c\ld see a wide1 fl[]y pla91 & ! light  
on  x 0 bright] ?an ! sun at noon4 ,p 9 
%9+ raim5t 7  walk+ !re2 ^! 7 ! boni s$ 
non valde1 :o 7 to dwell  !re until     
,judgm5t4 ,beyond ?is c\ld be descri$ a 
yet bright]  region1 :5ce fragrant od\rs
 & ! s++ ( ! sa9tly *oirs  7 borne to   
!m4 ,?is n>rative1 commonplace z x is1  
proves !  e>ly date ( sev]al features ( 
"s ( ! pr9cipal visions1 :i*  7 compos$ 
at a mu* lat] p]iod4    ,by f> ! mo/    
fam\s ( ! pres5t gr\p ( visions are ^?  
associat$ ) ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory1  

:i* atta9$ to a popul>ity  :i* almo/    
surpass$ t ( ! ,vision ( ,tundale or !  
,voyage (  ,/4 ,br5dan4    ,x w\ld seem 
t ! e>lie/ kn[n v]sion ( ?is leg5d is ! 
vision se5 9 #aaec by ! knight ,ow51 &  
writt5 soon aft] !  middle ( ! twelf?   
c5tury by ,h5ry ( ,saltrey1 a monk 9 !  
,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,hunt+don1 :o       
receiv$ ! /ory f  ,gilb]t1 ,abbot (     
,l\?4 ,ow5 0 an ,iri%man 9 ! s]vice (   
,k+  ,/eph51 f :om he receiv$ knigh?ood4
 ,l ,tundale1 he 0 a brave  soldi]1 b 9 
! c\rse ( an ungov]n$ life _h be5 guilty
 (  rap9e1 lu/1 sacrilege1 & o!r crimes4
 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t he  rep5t$1 & return$  
to ,irel&1 :]e he he>d ( an old         
tradition1  to ! effect t once ,/4      
,patrick1 :5 8 prea*+ _h fail$ to  move 
a pagan audi5ce1 wr\ght _! conv]sion by 
caus+ a *asm to  op51 ?r\gh :i* ! next  
_w became visible to !m4 ,tradition     
gave out an isl& 9 ,lo* ,d]g1 9 ! ,c\nty
 ,donegal1 z ! sc5e  ( ?is miracle1 &   
!re a religi\s h\se 0 e/abli%$4 ,ow5    
pres5t$ himself to ! ,abbot1 & prevail$ 

on him to all[ him to  ent] ! cav]n1 :i*
 he did aft] be+ duly prep>$ by fa/+  & 
pray]4 ,he 0 conduct$ by a p>ty ( monks 
along a d>k passage1  & !n ?r\gh a      
brightly light$ cloi/]4 ,aft] ?is he 0  
left to himself1 :5 he 0 assail$ by a   
p>ty ( demons1 f  :om he escap$ by      
pron\nc+ ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,l ,fursa1 he  0 
expos$ to repeat$ attempts ( ! k9d1 b   
always extricat$  himself )\t ne$ (     
angelic succ\r4 ,he trav]s$ v>i\s pla9s 
set ap>t = ! purgation ( diff]5t (f5ces4
 ,among o!r  torm5ts1 mo/ly ( !         
conv5tional k9d1 :i* seem to presuppose 
an  acqua9tance ) ! visions already     
relat$1 he beheld s9n]s (  v>i\s k9ds   
susp5d$ f trees by ! memb]s t _h (f5d$4 
,o!rs 7 plung$ 9 molt5 metal to a dep?  
correspond+ to !  gravity ( _!          
(f5ces1#bag :ile demons tore !m ) hooks 
:5ev] !y attempt$ to raise !mselves     
!refrom4#bah ,o!rs  7 congeal$ 9        
ice1#bai buri$ 9 fi]y tr5*es1#bbj       
buffet$  by viol5t w9ds1#bba gnaw$ by   
s]p5ts1#bbb etc4 ,al?\gh !  ,purgatory (

 ,ow5 resembles ! ,inf]no ( ,dante 9 s  
_m respects1  x diff]s f x1 &1 inde$1 f 
mo/ ( its pr$ecessors1 9 n  di/+ui%+    
betwe5 ! v>i\s crimes t are *a/is$ !re4 
,"o in/ance ( an idea common to ! au?or 
& to ,dante is v  sugge/ive3 ,ow5 pass$ 
sev]al figures ly+ on ! gr\nd crucifi$1 
l ,dante's ,caiaphas4#bbc ,l ,dante &   
,tundale1 ,ow5 recognis$  sev]al ( 8    
fri5ds4    ,he came to ! m\? ( ,hell1   
:i* "h1 aga91 assumes ! =m (  a demon's 
wide-op5$ m\?1 into :i*1 ea* "t he draws
 9 8  brea?1 sw>ms ( s\ls are drawn 9 ) 
x1 to be aga9 puff$ out z  he           
respires--an image already occurr+ 9 !  
,vision ( ,esdras be=e  ref]r$ to4 ,!re1
 too1 0 ! usual bridge1 spann+ a f\l    
flood1  :]e9 condemn$ spirits wall[$4   
,at ! f> end ( x 0 a cry/al  wall1 & 9 x
 a gate ( gold & jewels1 :i* l$ to !    
,t]re/rial  ,p>adise1 ! halt+-place ( ! 
spirits t 7 cleans$ ( s91  & await+ _!  
f9al p]fection2 :ile1 to r5d] ?is       
anticipation  ( ,dante yet m /rik+1 a   
multitude ( ^! pass$ be=e ,ow51  *ant+  

psalms4 ,two ar*bi%ops met him1 &       
conduct$ him to !  top ( a m\nta91 :5ce 
he obta9$ a ,pisgah view ( ! gate (     
,p>adise1 #8l gold ref9+ 9 a gl[+       
furnace4' ,!n1 ) a fla%  ( fire f       
,heav51 ! vision end$4    ,no?+ c]ta9 is
 kn[n conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ?is leg5d1 ?\gh 
x evid5tly exi/$ long be=e ,h5ry (      
,saltrey's day4 ,z we h  se51 x 0       
acc\nt$ = by a leg5d connect+ x ) !     
,apo/le  ( ,irel&2 x is ref]r$ to by    
,joscel91 also a twelf?-c5tury  writ]1 9
 8 ,life ( ,/4 ,patrick1 b !re is no    
m5tion ( x  9 any ( ! e>li] writ+s      
conc]n+ t ,sa9t4 ,inde$1 "s  *ronicl]s  
ref] x to "o ,patrick1 a h]mit ( !      
neighb\rhood1  & ?is orig9 is giv5 9 !  
popul> /ory ( ,=tunatus2 & x  is        
unlikely t popul> tradition w\ld h _h   
rec\rse to "s  obscure & ev5 hypo!tical 
,sa9t1 if ! connection ) ! ,apo/le  _h  
be5 g5]ally recognis$4 ,probably1 ! isl&
 may h be5  ! sc5e ( "s local pagan     
cult1 tak5 ov]1 ) ! necess>y            
modifications1 by ! ,*ri/ian community  

e/abli%$ !re1 9  some?+ ! same mann] z  
,/4 ,brigid's fire at ,kild>e4 ,f !     
resemblance :i* ! practices !re obs]v$  
bore to ^? connect$  ) ! ,cave (        
,trophonius & ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 x  
seems  n unlikely t if ! orig9 ( ! rites
 c\ld be trac$1 "s  analogies might be  
e/abli%$ betwe5 ! anci5t wor%ip (       
,irel&1  & "s ( ! m obscure ,greek      
cults4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !  leg5d ( ,/4
 ,patrick's ,purgatory soon a*iev$ an   
almo/ unexampl$  popul>ity1 & 0 spe$ily 
adopt$ into ! popul> fictions (  mo/    
,european c\ntries4 ,m>ie de ,france1 9 
! e>ly "p ( !  ?irte5? c5tury1 made x ! 
subject ( a long poem1 & 0 closely      
foll[$ by sev]al ,anglo-,norman writ]s1 
:ile x is record$ 9 !  le>n$ collections
 ( ,jean de ,vitry1 ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1
 & ,caes>  ( ,hei/]ba*1 & by sev]al ( ! 
lead+ *ronicl]s1 su* z  ,giraldus       
,cambr5sis1 ,mat!w ,p>is1 & ,froiss>t4  
,mean:ile1 !  isl& 9 ,lo* ,d]g became "o
 ( ! recognis$ holy places to :i*       
pilgrims ev5 f remote p>ts ( ,europe1   

su* z ,italy1 ,hung>y1  etc41 resort$ = 
! purpose ( procur+ ! remission ( pa/   
s9s1  by und]go+ ! purgatorial discipl9e
 9 ?is life1 & ! ,engli%  ar*ives /ill  
conta9 records ( c]tificates giv5 by    
,edw>d ,,iii4 &  ,ri*>d ,,ii4 to sev]al 
illu/ri\s =eign]s1 te/ify+ to _! due    
accompli%m5t ( ! pilgrimage & its       
att5dant rites4#bbd ,i d n  "k to :at   
au?ority x 0 int5d$ t ^! c]tificates    
%\ld  comm5d ! recipi5ts4    ,!         
in/itution nev] receiv$ ! =mal sanction1
 nor ev5 !  approbation1 ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 
! ye> #adig ! purgatorial cav]n  0 clos$
 by ord] ( ,pope ,alex&] vi4 ,= "s "t to
 come1  h[ev]1 ! tradition liv$ on 9    
v>i\s =ms3 9 hagiology1 z  9 ! ,aurea   
,leg5da ( ,jacobus de ,vorag9e2 9 su*   
specim5s (  popul> lit]ature z ! /ory ( 
,=tunatus2 9 ,tassoni's burlesque  poem1
 ,la ,sec*ia ,rapita1 & 9 ! trag$y (    
,cald]on1 to :i* x  furni%$ bo? title & 
subject4 ,! two po9ts 9 connection ) x  
t conc]n u1 are ! facts t ! leg5d       
cont9u$ ! ,iri%  s*ool ( ! ,fis1 & t x  

a*iev$ a popul>ity s widespread  & s    
endur+ z to r5d] x almo/ c]ta9 t x mu/1 
at lea/1  h come to ,dante's k4    ,a   
few ye>s be=e ! ,vision ( ,ow51 a       
some:at simil> "w _h  be5 produc$ 9     
,italy--! ,vision ( ,alb]ic1 ! son ( a  
,campanian  noble1 & a monk ( ! fam\s   
,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o4  ,= 
! mo/ "p1 ?is vision is con/ruct$ on !  
conv5tional  l9es1 b 9 sev]al ( its     
details x is 9 su* close agreem5t )     
,dante's ,inf]no z to call = "s         
rem>k4#bbe ,! comm5cem5t1  inde$1 appe>s
 to be orig9al4 ,at ! age ( t51 ,alb]ic 
fell into  a trance1 :i* la/$ = n9e     
days4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate he 0  visit$ by a
 dove1 :i* put its bill )9 8 m\?1 &     
c>ri$  him to ,/4 ,pet]1 :o1 9 company )
 two angels1 convey$ him to  ! ne!r _w4 
,on 8 way ?i!r he pass$ ?r\gh ! ,limbus 
infantium1 :i* also is an unusual       
feature 9 works ( ?is class4  ,among !  
p5alties ( ,hell :i* be> a m or less    
close resemblance  to ,dante's ,inf]no1 
are a valley :]e ! un*a/e /ood 9 fire  &

 ice to a great] or less dep? accord+ to
 ! gravity ( _!  (f5ce2 tyrants &       
infanticides 7 enclos$ 9 masses ( fire2 
homicides 7 plung$ 9 a lake ( fire1 l   
blood2 break]s (  ecclesia/ical v[s 7   
gnaw$ by s]p5ts4 ,"o purgatorial        
infliction  resembles ! puni%m5t (      
suicides 9 ,inf]no xiii43 ! s\ls 9  "q 7
 hunt$ by a demon1 m\nt$ on a dragon1   
?r\gh pla9s  full ( ?orns & bri>s1 :]e  
!y left scraps ( _! clo!s &  fle% ^u !  
?orns1 until1 be+ light5$ ( _! sup]flu\s
  fle%1 !y escap$1 & 7 ?us purg$4       
,sev]al famili> features  reappe>1 &    
are1 9 "s measure1 r$uplicat$2 ?us1     
besides !  bridge1 !re is a r$-hot      
ladd]1 :i* ! wick$ h to asc5d  until !y 
drop (f2 ,hell's m\? aga9 appe>s z ! m\?
 ( a  s]p5t1 draw+ 9 & eject+ ! s\ls ) 8
 brea?1 to :i*  are add$ a dog & a lion1
 :o1 by _! brea?1 bl[ ! s\ls to  _!     
allott$ /ations4 ,alb]ic1 l sev]al ( 8  
pr$ecessors1 &  also l ,dante1 is       
assail$ by demons arm$ ) hooks4 ,he     
cross$ !  bridge to ! ,t]re/rial        

,p>adise1 :]e ! purifi$ spirits dwell   
until ! ,beatific ,vision %all be       
reveal$ to !m aft] ,judgm5t4  ,?is place
 is a fl[]y pla91 f out ( :i* rises !   
,m\nta9  ( ,p>adise1 surr\nd$ by a wall1
 ov] :i* ,alb]ic 0 p]mitt$  to look1    
?\gh he might nei!r ent]1 nor repeat :at
 he saw !re4  ,alb]ic1 too1 receiv$ ,/4 
,pet]'s in/ructions 9 cosmology--( a v  
crude description--& z to ! virtues ( a 
mona/ic life1 etc42 he  0 !n bidd5 to   
return & relate 8 vision4    ,z !       
influ5ce ( ! ,iri% s*ool ^u ,european   
lett]s wan$1 &  gradually sp5t itself1 a
 det]ioration 9 ! ,vision lit]ature     
became  app>5t2 x lo/ :at little me?od &
 symmetry t s*ool _h  introduc$ into x1 
& rev]t$ to ! primitive amorph\s type2  
we  c no long] trace any indication (   
orig9al ?\ght or inv5tion2  little1 ev51
 ( vividness or picturesque description 
is left4 ,n  t ?is det]ioration (       
quality is att5d$ by any dim9ution (    
quantity3 on ! contr>y1 sev]al causes   
comb9$ to r5d] ! output  great] ?an ev]4

 ,! rapid revival ( ecclesia/ical       
lit]ature l$1  z "o ( its results1 to   
increas$ activity 9 ?is long-work$      
field1  & improv$ communications enabl$ 
! inmates ( ea* mona/]y to  /udy &      
imitate ! works ( _! fell[s 9 o!r       
c\ntries &  prov9ces4 ,moreov]1 !       
anticipation ( a spe$y end ( ?is _w1    
:i* prevail$ t[>ds ! close ( ! t5?      
c5tury1 direct$ !  tr5d ( religi\s ?\ght
 t[>ds ! _w to come1 & ev5 aft]  ! cause
 _h ceas$ to be op]ative1 ! effect      
rema9$4 ,!n came  ! re=m ( sev]al       
mona/ic ord]s1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( !       
fri>s1 result+ 9 a r5ew$ activity 9     
prea*+ & tea*+1  :i* w\ld naturally     
quick5 ! dem& = subjects s well adapt$  
to mov+ exhortation & edification2 :ile 
! rise ( pictorial  art1 :i* f\nd       
attractive subjects 9 visions (         
,judgm5t1 &  repres5tations ( ! ,div9e  
,glory1 at once fo/]$1 & 0 fo/]$  by1 ! 
preval5ce ( ^? same subjects 9 popul>   
lit]ature4 ,at !  same "t1 ! rise ( a   
lit]ature 9 ! v]nacul> tongues w\ld     

naturally co-op]ate ) ! developm5t ( a  
g5u9e !ology to  dim9i% ! importance ( !
 ,visions ( ! ,o!rworld z works (       
imag9ation or vehicles ( in/ruction1 &  
to relegate !m to !  doma9 ( ! homili/ &
 fablia/4    ,accord+ly1 ! lit]ature ( !
 ,middle ,ages teems ) /ories  deal+ ) !
 ,o!rworld1 & ! lot ( dep>t$ s\ls !re94 
,"s ( !m occur 9 ! lives ( ,sa9ts &     
,m>tyrs2 o!rs describe  a visit to      
,heav5 or ,hell1 made ei!r 9 vision1 or 
9 propria  p]sona1 or else record "s    
travell]'s tempor>y return f !  b\rne1  
*>g$ ) a message = ! liv+4 ,_m 7 compos$
  ) "s p>ticul> end 9 view1 9 ord] to   
convey a w>n+ to "s  notori\s s9n]1 or  
to in/ruct by ! edify+ fate ( "s "o     
rem>kable = virtue or vice2 (t51 aga91 )
 ! practical object  ( exact+ re/itution
 or rep>ation f ! s9n] or 8 heirs4    ,!
 subject 0 equally popul> 9 sacr$ &     
pr(ane lit]ature1  appe>+ 9 homily &    
apologue1 folk-tale & fabliau1 9 poems  
s]i\s & comic1 t5d+ to edification &    
o!rwise4    ,9 all ?is !re 0 little     

en\gh ( orig9ality1 or intr9sic m]it  ( 
any k9d1 save only :5 "s aspect ( !     
subject happ5$ to fall  into ! h&s ( a  
skill$ raconteur4 ,nev]!less1 x all s]v$
  to keep ! subject pres5t to ! public  
m9d1 & ?us to af=d  t degree (          
prep>ation1 :i* always appe>s necess>y  
alike =  ! production & reception ( any 
great & novel "w ( art1 &  likewise to  
amass a consid]able /ore ( mat]ial1     
ready = any h&  capable ( deal+ ) x4 ,at
 l5g?1 9 ,dante1 ! "o poet arose  ^:    
g5ius 0 suffici5t to extricate f ?is    
heap ( trivialities  ! great dogmas ( ! 
,*ri/ian fai? :i* lay at ! bottom1 &1   
by 8 mat*less con/ructive p[]1 to give  
=m & sub/ance to  ! !me1 to illu/rate x 
) all t 8 age c\ld af=d (  philosophy & 
le>n+1 to animate x ) ! _s ( devotion & 
sublime human passion1 & to enri* x )   
all ! res\rces ( !  poetical            
imag9ation4#bbf          #g4            
,,conclusion      ,9 ! =ego+ pages x has
 be5 attempt$ to trace1 f its  v>i\s    
s\rces1 ! progress ( ! leg5d :i*        

culm9at$ 9  ,dante's ,comm$ia4 ,x did n 
=m a "p ( ?is design to collect  !      
correspond+ traditions :i* ab\nd 9 !    
folklore ( _m  times & peoples1 nor ev5 
to give an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! =ms  :i*
 ! leg5d assum$ 9 ! sev]al fields :i* h 
come )9  our purview2 r to conf9e our   
exam9ation to ^? examples  :i* may be   
reg>d$ z its s\rces1 or may h contribut$
 to its  transmission1 or det]m9$ ! =m  
:i* x assum$ 9 lat] /ages  ( its        
developm5t4 ,we h se5 t ,dante's poem _h
 be5 l$ up  to by a long s]ies (        
pr$ecessors1 l x 9 !me1 if 9 no?+  else1
 & t x _h already approv$ its fitness = 
a place 9  ! _w's lit]ature1 by !       
success :i* x _h a*iev$1 9  c\ntless    
=ms1 among peoples ( widely div]se /ages
 ( culture4 ,we  h also se5 h[ ! ,iri%  
,*ur*1 9 its palmy days1 develop$ a     
highly *>act]i/ic treatm5t ( ! !me1 &   
:ile foll[+1 9  ! ma91 ! accept$        
traditions ( ! m$ival ,*ur*1 introduc$  
c]ta9 modifications ( a /rongly         
individual & national type4 ,(  ?is     

class ! ,vision ( ,adamnn has be5       
select$ = a specim51  z repres5t+ !     
highe/ level atta9$ by ! s*ool to :i* x 
belong$1 & z be+ ! mo/ important        
contribution made to !  gr[? ( ! leg5d  
)9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* prior to ! adv5t (  
,dante4    ,i h purposely ab/a9$ f (f]+ 
a conjecture z to any  possible         
indebt$ness on ! "p ( ,dante to !       
,visions ( ! ,iri%  s*ool1 & to ! ,fis  
,adamn9 9 p>ticul>1 fur!r ?an z ^!1  by 
reviv+1 transmitt+1 & popul>is+ ! !me1  
plac$ ready  to 8 h& ! subject :i* 01 ( 
all o!rs1 be/ adapt$ to  8 g5ius1 &1 at 
! same "t1 be/ calculat$ to appeal to ! 
public ( 8 day4 ,! v>i\s topics into :i*
 ?is exam9ation has  compell$ ! writ] to
 ent]--,dante lit]ature1 ,celtic        
tradition1  folklore1 my?ology--are all 
fav\rite subjects ) t type (  !ori/ :o  
is wont to accompany a small modicum ( !
 bread ( fact  ) an intol]able deal ( ! 
sack ( hypo!sis1 to ! no small  detrim5t
 ( critical sobriety1 s t "o :o         
approa*es ! subject  ) no preconceiv$   

!ory ( 8 own to prove--unless1 l ^?     
pres5t at a revival meet+1 he be set    
a-prophesy+ by contagion--is  apt to    
become almo/ z sick ( ^! %ad[s z 0 !    
,lady (  ,%alott ( ^? 9 h] magic glass4 
,i h !re=e endeav\r$ to  pres5t ! au?or 
( ! ,fis ,adamn9 m]ely z a #8precursor' 
(  ,dante1 )\t attempt+ to prove him    
,dante's #8prog5itor4' ,all !  same1 ,i 
d n ?9k ,i am transgress+ ^! limits by  
sugge/+ !  almo/ c]ta9ty t s omnivor\s a
 read] z ,dante mu/ h be5  acqua9t$ )   
works s g5]ally kn[n at & prior to 8 day
 z !  ,voyages ( ,/4 ,br5dan1 ! ,vision 
( ,tundale1 & ! leg5ds ( ,/4  ,patrick's
 ,purgatory1 all ( :i* 7 m or less      
influ5c$ by !  ,fis ,adamn91 & 7        
productions ( ! same s*ool4 ,!re is no  
gr\nd to imag9e t ,dante 0 acqua9t$ ) ! 
,fis ,adamn91  nor c t supposition be   
ent]ta9$ unless x c be %[n t  !re exi/$ 
9 8 day a translation ( x into ,lat91 or
 "o ( !  ,romance languages1 to :i* he  
might h _h access4 ,inde$1 p5d+  !      
results ( future rese>*1 x is impossible

 to put =w>d any  "w1 or gr\p ( works1 z
 ! model :i* ,dante foll[$4 ,probably   
no su* model w ev] be discov]$1 = !     
simple reason t none  su* ev] exi/$4 ,x 
is true t ,dante avail$ himself freely (
 all  t ! previ\s ,vision lit]ature c\ld
 give him1 j z he drew  copi\sly f e    
s\rce at 8 comm&4 ,b = ! ,lat9 classics1
  & ,virgil 9 p>ticul>2 b = ! ,lat9     
,fa!rs1 ,augu/9e1 ,j]ome1  & ,gregory2 !
 ,s*oolm51 f ,erig5a to ,?omas ,aqu9as2 
! ,romance  poets ( ,france & ,italy1 x 
is c]ta9 t ,dante's "w1 z we  h x1 c\ld 
nev] h come into be+4 ,s mu* may be     
claim$  = ! ,visions ( ! ,iri% s*ool1 &1
 app>5tly1 no m1 b  ev5 ?is mu* is en\gh
 to entitle !m to a place 9 ! hi/ory (  
mod]n lit]ature4 ,inde$1 indep5d5tly (  
any su* relation ( cause  & effect      
betwe5 ! two1 ! writ+s ( ! ,iri% s*ool  
w\ld  /ill con/itute an int]e/+ /udy1   
bo? z ! fruits obta9$ by  previ\s lab\rs
 9 ! same field "u widely diff]5t       
conditions1  & ev5 m = ! light :i* !y   
ca/ ^u :at is /ill "o (  ! d>ke/ places 

9 ! intellectual life ( ,europe4    ,we 
h _h occasion to rem>k be=e ^u sev]al   
p>ticul>s :]e9  ! analogy betwe5 ! ,fis 
,adamn9--&1 to a less ext5t1 o!rs  ( !  
,iri% ,visions--& ! ,comm$ia w\ld appe> 
to g deep]  ?an c be expla9$ by _!      
common subject1 & _! use 9 common  ( !  
same g5]al /ock ( ideas4 ,h[ev]1 x does 
n appe> t  ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,iri%
 s*ool ma9ly consi/$ 9 !  introduction (
 novel ideas & incid5ts1 ?\gh ev5 ^! 7 n
  entirely abs5t4 ,inde$1 ?r\gh\t !     
hi/ory ( ! ,vision leg5d1  we may obs]ve
 a cont9ual t5d5cy to drop any national 
or p]sonal  *>act]i/ics :i* x may h     
acquir$ at a previ\s /age (  its        
evolution4 ,= in/ance1 we h se5 to h[   
great an ext5t !  popul> ,*ri/ian       
es*atology 0 modell$ ^u ! classical     
,elysium  & ,t>t>us1 yet ev5 ! e>li]    
,*ur* works ^u ! subject  conta9 no su* 
ref]5ces to classical p]sonages &       
traditions z  7 employ$ s copi\sly by   
,dante1 &1 9 a slight & t5tative  mann]1
 by c]ta9 ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! same may  

be said ( !  ,ori5tal my?s :i* =m$ "p ( 
! ,hebrew contributions to  ! subject4  
,s1 9 proportion z ! late m$ival visions
 ( !  ,o!rworld rec$e 9 date f ^? ( !   
,iri% s*ool1 !y t5d to  drop m & m ( !  
/ructure & imag]y :i* 7 peculi>ly       
*>act]i/ic ( ! latt]1 z ow+ great "p (  
_! =m or  col\r to ! ,iri% national     
traditions4 ,?is process is c>ri$ /ill  
fur!r by ,dante1 :o reject$ _m ( ! mo/  
famili> incid5ts (  ! e>li] visions3    
e4g4 ! bridge1 ! op5 m\? ( ! dragon  z  
symbolis+ ,hell1 ,eno* & ,elijah beside 
! ,tree ( ,life1 & !  bird-flocks ab\t  
!m1 ! special provisions = v>i\s k9ds ( 
!  half-righte\s1 etc4    ,?us1 :ile    
ex]cis+ a second>y influ5ce by fur!r    
enri*+ !  /ock ( mat]ial already 9      
exi/5ce1 ! ma9 function ( ! ,iri%       
,visions 0 to set a lit]>y fa%ion1 s to 
speak1 :]eby ! ,vision  ( ! ,o!rworld   
came to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ natural       
vehicle =  convey+ m5's ?\ghts &        
imag9ations1 z 9 o!r ages ! epic1  !    
drama1 ! dialogue1 ! pamphlet1 ! novel1 

& o!r =ms (  composition1 h be5         
specially affect$ = ! l purpose4    ,x  
rema9s to say a few words respect+ !    
lit]>y m]its ( !  ,fis ,adamn94         
,obvi\sly !re c be no rivalry1 or ev5   
comp>ison1  9 ?is respect1 betwe5 x & ! 
poem :i* /&s high among !  supreme      
a*ievem5ts ( ! human intellect4         
,notewor?y1 r1 is  ! degree ( excell5ce 
to :i* ! e>li] writ] atta9s1 :5 we      
consid] :at 0 ! /ate ( v]nacul>         
lit]ature 9 ! ,europe (  8 day4 ,8 /yle1
 l ! /yle ( mo/ ,iri% writ]s ( ! be/    
p]iod1 is simple1 picturesque1 & =cible2
 ! language is t]se  & pregnant1 )\t be+
 bald or meagre4 ,!re are c]ta9 writ+s  
( e age1 diff]+ mu* 9 m]it1 f :i*1 z we 
read !m1 we  seem to be he>+ ! au?or's  
voice proce$+2 :]e ?is is s1 !  /yle c  
h>dly be o!r ?an good ( its k9d1 h[ev]  
simple1 &  ev5 rude1 x may be1 & h[ev]  
little x may owe to te*nical skill4     
,?is *>act]i/ic1 ,i ?9k1 ! "w 9 "q      
possesses2 b ?is  is an evanesc5t       
quality :i* mu/ ne$s disappe> 9         

translation1  especially su* a          
translation z ! pres5t1 :]e ! aim has   
*iefly  be5 at lit]al accuracy4         
,m5tion has be5 made already ( !        
advantages :i* ?is ,vision  possesses   
ov] mo/ o!rs ( its class1 by reason (   
its sup]iority  9 con/ruction1 :i* is   
manife/$ alike 9 ! g5]al design  ( ! "w1
 & 9 ! sup]ior gr\p+ & visual pres5tm5t 
(  c]ta9 portions1 su* z ! description (
 ,heav51 & ! righte\s  assembl$ ab\t !  
,?rone4 ,our au?or1 too1 comp>es        
fav\rably )  8 fell[s z reg>ds 8 g5]al  
ca/ ( ?\ght1 z p>ticul>ly 9  ! /ress :i*
 he lays ^u ! spiritual or emotional    
side ( !  suff]+s ( ! lo/1 & ! grave    
pity ) :i* ! contemplation  ( _! fate   
repeat$ly inspires him--a feel+         
wond]fully abs5t  f ! g5]ality ( 8      
class4    ,o!r *>act]i/ics are %>$ by   
him ) ! ,iri% romantic  writ]s4 ,"o     
*>act]i/ic 0 common to bo? ( !m3 !re 0  
life 9 :at !y wrote2 ! sc5e ( _!        
n>rative became a  v]itable ,tr na mbeo4
 ,!y possess$1 moreov]1 t s5sibility  to

 natural beauty1 :i* is (t51 b mo/      
errone\sly1 assum$ to  be ! peculi>     
prop]ty ( mod]n times4 ,!y 7 ke5ly alive
 to  ! am5ities ( woods & mead[s1 fl[]s 
& birds1 to ! *>m  ( col\r1 ( brightness
 & light ( e k9d4 ,above all1 !y        
delight$ 9 melodi\s s\nd1 :e!r ! music (
 /r+s or ( !  human voice1 ! note (     
birds & bees1 ! w9d 9 ! leaves1 or !    
s\nd ( fall+ wat]4 ,l ,byron1 !y knew t 
#8!re's music 9  all ?+s1 if m5 _h e>s4'
 ,nor did ?is delight 9 ,nature consi/ 9
  s5su\s pleasure m]ely4 ,!y too 7 aw>e 
( #8a some?+ yet m  deeply int]fus$'2 x 
0 #8! light ( sett+ suns' across ! ocean
  t woo$ ! ,ui ,corra to _! que/ ( !    
,unkn[n2 ,/4 ,br5dan  ye>n$ = t retreat1
 #8secret1 hidd51 secure1 delightful1   
ap>t  f m51' :i* ! ocean solitudes alone
 appe>$ to promise him4    ,?is national
 susceptibility to beauty con/antly     
ass]ts itself 9  our au?or1 9 mann]     
appropriate to 8 !me4 ,he also manife/s 
!  no less national capacity = vivid &  
picturesque description1 &  ?is )\t be+ 

l$ into r$undancy1 or /ra9+ aft] effect1
 !  lead+ *>act]i/ic ( 8 n>rative be+ a 
simple e>ne/ness  :i* is (t5 v          
effective4 ,x is ne$less to dwell ^u    
individual  descriptions1 mo/ ( :i* h   
be5 dealt ) 9 _! place4 ,x is  en\gh j  
to ref] 9 p>ticul> to ! description (   
,heav51 (  ! ,?rone1 & ! cele/ial *oirs2
 ! nave b /rik+ symbol  ( ,omnipres5ce2 
! wa/e & desolate places ( ,hell 9 c4   
#cj2 !  v>i\s k9ds ( p5alties 9 cc4     
#be-bi2 ! picture ( ! g5]\s  b c>nally  
m9d$ s\ls protect$ f ! fi]y sea by a    
ramp>t (  ! alms !y _h be/[$4    ,9 two 
respects our au?or diff]s bo? f ,dante &
 f sev]al  writ]s ( 8 own s*ool4 ,8 "w  
conta9s no diss]tations ^u  !ology1     
morals1 nor natural sci5ce2 nei!r does  
he hold int]c\rse  9 ! _w ( spirits ) 8 
own contempor>ies1 or ) hi/orical  or   
my?ical p]sonages2 h5ce we d n f9d 9 x  
ev5 an anticipation  ( ! dramatic       
episodes1 or ! endless procession (     
lifelike  *>act]s :i* r5d] ! ,comm$ia a 
v]itable microcosm4 ,we are  tempt$ to  

speculate ^u ! results :i* might h be5  
obta9$1  _h our au?or br\ght to !       
treatm5t ( 8 subject ! dramatic  =ce1 ! 
vivid portraiture1 & ! n>rative p[]1 :i*
 are  display$ 9 ! great romantic cycles
 ( ,iri% /ory4    ,soon aft] ! "t :5 our
 au?or wrote1 ! developm5t ( !  national
 lit]ature1 &1 inde$1 all o!r =ms (     
national  developm5t1 7 br\ght1 by      
pressure ( circum/ances1 to a /&4  ,(t5 
s9ce !n ! subjects & *>act]s ( ,iri%    
tradition h  furni%$ !mes = ma/]pieces (
 ,european lit]ature1 b ^!  intellectual
 triumphs h be5 l ! victories :i* ,iri% 
arms  h won = o!rs1 & "u bann]s n _!    
own4 ,x is only 9  our own day t any    
s]i\s & well-direct$ attempt has be5    
made  to resume ! int]rupt$ "w ^u truly 
national l9es4 ,ev5 )9  ! la/ few ye>s !
 results obta9$1 & ! promise %[n1 w>rant
  a belief t success may prove m spe$y &
 complete ?an c\ld  h be5 deem$ possible
 a s+le decade ago2 & ) success may     
come--:o kn[s8--an infusion into mod]n  
lit]ature ( a new _s  & new me?ods1 (   

:i* x /&s s griev\sly 9 ne$4     1    4 
,uncial3 ,u ro annso1 ,buieacas le ,dia4
          ,,footnotes      #a ,= fur!r  
p>ticul>s ( ! life ( ,adamnn1 see ,dr4  
,reeves's  introduction to 8 ,adamnn's  
,life ( ,/4 ,columba1 ,dubl91 #aheg     
7,iri% ,ar*ological ,society72 ,dr4     
,healy's ,irel&'s ,anci5t ,s*ools  &    
,s*ol>s2 ,canon ,john ,o',hanlon's      
,lives ( ! ,iri% ,sa9ts1 vol4  i4    #b 
,mr4 ,alfr$ ,nutt has sugge/$ t ! above 
passage appe>s to  claim = ! ,iri%      
s*ol>s & cl]ics a monopoly ( !          
educational  & mission>y "w ( ! age to !
 exclusion ( ! em95t  ,anglo-,saxons :o 
7 lab\r+ ) success & di/9ction 9 !  same
 field4 ,i _h no int5tion to disp>age   
ei!r ! orig9al g5ius  nor ! le>n+ ( ,b$e
 & ,aldhelm1 ,ca$mon & ,cynewulf1       
,w9ifr$  & ,alcu91 nor _! mission>y &   
s*ola/ic "w1 bo? at home &  9 ! ,franki%
 ,empire2 only to po9t out t ! position 
acquir$  by ! ,iri% s*ol>s & cl]ics     
enabl$ !m spe$ily to dissem9ate  ?r\gh  
,we/]n ,europe ! works ( _! compatriots4

 ,by recall+ !  names ( a few ( ! mo/   
em95t ,iri%m5 :o enjoy$ a ,cont95tal    
fame dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 we may       
p]ceive h[ wide 0 ! area1 &  h[ long !  
duration1 ( _! influ5ce4    ,clem5t 0 ! 
*ief ( a gr\p ( ,iri% s*ol>s :o took a  
lead+  "p 9 ! educational re=ms promot$ 
by ,*>lemagne4 ,alcu91  ,clem5t's great 
,engli% rival at ! ,franki% ,c\rt1 _h   
be5 educat$  at ,clonmacnois4 ,joannes  
,scotus ,erig5a1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les !   
,bald1 f\nd$ ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 & by
 8 translation ( !  pseudo-,areopagite1 
& 8 /udies ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 bridg$  
ov]  ! *asm betwe5 anci5t & mod]n ?\ght4
 ,dungal1 9 ! fir/  half ( ! n9? c5tury1
 0 ! fir/ a/ronom] ( 8 age2 at  ! m&ate 
( ,lo?air1 ,k+ ( ,lomb>dy1 he f\nd$ a   
s*ool :i*  aft]w>ds develop$ into !     
,univ]sity ( ,pavia1 ) bran*es  9 sev]al
 o!r cities1 & lab\r$ ) success at !    
task (  civilis+ ! ,lomb>ds4 ,add to ^! 
,dicuil1 a geograph] ( ! same  date1 !  
mo/ accurate topograph] ( ! e>ly ,middle
 ,ages2 ,firghil1  or ,virgilius1       

,ar*bi%op ( ,salzburg1 :o taught !      
rotundity ( !  e>? & ! exi/5ce (        
antipodes2 ,s$ulius1 ! n9?-c5tury       
gramm>ian2 ,/4 ,donatus1 ,bi%op (       
,fiesole 7fl4 c4 #hdj71 travell]1       
topograph]1 & ,scripture comm5tator2    
,m>ianus ,scotus1 "o ( !  lead+         
*ronicl]s ( ! elev5? c5tury2 & _m o!rs1 
:o  lab\r$ ) di/9ction 9 ,france1       
,italy1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 &  ,fl&]s1 d[n 
to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 
,emp]or1  summon$ ,petrus ,hib]nicus to 
! ,univ]sity ( ,naples1 :]e he  c\nt$   
among 8 !ological pupils no less a      
p]sonage ?an ,?omas  ,aqu9as4    #c ,!re
 0 also a ,tr ,enda1 betwe5 ,l4 ,foyle &
 ,l4 ,swilly4    #d ,tig]na* gives !    
date z #fbd1 :i* ,dr4 ,reeves is incl9$ 
to accept1 op4 cit4 ,introduction1      
xl-xli4 ,lanigan is 9 fav\r (  #fbg1 :i*
 agrees ) ! reput$ age ( ,adamnn1 #gg1  
at ! "t (  8 dea?4 ,possibly ! latt]    
date is correct1 ! diff]5ce be+         
explicable by ! diff]5t sy/em (         
*ronology adopt$ by ,tig]na*4    #e     

,lives ( ! ,iri% ,sa9ts1 vi4 #gjh2 & see
 ,ibid41 ix4 #eje4    #f ,acts x4 #aa4  
#g #b ,cor4 xii4 #b-d4 ,cp4 also ,galat4
 i4 #ab1 #af2 ,ephes4 i4 #c2 & !        
,apocryphal ,acts ( ,paul1 ,ante-,nic5e 
,libr>y1 vol4 xvi4    #h ,) ! anci5t    
,iri%1 ! abode ( ! dep>t$ 0 beyond !    
,atlantic1 t[>ds ! sett+ sun2 s1 9 !    
,h9du my?ology1 ,yama1  ,k+ ( ! ,dead1  
cross$ ! /ream t[>ds ! sunset1 fir/ %[+ 
! way by :i* all m5 7 to foll[ him4 ,?is
 natural idea has be5  %>$ by _m b>b>\s 
races4    #i ,vault2 ,uncial3 inna lu+e1
 g5itive ( ,uncial3 long1  %ip4  ,qy4 "h
  #8nave'8    #aj ,s\?-ea/1 possibly    
because t is ! direction ( ,j]usalem1  !
 ,holy ,city4    #aa ,! ^w us$ is       
,uncial3 ,mrdil1 ! "n ( ! ,iri%         
,national  ,assembly1 or ,/ates-,g5]al4 
,see ante1 ,sec4 #b4    #ab ,or1 #8a    
*air highly wr\ght1' ,uncial3 ,inna aair
 umtata4    #ac ,! comp>ison ( ! ar*    
above ! head ( ! ,heav5ly ,k+  to a     
wr\ght helmet or a regal diadem1 may h  
be5 sugge/$ by !  picturesque & *ivalr\s

 cu/om ( ! ,iri% k+s record$ 9 !  anci5t
 ,iri% poem ^u ! ,fair ( ,c>man1 :5ce x 
appe>s t  _! head-dress on ord9>y /ate  
occasions 0 a wr\ght helmet1 !  royal   
cr[n be+ res]v$ = ! day ( battle4    #ad
 #8,gl[1' ,uncial3 d]ge1 lit4 #8r$ness1'
 :i*1 ,mr4 ,:itley ,/okes  sugge/s1     
#8symbolises div9e love1 creative p[]1  
royalty4' ,if s1  cp4 ,dante's          
description ( a #8goodly crimson' z     
#8que/o nobilissimo  colore4'    #ae    
,or1 qy4 #8comet'8    #af ,comp>e !     
description ( ! sev5 walls ( ,ecbatana1 
(  diff]5t hue1 9 ,h]odotus1 ,book ,i4  
#ag ,s ,w9dis* trans4 ,uncial3 ,cr&     
ca+il1  cancelli4    #ah #8,seats1' or  
qy4 /alls2 ! au?or appe>s to h 9 m9d  ! 
con/ruction ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,cp4 note
 to *4 #ca po/4  #8,canopies1' lit4     
#8cr[ns4'    #ai ,or #8virg9s1' ,w4 ,s4 
#bj ,see la/ note4    #ba ,or           
#8p>ricides1' ,uncial3 f+ala1 :i*       
,o',donovan translates  bo? z #8a       
fratricide1 "o :o has kill$ a           
tribesman1' &  #8p>ricidal' 7,supplem5t 

to ,o',reilly's ,diction>y74    #bb ,!  
,er5a*1 or ,uncial3 airc9de1 0 ! (ficial
 gu>dian (  ,*ur* temporalities4    #bc 
,uncial3 ,dnaib1 :i* signifies #8gifts1'
 #8arts1' etc4    #bd ,uncial3 pluic1   
:i* ,w4 ,s4 trans1 #8maces1' or         
#8clubs4'    #be #8,reiv]s1' ,uncial3   
aidib]gaig1 :i* ,w4 ,s4 trans4 #8m5 :o  
m>k !mselves to ! ,devil1' b expresses  
d\bt on ! subject1 &  cites au?orities  
:i* seem to imply ! s5se ( rap9e or     
plund]4    #bf ,or #8)\t remission1 b   
!y1' etc4    #bg ,uncial3 ,co lr1 :i*   
,w4 ,s4 trans4 #8d[n to ! gr\nd4'    #bh
 ,uncial3 ,roa1 s ,w9dis* f ,uncial3 ru2
 ,w4 ,s4 trans1  #8:eels' f ,uncial3 ro4
    #bi ,or1 #8! orda9$ :o h brok5 _!   
v[s4'    #cj ,uncial3 ,erdam1 :i*1 ,mr4 
,:itley ,/okes says1 0 ! "n  us$ by !   
,iri% ecclesia/ical writ]s z equival5t  
to ! ,greek  pronaos or n>!x4 ,see notes
 #a & #b to ,*4 #ac1 ante4    #ca ,cp4  
ante1 ,sec4 #b4    #cb ,! ,mrdil at :i* 
^! laws 7 pass$ 0 app>5tly held  9 ! ye>
 #fig1 :ile ,f9na*ta ,fl$a* _h be5      

assass9at$ 9 #fie4  ,?is ana*ronism     
af=ds yet fur!r evid5ce ( ! comp>atively
 late  composition ( our v]sion ( !     
,vision4    #cc ,uncial3 ,anmaird9e1    
#8s\l-fri5d%ip'2 ,uncial3 anmara1       
#8s\l-fri5d1' is ! ,iri% "n = a         
fa!r-confessor4    #cd ,pr(essor ,bryce 
consid]s t ! fir/ extant m5tion ( !     
,donation ( ,con/ant9e is conta9$ 9 !   
lett] ( ,pope ,hadrian #a4  to          
,*>lemagne1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #ggg 7,holy     
,roman ,empire1 *4 vii4 p4 #aab  note1  
#d? ed474 ,if s1 ! allusion is c\*$ 9 v 
g5]al &  obscure t]ms4 ,dll+]1 :o dates 
! lett] 9 "q #gge1 holds  t x ref]s n to
 :at is commonly und]/ood by ! ,donation
 (  ,con/ant9e1 b to gifts ( l& 9 v>i\s 
p>ts ( ,italy1 aft]w>ds  seiz$ by !     
,lomb>ds4 ,! =g]y ( ! ,donation w\ld    
appe> to be  lat] ?an #gej1 b prior to  
#ggd1 z x ref]s to ! /ate ( ?+s  exi/+  
be=e ! fir/ ,franki% settlem5t 9 ,italy1
 :i* took  place 9 #ggd4 ,9 any case1 x 
is lat] ?an ! "t ( ,adamnn4    #ce      
,philip succe$$ to ,gordian ,,iii4 9    

#bbd1 b 0 n 8 son1  be+ an ,arab4 ,he   
fav\r$ ! ,*ri/ians1 & correspond$ )     
,orig51 :5ce arose a report1 c\nt5anc$  
by ,eusebius1 t he _h  embrac$          
,*ri/ianity1 b = ?is !re is no au?ority4
    #cf ,uncial3 ,taile1 s ,w4 ,s4      
#cg ,uncial3 ,sui4 ,s ,w9dis*1 ?\gh ,w4 
,s4 trans4 #8fruitfulness  7874'    #ch 
,mr4 ,alfr$ ,nutt1 9 8 ,essay on ! ,iri%
 ,vision ( ! ,happy  ,o!rworld & !      
,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,rebir?1 app5d$ to   
,pr(4 ,kuno  ,mey]'s ,voyage ( ,bran1   
,son ( ,febal1 #ahie-g1 po9ts out t 9   
,greece & ,irel& alone ( ,aryan nations 
! ,elysium leg5d exi/$  devoid ( any    
es*atological belief 7i4 #cbi74    #ci  
,see ,odyssey1 xi4 #cf sqq42 #bbb1 #cia 
sqq42 #dhh sqq4 ,?is  gloomy impression 
is little mitigat$ by m5tion ( !        
#8,asphodelian  mead[' 9 :i* ! dead     
reside 7,od4 xi4 #eci2 xxiv4 #ac74      
#dj ,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ,hom]1 ,odyssey1  
iv4 #efc2 ,hesiod1 ,works &  ,days1     
#aaj1 #aff2 ,p9d>1 ,olympiad1 ii4 #fh1  
#abj1 :i* la/1 p]haps1  conta9s ! mo/   

f9i%$ picture ( ! ,elysium drawn by !   
e>li]  poets4    #da ,x w\ld be possible
 to cull f ! ,greek writ]s a great weal?
  ( allusions to ! ,o!rworld2 n only1   
h[ev]1 d exig5cies  ( space =bid ?is1 b 
!y are h>dly p]t95t to ! pres5t         
subject1 = ! reasons m5tion$ 9 ! text4  
,/ill less ne$ we  ent] into ! burlesque
 descriptions ( an ,o!rworld1 conceiv$ z
 a  ,l& ( ,cockayne1 sev]al ( :i* are   
pres]v$ 9 fragm5ts ( !  comic poets4    
#db ,! ,greeks !mselves ref]r$ to a     
=eign orig9 mo/ ( _!  my/ical rites1 & !
 deities wor%ipp$ !re94 ,no d\bt x is   
(t5 ! case t peoples :o obs]ve 9 =eign  
nations practices  ak9 to ^? exi/+ among
 !mselves1 are apt to d]ive ^! f  ! =m]2
 nev]!less x appe>s c]ta9 t :ile ! cults
 :i*  =m$ ! basis ( ! my/]ies exi/$1 9 a
 primitive =m1 9 !  indig5\s ,greek     
religion1 !y receiv$ a great impetus1 at
 sev]al  di/9ct p]iods1 ?r\gh !         
importation ( simil> my?s & rites  f    
abroad4 ,?us ,m4 ,paul ,f\c>t 7,re*]*es 
sur l'orig9e et la  nature des ,my/res  

d',eleusis1 p4 #ge7 accepts ! ,greek    
!ory (  ! ,egyptian orig9 ( ! ,demet]   
cult & ! ,eleus9ian rites at  a date    
prior to ! elev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,^!     
rites1 he assumes1  7 purely            
agricultural at fir/1 b at a lat] day   
7sev5? c5tury  ,b4,c47 became associat$ 
) ! doctr9e ( a future life 7pp4        
#ge-i74 ,he fur!r holds t ?is doctr9e 0 
itself br\ght f  ,egypt by !            
philosoph]s1 ,py?agoras & o!rs1 :o are  
report$  by tradition to h travell$ ?i!r
 = in/ruction 7p4 #hc74 ,?is  latt] "p (
 ,m4 ,f\c>t's !ory pres5ts c]ta9        
difficulties4 ,!  "n ( ,py?agoras is    
commonly associat$ ) ! ,orphic my/]ies1 
to :i* ,m4 ,f\c>t d5ies any connection )
 ,eleusis1 :ile !  conception ( a future
 life :i* prevail$ bo? 9 ! ,orphic &    
,eleus9ian my/]ies & 9 ! tea*+ (        
,py?agoras1 diff]$ 9  important po9ts f 
! ,egyptian doctr9e1 z w be po9t$ out 9 
a lat] place4 ,pr(essor ,rohde likewise 
holds t :ile ! ,dionysiac  my/]ies exi/$
 9 ,greece 9 pre-,hom]ic times z a m9or 

& local  cult1 ! ,dionysos-,zagreus     
rites1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! ,orphic      
my/]ies1 7 import$ f ,?race at an e>ly  
date2 probably1 ,mr4  ,nutt sugge/s 7op4
 cit41 ii4 #ada71 dur+ ! p]iod ( *ange  
:i*  foll[$ ^u ! ,dorian invasion4      
,?race1 app>5tly1 d]iv$ !  ,zagreus my? 
f ,phrygia4 ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,g>dn]          
7,contempor>y ,review1  ,m>* #ahie7 is  
also incl9$ to accept ! ,greek          
traditions z to !  d]ivation ( _m ( _!  
my/ical rites & cults f ,asiatic        
s\rces1 diff]+ h]e9 f ,pr(4 ,diet]i*1 :o
 holds t ^!  7 native developm5ts4 ,= a 
discussion by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,nutt ( ^!    
v>i\s !ories see op4 cit41 #a4 *4 xi4   
#dc ,! be/ au?orities appe> to be agre$ 
t !re are no gr\nds  = ! views once held
 t ! my/]ies conta9$ ei!r "s  esot]ic   
cre$ ( a religion pur] ?an t held by !  
multitude1 &  jeal\sly gu>d$ f ! latt]1 
or1 accord+ to o!rs1 a sy/em (  occult  
philosophy or !osophy4    #dd ,see 8    
article1 #8,my/]ies1' 9 ! ,encyclopdia  
,britannica ed4  #i1 vol4 xvii4    #de  

,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay fur!r m5tions a    
,rhodian inscription ( !  fif? c5tury   
,b4,c41 :i* requir$ ! c&idates =        
initiation at !  temple ( ,l9dus to br+ 
a pure he>t & a consci5ce free f crime  
7loc4 cit474    #df ,?is may possibly   
repres5t ! conception orig9ally prevail+
  9 ! my/ic s*ools conc]n+ ! future life
 ( mank9d 9 g5]al4  7,see ,mr4 ,nutt    
h]eon1 op4 cit41 i4 #bef47 ,if s1       
r$emption f su*  a lot w\ld be "o ( !   
mo/ important objects to be compass$ by 
! !urgic effects ( initiation1 until !  
gr[? ( moral ideas 9  connection ) !    
my/]ies conv]t$ ?is #8place ( fil? &    
gloom'  into a place ( puni%m5t = !     
wick$4    #dg ,9 l mann]1 ! spirits 7   
amaz$ to see t ,dante's  body ca/ a     
%ad[1 z ! s\ls ( ! dead did n 7,purg41  
iii4  #hh sq471 & t he brea!d 7ib41 ii4 
#fg-i74 ,accord+ to !  old ,p]sian      
belief1 ! s\ls ( ! beatifi$ dead 7 to   
ca/ no  %ad[s4 ,see ,sec4 #b1 po/4      
#dh ,see ,books iv4 & vi4 ( 8 ,de       
,civitate ,dei4    #di ,see ,dante's    

,t5? ,epi/le1 address$ to ,c ,gr&e della
 ,scala1  ,ox=d ,dante1 pp4 #dad sqq4   
#ej ,op4 cit41 p4 #daf1 ll4 #agc-e4     
#ea ,ib41 l4 #afi4    #eb ,ib41 p4 #dag1
 l4 #bfh4    #ec ,l5ormant1 ,orig9es de 
l',hi/oire1 vol4 ii41 cit$ by ,ragoz91  
,*alda1 p4 #bgf1 :i* "w gives a         
comp5di\s acc\nt ( !  subject4 ,= full] 
p>ticul>s see ,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1
 #ahhg1  ,lectures iv4 & v41 & 8 article
 #8,*alda' 9 ! ,encyclopdia             
,britannica1 ed4 #i1 vol4 iii4    #ed   
,sayce1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhg1 p4    
#cfd4    #ee #8,%e makes ! s\l ( !      
righte\s "o g up above !  ,h>a-b]ezaiti 
7,m\nt ,elborz71 above ! ,k9vad bridge  
%e places x1  9 ! pres5ce ( ! heav5ly   
gods !mselves4'--,v5ddd1 xix4 #cj2  9   
,d>me/et]'s translation1 ,sacr$ ,books (
 ! ,ea/1 iv4 #bai2 &  see ,ragoz91      
,m$ia1 c4 iv4    #ef ,9 ! ,ave/a we meet
 ) an idea :i* is prom95t 9 ,jewi%  &   
,*ri/ian examples ( ! ,vision leg5d4    
,if1 at ! balance ( any  s\l's acc\nt1  
:5 8 good & evil de$s 7 weigh$ "o aga9/ 

! o!r1 ! scales 7 equally pois$1 he 0   
res]v$ = ! la/  ,judgm5t 9 a place set  
ap>t = 8 l4    #eg ,v5ddd1 p4 #ee4      
#eh ,loc4 cit41 footnote4    #ei ,v5ddd1
 p4 #bj1 note4 ,a simil> bird occurs    
frequ5tly 9 !  ,h9du my?ology4 ,!       
,accadian #8div9e /orm-bird' /ole !     
lightn+  f heav51 & 0 !reby enabl$ to   
imp>t to man ! k  ( fire1 & ( div9ation 
by lightn+ fla%es4--,sayce1 ,hibb]t     
,lectures1 #ahhg1 #bic-d4 ,! ,babylonian
 ,semites id5tifi$ ?is bird  ) _!       
culture-god ,zu1 :o1 9 =m ( a bird1     
robb$ ! gods  ( ! #8tablets ( de/9y'    
7op4 cit41 #bie-g74 ,all ! _w ov]1  ! "p
 ( ,prome!us has be5 play$ by a         
sup]natural bird1 su*  z ,yehl1 ! crane1
 ( ! ,?l9keets2 ,pundgel1 ! eagle-hawk1 
(  ,au/ralia1 etc4    #fj ,v5ddd1 vi4   
#ae-af4    #fa ,op4 cit41 p4 #ag4    #fb
 ,speak+ ( ! effects :i* ! conque/ (    
,babylon by !  ,p]sians produc$ ^u !    
religion ( ! latt]1 ,pr(essor ,dill     
rem>ks3 #8,! conqu]ors1 z s (t5 happ5s1 
7 to "s ext5t  subdu$ by ! vanqui%$4    

,syncretism set 92 ! deities ( !  two   
races 7 reconcil$ & id5tifi$4 ,! magical
 arts & !  a/rolatry ( ! valley ( !     
,euphrates impos$ !mselves on !  pur]   
,mazdean fai? & nev] releas$ _! hold1   
al?\gh !y fail$  to *eck its developm5t 
z a moral sy/em4'--,roman ,society f    
,n]o  to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #aijd1 p4    
#ehg1 :]e ! au?or cites ,cumont1        
,monum5ts relatifs aux ,my/res de       
,mi?ra1 & ,gasquet1 ,le culte de        
,mi?ra4    #fc ,v5ddd1 ,introduction1   
sec4 v4    #fd ,! cult ( ,mi?ra1 :i*1 9 
! e>li] ages ( ! ,empire1  ext5d$ n only
 ov] ! ,m$it]ranean littoral1 b ?r\gh\t 
all ,europe s f> z ! ,roman legions w5t1
 ev5 to ,york%ire &  ! =e/s ( ,pannonia1
 0 full ( symbolism1 ! mean+ & ev5  !   
nom5clature ( :i* are only to be expla9$
 by ! ,p]sian  religion1 9 :i* ! cult   
orig9at$1 al?\gh x came to receive an   
int]pretation consonant ) !             
,neo-,platonic !ories4    #fe ,he fur!r 
sugge/s t ! orig9al notion ( ! ,v> z a  
place  ( refuge = ! se$s ( ?+s f a com+ 

de/ruction is borr[$  f ! ,judaic acc\nt
 ( ,noah4 ,?is w\ld seem to be a v /ra9$
  inf]5ce f a slight analogy4 ,!        
,biblical acc\nt f9ds mu* clos]         
p>allels n only 9 ! ,*aldan traditions1 
b 9 ! ,v$ic acc\nt  ( ,manu & ! ,ri%is  
be+ sav$ f ! deluge 9 an ark conta9+  ! 
se$s ( ?+s1 n to speak ( deluge my?s 9 !
 ,ea/ & 9  ! ,we/1 z ! ,?l9keets1 !     
,nat*ez1 & o!r tribes ( ,nor?  ,am]ica2 
! ,muyscas & ,or9oco ,indians ( ,s\?    
,am]ica2 ! ,samoans1  ,tahitans1 etc4   
#ff ,he assumes t ,vohu ,mano 7,good    
,?\ght7 is ! ,neo-,platonic  ,logos1 &  
if s1 t ! o!r ,ame%a ,sp5tas are (      
po/-,alex&rian  developm5t1 & he goes on
 to f9d p>allels = !m too 9 ! re/  ( !  
sev5 emanations enum]at$ by ,philo4     
,h[ev]1 ev5 if !  p>allels are s close z
 to compel ! conclusion t ! "*  &       
functions ascrib$ to ! ,ame%a ,sp5tas 9 
_! late/ =m  are due to ,neo-,platonic  
influ5ces--& ev5 ?is is n %[n v         
conv9c+ly--x by no means foll[s t ! v   
conception ( !  sev5 cele/ial p[]s is   

due to ! same s\rce4    #fg ,we h "h1 9 
,p]sia1 an anticipation ( !             
,neo-,platonic ons  be=e ! "t ( ,plato  
himself--a conception :i* c h>dly be    
ref]r$ to ! e>li] !ory ( ! k9d prop\nd$ 
by ,hesiod4    #fh ,v5ddd1              
,introduction1 p4 liv1 & see p4 lxi4 ,= 
! dead  ca/+ no %ad[1 cp4 ,plut>*'s     
,vision ( ,!spesios4    #fi ,op4 cit41  
p4 lxv4    #gj ,article #8,*alda1' 9    
,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 iii4     
#ga ,revelation xv4 #b1 & cf4 ,fis      
,adamn91 *4 ,,ii4    #gb ,h]odotus1     
,eut]pe1 ii4 #aef4    #gc ,dill1 op4    
cit41 p4 #efa4    #gd ,a!nian coloni/s 7
 settl$ 9 ! ,nile delta 9 ! sev5?       
c5tury ,b4,c4 at late/1 & at an ev5     
e>li] date int]c\rse _h  be5 ma9ta9$    
betwe5 ,greece & ,egypt by ! m$ium (    
,greek trad]s  to ! ,nile1 & ,greek     
m]c5>ies 9 ! ,egyptian s]vice4 ,! cult (
  ,isis 0 introduc$ into ,attica1 at !  
,peiraios1 9 ! f\r? c5tury  ,b4,c4      
7,f\c>t1 ,associations rligieuses1 etc41
 p4 #hc71 & ext5d$  ov] ! ,grecian isl&s

 & ! ma9l&s ( ,greece & ,ionia4    #ge  
,budge1 ,book ( ! ,dead1 #aija1 #a4     
lxv41 & ,ib4 lxvii4 sqq4  ,le ,page     
,r5\f1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahgi1 pp4    
#ahj-a4    #gf ,accord+ to "o ,rabbi    
,leo1 ! wick$ are tortur$ by fire &     
o!rwise1 "s )\t hope ( remission1 o!rs =
 a "t only4--,e4  ,c[p]1 ,apocryphal    
,gospels1 ,introduction1 lxviii4    #gg 
,at a some:at lat] date1 ! doctr9e ( !  
end ( ! _w  by fire1 held by _m ( !     
,/oics :o1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( !  ,empire1
 repres5t$ ! be/ & mo/ s]i\s side (     
,pagan ?\ght1  w\ld appe> to h enc\rag$ 
! b5t ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 t  direction r 
by famili>is+ ! subject to m5's m9ds ?an
 by  ! contribution ( any new matt]4    
#gh ,! speculative writ+s ( ! ,rabbis   
belong to a "t :5 !  ,jewi% s*ools (    
le>n+ _h fall5 "u ! spell ( ,hell5ism4  
,s  prepond]at+ 0 ! influ5ce ( ! latt] t
 ,pr(essor ,p]cy  ,g>dn] appe>s incl9$  
to trace ! entire ,hades !ory to !      
,orphic  rites1 & sugge/s a #8great     
probability t ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e (  !   

,desc5t into ,hades1 toge!r ) ! imag]y 9
 :i* ! future  _w 0 pres5t$ to ! e>ly   
,*ri/ian imag9ation1 0 d]iv$  nei!r f a 
,*ri/ian nor a ,jewi%1 nor ev5 a        
,hell5ic s\rce1  b f ! my/ical lore (   
,dionysos & ,orpheus4'--,contempor>y    
,review1 ,m>* #ahie4 ,s ,mr4 ,alfr$     
,nutt1 speak+ ( ! ,elysium ( !  ,*ri/ian
 apocryphal writ]s1 consid]s t ! #8s\rce
 mu/ be s\ght  = n 9 ,jewi% b 9 ,greek  
conceptions1' & t ! ,*ri/ian  ,heav5    
d]ives imm$iately f ! ,hell5ic          
"o4--,voyage ( ,bran1  i4 #bef1 & see *4
 xi4 g5]ally4 ,) all respect to ^! em95t
  au?orities1 ,i w\ld submit t x w\ld be
 go+ too f> absolutely  to exclude f ^? 
p>ts ( late ,jewi% & e>ly ,*ri/ian      
es*atology :i* deal ) ! !ory ( ,hades1  
includ+ ! ,desc5t  ?i!r1 & ) !          
description ( ,elysium1 all indebt$ness 
to !  ,ori5tal cre$s :i* h contribut$ s 
mu* to t es*atology  9 o!r respects4 ,) 
?is res]vation1 we may readily agree )  
,mr4 ,nutt t #8,*ri/ian es*atology1 z s 
mu* else ( ,*ri/ian  doctr9e1 is        

emphatically a product ( ! f]tilis+     
influ5ce (  ,hell5ic philosophy &       
religion ^u ,ea/]n ?\ght & fancy'  7op4 
cit41 p4 #bha72 only cont5d+ t ,ea/]n   
?\ght & fancy  contribut$ mu* ( ! raw   
mat]ial4    #gi ,le ,page ,r5\f1 op4    
cit41 p4 #ahc4    #hj ,! ,book ( ,eno*1 
translat$ f ,dillman's text1 ) notes1   
by ,*>les4 ,ox=d1 #ahic4 ,see also ,!   
,book ( ,eno*1 trans4  ,lawr5ce4 ,ox=d1 
#ahba4    #ha ,cp4 ! veil ( fire & veil 
( ice 9 ! doorway ( ,adamnn's  cele/ial 
city4--,f4 ,a4 #ad4    #hb #b ,esdras   
iv4    #hc ,l4c4 ii4 #ab1 #ah-ai2 & cp4 
,isaiah xxv4 #f2 ,revelation xxii4 #b4  
#hd #b ,cor4 xii4 #b-d2 & cp4 ,galatians
 i4 #ab1 #af2 ,ephesians i4 #c4    #he  
,e4g4 9 ,revelation ii4 #g4 #8,to him t 
ov]come? w ,i give to  eat ( ! ,tree (  
,life1 :i* is 9 ,p>adise'2 & xxii4 #b1  
#8,9 !  mid/ ( ! /reet ( x1 & on ei!r   
side ( ! riv]1 0 !re  ! ,tree ( ,life1  
:i* b>e twelve mann] ( fruits1 & yield$ 
h]  fruit e mon?3 & ! leaves ( ! tree 7 
= ! heal+ (  ! nations'2 also ! ,?rone &

 ,"o seat$ !reon 9 *4 iv41 xx4  #aa2 !  
sea ( glass m+l$ ) fire 9 *4 xv42 ! city
 built (  preci\s /ones1 etc4    #hf    
,vide ,dante1 ,inf]no1 canto iv4    #hg 
,! fact t ! "w 0 mo/ 9 repute 9 ! ,ea/]n
 ,*ur*1  & t sev]al ( ! lead+ ,we/]n    
fa!rs wrote ( x 9  disp>ag+ t]ms1 may   
possibly be held to militate to "s ext5t
  aga9/ ?is ascription4    #hh ,?is     
passage1 s ?or\ghly ,dantesque1 rem9ds u
 curi\sly (  *apt]s #i & #ab ( ! ,vita  
,nuova4 ,inde$1 ! little episode might  
almo/ be t]m$ a pa9t+ ( ,dante &        
,beatrice execut$ by "o (  ! primitives4
 ,9 l mann]1 ! passage t ensues recalls 
!  reproa*es :i* ,beatrice address$ to  
,dante on meet+ him 9 !  ,e>?ly ,p>adise
 at ! close ( ! ,purgatorio4    #hi     
,h]e9 ! plan ( ! "w accords to "s ext5t 
) t (  ! ,book ( ,eno*4    #ij          
,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y1 vol4 xvi4
 p4 #dhj4    #ia ,two ,lat9 v]sions1    
toge!r ) ! acc\nt ( ! pseudo-,john1  are
 translat$ 9 vol4 xvi4 ( ! ,ante-,nic5e 
,*ri/ian ,libr>y4    #ib ,us+ ! ^w #8p' 

9 its wid] s5se1 n z equival5t to  !    
popolaccio1 = !re 7 p]sons ( rank &     
culture among  ! e>ly conv]ts1 b z      
di/+ui%$ f ^? :o 7 9 high  /ation1 or 7 
rem>kable = le>n+4    #ic ,de ,legibus1 
,,ii4 xiv4 #cf4    #id ,see ,plut>*'s   
,consolatory ,epi/le to 8 ,wife4    #ie 
,plut>*3 ,on ,sup]/ition1 ,on ! ,t>dy   
,v5geance ( ,god1 ,on !                 
,impracticability ( a ,happy ,life on   
,epicurean ,pr9ciples4 ,lucian3         
,philopseudes1 ,de ,luctu4    #if ,see  
,irel& & ! ,celtic ,*ur*1 by ,dr4 ,g4   
,t4 ,/okes2 ed4 #e1  #aijj1 pp4         
#afi-agd4    #ig ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbi1 &  
cp4 pp4 #bae-af4    #ih ,edit$ by ,mr4  
,:itley ,/okes 9 ,anecdota ,oxoni5sia1  
,m$ival  & ,mod]n ,s]ies1 vol4 i41 "p   
#c4    #ii ,g4 ,t4 ,/okes1 op4 cit41 pp4
 #bbh-i4 ,= o!r po9ts (  resemblance &  
in/ance ( communication betwe5 ! ,iri% &
 !  ,ea/]n ,*ur*es1 cit$ by ! le>n$     
au?or1 see pp4 #aje n41 #agc-d1  #ahf-g1
 #bbi1 & ,lecture x41 passim4    #ajj   
,?is classification1 9 !ory at lea/1    

regulat$ ! /ructure  ( society f top to 
bottom4 ,!re 7 f\r ranks ( k+s1 f !  rd 
,r1 ,high ,k+1 or ,emp]or1 ( all ,irel&1
 to ! ,r ,tua?a1  ,k+ ( a ,tribal       
,t]ritory4 ,! t]ritories !mselves 7     
divid$  accord+ to a desc5d+ scale1     
analog\s to ! ,engli% division into     
c\nty1 hundr$1 ti?+1 etc4 ,!re 7 six    
grades ( pr9ces "u  ! k+1 classifi$     
accord+ to ! ext5t ( _! l&s4 ,society  0
 divid$ into nobles1 freem51 & s]fs1 &  
ea* ( ^! classes  0 subdivid$ into a    
great numb] ( m9or grades4 ,! family 0  
trac$ to ! sev5te5? degree1 & 0 gr\p$   
into six classes1  ^: rights &          
liabilities 9 matt]s ( inh]itance1 9 !  
receipt  or paym5t ( f9es & damages1    
etc41 are def9$ ) ! utmo/  m9ut5ess4 ,! 
l& t5ure1 & ! dues to be paid 9 respect 
( ea*  k9d2 ! circum/ances ( crimes &   
civil injuries1 & ! f9es or  damages to 
be paid = ea*2 9 %ort1 all ! details (  
public &  private life1 7 elaborat$ )   
simil> m9ut5ess4 ,= p>ticul>s1  ! read] 
may be ref]r$ to ! anci5t legal &       

cu/om>y  treatises1 & ! respective      
comm5t>ies !reon1 pr9t$ 9 !  ,rolls     
,s]ies1 ! ,lebor na g-,c]t1 ed4         
,o',donovan1 #ahdg1 & ,o',curry's       
,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,iri%1 ed4
 ,w4 ,k4 ,sullivan1 #c  vols41 #ahgc4   
#aja ,! ,filid mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! ,brd1
 a "n (t5  appli$ to ! poetic & lit]>y  
class promiscu\sly1 b really !  title   
p]ta9+ to a rank f> bel[ ! ,filid 9     
dignity4 ,see ,dr4  ,d\glas ,hyde1 ,!   
,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 pp4 #dhf1 etc4
    #ajb ,x is n to be suppos$ t s      
elaborate a sy/em ev] exi/$1  or c\ld   
exi/1 9 its entirety1 or t ! population 
( ,irel& 0  ev] sort$ out into sets (   
social pigeon-holes ) any?+ l  !        
complet5ess repres5t$ by ! *ronicl]s4 ,!
 old ,iri% writ]s  comb9$ two           
*>act]i/ics1 :i* may appe>1 at fir/     
glance1  contradictory1 ?\gh reflection 
may enable u to see h[ compatible  !y   
are on psy*ologic gr\nds1 viz4 a t5d5cy 
to run riot 9 !  exub]ance ( fancy1 & an
 equally excessive love ( sy/em & m9ute 

detail4 ,nev]!less1 writ+ z !y did ( !  
/ate ( society  9 :i* !y liv$1 & =      
read]s :o 7 acqua9t$ ) !  facts :i* !y  
describ$1 !y _c be suppos$ to h inv5t$  
_! sy/ems & classifications1 b r to h   
idealis$ &  elaborat$ _! picture ( an   
exi/+ /ate ( ?+s s z to  make x accord )
 _! conception ( ! true significance ( !
  social s*eme4 ,mod]n writ]s h (t5 done
 mu* ! same ?+ 9 a  diff]5t way1 9 _!   
treatm5t ( ! ,feudal ,sy/em1 ! ,imp]ial 
,!ory1 ! ,r5aissance1 ,re=mation1 &     
simil> movem5ts1 etc4    #ajc ,! ,iri%  
writ]s are fur!r rem>kable = n conf9+ _!
  tol]ance to traditional practices & ! 
l1 b ext5d+ x ev5  to ! spiritual be+s (
 ! national fai?4 ,?is po9t has be5 well
  put by ,mr4 ,nutt1 ,voyage ( ,bran1   
ii4 #bje3 #8,& :]eas 9 e o!r  ,european 
l& ! m9i/]s ( ! new fai? 7 z bitt]ly    
oppos$  to ! fanciful z to ! bus9ess    
aspect ( ! old] cre$1 9  ,irel& x is !  
sa9t :o protects ! b>d1 ! monk :o       
transcribes  ! my?1 :il/ ! bird-flock ( 
,fa]y1 alike ) ! *ildr5 (  ,adam1 ye>n =

 & acclaim ! adv5t ( ! ,apo/le4' ,& ev5 
:5  x has seem$ necess>y to reg>d ^!    
be+s z demons1 sev]al tales  %[ prie/ or
 sa9t feel+ = !m ! l regretful k9dl9ess 
z  ,orig51 ,burns1 & ,uncle ,toby       
express$ = ! *ief ( ! demons4 ,a  v     
/rik+ in/ance ( ! eag]ness %[n by !     
,*ri/ian writ]s  to put ! be/ possible  
con/ruction ^u _! pagan pr$ecessors1    
occurs at ! close ( #8,! ,iri%          
,ordeals1' etc41 trans4 by ,mr4 ,:itley 
,/okes1 ,iris*e ,texte1 ,,iii4 i4 #bba3 
#8,! wise decl>e t :5  any /range       
app>ition 0 reveal$ ( old to ! royal    
lords ''' x  0 a div9e m9i/ration t us$ 
to come 9 t wise1 & n a  demoniacal     
m9i/ration4 ,angels1 moreov]1 w\ld come 
& help !m1  = !y foll[$ ,natural ,tru?1 
& !y s]v$ ! comm&m5t ( !  ,law4'    #ajd
 ,mo/ ( ! pr9cipal ,iri% deities include
 among _! functions  t ( rul] ( ! dead4 
,"o ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ examples ( !  ,yama
 type is ,te?ra1 :o is describ$ 9 !     
leg5ds z ,*ief ( !  ,fomorians1 :]eby 8 
di/9ctly ,*?onian "* is ass]t$2 &1  aft]

 ! defeat ( 8 p at ! battle ( ,mag      
,tur$1 z rul] (  a l& beyond ! ocean1 l 
,v>una1 :5 ov]come by ,indra 7& cp4     
,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #afh-i1 &      
,p9d>1 ,olymp4 ii474 ,!nce1  f "t to "t1
 he w\ld s5d beautiful maid5s to summon 
to him !  *iefs & h]oes ( ire4    #aje  
,! subject ( ! ,o!rworld 9 ,iri%        
lit]ature has be5  treat$ v fully by    
,mr4 ,nutt 9 8 ,essay on ! ,iri% ,vision
 (  ! ,happy ,o!rworld1 & ! ,celtic     
,doctr9e ( ,rebir?1 app5d$ to  ,pr(essor
 ,kuno ,mey]'s ,voyage ( ,bran1 ,son (  
,febal1 #b vols41 #ahie-g4    #ajf      
,extract$ f ! ,lebor na h-,udri1 by     
,o',curry1 ,mann]s &  ,cu/oms1 etc41    
vol4 iii4    #ajg ,a simil> caldron 0 a 
fav\rite prop]ty ( sup]natural be+s  9 !
 h]oic tales ( ,irel& z ( ,wales2 inde$1
 s desirable a  possession ent]s into ! 
folklore ( mo/ nations4    #ajh ,aisl+e 
,meic ,congl9ne1#8,! ,vision ( ,mac     
,congl9ne1' edit$1  ) translation1      
notes1 & gloss>y1 by ,pr(4 ,kuno ,mey]1 
#ahib4    #aji ,ante1 note #c1 p4 #dd4  

,! "w is edit$1 ) translation1  notes1 &
 gloss>y1 by ,pr(4 ,kuno ,mey]1 :o dates
 ! composition (  ! tale 9 its pres5t =m
 9 ! sev5? c5tury2 ,mr4 ,nutt sugge/s  !
 eigh? c5tury 7op4 cit41 i4 #ada74      
,fragm5ts ( ! tale exi/ 9  ! ,l4,u4     
,pr(4 ,rhys id5tifies ,bran ) ,c]nunnos1
 ! div9e ance/or  ( ! anci5t ,celts     
7,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #he-ie74 ,mr4   
,nutt fur!r  sugge/s an id5tity )       
,brons1 ! ,fi%] ,k+1 & keep] ( !  ,graal
 7,/udies on ! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,graal1 
#ahhh1 p4 #bjh74    #aaj ,9 !           
disputation betwe5 ,neid & ,f]c]tue :i* 
0 to decide  :i* ( !m %\ld be rd ,ollamh
 7,*ief ,doctor7 ( ,ul/]1 ,f]c]tue  put 
! riddl+ "q1 #8,:at is x t ?\ trav]se/ 9
 ha/e8'  ,neid repli$1 #8,! pla9 ( age1 
! m\nta9 ( y\?1 ! c\rse (  ! ages1 9    
pursuit ( ! ,k+ 9 ! h\se ( e>? & /ones1 
betwe5 ! c&le & its end+1 betwe5 !      
combat & ! hatr$ (  combat1 amid ! brave
 w>riors ( ,te?ra4'    #aaa ,transcrib$ 
into ! ,l4,u4 be=e #aajc ,a4,d4 f !     
e>li]  ,book ( ,slane1 n[ lo/3 edit$    

7)\t a translation7 by ,pr(essor        
,w9dis* 9 ,iris*e ,texte1 vol4 i4 pp4   
#aig sqq4 ,pr(essor ,w9dis*1  :o /ates t
 ! tale is compos$ ( mat]ials f sev]al  
di/9ct  s\rces 7op4 cit41 pp4 #bjb-c71  
calls att5tion to ! ?or\ghly  pagan "* (
 x1 despite ! introduction ( a pass+    
allusion  to ,adam on p4 #bai4 ,portions
 ( ! descriptions ( ! ,tr ,tairngire    
conta9$ 9 ?is tale & 9 ! /ory ( ,mid] h 
be5 r5d]$ 9  metre by ,dr4 ,d\glas      
,hyde1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 pp4    
#bjb-c4    #aab ,z ,zeus 0 bro!r to     
,pluto1 & z ! /rife betwe5 !  ,olympian 
& ,*?onian p[]s--! p[]s ( light &       
d>kness--are  typifi$1 9 mo/ my?ologies1
 by discord betwe5 a pair ( div9e       
bro!rs2 a conception surviv+ 9 su*      
creations ( ! popul> or  ! lett]$       
imag9ation z ,val5t9e & ,orson1 ,alc9a &
 ,logi/illa1  etc4    #aac ,! episode is
 conta9$ 9 ! ,to*m>c ,em]e1 ,! ,woo+ (  
,em]1 dat$ eigh? c5tury1 by ,pr(essor   
,k4 ,mey]4 ,miss ,eleanor ,hull         
translates ! ,l4,u4 v]sion 9 h] ,cu*ull9

 ,saga1 pp4 #ef sqq4  ,pr(essor ,mey]   
publi%es a %ort] v]sion1 ) translation1 
9 !  ,revue ,celtique1 xi4 #ddb sq4     
#aad ,mr4 ,nutt gives ab/racts ( ^!     
/ories 9 ! ,voyage (  ,bran1 i4 #big    
sqq4    #aae ,9 ! ,p]ceval leg5d1 a     
bridge ( glass occurs 9 ,gauti]'s       
cont9uation ( ! ,conte du ,graal 7,nutt1
 ,/udies1 etc41 p4 #ag74    #aaf ,a     
simil> #8ob/acle bridge' occurs 9 o!r   
,iri% ,sagas4 ,9  ! ,voyage ( ,maeldu9's
 ,cura* is a bridge ( glass1 on :i* !   
pass5g] kept fall+ backw>ds4 ,( ?is k9d 
mu/ h be5 !  bridge :i* ! celebrat$     
,iri% ,m4,p4--real or my?ical--describ$ 
z  #8sep>at+' two %ores4    #aag ,edit$ 
& translat$ by ,pr(essor ,k4 ,mey] 9    
,revue ,celtique1  x4 #bab sqq41 f !    
,,mss4 9 ,t4 ,c4 ,d4--,h4 #b1 #af & ,eg4
 #aghb4    #aah ,?is flag/one1 ! ,lia   
,fil1 0 end[$ ) ! prop]ty  ( %riek+     
:5ev] press$ by ! foot ( a lawful k+4 ,!
  frequ5cy ( vocal /ones 9 ,iri% leg5d w
 be ref]r$ to lat] on4  ,popul>         
tradition id5tifies ! ,lia ,fil ) ! /one

 n[ inside  ! ,coronation ,*air at      
,we/m9/]1 /ol5 by ,edw>d ,i4 f ,scone1  
:]e ! k+s ( ,alban us$ to be cr[n$ ^u x1
 & :i!r  x 0 said to h be5 br\ght f ,t>a
 by ! ,dalriad ,scots4 ,i  believe1     
h[ev]1 t ! id5tity ( ! /one s tak5 to   
,scotl&  by ! ,dalriada ) t ( ,t>a has  
be5 impugn$4 ,! practice (  inaugurat+ a
 k+ or *ief ^u a c]ta9 /one surviv$ into
 late  hi/orical times4    #aai ,!      
habitual pres5ce ( ! great tree outside 
! ra?s (  ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann is        
d\btless to be ascrib$ to ! cu/om :i*   
prevail$ 9 ,irel& ( hav+ 9 a simil>     
position a public tree  ( ! tribe1 r\nd 
or beside :i* assemblies 7 held & games 
celebrat$4 ,! ,iri% *ronicles frequ5tly 
report ! cutt+ d[n (  su* a tree by     
raid]s z an insult to ! invad$ tribe4   
,?is practice  0 exactly p>allel$ 9 !   
m$ival republics ( ,italy1 :]e an       
invad+ army w\ld (t5 put scorn & (f5ce  
^u a city by cutt+  d[n ! public tree   
:i* /ood outside ! gates1 & 0 ! c5tral  
po9t 9 games & fe/ivals4    #abj ,ce?l5n

 0 ! wife ( ,balor ( ! ,mighty ,bl[s1 a 
,fomorian  *ief1 & !re=e ( ! ,*?onian   
race ( ,te?ra4 ,%e has left h]  "n to   
,enniskill51 ,inis ,ce?l5n1 ,ce?l5n's   
,isl&4    #aba ,! ,adv5tures ( rt1 son (
 ,conn1 & ! ,c\rt%ip (  ,delb*aem1 r91  
iii4 #adi sqq4 ,edit$ & translat$ by    
,mr4 ,r4 ,i4  ,be/1 f ! ,e*tra irt1 "o (
 ! ,prm-scla ( ,irel&1  pres]v$ 9 ,e>ly 
,mod]n ,iri% 9 ! ,book ( ,f]moy1        
,r4,i4,a41 a ,,ms4 (  ! fifte5? c5tury4 
#abb ,edit$1 ) translation & notes1 by  
,mr4 ,:itley ,/okes1  ,iris*e ,texte1   
,,iii4 i4 #ahc sqq41 f ! ,book (        
,ballymote1  ,r4,i4,a41 & ! ,yell[ ,book
 ( ,lecan1 ,t4,c4,d41 bo? ,,mss4 ( !    
f\rte5? c5tury4    #abc ,ano!r in/ance (
 ! sacr$ "* ) :i* ! ,iri%  code ( hon\r 
inve/$ a pl$ge1 & :i* is app>5t 9 !     
/ories1  be=e quot$1 ( ,mid]1 ,conn1 rt1
 etc4 ,s 9 ! ,baile ,mong91  a /ory     
pr9t$ by ,pr(4 ,k4 ,mey] z an app5dix to
 8 ,voyage (  ,bran1 ,mongn is oblig$ to
 surr5d] 8 wife ,dubhlaca to ! ,k+ (    
,le9/] 7app>5tly an euhem]isation (     

,manannn1 :o figures 9 an  e>li] v]sion1
 also giv5 by ,pr(4 ,mey] 7op4 cit477 9 
fulfilm5t  ( a l promise4    #abd ,at ! 
same "t1 x is p]ceptible t incid5ts ( ! 
mr*5 type are m num]\s 9 ?is gr\p ?an 9 
! great h]oic  cycles4    #abe ,9 ! /ory
 ( ,cormac1 ,manannn's ,p>adise1 in/ead 
( ly+  ov]sea1 is plac$ )9 a dn1 at :i* 
,cormac arrives by l&4    #abf ,s ! gr\p
 ( ,c>ol+ian romances1 :i* long pass$ = 
!  "w ( ,ar*bi%op ,turp91 reta9$ !      
*>act]i/ics ( a b>b>\s  society 9 _!    
views conc]n+ magic1 sup]/ition1 morals1
 etc41  ?\gh sanctifi$ by ! addition (  
ecclesia/ical miracles1 & o!r  matt]s ( 
edification1 :i* e>n$ = x ! =mal        
approval ( ,pope  ,calixtus ,,ii4 9 !   
ye> #aabb4    #abg ,manannn is pres5t$ 9
 l fa%ion 9 ! /ory ( ,mongn1  op4 cit4  
#abh ,s 9 ! tale ( ,mid]1 ante1 :]e1 z  
"h1 x is introduc$  into ! description (
 ! pagan ,elysium1 ,magh ,mr2 !         
ecclesia/ical  int]polations1 z "h aga91
 be+ br\ght 9 9 ! usual  incongru\s     
mann]4    #abi ,z 9 ! ,voyage (         

,maeldu9's ,cura*1 an ,imram (          
sub/antially ! orig9al type1 treat$ f a 
,*ri/ian po9t (  view4 ,! trait is copi$
 9 ! ,adv5tures ( ,tadg ,mac ,c91 a late
  m$ival romance compos$ 9 ! ar*aic     
/yle1 :]e x receives f  ,tadg !         
*>act]i/ic comm5t1 #8',tis que]1 ?\gh   
*>m+'2 he  evid5tly reg>d$ x z an       
example int5d$ r = edification  ?an     
imitation4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ !   
idea recurs 9 mod]n  ,iri% poetry1 z1   
inde$1 practically1 9 ,iri% peasant     
life4 ,9 poor  ,mangan's beautiful ,love
 ,ballad1 translat$ or imitat$ f !      
,iri%1 ! h]o--        #8,%elt]$ by !    
sloe-bu% black1      ,sat1 laugh$1 &    
talk$1 :ile ?ick sleet fell1            
,& cold ra94      ,?anks to ,god6 no    
guilty leav5        ,da%$ our *ildi%    
mir?4      ,y rejoice = ?is 9 ,heav51   
,i n less on e>?4'    #acj ,"o ( ! mo/  
explicit in/ances occurs 9 ! ,graal     
s]ies1  9 ! ,que/e1 :5 ,p]ceval is in=m$
 t ! ,ca/le ( ,maid5s  is ,hell1 & !    
captives !re9 are ! s\ls t await ,*ri/'s

  com+2 ! sev5 knights t def5d ! ca/le  
be+ ! sev5 deadly  s9s 7,nutt1 ,/udies1 
etc41 p4 #da74    #aca ,edit$ &         
translat$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,/okes 9 ,rev4    
,celtique1  ix4-x41 f a v]sion conta9$ 9
 ! ,l4,u41 p>ts be+ complet$  f lat]    
v]sions4 ,cf4 ,voyage ( ,bran1 i4       
#afb-c4    #acb        ,p>s 9 gram9eis  
ex]c5t membra palae/ris2      ,cont5dunt
 ludo1 et fulva luctantur ar5a1 etc4    
,,virg41 n41 vi4 #fdb-c4    #acc        
,odyssey1 ix4 #dha sqq4    #acd ,david  
,fitzg]ald1 #8,popul> ,tales ( ,irel&1' 
,rev4 ,celtique1  iv4 #ahi sqq4    #ace 
,! root conception belongs to ! common  
/ock ( ,celtic  tradition4 ,we %all see 
m ( ! fi]y ramp>t lat] on2 = !  revolv+ 
wall1 cp4 ! ca/le 9 ! ,wel% /ory (      
,p]$ur1 :i*  spun r\nd fa/] ?an ! w9ds4 
#acf ,probably a rem9isc5ce ( "s h]mit  
:o _h *os5 a sn[y  region 9 ! ,nor? = 8 
retreat4    #acg ,a simil> miracul\s    
provision by ! ag5cy ( "s animal  occurs
 9 ! leg5ds ( sev]al ( ! ,iri% h]mits4  
,9 ,wolfram's  ,p>zifal1 ! ,grail appe>s

 z a #8/one :i* yields all mann] (  food
 & dr9k1 ! p[] ( :i* is su/a9$ by a     
dove1 :o e  week lays a ,ho/ ^u         
x4'--,nutt1 ,/udies1 etc41 p4 #be4      
#ach ,vita ,s4 ,columb1 ,i4 xiv4    #aci
 ,iomram ,*urraig h-,ua g-,corra1 ed4 & 
trans1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,/okes1  9 ,rev4     
,celt41 xiv4 #bb sqq41 f ! ,book (      
,f]moy1 a ,,ms4 (  ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! 
tale1 9 its pres5t =m1 is lat] ?an  t ( 
,maeldu91 ?\gh ,pr(essor ,zimm] consid]s
 t ! orig9al  0 writt5 e>ly 9 ! eigh?   
c5tury1 ! pres5t be+ probably  #8a      
?irte5?-c5tury rifacim5to1 save ! op5+  
portion1 :i*  he 7,zimm]7 ?us looks ^u z
 be+ ! e>lie/ fragm5t ( ?is  g5re (     
/ory-tell+4'--,nutt1 ,voyage ( ,bran1 i4
 #afb4 ,mr4 ,/okes1  h[ev]1 reg>ds !    
extant v]sion z a "w ( ! elev5? c5tury1 
loc4 cit4    #adj ,"h1 aga91 ! h>p 9 !  
h&s ( a mod]n m9/rel re-e*oes  ! anci5t 
tune3        #8,&1 z ,i wat* ! l9e (    
light1 t plays        ,along ! smoo?    
wave1 t['rd ! burn+ we/1      ,i long to
 tread t gold5 pa? ( rays1        ,& ?9k

 'tw\ld lead to "s bright isle (        
re/4'--,,moore4    #ada ,a simil> belief
 exi/$ 9 ! old ,lat9 religion4 ,outside 
!  city gates ( e t[n !re us$ to be a   
pit1 ! #8,mundus1' :i*  0 reg>d$ z !    
receptacle ( ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,x 0 cov]$
  ) a flag/one1 :i* 0 lift$ on ?ree days
 9 ! ye>1 occurr+  9 ,augu/1 ,octob]1 & 
,novemb]1 to give ! imprison$ s\ls a    
holiday4 ,cp4 ! belief1 once preval5t   
all ov] ,europe1 & /ill  exi/+ 9 _m     
p>ts1 t on ,all ,s\ls' ,eve ! spirits   
w\ld g  ?r\gh _! t[ns 9 procession1 &   
visit _! =m] homes4    #adb ,imrum      
,sn$ghusa agus ,mic ,ragla1 ed4 & trans1
 by ,mr4 ,:itley  ,/okes1 ,rev4 ,celt41 
ix4 #ab sqq41 f ! ,yell[ ,book ( ,lecan1
  be=e m5tion$2 & see ,o',curry1 ,,ms4  
,mat]ials ( ,iri% ,hi/ory1  pp4 #ccc    
sqq4 ,mr4 ,/okes ascribes ! tale to !   
middle ( !  sev5? c5tury2 ,mr4 ,nutt1 to
 ! middle or latt] "p ( ! n9?           
c5tury4--,voyage ( ,bran1 i4 #bca4      
#adc ,! anticipation ( a g5]al battle   
imm$iately prior to !  ,judgm5t1 ?\gh an

 article ( _m religions 7e4g4 ! ,p]sian1
 !  ,norse1 etc471 is unusual 9 ,iri%   
writ+s ( ! pres5t class2 x  is probably 
sugge/$ by ! prophecies conta9$ 9 !     
,revelations1  & 9 ! prophetical books (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 m especially  ! m5tion
 ( ! ,battle ( ,armag$don 9 ,rev4 xvi4  
,! m5tion (  ,eno* 9 connection ) ?is   
battle is s+ul>1 & sugge/s !  leg5d (   
,eno* 9 ! ,talmud4 ,! disappe>ance ( a  
national h]o1  & 8 seclusion until he   
%all appe> to take "p 9 "s great        
conflict1 ?\gh common to ! traditions ( 
mo/ races 7"s ( !  mo/ famili> be+      
,ar?ur1 ,dietri* ( ,b]ne1 ,holg]        
,danske1 ,fr$]ick  ,,ii4--n ,fr$]ick    
,i41 ,b>b>ossa71 has always appeal$ to !
 ,iri%  imag9ation1 & recurs 9 ! mod]n  
folk-tales ( ,ge>oid ,i>la1             
,o',sullivan1 ! ,mac,mahon1 etc4 ,x w be
 rememb]$ t on ,mr4  ,p>nell's dea? _m  
believ$ t ! ,*ief 0 n really dead1 b  _h
 only disappe>$ = a "t4    #add ,!re is 
no int5tion to sugge/ t ! ,e*tra1 !     
,imram1  & ! ,fis1 or ! tales 9 ea*     

gr\p1 succe$$ "o ano!r 9  ! ord] 9 :i*  
!y are ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 ei!r 9 _!    
pres5t =m or 9 _! orig9al composition1  
lea/ ( all z reg>ds  ! v anci5t mat]ials
 :i* are embodi$ 9 all ( !m4 ,x has  be5
 attempt$ to pres5t !m 9 su* ord] z may 
be/ illu/rate !  developm5t ( !         
es*atological idea1 & ! increas+ fusion 
(  native traditions ) ! ,*ur* leg5ds4  
,a lat] writ]1 on acc\nt  ( 8 subject1  
or = o!r reasons1 might sometimes employ
 a m  ar*aic =m ( n>rative ?an "s ( 8   
pr$ecessors4    #ade ,sanctorum quoque  
angelorum dulces et suavissimas         
frequ5tationes  lum9osas hab]e m]uit4   
,quorumdam ju/orum animas crebro ab     
angelis ad summa coelorum vehi1 ,sancto 
revelante ,spiritu1 videbat4  ,s$ et    
reproborum alias ad inf]na a demonibus  
f]ri saep5um]o  aspiciebat4--,vita ,s4  
,columb1 ,i4 i4 ,"p ,,iii4 ( ! ,life is 
l>gely  devot$ to ^! visions1 :i*1      
h[ev]1 d n ?r[ light ^u our  subject4   
#adf ,b$e1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 ,,iii4 xix41   
:]e ! au?or relates ,/4  ,fursa's       

arrival 9 ,engl& f ,irel&1 & gives an   
acc\nt ( 8  visions4 ,see1 too1 ! ,v    
,rev4 ,canon ,o',hanlon1 ,lives ( !     
,iri%  ,sa9ts1 "u #af? ,janu>y1 :]e an  
acc\nt is giv5 ( sev]al ,acts1          
,visions1 etc41 ( ,/4 ,fursa1 mo/ly ( ! 
usual m$ival type4    #adg ,probably    
sugge/$ by ,ephesians vi4 #af4    #adh  
,?is episode sugge/s ! mann] 9 :i*      
,virgil protect$ ,dante  f ! onset (    
,filippo ,arg5ti 7,inf4 viii4 #dj sqq471
 ?\gh !  latt] passage does n conta9 any
 moral1 9 connection ) ,dante's  own    
previ\s conduct1 z is ! case 9 ,fursa's 
vision1 & 9 simil>  moral leg5ds ( !    
,middle ,ages4    #adi ,! ,vision (     
,laisrn1 9 ,/ories & ,songs f ,iri%     
,,mss41  by ,pr(essor ,kuno ,mey]1 ,otia
 ,m]seiana1 i4 #ahii2 ed4 & trans4 )    
notes f ,rawl9son ,b4 #eab1 a           
fifte5?-c5tury ,,ms4 9 ! ,bodleian4     
,pr(essor ,mey] consid]s t ! orig9al 0  
an ,o4 ,i4 "w ( !  late n9? or e>ly t5? 
c5tury 7p4 #aab74    #aej ,edit$ by ,mr4
 ,:itley ,/okes1 9 ,a ,middle ,iri%     

,homily1 ,rev4  ,celt41 iv4 #bde sq4    
#aea ,cit$ by ,mr4 ,nutt1 ,voyage (     
,bran1 i4 #bbe1 :]e x is  sugge/$ t ?is 
circum/ance may h aris5 9 ! di/9ction   
betwe5 ! ,pagan ,elysium & ,heav51 a    
provisional ,hell be+ add$  = ! sake (  
symmetry4 ,b x appe>s q z probable t ?is
  classification may be ano!r in/ance ( 
! acqua9tance ( ! ,iri%  ,*ur* ) ,ea/]n 
writ]s1 = ! f\rfold division already    
exi/s  9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 c4 #bb1 !     
sev]al categories be+3 7#a7 ,!  m>tyrs1 
z 9 ! ,fis ,adamn92 7#b7 ,! re/ ( !     
righte\s2 7#c7  ,s9n]s :o h be5 puni%$ 9
 ?is life2 7#d7 ,s9n]s :o h n  made     
expiation4    #aeb ,cp4 ,milton1        
,p>adise ,lo/1 i4 #fa-c3--        #8,a  
dungeon horrible on all sides r\nd1     
,z "o great furnace1 flam$2 yet f ^?    
flames      ,no light1 b r d>kness      
visible4'    #aec ,possibly ?is         
amplification ( ! usual description ( ! 
,pia/  owes some?+ to ! picture (       
,rum\r1 9 ,book iv4 ( ! neid4    #aed   
,david ,fitzg]ald1 loc4 cit41 pp4       

#aib-c1 :]e he cites f  ,kuhn1 ,die     
,h]abkunft des ,feu]s1 a passage ( !    
,v$as3 #8,two birds  sit on ! top ( !   
imp]i%able avat?a1 "o eat+ its figs1 &  
! o!r look+ on4' ,he also cites f !     
,flire ,o5gusa3 #8,a  great tree t 0 9 !
 ,ea/]n _w1 & ! hea!ns us$ to  wor%ip x1
 s t ! ,*ri/ians fa/$ aga9/ all ! ,sa9ts
 (  ,europe t ! tree might fall1 et     
/atim cecidit4' ,?is passage  contra/s  
curi\sly ) ! t]ms 9 :i* ! #8great tree' 
is  describ$ 9 o!r ,iri% writ+s4 ,!     
,flire also speaks ( ,elijah1  ,gospel 9
 h&1 prea*+ to ! spirits "u ! ,tree (   
,life 9  ,p>adise1 :ile ! bird-flocks   
come to eat ! b]ries ( x1 :i*  are      
sweet] ?an honey & headi] ?an w9e2 j z !
 ale ( !  ,tr ,tairngire is describ$ z  
headi] ?an ! ale ( ire4    ,! human s\ls
 9 ! =m ( birds are a v>iant ( a belief 
(  _w-wide ext5t4 ,9 ,li?uania & !      
neighb\r+ c\ntries !  belief /ill exi/s1
 or exi/$ lately1 t ! s\ls ( dead *ildr5
  return z birds4 ,ne>] to ! pres5t     
in/ance is ! ,mohamm$an  belief t !     

m>tyrs = ,islam fea/ on ! fruits (      
,p>adise 9  ! %ape ( beautiful gre5     
birds4    #aee ,cp4 h]eon ,pr(essor     
,aless&ro d',ancona1 ,i ,precursori di  
,dante  7,fir5ze1 #ahgd71 pp4 #bi-cj1   
#ajh1 etc4    #aef ,cp4 ,inf]no1 i4 #add
 sqq43 #8loco et]no ,ove udirai le      
disp]ate /rida1 ,di quegli anti*i       
spiriti dol5ti1 ,* la seconda  morte    
ciascun grida3 ,e poi v$rai1' etc4      
#aeg ,9 ne>ly all ! visions ! se] is    
provid$ ) a guide or  in/ructor1 ?\gh   
!re is a great v>iety 9 ! p]sons inve/$ 
) ?is (fice4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! is !        
,ar*angel ,mi*ael 9  ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & 
he reta9s 8 functions 9 a l>ge          
proportion  ( ! subsequ5t visions1 & ev5
 9 ! conv5tional relations ( a  visit to
 ,hades 9 ,r5aissance & po/-,r5aissance 
lit]ature4 ,dryd51  inde$1 9 8 ,essay on
 ,epic ,poetry1 compla9s ( ! unfair %>e 
( "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t t is ?ru/ ^u him4 ,9
 ! ,vision (  ,esdras he is associat$ ) 
,gabriel & ?irty-f\r o!r angels4 ,9  !  
,vision ( ,fursa he is conduct$ by ?ree 

angels :o repres5t !  ,tr9ity4 ,9 o!r   
n>ratives ,/4 ,paul or ,/4 ,pet]        
figures4 ,9 !  lat] m$ival visions !    
gu>dian angel appe>s 9 ?is capacity )   
increas+ frequ5cy1 & 9 p>ticul> 9 !     
,iri% leg5ds f !  "t ( ,/4 ,patrick1 :o 
receiv$ 8 revelations ?r\gh ! m\?  ( 8  
angel ,victor4 ,9 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 ! 
app>ition (  ! object ( ,h]mas's        
affection1 foll[$ by t ( ! sibyl-l      
p]sonification ( ! ,*ur*1 is a v curi\s 
anticipation (  ,beatrice in/igat+      
,virgil to und]take ,dante's guidance4  
#aeh ,cp4 ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,d ,danann    
*iefs are (t5  repres5t$ 9 ! h]oic      
romances1 sitt+ 9 /ate 9 _! dns3  e4g4  
,lugh ,mac ,ce?l5n1 9 ! /ory ( ,conn1   
?us en?ron$1 ) a  great tree 9 ! doorway
 ( 8 dn1 & ! birds s++ on x4    #aei    
,revelation iv41 xx41 etc4 ,cp4 ! ,book 
( ,eno*1 :]e ,"o clad  9 :ite robes sits
 9 glory 9 ! cry/al mansion1 :5ce a riv]
 (  fire issues4    #afj ,revelation iv4
 #d2 vi4 #aa1 etc4    #afa ,a conception
 simil> 9 k9d1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 =m1 is    

app>5t 9 ! dn ) a hundr$ doors1 & at ea*
 ( !m an alt>1  & a prie/ celebrat+ mass
 !reon1 9 ! ,voyage ( ,sn$gus &  ,mac   
,ragla4 ,cp4 ! ,ca/le ( ! ,graal 9 !    
,p]ceval romances4  ,! accessories (    
,*ri/ian wor%ip are frequ5tly introduc$ 
into  ! ,heav5 ( m$ival leg5ds1 ?\gh    
seldom ) su* m9ut5ess  z 9 our text4    
,cp4 ! sev5?- or eigh?-c5tury leg5d (   
,sa9ts  ,!ophilus1 ,s]gius1 & ,hyg9us1  
:o came to a *ur* built ( cry/al  &     
preci\s /ones4--,ancona1 op4 cit41 p4   
#cb4 ,?is *ur*1 inde$1  0 n meant to    
symbolise ,heav51 b corresponds to !    
*ur*es on  ! my/ical isl&s ( ! ,iri%    
,imrama4 ,praise & psalmody1 z  among ! 
joys ( ,heav51 ( c\rse h ,scripture     
w>rant2 x rema9$  = ,sw$5borg to cr[n ! 
bliss ( 8 elect1 :o 9 o!r respects  se  
rj\iss5t m\lt tri/em5t1 ) ! privilege ( 
li/5+ to  s]mons ?r\gh all et]nity4     
#afb ,cp4 ! ,vision ( ,esdras1 :]e !    
,apo/les & ,patri>*s &  all ! righte\s  
are array$ ab\t ! ,tree ( ,life4    #afc
 ,acallam na ,snra*1 9 ,iris*e ,texte1  

,,iv4 i41 ,,ii4 #fjhi sqq4    #afd ,mr4 
,:itley ,/okes aptly comp>es ! ?ree fi]y
 orbs 9  ,p>adiso1 xxxiii4 #aad sqq4    
,h[ev]1 ^! orbs repres5t !  visible     
manife/ation ( ! ,tr9ity1 & d n appe> z 
circles  encompass+ ! ,div9e seat4      
#afe ,x is curi\s to note h[ ,dante     
employs ?is symbol to repres5t  !       
,imp]ial eagle1 9 ,purg4 xxxii4 #abe    
sqq41 :i*1 9 its  onslaught ^u ! c> ( ! 
,*ur*1 rem9ds u h[ ! bird ,k>%ipta      
breaks (f ! bran*es ( ! ,tree ( ,life 9 
! ,v> ( ,yima4 ,surely  ?is co9cid5ce1 &
 also ! frequ5cy ( ! culture bird 9 !   
my?s ( unconnect$ races1 af=d good      
examples ( ! indep5d5t  orig9 ( simil>  
ideas4 ,9 ! bran* cov]$ ) life-giv+     
b]ries1 br\ght by ! eagles 9 ! ,voyage (
 ,maeldu91 we may  possibly h a         
modification ( ! popul> ,iri% tradition1
 fur!r  influ5c$ by ! ,phnix leg5d1 or1 
maybe1 "s ,ori5tal tradition1  d]iv$    
?r\gh int]c\rse ) ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es4     
#aff ,9 "s ,cont95tal visions !         
,cockayne idea assumes a =m m  accordant

 ) ! ,scriptural imag]y1 ! inhabitants (
 ,p>adise  r5ew+ _! y\? by eat+ ! fruit 
( ! ,tree ( ,life &  dr9k+ ! ,wat]s (   
,life 7,ancona1 op4 cit41 p4 #cb74 ,!   
la/  item is evid5tly sugge/$ by        
,revelation xxii4 #a1 :5 ! ,wat]s  (    
,life proce$ f "u ! ,?rone1 z 9 !       
,*aldan my?4 ,by  a c]ta9 meet+ (       
extremes ! ,cockayne idea passes ov]    
into  asceticism2 ?us1 9 ord] to express
 ! abundance & luxury ( !  my?ical      
,elysium1 x is said t a s+le loaf1 or ! 
v sc5t (  ! apple-trees1 or ! l1 af=ds  
suffici5t su/5ance2 9 lat]  developm5ts 
we f9d 9 ! ,p]sian ,p>adise "o loaf     
suffices = s  _m p]sons1 ,connla lives =
 a mon? on ! apple br\ght him by !      
,leanamhn ,sidhe1 ! fragrance ( ! c&les 
9 ,adamnn's ,heav5  yields su/5ance     
en\gh1 & s on4    #afg ,?us1 ,tundale's 
gu>dian angel quits him tempor>ily z he 
ent]s  into ,hell4 ,see po/4    #afh ,! 
,iri% leg5ds ( ! ,o!rworld1 & ! ,fis    
,adamn9 9  p>ticul>1 (f] s _m po9ts (   
resemblance to ! ,book ( ,eno*  z to    

lead u to conclude t t "w mu/ h be5 kn[n
 to !  ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,?is is likely en\gh
 9 itself1 hav+ reg>d to !  close       
connection ma9ta9$ by t ,*ur* ) !       
,*ur*es ( ,egypt  & ,syria1 ref]r$ to 9 
a previ\s section1 :]e a p>allel case 0 
po9t$ out1 viz4 ! pres]vation1 9 an     
,iri% translation1 ( !  ,book ( ,adam & 
,eve1 ! orig9al text ( :i* disappe>$4   
#afi ,& comp>e ,/4 ,paul1 #a ,cor9?ians 
iii4 #ac4    #agj ,! close agreem5t (   
?is !ory ) ! ,egyptian belief has  be5  
po9t$ out 9 ,section #b ante4    #aga   
,cp4 ! angel at ! door ( ,purgatory     
7,purg4 ix4 #ajc-d74    #agb ,cp4 ! fire
 ?r\gh :i* ,dante _h to pass 9 ! sev5?  
circle ( ,purgatory 7,purg4 xxvii474    
#agc ,x is rem>kable t sev]al ( ! mo/   
impressive incid5ts  9 ! ,apocalyptic   
description ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t are omitt$
 f  ! pres5t1 z f mo/ ( ! o!r m$ival    
visions2 a circum/ance  :i* may cause u 
to hesitate be=e conclud+ positively t  
our  au?or _h z frequ5t rec\rse to !    
,book ( ,revelation z _m  analogies w\ld

 sugge/4    #agd ,mr4 ,:itley ,/okes1 9 
a note on ?is passage1 aptly comp>es !  
,egyptian demon ,apap1 :i* dev\r$ ! s\ls
 ( ! wick$4 ,he also  cites an ,old     
,engli% homily1 :]e a dragon swall[s !  
wick$ &  dis*>ges !m into ! ,devil's    
maw4 ,! f]tile m$ival lit]ature  on !   
subject furni%es sev]al p>allels1 m or  
less close1 bo? (  a s]i\s & comic      
nature4    #age ,?is is probably "o ( ! 
additions made to ! ,book ( ,eno*  9    
,*ri/ian times1 cp4 ,rev4 xx4 #d-e1 :]e 
prec$5ce is giv5 to !  m>tyrs1 ! o!r    
righte\s n be+ p]mitt$ to live aga9     
until  aft] ! lapse ( "o ?\s& ye>s4     
,h]e9 we h ano!r =m (  ! doctr9e (      
po/pon$ r$emption 9 c]ta9 cases1 ?\gh n 
"h1  to all[ "t = ! purgation ( s9s4    
#agf ,cp4 ! simil> fate ( ! flatt]]s    
7,inf4 xviii4 #aac71 &  ! /9k+ ,/ygian  
lake 9 :i* ! viol5t are immur$ 7,inf4   
vii4  #aaj74    #agg ,we h se5 t 9      
,p]sia1 z 9 ,irel&1 ! #8black nor?' 0  !
 region :5ce cold w9ds & malignant be+s 
proce$$4 ,x is a  well-kn[n fact t cold 

no less ?an heat ent]$ into ! ,hell (  !
 ,iri%1 z ( ! ,nor!rn nations1 :]e9 !y  
are foll[$ by  ,dante1 :o1 inde$1 makes 
! suff]+s ( ! inmo/ circle1 devot$  to !
 wor/ ( s9n]s1 to consi/ 9 int5se cold4 
,cp4 ,%akespe>e1  ,measure = ,measure1  
,,iii4 i43                          #8,!
 delight$ _s      ,to ba! 9 fi]y floods1
 or to reside      ,9 ?rill+ regions (  
?ick-ribb$ ice4'    ,s ,milton3 #8,9    
fi]ce heat & 9 ice4'    #agh #8,s5za    
riposo mai era la tresca ,delle mis]e   
mani1 or qu9di or  qu9ci ,iscot5do da se
 l'arsura fresca' 7,inf4 xiv4 #dj-db72 &
 9  ,inf4 xvii4 #dg-dh3 #8,di qu di l   
soccorri5 con le mani1 ,qu&o a'  vapor1 
e qu&o al caldo suolo4'    #agi ,inf4   
v41 :]e ,dante c\ples ) !m ! angels :o  
ab/a9$  f tak+ ei!r "p on ,satan's      
revolt1 b p] s =o4 ,9 l  mann] ! ,iri%  
writ]s1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,/4 ,br5dan1 ext5d$
  _! m m]ciful judgm5t to ^! spirits    
also4 ,! popul>  traditions ( mod]n     
times id5tify !m ) ! ,dao9e ,sidhe1 b   
)\t agree+ z to _! ultimate fate aft] ! 

,judgm5t4    #ahj ,cp4 ! devices to :i* 
,*ri/ian r$actors ( ,pagan leg5ds  _h   
rec\rse1 9 ord] to br+ ! national h]oes 
)9 ! pale  ( salvation3 e4g4 ,cu*ula9n1 
,concob>1 ,f9n ,mac ,cumhal1 ,caoilte1  
,cormac ,mac irt1 ,f9tan1 ,tuan ,mac    
,cairill1 etc4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian  writ]s 
dealt 9 l mann] ) ,s5eca1 ,trajan1      
,/atius1 ,lucan1 etc42  to :om ,dante1  
app>5tly on 8 own responsibility1 add$  
,rhipeus4    #aha ,?is is ! doctr9e (   
,/4 ,augu/9e1 :i* ,dante foll[$ 9  ,inf4
 vi4 #ajf sqq4    #ahb ,cp4 ! braz5 wall
 wrapp$ 9 flame 9 ! ,revelation ( ,/4   
,paul4    #ahc ,cp4 ,revelation ix4 #f1 
^u ! au?ority ( :i* text a simil>       
passage is introduc$ into _m ( ! m$ival 
descriptions ( ,hell4  ,cp4 ! ,book (   
,adam1 :]e ! damn$ #8call al\d = !      
second  dea?1 & ! second dea? is deaf to
 _! pray]' 7,ancona1 op4  cit4 #ajg74 ,s
 ,dante1 #8*e la seconda morte ciascun  
gride' 7,inf4 i4  #aae74 ,cp4 too       
,dante1 ,inf4 iii4 #abd-f1 :]e ! guilty 
are eag] to  cross ! riv] to _! place ( 

suff]+3 #8,* la div9a giu/igia  gli     
sprona ,s *e la tema si volge 9 disio1' 
:51 h[ev]1 ,dante 0  probably foll[+    
,virgil1 neid1 vi4 #cac-ad4    #ahd     
,see1 especially1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ii4    
#ehg sqq4    #ahe #8,n[ see+ t !y :o    
make ?is moan are ! ,sa9ts1 to :om  are 
allott$ ev]la/+ mansions 9 ! heav5ly    
,k+dom1 h[ mu*  m meet 7 x = m5 t are   
yet on e>?1' etc41 *4 #cd4 ,cp4 !       
simil> passages 9 ! ,flire ,o5gusa & !  
,scla ,li ,br?a  ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+   
section4    #ahf ,v]bal diff]5ces betwe5
 ! two v]sions are frequ5t  ?r\gh\t1    
?\gh g5]ally ! lat] copy is ! full]1 ow+
 to  ! ins]tion ( a c]ta9 am\nt (       
#8padd+4' ,f> wid] div]g5ces  exi/      
betwe5 ! diff]5t v]sions ( mo/ ( !      
m$ival leg5ds1  e4g4 ! ,vision ( ,paul1 
! ,voyage ( ,/4 ,br5dan1 & ! ,vision  ( 
,tundale4 ,?is circum/ance /r5g!ns !    
int]nal evid5ce (  int]polations 9 !    
,fis ,adamn94 ,at ! same "t1 x adds to  
! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! relative       
priority ( ! incid5ts  conta9$ 9 !      

sev]al ,visions4    #ahg ,! ,acts ( ,/4 
,br5dan1 & ! acc\nts ( 8 voyages1 h  (t5
 be5 translat$ by mod]n s*ol>s4 ,besides
 ! collections (  hagiologi/s & ,*ur*   
hi/orians1 /&>d works on ! subject  are 
,jub9al1 ,la ,lg5de lat9e de ,sa9t      
,br5da9es1 ,p>is1  #ahcf2 ,s*rd]1 ,sanct
 ,br&an1 ,erlang51 #ahga2 ,moran1 ,acta 
,sancti ,br5dani1 ,dubl91 #ahgb4 ,!     
,iri% ,life is edit$1 ) a  translation &
 notes1 by ,mr4 ,:itley ,/okes1 9       
,anecdota ,oxoni5sia  7,m$ival & ,mod]n 
,s]ies1 pt4 #e74 ,9 ! ,rev4 ,d5is       
,o',donoghue's  ,br5daniana ! subject is
 treat$ 9 an int]e/+ & comp5di\s  mann]4
 ,! summ>y ( ! pr9cipal incid5ts ( !    
voyages giv5 9  ! text1 is tak51 = ! mo/
 "p1 f ,mr4 ,/okes's edition ( !  ,iri% 
life4    #ahh ,! imag9>y isl& ( ,/4     
,br5dan 0 del9eat$ 9 ! maps  ( ! ,middle
 ,ages1 & ev5 ( lat] p]iods4 ,x 0 claim$
 by !  ,portuguese1 b aft]w>ds c$$ to   
,spa94 ,_m voyages 7 und]tak5  9 que/ ( 
x1 "o s late z #agba4--;,ancona1 op4    
cit41 p4 #ej4    #ahi ,fa!r ,o',donoghue

 po9ts out t ! :ale episode appe>s too  
e>ly 9 m$ival *ur*es to be due to an    
imitation ( ,s9bad4 ,x  occurs 9 a      
m$ival life ( ,/4 ,ma*utus1 or ,malo1   
:i*1 h[ev]1  ,fa!r ,o',donoghue consid]s
 an imitation ( ,/4 ,br5dan1 into ^:    
leg5d ! incid5t ent]$ at a v e>ly p]iod1
 be+ m5tion$ 9  a poem by ,/4 ,cum91 :o 
liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury 7,br5daniana1  pp4
 #hh-ia71 :]e ! au?or ref]s to p>allels 
occurr+ 9 !  ,m$ival ,be/i>ies4 ,sign]  
,d',ancona 7op4 cit47 says t ! episode  
occurs 9 ! ,romance ( ,alex&]1 :i* is   
likely to be ! orig9  ( ! ,we/]n        
v>iants4 ,h[ev]1 ! idea is "o :i* may   
well h  pres5t$ itself spontane\sly 9   
sev]al di/9ct qu>t]s4    #aij ,app>5tly 
a trave/y ( ,manannn ,mac ,lr z he      
appe>$ to ,bran  9 ! ,imram ,br91 b     
quantum mutatus1 or1 lit]ally1 diablem5t
  *ang en r\te4 ,already h ! ,celtic    
deities foll[$ !  ,olympians1 & become  
conv]t$ into demons4    #aia ,cf4       
,virgil1 neid1 vi4 #eeg-h1 & ,dante1    
,inf]no1 iii4 #bb-bh4    #aib ,we may   

note "o curi\s incid5t :i* illu/rates ! 
sympa?y1  be=e m5tion$1 ) :i* ,iri%     
,*ur*m5 treat$ ! be+s :o  p]ta9$ to t   
old] fai? :i* x 0 _! mission to de/roy4 
,"o day ,/4 ,br5dan came ^u a maid5 (   
va/ /ature & exce$+  beauty float+ ^u ! 
sea1 dead1 & a spe> ?r\gh h]4 ,he       
re/or$ h] to life1 & ask$ h] :o %e 03 %e
 repli$ t  %e 0 "o ( ! dwell]s 9 ! sea1 
:o 7 pray+ = !  ,resurrection4 ,he      
baptiz$ h]1 & gave h] ! *oice--to die1 &
  g at once to ,heav51 or to return to  
h] own p4 ,%e *ose to g  direct to      
,heav51 s he adm9i/]$ to h] ! la/       
,sacram5t1 & %e  di$4    #aic ,mr4      
,:itley ,/okes sugge/s t #88 fea!rs may 
be a  rem9isc5ce ( "s h]mit's dress (   
bird-sk9s' 7op4 cit41 p4  #ced74 ,or1   
maybe1 ( "s an*orite :o may h liv$ into 
extreme old  age1 z d\btless _m did1 9 !
 condition ( ,k+ ,nebu*adnezz>  aft] 8  
fall1 until 8 long :ite hair & be>d     
sugge/$ !  plumage ( a :ite bird4 ,or1  
aga91 x is j possible t ?is  bird-l     
h]mit1 dwell+ 9 an isl& ,p>adise1 may be

 an attempt to  euhem]ise "o ( ! _m     
avat>s ( ! sacr$ bird4    #aid ,!       
influ5ce ( ! ,fis ,adamn9 likewise      
appe>s 9 !  op5+ portion ( ! ,life1 :i* 
cites prec$5ts = ! ,sa9t's  dev\t & holy
 life among ! wor?ies ( ! ,old & ,new   
,te/am5ts4    #aie ,! pr9cipal ,lat9    
,life ( ,/4 ,br5dan1 ?\gh lat] ?an !    
,iri% life1 0 writt5 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 
,bo? ,lives1 h[ev]1  conta9 elem5ts :i* 
! ,lives ( o!r ,iri% sa9ts prove to h   
be5 ( mu* e>li] date4    #aif ,imrama   
/ill cont9u$ to be writt51 & ! late     
m$ival  /ory ( ,tadg ,mac ,c9 7publi%$1 
) a translation1 9 ,mr4 ,/&i%  ,hayes   
,o',grady's ,silva ,gadelica71 pres5ts a
 v admirable specim5  ( its class4 ,t   
"w1 h[ev]1 is a m purely lit]>y         
production1  consci\sly imitative1 &    
delib]ately ar*aic 9 /yle4    #aig ,!   
summ>y 9 ! text foll[s ! ,iri% v]sion   
conta9$ 9  ,la ,vision de ,tondale1 ,v4 
,h4 ,fri$el & ,kuno ,mey] 7,p>is1       
#aijg71  :i* also conta9s two ,fr5*     
v]sions 9 prose1 & a fragm5t ( an       

,anglo-,norman v]sion 9 v]se4 ,! ,iri%  
translation 0 made 9 #aea-1  by         
,muirgheas ,mac ,pid9 ui ,maoil*anaire  
7op4 cit41 ,introduction74  ,! orig9al  
,lat9 has be5 edit$ by ,scade1 ,halle1  
#ahfi1 & ,a4 ,wagn]  7) an ,o4 ,g4      
v]sion71 ,erlang51 #ahhb4 ,=            
translations into mod]n  languages see  
op4 cit41 ,introduction1 & ,ancona1 op4 
cit41 p4 #ec  n4    #aih ,9 ,*ri/ian    
art1 ,hell 0 (t5 symbolis$ by a picture 
( !  ,dragon1 8 op5 m\? fill$ ) flames1 
into :i* ! wick$ 7  impell$4 ,?is image 
surviv$ 9 book illu/rations into !      
eighte5?  c5tury at lea/4 ,x occurs 9 _m
 ( ! m$ival visions2 possibly  ! ,vision
 ( ,/4 ,paul may h be5 ! imm$iate       
au?ority4 ,x  appe>s s e>ly z ! ,vision 
( ,esdras1 if n be=e4    #aii ,?is lake 
corresponds to ! sea haunt$ by /range   
mon/]s  :i* sw>m ab\t ! h]o's cura* 9 ! 
e>ly ,imrama & 9 !  mod]n romantic      
folk-tales4    #bjj ,signor ,d',ancona  
7op4 cit47 sugge/s t ! apologue ( !     
bridge 9 ! ,fioretti ( ,/4 ,francis     

7cxxvii47 is an imp]fect  quotation f   
,tundale1 z also a simil> passage (     
,joa*im ( ,flora4    #bja ,see ! rem>ks 
9 ! prec$+ section ^u a simil>          
conception 9 ! ,fis ,adamn91 & contra/ !
 treatm5t ( x by  ! two au?ors4    #bjb 
,! de/ruction ( ! guilty s\l1 & its     
re9tegration  = a r5ewal ( its suff]+1  
dates back to ,plut>*'s ,vision (       
,!spesios4 ,see ,sect4 ,i ante4    #bjc 
,cp4 ! analog\s ideas 9 ! ,%eph]d (     
,h]mas1 & ! vision  9 ,/4 ,gregory's    
,epi/le4    #bjd ,x is said t ! ,hells (
 ! ,ori5tal religions ev5 surpass  ^? ( 
m$ival ,*ri/5dom 9 ! morbid cruelty &   
obsc5ity1 &  9 ! *ildi% extravagance (  
_! descriptions4    #bje ,! angel :o    
came to ,tundale's rescue may also be   
comp>$ to  ! angel :o came to ! aid (   
,dante & ,virgil :5 _! entrance  into ! 
,city ( ,dis 0 oppos$ by ! demons 7,inf4
 ix474 ,signor  ,d',ancona 7op4 cit41 p4
 #ee n47 comp>es ! approa* ( ,tundale's 
angel1 #8) a radiance z ( a />1' to !   
approa* ( ! angel  9 ,purgatorio xii4   

#hi sq41 nella faccia1 quale ,p>        
tremol&o  mattut9a /ella1 cit+ ! passage
 f ! ,lat9 ,tundale1 :]e !  resemblance 
is /ill clos]--longe v5i5tem velut      
/ellam lucidam4    #bjf ,purg4 xxvii4   
#acj sqq4    #bjg ,p>4 xxii4 #abi sqq4  
,dante evid5tly foll[s ! correspond+    
passage 9 ! ,somnium ,scipionis1 or !   
d]ivative passage 9 ,book  ix4 (        
,lucan's ,ph>salia4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !    
idea appe>s 9  ,tundale is n analog\s4  
,! doctr9e--#8to :omsoev] ,god give?    
p[] to behold ,himself1 to him is p[] to
 see all o!r creatures  likewise'--is   
precisely t ( ,dante4 ,see ,p>adiso ix4 
#fa sq4 &  cp4 viii4 #ij2 ix4 #gc sq42  
xi4 #ai sq41 etc4    #bjh ,= _m specim5s
 ( ^! visions1 bo? ( e>li] & lat]       
dates1 see ,ozanam1 ,dante et la        
,philosophie ca?olique au treizime      
,sicle2 ,wright1 ,/4 ,patrick's         
,purgatory1 #ahdd2 ,ancona1 op4 cit4  ,!
 le>n$ au?or ( ! la/-nam$ "w has record$
 sev]al curi\s  & little-kn[n examples1 
&1 9 8 notes1 gives ref]5ces to _m      

works ^u special bran*es ( ! subject4   
#bji #8,&ovvi poi lo ,vas d'elezione1   
,p] rec>ne con=to a quella  f$e1' etc4  
7,inf4 ii4 #bh-i74    #baj ,= ?is       
extreme t5uity1 cp4 ,al ,sirt1 ! ,muslim
 equival5t (  ! ,*9vt ,bridge1 n>r[ z a 
razor's edge2 also ! s\ls' bridge (  !  
,inoits ( ,aleutia1 :i*1 z 9 sev]al     
m$ival visions1 is ( !  ?ickness ( a    
s+le ?read4    #baa ,cp4 ! fate ( !     
viol5t 9 canto xii4 ( ! ,inf]no4  ,!    
traitors also /& m or less completely   
congeal$ 9 !  ice1 accord+ to !         
circum/ances ( _! trea*]y 7,inf4        
xxxii4-xxxiv474    #bab ,x is possible t
 ?is circum/ance 0 sugge/$ by simil>    
travel tales told ( ! s]p5ts ( ,india1 &
 pres]v$ by !  ,greek naturali/s4       
,h[ev]1 ! idea is "o :i* might well     
occur  spontane\sly1 z "o ( ! usual     
,o!rworld applications ( ! lex          
talionis4    #bac ,cp4 ! fi]y sepul*res 
9 ,inf4 canto xi41 :]e91 likewise1      
infidels 7 immur$4    #bad ,nor?umbria1 
x w be rememb]$1 0 ,*ri/ianis$ by ,iri% 

monks1 :o plant$ mona/]ies at ,l9disf>ne
 & else:]e1 :i* long  ma9ta9$ !         
connection betwe5 ! two c\ntries4       
#bae ,cp4 ,plut>*1 ,vision ( ,!spesios1 
ante1 ,sec4 #a1 :]e !  s\ls asc5d$      
conta9$ 9 bubbles4    #baf ,9 ! ,fis    
,adamn9 ,p>adise is plac$ 9 ! s\?-ea/4  
#bag ,cp4 ,inf]no xii4 & xxxii4-xxxiv4  
#bah ,inf4 xxi4-xxii42 & cp4 ! ,c5taurs 
9 ,inf4 xii4 #ef4    #bai ,inf4         
xxxii4-xxxiv4    #bbj ,inf4 ix4    #bba 
,inf4 v4    #bbb ,inf4 xxiv4-xxv4       
#bbc ,inf4 xxiii4 #aaa sqq4    #bbd ,see
 a pap] by ,m4 ,h5ri ,gaidoz 9 ,revue   
,celtique1 ii4 #dhb4    #bbe ,signor    
d',ancona 7op4 cit41 pp4 #fb-c7 d\bts   
:e!r ?is "w  0 ev] kn[n beyond its      
bir?place 9 ! ,abbey ( ,monte ,cass9o1  
until its discov]y less ?an a c5tury    
ago1 :]e ,dante 0 n likely  to h se5 x4 
,9 ! abs5ce ( direct evid5ce on ?is     
po9t1 ,i  leave ! passage 9 ! text z x  
/&s1 = ! read] to =m 8  own conclusions4
    #bbf ,p]haps a ref]5ce %\ld be made 
to ! ,vision ( !  ,o!rworld compos$ by  

,dante's fri5d1 ! le>n$ ,jew ,immanuel  
b5  ,salamone1 z ! "q might occur :e!r  
,dante may n1 by 8  means1 h arriv$ at  
su* "p ( 8 subject z relates to ,old    
,te/am5t lore & ,jewi% tradition by a   
%ort] cut ?an ! usual  *annels1 :i* x   
has be5 "h attempt$ to trace4 ,immanuel 
0 born  at ,rome 9 #abfe1 ! ye> (       
,dante's bir?1 &1 l 8 fri5d1  0 at once 
poet1 s*ol>1 !ologian1 philosoph]1 &    
exile1 &1  probably1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5
 ( 8 day4 ,x is possible t  ,dante may h
 be5 indebt$ to him = /ray pieces (     
in=mation1  scraps ( ,hebrew1 & ! l1 b !
 debt c h>dly g fur!r  ?an ?is4         
,immanuel's vision ( ,hell & ,p>adise 0 
n complet$  till #acbe1 & is a manife/  
imitation ( ! ,comm$ia2 x has  be5      
conjectur$1 ev51 t by ,daniel1 :o s]v$ z
 8 guide1 z  ,virgil did to ,dante1 he  
signifi$ ! latt]4 ,see ,signor          
,seppelli's  translation1 ) notes &     
introduction--,inf]no e ,p>adiso di     
,emanuele di ,salamone1 ,ancona1 #ahgd4 
,,index        ,ab]setus1 #cf1 #aid4    

,acallam na ,snra*1 #ahg4      ,accadian
 survivals 9 ,assyrian my?ology1 #fi4   
,a*m5ian elem5ts 9 ,ave/an religion1    
#gi4      ,a*]on1 #baf4      ,a*illes 9 
,leuke1 #adc4      ,a*tlann1 #adi4      
,adam1 leg5d ( dea? (1 #hd1 #ig2        
,book (1 #bjc n42      ,book ( ,adam &  
,eve1 #aad4      ,adam de ,ros1 #bcj4   
,adamnn1 ,/41 au?orities = life1 #d n41 
#ab2      mean+ ( "n1 #g2      bir? &   
l9eage1 #g2      anecdote ( /ud5t days1 
#ab1 #ac2      at mona/]y ( ,iona1 #h2  
,abbot1 #h2      missions to ,engl&1 #h1
 #i2      relations ) ,b$e1 #i2         
,pas*al controv]sy1 #i1 #aj2            
,boruma tribute1 #ae1 #af1 #ag2         
relations ) rd-,r ,f9na*ta1 #ac sqq42   
emancipation ( wom51 #ah sqq41 #de2     
dea?1 #aj1 #bb-c2      "*1 #i1 #ab1     
#bc-d2      8 le>n+1 #aj1 #ab1 #be2     
8 ,life ( ,/4 ,colm ,cille1 #aj2        
cit$1 #aeg1 #aff2      treatise ,de     
,locis ,sanctis1 #aa1 #aad2      8      
canons1 #ab1 #ah2      apocryphal       
writ+s1 #ab2      ! ,c9 ,adamn91 #ah    

sqq41 #bg4      ---- ,! ,vision (1 date 
(1 #be2      ,,mss4 & editions1 #bg2    
reasons ( ascription to ,adamnn1 #be    
sqq41 #de1 #agg2      ,translation1 #bh 
sqq42      prec$5ts & au?orities1 #bh-i1
 #ajf-g1 #ahj-a2      cont5ts discuss$1 
#be sqq41 #agd sqq42      /ructural     
design1 #age sqq42      composite "*1   
#agf sqq42      lit]>y *>act]i/ics1     
#agd-f1 #ahf1 #bdf-h2      ecclesia/ical
 proclivities1 #ahb-d2      ,purgatorial
 !ory1 #aic-d2      co9cid5ces )        
,ori5tal es*atology1 #hc sqq41 #ij1     
#aic2      comp>$ ) ,dante's ,comm$ia1  
#aha1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh n41 #ahi1        
#aic n41 #aid-e1 #bjj-d2      relation  
to ,dante1 #bdc-f2      cit$1 #c1 #bb1  
#if n41 #acc1 #add1 #aeb1 #aga1 #agb1   
#agd1 #baa1 #bab1          #bah n41     
#bcj1 #bcb1 #bcc4      ,addison's       
,vision ( ,mirza & ,bridge episode1     
#acb4      ,aelian1 #aea4      ons1 e>ly
 ,p]sian1 #gi2      ( ,philo ,judu1 #gi 
n42      ( ,hesiod1 ib4      ,ailill1   
#acb4      ,alb]ic1 ,vision (1 #bch-i2  

cp4 ) ,dante1 ib4      ,alcu91 #e n4    
,aldfrid1 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 #h4        
,alex&ria1 ,jewi% colony 91 #hf2        
culture ma9ly ,hell5ic1 #hf-h2          
contact ) ,egyptian ideas1 #hh-i4       
,allegory1 9 ! ,ave/a1 #gd-e1 #ahb2     
9 ,virgil1 #df2      9 ! ,%eph]d (      
,h]mas1 #ajd2      9 ,iri% leg5ds1 #ace1
 #adb1 #add-e4      ,ame%a ,sp5tas1 !1 &
 ,philo's ,emanations1 #gh-i4           
,ancona1 ,pr(4 ,a4 d'1 ,i ,precursori di
 ,dante1 #age n41 #ahd n41        #aij  
n41 #bjc n41 #bjh n41 #bac n41 #baf n41 
#bbh n41        #bbi n41 #bch n4        
,angels1 hi]>*ies1 #cj1 #ahe1 #bbc-d2   
gu>dian angels1 #bi1 #hf1 #aha-b1 #aia1 
#bad2      t5d+ s\ls ( dead1 #ce1 #aia  
7& see art4 #8,guide'72      port] 9    
,o!rworld1 #ce1 #hd1 #aic2      fall5   
angels1 #bjb n41 #baa2      angel (     
dea?1 mi/ak51 #aaj1 #aaa2      angel    
giv+ light 9 ,p>adise1 #cd2      9      
,hell1 #bad4      ,anglo-,saxon s*ol>s &
 mission>ies1 #e n4      ,annals1 ,iri%1
 see "u ,irel&2      ( ,ul/]1 cit$1 #b  

n4      ,apap1 ,egyptian #8,eat] ( !    
,dead1' #hi1 #aif n4      ,apocalypse ( 
,/4 ,john1 see #8,revelations' ( ,/4    
,paul1 ,/4 ,pet]1 etc42      see        
#8,paul1' #8,pet]1' etc4                
,apocryphal ,books1 ,*ri/ian1 abundance 
(1 #aja2      ,jewi% traditions 91 #ig4 
,apo/les1 ,vision at dea? ( ,b4 ,v41    
#bi1 #ajg2      9 ,p>adise1 #ca1 #ih1   
#aid-e4      ,apuleius1 #di4            
,aqu9as1 ,?omas1 pupil ( ,petrus        
,hib]nicus1 #f n4      ,arali1 #gj4     
,ar*1 fi]y1 wat]y1 etc41 9 leg5ds1 #cb1 
#aeb1 #afj1 #ahh4      ,arculf1 #aa1    
#ab4      rd-,ollamh1 !1 #aag4          
rd-,r1 ! ,iri%1 #aaf n4      ,ariel1    
ar*angel1 #cf4      ,ario/o's en*ant$   
g>d5s1 ,o!rworld orig9 (1 #aha4         
,ari/ophanes on ! ,o!rworld1 9 ! ,frogs1
 #ei sqq42      on ! my/]ies1 ib4       
,armag$don1 #afc n4      rt mac ,cu9n1  
#acc1 #acf1 #ach-i4      ,art1 sacr$1 & 
! m$ival leg5ds1 #ahf1 #bae n4          
,ascetics1 priority (1 9 ,p>adise1 #ci1 
#aih4      ,assyrian es*atology1 #fi1   

#gj1 & see #8,*alda4'      ,augu/9e1    
,/41 ,vision ( ,cur9a1 #aaj2            
purgatorial !ory1 #aic2      cit$1 #bjb4
      ,ave/a1 es*atology1 #ga sqq42     
animi/ic conceptions1 #ge2              
allegoris+ t5d5cy1 #gd-e2      date &   
composition1 #gf2      ,neo-,platonic   
influ5ces1 #gf sqq42      e>ly ,p]sian  
elem5ts1 #gi2      ,ori5tal elem5ts1    
#ha2      influ5ce on ,hebrew ?\ght1    
#gj4      ,axio*os1 pseudo-,platonic    
dialogue1 #eh4        ,bagadas1 ,bridge 
my? among !1 #acb4      ,baitan1 #aeg4  
,bally%annon1 ,mrdil (1 #ah4            
,balor1 ! ,fomorian *ampion1 #ace n4    
,b>ds1 ! ,iri% ord]1 #aag n4            
,battle at ! end ( ! _w1 #afc4          
,bcuma ,cneisgel1 #acf1 #ach4      ,b$e1
 ,v5]able1 & ,adamnn1 #i1 #aj1 #bc2     
acc\nt ( ,/4 ,fursa's visions1 #aff     
sqq42      ( ,drih!lm's vision1 #bcc4   
,bf9d1 #abb4      ,bela* ,dinn1 #h4     
,b5n ,edair1 #acf4      ,be/1 ,mr4 ,r4  
,i41 ,adv5tures ( rt1 ,son ( ,conn1 & ! 
,c\rt%ip        ( ,delb*aem1 #acf n41   

#acg4      ,birds1 my/ical1 #cb1 #gb1   
#gc1 #aed-e1 #afc1 #ahi2      z div9e   
mess5g]s1 #gb1 #gc2      z culture      
br+]s1 #gb2      human s\ls 91 #df1     
#afj1 #agd n41 #ahi1 #aia2      s++ !   
canonical h\rs1 #cb1 #he1 #agi2         
*oirs (1 9 ,p>adise1 #ca1 #aeg-h1 #afc1 
#agd1 #ahe1 #ahi2      9 isl& ,elysium1 
#afj4      ,birr1 ,mrdil (1 #ah4        
,book ( ! ,dead1 ,egyptian1 #hi n4      
,boruma ,tribute1 in/itut$1 #ad2        
remitt$1 #ae sqq42      treatises on1   
#ad4      ,bran1 son ( ,febal1 ,voyage  
(1 #abb n41 #abc sqq41 #adf-h1 #ahi4    
,br&5burg1 ,m>quis (1 leg5d1 #aba4      
,br5a9n ( ,birr1 ,/41 #aed4             
,br5dan1 ,/41 ,voyage (1 #adg sqq41 #bjb
 n41 #bjg sqq42      influ5ce on        
,european lit]ature1 #bjb1 #bjg2      8 
isl&1 belief 91 #bjg n4      ,bridge1 9 
leg5ds ( ! ,o!rworld1 #ch-i1 #ga1 #aaa1 
#aca1 #acb1    #aci1 #agh1 #aig-h1      
#bae-ag1 #bca1 #bci2      cognate       
traditions1 #aca-b4      ,brud9 ,da     
,d]ga1 /ory (1 cit$1 #ab n4      ,brug  

na ,bo9ne1 ,elysium 91 #abb1 #ahi4      
,brunetto ,lat9i1 ref]5ce to 8          
,tesoretto1 #aba4      ,bryce1 ,pr(41 on
 ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e1 #de n4       
,buan1 my/ical hazels (1 #adj1 #aee4    
,budge1 ,dr4 ,w41 ,book ( ! ,dead1 #hi  
n4      ,bundehe% cit$1 #gb4            
,burghca/le1 mona/]y f\nd$ by ,/4       
,fursa1 #aff4        ,c9 ,adamn91 see   
#8,adamnn4'      ,caldron1 magic1       
#abb-c1 #ada4      ,calixtus ,,ii41     
,pope1 & ,c>ol+ian ,romances1 #adg n4   
,callima*us1 #hh4      ,c>man1 poem on  
,fair (1 cit$1 #cb1 #aae4      ,c>ol+ian
 ,romances1 #adf n4      ,ca/le1        
en*ant$1 ,o!rworld orig9 (1 #aej2       
revolv+1 9 romance ( ,p]$ur1 #aed4      
,ca/or & ,pollux1 #di4      ,c]nunnos & 
,bran1 #abc n4      ,ce?l5n1 #ace n4    
,*alda1 es*atology (1 #fi1 #gj2         
,hades1 #gj2      visits !reto1 #fi2    
,elysium1 #fi2      multitud9\s deities1
 #ha-b2      no ,rebir? doctr9e1 #hj4   
,*>les1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,h41 ed4 ( ,book (    
,eno*1 #ie n4      ,*a/ity ideal 9 ,iri%

 ,elysium1 #add1 #adg-h4      ,*auc]    
cit$1 #adc4      ,*9vt ,bridge1 #ga1    
#aab4      ,*ri/'s desc5t into ,hades1  
#aja4      ,*ri/ian int]polations 9     
,iri% tales1 #ade-h2      ideas becom+  
pr$om9ant1 #adf-g4      ,*?onian side ( 
,iri% my?s1 #aba1 #abi1 #acj1 #ace n41  
#acf1 #ach-i4      ,*ur*1 ,p>adise      
conceiv$ z a1 #cd1 #afd1 #ahd4          
,cic]o1 ,somnium ,scipionis1 #fd2       
approbation ( ! my/]ies1 #ajh4          
,c9el ,enda1 #g4      ,city1 cele/ial1  
#cc1 #ce1 #id4      ,classical ideas 9  
m$ival es*atology1 #bbg4                
,classification ( dep>t$ spirits1 #agb1 
#aih-i2      ( p5alties 9 ! ,o!rworld1  
#dj sqq41 #aje1 #aii sqq4               
,claudian1 cit$1 #di4      ,clem5t (    
,irel&1 #f n4      ,clovis ,,ii41 #afg4 
,cockayne elem5t 9 ,iri% ,elysium1      
#abb-c1 #ace1 #acg1 #ada1 #aij2         
transition to high] conceptions1 #add1  
#afd-e1 #aga1 #aij4      ,colm ,cille1  
,/41 #h1 #aa1 #ah1 #bd2      visions (1 
#aff2      privilege ( ord]1 #ag2       

,adamnn1 ,life (1 see #8,adamnn4'       
,comm$ia1 see #8,dante4'      ,comyn1   
,mi*ael1 ,laoi ,oisn ar d,tr na n-g1    
#acc4      ,conall ,gulbn1 #g4          
,concob>1 m$ival ,iri% k+1 #bba4        
,condla ,coel ,corrbacc1 #adi4          
,conn ,c$-ca?a* 9 ,o!rworld1 #acc sqq41 
#adc4      ,connla mac ,cu9n 9          
,o!rworld1 #abf1 #acc1 #adc4            
,con/ant9e1 ,donation (1 #de4           
,cormac1 ,k+ ( ,ca%el1 #bba-b4          
,cormac mac irt 9 ,o!rworld1 #abj1 #acc1
 #aci sqq41 #adf n4      ,corpre        
,cundail1 #adi4      ,cu*ula9n1 9       
,o!rworld1 #abj1 #abg sqq41 #acj2      &
 *ildr5 ( ,doel ,d]mait1 #adf1 #adi1    
#aej4      ,cur9a1 ,vision (1 #aaj4     
,d ,brn ,fla?a ,nime1 #agd4      ,dagda1
 ,elysium ( !1 #aba-c1 #add1 #ahc1 #aij4
      ,daire ,degamra1 #acg4            
,dante1 antiquity ( 8 !me1 #a-c2      8 
true orig9ality1 #c1 #bda2      8       
design1 #fg-h1 #aha2      ,dante &      
,virgil1 #fg2      non-classical s\rces1
 #fh2      h[ f> indebt$ to ! ,iri%     

leg5ds1 #bdc-f2      ,dante & ,immanuel 
b5 ,salamone1 #bda n42      p>allels to 
! ,fis ,adamn91 #aha1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahh  
n41 #ahi1          #aic n41 #aid-e1     
#bjj-d2      to ! ,vision ( ,/4 ,paul1  
#bcj2      to ! ,vision ( ,tundale1     
#bbe-i2      to ,/4 ,patrick's          
,purgatory1 #bce1 #bch2                 
repres5tation ( ! ,tr9ity1 #ahf1 #ahh   
n42      my/ical bird1 #ahi2      cit$1 
#cb n41 #aja n41 #ajc n41 #afi n41 #agb1
 #aha n41          #aic n41 #aid-f1 #bji
 n41 #bca4      ,d>me/et]1 trans4 (     
,v5ddd1 #ga n42      on ,neo-,platonic  
ideas 9 ! ,ave/a1 #gf sqq4      ,dead   
ca/ no %ad[s1 #fa1 #gi2      nor move   
eyelids1 #fa4      ,d ,danann1 see      
#8,tua?a ,d ,danann4'      ,delb*aem1   
#acf1 #ach4      ,demet]1 #di2      &   
see #8,my/]ies4'      ,demonax & !      
,my/]ies1 #ajh4      ,demons1 malice (1 
#dc1 #bjd2      opposition to ! se]'s   
progress1 #afg-h1 #agj1 #bac1 #bcc1     
#bcd1 #bci4      ,d]g1 ,lo*1 #bcd4      
,d]ry1 ,mrdil at1 #ah4      ,dicuil1 #f 

n41 #aad1 #aae4      ,dietri*1 ,pr(41 on
 ! ,greek my/]ies1 #ed n4      ,dill1   
,pr(41 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus 
,aurelius1 #ge n41        #hh n4        
,dionysos1 9 ! my/]ies1 #ei2      9 !   
,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes1 #ei4             
,div9ity1 !1 repres5tation (1 9         
,p>adise1 #cb1 #cc2      z a my/ical    
face1 #cc4      ,doel ,d]mait1 *ildr5 (1
 & ,cu*ula9n1 #adf1 #adi1 #aej4         
,dll+] on ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e1 #de 
n4      ,donatus1 ,/41 ,iri% bi%op (    
,fiesole1 #f n4      ,drih!lm1 ,vision  
(1 #bcc4      ,druimceatt1 ,mrdil (1    
#ah4      ,drumhome1 #g4      ,dumas    
pre1 quot$1 #a4      ,dungal1 #f n4     
,ea/]1 "t ( celebrat+1 #i2      & see   
#8,pas*al ,controv]sy4'      #8,eat] ( !
 ,dead1' ,egyptian1 #hi1 #aif n4        
,ecbatana1 walls (1 #cc n41 #ahe4       
,ecgfrid1 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 #h4        
,e*tra1 class ( ,iri% romance1 #aah2    
,e4 ,n]ai1 #acb2      ,e4 irt1 #acf4    
,edw>d ,i4 & ,lia ,fil1 #acd4           
,egypt & ! ,greek my/]ies1 #eb-c2       

e>ly int]c\rse ) ,greece1 #hh-i2        
es*atology1 #hi1 #ic2      relations to 
,alex&rian culture1 #hg-i2      cults 9 
! ,hell5ic _w1 #hh-i2      int]c\rse )  
,iri% ,*ur*1 #aac-ae4      ,elborz1     
,m\nt1 #ga1 #ha4      ,eleusis1 see     
#8,my/]ies4'      ,elias 9 ,p>adise1    
#df1 #he1 #ih1 #aeg1 #afc1 #agd1 #agi1  
#bje4      ,elysium1 ,greek1 #di n41    
#ej1 #eh1 #ei1 #fc2      ,*aldan1 #fi2  
,ave/an1 #gb1 #he2      ,egyptian1 #hi2 
,iri%1 #di n41 #aba-f1 #abh-i1 #ace1    
#acg1 #ach1 #adj-d1 #adf n41 #adg2      
ari/ocratic !ory (1 #gj1 #adc1 #bbg4    
,em]1 #abh-i4      ,end ( _w anticipat$ 
by e>ly ,*ur*1 #ajj-a4      ,enniskill51
 d]ivation ( "n1 #ace n4      ,eno*1 9  
,p>adise1 #df1 #he1 #ih1 #aeg1 #agi1    
#bje2      to reappe> = f9al battle1    
#afc2      ,book (1 date1 #id2      cit$
 by ,/4 ,jude1 ibid42      g5]al "*1    
#ie2      summ>y1 #ie sqq42             
purgatorial !ory1 #aid2      :e!r kn[n 9
 ,irel&1 #aib n42      comp>$ ) ,dante1 
#ie2      cit$1 #ahc n41 #aih1 #aii4    

,eo*aid ,airem1 #abb1 #abg4      ,eo*aid
 ,glas ,corpre1 #adi4      ,epicurean   
s*ool1 influ5ce (1 9 fir/ c5tury1 #ia4  
,er1 ,vision (1 #ef sqq41 #ei4          
,erato/h5es1 #hh4      ,er5a*1 ! ,iri%1 
#dj4      ,eridu1 #gj4      ,erig5a1 see
 #8,joannes ,scotus ,e4'      ,erik     
,saga1 #aca4      ,esdras1 ,vision (1 9 
,o4 ,t4 ,apocrypha1 #ig1 #ahb n41 #bae  
n42      9 ,n4 ,t4 ,apocrypha1 #ih4     
,eta91 #abb1 #abg4      ,e?ne1 wife (   
,mid]1 #abg2      ,e4 ,taebfada1 #adc4  
,fabian1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 #de4           
,failbhe1 ,abbot ( ,iona1 #h4      ,f&1 
#abh-i4      ,flire ,o5gusa1 #agd1 #bje 
n4      ,f]c]tue1 #abf n4      ,f]moy1  
,book (1 cit$1 #acf n41 #aeg n4         
,f]ry to ,hades1 #fg4      ,fidelis1    
,iri% travell]1 #aad4      ,fi]y circles
 9 ,p>adise1 #cj1 #ahg2      lakes1     
riv]s1 etc41 ( ,o!rworld1 #cf1 #cg1 #if1
 #acb1 #acc1 #aid2      wall1 #dc1 #aec1
 #ahg1 #aid1 #bjb4      ,filid1 ,iri%   
lit]>y ord]1 #aag4      ,filippo        
,arg5ti1 #afi n4      ,f9na*ta ,fl$a*1  

rd-,r ( ,irel&1 accession1 #ad2         
relations ) ,adamnn1 #ac sqq42      &   
,boruma tribute1 #ad sqq42      m5tion$ 
9 connection ) emancipation ( wom51 #de2
      dea?1 #ag4      ,f9n cycle1 #acc4 
,firghil1 ,iri% bi%op ( ,salzburg1 #f   
n41 #aae4      ,fis1 class ( ,iri%      
romances1 #abj2      ! ,*ri/ian ,fis1   
#afe1 #bab2      ,fis ,adamn91 etc41 see
 #8,adamnn1' ,etc42      see also "u    
#8,vision4'      ,fitzg]ald1 ,david1    
,popul> ,tales ( ,irel&1 #aec n41 #agd  
n4      ,fomorians1 !1 ,*?onian p[]s1   
#aba1 #ace n4      ,food1 miracul\s1    
#abf1 #aee-f1 #bjh1 #baj4      ,=gall   
,mona*1 #acj4      ,f\c>t1 ,m4 ,p41 on !
 ,greek my/]ies1 #eb-e2      on ! ,isis 
cult1 #hi n4      ,f\r ,ma/]s1 !1 cit$1 
#ah4      ,frava%i1 !1 #hf1 #ahc4       
,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ,emp]or1 & ,petrus      
,hib]nicus1 #f n42      leg5d (         
disappe>ance (1 #afd n4      ,fri$el1   
,dr4 ,v4 ,h41 jo9t editor ( ,la ,vision 
de ,tondale1 #bab n4      ,fursa1 ,/41  
#aff2      ,visions (1 #afg sqq4        

,g>dn]1 ,pr(4 ,p41 on ! ,greek my/]ies1 
#ec n41 #ed1 #ib n42      on ,greek     
s\rces ( ,*ri/ian es*atology1 #ib n4    
,gelasius1 #be4      ,gilb]t1 ,abbot (  
,l\?1 #bcd4      ,gill1 ,bridge (1 #aca4
      ,gisdub>1 #fi4      ,good & evil1 
s\ls ( m+l$1 fate (1 #ci1 #gb1 #he1     
#aab1 #aia1 #bja-b1        #bbj-b4      
,gorm & ,bridge my?1 #aca4      ,graal  
leg5d1 p>allels to ,iri% leg5ds1 #abd   
n41 #aca1 #aej1 #aed1 #aef1        #ahd 
n4      ,greece1 visits to ,o!rworld1   
#di2      visions ( ,o!rworld1 #ef sqq42
      ,greece & ,alex&ria1 #hf sqq42    
int]c\rse ) ,egypt1 #hi n42             
philosophic s*ools "u e>ly ,empire1 #ia2
      influ5ce on e>ly ,*ri/ian         
es*atology1 #ib n42      ,greek le>n+ 9 
,irel&1 #aae2      ,greeks 9 ,irel&1    
ibid42      traces 9 ,iri% tales1 #aea2 
& see #8,elysium1' #8,t>t>us1'          
#8,my/]ies1' #8,hades1' #8,plato1'      
#8,plut>*1' #8,ari/ophanes4'            
,gregory ,i41 ,pope & ,sa9t2      vision
 ( ,/eph51 #aaj2      ( a soldi]1 #aaa2 

( a ,spani% monk1 #aab4      ,guide to  
,hades1 #ahb2      9 ,book ( ,eno*1 #ie2
      9 ,vision ( ,esdras1 #ih2      9  
,fis ,adamn91 #bi1 #aha-b1 #aie2      9 
,iri% leg5ds1 #aba1 #acj1 #afg1 #agj1   
#bad2      9 ,cont95tal leg5ds1 #bcj4   
,hades1 ! ,greek1 #ej2      ,virgilian1 
#ff2      ,*aldan1 #gj2      ,*ri/ian1  
#ib n4      ,haemgils1 #bcc4            
,h>a-b]ezaiti1 ,m\nt1 #ga n4      ,h>r[+
 ( ,hell leg5d1 #aja4      ,healy1 ,dr41
 ,irel&'s ,anci5t ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s1 #d 
n4      ,heav51 describ$3 9 ! ,book (   
,eno*1 #if2      9 ! ,fis ,adamn91 #cj  
sqq41 #ahc sqq42      9 ,iri% leg5ds1   
#aeh1 #agd1 #bbc1 #bcd2      z a        
,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #cd1 #afd1 #ahd2      ! 
,sev5 ,heav5s1 #ce1 #hc1 #hd1 #aib2     
& see #8,p>adise4'      ,hebrews1 see   
#8,jews4'      ,hell1 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1
 #ie-f2      ,greek ideas 9 ,*ri/ian1   
#aji2      ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 #aje2   
,paul1 #ajf2      ,/4 ,gregory1 #aab2   
,fis ,adamn91 #ch sqq41 #aif sqq42      
o!r ,iri% visions1 #aeh1 #agj-a1 #agb-c1

 #bji1 #bai sqq41 #bcc1 #bce2           
,cont95tal leg5ds1 #bca1 #bci2      (   
,ori5tal religions1 #bbf n42      z m\? 
( a mon/]1 #bae1 #baf1 #bce1 #bci2      
,nor!rn & ,s\!rn conception contra/$1   
#bjj n41 #bjb1 #bbh4      ,hell5ism1 9  
,p]sia1 #gf sqq42      ,syria1 #fh2     
,egypt1 #hg-i2      ,jewi% s*ools1 #fh1 
#hf-g4      ,helmet ( ,iri% rd-,r1 #cb  
n41 #ahh4      ,h5ry ( ,saltrey1 #bcd4  
,h]akles1 visit to ,hades1 #di4         
,h]mas1 ,%eph]d (1 #aja sqq42           
anticipations ( ,dante1 #ajc1 #ahb n4   
,h]mits on isl&s1 #aed-g1 #afj1 #aia1   
#baj1 #baa4      ,h]mdr & ,bridge my?1  
#aca4      ,h]odotus cit$1 #cc n41 #hg1 
#hh n41 #aea4      ,hesiod1 ,elysium1   
#ej n42      ons1 #gi n42      cit$1    
#aba n4      ,hi]>*ies1 n9e cele/ial1   
#cj1 #ahe1 #bbc-d4      ,hil>ius1 ,pope1
 re=ms cal5d>1 #i4      ,hom]1 ,elysium1
 #ej2      isl& ,p>adise1 #aba2         
,odyssey cit$1 #aeb4      ,horse-races (
 demons1 #aeb4      ,hull1 ,miss        
,eleanor1 ,cu*ull9 ,saga1 #acj1 #aca4   

,hyde1 ,dr4 ,d\glas1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory (  
,irel&1 #aag n41 #abh n4                
,immanuel b5 ,salamone1 #bda n4         
,imram1 class ( ,iri% romance1 #abj2    
adopts ,*ri/ian es*atology1 #adf1 #aeg1 
#afd2      ,*ri/ian ,imrama1 #adg1 #aej2
      mod]n ,imrama1 #bab2      ( ,bran1
 ,maeldu91 ! ,ui ,corra1 ,sn$gus & ,mac 
,ragla1 ,/4 ,br5dan1          ,tadg ,mac
 ,c92 see #8,bran1' etc4      ,indian   
my?ology1 p>allels 91 #bi n4            
,inf]no1 see #8,dante4'                 
,initiation1 see #8,my/]ies4'           
,int]polations1 ,*ri/ian1 9 ,iri% h]oic 
tales1 #ade-i4      ,iona1 mona/]y f\nd$
 by ,/4 ,colm ,cille1 #h2      abbots (1
 #h2      opposition to ,adamnn's re=m1 
#aj2      apocryphal disputes ) ,adamnn1
 #bb4      ,irel&3 ,*ur* 9 sev5? c5tury1
 #d2      ?ree ord]s ( sa9ts1 #d2       
asceticism1 #bd2      tribal            
organisation1 #g1 #ae2      political   
activity1 #f2      le>n+ 91 #e1 #aae2   
connections ) ,gaul1 #aac2      ) !     
,ea/1 #aac-ae2      int]c\rse ) ,greeks1

 #aae2      ,ori5tal type ( mona/icism1 
#aad2      pilgrimages to ,egypt1 #aad2 
mission>y activity1 #e2      ,iri%      
s*ol>s abroad1 #e1 #aae2      ,iri%     
mona/ic f\ndations 9 =eign c\ntries1 #e1
 #aff1 #bcc n4      ---- ,social ranks &
 classes1 #aaf n42      position ( wom51
 #ah sqq4      ---- ,political          
con/itution1 #ad1 #aaf n42      !       
,mrdil1 #ah4      ---- ,! lit]>y class1 
#aaf-ah2      ! annals1 au?ority (1 #af1
 #ag4      ---- ,romantic lit]ature3    
classification ( /ories1 #aah-ai2       
pagan elem5ts1 #aai1 #abj2      e?ical  
ideas1 #add1 #ade1 #adg-h2      tol]ance
 ( cl]gy1 #aai1 #bji n42      cl]ical   
int]polations1 #ade-i2      transition  
to ,*ri/ianity1 #adf-g1 #aeg1 #afd-e2   
possible borr[+s f ! ,norse1 #aca1 #aeb2
      f classics1 #aea-b2      loss (   
natural beauty1 #bdg2      ( music1     
#abd1 #aci1 #ada1 #aei1 #aha1 #ahi1     
#aia1 #bdg4      ---- ,int]rupt$        
developm5t ( ,iri% lit]ature & mod]n    
revival1 #bdg4      ,isaiah1 ,vision (1 

#ih4      ,i%tr1 #fi1 #ig4      ,isis1  
cult (1 9 ,grco-,roman _w1 #hi n42      
treatise on ,isis & ,osiris1 #hh4       
,isl& ,p>adise1 #abc1 #aea1 #aec-d1     
#aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afb-c1 #ahd n41 #baj4
      ,israel1 see #8,jews4'            
,jews1 contact ) ,ori5tal religions dur+
 captivity1 #fh1 #hb2      ,p]sian      
my?ology1 #gj2      ,hell5ic influ5ces1 
#fh1 #hf-g2      colonies 9 ,asia &     
,alex&ria1 #hf2      ,egyptian ideas1   
#hg-i2      ,rabb9ical leg5ds1 #hd2     
spiritism1 #ha2      es*atology1 #hi1   
#ij1 #aia2      ,purgatorial !ories1    
#ij2      influ5ce on ,*ri/ian          
conception ( ,p>adise1 #aji4            
,joannes ,scotus ,erig5a1 #f n41 #aae4  
,john ( ,!ssalonica1 #ajg4      ,jub9al1
 ,la ,lg5de lat9e de ,/4 ,br5da9es1 #bjg
 n4      ,jude1 ,/41 ,epi/le (1 cit$1   
#ga1 #id1 #ii4      ,judgm5t3 (         
individual on demise1 #cg1 #ch1 #ga1    
#ajf1 #aie2      def]r$ till ,la/       
,judgm5t1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #aia2          
,la/1 #ca1 #dg1 #gb n41 #if2            

impati5ce ( damn$ =1 #dc2               
int5sification ( bliss & woe aft]1 #bjb4
        ,k>%ipta1 my/ical bird ( ,ave/a1
 #gb1 #gc1 #ha1 #he1 #ahi4              
,labraid ,lua?lam-ar-,claideb1 #abh4    
,lagny1 mona/]y1 f\nd$ by ,/4 ,fursa1   
#afg4      ,laisrn1 ,/41 ,vision (1 #afi
 sqq4      ,lanigan cit$1 #g n4         
,lawr5ce1 ed4 ( ,book ( ,eno*1 #ie n4   
,leanamhn ,sidhe /ories1 #abg1 #acf4    
,lebor ,brec1 #bg4      ,lebor na       
g-,c]t1 #aag n4      ,lebor na h-,udri1 
#bg1 #abb n41 #abg n4      ,l5ormant1   
,orig9es de l',hi/oire1 cit$1 #fi n41   
#hb4      ,l]9s1 mona/]y (1 #aac4       
,leuke1 #ej1 #adc4      ,lex innoc5tium1
 #bb4      ,lex talionis1 9 puni%m5ts ( 
,o!rworld1 #fc1 #aje1 #aga1 #bca1 #bch4 
,lia ,fil1 #acd1 #ahg4      ,liban1     
#abh4      ,limbus infantium1 #agb1     
#bch2      ,limbus patrum1 #agb4        
,l9dus1 temple (1 initiation at1 #ef n4 
,loeg1 #abh-i1 #adg4      ,lo+sea* mac  
,o5gusa1 rd-,r1 #ah4      ,lo?air1 ,k+ (
 ,lomb>ds & ,dungal1 #f n4      ,lucan  

cit$1 #di1 #bbi n4      ,lucian cit$1   
#ajh1 #aji1 #aea4      ,lucif]1 9 ,fis  
,adamn91 #ch2      9 ,vision ( ,fursa1  
#afg2      9 ,vision ( ,tundale1 #bbj4  
,lucretius on ,t>t>us doctr9e1 #aji4    
,lug1 ,iri% god1 #aba4      ,lugh mac   
,ce?l5n1 dn (1 #ace1 #ahc n4      ,ly+  
exclud$ f ,o!rworld1 #ada-b1 #adc4      
,macbe?1 p>allel 9 ,conn leg5d1 #ace4   
,ma*utus1 ,/41 & :ale1 #bjh n4      ,mac
 ,congl9ne1 ,vision (1 #abc4            
,maeldu9's ,cura*1 ,voyage (1 #abj1 #aej
 sqq4      ,magh ,breg1 #h2      ,m4    
,mell1 #aeb1 #ahc1 #ahg1 #ahi2      ,m4 
,mon1 #abe2      ,m4 ,mr1 #abb1 #adh n42
      ,m4 ,r91 #abd4      ,mala*i1 ,/41 
#be4      ,malignant p[]s 9 ,iri% my?1  
#abi1 #acj4      ,malo1 ,/41 see        
#8,ma*utus4'      ,manannn mac ,lr1     
#aba1 #abc1 #abh1 #adc1 #adf1 #adg1     
#aef2      conv]t$ into ! ,devil1 #bjh4 
,mangan1 ,j4 ,c1 quot$1 #adh n4         
,m>cus1 au?or ( ,vision ( ,tundale1     
#bab1 #bbe4      ,m>ianus ,scotus1 #f n4
      ,m>tyrs1 prec$5ce (1 9 ,p>adise1  

#ci1 #ahh4      ,m>y1 ,b4 ,v41 ,vision  
at dea? (1 #i1 #ajg1 #aha2      9       
,p>adise1 #ca1 #ahe4      ,m$ian        
conque/s1 effects (1 #gj4               
,mega/h5es1 possible borr[+s f1 #aea4   
,m]cy1 lean+ ( ,iri% div9es t[>ds1      
#bja-b4      ,m]u1 ,m\nt1 #ha4          
,metempsy*osis1 see #8,rebir?4'         
,mey]1 ,pr(4 ,kuno1 ed4 ( ! ,c9 ,adamn91
 #ah2      ( ! ,voyage ( ,bran1 ,son (  
,febal1 #di n41 #abb n41 #abc n42      (
 ! ,to*m>c ,em]e1 #acj n42      ( !     
,e*tra ,n]ai1 #acb n42      ( ! ,baile  
,mong91 #adj n42      ( ! ,vision (     
,laisrn1 #afi2      ( ,la ,vision de    
,tondale1 #bab n42      ( ! ,vision (   
,mac ,congl9ne1 #abc n4      ,mi*ael1   
,ar*angel1 #ce1 #ie1 #ahb1 #aie1 #bcj4  
,mid]1 ,iri% god1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1     
#abh1 #adh n4      ,mill]1 ,demon1      
#aeb-c1 #afb4      ,milton cit$1 #agc   
n41 #bja1 #bjc1 #bjd4      ,mi?ra cult 9
 ,roman ,empire1 #ge n4      ,mol+1 ,/41
 & ,boruma tribute1 #ad1 #ae4           
,mongn1 #adj n41 #adg n41 #aec4         

,moore1 ,?omas1 quot$1 #aei n4          
,moran1 ,dr41 ,ada ,sancti ,br5dani1    
#bjg n4      ,mrdil ( ,irel&1 #ah2      
,adamnn at1 ib4      ,morgan1 #acf1     
#ach4      ,moses1 conte/ betwe5 ,mi*ael
 & ,satan =1 #ga4      ,muirgheas mac   
,pid9 ui ,maoil*anaire1 translator (    
,visio ,tundali1        #bac n4         
,mundus ( ,lat9 t[ns1 #afa n4           
,murias1 #abb4      ,music1 ,iri%       
susceptibility to1 #abd1 #aci1 #ada1    
#aei1 #aha1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bdg4           
,musical cords to ,/4 ,pet]'s vessel1   
#bi4      ,musical /ones1 #ca1 #abe1    
#aha1 #ahg4      ,my/]ies1 ,greek1 #ea  
sqq42      orig91 #eb-c2                
,eleus9ian1 #ea-b1 #ed-f2      ,orphic  
,py?agorean1 #eb-d2      orgia/ic1 #ee2 
connect$ ) ,demet]1 #eb2      ,dionysos1
 #ei2      ,py?agoras1 #eb-c2           
b5efits ( initiation1 #eb1 #eh-fj2      
moral tea*+1 #ea-b1 #ed-f2      doctr9e 
( future life1 #eb sqq42      ( rebir?1 
#ed2      survival (1 #ajh4             
,nature1 ,iri% love (1 #aeh-i1 #bdg4    

,neid1 #abf n4      ,neo-,platonism & ! 
,ea/1 #gf sqq42      9 int]pretation (  
,greek my?s1 #ea4      ,n]a1 adv5tures  
(1 #acb4      ,niamh ,c9n ir1 #acc4     
,nicodemus1 gospel (1 #ig1 #aja4        
,norse1 possible ,iri% loans f1 #aca1   
#aeb4      ,nor?1 region ( evil p[]s1   
#bjj4      ,nor?umbria1 ,*ri/ianis$ f   
,irel&1 #bcc n4      ,num5ius1 #gg4     
,nutt1 ,mr4 ,alfr$1 ,essay on ! ,iri%   
,vision ( ! ,happy ,o!rworld        & ! 
,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,rebir?1 #di n41 #ib 
n41 #aai n41        #abb n41 #abc n41   
#aca n41 #aej1 #aee1 #afb n41 #agb n42  
,/udies on ! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail1   
#abd n41 #aca n41          #aej n41 #aef
 n42      on ! ,greek & ,iri% ,elysium1 
#di n42      on ! ,greek my/]ies1 #ec   
n41 #ei n42      on ! ,greek s\rces (   
,*ri/ian es*atology1 #ib n42      on !  
,phnix leg5d1 #aee2      on ! date ( !  
voyage ( ,sn$gus & ,mac ,ragla1 #afb n42
          #e n41 #bh4        ,oa? (     
,iri% ,k+s1 #ba4      ,o',curry1 ,mann]s
 & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,iri%1 #aag n41  

#abb n42      ,,ms4 ,mat]ials ( ,iri%   
,hi/ory1 #afb n4      ,o',donnells1 !1 (
 ,tr ,conaill1 #g4      ,o',donoghue1   
,rev4 ,d5is1 ,br5daniana1 #bjg n41 #bjh 
n4      ,o5gus g1 #aba1 #abb4           
,o',flah]ty1 ,ogygia1 #ad4              
,o',grady1 ,dr4 ,/&i% ,hayes1 ,silva    
,gadelica1 #ad1 #ae1 #bab n4            
,o',hanlon1 ,v ,rev4 ,canon1 ,lives ( ! 
,iri% ,sa9ts1 #d n41 #ad1 #ah1          
#aff n4      ,oisn1 #acc4      ,orpheus1
 #di1 & see #8,my/]ies'2      ,orpheus  
my? 9 ,irel&1 #abg4      ,o!rworld1     
visits to1 9 ,greek my?s1 #di2          
,*alda1 #fi2      9 ,iri% traditions1   
#aba1 #acc2      ,connla1 #abf2         
,cu*ula9n1 #abg sqq42      ,conn1 #acd  
sqq42      rt1 #ach sqq42      ,cormac1 
#aci sqq42      & see #8,vision1'       
#8,imram4'      ---- ,descriptions1     
,*aldan1 #fi1 #gj1 #aic2      ,ave/an1  
#ga sqq42      ,greek1 #di sqq42      9 
,book ( ,eno*1 #if2      9 ,apocalypse (
 ,pet]1 #aje2      9 anci5t ,irel&1     
#abb-f1 #abh-cj1 #acc-e1 #acg-dd2      &

 see #8,elysium1' #8,p>adise1' #8,hell1'
 #8,heav51' #8,purgatory4'      ----    
,or?odox "* ( ! ecclesia/ical leg5d1    
#aji2      ( m9or importance 9 ! ,we/]n 
,*ur*1 #aaj4      ,ow51 ,vision (1 #bcd 
sqq42      ,dante p>allels1 #bce4       
,ozanam1 ,dante et la ,philosophie      
ca?olique1 #bbi n4        ,p>adise1     
,hebrew ideas 9 ,*ri/ian1 #aji2         
describ$ 9 ,book ( ,eno*1 #if2          
,vision ( ,esdras1 #ih2                 
,revelation1 #ajj n42      ,apocalypse (
 ,pet]1 #aje2      by ,/4 ,gregory1     
#aaa2      9 ,fis ,adamn91 #bi1 #cj2    
9 ! ,iri% leg5d>y1 #aeg1 #bba1 #bcc2    
,p>adise ( ,birds1 #baa2      ,t]re/rial
 ,p>adise 9 ,iri% leg5ds1 #aec-d1       
#afb-c1 #baj1 #bcf2      & see          
#8,elysium1' #8,heav54'      ,p>adiso1  
see #8,dante4'      ,p>nell1 ,mr41 & !  
return my?1 #afd n4      ,pas*al        
controv]sy1 #i1 #aj1 #be4      ,patrick1
 ,/41 #de1 #aac1 #ahb n41 #bbc2         
pagan prophecy ( 8 com+1 #ace2      hymn
 (1 #ba4      ,patrick's ,purgatory1    

,/41 #abj1 #bbe1 #bcd sqq42      clos$1 
#bcg2      d\btful orig91 #bcf2         
popul>ity ( leg5d1 #bcd1 #bcg2          
influ5ce on ,european lit]ature1 #bcg2  
,dante p>allels1 #bce1 #bch4      ,paul1
 ,/41 ,vision (1 #bi1 #ii2              
,revelation (1 #ajf1 #aha2      m$ival  
vision (1 #bjb n41 #bcj sqq42           
au?ority = ,purgatory1 #aib n42         
guide to ! ,o!rworld1 #ahb n4           
,pavia1 ,univ]sity f\nd$ by ,dungal1 #f 
n4      ,p]ceval 7,p]$ur7 romances1     
p>allels to ,iri% leg5ds1 #aca1 #aej1   
#aed1        #aef1 #ahd n4      ,p]sian 
es*atology1 see #8,ave/a4'      ,pet]1  
,/41 ,vision (1 #bh1 #aha2      on      
purification ( ! _w by fire1 #ii2       
,apocalypse (1 #aje2      au?ority =    
,purgatory1 #aib2      guide to !       
,o!rworld1 #ahb n4      ,pet]1 ,spani%  
monk1 ,vision (1 #aaa4      ,petrus     
,hib]nicus1 #f n4      ,philip1 ,roman  
,emp]or1 #de1 #df n4      ,philo ,judu1 
#gf sqq4      ,phnix leg5d1 #he1 #aed-e1
 #ahi4      ,pill> on en*ant$ isl&1     

#aea1 #afj1 #baj4      ,p9d> on         
,elysium1 #ej n42      cit$1 #aba n4    
,plato & ! ,o!rworld leg5d1 #ef2        
,vision ( ,er1 #ef sqq41 #aaa2          
es*atology (1 #eg-h2      on ! my/]ies1 
#eh2      rebir?1 #eg-h4      ,plut>*1  
,vision ( ,!spesios1 #fj sqq41 #aaa1    
#aah n41 #bcc n42      es*atology (1 #fa
 sqq42      ! my/]ies1 #ajh2            
,t>t>us1 #aji2      e>ly ,neo-,platoni/1
 #gg2      ,on ,isis & ,osiris1 #hh4    
,port] ( ,hades1 #ce1 #fi1 #hd1 #aic4   
,promise1 sacr$ness (1 9 ,irel&1 #adj4  
,psy*opompos1 see #8,guide to           
,o!rworld4'      ,ptolemy ,i41 #hh2     
,philadelphia1 ib42      ,eu]getes1 ib4 
,pitika sea1 #gb1 #he1 #ahd4            
,pundgel1 ,au/ralian div9e bird1 #gc n4 
,puni%m5ts 9 ,o!rworld1 see #8,hell1'   
#8,t>t>us'2      ,purgatorial1 see      
#8,purgatory'2      tempor>y1 #ce1 #ci1 
#dj1 #da1 #di1 #bja-b2      classifi$1  
#dj sqq41 #aje1 #aga1 #agd1 #aii sqq41  
#bca2      respit$ p]iodically1 #dc1    
#afj1 #afa1 #bcb4      ,purgatory3 idea 

9 ,plato1 #eg2      9 ,plut>*1 #fa-d2   
!ories ( ! ,rabbis1 #ij1 #aic-d2      9 
,book ( ,eno*1 #aid2      developm5t 9 !
 e>ly ,*ur*1 #aib-d2      9 ! ,fis      
,adamn91 #cf1 #agh-i1 #aic-d2      9    
,iri% leg5ds1 #afj1 #bae sqq41 #bbe1    
#bbg1 #bcc1 #bce2      9 ! ,vision (    
,alb]ic1 #bci2      ,/4 ,patrick's1 see 
#8,patrick's ,purgatory1 ,/4'           
,py?agoras & ! my/]ies1 #eb-c4          
,rabbis1 see #8,jews4'      ,ragoz91 ,m4
 de1 ,*alda1 cit$1 #fi n42      ,m$ia   
cit$1 #ga n4      ,ramsay1 ,sir ,w4 ,m41
 on ! ,greek my/]ies1 #ee-f4            
,raphoe1 ,mrdil at1 #ah4      ,rebir?   
doctr9e1 9 ,plato1 #ed1 #eg-h2          
,plut>*1 #fb1 #fd2      ,virgil1 #fe2   
reject$ by ! ,p]sians1 #hj2             
,*aldans1 ib42      ,egyptians1 #ic2    
,jews1 #ib-c4      ,reeves1 ,bi%op1 ed4 
,adamnn's ,life ( ,/4 ,columba1 #d n42  
cit$1 #g n41 #aa4      ,r5\f1 ,m4 ,le   
,page1 on ! ,egyptian !ory ( ! future   
life1        #hi n41 #ic4      ,respite1
 p]iodical1 ( ! damn$1 #dc1 #afj1 #afa1 

#bcb4      ,return my? ( dep>t$ h]oes1  
#afc4      ,revelation1 ,book (1 #he1   
#ih n41 #ii1 #ajj n41 #afc n41 #ahc1    
#ahd1        #aij n41 #aie1 #aih1 #bje4 
,rhapsodical description ( ,p>adise1    
#dc1 #gc1 #agd1 #bje-f1 #baj4           
,rhys1 ,pr(essor1 on ,bran1 #abc n4     
,riv]s ( ,hell1 #dc1 #aea2      f\r1    
#dc1 #bjd4      ,rohde1 ,pr(essor1 on ! 
,greek my/]ies1 #ec4      ,ronn1 #g4    
,ronat1 #g1 #bj4      ,ross1 m5 (1      
#afb-c1 #aia4      ,ruadn1 ,/41 #ah1    
#bd4        ,sabbat>ianism 9 e>ly ,iri% 
,*ur*1 #afa4      ,sa9ts1 ,l& (1 9 ,fis 
,adamn91 #cj2      ?ree ord]s ( ,iri%1  
see #8,irel&4'      ,saltair na ,rann   
cit$1 #aad4      ,samoan t5 ,heav5s1    
#hc4      ,satan1 9 ,fis ,adamn91 #ch2  
9 ,vision ( ,fursa1 #afg2      9 ,vision
 ( ,tundale1 #bbj2      9 ,voyage ( ,/4 
,br5dan1 #bjh4      ,sayce1 ,pr(essor1  
on ,*aldan es*atology1 #gj n41 #gb n41  
#hb4      ,sca?a*1 realm (1 #acj4       
,scl ,li ,br?a1 #aga1 #bje n4           
,s*rd]1 ,sanct ,br&an1 #bjg n4          

,scone1 /one (1 #acd4      ,s$ulius1 #f 
n4      ,segda ,sa]labrad1 #acg-h1      
#add-e4      ,seg9e1 ,abbot ( ,iona1 #h4
      ,s5eca on ,t>t>us doctr9e1 #aji4  
,seppelli1 ,signor1 trans4 ,immanuel b5 
,salamone1 #bdb n4      ,s]e?1 #g4      
,s]glige ,con*ula9d1 #abg sqq4          
,se?1 j\rney to ,p>adise1 #hd1 #ig4     
,sev51 fav\rite my/ic numb]1 #hc2       
,heav5s1 #ce1 #hc1 #hd1 #aib2      walls
 ( ,cele/ial ,city1 #cc1 #ahe2      (   
,ecbatana1 #cc2      ,hells ( ,rabbis1  
#ij1 #aic2      ,*aldan ,spirits ( ,e>?1
 #gj1 #ha2      ,p]sian ,magnific5t     
,deities1 #ha2      ,ame%a ,sp5tas1 #gh1
 #ha2      ,philonic emanations1 #ha2   
,ar*angels1 #hd4      ,%akespe>e cit$1  
#bja4      ,%ammai1 s*ool (1 #ij1 #aid4 
,%eol1 #if1 #aia4      ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1
 see #8,h]mas4'      ,sibyll9e books1   
#aja4      ,sibyls1 m$ium ( revelation1 
#fg1 #ajd4      ,silve/]1 ,pope1 #de4   
,s9bad1 #aea1 #bjh n4      ,sliabh      
,daid*e1 #bjh4      ,sn$gus & ,mac      
,ragla1 #adg1 #afb sqq41 #ahd n4        

,soldi]1 ,/4 ,gregory's vision ( a1     
#aaa4      ,soleus1 see #8,!spesios4'   
,somnium ,scipionis1 #fd1 #bbi n4       
,sorr[s1 two1 ( ,heav51 #df1 #agd1 #bje4
      ,/eph51 ,vision (1 #aaj4          
,/oics & e>ly ,empire1 #ia2             
de/ruction ( _w by fire1 #ia n4         
,/ones1 vocal & musical1 #ca1 #abe1     
#ace1 #aha1 #ahg-h4      ,/okes1 ,dr4   
,g4 ,t41 ,irel& & ! ,celtic ,*ur*1 #aad 
n41 #aae4      ---- ,dr4 ,:itley1 editor
 ( ,fis ,adamn91 #be1 #cb n41 #ce n41   
#dj n41 #da n41 #db n41 #dd n41 #dg n41 
#ahh n41 #aif n42      on date (1 #be2  
,saltair na ,rann1 #aad n42             
,adv5tures ( ,cormac1 #aci n42      ,!  
,iri% ,ordeals1 etc41 #abj n42          
,voyage ( ,maeldu9's ,cura*1 #aea n42   
,voyage ( ! ,sons ( ,ua ,corra1 #aeg n42
      ,imrum ,sn$ghusa agus ,mic ,ragla1
 #afb n42      ,a ,middle ,iri% ,homily1
 #agc n42      ,lat9 life ( ,/4 ,br5dan1
 #bjg n41 #baj n4      ,sunday respite (
 ! damn$1 #dc1 #afj1 #afa1 #bca4        
,swall[+ ( guilty by demons1 #ch1 #ci1  

#hi1 #aie-f1 #aih1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbj1    
#bbh1 #bca1 #bce4      ,syria1 ,hell5ism
 91 #fh2      ,jewi% colonies1 #hf2     
& ,iri% ,*ur*1 #aac-ae4        ,tadg mac
 ,c91 adv5tures (1 #abj1 #adh n41 #bab  
n4      ,t9 ,bo ,a+51 #acb4      ,t>a1  
,synod (1 #ah2      ab&onm5t (1 ib4     
,t>t>us1 9 ,plato1 #eg2                 
,ari/ophanes1 #ei2      ,plut>*1 #fb2   
,virgil1 #fe-f2      "u ,roman ,empire1 
#aji2      contribution to ,*ri/ian     
,hell1 ib42      none 9 ,pagan ,irel&1  
#abi2      k9dr$ conceptions1 #abi1     
#acj1 #aci4      ,t]tullian1 prec$5ce   
aw>d$ to m>tyrs1 #ahh4      ,te?ra1 god 
( ,iri% ,und]world1 #aba1 #abf1 #adc4   
,!ophilus1 ,s]gius1 & ,hyg9us1 voyage (1
 #ahd n4      ,!seus1 #di4              
,!spesios1 ,vision (1 #fj sqq4          
,?rone ( ,deity1 #ca1 #if1 #aeh1 #ahc   
sqq42      p>allels 9 my?s ( ,*alda1    
#gj2      ,irel&1 #abb1 #acg1 #ahc4     
,tig]na* cit$1 #g n41 #ah4      ,timo!us
 ( ,alex&ria1 #hh4      ,t9ne1 #g1 #bi4 
,tr ,a$ha1 #g n4      ,tr na n-g1 #acc1 

#acf2      ,tr ,tairngire1 #abc sqq41   
#abf1 #acf1 #aci1 #ada1 #adb1 #add1     
#adh1 #baj4      ,tonsure1 ,iri%1 #i4   
,tora*1 cook (1 #aee4      ,tradition1  
hi/orical value ( ,iri%1 #af1 #ag4      
,transitus ,m>i1 #ajg4      ,tree (     
,life1 #df1 #gj1 #ge1 #hd1 #if1 #ih1    
#aeg1 #afc1 #agd1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahi1     
#aij n41 #bbd2      p>allels 9 ,iri%    
my?1 #abd1 #abh1 #acd1 #acg1 #adj1      
#aed-e1 #aij4      ,tree1 public1 9     
,irel&1 #acd2      9 ! ,italian         
republics1 #ace n4      ,tr9ity1 !1 9   
m$ival visions1 #ahh2      9 ,iri%      
visions1 #cg1 #afg1 #ahh4      ,trionfo 
del ,vaglio1 ,il1 cit$1 #aec4           
,tua?a ,d ,danann1 #abb1 #abf1 #abg1    
#abi1 #acd1 #acf1 #ahc n4      ,tua?al  
,te*tm>1 #ad4      ,tundale1 ,vision (1 
#bab sqq42      influ5ce on =eign       
lit]ature1 #bbd2      comp>$ ) ,fis     
,adamn91 #bbe2      ) ,dante1 #bbe-i4   
,turp91 ,ar*bi%op1 #adf n4        ,ua   
,corra1 ,voyage ( ! sons (1 #abj1 #adg1 
#aeg sqq41 #ahc4      ,ui ,nill1 !1 #ae4

        ,v>a ( ,yima1 #gb1 #gc1 #he1    
#add1 #ahi2      sugge/$ d]ivation f    
,deluge tradition1 #gh n4      ,v>una & 
,te?ra1 #aba n4      ,veil be=e !       
,?rone1 #cj1 #ahg2      ov] my/ical     
isl&s1 #aeb1 #afj1 #ahg1 #baj4          
,v5ddd cit$1 #ga n41 #gb n41 #gc n41    
#gd1 #gf n41 #gi n41 #hj4      ,victor1 
,/4 ,patrick's angel1 #ahb n4           
,virgil & ! vision ( ! ,o!rworld1 #dh1  
#fd sqq42      descriptions1 #fe sqq42  
foll[s receiv$ au?orities1 #fe2         
agreem5t ) ,ari/ophanes1 ib42           
eclecticism1 #ff2      arti/ic po9t (   
view1 #ff2      receiv$ z prophet by !  
,*ur*1 #fg2      influ5ce on developm5t 
( ! leg5d1 ib42      on ,dante1 ib42    
cit$1 #aeb1 #agc n41 #aid1 #bjc n41 #bji
 n4      ,vision ( ,o!rworld1 wide      
diffusion ( ! leg5d1 #a sqq42      9    
,greece1 #ef sqq41 #fj sqq42      ,rome1
 #dh1 #fd sqq42      l9es ( developm5t1 
#c1 #dh2      popul>ity ) po/-captivity 
,jews1 #id2      9 e>ly ,*ur*1 #ih sqq42
      survival 9 homilies1 folk-tales1  

etc41 #aaa1 #aad2      special          
developm5ts 9 ,irel&1 #bc1 #aba2        
,iri% acqua9tance ) e>li] visions1 #aaf2
      ,iri% vision-writ]s on ! ,cont95t1
 #bjf-g2      _! influ5ce on ,european  
lit]ature1 #bbd1 #bdb sqq42      on     
,dante1 #bdc-e2      t5d5cy to increase 
9 horror1 #bbe-f2      popul>ity 9 lat] 
,middle ,ages1 #bbi1 #bdj2      dim9i%$ 
importance & increas$ numb]1 #bci sqq4  
,visions ( ,adamnn1 ,er1 ,!spesios1     
,eno*1 ,esdras1 ,apo/les1 ,h]mas1       
,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,colm ,cille1 
,/4 ,fursa1 ,/4 ,laisrn1 ,tundale1      
,drih!lm1 ,ow51 ,alb]ic1 see #8,adamnn1'
 etc4      ,vohu ,mano & ,neo-,platonic 
,logos1 #gh n4        ,wagn]1 ,a41      
editor ( ,vision ( ,tundale1 #bac n4    
,wat]s ( ,life1 #fi1 #hd1 #ih1 #aij n4  
,we/1 abode ( ! dead1 #bi1 #if4         
,:ale tak5 = isl&1 #bjh4      ,w9dis*1  
,pr(essor1 editor ( ,fis ,adamn91 #bg1  
#cd n41 #dg n42      date ( ,f4 ,a41    
#be2      ed4 ,s]glige ,con*ula9d1 #abg 
n4      ,wom51 /atus (1 9 ,irel&1 #ai2  

milit>y s]vice1 #ah-bj2                 
emancipation1 #ah1 #bj-bc2              
liability = crimes1 #ba4      ,_w-,sea1 
#gb1 #he4      ,wright1 ,/4 ,patrick's  
,purgatory1 #bbi n4        ,yama1       
,indian god ( dead1 #bi n41 #gd1 #aba4  
,yehl1 div9e bird ( ,?l9keets1 #gc n4   
,yima1 ,p]sian god ( dead1 #gb sqq41    
#he1 #aba4        ,zimm]1 ,pr(essor1 on 
date ( ! ,voyage ( ,maeldu9's ,cura*1   
#aej1        #aeg n4                    
,zoroa/rianism1 see #8,ave/a4'      ,zu1
 ,babylonian culture-bird1 #gc n4       
,pr9t$ by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able1 ,pr9t]s 
to ,8 ,maje/y at !  ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity
 ,press