,! ,notebooks ( ,leon>do ,da ,v9ci ,volume #a ,translat$ by ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] #ahhh ,,preface4 ,a s+ul> fatality has rul$ ! de/9y ( ne>ly all ! mo/ fam\s ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's works4 ,two ( ! ?ree mo/ important 7 nev] complet$1 ob/acles hav+ aris5 dur+ 8 life-"t1 :i* oblig$ him to leave !m unf9i%$2 namely ! ,s=za ,monum5t & ! ,wall-pa9t+ ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i1 :ile ! ?ird--! picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp] at ,milan--has suff]$ irrem$iable injury f decay & ! repeat$ re/orations to :i* x 0 recklessly subject$ dur+ ! ,x,v,i,ith & ,x,v,i,i,ith c5turies4 ,nev]!less1 no o!r picture ( ! ,r5aissance has become s wellkn[n & popul> ?r\gh copies ( e description4 ,vas>i says1 & rightly1 9 8 ,life ( ,leon>do1 t he lab\r$ mu* m by 8 ^w ?an 9 fact or by de$1 & ! biograph] evid5tly _h 9 8 m9d ! num]\s works 9 ,manuscript :i* h be5 pres]v$ to ?is day4 ,to u1 n[1 x seems almo/ inexplicable t ^! valuable & int]e/+ orig9al texts %\ld h rema9$ s long unpubli%$1 & inde$ =gott54 ,x is c]ta9 t dur+ ! ,x,v,ith & ,x,v,i,ith c5turies _! exceptional value 0 highly appreciat$4 ,?is is prov$ n m]ely by ! prices :i* !y comm&$1 b also by ! exceptional int]e/ :i* has be5 atta*$ to ! *ange ( own]%ip ( m]ely a few pages ( ,manuscript4 ,t1 not)/&+ ?is eag]ness to possess ! ,manuscripts1 _! cont5ts rema9$ a my/]y1 c only be acc\nt$ = by ! _m & great difficulties att5d+ ! task ( deciph]+ !m4 ,! h&writ+ is s peculi> t x requires consid]able practice to read ev5 a few deta*$ phrases1 mu* m to solve ) any c]ta9ty ! num]\s difficulties ( alt]native read+s1 & to ma/] ! s5se z a connect$ :ole4 ,vas>i obs]ves ) ref]5ce to ,leon>dos writ+3 he wrote backw>ds1 9 rude *>act]s1 & ) ! left h&1 s t any "o :o is n practis$ 9 read+ !m1 _c und]/& !m4 ,! aid ( a mirror 9 read+ rev]s$ h&writ+ appe>s to me available only = a fir/ exp]im5tal read+4 ,speak+ f my own exp]i5ce1 ! p]si/5t use ( x is too fatigu+ & inconv5i5t to be practically advisable1 consid]+ ! enorm\s mass ( ,manuscripts to be deciph]$4 ,& z1 aft] all1 ,leon>do's h&writ+ runs backw>ds j z all ,ori5tal "* runs backw>ds--t is to say f "r to left--! difficulty ( read+ direct f ! writ+ is n insup]able4 ,?is obvi\s peculi>ity 9 ! writ+ is n1 h[ev]1 by any means ! only ob/acle 9 ! way ( ma/]+ ! text4 ,leon>do made use ( an or?ography peculi> to himself2 he _h a fa%ion ( amalgamat+ sev]al %ort words into "o long "o1 or1 aga91 he w\ld q arbitr>ily divide a long ^w into two sep>ate halves2 add$ to ?is !re is no punctuation :atev] to regulate ! division & con/ruction ( ! s5t5ces1 nor are !re any acc5ts--& ! read] may imag9e t su* difficulties 7 almo/ suffici5t to make ! task seem a desp]ate "o to a beg9n]4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ! good int5tions ( "s ( ,leon>do s mo/ rev]5t admir]s %\ld h fail$4 ,leon>dos lit]>y lab\rs 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts bo? ( ,art & ( ,sci5ce 7 ^? ess5tially ( an enquir]1 h5ce ! analytical me?od is t :i* he employs 9 argu+ out 8 inve/igations & diss]tations4 ,! va/ /ructure ( 8 sci5tific !ories is consequ5tly built up ( num]\s sep>ate rese>*es1 & x is mu* to be lam5t$ t he %\ld nev] h collat$ & arrang$ !m4 ,8 love = detail$ rese>*--z x seems to me--0 ! reason t 9 almo/ all ! ,manuscripts1 ! diff]5t p>agraphs appe> to u to be 9 utt] confusion2 on "o & ! same page1 obs]vations on ! mo/ dissimil> subjects foll[ ea* o!r )\t any connection4 ,a page1 = in/ance1 w beg9 ) "s pr9ciples ( a/ronomy1 or ! motion ( ! e>?2 !n come ! laws ( s\nd1 & f9ally "s precepts z to col\r4 ,ano!r page w beg9 ) 8 inve/igations on ! /ructure ( ! inte/9es1 & end ) philosophical rem>ks z to ! relations ( poetry to pa9t+2 & s =?4 ,leon>do himself lam5t$ ?is confusion1 & = t reason ,i d n ?9k t ! publication ( ! texts 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! orig9als w\ld at all fulfil 8 int5tions4 ,no read] c\ld f9d 8 way ?r\gh su* a labyr9?2 ,leon>do himself c\ld n h done x4 ,add$ to ?is1 m ?an half ( ! five ?\s& manuscript pages :i* n[ rema9 to u1 are writt5 on loose leaves1 & at pres5t arrang$ 9 a mann] :i* has no ju/ification beyond ! fancy ( ! collector :o fir/ br\ght !m toge!r to make volumes ( m or less ext5t4 ,nay1 ev5 9 ! volumes1 ! pages ( :i* 7 numb]$ by ,leon>do himself1 _! ord]1 s f> z ! connection ( ! texts 0 conc]n$1 0 obvi\sly a matt] ( indiff]5ce to him4 ,! only po9t he seems to h kept 9 view1 :5 fir/ writ+ d[n 8 notes1 0 t ea* obs]vation %\ld be complete to ! end on ! page on :i* x 0 begun4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule are extremely few1 & x is c]ta9ly notewor?y t we f9d 9 su* cases1 9 b\nd volumes ) 8 numb]$ pages1 ! writt5 obs]vations3 turn ov]1 ,?is is ! cont9uation ( ! previ\s page1 & ! l4 ,is n ?is suffici5t to prove t x 0 only 9 q exceptional cases t ! writ] int5d$ ! consecutive pages to rema9 connect$1 :5 he %\ld1 at la/1 c>ry out ! (t5 plann$ arrangem5t ( 8 writ+s8 ,:at ?is f9al arrangem5t 0 to be1 ,leon>do has 9 mo/ cases indicat$ ) consid]able complet5ess4 ,9 o!r cases ?is au?oritative clue is want+1 b ! difficulties aris+ f ?is are n insup]able2 =1 z ! subject ( ! sep>ate p>agraphs is always di/9ct & well def9$ 9 itself1 x is q possible to con/ruct a well-plann$ :ole1 out ( ! scatt]$ mat]ials ( 8 sci5tific sy/em1 & ,i may v5ture to /ate t ,i h devot$ especial c>e & ?\ght to ! due execution ( ?is responsible task4 ,! beg9n+ ( ,leon>do's lit]>y lab\rs dates f ab\t 8 ?irty-sev5? ye>1 & he seems to h c>ri$ !m on )\t any s]i\s int]ruption till 8 dea?4 ,?us ! ,manuscripts t rema9 repres5t a p]iod ( ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,)9 ?is space ( "t 8 h&writ+ alt]$ s little t x is impossible to judge f x ( ! date ( any p>ticul> text4 ,! exact dates1 inde$1 c only be assign$ to c]ta9 note-books 9 :i* ! ye> is incid5tally indicat$1 & 9 :i* ! ord] ( ! leaves has n be5 alt]$ s9ce ,leon>do us$ !m4 ,! assi/ance ^! af=d = a *ronological arrangem5t ( ! ,manuscripts is g5]ally self evid5t4 ,by ?is clue ,i h assign$ to ! orig9al ,manuscripts n[ scatt]$ ?r\gh ,engl&1 ,italy & ,france1 ! ord] ( _! production1 z 9 _m matt]s ( detail x is highly important to be able to v]ify ! "t & place at :i* c]ta9 obs]vations 7 made & regi/]$4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,bibliography ( ! ,manuscripts giv5 at ! end ( ,vol4 ,,ii1 may be reg>d$ z an ,index1 n f> %ort ( complete1 ( all ,leon>do s lit]>y works n[ extant4 ,! consecutive numb]s 7f #a to #aeff7 at ! head ( ea* passage 9 ?is "w1 indicate _! logical sequ5ce ) ref]5ce to ! subjects2 :ile ! lett]s & figures to ! left ( ea* p>agraph ref] to ! orig9al ,manuscript & numb] ( ! page1 on :i* t p>ticul> passage is to be f\nd4 ,?us ! read]1 by ref]r+ to ! ,li/ ( ,manuscripts at ! beg9n+ ( ,volume ,i1 & to ! ,bibliography at ! end ( ,volume ,,ii1 c1 9 e in/ance1 easily asc]ta91 n m]ely ! p]iod to :i* ! passage belongs1 b also exactly :]e x /ood 9 ! orig9al docum5t4 ,?us1 too1 by foll[+ ! sequ5ce ( ! numb]s 9 ! ,bibliographical index1 ! read] may recon/ruct ! orig9al ord] ( ! ,manuscripts & recompose ! v>i\s texts to be f\nd on ! orig9al %eets--s mu* ( x1 t is to say1 z by its subject-matt] came )9 ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be "h obs]v$ t ,leon>do s ,manuscripts conta91 besides ! passages "h pr9t$1 a great numb] ( notes & diss]tations on ,me*anics1 ,physics1 & "s o!r subjects1 _m ( :i* c\ld only be satisfactorily dealt ) by speciali/s4 ,i h giv5 z complete a review ( ^! writ+s z seem$ necess>y 9 ! ,bibliographical notes4 ,9 #afea1 ,raphael ,tri*et ,dufresne1 ( ,p>is1 publi%$ a selection f ,leon>do's writ+s on pa9t+1 & ?is treatise became s popul> t x has s9ce be5 repr9t$ ab\t two-&-tw5ty times1 & 9 six diff]5t languages4 ,b none ( ^! editions 7 d]iv$ f ! orig9al texts1 :i* 7 suppos$ to h be5 lo/1 b f e>ly copies1 9 :i* ,leon>do's text _h be5 m or less mutilat$1 & :i* 7 all fragm5t>y4 ,! olde/ & on ! :ole ! be/ copy ( ,leon>do's essays & precepts on ,pa9t+ is 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y2 ?is has be5 twice pr9t$1 fir/ by ,manzi1 9 #ahag1 & secondly by ,ludwig1 9 #ahhb4 ,/ill1 ?is anci5t copy1 & ! publi%$ editions ( x1 conta9 mu* = :i* x w\ld be ra% to hold ,leon>do responsible1 & "s portions--su* z ! v important rules = ! proportions ( ! human figure--are :olly want+2 on ! o!r h& !y conta9 passages :i*1 if !y are g5u9e1 _c n[ be v]ifi$ f any orig9al ,manuscript extant4 ,^! copies1 at any rate nei!r give u ! orig9al ord] ( ! texts1 z writt5 by ,leon>do1 nor d !y af=d any sub/itute1 by connect+ !m on a rational s*eme2 inde$1 9 _! *aotic confusion !y are any?+ r ?an satisfactory read+4 ,! fault1 no d\bt1 re/s ) ! compil] ( ! ,vatican copy1 :i* w\ld seem to be ! s\rce :5ce all ! publi%$ & ext5sively kn[n texts 7 d]iv$2 =1 in/ead ( arrang+ ! passages himself1 he 0 satisfi$ ) record+ a sugge/ion = a f9al arrangem5t ( !m into eight di/9ct p>ts1 )\t attempt+ to c>ry out 8 s*eme4 ,"u ! mi/ak5 idea t ?is plan ( di/ribution might be t1 n ( ! compil]1 b ( ,leon>do himself1 ! v>i\s editors1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 h v injudici\sly cont9u$ to adopt ?is ord]--or r disord]4 ,i1 l o!r enquir]s1 _h giv5 up ! orig9al ,manuscript ( ! ,trattato della ,pittura = lo/1 till1 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahhj1 ,i 0 enabl$1 by ! lib]ality ( ,"l ,a%burnham1 to inspect 8 ,manuscripts1 & 0 s happy z to discov] among !m ! orig9al text ( ! be/-kn[n portion ( ! ,trattato 9 8 magnific5t libr>y at ,a%burnham ,place4 ,?\gh ?is discov]y 0 ( a fragm5t only--b a consid]able fragm5t--incit+ me to fur!r se>*1 x gave ! key to ! my/]y :i* _h s long envelop$ ! fir/ orig9 ( all ! kn[n copies ( ! ,trattato4 ,! ext5sive rese>*es ,i 0 subsequ5tly enabl$ to prosecute1 & ! results ( :i* are comb9$ 9 ?is "w1 7 only r5d]$ possible by ! unre/rict$ p]mission grant$ me to inve/igate all ! ,manuscripts by ,leon>do disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & to reproduce ! highly important orig9al sket*es !y conta91 by ! process ( photogravure4 ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 graci\sly accord$ me special p]mission to copy = publication ! ,manuscripts at ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,w9dsor4 ,! ,commission ,c5trale ,adm9i/rative de l',in/itut de ,france1 ,p>is1 gave me1 9 ! mo/ lib]al mann]1 9 answ] to an application f ,sir ,fr$]ic ,leighton1 ,p4 ,r4 ,a41 ,correspond+ memb] ( ! ,in/itut1 free p]mission to "w = sev]al mon?s 9 _! private collection at deciph]+ ! ,manuscripts pres]v$ !re4 ,! same fav\r :i* ,"l ,a%burnham _h already grant$ me 0 ext5d$ to me by ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 ! ,m>*ese ,trivulsi1 & ! ,curators ( ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan1 by ! ,conte ,manzoni at ,rome & by o!r private own]s ( ,manuscripts ( ,leon>do's2 z also by ! ,directors ( ! ,l\vre at ,p>is2 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice2 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce2 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,tur92 & ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,i am also greatly indebt$ to ! ,libr>ians ( ^! v>i\s collections = mu* assi/ance 9 my lab\rs2 & m p>ticul>ly to ,monsieur ,l\is ,lalanne1 ( ! ,in/itut de ,france1 ! ,abbate ,c]iani1 ( ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y1 ,mr4 ,maude ,?ompson1 ,keep] ( ,manuscripts at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,mr4 ,holmes1 ! ,que5s ,libr>ian at ,w9dsor1 ! ,revd ,v]e ,bayne1 ,libr>ian ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,college at ,ox=d1 & ! ,revd ,a4 ,napi]1 ,libr>ian to ! ,e>l ( ,leice/] at ,holkham ,hall4 ,9 correct+ ! ,italian text = ! press1 ,i h _h ! advantage ( valuable advice f ! ,comm5datore ,giov4 ,morelli1 ,s5atore del ,regno1 & f ,signor ,gu/avo ,frizzoni1 ( ,milan4 ,! translation1 "u _m difficulties1 ( ! ,italian text into ,engli%1 is ma9ly due to ,mrs4 ,r4 ,c4 ,bell2 :ile ! r5d]+ ( sev]al ( ! mo/ puzzl+ & important passages1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! second half ( ,vol4 ,i1 ,i owe to ! indefatigable int]e/ tak5 9 ?is "w by ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt] ,r4 ,a4 ,f9ally ,i mu/ express my ?anks to ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,m>ks1 ( ,long ,ditton1 :o has mo/ k9dly assi/$ me ?r\gh\t 9 ! revision ( ! pro( %eets4 ,! notes & diss]tations on ! texts on ,ar*itecture 9 ,vol4 ,,ii ,i owe to my fri5d ,b>on ,h5ri de ,geymull]1 ( ,p>is4 ,i may fur!r m5tion ) reg>d to ! illu/rations1 t ! negatives = ! production ( ! photo-gravures by ,monsieur ,duj>d9 ( ,p>is 7 all tak5 direct f ! orig9als4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t mo/ ( ! draw+s "h reproduc$ 9 facsimile h nev] be5 publi%$ be=e4 ,z ,i am n[1 on ! t]m9ation ( a "w ( sev]al ye>s' duration1 9 a position to review ! g5]al t5\r ( ,leon>dos writ+s1 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to add a ^w z to my own e/imate ( ! value ( _! cont5ts4 ,i h already %[n t x is due to no?+ b a =tuit\s succession ( un=tunate circum/ances1 t we %\ld n1 long s9ce1 h kn[n ,leon>do1 n m]ely z a ,pa9t]1 b z an ,au?or1 a ,philosoph]1 & a ,naturali/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 m ?an "o dep>tm5t 8 pr9ciples & discov]ies 7 inf9itely m 9 accord ) ! tea*+s ( mod]n sci5ce1 ?an ) ! views ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,= ?is reason 8 extraord9>y gifts & m]its are f> m likely to be appreciat$ 9 our own "t ?an !y c\ld h be5 dur+ ! prec$+ c5turies4 ,he has be5 unju/ly accus$ ( hav+ squ&]$ 8 p[]s1 by beg9n+ a v>iety ( /udies & !n1 hav+ h>dly begun1 ?r[+ !m aside4 ,! tru? is t ! lab\rs ( ?ree c5turies h h>dly suffic$ = ! elucidation ( "s ( ! problems :i* occupi$ 8 mighty m9d4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt has borne witness t he 0 ! fir/ to />t on ! road t[>ds ! po9t :]e all ! impressions ( our s5ses conv]ge 9 ! idea ( ! ,unity ( ,nature ,nay1 yet m may be said4 ,! v words :i* are inscrib$ on ! monum5t ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt himself1 at ,b]l91 are p]haps ! mo/ appropriate 9 :i* we c sum up our e/imate ( ,leon>do's g5ius3 ,maje/ati naturae p> +5ium4 ,,london1 ,april #ahhc4 ,f4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i4 ,,prolegom5a ,,& ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,pa9t+ ,clavis ,sigillorum & ,index ( ,manuscripts4--,! au?or's int5tion to publi% 8 ,,mss4 7#a74--,! prep>ation ( ! ,,mss4 = publication 7#b74--;,admonition to read]s 7#c74--,! disord] 9 ! ,,mss4 7#d74--,sugge/ions = ! arrangem5t ( ,,mss4 treat+ ( p>ticul> subjects 7#e--h74--;,g5]al introductions to ! book on pa9t+ 7#i--ac74--,! plan ( ! book on pa9t+ 7#ad--ag74--,! use ( ! book on pa9t+ 7#ah74--,necessity ( !oretical k 7#ai1 #bj74--,! function ( ! eye 7#ba--bc74--,v>iability ( ! eye 7#bd74--;,focus ( sight 7#be74--;,diff]5ces ( p]ception by "o eye & by bo? eyes 7#bf--bi74--,! comp>ative size ( ! image dep5ds on ! am\nt ( light 7#cj--ci74 ,,ii4 ,,l9e> ,,p]spective ,g5]al rem>ks on p]spective 7#dj--da74--,! elem5ts ( p]spective3--( ! po9t 7#db--df74--,( ! l9e 7#dg--dh74--,! nature ( ! outl9e 7#di74--;,def9ition ( p]spective 7#ej74--,! p]ception ( ! object dep5ds on ! direction ( ! eye 7#ea74--;,exp]im5tal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! pyramid ( sight 7#eb--ee74--,! relations ( ! di/ance po9t to ! vani%+ po9t 7#ee--ef74--;,h[ to measure ! pyramid ( vision 7#eg74--,! production ( ! pyramid ( vision 7#eh--fd74--,pro( by exp]im5t 7#fe--ff74--;,g5]al conclusions 7#fg74--,t ! contr>y is impossible 7#fh74--;,a p>allel case 7#fi74--,! function ( ! eye1 z expla9$ by ! cam]a obscura 7#gj--ga74--,! practice ( p]spective 7#gb--gc74--,refraction ( ! rays fall+ ^u ! eye 7#gd--ge74--,! inv]sion ( ! images 7#gf74--,! int]section ( ! rays 7#gg--hb74--;,demon/ration ( p]spective by means ( a v]tical glass plane 7#hc--he47--,! angle ( sight v>ies ) ! di/ance 7#hf--hh74--,opposite pyramids 9 juxtaposition 7#hi74--,on simple & complex p]spective 7#ij74--,! prop] di/ance ( objects f ! eye 7#ia--ib74--,! relative size ( objects ) reg>d to _! di/ance f ! eye 7#ic--ih74--,! app>5t size ( objects d5n$ by calculation 7#ii--ajf74--,on natural p]spective 7#ajg--aji74 ,,iii4 ,,six ,,books ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,g5]al ,,introduction4--,prolegom5a 7#aaj74--,s*eme ( ! books on light & %ade 7#aaa74--;,diff]5t pr9ciples & plans ( treatm5t 7#aab--aaf74--;,diff]5t sorts ( light 7#aag--aah74--;,def9ition ( ! nature ( %ad[s 7#aai--abb74--,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( %ad[s 7#abc--abe74--,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( light 7#abf--abg74--;,g5]al rem>ks 7#abh--abi74--;,,fir/ ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,on ! nature ( light 7#acj--aca74--,! diff]5ce betwe5 light & lu/re 7#acb--ace74--,! relations ( lum9\s to illum9at$ bodies 7#acf74 --,exp]im5ts on ! relation ( light & %ad[ )9 a room 7#acg--adj74--,light & %ad[ ) reg>d to ! position ( ! eye 7#ada--ade74--,! law ( ! incid5ce ( light 7#adf--adg74--,,second ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,gradations ( /r5g? 9 ! %ad[s 7#adh--adi74--,on ! int5sity ( %ad[s z dep5d5t on ! di/ance f ! light 7#aej--aeb74--,on ! proportion ( light & %ad[ 7#aec--aeg74--,,?ird ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,def9ition ( d]iv$ %ad[ 7#aeh--aei74--;,diff]5t sorts ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#afj--afb74--,on ! relation ( d]iv$ & prim>y %ad[ 7#afc--afe74--,on ! %ape ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#aff--agd74--,on ! relative int5sity ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#age--agi74--,%ad[ z produc$ by two lights ( diff]5t size 7#ahj--aha74--,! effect ( light at diff]5t di/ances 7#ahb74--;,fur!r complications 9 ! d]iv$ %ad[s 7#ahc--ahg74--;,,f\r? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,on ! %ape ( ca/ %ad[s 7#ahh--aia74--,on ! outl9es ( ca/ %ad[s 7#aib--aie74--,on ! relative size ( ca/ %ad[s 7#aif4 #aig74--;,effects on ca/ %ad[s by ! tone ( ! back gr\nd 7#aih74--;,a disput$ proposition 7#aii74--,on ! relative dep? ( ca/ %ad[s 7#bjj--bjb74--;,,fif? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,pr9ciples ( reflection 7#bjc4 #bjd74--,on rev]b]ation 7#bje74--,reflection on wat] 7#bjf4 #bjg74--;,exp]im5ts ) ! mirror 7#bjh--baj74--;,app5dix3--,on %ad[s 9 movem5t 7#baa--bab74--,,six? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,! effect ( rays pass+ ?r\gh holes 7#bac4 #bad74--,on gradation ( %ad[s 7#bae4 #baf74--,on relative proportion ( light & %ad[s 7#baf--bba74 ,,iv4 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,disappe>ance ,def9ition 7#bbb4 #bbc74--;,an illu/ration by exp]im5t 7#bbd74--;,a guid+ rule 7#bbe74---;,an exp]im5t 7#bbf74--,on indi/9ctness at %ort di/ances 7#bbg--bca74--,on indi/9ctness at great di/ances 7#bcb--bcd74--,! importance ( light & %ade 9 ! ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti 7#bce--bci74--,! effect ( light or d>k backgr\nds on ! app>5t size ( objects 7#bdj--bej74--,propositions on ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti f ,,ms4 ,c4 7#bej--bfb74 ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,col\rs ,! reciprocal effects ( col\rs on objects plac$ opposite ea* o!r 7#bfc--bga74--;,comb9ation ( diff]5t col\rs 9 ca/ %ad[s 7#bgb74--,! effect ( col\rs 9 ! cam]a obscura 7#bgc4 #bgd74--,on ! col\rs ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#bge4 #bgf74--,on ! nature ( col\rs 7#bgg4 #bgh74--,on gradations 9 ! dep? ( col\rs 7#bgi4 #bhj74--,on ! reflection ( col\rs 7#bha--bhc74--,on ! use ( d>k & light col\rs 9 pa9t+ 7#bhd--bhf74--,on ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ 7#bhg--bhh74 ,,vi4 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,col\r ,,& ,,a]ial ,,p]spective ,g5]al rules 7#bhi--bia74--;,an exceptional case 7#bib74--;,an exp]im5t 7#bic74--,! practice ( ! ,prospettiva de' colori 7#bid74--,! rules ( a]ial p]spective 7#bie--big74--,on ! relative d5sity ( ! atmosph]e 7#bih--bii74--,on ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e 7#cjj--cjg74 ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,proportions ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,figure ,prelim9>y obs]vations 7#cjh4 #cji74--,proportions ( ! head & face 7#caj--cah74--,proportions ( ! head se5 9 front 7#cai--cba74--,proportions ( ! foot 7#cbb--cbc74--,relative proportions ( ! h& & foot 7#cbd74--,relative proportions ( ! foot & ( ! face 7#cbe--cbg74--,proportions ( ! leg 7#cbh--cca74--,on ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole body 7#ccb74--,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! :ole figure 7#ccc74--,! relative proportions ( ! head & ( ! torso 7#ccd74--,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! leg 7#cce4 #ccf74--,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! foot 7#ccg74--,! proportions ( ! :ole figure 7#cch--cda74--,! torso f ! front & back 7#cdb74--,vitruvius' s*eme ( proportions 7#cdc74--,! arm & head 7#cdd74--,proportions ( ! arm 7#cde--cdi74--,! movem5t ( ! arm 7#cej--ced74--,! movem5t ( ! torso 7#cee--cfa74--,! proportions v>y at diff]5t ages 7#cfb--cfg74--,! movem5t ( ! human figure 7#cfh--cge74--,( walk+ up & d[n 7#cge--cgi74--,on ! human body 9 action 7#chj--chh74--,on hair fall+ d[n 9 curls 7#chi74--,on drap]ies 7#cij--cib74 ,,viii4 ,,botany ,,= ,,pa9t]s1 ,,& ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,l&scape ,,pa9t+ ,classification ( trees 7#cic74--,! relative ?ickness ( ! bran*es to ! trunk 7#cid--cif74--,! law ( proportion 9 ! gr[? ( ! bran*es 7#cig--djb74--,! direction ( gr[? 7#djc--djg74--,! =ms ( trees 7#djh--daa74--,! ins]tion ( ! leaves 7#dab--dai74--,light on bran*es & leaves 7#dbj--dbb74--,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 a leaf 7#dbc--dbf74--,( ! transp>5cy ( leaves 7#dbg--dbi74--,! gradations ( %ade & col\r 9 leaves 7#dcj--dcd74--;,a classification ( trees accord+ to _! col\rs 7#dce74--,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 trees 7#dcf--ddj74--,! di/ribution ( light & %ade ) ref]5ce to ! position ( ! spectator 7#dda--ddc74--,! effects ( morn+ light 7#ddd--ddh74--,! effects ( midday light 7#ddi74--,! appe>ance ( trees 9 ! di/ance 7#dej--dea74--,! ca/ %ad[ ( trees 7#deb4 #dec74--,light & %ade on gr\ps ( trees 7#ded--deg74--,on ! treatm5t ( light = l&scapes 7#deh--dfd74--,on ! treatm5t ( light = views ( t[ns 7#dfe--dfi74--,! effect ( w9d on trees 7#dgj--dgc74--,light & %ade on cl\ds 7#dgd--dgg74--,on images reflect$ 9 wat] 7#dgh74--,( ra9b[s & ra9 7#dgi4 #dhj74--,( fl[] se$s 7#dha74 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,i4 ,,moral ,,precepts ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,pa9t+4--,h[ to asc]ta9 ! dispositions = an arti/ic c>e] 7#dhb74--,! c\rse ( in/ruction = an arti/ 7#dhc--dhe74--,! /udy ( ! antique 7#dhf4 #dhg74--,! necessity ( anatomical k 7#dhh4 #dhi74--;,h[ to acquire practice 7#dij74--;,indu/ry & ?or\ghness ! fir/ conditions 7#dia--dic47--,! arti/'s private life & *oice ( company 7#dic4 #did74--,! di/ribution ( "t = /udy+ 7#die-- #dig74--,on ! productive p[] ( m9or arti/s 7#dih--eja74--;,a caution aga9/ "o-sid$ /udy 7#ejb74--;,h[ to acquire univ]sality 7#ejc--ejf74--,useful games & ex]cises 7#ejg4 #ejh74--;,,ii4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,/udio4--,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,helps ,,= ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,p]spective4--,,on ,,judg+ ,,( ,a ,,picture4--,on ! size ( ! /udio 7#eji74--,on ! con/ruction ( w9d[s 7#eaj--eab74--,on ! be/ light = pa9t+ 7#eac--ebj74--,on v>i\s helps 9 prep>+ a picture 7#eba--ecj74--,on ! managem5t ( works 7#eca4 #ecb74--,on ! limitations ( pa9t+ 7#ecc--ece74--,on ! *oice ( a position 7#ecf4 #ecg74--,! app>5t size ( figures 9 a picture 7#ech4 #eci74--,! "r position ( ! arti/1 :5 pa9t+ & ( ! spectator 7#edj--edg74--;,,iii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,& ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4--,gradations ( light & %ade 7#edh74--,on ! *oice ( light = a picture 7#edi--eed74--,! di/ribution ( light & %ade 7#eee--eei74--,! juxtaposition ( light & %ade 7#efj4 #efa74--,on ! light+ ( ! backgr\nd 7#efb--efe74--,on ! light+ ( :ite objects 7#eff74--,! me?ods ( a]ial p]spective 7#efg--egj74--;,,iv4 ,,( ,,portrait ,,& ,,figure ,,pa9t+4--,( sket*+ figures & portraits 7#ega4 #egb74--,! position ( ! head 7#egc74--,( ! light on ! face 7#egd--egf74--;,g5]al sugge/ions = hi/orical pictures 7#egg--eha74--;,h[ to repres5t ! diff]5ces ( age & sex 7#ehb4 #ehc74--,( repres5t+ ! emotions 7#ehd74--,( repres5t+ imag9>y animals 7#ehe74--,! selection ( =ms 7#ehf--eia74--;,h[ to pose figures 7#eib74--,( appropriate ge/ures 7#eic--fjj74--,v4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,compositions4--,( pa9t+ battle-pieces 7#fja--fjc74--,( depict+ night-sc5es 7#fjd74--,( depict+ a tempe/ 7#fje4 #fjf74--,( repres5t+ ! deluge 7#fjg--fji74--,( depict+ natural ph5om5a 7#faj4 #faa74--,,vi4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,mat]ials4--,( *alk & pap] 7#fab--fag74--,on ! prep>ation & use ( col\rs 7#fah--fbg74--,( prep>+ ! panel 7#fbh74--,! prep>ation ( oils 7#fbi--fcd74--,on v>ni%es 7#fce-- #fcg74--,on *emical mat]ials 7#fch--fej74--,,vii4 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+4--,! relation ( art & nature 7#fea4 #feb74--,pa9t+ is sup]ior to poetry 7#fec4 #fed74--,pa9t+ is sup]ior to sculpture 7#fee4 #fef74--;,aphorisms 7#feg--fei74--,on ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 7#ffj4 #ffa74--,! pa9t]'s scope 7#ffb74 ,x4 ,,/udies ,,& ,,sket*es ,,= ,,pictures ,,& ,,decorations ,on pictures ( ! ,madonna 7#ffc74--;,b]n>do di ,b&9o's portrait 7#ffd74--,notes on ! ,la/ ,supp] 7#ffe--ffh74--,on ! battle ( ,anghi>i 7#ffi74--;,allegorical repres5tations ref]r+ to ! duke ( ,milan 7#fgj--fgc74--;,allegorical repres5tations 7#fgd--fgh74--;,arrangem5t ( a picture 7#fgi74--,li/ ( draw+s 7#fhj74--,mottoes & ,emblems 7#fha--gjb74 ,! au?or's int5tion to publi% 8 ,,mss4 #a4 ,h[ by a c]ta9 ma*9e _m may /ay "s "t "u wat]4 ,& h[ & :]e=e ,i d n describe my me?od ( rema9+ "u wat] & h[ long ,i c rema9 )\t eat+4 ,& ,i d n publi% nor divulge ^!1 by reason ( ! evil nature ( m51 :o w\ld use !m = assass9ations at ! bottom ( ! sea by de/roy+ %ips1 & s9k+ !m1 toge!r ) ! m5 9 !m4 ,nev]!less ,i w imp>t o!rs1 :i* are n dang]\s because ! m\? ( ! tube ?r\gh :i* y brea! is above ! wat]1 support$ on air sacks or cork4 ,footnote3 ,! leaf on :i* ?is passage is writt51 is head$ ) ! words ,casi #ci1 & mo/ ( ^! cases beg9 ) ! ^w ',come'1 l ! two "h giv51 :i* are ! #bf? & #bg?4 #g4 ,sugh]o4 ,9 ! ,codex ,antlanticus #cgg;a2 #aagj;a !re is a sket*1 drawn ) ! p51 repres5t+ a man ) a tube 9 8 m\?1 & at ! f>!r end ( ! tube a disk4 ,by ! tube ! ^w ',*anna' is writt51 & by ! disk ! ^w 'sugh]o'4 ,! prep>ation ( ! ,,mss4 = publication4 #b4 ,:5 y put toge!r ! sci5ce ( ! motions ( wat]1 rememb] to include "u ea* proposition its application & use1 9 ord] t ?is sci5ce may n be useless4-- ,footnote3 ,a comp>atively small portion ( ,leon>do's notes on wat]-p[] 0 publi%$ at ,bologna 9 #ahbh1 "u ! title3 ,del moto e misura dell',acqua1 di ,l4 da ,v9ci4 ,admonition to read]s4 #c4 ,let no man :o is n a ,ma!matician read ! elem5ts ( my "w4 ,! disord] 9 ! ,,mss4 #d4 ,begun at ,flor5ce1 9 ! h\se ( ,pi]o di ,braccio ,m>telli1 on ! #bbnd day ( ,m>* #aejh4 ,& ?is is to be a collection )\t ord]1 tak5 f _m pap]s :i* ,i h copi$ "h1 hop+ to arrange !m lat] ea* 9 its place1 accord+ to ! subjects ( :i* !y may treat4 ,b ,i believe t be=e ,i am at ! end ( ?is task ,i %all h to repeat ! same ?+s sev]al times2 = :i*1 ,o read]6 d n blame me1 = ! subjects are _m & memory _c reta9 !m all & say3 ',i w n write ?is because ,i wrote x be=e4' ,& if ,i wi%$ to avoid fall+ into ?is fault1 x w\ld be necess>y 9 e case :5 ,i want$ to copy a passage t1 n to repeat myself1 ,i %\ld read ov] all t _h gone be=e2 & all ! m s9ce ! int]vals are long betwe5 "o "t ( writ+ & ! next4 ,footnote3 #a4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury ,pi]o di ,braccio ,m>telli is frequ5tly m5tion$ z ,commiss>io della ,signoria4 ,he 0 fam\s = 8 le>n+ & at 8 dea? left f\r books on ,ma!matics ready = ! press2 comp4 ,,litta1 ,famiglie celebri ,italiane1 ,famiglia ,m>telli di ,fir5ze4--,9 ! ,(ficial ,catalogue ( ,,mss4 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus41 ,new ,s]ies ,vol4 ,i41 :]e ?is passage is pr9t$1 ,b>to has be5 wrongly giv5 = ,braccio4 #b4 addi #bb di m>zo #aejh4 ,! ,*ri/ian era 0 comput$ 9 ,flor5ce at t "t f ! ,inc>nation 7,lady day1 ,m>* #be?74 ,h5ce ?is %\ld be #aeji by our reckon+4 #c4 racolto tratto di molte c>te le quali io ho qui copiate4 ,we mu/ suppose t ,leon>do means t he has copi$ out 8 own ,,mss4 & n ^? ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ ?irte5 leaves ( ! ,,ms4 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus4 are a fair copy ( "s notes on physics4 ,sugge/ions = ! arrangem5t ( ,,mss treat+ ( p>ticul> subjects47#e-h74 #e4 ,( digg+ a canal4 ,put ?is 9 ! ,book ( useful inv5tions & 9 prov+ !m br+ =w>d ! propositions already prov$4 ,& ?is is ! prop] ord]2 s9ce if y wi%$ to %[ ! usefulness ( any plan y w\ld be oblig$ aga9 to devise new ma*9es to prove its utility & ?us w\ld confuse ! ord] ( ! =ty ,books & also ! ord] ( ! diagrams2 t is to say y w\ld h to mix up practice ) !ory1 :i* w\ld produce a confus$ & incoh]5t "w4 #f4 ,i am n to blame = putt+ =w>d1 9 ! c\rse ( my "w on sci5ce1 any g5]al rule d]iv$ f a previ\s conclusion4 #g4 ,! ,book ( ! sci5ce ( ,me*anics mu/ prec$e ! ,book ( useful inv5tions4--,h y\r books on anatomy b\nd6 ,footnote3 #d4 ,! num]\s notes on anatomy writt5 on loose leaves & n[ 9 ! ,royal collection at ,w9dsor c be/ be classifi$ 9 f\r ,books1 correspond+ to ! diff]5t "* & size ( ! pap]4 ,:5 ,leon>do speaks ( 'li tua libri di notomia'1 he probably means ! ,,mss4 :i* /ill exi/2 if ?is hypo!sis is correct ! pres5t condition ( ^! leaves might seem to prove t he only c>ri$ out 8 purpose ) "o ( ! ,books on anatomy4 ,a borr[$ book on ,anatomy is m5tion$ 9 ,f4,o4 #h4 ,! ord] ( y\r book mu/ proce$ on ?is plan3 fir/ simple beams1 !n 7^?7 support$ f bel[1 !n susp5d$ 9 "p1 !n :olly susp5d$4 ,!n beams z support+ o!r weights ,footnote3 #d4 ,leon>do's notes on ,me*anics are extraord9>ily num]\s2 b1 = ! reasons assign$ 9 my introduction1 !y h n be5 includ$ 9 ! pres5t "w44 ,g5]al introductions to ! book on ,pa9t+ 7#i-ac74 #i4 ,,introduction4 ,see+ t ,i c f9d no subject specially useful or pleas+--s9ce ! m5 :o h come be=e me h tak5 = _! own e useful or necess>y !me--,i mu/ d l "o :o1 be+ poor1 comes la/ to ! fair1 & c f9d no o!r way ( provid+ himself ?an by tak+ all ! ?+s already se5 by o!r buy]s1 & n tak5 b refus$ by reason ( _! less] value4 ,i1 !n1 w load my humble pack ) ?is despis$ & reject$ m]*&ise1 ! refuse ( s _m buy]s2 & w g ab\t to di/ribute x1 n inde$ 9 great cities1 b 9 ! poor] t[ns1 tak+ su* a price z ! w>es ,i (f] may be wor?4 ,footnote3 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t !re is 9 ?is ',proemio' a cov]t irony4 ,9 ! second & ?ird prefaces1 ,leon>do *>act]ises 8 rivals & oppon5ts m closely4 ,8 prote/ is direct$ aga9/ ,neo-lat9ism z pr(ess$ by mo/ ( ! humani/s ( 8 "t2 its futility is n[ no long] que/ion$4 #aj4 ,,introduction4 ,i "k t _m w call ?is useless "w ,footnote3 #c4 que/a ess]e op]a inutile4 ,by op]a we mu/ "h und]/& libro di pittura & p>ticul>ly ! treatise on ,p]spective42 & !y w be ^? ( :om ,demetrius ,footnote3 #d4 ,demetrio4 ,) reg>d to ! passage attribut$ to ,demetrius1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m,,ll] ,,/r,,b+ writes1 ,i "k n :at to make ( x4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ,demetrius ,phal]eus t is meant & x c h>dly be ,demetrius ,poliorcetes4 ,:o !n c x be--= ! "n is a v common "o8 ,x may be a cl]ical error = ,demades & ! maxim is q 9 ! _s ( 8 writ+s ,i h n h[ev] be5 able to f9d any correspond+ passage ei!r 9 ! ',fragm5ts' 7,c4 ,,mull]1 ,orat4 ,att41 ,,ii4 #dda7 nor 9 ! ,supplem5ts collect$ by ,,dietz 7,rhe94 ,mus41 vol4 #bi1 p4 #ajh74 ,! same passage occurs z a simple ,memor&um 9 ! ,,ms4 ,tr4 #eg1 app>5tly z a note = ?is ',proemio' ?us af=d+ "s data z to ! "t :]e ^! introductions 7 writt54 decl>$ t he took no m acc\nt ( ! w9d t came out _! m\? 9 words1 ?an ( t !y expell$ f _! l[] p>ts3 m5 :o desire no?+ b mat]ial ri*es & are absolutely devoid ( t ( wisdom1 :i* is ! food & ! only true ri*es ( ! m9d4 ,= s mu* m wor?y z ! s\l is ?an ! body1 s mu* m noble are ! possessions ( ! s\l ?an ^? ( ! body4 ,& (t51 :5 ,i see "o ( ^! m5 take ?is "w 9 8 h&1 ,i wond] t he does n put x to 8 nose1 l a monkey1 or ask me if x is some?+ good to eat4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! ,proemio d prospettiva cio dell'uffitio dell'oc*io 7see ,no4 #ba7 /&s betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ "o1 ,no4 #i4 ,,introduction4 ,i am fully conci\s t1 n be+ a lit]>y man1 c]ta9 presumptu\s p]sons w ?9k t !y may reasonably blame me2 alleg+ t ,i am n a man ( lett]s4 ,fooli% folks6 d !y n "k t ,i might retort z ,m>ius did to ! ,roman ,patricians ,footnote #ba3 ,come ,m>io disse ai patriti ,romani4 ,i am unable to f9d ! words "h attribut$ by ,leon>do to ,m>ius1 ei!r 9 ,plut>*'s ,life ( ,m>ius or 9 ! ,apoph!gmata 7,moralia1 p4#bjb74 ,nor d !y occur 9 ! writ+s ( ,val]ius ,maximus 7:o frequ5tly m5tions ,m>ius7 nor 9 ,velleius ,pat]culus 7,,ii1 #aa to #dc71 ,dio ,cassius1 ,aulus ,gellius1 or ,macrobius4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,,m5delson ( ,dorpat1 ! editor ( ,h]odian1 assures me t no su* passage is ! f\nd 9 t au?or 7communication f ,dr4 ,,mull] ,,/rub+74 ,leon>do evid5tly meant to allude to "s well kn[n incid5t 9 ,roman hi/ory & ! m5tion ( ,m>ius is ! result probably ( "s confusion4 ,we may p]haps read1 = ,m>ius1 ,m55ius ,agrippa1 ?\gh 9 t case x is true we mu/ alt] ,patriti to ,plebei4 ,! *ange is a s]i\s "o4 b x w\ld r5d] ! passage p]fectly cle>4 by say+3 ,t !y1 :o deck !mselves out 9 ! lab\rs ( o!rs w n all[ me my own4 ,!y w say t ,i1 hav+ no lit]>y skill1 _c prop]ly express t :i* ,i desire to treat ( ,footnote #bf3 le mie cose 4444 *e d'altra p>ola4 ,?is c h>dly be reconcil$ ) ,mons4 ,,ravaisson',s e/imate ( ,l4 da ,v9ci's le>n+4 ,leon>d de ,v9ci etait un admirateur et un disciple des anci5s1 aussi bi5 dans l'art que dans la sci5ce et il t5ait a pass] p\r tel meme aux yeux de la po/]ite4 ,gaz4 des ,beaux arts4 ,oct4 #ahgg42 b !y d n "k t my subjects are to be dealt ) by exp]i5ce r ?an by words ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,footnote #bf2 & exp]i5ce has be5 ! mi/ress ( ^? :o wrote well4 ,& s1 z mi/ress1 ,i w cite h] 9 all cases4 #aa4 ,?\gh ,i may n1 l !m1 be able to quote o!r au?ors1 ,i %all rely on t :i* is mu* great] & m wor?y3--on exp]i5ce1 ! mi/ress ( _! ,ma/]s4 ,!y g ab\t puff$ up & pomp\s1 dress$ & decorat$ ) ! fruits1 n ( _! own lab\rs1 b ( ^? ( o!rs4 ,& !y w n all[ me my own4 ,!y w scorn me z an inv5tor2 b h[ mu* m might !y--:o are n inv5tors b vaunt]s & declaim]s ( ! works ( o!rs--be blam$4 ,,introduction4 ,& ^? m5 :o are inv5tors & int]pret]s betwe5 ,nature & ,man1 z comp>$ ) boa/]s & declaim]s ( ! works ( o!rs1 mu/ be reg>d$ & n o!rwise e/eem$ ?an z ! object 9 front ( a mirror1 :5 comp>$ ) its image se5 9 ! mirror4 ,= ! fir/ is some?+ 9 itself1 & ! o!r no?+ness4--,folks little indebt$ to ,nature1 s9ce x is only by *ance t !y we> ! human =m & )\t x ,i might class !m ) ! h]ds ( bea/s4 #ab4 ,_m w ?9k !y may reasonably blame me by alleg+ t my pro(s are oppos$ to ! au?ority ( c]ta9 m5 held 9 ! highe/ rev]5ce by _! inexp]i5c$ judgm5ts2 n consid]+ t my works are ! issue ( pure & simple exp]i5ce1 :o is ! "o true mi/ress4 ,^! rules are suffici5t to enable y to "k ! true f ! false--& ?is aids m5 to look only = ?+s t are possible & ) due mod]ation--& n to wrap y\rself 9 ignorance1 a ?+ :i* c h no good result1 s t 9 despair y w\ld give y\rself up to melan*oly4 #ac4 ,among all ! /udies ( natural causes & reasons ,light *iefly delights ! behold]2 & among ! great features ( ,ma!matics ! c]ta9ty ( its demon/rations is :at preem95tly 7t5ds to7 elevate ! m9d ( ! inve/igator4 ,p]spective1 !re=e1 mu/ be pref]r$ to all ! disc\rses & sy/ems ( human le>n+4 ,9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce ! beam ( light is expla9$ on ^? me?ods ( demon/ration :i* =m ! glory n s mu* ( ,ma!matics z ( ,physics & are grac$ ) ! fl[]s ( bo? ,footnote3 #e4 ,su* ( ,leon>do's notes on ,optics or on ,p]spective z be> exclusively on ,ma!matics or ,physics c\ld n be includ$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! libro di pittura :i* is "h pres5t$ to ! read]4 ,!y are h[ev] b few44 ,b its axioms be+ laid d[n at great l5g?1 ,i %all abridge !m to a conclusive brevity1 arrang+ !m on ! me?od bo? ( _! natural ord] & ( ma!matical demon/ration2 sometimes by d$uction ( ! effects f ! causes1 & sometimes argu+ ! causes f ! effects2 add+ also to my own conclusions "s :i*1 ?\gh n includ$ 9 !m1 may nev]!less be inf]r$ f !m4 ,?us1 if ! ,"l--:o is ! light ( all ?+s--v\*safe to enlight5 me1 ,i w treat ( ,light2 :]e=e ,i w divide ! pres5t "w into #c ,p>ts ,footnote3 #aj4 ,9 ! middle ages--= in/ance1 by ,,rog] ,,bacon1 by ,,vitellone1 ) ^: works ,leon>do 0 c]ta9ly famili>1 & by all ! writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance ,p]spective & ,optics 7 n reg>d$ z di/9ct sci5ces4 ,p]spective1 inde$1 is 9 its wide/ application ! sci5ce ( see+4 ,al?\gh to ,leon>do ! two sci5ces 7 cle>ly sep>ate1 x is n s z to _! names2 ?us we f9d axioms 9 ,optics "u ! head+ ,p]spective4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials = ! !oretical portion ( ! libro di pittura propositions 9 ,p]spective & 9 ,optics /& side by side or occur alt]nately4 ,al?\gh ?is p>ticul> *apt] deals only ) ,optics1 x is n improbable t ! words p>tir la pres5te op]a 9 #c p>ti may ref] to ! same division into ?ree sections :i* is spok5 ( 9 *apt]s #ad to #ag44 ,! plan ( ! book on ,pa9t+ 7#ad--ag74 #ad4 ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,bran*es ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,!re are ?ree bran*es ( p]spective2 ! fir/ deals ) ! reasons ( ! 7app>5t7 dim9ution ( objects z !y rec$e f ! eye1 & is kn[n z ,dim9i%+ ,p]spective4--,! second conta9s ! way 9 :i* col\rs v>y z !y rec$e f ! eye4 ,! ?ird & la/ is conc]n$ ) ! explanation ( h[ ! objects 9 a picture ought to be less f9i%$ 9 proportion z !y are remote 7& ! names are z foll[s73 ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,! ,p]spective ( ,col\r4 ,! ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance4 ,footnote3 #ac4 ,f ! "* ( ! h&writ+ ,i inf] t ?is passage 0 writt5 be=e ! ye> #adij44 #ae4 ,,on ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,p]spective4 ,! divisions ( ,p]spective are #c1 z us$ 9 draw+2 ( ^!1 ! fir/ includes ! dim9ution 9 size ( opaque objects2 ! second treats ( ! dim9ution & loss ( outl9e 9 su* opaque objects2 ! ?ird1 ( ! dim9ution & loss ( col\r at long di/ances4 ,footnote3 ,! division is "h ! same z 9 ! previ\s *apt] ,no4 #ad1 & ?is is wor?y ( note :5 we connect x ) ! fact t a space ( ab\t #bj ye>s mu/ h int]v5$ betwe5 ! writ+ ( ! two passages4 #af4 ,,! ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,p]spective1 z be>+ on draw+1 is divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal sections2 ( :i* ! fir/ treats ( ! dim9ution 9 ! size ( bodies at diff]5t di/ances4 ,! second "p is t :i* treats ( ! dim9ution 9 col\r 9 ^! objects4 ,! ?ird deals ) ! dim9i%$ di/9ctness ( ! =ms & outl9es display$ by ! objects at v>i\s di/ances4 #ag4 ,,on ,,! ,,sections ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 pa9t+ is t ! objects x repres5ts %\ld appe> 9 relief1 & t ! gr\nds surr\nd+ !m at diff]5t di/ances %all appe> )9 ! v]tical plane ( ! =egr\nd ( ! picture by means ( ! #c bran*es ( ,p]spective1 :i* are3 ! dim9ution 9 ! di/9ctness ( ! =ms ( ! objects1 ! dim9ution 9 _! magnitude2 & ! dim9ution 9 _! col\r4 ,& ( ^! #c classes ( ,p]spective ! fir/ results f ! /ructure ( ! eye1 :ile ! o!r two are caus$ by ! atmosph]e :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! eye & ! objects se5 by x4 ,! second ess5tial 9 pa9t+ is appropriate action & a due v>iety 9 ! figures1 s t ! m5 may n all look l bro!rs1 c4 ,footnote3 ,?is & ! two =ego+ *apt]s mu/ h be5 writt5 9 #aeac to #aeaf4 ,!y und\bt$ly indicate ! s*eme :i* ,leon>do wi%$ to c>ry out 9 arrang+ 8 rese>*es on ,p]spective z appli$ to ,pa9t+4 ,?is is important because x is an evid5ce aga9/ ! supposition ( ,h4 ,,ludwig & o!rs1 t ,leon>do _h collect$ 8 pr9ciples ( ,p]spective 9 "o book s e>ly z be=e #aejj2 a ,book :i*1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 mu/ h be5 lo/ at a v e>ly p]iod1 or de/roy$ possibly1 by ! ,fr5* 767 9 #aejj 7see ,h4 ,,ludwig4 ,l4 da ,v9ci3 ,das ,bu* van d] ,mal]ei4 ,vi5na #ahhb ,,iii1 #g & #h74 ,! use ( ! book on ,pa9t+4 #ah4 ,^! rules are ( use only 9 correct+ ! figures2 s9ce e man makes "s mi/akes 9 8 fir/ compositions & he :o kn[s !m n1 _c am5d !m4 ,b y1 kn[+ y\r errors1 w correct y\r works & :]e y f9d mi/akes am5d !m1 & rememb] nev] to fall into !m aga94 ,b if y try to apply ^! rules 9 composition y w nev] make an end1 & w produce confusion 9 y\r works4 ,^! rules w enable y to h a free & s\nd judgm5t2 s9ce good judgm5t is born ( cle> und]/&+1 & a cle> und]/&+ comes ( reasons d]iv$ f s\nd rules1 & s\nd rules are ! issue ( s\nd exp]i5ce--! common "m ( all ! sci5ces & arts4 ,h5ce1 be>+ 9 m9d ! precepts ( my rules1 y w be able1 m]ely by y\r am5d$ judgm5t1 to criticise & recognise e ?+ t is out ( proportion 9 a "w1 :e!r 9 ! p]spective or 9 ! figures or any ?+ else4 ,necessity ( !oretical k 7#ai4 #bj74 #ai4 ,,( ,,! ,,mi/akes ,,made ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,practise ,,)\t ,,k4 ,^? :o are 9 love ) practice )\t k are l ! sailor :o gets into a %ip )\t rudd] or compass & :o nev] c be c]ta9 :e!r he is go+4 ,practice mu/ always be f\nd$ on s\nd !ory1 & to ?is ,p]spective is ! guide & ! gateway2 & )\t ?is no?+ c be done well 9 ! matt] ( draw+4 #bj4 ,! pa9t] :o draws m]ely by practice & by eye1 )\t any reason1 is l a mirror :i* copies e ?+ plac$ 9 front ( x )\t be+ consci\s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! function ( ! eye 7#ba-bc74 #ba4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,p]spective3--,,t ,,is ,,( ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,behold "h ,o read]6 a ?+ conc]n+ :i* we _c tru/ our =efa!rs1 ! anci5ts1 :o tri$ to def9e :at ! ,s\l & ,life are--:i* are beyond pro(1 :]eas ^? ?+s1 :i* c at any "t be cle>ly kn[n & prov$ by exp]i5ce1 rema9$ = _m ages unkn[n or falsely und]/ood4 ,! eye1 ^: function we s c]ta9ly "k by exp]i5ce1 has1 d[n to my own "t1 be5 def9$ by an inf9ite numb] ( au?ors z "o ?+2 b ,i f9d1 by exp]i5ce1 t x is q ano!r4 ,footnote #ac3 ,comp>e ! note to ,no4 #gj4 ,footnote3 ,9 section #ac we already f9d x indicat$ t ! /udy ( ,p]spective & ( ,optics is to be bas$ on t ( ! functions ( ! eye4 ,leon>do also ref]s to ! sci5ce ( ! eye1 9 8 a/ronomical rese>*es1 = in/ance 9 ,,ms4 ,f #be;b ',ord9e del prov>e la t]ra ess]e una /ella3 ,imprima dif9isce l'oc*io'1 c4 ,comp>e also ,,ms4 ,e #ae;b & ,f #fj;b4 ,! pr9ciples ( a/ronomical p]spective4 #bb4 ,"h 9 ! eye =ms1 "h col\rs1 "h ! "* ( e "p ( ! univ]se are conc5trat$ to a po9t2 & t po9t is s m>vell\s a ?+ 444 ,oh6 m>vell\s1 ,o /up5d\s ,necessity--by ?y laws ?\ do/ compel e effect to be ! direct result ( its cause1 by ! %orte/ pa?4 ,^! inde$ are miracles2444 ,9 s small a space x c be reproduc$ & re>rang$ 9 its :ole expanse4 ,describe 9 y\r anatomy :at proportion !re is betwe5 ! diamet]s ( all ! images 9 ! eye & ! di/ance f !m ( ! cry/all9e l5s4 #bc4 ,,( ,,! #aj ,,attributes ,,( ,,! ,,eye1 ,,all ,,conc]n$ ,,9 ,,pa9t+4 ,pa9t+ is conc]n$ ) all ! #aj attributes ( sight2 :i* are3--,d>kness1 ,light1 ,solidity & ,col\r1 ,=m & ,position1 ,di/ance & ,prop9quity1 ,motion & ,re/4 ,?is little "w ( m9e w be a tissue ( ! /udies ( ^! attributes1 rem9d+ ! pa9t] ( ! rules & me?ods by :i* he %\ld use 8 art to imitate all ! works ( ,nature :i* adorn ! _w4 #bd4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,v>iability ( ! eye4 #a/4 ,! pupil ( ! eye contracts1 9 proportion to ! increase ( light :i* is reflect$ 9 x4 #bnd4 ,! pupil ( ! eye exp&s 9 proportion to ! dim9ution 9 ! day light1 or any o!r light1 t is reflect$ 9 x4 #crd4 ,footnote3 #h4 ,! subject ( ?is ?ird proposition we f9d fully discuss$ 9 ,,ms4 ,g4 #dd;a44 ,! eye p]ceives & recognises ! objects ( its vision ) great] int5sity 9 proportion z ! pupil is m widely dilat$2 & ?is c be prov$ by ! case ( nocturnal animals1 su* z cats1 & c]ta9 birds--z ! owl & o!rs--9 :i* ! pupil v>ies 9 a high degree f l>ge to small1 c41 :5 9 ! d>k or 9 ! light4 #d?4 ,! eye out ( doors 9 an illum9at$ atmosph]e sees d>kness beh9d ! w9d[s ( h\ses :i* nev]!less are light4 #e?4 ,all col\rs :5 plac$ 9 ! %ade appe> ( an equal degree ( d>kness1 among !mselves4 #f?4 ,b all col\rs :5 plac$ 9 a full light1 nev] v>y f _! true & ess5tial hue4 #be4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,focus ( sight4 ,if ! eye is requir$ to look at an object plac$ too ne> to x1 x _c judge ( x well--z happ5s to a man :o tries to see ! tip ( 8 nose4 ,h5ce1 z a g5]al rule1 ,nature tea*es u t an object c nev] be se5 p]fectly unless ! space betwe5 x & ! eye is equal1 at lea/1 to ! l5g? ( ! face4 ,diff]5ces ( p]ception by "o eye & by bo? eyes 7#bf-bi74 #bf4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,:5 bo? eyes direct ! pyramid ( sight to an object1 t object becomes cle>ly se5 & compreh5d$ by ! eyes4 #bg4 ,objects se5 by "o & ! same eye appe> sometimes l>ge1 & sometimes small4 #bh4 ,! motion ( a spectator :o sees an object at re/ (t5 makes x seem z ?\gh ! object at re/ _h acquir$ ! motion ( ! mov+ body1 :ile ! mov+ p]son appe>s to be at re/4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,objects 9 relief1 :5 se5 f a %ort di/ance ) "o eye1 look l a p]fect picture4 ,if y look ) ! eye a1 b at ! spot c1 ?is po9t c w appe> to be at d1 f1 & if y look at x ) ! eye g1 h w appe> to be at m4 ,a picture c nev] conta9 9 itself bo? aspects4 #bi4 ,let ! object 9 relief t be se5 by bo? eyes2 if y w look at ! object ) ! "r eye m1 keep+ ! left eye n %ut1 ! object w appe>1 or fill up ! space1 at a2 & if y %ut ! "r eye & op5 ! left1 ! object 7w occupy !7 space b2 & if y op5 bo? eyes1 ! object w no long] appe> at a or b1 b at e1 r1 f4 ,:y w n a picture se5 by bo? eyes produce ! effect ( relief1 z real relief does :5 se5 by bo? eyes2 & :y %\ld a picture se5 ) "o eye give ! same effect ( relief z real relief w\ld "u ! same conditions ( light & %ade8 ,footnote3 ,9 ! sket*1 m is ! left eye & n ! "r1 :ile ! text rev]ses ?is lett]+4 ,we mu/ !re=e suppose t ! face 9 :i* ! eyes m & n are plac$ is opposite to ! spectator4 #cj4 ,! comp>ative size ( ! image dep5ds on ! am\nt ( light 7#cj-ci74 ,! eye w hold & reta9 9 itself ! image ( a lum9\s body bett] ?an t ( a %ad$ object4 ,! reason is t ! eye is 9 itself p]fectly d>k & s9ce two ?+s t are alike _c be di/+ui%$1 !re=e ! night1 & o!r d>k objects _c be se5 or recognis$ by ! eye4 ,light is totally contr>y & gives m di/9ctness1 & c\nt]acts & diff]s f ! usual d>kness ( ! eye1 h5ce x leaves ! impression ( its image4 #ca4 ,e object we see w appe> l>g] at midnight ?an at midday1 & l>g] 9 ! morn+ ?an at midday4 ,?is happ5s because ! pupil ( ! eye is mu* small] at midday ?an at any o!r "t4 #cb4 ,! pupil :i* is l>ge/ w see objects ! l>ge/4 ,?is is evid5t :5 we look at lum9\s bodies1 & p>ticul>ly at ^? 9 ! sky4 ,:5 ! eye comes out ( d>kness & sudd5ly looks up at ^! bodies1 !y at fir/ appe> l>g] & !n dim9i%2 & if y 7 to look at ^? bodies ?r\gh a small op5+1 y w\ld see !m small] /ill1 because a small] "p ( ! pupil w\ld ex]cise its function4 ,footnote3 #i4 buso 9 ! ,lomb4 dialect is ! same z buco4 #cc4 ,:5 ! eye1 com+ out ( d>kness sudd5ly sees a lum9\s body1 x w appe> mu* l>g] at fir/ sight ?an aft] long look+ at x4 ,! illum9at$ object w look l>g] & m brilliant1 :5 se5 ) two eyes ?an ) only "o4 ,a lum9\s object w appe> small] 9 size1 :5 ! eye sees x ?r\gh a small] op5+4 ,a lum9\s body ( an oval =m w appe> r\nd] 9 proportion z x is f>!r f ! eye4 #cd4 ,:y :5 ! eye has j se5 ! light1 does ! half light look d>k to x1 & 9 ! same way if x turns f ! d>kness ! half light look v bright8 #ce4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,if ! eye1 :5 out ( doors 9 ! lum9\s atmosph]e1 sees a place 9 %ad[1 ?is w look v mu* d>k] ?an x really is4 ,?is happ5s only because ! eye :5 out 9 ! air contracts ! pupil 9 proportion z ! atmosph]e reflect$ 9 x is m lum9\s4 ,& ! m ! pupil contracts1 ! less lum9\s d ! objects appe> t x sees4 ,b z soon z ! eye ent]s into a %ady place ! d>kness ( ! %ad[ sudd5ly seems to dim9i%4 ,?is occurs because ! great] ! d>kness into :i* ! pupil goes ! m its size increases1 & ?is increase makes ! d>kness seem less4 ,footnote #ad3 ,la luce entr]4 ,luce occurs "h 9 ! s5se ( pupil ( ! eye z 9 no #ea3 ,c4 ,a4 #hd;b2 #bde;a2 ,i--#e2 & 9 _m o!r places4 #cf4 ,,on ,,p]spective4 ,! eye :i* turns f a :ite object 9 ! light ( ! sun & goes into a less fully light$ place w see ev]y?+ z d>k4 ,& ?is happ5s ei!r because ! pupils ( ! eyes :i* h re/$ on ?is brilliantly light$ :ite object h contract$ s mu* t1 giv5 at fir/ a c]ta9 ext5t ( surface1 !y w h lo/ m ?an #c_/d ( _! size2 &1 lack+ 9 size1 !y are also defici5t 9 see+ p[]4 ,?\gh y might say to me3 ,a little bird 7!n7 com+ d[n w\ld see comp>atively little1 & f ! smallness ( 8 pupils ! :ite might seem black6 ,to ?is ,i %\ld reply t "h we mu/ h reg>d to ! proportion ( ! mass ( t portion ( ! bra9 :i* is giv5 up to ! s5se ( sight & to no?+ else4 ,or--to return--?is pupil 9 ,man dilates & contracts accord+ to ! brightness or d>kness ( 7surr\nd+7 objects2 & s9ce x takes "s "t to dilate & contract1 x _c see imm$iately on go+ out ( ! light & into ! %ade1 nor1 9 ! same way1 out ( ! %ade into ! light1 & ?is v ?+ has already deceiv$ me 9 pa9t+ an eye1 & f t ,i le>nt x4 #cg4 ,exp]im5t %[+ ! dilatation & contraction ( ! pupil1 f ! motion ( ! sun & o!r lum9>ies4 ,9 proportion z ! sky is d>k] ! />s appe> ( l>g] size1 & if y 7 to light up ! m$ium ^! />s w\ld look small]2 & ?is diff]5ce arises solely f ! pupil :i* dilates & contracts ) ! am\nt ( light 9 ! m$ium :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! lum9\s body4 ,let ! exp]im5t be made1 by plac+ a c&le above y\r head at ! same "t t y look at a />2 !n gradually l[] ! c&le till x is on a level ) ! ray t comes f ! /> to ! eye1 & !n y w see ! /> dim9i% s mu* t y w almo/ lose sight ( x4 ,footnote3 ,no ref]5ce is made 9 ! text to ! lett]s on ! accompany+ diagram4 #ch4 ,! pupil ( ! eye1 9 ! op5 air1 *anges 9 size ) e degree ( motion f ! sun2 & at e degree ( its *anges "o & ! same object se5 by x w appe> ( a diff]5t size2 al?\gh mo/ frequ5tly ! relative scale ( surr\nd+ objects does n all[ u to detect ^! v>iations 9 any s+le object we may look at4 #ci4 ,! eye--:i* sees all objects rev]s$--reta9s ! images = "s "t4 ,?is conclusion is prov$ by ! results2 because1 ! eye hav+ gaz$ at light reta9s "s impression ( x4 ,aft] look+ 7at x7 !re rema9 9 ! eye images ( int5se brightness1 t make any less brilliant spot seem d>k until ! eye has lo/ ! la/ trace ( ! impression ( ! /rong] light4 ,,ii4 ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,we see cle>ly f ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( section #di1 :]e ! au?or directly addresses ! pa9t]1 t he mu/ c]ta9ly h int5d$ to include ! elem5ts ( ma!matics 9 8 ,book on ! art ( ,pa9t+4 ,!y are !re=e "h plac$ at ! beg9n+4 ,9 section #ej ! !ory ( ! ,pyramid ( ,sight is di/9ctly & expressly put =w>d z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( l9e> p]spective1 & sections #eb to #eg treat ( x fully4 ,?is !ory ( sight c sc>cely be trac$ to any au?or ( antiquity4 ,su* passages z occur 9 ,euclid = in/ance1 may1 x is true1 h prov$ sugge/ive to ! pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 b x w\ld be ra% to say any ?+ decisive on ?is po9t4 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti treats ( ! ,pyramid ( ,sight at "s l5g? 9 8 fir/ ,book ( ,pa9t+2 b 8 explanation diff]s widely f ,leon>do's 9 ! details4 ,leon>do1 l ,alb]ti1 may h borr[$ ! broad l9es ( 8 !ory f "s views commonly accept$ among pa9t]s at ! "t2 b he c]ta9ly work$ out its application 9 a p]fectly orig9al mann]4 ,! axioms z to ! p]ception ( ! pyramid ( rays are foll[$ by explanations ( its orig91 & pro(s ( its univ]sal application 7#eh--fi74 ,! au?or recurs to ! subject ) endless v>iations2 x is evid5tly ( fundam5tal importance 9 8 arti/ic !ory & practice4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss h[ f> ?is !ory has any sci5tific value at ! pres5t day2 s mu* z ?is1 at any rate1 seems c]ta93 t f ! arti/'s po9t ( view x may /ill claim to be ( imm5se practical utility4 ,accord+ to ,leon>do1 on "o h&1 ! laws ( p]spective are an inali5able condition ( ! exi/5ce ( objects 9 space2 on ! o!r h&1 by a natural law1 ! eye1 :atev] x sees & :]ev] x turns1 is subject$ to ! p]ception ( ! pyramid ( rays 9 ! =m ( a m9ute t>get4 ,?us x sees objects 9 p]spective indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! spectator1 s9ce ! eye receives ! images by means ( ! pyramid ( rays j z a magnet attracts iron4 ,9 connection ) ?is we h ! function ( ! eye expla9$ by ! ,cam]a obscura1 & ?is is all ! m int]e/+ & important because no writ] previ\s to ,leon>do _h treat$ ( ?is subject 7#gj--gc74 ,subsequ5t passages1 ( no less special int]e/1 betray 8 k ( refraction & ( ! inv]sion ( ! image 9 ! cam]a & 9 ! eye 7#gd--hb74 ,f ! pr9ciple ( ! transmission ( ! image to ! eye & to ! cam]a obscura he d$uces ! means ( produc+ an artificial con/ruction ( ! pyramid ( rays or--:i* is ! same ?+--( ! image4 ,! fundam5tal axioms z to ! angle ( sight & ! vani%+ po9t are ?us pres5t$ 9 a mann] :i* is z complete z x is simple & intelligible 7#hf--hi74 ,leon>do di/+ui%es betwe5 simple & complex p]spective 7#ij1 #ia74 ,! la/ sections treat ( ! app>5t size ( objects at v>i\s di/ances & ( ! way to e/imate x 7#ib--aji74 ,g5]al rem>ks on p]spective 7#dj-da74 #dj4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,p]spective is ! be/ guide to ! art ( ,pa9t+4 ,footnote3 #dj4 ,comp>e #ec1 #b4 #da4 ,! art ( p]spective is ( su* a nature z to make :at is flat appe> 9 relief & :at is 9 relief flat4 ,! elem5ts ( p]spective--,( ! ,po9t 7#db-df74 #db4 ,all ! problems ( p]spective are made cle> by ! five t]ms ( ma!maticians1 :i* are3--! po9t1 ! l9e1 ! angle1 ! sup]ficies & ! solid4 ,! po9t is unique ( its k9d4 ,& ! po9t has nei!r height1 bread?1 l5g?1 nor dep?1 :5ce x is to be reg>d$ z indivisible & z hav+ no dim5sions 9 space4 ,! l9e is ( ?ree k9ds1 /raight1 curv$ & s9u\s & x has nei!r bread?1 height1 nor dep?4 ,h5ce x is indivisible1 except+ 9 its l5g?1 & its ends are two po9ts4 ,! angle is ! junction ( two l9es 9 a po9t4 #dc4 ,a po9t is n "p ( a l9e4 #dd4 ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,po9t4 ,! smalle/ natural po9t is l>g] ?an all ma!matical po9ts1 & ?is is prov$ because ! natural po9t has cont9uity1 & any ?+ t is cont9u\s is inf9itely divisible2 b ! ma!matical po9t is indivisible because x has no size4 ,footnote3 ,?is def9ition 0 ins]t$ by ,leon>do on a ,,ms4 copy on p>*m5t ( ! well-kn[n ,trattato d',ar*itettura civile e milit>e c4 by ,,francesco ,,di ,,giorgio2 opposite a passage :]e ! au?or says3 ',9 prima he da sap]e *e punto quella p>ie della quale he nulla--,l9ia he lun*eza s5za pieza2 c4 #de4 #a1 ,! sup]ficies is a limitation ( ! body4 #b1 & ! limitation ( a body is no "p ( t body4 #d1 & ! limitation ( "o body is t :i* beg9s ano!r4 #c1 t :i* is n "p ( any body is no?+4 ,no?+ is t :i* fills no space4 ,if "o s+le po9t plac$ 9 a circle may be ! />t+ po9t ( an inf9ite numb] ( l9es1 & ! t]m9ation ( an inf9ite numb] ( l9es1 !re mu/ be an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts sep>able f ?is po9t1 & ^! :5 reunit$ become "o aga92 :5ce x foll[s t ! "p may be equal to ! :ole4 #df4 ,! po9t1 be+ indivisible1 occupies no space4 ,t :i* occupies no space is no?+4 ,! limit+ surface ( "o ?+ is ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 #b4 ,t :i* is no "p ( any body is call$ no?+4 #a4 ,t :i* has no limitations1 has no =m4 ,! limitations ( two cont]m9\s bodies are int]*angeably ! surface ( ea*4 ,all ! surfaces ( a body are n p>ts ( t body4 ,( ! l9e 7#dg-dh74 #dg4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,l9e4 ,! l9e has 9 itself nei!r matt] nor sub/ance & may r be call$ an imag9>y idea ?an a real object2 & ?is be+ its nature x occupies no space4 ,!re=e an inf9ite numb] ( l9es may be conceiv$ ( z int]sect+ ea* o!r at a po9t1 :i* has no dim5sions & is only ( ! ?ickness 7if ?ickness x may be call$7 ( "o s+le l9e4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,may ,,conclude ,,t ,a ,,sup]ficies ,,t]m9ates ,,9 ,a ,,po9t8 ,an angul> surface is r$uc$ to a po9t :]e x t]m9ates 9 an angle4 ,or1 if ! sides ( t angle are produc$ 9 a /raight l9e1 !n--beyond t angle--ano!r surface is g5]at$1 small]1 or equal to1 or l>g] ?an ! fir/4 #dh4 ,,( ,,draw+ ,,outl9e4 ,consid] ) ! greate/ c>e ! =m ( ! outl9es ( e object1 & ! "* ( _! undulations4 ,& ^! undulations mu/ be sep>ately /udi$1 z to :e!r ! curves are compos$ ( ar*$ convexities or angul> concavities4 #di4 ,! nature ( ! outl9e4 ,! b\nd>ies ( bodies are ! lea/ ( all ?+s4 ,! proposition is prov$ to be true1 because ! b\nd>y ( a ?+ is a surface1 :i* is n "p ( ! body conta9$ )9 t surface2 nor is x "p ( ! air surr\nd+ t body1 b is ! m$ium int]po/$ betwe5 ! air & ! body1 z is prov$ 9 its place4 ,b ! lat]al b\nd>ies ( ^! bodies is ! l9e =m+ ! b\nd>y ( ! surface1 :i* l9e is ( invisible ?ickness4 ,:]e=e ,o pa9t]6 d n surr\nd y\r bodies ) l9es1 & above all :5 repres5t+ objects small] ?an nature2 = n only w _! ext]nal outl9es become indi/9ct1 b _! p>ts w be invisible f di/ance4 #ej4 ,def9ition ( ,p]spective4 ,draw+ is bas$ ^u p]spective1 :i* is no?+ else ?an a ?or\gh k ( ! function ( ! eye4 ,& ?is function simply consi/s 9 receiv+ 9 a pyramid ! =ms & col\rs ( all ! objects plac$ be=e x4 ,i say 9 a pyramid1 because !re is no object s small t x w n be l>g] ?an ! spot :]e ^! pyramids are receiv$ into ! eye4 ,!re=e1 if y ext5d ! l9es f ! edges ( ea* body z !y conv]ge y w br+ !m to a s+le po9t1 & necess>ily ! said l9es mu/ =m a pyramid4 ,p]spective is no?+ m ?an a rational demon/ration appli$ to ! consid]ation ( h[ objects 9 front ( ! eye transmit _! image to x1 by means ( a pyramid ( l9es4 ,! ,pyramid is ! "n ,i apply to ! l9es :i*1 />t+ f ! surface & edges ( ea* object1 conv]ge f a di/ance & meet 9 a s+le po9t4 ,p]spective is a rational demon/ration1 by :i* we may practically & cle>ly und]/& h[ objects transmit _! own image1 by l9es =m+ a ,pyramid 7c5tr$7 9 ! eye4 ,p]spective is a rational demon/ration by :i* exp]i5ce confirms t e object s5ds its image to ! eye by a pyramid ( l9es2 & bodies ( equal size w result 9 a pyramid ( l>g] or small] size1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 _! di/ance1 "o f ! o!r4 ,by a pyramid ( l9es ,i mean ^? :i* />t f ! surface & edges ( bodies1 &1 conv]g+ f a di/ance meet 9 a s+le po9t4 ,a po9t is said to be t :i* hav+ no dim5sions _c be divid$1 & ?is po9t plac$ 9 ! eye receives all ! po9ts ( ! cone4 ,footnote3 #ej4 #a-e4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! ,proem4 ,no4 #ba4 ,! p>agraphs plac$ 9 brackets3 l9es #a-i1 #aj-ad1 & #ag--bj1 are evid5tly m]e sket*es &1 z su*1 7 cancell$ by ! writ]2 b !y s]ve z a comm5t>y on ! f9al p>agraph1 l9es #bb-bi4 #ea4 ,,9 ,,:at ,,way ,,! ,,eye ,,sees ,,objects ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,x4 ,! p]ception ( ! object dep5ds on ! direction ( ! eye4 ,suppos+ t ! ball figur$ above is ! ball ( ! eye & let ! small portion ( ! ball :i* is cut (f by ! l9e s t be ! pupil & all ! objects mirror$ on ! c5tre ( ! face ( ! eye1 by means ( ! pupil1 pass on at once & ent] ! pupil1 pass+ ?r\gh ! cry/all9e hum\r1 :i* does n int]f]e 9 ! pupil ) ! ?+s se5 by means ( ! light4 ,& ! pupil hav+ receiv$ ! objects1 by means ( ! light1 imm$iately ref]s !m & transmits !m to ! intellect by ! l9e a b4 ,& y mu/ "k t ! pupil transmits no?+ p]fectly to ! intellect or common s5se except+ :5 ! objects pres5t$ to x by means ( light1 rea* x by ! l9e a b2 z1 = in/ance1 by ! l9e b c4 ,= al?\gh ! l9es m n & f g may be se5 by ! pupil !y are n p]fectly tak5 91 because !y d n co9cide ) ! l9e a b4 ,& ! pro( is ?is3 ,if ! eye1 %[n above1 wants to c\nt ! lett]s plac$ 9 front1 ! eye w be oblig$ to turn f lett] to lett]1 because x _c disc]n !m unless !y lie 9 ! l9e a b2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! l9e a c4 ,all visible objects rea* ! eye by ! l9es ( a pyramid1 & ! po9t ( ! pyramid is ! apex & c5tre ( x1 9 ! c5tre ( ! pupil1 z figur$ above4 ,footnote3 #ea4 ,9 ?is problem ! eye is conceiv$ ( z fix$ & immovable2 ?is is pla9 f l9e #aa4 ,exp]im5tal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! pyramid ( sight 7#eb-ee74 #eb4 ,p]spective is a rational demon/ration1 confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 t all objects transmit _! image to ! eye by a pyramid ( l9es4 ,by a pyramid ( l9es ,i und]/& ^? l9es :i* />t f ! edges ( ! surface ( bodies1 & conv]g+ f a di/ance1 meet 9 a s+le po9t2 & ?is po9t1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,i w %[ to be situat$ 9 ! eye :i* is ! univ]sal judge ( all objects4 ,by a po9t ,i mean t :i* _c be divid$ into p>ts2 !re=e ?is po9t1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! eye1 be+ indivisible1 no body is se5 by ! eye1 t is n l>g] ?an ?is po9t4 ,?is be+ ! case x is inevitable t ! l9es :i* come f ! object to ! po9t mu/ =m a pyramid4 ,& if any man seeks to prove t ! s5se ( sight does n reside 9 ?is po9t1 b r 9 ! black spot :i* is visible 9 ! middle ( ! pupil1 ,i might reply to him t a small object c\ld nev] dim9i% at any di/ance1 z x might be a gra9 ( millet or ( oats or ( "s simil> ?+1 & t object1 if x 7 l>g] ?an ! said black spot w\ld nev] be se5 z a :ole2 z may be se5 9 ! diagram bel[4 ,let a4 be ! seat ( sight1 b e ! l9es :i* rea* ! eye4 ,let e d be ! gra9s ( millet )9 ^! l9es4 ,y pla9ly see t ^! w nev] dim9i% by di/ance1 & t ! body m n c\ld n be entirely cov]$ by x4 ,!re=e y mu/ confess t ! eye conta9s )9 itself "o s+le indivisible po9t a1 to :i* all ! po9ts conv]ge ( ! pyramid ( l9es />t+ f an object1 z is %[n bel[4 ,let a4 b4 be ! eye2 9 ! c5tre ( x is ! po9t above m5tion$4 ,if ! l9e e f is to ent] z an image into s small an op5+ 9 ! eye1 y mu/ confess t ! small] object _c ent] into :at is small] ?an itself unless x is dim9i%$1 & by dim9i%+ x mu/ take ! =m ( a pyramid4 #ec4 ,,p]spective4 ,p]spective comes 9 :]e judgm5t fails z to ! di/ance 9 objects :i* dim9i%4 ,! eye c nev] be a true judge = det]m9+ ) exactitude h[ ne> "o object is to ano!r :i* is equal to x 9 size1 if ! top ( t o!r is on ! level ( ! eye :i* sees !m on t side1 except+ by means ( ! v]tical plane :i* is ! /&>d & guide ( p]spective4 ,let n be ! eye1 e f ! v]tical plane above m5tion$4 ,let a b c d be ! ?ree divisions1 "o bel[ ! o!r2 if ! l9es a n & c n are ( a giv5 l5g? & ! eye n is 9 ! c5tre1 !n a b w look z l>ge z b c4 c d is l[] & f>!r (f f n1 !re=e x w look small]4 ,& ! same effect w appe> 9 ! ?ree divisions ( a face :5 ! eye ( ! pa9t] :o is draw+ x is on a level ) ! eye ( ! p]son he is pa9t+4 #ed4 ,,to ,,prove ,,h[ ,,objects ,,rea* ,,! ,,eye4 ,if y look at ! sun or "s o!r lum9\s body & !n %ut y\r eyes y w see x aga9 inside y\r eye = a long "t4 ,?is is evid5ce t images ent] into ! eye4 ,! relations ( ! di/ance po9ts to ! vani%+ po9t 7#ee-ef74 #ee4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,all objects transmit _! image to ! eye 9 pyramids1 & ! ne>] to ! eye ^! pyramids are int]sect$ ! small] w ! image appe> ( ! objects :i* cause !m4 ,!re=e1 y may int]sect ! pyramid ) a v]tical plane ,footnote #d3 ,p>iete4 ,comp>e ! def9itions 9 #he1 #b-e1 #f-bg4 ,^! l9es ref] exclusively to ! ?ird diagram4 ,= ! bett] und]/&+ ( ?is x %\ld be obs]v$ t c s mu/ be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! section or pr(ile ( a squ>e plane1 plac$ horizontally 7comp4 l9es #aa1 #ad1 #ag7 = :i* ! ^w pianura is subsequ5tly employ$ 7#bj1 #bb74 ,l9es #f-ac conta9 c]ta9 prelim9>y obs]vations to guide ! read] 9 und]/&+ ! diagram2 ! la/ ?ree seem to h be5 add$ z a supplem5t4 ,leon>do's mi/ake 9 writ+ t d5ota 7l9e #f7 = f d5ota has be5 rectifi$4 :i* rea*es ! base ( ! pyramid z is %[n 9 ! plane a n4 ,! eye f & ! eye t are "o & ! same ?+2 b ! eye f m>ks ! di/ance1 t is to say h[ f> y are /&+ f ! object2 & ! eye t %[s y ! direction ( x2 t is :e!r y are opposite1 or on "o side1 or at an angle to ! object y are look+ at4 ,& rememb] t ! eye f & ! eye t mu/ always be kept on ! same level4 ,= example if y raise or l[] ! eye f ! di/ance po9t f y mu/ d ! same ) ! direction po9t t4 ,& if ! po9t f %[s h[ f> ! eye is di/ant f ! squ>e plane b does n %[ on :i* side x is plac$--&1 if 9 ! same way1 ! po9t t %[ s ! direction & n ! di/ance1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 bo? y mu/ use bo? po9ts & !y w be "o & ! same ?+4 ,if ! eye f c\ld see a p]fect squ>e ( :i* all ! sides 7 equal to ! di/ance betwe5 s & c1 & if at ! ne>e/ end ( ! side t[>ds ! eye a pole 7 plac$1 or "s o!r /raight object1 set up by a p]p5dicul> l9e z %[n at r s--!n1 ,i say1 t if y 7 to look at ! side ( ! squ>e t is ne>e/ to y x w appe> at ! bottom ( ! v]tical plane r s1 & !n look at ! f>!r side & x w\ld appe> to y at ! height ( ! po9t n on ! v]tical plane4 ,?us1 by ?is example1 y c und]/& t if ! eye is above a numb] ( objects all plac$ on ! same level1 "o beyond ano!r1 ! m remote !y are ! high] !y w seem1 up to ! level ( ! eye1 b no high]2 because objects plac$ ^u ! level on :i* y\r feet /&1 s long z x is flat--ev5 if x be ext5d$ into inf9ity--w\ld nev] be se5 above ! eye2 s9ce ! eye has 9 itself ! po9t t[>ds :i* all ! cones t5d & conv]ge :i* convey ! images ( ! objects to ! eye4 ,& ?is po9t always co9cides ) ! po9t ( dim9ution :i* is ! extreme ( all we c see4 ,& f ! base l9e ( ! fir/ pyramid z f> z ! dim9i%+ po9t ,footnote3 ,! two diagrams above ! *apt] are expla9$ by ! fir/ five l9es4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 m lett]s ?an are ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 a circum/ance we frequ5tly f9d occasion to rem>k4 #ef4 !re are only bases )\t pyramids :i* con/antly dim9i% up to ?is po9t4 ,& f ! fir/ base :]e ! v]tical plane is plac$ t[>ds ! po9t 9 ! eye !re w be only pyramids )\t bases2 z %[n 9 ! example giv5 above4 ,n[1 let a b be ! said v]tical plane & r ! po9t ( ! pyramid t]m9at+ 9 ! eye1 & n ! po9t ( dim9ution :i* is always 9 a /raight l9e opposite ! eye & always moves z ! eye moves--j z :5 a rod is mov$ its %ad[ moves1 & moves ) x1 precisely z ! %ad[ moves ) a body4 ,& ea* po9t is ! apex ( a pyramid1 all hav+ a common base ) ! int]v5+ v]tical plane4 ,b al?\gh _! bases are equal _! angles are n equal1 because ! dim9i%+ po9t is ! t]m9ation ( a small] angle ?an t ( ! eye4 ,if y ask me3 ,by :at practical exp]i5ce c y %[ me ^! po9ts8 ,i reply--s f> z conc]ns ! dim9i%+ po9t :i* moves ) y --:5 y walk by a pl\gh$ field look at ! /raight furr[s :i* come d[n ) _! ends to ! pa? :]e y are walk+1 & y w see t ea* pair ( furr[s w look z ?\gh !y tri$ to get ne>] & meet at ! f>!r end4 ,footnote3 ,= ! easi] und]/&+ ( ! diagram & ( its connection ) ! prec$+ ,i may "h rem>k t ! squ>e plane %[n above 9 pr(ile by ! l9e c s is "h indicat$ by e d o p4 ,accord+ to l9es #a1 #c a b mu/ be imag9$ z a plane ( glass plac$ p]p5dicul>ly at o p4 #eg4 ,h[ to measure ! pyramid ( vision4 ,z reg>ds ! po9t 9 ! eye2 x is made m intelligible by ?is3 ,if y look into ! eye ( ano!r p]son y w see y\r own image4 ,n[ imag9e #b l9es />t+ f y\r e>s & go+ to ! e>s ( t image :i* y see 9 ! o!r man's eye2 y w und]/& t ^! l9es conv]ge 9 su* a way t !y w\ld meet 9 a po9t a little way beyond y\r own image mirror$ 9 ! eye4 ,& if y want to measure ! dim9ution ( ! pyramid 9 ! air :i* occupies ! space betwe5 ! object se5 & ! eye1 y mu/ d x accord+ to ! diagram figur$ bel[4 ,let m n be a t[]1 & e f a1 rod1 :i* y mu/ move backw>ds & =w>ds till its ends correspond ) ^? ( ! t[] ,footnote #i3 ,i sua /remi 44 della /orre 7its ends 444 ( ! t[]7 ?is is ! case at e f42 !n br+ x ne>] to ! eye1 at c d & y w see t ! image ( ! t[] seems small]1 z at r o4 ,!n aga9 br+ x clos] to ! eye & y w see ! rod project f> beyond ! image ( ! t[] f a to b & f t to b1 & s y w disc]n t1 a little f>!r )91 ! l9es mu/ conv]ge 9 a po9t4 ,! ,production ( pyramid ( ,vision 7#eh-fj74 #eh4 ,,p]spective4 ,! in/ant ! atmosph]e is illum9at$ x w be fill$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( images :i* are produc$ by ! v>i\s bodies & col\rs assembl$ 9 x4 ,& ! eye is ! t>get1 a load/one1 ( ^! images4 #ei4 ,! :ole surface ( opaque bodies displays its :ole image 9 all ! illum9at$ atmosph]e :i* surr\nds !m on all sides4 #fj4 ,t ! atmosph]e attracts to itself1 l a load/one1 all ! images ( ! objects t exi/ 9 x1 & n _! =ms m]ely b _! nature may be cle>ly se5 by ! sun1 :i* is a hot & lum9\s body4 ,all ! atmosph]e1 :i* is ! all-p]vad+ matt]1 absorbs light & heat1 & reflects 9 itself ! image ( ! s\rce ( t heat & spl5d\r &1 9 ea* m9ute/ portion1 does ! same4 ,! ,nor?pole does ! same z ! load/one %[s2 & ! moon & ! o!r planets1 )\t suff]+ any dim9ution1 d ! same4 ,among t]re/rial ?+s musk does ! same & o!r p]fumes4 #fa4 ,all bodies toge!r1 & ea* by itself1 give (f to ! surr\nd+ air an inf9ite numb] ( images :i* are all-p]vad+ & ea* complete1 ea* convey+ ! nature1 col\r & =m ( ! body :i* produces x4 ,x c cle>ly be %[n t all bodies are1 by _! images1 all-p]vad+ 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & ea* complete 9 itself z to sub/ance =m & col\r2 ?is is se5 by ! images ( ! v>i\s bodies :i* are reproduc$ 9 "o s+le p]=ation ?r\gh :i* !y transmit ! objects by l9es :i* int]sect & cause rev]s$ pyramids1 f ! objects1 s t !y are upside d[n on ! d>k plane :]e !y are fir/ reflect$4 ,! reason ( ?is is-- ,footnote3 ,! diagram int5d$ to illu/rate ! /atem5t 7,pl4 ,,ii ,no4 i7 occurs 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #c & #d4 ,! ?ree circles mu/ be und]/ood to repres5t ?ree lum9\s bodies :i* transmit _! images ?r\gh p]=ations 9 a wall into a d>k *amb]1 accord+ to a law :i* is m fully expla9$ 9 #ge8ha4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! pres5t passage ! diagram is only int5d$ to expla9 t ! images ( ! ?ree bodies may be made to coalesce at any giv5 spot4 ,9 ! circles are writt51 giallo--yell[1 bi*o--:ite1 rosso--r$4 ,! text breaks (f at l9e #h4 ,! p>agraph ,no4#dj foll[s "h 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 #fb4 ,e po9t is ! t]m9ation ( an inf9ite numb] ( l9es1 :i* div]ge to =m a base1 & imm$iately1 f ! base ! same l9es conv]ge to a pyramid imag+ bo? ! col\r & =m4 ,no soon] is a =m creat$ or comp\nd$ ?an sudd5ly inf9ite l9es & angles are produc$ f x2 & ^! l9es1 di/ribut+ !mselves & int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ! air1 give rise to an inf9ite numb] ( angles opposite to ea* o!r4 ,giv5 a base1 ea* opposite angle1 w =m a triangle hav+ a =m & proportion equal to ! l>g] angle2 & if ! base goes twice into ea* ( ! #b l9es ( ! pyramid ! small] triangle w d ! same4 #fc4 ,e body 9 light & %ade fills ! surr\nd+ air ) inf9ite images ( itself2 & ^!1 by inf9ite pyramids diffus$ 9 ! air1 repres5t ?is body ?r\gh\t space & on e side4 ,ea* pyramid t is compos$ ( a long assemblage ( rays includes )9 itself an inf9ite numb] ( pyramids & ea* has ! same p[] z all1 & all z ea*4 ,a circle ( equidi/ant pyramids ( vision w give to _! object angles ( equal size2 & an eye at ea* po9t w see ! object ( ! same size4 ,! body ( ! atmosph]e is full ( inf9ite pyramids compos$ ( radiat+ /raight l9es1 :i* are produc$ f ! surface ( ! bodies 9 light & %ade1 exi/+ 9 ! air2 & ! f>!r !y are f ! object :i* produces !m ! m acute !y become & al?\gh 9 _! di/ribution !y int]sect & cross !y nev] m+le toge!r1 b pass ?r\gh all ! surr\nd+ air1 indep5d5tly conv]g+1 spread+1 & diffus$4 ,& !y are all ( equal p[] & value2 all equal to ea*1 & ea* equal to all4 ,by ^! ! images ( objects are transmitt$ ?r\gh all space & 9 e direction1 & ea* pyramid1 9 itself1 includes1 9 ea* m9ute/ "p1 ! :ole =m ( ! body caus+ x4 #fd4 ,! body ( ! atmosph]e is full ( inf9ite radiat+ pyramids produc$ by ! objects exi/+ 9 x4 ,^! int]sect & cross ea* o!r ) indep5d5t conv]g5ce )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r & pass ?r\gh all ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e2 & are ( equal =ce & value--all be+ equal to ea*1 ea* to all4 ,& by means ( ^!1 images ( ! body are transmitt$ ev]y:]e & on all sides1 & ea* receives 9 itself e m9ute/ portion ( ! object t produces x4 ,pro( by exp]im5t 7#fe-ff74 #fe4 ,,p]spective4 ,! air is fill$ ) endless images ( ! objects di/ribut$ 9 x2 & all are repres5t$ 9 all1 & all 9 "o1 & all 9 ea*1 :5ce x happ5s t if two mirrors are plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to face ea* o!r exactly1 ! fir/ w be reflect$ 9 ! second & ! second 9 ! fir/4 ,! fir/ be+ reflect$ 9 ! second takes to x ! image ( itself ) all ! images repres5t$ 9 x1 among :i* is ! image ( ! second mirror1 & s1 image )9 image1 !y g on to inf9ity 9 su* a mann] z t ea* mirror has )9 x a mirror1 ea* small] ?an ! la/ & "o inside ! o!r4 ,?us1 by ?is example1 x is cle>ly prov$ t e object s5ds its image to e spot :5ce ! object itself c be se52 & ! conv]se3 ,t ! same object may receive 9 itself all ! images ( ! objects t are 9 front ( x4 ,h5ce ! eye transmits ?r\gh ! atmosph]e its own image to all ! objects t are 9 front ( x & receives !m into itself1 t is to say on its surface1 :5ce !y are tak5 9 by ! common s5se1 :i* consid]s !m & if !y are pleas+ commits !m to ! memory4 ,:5ce ,i am ( op9ion3 ,t ! invisible images 9 ! eyes are produc$ t[>ds ! object1 z ! image ( ! object to ! eye4 ,t ! images ( ! objects mu/ be dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,an in/ance may be se5 9 sev]al mirrors plac$ 9 a circle1 :i* w reflect ea* o!r endlessly4 ,:5 "o has rea*$ ! o!r x is return$ to ! object t produc$ x1 & !nce--be+ dim9i%$--x is return$ aga9 to ! object & !n comes back once m1 & ?is happ5s endlessly4 ,if y put a light betwe5 two flat mirrors ) a di/ance ( #a braccio betwe5 !m y w see 9 ea* ( !m an inf9ite numb] ( lights1 "o small] ?an ano!r1 to ! la/4 ,if at night y put a light betwe5 ! walls ( a room1 all ! p>ts ( t wall w be t9t$ ) ! image ( t light4 ,& !y w receive ! light & ! light w fall on !m1 mutually1 t is to say1 :5 !re is no ob/acle to int]rupt ! transmission ( ! images4 ,?is same example is se5 9 a great] degree 9 ! di/ribution ( ! sol> rays :i* all toge!r1 & ea* by itself1 convey to ! object ! image ( ! body :i* causes x4 ,t ea* body by itself alone fills ) its images ! atmosph]e ar\nd x1 & t ! same air is able1 at ! same "t1 to receive ! images ( ! endless o!r objects :i* are 9 x1 ?is is cle>ly prov$ by ^! examples4 ,& e object is ev]y:]e visible 9 ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! :ole 9 e smalle/ "p ( x2 & all ! objects 9 ! :ole1 & all 9 ea* smalle/ "p2 ea* 9 all & all 9 e "p4 #ff4 ,! images ( objects are all diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e :i* receives !m2 & all on e side 9 x4 ,to prove ?is1 let a c e be objects ( :i* ! images are admitt$ to a d>k *amb] by ! small holes n p & ?r[n ^u ! plane f i opposite to ^! holes4 ,z _m images w be produc$ 9 ! *amb] on ! plane z ! numb] ( ! said holes4 #fg4 ,g5]al conclusions4 ,all objects project _! :ole image & lik5ess1 diffus$ & m+l$ 9 ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e1 opposite to !mselves4 ,! image ( e po9t ( ! bodily surface1 exi/s 9 e "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,all ! images ( ! objects are 9 e "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! :ole1 & ea* "p ( ! image ( ! atmosph]e is reflect$ 9 ea* po9t ( ! surface ( ! bodies pres5t$ to x4 ,!re=e bo? ! "p & ! :ole ( ! images ( ! objects exi/1 bo? 9 ! :ole & 9 ! p>ts ( ! surface ( ^! visible bodies4 ,:5ce we may evid5tly say t ! image ( ea* object exi/s1 z a :ole & 9 e "p1 9 ea* "p & 9 ! :ole int]*angeably 9 e exi/+ body4 ,z is se5 9 two mirrors plac$ opposite to ea* o!r4 #fh4 ,t ! contr>y is impossible4 ,x is impossible t ! eye %\ld project f itself1 by visual rays1 ! visual virtue1 s9ce1 z soon z x op5s1 t front portion ( ! eye :i* w\ld give rise to ?is emanation w\ld h to g =? to ! object & ?is x c\ld n d )\t "t4 ,& ?is be+ s1 x c\ld n travel s high z ! sun 9 a mon?'s "t :5 ! eye want$ to see x4 ,& if x c\ld rea* ! sun x w\ld necess>ily foll[ t x %\ld p]petually rema9 9 a cont9u\s l9e f ! eye to ! sun & %\ld always div]ge 9 su* a way z to =m betwe5 ! sun & ! eye ! base & ! apex ( a pyramid4 ,?is be+ ! case1 if ! eye consi/$ ( a million worlds1 x w\ld n prev5t its be+ consum$ 9 ! projection ( its virtue2 & if ?is virtue w\ld h to travel ?r\gh ! air z p]fumes d1 ! w9ds w\ld b5t x & c>ry x into ano!r place4 ,b we d 9 fact see ! mass ( ! sun ) ! same rapidity z an object at ! di/ance ( a braccio1 & ! p[] ( sight is n di/urb$ by ! bl[+ ( ! w9ds nor by any o!r accid5t4 ,footnote3 ,! view "h refut$ by ,leon>do 0 ma9ta9$ among o!rs by ,bramant9o1 ,leon>do's ,milanese contempor>y4 ,,lomazzo writes z foll[s 9 8 ,trattato dell' ,arte della pittura c4 7,milano #aehd4 ,libr4 ,v cp4 ,,xxi73 ,sovviemmi di av] gi letto 9 c]ti scritti alcune cose di ,bramant9o milanese1 celebratissimo pittore1 att55te alla prospettiva1 le quali ho voluto rif]ire1 e quasi intess]e 9 que/o luogo1 aff9* sappiamo qual fosse l'op9ione di cosi *i>o e famoso pittore intorno alla prospettiva 4 4 ,scrive ,bramant9o *e la prospettiva una cosa *e contraf il naturale1 e *e ci si fa 9 tre modi ,circa il primo modo *e si fa con ragione1 p] ess]e la cosa 9 po*e p>ole conclusa da ,bramant9o 9 mani]a *e giudico non pot]si dir meglio1 cont55dovi si tutta ,p>te del pr9cipio al f9e1 io rif]ir p] appunto le proprie p>ole sue 7cp4 ,,xxii1 ,prima prospettiva di ,bramant9o74 ,la prima prospettiva fa le cose di punto1 e l'altra non mai1 e la t]za pi appresso4 ,adunque la prima si dim&a prospettiva1 cio ragione1 la quale fa l'effetto dell' oc*io1 fac5do cresc]e e cal>e secondo gli effetti degli oc*i4 ,que/o cresc]e e cal>e non proc$e della cosa propria1 *e 9 se p] ess] lontana1 ovv]o vic9a1 p] quello effetto non pu cresc]e e sm9uire1 ma proc$e dagli effetti degli oc*i1 i quali sono piccioli1 e p]ci vol5do v$]e tanto gran cosa1 bisogna *e m&9o fuora la virt visiva1 la quale si dilata 9 tanta l>ghezza1 *e piglia tutto quello *e vuoi v$]e1 ed arriv&o a quella cosa la v$e dove 3 e da lei agli oc*i p] quello circuito f9o all' oc*io1 e tutto quello t]m9e pi5o di quella cosa4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,leon>do _h made 8 memor&um refut+ ?is view1 at ,milan 9 #adib #fi4 ,a p>allel case4 ,j z a /one flung into ! wat] becomes ! c5tre & cause ( _m circles1 & z s\nd diffuses itself 9 circles 9 ! air3 s any object1 plac$ 9 ! lum9\s atmosph]e1 diffuses itself 9 circles1 & fills ! surr\nd+ air ) inf9ite images ( itself4 ,& is repeat$1 ! :ole e-:]e1 & ! :ole 9 e smalle/ "p4 ,?is c be prov$ by exp]im5t1 s9ce if y %ut a w9d[ t faces we/ & make a hole ,footnote3 #f4 ,"h ! text breaks (f4 4 4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,,libri1 ,hi/oire des sci5ces ma?matiques en ,italie4 ,tome ,,iii1 p4 #dc4 ,! function ( ! eye z expla9$ by ! cam]a obscura 7#gj4 #ga74 #gj4 ,if ! object 9 front ( ! eye s5ds its image to ! eye1 ! eye1 on ! o!r h&1 s5ds its image to ! object1 & no portion :atev] ( ! object is lo/ 9 ! images x ?r[s (f1 = any reason ei!r 9 ! eye or ! object4 ,!re=e we may r believe x to be ! nature & pot5cy ( our lum9\s atmosph]e :i* absorbs ! images ( ! objects exi/+ 9 x1 ?an ! nature ( ! objects1 to s5d _! images ?r\gh ! air4 ,if ! object opposite to ! eye 7 to s5d its image to ! eye1 ! eye w\ld h to d ! same to ! object1 :5ce x might seem t ^! images 7 an emanation4 ,b1 if s1 x w\ld be necess>y to admit t e object became rapidly small]2 because ea* object appe>s by its images 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,t is3 ! :ole object 9 ! :ole atmosph]e1 & 9 ea* "p2 & all ! objects 9 ! :ole atmosph]e & all ( !m 9 ea* "p2 speak+ ( t atmosph]e :i* is able to conta9 9 itself ! /raight & radiat+ l9es ( ! images project$ by ! objects4 ,f ?is x seems necess>y to admit t x is 9 ! nature ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! objects1 & :i* attracts ! images ( ?+s to itself l a load/one1 be+ plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,,prove ,,h[ ,,all ,,objects1 ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,"o ,,position1 ,,are ,,all ,,ev]y:]e ,,& ,,all ,,9 ,,ea* ,,"p4 ,i say t if ! front ( a build+--or any op5 piazza or field--:i* is illum9at$ by ! sun has a dwell+ opposite to x1 & if1 9 ! front :i* does n face ! sun1 y make a small r\nd hole1 all ! illum9at$ objects w project _! images ?r\gh t hole & be visible inside ! dwell+ on ! opposite wall :i* may be made :ite2 & !re1 9 fact1 !y w be upside d[n1 & if y make simil> op5+s 9 sev]al places 9 ! same wall y w h ! same result f ea*4 ,h5ce ! images ( ! illum9at$ objects are all ev]y:]e on ?is wall & all 9 ea* m9ute/ "p ( x4 ,! reason1 z we cle>ly "k1 is t ?is hole mu/ admit "s light to ! said dwell+1 & ! light admitt$ by x is d]iv$ f "o or _m lum9\s bodies4 ,if ^! bodies are ( v>i\s col\rs & %apes ! rays =m+ ! images are ( v>i\s col\rs & %apes1 & s w ! repres5tations be on ! wall4 ,footnote3 #gj4 #ae--bc4 ,?is section has already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio delle ,op]e di ,leon>do da ,v9ci ,milan #ahgb1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,g4 ,govi obs]ves ^u x1 t ,leon>do is n to be reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( ! ,cam]a obscura1 b t he 0 ! fir/ to expla9 by x ! /ructure ( ! eye4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,cam]a obscura fir/ occurs 9 ,,ces>e ,,ces>9i's ,italian v]sion ( ,vitruvius1 pub4 #aebc1 f\r ye>s aft] ,leon>do's dea?4 ,ces>9i expressly names ,b5$ett9o ,don ,papnutio z ! inv5tor ( ! ,cam]a obscura4 ,9 8 explanation ( ! function ( ! eye by a comp>ison ) ! ,cam]a obscura ,leon>do 0 ! precursor ( ,g4 ,,c>dano1 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,bologna 7di$ #aegf7 & x appe>s highly probable t ?is is1 9 fact1 ! v discov]y :i* ,leon>do ascribes to himself 9 section #ba )\t giv+ any fur!r details4 #ga4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,objects ,,receiv$ ,,by ,,! ,,eye ,,int]sect ,,)9 ,,! ,,cry/all9e ,,hum\r ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,an exp]im5t1 %[+ h[ objects transmit _! images or pictures1 int]sect+ )9 ! eye 9 ! cry/all9e hum\r1 is se5 :5 by "s small r\nd hole p5etrate ! images ( illum9at$ objects into a v d>k *amb]4 ,!n1 receive ^! images on a :ite pap] plac$ )9 ?is d>k room & r ne> to ! hole & y w see all ! objects on ! pap] 9 _! prop] =ms & col\rs1 b mu* small]2 & !y w be upside d[n by reason ( t v int]section4 ,^! images be+ transmitt$ f a place illum9at$ by ! sun w seem actually pa9t$ on ?is pap] :i* mu/ be extremely ?9 & look$ at f beh9d4 ,& let ! little p]=ation be made 9 a v ?9 plate ( iron4 ,let a b e d e be ! object illum9at$ by ! sun & o r ! front ( ! d>k *amb] 9 :i* is ! said hole at n m4 ,let s t be ! %eet ( pap] int]cept+ ! rays ( ! images ( ^! objects upside d[n1 because ! rays be+ /raight1 a on ! "r h& becomes k on ! left1 & e on ! left becomes f on ! "r2 & ! same takes place inside ! pupil4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] is already kn[n ?r\gh a translation into ,fr5* by ,,v5turi4 ,comp>e 8 ',essai sur les ouvrages physico-ma?matiques de ,l4 da ,v9ci avec des fragm5ts tirs de ses ,manuscrits1 apports de l',italie4 ,lu a la premi]e classe de l',in/itut national des ,sci5ces et ,arts4' ,p>is1 ,an ,v 7#agig74 ,! practice ( p]spective 7#gb4 #gc74 #gb4 ,9 ! practice ( p]spective ! same rules apply to light & to ! eye4 #gc4 ,! object :i* is opposite to ! pupil ( ! eye is se5 by t pupil & t :i* is opposite to ! eye is se5 by ! pupil4 ,refraction ( ! rays fall+ ^u ! eye 7#gd4 #ge7 #gd4 ,! l9es s5t =? by ! image ( an object to ! eye d n rea* ! po9t )9 ! eye 9 /raight l9es4 #ge4 ,if ! judgm5t ( ! eye is situat$ )9 x1 ! /raight l9es ( ! images are refract$ on its surface because !y pass ?r\gh ! r>] to ! d5s] m$ium4 ,if1 :5 y are "u wat]1 y look at objects 9 ! air y w see !m out ( _! true place2 & ! same ) objects "u wat] se5 f ! air4 ,! int]section ( ! rays 7#gf-hb74 #gf4 ,! inv]sion ( ! images4 ,all ! images ( objects :i* pass ?r\gh a w9d[ glass pane f ! free out] air to ! air conf9$ )9 walls1 are se5 on ! opposite side2 & an object :i* moves 9 ! out] air f ea/ to we/ w seem 9 its %ad[1 on ! wall :i* is light$ by ?is conf9$ air1 to h an opposite motion4 #gg4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,bodies ,,pass ,,9 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,m>g9s ,,( ,,! ,,op5+s ,,by ,,:i* ,,!y ,,ent]4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re 9 ! way 9 :i* images pass ?r\gh n>r[ op5+s & ?r\gh l>ge op5+s1 or 9 ^? :i* pass by ! sides ( %ad$ bodies8 ,by mov+ ! edges ( ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! images are admitt$1 ! images ( immovable objects are made to move4 ,& ?is happ5s1 z is %[n 9 ! #i? :i* demon/rates3 ,footnote #aa3 p] la #i;a *e dicie4 ,:5 ,leon>do ref]s ?us to a numb] x s]ves to indicate m>g9al diagrams2 ?is c 9 "s in/ances be di/9ctly prov$4 ,! n9? sket* on ! page ,w4 ,l4 #ade b corresponds to ! middle sket* ( ! ?ree reproduc$4 ! images ( any object are all ev]y:]e1 & all 9 ea* "p ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,x foll[s t if "o ( ! edges ( ! hole by :i* ! images are admitt$ to a d>k *amb] is mov$ x cuts (f ^? rays ( ! image t 7 9 contact ) x & gets ne>] to o!r rays :i* previ\sly 7 remote f x c4 ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,edge ,,at ,,! ,,"r ,,or ,,left1 ,,or ,,! ,,upp]1 ,,or ,,l[] ,,edge4 ,if y move ! "r side ( ! op5+ ! image on ! left w move be+ t ( ! object :i* ent]$ on ! "r side ( ! op5+2 & ! same result w happ5 ) all ! o!r sides ( ! op5+4 ,?is c be prov$ by ! #bnd ( ?is :i* %[s3 all ! rays :i* convey ! images ( objects ?r\gh ! air are /raight l9es4 ,h5ce1 if ! images ( v l>ge bodies h to pass ?r\gh v small holes1 & beyond ^! holes recov] _! l>ge size1 ! l9es mu/ necess>ily int]sect4 ,footnote3 #gg4 #b4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree diagrams ,leon>do _h drawn only "o ( ! two m>g9s1 et m4 #gh4 ,necessity has provid$ t all ! images ( objects 9 front ( ! eye %all int]sect 9 two places4 ,"o ( ^! int]sections is 9 ! pupil1 ! o!r 9 ! cry/all9e l5s2 & if ?is 7 n ! case ! eye c\ld n see s great a numb] ( objects z x does4 ,?is c be prov$1 s9ce all ! l9es :i* int]sect d s 9 a po9t4 ,because no?+ is se5 ( objects except+ _! surface2 & _! edges are l9es1 9 contradi/9ction to ! def9ition ( a surface4 ,& ea* m9ute "p ( a l9e is equal to a po9t2 = smalle/ is said ( t ?an :i* no?+ c be small]1 & ?is def9ition is equival5t to ! def9ition ( ! po9t4 ,h5ce x is possible = ! :ole circumf]5ce ( a circle to transmit its image to ! po9t ( int]section1 z is %[n 9 ! #d? ( ?is :i* %[s3 all ! smalle/ p>ts ( ! images cross ea* o!r )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r4 ,^! demon/rations are to illu/rate ! eye4 ,no image1 ev5 ( ! smalle/ object1 ent]s ! eye )\t be+ turn$ upside d[n2 b z x p5etrates into ! cry/all9e l5s x is once m rev]s$ & ?us ! image is re/or$ to ! same position )9 ! eye z t ( ! object outside ! eye4 #gi4 ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,only "o l9e ( ! image1 ( all ^? t rea* ! visual virtue1 has no int]section2 & ?is has no s5sible dim5sions because x is a ma!matical l9e :i* orig9ates f a ma!matical po9t1 :i* has no dim5sions4 ,accord+ to my adv]s>y1 necessity requires t ! c5tral l9e ( e image t ent]s by small & n>r[ op5+s into a d>k *amb] %all be turn$ upside d[n1 toge!r ) ! images ( ! bodies t surr\nd x4 #hj4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,,! ,,c5tral ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,image ,,c ,,be ,,int]sect$1 ,,or ,,n1 ,,)9 ,,! ,,op5+4 ,x is impossible t ! l9e %\ld int]sect itself2 t is1 t its "r %\ld cross ov] to its left side1 & s1 its left side become its "r side4 ,because su* an int]section dem&s two l9es1 "o f ea* side2 = !re c be no motion f "r to left or f left to "r 9 itself )\t su* ext5sion & ?ickness z admit ( su* motion4 ,& if !re is ext5sion x is no long] a l9e b a surface1 & we are inve/igat+ ! prop]ties ( a l9e1 & n ( a surface4 ,& z ! l9e1 hav+ no c5tre ( ?ickness _c be divid$1 we mu/ conclude t ! l9e c h no sides to int]sect ea* o!r4 ,?is is prov$ by ! movem5t ( ! l9e a f to a b & ( ! l9e e b to e f1 :i* are ! sides ( ! surface a f e b4 ,b if y move ! l9e a b & ! l9e e f1 ) ! front5ds a e1 to ! spot c1 y w h mov$ ! opposite ends f b t[>ds ea* o!r at ! po9t d4 ,& f ! two l9es y w h drawn ! /raight l9e c d :i* cuts ! middle ( ! int]section ( ^! two l9es at ! po9t n )\t any int]section4 ,=1 y imag9e ^! two l9es z hav+ bread?1 x is evid5t t by ?is motion ! fir/ w entirely cov] ! o!r--be+ equal ) x--)\t any int]section1 9 ! position c d4 ,& ?is is suffici5t to prove our proposition4 #ha4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,innum]able ,,rays ,,f ,,innum]able ,,images ,,c ,,conv]ge ,,to ,a ,,po9t4 ,j z all l9es c meet at a po9t )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r--be+ )\t bread? or ?ickness--9 ! same way all ! images ( surfaces c meet !re2 & z ea* giv5 po9t faces ! object opposite to x & ea* object faces an opposite po9t1 ! conv]g+ rays ( ! image c pass ?r\gh ! po9t & div]ge aga9 beyond x to reproduce & re-magnify ! real size ( t image4 ,b _! impressions w appe> rev]s$--z is %[n 9 ! fir/1 above2 :]e x is said t e image int]sects z x ent]s ! n>r[ op5+s made 9 a v ?9 sub/ance4 ,read ! m>g9al text on ! o!r side4 ,9 proportion z ! op5+ is small] ?an ! %ad$ body1 s mu* less w ! images transmitt$ ?r\gh ?is op5+ int]sect ea* o!r4 ,! sides ( images :i* pass ?r\gh op5+s into a d>k room int]sect at a po9t :i* is ne>] to ! op5+ 9 proportion z ! op5+ is n>r[]4 ,to prove ?is let a b be an object 9 light & %ade :i* s5ds n its %ad[ b ! image ( its d>k5$ =m ?r\gh ! op5+ d e :i* is z wide z ?is %ad$ body2 & its sides a b1 be+ /raight l9es 7z has be5 prov$7 mu/ int]sect betwe5 ! %ad$ object & ! op5+2 b ne>] to ! op5+ 9 proportion z x is small] ?an ! object 9 %ade4 ,z is %[n1 on y\r "r h& & y\r left h&1 9 ! two diagrams a b c n m o :]e1 ! "r op5+ d e1 be+ equal 9 wid? to ! %ad$ object a b1 ! int]section ( ! sides ( ! said %ad$ object occurs half way betwe5 ! op5+ & ! %ad$ object at ! po9t c4 ,b ?is _c happ5 9 ! left h& figure1 ! op5+ o be+ mu* small] ?an ! %ad$ object n m4 ,x is impossible t ! images ( objects %\ld be se5 betwe5 ! objects & ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! images ( ^! bodies are admitt$2 & ?is is pla91 because :]e ! atmosph]e is illum9at$ ^! images are n =m$ visibly4 ,:5 ! images are made d\ble by mutually cross+ ea* o!r !y are inv>iably d\bly z d>k 9 tone4 ,to prove ?is let d e h be su* a d\bl+ :i* al?\gh x is only se5 )9 ! space betwe5 ! bodies 9 b & i ?is w n h9d] its be+ se5 f f g or f f m2 be+ compos$ ( ! images a b i k :i* run toge!r 9 d e h4 ,footnote3 #ha4 ,on ! orig9al diagram at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] ,leon>do has writt5 azurro 7blue7 :]e 9 ! facsimile ,i h m>k$ ,a1 & giallo 7yell[7 :]e ,b /&s4 ,footnote3 #ae--bc4 ,^! l9es /& betwe5 ! diagrams ,i & ,,iii4 ,footnote3 #bd--ec4 ,^! l9es /& betwe5 ! diagrams ,i & ,,ii4 ,footnote3 #ed--ig are writt5 along ! left side ( diagram ,i4 #hb4 ,an exp]im5t %[+ t ?\gh ! pupil may n be mov$ f its position ! objects se5 by x may appe> to move f _! places4 ,if y look at an object at "s di/ance f y & :i* is bel[ ! eye1 & fix bo? y\r eyes ^u x & ) "o h& firmly hold ! upp] lid op5 :ile ) ! o!r y pu% up ! "u lid--/ill keep+ y\r eyes fix$ on ! object gaz$ at--y w see t object d\ble2 "o image rema9+ /eady1 & ! o!r mov+ 9 a contr>y direction to ! pressure ( y\r f+] on ! l[] eyelid4 ,h[ false ! op9ion is ( ^? :o say t ?is happ5s because ! pupil ( ! eye is displac$ f its position4 ,h[ ! above m5tion$ facts prove t ! pupil acts upside d[n 9 see+4 ,footnote3 #hb4 #ad--ag4 ,! subject indicat$ by ^! two head+s is fully discuss$ 9 ! two *apt]s t foll[ !m 9 ! orig9al2 b x did n seem to me appropriate to include !m "h4 ,demo/ration ( p]spective by means ( a v]tical glass plane 7#hc-he74 #hc4 ,,( ,,! ,,plane ,,( ,,glass4 ,p]spective is no?+ else ?an see+ place or objects beh9d a plane ( glass1 q transp>5t1 on ! surface ( :i* ! objects beh9d t glass are to be drawn4 ,^! c be trac$ 9 pyramids to ! po9t 9 ! eye1 & ^! pyramids are int]sect$ on ! glass plane4 #hd4 ,pictorial p]spective c nev] make an object at ! same di/ance1 look ( ! same size z x appe>s to ! eye4 ,y see t ! apex ( ! pyramid f c d is z f> f ! object c d z ! same po9t f is f ! object a b2 & yet c d1 :i* is ! base made by ! pa9t]'s po9t1 is small] ?an a b :i* is ! base ( ! l9es f ! objects conv]g+ 9 ! eye & refract$ at s t1 ! surface ( ! eye4 ,?is may be prov$ by exp]im5t1 by ! l9es ( vision & !n by ! l9es ( ! pa9t]'s plumbl9e by cutt+ ! real l9es ( vision on "o & ! same plane & measur+ on x "o & ! same object4 #he4 ,,p]spective4 ,! v]tical plane is a p]p5dicul> l9e1 imag9$ z 9 front ( ! c5tral po9t :]e ! apex ( ! pyramids conv]ge4 ,& ?is plane be>s ! same relation to ?is po9t z a plane ( glass w\ld1 ?r\gh :i* y might see ! v>i\s objects & draw !m on x4 ,& ! objects ?us drawn w\ld be small] ?an ! orig9als1 9 proportion z ! di/ance betwe5 ! glass & ! eye 0 small] ?an t betwe5 ! glass & ! objects4 ,,p]spective4 ,! diff]5t conv]g+ pyramids produc$ by ! objects1 w %[1 on ! plane1 ! v>i\s sizes & remot5ess ( ! objects caus+ !m4 ,,p]spective4 ,all ^? horizontal planes ( :i* ! extremes are met by p]p5dicul> l9es =m+ "r angles1 if !y are ( equal wid? ! m !y rise to ! level ( eye ! less ?is is se51 & ! m ! eye is above !m ! m w _! real wid? be se54 ,,p]spective4 ,! f>!r a sph]ical body is f ! eye ! m y w see ( x4 ,! angle ( sight v>ies ) ! di/ance 7#hf-hh7 #hf4 ,a simple & natural me?od2 %[+ h[ objects appe> to ! eye )\t any o!r m$ium4 ,! object t is ne>e/ to ! eye always seems l>g] ?an ano!r ( ! same size at great] di/ance4 ,! eye m1 see+ ! spaces o v x1 h>dly detects ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & !4 reason ( ?is is t x is close to !m ,footnote #f3 ,x is q inconceivable to me :y ,m4 ,,ravaisson1 9 a note to 8 ,fr5* translation ( ?is simple passage %\ld h rem>k$3 ,il e/ clair que c'e/ p> erreur que ,leon>d a crit p] ess] vis9o au lieu de p] non ess] vis9o4 7,see 8 pr9t$ ed4 ( ,,ms4 ,a4 p4 #ch472 b if ^! spaces are m>k$ on ! v]tical plane n o ! space o v w be se5 at o r1 & 9 ! same way ! space v x w appe> at r q4 ,& if y c>ry ?is out 9 any place :]e y c walk r\nd1 x w look out ( proportion by reason ( ! great diff]5ce 9 ! spaces o r & r q4 ,& ?is proce$s f ! eye be+ s mu* bel[ ne> ! plane t ! plane is =e%ort5$4 ,h5ce1 if y want$ to c>ry x out1 y w\ld h to arrange to see ! p]spective ?r\gh a s+le hole :i* mu/ be at ! po9t m1 or else y mu/ g to a di/ance ( at lea/ #c times ! height ( ! object y see4 ,! plane o p be+ always equally remote f ! eye w reproduce ! objects 9 a satisfactory way1 s t !y may be se5 f place to place4 #hg4 ,h[ e l>ge mass s5ds =? its images1 :i* may dim9i% ?r\gh inf9ity4 ,! images ( any l>ge mass be+ inf9itely divisible may be inf9itely dim9i%$4 #hh4 ,objects ( equal size1 situat$ 9 v>i\s places1 w be se5 by diff]5t pyramids :i* w ea* be small] 9 proportion z ! object is f>!r (f4 #hi4 ,p]spective1 9 deal+ ) di/ances1 makes use ( two opposite pyramids1 "o ( :i* has its apex 9 ! eye & ! base z di/ant z ! horizon4 ,! o!r has ! base t[>ds ! eye & ! apex on ! horizon4 ,n[1 ! fir/ includes ! visible univ]se1 embrac+ all ! mass ( ! objects t lie 9 front ( ! eye2 z x might be a va/ l&scape se5 ?r\gh a v small op5+2 = ! m remote ! objects are f ! eye1 ! great] numb] c be se5 ?r\gh ! op5+1 & ?us ! pyramid is con/ruct$ ) ! base on ! horizon & ! apex 9 ! eye1 z has be5 said4 ,! second pyramid is ext5d$ to a spot :i* is small] 9 proportion z x is f>!r f ! eye2 & ?is second p]spective pyramid results f ! fir/4 #ij4 ,,simple ,,p]spective4 ,simple p]spective is t :i* is con/ruct$ by art on a v]tical plane :i* is equally di/ant f ! eye 9 e "p4 ,complex p]spective is t :i* is con/ruct$ on a gr\nd-plan 9 :i* none ( ! p>ts are equally di/ant f ! eye4 #ia4 ,,p]spective4 ,no surface c be se5 exactly z x is1 if ! eye t sees x is n equally remote f all its edges4 #ib4 ,,:y ,,:5 ,,an ,,object ,,is ,,plac$ ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,eye ,,its ,,edges ,,are ,,indi/9ct4 ,:5 an object opposite ! eye is br\ght too close to x1 its edges mu/ become too confus$ to be di/+ui%$2 z x happ5s ) objects close to a light1 :i* ca/ a l>ge & indi/9ct %ad[1 s is x ) an eye :i* e/imates objects opposite to x2 9 all cases ( l9e> p]spective1 ! eye acts 9 ! same way z ! light4 ,& ! reason is t ! eye has "o lead+ l9e 7( vision7 :i* dilates ) di/ance & embraces ) true disc]nm5t l>ge objects at a di/ance z well z small ones t are close4 ,b s9ce ! eye s5ds out a multitude ( l9es :i* surr\nd ?is *ief c5tral "o & s9ce ^! :i* are f>!/ f ! c5tre 9 ?is cone ( l9es are less able to disc]n ) accuracy1 x foll[s t an object br\ght close to ! eye is n at a due di/ance1 b is too ne> = ! c5tral l9e to be able to disc]n ! outl9es ( ! object4 ,s ! edges fall )9 ! l9es ( weak] disc]n+ p[]1 & ^! are to ! function ( ! eye l dogs 9 ! *ase :i* c put up ! game b _c take x4 ,?us ^! _c take 9 ! objects1 b induce ! c5tral l9e ( sight to turn ^u !m1 :5 !y h put !m up4 ,h5ce ! objects :i* are se5 ) ^! l9es ( sight h confus$ outl9es4 ,! relative size ( objects ) reg>d to _! di/ance f ! eye 7#ic-ih74 #ic4 ,,p]spective4 ,small objects close at h& & l>ge ones at a di/ance1 be+ se5 )9 equal angles1 w appe> ( ! same size4 #id4 ,,p]spective4 ,!re is no object s l>ge b t at a great di/ance f ! eye x does n appe> small] ?an a small] object ne>4 #ie4 ,among objects ( equal size t :i* is mo/ remote f ! eye w look ! smalle/4 ,footnote3 ,?is axiom1 suffici5tly cle> 9 itself1 is 9 ! orig9al illu/rat$ by a v l>ge diagram1 con/ruct$ l t "h reproduc$ "u ,no4 #ajh4 ,! same idea is repeat$ 9 ,c4 ,a4 ,i a2 ,i a1 /at$ z foll[s3 ,infra le cose d'equal gr&eza quella si dimo/ra di m9or figura *e s>a pi di/ante dall' o*io4-- #if4 ,:y an object is less di/9ct :5 br\ght ne> to ! eye1 & :y ) spectacles1 or )\t ! nak$ eye sees badly ei!r close or f> (f z ! case may be4 #ig4 ,,p]spective4 ,among objects ( equal size1 t :i* is mo/ remote f ! eye w look ! smalle/4 #ih4 ,,p]spective4 ,no second object c be s mu* l[] ?an ! fir/ z t ! eye w n see x high] ?an ! fir/1 if ! eye is above ! second4 ,,p]spective4 ,& ?is second object w nev] be s mu* high] ?an ! fir/ z t ! eye1 be+ bel[ !m1 w n see ! second z l[] ?an ! fir/4 ,,p]spective4 ,if ! eye sees a second squ>e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a small] "o1 t is ne>]1 ! second1 l>g] squ>e w appe> to be surr\nd$ by ! small] "o4 ,,p]spective--,,proposition4 ,objects t are f>!r (f c nev] be s l>ge b t ^? 9 front1 ?\gh small]1 w conceal or surr\nd !m4 ,,def9ition4 ,?is proposition c be prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,= if y look ?r\gh a small hole !re is no?+ s l>ge t x _c be se5 ?r\gh x & ! object s se5 appe>s surr\nd$ & enclos$ by ! outl9e ( ! sides ( ! hole4 ,& if y /op x up1 ?is small /opp+ w conceal ! view ( ! l>ge/ object4 ,! app>5t size ( objects def9$ by calculation 7#ii-aje7 #ii4 ,,( ,,l9e> ,,p]spective4 ,l9e> ,p]spective deals ) ! action ( ! l9es ( sight1 9 prov+ by measurem5t h[ mu* small] is a second object ?an ! fir/1 & h[ mu* ! ?ird is small] ?an ! second2 & s on by degrees to ! end ( ?+s visible4 ,i f9d by exp]i5ce t if a second object is z f> beyond ! fir/ z ! fir/ is f ! eye1 al?\gh !y are ( ! same size1 ! second w seem half ! size ( ! fir/ & if ! ?ird object is ( ! same size z ! #bnd1 & ! #crd is z f> beyond ! second z ! #bnd f ! fir/1 x w appe> ( half ! size ( ! second2 & s on by degrees1 at equal di/ances1 ! next f>!/ w be half ! size ( ! =m] object4 ,s long z ! space does n exce$ ! l5g? ( #bj braccia4 ,b1 beyond #bj braccia figures ( equal size w lose #b_/d & at #dj braccia !y w lose #i_/aj1 & #ai_/bj at #fj braccia1 & s on dim9i%+ by degrees4 ,?is is if ! picture plane is di/ant f y twice y\r own height4 ,if x is only z f> (f z y\r own height1 !re w be a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ braccia & ! second4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] is includ$ 9 ,,dufresne',s & ,,manzi',s editions ( ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+4 ,h4 ,,ludwig1 9 8 comm5t>y1 calls ?is *apt] e9es d] wi*tig/5 im ganz5 ,tractat1 b at ! same "t he ass]ts t its sub/ance has be5 s completely disfigur$ 9 ! be/ ,,ms4 copies t we ought n to reg>d ,leon>do z responsible = x4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ?is *apt]1 ! old ,,ms4 copies agree ) ! orig9al z x is reproduc$ above4 ,f ! *apt]s giv5 lat] 9 ?is edition1 :i* 7 writt5 at a subsequ5t date1 x w\ld appe> t ,leon>do correct$ himself on ^! po9ts4 #ajj4 ,,( ,,! ,,dim9ution ,,( ,,objects ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,di/ances4 ,a second object z f> di/ant f ! fir/ z ! fir/ is f ! eye w appe> half ! size ( ! fir/1 ?\gh !y be ( ! same size really4 ,,( ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,dim9ution4 ,if y place ! v]tical plane at "o braccio f ! eye1 ! fir/ object1 be+ at a di/ance ( #d braccia f y\r eye w dim9i% to #c_/d ( its height at t plane2 & if x is #h braccia f ! eye1 to #g_/h2 & if x is #af braccia (f1 x w dim9i% to #ae_/af ( its height & s on by degrees1 z ! space d\bles ! dim9ution w d\ble4 #aja4 ,beg9 f ! l9e m f ) ! eye bel[2 !n g up & d ! same ) ! l9e n f1 !n ) ! eye above & close to ! #b gauges on ! gr\nd look at m n2 !n z c m is to m n s w n m be to n s4 ,if a n goes #c times into f b1 m p w d ! same into p g4 ,!n g backw>ds s f> z t c d goes twice into a n & p g w be equal to g h4 ,& m p w g into h p z (t5 z d c into o p4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ ?ree l9es are un=tunately v obscure4 #ajb4 ,i ,,give ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,se5 ,,by ,,! ,,eye ,,z ,,! ,,musician ,,does ,,! ,,notes ,,he>d ,,by ,,! ,,e>4 ,al?\gh ! objects se5 by ! eye d1 9 fact1 t\* ea* o!r z !y rec$e1 ,i w nev]!less f\nd my rule on spaces ( #bj braccia ea*2 z a musician does ) notes1 :i*1 ?\gh !y c be c>ri$ on "o into ! next1 he divides into degrees f note to note call+ !m #a/1 #bnd1 #crd1 #d?1 #e?2 & has affix$ a "n to ea* degree 9 rais+ or l[]+ ! voice4 #ajc4 ,,p]spective4 ,let f be ! level & di/ance ( ! eye2 & a ! v]tical plane1 z high z a man2 let e be a man1 !n ,i say t on ! plane ?is w be ! di/ance f ! plane to ! #bnd man4 #ajd4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! dim9ution ( objects ( equal size 9 consequ5ce ( _! v>i\s remot5ess f ! eye w be> among !mselves ! same proportions z ^? ( ! spaces betwe5 ! eye & ! diff]5t objects4 ,f9d out h[ mu* a man dim9i%es at a c]ta9 di/ance & :at its l5g? is2 & !n at twice t di/ance & at #c times1 & s make y\r g5]al rule4 #aje4 ,! eye _c judge :]e an object high up ought to desc5d4 #ajf4 ,,p]spective4 ,if two simil> & equal objects are plac$ "o beyond ! o!r at a giv5 di/ance ! diff]5ce 9 _! size w appe> great] 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to ! eye t sees !m4 ,& conv]sely !re w seem to be less diff]5ce 9 _! size 9 proportion z !y are remote f ! eve4 ,?is is prov$ by ! proportions ( _! di/ances among !mselves2 =1 if ! fir/ ( ^! two objects 7 z f> f ! eye1 z ! #bnd f ! fir/ ?is w\ld be call$ ! second proportion3 s9ce1 if ! fir/ is at #a braccia f ! eye & ! #bnd at two braccia1 two be+ twice z mu* z "o1 ! fir/ object w look twice z l>ge z ! second4 ,b if y place ! fir/ at a hundr$ braccia f y & ! second at a hundr$ & "o1 y w f9d t ! fir/ is only s mu* l>g] ?an ! second z #ajj is less ?an #aja2 & ! conv]se is equally true4 ,& aga91 ! same ?+ is prov$ by ! #d? ( ?is book :i* %[s t among objects t are equal1 !re is ! same proportion 9 ! dim9ution ( ! size z 9 ! increase 9 ! di/ance f ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,on natural p]spective 7#ajg--aji74 #ajg4 ,,( ,,equal ,,objects ,,! ,,mo/ ,,remote ,,look ,,! ,,smalle/4 ,! practice ( p]spective may be divid$ into 444 p>ts ,footnote #d3 9 444 p>te4 ,! space = ! numb] is left blank 9 ! orig9al41 ( :i* ! fir/ treats ( objects se5 by ! eye at any di/ance2 & x %[s all ^! objects j z ! eye sees !m dim9i%$1 )\t oblig+ a man to /& 9 "o place r ?an ano!r s long z ! plane does n produce a second =e%ort5+4 ,b ! second practice is a comb9ation ( p]spective d]iv$ p>tly f art & p>tly f nature & ! "w done by its rules is 9 e portion ( x1 influ5c$ by natural p]spective & artificial p]spective4 ,by natural p]spective ,i mean t ! plane on :i* ?is p]spective is repres5t$ is a flat surface1 & ?is plane1 al?\gh x is p>allel bo? 9 l5g? & height1 is =c$ to dim9i% 9 its remot] p>ts m ?an 9 its ne>] ones4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! fir/ ( :at has be5 said above1 & its dim9ution is natural4 ,b artificial p]spective1 t is t :i* is devis$ by art1 does ! contr>y2 = objects equal 9 size increase on ! plane :]e x is =e%ort5$ 9 proportion z ! eye is m natural & ne>] to ! plane1 & z ! "p ( ! plane on :i* x is figur$ is f>!r f ! eye4 ,& let ?is plane be d e on :i* are se5 #c equal circles :i* are beyond ?is plane d e1 t is ! circles a b c4 ,n[ y see t ! eye h sees on ! v]tical plane ! sections ( ! images1 l>ge/ ( ^? t are f>!/ & smalle/ ( ! ne>e/4 #ajh4 ,"h foll[s :at is want+ 9 ! m>g9 at ! foot on ! o!r side ( ?is page4 ,natural p]spective acts 9 a contr>y way2 =1 at great] di/ances ! object se5 appe>s small]1 & at a small] di/ance ! object appe>s l>g]4 ,b ?is said inv5tion requires ! spectator to /& ) 8 eye at a small hole & !n1 at t small hole1 x w be v pla94 ,b s9ce _m 7m5's7 eyes endeav\r at ! same "t to see "o & ! same picture produc$ by ?is artifice only "o c see cle>ly ! effect ( ?is p]spective & all ! o!rs w see confusion4 ,x is well !re=e to avoid su* complex p]spective & hold to simple p]spective :i* does n reg>d planes z =e%ort5$1 b z mu* z possible 9 _! prop] =m4 ,?is simple p]spective1 9 :i* ! plane int]sects ! pyramids by :i* ! images are convey$ to ! eye at an equal di/ance f ! eye is our con/ant exp]i5ce1 f ! curv$ =m ( ! pupil ( ! eye on :i* ! pyramids are int]sect$ at an equal di/ance f ! visual virtue4 ,footnote #bd3 la prima di sopra i4 e4 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree diagrams :i*1 9 ! orig9al ,,ms41 are plac$ 9 ! m>g9 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 #aji4 ,,( ,a ,,mixture ,,( ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,p]spective4 ,?is diagram di/+ui%es natural f artificial p]spective4 ,b be=e proce$+ any f>!r ,i w def9e :at is natural & :at is artificial p]spective4 ,natural p]spective says t ! m remote ( a s]ies ( objects ( equal size w look ! small]1 & conv]sely1 ! ne>] w look ! l>g] & ! app>5t size w dim9i% 9 proportion to ! di/ance4 ,b 9 artificial p]spective :5 objects ( unequal size are plac$ at v>i\s di/ances1 ! smalle/ is ne>] to ! eye ?an ! l>ge/ & ! greate/ di/ance looks z ?\gh x 7 ! lea/ ( all2 & ! cause ( ?is is ! plane on :i* ! objects are repres5t$2 & :i* is at unequal di/ances f ! eye ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,& ?is dim9ution ( ! plane is natural1 b ! p]spective %[n ^u x is artificial s9ce x n[h]e agrees ) ! true dim9ution ( ! said plane4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t :5 ! eye is some:at remov$ f ! /ation po9t ( ! p]spective t x has be5 gaz+ at1 all ! objects repres5t$ look mon/r\s1 & ?is does n occur 9 natural p]spective1 :i* has be5 def9$ above4 ,let u say !n1 t ! squ>e a b c d figur$ above is =e%ort5$ be+ se5 by ! eye situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! side :i* is 9 front4 ,b a mixture ( artificial & natural p]spective w be se5 9 ?is tetragon call$ el ma9 ,footnote #bj3 el ma9 is q legibly writt5 9 ! orig9al2 ! mean+ & d]ivation ( ! ^w are equally d\btful41 t is to say e f g h :i* mu/ appe> to ! eye ( ! spectator to be equal to a b c d s long z ! eye rema9s 9 its fir/ position betwe5 c & d4 ,& ?is w be se5 to h a good effect1 because ! natural p]spective ( ! plane w conceal ! defects :i* w\ld o!rwise seem mon/r\s4 ,,iii4 ,six books on ,light & ,%ade4 ,l9e> ,p]spective _c be imm$iately foll[$ by ei!r ! prospettiva de' p]dim5ti or ! prospettiva de' colori or ! a]ial p]spective2 s9ce ^! bran*es ( ! subject presuppose a k ( ! pr9ciples ( ,light & ,%ade4 ,no apology1 !re=e1 is "h ne$$ = plac+ ^! imm$iately aft] ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,we h v>i\s plans sugge/$ by ,leon>do = ! arrangem5t ( ! mass ( mat]ials treat+ ( ?is subject4 ,among ^! ,i h giv5 ! pref]5ce to a s*eme prop\nd$ 9 ,no4 ,,iii1 because1 9 all probability1 we h "h a f9al & def9ite purpose express$4 ,sev]al au?ors h express$ x z _! op9ion t ! ,p>is ,manuscript ,c is a complete & f9i%$ treatise on ,light & ,%ade4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,light & ,%ade =m by f> ! l>g] portion ( ?is ,,ms4 :i* consi/s ( two sep>ate p>ts2 /ill1 ! mat]ials are f> f be+ f9ally arrang$4 ,x is also evid5t t he "h inve/igates ! subject f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,physici/ r ?an f t ( ! ,pa9t]4 ,! plan ( a s*eme ( arrangem5t sugge/$ 9 ,no4 ,,iii & adopt$ by me has be5 /rictly adh]$ to = ! fir/ f\r ,books4 ,= ! ?ree la/1 h[ev]1 few mat]ials h come d[n to u2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! ?ree ,books w\ld f9d a f> m appropriate place 9 a "w on ,physics ?an 9 a treatise on ,pa9t+4 ,= ?is reason ,i h collect$ 9 ,book ,v all ! *apt]s on ,reflections1 & 9 ,book ,,vi ,i h put toge!r & arrang$ all ! sections ( ,,ms4 ,c t belong to ! book on ,pa9t+1 s f> z !y relate to ,light & ,%ade1 :ile ! sections ( ! same ,,ms4 :i* treat ( ! ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti h1 ( c\rse1 be5 exclud$ f ! s]ies on ,light & ,%ade4 ,footnote ,,iii3 ,?is text has already be5 publi%$ ) "s slight v>iations 9 ,dozio's pamphlet ,degli scritti e disegni di ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,milan #ahga1 pp4 #cj--ca4 ,dozio did n transcribe x f ! orig9al ,,ms4 :i* seems to h rema9$ unkn[n to him1 b f an old copy 7,,ms4 ,h4 #bbg 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y74 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,prolegom5a4 #aaj4 ,y mu/ fir/ expla9 ! !ory & !n ! practice4 ,fir/ y mu/ describe ! %ad[s & lights on opaque objects1 & !n on transp>5t bodies4 ,s*eme ( ! books on ,light & %ade4 #aaa4 ,,introduction4 ,hav+ already treat$ ( ! nature ( %ad[s & ! way 9 :i* !y are ca/ ,footnote #b3 ,av5do io tractato4--,we may suppose t he "h ref]s to "s p>ticul> ,,ms41 possibly ,p>is ,c41 ,i w n[ consid] ! places on :i* !y fall2 & _! curvature1 obliquity1 flatness or1 9 %ort1 any "* ,i may be able to detect 9 !m4 ,%ad[ is ! ob/ruction ( light4 ,%ad[s appe> to me to be ( supreme importance 9 p]spective1 because1 )\t !m opaque & solid bodies w be ill def9$2 t :i* is conta9$ )9 _! outl9es & _! b\nd>ies !mselves w be ill-und]/ood unless !y are %[n aga9/ a backgr\nd ( a diff]5t tone f !mselves4 ,& !re=e 9 my fir/ proposition conc]n+ %ad[ ,i /ate t e opaque body is surr\nd$ & its :ole surface envelop$ 9 %ad[ & light4 ,& on ?is proposition ,i build up ! fir/ ,book4 ,besides ?is1 %ad[s h 9 !mselves v>i\s degrees ( d>kness1 because !y are caus$ by ! abs5ce ( a v>iable am\nt ( ! lum9\s rays2 & ^! ,i call ,prim>y %ad[s because !y are ! fir/1 & insep>able f ! object to :i* !y belong4 ,& on ?is ,i w f\nd my second ,book4 ,f ^! prim>y %ad[s !re result c]ta9 %ad$ rays :i* are diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e & ^! v>y 9 "* accord+ to t ( ! prim>y %ad[s :5ce !y are d]iv$4 ,i %all !re=e call ^! %ad[s ,d]iv$ %ad[s because !y are produc$ by o!r %ad[s2 & ! ?ird ,book w treat ( ^!4 ,aga9 ^! d]iv$ %ad[s1 :]e !y are int]cept$ by v>i\s objects1 produce effects z v>i\s z ! places :]e !y are ca/ & ( ?is ,i w treat 9 ! f\r? ,book4 ,& s9ce all r\nd ! d]iv$ %ad[s1 :]e ! d]iv$ %ad[s are int]cept$1 !re is always a space :]e ! light falls & by reflect$ disp]sion is ?r[n back t[>ds its cause1 x meets ! orig9al %ad[ & m+les ) x & modifies x some:at 9 its nature2 & on ?is ,i w compose my fif? ,book4 ,besides ?is1 9 ! six? ,book ,i w inve/igate ! _m & v>i\s div]sities ( reflections result+ f ^! rays :i* w modify ! orig9al %ad[ by imp>t+ "s ( ! v>i\s col\rs f ! diff]5t objects :5ce ^! reflect$ rays are d]iv$4 ,aga91 ! sev5? ,book w treat ( ! v>i\s di/ances t may exi/ betwe5 ! spot :]e ! reflect$ rays fall & t :]e !y orig9ate1 & ! v>i\s %ades ( col\r :i* !y w acquire 9 fall+ on opaque bodies4 ,diff]5t pr9ciples & plans ( treatm5t 7#aab--aaf74 #aab4 ,fir/ ,i w treat ( light fall+ ?r\gh w9d[s :i* ,i w call ,re/rict$ ,light & !n ,i w treat ( light 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 to :i* ,i w give ! "n ( diffus$ ,light4 ,!n ,i w treat ( ! light ( lum9\s bodies4 #aac4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! conditions ( %ad[ & light z se5 by ! eye are #c4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is :5 ! eye & ! light are on ! same side ( ! object se52 ! #bnd is :5 ! eye is 9 front ( ! object & ! light is beh9d x4 ,! #crd is :5 ! eye is 9 front ( ! object & ! light is on "o side1 9 su* a way z t a l9e drawn f ! object to ! eye & "o f ! object to ! light %\ld =m a "r angle :]e !y meet4 #aad4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,?is is ano!r section3 t is1 ( ! nature ( a reflection 7f7 an object plac$ betwe5 ! eye & ! light "u v>i\s aspects4 #aae4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,z reg>ds all visible objects #c ?+s mu/ be consid]$4 ,^! are ! position ( ! eye :i* sees3 t ( ! object se5 ) reg>d to ! light1 & ! position ( ! light :i* illum9ates ! object1 b is ! eye1 a ! object se51 c ! light1 a is ! eye1 b ! illum9at+ body1 c is ! illum9at$ object4 #aaf4 ,let a be ! light1 b ! eye1 c ! object se5 by ! eye & 9 ! light4 ,^! %[1 fir/1 ! eye betwe5 ! light & ! body2 ! #bnd1 ! light betwe5 ! eye & ! body2 ! #crd ! body betwe5 ! eye & ! light1 a is ! eye1 b ! illum9at$ object1 c ! light4 #aag4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,light ,,t ,,illum9ate ,,opaque ,,bodies4 ,! fir/ k9d ( ,light :i* may illum9ate opaque bodies is call$ ,direct light--z t ( ! sun or any o!r light f a w9d[ or flame4 ,! second is ,diffus$ univ]sal light1 su* z we see 9 cl\dy wea!r or 9 mi/ & ! l4 ,! #crd is ,subdu$ light1 t is :5 ! sun is entirely bel[ ! horizon1 ei!r 9 ! ev5+ or morn+4 #aah4 ,,( ,,light4 ,! lights :i* may illum9ate opaque bodies are ( #d k9ds4 ,^! are3 diffus$ light z t ( ! atmosph]e1 )9 our horizon4 ,& ,direct1 z t ( ! sun1 or ( a w9d[ or door or o!r op5+4 ,! ?ird is ,reflect$ light2 & !re is a #d? :i* is t :i* passes ?r\gh semi transp>5t bodies1 z l95 or pap] or ! l1 b n transp>5t l glass1 or cry/al1 or o!r diaphan\s bodies1 :i* produce ! same effect z ?\gh no?+ int]v5$ betwe5 ! %ad$ object & ! light t falls ^u x2 & ?is we w discuss fully 9 our disc\rse4 ,def9ition ( ! nature ( %ad[s 7#aai--abb74 #aai4 ,,:at ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[ ,,are4 ,%ad[ is ! abs5ce ( light1 m]ely ! ob/ruction ( ! lum9\s rays by an opaque body4 ,%ad[ is ( ! nature ( d>kness4 ,light on an object is ( ! nature ( a lum9\s body2 "o conceals & ! o!r reveals4 ,!y are always associat$ & insep>able f all objects4 ,b %ad[ is a m p[]ful ag5t ?an light1 = x c imp$e & entirely deprive bodies ( _! light1 :ile light c nev] entirely expel %ad[ f a body1 t is f an opaque body4 #abj4 ,%ad[ is ! dim9ution ( light by ! int]v5tion ( an opaque body4 ,%ad[ is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! lum9\s rays :i* are cut (f by an opaque body4 ,?is is prov$ because ! %ad[ ca/ is ! same 9 %ape & size z ! lum9\s rays 7 :i* are trans=m$ into a %ad[4 #aba4 ,%ad[ is ! dim9ution alike ( light & ( d>kness1 & /&s betwe5 d>kness & light4 ,a %ad[ may be inf9itely d>k1 & also ( inf9ite degrees ( abs5ce ( d>kness4 ,! beg9n+s & ends ( %ad[ lie betwe5 ! light & d>kness & may be inf9itely dim9i%$ & inf9itely increas$4 ,%ad[ is ! means by :i* bodies display _! =m4 ,! =ms ( bodies c\ld n be und]/ood 9 detail b = %ad[4 #abb4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,%ad[ p>takes ( ! nature ( univ]sal matt]4 ,all su* matt]s are m p[]ful 9 _! beg9n+ & gr[ weak] t[>ds ! end1 ,i say at ! beg9n+1 :atev] _! =m or condition may be & :e!r visible or invisible4 ,& x is n f small beg9n+s t !y gr[ to a great size 9 "t2 z x might be a great oak :i* has a feeble beg9n+ f a small acorn4 ,yet ,i may say t ! oak is mo/ p[]ful at its beg9n+1 t is :]e x spr+s f ! e>?1 :i* is :]e x is l>ge/ 7,to return37 ,d>kness1 !n1 is ! /ronge/ degree ( %ad[ & light is its lea/4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]1 make y\r %ad[ d>ke/ close to ! object t ca/s x1 & make ! end ( x fad+ into light1 seem+ to h no end4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( %ad[s4 7#abc-abe74 #abc4 ,d>kness is abs5ce ( light4 ,%ad[ is dim9ution ( light4 ,primitive %ad[ is t :i* is insep>able f a body n 9 ! light4 ,d]iv$ %ad[ is t :i* is dis5gag$ f a body 9 %ad[ & p]vades ! air4 ,a ca/ transp>5t %ad[ is t :i* is surr\nd$ by an illum9at$ surface4 ,a simple %ad[ is "o :i* receives no light f ! lum9\s body :i* causes x4 ,a simple %ad[ beg9s )9 ! l9e :i* />ts f ! edge ( ! lum9\s body a b4 #abd4 ,a simple %ad[ is "o :]e no light at all int]f]es ) x4 ,a comp\nd %ad[ is "o :i* is some:at illum9at$ by "o or m lights4 #abe4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,a ,,%ad[ ,,t ,,is ,,insep>able ,,f ,a ,,body ,,& ,a ,,ca/ ,,%ad[8 ,an insep>able %ad[ is t :i* is nev] abs5t f ! illum9at$ body4 ,z1 = in/ance a ball1 :i* s long z x is 9 ! light always has "o side 9 %ad[ :i* nev] leaves x = any movem5t or *ange ( position 9 ! ball4 ,a sep>ate %ad[ may be & may n be produc$ by ! body itself4 ,suppose ! ball to be "o braccia di/ant f a wall ) a light on ! opposite side ( x2 ?is light w ?r[ ^u ! wall exactly z broad a %ad[ z is to be se5 on ! side ( ! ball t is turn$ t[>ds ! wall4 ,t portion ( ! ca/ %ad[ w n be visible :5 ! light is bel[ ! ball & ! %ad[ is ?r[n up t[>ds ! sky & f9d+ no ob/ruction on its way is lo/4 #abf4 ,,h[ ,,!re ,,are #b ,,k9ds ,,( ,,light1 ,,"o ,,sep>able ,,f1 ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,insep>able ,,f ,,bodies4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( light 7#abf1 #abg74 ,sep>ate light is t :i* falls ^u ! body4 ,insep>able light is ! side ( ! body t is illum9at$ by t light4 ,"o is call$ prim>y1 ! o!r d]iv$4 ,&1 9 ! same way !re are two k9ds ( %ad[3--,"o prim>y & ! o!r d]iv$4 ,! prim>y is t :i* is insep>able f ! body1 ! d]iv$ is t :i* proce$s f ! body convey+ to ! surface ( ! wall ! =m ( ! body caus+ x4 #abg4 ,h[ !re are #b diff]5t k9ds ( light2 "o be+ call$ diffus$1 ! o!r re/rict$4 ,! diffus$ is t :i* freely illum9ates objects4 ,! re/rict$ is t :i* be+ admitt$ ?r\gh an op5+ or w9d[ illum9ates !m on t side only4 ,footnote3 ,at ! spot m>k$ ,a 9 ! fir/ diagram ,leon>do wrote lume co/retto 7re/rict$ light74 ,at ! spot ,b on ! second diagram he wrote lume lib]o 7diffus$ light74 ,g5]al rem>ks 7#abh4 #abi74 #abh4 ,light is ! *as] away ( d>kness4 ,%ade is ! ob/ruction ( light4 ,prim>y light is t :i* falls on objects & causes light & %ade4 ,& d]iv$ lights are ^? portions ( a body :i* are illum9at$ by ! prim>y light4 ,a prim>y %ad[ is t side ( a body on :i* ! light _c fall4 ,! g5]al di/ribution ( %ad[ & light is t sum total ( ! rays ?r[n (f by a %ad$ or illum9at$ body pass+ ?r\gh ! air )\t any int]f]5ce & ! spot :i* int]cepts & cuts (f ! di/ribution ( ! d>k & light rays4 ,& ! eye c be/ di/+ui% ! =ms ( objects :5 x is plac$ betwe5 ! %ad$ & ! illum9at$ p>ts4 #abi4 ,,memor&um ,,( ,,?+s ,i ,,require ,,to ,,h ,,grant$ ,,z ,,axioms ,,9 ,,my ,,explanation ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,i ask to h ?is mu* grant$ me--to ass]t t e ray pass+ ?r\gh air ( equal d5sity ?r\gh\t1 travels 9 a /raight l9e f its cause to ! object or place x falls ^u4 ,,fir/ ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,on ! nature ( light 7#acj4 #aca74 #acj4 ,! reason by :i* we "k t a light radiates f a s+le c5tre is ?is3 ,we pla9ly see t a l>ge light is (t5 mu* broad] ?an "s small object :i* nev]!less--& al?\gh ! rays ( ! l>ge light are mu* m ?an twice ! ext5t ( ! small body--always has its %ad[ ca/ on ! ne>e/ surface v visibly4 ,let c f be a broad light & n be ! object 9 front ( x1 ca/+ a %ad[ on ! plane1 & let a b be ! plane4 ,x is cle> t x is n ! broad light t w ca/ ! %ad[ n on ! plane1 b t ! light has )9 x a c5tre is %[n by ?is exp]im5t4 ,! %ad[ falls on ! plane z is %[n at m o t r4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 no explanatory text is plac$ aft] ?is title-l9e2 b a space is left = x & ! text beg9n+ at l9e #ae comes next4 ,:y1 to two eyes or 9 front ( two eyes d #c objects appe> z two8 ,:y1 :5 y e/imate ! direction ( an object ) two sights ! ne>] appe>s confus$4 ,i say t ! eye projects an inf9ite numb] ( l9es :i* m+le or jo9 ^? rea*+ x :i* come to x f ! object look$ at4 ,& x is only ! c5tral & s5sible l9e t c disc]n & discrim9ate col\rs & objects2 all ! o!rs are false & illusory4 ,& if y place #b objects at half an arm's l5g? ap>t if ! ne>] ( ! two is close to ! eye its =m w rema9 f> m confus$ ?an t ( ! second2 ! reason is t ! fir/ is ov]come by a great] numb] ( false l9es ?an ! second & s is r5d]$ vague4 ,light acts 9 ! same mann]1 = 9 ! effects ( its l9es 7rays71 & p>ticul>ly 9 p]spective1 x mu* resembles ! eye2 & its c5tral rays are :at ca/ ! true %ad[4 ,:5 ! object 9 front ( x is too quickly ov]come ) dim rays x w ca/ a broad & disproportionate %ad[1 ill def9$2 b :5 ! object :i* is to ca/ ! %ad[ & cuts (f ! rays ne> to ! place :]e ! %ad[ falls1 !n ! %ad[ is di/9ct2 & ! m s 9 proportion z ! light is f> (f1 because at a long di/ance ! c5tral ray is less ov]come by false rays2 because ! l9es f ! eye & ! sol> & o!r lum9\s rays pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e are oblig$ to travel 9 /raight l9es4 ,unless !y are deflect$ by a d5s] or r>] air1 :5 !y w be b5t at "s po9t1 b s long z ! air is free f grossness or moi/ure !y w pres]ve _! direct c\rse1 always c>ry+ ! image ( ! object t int]cepts !m back to _! po9t ( orig94 ,& if ?is is ! eye1 ! int]cept+ object w be se5 by its col\r1 z well z by =m & size4 ,b if ! int]cept+ plane has 9 x "s small p]=ation op5+ into a d>k] *amb]--n d>k] 9 col\r1 b by abs5ce ( light--y w see ! rays ent] ?r\gh ?is hole & transmitt+ to ! plane beyond all ! details ( ! object !y proce$ f bo? z to col\r & =m2 only e ?+ w be upside d[n4 ,b ! size ( ! image :]e ! l9es are recon/ruct$ w be 9 proportion to ! relative di/ance ( ! ap]ture f ! plane on :i* ! l9es fall on "o h& & f _! orig9 on ! o!r4 ,!re !y int]sect & =m #b pyramids ) _! po9t meet+ a common apex & _! bases opposite4 ,let a b be ! po9t ( orig9 ( ! l9es1 d e ! fir/ plane1 & c ! ap]ture ) ! int]section ( ! l9es2 f g is ! inn] plane4 ,y w f9d t a falls ^u ! inn] plane bel[ at g1 & b :i* is bel[ w g up to ! spot f2 x w be q evid5t to exp]im5t]s t e lum9\s body has 9 itself a core or c5tre1 f :i* & to :i* all ! l9es radiate :i* are s5t =? by ! surface ( ! lum9\s body & reflect$ back to x2 or :i*1 hav+ be5 ?r[n out & n int]cept$1 are disp]s$ 9 ! air4 #aca4 ,,! ,,rays ,,:e!r ,,%ad$ ,,or ,,lum9\s ,,h ,,great] ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,effect ,,at ,,_! ,,po9ts ,,?an ,,at ,,_! ,,sides4 ,al?\gh ! po9ts ( lum9\s pyramids may ext5d into %ad$ places & ^? ( pyramids ( %ad[ into illum9at$ places1 & ?\gh among ! lum9\s pyramids "o may />t f a broad] base ?an ano!r2 nev]!less1 if by reason ( _! v>i\s l5g? ^! lum9\s pyramids acquire angles ( equal size _! light w be equal2 & ! case w be ! same ) ! pyramids ( %ad[2 z may be se5 9 ! int]sect$ pyramids a b c & d e f1 :i* ?\gh _! bases diff] 9 size are equal z to bread? & light4 ,footnote3 #ea--ee3 ,?is supplem5t>y p>agraph is indicat$ z be+ a cont9uation ( l9e #de1 by two small crosses4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 light & lu/re 7#acb--ace74 #acb4 ,( ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & lu/re2 & t lu/re is n includ$ among col\rs1 b is saturation ( :it5ess1 & d]iv$ f ! surface ( wet bodies2 light p>takes ( ! col\r ( ! object :i* reflects x 7to ! eye7 z gold or silv] or ! l4 #acc4 ,,( ,,! ,,highe/ ,,lights ,,:i* ,,turn ,,& ,,move ,,z ,,! ,,eye ,,moves ,,:i* ,,sees ,,! ,,object4 ,suppose ! body to be ! r\nd object figur$ "h & let ! light be at ! po9t a1 & let ! illum9at$ side ( ! object be b c & ! eye at ! po9t d3 ,i say t1 z lu/re is e :]e & complete 9 ea* "p1 if y /& at ! po9t d ! lu/re w appe> at c1 & 9 proportion z ! eye moves f d to a1 ! lu/re w move f c to n4 #acd4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,heigh light or lu/re on any object is n situat$ necess>ily 9 ! middle ( an illum9at$ object1 b moves z & :]e ! eye moves 9 look+ at x4 #ace4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,lu/re4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & ! lu/re :i* is se5 on ! poli%$ surface ( opaque bodies8 ,! lights :i* are produc$ f ! poli%$ surface ( opaque bodies w be /ation>y on /ation>y objects ev5 if ! eye on :i* !y /rike moves4 ,b reflect$ lights w1 on ^? same objects1 appe> 9 z _m diff]5t places on ! surface z diff]5t positions are tak5 by ! eye4 ,,:at ,,bodies ,,h ,,light ,,^u ,,!m ,,)\t ,,lu/re8 ,opaque bodies :i* h a h>d & r\gh surface nev] display any lu/re 9 any portion ( ! side on :i* ! light falls4 ,,:at ,,bodies ,,w ,,display ,,lu/re ,,b ,,n ,,look ,,illum9at$8 ,^? bodies :i* are opaque & h>d ) a h>d surface reflect light lu/re f e spot on ! illum9at$ side :i* is 9 a position to receive light at ! same angle ( incid5ce z !y occupy ) reg>d to ! eye2 b1 z ! surface mirrors all ! surr\nd+ objects1 ! illum9at$ body is n recognisable 9 ^! portions ( ! illum9at$ body4 #acf4 ,! relations ( lum9\s to illum9at$ bodies4 ,! middle ( ! light & %ade on an object 9 light & %ade is opposite to ! middle ( ! prim>y light4 ,all light & %ad[ expresses itself 9 pyramidal l9es4 ,! middle ( ! %ad[ on any object mu/ necess>ily be opposite ! middle ( its light1 ) a direct l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,! middle ( ! light w be at a1 t ( ! %ad[ at b4 ,aga91 9 bodies %[n 9 light & %ade ! middle ( ea* mu/ co9cide ) ! c5tre ( ! body1 & a /raight l9e w pass ?r\gh bo? & ?r\gh t c5tre4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms41 at ! spot m>k$ a ( ! fir/ diagram ,leon>do wrote primitiuo1 & at ! spot m>k$ c--primitiva 7prim>y72 at ! spot m>k$ b he wrote dirivatiuo & at d d]iuatiua 7d]iv$74 ,exp]im5ts on ! relation ( light & %ad[ )9 a room 7#acg--adj74 #acg4 ,,%[s ,,h[ ,,light ,,f ,,any ,,side ,,conv]ges ,,to ,,"o ,,po9t4 ,al?\gh ! balls a b c are light$ f "o w9d[1 nev]!less1 if y foll[ ! l9es ( _! %ad[s y w see !y int]sect at a po9t =m+ ! angle n4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is passage is slightly sket*$ on ,pl4 ,,xxxii2 a squ>e ) ?ree balls bel[ x4 ,! fir/ ?ree l9es ( ! text belong+ to x are writt5 above ! sket* & ! six o!rs bel[ x4 #ach4 ,e %ad[ ca/ by a body has a c5tral l9e direct$ to a s+le po9t produc$ by ! int]section ( lum9\s l9es 9 ! middle ( ! op5+ & ?ickness ( ! w9d[4 ,! proposition /at$ above1 is pla9ly se5 by exp]im5t4 ,?us if y draw a place ) a w9d[ look+ nor?w>ds1 & let ?is be s f1 y w see a l9e />t+ f ! horizon to ! ea/1 :i*1 t\*+ ! #b angles ( ! w9d[ o f1 rea*es d2 & f ! horizon on ! we/ ano!r l9e1 t\*+ ! o!r #b angles r s1 & end+ at c2 & _! int]section falls exactly 9 ! middle ( ! op5+ & ?ickness ( ! w9d[4 ,aga91 y c /ill bett] confirm ?is pro( by plac+ two /icks1 z %[n at g h2 & y w see ! l9e drawn f ! c5tre ( ! %ad[ direct$ to ! c5tre m & prolong$ to ! horizon n f4 ,footnote3 ,b "h /&s = c]*io del' orizonte tramontano on ! orig9al diagram 7! circle ( ! horizon t[>ds ! ,nor?72 ,a = levante 7,ea/7 & ,c = ponete 7,we/74 #aci4 ,e %ad[ ) all its v>iations1 :i* becomes l>g] z its di/ance f ! object is great]1 has its ext]nal l9es int]sect+ 9 ! middle1 betwe5 ! light & ! object4 ,?is proposition is v evid5t & is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,=1 if a b is a w9d[ )\t any object int]pos$1 ! lum9\s atmosph]e to ! "r h& at a is se5 to ! left at d4 ,& ! atmosph]e at ! left illum9ates on ! "r at c1 & ! l9es int]sect at ! po9t m4 ,footnote3 ,a "h /&s = levante 7,ea/71 ,b = pon5te 7,we/74 #adj4 ,e body 9 light & %ade is situat$ betwe5 #b pyramids "o d>k & ! o!r lum9\s1 "o is visible ! o!r is n4 ,b ?is only happ5s :5 ! light ent]s by a w9d[4 ,suppos+ a b to be ! w9d[ & r ! body 9 light & %ade1 ! light to ! "r h& z w pass ! object to ! left & g on to p2 ! light to ! left at k w pass to ! "r ( ! object at i & g on to m & ! two l9es w int]sect at c & =m a pyramid4 ,!n aga9 a b falls on ! %ad$ body at i g & =ms a pyramid f i g4 f w be d>k because ! light a b c nev] fall !re2 i g c w be illum9at$ because ! light falls ^u x4 ,light & %ad[ ) reg>d to ! position ( ! eye 7#ada--ade74 #ada4 ,e %ad$ body t is l>g] ?an ! pupil & t int]poses betwe5 ! lum9\s body & ! eye w be se5 d>k4 ,:5 ! eye is plac$ betwe5 ! lum9\s body & ! objects illum9at$ by x1 ^! objects w be se5 )\t any %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i* 9 ! orig9al /&s above l9e #a is giv5 on ,plate ,,ii1 ,no #b4 ,!n1 aft] a blank space ( ab\t eight l9es1 ! diagram ,plate ,,ii ,no #c is plac$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,!re is no explanation ( x beyond ! "o l9e writt5 "u x4 #adb4 ,:y ! #b lights "o on ea* side ( a body hav+ two pyramidal sides ( an obtuse apex leave x devoid ( %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* illu/rat+ ?is is on ,plate ,,xli ,no #a4 #adc4 ,a body 9 %ad[ situat$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye c nev] display its illum9at$ portion unless ! eye c see ! :ole ( ! prim>y light4 ,footnote3 ,a /&s = corpo 7body71 ,b = lume 7light74 #add4 ,! eye :i* looks 7at a spot7 half way betwe5 ! %ad[ & ! light :i* surr\nds ! body 9 %ad[ w see t ! deepe/ %ad[s on t body w meet ! eye at equal angles1 t is at ! same angle z t ( sight4 ,footnote3 ,9 bo? ^! diagrams ,a /&s = lume 7light7 ,b = ombra 7%ad[74 #ade4 ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,aspects ,,& ,,( ,,objects ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,!m4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & y look t[>ds ! ,we/ y w see e ?+ 9 full light & totally )\t %ad[ because y see !m f ! same side z ! sun3 & if y look t[>ds ! ,s\? or ,nor? y w see all objects 9 light & %ade1 because y see bo? ! side t[>ds ! sun & ! side away f x2 & if y look t[>ds ! com+ ( ! sun all objects w %[ y _! %ad$ side1 because on t side ! sun _c fall ^u !m4 ,! law ( ! incid5ce ( light4 #adf4 ,! edges ( a w9d[ :i* are illum9at$ by #b lights ( equal degrees ( brightness w n reflect light ( equal brightness into ! *amb] )94 ,if b is a c&le & a c our hemisph]e bo? w illum9ate ! edges ( ! w9d[ m n1 b light b w only illum9ate f g & ! hemisph]e a w light all ( d e4 #adg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,t "p ( a body :i* receives ! lum9\s rays at equal angles w be 9 a high] light ?an any o!r "p ( x4 ,& ! "p :i* ! lum9\s rays /rike betwe5 less equal angles w be less /rongly illum9at$4 ,,second ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,gradations ( /r5g? 9 ! %ad[s 7#adh4 #adi74 #adh4 ,,t ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,body ,,9 ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,w ,,be ,,lea/ ,,lum9\s ,,:i* ,,is ,,se5 ,,"u ,,! ,,lea/ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,light4 ,t "p ( ! object :i* is m>k$ m is 9 ! highe/ light because x faces ! w9d[ a d by ! l9e a f2 n is 9 ! second grade because ! light b d /rikes x by ! l9e b e2 o is 9 ! ?ird grade1 z ! light falls on x f c d by ! l9e c h2 p is ! l[e/ light b "o z c d falls on x by ! l9e d v2 q is ! deepe/ %ad[ = no light falls on x f any "p ( ! w9d[4 ,9 proportion z c d goes into a d s w n r s be d>k] ?an m1 & all ! re/ is space )\t %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is *apt] is ,no4 #a on ,plate ,,iii4 ,! lett]s a b e d & r are n reproduc$ 9 facsimile ( ! orig9al1 b h be5 replac$ by ord9>y type 9 ! m>g94 #e-ab4 ,! orig9al text ( ^! l9es is reproduc$ )9 ! diagram4--,comp>e ,no #bge4 #adi4 ,! light :i* falls on a %ad$ body at ! acute/ angle receives ! highe/ light1 & ! d>ke/ portion is t :i* receives x at an obtuse angle & bo? ! light & ! %ad[ =m pyramids4 ,! angle c receives ! highe/ grade ( light because x is directly 9 front ( ! w9d[ a b & ! :ole horizon ( ! sky m x4 ,! angle a diff]s b little f c because ! angles :i* divide x are n s unequal z ^? bel[1 & only t portion ( ! horizon is int]cept$ :i* lies betwe5 y & x4 ,al?\gh x ga9s z mu* on ! o!r side its l9e is nev]!less n v /rong because "o angle is small] ?an its fell[4 ,! angles e i w h less light because !y d n see mu* ( ! light m s & ! light v x & _! angles are v unequal4 ,yhe angle k & ! angle f are ea* plac$ betwe5 v unequal angles & !re=e h b little light1 because at k x has only ! light p t1 & at f only t q2 o g is ! l[e/ grade ( light because ?is "p has no light at all f ! sky2 & !nce come ! l9es :i* w recon/ruct a pyramid t is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! pyramid c2 & ?is pyramid l is 9 ! fir/ grade ( %ad[2 = ?is too is plac$ betwe5 equal angles directly opposite to ea* o!r on ei!r side ( a /raight l9e :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body & goes to ! c5tre ( ! light4 ,! sev]al lum9\s images ca/ )9 ! frame ( ! w9d[ at ! po9ts a & b make a light :i* surr\nds ! d]iv$ %ad[ ca/ by ! solid body at ! po9ts #d & #f4 ,! %ad$ images increase f o g & end at #g & #h4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is *apt] is ,no4 #b on ,plate ,,iii4 ,9 ! orig9al x is plac$ betwe5 l9es #c & #d1 & 9 ! reproduction ^! are %[n 9 "p4 ,! semi circle above is m>k$ orizonte 7horizon74 ,! numb] #f at ! left h& side1 outside ! facsimile1 is 9 ! place ( a figure :i* has become indi/9ct 9 ! orig9al4 ,on ! int5sity ( %ad[s z dep5d5t on ! di/ance f ! light 7#aej-aeb74 #aej4 ,! small] ! light t falls ^u an object ! m %ad[ x w display4 ,& ! light w illum9ate a small] portion ( ! object 9 proportion z x is ne>] to x2 & conv]sely1 a l>g] ext5t ( x 9 proportion z x is f>!r (f4 ,a light :i* is small] ?an ! object on :i* x falls w light up a small] ext5t ( x 9 proportion z x is ne>] to x1 & ! conv]se1 z x is f>!r f x4 ,b :5 ! light is l>g] ?an ! object illum9at$ x w light a l>g] ext5t ( ! object 9 proportion z x is ne>] & ! conv]se :5 !y are f>!r ap>t4 #aea4 ,t portion ( an illum9at$ object :i* is ne>e/ to ! s\rce ( light w be ! mo/ /rongly illum9at$4 #aeb4 ,t portion ( ! prim>y %ad[ w be lea/ d>k :i* is f>!/ f ! edges4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ w be d>k] ?an ! prim>y %ad[ :]e x is contigu\s ) x4 ,on ! proportion ( light & %ade 7#aec-aeg74 #aec4 ,t portion ( an opaque body w be m 9 %ade or m 9 light1 :i* is ne>] to ! d>k body1 by :i* x is %ad$1 or to ! light t illum9ates x4 ,objects se5 9 light & %ade %[ 9 great] relief ?an ^? :i* are :olly 9 light or 9 %ad[4 #aed4 ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,! %ad$ & illum9at$ sides ( opaque objects w display ! same proportion ( light & d>kness z _! objects ,footnote #f3 ,! mean+ ( obbietti 7objects7 is expla9$ 9 no #aec1 l9es #a-d4--;,betwe5 ! title-l9e & ! next !re is1 9 ! orig9al1 a small diagram repres5t+ a circle describ$ r\nd a squ>e44 #aee4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! outl9es & =m ( any "p ( a body 9 light & %ade are indi/9ct 9 ! %ad[s & 9 ! high lights2 b 9 ! portions betwe5 ! light & ! %ad[s !y are highly conspicu\s4 #aef4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,among objects 9 v>i\s degrees ( %ade1 :5 ! light proce$s f a s+le s\rce1 !re w be ! same proportion 9 _! %ad[s z 9 ! natural dim9ution ( ! light & ! same mu/ be und]/ood ( ! degrees ( light4 #aeg4 ,a s+le & di/9ct lum9\s body causes /rong] relief 9 ! object ?an a diffus$ light2 z may be se5 by comp>+ "o side ( a l&scape illum9at$ by ! sun1 & "o ov]%ad[$ by cl\ds1 & s illum9at$ only by ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,?ird ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,def9ition ( d]iv$ %ad[ 7#aeh4 #aei74 #aeh4 ,d]iv$ %ad[ _c exi/ )\t prim>y %ad[4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fir/ ( ?is :i* says3 ,d>kness is ! total abs5ce ( light1 & %ad[ is an alleviation ( d>kness & ( light1 & x is m or less d>k or light 9 proportion z ! d>kness is modifi$ by ! light4 #aei4 ,%ad[ is dim9ution ( light4 ,d>kness is abs5ce ( light4 ,%ad[ is divid$ into two k9ds1 ( :i* ! fir/ is call$ prim>y %ad[1 ! second is d]iv$ %ad[4 ,! prim>y %ad[ is always ! basis ( ! d]iv$ %ad[4 ,! edges ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ are /raight l9es4 ,footnote3 ,! !ory ( ! ombra dirivativa--a te*nical expression = :i* !re is no precise ,engli% equival5t is elaborately treat$ by ,leon>do4 ,b bo? text & diagrams 7z ,pl4 ,,iv1 #a-c & ,pl4 ,v7 mu/ at once conv9ce ! /ud5t t ! di/9ction he makes betwe5 ombra primitiva & ombra dirivativa is n m]ely ju/ifiable b sci5tific4 ,ombra dirivativa is by no means a m]e ab/ract idea4 ,?is is easily prov$ by repeat+ ! exp]im5t made by ,leon>do1 & by fill+ ) smoke ! room 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! ombra dirivativa is inve/igat$1 :5 ! %ad[ becomes visible4 ,nor is x difficult to p]ceive h[ mu* ( ,leon>do's tea*+ dep5d$ on ?is !ory4 ,! recognis$1 b extremely complicat$ sci5ce ( ca/ %ad[s--p]cussione dell' ombre dirivative z ,leon>do calls !m--is ?us r5d]$ m intelligible if n actually simpl]1 & we mu/ assume ?is !ory z our *ief guide ?r\gh ! inve/igations :i* foll[4 ,! d>kness ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ dim9i%es 9 proportion z x is remote f ! prim>y %ad[4 ,diff]5t sorts ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#afj-afb74 #afj4 ,,%ad[ ,,& ,,light4 ,! =ms ( %ad[s are ?ree3 inasmu* z if ! solid body :i* ca/s ! %ad[ is equal 79 size7 to ! light1 ! %ad[ resembles a column )\t any t]m9ation 79 l5g?74 ,if ! body is l>g] ?an ! light ! %ad[ resembles a truncat$ & inv]t$ pyramid1 & its l5g? has also no def9$ t]m9ation4 ,b if ! body is small] ?an ! light1 ! %ad[ w resemble a pyramid & come to an end1 z is se5 9 eclipses ( ! moon4 #afa4 ,,( ,,simple ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,! simple d]iv$ %ad[ is ( two k9ds3 "o k9d :i* has its l5g? def9$1 & two k9ds :i* are undef9$2 & ! def9$ %ad[ is pyramidal4 ,( ! two undef9$1 "o is a column & ! o!r spreads out2 & all ?ree h rectil9e> outl9es4 ,b ! conv]g+1 t is ! pyramidal1 %ad[ proce$s f a body t is small] ?an ! light1 & ! column> f a body equal 9 size to ! light1 & ! spread+ %ad[ f a body l>g] ?an ! light2 c4 ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,comp\nd d]iv$ %ad[s are ( two k9ds2 t is column> & spread+4 #afb4 ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,d]iv$ %ad[s are ( ?ree k9ds ( :i* "o is spread+1 ! second column>1 ! ?ird conv]g+ to ! po9t :]e ! two sides meet & int]sect1 & beyond ?is int]section ! sides are inf9itely prolong$ or /raight l9es4 ,& if y say1 ?is %ad[ mu/ t]m9ate at ! angle :]e ! sides meet & ext5d no f>!r1 ,i d5y ?is1 because above 9 ! fir/ on %ad[ ,i h prov$3 t a ?+ is completely t]m9at$ :5 no portion ( x goes beyond its t]m9at+ l9es4 ,n[ "h1 9 ?is %ad[1 we see ! conv]se ( ?is1 9 z mu* z :]e ?is d]iv$ %ad[ orig9ates we obvi\sly h ! figures ( two pyramids ( %ad[ :i* meet at _! angles4 ,h5ce1 if1 z my oppon5t says1 ! fir/ pyramid ( %ad[ t]m9ates ! d]ivative %ad[ at ! angle :5ce x />ts1 !n ! second pyramid ( %ad[--s says ! adv]s>y--mu/ be caus$ by ! angle & n f ! body 9 %ad[2 & ?is is disprov$ ) ! help ( ! #bnd ( ?is :i* says3 ,%ad[ is a condition produc$ by a body ca/+ a %ad[1 & int]pos$ betwe5 ?is %ad[ & ! lum9\s body4 ,by ?is x is made cle> t ! %ad[ is n produc$ by ! angle ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ b only by ! body ca/+ ! %ad[2 c4 ,if a sph]ical solid body is illum9at$ by a light ( elongat$ =m ! %ad[ produc$ by ! longe/ portion ( ?is light w h less def9$ outl9es ?an t :i* is produc$ by ! bread? ( ! same light4 ,& ?is is prov$ by :at 0 said be=e1 :i* is3 ,t a %ad[ w h less def9$ outl9es 9 proportion z ! light :i* causes x is l>g]1 & conv]sely1 ! outl9es are cle>] 9 proportion z x is small]4 ,footnote3 ,! two diagrams to ?is *apt] are on ,plate ,,iv1 ,no4 #a4 ,on ! relation ( d]iv$ & prim>y %ad[ 7#afc-afe74 #afc4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ c nev] resemble ! body f :i* x proce$s unless ! light is ( ! same =m & size z ! body caus+ ! %ad[4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ _c be ( ! same =m z ! prim>y %ad[ unless x is int]cept$ by a plane p>allel to x4 #afd4 ,,h[ ,a ,,ca/ ,,%ad[ ,,c ,,nev] ,,be ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,size ,,z ,,! ,,body ,,t ,,ca/s ,,x4 ,if ! rays ( light proce$1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 f a s+le po9t & are diffus$ 9 a sph]e r\nd ?is po9t1 radiat+ & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! air1 ! f>!r !y spread ! wid] !y mu/ spread2 & an object plac$ betwe5 ! light & a wall is always imag$ l>g] 9 its %ad[1 because ! rays t /rike x ,footnote3 #g4 ,! foll[+ l9es are want+ to complete ! logical connection4 w\ld1 by ! "t !y h rea*$ ! wall1 h become l>g]4 #afe4 ,any %ad[ ca/ by a body 9 light & %ade is ( ! same nature & "* z t :i* is insep>able f ! body4 ,! c5tre ( ! l5g? ( a %ad[ always corresponds to t ( ! lum9\s body ,footnote #f3 ,?is second /atem5t ( ! same idea z 9 ! =m] s5t5ce1 b 9 diff]5t words1 does n1 9 ! orig9al1 come next to ! =ego+2 sections #agb & #abg are plac$ betwe5 !m44 ,x is inevitable t e %ad[ mu/ h its c5tre 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! light4 ,on ! %ape ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#aff-agd74 #aff4 ,,( ,,! ,,pyramidal ,,%ad[4 ,! pyramidal %ad[ produc$ by a column> body w be n>r[] ?an ! body itself 9 proportion z ! simple d]iv$ %ad[ is int]sect$ f>!r f ! body :i* ca/s x4 ,footnote #aff3 ,comp>e ! fir/ diagram to ,no4 #afa4 ,if we "h conceive ( ! outl9es ( ! pyramid ( %ad[ on ! gr\nd z prolong$ beyond its apex ?is gives rise to a second pyramid2 ?is is :at is spok5 ( at ! beg9n+ ( ,no4 #aff4 #afg4 ,! ca/ %ad[ w be longe/ :5 ! light is l[e/4 ,! ca/ %ad[ w be %orte/ :5 ! light is highe/4 #afh4 ,bo? ! prim>y & d]iv$ %ad[ w be l>g] :5 caus$ by ! light ( a c&le ?an by diffus$ light4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l>g] & small] %ad[s w be 9 inv]se proportion to ! l>g] & small] lights caus+ !m4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! diagrams ,a /&s = celo 7sky71 ,b = cadela 7c&le74 #afi4 ,,all ,,bodies1 ,,9 ,,proportion ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,ne>] ,,to1 ,,or ,,f>!r ,,f ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,light1 ,,w ,,produce ,,long] ,,or ,,%ort] ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,among bodies ( equal size1 t "o :i* is illum9at$ by ! l>ge/ light w h ! %orte/ %ad[4 ,exp]im5t confirms ?is proposition4 ,?us ! body m n is surr\nd$ by a l>g] am\nt ( light ?an ! body p q1 z is %[n above4 ,let u say t v c a b d x is ! sky1 ! s\rce ( light1 & t s t is a w9d[ by :i* ! lum9\s rays ent]1 & s m n & p q are bodies 9 light & %ade z expos$ to ?is light2 m n w h a small d]iv$ %ad[1 because its orig9al %ad[ w be small2 & ! d]ivative light w be l>ge1 aga91 because ! orig9al light c d w be l>ge & p q w h m d]iv$ %ad[ because its orig9al %ad[ w be l>g]1 & its d]iv$ light w be small] ?an t ( ! body m n because t portion ( ! hemisph]e a b :i* illum9ates x is small] ?an ! hemisph]e c d :i* illum9ates ! body m n4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram1 giv5 on ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #b1 /&s 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #b & #g1 :ile ! text ( l9es #c to #f is writt5 on its left side4 ,9 ! reproduction ( ?is diagram ! lett] v at ! out] "r-h& end has be5 omitt$4 #agj4 ,! %ad[ m be>s ! same proportion to ! %ad[ n z ! l9e b c to ! l9e f c4 #aga4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,( diff]5t %ad[s ( equal /r5g? t :i* is ne>e/ ! eye w seem ! lea/ /rong4 ,:y is ! %ad[ e a b 9 ! fir/ grade ( /r5g?1 b c 9 ! second2 c d 9 ! ?ird8 ,! reason is t z f e a b ! sky is n[h]e visible1 x gets no light :atev] f ! sky1 & s has no direct prim>y light4 b c faces ! portion ( ! sky f g & is illum9at$ by x4 c d faces ! sky at h k4 c d1 be+ expos$ to a l>g] ext5t ( sky ?an b c1 x is reasonable t x %\ld be m light$4 ,& ?us1 up to a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! wall a d w gr[ light] = ! reasons "h giv51 until ! d>kness ( ! room ov]p[]s ! light f ! w9d[4 #agb4 ,:5 ! light ( ! atmosph]e is re/rict$ by an op5+ & illum9ates bodies :i* ca/ %ad[s1 ^! bodies be+ equally di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! w9d[1 t :i* is mo/ obliquely plac$ w ca/ ! l>ge/ %ad[ beyond x4 #agc4 ,^! bodies /&+ ap>t 9 a room light$ by a s+le w9d[ w h d]ivative %ad[s m or less %ort accord+ z !y are m or less opposite to ! w9d[4 ,among ! %ad[s ca/ by bodies ( equal mass b at unequal di/ances f ! op5+ by :i* !y are illum9at$1 t %ad[ w be ! longe/ ( ! body :i* is lea/ 9 ! light4 ,& 9 proportion z "o body is bett] illum9at$ ?an ano!r its %ad[ w be %ort] ?an ano!r4 ,! proportion n m & e v k be> to r t & v x corresponds ) t ( ! %ad[ x to #d & y4 ,! reason :y ^? bodies :i* are plac$ mo/ 9 front ( ! middle ( ! w9d[ ?r[ %ort] %ad[s ?an ^? obliquely situat$ is3--,t ! w9d[ appe>s 9 its prop] =m & to ! obliquely plac$ ones x appe>s =e%ort5$2 to ^? 9 ! middle1 ! w9d[ %[s its full size1 to ! oblique ones x appe>s small]2 ! "o 9 ! middle faces ! :ole hemisph]e t is e f & ^? on ! side h only a /rip2 t is q r faces a b2 & m n faces c d2 ! body 9 ! middle hav+ a l>g] quantity ( light ?an ^? at ! sides is light$ f a po9t mu* bel[ its c5tre1 & ?us ! %ad[ is %ort]4 ,& ! pyramid g #d goes into l y exactly z (t5 z a b goes into e f4 ,! axis ( e d]ivative %ad[ passes ?r\gh #f #a_/b ,footnote #ca3 passa p] #f #a_/b 7passes ?r\gh #f #a_/b74 ,! mean+ ( ^! words is probably ?is3 ,ea* ( ! ?ree axes ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ int]sects ! c5tre 7mezzo7 ( ! prim>y %ad[ 7ombra orig9ale7 &1 by prolongation upw>ds crosses six l9es4 ,?is is self evid5t only 9 ! middle diagram2 b x is equally true ( ! side figures if we conceive ( ! l9es #d f1 x n v m1 y l k v1 & #d e1 z prolong$ beyond ! semicircle ( ! horizon4 & is 9 a /raight l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! prim>y %ad[1 ) ! c5tre ( ! body ca/+ x & ( ! d]ivative light & ) ! c5tre ( ! w9d[ &1 f9ally1 ) ! c5tre ( t portion ( ! s\rce ( light :i* is ! cele/ial hemisph]e1 y h is ! c5tre ( ! d]iv$ %ade1 l h ( ! prim>y %ad[1 l ( ! body ?r[+ x1 l k ( ! d]iv$ light1 v is ! c5tre ( ! w9d[1 e is ! f9al c5tre ( ! orig9al light af=d$ by t portion ( ! hemisph]e ( ! sky :i* illum9ates ! solid body4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! diagram on ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #c4 ,9 ! orig9al ?is draw+ is plac$ betwe5 l9es #c & #bb2 ! re/1 f l9e #d to l9e #ba1 is writt5 on ! left h& m>g94 #agd4 ,,! ,,f>!r ,,! ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[ ,,is ,,prolong$ ,,! ,,light] ,,x ,,becomes4 ,y w f9d t ! proportion ( ! diamet] ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ to t ( ! prim>y %ad[ w be ! same z t betwe5 ! d>kness ( ! prim>y %ad[ & t ( ! d]iv$ %ad[4 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ,no4 #agg4 ,let a b be ! diamet] ( ! prim>y %ad[ & c d t ( ! d]iv$ %ad[1 ,i say t a b go+1 z y see1 ?ree times into d c1 ! %ad[ d c w be ?ree times z light z ! %ad[ a b4 ,footnote #h3 ,comp>e ,no4 #agg4 ,if ! size ( ! illum9at+ body is l>g] ?an t ( ! illum9at$ body an int]section ( %ad[ w occur1 beyond :i* ! %ad[s w run (f 9 two opposite directions z if !y 7 caus$ by two sep>ate lights4 ,on ! relative int5sity ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#age-agi74 #age4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ is /rong] 9 proportion z x is ne>] to its place ( orig94 #agf4 ,,h[ ,,%ad[s ,,fade ,,away ,,at ,,long ,,di/ances4 ,%ad[s fade & are lo/ at long di/ances because ! l>g] quantity ( illum9at$ air :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & ! object se5 t9ts ! %ad[ ) its own col\r4 #agg4 a b w be d>k] ?an c d 9 proportion z c d is broad] ?an a b4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ! ^w lume 7light7 is writt5 at ! apex ( ! pyramid4 #agh4 ,x c be prov$ :y ! %ad[ o p c h is d>k] 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! l9e p h & is light] 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! l9e o c4 ,let ! light a b1 be a w9d[1 & let ! d>k wall 9 :i* ?is w9d[ is1 be b s1 t is1 "o ( ! sides ( ! wall4 ,!n we may say t ! l9e p h is d>k] ?an any o!r "p ( ! space o p c h1 because ?is l9e faces ! :ole surface 9 %ad[ ( ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ! diagram is plac$ betwe5 l9es #bg & #bh4 ! wall b s4 ,! l9e o c is light] ?an ! o!r "p ( ?is space o p c h1 because ?is l9e faces ! lum9\s space a b4 ,:]e ! %ad[ is l>g]1 or small]1 or equal ! body :i* ca/s x4 ,fir/ ( ! "* ( divid$ lights4 ,footnote #ad3 lumi divisi4 ,! text "h breaks (f abruptly4 ,,( ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,%ad[ ,f1 ,r1 ,c1 ,h ,,caus$ ,,by ,a ,,s+le ,,light4 ,! %ad[ f r c h is "u su* conditions z t :]e x is f>!/ f its inn] side x loses dep? 9 proportion4 ,to prove ?is3 ,let d a1 be ! light & f n ! solid body1 & let a e be "o ( ! side walls ( ! w9d[ t is d a4 ,!n ,i say--accord+ to ! #bnd proposition3 t ! surface ( any body is affect$ by ! tone ( ! objects surr\nd+ x1--t ! side r c1 :i* faces ! d>k wall a e mu/ p>ticipate ( its d>kness &1 9 ! same way t ! out] surface :i* faces ! light d a p>ticipates ( ! light2 ?us we get ! outl9es ( ! extremes on ea* side ( ! c5tre includ$ betwe5 !m4 ,?is is divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,! fir/ ! extremes1 :i* include ! comp\nd %ad[1 secondly ! comp\nd %ad[ betwe5 ^! extremes4 #agi4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,light ,,z ,,f ,,its ,,c5tre4 ,if x 7 ! :ole ( ! light t caus$ ! %ad[s beyond ! bodies plac$ 9 front ( x1 x w\ld foll[ t any body mu* small] ?an ! light w\ld ca/ a pyramidal %ad[2 b exp]i5ce n %[+ ?is1 x mu/ be ! c5tre ( ! light t produces ?is effect4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is passage is betwe5 l9es #d & #e 9 ! orig9al4 ,comp4 ! reproduction ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #d4 ,! text & draw+ ( ?is *apt] h already be5 publi%$ ) tol]able accuracy4 ,see ,m4 ,,jordan3 ,das ,mal]bu* des ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,leipzig #ahgc1 ,p4 #ij4 ,,pro(4 ,let a b be ! wid? ( ! light f a w9d[1 :i* falls on a /ick set up at "o foot f a c ,footnote #f3 ba/one 7/ick74 ,! diagram has a sph]e 9 place ( a /ick44 ,& let a d be ! space :]e all ! light f ! w9d[ is visible4 ,at c e t "p ( ! w9d[ :i* is betwe5 l b _c be se54 ,9 ! same way a m _c be se5 f d f & !re=e 9 ^! two portions ! light beg9s to fail4 ,%ad[ z produc$ by two lights ( diff]5t size 7#ahj4 #aha74 #ahj4 ,a body 9 light & %ade plac$ betwe5 two equal lights side by side w ca/ %ad[s 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( light4 ,& ! %ad[s w be "o d>k] ?an ! o!r 9 proportion z "o light is ne>] to ! said body ?an ! o!r on ! opposite side4 ,a body plac$ at an equal di/ance betwe5 two lights w ca/ two %ad[s1 "o deep] ?an ! o!r 9 proportion1 z ! light :i* causes x is bright] ?an ! o!r4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ! l>g] diagram is plac$ above ! fir/ l9e2 ! small] "o betwe5 l4 #d #e4 #aha4 ,a light :i* is small] ?an ! body x illum9ates produces %ad[s ( :i* ! outl9es end )9 ! surface ( ! body1 & n mu* comp\nd %ad[2 & falls on less ?an half ( x4 ,a light :i* is l>g] ?an ! body x illum9ates1 falls on m ?an half ( x1 & produces mu* comp\nd %ad[4 ,! effect ( light at diff]5t di/ances4 #ahb4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,ca/ ,,by ,a ,,body ,,plac$ ,,betwe5 #b ,,equal ,,lights4 ,a body plac$ betwe5 #b equal lights w ca/ #b %ad[s ( itself 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( ! #b lights2 & if y move ?is body plac+ x ne>] to "o ( ! lights ! %ad[ ca/ t[>ds ! ne>] light w be less deep ?an t :i* falls t[>ds ! m di/ant "o4 ,fur!r complications 9 ! d]iv$ %ad[s 7#ahc-ahg74 #ahc4 ,! greate/ dep? ( %ad[ is 9 ! simple d]iv$ %ad[ because x is n light$ by ei!r ( ! two lights a b1 c d4 ,! next less deep %ad[ is ! d]iv$ %ad[ e f n2 & 9 ?is ! %ad[ is less by half1 because x is illum9at$ by a s+le light1 t is c d4 ,?is is uni=m 9 natural tone because x is light$ ?r\gh\t by "o only ( ! two lum9\s bodies #aj4 ,b x v>ies ) ! conditions ( %ad[1 inasmu* z ! f>!r x is away f ! light ! less x is illum9at$ by x #ac4 ,! ?ird degree ( dep? is ! middle %ad[ ,footnote #ae3 ,we ga!r f :at foll[s t q g r "h means ombra m$ia 7! middle %ad[744 ,b ?is is n uni=m 9 natural tone2 because ! ne>] x gets to ! simple d]iv$ %ad[ ! deep] x is ,footnote #ah3 ,comp>e l9es #aj-ac1 & x is ! uni=mly gradual dim9ution by increase ( di/ance :i* is :at modifies x ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,footnote #ah3 t is to say ! dep? ( a %ad[ increases 9 proportion to ! di/ance f ! two lights4 ,! f\r? is ! %ad[ k r s & ?is is all ! d>k] 9 natural tone 9 proportion z x is ne>] to k s1 because x gets less ( ! light a o1 b by ! accid5t ( di/ance x is r5d]$ less deep1 because x is ne>] to ! light c d1 & ?us is always expos$ to bo? lights4 ,! fif? is less deep 9 %ad[ ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs because x is always entirely expos$ to "o ( ! lights & to ! :ole or "p ( ! o!r2 & x is less deep 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! two lights1 & 9 proportion z x is turn$ t[>ds ! out] side x t2 because x is m expos$ to ! second light a b4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram to ?is section is giv5 on ,pl4 ,v4 ,to ! left is ! facsimile ( ! beg9n+ ( ! text belong+ to x4 #ahd4 ,,( ,,simple ,,%ad[s4 ,:y1 at ! int]sections a1 b ( ! two comp\nd %ad[s e f & m e1 is a simple %ad[ pfoduc$ z at e h & m g1 :ile no su* simple %ad[ is produc$ at ! o!r two int]sections c d made by ! v same comp\nd %ad[s8 ,,answ]4 ,comp\nd %ad[ are a mixture ( light & %ade & simple %ad[s are simply d>kness4 ,h5ce1 ( ! two lights n & o1 "o falls on ! comp\nd %ad[ f "o side1 & ! o!r on ! comp\nd %ad[ f ! o!r side1 b :]e !y int]sect no light falls1 z at a b2 !re=e x is a simple %ad[4 ,:]e !re is a comp\nd %ad[ "o light or ! o!r falls2 & "h a difficulty arises = my adv]s>y s9ce he says t1 :]e ! comp\nd %ad[s int]sect1 bo? ! lights :i* produce ! %ad[s mu/ ( necessity fall & !re=e ^! %ad[s ought to be neutralis$2 inasmu* z ! two lights d n fall !re1 we say t ! %ad[ is a simple "o & :]e only "o ( ! two lights falls1 we say ! %ad[ is comp\nd1 & :]e bo? ! lights fall ! %ad[ is neutralis$2 = :]e bo? lights fall1 no %ad[ ( any k9d is produc$1 b only a light backgr\nd limit+ ! %ad[4 ,"h ,i %all say t :at my adv]s>y said 0 true3 b he only m5tions su* tru?s z are 9 8 fav\r2 & if we g on to ! re/ he mu/ conclude t my proposition is true4 ,& t is3 ,t if bo? lights fell on ! po9t ( int]section1 ! %ad[s w\ld be neutralis$4 ,?is ,i confess to be true if nei!r ( ! two %ad[s fell 9 ! same spot2 because1 :]e a %ad[ & a light fall1 a comp\nd %ad[ is produc$1 & :]ev] two %ad[s or two equal lights fall1 ! %ad[ _c v>y 9 any "p ( x1 ! %ad[s & ! lights bo? be+ equal4 ,& ?is is prov$ 9 ! eigh? proposition on proportion :]e x is said t if a giv5 quantity has a s+le unit ( =ce & resi/ance1 a d\ble quantity w h d\ble =ce & d\ble resi/ance4 ,,def9ition4 ,! int]section n is produc$ by ! %ad[s caus$ by ! light b1 because ?is light b produces ! %ad[ x b1 & ! %ad[ s b1 b ! int]section m is produc$ by ! light a :i* causes ! %ad[ s a1 & ! %ad[ x a4 ,b if y uncov] bo? ! lights a b1 !n y get ! two %ad[s n m bo? at once1 & besides ^!1 two o!r1 simple %ad[s are produc$ at r o :]e nei!r ( ! two lights falls at all4 ,! grades ( dep? 9 comp\nd %ad[s are few] 9 proportion z ! lights fall+ on1 & cross+ !m are less num]\s4 #ahf4 ,:y ! int]sections at n be+ compos$ ( two comp\nd d]iv$ %ad[s1 =ms a comp\nd %ad[ & n a simple "o1 z happ5s ) o!r int]sections ( comp\nd %ad[s4 ,?is occurs1 accord+ to ! #bnd diagram ( ?is prop4 :i* says3--,! int]section ( d]iv$ %ad[s :5 produc$ by ! int]section ( column> %ad[s caus$ by a s+le light does n produce a simple %ad[4 ,& ?is is ! coroll>y ( ! #a/ prop4 :i* says3--,! int]section ( simple d]iv$ %ad[s nev] results 9 a deep] %ad[1 because ! deepe/ %ad[s all add$ toge!r _c be d>k] ?an "o by itself4 ,s9ce1 if _m deepe/ %ad[s increas$ 9 dep? by _! duplication1 !y c\ld n be call$ ! deepe/ %ad[s1 b only "p-%ad[s4 ,b if su* int]sections are illum9at$ by a second light plac$ betwe5 ! eye & ! int]sect+ bodies1 !n ^? %ad[s w\ld become comp\nd %ad[s & be uni=mly d>k j z mu* at ! int]section z ?r\gh\t ! re/4 ,9 ! #a/ & #bnd above1 ! int]sections i k w n be d\bl$ 9 dep? z x is d\bl$ 9 quantity4 ,b 9 ?is #crd1 at ! int]sections g n !y w be d\ble 9 dep? & 9 quantity4 #ahg4 ,,h[ ,,& ,,:5 ,,! ,,surr\nd+s ,,9 ,,%ad[ ,,m+le ,,_! ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[ ,,) ,,! ,,light ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,lum9\s ,,body4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ ( ! d>k walls on ea* side ( ! bright light ( ! w9d[ are :at m+le _! v>i\s degrees ( %ade ) ! light d]iv$ f ! w9d[2 & ^! v>i\s dep?s ( %ade modify e portion ( ! light1 except :]e x is /ronge/1 at c4 ,to prove ?is let d a be ! prim>y %ad[ :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! po9t e1 & d>k5s x by its d]iv$ %ad[2 z may be se5 by ! triangle a e d1 9 :i* ! angle e faces ! d>k5$ base d a e2 ! po9t v faces ! d>k %ad[ a s :i* is "p ( a d1 & z ! :ole is great] ?an a "p1 e :i* faces ! :ole base ( ! triangle1 w be 9 deep] %ad[ ?an v :i* only faces "p ( x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! conclusion %[n 9 ! above diagram1 t w be less d>k5$ ?an v1 because ! base ( ! t is "p ( ! base ( ! v2 & 9 ! same way x foll[s t p is less 9 %ad[ ?an t1 because ! base ( ! p is "p ( ! base ( ! t4 ,& c is ! t]m9al po9t ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ & ! *ief beg9n+ ( ! highe/ light4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram on ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #e belongs to ?is passage2 b x mu/ be not$ t ! text expla9s only ! figure on ! "r-h& side4 ,,f\r? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,on ! %ape ( ! ca/ %ad[s 7#ahh-aia74 #ahh4 ,! =m ( ! %ad[ ca/ by any body ( uni=m d5sity c nev] be ! same z t ( ! body produc+ x4 ,footnote3 ,comp4 ! draw+ on ,,pi4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #e4 #ahi4 ,no ca/ %ad[ c produce ! true image ( ! body :i* ca/s x on a v]tical plane unless ! c5tre ( ! light is equally di/ant f all ! edges ( t body4 #aij4 ,if a w9d[ a b admits ! sunlight into a room1 ! sunlight w magnify ! size ( ! w9d[ & dim9i% ! %ad[ ( a man 9 su* a way z t :5 ! man makes t dim %ad[ ( himself1 approa* to t :i* def9es ! real size ( ! w9d[1 he w see ! %ad[s :]e !y come into contact1 dim & confus$ f ! /r5g? ( ! light1 %utt+ (f & n all[+ ! sol> rays to pass2 ! effect ( ! %ad[ ( ! man ca/ by ?is contact w be exactly t figur$ above4 ,footnote3 ,x is sc>cely possible to r5d] ! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce ) /rict accuracy2 ma9ly because ! grammatical con/ruction is defective 9 ! mo/ important "p--l9e #d4 ,9 ! v slight orig9al sket* ! %ad[ t\*es ! upp] ar* ( ! w9d[ & ! correction1 "h giv5 is p]haps n ju/ifi$4 #aia4 ,a %ad[ is nev] se5 z ( uni=m dep? on ! surface :i* int]cepts x unless e portion ( t surface is equidi/ant f ! lum9\s body4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #g? :i* says3--,! %ad[ w appe> light] or /rong] z x is surr\nd$ by a d>k] or a light] backgr\nd4 ,& by ! #h? ( ?is3--,! backgr\nd w be 9 p>ts d>k] or light]1 9 proportion z x is f>!r f or ne>] to ! lum9\s body4 ,&3--,( v>i\s spots equally di/ant f ! lum9\s body ^? w always be 9 ! highe/ light on :i* ! rays fall at ! smalle/ angles3 ,! outl9e ( ! %ad[ z x falls on inequalities 9 ! surface w be se5 ) all ! cont\rs simil> to ^? ( ! body t ca/s x1 if ! eye is plac$ j :]e ! c5tre ( ! light 04 ,! %ad[ w look d>ke/ :]e x is f>!/ f ! body t ca/s x4 ,! %ad[ c d1 ca/ by ! body 9 %ad[ a b :i* is equally di/ant 9 all p>ts1 is n ( equal dep? because x is se5 on a back gr\nd ( v>y+ brightness4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! ?ree diagrams on ,pl4 ,,vi1 no #a :i*1 9 ! orig9al accompany ?is section4 ,on ! outl9es ( ca/ %ad[s 7#aib-aie74 #aib4 ,! edges ( a d]iv$ %ad[ w be mo/ di/9ct :]e x is ca/ ne>e/ to ! prim>y %ad[4 #aic4 ,z ! d]iv$ %ad[ gets m di/ant f ! prim>y %ad[1 ! m ! ca/ %ad[ diff]s f ! prim>y %ad[4 #aid4 ,,( ,,%ad[s ,,:i* ,,nev] ,,come ,,to ,,an ,,end4 ,! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 a light & ! body light$ by x1 ! light be+ ! l>g]1 ! m vague w be ! outl9es ( ! %ad[ ( t object4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ w be mo/ confus$ t[>ds ! edges ( its int]ception by a plane1 :]e x is remote/ f ! body ca/+ x4 #aie4 ,:at is ! cause :i* makes ! outl9es ( ! %ad[ vague & confus$8 ,:e!r x is possible to give cle> & def9ite outl9es to ! edges ( %ad[s4 ,on ! relative size ( %ad[s 7#aif4 #aig74 #aif4 ,,! ,,body ,,:i* ,,is ,,ne>e/ ,,to ,,! ,,light ,,ca/s ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,%ad[1 ,,& ,,:y8 ,if an object plac$ 9 front ( a s+le light is v close to x y w see t x ca/s a v l>ge %ad[ on ! opposite wall1 & ! f>!r y remove ! object f ! light ! small] w ! image ( ! %ad[ become4 ,,:y ,a ,,%ad[ ,,l>g] ,,?an ,,! ,,body ,,t ,,produces ,,x ,,becomes ,,out ,,( ,,proportion4 ,! disproportion ( a %ad[ :i* is l>g] ?an ! body produc+ x1 results f ! light be+ small] ?an ! body1 s t x _c be at an equal di/ance f ! edges ( ! body ,footnote #aa3 ,h4 ,,ludwig 9 8 edition ( ! old copies1 9 ! ,vatican libr>y--9 :i* ?is *apt] is includ$ "u ,nos4 #fab1 #fac & #fad alt]s ?is passage z foll[s3 quella p>te *'e piu prop9qua piu cresce *e le di/anti1 al?\gh ! ,vatican copy agrees ) ! orig9al ,,ms4 9 hav+ di/ante 9 ! =m] & prop9que 9 ! latt] place4 ,?is suppos$ am5dm5t seems to me to inv]t ! facts4 ,suppos+ = in/ance1 t on ,pl4 ,,xxxi ,no4 #c4 f is ! spot :]e ! light is t illum9ates ! figure !re repres5t$1 & t ! l9e beh9d ! figure repres5ts a wall on :i* ! %ad[ ( ! figure is ?r[n4 ,x is evid5t1 t 9 t case ! ne>e/ portion1 9 ?is case ! "u "p ( ! ?igh1 is v little magnifi$ 9 ! %ad[1 & ! remot] p>ts1 = in/ance ! head1 are m magnifi$42 & ! portions :i* are mo/ remote are made l>g] ?an ! ne>] portions = ?is reason ,footnote #ab3 ,see ,footnote #aa4 ,,:y ,a ,,%ad[ ,,:i* ,,is ,,l>g] ,,?an ,,! ,,body ,,caus+ ,,x ,,has ,,ill-,,def9$ ,,outl9es4 ,! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds a light is almo/ l light itself = brightness & col\r2 b ! f>!r (f x is ! m x loses ?is resemblance4 ,an object :i* ca/s a l>ge %ad[ & is ne> to ! light1 is illum9at$ bo? by t light by ! lum9\s atmosph]e2 h5ce ?is diffus$ light gives ! %ad[ ill-def9$ edges4 #aig4 ,a lum9\s body :i* is long & n>r[ 9 %ape gives m confus$ outl9es to ! d]iv$ %ad[ ?an a sph]ical light1 & ?is contradicts ! proposition next foll[+3 ,a %ad[ w h its outl9es m cle>ly def9$ 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! prim>y %ad[ or1 ,i %\ld say1 ! body ca/+ ! %ad[2 ,footnote #ad3 ,! lett]+ ref]s to ! l[] diagram1 ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #e4 ! cause ( ?is is ! elongat$ =m ( ! lum9\s body a c1 c4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,footnote #ad4 ,effects on ca/ %ad[s by ! tone ( ! back gr\nd4 #aih4 ,,( ,,modifi$ ,,%ad[s4 ,modifi$ %ad[s are ^? :i* are ca/ on light walls or o!r illum9at$ objects4 ,a %ad[ looks d>ke/ aga9/ a light backgr\nd4 ,! outl9es ( a d]iv$ %ad[ w be cle>] z !y are ne>] to ! prim>y %ad[4 ,a d]iv$ %ad[ w be mo/ def9$ 9 %ape :]e x is int]cept$1 :]e ! plane int]cepts x at ! mo/ equal angle4 ,^? p>ts ( a %ad[ w appe> d>ke/ :i* h d>k] objects opposite to !m4 ,& !y w appe> less d>k :5 !y face light] objects4 ,& ! l>g] ! light object opposite1 ! m ! %ad[ w be light5$4 ,& ! l>g] ! surface ( ! d>k object ! m x w d>k5 ! d]iv$ %ad[ :]e x is int]cept$4 ,a disput$ proposition4 #aii4 ,,( ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,"s ,,t ,a ,,triangle ,,ca/s ,,no ,,%ad[ ,,on ,a ,,plane ,,surface4 ,c]ta9 ma!maticians h ma9ta9$ t a triangle1 ( :i* ! base is turn$ to ! light1 ca/s no %ad[ on a plane2 & ?is !y prove by say+ #e t no sph]ical body small] ?an ! light c rea* ! middle ) ! %ad[4 ,! l9es ( radiant light are /raight l9es #f2 !re=e1 suppose ! light to be g h & ! triangle l m n1 & let ! plane be i k2 !y say ! light g falls on ! side ( ! triangle l n1 & ! portion ( ! plane i q4 ,?us aga9 h l g falls on ! side l m1 & !n on m n & ! plane p k2 & if ! :ole plane ?us faces ! lights g h1 x is evid5t t ! triangle has no %ad[2 & t :i* has no %ad[ c ca/ none4 ,?is1 9 ?is case appe>s cr$ible4 ,b if ! triangle n p g 7 n illum9at$ by ! two lights g & h1 b by i p & g & k nei!r side is light$ by m ?an "o s+le light3 t is i p is invisible to h g & k w nev] be light$ by g2 h5ce p q w be twice z light z ! two visible portions t are 9 %ad[4 ,footnote3 #e--f4 ,?is passage is s obscure t x w\ld be ra% to (f] an explanation4 ,sev]al words seem to h be5 omitt$4 ,on ! relative dep? ( ca/ %ad[s 7#bjj-bjb74 #bjj4 ,a spot is mo/ 9 ! %ade :5 a l>ge numb] ( d>k5$ rays fall ^u x4 ,! spot :i* receives ! rays at ! wide/ angle & by d>k5$ rays w be mo/ 9 ! d>k2 a w be twice z d>k z b1 because x orig9ates f twice z l>ge a base at an equal di/ance4 ,a spot is mo/ illum9at$ :5 a l>ge numb] ( lum9\s rays fall ^u x4 d is ! beg9n+ ( ! %ad[ d f1 & t+es c b a little2 d e is half ( ! %ad[ d f & gives a deep] tone :]e x is ca/ at b ?an at f4 ,& ! :ole %ad$ space e gives its tone to ! spot a4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram "h ref]r$ to is on ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #b4 #bja4 ,a n w be d>k] ?an c r 9 proportion to ! numb] ( times t a b goes into c d4 #bjb4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by an object on a plane w be small] 9 proportion z t object is light$ by feebl] rays4 ,let d e be ! object & d c ! plane surface2 ! numb] ( times t d e w g into f g gives ! proportion ( light at f h to d c4 ,! ray ( light w be weak] 9 proportion to its di/ance f ! hole ?r\gh :i* x falls4 ,,fif? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,pr9ciples ( reflection 7#bjc4 #bjd74 #bjc4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,ca/ ,,by ,,objects ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,def9$4 ,if ! object is ! m\nta9 "h figur$1 & ! light is at ! po9t a1 ,i say t f b d & also f c f !re w be no light b f reflect$ rays4 ,& ?is results f ! fact t rays ( light c only act 9 /raight l9es2 & ! same is ! case ) ! second>y or reflect$ rays4 #bjd4 ,! edges ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ are def9$ by ! hues ( ! illum9at$ objects surr\nd+ ! lum9\s body :i* produces ! %ad[4 ,on rev]b]ation4 #bje4 ,,( ,,rev]b]ation4 ,rev]b]ation is caus$ by bodies ( a bright nature ) a flat & semi opaque surface :i*1 :5 ! light /rikes ^u !m1 ?r[ x back aga91 l ! reb\nd ( a ball1 to ! =m] object4 ,,:]e ,,!re ,,c ,,be ,,no ,,reflect$ ,,lights4 ,all d5se bodies h _! surfaces occupi$ by v>i\s degrees ( light & %ade4 ,! lights are ( two k9ds1 "o call$ orig9al1 ! o!r borr[$4 ,orig9al light is t :i* is inh]5t 9 ! flame ( fire or ! light ( ! sun or ( ! atmosph]e4 ,borr[$ light w be reflect$ light2 b to return to ! promis$ def9ition3 ,i say t ?is lum9\s rev]b]ation is n produc$ by ^? portions ( a body :i* are turn$ t[>ds d>k5$ objects1 su* z %ad$ spots1 fields ) grass ( v>i\s height1 woods :e!r gre5 or b>e2 9 :i*1 ?\gh t side ( ea* bran* :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! orig9al light has a %>e ( t light1 nev]!less ! %ad[s ca/ by ea* bran* sep>ately are s num]\s1 z well z ^? ca/ by "o bran* on ! o!rs1 t f9ally s mu* %ad[ is ! result t ! light c\nts = no?+4 ,h5ce objects ( ?is k9d _c ?r[ any reflect$ light on opposite objects4 ,reflection on wat] 7#bjf4 #bjg74 #bjf4 ,,p]spective4 ,! %ad[ or object mirror$ 9 wat] 9 motion1 t is to say 9 small wavelets1 w always be l>g] ?an ! ext]nal object produc+ x4 #bjg4 ,x is impossible t an object mirror$ on wat] %\ld correspond 9 =m to ! object mirror$1 s9ce ! c5tre ( ! eye is above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is is made pla9 9 ! figure "h giv51 :i* demon/rates t ! eye sees ! surface a b1 & _c see x at l f1 & at r t2 x sees ! surface ( ! image at r t1 & does n see x 9 ! real object c d4 ,h5ce x is impossible to see x1 z has be5 said above unless ! eye itself is situat$ on ! surface ( ! wat] z is %[n bel[ #ac4 ,footnote3 ,a /&s = o*io eye1 ,b = aria air1 ,c = acqua wat]1 ,d = cateto ca!tus4--,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ! second diagram is plac$ bel[ l9e #ac4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! mirror 7#bjh-baj74 #bjh4 ,,! ,,mirror4 ,if ! illum9at$ object is ( ! same size z ! lum9\s body & z t 9 :i* ! light is reflect$1 ! am\nt ( ! reflect$ light w be> ! same proportion to ! int]m$iate light z ?is second light w be> to ! fir/1 if bo? bodies are smoo? & :ite4 #bji4 ,describe h[ x is t no object has its limitation 9 ! mirror b 9 ! eye :i* sees x 9 ! mirror4 ,= if y look at y\r face 9 ! mirror1 ! "p resembles ! :ole 9 z mu* z ! "p is ev]y:]e 9 ! mirror1 & ! :ole is 9 e "p ( ! same mirror2 & ! same is true ( ! :ole image ( any object plac$ opposite to ?is mirror1 c4 #baj4 ,no man c see ! image ( ano!r man 9 a mirror 9 its prop] place ) reg>d to ! objects2 because e object falls on ! surface ( ! mirror at equal angles4 ,& if ! "o man1 :o sees ! o!r 9 ! mirror1 is n 9 a direct l9e ) ! image he w n see x 9 ! place :]e x really falls2 & if he gets into ! l9e1 he cov]s ! o!r man & puts himself 9 ! place occupi$ by 8 image4 ,let n o be ! mirror1 b ! eye ( y\r fri5d & d y\r own eye4 ,y\r fri5d's eye w appe> to y at a1 & to him x w seem t y\rs is at c1 & ! int]section ( ! visual rays w occur at m1 s t ei!r ( y t\*+ m w t\* ! eye ( ! o!r man :i* %all be op54 ,& if y t\* ! eye ( ! o!r man 9 ! mirror x w seem to him t y are t\*+ y\r own4 ,app5dix3--,on %ad[s 9 movem5t 7#baa4 #bab74 #baa4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,& ,,its ,,motion4 ,:5 two bodies ca/+ %ad[s1 & "o 9 front ( ! o!r1 are betwe5 a w9d[ & ! wall ) "s space betwe5 !m1 ! %ad[ ( ! body :i* is ne>e/ to ! plane ( ! wall w move if ! body ne>e/ to ! w9d[ is put 9 transv]se motion across ! w9d[4 ,to prove ?is let a & b be two bodies plac$ betwe5 ! w9d[ n m & ! plane surface o p ) suffici5t space betwe5 !m z %[n by ! space a b4 ,i say t if ! body a is mov$ t[>ds s ! %ad[ ( ! body b :i* is at c w move t[>ds d4 #bab4 ,,( ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,%ad[s4 ,! motion ( a %ad[ is always m rapid ?an t ( ! body :i* produces x if ! light is /ation>y4 ,to prove ?is let a be ! lum9\s body1 & b ! body ca/+ ! %ad[1 & d ! %ad[4 ,!n ,i say t 9 ! "t :ile ! solid body moves f b to c1 ! %ad[ d w move to e2 & ?is proportion 9 ! rapidity ( ! movem5ts made 9 ! same space ( "t1 is equal to t 9 ! l5g? ( ! space mov$ ov]4 ,?us1 giv5 ! proportion ( ! space mov$ ov] by ! body b to c1 to t mov$ ov] by ! %ad[ d to e1 ! proportion 9 ! rapidity ( _! movem5ts w be ! same4 ,b if ! lum9\s body is also 9 movem5t ) a velocity equal to t ( ! solid body1 !n ! %ad[ & ! body t ca/s x w move ) equal spe$4 ,& if ! lum9\s body moves m rapidly ?an ! solid body1 ! motion ( ! %ad[ w be sl[] ?an t ( ! body ca/+ x4 ,b if ! lum9\s body moves m sl[ly ?an ! solid body1 !n ! %ad[ w move m rapidly ?an t body4 ,,six? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,! effect ( rays pass+ ?r\gh holes 7#bac4 #bad74 #bac4 ,,p]spective4 ,if y transmit ! rays ( ! sun ?r\gh a hole 9 ! %ape ( a /> y w see a beautiful effect ( p]spective 9 ! spot :]e ! sun's rays fall4 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s ( ,,ms4 ,c ! ord] ( ! orig9al pag+ has be5 adh]$ to1 & is %[n 9 p>5!sis4 ,leon>do himself has b r>ely work$ out ! subject ( ^! propositions4 ,! space left = ! purpose has occasionally be5 made use ( = q diff]5t matt]4 ,ev5 ! num]\s diagrams1 mo/ ( !m v delicately sket*$1 lett]$ & numb]$1 :i* occur on ^! pages1 are h>dly ev] expla9$1 ) ! exception ( ^? few :i* are "h giv54 #bad4 ,no small hole c s modify ! conv]g5ce ( rays ( light z to prev5t1 at a long di/ance1 ! transmission ( ! true =m ( ! lum9\s body caus+ !m4 ,x is impossible t rays ( light pass+ ?r\gh a p>allel slit1 %\ld n display ! =m ( ! body caus+ !m1 s9ce all ! effects produc$ by a lum9\s body are 9 fact ! reflection ( t body3 ,! moon1 %ap$ l a boat1 if transmitt$ ?r\gh a hole is figur$ 9 ! surface x falls on z a boat%ap$ object4 ,footnote #h3 ,9 ! ,,ms4 a blank space is left aft] ?is "q4 ,:y ! eye sees bodies at a di/ance1 l>g] ?an !y measure on ! v]tical plane84 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt]1 tak5 f ano!r ,,ms4 may1 z an exception1 be plac$ "h1 z x ref]s to ! same subject z ! prec$+ section4 ,on gradation ( %ad[s 7#bae4 #baf74 #bae4 ,al?\gh ! bread? & l5g? ( lights & %ad[ w be n>r[] & %ort] 9 =e%ort5+1 ! quality & quantity ( ! light & %ade is n increas$ nor dim9i%$4 #c,! function ( %ade & light :5 dim9i%$ by =e%ort5+1 w be to give %ad[ & to illum9ate an object opposite1 accord+ to ! quality & quantity 9 :i* !y fall on ! body4 #e;,9 proportion z a d]iv$ %ad[ is ne>] to its p5ultimate extremities ! deep] x w appe>1 g z beyond ! int]section faces only ! "p ( ! %ad[ m>k$ y z2 ?is by int]section takes ! %ad[ f m n b by direct l9e x takes ! %ad[ a m h5ce x is twice z deep z g z4 ,y x1 by int]section takes ! %ad[ n o1 b by direct l9e ! %ad[ n m a1 !re=e x y is ?ree times z d>k z z g2 x f1 by int]section faces o b & by direct l9e o n m a1 !re=e we mu/ say t ! %ad[ betwe5 f x w be f\r times z d>k z ! %ad[ z g1 because x faces f\r times z mu* %ad[4 ,let a b be ! side :]e ! prim>y %ad[ is1 & b c ! prim>y light1 d w be ! spot :]e x is int]cept$1f g ! d]iv$ %ad[ & f e ! d]iv$ light4 ,& ?is mu/ be at ! beg9n+ ( ! explanation4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ! text ( ,no4 #beb prec$es ! "o giv5 "h4 ,9 ! text ( ,no4 #bae !re is a blank space ( ab\t f\r l9es betwe5 ! l9es #b & #c4 ,! diagram giv5 on ,pl4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b is plac$ betwe5 l9es #d & #e4 ,betwe5 l9es #e & #f !re is ano!r space ( ab\t ?ree l9es & "o l9e left blank betwe5 l9es #h & #i4 ,! read] w f9d ! mean+ ( ! :ole passage mu* cle>] if he fir/ reads ! f9al l9es #aa--ac4 ,comp>e also l9e #d ( ,no4 #bgj4 ,on relative proportion ( light & %ad[s 7#baf--bba74 #baf4 ,t "p ( ! surface ( a body on :i* ! images reflection f o!r bodies plac$ opposite fall at ! l>ge/ angle w assume _! hue mo/ /rongly4 ,9 ! diagram bel[1 #h is a l>g] angle ?an #d1 s9ce its base a n is l>g] ?an e n ! base ( #d4 ,?is diagram bel[ %\ld end at a n #d #h4 #d,t portion ( ! illum9at$ surface on :i* a %ad[ is ca/ w be brighte/ :i* lies contigu\s to ! ca/ %ad[4 ,j z an object :i* is light$ up by a great] quantity ( lum9\s rays becomes bright]1 s "o on :i* a great] quantity ( %ad[ falls1 w be d>k]4 ,let #d be ! side ( an illum9at$ surface #d #h1 surr\nd+ ! ca/ %ad[ g e #d4 ,& ?is spot #d w be light] ?an #h1 because less %ad[ falls on x ?an on #h4 ,s9ce #d faces only ! %ad[ i n2 & #h faces & receives ! %ad[ a e z well z i n :i* makes x twice z d>k4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5s :5 y put ! atmosph]e & ! sun 9 ! place ( %ade & light4 #ab ,! di/ribution ( %ad[1 orig9at+ 91 & limit$ by1 plane surfaces plac$ ne> to ea* o!r1 equal 9 tone & directly opposite1 w be d>k] at ! ends ?an at ! beg9n+1 :i* w be det]m9$ by ! incid5ce ( ! lum9\s rays4 ,y w f9d ! same proportion 9 ! dep? ( ! d]iv$ %ad[s a n z 9 ! ne>ness ( ! lum9\s bodies m b1 :i* cause !m2 & if ! lum9\s bodies 7 ( equal size y w\ld /ill f>!r f9d ! same proportion 9 ! light ca/ by ! lum9\s circles & _! %ad[s z 9 ! di/ance ( ! said lum9\s bodies4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram orig9ally plac$ betwe5 l9es #c & #d is on ,pl4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #c4 ,9 ! diagram giv5 above l9e #ad ( ! orig9al1 & "h pr9t$ 9 ! text1 ! words corpo lum9oso lum9\s body are writt5 9 ! circle m1 lum9oso 9 ! circle b & ombroso body 9 %ad[ 9 ! circle o4 #bag4 ,,t ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,reflection ,,w ,,be ,,brighte/ ,,:]e ,,! ,,reflect$ ,,rays ,,are ,,%orte/4 #b ,! d>kness occasion$ by ! ca/+ ( comb9$ %ad[s w be 9 con=mity ) its cause1 :i* w orig9ate & t]m9ate betwe5 two plane surfaces ne> toge!r1 alike 9 tone & directly opposite ea* o!r4 #d ,9 proportion z ! s\rce ( light is l>g]1 ! lum9\s & %ad[ rays w be m mix$ toge!r4 ,?is result is produc$ because :]ev] !re is a l>g] quantity ( lum9\s rays1 !re is mo/ light1 b :]e !re are few] !re is lea/ light1 consequ5tly ! %ad[ rays come 9 & m+le ) !m4 ,footnote3 ,diagrams are ins]t$ be=e l9es #b & #d4 #bah4 ,9 all ! proportions ,i lay d[n x mu/ be und]/ood t ! m$ium betwe5 ! bodies is always ! same4 #b ,! small] ! lum9\s body ! m di/9ct w ! transmission ( ! %ad[s be4 #c ,:5 ( two opposite %ad[s1 produc$ by ! same body1 "o is twice z d>k z ! o!r ?\gh simil> 9 =m1 "o ( ! two lights caus+ !m mu/ h twice ! diamet] t ! o!r has & be at twice ! di/ance f ! opaque body4 ,if ! object is l[ly mov$ across ! lum9\s body1 & ! %ad[ is int]cept$ at "s di/ance f ! object1 !re w be ! same relative proportion betwe5 ! motion ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ & ! motion ( ! prim>y %ad[1 z betwe5 ! di/ance f ! object to ! light1 & t f ! object to ! spot :]e ! %ad[ is int]cept$2 s t ?\gh ! object is mov$ sl[ly ! %ad[ moves fa/4 ,footnote3 ,!re are diagrams ins]t$ be=e l9es #b & #c b !y are n reproduc$ "h4 ,! diagram above l9e #f is writt5 ^u z foll[s3 at ,a lume 7light71 at ,b obbietto 7body71 at ,c ombra d'obbietto 7%ad[ ( ! object74 #bai4 ,a lum9\s body w appe> less brilliant :5 surr\nd$ by a bright backgr\nd4 #b ,i h f\nd t ! />s :i* are ne>e/ to ! horizon look l>g] ?an ! o!rs because light falls ^u !m f a l>g] proportion ( ! sol> body ?an :5 !y are above u2 & hav+ m light f ! sun !y give m light1 & ! bodies :i* are mo/ lum9\s appe> ! l>ge/4 ,z may be se5 by ! sun ?r\gh a mi/1 & ov]head2 x appe>s l>g] :]e !re is no mi/ & dim9i%$ ?r\gh mi/4 ,no portion ( ! lum9\s body is ev] visible f any spot )9 ! pyramid ( pure d]iv$ %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,betwe5 l9es #a & #b !re is 9 ! orig9al a l>ge diagram :i* does n ref] to ?is text4 #bbj4 ,a body on :i* ! sol> rays fall betwe5 ! ?9 bran*es ( trees f> ap>t w ca/ b a s+le %ad[4 #b ,if an opaque body & a lum9\s "o are 7bo?7 sph]ical ! base ( ! pyramid ( rays w be> ! same proportion to ! lum9\s body z ! base ( ! pyramid ( %ade to ! opaque body4 #d ,:5 ! transmitt$ %ad[ is int]cept$ by a plane surface plac$ opposite to x & f>!r away f ! lum9\s body ?an f ! object :i* ca/s x x w appe> proportionately d>k] & ! edges m di/9ct4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 is plac$ above l9e #b1 is simil> to ! "o1 "h giv5 on page #gc 7section #abj74--,! diagram "h giv5 9 ! m>g9 /&s1 9 ! orig9al1 betwe5 l9es #c & #d4 #bba4 ,a body illum9at$ by ! sol> rays pass+ betwe5 ! ?ick bran*es ( trees w produce z _m %ad[s z !re are bran*es betwe5 ! sun & itself4 ,:]e ! %ad[-rays f an opaque pyramidal body are int]cept$ !y w ca/ a %ad[ ( bifurcate outl9e & v>i\s dep? at ! po9ts4 ,a light :i* is broad] ?an ! apex b n>r[] ?an ! base ( an opaque pyramidal body plac$ 9 front ( x1 w cause t pyramid to ca/ a %ad[ ( bifurcate =m & v>i\s degrees ( dep?4 ,if an opaque body1 small] ?an ! light1 ca/s two %ad[s & if x is ! same size or l>g]1 ca/s b "o1 x foll[s t a pyramidal body1 ( :i* "p is small]1 "p equal to1 & "p l>g] ?an1 ! lum9\s body1 w ca/ a bifurcate %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,betwe5 l9es #b & #c !re are 9 ! orig9al two l>ge diagrams4 ,,iv4 ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance4 ,! !ory ( ! ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti w\ld1 9 _m important details1 be q un9telligible if x _h n be5 l$ up by ! pr9ciples ( light & %ade on :i* x is bas$4 ,! ^w ,prospettiva 9 ! language ( ! "t includ$ ! pr9ciples ( optics2 :at ,leon>do und]/ood by ,p]dim5ti w be cle>ly se5 9 ! e>ly *apt]s1 ,nos4 #bbb--bbd4 ,x is 9 ! v nature ( ! case t ! f>!r explanations giv5 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s mu/ be limit$ to g5]al rules4 ,! sections giv5 z #bbg--bca ,on indi/9ctness at %ort di/ances h1 x is true1 only an indirect be>+ on ! subject2 b on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 #bcb--bcd1 ,on indi/9ctness at great di/ances1 g fully into ! matt]1 & 9 *apt]s #bce--bci1 :i* treat ,( ! importance ( light & %ade 9 ! ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance1 ! practical issues are di/9ctly insi/$ on 9 _! relation to ! !ory4 ,?is is naturally foll[$ by ! /atem5ts z to ! effect ( light or d>k backgr\nds on ! app>5t size ( bodies 7,nos4 #bdj--bej74 ,at ! end ,i h plac$1 9 ! ord] ( ! orig9al1 ^? sections f ! ,,ms4 ,c :i* treat ( ! ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance & s]ve to "s ext5t to complete ! treatm5t ( ! subject 7#bea--bfb74 ,def9ition 7#bbb4 #bbc74 #bbb4 ,,( ,,! ,,dim9i%$ ,,di/9ctness ,,( ,,! ,,outl9es ,,( ,,opaque ,,bodies4 ,if ! real outl9es ( opaque bodies are indi/+ui%able at ev5 a v %ort di/ance1 !y w be m s at long di/ances2 &1 s9ce x is by its outl9es t we are able to "k ! real =m ( any opaque body1 :5 by its remot5ess we fail to disc]n x z a :ole1 mu* m mu/ we fail to disc]n its p>ts & outl9es4 #bbc4 ,,( ,,! ,,dim9ution ,,9 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,opaque ,,objects4 ,among opaque objects ( equal size ! app>5t dim9ution ( size w be 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! eye ( ! spectator2 b x is an inv]se proportion1 s9ce1 :]e ! di/ance is great]1 ! opaque body w appe> small]1 & ! less ! di/ance ! l>g] w ! object appe>4 ,& ?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( l9e> p]spective & x foll[s3--#aa;e object z x becomes m remote loses fir/ ^? p>ts :i* are smalle/4 ,?us ( a horse1 we %\ld lose ! legs be=e ! head1 because ! legs are ?9n] ?an ! head2 & ! neck be=e ! body = ! same reason4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! la/ "p ( ! horse :i* w\ld be disc]nible by ! eye w\ld be ! mass ( ! body 9 an oval =m1 or r 9 a cyl9drical =m & ?is w\ld lose its app>5t ?ickness be=e its l5g?--accord+ to ! #bnd rule giv5 above1 c4 ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e l9e #aa44 ,if ! eye rema9s /ation>y ! p]spective t]m9ates 9 ! di/ance 9 a po9t4 ,b if ! eye moves 9 a /raight horizontal l9e ! p]spective t]m9ates 9 a l9e & ! reason is t ?is l9e is g5]at$ by ! motion ( ! po9t & our sight2 !re=e x foll[s t z we move our sight eye1 ! po9t moves1 & z we move ! po9t1 ! l9e is g5]at$1 c4 ,an illu/ration by exp]im5t4 #bbd4 ,e visible body1 9 s f> z x affects ! eye1 includes ?ree attributes2 t is to say3 mass1 =m & col\r2 & ! mass is recognisable at a great] di/ance f ! place ( its actual exi/5ce ?an ei!r col\r or =m4 ,aga91 col\r is disc]nible at a great] di/ance ?an =m1 b ?is law does n apply to lum9\s bodies4 ,! above proposition is pla9ly %[n & prov$ by exp]im5t2 because3 if y see a man close to y1 y disc]n ! exact appe>ance ( ! mass & ( ! =m & also ( ! col\r+2 if he goes to "s di/ance y w n recognise :o he is1 because ! "* ( ! details w disappe>1 if he goes /ill f>!r y w n be able to di/+ui% 8 col\r+1 b he w appe> z a d>k object1 & /ill f>!r he w appe> z a v small d>k r\nd$ object4 ,x appe>s r\nd$ because di/ance s greatly dim9i%es ! v>i\s details t no?+ rema9s visible b ! l>g] mass4 ,& ! reason is ?is3 ,we "k v well t all ! images ( objects rea* ! s5ses by a small ap]ture 9 ! eye2 h5ce1 if ! :ole horizon a d is admitt$ ?r\gh su* an ap]ture1 ! object b c be+ b a v small fraction ( ?is horizon :at space c x fill 9 t m9ute image ( s va/ a hemisph]e8 ,& because lum9\s bodies h m p[] 9 d>kness ?an any o!rs1 x is evid5t t1 z ! *amb] ( ! eye is v d>k1 z is ! nature ( all color$ cavities1 ! images ( di/ant objects are confus$ & lo/ 9 ! great light ( ! sky2 & if !y are visible at all1 appe> d>k & black1 z e small body mu/ :5 se5 9 ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is passage is plac$ betwe5 l9es #e & #f2 x is ,no4 #d on ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,a guid+ rule4 #bbe4 ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,t ,,int]poses ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,eye ,,& ,,visible ,,objects4 ,an object w appe> m or less di/9ct at ! same di/ance1 9 proportion z ! atmosph]e exi/+ betwe5 ! eye & t object is m or less cle>4 ,h5ce1 z ,i "k t ! great] or less quantity ( ! air t lies betwe5 ! eye & ! object makes ! outl9es ( t object m or less indi/9ct1 y mu/ dim9i% ! def9it5ess ( outl9e ( ^? objects 9 proportion to _! increas+ di/ance f ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,an exp]im5t4 #bbf4 ,:5 ,i 0 once 9 a place on ! sea1 at an equal di/ance f ! %ore & ! m\nta9s1 ! di/ance f ! %ore look$ mu* great] ?an t f ! m\nta9s4 ,on indi/9ctness at %ort di/ances 7#bbg-bca74 #bbg4 ,if y place an opaque object 9 front ( y\r eye at a di/ance ( f\r f+]s' bread?1 if x is small] ?an ! space betwe5 ! two eyes x w n int]f]e ) y\r see+ any ?+ t may be beyond x4 ,no object situat$ beyond ano!r object se5 by ! eye c be conceal$ by ?is ne>] object if x is small] ?an ! space f eye to eye4 #bbh4 ,! eye _c take 9 a lum9\s angle :i* is too close to x4 #bbi4 ,t "p ( a surface w be bett] light$ on :i* ! light falls at ! great] angle4 ,& t "p1 on :i* ! %ad[ falls at ! greate/ angle1 w receive f ^? rays lea/ ( ! b5efit ( ! light4 #bcj4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,! edges ( an object plac$ 9 front ( ! pupil ( ! eye w be less di/9ct 9 proportion z !y are clos] to ! eye4 ,?is is %[n by ! edge ( ! object n plac$ 9 front ( ! pupil d2 9 look+ at ?is edge ! pupil also sees all ! space a c :i* is beyond ! edge2 & ! images ! eye receives f t space are m+l$ ) ! images ( ! edge1 s t "o image confuses ! o!r1 & ?is confusion h9d]s ! pupil f di/+ui%+ ! edge4 #bca4 ,! outl9es ( objects w be lea/ cle> :5 !y are ne>e/ to ! eye1 & !re=e remot] outl9es w be cle>]4 ,among objects :i* are small] ?an ! pupil ( ! eye ^? w be less di/9ct :i* are ne>] to ! eye4 ,on indi/9ctness at great di/ances 7#bcb-bcd74 #bcb4 ,objects ne> to ! eye w appe> l>g] ?an ^? at a di/ance4 ,objects se5 ) two eyes w appe> r\nd] ?an if !y are se5 ) only "o4 ,objects se5 betwe5 light & %ad[ w %[ ! mo/ relief4 #bcc4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,our true p]ception ( an object dim9i%es 9 proportion z its size is dim9i%$ by di/ance4 #bcd4 ,,p]spective4 ,:y objects se5 at a di/ance appe> l>ge to ! eye & 9 ! image on ! v]tical plane !y appe> small4 ,,p]spective4 ,i ask h[ f> away ! eye c disc]n a non-lum9\s body1 z1 = in/ance1 a m\nta94 ,x w be v pla9ly visible if ! sun is beh9d x2 & c\ld be se5 at a great] or less di/ance accord+ to ! sun's place 9 ! sky4 ,footnote3 ,! clue to ! solution ( ?is problem 7l9es #a-c7 is giv5 9 l9es #d-f1 ,no4 #bcb4 ,objects se5 ) bo? eyes appe> solid s9ce !y are se5 f two di/9ct po9ts ( sight sep>at$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! eyes1 b ?is solidity _c be repres5t$ 9 a flat draw+4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ece4 ,! importance ( light & %ade 9 ! p]spective ( disappe>ance 7#bce-bci74 #bce4 ,an opaque body se5 9 a l9e 9 :i* ! light falls w reveal no prom95ces to ! eye4 ,= in/ance1 let a be ! solid body & c ! light2 c m & c n w be ! l9es ( incid5ce ( ! light1 t is to say ! l9es :i* transmit ! light to ! object a4 ,! eye be+ at ! po9t b1 ,i say t s9ce ! light c falls on ! :ole "p m n ! portions 9 relief on t side w all be illum9at$4 ,h5ce ! eye plac$ at c _c see any light & %ade &1 n see+ x1 e portion w appe> ( ! same tone1 !re=e ! relief 9 ! prom95t or r\nd$ p>ts w n be visible4 #bcf4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,:5 y repres5t 9 y\r "w %ad[s :i* y c only disc]n ) difficulty1 & ( :i* y _c di/+ui% ! edges s t y appreh5d !m confus$ly1 y mu/ n make !m %>p or def9ite le/ y\r "w %\ld h a wood5 effect4 #bcg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,y w obs]ve 9 draw+ t among ! %ad[s "s are ( undi/+ui%able gradation & =m1 z is %[n 9 ! #crd proposition :i* says3 ,r\nd$ surfaces display z _m degrees ( light & %ade z !re are v>ieties ( brightness & d>kness reflect$ f ! surr\nd+ objects4 #bch4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,y :o draw f nature1 look 7c>efully7 at ! ext5t1 ! degree1 & ! =m ( ! lights & %ad[s on ea* muscle2 & 9 _! position l5g?wise obs]ve t[>ds :i* muscle ! axis ( ! c5tral l9e is direct$4 #bci4 ,an object :i* is s brilliantly illum9at$ z to be almo/ z bright z light w be visible at a great] di/ance1 & ( l>g] app>5t size ?an is natural to objects s remote4 ,! effect ( light or d>k backgr\nds on ! app>5t size ( objects 7#bdj-bej74 #bdj4 ,a %ad[ w appe> d>k 9 proportion to ! brilliancy ( ! light surr\nd+ x & conv]sely x w be less conspicu\s :]e x is se5 aga9/ a d>k] backgr\nd4 #bda4 ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,p]spective4 ,an object ( equal bread? & col\r ?r\gh\t1 se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( v>i\s col\rs w appe> unequal 9 bread?4 ,& if an object ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t1 b ( v>i\s col\rs1 is se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( uni=m col\r1 t object w appe> ( v>i\s bread?4 ,& ! m ! col\rs ( ! backgr\nd or ( ! object se5 aga9/ ! gr\nd v>y1 ! great] w ! app>5t v>iations 9 ! bread? be ?\gh ! objects se5 aga9/ ! gr\nd be ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t4 #bdb4 ,a d>k object se5 aga9/ a bright backgr\nd w appe> small] ?an x is4 ,a light object w look l>g] :5 x is se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd d>k] ?an itself4 #bdc4 ,,( ,,light4 ,a lum9\s body :5 obscur$ by a d5se atmosph]e w appe> small]2 z may be se5 by ! moon or sun veil$ by mi/s4 ,,( ,,light4 ,( sev]al lum9\s bodies ( equal size & brilliancy & at an equal di/ance1 t w look ! l>ge/ :i* is surr\nd$ by ! d>ke/ backgr\nd4 ,,( ,,light4 ,i f9d t any lum9\s body :5 se5 ?r\gh a d5se & ?ick mi/ dim9i%es 9 proportion to its di/ance f ! eye4 ,?us x is ) ! sun by day1 z well z ! moon & ! o!r et]nal lights by night4 ,& :5 ! air is cle>1 ^! lum9>ies appe> l>g] 9 proportion z !y are f>!r f ! eye4 #bdd4 ,t portion ( a body ( uni=m bread? :i* is aga9/ a light] backgr\nd w look n>r[] ?an ! re/4 #d e is a giv5 object1 itself d>k & ( uni=m bread?2 a b & c d are two backgr\nds "o d>k] ?an ! o!r2 b c is a bright backgr\nd1 z x might be a spot light$ by ! sun ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 a d>k room4 ,!n ,i say t ! object e g w appe> l>g] at e f ?an at g h2 because e f has a d>k] backgr\nd ?an g h2 & aga9 at f g x w look n>r[] f be+ se5 by ! eye o1 on ! light backgr\nd b c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! diagram to :i* ! text1 l9es #a-aa1 ref]s1 is plac$ 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #c & #d1 & is giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #c4 ,l9es #ab to #ad are expla9$ by ! l[] ( ! two diagrams on ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #d4 ,9 ! orig9al ^! are plac$ aft] l9e #ad4 ,t "p ( a lum9\s body1 ( equal bread? & brilliancy ?r\gh\t1 w look l>ge/ :i* is se5 aga9/ ! d>ke/ backgr\nd2 & ! lum9\s body w seem on fire4 #bde4 ,,:y ,,bodies ,,9 ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,h ,,_! ,,outl9es ,,alt]$ ,,by ,,! ,,col\r ,,& ,,brightness ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,s]v+ ,,z ,a ,,backgr\nd ,,to ,,!m4 ,if y look at a body ( :i* ! illum9at$ portion lies & ends aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 t "p ( ! light :i* w look brighte/ w be t :i* lies aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd at d4 ,b if ?is bright] "p lies aga9/ a light backgr\nd1 ! edge ( ! object1 :i* is itself light1 w be less di/9ct ?an be=e1 & ! highe/ light w appe> to be betwe5 ! limit ( ! backgr\nd m f & ! %ad[4 ,! same ?+ is se5 ) reg>d to ! d>k side1 inasmu* z t edge ( ! %ad$ portion ( ! object :i* lies aga9/ a light backgr\nd1 z at l1 x looks mu* d>k] ?an ! re/4 ,b if ?is %ad[ lies aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 ! edge ( ! %ad$ "p w appe> light] ?an be=e1 & ! deepe/ %ade w appe> betwe5 ! edge & ! light at ! po9t o4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagram o is inside ! %ad$ surface at ! level ( d4 #bdf4 ,an opaque body w appe> small] :5 x is surr\nd$ by a highly lum9\s backgr\nd1 & a light body w appe> l>g] :5 x is se5 aga9/ a d>k] backgr\nd4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! height ( build+s at night1 :5 lightn+ fla%es beh9d !m2 x sudd5ly seems1 :5 x light5s1 z ?\gh ! height ( ! build+ 7 dim9i%$4 ,= ! same reason su* build+s look l>g] 9 a mi/1 or by night ?an :5 ! atmosph]e is cle> & light4 #bdg4 ,,on ,,light ,,betwe5 ,,%ad[s ,:5 y are draw+ any object1 rememb]1 9 comp>+ ! grades ( light 9 ! illum9at$ portions1 t ! eye is (t5 deceiv$ by see+ ?+s light] ?an !y are4 ,& ! reason lies 9 our comp>+ ^? p>ts ) ! contigu\s p>ts4 ,s9ce if two sep>ate p>ts are 9 diff]5t grades ( light & if ! less bright is cont]m9\s ) a d>k portion & ! bright] is cont]m9\s ) a light backgr\nd--z ! sky or some?+ equally bright--1 !n t :i* is less light1 or ,i %\ld say less radiant1 w look ! bright] & ! bright] w seem ! d>k]4 #bdh4 ,( objects equally d>k 9 !mselves & situat$ at a consid]able & equal di/ance1 t w look ! d>ke/ :i* is f>!/ above ! e>?4 #bdi4 ,,to ,,prove ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,t ,,lum9\s ,,bodies ,,appe> ,,l>g]1 ,,at ,a ,,di/ance1 ,,?an ,,!y ,,are4 ,if y place two light$ c&les side by side half a braccio ap>t1 & g f !m to a di/ance #bjj braccia y w see t by ! increas$ size ( ea* !y w appe> z a s+le lum9\s body ) ! light ( ! two flames1 "o braccio wide4 ,,to ,,prove ,,h[ ,,y ,,may ,,see ,,! ,,real ,,size ,,( ,,lum9\s ,,bodies4 ,if y wi% to see ! real size ( ^! lum9\s bodies1 take a v ?9 bo>d & make 9 x a hole no bigg] ?an ! tag ( a lace & place x z close to y\r eye z possible1 s t :5 y look ?r\gh ?is hole1 at ! said light1 y c see a l>ge space ( air r\nd x4 ,!n by rapidly mov+ ?is bo>d backw>ds & =w>ds be=e y\r eye y w see ! light increase & dim9i%4 ,propositions on p]spective ( disappe>ance f ,,ms4 ,c4 7#bej-bfb74 #bej4 ,( sev]al bodies ( equal size & equally di/ant f ! eye1 ^? w look ! smalle/ :i* are aga9/ ! lighte/ backgr\nd4 ,e visible object mu/ be surr\nd$ by light & %ade4 ,a p]fectly sph]ical body surr\nd$ by light & %ade w appe> to h "o side l>g] ?an ! o!r 9 proportion z "o is m highly light$ ?an ! o!r4 #bea4 ,,p]spective4 ,no visible object c be well und]/ood & compreh5d$ by ! human eye except+ f ! diff]5ce ( ! backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! edges ( ! object t]m9ate & by :i* !y are b\nd$1 & no object w appe> to /& out sep>ate f t backgr\nd s f> z ! outl9es ( its bord]s are conc]n$4 ,! moon1 ?\gh x is at a great di/ance f ! sun1 :51 9 an eclipse1 x comes betwe5 our eyes & ! sun1 appe>s to ! eyes ( m5 to be close to ! sun & affix$ to x1 because ! sun is !n ! backgr\nd to ! moon4 #beb4 ,a lum9\s body w appe> m brilliant 9 proportion z x is surr\nd$ by deep] %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 is plac$ aft] ?is text1 has no connection ) x4 #bec4 ,! /raight edges ( a body w appe> brok5 :5 !y are cont]m9\s ) a d>k space /reak$ ) rays ( light4 ,footnote3 ,"h aga9 ! diagrams 9 ! orig9al h no connection ) ! text4 #bed4 ,( sev]al bodies1 all equally l>ge & equally di/ant1 t :i* is mo/ brightly illum9at$ w appe> to ! eye ne>e/ & l>ge/4 ,footnote3 ,"h aga9 ! diagrams 9 ! orig9al h no connection ) ! text4 #bee4 ,if sev]al lum9\s bodies are se5 f a great di/ance al?\gh !y are really sep>ate !y w appe> unit$ z "o body4 #bef4 ,if sev]al objects 9 %ad[1 /&+ v close toge!r1 are se5 aga9/ a bright backgr\nd !y w appe> sep>at$ by wide int]vals4 #beg4 ,( sev]al bodies ( equal size & tone1 t :i* is f>!/ w appe> ! lighte/ & smalle/4 #beh4 ,( sev]al objects equal 9 size1 brightness ( backgr\nd & l5g? t :i* has ! flatte/ surface w look ! l>ge/4 ,a b> ( iron equally ?ick ?r\gh\t & ( :i* half is r$ hot1 af=ds an example1 = ! r$ hot "p looks ?ick] ?an ! re/4 #bei4 ,( sev]al bodies ( equal size & l5g?1 & alike 9 =m & 9 dep? ( %ade1 t w appe> smalle/ :i* is surr\nd$ by ! mo/ lum9\s backgr\nd4 #bfj4 ,,diff]5t ,,portions ,,( ,a ,,wall ,,surface ,,w ,,be ,,d>k] ,,or ,,bright] ,,9 ,,proportion ,,z ,,! ,,light ,,or ,,%ad[ ,,falls ,,on ,,!m ,,at ,a ,,l>g] ,,angle4 ,! =ego+ proposition c be cle>ly prov$ 9 ?is way4 ,let u say t m q is ! lum9\s body1 !n f g w be ! opaque body2 & let a e be ! above-m5tion$ plane on :i* ! said angles fall1 %[+ pla9ly ! nature & "* ( _! bases4 ,!n3 a w be m lum9\s ?an b2 ! base ( ! angle a is l>g] ?an t ( b & x !re=e makes a great] angle :i* w be a m q2 & ! pyramid b p m w be n>r[] & m o c w be /ill f9]1 & s on by degrees1 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to e1 ! pyramids w become n>r[] & d>k]4 ,t portion ( ! wall w be ! d>ke/ :]e ! bread? ( ! pyramid ( %ad[ is great] ?an ! bread? ( ! pyramid ( light4 ,at ! po9t a ! pyramid ( light is equal 9 /r5g? to ! pyramid ( %ad[1 because ! base f g is equal to ! base r f4 ,at ! po9t d ! pyramid ( light is n>r[] ?an ! pyramid ( %ad[ by s mu* z ! base s f is less ?an ! base f g4 ,divide ! =ego+ proposition into two diagrams1 "o ) ! pyramids ( light & %ad[1 ! o!r ) ! pyramids ( light only4 #bfa4 ,among %ad[s ( equal dep? ^? :i* are ne>e/ to ! eye w look lea/ deep4 #bfb4 ,! m brilliant ! light giv5 by a lum9\s body1 ! deep] w ! %ad[s be ca/ by ! objects x illum9ates4 ,v4 ,!ory ( col\rs4 ,leon>do's !ory ( col\rs is ev5 m intimately connect$ ) 8 pr9ciples ( light & %ade ?an 8 ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance & is 9 fact m]ely an app5dix or supplem5t to ^? pr9ciples1 z we ga!r f ! titles to sections #bfd1 #bfg1 & #bgf1 :ile o!rs aga9 7,nos4 #bha1 #bhb7 are head$ ,prospettiva4 ,a v few ( ^! *apt]s are to be f\nd 9 ! olde/ copies & editions ( ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 & al?\gh ! mat]ial !y af=d is b meag] & ! connection betwe5 !m b slight1 we mu/ /ill attribute to !m a special !oretical value z well z practical utility--all ! m s because our k ( ! !ory & use ( col\rs at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance is /ill extremely limit$4 ,! reciprocal effects ( col\rs on objects plac$ opposite ea* o!r 7#bfc-bgb74 #bfc4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! hue ( an illum9at$ object is affect$ by t ( ! lum9\s body4 #bfd4 ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,! surface ( any opaque body is affect$ by ! col\r ( surr\nd+ objects4 #bfe4 ,a %ad[ is always affect$ by ! col\r ( ! surface on :i* x is ca/4 #bff4 ,an image produc$ 9 a mirror is affect$ by ! col\r ( ! mirror4 #bfg4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,e portion ( ! surface ( a body is v>i$ 9 hue by ! reflect$ col\r ( ! object t may be opposite to x4 ,,example4 ,if y place a sph]ical body betwe5 v>i\s objects t is to say ) direct sunlight on "o side ( x1 & on ! o!r a wall illum9at$ by ! sun1 :i* wall may be gre5 or ( any o!r col\r1 :ile ! surface on :i* x is plac$ may be r$1 & ! two lat]al sides are 9 %ad[1 y w see t ! natural col\r ( t body w assume some?+ ( ! hue reflect$ f ^? objects4 ,! /ronge/ w be giv5 by ! lum9\s body2 ! second by ! illum9at$ wall1 ! ?ird by ! %ad[s4 ,!re w /ill be a portion :i* w take a t9t f ! col\r ( ! edges4 #bfh4 ,! surface ( e opaque body is affect$ by ! col\r ( ! objects surr\nd+ x4 ,b ?is effect w be /rong or weak 9 proportion z ^? objects are m or less remote & m or less /rongly col\r$4 #bfi4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! surface ( e opaque body assumes ! hues reflect$ f surr\nd+ objects4 ,! surface ( an opaque body assumes ! hues ( surr\nd+ objects m /rongly 9 proportion z ! rays t =m ! images ( ^? objects /rike ! surface at m equal angles4 ,& ! surface ( an opaque body assumes a /rong] hue f ! surr\nd+ objects 9 proportion z t surface is :it] & ! col\r ( ! object bright] or m highly illum9at$4 #bgj4 ,,( ,,! ,,rays ,,:i* ,,convey ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,air ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,objects4 ,all ! m9ute/ p>ts ( ! image int]sect ea* o!r )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r4 ,to prove ?is let r be "o ( ! sides ( ! hole1 opposite to :i* let s be ! eye :i* sees ! l[] end o ( ! l9e n o4 ,! o!r extremity _c transmit its image to ! eye s z x has to /rike ! end r & x is ! same ) reg>d to m at ! middle ( ! l9e4 ,! case is ! same ) ! upp] extremity n & ! eye u4 ,& if ! end n is r$ ! eye u on t side ( ! holes w n see ! gre5 col\r ( o1 b only ! r$ ( n accord+ to ! #g? ( ?is :]e x is said3 ,e =m projects images f itself by ! %orte/ l9e1 :i* necess>ily is a /raight l9e1 c4 ,footnote3 #ac4 ,?is probably ref]s to ! diagram giv5 "u ,no4 #ff4 #bga4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! surface ( a body assumes 9 "s degree ! hue ( ^? ar\nd x4 ,! col\rs ( illum9at$ objects are reflect$ f ! surfaces ( "o to ! o!r 9 v>i\s spots1 accord+ to ! v>i\s positions ( ^? objects4 ,let o be a blue object 9 full light1 fac+ all by itself ! space b c on ! :ite sph]e a b e d e f1 & x w give x a blue t+e1 m is a yell[ body reflect$ onto ! space a b at ! same "t z o ! blue body1 & !y give x a gre5 col\r 7by ! #bnd proposition ( ?is :i* %[s t blue & yell[ make a beautiful gre5 c47 ,& ! re/ w be set =? 9 ! ,book on ,pa9t+4 ,9 t ,book x w be %[n1 t1 by transmitt+ ! images ( objects & ! col\rs ( bodies illum9at$ by sunlight ?r\gh a small r\nd p]=ation & into a d>k *amb] onto a plane surface1 :i* itself is q :ite1 c4 ,b e ?+ w be upside d[n4 ,comb9ation ( diff]5t col\rs 9 ca/ %ad[s4 #bgb4 ,t :i* ca/s ! %ad[ does n face x1 because ! %ad[s are produc$ by ! light :i* causes & surr\nds ! %ad[s4 ,! %ad[ caus$ by ! light e1 :i* is yell[1 has a blue t+e1 because ! %ad[ ( ! body a is ca/ ^u ! pavem5t at b1 :]e ! blue light falls2 & ! %ad[ produc$ by ! light d1 :i* is blue1 w be yell[ at c1 because ! yell[ light falls !re & ! surr\nd+ backgr\nd to ^! %ad[s b c w1 besides its natural col\r1 assume a hue comp\nd$ ( yell[ & blue1 because x is light$ by ! yell[ light & by ! blue light bo? at once4 ,%ad[s ( v>i\s col\rs1 z affect$ by ! lights fall+ on !m4 ,t light :i* causes ! %ad[ does n face x4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagram we f9d 9 ! circle e giallo 7yell[7 & ! cirle d azurro 7blue7 & also "u ! circle ( %ad[ to ! left giallo is writt5 & "u t to ! "r azurro4 ,9 ! second diagram :]e f\r circles are plac$ 9 a r[ we f9d writt51 beg9n+ at ! left h&1 giallo 7yell[71 azurro 7blue71 v]de 7gre571 rosso 7r$74 ,! effect ( col\rs 9 ! cam]a obscura 7#bgc-bgd74 #bgc4 ,! edges ( a col\r7ed object7 transmitt$ ?r\gh a small hole are m conspicu\s ?an ! c5tral portions4 ,! edges ( ! images1 ( :atev] col\r1 :i* are transmitt$ ?r\gh a small ap]ture into a d>k *amb] w always be /rong] ?an ! middle portions4 #bgd4 ,,( ,,! ,,int]sections ,,( ,,! ,,images ,,9 ,,! ,,pupil ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,! int]sections ( ! images z !y ent] ! pupil d n m+le 9 confusion 9 ! space :]e t int]section unites !m2 z is evid5t1 s9ce1 if ! rays ( ! sun pass ?r\gh two panes ( glass 9 close contact1 ( :i* "o is blue & ! o!r yell[1 ! rays1 9 p5etrat+ !m1 d n become blue or yell[ b a beautiful gre54 ,& ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 9 ! eye1 if ! images :i* 7 yell[ or gre5 %\ld m+le :]e !y meet & int]sect z !y ent] ! pupil4 ,z ?is does n happ5 su* a m+l+ does n exi/4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,rays ,,compos$ ,,( ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,objects1 ,,& ,,( ,,_! ,,int]sections4 ,! directness ( ! rays :i* transmit ! =ms & col\rs ( ! bodies :5ce !y proce$ does n t+e ! air nor c !y affect ea* o!r by contact :]e !y int]sect4 ,!y affect only ! spot :]e !y vani% & cease to exi/1 because t spot faces & is fac$ by ! orig9al s\rce ( ^! rays1 & no o!r object1 :i* surr\nds t orig9al s\rce c be se5 by ! eye :]e ^! rays are cut (f & de/roy$1 leav+ !re ! spoil !y h convey$ to x4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! #d? proposition1 on ! col\r ( bodies1 :i* says3 ,! surface ( e opaque body is affect$ by ! col\r ( surr\nd+ objects2 h5ce we may conclude t ! spot :i*1 by means ( ! rays :i* convey ! image1 faces--& is fac$ by ! cause ( ! image1 assumes ! col\r ( t object4 ,on ! col\rs ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#bge4 #bgf74 #bge4 ,,any ,,%ad[ ,,ca/ ,,by ,,an ,,opaque ,,body ,,small] ,,?an ,,! ,,light ,,caus+ ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,w ,,?r[ ,a ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[ ,,:i* ,,is ,,t+$ ,,by ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,light4 ,let n be ! s\rce ( ! %ad[ e f2 x w assume its hue4 ,let o be ! s\rce ( h e :i* w 9 ! same way be t+$ by its hue & s also ! col\r ( v h w be affect$ by p :i* causes x2 & ! %ad[ ( ! triangle z k y w be affect$ by ! col\r ( q1 because x is produc$ by x4 #g ,9 proportion z c d goes into a d1 w n r s be d>k] ?an m2 & ! re/ ( ! space w be %ad[less #aa4 f g is ! highe/ light1 because "h ! :ole light ( ! w9d[ a d falls2 & ?us on ! opaque body m e is 9 equally high light2 z k y is a triangle :i* includes ! deepe/ %ad[1 because ! light a d _c rea* any "p ( x4 x h is ! #bnd grade ( %ad[1 because x receives only #a_/c ( ! light f ! w9d[1 t is c d4 ,! ?ird grade ( %ad[ is h e1 :]e two ?irds ( ! light f ! w9d[ is visible4 ,! la/ grade ( %ad[ is b d e f1 because ! highe/ grade ( light f ! w9d[ falls at f4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram ,pl4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a belongs to ?is *apt] z well z ! text giv5 9 ,no4 #adh4 ,l9es #g-aa 7comp>e l9es #h-ab ( ,no4 #adh7 :i* are writt5 )9 ! diagram1 evid5tly apply to bo? sections & h !re=e be5 ins]t$ 9 bo?4 #bgf4 ,,( ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,simple ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,! col\r ( d]iv$ %ad[s is always affect$ by t ( ! body t[>ds :i* !y are ca/4 ,to prove ?is3 let an opaque body be plac$ betwe5 ! plane s c t d & ! blue light d e & ! r$ light a b1 !n ,i say t d e1 ! blue light1 w fall on ! :ole surface s c t d except+ at o p :i* is cov]$ by ! %ad[ ( ! body q r1 z is %[n by ! /raight l9es d q o e r p4 ,& ! same occurs ) ! light a b :i* falls on ! :ole surface s c t d except+ at ! spot obscur$ by ! %ad[ q r2 z is %[n by ! l9es d q o1 & e r p4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! %ad[ n m is expos$ to ! blue light d e2 b1 z ! r$ light a b _c fall !re1 n m w appe> z a blue %ad[ on a r$ backgr\nd t9t$ ) blue1 because on ! surface s c t d bo? lights c fall4 ,b 9 ! %ad[s only "o s+le light falls2 = ?is reason ^! %ad[s are ( m$ium dep?1 s9ce1 if no light :atev] m+l$ ) ! %ad[1 x w\ld be ( ! fir/ degree ( d>kness c4 ,b 9 ! %ad[ at o p ! blue light does n fall1 because ! body q r int]poses & int]cepts x !re4 ,only ! r$ light a b falls !re & t+es ! %ad[ ( a r$ hue & s a ruddy %ad[ appe>s on ! backgr\nd ( m+l$ r$ & blue4 ,! %ad[ ( q r at o p is r$1 be+ caus$ by ! blue light d e2 & ! %ad[ ( q r at o' p' is blue be+ caus$ by ! r$ light a b4 ,h5ce we say t ! blue light 9 ?is in/ance causes a r$ d]iv$ %ad[ f ! opaque body q' r'1 :ile ! r$ light causes ! same body to ca/ a blue d]iv$ %ad[2 b ! prim>y %ad[ on ! d>k side ( ! body itself is n ( ei!r ( ^? hues1 b a mixture ( r$ & blue4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[s w be equal 9 dep? if !y are produc$ by lights ( equal /r5g? & at an equal di/ance2 ?is is prov$4 ,footnote #ec3 ,! text is unf9i%$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagram ,leon>do has writt5 )9 ! circle q r corpo obroso 7body 9 %ad[72 at ! spot m>k$ ,a1 lum9oso azzurro 7blue lum9\s body72 at ,b1 lum9oso rosso 7r$ lum9\s body74 ,at ,e we read ombra azzurra 7blue t9t$ %ad[7 & at ,d ombra rossa 7r$ t9t$ %ad[74 ,on ! nature ( col\rs 7#bgg4 #bgh74 #bgg4 ,no :ite or black is transp>5t4 #bgh4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,footnote #c ,s9ce :ite is n a col\r b ! neutral recipi5t ( e col\r ,footnote #c3 il bianco non e colore ma e inpot5tia ricettiva d'ogni colore 7:ite is n a col\r1 b ! neutral recipi5t ( e col\r74 ,,leon ,,batt4 ,,alb]ti ,della pittura libro ,i1 ass]ts on ! contr>y3 ,il bianco e'l n]o non sono v]i colori1 ma sono alt]atione delli altri colori 7ed4 ,,janits*ek1 p4 #fg2 ,vi5na #ahgg741 :5 x is se5 9 ! op5 air & high up1 all its %ad[s are blui%2 & ?is is caus$1 accord+ to ! #d? prop41 :i* says3 ! surface ( e opaque body assumes ! hue ( ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,n[ ?is :ite body be+ depriv$ ( ! light ( ! sun by ! int]position ( "s body betwe5 ! sun & itself1 all t portion ( x :i* is expos$ to ! sun & atmosph]e assumes ! col\r ( ! sun & atmosph]e2 ! side on :i* ! sun does n fall rema9s 9 %ad[ & assumes ! hue ( ! atmosph]e4 ,& if ?is :ite object did n reflect ! gre5 ( ! fields all ! way to ! horizon nor get ! brightness ( ! horizon itself1 x w\ld c]ta9ly appe> simply ( ! same hue z ! atmosph]e4 ,on gradations 9 ! dep? ( col\rs 7#bgi4 #bhj74 #bgi4 ,s9ce black1 :5 pa9t$ next to :ite1 looks no black] ?an :5 next to black2 & :ite :5 next to black looks no :it] ?an :ite1 z is se5 by ! images transmitt$ ?r\gh a small hole or by ! edges ( any opaque scre5 444 #bhj4 ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,( sev]al col\rs1 all equally :ite1 t w look :ite/ :i* is aga9/ ! d>ke/ backgr\nd4 ,& black w look int5se/ aga9/ ! :ite/ backgr\nd4 ,& r$ w look mo/ vivid aga9/ ! yell[e/ backgr\nd2 & ! same is ! case ) all col\rs :5 surr\nd$ by _! /ronge/ contra/s4 ,on ! reflection ( col\rs 7#bha-bhc74 #bha4 ,,p]spective4 ,e object devoid ( col\r 9 itself is m or less t+$ by ! col\r ( ! object plac$ opposite4 ,?is may be se5 by exp]i5ce1 inasmu* z any object :i* mirrors ano!r assumes ! col\r ( ! object mirror$ 9 x4 ,& if ! surface ?us p>tially col\r$ is :ite ! portion :i* has a r$ reflection w appe> r$1 or any o!r col\r1 :e!r bright or d>k4 ,,p]spective4 ,e opaque & col\rless body assumes ! hue ( ! col\r reflect$ on x2 z happ5s ) a :ite wall4 #bhb4 ,,p]spective4 ,t side ( an object 9 light & %ade :i* is t[>ds ! light transmits ! images ( its details m di/9ctly & imm$iately to ! eye ?an ! side :i* is 9 %ad[4 ,,p]spective4 ,! sol> rays reflect$ on a squ>e mirror w be ?r[n back to di/ant objects 9 a circul> =m4 ,,p]spective4 ,any :ite & opaque surface w be p>tially col\r$ by reflections f surr\nd+ objects4 ,footnote #bha4 #bhb3 ,! title l9e ( ^! *apt]s is 9 ! orig9al simply pro1 :i* may be an abbreviation = ei!r ,propositione or ,prospettiva--tak+ ,prospettiva ( c\rse 9 its wide/ s5se1 z we (t5 f9d x us$ 9 ,leon>do's writ+s4 ,! title pro has "h be5 und]/ood to mean ,prospettiva1 9 accordance ) ! sugge/ion af=d$ by page #aj;b ( ?is same ,,ms41 :]e ! fir/ section is head$ ,prospettiva 9 full 7see ,no4 #id71 :ile ! f\r foll[+ sections are head$ m]ely pro 7see ,no4 #he74 #bhc4 ,,:at ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,col\r$ ,,surface ,,ought ,,9 ,,reason ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,mo/ ,,int5se4 ,if a is ! light1 & b illum9at$ by x 9 a direct l9e1 c1 on :i* ! light _c fall1 is light$ only by reflection f b :i*1 let u say1 is r$4 ,h5ce ! light reflect$ f x1 w be affect$ by ! hue ( ! surface caus+ x & w t+e ! surface c ) r$4 ,& if c is also r$ y w see x mu* m int5se ?an b2 & if x 7 yell[ y w\ld see !re a col\r betwe5 yell[ & r$4 ,on ! use ( d>k & light col\rs 9 pa9t+ 7#bhd--bhf74 #bhd4 ,,:y ,,beautiful ,,col\rs ,,mu/ ,,be ,,9 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,light4 ,s9ce we see t ! quality ( col\r is kn[n only by means ( light1 x is to be suppos$ t :]e !re is mo/ light ! true "* ( a col\r 9 light w be be/ se52 & :]e !re is mo/ %ad[ ! col\r w be affect$ by ! tone ( t4 ,h5ce1 ,o ,pa9t]6 rememb] to %[ ! true quality ( col\rs 9 bright lights4 #bhe4 ,an object repres5t$ 9 :ite & black w display /rong] relief ?an 9 any o!r way2 h5ce ,i w\ld rem9d y ,o ,pa9t]6 to dress y\r figures 9 ! lighte/ col\rs y c1 s9ce1 if y put !m 9 d>k col\rs1 !y w be 9 too slight relief & inconspicu\s f a di/ance4 ,& ! reason is t ! %ad[s ( all objects are d>k4 ,& if y make a dress d>k !re is little v>iety 9 ! lights & %ad[s1 :ile 9 light col\rs !re are _m grades4 #bhf4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,col\rs se5 9 %ad[ w display m or less ( _! natural brilliancy 9 proportion z !y are 9 fa9t] or deep] %ad[4 ,b if ^! same col\rs are situat$ 9 a well-light$ place1 !y w appe> bright] 9 proportion z ! light is m brilliant4 ,,! ,,adv]s>y4 ,! v>iety ( col\rs 9 %ad[ mu/ be z great z t ( ! col\rs 9 ! objects 9 t %ad[4 ,,! ,,answ]4 ,col\rs se5 9 %ad[ w display less v>iety 9 proportion z ! %ad[s 9 :i* !y lie are deep]4 ,& evid5ce ( ?is is to be _h by look+ f an op5 space into ! doorways ( d>k & %ad[y *ur*es1 :]e ! pictures :i* are pa9t$ 9 v>i\s col\rs all look ( uni=m d>kness4 ,h5ce at a consid]able di/ance all ! %ad[s ( diff]5t col\rs w appe> ( ! same d>kness4 ,x is ! light side ( an object 9 light & %ade :i* %[s ! true col\r4 ,on ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ 7#bhg4 #bhh74 #bhg4 ,treat ( ! ra9b[ 9 ! la/ book on ,pa9t+1 b fir/ write ! book on col\rs produc$ by ! mixture ( o!r col\rs1 s z to be able to prove by ^? pa9t]s' col\rs h[ ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are produc$4 #bhh4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,ra9b[ ,,are ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! ,,sun4 ,! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are n produc$ by ! sun1 = !y occur 9 _m ways )\t ! sun%9e2 z may be se5 by hold+ a glass ( wat] up to ! eye2 :51 9 ! glass--:]e !re are ^? m9ute bubbles always se5 9 co>se glass--ea* bubble1 ev5 ?\gh ! sun does n fall on x1 w produce on "o side all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[2 z y may see by plac+ ! glass betwe5 ! day light & y\r eye 9 su* a way z t x is close to ! eye1 :ile on "o side ! glass admits ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e1 & on ! o!r side ! %ad[ ( ! wall on "o side ( ! w9d[2 ei!r left or "r1 x matt]s n :i*4 ,!n1 by turn+ ! glass r\nd y w see ^! col\rs all r\nd ! bubbles 9 ! glass c4 ,& ! re/ %all be said 9 its place4 ,,t ,,! ,,eye ,,has ,,no ,,"p ,,9 ,,produc+ ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,ra9b[4 ,9 ! exp]im5t j describ$1 ! eye w\ld seem to h "s %>e 9 ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 s9ce ^! bubbles 9 ! glass d n display ! col\rs except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! eye4 ,b1 if y place ! glass full ( wat] on ! w9d[ sill1 9 su* a position z t ! out] side is expos$ to ! sun's rays1 y w see ! same col\rs produc$ 9 ! spot ( light ?r[n ?r\gh ! glass & ^u ! floor1 9 a d>k place1 bel[ ! w9d[2 & z ! eye is n "h conc]n$ 9 x1 we may evid5tly1 & ) c]ta9ty pron\nce t ! eye has no %>e 9 produc+ !m4 ,,( ,,! ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,! ,,fea!rs ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,birds4 ,!re are _m birds 9 v>i\s regions ( ! _w on ^: fea!rs we see ! mo/ spl5did col\rs produc$ z !y move1 z we see 9 our own c\ntry 9 ! fea!rs ( peacocks or on ! necks ( ducks or pigeons1 c4 ,aga91 on ! surface ( antique glass f\nd und]gr\nd & on ! roots ( turnips kept = "s "t at ! bottom ( wells or o!r /agnant wat]s we see t ea* root displays col\rs simil> to ^? ( ! real ra9b[4 ,!y may also be se5 :5 oil has be5 plac$ on ! top ( wat] & 9 ! sol> rays reflect$ f ! surface ( a diamond or b]yl2 aga91 ?r\gh ! angul> facet ( a b]yl e d>k object aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ! atmosph]e or any ?+ else equally pale-col\r$ is surr\nd$ by ^! ra9b[ col\rs betwe5 ! atmosph]e & ! d>k body2 & 9 _m o!r circum/ances :i* ,i w n m5tion1 z ^! suffice = my purpose4 ,,vi4 ',prospettiva de' colri' 7,p]spective ( ,col\r7 & ',prospettiva a]ea' 7,a]ial ,p]spective74 ,leon>do di/9ctly sep>ates ^! bran*es ( 8 subject1 z may be se5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,no4 #bie4 ,attempts h be5 made to ca/ d\bts on ! results :i* ,leon>do arriv$ at by exp]im5t on ! p]spective ( col\r1 b n ) ju/ice1 z may be se5 f ! orig9al text ( section #bid4 ,! "q z to ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is insep>able f a discussion on ,a]ial ,p]spective1 =ms a sep>ate !ory :i* is treat$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,inde$ ! au?or ent]s into x s fully t we _c escape ! conviction t he mu/ h dwelt ) p>ticul> pleasure on ?is "p ( 8 subject1 & t he atta*$ great importance to giv+ x a "* ( g5]al applicability4 ,g5]al rules 7#bhi--bia74 #bhi4 ,! v>iety ( col\r 9 objects _c be disc]n$ at a great di/ance1 except+ 9 ^? p>ts :i* are directly light$ up by ! sol> rays4 #bij4 ,z to ! col\rs ( objects3 at long di/ances no diff]5ce is p]ceptible 9 ! p>ts 9 %ad[4 #bia4 ,,( ,,! ,,visibility ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,:i* col\r /rikes mo/8 ,an object at a di/ance is mo/ conspicu\s1 :5 x is lighte/1 & ! d>ke/ is lea/ visible4 ,an exceptional case4 #bib4 ,( ! edges outl9es ( %ad[s4 ,"s h mi/y & ill def9$ edges1 o!rs di/9ct ones4 ,no opaque body c be devoid ( light & %ade1 except x is 9 a mi/1 on gr\nd cov]$ ) sn[1 or :5 sn[ is fall+ on ! op5 c\ntry :i* has no light on x & is surr\nd$ ) d>kness4 ,& ?is occurs only 9 sph]ical bodies1 because 9 o!r bodies :i* h limbs & p>ts1 ^? sides ( limbs :i* face ea* o!r reflect on ea* o!r ! accid5tal hue & tone ( _! surface4 ,an exp]im5t4 #bic4 ,,all ,,col\rs ,,are ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,undi/+ui%able ,,& ,,undisc]nible4 ,all col\rs at a di/ance are undi/+ui%able 9 %ad[1 because an object :i* is n 9 ! highe/ light is incapable ( transmitt+ its image to ! eye ?r\gh an atmosph]e m lum9\s ?an itself2 s9ce ! less] brightness mu/ be absorb$ by ! great]4 ,= in/ance3 ,we1 9 a h\se1 c see t all ! col\rs on ! surface ( ! walls are cle>ly & in/antly visible :5 ! w9d[s ( ! h\se are op52 b if we 7 to g out ( ! h\se & look 9 at ! w9d[s f a little di/ance to see ! pa9t+s on ^? walls1 in/ead ( ! pa9t+s we %\ld see an uni=m deep & col\rless %ad[4 ,! practice ( ! prospettiva de colori4 #bid4 ,,h[ ,a ,,pa9t] ,,%\ld ,,c>ry ,,out ,,! ,,p]spective ,,( ,,col\r ,,9 ,,practice4 ,9 ord] to put into practice ?is p]spective ( ! v>iation & loss or dim9ution ( ! ess5tial "* ( col\rs1 obs]ve at e hundr$ braccia "s objects /&+ 9 ! l&scape1 su* z trees1 h\ses1 m5 & p>ticul> places4 ,!n 9 front ( ! fir/ tree h a v /eady plate ( glass & keep y\r eye v /eady1 & !n1 on ?is plate ( glass1 draw a tree1 trac+ x ov] ! =m ( t tree4 ,!n move x on "o side s f> z t ! real tree is close by ! side ( ! tree y h drawn2 !n col\r y\r draw+ 9 su* a way z t 9 col\r & =m ! two may be alike1 & t bo?1 if y close "o eye1 seem to be pa9t$ on ! glass & at ! same di/ance4 ,!n1 by ! same me?od1 repres5t a second tree1 & a ?ird1 ) a di/ance ( a hundr$ braccia betwe5 ea*4 ,& ^! w s]ve z a /&>d & guide :5ev] y "w on y\r own pictures1 :]ev] !y may apply1 & w enable y to give due di/ance 9 ^? works4 #ad ,b ,i h f\nd t z a rule ! second is #d_/e ( ! fir/ :5 x is #bj braccia beyond x4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] is "o ( ^? copi$ 9 ! ,manuscript ( ! ,vatican libr>y ,urb9as #abgj1 & ! orig9al text is r5d]$ "h ) no o!r alt]ations1 b 9 ! or?ography4 ,h4 ,,ludwig1 9 8 edition ( ?is copy translates l9es #ad & #ae ?us3 ,i* f9de ab] als ,regel1 dass d] zweite um vi] ,funftel des er/5 abnimmt1 w5n er namli* zwanzig ,ell5 vom er/5 entf]nt i/ 7874 ,he adds 9 8 comm5t>y3 ,das ,ende d] ,numm] i/ wohl j$5falls v]/ummelt4 ,h[ev] ! translation giv5 above %[s t x admits ( a diff]5t r5d]+4 ,! rules ( a]ial p]spective 7#bie--big74 #bie4 ,,( ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( p]spective :i* ,i call ,a]ial ,p]spective1 because by ! atmosph]e we are able to di/+ui% ! v>iations 9 di/ance ( diff]5t build+s1 :i* appe> plac$ on a s+le l9e2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we see sev]al build+s beyond a wall1 all ( :i*1 z !y appe> above ! top ( ! wall1 look ( ! same size1 :ile y wi% to repres5t !m 9 a picture z m remote "o ?an ano!r & to give ! effect ( a some:at d5se atmosph]e4 ,y "k t 9 an atmosph]e ( equal d5sity ! remote/ objects se5 ?r\gh x1 z m\nta9s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great quantity ( atmosph]e betwe5 y\r eye & !m--appe> blue & almo/ ( ! same hue z ! atmosph]e itself ,footnote #aj3 quado il sole e p] leuante 7:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/74 ,app>5tly ! au?or ref]s "h to morn+ light 9 g5]al4 ,h4 ,,ludwig h[ev] translates ?is passage f ! ,vatican copy w5n namli* die ,sonne 7dah9t]7 im ,o/5 /eht4 :5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,footnote #aj4 ,h5ce y mu/ make ! ne>e/ build+ above ! wall ( its real col\r1 b ! m di/ant ones make less def9$ & blu]4 ,^? y wi% %\ld look f>!/ away y mu/ make proportionately blu]2 ?us1 if "o is to be five times z di/ant1 make x five times blu]4 ,& by ?is rule ! build+s :i* above a giv5 l9e appe> ( ! same size1 w pla9ly be di/+ui%$ z to :i* are ! m remote & :i* l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 #bif4 ,! m$ium ly+ betwe5 ! eye & ! object se51 t+es t object ) its col\r1 z ! blu5ess ( ! atmosph]e makes ! di/ant m\nta9s appe> blue & r$ glass makes objects se5 beyond x1 look r$4 ,! light %$ r\nd !m by ! />s is obscur$ by ! d>kness ( ! night :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & ! radiant light ( ! />s4 #big4 ,take c>e t ! p]spective ( col\r does n disagree ) ! size ( y\r objects1 hat is to say3 t ! col\rs dim9i% f _! natural vividness 9 proportion z ! objects at v>i\s di/ances dimmi% f _! natural size4 ,on ! relative d5sity ( ! atmosph]e 7#bih--bij74 #bih4 ,,:y ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,mu/ ,,be ,,repres5t$ ,,z ,,pal] ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,l[] ,,portion4 ,because ! atmosph]e is d5se ne> ! e>?1 & ! high] x is ! r>] x becomes4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ if y look t[>ds ! ,we/ & a little way to ! ,s\? & ,nor?1 y w see t ?is d5se atmosph]e receives m light f ! sun ?an ! r>]2 because ! rays meet ) great] resi/ance4 ,& if ! sky1 z y see x1 ends on a l[ pla91 t l[e/ portion ( ! sky w be se5 ?r\gh a d5s] & :it] atmosph]e1 :i* w weak5 its true col\r z se5 ?r\gh t m$ium1 & !re ! sky w look :it] ?an x is above y1 :]e ! l9e ( sight travels ?r\gh a small] space ( air *>g$ ) heavy vap\r4 ,& if y turn to ! ,ea/1 ! atmosph]e w appe> d>k] z y look l[] d[n because ! lum9\s rays pass less freely ?r\gh ! l[] atmosph]e4 #bii4 ,,( ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,treat+ ,,remote ,,objects ,,9 ,,pa9t+4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ! atmosph]e :i* lies close/ to ! level gr\nd is d5s] ?an ! re/1 & t :]e x is high] up1 x is r>] & m transp>5t4 ,! l[] portions ( l>ge & l(ty objects :i* are at a di/ance are n mu* se51 because y see !m along a l9e :i* passes ?r\gh a d5s] & ?ick] section ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! summits ( su* heights are se5 along a l9e :i*1 ?\gh x />ts f y\r eye 9 a d5se atmosph]e1 /ill1 z x ends at ! top ( ^? l(ty objects1 ceases 9 a mu* r>] atmosph]e ?an exi/s at _! base2 = ?is reason ! f>!r ?is l9e ext5ds f y\r eye1 f po9t to po9t ! atmosph]e becomes m & m r>e4 ,h5ce1 ,o ,pa9t]6 :5 y repres5t m\nta9s1 see t f hill to hill ! bases are pal] ?an ! summits1 & 9 proportion z !y rec$e beyond ea* o!r make ! bases pal] ?an ! summits2 :ile1 ! high] !y are ! m y mu/ %[ ( _! true =m & col\r4 ,on ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e 7#cjj-cjg74 #cjj4 ,,( ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,i say t ! blu5ess we see 9 ! atmosph]e is n intr9sic col\r1 b is caus$ by w>m vap\r evaporat$ 9 m9ute & ins5sible atoms on :i* ! sol> rays fall1 r5d]+ !m lum9\s aga9/ ! inf9ite d>kness ( ! fi]y sph]e :i* lies beyond & includes x4 ,& ?is may be se51 z ,i saw x by any "o go+ up ,footnote #e3 ,) reg>d to ! place spok5 ( z ,m'oboso 7comp>e ,no4 #cja l9e #bj7 its id5tity w be discuss$ "u ,leon>do's ,topographical notes 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,monboso1 a peak ( ! ,alps :i* divide ,france f ,italy4 ,! base ( ?is m\nta9 gives bir? to ! f\r riv]s :i* fl[ 9 f\r diff]5t directions ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,& no m\nta9 has its base at s great a height z ?is1 :i* lifts itself almo/ above ! cl\ds2 & sn[ seldom falls !re1 b only hail 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! cl\ds are highe/4 ,& ?is hail lies unmelt$ !re1 s t if x 7 n = ! absorption ( ! ris+ & fall+ cl\ds1 :i* does n happ5 twice 9 an age1 an enorm\s mass ( ice w\ld be pil$ up !re by ! hail1 & 9 ! middle ( ,july ,i f\nd x v consid]able4 ,!re ,i saw above me ! d>k sky1 & ! sun z x fell on ! m\nta9 0 f> bright] "h ?an 9 ! pla9s bel[1 because a small] ext5t ( atmosph]e lay betwe5 ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & ! sun4 ,aga9 z an illu/ration ( ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e ,i w m5tion ! smoke ( old & dry wood1 :i*1 z x comes out ( a *imney1 appe>s to turn v blue1 :5 se5 betwe5 ! eye & ! d>k di/ance4 ,b z x rises1 & comes betwe5 ! eye & ! bright atmosph]e1 x at once %[s ( an a%y grey col\r2 & ?is happ5s because x no long] has d>kness beyond x1 b ?is bright & lum9\s space4 ,if ! smoke is f "y1 gre5 wood1 x w n appe> blue1 because1 n be+ transp>5t & be+ full ( sup]abundant moi/ure1 x has ! effect ( cond5s$ cl\ds :i* take di/9ct lights & %ad[s l a solid body4 ,! same occurs ) ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 :5 ov]*>g$ ) moi/ure appe>s :ite1 & ! small am\nt ( heat$ moi/ure makes x d>k1 ( a d>k blue col\r2 & ?is w suffice u s f> z conc]ns ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e2 ?\gh x might be add$ t1 if ?is transp>5t blue 7 ! natural col\r ( ! atmosph]e1 x w\ld foll[ t :]ev] a l>g] mass air int]v5$ betwe5 ! eye & ! elem5t ( fire1 ! azure col\r w\ld be m int5se2 z we see 9 blue glass & 9 sapphires1 :i* are d>k] 9 proportion z !y are l>g]4 ,b ! atmosph]e 9 su* circum/ances behaves 9 an opposite mann]1 inasmu* z :]e a great] quantity ( x lies betwe5 ! eye & ! sph]e ( fire1 x is se5 mu* :it]4 ,?is occurs t[>ds ! horizon4 ,& ! less ! ext5t ( atmosph]e betwe5 ! eye & ! sph]e ( fire1 ! deep] is ! blue col\r1 z may be se5 ev5 on l[ pla9s4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 z ,i say1 t ! atmosph]e assumes ?is azure hue by reason ( ! p>ticles ( moi/ure :i* cat* ! rays ( ! sun4 ,aga91 we may note ! diff]5ce 9 p>ticles ( du/1 or p>ticles ( smoke1 9 ! sun beams admitt$ ?r\gh holes into a d>k *amb]1 :5 ! =m] w look a% grey & ! ?9 smoke w appe> ( a mo/ beautiful blue2 & x may be se5 aga9 9 9 ! d>k %ad[s ( di/ant m\nta9s :5 ! air betwe5 ! eye & ^? %ad[s w look v blue1 ?\gh ! brighte/ p>ts ( ^? m\nta9s w n diff] mu* f _! true col\r4 ,b if any "o wi%es = a f9al pro( let him pa9t a bo>d ) v>i\s col\rs1 among !m an int5se black2 & ov] all let him lay a v ?9 & transp>5t coat+ ( :ite4 ,he w !n see t ?is transp>5t :ite w n[h]e %[ a m beautiful blue ?an ov] ! black--b x mu/ be v ?9 & f9ely gr\nd4 ,footnote #g3 reta "h has ! s5se ( malanno4 #cja4 ,exp]i5ce %[s u t ! air mu/ h d>kness beyond x & yet x appe>s blue4 ,if y produce a small quantity ( smoke f dry wood & ! rays ( ! sun fall on ?is smoke1 & if y !n place beh9d ! smoke a piece ( black velvet on :i* ! sun does n %9e1 y w see t all ! smoke :i* is betwe5 ! eye & ! black /uff w appe> ( a beautiful blue col\r4 ,& if in/ead ( ! velvet y place a :ite clo? smoke1 t is too ?ick smoke1 h9d]s1 & too ?9 smoke does n produce1 ! p]fection ( ?is blue col\r4 ,h5ce a mod]ate am\nt ( smoke produces ! f9e/ blue4 ,wat] viol5tly eject$ 9 a f9e spray & 9 a d>k *amb] :]e ! sun beams are admitt$ produces ^! blue rays & ! m vividly if x is di/ill$ wat]1 & ?9 smoke looks blue4 ,?is ,i m5tion 9 ord] to %[ t ! blu5ess ( ! atmosph]e is caus$ by ! d>kness beyond x1 & ^! in/ances are giv5 = ^? :o _c confirm my exp]i5ce on ,monboso4 #cjb4 ,:5 ! smoke f dry wood is se5 betwe5 ! eye ( ! spectator & "s d>k space or object1 x w look blue4 ,?us ! sky looks blue by reason ( ! d>kness beyond x4 ,& if y look t[>ds ! horizon ( ! sky1 y w see ! atmosph]e is n blue1 & ?is is caus$ by its d5sity4 ,& ?us at ea* degree1 z y raise y\r eyes above ! horizon up to ! sky ov] y\r head1 y w see ! atmosph]e look d>k] blue & ?is is because a small] d5sity ( air lies betwe5 y\r eye & ! out] d>kness4 ,& if y g to ! top ( a high m\nta9 ! sky w look proportionately d>k] above y z ! atmosph]e becomes r>] betwe5 y & ! out] d>kness2 & ?is w be m visible at ea* degree ( increas+ height till at la/ we %\ld f9d d>kness4 ,t smoke w look blue/ :i* rises f ! drie/ wood & :i* is ne>e/ to ! fire & is se5 aga9/ ! d>ke/ backgr\nd1 & ) ! sunlight ^u x4 #cjc4 ,a d>k object w appe> blue/ 9 proportion z x has a great] mass ( lum9\s atmosph]e betwe5 x & ! eye4 ,z may be se5 9 ! col\r ( ! sky4 #cjd4 ,! atmosph]e is blue by reason ( ! d>kness above x because black & :ite make blue4 #cje4 ,9 ! morn+ ! mi/ is d5s] above ?an bel[1 because ! sun draws x upw>ds2 h5ce tall build+s1 ev5 if ! summit is at ! same di/ance z ! base h ! summit invisible4 ,!re=e1 also1 ! sky looks d>ke/ 9 col\r ov]head1 & t[>ds ! horizon x is n blue b r betwe5 smoke & du/ col\r4 ,! atmosph]e1 :5 full ( mi/1 is q devoid ( blu5ess1 & only appe>s ( ! col\r ( cl\ds1 :i* %9e :ite :5 ! wea!r is f9e4 ,& ! m y turn to ! we/ ! d>k] x w be1 & ! bright] z y look to ! ea/4 ,& ! v]dure ( ! fields is blui% 9 a ?9 mi/1 b gr[s grey 9 a d5se "o4 ,! build+s 9 ! we/ w only %[ _! illum9at$ side1 :]e ! sun %9es1 & ! mi/ hides ! re/4 ,:5 ! sun rises & *ases away ! haze1 ! hills on ! side :]e x lifts beg9 to gr[ cle>]1 & look blue1 & seem to smoke ) ! vani%+ mi/s2 & ! build+s reveal _! lights & %ad[s2 ?r\gh ! ?9n] vap\r !y %[ only _! lights & ?r\gh ! ?ick] air no?+ at all4 ,?is is :5 ! movem5t ( ! mi/ makes x "p horizontally1 & !n ! edges ( ! mi/ w be indi/9ct aga9/ ! blue ( ! sky1 & t[>ds ! e>? x w look almo/ l du/ bl[n up4 ,9 proportion z ! atmosph]e is d5se ! build+s ( a city & ! trees 9 a l&scape w look few]1 because only ! talle/ & l>ge/ w be se54 ,d>kness affects e ?+ ) its hue1 & ! m an object diff]s f d>kness1 ! m we see its real & natural col\r4 ,! m\nta9s w look few1 because only ^? w be se5 :i* are f>!/ ap>t2 s9ce1 at su* a di/ance1 ! d5sity increases to su* a degree t x causes a brightness by :i* ! d>kness ( ! hills becomes divid$ & vani%es inde$ t[>ds ! top4 ,!re is less mi/ betwe5 l[] & ne>] hills & yet little is to be di/+ui%$1 & lea/ t[>ds ! bottom4 #cjf4 ,! surface ( an object p>takes ( ! col\r ( ! light :i* illum9ates x2 & ( ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & t object1 t is ( ! col\r ( ! transp>5t m$ium ly+ betwe5 ! object & ! eye2 & among col\rs ( a simil> "* ! second w be ( ! same tone z ! fir/1 & ?is is caus$ by ! increas$ ?ickness ( ! col\r ( ! m$ium ly+ betwe5 ! object & ! eye4 #cjg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,( v>i\s col\rs :i* are none ( !m blue t :i* at a great di/ance w look blue/ is ! ne>e/ to black2 & s1 conv]sely1 ! col\r :i* is lea/ l black w at a great di/ance be/ pres]ve its own col\r4 ,h5ce ! gre5 ( fields w assume a blu] hue ?an yell[ or :ite w1 & conv]sely yell[ or :ite w *ange less ?an gre51 & r$ /ill less4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,proportions & on ! ,movem5ts ( ! ,human ,figure4 ,leon>do's rese>*es on ! proportions & movem5ts ( ! human figure mu/ h be5 = ! mo/ "p complet$ & writt5 be=e ! ye> #adih2 = ,,luca ,,paciolo writes1 9 ! d$ication to ,ludovico il ,moro1 ( 8 book ,div9a ,proportione1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 t ye>3 ,leon>do da v5ci 444 hau$o gia co tutta diligetia al degno libro de pictura e movim5ti humani po/o f9e4 ,! selection ( ,leon>do's axioms conta9$ 9 ! ,vatican copy attributes ^! words to ! au?or3 e il re/o si dira nella univ]sale misura del huomo4 7,,manzi1 p4 #adg2 ,,ludwig1 ,no4 #bfd74 ,,lomazzo1 aga91 9 8 ,idea del ,tempio della ,pittura ,milano #aeij1 cap4 ,,iv1 says3 ,lion>do ,v9ci 444 dimo/ro anco 9 figura tutte le proporzioni dei membri del corpo umano4 ,! ,vatican copy includes b v few sections ( ! ,univ]sale misura del huomo & until n[ no?+ has be5 made kn[n ( ! orig9al ,,mss4 on ! subject :i* h suppli$ ! v ext5sive mat]ials = ?is portion ( ! "w4 ,! collection at ,w9dsor1 belong+ to h] ,maje/y ! ,que51 includes by f> ! mo/ important "p ( ,leon>do's inve/igations on ?is subject1 con/itut+ ab\t half ( ! :ole ( ! mat]ials "h publi%$2 & ! l>ge numb] ( orig9al draw+s adds greatly to ! int]e/ :i* ! subject itself mu/ comm&4 ,luca ,paciolo w\ld seem to h _h ^! ,,mss4 7:i* ,i h di/+ui%$ by ! initials ,w4 ,p47 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ! passage quot$ above4 ,/ill1 c]ta9 notes ( a lat] date--su* z ,nos4 #cfj1 #cfb & #cfc1 f ,,ms4 ,e1 writt5 9 #aeac--ad1 suffici5tly prove t ,leon>do did n consid] 8 e>li] /udies on ! ,proportions & ,movem5ts ( ! ,human ,figure f9al & complete1 z we might suppose f ,luca ,paciolo's /atem5t4 ,or else he took ! subject up aga9 at a subsequ5t p]iod1 s9ce 8 =m] rese>*es _h be5 c>ri$ on at ,milan betwe5 #adij & #aejj4 ,inde$ x is highly probable t ! anatomical /udies :i* he 0 pursu+ zvi? s mu* zeal betwe5 #aeaj--af %\ld h l$ him to reconsid] ! subject ( ,proportion4 ,prelim9>y obs]vations 7#cjh4 #cji74 #cjh4 ,e man1 at ?ree ye>s old is half ! full height he w gr[ to at la/4 #cji4 ,if a man #b braccia high is too small1 "o ( f\r is too tall1 ! m$ium be+ :at is admirable4 ,betwe5 #b & #d comes #c2 !re=e take a man ( #c braccia 9 height & measure him by ! rule ,i w give y4 ,if y tell me t ,i may be mi/ak51 & judge a man to be well proportion$ :o does n con=m to ?is division1 ,i answ] t y mu/ look at _m m5 ( #c braccia1 & out ( ! l>g] numb] :o are alike 9 _! limbs *oose "o ( ^? :o are mo/ graceful & take y\r measurem5ts4 ,! l5g? ( ! h& is #a_/c ( a braccio #h in*es & ?is is f\nd #i times 9 man4 ,& ! face ,footnote #g3 ,! acc\nt "h giv5 ( ! braccio is ( importance 9 und]/&+ "s ( ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,te/a mu/ "h be und]/ood to mean ! face4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ?is section are illu/rat$ 9 "p on ,pl4 ,,xi4 is ! same1 & f ! pit ( ! ?roat to ! %\ld]1 & f ! %\ld] to ! nipple1 & f "o nipple to ! o!r1 & f ea* nipple to ! pit ( ! ?roat4 ,proportions ( ! head & face 7#caj-cah74 #caj4 ,! space betwe5 ! p>t+ ( ! lips ! m\? & ! base ( ! nose is "o-sev5? ( ! face4 ,! space f ! m\? to ! bottom ( ! *9 c d is ! f\r? "p ( ! face & equal to ! wid? ( ! m\?4 ,! space f ! *9 to ! base ( ! nose e f is ! ?ird "p ( ! face & equal to ! l5g? ( ! nose & to ! =ehead4 ,! di/ance f ! middle ( ! nose to ! bottom ( ! *9 g h1 is half ! l5g? ( ! face4 ,! di/ance f ! top ( ! nose1 :]e ! eyebr[s beg91 to ! bottom ( ! *91 i k1 is two ?irds ( ! face4 ,! space f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to ! top ( ! *9 l m1 t is :]e ! *9 ends & passes into ! l[] lip ( ! m\?1 is ! ?ird ( ! di/ance f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to ! bottom ( ! *9 & is ! twelf? "p ( ! face4 ,f ! top to ! bottom ( ! *9 m n is ! six? "p ( ! face & is ! fifty f\r? "p ( a man's height4 ,f ! f>!/ projection ( ! *9 to ! ?roat o p is equal to ! space betwe5 ! m\? & ! bottom ( ! *91 & a f\r? ( ! face4 ,! di/ance f ! top ( ! ?roat to ! pit ( ! ?roat bel[ q r is half ! l5g? ( ! face & ! eighte5? "p ( a man's height4 ,f ! *9 to ! back ( ! neck s t1 is ! same di/ance z betwe5 ! m\? & ! roots ( ! hair1 t is ?ree qu>t]s ( ! head4 ,f ! *9 to ! jaw bone v x is half ! head & equal to ! ?ickness ( ! neck 9 pr(ile4 ,! ?ickness ( ! head f ! br[ to ! nape is once & #c_/d t ( ! neck4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+s to ?is text1 l9es #a-aj are on ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 ,i4 ,! two upp] sket*es ( heads1 ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 belong to l9es #aa-ad1 & 9 ! orig9al are plac$ imm$iately bel[ ! sket*es reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #a4 #caa4 ,! di/ance f ! atta*m5t ( "o e> to ! o!r is equal to t f ! meet+ ( ! eyebr[s to ! *91 & 9 a f9e face ! wid? ( ! m\? is equal to ! l5g? f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to ! bottom ( ! *94 #cab4 ,! cut or depression bel[ ! l[] lip ( ! m\? is half way betwe5 ! bottom ( ! nose & ! bottom ( ! *94 ,! face =ms a squ>e 9 itself2 t is its wid? is f ! out] corn] ( "o eye to ! o!r1 & its height is f ! v top ( ! nose to ! bottom ( ! l[] lip ( ! m\?2 !n :at rema9s above & bel[ ?is squ>e am\nts to ! height ( su* ano!r squ>e1 a b is equal to ! space betwe5 c d2 d n 9 ! same way to n c1 & likewise s r1 q p1 h k are equal to ea* o!r4 ,x is z f> betwe5 m & s z f ! bottom ( ! nose to ! *94 ,! e> is exactly z long z ! nose4 ,x is z f> f x to j z f ! nose to ! *94 ,! p>t+ ( ! m\? se5 9 pr(ile slopes to ! angle ( ! jaw4 ,! e> %\ld be z high z f ! bottom ( ! nose to ! top ( ! eye-lid4 ,! space betwe5 ! eyes is equal to ! wid? ( an eye4 ,! e> is ov] ! middle ( ! neck1 :5 se5 9 pr(ile4 ,! di/ance f #d to #e is equal to t f s to r4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 ,no4 ,i1 :]e ! text ( l9es #c-ac is also giv5 9 facsimile4 #cac4 7a b7 is equal to 7c d74 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #c4 ,ref]5ce may also be made "h to two p5 & ink draw+s ( heads 9 pr(ile ) figur$ measurem5ts1 ( :i* !re is no description 9 ! ,,ms4 ,^! are giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #b4--;,a head1 to ! left1 ) "p ( ! torso ,w4 ,p4 #e;a1 ,no4 #a on ! same plate is f ,,ms4 ,a #b;b & 9 ! orig9al occurs on a page ) :olly irrelevant text on matt]s ( natural hi/ory4 ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 8 edition ( ! ,p>is ,,ms4 ,a has reproduc$ ?is head & discuss$ x fully note on page #ab2 he has h[ev] some:at alt]$ ! orig9al measurem5ts4 ,! complicat$ calculations :i* ,m4 ,,ravaisson has giv5 appe> to me 9 no way ju/ifi$4 ,! sket*1 z we see x1 c h>dly h be5 int5d$ = any ?+ m ?an an exp]im5tal attempt to asc]ta9 relative proportions4 ,we d n f9d t ,leon>do made use ( circul> l9es 9 any o!r /udy ( ! proportions ( ! human head4 ,at ! same "t we see t ! proportions ( ?is sket* are n 9 accordance ) ! rules :i* he usually obs]v$ 7see = in/ance ,no4 #caj74 ,! head a f #a_/f l>g] ?an n f4 #cae4 ,f ! eyebr[ to ! junction ( ! lip ) ! *91 & ! angle ( ! jaw & ! upp] angle :]e ! e> jo9s ! temple w be a p]fect squ>e4 ,& ea* side by itself is half ! head4 ,! holl[ ( ! *eek bone occurs half way betwe5 ! tip ( ! nose & ! top ( ! jaw bone1 :i* is ! l[] angle ( ! sett+ on ( ! e>1 9 ! frame "h repres5t$4 ,f ! angle ( ! eye-socket to ! e> is z f> z ! l5g? ( ! e>1 or ! ?ird ( ! face4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,! text1 9 ! orig9al is writt5 beh9d ! head4 ,! h&writ+ w\ld seem to indicate a date e>li] ?an #adhj4 ,on ! same leaf !re is a draw+ 9 r$ *alk ( two horsem5 ( :i* only a portion ( ! upp] figure is "h visible4 ,! :ole leaf measures #bb #a_/b c5timetres wide by #bi long1 & is numb]$ #abg 9 ! top "r-h& corn]4 #caf4 ,f a to b--t is to say f ! roots ( ! hair 9 front to ! top ( ! head--ought to be equal to c d2--t is f ! bottom ( ! nose to ! meet+ ( ! lips 9 ! middle ( ! m\?4 ,f ! inn] corn] ( ! eye m to ! top ( ! head a is z f> z f m d[n to ! *9 s4 s c f b are all at equal di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+ 9 silv]-po9t on blui% t9t$ pap]--,pl4 ,x--:i* belongs to ?is *apt] has be5 p>tly drawn ov] 9 ink by ,leon>do himself4 #cag4 ,f ! top ( ! head to ! bottom ( ! *9 is #a_/i1 & f ! roots ( ! hair to ! *9 is #a_/i ( ! di/ance f ! roots ( ! hair to ! gr\nd4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! face is equal to ! space betwe5 ! m\? & ! roots ( ! hair & is #a_/ab ( ! :ole height4 ,f ! top ( ! e> to ! top ( ! head is equal to ! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! *9 to ! la*rymatory duct ( ! eye2 & also equal to ! di/ance f ! angle ( ! *9 to t ( ! jaw2 t is ! #a_/af ( ! :ole4 ,! small c>tilage :i* projects ov] ! op5+ ( ! e> t[>ds ! nose is half-way betwe5 ! nape & ! eyebr[2 ! ?ickness ( ! neck 9 pr(ile is equal to ! space betwe5 ! *9 & ! eyes1 & to ! space betwe5 ! *9 & ! jaw1 & x is #a_/ah ( ! height ( ! man4 #cah4 a b1 c d1 e f1 g h1 i k are equal to ea* o!r 9 size except+ t d f is accid5tal4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,proportions ( ! head se5 9 front 7#cai-cba74 #cai4 a n o f are equal to ! m\?4 a c & a f are equal to ! space betwe5 "o eye & ! o!r4 n m o f q r are equal to half ! wid? ( ! eye lids1 t is f ! inn] la*rymatory corn] ( ! eye to its out] corn]2 & 9 l mann] ! division betwe5 ! *9 & ! m\?2 & 9 ! same way ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! nose betwe5 ! eyes4 ,& ^! spaces1 ea* 9 itself1 is ! #ai? "p ( ! head1 n o is equal to ! l5g? ( ! eye or ( ! space betwe5 ! eyes4 m c is #a_/c ( n m measur+ f ! out] corn] ( ! eyelids to ! lett] c4 b s w be equal to ! wid? ( ! no/ril4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xii4 #cbj4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! pupils ( ! eyes is #a_/c ( ! face4 ,! space betwe5 ! out] corn]s ( ! eyes1 t is :]e ! eye ends 9 ! eye socket :i* conta9s x1 ?us ! out] corn]s1 is half ! face4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! face at ! l9e ( ! eyes is equal to ! di/ance f ! roots ( ! hair 9 front to ! p>t+ ( ! lips4 ,footnote3 ,!re are1 ) ?is section1 two sket*es ( eyes1 n reproduc$ "h4 #cba4 ,! nose w make a d\ble squ>e2 t is ! wid? ( ! nose at ! no/rils goes twice into ! l5g? f ! tip ( ! nose to ! eyebr[s4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 9 pr(ile ! di/ance f ! extreme side ( ! no/ril :]e x jo9s ! *eek to ! tip ( ! nose is equal to ! wid? ( ! nose 9 front f "o no/ril to ! o!r4 ,if y divide ! :ole l5g? ( ! nose--t is f ! tip to ! ins]tion ( ! eyebr[s1 into #d equal p>ts1 y w f9d t "o ( ^! p>ts ext5ds f ! tip ( ! no/rils to ! base ( ! nose1 & ! upp] division lies betwe5 ! inn] corn] ( ! eye & ! ins]tion ( ! eyebr[s2 & ! two middle p>ts toge!r are equal to ! l5g? ( ! eye f ! inn] to ! out] corn]4 ,footnote3 ,! two bottom sket*es on ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d face ! six l9es ( ?is section1--,) reg>d to ! proportions ( ! head 9 pr(ile see ,no4 #cab4 #cbb4 ,! great toe is ! six? "p ( ! foot1 tak+ ! measure 9 pr(ile1 on ! inside ( ! foot1 f :]e ?is toe spr+s f ! ball ( ! sole ( ! foot to its tip a b2 & x is equal to ! di/ance f ! m\? to ! bottom ( ! *94 ,if y draw ! foot 9 pr(ile f ! outside1 make ! little toe beg9 at ?ree qu>t]s ( ! l5g? ( ! foot1 & y w f9d ! same di/ance f ! ins]tion ( ?is toe z to ! f>!/ prom95ce ( ! great toe4 #cbc4 ,= ea* man respectively ! di/ance betwe5 a b is equal to c d4 #cbd4 ,relative proportion ( ! h& & foot4 ,! foot is z mu* long] ?an ! h& z ! ?ickness ( ! arm at ! wri/ :]e x is ?9ne/ se5 fac+4 ,aga91 y w f9d t ! foot is z mu* long] ?an ! h& z ! space betwe5 ! inn] angle ( ! little toe to ! la/ projection ( ! big toe1 if y measure along ! l5g? ( ! foot4 ,! palm ( ! h& )\t ! f+]s goes twice into ! l5g? ( ! foot )\t ! toes4 ,if y hold y\r h& ) ! f+]s /raight out & close toge!r y w f9d x to be ( ! same wid? z ! wide/ "p ( ! foot1 t is :]e x is jo9$ onto ! toes4 ,& if y measure f ! prom95ce ( ! inn] ancle to ! end ( ! great toe y w f9d ?is measure to be z long z ! :ole h&4 ,f ! top angle ( ! foot to ! ins]tion ( ! toes is equal to ! h& f wri/ jo9t to ! tip ( ! ?umb4 ,! smalle/ wid? ( ! h& is equal to ! smalle/ wid? ( ! foot betwe5 its jo9t into ! leg & ! ins]tion ( ! toes4 ,! wid? ( ! heel at ! l[] "p is equal to t ( ! arm :]e x jo9s ! h&2 & also to ! leg :]e x is ?9ne/ :5 view$ 9 front4 ,! l5g? ( ! longe/ toe1 f its fir/ division f ! great toe to its tip is ! f\r? ( ! foot f ! c5tre ( ! ancle bone to ! tip1 & x is equal to ! wid? ( ! m\?4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! m\? & ! *9 is equal to t ( ! knuckles & ( ! ?ree middle f+]s & to ! l5g? ( _! fir/ jo9ts if ! h& is spread1 & equal to ! di/ance f ! jo9t ( ! ?umb to ! outset ( ! nails1 t is ! f\r? "p ( ! h& & ( ! face4 ,! space betwe5 ! extreme poles inside & outside ! foot call$ ! ancle or ancle bone a b is equal to ! space betwe5 ! m\? & ! inn] corn] ( ! eye4 #cbe4 ,! foot1 f :]e x is atta*$ to ! leg1 to ! tip ( ! great toe is z long z ! space betwe5 ! upp] "p ( ! *9 & ! roots ( ! hair a b2 & equal to five six?s ( ! face4 #cbf4 a d is a head's l5g?1 c b is a head's l5g?4 ,! f\r small] toes are all equally ?ick f ! nail at ! top to ! bottom1 & are #a_/ac ( ! foot4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #a1 a draw+ ( a foot ) ! text 9 ?ree l9es bel[ x4 #cbg4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! foot w lie betwe5 ! elb[ & ! wri/ & betwe5 ! elb[ & ! inn] angle ( ! arm t[>ds ! brea/ :5 ! arm is fold$4 ,! foot is z long z ! :ole head ( a man1 t is f "u ! *9 to ! topmo/ "p ( ! head,footnote #b3 nel modo *e qui i figurato4 ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d1 ! upp] figure4 ,! text breaks (f at ! end ( l9e #b & ! text giv5 "u ,no4 #cba foll[s bel[4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t ! second sket* on ,w4 ,p4 #caa has 9 ! orig9al no explanatory text4 9 ! way "h figur$4 ,proportions ( ! leg 7#cbh-cca74 #cbh4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! calf ( ! leg is at a ?ird ( its height a b1 & is a tw5tie? "p ?ick] ?an ! greate/ ?ickness ( ! foot4 a c is half ( ! head1 & equal to d b & to ! ins]tion ( ! five toes e f4 d k dim9i%es "o six? 9 ! leg g h4 g h is #a_/c ( ! head2 m n increases "o six? f a e & is #g_/ab ( ! head1 o p is #a_/aj less ?an d k & is #f_/ag ( ! head4 a is at half ! di/ance betwe5 b q1 & is #a_/d ( ! man4 r is half way betwe5 s & b,footnote #aa3 b is "h & lat] on measur$ on ! "r side ( ! foot z se5 by ! spectator44 ,! concavity ( ! knee outside r is high] ?an t inside a4 ,! half ( ! :ole height ( ! leg f ! foot r1 is half way betwe5 ! prom95ce s & ! gr\nd b4 v is half way betwe5 t & b4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ?igh se5 9 front is equal to ! greate/ wid? ( ! face1 t is #b_/c ( ! l5g? f ! *9 to ! top ( ! head2 z r is #e_/f ( #g to v2 m n is equal to #g v & is #a_/d ( r b1 x y goes #c times into r b1 & into r s4 ,footnote #bb-ce3 ,! sket* illu/rat+ ^! l9es is on ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #bb3 a b entra 9 c f #f e #f 9 c n4 ,accurate measurem5t h[ev] obliges u to read #g = #f4 a b goes six times into c f & six times into c n & is equal to g h2 i k l m goes #d times into d f1 & #d times into d n & is #c_/g ( ! foot2 p q r s goes #c times into d f1 & #c times into b n2 ,footnote3 #be4 y is n to be f\nd on ! diagram & x occurs twice2 ?is makes ! passage v obscure4 x y is #a_/h ( x f & is equal to n q4 #c #g is #a_/i ( n f2 #d #e is #a_/aj ( n f ,footnote3 #bb-bg4 ,comp>e ) ?is l9es #ah-bd ( ,no4 #cca1 & ! sket* ( a leg 9 pr(ile ,pl4 ,,xv44 ,i want to "k h[ mu* a man increases 9 height by /&+ on tip-toe & h[ mu* p g dim9i%es by /oop+2 & h[ mu* x increases at n q likewise 9 b5d+ ! foot4 ,footnote #cd3 e f #d dal cazo4 ,by read+ i = e ! s5se ( ?is passage is made cle>4 e f is f\r times 9 ! di/ance betwe5 ! g5itals & ! sole ( ! foot2 ,footnote #ce3 #b is n to be f\nd 9 ! sket* :i* r5d]s ! passage obscure4 ,! two la/ l9es are pla9ly legible 9 ! facsimile4 #c #g is six times f #c to #b & is equal to g h & i k4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+ ( a leg se5 9 front ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #a belongs to ! text f l9es #c-ba4 ,! measurem5ts 9 ?is section %\ld be comp>$ ) ! text ,no4 #cca1 l9es #a-ac1 & ! sket* ( a leg se5 9 front on ,pl4 ,,xv4 #cbi4 ,! l5g? ( ! foot f ! end ( ! toes to ! heel goes twice into t f ! heel to ! knee1 t is :]e ! leg bone fibula jo9s ! ?igh bone femur4 #ccj4 a n b are equal2 c n d are equal2 n c makes two feet2 n d makes #b feet4 ,footnote3 ,see ! l[] sket*1 ,pl4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #a4 #cca4 m n o are equal4 ,! n>r[e/ wid? ( ! leg se5 9 front goes #h times f ! sole ( ! foot to ! jo9t ( ! knee1 & is ! same wid? z ! arm1 se5 9 front at ! wri/1 & z ! longe/ measure ( ! e>1 & z ! ?ree *ief divisions into :i* we divide ! face2 & ?is measurem5t goes #d times f ! wri/ jo9t ( ! h& to ! po9t ( ! elb[4 #ad ,! foot is z long z ! space f ! knee betwe5 a & b2 & ! patella ( ! knee is z long z ! leg betwe5 r & s4 #ah ,! lea/ ?ickness ( ! leg 9 pr(ile goes #f times f ! sole ( ! foot to ! knee jo9t & is ! same wid? z ! space betwe5 ! out] corn] ( ! eye & ! op5+ ( ! e>1 & z ! ?icke/ "p ( ! arm se5 9 pr(ile & betwe5 ! inn] corn] ( ! eye & ! ins]tion ( ! hair4 a b c d are all relatively ( equal l5g?1 c d goes twice f ! sole ( ! foot to ! c5tre ( ! knee & ! same f ! knee to ! hip4 #bh;a b c are equal2 a to b is #b feet--t is to say measur+ f ! heel to ! tip ( ! great toe4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xv4 ,! text ( l9es #b-ag is to ! left ( ! front view ( ! leg1 to :i* x ref]s4 ,l9es #ah-bg are 9 ! middle column & ref] to ! leg se5 9 pr(ile & turn$ to ! left1 on ! "r h& side ( ! writ+4 ,l9es #bj-cj are above1 to ! left & apply to ! sket* bel[ !m4 ,"s f>!r rem>ks on ! proportion ( ! leg w be f\nd 9 ,no4 #ccf1 l9es #f1 #g4 ,on ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole body4 #ccb4 ,9 kneel+ d[n a man w lose ! f\r? "p ( 8 height4 ,:5 a man kneels d[n ) 8 h&s fold$ on 8 brea/ ! navel w m>k half 8 height & likewise ! po9ts ( ! elb[s4 ,half ! height ( a man :o sits--t is f ! seat to ! top ( ! head--w be :]e ! arms fold bel[ ! brea/1 & bel[ ! %\ld]s4 ,! seat$ portion--t is f ! seat to ! top ( ! head--w be m ?an half ! man's :ole height by ! l5g? ( ! scrotum4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #b4 ,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! :ole figure4 #ccc4 ,! cubit is "o f\r? ( ! height ( a man & is equal to ! greate/ wid? ( ! %\ld]s4 ,f ! jo9t ( "o %\ld] to ! o!r is two faces & is equal to ! di/ance f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! navel4 ,footnote #i3 dalla detta somita4 ,x w\ld seem m accurate to read "h dal detto ombilico4 ,f ?is po9t to ! g5itals is a face's l5g?4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ) ?is ! sket*es on ! o!r page ( ! same leaf4 ,pl4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #b4 ,! relative proportions ( ! head & ( ! torso4 #ccd4 ,f ! roots ( ! hair to ! top ( ! brea/ a b is ! six? "p ( ! height ( a man & ?is measure is equal4 ,f ! outside "p ( "o %\ld] to ! o!r is ! same di/ance z f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! navel & ?is measure goes f\r times f ! sole ( ! foot to ! l[] end ( ! nose4 ,! ?ickness ( ! arm :]e x spr+s f ! %\ld] 9 front goes #f times into ! space betwe5 ! two outside edges ( ! %\ld]s & #c times into ! face1 & f\r times into ! l5g? ( ! foot & ?ree into ! h&1 inside or outside4 ,footnote3 ,! ?ree sket*es ,pl4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #b belong to ?is text4 ,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! leg 7#cce4 #ccf74 #cce4 a b c are equal to ea* o!r & to ! space f ! armpit ( ! %\ld] to ! g5itals & to ! di/ance f ! tip ( ! f+]s ( ! h& to ! jo9t ( ! arm1 & to ! half ( ! brea/2 & y mu/ "k t c b is ! ?ird "p ( ! height ( a man f ! %\ld]s to ! gr\nd2 d e f are equal to ea* o!r & equal to ! greate/ wid? ( ! %\ld]s4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #a4 #ccf4 --,top ( ! *9--hip--! ins]tion ( ! middle f+]4 ,! end ( ! calf ( ! leg on ! inside ( ! ?igh4--,! end ( ! swell+ ( ! %9 bone ( ! leg4 #f ,! smalle/ ?ickness ( ! leg goes #c times into ! ?igh se5 9 front4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #b1 middle sket*4 ,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! foot4 #ccg4 ,! torso a b 9 its ?9ne/ "p measures a foot2 & f a to b is #b feet1 :i* makes two squ>es to ! seat--its ?9ne/ "p goes #c times into ! l5g?1 ?us mak+ #c squ>es4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl1 ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 ! l[] sket*4 ,! proportions ( ! :ole figure 7#cch-cda74 #cch4 ,a man :5 he lies d[n is r$uc$ to #a_/i ( 8 height4 #cci4 ,! op5+ ( ! e>1 ! jo9t ( ! %\ld]1 t ( ! hip & ! ancle are 9 p]p5dicul> l9es2 a n is equal to m o4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #b1 ! upp] sket*4 #cdj4 ,f ! *9 to ! roots ( ! hair is #a_/aj ( ! :ole figure4 ,f ! jo9t ( ! palm ( ! h& to ! tip ( ! longe/ f+] is #a_/aj4 ,f ! *9 to ! top ( ! head #a_/h2 & f ! pit ( ! /oma* to ! top ( ! brea/ is #a_/f1 & f ! pit bel[ ! brea/ bone to ! top ( ! head #a_/d4 ,f ! *9 to ! no/rils #a_/c ,"p ( ! face1 ! same f ! no/rils to ! br[ & f ! br[ to ! roots ( ! hair1 & ! foot is #a_/f1 ! elb[ #a_/d1 ! wid? ( ! %\ld]s #a_/d4 #cda4 ,! wid? ( ! %\ld]s is #a_/d ( ! :ole4 ,f ! jo9t ( ! %\ld] to ! h& is #a_/c1 f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to bel[ ! %\ld]-blade is "o foot4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( a man f ! brea/ to ! sp9e is "o #h? ( 8 height & is equal to ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! *9 & ! top ( ! head4 ,! greate/ wid? is at ! %\ld]s & goes #d4 ,! torso f ! front & back4 #cdb4 ,! wid? ( a man "u ! arms is ! same z at ! hips4 ,a man's wid? across ! hips is equal to ! di/ance f ! top ( ! hip to ! bottom ( ! buttock1 :5 a man /&s equally balanc$ on bo? feet2 & !re is ! same di/ance f ! top ( ! hip to ! armpit4 ,! wai/1 or n>r[] "p above ! hips w be half way betwe5 ! arm pits & ! bottom ( ! buttock4 ,footnote3 ,! l[] sket* ,pl4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #b1 is drawn by ! side ( l9e #a4 ,vitruvius' s*eme ( proportions4 #cdc4 ,vitruvius1 ! ar*itect1 says 9 8 "w on ar*itecture t ! measurem5ts ( ! human body are di/ribut$ by ,nature z foll[s3 t is t #d f+]s make #a palm1 & #d palms make #a foot1 #f palms make #a cubit2 #d cubits make a man's height4 ,& #d cubits make "o pace & #bd palms make a man2 & ^! measures he us$ 9 8 build+s4 ,if y op5 y\r legs s mu* z to decrease y\r height #a_/ad & spread & raise y\r arms till y\r middle f+]s t\* ! level ( ! top ( y\r head y mu/ "k t ! c5tre ( ! outspread limbs w be 9 ! navel & ! space betwe5 ! legs w be an equilat]al triangle4 ,! l5g? ( a man's outspread arms is equal to 8 height4 ,f ! roots ( ! hair to ! bottom ( ! *9 is ! t5? ( a man's height2 f ! bottom ( ! *9 to ! top ( 8 head is "o eigh? ( 8 height2 f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! top ( 8 head w be "o six? ( a man4 ,f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! roots ( ! hair w be ! sev5? "p ( ! :ole man4 ,f ! nipples to ! top ( ! head w be ! f\r? "p ( a man4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! %\ld]s conta9s 9 itself ! f\r? "p ( ! man4 ,f ! elb[ to ! tip ( ! h& w be ! fif? "p ( a man2 & f ! elb[ to ! angle ( ! armpit w be ! eigh? "p ( ! man4 ,! :ole h& w be ! t5? "p ( ! man2 ! beg9n+ ( ! g5itals m>ks ! middle ( ! man4 ,! foot is ! sev5? "p ( ! man4 ,f ! sole ( ! foot to bel[ ! knee w be ! f\r? "p ( ! man4 ,f bel[ ! knee to ! beg9n+ ( ! g5itals w be ! f\r? "p ( ! man4 ,! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! *9 to ! nose & f ! roots ( ! hair to ! eyebr[s is1 9 ea* case ! same1 & l ! e>1 a ?ird ( ! face4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xviii4 ,! orig9al leaf is #ba c5timetres wide & #cc #a_/b long4 ,at ! ends ( ! scale bel[ ! figure are writt5 ! words diti 7f+]s7 & palmi 7palms74 ,! passage quot$ f ,vitruvius is ,book ,,iii1 ,cap4 #a1 & ,leon>do's draw+ is giv5 9 ! editions ( ,vitruvius by ,,fra ,,giocondo 7,v5ezia #aeaa1 fol41 ,fir5ze #aeac1 #hvo47 & by ,,ces>iano 7,como #aeba74 ,! arm & head4 #cdd4 ,f b to a is "o head1 z well z f c to a & ?is happ5s :5 ! elb[ =ms a "r angle4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #a4 ,proportions ( ! arm 7#cde-cdi74 #cde4 ,f ! tip ( ! longe/ f+] ( ! h& to ! %\ld] jo9t is f\r h&s or1 if y w1 f\r faces4 a b c are equal & ea* int]val is #b heads4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-c are giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xv bel[ ! front view ( ! leg2 l9es #d & #e are bel[ aga91 on ! left side4 ,! lett]+ ref]s to ! b5t arm ne> ! text4 #cdf4 ,! h& f ! longe/ f+] to ! wri/ jo9t goes #d times f ! tip ( ! longe/ f+] to ! %\ld] jo9t4 #cdg4 a b c are equal to ea* o!r & to ! foot & to ! space betwe5 ! nipple & ! navel d e w be ! ?ird "p ( ! :ole man4 f g is ! f\r? "p ( a man & is equal to g h & measures a cubit4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #a4 #a4 mamol9o 7bamb9o1 little *ild7 may mean "h ! navel4 #cdh4 a b goes #d times into a c & #i into a m4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm betwe5 ! elb[ & ! h& goes #f times into a m & is equal to r f4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! elb[ goes #d times into c m1 & is equal to h n g4 ,! smalle/ ?ickness ( ! arm above ! elb[ x y is n ! base ( a squ>e1 b is equal to half ! space h #c :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! inn] jo9t ( ! arm & ! wri/ jo9t4 #aa,! wid? ( ! wri/ goes #ab times into ! :ole arm2 t is f ! tip ( ! f+]s to ! %\ld] jo9t2 t is #c times into ! h& & #i into ! arm4 ,! arm :5 b5t is #d heads4 ,! arm f ! %\ld] to ! elb[ 9 b5d+ increases 9 l5g?1 t is 9 ! l5g? f ! %\ld] to ! elb[1 & ?is increase is equal to ! ?ickness ( ! arm at ! wri/ :5 se5 9 pr(ile4 ,& ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! *9 & ! p>t+ ( ! lips1 is equal to ! ?ickness ( ! #b middle f+]s1 & to ! wid? ( ! m\? & to ! space betwe5 ! roots ( ! hair on ! =ehead & ! top ( ! head ,footnote3 ,que/e cose4 ,?is passage seems to h be5 writt5 on purpose to rectify ! =ego+ l9es4 ,! error is expla9$ by ! accompany+ sket* ( ! bones ( ! arm44 ,all ^! di/ances are equal to ea* o!r1 b !y are n equal to ! above-m5tion$ increase 9 ! arm4 ,! arm betwe5 ! elb[ & wri/ nev] increases by be+ b5t or ext5d$4 ,! arm1 f ! %\ld] to ! inn] jo9t :5 ext5d$4 ,:5 ! arm is ext5d$1 p n is equal to n a4 ,& :5 x is b5t n a dim9i%es #a_/f ( its l5g? & p n does ! same4 ,! out] elb[ jo9t increases #a_/g :5 b5t2 & ?us by be+ b5t x increases to ! l5g? ( #b heads4 ,& on ! inn] side1 by b5d+1 x is f\nd t :]eas ! arm f :]e x jo9s ! side to ! wri/1 0 #b heads & a half1 9 b5d+ x loses ! half head & measures only two3 "o f ! %\ld] jo9t to ! end by ! elb[1 & ! o!r to ! h&4 ,! arm :5 fold$ w measure #b faces up to ! %\ld] f ! elb[ & #b f ! elb[ to ! ins]tion ( ! f\r f+]s on ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! l5g? f ! base ( ! f+]s to ! elb[ nev] alt]s 9 any position ( ! arm4 ,if ! arm is ext5d$ x decreases by #a_/c ( ! l5g? betwe5 b & h2 & if--be+ ext5d$--x is b5t1 x w increase ! half ( o e4 ,footnote #ei-fa3 ,! figure sket*$ 9 ! m>g9 is h[ev] drawn to diff]5t proportions4 ,! l5g? f ! %\ld] to ! elb[ is ! same z f ! base ( ! ?umb1 inside1 to ! elb[ a b c4 ,footnote #fb-fd3 ,! arm sket* on ! m>g9 ( ! ,,ms4 is id5tically ! same z t giv5 bel[ on ,pl4 ,,xx :i* may !re=e be ref]r$ to 9 ?is place4 ,9 l9e #fb we read !re=e z c = m n4 ,! smalle/ ?ickness ( ! arm 9 pr(ile z c goes #f times betwe5 ! knuckles ( ! h& & ! dimple ( ! elb[ :5 ext5d$ & #ad times 9 ! :ole arm & #db 9 ! :ole man #fd4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm 9 pr(ile is equal to ! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm 9 front2 b ! fir/ is plac$ at a ?ird ( ! arm f ! %\ld] jo9t to ! elb[ & ! o!r at a ?ird f ! elb[ t[>ds ! h&4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,l9es #a-aj & #aa-ae are writt5 9 two columns bel[ ! ext5d$ arm1 & at ! tips ( ! f+]s we f9d ! words3 f9e d'unghie 7ends ( ! nails74 ,"p ( ! text--l9es #bb to #be--;is visible by ! side ( ! sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxxv1 ,no4 #a4 #cdi4 ,f ! top ( ! %\ld] to ! po9t ( ! elb[ is z f> z f t po9t to ! jo9ts ( ! f\r f+]s ) ! palm ( ! h&1 & ea* is #b faces4 #e;a e is equal to ! palm ( ! h&1 r f & o g are equal to half a head & ea* goes #d times into a b & b c4 ,f c to m is #a_/b a head2 m n is #a_/c ( a head & goes #f times into c b & into b a2 a b loses #a_/g ( its l5g? :5 ! arm is ext5d$2 c b nev] alt]s2 o w always be ! middle po9t betwe5 a & s4 y l is ! fle%y "p ( ! arm & measures "o head2 & :5 ! arm is b5t ?is %r9ks #b_/e ( its l5g?2 o a 9 b5d+ loses #a_/f & s does o r4 a b is #a_/g ( r c4 f s w be #a_/h ( r c1 & ea* ( ^? #b measurem5ts is ! l>ge/ ( ! arm2 k h is ! ?9ne/ "p betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! elb[ & x is #a_/h ( ! :ole arm r c2 o p is #a_/e ( r l2 c z goes #ac times into r c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xx :]e ! text is also se5 f l9es #e-bc4 ,! movem5t ( ! arm 7#cej-ced74 #cej4 ,9 ! inn]mo/ b5d ( ! jo9ts ( e limb ! reliefs are conv]t$ into a holl[1 & likewise e holl[ ( ! inn]mo/ b5ds becomes a convexity :5 ! limb is /raight5$ to ! utmo/4 ,& 9 ?is v great mi/akes are (t5 made by ^? :o h insuffici5t k & tru/ to _! own inv5tion & d n h rec\rse to ! imitation ( nature2 & ^! v>iations occur m 9 ! middle ( ! sides ?an 9 front1 & m at ! back ?an at ! sides4 #cea4 ,:5 ! arm is b5t at an angle at ! elb[1 x w produce "s angle2 ! m acute ! angle is1 ! m w ! muscles )9 ! b5d be %ort5$2 :ile ! muscles outside w become ( great] l5g? ?an be=e4 ,z is %[n 9 ! example2 d c e w %r9k consid]ably2 & b n w be mu* ext5d$4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #b4 #ceb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! arm1 z x turns1 ?ru/s back its %\ld] t[>ds ! middle ( ! back4 #cec4 ,! pr9cipal movem5ts ( ! h& are #aj2 t is =w>ds1 backw>ds1 to "r & to left1 9 a circul> motion1 up or d[n1 to close & to op51 & to spread ! f+]s or to press !m toge!r4 #ced4 ,,( ,,! ,,motions ,,( ,,! ,,f+]s4 ,! movem5ts ( ! f+]s pr9cipally consi/ 9 ext5d+ & b5d+ !m4 ,?is ext5sion & b5d+ v>y 9 mann]2 t is1 sometimes !y b5d altoge!r at ! fir/ jo9t2 sometimes !y b5d1 or ext5d1 half way1 at ! #bnd jo9t2 & sometimes !y b5d 9 _! :ole l5g? & 9 all ! ?ree jo9ts at once4 ,if ! #b fir/ jo9ts are h9d]$ f b5d+1 !n ! #crd jo9t c be b5t ) great] ease ?an be=e2 x c nev] b5d ( itself1 if ! o!r jo9ts are free1 unless all ?ree jo9ts are b5t4 ,besides all ^! movem5ts !re are #d o!r pr9cipal motions ( :i* #b are up & d[n1 ! two o!rs f side to side2 & ea* ( ^! is effect$ by a s+le t5don4 ,f ^! !re foll[ an inf9ite numb] ( o!r movem5ts always effect$ by two t5dons2 "o t5don ceas+ to act1 ! o!r takes up ! movem5t4 ,! t5dons are made ?ick inside ! f+]s & ?9 outside2 & ! t5dons inside are atta*$ to e jo9t b outside !y are n4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is head l9e has1 9 ! orig9al1 no text to foll[4 ,( ! /r5g? & effect ( ! #c t5dons inside ! f+]s at ! #c jo9ts4 ,! movem5t ( ! torso 7#cee-cfa74 #cee4 ,obs]ve ! alt]$ position ( ! %\ld] 9 all ! movem5ts ( ! arm1 go+ up & d[n1 inw>ds & outw>ds1 to ! back & to ! front1 & also 9 circul> movem5ts & any o!rs4 ,& d ! same ) ref]5ce to ! neck1 h&s & feet & ! brea/ above ! lips c4 #cef4 ,?ree are ! pr9cipal muscles ( ! %\ld]1 t is b c d1 & two are ! lat]al muscles :i* move x =w>d & backw>d1 t is a o2 a moves x =w>d1 & o pulls x back2 & b$ raises x2 a b c moves x upw>ds & =w>ds1 & c d o upw>ds & backw>ds4 ,its own weight almo/ suffices to move x d[nw>ds4 ,! muscle d acts ) ! muscle c :5 ! arm moves =w>d2 & 9 mov+ backw>d ! muscle b acts ) ! muscle c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxi4 ,9 ! orig9al ! lett]+ has be5 writt5 9 ink ^u ! r$ *alk draw+ & ! outl9es ( ! figures h 9 mo/ places be5 ink$ ov]4 #ceg4 ,,( ,,! ,,lo9s1 ,,:5 ,,b5t4 ,! lo9s or backbone be+ b5t4 ,! brea/s are are always l[] ?an ! %\ld]blades ( ! back4 ,if ! brea/ bone is ar*$ ! brea/s are high] ?an ! %\ld]blades4 ,if ! lo9s are upright ! brea/ w always be f\nd at ! same level z ! %\ld]blades4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #a4 #ceh4 a b ! t5don & ankle 9 rais+ ! heel approa* ea* o!r by a f+]'s bread?2 9 l[]+ x !y sep>ate by a f+]'s bread?4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #b4 ,comp>e ?is facsimile & text ) ,pl4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #b1 & p4 #aeb ( ,,manzi',s edition4 ,also ) ,no4 #bgd ( ,,ludwig',s edition ( ! ,vatican ,copy4 #cei4 ,j s mu* z ! "p d a ( ! nude figure decreases 9 ?is position s mu* does ! opposite "p increase2 t is3 9 proportion z ! l5g? ( ! "p d a dim9i%es ! normal size s does ! opposite upp] "p increase beyond its normal size4 ,! navel does n *ange its position to ! male organ2 & ?is %r9k+ arises because :5 a figure /&s on "o foot1 t foot becomes ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sup]impos$ weight4 ,?is be+ s1 ! middle betwe5 ! %\ld]s is ?ru/ above x out ( x p]p5dicul> l9e1 & ?is l9e1 :i* =ms ! c5tral l9e ( ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body1 becomes b5t at its upp] extremity s z to be above ! foot :i* supports ! body2 & ! transv]se l9es are =c$ into su* angles t _! ends are l[] on ! side :i* is support$4 ,z is %[n at a b c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #c4 #cfj4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,note 9 ! motions & attitudes ( figures h[ ! limbs v>y1 & _! feel+1 = ! %\ld]blades 9 ! motions ( ! arms & %\ld]s v>y ! l9e ( ! back bone v mu*4 ,& y w f9d all ! causes ( ?is 9 my book ( ,anatomy4 #cfa4 ,,( ,,*ange ,,( ,,attitude4 ,! pit ( ! ?roat is ov] ! feet1 & by ?r[+ "o arm =w>d ! pit ( ! ?roat is ?r[n (f t foot4 ,& if ! leg is ?r[n =w>d ! pit ( ! ?roat is ?r[n =w>d2 &4 s x v>ies 9 e attitude4 #cfb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,indicate :i* are ! muscles1 & :i* ! t5dons1 :i* become prom95t or retreat 9 ! diff]5t movem5ts ( ea* limb2 or :i* d nei!r b are passive4 ,& rememb] t ^! indications ( action are ( ! fir/ importance & necessity 9 any pa9t] or sculptor :o pr(esses to be a ma/] c4 ,& indicate ! same 9 a *ild1 & f bir? to decrepitude at e /age ( its life2 z infancy1 *ildhood1 boyhood1 y\? c4 ,& 9 ea* express ! alt]ations 9 ! limbs & jo9ts1 :i* swell & :i* gr[ ?9n]4 #cfc4 ,o ,anatomical ,pa9t]6 bew>e le/ ! too /rong indication ( ! bones1 s9ews & muscles1 be ! cause ( y\r becom+ wood5 9 y\r pa9t+ by y\r wi% to make y\r nude figures display all _! feel+4 ,!re=e1 9 endeav\r+ to rem$y ?is1 look 9 :at mann] ! muscles clo! or cov] _! bones 9 old or lean p]sons2 & besides ?is1 obs]ve ! rule z to h[ ^! same muscles fill up ! spaces ( ! surface t ext5d betwe5 !m1 :i* are ! muscles :i* nev] lose _! prom95ce 9 any am\nt ( fatness2 & :i* too are ! muscles ( :i* ! atta*m5ts are lo/ to sight 9 ! v lea/ plumpness4 ,& 9 _m cases sev]al muscles look l "o s+le muscle 9 ! increase ( fat2 & 9 _m cases1 9 gr[+ lean or old1 "o s+le muscle divides into sev]al muscles4 ,& 9 ?is treatise1 ea* 9 its place1 all _! peculi>ities w be expla9$--& p>ticul>ly z to ! spaces betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ea* limb c4 ,aga91 d n fail to obs]ve ! v>iations 9 ! =ms ( ! above m5tion$ muscles1 r\nd & ab\t ! jo9ts ( ! limbs ( any animal1 z caus$ by ! div]sity ( ! motions ( ea* limb2 = on "s side ( ^? jo9ts ! prom95ce ( ^! muscles is :olly lo/ 9 ! increase or dim9ution ( ! fle% ( :i* ^! muscles are compos$1 c4 ,footnote3 ,,de ,,rossi rem>ks on ?is *apt]1 9 ! ,roman edition ( ! ,trattato1 p4 #ejd3 ,non 9 que/o luogo solo1 ma 9 altri ancora oss]v] il lettore1 *e ,lion>do va fung5do quelli *e fanno abuso della loro dottr9a anatomica1 e sicuram5te con ci ha 9 mira il suo rivale ,bon>roti1 *e di anatomia facea tanta pompa4 ,note1 t ,leon>do wrote ?is passage 9 ,rome1 probably "u ! imm$iate impression ( ,,mi*aelangelo',s pa9t+s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel & ( ,,raphael',s ,isaiah 9 ,sant' ,ago/9o4 #cfd4 ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,boys ,,& ,,m54 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? betwe5 ! jo9ts 9 m5 & boys =1 9 man1 f ! top ( ! %\ld] by ! neck to ! elb[1 & f ! elb[ to ! tip ( ! ?umb & f "o %\ld] to ! o!r1 is 9 ea* in/ance two heads1 :ile 9 a boy x is b "o because ,nature con/ructs 9 u ! mass :i* is ! home ( ! intellect1 be=e =m+ t :i* conta9s ! vital elem5ts4 #cfe4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,:i* are ! muscles :i* subdivide 9 old age or 9 y\?1 :5 becom+ lean8 ,:i* are ! p>ts ( ! limbs ( ! human frame :]e no am\nt ( fat makes ! fle% ?ick]1 nor any degree ( leanness ev] dim9i%es x8 ,! ?+ s\ght = 9 ?is "q w be f\nd 9 all ! ext]nal jo9ts ( ! bones1 z ! %\ld]1 elb[1 wri/s1 f+]-jo9ts1 hips1 knees1 ankle-bone & toes & ! l2 all ( :i* %all be told 9 its place4 ,! greate/ ?ickness acquir$ by any limb is at ! "p ( ! muscles :i* is f>!/ f its atta*m5ts4 ,fle% nev] increases on ^? portions ( ! limb :]e ! bones are ne> to ! surface4 ,at b r d a c e f ! increase or dim9ution ( ! fle% nev] makes any consid]able diff]5ce4 ,nature has plac$ 9 front ( man all ^? p>ts :i* feel mo/ pa9 "u a bl[2 & ^! are ! %9 ( ! leg1 ! =ehead1 & ! nose4 ,& ?is 0 done = ! pres]vation ( man1 s9ce1 if su* pa9 7 n felt 9 ^! p>ts1 ! numb] ( bl[s to :i* !y w\ld be expos$ mu/ be ! cause ( _! de/ruction4 ,describe :y ! bones ( ! arm & leg are d\ble ne> ! h& & foot respectively4 ,& :]e ! fle% is ?ick] or ?9n] 9 ! b5d+ ( ! limbs4 #cff4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,e "p ( ! :ole mu/ be 9 proportion to ! :ole4 ,?us1 if a man is ( a /\t %ort figure he w be ! same 9 all 8 p>ts3 t is ) %ort & ?ick arms1 wide ?ick h&s1 ) %ort f+]s ) _! jo9ts ( ! same "*1 & s on ) ! re/4 ,i w\ld h ! same ?+ und]/ood z apply+ to all animals & plants2 9 dim9i%+1 ! v>i\s p>ts d s 9 due proportion to ! size1 z also 9 enl>g+4 #cfg4 ,,( ,,! ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,! ,,proportion ,,( ,,! ,,limbs4 ,& aga91 rememb] to be v c>eful 9 giv+ y\r figures limbs1 t !y mu/ appe> to agree ) ! size ( ! body & likewise to ! age4 ,?us a y\? has limbs t are n v muscul> n /rongly ve9$1 & ! surface is delicate & r\nd1 & t5d] 9 col\r4 ,9 man ! limbs are s9ewy & muscul>1 :ile 9 old m5 ! surface is wr9kl$1 rugg$ & knotty1 & ! s9ews v prom95t4 ,,h[ ,,"y ,,boys ,,h ,,_! ,,jo9ts ,,j ,,! ,,rev]se ,,( ,,^? ,,( ,,m51 ,,z ,,to ,,size4 ,little *ildr5 h all ! jo9ts sl5d] & ! portions betwe5 !m are ?ick2 & ?is happ5s because no?+ b ! sk9 cov]s ! jo9ts )\t any o!r fle% & has ! "* ( s9ew1 connect+ ! bones l a ligature4 ,& ! fat fle%9ess is laid on betwe5 "o jo9t & ! next1 & betwe5 ! sk9 & ! bones4 ,b1 s9ce ! bones are ?ick] at ! jo9ts ?an betwe5 !m1 z a mass gr[s up ! fle% ceases to h t sup]fluity :i* x _h1 betwe5 ! sk9 & ! bones2 :5ce ! sk9 cl+s m closely to ! bone & ! limbs gr[ m sl5d]4 ,b s9ce !re is no?+ ov] ! jo9ts b ! c>tilag9\s & s9ewy sk9 ?is _c dry up1 &1 n dry+ up1 _c %r9k4 ,?us1 & = ?is reason1 *ildr5 are sl5d] at ! jo9ts & fat betwe5 ! jo9ts2 z may be se5 9 ! jo9ts ( ! f+]s1 arms1 & %\ld]s1 :i* are sl5d] & dimpl$1 :ile 9 man on ! contr>y all ! jo9ts ( ! f+]s1 arms1 & legs are ?ick2 & :]ev] *ildr5 h holl[s m5 h prom95ces4 ,! movem5t ( ! human figure 7#cfh-cge74 #cfh4 ,( ! mann] ( repres5t+ ! #ah actions ( man4 ,repose1 movem5t1 runn+1 /&+1 support$1 sitt+1 lean+1 kneel+1 ly+ d[n1 susp5d$4 ,c>ry+ or be+ c>ri$1 ?ru/+1 pull+1 /rik+1 be+ /ruck1 press+ d[n & lift+ up4 ,z to h[ a figure %\ld /& ) a weight 9 its h& ,footnote #h3 ,! orig9al text ends "h4 ,rememb]4 #cfi4 ,a sitt+ man _c raise himself if t "p ( 8 body :i* is front ( 8 axis c5tre ( gravity does n weigh m ?an t :i* is beh9d t axis or c5tre )\t us+ 8 arms4 ,a man :o is m\nt+ any slope f9ds t he mu/ involunt>ily ?r[ ! mo/ weight =w>d1 on ! high] foot1 r ?an beh9d--t is 9 front ( ! axis & n beh9d x4 ,h5ce a man w always1 involunt>ily1 ?r[ ! great] weight t[>ds ! po9t :i!r he desires to move ?an 9 any o!r direction4 ,! fa/] a man runs1 ! m he leans =w>d t[>ds ! po9t he runs to & ?r[s m weight 9 front ( 8 axis ?an beh9d4 ,a man :o runs d[n hill ?r[s ! axis onto 8 heels1 & "o :o runs up hill ?r[s x into ! po9ts ( 8 feet2 & a man runn+ on level gr\nd ?r[s x fir/ on 8 heels & !n on ! po9ts ( 8 feet4 ,?is man _c c>ry 8 own weight unless1 by draw+ 8 body back he balances ! weight 9 front1 9 su* a way z t ! foot on :i* he /&s is ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #d4 #cgj4 ,h[ a man proce$s to raise himself to 8 feet1 :5 he is sitt+ on level gr\nd4 #cga4 ,a man :5 walk+ has 8 head 9 advance ( 8 feet4 ,a man :5 walk+ across a long level pla9 fir/ leans r backw>ds & !n z mu* =w>ds4 ,footnote #c-f3 ,he /rides =w>d ) ! air ( a man go+ d[n hill2 :5 we>y1 on ! contr>y he walks l a man go+ up hill4 #cgb4 ,a man :5 runn+ ?r[s less weight on 8 legs ?an :5 /&+ /ill4 ,& 9 ! same way a horse :i* is runn+ feels less ! weight ( ! man he c>ries4 ,h5ce _m p]sons ?9k x wond]ful t1 9 runn+1 ! horse c re/ on "o s+le foot4 ,f ?is x may be /at$ t :5 a weight is 9 progressive motion ! m rapid x is ! less is ! p]p5dicul> weight t[>ds ! c5tre4 #cgc4 ,if a man1 9 tak+ a jump f firm gr\nd1 c leap #c braccia1 & :5 he 0 tak+ 8 leap x 7 to rec$e #a_/c ( a braccio1 t w\ld be tak5 (f 8 =m] leap2 & s if x 7 ?ru/ =w>d #a_/c ( a braccio1 by h[ mu* w\ld 8 leap be increas$8 #cgd4 ,,( ,,draw+4 ,:5 a man :o is runn+ wants to neutralise ! impetus t c>ries him on he prep>es a contr>y impetus :i* is g5]at$ by 8 hang+ backw>ds4 ,?is c be prov$1 s9ce1 if ! impetus c>ries a mov+ body ) a mom5tum equal to #d & ! mov+ body wants to turn & fall back ) a mom5tum ( #d1 !n "o mom5tum neutralises ! o!r contr>y "o1 & ! impetus is neutralis$4 ,( walk+ up & d[n 7#cge-cgi7 #cge4 ,:5 a man wants to /op runn+ & *eck ! impetus he is =c$ to hang back & take %ort quick /eps4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #e-ca ref] to ! two upp] figures1 & ! l[] figure to ! "r is expla9$ by ! la/ "p ( ! *apt]4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( a man :o lifts "o ( 8 feet f ! gr\nd always re/s on ! c5tre ( ! sole ( ! foot he /&s on4 ,a man1 9 go+ up /airs involunt>ily ?r[s s mu* weight =w>d & on ! side ( ! upp] foot z to be a c\nt]poise to ! l[] leg1 s t ! lab\r ( ?is l[] leg is limit$ to mov+ itself4 ,! fir/ ?+ a man does 9 m\nt+ /eps is to relieve ! leg he is ab\t to lift ( ! weight ( ! body :i* 0 re/+ on t leg2 & besides ?is1 he gives to ! opposite leg all ! re/ ( ! bulk ( ! :ole man1 includ+ ! weight ( ! o!r leg2 he !n raises ! o!r leg & sets ! foot ^u ! /ep to :i* he wi%es to raise himself4 ,hav+ done ?is he re/ores to ! upp] foot all ! weight ( ! body & ( ! leg itself1 & places 8 h& on 8 ?igh & ?r[s 8 head =w>d & repeats ! movem5t t[>ds ! po9t ( ! upp] foot1 quickly lift+ ! heel ( ! l[] "o2 & ) ?is impetus he lifts himself up & at ! same "t ext5ds ! arm :i* re/$ on 8 knee2 & ?is ext5sion ( ! arm c>ries up ! body & ! head1 & s /raight5s ! sp9e :i* 0 curv$4 #cb ,! high] ! /ep is :i* a man has to m\nt1 ! f>!r =w>d w he place 8 head 9 advance ( 8 upp] foot1 s z to weigh m on a ?an on b2 ?is man w n be on ! /ep m4 ,z is %[n by ! l9e g f4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #a4 ,! l[] sket* to ! left belongs to ! f\r fir/ l9es4 #cgf4 ,i ask ! weight pressure ( ?is man at e degree ( motion on ^! /eps1 :at weight he gives to b & to c4 ,footnote #h3 ,^! l9es are1 9 ! orig9al1 writt5 9 ink ,obs]ve ! p]p5dicul> l9e bel[ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! man4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #b4 #cgg4 ,9 go+ up /airs if y place y\r h&s on y\r knees all ! lab\r tak5 by ! arms is remov$ f ! s9ews at ! back ( ! knees4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #c4 #cgh4 ,! s9ew :i* guides ! leg1 & :i* is connect$ ) ! patella ( ! knee1 feels x a great] lab\r to c>ry ! man upw>ds1 9 proportion z ! leg is m b5t2 & ! muscle :i* acts ^u ! angle made by ! ?igh :]e x jo9s ! body has less difficulty & has a less weight to lift1 because x has n ! additional weight ( ! ?igh itself4 ,& besides ?is x has /rong] muscles1 be+ ^? :i* =m ! buttock4 #cgi4 ,a man com+ d[n hill takes little /eps1 because ! weight re/s ^u ! h9d] foot1 :ile a man m\nt+ takes wide /eps1 because 8 weight re/s on ! =emo/ foot4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #d4 ,on ! human body 9 action 7#chj-chh74 #chj4 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body ,,9 ,,action4 ,:5 y want to repres5t a man z mov+ "s weight consid] :at ! movem5ts are t are to be repres5t$ by diff]5t l9es2 t is to say ei!r f bel[ upw>ds1 ) a simple movem5t1 z a man does :o /oops =w>d to take up a weight :i* he w lift z he /raight5s himself4 ,or z a man does :o wants to squa% some?+ backw>ds1 or to =ce x =w>ds or to pull x d[nw>ds ) ropes pass$ ?r\gh pullies ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ! sket* on page #aih & on #bja 7,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,ii4#a #hf;b744 ,& "h rememb] t ! weight ( a man pulls 9 proportion z 8 c5tre ( gravity is di/ant f 8 fulcrum1 & to ?is is add$ ! =ce giv5 by 8 legs & b5t back z he raises himself4 #cha4 ,aga91 a man has ev5 a great] /ore ( /r5g? 9 8 legs ?an he ne$s = 8 own weight2 & to see if ?is is true1 make a man /& on ! %ore-s& & !n put ano!r man on 8 back1 & y w see h[ mu* he w s9k 94 ,!n take ! man f (f 8 back & make him jump /raight up z high z he c1 & y w f9d t ! pr9t ( 8 feet w be made deep] by ! jump ?an f hav+ ! man on 8 back4 ,h5ce1 "h1 by #b me?ods x is prov$ t a man has d\ble ! /r5g? he requires to support 8 own body4 #chb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,if y h to draw a man :o is 9 motion1 or lift+ or pull+1 or c>ry+ a weight equal to 8 own1 9 :at way mu/ y set on 8 legs bel[ 8 body8 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ?is "q rema9s unansw]$4 #chc4 ,,( ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,man4 ,a man pull+ a dead weight balanc$ aga9/ himself _c pull m ?an 8 own weight4 ,& if he has to raise x he w be able to raise z mu* m ?an 8 weight z 8 /r5g? may be m ?an t ( o!r m54 ,footnote #g3 ,! /roke at ! end ( ?is l9e f9i%es 9 ! orig9al 9 a sort ( loop or fl\ri%1 & a simil> fl\ri% occurs at ! end ( ! previ\s passage writt5 on ! same page4 ,m4 ,,ravaisson reg>ds ^! z numb]s 7comp>e ! photograph ( page #cj;b 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a74 ,he rem>ks3 ,ce *iffre #h et1 a la f9 de l'al9ea prec$5t1 le *iffre #g sont1 dans le manuscrit1 des r5vois4 ,! greate/ =ce a man c apply1 ) equal velocity & impetus1 w be :5 he sets 8 feet on "o end ( ! balance or lev] & !n presses 8 %\ld]s aga9/ "s /able body4 ,?is w raise a weight at ! o!r end ( ! balance lev]1 equal to 8 own weight & add$ to t z mu* weight z he c c>ry on 8 %\ld]s4 #chd4 ,no animal c simply move by its dead weight a great] weight ?an ! sum ( its own weight outside ! c5tre ( 8 fulcrum4 #che4 ,a man :o wants to s5d an arr[ v f> f ! b[ mu/ be /&+ entirely on "o foot & rais+ ! o!r s f> f ! foot he /&s on z to af=d ! requisite c\nt]poise to 8 body :i* is ?r[n on ! front foot4 ,& he mu/ n hold 8 arm fully ext5d$1 & 9 ord] t he may be m able to be> ! /ra9 he mu/ hold a piece ( wood :i* !re is 9 all crossb[s1 ext5d+ f ! h& to ! brea/1 & :5 he wi%es to %oot he sudd5ly leaps =w>d at ! same in/ant & ext5ds 8 arm ) ! b[ & releases ! /r+4 ,& if he dext]\sly does e ?+ at once x w g a v long way4 #chf4 ,:5 two m5 are at ! opposite ends ( a plank t is balanc$1 & if !y are ( equal weight1 & if "o ( !m wants to make a leap into ! air1 !n 8 leap w be made d[n f 8 end ( ! plank & ! man w nev] g up aga9 b mu/ rema9 9 8 place till ! man at ! o!r end da%es up ! bo>d4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #c4 #chg4 ,( deliv]+ a bl[ to ! "r or left4 ,footnote3 ,f\r sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #a belong to ?is passage4 ,! re/ ( ! sket*es & notes on t page are ( a miscellane\s nature4 #chh4 ,:y an impetus is n sp5t at once b dim9i%es gradually 9 "s "o direction8 ,footnote #a3 ,! pap] has be5 damag$ at ! end ( l9e #a4 ,! impetus acquir$ 9 ! l9e a b c d is sp5t 9 ! l9e d e b n s completely b t "s ( its =ce rema9s 9 x & to ?is =ce is add$ ! mom5tum 9 ! l9e d e ) ! =ce ( ! motive p[]1 & x mu/ foll[ ?an ! impetus multipli$ by ! bl[ is great] t ! simple impetus produc$ by ! mom5tum d e4 ,footnote #h3 ,! sket* ,no4 #b on ,pl4 ,,xxiv /&s1 9 ! orig9al1 betwe5 l9es #g & #h4 ,comp>e also ! sket*es on ,pl4 ,,liv4 ,a man :o has to deal a great bl[ ) 8 weapon prep>es himself ) all 8 =ce on ! opposite side to t :]e ! spot is :i* he is to hit2 & ?is is because a body z x ga9s 9 velocity ga9s 9 =ce aga9/ ! object :i* imp$es its motion4 ,on hair fall+ d[n 9 curls4 #chi4 ,obs]ve ! motion ( ! surface ( ! wat] :i* resembles t ( hair1 & has two motions1 ( :i* "o goes on ) ! fl[ ( ! surface1 ! o!r =ms ! l9es ( ! eddies2 ?us ! wat] =ms eddy+ :irlpools "o "p ( :i* are due to ! impetus ( ! pr9cipal curr5t & ! o!r to ! incid5tal motion & return fl[4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,:]e also ! text ( ?is passage is giv5 9 facsimile4 ,on drap]ies 7#cij--cib74 #cij4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,folds ,,9 ,,drap]y4 ,t "p ( a fold :i* is f>!/ f ! ends :]e x is conf9$ w fall mo/ ne>ly 9 its natural =m4 ,e ?+ by nature t5ds to rema9 at re/4 ,drap]y1 be+ ( equal d5sity & ?ickness on its wrong side & on its "r1 has a t5d5cy to lie flat2 !re=e :5 y give x a fold or plait =c+ x out ( its flatness note well ! result ( ! con/ra9t 9 ! "p :]e x is mo/ conf9$2 & ! "p :i* is f>!/ f ?is con/ra9t y w see relapses mo/ into ! natural /ate2 t is to say lies free & fl[+4 ,,example4 ,footnote #ac3 a c sia4 ,9 ! orig9al text b is writt5 in/ead ( c--an evid5t slip ( ! p54 ,let a b c be ! fold ( ! drap]y spok5 ( above1 a c w be ! places :]e ?is fold$ drap]y is held fa/4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! "p ( ! drap]y :i* is f>!/ f ! plait$ ends w rev]t mo/ to its natural =m4 ,!re=e1 b be+ f>!/ f a & c 9 ! fold a b c x w be wid] !re ?an any:]e else4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #f1 & comp>e ! draw+ f ,w9dsor ,pl4 ,,xxx = f>!r illu/ration ( :at is "h /at$4 #cia4 ,,( ,,small ,,folds ,,9 ,,drap]ies4 ,h[ figures dress$ 9 a cloak %\ld n %[ ! %ape s mu* z t ! cloak looks z if x 7 next ! fle%2 s9ce y surely _c wi% ! cloak to be next ! fle%1 = y mu/ suppose t betwe5 ! fle% & ! cloak !re are o!r g>m5ts :i* prev5t ! =ms ( ! limbs appe>+ di/9ctly ?r\gh ! cloak4 ,& ^? limbs :i* y all[ to be se5 y mu/ make ?ick] s t ! o!r g>m5ts may appe> to be "u ! cloak4 ,b only give some?+ ( ! true ?ickness ( ! limbs to a nymph ,footnote #i3 ,una nifa4 ,comp>e ! beautiful draw+ ( a ,nymph1 9 black *alk f ! ,w9dsor collection1 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 or an angel1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 ?9 drap]ies1 press$ & cl++ to ! limbs ( ! figures by ! action ( ! w9d4 #cib4 ,y ought n to give to drap]y a great confusion ( _m folds1 b r only introduce !m :]e !y are held by ! h&s or ! arms2 ! re/ y may let fall simply :]e x is its nature to fl[2 & d n let ! nude =ms be brok5 by too _m details & int]rupt$ folds4 ,h[ drap]ies %\ld be drawn f nature3 t is to say if y\want to repres5t wooll5 clo? draw ! folds f t2 & if x is to be silk1 or f9e clo? or co>se1 or ( l95 or ( crape1 v>y ! folds 9 ea* & d n repres5t dresses1 z _m d1 f models cov]$ ) pap] or ?9 lea!r :i* w deceive y greatly4 ,footnote3 ,! little p5 & ink draw+ f ,w9dsor 7,w4 #ajb71 giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #g1 cle>ly illu/rates ! /atem5t made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is passage2 ! writ+ ( ! ciph] #ai on ! same page is 9 ,leon>do's h&2 ! ciph] #ba is c]ta9ly n4 ,,viii4 ,botany = ,pa9t]s & ,elem5ts ( ,l&scape ,pa9t+4 ,! *apt]s compos+ ?is portion ( ! "w consi/ ( obs]vations on ,=m1 ,light & ,%ade 9 ,plants1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,trees summ$ up 9 c]ta9 g5]al rules by :i* ! au?or int5ds to guide ! arti/ 9 ! pictorial repres5tation ( l&scape4 ,) ^! ! fir/ pr9ciples ( a ,!ory ( ,l&scape pa9t+ are laid d[n--a !ory z pr(\ndly ?\ght out 9 its ma9 l9es z x is lucidly work$ out 9 its details4 ,9 read+ ^! *apt]s ! conviction is irresi/ible t su* a ,botany = pa9t]s is or ought to be ( simil> importance 9 ! practice ( pa9t+ z ! pr9ciples ( ! ,proportions & ,movem5ts ( ! human figure i4 e4 ,anatomy = pa9t]s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,leon>do1 9 lay+ d[n ^! rules1 did n int5d to write on ,botany 9 ! prop] sci5tific s5se--8 own rese>*es on t subject h no place "h2 x ne$ only be obs]v$ t !y are easily di/+ui%$ by _! "* & cont5ts f ^? :i* are "h collect$ & arrang$ "u ! title ',botany = pa9t]s'4 ,9 "s cases :]e ?is division might appe> d\btful1--z = in/ance 9 ,no4 #djb--! ,pa9t] is directly address$ & enjo9$ to take ! rule to he>t z ( special importance 9 8 art4 ,! orig9al mat]ials are pr9cipally d]iv$ f ,,ms4 ,g1 9 :i* we (t5 f9d ?is subject treat$ on sev]al pages 9 succession )\t any ( t int]mixture ( o!r matt]s1 :i* is s frequ5t 9 ,leon>do's writ+s4 ,?is ,,ms41 too1 is "o ( ! late/2 :5 x 0 writt51 ! great pa9t] 0 already m ?an sixty ye>s ( age1 s we c sc>cely d\bt t he reg>d$ all he wrote z 8 f9al views on ! subject4 ,& ! same rem>k applies to ! *apt]s f ,,mss4 ,e & ,m :i* 7 also writt5 betwe5 #aeac--ae4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 h[ev]1 x has be5 desirable to sacrifice--) few exceptions--! orig9al ord] ( ! passages z writt51 ?\gh x 0 ) mu* reluctance & only aft] long hesitation t ,i resign$ myself to ?is necessity4 ,nor d ,i mean to impugn ! logical connection ( ! au?or's ideas 9 8 ,,ms42 b x w be easily und]/ood t ! sequ5ce ( disconnect$ notes1 z !y occurr$ to ,leon>do & 7 writt5 d[n f "t to "t1 might be h>dly satisfactory z a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( 8 pr9ciples4 ,! read] w f9d 9 ! ,app5dix an exact acc\nt ( ! ord] ( ! *apt]s 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 & f ! data !re giv5 c re/ore !m at w4 ,z ! mat]ials are "h arrang$1 ! /ructure ( ! tree z reg>ds ! gr[? ( ! bran*es comes fir/ 7#cid-daa7 & !n ! ins]tion ( ! leaves on ! /ems 7#dab-dai74 ,!n foll[ ! laws ( ,light & ,%ade z appli$1 fir/1 to ! leaves 7#dbj-dcd71 &1 secondly1 to ! :ole tree & to gr\ps ( trees 7#dce-deg74 ,aft] ! rem>ks on ! ,light & ,%ade 9 l&scapes g5]ally 7#deh-dfd71 we f9d special obs]vations on t ( views ( t[ns & build+s 7#dfe-dfi74 ,to ! !ory ( ,l&scape ,pa9t+ belong also ! passages on ! effect ( ,w9d on ,trees 7#dgj-dgc7 & on ! ,light & ,%ade ( ,cl\ds 7#dgd-dgg71 s9ce we f9d 9 ^! c]ta9 comp>isons ) ! effect ( ,light & ,%ade on ,trees 7e4 g43 9 ,no4 #dgf1 #d4 #e2 & ,no4 #dgg1 #i4 #ab74 ,! *apt]s giv5 9 ! ,app5dix ,nos4 #dgh & #dha h h>dly any connection ) ! subjects previ\sly treat$4 ,classification ( trees4 #cic4 ,,trees4 ,small1 l(ty1 /raggl+1 ?ick1 t is z to foliage1 d>k1 light1 russet1 bran*$ at ! top2 "s direct$ t[>ds ! eye1 "s d[nw>ds2 ) :ite /ems2 ?is transp>5t 9 ! air1 t n2 "s /&+ close toge!r1 "s scatt]$4 ,! relative ?ickness ( ! bran*es to ! trunk 7#cic--cif74 #cid4 ,all ! bran*es ( a tree at e /age ( its height :5 put toge!r are equal 9 ?ickness to ! trunk bel[ !m4 ,all ! bran*es ( a wat] c\rse at e /age ( its c\rse1 if !y are ( equal rapidity1 are equal to ! body ( ! ma9 /ream4 #cie4 ,e ye> :5 ! b\ghs ( a plant or tree h made an end ( matur+ _! gr[?1 !y w h made1 :5 put toge!r1 a ?ickness equal to t ( ! ma9 /em2 & at e /age ( its ramification y w f9d ! ?ickness ( ! said ma9 /em2 z3 i k1 g h1 e f1 c d1 a b1 w always be equal to ea* o!r2 unless ! tree is poll>d--if s ! rule does n hold good4 ,all ! bran*es h a direction :i* t5ds to ! c5tre ( ! tree m4 ,footnote3 ,! two sket*es ( leafless trees "o above ano!r on ! left h& side ( ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #a1 belong to ?is passage4 #cif4 ,if ! plant n gr[s to ! ?ickness %[n at m1 its bran*es w correspond 9 ?ickness to ! junction a b 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr[? inside z well z outside4 ,! bran*es ( trees or plants h a twi/ :]ev] a m9or bran* is giv5 (f2 & ?is giv+ (f ! bran* =ms a =k2 ?is said =k occurs betwe5 two angles ( :i* ! l>ge/ w be t :i* is on ! side ( ! l>g] bran*1 & 9 proportion1 unless accid5t has spoilt x4 ,footnote3 ,! sket*es illu/rat+ ?is are on ! "r h& side ( ,,pi4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 ,i1 & ! text is also giv5 !re 9 facsimile4 #cig4 ,!re is no boss on bran*es :i* has n be5 produc$ by "s bran* :i* has fail$4 ,! l[] %oots on ! bran*es ( trees gr[ m ?an ! upp] ones & ?is occurs only because ! sap t n\ri%es !m1 be+ heavy1 t5ds d[nw>ds m ?an upw>ds2 & aga91 because ^? bran*es :i* gr[ d[nw>ds turn away f ! %ade :i* exi/s t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! plant4 ,! old] ! bran*es are1 ! great] is ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! upp] & _! l[] %oots & 9 ^? dat+ f ! same ye> or epo*4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* accompany+ ?is 9 ! ,,ms4 is s effac$ t an exact reproduction 0 impossible4 #cih4 ,,( ,,! ,,sc>s ,,on ,,trees4 ,! sc>s on trees gr[ to a great] ?ickness ?an is requir$ by ! sap ( ! limb :i* n\ri%es !m4 #cii4 ,! plant :i* gives out ! smalle/ ramifications w pres]ve ! /raighte/ l9e 9 ! c\rse ( its gr[?4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is illu/rat$ by two p>tly effac$ sket*es4 ,"o ( ^! closely resembles ! l[] "o giv5 "u ,no4 #djh1 ! o!r also repres5ts %ort closely set b\ghs on an upright trunk4 #djj4 ,,( ,,! ,,ramification4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ramification ! %oot always has ! c5tral l9e axis ( its ?ickness direct$ to ! c5tral l9e axis ( ! plant itself4 #dja4 ,9 />t+ f ! ma9 /em ! bran*es always =m a base ) a prom95ce z is %[n at a b c d4 #djb4 ,,:y1 ,,v ,,frequ5tly1 ,,timb] ,,has ,,ve9s ,,t ,,are ,,n ,,/raight4 ,:5 ! bran*es :i* gr[ ! second ye> above ! bran* ( ! prec$+ ye>1 are n ( equal ?ickness above ! antec$5t bran*es1 b are on "o side1 !n ! vig\r ( ! l[] bran* is div]t$ to n\ri% ! "o above x1 al?\gh x may be some:at on "o side4 ,b if ! ramifications are equal 9 _! gr[?1 ! ve9s ( ! ma9 /em w be /raight p>allel & equidi/ant at e degree ( ! height ( ! plant4 ,:]e=e1 ,o ,pa9t]6 y1 :o d n "k ^! laws6 9 ord] to escape ! blame ( ^? :o und]/& !m1 x w be well t y %\ld repres5t e ?+ f nature1 & n despise su* /udy z ^? d :o "w only = money4 ,! direction ( gr[? 7#djc-djg74 #djc4 ,,( ,,! ,,ramifications ,,( ,,plants4 ,! plants :i* spread v mu* h ! angles ( ! spaces :i* divide _! bran*es m obtuse 9 proportion z _! po9t ( orig9 is l[] d[n2 t is ne>] to ! ?icke/ & olde/ portion ( ! tree4 ,!re=e 9 ! y\nge/ portions ( ! tree ! angles ( ramification are m acute4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! sket*es on ! l[] portion ( ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #b4 #djd4 ,! tips ( ! b\ghs ( plants & trees1 unless !y are borne d[n by ! weight ( _! fruits1 turn t[>ds ! sky z mu* z possible4 ,! upp] side ( _! leaves is turn$ t[>ds ! sky t x may receive ! n\ri%m5t ( ! dew :i* falls at night4 ,! sun gives _s & life to plants & ! e>? n\ri%es !m ) moi/ure4 #i ,) reg>d to ?is ,i made ! exp]im5t ( leav+ only "o small root on a g\rd & ?is ,i kept n\ri%$ ) wat]1 & ! g\rd br\ght to p]fection all ! fruits x c\ld produce1 :i* 7 ab\t #fj g\rds ( ! long k9d1 &i set my m9d dilig5tly to consid] ?is vitality & p]ceiv$ t ! dews ( night 7 :at suppli$ x abundantly ) moi/ure ?r\gh ! ins]tion ( its l>ge leaves & gave n\ri%m5t to ! plant & its (fspr+--or ! se$s :i* its (fspr+ _h to produce--#ba4 ,! rule ( ! leaves produc$ on ! la/ %oot ( ! ye> w be t !y w gr[ 9 a contr>y direction on ! tw9 bran*es2 t is1 t ! ins]tion ( ! leaves turns r\nd ea* bran* 9 su* a way1 z t ! six? leaf above is produc$ ov] ! six? leaf bel[1 & ! way !y turn is t if "o turns t[>ds its companion to ! "r1 ! o!r turns to ! left1 ! leaf s]v+ z ! n\ri%+ brea/ = ! %oot or fruit :i* gr[s ! foll[+ ye>4 ,footnote3 ,a ,fr5* translation ( l9es #i-ab 0 giv5 by ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 ! ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 ,oct4 #ahgg2 8 pap] also conta9s "s valuable in=mation z to botanical sci5ce 9 ! anci5t classical writ]s & at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 #dje4 ,! l[e/ bran*es ( ^? trees :i* h l>ge leaves & heavy fruits1 su* z nut-trees1 fig-trees & ! l1 always droop t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,! bran*es always orig9ate above 9 ! axis ( ! leaves4 #djf4 ,! upp] %oots ( ! lat]al bran*es ( plants lie clos] to ! p>5t bran* ?an ! l[] ones4 #djg4 ,! l[e/ bran*es1 aft] !y h =m$ ! angle ( _! sep>ation f ! p>5t /em1 always b5d d[nw>ds s z n to cr[d aga9/ ! o!r bran*es :i* foll[ !m on ! same /em & to be bett] able to take ! air :i* n\ri%es !m4 ,z is %[n by ! angle b a c2 ! bran* a c aft] x has made ! corn] ( ! angle a c b5ds d[nw>ds to c d & ! less] %oot c dries up1 be+ too ?94 ,! ma9 bran* always goes bel[1 z is %[n by ! bran* f n m1 :i* does n g to f n o4 ,! =ms ( trees 7#djh--daa74 #djh4 ,! elm always gives a great] l5g? to ! la/ bran*es ( ! ye>'s gr[? ?an to ! l[] ones2 & ,nature does ?is because ! highe/ bran*es are ^? :i* h to add to ! size ( ! tree2 & ^? at ! bottom mu/ get dry because !y gr[ 9 ! %ade & _! gr[? w\ld be an imp$im5t to ! entrance ( ! sol> rays & ! air among ! ma9 bran*es ( ! tree4 ,! ma9 bran*es ( ! l[] "p b5d d[n m ?an ^? above1 s z to be m oblique ?an ^? upp] ones1 & also because !y are l>g] & old]4 #dji4 ,9 g5]al almo/ all ! upright portions ( trees curve some:at turn+ ! convexity t[>ds ! ,s\?2 & _! bran*es are long] & ?ick] & m abundant t[>ds ! ,s\? ?an t[>ds ! ,nor?4 ,& ?is occurs because ! sun draws ! sap t[>ds t surface ( ! tree :i* is ne>e/ to x4 ,& ?is may be obs]v$ if ! sun is n scre5$ (f by o!r plants4 #daj4 ,! *]ry-tree is ( ! "* ( ! fir tree z reg>ds its ramification plac$ 9 /ages r\nd its ma9 /em2 & its bran*es spr+1 #d or five or #f toge!r opposite ea* o!r2 & ! tips ( ! topmo/ %oots =m a pyramid f ! middle upw>ds2 & ! walnut & oak =m a hemisph]e f ! middle upw>ds4 #daa4 ,! b\gh ( ! walnut :i* is only hit & beat5 :5 x has br\ght to p]fection444 ,footnote3 ,! end ( ! text & ! sket* 9 r$ *alk belong+ to x1 are entirely effac$4 ,! ins]tion ( ! leaves 7#dab--dai74 #dab4 ,,( ,,! ,,ins]tion ,,( ,,! ,,bran*es ,,on ,,plants4 ,su* z ! gr[? ( ! ramification ( plants is on _! pr9cipal bran*es1 s is t ( ! leaves on ! %oots ( ! same plant4 ,^! leaves h ,footnote #f3 ,quattro modi 7f\r modes74 ,only ?ree are describ$ 9 ! text1 ! f\r? is only sugge/$ by a sket*4 ,?is passage occurs 9 ,,manzi',s edition ( ! ,trattato1 p4 #cii1 b )\t ! sket*es & ! text is mutilat$ 9 an important "p4 ,! :ole passage has be5 comm5t$ on1 f ,,manzi',s v]sion1 9 ,"p ,i ( ! ,nuovo ,giornale ,botanico ,italiano1 by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,,uzielli 7,flor5ce #ahfi1 ,vol4 ,i74 ,he rem>ks z to ! 'f\r modes'3 ,leon>do1 come si v$e nelle l9ie s5t5ti da solo tre esempli4 ,que/a ed altre inessattezze fanno desid]>e1 sia esam9ato di nuovo il manoscritto ,vaticano4 ,?is has s9ce be5 done by ,d4 ,,knapp ( ,tub+51 & 8 accurate copy has be5 publi%$ by ,h4 ,,ludwig1 ! pa9t]4 ,! passage 9 "q occurs 9 8 edition z ,no4 #hcc2 & !re also ! draw+s are want+4 ,! space = !m has be5 left vacant1 b 9 ! ,vatican copy 'ni5te' has be5 writt5 on ! m>g92 & 9 x1 z well z 9 ,,ludwig',s & ,,manzi',s edition1 ! text is mutilat$4 f\r modes ( gr[+ "o above ano!r4 ,! fir/1 :i* is ! mo/ g5]al1 is t ! six? always orig9ates ov] ! six? bel[ ,footnote #h3 la se/a di sotto4 ,disposizione #b_/e o #a_/e4 ,leon>do oss]vo probabilm5te soltanto la prima 7,u,z,i,e,l,ll742 ! second is t two ?ird ones above are ov] ! two ?ird ones bel[ ,footnote #aj3 t]ze di sotto3 ,int5de qui s5za dubbio p>l>e di foglie decussate1 9 cui il t]zo v]ticello e nel piano del primo 7,,uzielli742 & ! ?ird way is t ! ?ird above is ov] ! ?ird bel[ ,footnote #aa3 #c;a di sotto3 ,disposizione #a_/b 7,,uzielli744 ,footnote3 ,see ! f\r sket*es on ! upp] portion ( ! page reproduc$ z fig4 #b on ,p#a4 ,,xxvii4 #dac4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,elm4 ,! ramification ( ! elm has ! l>ge/ bran* at ! top4 ,! fir/ & ! la/ b "o are small]1 :5 ! ma9 trunk is /raight4 ,! space betwe5 ! ins]tion ( "o leaf to ! re/ is half ! extreme l5g? ( ! leaf or some:at less1 = ! leaves are at an int]val :i* is ab\t ! #crd ( ! wid? ( ! leaf4 ,! elm has m leaves ne> ! top ( ! b\ghs ?an at ! base2 & ! broad surface ( ! leaves v>ies little z to angle & aspect4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #c4 ,above ! sket* & close "u ! numb] ( ! page is ! ^w 'olmo' 7elm74 #dad4 ,9 ! walnut tree ! leaves :i* are di/ribut$ on ! %oots ( ?is ye> are fur!r ap>t f ea* o!r & m num]\s 9 proportion z ! bran* f :i* ?is %oot spr+s is a "y "o4 ,& !y are ins]t$ m closely & less 9 numb] :5 ! %oot t be>s !m spr+s f an old bran*4 ,its fruits are borne at ! ends ( ! %oots4 ,& its l>ge/ b\ghs are ! l[e/ on ! b\ghs !y spr+ f4 ,& ?is arises f ! weight ( its sap :i* is m apt to desc5d ?an to rise1 & consequ5tly ! bran*es :i* spr+ f !m & rise t[>ds ! sky are small & sl5d] #bj2 & :5 ! %oot turns t[>ds ! sky its leaves spread out f x at an angle ) an equal di/ribution ( _! tips2 & if ! %oot turns to ! horizon ! leaves lie flat2 & ?is arises f ! fact t leaves )\t exception1 turn _! und]side to ! e>? #bi4 ,! %oots are small] 9 proportion z !y spr+ ne>] to ! base ( ! b\gh !y spr+ f4 ,footnote3 ,see ! two sket*es on ,pl ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #d4 ,! second ref]s to ! passage l9es #bj-cj4 #dae4 ,,( ,,! ,,ins]tion ,,( ,,! ,,leaves ,,on ,,! ,,bran*es4 ,! ?ickness ( a bran* nev] dim9i%es )9 ! space betwe5 "o leaf & ! next except+ by s mu* z ! ?ickness ( ! bud :i* is above ! leaf & ?is ?ickness is tak5 (f f ! bran* above ! node z f> z ! next leaf4 ,nature has s plac$ ! leaves ( ! late/ %oots ( _m plants t ! six? leaf is always above ! fir/1 & s on 9 succession1 if ! rule is n accid5tally int]f]$ )2 & ?is occurs = two useful ends 9 ! plant3 ,fir/ t z ! %oot & ! fruit ( ! foll[+ ye> spr+ f ! bud or eye :i* lies above & 9 close contact ) ! ins]tion ( ! leaf 9 ! axil1 ! wat] :i* falls ^u ! %oot c run d[n to n\ri% ! bud1 by ! drop be+ caught 9 ! holl[ axil at ! ins]tion ( ! leaf4 ,& ! second advantage is1 t z ^! %oots develop 9 ! foll[+ ye> "o w n cov] ! next bel[1 s9ce ! #e come =? on five diff]5t sides2 & ! six? :i* is above ! fir/ is at "s di/ance4 #daf4 ,,( ,,! ,,ramifications ,,( ,,trees ,,& ,,_! ,,foliage4 ,! ramifications ( any tree1 su* z ! elm1 are wide & sl5d] aft] ! mann] ( a h& ) spread f+]s1 =e%ort5$4 ,& ^! are se5 9 ! di/ribution ?us3 ! l[] portions are se5 f above2 & ^? t are above are se5 f bel[2 & ^? 9 ! middle1 "s f bel[ & "s f above4 ,! upp] "p is ! extreme top ( ?is ramification & ! middle portion is m =e%ort5$ ?an any o!r ( ^? :i* are turn$ ) _! tips t[>ds y4 ,& ( ^? p>ts ( ! middle ( ! height ( ! tree1 ! longe/ w be t[>ds ! top ( ! tree & w produce a ramification l ! foliage ( ! common will[1 :i* gr[s on ! banks ( riv]s4 ,o!r ramifications are sph]ical1 z ^? ( su* trees z put =? _! %oots & leaves 9 ! ord] ( ! six? be+ plac$ above ! fir/4 ,o!rs are ?9 & light l ! will[ & o!rs4 #dag4 ,y w see 9 ! l[] bran*es ( ! eld]1 :i* puts =? leaves two & two plac$ crosswise at "r angles "o above ano!r1 t if ! /em rises /raight up t[>ds ! sky ?is ord] nev] fails2 & its l>ge/ leaves are on ! ?icke/ "p ( ! /em & ! smalle/ on ! sl5d]e/ "p1 t is t[>ds ! top4 ,b1 to return to ! l[] bran*es1 ,i say t ! leaves on ^! are plac$ on !m crosswise l ^? on ! upp] bran*es2 & z1 by ! law ( all leaves1 !y are compell$ to turn _! upp] surface t[>ds ! sky to cat* ! dew at night1 x is necess>y t ^? s plac$ %\ld twi/ r\nd & no long] =m a cross4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #e4 #dah4 ,a leaf always turns its upp] side t[>ds ! sky s t x may ! bett] receive1 on all its surface1 ! dew :i* drops g5tly f ! atmosph]e4 ,& ^! leaves are s di/ribut$ on ! plant z t "o %all cov] ! o!r z little z possible1 b %all lie alt]nately "o above ano!r z may be se5 9 ! ivy :i* cov]s ! walls4 ,& ?is alt]nation s]ves two ends2 t is1 to leave int]vals by :i* ! air & sun may p5etrate betwe5 !m4 ,! #bnd reason is t ! drops :i* fall f ! fir/ leaf may fall onto ! f\r? or--9 o!r trees--onto ! six?4 #dai4 ,e %oot & e fruit is produc$ above ! ins]tion 9 ! axil ( its leaf :i* s]ves x z a "m1 giv+ x wat] f ! ra9 & moi/ure f ! dew :i* falls at night f above1 & (t5 x protects !m aga9/ ! too great heat ( ! rays ( ! sun4 ,,light ,,on ,,bran*es ,,& ,,leaves 7#dbj--dbb74 #dbj4 ,t "p ( ! body w be mo/ illum9at$ :i* is hit by ! lum9\s ray com+ betwe5 "r angles4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #a4 #dba4 ,"y plants h m transp>5t leaves & a m lu/r\s b>k ?an old ones2 & p>ticul>ly ! walnut is light] col\r$ 9 ,may ?an 9 ,septemb]4 #dbb4 ,,( ,,! ,,accid5ts ,,( ,,col\r+ ,,9 ,,trees4 ,! accid5ts ( col\r 9 ! foliage ( trees are #d4 ,t is3 %ad[1 light1 lu/re reflect$ light & transp>5cy4 ,,( ,,! ,,visibility ,,( ,,^! ,,accid5ts4 ,^! accid5ts ( col\r 9 ! foliage ( trees become confus$ at a great di/ance & t :i* has mo/ bread? :e!r light or %ade1 c4 w be mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 a leaf 7#dbc-dbf74 #dbc4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,( ,a ,,leaf4 ,sometimes a leaf has ?ree accid5ts ( light t is3 %ade1 lu/re reflect$ light & transp>5cy transmitt$ light4 ,?us1 if ! light 7 at n z reg>ds ! leaf s1 & ! eye at m1 x w\ld see a 9 full light1 b 9 %ad[ & c transp>5t4 #dbd4 ,a leaf ) a concave surface se5 f ! "u side & up-side-d[n w sometimes %[ itself z half 9 %ade1 & half transp>5t4 ,?us1 if o p is ! leaf & ! light m & ! eye n1 ?is w see o 9 %ad[ because ! light does n fall ^u x betwe5 equal angles1 nei!r on ! upp] nor ! "u side1 & p is light$ on ! upp] side & ! light is transmitt$ to its "u side4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #b1 ! upp] sket* on ! page4 ,9 ! orig9al !y are drawn 9 r$ *alk4 #dbe4 ,al?\gh ^? leaves :i* h a poli%$ surface are to a great ext5t ( ! same col\r on ! "r side & on ! rev]se1 x may happ5 t ! side :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! atmosph]e w h some?+ ( ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e2 & x w seem to h m ( ?is col\r ( ! atmosph]e 9 proportion z ! eye is ne>] to x & sees x m =e%ort5$4 ,&1 )\t exception ! %ad[s %[ z d>k] on ! upp] side ?an on ! l[]1 f ! contra/ (f]$ by ! high lights :i* limit ! %ad[s4 ,! "u side ( ! leaf1 al?\gh its col\r may be 9 itself ! same z t ( ! upp] side1 %[s a /ill f9] col\r--a col\r t is gre5 v]g+ on yell[--& ?is happ5s :5 ! leaf is plac$ betwe5 #dbf4 ! eye & ! light :i* falls ^u x f ! opposite side4 ,& its %ad[s are 9 ! same positions z ^? 7 ( ! opposite side4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]6 :5 y d trees close at h&1 rememb] t if ! eye is almo/ "u ! tree y w see its leaves "s on ! upp] & "s on ! "u side1 & ! upp] side w be blu] 9 proportion z !y are se5 m =e%ort5$1 & ! same leaf sometimes %[s "p ( ! "r side & "p ( ! "u side1 :5ce y mu/ make x ( two col\rs4 ,( ! transp>5cy ( leaves 7#dbg-dbi74 #dbg4 ,! %ad[s 9 transp>5t leaves se5 f ! "u side are ! same %ad[s z !re are on ! "r side ( ?is leaf1 !y w %[ ?r\gh to ! und]side toge!r ) lights1 b ! lu/re reflect$ light c nev] %[ ?r\gh4 #dbh4 ,:5 "o gre5 has ano!r gre5 beh9d x1 ! lu/re on ! leaves & _! transp>5t lights %[ m /rongly ?an 9 ^? :i* are se5 aga9/ ! brightness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,& if ! sun illum9ates ! leaves )\t _! com+ betwe5 x & ! eye & )\t ! eye fac+ ! sun1 !n ! reflect$ lights & ! transp>5t lights are v /rong4 ,x is v effective to %[ "s bran*es :i* are l[ d[n & d>k & s set (f ! illum9at$ gre5s :i* are at "s di/ance f ! d>k gre5s se5 bel[4 ,t "p is d>ke/ :i* is ne>e/ to ! eye or :i* is f>!/ f ! lum9\s atmosph]e4 #dbi4 ,nev] pa9t leaves transp>5t to ! sun1 because !y are confus$2 & ?is is because on ! transp>5cy ( "o leaf w be se5 ! %ad[ ( ano!r leaf :i* is above x4 ,?is %ad[ has a di/9ct outl9e & a c]ta9 dep? ( %ade & sometimes is z mu* z half or a ?ird ( ! leaf :i* is %ad$2 & consequ5tly su* an arrangem5t is v confus$ & ! imitation ( x %\ld be avoid$4 ,! light %9es lea/ ?r\gh a leaf :5 x falls ^u x at an acute angle4 ,! gradations ( %ade & col\r 9 leaves 7#dcj-dcd74 #dcj4 ,! %ad[s ( plants are nev] black1 = :]e ! atmosph]e p5etrates !re c nev] be utt] d>kness4 #dca4 ,if ! light comes f m & ! eye is at n ! eye w see ! col\r ( ! leaves a b all affect$ by ! col\r ( m --t is ( ! atmosph]e2 & b c w be se5 f ! "u side z transp>5t1 ) a beautiful gre5 col\r v]g+ on yell[4 ,if m is ! lum9\s body light+ up ! leaf s all ! eyes t see ! "u side ( ?is leaf w see x ( a beautiful light gre51 be+ transp>5t4 ,9 v _m cases ! positions ( ! leaves w be )\t %ad[ or 9 full light1 & _! "u side w be transp>5t & ! "r side lu/r\s reflect+ light4 #dcb4 ,! will[ & o!r simil> trees1 :i* h _! b\ghs lopp$ e #c or #d ye>s1 put =? v /raight bran*es1 & _! %ad[ is ab\t ! middle :]e ^! b\ghs spr+2 & t[>ds ! extreme ends !y ca/ b little %ade f hav+ small leaves & few & sl5d] bran*es4 ,h5ce ! b\ghs :i* rise t[>ds ! sky w h b little %ade & little relief2 & ! bran*es :i* are at an angle f ! horizon1 d[nw>ds1 spr+ f ! d>k "p ( ! %ad[ & gr[ ?9n] by degrees up to _! ends1 & ^! w be 9 /rong relief1 be+ 9 gradations ( light aga9/ a backgr\nd ( %ad[4 ,t tree w h ! lea/ %ad[ :i* has ! fewe/ bran*es & few leaves4 #dcc4 ,,( ,,d>k ,,leaves ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,transp>5t ,,ones4 ,:5 ! leaves are int]pos$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye1 !n t :i* is ne>e/ to ! eye w be ! d>ke/1 & ! mo/ di/ant w be ! lighte/1 n be+ se5 aga9/ ! atmosph]e2 & ?is is se5 9 ! leaves :i* are away f ! c5tre ( ! tree1 t is t[>ds ! light4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #b1 ! l[] sket*4 #dcd4 ,,( ,,! ,,lights ,,on ,,d>k ,,leaves4 ,! lights on su* leaves :i* are d>ke/1 w be mo/ ne> to ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e t is reflect$ 9 !m4 ,& ! cause ( ?is is t ! light on ! illum9at$ portion m+les ) ! d>k hue to compose a blue col\r2 & ?is light is produc$ by ! blu5ess ( ! atmosph]e :i* is reflect$ 9 ! smoo? surface ( ^! leaves & adds to ! blue hue :i* ?is light usually produces :5 x falls on d>k objects4 ,,( ,,! ,,lights ,,on ,,leaves ,,( ,a ,,yell[i% ,,gre54 ,b leaves ( a gre5 v]g+ on yell[ :5 !y reflect ! atmosph]e d n produce a reflection v]g+ on blue1 inasmu* z e ?+ :i* appe>s 9 a mirror takes "s col\r f t mirror1 h5ce ! blue ( ! atmosph]e be+ reflect$ 9 ! yell[ ( ! leaf appe>s gre51 because blue & yell[ mix$ toge!r make a v f9e gre5 col\r1 !re=e ! lu/re ( light leaves v]g+ on yell[ w be gre5i% yell[4 ,a classification ( trees accord+ to _! col\rs4 #dce4 ,! trees 9 a l&scape are ( v>i\s k9ds ( gre51 inasmu* z "s v]ge t[>ds blackness1 z firs1 p9es1 cypresses1 laurels1 box & ! l4 ,"s t5d to yell[ su* z walnuts1 & pe>s1 v9es & v]dure4 ,"s are bo? yell[i% & d>k z *esnuts1 holm-oak4 ,"s turn r$ 9 autumn z ! s]vice-tree1 pomegranate1 v9e1 & *]ry2 & "s are :iti% z ! will[1 olive1 re$s & ! l4 ,trees are ( v>i\s =ms 444 ,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 trees 7#dcf-ddj74 #dcf4 ,,( ,a ,,g5]ally ,,di/ribut$ ,,light ,,z ,,light+ ,,up ,,trees4 ,t "p ( ! trees w be se5 to lie 9 ! lea/ d>k %ad[ :i* is f>!/ f ! e>?4 ,to prove x let a p be ! tree1 n b c ! illum9at$ hemisph]e ! sky1 ! "u portion ( ! tree faces ! e>? p c1 t is on ! side o1 & x faces a small "p ( ! hemisph]e at c d4 ,b ! highe/ "p ( ! convexity a faces ! greate/ "p ( ! hemisph]e1 t is b c4 ,= ?is reason--& because x does n face ! d>kness ( ! e>?--x is 9 full] light4 ,b if ! tree has d5se foliage1 z ! laurel1 arbutus1 box or holm oak1 x w be diff]5t2 because1 al?\gh a does n face ! e>?1 x faces ! d>k gre5 ( ! leaves cut up by _m %ad[s1 & ?is d>kness is reflect$ onto ! "u sides ( ! leaves imm$iately above4 ,?us ^! trees h _! d>ke/ %ad[s ne>e/ to ! middle ( ! tree4 #dcg4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,( ,,v]dure4 ,! %ad[s ( v]dure are always some:at blue1 & s is e %ad[ ( e object2 & !y assume ?is hue m 9 proportion z !y are remote f ! eye1 & less 9 proportion z !y are ne>]4 ,! leaves :i* reflect ! blue ( ! atmosph]e always pres5t !mselves to ! eye edgewise4 ,,( ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,"p ,,( ,,v]dure ,,& ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,! illum9at$ portion1 at a great di/ance1 w appe> mo/ ne>ly ( its natural col\r :]e ! /ronge/ light falls ^u x4 #dch4 ,,( ,,trees ,,t ,,are ,,light$ ,,by ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,9 trees t are illum9at$ bo? by ! sun & ! atmosph]e & t h leaves ( a d>k col\r1 "o side w be illum9at$ by ! atmosph]e only & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is light w t5d to blu5ess1 :ile on ! o!r side !y w be illum9at$ by ! atmosph]e & ! sun2 & ! side :i* ! eye sees illum9at$ by ! sun w reflect light4 #dci4 ,,( ,,depict+ ,a ,,=e/ ,,sc5e4 ,! trees & plants :i* are mo/ ?ickly bran*$ ) sl5d] bran*es ought to h less d>k %ad[ ?an ^? trees & plants :i*1 hav+ broad] leaves1 w ca/ m %ad[4 #ddj4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,9 ! position ( ! eye :i* sees t portion ( a tree illum9at$ :i* turns t[>ds ! light1 "o tree w nev] be se5 to be illum9at$ equally ) ! o!r4 ,to prove ?is1 let ! eye be c :i* sees ! two trees b d :i* are illum9at$ by ! sun a2 ,i say t ?is eye c w n see ! light 9 ! same proportion to ! %ade1 9 "o tree z 9 ! o!r4 ,because1 ! tree :i* is ne>e/ to ! sun w display s mu* ! /rong] %ad[ ?an ! m di/ant "o1 9 proportion z "o tree is ne>] to ! rays ( ! sun t conv]ge to ! eye ?an ! o!r2 c4 ,y see t ! eye c sees no?+ ( ! tree d b %ad[1 :ile ! same eye c sees ? tree b half 9 light & half 9 %ade4 ,:5 a tree is se5 f bel[1 ! eye sees ! top ( x z plac$ )9 ! circle made by its b\ghs#bc4 ,rememb]1 ,o ,pa9t]6 t ! v>iety ( dep? ( %ade 9 any "o p>ticul> species ( tree is 9 proportion to ! r>ity or d5sity ( _! bran*es4 ,footnote3 ,! two l[] sket*es on ! left ( ,pl ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #c1 ref] to l9es #ba-bc4 ,! upp] sket* has app>5tly be5 effac$ by ,leon>do himself4 ,! di/ribution ( light & %ade ) ref]5ce to ! position ( ! spectator 7#dda-ddc74 #dda4 ,! %ad[s ( trees plac$ 9 a l&scape d n display !mselves 9 ! same position 9 ! trees on ! "r h& & ^? on ! left2 /ill m s if ! sun is to ! "r or left4 ,z is prov$ by ! #d? :i* says3 ,opaque bodies plac$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye display !mselves entirely 9 %ad[2 & by ! #e?3 ,! eye :5 plac$ betwe5 ! opaque body & ! light sees ! opaque body entirely illum9at$4 ,& by ! #f?3 ,:5 ! eye & ! opaque body are plac$ betwe5 d>kness & light1 x w be se5 half 9 %ad[ & half 9 light4 ,footnote3 ,see ! figure on ! "r h& side ( ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #c4 ,! fir/ five l9es ( ! text are writt5 bel[ ! diagram & above x are ! la/ eight l9es ( ! text1 giv5 z ,no4 #dfa4 #ddb4 ,,( ,,! ,,h]bs ,,( ,,! ,,field4 ,( ! plants :i* take a %ad[ f ! plants :i* spr+ among !m1 ^? :i* are on ?is side 9 front ( ! %ad[ h ! /ems light$ up on a backgr\nd ( %ad[1 & ! plants on :i* ! %ad[s fall h _! /ems d>k on a light backgr\nd2 t is on ! backgr\nd beyond ! %ad[4 ,,( ,,trees ,,:i* ,,are ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,eye ,,& ,,! ,,light4 ,( ! trees :i* are betwe5 ! eye & ! light ! "p 9 front w be light2 b ?is light w be brok5 by ! ramifications ( transp>5t leaves--be+ se5 f ! "u side--& lu/r\s leaves--be+ se5 f ! upp] side2 & ! backgr\nd bel[ & beh9d w be d>k gre51 be+ 9 %ad[ f ! front portion ( ! said tree4 ,?is occurs 9 trees plac$ above ! eye4 #ddc4 ,,f ,,:5ce ,,to ,,depict ,a ,,l&scape ,l&scapes %\ld be repres5t$ s t ! trees may be half 9 light & half 9 %ad[2 b x is bett] to d !m :5 ! sun is cov]$ ) cl\ds1 = !n ! trees are light$ by ! g5]al light ( ! sky1 & ! g5]al d>kness ( ! e>?4 ,& !n !y are d>ke/ 9 c]ta9 p>ts 9 proportion z ^? p>ts are ne>e/ to ! middle ( ! tree & to ! e>?4 ,! effects ( morn+ light 7#ddd-ddh74 #ddd4 ,,( ,,trees ,,to ,,! ,,s\?4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ea/ ! trees to ! ,s\? & to ! ,nor? h almo/ z mu* light z %ad[4 ,b a great] %>e ( light 9 proportion z !y lie to ! ,we/ & a great] %>e ( %ad[ 9 proportion z !y lie to ! ,ea/4 ,,( ,,mead[s4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! v]dure ( ! mead[s & ( o!r small plants is ( a mo/ beautiful gre5 f be+ transp>5t to ! sun2 ?is does n occur 9 ! mead[s to ! ,we/1 & 9 ^? to ! ,s\? & ,nor? ! grass is ( a mod]ately brilliant gre54 #dde4 ,,( ,,! #d ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,compass ,,9 ,,l&scapes4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ all ! portions ( plants light$ by x are ( a mo/ lively v]dure1 & ?is happ5s because ! leaves light$ by ! sun )9 ! half ( ! horizon t is ! ,ea/]n half1 are transp>5t2 & )9 ! ,we/]n semicircle ! v]dure is ( a dull hue & ! moi/ air is turbid & ( ! col\r ( grey a%es1 n be+ transp>5t l t 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* is q cle> & all ! m s 9 proportion z x is moi/]4 ,! %ad[s ( ! trees to ! ,ea/ cov] a l>ge portion ( !m & are d>k] 9 proportion z ! foliage ( ! trees is ?ick]4 #ddf4 ,,( ,,trees ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! trees se5 t[>ds ! ,ea/ w h ! light :i* surr\nds !m all r\nd _! %ad[s1 except+ on ! side t[>ds ! e>?2 unless ! tree has be5 prun$ bel[ 9 ! pa/ ye>4 ,& ! trees to ! ,s\? & ,nor? w be half 9 %ade & half 9 light1 & m or less 9 %ade or 9 light 9 proportion z !y are m or less to ! ,ea/ or to ! ,we/4 ,! position ( ! eye above or bel[ v>ies ! %ad[s & lights 9 trees1 inasmu* z ! eye plac$ above sees ! tree ) ! little %ad[1 & ! eye plac$ bel[ ) a great deal ( %ad[4 ,! col\r ( ! gre5 9 plants v>ies z mu* z _! species4 #ddg4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,9 ,,trees4 ,! sun be+ 9 ! ,ea/ to ! "r1 ! trees to ! ,we/ or left ( ! eye w %[ 9 small relief & almo/ imp]ceptible gradations1 because ! atmosph]e :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & ^? trees is v d5se ,footnote #g3 p] la #g;a di que/o4 ,?is possibly ref]r$ to some?+ writt5 on ! sev5? page ( ?is note book m>k$ ,g4 ,un=tunately x has be5 cut out & lo/41 see ! #g? ( ?is--& !y h no %ade2 = ?\gh a %ad[ exi/s 9 e detail ( ! ramification1 x results t ! images ( ! %ade & light t rea* ! eye are confus$ & m+l$ toge!r & _c be p]ceiv$ on acc\nt ( _! m9ut5ess4 ,& ! pr9cipal lights are 9 ! middle ( ! trees1 & ! %ad[s to w>ds ! edges2 & _! sep>ation is %[n by ! %ad[s ( ! int]vals betwe5 ! trees2 b :5 ! =e/s are ?ick ) trees ! ?9 edges are b little se54 #ddh4 ,,( ,,trees ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! trees are d>k] t[>ds ! middle :ile _! edges are light4 ,! effects ( midday light4 #ddi4 ,,objects ,,9 ,,high ,,light ,,%[ ,,b ,,little1 ,,b ,,betwe5 ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[ ,,!y ,,/& ,,out ,,well4 ,to repres5t a l&scape *oose t ! sun %all be at noon & look t[>ds ! ,we/ or ,ea/ & !n draw4 ,& if y turn t[>ds ! ,nor?1 e object plac$ on t side w h no %ad[1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are ne>e/ to ! direction ( ! %ad[ ( y\r head4 ,& if y turn t[>ds ! ,s\? e object on t side w be :olly 9 %ad[4 ,all ! trees :i* are t[>ds ! sun & h ! atmosph]e = _! backgr\nd are d>k1 & ! o!r trees :i* lie aga9/ t d>kness w be black v d>k 9 ! middle & light] t[>ds ! edges4 ,! appe>ance ( trees 9 ! di/ance 7#dej4 #dea74 #dej4 ,,( ,,! ,,spaces ,,%[+ ,,! ,,sky ,,9 ,,trees ,,!mselves4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! p>ts 9 ! mass ( trees1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! trees 9 ! air1 are1 at great di/ances1 invisible to ! eye2 =1 :]e x is an ef=t ev5 to see ! :ole x is mo/ difficult to disc]n ! p>ts4--,b a confus$ mixture is ! result1 p>tak+ *iefly ( ! hue :i* pr$om9ates4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! leaves consi/ ( p>ticles ( illum9at$ air :i* are v mu* small] ?an ! tree & are lo/ sight ( soon] ?an ! tree2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t !y are n !re4 ,h5ce1 necess>ily1 a comp\nd$ effect is produc$ ( ! sky & ( ! %ad[s ( ! tree 9 %ade1 :i* bo? toge!r /rike ! eye :i* sees !m4 ,,( ,,trees ,,:i* ,,conceal ,,^! ,,spaces ,,9 ,,"o ,,ano!r4 ,t "p ( a tree w %[ ! fewe/ spaces1 beh9d :i* a l>ge numb] ( trees are /&+ betwe5 ! tree & ! air sky2 ?us 9 ! tree a ! spaces are n conceal$ nor 9 b1 z !re is no tree beh9d4 ,b 9 c only half %[s ! spaces fill$ up by ! tree d1 & "p ( ! tree d is fill$ up by ! tree e & a little f>!r on all ! spaces 9 ! mass ( ! trees are lo/1 & only t at ! side rema9s4 #dea4 ,,( ,,trees4 ,:at outl9es are se5 9 trees at a di/ance aga9/ ! sky :i* s]ves z _! backgr\nd8 ,! outl9es ( ! ramification ( trees1 :]e !y lie aga9/ ! illum9at$ sky1 display a =m :i* m ne>ly approa*es ! sph]ical on proportion z !y are remote1 & ! ne>] !y are ! less !y appe> 9 ?is sph]ical =m2 z 9 ! fir/ tree a :i*1 be+ ne> to ! eye1 displays ! true =m ( its ramification2 b ?is %[s less 9 b & is altoge!r lo/ 9 c1 :]e n m]ely ! bran*es ( ! tree _c be se5 b ! :ole tree is di/+ui%$ ) difficulty4 ,e object 9 %ad[1 ( :atev] =m x may be1 at a great di/ance appe>s to be sph]ical4 ,& ?is occurs because1 if x is a squ>e body1 at a v %ort di/ance x loses its angles1 & a little f>!r (f x loses /ill m ( its small] sides :i* rema94 ,& ?us be=e ! :ole is lo/ to sight ! p>ts are lo/1 be+ small] ?an ! :ole2 z a man1 :o 9 su* a di/ant position loses 8 legs1 arms & head be=e ! mass ( 8 body1 !n ! outl9es ( l5g? are lo/ be=e ^? ( bread?1 & :]e !y h become equal x w\ld be a squ>e if ! angles rema9$2 b z !y are lo/ x is r\nd4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* ,no4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 belongs to ?is passage4 ,! ca/ %ad[ ( trees 7#deb4 #dec74 #deb4 ,! image ( ! %ad[ ( any object ( uni=m bread? c nev] be exactly ! same z t ( ! body :i* ca/s x4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #e4 ,light & %ade on gr\ps ( trees 7#dec-deg74 #dec4 ,all trees se5 aga9/ ! sun are d>k t[>ds ! middle & ?is %ad[ w be ( ! %ape ( ! tree :5 ap>t f o!rs4 ,! %ad[s ca/ by trees on :i* ! sun %9es are z d>k z ^? ( ! middle ( ! tree4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by a tree is nev] less ?an ! mass ( ! tree b becomes tall] 9 proportion z ! spot on :i* x falls1 slopes t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,! %ad[ w be d5se/ 9 ! middle ( ! tree :5 ! tree has ! fewe/ bran*es4 ,footnote3 ,! ?ree diagrams :i* accompany ?is text are plac$1 9 ! orig9al1 be=e l9es #g-aa4 ,at ! spots m>k$ ,b ,leon>do wrote ,alb]o 7tree74 ,at ,a is ! ^w ,sole 7sun71 at ,c ,monte 7m\nta97 at ,d piano 7pla97 & at ,e cima 7summit74 ,e bran* p>ticipates ( ! c5tral %ad[ ( e o!r bran* & consequ5tly ( t ( ! :ole tree4 ,! =m ( any %ad[ f a bran* or tree is circumscrib$ by ! light :i* falls f ! side :5ce ! light comes2 & ?is illum9ation gives ! %ape ( ! %ad[1 & ?is may be ( ! di/ance ( a mile f ! side :]e ! sun is4 ,if x happ5s t a cl\d %\ld any:]e ov]%ad[ "s "p ( a hill ! %ad[ ( ! trees !re w *ange less ?an 9 ! pla9s2 = ^! trees on ! hills h _! bran*es ?ick]1 because !y gr[ less high ea* ye> ?an 9 ! pla9s4 ,!re=e z ^! bran*es are d>k by nature & be+ s full ( %ade1 ! %ad[ ( ! cl\ds _c d>k5 !m any m2 b ! op5 spaces betwe5 ! trees1 :i* h no /rong %ad[ *ange v mu* 9 tone & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* v>y f gre52 t is pl\gh$ l&s or fall5 m\nta9s or b>r5 l&s or rocks4 ,:]e ! trees are aga9/ ! atmosph]e !y appe> all ! same col\r--if inde$ !y are n v close toge!r or v ?ickly cov]$ ) leaves l ! fir & simil> trees4 ,:5 y see ! trees f ! side f :i* ! sun lights !m1 y w see !m almo/ all ( ! same tone1 & ! %ad[s 9 !m w be hidd5 by ! leaves 9 ! light1 :i* come betwe5 y\r eye & ^? %ad[s4 ,,trees ,,at ,a ,,%ort ,,di/ance4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! head+ alb]i vic9i 7trees at a %ort di/ance7 is 9 ! orig9al manuscript writt5 9 ! m>g94 ,:5 ! trees are situat$ betwe5 ! sun & ! eye1 beyond ! %ad[ :i* spreads f _! c5tre1 ! gre5 ( _! leaves w be se5 transp>5t2 b ?is transp>5cy w be brok5 9 _m places by ! leaves & b\ghs 9 %ad[ :i* w come betwe5 y & !m1 or1 9 _! upp] portions1 !y w be accompani$ by _m lights reflect$ f ! leaves4 #ded4 ,! trees ( ! l&scape /& out b little f ea* o!r2 because _! illum9at$ portions come aga9/ ! illum9at$ portions ( ^? beyond & diff] little f !m 9 light & %ade4 #dee4 ,( trees se5 f bel[ & aga9/ ! light1 "o beyond ! o!r & ne> toge!r4 ,! topmo/ "p ( ! fir/ w be 9 great "p transp>5t & light1 & w /& out aga9/ ! d>k portion ( ! second tree4 ,& ?us x w be ) all 9 succession t are plac$ "u ! same conditions4 ,let s be ! light1 & r ! eye1 c d n ! fir/ tree1 a b c ! second4 ,!n ,i say t r1 ! eye1 w see ! portion c f 9 great "p transp>5t & light$ by ! light s :i* falls ^u x f ! opposite side1 & x w see x1 on a d>k gr\nd b c because t is ! d>k "p & %ad[ ( ! tree a b c4 ,b if ! eye is plac$ at t x w see o p d>k on ! light backgr\nd n g4 ,( ! transp>5t & %ad[y p>ts ( trees1 t :i* is ne>e/ to y is ! d>ke/4 #def4 ,t "p ( a tree :i* has %ad[ = backgr\nd1 is all ( "o tone1 & :]ev] ! trees or bran*es are ?icke/ !y w be d>ke/1 because !re are no little int]vals ( air4 ,b :]e ! b\ghs lie aga9/ a backgr\nd ( o!r b\ghs1 ! bright] p>ts are se5 lighte/ & ! leaves lu/r\s f ! sunlight fall+ on !m4 #deg4 ,9 ! composition ( leafy trees be c>eful n to repeat too (t5 ! same col\r ( "o tree aga9/ ! same col\r ( ano!r beh9d x2 b v>y x ) a light]1 or a d>k]1 or a /rong] gre54 ,on ! treatm5t ( light = l&scapes 7#deh-dfd74 #deh4 ,! l&scape has a f9] azure tone :51 9 f9e wea!r ! sun is at noon ?an at any o!r "t ( ! day1 because ! air is purifi$ ( moi/ure2 & look+ at x "u t aspect y w see ! trees ( a beautiful gre5 at ! outside & ! %ad[s d>k t[>ds ! middle2 & 9 ! remot] di/ance ! atmosph]e :i* comes betwe5 y & !m looks m beautiful :5 !re is some?+ d>k beyond4 ,& /ill ! azure is mo/ beautiful4 ,! objects se5 f ! side on :i* ! sun %9es w n %[ y _! %ad[s4 ,b1 if y are l[] ?an ! sun1 y c see :at is n se5 by ! sun & t w be all 9 %ade4 ,! leaves ( ! trees1 :i* come betwe5 y & ! sun are ( two pr9cipal col\rs :i* are a spl5did lu/re ( gre51 & ! reflection ( ! atmosph]e :i* lights up ! objects :i* _c be se5 by ! sun1 & ! %ad$ portions :i* only face ! e>?1 & ! d>ke/ :i* are surr\nd$ by some?+ t is n d>k4 ,! trees 9 ! l&scape :i* are betwe5 y & ! sun are f> m beautiful ?an ^? y see :5 y are betwe5 ! sun & !m2 & ?is is s because ^? :i* face ! sun %[ _! leaves z transp>5t t[>ds ! ends ( _! bran*es1 & ^? t are n transp>5t--t is at ! ends--reflect ! light2 & ! %ad[s are d>k because !y are n conceal$ by any ?+4 ,! trees1 :5 y place y\rself betwe5 !m & ! sun1 w only display to y _! light & natural col\r1 :i*1 9 itself1 is n v /rong1 & besides ?is "s reflect$ lights :i*1 be+ aga9/ a backgr\nd :i* does n diff] v mu* f !mselves 9 tone1 are n conspicu\s2 & if y are l[] d[n ?an !y are situat$1 !y may also %[ ^? portions on :i* ! light ( ! sun does n fall & ^! w be d>k4 ,9 ! ,w9d4 ,b1 if y are on ! side :5ce ! w9d bl[s1 y w see ! trees look v mu* light] ?an on ! o!r sides1 & ?is happ5s because ! w9d turns up ! "u side ( ! leaves1 :i*1 9 all trees1 is mu* :it] ?an ! upp] sides2 &1 m especially1 w !y be v light inde$ if ! w9d bl[s f ! qu>t] :]e ! sun is1 & if y h y\r back turn$ to x4 ,footnote3 ,at ,s1 9 ! orig9al is ! ^w ,sole 7sun7 & at ,n p>te di nuvolo 7! side ( ! cl\ds74 #dei4 ,:5 ! sun is cov]$ by cl\ds1 objects are less conspicu\s1 because !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! light & %ade ( ! trees & ( ! build+s be+ illum9at$ by ! brightness ( ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! objects 9 su* a way t ! %ad[s are few1 & ^! few fade away s t _! outl9e is lo/ 9 haze4 #dfj4 ,,( ,,trees ,,& ,,lights ,,on ,,!m4 ,! be/ me?od ( practice 9 repres5t+ c\ntry sc5es1 or ,i %\ld say l&scapes ) _! trees1 is to *oose !m s t ! sun is cov]$ ) cl\ds s t ! l&scape receives an univ]sal light & n ! direct light ( ! sun1 :i* makes ! %ad[s %>p & too /rongly diff]5t f ! lights4 #dfa4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,9 l&scapes :i* repres5t a sc5e 9 w9t]4 ,! m\nta9s %\ld n be %[n blue1 z we see 9 ! m\nta9s 9 ! summ]4 ,& ?is is prov$ ,footnote #e4 #f43 ,p] la #d;a di que/o4 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 :at ?is quotation ref]s to4 ,que/o c]ta9ly does n mean ! ,,ms4 9 h&1 nor any o!r n[ kn[n to u4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! phrase 9 l9e #ae3 p] la #b;a di que/o4 9 ! #d? ( ?is :i* says3 ,among m\nta9s se5 f a great di/ance ^? w look ( ! blue/ col\r :i* are 9 !mselves ! d>ke/2 h5ce1 :5 ! trees are /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 !y w %[ a blu] t+e :i* w be 9 itself d>k]2 !re=e1 :5 ! trees h lo/ _! leaves !y w look ( a gray col\r1 :ile1 ) _! leaves1 !y are gre51 & 9 proportion z ! gre5 is d>k] ?an ! grey hue ! gre5 w be ( a blu] t+e ?an ! gray4 ,also by ! #bnd ( ?is3 ,! %ad[s ( trees cov]$ ) leaves are d>k] ?an ! %ad[s ( ^? trees :i* h lo/ _! leaves 9 proportion z ! trees cov]$ ) leaves are d5s] ?an ^? )\t leaves--& ?us my mean+ is prov$4 ,! def9ition ( ! blue col\r ( ! atmosph]e expla9s :y ! l&scape is blu] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]4 #dfb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,a ,,l&scape4 ,if ! slope ( a hill comes betwe5 ! eye & ! horizon1 slop+ t[>ds ! eye1 :ile ! eye is opposite ! middle ( ! height ( ?is slope1 !n t hill w increase 9 d>kness ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #g? ( ?is :i* says t a tree looks d>ke/ :5 x is se5 f bel[2 ! proposition is v]ifi$1 s9ce ?is hill w1 on its upp] half %[ all its trees z mu* f ! side :i* is light$ by ! light ( ! sky1 z f t :i* is 9 %ade f ! d>kness ( ! e>?2 :5ce x mu/ result t ^! trees are ( a m$ium d>kness4 ,& f ?is middle spot t[>ds ! base ( ! hill1 ^! trees w be light] by degrees by ! conv]se ( ! #g? & by ! said #g?3 ,= trees s plac$1 ! ne>] !y are to ! summit ( ! hill ! d>k] !y necess>ily become4 ,b ?is d>kness is n 9 proportion to ! di/ance1 by ! #h? ( ?is :i* says3 ,t object %[s d>ke/ :i* is se5 9 ! cle>e/ atmosph]e2 & by ! #aj?3 ,t %[s d>ke/ :i* /&s out aga9/ a light] backgr\nd4 ,footnote3 ,! quotation 9 ?is passage aga9 _c be v]ifi$4 #dfc4 ,,( ,,l&scapes4 ,! col\rs ( ! %ad[s 9 m\nta9s at a great di/ance take a mo/ lovely blue1 mu* pur] ?an _! illum9at$ portions4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t :5 ! rock ( a m\nta9 is r$di% ! illum9at$ portions are violet 787 & ! m !y are light$ ! m !y display _! prop] col\r4 #dfd4 ,a place is mo/ lum9\s :5 x is mo/ remote f m\nta9s4 ,on ! treatm5t ( light = views ( t[ns 7#dfe-dfi74 #dfe4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[ ,,9 ,a ,,t[n4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! eye is above ! c5tre ( a t[n1 ! eye w see ! ,s\!rn "p ( ! t[n ) its ro(s half 9 %ade & half 9 light1 & ! same t[>ds ! ,nor?2 ! ,ea/]n side w be all 9 %ad[ & ! ,we/]n w be all 9 light4 #dff4 ,( ! h\ses ( a t[n1 9 :i* ! divisions betwe5 ! h\ses may be di/+ui%$ by ! light :i* fall on ! mi/ at ! bottom4 ,if ! eye is above ! h\ses ! light se5 9 ! space t is betwe5 "o h\se & ! next s9ks by degrees into ?ick] mi/2 & yet1 be+ less transp>5t1 x appe>s :it]2 & if ! h\ses are "s high] ?an ! o!rs1 s9ce ! true col\r is always m disc]nible ?r\gh ! ?9n] atmosph]e1 ! h\ses w look d>k] 9 proportion z !y are high] up4 ,let n o p q repres5t ! v>i\s d5sity ( ! atmosph]e ?ick ) moi/ure1 a be+ ! eye1 ! h\se b c w look lighte/ at ! bottom1 because x is 9 a ?ick] atmosph]e2 ! l9es c d f w appe> equally light1 = al?\gh f is m di/ant ?an c1 x is rais$ into a ?9n] atmosph]e1 if ! h\ses b e are ( ! same height1 because !y cross a brightness :i* is v>i$ by mi/1 b ?is is only because ! l9e ( ! eye :i* />ts f above ends by pi]c+ a l[] & d5s] atmosph]e at d ?an at b4 ,?us ! l9e a f is l[] at f ?an at c2 & ! h\se f w be se5 d>k] at e f ! l9e e k z f> z m1 ?an ! tops ( ! h\ses /&+ 9 front ( x4 #dfg4 ,,( ,,t[ns ,,or ,,o!r ,,build+s ,,se5 ,,9 ,,! ,,ev5+ ,,or ,,! ,,morn+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,mi/4 ,( build+s se5 at a great di/ance 9 ! ev5+ or ! morn+1 z 9 mi/ or d5se atmosph]e1 only ^? portions are se5 9 brightness :i* are light$ up by ! sun :i* is ne> ! horizon2 & ^? portions :i* are n light$ up by ! sun rema9 almo/ ( ! same col\r & m$ium tone z ! mi/4 ,,:y ,,objects ,,:i* ,,are ,,high ,,up ,,& ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,are ,,d>k] ,,?an ,,! ,,l[] ,,ones1 ,,ev5 ,,if ,,! ,,mi/ ,,is ,,uni=mly ,,d5se4 ,( objects /&+ 9 a mi/ or o!r d5se atmosph]e1 :e!r f vap\r or smoke or di/ance1 ^? w be mo/ visible :i* are ! highe/4 ,& among objects ( equal height t w be ! d>ke/ /ronge/ :i* has = backgr\nd ! deepe/ mi/4 ,?us ! eye h look+ at a b c1 t[]s ( equal height1 "o ) ano!r1 sees c ! top ( ! fir/ t[] at r1 at two degrees ( dep? 9 ! mi/2 & sees ! height ( ! middle t[] b ?r\gh "o s+le degree ( mi/4 ,!re=e ! top ( ! t[] c appe>s /rong] ?an ! top ( ! t[] b1 c4 #dfh4 ,,( ,,! ,,smoke ,,( ,a ,,t[n4 ,smoke is se5 bett] & m di/9ctly on ! ,ea/]n side ?an on ! ,we/]n :5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/2 & ?is arises f two causes2 ! fir/ is t ! sun1 ) its rays1 %9es ?r\gh ! p>ticles ( ! smoke & lights !m up & makes !m visible4 ,! second is t ! ro(s ( ! h\ses se5 9 ! ,ea/ at ?is "t are 9 %ad[1 because _! obliquity does n all[ ( _! be+ illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,& ! same ?+ occurs ) du/2 & bo? "o & ! o!r look ! light] 9 proportion z !y are d5s]1 & !y are d5se/ t[>ds ! middle4 #dfi4 ,,( ,,smoke ,,& ,,du/4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! smoke ( cities w n be visible 9 ! ,we/1 because on t side x is n se5 p5etrat$ by ! sol> rays1 nor on a d>k backgr\nd2 s9ce ! ro(s ( ! h\ses turn ! same side to ! eye z !y turn t[>ds ! sun1 & on ?is light backgr\nd ! smoke is n v visible4 ,b du/1 "u ! same aspect1 w look d>k] ?an smoke be+ ( d5s] mat]ial ?an smoke :i* is moi/4 ,! effect ( w9d on trees 7#dgj-dgc74 #dgj4 ,,( ,,repres5t+ ,,w9d4 ,9 repres5t+ w9d1 besides ! b5d+ ( ! b\ghs & ! rev]s+ ( _! leaves t[>ds ! qu>t] :5ce ! w9d comes1 y %\ld also repres5t !m amid cl\ds ( f9e du/ m+l$ ) ! tr\bl$ air4 #dga4 ,describe l&scapes ) ! w9d1 & ! wat]1 & ! sett+ & ris+ ( ! sun4 ,,! ,,w9d4 ,all ! leaves :i* hung t[>ds ! e>? by ! b5d+ ( ! %oots ) _! bran*es1 are turn$ up side d[n by ! gu/s ( w9d1 & "h _! p]spective is rev]s$2 =1 if ! tree is betwe5 y & ! qu>t] ( ! w9d1 ! leaves :i* are t[>ds y rema9 9 _! natural aspect1 :ile ^? on ! opposite side :i* ought to h _! po9ts 9 a contr>y direction h1 by be+ turn$ ov]1 _! po9ts turn$ t[>ds y4 #dgb4 ,trees /ruck by ! =ce ( ! w9d b5d to ! side t[>ds :i* ! w9d is bl[+2 & ! w9d be+ pa/ !y b5d 9 ! contr>y direction1 t is 9 rev]se motion4 #dgc4 ,t portion ( a tree :i* is f>!/ f ! =ce :i* /rikes x is ! mo/ injur$ by ! bl[ because x be>s mo/ /ra92 ?us nature has =ese5 ?is case by ?ick5+ !m 9 t "p :]e !y c be mo/ hurt2 & mo/ 9 su* trees z gr[ to great heights1 z p9es & ! l4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! sket* drawn ) a p5 & wa%$ ) ,indian ink on ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #a4 ,9 ! ,vatican copy we f9d1 "u a section entitl$ 'del fumo'1 ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,era sotto di que/o capitulo un rompim5to di montagna1 p] d5tro delle quali roture s*]zaua fiame di fuoco1 disegnate di p5na et ombrate d'acqu>ella1 da u$]e cosa mirabile et uiua 7,ed4 ,,manzi1 p4 #bce4 ,ed4 ,,ludwig1 ,vol4 ,i1 #dfj74 ,?is appe>s to ref] to ! left h& portion ( ! draw+ "h giv5 f ! ,w9dsor collection1 & f ?is x mu/ be inf]r$1 t ! leaf z x n[ exi/s 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 0 already sep>at$ f ! orig9al ,,ms4 at ! "t :5 ! ,vatican copy 0 made4 ,light & %ade on cl\ds 7#dgd-dgg74 #dgd4 ,describe h[ ! cl\ds are =m$ & h[ !y dissolve1 & :at cause raises vap\r4 #dge4 ,! %ad[s 9 cl\ds are light] 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to ! horizon4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+ belong+ to ?is 0 9 black *alk & is totally effac$4 #dgf4 ,:5 cl\ds come betwe5 ! sun & ! eye all ! upp] edges ( _! r\nd =ms are light1 & t[>ds ! middle !y are d>k1 & ?is happ5s because t[>ds ! top ^! edges h ! sun above !m :ile y are bel[ !m2 & ! same ?+ happ5s ) ! position ( ! bran*es ( trees2 & aga9 ! cl\ds1 l ! trees1 be+ some:at transp>5t1 are light$ up 9 "p1 & at ! edges !y %[ ?9n]4 ,b1 :5 ! eye is betwe5 ! cl\d & ! sun1 ! cl\d has ! contr>y effect to ! =m]1 = ! edges ( its mass are d>k & x is light t[>ds ! middle2 & ?is happ5s because y see ! same side z faces ! sun1 & because ! edges h "s transp>5cy & reveal to ! eye t portion :i* is hidd5 beyond !m1 & :i*1 z x does n cat* ! sunlight l t portion turn$ t[>ds x1 is necess>ily some:at d>k]4 ,aga91 x may be t y see ! details ( ^! r\nd$ masses f ! l[] side1 :ile ! sun %9es on ! upp] side & z !y are n s situat$ z to reflect ! light ( ! sun1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance !y rema9 d>k4 ,! black cl\ds :i* are (t5 se5 high] up ?an ^? :i* are illum9at$ by ! sun are %ad$ by o!r cl\ds1 ly+ betwe5 !m & ! sun4 ,aga91 ! r\nd$ =ms ( ! cl\ds t face ! sun1 %[ _! edges d>k because !y lie aga9/ ! light backgr\nd2 & to see t ?is is true1 y may look at ! top ( any cl\d t is :olly light because x lies aga9/ ! blue ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is d>k] ?an ! cl\d4 ,footnote3 ,a draw+ 9 r$ *alk f ! ,w9dsor collection 7see ,pl4 ,,xxix71 repres5t+ a l&scape ) /orm-cl\ds1 may s]ve to illu/rate ?is section z well z ! foll[+ "o4 #dgg4 ,,( ,,cl\ds1 ,,smoke ,,& ,,du/ ,,& ,,! ,,flames ,,( ,a ,,furnace ,,or ,,( ,a ,,burn+ ,,kiln4 ,! cl\ds d n %[ _! r\nd$ =ms except+ on ! sides :i* face ! sun2 on ! o!rs ! r\ndness is imp]ceptible because !y are 9 ! %ade4 ,footnote3 ,! text ( ?is *apt] is giv5 9 facsimile on ,pls4 ,,xxxvi & ,,xxxvii4 ,! two halves ( ! leaf =m b "o 9 ! orig9al4 ,on ! m>g9 close to l9es #d & #e is ! note3 rossore d'aria inv]so l'orizonte--7( ! r$ness ( ! atmosph]e ne> ! horizon74 ,! sket*es on ! l[] portion ( ! page w be spok5 ( 9 ,no4 #ffh4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! cl\ds 9 ! ,we/1 ! eye plac$ betwe5 ! sun & ! cl\ds sees ! edges ( ! r\nd$ =ms compos+ ^! cl\ds z d>k1 & ! portions :i* are surr\nd$ by ?is d>k edge are light4 ,& ?is occurs because ! edges ( ! r\nd$ =ms ( ^! cl\ds are turn$ t[>ds ! upp] or lat]al sky1 :i* is reflect$ 9 !m4 ,bo? ! cl\d & ! tree display no r\ndness at all on _! %ad$ side4 ,on images reflect$ 9 wat]4 #dgh4 ,pa9t]s (t5 deceive !mselves1 by repres5t+ wat] 9 :i* !y make ! wat] reflect ! objects se5 by ! man4 ,b ! wat] reflects ! object f "o side & ! man sees x f ! o!r2 & x (t5 happ5s t ! pa9t] sees an object f bel[1 & ?us "o & ! same object is se5 f h9d "p be=e & upside d[n1 because ! wat] %[s ! image ( ! object 9 "o way1 & ! eye sees x 9 ano!r4 ,( ra9b[s & ra9 7#dgi4 #dhj74 #dgi4 ,! col\rs 9 ! middle ( ! ra9b[ m+le toge!r4 ,! b[ 9 itself is n 9 ! ra9 nor 9 ! eye t sees x2 ?\gh x is g5]at$ by ! ra91 ! sun1 & ! eye4 ,! ra9b[ is always se5 by ! eye t is betwe5 ! ra9 & ! body ( ! sun2 h5ce if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ra9 is 9 ! ,we/ x w appe> on ! ra9 9 ! ,we/4 #dhj4 ,:5 ! air is cond5s$ into ra9 x w\ld produce a vacuum if ! re/ ( ! air did n prev5t ?is by fill+ its place1 z x does ) a viol5t ru%2 & ?is is ! w9d :i* rises 9 ! summ] "t1 accompani$ by heavy ra94 ,( fl[] se$s4 #dha4 ,all ! fl[]s :i* turn t[>ds ! sun p]fect _! se$s2 b n ! o!rs2 t is to say ^? :i* get only ! reflection ( ! sun4 ,,ix4 ,! ,practice ( ,pa9t+4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to (f] any excuses = ! division c>ri$ out 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! text into practical sugge/ions & !oretical enquiries4 ,x 0 evid5tly int5d$ by ,leon>do himself z we conclude f incid5tal rem>ks 9 ! ,,mss4 7= in/ance ,no #aaj74 ,! fact t ?is arrangem5t 0 nev] c>ri$ out ei!r 9 ! old ,,ms4 copies or 9 any edition s9ce1 is easily acc\nt$ = by ! g5]al disord] :i* results f ! provisional di/ribution ( ! v>i\s *apt]s 9 ! old copies4 ,we h e reason to believe t ! e>lie/ copyi/s1 9 di/ribut+ ! mat]ials collect$ by !m1 did n 9 ! lea/ consid] ! ord] 9 :i* ! orig9al ,,ms4lay be=e !m4 ,x is evid5t t almo/ all ! *apt]s :i* ref] to ! call+ & life ( ! pa9t]--& :i* are "h br\ght toge!r 9 ! fir/ section 7,nos4 #dhb-ejh7--may be ref]r$ to two di/9ct p]iods 9 ,leon>do's life2 mo/ ( !m c be dat$ z belong+ to ! ye> #adib or to #aeae4 ,at ab\t ?is lat] "t ,leon>do may h =m$ ! project ( complet+ 8 ,libro della ,pittura1 aft] an int]val ( "s ye>s1 z x w\ld seem1 dur+ :i* 8 int]e/ 9 ! subject _h fall5 some:at into ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! second section1 :i* treats fir/ ( ! arti/'s /udio1 ! con/ruction ( a suitable w9d[ =ms ! object ( c>eful inve/igations2 ! special importance atta*$ to ?is by ,leon>do is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,8 !ory ( ! incid5ce ( light :i* 0 fully discuss$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w1 0 to him by no means ( m]e ab/ract value1 b1 be+ d$uc$1 z he says1 f exp]i5ce 7or exp]im5t7 0 requir$ to prove its utility 9 practice4 ,connect$ ) ?is we f9d sugge/ions = ! *oice ( a light ) practical h9ts z to sket*+ a picture & "s o!r precepts ( a practical "* :i* mu/ come "u consid]ation 9 ! c\rse ( complet+ ! pa9t+4 ,9 all ?is ,i h foll[$ ! same pr9ciple ( arrangem5t 9 ! text z 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! ,!ory ( ,pa9t+1 ?us ! sugge/ions = ! ,p]spective ( a picture1 7,nos4 #ecf-efi71 are foll[$ by ! !ory ( light & %ade = ! practical me?od ( optics 7,nos4 #edh--eff7 & ?is by ! practical precepts or ! treatm5t ( a]ial p]spective 7#efg--egj74 ,9 ! passage on ,portrait & ,figure ,pa9t+ ! pr9ciples ( pa9t+ z appli$ to a bu/ & head are sep>at$ & plac$ fir/1 s9ce ! advice to figure pa9t]s mu/ h "s connection ) ! pr9ciples ( ! treatm5t ( composition by :i* !y are foll[$4 ,b ?is arrangem5t ( ! text made x seem advisable n to pick out ! practical precepts z to ! repres5tation ( trees & l&scape f ! close connection 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally plac$--unlike ! re/ ( ! practical precepts--) ! !ory ( ?is bran* ( ! subject4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be s\ght "u ! section entitl$ ,botany = ,pa9t]s4 ,z a supplem5t to ! ,libro di ,pittura ,i h "h add$ ^? texts :i* treat ( ! ,pa9t]'s mat]ials1--z *alk1 draw+ pap]1 col\rs & _! prep>ation1 ( ! managem5t ( oils & v>ni%es2 9 ! app5dix are "s notes on *emical sub/ances4 ,possibly "s ( ^!1 if n all1 may h /ood 9 connection ) ! prep>ation ( col\rs4 ,x is 9 ! v nature ( ?+s t ,leon>do's incid5tal indications z to col\rs & ! l %\ld be n[-a-days extremely obscure & c\ld only be expla9$ by pr(essional exp]ts--by !m ev5 9 b few in/ances4 ,x might !re=e h seem$ advisable to reproduce exactly ! orig9al text )\t (f]+ any translation4 ,! r5d]+ "h giv5 is m]ely an attempt to sugge/ :at ,leon>do's mean+ may h be54 ,,lomazzo tells u 9 8 ,trattato dell'arte della ,pittura1 ,scultura ed ,ar*itettura 7,milano #aehd1 libro ,,ii1 ,cap4 ,,xiv73 ,va discorr5do ed argom5t&o ,leon>do ,v9ci 9 un suo libro letto da me 787 que/i anni passati1 *'egli scrisse di mano /anca ai prieghi di ,,ludovico ,,s=za duca di ,milano1 9 det]m9azione di que/a que/ione1 se e piu nobile la pittura o la scultura2 dic5do *e quanto piu un'arte porta seco fatica di corpo1 e sudore1 tanto piu e vile1 e m5 pregiata4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( any book specially writt5 = ,lodovico il ,moro on ! sup]iority ( ,pa9t+ ov] sculpture is p]haps my?ical4 ,! v>i\s passages 9 praise ( ,pa9t+ z comp>$ n m]ely ) ,sculpture b ) ,poetry1 are scatt]$ among ,,mss4 ( v diff]5t dates4 ,besides1 ! way1 9 :i* ! subject is discuss$ appe>s n to support ! supposition1 t ^! texts 7 prep>$ at a special reque/ ( ! ,duke4 ,i4 ,,moral ,,precepts ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,h[ to asc]ta9 ! dispositions = an arti/ic c>e]4 #dhb4 ,a ,,w>n+ ,,conc]n+ ,,y\?s ,,wi%+ ,,to ,,be ,,pa9t]s4 ,_m are !y :o h a ta/e & love = draw+1 b no tal5t2 & ?is w be disc]nible 9 boys :o are n dilig5t & nev] f9i% _! draw+s ) %ad+4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction = an arti/ 7#dhc-dhe74 #dhc4 ,! y\? %\ld fir/ le>n p]spective1 !n ! proportions ( objects4 ,!n he may copy f "s good ma/]1 to accu/om himself to f9e =ms4 ,!n f nature1 to confirm by practice ! rules he has le>nt4 ,!n see = a "t ! works ( v>i\s ma/]s4 ,!n get ! habit ( putt+ 8 art into practice & "w4 ,footnote3 ,! ,vatican copy & num]\s abridgem5ts all place ?is *apt] at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,trattato1 & 9 consequ5ce ,,dufresne & all subsequ5t editors h done ! same4 ,9 ! ,vatican copy h[ev] all ! g5]al consid]ations on ! relation ( pa9t+ to ! o!r arts are plac$ fir/1 z introductory4 #dhd4 ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,draw4 ,fir/ draw f draw+s by good ma/]s done f works ( art & f nature1 & n f memory2 !n f pla/ic "w1 ) ! guidance ( ! draw+ done f x2 & !n f good natural models & ?is y mu/ put into practice4 #dhe4 ,,precepts ,,= ,,draw+4 ,! arti/ ought fir/ to ex]cise 8 h& by copy+ draw+s f ! h& ( a good ma/]4 ,& hav+ acquir$ t practice1 "u ! criticism ( 8 ma/]1 he %\ld next practise draw+ objects 9 relief ( a good /yle1 foll[+ ! rules :i* w pres5tly be giv54 ,! /udy ( ! antique 7#dhf4 #dhg74 #dhf4 ,,( ,,draw+4 ,:i* is be/1 to draw f nature or f ! antique8 & :i* is m difficult to d outl9es or light & %ade8 #dhg4 ,x is bett] to imitate copy ! antique ?an mod]n "w4 ,footnote #dhf1 #dhg3 ,^! are ! only two passages 9 :i* ,leon>do alludes to ! importance ( antique art 9 ! tra9+ ( an arti/4 ,! "q ask$ 9 ,no4 #dhf rema9s unansw]$ by him & x seems to me v d\btful :e!r ! op9ion /at$ 9 ,no4 #dhg is to be reg>d$ z a reply to x4 ,?is op9ion /&s 9 ! ,,ms4 9 a connection--z w be expla9$ lat] on--:i* seems to require u to limit its application to a s+le special case4 ,at any rate we may suspect t :5 ,leon>do put ! "q1 he felt "s hesitation z to ! answ]4 ,among 8 v num]\s draw+s ,i h n be5 able to f9d a s+le /udy f ! antique1 ?\gh a draw+ 9 black *alk1 at ,w9dsor1 ( a man on horseback 7,,pi4 ,,lxxiii7 may p]haps be a rem9isc5ce ( ! /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius at ,rome4 ,x seems to me t ! drap]y 9 a p5 & ink draw+ ( a bu/1 also at ,w9dsor1 has be5 borr[$ f an antique model 7,pl4 ,,xxx74 ,g4 ,g4 ,rossi has1 ,i believe1 correctly int]pret$ ,leon>do's feel+ t[>ds ! antique 9 ! foll[+ note on ?is passage 9 manzi's edition1 p4 #eja3 ,sappiamo dalla /oria1 *e i valorosi arti/i ,toscani dell'et dell'oro dell'arte /udi>ono sugli anti*i m>mi raccolti dal ,magnifico ,,lor5zo ,,de' ,,m$ici4 ,p>e *e il ,v9ci a tali monum5ti non si acco/asse4 ,que/' uomo sempre riconosce p] mae/ra la natura1 e que/o pr9cipio lo /r+eva alla sola imitazione d essa--,comp>e ,no4 #aj1 #bf--bh footnote4 ,! necessity ( anatomical k 7#dhh4 #dhi74 #dhh4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,x is indisp5sable to a ,pa9t] :o w\ld be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! limbs 9 all ! positions & actions ( :i* !y are capable1 9 ! nude1 to "k ! anatomy ( ! s9ews1 bones1 muscles & t5dons s t1 9 _! v>i\s movem5ts & ex]tions1 he may "k :i* n]ve or muscle is ! cause ( ea* movem5t & %[ ^? only z prom95t & ?ick5$1 & n ! o!rs all ov] ! limb1 z _m d :o1 to seem great draughtsm51 draw _! nude figures look+ l wood1 devoid ( grace2 s t y w\ld ?9k y 7 look+ at a sack ( walnuts r ?an ! human =m1 or a bundle ( radi%es r ?an ! muscles ( figures4 #dhi4 ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,necess>y ,,to ,a ,,pa9t] ,,t ,,he ,,%\ld ,,"k ,,! ,,intr9sic ,,=ms ,,/ructure ,,( ,,man4 ,! pa9t] :o is famili> ) ! nature ( ! s9ews1 muscles1 & t5dons1 w "k v well1 9 giv+ movem5t to a limb1 h[ _m & :i* s9ews cause x2 & :i* muscle1 by swell+1 causes ! contraction ( t s9ew2 & :i* s9ews1 exp&$ into ! ?9ne/ c>tilage1 surr\nd & support ! said muscle4 ,?us he w v>i\sly & con/antly demon/rate ! diff]5t muscles by means ( ! v>i\s attitudes ( 8 figures1 & w n d1 z _m :o1 9 a v>iety ( movem5ts1 /ill display ! v same ?+s modell+ 9 ! arms1 back1 brea/ & legs4 ,& ^! ?+s are n to be reg>d$ z m9or faults4 ,h[ to acquire practice4 #dij4 ,,( ,,/udy ,,& ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,/udy4 ,i say t fir/ y ought to le>n ! limbs & _! me*anism1 & hav+ ?is k1 _! actions %\ld come next1 accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y occur 9 man4 ,& ?irdly to compose subjects1 ! /udies = :i* %\ld be tak5 f natural actions & made f "t to "t1 z circum/ances all[2 & pay att5tion to !m 9 ! /reets & piazze & fields1 & note !m d[n ) a brief indication ( ! =ms2 ,footnote #e3 ,l9es #e-g expla9$ by ! l[] portion ( ! sket* ,no4 #a on ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ?us = a head make an o1 & = an arm a /raight or a b5t l9e1 & ! same = ! legs & ! body1 ,footnote #g3 ,l9es #e-g expla9$ by ! l[] portion ( ! sket* ,no4 #a on ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 & :5 y return home "w out ^! notes 9 a complete =m4 ,! ,adv]s>y says t to acquire practice & d a great deal ( "w x is bett] t ! fir/ p]iod ( /udy %\ld be employ$ 9 draw+ v>i\s compositions done on pap] or on walls by div]s ma/]s1 & t 9 ?is way practice is rapidly ga9$1 & good me?ods2 to :i* ,i reply t ! me?od w be good1 if x is bas$ on works ( good composition & by skill$ ma/]s4 ,b s9ce su* ma/]s are s r>e t !re are b few ( !m to be f\nd1 x is a sur] way to g to natural objects1 ?an to ^? :i* are imitat$ f nature ) great det]ioration1 & s =m bad me?ods2 = he :o c g to ! f\nta9 does n g to ! wat]-j>4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan1 ,das ,mal]buck des ,l4 da ,v9ci1 p4 #hi2 8 read+ h[ev] v>ies slightly f m9e4 ,indu/ry & ?or\ghness ! fir/ conditions 7#dia-dic47 #dia4 ,,:at ,,rules ,,%\ld ,,be ,,giv5 ,,to ,,boys ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,pa9t4 ,we "k = c]ta9 t sight is "o ( ! mo/ rapid actions we c p]=m4 ,9 an in/ant we see an inf9ite numb] ( =ms1 /ill we only take 9 ?or\ghly "o object at a "t4 ,suppos+ t y1 ,read]1 7 to glance rapidly at ! :ole ( ?is writt5 page1 y w\ld in/antly p]ceive t x 0 cov]$ ) v>i\s lett]s2 b y c\ld n1 9 ! "t1 recognise :at ! lett]s 71 nor :at !y 7 meant to tell4 ,h5ce y w\ld ne$ to see !m ^w by ^w1 l9e by l9e to be able to und]/& ! lett]s4 ,aga91 if y wi% to g to ! top ( a build+ y mu/ g up /ep by /ep2 o!rwise x w be impossible t y %\ld rea* ! top4 ,?us ,i say to y1 :om nature prompts to pursue ?is art1 if y wi% to h a s\nd k ( ! =ms ( objects beg9 ) ! details ( !m1 & d n g on to ! second /ep till y h ! fir/ well fix$ 9 memory & 9 practice4 ,& if y d o!rwise y w ?r[ away y\r "t1 or c]ta9ly greatly prolong y\r /udies4 ,& rememb] to acquire dilig5ce r ?an rapidity4 #dib4 ,,h[ ,,t ,,dilig5ce ,,accuracy ,,%\ld ,,fir/ ,,be ,,le>nt ,,r ,,?an ,,rapid ,,execution4 ,if y1 :o draw1 desire to /udy well & to good purpose1 always g sl[ly to "w 9 y\r draw+2 & discrim9ate 94 ! lights1 :i* h ! highe/ degree ( brightness1 & to :at ext5t & likewise 9 ! %ad[s1 :i* are ^? t are d>k] ?an ! o!rs & 9 :at way !y int]m+le2 !n _! masses & ! relative proportions ( "o to ! o!r4 ,& note 9 _! outl9es1 :i* way !y t5d2 & :i* "p ( ! l9es is curv$ to "o side or ! o!r1 & :]e !y are m or less conspicu\s & consequ5tly broad or f9e2 & f9ally1 t y\r light & %ade bl5d )\t /rokes & bord]s b look+ l smoke4 ,& :5 y h ?us s*ool$ y\r h& & y\r judgm5t by su* dilig5ce1 y w acquire rapidity be=e y are aw>e4 ,! arti/'s private life & *oice ( company 7#dic-did74 #dic4 ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry4 ,a pa9t] ne$s su* ma!matics z belong to pa9t+4 ,& ! abs5ce ( all companions :o are ali5at$ f 8 /udies2 8 bra9 mu/ be easily impress$ by ! v>iety ( objects1 :i* successively come be=e him1 & also free f o!r c>es ,footnote #f3 ,leon>do "h seems to be speak+ ( 8 own me?od ( "w z display$ 9 8 ,,mss4 & ?is passage expla9s1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! peculi>ities 9 _! arrangem5t44 ,& if1 :5 consid]+ & def9+ "o subject1 a second subject int]v5es--z happ5s :5 an object occupies ! m9d1 !n he mu/ decide :i* ( ^! cases is ! m difficult to "w out1 & foll[ t up until x becomes q cle>1 & !n "w out ! explanation ( ! o!r ,footnote #aa3 ,leon>do "h seems to be speak+ ( 8 own me?od ( "w z display$ 9 8 ,,mss4 & ?is passage expla9s1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! peculi>ities 9 _! arrangem5t44 ,& above all he mu/ keep 8 m9d z cle> z ! surface ( a mirror1 :i* assumes col\rs z v>i\s z ^? ( ! diff]5t objects4 ,& 8 companions %\ld be l him z to _! /udies1 & if su* _c be f\nd he %\ld keep 8 speculations to himself alone1 s t at la/ he w f9d no m useful company ?an 8 own4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! title l9e ,leon>do _h orig9ally writt5 del pictore filos(o 7! philosophical pa9t]71 b he himself /ruck outfilos(o4 ,comp>e 9 ,no4 #cfc pictora notomi/a 7anatomical pa9t]74 ,! orig9al text is p>tly reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,ci4 #did4 ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,9 ,,8 ,,/udio4 ,to ! end t well-be+ ( ! body may n injure t ( ! m9d1 ! pa9t] or draughtsman mu/ rema9 solit>y1 & p>ticul>ly :5 int5t on ^? /udies & reflections :i* w con/antly rise up be=e 8 eye1 giv+ mat]ials to be well /or$ 9 ! memory4 ,:ile y are alone y are entirely y\r own ma/] & if y h "o companion y are b half y\r own1 & ! less s 9 proportion to ! indiscretion ( 8 behavi\r4 ,& if y h _m companions y w fall deep] into ! same tr\ble4 ,if y %\ld say3 ,i w g my own way & )draw ap>t1 ! bett] to /udy ! =ms ( natural objects1 ,i tell y1 y w n be able to help (t5 li/5+ to _! *att]4 ,& s1 s9ce "o _c s]ve two ma/]s1 y w badly fill ! "p ( a companion1 & c>ry out y\r /udies ( art ev5 worse4 ,& if y say3 ,i w )draw s f> t _! words _c rea* me & !y _c di/urb me1 ,i c tell y t y w be ?\ght mad4 ,b1 y see1 y w at any rate be alone4 ,& if y mu/ h companions %ip f9d x 9 y\r /udio4 ,?is may assi/ y to h ! advantages :i* arise f v>i\s speculations4 ,all o!r company may be highly mis*iev\s4 ,! di/ribution ( "t = /udy+ 7#die-dig74 #die4 ,,( ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,bett] ,,to ,,draw ,,) ,,companions ,,or ,,n4 ,i say & insi/ t draw+ 9 company is mu* bett] ?an alone1 = _m reasons4 ,! fir/ is t y w\ld be a%am$ to be se5 beh9dh& among ! /ud5ts1 & su* %ame w lead y to c>eful /udy4 ,secondly1 a :olesome emulation w /imulate y to be among ^? :o are m prais$ ?an y\rself1 & ?is praise ( o!rs w spur y on4 ,ano!r is t y c le>n f ! draw+s ( o!rs :o d bett] ?an y\rself2 & if y are bett] ?an !y1 y c pr(it by y\r contempt = _! defects1 :ile ! praise ( o!rs w incite y to f>!r m]its4 ,footnote3 ,! contradiction by ?is passage ( ! =ego+ *apt] is only app>5t4 ,x is q cle>1 f ! nature ( ! reason+ :i* is "h us$ to prove t x is m improv+ to "w ) o!rs ?an to "w alone1 t ! /udies ( pupils only are "u consid]ation "h4 #dif4 ,,( ,,/udy+1 ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k1 ,,:5 ,,y ,,wake1 ,,or ,,9 ,,b$ ,,be=e ,,y ,,g ,,to ,,sleep4 ,i myself h prov$ x to be ( no small use1 :5 9 b$ 9 ! d>k1 to recall 9 fancy ! ext]nal details ( =ms previ\sly /udi$1 or o!r notewor?y ?+s conceiv$ by subtle speculation2 & ?is is c]ta9ly an admirable ex]cise1 & useful = impress+ ?+s on ! memory4 #dig4 ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,= ,,/udy+ ,,selection ,,( ,,subjects4 ,w9t] ev5+s ought to be employ$ by "y /ud5ts 9 look+ ov] ! ?+s prep>$ dur+ ! summ]2 t is1 all ! draw+s f ! nude done 9 ! summ] %\ld be br\ght toge!r & a *oice made ( ! be/ /udies ( limbs & bodies among !m1 to apply 9 practice & commit to memory4 ,,( ,,positions4 ,aft] ?is 9 ! foll[+ summ] y %\ld select "s "o :o is well gr[n & :o has n be5 br\ght up 9 d\blets1 & s may n be ( /iff c>riage1 & make him g ?r\gh a numb] ( agile & graceful actions2 & if 8 muscles d n %[ pla9ly )9 ! outl9es ( 8 limbs t does n matt] at all4 ,x is en\gh t y c see good attitudes & y c correct ! draw+ ( ! limbs by ^? y /udi$ 9 ! w9t]4 ,footnote3 ,an injunction to /udy 9 ! ev5+ occurs also 9 ,no4 #ebd4 ,on ! productive p[] ( m9or arti/s 7#dih-eja74 #dih4 ,he is a poor disciple :o does n excel 8 ma/]4 #dii4 ,nor is ! pa9t] praisewor?y :o does b "o ?+ well1 z ! nude figure1 heads1 drap]ies1 animals1 l&scapes or o!r su* details1 irrespective ( o!r "w2 = !re c be no m9d s inept1 t aft] devot+ itself to "o s+le ?+ & do+ x con/antly1 x %\ld fail to d x well4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,,manzi',s edition 7p4 #ejb7 ! pa9t] ,g4 ,g4 ,bossi indignantly rem>ks on ?is passage4 ,p>la il ,v9ce 9 que/o luogo come se tutti gli arti/i avess]o quella sublimita d'+egno capace di abbracci>e tutte le cose1 di cui era egli dotato ,& he !n m5tions ! case ( ,,claude ,,lorra94 ,b he ov]looks ! fact t 9 ,leon>do's "t l&scape pa9t+ made no pret5sions to indep5d5ce b 0 reckon$ among ! details 7p>ticul>i1 l9es #c1 #d74 #ejj4 ,,t ,a ,,pa9t] ,,is ,,n ,,admirable ,,unless ,,he ,,is ,,univ]sal4 ,"s may di/9ctly ass]t t ^? p]sons are "u a delusion :o call t pa9t] a good ma/] :o c d no?+ well b a head or a figure4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is no great a*ievem5t2 aft] /udy+ "o s+le ?+ = a life-"t :o w\ld n h atta9$ "s p]fection 9 x8 ,b1 s9ce we "k t pa9t+ embraces & includes 9 itself e object produc$ by nature or result+ f ! =tuit\s actions ( m51 9 %ort1 all t ! eye c see1 he seems to me b a poor ma/] :o c only d a figure well4 ,= d y n p]ceive h[ _m & v>i\s actions are p]=m$ by m5 only2 h[ _m diff]5t animals !re are1 z well z trees1 plants1 fl[]s1 ) _m m\nta9\s regions & pla9s1 spr+s & riv]s1 cities ) public & private build+s1 ma*9es1 too1 fit = ! purposes ( m51 div]s co/umes1 decorations & arts8 ,& all ^! ?+s ought to be reg>d$ z ( equal importance & value1 by ! man :o c be t]m$ a good pa9t]4 #eja4 ,,( ,,! ,,mis]able ,,pret5ces ,,made ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,falsely ,,& ,,unwor?ily ,,acquire ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,pa9t]s4 ,n[ !re is a c]ta9 race ( pa9t]s :o1 hav+ /udi$ b little1 mu/ ne$ take z _! /&>d ( beauty m]e gold & azure1 & ^!1 ) supreme conceit1 decl>e t !y w n give good "w = mis]able paym5t1 & t !y c\ld d z well z any o!r if !y 7 well paid4 ,b1 ye fooli% folks6 _c su* arti/s keep "s good "w1 & !n say3 ?is is a co/ly "w & ?is m mod]ate & ?is is av]age "w & %[ t !y c "w at all prices8 ,a caution aga9/ "o-sid$ /udy4 #ejb4 ,,h[1 ,,9 ,,important ,,works1 ,a ,,man ,,%\ld ,,n ,,tru/ ,,entirely ,,to ,,8 ,,memory ,,)\t ,,condesc5d+ ,,to ,,draw ,,f ,,nature4 ,any ma/] :o %\ld v5ture to boa/ t he c\ld rememb] all ! =ms & effects ( nature w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to me to be grac$ ) extreme ignorance1 inasmu* z ^! effects are inf9ite & our memory is n ext5sive en\gh to reta9 !m4 ,h5ce1 ,o6 pa9t]1 bew>e le/ ! lu/ ( ga9 %\ld supplant 9 y ! dignity ( art2 = ! acquisition ( glory is a mu* great] ?+ ?an ! glory ( ri*es4 ,h5ce1 = ^! & o!r reasons :i* might be giv51 fir/ /rive 9 draw+ to repres5t y\r int5tion to ! eye by expressive =ms1 & ! idea orig9ally =m$ 9 y\r imag9ation2 !n g on tak+ out or putt+ 91 until y h satisfi$ y\rself4 ,!n h liv+ m51 drap$ or nude1 z y may h purpos$ 9 y\r "w1 & take c>e t 9 dim5sions & size1 z det]m9$ by p]spective1 no?+ is left 9 ! "w :i* is n 9 h>mony ) reason & ! effects 9 nature4 ,& ?is w be ! way to w9 hon\r 9 y\r art4 ,h[ to acquire univ]sality 7#ejc-ejf74 #ejc4 ,,( ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,! ,,figures4 ,! pa9t] %\ld aim at univ]sality1 because !re is a great want ( self-respect 9 do+ "o ?+ well & ano!r badly1 z _m d :o /udy only ! rules ( measure & proportion 9 ! nude figure & d n seek aft] v>iety2 = a man may be well proportion$1 or he may be fat & %ort1 or tall & ?91 or m$ium4 ,& a pa9t] :o takes no acc\nt ( ^! v>ieties always makes 8 figures on "o patt]n s t !y might all be tak5 = bro!rs2 & ?is is a defect t dem&s /]n repreh5sion4 #ejd4 ,,h[ ,,some?+ ,,may ,,be ,,le>nt ,,ev]y:]e4 ,nature has b5efic5tly provid$ t ?r\gh\t ! _w y may f9d some?+ to imitate4 #eje4 ,,( ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,acquir+ ,,univ]sality4 ,x is an easy matt] to m5 to acquire univ]sality1 = all t]re/rial animals resemble ea* o!r z to _! limbs1 t is 9 _! muscles1 s9ews & bones2 & !y d n v>y except+ 9 l5g? or 9 ?ickness1 z w be %[n "u ,anatomy4 ,b !n !re are aquatic animals :i* are ( great v>iety2 ,i w n try to conv9ce ! pa9t] t !re is any rule = !m = !y are ( inf9ite v>iety1 & s is ! insect tribe4 #ejf4 ,,pa9t+4 ,! m9d ( ! pa9t] mu/ resemble a mirror1 :i* always takes ! col\r ( ! object x reflects & is completely occupi$ by ! images ( z _m objects z are 9 front ( x4 ,!re=e y mu/ "k1 ,oh ,pa9t]6 t y _c be a good "o if y are n ! univ]sal ma/] ( repres5t+ by y\r art e k9d ( =m produc$ by nature4 ,& ?is y w n "k h[ to d if y d n see !m1 & reta9 !m 9 y\r m9d4 ,h5ce z y g ?r\gh ! fields1 turn y\r att5tion to v>i\s objects1 &1 9 turn look n[ at ?is ?+ & n[ at t1 collect+ a /ore ( div]s facts select$ & *os5 f ^? ( less value4 ,b d n d l "s pa9t]s :o1 :5 !y are we>i$ ) ex]cis+ _! fancy dismiss _! "w f _! ?\ghts & take ex]cise 9 walk+ = relaxation1 b /ill keep fatigue 9 _! m9d :i*1 ?\gh !y see v>i\s objects ar\nd !m1 does n appreh5d !m2 b1 ev5 :5 !y meet fri5ds or relations & are salut$ by !m1 al?\gh !y see & he> !m1 take no m cognisance ( !m ?an if !y _h met s mu* empty air4 ,useful games & ex]cises 7#ejg4 #ejh74 #ejg4 ,,( ,,games ,,to ,,be ,,play$ ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,draw4 ,:51 ,oh draughtsm51 y desire to f9d relaxation 9 games y %\ld always practise su* ?+s z may be ( use 9 y\r pr(ession1 by giv+ y\r eye good practice 9 judg+ accurately ( ! bread? & l5g? ( objects4 ,?us1 to accu/om y\r m9d to su* ?+s1 let "o ( y draw a /raight l9e at r&om on a wall1 & ea* ( y1 tak+ a blade ( grass or ( /raw 9 8 h&1 try to cut x to ! l5g? t ! l9e drawn appe>s to him to be1 /&+ at a di/ance ( #aj braccia2 !n ea* "o may g up to ! l9e to measure ! l5g? he has judg$ x to be4 ,& he :o has come ne>e/ ) 8 measure to ! l5g? ( ! patt]n is ! be/ man1 & ! w9n]1 & %all receive ! prize y h settl$ be=eh&4 ,aga9 y %\ld take =%ort5$ measures3 t is take a spe>1 or any o!r cane or re$1 & fix on a po9t at a c]ta9 di/ance2 & let ea* "o e/imate h[ _m times he judges t its l5g? w g into t di/ance4 ,aga91 :o w draw be/ a l9e "o braccio long1 :i* %all be te/$ by a ?read4 ,& su* games give occasion to good practice = ! eye1 :i* is ( ! fir/ importance 9 pa9t+4 #ejh4 ,a ,,way ,,( ,,develop+ ,,& ,,ar\s+ ,,! ,,m9d ,,to ,,v>i\s ,,inv5tions4 ,i _c =be> to m5tion among ^! precepts a new device = /udy :i*1 al?\gh x may seem b trivial & almo/ ludicr\s1 is nev]!less extremely useful 9 ar\s+ ! m9d to v>i\s inv5tions4 ,& ?is is1 :5 y look at a wall spott$ ) /a9s1 or ) a mixture ( /ones1 if y h to devise "s sc5e1 y may discov] a resemblance to v>i\s l&scapes1 beautifi$ ) m\nta9s1 riv]s1 rocks1 trees1 pla9s1 wide valleys & hills 9 v>i$ arrangem5t2 or aga9 y may see battles & figures 9 action2 or /range faces & co/umes1 & an endless v>iety ( objects1 :i* y c\ld r$uce to complete & well drawn =ms4 ,& ^! appe> on su* walls confus$ly1 l ! s\nd ( bells 9 ^: jangle y may f9d any "n or ^w y *oose to imag9e4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,/udio4--,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,helps ,,= ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,p]spective4--,,on ,,judg+ ,,( ,a ,,picture4 ,on ! size ( ! /udio4 #eji4 ,small rooms or dwell+s discipl9e ! m9d1 l>ge ones weak5 x4 ,on ! con/ruction ( w9d[s 7#eaj-eab74 #eaj4 ,! l>g] ! wall ! less ! light w be4 #eaa4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( light af=d$ 9 cell>s by v>i\s =ms ( w9d[s4 ,! lea/ useful & ! colde/ is ! w9d[ at a4 ,! mo/ useful1 ! lighte/ & w>me/ & mo/ op5 to ! sky is ! w9d[ at b4 ,! w9d[ at c is ( m$ium utility4 ,footnote3 ,f a ref]5ce to ! notes on ! "r light = pa9t+ x becomes evid5t t ! obs]vations made on cell>-w9d[s h a direct be>+ on ! con/ruction ( ! /udio-w9d[4 ,9 ! diagram b z well z 9 t "u ,no4 #eaj ! w9d[-op5+ is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 b only1 x w\ld seem1 9 ord] to emphasize ! advantage ( walls con/ruct$ on ! plan !re %[n4 #eab4 ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,w9d[ ,,& ,,its ,,advantage4 ,! pa9t] :o works f nature %\ld h a w9d[1 :i* he c raise & l[]4 ,! reason is t sometimes y w want to f9i% a ?+ y are draw+1 close to ! light4 ,let a b c d be ! *e/ on :i* ! "w may be rais$ or l[]$1 s t ! "w moves up & d[n & n ! pa9t]4 ,& e ev5+ y c let d[n ! "w & %ut x up above s t 9 ! ev5+ x may be 9 ! fa%ion ( a *e/ :i*1 :5 %ut up1 may s]ve ! purpose ( a b5*4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #b4 ,9 ?is plate ! l9es h un=tunately lo/ _! %>pness1 = ! accid5tal loss ( ! negative has necessitat$ a reproduction f a positive4 ,b hav+ =m]ly publi%$ ?is sket* by ano!r process1 9 ,,von ,,lutz[',s ,zeits*rift fur bild5de ,kun/ 7,vol4 ,,xvii1 pg4 #ac7 ,i h reproduc$ x "h 9 ! text4 ,! %>pness ( ! outl9e 9 ! orig9al sket* is "h pres]v$ b x gives x f ! rev]s$ side4 ,on ! be/ light = pa9t+ 7#eac-ebj74 #eac4 ,:i* light is be/ = draw+ f nature2 :e!r high or l[1 or l>ge or small1 or /rong & broad1 or /rong & small1 or broad & weak or small & weak8 ,footnote3 ,! "q "h put is unansw]$ 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 #ead4 ,,( ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,light4 ,a broad light high up & n too /rong w r5d] ! details ( objects v agreeable4 #eae4 ,,t ,,! ,,light ,,= ,,draw+ ,,f ,,nature ,,%\ld ,,be ,,high ,,up4 ,! light = draw+ f nature %\ld come f ! ,nor? 9 ord] t x may n v>y4 ,& if y h x f ! ,s\?1 keep ! w9d[ scre5$ ) clo?1 s t ) ! sun %9+ ! :ole day ! light may n v>y4 ,! height ( ! light %\ld be s arrang$ z t e object %all ca/ a %ad[ on ! gr\nd ( ! same l5g? z itself4 #eaf4 ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,light ,,requisite ,,= ,,pa9t+ ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,an object w display ! greate/ diff]5ce ( light & %ade :5 x is se5 9 ! /ronge/ light1 z by sunlight1 or1 at night1 by ! light ( a fire4 ,b ?is %\ld n be mu* us$ 9 pa9t+ because ! works rema9 crude & ungraceful4 ,an object se5 9 a mod]ate light displays little diff]5ce 9 ! light & %ade2 & ?is is ! case t[>ds ev5+ or :5 ! day is cl\dy1 & works !n pa9t$ are t5d] & e k9d ( face becomes graceful4 ,?us1 9 e ?+ extremes are to be avoid$3 ,too mu* light gives crud5ess2 too little prev5ts our see+4 ,! m$ium is be/4 ,,( ,,small ,,lights4 ,aga91 lights ca/ f a small w9d[ give /rong diff]5ces ( light & %ade1 all ! m if ! room light$ by x be l>ge1 & ?is is n good = pa9t+4 #eag4 ,,pa9t+4 ,! lum9\s air :i* ent]s by pass+ ?r\gh orifices 9 walls into d>k rooms w r5d] ! place less d>k 9 proportion z ! op5+ cuts into ! walls :i* surr\nd & cov] 9 ! pavem5t4 #eah4 ,,( ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,light4 ,9 proportion to ! numb] ( times t a b goes into c d w x be m lum9\s ?an c d4 ,& simil>ly1 9 proportion z ! po9t e goes into c d w x be m lum9\s ?an c d2 & ?is light is useful = c>v]s ( delicate "w4 ,footnote #e3 ,= ! same reason a w9d[ ?us con/ruct$ w\ld be conv5i5t = an illum9ator or a m9iature pa9t]4 ,footnote3 ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 8 edition ( ! ,p>is ,,ms4 ,a rem>ks on ?is passage3 ,la figure porte les lettres f et g1 auxquelles ri5 ne r5voie dans l'explication2 p> consequ5t1 cette explication e/ incomplete4 ,la figure sembl]ait1 d'ailleurs1 se rapport] a l'effet de la reflexion p> un miroir concave4 ,s f> z ,i c see ! text is n imp]fect1 nor is ! s5se obscure4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t c d "h indicate ! wall ( ! room opposite to ! w9d[ e & ! semicircle describ$ by f g /&s = ! ar* ( ! sky2 ?is occurs 9 v>i\s diagrams1 = example "u #eaa4 ,a simil> semicircle1 ,pl ,,iii1 ,no4 #b 7& comp>e ,no4 #adi7 is expressly call$ 'orizonte' 9 writ+4 #eai4 ,t ! light %\ld fall ^u a picture f "o w9d[ only4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! case ( objects 9 ?is =m4 ,if y want to repres5t a r\nd ball at a c]ta9 height y mu/ make x oval 9 ?is %ape1 & /& s f> (f z t by =e%ort5+ x appe>s r\nd4 #ebj4 ,,( ,,select+ ,,! ,,light ,,:i* ,,gives ,,mo/ ,,grace ,,to ,,faces4 ,if y %\ld h a c\rt y>d t y c at pleasure cov] ) a l95 awn+ t light w be good4 ,or :5 y want to take a portrait d x 9 dull wea!r1 or z ev5+ falls1 mak+ ! sitt] /& ) 8 back to "o ( ! walls ( ! c\rt y>d4 ,note 9 ! /reets1 z ev5+ falls1 ! faces ( ! m5 & wom51 & :5 ! wea!r is dull1 :at s(tness & delicacy y may p]ceive 9 !m4 ,h5ce1 ,oh ,pa9t]6 h a c\rt arrang$ ) ! walls t9t$ black & a n>r[ ro( project+ )9 ! walls4 ,x %\ld be #aj braccia wide & #bj braccia long & #aj braccia high & cov]$ ) a l95 awn+2 or else pa9t a "w t[>ds ev5+ or :5 x is cl\dy or mi/y1 & ?is is a p]fect light4 ,on v>i\s helps 9 prep>+ a picture 7#eba-ecj74 #eba4 ,to draw a nude figure f nature1 or any ?+ else1 hold 9 y\r h& a plumb-l9e to enable y to judge ( ! relative position ( objects4 #ebb4 ,,( ,,draw+ ,,an ,,object4 ,:5 y draw take c>e to set up a pr9cipal l9e :i* y mu/ obs]ve all ?r\gh\t ! object y are draw+2 e ?+ %\ld be> relation to ! direction ( ?is pr9cipal l9e4 #ebc4 ,,( ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,draw+ ,a ,,place ,,accurately4 ,h a piece ( glass z l>ge z a half %eet ( royal folio pap] & set ?us firmly 9 front ( y\r eyes t is1 betwe5 y\r eye & ! ?+ y want to draw2 !n place y\rself at a di/ance ( #b_/c ( a braccia f ! glass fix+ y\r head ) a ma*9e 9 su* a way t y _c move x at all4 ,!n %ut or entirely cov] "o eye & ) a bru% or r$ *alk draw ^u ! glass t :i* y see beyond x2 !n trace x on pap] f ! glass1 aft]w>ds transf] x onto good pap]1 & pa9t x if y l1 c>efully att5d+ to ! arial p]spective4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,place ,,y\r ,,figures ,,correctly4 ,if y want to acquire a practice ( good & correct attitudes = y\r figures1 make a squ>e frame or net1 & squ>e x out ) ?read2 place ?is betwe5 y\r eye & ! nude model y are draw+1 & draw ^! same squ>es on ! pap] on :i* y mean to draw ! figure1 b v delicately4 ,!n place a pellet ( wax on a spot ( ! net :i* w s]ve z a fix$ po9t1 :i*1 :5ev] y look at y\r model1 mu/ cov] ! pit ( ! ?roat2 or1 if 8 back is turn$1 x may cov] "o ( ! v]tebrae ( ! neck4 ,?us ^! ?reads w guide y z to ea* "p ( ! body :i*1 9 any giv5 attitude w be f\nd bel[ ! pit ( ! ?roat1 or ! angles ( ! %\ld]s1 or ! nipples1 or hips & o!r p>ts ( ! body2 & ! transv]se l9es ( ! net w %[ y h[ mu* ! figure is high] ov] ! leg on :i* x is pos$ ?an ov] ! o!r1 & ! same ) ! hips1 & ! knees & ! feet4 ,b always fix ! net p]p5dicul>ly s t all ! divisions t y see ! model divid$ into by ! net "w correspond ) y\r draw+ ( ! model on ! net "w y h sket*$4 ,! squ>es y draw may be z mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! net z y wi% t y\r figure %\ld be small] ?an nature4 ,aft]w>ds rememb] :5 draw+ figures1 to use ! rule ( ! correspond+ proportions ( ! limbs z y h le>nt x f ! frame & net4 ,?is %\ld be #c braccia & a half high & #c braccia wide2 #g braccia di/ant f y & #a braccio f ! model4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do is commonly cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! arrangem5t ( a plate ( glass commonly kn[n z ! v]tical plane4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,,von ,,brucke 9 8 ,bru*/ucke aus d] ,!orie d] bild5d5 ,kun/e1 ,leipzig #ahgg1 pg4 #c1 writes on ?is contrivance4 ,uns]e ,gla/afel i/ die sog5annte ,gla/afel des ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 die 9 ,ge/alt e9] ,gla/afel vorge/ellte ,bildfla*e4 #ebd4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,draw+ ,,an ,,object ,,9 ,,relief ,,at ,,night4 ,place a %eet ( n too transp>5t pap] betwe5 ! relievo & ! light & y c draw ?us v well4 ,footnote3 ,bodies ?us illum9at$ w %[ on ! surface ( ! pap] h[ ! copyi/ has to di/ribute light & %ade4 #ebe4 ,if y want to repres5t a figure on a wall1 ! wall be+ =e%ort5$1 :ile ! figure is to appe> 9 its prop] =m1 & z /&+ free f ! wall1 y mu/ proce$ ?us3 h a ?9 plate ( iron & make a small hole 9 ! c5tre2 ?is hole mu/ be r\nd4 ,set a light close to x 9 su* a position z t x %9es ?r\gh ! c5tral hole1 !n place any object or figure y please s close to ! wall t x t\*es x & draw ! outl9e ( ! %ad[ on ! wall2 !n fill 9 ! %ade & add ! lights2 place ! p]son :o is to see x s t he looks ?r\gh t same hole :]e at fir/ ! light 02 & y w nev] be able to p]suade y\rself t ! image is n deta*$ f ! wall4 ,footnote3 uno piccolo spiracelo nel mezzo4 ,m4 ,,ravaisson1 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a 7,p>is71 p4 #eb1 reads nel muro--evid5tly a mi/ake = nel mezzo :i* is q pla9ly writt52 & he translates x fait lui une petite ouv]ture dans le mur1 add+ 9 a note3 les mots 'dans le mur' p>aiss5t etre de trop4 ,leon>do a du les ecrire p> di/raction ,b 'nel mezzo' is cle>ly legible ev5 on ! photograph facsimile giv5 by ,ravaisson himself1 & ! objection he raises disappe>s at once4 ,x is n always wise or safe to try to prove our au?or's abs5ce ( m9d or inadv]t5ce by app>5t difficulties 9 ! s5se or connection ( ! text4 #ebf4 ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,figure ,,on ,a ,,wall #ab ,,braccia ,,high ,,:i* ,,%all ,,look #bd ,,braccia ,,high4 ,if y wi% to draw a figure or any o!r object to look #bd braccia high y mu/ d x 9 ?is way4 ,fir/1 on ! surface m r draw half ! man y wi% to repres5t2 !n ! o!r half2 !n put on ! vault m n ! re/ ( ! figure spok5 ( above2 fir/ set out ! v]tical plane on ! floor ( a room ( ! same %ape z ! wall ) ! cov$ "p on :i* y are to pa9t y\r figure4 ,!n1 beh9d x1 draw a figure set out 9 pr(ile ( :atev] size y please1 & draw l9es f x to ! po9t f &1 z ^! l9es cut m n on ! v]tical plane1 s w ! figure come on ! wall1 ( :i* ! v]tical plane gives a lik5ess1 & y w h all ! relative heights & prom95ces ( ! figure4 ,& ! bread? or ?ickness :i* are on ! upright wall m n are to be drawn 9 _! prop] =m1 s9ce1 z ! wall rec$es ! figure w be =e%ort5$ by itself2 b t "p ( ! figure :i* goes into ! cove y mu/ =e%ort51 z if x 7 /&+ upright2 ?is dim9ution y mu/ set out on a flat floor & !re mu/ /& ! figure :i* is to be transf]r$ f ! v]tical plane r n,footnote #ag3 *e lev]ai dalla p>iete r n4 ,! lett]s ref] to ! l>g] sket*1 ,no4 #c on ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 9 its real size & r$uce x once m on a v]tical plane2 & ?is w be a good me?od ,footnote #ah3 ,leon>do "h says no?+ z to h[ ! image =e%ort5$ by p]spective & ?us produc$ on ! v]tical plane is to be transf]r$ to ! wall2 b f :at is said 9 ,nos4 #ebe & #ebc we may conclude t he 0 famili> ) ! process ( ca/+ ! enl>g$ %ad[ ( a squ>+ net on ! surface ( a wall to guide him 9 draw+ ! figure4 ,p>iete di rilieuo2 sur une p>ai en relief 7,,ravaisson74 ,auf e9] ,s*nittl9ie zum ,aufri*t5 7,,ludwig74 ,! explanation ( ?is puzzl+ expression mu/ be s\ght 9 ,no4 #ede1 l9es #ae-ag44 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 #c4 ,! second sket*1 :i* 9 ! plate is incomplete1 is "h reproduc$ & complet$ f ! orig9al to illu/rate ! text4 ,9 ! orig9al ! l>g] diagram is plac$ betwe5 l9es #e & #f4 #a4 #b4 ,c4 ,a4 #aeg;a2 #dfc;a has ! simil> head+3 'del cressci]e della figura'1 & ! text beg9s3 ,se voli f>e #a;a figura gr&e b c b "h x breaks (f4 ,! translation "h giv5 r5d]s ! mean+ ( ! passage z ,i ?9k x mu/ be und]/ood4 ,! ,,ms4 is p]fectly legible & ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce is simple & cle>2 difficulties c only arise f ! v fullness ( ! mean+1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! end ( ! passage4 #ebg4 ,if y w\ld to draw a cube 9 an angle ( a wall1 fir/ draw ! object 9 its own prop] %ape & raise x onto a v]tical plane until x resembles ! angle 9 :i* ! said object is to be repres5t$4 #ebh4 ,:y are pa9t+s se5 m correctly 9 a mirror ?an out ( x8 #ebi4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,mirror ,,is ,,! ,,ma/] ,,& ,,guide ,,( ,,pa9t]s4 ,:5 y want to see if y\r picture corresponds ?r\gh\t ) ! objects y h drawn f nature1 take a mirror & look 9 t at ! reflection ( ! real ?+s1 & comp>e ! reflect$ image ) y\r picture1 & consid] :e!r ! subject ( ! two images duly corresponds 9 bo?1 p>ticul>ly /udy+ ! mirror4 ,y %\ld take ! mirror = y\r guide--t is to say a flat mirror--because on its surface ! objects appe> 9 _m respects z 9 a pa9t+4 ,?us y see1 9 a pa9t+ done on a flat surface1 objects :i* appe> 9 relief1 & 9 ! mirror--also a flat surface--!y look ! same4 ,! picture has "o plane surface & ! same ) ! mirror4 ,! picture is intangible1 9 s f> z t :i* appe>s r\nd & prom95t _c be grasp$ 9 ! h&s2 & x is ! same ) ! mirror4 ,& s9ce y c see t ! mirror1 by means ( outl9es1 %ad[s & lights1 makes objects appe> 9 relief1 y1 :o h 9 y\r col\rs f> /rong] lights & %ades ?an ^? 9 ! mirror1 c c]ta9ly1 if y compose y\r picture well1 make t also look l a natural sc5e reflect$ 9 a l>ge mirror4 ,footnote3 ,i und]/& ! conclud+ l9es ( ?is passage z foll[s3 ,if y draw ! upp] half a figure on a l>ge %eet ( pap] laid out on ! floor ( a room 7sala be piana7 to ! same scale 7con le sue v]e grosseze7 z ! l[] half1 already drawn ^u ! wall 7l9es #aj1 #aa7y mu/ !n r$uce !m on a 'p>iete di rilievo1' a curv$ v]tical plane :i* s]ves z a model to reproduce ! =m ( ! vault4 #ecj4 ,,( ,,judg+ ,,y\r ,,own ,,pictures4 ,we "k v well t errors are bett] recognis$ 9 ! works ( o!rs ?an 9 our own2 & t (t51 :ile reprov+ little faults 9 o!rs1 y may ignore great ones 9 y\rself4 ,to avoid su* ignorance1 9 ! fir/ place make y\rself a ma/] ( p]spective1 !n acquire p]fect k ( ! proportions ( m5 & o!r animals1 & also1 /udy good ar*itecture1 t is s f> z conc]ns ! =ms ( build+s & o!r objects :i* are on ! face ( ! e>?2 ^! =ms are inf9ite1 & ! bett] y "k !m ! m admirable w y\r "w be4 ,& 9 cases :]e y lack exp]i5ce d n %r9k f draw+ !m f nature4 ,b1 to c>ry out my promise above 9 ! title--,i say t :5 y pa9t y %\ld h a flat mirror & (t5 look at y\r "w z reflect$ 9 x1 :5 y w see x rev]s$1 & x w appe> to y l "s o!r pa9t]'s "w1 s y w be bett] able to judge ( its faults ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,aga91 x is well t y %\ld (t5 leave (f "w & take a little relaxation1 because1 :5 y come back to x y are a bett] judge2 = sitt+ too close at "w may greatly deceive y4 ,aga91 x is good to retire to a di/ance because ! "w looks small] & y\r eye takes 9 m ( x at a glance & sees m easily ! discords or disproportion 9 ! limbs & col\rs ( ! objects4 ,on ! managem5t ( works 7#eca4 #ecb74 #eca4 ,,( ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,well ,,by ,,he>t4 ,:5 y want to "k a ?+ y h /udi$ 9 y\r memory proce$ 9 ?is way3 ,:5 y h drawn ! same ?+ s _m times t y ?9k y "k x by he>t1 te/ x by draw+ x )\t ! model2 b h ! model trac$ on flat ?9 glass & lay ?is on ! draw+ y h made )\t ! model1 & note c>efully :]e ! trac+ does n co9cide ) y\r draw+1 & :]e y f9d y h gone wrong2 & be> 9 m9d n to repeat ! same mi/akes4 ,!n return to ! model1 & draw ! "p 9 :i* y 7 wrong aga9 & aga9 till y h x well 9 y\r m9d4 ,if y h no flat glass = trac+ on1 take "s v ?9 kidts-k9 p>*m5t1 well oil$ & dri$4 ,& :5 y h us$ x = "o draw+ y c wa% x clean ) a sponge & make a second4 #ecb4 ,,t ,a ,,pa9t] ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,curi\s ,,to ,,he> ,,! ,,op9ions ,,( ,,e ,,"o ,,on ,,8 ,,"w4 ,c]ta9ly :ile a man is pa9t+ he ought n to %r9k f he>+ e op9ion4 ,= we "k v well t a man1 ?\gh he may n be a pa9t]1 is famili> ) ! =ms ( o!r m5 & v capable ( judg+ :e!r !y are hump back$1 or h "o %\ld] high] or l[] ?an ! o!r1 or too big a m\? or nose1 & o!r defects2 &1 z we "k t m5 are compet5t to judge ( ! works ( nature1 h[ mu* m ought we to admit t !y c judge ( our errors2 s9ce y "k h[ mu* a man may be deceiv$ 9 8 own "w4 ,& if y are n consci\s ( ?is 9 y\rself /udy x 9 o!rs & pr(it by _! faults4 ,!re=e be curi\s to he> ) pati5ce ! op9ions ( o!rs1 consid] & weigh well :e!r ^? :o f9d fault h gr\nd or n = blame1 &1 if s am5d2 b1 if n make z ?\gh y _h n he>d1 or if he %\ld be a man y e/eem %[ him by argum5t ! cause ( 8 mi/ake4 ,on ! limitations ( pa9t+ 7#ecc-ece7 #ecc4 ,,h[ ,,9 ,,small ,,objects ,,errors ,,are ,,less ,,evid5t ,,?an ,,9 ,,l>ge ,,ones4 ,9 objects ( m9ute size ! ext5t ( error is n s p]ceptible z 9 l>ge ones2 & ! reason is t if ?is small object is a repres5tation ( a man or ( "s o!r animal1 f ! imm5se dim9ution ! details _c be work$ out by ! arti/ ) ! f9i% t is requisite4 ,h5ce x is n actually complete2 &1 n be+ complete1 its faults _c be det]m9$4 ,= in/ance3 ,look at a man at a di/ance ( #cjj braccia & judge att5tively :e!r he be h&some or ugly1 or v rem>kable or ( ord9>y appe>ance4 ,y w f9d t ) ! utmo/ ef=t y _c p]suade y\rself to decide4 ,& ! reason is t at su* a di/ance ! man is s mu* dim9i%$ t ! "* ( ! details _c be det]m9$4 ,& if y wi% to see h[ mu* ?is man is dim9i%$ by di/ance hold "o ( y\r f+]s at a span's di/ance f y\r eye1 & raise or l[] x till ! top jo9t t\*es ! feet ( ! figure y are look+ at1 & y w see an incr$ible r$uction4 ,= ?is reason we (t5 d\bt z to ! p]son ( a fri5d at a di/ance4 #ecd4 ,,:y ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,c ,,nev] ,,appe> ,,deta*$ ,,z ,,natural ,,objects ,,d4 ,pa9t]s (t5 fall into despair ( imitat+ nature :5 !y see _! pictures fail 9 t relief & vividness :i* objects h t are se5 9 a mirror2 :ile !y allege t !y h col\rs :i* = brightness or dep? f> exce$ ! /r5g? ( light & %ade 9 ! reflections 9 ! mirror1 ?us display+ _! own ignorance r ?an ! real cause1 because !y d n "k x4 ,x is impossible t pa9t$ objects %\ld appe> 9 su* relief z to resemble ^? reflect$ 9 ! mirror1 al?\gh bo? are se5 on a flat surface1 unless !y are se5 ) only "o eye2 & ! reason is t two eyes see "o object beh9d ano!r z a & b see m & n4 m _c exactly occupy ! space ( n because ! base ( ! visual l9es is s broad t ! second body is se5 beyond ! fir/4 ,b if y close "o eye1 z at s ! body f w conceal r1 because ! l9e ( sight proce$s f a s+le po9t & makes its base 9 ! fir/ body1 :5ce ! second1 ( ! same size1 c nev] be se54 ,footnote3 ,?is passage conta9s ! solution ( ! problem propos$ 9 ,no4 #bi1 l9es #aj-ad4 ,leon>do 0 evid5tly famili> ) ! law ( optics on :i* ! con/ruction ( ! /]eoscope dep5ds4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,,von ,,brucke1 ,bru*/ucke aus d] ,!orie d] bild5d5 ,kun/e1 pg4 #fi3 ,s*on ,leon>do da ,v9ci wus/e1 dass e9 no* s gut gemaltes ,bild nie d5 voll5 ,e9druck d] ,korp]li*keit geb5 kann1 wie ihn die ,natur selb/ giebt4 ,er erkl>t dies au* 9 ,kap4 ,,liii und ,kap4 ,,cccxli 7ed4 ,,du ,,fresne7 des ',trattato' 9 sa*gemass] ,weise aus dem ,seh5 mit beid5 ,aug54 ,*ap4 #ec ( ,,du ,,fresne',s edition corresponds to ,no4 #ecd ( ?is "w4 #ece4 ,,:y ,,( ,,two ,,objects ,,( ,,equal ,,size ,a ,,pa9t$ ,,"o ,,w ,,look ,,l>g] ,,?an ,a ,,solid ,,"o4 ,! reason ( ?is is n s easy to demon/rate z _m o!rs4 ,/ill ,i w endeav\r to accompli% x1 if n :olly1 at any rate 9 "p4 ,! p]spective ( dim9ution demon/rates by reason1 t objects dim9i% 9 proportion z !y are f>!r f ! eye1 & ?is reason+ is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! l9es ( sight t ext5d betwe5 ! object & ! eye1 :5 !y are direct$ to ! surface ( a pa9t+ are all int]sect$ at uni=m limits1 :ile ^? l9es :i* are direct$ t[>ds a piece ( sculpture are int]sect$ at v>i\s limits & are ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,! l9es :i* are longe/ ext5d to a m remote limb ?an ! o!rs & !re=e t limb looks small]4 ,z !re are num]\s l9es ea* long] ?an ! o!rs--s9ce !re are num]\s p>ts1 ea* m remote ?an ! o!rs & ^!1 be+ f>!r (f1 necess>ily appe> small]1 & by appe>+ small] x foll[s t _! dim9ution makes ! :ole mass ( ! object look small]4 ,b ?is does n occur 9 pa9t+2 s9ce ! l9es ( sight all end at ! same di/ance !re c be no dim9ution1 h5ce ! p>ts n be+ dim9i%$ ! :ole object is undim9i%$1 & = ?is reason pa9t+ does n dim9i%1 z a piece ( sculpture does4 ,on ! *oice ( a position 7#ecf-ecg7 #ecf4 ,,h[ ,,high ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,sight ,,%\ld ,,be ,,plac$4 ,! po9t ( sight mu/ be at ! level ( ! eye ( an ord9>y man1 & ! f>!/ limit ( ! pla9 :]e x t\*es ! sky mu/ be plac$ at ! level ( t l9e :]e ! e>? & sky meet2 except+ m\nta9s1 :i* are indep5d5t ( x4 #ecg4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,draw ,,figures ,,= ,,hi/orical ,,pictures4 ,! pa9t] mu/ always /udy on ! wall on :i* he is to picture a /ory ! height ( ! position :]e he wi%es to arrange 8 figures2 & :5 draw+ 8 /udies = !m f nature he mu/ place himself ) 8 eye z mu* bel[ ! object he is draw+ z1 9 ! picture1 x w h to be above ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,o!rwise ! "w w look wrong4 ,! app>5t size ( figures 9 a picture 7#ech-eci7 #ech4 ,,( ,,plac+ ,a ,,figure ,,9 ,,! ,,=egr\nd ,,( ,a ,,hi/orical ,,picture4 ,y mu/ make ! =emo/ figure 9 ! picture less ?an ! size ( nature 9 proportion to ! numb] ( braccia at :i* y place x f ! front l9e1 & make ! o!rs 9 proportion by ! above rule4 #eci4 ,,p]spective4 ,y are ask$1 ,o ,pa9t]1 :y ! figures y draw on a small scale accord+ to ! laws ( p]spective d n appe>--not)/&+ ! demon/ration ( di/ance--z l>ge z real ones--_! height be+ ! same z 9 ^? pa9t$ on ! wall4 ,& :y pa9t$ objects se5 at a small di/ance appe> l>g] ?an ! real ones8 ,! "r position ( ! arti/1 :5 pa9t+1 & ( ! spectator 7#edj-edg7 #edj4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,:5 y draw f nature /& at a di/ance ( #c times ! height ( ! object y wi% to draw4 #eda4 ,,( ,,draw+ ,,f ,,relief4 ,9 draw+ f ! r\nd ! draughtsman %\ld s place himself t ! eye ( ! figure he is draw+ is on a level ) 8 own4 ,?is %\ld be done ) any head he may h to repres5t f nature because1 )\t exception1 ! figures or p]sons y meet 9 ! /reets h _! eyes on ! same level z y\r own2 & if y place !m high] or l[] y w see t y\r draw+ w n be true4 #edb4 ,,:y ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,figures ,,"o ,,above ,,ano!r ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,avoid$4 ,! univ]sal practice :i* pa9t]s adopt on ! walls ( *apels is greatly & reasonably to be condemn$4 ,inasmu* z !y repres5t "o hi/orical subject on "o level ) a l&scape & build+s1 & !n g up a /ep & pa9t ano!r1 v>y+ ! po9t ( sight1 & !n a ?ird & a f\r?1 9 su* a way z t on "o wall !re are #d po9ts ( sight1 :i* is supreme folly 9 su* pa9t]s4 ,we "k t ! po9t ( sight is opposite ! eye ( ! spectator ( ! sc5e2 & if y w\ld h me tell y h[ to repres5t ! life ( a sa9t divid$ into sev]al pictures on "o & ! same wall1 ,i answ] t y mu/ set out ! =egr\nd ) its po9t ( sight on a level ) ! eye ( ! spectator ( ! sc5e1 & ^u ?is plane repres5t ! m important "p ( ! /ory l>ge & !n1 dim9i%+ by degrees ! figures1 & ! build+s on v>i\s hills & op5 spaces1 y c repres5t all ! ev5ts ( ! hi/ory4 ,& on ! rema9d] ( ! wall up to ! top put trees1 l>ge z comp>$ ) ! figures1 or angels if !y are appropriate to ! /ory1 or birds or cl\ds or simil> objects2 o!rwise d n tr\ble y\rself ) x = y\r :ole "w w be wrong4 #edc4 ,a ,,picture ,,( ,,objects ,,9 ,,p]spective ,,w ,,look ,,m ,,lifelike ,,:5 ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,po9t ,,f ,,:i* ,,! ,,objects ,,7 ,,drawn4 ,if y want to repres5t an object ne> to y :i* is to h ! effect ( nature1 x is impossible t y\r p]spective %\ld n look wrong1 ) e false relation & disagreem5t ( proportion t c be imag9$ 9 a wret*$ "w1 unless ! spectator1 :5 he looks at x1 has 8 eye at ! v di/ance & height & direction :]e ! eye or ! po9t ( sight 0 plac$ 9 do+ ?is p]spective4 ,h5ce x w\ld be necess>y to make a w9d[1 or r a hole1 ( ! size ( y\r face ?r\gh :i* y c look at ! "w2 & if y d ?is1 beyond all d\bt y\r "w1 if x is correct z to light & %ade1 w h ! effect ( nature2 nay y w h>dly p]suade y\rself t ^? objects are pa9t$2 o!rwise d n tr\ble y\rself ab\t x1 unless inde$ y make y\r view at lea/ #bj times z f> (f z ! greate/ wid? or height ( ! objects repres5t$1 & ?is w satisfy any spectator plac$ any:]e opposite to ! picture4 ,if y want ! pro( briefly %[n1 take a piece ( wood 9 ! =m ( a little column1 eight times z high z x is ?ick1 l a column )\t any pl9? or capital2 !n m>k (f on a flat wall #dj equal spaces1 equal to its wid? s t betwe5 !m !y make #dj columns resembl+ y\r little column2 y !n mu/ fix1 opposite ! c5tre space1 & at #d braccia f ! wall1 a ?9 /rip ( iron ) a small r\nd hole 9 ! middle ab\t z l>ge z a big pe>l4 ,close to ?is hole place a light t\*+ x4 ,!n place y\r column aga9/ ea* m>k on ! wall & draw ! outl9e ( its %ad[2 aft]w>ds %ade x & look ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! iron plate4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al !re is a wide space betwe5 l9es #c & #d 9 :i* we f9d two sket*es n belong+ to ! text4 ,x is unnecess>y to give prom95ce to ! po9ts 9 :i* my read+ diff]s f t ( ,m4 ,,ravaisson or to ju/ify myself1 s9ce !y are all ( second>y importance & c also be imm$iately v]ifi$ f ! photograph facsimile 9 8 edition4 #edd4 ,a dim9i%$ object %\ld be se5 f ! same di/ance1 height & direction z ! po9t ( sight ( y\r eye1 or else y\r k w produce no good effect4 ,& if y w n1 or _c1 act on ?is pr9ciple--because z ! plane on :i* y pa9t is to be se5 by sev]al p]sons y w\ld ne$ sev]al po9ts ( sight :i* w\ld make x look discordant & wrong--place y\rself at a di/ance ( at lea/ #aj times ! size ( ! objects4 ,! less] fault y c fall into !n1 w be t ( repres5t+ all ! objects 9 ! =egr\nd ( _! prop] size1 & on :i*ev] side y are /&+ ! objects ?us se5 w dim9i% !mselves :ile ! spaces betwe5 !m w h no def9ite ratio4 ,=1 if y place y\rself 9 ! middle ( a /raight r[ ( objects1 & look at sev]al columns arrang$ 9 a l9e y w see1 beyond a few columns sep>at$ by int]vals1 t ! columns t\*2 & beyond :]e !y t\* !y cov] ea* o!r1 till ! la/ column projects b v little beyond ! la/ b "o4 ,?us ! spaces betwe5 ! columns are by degrees entirely lo/4 ,s1 if y\r me?od ( p]spective is good1 x w produce ! same effect2 ?is effect results f /&+ ne> ! l9e 9 :i* ! columns are plac$4 ,?is me?od is n satisfactory unless ! objects se5 are view$ f a small hole1 9 ! middle ( :i* is y\r po9t ( sight2 b if y proce$ ?us y\r "w w be p]fect & w deceive ! behold]1 :o w see ! columns z !y are "h figur$4 ,"h ! eye is 9 ! middle1 at ! po9t a & ne> to ! columns4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i* /&s above ?is *apt] 9 ! orig9al ) ! note belong+ to x3 a b e la ripruova 7a b is ! pro(7 has obvi\sly no connection ) ! text4 ,! second sket* alone is reproduc$ & /&s 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #bb & #bc4 #ede4 ,if y _c arrange t ^? :o look at y\r "w %\ld /& at "o p>ticul> po9t1 :5 con/ruct+ y\r "w1 /& back until y\r eye is at lea/ #bj times z f> (f z ! greate/ height & wid? ( y\r "w4 ,?is w make s little diff]5ce :5 ! eye ( ! spectator moves1 t x w be h>dly appreciable1 & x w look v good4 ,if ! po9t ( sight is at t y w\ld make ! figures on ! circle d b e all ( "o size1 z ea* ( !m be>s ! same relation to ! po9t t4 ,b consid] ! diagram giv5 bel[ & y w see t ?is is wrong1 & :y ,i %all make b small] ?an d e ,footnote #h3 ,! second diagram ( ?is *apt] /&s 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #h & #i44 ,x is easy to und]/& t if #b objects equal to ea* o!r are plac$ side by side ! "o at #c braccia di/ance looks small] ?an t plac$ at #b braccia4 ,?is h[ev] is r !oretical ?an = practice1 because y /& close by ,footnote #aa3 ,in/ead ( 'se preso' 7sie presso7 ,m4 ,,ravaisson reads 'sempre se' :i* gives rise to ! unmean+ r5d]+3 'p>ceque t\j\rs 444'4 ,all ! objects 9 ! =egr\nd1 :e!r l>ge or small1 are to be drawn ( _! prop] size1 & if y see !m f a di/ance !y w appe> j z !y ought1 & if y see !m close !y w dim9i% ( !mselves4 ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ebf l9e #ah4 ,take c>e t ! v]tical plan on :i* y "w out ! p]spective ( ! objects se5 is ( ! same =m z ! wall on :i* ! "w is to be execut$4 #edf4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! size ( ! figures repres5t$ ought to %[ y ! di/ance !y are se5 f4 ,if y see a figure z l>ge z nature y "k x appe>s to be close to ! eye4 #edg4 ,,:]e ,a ,,spectator ,,%\ld ,,/& ,,to ,,look ,,at ,a ,,picture4 ,suppos+ a b to be ! picture & d to be ! light1 ,i say t if y place y\rself betwe5 c & e y w n und]/& ! picture well & p>ticul>ly if x is done 9 oils1 or /ill m if x is v>ni%$1 because x w be lu/r\s & some:at ( ! nature ( a mirror4 ,& = ?is reason ! ne>] y g t[>ds ! po9t c1 ! less y w see1 because ! rays ( light fall+ f ! w9d[ on ! picture are reflect$ to t po9t4 ,b if y place y\rself betwe5 e & d y w get a good view ( x1 & ! m s z y approa* ! po9t d1 because t spot is lea/ expos$ to ^! reflect$ rays ( light4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,& ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4 ,gradations ( light & %ade4 #edh4 ,,( ,,pa9t+3 ,,( ,,! ,,d>kness ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s1 ,,or ,i ,,may ,,say1 ,,! ,,brightness ,,( ,,! ,,lights4 ,al?\gh practical pa9t]s attribute to all %ad$ objects--trees1 fields1 hair1 be>ds & sk9--f\r degrees ( d>kness 9 ea* col\r !y use3 t is to say fir/ a d>k f\ndation1 secondly a spot ( col\r some:at resembl+ ! =m ( ! details1 ?irdly a some:at bright] & m def9$ portion1 f\r?ly ! lights :i* are m conspicu\s ?an o!r p>ts ( ! figure2 /ill to me x appe>s t ^! gradations are inf9ite ^u a cont9u\s surface :i* is 9 itself inf9itely divisible1 & ,i prove x ?us3--,footnote #g3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #a2 ! two upp] sket*es4 ,let a g be a cont9u\s surface & let d be ! light :i* illum9ates x2 ,i say--by ! #d? proposition :i* says t t side ( an illum9at$ body is mo/ highly light$ :i* is ne>e/ to ! s\rce ( light--t !re=e g mu/ be d>k] ?an c 9 proportion z ! l9e d g is long] ?an ! l9e d c1 & consequ5tly t ^! gradations ( light--or r ( %ad[1 are n #d only1 b may be conceiv$ ( z inf9ite1 because c d is a cont9u\s surface & e cont9u\s surface is inf9itely divisible2 h5ce ! v>ieties 9 ! l5g? ( l9es ext5d+ betwe5 ! light & ! illum9at$ object are inf9ite1 & ! proportion ( ! light w be ! same z t ( ! l5g? ( ! l9es betwe5 !m2 ext5d+ f ! c5tre ( ! lum9\s body to ! surface ( ! illum9at$ object4 ,on ! *oice ( light = a picture 7#edi-eed74 #edi4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,mu/ ,,place ,,himself ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,light1 ,,to ,,give ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,relief4 ,let a b be ! w9d[1 m ! po9t ( light4 ,i say t on :i*ev] side ! pa9t] places himself he w be well plac$ if only 8 eye is betwe5 ! %ad$ & ! illum9at$ portions ( ! object he is draw+2 & ?is place y w f9d by putt+ y\rself betwe5 ! po9t m & ! division betwe5 ! %ad[ & ! light on ! object to be drawn4 #eej4 ,,t ,,%ad[s ,,ca/ ,,by ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,light ,,%\ld ,,be ,,avoid$1 ,,because ,,!y ,,are ,,equally ,,/rong ,,at ,,! ,,ends ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+4 ,! %ad[s ca/ by ! sun or any o!r p>ticul> light h n a pleas+ effect on ! body to :i* !y belong1 because ! p>ts rema9 confuse1 be+ divid$ by di/9ct outl9es ( light & %ade4 ,& ! %ad[s are ( equal /r5g? at ! end & at ! beg9n+4 #eea4 ,,h[ ,,light ,,%\ld ,,be ,,?r[n ,,^u ,,figures4 ,! light mu/ be arrang$ 9 accordance ) ! natural conditions "u :i* y wi% to repres5t y\r figures3 t is1 if y repres5t !m 9 ! sun%9e make ! %ad[s d>k ) l>ge spaces ( light1 & m>k _! %ad[s & ^? ( all ! surr\nd+ objects /rongly on ! gr\nd4 ,& if y repres5t !m z 9 dull wea!r give little diff]5ce ( light & %ade1 )\t any %ad[s at _! feet4 ,if y repres5t !m z )9 doors1 make a /rong diff]5ce betwe5 ! lights & %ad[s1 ) %ad[s on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! w9d[ is scre5$ & ! walls :ite1 !re w be little diff]5ce ( light4 ,if x is light$ by firelight make ! high lights ruddy & /rong1 & ! %ad[s d>k1 & ^? ca/ on ! walls & on ! floor w be cle>ly def9$ & ! f>!r !y are f ! body ! broad] & long] w !y be4 ,if ! light is p>tly f ! fire & p>tly f ! out] day1 t ( day w be ! /rong] & t ( ! fire almo/ z r$ z fire itself4 ,above all see t ! figures y pa9t are broadly light$ & f above1 t is to say all liv+ p]sons t y pa9t2 = y w see t all ! p y meet out 9 ! /reet are light$ f above1 & y mu/ "k t if y saw y\r mo/ intimate fri5d ) a light on 8 face f bel[ y w\ld f9d x difficult to recognise him4 #eeb4 ,,( ,,help+ ,,! ,,app>5t ,,relief ,,( ,a ,,picture ,,by ,,giv+ ,,x ,,artificial ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,to increase relief ( a picture y may place1 betwe5 y\r figure & ! solid object on :i* its %ad[ falls1 a l9e ( bright light1 divid+ ! figure f ! object 9 %ad[4 ,& on ! same object y %all repres5t two light p>ts :i* w surr\nd ! %ad[ ca/ ^u ! wall by ! figure plac$ opposite #f2 & d ?is frequ5tly ) ! limbs :i* y wi% %\ld /& out some:at f ! body !y belong to2 p>ticul>ly :5 ! arms cross ! front ( ! brea/ %[1 betwe5 ! %ad[ ca/ by ! arms on ! brea/ & ! %ad[ on ! arms !mselves1 a little light seem+ to fall ?r\gh a space betwe5 ! brea/ & ! arms2 & ! m y wi% ! arm to look deta*$ f ! brea/ ! broad] y mu/ make ! light2 always contrive also to arrange ! figures aga9/ ! backgr\nd 9 su* a way z t ! p>ts 9 %ad[ are aga9/ a light backgr\nd & ! illum9at$ portions aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd4 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ! two diagrams "u ,no4 #efe4 #eec4 ,,( ,,situation4 ,rememb] to note ! situation ( y\r figures2 = ! light & %ade w be "o ?+ if ! object is 9 a d>k place ) a p>ticul> light1 & ano!r ?+ if x is 9 a light place ) direct sunlight2 "o ?+ 9 a d>k place ) a diffus$ ev5+ light or a cl\dy sky1 & ano!r 9 ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e light$ by ! sun4 #eed4 ,,( ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,( ,a ,,pa9t]',s ,,"w4 ,fir/ y mu/ consid] :e!r ! figures h ! relief requir$ by _! situation & ! light :i* illum9ates !m2 = ! %ad[s %\ld n be ! same at ! extreme ends ( ! composition z 9 ! middle1 because x is "o ?+ :5 figures are surr\nd$ by %ad[s & ano!r :5 !y h %ad[s only on "o side4 ,^? :i* are 9 ! middle ( ! picture are surr\nd$ by %ad[s1 because !y are %ad$ by ! figures :i* /& betwe5 !m & ! light4 ,& ^? are light$ on "o side only :i* /& betwe5 ! pr9cipal gr\p & ! light1 because :]e !y d n look t[>ds ! light !y face ! gr\p & ! d>kness ( ! gr\p is ?r[n on !m3 & :]e !y d n face ! gr\p !y face ! brilliant light & x is _! own d>kness %ad[+ !m1 :i* appe>s !re4 ,9 ! second place obs]ve ! di/ribution or arrangem5t ( figures1 & :e!r !y are di/ribut$ appropriately to ! circum/ances ( ! /ory4 ,?irdly1 :e!r ! figures are actively int5t on _! p>ticul> bus9ess4 #eee4 ,,( ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lights4 ,fir/ give a g5]al %ad[ to ! :ole ( t ext5d$ "p :i* is away f ! light4 ,!n put 9 ! half %ad[s & ! /rong %ad[s1 comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r &1 9 ! same way give ! ext5d$ light 9 half t9t1 aft]w>ds add+ ! half lights & ! high lights1 likewise comp>+ !m toge!r4 ,! di/ribution ( light & %ade 7#eef-eei7 #eef4 ,,( ,,%ad[s ,,on ,,bodies4 ,:5 y repres5t ! d>k %ad[s 9 bodies 9 light & %ade1 always %[ ! cause ( ! %ad[1 & ! same ) reflections2 because ! d>k %ad[s are produc$ by d>k objects & ! reflections by objects only mod]ately light$1 t is ) dim9i%$ light4 ,& !re is ! same proportion betwe5 ! highly light$ "p ( a body & ! "p light$ by a reflection z betwe5 ! orig9 ( ! lights on ! body & ! orig9 ( ! reflections4 #eeg4 ,,( ,,lights ,,& ,,%ad[s4 ,i mu/ rem9d y to take c>e t e portion ( a body1 & e smalle/ detail :i* is ev] s little 9 relief1 mu/ be giv5 its prop] importance z to light & %ade4 #eeh4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,on ,,figures ,,correspond ,,to ,,! ,,light ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,:5 y draw a figure & y wi% to see :e!r ! %ad[ is ! prop] complem5t to ! light1 & nei!r r$d] nor yell[] ?an is ! nature ( ! col\r y wi% to repres5t 9 %ade1 proce$ ?us4 ,ca/ a %ad[ ) y\r f+] on ! illum9at$ portion1 & if ! accid5tal %ad[ t y h made is l ! natural %ad[ ca/ by y\r f+] on y\r "w1 well & good2 & by putt+ y\r f+] ne>] or f>!r (f1 y c make d>k] or light] %ad[s1 :i* y mu/ comp>e ) y\r own4 #eei4 ,,( ,,surr\nd+ ,,bodies ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,take c>e t ! %ad[s ca/ ^u ! surface ( ! bodies by diff]5t objects mu/ undulate accord+ to ! v>i\s curves ( ! limbs :i* ca/ ! %ad[s1 & ( ! objects on :i* !y are ca/4 ,! juxtaposition ( light & %ade 7#efj1 #efa74 #efj4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,! comp>ison ( ! v>i\s qualities ( %ad[s & lights n infrequ5tly seems ambigu\s & confus$ to ! pa9t] :o desires to imitate & copy ! objects he sees4 ,! reason is ?is3 ,if y see a :ite drap]y side by side ) a black "o1 t "p ( ! :ite drap]y :i* lies aga9/ ! black "o w c]ta9ly look mu* :it] ?an ! "p :i* lies aga9/ some?+ :it] ?an itself4 ,footnote3 ,x is evid5t f ?is t s e>ly z 9 #adib ,leon>do's writ+ 9 p]spective 0 s f> advanc$ t he c\ld quote 8 own /atem5ts4--,z be>+ on ?is subject comp>e :at is said 9 ,no4 #bhj4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is %[n 9 my book on p]spective4 #efa4 ,,( ,,%ad[s4 ,:]e a %ad[ ends 9 ! light1 note c>efully :]e x is pal] or deep] & :]e x is m or less indi/9ct t[>ds ! light2 &1 above all1 9 pa9t+ y\?ful figures ,i rem9d y n to make ! %ad[ end l a /one1 because fle% has a c]ta9 transp>5cy1 z may be se5 by look+ at a h& held betwe5 ! eye & ! sun1 :i* %9es ?r\gh x ruddy & bright4 ,place ! mo/ highly col\r$ "p betwe5 ! light & %ad[4 ,& to see :at %ad[ t9t is ne$$ on ! fle%1 ca/ a %ad[ on x ) y\r f+]1 & accord+ z y wi% to see x light] or d>k] hold y\r f+] ne>] to or f>!r f y\r picture1 & copy t %ad[4 ,on ! light+ ( ! backgr\nd 7#efb-efe74 #efb4 ,,( ,,! ,,backgr\nds ,,= ,,pa9t$ ,,figures4 ,! gr\nd :i* surr\nds ! =ms ( any object y pa9t %\ld be d>k] ?an ! high lights ( ^? figures1 & light] ?an _! %ad[$ "p3 c4 #efc4 ,,( ,,! ,,backgr\nd ,,t ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,%\ld ,,adopt ,,9 ,,8 ,,works4 ,s9ce exp]i5ce %[s u t all bodies are surr\nd$ by light & %ade x is necess>y t y1 ,o ,pa9t]1 %\ld s arrange t ! side :i* is 9 light %all t]m9ate aga9/ a d>k body & likewise t ! %ad[ side %all t]m9ate aga9/ a light body4 ,& by foll[+ ?is rule y w add greatly to ! relief ( y\r figures4 #efd4 ,a mo/ important "p ( pa9t+ consi/s 9 ! backgr\nds ( ! objects repres5t$2 aga9/ ^! backgr\nds ! outl9es ( ^? natural objects :i* are convex are always visible1 & also ! =ms ( ^! bodies aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 ev5 ?\gh ! col\rs ( ! bodies %\ld be ! same z t ( ! backgr\nd4 ,?is is caus$ by ! convex edges ( ! objects n be+ illum9at$ 9 ! same way z1 by ! same light1 ! backgr\nd is illum9at$1 s9ce ^! edges w (t5 be light] or d>k] ?an ! backgr\nd4 ,b if ! edge is ( ! same col\r z ! backgr\nd1 beyond a d\bt x w 9 t "p ( ! picture int]f]e ) y\r p]ception ( ! outl9e1 & su* a *oice 9 a picture ought to be reject$ by ! judgm5t ( good pa9t]s1 inasmu* z ! purpose ( ! pa9t] is to make 8 figures appe> deta*$ f ! backgr\nd2 :ile 9 ! case "h describ$ ! contr>y occurs1 n only 9 ! picture1 b 9 ! objects !mselves4 #efe4 ,t y ought1 :5 repres5t+ objects above ! eye & on "o side--if y wi% !m to look deta*$ f ! wall--to %[1 betwe5 ! %ad[ on ! object & ! %ad[ x ca/s a middle light1 s t ! body w appe> to /& away f ! wall4 ,on ! light+ ( :ite objects4 #eff4 ,,h[ ,,:ite ,,bodies ,,%\ld ,,be ,,repres5t$4 ,if y are repres5t+ a :ite body let x be surr\nd$ by ample space1 because z :ite has no col\r ( its own1 x is t+$ & alt]$ 9 "s degree by ! col\r ( ! objects surr\nd+ x4 ,if y see a woman dress$ 9 :ite 9 ! mid/ ( a l&scape1 t side :i* is t[>ds ! sun is bright 9 col\r1 s mu* s t 9 "s portions x w dazzle ! eyes l ! sun itself2 & ! side :i* is t[>ds ! atmosph]e1--lum9\s ?r\gh be+ int]wov5 ) ! sun's rays & p5etrat$ by !m--s9ce ! atmosph]e itself is blue1 t side ( ! woman's figure w appe> /eep$ 9 blue4 ,if ! surface ( ! gr\nd ab\t h] be mead[s & if %e be /&+ betwe5 a field light$ up by ! sun & ! sun itself1 y w see e portion ( ^? folds :i* are t[>ds ! mead[ t+$ by ! reflect$ rays ) ! col\r ( t mead[4 ,?us ! :ite is transmut$ into ! col\rs ( ! lum9\s & ( ! non-lum9\s objects ne> x4 ,! me?ods ( a]ial 7#efg--egj74 #efg4 ,,:y ,,faces ,,se5 ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,look ,,d>k4 ,we see q pla9ly t all ! images ( visible objects t lie be=e u1 :e!r l>ge or small1 rea* our s5se by ! m9ute ap]ture ( ! eye2 & if1 ?r\gh s small a passage ! image c pass ( ! va/ ext5t ( sky & e>?1 ! face ( a man--be+ by comp>ison ) su* l>ge images almo/ no?+ by reason ( ! di/ance :i* dim9i%es x1--fills up s little ( ! eye t x is indi/+ui%able4 ,hav+1 also1 to be transmitt$ f ! surface to ! s5se ?r\gh a d>k m$ium1 t is to say ! cry/all9e l5s :i* looks d>k1 ?is image1 n be+ /rong 9 col\r becomes affect$ by ?is d>kness on its passage1 & on rea*+ ! s5se x appe>s d>k2 no o!r reason c 9 any way be assign$4 ,if ! po9t 9 ! eye is black1 x is because x is full ( a transp>5t hum\r z cle> z air & acts l a p]=ation 9 a bo>d2 on look+ into x x appe>s d>k & ! objects se5 ?r\gh ! bright air & a d>k "o become confus$ 9 ?is d>kness4 ,,:y ,a ,,man ,,se5 ,,at ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,di/ance ,,is ,,n ,,recognisable4 ,! p]spective ( dim9ution %[s u t ! f>!r away an object is ! small] x looks4 ,if y look at a man at a di/ance f y ( an arr['s flight1 & hold ! eye ( a small ne$le close to y\r own eye1 y c see ?r\gh x sev]al m5 ^: images are transmitt$ to ! eye & w all be compris$ )9 ! size ( ! ne$le's eye2 h5ce1 if ! man :o is at ! di/ance ( an arr['s flight c s5d 8 :ole image to y\r eye1 occupy+ only a small space 9 ! ne$le's eye h[ c y expect 9 s small a figure to di/+ui% or see ! nose or m\? or any detail ( 8 p]son8 &1 n see+ ^! y _c recognise ! man1 s9ce ^! features1 :i* he does n %[1 are :at give m5 diff]5t aspects4 #efh4 ,,! ,,reason ,,:y ,,small ,,figures ,,%\ld ,,n ,,be ,,made ,,f9i%$4 ,i say t ! reason t objects appe> dim9i%$ 9 size is because !y are remote f ! eye2 ?is be+ ! case x is evid5t t !re mu/ be a great ext5t ( atmosph]e betwe5 ! eye & ! objects1 & ?is air int]f]es ) ! di/9ctness ( ! =ms ( ! object4 ,h5ce ! m9ute details ( ^! objects w be indi/+ui%able & unrecognisable4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]1 make y\r small] figures m]ely indicat$ & n highly f9i%$1 o!rwise y w produce effects ! opposite to nature1 y\r supreme guide4 ,! object is small by reason ( ! great di/ance betwe5 x & ! eye1 ?is great di/ance is fill$ ) air1 t mass ( air =ms a d5se body :i* int]v5es & prev5ts ! eye see+ ! m9ute details ( objects4 #efi4 ,:5ev] a figure is plac$ at a consid]able di/ance y lose fir/ ! di/9ctness ( ! smalle/ p>ts2 :ile ! l>g] p>ts are left to ! la/1 los+ all di/9ctness ( detail & outl9e2 & :at rema9s is an oval or sph]ical figure ) confus$ edges4 #egj4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! d5sity ( a body ( smoke looks :ite bel[ ! horizon :ile above ! horizon x is d>k1 ev5 if ! smoke is 9 itself ( a uni=m col\r1 ?is uni=mity w v>y accord+ to ! v>iety 9 ! gr\nd on :i* x is se54 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,portrait ,,& ,,figure ,,pa9t+4 ,( sket*+ figures & portraits 7#ega-egb74 #ega4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,compose ,,figures ,,9 ,,gr\ps ,,9 ,,hi/orical ,,pictures4 ,:5 y h well le>nt p]spective & h by he>t ! p>ts & =ms ( objects1 y mu/ g ab\t1 & con/antly1 z y g1 obs]ve1 note & consid] ! circum/ances & behavi\r ( m5 9 talk+1 qu>rell+ or laugh+ or fight+ toge!r3 ! action ( ! m5 !mselves & ! actions ( ! by/&]s1 :o sep>ate !m or :o look on4 ,& take a note ( !m ) slight /rokes ?us1 9 a little book :i* y %\ld always c>ry ) y4 ,& x %\ld be ( t9t$ pap]1 t x may n be rubb$ out1 b *ange ! old :5 full = a new "o2 s9ce ^! ?+s %\ld n be rubb$ out b pres]v$ ) great c>e2 = ! =ms1 & positions ( objects are s inf9ite t ! memory is incapable ( reta9+ !m1 :]e=e keep ^! sket*es z y\r guides & ma/]s4 ,footnote3 ,among ,leon>do's num]\s note books ( pocket size n "o has col\r$ pap]1 s no sket*es answ]+ to ?is description c be po9t$ out4 ,! fact t mo/ ( ! notes are writt5 9 ink1 militates aga9/ ! supposition t !y 7 made 9 ! op5 air4 #egb4 ,,( ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,keep+ ,,9 ,,m9d ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,face4 ,if y want to acquire facility = be>+ 9 m9d ! expression ( a face1 fir/ make y\rself famili> ) a v>iety ( =ms ( sev]al heads1 eyes1 noses1 m\?s1 *9s & *eeks & necks & %\ld]s3 ,& to put a case3 ,noses are ( #aj types3 /raight1 bulb\s1 holl[1 prom95t above or bel[ ! middle1 aquil9e1 regul>1 flat1 r\nd or po9t$4 ,^! hold good z to pr(ile4 ,9 full face !y are ( #aa types2 ^! are equal ?ick 9 ! middle1 ?9 9 ! middle1 ) ! tip ?ick & ! root n>r[1 or n>r[ at ! tip & wide at ! root2 ) ! no/rils wide or n>r[1 high or l[1 & ! op5+s wide or hidd5 by ! po9t2 & y w f9d an equal v>iety 9 ! o!r details2 :i* ?+s y mu/ draw f nature & fix !m 9 y\r m9d4 ,or else1 :5 y h to draw a face by he>t1 c>ry ) y a little book 9 :i* y h not$ su* features2 & :5 y h ca/ a glance at ! face ( ! p]son y wi% to draw1 y c look1 9 private1 :i* nose or m\? is mo/ l1 or !re make a little m>k to recognise x aga9 at home4 ,( grotesque faces ,i ne$ say no?+1 because !y are kept 9 m9d )\t difficulty4 ,! position ( ! head4 #egc4 ,,h[ ,,y ,,%\ld ,,set ,,to ,,"w ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,head ,,( ,,:i* ,,all ,,! ,,p>ts ,,%all ,,agree ,,) ,,! ,,position ,,giv5 ,,to ,,x4 ,to draw a head 9 :i* ! features %all agree ) ! turn & b5d ( ! head1 pursue ?is me?od4 ,y "k t ! eyes1 eyebr[s1 no/rils1 corn]s ( ! m\?1 & sides ( ! *91 ! jaws1 *eeks1 e>s & all ! p>ts ( a face are squ>ely & /raightly set ^u ! face4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! draw+s & ! text belong+ to !m on ,pl4 ,,ix4 7,no4 #cae71 ,pl4 ,x 7,no4 #caf71 ,pl4 ,,xl 7,no4 #cah7 & ,pl4 ,,xii4 7,no4 #cai74 ,!re=e :5 y h sket*$ ! face draw l9es pass+ f "o corn] ( ! eye to ! o!r2 & s = ! plac+ ( ea* feature2 & aft] hav+ drawn ! ends ( ! l9es beyond ! two sides ( ! face1 look if ! spaces inside ! same p>allel l9es on ! "r & on ! left are equal #ab4 ,b be sure to rememb] to make ^! l9es t5d to ! po9t ( sight4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #d1 ! slight sket* on ! left h& side4 ,! text ( ?is passage is writt5 by ! side ( x4 ,9 ?is sket* ! l9es seem int5tionally incorrect & conv]g+ to ! "r 7comp>e ,i4 #ab7 in/ead ( p>allel4 ,comp>e too ) ?is text ! draw+ 9 r$ *alk f ,w9dsor ,ca/le :i* is reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #b4 ,( ! light on ! face 7#egd-egf74 #egd4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,"k ,,:i* ,,side ,,( ,,an ,,object ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,m ,,or ,,less ,,lum9\s ,,?an ,,! ,,o!r4 ,let f be ! light1 ! head w be ! object illum9at$ by x & t side ( ! head on :i* ! rays fall mo/ directly w be ! mo/ highly light$1 & ^? p>ts on :i* ! rays fall mo/ aslant w be less light$4 ,! light falls z a bl[ might1 s9ce a bl[ :i* falls p]p5dicul>ly falls ) ! greate/ =ce1 & :5 x falls obliquely x is less =cible ?an ! =m] 9 proportion to ! wid? ( ! angle4 ,exempli gratia if y ?r[ a ball at a wall ( :i* ! extremities are equally f> f y ! bl[ w fall /raight1 & if y ?r[ ! ball at ! wall :5 /&+ at "o end ( x ! ball w hit x obliquely & ! bl[ w n tell4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,no4 #d2 ! sket* on ! "r h& side4 #ege4 ,,! ,,pro( ,,& ,,reason ,,:y ,,among ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,p>ts ,,c]ta9 ,,portions ,,are ,,9 ,,high] ,,light ,,?an ,,o!rs4 ,s9ce x is prov$ t e def9ite light is1 or seems to be1 d]iv$ f "o s+le po9t ! side illum9at$ by x w h its highe/ light on ! portion :]e ! l9e ( radiance falls p]p5dicul>ly2 z is %[n above 9 ! l9es a g1 & also 9 a h & 9 l a2 & t portion ( ! illum9at$ side w be lea/ lum9\s1 :]e ! l9e ( incid5ce /rikes x betwe5 two m dissimil> angles1 z is se5 at b c d4 ,& by ?is means y may also "k :i* p>ts are depriv$ ( light z is se5 at m k4 ,:]e ! angles made by ! l9es ( incid5ce are mo/ equal !re w be ! highe/ light1 & :]e !y are mo/ unequal x w be d>ke/4 ,i w make fur!r m5tion ( ! reason ( reflections4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 ,! text1 "h giv5 complete1 is on ! "r h& side4 ,! small circles above ! beg9n+ ( l9es #e & #aa z well z ! circle above ! text on ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 are 9 a pal] ink & evid5tly add$ by a lat] h& 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! text z belong+ to ! ,libro di ,pittura 7see ,prolegom5a4 ,no4 #ab1 p4 #c74 ,! text on ! left h& side ( ?is page is giv5 z ,nos4 #egg & #acg4 #egf4 ,:]e ! %ad[ %\ld be on ! face4 ,g5]al sugge/ions = hi/orical pictures 7#egg-eha74 #egg4 ,:5 y compose a hi/orical picture take two po9ts1 "o ! po9t ( sight1 & ! o!r ! s\rce ( light2 & make ?is z di/ant z possible4 #egh4 ,hi/orical pictures ought n to be cr[d$ & confus$ ) too _m figures4 #egi4 ,,precepts ,,9 ,,pa9t+4 ,let y sket*es ( hi/orical pictures be swift & ! work+ out ( ! limbs n be c>ri$ too f>1 b limit$ to ! position ( ! limbs1 :i* y c aft]w>ds f9i% z y please & at y\r leisure4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxviii1 ,no4 #b4 ,! p5 & ink draw+ giv5 !re z ,no4 #c may also be comp>$ ) ?is passage4 ,x is 9 ! ,w9dsor collection :]e x is numb]$ #aja4 #ehj4 ,! sore/ mis=tune is :5 y\r views are 9 advance ( y\r "w4 #eha4 ,( compos+ hi/orical pictures4 ,( n consid]+ ! limbs 9 ! figures 9 hi/orical pictures2 z _m d :o1 9 ! wi% to repres5t ! :ole ( a figure1 spoil _! compositions4 ,& :5 y place "o figure beh9d ano!r take c>e to draw ! :ole ( x s t ! limbs :i* come 9 front ( ! ne>] figures may /& out 9 _! natural size & place4 ,h[ to repres5t ! diff]5ces ( age & sex 7#ehb-ehc74 #ehb4 ,h[ ! ages ( man %\ld be depict$3 t is1 ,infancy1 ,*ildhood1 ,y\?1 ,manhood1 ,old age1 ,decrepitude4 ,footnote3 ,no answ] is "h giv5 to ?is "q1 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 #ehc4 ,old m5 ought to be repres5t$ ) sl[ & heavy movem5ts1 _! legs b5t at ! knees1 :5 !y /& /ill1 & _! feet plac$ p>allel & ap>t2 b5d+ l[ ) ! head lean+ =w>d1 & _! arms b little ext5d$4 ,wom5 mu/ be repres5t$ 9 mode/ attitudes1 _! legs close toge!r1 _! arms closely fold$1 _! heads incl9$ & some:at on "o side4 ,old wom5 %\ld be repres5t$ ) eag]1 swift & furi\s ge/ures1 l inf]nal furies2 b ! action %\ld be m viol5t 9 _! arms & head ?an 9 _! legs4 ,little *ildr51 ) lively & contort$ movem5ts :5 sitt+1 &1 :5 /&+ /ill1 9 %y & timid attitudes4 ,footnote3 bracci raccolte4 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xxxiii4 ,?is draw+1 9 silv] po9t on yell[i% t9t$ pap]1 ! lights height5$ ) :ite1 repres5ts two female h&s laid toge!r 9 a lap4 ,above is a ?ird f9i%$ /udy ( a "r h&1 app>5tly hold+ a veil f ! head across ! bosom4 ,?is draw+ evid5tly dates f be=e #aejj & 0 v probably done at ,flor5ce1 p]haps z a prep>atory /udy = "s picture4 ,! type ( h& ) its sl5d] ?9 =ms is m l ! /yle ( ! ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s 9 ! ,l\vre ?an any lat] works--z ! ,mona ,lisa = in/ance4 ,( repres5t+ ! emotions4 #ehd4 ,,t ,a ,,figure ,,is ,,n ,,admirable ,,unless ,,x ,,expresses ,,by ,,its ,,action ,,! ,,passion ,,( ,,its ,,s5tim5t4 ,t figure is mo/ admirable :i* by its actions be/ expresses ! passion t animates x4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,angry ,,man ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,figur$4 ,y mu/ make an angry p]son hold+ someone by ! hair1 wr5*+ 8 head aga9/ ! gr\nd1 & ) "o knee on 8 ribs2 8 "r arm & fi/ rais$ on high4 ,8 hair mu/ be ?r[n up1 8 br[ d[nca/ & knit1 8 tee? cl5*$ & ! two corn]s ( 8 m\? grimly set2 8 neck swell$ & b5t =w>d z he leans ov] 8 foe1 & full ( furr[s4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,repres5t ,a ,,man ,,9 ,,despair4 ,y mu/ %[ a man 9 despair ) a knife1 hav+ already torn op5 8 g>m5ts1 & ) "o h& te>+ op5 ! w\nd4 ,& make him /&+ on 8 feet & 8 legs some:at b5t & 8 :ole p]son lean+ t[>ds ! e>?2 8 hair fly+ 9 disord]4 ,( repres5t+ imag9>y animals4 #ehe4 ,,h[ ,,y ,,%\ld ,,make ,,an ,,imag9>y ,,animal ,,look ,,natural4 ,y "k t y _c inv5t animals )\t limbs1 ea* ( :i*1 9 itself1 mu/ resemble ^? ( "s o!r animal4 ,h5ce if y wi% to make an animal1 imag9$ by y1 appe> natural--let u say a ,dragon1 take = its head t ( a ma/iff or h\nd1 ) ! eyes ( a cat1 ! e>s ( a porcup9e1 ! nose ( a greyh\nd1 ! br[ ( a lion1 ! temples ( an old cock1 ! neck ( a wat] tortoise4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* "h ins]t$ ( two m5 on horseback fight+ a dragon is ! facsimile ( a p5 & ink draw+ belong+ to ,,b>on ,,edmond ,,de ,,ro?s*ild ( ,p>is4 ,! selection ( =ms4 #ehf4 ,,( ,,! ,,delusions ,,:i* ,,arise ,,9 ,,judg+ ,,( ,,! ,,limbs4 ,a pa9t] :o has clumsy h&s w pa9t simil> h&s 9 8 works1 & ! same w occur ) any limb1 unless long /udy has taught him to avoid x4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]1 look c>efully :at "p is mo/ ill-fav\r$ 9 y\r own p]son & take p>ticul> pa9s to correct x 9 y\r /udies4 ,= if y are co>se1 y\r figures w seem ! same & devoid ( *>m2 & x is ! same ) any "p t may be good or poor 9 y\rself2 x w be %[n 9 "s degree 9 y\r figures4 #ehg4 ,,( ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,beautiful ,,faces4 ,x seems to me to be no small *>m 9 a pa9t] :5 he gives 8 figures a pleas+ air1 & ?is grace1 if he h x n by nature1 he may acquire by incid5tal /udy 9 ?is way3 ,look ab\t y & take ! be/ p>ts ( _m beautiful faces1 ( :i* ! beauty is confirm$ r by public fame ?an by y\r own judgm5t2 = y might be mi/ak5 & *oose faces :i* h "s resemblance to y\r own4 ,= x w\ld seem t su* resemblances (t5 please u2 & if y %\ld be ugly1 y w\ld select faces t 7 n beautiful & y w\ld !n make ugly faces1 z _m pa9t]s d4 ,= (t5 a ma/]'s "w resembles himself4 ,s select beauties z ,i tell y1 & fix !m 9 y\r m9d4 #ehh4 ,( ! limbs1 :i* ought to be c>efully select$1 & ( all ! o!r p>ts ) reg>d to pa9t+4 #ehi4 ,:5 select+ figures y %\ld *oose sl5d] ones r ?an lean & wood5 ones4 #eij4 ,,( ,,! ,,muscles ,,( ,,animals4 ,! holl[ spaces int]pos$ betwe5 ! muscles mu/ n be ( su* a "* z t ! sk9 %\ld seem to cov] two /icks laid side by side l c1 nor %\ld !y seem l two /icks some:at remote f su* contact s t ! sk9 hangs 9 an empty loose curve z at f2 b x %\ld be l i1 laid ov] ! spongy fat t lies 9 ! angles z ! angle n m o2 :i* angle is =m$ by ! contact ( ! ends ( ! muscles & z ! sk9 _c fold d[n into su* an angle1 nature has fill$ up su* angles ) a small quantity ( spongy &1 z ,i may say1 vesicul> fat1 ) m9ute bladd]s 9 x full ( air1 :i* is cond5s$ or r>efi$ 9 !m accord+ to ! increase or ! dim9ution ( ! sub/ance ( ! muscles2 9 :i* latt] case ! concavity i always has a l>g] curve ?an ! muscle4 #eia4 ,,( ,,undulat+ ,,movem5ts ,,& ,,equipoise ,,9 ,,figures ,,& ,,o!r ,,animals4 ,:5 repres5t+ a human figure or "s graceful animal1 be c>eful to avoid a wood5 /iffness2 t is to say make !m move ) equipoise & balance s z n to look l a piece ( wood2 b ^? y want to repres5t z /rong y mu/ n make s1 except+ 9 ! turn ( ! head4 ,h[ to pose figures4 #eib4 ,,( ,,grace ,,9 ,,! ,,limbs4 ,! limbs %\ld be adapt$ to ! body ) grace & ) ref]5ce to ! effect t y wi% ! figure to produce4 ,& if y wi% to produce a figure t %all ( itself look light & graceful y mu/ make ! limbs elegant & ext5d$1 & )\t too mu* display ( ! muscles2 & ^? few t are ne$$ = y\r purpose y mu/ indicate s(tly1 t is1 n v prom95t & )\t /rong %ad[s2 ! limbs1 & p>ticul>ly ! arms easy2 t is1 none ( ! limbs %\ld be 9 a /raight l9e ) ! adjo9+ p>ts4 ,& if ! hips1 :i* are ! pole ( a man1 are by reason ( 8 position1 plac$ s1 t ! "r is high] ?an ! left1 make ! po9t ( ! high] %\ld] 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e above ! highe/ prom95ce ( ! hip1 & let ?is "r %\ld] be l[] ?an ! left4 ,let ! pit ( ! ?roat always be ov] ! c5tre ( ! jo9t ( ! foot on :i* ! man is lean+4 ,! leg :i* is free %\ld h ! knee l[] ?an ! o!r1 & ne> ! o!r leg4 ,! positions ( ! head & arms are endless & ,i %all !re=e n enl>ge on any rules = !m4 ,/ill1 let !m be easy & pleas+1 ) v>i\s turns & twi/s1 & ! jo9ts gracefully b5t1 t !y may n look l pieces ( wood4 ,( appropriate ge/ures 7#eic-fjj74 #eic4 ,a picture or repres5tation ( human figures1 ought to be done 9 su* a way z t ! spectator may easily recognise1 by means ( _! attitudes1 ! purpose 9 _! m9ds4 ,?us1 if y h to repres5t a man ( noble "* 9 ! act ( speak+1 let 8 ge/ures be su* z naturally accompany good words2 &1 9 ! same way1 if y wi% to depict a man ( a brutal nature1 give him fi]ce movem5ts2 z ) 8 arms flung out t[>ds ! li/5]1 & 8 head & brea/ ?ru/ =w>d beyond 8 feet1 z if foll[+ ! speak]'s h&s4 ,?us x is ) a deaf & dumb p]son :o1 :5 he sees two m5 9 conv]sation--al?\gh he is depriv$ ( he>+--c nev]!less und]/&1 f ! attitudes & ge/ures ( ! speak]s1 ! nature ( _! discussion4 ,i once saw 9 ,flor5ce a man :o _h become deaf :o1 :5 y spoke v l\d did n und]/& y1 b if y spoke g5tly & )\t mak+ any s\nd1 und]/ood m]ely f ! movem5t ( ! lips4 ,n[ p]haps y w say t ! lips ( a man :o speaks l\dly d n move l ^? ( "o speak+ s(tly1 & t if !y 7 to move !m alike !y w\ld be alike und]/ood4 ,z to ?is argum5t1 ,i leave ! decision to exp]im5t2 make a man speak to y g5tly & note ! motion ( 8 lips4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ t5 l9es ( ?is text h already be5 publi%$1 b ) a slightly diff]5t read+ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan3 ,das ,mal]bu* ,leon>do da ,v9ci's p4 #hf4 #eid4 ,,( ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,man ,,speak+ ,,to ,a ,,multitude4 ,:5 y wi% to repres5t a man speak+ to a numb] ( p1 consid] ! matt] ( :i* he has to treat & adapt 8 action to ! subject4 ,?us1 if he speaks p]suasively1 let 8 action be appropriate to x4 ,if ! matt] 9 h& be to set =? an argum5t1 let ! speak]1 ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& hold "o f+] ( ! left h&1 hav+ ! two small] ones clos$2 & 8 face al]t1 & turn$ t[>ds ! p ) m\? a little op51 to look z ?\gh he spoke2 & if he is sitt+ let him appe> z ?\gh ab\t to rise1 ) 8 head =w>d4 ,if y repres5t him /&+ make him lean+ slightly =w>d ) body & head t[>ds ! p4 ,^! y mu/ repres5t z sil5t & att5tive1 all look+ at ! orator's face ) ge/ures ( admiration2 & make "s old m5 9 a/oni%m5t at ! ?+s !y he>1 ) ! corn]s ( _! m\?s pull$ d[n & drawn 91 _! *eeks full ( furr[s1 & _! eyebr[s rais$1 & wr9kl+ ! =ehead :]e !y meet4 ,aga91 "s sitt+ ) _! f+]s clasp$ hold+ _! we>y knees4 ,aga91 "s b5t old man1 ) "o knee cross$ ov] ! o!r2 on :i* let him hold 8 h& ) 8 o!r elb[ re/+ 9 x & ! h& support+ 8 be>d$ *94 ,footnote3 ,! sket*es introduc$ "h are a facsimile ( a p5 & ink draw+ 9 ! ,l\vre :i* ,h]r ,,c>l ,,brun consid]s z /udies = ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie 7see ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,,lxi1 pp4 #ba1 #bg & #bh 9 ,,dohme',s ,kun/ und ,kun/l]1 ,leipzig1 ,seemann74 ,i %all n "h ent] into any discussion ( ?is sugge/ion2 b z a ju/ification = introduc+ ! draw+ 9 ?is place1 ,i may po9t out t "s ( ! figures illu/rate ?is passage z p]fectly z ?\gh !y _h be5 drawn = t express purpose4 ,i h discuss$ ! probability ( a connection betwe5 ?is sket* & ! picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp] on p4 #cce4 ,! orig9al draw+ is #bg #c_/d c5timetres wide by #ba high4--,! draw+ 9 silv] po9t on r$di% pap] giv5 on ,pl4 ,,lii4 ,no4 #a--! orig9al at ,w9dsor ,ca/le--may also s]ve to illu/rate ! subject ( appropriate ge/ures1 treat$ 9 ,nos4 #eic & #eid4 #eie4 ,,( ,,! ,,disposition ,,( ,,limbs4 ,z reg>ds ! disposition ( limbs 9 movem5t y w h to consid] t :5 y wi% to repres5t a man :o1 by "s *ance1 has to turn backw>ds or to "o side1 y mu/ n make him move 8 feet & all 8 limbs t[>ds ! side to :i* he turns 8 head4 ,r mu/ y make ! action proce$ by degrees & ?r\gh ! diff]5t jo9ts2 t is1 ^? ( ! foot1 ! knee & ! hip & ! neck4 ,& if y set him on ! "r leg1 y mu/ make ! left knee b5d inw>ds1 & let 8 foot be slightly rais$ on ! outside1 & ! left %\ld] be some:at l[] ?an ! "r1 :ile ! nape ( ! neck is 9 a l9e directly ov] ! out] ancle ( ! left foot4 ,& ! left %\ld] w be 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e above ! toes ( ! "r foot4 ,& always set y\r figures s t ! side to :i* ! head turns is n ! side to :i* ! brea/ faces1 s9ce nature = our conv5i5ce has made u ) a neck :i* b5ds ) ease 9 _m directions1 ! eye wi%+ to turn to v>i\s po9ts1 ! diff]5t jo9ts4 ,& if at any "t y make a man sitt+ ) 8 arms at "w on some?+ :i* is sideways to him1 make ! upp] "p ( 8 body turn ^u ! hips4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #e4 ,! orig9al draw+ at ,w9dsor ,ca/le is numb]$ #ajd4 #eif4 ,:5 y draw ! nude always sket* ! :ole figure & !n f9i% ^? limbs :i* seem to y ! be/1 b make !m act ) ! o!r limbs2 o!rwise y w get a habit ( nev] putt+ ! limbs well toge!r on ! body4 ,nev] make ! head turn ! same way z ! torso1 nor ! arm & leg move toge!r on ! same side4 ,& if ! face is turn$ to ! "r %\ld]1 make all ! p>ts l[] on ! left side ?an on ! "r2 & :5 y turn ! body ) ! brea/ outw>ds1 if ! head turns to ! left side make ! p>ts on ! "r side high] ?an ^? on ! left4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 a mu* defac$ sket* is to be se5 by ! side ( ! second "p ( ?is *apt]2 its fad$ condition has r5d]$ reproduction impossible4 ,9 ,m4 ,,ravaisson',s facsimile ! outl9es ( ! head h probably be5 t\*$ up4 ,?is passage h[ev] is fitly illu/rat$ by ! draw+s on ,pl4 ,,xxi4 #eig4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,( ! nature ( movem5ts 9 man4 ,d n repeat ! same ge/ures 9 ! limbs ( m5 unless y are compell$ by ! necessity ( _! action1 z is %[n 9 a b4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,v1 :]e "p ( ! text is also reproduc$4 ,! effac$ figure to ! extreme left has evid5tly be5 cancell$ by ,leon>do himself z unsatisfactory4 #eih4 ,! motions ( m5 mu/ be su* z sugge/ _! dignity or _! bas5ess4 #eii4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,make y\r "w c>ry out y\r purpose & mean+4 ,t is :5 y draw a figure consid] well :o x is & :at y wi% x to be do+4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,) reg>d to any action :i* y give 9 a picture to an old man or to a "y "o1 y mu/ make x m en]getic 9 ! "y man 9 proportion z he is /rong] ?an ! old "o2 & 9 ! same way ) a "y man & an infant4 #fjj4 ,,( ,,sett+ ,,on ,,! ,,limbs4 ,! limbs :i* are us$ = lab\r mu/ be muscul> & ^? :i* are n mu* us$ y mu/ make )\t muscles & s(tly r\nd$4 ,,( ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,figures4 ,repres5t y\r figures 9 su* action z may be fitt$ to express :at purpose is 9 ! m9d ( ea*2 o!rwise y\r art w n be admirable4 ,v4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,compositions4 ,( pa9t+ battle pieces 7#fja-fjc74 #fja4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,battle4 ,fir/ y mu/ repres5t ! smoke ( artill]y m+l+ 9 ! air ) ! du/ & toss$ up by ! movem5t ( horses & ! combatants4 ,& ?is mixture y mu/ express ?us3 ,! du/1 be+ a ?+ ( e>?1 has weight2 & al?\gh f its f95ess x is easily toss$ up & m+les ) ! air1 x nev]!less readily falls aga94 ,x is ! f9e/ "p t rises highe/2 h5ce t "p w be lea/ se5 & w look almo/ ( ! same col\r z ! air4 ,! high] ! smoke mix$ ) ! du/-lad5 air rises t[>ds a c]ta9 level1 ! m x w look l a d>k cl\d2 & x w be se5 t at ! top1 :]e ! smoke is m sep>ate f ! du/1 ! smoke w assume a blui% t+e & ! du/ w t5d to its col\r4 ,?is mixture ( air1 smoke & du/ w look mu* light] on ! side :5ce ! light comes ?an on ! opposite side4 ,! m ! combatants are 9 ?is turmoil ! less w !y be se51 & ! less contra/ w !re be 9 _! lights & %ad[s4 ,_! faces & figures & _! appe>ance1 & ! muskete]s z well z ^? ne> !m y mu/ make ( a gl[+ r$4 ,& ?is gl[ w dim9i% 9 proportion z x is remote f its cause4 ,! figures :i* are betwe5 y & ! light1 if !y be at a di/ance1 w appe> d>k on a light backgr\nd1 & ! l[] "p ( _! legs ne> ! gr\nd w be lea/ visible1 because !re ! du/ is co>se/ & d5se/ #ai4 ,& if y introduce horses gallop+ outside ! cr[d1 make ! little cl\ds ( du/ di/ant f ea* o!r 9 proportion to ! /rides made by ! horses2 & ! cl\ds :i* are fur!/ remov$ f ! horses1 %\ld be lea/ visible2 make !m high & spread+ & ?91 & ! ne>] ones w be m conspicu\s & small] & d5s] #bc4 ,! air mu/ be full ( arr[s 9 e direction1 "s %oot+ upw>ds1 "s fall+1 "s fly+ level4 ,! balls f ! guns mu/ h a tra9 ( smoke foll[+ _! flight4 ,! figures 9 ! =egr\nd y mu/ make ) du/ on ! hair & eyebr[s & on o!r flat places likely to reta9 x4 ,! conqu]ors y w make ru%+ onw>ds ) _! hair & o!r light ?+s fly+ on ! w9d1 ) _! br[s b5t d[n1 ,footnote3 #ai--bc4 ,comp>e #fjh4 #eg--ge4 #fjb4 & ) ! opposite limbs ?ru/ =w>d2 t is :]e a man puts =w>d ! "r foot ! left arm mu/ be advanc$4 ,& if y make any "o fall51 y mu/ %[ ! place :]e he has slipp$ & be5 dragg$ along ! du/ into blood /a9$ mire2 & 9 ! half-liquid e>? arr\nd %[ ! pr9t ( ! tramp+ ( m5 & horses :o h pass$ t way4 ,make also a horse dragg+ ! dead body ( 8 ma/]1 & leav+ beh9d him1 9 ! du/ & mud1 ! track :]e ! body 0 dragg$ along4 ,y mu/ make ! conqu]$ & beat5 pale1 _! br[s rais$ & knit1 & ! sk9 above _! br[s furr[$ ) pa91 ! sides ( ! nose ) wr9kles go+ 9 an ar* f ! no/rils to ! eyes1 & make ! no/rils drawn up--:i* is ! cause ( ! l9es ( :i* ,i speak--1 & ! lips ar*$ upw>ds & discov]+ ! upp] tee?2 & ! tee? ap>t z ) cry+ out & lam5tation4 ,& make "s "o %ield+ 8 t]rifi$ eyes ) "o h&1 ! palm t[>ds ! enemy1 :ile ! o!r re/s on ! gr\nd to support 8 half rais$ body4 ,o!rs repres5t %\t+ ) _! m\?s op51 & runn+ away4 ,y mu/ scatt] arms ( all sorts among ! feet ( ! combatants1 z brok5 %ields1 lances1 brok5 swords & o!r su* objects4 ,& y mu/ make ! dead p>tly or entirely cov]$ ) du/1 :i* is *ang$ into crimson mire :]e x has m+l$ ) ! fl[+ blood ^: col\r %[s x issu+ 9 a s9u\s /ream f ! corpse4 ,o!rs mu/ be repres5t$ 9 ! agonies ( dea? gr9d+ _! tee?1 roll+ _! eyes1 ) _! fi/s cl5*$ aga9/ _! bodies & _! legs contort$4 ,"s might be %[n dis>m$ & beat5 d[n by ! enemy1 turn+ ^u ! foe1 ) tee? & nails1 to take an inhuman & bitt] rev5ge4 ,y might see "s rid]less horse ru%+ among ! enemy1 ) 8 mane fly+ 9 ! w9d1 & do+ no little mis*ief ) 8 heels4 ,"s maim$ w>rior may be se5 fall5 to ! e>?1 cov]+ himself ) 8 %ield1 :ile ! enemy1 b5d+ ov] him1 tries to deal him a dea?/roke4 ,!re aga9 might be se5 a numb] ( m5 fall5 9 a heap ov] a dead horse4 ,y w\ld see "s ( ! victors leav+ ! fight & issu+ f ! cr[d1 rubb+ _! eyes & *eeks ) bo? h&s to clean !m ( ! dirt made by _! wat]+ eyes sm>t+ f ! du/ & smoke4 ,! res]ves may be se5 /&+1 hopeful b cauti\s2 ) wat*ful eyes1 %ad+ !m ) _! h&s & gaz+ ?r\gh ! d5se & murky confusion1 att5tive to ! comm&s ( _! capta94 ,! capta9 himself1 8 /aff rais$1 hurries t[>ds ^! auxili>ies1 po9t+ to ! spot :]e !y are mo/ ne$$4 ,& !re may be a riv] into :i* horses are gallop+1 *urn+ up ! wat] all r\nd !m into turbul5t waves ( foam & wat]1 toss$ into ! air & among ! legs & bodies ( ! horses4 ,& !re mu/ n be a level spot t is n trampl$ ) gore4 #fjc4 ,,( ,,light+ ,,! ,,l[] ,,p>ts ,,( ,,bodies ,,close ,,toge!r1 ,,z ,,( ,,m5 ,,9 ,,battle4 ,z to m5 & horses repres5t$ 9 battle1 _! diff]5t p>ts w be d>k 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to ! gr\nd on :i* !y /&4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! sides ( wells :i* gr[ d>k] 9 proportion to _! dep?1 ! reason ( :i* is t ! deepe/ "p ( ! well sees & receives a small] am\nt ( ! lum9\s atmosph]e ?an any o!r "p4 ,& ! pavem5t1 if x be ( ! same col\r z ! legs ( ^! said m5 & horses1 w always be m light$ & at a m direct angle ?an ! said legs c4 #fjd4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,repres5t ,a ,,night ,,sc5e4 ,t :i* is entirely b]eft ( light is all d>kness2 giv5 a night "u ^! conditions & t y want to repres5t a night sc5e1--arrange t !re %all be a great fire1 !n ! objects :i* are ne>e/ to ?is fire w be mo/ t+$ ) its col\r2 = ^? objects :i* are ne>e/ to a col\r$ light p>ticipate mo/ 9 its nature2 z !re=e y give ! fire a r$ col\r1 y mu/ make all ! objects illum9at$ by x ruddy2 :ile ^? :i* are f>!r f ! fire are m t9t$ by ! black hue ( night4 ,! figures :i* are se5 aga9/ ! fire look d>k 9 ! gl>e ( ! firelight because t side ( ! objects :i* y see is t+$ by ! d>kness ( ! night & n by ! fire2 & ^? :o /& at ! side are half d>k & half r$2 :ile ^? :o are visible beyond ! edges ( ! flame w be fully light$ by ! ruddy gl[ aga9/ a black backgr\nd4 ,z to _! ge/ures1 make ^? :i* are ne> x scre5 !mselves ) _! h&s & cloaks z a def5ce aga9/ ! int5se heat1 & ) _! faces turn$ away z if ab\t to retire4 ,( ^? f>!r (f repres5t sev]al z rais+ _! h&s to scre5 _! eyes1 hurt by ! intol]able gl>e4 ,( depict+ a tempe/ 7#fje4 #fjf74 #fje4 ,describe a w9d on l& & at sea4 ,describe a /orm ( ra94 #fjf4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,repres5t ,a ,,tempe/4 ,if y wi% to repres5t a tempe/ consid] & arrange well its effects z se51 :5 ! w9d1 bl[+ ov] ! face ( ! sea & e>?1 removes & c>ries ) x su* ?+s z are n fix$ to ! g5]al mass4 ,& to repres5t ! /orm accurately y mu/ fir/ %[ ! cl\ds scatt]$ & torn1 & fly+ ) ! w9d1 accompani$ by cl\ds ( s& bl[n up f ! sea %ore1 & b\ghs & leaves swept along by ! /r5g? & fury ( ! bla/ & scatt]$ ) o!r light objects ?r\gh ! air4 ,trees & plants mu/ be b5t to ! gr\nd1 almo/ z if !y w\ld foll[ ! c\rse ( ! gale1 ) _! bran*es twi/$ out ( _! natural gr[? & _! leaves toss$ & turn$ ab\t ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #b44 ,( ! m5 :o are !re "s mu/ h fall5 to ! gr\nd & be entangl$ 9 _! g>m5ts1 & h>dly to be recogniz$ = ! du/1 :ile ^? :o rema9 /&+ may be beh9d "s tree1 ) _! arms r\nd x t ! w9d may n te> !m away2 o!rs ) _! h&s ov] _! eyes = ! du/1 b5d+ to ! gr\nd ) _! clo!s & hair /ream+ 9 ! w9d4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxiv1 ! "r h& l[] sket*4 ,let ! sea be r\gh & tempe/u\s & full ( foam :irl$ among ! l(ty waves1 :ile ! w9d fl+s ! light] spray ?r\gh ! /ormy air1 till x resembles a d5se & swa?+ mi/4 ,( ! %ips t are !re9 "s %\ld be %[n ) r5t sails & ! tatt]s flutt]+ ?r\gh ! air1 ) ropes brok5 & ma/s split & fall54 ,& ! %ip itself ly+ 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea & wreck$ by ! fury ( ! waves ) ! m5 %riek+ & cl++ to ! fragm5ts ( ! vessel4 ,make ! cl\ds driv5 by ! impetuosity ( ! w9d & flung aga9/ ! l(ty m\nta9 tops1 & wrea!d & torn l waves beat+ ^u rocks2 ! air itself t]rible f ! deep d>kness caus$ by ! du/ & fog & heavy cl\ds4 ,( repres5t+ ! deluge 7#fjg-fji74 #fjg4 ,,to ,,repres5t ,,! ,,deluge4 ,! air 0 d>k5$ by ! heavy ra9 ^: oblique desc5t driv5 aslant by ! ru% ( ! w9ds1 flew 9 drifts ?r\gh ! air n o!rwise ?an z we see du/1 v>i$ only by ! /raight l9es ( ! heavy drops ( fall+ wat]4 ,b x 0 t+$ ) ! col\r ( ! fire k9dl$ by ! ?und]-bolts by :i* ! cl\ds 7 r5t & %att]$2 & ^: fla%es reveal$ ! broad wat]s ( ! inundat$ valleys1 above :i* 0 se5 ! v]dure ( ! b5d+ tree tops4 ,neptune w be se5 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat] ) 8 trid5t1 & #ae let ,a,eolus ) 8 w9ds be %[n entangl+ ! trees float+ uproot$1 & :irl+ 9 ! huge waves4 ,! horizon & ! :ole hemisph]e 7 obscure1 b lurid f ! fla%es ( ! incessant lightn+4 ,m5 & birds might be se5 cr[d$ on ! tall trees :i* rema9$ uncov]$ by ! swell+ wat]s1 orig9ators ( ! m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ! great abysses ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #igi44 #fjh4 ,,( ,,! ,,deluge ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,repres5t ,,x ,,9 ,a ,,picture4 ,let ! d>k & gloomy air be se5 buffet$ by ! ru% ( contr>y w9ds & d5se f ! cont9u$ ra9 m+l$ ) hail & be>+ hi!r & ?i!r an inf9ite numb] ( bran*es torn f ! trees & mix$ ) numb]less leaves4 ,all r\nd may be se5 v5]able trees1 uproot$ & /ripp$ by ! fury ( ! w9ds2 & fragm5ts ( m\nta9s1 already sc\r$ b>e by ! torr5ts1 fall+ into ^? torr5ts & *ok+ _! valleys till ! swoll5 riv]s ov]fl[ & subm]ge ! wide l[l&s & _! inhabitants4 ,aga91 y might h se5 on _m ( ! hill-tops t]rifi$ animals ( diff]5t k9ds1 collect$ toge!r & subdu$ to tam5ess1 9 company ) m5 & wom5 :o _h fl$ !re ) _! *ildr54 ,! wat]s :i* cov]$ ! fields1 ) _! waves 7 9 great "p /rewn ) tables1 b$/eads1 boats & v>i\s o!r contrivances made f necessity & ! fe> ( dea?1 on :i* 7 m5 & wom5 ) _! *ildr5 amid s\nds ( lam5tation & weep+1 t]rifi$ by ! fury ( ! w9ds :i* ) _! tempe/u\s viol5ce roll$ ! wat]s "u & ov] & ab\t ! bodies ( ! dr[n$4 ,nor 0 !re any object light] ?an ! wat] :i* 0 n cov]$ ) a v>iety ( animals :i*1 hav+ come to a truce1 /ood toge!r 9 a fright5$ cr[d--among !m wolves1 foxes1 snakes & o!rs--fle+ f dea?4 ,& all ! wat]s da%+ on _! %ores seem$ to be battl+ !m ) ! bl[s ( dr[n$ bodies1 bl[s :i* kill$ ^? 9 :om any life rema9$ #ai4 ,y might h se5 assemblages ( m5 :o1 ) weapons 9 _! h&s1 def5d$ ! small spots t rema9$ to !m aga9/ lions1 wolves & bea/s ( prey :o s\ght safety !re4 ,ah6 :at dreadful noises 7 he>d 9 ! air r5t by ! fury ( ! ?und] & ! lightn+s x fla%$ =?1 :i* d>t$ f ! cl\ds deal+ ru9 & /rik+ all t oppos$ its c\rse4 ,ah6 h[ _m y might h se5 clos+ _! e>s ) _! h&s to %ut out ! trem5d\s s\nds made 9 ! d>k5$ air by ! rag+ ( ! w9ds m+l+ ) ! ra91 ! ?und]s ( heav5 & ! fury ( ! ?und]-bolts4 ,o!rs 7 n cont5t ) %utt+ _! eyes1 b laid _! h&s "o ov] ! o!r to cov] !m ! clos] t !y might n see ! cruel slaught] ( ! human race by ! wra? ( ,god4 ,ah6 h[ _m lam5ts6 & h[ _m 9 _! t]ror flung !mselves f ! rocks6 ,huge bran*es ( great oaks load$ ) m5 7 se5 borne ?r\gh ! air by ! impetu\s fury ( ! w9ds4 ,h[ _m 7 ! boats upset1 "s entire1 & "s brok5 9 pieces1 on ! top ( p lab\r+ to escape ) ge/ures & actions ( grief =etell+ a fe>ful dea?4 ,o!rs1 ) desp]ate act1 took _! own lives1 hopeless ( be+ able to endure su* suff]+2 & ( ^!1 "s flung !mselves f l(ty rocks1 o!rs /rangl$ !mselves ) _! own h&s1 o!r seiz$ _! own *ildr5 & viol5tly slew !m at a bl[2 "s w\nd$ & kill$ !mselves ) _! own weapons2 o!rs1 fall+ on _! knees recomm5d$ !mselves to ,god4 ,ah6 h[ _m mo!rs wept ov] _! dr[n$ sons1 hold+ !m ^u _! knees1 ) arms rais$ spread out t[>ds heav5 & ) words & v>i\s ?reat5+ ge/ures1 upbraid+ ! wra? ( ! gods4 ,o!rs ) clasp$ h&s & f+]s cl5*$ gnaw$ !m & dev\r$ !m till !y bl$1 cr\*+ ) _! brea/ d[n on _! knees 9 _! int5se & unbe>able angui%4 ,h]ds ( animals 7 to be se51 su* z horses1 ox51 goats & sw9e already environ$ by ! wat]s & left isolat$ on ! high peaks ( ! m\nta9s1 huddl$ toge!r1 ^? 9 ! middle climb+ to ! top & tread+ on ! o!rs1 & fight+ fi]cely !mselves2 & _m w\ld die = lack ( food4 ,already _h ! birds begun to settle on m5 & on o!r animals1 f9d+ no l& uncov]$ :i* 0 n occupi$ by liv+ be+s1 & already _h fam9e1 ! m9i/] ( dea?1 tak5 ! lives ( ! great] numb] ( ! animals1 :5 ! dead bodies1 n[ f]m5t$1 :]e leav+ ! dep? ( ! wat]s & 7 ris+ to ! top4 ,among ! buffet+ waves1 :]e !y 7 beat+ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 &1 l z balls full ( air1 reb\nd$ f ! po9t ( concussion1 ^! f\nd a re/+ place on ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,& above ^! judgem5ts1 ! air 0 se5 cov]$ ) d>k cl\ds1 riv5 by ! =k$ fla%es ( ! rag+ bolts ( heav51 light+ up on all sides ! dep? ( ! gloom4 ,! motion ( ! air is se5 by ! motion ( ! du/ ?r[n up by ! horse's runn+ & ?is motion is z swift 9 aga9 fill+ up ! vacuum left 9 ! air :i* enclos$ ! horse1 z he is rapid 9 pass+ away f ! air4 ,p]haps x w seem to y t y may reproa* me ) hav+ repres5t$ ! curr5ts made ?r\gh ! air by ! motion ( ! w9d not)/&+ t ! w9d itself is n visible 9 ! air4 ,to ?is ,i mu/ answ] t x is n ! motion ( ! w9d b only ! motion ( ! ?+s c>ri$ along by x :i* is se5 9 ! air4 ,,! ,,divisions4 ,footnote #gf3 ,^! obs]vations1 add$ at ! bottom ( ! page conta9+ ! full description ( ! doluge seem to indicate t x 0 ,leon>do's int5tion to elaborate ! subject /ill f>!r 9 a sep>ate treatise4 ,d>kness1 w9d1 tempe/ at sea1 floods ( wat]1 =e/s on fire1 ra91 bolts f heav51 e>?quakes & ru9s ( m\nta9s1 ov]?r[ ( cities ,footnote #ha3 ,spianam5ti di citta 7ov]?r[ ( cities74 ,a consid]able numb] ( draw+s 9 black *alk1 at ,w9dsor1 illu/rate ?is cata/rophe4 ,mo/ ( !m are mu* rubb$2 "o ( ! lea/ injur$ is reproduc$ at ,pl4 ,,xxxix4 ,comp>e also ! p5 & ink sket* ,pl4 ,,xxxvi44 ,:irlw9ds :i* c>ry wat] sp\ts bran*es ( trees1 & m5 ?r\gh ! air4 ,b\ghs /ripp$ (f by ! w9ds1 m+l+ by ! meet+ ( ! w9ds1 ) p ^u !m4 ,brok5 trees load$ ) p4 ,%ips brok5 to pieces1 beat5 on rocks4 ,flocks ( %eep4 ,hail /ones1 ?und]bolts1 :irlw9ds4 ,p on trees :i* are unable to to support !m2 trees & rocks1 t[]s & hills cov]$ ) p1 boats1 tables1 tr\ghs1 & o!r means ( float+4 ,hills cov]$ ) m51 wom5 & animals2 & lightn+ f ! cl\ds illum9at+ e ?+4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt]1 :i*1 ) ! next "o1 is writt5 on a loose %eet1 seems to be ! passage to :i* "o ( ! compil]s ( ! ,vatican copy allud$ :5 he wrote on ! m>g9 ( fol4 #cf3 ,qua mi ricordo della mirabile discritione del ,diluuio dello autore4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t ^! *apt]s are among ^? :i* h nev] be=e be5 publi%$4 ,! description 9 ,no4 #fjg may be reg>d$ z a prelim9>y sket* = ?is "o4 ,z ! ,,ms4 ,g4 79 :i* x is to be f\nd7 mu/ be attribut$ to ! p]iod ( ab\t #aeae we may d$uce f x ! approximate date ( ! draw+s on ,pl4 ,,xxxiv1 ,,xxxv1 ,nos4 #b & #c1 ,,xxxvi & ,,xxxvii1 s9ce !y obvi\sly belong to ?is text4 ,! draw+s ,no4 #b on ,pl4 ,,xxxv are1 9 ! orig9al1 side by side ) ! text ( ,no4 #fjh2 l9es #eg to #gf are %[n 9 ! facsimile4 ,9 ! draw+ 9 ,indian ink giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xxxiv we see ,w9d-gods 9 ! sky1 correspond+ to ! allusion to ,aeolus 9 ,no4 #fjg #a4 #ae4-,plates ,,xxxvi & ,,xxxvii =m "o %eet 9 ! orig9al4 ,! texts reproduc$ on ^! ,plates h h[ev] no connection ) ! sket*es1 except+ ! sket*es ( cl\ds on ! "r h& side4 ,^! texts are giv5 z ,no4 #dgg4 ,! gr\p ( small figures on ,pl4 ,,xxxvii1 to ! left1 seems to be int5d$ = a 'congregatione d'uom9i4' ,see ,no4 #fjh1 #a4 #ai4 #fji4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,deluge4 ,let !re be fir/ repres5t$ ! summit ( a rugg$ m\nta9 ) valleys surr\nd+ its base1 & on its sides let ! surface ( ! soil be se5 to slide1 toge!r ) ! small roots ( ! bu%es1 d5ud+ great portions ( ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,& desc5d+ ru9\s f ^! precipices 9 its boi/]\s c\rse1 let x da% along & lay b>e ! twi/$ & gn>l$ roots ( l>ge trees ov]?r[+ _! roots upw>ds2 & let ! m\nta9s1 z !y are sc\r$ b>e1 discov] ! pr(\nd fissures made 9 !m by anci5t e>?quakes4 ,! base ( ! m\nta9s may be 9 great "p clo!d & cov]$ ) ru9s ( %rubs1 hurl$ d[n f ! sides ( _! l(ty peaks1 :i* w be mix$ ) mud1 roots1 b\ghs ( trees1 ) all sorts ( leaves ?ru/ 9 ) ! mud & e>? & /ones4 ,& into ! dep? ( "s valley may h fall5 ! fragm5ts ( a m\nta9 =m+ a %ore to ! swoll5 wat]s ( its riv]2 :i*1 hav+ already bur/ its banks1 w ru% on 9 mon/r\s waves2 & ! greate/ w /rike ^u & de/roy ! walls ( ! cities & f>mh\ses 9 ! valley #ad4 ,!n ! ru9s ( ! high build+s 9 ^! cities w ?r[ up a great du/1 ris+ up 9 %ape l smoke or wrea!d cl\ds aga9/ ! fall+ ra92 ,b ! swoll5 wat]s w sweep r\nd ! pool :i* conta9s !m /rik+ 9 eddy+ :irlpools aga9/ ! diff]5t ob/acles1 & leap+ into ! air 9 muddy foam2 !n1 fall+ back1 ! beat5 wat] w aga9 be da%$ into ! air4 ,& ! :irl+ waves :i* fly f ! place ( concussion1 & ^: impetus moves !m across o!r eddies go+ 9 a contr>y direction1 aft] _! recoil w be toss$ up into ! air b )\t da%+ (f f ! surface4 ,:]e ! wat] issues f ! pool ! sp5t waves w be se5 spread+ out t[>ds ! outlet2 & !re fall+ or p\r+ ?r\gh ! air & ga9+ weight & impetus !y w /rike on ! wat] bel[ pi]c+ x & ru%+ furi\sly to rea* its dep?2 f :i* be+ ?r[n back x returns to ! surface ( ! lake1 c>ry+ up ! air t 0 subm]g$ ) x2 & ?is rema9s at ! outlet 9 foam m+l$ ) logs ( wood & o!r matt]s light] ?an wat]4 ,r\nd ^! aga9 are =m$ ! beg9n+s ( waves :i* increase ! m 9 circumf]5ce z !y acquire m movem5t2 & ?is movem5t rises less high 9 proportion z !y acquire a broad] base & ?us !y are less conspicu\s z !y die away4 ,b if ^! waves reb\nd f v>i\s objects !y !n return 9 direct opposition to ! o!rs foll[+ !m1 obs]v+ ! same law ( increase 9 _! curve z !y h already acquir$ 9 ! movem5t !y />t$ )4 ,! ra91 z x falls f ! cl\ds is ( ! same col\r z ^? cl\ds1 t is 9 its %ad$ side2 unless inde$ ! sun's rays %\ld break ?r\gh !m2 9 t case ! ra9 w appe> less d>k ?an ! cl\ds4 ,& if ! heavy masses ( ru9 ( l>ge m\nta9s or ( o!r gr& build+s fall into ! va/ pools ( wat]1 a great quantity w be flung into ! air & its movem5t w be 9 a contr>y direction to t ( ! object :i* /ruck ! wat]2 t is to say3 ,! angle ( reflection w be equal to ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,( ! objects c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t1 ^? :i* are heavie/ or r l>ge/ 9 mass w keep f>!/ f ! two opposite %ores4 ,! wat] 9 ! eddies revolves m swiftly 9 proportion z x is ne>] to _! c5tre4 ,! cre/s ( ! waves ( ! sea tumble to _! bases fall+ ) friction on ! bubbles ( _! sides2 & ?is friction gr9ds ! fall+ wat] into m9ute p>ticles & ?is be+ conv]t$ into a d5se mi/1 m+les ) ! gale 9 ! mann] ( curl+ smoke & wrea?+ cl\ds1 & at la/ x1 rises into ! air & is conv]t$ into cl\ds4 ,b ! ra9 :i* falls ?r\gh ! atmosph]e be+ driv5 & toss$ by ! w9ds becomes r>] or d5s] accord+ to ! r>ity or d5sity ( ! w9ds t buffet x1 & ?us !re is g5]at$ 9 ! atmosph]e a moi/ure =m$ ( ! transp>5t p>ticles ( ! ra9 :i* is ne> to ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,! waves ( ! sea :i* break on ! slope ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd x1 w foam f ! velocity ) :i* !y fall aga9/ ^! hills2 9 ru%+ back !y w meet ! next wave z x comes & & aft] a l\d noise return 9 a great flood to ! sea :5ce !y came4 ,let great numb]s ( inhabitants--m5 & animals ( all k9ds--be se5 driv5 #ed by ! ris+ ( ! deluge to ! peaks ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s a=esaid4 ,! wave ( ! sea at ,piomb9o is all foam+ wat]4 ,footnote #ee4 #ef3 ,^! two l9es are writt5 bel[ ! bottom sket* on ,pl4 ,,xxxv1 #c4 ,! ,,ms4 ,leic4 be+ writt5 ab\t ! ye> #aeaj or lat]1 x does n seem to me to foll[ t ! sket*es mu/ h be5 made at ,piomb9o1 :]e ,leon>do 0 9 ! ye> #aejb & possibly return$ !re subsequ5tly 7see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,topographical notes74 ,( ! wat] :i* leaps up f ! spot :]e great masses fall on its surface4 ,( ! w9ds ( ,piomb9o at ,piomb9o4 ,eddies ( w9d & ra9 ) b\ghs & %rubs mix$ 9 ! air4 ,empty+ ! boats ( ! ra9 wat]4 ,footnote3 ,! sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxxv #c /& by ! side ( l9es #ad to #ed4 ,( depict+ natural ph5om5a 7#faj4 #faa74 #faj4 ,! trem5d\s fury ( ! w9d driv5 by ! fall+ 9 ( ! hills on ! caves )9--by ! fall+ ( ! hills :i* s]v$ z ro(s to ^! cav]ns4 ,a /one flung ?r\gh ! air leaves on ! eye :i* sees x ! impression ( its motion1 & ! same effect is produc$ by ! drops ( wat] :i* fall f ! cl\ds :5 x #af ra9s4 #ag ,a m\nta9 fall+ on a t[n1 w fl+ up du/ 9 ! =m ( cl\ds2 b ! col\r ( ?is du/ w diff] f t ( ! cl\ds4 ,:]e ! ra9 is ?icke/ let ! col\r ( ! du/ be less conspicu\s & :]e ! du/ is ?icke/ let ! ra9 be less conspicu\s4 ,& :]e ! ra9 is m+l$ ) ! w9d & ) ! du/ ! cl\ds creat$ by ! ra9 mu/ be m transp>5t ?an ^? ( du/ alone4 ,& :5 flames ( fire are m+l$ ) cl\ds ( smoke & wat] v opaque & d>k cl\ds w be =m$ ,footnote #bf-bh3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xl1 #a--! draw+ 9 ,indian ink on ! left h& side1 :i* seems to be a rem9isc5ce ( 8 obs]vations ( an eruption 7see 8 rem>ks on ,m\nt ,etna 9 ,vol ,,ii744 ,& ! re/ ( ?is subject w be treat$ 9 detail 9 ! book on pa9t+4 ,footnote3 ,see ! sket*es & text on ,pl4 ,,xxxviii1 ,no4 #a4 ,l9es #a-af are !re giv5 on ! left h& side1 #ag-cj on ! "r4 ,! f\r l9es at ! bottom on ! "r are giv5 z ,no4 #dgb4 ,above ^! texts1 :i* are writt5 backw>ds1 !re are 9 ! orig9al sixte5 l9es 9 a l>g] writ+ f left to "r1 b only half ( ?is is "h visible4 ,!y treat ( ! physical laws ( motion ( air & wat]4 ,x does n seem to me t !re is any reason = conclud+ t ?is writ+ f left to "r is spuri\s4 ,comp>e ) x ! facsimile ( ! r\gh copy ( ,leon>do's lett] to ,ludovico il ,moro 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #faa4 ,p 7 to be se5 eag]ly emb>k+ victuals on v>i\s k9ds ( ha/ily made b>ks4 ,b little ( ! waves 7 visible 9 ^? places :]e ! d>k cl\ds & ra9 7 reflect$4 ,b :]e ! fla%es caus$ by ! bolts ( heav5 7 reflect$1 !re 7 se5 z _m bright spots1 caus$ by ! image ( ! fla%es1 z !re 7 waves to reflect !m to ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,! numb] ( ! images produc$ by ! fla% ( lightn+ on ! waves ( ! wat] 7 multipli$ 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! spectator's eye4 ,s also ! numb] ( ! images 0 dim9i%$ 9 proportion z !y 7 ne>] ! eye :i* saw !m ,footnote #bb4 #bc3 ,com'e provato4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,nos4 #hgd-hgh & #hib-ija1 z x has be5 prov$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! lum9osity ( ! moon1 & ( our m>9e horizon :5 ! sun's rays are reflect$ 9 x & ! eye :i* receives ! reflection is remote f ! sea4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,mat]ials4 ,( *alk & pap] 7#fab--fag74 #fab4 ,to make po9ts crayons = col\r+ dry4 ,temp] ) a little wax & d n dry x2 :i* wax y mu/ dissolve ) wat]3 s t :5 ! :ite lead is ?us temp]$1 ! wat] be+ di/ill$1 may g (f 9 vap\r & ! wax may rema92 y w ?us make good crayons2 b y mu/ "k t ! col\rs mu/ be gr\nd ) a hot /one4 #fac4 ,*alk dissolves 9 w9e & 9 v9eg> or 9 aqua =tis & c be recomb9$ ) gum4 #fad4 ,,pap] ,,= ,,draw+ ,,^u ,,9 ,,black ,,by ,,! ,,aid ,,( ,,y\r ,,spittle4 ,take p[d]$ gall nuts & vitriol1 p[d] !m & spread !m on pap] l a v>ni%1 !n write on x ) a p5 wett$ ) spittle & x w turn z black z ink4 #fae4 ,if y want to make =e%ort5$ lett]s /ret* ! pap] 9 a draw+ frame & !n draw y\r lett]s & cut !m out1 & make ! sunbeams pass ?r\gh ! holes on to ano!r /ret*$ pap]1 & !n fill up ! angles t are want+4 #faf4 ,?is pap] %\ld be pa9t$ ov] ) c&le soot temp]$ ) ?9 glue1 !n sme> ! leaf ?9ly ) :ite lead 9 oil z is done to ! lett]s 9 pr9t+1 & !n pr9t 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,?us ! leaf w appe> %ad$ 9 ! holl[s & light$ on ! p>ts 9 relief2 :i* h[ev] comes out "h j ! contr>y4 ,footnote3 ,?is text1 :i* accompanies a facsimile impression ( a leaf ( sage1 has already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio delle ,op]e di ,l4 da ,v9ci1 ,milano #ahgb1 p4 #aa4 ,g4 ,,govi obs]ves on ?is passage3 ,=se aveva egli p5sato ancora a f>si un erb>io1 od alm5o a riprodurre facilm5te su c>ta le =me e i p>ticol>i delle foglie di div]se piante2 poi*e 7modific&o un metodo *e probabilm5te gli eia /ato insegnato da altri1 e *e piu t>di si legge ripetuto 9 molti ricett>ii e libri di segreti71 accanto a una foglia di ,salvia impressa 9 n]o su c>ta bianca1 lascio scritto3 ,que/a c>ta 444 ,erano i primi t5tativi di quella riproduzione imm$iata delle p>ti vegetali1 *e poi sotto il nome d',impressione ,naturale1 fu condotta a tanta p]fezione 9 que/i ultimi tempi dal signor de ,hau] e da altri4 #fag4 ,v excell5t w be a /iff :ite pap]1 made ( ! usual mixture & filt]$ milk ( an h]b call$ calves foot2 & :5 ?is pap] is prep>$ & damp$ & fold$ & wrapp$ up x may be mix$ ) ! mixture & ?us left to dry2 b if y break x be=e x is moi/5$ x becomes some:at l ! ?9 pa/e call$ lasagne & y may !n damp x & wrap x up & put x 9 ! mixture & leave x to dry2 or aga9 ?is pap] may be cov]$ ) /iff transp>5t :ite & s>donio & !n damp$ s t x may n =m angles & !n cov]$ up ) /rong transp>5t size & z soon z x is firm cut x two f+]s1 & leave x to dry2 aga9 y may make /iff c>dbo>d ( s>donio & dry x & !n place x betwe5 two %eets ( papyrus & break x inside ) a wood5 mallet ) a h&le & !n op5 x ) c>e hold+ ! l[] %eet ( pap] flat & firm s t ! brok5 pieces be n sep>at$2 !n h a %eet ( pap] cov]$ ) hot glue & apply x on ! top ( all ^! pieces & let !m /ick fa/2 !n turn x upside d[n & apply transp>5t size sev]al times 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! pieces1 ea* "t p\r+ 9 fir/ "s black & !n "s /iff :ite & ea* "t leav+ x to dry2 !n smoo? x & poli% x4 ,on ! prep>ation & use ( col\rs 7#fah-fbg74 #fah4 ,to make a f9e gre5 take gre5 & mix x ) bitum5 & y w make ! %ad[s d>k]4 ,!n1 = light] %ades gre5 ) yell[ o*re1 & = /ill light] gre5 ) yell[1 & = ! high lights pure yell[2 !n mix gre5 & turm]ic toge!r & glaze e ?+ ) x4 ,to make a f9e r$ take c9nab> or r$ *alk or burnt o*re = ! d>k %ad[s & = ! light] ones r$ *alk & v]milion & = ! lights pure v]milion & !n glaze ) f9e lake4 ,to make good oil = pa9t+4 ,"o "p ( oil1 "o ( ! fir/ ref9+ & "o ( ! second4 #fai4 ,use black 9 ! %ad[1 & 9 ! lights :ite1 yell[1 gre51 v]milion & lake4 ,m$ium %ad[s2 take ! %ad[ z above & mix x ) ! fle% t9ts j allud$ to1 add+ to x a little yell[ & a little gre5 & occasionally "s lake2 = ! %ad[s take gre5 & lake = ! middle %ades4 ,footnote #fah & #fai3 ,if we may judge f ! fl\ri%es ) :i* ! writ+ is ornam5t$ ^! passages mu/ h be5 writt5 9 ,leon>do's y\?4 #fbj4 ,y c make a f9e o*re by ! same me?od z y use to make :ite4 #fba4 ,a ,,f9e ,,yell[4 ,dissolve realg> ) "o "p ( orpim5t1 ) aqua =tis4 ,,:ite4 ,put ! :ite into an e>!n pot1 & lay x no ?ick] ?an a /r+1 & let x /& 9 ! sun undi/urb$ = #b days2 & 9 ! morn+ :5 ! sun has dri$ (f ! night dews4 #fbb4 ,to make r$di% black = fle% t9ts take r$ rock cry/als f ,rocca ,nova or g>nets & mix !m a little2 aga9 arm5ian bole is good 9 "p4 #fbc4 ,! %ad[ w be burnt 1t]ra-v]te'4 #fbd4 ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,if "o ounce ( black mix$ ) "o ounce ( :ite gives a c]ta9 %ade ( d>kness1 :at %ade ( d>kness w be produc$ by #b ounces ( black to #a ounce ( :ite8 #fbe4 ,remix black1 gre5i% yell[ & at ! end blue4 #fbf4 ,v]digris ) aloes1 or gall or turm]ic makes a f9e gre5 & s x does ) saffron or burnt orpim5t2 b ,i d\bt :e!r 9 a %ort "t !y w n turn black4 ,ultram>9e blue & glass yell[ mix$ toge!r make a beautiful gre5 = fresco1 t is wall-pa9t+4 ,lac & v]digris make a good %ad[ = blue 9 oil pa9t+4 #fbg4 ,gr9d v]digris _m times col\r$ ) lemon juice & keep x away f yell[ 7874 ,( prep>+ ! panel4 #fbh4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,a ,,panel ,,= ,,pa9t+ ,,on4 ,! panel %\ld be cypress or pe> or s]vice-tree or walnut4 ,y mu/ coat x ov] ) ma/ic & turp5t9e twice di/ill$ & :ite or1 if y l1 lime1 & put x 9 a frame s t x may exp& & %r9k accord+ to its moi/ure & dryness4 ,!n give x a coat ( aqua vitae 9 :i* y h dissolv$ ars5ic or corrosive sublimate1 #b or #c times4 ,!n apply boil$ l9se$ oil 9 su* a way z t x may p5etrate e "p1 & be=e x is cold rub x well ) a clo? to dry x4 ,ov] ?is apply liquid v>ni% & :ite ) a /ick1 !n wa% x ) ur9e :5 x is dry1 & dry x aga94 ,!n p\nce & outl9e y\r draw+ f9ely & ov] x lay a prim+ ( #cj p>ts ( v]digris ) "o ( v]digris ) two ( yell[4 ,footnote3 ,m4 ,,ravaisson',s read+ v>ies f m9e 9 ! foll[+ passages3 #a4op]o allor 8 bo alloro8 ou bi5 de lauri]4 #f4 fregalo b5e con un panno4 ,he reads pane = panno & r5d]s x4 ,frotte le bi5 avec un pa9 de facon jusqu'a ce qu'il etc4 #g4 colla /ecca po laua4 ,he reads polacca avec le c\teau de bois 8 polonais 84 ,! prep>ation ( oils 7#fbi--fcd74 #fbi4 ,,oil4 ,make "s oil ( mu/>d se$2 & if y wi% to make x ) great] ease mix ! gr\nd se$s ) l9se$ oil & put x all "u ! press4 #fcj4 ,,to ,,remove ,,! ,,smell ,,( ,,oil4 ,take ! rank oil & put t5 p9ts into a j> & make a m>k on ! j> at ! height ( ! oil2 !n add to x a p9t ( v9eg> & make x boil till ! oil has sunk to ! level ( ! m>k & ?us y w be c]ta9 t ! oil is return$ to its orig9al quantity & ! v9eg> w h gone (f 9 vap\r1 c>ry+ ) x ! evil smell2 & ,i believe y may d ! same ) nut oil or any o!r oil t smells badly4 #fca4 ,s9ce walnuts are envelop$ 9 a ?9 r9d1 :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( 4441 if y d n remove x :5 y make ! oil f !m1 ?is sk9 t+es ! oil1 & :5 y "w ) x ?is sk9 sep>ates f ! oil & rises to ! surface ( ! pa9t+1 & ?is is :at makes x *ange4 #fcb4 ,,to ,,re/ore ,,oil ,,col\rs ,,t ,,h ,,become ,,dry4 ,if y want to re/ore oil col\rs t h become dry keep !m soak+ 9 s(t soap = a night &1 ) y\r f+]1 mix !m up ) ! s(t soap2 !n p\r !m into a cup & wa% !m ) wat]1 & 9 ?is way y c re/ore col\rs t h got dry4 ,b take c>e t ea* col\r has its own vessel to itself add+ ! col\r by degrees z y re/ore x & m9d t !y are ?or\ghly s(t5$1 & :5 y wi% to use !m = temp]a wa% !m five & six times ) spr+ wat]1 & leave !m to settle2 if ! s(t soap %\ld be ?ick ) any ( ! col\rs pass x ?r\gh a filt]4 ,footnote3 ,! same rem>k applies to ^! sections z to ,no4 #fah & #fai4 #fcc4 ,,oil4 ,mu/>d se$ p\nd$ ) l9se$ oil4 #fcd4 444 outside ! b[l #b f+]s l[] ?an ! level ( ! oil1 & pass x into ! neck ( a bottle & let x /& & ?us all ! oil w sep>ate f ?is milky liquid2 x w ent] ! bottle & be z cle> z cry/al2 & gr9d y\r col\rs ) ?is1 & e co>se or viscid "p w rema9 9 ! liquid4 ,y mu/ "k t all ! oils t h be5 creat$ 9 seads or fruits are q cle> by nature1 & ! yell[ col\r y see 9 !m only comes ( y\r n kn[+ h[ to draw x out4 ,fire or heat by its nature has ! p[] to make !m acquire col\r4 ,see = example ! exudation or gums ( trees :i* p>take ( ! nature ( ros92 9 a %ort "t !y h>d5 because !re is m heat 9 !m ?an 9 oil2 & aft] "s "t !y acquire a c]ta9 yell[ hue t5d+ to black4 ,b oil1 n hav+ s mu* heat does n d s2 al?\gh x h>d5s to "s ext5t into s$im5t x becomes f9]4 ,! *ange 9 oil :i* occurs 9 pa9t+ proce$s f a c]ta9 fungus ( ! nature ( a husk :i* exi/s 9 ! sk9 :i* cov]s ! nut1 & ?is be+ cru%$ along ) ! nuts & be+ ( a nature mu* resembl+ oil mixes ) x2 x is ( s subtle a nature t x comb9es ) all col\rs & !n comes to ! surface1 & ?is x is :i* makes !m *ange4 ,& if y want ! oil to be good & n to ?ick51 put into x a little camphor melt$ ov] a sl[ fire & mix x well ) ! oil & x w nev] h>d54 ,footnote3 ,! same rem>k applies to ^! sections z to ,no4 #fah & #fai4 ,on v>ni%es or p[d]s 7#fce-fcg74 #fce4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,take cypress oil & di/il x & h a l>ge pit*]1 & put 9 ! extract ) s mu* wat] z may make x appe> l amb]1 & cov] x tightly s t none may evaporate4 ,& :5 x is dissolv$ y may add 9 y\r pit*] z mu* ( ! said solution1 z %all make x liquid to y\r ta/e4 ,& y mu/ "k t amb] is ! gum ( ! cypress-tree4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,& s9ce v>ni% p[d] is ! res9 ( junip]1 if y di/il junip] y c dissolve ! said v>ni% p[d] 9 ! ess5ce1 z expla9$ above4 #fcf4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,not* a junip] tree & give x wat] at ! roots1 mix ! liquor :i* exudes ) nut-oil & y w h a p]fect v>ni% p[d]1 made l amb] v>ni% p[d]1 f9e & ( ! be/ quality make x 9 ,may or ,april4 #fcg4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,m]cury ) ,jupit] & ,v5us1--a pa/e made ( ^! mu/ be correct$ by ! m\ld 787 cont9u\sly1 until ,m]cury sep>ates itself entirely f ,jupit] & ,v5us4 ,footnote3 ,"h1 & 9 ,no4 #fda ,m]curio seems to mean quicksilv]1 ,giove /&s = iron1 ,v5]e = copp] & ,saturno = lead4 ,on *emical mat]ials 7#fch-fej74 #fch4 ,note h[ aqua vitae absorbs into itself all ! col\rs & smells ( fl[]s4 ,if y want to make blue put iris fl[]s into x & = r$ solanum b]ries 787 #fci4 ,salt may be made f human excrem5t burnt & calc9$ & made into lees1 & dri$ by a sl[ fire1 & all dung 9 l mann] yields salt1 & ^! salts :5 di/ill$ are v pung5t4 #fdj4 ,sea wat] filt]$ ?r\gh mud or clay1 leaves all its saltness 9 x4 ,wooll5 /uffs plac$ on bo>d %ip absorb fre% wat]4 ,if sea wat] is di/ill$ "u a retort x becomes ( ! fir/ excell5ce & any "o :o has a little /ove 9 8 kit*5 c1 ) ! same wood z he cooks )1 di/il a great quantity ( wat] if ! retort is a l>ge "o4 #fda4 ,,m\ld7874 ,! m\ld 787 may be ( ,v5us1 or ( ,jupit] & ,saturn & plac$ frequ5tly 9 ! fire4 ,& x %\ld be work$ ) f9e em]y & ! m\ld 787 %\ld be ( ,v5us & ,jupit] impa/$ ov] 787 ,v5us4 ,b fir/ y w te/ ,v5us & ,m]cury mix$ ) ,jove1 & take means to cause ,m]cury to disp]se2 & !n fold !m well toge!r s t ,v5us or ,jupit] be connect$ z ?9ly z possible4 ,footnote3 ,see ! note to #fcg4 #fdb4 ,nitre1 vitriol1 c9nab>1 alum1 salt ammoniac1 sublimat$ m]cury1 rock salt1 alcali salt1 common salt1 rock alum1 alum s*i/ 7871 ars5ic1 sublimate1 realg>1 t>t>1 orpim5t1 v]degris4 #fdc4 ,pit* f\r ounces virg9 wax1 f\r ounces inc5se1 two ounces oil ( roses "o ounce4 #fdd4 ,f\r ounces virg9 wax1 f\r ounces ,greek pit*1 two ounces inc5se1 "o ounce oil ( roses1 fir/ melt ! wax & oil !n ! ,greek pit* !n ! o!r ?+s 9 p[d]4 #fde4 ,v ?9 glass may be cut ) scissors & :5 plac$ ov] inlaid "w ( bone1 gilt1 or /a9$ ( o!r col\rs y c saw x ?r\gh toge!r ) ! bone & !n put x toge!r & x w reta9 a lu/re t w n be scrat*$ nor worn away by rubb+ ) ! h&4 #fdf4 ,,to ,,dilute ,,:ite ,,w9e ,,& ,,make ,,x ,,purple4 ,p[d] gall nuts & let ?is /& #h days 9 ! :ite w9e2 & 9 ! same way dissolve vitriol 9 wat]1 & let ! wat] /& & settle v cle>1 & ! w9e likewise1 ea* by itself1 & /ra9 !m well2 & :5 y dilute ! :ite w9e ) ! wat] ! w9e w become r$4 #fdg4 ,put m>casite into aqua =tis & if x turns gre51 "k t x has copp] 9 x4 ,take x out ) saltpetre & s(t soap4 #fdh4 ,a :ite horse may h ! spots remov$ ) ! ,spani% haematite or ) aqua =tis or ) 444 ,removes ! black hair on a :ite horse ) ! s+e+ iron4 ,=ce him to ! gr\nd4 #fdi4 ,,fire4 ,if y want to make a fire :i* w set a hall 9 a blaze )\t injury d ?is3 fir/ p]fume ! hall ) a d5se smoke ( inc5se or "s o!r odorif]\s sub/ance3 ,x is a good trick to play4 ,or boil t5 p\nds ( br&y to evaporate1 b see t ! hall is completely clos$ & ?r[ up "s p[d]$ v>ni% among ! fumes & ?is p[d] w be support$ by ! smoke2 !n g into ! room sudd5ly ) a light$ tor* & at once x w be 9 a blaze4 #fej4 ,,fire4 ,take away t yell[ surface :i* cov]s oranges & di/ill !m 9 an alembic1 until ! di/illation may be said to be p]fect4 ,,fire4 ,close a room tightly & h a brasi] ( brass or iron ) fire 9 x & spr9kle on x two p9ts ( aqua vitae1 a little at a "t1 s t x may be conv]t$ into smoke4 ,!n make "s "o come 9 ) a light & sudd5ly y w see ! room 9 a blaze l a fla% ( lightn+1 & x w d no h>m to any "o4 ,,vii4 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! relation ( art & nature 7#fea4 #feb74 #fea4 ,:at is fair 9 m51 passes away1 b n s 9 art4 #feb4 ,,he ,,:o ,,despises ,,pa9t+ ,,loves ,,nei!r ,,philosophy ,,nor ,,nature4 ,if y condemn pa9t+1 :i* is ! only imitator ( all visible works ( nature1 y w c]ta9ly despise a subtle inv5tion :i* br+s philosophy & subtle speculation to ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( all =ms--seas & pla9s1 trees1 animals1 plants & fl[]s--:i* are surr\nd$ by %ade & light4 ,& ?is is true k & ! legitimate issue ( nature2 = pa9t+ is born ( nature--or1 to speak m correctly1 we w say x is ! gr&*ild ( nature2 = all visible ?+s are produc$ by nature1 & ^! h] *ildr5 h giv5 bir? to pa9t+4 ,h5ce we may ju/ly call x ! gr&*ild ( nature & relat$ to ,god4 ,pa9t+ is sup]ior to poetry 7#fec4 #fed74 #fec4 ,,t ,,pa9t+ ,,surpasses ,,all ,,human ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,subtle ,,consid]ations ,,belong+ ,,to ,,x4 ,! eye1 :i* is call$ ! w9d[ ( ! s\l1 is ! pr9cipal means by :i* ! c5tral s5se c mo/ completely & abundantly appreciate ! inf9ite works ( nature2 & ! e> is ! second1 :i* acquires dignity by he>+ ( ! ?+s ! eye has se54 ,if y1 hi/orians1 or poets1 or ma!maticians _h n se5 ?+s ) y\r eyes y c\ld n report ( !m 9 writ+4 ,& if y1 #j poet1 tell a /ory ) y\r p51 ! pa9t] ) 8 bru% c tell x m easily1 ) simpl] complet5ess & less t$i\s to be und]/ood4 ,& if y call pa9t+ dumb poetry1 ! pa9t] may call poetry bl9d pa9t+4 ,n[ :i* is ! worse defect8 to be bl9d or dumb8 ,?\gh ! poet is z free z ! pa9t] 9 ! inv5tion ( 8 fictions !y are n s satisfactory to m5 z pa9t+s2 =1 ?\gh poetry is able to describe =ms1 actions & places 9 words1 ! pa9t] deals ) ! actual similitude ( ! =ms1 9 ord] to repres5t !m4 ,n[ tell me :i* is ! ne>] to ! actual man3 ! "n ( man or ! image ( ! man4 ,! "n ( man diff]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b 8 =m is nev] *ang$ b by dea?4 #fed4 ,& if ! poet gratifies ! s5se by means ( ! e>1 ! pa9t] does s by ! eye--! wor?i] s5se2 b ,i w say no m ( ?is b t1 if a good pa9t] repres5ts ! fury ( a battle1 & if a poet describes "o1 & !y are bo? toge!r put be=e ! public1 y w see :]e mo/ ( ! spectators w /op1 to :i* !y w pay mo/ att5tion1 on :i* !y w be/[ mo/ praise1 & :i* w satisfy !m be/4 ,und\bt$ly pa9t+ be+ by a long way ! m intelligible & beautiful1 w please mo/4 ,write up ! "n ( ,god ,*ri/ 9 "s spot & setup ,8 image opposite & y w see :i* w be mo/ rev]5c$4 ,pa9t+ compreh5ds 9 itself all ! =ms ( nature1 :ile y h no?+ b words1 :i* are n univ]sal z =m is1 & if y h ! effects ( ! repres5tation1 we h ! repres5tation ( ! effects4 ,take a poet :o describes ! beauty ( a lady to h] lov] & a pa9t] :o repres5ts h] & y w see to :i* nature guides ! enam\r$ critic4 ,c]ta9ly ! pro( %\ld be all[$ to re/ on ! v]dict ( exp]i5ce4 ,y h rank$ pa9t+ among ! me*anical arts b1 9 tru?1 if pa9t]s 7 z apt at prais+ _! own works 9 writ+ z y are1 x w\ld n lie "u ! /igma ( s base a "n4 ,if y call x me*anical because x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 manual1 & t x is ! h& :i* produces :at is to be f\nd 9 ! imag9ation1 y too writ]s1 :o set d[n manually ) ! p5 :at is devis$ 9 y\r m9d4 ,& if y say x is me*anical because x is done = money1 :o falls into ?is error--if error x c be call$--m ?an y8 ,if y lecture 9 ! s*ools d y n g to :oev] pays y mo/8 ,d y d any "w )\t pay8 ,/ill1 ,i d n say ?is z blam+ su* views1 = e =m ( lab\r looks = its rew>d4 ,& if a poet %\ld say3 ,i w inv5t a fiction ) a great purpose1 ! pa9t] c d ! same1 z ,apelles pa9t$ ,calumny4 ,if y 7 to say t poetry is m et]nal1 ,i say ! works ( a copp]smi? are m et]nal /ill1 = "t pres]ves !m long] ?an y\r works or ours2 nev]!less !y h n mu* imag9ation #bi4 ,& a picture1 if pa9t$ on copp] ) enamel col\rs may be yet m p]man5t4 ,we1 by our arts may be call$ ! gr&sons ( ,god4 ,if poetry deals ) moral philosophy1 pa9t+ deals ) natural philosophy4 ,poetry describes ! action ( ! m9d1 pa9t+ consid]s :at ! m9d may effect by ! motions ( ! body4 ,if poetry c t]rify p by hide\s fictions1 pa9t+ c d z mu* by depict+ ! same ?+s 9 action4 ,suppos+ t a poet applies himself to repres5t beauty1 f]ocity1 or a base1 a f\l or a mon/r\s ?+1 z aga9/ a pa9t]1 he may 9 8 ways br+ =? a v>iety ( =ms2 b w ! pa9t] n satisfy m8 are !re n pictures to be se51 s l ! actual ?+s1 t !y deceive m5 & animals8 ,pa9t+ is sup]ior to sculpture 7#fee4 #fef74 #fee4 ,,t ,,sculpture ,,is ,,less ,,intellectual ,,?an ,,pa9t+1 ,,& ,,lacks ,,_m ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,nature4 ,i myself1 hav+ ex]cis$ myself no less 9 sculpture ?an 9 pa9t+ & do+ bo? "o & ! o!r 9 ! same degree1 x seems to me t ,i c1 )\t invidi\sness1 pron\nce an op9ion z to :i* ( ! two is ( ! greate/ m]it & difficulty & p]fection4 ,9 ! fir/ place sculpture requires a c]ta9 light1 t is f above1 a picture c>ries ev]y:]e ) x its own light & %ade4 ,?us sculpture owes its importance to light & %ade1 & ! sculptor is aid$ 9 ?is by ! nature1 ( ! relief :i* is inh]5t 9 x1 :ile ! pa9t] ^: art expresses ! accid5tal aspects ( nature1 places 8 effects 9 ! spots :]e nature mu/ necess>ily produce !m4 ,! sculptor _c div]sify 8 "w by ! v>i\s natural col\rs ( objects2 pa9t+ is n defective 9 any p>ticul>4 ,! sculptor :5 he uses p]spective _c make x 9 any way appe> true2 t ( ! pa9t] c appe> l a hundr$ miles beyond ! picture itself4 ,_! works h no a]ial p]spective :atev]1 !y _c repres5t transp>5t bodies1 !y _c repres5t lum9\s bodies1 nor reflect$ lights1 nor lu/r\s bodies--z mirrors & ! l poli%$ surfaces1 nor mi/s1 nor d>k skies1 nor an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s :i* ne$ n be told = fe> ( t$ium4 ,z reg>ds ! p[] ( resi/+ "t1 ?\gh !y h ?is resi/ance ,footnote #ai3 ,f :at is "h said z to pa9t+ on copp] x is v evid5t t ,leon>do 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 oil on ?9 copp] plates1 introduc$ by ! ,flemi% pa9t]s ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,j4 ,,l]molieff has already po9t$ out t 9 ! v>i\s collections conta9+ pictures by ! great ma/]s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ^? pa9t$ on copp] 7= in/ance ! fam\s read+ ,magdal5 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y7 are ! works ( a mu* lat] date 7see ,zeits*rift fur bild5de ,kun/4 ,vol4 ,x pg4 #ccc1 &3 ,w]ke itali5is*] ,ma/] 9 d5 ,gal]i5 von ,mun*51 ,dresd5 und ,b]l94 ,leipzig #ahhj1 pg4 #aeh & #aei47--;,comp>e ,no4 #fed1 #bi41 a picture pa9t$ on ?ick copp] cov]$ ) :ite enamel on :i* x is pa9t$ ) enamel col\rs & !n put into ! fire aga9 & bak$1 f> exce$s sculpture 9 p]man5ce4 ,x may be said t if a mi/ake is made x is n easy to rem$y x2 x is b a poor argum5t to try to prove t a "w be ! nobl] because ov]sights are irrem$iable2 ,i %\ld r say t x w be m difficult to improve ! m9d ( ! ma/] :o makes su* mi/akes ?an to repair ! "w he has spoilt4 #fef4 ,we "k v well t a really exp]i5c$ & good pa9t] w n make su* mi/akes2 on ! contr>y1 ) s\nd rules he w remove s little at a "t t he w br+ 8 "w to a good issue4 ,aga9 ! sculptor if work+ 9 clay or wax1 c add or r$uce1 & :5 8 model is f9i%$ x c easily be ca/ 9 bronze1 & ?is is ! la/ op]ation & is ! mo/ p]man5t =m ( sculpture4 ,inasmu* z t :i* is m]ely ( m>ble is liable to ru91 b n bronze4 ,h5ce a pa9t+ done on copp] :i* z ,i said ( pa9t+ may be add$ to or alt]$1 resembles sculpture 9 bronze1 :i*1 hav+ fir/ be5 made 9 wax c\ld !n be alt]$ or add$ to2 & if sculpture 9 bronze is durable1 ?is "w 9 copp] & enamel is absolutely imp]i%able4 ,bronze is b d>k & r\gh aft] all1 b ?is latt] is cov]$ ) v>i\s & lovely col\rs 9 inf9ite v>iety1 z has be5 said above2 or if y w h me only speak ( pa9t+ on panel1 ,i am cont5t to pron\nce betwe5 x & sculpture2 say+ t pa9t+ is ! m beautiful & ! m imag9ative & ! m copi\s1 :ile sculpture is ! m durable b x has no?+ else4 ,sculpture %[s ) little lab\r :at 9 pa9t+ appe>s a miracul\s ?+ to d2 to make :at is impalpable appe> palpable1 flat objects appe> 9 relief1 di/ant objects seem close4 ,9 fact pa9t+ is adorn$ ) inf9ite possibilities :i* sculpture _c comm&4 ,aphorisms 7#feg-fei74 #feg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,m5 & words are ready made1 & y1 ,o ,pa9t]1 if y d n "k h[ to make y\r figures move1 are l an orator :o kn[s n h[ to use 8 words4 #feh4 ,z soon z ! poet ceases to repres5t 9 words :at exi/s 9 nature1 he 9 fact ceases to resemble ! pa9t]2 = if ! poet1 leav+ su* repres5tation1 proce$s to describe ! fl[]y & flatt]+ spee* ( ! figure1 :i* he wi%es to make ! speak]1 he !n is an orator & no long] a poet nor a pa9t]4 ,& if he speaks ( ! heav5s he becomes an a/rolog]1 & philosoph]2 & a !ologian1 if he disc\rses ( nature or ,god4 ,b1 if he re/ricts himself to ! description ( objects1 he w\ld ent] ! li/s aga9/ ! pa9t]1 if ) words he c\ld satisfy ! eye z ! pa9t] does4 #fei4 ,?\gh y may be able to tell or write ! exact description ( =ms1 ! pa9t] c s depict !m t !y w appe> alive1 ) ! %ad[ & light :i* %[ ! expression ( a face2 :i* y _c accompli% ) ! p5 ?\gh x c be a*iev$ by ! bru%4 ,on ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 7#ffj4 #ffa74 #ffj4 ,,t ,,pa9t+ ,,decl9es ,,& ,,det]iorates ,,f ,,age ,,to ,,age1 ,,:5 ,,pa9t]s ,,h ,,no ,,o!r ,,/&>d ,,?an ,,pa9t+ ,,already ,,done4 ,h5ce ! pa9t] w produce pictures ( small m]it if he takes = 8 /&>d ! pictures ( o!rs4 ,b if he w /udy f natural objects he w be> good fruit2 z 0 se5 9 ! pa9t]s aft] ! ,romans :o always imitat$ ea* o!r & s _! art con/antly decl9$ f age to age4 ,aft] ^! came ,giotto ! ,flor5t9e :o--n cont5t ) imitat+ ! works ( ,cimabue 8 ma/]--be+ born 9 ! m\nta9s & 9 a solitude inhabit$ only by goats & su* bea/s1 & be+ guid$ by nature to 8 art1 began by draw+ on ! rocks ! movem5ts ( ! goats ( :i* he 0 keep]4 ,& ?us he began to draw all ! animals :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 su* wise t aft] mu* /udy he excell$ n only all ! ma/]s ( 8 "t b all ^? ( _m bygone ages4 ,aft]w>ds ?is art decl9$ aga91 because ev]yone imitat$ ! pictures t 7 already done2 ?us x w5t on f c5tury to c5tury until ,tomaso1 ( ,flor5ce1 nicknam$ ,masaccio1 %[$ by 8 p]fect works h[ ^? :o take = _! /&>d any "o b nature--! mi/ress ( all ma/]s--we>y !mselves 9 va94 ,&1 ,i w\ld say ab\t ^! ma!matical /udies t ^? :o only /udy ! au?orities & n ! works ( nature are desc5dants b n sons ( nature ! mi/ress ( all good au?ors4 ,oh6 h[ great is ! folly ( ^? :o blame ^? :o le>n f nature ,footnote #bb3 lasci&o />e li autori4 ,9 ?is obs]vation we may detect an indirect evid5ce t ,leon>do reg>d$ 8 k ( natural hi/ory z d]iv$ f 8 own inve/igations1 z well z 8 !ories ( p]spective & optics4 ,comp>e :at he says 9 praise ( exp]i5ce 7,vol ,,ii2 ,,xix741 sett+ aside ^? au?orities :o !mselves 7 ! disciples ( nature4 #ffa4 ,t ! fir/ draw+ 0 a simple l9e drawn r\nd ! %ad[ ( a man ca/ by ! sun on a wall4 ,! pa9t]'s scope4 #ffb4 ,! pa9t] /rives & competes ) nature4 ,x4 ,/udies & ,sket*es = ,pictures & ,decorations4 ,an arti/'s manuscript notes c h>dly be expect$ to conta9 any ?+ m ?an incid5tal ref]5ces to ^? ma/]pieces ( 8 "w ( :i* ! fame1 s\nd$ 9 ! writ+s ( 8 contempor>ies1 has left a glori\s e*o to po/]ity4 ,we ne$ n !re=e be surpris$ to f9d t ! texts "h reproduc$ d n af=d u su* compreh5sive in=mation z we c\ld wi%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sket*es & /udies prep>$ by ,leon>do = ! two gr&e/ compositions he ev] execut$3 ,! ,fresco ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! ,refectory ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie at ,milan1 & ! ,c>toon ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i1 = ! ,palazzo della ,signoria at ,flor5ce--h be5 pres]v$2 &1 ?\gh f> f complete1 are s mu* m num]\s ?an ! manuscript notes1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t 9 value & int]e/ !y amply comp5sate = ! meag]ness ( ! writt5 sugge/ions4 ,! notes = ! composition ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 :i* are giv5 "u nos4 #ffe & #fff occur 9 a ,,ms4 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,,ii#b1 writt5 9 ! ye>s #adid-adie4 ,?is ,,ms4 sket* 0 not$ d[n n m ?an ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e ! pa9t+ 0 execut$1 :i* ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t at ! "t :5 x 0 writt5 ! pa9t] _h n made up 8 m9d def9itely ev5 z to ! g5]al s*eme ( ! "w2 & f ?is we may also conclude t ! draw+s ( apo/les' heads at ,w9dsor1 9 r$ *alk1 mu/ be ascrib$ to a lat] date4 ,!y are /udies = ! head ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ! f\r? figure on ,*ri/'s left h&--see ,pl4 ,,xl ,,vii1 ! sket* 79 black *alk7 = ! head ( ,/4 ,philip1 ! ?ird figure on ! left h&--see ,pl4 ,,xl ,,viii1 = ,/4 ,pet]'s "r arm--see ,pl4 ,,xlix1 & = ! expressive head ( ,judas :i* has un=tunately some:at suff]$ by subsequ5t re/oration ( outl9es1--see ,pl4 ,l4 ,accord+ to a tradition1 z unf\nd$ z x is improbable1 ,leon>do made use ( ! head ( ,padre ,b&elli1 ! prior ( ! conv5t1 z ! prototype ( 8 ,judas2 ?is h[ev] has already be5 contradict$ by ,amoretti ,memorie /ori*e cap4 ,,xiv4 ,! /udy ( ! head ( a crim9al on ,pl4 ,,li has1 x seems to me1 a bett] claim to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! prep>atory sket*es = ! head ( ,judas4 ,! ,w9dsor collection conta9s two old copies ( ! head ( ,/4 ,simon1 ! figure to ! extreme left ( ,*ri/1 bo? ( ab\t equal m]it 7!y are m>k$ z ,nos4 #ba & #cf7--! second 0 reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,viii ( ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publication 9 #ahgh4 ,!re is also at ,w9dsor a draw+ 9 black *alk ( fold$ h&s 7m>k$ ) ! old ,no4 #bab2 ,no4 ,,lxi ( ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publication7 :i* ,i believe to be a copy ( ! h&s ( ,/4 ,john1 by "s unkn[n pupil4 ,a reproduction ( ! excell5t draw+s ( heads ( ,apo/les 9 ! possession ( ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ! ,gr& ,du*ess ( ,weim> w\ld h be5 out ( my prov9ce 9 ?is "w1 &1 ) reg>d to !m1 ,i mu/ conf9e myself to po9t+ out t ! diff]5ce 9 /yle does n all[ ( our plac+ ! ,weim> draw+s 9 ! same category z ^? "h reproduc$4 ,! mode ( gr\p+ 9 ! ,weim> draw+s is ( itself suffici5t to indicate t !y 7 n execut$ be=e ! picture 0 pa9t$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 aft]w>ds1 & x is1 on ! face ( x1 incr$ible t s great a ma/] %\ld ?us h copi$ f 8 own "w4 ,! draw+ ( ,*ri/'s head1 9 ! ,br]a palace at ,milan 0 p]haps orig9ally ! "w ( ,leon>do's h&2 x has un=tunately be5 entirely ret\*$ & re-drawn1 s t no decisive op9ion c be =m$ z to its g5u95ess4 ,! r$ *alk draw+ reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,xlvi is 9 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice2 x 0 probably made be=e ! text1 ,nos4 #ffd & #ffe1 0 writt54 ,! two p5 & ink sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xlv seem to belong to an ev5 e>li] date2 ! m f9i%$ draw+ ( ! two1 on ! "r h&1 repres5ts ,*ri/ ) only ,/4 ,john & ,judas & a ?ird disciple ^: action is precisely t describ$ 9 ,no4 #fff1 ,pl4 #d4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ! o!r sket*es on ?is page & ! l9es ( text bel[ ! circle 7conta9+ ! solution ( a geometrical problem7 h no ref]5ce to ! picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,) ?is figure ( ,*ri/ may be comp>$ a simil> p5 & ink draw+ reproduc$ on page #big bel[ on ! left h&2 ! orig9al is 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,on ?is page aga9 ! re/ ( ! sket*es h no direct be>+ on ! composition ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 n ev51 z x seems to me1 ! gr\p ( f\r m5 at ! bottom to ! "r h&--:o are li/5+ to a fif?1 9 _! mid/ address+ !m4 ,moreov] ! writ+ on ?is page 7an explanation ( a disk %ap$ in/rum5t7 is c]ta9ly n 9 ! same /yle z we f9d con/antly us$ by ,leon>do aft] ! ye> #adhi4 ,x may be incid5tally rem>k$ t no sket*es are kn[n = ! portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 nor d ! ,,ms4 notes ev] allude to x1 ?\gh accord+ to ,vas>i ! ma/] _h x 9 h& = fully f\r ye>s4 ,leon>do's c>toon = ! picture ( ! battle ( ,anghi>i has %>$ ! fate ( ! rival "w1 ,mi*aelangelo's ,ba!rs summon$ to ,battle4 ,bo? h be5 lo/ 9 "s :olly inexplicable mann]4 ,i _c "h ent] into ! rem>kable hi/ory ( ?is "w2 ,i c only give an acc\nt ( :at has be5 pres]v$ to u ( ,leon>do's s*eme & prep>ations = execut+ x4 ,! ext5t ( ! mat]ial 9 /udies & draw+s 0 till n[ q unkn[n4 ,_! publication "h may give "s adequate idea ( ! gr&eur ( ?is fam\s "w4 ,! text giv5 z ,no4 #ffi conta9s a description ( ! p>ticul>s ( ! battle1 b = ! reasons giv5 9 ! note to ?is text1 ,i mu/ ab&on ! idea ( tak+ ?is passage z ! basis ( my attempt to recon/ruct ! picture z ! arti/ conceiv$ & execut$ x4 ,i may "h rem9d ! read] t ,leon>do prep>$ ! c>toon 9 ! ,sala del ,papa ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce & work$ !re f ! end ( ,octob] #aejc till ,febru>y #aejd1 & !n 0 busi$ ) ! pa9t+ 9 ! ,sala del ,consiglio 9 ! ,palazzo della ,signoria1 till ! "w 0 int]rupt$ at ! end ( ,may #aejf4 7,see ,milanesi's note to ,vas>i pp4 #dc--de ,vol4 ,,iv ed4 #ahhj47 ,vas>i1 z is well kn[n1 describes only "o sc5e or episode ( ! c>toon--! ,battle = ! ,/&>d 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! composition1 z x w\ld seem2 & ?is only 0 ev] f9i%$ z a mural decoration 9 ! ,sala del ,consiglio4 ,?is portion ( ! composition is famili> to all f ! disfigur$ copy engrav$ by ,edel9ck4 ,m>iette _h already v acutely obs]v$ t ,edel9ck mu/ surely h work$ f a ,flemi% copy ( ! picture4 ,!re is 9 ! ,l\vre a draw+ by ,rub5s 7,no4 #efe7 :i* also repres5ts f\r horsem5 fight+ r\nd a /&>d & :i* agrees ) ,edel9ck's engrav+1 b ! engrav+ rev]ses ! draw+4 ,an e>li] ,flemi% draw+1 su* z may h s]v$ z ! model = bo? ,rub5s & ,edel9ck1 is 9 ! ,uffizi collection 7see ,philpots's ,photograph1 ,no4 #gcb74 ,x seems to be a "w ( ! second half ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 a "t :5 bo? ! picture & ! c>toon _h already be5 de/roy$4 ,x is app>5tly ! production ( a n v skill$ h&4 ,raphael ,tri*et du ,fresne1 #afea1 m5tions t a small picture by ,leon>do himself ( ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d 0 !n extant 9 ! ,tuil]ies2 by ?is he probably means ! pa9t+ on panel :i* is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,madame ,timbal 9 ,p>is1 & :i* has lately be5 engrav$ by ,hauss\lli] z a "w by ,leon>do4 ,! picture1 :i* is v c>efully pa9t$1 seems to me h[ev] to be ! "w ( "s unkn[n ,flor5t9e pa9t]1 & probably execut$ )9 ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,at ! same "t1 x w\ld seem to be a copy n f ,leon>do's c>toon1 b f 8 picture 9 ! ,palazzo della ,signoria2 at any rate ?is little picture1 & ! small ,flemi% draw+ 9 ,flor5ce are ! olde/ f9i%$ copies ( ?is episode 9 ! great composition ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,9 8 ,life ( ,raphael1 ,vas>i tells u t ,raphael copi$ c]ta9 works ( ,leon>do's dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,flor5ce4 ,raphael's fir/ visit to ,flor5ce la/$ f ! middle ( ,octob] #aejd till ,july #aeje1 & he revisit$ x 9 ! summ] ( #aejf4 ,! ha/y sket*1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d & reproduc$ on page #ccg also repres5ts ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d & seems to h be5 made dur+ 8 fir/ /ay1 & !re=e n f ! fresco b f ! c>toon2 =1 on ! same %eet we also f9d1 besides an old man's head drawn 9 ,leon>do's /yle1 "s /udies = ! figure ( ,/4 ,john ! ,m>tyr :i* ,raphael us$ 9 #aeje 9 8 great fresco 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,sev]o at ,p]ugia4 ,( ,leon>do's /udies = ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i ,i mu/ 9 ! fir/ place po9t to five1 on ?ree ( :i*--,pl4 ,,lii #b1 ,pl4 ,,liii1 ,pl4 ,,lvi--we f9d /udies = ! episode ( ! ,/&>d4 ,! /&>d be>]1 :o1 9 ! above nam$ copies is se5 /oop+1 hold+ on to ! /aff across 8 %\ld]1 is imm$iately recognisable z ! left-h& figure 9 ,raphael's sket*1 & we f9d x 9 a simil> attitude 9 ,leon>do's p5 & ink draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,pl4 ,,lii1 #b--! l[] figure to ! "r4 ,x is n difficult to id5tify ! same figure 9 two m complicat$ gr\ps 9 ! p5 & ink draw+s1 n[ 9 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice--,pl4 ,,liii1 & ,pl4 ,,liv--:]e we also f9d "s /udies ( foot soldi]s fight+4 ,on ! %eet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,pl4 ,,lii1 #b--we f9d1 among o!rs1 "o gr\p ( ?ree horses gallop+ =w>ds3 "o horseman is ?r[n & protects himself ) 8 buckl] aga9/ ! lance ?ru/s ( two o!rs on horseback1 :o try to pi]ce him z !y ride pa/4 ,! same action is repeat$1 ) "s v>iation1 9 two sket*es 9 p5 & ink on a ?ird %eet1 9 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice1 ,pl4 ,,lv2 a co9cid5ce :i* sugge/s ! probability ( su* an incid5t hav+ actually be5 repres5t$ on ! c>toon4 ,we are n1 x is true1 9 a position to decl>e ) any c]ta9ty :i* ( ^! ?ree dissimil> sket*es may h be5 ! ne>e/ to ! gr\p f9ally adopt$ 9 execut+ ! c>toon4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to "o ( ! gr\ps ( horsem5 x is possible to det]m9e ) p]fect c]ta9ty n only :i* arrangem5t 0 pref]r$1 b ! position x occupi$ 9 ! composition4 ,! gr\p ( horsem5 on ,pl4 ,,lvii is a draw+ 9 black *alk at ,w9dsor1 :i* is !re attribut$ to ,leon>do1 b :i* appe>s to me to be ! "w ( ,ces>e da ,se/o1 & ! ,comm5datore ,giov4 ,morelli supports me 9 ?is view4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t da ,se/o1 z a pupil ( ,leon>do's1 made ?is draw+ f 8 ma/]'s c>toon1 if we comp>e x ) ! copy made by ,raphael--"h reproduc$1 = j above ! fight+ horseman 9 ,raphael's copy x is possible to detect a horse :i* is se5 f beh9d1 go+ at a sl[] pace1 ) 8 tail fly+ out to ! "r & ! same horse may be se5 9 ! v same attitude c>ry+ a dimly sket*$ rid]1 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,ces>e da ,se/o's draw+4 ,if a v mu* rubb$ draw+ 9 black *alk at ,w9dsor--,pl4 ,,lvi--is1 z x appe>s to be1 ! rev]s$ impression ( an orig9al draw+1 x is n difficult to supplem5t f x ! portions drawn by ,ces>e da ,se/o4 ,nay1 x may prove possible to recon/ruct ! :ole ( ! lo/ c>toon f ! mass ( mat]ials we n[ h at h& :i* we may reg>d z ! nucleus ( ! composition4 ,a l>ge p5 & ink draw+ by ,raphael 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 repres5t+ ?ree horsem5 fight+1 & ano!r1 by ,ces>e da ,se/o1 9 ! ,uffizi1 ( light horsem5 fight+ are a fur!r contribution :i* w help u to recon/ruct x4 ,! sket* reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lv gives a sugge/ive example ( ! way 9 :i* foot-soldi]s may h be5 introduc$ into ! c>toon z fight+ among ! gr\ps ( horsem52 & ,i may "h take ! opportunity ( m5tion+ t1 = reasons :i* x w\ld be out ( place to enl>ge ^u "h1 ,i believe ! two g5u9e draw+s by ,raphael's h& 9 8 ,v5etian sket*-book z x is call$--"o ( a /&>d be>] m>*+ t[>ds ! left1 & "o ( two foot-soldi]s arm$ ) spe>s & fight+ ) a horseman--to be und\bt$ly copies f ! c>toon ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,leon>do's two draw+s1 pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,buda-,pe/h & reproduc$ on pages #cch & #cci are prelim9>y /udies = ! heads ( fight+ w>riors4 ,! two heads drawn 9 black *alk 7pg4 #cch7 & ! "o se5 9 pr(ile1 turn$ to ! left1 drawn 9 r$ *alk 7pg4 #cci71 correspond exactly ) ^? ( two horsem5 9 ! sc5e ( ! fight r\nd ! /&>d z we see !m 9 ,madame ,timbal's picture & 9 ! o!r f9i%$ copies4 ,an old copy ( ! la/ nam$ draw+ by a pupil ( ,leon>do is 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #ahg;b2 #efa;b 7,see ,saggio1 ,tav4 ,,xxii74 ,leon>do us$ to make su* f9i%$ /udies ( heads z ^?1 drawn on deta*$ %eets1 be=e beg9n+ 8 pictures f 8 draw+s--comp>e ! prep>atory /udies = ! fresco ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xlvii & ,pl4 ,l4 ,o!r draw+s ( heads1 all *>act]is$ by ! expression ( vehem5t excitem5t t is appropriate to m5 fight+1 are to be se5 at ,w9dsor 7,no4 #dd7 & at ! ,accademia at ,v5ice 7,,iv1 #ac72 at ! back ( "o ( ! draw+s at ,buda-,pe/h !re is ! bu/ ( a w>rior c>ry+ a spe> on 8 left %\ld]1 hold+ up ! left arm 7,see ,csatakepek a ,,xvi--lk ,szazadbol osszeallitotta ,pvlszky ,k>oly74 ,^! draw+s may h be5 made = o!r portions ( ! c>toon1 ( :i* no copies exi/1 & ?us we are unable to id5tify ^! prep>atory draw+s4 ,f9ally ,i may add t a sket* ( fight+ horse & foot soldi]s1 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,?i]s & publi%$ by ,*>les ,blanc 9 8 ,vies des ,pe9tres c h>dly be accept$ z g5u9e4 ,x is n to be f\nd1 z ,i am in=m$1 among ! late ,presid5t's prop]ty1 & no "o appe>s to "k :]e x n[ is4 ,an attempt$ recon/ruction ( ! ,c>toon1 :i* is n only unsuccessful b p]fectly unf\nd$1 is to be se5 9 ! li?ograph by ,b]g]et1 publi%$ 9 ,*>les ,blanc's ,vies des pe9tres & repr9t$ 9 ,! great ,arti/s4 ,l4 da ,v9ci1 p4 #hj4 ,?is mislead+ pa/iccio may n[ be reject$ )\t hesitation4 ,!re are yet a few orig9al draw+s by ,leon>do :i* might be m5tion$ "h z possibly belong+ to ! c>toon ( ! ,battle2 su* z ! p5 & ink sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxi & on ,pl4 ,,xxxviii1 ,no4 #c1 b we %\ld risk too wide a dep>ture f ! doma9 ( asc]ta9$ fact4 ,) reg>d to ! col\rs & o!r mat]ials us$ by ,leon>do ! read] may be ref]r$ to ! quotations f ! acc\nts = ! picture 9 "q giv5 by ,milanesi 9 8 edition ( ,vas>i 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #dd1 note7 :]e we f9d entries ( a simil> "* to ^? 9 ,leon>do's note books = ! ye> #aeje2 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 #ab 7see ,no4 #fcf74 ,t ,leon>do 0 employ$ 9 design+ decorations & o!r prep>ations = high fe/ivals1 p>ticul>ly = ! c\rt ( ,milan1 we le>n n only f ! writ+s ( 8 contempor>ies b f 8 own incid5tal allusions2 = in/ance 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 l#e;b 7#a71 l4 #i4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! texts ref]r+ to ?is ,i h plac$ ^? fir/1 9 :i* hi/orical p]sonages are nam$--,nos4 #fgj-fgd4 ,among ! descriptions ( ,allegorical subjects two texts lately f\nd at ,ox=d h be5 includ$1 ,nos4 #fgf & #fgg4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because !y are accompani$ by l>ge sket*es :i* r5d] ! mean+ ( ! texts p]fectly cle>4 ,x is v intelligible t 9 o!r cases1 :]e !re are no illu/rative sket*es1 ! notes mu/ necess>ily rema9 obscure or admit ( v>i\s int]pretations4 ,! lit]ature ( ! "t af=ds ample evid5ce ( ! use ( su* allegorical repres5tations1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! ,c>nival & 9 ,leon>do's notes we f9d ! ,c>nival expressly m5tion$--,nos4 #fhe & #gjd4 ,vas>i 9 8 ,life ( ,pontormo1 p>ticul>ly describes t arti/'s v>i\s und]tak+s = ,c>nival fe/ivities4 ,^! v graphic descriptions appe> to me to ?r[ great light 9 m ways ?an "o on ! mean+ ( ,leon>do's v>i\s notes z to allegorical repres5tations & also on mottoes & emblems--,nos4 #fha-gjb4 ,9 pass+ judgm5t on ! allegorical sket*es & emblems x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ev5 z pictures !y 7 always accompani$ by explanations 9 words4 ,sev]al f9i%$ draw+s ( allegorical compositions or figures h be5 pres]v$1 b z !y h no correspond+ explanation 9 ! ,,mss4 !y _h no claim to be reproduc$ "h4 ,! female figure on ,pl4 ,,xxvi may p]haps be reg>d$ z a /udy = su* an allegorical pa9t+1 ( :i* ! purport w\ld h be5 expla9$ by an inscription4 ,on ,madonna pictures4 #ffc4 ,9 ! autumn ( #adgh ,i began ! two ,madonna pictures4 ,footnote3 ,photographs ( ?is page h be5 publi%$ by ,,braun1 ,no4 #dci1 & ,,philpot1 ,no4 #gah4 #a4 ,incom9ciai4 ,we h no o!r in=mation z to ! two pictures ( ! ,madonna "h spok5 (4 ,z ,leon>do "h tells u t he _h begun two ,madonnas at ! same "t1 ! ^w 'incom9ciai' may be und]/ood to mean t he _h begun at ! same "t prep>atory /udies = two pictures to be pa9t$ lat]4 ,if ?is is s1 ! non-exi/5ce ( ! pictures may be expla9$ by suppos+ t !y 7 only plann$ & nev] execut$4 ,i may "h m5tion a few /udies = pictures ( ! ,madonna :i* probably belong to ?is e>ly "t2 p>ticul>ly a draw+ 9 silv]-po9t on blui% t9t$ pap] at ,w9dsor--see ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #c--1 a draw+ ( :i* ! details h almo/ disappe>$ 9 ! orig9al b h be5 r5d]$ q di/9ct 9 ! reproduction2 secondly a slight p5 & ink sket* 91 ! ,codex ,,vall>di1 9 ! ,l\vre1 fol4 #fd1 ,no4 #bcaf2 aga9 a silv] po9t draw+ ( a ,virg9 & *ild drawn ov] aga9 ) ! p5 9 ! ,8 de la ,salle collection also 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,no4 #aja4 7,see ,vicomte ,,bo? ,,de ,,tauzia1 ,notice des dess9s de la collection ,8 de la ,salle1 exposes au ,l\vre4 ,p>is #ahha1 pp4 #hj1 #ha47 ,?is draw+ is1 x is true1 traditionally ascrib$ to ,raphael1 b ! au?or ( ! catalogue v ju/ly po9ts out its great resemblance ) ! sket*es = ,madonnas 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* are indisputably ,leon>do's4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,,h5ry ,,wallis 9 ! ,art ,j\rnal1 ,new ,s]4 ,no4 #ad1 ,feb4 #ahhb4 ,if ! non-exi/5ce ( ! two pictures "h allud$ to ju/ifies my hypo!sis t only /udies = su* pictures are meant by ! text1 x may also be suppos$ t ! draw+s 7 made = "s comrade 9 ,,v]roc*io',s ateli]4 7,see ,,vas>i1 ,sansoni's ed4 ,flor5ce #ahhj4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #efd73 ,e p]*e a ,l]5zo piaceva fuor di modo la mani]a di ,lion>do1 la seppe cosi b5e imit>e1 *e niuno fu *e nella pulitezza e nel f9ir l'op]e con dilig5za l'imitasse pi di lui4 ,leon>do's notes give me no opportunity ( discuss+ ! pictures execut$ by him 9 ,flor5ce1 be=e he mov$ to ,milan4 ,s ! /udies = ! unf9i%$ picture ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi--9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce--_c be describ$ "h1 nor w\ld any discussion ab\t ! picture 9 ! ,l\vre ,la ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s be appropriate 9 ! abs5ce ( all allusion to x 9 ! ,,mss4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,i pres5tly add a few rem>ks on ?is pa9t+ 9 explanation ( ! ,ma/]'s draw+s = x1 x w be n m]ely ) a view to facilitate critical rese>*es ab\t ! picture n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 :i* by "s critics has be5 pron\nc$ to be a replica ( ! ,l\vre picture1 b also because ,i take ?is opportunity ( publi%+ sev]al f9i%$ /udies ( ! ,ma/]'s :i*1 ev5 if !y 7 n made 9 ,flor5ce b lat] 9 ,milan1 mu/ h be5 prior to ! pa9t+ ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,! orig9al picture 9 ,p>is is at pres5t s disfigur$ by du/ & v>ni% t ! curr5t reproductions 9 photography actually give evid5ce m ( ! injuries to :i* ! picture has be5 expos$ ?an ( ! orig9al "w itself4 ,! wood-cut giv5 on p4 #cdd1 is only int5d$ to give a g5]al notion ( ! composition4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! outl9e & expression ( ! heads1 :i* 9 ! picture is obscur$ b n de/roy$1 is "h altoge!r miss$4 ,! facsimiles :i* foll[ are f draw+s :i* appe> to me to be /udies = ,la ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s4 #a4 ,a draw+ 9 silv] po9t on br[n ton$ pap] ( a woman's head look+ to ! left4 ,9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,tur91 app>5tly a /udy f nature = ! ,angel's head 7,pl4 ,,xlii74 #b4 ,a /udy ( drap]y = ! left leg ( ! same figure1 done ) ! bru%1 ,indian ink on gre5i% pap]1 ! lights height5$ ) :ite4 ,! orig9al is at ,w9dsor1 ,no4 #bbc4 ,! reproduction ,pl4 ,,xliii is defective 9 ! %ad[ on ! upp] "p ( ! ?igh1 :i* is n s deep z 9 ! orig9al2 x %\ld also be obs]v$ t ! folds ( ! drap]y ne> ! hips are some:at alt]$ 9 ! f9i%$ "w 9 ! ,l\vre1 :ile ! ,london copy %[s a great] resemblance to ?is /udy 9 t p>ticul>4 #c4 ,a /udy 9 r$ *alk = ! bu/ ( ! ,infant ,*ri/--,no4 #c 9 ! ,w9dsor collection 7,pl4 ,,xliv74 ,! well-kn[n silv]-po9t draw+ on pale gre5 pap]1 9 ! ,l\vre1 ( a boy's head 7,no4 #cfc 9 ,,reiset1 ,notice des dess9s1 ,ecoles d',italie7 seems to me to be a slightly alt]$ copy1 ei!r f ! orig9al picture or f ?is r$ *alk /udy4 #d4 ,a silv]-po9t /udy on gre5i% pap]1 = ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 reproduc$ on p4 #cdb4 ,?is 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,codex ,vall>di & is n[ exhibit$ among ! draw+s 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! lights are1 9 ! orig9al1 height5$ ) :ite2 ! outl9es1 p>ticul>ly r\nd ! head & e>1 are visibly re/or$4 ,!re is a /udy ( an out/ret*$ h&--,no4 #bhh 9 ! ,w9dsor collection--:i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publication1 #ahgh1 simply "u ! title (3 ,no4 #gb ,/udy ( a h&1 po9t+ :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i reg>d z a copy by a pupil4 ,! action occurs 9 ! kneel+ angel ( ! ,p>is picture & n 9 ! ,london copy4 ,^! f\r g5u9e /udies =m1 ,i believe1 a valuable sub/itute 9 ! abs5ce ( any ,,ms4 notes ref]r+ to ! celebrat$ ,p>is picture4 ,b]n>do di ,b&9o's ,portrait4 #ffd4 ,a tan-col\r$ small cap1 ,a d\blet ( black s]ge1 ,a black j]k9 l9$ ,a blue coat l9$1 ) fur ( foxes' brea/s1 & ! coll> ( ! j]k9 cov]$ ) black & :ite /ippl$ velvet ,b]n>do di ,b&9o ,b>oncelli2 black hose4 ,footnote3 ,^! elev5 l9es ( text are by ! side ( ! p5 & ink draw+ ( a man hang$--,pl4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 #a4 ,?is draw+ 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahgi at ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts 9 ,p>is & ! compil]s ( ! catalogue amus$ !mselves by giv+ ! victim's "n z foll[s3 ,un p5du1 vetu d'une longue robe1 les ma9s lies sur le dos 444 ,b]n>do di ,b5d9o ,b>ontigni1 m>*& de pantalons 7see ,catalogue descriptif des ,dess9s de ,mailres anci5s exposes a l',ecole des ,beaux ,arts1 ,p>is #ahgi2 ,no4 #hc1 pp4 #i-aj74 ,n[1 ! crim9al repres5t$ "h1 is none o!r ?an ,b]n>d9o di ,b&9o ,b>oncelli ! murd]] ( ,giuliano de',m$ici1 ^: "n z a coadjutor 9 ! conspiracy ( ! ,pazzi has ga9$ a melan*oly notoriety by ! trag$y ( ! #bf? ,april #adgh4 ,b]n>do 0 desc5d$ f an anci5t family & ! son ( ! man :o1 "u ,k+ ,f]rante1 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice 9 ,naples4 ,8 ru9$ =tunes1 x w\ld seem1 induc$ him to jo9 ! ,pazzi2 he & ,francesco ,pazzi 7 entru/$ ) ! task ( murd]+ ,giuliano de',m$ici on ! fix$ day4 ,_! victim n appe>+ 9 ! ca!dral at ! h\r :5 !y expect$ him1 ! two conspirators ran to ! palace ( ! ,m$ici & induc$ him to accompany !m4 ,giuliano !n took 8 place 9 ! *ancel ( ! ,ca!dral1 & z ! (ficiat+ prie/ rais$ ! ,ho/--! sign agre$ ^u--,b]n>do /abb$ ! unsuspect+ ,giuliano 9 ! brea/ ) a %ort sword2 ,giuliano /epp$ backw>ds & fell dead4 ,! attempt on ,lor5zo's life h[ev]1 by ! o!r conspirators at ! same mom5t1 fail$ ( success4 ,b]n>do no soon] saw t ,lor5zo tri$ to make 8 escape t[>ds ! sacri/y1 ?an he ru%$ ^u him1 & /ruck d[n ,francesco ,nori :o endeav\r$ to protect ,lor5zo4 ,h[ ,lor5zo !n took refuge beh9d ! braz5 doors ( ! sacri/y1 & h[1 z soon z ,giuliano's dea? 0 made kn[n1 ! fur!r plans ( ! conspirators 7 defeat$1 :ile a t]rible v5geance ov]took all ! p]petrators & accomplices1 ?is is no place to tell4 ,b]n>do ,b&9i alone seem$ to be fav\r$ by =tune2 he hid fir/ 9 ! t[] ( ! ,ca!dral1 & !n escap$ undiscov]$ f ,flor5ce4 ,poliziano1 :o 0 ) ,lor5zo 9 ! ,ca!dral1 says 9 8 ',conjurationis ,pactianae ,comm5t>ium'3 ,b&9us fugitans 9 ,tiph]natem incidit1 a quo 9 aciem receptus ,s5as p]v5it4 ,& ,g9o ,capponi 9 summ+ up ! reports ( ! num]\s contempor>y n>rators ( ! ev5t1 says3 ,b]n>do ,b&9i ricov]ato 9 ,co/ant9opoli1 fu p] ord9e del ,sultano preso e consegnato a un ,antonio di ,b]n>d9o dei ,m$ici1 *e ,lor5zo aveva m&ato appo/a 9 ,tur*ia3 cos era gr&e la pot5za di que/' uomo e gr&e la voglia di f>ne mo/ra e *e non re/asse 9 vita *i aveagli ucciso il fratello1 fu egli applicato app5a giunto 7,/oria della ,republica di ,fir5ze ,,ii1 #cgg1 #cgh74 ,details ab\t ! dates may be f\nd 9 ! ,*roni*etta di ,belfr$ello ,/r9ati ,alfi]i3 ,b]n>do di ,b&9o ,b&9i sopradetto ne v5ne preso da ,go/ant9opoti a d #ad4 ,dicembre #adgi e disam9ato1 *e fu al ,b>gello1 fu impiccato alle f9e/re di detto ,b>gello allato alla ,doana a d #bi4 ,dicembre ,,mcccclxxix *e po*i d /ette4 ,x may h[ev] be m5tion$ ) ref]5ce to ! mode ( writ+ ! "n ( ! assass9 t1 ?\gh mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies wrote ,b]n>do ,b&9i1 9 ! ,breve ,*ronicon ,c>oli ,petri de ,joann9is he is call$ ,b]n>do di ,b&9i ,b>oncelli2 &1 9 ! ,s5t5tiae ,dom9i ,mat?aei de ,toscana1 ,b]n>dus ,joannis ,b&9i de ,b>oncellis1 z is writt5 on ,leon>do's draw+ ( him :5 hang$4 ,n[ ,,vas>i1 9 ! life ( ,&rea del ,ca/agno 7,vol4 ,,ii1 #fhj2 ed4 ,milanesi #ahgh71 tells u t 9 #adgh ?is pa9t] 0 commission$ by ord] ( ! ,signoria to repres5t ! memb]s ( ! ,pazzi conspiracy z traitors1 on ! facade ( ! ,palazzo del ,pode/--! ,b>gello4 ,?is /atem5t is obvi\sly f\nd$ on a mi/ake1 = ,&rea del ,ca/agno 0 already dead 9 #adeg4 ,he _h h[ev] be5 commission$ to pa9t ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi1 :5 decl>$ a rebel & exil$ 9 #adcd1 & 8 adh]5ts1 z hang+ head d[nw>ds2 & 9 consequ5ce he _h acquir$ ! nickname ( ,&rea degl' ,impiccati4 ,on ! #ba/ ,july #adgh ! ,c\ncil ( ,eight came to ! foll[+ resolution3 item s]vatis etc4 delib]av]unt et santiav]unt ,s&ro ,botticelli pro ejus labore 9 p+5do proditores flor4 quadrag9ta l>gos 7see ,g4 ,,milanesi1 ,ar*4 />4 ,,vi 7#ahfb7 p4 #e note47 ,z has be5 told1 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 0 murd]$ on ! #bf? ,april #adgh1 & we see by ?is t only ?ree mon?s lat] ,botticelli 0 paid = 8 pa9t+ ( ! proditores4 ,we c h[ev] h>dly suppose t all ! memb]s ( ! conspiracy 7 depict$ by him 9 fresco on ! facade ( ! palace1 s9ce no few] ?an eighty _h be5 condemn$ to dea?4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ :e!r1 besides ,botticelli1 any o!r pa9t]s1 p]haps ,leon>do1 0 commission$1 :5 ! crim9als _h be5 hang$ 9 p]son out ( ! w9d[s ( ! ,palazzo del ,pode/ to repres5t !m !re aft]w>ds 9 effigy 9 memory ( _! disgrace4 ,nor d we "k :e!r ! assass9 :o _h escap$ may at fir/ n h be5 provisionally repres5t$ z hang$ 9 effigy4 ,n[1 :5 we try to connect ! hi/orical facts ) ?is draw+ by ,leon>do reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 ,i1 & ! full description ( ! conspirator's dress & its col\r on ! same %eet1 !re seems to be no reasonable d\bt t ,b]n>do ,b&9i is "h repres5t$ z he 0 actually hang$ on ,decemb] #bi?1 #adgi1 aft] 8 capture at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! dress is c]ta9ly n t 9 :i* he committ$ ! murd]4 ,a long furr$ coat might v well be worn at ,con/ant9ople or at ,flor5ce 9 ,decemb]1 b h>dly 9 ,april4 ,! d\bt rema9s :e!r ,leon>do describ$ ,b]n>do's dress s fully because x /ruck him z rem>kable1 or :e!r we may n r suppose t ?is sket* 0 actually made f nature ) ! int5tion ( us+ x z a /udy = a wall pa9t+ to be execut$4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! draw+ has all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 made = ?is purpose4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! sket* "u discussion proves1 at any rate1 t ,leon>do 0 9 ,flor5ce 9 ,decemb] #adgi1 & ! note t accompanies x is valuable z add+ "o m *>act]i/ic specim5 to ! v small numb] ( 8 ,,mss4 t c be prov$ to h be5 writt5 betwe5 #adgj & #adhj4 ,notes on ! ,la/ ,supp] 7#ffe-ffh74 #ffe4 ,"o :o 0 dr9k+ & has left ! glass 9 its position & turn$ 8 head t[>ds ! speak]4 ,ano!r1 twi/+ ! f+]s ( 8 h&s toge!r turns ) /]n br[s to 8 companion #f4 ,ano!r ) 8 h&s spread op5 %[s ! palms1 & %rugs 8 %\ld]s up 8 e>s mak+ a m\? ( a/oni%m5t #h4 #i ,ano!r speaks into 8 neighb\r's e> & he1 z he li/5s to him1 turns t[>ds him to l5d an e> #aj1 :ile he holds a knife 9 "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r ! loaf half cut ?r\gh by ! knife4 #ac ,ano!r :o has turn$1 hold+ a knife 9 8 h&1 upsets ) 8 h& a glass on ! table #ad4 ,footnote #ffe1 #fff3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 !re is no sket* to accompany ^! passages1 & if we comp>e !m ) ^? draw+s made by ,leon>do 9 prep>ation = ! composition ( ! picture--,pl4 ,,xlv1 ,,xlvi--1 7comp>e also ,pl4 ,,lii1 #a & ! draw+s on p4 #big7 x is impossible to recognise 9 !m a fai?ful int]pretation ( ! :ole ( ?is text2 b1 if we comp>e ^! passages ) ! f9i%$ picture 7see p4 #ccd7 we %all see t 9 _m places !y co9cide4 ,= in/ance1 comp>e ,no4 #ffe1 #a4 #f--h1 ) ! f\r? figure on ! "r h& ( ,*ri/4 ,! v>i\s actions describ$ 9 l9es #i--aj1 #ac--ad are to be se5 9 ! gr\p ( ,pet]1 ,john & ,judas2 9 ! f9i%$ picture h[ev] x is n a glass b a salt cell> t ,judas is upsett+4 #fff4 ,ano!r lays 8 h& on ! table & is look+4 ,ano!r bl[s 8 m\?ful4 #c ,ano!r leans =w>d to see ! speak] %ad+ 8 eyes ) 8 h&4 #e ,ano!r draws back beh9d ! "o :o leans =w>d1 & sees ! speak] betwe5 ! wall & ! man :o is lean+ ,footnote3 #f4 *9ato4 ,i h to express my regret = hav+ misread ?is ^w1 writt5 c9ato 9 ! orig9al1 & hav+ alt]$ x to ciclo :5 ,i fir/ publi%$ ?is text1 9 ',! ,academy' = ,nov4 #h1 #ahgi imm$iately aft] ,i _h discov]$ x1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! small biography ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,great ,arti/s7 p4 #bi44 ,footnote3 ,9 ,no4 #fff4 ,l9e ,i mu/ ref] to ! fur!/ figure on ! left2 #c1 #e & #f describe actions :i* are giv5 to ! gr\p ( disciples on ! left h& ( ,*ri/4 #ffg4 ,,*ri/4 ,c\nt ,giovanni1 ! "o ) ! ,c>d9al ( ,mort>o4 ,footnote3 ,z ?is note is 9 ! same small ,manuscript z ! passage "h imm$iately prec$+ x1 ,i may be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ,leon>do meant to use ! features ( ! p]son "h nam$ z a suitable model = ! figure ( ,*ri/4 ,! celebrat$ draw+ ( ! head ( ,*ri/1 n[ hang+ 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at ,milan1 has obvi\sly be5 s mu* re/or$ t x is n[ impossible to say1 :e!r x 0 ev] g5u9e4 ,we h only to comp>e x ) ! und\bt$ly g5u9e draw+s ( heads ( ! disciples 9 ,,pi4 ,,xlvii1 ,,xlviii & ,l1 to admit t n a s+le l9e ( ! ,milan draw+ 9 its pres5t /ate c be by ! same h&4 #ffh4 ,philip1 ,simon1 ,mat!w1 ,?omas1 ,james ! ,great]1 ,pet]1 ,philip1 ,&rew1 ,b>?olomew4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,xlvi4 ,! names ( ! disciples are giv5 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are writt5 9 ! orig9al1 f "r to left1 above ea* head4 ,! orig9al draw+ is "h slightly r$uc$ 9 scale2 x measures #ci c5timetres 9 l5g? by #bf 9 bread?4 #ffi4 ,on ! battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,flor5t9e ,n]i di ,g9o ,capponi ,b]n>detto de' ,m$ici ,mi*eletto1 ,niccolo da ,pisa ,conte ,francesco ,pietro ,gian ,paolo ,guelfo ,ors9o1 ,mess] ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi ,beg9 ) ! address ( ,niccolo ,picc99o to ! soldi]s & ! bani%$ ,flor5t9es among :om are ,mess] ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi & o!r ,flor5t9es4 ,!n let x be %[n h[ he fir/ m\nt$ on horseback 9 arm\r2 & ! :ole army came aft] him--#dj squadrons ( cavalry1 & #bjjj foot soldi]s w5t ) him4 ,v e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! ,patri>* w5t up a hill to reconnoitre ! c\ntry1 t is ! hills1 fields & ! valley wat]$ by a riv]2 & f !nce he beheld ,niccolo ,pic99o com+ f ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro ) 8 p1 & ) a great du/2 & p]ceiv+ !m he return$ to ! camp ( 8 own p & address$ !m4 ,hav+ spok5 he pray$ to ,god ) clasp$ h&s1 :5 !re appe>$ a cl\d 9 :i* ,sa9t ,pet] appe>$ & spoke to ! ,patri>*4--#ejj cavalry 7 s5t =w>d by ! ,patri>* to h9d] or *eck ! ru% ( ! enemy4 ,9 ! =emo/ troop ,francesco ! son ( ,niccolo ,picc99o #bd 0 ! fir/ to attack ! bridge :i* 0 held by ! ,patri>* & ! ,flor5t9es4 ,beyond ! bridge to 8 left he s5t =w>d "s infantry to engage ours1 :o drove !m back1 among :om 0 _! capta9 ,mi*eletto #bi ^: lot x 0 to be t day at ! head ( ! army4 ,"h1 at ?is bridge !re is a sev]e /ruggle2 our m5 conqu] & ! enemy is repuls$4 ,"h ,guido & ,a/orre1 8 bro!r1 ! ,"l ( ,fa5za ) a great numb] ( m51 re-=m$ & r5ew$ ! fight1 & ru%$ ^u ! ,flor5t9es ) su* =ce t !y recov]$ ! bridge & pu%$ =w>d z f> z ! t5ts4 ,b ,simonetto advanc$ ) #fjj horse1 & fell ^u ! enemy & drove !m back once m f ! place1 & recaptur$ ! bridge2 & beh9d him came m m5 ) #bjjj horse soldi]s4 ,& ?us = a long "t !y f\ght ) v>y+ =tune4 ,b !n ! ,patri>*1 9 ord] to div]t ! enemy1 s5t =w>d ,niccolo da ,pisa #dd & ,napoleone ,ors9o1 a be>dless lad1 foll[$ by a great multitude ( m51 & !n 0 done ano!r great feat ( arms4 ,at ! same "t ,niccolo ,picc99o urg$ =w>d ! remnant ( 8 m51 :o once m made ours give way2 & if x _h n be5 t ! ,patri>* set himself at _! head &1 by 8 words & de$s controll$ ! capta9s1 our soldi]s w\ld h tak5 to flight4 ,! ,patri>* _h "s artill]y plac$ on ! hill & ) ^! he disp]s$ ! enemy's infantry2 & ! disord] 0 s complete t ,niccolo began to call back 8 son & all 8 m51 & !y took to flight t[>ds ,borgo4 ,& !n began a great slaught] ( m52 none escap$ b ! =emo/ ( ^? :o _h fl$ or :o hid !mselves4 ,! battle cont9u$ until sunset1 :5 ! ,patri>* gave 8 m9d to recall+ 8 m5 & bury+ ! dead1 & aft]w>ds a trophy 0 erect$4 ,footnote3 #ffi4 ,?is passage does n seem to me to be 9 ,leon>do's h&1 ?\gh x has hi!rto be5 g5]ally accept$ z g5u9e4 ,n only is ! writ+ unlike 81 b ! spell+ also is q diff]5t4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ?is passage is a description ( ! ev5ts ( ! battle drawn up = ! ,pa9t] by ord] ( ! ,signoria1 p]haps by "s hi/orian commission$ by !m1 to s]ve z a s*eme or programme ( ! "w4 ,! :ole t5or ( ! /yle seems to me to argue 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory2 & besides1 x w\ld be 9 no way surpris+ t su* a docum5t %\ld h be5 pres]v$ among ,leon>do's autographs4 ,allegorical repres5tations ref]r+ to ! duke ( ,milan 7#fgj-fgc74 #fgj4 ,erm9e ) blood ,galeazzo1 betwe5 calm wea!r & a repres5tation ( a tempe/4 ,footnote3 #fgj4 ,only ! beg9n+ ( ?is text is legible2 ! writ+ is mu* effac$ & ! s5se is consequ5tly obscure4 ,x seems to ref] l ! foll[+ passage to an allegorical picture4 #fga4 ,il ,moro ) spectacles1 & ,envy depict$ ) ,false ,report & ,ju/ice black = il ,moro4 ,lab\r z hav+ a bran* ( v9e or a screw 9 h] h&4 #fgb4 ,il ,moro z repres5t+ ,good ,=tune1 ) hair1 & robes1 & 8 h&s 9 front1 & ,mess] ,gualti]i tak+ him by ! robes ) a respectful air f bel[1 hav+ come 9 f ! front #e4 ,aga91 ,pov]ty 9 a hide\s =m runn+ beh9d a y\?4 ,il ,moro cov]s him ) ! skirt ( 8 robe1 & ) 8 gilt sceptre he ?reat5s ! mon/]4 ,a plant ) its roots 9 ! air to repres5t "o :o is at 8 la/2--a robe & ,fav\r4 ,( tricks or ( magpies & ( burlesque poems or ( />l+s4 ,^? :o tru/ !mselves to live ne> him1 & :o w be a l>ge cr[d1 ^! %all all die cruel dea?s2 & fa!rs & mo!rs toge!r ) _! families w be dev\r$ & kill$ by cruel creatures4 ,footnote3 #a--aj h already be5 publi%$ by ,amoretti 9 ,memorie ,/ori*e cap4 ,,xii4 ,he adds ?is note ) reg>d to ,gualti]i3 ,a que/o ,m4 ,gualti]i come ad uomo g5]oso e b5efico scrive il ,bell9cioni un ,sonetto 7pag1 #agd7 p] *i$]gli un piac]e2 e 'l ,tantio r5d5do ragione a ,lodovico il ,moro1 p]*e pubblicasse le ,rime del ,bell9cioni2 ci hammi impo/o1 gli dice3 l'humano fidele1 prud5te e sollicito executore delli tuoi com&am5ti ,gualt]o1 *e fa 9 tutte le cose ove tu possi f> utile1 ogni /udio vi metti4 ,a some:at my/]i\s & evid5tly allegorical composition--a p5 & ink draw+--at ,w9dsor1 see ,,pl ,,lviii1 conta9s a gr\p ( figures 9 :i* p]haps ! idea is work$ out :i* is spok5 ( 9 ! text1 l9es #a-e4 #fgc4 ,he 0 black] ?an a hornet1 8 eyes 7 z r$ z a burn+ fire & he rode on a tall horse six spans across & m ?an #bj long ) six giants ti$ up to 8 saddle-b[ & "o 9 8 h& :i* he gnaw$ ) 8 tee?4 ,& beh9d him came bo>s ) tusks /ick+ out ( _! m\?s1 p]haps t5 spans4 ,allegorical repres5tations 7#fgd--fgh74 #fgd4 ,above ! helmet place a half globe1 :i* is to signify our hemisph]e1 9 ! =m ( a _w2 on :i* let !re be a peacock1 ri*ly decorat$1 & ) 8 tail spread ov] ! gr\p2 & e ornam5t belong+ to ! horse %\ld be ( peacock's fea!rs on a gold gr\nd1 to signify ! beauty :i* comes ( ! grace be/[$ on him :o is a good s]vant4 ,on ! %ield a l>ge mirror to signify t he :o truly desires fav\r mu/ be mirror$ 9 8 virtues4 ,on ! opposite side w be repres5t$ ,=titude1 9 l mann] 9 h] place ) h] pill> 9 h] h&1 rob$ 9 :ite1 to signify 444 ,& all cr[n$2 & ,prud5ce ) #c eyes4 ,! h\s+ ( ! horse %\ld be ( pla9 clo? ( gold closely spr9kl$ ) peacock's eyes1 & ?is holds good = all ! h\s+s ( ! horse1 & ! man's dress4 ,& ! man's cre/ & 8 neck-*a9 are ( peacock's fea!rs on gold5 gr\nd4 ,on ! left side w be a :eel1 ! c5tre ( :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! horse's h9d] ?igh piece1 & 9 ! c5tre ,prud5ce is se5 rob$ 9 r$1 ,*>ity sitt+ 9 a fi]y *>iot & ) a bran* ( laurel 9 h] h&1 to signify ! hope :i* comes ( good s]vice4 #ba ,mess] ,antonio ,grimani ( ,v5ice companion ( ,antonio ,m>ia #bc4 ,footnote3 ,mess] ,antonio ,gri4 ,8 "n ?us abbreviat$ is1 !re c be no d\bt1 ,grimani4 ,antonio ,grimani 0 ! fam\s ,doge :o 9 #adii comm&$ ! ,v5etian fleet 9 battle aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,b aft] ! abortive conclusion ( ! exp$ition--,ludovico be+ ! ally ( ! ,turks :o took possession ( ,friuli--1 ,grimani 0 driv5 into exile2 he w5t to live at ,rome ) 8 son ,c>d9al ,dom5ico ,grimani4 ,on be+ recall$ to ,v5ice he fill$ ! (fice ( ,doge f #aeba to #aebc4 ,antonio ,m>ia probably means ,antonio ,m>ia ,grimani1 ! ,patri>* ( ,aquileia4 #fge4 ,fame %\ld be depict$ z cov]$ all ov] ) tongues in/ead ( fea!rs1 & 9 ! figure ( a bird4 #fgf4 ,pleasure & ,pa9 repres5t z tw9s1 s9ce !re nev] is "o )\t ! o!r2 & z if !y 7 unit$ back to back1 s9ce !y are contr>y to ea* o!r4 #f ,clay1 gold4 ,footnote3 #g4 oro4 fango3 gold1 clay4 ,^! words /& bel[ ! allegorical figure4 ,if y take ,pleasure "k t he has beh9d him "o :o w deal y ,tribulation & ,rep5tance4 #i ,?is repres5ts ,pleasure toge!r ) ,pa91 & %[ !m z tw9s because "o is nev] ap>t f ! o!r4 ,!y are back to back because !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r2 & !y exi/ z contr>ies 9 ! same body1 because !y h ! same basis1 inasmu* z ! orig9 ( pleasure is lab\r & pa91 & ! v>i\s =ms ( evil pleasure are ! orig9 ( pa94 ,!re=e x is "h repres5t$ ) a re$ 9 8 "r h& :i* is useless & )\t /r5g?1 & ! w\nds x inflicts are poison$4 ,9 ,tuscany !y are put to support b$s1 to signify t x is "h t va9 dreams come1 & "h a great "p ( life is consum$4 ,x is "h t mu* preci\s "t is wa/$1 t is1 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! m9d is compos$ & re/$1 & ! body is made fit to beg9 new lab\rs2 !re aga9 _m va9 pleasures are enjoy$2 bo? by ! m9d 9 imag9+ impossible ?+s1 & by ! body 9 tak+ ^? pleasures t are (t5 ! cause ( ! fail+ ( life4 ,& = ^! reasons ! re$ is held z _! support4 ,footnote3 #fgf4 ,! p5 & ink draw+ on ,,pi4 ,,lix belongs to ?is passage4 ,footnote3 #h4 tribolatione4 ,9 ! draw+ caltrops may be se5 ly+ 9 ! old man's "r h&1 o!rs are fall+ & o!rs aga9 are %ewn on ! gr\nd4 ,simil> caltrops are drawn 9 ,,ms4 ,tri4 p4 #ih & und]nea? !m1 z well z on page #if ! words triboli di f]ro are writt54 ,f ! accompany+ text x appe>s t !y 7 int5d$ to be scatt]$ on ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( dit*es to h9d] ! advance ( ! enemy4 ,c\nt ,giulio ,porro :o publi%$ a %ort acc\nt ( ! ,trivulzio ,,ms4 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,lomb>do1 ,anno ,,viii "p ,,iv 7,dec4 #ca1 #ahha7 has ?is note on ! passages treat+ ( triboli3 ,e qui aggiung] *e anni sono qu&o v5ne fabbricata la nuova cavall]izza presso il ca/ello di ,milano1 ne furono trovati due *e io ho v$uto ed erano precisam5te quali si trovano descritti e disegnati da ,leon>do 9 que/o codice4 ,!re c !re=e be no d\bt t ?is means ( def5ce 0 9 g5]al use1 :e!r x 7 orig9ally ,leon>do's inv5tion or n4 ,! play on ! ^w tribolatione1 z x occurs 9 ! draw+ at ,ox=d1 mu/ !n h be5 q intelligible4 ,footnote3 #i--bb4 ,^! l9es1 9 ! orig9al1 are writt5 on ! left side ( ! page & ref] to ! figure %[n on ,,pi4 ,,lxi4 ,next to x is plac$ ! gr\p ( ?ree figures giv5 9 ,,pi4 ,,lx ,no4 ,i4 ,l9es #ba & #bb1 :i* are writt5 "u x1 are ! only explanation giv54 ,evil-?9k+ is ei!r ,envy or ,+ratitude4 #fgg4 ,envy mu/ be repres5t$ ) a contemptu\s motion ( ! h& t[>ds heav51 because if %e c\ld %e w\ld use h] /r5g? aga9/ ,god2 make h] ) h] face cov]$ by a mask ( fair seem+2 %[ h] z w\nd$ 9 ! eye by a palm bran* & by an olive-bran*1 & w\nd$ 9 ! e> by laurel & myrtle1 to signify t victory & tru? are odi\s to h]4 ,_m ?und]bolts %\ld proce$ f h] to signify h] evil speak+4 ,let h] be lean & hagg>d because %e is 9 p]petual torm5t4 ,make h] he>t gnaw$ by a swell+ s]p5t1 & make h] ) a quiv] ) tongues s]v+ z arr[s1 because %e (t5 (f5ds ) x4 ,give h] a leop>d's sk91 because ?is creature kills ! lion out ( envy & by deceit4 ,give h] too a vase 9 h] h& full ( fl[]s & scorpions & toads & o!r v5om\s creatures2 make h] ride ^u dea?1 because ,envy1 nev] dy+1 nev] tires ( rul+4 ,make h] bridle1 & load h] ) div]s k9ds ( arms because all h] weapons are deadly4 ,tol]ation4 ,intol]able4 ,no soon] is ,virtue born ?an ,envy comes into ! _w to attack x2 & soon] w !re be a body )\t a %ad[ ?an ,virtue )\t ,envy4 ,footnote3 ,! l>g] ( ! two draw+s on ,,pi4 ,,lxi is expla9$ by ! fir/ #ba l9es ( ?is passage4 ,l4 #bb & #bc1 :i* are writt5 above ! space betwe5 ! two draw+s1 d n seem to h any ref]5ce to ei!r4 ,l4 #bd-bg are bel[ ! allegorical tw9 figure :i* !y s]ve to expla94 #fgh4 ,:5 ,pluto's ,p>adise is op5$1 !n !re may be devils plac$ 9 twelve pots l op5+s into hell4 ,"h w be ,dea?1 ! ,furies1 a%es1 _m nak$ *ildr5 weep+2 liv+ fires made ( v>i\s col\rs4444 #fgi4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ,sa9t ,augu/9 ,sa9t ,pet] ,paul ,elisabe? ,sa9t ,cl>a4 ,b]n>d9o ,our ,lady ,l\is ,bonav5tura ,an?ony ( ,padua4 ,sa9t ,francis4 ,francis1 ,an?ony1 a lily & book2 ,b]n>d9o ) ! monogram ( ,jesus1 ,l\is ) #c fleur de lys on 8 brea/ & ! cr[n at 8 feet1 ,bonav5tura ) ,s]aphim1 ,sa9t ,cl>a ) ! tab]nacle1 ,elisabe? ) a ,que5's cr[n4 ,footnote3 #fgi4 ,! text ( ! fir/ six l9es is writt5 )9 a squ>e space ( ! same size z ! copy "h giv54 ,! names are writt5 9 ! m>g9 foll[+ ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h pr9t$4 ,9 l9es #g--ab ! names ( ^? sa9ts are repeat$ ( :om x seem$ necess>y to po9t out ! emblems4 ,li/ ( draw+s4 #fhj4 ,a head1 full face1 ( a "y man ) f9e fl[+ hair1 ,_m fl[]s drawn f nature1 ,a head1 full face1 ) curly hair1 ,c]ta9 figures ( ,sa9t ,j]ome1 #f ,! measurem5ts ( a figure1 ,draw+s ( furnaces4 ,a head ( ! ,duke1 #i _m designs = knots1 #d /udies = ! panel ( ,sa9t ,angelo ,a small composition ( ,girolamo da ,fegl9e1 ,a head ( ,*ri/ done ) ! p51 #ac #h ,sa9t ,seba/ians1 ,sev]al compositions ( ,angels1 ,a *alc$ony1 ,a head 9 pr(ile ) f9e hair1 ,"s pit*]s se5 9787 p]spective1 ,"s ma*9es = %ips1 ,"s ma*9es = wat]works1 ,a head1 a portrait ( ,atalanta rais+ h] face2 ,! head ( ,g]onimo da ,fegl9e1 ,! head ( ,gian ,francisco ,borso1 ,sev]al ?roats ( old wom51 ,sev]al heads ( old m51 ,sev]al nude figures1 complete1 ,sev]al arms1 eyes1 feet1 & positions1 ,a ,madonna1 f9i%$1 ,ano!r1 ne>ly 9 pr(ile1 ,head ( ,our ,lady asc5d+ into ,heav51 ,a head ( an old man ) long *91 ,a head ( a gypsy girl1 ,a head ) a hat on1 ,a repres5tation ( ! ,passion1 a ca/1 ,a head ( a girl ) h] hair ga!r$ 9 a knot1 ,a head1 ) ! br[n hair dress$4 ,footnote3 #fhj4 ,?is has already be5 publi%$ by ,,amoretti ,memorie /ori*e cap4 ,,xvi4 ,8 read+ v>ies some:at f t "h giv51 e4 g4 l4 #e & #f4 ,c]ti ,sangirolami 9 su d'una figura2 & in/ead ( ,i4 #ac4 ,un ,san ,ba/iano4 ,footnote3 #fhj4 #i4 ,molti disegni di gruppi4 ,,vas>i 9 8 life ( ,leon>do 7,,iv1 #ba1 ed4 ,,milanesi #ahhj7 says3 ,oltre* p]se tempo f9o a disegn>e gruppi di corde fatti con ord9e1 e *e da un capo seguissi tutto il re/o f9o all' altro1 tanto *e s'empiessi un tondo2 *e se ne v$e 9 i/ampa uno difficilissimo e molto bello1 e nel mezzo vi sono que/e p>ole3 ,leon>dus ,v9ci ,accademia4 ,gruppi mu/ "h be und]/ood z a te*nical expression = ^? twi/$ ornam5ts :i* are well kn[n ?r\gh wood cuts4 ,,amoretti m5tions six diff]5t ones 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y4 ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,,delaborde = k9dly in=m+ me t ! orig9al blocks ( ^! are pres]v$ 9 8 dep>tm5t 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 9 ,p>is4 ,on ! cov] ( ^! volumes is a copy f "o ( !m4 ,! size ( ! orig9al is #bc #a_/b c5timetres by #bf #a_/d4 ,! c5tre portion ( ano!r is giv5 on p4 #cfa4 ,g4 ,govi rem>ks on ^! ornam5ts 7,saggio p4 #bb73 ,code/i gruppi eran probabilm5te de/9ati a s]vir di modello a f]ri da rilegatori p] adorn> le c>telle degli scol>i 7874 ,fregi somigliantissimi a que/i troviamo infatti impressi 9 oro sui c>toni di v>i volumi contemporanei1 e li v$iam pur figur>e nelle lett]e iniziali di alcune edizioni del tempo4 ,dr] :o copi$ !m1 omitt+ ! inscription1 add$ to ! second impressions 8 own monogram4 ,9 8 di>y he designates !m simply z ,die se*s ,knot5 7see ,,?aus+1 ,life ( ,a4 ,dr] ,i1 #cfb1 #cfc74 ,9 ,leon>do's ,,mss4 we f9d "h & !re little sket*es or sugge/ions = simil> ornam5ts4 ,comp>e too ,g4 ,,mong]i1 ,l',arte 9 ,milano1 p4 #cae :]e an ornam5t ( ! same "* is giv5 f ! old decorations ( ! vault$ ceil+ ( ! ,sacri/y ( ,s4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie4 ,footnote3 #fhj1 #ag4 ,! mean+ 9 :i* ! ^w coppi1 lit]ally pit*]s1 is "h us$ ,i am unable to det]m9e2 b a *ange to copie seems to me too d\btful to be risk$4 #fha4 ,/ubborn rig\r4 ,doom$ rig\r4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 #b1 ! two upp] p5 & ink draw+s4 ,! orig9als1 9 ! ,w9dsor collection are slightly wa%$ ) col\r4 ,! backgr\nd is blue sky2 ! pl\gh & ! in/rum5t ) ! compass are r$di% br[n1 ! sun is t9t$ yell[4 #fhb4 ,ob/acles _c cru% me ,e ob/acle yields to /]n resolve ,he :o is fix$ to a /> does n *ange 8 m9d4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is writt5 to elucidate two sket*es :i* 7 obvi\sly ! fir/ sket*es = ! draw+s reproduc$ on ,,pl ,,lxii1 ,no4 #b4 #fhc4 ,ivy is a type ( longevity4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al !re is1 ne> ?is text1 a sket* ( a coat wrea!d above ! wai/ ) ivy4 #fhd4 ,tru? ! sun4 falsehood a mask4 innoc5ce1 malignity4 ,fire de/roys falsehood1 t is sophi/ry1 & re/ores tru?1 driv+ out d>kness4 ,fire may be repres5t$ z ! de/roy ( all sophi/ry1 & z ! image & demon/ration ( tru?2 because x is light & drives out d>kness :i* conceals all ess5ces or subtle ?+s4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lxiii4 ,l4 #a-h are 9 ! middle ( ! page2 #a4 #i-ad to ! "r bel[2 #a4 #ae-bb bel[ 9 ! middle column4 ,! re/ ( ! text is bel[ ! sket*es on ! left4 ,!re are "s o!r passages on ?is page relat+ to geometry4 ,,tru?4 ,fire de/roys all sophi/ry1 t is deceit2 & ma9ta9s tru? alone1 t is gold4 ,tru? at la/ _c be hidd54 ,dissimulation is ( no avail4 ,dissimulation is to no purpose be=e s great a judge4 ,falsehood puts on a mask4 ,no?+ is hidd5 "u ! sun4 ,fire is to repres5t tru? because x de/roys all sophi/ry & lies2 & ! mask is = ly+ & falsehood :i* conceal tru?4 #fhe4 ,movem5t w cease be=e we are we>y ( be+ useful4 ,movem5t w fail soon] ?an usefulness4 ,dea? soon] ?an ,i am nev] we>y ( we>9ess4 be+ useful1 ,9 s]v+ o!rs ,i is a motto = c>nval4 _c d en\gh4 ,)\t fatigue4 ,no lab\r is suffici5t to tire me4 ,h&s into :i* ducats & preci\s /ones fall l sn[2 !y nev] become tir$ by s]v+1 b ?is s]vice is only = its utility & n = our ,i am nev] we>y own b5efit4 ( be+ useful4 ,naturally nature has s dispos$ me4 #fhf4 ,?is %all be plac$ 9 ! h& ( ,+ratitude4 ,wood n\ri%es ! fire t consumes x4 #fhg4 ,,to ,,repres5t ,,+ratitude4 ,:5 ! sun appe>s :i* dispels d>kness 9 g5]al1 y put out ! light :i* dispell$ x = y 9 p>ticul> = y\r ne$ & conv5i5ce4 #fhh4 ,on ?is side ,adam & ,eve on ! o!r2 ,o mis]y ( mank9d1 ( h[ _m ?+s d y make y\rself ! slave = money6 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lxiv4 ,! figures ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ! cl\ds "h allud$ to w\ld seem to symbolise _! sup]iority to all e>?ly ne$s4 #fhi4 ,?us are base unions sund]$4 ,footnote3 ,a mu* blurr$ sket* is on ! page by ?is text4 ,x seems to repres5t an unravell$ plait or tissue4 #fij4 ,con/ancy does n beg91 b is t :i* p]sev]es4 ,footnote3 ,a draw+ 9 r$ *alk1 also rubb$1 :i* /&s 9 ! orig9al 9 ! middle ( ?is text1 seems to me to be int5d$ = a sword hilt1 held 9 a fi/4 #fia4 ,love1 ,fe>1 & ,e/eem1-- ,write ^! on ?ree /ones4 ,( s]vants4 #fib4 ,prud5ce ,/r5g?4 #fic4 ,fame alone raises h]self to ,heav51 because virtu\s ?+s are 9 fav\r ) ,god4 ,disgrace %\ld be repres5t$ upside d[n1 because all h] de$s are contr>y to ,god & t5d to hell4 #fid4 ,%ort lib]ty4 #fie4 ,no?+ is s mu* to be fe>$ z ,evil ,report4 ,?is ,evil ,report is born ( life4 #fif4 ,n to disobey4 #fig4 ,a fell$ tree :i* is %oot+ aga94 ,i am /ill hopeful4 ,a falcon1 ,"t4 ,footnote3 ,i4 ,alb]o tagliato4 ,?is emblem 0 display$ dur+ ! ,c>nival at ,flor5ce 9 #aeac4 ,see ,,vas>i ,,vi1 #bea1 ed4 ,,milanesi #ahha4 ,b ! co9cid5ce is probably accid5tal4 #fih4 ,tru? "h makes ,falsehood torm5t ly+ tongues4 #fii4 ,su* z h>m is :5 x hurts me n1 is good :i* avails me n4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #b4 ,comp>e ?is sket* ) t on ,,pi4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 #b4 ,bel[ ! two l9es ( ! text !re are two m l9es3 li g*i 7giun*i7 *e ritg le paglucole 7pagliucole7 *elli 7*e li7 anniegano4 #gjj4 ,he :o (f5ds o!rs1 does n secure himself4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #c4 #gja4 ,+ratitude4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #d4 ,bel[ ! bottom sket*es are ! un9telligible words /a /illi4 ,= ,+ratitudo comp>e also ,nos4 #fhf & #fhg4 #gjb4 ,"o's ?\ghts turn t[>ds ,hope4 ,footnote3 #gjb4 ,by ! side ( ?is passage is a sket* ( a cage ) a bird sitt+ 9 x4 ,ornam5ts & ,decorations = fea/s 7#gjc-gje74 #gjc4 ,a bird1 = a com$y4 ,footnote3 ,! biographies say s mu*1 & ! au?or's notes say s little ( ! inv5tion attribut$ to ,leon>do ( mak+ artificial birds fly ?r\gh ! air1 t ! text "h giv5 is ( exceptional int]e/ f be+ accompani$ by a sket*4 ,x is a v slight draw+ ( a bird ) outspread w+s1 :i* appe>s to be slid+ d[n a /ret*$ /r+4 ,leon>do's fly+ ma*9es & 8 /udies ( ! flight ( birds w be ref]r$ to lat]4 #gjd4 ,a ,,dress ,,= ,,! ,,c>nival4 ,to make a beautiful dress cut x 9 ?9 clo? & give x an odorif]\s v>ni%1 made ( oil ( turp5t9e & ( v>ni% 9 gra91 ) a pi]c$ /5cil1 :i* mu/ be wett$1 t x may n /ick to ! clo?2 & ?is /5cil may be made 9 a patt]n ( knots :i* aft]w>ds may be fill$ up ) black & ! gr\nd ) :ite millet4,footnote #g3 ,! gra9s ( black & :ite millet w\ld /ick to ! v>ni% & look l embroid]y4 ,footnote3 ,s] ,giuliano1 da ,v9ci ! pa9t]'s bro!r1 _h be5 commission$1 ) "s o!rs1 to ord] & to execute ! g>m5ts ( ! ,allegorical figures = ! ,c>nival at ,flor5ce 9 #aeae--af2 ,,vas>i h[ev] is incorrect 9 say+ ( ! ,flor5t9e ,c>nival ( #aeac3 equelli *e feciono ed ord9>ono gli abiti delle figure furono ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 padre di ,lon>do1 e ,b]n>d9o di ,giordano1 bellissimi +egni 7,see ,,milanesi',s ed4 ,voi4 ,,vi1 pg4 #bea47 #gje4 ,sn[ tak5 f ! high peaks ( m\nta9s might be c>ri$ to hot places & let to fall at fe/ivals 9 op5 places at summ] "t4 999999 ,end ( ,volume #a ,! ,notebooks ( ,leon>do ,da ,v9ci ,volume #b ,translat$ by ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] #ahhh ,,xi4 ,! notes on ,sculpture4 ,comp>$ ) ! mass ( manuscript treat+ ( ,pa9t+1 a v small numb] ( passages be>+ on ! practice & me?ods ( ,sculpture are to be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! note books2 ^! are "h giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section 7,nos4 #gjf-gji74 ,!re is less cause = surprise at f9d+ t ! eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za is only incid5tally spok5 (2 =1 al?\gh ,leon>do mu/ h work$ at x = a long succession ( ye>s1 x is n 9 ! nature ( ! case t x c\ld h giv5 rise to mu* writ+4 ,we may !re=e reg>d x z p>ticul>ly =tunate t no few] ?an ?irte5 notes 9 ! ma/]'s h&writ+ c be br\ght toge!r1 :i* seem to ?r[ light on ! my/]i\s hi/ory ( ?is fam\s "w4 ,until n[ writ]s on ,leon>do 7 acqua9t$ only ) ! passages numb]$ #gab1 #gai1 #gbj1 #gbb & #gbc4 ,9 arrang+ ^! notes on sculpture ,i h giv5 ! prec$5ce to ^? :i* treat ( ! ca/+ ( ! monum5t1 n m]ely because !y are ! fulle/1 b m especially ) a view to recon/ruct+ ! monum5t1 an a*ievem5t :i* really almo/ lies )9 our rea* by comb9+ & comp>+ ! :ole ( ! mat]ials n[ br\ght to light1 alike 9 notes & 9 sket*es4 ,a good deal ( ! fir/ two passages1 ,nos4 #gaj & #gaa1 :i* ref] to ?is subject seems obscure & incompreh5sible2 /ill1 !y supplem5t ea* o!r & "o contributes 9 no small degree to ! compreh5sion ( ! o!r4 ,a v int]e/+ & in/ructive comm5t>y on ^! passages may be f\nd 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,vas>i's ,introduzione della ,scultura "u ! title ,come si fanno i modelli p] f>e di bronzo le figure gr&i e picciole1 e come le =me p] butt>le2 come si arm9o di f]ri1 e come si gett9o di metallo1 c4 ,among ! draw+s ( models ( ! m\lds = ca/+ we f9d only "o :i* seems to repres5t ! horse 9 ! act ( gallop+--,no4 #gac4 ,all ! o!r designs %[ ! horse z pac+ quietly & z ^! /udies ( ! horse are accompani$ by copi\s notes z to ! me?od ( ca/+1 ! "q z to ! position ( ! horse 9 ! model f9ally select$1 seems to be decid$ by prepond]at+ evid5ce4 ,il cavallo dello ,s=za--,c4 ,boito rem>ks v appositely 9 ! ,saggio on page #bf1 doveva sembr>e fratello al cavallo del ,colleoni4 ,e si direbbe *e que/o fosse figlio del cavallo del ,gattamelata1 il quale p>e figlio di uno dei quattro cavalli *e /avano =se sull' ,arco di ,n]one 9 ,roma 7n[ at ,v5ice74 ,! publication ( ! ,saggio also conta9s ! reproduction ( a draw+ 9 r$ *alk1 repres5t+ a horse walk+ to ! left & support$ by a scaffold+1 giv5 "h on ,pl4 ,,lxxvi1 ,no4 #a4 ,x mu/ rema9 unc]ta9 :e!r ?is repres5ts ! model z x /ood dur+ ! prep>ations = ca/+ x1 or :e!r--z seems to me highly improbable--?is sket* %[s ! model z x 0 exhibit$ 9 #adic on ! ,piazza del ,ca/ello 9 ,milan "u a triumphal ar*1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian to ,bianca ,m>ia ,s=za4 ,! only important po9t "h is to prove t /rong evid5ce seems to %[ t1 ( ! num]\s /udies = ! eque/rian /atue1 only ^? :i* repres5t ! horse pac+ agree ) ! s*emes ( ! f9al plans4 ,! second gr\p ( prep>atory sket*es1 repres5t+ ! horse z gallop+1 mu/ !re=e be consid]$ sep>ately1 a di/9ction :i*1 9 recapitulat+ ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! monum5t seems ju/ifi$ by ! note giv5 "u ,no4 #gbj4 ,galeazza ,m>ia ,s=za 0 assass9at$ 9 #adgf be=e 8 s*eme = erect+ a monum5t to 8 fa!r ,francesco ,s=za c\ld be c>ri$ into effect4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,ludovico il ,moro ! "y aspirant to ! ?rone 0 exil$ to ,pisa1 & only return$ to ,milan 9 #adgi :5 he 0 ,"l 7,gov]natore7 ( ! ,/ate ( ,milan1 9 #adhj aft] ! m9i/] ,cecco ,simonetta _h be5 murd]$4 ,x may h be5 soon aft] ?is t ,ludovico il ,moro ann\nc$ a competition = an eque/rian /atue1 & x is tol]ably c]ta9 t ,antonio del ,pollajuolo took "p 9 x1 f ?is passage 9 ,vas>i's ,life ( ?is arti/3 ,e si trovo1 dopo la morte sua1 il disegno e modello *e a ,lodovico ,s=za egli aveva fatto p] la /atua a cavallo di ,francesco ,s=za1 duca di ,milano2 il quale disegno e nel no/ro ,libro1 9 due modi3 9 uno egli ha sotto ,v]ona2 nell'altro1 egli tutto armato1 e sopra un basam5to pi5o di battaglie1 fa salt>e il cavallo addosso a un armato2 ma la cagione p]*e non mettesse que/i disegni 9 op]a1 non ho gia potuto sap]e4 ,"o ( ,pollajuolo's draw+s1 z "h describ$1 has lately be5 discov]$ by ,s5atore ,giovanni ,morelli 9 ! ,muni* ,p9aco!k4 ,"h ! pr(ile ( ! horseman is a portrait ( ,francesco ,duke ( ,milan1 & "u ! horse1 :o is gallop+ to ! left1 we see a w>rior ?r[n & ly+ on ! gr\nd2 precisely ! same idea z we f9d 9 "s ( ,leon>do's designs = ! monum5t1 z on ,pl4 ,,lxvi1 ,,lxvii1 ,,lxviii1 ,,lxix & ,,lxxii ,no4 #a2 &1 z x is impossible to expla9 ?is rem>kable co9cid5ce by suppos+ t ei!r arti/ borr[$ x f ! o!r1 we c only conclude t 9 ! t]ms ( ! competition ! subject propos$ 0 ! ,duke on a horse 9 full gallop1 ) a fall5 foe "u its ho(s4 ,leon>do may h be5 9 ! competition !re & !n1 b ! means = execut+ ! monum5t d n seem to h be5 at once =?com+4 ,x 0 n p]haps until "s ye>s lat] t ,leon>do 9 a lett] to ! ,duke 7,no4 #gai7 rem9d$ him ( ! project = ! monum5t4 ,!n1 aft] he _h obey$ a summons to ,milan1 ! plan seems to h be5 s f> modifi$1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( a remon/rance on ! "p ( ! arti/1 t a pac+ horse 0 sub/itut$ = "o gallop+1 & x may h be5 at ! same "t t ! colossal dim5sions ( ! /atue 7 fir/ decid$ on4 ,! designs giv5 on ,pl4 ,,lxx1 ,,lxxi1 ,,lxxii1 #b & #c1 ,,lxxiii & ,,lxxiv & on pp4 #d & #bd1 z well z ?ree sket*es on ,pl4 ,,lxix may be /udi$ ) ref]5ce to ! project 9 its new =m1 ?\gh x is h>dly possible to believe t 9 ei!r ( ^! we see ! design z x 0 actually c>ri$ out4 ,x is probable t 9 ,milan ,leon>do work$ less on draw+s1 ?an 9 mak+ small models ( wax & clay z prep>atory to 8 l>g] model4 ,among ! draw+s enum]at$ above1 "o 9 black *alk1 ,pl4 ,,lxxiii--! upp] sket* on ! "r h& side1 rem9ds u /rongly ( ! antique /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,if1 z x w\ld seem1 ,leon>do _h n until !n visit$ ,rome1 he might easily h kn[n ?is /atue f draw+s by 8 =m] ma/] & fri5d ,v]roc*io1 = ,v]roc*io _h be5 9 ,rome = a long "t betwe5 #adgj & #adhj4 ,9 #adgc ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv _h ?is antique eque/rian /atue re/or$ & plac$ on a new p$e/al 9 front ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,lut]ano4 ,leon>do1 al?\gh he 0 pa9t+ indep5d5tly z e>ly z 9 #adgb is /ill spok5 ( z work+ 9 ,v]roc*io's /udio 9 #adgg4 ,two ye>s lat] ! ,v5etian s5ate decid$ on erect+ an eque/rian /atue to ,colleoni2 & z ,v]roc*io1 to :om ! "w 0 entru/$1 did n at once move f ,flor5ce to ,v5ice--:]e he di$ 9 #adhh be=e ! ca/+ 0 complet$--b on ! contr>y rema9$ 9 ,flor5ce = "s ye>s1 p]haps ev5 till #adhe1 ,leon>do probably _h ! opportunity ( see+ all 8 designs = ! eque/rian /atue at ,v5ice & ! r$ *alk draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxxiv may be a rem9isc5ce ( x4 ,! p5 & ink draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxxii1 ,no4 #c1 rem9ds u ( ,donatello's /atue ( ,gattamelata at ,padua4 ,h[ev] x does n appe> t ,leon>do 0 ev] at ,padua be=e #adii1 b we may conclude t he took a special int]e/ 9 ?is e>ly bronze /atue & ! reports he c\ld procure ( x1 =m an incid5tal rem>k :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,a4 #ade;a2 #dcb;a1 & :i* w be giv5 9 ,vol4 ,,ii "u ,ricordi or ,memor&a4 ,among ! /udies--9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w--made 9 prep>ation /atue we may include ! ,anatomy ( ! ,horse :i* ,lomazzo & ,vas m5tion2 ! mo/ important p>ts ( ?is "w /ill exi/ 9 ! ,que5's ,li ,w9dsor4 ,x 0 beyond a d\bt compil$ by ,leon>do :5 at ,milan2 only int]e/+ records to be f\nd among ^! designs are reproduc$ 9 ,nos4 #gaf;a b x mu/ be po9t$ out t out ( #dj %eets ( /udies ( ! movem5ts ( ! belong+ to t treatise1 a horse 9 full gallop occurs b once4 ,if we may tru/ ! acc\nt giv5 by ,paulus ,jovius--ab\t l#ebg-- ,leon>do's horse 0 repres5t$ z vehem5t] incitatus et anhelatus4 ,jovius _h probably se5 ! model exhibit$ at ,milan2 b1 ne$ we1 9 fact1 inf] f ?is description t ! horse 0 gallop+8 ,comp>e ,vas>i's description ( ! ,gattamelata monum5t at ,padua3 ,egli ,donatello vi &o b5 vol5ti]i1 e fece il cavallo di bronzo1 *e e 9 sulla piazza di ,sant ,antonio1 nel quale si dimo/ra lo sbuffam5to ed il fremito del cavallo1 ed il gr&e animo e la fi]ezza vivacissimam5te espressa dall'arte nella figura *e lo cavalca4 ,^! descriptions1 x seems to me1 w\ld only s]ve to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( ! middle ages & t ( ! r5aissance4 ,we le>n f a /atem5t ( ,sabba da ,ca/iglione t1 :5 ,milan 0 tak5 by ! ,fr5* 9 #adii1 ! model su/a9$ "s injury2 & ?is in=mant1 :o1 h[ev] is n inv>iably tru/wor?y1 adds t ,leon>do _h devot$ fully sixte5 ye>s to ?is "w 7la =ma del cavallo1 intorno a cui ,leon>do avea s$ici anni cont9ui consumati74 ,?is (t5-quot$ passage has giv5 gr\nd = an assumption1 :i* has no o!r evid5ce to support x1 t ,leon>do _h liv$ 9 ,milan ev] s9ce #adhc4 ,b ,i believe x is ne>] ! tru? to suppose t ?is au?or's /atem5t alludes to ! fact t ab\t sixte5 ye>s mu/ h pa/ s9ce ! competition 9 :i* ,leon>do _h tak5 "p4 ,i mu/ 9 ^! rem>ks conf9e myself /rictly to ! task 9 h& & give no m ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,s=za monum5t ?an is ne$$ to expla9 ! texts & draw+s ,i h be5 able to reproduce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ) reg>d to ! draw+s1 ,i may obs]ve t !y are all1 ) ! foll[+ two exceptions1 9 ! ,que5's ,libr>y at ,w9dsor ,ca/le2 ! r$ *alk draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxxvi ,no4 #a is 9 ! ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 7see ,no4 #gl#b7 & ! fragm5t>y p5 & ink draw+ on page #d is 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y4 ,! draw+s f ,w9dsor on ,pl4 ,,lxvi h und]gone a trifl+ r$uction f ! size ( ! orig9als4 ,!re c no long] be ! slighte/ d\bt t ! well-kn[n engrav+ ( sev]al horsem5 7,passavant1 ,le ,pe9tre-,graveur1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aha1 ,no4 #c7 is only a copy aft] orig9al draw+s by ,leon>do1 execut$ by "s unkn[n engrav]2 we h only to comp>e ! engrav+ ) ! facsimiles ( draw+s on ,pl4 ,,lxv1 ,no4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,lxvii1 ,,lxviii & ,,lxix :i*1 x is q evid5t1 h s]v$ z models = ! engrav]4 ,on ,pl4 ,,lxv ,no4 #a1 9 ! l>g] sket* to ! "r h&1 only ! base is di/9ctly visible1 ! figure ( ! horseman is effac$4 ,leon>do evid5tly f\nd x unsatisfactory & !re=e rubb$ x out4 ,! base ( ! monum5t--! p$e/al = ! eque/rian /atue--is repeat$ly sket*$ on a magnific5t plan4 ,9 ! sket* j m5tion$ x has ! "* ( a %r9e or a$icula to conta9 a s>cophagus4 ,captives 9 *a9s are "h repres5t$ on ! entablature ) _! backs turn$ to t portion ( ! monum5t :i* m /rictly con/itutes ! p$e/al ( ! horse4 ,! l[] portion ( ! a$icula is surr\nd$ by columns4 ,9 ! p5 & ink draw+ ,pl4 ,,lxvi--! l[] draw+ on ! "r h& side--! s>cophagus is %[n betwe5 ! columns1 & above ! entablature is a pl9? on :i* ! horse /&s4 ,b ?is arrangem5t p]haps seem$ to ,leon>do to lack solidity1 & 9 ! little sket* on ! left h&1 bel[1 ! s>cophagus is %[n z ly+ "u an ar*$ canopy4 ,9 ?is ! trophies & ! captive w>riors are deta*$ f ! angles4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! two sket*es ! place = ! trophies is m]ely indicat$ by a few /rokes2 9 ! ?ird sket* on ! left ! base is altoge!r broad]1 buttresses & p9nacles hav+ be5 add$ s z to =m ?ree ni*es4 ,! black *alk draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxviii %[s a base 9 :i* ! angles are =m$ by ni*es ) pila/]s4 ,9 ! little sket* to ! extreme left on ,pl4 ,,lxv1 ,no4 #a1 ! eque/rian /atue s]ves to cr[n a circul> temple some:at resembl+ ,bramante's tempietto ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,mont>io at ,rome1 :ile ! sket* above to ! "r displays an arrangem5t fa9tly rem9d+ u ( ! tomb ( ! ,scalig]s 9 ,v]ona4 ,! base is ?us con/ruct$ ( two plat=ms or slabs1 ! upp] "o consid]ably small] ?an ! l[] "o :i* is support$ on fly+ buttresses ) p9nacles4 ,on look+ ov] ! num]\s /udies 9 :i* ! horse is n gallop+ b m]ely walk+ =w>d1 we f9d only "o draw+ = ! p$e/al1 & ?is1 to accord ) ! alt]$ "* ( ! /atue1 is quiet] & simpl] 9 /yle 7,pl4 ,,lxxiv74 ,x rises almo/ v]tically f ! gr\nd & is exactly z long z ! pac+ horse4 ,! :ole base is "h arrang$ ei!r z an indep5d5t baldaqu9 or else z a project+ canopy ov] a recess 9 :i* ! figure ( ! deceas$ ,duke is se5 ly+ on 8 s>cophagus2 9 ! latt] case x 0 probably int5d$ z a tomb inside a *ur*4 ,"h1 too1 x 0 int5d$ to fill ! angles ) trophies or captive w>riors4 ,probably only ,no4 #gbd 9 ! text ref]s to ! "w = ! base ( ! monum5t4 ,if we comp>e ! la/ m5tion$ sket* ) ! description ( a plan = an eque/rian monum5t to ,gian ,giacomo ,trivulzio 7,no4 #gbe7 x seems by no means impossible t ?is draw+ is a prep>atory /udy = ! v monum5t conc]n+ :i* ! manuscript gives u detail$ in=mation4 ,we h no hi/orical record reg>d+ ?is sket* nor d ! ar*ives 9 ! ,trivulzio ,palace give u any in=mation4 ,! simple monum5t to ! great g5]al 9 ,san ,naz>o ,maggiore 9 ,milan consi/s m]ely ( a s>cophagus plac$ 9 recess high on ! wall ( an octagonal *apel4 ,! figure ( ! w>rior is ly+ on ! s>cophagus1 on :i* 8 "n is inscrib$2 a piece ( sculpture :i* is c]ta9ly n ,leon>do's "w4 ,gian ,giacomo ,trivulzio di$ at ,*>tres 9 #aeah1 only five mon?s be=e ,leon>do1 & x seems to me highly improbable t ?is %\ld h be5 ! date ( ?is sket*2 "u ^! circum/ances x w\ld h be5 done "u ! auspices ( ,francis ,i1 b ! ,italian g5]al 0 c]ta9ly n 9 fav\r ) ! ,fr5* mon>* at ! "t4 ,gian ,giacomo ,trivulzio 0 a sworn foe to ,ludovico il ,moro1 :om he /rove = ye>s to ov]?r[4 ,on ! #f? ,septemb] #adii he m>*$ victori\s into ,milan at ! head ( a ,fr5* army4 ,9 a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 he 0 =c$ to quit ,milan aga9 :5 ,ludovico il ,moro bore d[n ^u ! city ) a =ce ( ,swiss troops4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,april foll[+1 aft] defeat+ ,lodovico at ,nov>a1 ,trivulzio once m ent]$ ,milan z a ,conqu]or1 b 8 hopes ( becom+ ,gov]natore ( ! place 7 soon wreck$ by intrigue4 ,?is victory & triumph1 hi/orians tell u1 7 signalis$ by acts ( v5geance aga9/ ! de?ron$ ,s=za1 & x might h be5 p>ticul>ly flatt]+ to him t ! ca/+ & con/ruction ( ! ,s=za monum5t 7 susp5d$ = ! "t4 ,x mu/ h be5 at ?is mom5t--z x seems to me--t he commission$ ! arti/ to prep>e designs = 8 own monum5t1 :i* he probably int5d$ %\ld f9d a place 9 ! ,ca!dral or 9 "s o!r *ur*4 ,he1 ! husb& ( ,m>gh]ita di ,nicol9o ,colleoni1 w\ld h ?\ght t he _h a claim to ! same di/9ction & public homage z 8 less illu/ri\s connection _h receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,v5etian republic4 ,x 0 at ?is v "t t ,trivulzio _h a m$al /ruck ) a bu/ portrait ( himself & ! foll[+ rem>kable inscription on ! rev]se3 ,,deo ,,fav5te--#adii--;,,dictvs--#aj--;,,ia-- ,,expvlit--,,lvdovicv--,,sf-- 7,s=tiam7 ,,dvc-- 7ducem7 ,,mli 7,m$iolani7--,,noie 7nom9e7--,,regis--,,francorvm--,,eodem-- ,,ann --7anno7 ,,r$',t 7r$it7--,,lvs 7,ludovicus7--,,svp]atvs ,,et ,,captvs--,,e/--,,ab--,,eo4 ,9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,palazzo ,trivulzio !re is a ,,ms4 ( ,callima*us ,siculus writt5 at ! end ( ! ,x,vth or beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,,ms4 !re is an exquisite illum9at$ m9iature ( an eque/rian /atue ) ! "n ( ! g5]al on ! base2 x is h[ev] v d\btful :e!r ?is has any connection ) ,leon>do's design4 ,nos4 #gca-gdj1 :i* treat ( ca/+ bronze1 h probably a v indirect be>+ on ! arrangem5ts made = ca/+ ! eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za4 ,"s portions evid5tly relate to ! ca/+ ( cannon4 ,/ill1 9 our rese>*es ab\t ,leon>do's "w on ! monum5t1 we may ref] to !m z giv+ u "s clue to ! process ( bronze ca/+ at t p]iod4 ,"s practical h9ts 7#gjf-gji74 #g,o#f4 ,,( ,a ,,/atue4 ,if y wi% to make a figure 9 m>ble1 fir/ make "o ( clay1 & :5 y h f9i%$ x1 let x dry & place x 9 a case :i* %\ld be l>ge en\gh1 aft] ! figure is tak5 out ( x1 to receive also ! m>ble1 f :i* y int5d to reveal ! figure 9 imitation ( ! "o 9 clay4 ,aft] y h put ! clay figure into ?is said case1 h little rods :i* w exactly slip 9 to ! holes 9 x1 & ?ru/ !m s f> 9 at ea* hole t ea* :ite rod may t\* ! figure 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x4 ,& col\r ! portion ( ! rod t rema9s outside black1 & m>k ea* rod & ea* hole ) a c\nt]sign s t ea* may fit into its place4 ,!n take ! clay figure out ( ?is case & put 9 y\r piece ( m>ble1 tak+ (f s mu* ( ! m>ble t all y\r rods may be hidd5 9 ! holes z f> z _! m>ks2 & to be ! bett] able to d ?is1 make ! case s t x c be lift$ up2 b ! bottom ( x w always rema9 "u ! m>ble & 9 ?is way x c be lift$ ) tools ) great ease4 #gjg4 ,"s h err$ 9 tea*+ sculptors to measure ! limbs ( _! figures ) ?reads z if !y ?\ght t ^! limbs 7 equally r\nd 9 e "p :]e ^! ?reads 7 w\nd ab\t !m4 #gjh4 ,,measurem5t ,,& ,,division ,,( ,a ,,/atue4 ,divide ! head into #ab degrees1 & ea* degree divide into #ab po9ts1 & ea* po9t into #ab m9utes1 & ! m9utes into m9ims & ! m9ims into semi m9ims4 ,degree--po9t--m9ute--m9im4 #gji4 ,sculptur$ figures :i* appe> 9 motion1 w1 9 _! /&+ position1 actually look z if !y 7 fall+ =w>d4 ,footnote3 figure di rilievo4 ,leon>do applies ?is t]m exclusively to :olly deta*$ figures1 especially to ^? /&+ free4 ,?is note app>5tly ref]s to "s p>ticul> case1 ?\gh we h no k ( :at t may h be54 ,if we suppose x to ref] to ! fir/ model ( ! eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za 7see ! introduction to ! notes on ,sculpture7 ?is obs]vation may be reg>d$ z "o ( 8 argum5ts = ab&on+ ! fir/ s*eme ( ! ,s=za ,monum5t1 9 :i* ! horse 0 to be gallop+ 7see page #b74 ,x is also 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory t ! note is writt5 9 a manuscript volume already complet$ 9 #adib4 ,leon>do's op9ions z to ! %ortcom+s ( pla/ic works :5 comp>$ ) pa9t+s are giv5 "u ,no4 #fee & #fef4 ,notes on ! ca/+ ( ! ,s=za monum5t 7#gaj-gae74 #gaj4 ,?ree braces :i* b9d ! m\ld4 ,if y want to make simple ca/s quickly1 make !m 9 a box ( riv] s& wett$ ) v9eg>4 ,:5 y %all h made ! m\ld ^u ! horse y mu/ make ! ?ickness ( ! metal 9 clay4 ,obs]ve 9 alloy+ h[ _m h\rs are want$ = ea* hundr$weight4 ,9 ca/+ ea* "o keep ! furnace & its fire well /opp$ up4 ,let ! inside ( all ! m\lds be wett$ ) l9se$ oil or oil ( turp5t9e1 & !n take a h&ful ( p[d]$ borax & ,greek pit* ) aqua vitae1 & pit* ! m\ld ov] outside s t be+ "u gr\nd ! damp may n damage x8 ,to manage ! l>ge m\ld make a model ( ! small m\ld1 make a small room 9 proportion4 ,make ! v5ts 9 ! m\ld :ile x is on ! horse4 ,hold ! ho(s 9 ! tongs1 & ca/ !m ) fi% glue4 ,weigh ! p>ts ( ! m\ld & ! quantity ( metal x w take to fill !m1 & give s mu* to ! furnace t x may af=d to ea* "p its am\nt ( metal2 & ?is y may "k by weigh+ ! clay ( ea* "p ( ! m\ld to :i* ! quantity 9 ! furnace mu/ correspond4 ,& ?is is done 9 ord] t ! furnace = ! legs :5 fill$ may n h to furni% metal f ! legs to help out ! head1 :i* w\ld be impossible4 ,ca/ at ! same ca/+ z ! horse ! little door ,footnote3 ,! importance ( ! notes includ$ "u ?is numb] is n dim9i%$ by ! fact t !y h be5 lightly cross$ out ) r$ *alk4 ,possibly !y 7 ! fir/ s*eme = "s full] obs]vations :i* no long] exi/2 or p]haps !y 7 cross$ out :5 ,leon>do f\nd himself oblig$ to give up ! idea ( ca/+ ! eque/rian /atue4 ,9 ! orig9al ! fir/ two sket*es are above l4 #a1 & ! ?ird bel[ l4 #i4 #gaa4 ,,! ,,m\ld ,,= ,,! ,,horse4 ,make ! horse on legs ( iron1 /rong & well set on a good f\ndation2 !n grease x & cov] x ) a coat+1 leav+ ea* coat to dry ?or\ghly lay] by lay]2 & ?is w ?ick5 x by ! bread? ( ?ree f+]s4 ,n[ fix & b9d x ) iron z may be necess>y4 ,moreov] take (f ! m\ld & !n make ! ?ickness4 ,!n fill ! m\ld by degrees & make x good ?r\gh\t2 encircle & b9d x ) its irons & bake x inside :]e x has to t\* ! bronze4 ,,( ,,mak+ ,,! ,,m\ld ,,9 ,,pieces4 ,draw ^u ! horse1 :5 f9i%$1 all ! pieces ( ! m\ld ) :i* y wi% to cov] ! horse1 & 9 lay+ on ! clay cut x 9 e piece1 s t :5 ! m\ld is f9i%$ y c take x (f1 & !n recompose x 9 its =m] position ) its jo9s1 by ! c\nt]signs4 ,! squ>e blocks a b w be betwe5 ! cov] & ! core1 t is 9 ! holl[ :]e ! melt$ bronze is to be2 & ^! squ>e blocks ( bronze w support ! int]vals betwe5 ! m\ld & ! cov] at an equal di/ance1 & = ?is reason ^! squ>es are ( great importance4 ,! clay %\ld be mix$ ) s&4 ,take wax1 to return :at is n us$ & to pay = :at is us$4 ,dry x 9 lay]s4 ,make ! outside m\ld ( pla/]1 to save "t 9 dry+ & ! exp5se 9 wood2 & ) ?is pla/] enclose ! irons props bo? outside & inside to a ?ickness ( two f+]s2 make t]ra cotta4 ,& ?is m\ld c be made 9 "o day2 half a boat load ( pla/] w s]ve y4 ,good4 ,dam x up aga9 ) glue & clay1 or :ite ( egg1 & bricks & rubbi%4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxv4 ,! figure #dj1 close to ! sket* 9 ! middle ( ! page betwe5 l9es #af & #ag has be5 add$ by a collector's h&4 ,9 ! orig9al1 bel[ l9e #ba1 a squ>e piece ( ! page has be5 cut out ab\t #i c5timetres by #g & a blank piece has be5 gumm$ into ! place4 ,l9es #bb-bd are writt5 on ! m>g94 l4 #bg & #bh are close to ! second m>g9al sket*4 l4 #db is a note writt5 above ! ?ird m>g9al sket* & on ! back ( ?is %eet is ! text giv5 z ,no4 #fdb4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #hjb4 #gab4 ,all ! heads ( ! l>ge nails4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxvi1 ,no4 i4 ,?is draw+ has already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio delle ,op]e di ,l4 da ,v9ci4 ,milano #ahgb1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 i4 ,b1 = v>i\s reasons ,i _c reg>d ! editor's sugge/ions z satisfactory4 ,he says3 ,veggonsi le armature di legname colle quali =se v5ne so/5uto il modello1 qu&o p] le nozze di ,bianca ,m>ia ,s=za con ,massimiliano imp]atore1 esso fu collocato sotto un arco trionfale davanti al ,ca/ello4 #gac4 ,^! b9d+s g inside4 #gad4 ,salt may be made f human excrem5ts1 burnt & calc9$1 made into lees & dri$ sl[ly at a fire1 & all ! excrem5ts produce salt 9 a simil> way & ^! salts :5 di/ill$1 are v /rong4 ,footnote3 ,,vas>i repeat$ly /ates1 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( 8 ,introduzione della ,scultura1 t 9 prep>+ to ca/ bronze /atues horse-dung 0 frequ5tly us$ by sculptors4 ,if1 not)/&+ ?is1 x rema9s d\btful :e!r ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ introduc$ "h ?is text ( b little int]e/1 no su* d\bt c be atta*$ to ! sket* :i* accompanies x4 #gae4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,f\nd+ ,,aga94 ,?is may be done :5 ! furnace is made ,footnote3 ?is note is writt5 bel[ ! sket*es4 /rong & bruis$4 ,models = ! horse ( ! ,s=za monum5t 7#gaf-gah74 #gl#f4 ,mess] ,galeazzo's big g5et #gag4 ,mess] ,galeazzo's ,sicilian horse4 ,footnote3 ,^! notes are by ! side ( a draw+ ( a horse ) figur$ measurem5ts4 #gah4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,sicilian horse ! leg f beh9d1 se5 9 front1 lift$ & ext5d$4 ,footnote3 ,!re is no sket* belong+ to ?is passage4 ,galeazze "h probably means ,galeazze di ,san ,sev]9o1 ! fam\s capta9 :o m>ri$ ,bianca ! daught] ( ,ludovico il ,moro4 ,occasional ref]5ces to ! ,s=za monum5t 7#gai-gbd74 #gai4 ,aga91 ! bronze horse may be tak5 9 h&1 :i* is to be to ! immortal glory & et]nal hon\r ( ! happy memory ( ! pr9ce y\r fa!r1 & ( ! illu/ri\s h\se ( ,s=za4 ,footnote3 ,! lett] f :i* ?is passage is "h extract$ w be f\nd complete 9 section ,,xxi4 7see ! explanation ( x1 on page #b74 #gbj4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,april #adij ,i began ?is book1 & recomm5c$ ! horse4 #gba4 ,!re is to be se51 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ma & ,piac5za1 a multitude ( %ells & corals full ( holes1 /ill /ick+ to ! rocks1 & :5 ,i 0 at "w on ! great horse = ,milan1 a l>ge sackful ( !m1 :i* 7 f\nd !reab\t1 0 br\ght to me into my work%op1 by c]ta9 peasants4 #gbb4 ,believe me1 ,leon>do ! ,flor5t9e1 :o has to d ! eque/rian bronze /atue ( ! ,duke ,francesco t he does n ne$ to c>e ab\t x1 because he has "w = all 8 life "t1 &1 be+ s great a "w1 ,i d\bt :e!r he c ev] f9i% x4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is quot$ f a lett] to a committee at ,piac5za = :om ,leon>do seems to h und]tak5 to execute "s "w4 ,! lett] is giv5 entire 9 section ,,xxl2 9 x ,leon>do remon/rates z to "s unreasonable dem&s4 #gbc4 ,( ! horse ,i w say no?+ because ,i "k ! times4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage occurs 9 a r\gh copy ( a lett] to ,ludovico il ,moro1 )\t date 7see bel[ among ! lett]s74 #gbd4 ,dur+ t5 ye>s ! works on ! m>bles h be5 go+ on ,i w n wait = my paym5t beyond ! "t1 :5 my works are f9i%$4 ,footnote3 ,?is possibly ref]s to ! works = ! p$e/al ( ! eque/rian /atue conc]n+ :i* we h no f>!r in=mation 9 ! ,,mss4 ,see p4 #f4 ,! project ( ! ,trivulzio monum5t4 #gbe4 ,,! ,,monum5t ,,to ,,mess] ,,giovanni ,,jacomo ,,da ,,trevulzo4 #b ,co/ ( ! mak+ & mat]ials = ! horse #e4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 l9es #b-e1 #ab-ad1 #cc-ce1 are writt5 on ! m>g94 ,?is passage has be5 rec5tly publi%$ by ,g4 ,govi 9 ,vol4 ,v1 ,s]4 #c;a1 ( ,transunti1 ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9ea1 s$4 del #e ,giugno1 #ahha1 ) ! foll[+ introductory note3 ,desid]o intanto *e siano /ampati que/i po*i framm5ti p]*e s *e sono /ati trascritti ultimam5te1 e v]ranno messi 9 luce tra poco fuori d',italia4 ,li ripubbli*i pure *i vuole1 ma si sappia alm5o *e an*e tra noi si conoscevano1 e s'eran raccolti da anni p] comporne1 qu&o *e fosse1 una edizione ord9ata degli scritti di ,leon>do4 ,! le>n$ editor has left out l9e #bb & has writt5 #c pie = #h pi$i 9 l9e #be4 ,!re are o!r deviations ( less importance f ! orig9al4 ,a c\rs]1 z l>ge z life1 ) ! rid] requires = ! co/ ( ! metal1 duc4 #ejj4 ,& = co/ ( ! iron "w :i* is inside ! model1 & *>coal1 & wood1 & ! pit to ca/ x 91 & = b9d+ ! m\ld1 & includ+ ! furnace :]e x is to be ca/ 444 duc4 #bjj4 ,to make ! model 9 clay & !n 9 wax444444444 duc4 #dcb4 ,to ! lab\r]s = poli%+ x :5 x is ca/4 4444444 duc4 #dej4 9 all4 4 duc4 #aehb4 #ab ,co/ ( ! m>ble ( ! monum5t #ad4 ,co/ ( ! m>ble accord+ to ! draw+4 ,! piece ( m>ble "u ! horse :i* is #d braccia long1 #b braccia & #b in*es wide & #i in*es ?ick #eh hundr$weight1 at #d ,lire & #aj ,soldi p] hundr$weight44 duc4 #eh4 ,& = #ac braccia & #f in*es ( cornice1 #g 94 wide & #d 94 ?ick1 #bd hundr$weight4444444 duc4 #bd4 ,& = ! frieze & ar*itrave1 :i* is #d br4 & #f 94 long1 #b br4 wide & #f 94 ?ick1 #bi hundr$weight41 duc4 #bj4 ,& = ! capitals made ( metal1 :i* are #h1 #e in*es 94 squ>e & #b 94 ?ick1 at ! price ( #ae ducats ea*1 w come to444444 duc4 #abb4 ,& = #h columns ( #b br4 #g 941 #d #a_/b 94 ?ick1 #bj hundr$weight duc4 #bj4 ,& = #h bases :i* are #e #a_/b 94 squ>e & #b 94 high #e hund'44 duc4 #e4 ,& = ! slab ( ! tomb/one #d br4 io 94 long1 #b br4 #d #a_/b 94 wide #cf hundr$weight4444444 duc4 #cf4 ,& = #h p$e/al feet ea* #h br4 long & #f #a_/b 94 wide & #f #a_/b 94 ?ick1 #bj hundr$weight come to444 duc4 #bj4 ,& = ! cornice bel[ :i* is #d br4 & #aj 94 long1 & #b br4 & #e 94 wide1 & #d 94 ?ick1 #cb hund'44 duc4 #cb4 ,& = ! /one ( :i* ! figure ( ! deceas$ is to be made :i* is #c br4 & #h 94 long1 & #a br4 & #f 94 wide1 & #i 94 ?ick1 #cj hund'44 duc4 #cj4 ,& = ! /one on :i* ! figure lies :i* is #c br4 & #d 94 long & #a br4 & #b 941 wide & #d #a_/b 94 ?ick duc4 #af4 ,& = ! squ>es ( m>ble plac$ betwe5 ! p$e/als :i* are #h & are #i br4 long & #i 94 wide1 & #c 94 ?ick1 #h hundr$weight 4 4 4 duc4 #h4 9 all4 4 duc4 #chi4 #cc;,co/ ( ! "w 9 m>ble#ce4 ,r\nd ! base on :i* ! horse /&s !re are #h figures at #be ducats ea* 444444444444 duc4 #bjj4 ,& on ! same base !re are #h fe/oons ) "s o!r ornam5ts1 & ( ^! !re are #d at ! price ( #ae ducats ea*1 & #d at ! price ( #h ducats ea* 4444444 duc4 #ib4 ,& = squ>+ ! /ones duc4 #f4 ,aga91 = ! l>ge cornice :i* goes bel[ ! base on :i* ! horse /&s1 :i* is #ac br4 & #f 941 at #b due4 p] br4 444444 duc4 #bg4 ,& = #ab br4 ( frieze at #e due4 p] br4 44444444444 duc4 #fj4 ,& = #ab br4 ( ar*itrave at #a #a_/b duc4 p] br4 4444444 duc4 #ah4 ,& = #c rosettes :i* w be ! s(fit ( ! monum5t1 at #bj ducats ea* 4444444444 duc4 #fj4 ,& = #h flut$ columns at #h ducats ea* 444444444 duc4 #fd4 ,& = #h bases at #a ducat ea*1 duc4 #h4 ,& = #h p$e/als1 ( :i* #d are at #aj duc4 ea*1 :i* g above ! angles2 & #d at #f duc4 ea* 44 duc4 #fd4 ,& = squ>+ & c>v+ ! m\ld+ ( ! p$e/als at #b duc4 ea*1 & !re are #h 4444 duc4 #af4 ,& = #f squ>e blocks ) figures & trophies1 at #be duc4 ea* 44 duc4 #aej4 ,& = c>v+ ! m\ld+ ( ! /one "u ! figure ( ! deceas$ 4444444444 duc4 #dj4 ,= ! /atue ( ! deceas$1 to d x well 4444444444 duc4 #ajj4 ,= #f h>pies ) c&elabra1 at #be ducats ea* 444444444 duc4 #aej4 ,= squ>+ ! /one on :i* ! /atue lies1 & c>v+ ! m\ld+ 444444444444 duc4 #bj4 9 all 44 duc4 #ajge4 ,! sum total ( e ?+ add$ toge!r am\nt to 444444 duc4 #cjdf4 #gbf4 ,,m9t ,,at ,,rome4 ,x c also be made )\t a spr+4 ,b ! screw above mu/ always be jo9$ to ! "p ( ! movable %ea?3 ,m>g9 note3 ,! m9t ( ,rome4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxvi4 ,?is passage is tak5 f a note book :i* c be prov$ to h be5 us$ 9 ,rome4 ,all co9s :i* d n h ! rim complete1 are n to be accept$ z good2 & to secure ! p]fection ( _! rim x is requisite t1 9 ! fir/ place1 all ! co9s %\ld be a p]fect circle2 & to d ?is a co9 mu/ be=e all be made p]fect 9 weight1 & size1 & ?ickness4 ,!re=e h sev]al plates ( metal made ( ! same size & ?ickness1 all drawn ?r\gh ! same gauge s z to come out 9 /rips4 ,& out ( #bd ^! /rips y w /amp ! co9s1 q r\nd1 z sieves are made = sort+ *e/nuts #bg2 & ^! co9s c !n be /amp$ 9 ! way indicat$ above2 c4 #ca ,! holl[ ( ! die mu/ be uni=mly wid] ?an ! l[]1 b imp]ceptibly #ce4 ,?is cuts ! co9s p]fectly r\nd & ( ! exact ?ickness1 & weight2 & saves ! man :o cuts & weighs1 & ! man :o makes ! co9s r\nd4 ,h5ce x passes only ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! gaug] & ( ! /amp]1 & ! co9s are v sup]ior4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxvi ,no4 #b4 ,! text ( l9es #ca-ce /&s p>allel #a4 #bd-bg4 ,f>!r evid5ce ( ,leon>do's occupations & engagem5ts at ,rome "u ,pope ,leo ,x4 may be ga!r$ f "s r\gh copies ( lett]s :i* w be f\nd 9 ?is volume4 ,hi!rto no?+ has be5 kn[n ( 8 "w 9 ,rome beyond "s d\btful1 & p]haps my?ical1 /atem5ts 9 ,vas>i4 #gbg4 ,,p[d] ,,= ,,m$als4 ,! incombu/ible gr[? ( soot on wicks r$uc$ to p[d]1 burnt t9 & all ! metals1 alum1 is+lass1 smoke f a brass =ge1 ea* +r$i5t to be moi/5$1 ) aqua vitae or malmsey or /rong malt v9eg>1 :ite w9e or di/ill$ extract ( turp5t9e1 or oil2 b !re %\ld be little moi/ure1 & ca/ 9 m\lds4 ,m>g9 note3 ,on ! co9+ ( m$als 7#gbg4 #gbh74 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( scagliuolo 9 ?is passage is d\btful4 #gbh4 ,,( ,,tak+ ,,ca/s ,,( ,,m$als4 ,a pa/e ( em]y mix$ ) aqua vitae1 or iron fil+s ) v9eg>1 or a%es ( walnut leaves1 or a%es ( /raw v f9ely p[d]$4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( scagliuolo 9 ?is passage is d\btful4 ,! diamet] is giv5 9 ! lead enclos$2 x is beat5 ) a hamm] & sev]al times ext5d$2 ! lead is fold$ & kept wrapp$ up 9 p>*m5t s t ! p[d] may n be spilt2 !n melt ! lead1 & ! p[d] w be on ! top ( ! melt$ lead1 :i* mu/ !n be rubb$ betwe5 two plates ( /eel till x is ?or\ghly pulv]is$2 !n wa% x ) aqua =tis1 & ! blackness ( ! iron w be dissolv$ leav+ ! p[d] clean4 ,em]y 9 l>ge gra9s may be brok5 by putt+ x on a clo? _m times d\bl$1 & hit x sideways ) ! hamm]1 :5 x w break up2 !n mix x little by little & x c be f\nd$ ) ease2 b if y hold x on ! anvil y w nev] break x1 :5 x is l>ge4 ,any "o :o gr9ds smalt %\ld d x on plates ( temp]$ /eel ) a cone %ap$ gr9d]2 !n put x 9 aqua =tis1 :i* melts away ! /eel t may h be5 work$ up & mix$ ) ! smalt1 & :i* makes x black2 x !n rema9s purifi$ & clean2 & if y gr9d x on porphyry ! porphyry w "w up & mix ) ! smalt & spoil x1 & aqua =tis w nev] remove x because x _c dissolve ! porphyry4 ,if y want a f9e blue col\r dissolve ! smalt made ) t>t>1 & !n remove ! salt4 ,vitrifi$ brass makes a f9e r$4 #gbi4 ,,/ucco4 ,place /ucco ov] ! prom95ce ( !44444 :i* may be compos$ ( ,v5us & ,m]cury1 & lay x well ov] t prom95ce ( ! ?ickness ( ! side ( a knife1 made ) ! rul] & cov] ?is ) ! bell ( a /ill1 & y w h aga9 ! moi/ure ) :i* y appli$ ! pa/e4 ,! re/ y may dry ,m>g9 note3 ,on /ucco 7#gbi4 #gcj74 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is passage a few words h be5 writt5 9 a sort ( ciph]--t is to say backw>ds2 z 9 l4 #c er5ev = ,v5]e1 l4 #d oirucrem = ,m]curio1 l4 #ab il orreve co ec>ob = il ev]ro 787 co borace4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w be=e di giesso 9 l4 #a is unkn[n2 & ! s5se1 9 :i* sagoma is us$ "h & 9 o!r passages is obscure4-- ,v5]e & ,m]curio may mean 'm>ble' & 'lime'1 ( :i* /ucco is compos$4 #ab4 ,! mean+ ( orreve is unkn[n4 well2 aft]w>ds fire x1 & beat x or burni% x ) a good burni%]1 & make x ?ick t[>ds ! side4 ,,/ucco4 ,p[d] 444 ) borax & wat] to a pa/e1 & make /ucco ( x1 & !n heat x s t x may dry1 & !n v>ni% x1 ) fire1 s t x %9es well4 #gcj4 ,,/ucco ,,= ,,m\ld+4 ,take ( butt] #f p>ts1 ( wax #b p>ts1 & z mu* f9e fl\r z :5 put ) ^! #b ?+s melt$1 w make !m z firm z wax or modell+ clay4 ,,glue4 ,take ma/ic1 di/ill$ turp5t9e & :ite lead4 ,on bronze ca/+ g5]ally 7#gca-gdj74 #gca4 ,,to ,,ca/4 ,t>t> burnt & p[d]$ ) pla/] & ca/ cause ! pla/] to hold toge!r :5 x is mix$ up aga92 & !n x w dissolve 9 wat]4 #gcb4 ,,to ,,ca/ ,,bronze ,,9 ,,pla/]4 ,take to e #b cups ( pla/] #a ( ox-horns burnt1 mix !m toge!r & make y\r ca/ ) x4 #gcc4 ,:5 y want to take a ca/ 9 wax1 burn ! scum ) a c&le1 & ! ca/ w come out )\t bubbles4 #gcd4 #b ounces ( pla/] to a p\nd ( metal2-- walnut1 :i* makes x l ! curve4 ,footnote3 ,! second "p ( ?is is q obscure4 #gce4 ,dri$ e>? #af p\nds1 #ajj p\nds ( metal wet clay #bj1--( wet #ajj1-;half1- :i* increases #d ,ibs4 ( wat]1--#a ( wax1 #a ,ib4 ( metal1 a little less1-! scrap+s ( l95 ) e>?1 measure = measure4 ,footnote3 ,! translation is giv5 lit]ally1 b ! mean+ is q obscure4 #gcf4 ,su* z ! m\ld is1 s w ! ca/ be4 #gcg4 ,,h[ ,,ca/s ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,poli%$4 ,make a bun* ( iron wire z ?ick z ?read1 & scrub !m ) ?is & wat]2 hold a b[l und]nea? t x may n make a mud bel[4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,remove ,,! ,,r\gh ,,edges ,,f ,,bronze4 ,make an iron rod1 aft] ! mann] ( a l>ge *isel1 & ) ?is rub ov] ^? seams on ! bronze :i* rema9 on ! ca/s ( ! guns1 & :i* are caus$ by ! jo9s 9 ! m\ld2 b make ! tool heavy en\gh1 & let ! /rokes be long & broad4 ,,to ,,facilitate ,,melt+4 ,fir/ alloy "p ( ! metal 9 ! crucible1 !n put x 9 ! furnace1 & ?is be+ 9 a molt5 /ate w assi/ 9 beg9n+ to melt ! copp]4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,! ,,copp] ,,cool+ ,,9 ,,! ,,furnace4 ,:5 ! copp] cools 9 ! furnace1 be ready1 z soon z y p]ceive x1 to cut x ) a long /ick :ile x is /ill 9 a pa/e2 or if x is q cold cut x z lead is cut ) broad & l>ge *isels4 ,,if ,,y ,,h ,,to ,,make ,a ,,l>ge ,,ca/4 ,if y h to make a ca/ ( a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds d x ) two furnaces & ) #bjjj p\nds 9 ea*1 or z mu* z #cjjj p\nds at mo/4 #gch4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,proce$ ,,to ,,break ,a ,,l>ge ,,mass ,,( ,,bronze4 ,if y want to break up a l>ge mass ( bronze1 fir/ susp5d x1 & !n make r\nd x a wall on ! f\r sides1 l a tr\gh ( bricks1 & make a great fire !re94 ,:5 x is q r$ hot give x a bl[ ) a heavy weight rais$ above x1 & ) great =ce4 #gci4 ,,to ,,comb9e ,,lead ,,) ,,o!r ,,metal4 ,if y wi% = economy 9 comb9+ lead ) ! metal 9 ord] to less5 ! am\nt ( t9 :i* is necess>y 9 ! metal1 fir/ alloy ! lead ) ! t9 & !n add ! molt5 copp]4 ,h[ ,,to ,,melt ,,metal ,,9 ,a ,,furnace4 ,! furnace %\ld be betwe5 f\r well f\nd$ pill>s4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,coat+4 ,! coat+ %\ld n be m ?an two f+]s ?ick1 x %\ld be laid on 9 f\r ?icknesses ov] f9e clay & !n well fix$1 & x %\ld be fir$ only on ! inside & !n c>efully cov]$ ) a%es & c['s dung4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,gun4 ,! gun be+ made to c>ry #fjj ,ibs4 ( ball & m1 by ?is rule y w take ! measure ( ! diamet] ( ! ball & divide x into #f p>ts & "o ( ^! p>ts w be its ?ickness at ! muzzle2 b at ! bree* x mu/ always be half4 ,& if ! ball is to be #gjj lbs41 #a_/g? ( ! diamet] ( ! ball mu/ be its ?ickness 9 front2 & if ! ball is to be #hjj1 ! eigh? ( its diamet] 9 front2 & if #ijj1 #a_/h? & #a_/b #c_/af1 & if #ajjj1 #a_/i?4 ,,( ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,! ,,gun4 ,if y want x to ?r[ a ball ( /one1 make ! l5g? ( ! gun to be #f1 or z mu* z #g diamet]s ( ! ball2 & if ! ball is to be ( iron make x z mu* z #ab balls1 & if ! ball is to be ( lead1 make x z mu* z #ah balls4 ,i mean :5 ! gun is to h ! m\? fitt$ to receive #fjj lbs4 ( /one ball1 & m4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,small ,,guns4 ,! ?ickness at ! muzzle ( small guns %\ld be f a half to "o ?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! ball1 & ! l5g? f #cj to #cf balls4 #gdj4 ,,( ,,lut+ ,,! ,,furnace ,,)94 ,! furnace mu/ be lut$ be=e y put ! metal 9 x1 ) e>? f ,val5za1 & ov] t ) a%es4 ,footnote #a4 #b43 ,t]ra di ,val5za4--,val5za is nor? ( ,aless&ria on ! ,po4 ,,( ,,re/or+ ,,! ,,metal ,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,becom+ ,,cool4 ,:5 y see t ! bronze is congeal+ take "s will[-wood cut 9 small *ips & make up ! fire ) x4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,its ,,curdl+4 ,i say t ! cause ( ?is congeal+ (t5 proce$s f too mu* fire1 or f ill-dri$ wood4 ,,to ,,"k ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,fire4 ,y may "k :5 ! fire is good & fit = y\r purpose by a cle> flame1 & if y see ! tips ( ! flames dull & end+ 9 mu* smoke d n tru/ x1 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! flux metal is almo/ fluid4 ,,( ,,alloy+ ,,! ,,metal4 ,metal = guns mu/ inv>iably be made ) #f or ev5 #h p] c5t1 t is #f ( t9 to "o hundr$ ( copp]1 = ! less y put 91 ! /rong] w ! gun be4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,t9 ,,%\ld ,,be ,,add$ ,,to ,,! ,,copp]4 ,! t9 %\ld be put 9 ) ! copp] :5 ! copp] is r$uc$ to a fluid4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,ha/5 ,,! ,,melt+4 ,y c ha/5 ! melt+ :5 #b_/c;ds ( ! copp] is fluid2 y c !n1 ) a /ick ( *e/nut-wood1 repeat$ly /ir :at ( copp] rema9s entire amid/ :at is melt$4 ,introductory ,obs]vations on ! ,ar*itectural ,designs 7,,xii71 & ,writ+s on ,ar*itecture 7,,xiii74 ,until n[ v little has be5 kn[n reg>d+ ,leon>do's lab\rs 9 ! doma9 ( ,ar*itecture4 ,no build+ is kn[n to h be5 plann$ & execut$ by him1 ?\gh by "s contempor>y writ]s incid5tal allusion is made to 8 occupy+ himself ) ar*itecture1 & 8 fam\s lett] to ,lodovico il ,moro1--:i* has long be5 a well-kn[n docum5t1--9 :i* he (f]s 8 s]vice z an ar*itect to t pr9ce1 t5ds to confirm ! belief t he 0 some?+ m ?an an amateur ( ! art4 ,?is hypo!sis has lately be5 confirm$ by ! publication ( c]ta9 docum5ts1 pres]v$ at ,milan1 %[+ t ,leon>do 0 n only employ$ 9 prep>+ plans b t he took an active "p1 ) mu* cr$it1 z memb] ( a commission on public build+s2 8 "n rema9s l9k$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! build+ ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pavia & t ( ! ,ca!dral at ,milan4 ,leon>do's writ+s on ,ar*itecture are disp]s$ among a l>ge numb] ( ,,mss41 & x w\ld be sc>cely possible to ma/] _! cont5ts )\t ! opportunity ( arrang+1 sort+ & comp>+ ! :ole mass ( mat]ials1 s z to h "s compreh5sive idea ( ! :ole4 ,! sket*es1 :5 isolat$ & consid]$ by !mselves1 might appe> to be ( b little value2 x is n till we und]/& _! g5]al purport1 f comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r1 t we c =m any j e/imate ( _! true wor?4 ,leon>do seems to h _h a project = writ+ a complete & sep>ate treatise on ,ar*itecture1 su* z 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies _h compos$--,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 ,fil>ete1 ,francesco di ,giorgio & p]haps also ,bramante4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d5i$ t possibly no su* s*eme 0 connect$ ) ! isolat$ notes & rese>*es1 treat+ on special que/ions1 :i* are giv5 9 ?is "w2 t he 0 m]ely work+ at problems 9 :i*1 = "s reason or o!r he took a special int]e/4 ,a great numb] ( important build+s 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,lomb>dy dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 #adgb & #adii1 & among !m !re are sev]al by unkn[n ar*itects1 ( s high an arti/ic m]it1 t x is c]ta9ly n improbable t ei!r ,bramante or ,leon>do da ,v9ci may h be51 directly or indirectly1 conc]n$ 9 _! erection4 ,hav+ be5 engag$1 = n[ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 9 a ?or\gh /udy ( ,bramante's life & lab\rs1 ,i h tak5 a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 detect+ ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( 8 /yle z comp>$ ) ,leon>do's4 ,9 #ahfi ,i made rese>*es ab\t ! ar*itectural draw+s ( ! latt] 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus at ,milan1 = ! purpose ( f9d+ out1 if possible ! orig9al plans & sket*es ( ! *ur*es ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie at ,milan1 & ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pavia1 :i* build+s h be5 suppos$ to be ! "w bo? ( ,bramante & ( ,leon>do4 ,s9ce #ahgf ,i h repeat$ly exam9$ ,leon>do's ar*itectural /udies 9 ! collection ( 8 manuscripts 9 ! ,in/itut de ,france1 & "s ( ^! ,i h already giv5 to ! public 9 my "w on ,les ,projets ,primitifs p\r la ,basilique de ,/4 ,pi]re de ,rome1 ,p#a4 #dc4 ,9 #ahgi ,i _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! manuscript 9 ! ,palazzo ,trivulzio at ,milan1 & 9 #ahhj ,dr ,ri*t] %[$ me 9 ,london ! manuscripts 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,a%burnham1 & ^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i h ?us _h opportunities ( see+ mo/ ( ,leon>do's ar*itectural draw+s 9 ! orig9al1 b ( ! manuscripts tliemselves ,i h deciph]$ only ! notes :i* accompany ! sket*es4 ,x is to ,dr ,ri*t]'s ex]tions t we owe ! collect$ texts on ,ar*itecture :i* are n[ publi%$1 & :ile he has und]tak5 to be responsible = ! correct read+ ( ! orig9al texts1 he has also made x 8 task to extract ! :ole ( ! mat]ials f ! v>i\s ,,mss4 ,x has be5 my task to arrange & elucidate ! texts "u ! heads :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 ?is "w4 ,,ms4 ,b4 at ,p>is & ! ,codex ,atlanticus at ,milan are ! *ief s\rces ( our k ( ,leon>do z an ar*itect1 & ,i h rec5tly subject$ ^! to a ?or\gh re-inve/igation expressly ) a view to ?is "w4 ,a complete reproduction ( all ,leon>do's ar*itectural sket*es has n1 inde$1 be5 possible1 b z f> z ! necess>ily re/rict$ limits ( ! "w h all[$1 ! utmo/ complet5ess has be5 aim$ at1 & no ef=ts h be5 sp>$ to include e ?+ t c contribute to a k ( ,leon>do's /yle4 ,x w\ld h be5 v int]e/+1 if x _h be5 possible1 to give "s g5]al acc\nt at lea/ ( ,leon>do's "w & /udies 9 eng9e]+1 =tification1 canal-mak+ & ! l1 & x is only on mature reflection t we h reluctantly ab&on$ ?is idea4 ,leon>do's occupations 9 ^! dep>tm5ts h by no means s close a relation to lit]>y "w1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w z we are fairly ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ to 8 num]\s notes on ,ar*itecture4 ,leon>do's ar*itectural /udies fall naturally "u two heads3 ,i4 ,^? draw+s & sket*es1 (t5 accompani$ by %ort rem>ks & explanations1 :i* may be reg>d$ z designs = build+s or monum5ts int5d$ to be built4 ,) ^! !re are occasionally explanatory texts4 ,,ii4 ,!oretical inve/igations & treatises4 ,a special int]e/ atta*es to ^! because !y discuss a v>iety ( que/ions :i* are ( practical importance to ?is day4 ,leon>do's !ory z to ! orig9 & progress ( cracks 9 build+s is p]haps to be consid]$ z unique 9 its way 9 ! lit]ature ( ,ar*itecture4 ,,h5ry ,,de ,,geymull] ,,xii4 ,ar*itectural ,designs4 ,i4 ,plans = t[ns4 ,a4 ,sket*es = lay+ out a new t[n ) a d\ble sy/em ( high- level & l[-level road-ways4 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ae;b74 ,a g5]al view ( a t[n1 ) ! roads outside x slop+ up to ! high-level ways )94 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b1 #af;b4 see ,no4 #gda2 & ,,ms4 ,b4 #ae;b1 see ,no4 #gdb7 gives a p>tial view ( ! t[n1 ) its /reets & h\ses1 ) explanatory ref]5ces4 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ae;b2 see ,no4 #gdc74 ,view ( a d\ble /aircaise ) two opposite flights ( /eps4 ,pl4 ,,lxxviii1 ,nos4 #b & #c 7,,ms4 ,b1 #cg;a74 ,sket*es illu/rat+ ! connection ( ! two levels ( roads by means ( /eps4 ,! l[] gall]ies are light$ by op5+s 9 ! upp] roadway4 ,b4 ,notes on remov+ h\ses 7,,ms4 ,br4 ,m41 #bgj;b1 see ,no4 #gdd74 #gda4 ,! roads m are #f braccia high] ?an ! roads p s1 & ea* road mu/ be #bj braccia wide & h #a_/b braccio slope f ! sides t[>ds ! middle2 & 9 ! middle let !re be at e braccio an op5+1 "o braccio long & "o f+] wide1 :]e ! ra9 wat] may run (f into holl[s made on ! same level z p s4 ,& on ea* side at ! extremity ( ! wid? ( ! said road let !re be an arcade1 #f braccia broad1 on columns2 & und]/& t he :o w\ld g ?r\gh ! :ole place by ! high level /reets c use !m = ?is purpose1 & he :o w\ld g by ! l[ level c d ! same4 ,by ! high /reets no vehicles & simil> objects %\ld circulate1 b !y are exclusively = ! use ( g5tlem54 ,! c>ts & burd5s = ! use & conv5i5ce ( ! inhabitants h to g by ! l[ ones4 ,"o h\se mu/ turn its back to ! o!r1 leav+ ! l[] /reets betwe5 !m4 ,provisions1 su* z wood1 w9e & su* ?+s are c>ri$ 9 by ! doors n1 & privies1 /ables & o!r fetid matt] mu/ be empti$ away und]gr\nd4 ,f "o ar* to ! next #gdb4 mu/ be #cjj braccia1 ea* /reet receiv+ its light ?r\gh ! op5+s ( ! upp] /reets1 & at ea* ar* mu/ be a w9d+ /air on a circul> plan because ! corn]s ( squ>e ones are always f\l$2 !y mu/ be wide1 & at ! fir/ vault !re mu/ be a door ent]+ into public privies & ! said /airs lead f ! upp] to ! l[] /reets & ! high level /reets beg9 outside ! city gates & slope up till at ^! gates !y h atta9$ ! height ( #f braccia4 ,let su* a city be built ne> ! sea or a l>ge riv] 9 ord] t ! dirt ( ! city may be c>ri$ (f by ! wat]4 #gdc4 ,! con/ruction ( ! /airs3 ,! /airs c d g d[n to f g1 & 9 ! same way f g goes d[n to h k4 #gdd4 ,,on ,,mov+ ,,h\ses4 ,let ! h\ses be mov$ & arrang$ 9 ord]2 & ?is w be done ) facility because su* h\ses are at fir/ made 9 pieces on ! op5 places1 & c !n be fitt$ toge!r ) _! timb]s 9 ! site :]e !y are to be p]man5t4 #i ,let ! m5 ( ! c\ntry or ! village p>tly inhabit ! new h\ses :5 ! c\rt is abs5t #ab4 ,footnote3 ,on ! same page we f9d notes ref]r+ to ,romolont9o & ,villafranca ) a sket*-map ( ! c\rse ( ! ,sodro & ! 7,lo7cra 7bo? are giv5 9 ! text f>!r on74 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! passage giv5 above1 ref]s to ! c\rt ( ,francis ,i4 ,k+ ( ,france4--,l4#i-ac are writt5 inside ! l>g] sket*1 :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 is on ! "r h& side ( ! page by ! side ( l9es #a-h4 ,! ?ree small] sket*es are bel[4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,ii4 ,plans = canals & /reets 9 a t[n4 ,pl4 ,,lxxix1 #a4 & #b1 7,,ms4 ,b1 #cg;b1 see ,no4 #gde1 & ,,ms4 ,b4 #cf;a1 see ,no4 #gdf74 ,a ,plan = /reets & canals inside a t[n1 by :i* ! cell>s ( ! h\ses are made accessible 9 boats4 ,! ?ird text giv5 "u ,no4 #gdg ref]s to works execut$ by ,leon>do 9 ,france4 #gde4 ,! front a m w give light to ! rooms2 a e w be #f braccia--a b #h braccia --b e #cj braccia1 9 ord] t ! rooms "u ! porticoes may be light$2 c d f is ! place :]e ! boats come to ! h\ses to be unload$4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ?is arrangem5t practicable1 & 9 ord] t ! inundation ( ! riv]s may n p5etrate into ! cell>s1 x is necess>y to *ose an appropriate situation1 su* z a spot ne> a riv] :i* c be div]t$ into canals 9 :i* ! level ( ! wat] w n v>y ei!r by inundations or dr\ght4 ,! con/ruction is %[n bel[2 & make *oice ( a f9e riv]1 :i* ! ra9s d n r5d] muddy1 su* z ! ,tic9o1 ! ,adda & _m o!rs4 ,footnote #ab3 ,tes9o1 ,adda e molti altri1 i4e4 riv]s com+ f ! m\nta9s & fl[+ ?r\gh lakes4 ,! con/ruction to oblige ! wat]s to keep con/antly at ! same level w be a sort ( dock1 z %[n bel[1 situat$ at ! entrance ( ! t[n2 or bett] /ill1 "s way )91 9 ord] t ! enemy may n de/roy x #ad4 ,footnote3 ,l4 #a-d are on ! left h& side & )9 ! sket* giv5 on ,pl4 ,,lxxix1 ,no4 ,i4 ,!n foll[s aft] l9e #ad1 ! draw+ ( a sluicegate--conca--( :i* ! use is expla9$ 9 ! text bel[ x4 ,on ! page #ch;a1 :i* comes next 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 is ! sket* ( an oval plan ( a t[n ov] :i* is writt5 modo di canali p] la citta & ?r\gh ! long] axis ( x canale magior is writt5 ) ,tes9o on ! prolongation ( ! canal4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 #gdf4 ,let ! wid? ( ! /reets be equal to ! av]age height ( ! h\ses4 #gdg4 ,! ma9 und]gr\nd *annel does n receive turbid wat]1 b t wat] runs 9 ! dit*es outside ! t[n ) f\r mills at ! entrance & f\r at ! outlet2 & ?is may be done by damm+ ! wat] above ,romorant94 #aa,!re %\ld be f\nta9s made 9 ea* piazza#ac4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ?is text comes imm$iately aft] ! passage giv5 z ,no4 #gdd4 ,! rema9d] ( ! writ+ on ! same page ref]s to ! con/ruction ( canals & is giv5 lat]1 9 ! ,topographical ,notes4 ,l9es #a-aa are writt5 to ! "r ( ! plan l9es #aa-ac und]nea? x4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,footnote #aj3 ,romolont9o is ,romorant91 ,s\? ( ,orleans 9 ,france4 ,,iii4 ,ca/les & ,villas4 ,a4 ,ca/les4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #a 7,p4 ,v4 fol4 #ci;b2 ,no4 d'ordre #bbhb74 ,! =tifi$ place "h repres5t$ is said by ,vall>di to be ! ca/ello at ,milan1 b )\t any satisfactory reason4 ,! high t[] beh9d ! rivell9o ravel9--seems to be int5d$ z a wat*-t[]4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b1 #bc;b74 ,a simil>ly con/ruct$ t[] probably int5d$ = ! same use4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b74 ,sket*es = corn] t[]s ) /eps = a citadel4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #d 7,w4 ,,xvi74 ,a cupola cr[n+ a corn] t[]2 an int]e/+ example ( decorative =tification4 ,9 ?is reproduction ( ! orig9al p5 & ink draw+ x appe>s rev]s$4 ,b4 ,projects = ,palaces4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxi1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,c4 ,a1 #ge;b2 #bba;a1 see ,no4 #gdh74 ,project = a royal resid5ce at ,amboise 9 ,france4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #a 7,c4 ,a #cjh;a2 #ici;a74 ,a plan = a some:at ext5sive resid5ce1 & v>i\s details2 b !re is no text to elucidate x2 9 c\rts are writt5 ! ?ree names3 ,sam cosi giova 7,/4 ,m>k7 7,cosmo7 7,john71 ar* mo n9o ,c4 ,plans = small ca/les or ,villas4 ,! ?ree foll[+ sket*es greatly resemble ea* o!r4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,k#c #cf;b2 see ,no4 #gdi74 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b #fj;a2 ,see ,no4 #gej74 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiii 7,w4 ,,xvii74 ,! text on ?is %eet ref]s to ,cyprus 7see ,topographical ,notes ,no4 #aajc71 b seems to h no direct connection ) ! sket*es ins]t$ betwe54 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,nos4 #f & #g 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ab;a2 see ,no4 #gea74 ,a section ( a circul> pavilion ) ! plan ( a simil> build+ by ! side ( x4 ,^! two draw+s h a special hi/orical int]e/ because ! text writt5 bel[ m5tions ! ,duke & ,du*ess ( ,milan4 ,! sket* ( a villa on a t]race at ! end ( a g>d5 occurs 9 ,c4 ,a4 #aej2 & 9 ,c4 ,a4 #gg;b2 #bbe;b is ano!r sket* ( a villa some:at resembl+ ! ,belv$]e ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii1 at ,rome4 ,9 ,c4 ,a4 #fb;b2 #aic;b !re is a ,loggia4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #d 7,c4 ,a4 #chg;a2 #aaih;a7 is a t[]-%ap$ ,loggia above a f\nta94 ,! ma*9]y is v +5i\sly scre5$ f view4 #gdh4 ,! ,palace ( ! pr9ce mu/ h a piazza 9 front ( x4 ,h\ses int5d$ = danc+ or any k9d ( jump+ or any o!r movem5ts ) a multitude ( p1 mu/ be on ! gr\nd- floor2 = ,i h already witness$ ! de/ruction ( "s1 caus+ dea? to _m p]sons1 & above all let e wall1 be x ev] s ?91 re/ on ! gr\nd or on ar*es ) a good f\ndation4 ,let ! mezzan9es ( ! dwell+s be divid$ by walls made ( v ?9 bricks1 & )\t wood on acc\nt ( fire4 ,let all ! privies h v5tilation by %afts 9 ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 s z to exhale by ! ro(s4 ,! mezzan9es %\ld be vault$1 & ! vaults w be /rong] 9 proportion z !y are ( small size4 ,! ties ( oak mu/ be enclos$ 9 ! walls 9 ord] to be protect$ f fire4 ,footnote3 ,! rem>ks accompany+ ! plan reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lxxxi1 ,no4 #b are z foll[s3 ,above1 to ! left3 9 a angholo /ia la gu>dia de la s/alla 79 ! angle a may be ! keep] ( ! /able74 ,bel[ are ! words /rada dabosa 7road to ,amboise71 p>allel ) ?is fossa br #dj 7! moat #dj braccia7 fix+ ! wid? ( ! moat4 ,9 ! l>ge c\rt surr\nd$ by a portico 9 t]re ,no4--,l>gha br4#hj e lugha br #abj4 ,to ! "r ( ! ca/le is a l>ge bas9 = aquatic sports ) ! words ,gio/re colle nave cioe li gio/ra li /i5o sopra le na 7,j\/+ 9 boats t is ! m5 are to be 9 boats74 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,! privies mu/ be num]\s & go+ "o into ! o!r 9 ord] t ! /5* may n p5etrate into ! dwell+s41 & all _! doors mu/ %ut (f !mselves ) c\nt]poises4 ,! ma9 division ( ! facade ( ?is palace is into two portions2 t is to say ! wid? ( ! c\rt-y>d mu/ be half ! :ole facade2 ! #bnd 444 #gdi4 #cj braccia wide on ea* side2 ! l[] entrance leads into a hall #aj braccia wide & #cj braccia long ) #d recesses ea* ) a *imney4 ,footnote3 ,on ea* side ( ! ca/le1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii4 ,no4 #b !re are draw+s ( details1 to ! left ,cam9o a *imney1 to ! "r ! c5tral lant]n1 sket*$ 9 r$ #h lati i4e4 an octagon4 #gej4 ,! fir//orey or t]race mu/ be entirely solid4 #gea4 ,! pavilion 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,du*ess ( ,milan4 ,! plan ( ! pavilion :i* is 9 ! middle ( ! labyr9? ( ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,,amoretti 9 ,memorie ,/ori*e ,cap4 ,x3 ,una sua op]a da riport>si a que/' anno fu il bagno fatto p] la du*essa ,beatrice nel p>co o gi>d9o del ,ca/ello4 ,lion>do non solo ne disegno il piccolo edifizio a foggia di padiglione1 nel cod4 segnato ,q4 #c1 d&one an*e sep>atam5te la pianta2 ma sotto vi scrisse3 ,padiglione del gi>d9o della du*essa2 e sotto la pianta3 ,fondam5to del padiglione *'e nel mezzo del labir9to del duca di ,milano2 nessuna data e presso il padiglione1 disegnato nella pag9a #ab1 ma poco sopra fra molti circoli intrecciati v$esi #aj ,luglio #adib e nella pag9a #b presso ad alcuni disegni di legumi qual*$uno ha letto ,settembre #adhb 9 vece di #adib1 come dovea scriv]evi1 e probabilm5te scrisse ,lion>do4 ,! orig9al text h[ev] h>dly be>s ! int]pretation put ^u x by ,,amoretti4 ,he is mi/ak5 z to ! m>k on ! ,,ms4 z well z 9 8 /atem5ts z to ! date1 = ! ,,ms4 9 "q has no date2 ! date he gives occurs1 on ! contr>y1 9 ano!r note-book4 ,f9ally1 x appe>s to me q an op5 "q :e!r ,leon>do 0 ! ar*itect :o c>ri$ out ! con/ruction ( ! dome-l ,pavilion "h %[n 9 section1 or ( ! gr\nd plan ( ! ,pavilion drawn by ! side ( x4 ,mu/ we1 9 fact1 suppose t il duca di ,milano "h m5tion$ 01 z has be5 g5]ally assum$1 ,ludovico il ,moro8 ,he did n hold ?is title f ! ,emp]or be=e #adid2 till t date he 0 only call$ ,gov]natore & ,leon>do 9 speak+ ( him1 m5tions him g5]ally z il ,moro ev5 aft] #adid4 ,on ,janu>y #ah1 #adia1 he m>ri$ ,beatrice d',e/e ! daught] ( ,ercole ,i1 ,duke ( ,f]r>a4 ,%e di$ on ! #bnd ,janu>y #adig1 & = ! reasons ,i h giv5 x seems improbable t x %\ld be ?is pr9cess :o is "h spok5 ( z ! ,du*essa di ,milano4 ,f ! /yle ( ! h&writ+ x appe>s to me to be beyond all d\bt t ! ,,ms4 ,b1 f :i* ?is passage is tak51 is old] ?an ! dat$ ,,mss4 ( #adib & #adic4 ,9 t case ! ,duke ( ,milan "h m5tion$ w\ld be ,gian ,galeazzo 7#adfi-adid7 & ! ,du*ess w\ld be 8 wife ,isabella ( ,aragon1 to :om he 0 m>ri$ on ! second ,febru>y #adhi4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 #geb4 ,! e>? t is dug out f ! cell>s mu/ be rais$ on "o side s high z to make a t]race g>d5 z high z ! level ( ! hall2 b betwe5 ! e>? ( ! t]race & ! wall ( ! h\se1 leave an int]val 9 ord] t ! damp may n spoil ! pr9cipal walls4 ,,iv4 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture4 ,a4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4 #gec4 ,a build+ %\ld always be deta*$ on all sides s t its =m may be se54 ,footnote3 ,! orig9al text is reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,xcii1 ,no4 #a to ! left h& at ! bottom4 #ged4 ,"h !re _c & ought n to be any campanile2 on ! contr>y x mu/ /& ap>t l t ( ! ,ca!dral & ( ,san ,giovanni at ,flor5ce1 & ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pisa1 :]e ! campanile is q deta*$ z well z ! dome4 ,?us ea* c display its own p]fection4 ,if h[ev] y wi% to jo9 x to ! *ur*1 make ! lant]n s]ve = ! campanile z 9 ! *ur* at ,*i>avalle4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is writt5 by ! side ( ! plan giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xci4 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,abbey ( ,*i>avalle1 a few miles f ,milan1 has a c5tral t[] on ! int]section ( ! cross 9 ! /yle ( t ( ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 b ! /yle is m$iaeval 7,a4 ,d4 #accj74 ,leon>do seems "h to mean1 t 9 a build+1 9 :i* ! circul> =m is /rongly conspicu\s1 ! campanile mu/ ei!r be sep>at$1 or rise f ! c5tre ( ! build+ & !re=e take ! =m ( a lant]n4 #gee4 ,x nev] looks well to see ! ro(s ( a *ur*2 !y %\ld r be flat & ! wat] %\ld run (f by gutt]s made 9 ! frieze4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is to ! left ( ! dom$ *ur* reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii1 ,no4 #b4 ,b4 ,! !ory ( ,dome ,ar*itecture4 ,?is subject has be5 m ext5sively treat$ by ,leon>do 9 draw+s ?an 9 writ+4 ,/ill we may fairly assume t x 0 8 purpose1 ultimately to embody ! results ( 8 inve/igation 9 a ,trattato delle ,cupole4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ials is rem>kably ext5sive4 ,,ms4 ,b is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 plans & elevations ( *ur*es ) "o or m domes--f ! simple/ =m to ! mo/ complicat$ t c be imag9$4 ,consid]+ ! evid5t connexion betwe5 a great numb] ( ^! sket*es1 z well z ! impossibility ( see+ 9 !m designs or prep>atory sket*es = any build+ int5d$ to be erect$1 ! conclusion is obvi\s t !y 7 n design$ = any p>ticul> monum5t1 b 7 !oretical & ideal rese>*es1 made 9 ord] to obta9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! laws :i* mu/ gov]n ! con/ruction ( a great c5tral dome1 ) small] ones gr\p$ r\nd x2 & ) or )\t ! addition ( spires1 s t ea* ( ^! p>ts by itself & 9 its juxtaposition to ! o!r p>ts %\ld produce ! gr&e/ possible effect4 ,9 ^! sket*es ,leon>do seems to h exhau/$ e imag9able comb9ation4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,,ms4 ,b1 #cb;b 7see ,pl4 ,c ,,iii1 ,no4 #b7 we f9d eight geometrical patt]ns1 ea* drawn 9 a squ>e2 & 9 ,,ms4 ,c4,a41 fol4 #hg to #ih =m a :ole s]ies ( patt]ns done ) ! same int5tion4 ,! results ( "s ( ^! problems are p]haps n q satisfactory2 /ill !y _c be consid]$ to give evid5ce ( a want ( ta/e or ( any o!r defect 9 ,leon>do s ar*itectural capacity4 ,!y 7 no d\bt int5d$ exclusively = 8 own in/ruction1 &1 be=e all1 z x seems1 to illu/rate ! features or consequ5ces result+ f a giv5 pr9ciple4 ,i h already1 9 ano!r place1 ,footnote #a3 ,les ,projets ,primitifs p\r la ,basilique de ,/4 ,pi]re de ,rome1 p> ,bramante1 ,raphael etc41,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b4 po9t$ out ! law ( con/ruction = build+s cr[n$ by a l>ge dome3 namely1 t su* a dome1 to produce ! greate/ effect possible1 %\ld rise ei!r f ! c5tre ( a ,greek cross1 or f ! c5tre ( a /ructure ( :i* ! plan has "s symmetrical aff9ity to a circle1 ?is circle be+ at ! same "t ! c5tre ( ! :ole plan ( ! build+4 ,leon>do's sket*es %[ t he 0 fully aw>e1 z 0 to be expect$1 ( ?is tru?4 ,few ( !m exhibit ! =m ( a ,lat9 cross1 & :5 ?is is met )1 x g5]ally gives evid5ce ( ! det]m9ation to assign z prom95t a "p z possible to ! dome 9 ! g5]al effect ( ! build+4 ,:ile x is evid5t1 on ! "o h&1 t ! great] numb] ( ^! domes _h no p>ticul> purpose1 n be+ design$ = execution1 on ! o!r h& sev]al reasons may be f\nd = ,leon>do's p]sev]ance 9 8 /udies ( ! subject4 ,besides ! !oretical int]e/ ( ! "q = ,leon>do & 8 ,trattato & besides ! ta/e = domes prevail+ at t "t1 x seems likely t ! int5d$ erection ( "s build+ ( ! fir/ importance l ! ,duomos ( ,pavia & ,como1 ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie at ,milan1 & ! con/ruction ( a ,dome or c5tral ,t[] 7,tiburio7 on ! ca!dral ( ,milan1 may h /imulat$ ,leon>do to und]take a g5]al & ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! subject2 :il/ ,leon>do's int]c\rse ) ,bramante = t5 ye>s or m1 c h>dly h rema9$ )\t influ5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 fact n[ t "s ( ?is great ,ar*itect's /udies = ,s4 ,pet]'s at ,rome h at la/ become kn[n1 he mu/ be consid]$ h5ce=? z ! greate/ ma/] ( ,dome-,ar*itecture t ev] exi/$4 ,8 influ5ce1 direct or indirect ev5 on a g5ius l ,leon>do seems ! m likely1 s9ce ,leon>do's sket*es reveal a /yle mo/ simil> to t ( ,bramante1 ^: "n inde$1 occurs twice 9 ,leon>do's manuscript notes4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,leon>do 0 a ,flor5t9e2 ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! two pr9cipal domes ( ,flor5ce1 ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,fiore & ! ,batti/]io1 con/antly appe> z lead+ features 9 8 sket*es4 ,! *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo at ,milan1 0 at t "t /ill intact4 ,! dome is to ?is day "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful cupolas ev] con/ruct$1 & ) its two small] domes might well attract ! att5tion & /udy ( a nev] re/+ g5ius su* z ,leon>do4 ,a :ole class ( ^! sket*es betray 9 fact ! direct influ5ce ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 & ?is also seems to h sugge/$ ! plan ( ,bramante's dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! v>i\s sket*es = ! con/ruction ( domes h be5 classifi$ & discuss$ f a g5]al po9t ( view4 ,on two %eets3 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv 7,c4,a4 #ced;b2 #aah;a7 & ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,nos4 #a-aa 7,a%4 ,,ii1 #f;b7 we see v>i\s dissimil> types1 gr\p$ toge!r2 ?us ^! two %eets may be reg>d$ z a sort ( nom5clature ( ! diff]5t types1 on :i* we %all n[ h to treat4 #a4 ,*ur*es =m$ on ! plan ( a ,greek cross4 ,gr\p ,i4 ,domes ris+ f a circul> base4 ,! simple/ type ( c5tral build+ is a circul> edifice4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #i4 ,plan ( a circul> build+ surr\nd$ by a colonnade4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #h4 ,elevation ( ! =m]1 ) a conical ro(4 ,pl4 ,,xc4 ,no4 #e4 ,a dodecagon1 z mo/ ne>ly approa*+ ! circle4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi1 ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,f\r r\nd *apels are add$ at ! extremities ( ! two pr9cipal axes2--comp>e ?is plan ) fig4 #a on p4 #dd & fig4 #c on p4 #dg 7,w4 ,p4 #e;b7 :]e ! out] wall is octagonal4 ,gr\p ,,ii4 ,domes ris+ f a squ>e base4 ,! plan is a squ>e surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 & ! dome seems to be octagonal4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,! squ>e plan bel[ ! circul> build+ ,no4 #h1 & its elevation to ! left1 above ! plan3 "h ! gr\nd-plan is squ>e1 ! upp] /orey octagonal4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ?is type is %[n 9 two sket*es ,c4 ,a4 #c;a 7n reproduc$ "h71 & 9 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi1 ,no4 #e 7:i* possibly belongs to ,no4 #g on ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv74 ,pl1 ,,lxxxv1 ,no4 #d1 & p4 #de1 ,fig4 #c1 a ,greek cross1 repeat$ p4 #de1 ,fig4 #c1 is ano!r developm5t ( ! squ>e c5tral plan4 ,! rema9d] ( ^! /udies %[ two diff]5t sy/ems2 9 ! fir/ ! dome rises f a squ>e plan1--9 ! second f an octagonal base4 ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,domes ris+ f a squ>e base & f\r pill>s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! anci5t *apel ,san ,satiro1 via del ,falcone1 ,milan1 is a specim5 ( ?is type4 a7 ,fir/ type4 ,a ,dome re/+ on f\r pill>s 9 ! c5tre ( a squ>e edifice1 ) an apse 9 ! middle1 ( ea* ( ! f\r sides4 ,we h elev5 v>iations ( ?is type4 aa7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #c4 bb7 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #e4 cc7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #e4 dd7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #a & #d b5ea?4 ee7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,nos4 #a1 #g1 #aj1 #aa4 b7 ,second type4 ,?is consi/s 9 add+ aisles to ! :ole plan ( ! fir/ type2 columns are plac$ betwe5 ! apses & ! aisles2 ! plan ?us obta9$ is v ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ,s4 ,lor5zo at ,milan4 ,fig4 #a on p4 #ef4 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ge;a7 %[s ! result ( ?is treatm5t adapt$ to a peculi> purpose ab\t :i* we %all h to say a few words lat] on4 ,pl4 ,,xcv1 ,no4 #a1 %[s ! same plan b ) ! addition ( a %ort nave4 ,?is plan seems to h be5 sugge/$ by ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ,s4 ,sepolcro at ,milan4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #eg;b 7see ! sket* reproduc$ on p4#ea74 ,by add+ t[]s 9 ! f\r out] angles to ! la/ nam$ plan1 we obta9 a plan :i* be>s ! g5]al features ( ,bramante's plans = ,s4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,les projets primitifs etc41 ,pl4 #i-ab4 7,see p4 #ea ,fig4 #a47 ,gr\p ,,iv4 ,domes ris+ f an octagonal base4 ,?is sy/em1 develop$ accord+ to two diff]5t s*emes1 has giv5 rise to two classes ) _m v>ieties4 ,9 a7 ,on ea* side ( ! octagon *apels ( equal =m are add$4 ,9 b7 ,! *apels are dissimil>2 ^? :i* t]m9ate ! pr9cipal axes be+ diff]5t 9 =m f ^? :i* are add$ on ! diagonal sides ( ! octagon4 a4 ,fir/ ,class4 ,! ,*apel degli ,angeli1 at ,flor5ce1 built only to a height ( ab\t #bj feet by ,brunellesco1 may be consid]$ z ! prototype ( ?is gr\p2 &1 inde$ x probably sugge/$ x4 ,! fact t we see 9 ,,ms4 ,b4 #aa;b 7,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #c7 by ! side ( ,brunellesco's plan = ! ,basilica ( ,/o4 ,spirito at ,flor5ce1 a plan almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! ,capella degli ,angeli1 confirms ?is supposition4 ,only two small diff]5ces1 or we may say improvem5ts1 h be5 introduc$ by ,leon>do4 ,fir/ly ! back ( ! *apels conta9s a ?ird ni*e1 & ea* angle ( ! ,octagon a fold$ pila/] l ^? 9 ,bramante's ,sagre/ia di ,s4 ,m4 presso ,san ,satiro at ,milan1 in/ead ( an int]val betwe5 ! two pila/]s z se5 9 ! ,batti/]o at ,flor5ce & 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ,/o4 ,spirito 9 ! same t[n & also 9 ! above nam$ *apel by ,brunellesco4 ,! fir/ set ( sket*es :i* come "u consid]ation h at fir/ sight ! appe>ance ( m]e geometrical /udies4 ,!y seem to h be5 sugge/$ by ! plan giv5 on page #dd ,fig4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ee;a7 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is writt5 ,santa ,m>ia 9 p]ti*a da ,pavia1 at ! place m>k$ ,a on ! reproduction4 a7 7,,ms4 ,b1 #cd;b1 page #dd ,fig4 #c74 ,9 ! middle ( ea* side a column is add$1 & 9 ! axes ( ! int]column> spaces a second r[ ( columns =ms an aisle r\nd ! octagon4 ,^! are plac$ at ! int]section ( a sy/em ( semicircles1 ( :i* ! sixte5 columns on ! sides ( ! octagon are ! c5tres4 b7 ,! prec$+ diagram is complet$ & becomes m monum5tal 9 /yle 9 ! sket* next to x 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ce;a1 see p4 #de ,fig4 #a74 ,an out] aisle is add$ by circles1 hav+ = radius ! di/ance betwe5 ! columns 9 ! middle sides ( ! octagon4 c7 7,,ms4 ,b4 #if;b1 see p4 #de ,fig4 #b74 ,octagon ) an aisle r\nd x2 ! angles ( bo? are =m$ by columns4 ,! out] sides are =m$ by #h ni*es =m+ *apels4 ,! ext]ior is likewise octagonal1 ) ! angles correspond+ to ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! int]ior *apels4 ,pl4 ,,xcii1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b4 #if;b74 ,detail & modification ( ! prec$+ plan--half columns aga9/ pi]s--an arrangem5t by :i* ! *apels ( ! aisle h ! same wid? ( op5+ z ! inn] ar*es betwe5 ! half columns4 ,und]nea? ?is sket* ! foll[+ note occurs3 que/o vole - av]e #ab facce - co #ab tab]naculi - come - a - b4 7,?is w h twelve sides ) twelve tab]nacles z a b47 ,9 ! rema9+ sket*es ( ?is class ! octagon is n =m$ by columns at ! angles4 ,! simple/ type %[s a ni*e 9 ! middle ( ea* side & is repeat$ on sev]al %eets1 viz3 ,,ms4 ,b #c2 ,,ms4 ,c4,a4 #ced;b 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #aa7 & ,,ms4 ,a% ,,ii #f;b2 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,no4 #i & ! elevations ,no4 #h2 ,pl4 ,,xcii1 ,no4 #c2 ,,ms4 ,b4 #d;b n reproduc$ "h & ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #b74 ,pl4 ,,xcii1 #c 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ef;b7 corresponds to a plan l ! "o 9 ,,ms4 ,b #ce;a1 9 :i* ! ni*es w\ld be visible outside or1 z 9 ! foll[+ sket*1 ) ! addition ( a ni*e 9 ! middle ( ea* *apel4 ,pl4 ,,xc1 ,no4 #f4 ,! ni*es !mselves are surr\nd$ by small] ni*es 7see also ,no4 #a on ! same plate74 ,octagon exp&$ on ea* side4 ,a4 by a squ>e *apel3 ,,ms4 ,b4 #cd;b 7n reproduc$ "h74 ,b4 by a squ>e ) #c ni*es3 ,,ms4 ,b4 #aa;b 7see ,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #c74 ,c4 by octagonal *apels3 a7 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ba;a2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #d4 b7 ,no4 #b on ! same plate4 ,und]nea? !re is ! rem>k3 que/'e come le #h cappele ano a ess]e facte 7?is is h[ ! eight *apels are to be execut$74 c7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #e4 ,elevation to ! plans on ! same %eet1 x is accompani$ by ! note3 ciasscuno de' #i tiburi no'uole - pass>e l'alteza - di - #b - quadri 7nei!r ( ! #i domes mu/ exce$ ! height ( two squ>es74 d7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #a4 ,inside ( ! same octagon4 ,,ms4 ,b1 #cj;a1 & #cd;b2 ^! are ?ree repetitions ( p>ts ( ! same plan ) v slight v>iations4 ,d4 by a circul> *apel3 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ah;a 7see ,fig4 #a on page #dg7 gives ! plan ( ?is arrangem5t 9 :i* ! ext]ior is squ>e on ! gr\nd floor ) only f\r ( ! *apels project+1 z is expla9$ 9 ! next sket*4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix1 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ag;b4 ,elevation to ! prec$+ plan sket*$ on ! opposite side ( ! %eet1 & also m>k$ ,a4 ,x is accompani$ by ! foll[+ rem>k1 indicat+ ! !oretical "* ( ^! /udies3 que/o - edifitio - an*ora - />ebbe - b5e aff>lo dalla l9ja - a - b - c - d - insu4 7,?is edifice w\ld also produce a good effect if only ! "p above ! l9es a b1 c d1 7 execut$74 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #aa4 ,! ext]ior has ! =m ( an octagon1 b ! *apels project p>tly beyond x4 ,on ! left side ( ! sket* !y appe> l>g] ?an on ! "r side4 ,pl4 ,,xc1 ,no4 #a1 7,,ms4 ,b1 #be;b72 ,repetition ( ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #aa4 ,pl4 ,,xc1 ,no4 #b4 ,elevation to ! plan ,no4 #a1 & also to ,no4 #f ( ! same %eet4 ,e4 ,by *apels =m$ by f\r ni*es3 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #g 7! circul> plan on ! left bel[7 %[s ?is arrangem5t 9 :i* ! c5tral dome has become circul> inside & might !re=e be class$ aft] ?is gr\p4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is plan & "s o!rs ( ?is class rem9d u ( ! plan ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,augu/us z x is repres5t$ = in/ance by ,dur&4 ,see ,cab4 des ,e/ampes1 ,biblio!que ,nationale1 ,p>is1 ,topographie de ,rome1 ,v1 #f1 #hb4 ,! sket* on ! "r h& side gives mo/ likely ! elevation = ! la/ nam$ plan4 ,f4 ,by *apels ( /ill ri*] comb9ations1 :i* necessitate an octagon ( l>g] dim5sions3 ,pl4 ,,xci1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,a%4 #aa4 #h;b7 ,footnote #b3 ,! note accompany+ ?is plan is giv5 "u ,no4 #ged42 on ?is plan ! *apels !mselves appe> to be c5tral build+s =m$ l ! fir/ type ( ! ?ird gr\p4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #c4 ,pl4 ,,xci1 ,no4 #b above2 ! ext]ior ( ! prec$+ figure1 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! alt]nation ( apses & ni*es1 ! latt] conta9+ /atues ( a gigantic size1 9 proportion to ! dim5sion ( ! ni*es4 b4 ,second ,class4 ,composite plans ( ?is class are g5]ally obta9$ by comb9+ two types ( ! fir/ class--! "o work$ out on ! pr9cipal axes1 ! o!r on ! diagonal ones4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #bb %[s an elem5t>y comb9ation1 )\t any additions on ! diagonal axes1 b ) ! dim5sions ( ! squ>es on ! two pr9cipal axes exce$+ ^? ( ! sides ( ! octagon4 ,9 ! draw+ ,w4 ,p4 #e;b 7see page #dd ,fig4 #a7 ! ext]ior only ( ! edifice is octagonal1 ! int]ior be+ =m$ by a circul> colonnade2 r\nd *apels are plac$ aga9/ ! f\r sides ( ! pr9cipal axes4 ,! elevation1 drawn on ! same %eet 7see page #dg ,fig4 #c71 %[s ! :ole arrangem5t :i* is closely relat$ ) ! "o on ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi ,no4 #a1 #b4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ba;a %[s3 a7 f\r sides ) rectangul> *apels cr[n$ by p$im5ts ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #c 7plan & elevation72 b7 f\r sides ) squ>e *apels cr[n$ by octagonal domes4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #d2 ! plan und]nea?4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ah;a %[s a v>iation obta9$ by replac+ ! r\nd *apels 9 ! pr9cipal axes ( ! sket* ,,ms4 ,b4 l#h;a by squ>e ones1 ) an apse4 ,leon>do repeat$ bo? ideas = bett] comp>ison side by side1 see page #dg4 ,fig4 #b4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ag;b74 ,elevation = ! prec$+ figure4 ,! comp>ison ( ! draw+ m>k$ ,m ) ! plan on page #dg ,fig4 #b1 be>+ ! same m>k1 & ( ! elevation on ,pl4 ,,lxxxix bel[ 7m>k$ ,a7 ) ! correspond+ plan on page #dg is highly in/ructive1 z illu/rat+ ! _s 9 :i* ,leon>do pursu$ ^! /udies4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #ab %[s ! design ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #c comb9$ ) apses1 ) ! addition ( r\nd *apels on ! diagonal sides4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #ac is a v>iation ( ! prec$+ sket*4 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #c4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #be;b4 ,! r\nd *apels ( ! prec$+ sket* are replac$ by octagonal *apels1 above :i* rise campaniles4 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #d is ! elevation = ! prec$+ plan4 ,pl4 ,,xcii ,no4 #a4 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ci;b472 ! plan bel[4 ,on ! pr9cipal z well z on ! diagonal axes are diagonal *apels1 b ! latt] are sep>at$ f ! dome by semicircul> recesses4 ,! communication betwe5 ^! eight *apels =ms a squ>e aisle r\nd ! c5tral dome4 ,above ?is figure is ! elevation1 %[+ f\r campaniles on ! angles4 ,footnote #a3 ,! note accompany+ ?is draw+ is reproduc$ "u ,no4 #gec4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #c4 ,on ! pr9cipal axes are squ>e *apels ) ?ree ni*es2 on ! diagonals octagonal *apels ) ni*es4 ,cod4 ,atl4 #cdj;b gives a some:at simil> arrangem5t4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #cj4 ,! pr9cipal developm5t is ?r[n on ! diagonal axes by squ>e *apels ) ?ree ni*es2 on ! pr9cipal axes are inn] recesses communicat+ ) out] ones4 ,! plan ,pl4 ,,xciii ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b4 #bb7 diff]s f ?is only 9 s f> z ! out] semicircles h become circul> *apels1 project+ f ! ext]nal squ>e z apses2 "o ( !m s]ves z ! entrance by a semicircul> portico4 ,! elevation is drawn on ! left side ( ! plan4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ai4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ,,ms4 ,b4 #ah1 by employ+ = ! f\r pr9cipal *apels ! type ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #c1 z we h already se5 9 ,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #b2 ! ext]ior pres5ts two v>ieties4 a7 ,! out] cont\r foll[s ! inn]4 ,footnote #b3 ,^! *apels are "h sket*$ 9 two diff]5t sizes2 x is ! small] type :i* is ?us =m$4 b7 ,x is semicircul>4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ah;b7 ,elevation to ! fir/ v>iation ,,ms4 ,b4 #ai4 ,if we 7 n c]ta9 t ?is sket* 0 by ,leon>do1 we might feel tempt$ to take x z a /udy by ,bramante = ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,les projets primitifs ,pl4 #dc4 ,,ms4 ,p4 ,v4 #ci;b4 ,9 ! pr9cipal axes ! *apels ( ,,ms4 ,b4 #ai1 & semicircul> ni*es on ! diagonals4 ,! ext]ior ( ! :ole edifice is also an octagon1 conceal+ ! =m ( ! int]ior *apels1 b ) its angles on _! axes4 ,gr\p ,v4 ,sugge/$ by ,san ,lor5zo at ,milan4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #bff ,i,ib1 #hl#b;b !re is a plan almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,san ,lor5zo4 ,! diagonal sides ( ! irregul> octagon are n indicat$4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ! ar*es :i*1 9 ! actual *ur*1 exi/ on ^! sides 9 ! fir/ /ory1 7 add$ 9 #aegd by ,m>timo ,bassi1 !n ?is plan & ! foll[+ section w\ld be /ill ne>] ! orig9al /ate ( ,san ,lor5zo ?an at pres5t4 ,a reproduction ( ?is slightly sket*$ plan has n be5 possible4 ,x may h[ev] be und]/ood f ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #c1 by suppress+ ! f\r pill>s correspond+ to ! apses4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #a %[s ! section 9 elevation correspond+ ) ! above-nam$ plan4 ,! recess$ *apels are decorat$ ) l>ge %ells 9 ! halfdomes l ! arrangem5t 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 b ) proportions l ^? ( ,bramante's ,sacri/y ( ,santa ,m>ia presso ,s4 ,satiro4 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #bff2 a %eet conta9+ ?ree views ( ext]iors ( ,domes4 ,on ! same %eet !re is a plan simil> to ! "o above-nam$ b ) un9t]rupt$ aisles & ) ! addition ( r\nd *apels 9 ! axes 7comp>e ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #c & page #dd ,fig4 #a71 p]haps a rem9isc5ce ( ! two *apels annex$ to ,san ,lor5zo4--,leon>do has "h sket*$ ! way ( trans=m+ ?is plan into a ,lat9 cross by means ( a nave ) side aisles4 ,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #a4 ,plan %[+ a type depriv$ ( aisles & compris$ 9 a squ>e build+ :i* is surr\nd$ by a portico4 ,x is accompani$ by ! foll[+ text3 #gef4 ,?is edifice is inhabit$ accessible bel[ & above1 l ,san ,sepolcro1 & x is ! same above z bel[1 except t ! upp] /ory has ! dome c d2 & ! ,footnote3 ,! *ur* ( ,san ,sepolcro at ,milan1 f\nd$ 9 #ajcj & repeat$ly rebuilt aft] ! middle ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 /ill /&s ov] ! crypt ( ! orig9al /ructure4 l[] has ! dome a b1 & :5 y ent] into ! crypt1 y desc5d #aj /eps1 & :5 y m\nt into ! upp] y asc5d #bj /eps1 :i*1 ) #a_/c braccio = ea*1 make #aj braccia1 & ?is is ! height betwe5 "o floor ( ! *ur* & ! o!r4 ,above ! plan on ! same %eet is a view ( ! ext]ior4 ,by ! aid ( ^! two figures & ! description1 sections ( ! edifice may easily be recon/ruct$4 ,b ! section drawn on ! left side ( ! build+ seems n to be 9 keep+ ) ! same plan1 not)/&+ ! explanatory note writt5 und]nea? x3 d5tro il difitio di sopra 7int]ior ( ! edifice above7,footnote #a3 ,! small inn] dome corresponds to a b on ! plan--x rises f ! l[] *ur* into ! upp]-- above1 & l>g]1 rises ! dome c d4 ,! aisles above & bel[ ?us correspond 7e di sopra come di sotto1 salvo*e etc474 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! section ,leon>do has n tak5 ! tr\ble to make ! =m octagonal1 b has m]ely sket*$ circul> l9es 9 p]spective4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r44 ,be=e leav+ ?is gr\p1 x is well to rem>k t ! g]m ( x seems already indicat$ by ! diagonal l9es 9 ! plans ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #aa & ,no4 #g4 ,we %all f9d ano!r application ( ! same type to ! ,lat9 cross 9 ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #c4 #b4 ,*ur*es =m$ on ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross4 ,we f9d among ,leon>do's /udies sev]al sket*es = *ur*es on ! plan ( ! ,lat9 cross2 we %all beg9 by describ+ !m1 & %all add a few obs]vations4 ,a4 ,/udies aft] exi/+ ,monum5ts4 ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #b4 7,,ms4 ,b4 #aa;b47 ,plan ( ,santo ,spirito at ,flor5ce1 a basilica built aft] ! designs ( ,brunellesco4--,leon>do has add$ ! indication ( a portico 9 front1 ei!r 8 own inv5tion or ! reproduction ( a n[ lo/ design4 ,pl4 ,,xcv ,no4 #b4 ,plan accompani$ by ! words3 ,a e santo sepolcro di milano di sopra7,a is ! upp] *ur* ( ,s4 ,sepolcro at ,milan72 al?\gh s9ce ,leon>do's "t consid]ably spoilt1 x is /ill ! same 9 plan4 ,! second plan ) its note3 ,b e la sua p>te socto t]a 7,b is its subt]ranean "p ! crypt7 /ill corresponds ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?is "p ( ! *ur* z ,i h asc]ta9$ by visit+ ! crypt ) ?is plan4 ,except+ ! addition ( a few insignificant walls1 ! /ate ( ?is int]e/+ "p ( ! *ur* /ill con=ms to ,leon>do's sket*2 b 9 ! ,ve/ibolo ! two columns ne> ! entrance ( ! w9d+ /airs are abs5t4 ,b4 ,designs or ,/udies4 ,,pl4 ,,xcv ,no4 #a4 ,plan ( a *ur* evid5tly sugge/$ by t ( ,san ,sepolcro at ,milan4 ,! c5tral "p has be5 add$ to on ! pr9ciple ( ! second type ( ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,leon>do has plac$ ! coro 7*oir7 9 ! c5tre4 ,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #b4 ,9 ! plan ! dome1 z reg>ds its int]ior1 belongs to ! ,fir/ ,class ( ,gr\p ,,iv1 & may be gr\p$ ) ! "o 9 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ce;a4 ,! nave seems to be a developm5t ( ! type repres5t$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xcv ,no4 #b1 ,b4 by add+ t[]s & two lat]al porticos,footnote #a3 ,already publi%$ 9 ,les projets primitifs ,pl4 ,,xliii44 ,on ! left is a view ( ! ext]ior ( ! prec$+ plan4 ,x is accompani$ by ! foll[+ note3 #geg4 ,?is build+ is inhabit$ bel[ & above2 ! way up is by ! campaniles1 & 9 go+ up "o has to use ! plat=m1 :]e ! drums ( ! f\r domes are1 & ?is plat=m has a p>apet 9 front1 & none ( ^! domes communicate ) ! *ur*1 b !y are q sep>ate4 ,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #af;b2 #fe;a74 ,p]spective view ( a *ur* se5 f beh9d2 ?is recalls ! ,duomo at ,flor5ce1 b ) two campaniles,footnote #b3 ,already publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio ,pl4 ,,ix44 ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b4 #eb;a74 ,! c5tral "p is a developm5t ( ,s4 ,lor5zo at ,milan1 su* z 0 execut$ at ! ,duomo ( ,pavia4 ,!re is suffici5t analogy betwe5 ! build+ actually execut$ & ?is sket* to sugge/ a direct connection betwe5 !m4 ,leon>do accompani$ ,francesco di ,giorgio,footnote #c3 ,see ,,malasp9a1 il ,duomo di ,pavia4 ,docum5ts4 :5 ! latt] 0 consult$ on ,june #ba/1 #adij z to ?is *ur*2 ! fact t ! only ^w accompany+ ! plan is3 sagre/ia1 seems to confirm our supposition1 = ! sacri/ies 7 add$ only 9 #adib1 i4 e4 f\r ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ca!dral1 :i* at t "t 0 mo/ likely /ill suffici5tly unf9i%$ to be capable ( receiv+ ! =m ( ! pres5t sket*4 ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #b %[s ! ext]ior ( ?is design4 ,bel[ is ! note3 edifitio al proposito del fodameto figurato di socto 7edifice prop] = ! gr\nd plan figur$ bel[74 ,"h we may also m5tion ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross drawn 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 fol4 #bff 7see p4 #ej74 ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,l4 #ae;b74 ,ext]nal side view ( ,brunellesco's ,flor5t9e basilica ,san ,lor5zo1 se5 f ! ,nor?4 ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #d 7,v4 ,a4 ,v1 #a74 ,pr9cipal front ( a nave1 mo/ likely ( a *ur* on ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross4 ,we notice "h n only ! pr9cipal features :i* 7 employ$ aft]w>ds 9 ,alb]ti's front ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 b ev5 details ( a m advanc$ /yle1 su* z we are accu/om$ to meet ) only aft] ! ye> #aebj4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ,leon>do's unf9i%$ picture ( ,/4 ,j]ome 7,vatican ,gall]y7 a some:at simil> *ur* front is indicat$ 7see ! accompany+ sket*74 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,! view ( ! front ( a temple1 app>5tly a dome 9 ! c5tre ( f\r cor9?ian porticos be>+ p$im5ts 7publi%$ by ,amoretti ,tav4 ,,ii4 ,b z be+ by ,leon>do71 is tak5 f a draw+1 n[ at ! ,ambrosian ,gall]y4 ,we _c consid] ?is to be by ! h& ( ! ma/]4 ,c4 ,/udies = a =m ( a ,*ur* mo/ prop] = prea*+4 ,! problem z to :at =m ( *ur* might answ] ! requirem5ts ( ac\/ics seems to h engag$ ,leon>do's v p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! designation ( teatro giv5 to "s ( ^! sket*es1 cle>ly %[s :i* plan seem$ to him mo/ fav\rable = he>+ ! prea*]'s voice4 ,pl4 ,,xcvii1 ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,b1 #eb74 ,rectangul> edifice divid$ into ?ree naves ) an apse on ei!r side1 t]m9at$ by a semicircul> !atre ) ris+ seats1 z 9 antique build+s4 ,! pulpit is 9 ! c5tre4 ,leon>do has writt5 on ! left side ( ! sket*3 teatro da pr$ic>e 7,!atre = prea*+74 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ee;a 7see page #ef1 ,fig4 #a74 ,a dom$ *ur* aft] ! type ( ,pl4 ,,xcv1 ,no4 #a1 %[s f\r !atres occupy+ ! apses & fac+ ! squ>e coro 7*oir71 :i* is 9 ! c5tre betwe5 ! f\r pill>s ( ! dome4,footnote #a3 ,! note teatro de pr$ic>1 on ! "r side is1 ,i believe1 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,pompeo ,leoni4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,! ris+ arrangem5t ( ! seats is %[n 9 ! sket* above4 ,at ! place m>k$ ,b ,leon>do wrote teatri p] uldire messa 7r[s ( seats to he> mass71 at ,t teatri1 & at ,c coro 7*oir74 ,9 ,,ms4 ,c4,a4 #bfj1 are slight sket*es ( two plans = rectangul> *oirs & two elevations ( ! alt> & pulpit :i* seem to be 9 connection ) ^! plans4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,a% ,,ii1 #h;a 7see p4 #ef & #eg4 ,fig4 #b & #c74 ,lo*o dove si pr$ica 7,place = prea*+74 ,a mo/ s+ul> plan = a build+4 ,! int]ior is a portion ( a sph]e1 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! summit ( a column de/9$ to s]ve z ! prea*]'s pulpit4 ,! inside is some:at l a mod]n !atre1 :il/ ! ext]ior & ! gall]ies & /airs recall ! anci5t amphi!atres4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,page #eg1 ,fig4 #d4 ,a plan accompany+ ! two prec$+ draw+s4 ,if ?is gives ! complete =m ,leon>do int5d$ = ! edifice1 x w\ld h compris$ only ab\t two ?irds ( ! circle4 ,leon>do wrote 9 ! c5tre fondam5to1 a ^w he (t5 employ$ = plans1 & on ! left side ( ! view ( ! ext]ior3 lo*o dove si pr$i*a 7a place = prea*+ 974 ,d4 ,design = a ,mausoleum4 ,pl4 ,,xcviii 7,p4 ,v41 #ahb4 ,no4 d'ordre #bchf74 ,9 ! mid/ ( a hilly l&scape rises an artificial m\nta9 9 ! =m ( a gigantic cone1 cr[n$ by an impos+ temple4 ,at two ?irds ( ! height a t]race is cut out ) six doorways =m+ entrances to gall]ies1 ea* lead+ to ?ree sepul*ral halls1 s con/ruct$ z to conta9 ab\t five hundr$ fun]al urns1 dispos$ 9 ! cu/om>y antique /yle4 ,f two opposite sides /eps asc5d to ! t]race 9 a s+le flight & beyond x to ! temple above4 ,a l>ge circul> op5+1 l t 9 ! ,pan!on1 is 9 ! dome above :at may be ! alt>1 or p]haps ! c5tral monum5t on ! level ( ! t]race bel[4 ,! section ( a gall]y giv5 9 ! sket* to ! "r bel[ %[s ! ro( to be con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( sup]impos$ horizontal lay]s1 project+ "o beyond ! o!r1 & ea* furni%$ ) a sort ( heel1 :i* appe>s to be und]cut1 s z to give ! appe>ance ( a beam f )94 ,granite alone w\ld be adequate to ! dim5sions "h giv5 to ! key /one1 z ! ?ickness ( ! lay]s c h>dly be consid]$ to be less ?an a foot4 ,9 tak+ ?is z ! basis ( our calculation = ! dim5sions ( ! :ole con/ruction1 ! wid? ( ! *amb] w\ld be ab\t #be feet b1 judg+ f ! numb] ( urns x conta9s--& !re is no reason to suppose t ^! urns 7 l>g] ?an usual--x w\ld seem to be no m ?an ab\t #h or #aj feet4 ,! con/ruction ( ! vaults resembles ^? 9 ! gall]ies ( "s etruscan tumuli1 = in/ance ! ,regul9i ,galeassi tomb at ,c]vetri 7lately discov]$7 & also t ( ! *amb] & passages ( ! pyramid ( ,*eops & ( ! treasury ( ,atreus at ,myc5ae4 ,! upp] cone displays n only analogies ) ! monum5ts m5tion$ 9 ! note1 b also ) ,etruscan tumuli1 su* z ! ,cocumella tomb at ,vulci1 & ! ,regul9i ,galeassi tomb,footnote #a3 ,see ,,f]sguson1 ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture1 ,i1 #bia44 ,! :ole s*eme is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 ,x w\ld be difficult to decide z to :e!r any monum5t he _h se5 sugge/$ ?is idea to ,leon>do1 b x is wor? :ile to enquire1 if any monum5t1 or gr\p ( monum5ts ( an e>li] date may be suppos$ to h done s4,footnote #b3 ,!re are1 9 ,algi]s1 two ,monum5ts1 commonly call$ ,le ,madrac5 & ,le tombeau de la ,*reti5ne1 :i* some:at resemble ,leon>do's design4 ,!y are kn[n to h s]v$ z ! ,mausolea ( ! ,k+s ( ,mauritania4 ,pomponius ,mela1 ! geograph] ( ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 describes !m z hav+ be5 ,monum5tum commune regiae g5tis4 ,see ,le ,madrac51 ,rapport fait p> ,m4 le ,gr& ,rabb9 ,,ab4 ,,cah51 ,con/ant9e #ahgc--,memoire sur les f\illes executees au ,madras'en 44 p> le ,colonel ,,brunon1 ,con/ant9e l#hgc4--;,deux ,mausolees ,africa9s1 le ,madrac5 et le tombeau de la ,*reti5ne p> ,m4 ,j4 ,,de ,,lauri]e1 ,t\rs l#hgd4--,le tombeau de la ,*reti5ne1 ,mausolee des rois ,mauritani5s p> ,m4 ,,b]brugg]1 ,alg] #ahfg4--;,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,,le ,,blanc1 ( ! ,in/itut1 & ,m4 ,,lud1 ,,lalanne1 ,biblio!caire ( ! ,in/itut = hav+ fir/ po9t$ out to me ! resemblance betwe5 ^! monum5ts2 :ile ,m4 ,,ant4 ,,h]on ,,de ,vl,l,l,e,f,o,s,s,e ( ! ,l\vre 0 k9d en\gh to place ! abovem5tion$ r>e works at my disposal4 ,leon>do's obs]vations on ! coa/ ( ,africa are giv5 lat] 9 ?is "w4 ,! ,h]odium ne> ,be?lehem 9 ,pale/9e 7,jebel el ,fureidis1 ! ,frank ,m\nta97 01 accord+ to ! late/ rese>*es1 con/ruct$ on a v simil> plan4 ,see ,d] ,frank5b]g1 von ,baura? ,c4 ,,s*ick 9 ,j]usalem1 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 ,pala/9a-,v]e9s1 ,leipzag #ahhj1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pages #hh-ii & ,plates ,,iv & ,v4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,e4 ,/udies = ! ,c5tral ,t[]1 or ,tiburio ( ,milan ,ca!dral4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,fabbricc]ia del ,duomo _h to settle on ! *oice ( a model = ! cr[n+ & c5tral "p ( ?is va/ build+4 ,we le>n f a notice publi%$ by ,g4 ,l4 ,calvi ,footnote3 ,g4 ,l4 ,,calvi1 ,notizie sulla vita e sulle op]e dei pr9cipali ar*itetti scultori e pittori *e fiorirono 9 ,milano1 ,"p ,,iii1 #bj4 ,see also3 ,h4 ,,de ,,geymull]1 ,les projets primitifs etc4 ,i1 #cg & #aaf-aai4--,! ,fabbricc]ia ( ! ,duomo has lately begun ! publication ( ! ar*ives1 :i* may possibly tell u m ab\t ! "p tak5 by ,leon>do1 ?an has hi!rto be5 kn[n4 t among ! arti/s :o pres5t$ models 9 ! ye> #adhh 73 ,bramante1 ,pietro da ,gorgonzola1 ,luca ,pap]io 7,fancelli71 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci4-- ,sev]al sket*es by ,leon>do ref] to ?is important project3 ,pl4 ,,xcix1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #cf;a7 a small plan ( ! :ole edifice4--,! project+ *apels 9 ! middle ( ! transept are want+ "h4 ,! nave appe>s to be %ort5$ & seems to be approa*$ by an inn] ve/ibolo4-- ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #b 7,tr4 #ba74 ,plan ( ! octagon t[]1 giv+ ! disposition ( ! buttresses2 />t+ f ! eight pill>s adjo9+ ! f\r pr9cipal pi]s & int5d$ to support ! eight angles ( ! ,tiburio4 ,^! buttresses correspond exactly ) ^? describ$ by ,bramante z exi/+ 9 ! model pres5t$ by ,omodeo4 ,footnote3 ,bramante's op9ion 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,g4 ,m,o,n,g,e,rl1 ,ar*4 /or4 ,lomb4 ,v1 fasc4 #c & aft]w>ds by me 9 ! publication m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,pl4 ,c1 #c 7,,ms4 ,tr4 #af74 ,two plans %[+ diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! buttresses1 :i* seem to be =m$ p>tly by ! int]section ( a sy/em ( po9t$ ar*es su* z t se5 9 9999 ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #e 7,,ms4 ,b1 #bg;a7 de/9$ to give a broad] base to ! drum4 ,! text und]nea? is giv5 "u ,no4 #ghh4 ,,ms4 ,b1 #c--?ree slight sket*es ( plans 9 connexion ) ! prec$+ ones4 ,pl4 ,,xcix1 ,no4#a 7,,ms4 ,tr4 #ae7 conta9s sev]al small sket*es ( sections & ext]ior views ( ! ,dome2 "s ( !m %[ buttress-walls %ap$ z inv]t$ ar*es4 ,respect+ ^! ,leon>do notes3 #geh4 ,l'arco rivescio e migliore p] f>e spalla *e l'ord9>io1 p]*e il rovescio trova sotto se muro resi/ete alla sua debolezza1 e l'ord9>io no trova nel suo debole se non aria ,! inv]t$ ar* is bett] = giv+ a %\ld] ?an ! ord9>y "o1 because ! =m] f9ds bel[ x a wall resi/+ its weakness1 :il/ ! latt] f9ds 9 its weak "p no?+ b air4 ,footnote3 ,?ree slight sket*es ( sections on ! same leaf--above ^? reproduc$ "h--are m closely connect$ ) ! l>ge draw+ 9 ! c5tre ( ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #d 7,m4,s1 ,tr4 #da7 :i* %[s a section ( a v elevat$ dome1 ) d\ble vaults1 connect$ by ribs & buttresses +5i\sly dispos$1 s z to br+ ! weight ( ! lant]n to be> on ! base ( ! dome4 ,a sket* und]nea? x %[s a r\nd pill> on :i* is indicat$ :i* "p ( its summit is to be> ! weight3 il pila/ro s>a *>i*o 9 4 a 4 b4 7,! column w be> ! weight at a b47 ,ano!r note is above on ! "r side3 ,l>*o regi]a tanto sotto asse *ome di sopra se 7,! ar* supports z mu* bel[ x i4 e4 a hang+ weight z above x74 ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #a 7,c4 ,a4 #cjc;a74 ,l>g] sket* ( half section ( ! ,dome1 ) a v complicat$ sy/em ( ar*es1 & a d\ble vault4 ,ea* /one is %ap$ s z to be knit or dovetail$ to its neighb\rs4 ,?us ! inside ( ! ,dome _c be se5 f bel[4 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #cjc;b4 ,a repetition ( ! prec$+ sket* ) v slight modifications4 ,figs4 #a4 & ,fig4 #b4 two skete*es ( ! dome ,,ms4 ,tr4 #i 7see ,fig4 #a & #b74 ,section ( ! ,dome ) rev]t$ buttresses betwe5 ! w9d[s1 above :i* iron an*ors or *a9s seem to be int5d$4 ,bel[ is ! sket* ( ! outside4 ,,pi4 ,,xcix1 ,no4 #c 7,c4 ,a41 #bfb;a7 f\r sket*es ( ! ext]ior ( ! ,dome4 ,c4 ,a4 #ab4 ,section1 %[+ ! po9ts ( rupture ( a go?ic vault1 9 evid5t connection ) ! sket*es describ$ above4 ,x des]ves to be notic$ h[ easily & app>5tly )\t ef=t1 ,leon>do manages to comb9e go?ic details & /ructure ) ! m mod]n %ape ( ! ,dome4 ,! foll[+ notes are on ! same leaf1 oni cosa pod]osa1 & oni cosa pod]osa desid]a de7sc5d]e72 f>!r bel[1 sev]al multiplications mo/ likely int5d$ to calculate ! weight ( "s p>ts ( ! ,dome1 ?us #af x #dg #gbj2 #gbj x #hjj #agfjjj1 next to :i* is writt53 peso del pila/ro di #i te/e 7weight ( ! pill> #i diamet]s high74 ,bel[3 #agfjjj x #h #adjhjjj2 & bel[3 ,semjlio e se ce #hj 787 il peso del tiburio 7six millions six hundr$ 787 #hj ! weight ( ! ,dome74 ,bossi haz>d$ ! !ory t ,leon>do might h be5 ! ar*itect :o built ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 b !re is no evid5ce to support ?is1 ei!r 9 docum5ts or 9 ! mat]ials suppli$ by ,leon>dos manuscripts & draw+s4 ,! sket* giv5 at ! side %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! second & ?ird socle on ! apses ( ! *oir ( t *ur*2 & x is rem>kable t ^? sket*es1 9 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,ii#b1 #b;a & ,ib1 occur ) ! passage giv5 9 ,volume ,i z ,no4 #ffe & #fff ref]r+ to ! composition ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! ,refectory ( t *ur*4 ,f4 ,! ,project = lift+ up ! ,batti/]o ( ,flor5ce & sett+ x on a basem5t4 ,among ! v few details ,vas>i gives z to ! ar*itectural /udies ( ,leon>do1 we read3 ,& among ^! models & designs !re 0 "o by way ( :i* he %[$ sev]al times to _m +5i\s citiz5s :o !n gov]n$ ,flor5ce1 8 read9ess to lift up )\t ru9+ x1 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,flor5ce 7! ,batti/]o1 opposite ! ,duomo7 9 ord] to place "u x ! miss+ basem5t ) /eps2 he support$ 8 ass]tions ) reasons s p]suasive1 t :ile he spoke ! und]tak+ seem$ feasable1 al?\gh e "o ( 8 he>]s1 :5 he _h dep>t$1 c\ld see by himself ! impossibility ( s va/ an und]tak+4 ,footnote3 ,?is latt] /atem5t ( ,vas>i's mu/ be consid]$ to be exagg]at$4 ,i may ref] "h to "s data giv5 by ,,libri1 ,hi/oire des sci5ces ma!matiques en ,italie 7,,ii1 #baf1 #bag73 ,on a cru dans ces d]ni]s temps faire un miracle en mecanique en effectuant ce transport1 et cep5dant des l'annee #adee1 ,gasp>d ,nadi et ,ari/ote de ,fioravantio avai5t transporte1 a une di/ance consid]able1 la t\r de la ,magione de ,bologne1 avec ses fondem5ts1 qui avait presque quatre-v+ts pi$s de haut4 ,le cont9uateur de la *ronique de ,pugliola dit que le trajet fut de #ce pi$s et que durant le transport auquel le *roniqueur affirme avoir assi/e1 il arriva un accid5t grave qui fit p5*] de trois pi$s la t\r p5dant qu'elle etait susp5due1 mais que cet accid5t fut promptem5t rep>e 7,muratori1 ,scriptores r]4 ital4 ,tom4 ,,xviii1 col4 #gag1 #gah74 ,alidosi a rapporte une note ou ,nadi r5d compte de ce transport avec une r>e simplicite4 ,d'apres cette note1 on voit que les op]ations de ce g5re n'etai5t pas n\velles4 ,celle-ci ne c\ta que #aej livres 7monnaie d'alors7 y compris le cadeau que le ,legat fit aux deux mecanici5s4 ,dans la meme annee1 ,ari/ote r$ressa le clo*] de ,c5to1 qui p5*ait de plus de c9q pi$s 7,alidosi1 in/ruttione p4 #ahh-- ,muratori1 ,scriptores r]4 ital41 tom4 ,,xxiii1 col4 #hhh4--;,bossii1 *ronica ,m$iol41 #adib1 9-fol4 ad ann4 #adee74 ,on ne concoit pas comm5t les hi/ori5s des beaux-arts ont pu neglig] de tels hommes4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 fol4 #bic1 !re are two sket*es :i* possibly might h a be>+ on ?is bold ent]prise4 ,we f9d !re a plan ( a circul> or polygonal edifice surr\nd$ by semicircul> ar*es 9 an oblique position4 ,^! may be tak5 = ! f\ndation ( ! /eps & ( ! new plat=m4 ,9 ! p]spective elevation ! same edifice1 =m+ a polygon1 is %[n z lift$ up & re/+ on a circle ( inv]t$ ar*es :i* re/ on an o!r circle ( ar*es 9 ! ord9>y position1 b s plac$ t ! inv]t$ ar*es above re/ on ! sp&rels ( ! l[] range4 ,:at seems to confirm ! supposition t ! lift+ up ( a build+ is "h 9 "q1 is ! indication ( eng9es = w9d+ up1 su* z jacks1 & a rack & :eel4 ,z ! lift+ app>atus repres5t$ on ?is %eet does n seem p>ticul>ly applicable to an und]tak+ ( su* magnitude1 we may consid] x to be a fir/ sket* or s*eme = ! eng9es to be us$4 ,g4 ,description ( an unkn[n ,temple4 #gei4 ,twelve flights ( /eps l$ up to ! great temple1 :i* 0 eight hundr$ braccia 9 circumf]5ce & built on an octagonal plan4 ,at ! eight corn]s 7 eight l>ge pl9?s1 "o braccia & a half high1 & ?ree wide1 & six long at ! bottom1 ) an angle 9 ! middle2 on ^! 7 eight great pill>s1 /&+ on ! pl9?s z a f\ndation1 & tw5ty f\r braccia high4 ,& on ! top ( ^! 7 eight capitals ?ree braccia long & six wide1 above :i* 7 ! ar*itrave frieze & cornice1 f\r braccia & a half high1 & ?is 0 c>ri$ on 9 a /raight l9e f "o pill> to ! next & s1 cont9u+ = eight hundr$ braccia1 surr\nd$ ! :ole temple1 f pill> to pill>4 ,to support ?is entablature !re 7 t5 l>ge columns ( ! same height z ! pill>s1 ?ree braccia ?ick above _! bases :i* 7 "o braccia & a half high4 ,! asc5t to ?is temple 0 by twelve flights ( /eps1 & ! temple 0 on ! twelf?1 ( an octagonal =m1 & at ea* angle rose a l>ge pill>2 & betwe5 ! pill>s 7 plac$ t5 columns ( ! same height z ! pill>s1 ris+ at once f ! pavem5t to a height ( tw5ty eight braccia & a half2 & at ?is height ! ar*itrave1 frieze & cornice 7 plac$ :i* surr\nd$ ! temple hav+ a l5g? ( eight hundr$ braccia4 ,at ! same height1 & )9 ! temple at ! same level1 & all r\nd ! c5tre ( ! temple at a di/ance ( #bd braccia f>!r 91 are pill>s correspond+ to ! eight pill>s 9 ! angles1 & columns correspond+ to ^? plac$ 9 ! out] spaces4 ,^! rise to ! same height z ! =m] ones1 & ov] ^! ! cont9u\s ar*itrave returns t[>ds ! out] r[ ( pill>s & columns4 ,footnote3 ,ei!r ?is description is incomplete1 or1 z seems to me highly probable1 x ref]s to "s ru94 ,! enorm\s dim5sions =bid our suppos+ ?is to be any temple 9 ,italy or ,greece4 ,syria 0 ! native l& ( colossal octagonal build+s1 9 ! e>ly c5turies ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,temple ( ,baalbek1 & o!rs are ev5 l>g] ?an t "h describ$4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,v4 ,palace ar*itecture4 ,b a small numb] ( ,leon>do's draw+s ref] to ! ar*itecture ( palaces1 & our k is small z to :at /yle ,leon>do might h adopt$ = su* build+s4 ,pl4 ,,cii ,no4 #a 7,w4 ,,xviii74 ,a small portion ( a facade ( a palace 9 two /ories1 some:at resembl+ ,alb]ti's ,palazzo ,rucellai4--,comp>e ) ?is ,bramante's pa9t$ front ( ! ,casa ,silve/ri1 & a pa9t+ by ,montorfano 9 ,san ,pietro 9 ,gessate at ,milan1 ?ird *apel on ! left h& side & also ) ,bramante's palaces at ,rome4 ,! pila/]s ) arabesques1 ! ru/ica betwe5 !m1 & ! figures ov] ! w9d[ may be pa9t$ or 9 sgraffito4 ,! orig9al is drawn 9 r$ *alk4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxi ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,tr4 #db74 ,sket* ( a palace ) battlem5ts & decorations1 mo/ likely graffiti2 ! details rem9d u ( ^? 9 ! ,ca/ello at ,vigevano4 ,footnote #a3 ,c\nt ,,giulio ,,porro1 9 8 valuable contribution to ! ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,lomb>do1 ,anno ,,viii1 ,fasc4 ,,iv 7#ca ,dec4 #ahha73 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,libro di ,annotazioni e ,memorie1 ref]s to ?is 9 ! foll[+ note3 ,alla pag4 #da vi e uno s*izzo di volta ed accanto scrisse3 'il pila/ro s>a *>i*o 9 su #f' e potrebbe d>si *e si rif]isse alla cupola della *iesa delle ,grazie tanto piu *e a pag4 #db vi e un disegno *e rassomiglia assai al basam5to *e oggi si v$e nella p>te e/]na del coro di quella *iesa4 ,?is may h[ev] be d\bt$4 ,! draw+1 "h ref]r$ to1 on page #da ( ! same manuscript1 is reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,c ,no4 #d & describ$ on page #fa z be+ a /udy = ! cupola ( ! ,duomo ( ,milan4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,ms4 ,mz4 #j1 conta9s a design = a palace or h\se ) a loggia 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ /ory1 ov] :i* rises an attic ) a ,p$im5t reproduc$ on page #fg4 ,! details drawn close by on ! left seem to indicate an arrangem5t ( c\pl$ columns aga9/ ! wall ( a fir/ /ory4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ad 7,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,ill #gi;a7 conta9s a v slight sket* 9 r$ *alk1 :i* mo/ probably is int5d$ to repres5t ! facade ( a palace4 ,inside is ! %ort note #g he #g 7#g & #g74 ,,ms4 ,j#b #h;a 7see pages #fh ,fig4 #a & #b7 conta9s a view ( an unkn[n palace4 ,its plan is indicat$ at ! side4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,br4 ,m4 #abf;a7see ,fig4 #c on page #fh7 !re is a sket* ( a h\se1 on :i* ,leon>do notes2 casa con tre t]razi 7h\se ) ?ree t]races74 ,pl4 ,,cx1 ,no4 #d 7,,ms4 ,l4 #cf;b7 repres5ts ! front ( a =tifi$ build+ drawn at ,ces5a 9 #aejb 7see ,no4 #ajdj74 ,"h we may also m5tion ! s+ul> build+ 9 ! allegorical composition repres5t$ on ,pl4 ,,lviii 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,9 front ( x appe>s ! head ( a sph9x or ( a dragon :i* seems to be c>ry+ ! palace away4 ,! foll[+ texts ref] to ! con/ruction ( palaces & o!r build+s de/9$ = private use3 #gfj4 ,9 ! c\rty>d ! walls mu/ be half ! height ( its wid?1 t is if ! c\rt be #dj braccia1 ! h\se mu/ be #bj high z reg>ds ! walls ( ! said c\rty>d2 & ?is c\rty>d mu/ be half z wide z ! :ole front4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,ci1 no4 #a1 & comp>e ! dim5sions "h giv51 ) ,no4 #gdh l9es #bf-bi2 & ! draw+ belong+ to x ,pl4 ,,lxxxi1 no4 #b4 ,on ! dispositions ( a /able4 #gfa4 ,,= ,,mak+ ,a ,,clean ,,/able4 ,! mann] 9 :i* "o mu/ arrange a /able4 ,y mu/ fir/ divide its wid? 9 #c p>ts1 its dep? matt]s n2 & let ^! #c divisions be equal & #f braccia broad = ea* "p & #aj high1 & ! middle "p %all be = ! use ( ! /ablema/]s2 ! #b side ones = ! horses1 ea* ( :i* mu/ be #f braccia 9 wid? & #f 9 l5g?1 & be half a braccio high] at ! head ?an beh9d4 ,let ! mang] be at #b braccia f ! gr\nd1 to ! bottom ( ! rack1 #c braccia1 & ! top ( x #d braccia4 ,n[1 9 ord] to atta9 to :at ,i promise1 t is to make ?is place1 contr>y to ! g5]al cu/om1 clean & neat3 z to ! upp] "p ( ! /able1 i4 e4 :]e ! hay is1 t "p mu/ h at its out] end a w9d[ #f braccia high & #f broad1 ?r\gh :i* by simple means ! hay is br\ght up to ! l(t1 z is %[n by ! ma*9e ,e2 & let ?is be erect$ 9 a place #f braccia wide1 & z long z ! /able1 z se5 at k p4 ,! o!r two p>ts1 :i* are on ei!r side ( ?is1 are aga9 divid$2 ^? ne>e/ to ! hay-l(t are #d braccia1 p s1 & only = ! use & circulation ( ! s]vants belong+ to ! /able2 ! o!r two :i* rea* to ! out] walls are #b braccia1 z se5 at s k1 & ^! are made = ! purpose ( giv+ hay to ! mang]s1 by means ( funnels1 n>r[ at ! top & wide ov] ! mang]1 9 ord] t ! hay %\ld n *oke !m4 ,!y mu/ be well pla/]$ & clean & are repres5t$ at #d f s4 ,z to ! giv+ ! horses wat]1 ! tr\ghs mu/ be ( /one & above !m ci/]ns ( wat]4 ,! mang]s may be op5$ z boxes are uncov]$ by rais+ ! lids4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxviii1 ,no4#a4 ,decorations = fea/s4 #gfb4 ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,con/ruct ,a ,,frame-,,"w ,,= ,,decorat+ ,,build+s4 ,! way 9 :i* ! poles ought to be plac$ = ty+ bun*es ( junip] on to !m4 ,^! poles mu/ lie close to ! framework ( ! vault+ & tie ! bun*es on ) osi] )es1 s z to clip !m ev5 aft]w>ds ) %e>s4 ,let ! di/ance f "o circle to ano!r be half a braccia2 & ! junip] sprigs mu/ lie top d[nw>ds1 beg9n+ f bel[4 ,r\nd ?is column tie f\r poles to :i* will[s ab\t z ?ick z a f+] mu/ be nail$ & !n beg9 f ! bottom & "w upw>ds ) bun*es ( junip] sprigs1 ! tops d[nw>ds1 t is upside d[n4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cii1 ,no4 #c4 ,! words "h giv5 z ! title l9e1 l9es #a--d1 are ! la/ 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4--,l9es #e--af are writt5 "u fig4 #d4 #gfc4 ,! wat] %\ld be all[$ to fall f ! :ole circle a b4 ,footnote3 ,o!r draw+s ( f\nta9s are giv5 on ,pl4 ,,ci 7,w4 ,,xx72 ! orig9al is a p5 & ink draw+ on blue pap]2 on ,pl4 ,,ciii 7,,ms4 ,b47 & ,pl4 ,,lxxxii4 ,,vi4 ,/udies ( ar*itectural details4 ,sev]al ( ,leon>do's draw+s ( ar*itectural details prove t1 l o!r great ma/]s ( t p]iod1 he _h devot$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( ! proportion ( su* details4 ,z e organic be+ 9 nature has its law ( con/ruction & gr[?1 ^! ma/]s endeav\r$1 ea* 9 8 way1 to discov] & prove a law ( proportion 9 ar*itecture4 ,! foll[+ notes 9 ,leon>do's manuscripts ref] to ?is subject4 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,ill1 #dg;b 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,a diagram1 indicat+ ! rules z giv5 by ,vitruvius & by ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti = ! proportions ( ! ,attic base ( a column4 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,ill #ee;a 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,diagram %[+ ! same rules4 #gfd4 ,b toro sup]iore 4 4 4 4 4 toro sup]iore #b;,b ne/roli 4 4 4 4 4 4 a/ragali quadre #c;,b orbiculo 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 troclea #d;,b ne/roli 4 4 4 4 4 4 a/ragali quadre #e;,b toro if]iore 4 4 4 4 4 4 toro if]iore #f;,b lata/ro 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 pl9?o ,footnote3 ,no explanation c be (f]$ ( ! mean+ ( ! lett] ,b1 :i* prec$es ea* "n4 ,x may be meant = basa 7base74 ,p]haps x ref]s to "s au?or on ar*itecture or an ar*itect 7,bramante87 :o employ$ ! designations1 ?us m>k$ = ! m\ld+s4 #c4 troclea4 ,phil&]3 ,tro*lea sive tro*alia aut re*anum4 #f4 ,lat]culus or lata/rum is ! ,lat9 "n = ,pl9?us 7pi lambda ,xiv7 b ,vitruvius adopt$ ?is ,greek "n & lata/ro seems to h be5 little 9 use4 ,x is to be f\nd besides ! text giv5 above1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 only two draw+s ( ! ,uffizi ,collection1 :]e 9 "o in/ance1 x indicates ! abacus ( a ,doric capital4 #gfe4 ,,/eps ,,( ,,urrb9o4 ,! pl9? mu/ be z broad z ! ?ickness ( ! wall aga9/ :i* ! pl9? is built4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx ,no4 #c4 ,! ha/y sket* on ! "r h& side illu/rates ! unsatisfactory effect produc$ :5 ! pl9? is n>r[] ?an ! wall4 #gff4 ,! anci5t ar*itects 444444 beg9n+ ) ! ,egyptians 787 :o1 z ,diodorus ,siculus writes1 7 ! fir/ to build & con/ruct l>ge cities & ca/les1 public & private build+s ( f9e =m1 l>ge & well proportion$ 44444 ,! column1 :i* has its ?ickness at ! ?ird "p 4444 ,! "o :i* w\ld be ?9ne/ 9 ! middle1 w\ld break 4442 ! "o :i* is ( equal ?ickness & ( equal /r5g?1 is bett] = ! edifice4 ,! second be/ z to ! usefulness w be ! "o ^: greate/ ?ickness is :]e x jo9s ) ! base4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,ciii1 ,no4 #c1 :]e ! sket*es belong+ to l9es #aj--af are reproduc$1 b rev]s$4 ,! sket* ( columns1 "h reproduc$ by a wood cut1 /&s 9 ! orig9al close to l9es #e--h4 ,! capital mu/ be =m$ 9 ?is way4 ,divide its ?ickness at ! top into #h2 at ! foot make x #e_/g1 & let x be #e_/g high & y w h a squ>e2 aft]w>ds divide ! height into #h p>ts z y did = ! column1 & !n take #a_/h = ! e*9us & ano!r eigh? = ! ?ickness ( ! abacus on ! top ( ! capital4 ,! horns ( ! abacus ( ! capital h to project beyond ! greate/ wid? ( ! bell #b_/g1 i4 e4 sev5?s ( ! top ( ! bell1 s #a_/g falls to ! projection ( ea* horn4 ,! truncat$ "p ( ! horns mu/ be z broad z x is high4 ,i leave ! re/1 t is ! ornam5ts1 to ! ta/e ( ! sculptors4 ,b to return to ! columns & 9 ord] to prove ! reason ( _! /r5g? or weakness accord+ to _! %ape1 ,i say t :5 ! l9es />t+ f ! summit ( ! column & end+ at its base & _! direction & l5g? 4441 _! di/ance ap>t or wid? may be equal2 ,i say t ?is column 444 #gfg4 ,! cyl9d] ( a body column> 9 %ape & its two opposite ends are two circles enclos$ betwe5 p>allel l9es1 & ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] is a /raight l9e1 end+ at ! c5tre ( ^! circles1 & call$ by ! anci5ts ! axis4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do wrote ^! l9es on ! m>g9 ( a page ( ! ,trattato di ,francesco di ,giorgio1 :]e !re are sev]al draw+s ( columns1 z well z a head drawn 9 pr(ile inside an outl9e sket* ( a capital4 #gfh4 a b is #a_/c ( n m2 m o is #a_/f ( r o4 ,! ovolo projects #a_/f ( r o2 s #g #a_/e ( r o1 a b is divid$ into #i #a_/b2 ! abacus is #c_/i ! ovolo #d_/i1 ! bead-m\ld+ & ! fillet #b_/i & #a_/b4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,no4 #af4 ,9 ! orig9al ! draw+ & writ+ are bo? 9 r$ *alk4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #f 7,,ms4 ,a%4 ,,ii #f;b7 conta9s a small sket* ( a capital ) ! foll[+ note1 writt5 9 ?ree l9es3 ,i *orni del capitelo deono ess]e la qu>ta p>te d'uno quadro 7,! horns ( a capital mu/ measure ! f\r? "p ( a squ>e74 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,iii #gb;b conta9s two sket*es ( ornam5tations ( w9d[s4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #cjh;a2 #ich;a 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxii ,no4 #a7 !re are sev]al sket*es ( columns4 ,"o ( ! two columns on ! "r is simil> to ^? employ$ by ,bramante at ! ,canonica di ,s4 ,ambrogio4 ,! same columns appe> 9 ! sket* und]nea? ! plan ( a ca/le4 ,!re !y appe> c\pl$1 & 9 two /ories "o above ! o!r4 ,! ar*ivolls :i* seem to spr+ out ( ! columns1 are %ap$ l twi/$ cords1 meant p]haps to be twi/$ bran*es4 ,! walls betwe5 ! columns seem to be =m$ out ( blocks ( wood1 ! p$e/als are ornam5t$ ) a reticulat$ patt]n4 ,f all ?is we may suppose t ,leon>do "h _h 9 m9d ei!r "s fe/ive decoration1 or p]haps a pavilion = "s hunt+ place or p>k4 ,! sket* ( columns m>k$ #ce gives an example ( columns %ap$ l c&elabra1 a =m (t5 employ$ at t "t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,milan1 & ! surr\nd+ di/ricts = in/ance 9 ! ,cortile di ,casa ,ca/iglione n[ ,silve/re1 9 ! ca!dral ( ,como1 at ,porta della ,rana c4 #gfi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,ar*itraves ,,( ,,"o ,,or ,,sev]al ,,pieces4 ,an ar*itrave ( sev]al pieces is /rong] ?an t ( "o s+le piece1 if ^? pieces are plac$ ) _! l5g? 9 ! direction ( ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,?is is prov$ because /ones h _! gra9 or fibre g5]at$ 9 ! contr>y direction i4 e4 9 ! direction ( ! opposite horizons ( ! hemisph]e1 & ?is is contr>y to fibres ( ! plants :i* h 444 ,footnote3 ,! text is incomplete 9 ! orig9al4 ,! ,proportions ( ! /ories ( a build+ are indicat$ by a sket* 9 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,ii#b #aa;b 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ae74 ,! measures are writt5 on ! left side1 z foll[s3 br #a #a_/b--f #c_/d--;br #a_/ab--b br--#i e #a_/b--a #a_/b--;br #e--o #i--o #c brbraccia2 ooncie4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ac 7,,ms4 ,b4 #fb;a7 & ,pl4 ,,xciii ,no4 #a4 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ae;a7 give a few examples ( ar*es support$ on pi]s4 ,,xiii4 ,!oretical writ+s on ,ar*itecture4 ,leon>do's orig9al writ+s on ! !ory ( ,ar*itecture h come d[n to u only 9 a fragm5t>y /ate2 /ill1 !re seems to be no d\bt t he himself did n complete !m4 ,x w\ld seem t ,leon>do ent]ta9$ ! idea ( writ+ a l>ge & connect$ book on ,ar*itecture2 & x is q evid5t t ! mat]ials we possess1 :i* c be prov$ to h be5 writt5 at diff]5t p]iods1 7 not$ d[n ) a m or less def9ite aim & purpose4 ,!y might all be collect$ "u ! "o title3 ,/udies on ! ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials4 ,among !m ! inve/igations on ! subject ( fissures 9 walls are p>ticul>ly ?or\gh1 & v fully report$2 ^! passages are also especially int]e/+1 because ,leon>do 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ writ] on ar*itecture :o ev] treat$ ! subject at all4 ,"h1 z 9 all o!r cases ,leon>do c>efully avoids all ab/ract argum5t4 ,8 data are n d]iv$ f ! pr9ciples ( algebra1 b f ! laws ( me*anics1 & 8 me?od ?r\gh\t is /rictly exp]im5tal4 ,?\gh ! conclusions drawn f 8 inve/igations may n h t precision :i* we are accu/om$ to f9d 9 ,leon>do's sci5tific lab\rs1 _! int]e/ is n less5$4 ,!y prove at any rate 8 deep sagacity & wond]fully cle> m9d4 ,no "o p]haps1 :o has /udi$ ^! que/ions s9ce ,leon>do1 has comb9$ ) a sci5tific m9d any?+ l ! arti/ic delicacy ( p]ception :i* gives int]e/ & lucidity to 8 obs]vations4 ,i d n ass]t t ! arrangem5t "h adopt$ = ! passages 9 "q is t orig9ally int5d$ by ,leon>do2 b _! di/ribution into five gr\ps 0 sugge/$ by ! titles1 or head+s1 :i* ,leon>do himself prefix$ to mo/ ( ^! notes4 ,"s ( ! long] sections p]haps %\ld n1 to be 9 /rict agreem5t ) ?is division1 h be5 reproduc$ 9 _! entirety 9 ! place :]e !y occur4 ,b ! comp>atively small am\nt ( ! mat]ials we possess w r5d] !m1 ev5 s1 suffici5tly intelligible to ! read]2 x did n !re=e seem necess>y or desirable to subdivide ! passages m]ely = ! sake ( /rict classification4 ,! small numb] ( *apt]s giv5 "u ! fif? class1 treat+ on ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ro(-beams1 be>s no proportion to ! numb] ( draw+s & /udies :i* ref] to ! same subject4 ,only a small selection ( ^! are reproduc$ 9 ?is "w s9ce ! majority h no explanatory text4 ,i4 ,,on ,,fissures ,,9 ,,walls4 #ggj4 ,fir/ write ! treatise on ! causes ( ! giv+ way ( walls & !n1 sep>ately1 treat ( ! rem$ies4 ,p>allel fissures con/antly occur 9 build+s :i* are erect$ on a hill side1 :5 ! hill is compos$ ( /ratifi$ rocks ) an oblique /ratification1 because wat] & o!r moi/ure (t5 p5etrates ^! oblique seams c>ry+ 9 greasy & slipp]y soil2 & z ! /rata are n cont9u\s d[n to ! bottom ( ! valley1 ! rocks slide 9 ! direction ( ! slope1 & ! motion does n cease till !y h rea*$ ! bottom ( ! valley1 c>ry+ ) !m1 z ?\gh 9 a boat1 t portion ( ! build+ :i* is sep>at$ by !m f ! re/4 ,! rem$y = ?is is always to build ?ick pi]s "u ! wall :i* is slipp+1 ) ar*es f "o to ano!r1 & ) a good sc>p & let ! pi]s h a firm f\ndation 9 ! /rata s t !y may n break away f !m4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! solid "p ( ^! /rata1 x is necess>y to make a %aft at ! foot ( ! wall ( great dep? ?r\gh ! /rata2 & 9 ?is %aft1 on ! side f :i* ! hill slopes1 smoo? & flatt5 a space "o palm wide f ! top to ! bottom2 & aft] "s "t ?is smoo? portion made on ! side ( ! %aft1 w %[ pla9ly :i* "p ( ! hill is mov+4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,civ4 #gga4 ,! cracks 9 walls w nev] be p>allel unless ! "p ( ! wall t sep>ates f ! rema9d] does n slip d[n4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,law ,,by ,,:i* ,,build+s ,,h ,,/ability4 ,! /ability ( build+s is ! result ( ! contr>y law to ! two =m] cases4 ,t is to say t ! walls mu/ be all built up equally1 & by degrees1 to equal heights all r\nd ! build+1 & ! :ole ?ickness at once1 :atev] k9d ( walls !y may be4 ,& al?\gh a ?9 wall dries m quickly ?an a ?ick "o x w n necess>ily give way "u ! add$ weight day by day & ?us1 #af al?\gh a ?9 wall dries m quickly ?an a ?ick "o1 x w n give way "u ! weight :i* ! latt] may acquire f day to day4 ,because if d\ble ! am\nt ( x dries 9 "o day1 "o ( d\ble ! ?ickness w dry 9 two days or !reab\ts2 ?us ! small addition ( weight w be balanc$ by ! small] diff]5ce ( "t #ah4 ,! adv]s>y says t a :i* projects1 slips d[n4 ,& "h ! adv]s>y says t r slips & n c4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,progno/icate ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,cracks ,,9 ,,any ,,sort ,,( ,,wall4 ,! "p ( ! wall :i* does n slip is t 9 :i* ! obliquity projects & ov]hangs ! portion :i* has p>t$ f x & slipp$ d[n4 ,,on ,,! ,,situation ,,( ,,f\ndations ,,& ,,9 ,,:at ,,places ,,!y ,,are ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,ru94 ,:5 ! crevice 9 ! wall is wid] at ! top ?an at ! bottom1 x is a manife/ sign1 t ! cause ( ! fissure 9 ! wall is remote f ! p]p5dicul> l9e ?r\gh ! crevice4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-e ref] to ,pl4 ,,cv1 ,no4 #b4 ,l9e #i alle due anteci$ete1 see on ! same page4 ,l9es #af-ah4 ,! translation ( ?is is d\btful1 & ! mean+ 9 any case v obscure4 ,l9es #ai-bc are on ! "r h& m>g9 close to ! two sket*es on ,pl4 ,,cii1 ,no4 #c4 #ggb4 ,,( ,,cracks ,,9 ,,walls1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,wide ,,at ,,! ,,bottom ,,& ,,n>r[ ,,at ,,! ,,top ,,& ,,( ,,_! ,,causes4 ,t wall :i* does n dry uni=mly 9 an equal "t1 always cracks4 ,a wall ?\gh ( equal ?ickness w n dry ) equal quickness if x is n ev]y:]e 9 contact ) ! same m$ium4 ,?us1 if "o side ( a wall 7 9 contact ) a damp slope & ! o!r 7 9 contact ) ! air1 !n ?is latt] side w\ld rema9 ( ! same size z be=e2 t side :i* dries 9 ! air w %r9k or dim9i% & ! side :i* is kept damp w n dry4 ,& ! dry portion w break away readily f ! damp portion because ! damp "p n %r9k+ 9 ! same proportion does n coh]e & foll[ ! movem5t ( ! "p :i* dries cont9u\sly4 ,,( ,,ar*$ ,,cracks1 ,,wide ,,at ,,! ,,top1 ,,& ,,n>r[ ,,bel[4 ,ar*$ cracks1 wide at ! top & n>r[ bel[ are f\nd 9 wall$-up doors1 :i* %r9k m 9 _! height ?an 9 _! bread?1 & 9 proportion z _! height is great] ?an _! wid?1 & z ! jo9ts ( ! mort> are m num]\s 9 ! height ?an 9 ! wid?4 ,! crack dim9i%es less 9 r o ?an 9 m n1 9 proportion z !re is less mat]ial betwe5 r & o ?an betwe5 n & m4 ,any crack made 9 a concave wall is wide bel[ & n>r[ at ! top2 & ?is orig9ates1 z is "h %[n at b c d1 9 ! side figure4 #a4 ,t :i* gets wet increases 9 proportion to ! moi/ure x imbibes4 #b4 ,& a wet object %r9ks1 :ile dry+1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* evaporates f x4 ,footnote3 ,! text ( ?is passage is reproduc$ 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,cvi to ! left4 ,l4 #cf-dj are writt5 inside ! sket* ,no4 #b4 ,l4 #da-df are p>tly writt5 ov] ! sket* ,no4 #c to :i* !y ref]4 #ggc4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,fissures ,,9 ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,build+s4 ,! walls give way 9 cracks1 "s ( :i* are m or less v]tical & o!rs are oblique4 ,! cracks :i* are 9 a v]tical direction are caus$ by ! jo9+ ( new walls1 ) old walls1 :e!r /raight or ) ind5tations fitt+ on to ^? ( ! old wall2 =1 z ^! ind5tations _c be> ! too great weight ( ! wall add$ on to !m1 x is inevitable t !y %\ld break1 & give way to ! settl+ ( ! new wall1 :i* w %r9k "o braccia 9 e t51 m or less1 accord+ to ! great] or small] quantity ( mort> us$ betwe5 ! /ones ( ! masonry1 & :e!r ?is mort> is m or less liquid4 ,& obs]ve1 t ! walls %\ld always be built fir/ & !n fac$ ) ! /ones int5d$ to face !m4 ,=1 if y d n proce$ ?us1 s9ce ! wall settles m ?an ! /one fac+1 ! projections left on ! sides ( ! wall mu/ inevitably give way2 because ! /ones us$ = fac+ ! wall be+ l>g] ?an ^? ov] :i* !y are laid1 !y w necess>ily h less mort> laid betwe5 ! jo9ts1 & consequ5tly !y settle less2 & ?is _c happ5 if ! fac+ is add$ aft] ! wall is dry4 a b ! new wall1 c ! old wall1 :i* has already settl$2 & ! "p a b settles aft]w>ds1 al?\gh a1 be+ f\nd$ on c1 ! old wall1 _c possibly break1 hav+ a /able f\ndation on ! old wall4 ,b only ! rema9d] b ( ! new wall w break away1 because x is built f top to bottom ( ! build+2 & ! rema9d] ( ! new wall w ov]hang ! gap above ! wall t has sunk4 #ggd4 ,a new t[] f\nd$ p>tly on old masonry4 #gge4 ,,( ,,/ones ,,:i* ,,disjo9 ,,!mselves ,,f ,,_! ,,mort>4 ,/ones laid 9 regul> c\rses f bottom to top & built up ) an equal quantity ( mort> settle equally ?r\gh\t1 :5 ! moi/ure t made ! mort> s(t evaporates4 ,by :at is said above x is prov$ t ! small ext5t ( ! new wall betwe5 ,a & n w settle b little1 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! same wall betwe5 c & d4 ,! proportion w 9 fact be t ( ! ?9ness ( ! mort> 9 relation to ! numb] ( c\rses or to ! quantity ( mort> laid betwe5 ! /ones above ! diff]5t levels ( ! old wall4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cv1 ,no4 #a4 ,! top ( ! t[] is want+ 9 ?is reproduction1 & ) x ! lett] n :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 /&s above ! lett] ,a ov] ! top ( ! t[]1 :ile c /&s p]p5dicul>ly ov] d4 #ggf4 ,?is wall w break "u ! ar* e f1 because ! sev5 :ole squ>e bricks are n suffici5t to su/a9 ! spr+ ( ! ar* plac$ on !m4 ,& ^! sev5 bricks w give way 9 _! middle exactly z appe>s 9 a b4 ,! reason is1 t ! brick a has above x only ! weight a k1 :il/ ! la/ brick "u ! ar* has above x ! weight c d x a4 c d seems to press on ! ar* t[>ds ! abutm5t at ! po9t p b ! weight p o opposes resi/5ce to x1 :5ce ! :ole pressure is transmitt$ to ! root ( ! ar*4 ,!re=e ! foot ( ! ar* acts l #g #f1 :i* is m ?an d\ble ( x z4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,fissures ,,9 ,,ni*es4 #ggg4 ,,on ,,fissures ,,9 ,,ni*es4 ,an ar* con/ruct$ on a semicircle & be>+ weights on ! two opposite ?irds ( its curve w give way at five po9ts ( ! curve4 ,to prove ?is let ! weights be at n m :i* w break ! ar* a1 b1 f4 ,i say t1 by ! =ego+1 z ! extremities c & a are equally press$ ^u by ! ?ru/ n1 x foll[s1 by ! #e?1 t ! ar* w give way at ! po9t :i* is fur!/ f ! two =ces act+ on !m & t is ! middle e4 ,! same is to be und]/ood ( ! opposite curve1 d g b2 h5ce ! weights n m mu/ s9k1 b !y _c s9k by ! #g?1 )\t com+ clos] toge!r1 & !y _c come toge!r unless ! extremities ( ! ar* betwe5 !m come clos]1 & if ^! draw toge!r ! cr[n ( ! ar* mu/ break2 & ?us ! ar* w give way 9 two places z 0 at fir/ said c4 ,i ask1 giv5 a weight at a :at c\nt]acts x 9 ! direction n f & by :at weight mu/ ! weight at f be c\nt]act$4 #ggh4 ,,on ,,! ,,%r9k+ ,,( ,,damp ,,bodies ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,?ickness ,,& ,,wid?4 ,! w9d[ a is ! cause ( ! crack at b2 & ?is crack is increas$ by ! pressure ( n & m :i* s9k or p5etrate into ! soil 9 :i* f\ndations are built m ?an ! light] portion at b4 ,besides1 ! old f\ndation "u b has already settl$1 & ?is ! pi]s n & m h n yet done4 ,h5ce ! "p b does n settle d[n p]p5dicul>ly2 on ! contr>y1 x is ?r[n outw>ds obliquely1 & x _c on ! contr>y be ?r[n inw>ds1 because a portion l ?is1 sep>at$ f ! ma9 wall1 is l>g] outside ?an inside & ! ma9 wall1 :]e x is brok51 is ( ! same %ape & is also l>g] outside ?an inside2 !re=e1 if ?is sep>ate portion 7 to fall inw>ds ! l>g] w\ld h to pass ?r\gh ! small]--:i* is impossible4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! portion ( ! semicircul> wall :5 disunit$ f ! ma9 wall w be ?ru/ outw>ds1 & n inw>ds z ! adv]s>y says4 ,:5 a dome or a half-dome is cru%$ f above by an excess ( weight ! vault w give way1 =m+ a crack :i* dim9i%es t[>ds ! top & is wide bel[1 n>r[ on ! inn] side & wide outside2 z is ! case ) ! out] husk ( a pomegranate1 divid$ into _m p>ts l5g?wise2 = ! m x is press$ 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 t "p ( ! jo9ts w op5 mo/1 :i* is mo/ di/ant f ! cause ( ! pressure2 & = t reason ! ar*es ( ! vaults ( any apse %\ld nev] be m load$ ?an ! ar*es ( ! pr9cipal build+4 ,because t :i* weighs mo/1 presses mo/ on ! p>ts bel[1 & !y s9k into ! f\ndations2 b ?is _c happ5 to light] /ructures l ! said apses4 ,footnote3 ,! figure on ,pl4 ,,cv1 ,no4 #d belongs to ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is passage1 l9es #a-ad2 fig4 #e is sket*$ by ! side ( l9es l#e--;& foll[+4 ,! sket* bel[ ( a pomegranate ref]s to l9e #bb4 ,! draw+ fig4 #f is1 9 ! orig9al1 ov] l9e #cg & fig4 #g ov] l9e #ed4 ,:i* ( ^! two cubes w %r9k ! m uni=mly3 ! cube ,a re/+ on ! pavem5t1 or ! cube b susp5d$ 9 ! air1 :5 bo? cubes are equal 9 weight & bulk1 & ( clay mix$ ) equal quantities ( wat]8 ,! cube plac$ on ! pavem5t dim9i%es m 9 height ?an 9 bread?1 :i* ! cube above1 hang+ 9 ! air1 _c d4 ,?us x is prov$4 ,! cube %[n above is bett] %[n "h bel[4 ,! f9al result ( ! two cyl9d]s ( damp clay t is a & b w be ! pyramidal figures bel[ c & d4 ,?is is prov$ ?us3 ,! cyl9d] a re/+ on block ( /one be+ made ( clay mix$ ) a great deal ( wat] w s9k by its weight1 :i* presses on its base1 & 9 proportion z x settles & spreads all ! p>ts w be some:at ne>] to ! base because t is *>g$ ) ! :ole weight4 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,ar*4 #ggi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,an ,,ar*8 ,! ar* is no?+ else ?an a =ce orig9at$ by two weaknesses1 = ! ar* 9 build+s is compos$ ( two segm5ts ( a circle1 ea* ( :i* be+ v weak 9 itself t5ds to fall2 b z ea* opposes ?is t5d5cy 9 ! o!r1 ! two weaknesses comb9e to =m "o /r5g?4 ,,( ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,pressure ,,9 ,,ar*es4 ,z ! ar* is a composite =ce x rema9s 9 equilibrium because ! ?ru/ is equal f bo? sides2 & if "o ( ! segm5ts weighs m ?an ! o!r ! /ability is lo/1 because ! great] pressure w outweigh ! less]4 ,,( ,,di/ribut+ ,,! ,,pressure ,,above ,,an ,,ar*4 ,next to giv+ ! segm5ts ( ! circle equal weight x is necess>y to load !m equally1 or y w fall into ! same defect z be=e4 ,,:]e ,,an ,,ar* ,,breaks4 ,an ar* breaks at ! "p :i* lies bel[ half way f ! c5tre4 ,,second ,,rupture ,,( ,,! ,,ar*4 ,if ! excess ( weight be plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! ar* at ! po9t a1 t weight t5ds to fall t[>ds b1 & ! ar* breaks at #b_/c ( its height at c e2 & g e is z _m times /rong] ?an e a1 z m o goes into m n4 ,,on ,,ano!r ,,cause ,,( ,,ru94 ,! ar* w likewise give way "u a transv]sal ?ru/1 = :5 ! *>ge is n ?r[n directly on ! foot ( ! ar*1 ! ar* la/s b a %ort "t4 #ghj4 ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,ar*4 ,! way to give /ability to ! ar* is to fill ! sp&rils ) good masonry up to ! level ( its summit4 ,,on ,,! ,,load+ ,,( ,,r\nd ,,ar*es4 ,,on ,,! ,,prop] ,,mann] ,,( ,,load+ ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,ar*4 ,,on ,,! ,,evil ,,effects ,,( ,,load+ ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,ar* ,,directly ,,above ,,its ,,cr[n4 ,,on ,,! ,,damage ,,done ,,to ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,ar* ,,by ,,?r[+ ,,! ,,pressure ,,on ,,! ,,flanks4 ,an ar* ( small curve is safe 9 itself1 b if x be heavily *>g$1 x is necess>y to /r5g!n ! flanks well4 ,an ar* ( a v l>ge curve is weak 9 itself1 & /rong] if x be *>g$1 & w d little h>m to its abutm5ts1 & its places ( giv+ way are o p4 ,footnote3 ,inside ! l>ge figure on ! righi is ! note3 ,da pes>e la =za dell' ar*o4 #gha4 ,,on ,,! ,,rem$y ,,= ,,e>?quakes4 ,! ar* :i* ?r[s its pressure p]p5dicul>ly on ! abutm5ts w fulfil its function :atev] be its direction1 upside d[n1 sideways or upright4 ,! ar* w n break if ! *ord ( ! out] ar* does n t\* ! inn] ar*4 ,?is is manife/ by exp]i5ce1 because :5ev] ! *ord a o n ( ! out] ar* n r a approa*es ! inn] ar* x b y ! ar* w be weak1 & x w be weak] 9 proportion z ! inn] ar* passes beyond t *ord4 ,:5 an ar* is load$ only on "o side ! ?ru/ w press on ! top ( ! o!r side & be transmitt$ to ! spr+ ( ! ar* on t side2 & x w break at a po9t half way betwe5 its two extremes1 :]e x is f>!/ f ! *ord4 #ghb4 ,a cont9u\s body :i* has be5 =cibly b5t into an ar*1 ?ru/s 9 ! direction ( ! /raight l9e1 :i* x t5ds to recov]4 #ghc4 ,9 an ar* judici\sly weight$ ! ?ru/ is oblique1 s t ! triangle c n b has no weight ^u x4 #ghd4 ,i "h ask :at weight w be ne$$ to c\nt]poise & resi/ ! t5d5cy ( ea* ( ^! ar*es to give way8 ,footnote3 ,! two l[] sket*es are tak5 f ! ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,iii1 #aj;a2 !y h !re no explanatory text4 #ghe4 ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,ar* ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4 ,! /ability ( ! ar* built by an ar*itect resides 9 ! tie & 9 ! flanks4 ,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,tie ,,9 ,,! ,,above ,,nam$ ,,ar*4 ,! position ( ! tie is ( ! same importance at ! beg9n+ ( ! ar* & at ! top ( ! p]p5dicul> pi] on :i* x re/s4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #bnd ( supports :i* says3 t "p ( a support has lea/ resi/ance :i* is f>!/ f its solid atta*m5t2 h5ce1 z ! top ( ! pi] is f>!/ f ! middle ( its true f\ndation & ! same be+ ! case at ! opposite extremities ( ! ar* :i* are ! po9ts f>!/ f ! middle1 :i* is really its upp] atta*m5t1 we h conclud$ t ! tie a b requires to be 9 su* a position z t its opposite ends are betwe5 ! f\r above-m5tion$ extremes4 ,! adv]s>y says t ?is ar* mu/ be m ?an half a circle1 & t !n x w n ne$ a tie1 because !n ! ends w n ?ru/ outw>ds b inw>ds1 z is se5 9 ! excess at a c1 b d4 ,to ?is x mu/ be answ]$ t ?is w\ld be a v poor device1 = ?ree reasons4 ,! fir/ ref]s to ! /r5g? ( ! ar*1 s9ce x is prov$ t ! circul> p>allel be+ compos$ ( two semicircles w only break :]e ^! semicircles cross ea* o!r1 z is se5 9 ! figure n m2 besides ?is x foll[s t !re is a wid] space betwe5 ! extremes ( ! semicircle ?an betwe5 ! plane ( ! walls2 ! ?ird reason is t ! weight plac$ to c\nt]balance ! /r5g? ( ! ar* dim9i%es 9 proportion z ! pi]s ( ! ar* are wid] ?an ! space betwe5 ! pi]s4 ,f\r?ly 9 proportion z ! p>ts at c a b d turn outw>ds1 ! pi]s are weak] to support ! ar* above !m4 ,! #e? is t all ! mat]ial & weight ( ! ar* :i* are 9 excess ( ! semicircle are useless & inde$ mis*iev\s2 & "h x is to be not$ t ! weight plac$ above ! ar* w be m likely to break ! ar* at a b1 :]e ! curve ( ! excess beg9s t is add$ to ! semicircle1 ?an if ! pi] 7 /raight up to its junction ) ! semicircle spr+ ( ! ar*4 ,,an ,,ar* ,,load$ ,,ov] ,,! ,,cr[n ,,w ,,give ,,way ,,at ,,! ,,left ,,h& ,,& ,,"r ,,h& ,,qu>t]s4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #g? ( ?is :i* says3 ,! opposite ends ( ! support are equally press$ ^u by ! weight susp5d$ to !m2 h5ce ! weight %[n at f is felt at b c1 t is half at ea* extremity2 & by ! ?ird :i* says3 9 a support ( equal /r5g? ?r\gh\t t portion w give way soone/ :i* is f>!/ f its atta*m5t2 :5ce x foll[s t d be+ equally di/ant f f1 e 44444 ,if ! c5t]+ ( ! ar* does n settle z ! ar* settles1 ! mort>1 z x dries1 w %r9k & deta* itself f ! bricks betwe5 :i* x 0 laid to keep !m toge!r2 & z x ?us leaves !m disjo9$ ! vault w rema9 loosely built1 & ! ra9s w soon de/roy x4 #ghf4 ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,ar*es1 ,,& ,,:]e ,,!y ,,are ,,/rong ,,or ,,weak2 ,,& ,,! ,,same ,,z ,,to ,,columns4 ,t "p ( ! ar* :i* is ne>] to ! horizontal (f]s lea/ resi/ance to ! weight plac$ on x4 ,:5 ! triangle a z n1 by settl+1 drives backw>ds ! #b_/c ( ea* #a_/b circle t is a s & 9 ! same way z m1 ! reason is t a is p]p5dicul>ly ov] b & s likewise z is above f4 ,ei!r half ( an ar*1 if ov]weight$1 w break at #b_/c ( its height1 ! po9t :i* corresponds to ! p]p5dicul> l9e above ! middle ( its bases1 z is se5 at a b2 & ?is happ5s because ! weight t5ds to fall pa/ ! po9t r4--,& if1 aga9/ its nature x %\ld t5d to fall t[>ds ! po9t s ! ar* n s w\ld break precisely 9 its middle4 ,if ! ar* n s 7 ( a s+le piece ( timb]1 if ! weight plac$ at n %\ld t5d to fall 9 ! l9e n m1 ! ar* w\ld break 9 ! middle ( ! ar* e m1 o!rwise x w break at "o ?ird f ! top at ! po9t a because f a to n ! ar* is ne>] to ! horizontal ?an f a to o & f o to s1 9 proportion z p t is great] ?an t n1 a o w be /rong] ?an a n & likewise 9 proportion z s o is /rong] ?an o a1 r p w be great] ?an p t4 ,! ar* :i* is d\bl$ to f\r times ( its ?ickness w be> f\r times ! weight t ! s+le ar* c\ld c>ry1 & m 9 proportion z ! diamet] ( its ?ickness goes a small] numb] ( times into its l5g?4 ,t is to say t if ! ?ickness ( ! s+le ar* goes t5 times into its l5g?1 ! ?ickness ( ! d\bl$ ar* w g five times into its l5g?4 ,h5ce z ! ?ickness ( ! d\ble ar* goes only half z _m times into its l5g? z t ( ! s+le ar* does1 x is reasonable t x %\ld c>ry half z mu* m weight z x w\ld h to c>ry if x 7 9 direct proportion to ! s+le ar*4 ,h5ce z ?is d\ble ar* has #d times ! ?ickness ( ! s+le ar*1 x w\ld seem t x ought to be> #d times ! weight2 b by ! above rule x is %[n t x w be> exactly #h times z mu*4 ,,t ,,pi]1 ,,:i* is ,,*>g$ ,,mo/ ,,unequally1 ,,w ,,soone/ ,,give ,,way4 ,! column c b1 be+ *>g$ ) an equal weight1 on ea* side w be mo/ durable1 & ! o!r two outw>d columns require on ! "p outside ( _! c5tre z mu* pressure z !re is inside ( _! c5tre1 t is1 f ! c5tre ( ! column1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! ar*4 ,ar*es :i* dep5d on *a9s = _! support w n be v durable4 ,,t ,,ar* ,,w ,,be ,,( ,,long] ,,duration ,,:i* ,,has ,a ,,good ,,abutm5t ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,its ,,?ru/4 ,! ar* itself t5ds to fall4 ,if ! ar* be #cj braccia & ! int]val betwe5 ! walls :i* c>ry x be #bj1 we "k t #cj _c pass ?r\gh ! #bj unless #bj becomes likewise #cj4 ,h5ce ! ar* be+ cru%$ by ! excess ( weight1 & ! walls (f]+ insuffici5t resi/ance1 "p1 & af=d room betwe5 !m1 = ! fall ( ! ar*4 ,b if y d n wi% to /r5g!n ! ar* ) an iron tie y mu/ give x su* abutm5ts z c resi/ ! ?ru/2 & y c d ?is ?us3 fill up ! sp&rels m n ) /ones1 & direct ! l9es ( ! jo9ts betwe5 !m to ! c5tre ( ! circle ( ! ar*1 & ! reason :y ?is makes ! ar* durable is ?is4 ,we "k v well t if ! ar* is load$ ) an excess ( weight above its qu>t] z a b1 ! wall f g w be ?ru/ outw>ds because ! ar* w\ld yield 9 t direction2 if ! o!r qu>t] b c 7 load$1 ! wall f g w\ld be ?ru/ inw>ds1 if x 7 n = ! l9e ( /ones x y :i* resi/s ?is4 #ghg4 ,,plan4 ,"h x is %[n h[ ! ar*es made 9 ! side ( ! octagon ?ru/ ! pi]s ( ! angles outw>ds1 z is %[n by ! l9e h c & by ! l9e t d :i* ?ru/ out ! pi] m2 t is !y t5d to =ce x away f ! c5tre ( su* an octagon4 #ghh4 ,an ,exp]im5t to %[ t a weight plac$ on an ar* does n dis*>ge itself entirely on its columns2 on ! contr>y ! great] ! weight plac$ on ! ar*es1 ! less ! ar* transmits ! weight to ! columns4 ,! exp]im5t is ! foll[+4 ,let a man be plac$ on a /eel y>d 9 ! middle ( ! %aft ( a well1 !n let him spread out 8 h&s & feet betwe5 ! walls ( ! well1 & y w see him weigh mu* less on ! /eel y>d2 give him a weight on ! %\ld]s1 y w see by exp]im5t1 t ! great] ! weight y give him ! great] ef=t he w make 9 spread+ 8 arms & legs1 & 9 press+ aga9/ ! wall & ! less weight w be ?r[n on ! /eel y>d4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,f\ndations1 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,& ,,supports4 #ghi4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ?+ is /ability4 ,z to ! f\ndations ( ! compon5t p>ts ( temples & o!r public build+s1 ! dep?s ( ! f\ndations mu/ be> ! same proportions to ea* o!r z ! weight ( mat]ial :i* is to be plac$ ^u !m4 ,e "p ( ! dep? ( e>? 9 a giv5 space is compos$ ( lay]s1 & ea* lay] is compos$ ( heavi] or light] mat]ials1 ! l[e/ be+ ! heavie/4 ,& ?is c be prov$1 because ^! lay]s h be5 =m$ by ! s$im5t f wat] c>ri$ d[n to ! sea1 by ! curr5t ( riv]s :i* fl[ into x4 ,! heavie/ "p ( ?is s$im5t 0 t :i* 0 fir/ ?r[n d[n1 & s on by degrees2 & ?is is ! action ( wat] :5 x becomes /agnant1 hav+ fir/ br\ght d[n ! mud :5ce x fir/ fl[$4 ,& su* lay]s ( soil are se5 9 ! banks ( riv]s1 :]e _! con/ant fl[ has cut ?r\gh !m & divid$ "o slope f ! o!r to a great dep?2 :]e 9 gravelly /rata ! wat]s h run (f1 ! mat]ials h1 9 consequ5ce1 dri$ & be5 conv]t$ into h>d /one1 & ?is happ5$ mo/ 9 :at 0 ! f9e/ mud2 :5ce we conclude t e portion ( ! surface ( ! e>? 0 once at ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & vicev]sa c4 #gij4 ,! heavie/ "p ( ! f\ndations ( build+s settles mo/1 & leaves ! light] "p above x sep>at$ f x4 ,& ! soil :i* is mo/ press$1 if x be por\s yields mo/4 ,y %\ld always make ! f\ndations project equally beyond ! weight ( ! walls & pi]s1 z %[n at m a b4 ,if y d z _m d1 t is to say if y make a f\ndation ( equal wid? f ! bottom up to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & *>ge x above ) unequal weights1 z %[n at b e & at e o1 at ! "p ( ! f\ndation at b e1 ! pi] ( ! angle w weigh mo/ & ?ru/ its f\ndation d[nw>ds1 :i* ! wall at e o w n d2 s9ce x does n cov] ! :ole ( its f\ndation1 & !re=e ?ru/s less heavily & settles less4 ,h5ce1 ! pi] b e 9 settl+ cracks & p>ts f ! wall e o4 ,?is may be se5 9 mo/ build+s :i* are crack$ r\nd ! pi]s4 #gia4 ,! w9d[ a is well plac$ "u ! w9d[ c1 & ! w9d[ b is badly plac$ "u ! pi] d1 because ?is latt] is )\t support & f\ndation2 m9d !re=e nev] to make a break "u ! pi]s betwe5 ! w9d[s4 #gib4 ,,( ,,! ,,supports4 ,a pill> ( :i* ! ?ickness is increas$ w ga9 m ?an its due /r5g?1 9 direct proportion to :at its loses 9 relative height4 ,,example4 ,if a pill> %\ld be n9e times z high z x is broad--t is to say1 if x is "o braccio ?ick1 accord+ to rule x %\ld be n9e braccia high--!n1 if y place #ajj su* pill>s toge!r 9 a mass ?is w be t5 braccia broad & #i high2 & if ! fir/ pill> c\ld c>ry #ajjjj p\nds ! second be+ only ab\t z high z x is wide1 & ?us lack+ #h p>ts ( its prop] l5g?1 x1 t is to say1 ea* pill> ?us unit$1 w be> eight times m ?an :5 disconnect$2 t is to say1 t if at fir/ x w\ld c>ry t5 ?\s& p\nds1 x w\ld n[ c>ry #ij ?\s&4 ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,beams4 #gic4 ,t angle w (f] ! greate/ resi/ance :i* is mo/ acute1 & ! mo/ obtuse w be ! weake/4 ,footnote3 ,! ?ree small] sket*es accompany ! text 9 ! orig9al1 b ! l>g] "o is n directly connect$ ) x4 ,x is to be f\nd on fol4 #hi;a ( ! same ,manuscript & !re we read 9 a note1 writt5 und]nea?1 cov]*io della p]di*a del ca/ello 7ro( ( ! flag/aff ( ! ca/le71--,comp>e also ,pl4 ,,xciii1 ,no4 #a4 #gid4 ,if ! beams & ! weight o are #ajj p\nds1 h[ mu* weight w be want$ at ae to resi/ su* a weight1 t x may n fall d[n8 #gie4 ,,on ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,beams4 ,t beam :i* is m ?an #bj times z long z its greate/ ?ickness w be ( brief duration & w break 9 half2 & rememb]1 t ! "p built into ! wall %\ld be /eep$ 9 hot pit* & fillet$ ) oak bo>ds likewise s /eep$4 ,ea* beam mu/ pass ?r\gh its walls & be secur$ beyond ! walls ) suffici5t *a9+1 because 9 consequ5ce ( e>?quakes ! beams are (t5 se5 to come out ( ! walls & br+ d[n ! walls & floors2 :il/ if !y are *a9$ !y w hold ! walls /rongly toge!r & ! walls w hold ! floors4 ,aga9 ,i rem9d y nev] to put pla/] ov] timb]4 ,s9ce by expansion & %r9k+ ( ! timb] produc$ by damp & dryness su* floors (t5 crack1 & once crack$ _! divisions gradually produce du/ & an ugly effect4 ,aga9 rememb] n to lay a floor on beams support$ on ar*es2 =1 9 "t ! floor :i* is made on beams settles some:at 9 ! middle :ile t "p ( ! floor :i* re/s on ! ar*es rema9s 9 its place2 h5ce1 floors laid ov] two k9ds ( supports look1 9 "t1 z if !y 7 made 9 hills ,footnote3 #ai ,m4 ,,ravaisson1 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a gives a v diff]5t r5d]+ ( ?is passage translat+ x ?us3 ,les plan*]s qui sont s\t5us p> deux diff]5tes natures de supports p>aiss5t avec le temps faits en v\te a *olli4 ,rem>ks on ! /yle ( ,leon>do's ar*itecture4 ,a few rem>ks may "h be add$ on ! /yle ( ,leon>do's ar*itectural /udies4 ,h[ev] incomplete1 h[ev] small 9 scale1 !y all[ u to e/abli% a c]ta9 numb] ( facts & probabilities1 well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,:5 ,leon>do began 8 /udies ! great "n ( ,brunellesco 0 /ill ! inspiration ( all ,flor5ce1 & we _c d\bt t ,leon>do 0 op5 to x1 s9ce we f9d among 8 sket*es ! plan ( ! *ur* ( ,santo ,spirito,footnote #a3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #b4 ,!n only 9 c\rse ( erection aft] ! designs ( ,brunellesco1 ?\gh he 0 already dead2 f9i%$ 9 #adha4 & a lat]al view ( ,san ,lor5zo 7,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #a71 a plan almo/ id5tical ) ! *apel ,degli ,angeli1 only begun by him 7,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #c7 :ile among ,leon>do's designs = domes sev]al cle>ly betray ! influ5ce ( ,brunellesco's ,cupola & ! lant]n ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore,footnote #b3 ,a small sket* ( ! t[] ( ! ,palazzo della ,signoria 7,,ms4 ,c4,a4 #cji7 proves t he also /udi$ m$iaeval monum5ts4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! second p]iod ( mod]n ,italian ar*itecture falls dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,leon>do's life4 ,h[ev] ! new impetus giv5 by ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti ei!r 0 n g5]ally und]/ood by 8 contempor>ies1 or ^? :o appreciat$ x1 _h no opportunity ( %[+ t !y did s4 ,x 0 only :5 tak5 up by ,bramante & develop$ by him to ! highe/ rank ( mod]n ar*itecture t ?is new influ5ce 0 g5]ally felt4 ,n[ ! peculi> feature ( ,leon>do's sket*es is t1 l ! works ( ,bramante1 !y appe> to be ! developm5t & cont9uation ( ,alb]ti's4 ,b a "q "h occurs :i* is difficult to answ]4 ,did ,leon>do1 till he quitt$ ,flor5ce1 foll[ ! direction giv5 by ! dom9ant s*ool ( ,brunellesco1 :i* w\ld !n h giv5 rise to 8 ,fir/ mann]1 or _h he1 ev5 be=e he left ,flor5ce1 felt ,alb]ti's influ5ce--ei!r ?r\gh 8 works 7,palazzo ,ruccellai1 & ! front ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella7 or ?r\gh p]sonal int]c\rse8 ,or 0 x n till he w5t to ,milan t ,alb]ti's "w began to impress him ?r\gh ,bramante1 :o probably _h kn[n ,alb]ti at ,mantua ab\t #adgj & :o n only c>ri$ out ,alb]ti's views & ideas1 b1 by 8 designs = ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 prov$ himself ! greate/ ( mod]n ar*itects4 ,:5 ,leon>do w5t to ,milan ,bramante _h already be5 liv+ !re = _m ye>s4 ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ works 9 ,milan 0 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia presso ,san ,satiro1 ,via del ,falcone,footnote #a3 ,evid5ce ( ?is ,i int5d to give lat] on 9 a ,life ( ,bramante1 :i* ,i h 9 prep>ation44 ,n[ we f9d among ,leon>dos /udies ( ,cupolas on ,plates ,,lxxxiv & ,,lxxxv & 9 ,pl4 ,,lxxx sev]al sket*es :i* seem to me to h be5 sugge/$ by ,bramante's dome ( ?is *ur*4 ,! ,,mss4 ,b & ,a%4 ,,ii conta9 ! plans ( ,s4 ,sepolcro1 ! pavilion 9 ! g>d5 ( ! duke ( ,milan1 & two *ur*es1 evid5tly inspir$ by ! *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo at ,milan4 ,,ms4 ,b4 conta9s besides two notes relat+ to ,pavia1 "o ( !m a design = ! sacri/y ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pavia1 :i* _c be suppos$ to be dat$ lat] ?an #adib1 & x has probably "s relation to ,leon>do's call to ,pavia ,june #ba1 #adij;,footnote #b3 ,! sket* ( ! plan ( ,brunellesco's *ur* ( ,santo ,spirito at ,flor5ce1 :i* occurs 9 ! same ,manuscript1 may h be5 done f memory44 ,^! & o!r consid]ations ju/ify u 9 conclud+1 t ,leon>do made 8 /udies ( cupolas at ,milan1 probably betwe5 ! ye>s #adhg & #adib 9 anticipation ( ! erection ( "o ( ! gr&e/ *ur*es ( ,italy1 ! ,ca!dral ( ,pavia4 ,?is may expla9 ! decid$ly ,lomb>do-,bramantesque t5d5cy 9 ! /yle ( ^! /udies1 among :i* only a few rem9d u ( ! =ms ( ! cupolas ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore & ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce4 ,?us1 al?\gh :5 comp>$ ) ,bramante's "w1 sev]al ( ^! sket*es pla9ly reveal t ma/]'s influ5ce1 we f9d1 among ! sket*es ( domes1 "s1 :i* %[ already ,bramante's classic /yle1 ( :i* ! ,tempietto ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio1 8 fir/ build+ execut$ at ,rome1 is ! =emo/ example,footnote #c3 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t 9 #adid ,bramante made a simil> design = ! lant]n ( ! ,cupola ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie44 ,on ,plate ,,lxxxiv is a sket* ( ! plan ( a simil> circul> build+2 & ! ,mausoleum on ,pl4 ,,xcviii1 no less ?an "o ( ! p$e/als = ! /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za 7,pl4 ,,lxv71 is ( ! same type4 ,! draw+s ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi ,no4 #a & #b & ! gr\nd fl\r 7fl\r sic b %\ld be floor 87 ( ! build+ 9 ! draw+ ,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #b1 ) ! int]e/+ decoration by gigantic /atues 9 l>ge ni*es1 are also1 ,i believe1 m 9 ! /yle ,bramante adopt$ at ,rome1 ?an 9 ! ,lomb>d /yle4 ,are we to conclude f ?is t ,leon>do on 8 "p influ5c$ ,bramante 9 ! s5se ( simplify+ 8 /yle & r5d]+ x m cong5ial to antique art8 ,! answ] to ?is important "q seems at fir/ difficult to give1 = we are "h 9 pres5ce ( ,bramante1 ! greate/ ( mod]n ar*itects1 & ) ,leon>do1 ! man comp>able ) no o!r4 ,we h no k ( any build+s erect$ by ,leon>do1 & unless we admit p]sonal int]c\rse--:i* seems probable1 b ( :i* !re is no pro(--1 x w\ld be difficult to und]/& h[ ,leon>do c\ld h affect$ ,bramante's /yle4 ,! conv]se is m easily to be admitt$1 s9ce ,bramante1 z we h prov$ else:]e1 drew & built simultane\sly 9 diff]5t mann]s1 & ?\gh 9 ,lomb>dy !re is no build+ by him 9 8 classic /yle1 ! use ( brick = build+1 9 t "p ( ,italy1 may easily acc\nt = x4 ,bramante's "n is incid5tally m5tion$ 9 ,leon>do's manuscripts 9 two passages 7,nos4 #adad & #addh74 ,on ea* occasion x is only a slight pass+ allusion1 & ! nature ( ! context gives u no due in=mation z to any close connection betwe5 ! two arti/s4 ,x might be suppos$1 on ! gr\nd ( ,leon>do's relations ) ! ,ea/ giv5 9 sections ,,xvii & ,,xxi ( ?is volume1 t "s evid5ce ( ori5tal influ5ce might be detect$ 9 8 ar*itectural draw+s4 ,i d n h[ev] ?9k t any su* traces c be po9t$ out ) c]ta9ty unless p]haps ! draw+ = a ,mausoleum1 ,pl4 ,,xc ,,viii4 ,among sev]al /udies = ! con/ruction ( cupolas above a ,greek cross !re are "s 9 :i* ! =ms are decid$ly monoton\s4 ,^!1 x is cle>1 7 n design$ z models ( ta/e2 !y mu/ be reg>d$ z ! results ( c]ta9 inve/igations into ! laws ( proportion1 h>mony & contra/4 ,! designs = *ur*es1 on ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross are evid5tly int5d$ to dep>t z little z possible f ! =m ( a ,greek cross2 & !y also %[ a pref]5ce = a nave surr\nd$ ) out] porticos4 ,! ar*itectural =ms pref]r$ by ,leon>do are pila/]s c\pl$ 7,pl4 ,,lxxxii ,no4 #a2 or gr\p$ 7,pl4 ,,lxxx ,no4 #e & ,,xciv ,no4 #d71 (t5 comb9$ ) ni*es4 ,we (t5 meet ) ord]s sup]pos$1 "o 9 ea* /ory1 or two small ord]s on "o /ory1 9 comb9ation ) "o great ord] 7,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #b74 ,! drum 7tamburo7 ( ^! cupolas is g5]ally octagonal1 z 9 ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 & ) simil> r\nd w9d[s 9 its sides4 ,9 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #b x is circul> l ! model actually c>ri$ out by ,mi*ael ,angelo at ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! cupola itself is ei!r hidd5 "u a pyramidal ro(1 z 9 ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce1 ,san ,lor5zo ( ,milan & mo/ ( ! ,lomb>d *ur*es 7,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #a & ,pl4 ,,xcii ,no4 #a72 b x m g5]ally sugge/s ! curve ( ,/a ,m>ia del ,fiore 7,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #e2 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #b2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix1 ,m2 ,pl ,,xc ,no4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #b74 ,9 o!r cases 7,pl4 ,,lxxx ,no4 #d2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix2 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #b7 x %[s ! sides ( ! octagon cr[n$ by semicircul> p$im5ts1 z 9 ,brunellesco's lant]n ( ! ,ca!dral & 9 ! model = ! ,ca!dral ( ,pavia4 ,f9ally1 9 "s sket*es ! cupola is ei!r semicircul>1 or z 9 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #b1 %[s ! beautiful l9e1 adopt$ sixty ye>s lat] by ,mi*ael ,angelo = ! exi/+ dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,x is wor? notic+ t = all ^! domes ,leon>do is n satisfi$ to decorate ! ext]ior m]ely ) asc5d+ ribs or m\ld+s1 b employs also a sy/em ( horizontal p>allels to complete ! ar*itectural sy/em4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ are ! designs = ! tiburio 7cupola7 ( ! ,milan ,ca!dral4 ,!y %[ "s ( ! =ms1 j m5tion$1 adapt$ to ! peculi> go?ic /yle ( t monum5t4 ,! few examples ( int]iors ( *ur*es recall ! /yle employ$ 9 ,lomb>dy by ,bramante1 = in/ance 9 ,s4 ,m>ia di ,canepanuova at ,pavia1 or by ,dolcebuono 9 ! ,mona/]o ,maggiore at ,milan 7see ,pl4 ,,ci ,no4 #a ,c4 ,a4 #aha;b2 #edf;b2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #aj74 ,! few indications conc]n+ palaces seem to prove t ,leon>do foll[$ ,alb]ti's example ( decorat+ ! walls ) pila/]s & a flat ru/ica1 ei!r 9 /one or by graffitti 7,pl4 ,,cii ,no4 #a & ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ad74 ,by po9t+ out ! analogies betwe5 ,leon>do's ar*itecture & t ( o!r ma/]s we 9 no way pret5d to depreciate 8 individual & orig9al inv5tive p[]4 ,^! are at all ev5ts beyond dispute4 ,! project = ! ,mausoleum 7,pl4 ,,xcviii7 w\ld alone suffice to rank him among ! greate/ ar*itects :o ev] liv$4 ,! peculi> %ape ( ! t[] 7,pl4 ,,lxxx71 ( ! *ur*es = prea*+ 7,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #a & pages #ef & #eg1 ,fig4 #a-d71 8 curi\s plan = a city ) high & l[ level /reets 7,pl4 ,,lxxvii & ,,lxxviii ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c71 8 ,loggia ) f\nta9s 7,pl4 ,,lxxxii ,no4 #d7 reveal an orig9ality1 a p[] & facility ( inv5tion = almo/ any giv5 problem1 :i* are q wond]ful4 ,9 addition to all ^! qualities he propably /ood alone 9 8 day 9 "o dep>tm5t ( ar*itectural /udy1--8 inve/igations1 namely1 z to ! resi/ance ( vaults1 f\ndations1 walls & ar*es4 ,z an application ( ^! /udies ! plan ( a semicircul> vault 7,pl4 ,,ciii ,no4 #b7 may be m5tion$ "h1 dispos$ s z to produce no ?ru/ on ! columns on :i* x re/s3 volta i botte e non ispignie i=i le colone4 ,above ! geometrical patt]ns on ! same %eet1 close to a circle inscrib$ 9 a squ>e is ! note3 la ragio d'una volta cioe il t]zo del diamitro della sua 444 del t$esco 9 domo4 ,!re are few data by :i* to judge ( ,leon>do's /yle 9 ! treatm5t ( detail4 ,on ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #aj & ,pl4 ,,ciii ,no4 #c1 we f9d "s details ( pill>s2 on ,pl4 ,,ci ,no4 #c sl5d] pill>s design$ = a f\nta9 & on ,pl4 ,,ciii ,no4 #a ,,ms4 ,b1 is a p5 & ink draw+ ( a vase :i* also seems int5d$ = a f\nta94 ,?ree h&les seem to h be5 int5d$ to connect ! upp] p>ts ) ! base4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,leon>do1 l ,bramante1 b unlike ,mi*ael ,angelo1 br\ght inf9ite delicacy ( motive & execution to be> on ! details ( 8 "w4 ,,xiv4 ,anatomy1 ,zoology & ,physiology4 ,leon>do's em95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 z a pione] 9 ! sci5ces ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 w nev] be appreciat$ till x is possible to publi% ! mass ( manuscripts 9 :i* he l>gely treat$ ( ^! two bran*es ( le>n+4 ,9 ! pres5t "w ,i mu/ necess>ily limit myself to giv+ ! read] a g5]al view ( ^! lab\rs1 by publi%+ 8 introductory notes to ! v>i\s books on anatomical subjects4 ,i h add$ "s extracts1 & su* obs]vations z are scatt]$ incid5tally ?r\gh ^! treatises1 z s]v+ to ?r[ a light on ,leon>do's sci5tific attitude1 besides hav+ an int]e/ = a wid] circle ?an t ( speciali/s only4 ,,vas>i expressly m5tions ,leon>do's anatomical /udies1 hav+ _h occasion to exam9e ! manuscript books :i* ref] to !m4 ,accord+ to him ,leon>do /udi$ ,anatomy 9 ! companion%ip ( ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre aiutato e scambievolm5te aiut&o4--,?is le>n$ ,anatomi/ taught ! sci5ce 9 ! univ]sities fir/ ( ,padua & !n ( ,pavia1 & at ,pavia he & ,leon>do may h work$ & /udi$ toge!r4 ,we h no clue to any exact dates1 b 9 ! ye> #aejf ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre seems to h n yet left ,padua4 ,he 0 sc>cely ?irty ye>s old :5 he di$ 9 #aeab1 & 8 writ+s on anatomy h n only nev] be5 publi%$1 b no manuscript copy ( !m is kn[n to exi/4 ,?is is n ! place to enl>ge on ! connection betwe5 ,leon>do & ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre4 ,i may h[ev] obs]ve t ,i h n be5 able to discov] 9 ,leon>do's manuscripts on anatomy any m5tion ( 8 y\ng] contempor>y4 ,! few quotations :i* occur f writ]s on m$ic9e--ei!r ( antiquity or ( ! middle ages are pr9t$ 9 ,section ,,xxii4 ,"h & !re 9 ! manuscripts m5tion is made ( an anonym\s adv]s>y 7avv]s>io7 ^: views are oppos$ & refut$ by ,leon>do1 b !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre %\ld h be5 ?is adv]s>y4 ,only a v small selection f ! mass ( anatomical draw+s left by ,leon>do h be5 publi%$ "h 9 facsimile1 b to =m any adequate idea ( _! sci5tific m]it !y %\ld be comp>$ ) ! co>se & inadequate figures giv5 9 ! publi%$ books ( ! e>ly "p ( ! ,,xvi4 c5tury4 ,william ,hunt]1 ! great surgeon--a compet5t judge--:o _h an opportunity 9 ! "t ( ,george ,,iii4 ( see+ ! orig9als 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y1 has ?us record$ 8 op9ion3 ,i expect$ to see little m ?an su* designs 9 ,anatomy z might be useful to a pa9t] 9 8 own pr(ession4 ,b ,i saw1 & inde$ ) a/oni%m5t1 t ,leon>do _h be5 a g5]al & deep /ud5t4 ,:5 ,i consid] :at pa9s he has tak5 ^u e "p ( ! body1 ! sup]iority ( 8 univ]sal g5ius1 8 p>ticul> excell5ce 9 me*anics & hydraulics1 & ! att5tion ) :i* su* a man w\ld exam9e & see objects :i* he has to draw1 ,i am fully p]suad$ t ,leon>do 0 ! be/ ,anatomi/1 at t "t1 9 ! _w 444 ,leon>do 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ man1 we "k (1 :o introduc$ ! practice ( mak+ anatomical draw+s 7,two introductory lett]s4 ,london #aghd1 pages #cg & #ci74 ,! illu/ri\s ,g]man ,naturali/ ,johan ,fri$ri* ,blum5back e/eem$ !m no less highly2 he 0 "o ( ! privileg$ few :o1 aft] ,hunt]1 _h ! *ance ( see+ ^! ,manuscripts4 ,he writes3 ,d] ,s*>fblick dieses gross5 ,=s*]s und ,d>/ell]s d] ,natur hat s*on auf ,d+e gea*tet1 die no* ,jahrhund]te na*h] unbem]kt geblieb5 s9d 7see ,blum5ba*'s m$ic9is*e ,biblio!k1 ,vol4 #c1 ,/4 #d1 #agie4 page #gbh74 ,^! op9ions 7 f\nd$ on ! draw+s alone4 ,up to ! pres5t day h>dly any?+ has be5 made kn[n ( ! text1 &1 = ! reasons ,i h giv51 x is my int5tion to reproduce "h no m ?an a selection ( extracts :i* ,i h made f ! orig9als at ,w9dsor ,ca/le & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,bibliography ( ! ,manuscripts1 at ! end ( ?is volume a %ort review is giv5 ( ! valuable cont5ts ( ^! ,anatomical note books :i* are at pres5t almo/ all 9 ! possession ( h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 possible to assign ! date ) approximate accuracy to almo/ all ! fragm5ts1 & ,i am ?us l$ to conclude t ! great] "p ( ,leon>do's anatomical inve/igations 7 c>ri$ out aft] ! dea? ( della ,torre4 ,m]ely 9 read+ ! introductory notes to 8 v>i\s books on ,anatomy :i* are "h pr9t$ x is impossible to resi/ ! impression t ! ,ma/]'s anatomical /udies be> to a v great ext5t ! /amp ( orig9ality & indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,i4 ,,anatomy4 #gif4 ,a g5]al introduction ,i wi% to "w miracles2--x may be t ,i %all possess less ?an o!r m5 ( m peaceful lives1 or ?an ^? :o want to gr[ ri* 9 a day4 ,i may live = a long "t 9 great pov]ty1 z always happ5s1 & to all et]nity w happ51 to al*emi/s1 ! w\ld-be creators ( gold & silv]1 & to eng9e]s :o w\ld h dead wat] /ir itself into life & p]petual motion1 & to ^? supreme fools1 ! necromanc] & ! en*ant]4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! foll[+ seems to be direct$ aga9/ /ud5ts ( pa9t+ & "y arti/s r ?an aga9/ m$ical m5 & anatomi/s4 ,& y1 :o say t x w\ld be bett] to wat* an anatomi/ at "w ?an to see ^! draw+s1 y w\ld be "r1 if x 7 possible to obs]ve all ! ?+s :i* are demon/rat$ 9 su* draw+s 9 a s+le figure1 9 :i* y1 ) all y\r clev]ness1 w n see nor obta9 k ( m ?an "s few ve9s1 to obta9 a true & p]fect k ( :i* ,i h dissect$ m ?an t5 human bodies1 de/roy+ all ! o!r memb]s1 & remov+ ! v m9ute/ p>ticles ( ! fle% by :i* ^! ve9s are surr\nd$1 )\t caus+ !m to ble$1 except+ ! ins5sible ble$+ ( ! capill>y ve9s2 & z "o s+le body w\ld n la/ s long1 s9ce x 0 necess>y to proce$ ) sev]al bodies by degrees1 until ,i came to an end & _h a complete k2 ?is ,i repeat$ twice1 to le>n ! diff]5ces #ei4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-ei & #fj-hi are writt5 9 two p>allel columns4 ,:5 we "h f9d ,leon>do putt+ himself 9 ! same category z ! ,al*emi/s & ,necromanc]s1 :om he else:]e mocks at s bitt]ly1 x is evid5tly meant ironically4 ,9 ! same way ,leon>do1 9 ! introduction to ! ,books on ,p]spective sets himself ) transp>5t satire on a level ) o!r writ]s on ! subject4 ,& if y %\ld h a love = su* ?+s y might be prev5t$ by loa?+1 & if t did n prev5t y1 y might be det]r$ by ! fe> ( liv+ 9 ! night h\rs 9 ! company ( ^? corpses1 qu>t]$ & flay$ & horrible to see4 ,& if ?is did n prev5t y1 p]haps y might n be able to draw s well z is necess>y = su* a demon/ration2 or1 if y _h ! skill 9 draw+1 x might n be comb9$ ) k ( p]spective2 & if x 7 s1 y might n und]/& ! me?ods ( geometrical demon/ration & ! me?od ( ! calculation ( =ces & ( ! /r5g? ( ! muscles2 pati5ce also may be want+1 s t y lack p]sev]ance4 ,z to :e!r all ^! ?+s 7 f\nd 9 me or n ,footnote #hd3 ,leon>do frequ5tly1 & p]haps habitually1 wrote 9 note books ( a v small size & only mod]ately ?ick2 9 mo/ ( ^? :i* h be5 pres]v$ undivid$1 ea* conta9s less ?an fifty leaves4 ,?us a consid]able numb] ( su* volumes mu/ h gone to make up a volume ( ! bulk ( ! ',codex ,atlanticus' :i* n[ conta9s ne>ly #abjj deta*$ leaves4 ,9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 :i* 0 evid5tly writt5 at a late p]iod ( 8 life1 ,leon>do speaks ( 8 ,manuscript note-books z numb]+ #ab,o2 b we %\ld h>dly be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ f ?is passage t ! great] "p ( 8 ,manuscripts 7 n[ miss+ 7see ,prolegom5a1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #e-g741 ! hundr$ & tw5ty books compos$ by me w give v]dict ,yes or ,no4 ,9 ^! ,i h be5 h9d]$ nei!r by av>ice nor neglig5ce1 b simply by want ( "t4 ,f>ewell #hi4 ,plans & sugge/ions = ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials 7#gig-hjb74 #gig4 ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,?is "w mu/ beg9 ) ! conception ( man1 & describe ! nature ( ! womb & h[ ! foetus lives 9 x1 up to :at /age x resides !re1 & 9 :at way x quick5s into life & fe$s4 ,also its gr[? & :at int]val !re is betwe5 "o /age ( gr[? & ano!r4 ,:at x is t =ces x out f ! body ( ! "m1 & = :at reasons x sometimes comes out ( ! "m's womb be=e ! due "t4 ,!n ,i w describe :i* are ! memb]s1 :i*1 aft] ! boy is born1 gr[ m ?an ! o!rs1 & det]m9e ! proportions ( a boy ( "o ye>4 ,!n describe ! fully gr[n man & woman1 ) _! proportions1 & ! nature ( _! complexions1 col\r1 & physiognomy4 ,!n h[ !y are compos$ ( ve9s1 t5dons1 muscles & bones4 ,?is ,i %all d at ! end ( ! book4 ,!n1 9 f\r draw+s1 repres5t f\r univ]sal conditions ( m54 ,t is1 ,mir?1 ) v>i\s acts ( laught]1 & describe ! cause ( laught]4 ,weep+ 9 v>i\s aspects ) its causes4 ,cont5tion1 ) v>i\s acts ( kill+2 flight1 fe>1 f]ocity1 boldness1 murd] & e ?+ p]ta9+ to su* cases4 ,!n repres5t ,lab\r1 ) pull+1 ?ru/+1 c>ry+1 /opp+1 support+ & su* l ?+s4 ,fur!r ,i w\ld describe attitudes & movem5ts4 ,!n p]spective1 conc]n+ ! functions & effects ( ! eye2 & ( he>+--"h ,i w speak ( music--1 & treat ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,& !n describe ! nature ( ! s5ses4 ,?is me*anism ( man we w demon/rate 9 444 figures2 ( :i* ! ?ree fir/ w %[ ! ramification ( ! bones2 t is3 fir/ "o to %[ _! height & position & %ape3 ! second w be se5 9 pr(ile & w %[ ! dep? ( ! :ole & ( ! p>ts1 & _! position4 ,! ?ird figure w be a demon/ration ( ! bones ( ! backp>ts4 ,!n ,i w make ?ree o!r figures f ! same po9t ( view1 ) ! bones sawn across1 9 :i* w be %[n _! ?ickness & holl[ness4 ,?ree o!r figures ( ! bones complete1 & ( ! n]ves :i* rise f ! nape ( ! neck1 & 9 :at limbs !y ramify4 ,& ?ree o!rs ( ! bones & ve9s1 & :]e !y ramify4 ,!n ?ree figures ) ! muscles & ?ree ) ! sk91 & _! prop] proportions2 & ?ree ( woman1 to illu/rate ! womb & ! m5/rual ve9s :i* g to ! brea/s4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w n]vo v>ies 9 diff]5t passages1 be+ sometimes us$ = muscolo 7muscle74 #gih4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,?is depict+ ( m9e ( ! human body w be z cle> to y z if y _h ! natural man be=e y2 & ! reason is t if y wi% ?or\ghly to "k ! p>ts ( man1 anatomically1 y--or y\r eye--require to see x f diff]5t aspects1 consid]+ x f bel[ & f above & f its sides1 turn+ x ab\t & seek+ ! orig9 ( ea* memb]2 & 9 ?is way ! natural anatomy is suffici5t = y\r compreh5sion4 ,b y mu/ und]/& t ?is am\nt ( k w n cont9ue to satisfy y2 see+ ! v great confusion t mu/ result f ! comb9ation ( tissues1 ) ve9s1 art]ies1 n]ves1 s9ews1 muscles1 bones1 & blood :i*1 ( itself1 t+es e "p ! same col\r4 ,& ! ve9s1 :i* dis*>ge ?is blood1 are n disc]n$ by reason ( _! smallness4 ,moreov] integrity ( ! tissues1 9 ! process ( ! inve/igat+ ! p>ts )9 !m1 is inevitably de/roy$1 & _! transp>5t sub/ance be+ t+$ ) blood does n all[ y to recognise ! p>ts cov]$ by !m1 f ! simil>ity ( _! blood-/a9$ hue2 & y _c "k ev]y?+ ( ! "o )\t confus+ & de/roy+ ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 "s fur!r anatomy draw+s become necess>y4 ,( :i* y want ?ree to give full k ( ! ve9s & art]ies1 ev]y?+ else be+ de/roy$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,& ?ree o!rs to display ! tissues2 & ?ree = ! s9ews & muscles & ligam5ts2 & ?ree = ! bones & c>tilages2 & ?ree = ! anatomy ( ! bones1 :i* h to be sawn to %[ :i* are holl[ & :i* are n1 :i* h m>r[ & :i* are spongy1 & :i* are ?ick f ! outside inw>ds1 & :i* are ?94 ,& "s are extremely ?9 9 "s p>ts & ?ick 9 o!rs1 & 9 "s p>ts holl[ or fill$ up ) bone1 or full ( m>r[1 or spongy4 ,& all ^! conditions are sometimes f\nd 9 "o & ! same bone1 & 9 "s bones none ( !m4 ,& ?ree y mu/ h = ! woman1 9 :i* !re is mu* t is my/]i\s by reason ( ! womb & ! foetus4 ,!re=e by my draw+s e "p w be kn[n to y1 & all by means ( demon/rations f ?ree diff]5t po9ts ( view ( ea* "p2 = :5 y h se5 a limb f ! front1 ) any muscles1 s9ews1 or ve9s :i* take _! rise f ! opposite side1 ! same limb w be %[n to y 9 a side view or f beh9d1 exactly z if y _h t same limb 9 y\r h& & 7 turn+ x f side to side until y _h acquir$ a full compreh5sion ( all y wi%$ to "k4 ,9 ! same way !re w be put be=e y ?ree or f\r demon/rations ( ea* limb1 f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 s t y w be left ) a true & complete k ( all y wi% to le>n ( ! human figure,footnote #ce3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,cvii4 ,! orig9al draw+ at ,w9dsor is #bh #a_/b ,x #ai #a_/b c5timetres4 ,! upp] figures are slightly wa%$ ) ,indian ink4 ,on ! back ( ?is draw+ is ! text ,no4 #aadj44 ,?us1 9 twelve entire figures1 y w h set be=e y ! cosmography ( ?is less] _w on ! same plan z1 be=e me1 0 adopt$ by ,ptolemy 9 8 cosmography2 & s ,i w aft]w>ds divide !m into limbs z he divid$ ! :ole _w into prov9ces2 !n ,i w speak ( ! function ( ea* "p 9 e direction1 putt+ be=e y\r eyes a description ( ! :ole =m & sub/ance ( man1 z reg>ds 8 movem5ts f place to place1 by means ( 8 diff]5t p>ts4 ,& ?us1 if x please our great ,au?or1 ,i may demon/rate ! nature ( m51 & _! cu/oms 9 ! way ,i describe 8 figure4 ,& rememb] t ! anatomy ( ! n]ves w n give ! position ( _! ramifications1 nor %[ y :i* muscles !y bran* into1 by means ( bodies dissect$ 9 runn+ wat] or 9 lime wat]2 ?\gh inde$ _! orig9 & />t+ po9t may be se5 )\t su* wat] z well z ) x4 ,b _! ramifications1 :5 "u runn+ wat]1 cl+ & unite--j l flat or hemp c>d$ = sp9n+--all into a ske91 9 a way :i* makes x impossible to trace 9 :i* muscles or by :at ramification ! n]ves are di/ribut$ among ^? muscles4 #gii4 ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,anatomy ,fir/ draw ! bones1 let u say1 ( ! arm1 & put 9 ! motor muscle f ! %\ld] to ! elb[ ) all its l9es4 ,!n proce$ 9 ! same way f ! elb[ to ! wri/4 ,!n f ! wri/ to ! h& & f ! h& to ! f+]s4 ,& 9 ! arm y w put ! motors ( ! f+]s :i* op51 & ^! y w %[ sep>ately 9 _! demon/ration4 ,9 ! second demon/ration y w clo! ^! muscles ) ! second>y motors ( ! f+]s & s proce$ by degrees to avoid confusion4 ,b fir/ lay on ! bones ^? muscles :i* lie close to ! said bones1 )\t confusion ( o!r muscles2 & ) ^! y may put ! n]ves & ve9s :i* supply _! n\ri%m5t1 aft] hav+ fir/ drawn ! tree ( ve9s & n]ves ov] ! simple bones4 #hjj4 ,beg9 ! anatomy at ! head & f9i% at ! sole ( ! foot4 #hja4 #c m5 complete1 #c ) bones & n]ves1 #c ) ! bones only4 ,"h we h #ab demon/rations ( entire figures4 #hjb4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ build+ up ! man1 y w make ! /atue ) all its sup]ficial measurem5ts4 ,footnote3 ,cresci]e l'omo4 ,! mean+ ( ?is expression appe>s to be diff]5t "h & 9 ! passage ,c4,a4 #aeg;a1 #dfh;a 7see ,no4 #ebf1 ,note #a4 #b74 ,"h x c h>dly mean any?+ else ?an modell+1 s9ce ! sculptor =ms ! figure by degrees1 by add+ wet clay & ! figure consequ5tly increases or gr[s4 ,tu f>ai la /atua w\ld !n mean1 y mu/ "w out ! figure 9 m>ble4 ,if ?is int]pretation is ! correct "o1 ?is passage w\ld h no "r to f9d a place 9 ! s]ies on anatomical /udies4 ,i may say t x 0 orig9ally ins]t$ 9 ?is connection "u ! impression t di cresci]e %\ld be read descriv]e4 ,plans = ! repres5tation ( muscles by draw+s 7#hjc-hji74 #hjc4 ,y mu/ %[ all ! motions ( ! bones ) _! jo9ts to foll[ ! demon/ration ( ! fir/ ?ree figures ( ! bones1 & ?is %\ld be done 9 ! fir/ book4 #hjd4 ,rememb] t to be c]ta9 ( ! po9t ( orig9 ( any muscle1 y mu/ pull ! s9ew f :i* ! muscle spr+s 9 su* a way z to see t muscle move1 & :]e x is atta*$ to ! ligam5ts ( ! bones4 ,,note4 ,y w nev] get any ?+ b confusion 9 demon/rat+ ! muscles & _! positions1 orig91 & t]m9ation1 unless y fir/ make a demon/ration ( ?9 muscles aft] ! mann] ( l95 ?reads2 & ?us y c repres5t !m1 "o ov] ano!r z nature has plac$ !m2 & ?us1 too1 y c "n !m accord+ to ! limb !y s]ve2 = in/ance ! motor ( ! po9t ( ! great toe1 ( its middle bone1 ( its fir/ bone1 c4 ,& :5 y h ! k y w draw1 by ! side ( ?is1 ! true =m & size & position ( ea* muscle4 ,b rememb] to give ! ?reads :i* expla9 ! situation ( ! muscles 9 ! position :i* corresponds to ! c5tral l9e ( ea* muscle2 & s ^! ?reads w demon/rate ! =m ( ! leg & _! di/ance 9 a pla9 & cle> mann]4 ,i h remov$ ! sk9 f a man :o 0 s %runk by illness t ! muscles 7 worn d[n & rema9$ 9 a /ate l ?9 membrane1 9 su* a way t ! s9ews in/ead ( m]g+ 9 muscles end$ 9 wide membrane2 & :]e ! bones 7 cov]$ by ! sk9 !y _h v little ov] _! natural size4 ,footnote3 ,! photograph ,no4 #da ( ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publications3 a draw+ ( ! muscles ( ! foot1 includes a complete facsimile ( ! text ( ?is passage4 #hje4 ,:i* n]ve causes ! motion ( ! eye s t ! motion ( "o eye moves ! o!r8 ,( fr[n+ ! br[s1 ( rais+ ! br[s1 ( l[]+ ! br[s1--( clos+ ! eyes1 ( op5+ ! eyes1--( rais+ ! no/rils1 ( op5+ ! lips1 ) ! tee? %ut1 ( p\t+ ) ! lips1 ( smil+1 ( a/oni%m5t4-- ,describe ! beg9n+ ( man :5 x is caus$ 9 ! womb & :y an eight mon?s *ild does n live4 ,:at sneez+ is4 ,:at yawn+ is4 ,fall+ sickness1 spasms1 p>alysis1 %iv]+ ) cold1 sweat+1 fatigue1 hung]1 sleep9ess1 ?ir/1 lu/4 ,( ! n]ve :i* is ! cause ( movem5t f ! %\ld] to ! elb[1 ( ! movem5t f ! elb[ to ! h&1 f ! jo9t ( ! h& to ! spr++ ( ! f+]s4 ,f ! spr++ ( ! f+]s to ! middle jo9ts1 & f ! middle jo9ts to ! la/4 ,( ! n]ve :i* causes ! movem5t ( ! ?igh1 & f ! knee to ! foot1 & f ! jo9t ( ! foot to ! toes1 & !n to ! middle ( ! toes & ( ! rot>y motion ( ! leg4 #hjf4 ,,anatomy4 ,:i* n]ves or s9ews ( ! h& are ^? :i* close & "p ! f+]s & toes latt]aly8 #hjg4 ,remove by degrees all ! p>ts ( ! front ( a man 9 mak+ y\r dissection1 till y come to ! bones4 ,description ( ! p>ts ( ! bu/ & ( _! motions4 #hjh4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! leg up to ! hip1 9 all views & 9 e action & 9 e /ate2 ve9s1 art]ies1 n]ves1 s9ews & muscles1 sk9 & bones2 !n ! bones 9 sections to %[ ! ?ickness ( ! bones4 ,footnote3 ,a /raight5$ leg 9 pr(ile is sket*$ by ! side ( ?is text4 ,on corpul5cy & leanness 7#hji-haa74 #hji4 ,make ! rule & give ! measurem5t ( ea* muscle1 & give ! reasons ( all _! functions1 & 9 :i* way !y "w & :at makes !m "w c4 #d ,fir/ draw ! sp9e ( ! back2 !n clo! x by degrees1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ) ea* ( its muscles & put 9 ! n]ves & art]ies & ve9s to ea* muscle by itself2 & besides ^! note ! v]tebrae to :i* !y are atta*$2 :i* ( ! inte/9es come 9 contact ) !m2 & :i* bones & o!r organs c4 ,! mo/ prom95t p>ts ( lean p are mo/ prom95t 9 ! muscul>1 & equally s 9 fat p]sons4 ,b conc]n+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! =ms ( ! muscles 9 fat p]sons z comp>$ ) muscul> p]sons1 x %all be describ$ bel[4 ,footnote3 ,! two draw+s giv5 on ,pl4 ,,cviii no4 #a come betwe5 l9es #c & #d4 ,a good & v e>ly copy ( ?is draw+ )\t ! writt5 text exi/s 9 ! collection ( draw+s belong+ to ,*ri/'s ,college ,ox=d1 :]e x is attribut$ to ,leon>do4 #haj4 ,describe :i* muscles disappe> 9 gr[+ fat1 & :i* become visible 9 gr[+ lean4 ,& obs]ve t t "p :i* on ! surface ( a fat p]son is mo/ concave1 :5 he gr[s lean becomes m prom95t4 ,:]e ! muscles sep>ate "o f ano!r y mu/ give pr(iles & :]e !y coalesce 444 #haa4 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,figure4 ,:i* is ! "p 9 man1 :i*1 z he gr[s fatt]1 nev] ga9s fle%8 ,or :at "p :i* z a man gr[s lean nev] falls away ) a too p]ceptible dim9ution8 ,& among ! p>ts :i* gr[ fat :i* is t :i* gr[s fatte/8 ,among ^? :i* gr[ lean :i* is t :i* gr[s leane/8 ,9 v /rong m5 :i* are ! muscles :i* are ?icke/ & mo/ prom95t8 ,9 y\r anatomy y mu/ repres5t all ! /ages ( ! limbs f man's creation to 8 dea?1 & !n till ! dea? ( ! bone2 & :i* "p ( him is fir/ decay$ & :i* is pres]v$ ! longe/4 ,& 9 ! same way ( extreme leanness & extreme fatness4 ,! divisions ( ! head 7#hab4 #hac74 #hab4 ,,anatomy4 ,!re are elev5 elem5t>y tissues3-- ,c>tilage1 bones1 n]ves1 ve9s1 art]ies1 fascia1 ligam5t & s9ews1 sk91 muscle & fat4 ,,( ,,! ,,head4 ,! divisions ( ! head are #aj1 viz4 #e ext]nal & #e int]nal1 ! ext]nal are ! hair1 sk91 muscle1 fascia & ! skull2 ! int]nal are ! dura mat]1 ! pia mat]1 :i* enclose ! bra94 ,! pia mat] & ! dura mat] come aga9 und]nea? & enclose ! bra92 !n ! rete mirabile1 & ! occipital bone1 :i* supports ! bra9 f :i* ! n]ves spr+4 #hac4 a4 hair n4 sk9 c4 muscle m4 fascia o4 skull i4e4 bone b4 dura mat] d4 pia mat] f4 bra9 r4 pia mat]1 bel[ t4 dura mat] l4 rete mirablile s4 ! occipitul bone4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #c4 ,physiological problems 7#had4 #hae74 #had4 ,( ! cause ( brea?+1 ( ! cause ( ! motion ( ! he>t1 ( ! cause ( vomit+1 ( ! cause ( ! desc5t ( food f ! /oma*1 ( ! cause ( empty+ ! inte/9es4 ,( ! cause ( ! movem5t ( ! sup]flu\s matt] ?r\gh ! inte/9es4 ,( ! cause ( swall[+1 ( ! cause ( c\gh+1 ( ! cause ( yawn+1 ( ! cause ( sneez+1 ( ! cause ( limbs gett+ asleep4 ,( ! cause ( los+ s5sibility 9 any limb4 ,( ! cause ( tickl+4 ,( ! cause ( lu/ & o!r appetites ( ! body1 ( ! cause ( ur9e & also ( all ! natural excretions ( ! body4 ,footnote3 ,by ! side ( ?is text /&s ! p5 & ink draw+ reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #d2 a skull ) indications ( ! ve9s 9 ! fle%y cov]+4 #hae4 ,! te>s come f ! he>t & n f ! bra94 ,def9e all ! p>ts1 ( :i* ! body is compos$1 beg9n+ ) ! sk9 ) its out] cuticle :i* is (t5 *app$ by ! influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,,ii4 ,,zoology ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy4 ,! divisions ( ! animal k+dom 7#haf4 #hag74 #haf4 ,man4 ,! description ( man1 :i* includes t ( su* creatures z are ( almo/ ! same species1 z ,apes1 ,monkeys & ! l1 :i* are _m1 ,! ,lion & its k9dr$1 z ,pan!rs4 ,footnote #c3 ,leonza--wild cat8 ,secondo alcuni1 lo /esso *e ,leonessa2 e secondo altri con piu c]tezza1 lo /esso *e ,pant]a ,,fanfani1 ,vocabol>io page #heh4 ,wildcats 787 ,tig]s1 ,leop>ds1 ,wolfs1 ,lynxes1 ,spani% cats1 common cats & ! l4 ,! ,horse & its k9dr$1 z ,mule1 ,ass & ! l1 ) incisor tee? above & bel[4 ,! ,bull & its allies ) horns & )\t upp] incisors z ! ,buffalo1 ,/ag ,fall[ ,de]1 ,wild ,goat1 ,sw9e1 ,goat1 wild ,goats ,muskde]s1 ,*amois1 ,giraffe4 #hag4 ,describe ! v>i\s =ms ( ! inte/9es ( ! human species1 ( apes & su* l4 ,!n1 9 :at way ! leon9e species diff]1 & !n ! bov9e1 & f9ally birds2 & arrange ?is description aft] ! mann] ( a disquisition4 ,miscellane\s notes on ! /udy ( ,zoology 7#hah-hba74 #hah4 ,procure ! plac5ta ( a calf :5 x is born & obs]ve ! =m ( ! cotyl$ons1 if _! cotyl$ons are male or female4 #hai4 ,describe ! tongue ( ! woodpeck] & ! jaw ( ! crocodile4 #hbj4 ,( ! flight ( ! #d? k9d ( butt]flies t consume w+$ ants4 ,( ! ?ree pr9cipal positions ( ! w+s ( birds 9 d[nw>d flight4 ,footnote3 ,a pass+ allusion is all ,i c "h p]mit myself to ,leon>do's elaborate rese>*es into ! flight ( birds4 ,comp>e ! obs]vations on ?is subject 9 ! ,introduction to section ,,xviii & 9 ! ,bibliography ( ,manuscripts at ! end ( ! "w4 #hba4 ,( ! way 9 :i* ! tail ( a fi% acts 9 propell+ ! fi%2 z 9 ! eel1 snake & lee*4 ,footnote3 ,a sket* ( a fi%1 swimm+ upw>ds is 9 ! orig9al1 ins]t$ above ?is text4--,comp>e ,no4 #aaad4 ,comp>ative /udy ( ! /ructure ( bones & ( ! action ( muscles 7#hbb-hbf74 #hbb4 ,,( ,,! ,,palm ,,( ,,! ,,h&4 ,!n ,i w disc\rse ( ! h&s ( ea* animal to %[ 9 :at !y v>y2 z 9 ! be>1 :i* has ! ligatures ( ! s9ews ( ! toes jo9$ above ! in/ep4 #hbc4 ,a second demon/ration ins]t$ betwe5 anatomy & ! treatise on ! liv+ be+4 ,y w repres5t "h = a comp>ison1 ! legs ( a frog1 :i* h a great resemblance to ! legs ( man1 bo? 9 ! bones & 9 ! muscles4 ,!n1 9 cont9uation1 ! h9d legs ( ! h>e1 :i* are v muscul>1 ) /rong active muscles1 because !y are n encumb]$ ) fat4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is writt5 by ! side ( a draw+ 9 black *alk ( a nude male figure1 b !re is no connection betwe5 ! sket* & ! text4 #hbd4 ,"h ,i make a note to demon/rate ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 man & ! horse & 9 ! same way ) o!r animals4 ,& fir/ ,i w beg9 ) ! bones1 & !n w g on to all ! muscles :i* spr+ f ! bones )\t t5dons & end 9 !m 9 ! same way1 & !n g on to ^? :i* />t ) a s+le t5don at "o end4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #b4 #hbe4 ,note on ! b5d+s ( jo9ts & 9 :at way ! fle% gr[s ^u !m 9 _! flexions or ext5sions2 & ( ?is mo/ important /udy write a sep>ate treatise3 9 ! description ( ! movem5ts ( animals ) f\r feet2 among :i* is man1 :o likewise 9 8 infancy crawls on all f\rs4 #hbf4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,walk+ ,,9 ,,man4 ,! walk+ ( man is always aft] ! univ]sal mann] ( walk+ 9 animals ) #d legs1 inasmu* z j z !y move _! feet crosswise aft] ! mann] ( a horse 9 trott+1 s man moves 8 #d limbs crosswise2 t is1 if he puts =w>d 8 "r foot 9 walk+ he puts =w>d1 ) x1 8 left arm & vice v]sa1 inv>iably4 ,,iii4 ,,physiology4 ,comp>ative /udy ( ! organs ( s5se 9 m5 & animals4 #hbg4 ,i h f\nd t 9 ! composition ( ! human body z comp>$ ) ! bodies ( animals ! organs ( s5se are dull] & co>s]4 ,?us x is compos$ ( less +5i\s in/rum5ts1 & ( spaces less capaci\s = receiv+ ! faculties ( s5se4 ,i h se5 9 ! ,lion tribe t ! s5se ( smell is connect$ ) "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 :i* comes d[n ! no/rils1 :i* =m a spaci\s receptacle = ! s5se ( smell1 :i* ent]s by a great numb] ( c>tilag9\s vesicles ) sev]al passages lead+ up to :]e ! bra91 z be=e said1 comes d[n4 ,! eyes 9 ! ,lion tribe h a l>ge "p ( ! head = _! sockets & ! optic n]ves communicate at once ) ! bra92 b ! contr>y is to be se5 9 man1 = ! sockets ( ! eyes are b a small "p ( ! head1 & ! optic n]ves are v f9e & long & weak1 & by ! weakness ( _! action we see by day b badly at night1 :ile ^! animals c see z well at night z by day4 ,! pro( t !y c see is t !y pr[l = prey at night & sleep by day1 z nocturnal birds d also4 ,advantages 9 ! /ructure ( ! eye 9 c]ta9 animals 7#hbh-hca74 #hbh4 ,e object we see w appe> l>g] at midnight ?an at midday1 & l>g] 9 ! morn+ ?an at midday4 ,?is happ5s because ! pupil ( ! eye is mu* small] at midday ?an at any o!r "t4 ,9 proportion z ! eye or ! pupil ( ! owl is l>g] 9 proportion to ! animal ?an t ( man1 s mu* ! m light c x see at night ?an man c2 h5ce at midday x c see no?+ if its pupil does n dim9i%2 &1 9 ! same way1 at night ?+s look l>g] to x ?an by day4 #hbi4 ,,( ,,! ,,eyes ,,9 ,,animals4 ,! eyes ( all animals h _! pupils adapt$ to dilate & dim9i% ( _! own accord 9 proportion to ! great] or less light ( ! sun or o!r lum9>y4 ,b 9 birds ! v>iation is mu* great]2 & p>ticul>ly 9 nocturnal birds1 su* z horn$ owls1 & 9 ! eyes ( "o species ( owl2 9 ^! ! pupil dilates 9 su* away z to occupy ne>ly ! :ole eye1 or dim9i%es to ! size ( a gra9 ( millet1 & always pres]ves ! circul> =m4 ,b 9 ! ,lion tribe1 z pan!rs1 p>ds1 ounces1 tig]s1 lynxes1 ,spani% cats & o!r simil> animals ! pupil dim9i%es f ! p]fect circle to ! figure ( a po9t$ oval su* z is %[n 9 ! m>g94 ,b man hav+ a weak] sight ?an any o!r animal is less hurt by a v /rong light & 8 pupil increases b little 9 d>k places2 b 9 ! eyes ( ^! nocturnal animals1 ! horn$ owl--a bird :i* is ! l>ge/ ( all nocturnal birds--! p[] ( vision increases s mu* t 9 ! fa9te/ nocturnal light 7:i* we call d>kness7 x sees ) mu* m di/9ctness ?an we d 9 ! spl5d\r ( noon day1 at :i* "t ^! birds rema9 hidd5 9 d>k holes2 or if inde$ !y are compell$ to come out into ! op5 air light$ up by ! sun1 !y contract _! pupils s mu* t _! p[] ( sight dim9i%es toge!r ) ! quantity ( light admitt$4 ,/udy ! anatomy ( v>i\s eyes & see :i* are ! muscles :i* op5 & close ! said pupils ( ! eyes ( animals4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #bd1 l9es #h & fol4 #hcj4 a b n is ! membrane :i* closes ! eye f bel[1 upw>ds1 ) an opaque film1 c n b encloses ! eye 9 front & beh9d ) a transp>5t membrane4 ,x closes f bel[1 upw>ds1 because x ! eye comes d[nw>ds4 ,:5 ! eye ( a bird closes ) its two lids1 ! fir/ to close is ! nictitat+ membrane :i* closes f ! lacrymal duct ov] to ! out] corn] ( ! eye2 & ! out] lid closes f bel[ upw>ds1 & ^! two int]sect+ motions beg9 fir/ f ! lacrymatory duct1 because we h already se5 t 9 front & bel[ birds are protect$ & use only ! upp] portion ( ! eye f fe> ( birds ( prey :i* come d[n f above & beh9d2 & !y uncov] fir/ ! membrane f ! out] corn]1 because if ! enemy comes f beh9d1 !y h ! p[] ( escap+ to ! front2 & aga9 ! muscle call$ ! nictitat+ membrane is transp>5t1 because1 if ! eye _h n su* a scre51 !y c\ld n keep x op5 aga9/ ! w9d :i* /rikes aga9/ ! eye 9 ! ru% ( _! rapid flight4 ,& ! pupil ( ! eye dilates & contracts z x sees a less or great] light1 t is to say int5se brilliancy4 #hca4 ,if at night y\r eye is plac$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye ( a cat1 x w see ! eye look l fire4 ,rem>ks on ! organs ( spee* 7#hcb4 #hcc74 #hcb4 a e i o u ba be bi bo bu ca ce ci co cu da de di d du fa fe fi fo fu ga ge gi g gu la le li lo lu ma me mi mo mu na ne ni no nu pa pe pi po pu qa qe qi qo qu ra re ri ro ru sa se si s su ta te ti to tu ,! tongue is f\nd to h #bd muscles :i* correspond to ! six muscles :i* compose ! portion ( ! tongue :i* moves 9 ! m\?4 ,& :5 a o u are spok5 ) a cle> & rapid pronunciation1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to pron\nce cont9u\sly1 )\t any pause betwe51 t ! op5+ ( ! lips %\ld close by degrees2 t is1 !y are wide ap>t 9 say+ a1 clos] 9 say+ o1 & mu* clos] /ill to pron\nce u4 ,x may be %[n h[ all ! v[els are pron\nc$ ) ! f>!/ portion ( ! false palate :i* is above ! epiglottis4 #hcc4 ,if y draw 9 brea? by ! nose & s5d x out by ! m\? y w he> ! s\nd made by ! division t is ! membrane 9 ,footnote #e3 ,! text "h breaks (f4444 ,on ! conditions ( sight 7#hcd4 #hce74 #hcd4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,sight4 ,i say t sight is ex]cis$ by all animals1 by ! m$ium ( light2 & if any "o adduces1 z aga9/ ?is1 ! sight ( nocturnal animals1 ,i mu/ say t ?is 9 ! same way is subject to ! v same natural laws4 ,= x w easily be und]/ood t ! s5ses :i* receive ! images ( ?+s d n project f !mselves any visual virtue ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ,no4 #fh44 ,on ! contr>y ! atmosph]ic m$ium :i* exi/s betwe5 ! object & ! s5se incorporates 9 itself ! figure ( ?+s1 & by its contact ) ! s5se transmits ! object to x4 ,if ! object--:e!r by s\nd or by od\r--pres5ts its spiritual =ce to ! e> or ! nose1 !n light is n requir$ & does n act4 ,! =ms ( objects d n s5d _! images into ! air if !y are n illum9at$ #h2 & ! eye be+ ?us con/itut$ _c receive t f ! air1 :i* ! air does n possess1 al?\gh x t\*es its surface4 ,if y *oose to say t !re are _m animals t prey at night1 ,i answ] t :5 ! little light :i* suffices ! nature ( _! eyes is want+1 !y direct !mselves by _! /rong s5se ( he>+ & ( smell1 :i* are n imp$$ by ! d>kness1 & 9 :i* !y are v f> sup]ior to man4 ,if y make a cat leap1 by daylight1 among a quantity ( j>s & crocks y w see !m rema9 unbrok51 b if y d ! same at night1 _m w be brok54 ,night birds d n fly ab\t unless ! moon %9es full or 9 "p2 r d !y fe$ betwe5 sun-d[n & ! total d>kness ( ! night4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,no4 #eh-fg4 ,no body c be appreh5d$ )\t light & %ade1 & light & %ade are caus$ by light4 #hce4 ,,:y ,,m5 ,,advanc$ ,,9 ,,age ,,see ,,bett] ,,at ,a ,,di/ance4 ,sight is bett] f a di/ance ?an ne> 9 ^? m5 :o are advanc+ 9 age1 because ! same object transmits a small] impression ( itself to ! eye :5 x is di/ant ?an :5 x is ne>4 ,! seat ( ! common s5se4 #hcf4 ,! ,common ,s5se1 is t :i* judges ( ?+s (f]$ to x by ! o!r s5ses4 ,! anci5t speculators h conclud$ t t "p ( man :i* con/itutes 8 judgm5t is caus$ by a c5tral organ to :i* ! o!r five s5ses ref] ev]y?+ by means ( impressibility2 & to ?is c5tre !y h giv5 ! "n ,common ,s5se4 ,& !y say t ?is ,s5se is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! head betwe5 ,s5sation & ,memory4 ,& ?is "n ( ,common ,s5se is giv5 to x solely because x is ! common judge ( all ! o!r five s5ses i4e4 ,see+1 ,he>+1 ,t\*1 ,ta/e & ,smell4 ,?is ,common ,s5se is act$ ^u by means ( ,s5sation :i* is plac$ z a m$ium betwe5 x & ! s5ses4 ,s5sation is act$ ^u by means ( ! images ( ?+s pres5t$ to x by ! ext]nal in/rum5ts1 t is to say ! s5ses :i* are ! m$ium betwe5 ext]nal ?+s & ,s5sation4 ,9 ! same way ! s5ses are act$ ^u by objects4 ,surr\nd+ ?+s transmit _! images to ! s5ses & ! s5ses transf] !m to ! ,s5sation4 ,s5sation s5ds !m to ! ,common ,s5se1 & by x !y are /amp$ ^u ! memory & are !re m or less reta9$ accord+ to ! importance or =ce ( ! impression4 ,t s5se is mo/ rapid 9 its function :i* is ne>e/ to ! s5sitive m$ium & ! eye1 be+ ! highe/ is ! *ief ( ! o!rs4 ,( ?is !n only we w speak1 & ! o!rs we w leave 9 ord] n to make our matt] too long4 ,exp]i5ce tells u t ! eye appreh5ds t5 diff]5t natures ( ?+s1 t is3 ,light & ,d>kness1 "o be+ ! cause ( ! p]ception ( ! n9e o!rs1 & ! o!r its abs5ce3-- ,col\r & sub/ance1 =m & place1 di/ance & ne>ness1 motion & /illness ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e ,no4 #bc44 ,on ! orig9 ( ! s\l4 #hcg4 ,?\gh human +5uity may make v>i\s inv5tions :i*1 by ! help ( v>i\s ma*9es answ]+ ! same end1 x w nev] devise any inv5tions m beautiful1 nor m simple1 nor m to ! purpose ?an ,nature does2 because 9 h] inv5tions no?+ is want+1 & no?+ is sup]flu\s1 & %e ne$s no c\nt]poise :5 %e makes limbs prop] = motion 9 ! bodies ( animals4 ,b %e puts into !m ! s\l ( ! body1 :i* =ms !m t is ! s\l ( ! "m :i* fir/ con/ructs 9 ! womb ! =m ( ! man & 9 due "t awak5s ! s\l t is to inhabit x4 ,& ?is at fir/ lies dormant & "u ! tutelage ( ! s\l ( ! "m1 :o n\ri%es & vivifies x by ! umbilical ve91 ) all its spiritual p>ts1 & ?is happ5s because ?is umbilicus is jo9$ to ! plac5ta & ! cotyl$ons1 by :i* ! *ild is atta*$ to ! "m4 ,& ^! are ! reason :y a wi%1 a /rong crav+ or a fright or any o!r m5tal suff]+ 9 ! "m1 has m influ5ce on ! *ild ?an on ! "m2 = !re are _m cases :5 ! *ild loses its life f !m1 c4 ,?is disc\rse is n 9 its place "h1 b w be want$ = ! "o on ! composition ( animat$ bodies--& ! re/ ( ! def9ition ( ! s\l ,i leave to ! imag9ations ( fri>s1 ^? fa!rs ( ! p :o "k all secrets by inspiration4 ,footnote #eg3 lett]e incoronate4 ,by ?is t]m ,leon>do probably und]/&s n ! ,bible only1 b ! works ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 & all ! books recognis$ z sacr$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,i leave alone ! sacr$ books2 = !y are supreme tru?4 ,on ! relations ( ! s\l to ! organs ( s5se4 #hch4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,five ,,s5ses ,,are ,,! ,,m9i/]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,! s\l seems to reside 9 ! judgm5t1 & ! judgm5t w\ld seem to be seat$ 9 t "p :]e all ! s5ses meet2 & ?is is call$ ! ,common ,s5se & is n all-p]vad+ ?r\gh\t ! body1 z _m h ?\ght4 ,r is x entirely 9 "o "p4 ,because1 if x 7 all-p]vad+ & ! same 9 e "p1 !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ to make ! in/rum5ts ( ! s5ses meet 9 "o c5tre & 9 "o s+le spot2 on ! contr>y x w\ld h suffic$ t ! eye %\ld fulfil ! function ( its s5sation on its surface only1 & n transmit ! image ( ! ?+s se51 to ! s5se1 by means ( ! optic n]ves1 s t ! s\l--= ! reason giv5 above-- may p]ceive x 9 ! surface ( ! eye4 ,9 ! same way z to ! s5se ( he>+1 x w\ld h suffic$ if ! voice _h m]ely s\nd$ 9 ! por\s cavity ( ! indurat$ portion ( ! temporal bone :i* lies )9 ! e>1 )\t mak+ any f>!r transit f ?is bone to ! common s5se1 :]e ! voice conf]s ) & disc\rses to ! common judgm5t4 ,! s5se ( smell1 aga91 is compell$ by necessity to ref] itself to t same judgm5t4 ,feel+ passes ?r\gh ! p]=at$ cords & is convey$ to ?is common s5se4 ,^! cords div]ge ) inf9ite ramifications into ! sk9 :i* encloses ! memb]s ( ! body & ! visc]a4 ,! p]=at$ cords convey volition & s5sation to ! subord9ate limbs4 ,^! cords & ! n]ves direct ! motions ( ! muscles & s9ews1 betwe5 :i* !y are plac$2 ^! obey1 & ?is ob$i5ce takes effect by r$uc+ _! ?ickness2 = 9 swell+1 _! l5g? is r$uc$1 & ! n]ves %r9k :i* are int]wov5 among ! p>ticles ( ! limbs2 be+ ext5d$ to ! tips ( ! f+]s1 !y transmit to ! s5se ! object :i* !y t\*4 ,! n]ves ) _! muscles obey ! t5dons z soldi]s obey ! (fic]s1 & ! t5dons obey ! ,common c5tral ,s5se z ! (fic]s obey ! g5]al4 #bg ,?us ! jo9t ( ! bones obeys ! n]ve1 & ! n]ve ! muscle1 & ! muscle ! t5don & ! t5don ! ,common ,s5se4 ,& ! ,common ,s5se is ! seat ( ! s\l #bh1 & memory is its ammunition1 & ! impressibility is its ref]5d>y s9ce ! s5se waits on ! s\l & n ! s\l on ! s5se4 ,& :]e ! s5se t m9i/]s to ! s\l is n at ! s]vice ( ! s\l1 all ! functions ( t s5se are also want+ 9 t man's life1 z is se5 9 ^? born mute & bl9d4 ,footnote3 ,! peculi> use ( ! words n]vo1 muscolo1 corda1 s5so comune1 :i* are "h lit]ally r5d]$ by n]ve1 muscle cord or t5don & ,common ,s5se may be und]/ood f l9es #bg & #bh4 ,on involunt>y muscul> action4 #hci4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,n]ves ,,sometimes ,,act ,,( ,,!mselves ,,)\t ,,any ,,comm&s ,,f ,,! ,,o!r ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,?is is mo/ pla9ly se52 = y w see palsi$ & %iv]+ p]sons move1 & _! trembl+ limbs1 z _! head & h&s1 quake )\t leave f _! s\l & _! s\l ) all its p[] _c prev5t _! memb]s f trembl+4 ,! same ?+ happ5s 9 fall+ sickness1 or 9 p>ts t h be5 cut (f1 z 9 ! tails ( liz>ds4 ,! idea or imag9ation is ! helm & guid+-re9 ( ! s5ses1 because ! ?+ conceiv$ ( moves ! s5se4 ,pre-imag9+1 is imag9+ ! ?+s t are to be4 ,po/-imag9+1 is imag9+ ! ?+s t are pa/4 ,miscellane\s physiological obs]vations 7#hdj-hdb74 #hdj4 ,!re are f\r ,p[]s3 memory & intellect1 desire & covet\sness4 ,! two fir/ are m5tal & ! o!rs s5sual4 ,! ?ree s5ses3 sight1 he>+ & smell _c well be prev5t$2 t\* & ta/e n at all4 ,smell is connect$ ) ta/e 9 dogs & o!r glutton\s animals4 #hda4 ,i reveal to m5 ! orig9 ( ! fir/1 or p]haps second cause ( _! exi/5ce4 #hdb4 ,lu/ is ! cause ( g5]ation4 ,appetite is ! support ( life4 ,fe> or timidity is ! prolongation ( life & pres]vation ( its in/rum5ts4 ,! laws ( nutrition & ! support ( life 7#hdc-hdh74 #hdc4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,animals ,,is ,,con/antly ,,dy+ ,,& ,,be+ ,,r5ew$4 ,! body ( any ?+ :atev] t takes n\ri%m5t con/antly dies & is con/antly r5ew$2 because n\ri%m5t c only ent] into places :]e ! =m] n\ri%m5t has expir$1 & if x has expir$ x no long] has life4 ,& if y d n supply n\ri%m5t equal to ! n\ri%m5t :i* is gone1 life w fail 9 vig\r1 & if y take away ?is n\ri%m5t1 ! life is entirely de/roy$4 ,b if y re/ore z mu* is de/roy$ day by day1 !n z mu* ( ! life is r5ew$ z is consum$1 j z ! flame ( ! c&le is f$ by ! n\ri%m5t af=d$ by ! liquid ( ?is c&le1 :i* flame cont9ually ) a rapid supply re/ores to x f bel[ z mu* z is consum$ 9 dy+ above3 & f a brilliant light is conv]t$ 9 dy+ into murky smoke2 & ?is dea? is cont9u\s1 z ! smoke is cont9u\s2 & ! cont9uance ( ! smoke is equal to ! cont9uance ( ! n\ri%m5t1 & 9 ! same in/ant all ! flame is dead & all reg5]at$1 simultane\sly ) ! movem5t ( its own n\ri%m5t4 #hdd4 ,k+ ( ! animals--z ?\ ha/ describ$ him--,i %\ld r say k+ ( ! bea/s1 ?\ be+ ! greate/--because ?\ ha/ sp>$ slay+ !m1 9 ord] t !y may give !e _! *ildr5 = ! b5efit ( ! gullet1 ( :i* ?\ ha/ attempt$ to make a sepul*re = all animals2 & ,i w\ld say /ill m1 if x 7 all[$ me to speak ! entire tru? #e4 ,b we d n g outside human matt]s 9 tell+ ( "o supreme wick$ness1 :i* does n happ5 among ! animals ( ! e>?1 inasmu* z among !m are f\nd none :o eat _! own k9d1 unless ?r\gh want ( s5se 7few inde$ among !m1 & ^? be+ mo!rs1 z ) m51 albeit !y be n _m 9 numb]72 & ?is happ5s only among ! rapaci\s animals1 z ) ! leon9e species1 & leop>ds1 pan!rs lynxes1 cats & ! l1 :o sometimes eat _! *ildr52 b ?\1 besides ?y *ildr5 dev\re/ fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs & fri5ds2 nor is ?is en\gh = !e1 b ?\ goe/ to ! *ase on ! isl&s ( o!rs1 tak+ o!r m5 & ^! half-nak$1 ! 444 & ! 444 ?\ fatt5e/1 & *ase/ !m d[n ?y own ?roat#ah2 n[ does n nature produce en\gh simples1 = !e to satisfy ?yself8 & if ?\ art n cont5t ) simples1 can/ ?\ n by ! mixture ( !m make inf9ite comp\nds1 z ,plat9a wrote,footnote #ba3 ,come scrisse il ,plat9a 7,b>tolomeo ,sac*i1 a fam\s humani/74 ,! ,italian edition ( 8 treatise ,de arte coqu9>ia1 0 publi%$ "u ! title ,de la hone/ra voluptate1 e valetud9e1 ,v5ezia #adhg41 & o!r au?ors on fe$+8 ,footnote3 ,we are l$ to believe t ,leon>do himself 0 a veget>ian f ! foll[+ int]e/+ passage 9 ! fir/ ( ,&rea ,corsali's lett]s to ,giuliano de',m$ici3 ,alcuni g5tili *iamati ,guzz>ati non si cibano di cosa1 alcuna *e t5ga sangue1 ne fra essi loro cons5tono *e si noccia ad alcuna cosa animata1 come il no/ro ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 #e-ah4 ,am]igo ,vespucci1 ) :om ,leon>do 0 p]sonally acqua9t$1 writes 9 8 second lett] to ,pietro ,sod]9i1 ab\t ! inhabitants ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s aft] hav+ /ay$ !re 9 #aejc3 ,hanno una scel]ata lib]ta di viu]e2 444 si cibano di c>ne humana1 di mani]a *e il padre magia il figliuolo1 et all'incontro il figliuolo il padre secondo *e a caso e p] sorte aui5e4 ,io viddi un c]to huomo scel]atissimo *e si vantaua1 et si t5eua a non piccola gloria di hau] mangiato piu di trec5to huom9i4 ,viddi an*e vna c]ta citta1 nella quale io dimorai =se v5tisette giorni1 d\e le c>ni humane1 hau5dole salate1 eran appicate alli traui1 si come noi alli traui di cuc9a appic*iamo le c>ni di c+hali sec*e al sole o al fumo1 et massimam5te salsiccie1 et altre simil cose3 anzi si m>auigliauano gradem ete *e noi non magiaissimo della c>ne de nemici1 le quali dicono mu\]e appetito1 et ess]e di m>auiglioso sapore1 et le lodano come cibi soaui et delicati 7,lett]e due di ,am]igo ,vespucci ,fior5t9o drizzate al magnifico ,pietro ,sod]9i1 ,gonfaloni]e della eccelsa ,republica di ,fir5ze2 v>i\s editions74 #hde4 ,our life is made by ! dea? ( o!rs4 ,9 dead matt] ins5sible life rema9s1 :i*1 reunit$ to ! /oma*s ( liv+ be+s1 resumes life1 bo? s5sual & intellectual4 #hdf4 ,"h nature appe>s ) _m animals to h be5 r a cruel /epmo!r ?an a "m1 & ) o!rs n a /epmo!r1 b a mo/ t5d] "m4 #hdg4 ,man & animals are really ! passage & ! conduit ( food1 ! sepul*re ( animals & re/+ place ( ! dead1 "o caus+ ! dea? ( ! o!r1 mak+ !mselves ! cov]+ = ! corruption ( o!r dead bodies4 ,on ! circulation ( ! blood 7#hdh-hej74 #hdh4 ,dea? 9 old m51 :5 n f fev]1 is caus$ by ! ve9s :i* g f ! sple5 to ! valve ( ! liv]1 & :i* ?ick5 s mu* 9 ! walls t !y become clos$ up & leave no passage = ! blood t n\ri%es x4 #f,! incessant curr5t ( ! blood ?r\gh ! ve9s makes ^! ve9s ?ick5 & become call\s1 s t at la/ !y close up & prev5t ! passage ( ! blood4 #hdi4 ,! wat]s return ) con/ant motion f ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! sea to ! utmo/ height ( ! m\nta9s1 n obey+ ! nature ( heavi] bodies2 & 9 ?is !y resemble ! blood ( animat$ be+s :i* always moves f ! sea ( ! he>t & fl[s t[>ds ! top ( ! head2 & "h x may bur/ a ve91 z may be se5 :5 a ve9 bur/s 9 ! nose2 all ! blood rises f bel[ to ! level ( ! bur/ ve94 ,:5 ! wat] ru%es out f ! bur/ ve9 9 ! e>?1 x obeys ! law ( o!r bodies t are heavi] ?an ! air s9ce x always seeks l[ places4 ,footnote3 ,f ?is passage x is q pla9 t ,leon>do _h n m]ely a g5]al suspicion ( ! circulation ( ! blood b a v cle> conception ( x4 ,leon>do's /udies on ! muscles ( ! he>t are to be f\nd 9 ! ,,ms4 ,w4 ,an4 ,,iii4 b no in=mation ab\t !m has hi!rto be5 made public4 ,! limits ( my plan 9 ?is "w exclude all purely anatomical writ+s1 !re=e only a v brief exc]pt f ?is note book c be giv5 "h4 ,,william ,,h>vey 7born #aegh & ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ,cambridge f #afae7 is always consid]$ to h be5 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,padua 9 #aeih1 & 9 #afbh br\ght out 8 memorable & important "w3 ,de motu cordis et sangu9is4 #hej4 ,t ! blood :i* returns :5 ! he>t op5s aga9 is n ! same z t :i* closes ! valves ( ! he>t4 ,"s notes on m$ic9e 7#hea-hee74 #hea4 ,make !m give y ! def9ition & rem$ies = ! case 444 & y w see t m5 are select$ to be doctors = diseases !y d n "k4 #heb4 ,a rem$y = scrat*es taught me by ! ,h]ald to ! ,k+ ( ,france4 #d ounces ( virg9 wax1 #d ounces ( colophony1 #b ounces ( inc5se4 ,keep ea* ?+ sep>ate2 & melt ! wax1 & !n put 9 ! inc5se & !n ! colophony1 make a mixture ( x & put x on ! sore place4 #hec4 ,m$ic9e is ! re/oration ( discordant elem5ts2 sickness is ! discord ( ! elem5ts infus$ into ! liv+ body4 #hed4 ,^? :o are annoy$ by sickness at sea %\ld dr9k extract ( wormwood4 #hee4 ,to keep 9 heal?1 ?is rule is wise3 ,eat only :5 y want & reli% food4 ,*ew ?or\ghly t x may d y good4 ,h x well cook$1 unspic$ & undisguis$4 ,he :o takes m$ic9e is ill advis$4 ,footnote3 ,?is appe>s to be a sket* = a poem4 #hef4 ,i tea* y to pres]ve y\r heal?2 & 9 ?is y w succ$ bett] 9 proportion z y %un physicians1 because _! m$ic9es are ! "w ( al*emi/s4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is writt5 on ! back ( ! draw+ ,pl4 ,,cviii4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #aahd4 ,,xv4 ,a/ronomy4 ,ev] s9ce ! publication by ,v5turi 9 #agig & ,libri 9 #ahdj ( "s few passages ( ,leon>do's a/ronomical notes1 sci5tific a/ronom]s h frequ5tly express$ ! op9ion1 t !y mu/ h be5 bas$ on v important discov]ies1 & t ! great pa9t] also des]v$ a conspicu\s place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is sci5ce4 ,9 ! passages "h pr9t$1 a connect$ view is giv5 ( 8 a/ronomical /udies z !y lie scatt]$ ?r\gh ! manuscripts1 :i* h come d[n to u4 ,unlike 8 o!r purely sci5tific lab\rs1 ,leon>do devotes "h a good deal ( att5tion to ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts1 ?\gh he does n foll[ ! practice univ]sal 9 8 day ( rely+ on !m z au?orities2 he only quotes !m1 z we %all see1 9 ord] to refute _! argum5ts4 ,8 rese>*es ?r\gh\t h ! /amp ( indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! writ+s to lead u to suppose t !y 7 m]ely an epitome ( ! g5]al le>n+ common to ! a/ronom]s ( ! p]iod4 ,z e>ly z 9 ! ,x,i,vth c5tury !re 7 *airs ( a/ronomy 9 ! univ]sities ( ,padua & ,bologna1 b s late z dur+ ! entire ,x,v,ith c5tury ,a/ronomy & ,a/rology 7 /ill closely alli$4 ,x is impossible n[ to decide :e!r ,leon>do1 :5 liv+ 9 ,flor5ce1 became acqua9t$ 9 8 y\? ) ! doctr9es ( ,paolo ,toscanelli ! great a/ronom] & ma!matician 7di$ #adhb71 ( ^: influ5ce & tea*+ b little is n[ kn[n1 beyond ! fact t he advis$ & enc\rag$ ,columbus to c>ry out 8 project ( sail+ r\nd ! _w4 ,8 "n is n[h]e m5tion$ by ,leon>do1 & f ! dates ( ! manuscripts f :i* ! texts on a/ronomy are tak51 x seems highly probable t ,leon>do devot$ 8 att5tion to a/ronomical /udies less 9 8 y\? ?an 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,x 0 evid5tly 8 purpose to treat ( ,a/ronomy 9 a connect$ =m & 9 a sep>ate "w 7see ! beg9n+ ( ,nos4 #hff & #hib2 comp>e also ,no4 #aafg74 ,x is q 9 accordance ) 8 g5]al sci5tific ?or\ghness t he %\ld propose to write a special treatise on ,optics z an introduction to ,a/ronomy 7see ,nos4 #hfg & #hgg74 ,"s ( ! *apt]s belong+ to ?is ,section be> ! title ,prospettiva 7see ,nos4 #hfi & #hgj71 ?is be+ ! t]m univ]sally appli$ at ! "t to ,optics z well z ,p]spective 7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aj1 note to ,no4 #ac1 l4 #aj74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( ! univ]se 0 /ill univ]sally accept$ z ! true "o1 & ,leon>do conceives ( ! e>? z fix$1 ) ! moon & sun revolv+ r\nd x1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! diagram to ,no4 #hig4 ,he does n g into any !ory ( ! motions ( ! planets2 ) reg>d to ^! & ! fix$ />s he only inve/igates ! ph5om5a ( _! lum9osity4 ,! sph]ical =m ( ! e>? he takes = grant$ z an axiom f ! fir/1 & he anticipates ,newton by po9t+ out ! univ]sality ( ,gravitation n m]ely 9 ! e>?1 b ev5 9 ! moon4 ,al?\gh 8 acute rese>* into ! nature ( ! moon's light & ! spots on ! moon did n br+ to light _m results ( la/+ importance beyond mak+ x evid5t t !y 7 a refutation ( ! errors ( 8 contempor>ies1 !y conta9 v>i\s explanations ( facts :i* mod]n sci5ce ne$ n modify 9 any ess5tial po9t1 & discov]ies :i* hi/ory has hi!rto assign$ to a v mu* lat] date4 ,! +5i\s !ory by :i* he tries to expla9 ! nature ( :at is kn[n z e>? %9e1 ! reflection ( ! sun's rays by ! e>? t[>ds ! moon1 say+ t x is a peculi> refraction1 orig9at+ 9 ! innum]able curv$ surfaces ( ! waves ( ! sea may be reg>d$ z absurd2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t he _h no means ( detect+ ! fundam5tal error on :i* he bas$ x1 namely3 ! assumption t ! moon 0 at a relatively %ort di/ance f ! e>?4 ,s long z ! motion ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun rema9$ unkn[n1 x 0 ( c\rse impossible to =m any e/imate ( ! moon's di/ance f ! e>? by a calculation ( its p>allax4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! telescope accurate a/ronomical obs]vations 7 only possible to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,x w\ld appe> h[ev] f c]ta9 passages 9 ! notes "h pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t1 t ,leon>do 0 9 a position to /udy ! spots 9 ! moon m closely ?an he c\ld h done ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! my/]i\s language 9 :i* ! description ( 8 in/rum5t is wrapp$1 he made use ( magnify+ glasses2 ^! d n h[ev] seem to h be5 con/ruct$ l a telescope--telescopes 7 fir/ made ab\t #afjj4 ,z ,,libri po9t$ out 7,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ma!matiques ,,iii1 #aja7 ,fraca/oro ( ,v]ona 7#adgc-aeec7 succe$$ 9 magnify+ ! moon's face by an arrangem5t ( l5ses 7comp>e ,no4 #iaj1 note71 & ?is gives probability to ,leon>do's inv5tion at a n mu* e>li] date4 ,i4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,a ,,planet4 ,! e>?'s place 9 ! univ]se 7#heg4 #heh74 #heg4 ,! equator1 ! l9e ( ! horizon1 ! ecliptic1 ! m]idian3 ,^! l9es are ^? :i* 9 all _! p>ts are equidi/ant f ! c5tre ( ! globe4 #heh4 ,! e>? is n 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,sun's orbit nor at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b 9 ! c5tre ( its companion elem5ts1 & unit$ ) !m4 ,& any "o /&+ on ! moon1 :5 x & ! sun are bo? b5ea? u1 w\ld see ?is our e>? & ! elem5t ( wat] ^u x j z we see ! moon1 & ! e>? w\ld light x z x lights u4 ,! fundam5tal laws ( ! sol> sy/em 7#hei-hfd74 #hei4 ,=ce arises f de>? or abundance2 x is ! *ild ( physical motion1 & ! gr&-*ild ( spiritual motion1 & ! "m & orig9 ( gravity4 ,gravity is limit$ to ! elem5ts ( wat] & e>?2 b ?is =ce is unlimit$1 & by x inf9ite worlds might be mov$ if in/rum5ts c\ld be made by :i* ! =ce c\ld be g5]at$4 ,=ce1 ) physical motion1 & gravity1 ) resi/ance are ! f\r ext]nal p[]s on :i* all actions ( mortals dep5d4 ,=ce has its orig9 9 spiritual motion2 & ?is motion1 fl[+ ?r\gh ! limbs ( s5ti5t animals1 enl>ges _! muscles4 ,be+ enl>g$ by ?is curr5t ! muscles are %runk 9 l5g? & contract ! t5dons :i* are connect$ ) !m1 & ?is is ! cause ( ! =ce ( ! limbs 9 man4 ,! quality & quantity ( ! =ce ( a man are able to give bir? to o!r =ces1 :i* w be proportionally great] z ! motions produc$ by !m la/ long]4 ,footnote3 ,only "p ( ?is passage belongs1 /rictly speak+1 to ?is section4 ,! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! second p>agraph is m directly connect$ ) ! notes giv5 9 ! prec$+ section on ,physiology4 #hfj4 ,:y does n ! weight o rema9 9 its place8 ,x does n rema9 because x has no resi/ance4 ,:]e w x move to8 ,x w move t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,& :y by no o!r l9e8 ,because a weight :i* has no support falls by ! %orte/ road to ! l[e/ po9t :i* is ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,& :y does ! weight "k h[ to f9d x by s %ort a l9e8 ,because x is n indep5dant & does n move ab\t 9 v>i\s directions4 ,footnote3 ,?is text & ! sket* belong+ to x1 are reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,cxxi4 #hfa4 ,let ! e>? turn on :i* side x may ! surface ( ! wat]s w nev] move f its sph]ical =m1 b w always rema9 equidi/ant f ! c5tre ( ! globe4 ,grant+ t ! e>? might be remov$ f ! c5tre ( ! globe1 :at w\ld happ5 to ! wat]8 ,x w\ld rema9 9 a sph]e r\nd t c5tre equally ?ick1 b ! sph]e w\ld h a small] diamet] ?an :5 x enclos$ ! e>?4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hif1 l9es #dh-fd2 & ,no4 #icf4 #hfb4 ,suppos+ ! e>? at our antipodes :i* supports ! ocean 7 to rise & /& uncov]$1 f> out ( ! sea1 b rema9+ almo/ level1 by :at means aft]w>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 w\ld m\nta9s & vallies be =m$8 ,& ! rocks ) _! v>i\s /rata8 #hfc4 ,ea* man is always 9 ! middle ( ! surface ( ! e>? & "u ! z5i? ( 8 own hemisph]e1 & ov] ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 #hfd4 ,mem43 ,t ,i mu/ fir/ %[ ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?2 &1 by means ( a ray pass+ ?r\gh a small hole into a d>k *amb]1 detect its real size2 & besides ?is1 by means ( ! aque\s sph]e calculate ! size ( ! globe 444 ,"h x w be %[n1 t :5 ! sun is 9 ! m]idian ( our hemisph]e ,footnote #aj3 ,antipodi ori5tali cogli occid5tali4 ,! ^w ,antipodes does n "h be> its lit]al s5se1 b--z we may inf] f ! simultane\s ref]5ce to inhabitants ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?-- is us$ z mean+ m5 liv+ at a di/ance ( #ij degrees f ! z5i? ( ! rational horizon ( ea* obs]v]41 ! antipodes to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,we/1 alike1 & at ! same "t1 see ! sun mirror$ 9 _! wat]s2 & ! same is equally true ( ! arctic & ant>ctic poles1 if inde$ !y are inhabit$4 ,h[ to prove t ! e>? is a planet 7#hfe-hfg74 #hfe4 ,t ! e>? is a />4 #hff4 ,9 y\r disc\rse y mu/ prove t ! e>? is a /> mu* l ! moon1 & ! glory ( our univ]se2 & !n y mu/ treat ( ! size ( v>i\s />s1 accord+ to ! au?ors4 #hfg4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,prov+ ,,t ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,a ,,/>4 ,fir/ describe ! eye2 !n %[ h[ ! tw9kl+ ( a /> is really 9 ! eye & :y "o /> %\ld tw9kle m ?an ano!r1 & h[ ! rays f ! />s orig9ate 9 ! eye2 & add1 t if ! tw9kl+ ( ! />s 7 really 9 ! />s --z x seems to be--t ?is tw9kl+ appe>s to be an ext5sion z great z ! diamet] ( ! body ( ! />2 !re=e1 ! /> be+ l>g] ?an ! e>?1 ?is motion effect$ 9 an in/ant w\ld be a rapid d\bl+ ( ! size ( ! />4 ,!n prove t ! surface ( ! air :]e x lies contigu\s to fire1 & ! surface ( ! fire :]e x ends are ^? into :i* ! sol> rays p5etrate1 & transmit ! images ( ! heav5ly bodies1 l>ge :5 !y rise1 & small1 :5 !y are on ! m]idian4 ,let a be ! e>? & n d m ! surface ( ! air 9 contact ) ! sph]e ( fire2 h f g is ! orbit ( ! moon or1 if y please1 ( ! sun2 !n ,i say t :5 ! sun appe>s on ! horizon g1 its rays are se5 pass+ ?r\gh ! surface ( ! air at a slant+ angle1 t is o m2 ?is is n ! case at d k4 ,& s x passes ?r\gh a great] mass ( air2 all ( e m is a d5s] atmosph]e4 #hfh4 ,beyond ! sun & u !re is d>kness & s ! air appe>s blue4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cja4 #hfi4 ,,p]spective4 ,x is possible to f9d means by :i* ! eye %all n see remote objects z mu* dim9i%$ z 9 natural p]spective1 :i* dim9i%es !m by reason ( ! convexity ( ! eye :i* necess>ily int]sects1 at its surface1 ! pyramid ( e image convey$ to ! eye at a "r angle on its sph]ical surface4 ,b by ! me?od ,i "h tea* 9 ! m>g9 #i ^! pyramids are int]sect$ at "r angles close to ! surface ( ! pupil4 ,! convex pupil ( ! eye c take 9 ! :ole ( our hemisph]e1 :ile ?is w %[ only a s+le />2 b :]e _m small />s transmit _! images to ! surface ( ! pupil ^? />s are extremely small2 "h only "o /> is se5 b x w be l>ge4 ,& s ! moon w be se5 l>g] & its spots ( a m def9$ =m ,footnote #bj & fol43 ,telescopes 7 n 9 use till a c5tury lat]4 ,comp>e ,no4 #iaj & page #acf44 ,y mu/ place close to ! eye a glass fill$ ) ! wat] ( :i* m5tion is made 9 numb] #d ( ,book #aac ,on natural sub/ances ,footnote #bc3 libro #aac4 ,?is is p]haps ! numb] ( a book 9 "s libr>y catalogue4 ,b x may ref]1 on ! o!r h&1 to "o ( ! #abj ,books m5tion$ 9 ,no4 #gif4 l4 #hd42 = ?is wat] makes objects :i* are enclos$ 9 balls ( cry/all9e glass appe> free f ! glass4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,among ! small] objects pres5t$ to ! pupil ( ! eye1 t :i* is close/ to x1 w be lea/ appreciable to ! eye4 ,& at ! same "t1 ! exp]im5ts "h made ) ! p[] ( sight1 %[ t x is n r$uc$ to speck if ! c4 #cb;,footnote #cb3 ,comp>e ) ?is ! passage 9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #eb1 writt5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s e>li]44 ,read 9 ! m>g94 #cd,^? objects are se5 l>ge/ :i* come to ! eye at ! l>ge/ angles4 ,b ! images ( ! objects convey$ to ! pupil ( ! eye are di/ribut$ to ! pupil exactly z !y are di/ribut$ 9 ! air3 & ! pro( ( ?is is 9 :at foll[s2 t :5 we look at ! />ry sky1 )\t gaz+ m fix$ly at "o /> ?an ano!r1 ! sky appe>s all /rewn ) />s2 & _! proportions to ! eye are ! same z 9 ! sky & likewise ! spaces betwe5 !m #fa4 ,footnote3 #i4 #cb4 9 m>g9e3 l9es #cd-fa are1 9 ! orig9al1 writt5 on ! m>g9 & above !m is ! diagram to :i* ,leon>do seems to ref] "h4 #hgj4 ,,p]spective4 ,among objects mov$ f ! eye at equal di/ance1 t und]goes lea/ dim9ution :i* at fir/ 0 mo/ remote4 ,:5 v>i\s objects are remov$ at equal di/ances f>!r f _! orig9al position1 t :i* 0 at fir/ ! f>!/ f ! eye w dim9i% lea/4 ,& ! proportion ( ! dim9ution w be 9 proportion to ! relative di/ance ( ! objects f ! eye be=e !y 7 remov$4 ,t is to say 9 ! object t & ! object e ! proportion ( _! di/ances f ! eye a is qu9tuple4 ,i remove ea* f its place & set x f>!r f ! eye by "o ( ! #e p>ts into :i* ! proposition is divid$4 ,h5ce x happ5s t ! ne>e/ to ! eye has d\bl$ ! di/ance & accord+ to ! la/ proposition b "o ( ?is1 is dim9i%$ by ! half ( its :ole size2 & ! body e1 by ! same motion1 is dim9i%$ #a_/e ( its :ole size4 ,!re=e1 by t same la/ proposition b "o1 t :i* is said 9 ?is la/ proposition is true2 & ?is ,i say ( ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies :i* are m di/ant by #cejj miles :5 sett+ ?an :5 ov]head1 & yet d n increase or dim9i% 9 any s5sible degree4 #hga4 a b is ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! sun passes1 & if y c\ld measure ! size ( ! sol> rays at n m1 y c\ld accurately trace ! real l9es ( ! conv]g5ce ( ! sol> rays1 ! mirror be+ at a b1 & !n %[ ! reflect$ rays at equal angles to n m2 b1 z y want to h !m at n m1 take !m at !4 inn] side ( ! ap]ture at cd1 :]e !y maybe measur$ at ! spot :]e ! sol> rays fall4 ,!n place y\r mirror at ! di/ance a b1 mak+ ! rays d b1 c a fall & !n be reflect$ at equal angles t[>ds c d2 & ?is is ! be/ me?od1 b y mu/ use ?is mirror always 9 ! same mon?1 & ! same day1 & h\r & in/ant1 & ?is w be bett] ?an at no fix$ "t because :5 ! sun is at a c]ta9 di/ance x produces a c]ta9 pyramid ( rays4 #hgb4 a1 ! side ( ! body 9 light & %ade b1 faces ! :ole portion ( ! hemisph]e b$ e f1 & does n face any "p ( ! d>kness ( ! e>?4 ,& ! same occurs at ! po9t o2 !re=e ! space a o is ?r\gh\t ( "o & ! same brightness1 & s faces only f\r degrees ( ! hemisph]e d e f g h1 & also ! :ole ( ! e>? s h1 :i* w r5d] x d>k]2 & h[ mu* mu/ be demon/rat$ by calculation4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage1 :i* has p]haps a d\btful "r to its place 9 ?is connection1 /&s 9 ! ,manuscript betwe5 ^? giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i z ,no4 #aag & ,no4 #dbg4 #hgc4 ,,! ,,reason ,,( ,,! ,,increas$ ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,"s ma!maticians expla9 t ! sun looks l>g] z x sets1 because ! eye always sees x ?r\gh a d5s] atmosph]e1 alleg+ t objects se5 ?r\gh mi/ or ?r\gh wat] appe> l>g]4 ,to ^! ,i reply3 ,no2 because objects se5 ?r\gh a mi/ are simil> 9 col\r to ^? at a di/ance2 b n be+ simil>ly dim9i%$ !y appe> l>g]4 ,aga91 no?+ increases 9 size 9 smoo? wat]2 & ! pro( ( ?is may be se5 by ?r[+ a light on a bo>d plac$ half "u wat]4 ,b ! reason :y ! sun looks l>g] is t e lum9\s body appe>s l>g] 9 proportion z x is m remote4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #e & #f are ?us r5d]$ by ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a4 ,de meme1 aucune *ose ne croit dans l'eau plane1 et tu en f]as l'exp]i5ce en calquant un ais s\s l'eau4--,comp>e ! diagrams 9 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aad4 ,on ! lum9osity ( ! ,e>? 9 ! univ]sal space 7#hgd-hgh74 #hgd4 ,9 my book ,i propose to %[1 h[ ! ocean & ! o!r seas mu/1 by means ( ! sun1 make our _w %9e ) ! appe>ance ( a moon1 & to ! remot] worlds x looks l a />2 & ?is ,i %all prove4 ,%[1 fir/ t e light at a di/ance f ! eye ?r[s out rays :i* appe> to increase ! size ( ! lum9\s body2 & f ?is x foll[s t #b 444,footnote #aj3 ,"h ! text breaks (f2 l9es #aa & fol4 are writt5 9 ! m>g944 #aa,! moon is cold & moi/4 ,wat] is cold & moi/4 ,?us our seas mu/ appe> to ! moon z ! moon does to u4 #hge4 ,! waves 9 wat] magnify ! image ( an object reflect$ 9 x4 ,let a be ! sun1 & n m ! ruffl$ wat]1 b ! image ( ! sun :5 ! wat] is smoo?4 ,let f be ! eye :i* sees ! image 9 all ! waves includ$ )9 ! base ( ! triangle c e f4 ,n[ ! sun reflect$ 9 ! unruffl$ surface occupi$ ! space c d1 :ile 9 ! ruffl$ surface x cov]s all ! wat]y space c e 7z is prov$ 9 ! #d? ( my ,p]spective7 ,footnote #i3 ,nel qu>to della mia prospettiva4 ,if ?is ref]5ce is to ! diagrams accompany+ ! text--z is usual ) ,leon>do--& n to "s p>ticul> "w1 ! l>ge/ ( ! diagrams "h giv5 mu/ be meant4 ,x is ! l[e/ & actually ! fif?1 b he w\ld h call$ x ! f\r?1 = ! text "h giv5 is prec$$ on ! same page ( ! manuscript by a passage on :irlpools1 ) ! diagram belong+ to x also reproduc$ "h4 ,! words della mia prospettiva may !re=e indicate t ! diagram to ! prec$+ *apt] treat+ on a het]og5eal subject is to be exclud$4 ,x is a fur!r difficulty t ?is diagram belongs prop]ly to l9es #i-aj & n to ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,! reflection ( ! sun 9 wat] is also discuss$ 9 ! ,!oretical "p ( ! ,book on ,pa9t+2 see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #bjf1 #bjg4 & x w cov] m ( ! wat] 9 proportion z ! reflect$ image is remote f ! eye #aj4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al sket*1 inside ! circle 9 ! fir/ diagram1 is writt5 ,sole 7sun71 & to ! "r ( x luna 7moon74 ,?us ei!r ( ^! heav5ly bodies may be suppos$ to fill t space4 ,)9 ! l[] circle is writt5 simulacro 7image74 ,9 ! two next diagrams at ! spot "h m>k$ ,l ! ^w ,luna is writt51 & 9 ! la/ sole is writt5 9 ! top circle at a4 ,! image ( ! sun w be m brightly %[n 9 small waves ?an 9 l>ge ones--& ?is is because ! reflections or images ( ! sun are m num]\s 9 ! small waves ?an 9 l>ge ones1 & ! m num]\s reflections ( its radiance give a l>g] light ?an ! few]4 ,waves :i* int]sect l ! scales ( a fir cone reflect ! image ( ! sun ) ! greate/ spl5d\r2 & ?is is ! case because ! images are z _m z ! ridges ( ! waves on :i* ! sun %9es1 & ! %ad[s betwe5 ^! waves are small & n v d>k2 & ! radiance ( s _m reflections toge!r becomes unit$ 9 ! image :i* is transmitt$ to ! eye1 s t ^! %ad[s are imp]ceptible4 ,t reflection ( ! sun w cov] mo/ space on ! surface ( ! wat] :i* is mo/ remote f ! eye :i* sees x4 ,let a be ! sun1 p q ! reflection ( ! sun2 a b is ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 :i* ! sun is mirror$1 & r ! eye :i* sees ?is reflection on ! surface ( ! wat] occupy+ ! space o m4 c is ! eye at a great] di/ance f ! surface ( ! wat] & also f ! reflection2 h5ce ?is reflection cov]s a l>g] space ( wat]1 by ! di/ance betwe5 n & o4 #hgf4 ,x is impossible t ! side ( a sph]ical mirror1 illum9at$ by ! sun1 %\ld reflect its radiance unless ?is mirror 7 undulat+ or fill$ ) bubbles4 ,y see "h ! sun :i* lights up ! moon1 a sph]ical mirror1 & all ( its surface1 :i* faces ! sun is r5d]$ radiant4 ,:5ce x may be conclud$ t :at %9es 9 ! moon is wat] l t ( our seas1 & 9 waves z t is2 & t portion :i* does n %9e consi/s ( isl&s & t]ra firma4 ,?is diagram1 ( sev]al sph]ical bodies int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! sun1 is giv5 to %[ t1 j z ! reflection ( ! sun is se5 9 ea* ( ^! bodies1 9 ! same way t image may be se5 9 ea* curve ( ! waves ( ! sea2 & z 9 ^! _m sph]es _m reflections ( ! sun are se51 s 9 _m waves !re are _m images1 ea* ( :i* at a great di/ance is mu* magnifi$ to ! eye4 ,&1 z ?is happ5s ) ea* wave1 ! spaces int]pos$ betwe5 ! waves are conceal$2 &1 = ?is reason1 x looks z ?\gh ! _m suns mirror$ 9 ! _m waves 7 b "o cont9u\s sun2 & ! %ad[s11 mix$ up ) ! lum9\s images1 r5d] ?is radiance less brilliant ?an t ( ! sun mirror$ 9 ^! waves4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 at lett] ,a 9 ! diagram ,sole 7! sun7 is writt51 & at o oc*io 7! eye74 #hgg4 ,?is w h be=e x ! treatise on light & %ade4 ,! edges 9 ! moon w be mo/ /rongly light$ & reflect mo/ light1 because1 !re1 no?+ w be visible b ! tops ( ! waves ( ! wat] ,footnote #e3 ,i h ?\ght x unnecess>y to reproduce ! detail$ explanation ( ! !ory ( reflection on waves conta9$ 9 ! passage :i* foll[s ?is44 #hgh4 ,! sun w appe> l>g] 9 mov+ wat] or on waves ?an 9 /ill wat]2 an example is ! light reflect$ on ! /r+s ( a mono*ord4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sun4 ,! "q ( ! true & ( ! app>5t size ( ! sun 7#hgi-hhd74 #hgi4 ,,9 ,,praise ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,if y look at ! />s1 cutt+ (f ! rays 7z may be done by look+ ?r\gh a v small hole made ) ! extreme po9t ( a v f9e ne$le1 plac$ s z almo/ to t\* ! eye71 y w see ^? />s s m9ute t x w\ld seem z ?\gh no?+ c\ld be small]2 x is 9 fact _! great di/ance :i* is ! reason ( _! dim9ution1 = _m ( !m are v _m times l>g] ?an ! /> :i* is ! e>? ) wat]4 ,n[ reflect :at ?is our /> mu/ look l at su* a di/ance1 & !n consid] h[ _m />s might be add$--bo? 9 longitude & latitude--betwe5 ^? />s :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! d>k5$ sky4 ,b ,i _c =be> to condemn _m ( ! anci5ts1 :o said t ! sun 0 no l>g] ?an x appe>s2 among ^! 0 ,epicurus1 & ,i believe t he f\nd$ 8 reason on ! effects ( a light plac$ 9 our atmosph]e equidi/ant f ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,any "o look+ at x nev] sees x dim9i%$ 9 size at :atev] di/ance2 & ! rea- ,footnote #hgi-hhb3 ,:at ,leon>do says ( ,epicurus-- :o accord+ to ,,lewis1 ,! ,a/ronomy ( ! anci5ts1 & ,,madl]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,himmelskunde1 did n devote mu* att5tion to ! /udy ( cele/ial ph5om5a--1 he probably d]iv$ f ,book ,x ( ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ^: ,vitae ,philosophorum 0 n pr9t$ 9 ,greek till #aecc1 b ! ,lat9 translation appe>$ 9 #adge4 #hhj4 sons ( its size & p[] ,i %all res]ve = ,book #d4 ,b ,i wond] greatly t ,socrates ,footnote #b3 ,socrates2 ,i h little light to ?r[ on ?is ref]5ce4 ,plato's ,socrates himself decl>es on m ?an "o occasion t 9 8 y\? he _h turn$ 8 m9d to ! /udy ( cele/ial ph5om5a 7,,metewpa7 b n 9 8 lat] ye>s 7see ,g4 ,c4 ,,lewis1 ,! ,a/ronomy ( ! anci5ts1 page #aji2 ,,madl]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,himmelskunde1 page #da74 ,"h & !re 9 ,plato's writ+s we f9d incid5tal notes on ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,leon>do may v well h kn[n ( ^!1 s9ce ! ,lat9 v]sion by ,fic9us 0 pr9t$ z e>ly z #adia2 inde$ an undat$ edition exi/s :i* may v likely h appe>$ betwe5 #adhj--ij4 ,!re is b "o passage 9 ,plato1 ,ep9omis 7p4 #ihc7 :]e he speaks ( ! physical prop]ties ( ! sun & says t x is l>g] ?an ! e>?4 ,ari/otle :o goes v fully into ! subject says ! same4 ,a complete edition ( ,ari/otele's works 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice #adie-ih1 b a ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,books ,de ,coelo et ,mundo & ,de ,physica _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice z e>ly z 9 #adhc 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+74 %\ld h depreciat$ t sol> body1 say+ t x 0 ( ! nature ( inc&esc5t /one1 & ! "o :o oppos$ him z to t error 0 n f> wrong4 ,b ,i only wi% ,i _h words to s]ve me to blame ^? :o are fa9 to extol ! wor%ip ( m5 m ?an t ( ! sun2 = 9 ! :ole univ]se !re is n[h]e to be se5 a body ( great] magnitude & p[] ?an ! sun4 ,its light gives light to all ! cele/ial bodies :i* are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 & f x desc5ds all vital =ce1 = ! heat t is 9 liv+ be+s comes f ! s\l vital sp>k2 & !re is no o!r c5tre ( heat & light 9 ! univ]se z w be %[n 9 ,book #d2 & c]ta9ly ^? :o h *os5 to wor%ip m5 z gods--z ,jove1 ,saturn1 ,m>s & ! l--h fall5 into ! grave/ error1 see+ t ev5 if a man 7 z l>ge z our e>?1 he w\ld look no bigg] ?an a little /> :i* appe>s b z a speck 9 ! univ]se2 & see+ aga9 t ^! m5 are mortal1 & putrid & corrupt 9 _! sepul*res4 ,m>cellus ,footnote #bc3 ,i h no means ( id5tify+ ,m>cello :o is nam$ 9 ! m>g94 ,x may be ,nonius ,m>cellus1 an obscure ,roman ,gramm>ian ( unc]ta9 date 7betwe5 ! ,i,ind & ,v? c5turies ,a4 ,c47 ! au?or ( ! treatise ,de comp5diosa doctr9a p] litt]as ad filium 9 :i* he treats de rebus omnibus et quibusdam aliis4 ,?is 0 mu* read 9 ! middle ages4 ,! editto pr9ceps is dat$ #adgj 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+74 & _m o!rs praise ! sun4 #hha4 ,epicurus p]haps saw ! %ad[s ca/ by columns on ! walls 9 front ( !m equal 9 diamet] to ! columns f :i* ! %ad[s 7 ca/2 & ! bread? ( ! %ad[s be+ p>allel f beg9n+ to end1 he ?\ght he might inf] t ! sun also 0 directly opposite to ?is p>allel & t consequ5tly its bread? 0 n great] ?an t ( ! column2 n p]ceiv+ t ! dim9ution 9 ! %ad[ 0 ins5sibly slight by reason ( ! remot5ess ( ! sun4 ,if ! sun 7 small] ?an ! e>?1 ! />s on a great portion ( our hemisph]e w\ld h no light1 :i* is evid5ce aga9/ ,epicurus :o says ! sun is only z l>ge z x appe>s4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ! writ+ is across ! diagram4 #hhb4 ,epicurus says ! sun is ! size x looks4 ,h5ce z x looks ab\t a foot across we mu/ consid] t to be its size2 x w\ld foll[ t :5 ! moon eclipses ! sun1 ! sun ought n to appe> ! l>g]1 z x does4 ,!n1 ! moon be+ small] ?an ! sun1 ! moon mu/ be less ?an a foot1 & consequ5tly :5 our _w eclipses ! moon1 x mu/ be less ?an a foot by a f+]'s bread?2 inasmu* z if ! sun is a foot across1 & our e>? ca/s a conical %ad[ on ! moon1 x is inevitable t ! lum9\s cause ( ! cone ( %ad[ mu/ be l>g] ?an ! opaque body :i* ca/s ! cone ( %ad[4 #hhc4 ,to measure h[ _m times ! diamet] ( ! sun w g into its c\rse 9 #bd h\rs4 ,make a circle & place x to face ! s\?1 aft] ! mann] ( a sundial1 & place a rod 9 ! middle 9 su* a way z t its l5g? po9ts to ! c5tre ( ?is circle1 & m>k ! %ad[ ca/ 9 ! sun%9e by ?is rod on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle1 & ?is %ad[ w be--let u say-- z broad z f a to n4 ,n[ measure h[ _m times ?is %ad[ w g into ?is circumf]5ce ( a circle1 & t w give y ! numb] ( times t ! sol> body w g into its orbit 9 #bd h\rs4 ,?us y may see :e!r ,epicurus 0 "r 9 say+ t ! sun 0 only z l>ge z x look$2 =1 z ! app>5t diamet] ( ! sun is ab\t a foot1 & z t sun w\ld g a ?\s& times into ! l5g? ( its c\rse 9 #bd h\rs1 x w\ld h gone a ?\s& feet1 t is #cjj braccia1 :i* is ! six? ( a mile4 ,:5ce x w\ld foll[ t ! c\rse ( ! sun dur+ ! day w\ld be ! six? "p ( a mile & t ?is v5]able snail1 ! sun w h travell$ #be braccia an h\r4 #hhd4 ,posidonius compos$ books on ! size ( ! sun4 ,footnote3 ,poseidonius ( ,apamea1 commonly call$ ! ,rhodian1 because he taught 9 ,rhodes1 0 a ,/oic philosoph]1 a contempor>y & fri5d ( ,cic]o's1 & ! au?or ( num]\s works on natural sci5ce1 among !m4 ,/rabo quotes no d\bt f "o ( 8 works1 :5 he says t ,poseidonius expla9$ h[ x 0 t ! sun look$ l>g] :5 x 0 ris+ or sett+ ?an dur+ ! re/ ( its c\rse 7,,iii1 p4 #ace74 ,kleom$es1 a lat] ,greek ,naturali/ also m5tions ?is obs]vation ( ,poseidonius' )\t nam+ ! title ( 8 "w2 h[ev]1 z ,kleom$es' ,cyclia ,!orica 0 n pr9t$ till #aece1 ,leon>do mu/ h d]iv$ 8 quotation f ,/rabo4 ,he probably wrote ?is note 9 #aejh1 & z ! orig9al ,greek 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aeaf1 we mu/ suppose him to quote "h f ! translation by ,gu>9us ,v]on5sis1 :i* 0 pr9t$ z e>ly z #adga1 also at ,v5ice 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+74 ,( ! nature ( ,sunlight4 #hhe4 ,,( ,,! ,,pro( ,,t ,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,hot ,,by ,,nature ,,& ,,n ,,by ,,virtue4 ,( ! nature ( ,sunlight4 ,t ! heat ( ! sun resides 9 its nature & n 9 its virtue or mode ( action is abundantly prov$ by ! radiance ( ! sol> body on :i* ! human eye _c dwell & besides ?is no less manife/ly by ! rays reflect$ f a concave mirror1 :i*--:5 !y /rike ! eye ) su* spl5d\r t ! eye _c be> !m--h a brilliancy equal to ! sun 9 its own place4 ,& t ?is is true ,i prove by ! fact t if ! mirror has its concavity =m$ exactly z is requisite = ! collect+ & reflect+ ( ^! rays1 no creat$ be+ c\ld endure ! heat t /rikes f ! reflect$ rays ( su* a mirror4 ,& if y argue t ! mirror itself is cold & yet s5d =? hot rays1 ,i %\ld reply t ^? rays come really f ! sun & t x is ! ray ( ! concave mirror aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,consid]ations z to ! size ( ! sun 7#hhf-hia74 #hhf4 ,! sun does n move4 ,footnote3 ,?is s5t5ce occurs incid5tally among ma!matical notes1 & is writt5 9 unusually l>ge lett]s4 #hhg4 ,,pro( ,,t ,,! ,,ne>] ,,y ,,are ,,to ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,rays1 ,,! ,,l>g] ,,w ,,! ,,reflection ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,f ,,! ,,sea ,,appe> ,,to ,,y4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #d & fol4 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #acj1 #aca4 ,if x is f ! c5tre t ! sun employs its radiance to int5sify ! p[] ( its :ole mass1 x is evid5t t ! f>!r its rays ext5d1 ! m widely !y w be divid$2 & ?is be+ s1 y1 ^: eye is ne> ! wat] t mirrors ! sun1 see b a small portion ( ! rays ( ! sun /rike ! surface ( ! wat]1 & reflect+ ! =m ( ! sun4 ,b if y 7 ne> to ! sun--z w\ld be ! case :5 ! sun is on ! m]idian & ! sea to ! we/w>d--y w\ld see ! sun1 mirror$ 9 ! sea1 ( a v great size2 because1 z y are ne>] to ! sun1 y\r eye tak+ 9 ! rays ne>] to ! po9t ( radiation takes m ( !m 91 & a great spl5d\r is ! result4 ,& 9 ?is way x c be prov$ t ! moon mu/ h seas :i* reflect ! sun1 & t ! p>ts :i* d n %9e are l&4 #hhh4 ,take ! measure ( ! sun at ! sol/ice 9 mid-,june4 #hhi4 ,,:y ,,! ,,sun ,,appe>s ,,l>g] ,,:5 ,,sett+ ,,?an ,,at ,,noon1 ,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,ne> ,,to ,,u4 ,e object se5 ?r\gh a curv$ m$ium seems to be ( l>g] size ?an x is4 ,footnote3 ,at ,a is writt5 sole 7! sun71 at ,b t]ra 7! e>?74 #hij4 ,because ! eye is small x c only see ! image ( ! sun z ( a small size4 ,if ! eye 7 z l>ge z ! sun x w\ld see ! image ( ! sun 9 wat] ( ! same size z ! real body ( ! sun1 s long z ! wat] is smoo?4 #hia4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,see+ ,,! ,,sun ,,eclips$ ,,)\t ,,pa9 ,,to ,,! ,,eye4 ,take a piece ( pap] & pi]ce holes 9 x ) a ne$le1 & look at ! sun ?r\gh ^! holes4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moon4 ,on ! lum9\sity ( ! moon 7#hib-ija74 #hib4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,z ,i propose to treat ( ! nature ( ! moon1 x is necess>y t fir/ ,i %\ld describe ! p]spective ( mirrors1 :e!r plane1 concave or convex2 & fir/ :at is meant by a lum9\s ray1 & h[ x is refract$ by v>i\s k9ds ( m$ia2 !n1 :5 a reflect$ ray is mo/ p[]ful1 :e!r :5 ! angle ( incid5ce is acute1 "r1 or obtuse1 or f a convex1 a plane1 or a concave surface2 or f an opaque or a transp>5t body4 ,besides ?is1 h[ x is t ! sol> rays :i* fall on ! waves ( ! sea1 are se5 by ! eye ( ! same wid? at ! angle ne>e/ to ! eye1 z at ! highe/ l9e ( ! waves on ! horizon2 b not)/&+ ?is ! sol> rays reflect$ f ! waves ( ! sea assume ! pyramidal =m & consequ5tly1 at ea* degree ( di/ance increase proportionally 9 size1 al?\gh to our sight1 !y appe> z p>allel4 #a/4 ,no?+ t has v little weight is opaque4 #b;dly4 ,no?+ t is excessively weighty c rema9 b5ea? t :i* is heavi]4 #c;dly4 ,z to :e!r ! moon is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( its elem5ts or n4 ,&1 if x has no prop] place ( its own1 l ! e>?1 9 ! mid/ ( its elem5ts1 :y does x n fall to ! c5tre ( our elem5ts8 ,footnote #bf3 ,! problem "h prop\nd$ by ,leon>do 0 n satisfactorily answ]$ till ,newton 9 #afhb =mulat$ ! law ( univ]sal attraction & gravitation4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ijb1 l9es #e-ae4 ,&1 if ! moon is n 9 ! c5tre ( its own elem5ts & yet does n fall1 x mu/ !n be light] ?an any o!r elem5t4 ,&1 if ! moon is light] ?an ! o!r elem5ts :y is x opaque & n transp>5t8 ,:5 objects ( v>i\s sizes1 be+ plac$ at v>i\s di/ances1 look ( equal size1 !re mu/ be ! same relative proportion 9 ! di/ances z 9 ! magnitudes ( ! objects4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! diagram ,leon>do wrote sole at ! place m>k$ ,a4 #hic4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,& ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,poli%$ ,,& ,,sph]ical4 ,! image ( ! sun 9 ! moon is p[]fully lum9\s1 & is only on a small portion ( its surface4 ,& ! pro( may be se5 by tak+ a ball ( burni%$ gold & plac+ x 9 ! d>k ) a light at "s di/ance f x2 & !n1 al?\gh x w illum9ate ab\t half ( ! ball1 ! eye w p]ceive its reflection only 9 a small "p ( its surface1 & all ! re/ ( ! surface reflects ! d>kness :i* surr\nds x2 s t x is only 9 t spot t ! image ( ! light is se51 & all ! re/ rema9s invisible1 ! eye be+ at a di/ance f ! ball4 ,! same ?+ w\ld happ5 on ! surface ( ! moon if x 7 poli%$1 lu/r\s & opaque1 l all bodies ) a reflect+ surface4 ,%[ h[1 if y 7 /&+ on ! moon or on a />1 our e>? w\ld seem to reflect ! sun z ! moon does4 ,& %[ t ! image ( ! sun 9 ! sea _c appe> "o & undivid$1 z x appe>s 9 a p]fectly plane mirror4 #hid4 ,h[ %ad[s are lo/ at great di/ances1 z is %[n by ! %ad[ side ( ! moon :i* is nev] se54 ,footnote3 ,comp>e also ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #age-agi4 #hie4 ,ei!r ! moon has intr9sic lum9osity or n4 ,if x has1 :y does x n %9e )\t ! aid ( ! sun8 ,b if x has n any light 9 itself x mu/ ( necessity be a sph]ical mirror2 & if x is a mirror1 is x n prov$ 9 ,p]spective t ! image ( a lum9\s object w nev] be equal to ! ext5t ( surface ( ! reflect+ body t x illum9ates8 ,& if x be ?us ,footnote #ac3 ,at ,a1 9 ! diagram1 ,leon>do wrote sole 7! sun71 & at ,b luna o noi t]ra 7! moon or our e>?74 ,comp>e also ! text ( ,no4 #hgf41 z is "h %[n at r s 9 ! figure1 :5ce comes s great an ext5t ( radiance z t ( ! full moon z we see x1 at ! fifte5? day ( ! moon8 #hif4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,! moon has no light 9 itself2 b s mu* ( x z faces ! sun is illum9at$1 & ( t illum9$ portion we see s mu* z faces ! e>?4 ,& ! moon's night receives j z mu* light z is l5t x by our wat]s z !y reflect ! image ( ! sun1 :i* is mirror$ 9 all ^? wat]s :i* are on ! side t[>ds ! sun4 ,! outside or surface ( ! wat]s =m+ ! seas ( ! moon & ( ! seas ( our globe is always ruffl$ little or mu*1 or m or less--& ?is r\ghness causes an ext5sion ( ! numb]less images ( ! sun :i* are repeat$ 9 ! ridges & holl[s1 ! sides & fronts ( ! innum]able waves2 t is to say 9 z _m diff]5t spots on ea* wave z our eyes f9d diff]5t positions to view !m f4 ,?is c\ld n happ51 if ! aque\s sph]e :i* cov]s a great "p ( ! moon 7 uni=mly sph]ical1 = !n ! images ( ! sun w\ld be "o to ea* spectator1 & its reflections w\ld be sep>ate & indep5d5t & its radiance w\ld always appe> circul>2 z is pla9ly to be se5 9 ! gilt balls plac$ on ! tops ( high build+s4 ,b if ^? gilt balls 7 rugg$ or compos$ ( sev]al little balls1 l mulb]ries1 :i* are a black fruit compos$ ( m9ute r\nd globules1 !n ea* portion ( ^! little balls1 :5 se5 9 ! sun1 w\ld display to ! eye ! lu/re result+ f ! reflection ( ! sun1 & ?us1 9 "o & ! same body _m t9y suns w\ld be se52 & ^! (t5 comb9e at a long di/ance & appe> z "o4 ,! lu/re ( ! new moon is bright] & /rong]1 ?an :5 ! moon is full2 & ! reason ( ?is is t ! angle ( incid5ce is m obtuse 9 ! new ?an 9 ! full moon1 9 :i* ! angles ( incid5ce & reflection are highly acute4 ,! waves ( ! moon !re=e mirror ! sun 9 ! holl[s ( ! waves z well z on ! ridges1 & ! sides rema9 9 %ad[4 ,b at ! sides ( ! moon ! holl[s ( ! waves d n cat* ! sunlight1 b only _! cre/s2 & ?us ! images are few] & m mix$ up ) ! %ad[s 9 ! holl[s2 & ?is int]m+l+ ( ! %ad$ & illum9at$ spots comes to ! eye ) a mitigat$ spl5d\r1 s t ! edges w be d>k]1 because ! curves ( ! sides ( ! waves are insuffici5t to reflect to ! eye ! rays t fall ^u !m4 ,n[ ! new moon naturally reflects ! sol> rays m directly t[>ds ! eye f ! cre/s ( ! waves ?an f any o!r "p1 z is %[n by ! =m ( ! moon1 ^: rays a /rike ! waves b & are reflect$ 9 ! l9e b d1 ! eye be+ situat$ at d4 ,?is _c happ5 at ! full moon1 :5 ! sol> rays1 be+ 9 ! we/1 fall on ! extreme wat]s ( ! moon to ! ,ea/ f n to m1 & are n reflect$ to ! eye 9 ! ,we/1 b are ?r[n back ea/w>ds1 ) b slight deflection f ! /raight c\rse ( ! sol> ray2 & ?us ! angle ( incid5ce is v wide inde$4 ,! moon is an opaque & solid body & if1 on ! contr>y1 x 7 transp>5t1 x w\ld n receive ! light ( ! sun4 ,! yell[ or yolk ( an egg rema9s 9 ! middle ( ! album51 )\t mov+ on ei!r side2 n[ x is ei!r light] or heavi] ?an ?is album51 or equal to x2 if x is light]1 x ought to rise above all ! album5 & /op 9 contact ) ! %ell ( ! egg2 & if x is heavi]1 x ought to s9k1 & if x is equal1 x might j z well be at "o ( ! ends1 z 9 ! middle or bel[ #ed4 ,footnote #dh-fd3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hfa4 ,! innum]able images ( ! sol> rays reflect$ f ! innum]able waves ( ! sea1 z !y fall ^u ^? waves1 are :at cause u to see ! v broad & cont9u\s radiance on ! surface ( ! sea4 #hig4 ,t ! sun c\ld n be mirror$ 9 ! body ( ! moon1 :i* is a convex mirror1 9 su* a way z t s mu* ( its surface z is illum9at$ by ! sun1 %\ld reflect ! sun unless ! moon _h a surface adapt$ to reflect x--9 waves & ridges1 l ! surface ( ! sea :5 its surface is mov$ by ! w9d4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagrams sole is writt5 at ! place m>k$ ,a2 luna at ,c1 & t]ra at ! two spots m>k$ ,b4 ,! waves 9 wat] multiply ! image ( ! object reflect$ 9 x4 ,^! waves reflect light1 ea* by its own l9e1 z ! surface ( ! fir cone does ,footnote #ad3 ,see ! diagram p4 #ade4 ,^! are #b figures "o diff]5t f ! o!r2 "o ) undulat+ wat] & ! o!r ) smoo? wat]4 ,x is impossible t at any di/ance ! image ( ! sun ca/ on ! surface ( a sph]ical body %\ld occupy ! half ( ! sph]e4 ,"h y mu/ prove t ! e>? produces all ! same effects ) reg>d to ! moon1 z ! moon ) reg>d to ! e>?4 ,! moon1 ) its reflect$ light1 does n %9e l ! sun1 because ! light ( ! moon is n a cont9u\s reflection ( t ( ! sun on its :ole surface1 b only on ! cre/s & holl[s ( ! waves ( its wat]s2 & ?us ! sun be+ confus$ly reflect$1 f ! admixture ( ! %ad[s t lie betwe5 ! lu/r\s waves1 its light is n pure & cle> z ! sun is4 ,footnote #ch3 ,?is ref]s to ! small diagram plac$ betwe5 ,b & ,b4--4 ,! e>? betwe5 ! moon on ! fifte5? day & ! sun4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ! diagram bel[ ! "o ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,"h ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! moon on ! fifte5? day 9 ! ,we/4 ,footnote #dj4da3 ,ref]s to ! diagram bel[ ! o!rs4 ,! moon on ! fifte5? day betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 #da;,"h x is ! moon :i* has ! sun to ! ,we/ & ! e>? to ! ,ea/4 #hih4 ,,:at ,,sort ,,( ,,?+ ,,! ,,moon ,,is4 ,! moon is n ( itself lum9\s1 b is highly fitt$ to assimilate ! "* ( light aft] ! mann] ( a mirror1 or ( wat]1 or ( any o!r reflect+ body2 & x gr[s l>g] 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 l ! sun & ! o!r planets4 ,& ! reason is t e lum9\s body looks l>g] 9 proportion z x is remote4 ,x is easy to und]/& t e planet & /> is f>!r f u :5 9 ! ,we/ ?an :5 x is ov]head1 by ab\t #cejj miles1 z is prov$ on ! m>g9 ,footnote #g3 ref]s to ! fir/ diagram4--,a sole 7! sun71 ,b t]ra 7! e>?71 ,c luna 7! moon741 & if y see ! sun or moon mirror$ 9 ! wat] ne> to y1 x looks to y ( ! same size 9 ! wat] z 9 ! sky4 ,b if y rec$e to ! di/ance ( a mile1 x w look #ajj times l>g]2 & if y see ! sun reflect$ 9 ! sea at sunset1 its image w\ld look to y m ?an #aj miles long2 because t reflect$ image ext5ds ov] m ?an #aj miles ( sea4 ,& if y c\ld /& :]e ! moon is1 ! sun w\ld look to y1 z if x 7 reflect$ f all ! sea t x illum9ates by day2 & ! l& amid ! wat] w\ld appe> j l ! d>k spots t are on ! moon1 :i*1 :5 look$ at f our e>?1 appe>s to m5 ! same z our e>? w\ld appe> to any m5 :o might dwell 9 ! moon4 ,footnote3 ,?is text has already be5 publi%$ by ,,libri3 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces1 ,,iii1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,:5 ! moon is entirely light$ up to our sight1 we see its full daylight2 & at t "t1 ow+ to ! reflection ( ! sol> rays :i* fall on x & are ?r[n (f t[>ds u1 its ocean ca/s (f less moi/ure t[>ds u2 & ! less light x gives ! m injuri\s x is4 #hii4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,i say t z ! moon has no light 9 itself & yet is lum9\s1 x is inevitable b t its light is caus$ by "s o!r body4 #ijj4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,all my oppon5t's argum5ts to say t !re is no wat] 9 ! moon4 ,footnote3 ,! objections are v m9utely not$ d[n 9 ! manuscript1 b !y h>dly seem to h a place "h4 #ija4 ,answ] to ,mae/ro ,&rea da ,imola1 :o said t ! sol> rays reflect$ f a convex mirror are m+l$ & lo/ at a %ort di/ance2 :]eby x is altoge!r d5i$ t ! lum9\s side ( ! moon is ( ! nature ( a mirror1 & t consequ5tly ! light is n produc$ by ! innum]able multitude ( ! waves ( t sea1 :i* ,i decl>$ to be ! portion ( ! moon :i* is illum9at$ by ! sol> rays4 ,let o p be ! body ( ! sun1 c n s ! moon1 & b ! eye :i*1 above ! base c n ( ! ca!tus c n m1 sees ! body ( ! sun reflect$ at equal angles c n2 & ! same aga9 on mov+ ! eye f b to a4 ,footnote3 ,! l>ge diagram on ! m>g9 ( page #afa belongs to ?is *apt]4 ,explanation ( ! lum5 c9]eum 9 ! moon4 #ijb4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,no solid body is less heavy ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,footnote3 #a4 ,on ! m>g9 are ! words tola romant9a1 tola--f]ro /agnato 7t9n$ iron72 romant9a is "s special k9d ( %eet-iron no long] kn[n by t "n4 ,hav+ prov$ t ! "p ( ! moon t %9es consi/s ( wat]1 :i* mirrors ! body ( ! sun & reflects ! radiance x receives f x2 & t1 if ^! wat]s 7 devoid ( waves1 x w\ld appe> small1 b ( a radiance almo/ l ! sun2 --#e ,x mu/ n[ be %[n :e!r ! moon is a heavy or a light body3 =1 if x 7 a heavy body--admitt+ t at e grade ( di/ance f ! e>? great] levity mu/ prevail1 s t wat] is light] ?an ! e>?1 & air ?an wat]1 & fire ?an air & s on successively--x w\ld seem t if ! moon _h d5sity z x really has1 x w\ld h weight1 & hav+ weight1 t x c\ld n be su/a9$ 9 ! space :]e x is1 & consequ5tly t x w\ld fall t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! univ]se & become unit$ to ! e>?2 or if n ! moon itself1 at lea/ its wat]s w\ld fall away & be lo/ f x1 & desc5d t[>ds ! c5tre1 leav+ ! moon )\t any & s devoid ( lu/re4 ,b z ?is does n happ51 z might 9 reason be expect$1 x is a manife/ sign t ! moon is surr\nd$ by its own elem5ts3 t is to say wat]1 air & fire2 & ?us is1 ( itself & by itself1 susp5d$ 9 t "p ( space1 z our e>? ) its elem5t is 9 ?is "p ( space2 & t heavy bodies act 9 ! mid/ ( its elem5ts j z o!r heavy bodies d 9 ours ,footnote #ae3 ,?is passage w\ld c]ta9ly seem to e/abli% ,leon>do's claim to be reg>d$ z ! orig9al discov]] ( ! cause ( ! a%y col\r ( ! new moon 7lum5 c9]eum74 ,8 obs]vations h[ev]1 hav+ hi!rto rema9$ unkn[n to a/ronom]s1 ,moe/l9 & ,kepl] h be5 cr$it$ ) ! discov]ies :i* !y made indep5d5tly a c5tury lat]4 ,"s disconnect$ notes treat ( ! same subject 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #bci;b2 #gah;b & #gai;b2 ,p]*e la luna c9ta della p>te allum9ata dal sole 9 pon5te1 tra maggior spl5dore 9 mezzo a tal c]*io1 *e qu&o essa eclissava il sole4 ,que/o accade p]*e nell' ecliss>e il sole ella ombrava il no/ro oceano1 il qual caso non accade ess5do 9 pon5te1 qu&o il sole alluma esso oceano4 ,! editors ( ! ,saggio :o fir/ publi%$ ?is passage 7page #ab7 add ano!r %ort "o ab\t ! seasons 9 ! moon :i* ,i confess n to h se5 9 ! orig9al manuscript3 ,la luna ha ogni mese un v]no e una /ate1 e ha maggiori fr$di e maggiori caldi1 e i suoi equ9ozii son piu fr$di de' no/ri4 ,:5 ! eye is 9 ! ,ea/ & sees ! moon 9 ! ,we/ ne> to ! sett+ sun1 x sees x ) its %ad$ portion surr\nd$ by lum9\s portions2 & ! lat]al & upp] portion ( ?is light is d]iv$ f ! sun1 & ! l[] portion f ! ocean 9 ! ,we/1 :i* receives ! sol> rays & reflects !m on ! l[] wat]s ( ! moon1 & inde$ af=ds ! "p ( ! moon t is 9 %ad[ z mu* radiance z ! moon gives ! e>? at midnight4 ,!re=e x is n totally d>k1 & h5ce "s h believ$ t ! moon mu/ 9 p>ts h a light ( its own besides t :i* is giv5 x by ! sun2 & ?is light is due1 z has be5 said1 to ! above- m5tion$ cause1--t our seas are illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,aga91 x might be said t ! circle ( radiance %[n by ! moon :5 x & ! sun are bo? 9 ! ,we/ is :olly borr[$ f ! sun1 :5 x1 & ! sun1 & ! eye are situat$ z is %[n above4 ,footnote #bc4 #bd3 ,! l>g] ( ! two diagrams reproduc$ above /&s betwe5 ^! two l9es1 & ! small] "o is sket*$ 9 ! m>g94 ,at ! spot m>k$ ,a ,leon>do wrote corpo sol>e 7sol> body7 9 ! l>g] diagram & ,sole 7sun7 9 ! small] "o4 ,at ,c luna 7moon7 is writt5 & at ,b t]ra 7! e>?74 ,"s might say t ! air surr\nd+ ! moon z an elem5t1 cat*es ! light ( ! sun z our atmosph]e does1 & t x is ?is :i* completes ! lum9\s circle on ! body ( ! moon4 ,"s h ?\ght t ! moon has a light ( its own1 b ?is op9ion is false1 because !y h f\nd$ x on t dim light se5 betwe5 ! hornes ( ! new moon1 :i* looks d>k :]e x is close to ! bright "p1 :ile aga9/ ! d>kness ( ! backgr\nd x looks s light t _m h tak5 x to be a r+ ( new radiance complet+ ! circle :]e ! tips ( ! horns illum9at$ by ! sun cease to %9e ,footnote #cd3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #e44 ,& ?is diff]5ce ( backgr\nd arises f ! fact t ! portion ( t backgr\nd :i* is cont]m9\s ) ! bright "p ( ! moon1 by comp>ison ) t brightness looks d>k] ?an x is2 :ile at ! upp] "p1 :]e a portion ( ! lum9\s circle is to be se5 ( uni=m wid?1 ! result is t ! moon1 be+ bright] !re ?an ! m$ium or backgr\nd on :i* x is se5 by comp>ison ) t d>kness x looks m lum9\s at t edge ?an x is4 ,& t brightness at su* a "t itself is d]iv$ f our ocean & o!r inl&-seas4 ,^! are1 at t "t1 illum9at$ by ! sun :i* is already sett+ 9 su* a way z t ! sea !n fulfils ! same function to ! d>k side ( ! moon z ! moon at its fifte5? day does to u :5 ! sun is set4 ,& ! small am\nt ( light :i* ! d>k side ( ! moon receives be>s ! same proportion to ! light ( t side :i* is illum9at$1 z t444 ,footnote #db3 ,"h ! text breaks (f2 l9es #dc-eb are writt5 on ! m>g944 ,if y want to see h[ mu* bright] ! %ad$ portion ( ! moon is ?an ! backgr\nd on :i* x is se51 conceal ! lum9\s portion ( ! moon ) y\r h& or ) "s o!r m di/ant object4 ,on ! spots 9 ! moon 7#ijc-ijg74 #ijc4 ,,! ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,moon4 ,"s h said t vap\rs rise f ! moon1 aft] ! mann] ( cl\ds & are int]pos$ betwe5 ! moon & our eyes4 ,b1 if ?is 7 ! case1 ^! spots w\ld nev] be p]man5t1 ei!r z to position or =m2 &1 see+ ! moon f v>i\s aspects1 ev5 if ^! spots did n move !y w\ld *ange 9 =m1 z objects d :i* are se5 f diff]5t sides4 #ijd4 ,,( ,,! ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,moon4 ,o!rs say t ! moon is compos$ ( m or less transp>5t p>ts2 z ?\gh "o "p 7 some?+ l alaba/] & o!rs l cry/al or glass4 ,x w\ld foll[ f ?is t ! sun ca/+ its rays on ! less transp>5t portions1 ! light w\ld rema9 on ! surface1 & s ! d5s] "p w\ld be illum9at$1 & ! transp>5t portions w\ld display ! %ad[ ( _! d>k] dep?s2 & ?is is _! acc\nt ( ! /ructure & nature ( ! moon4 ,& ?is op9ion has f\nd fav\r ) _m philosoph]s1 & p>ticul>ly ) ,ari/otle1 & yet x is a false view--=1 9 ! v>i\s phases & frequ5t *anges ( ! moon & sun to our eyes1 we %\ld see ^! spots v>y1 at "o "t look+ d>k & at ano!r light3 !y w\ld be d>k :5 ! sun is 9 ! ,we/ & ! moon 9 ! middle ( ! sky2 = !n ! transp>5t holl[s w\ld be 9 %ad[ z f> z ! tops ( ! edges ( ^? transp>5t holl[s1 because ! sun c\ld n !n fl+ 8 rays into ! m\? ( ! holl[s1 :i* h[ev]1 at full moon1 w\ld be se5 9 bright light1 at :i* "t ! moon is 9 ! ,ea/ & faces ! sun 9 ! ,we/2 !n ! sun w\ld illum9ate ev5 ! l[e/ dep?s ( ^! transp>5t places & ?us1 z !re w\ld be no %ad[s ca/1 ! moon at ^! times w\ld n %[ u ! spots 9 "q2 & s x w\ld be1 n[ m & n[ less1 accord+ to ! *anges 9 ! position ( ! sun to ! moon1 & ( ! moon to our eyes1 z ,i h said above4 #ije4 ,,( ,,! ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,moon4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 t ! spots on ! moon result f ! moon be+ ( v>y+ ?9ness or d5sity2 b if ?is 7 s1 :5 !re is an eclipse ( ! moon ! sol> rays w\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! portions :i* 7 ?9 z is alleg$ ,footnote #c-e3 ,eclissi4 ,?is ^w1 z x seems to me1 "h means eclipses ( ! sun2 & ! s5se ( ! passage1 z ,i und]/& x1 is t by ! =ego+ hypo!sis ! moon1 :5 x comes betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? mu/ appe> z if pi]c$1--we may say l a sieve44 ,b z we d n see ?is effect ! op9ion mu/ be false4 ,o!rs say t ! surface ( ! moon is smoo? & poli%$ & t1 l a mirror1 x reflects 9 itself ! image ( our e>?4 ,?is view is also false1 inasmu* z ! l&1 :]e x is n cov]$ ) wat]1 pres5ts v>i\s aspects & =ms4 ,h5ce :5 ! moon is 9 ! ,ea/ x w\ld reflect diff]5t spots f ^? x w\ld %[ :5 x is above u or 9 ! ,we/2 n[ ! spots on ! moon1 z !y are se5 at full moon1 nev] v>y 9 ! c\rse ( its motion ov] our hemisph]e4 ,a second reason is t an object reflect$ 9 a convex body takes up b a small portion ( t body1 z is prov$ 9 p]spective ,footnote #ah3 come e provato4 ,?is alludes to ! accompany+ diagram44 ,! ?ird reason is t :5 ! moon is full1 x only faces half ! hemisph]e ( ! illum9at$ e>?1 on :i* only ! ocean & o!r wat]s reflect bright light1 :ile ! l& makes spots on t brightness2 ?us half ( our e>? w\ld be se5 girt r\nd ) ! brightness ( ! sea light$ up by ! sun1 & 9 ! moon ?is reflection w\ld be ! smalle/ "p ( t moon4 ,f\r?ly1 a radiant body _c be reflect$ f ano!r equally radiant2 !re=e ! sea1 s9ce x borr[s its brightness f ! sun1--z ! moon does--1 c\ld n cause ! e>? to be reflect$ 9 x1 nor inde$ c\ld ! body ( ! sun be se5 reflect$ 9 x1 nor inde$ any /> opposite to x4 #ijf4 ,if y keep ! details ( ! spots ( ! moon "u obs]vation y w (t5 f9d great v>iation 9 !m1 & ?is ,i myself h prov$ by draw+ !m4 ,& ?is is caus$ by ! cl\ds t rise f ! wat]s 9 ! moon1 :i* come betwe5 ! sun & ^? wat]s1 & by _! %ad[ deprive ^! wat]s ( ! sun's rays4 ,?us ^? wat]s rema9 d>k1 n be+ able to reflect ! sol> body4 #ijg4 ,h[ ! spots on ! moon mu/ h v>i$ f :at !y =m]ly 71 by reason ( ! c\rse ( its wat]s4 ,on ! moon's halo4 #ijh4 ,,( ,,halos ,,r\nd ,,! ,,moon4 ,i h f\nd1 t ! circles :i* at night seem to surr\nd ! moon1 ( v>i\s sizes1 & degrees ( d5sity are caus$ by v>i\s gradations 9 ! d5sities ( ! vap\rs :i* exi/ at diff]5t altitudes betwe5 ! moon & our eyes4 ,& ( ^! halos ! l>ge/ & lea/ r$ is caus$ by ! l[e/ ( ^! vap\rs2 ! second1 small] "o1 is high] up1 & looks r$d] because x is se5 ?r\gh two vap\rs4 ,& s on1 z !y are high] !y w appe> small] & r$d]1 because1 betwe5 ! eye & !m1 !re is ?ick] vap\r4 ,:5ce x is prov$ t :]e !y are se5 to be r$de/1 ! vap\rs are mo/ d5se4 ,on in/rum5ts = obs]v+ ! moon 7#iji4 #iaj74 #iji4 ,if y want to prove :y ! moon appe>s l>g] ?an x is1 :5 x rea*es ! horizon2 take a l5s :i* is highly convex on "o surface & concave on ! opposite1 & place ! concave side next ! eye1 & look at ! object beyond ! convex surface2 by ?is means y w h produc$ an exact imitation ( ! atmosph]e includ$ b5ea? ! sph]e ( fire & outside t ( wat]2 = ?is atmosph]e is concave on ! side next ! e>?1 & convex t[>ds ! fire4 #iaj4 ,con/ruct glasses to see ! moon magnifi$4 ,footnote3 ,see ! ,introduction1 p4 #acf1 ,fraca/oro says 9 8 "w ,homoc5tres3 ,p] dua specilla ocul>la si quis p]spiciat1 alt]i alt]o sup]posito1 majora multo et prop9quiora videbit omnia4--,qu9 imo qua$am specilla ocul>ia fiunt tantae d5sitatis1 ut si p] ea quis aut lunam1 aut aliud sid]um spectet1 adeo prop9qua illa iudicet1 ut ne turres ipsas exc$ant 7sect4 ,,ii c4 #h & sect4 ,,iii1 c4 #bc74 9999999999999999 #iaa - #iab ,,miss+ 999999 :5 ! sun is se5 ?r\gh ! b\ghs ( trees b>e ( _! leaves1 at "s di/ance ! bran*es d n conceal any portion ( ! sun f our eye4 ,! same ?+ happ5s ) ! above m5tion$ planets :i*1 ?\gh !y h no light ( _! own1 d n--z has be5 said--conceal any "p ( ! sun f our eye #ah4 ,,second ,,argum5t4 ,"s say t ! />s appe> mo/ brilliant at night 9 proportion z !y are high] up2 & t if !y _h no light ( _! own1 ! %ad[ ( ! e>? :i* comes betwe5 !m & ! sun1 w\ld d>k5 !m1 s9ce !y w\ld n face nor be fac$ by ! sol> body4 ,b ^? p]sons h n consid]$ t ! conical %ad[ ( ! e>? _c rea* _m ( ! />s2 & ev5 z to ^? x does rea*1 ! cone is s mu* dim9i%$ t x cov]s v little ( ! />'s mass1 & all ! re/ is illum9at$ by ! sun4 #iac4 ,:y ! planets appe> l>g] 9 ! ,ea/ ?an !y d ov]head1 :]eas ! contr>y %\ld be ! case1 z !y are #cejj miles ne>] to u :5 9 mid sky ?an :5 on ! horizon4 ,all ! degrees ( ! elem5ts1 ?r\gh :i* ! images ( ! cele/ial bodies pass to rea* ! eye1 are equal curves & ! angles by :i* ! c5tral l9e ( ^? images passes ?r\gh !m1 are unequal angles ,footnote #ac3 inequali1 "h & else:]e does n mean unequal 9 ! s5se ( n be+ equal to ea* o!r1 b angles :i* are n "r angles42 & ! di/ance is great]1 z is %[n by ! excess ( a b beyond a d2 & ! enl>gem5t ( ^! cele/ial bodies on ! horizon is %[n by ! #i? ( ! #g?4 ,obs]vations on ! />s4 #iad4 ,to see ! real nature ( ! planets op5 ! cov]+ & note at ! base ,footnote #d3 basa4 ,?is probably alludes to "s in/rum5t1 p]haps ! ,cam]a obscura4 "o s+le planet1 & ! reflect$ movem5t ( ?is base w %[ ! nature ( ! said planet2 b arrange t ! base may face only "o at ! "t4 ,on hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 #iae4 ,cic]o says 9 8 book ,de ,div9atione t ,a/rology has be5 practis$ five hundr$ sev5ty ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w>4 #egjjj4 ,footnote3 ,! /atem5t t ,,cic]o1 ,de ,div94 ascribes ! discov]y ( a/rology to a p]iod #egjjj ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w> ,i believe to be q errone\s4 ,accord+ to ,,erne/i1 ,clavis ,cic]oniana1 ,,*4 ,g4 ,,s*ulz 7,lexic4 ,cic]47 & ! edition ( ,de ,div94 by ,,giese ! ^w ,a/rologia occurs only twice 9 ,,cic]o3 ,de ,div94 ,,ii1 #db4 ,ad ,*aldaeorum mon/ra v5iamus1 de quibus ,eudoxus1 ,platonis auditor1 9 a/rologia judicio doctissimorum hom9um facile pr9ceps1 sic op9atur 7id quod scriptum reliquit73 ,*aldaeis 9 pra$ictione et 9 notatione cujusque vitae ex natali die m9ime esse cr$5dum4 ,he !n quotes ! condemnatory v]dict ( o!r philosoph]s z to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*aldaeans b says no?+ z to ! antiquity & orig9 ( a/ronomy4 ,,cic]o fur!r notes ,de oratore ,i1 #af t ,aratus 0 ign>us a/rologiae b t is all4 ,s f> z ,i "k ! ^w occurs n[h]e else 9 ,,cic]o2 & ! ^w ,a/ronomia he does n seem to h us$ at all4 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+47 ,( "t & its divisions 7#iaf-iah74 #iaf4 ,al?\gh "t is includ$ 9 ! class ( ,cont9u\s ,quantities1 be+ indivisible & immat]ial1 x does n come entirely "u ! head ( ,geometry1 :i* repres5ts its divisions by means ( figures & bodies ( inf9ite v>iety1 su* z are se5 to be cont9u\s 9 _! visible & mat]ial prop]ties4 ,b only ) its fir/ pr9ciples does x agree1 t is ) ! ,po9t & ! ,l9e2 ! po9t may be comp>$ to an in/ant ( "t1 & ! l9e may be lik5$ to ! l5g? ( a c]ta9 quantity ( "t1 & j z a l9e beg9s & t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 s su* a space ( "t4 beg9s & t]m9ates 9 an in/ant4 ,& :]eas a l9e is inf9itely divisible1 ! divisibility ( a space ( "t is ( ! same nature2 & z ! divisions ( ! l9e may be> a c]ta9 proportion to ea* o!r1 s may ! divisions ( "t4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is repeat$ ^w = ^w on page #aij;b ( ! same manuscript & ?is is acc\nt$ = by ! text 9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #abaf4 #iag4 ,describe ! nature ( ,"t z di/+ui%$ f ! ,geometrical def9itions4 #iah4 ,divide an h\r into #cjjj p>ts1 & ?is y c d ) a clock by mak+ ! p5dulum light] or heavi]4 ,,xvi4 ,physical ,geography4 ,leon>do's rese>*es z to ! /ructure ( ! e>? & sea 7 made at a "t1 :5 ! ext5d$ voyages ( ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese _h also excit$ a special int]e/ 9 geographical que/ions 9 ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,tuscany4 ,/ill1 x ne$ sc>cely surprise u to f9d t 9 deep] que/ions1 z to ! /ructure ( ! globe1 ! primitive /ate ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! l1 he 0 f> 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,! numb] ( passages :i* treat ( su* matt]s is relatively consid]able2 l almo/ all ,leon>do's sci5tific notes !y deal p>tly ) !oretical & p>tly ) practical que/ions4 ,"s ( 8 !oretical views ( ! motion ( wat] 7 collect$ 9 a copi$ manuscript volume by an e>ly transcrib]1 b )\t any ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s\rce :5ce !y 7 d]iv$4 ,?is copy is n[ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,b>b]9i palace at ,rome & 0 publi%$ "u ! title3 ,de moto e misura dell'acqua1 by ,,francesco ,,c>d9ali1 ,bologna #ahbh4 ,9 ?is "w ! texts are arrang$ "u ! foll[+ titles3 ,libr4 ,i4 ,della sp]a dell'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,ii4 ,del moto dell'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,iii4 ,dell'onda dell'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,iv4 ,dei retrosi d'acqua2 ,libr4 ,v4 ,dell'acqua cad5te2 ,libr4 ,,vi4 ,delle rotture fatte dall'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,vii ,delle cose portate dall'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,viii4 ,dell'oncia dell'acqua e delle canne2 ,libr4 ,,ix4 ,de mol9i e d'altri ordigni d'acqua4 ,! l>ge numb] ( isolat$ obs]vations scatt]$ ?r\gh ! manuscripts1 acc\nts = our s frequ5tly f9d+ notes ( new s*emes = ! arrangem5t ( ^? relat+ to wat] & its motions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus3 ,i h pr9t$ sev]al ( ^! plans z an introduction to ! ,physical ,geography1 & ,i h actually arrang$ ! texts 9 accordance ) ! clue af=d$ by "o ( !m :i* is und\bt$ly "o ( ! late/ notes ref]r+ to ! subject 7,no4 #ibj74 ,! text giv5 z ,no4 #icj :i* is also tak5 f a late note-book ( ,leon>do's1 s]v$ z a basis = ! arrangem5t ( ! fir/ ( ! sev5 books--or sections--1 be>+ ! title3 ,( ! ,nature ( ,wat] 7,dell'acque 9 se74 ,z ,i h n made x any "p ( ?is und]tak+ to pr9t ! passages :i* ref] to purely physical pr9ciples1 x has also be5 necess>y to exclude ^? practical rese>*es :i*1 9 accordance ) indications giv5 9 #ibj1 ought to come 9 z ,books #ac1 #ad & #ae4 ,i c only incid5tally m5tion "h t ,leon>do--z x seems to me1 especially 9 8 y\?--devot$ a great deal ( att5tion to ! con/ruction ( mills4 ,?is is prov$ by a numb] ( draw+s ( v c>eful & m9ute execution1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus4 ,nor 0 x possible to include 8 consid]ations on ! regulation ( riv]s1 ! mak+ ( canals & s =? 7,no4 #ibj1 ,books #aj1 #aa & #ab72 b ^? passages 9 :i* ! /ructure ( a canal is directly connect$ ) notices ( p>ticul> places w be f\nd duly ins]t$ "u section ,,xvii 7,topographical notes74 ,9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #e ! text ref]s to canal-mak+ 9 g5]al4 ,on "o po9t only c ! collection ( passages includ$ "u ! g5]al head+ ( ,physical ,geography claim to be complete4 ,:5 comp>+ & sort+ ! mat]ials = ?is "w ,i took p>ticul> c>e n to exclude or omit any text 9 :i* a geographical "n 0 m5tion$ ev5 incid5tally1 s9ce 9 all su* rese>*es ! *ief int]e/1 z x appe>$ to me1 atta*$ to ! "q :e!r ^! acute obs]vations on ! v>i\s local *>act]i/ics ( m\nta9s1 riv]s or seas1 _h be5 made by ,leon>do himself1 & on ! spot4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! few g5]al & some:at sup]ficial obs]vations on ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 on ,engl& & ,fl&]s1 mu/ h be5 obta9$ f maps or f "s in=mants1 & 9 ! case ( ,fl&]s ,leon>do himself ackn[l$ges ?is 7see ,no4 #ajjh74 ,b t mo/ ( ! o!r & m exact obs]vations 7 made1 on ! spot1 by ,leon>do himself1 may be safely assum$ f _! me?od & ! /yle 9 :i* he writes ( !m2 & we %\ld be> x 9 m9d t 9 all inve/igations1 ( :atev] k9d1 exp]i5ce is always spok5 ( z ! only basis on :i* he relies4 ,incid5tally1 z 9 ,no4 #ihd1 he ?9ks x necess>y to allude to ! total abs5ce ( all record$ obs]vations4 ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,s*emes = ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials 7#iai-ibh74 #iai4 ,^! books conta9 9 ! beg9n+3 ,( ! nature ( wat] itself 9 its motions2 ! o!rs treat ( ! effects ( its curr5ts1 :i* *ange ! _w 9 its c5tre & its %ape4 #ibj4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,book #a ( wat] 9 itself4 ,book #b ( ! sea4 ,book #c ( subt]ranean riv]s4 ,book #d ( riv]s4 ,book #e ( ! nature ( ! abyss4 ,book #f ( ! ob/acles4 ,book #g ( gravels4 ,book #h ( ! surface ( wat]4 ,book #i ( ! ?+s plac$ !re94 ,book #aj ( ! repair+ ( riv]s4 ,book #aa ( conduits4 ,book #ab ( canals4 ,book #ac ( ma*9es turn$ by wat]4 ,book #ad ( rais+ wat]4 ,book #ae ( matt]s worn away by wat]4 #iba4 ,fir/ y %all make a book treat+ ( places occupi$ by fre% wat]s1 & ! second by salt wat]s1 & ! ?ird1 h[ by ! disappe>ance ( ^!1 our p>ts ( ! _w 7 made light] & 9 consequ5ce m remote f ! c5tre ( ! _w4 #ibb4 ,fir/ write ( all wat]1 9 ea* ( its motions2 !n describe all its bottoms & _! v>i\s mat]ials1 always ref]r+ to ! propositions conc]n+ ! said wat]s2 & let ! ord] be good1 = o!rwise ! "w w be confus$4 ,describe all ! =ms tak5 by wat] f its greate/ to its smalle/ wave1 & _! causes4 #ibc4 ,book #i1 ( accid5tal ris+s ( wat]4 #ibd4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,place at ! beg9n+ :at a riv] c effect4 #ibe4 ,a book ( driv+ back armies by ! =ce ( a flood made by releas+ wat]s4 ,a book %[+ h[ ! wat]s safely br+ d[n timb] cut 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,a book ( boats driv5 aga9/ ! impetus ( riv]s4 ,a book ( rais+ l>ge bridges high]4 ,simply by ! swell+ ( ! wat]s4 ,a book ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! impetus ( riv]s s t t[ns may n be damag$ by !m4 #ibf4 ,a book ( ! ord]+ ( riv]s s z to pres]ve _! banks4 ,a book ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* w\ld /& =? & become l&1 if our hemisph]e 7 to be uncov]$ by ! wat]4 ,a book ( ! e>? c>ri$ d[n by ! wat]s to fill up ! great abyss ( ! seas4 ,a book ( ! ways 9 :i* a tempe/ may ( itself cle> out fill$ up sea-ports4 ,a book ( ! %ores ( riv]s & ( _! p]man5cy4 ,a book ( h[ to deal ) riv]s1 s t !y may keep _! bottom sc\r$ by _! own fl[ ne> ! cities !y pass4 ,a book ( h[ to make or to repair ! f\ndations = bridges ov] ! riv]s4 ,a book ( ! repairs :i* ought to be made 9 walls & banks ( riv]s :]e ! wat] /rikes !m4 ,a book ( ! =mation ( hills ( s& or gravel at great dep?s 9 wat]4 #ibg4 ,wat] gives ! fir/ impetus to its motion4 ,a book ( ! levell+ ( wat]s by v>i\s means1 ,a book ( div]t+ riv]s f places :]e !y d mis*ief4 ,a book ( guid+ riv]s :i* occupy too mu* gr\nd4 ,a book ( p>t+ riv]s into sev]al bran*es & mak+ !m =dable4 ,a book ( ! wat]s :i* ) v>i\s curr5ts pass ?r\gh seas4 ,a book ( deep5+ ! b$s ( riv]s by means ( curr5ts ( wat]4 ,a book ( controll+ riv]s s t ! little beg9n+s ( mis*ief1 caus$ by !m1 may n increase4 ,a book ( ! v>i\s movem5ts ( wat]s pass+ ?r\gh *annels ( diff]5t =ms4 ,a book ( prev5t+ small riv]s f div]t+ ! l>g] "o into :i* _! wat]s run4 ,a book ( ! l[e/ level :i* c be f\nd 9 ! curr5t ( ! surface ( riv]s4 ,a book ( ! orig9 ( riv]s :i* fl[ f ! high tops ( m\nta9s4 ,a book ( ! v>i\s motions ( wat]s 9 _! riv]s4 #ibh4 #a ,( inequality 9 ! concavity ( a %ip4 ,footnote #a3 ,! fir/ l9e ( ?is passage 0 add$ subsequ5tly1 evid5tly z a correction ( ! foll[+ l9e4 #a ,a book ( ! inequality 9 ! curve ( ! sides ( %ips4 #a ,a book ( ! inequality 9 ! position ( ! till]4 #a ,a book ( ! inequality 9 ! keel ( %ips4 #b ,a book ( v>i\s =ms ( ap]tures by :i* wat] fl[s out4 #c ,a book ( wat] conta9$ 9 vessels ) air1 & ( its movem5ts4 #d ,a book ( ! motion ( wat] ?r\gh a syphon4 ,footnote #g3 cicognole1 see ,no4 #iff1 #aa1 #ag4 #e ,a book ( ! meet+s & union ( wat]s com+ f diff]5t directions4 #f ,a book ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! banks ?r\gh :i* riv]s pass4 #g ,a book ( ! v>i\s =ms ( %oals =m$ "u ! sluices ( riv]s4 #h ,a book ( ! w9d+s & me&]+s ( ! curr5ts ( riv]s4 #i ,a book ( ! v>i\s places :5ce ! wat]s ( riv]s are d]iv$4 #aj ,a book ( ! configuration ( ! %ores ( riv]s & ( _! p]man5cy4 #aa ,a book ( ! p]p5dicul> fall ( wat] on v>i\s objects4 #ab ,abook ( ! c\rse ( wat] :5 x is imp$$ 9 v>i\s places4 #ab ,a book ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ob/acles :i* imp$e ! c\rse ( wat]s4 #ac ,a book ( ! concavity & globosity =m$ r\nd v>i\s objects at ! bottom4 #ad ,abook ( conduct+ navigable canals above or b5ea? ! riv]s :i* int]sect !m4 #ae ,a book ( ! soils :i* absorb wat] 9 canals & ( repair+ !m4 #af ,abook ( creat+ curr5ts = riv]s1 :i* quit _! b$s1 & = riv]s *ok$ ) soil4 ,g5]al introduction4 #ibi4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,wat]4 ,by ! anci5ts man has be5 call$ ! _w 9 m9iature2 & c]ta9ly ?is "n is well be/[$1 because1 inasmu* z man is compos$ ( e>?1 wat]1 air & fire1 8 body resembles t ( ! e>?2 & z man has 9 him bones ! supports & framework ( 8 fle%1 ! _w has its rocks ! supports ( ! e>?2 z man has 9 him a pool ( blood 9 :i* ! lungs rise & fall 9 brea?+1 s ! body ( ! e>? has its ocean tide :i* likewise rises & falls e six h\rs1 z if ! _w brea!d2 z 9 t pool ( blood ve9s h _! orig91 :i* ramify all ov] ! human body1 s likewise ! ocean sea fills ! body ( ! e>? ) inf9ite spr+s ( wat]4 ,! body ( ! e>? lacks s9ews & ?is is1 because ! s9ews are made expressely = movem5ts &1 ! _w be+ p]petually /able1 no movem5t takes place1 & no movem5t tak+ place1 muscles are n necess>y4 --,b 9 all o!r po9ts !y are mu* alike4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,wat]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ,book ,i4 #icj4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book ,,on ,,wat]4 ,def9e fir/ :at is meant by height & dep?2 also h[ ! elem5ts are situat$ "o inside ano!r4 ,!n1 :at is meant by solid weight & by liquid weight2 b fir/ :at weight & lightness are 9 !mselves4 ,!n describe :y wat] moves1 & :y its motion ceases2 !n :y x becomes sl[] or m rapid2 besides ?is1 h[ x always falls1 be+ 9 contact ) ! air b l[] ?an ! air4 ,& h[ wat] rises 9 ! air by means ( ! heat ( ! sun1 & !n falls aga9 9 ra92 aga91 :y wat] spr+s =? f ! tops ( m\nta9s2 & if ! wat] ( any spr+ high] ?an ! ocean c p\r =? wat] high] ?an ! surface ( t ocean4 ,& h[ all ! wat] t returns to ! ocean is high] ?an ! sph]e ( wat]s4 ,& h[ ! wat]s ( ! equatorial seas are high] ?an ! wat]s ( ! ,nor?1 & high] b5ea? ! body ( ! sun ?an 9 any "p ( ! equatorial circle2 = exp]im5t %[s t "u ! heat ( a burn+ br& ! wat] ne> ! br& boils1 & ! wat] surr\nd+ ?is ebullition always s9ks ) a circul> eddy4 ,& h[ ! wat]s ( ! ,nor? are l[] ?an ! o!r seas1 & m s z !y become cold]1 until !y are conv]t$ into ice4 ,def9itions 7#ica4 #icb74 #ica4 ,,( ,,:at ,,is ,,wat]4 ,among ! f\r elem5ts wat] is ! second bo? 9 weight & 9 in/ability4 #icb4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,wat]4 ,sea is ! "n giv5 to t wat] :i* is wide & deep1 9 :i* ! wat]s h n mu* motion4 ,footnote3 ,only ! beg9n+ ( ?is passage is "h giv51 ! rema9d] consi/s ( def9itions :i* h no direct be>+ on ! subject4 ,( ! surface ( ! wat] 9 relation to ! globe 7#icc-icf74 #icc4 ,! c5tres ( ! sph]e ( wat] are two1 "o univ]sal & common to all wat]1 ! o!r p>ticul>4 ,! univ]sal "o is t :i* is common to all wat]s n 9 motion1 :i* exi/ 9 great quantities4 ,z canals1 dit*es1 ponds1 f\nta9s1 wells1 dead riv]s1 lakes1 /agnant pools & seas1 :i*1 al?\gh !y are at v>i\s levels1 h ea* 9 itself ! limits ( _! sup]ficies equally di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 su* z lakes plac$ at ! tops ( high m\nta9s2 z ! lake ne> ,pietra ,pana & ! lake ( ! ,sybil ne> ,norcia2 & all ! lakes t give rise to great riv]s1 z ! ,tic9o f ,lago ,maggiore1 ! ,adda f ! lake ( ,como1 ! ,m9cio f ! lake ( ,g>da1 ! ,rh9e f ! lakes ( ,con/ance & ( ,*ur1 & f ! lake ( ,luc]ne1 l ! ,tigris :i* passes ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or c>ry+ ) x ! wat]s ( ?ree lakes1 "o above ! o!r at diff]5t heights ( :i* ! highe/ is ,munace1 ! middle "o ,pallas1 & ! l[e/ ,triton2 ! ,nile aga9 fl[s f ?ree v high lakes 9 ,e?iopia4 ,footnote #e3 ,pietra ,pana1 a m\nta9 ne> ,flor5ce4 ,if = ,norcia1 we may read ,nor*ia1 ! rema9s ( ! ,etruscan city ne> ,vit]bo1 !re c be no d\bt t by ',lago della ,sibilla'--a "n n kn[n else:]e1 s f> z ,i c le>n--,leon>do meant ,lago di ,vico 7,lacus ,cim9us1 ,a54 #g74 #icd4 ,,( ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4 ,! c5tre ( ! sph]e ( wat]s is ! true c5tre ( ! globe ( our _w1 :i* is compos$ ( wat] & e>?1 hav+ ! %ape ( a sph]e4 ,b1 if y want to f9d ! c5tre ( ! elem5t ( ! e>?1 ?is is plac$ at a po9t equidi/ant f ! surface ( ! ocean1 & n equidi/ant f ! surface ( ! e>?2 = x is evid5t t ?is globe ( e>? has n[h]e any p]fect rotundity1 except+ 9 places :]e ! sea is1 or m>%es or o!r /ill wat]s4 ,& e "p ( ! e>? t rises above ! wat] is f>!r f ! c5tre4 #ice4 ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,:i* ,,*anges ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! %ells1 oy/]s1 & o!r simil> animals1 :i* orig9ate 9 sea-mud1 be> witness to ! *anges ( ! e>? r\nd ! c5tre ( our elem5ts4 ,?is is prov$ ?us3 ,great riv]s always run turbid1 be+ col\r$ by ! e>?1 :i* is /irr$ by ! friction ( _! wat]s at ! bottom & on _! %ores2 & ?is we>+ di/urbs ! face ( ! /rata made by ! lay]s ( %ells1 :i* lie on ! surface ( ! m>9e mud1 & :i* 7 produc$ !re :5 ! salt wat]s cov]$ !m2 & ^! /rata 7 cov]$ ov] aga9 f "t to "t1 ) mud ( v>i\s ?ickness1 or c>ri$ d[n to ! sea by ! riv]s & floods ( m or less ext5t2 & ?us ^! lay]s ( mud became rais$ to su* a height1 t !y came up f ! bottom to ! air4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! bottoms are s high t !y =m hills or high m\nta9s1 & ! riv]s1 :i* we> away ! sides ( ^! m\nta9s1 uncov] ! /rata ( ^! %ells1 & ?us ! s(t5$ side ( ! e>? cont9ually rises & ! antipodes s9k clos] to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & ! anci5t bottoms ( ! seas h become m\nta9 ridges4 #icf4 ,let ! e>? make :atev] *anges x may 9 its weight1 ! surface ( ! sph]e ( wat]s c nev] v>y 9 its equal di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,( ! proportion ( ! mass ( wat] to t ( ! e>? 7#icg4 #ich74 #icg4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,,less ,,?an ,,! ,,wat]4 ,"s ass]t t x is true t ! e>?1 :i* is n cov]$ by wat] is mu* less ?an t cov]$ by wat]4 ,b consid]+ ! size ( #gjjj miles 9 diamet] :i* is t ( ?is e>?1 we may conclude ! wat] to be ( small dep?4 #ich4 ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! great elevations ( ! peaks ( ! m\nta9s above ! sph]e ( ! wat] may h result$ f ?is t3 a v l>ge portion ( ! e>? :i* 0 fill$ ) wat] t is to say ! va/ cav]n inside ! e>? may h fall5 9 a va/ "p ( its vault t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 be+ pi]c$ by means ( ! c\rse ( ! spr+s :i* cont9ually we> away ! place :]e !y pass4 ,s9k+ 9 ( c\ntries l ! ,dead ,sea 9 ,syria1 t is ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,x is ( necessity t !re %\ld be m wat] ?an l&1 & ! visible portion ( ! sea does n %[ ?is2 s t !re mu/ be a great deal ( wat] inside ! e>?1 besides t :i* rises into ! l[] air & :i* fl[s ?r\gh riv]s & spr+s4 ,footnote3 ,! small sket* bel[ on ! left1 is plac$ 9 ! orig9al close to ! text ref]r+ to ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! !ory ( ,plato4 #ici4 ,,! ,,figures ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts4 ,( ! figures ( ! elem5ts2 & fir/ z aga9/ ^? :o d5y ! op9ions ( ,plato1 & :o say t if ! elem5ts include "o ano!r 9 ! =ms attribut$ to !m by ,plato !y w\ld cause a vacuum "o )9 ! o!r4 ,i say x is n true1 & ,i "h prove x1 b fir/ ,i desire to prop\nd "s conclusions4 ,x is n necess>y t ! elem5ts :i* include ea* o!r %\ld be ( correspond+ magnitude 9 all ! p>ts1 ( t :i* includes & ( t :i* is includ$4 ,we see t ! sph]e ( ! wat]s v>ies conspicu\sly 9 mass f ! surface to ! bottom1 & t1 f> f inve/+ ! e>? :5 t 0 9 ! =m ( a cube t is ( #h angles z ,plato w h x1 t x inve/s ! e>? :i* has innum]able angles ( rock cov]$ by ! wat] & v>i\s prom95ces & concavities1 & yet no vacuum is g5]at$ betwe5 ! e>? & wat]2 aga91 ! air inve/s ! sph]e ( wat]s toge!r ) ! m\nta9s & valleys1 :i* rise above t sph]e1 & no vacuum rema9s betwe5 ! e>? & ! air1 s t any "o :o says a vacuum is g5]at$1 speaks fooli%ly4 ,b to ,plato ,i w\ld reply t ! surface ( ! figures :i* accord+ to him ! elem5ts w\ld h1 c\ld n exi/4 ,t ! fl[ ( riv]s proves ! slope ( ! l&4 #idj4 ,,proves ,,h[ ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,,n ,,globul> ,,& ,,n ,,be+ ,,globul> ,,_c ,,h ,a ,,common ,,c5tre4 ,we see ! ,nile come f ,s\!rn regions & trav]se v>i\s prov9ces1 runn+ t[>ds ! ,nor? = a di/ance ( #cjjj miles & fl[ into ! ,m$it]ranean by ! %ores ( ,egypt2 & if we w give to ?is a fall ( t5 braccia a mile1 z is usually all[$ to ! c\rse ( riv]s 9 g5]al1 we %all f9d t ! ,nile mu/ h its m\? t5 miles l[] ?an its s\rce4 ,aga91 we see ! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhone & ! ,danube />t+ f ! ,g]man p>ts1 almo/ ! c5tre ( ,europe1 & hav+ a c\rse "o to ! ,ea/1 ! o!r to ! ,nor?1 & ! la/ to ,s\!rn seas4 ,& if y consid] all ?is y w see t ! pla9s ( ,europe 9 _! aggregate are mu* high] ?an ! high peaks ( ! m>itime m\nta9s2 ?9k !n h[ mu* _! tops mu/ be above ! sea %ores4 ,!ory ( ! elevation ( wat] )9 ! m\nta9s4 #ida4 ,,( ,,! ,,heat ,,t ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,:]e !re is life !re is heat1 & :]e vital heat is1 !re is movem5t ( vap\r4 ,?is is prov$1 inasmu* z we see t ! elem5t ( fire by its heat always draws to itself damp vap\rs & ?ick mi/s z opaque cl\ds1 :i* x raises f seas z well z lakes & riv]s & damp valleys2 & ^! be+ drawn by degrees z f> z ! cold region1 ! fir/ portion /ops1 because heat & moi/ure _c exi/ ) cold & dryness2 & :]e ! fir/ portion /ops ! re/ settle1 & ?us "o portion aft] ano!r be+ add$1 ?ick & d>k cl\ds are =m$4 ,!y are (t5 waft$ ab\t & borne by ! w9ds f "o region to ano!r1 :]e by _! d5sity !y become s heavy t !y fall 9 ?ick ra92 & if ! heat ( ! sun is add$ to ! p[] ( ! elem5t ( fire1 ! cl\ds are drawn up high] /ill & f9d a great] degree ( cold1 9 :i* !y =m ice & fall 9 /orms ( hail4 ,n[ ! same heat :i* holds up s great a weight ( wat] z is se5 to ra9 f ! cl\ds1 draws !m f bel[ upw>ds1 f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 & leads & holds !m )9 ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 & ^!1 f9d+ "s fissure1 issue cont9u\sly & cause riv]s4 ,! relative height ( ! surface ( ! sea to t ( ! l& 7#idb-ide74 #idb4 ,,( ,,! ,,sea1 ,,:i* ,,to ,,_m ,,fools ,,appe>s ,,to ,,be ,,high] ,,?an ,,! ,,e>? ,,:i* ,,=ms ,,its ,,%ore4 b d is a pla9 ?r\gh :i* a riv] fl[s to ! sea2 ?is pla9 ends at ! sea1 & s9ce 9 fact ! dry l& t is uncov]$ is n p]fectly level--=1 if x 71 ! riv] w\ld h no motion--z ! riv] does move1 ?is place is a slope r ?an a pla92 h5ce ?is pla9 d b s ends :]e ! sph]e ( wat] beg9s t if x 7 ext5d$ 9 a cont9u\s l9e to b a x w\ld g d[n b5ea? ! sea1 :5ce x foll[s t ! sea a c b looks high] ?an ! dry l&4 ,obvi\sly no portions ( dry l& left uncov]$ by wat] c ev] be l[] ?an ! surface ( ! wat]y sph]e4 #idc4 ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,p]sons ,,:o ,,say ,,! ,,wat]s ,,7 ,,high] ,,?an ,,! ,,dry ,,l&4 ,c]ta9ly ,i wond] n a little at ! common op9ion :i* is contr>y to tru?1 b held by ! univ]sal cons5t ( ! judgm5t ( m54 ,& ?is is t all are agre$ t ! surface ( ! sea is high] ?an ! highe/ peaks ( ! m\nta9s2 & !y allege _m va9 & *ildi% reasons1 aga9/ :i* ,i w allege only "o simple & %ort reason2 ,we see pla9ly t if we c\ld remove ! %ores ( ! sea1 x w\ld inve/ ! :ole e>? & make x a p]fect sph]e4 ,n[1 consid] h[ mu* e>? w\ld be c>ri$ away to enable ! waves ( ! sea to cov] ! _w2 !re=e t :i* w\ld be c>ri$ away mu/ be high] ?an ! sea-%ore4 #idd4 ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,"s ,,p]sons ,,:o ,,say ,,t ,,! ,,wat] ,,( ,,"s ,,seas ,,is ,,high] ,,?an ,,! ,,highe/ ,,summits ,,( ,,m\nta9s2 ,,& ,,nev]!less ,,! ,,wat] ,,0 ,,=c$ ,,up ,,to ,,^! ,,summits4 ,wat] w\ld n move f place to place if x 7 n t x seeks ! l[e/ level & by a natural consequ5ce x nev] c return to a height l t ( ! place :]e x fir/ on issu+ f ! m\nta9 came to light4 ,& t portion ( ! sea :i*1 9 y\r va9 imag9+1 y say 0 s high t x fl[$ ov] ! summits ( ! high m\nta9s1 = s _m c5turies w\ld be swall[$ up & p\r$ out aga9 ?r\gh ! issue f ^! m\nta9s4 ,y c well imag9e t all ! "t t ,tigris & ,euphrates #ide4 h fl[$ f ! summits ( ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 x mu/ be believ$ t all ! wat] ( ! ocean has pass$ v _m times ?r\gh ^! m\?s4 ,& d y n believe t ! ,nile mu/ h s5t m wat] into ! sea ?an at pres5t exi/s ( all ! elem5t ( wat]8 ,und\bt$ly1 yes4 ,& if all ?is wat] _h fall5 away f ?is body ( ! e>?1 ?is t]re/rial ma*9e w\ld long s9ce h be5 )\t wat]4 ,:5ce we may conclude t ! wat] goes f ! riv]s to ! sea1 & f ! sea to ! riv]s1 ?us con/antly circulat+ & return+1 & t all ! sea & ! riv]s h pass$ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,nile an inf9ite numb] ( times ,footnote3 ,moti ,arm5i1 ,erm9i 9 ! orig9al1 9 ,m4 ,,ravaisson',s transcript monti ern9i le loro ru9e84 ,he r5d]s ?is ,le ,tigre et l',euphrate se sont dev]ses p> les sommets des montagnes avec leurs eaux de/ructives8 on p5t cro're c4 ,leon>do always writes ,erm9i1 ,erm9ia1 = ,arm5i1 ,arm5ia 7,arabic3 ,irm9iah74 ,m4 ,,ravaisson also deviates f ! orig9al 9 8 translation ( ! foll[+ passage3 ,or tu ne crois pas que le ,nil ait mis plus d'eau dans la m] qu'il n'y en a a pres5t dans t\t l'elem5t de l'eau4 ,il e/ c]ta9 que si cette eau etait tombee c4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,ocean4 ,refutation ( ,pl9y's !ory z to ! saltness ( ! sea 7#idf4 #idg74 #idf4 ,,:y ,,wat] ,,is ,,salt4 ,pl9y says 9 8 second book1 *apt] #ajc1 t ! wat] ( ! sea is salt because ! heat ( ! sun dries up ! moi/ure & dr9ks x up2 & ?is gives to ! wide /ret*+ sea ! sav\r ( salt4 ,b ?is _c be admitt$1 because if ! saltness ( ! sea 7 caus$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 !re c be no d\bt t lakes1 pools & m>%es w\ld be s mu* ! m salt1 z _! wat]s h less motion & are ( less dep?2 b exp]i5ce %[s u1 on ! contr>y1 t ^! lakes h _! wat]s q free f salt4 ,aga9 x is /at$ by ,pl9y 9 ! same *apt] t ?is saltness might orig9ate1 because all ! sweet & subtle portions :i* ! heat attracts easily be+ tak5 away1 ! m bitt] & co>s] "p w rema91 & ?us ! wat] on ! surface is fre%] ?an at ! bottom ,footnote #bb3 ,comp>e ,no4 #idh42 b ?is is contradict$ by ! same reason giv5 above1 :i* is1 t ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 9 m>%es & o!r wat]s1 :i* are dri$ up by ! heat4 ,aga91 x has be5 said t ! saltness ( ! sea is ! sweat ( ! e>?2 to ?is x may be answ]$ t all ! spr+s ( wat] :i* p5etrate ?r\gh ! e>?1 w\ld !n be salt4 ,b ! conclusion is1 t ! saltness ( ! sea mu/ proce$ f ! _m spr+s ( wat] :i*1 z !y p5etrate into ! e>?1 f9d m9es ( salt & ^! !y dissolve 9 "p1 & c>ry ) !m to ! ocean & ! o!r seas1 :5ce ! cl\ds1 ! begett]s ( riv]s1 nev] c>ry x up4 ,& ! sea w\ld be salt] 9 our times ?an ev] x 0 at any "t2 & if ! adv]s>y 7 to say t 9 inf9ite "t ! sea w\ld dry up or congeal into salt1 to ?is ,i answ] t ?is salt is re/or$ to ! e>? by ! sett+ free ( t "p ( ! e>? :i* rises out ( ! sea ) ! salt x has acquir$1 & ! riv]s return x to ! e>? "u ! sea4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,ii1 ,,ciii ,c4 ,itaque ,solis ardore siccatur liquor3 et hoc esse masculum sidus accepimus1 torr5s cuncta sorb5sque4 7cp4 ,,civ47 ,sic m>i late pat5ti saporem incoqui salis1 aut quia exhau/o inde dulci t5uique1 quod facillime trahat vis ignea1 omne asp]ius crassiusque l9quatur3 ideo summa aequorum aqua dulciorem pr(undam2 hanc esse v]iorem causam1 quam quod m>e t]rae sudor sit aet]nus3 aut quia plurimum ex arido misceatur illi vapore3 aut quia t]rae natura sicut m$icatas aquas inficiat 444 7cp4 ,,cv73 altissimum m>e ,,xv4 /adiorum ,fabianus tradit4 ,alii n ,ponto coadv]so ,coraxorum g5tis 7vocant ,b ,ponti7 trec5tis f]e a cont95ti /adiis imm5sam altitud9em m>is tradunt1 vadis nunquam rep]tis4 7cp4 ,,cvi ,,ciii7 ,mirabilius id faciunt aquae dulces1 juxta m>e1 ut fi/ulis emicantes4 ,nam nec aqu>um natura a miraculis cessat4 ,dulces m>i invehuntur1 leviores haud dubie4 ,ideo et m>9ae1 qu>um natura gravior1 magis invecta su/95t4 ,qua$am v]o et dulces int] se sup]meant alias4 #idg4 ,= ! ?ird & la/ reason we w say t salt is 9 all creat$ ?+s2 & ?is we le>n f wat] pass$ ov] ! a%es & c9d]s ( burnt ?+s2 & ! ur9e ( e animal1 & ! sup]fluities issu+ f _! bodies1 & ! e>? into :i* all ?+s are conv]t$ by corruption4 ,b1--to put x bett]1--giv5 t ! _w is ev]la/+1 x mu/ be admitt$ t its population w also be et]nal2 h5ce ! human species has et]nally be5 & w\ld be consum]s ( salt2 & if all ! mass ( ! e>? 7 to be turn$ into salt1 x w\ld n suffice = all human food ,footnote #bg3 ,t is1 on ! supposition t salt1 once consum$1 disappe>s = ev]42 :5ce we are =c$ to admit1 ei!r t ! species ( salt mu/ be ev]la/+ l ! _w1 or t x dies & is born aga9 l ! m5 :o dev\r x4 ,b z exp]i5ce tea*es u t x does n die1 z is evid5t by fire1 :i* does n consume x1 & by wat] :i* becomes salt 9 proportion to ! quantity dissolv$ 9 x1--& :5 x is evaporat$ ! salt always rema9s 9 ! orig9al quantity--x mu/ pass ?r\gh ! bodies ( m5 ei!r 9 ! ur9e or ! sweat or o!r excretions :]e x is f\nd aga92 & z mu* salt is ?us got rid ( z is c>ri$ e ye> into t[ns2 !re=e salt is dug 9 places :]e !re is ur9e4-- ,sea hogs & sea w9ds are salt4 ,we w say t ! ra9s :i* p5etrate ! e>? are :at is "u ! f\ndations ( cities ) _! inhabitants1 & are :at re/ore ?r\gh ! int]nal passages ( ! e>? ! saltness tak5 f ! sea2 & t ! *ange 9 ! place ( ! sea1 :i* has be5 ov] all ! m\nta9s1 caus$ x to be left !re 9 ! m9es f\nd 9 ^? m\nta9s1 c4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( sea wat] 7#idh4 #idi74 #idh4 ,! wat]s ( ! salt sea are fre% at ! greate/ dep?s4 #idi4 ,,t ,,! ,,ocean ,,does ,,n ,,p5etrate ,,"u ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! ocean does n p5etrate "u ! e>?1 & ?is we le>n f ! _m & v>i\s spr+s ( fre% wat] :i*1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ocean make _! way up f ! bottom to ! surface4 ,! same ?+ is f>!r prov$ by wells dug beyond ! di/ance ( a mile f ! said ocean1 :i* fill ) fre% wat]2 & ?is happ5s because ! fre% wat] is light] ?an salt wat] & consequ5tly m p5etrat+4 ,:i* weighs mo/1 wat] :5 froz5 or :5 n froz58 ,,fre% ,,wat] ,,p5etrates ,,m ,,aga9/ ,,salt ,,wat] ,,?an ,,salt ,,wat] ,,aga9/ ,,fre% ,,wat]4 ,t fre% wat] p5etrates m aga9/ salt wat]1 ?an salt wat] aga9/ fre% is prov$ by a ?9 clo? dry & old1 hang+ ) ! two opposite ends equally l[ 9 ! two diff]5t wat]s1 ! surfaces ( :i* are at an equal level2 & x w !n be se5 h[ mu* high] ! fre% wat] w rise 9 ?is piece ( l95 ?an ! salt2 by s mu* is ! fre% light] ?an ! salt4 ,on ! =mation ( ,gulfs 7#iej4 #iea74 #iej4 ,all inl& seas & ! gulfs ( ^? seas1 are made by riv]s :i* fl[ into ! sea4 #iea4 ,,"h ,,! ,,reason ,,is ,,giv5 ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! ,,wat]s ,,9 ,,! ,,above ,,m5tion$ ,,place4 ,all ! lakes & all ! gulfs ( ! sea & all inl& seas are due to riv]s :i* di/ribute _! wat]s into !m1 & f imp$im5ts 9 _! d[nfall into ! ,m$it]ranean --:i* divides ,africa f ,europe & ,europe f ,asia by means ( ! ,nile & ! ,don :i* p\r _! wat]s into x4 ,x is ask$ :at imp$im5t is great en\gh to /op ! c\rse ( ! wat]s :i* d n rea* ! ocean4 ,on ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on ! l& & vice v]sa 7#ieb-ied74 #ieb4 ,,( ,,waves4 ,a wave ( ! sea always breaks 9 front ( its base1 & t portion ( ! cre/ w !n be l[e/ :i* be=e 0 highe/4 ,footnote3 ,! page ( ,,francesco ,,di ,,giorgio',s ,trattato1 on :i* ,leon>do has writt5 ?is rem>k1 conta9s "s notes on ! con/ruction ( dams1 h>b\rs c4 #iec4 ,t ! %ores ( ! sea con/antly acquire m soil t[>ds ! middle ( ! sea2 t ! rocks & promontories ( ! sea are con/antly be+ ru9$ & worn away2 t ! ,m$it]ranean seas w 9 "t discov] _! bottom to ! air1 & all t w be left w be ! *annel ( ! greate/ riv] t ent]s x2 & ?is w run to ! ocean & p\r its wat]s into t ) ^? ( all ! riv]s t are its tribut>ies4 #ied4 ,h[ ! riv] ,po1 9 a %ort "t might dry up ! ,adriatic sea 9 ! same way z x has dri$ up a l>ge "p ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide 7#iee-ifj74 #iee4 ,:]e !re is a l>g] quantity ( wat]1 !re is a great] fl[ & ebb1 b ! contr>y 9 n>r[ wat]s4 ,look :e!r ! sea is at its greate/ fl[ :5 ! moon is half way ov] our hemisph]e on ! m]idian4 #ief4 ,:e!r ! fl[ & ebb are caus$ by ! moon or ! sun1 or are ! brea?+ ( ?is t]re/rial ma*9e4 ,t ! fl[ & ebb are diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries & seas4 ,footnote3 #a4 ,allusion may "h be made to ! my?ological explanation ( ! ebb & fl[ giv5 9 ! ,edda4 ,utg>dloki says to ,?or 7,gylfag9n+ #dh73 ,:5 ?\ w]t dr9k+ out ( ! horn1 & x seem$ to !e t x 0 sl[ 9 empty+ a wond] befell1 :i* ,i %\ld n h believ$ possible3 ! o!r end ( ! horn lay 9 ! sea1 :i* ?\ sawe/ n2 b :5 ?\ %alt g to ! sea1 ?\ %alt see h[ mu* ?\ ha/ drunk out ( x4 ,& t m5 n[ call ! ebb tide4 ,sev]al passages 9 v>i\s manuscripts treat ( ! ebb & fl[4 ,9 collect+ !m ,i h be5 guid$ by ! rule only to transcribe ^? :i* nam$ "s p>ticul> spot4 #ieg4 ,book #i ( ! meet+ ( riv]s & _! fl[ & ebb4 ,! cause is ! same 9 ! sea1 :]e x is caus$ by ! /raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,& aga9 x is caus$ by :irlpools4 #ieh4 ,,( ,,! ,,fl[ ,,& ,,ebb4 ,all seas h _! fl[ & ebb 9 ! same p]iod1 b !y seem to v>y because ! days d n beg9 at ! same "t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 9 su* wise z t :5 x is midday 9 our hemisph]e1 x is midnight 9 ! opposite hemisph]e2 & at ! ,ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! two hemisph]es ! night beg9s :i* foll[s on ! day1 & at ! ,we/]n b\nd>y ( ^! hemisph]es beg9s ! day1 :i* foll[s ! night f ! opposite side4 ,h5ce x is to be inf]r$ t ! above m5tion$ swell+ & dim9ution 9 ! height ( ! seas1 al?\gh !y take place 9 "o & ! same space ( "t1 are se5 to v>y f ! above m5tion$ causes4 ,! wat]s are !n )drawn into ! fissures :i* />t f ! dep?s ( ! sea & :i* ramify inside ! body ( ! e>?1 correspond+ to ! s\rces ( riv]s1 :i* are con/antly tak+ f ! bottom ( ! sea ! wat] :i* has fl[$ into x4 ,a sea ( wat] is incessantly be+ drawn (f f ! surface ( ! sea4 ,& if y %\ld ?9k t ! moon1 ris+ at ! ,ea/]n end ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea mu/ !re beg9 to attract to h]self ! wat]s ( ! sea1 x w\ld foll[ t we mu/ at once see ! effect ( x at ! ,ea/]n end ( t sea4 ,aga91 z ! ,m$it]ranean sea is ab\t ! eigh? "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! aque\s sph]e1 be+ #cjjj miles long1 :ile ! fl[ & ebb only occur #d times 9 #bd h\rs1 ^! results w\ld n agree ) ! "t ( #bd h\rs1 unless ?is ,m$it]ranean sea 7 six ?\s& miles 9 l5g?2 because if su* a sup]abundance ( wat] _h to pass ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,gibralt> 9 runn+ beh9d ! moon1 ! ru% ( ! wat] ?r\gh t /rait w\ld be s great1 & w\ld rise to su* a height1 t beyond ! /raits x w\ld = _m miles ru% s viol5tly into ! ocean z to cause floods & trem5d\s see?+1 s t x w\ld be impossible to pass ?r\gh4 ,?is agitat$ ocean w\ld aft]w>ds return ! wat]s x _h receiv$ ) equal fury to ! place !y _h come f1 s t no "o ev] c\ld pass ?r\gh ^? /raits4 ,n[ exp]i5ce %[s t at e h\r !y are pass$ 9 safety1 b :5 ! w9d sets 9 ! same direction z ! curr5t1 ! /rong ebb increases ,footnote #bc3 ,9 attempt+ to get out ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 vessels are sometimes deta9$ = a consid]able "t2 n m]ely by ! causes m5tion$ by ,leon>do b by ! con/ant curr5t fl[+ ea/w>ds ?r\gh ! middle ( ! /raits ( ,gibralt>44 ,! sea does n raise ! wat] t has issu$ f ! /raits1 b x *ecks !m & ?is ret>ds ! tide2 !n x makes up ) furi\s ha/e = ! "t x has lo/ until ! end ( ! ebb movem5t4 #iei4 ,t ! fl[ & ebb are n g5]al2 = on ! %ore at ,g5oa !re is none1 at ,v5ice two braccia1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,fl&]s #ah braccia4 ,t 9 ! /raits ( ,sicily ! curr5t is v /rong because all ! wat]s f ! riv]s t fl[ into ! ,adriatic pass !re4 ,footnote3 ,a few m rec5t data may be giv5 "h to facilitate comp>ison4 ,9 ! ,adriatic ! tide rises #b & #a_/b feet1 at ,t]rac9a #a #a_/d4 ,9 ! ,engli% *annel betwe5 ,calais & ,k5t x rises f #ah to #bj feet4 ,9 ! /raits ( ,mess9a x rises no m ?an #b #a_/b feet1 & t only 9 /ormy wea!r1 b ! curr5t is all ! /rong]4 ,:5 ,leon>do acc\nts = ?is by ! s\?w>d fl[ ( all ! ,italian riv]s along ! coa/s1 ! explanation is at lea/ bas$ on a correct obs]vation2 namely t a /eady curr5t fl[s s\?w>ds along ! coa/ ( ,calabria & ano!r nor?w>ds1 along ! %ores ( ,sicily2 he seems to inf]1 f ! direction ( ! fu/1 t ! tide 9 ! ,adriatic is caus$ by x4 #ifj4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ne> to ,fl&]s1 ! sea rises & decreases e #f h\rs ab\t #bj braccia1 & #bb :5 ! moon is 9 its fav\r2 b #bj braccia is ! g5]al rule1 & ?is rule1 z x is evid5t1 _c h ! moon = its cause4 ,?is v>iation 9 ! increase & decrease ( ! sea e #f h\rs may arise f ! damm+ up ( ! wat]s1 :i* are p\r$ into ! ,m$it]ranean by ! quantity ( riv]s f ,africa1 ,asia & ,europe1 :i* fl[ into t sea1 & ! wat]s :i* are giv5 to x by ^? riv]s2 x p\rs !m to ! ocean ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 betwe5 ,abila & ,calpe ,footnote #e3 ,abila1 ,lat4 ,abyla1 ,gr4 1 n[ ,si]ra ,ximi]a ne> ,ceuta2 ,calpe1 ,lat4 ,calpe4 ,gr41 n[ ,gibralt>4 ,leon>do "h uses ! anci5t names ( ! rocks1 :i* 7 kn[n z ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules44 ,t ocean ext5ds to ! isl& ( ,engl& & o!rs f>!r ,nor?1 & x becomes damm$ up & kept high 9 v>i\s gulfs4 ,^!1 be+ seas ( :i* ! surface is remote f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 h acquir$ a weight1 :i* z x is great] ?an ! =ce ( ! incom+ wat]s :i* cause x1 gives ?is wat] an impetus 9 ! contr>y direction to t 9 :i* x came & x is borne back to meet ! wat]s com+ out ( ! /raits2 & ?is x does mo/ aga9/ ! /raits ( ,gibralt>2 ^!1 s long z ?is goes on1 rema9 damm$ up & all ! wat] :i* is p\r$ out mean:ile by ! a=em5tion$ riv]s1 is p5t up 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 & ?is might be assign$ z ! cause ( its fl[ & ebb1 z is %[n 9 ! #ba/ ( ! #d? ( my !ory4 ,,iii4 ,,subt]ranean ,,wat] ,,c\rses4 ,!ory ( ! circulation ( ! wat]s 7#ifa4 #ifb74 #ifa4 ,v l>ge riv]s fl[ "u gr\nd4 #ifb4 ,?is is meant to repres5t ! e>? cut ?r\gh 9 ! middle1 %[+ ! dep?s ( ! sea & ( ! e>?2 ! wat]s />t f ! bottom ( ! seas1 & ramify+ ?r\gh ! e>? !y rise to ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 fl[+ back by ! riv]s & return+ to ! sea4 ,obs]vations 9 support ( ! hypo!sis 7#ifc-ifi74 #ifc4 ,! wat]s circulate ) con/ant motion f ! utmo/ dep?s ( ! sea to ! highe/ summits ( ! m\nta9s1 n obey+ ! nature ( heavy matt]2 & 9 ?is case x acts z does ! blood ( animals :i* is always mov+ f ! sea ( ! he>t & fl[s to ! top ( _! heads2 & "h x is t ve9s bur/--z "o may see :5 a ve9 bur/s 9 ! nose1 t all ! blood f bel[ rises to ! level ( ! bur/ ve94 ,:5 ! wat] ru%es out ( a bur/ ve9 9 ! e>? x obeys ! nature ( o!r ?+s heavi] ?an ! air1 :5ce x always seeks ! l[e/ places4 #g ,^! wat]s trav]se ! body ( ! e>? ) inf9ite ramifications4 ,footnote3 ,! great] "p ( ?is passage has be5 giv5 z ,no4 #hdi 9 ! section on ,anatomy4 #ifd4 ,! same cause :i* /irs ! hum\rs 9 e species ( animal body & by :i* e injury is repair$1 also moves ! wat]s f ! utmo/ dep? ( ! sea to ! greate/ heights4 #ife4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( wat] t x con/itutes ! vital human ( ?is arid e>?2 & ! cause :i* moves x ?r\gh its ramifi$ ve9s1 aga9/ ! natural c\rse ( heavy matt]s1 is ! same prop]ty :i* moves ! hum\rs 9 e species ( animal body4 ,b t :i* cr[ns our wond] 9 contemplat+ x is1 t x rises f ! utmo/ dep?s ( ! sea to ! highe/ tops ( ! m\nta9s1 & fl[+ f ! op5$ ve9s returns to ! l[ seas2 !n once m1 & ) extreme swiftness1 x m\nts aga9 & returns by ! same desc5t1 ?us ris+ f ! inside to ! outside1 & go+ r\nd f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 f :5ce x ru%es d[n 9 a natural c\rse4 ,?us by ^! two movem5ts comb9$ 9 a con/ant circulation1 x travels ?r\gh ! ve9s ( ! e>?4 #iff4 ,,:e!r ,,wat] ,,rises ,,f ,,! ,,sea ,,to ,,! ,,tops ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,! wat] ( ! ocean _c make its way f ! bases to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd x1 b only s mu* rises z ! dryness ( ! m\nta9 attracts4 ,& if1 on ! contr>y1 ! ra91 :i* p5etrates f ! summit ( ! m\nta9 to ! base1 :i* is ! b\nd>y ( ! sea1 desc5ds & s(t5s ! slope opposite to ! said m\nta9 & con/antly draws ! wat]1 l a syphon ,footnote #aa3 ,cicognola1 ,syphon4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #a4 :i* p\rs ?r\gh its longe/ side1 x mu/ be ?is :i* draws up ! wat] ( ! sea2 ?us if s n 7 ! surface ( ! sea1 & ! ra9 desc5ds f ! top ( ! m\nta9 a to n on "o side1 & on ! o!r sides x desc5ds f a to m1 )\t a d\bt ?is w\ld occur aft] ! mann] ( di/ill+ ?r\gh felt1 or z happ5s ?r\gh ! tubes call$ syphons ,footnote #ag3 ,cicognola1 ,syphon4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #a44 ,& at all times ! wat] :i* has s(t5$ ! m\nta91 by ! great ra9 :i* runs d[n ! two opposite sides1 w\ld con/antly attract ! ra9 a n1 on its longe/ side toge!r ) ! wat] f ! sea1 if t side ( ! m\nta9 a m 7 long] ?an ! o!r a n2 b ?is _c be1 because no "p ( ! e>? :i* is n subm]g$ by ! ocean c be l[] ?an t ocean4 #ifg4 ,,( ,,spr+s ,,( ,,wat] ,,on ,,! ,,tops ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,x is q evid5t t ! :ole surface ( ! ocean--:5 !re is no /orm--is at an equal di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & t ! tops ( ! m\nta9s are f>!r f ?is c5tre 9 proportion z !y rise above ! surface ( t sea2 !re=e if ! body ( ! e>? 7 n l t ( man1 x w\ld be impossible t ! wat]s ( ! sea--be+ s mu* l[] ?an ! m\nta9s--c\ld by _! nature rise up to ! summits ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,h5ce x is to be believ$ t ! same cause :i* keeps ! blood at ! top ( ! head 9 man keeps ! wat] at ! summits ( ! m\nta9s4 ,footnote3 ,?is conception ( ! ris+ ( ! blood1 :i* has giv5 rise to ! comp>ison1 0 recognis$ z errone\s by ,leon>do himself at a lat] p]iod4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,,ms4 ,a1 f :i* ^! passages are tak51 0 writt5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s e>li] ?an ! ,,ms4 ,leic4 7,nos4 #ifc & #hdi7 & tw5ty-five ye>s be=e ! ,,ms4 ,w4 ,an4 ,,iv4 ,!re is1 9 ! orig9al a sket* ) ,no4 #ifh :i* is n reproduc$4 ,x repres5ts a hill ( ! same %ape z t %[n at ,no4 #ihb4 ,!re are ve9s1 or bran*$ /reams1 on ! side ( ! hill1 l ^? on ! skull ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #d #ifh4 ,,9 ,,confirmation ,,( ,,:y ,,! ,,wat] ,,goes ,,to ,,! ,,tops ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,i say t j z ! natural heat ( ! blood 9 ! ve9s keeps x 9 ! head ( man1--= :5 ! man is dead ! cold blood s9ks to ! l[] p>ts--& :5 ! sun is hot on ! head ( a man ! blood increases & rises s mu*1 ) o!r hum\rs1 t by pressure 9 ! ve9s pa9s 9 ! head are (t5 caus$2 9 ! same way ve9s ramify ?r\gh ! body ( ! e>?1 & by ! natural heat :i* is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! conta9+ body1 ! wat] is rais$ ?r\gh ! ve9s to ! tops ( m\nta9s4 ,& ?is wat]1 :i* passes ?r\gh a clos$ conduit inside ! body ( ! m\nta9 l a dead ?+1 _c come =? f its l[ place unless x is w>m$ by ! vital heat ( ! spr+ "t4 ,aga91 ! heat ( ! elem5t ( fire &1 by day1 ! heat ( ! sun1 h p[] to draw =? ! moi/ure ( ! l[ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s & to draw !m up1 9 ! same way z x draws ! cl\ds & collects _! moi/ure f ! b$ ( ! sea4 #ifi4 ,t _m spr+s ( salt wat] are f\nd at great di/ances f ! sea2 ?is might happ5 because su* spr+s pass ?r\gh "s m9e ( salt1 l t 9 ,hung>y :]e salt is hewn out ( va/ cav]ns1 j z /one is hewn4 ,footnote3 ,! great m9e ( ,wieliczka 9 ,galicia1 out ( :i* a million cwt4 ( rock-salt are annually dug out1 ext5ds = #cjjj metres f ,we/ to ,ea/1 & #aaej metres f ,nor? to ,s\?4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,riv]s4 ,on ! way 9 :i* ! s\rces ( riv]s are f$4 #igj4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,riv]s4 ,! body ( ! e>?1 l ! bodies ( animals1 is int]sect$ ) ramifications ( wat]s :i* are all 9 connection & are con/itut$ to give nutrim5t & life to ! e>? & to its creatures4 ,^! come f ! dep? ( ! sea &1 aft] _m revolutions1 h to return to x by ! riv]s creat$ by ! bur/+ ( ^! spr+s2 & if y *ose to say t ! ra9s ( ! w9t] or ! melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 summ] 7 ! cause ( ! bir? ( riv]s1 ,i c\ld m5tion ! riv]s :i* orig9ate 9 ! torrid c\ntries ( ,africa1 :]e x nev] ra9s--& /ill less sn[s--because ! int5se heat always melts into air all ! cl\ds :i* are borne ?i!r by ! w9ds4 ,& if y *ose to say t su* riv]s1 z increase 9 ,july & ,augu/1 come f ! sn[s :i* melt 9 ,may & ,june f ! sun's approa* to ! sn[s on ! m\nta9s ( ,scy?ia ,footnote #i3 ,scy?ia means "h1 z 9 ,anci5t ,geography1 ! :ole ( ! ,nor!rn "p ( ,asia z f> z ,india41 & t su* melt+s come d[n into c]ta9 valleys & =m lakes1 into :i* !y ent] by spr+s & subt]ranean caves to issue =? aga9 at ! s\rces ( ! ,nile1 ?is is false2 because ,scy?ia is l[] ?an ! s\rces ( ! ,nile1 &1 besides1 ,scy?ia is only #djj miles f ! ,black sea & ! s\rces ( ! ,nile are #cjjj miles di/ant f ! sea ( ,egypt into :i* its wat]s fl[4 ,! tide 9 e/u>ies4 #iga4 ,book #i1 ( ! meet+ ( riv]s & ( _! ebb & fl[4 ,! cause is ! same 9 ! sea1 :]e x is caus$ by ! /raits ( ,gibralt>2 & aga9 x is caus$ by :irlpools4 #c ,if two riv]s meet toge!r to =m a /raight l9e1 & !n bel[ two "r angles take _! c\rse toge!r1 ! fl[ & ebb w happ5 n[ 9 "o riv] & n[ 9 ! o!r above _! conflu5ce1 & pr9cipally if ! outlet = _! unit$ volume is no swift] ?an :5 !y 7 sep>ate4 ,"h occur #d in/ances4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ two l9es ( ?is passage h already be5 giv5 z ,no4 #ieg4 ,9 ! m>g91 ne> l9e #c ( ?is passage1 ! text giv5 z ,no4 #iai is writt54 ,on ! alt]ations1 caus$ 9 ! c\rses ( riv]s by _! conflu5ce 7#igb-igd74 #igb4 ,:5 a small] riv] p\rs its wat]s into a l>g] "o1 & t l>g] "o fl[s f ! opposite direction1 ! c\rse ( ! small] riv] w b5d up aga9/ ! approa* ( ! l>g] riv]2 & ?is happ5s because1 :5 ! l>g] riv] fills up all its b$ ) wat]1 x makes an eddy 9 front ( ! m\? ( ! o!r riv]1 & s c>ries ! wat] p\r$ 9 by ! small] riv] ) its own4 ,:5 ! small] riv] p\rs its wat]s into ! l>g] "o1 :i* runs across ! curr5t at ! m\? ( ! small] riv]1 its wat]s w b5d ) ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l>g] riv]4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al sket*es ! ^w ,arno is writt5 at ! spot "h m>k$ ,a1 at ,r4 ,rifr$i1 & at ,m4 ,mugnone4 #igc4 ,:5 ! fulness ( riv]s is dim9i%$1 !n ! acute angles =m$ at ! junction ( _! bran*es become %ort] at ! sides & wid] at ! po9t2 l ! curr5t a n & ! curr5t d n1 :i* unite 9 n :5 ! riv] is at its greate/ fulness4 ,i say1 t :5 x is 9 ?is condition if1 be=e ! fulle/ "t1 d n 0 l[] ?an a n1 at ! "t ( fulness d n w be full ( s& & mud4 ,:5 ! wat] d n falls1 x w c>ry away ! mud & rema9 ) a l[] bottom1 & ! *annel a n f9d+ itself ! high]1 w fl+ its wat]s into ! l[]1 d n1 & w wa% away all ! po9t ( ! s&-spit b n c1 & ?us ! angle a c d w rema9 l>g] ?an ! angle a n d & ! sides %ort]1 z ,i said be=e4 ,footnote3 ,above ! fir/ sket* we f9d1 9 ! orig9al1 ?is note3 ,sopra il pote rubaconte alla torricella2 & by ! second1 :i* repres5ts a pi] ( a bridge1 ,sotto l'osp$al del ceppo4 #igd4 ,,wat]4 ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,a ,,sudd5 ,,ru% ,,made ,,by ,a ,,riv] ,,9 ,,its ,,b$ ,,previ\sly ,,dry4 ,9 proportion z ! curr5t ( ! wat] giv5 =? by ! dra9+ ( ! lake is sl[ or rapid 9 ! dry riv] b$1 s w ?is riv] be wid] or n>r[]1 or %all[] or deep] 9 "o place ?an ano!r1 accord+ to ?is proposition3 ! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea :i* ent]s ! ,m$it]ranean f ! ocean1 & ( ! riv]s :i* meet & /ruggle ) x1 w raise _! wat]s m or less 9 proportion z ! sea is wid] or n>r[]4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! m>g9 is a sket* ( a riv] :i* w9ds s z to =m isl&s4 ,:irlpools4 #ige4 ,:irlpools1 t is to say cav]ns2 t is to say places left by precipitat$ wat]s4 ,on ! alt]ations 9 ! *annels ( riv]s4 #igf4 ,,( ,,! ,,vibration ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! subt]ranean *annels ( wat]s1 l ^? :i* exi/ betwe5 ! air & ! e>?1 are ^? :i* unceas+ly we> away & deep5 ! b$s ( _! curr5ts4 ,! orig9 ( ! s& 9 riv]s 7#igg4 #igh74 #igg4 ,a riv] t fl[s f m\nta9s deposits a great quantity ( l>ge /ones 9 its b$1 :i* /ill h "s ( _! angles & sides1 & 9 ! c\rse ( its fl[ x c>ries d[n small] /ones ) ! angles m worn2 t is to say ! l>ge /ones become small]4 ,& f>!r on x deposits co>se gravel & !n small]1 & z x proce$s ?is becomes co>se s& & !n f9]1 & go+ on ?us ! wat]1 turbid ) s& & gravel1 jo9s ! sea2 & ! s& settles on ! sea-%ores1 be+ ca/ up by ! salt waves2 & !re results ! s& ( s f9e a nature z to seem almo/ l wat]1 & x w n /op on ! %ores ( ! sea b returns by reason ( its lightness1 because x 0 orig9ally =m$ ( rott5 leaves & o!r v light ?+s4 ,/ill1 be+ almo/--z 0 said--( ! nature ( wat] itself1 x aft]w>ds1 :5 ! wea!r is calm1 settles & becomes solid at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e by its f95ess x becomes compact & by its smoo?ness resi/s ! waves :i* glide ov] x2 & 9 ?is %ells are f\nd2 & ?is is :ite e>?1 fit = pott]y4 #igh4 ,all ! torr5ts ( wat] fl[+ f ! m\nta9s to ! sea c>ry ) !m ! /ones f ! hills to ! sea1 & by ! influx ( ! sea-wat] t[>ds ! m\nta9s2 ^! /ones 7 ?r[n back t[>ds ! m\nta9s1 & z ! wat]s rose & retir$1 ! /ones 7 toss$ ab\t by x & 9 roll+1 _! angles hit toge!r2 !n z ! p>ts1 :i* lea/ resi/$ ! bl[s1 7 worn (f1 ! /ones ceas$ to be angul> & became r\nd 9 =m1 z may be se5 on ! banks ( ! ,elsa4 ,& ^? rema9$ l>g] :i* 7 less remov$ f _! native spot2 & !y became small]1 ! f>!r !y 7 c>ri$ f t place1 s t 9 ! process !y 7 conv]t$ into small pebbles & !n into s& & at la/ into mud4 ,aft] ! sea _h rec$$ f ! m\nta9s ! br9e left by ! sea ) o!r hum\rs ( ! e>? made a concretion ( ^! pebbles & ?is s&1 s t ! pebbles 7 conv]t$ into rock & ! s& into tufa4 ,& ( ?is we see an example 9 ! ,adda :]e x issues f ! m\nta9s ( ,como & 9 ! ,tic9o1 ! ,adige & ! ,oglio com+ f ! ,g]man ,alps1 & 9 ! ,arno at ,monte ,albano ,footnote #ac3 ,at ! foot ( ,monte ,albano lies ,v9ci1 ! bir? place ( ,leon>do4 ,opposite1 on ! o!r bank ( ! ,arno1 is ,monte ,lupo41 ne> ,monte ,lupo & ,capraia :]e ! rocks1 :i* are v l>ge1 are all ( conglom]at$ pebbles ( v>i\s k9ds & col\rs4 ,v4 ,,on ,,m\nta9s4 ,! =mation ( m\nta9s 7#igi-ihc74 #igi4 ,m\nta9s are made by ! curr5ts ( riv]s4 ,m\nta9s are de/roy$ by ! curr5ts ( riv]s4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e #ghi4 #ihj4 ,t ! ,nor!rn bases ( "s ,alps are n yet petrifi$4 ,& ?is is pla9ly to be se5 :]e ! riv]s1 :i* cut ?r\gh !m1 fl[ t[>ds ! ,nor?2 :]e !y cut ?r\gh ! /rata 9 ! liv+ /one 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! m\nta9s2 &1 :]e !y jo9 ! pla9s1 ^! /rata are all ( pott]'s clay2 z is to be se5 9 ! valley ( ,lamona :]e ! riv] ,lamona1 z x issues f ! ,app59es1 does ^! ?+s on its banks4 ,t ! riv]s h all cut & divid$ ! m\nta9s ( ! great ,alps "o f ! o!r4 ,?is is visible 9 ! ord] ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 because f ! summits ( ! banks1 d[n to ! riv] ! correspond5ce ( ! /rata 9 ! rocks is visible on ei!r side ( ! riv]4 ,t ! /ratifi$ /ones ( ! m\nta9s are all lay]s ( clay1 deposit$ "o above ! o!r by ! v>i\s floods ( ! riv]s4 ,t ! diff]5t size ( ! /rata is caus$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! floods--t is to say great] or less] floods4 #iha4 ,! summits ( m\nta9s = a long "t rise con/antly4 ,! opposite sides ( ! m\nta9s always approa* ea* o!r bel[2 ! dep?s ( ! valleys :i* are above ! sph]e ( ! wat]s are 9 ! c\rse ( "t con/antly gett+ ne>] to ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,9 an equal p]iod1 ! valleys s9k mu* m ?an ! m\nta9s rise4 ,! bases ( ! m\nta9s always come clos] toge!r4 ,9 proportion z ! valleys become deep]1 ! m quickly are _! sides worn away4 #ihb4 ,9 e concavity at ! summit ( ! m\nta9s we %all always f9d ! divisions ( ! /rata 9 ! rocks4 #ihc4 ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,:i* ,,encircles ,,! ,,e>?4 ,i f9d t ( old1 ! /ate ( ! e>? 0 t its pla9s 7 all cov]$ up & hidd5 by salt wat]4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage has already be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan3 ,das ,mal]bu* des ,l4 da ,v9ci1 ,leipzig #ahgc1 p4 #hf4 ,h[ev]1 8 read+ ( ! text diff]s f m9e4 ,! au?orities = ! /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! e>?4 #ihd4 ,s9ce ?+s are mu* m anci5t ?an lett]s1 x is no m>vel if1 9 our day1 no records exi/ ( ^! seas hav+ cov]$ s _m c\ntries2 & if1 moreov]1 "s records _h exi/$1 w> & conflagrations1 ! deluge ( wat]s1 ! *anges ( languages & ( laws h consum$ e ?+ anci5t4 ,b suffici5t = u is ! te/imony ( ?+s creat$ 9 ! salt wat]s1 & f\nd aga9 9 high m\nta9s f> f ! seas4 ,,vi4 ,,geological ,,problems4 #ihe4 ,9 ?is "w y h fir/ to prove t ! %ells at a ?\s& braccia ( elevation 7 n c>ri$ !re by ! deluge1 because !y are se5 to be all at "o level1 & _m m\nta9s are se5 to be above t level2 & to inquire :e!r ! deluge 0 caus$ by ra9 or by ! swell+ ( ! sea2 & !n y mu/ %[ h[1 nei!r by ra9 nor by swell+ ( ! riv]s1 nor by ! ov]fl[ ( ?is sea1 c\ld ! %ells--be+ heavy objects--be float$ up ! m\nta9s by ! sea1 nor h c>ri$ !re by ! riv]s aga9/ ! c\rse ( _! wat]s4 ,d\bts ab\t ! deluge4 #ihf4 ,a ,,d\btful ,,po9t4 ,"h a d\bt arises1 & t is3 :e!r ! deluge1 :i* happ5$ at ! "t ( ,noah1 0 univ]sal or n4 ,& x w\ld seem n1 = ! reasons n[ to be giv53 ,we h x 9 ! ,bible t ?is deluge la/$ #dj days & #dj nights ( incessant & univ]sal ra91 & t ?is ra9 rose to t5 cubits above ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! _w4 ,& if x _h be5 t ! ra9 0 univ]sal1 x w\ld h cov]$ our globe :i* is sph]ical 9 =m4 ,& ?is sph]ical surface is equally di/ant 9 e "p1 f ! c5tre ( its sph]e2 h5ce ! sph]e ( ! wat]s be+ "u ! same conditions1 x is impossible t ! wat] ^u x %\ld move1 because wat]1 9 itself1 does n move unless x falls2 !re=e h[ c\ld ! wat]s ( su* a deluge dep>t1 if x is prov$ t x has no motion8 & if x dep>t$ h[ c\ld x move unless x w5t upw>ds8 ,"h1 !n1 natural reasons are want+2 h5ce to remove ?is d\bt x is necess>y to call 9 a miracle to aid u1 or else to say t all ?is wat] 0 evaporat$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,footnote3 ,! passages1 "h giv5 f ! ,,ms4 ,leic41 h hi!rto rema9$ unkn[n4 ,"s prelim9>y notes on ! subject are to be f\nd 9 ,,ms4 ,f #hoa & #hob2 b z comp>$ ) ! full] treatm5t "h giv51 !y are1 x seems to me1 ( second>y int]e/4 ,!y conta9 no?+ t is n repeat$ "h m cle>ly & fully4 ,,libri1 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ma!matiques ,,iii1 pages #bah--bba1 has pr9t$ ! text ( ,f #hj;a & #hj;b1 !re=e x seem$ desirable to give my reasons = n ins]t+ x 9 ?is "w4 ,t m>9e %ells c\ld n g up ! m\nta9s4 #ihg4 ,,( ,,! ,,deluge ,,& ,,( ,,m>9e ,,%ells4 ,if y 7 to say t ! %ells :i* are to be se5 )9 ! conf9es ( ,italy n[1 9 our days1 f> f ! sea & at su* heights1 _h be5 br\ght !re by ! deluge :i* left !m !re1 ,i %\ld answ] t if y believe t ?is deluge rose #g cubits above ! highe/ m\nta9s-- z he :o measur$ x has writt5--^! %ells1 :i* always live ne> ! sea-%ore1 %\ld h be5 left on ! m\nta9s2 & n su* a little way f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s2 nor all at "o level1 nor 9 lay]s ^u lay]s4 ,& if y 7 to say t ^! %ells are desir\s ( rema9+ ne> to ! m>g9 ( ! sea1 & t1 z x rose 9 height1 ! %ells quitt$ _! fir/ home1 & foll[$ ! increase ( ! wat]s up to _! highe/ level2 to ?is ,i answ]1 t ! cockle is an animal ( n m rapid movem5t ?an ! snail is out ( wat]1 or ev5 some:at sl[]2 because x does n swim1 on ! contr>y x makes a furr[ 9 ! s& by means ( its sides1 & 9 ?is furr[ x w travel ea* day f #c to #d braccia2 !re=e ?is creature1 ) s sl[ a motion1 c\ld n h travell$ f ! ,adriatic sea z f> z ,monf]rato 9 ,lomb>dy ,footnote3 ,monf]rato di ,lomb>dia4 ,! range ( hills ( ,monf]rato is 9 ,pi$mont1 & ,casale di ,monf]rato belong$1 9 ,leon>do's "t1 to ! ,m>*ese di ,mantova41 :i* is #bej miles di/ance1 9 #dj days2 :i* he has said :o took acc\nt ( ! "t4 ,& if y say t ! waves c>ri$ !m !re1 by _! gravity !y c\ld n move1 except+ at ! bottom4 ,& if y w n grant me ?is1 confess at lea/ t !y w\ld h to /ay at ! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 9 ! lakes :i* are enclos$ among ! m\nta9s1 l ! lakes ( ,l>io1 or ( ,como & il ,maggiore ,footnote3 ,lago di ,l>io4 ,lacus ,l>ius 0 ! "n giv5 by ! ,romans to ! lake ( ,como4 ,x is evid5t t x is "h a slip ( ! p5 s9ce ! ! words 9 ! ,,ms4 are3 ,come ,lago di ,l>io o'l ,mag>e e di ,como1 ,9 ! ,,ms4 aft] l9e #af we come ^u a digression treat+ ( ! weight ( wat]2 ?is has "h be5 omitt$4 ,x is #aa l9es long4 & ( ,fiesole1 & ( ,p]ugia1 & o!rs4 ,& if y %\ld say t ! %ells 7 c>ri$ by ! waves1 be+ empty & dead1 ,i say t :]e ! dead w5t !y 7 n f> remov$ f ! liv+2 = 9 ^! m\nta9s liv+ ones are f\nd1 :i* are recognisable by ! %ells be+ 9 pairs2 & !y are 9 a lay] :]e !re are no dead ones2 & a little high] up !y are f\nd1 :]e !y 7 ?r[n by ! waves1 all ! dead ones ) _! %ells sep>at$1 ne> to :]e ! riv]s fell into ! sea1 to a great dep?2 l ! ,arno :i* fell f ! ,gonfol9a ne> to ,monte ,lupo ,footnote3 ,monte ,lupo1 comp>e #igj1 #ac2 x is betwe5 ,empoli & ,flor5ce41 :]e x left a deposit ( gravel :i* may /ill be se51 & :i* has agglom]at$2 & ( /ones ( v>i\s di/ricts1 natures1 & col\rs & h>dness1 mak+ "o s+le conglom]ate4 ,& a little beyond ! s&/one conglom]ate a tufa has be5 =m$1 :]e x turn$ t[>ds ,ca/el ,flor5t9o2 f>!r on1 ! mud 0 deposit$ 9 :i* ! %ells liv$1 & :i* rose 9 lay]s accord+ to ! levels at :i* ! turbid ,arno fl[$ into t sea4 ,& f "t to "t ! bottom ( ! sea 0 rais$1 deposit+ ^! %ells 9 lay]s1 z may be se5 9 ! cutt+ at ,colle ,gonzoli1 laid op5 by ! ,arno :i* is we>+ away ! base ( x2 9 :i* cutt+ ! said lay]s ( %ells are v pla9ly to be se5 9 clay ( a blui% col\r1 & v>i\s m>9e objects are f\nd !re4 ,& if ! e>? ( our hemisph]e is inde$ rais$ by s mu* high] ?an x us$ to be1 x mu/ h become by s mu* light] by ! wat]s :i* x lo/ ?r\gh ! rift betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,ceuta2 & all ! m ! high] x rose1 because ! weight ( ! wat]s :i* 7 ?us lo/ w\ld be add$ to ! e>? 9 ! o!r hemisph]e4 ,& if ! %ells _h be5 c>ri$ by ! muddy deluge !y w\ld h be5 mix$ up1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r amid/ ! mud1 & n 9 regul> /eps & lay]s-- z we see !m n[ 9 our "t4 ,! m>9e %ells 7 n produc$ away f ! sea4 #ihh4 ,z to ^? :o say t %ells exi/$ = a long "t & 7 born at a di/ance f ! sea1 f ! nature ( ! place & ( ! cycles1 :i* c influ5ce a place to produce su* creatures--to !m x may be answ]$3 su* an influ5ce c\ld n place ! animals all on "o l9e1 except ^? ( ! same sort & age2 & n ! old ) ! "y1 nor "s ) an op]culum & o!rs )\t _! op]culum1 nor "s brok5 & o!rs :ole1 nor "s fill$ ) sea-s& & l>ge & small fragm5ts ( o!r %ells inside ! :ole %ells :i* rema9$ op52 nor ! claws ( crabs )\t ! re/ ( _! bodies2 nor ! %ells ( o!r species /uck on to !m l animals :i* h mov$ ab\t on !m2 s9ce ! traces ( _! track /ill rema91 on ! outside1 aft] ! mann] ( worms 9 ! wood :i* !y ate into4 ,nor w\ld !re be f\nd among !m ! bones & tee? ( fi% :i* "s call arr[s & o!rs s]p5ts' tongues1 nor w\ld s _m ,footnote3 ,i4 ,scilla argu$ aga9/ ?is hypo!sis1 :i* 0 /ill accept$ 9 8 days2 see3 ,la vana ,speculazione1 ,napoli #afgj4 portions ( v>i\s animals be f\nd all toge!r if !y _h n be5 ?r[n on ! sea %ore4 ,& ! deluge _c h c>ri$ !m !re1 because ?+s t are heavi] ?an wat] d n float on ! wat]4 ,b ^! ?+s c\ld n be at s great a height if !y _h n be5 c>ri$ !re by ! wat]1 su* a ?+ be+ impossible f _! weight4 ,9 places :]e ! valleys h n be5 fill$ ) salt sea wat] %ells are nev] to be se52 z is pla9ly visible 9 ! great valley ( ! ,arno above ,gonfol9a2 a rock =m]ly unit$ to ,monte ,albano1 9 ! =m ( a v high bank :i* kept ! riv] p5t up1 9 su* a way t be=e x c\ld fl[ into ! sea1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds at its foot1 x =m$ two great lakes2 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 :]e we n[ see ! city ( ,flor5ce toge!r ) ,prato & ,pi/oia1 & ,monte ,albano4 ,x foll[$ ! re/ ( its bank z f> z :]e ,s]ravalle n[ /&s4 ,f ! ,val d',arno upw>ds1 z f> z ,arezzo1 ano!r lake 0 =m$1 :i* dis*>g$ its wat]s into ! =m] lake4 ,x 0 clos$ at ab\t ! spot :]e n[ we see ,girone1 & occupi$ ! :ole ( t valley above = a di/ance ( #dj miles 9 l5g?4 ,?is valley receiv$ on its bottom all ! soil br\ght d[n by ! turbid wat]s4 ,& ?is is /ill to be se5 at ! foot ( ,prato ,magno2 x !re lies v high :]e ! riv]s h n worn x away4 ,across ?is l& are to be se5 ! deep cuts ( ! riv]s t h pass$ !re1 fall+ f ! great m\nta9 ( ,prato ,magno2 9 ^! cuts !re are no ve/iges ( any %ells or ( m>9e soil4 ,?is lake 0 jo9$ ) t ( ,p]ugia ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,cxiii4 ,a great quantity ( %ells are to be se5 :]e ! riv]s fl[ into ! sea1 because on su* %ores ! wat]s are n s salt ow+ to ! admixture ( ! fre% wat]1 :i* is p\r$ into x4 ,evid5ce ( ?is is to be se5 :]e1 ( old1 ! ,app59es p\r$ _! riv]s into ! ,adriatic sea2 = !re 9 mo/ places great quantities ( %ells are to be f\nd1 among ! m\nta9s1 toge!r ) blui% m>9e clay2 & all ! rocks :i* are torn (f 9 su* places are full ( %ells4 ,! same may be obs]v$ to h be5 done by ! ,arno :5 x fell f ! rock ( ,gonfol9a into ! sea1 :i* 0 n s v f> bel[2 = at t "t x 0 high] ?an ! top ( ,san ,m9iato al ,t$esco1 s9ce at ! highe/ summit ( ?is ! %ores may be se5 full ( %ells & oy/]s )9 its flanks4 ,! %ells did n ext5d t[>ds ,val di ,nievole1 because ! fre% wat]s ( ! ,arno did n ext5d s f>4 ,t ! %ells 7 n c>ri$ away f ! sea by ! deluge1 because ! wat]s :i* came f ! e>? al?\gh !y drew ! sea t[>ds ! e>?1 7 ^? :i* /ruck its dep?s2 because ! wat] :i* goes d[n f ! e>?1 has a /rong] curr5t ?an t ( ! sea1 & 9 consequ5ce is m p[]ful1 & x ent]s b5ea? ! sea wat] & /irs ! dep?s & c>ries ) x all sorts ( movable objects :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! e>?1 su* z ! above-m5tion$ %ells & o!r simil> ?+s4 ,& 9 proportion z ! wat] :i* comes f ! l& is muddi] ?an sea wat] x is /rong] & heavi] ?an ?is2 !re=e ,i see no way ( gett+ ! said %ells s f> 9 l&1 unless !y _h be5 born !re4 ,if y 7 to tell me t ! riv] ,loire ,footnote3 ,leon>do has writt5 ,era in/ead ( ,lo]a or ,loira--p]haps "u ! mi/ak5 idea t ,lo 0 an article41:i* trav]ses ,france cov]s :5 ! sea rises m ?an eighty miles ( c\ntry1 because x is a di/rict ( va/ pla9s1 & ! sea rises ab\t #bj braccia1 & %ells are f\nd 9 ?is pla9 at ! di/ance ( #hj miles f ! sea2 "h ,i answ] t ! fl[ & ebb 9 our ,m$it]ranean ,sea does n v>y s mu*2 = at ,g5oa x does n rise at all1 & at ,v5ice b little1 & v little 9 ,africa2 & :]e x v>ies little x cov]s b little ( ! c\ntry4 ,! c\rse ( ! wat] ( a riv] always rises high] 9 a place :]e ! curr5t is imp$$2 x behaves z x does :]e x is r$uc$ 9 wid? to pass "u ! ar*es ( a bridge4 ,fur!r rese>*es 7#ihi-iia74 #ihi4 ,a ,,confutation ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,say ,,t ,,%ells ,,may ,,h ,,be5 ,,c>ri$ ,,to ,a ,,di/ance ,,( ,,_m ,,days' ,,j\rney ,,f ,,! ,,sea ,,by ,,! ,,deluge1 ,,:i* ,,0 ,,s ,,high ,,z ,,to ,,be ,,above ,,^? ,,heights4 ,i say t ! deluge c\ld n c>ry objects1 native to ! sea1 up to ! m\nta9s1 unless ! sea _h already increas$ s z to create inundations z high up z ^? places2 & ?is increase c\ld n h occurr$ because x w\ld cause a vacuum2 & if y 7 to say t ! air w\ld ru% 9 !re1 we h already conclud$ t :at is heavy _c rema9 above :at is light1 :5ce ( necessity we mu/ conclude t ?is deluge 0 caus$ by ra9 wat]1 s t all ^! wat]s ran to ! sea1 & ! sea did n run up ! m\nta9s2 & z !y ran to ! sea1 !y ?ru/ ! %ells f ! %ore ( ! sea & did n draw !m to w>ds !mselves4 ,& if y 7 !n to say t ! sea1 rais$ by ! ra9 wat]1 _h c>ri$ ^! %ells to su* a height1 we h already said t ?+s heavi] ?an wat] _c rise ^u x1 b rema9 at ! bottom ( x1 & d n move unless by ! impact ( ! waves4 ,& if y 7 to say t ! waves _h c>ri$ !m to su* high spots1 we h prov$ t ! waves 9 a great dep? move 9 a contr>y direction at ! bottom to ! motion at ! top1 & ?is is %[n by ! turbidity ( ! sea f ! e>? wa%$ d[n ne> its %ores4 ,any?+ :i* is light] ?an ! wat] moves ) ! waves1 & is left on ! highe/ level ( ! highe/ m>g9 ( ! waves4 ,any?+ :i* is heavi] ?an ! wat] moves1 susp5d$ 9 x1 betwe5 ! surface & ! bottom2 & f ^! two conclusions1 :i* w be amply prov$ 9 _! place1 we inf] t ! waves ( ! surface _c convey %ells1 s9ce !y are heavi] ?an wat]4 ,if ! deluge _h to c>ry %ells ?ree hundr$ & f\r hundr$ miles f ! sea1 x w\ld h c>ri$ !m mix$ ) v>i\s o!r natural objects heap$ toge!r2 & we see at su* di/ances oy/]s all toge!r1 & sea-snails1 & cuttlefi%1 & all ! o!r %ells :i* congregate toge!r1 all to be f\nd toge!r & dead2 & ! solit>y %ells are f\nd wide ap>t f ea* o!r1 z we may see !m on sea-%ores e day4 ,& if we f9d oy/]s ( v l>ge %ells jo9$ toge!r & among !m v _m :i* /ill h ! cov]+ atta*$1 indicat+ t !y 7 left "h by ! sea1 & /ill liv+ :5 ! /rait ( ,gibralt> 0 cut ?r\gh2 !re are to be se51 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ma & ,piac5za1 a multitude ( %ells & corals1 full ( holes1 & /ill /ick+ to ! rocks !re4 ,:5 ,i 0 mak+ ! great horse = ,milan1 a l>ge sack full 0 br\ght to me 9 my work%op by c]ta9 peasants2 ^! 7 f\nd 9 t place & among !m 7 _m pres]v$ 9 _! fir/ fre%ness4 ,"u gr\nd1 & "u ! f\ndations ( build+s1 timb]s are f\nd ( wr\ght beams & already black4 ,su* 7 f\nd 9 my "t 9 ^? digg+s at ,ca/el ,fior5t9o4 ,& ^! _h be5 9 t deep place be=e ! s& c>ri$ by ! ,arno into ! sea1 !n cov]+ ! pla91 _h he5 rais$ to su* a height2 & be=e ! pla9s ( ,cas5t9o _h be5 s mu* l[]$1 by ! e>? be+ con/antly c>ri$ d[n f !m4 ,footnote3 ,^! l9es are writt5 9 ! m>g94 ,& if y 7 to say t ^! %ells 7 creat$1 & 7 cont9ually be+ creat$ 9 su* places by ! nature ( ! spot1 & ( ! heav5s :i* might h "s influ5ce !re1 su* an op9ion _c exi/ 9 a bra9 ( mu* reason2 because "h are ! ye>s ( _! gr[?1 numb]$ on _! %ells1 & !re are l>ge & small ones to be se5 :i* c\ld n h gr[n )\t food1 & c\ld n h f$ )\t motion--& "h !y c\ld n move ,footnote3 ,^! l9es are writt5 9 ! m>g94 #iij4 ,t 9 ! drifts1 among "o & ano!r1 !re are /ill to be f\nd ! traces ( ! worms :i* crawl$ ^u !m :5 !y 7 n yet dry4 ,& all m>9e clays /ill conta9 %ells1 & ! %ells are petrifi$ toge!r ) ! clay4 ,f _! firmness & unity "s p]sons w h x t ^! animals 7 c>ri$ up to places remote f ! sea by ! deluge4 ,ano!r sect ( ignorant p]sons decl>e t ,nature or ,heav5 creat$ !m 9 ^! places by cele/ial influ5ces1 z if 9 ^! places we did n also f9d ! bones ( fi%es :i* h tak5 a long "t to gr[2 & z if1 we c\ld n c\nt1 9 ! %ells ( cockles & snails1 ! ye>s & mon?s ( _! life1 z we d 9 ! horns ( bulls & ox51 & 9 ! bran*es ( plants t h nev] be5 cut 9 any "p4 ,besides1 hav+ prov$ by ^! signs ! l5g? ( _! lives1 x is evid5t1 & x mu/ be admitt$1 t ^! animals c\ld n live )\t mov+ to fet* _! food2 & we f9d 9 !m no in/rum5t = p5etrat+ ! e>? or ! rock :]e we f9d !m enclos$4 ,b h[ c\ld we f9d 9 a l>ge snail %ell ! fragm5ts & portions ( _m o!r sorts ( %ells1 ( v>i\s sorts1 if !y _h n be5 ?r[n !re1 :5 dead1 by ! waves ( ! sea l ! o!r light objects :i* x ?r[s on ! e>?8 ,:y d we f9d s _m fragm5ts & :ole %ells betwe5 lay] & lay] ( /one1 if ?is _h n =m]ly be5 cov]$ on ! %ore by a lay] ( e>? ?r[n up by ! sea1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds petrifi$8 ,& if ! deluge be=e m5tion$ _h c>ri$ !m to ^! p>ts ( ! sea1 y might f9d ^! %ells at ! b\nd>y ( "o drift b n at ! b\nd>y betwe5 _m drifts4 ,we mu/ also acc\nt = ! w9t]s ( ! ye>s dur+ :i* ! sea multipli$ ! drifts ( s& & mud br\ght d[n by ! neighb\r+ riv]s1 by wa%+ d[n ! %ores2 & if y *ose to say t !re 7 sev]al deluges to produce ^! rifts & ! %ells among !m1 y w\ld also h to affirm t su* a deluge took place e ye>4 ,aga91 among ! fragm5ts ( ^! %ells1 x mu/ be presum$ t 9 ^? places !re 7 sea coa/s1 :]e all ! %ells 7 ?r[n up1 brok51 & divid$1 & nev] 9 pairs1 s9ce !y are f\nd alive 9 ! sea1 ) two valves1 ea* s]v+ z a lid to ! o!r2 & 9 ! drifts ( riv]s & on ! %ores ( ! sea !y are f\nd 9 fragm5ts4 ,& )9 ! limits ( ! sep>ate /rata ( rocks !y are f\nd1 few 9 numb] & 9 pairs l ^? :i* 7 left by ! sea1 buri$ alive 9 ! mud1 :i* subsequ5tly dri$ up &1 9 "t1 0 petrifi$4 #iia4 ,& if y *oose to say t x 0 ! deluge :i* c>ri$ ^! %ells away f ! sea = hundr$s ( miles1 ?is _c h happ5$1 s9ce t deluge 0 caus$ by ra92 because ra9 naturally =ces ! riv]s to ru% t[>ds ! sea ) all ! ?+s !y c>ry ) !m1 & n to be> ! dead ?+s ( ! sea %ores to ! m\nta9s4 ,& if y *oose to say t ! deluge aft]w>ds rose ) its wat]s above ! m\nta9s1 ! movem5t ( ! sea mu/ h be5 s sluggi% 9 its rise aga9/ ! curr5ts ( ! riv]s1 t x c\ld n h c>ri$1 float+ ^u x1 ?+s heavi] ?an itself2 & ev5 if x _h support$ !m1 9 its rec$+ x w\ld h left !m /rewn ab\t1 9 v>i\s spots4 ,b h[ are we to acc\nt = ! corals :i* are f\nd e day t[>ds ,monte ,f]rato 9 ,lomb>dy1 ) ! holes ( ! worms 9 !m1 /ick+ to rocks left uncov]$ by ! curr5ts ( riv]s8 ,^! rocks are all cov]$ ) /ocks & families ( oy/]s1 :i* z we "k1 nev] move1 b always rema9 ) "o ( _! halves /uck to a rock1 & ! o!r !y op5 to fe$ !mselves on ! animalcules t swim 9 ! wat]1 :i*1 hop+ to f9d good fe$+ gr\nd1 become ! food ( ^! %ells4 ,we d n f9d t ! s& mix$ ) seawe$ has be5 petrifi$1 because ! we$ :i* 0 m+l$ ) x has %runk away1 & ?is ! ,po %[s u e day 9 ! debris ( its banks4 ,o!r problems 7#iib-iid74 #iib4 ,:y d we f9d ! bones ( great fi%es & oy/]s & corals & v>i\s o!r %ells & sea-snails on ! high summits ( m\nta9s by ! sea1 j z we f9d !m 9 l[ seas8 #iic4 ,y n[ h to prove t ! %ells _c h orig9at$ if n 9 salt wat]1 almo/ all be+ ( t sort2 & t ! %ells 9 ,lomb>dy are at f\r levels1 & ?us x is ev]y:]e1 hav+ be5 made at v>i\s times4 ,& !y all occur 9 valleys t op5 t[>ds ! seas4 #iid4 ,f ! two l9es ( %ells we are =c$ to say t ! e>? indignantly subm]g$ "u ! sea & s ! fir/ lay] 0 made2 & !n ! deluge made ! second4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is 9 ! e>ly writ+ ( ab\t #adgj--adhj4 ,on ! same %eet are ! passages ,no4 #abag & #abai4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #acci4 ,all ! =ego+ *apt]s are f ,manuscripts ( ab\t #aeaj4 ,?is expla9s ! want ( connection & ! contradiction betwe5 ?is & ! =ego+ texts4 ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 #iie4 ,t ! brightness ( ! air is occasion$ by ! wat] :i* has dissolv$ itself 9 x into imp]ceptible molecules4 ,^!1 be+ light$ by ! sun f ! opposite side1 reflect ! brightness :i* is visible 9 ! air2 & ! azure :i* is se5 9 x is caus$ by ! d>kness t is hidd5 beyond ! air4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cjj4 ,on ! motion ( air 7#iif--iii74 #iif4 ,t ! return eddies ( w9d at ! m\? ( c]ta9 valleys /rike ^u ! wat]s & scoop !m out 9 a great holl[1 :irl ! wat] into ! air 9 ! =m ( a column1 & ( ! col\r ( a cl\d4 ,& ,i saw ?is ?+ happ5 on a s& bank 9 ! ,arno1 :]e ! s& 0 holl[$ out to a great] dep? ?an ! /ature ( a man2 & ) x ! gravel 0 :irl$ r\nd & flung ab\t = a great space2 x appe>$ 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( a great bell-t[]2 & ! top spread l ! bran*es ( a p9e tree1 & !n x b5t at ! contact ( ! direct w9d1 :i* pass$ ov] f ! m\nta9s4 #iig4 ,! elem5t ( fire acts ^u a wave ( air 9 ! same way z ! air does on wat]1 or z wat] does on a mass ( s& --t is e>?2 & _! motions are 9 ! same proportions z ^? ( ! motors act+ ^u !m4 #iih4 ,,( ,,motion4 ,i ask :e!r ! true motion ( ! cl\ds c be kn[n by ! motion ( _! %ad[s2 & 9 l mann] ( ! motion ( ! sun4 #iii4 ,to "k bett] ! direction ( ! w9ds4 ,footnote3 ,9 connection ) ?is text ,i may "h m5tion a hygromet]1 drawn & probably inv5t$ by ,leon>do4 ,a facsimile ( ?is is giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #big ) ! note3 ',modi di pes>e l'arie eddi sap]e qu&o s'a arromp]e il tepo' 7,mode ( weigh+ ! air & ( kn[+ :5 ! wea!r w *ange72 by ! sponge ,spugnea is writt54 ,! globe an organism4 #ajjj4 ,no?+ orig9ates 9 a spot :]e !re is no s5ti5t1 vegetable & rational life2 fea!rs gr[ ^u birds & are *ang$ e ye>2 hairs gr[ ^u animals & are *ang$ e ye>1 except+ "s p>ts1 l ! hairs ( ! be>d 9 lions1 cats & _! l4 ,! grass gr[s 9 ! fields1 & ! leaves on ! trees1 & e ye> !y are1 9 great "p1 r5ew$4 ,s t we might say t ! e>? has a _s ( gr[?2 t its fle% is ! soil1 its bones ! arrangem5t & connection ( ! rocks ( :i* ! m\nta9s are compos$1 its c>tilage ! tufa1 & its blood ! spr+s ( wat]4 ,! pool ( blood :i* lies r\nd ! he>t is ! ocean1 & its brea?+1 & ! increase & decrease ( ! blood 9 ! pulses1 is repres5t$ 9 ! e>? by ! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea2 & ! heat ( ! _s ( ! _w is ! fire :i* p]vades ! e>?1 & ! seat ( ! vegetative s\l is 9 ! fires1 :i* 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>? f9d v5t 9 ba?s & m9es ( sulphur1 & 9 volcanoes1 z at ,m\nt ,aetna 9 ,sicily1 & 9 _m o!r places4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ibi4 ,,xvii4 ,topographical ,notes4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! texts publi%$ 9 ?is section might p]haps h f\nd _! prop] place 9 connection ) ! =ego+ *apt]s on ,physical ,geography4 ,b ^! obs]vations on ,physical ,geography1 ( :atev] k9d !y may be1 z soon z !y are localis$ acquire a special int]e/ & importance & p>ticul>ly z be>+ on ! "q :e!r ,leon>do himself made ! obs]vations record$ at ! places m5tion$ or m]ely not$ ! /atem5ts f he>say4 ,9 a few in/ances he himself tells u t he writes at second h&4 ,9 "s cases aga91 al?\gh ! /yle & expressions us$ make x seem highly probable t he has d]iv$ 8 in=mation f o!rs-- ?\gh1 z x seems to me1 ^! cases are n v num]\s--we f9d1 on ! o!r h&1 among ^! topographical notes a great numb] ( obs]vations1 ab\t :i* x is extremely difficult to =m a decid$ op9ion4 ,( :at ! ,ma/]'s life & travels may h be5 ?r\gh\t 8 sixty-sev5 ye>s ( life we "k comp>atively little2 = a long c\rse ( "t1 & p>ticul>ly f ab\t #adhb to #adhf1 we d n ev5 "k ) c]ta9ty t he 0 liv+ 9 ,italy4 ,?us1 f a biographical po9t ( view a v great int]e/ atta*es to "s ( ! topographical notes1 & = ?is reason x seem$ t x w\ld add to _! value to arrange !m 9 a gr\p by !mselves4 ,leon>do's intimate k ) places1 "s ( :i* 7 c]ta9ly remote f 8 native home1 are ( importance z contribut+ to decide ! /ill op5 "q z to ! ext5t ( ,leon>do's travels4 ,we %all f9d 9 ^! notes a confirmation ( ! view1 t ! ,,mss4 9 :i* ! ,topographical ,notes occur are 9 only a v few in/ances su* di>ies z may h be5 9 use dur+ a j\rney4 ,^! notes are mo/ly f\nd 9 ! ,,mss4 books ( 8 lat] & quiet] ye>s1 & x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ,leon>do is v retic5t z to ! au?orities f :om he quotes 8 facts & obs]vations3 ,= in/ance1 z to ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 ! ,nile1 ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s & ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,is x likely t he1 :o decl>$ t 9 all sci5tific rese>*1 8 own exp]i5ce %\ld be ! f\ndation ( 8 /atem5ts 7see ,,xix ,philosophy ,no4 #ihg--iia17 %\ld "h h made an exception to ?is rule )\t m5tion+ x8 ,z = in/ance 9 ! discussion z to ! equilibrium ( ! mass ( wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea--a subject :i*1 x may be obs]v$1 _h at t "t attract$ ! int]e/ & /udy ( h>dly any o!r obs]v]4 ,! acute rem>ks1 9 ,nos4 #ihe--iic1 on ! pres5ce ( %ells at ! tops ( m\nta9s1 suffice to prove--z x seems to me--t x 0 n 9 8 nature to all[ himself to be betray$ into wide g5]alisations1 ext5d+ beyond ! limits ( 8 own inve/igations1 ev5 by su* brilliant results ( p]sonal /udy4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,topographical ,notes1 ?\gh sugge/+ v c>eful & ?or\gh rese>*1 d n h[ev]1 z has be5 said1 af=d necess>ily indisputable evid5ce t t rese>* 0 ,leon>do's own4 ,b x mu/ be grant$ t 9 m ?an "o in/ance probability is 9 fav\r ( ?is idea4 ,among ! passages :i* treat some:at fully ( ! topography ( ,ea/]n places by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ is a description ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s2 b z ?is text is writt5 9 ! /yle ( a =mal report &1 9 ! orig9al1 is associat$ ) c]ta9 lett]s :i* give u ! hi/ory ( its orig91 ,i h ?\ght x be/ n to sev] x f t connection4 ,x w be f\nd "u ,no4 ,,xxi 7,lett]s74 ,t ,flor5ce1 & its neighb\rhood1 :]e ,leon>do sp5t 8 e>ly ye>s1 %\ld be n[h]e m5tion$ except 9 connection ) ! projects = canals1 :i* occupi$ 8 att5tion = "s %ort "t dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 ne$ n surprise u4 ,! v>i\s passages relat+ to ! con/ruction ( canals 9 ,tuscany1 :i* are put toge!r at ! beg9n+1 are imm$iately foll[$ by ^? :i* deal ) s*emes = canals 9 ,lomb>dy2 & aft] ^! come notes on ! city & vic9ity ( ,milan z well z on ! lakes ( ,nor? ,italy4 ,! notes on "s t[ns ( ,c5tral ,italy :i* ,leon>do visit$ 9 #aejb1 :5 9 ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 are reproduc$ "h 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! note book us$ dur+ ^! travels 7,,ms4 ,l41 ,in/itut de ,france74 ,^! notes h b little int]e/ 9 !mselves except+ z sugge/+ 8 it9]>y4 ,! maps ( ! di/ricts drawn by ,leon>do at ! "t are m valuable 7see ,no4 #ajed note74 ,! names on ^! maps are n writt5 f "r to left1 b 9 ! usual mann]1 & we are p]mitt$ to inf] t !y 7 made 9 ob$i5ce to "s comm&1 possibly = ! use ( ,ces>e ,borgia himself2 ! fact t !y rema9$ nev]!less 9 ,leon>do's h&s is n surpris+ :5 we rememb] ! sudd5 political *anges & w>like ev5ts ( ! p]iod4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! maps1 :i* are "h publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 are orig9al 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 t is to say drawn f obs]vations ( ! places !mselves2 ?is is prov$ by ! fact--among o!rs--t we f9d among 8 manuscripts n only ! f9i%$ maps !mselves b ! r\gh sket*es & /udies = !m4 ,& x w\ld p]haps be difficult to po9t out among ! abundant contributions to geographical k publi%$ dur+ ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 any maps at all approa*+ ^! 9 accuracy & f9i%4 ,! int]e/+ map ( ! _w1 s f> z x 0 !n kn[n1 :i* is among ! ,leon>do ,,mss4 at ,w9dsor 7publi%$ 9 ! ',ar*aeologia' ,vol4 ,,xi7 _c be attribut$ to ! ,ma/]1 z ! ,m>*ese ,girolamo d',adda has suffici5tly prov$2 x has n !re=e be5 reproduc$ "h4 ,su* ( ,leon>do's obs]vations on places 9 ,italy z 7 made be=e or aft] 8 (ficial travels z milit>y eng9e] to ,ces>e ,borgia1 h be5 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 "u ,nos4 #ajcd-ajed4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ are ^? :i* relate to ! ,alps & ! ,app59es1 ,nos4 #ajeg-ajfh4 ,mo/ ( ! passages 9 :i* ,france is m5tion$ h hi!rto rema9$ unkn[n1 z well z ^? :i* treat ( ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* come at ! end ( ?is section4 ,?\gh ^! may be reg>d$ z ( a m que/ionable importance 9 _! be>+ on ! biography ( ! ,ma/] ?an ^? :i* m5tion places 9 ,france1 x mu/ be all[$ t !y are int]e/+ z %[+ ! prom95t place :i* ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ held 9 8 geographical /udies4 ,he nev] once alludes to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,i4 ,,italy4 ,canals 9 connection ) ! ,arno 7#ajja-ajjh74 #ajja4 ,,canal ,,( ,,flor5ce4 ,sluices %\ld be made 9 ! valley ( la ,*iana at ,arezzo1 s t :51 9 ! summ]1 ! ,arno lacks wat]1 ! canal may n rema9 dry3 & let ?is canal be #bj braccia wide at ! bottom1 & at ! top #cj1 & #b braccia deep1 or #d1 s t two ( ^! braccia may fl[ to ! mills & ! mead[s1 :i* w b5efit ! c\ntry2 & ,prato1 ,pi/oia & ,pisa1 z well z ,flor5ce1 w ga9 two hundr$ ?\s& ducats a ye>1 & w l5d a h& & money to ?is useful "w2 & ! ,luc*ese ! same1 = ! lake ( ,se/o w be navigable2 ,i %all direct x to ,prato & ,pi/oia1 & cut ?r\gh ,s]ravalle & make an issue into ! lake2 = !re w be no ne$ ( locks or supports1 :i* are n la/+ & s w always be giv+ tr\ble 9 work+ at !m & keep+ !m up4 ,& "k t 9 digg+ ?is canal :]e x is #d braccia deep1 x w co/ #d d9>i ! squ>e braccio2 = twice ! dep? #f d9>i1 if y are mak+ #d braccia ,footnote3 ,?is passage is illu/rat$ by a slightly sket*$ map1 on :i* ^! places are indicat$ f ,we/ to ,ea/3 ,pisa1 ,luc*a1 ,lago1 ,s]avalle1 ,pi/oja1 ,prato1 ,fir5ze4 & !re are b #b banks2 t is to say "o f ! bottom ( ! tr5* to ! surface ( ! edges ( x1 & ! o!r f ^! edges to ! top ( ! ridge ( e>? :i* w be rais$ on ! m>g9 ( ! bank4 ,& if ?is bank 7 ( d\ble ! dep? only ! fir/ bank w be increas$1 t is #d braccia increas$ by half ! fir/ co/2 t is to say t if at fir/ #d d9>i 7 paid = #b banks1 = #c x w\ld come to #f1 at #b d9>i ! bank1 if ! tr5* measur$ #af braccia at ! bottom2 aga91 if ! tr5* 7 #af braccia wide & #d deep1 com+ to #d lire = ! "w1 #d ,milan d9>i ! squ>e braccio2 a tr5* :i* 0 #cb braccia at ! bottom w\ld come to #h d9>i ! squ>e braccio4 #ajjb4 ,f ! wall ( ! ,arno at ! gate ( la ,giu/izia to ! bank ( ! ,arno at ,s>digna :]e ! walls are1 to ! mills1 is #gdjj braccia1 t is #b miles & #adjj braccia & beyond ! ,arno is #eejj braccia4 ,footnote3 #b4 ,giu/izia4 ,by ?is ! ,porta della ,giu/izia seems to be meant2 f ! ,x,vth to ! ,x,v,ith c5turies x 0 also commonly kn[n z ,porta ,guelfa1 ,porta ,san ,francesco del ,r5aio1 ,porta ,nuova1 & ,porta ,reale4 ,x 0 close to ! ,arno opposite to ! ,porta ,san ,niccolo1 :i* /ill exi/s4 #ajjc4 ,by guid+ ! ,arno above & bel[ a treasure w be f\nd 9 ea* acre ( gr\nd by :omsoev] w4 #ajjd4 ,! wall ( ! old h\ses runs t[>ds ! gate ( ,san ,nicolo4 ,footnote3 ,by ! side ( ?is text !re is an indi/9ct sket*1 resembl+ t giv5 "u ,no4#igc4 ,on ! bank is writt5 ! ^w ,casace4 ,!re !n foll[s 9 ! orig9al a passage ( #ab l9es 9 :i* ! consequ5ces ( ! w9d+s ( ! riv] are discuss$4 ,a l>g] b equally ha/y diagram on ! same page repres5ts ! %ores ( ! ,arno inside ,flor5ce z 9 two p>allel l9es4 ,f\r horizontal l9es indicate ! bridges4 ,by ! side ^! measures are /at$ 9 figures3 ,i4 7at ! ,ponte alla ,c>raja73 #bcj--l>gho br4 #ab e #b di spoda e #ad di pile e a #d pila/ri2 #b4 7at ! ,ponte ,s4 ,tr9ita72 l#hh--l>gho br4 #ae e #b di spode he #bh di pila/ri = delle spode e pila/ri s #b2 #c4 7at ! ,ponte vec*io72 pote lung br4 #aeb e l>go2 #d4 7at ! ,ponte alle ,grazie73 #bij ell>go #ab e #b di spode e #f di pili4 ,!re is1 9 ,,ms4 ,w4 ,l4 #bl#b;b1 a sket*$ plan ( ,flor5ce1 ) ! foll[+ names ( gates3 ,ni*olo--,sam9iato--,giorgo--,ghanol9i-- ,porta ,san ,fr$ian --,prato--,fa5za--,ghallo--,p9ti--,giu/i tia4 #ajje4 ,! ru9$ wall is #fdj braccia2 #acj is ! wall rema9+ ) ! mill2 #cjj braccia 7 brok5 9 #d ye>s by ,bis>no4 #ajjf4 ,!y d n "k :y ! ,arno w nev] rema9 9 a *annel4 ,x is because ! riv]s :i* fl[ into x deposit e>? :]e !y ent]1 & we> x away on ! opposite side1 b5d+ ! riv] 9 t direction4 ,! ,arno fl[s = #f miles betwe5 la ,caprona & ,leghorn2 & = #ab ?r\gh ! m>%es1 :i* ext5d #cb miles1 & #af f ,la ,caprona up ! riv]1 :i* makes #dh2 by ! ,arno f ,flor5ce beyond #af miles2 to ,vico #af miles1 & ! canal is #e2 f ,flor5ce to ,fuce*io x is #dj miles by ! riv] ,arno4 #ef miles by ! ,arno f ,flor5ce to ,vico2 by ! ,pi/oia canal x is #dd miles4 ,?us x is #ab miles %ort] by ! canal ?an by ! ,arno4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is writt5 by ! side ( a map wa%$ 9 ,indian ink1 ( ! c\rse ( ! ,arno2 x is evid5tly a sket* = a complet] map4 ,^! inve/igations may possibly be connect$ ) ! foll[+ docum5ts4 ,francesco ,guiducci alla ,balia di ,fir5ze4 ,dal ,campo contro ,pisa #bd ,luglio #aejc 7,ar*ivio di ,/ato1 ,fir5ze1 ,lett]e alla ,balia2 publi%$ by ,j4 ,,gaye1 ,c>teggio in$ito d',arti/i1 ,fir5ze #ahdj1 ,tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #fb73 ,ex ,ca/ris1 ,franciscus ,ghuiduccius1 #bd4 ,jul4 #aejc4 ,appresso fu qui hi]i con una di ,v4 ,signoria ,alex&ro degli ,albizi insieme con ,leon>do da ,v9ci et c]ti altri1 et v$uto el disegno insieme con el ghov]natore1 doppo molte discussioni et dubii conclusesi *e l'op]a fussi molto al proposito1 o si v]am5te ,arno volg]si qui1 o re/>vi con un canale1 *e alm5o viet]ebbe *e le coll9e da nemici non potrebbono ess]e (fese2 come tucto ref]iranno loro a bo*a ,v4 ,s4 ,&1 ,ar*ivio di ,/ato1 ,fir5ze1 ,libro d',entrata e ,uscita di cassa de' ,magnifici ,signori di luglio e ago/o #aejc a #ea ,t43 ,&ata di ,leon>do al ,campo sotto ,pisa4 ,spese extraord9>ie di5o d>e a di ,,xxvi di luglio ,l4 ,,lvi sol4 ,,xii p] loro a ,giovanni ,piff]o2 e sono p] tanti1 asegnia av]e spexi 9 vetture di sei *avalli a spese di vitto p] &>e *on ,lion>do da ,v9ci a livell>e ,arno 9 quello di ,pisa p] levallo del lilo suo4 7,publi%$ by ,,milanesi1 ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,italiano1 ,s]ie ,,iii1 ,tom4 ,,xvi4 ,,vas>i ass]ts3 7,leon>do7 fu il primo ancora1 *e giovanetto discorresse sopra il fiume d',arno p] mett]lo 9 canale da ,pisa a ,fior5za 7ed4 ,,sansoni1 ,,iv1 #bj74 ,! passage above is 9 "s degree illu/rat$ by ! map on ,pl4 ,,cxii1 :]e ! c\rse ( ! ,arno we/w>d f ,empoli is %[n4 #ajjg4 ,! eddy made by ! ,m5sola1 :5 ! ,arno is l[ & ! ,m5sola full4 ,footnote3 ,m5sola is a m\nta9 /ream :i* falls into ! ,arno ab\t a mile & a half above ,flor5ce4 ,a,arno1 ,i,isola1 ,m,mvgone1 ,p,pesa1 ,n,mesola4 #ajjh4 ,t ! riv] :i* is to be turn$ f "o place to ano!r mu/ be coax$ & n treat$ r\ghly or ) viol5ce2 & to d ?is a sort ( floodgate %\ld be made 9 ! riv]1 & !n l[] d[n "o 9 front ( x & 9 l mann] a ?ird1 f\r? & fif?1 s t ! riv] may dis*>ge itself into ! *annel giv5 to x1 or t by ?is means x may be div]t$ f ! place x has damag$1 z 0 done 9 ,fl&]s--z ,i 0 told by ,niccolo di ,=sore4 ,h[ to protect & repair ! banks wa%$ by ! wat]1 z bel[ ! isl& ( ,cocom]i4 ,ponte ,rubaconte 7,fig4 #a72 bel[ ! palaces ,bi/icci & ,canigiani 7,fig4 #b74 ,above ! flood gate ( la ,giu/izia 7,fig4 #c72 a b is a s& bank opposite ! end ( ! isl& ( ! ,cocom]i 9 ! middle ( ! ,arno 7,fig4 #d74 ,footnote3 ,! c\rse ( ! riv] ,arno is also discuss$ 9 ,nos4 #ihg & #ihh4 ,canals 9 ! ,milanese 7#ajji-ajac74 #ajji4 ,! canal ( ,san ,cri/(ano at ,milan made ,may #crd #aeji4 ,footnote3 ,?is obs]vation is writt5 above a wa%$ p5 & ink draw+ :i* has be5 publi%$ z ,tav4 ,,vi 9 ! 11,saggio4 ,! editors ( t "w expla9 ! draw+ z uno ,/udio di boc*e p] e/razione d'acqua4 #ajaj4 ,,( ,,! ,,canal ,,( ,,m>tesana4 ,by mak+ ! canal ( ,m>tesana ! wat] ( ! ,adda is greatly dim9i%$ by its di/ribution ov] _m di/ricts = ! irrigation ( ! fields4 ,a rem$y = ?is w\ld be to make sev]al little *annels1 s9ce ! wat] drunk up by ! e>? is ( no m use to any "o1 nor mis*ief nei!r1 because x is tak5 f no "o2 & by mak+ ^! *annels ! wat] :i* be=e 0 lo/ returns aga9 & is once m s]viceable & useful to m54 ,footnote3 el navilio di ,m>tagano is also m5tion$ 9 a note writt5 9 r$ *alk1 ,,ms4 ,h#b #ag;a ,leon>do has1 z x seems1 little to d ) ,lodovico il ,moro's s*eme to r5d] ?is canal navigable4 ,! canal _h be5 made 9 #adfj by ,b]ton9o da ,nov>a4 ,il ,moro issu$ 8 degree 9 #adic1 b ,leon>do's notes ab\t ?is canal 71 ) ! exception ( "o 7,no4 #acdc71 writt5 ab\t sixte5 ye>s lat]4 #ajaa4 ,no canal :i* is f$ by a riv] c be p]man5t if ! riv] :5ce x orig9ates is n :olly clos$ up1 l ! canal ( ,m>tesana :i* is f$ by ! ,tic9o4 #ajab4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! canal to ! mill4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! canal ( ,brivio to ! mill ( ,travaglia is #bgid trabo*i1 t is #aaagf braccia1 :i* is m ?an #c miles & two ?irds2 & "h ! canal is #eg braccia high] ?an ! surface ( ! wat] ( ! ,adda1 giv+ a fall ( two in*es 9 e hundr$ trabo*i2 & at t spot we propose to take ! op5+ ( our canal4 ,footnote3 ,! foll[+ are writt5 on ! sket*es3 ,at ! place m>k$ ,n3 navilio da dacquiue 7canal ( runn+ wat]72 at ,m3 mol9 del ,travaglia 7,mill ( ,travaglia72 at ,r3 ro*etta ssanta m>ia 7small rock ( ,santa ,m>ia72 at ,a3 ,adda2 at ,l3 ,lagho di ,le*o r+orgato alli #c corni 9 ,adda1--,con*a p]petua 7lake ( ,lecco ov]fl[+ at ,tre ,corni1 9 ,adda1-- a p]man5t sluice74 ,ne> ! second sket*1 ref]r+ to ! sluice ne> ,q3 qui la *at5a ttalie d'u peso 7"h ! *a9 is 9 "o piece74 ,at ,m 9 ! l[] sket*3 mol del travaglia1 nel cav>e la con*a il t]5o ara *otrap]o co cassa d'acqua4 7,mill ( ,travaglia1 9 digg+ out ! sluice ! soil w h z a c\nt]poise a vessel ( wat]74 #ajac4 ,if x be n report$ !re t ?is is to be a public canal1 x w be necess>y to pay = ! l&2 ,footnote #c3 il re4 ,l\is ,,xii or ,francis ,i ( ,france4 ,x is h>dly possible to d\bt t ! canals "h spok5 ( 7 int5d$ to be 9 ! ,milanese4 ,comp>e ) ?is passage ! r\gh copy ( a lett] by ,leon>do1 to ! ,presid5te dell' ,ufficio regolatore dell' acqua on ,no4 #acej4 ,see also ! note to ,no4 #gde1 #a4 #ab4 & ! k+ w pay x by remitt+ ! taxes = a ye>4 ,e/imates & prep>atory /udies = canals 7#ajad4 #ajae74 #ajad4 ,,canal4 ,! canal :i* may be #af braccia wide at ! bottom & #bj at ! top1 we may say is on ! av]age #ah braccia wide1 & if x is #d braccia deep1 at #d d9>i ! squ>e braccia2 x w only co/ #ijj ducats1 to excavate by ! mile1 if ! squ>e braccio is calculat$ 9 ord9>y braccia2 b if ! braccia are ^? us$ 9 measur+ l&1 ( :i* e #d are equal to #d #a_/b & if by ! mile we und]/& ?ree ?\s& ord9>y braccia2 turn$ into l& braccia1 ^! #cjjj braccia w lack #a_/d2 !re rema9 #bbej braccia1 :i* at #d d9>i ! braccio w am\nt to #fge ducats a mile4 ,at #c d9>i ! squ>e braccio1 ! mile w am\nt to #ejf #a_/d ducats s t ! excavation ( #cj miles ( ! canal w am\nt to #aeahg #a_/b ducats4 #ajae4 ,to make ! great canal1 fir/ make ! small] "o & conduct into x ! wat]s :i* by a :eel w help to fill ! great "o4 ,notes on build+s 9 ,milan 7#ajaf-ajai7 #ajaf4 ,indicate ! c5tre ( ,milan4 ,m(orte--porta resa--porta nova--/rada nova--navilio--porta cumana--b>co--porta giovia--porta v]cell9a--porta sco ,anbrogio--porta ,tes9ese--torre dell' ,imp]atore-- porta ,lodovica--acqua4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cix4 ,! orig9al sket* is "h r$uc$ to ab\t half its size4 ,! gates ( ! t[n are "h nam$1 beg9n+ at ! "r h& & foll[+ ! curv$ l9e4 ,9 ! bird's eye view ( ,milan bel[1 ! ca!dral is pla9ly recognisable 9 ! middle2 to ! "r is ! t[] ( ,san ,gott>do4 ,! squ>e1 above ! numb] #iadg1 is ! ,lazz>etto1 :i* 0 begun 9 #adhh4 ,on ! left ! gr\p ( build+s ( ! ',ca/ello' w be notic$4 ,on ! sket*$ ,plan ( ,flor5ce 7see ,no4 #ajjd note7 ,leon>do has writt5 on ! m>g9 ! foll[+ names ( gates ( ,milan3 ,v]cell9a --,tic9ese--,ludovica--,romana--,ori5tal e-- ,nova--,beatrice--,cumana--,comp>e too ,no4 #addh1 #aa4 #e1 #ab4 #ajag4 ,! moat ( ,milan4 ,canal #b braccia wide4 ,! ca/le ) ! moats full4 ,! fill+ ( ! moats ( ! ,ca/le ( ,milan4 #ajah4 ,,! ,,ba?4 ,to heat ! wat] = ! /ove ( ! ,du*ess take f\r p>ts ( cold wat] to ?ree p>ts ( hot wat]4 ,footnote3 ,du*essa di ,milano1 ,beatrice d',e/e1 wife ( ,ludovico il ,moro to :om %e 0 m>ri$1 9 #adia4 ,%e di$ 9 ,june #adig4 #ajai4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral at ! pulley ( ! nail ( ! cross4 ,item4 ,to place ! mass v r 9 !444 ,footnote3 ,on ?is passage ,,amoretti rem>ks 7,memorie ,/ori*e *ap4 ,,ix73 ,nell'anno /esso lo veggiamo =m>e un congegno di c>ucole e di corde1 con cui trasport>e 9 piu v5]abile e piu sicuro luogo1 cioe nell'ultima arcata della nave di mezzo della metropolitana1 la sacra reliquia del ,santo ,*iodo1 *e ivi ancor si v5]a4 ,al fol4 #ae del codice segnato ,q4 ,r4 9 #af1 egli ci ha lasciata di tal congegno una doppia figura1 cioe una di quattro c>ucole1 e una di tre colle rispettive corde1 soggiugn&ovi3 9 ,domo alla c>ucola del ,*iodo della ,croce4 ,,amoretti',s views z to ! m>k on ! ,,ms1 & ! date :5 x 0 writt5 are1 x may be obs]v$1 :olly unf\nd$4 ,! ,,ms4 ,l1 9 :i* x occurs1 is ( ! ye> #aejb1 & x is v unlikely t ,leon>do 0 9 ,milan at t "t2 ?is h[ev] w\ld n prev5t ! rem>k1 :i* is some:at obscure1 f apply+ to ! ,ca!dral at ,milan4 #ajbj4 ,,( ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,! ,,vacuum ,,=m$ ,,9 ,a ,,mom5t4 ,i saw1 at ,milan1 a ?und]bolt fall on ! t[] della ,cr$5za on its ,nor!rn side1 & x desc5d$ ) a sl[ motion d[n t side1 & !n at once p>t$ f t t[] & c>ri$ ) x & tore away f t wall a space ( #c braccia wide & two deep2 & ?is wall 0 #d braccia ?ick & 0 built ( ?9 & small old bricks2 & ?is 0 dragg$ out by ! vacuum :i* ! flame ( ! ?und]bolt _h caus$1 c4 ,footnote3 ,) ref]5ce to build+s at ,milan see also ,nos4 #gea & #gef1 & ,pl4 ,,xcv1 ,no4 #b 7expla9$ on p4 #eb71 ,pl4 ,c 7expla9$ on pages #fj-fb74 ,see also pages #be1 #ci & #dj4 ,rem>ks on natural ph5om5a 9 & ne> ,milan 7#ajba4 #ajbb74 #ajba4 ,i h already be5 to see a great v>iety 7( atmosph]ic effects74 ,& lately ov] ,milan t[>ds ,lago ,maggiore ,i saw a cl\d 9 ! =m ( an imm5se m\nta9 full ( rifts ( gl[+ light1 because ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* 0 already close to ! horizon & r$1 t+$ ! cl\d ) its own hue4 ,& ?is cl\d attract$ to x all ! little cl\ds t 7 ne> :ile ! l>ge "o did n move f its place2 ?us x reta9$ on its summit ! reflection ( ! sunlight till an h\r & a half aft] sunset1 s imm5sely l>ge 0 x2 & ab\t two h\rs aft] sunset su* a viol5t w9d arose1 t x 0 really trem5d\s & unhe>d (4 ,footnote3 di arie is want+ 9 ! orig9al b may safely be ins]t$ 9 ! context1 z ! =mation ( cl\ds is "u discussion be=e ?is text4 #ajbb4 ,on ! #aj? day ( ,decemb] at #i o'clock a4 m4 fire 0 set to ! place4 ,on ! l#h? day ( ,decemb] #aeaa at #i o'clock a4 m4 ?is second fire 0 k9dl$ by ! ,swiss at ,milan at ! place call$ ,,dcxc4 ,footnote3 ,) ^! two texts1 7l4 #a--b & l4 #c--e are 9 ! orig9al side by side7 !re are sket*es ( smoke wrea?s 9 r$ *alk4 ,note on ,pavia4 #ajbc4 ,! *imneys ( ! ca/le ( ,pavia h #f r[s ( op5+s & f ea* to ! o!r is "o braccio4 ,footnote3 ,o!r notes relat+ to ,pavia occur on p4 #dc & p4 #ec 7,pl4 ,,xcviii1 ,no4 #c74 ,comp>e ,no4 #addh1 #bf4 ,notes on ! ,s=zesca ne> ,vigevano 7#ajbd-ajbh74 #ajbd4 ,on ! #bnd day ( ,febru>y #adid4 ,at ,s=zesca ,i drew tw5ty five /eps1 #b_/c braccia to ea*1 & #h braccia wide4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx1 ,no4 #b4 ,! re/ ( ! notes on ?is page ref] to ! motion ( wat]4 ,on ! l[] sket* we read3 #d br4 7f\r braccia7 & gi>a 7= ghiaja1 s&1 gravel74 #ajbe4 ,! v9ey>ds ( ,vigevano on ! #bj? day ( ,m>* #adid4 ,footnote3 ,on "o side !re is an effac$ sket* 9 r$ *alk4 #ajbf4 ,to lock up a butt]is at ,vigevano4 #ajbg4 ,aga9 if ! l[e/ "p ( ! bank :i* lies across ! curr5t ( ! wat]s is made 9 deep & wide /eps1 aft] ! mann] ( /airs1 ! wat]s :i*1 9 _! c\rse usually fall p]p5dicul>ly f ! top ( su* a place to ! bottom1 & we> away ! f\ndations ( ?is bank c no long] desc5d ) a bl[ ( too great a =ce2 & ,i f9d ! example ( ?is 9 ! /airs d[n :i* ! wat] falls 9 ! fields at ,s=zesca at ,vigevano ov] :i* ! runn+ wat] falls = a height ( #ej braccia4 #ajbh4 ,/air ( ,vigevano bel[ ,la ,s=zesca1 #acj /eps1 #a_/d braccio high & #a_/b braccio wide1 d[n :i* ! wat] falls1 s z n to we> away any?+ at ! end ( its fall2 by ^! /eps s mu* soil has come d[n t x has dri$ up a pool2 t is to say x has fill$ x up & a pool ( great dep? has be5 turn$ into mead[s4 ,notes on ! ,nor? ,italian lake4 7#ajbi-ajcc7 #ajbi4 ,9 _m places !re are /reams ( wat] :i* swell = six h\rs & ebb = six h\rs2 & ,i1 = my "p1 h se5 "o above ! lake ( ,como call$ ,fonte ,pl9iana1 :i* increases & ebbs1 z ,i h said1 9 su* a way z to turn ! /ones ( two mills2 & :5 x fails x falls s l[ t x is l look+ at wat] 9 a deep pit4 ,footnote3 ,! f\nta9 is kn[n by ?is "n to ?is day3 x is ne> ,torno1 on ! ,ea/]n %ore ( ,como4 ,! wat]s /ill rise & fall ) ! fl[ & ebb ( ! tide z ,pl9y describ$ x 7,epi/4 ,,iv1 #cj2 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,ii1 #bjf74 #ajcj4 ,,lake ,,( ,,como4 ,,valley ,,( ,,*iav5na4 ,above ! lake ( ,como t[>ds ,g]many is ! valley ( ,*iav5na :]e ! riv] ,m]a fl[s into ?is lake4 ,"h are b>r5 & v high m\nta9s1 ) huge rocks4 ,among ^! m\nta9s are to be f\nd ! wat]-birds call$ gulls4 ,"h gr[ fir trees1 l>*es & p9es4 ,de]1 wildgoats1 *amois1 & t]rible be>s4 ,x is impossible to climb !m )\t us+ h&s & feet4 ,! peasants g !re at ! "t ( ! sn[s ) great sn>es to make ! be>s fall d[n ^! rocks4 ,^! m\nta9s :i* v closely approa* ea* o!r are p>t$ by ! riv]4 ,!y are to ! "r & left = ! di/ance ( #bj miles ?r\gh\t ( ! same nature4 ,f mile to mile !re are good inns4 ,above on ! said riv] !re are wat]falls ( #djj braccia 9 height1 :i* are f9e to see2 & !re is good liv+ at #d soldi ! reckon+4 ,?is riv] br+s d[n a great deal ( timb]4 ,,val ,,sas9a4 ,val ,sas9a runs d[n t[>ds ,italy2 ?is is almo/ ! same =m & "*4 ,!re gr[ "h _m mappello & !re are great ru9s & falls ( wat] ,footnote #ad3 ,! mean+ ( mappello is unkn[n44 ,,valley ,,( ,,introzzo4 ,?is valley produces a great quantity ( firs1 p9es & l>*es2 & f "h ,ambrogio ,f]]i has 8 timb] br\ght d[n2 at ! head ( ! ,valtell9a are ! m\nta9s ( ,bormio1 t]rible & always cov]$ ) sn[2 m>mots 787 are f\nd !re4 ,,bellaggio4 ,opposite ! ca/le ,bellaggio !re is ! riv] ,latte1 :i* falls f a height ( m ?an #ajj braccia f ! s\rce :5ce x spr+s1 p]p5dicul>ly1 into ! lake ) an inconceivable ro> & noise4 ,?is spr+ fl[s only 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,,valtell9a4 ,valtell9a1 z x is call$1 is a valley enclos$ 9 high & t]rible m\nta9s2 x produces mu* /rong w9e1 & !re is s mu* cattle t ! natives conclude t m milk ?an w9e gr[s !re4 ,?is is ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,adda passes1 :i* fir/ runs m ?an #dj miles ?r\gh ,g]many2 ?is riv] bre$s ! fi% temolo :i* live on silv]1 ( :i* mu* is to be f\nd 9 its s&s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry e "o c sell bread & w9e1 & ! w9e is wor? at mo/ "o soldo ! bottle & a p\nd ( veal "o soldo1 & salt t5 d9>i & butt] ! same & _! p\nd is #cj ounces1 & eggs are "o soldo ! lot4 #ajca4 ,at ,,bormio4 ,at ,bormio are ! ba?s2--,ab\t eight miles above ,como is ! ,pl9iana1 :i* increases & ebbs e six h\rs1 & its swell supplies wat] = two mills2 & its ebb+ makes ! spr+ dry up2 two miles high] up !re is ,nesso1 a place :]e a riv] falls ) great viol5ce into a va/ rift 9 ! m\nta94 ,^! excursions are to be made 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,& ! l>ge/ b>e rocks t are to be f\nd 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry are ! m\nta9s ( ,m&ello ne> to ^? ( ,lecco1 & ( ,gravidona t[>ds ,bell9zona1 #cj miles f ,lecco1 & ^? ( ! valley ( ,*iav5na2 b ! greate/ ( all is t ( ,m&ello1 :i* has at its base an op5+ t[>ds ! lake1 :i* goes d[n #bjj /eps1 & !re at all times is ice & w9d4 ,,9 ,,val ,,sas9a4 ,9 ,val ,sas9a1 betwe5 ,vimognio & ,introbbio1 to ! "r h&1 go+ 9 by ! road to ,lecco1 is ! riv] ,troggia :i* falls f a v high rock1 & z x falls x goes und]gr\nd & ! riv] ends !re4 #c miles f>!r we f9d ! build+s ( ! m9es ( copp] & silv] ne> a place call$ ,pra' ,santo ,pietro1 & m9es ( iron & curi\s ?+s4 ,la ,grigna is ! highe/ m\nta9 !re is 9 ?is "p1 & x is q b>e4 ,footnote3 #ajcj & #ajca4 ,f ! "* ( ! h&writ+ we may conclude t ^! obs]vations 7 made 9 ,leon>do's y\?2 & ,i %\ld inf] f _! cont5ts1 t !y 7 notes made 9 anticipation ( a visit to ! places "h describ$1 & d]iv$ f "s p]son 7unkn[n to u7 :o _h giv5 him an acc\nt ( !m4 #ajcb4 ,! lake ( ,pusiano fl[s into ! lake ( ,segr9o ,footnote #c3 ,! /atem5t ab\t ! lake ,segr9o is incorrect2 x is situat$ 9 ! ,valle ,ass9a1 above ! lake ( ,pusiano4 & ( ,annone & ( ,sala4 ,! lake ( ,annone is #bb braccia high] at ! surface ( its wat] ?an ! surface ( ! wat] ( ! lake ( ,lecco1 & ! lake ( ,pusiano is #bj braccia high] ?an ! lake ( ,annone1 :i* add$ to ! a=e said #bb braccia make #db braccia & ?is is ! greate/ height ( ! surface ( ! lake ( ,pusiano above ! surface ( ! lake ( ,lecco4 ,footnote3 ,?is text has 9 ! orig9al a slight sket* to illu/rate x4 #ajcc4 ,at ,santa ,m>ia 9 ! ,valley ( ,ravagnate ,footnote #b3 ,ravagnate 7,leon>do writes ,ravagna7 9 ! ,brianza is betwe5 ,oggiono & ,brivio1 ,s\? ( ! lake ( ,como4 ,m4 ,ravaisson avails himself ( ?is note to prove 8 hypo!sis t ,leon>do paid two visits to ,france4 ,see ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #ahha pag4 #ebh3 ,au recto du meme feuillet1 on lit encore une note relative a une vallee nemonti brigatia2 il me semble qu'il s'agit bi5 des monts de ,briancon1 le ,brigantio des anci5s4 ,briancon e/ sur la r\te de ,lyon en ,italie4 ,ce fut p> le mont ,viso que pass]5t1 en a\t #aeae1 les tr\pes francaises qui allai5t remport] la victoire de ,m>ignan4 ,leon>d de ,v9ci1 +5ieur de ,francois ,i]1 comme il l'avait ete de ,l\is ,,xii1 aurait-il ete p\r quelque *ose dans le plan du celebre passage des ,alpes1 qui eut lieu en a\t #aeae1 et a la suite duquel on le vit accompagn] p>t\t le *eval]esque va9queur8 ,auraitil ete appele p> le jeune roi1 de ,rome ou l'arti/e etait alors1 des son av5em5t au trone8 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,brianza are ! rods ( *e/nuts ( #i braccia & "o out ( an av]age ( #ajj w be #ad braccia4 ,at ,v>allo di ,ponbia ne> to ,se/o on ! ,tic9o ! qu9ces are :ite1 l>ge & h>d4 ,footnote #e3 ,v>allo di ,ponbia1 ab\t t5 miles ,s\? ( ,arona is di/9ct f ,v>allo ! *ief t[n 9 ! ,val di ,sesia4 ,notes on places 9 ,c5tral ,italy1 visit$ 9 #aejb 7#ajcd-ajed74 #ajcd4 ,pigeon-h\se at ,urb9o1 ! #cj? day ( ,july #aejb4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket* is introduc$ ) ?is text1 9 ! orig9al1 9 :i* ! ^w ,scolatoro 7conduit7 is writt54 #ajce4 ,made by ! sea at ,piomb9o4 ,footnote3 ,bel[ ! sket* !re are elev5 l9es ( text ref]r+ to ! motion ( waves4 #ajcf4 ,acquap5d5te is ne> ,orvieto4 ,footnote3 ,acquap5d5te is ab\t #aj miles ,we/ ( ,orvieto1 & is to ! "r 9 ! map on ,pl4 ,,cxiii1 ne> ! lake ( ,bols5a4 #ajcg4 ,! rock ( ,ces5a4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #a1 ! l[] sket*4 ,! explanation ( ! upp] sket* is giv5 on p4 #bi4 #ajch4 ,si5a1 a b #d braccia1 a c #aj braccia4 ,/eps at ! ca/le ( ,urb9o4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx ,no4 #c2 comp>e also ,no4 #gfe4 #ajci4 ,! bell ( ,si5a1 t is ! mann] ( its movem5t1 & ! place ( ! atta*m5t ( ! clapp]4 ,footnote3 ,! text is accompani$ by an indi/9ct sket*4 #ajdj4 ,on ,/4 ,m>y's day 9 ! middle ( ,augu/1 at ,ces5a1 #aejb4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx1 ,no4 #d4 #ajda4 ,/airs ( ! palace ( ! ,c\nt ( ,urb9o1--r\gh4 ,footnote3 ,! text is accompani$ by a slight sket*4 #ajdb4 ,at ! fair ( ,san ,lor5zo at ,ces5a4 #aejb4 #ajdc4 ,w9d[s at ,ces5a4 ,footnote3 ,!re are f\r m l9es ( text :i* ref] to a slightly sket*$ diagram4 #ajdd4 ,at ,porto ,ces5atico1 on ! #f? ( ,septemb] #aejb at #i o'clock a4 m4 ,! way 9 :i* ba/ions ought to project beyond ! walls ( ! t[]s to def5d ! out] talus2 s t !y may n be tak5 by artill]y4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket*1 accompanies ?is passage4 #ajde4 ,! rock ( ! h>b\r ( ,ces5a is f\r po9ts t[>ds ! ,s\? ,we/ f ,ces5a4 #ajdf4 ,9 ,romagna1 ! realm ( all /upidity1 vehicles ) f\r :eels are us$1 ( :i* ,o ! two 9 front are small & two high ones are beh9d2 an arrangem5t :i* is v unfav\rable to ! motion1 because on ! =e :eels m weight is laid ?an on ^? beh9d1 z ,i %[$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! #e? on ,elem5ts4 #ajdg4 ,?us grapes are c>ri$ at ,ces5a4 ,! numb] ( ! digg]s ( ! dit*es is arrang$ pyramidically4 ,footnote3 ,a sket*1 repres5t+ a hook to :i* two bun*es ( grapes are hang+1 ref]s to ^! fir/ two l9es4 ,ces5a is m5tion$ aga9 ,fol4 #hb;a3 ,c>ro da ,ces5a 7a c>t f ,ces5a74 #ajdh4 ,!re might be a h>mony ( ! diff]5t falls ( wat] z y saw !m at ! f\nta9 ( ,rim9i on ! #h? day ( ,augu/1 #aejb4 #ajdi4 ,! =tress at ,urb9o4 ,footnote3 #ajdi4 ,9 ! orig9al ! text is writt5 inside ! sket* 9 ! place "h m>k$ n4 #ajej4 ,imola1 z reg>ds ,bologna1 is five po9ts f ! ,we/1 t[>ds ! ,nor? ,we/1 at a di/ance ( #bj miles4 ,ca/el ,san ,pi]o is se5 f ,imola at f\r po9ts f ! ,we/ t[>ds ! ,nor? ,we/1 at a di/ance ( #g miles4 ,fa5za /&s ) reg>d to ,imola betwe5 ,ea/ & ,s\? ,ea/ at a di/ance ( t5 miles4 ,=li /&s ) reg>d to ,fa5za betwe5 ,s\? ,ea/ & ,ea/ at a di/ance ( #bj miles f ,imola & t5 f ,fa5za4 ,=limpopoli lies 9 ! same direction at #be miles f ,imola4 ,b]t9oro1 z reg>ds ,imola1 is five po9ts f ! ,ea/ to w>ds ! ,s\? ,ea/1 at #bg miles4 #ajea4 ,imola z reg>ds ,bologna is five po9ts f ! ,we/ t[>ds ! ,nor? ,we/ at a di/ance ( #bj miles4 ,ca/el ,san ,pietro lies exactly ,nor? ,we/ ( ,imola1 at a di/ance ( #g miles4 ,fa5za1 z reg>ds ,imola lies exactly half way betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,s\? ,ea/ at a di/ance ( #aj miles2 & ,=li lies 9 ! same direction f ,imola at a di/ance ( #bj miles2 & ,=limpopolo lies 9 ! same direction f ,=li at a di/ance ( #be miles4 ,b]t9oro is se5 f ,imola two po9ts f ! ,ea/ t[>ds ! ,s\? ,ea/ at a di/ance ( #bg miles4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do ins]t$ ?is passage on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> plan1 9 wat] col\r1 ( ,imola--see ,pl4 ,,cxi ,no4 #a4--;,9 ! orig9al ! fields surr\nd+ ! t[n are light gre52 ! moat1 :i* surr\nds ! =tifications & ! w9d+s ( ! riv] ,sant]no1 are light blue4 ,! p>ts1 :i* h come out blacki% close to ! riv] are yell[ o*re 9 ! orig9al4 ,! d>k gr\ps ( h\ses inside ! t[n are r$4 ,at ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass drawn 9 ! middle ( ! t[n ,leon>do has writt5 7f "r to left73 ,mezzodi 7,s\?7 at ! top2 to ! left ,sciro*o 7,s\? ea/71 levante 7,ea/71 ,greco 7,nor? ,ea/71 ,septantrione 7,nor?71 ,maes/ro 7,nor? ,we/71 pon5te 7,we/7 ,libecco 7,s\? ,we/74 ,! ar* 9 :i* ! plan is drawn is1 9 ! orig9al1 #db c5timetres across4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] #aejb ,ces>e ,borgia 0 %ut up 9 ,imola by a sudd5 revolt ( ! ,condotti]i1 & x 0 "s weeks be=e he c\ld release himself f ?is /ate ( siege 7see ,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom im ,mittelalt]1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,book ,,xiii1 #e1 #e74 ,besides ?is incid5t ,imola plays no important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,i !re=e ?9k myself fully ju/ifi$ 9 connect+ ?is map1 :i* is at ,w9dsor1 ) ! siege ( #aejb & ) ,leon>do's engagem5ts 9 ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 because a comp>ison ( ^! texts1 ,nos4 #ajej & #ajea1 raise1 ,i believe1 ! hypo!sis to a c]ta9ty4 #ajeb4 ,f ,bonconv5ti to ,casa ,nova are #aj miles1 f ,casa ,nova to ,*iusi #i miles1 f ,*iusi to ,p]ugia1 f1 ,p]ugia to ,santa ,m>ia degli ,angeli1 & !n to ,fuligno4 ,footnote3 ,mo/ ( ! places "h describ$ lie )9 ! di/rict %[n 9 ! maps on ,pl4 ,,cxiii4 #ajec4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,augu/ #aejb1 ! libr>y at ,pes>o4 #ajed4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,on ! tops & sides ( hills =e%ort5 ! %ape ( ! gr\nd & its divisions1 b give its prop] %ape to :at is turn$ t[>ds y4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage evid5tly ref]s to ! mak+ ( maps1 su* z ,pl4 ,,cxii1 ,,cxiii1 & ,,cxiv4 ,!re is no m5tion ( su* works1 x is true1 except+ 9 ?is "o passage ( ,,ms4 ,l4 ,b ?is c sc>cely be tak5 z evid5ce aga9/ my view t ,leon>do busi$ himself v ext5sively at t "t 9 ! con/ruction ( maps2 & all ! less s9ce ! =ego+ *apt]s cle>ly prove t at a "t s full ( ev5ts ,leon>do w\ld only n[ & !n commit 8 obs]vations to pap]1 9 ! ,,ms4 ,l4 ,by ! side ( ?is text we f9d1 9 ! orig9al1 a v indi/9ct sket*1 p]haps a plan ( a position4 ,in/ead ( ?is draw+ ,i h "h ins]t$ a mu* cle>] sket* ( a position f ! same ,,ms41 ,l4 #hb;b & #hc;a4 ,!y are ! only draw+s ( l&scape1 x may be not$1 :i* occur at all 9 t ,,ms4 ,aless&ria 9 ,pi$mont 7#ajee4 #ajef74 #ajee4 ,at ,c&ia 9 ,lomb>dy1 ne> ,aless&ria della ,paglia1 9 mak+ a well = ,mess] ,gualti]i ,footnote #b3 ,mess] ,gualti]i1 ! same probably z is m5tion$ 9 ,nos4 #fgb & #acdd4 ( ,c&ia1 ! skeleton ( a v l>ge boat 0 f\nd ab\t #aj braccia und]gr\nd2 & z ! timb] 0 black & f9e1 x seem$ good to ! said ,mess] ,gualti]i to h ! m\? ( ! well l5g!n$ 9 su* a way z t ! ends ( ! boat %\ld be uncov]$4 #ajef4 ,at ,aless&ria della ,paglia 9 ,lomb>dy !re are no /ones = mak+ lime (1 b su* z are mix$ up ) an inf9ite v>iety ( ?+s native to ! sea1 :i* is n[ m ?an #bjj miles away4 ,! ,alps 7#ajeg-ajfb74 #ajeg4 ,at ,monbracco1 above ,saluzzo1--a mile above ! ,c]tosa1 at ! foot ( ,monte ,viso1 !re is a qu>ry ( flakey /one1 :i* is z :ite z ,c>r>a m>ble1 )\t a spot1 & z h>d z porphyry or ev5 h>d]2 ( :i* my wor?y gossip1 ,ma/] ,b5$etto ! sculptor1 has promis$ to give me a small slab1 = ! col\rs1 ! second day ( ,janu>y #aeaa4 ,footnote3 ,saluzzo at ! foot ( ! ,alps ,s\? ( ,tur94 ,footnote #i4 #aj43 ,mae/ro ,b5$etto scultore2 probably "s native ( ,nor!rn ,italy acqua9t$ ) ! place "h describ$4 ,h>dly ! ,flor5t9e sculptor ,b5$etto da ,majano4 ,amoretti _h publi%$ ?is passage1 & ,m4 ,ravaisson :o gave a ,fr5* translation ( x 9 ! ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts 7#ahha1 pag4 #ebh71 rem>ks z foll[s3 ,le maitre sculpteur que ,leon>d appelle son comp>e ne s]ait-il pas ,b5$etto da ,majano1 un de ceux qui jug]5t avec lui de la place a donn] au ,david de ,mi*el-,ange1 et de qui le ,l\vre a acquis recemm5t un bu/e d'apres ,philippe ,/rozzi8 ,to ?is x may be object$ t ,b5$etto da ,majano _h already la9 9 8 grave f\rte5 ye>s1 9 ! ye> #aeaa1 :5 he is suppos$ to h giv5 ! promise to ,leon>do4 ,! col\rs may h be5 giv5 to ! sculptor ,b5$etto & ! /one may h be5 9 paym5t = !m4 ,f ! description ( ! /one "h giv5 we may conclude t x is repeat$ f he>say ( ! sculptor's acc\nt ( x4 ,i d n und]/& h[1 f ?is obs]vation1 x is possible to conclude t ,leon>do 0 on ! spot4 #ajeh4 ,t !re are spr+s :i* sudd5ly break =? 9 e>?quakes or o!r convulsions & sudd5ly fail2 & ?is happ5$ 9 a m\nta9 9 ,savoy :]e c]ta9 =e/s sank 9 & left a v deep gap1 & ab\t f\r miles f "h ! e>? op5$ itself l a gulf 9 ! m\nta91 & ?rew out a sudd5 & imm5se flood ( wat] :i* sc\r$ ! :ole ( a little valley ( ! till$ soil1 v9ey>ds & h\ses1 & did ! greate/ mis*ief1 :]ev] x ov]fl[$4 #ajei4 ,! riv] ,arve1 a qu>t] ( a mile f ,g5eva 9 ,savoy1 :]e ! fair is held on midsumm]day 9 ! village ( ,sa9t ,g]vais4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket* is to be se5 by ! text4 #ajfj4 ,& ?is may be se51 z ,i saw x1 by any "o go+ up ,monbroso ,footnote3 ,i h va9ly enquir$ ( e available au?ority = a solution ( ! my/]y z to :at m\nta9 is int5d$ by ! "n ,monboso 7,comp4 ,vol4 ,i ,nos4 #cjj & #cja74 ,x seems mo/ obvi\s to ref] x to ,monte ,rosa4 ,,rosa d]iv$ f ! ,keltic ,,ros :i* survives 9 ,breton & 9 ,gaelic1 mean+1 9 its fir/ s5se1 a m\nta9 spur1 b :i* also--l ,,horn--means a v high peak2 ?us ,monte ,rosa w\ld mean lit]ally ! ,high ,peak41 a peak ( ! ,alps :i* divide ,france f ,italy4 ,! base ( ?is m\nta9 gives bir? to ! #d riv]s :i* fl[ 9 f\r diff]5t directions ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,& no m\nta9 has its base at s great a height z ?is1 :i* lifts itself above almo/ all ! cl\ds2 & sn[ seldom falls !re1 b only hail 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! cl\ds are highe/4 ,& ?is hail lies unmelt$ !re1 s t if x 7 n = ! absorption ( ! ris+ & fall+ cl\ds1 :i* does n happ5 m ?an twice 9 an age1 an enorm\s mass ( ice w\ld be pil$ up !re by ! lay]s ( hail1 & 9 ! middle ( ,july ,i f\nd x v consid]able2 & ,i saw ! sky above me q d>k1 & ! sun z x fell on ! m\nta9 0 f> bright] "h ?an 9 ! pla9s bel[1 because a small] ext5t ( atmosph]e lay betwe5 ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & ! sun4 ,footnote #f3 9 una eta4 ,?is is p]haps a slip ( ! p5 on ,leon>do's "p & %\ld be read e/ate 7summ]74 ,leic4 #i;b #ajfa4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,v]ona ! r$ m>ble is f\nd all mix$ ) cockle %ells turn$ into /one2 "s ( !m h be5 fill$ at ! m\? ) ! cem5t :i* is ! sub/ance ( ! /one2 & 9 "s p>ts !y h rema9$ sep>ate f ! mass ( ! rock :i* enclos$ !m1 because ! out] cov]+ ( ! %ell _h int]pos$ & _h n all[$ !m to unite ) x2 :ile 9 o!r places ?is cem5t _h petrifi$ ^? :i* 7 old & almo/ /ripp$ ! out] sk94 #ajfb4 ,bridge ( ,go]tz-,wilba* 7874 ,footnote3 ,!re is a slight sket* ) ?is text1 ,leon>do seems to h int5d$ to sugge/1 ) a few p5-/rokes1 ! c\rse ( ! ,isonzo & ( ! ,wipba* 9 ! vic9ity ( ,gorizia 7,go]z74 ,he himself says 9 ano!r place t he _h be5 9 ,friuli 7see ,no4 #ajgg #a4 #ai74 ,! ,app59s 7#ajfc-ajfh74 #ajfc4 ,t "p ( ! e>? :i* 0 lighte/ rema9$ f>!/ f ! c5tre ( ! _w2 & t "p ( ! e>? became ! lighte/ ov] :i* ! greate/ quantity ( wat] fl[$4 ,& !re=e t "p became lighte/ :]e ! greate/ numb] ( riv]s fl[2 l ! ,alps :i* divide ,g]many & ,france f ,italy2 :5ce issue ! ,rhone fl[+ ,s\?w>ds1 & ! ,rh9e to ! ,nor?4 ,! ,danube or ,tanoia t[>ds ! ,nor? ,ea/1 & ! ,po to ! ,ea/1 ) innum]able riv]s :i* jo9 !m1 & :i* always run turbid ) ! soil c>ri$ by !m to ! sea4 ,! %ores ( ! sea are con/antly mov+ t[>ds ! middle ( ! sea & displace x f its orig9al position4 ,! l[e/ portion ( ! ,m$it]ranean w be res]v$ = ! b$ & curr5t ( ! ,nile1 ! l>ge/ riv] t fl[s into t sea4 ,& ) x are gr\p$ all its tribut>ies1 :i* at fir/ fell into ! sea2 z may be se5 ) ! ,po & its tribut>ies1 :i* fir/ fell into t sea1 :i* betwe5 ! ,app59es & ! ,g]man ,alps 0 unit$ to ! ,adriatic sea4 ,t ! ,gallic ,alps are ! highe/ "p ( ,europe4 #ajfd4 ,& ( ^! ,i f\nd "s 9 ! rocks ( ! high ,app59es & mo/ly at ! rock ( ,la ,v]nia4 ,footnote #f3 ,sasso della ,v]nia4 ,! fr[n+ rock betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,arno & ! ,tib]1 z ,dante describes ?is m\nta91 :i* is #abfi metres 9 height4 ,?is note is writt5 by ! side ( t giv5 z ,no4 #ajbj2 b _! connection does n make x cle> :at ,leon>do's purpose 0 9 writ+ x4 #ajfe4 ,at ,p>ma1 at ',la ,campana' on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,octob] #aead4 ,footnote #b3 ,capano1 an ,inn4 ,a note on ! petrifactions1 or fossils ne> ,p>ma w be f\nd "u ,no4 #ihi4 #ajff4 ,a me?od = dry+ ! m>% ( ,piomb9o4 ,footnote3 ,!re is a slight sket* ) ?is text 9 ! orig9al4--,piomb9o is also m5tion$ 9 ,nos4 #fji1 l4 #ee-eh 7comp>e ,pl4 ,,xxxv1 #c1 bel[74 ,also 9 ,no4 #ajce4 #ajfg4 ,! %eph]ds 9 ! ,romagna at ! foot ( ! ,ap5n9es make peculi> l>ge cavities 9 ! m\nta9s 9 ! =m ( a horn1 & on "o side !y fa/5 a horn4 ,?is little horn becomes "o & ! same ) ! said cavity & ?us !y produce by bl[+ into x a v l\d noise4 ,footnote3 ,z to ! ,romagna see also ,no4 #ajdf4 #ajfh4 ,a spr+ may be se5 to rise 9 ,sicily :i* at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> ?r[s out *esnut leaves 9 quantities2 b 9 ,sicily *esnuts d n gr[1 h5ce x is evid5t t t spr+ mu/ issue f "s abyss 9 ,italy & !n fl[ b5ea? ! sea to break =? 9 ,sicily4 ,footnote3 ,! *esnut tree is v common 9 ,sicily4 ,9 writ+ cicilia ,leon>do meant p]haps ,cilicia4 ,,ii4 ,,france4 #ajfi4 ,,g]many4 ,,france4 a4 ,au/ria1 a4 ,pic>dy4 b4 ,saxony4 b4 ,norm&y4 c4 ,nuremb]g4 c4 ,dauph9e4 d4 ,fl&]s4 ,,spa94 a4 ,biscay4 b4 ,ca/ille4 c4 ,galicia4 d4 ,portugal4 e4 ,t>agona4 f4 ,granada4 ,footnote3 ,two slightly sket*$ maps1 "o ( ,europe ! o!r ( ,spa91 are at ! side ( ^! notes4 #ajgj4 ,p]pignan4 ,roanne4 ,lyons4 ,p>is4 ,gh5t4 ,bruges4 ,holl&4 ,footnote3 ,roana does n seem to mean "h ,r\5 9 ,norm&y1 b is probably ,roanne 7,rodumna7 on ! upp] ,loire1 ,lyonnais 7,dep4 du ,loire74 ,?is t[n is n[ unimportant1 b 9 ,leon>do's "t 0 /ill a place ( "s consequ5ce4 #ajga4 ,at ,bordeaux 9 ,gascony ! sea rises ab\t #dj braccia be=e its ebb1 & ! riv] !re is fill$ ) salt wat] = m ?an a hundr$ & fifty miles2 & ! vessels :i* are repair$ !re re/ high & dry on a high hill above ! sea at l[ tide4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is is obvi\sly an exagg]ation f\nd$ on inaccurate in=mation4 ,half ( #aej miles w\ld be ne>] ! m>k4 #ajgb4 ,! ,rhone issues f ! lake ( ,g5eva & fl[s fir/ to ! ,we/ & !n to ! ,s\?1 ) a c\rse ( #djj miles & p\rs its wat]s into ! ,m$it]ranean4 #ajgc4 c d is ! g>d5 at ,blois2 a b is ! conduit ( ,blois1 made 9 ,france by ,fra ,giocondo1 b c is :at is want+ 9 ! height ( t conduit1 c d is ! height ( ! g>d5 at ,blois1 e f is ! siphon ( ! conduit1 b c1 e f1 f g is :]e ! siphon dis*>ges into ! riv]4 ,footnote3 ,! t5or ( ?is note 7see l9es #b & #c7 seems to me to indicate t ?is passage 0 n writt5 9 ,france1 b 0 writt5 f oral in=mation4 ,we h no evid5ce z to :5 ?is note may h be5 writt5 beyond ! circum/ance t ,fra ,giocondo ! ,v]onese ,ar*itect left ,france n be=e ! ye> #aeje4 ,! great] "p ( ! magnific5t ,*ateau ( ,blois has n[ disappe>$4 ,:e!r ?is note 0 made = a special purpose is unc]ta94 ,! orig9al =m & ext5t ( ! ,*ateau is %[n 9 ,&rovet1 ,les plus excell5ts ,ba/im5ts de ,france1 ,p>is ,,mdcvii1 & x may be obs]v$ t !re is 9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 a ,pavilion some:at simil> to t %[n on ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #g4 ,see ,s4 ,,de ,,la ,,saussaye1 ,hi/oire du ,*ateau de ,blois #d;eme edition ,blois et ,p>is p4 #age3 ,en m>iant sa fille a9ee a ,francois1 comte d',ang\leme1 ,l\is ,,xii lui avait con/itue en dot les comtes de ,blois1 d',a/i1 de ,c\cy1 de ,mont=t1 d',etampes et de ,v]tus4 ,une ordonnance de ,francois ,i4 lui laissa en #aeaf l'adm9i/ration du comte de ,blois4 ,le roi fit comm5c]1 dans la meme annee1 les travaux de celle belle p>tie du *ateau1 connue s\s le nom d'aile de ,francois ,i1 et dont n\s avons donne la description au comm5cem5t de ce livre4 ,n\s tr\vons en effet1 dans les ar*ives du ,b>on de ,f\rsanvault1 une piece qui en fixe p>faitem5t la date4 ,on y lit3 ,je1 ,baymon ,philippeaux1 commis p> le ,roy a t5ir le compte et fair le payem5t des ba/im5ts1 ediffices et rep>acions que le dit seigneur fait faire en son *a/u de ,blois1 confesse avoir eu et receu 444 la somme de trois mille livres t\rnois 444 le c9quieme j\r de juillet1 l'an mil c9q c5t et seize4 ,p4 #bd3 ,les j>d9s avai5t ete decores avec beauc\p de luxe p> les diff]5ts possesseurs du *ateau4 ,il ne re/e de t\s les batim5ts qu'ils y elev]5t que ceux des (fici]s *>ges de l'adm9i/ration et de la culture des j>d9s1 et un pavilion c>re en pi]re et en brique flanque de t]rasses a *acun de ses angles4 ,quoique defigure p> des mesures elevees sur les t]rasses1 cet edifice e/ tris-digne d'int]et p> l'orig9alite du plan1 la decoration ar*itecturale et le s\v5ir d',anne de ,bretagne qui le fit con/ruire4 ,felibi5 describes ! g>d5 z foll[s3 ,le j>d9 haut etait =t bi5 dresse p> gr&s comp>tim5s de t\tes sortes de figures1 avec des allees de meuri]s blancs et des palissades de c\dri]s4 ,deux gr&s b]ceaux de *>p5t]ie sep>oi5t t\te la longueur et la l>geur du j>d91 et dans les quatres angles des allees1 ou ces b]ceaux se croiss5t1 il y auoit #d cab9ets1 de mesme *>p5t]ie 444 ,il y a pas longtemps qu'il y auoit dans ce mesme j>d91 a l'endroit ou se croiss5t les allees du milieu1 un edifice de figure octogone1 de plus de #g ?oises de diametre et de plus de neuf ?oises de haut2 avec #d enfoncem5ts en =me de ni*es dans les #d angles des allies4 ,ce ba/im5t4444 esloit de *>p5te mais d'un extraord9airem5t bi5 travaille4 ,on y voyait p>ticuli]em5t la cordili]e qui regnati t\t aut\r en =me de cordon4 ,c> la ,reyne affectait de la mettre nonseulem5t a ses armes et a ses *iffres mais de la faire repres5t] en div]s mani]es dans t\s les ouvrages qu'on lui faisait p\r elle 444 le ba/im5t e/ati c\v]t en =me de dome qui dans son milieu avait encore un plus petit dome1 ou lant]ne vitree au-dessus de laquelle e/ait une figure doree repres5tant ,sa9t ,mi*el4 ,les deux domes e/oi5t proprem5t c\v]t d'ardoise et de plomb dore p> dehors2 p> d$ans ils esloi5t lambrissez d'une m5uis]ie tres delicate4 ,au milieu de ce ,salon il y avait un gr& bass9 octogone de m>bre blanc1 dont t\tes les faces e/oi5t enri*ies de diff]5tes sculptures1 avec les armes et les *iffres du ,roy ,l\is ,,xii et de la ,re9e ,anne1 ,dans ce bass9 il y en avait un autre pose sur un pi$e/al lequel auoit sept pi$z de diametre4 ,il e/ait de figure ronde a godrons1 avec des masques et d'autres ornem5ts tres scauamm5t taillez4 ,du milieu de ce deuxiesme bass9 s'y levoit un autre petit pi$e/al qui portait un troisiesme bass9 de trois pi$s de diametre1 aussy p>faitem5t bi5 taille2 c'e/oit de ce d]ni] bass9 que jallissoit l'eau qui se rep5doit en suitte dans les deux autres bass9s4 ,les beaux ouvrages faits d'un m>bre esgalem5t blanc et poli1 fur5t brisez p> la pesanteur de t\t l'edifice1 que les injures de l'air r5v]s]5t de fond en comble4 #ajgd4 ,! riv] ,loire at ,amboise4 ,! riv] is high] )9 ! bank b d ?an outside t bank4 ,! isl& :]e !re is a "p ( ,amboise4 ,?is is ! riv] t passes ?r\gh ,amboise2 x passes at a b c d1 & :5 x has pass$ ! bridge x turns back1 aga9/ ! orig9al curr5t1 by ! *annel d e1 b f 9 contact ) ! bank :i* lies betwe5 ! two contr>y curr5ts ( ! said riv]1 a b1 c d1 & d e1 b f4 ,x !n turns d[n aga9 by ! *annel f l1 g h1 n m1 & reunites ) ! riv] f :i* x 0 at fir/ sep>at$1 :i* passes by k n1 :i* makes k m1 r t4 ,b :5 ! riv] is v full x fl[s all 9 "o *annel pass+ ov] ! bank b d4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cxv4 ,l9es #a-g are above1 l9es #h-aj 9 ! middle ( ! l>ge isl& & ! ^w ,isola is writt5 above d 9 ! small] isl&2 a is writt5 on ! m>g9 on ! bank ( ! riv] above #a4 ,i2 9 ! reproduction x is n visible4 ,z may be se5 f ! la/ s5t5ce1 ! obs]vation 0 made aft] long /udy ( ! riv]'s c\rse1 :5 ,leon>do _h resid$ = "s "t at1 or ne>1 ,amboise4 #ajge4 ,! wat] may be damm$ up above ! level ( ,romorant9 to su* a height1 t 9 its fall x may be us$ = num]\s mills4 #ajge4 ,! riv] at ,villefran*e may be conduct$ to ,romorant9 :i* may be done by ! inhabitants2 & ! timb] ( :i* _! h\ses are built may be c>ri$ 9 boats to ,romorant9 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #gdd44 ,! riv] may be damm$ up at su* a height t ! wat]s may be br\ght back to ,romorant9 ) a conv5i5t fall4 #ajgf4 ,z to :e!r x is bett] t ! wat] %\ld all be rais$ 9 a s+le turn or 9 two8 ,! answ] is t 9 "o s+le turn ! :eel c\ld n support all ! wat] t x c raise 9 two turns1 because at ! half turn ( ! :eel x w\ld be rais+ #ajj p\nds & no m2 & if x _h to raise ! :ole1 #bjj p\nds 9 "o turn1 x c\ld n raise !m unless ! :eel 7 ( d\ble ! diamet] & if ! diamet] 7 d\bl$1 ! "t ( its revolution w\ld be d\bl$2 !re=e x is bett] & a great] advantage 9 exp5se to make su* a :eel ( half ! size 787 ! l& :i* x w\ld wat] & w\ld r5d] ! c\ntry f]tile to supply food to ! inhabitants1 & w\ld make navigable canals = m]cantile purposes4 ,! way 9 :i* ! riv] 9 its fl[ %\ld sc\r its own *annel4 ,by ! n9? ( ! ?ird2 ! m rapid x is1 ! m x we>s away its *annel2 &1 by ! conv]se proposition1 ! sl[] ! wat] ! m x deposits t :i* r5d]s x turbid4 ,& let ! sluice be movable l ! "o ,i arrang$ 9 ,friuli ,footnote #ai3 ,?is passage reveals to u ! fact t ,leon>do _h visit$ ! c\ntry ( ,friuli & t he _h /ay$ !re = "s "t4 ,no?+ :atev] 0 kn[n ( ?is previ\sly41 :]e :5 "o sluice 0 op5$ ! wat] :i* pass$ ?r\gh x dug out ! bottom4 ,!re=e :5 ! riv]s are flood$1 ! sluices ( ! mills ought to be op5$ 9 ord] t ! :ole c\rse ( ! riv] may pass ?r\gh falls to ea* mill2 !re %\ld be _m 9 ord] to give a great] impetus1 & s all ! riv] w be sc\r$4 ,& bel[ ! site ( ea* ( ! two mills !re may be "o ( ! said sluice falls2 "o ( !m may be plac$ bel[ ea* mill4 #ajgh4 ,a trabocco is f\r braccia1 & "o mile is ?ree ?\s& ( ! said braccia4 ,ea* braccio is divid$ into #ab in*es2 & ! wat] 9 ! canals has a fall 9 e hundr$ traboc*i ( two ( ^! in*es2 !re=e #ad in*es ( fall are necess>y 9 two ?\s& eight hundr$ braccia ( fl[ 9 ^! canals2 x foll[s t #ae in*es ( fall give ! requir$ mom5tum to ! curr5ts ( ! wat]s 9 ! said canals1 t is "o braccio & a half 9 ! mile4 ,& f ?is x may be conclud$ t ! wat] tak5 f ! riv] ( ,ville-fran*e & l5t to ! riv] ( ,romorant9 w44444 ,:]e "o riv] by reason ( its l[ level _c fl[ into ! o!r1 x w be necess>y to dam x up1 s t x may acquire a fall into ! o!r1 :i* 0 previ\sly ! high]4 ,! eve ( ,sa9t ,antony ,i return$ f ,romorant9 to ,amboise1 & ! ,k+ w5t away two days be=e f ,romorant94 ,f ,romorant9 z f> z ! bridge at ,saudre x is call$ ! ,saudre1 & f t bridge z f> z ,t\rs x is call$ ! ,*]4 ,i w\ld te/ ! level ( t *annel :i* is to lead f ! ,loire to ,romorant91 ) a *annel "o braccio wide & "o braccio deep4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #f-ah are p>tly reproduc$ 9 ! facsimile on p4 #bed1 & ! :ole ( l9es #ai-be4 ,! foll[+ names are writt5 along ! riv]s on ! l>g] sket*1 era f 7! ,loire7 sci] f 7! ,*]7 ?ree times4 ,pote ,sodro 7bridge ( ! ,s\dre74 ,villa fran*a 7,villefran*e7 banco 7s&bank7 ,sodro 7,s\dre74 ,! circle bel[ %[s ! position ( ,romorant94 ,! words 'orologio del sole' writt5 bel[ d n belong to ! map ( ! riv]s4 ,! foll[+ names are writt5 by ! side ( ! small] sket*-map3--tors 7,t\rs71 ,abosa 7,amboise7 bres--= ,bles 7,blois7 mo rica 7,montri*>d74 ,lione 7,lyons74 ,?is map 0 also publi%$ 9 ! ',saggio' 7,milano1 #ahgb7 ,pl4 ,,xxii1 & ! editors rem>k3 ,=se la l9ia retta *e va da ,amboise a ,romorant9 segna l'&am5to propo/o d'un ,canale1 *e poi rembra prolung>si 9 giu f9 dove /a scritto ,lione4 ,m4 ,ravaisson has enl>g$ on ?is idea 9 ! ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts 7#ahha p4 #ecj73 ,les traces de ,leon>d p]mett5t d'entrevoir que le canal comm5cant soit aupres de ,t\rs1 soit aupres de ,blois et passant p> ,romorant91 avec port d'emb>quem5t a ,villefran*e1 devait1 au dela de ,b\rges1 trav]s] l',alli] au-dess\s des afflu5ts de la ,dore et de la ,si\le1 all] p> ,m\l9s jusqu' a ,digo92 enf91 sur l'autre rive de la ,loire1 depass] les monts du ,*>olais et rejo9dre la ,saone aupres de ,macon4 ,x seems to me ra%1 h[ev]1 to f\nd s elaborate an hypo!sis on ^! sket*es ( riv]s4 ,! slight /roke go+ to ,lione is p]haps only an indication ( ! direction4--,) reg>d to ! ,loire comp>e also ,no4 #ihh4 l4 #ch4 #ajgi4 ,,! ,,road ,,to ,,orleans ,at #a_/d f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,at #a_/c f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,at #a_/d f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,at #a_/e f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,betwe5 ! ,s\? ,we/ & ,s\?1 to ! ,ea/ be>+ to ! ,s\?2 f ! ,s\? t[>ds ! ,ea/ #a_/h2 !nce to ! ,we/1 betwe5 ! ,s\? & ,s\? ,we/2 at ! ,s\?4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ is obscure2 a m important passage ref]r+ to ,france is to be f\nd "u ,no4 #gdd ,on ! ,g]mans 7#ajhj4 #ajha74 #ajhj4 ,! way 9 :i* ! ,g]mans clos+ up toge!r cross & int]weave _! broad lea!r %ields aga9/ ! enemy1 /oop+ d[n & putt+ "o ( ! ends on ! gr\nd :ile !y hold ! re/ 9 _! h&4 ,footnote3 ,above ! text is a sket* ( a few l9es cross+ ea* o!r & ! words de pond]ibus4 ,! mean+ ( ! passage is obscure4 #ajha4 ,! ,g]mans are wont to annoy a g>rison ) ! smoke ( fea!rs1 sulphur & realg>1 & !y make ?is smoke la/ #g or #h h\rs4 ,likewise ! husks ( :eat make a great & la/+ smoke2 & also dry dung2 b ?is mu/ be mix$ ) olive husks1 t is olives press$ = oil & f :i* ! oil has be5 extract$4 ,footnote3 ,!re is ) ?is passage a sket* ( a r\nd t[] %r\d$ 9 smoke4 ,! ,danube4 #ajhb4 ,t ! valleys 7 =m]ly 9 great "p cov]$ by lakes ! soil ( :i* always =ms ! banks ( riv]s1--& by seas1 :i* aft]w>ds1 by ! p]si/5t we>+ ( ! riv]s1 cut ?r\gh ! m\nta9s & ! w&]+ c\rses ( ! riv]s c>ri$ away ! o!r pla9s enclos$ by ! m\nta9s2 & ! cutt+ away ( ! m\nta9s is evid5t f ! /rata 9 ! rocks1 :i* correspond 9 _! sections z made by ! c\rses ( ! riv]s ,footnote #d3 ,emus1 ! ,balkan2 ,d>dania1 n[ ,s]via41 ,! ,haemus m\nta9s :i* g along ,?race & ,d>dania & jo9 ! ,s>donius m\nta9s :i*1 go+ on to ! we/w>d *ange _! "n f ,s>dus to ,rebi1 z !y come ne> ,dalmatia2 !n turn+ to ! ,we/ cross ,illyria1 n[ call$ ,sclavonia1 *ang+ ! "n ( ,rebi to ,albanus1 & go+ on /ill to ! ,we/1 !y *ange to ,m\nt ,ocra 9 ! ,nor?2 & to ! ,s\? above ,i/ria !y are nam$ ,c>uancas2 & to ! ,we/ above ,italy !y jo9 ! ,adula1 :]e ! ,danube rises #h1 :i* /ret*es to ! ,ea/ & has a c\rse ( #aejj miles2 its %orte/ l9e is ab\t l#jjj miles1 & ! same or ab\t ! same is t bran* ( ! ,adula m\nta9s *ang$ z to _! "n1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,to ! ,nor? are ! ,c>pa?ians1 clos+ 9 ! bread? ( ! valley ( ! ,danube1 :i*1 z ,i h said ext5ds ea/w>d1 a l5g? ( ab\t #ajjj miles1 & is sometimes #bjj & 9 "s places #cjj miles wide2 & 9 ! mid/ fl[s ! ,danube1 ! pr9cipal riv] ( ,europe z to size4 ,! said ,danube runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,au/ria & ,albania & nor?w>ds ?r\gh ,bav>ia1 ,pol&1 ,hung>y1 ,walla*ia & ,bosnia & !n ! ,danube or ,donau fl[s into ! ,black ,sea1 :i* =m]ly ext5d$ almo/ to ,au/ria & occupi$ ! pla9s ?r\gh :i* ! ,danube n[ c\rses2 & ! evid5ce ( ?is is 9 ! oy/]s & cockle %ells & scollops & bones ( great fi%es :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 _m places on ! sides ( ^? m\nta9s2 & ?is sea 0 =m$ by ! fill+ up ( ! spurs ( ! ,adula m\nta9s :i* !n ext5d$ to ! ,ea/ jo9+ ! spurs ( ! ,taurus :i* ext5d to ! ,we/4 ,& ne> ,bi?ynia ! wat]s ( ?is ,black ,sea p\r$ into ! ,propontis ,m>mora fall+ into ! ,aegean ,sea1 t is ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e1 aft] a long c\rse1 ! spurs ( ! ,adula m\nta9s became sep>at$ f ^? ( ! ,taurus4 ,! ,black ,sea sank l[] & laid b>e ! valley ( ! ,danube ) ! above nam$ c\ntries1 & ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or beyond ! ,taurus range to ! ,nor?1 & ! pla9s f m\nt ,caucasus to ! ,black ,sea to ! ,we/1 & ! pla9s ( ! ,don ?is side--t is to say1 at ! foot ( ! ,ural m\nta9s4 ,& ?us ! ,black ,sea mu/ h sunk ab\t #ajjj braccia to uncov] su* va/ pla9s4 ,footnote #h3 ,danubio1 9 ! orig9al ,r5o2 evid5tly a mi/ake z we may inf] f come dissi l4 #aj c4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,m$it]ranean4 ,! /raits ( ,gibralt> 7#ajhc-ajhe74 #ajhc4 ,,:y ,,! ,,sea ,,makes ,a ,,/rong] ,,curr5t ,,9 ,,! ,,/raits ,,( ,,spa9 ,,?an ,,else:]e4 ,a riv] ( equal dep? runs ) great] spe$ 9 a n>r[ space ?an 9 a wide "o1 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wid] & ! n>r[] "o4 ,?is proposition is cle>ly prov$ by reason confirm$ by exp]im5t4 ,suppos+ t ?r\gh a *annel "o mile wide !re fl[s "o mile 9 l5g? ( wat]2 :]e ! riv] is five miles wide ea* ( ! #e squ>e miles w require #a_/e ( itself to be equal to ! squ>e mile ( wat] requir$ 9 ! sea1 & :]e ! riv] is #c miles wide ea* ( ^! squ>e miles w require ! ?ird ( its volume to make up ! am\nt ( ! squ>e mile ( ! n>r[ "p2 z is demon/rat$ 9 f g h at ! mile m>k$ n4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! place m>k$ ,a 9 ! diagram ,m>e ,m$it]ano 7,m$it]ranean ,sea7 is writt5 9 ! orig9al4 ,& at ,b1 /retto di ,spugna 7/raits ( ,spa91 i4e4 ,gibralt>74 ,comp>e ,no4 #ifj4 #ajhd4 ,,:y ,,! ,,curr5t ,,( ,,gibralt> ,,is ,,always ,,great] ,,to ,,! ,,we/ ,,?an ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! reason is t if y put toge!r ! m\?s ( ! riv]s :i* dis*>ge into ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 y w\ld f9d ! sum ( wat] to be l>g] ?an t :i* ?is sea p\rs ?r\gh ! /raits into ! ocean4 ,y see ,africa dis*>g+ its riv]s t run nor?w>ds into ?is sea1 & among !m ! ,nile :i* runs ?r\gh #cjjj miles ( ,africa2 !re is also ! ,bagrada riv] & ! ,s*elif & o!rs4 ,footnote #e3 ,bagrada 7,leon>do writes ,bragada7 9 ,tunis1 n[ ,m$s*]da2 ,mavretano1 n[ ,s*elif4 ,likewise ,europe p\rs into x ! ,don & ! ,danube1 ! ,po1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,arno1 & ! ,tib]1 s t evid5tly ^! riv]s1 ) an inf9ite numb] ( o!rs ( less fame1 make its great bread? & dep? & curr5t2 & ! sea is n wid] ?an #ah miles at ! mo/ we/]ly po9t ( l& :]e x divides ,europe f ,africa4 #ajhe4 ,! gulf ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 z an inl& sea1 receiv$ ! pr9cipal wat]s ( ,africa1 ,asia & ,europe t fl[$ t[>ds x2 & its wat]s came up to ! foot ( ! m\nta9s t surr\nd$ x & made its %ores4 ,& ! summits ( ! ,ap5n9es /ood up out ( ?is sea l isl&s1 surr\nd$ by salt wat]4 ,africa aga91 beh9d its ,atlas m\nta9s did n expose uncov]$ to ! sky ! surface ( its va/ pla9s ab\t #cjjj miles 9 l5g?1 & ,memphis ,footnote #f3 ,mefi4 ,leon>do c only mean "h ! citadel ( ,cairo on ! ,mokattam hills4 0 on ! %ores ( ?is sea1 & above ! pla9s ( ,italy1 :]e n[ birds fly 9 flocks1 fi% 7 wont to w&] 9 l>ge %oals4 #ajhf4 ,tunis4 ,! greate/ ebb made any:]e by ! ,m$it]ranean is above ,tunis1 be+ ab\t two & a half braccia & at ,v5ice x falls two braccia4 ,9 all ! re/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea ! fall is little or none4 #ajhg4 ,libya4 ,describe ! m\nta9s ( %ift+ des]ts2 t is to say ! =mation ( waves ( s& borne by ! w9d1 & ( its m\nta9s & hills1 su* z occur 9 ,libya4 ,examples may be se5 on ! wide s&s ( ! ,po & ! ,tic9o1 & o!r l>ge riv]s4 #ajhh4 ,majorca4 ,circumfulgore is a naval ma*9e4 ,x 0 an inv5tion ( ! m5 ( ,majorca4 ,footnote3 ,! ma*9e is fully describ$ 9 ! ,,ms4 & %[n 9 a sket*4 #ajhi4 ,! ,tyrrh5e ,sea4 ,"s at ! ,tyrrh5e sea employ ?is me?od2 t is to say !y fa/5$ an an*or to "o end ( ! y>d1 & to ! o!r a cord1 ( :i* ! l[] end 0 fa/5$ to an an*or2 & 9 battle !y flung ?is an*or on to ! o>s ( ! oppon5t's boat & by ! use ( a cap/an drew x to ! side2 & ?rew s(t soap & t[1 daub$ ) pit* & set ablaze1 on to t side :]e ! an*or hung2 s t 9 ord] to escape t fire1 ! def5d]s ( t %ip _h to fly to ! opposite side2 & 9 do+ ?is !y aid$ to ! attack1 because ! galley 0 m easily drawn to ! side by reason ( ! c\nt]poise4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is illu/rat$ 9 ! orig9al by a p5 & ink sket*4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,levant4 ,! ,levant9e ,sea4 #ajij4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean #cjj riv]s fl[1 & #dj1 #bjj ports4 ,& ?is sea is #cjjj miles long4 ,_m times has ! increase ( its wat]s1 heap$ up by _! backw>d fl[ & ! bl[+ ( ! ,we/ w9ds1 caus$ ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile & ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ out ?r\gh ! ,black ,sea1 & h s mu* rais$ ! seas t !y h spread ) va/ floods ov] _m c\ntries4 ,& ^! floods take place at ! "t :5 ! sun melts ! sn[s on ! high m\nta9s ( ,e?iopia t rise up into ! cold regions ( ! air2 & 9 ! same way ! approa* ( ! sun acts on ! m\nta9s ( ,s>matia 9 ,asia & on ^? 9 ,europe2 s t ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ^! ?ree ?+s are1 & always h be51 ! cause ( trem5d\s floods3 t is1 ! return fl[ ( ! sea ) ! ,we/ w9d & ! melt+ ( ! sn[s4 ,s e riv] w ov]fl[ 9 ,syria1 9 ,sam>ia1 9 ,judea betwe5 ,s9ai & ! ,lebanon1 & 9 ! re/ ( ,syria betwe5 ! ,lebanon & ! ,taurus m\nta9s1 & 9 ,cilicia1 9 ! ,arm5ian m\nta9s1 & 9 ,pamphilia & 9 ,lycia )9 ! hills1 & 9 ,egypt z f> z ! ,atlas m\nta9s4 ,! gulf ( ,p]sia :i* 0 =m]ly a va/ lake ( ! ,tigris & dis*>g$ into ! ,indian ,sea1 has n[ worn away ! m\nta9s :i* =m$ its banks & laid !m ev5 ) ! level ( ! ,indian ocean4 ,& if ! ,m$it]ranean _h cont9u$ its fl[ ?r\gh ! gulf ( ,arabia1 x w\ld h done ! same1 t is to say1 w\ld h r$uc$ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean to t ( ! ,indian ,sea4 ,! ,r$ ,sea4 7#ajia4 #ajib74 #ajia4 ,= a long "t ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean fl[$ out ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* is #ajj miles wide & #aejj long1 & full ( reefs2 & x has worn away ! sides ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 a fact :i* te/ifies1 n to an inundation f ! ,indian sea beat+ on ^! coa/s1 b to a deluge ( wat] :i* c>ri$ ) x all ! riv]s :i* ab\nd r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean1 & besides ?is !re is ! reflux ( ! sea2 & !n1 a cutt+ be+ made to ! ,we/ #cjjj miles away f ?is place1 ,gibralt> 0 sep>at$ f ,ceuta1 :i* _h be5 jo9$ to x4 ,& ?is passage 0 cut v l[ d[n1 9 ! pla9s betwe5 ,gibralt> & ! ocean at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 9 ! l[ "p1 aid$ by ! holl[+ out ( "s valleys made by c]ta9 riv]s1 :i* might h fl[$ "h4 ,h]cules ,footnote #i3 ,leon>do seems "h to m5tion ,h]cules half je/+ly & only 9 ord] to sugge/ to ! read] an allusion to ! leg5d ( ! pill>s ( ,h]cules4 came to op5 ! sea to ! we/w>d & !n ! sea wat]s began to p\r into ! ,we/]n ,ocean2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is great fall1 ! ,r$ ,sea rema9$ ! high]2 :5ce ! wat]1 ab&on+ its c\rse "h1 ev] aft] p\r$ away ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,spa94 #ajib4 ,! surface ( ! ,r$ ,sea is on a level ) ! ocean4 ,a m\nta9 may h fall5 & clos$ ! m\? ( ! ,r$ ,sea & prev5t$ ! outlet ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea ?us ov]fill$ _h = outlet ! passage bel[ ! m\nta9s ( ,gades2 =1 9 our own times a simil> ?+ has be5 se5 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e also ,no4 #accf1 ll4 #cj1 #ce & #cf4-- ,paolo ,giovio1 ! celebrat$ hi/orian 7born at ,como 9 #adhc7 reports t 9 #aeac at ! foot ( ! ,alps1 above ,bell9zona1 on ! road to ,switz]l&1 a m\nta9 fell ) a v great noise1 9 consequ5ce ( an e>?quake1 & t ! mass ( rocks1 :i* fell on ! left 7,we/]n7 side block$ ! riv] ,br5o 7,t4 ,i p4 #bah & #cde ( ,d4 ,sauvage's ,fr5* edition1 quot$ 9 ,,alexis ,,p]cy1 ,memoire des tremblem5ts de t]re de la p59sule italique2 ,academie ,royale de ,belgique4 ,t4 ,,xxii74--2 a m\nta9 fell sev5 miles across a valley & clos$ x up & made a lake4 ,& ?us mo/ lakes h be5 made by m\nta9s1 z ! lake ( ,g>da1 ! lakes ( ,como & ,lugano1 & ! ,lago ,maggiore4 ,! ,m$it]ranean fell b little on ! conf9es ( ,syria1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,gaditanean passage1 b a great deal 9 ?is passage1 because be=e ?is cutt+ 0 made ! ,m$it]ranean sea fl[$ to ! ,s\? ,ea/1 & !n ! fall _h to be made by its run ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gades4 ,at a ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean fell into ! ocean4 ,all ! pla9s :i* lie betwe5 ! sea & m\nta9s 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) salt wat]4 ,e valley has be5 made by its own riv]2 & ! proportion betwe5 valleys is ! same z t betwe5 riv] & riv]4 ,! greate/ riv] 9 our _w is ! ,m$it]ranean riv]1 :i* moves f ! s\rces ( ! ,nile to ! ,we/]n ocean4 ,& its greate/ height is 9 ,out] ,mauritania & x has a c\rse ( t5 ?\s& miles be=e x reunites ) its ocean1 ! fa!r ( ! wat]s4 ,t is #cjjj miles = ! ,m$it]ranean1 #cjjj = ! ,nile1 z f> z discov]$ & #cjjj = ! ,nile :i* fl[s to ! ,ea/1 c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cxi #b1 a sket* ( ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 :]e l9es #aa to #af may be se54 ,! l>ge figures #aeh are n 9 ,leon>do's writ+4 ,! "* ( ! writ+ leads u to conclude t ?is text 0 writt5 lat] ?an ! =ego+4 ,a slight sket* ( ! ,m$it]ranean is also to be f\nd 9 ,,ms4 ,i'1 #dg;a4 ,! ,nile 7#ajic-ajih74 #ajic4 ,!re=e we mu/ conclude ^? m\nta9s to be ( ! greate/ height1 above :i* ! cl\ds fall+ 9 sn[ give rise to ! ,nile4 #ajid4 ,! ,egyptians1 ! ,e?iopians1 & ! ,arabs1 9 cross+ ! ,nile ) camels1 are accu/om$ to atta* two bags on ! sides ( ! camel's bodies t is sk9s 9 ! =m %[n und]nea?4 ,9 ^! f\r me%es ( ! net ! camels = baggage place _! feet4 ,footnote3 ,un=tunately bo? ! sket*es :i* accompany ?is passage are too mu* effac$ to be reproduc$4 ,! upp] repres5ts ! two sacks jo9$ by ropes1 z "h describ$1 ! o!r %[s f\r camels ) rid]s swimm+ ?r\gh a riv]4 #ajie4 ,! ,tigris passes ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or & br+s ) x ! wat] ( ?ree lakes1 "o aft] ! o!r ( v>i\s elevations2 ! fir/ be+ ,munace & ! middle ,pallas & ! l[e/ ,triton4 ,& ! ,nile aga9 spr+s f ?ree v high lakes 9 ,e?iopia1 & runs nor?w>ds t[>ds ! sea ( ,egypt ) a c\rse ( #djjj miles1 & by ! %orte/ & /raighte/ l9e x is #cjjj miles4 ,x is said t x issues f ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 & has v>i\s unkn[n s\rces4 ,! said lakes are ab\t #djjj braccia above ! surface ( ! sph]e ( wat]1 t is #a mile & #a_/c1 giv+ to ! ,nile a fall ( #a braccia 9 e mile4 ,footnote #e3 ,incogniti pr9cipio4 ,! afflu5ts ( ! lakes are probably "h int5d$4 ,comp>e1 z to ! ,nile1 ,nos4 #igj1 #ajfc & #ajhd4 #ajif4 ,v _m times ! ,nile & o!r v l>ge riv]s h p\r$ out _! :ole elem5t ( wat] & re/or$ x to ! sea4 #ajig4 ,:y does ! inundation ( ! ,nile occur 9 ! summ]1 com+ f torrid c\ntries8 #ajih4 ,x is n d5i$ t ! ,nile is con/antly muddy 9 ent]+ ! ,egyptian sea & t its turbidity is caus$ by soil t ?is riv] is cont9ually br++ f ! places x passes2 :i* soil nev] returns 9 ! sea :i* receives x1 unless x ?r[s x on its %ores4 ,y see ! s&y des]t beyond ,m\nt ,atlas :]e =m]ly x 0 cov]$ ) salt wat]4 ,cu/oms ( ,asiatic ,nations 7#ajii4 #aajj74 #ajii4 ,! ,assyrians & ! p ( ,euboea accu/om _! horses to c>ry sacks :i* !y c at pleasure fill ) air1 & :i* 9 case ( ne$ !y c>ry in/ead ( ! gir? ( ! saddle above & at ! side1 & !y are well cov]$ ) plates ( cuir b\illi1 9 ord] t !y may n be p]=at$ by flights ( arr[s4 ,?us !y h n on _! m9ds _! security 9 flight1 :5 ! victory is unc]ta92 a horse ?us equipp$ enables f\r or five m5 to cross ov] at ne$4 #aajj4 ,,small ,,boats4 ,! small boats us$ by ! ,assyrians 7 made ( ?9 la?s ( will[ plait$ ov] rods also ( will[1 & b5t into ! =m ( a boat4 ,!y 7 daub$ ) f9e mud soak$ ) oil or ) turp5t9e1 & r$uc$ to a k9d ( mud :i* resi/$ ! wat] & because p9e w\ld split2 & always rema9$ fre%2 & !y cov]$ ?is sort ( boats ) ! sk9s ( ox5 9 safely cross+ ! riv] ,sicuris ( ,spa91 z is report$ by ,lucant2 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,lucan's ,ph>salia ,,iv1 #acj3 ,utque habuit ripas ,sicoris camposque reliquit1 ,primum cana salix madefacto vim9e p>vam ,texitur 9 puppim1 calsoque inducto juv5co ,vectoris pati5s tumidum sup]natat amnem4 ,sic ,v5etus /agnante ,pado1 fusoque ,britannus ,navigat oceano1 sic cum t5et omnia ,nilus1 ,cons]itur bibula ,memphitis cymbo papyro4 ,8 ratibus transjecta manus fe/9at utrimque ,succisam cav>e nemus ,! ,spani>ds1 ! ,scy?ians & ! ,arabs1 :5 !y want to make a bridge 9 ha/e1 fix hurdlework made ( will[s on bags ( ox-hide1 & s cross 9 safety4 ,rhodes 7#aaja4 #aajb74 #aaja4 ,9 f\rte5 hundr$ & eighty n9e !re 0 an e>?quake 9 ! sea ( ,atalia ne> ,rhodes1 :i* op5$ ! sea--t is its bottom--& into ?is op5+ su* a torr5t ( wat] p\r$ t = m ?an ?ree h\rs ! bottom ( ! sea 0 uncov]$ by reason ( ! wat] :i* 0 lo/ 9 x1 & !n x clos$ to ! =m] level4 ,footnote3 ,nello ottanto #i4 ,x is sc>cely likely t ,leon>do %\ld "h mean #hi ,,ad4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,,mull]- ,,/rub+ writes to me z foll[s on ?is subject3 ,) ref]5ce to ,rhodes ,ross says 7,reise auf d5 ,grie*is*5 ,inseln1 ,,iii #gj ff4 #ahdj71 t anci5t hi/ory af=ds in/ances ( sev]e e>?quakes at ,rhodes1 among o!rs "o 9 ! second ye> ( ! #ach? ,olympiad#bgj ,b4 ,c42 a rem>kably viol5t "o "u ,anton9us ,pius 7,a4 ,d4 #ach-afa7 & aga9 "u ,con/ant9e & lat]4 ,b ,leon>do expressly speaks ( an e>?quake nel m> di ,atalia presso a ,rodi1 :i* is s+ul>4 ,! t[n ( ,attalia1 f\nd$ by ,attalus1 :i* is :at he no d\bt means1 0 9 ,pamphylia & m ?an #aej ,engli% miles ,ea/ ( ,rhodes 9 a /raight l9e4 ,leake & mo/ o!r geograph]s id5tify x ) ! pres5t t[n ( ,adalia4 ,attalia is r>ely m5tion$ by ! anci5ts1 inde$ only by ,/rabo & ,pl9y & no e>?quake is spok5 (4 ,i ?9k !re=e y are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ,leon>do means #adhi4 ,9 ! elaborate catalogue ( e>?quakes 9 ! ,ea/ by ,sciale ,d%elal edd9 ,say\?y 7an unpubli%$ ,arabic ,,ms4 9 ! possession ( ,pr(4 ,,s*ef]1 7,membre de l',in/itut1 ,p>is7 m5tion is made ( a t]rible e>?quake 9 ! ye> #hfg ( ! ,moham$an ,era correspond+ to ! ye> #adhi1 & x is !re /at$ t a hundr$ p]sons 7 kill$ by x 9 ! =tress ( ,k]ak4 ,!re are ?ree places ( ?is "n4 ,k]ak on ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 ,k]ak ne> ,tahle on ! ,libanon1 :i* ,i visit$ 9 ! summ] ( l#hgf--;b nei!r ( ^! is ! place allud$ to4 ,possibly x may be ! /rongly =tifi$ t[n ( ,k]ak,kir ,moab1 to ! ,we/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,!re is no notice ab\t ?is 9 ,,alexis ,,p]cy1 ,memoire sur les tremblem5ts de t]res ress5tis dans la p59sule turco- hell5ique et en ,syrie 7,memoires c\ronnes et memoires des savants etrang]s1 ,academie ,royale de ,belgique1 ,tome ,,xxiii74 #aajb4 ,rhodes has 9 x #ejjj h\ses4 ,cyprus 7#aajc4 #aajd74 #aajc4 ,,site ,,= ,a ,,temple ,,( ,,v5us4 ,y mu/ make /eps on f\r sides1 by :i* to m\nt to a mead[ =m$ by nature at ! top ( a rock :i* may be holl[$ out & support$ 9 front by pila/]s & op5 und]nea? 9 a l>ge portico1 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,comp>e also p4 #cc ( ?is ,vol4 ,! /&+ male figure at ! side is evid5tly sugge/$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david4 ,on ! same place a slight sket* ( horses seems to h be5 drawn fir/2 !re is no reason = assum+ t ! text & ?is sket*1 :i* h no connection ) ea* o!r1 are ( ! same date4 ,sito di ,v5]e4 ,by ?is head+ ,leon>do appe>s to mean ,cyprus1 :i* 0 always consid]$ by ! anci5ts to be ! home & bir? place ( ,aphrodite 7,kirpic 9 ,hom]74 9 :i* ! wat] may fall into v>i\s vases ( granite1 porphyry& s]p5t9e1 )9 semi-circul> recesses2 & ! wat] may ov]fl[ f ^!4 ,& r\nd ?is portico t[>ds ! ,nor? !re %\ld be a lake ) a little isl& 9 ! mid/ ( :i* %\ld be a ?ick & %ady wood2 ! wat]s at ! top ( ! pila/]s %\ld p\r into vases at _! base1 f :5ce !y %\ld fl[ 9 little *annels4 ,/>t+ f ! %ore ( ,cilicia t[>ds ! ,s\? y discov] ! beauties ( ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,! ,caspian ,sea 7#aaje4 #aajf74 #aajd4 ,f ! %ore ( ! ,s\!rn coa/ ( ,cilicia may be se5 to ! ,s\? ! beautiful isl& ( ,cyprus1 :i* 0 ! realm ( ! goddess ,v5us1 & _m navigators be+ attract$ by h] beauty1 _h _! %ips & rigg+ brok5 amid/ ! reefs1 surr\nd$ by ! :irl+ wat]s4 ,"h ! beauty ( delightful hills tempts w&]+ m>9]s to refre% !mselves amid/ _! fl[]y v]dure1 :]e ! w9ds are temp]$ & fill ! isl& & ! surr\nd+ seas ) fragrant od\rs4 ,ah6 h[ _m a %ip has "h be5 sunk4 ,ah6 h[ _m a vessel brok5 on ^! rocks4 ,"h might be se5 b>ks )\t numb]1 "s wreck$ & half cov]$ by ! s&2 o!rs %[+ ! poop & ano!r ! pr[1 "h a keel & !re ! ribs2 & x seems l a day ( judgm5t :5 !re %\ld be a resurrection ( dead %ips1 s great is ! numb] ( !m cov]+ all ! ,nor!rn %ore2 & :ile ! ,nor? gale makes v>i\s & fe>ful noises !re4 #aaje4 ,write to ,b>tolomeo ! ,turk z to ! fl[ & ebb ( ! ,black sea1 & :e!r he is aw>e if !re be su* a fl[ & ebb 9 ! ,hyrcanean or ,caspian sea4 ,footnote3 ,! h&writ+ ( ?is note po9ts to a late date4 #aajf4 ,,:y ,,wat] ,,is ,,f\nd ,,at ,,! ,,top ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,f ! /raits ( ,gibralt> to ! ,don is #cejj miles1 t is "o mile & #a_/f1 giv+ a fall ( "o braccio 9 a mile to any wat] t moves g5tly4 ,! ,caspian sea is a great deal high]2 & none ( ! m\nta9s ( ,europe rise a mile above ! surface ( our seas2 !re=e x might be said t ! wat] :i* is on ! summits ( our m\nta9s might come f ! height ( ^? seas1 & ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ into !m1 & :i* are /ill high]4 ,! sea ( ,azov4 #aajg4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! sea ( ,azov is ! highe/ "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 be+ at a di/ance ( #cejj miles f ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 z is %[n by ! map = navigation2 & x has #cejj braccia ( desc5t1 t is1 "o mile & #a_/f2 !re=e x is high] ?an any m\nta9s :i* exi/ 9 ! ,we/4 ,footnote3 ,! passage be=e ?is1 9 ! orig9al1 treats ( ! exit ( ! wat]s f ,lakes 9 g5]al4 ,! ,d>danelles4 #aajh4 ,9 ! ,bosphorus ! ,black ,sea fl[s always into ! ,egean sea1 & ! ,egean sea nev] fl[s into x4 ,& ?is is because ! ,caspian1 :i* is #djj miles to ! ,ea/1 ) ! riv]s :i* p\r into x1 always fl[s ?r\gh subt]ranean caves into ?is sea ( ,pontus2 & ! ,don does ! same z well z ! ,danube1 s t ! wat]s ( ,pontus are always high] ?an ^? ( ! ,egean2 = ! high] always fall t[>ds ! l[]1 & nev] ! l[] t[>ds ! high]4 ,con/ant9ople4 #aaji4 ,! bridge ( ,p]a at ,con/ant9ople1 #dj braccia wide1 #gj braccia high above ! wat]1 #fjj braccia long2 t is #djj ov] ! sea & #bjj on ! l&1 ?us mak+ its own abutm5ts4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx ,no4 #a4 ,9 #adec by ord] ( ,sultan ,moham$ ,,ii4 ! ,gold5 ,horn 0 cross$ by a pontoon bridge laid on b>rels 7see ,joh4 ,dukas' ,hi/ory ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire ,,xxxviii p4 #bgi74 --,! biograph]s ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,vas>i z well z ,condivi1 relate t at ! "t :5 ,mi*elangelo sudd5ly left ,rome1 9 #aejf1 he ent]ta9$ "s int5tion ( go+ to ,con/ant9ople1 !re to s]ve ! ,sultan1 :o s\ght to engage him1 by means ( c]ta9 ,franciscan ,monks1 = ! purpose ( con/ruct+ a bridge to connect ,con/ant9ople ) ,p]a4 ,see ,,vas>i1 ,vite 7ed4 ,sansoni ,,vii1 #afh73 ,mi*elangelo1 v$uto que/a furia del papa1 dubit&o di lui1 ebbe1 secondo *e si dice1 voglia di &>s5e 9 ,go/ant9opoli a s]vire il ,turco1 p] mezzo di c]ti frati di ,san ,francesco1 *e desid]ava av]lo p] f>e un ponte *e passassi da ,go/ant9opoli a ,p]a4 ,& ,,condivi1 ,vita di ,m4 ,buon>oti *ap4 #cj2 ,mi*elangelo allora v$5dosi condotto a que/o1 tem5do dell'ira del papa1 p5so d'&>s5e 9 ,levante2 massimam5te ess5do /ato dal ,turco ric]cato con gr&issime promesse p] mezzo di c]ti frati di ,san ,francesco1 p] vol]s5e s]vire 9 f>e un ponte da ,co/ant9opoli a ,p]a ed 9 altri aff>i4 ,leon>do's plan = ?is bridge 0 made 9 #aejb4 ,we may !re=e conclude t at ab\t t "t ! ,sultan ,bajazet ,,ii4 _h ei!r ann\nc$ a competition 9 ?is matt]1 or t ?r\gh 8 ag5ts ,leon>do _h fir/ be5 call$ ^u to c>ry out ! s*eme4 ,! ,euphrates4 #aaaj4 ,if ! riv] w turn to ! rift f>!r on x w nev] return to its b$1 z ! ,euphrates does1 & ?is may d at ,bologna ! "o :o is disappo9t$ = 8 riv]s4 ,c5trae ,asia4 #aaaa4 ,m\nts ,caucasus1 ,com$orum1 & ,p>opemisidae are jo9$ toge!r betwe5 ,bactria & ,india1 & give bir? to ! riv] ,oxus :i* takes its rise 9 ^! m\nta9s & fl[s #ejj miles t[>ds ! ,nor? & z _m t[>ds ! ,we/1 & dis*>ges its wat]s into ! ,caspian sea2 & is accompani$ by ! ,oxus1 ,d>gados1 ,ar?amis1 ,x>iaspes1 ,d>gamaim1 ,ocus & ,m>gus1 all v l>ge riv]s4 ,f ! opposite side t[>ds ! ,s\? rises ! great riv] ,indus :i* s5ds its wat]s = #fjj miles ,s\?w>ds & receives z tribut>ies 9 ?is c\rse ! riv]s ,x>adrus1 ,hyphasis1 ,vadris1 ,v&abal ,bislaspus to ! ,ea/1 ,sua/es & ,coe to ! ,we/1 unit+ ) ^! riv]s1 & ) _! wat]s x fl[s #hjj miles to ! ,we/2 !n1 turn+ back by ! ,arbiti m\nta9s makes an elb[ & turns ,s\?w>ds1 :]e aft] a c\rse ( ab\t #ajj miles x f9ds ! ,indian ,sea1 9 :i* x p\rs itself by sev5 bran*es4 ,on ! side ( ! same m\nta9s rises ! great ,ganges1 :i* riv] fl[s ,s\?w>ds = #ejj miles & to ! ,s\?we/ a ?\s& 444 & ,s>abas1 ,di>nuna1 ,soas & ,scilo1 ,condranunda are its tribut>ies4 ,x fl[s into ! ,indian sea by _m m\?s4 ,on ! natives ( hot c\ntries4 #aaab4 ,m5 born 9 hot c\ntries love ! night because x refre%es !m & h a horror ( light because x burns !m2 & !re=e !y are ( ! col\r ( night1 t is black4 ,& 9 cold c\ntries x is j ! contr>y4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* "h ins]t$ is 9 ,,ms4 ,h#c #ee;b4 ,,xviii4 ,naval ,w>f>e4--,me*anical ,appliances4--,music4 ,su* !oretical que/ions1 z h be5 laid be=e ! read] 9 ,sections ,,xvi & ,,xvii1 ?\gh !y 7 ! *ief subjects ( ,leon>do's /udies ( ! sea1 did n exclusively claim 8 att5tion4 ,a few passages h be5 collect$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section1 :i* prove t he _h turn$ 8 m9d to ! practical problems ( navigation1 & m especially ( naval w>f>e4 ,:at we "k = c]ta9 ( 8 life gives u no data1 x is true1 z to :5 or :]e ^! matt]s came "u 8 consid]ation2 b ! fact rema9s c]ta9 bo? f ^! notes 9 8 manuscripts1 & f ! well kn[n lett] to ,ludovico il ,moro 7,no4 #acdj71 9 :i* he expressly /ates t he is z capable z any man1 9 ?is v dep>tm5t4 ,! num]\s notes z to ! laws & rationale ( ! flight ( birds1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh sev]al note-books4 ,an acc\nt ( ^! is giv5 9 ! ,bibliography ( ! manuscripts at ! end ( ?is "w4 ,x seems probable t ! idea :i* l$ him to ^! inve/igations 0 8 desire to con/ruct a fly+ or a]ial ma*9e = man4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ! notes on ! two subjects are q unconnect$ 9 ! manuscripts1 & t ^? on ! flight ( birds are by f> ! mo/ num]\s & ext5sive4 ,! two mo/ important passages t treat ( ! con/ruction ( a fly+ ma*9e are ^? already publi%$ z ,tav4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #a & ,tav4 ,,xviii 9 ! ,saggio delle op]e di ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,milan #ahgb74 ,! passages--,nos4 #aabj-aabe--;"h pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t & hi!rto unkn[n--ref] to ! same subject &1 ) ! exception ( "o already publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio-- ,no4 #aabf--!y are1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only notes1 among ! num]\s obs]vations on ! flight ( birds1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a are incid5tally & expressly connect$ ) ! idea ( a fly+ ma*9e4 ,! notes on ma*9es ( w>1 ! con/ruction ( =tifications1 & simil> matt]s :i* fall )9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,eng9e]1 h n be5 includ$ 9 ?is "w1 = ! reasons giv5 on page #bf ( ?is ,vol4 ,an exception has be5 made 9 fav\r ( ! passages ,nos4 #aabg & #aabh1 because !y h a m g5]al int]e/1 z be>+ on ! important "q3 :5ce ! ,ma/] d]iv$ 8 k ( ^! matt]s4 ,?\gh x w\ld be ra% to ass]t t ,leon>do 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! sci5ce ( m9+ into ,italy1 x may be confid5tly said t he is "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s :o c be prov$ to h kn[n & und]/ood x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is almo/ beyond d\bt t 9 ! ,ea/ at t "t1 ! :ole sci5ce ( besieg+ t[ns & m9+ 9 p>ticul>1 0 f> m advanc$ ?an 9 ,europe4 ,?is gives a peculi> value to ! expressions us$ 9 ,no4 #aabg4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d 9 ! manuscripts any passage :atev] :i* ?r[s any light on ,leon>do's great reputation z a musician4 ,no?+ !re9 illu/rates ,,vas>ps well-kn[n /atem5t3 ,avv5ne *e morto ,giovan ,galeazze duca di ,milano1 e creato ,lodovico ,s=za nel grado m$esimo anno #adid1 fu condotto a ,milano con gran riputazione ,lion>do al duca1 il quale molto si dilettava del suono della lira1 p]*e sonasse2 e ,lion>do porto quello /rum5to *'egli aveva di sua mano fabbricato d'arg5to gran p>te1 9 =ma d'un tes*io di cavallo1 cosa bizz>ra e nuova1 accioc*e l'armonia fosse con maggior tuba e piu sonora di voce2 laonde sup]o tutti i musici *e quivi erano concorsi a son>e4 ,! only notes on musical matt]s are ^? giv5 z ,nos4 #aabi & #aacj1 :i* expla9 c]ta9 arrangem5ts 9 in/rum5ts4 ,! %ip's logs ( ,vitruvius1 ( ,alb]ti & ( ,leon>do #aaac4 ,,on ,,movem5ts2--,,to ,,"k ,,h[ ,,mu* ,a ,,%ip ,,advances ,,9 ,,an ,,h\r4 ,! anci5ts us$ v>i\s devices to asc]ta9 ! di/ance gone by a %ip ea* h\r1 among :i* ,vitruvius ,footnote #f3 ,see ,,vitruvius1 ,de ,ar*itectura lib4 ,x4 ,c4 #ad 7p4 #bfd 9 ! edition ( ,rose & ,mull]- ,/rub+74 ,! ,g]man edition publi%$ at ,bale 9 #aedc has1 on fol4 #eif1 an illu/ration ( ! contrivance1 z describ$ by ,vitruvius4 gives "o 9 8 "w on ,ar*itecture :i* is j z fallaci\s z all ! o!rs2 & ?is is a mill :eel :i* t\*es ! waves ( ! sea at "o end & 9 ea* complete revolution describes a /raight l9e :i* repres5ts ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel ext5d$ to a /raightness4 ,b ?is inv5tion is ( no wor? except+ on ! smoo? & motionless surface ( lakes4 ,b if ! wat] moves toge!r ) ! %ip at an equal rate1 !n ! :eel rema9s motionless2 & if ! motion ( ! wat] is m or less rapid ?an t ( ! %ip1 !n nei!r has ! :eel ! same motion z ! %ip s t ?is inv5tion is ( b little use4 ,!re is ano!r me?od tri$ by exp]im5t ) a kn[n di/ance betwe5 "o isl& & ano!r2 & ?is is done by a bo>d or "u ! pressure ( w9d :i* /rikes on x ) m or less swiftness4 ,?is is 9 ,batti/a ,alb]ti ,footnote #be3 ,,leon ,,batti/a ,,alb]ti1 ,de ,ar*itectura lib4 ,v41 c4 #ab treats 'de le navi e p>ti loro'1 b !re is no ref]5ce to ! ma*9e1 m5tion$ by ,leon>do4 ,alb]ti says "h3 ,noi abbiamo trattato lungam5te 9 altro luogo de' modi de le navi1 ma 9 que/o luogo ne abbiamo detto quel tanto *e si bisogna4 ,to ?is ! foll[+ note is add$ 9 ! mo/ rec5t ,italian edition3 ,que/o libro e tuttora in$ito e porta il titolo1 secondo ,gesn]o di ',lib] navis'44 ,batti/a ,alb]ti's me?od :i* is made by exp]im5t on a kn[n di/ance betwe5 "o isl& & ano!r4 ,b su* an inv5tion does n succe$ except+ on a %ip l ! "o on :i* ! exp]im5t 0 made1 & x mu/ be ( ! same burd5 & h ! same sails1 & ! sails 9 ! same places1 & ! size ( ! waves mu/ be ! same4 ,b my me?od w s]ve = any %ip1 :e!r ) o>s or sails2 & :e!r x be small or l>ge1 broad or long1 or high or l[1 x always s]ves ,footnote #eb3 ,leon>do does n reveal ! me?od inv5t$ by him44 ,me?ods ( /ay+ & mov+ 9 wat] #aaad4 ,h[ an army ought to cross riv]s by swimm+ ) air-bags 444 ,h[ fi%es swim ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hba42 ( ! way 9 :i* !y jump out ( ! wat]1 z may be se5 ) dolph9s2 & x seems a wond]ful ?+ to make a leap f a ?+ :i* does n resi/ b slips away4 ,( ! swimm+ ( animals ( a long =m1 su* z eels & ! l4 ,( ! mode ( swimm+ aga9/ curr5ts & 9 ! rapid falls ( riv]s4 ,( ! mode ( swimm+ ( fi%es ( a r\nd =m4 ,h[ x is t animals :i* h n long h9d qu>tres _c swim4 ,h[ x is t all o!r animals :i* h feet ) toes1 "k by nature h[ to swim1 except+ man4 ,9 :at way man ought to le>n to swim4 ,( ! way 9 :i* man may re/ on ! wat]4 ,h[ man may protect himself aga9/ :irlpools or eddies 9 ! wat]1 :i* drag him d[n4 ,h[ a man dragg$ to ! bottom mu/ seek ! reflux :i* w ?r[ him up f ! dep?s4 ,h[ he ought to move 8 arms4 ,h[ to swim on 8 back4 ,h[ he c & h[ he _c /ay "u wat] unless he c hold 8 brea? #ac4 ,h[ by means ( a c]ta9 ma*9e _m p may /ay "s "t "u wat]4 ,h[ & :y ,i d n describe my me?od ( rema9+ "u wat]1 or h[ long ,i c /ay )\t eat+2 & ,i d n publi% nor divulge ^! by reason ( ! evil nature ( m5 :o w\ld use !m z means ( de/ruction at ! bottom ( ! sea1 by s5d+ %ips to ! bottom1 & s9k+ !m toge!r ) ! m5 9 !m4 ,& al?\gh ,i w imp>t o!rs1 !re is no dang] 9 !m2 because ! m\? ( ! tube1 by :i* y brea!1 is above ! wat] support$ on bags or corks #ai4 ,footnote3 ,l4 #ac-ai w also be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,i ,no4 #a4 ,on naval w>f>e 7#aaae4 #aaaf74 #aaae4 ,suppos+ 9 a battle betwe5 %ips & galleys t ! %ips are victori\s by reason ( ! high ( heir tops1 y mu/ haul ! y>d up almo/ to ! top ( ! ma/1 & at ! extremity ( ! y>d1 t is ! end :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! enemy1 h a small cage fa/5$1 wrapp$ up bel[ & all r\nd 9 a great mattress full ( cotton s t x may n be injur$ by ! bombs2 !n1 ) ! cap/an1 haul d[n ! opposite end ( ?is y>d & ! top on ! opposite side w g up s high1 t x w be f> above ! r\nd-top ( ! %ip1 & y w easily drive out ! m5 t are 9 x4 ,b x is necess>y t ! m5 :o are 9 ! galley %\ld g to ! opposite side ( x s z to af=d a c\nt]poise to ! weight ( ! m5 plac$ inside ! cage on ! y>d4 #aaaf4 ,if y want to build an armada = ! sea employ ^! %ips to ram 9 ! enemy's %ips4 ,t is1 make %ips #ajj feet long & #h feet wide1 b arrang$ s t ! left h& r[]s may h _! o>s to ! "r side ( ! %ip1 & ! "r h& ones to ! left side1 z is %[n at ,m1 s t ! lev]age ( ! o>s may be long]4 ,& ! said %ip may be "o foot & a half ?ick1 t is made ) cross beams )9 & )\t1 ) planks 9 contr>y directions4 ,& ?is %ip mu/ h atta*$ to x1 a foot bel[ ! wat]1 an iron-%od spike ( ab\t ! weight & size ( an anvil2 & ?is1 by =ce ( o>s may1 aft] x has giv5 ! fir/ bl[1 be drawn back1 & driv5 =w>d aga9 ) fury give a second bl[1 & !n a ?ird1 & s _m z to de/roy ! o!r %ip4 ,! use ( swimm+ belts4 #aaag4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,escap+ ,,9 ,a ,,tempe/ ,,& ,,%ipwreck ,,at ,,sea4 ,h a coat made ( lea!r1 :i* mu/ be d\ble across ! brea/1 t is hav+ a hem on ea* side ( ab\t a f+] bread?4 ,?us x w be d\ble f ! wai/ to ! knee2 & ! lea!r mu/ be q air-tight4 ,:5 y want to leap into ! sea1 bl[ out ! skirt ( y\r coat ?r\gh ! d\ble hems ( ! brea/2 & jump into ! sea1 & all[ y\rself to be c>ri$ by ! waves2 :5 y see no %ore ne>1 give y\r att5tion to ! sea y are 91 & always keep 9 y\r m\? ! air-tube :i* leads d[n into ! coat2 & if n[ & aga9 y require to take a brea? ( fre% air1 & ! foam prev5ts y1 y may draw a brea? ( ! air )9 ! coat4 ,footnote3 ,,amoretti1 ,memorie ,/ori*e1 ,tav4 ,,ii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #e1 gives ! same figure1 some:at alt]$4 #f4 ,la canna dell' aria4 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 ,i4 ,note ,on ! gravity ( wat]4 #aaah4 ,if ! weight ( ! sea be>s on its bottom1 a man1 ly+ on t bottom & hav+ l#jjj braccia ( wat] on 8 back1 w\ld h en\gh to cru% him4 ,div+ app>atus & ,skat+ 7#aaai-aaba74 #aaai4 ,( walk+ "u wat]4 ,me?od ( walk+ on wat]4 ,footnote3 ,! two sket*es belong+ to ?is passage are giv5 by ,,amoretti1 ,memorie ,/ori*e4 ,tav4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #c & #d4 #aabj4 ,j z on a froz5 riv] a man may run )\t mov+ 8 feet1 s a c> might be made t w\ld slide by itself4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+s ( c>ts by ! side ( ?is text h no direct connection ) ! problem z /at$ 9 words4--,comp>e ,no4 #addh1 l4 #ag4 #aaba4 ,a def9ition z to :y a man :o slides on ice does n fall4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket* accompanies ! passage1 9 ! orig9al4 ,on ,fly+ ma*9es 7#aabb-aabf74 #aabb4 ,man :5 fly+ mu/ /& free f ! wai/ upw>ds s z to be able to balance himself z he does 9 a boat s t ! c5tre ( gravity 9 himself & 9 ! ma*9e may c\nt]balance ea* o!r1 & be %ift$ z necessity dem&s = ! *anges ( its c5tre ( resi/ance4 #aabc4 ,rememb] t y\r fly+ ma*9e mu/ imitate no o!r ?an ! bat1 because ! web is :at by its union gives ! arm\r1 or /r5g? to ! w+s4 ,if y imitate ! w+s ( fea!r$ birds1 y w f9d a mu* /rong] /ructure1 because !y are p]vi\s2 t is1 _! fea!rs are sep>ate & ! air passes ?r\gh !m4 ,b ! bat is aid$ by ! web t connects ! :ole & is n p]vi\s4 #aabd4 ,,to ,,escape ,,! ,,p]il ,,( ,,de/ruction4 ,de/ruction to su* a ma*9e may occur 9 two ways2 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! break+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! second w\ld be :5 ! ma*9e %\ld turn on its edge or ne>ly on its edge1 because x ought always to desc5d 9 a highly oblique direction1 & almo/ exactly balanc$ on its c5tre4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/--! break+ ( ! ma*9e--1 t may be prev5t$ by mak+ x z /rong z possible2 & 9 :i*ev] direction x may t5d to turn ov]1 "o c5tre mu/ be v f> f ! o!r2 t is1 9 a ma*9e #cj braccia long ! c5tres mu/ be #d braccia "o f ! o!r4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #adbh4 #aabe4 ,bags by :i* a man fall+ f a height ( #f braccia may avoid hurt+ himself1 by a fall :e!r into wat] or on ! gr\nd2 & ^! bags1 /rung toge!r l a ros>y1 are to be fix$ on "o's back4 #aabf4 ,an object (f]s z mu* resi/ance to ! air z ! air does to ! object4 ,y may see t ! beat+ ( its w+s aga9/ ! air supports a heavy eagle 9 ! highe/ & r>e/ atmosph]e1 close to ! sph]e ( elem5tal fire4 ,aga9 y may see ! air 9 motion ov] ! sea1 fill ! swell+ sails & drive heavily lad5 %ips4 ,f ^! in/ances1 & ! reasons giv51 a man ) w+s l>ge en\gh & duly connect$ might le>n to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & by conqu]+ x1 succe$ 9 subjugat+ x & ris+ above x4 ,footnote3 ,a p>a*ute is "h sket*$1 ) an explanatory rem>k4 ,x is reproduc$ on ,tav4 ,,xvi 9 ! ,saggio1 & 93 ,leon>do da ,v9ci als ,+5ieur etc41 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,te*nik und d] induktiv5 ,wiss5s*aft51 von ,dr4 ,h]mann ,gro!1 ,b]l9 #ahgd1 p4 #ej4 ,( m9+4 #aabg4 ,if y want to "k :]e a m9e runs1 place a drum ov] all ! places :]e y suspect t x is be+ made1 & ^u ?is drum put a c\ple ( dice1 & :5 y are ov] ! spot :]e !y are m9+1 ! dice w jump a little on ! drum at e bl[ :i* is giv5 und]gr\nd 9 ! m9+4 ,!re are p]sons :o1 hav+ ! conv5i5ce ( a riv] or a lake 9 _! l&s1 h made1 close to ! place :]e !y suspect t a m9e is be+ made1 a great res]voir ( wat]1 & h c\nt]m9$ ! enemy1 & hav+ f\nd !m1 h turn$ ! wat] ^u !m & de/roy$ a great numb] 9 ! m9e4 ,( ,greek fire4 #aabh4 ,,greek ,,fire4 ,take *>coal ( will[1 & saltpetre1 & sulphuric acid1 & sulphur1 & pit*1 ) frank9c5se & camphor1 & ,e?iopian wool1 & boil !m all toge!r4 ,?is fire is s ready to burn t x cl+s to ! timb]s ev5 "u wat]4 ,& add to ?is composition liquid v>ni%1 & bitum9\s oil1 & turp5t9e & /rong v9eg>1 & mix all toge!r & dry x 9 ! sun1 or 9 an ov5 :5 ! bread is tak5 out2 & !n /ick x r\nd hemp5 or o!r t[1 m\ld+ x into a r\nd =m1 & /udd+ x all ov] ) v %>p nails4 ,y mu/ leave 9 ?is ball an op5+ to s]ve z a fusee1 & cov] x ) ros9 & sulphur4 ,aga91 ?is fire1 /uck at ! top ( a long plank :i* has "o braccio l5g? ( ! end po9t$ ) iron t x may n be burnt by ! said fire1 is good = avoid+ & keep+ (f ! %ips1 s z n to be ov]:elm$ by _! onset4 ,aga9 ?r[ vessels ( glass full ( pit* on to ! enemy's %ips :5 ! m5 9 !m are int5t on ! battle2 & !n by ?r[+ simil> burn+ balls ^u !m y h x 9 y\r p[] to burn all _! %ips4 ,footnote3 ,v5turi has giv5 ano!r %ort text ab\t ! ,greek fire 9 a ,fr5* translation 7,essai ,section ,,xiv74 ,he adds t ! orig9al text is to be f\nd 9 ,,ms4 ,b4 #cj 7874 ,libri speaks ( x 9 a note z foll[s 7,hi/oire des sci5ces ma!matiques en ,italie ,vol4 ,,ii p4 #abi73 ,la composition du feu gregeois e/ une des *ases qui ont ete les plus *]*ees et qui sont encore les plus d\teuses4 ,on dit qu'il fut inv5te au septieme siecle de l'ere *reti5ne p> l'ar*itecte ,call9ique 7,con/ant9i ,porphyrog5etae op]a1 ,lugd4 ,batav4 #afag1-- 9-#hvo2 p4 #agb1 de adm91 imp]4 exp4 #dh71 et il se tr\ve s\v5t m5tionne p> les ,hi/ori5s ,byzant9s4 ,tantot on le langait avec des ma*9es1 comme on lanc]ait une ban*e1 tantot on le s\fflait avec de longs tubes1 comme on s\ffl]ait un gaz ou un liquide enflamme 7,annae ,comn5ae ,alexias1 p4 #cce1 lib4 ,,xi4--,aeliani et ,leonis1 imp]atoris tactica1 ,lugd4-,bat4 #afac1 9-#d4 "p4 #b a1 p4 #cbb1 ,leonis tact4 cap4 l#i4--;,jo9ville1 hi/oire du ,sa9t ,l\is collect4 ,petitot tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #bce74 ,les ecriva9s contempora9s dis5t que l'eau ne p\vait pas ete9dre ce feu1 mais qu'avec du v9aigre et du sable on y p>v5ait4 ,suivant quelques hi/ori5s le feu gregeois etait compose de s\fre et de res9e4 ,m>cus ,graecus 7,lib] ignium1 ,p>is1 #ahjd1 9-#dj7 donne plusieurs mani]es de le faire qui ne sont pas tres intelligibles1 mais p>mi lesquelles on tr\ve la composition de la p\dre a canon4 ,leon>d de ,v9ci 7,,mss4 de ,leon>d de ,v9ci1 vol4 ,b4 f4 #cj17 dit qu'on le faisait avec du *>bon de saule1 du salpetre1 de l'eau de vie1 de la res9e1 du s\fre1 de la poix et du camphre4 ,mais il e/ probable que n\s ne savons pas qu'elle etait sa composition1 surt\t a cause du secret qu'en faisai5t les ,grecs4 ,en effet1 l'emp]eur ,con/ant9 ,porphyrog5ete recomm5de a son fils de ne jamais en donn] aux ,b>b>es1 et de leur repondre1 s'ils en dem&ai5t1 qu'il avait ete apporti du ciel p> un ange et que le secret en avait ete confie aux ,*reti5s 7,con/ant9i ,porphyrog5netae op]a1 p4 #bf-bg1 de adm94 imp]41 cap4 #ab74 ,( ,music 7#aabi4 #aacj74 #aabi4 ,a drum ) cogs work+ by :eels ) spr+s #b4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] consi/s ( explanations ( ! sket*es %[n on ,pl4 ,,cxxi4 ,l9es #a & #b ( ! text are to be se5 at ! top at ! left h& side ( ! fir/ sket* ( a drum4 ,l9es #c-e ref] to ! sket* imm$iately bel[ ?is4 ,l9e #f is writt5 z ! side ( ! sev5? sket*1 & l9es #g & #h at ! side ( ! eigh?4 ,l9es #i-af are at ! bottom 9 ! middle4 ,! rema9d] ( ! text is at ! side ( ! draw+ at ! bottom4 ,a squ>e drum ( :i* ! p>*m5t may be drawn tight or slack5$ by ! lev] a b #e4 ,a drum = h>mony #f4 #g ,a clapp] = h>mony2 t is1 ?ree clapp]s toge!r4 #i ,j z "o & ! same drum makes a deep or acute s\nd accord+ z ! p>*m5ts are m or less tight5$1 s ^! p>*m5ts v>i\sly tight5$ on "o & ! same drum w make v>i\s s\nds #af4 ,keys n>r[ & close toge!r2 7bic*i7 f> ap>t2 ^! w be "r = ! trumpet %[n above4 a mu/ ent] 9 ! place ( ! ord9>y keys :i* h ! 444 9 ! op5+s ( a flute4 #aacj4 ,tymbals to be play$ l ! mono*ord1 or ! s(t flute4 #f ,"h !re is to be a cyl9d] ( cane aft] ! mann] ( clapp]s ) a musical r\nd call$ a ,canon1 :i* is sung 9 f\r p>ts2 ea* s+] s++ ! :ole r\nd4 ,!re=e ,i "h make a :eel ) #d tee? s t ea* too? takes by itself ! "p ( a s+]4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al !re are "s m sket*es1 to :i* ! text1 f l9e #f1 ref]s4 ,!y are /udies = a contrivance exactly l ! cyl9d] 9 our musical boxes4 #aaca4 ,( decorations4 ,:ite & sky-blue clo?s1 wov5 9 *ecks to make a decoration4 ,clo?s ) ! ?reads drawn at a b c d e f g h i k1 to g r\nd ! decoration4 ,,xix4 ,philosophical ,maxims4 ,morals4 ,polemics & ,speculations4 ,vas>i indulges 9 sev]e /rictures on ,leon>do's religi\s views4 ,he speaks1 among o!r ?+s1 ( 8 capricci nel filos(> delle cose naturali & says on ?is po9t3 ,p] il *e fece nell'animo un concetto si eretico *e e' non si acco/ava a qualsi voglia religione1 /im&o p] avv5tura assai piu lo ess] filos(o *e cri/iano 7see ! fir/ edition ( ',le ,vite'74 ,b ?is accusation on ! "p ( a writ] 9 ! days ( ! ,inquisition is n a v s]i\s "o--& ! less s1 s9ce1 ?r\gh\t ! manuscripts1 we f9d no?+ to support x4 ,"u ! head+ ( ,philosophical ,maxims ,i h collect$ all ! passages :i* c give u a cle> compreh5sion ( ,leon>do's ideas ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve t !re is absolutely no?+ 9 !m to lead to ! inf]5ce t he 0 an a!i/4 ,8 views ( nature & its laws are no d\bt v unlike ^? ( 8 contempor>ies1 & h a mu* clos] aff9ity to ^? :i* f9d g5]al acceptance at ! pres5t day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s f ,leon>do's w 7see ,no4 #aeff7 t1 9 ! ye> be=e 8 dea?1 he _h pr(ess$ to adh]e to ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 & ?is evid5tly f 8 own p]sonal desire & impulse4 ,! incr$ible & demon/rably fictiti\s leg5d ( ,leon>do's dea? 9 ! arms ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 is giv51 ) o!rs1 by ,vas>i & fur!r embelli%$ by ?is odi\s comm5t3 ,mo/rava tuttavia quanto avea (feso ,dio e gli uom9i del mondo1 non av5do op]ato nell'arte come si conv5iva4 ,?is la/ accusation1 x may be rem>k$1 is above all evid5ce ( ! sup]ficial "* ( ! in=mation :i* ,vas>i 0 9 a position to give ab\t ,leon>do4 ,x seems to imply t ,leon>do 0 disda9ful ( dilig5t lab\r4 ,) reg>d to ! second1 ref]r+ to ,leon>do's morality & deal+s ) 8 fell[ m51 ,vas>i himself nullifies x by ass]t+ ! v contr>y 9 sev]al passages4 ,a fur!r refutation may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ! lett] 9 :i* ,melsi1 ! "y ,milanese nobleman1 ann\nces ! ,ma/]'s dea? to ,leon>do's bro!rs3 ,cr$o siate c]tificati della morte di ,mae/ro ,lion>do fratello vo/ro1 e mio quanto optimo padre1 p] la cui morte s>ebbe impossibile *e io potesse esprim]e il dolore *e io ho preso2 e 9 m5tre *e que/e mia membra si so/]ranno insieme1 io poss$]o una p]petua infelicita1 e m]itam5te p]*e svisc]ato et ard5tissimo amore mi portava giornalm5te4 ,e dolto ad ognuno la p]dita di tal uomo1 quale non e piu 9 pode/a della natura1 ecc4 ,x is true t1 9 ,april #adgf1 we f9d ! names ( ,leon>do & ,v]roc*io ent]$ 9 ! ,libro degli ,uffiziali di notte e de' ,mona/]i z break+ ! laws2 b we imm$iately aft] f9d ! note ,absoluti cum condizione ut retambur5tur 7,tambur9i 0 ! "n giv5 to ! w>rant cases ( ! night police74 ,! acquittal !re=e did n exclude ! possibility ( a repetition ( ! *>ge4 ,x 0 9 fact repeat$1 two mon?s lat]1 & on ?is occasion ! ,ma/] & 8 pupil 7 aga9 fully acquitt$4 ,v]roc*io 0 at ?is "t =ty & ,leon>do f\r-&-tw5ty4 ,! docum5ts ref]r+ to ?is affair are 9 ! ,/ate ,ar*ives ( ,flor5ce2 !y h be5 )held f publication1 b x seem$ to me desirable to give ! read] ?is brief acc\nt ( ! lead+ facts ( ! /ory1 z ! vague h9ts ( x1 :i* h rec5tly be5 made public1 may h giv5 to ! incid5t an aspect :i* x _h n 9 reality1 & :i* x does n des]ve4 ,! passages "h class$ "u ! head ,morals reveal ,leon>do to u z a man ^: life & conduct 7 unfail+ly gov]n$ by l(ty pr9ciples & aims4 ,he c\ld sc>cely h record$ 8 /]n reprobation & unmeasur$ contempt = m5 :o d no?+ useful & /rive only = ri*es1 if 8 own life & ambitions _h be5 su* z !y h s (t5 be5 misrepres5t$4 ,at a p]iod l t1 :5 sup]/ition /ill ex]cis$ unlimit$ dom9ion ov] ! m9ds n m]ely ( ! illit]ate cr[d1 b ( ! cultivat$ & le>n$ classes1 x 0 v natural t ,leon>do's views z to ,al*emy1 ,gho/s1 ,magicians1 & ! l %\ld be met ) /]n reprobation :5ev] & :]ev] he may h express$ !m2 ?is acc\nts = ! argum5tative tone ( all 8 utt]ances on su* subjects :i* ,i h collect$ 9 ,subdivision ,,iii ( ?is section4 ,to ^! ,i h add$ "s passages :i* ?r[ light on ,leon>do's p]sonal views on ! ,univ]se4 ,!y are1 )\t exception1 *>act]is$ by a broad _s ( naturalism ( :i* ! pr9ciples are m /rictly appli$ 9 8 essays on ,a/ronomy1 & /ill m on ,physical ,geography4 ,to avoid repetition1 only su* notes on ,philosophy1 ,morals & ,polemics1 h be5 includ$ 9 ?is section z occur z indep5d5t texts 9 ! orig9al ,,mss4 ,sev]al moral reflections h already be5 giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i1 9 section ,allegorical repres5tations1 ,mottoes & ,emblems4 ,o!rs w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,nos4 #i to #ab1 ,vol4 ,i1 are also passages ( an argum5tative "*4 ,x did n seem requisite to repeat "h ^! & simil> passages1 s9ce _! direct connection ) ! context is f> clos] 9 places :]e !y h appe>$ already1 ?an x w\ld be "h4 ,i4 ,,philosophical ,,maxims4 ,pray]s to ,god 7#aacb4 #aacc74 #aacb4 ,i obey ,!e ,"l1 fir/ = ! love ,i ought1 9 all reason to be> ,!e2 secondly = t ,?\ can/ %ort5 or prolong ! lives ( m54 #aacc4 ,a ,,pray]4 ,?\1 ,o ,god1 do/ sell u all good ?+s at ! price ( lab\r4 ,! p[]s ( ,nature 7#aacd-aaci74 #aacd4 ,o admirable imp>tiality ( ,?9e1 ,?\ fir/ ,mov]2 ,?\ ha/ n p]mitt$ t any =ce %\ld fail ( ! ord] or quality ( its necess>y results4 #aace4 ,necessity is ! mi/ress & guide ( nature4 ,necessity is ! !me & ! inv5tress1 ! et]nal curb & law ( nature4 #aacf4 ,9 _m cases "o & ! same ?+ is attract$ by two /rong =ces1 namely ,necessity & ,pot5cy4 ,wat] falls 9 ra92 ! e>? absorbs x f ! necessity = moi/ure2 & ! sun evaporates x1 n f necessity1 b by its p[]4 #aacg4 ,weight1 =ce & casual impulse1 toge!r ) resi/ance1 are ! f\r ext]nal p[]s 9 :i* all ! visible actions ( mortals h _! be+ & _! end4 #aach4 ,our body is dep5dant on heav5 & heav5 on ! ,_s4 #aaci4 ,! motive p[] is ! cause ( all life4 ,psy*ology 7#aadj-aadg74 #aadj4 ,& y1 ,o ,man1 :o w disc]n 9 ?is "w ( m9e ! wond]ful works ( ,nature1 if y ?9k x w\ld be a crim9al ?+ to de/roy x1 reflect h[ mu* m crim9al x is to take ! life ( a man2 & if ?is1 8 ext]nal =m1 appe>s to !e m>vell\sly con/ruct$1 rememb] t x is no?+ z comp>$ ) ! s\l t dwells 9 t /ructure2 = t inde$1 be x :at x may1 is a ?+ div9e4 ,leave x !n to dwell 9 ,8 "w at ,8 good w & pleasure1 & let n y\r rage or malice de/roy a life--= inde$1 he :o does n value x1 does n himself des]ve x ,footnote #ai3 ,9 ,,ms4 ,,ii #ae;a is ! note3 *i no /ima la vita1 non la m]ita44 ,footnote3 ,?is text is on ! back ( ! draw+s reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,cvii4 ,comp>e ,no4 #gih1 #ce note on p4 #aaa3 ,comp>e also ,no4 #hcg & #hch4 #aada4 ,! s\l c nev] be corrupt$ ) ! corruption ( ! body11 b is 9 ! body z x 7 ! air :i* causes ! s\nd ( ! organ1 :]e :5 a pipe bur/s1 ! w9d w\ld cease to h any good effect4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hde4 #aadb4 ,! "p always has a t5d5cy to reunite ) its :ole 9 ord] to escape f its imp]fection4 ,! _s desires to rema9 ) its body1 because1 )\t ! organic in/rum5ts ( t body1 x c nei!r act1 nor feel any?+4 #aadc4 ,if any "o wi%es to see h[ ! s\l dwells 9 its body1 let him obs]ve h[ ?is body uses its daily habitation2 t is to say1 if ?is is devoid ( ord] & confus$1 ! body w be kept 9 disord] & confusion by its s\l4 #aadd4 ,:y does ! eye see a ?+ m cle>ly 9 dreams ?an ) ! imag9ation be+ awake8 #aade4 ,! s5ses are ( ! e>?2 ,reason1 /&s ap>t 9 contemplation4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hdb4 #aadf4 ,e action ne$s to be prompt$ by a motive4 ,to "k & to w are two op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,disc]n+1 judg+1 delib]at+ are acts ( ! human m9d4 #aadg4 ,all our k has its orig9 9 our preceptions4 ,sci5ce1 its pr9ciples & rules 7#aadh--aafa7 #aadh4 ,sci5ce is ! obs]vation ( ?+s possible1 :e!r pres5t or pa/2 presci5ce is ! k ( ?+s :i* may come to pass1 ?\gh b sl[ly4 #aadi4 ,exp]i5ce1 ! int]pret] betwe5 =mative nature & ! human race1 tea*es h[ t nature acts among mortals2 & be+ con/ra9$ by necessity _c act o!rwise ?an z reason1 :i* is its helm1 requires h] to act4 #aaej4 ,wisdom is ! daught] ( exp]i5ce4 #aaea4 ,nature is full ( inf9ite causes t h nev] occur$ 9 exp]i5ce4 #aaeb4 ,tru? 0 ! only daught] ( ,"t4 #aaec4 ,exp]i5ce nev] errs2 x is only y\r judgm5ts t err by promis+ !mselves effects su* z are n caus$ by y\r exp]im5ts4 ,exp]i5ce does n err2 only y\r judgm5ts err by expect+ f h] :at is n 9 h] p[]4 ,m5 wrongly compla9 ( ,exp]i5ce2 ) great abuse !y accuse h] ( lead+ !m a/ray b !y set ,exp]i5ce aside1 turn+ f x ) compla9ts z to our ignorance caus+ u to be c>ri$ away by va9 & fooli% desires to promise ourselves1 9 h] "n1 ?+s t are n 9 h] p[]2 say+ t %e is fallaci\s4 ,m5 are unju/ 9 compla9+ ( innoc5t ,exp]i5ce1 con/antly accus+ h] ( error & ( false evid5ce4 #aaed4 ,in/rum5tal or me*anical sci5ce is ( all ! noble/ & ! mo/ useful1 see+ t by means ( ?is all animat$ bodies t h movem5t p]=m all _! actions2 & ^! movem5ts are bas$ on ! c5tre ( gravity :i* is plac$ 9 ! middle divid+ unequal weights1 & x has de>? & weal? ( muscles & also lev] & c\nt]lev]4 #aaee4 ,,( ,,me*anics4 ,me*anics are ! ,p>adise ( ma!matical sci5ce1 because "h we come to ! fruits ( ma!matics4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ffj1 #aa4 #ai--bb 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ccb74 #aaef4 ,e in/rum5t requires to be made by exp]i5ce4 #aaeg4 ,! man :o blames ! supreme c]ta9ty ( ma!matics fe$s on confusion1 & c nev] sil5ce ! contradictions ( sophi/ical sci5ces :i* lead to an et]nal quack]y4 #aaeh4 ,!re is no c]ta9ty 9 sci5ces :]e "o ( ! ma!matical sci5ces _c be appli$1 or :i* are n 9 relation ) ^! ma!matics4 99999999 ,,text ,,beyond ,,?is ,,po9t ,,/ill ,,ne$s ,,"s ,,cleanup 99999999 #aaei4 ,any "o :o 9 discussion relies ^u au?ority uses1 n 8 und]/&+1 b r 8 memory4 ,good culture is born ( a good disposition2 & s9ce ! cause is m to be prais$ ?an ! effect1 ,i w r praise a good disposition )\t culture1 ?an good culture )\t ! disposition4 #aafj4 ,sci5ce is ! capta91 & practice ! soldi]s4 #aafa4 ,,( ,,! ,,errors ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,dep5d ,,on ,,practice ,,)\t ,,sci5ce4 ,^? :o fall 9 love ) practice )\t sci5ce are l a sailor :o ent]s a %ip )\t a helm or a compass1 & :o nev] c be c]ta9 :i!r he is go+4 ,,ii4 ,,morals4 ,:at is life8 7#aafb4 #aafc74 #aafb4 ,n[ y see t ! hope & ! desire ( return+ home & to "o's =m] /ate is l ! mo? to ! light1 & t ! man :o ) con/ant long+ awaits ) joy ea* new spr+ "t1 ea* new summ]1 ea* new mon? & new ye>--deem+ t ! ?+s he longs = are ev] too late 9 com+--does n p]ceive t he is long+ = 8 own de/ruction4 ,b ?is desire is ! v qu9tess5ce1 ! _s ( ! elem5ts1 :i* f9d+ itself imprison$ ) ! s\l is ev] long+ to return f ! human body to its giv]4 ,& y mu/ "k t ?is same long+ is t qu9tess5ce1 insep>able f nature1 & t man is ! image ( ! _w4 #aafc4 ,o ,"t6 consum] ( all ?+s2 ,o envi\s age6 ?\ do/ de/roy all ?+s & dev\r all ?+s ) ! rel5tless tee? ( ye>s1 little by little 9 a sl[ dea?4 ,hel51 :5 %e look$ 9 h] mirror1 see+ ! )]$ wr9kles made 9 h] face by old age1 wept & wond]$ :y %e _h twice be5 c>ri$ away4 ,o ,"t6 consum] ( all ?+s1 & ,o envi\s age6 by :i* all ?+s are all dev\r$4 ,dea?4 #aafd4 ,e evil leaves beh9d a grief 9 our memory1 except ! supreme evil1 t is dea?1 :i* de/roys ?is memory toge!r ) life4 ,h[ to sp5d life 7#aafe-aagj74 #aafe4 #j sleep]s6 :at a ?+ is slumb]6 ,sleep resembles dea?4 ,ah1 :y !n do/ ?\ n "w 9 su* wise z t aft] dea? ?\ may/ reta9 a resemblance to p]fect life1 :51 dur+ life1 ?\ art 9 sleep s l to ! hapless dead8 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #fgf1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cec4 #aaff4 ,"o pu%es d[n ! o!r4 ,by ^! squ>e-blocks are meant ! life & ! /udies ( m54 #aafg4 ,! k ( pa/ times & ( ! places on ! e>? is bo? an ornam5t & nutrim5t to ! human m9d4 #aafh4 ,to lie is s vile1 t ev5 if x 7 9 speak+ well ( godly ?+s x w\ld take (f some?+ f ,god's grace2 & ,tru? is s excell5t1 t if x praises b small ?+s !y become noble4 ,beyond a d\bt tru? be>s ! same relation to falsehood z light to d>kness2 & ?is tru? is 9 itself s excell5t t1 ev5 :5 x dwells on humble & l[ly matt]s1 x is /ill inf9itely above unc]ta9ty & lies1 disguis$ 9 high & l(ty disc\rses2 because 9 our m9ds1 ev5 if ly+ %\ld be _! fif? elem5t1 ?is does n prev5t t ! tru? ( ?+s is ! *ief nutrim5t ( sup]ior intellects1 ?\gh n ( w&]+ wits4 ,b y :o live 9 dreams are bett] pleas$ by ! sophi/ical reasons & frauds ( wits 9 great & unc]ta9 ?+s1 ?an by ^? reasons :i* are c]ta9 & natural & n s f> above u4 #aafi4 ,avoid /udies ( :i* ! result dies ) ! work]4 #aagj4 ,m5 are 9 error :5 !y lam5t ! flight ( "t1 accus+ x ( be+ too swift1 & n p]ceiv+ t x is suffici5t z x passes2 b good memory1 ) :i* nature has end[$ u1 causes ?+s long pa/ to seem pres5t4 #aaga4 ,le>n+ acquir$ 9 y\? arre/s ! evil ( old age2 & if y und]/& t old age has wisdom = its food1 y w s conduct y\rself 9 y\? t y\r old age w n lack = n\ri%m5t4 #aagb4 ,! acquisition ( any k is always ( use to ! intellect1 because x may ?us drive out useless ?+s & reta9 ! good4 ,= no?+ c be lov$ or hat$ unless x is fir/ kn[n4 #aagc4 ,z a day well sp5t procures a happy sleep1 s a life well employ$ procures a happy dea?4 #aagd4 ,! wat] y t\* 9 a riv] is ! la/ ( t :i* has pass$1 & ! fir/ ( t :i* is com+4 ,?us x is ) "t pres5t4 ,life if well sp5t1 is long4 #aage4 ,j z food eat5 )\t c>+ = x is turn$ into loa?some n\ri%m5t1 s /udy )\t a ta/e = x spoils memory1 by reta9+ no?+ :i* x has tak5 94 #aagf4 ,j z eat+ aga9/ "o's w is injuri\s to heal?1 s /udy )\t a lik+ = x spoils ! memory1 & x reta9s no?+ x takes 94 #aagg4 ,on ,m\nt ,etna ! words freeze 9 y\r m\? & y may make ice ( !m4 ,footnote #b3 ,!re is no clue to expla9 ?is /range s5t5ce4 ,j z iron ru/s unless x is us$1 & wat] putrifies or1 9 cold1 turns to ice1 s our intellect spoils unless x is kept 9 use4 ,y d ill if y praise1 & /ill worse if y reprove 9 a matt] y d n und]/&4 ,:5 ,=tune comes1 seize h] 9 front ) a sure h&1 because beh9d %e is bald4 #aagh4 ,x seems to me t m5 ( co>se & clumsy habits & ( small k d n des]ve su* f9e in/rum5ts nor s great a v>iety ( natural me*anism z m5 ( speculation & ( great k2 b m]ely a sack 9 :i* _! food may be /[$ & :5ce x may issue1 s9ce !y _c be judg$ to be any ?+ else ?an vehicles = food2 = x seems to me !y h no?+ ab\t !m ( ! human species b ! voice & ! figure1 & = all ! re/ are mu* bel[ bea/s4 #aagi4 ,"s !re are :o are no?+ else ?an a passage = food & augm5tors ( excrem5t & fill]s ( privies1 because ?r\gh !m no o!r ?+s 9 ! _w1 nor any good effects are produc$1 s9ce no?+ b full privies results f !m4 ,on fooli%ness & ignorance 7#aahj--aahb74 #aahj4 ,! greate/ deception m5 suff] is f _! own op9ions4 #aaha4 ,folly is ! %ield ( %ame1 z unread9ess is t ( pov]ty glorifi$4 #aahb4 ,bl9d ignorance misleads u ?us & delights ) ! results ( lascivi\s joys4 ,because x does n "k ! true light4 ,because x does n "k :at is ! true light4 ,va9 spl5d\r takes f u ! p[] ( be+ 4444 behold6 = its va9 spl5d\r we g into ! fire1 ?us bl9d ignorance does mislead u4 ,t is1 bl9d ignorance s misleads u t 444 ,o6 wret*$ mortals1 op5 y\r eyes4 ,on ri*es 7#aahc--aahg74 #aahc4 ,t is n ri*es1 :i* may be lo/2 virtue is our true good & ! true rew>d ( its possessor4 ,t _c be lo/2 t nev] des]ts u1 b :5 life leaves u4 ,z to prop]ty & ext]nal ri*es1 hold !m ) trembl+2 !y (t5 leave _! possessor 9 contempt1 & mock$ at = hav+ lo/ !m4 #aahd4 ,e man wi%es to make money to give x to ! doctors1 de/roy]s ( life2 !y !n ought to be ri*4 ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hef4 ,man has mu* p[] ( disc\rse :i* = ! mo/ "p is va9 & false2 animals h b little1 b x is useful & true1 & a small tru? is bett] ?an a great lie4 #aahe4 ,he :o possesses mo/ mu/ be mo/ afraid ( loss4 #aahf4 ,he :o wi%es to be ri* 9 a day w be hang$ 9 a ye>4 #aahg4 ,t man is ( supreme folly :o always wants = fe> ( want+2 & 8 life flies away :ile he is /ill hop+ to enjoy ! good ?+s :i* he has ) extreme lab\r acquir$4 ,rules ( ,life 7#aahh-abjb74 #aahh4 ,if y gov]n$ y\r body by ! rules ( virtue y w\ld n walk on all f\rs 9 ?is _w4 ,y gr[ 9 reputation l bread 9 ! h&s ( a *ild4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ s5t5ce is obscure4 ,comp>e ,nos4 #hbe1 #hbf4 #aahi4 ,savage he is :o saves himself4 #aaij4 ,we ought n to desire ! impossible4 ,footnote3 ,! writ+ ( ?is note1 :i* is exce$+ly m9ute1 is reproduc$ 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,xli ,no4 #e above ! fir/ diagram4 #aaia4 ,ask c\nsel ( him :o rules himself well4 ,ju/ice requires p[]1 insight1 & w2 & x resembles ! que5-bee4 ,he :o does n puni% evil comm&s x to be done4 ,he :o takes ! snake by ! tail w pres5tly be bitt5 by x4 ,! grave w fall 9 ^u him :o digs x4 #aaib4 ,! man :o does n re/ra9 wantonness1 allies himself ) bea/s4 ,y c h no dom9ion great] or less ?an t ov] y\rself4 ,he :o ?9ks little1 errs mu*4 ,x is easi] to cont5d ) evil at ! fir/ ?an at ! la/4 ,no c\nsel is m loyal ?an t giv5 on %ips :i* are 9 p]il3 ,he may expect loss :o acts on ! advice ( an inexp]i5c$ y\?4 #aaic4 ,:]e !re is mo/ feel+1 !re is ! greate/ m>tyrdom2--a great m>tyr4 #aaid4 ,! memory ( b5efits is a frail def5ce aga9/ +ratitude4 ,reprove y\r fri5d 9 secret & praise him op5ly4 ,be n false ab\t ! pa/4 #aaie4 ,a ,,simile ,,= ,,pati5ce4 ,pati5ce s]ves u aga9/ insults precisely z clo!s d aga9/ ! cold4 ,= if y multiply y\r g>m5ts z ! cold increases1 t cold _c hurt y2 9 ! same way increase y\r pati5ce "u great (f5ces1 & !y _c hurt y\r feel+s4 #aaif4 ,to speak well ( a base man is mu* ! same z speak+ ill ( a good man4 #aaig4 ,envy w\nds ) false accusations1 t is ) detraction1 a ?+ :i* sc>es virtue4 #aaih4 ,we are deceiv$ by promises & "t disappo9ts u 444 ,footnote #b3 ,! re/ ( ?is passage may be r5d]$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b none ( !m give a satisfactory mean+4 #aaii4 ,fe> arises soon] ?an any ?+ else4 #abjj4 ,j z c\rage imp]ils life1 fe> protects x4 ,?reats alone are ! weapons ( ! ?reat5$ man4 ,:]ev] good =tune ent]s1 envy lays siege to ! place & attacks x2 & :5 x dep>ts1 sorr[ & rep5tance rema9 beh9d4 ,he :o walks /raight r>ely falls4 ,x is bad if y praise1 & worse if y reprove a ?+1 ,i mean1 if y d n und]/& ! matt] well4 ,x is ill to praise1 & worse to reprim& 9 matt]s t y d n und]/&4 #abja4 ,words :i* d n satisfy ! e> ( ! he>] we>y him or vex him1 & ! symptoms ( ?is y w (t5 see 9 su* he>]s 9 _! frequ5t yawns2 y !re=e1 :o speak be=e m5 ^: good w y desire1 :5 y see su* an excess ( fatigue1 abridge y\r spee*1 or *ange y\r disc\rse2 & if y d o!rwise1 !n in/ead ( ! fav\r y desire1 y w get dislike & ho/ility4 ,& if y w\ld see 9 :at a man takes pleasure1 )\t he>+ him speak1 *ange ! subject ( y\r disc\rse 9 talk+ to him1 & :5 y pres5tly see him int5t1 )\t yawn+ or wr9kl+ 8 br[ or o!r actions ( v>i\s k9ds1 y may be c]ta9 t ! matt] ( :i* y are speak+ is su* z is agreeable to him c4 #abjb4 ,! lov] is mov$ by ! belov$ object z ! s5ses are by s5sible objects2 & !y unite & become "o & ! same ?+4 ,! "w is ! fir/ ?+ born ( ?is union2 if ! ?+ lov$ is base ! lov] becomes base4 ,:5 ! ?+ tak5 into union is p]fectly adapt$ to t :i* receives x1 ! result is delight & pleasure & satisfaction4 ,:5 t :i* loves is unit$ to ! ?+ belov$ x c re/ !re2 :5 ! burd5 is laid d[n x f9ds re/ !re4 ,politics 7#abjc4 #abjd74 #abjc4 ,!re w be et]nal fame also = ! inhabitants ( t t[n1 con/ruct$ & enl>g$ by him4 ,footnote3 ,^! notes 7 possibly writt5 9 prep>ation = a lett]4 ,! mean+ is obscure4 ,all communities obey & are l$ by _! magnates1 & ^! magnates ally !mselves ) ! lords & subjugate !m 9 two ways3 ei!r by consangu9ity1 or by =tune2 by consangu9ity1 :5 _! *ildr5 are1 z x 71 ho/ages1 & a security & pl$ge ( _! suspect$ fidelity2 by prop]ty1 :5 y make ea* ( ^! build a h\se or two inside y\r city :i* may yield "s rev5ue & he %all h4442 #aj t[ns1 five ?\s& h\ses ) ?irty ?\s& inhabitants1 & y w disp]se ?is great congregation ( p :i* /& l goats "o beh9d ! o!r1 fill+ e place ) fetid smells & s[+ se$s ( pe/il5ce & dea?2 ,& ! city w ga9 beauty wor?y ( its "n & to y x w be useful by its rev5ues1 & ! et]nal fame ( its aggr&izem5t4 #abjd4 ,to pres]ve ,nature's *iefe/ boon1 t is fre$om1 ,i c f9d means ( (f5ce & def5ce1 :5 x is assail$ by ambiti\s tyrants1 & fir/ ,i w speak ( ! situation ( ! walls1 & also ,i %all %[ h[ communities c ma9ta9 _! good & j ,lords4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #abff4 ,,iii4 ,,polemics4--,,speculation4 ,aga9/ ,speculators 7#abje4 #abjf74 #abje4 ,oh6 speculators on ?+s1 boa/ n ( kn[+ ! ?+s t nature ord9>ily br+s ab\t2 b rejoice if y "k ! end ( ^? ?+s :i* y y\rself devise4 #abjf4 ,oh6 speculators on p]petual motion h[ _m va9 projects ( ! l "* y h creat$6 ,g & be ! companions ( ! se>*]s = gold4 ,footnote3 ,ano!r %ort passage 9 ,,ms4 ,i1 ref]r+ also to speculators1 is giv5 by ,,libri 7,hi/1 des ,sci5ces ma?4 ,,iii1 #bbh73 ,sic*e voi speculatori non vi fidate delli autori *e anno sol col immag9atione voluto f>si int]99preti tra la natura e l'omo1 ma sol di quelli *e non coi ci5ni della natura1 ma cogli effetti delle sue esp]i5ze anno es]citati i loro +egni4 ,aga9/ al*emi/s 7#abjg4 #abjh74 #abjg4 ,! false int]pret]s ( nature decl>e t quicksilv] is ! common se$ ( e metal1 n rememb]+ t nature v>ies ! se$ accord+ to ! v>iety ( ! ?+s %e desires to produce 9 ! _w4 #abjh4 ,& _m h made a trade ( delusions & false miracles1 deceiv+ ! /upid multitude4 ,aga9/ fri>s4 #abji4 ,ph>isees--t is to say1 fri>s4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hcg1 99#aa4 #ed-eg1 ,no4 #abif 7p4 #cfc & #cfd71 & ,no4 #acje 7p4 #cgj74 ,aga9/ writ]s ( epitomes4 #abaj4 ,abbreviators d h>m to k & to love1 see+ t ! love ( any ?+ is ! (fspr+ ( ?is k1 ! love be+ ! m f]v5t 9 proportion z ! k is m c]ta94 ,& ?is c]ta9ty is born ( a complete k ( all ! p>ts1 :i*1 :5 comb9$1 compose ! totality ( ! ?+ :i* ought to be lov$4 ,( :at use !n is he :o abridges ! details ( ^? matt]s ( :i* he pr(esses to give ?or\gh in=mation1 :ile he leaves beh9d ! *ief "p ( ! ?+s ( :i* ! :ole is compos$8 ,x is true t impati5ce1 ! "m ( /upidity1 praises brevity1 z if su* p]sons _h n life long en\gh to s]ve !m to acquire a complete k ( "o s+le subject1 su* z ! human body2 & !n !y want to compreh5d ! m9d ( ,god 9 :i* ! univ]se is includ$1 weigh+ x m9utely & m9c+ x into inf9ite p>ts1 z if !y _h to dissect x6 ,oh6 human /upidity1 d y n p]ceive t1 ?\gh y h be5 ) y\rself all y\r life1 y are n yet aw>e ( ! ?+ y possess mo/ (1 t is ( y\r folly8 & !n1 ) ! cr[d ( sophi/s1 y deceive y\rselves & o!rs1 despis+ ! ma!matical sci5ces1 9 :i* tru? dwells & ! k ( ! ?+s includ$ 9 !m4 ,& !n y occupy y\rself ) miracles1 & write t y possess in=mation ( ^? ?+s ( :i* ! human m9d is incapable & :i* _c be prov$ by any in/ance f nature4 ,& y fancy y h wr\ght miracles :5 y spoil a "w ( "s speculative m9d1 & d n p]ceive t y are fall+ into ! same error z t ( a man :o /rips a tree ( ! ornam5t ( its bran*es cov]$ ) leaves m+l$ ) ! sc5t$ blossoms or fruit4444444 ,footnote #dh3 ,giv/9o1 ,m>cus ,junianus ,ju/9us1 a ,roman hi/orian ( ! second c5tury1 :o compil$ an epitome f ! g5]al hi/ory writt5 by ,trogus ,pompeius1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,! "w ( ! latt] writ] no long] exi/4 z ,ju/9us did1 9 abridg+ ! hi/ories writt5 by ,trogus ,pompeius1 :o _h writt5 9 an ornate /yle all ! wor?y de$s ( 8 =efa!rs1 full ( ! mo/ admirable & ornam5tal passages2 & s compos$ a bald "w wor?y only ( ^? impati5t spirits1 :o fancy !y are los+ z mu* "t z t :i* !y employ usefully 9 /udy+ ! works ( nature & ! de$s ( m54 ,b ^! may rema9 9 company ( bea/s2 among _! associates %\ld be dogs & o!r animals full ( rap9e & !y may hunt ) !m aft]44441 & !n foll[ helpless bea/s1 :i* 9 "t ( great sn[s come ne> to y\r h\ses ask+ alms z f _! ma/]4444 ,on spirits 7#abaa--abac74 #abaa4 ,o ma!maticians %$ light on ?is error4 ,! _s has no voice1 because :]e !re is a voice !re is a body1 & :]e !re is a body space is occupi$1 & ?is prev5ts ! eye f see+ :at is plac$ beh9d t space2 h5ce ! surr\nd+ air is fill$ by ! body1 t is by its image4 #abab4 ,!re c be no voice :]e !re is no motion or p]cussion ( ! air2 !re c be no p]cussion ( ! air :]e !re is no in/rum5t1 !re c be no in/rum5t )\t a body2 & ?is be+ s1 a _s c h nei!r voice1 nor =m1 nor /r5g?4 ,& if x 7 to assume a body x c\ld n p5etrate nor ent] :]e ! passages are clos$4 ,& if any "o %\ld say t by air1 compress$ & compact$ toge!r1 a _s may take bodies ( v>i\s =ms & by ?is means speak & move ) /r5g?--to him ,i reply t :5 !re are nei!r n]ves nor bones !re c be no =ce ex]cis$ 9 any k9d ( movem5t made by su* imag9>y spirits4 ,bew>e ( ! tea*+ ( ^! speculators1 because _! reason+ is n confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 #abac4 ,( all human op9ions t is to be reput$ ! mo/ fooli% :i* deals ) ! belief 9 ,necromancy1 ! si/] ( ,al*emy1 :i* gives bir? to simple & natural ?+s4 ,b x is all ! m wor?y ( repreh5sion ?an al*emy1 because x br+s =? no?+ b :at is l itself1 t is1 lies2 ?is does n happ5 9 ,al*emy :i* deals ) simple products ( nature & ^: function _c be ex]cis$ by nature itself1 because x has no organic in/rum5ts ) :i* x c "w1 z m5 d by means ( _! h&s1 :o h produc$1 = in/ance1 glass c4 b ?is ,necromancy ! flag & fly+ bann]1 bl[n by ! w9ds1 is ! guide ( ! /upid cr[d :i* is con/antly witness to ! dazzl+ & endless effects ( ?is art2 & !re are books full1 decl>+ t en*antm5ts & spirits c "w & speak )\t tongues & )\t organic in/rum5ts-- )\t :i* x is impossible to speak-- & c c>ry heavie/ weights & raise /orms & ra92 & t m5 c be turn$ into cats & wolves & o!r bea/s1 al?\gh inde$ x is ^? :o affirm ^! ?+s :o fir/ became bea/s4 ,& surely if ?is ,necromancy did exi/1 z is believ$ by small wits1 !re is no?+ on ! e>? t w\ld be ( s mu* importance alike = ! detrim5t & s]vice ( m51 if x 7 true t !re 7 9 su* an art a p[] to di/urb ! calm s]5ity ( ! air1 conv]t+ x into d>kness & mak+ coruscations or w9ds1 ) t]rific ?und] & lightn+s ru%+ ?r\gh ! d>kness1 & ) viol5t /orms ov]?r[+ high build+s & root+ up =e/s2 & ?us to oppose armies1 cru%+ & annihilat+ !m2 &1 besides ^! frightful /orms may deprive ! peasants ( ! rew>d ( _! lab\rs4--,n[ :at k9d ( w>f>e is !re to hurt ! enemy s mu* z to deprive him ( ! h>ve/8 ,:at naval w>f>e c\ld be comp>$ ) ?is8 ,i say1 ! man :o has p[] to comm& ! w9ds & to make ru9\s gales by :i* any fleet may be subm]g$1 --surely a man :o c\ld comm& su* viol5t =ces w\ld be "l ( ! nations1 & no human +5uity c\ld resi/ 8 cru%+ =ce4 ,! hidd5 treasures & gems repos+ 9 ! body ( ! e>? w\ld all be made manife/ to him4 ,no lock nor =tress1 ?\gh impregnable1 w\ld be able to save any "o aga9/ ! w ( ! necromanc]4 ,he w\ld h himself c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air f ,ea/ to ,we/ & ?r\gh all ! opposite sides ( ! univ]se4 ,b :y %\ld ,i enl>ge fur!r ^u ?is8 ,:at is !re t c\ld n be done by su* a craftsman8 ,almo/ no?+1 except to escape dea?4 ,h]eby ,i h expla9$ 9 "p ! mis*ief & ! usefulness1 conta9$ 9 ?is art1 if x is real2 & if x is real :y has x n rema9$ among m5 :o desire x s mu*1 hav+ no?+ to d ) any deity8 ,= ,i "k t !re are numb]less p :o w\ld1 to satisfy a :im1 de/roy ,god & all ! univ]se2 & if ?is necromancy1 be+1 z x 71 s necess>y to m51 has n be5 left among !m1 x c nev] h exi/$1 nor w x ev] exi/ accord+ to ! def9ition ( ! _s1 :i* is invisible 9 sub/ance2 = )9 ! elem5ts !re are no incorporate ?+s1 because :]e !re is no body1 !re is a vacuum2 & no vacuum c exi/ 9 ! elem5ts because x w\ld be imm$iately fill$ up4 ,turn ov]4 #abad4 ,,( ,,spirits4 ,we h said1 on ! o!r side ( ?is page1 t ! def9ition ( a _s is a p[] conjo9$ to a body2 because x _c move ( its own accord1 nor c x h any k9d ( motion 9 space2 & if y 7 to say t x moves itself1 ?is _c be )9 ! elem5ts4 ,=1 if ! _s is an incorporeal quantity1 ?is quantity is call$ a vacuum1 & a vacuum does n exi/ 9 nature2 & grant+ t "o 7 =m$1 x w\ld be imm$iately fill$ up by ! ru%+ 9 ( ! elem5t 9 :i* ! vacuum _h be5 g5]at$4 ,!re=e1 f ! def9ition ( weight1 :i* is ?is--,gravity is an accid5tal p[]1 creat$ by "o elem5t be+ drawn to or susp5d$ 9 ano!r--x foll[s t an elem5t1 n weigh+ any?+ comp>$ ) itself1 has weight 9 ! elem5t above x & light] ?an x2 z we see t ! p>ts ( wat] h no gravity or levity comp>$ ) o!r wat]1 b if y draw x up into ! air1 !n x w\ld acquire weight1 & if y 7 to draw ! air b5ea? ! wat] !n ! wat] :i* rema9s above ?is air w\ld acquire weight1 :i* weight c\ld n su/a9 itself by itself1 :5ce collapse is inevitable4 ,& ?is happ5s 9 wat]2 :]ev] ! vacuum may be 9 ?is wat] x w fall 92 & ?is w\ld happ5 ) a _s amid ! elem5ts1 :]e x w\ld cont9u\sly g5]ate a vacuum 9 :atev] elem5t x might f9d itself1 :5ce x w\ld be inevitable t x %\ld be con/antly fly+ t[>ds ! sky until x _h quitt$ ^! elem5ts4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,a ,,_s ,,has ,a ,,body ,,amid ,,! ,,elem5ts4 ,we h prov$ t a _s _c exi/ ( itself amid ! elem5ts )\t a body1 nor c x move ( itself by volunt>y motion unless x be to rise upw>ds4 ,b n[ we w say h[ su* a _s tak+ an a]ial body w\ld be inevitably melt into air2 because if x rema9$ unit$1 x w\ld be sep>at$ & fall to =m a vacuum1 z is said above2 !re=e x is inevitable1 if x is to be able to rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air1 t x %\ld absorb a c]ta9 quantity ( air2 & if x 7 m+l$ ) ! air1 two difficulties arise2 t is to say3 ,x mu/ r>efy t portion ( ! air ) :i* x m+les2 & = ?is cause ! r>efi$ air mu/ fly up ( itself & w n rema9 among ! air t is heavi] ?an itself2 & besides ?is ! subtle spiritual ess5ce disunites itself1 & its nature is modifi$1 by :i* t nature loses "s ( its fir/ virtue4 ,add$ to ^! !re is a ?ird difficulty1 & ?is is t su* a body =m$ ( air assum$ by ! spirits is expos$ to ! p5etrat+ w9ds1 :i* are incessantly sund]+ & disp]s+ ! unit$ portions ( ! air1 revolv+ & :irl+ amid/ ! re/ ( ! atmosph]e2 !re=e ! _s :i* is infus$ 9 ?is #abae4 air w\ld be dismemb]$ or r5t & brok5 up ) ! r5d+ ( ! air into :i* x 0 incorporat$4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,,! ,,_s1 ,,hav+ ,,tak5 ,,?is ,,body ,,( ,,air1 ,,c ,,move ,,( ,,itself ,,or ,,n4 ,x is impossible t ! _s infus$ into a c]ta9 quantity ( air1 %\ld move ?is air2 & ?is is prov$ by ! above passage :]e x is said3 ! _s r>efies t portion ( ! air 9 :i* x incorporates itself2 !re=e ?is air w rise high above ! o!r air & !re w be a motion ( ! air caus$ by its lightness & n by a volunt>y movem5t ( ! _s1 & if ?is air is enc\nt]$ by ! w9d1 accord+ to ! #crd ( ?is1 ! air w be mov$ by ! w9d & n by ! _s incorporat$ 9 x4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,,! ,,_s ,,c ,,speak ,,or ,,n4 ,9 ord] to prove :e!r ! _s c speak or n1 x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to def9e :at a voice is & h[ x is g5]at$2 & we w say t ! voice is1 z x 71 ! movem5t ( air 9 friction aga9/ a d5se body1 or a d5se body 9 friction aga9/ ! air1--:i* is ! same ?+4 ,& ?is friction ( ! d5se & ! r>e cond5ses ! r>e & causes resi/ance2 aga91 ! r>e1 :5 9 swift motion1 & ! r>e 9 sl[ motion cond5se ea* o!r :5 !y come 9 contact & make a noise & v great upro>2 & ! s\nd or murmur made by ! r>e mov+ ?r\gh ! r>e ) only mod]ate swiftness1 l a great flame g5]at+ noises 9 ! air2 & ! trem5d\s upro> made by ! r>e m+l+ ) ! r>e1 & :5 t air :i* is bo? swift & r>e ru%es into t :i* is itself r>e & 9 motion1 x is l ! flame ( fire :i* issues f a big gun & /rik+ aga9/ ! air2 & aga9 :5 a flame issues f ! cl\d1 !re is a concussion 9 ! air z ! bolt is g5]at$4 ,!re=e we may say t ! _s _c produce a voice )\t movem5t ( ! air1 & air 9 x !re is none1 nor c x emit :at x has n2 & if desires to move t air 9 :i* x is incorporat$1 x is necess>y t ! _s %\ld multiply itself1 & t _c multiply :i* has no quantity4 ,& 9 ! #d? place x is said t no r>e body c move1 if x has n a /able spot1 :5ce x may take its motion2 mu* m is x s :5 an elem5t has to move )9 its own elem5t1 :i* does n move ( itself1 except+ by uni=m evaporation at ! c5tre ( ! ?+ evaporat$2 z occurs 9 a sponge squeez$ 9 ! h& held "u wat]2 ! wat] escapes 9 e direction ) equal movem5t ?r\gh ! op5+s betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! h& 9 :i* x is squeez$4 ,z to :e!r ! _s has an articulate voice1 & :e!r ! _s c be he>d1 & :at he>+ is1 & see+2 ! wave ( ! voice passes ?r\gh ! air z ! images ( objects pass to ! eye4 ,non5tity4 #abaf4 ,e quantity is intellectually conceivable z inf9itely divisible4 ,amid ! va/ness ( ! ?+s among :i* we live1 ! exi/5ce ( no?+ness holds ! fir/ place2 its function ext5ds ov] all ?+s t h no exi/5ce1 & its ess5ce1 z reg>ds "t1 lies precisely betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future1 & has no?+ 9 ! pres5t4 ,?is no?+ness has ! "p equal to ! :ole1 & ! :ole to ! "p1 ! divisible to ! indivisible2 & ! product ( ! sum is ! same :e!r we divide or multiply1 & 9 addition z 9 subtraction2 z is prov$ by ari?meticians by _! t5? figure :i* repres5ts z]o2 & its p[] has n ext5sion among ! ?+s ( ,nature4 ,:at is call$ ,no?+ness is to be f\nd only 9 "t & 9 spee*4 ,9 "t x /&s betwe5 ! pa/ & future & has no exi/5ce 9 ! pres5t2 & ?us 9 spee* x is "o ( ! ?+s ( :i* we say3 ,!y are n1 or !y are impossible4 ,) reg>d to "t1 no?+ness lies betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future1 & has no?+ to d ) ! pres5t1 & z to its nature x is to be class$ among ?+s impossible3 h5ce1 f :at has be5 said1 x has no exi/5ce2 because :]e !re is no?+ !re w\ld necess>ily be a vacuum4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #iaf4 ,reflections on ,nature 7#abag-abai74 #abag4 ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,9 ,,cl\ds4 ,o mighty & once liv+ in/rum5t ( =mative nature4 ,incapable ( avail+ ?yself ( ?y va/ /r5g? ?\ ha/ to ab&on a life ( /illness & to obey ! law :i* ,god & "t gave to procreative nature4 ,ah6 h[ _m a "t ! %oals ( t]rifi$ dolph9s & ! huge tunny-fi% 7 se5 to flee be=e ?y cruel fury1 to escape2 :il/ ?y fulm9ations rais$ 9 ! sea a sudd5 tempe/ ) buffet+ & subm]sion ( %ips 9 ! great waves2 & fill+ ! uncov]$ %ores ) ! t]rifi$ & desp]ate fi%es :i* fl$ f !e1 & left by ! sea1 rema9$ 9 spots :]e !y became ! abundant prey ( ! p 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,footnote3 ,! "* ( ! h&writ+ po9ts to an e>ly p]iod ( ,leon>do's life4 ,x has become v indi/9ct1 & is at pres5t exce$+ly difficult to deciph]4 ,"s passages rema9 d\btful4 ,o "t1 swift robb] ( all creat$ ?+s1 h[ _m k+s1 h[ _m nations ha/ ?\ undone1 & h[ _m *anges ( /ates & ( v>i\s ev5ts h happ5$ s9ce ! wondr\s =ms ( ?is fi% p]i%$ "h 9 ?is cav]n\s & w9d+ recess4 ,n[ de/roy$ by "t ?\ lie/ pati5tly 9 ?is conf9$ space ) bones /ripp$ & b>e2 s]v+ z a support & prop = ! sup]impos$ m\nta94 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #acci1 writt5 on ! same %eet4 #abah4 ,! wat]y elem5t 0 left enclos$ betwe5 ! rais$ banks ( ! riv]s1 & ! sea 0 se5 betwe5 ! uplift$ e>? & ! surr\nd+ air :i* has to envelope & enclose ! complicat$ ma*9e ( ! e>?1 & ^: mass1 /&+ betwe5 ! wat] & ! elem5t ( fire1 rema9$ mu* re/rict$ & depriv$ ( its indisp5sable moi/ure2 ! riv]s w be depriv$ ( _! wat]s1 ! fruitful e>? w put =? no m h] light v]dure2 ! fields w no m be deck$ ) wav+ corn2 all ! animals1 f9d+ no fre% grass = pa/ure1 w die & food w !n be lack+ to ! lions & wolves & o!r bea/s ( prey1 & to m5 :o aft] _m ef=ts w be compell$ to ab&on _! life1 & ! human race w die out4 ,9 ?is way ! f]tile & fruitful e>? w rema9 des]t$1 arid & /]ile f ! wat] be+ %ut up 9 its int]ior1 & f ! activity ( nature x w cont9ue a little "t to increase until ! cold & subtle air be+ gone1 x w be =c$ to end ) ! elem5t ( fire2 & !n its surface w be left burnt up to c9d] & ?is w be ! end ( all t]re/rial nature4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #acci1 writt5 on ! same %eet4 #abai4 ,:y did nature n orda9 t "o animal %\ld n live by ! dea? ( ano!r8 ,nature1 be+ incon/ant & tak+ pleasure 9 creat+ & mak+ con/antly new lives & =ms1 because %e kn[s t h] t]re/rial mat]ials become !reby augm5t$1 is m ready & m swift 9 h] creat+1 ?an "t 9 8 de/ruction2 & s %e has orda9$ t _m animals %all be food = o!rs4 ,nay1 ?is n satisfy+ h] desire1 to ! same end %e frequ5tly s5ds =? c]ta9 poison\s & pe/il5tial vap\rs ^u ! va/ increase & congregation ( animals2 & mo/ ( all ^u m51 :o increase va/ly because o!r animals d n fe$ ^u !m2 &1 ! causes be+ remov$1 ! effects w\ld n foll[4 ,?is e>? !re=e seeks to lose its life1 desir+ only cont9ual reproduction2 & z1 by ! argum5t y br+ =w>d & demon/rate1 l effects always foll[ l causes1 animals are ! image ( ! _w4 ,,xx4 ,humor\s ,writ+s4 ,j z ,mi*aelangelo's occasional poems reflect 8 private life z well z ! g5]al disposition ( 8 m9d1 we may f9d 9 ! writ+s collect$ 9 ?is section1 ! transcript ( ,leon>do's fanciful nature1 & we %\ld probably n be f> wrong 9 assum+1 t he himself _h recit$ ^! fables 9 ! company ( 8 fri5ds or at ! c\rt fe/ivals ( pr9ces & patrons4 ,era tanto piacevole nella conv]sazione-- s relates ,vas>i--*e tirava a se gli animi delle g5ti4 ,& ,paulus ,jovius says 9 8 %ort biography ( ! arti/3 ,fuit +5io valde comi1 nitido1 lib]ali1 vultu autem longe v5u/issimo1 et cum elegantiae omnis delici>umque maxime !atralium mirificus inv5tor ac arbit] esset1 ad lyramque scito can]et1 cunctis p] omnem aetatem pr9cipibus mire placuit4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! fables are ! orig9al (fspr+ ( ,leon>do's bra91 & n borr[$ f any =eign s\rce2 inde$ ! s*emes & plans = ! composition ( fables collect$ 9 division ,v seem to af=d an ext]nal pro( ( ?is1 if ! fables !mselves did n r5d] x self-evid5t4 ,sev]al ( !m-- = in/ance ,no4 l#bgi--;are s /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( ,leon>do's views ( natural sci5ce t we _c d !m ju/ice till we are acqua9t$ ) 8 !ories on su* subjects2 & ?is is equally true ( ! ',prophecies'4 ,i h prefix$ to ^! qua9t writ+s ! ',/udies on ! life & habits ( animals' :i* are s+ul> f _! peculi> aphori/ic /yle1 & ,i h transcrib$ !m 9 exactly ! ord] 9 :i* !y are writt5 9 ,,ms4 ,h4 ,?is is "o ( ! v r>e in/ances 9 :i* "o subject is treat$ 9 a consecutive s]ies ( notes1 all 9 "o ,,ms41 & ,leon>do has also dep>t$ f 8 ord9>y habits1 by occasionally n complet+ ! text on ! page x is begun4 ,^! brief notes ( a some:at my/]i\s be>+ h be5 plac$ "h1 simply because !y may possibly h be5 int5d$ to s]ve z h9ts = fables or allegories4 ,!y c sc>cely be reg>d$ z prep>atory = a natural hi/ory1 r !y w\ld seem to be extracts4 ,on ! "o h& ! names ( "s ( ! animals seem to prove t ,leon>do c\ld n "h be record+ obs]vations ( 8 own2 on ! o!r h& ! notes on _! habits & life appe> to me to dwell precisely on :at mu/ h int]e/$ him mo/--s f> z x is possible to =m any complete e/imate ( 8 nature & ta/es4 ,9 ,no4 #abic l9es #a-aj1 we h a sket* ( a s*eme = gr\p+ ! ,prophecies4 ,i h n h[ev] avail$ myself ( x z a clue to _! arrangem5t "h because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! texts are n s num]\s z to r5d] ! sugge/$ classification useful to ! read]1 &1 also1 because 9 read+ ! long s]ies1 z !y occur 9 ! orig9al1 we may foll[ ! au?or's m9d2 & "h & !re x is n difficult to see h[ "o !me sugge/$ ano!r4 ,i h h[ev] reg>d$ ,leon>do's s*eme = ! classification ( ! ,prophecies z available = t ( ! ,fables & ,je/s1 & h adh]$ to x z f> z possible4 ,among ! hum\r\s writ+s ,i might p]haps h includ$ ! ',rebusses'1 ( :i* !re are sev]al 9 ! collection ( ,leon>do's draw+s at ,w9dsor2 x seems to me n likely t _m or all ( !m c\ld be solv$ at ! pres5t day & ! ,,mss4 ?r[ no light on !m4 ,nor %\ld ,i be ju/ifi$ if ,i int5d$ to include 9 ! lit]>y works ! well-kn[n c>icatures ( human faces attribut$ to ,leon>do-- ( :i*1 h[ev]1 x may be incid5tally obs]v$1 ! great] numb] are 9 my op9ion und\bt$ly spuri\s4 ,two only h necess>ily be5 giv5 ow+ to _! pres5ce 9 text1 :i* x 0 desir$ to reproduce3 ,vol4 ,i page #cbf1 & ,pl4 ,,cxxii4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t "s satirical int5tion is convey$ by ! draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxiv 7text ,no4 #fhh74 ,my reason = n pres5t+ ,leon>do to ! read] z a poet is ! fact t ! maxims & morals 9 v]se :i* h be5 ascrib$ to him1 are n to be f\nd 9 ! manuscripts1 & ,pr(4 ,uzielli has already prov$ t !y _c be by him4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t only a few %ort v]ses c be attribut$ to him ) any c]ta9ty4 ,i4 ,,/udies ,,on ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,animals4 #abbj4 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,virtue4 ,! gold-f9* is a bird ( :i* x is relat$ t1 :5 x is c>ri$ into ! pres5ce ( a sick p]son1 if ! sick man is go+ to die1 ! bird turns away its head & nev] looks at him2 b if ! sick man is to be sav$ ! bird nev] loses sight ( him b is ! cause ( cur+ him ( all 8 sickness4 ,l unto ?is is ! love ( virtue4 ,x nev] looks at any vile or base ?+1 b r cl+s always to pure & virtu\s ?+s & takes up its abode 9 a noble he>t2 z ! birds d 9 gre5 woods on fl[]y bran*es4 ,& ?is ,love %[s itself m 9 adv]sity ?an 9 prosp]ity2 z light does1 :i* %9es mo/ :]e ! place is d>ke/4 #abba4 ,,envy4 ,we read ( ! kite t1 :5 x sees its "y ones gr[+ too big 9 ! ne/1 out ( envy x pecks _! sides1 & keeps !m )\t food4 ,,*e]fulness4 ,*e]fulness is prop] to ! cock1 :i* rejoices ov] e little ?+1 & cr[s ) v>i$ & lively movem5ts4 ,,sadness4 ,sadness resembles ! rav51 :i*1 :5 x sees its "y ones born :ite1 dep>ts 9 great grief1 & ab&ons !m ) doleful lam5tations1 & does n fe$ !m until x sees 9 !m "s few black fea!rs4 #abbb4 ,,peace4 ,we read ( ! beav] t :5 x is pursu$1 kn[+ t x is = ! virtue conta9$ 9 its m$ic9al te/icles & n be+ able to escape1 x /ops2 & to be at peace ) its pursu]s1 x bites (f its te/icles ) its %>p tee?1 & leaves !m to its enemies4 ,,rage4 ,x is said ( ! be> t :5 x goes to ! haunts ( bees to take _! honey1 ! bees hav+ begun to /+ him he leaves ! honey & ru%es to rev5ge himself4 ,& z he seeks to be rev5g$ on all ^? t /+ him1 he is rev5g$ on none2 9 su* wise t 8 rage is turn$ to madness1 & he fl+s himself on ! gr\nd1 va9ly exasp]at+1 by 8 h&s & feet1 ! foes aga9/ :i* he is def5d+ himself4 #abbc4 ,,gratitude4 ,! virtue ( gratitude is said to be m develop$ 9 ! birds call$ hoopoes :i*1 kn[+ ! b5efits ( life & food1 !y h receiv$ f _! fa!r & _! "m1 :5 !y see !m gr[ old1 make a ne/ = !m & brood ov] !m & fe$ !m1 & ) _! beaks pull out _! old & %abby fea!rs2 & !n1 ) a c]ta9 h]b re/ore _! sight s t !y return to a prosp]\s /ate4 ,,av>ice4 ,! toad fe$s on e>? & always rema9s lean2 because x nev] eats en\gh3-- x is s afraid le/ x %\ld want = e>?4 #abbd4 ,,+ratitude4 ,pigeons are a symbol ( +ratitude2 = :5 !y are old en\gh no long] to ne$ to be f$1 !y beg9 to fight ) _! fa!r1 & ?is /ruggle does n end until ! "y "o drives ! fa!r out & takes ! h5 & makes h] 8 own4 ,,cruelty4 ,! basilisk is s utt]ly cruel t :5 x _c kill animals by its baleful gaze1 x turns ^u h]bs & plants1 & fix+ its gaze on !m )]s !m up4 #abbe4 ,,g5]osity4 ,x is said ( ! eagle t x is nev] s hungry b t x w leave a "p ( its prey = ! birds t are r\nd x1 :i*1 be+ unable to provide _! own food1 are necess>ily dep5d5t on ! eagle1 s9ce x is ?us t !y obta9 food4 ,,discipl9e4 ,:5 ! wolf goes cunn+ly r\nd "s /able ( cattle1 & by accid5t puts 8 foot 9 a trap1 s t he makes a noise1 he bites 8 foot (f to puni% himself = 8 folly4 #abbf4 ,,flatt]]s ,,or ,,syr5s4 ,! syr5 s+s s sweetly t %e lulls ! m>9]s to sleep2 !n %e climbs ^u ! %ips & kills ! sleep+ m>9]s4 ,,prud5ce4 ,! ant1 by h] natural =esight provides 9 ! summ] = ! w9t]1 kill+ ! se$s %e h>ve/s t !y may n g]m9ate1 & on !m1 9 due "t %e fe$s4 ,,folly4 ,! wild bull hav+ a horror ( a r$ col\r1 ! hunt]s dress up ! trunk ( a tree ) r$ & ! bull runs at ?is ) great fr5zy1 ?us fix+ 8 horns1 & =?) ! hunt]s kill him !re4 #abbg4 ,,ju/ice4 ,we may lik5 ! virtue ( ,ju/ice to ! k+ ( ! bees :i* ord]s & arranges e ?+ ) judgm5t4 ,= "s bees are ord]$ to g to ! fl[]s1 o!rs are ord]$ to lab\r1 o!rs to fight ) ! wasps1 o!rs to cle> away all dirt1 o!rs to accompagny99 & escort ! k+2 & :5 he is old & has no w+s !y c>ry him4 ,& if "o ( !m fails 9 8 duty1 he is puni%$ )\t reprieve4 ,,tru?4 ,al?\gh p>tridges /eal ea* o!r's eggs1 nev]!less ! "y born ( ^! eggs always return to _! true "m4 #abbh4 ,,fidelity1 ,,or ,,loyalty4 ,! cranes are s fai?ful & loyal to _! k+1 t at night1 :5 he is sleep+1 "s ( !m g r\nd ! field to keep wat* at a di/ance2 o!rs rema9 ne>1 ea* hold+ a /one 9 8 foot1 s t if sleep %\ld ov]come !m1 ?is /one w\ld fall & make s mu* noise t !y w\ld wake up aga94 ,& !re are o!rs :i* sleep toge!r r\nd ! k+2 & ?is !y d e night1 *ang+ 9 turn s t _! k+ may nev] f9d !m want+4 ,,falsehood4 ,! fox :5 x sees a flock ( h]ons or magpies or birds ( t k9d1 sudd5ly fl+s himself on ! gr\nd ) 8 m\? op5 to look z he 7 dead2 & ^! birds want to peck at 8 tongue1 & he bites (f _! heads4 #abbi4 ,,lies4 ,! mole has v small eyes & x always lives "u gr\nd2 & x lives z long z x is 9 ! d>k b :5 x comes into ! light x dies imm$iately1 because x becomes kn[n2--& s x is ) lies4 ,,val\r4 ,! lion is nev] afraid1 b r fights ) a bold _s & savage onslaught aga9/ a multitude ( hunt]s1 always seek+ to injure ! fir/ t injures him4 ,,fe> ,,or ,,c[>dice4 ,! h>e is always fright5$2 & ! leaves t fall f ! trees 9 autumn always keep him 9 t]ror & g5]ally put him to flight4 #abcj4 ,,magnanimity4 ,! falcon nev] preys b on l>ge birds2 & x w let itself die r ?an fe$ on little ones1 or eat /9k+ meat4 ,,va9 ,,glory4 ,z reg>ds ?is vice1 we read t ! peacock is m guilty ( x ?an any o!r animal4 ,= x is always contemplat+ ! beauty ( its tail1 :i* x spreads 9 ! =m ( a :eel1 & by its cries attracts to itself ! gaze ( ! creatures t surr\nd x4 ,& ?is is ! la/ vice to be conqu]$4 #abca4 ,,con/ancy4 ,con/ancy may be symbolis$ by ! pho5ix :i*1 kn[+ t by nature x mu/ be resuscitat$1 has ! con/ancy to endure ! burn+ flames :i* consume x1 & !n x rises anew4 ,,incon/ancy4 ,! swall[ may s]ve = ,incon/ancy1 = x is always 9 movem5t1 s9ce x _c endure ! smalle/ discom=t4 ,,cont95ce4 ,! camel is ! mo/ lu/ful animal !re is1 & w foll[ ! female = a ?\s& miles4 ,b if y keep x con/antly ) its "m or si/] x w leave !m alone1 s temp]ate is its nature4 #abcb4 ,,incont95ce4 ,! unicorn1 ?r\gh its intemp]ance & n kn[+ h[ to control itself1 = ! love x be>s to fair maid5s =gets its f]ocity & wildness2 & lay+ aside all fe> x w g up to a seat$ damsel & g to sleep 9 h] lap1 & ?us ! hunt]s take x4 ,,humility4 ,we see ! mo/ /rik+ example ( humility 9 ! lamb :i* w submit to any animal2 & :5 !y are giv5 = food to imprison$ lions !y are z g5tle to !m z to _! own "m1 s t v (t5 x has be5 se5 t ! lions =be> to kill !m4 #abcc4 ,,pride4 ,! falcon1 by reason ( its haught9ess & pride1 is fa9 to "l x & rule ov] all ! o!r birds ( prey1 & longs to be sole & supreme2 & v (t5 ! falcon has be5 se5 to assault ! eagle1 ! ,que5 ( birds4 ,,ab/95ce4 ,! wild ass1 :5 x goes to ! well to dr9k1 & f9ds ! wat] tr\bl$1 is nev] s ?ir/y b t x w ab/a9 f dr9k+1 & wait till ! wat] is cle> aga94 ,,gluttony4 ,! vulture is s addict$ to gluttony t x w g a ?\s& miles to eat a c>rion c>case2 !re=e is x t x foll[s armies4 #abcd4 ,,*a/ity4 ,! turtle-dove is nev] false to its mate2 & if "o dies ! o!r pres]ves p]petual *a/ity1 & nev] aga9 sits on a gre5 b\gh1 nor ev] aga9 dr9ks ( cle> wat]4 ,,un*a/ity4 ,! bat1 ow+ to unbridl$ lu/1 obs]ves no univ]sal rule 9 pair+1 b males ) males & females ) females pair promiscu\sly1 z x may happ54 ,,mod]ation4 ,! erm9e out ( mod]ation nev] eats b once 9 ! day2 x w r let itself be tak5 by ! hunt]s ?an take refuge 9 a dirty lair1 9 ord] n to /a9 its purity4 #abce4 ,,! ,,eagle4 ,! eagle :5 x is old flies s high t x scor*es its fea!rs1 & ,nature all[+ t x %\ld r5ew its y\?1 x falls into %all[ wat] 99,footnote #e3 ,! mean+ is obscure44 ,& if its "y ones _c be> to gaze on ! sun 99,footnote #f3 ,! mean+ is obscure4--2 x does n fe$ !m ) any bird1 t does n wi% to die4 ,animals :i* mu* fe> x d n approa* its ne/1 al?\gh x does n hurt !m4 ,x always leaves "p ( its prey uneat54 ,,lum]pa1--,,fame4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ,asia ,major1 & %9es s brightly t x absorbs its own %ad[1 & :5 x dies x does n lose ?is light1 & its fea!rs nev] fall out1 b a fea!r pull$ out %9es no long]4 #abcf4 ,,! ,,pelican4 ,?is bird has a great love = its "y2 & :5 x f9ds !m 9 its ne/ dead f a s]p5t's bite1 x pi]ces itself to ! he>t1 & ) its blood x ba!s !m till !y return to life4 ,,! ,,salam&]4 ,?is has no dige/ive organs1 & gets no food b f ! fire1 9 :i* x con/antly r5ews its scaly sk94 ,! salam&]1 :i* r5ews its scaly sk9 9 ! fire1--= virtue4 ,,! ,,cameleon4 ,?is lives on air1 & !re x is ! prey ( all ! birds2 s 9 ord] to be saf] x flies above ! cl\ds & f9ds an air s r>efi$ t x _c support ! bird t foll[s x4 ,at t height no?+ c g unless x has a gift f ,heav51 & t is :]e ! *ameleon flies4 #abcg4 ,,! ,,alepo1 ,a ,,fi%4 ,! fi% alepo does n live out ( wat]4 ,,! ,,o/ri*4 ,?is bird conv]ts iron into n\ri%m5t1 & hat*es its eggs by its gaze2--,armies "u comm&]s4 ,,! ,,swan4 ,! swan is :ite )\t any spot1 & x s+s sweetly z x dies1 its life end+ ) t song4 ,,! ,,/ork4 ,?is bird1 by dr9k+ saltwat] purges itself ( di/emp]s4 ,if ! male f9ds 8 mate unfai?ful1 he ab&ons h]2 & :5 x gr[s old its "y ones brood ov] x1 & fe$ x till x dies4 ,h4#a #ad;a #abch4 ,,! ,,gras%opp]4 ,?is sil5ces ! cuckoo ) its song4 ,x dies 9 oil & revives 9 v9eg>4 ,x s+s 9 ! greate/ heats ,,! ,,bat4 ,! m light !re is ! bl9d] ?is creature becomes2 z ^? :o gaze mo/ at ! sun become mo/ dazzl$4--,= ,vice1 t _c rema9 :]e ,virtue appe>s4 ,,! ,,p>tridge4 ,?is bird *anges f ! female into ! male & =gets its =m] sex2 & out ( envy x /eals ! eggs f o!rs & hat*es !m1 b ! "y ones foll[ ! true "m4 ,,! ,,swall[4 ,?is bird gives sight to its bl9d "y ones by means ( cel&9e4 ,h4#a #ad;b #abci4 ,,! ,,oy/]4--,,= ,,trea*]y4 ,?is creature1 :5 ! moon is full op5s itself wide1 & :5 ! crab looks 9 he ?r[s 9 a piece ( rock or seawe$ & ! oy/] _c close aga91 :]eby x s]ves = food to t crab4 ,?is is :at happ5s to him :o op5s 8 m\? to tell 8 secret4 ,he becomes ! prey ( ! trea*]\s he>]4 ,,! ,,basilisk4--,,cruelty4 ,all snakes flie f ?is creature2 b ! weasel attacks x by means ( rue & kills x4 ,,! ,,asp4 ,?is c>ries in/antane\s dea? 9 its fangs2 &1 t x may n he> ! *>m] x /ops its e>s ) its tail4 #abdj4 ,,! ,,dragon4 ,?is creature entangles itself 9 ! legs ( ! elephant :i* falls ^u x1 & s bo? die1 & 9 its dea? x is av5g$4 ,,! ,,vip]4 ,%e1 9 pair+ op5s h] m\? & at la/ cl5*es h] tee? & kills h] husb&4 ,!n ! "y ones1 gr[+ )9 h] body r5d h] op5 & kill _! "m4 ,,! ,,scorpion4 ,saliva1 spit out :5 fa/+ w kill a scorpion4 ,?is may be lik5$ to ab/95ce f gre$9ess1 :i* removes & heals ! ills :i* result f t gluttony1 & op5s ! pa? ( virtue4 #abda4 ,,! ,,crocodile4 ,,hypocrisy4 ,?is animal cat*es a man & /raightway kills him2 aft] he is dead1 x weeps = him ) a lam5table voice & _m te>s4 ,!n1 hav+ done lam5t+1 x cruelly dev\rs him4 ,x is ?us ) ! hypocrite1 :o1 = ! smalle/ matt]1 has 8 face ba!d ) te>s1 b %[s ! he>t ( a tig] & rejoices 9 8 he>t at ! woes ( o!rs1 :ile we>+ a pitiful face4 ,,! ,,toad4 ,! toad flies f ! light ( ! sun1 & if x is held !re by =ce x puffs itself out s mu* z to hide its head bel[ & %ield itself f ! rays4 ,?us does ! foe ( cle> & radiant virtue1 :o c only be con/ra9$ly br\ght to face x ) puff$ up c\rage4 #abdb4 ,,! ,,cat]pill>4--,,= ,,virtue ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* by means ( assidu\s c>e is able to weave r\nd itself a new dwell+ place ) m>vell\s artifice & f9e workman%ip1 comes out ( x aft]w>ds ) pa9t$ & lovely w+s1 ) :i* x rises t[>ds ,heav54 ,,! ,,spid]4 ,! spid] br+s =? out ( h]self ! delicate & +5i\s web1 :i* makes h] a return by ! prey x takes4 ,footnote3 ,two notes are und]nea? ?is text4 ,! fir/3 'nessuna *osa e da ttem]e piu *e lla sozza fama' is a repetition ( ! fir/ l9e ( ! text giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i ,no4 #fie4 ,! second3 fati*a fugga *olla fama 9 braccio quasi o*ultata c is writt5 9 r$ *alk & is evid5tly an incomplete s5t5ce4 #abdc4 ,,! ,,lion4 ,?is animal1 ) 8 ?und]+ ro>1 r\ses 8 "y ! ?ird day aft] !y are born1 tea*+ !m ! use ( all _! dormant s5ses & all ! wild ?+s :i* are 9 ! wood flee away4 ,?is may be comp>$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,virtue :o are r\s$ by ! s\nd ( praise & gr[ up 9 hon\rable /udies1 by :i* !y are m & m elevat$2 :ile all t is base flies at ! s\nd1 %unn+ ^? :o are virtu\s4 ,aga91 ! lion cov]s ov] its foot tracks1 s t ! way x has gone may n be kn[n to its enemies4 ,?us x beseems a capta9 to conceal ! secrets ( 8 m9d s t ! enemy may n "k 8 purpose4 #abdd4 ,,! ,,t>antula4 ,! bite ( ! t>antula fixes a man's m9d on "o idea2 t is on ! ?+ he 0 ?9k+ ( :5 he 0 bitt54 ,,! ,,scree*-,,owl ,,& ,,! ,,owl4 ,^! puni% ^? :o are sc(f+ at !m by peck+ out _! eyes2 = nature has s ord]$ x1 t !y may ?us be f$4 #abde4 ,,! ,,elephant4 ,! huge elephant has by nature :at is r>ely f\nd 9 man2 t is ,hone/y1 ,prud5ce1 ,ju/ice1 & ! ,obs]vance ( ,religion2 inasmu* z :5 ! moon is new1 ^! bea/s g d[n to ! riv]s1 & !re1 solemnly cleans+ !mselves1 !y ba!1 & s1 hav+ salut$ ! planet1 return to ! woods4 ,& :5 !y are ill1 be+ laid d[n1 !y fl+ up plants t[>ds ,heav5 z ?\gh !y w\ld (f] sacrifice4 --,!y bury _! tusks :5 !y fall out f old age4--,( ^! two tusks !y use "o to dig up roots = food2 b !y save ! po9t ( ! o!r = fight+ )2 :5 !y are tak5 by hunt]s & :5 worn out by fatigue1 !y dig up ^! buri$ tusks & ransom !mselves4 #abdf4 ,!y are m]ciful1 & "k ! dang]s1 & if "o f9ds a man alone & lo/1 he k9dly puts him back 9 ! road he has miss$1 if he f9ds ! footpr9ts ( ! man be=e ! man himself4 ,x dreads betrayal1 s x /ops & bl[s1 po9t+ x out to ! o!r elephants :o =m 9 a troop & g w>ily4 ,^! bea/s always g 9 troops1 & ! olde/ goes 9 front & ! second 9 age rema9s ! la/1 & ?us !y enclose ! troop4 ,out ( %ame !y pair only at night & secretly1 nor d !y !n rejo9 ! h]d b fir/ ba! 9 ! riv]4 ,! females d n fight z ) o!r animals2 & x is s m]ciful t x is mo/ unwill+ by nature ev] to hurt ^? weak] ?an itself4 ,& if x meets 9 ! middle ( its way a flock ( %eep #abdg4 x puts !m aside ) its trunk1 s z n to trample !m "u foot2 & x nev] hurts any ?+ unless :5 provok$4 ,:5 "o has fall5 into a pit ! o!rs fill up ! pit ) bran*es1 e>? & /ones1 ?us rais+ ! bottom t he may easily get out4 ,!y greatly dread ! noise ( sw9e & fly 9 confusion1 do+ no less h>m !n1 ) _! feet1 to _! own k9d ?an to ! enemy4 ,!y delight 9 riv]s & are always w&]+ ab\t ne> !m1 ?\gh on acc\nt ( _! great weight !y _c swim4 ,!y dev\r /ones1 & ! trunks ( trees are _! fav\rite food4 ,!y h a horror ( rats4 ,flies delight 9 _! smell & settle on _! back1 & ! bea/ scrapes its sk9 mak+ its folds ev5 & kills !m4 #abdh4 ,:5 !y cross riv]s !y s5d _! "y ones up aga9/ ! /ream ( ! wat]2 ?us1 be+ set t[>ds ! fall1 !y break ! unit$ curr5t ( ! wat] s t ! curr5t does n c>ry !m away4 ,! dragon fl+s itself "u ! elephant's body1 & ) its tail x ties its legs2 ) its w+s & ) its arms x also cl+s r\nd its ribs & cuts its ?roat ) its tee?1 & ! elephant falls ^u x & ! dragon is bur/4 ,?us1 9 its dea? x is rev5g$ on its foe4 ,,! ,,dragon4 ,^! g 9 companies toge!r1 & !y tw9e !mselves aft] ! mann] ( roots1 & ) _! heads rais$ !y cross lakes1 & swim to :]e !y f9d bett] pa/ure2 & if !y did n ?us comb9e #abdi4 !y w\ld be dr[n$1 !re=e !y comb9e4 ,,! ,,s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t is a v l>ge animal4 ,:5 x sees a bird 9 ! air x draws 9 its brea? s /rongly t x draws ! birds into its m\? too4 ,m>cus ,regulus1 ! consul ( ! ,roman army 0 attack$1 ) 8 army1 by su* an animal & almo/ defeat$4 ,& ?is animal1 be+ kill$ by a catapult1 measur$ #abc feet1 t is #fd #a_/b braccia & its head 0 high above all ! trees 9 a wood4 ,,! ,,boa787 ,?is is a v l>ge snake :i* entangles itself r\nd ! legs ( ! c[ s t x _c move & !n sucks x1 9 su* wise t x almo/ dries x up4 ,9 ! "t ( ,claudius ! ,emp]or1 !re 0 kill$1 on ! ,vatican ,hill1 #abej4 "o :i* _h inside x a boy1 entire1 t x _h swall[$4 ,,! ,,macli4--,,caught ,,:5 ,,asleep4 ,?is bea/ is born 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,x has ! %ape ( a great horse1 except+ t ! great l5g? ( its neck & ( its e>s make a diff]5ce4 ,x fe$s on grass1 go+ backw>ds1 = x has s long an upp] lip t if x w5t =w>ds x w\ld cov] up ! grass4 ,its legs are all 9 "o piece2 = ?is reason :5 x wants to sleep x leans aga9/ a tree1 & ! hunt]s1 spy+ out ! place :]e x is wont to sleep1 saw ! tree almo/ ?r\gh1 & !n1 :5 x leans aga9/ x to sleep1 9 its sleep x falls1 & ?us ! hunt]s take x4 ,& e o!r mode ( tak+ x is 9 va91 because x is incr$ibly swift 9 runn+4 #abea4 ,,! ,,bison ,,:i* ,,does ,,injury ,,9 ,,its ,,flight4 ,?is bea/ is a native ( ,paeonia & has a neck ) a mane l a horse4 ,9 all its o!r p>ts x is l a bull1 except+ t its horns are 9 a way b5t inw>ds s t x _c butt2 h5ce x has no safety b 9 flight1 9 :i* x fl+s out its excrem5t to a di/ance ( #djj braccia 9 its c\rse1 & ?is burns l fire :]ev] x t\*es4 ,,lions1 ,,p>ds1 ,,pan!rs1 ,,tig]s4 ,^! keep _! claws 9 ! %ea?1 & nev] put !m out unless !y are on ! back ( _! prey or _! enemy4 ,,! ,,lioness4 ,:5 ! lioness def5ds h] "y f ! h& ( ! hunt]1 9 ord] n to be fright5$ by ! spe>s %e keeps h] eyes on ! gr\nd1 to ! end t %e may n by h] flight leave h] "y ones prison]s4 #abeb4 ,,! ,,lion4 ,?is animal1 :i* is s t]rible1 fe>s no?+ m ?an ! noise ( empty c>ts1 & likewise ! cr[+ ( cocks4 ,& x is mu* t]rifi$ at ! sight ( "o1 & looks at its comb ) a fright5$ aspect1 & is /rangely al>m$ :5 its face is cov]$4 ,,! ,,pan!r ,,9 ,,africa4 ,?is has ! =m ( ! lioness b x is tall] on its legs & slimm] & long bodi$2 & x is all :ite & m>k$ ) black spots aft] ! mann] ( rosettes2 & all animals delight to look ^u ^! rosettes1 & !y w\ld always be /&+ r\nd x if x 7 n = ! t]ror ( its face2 #abec4 !re=e kn[+ ?is1 x hides its face1 & ! surr\nd+ animals gr[ bold & come close1 ! bett] to enjoy ! sight ( s mu* beauty2 :5 sudd5ly x seizes ! ne>e/ & at once dev\rs x4 ,,camels4 ,! ,bactrian h two humps2 ! ,arabian "o only4 ,!y are swift 9 battle & mo/ useful to c>ry burd5s4 ,?is animal is extremely obs]vant ( rule & measure1 = x w n move if x has a great] weight ?an x is us$ to1 & if x is tak5 too f> x does ! same1 & sudd5ly /ops & s ! m]*ants are oblig$ to lodge !re4 #abed4 ,,! ,,tig]4 ,?is bea/ is a native ( ,hyrcania1 & x is some?+ l ! pan!r f ! v>i\s spots on its sk94 ,x is an animal ( t]rible swiftness2 ! hunt] :5 he f9ds its "y ones c>ries !m (f ha/ily1 plac+ mirrors 9 ! place :5ce he takes !m1 & at once escapes on a swift horse4 ,! pan!r return+ f9ds ! mirrors fix$ on ! gr\nd & look+ into !m believes x sees its "y2 !n scrat*+ ) its paws x discov]s ! *eat4 ,=?)1 by means ( ! sc5t ( its "y1 x foll[s ! hunt]1 & :5 ?is hunt] sees ! tigress he drops "o ( ! "y ones & %e takes x1 & hav+ c>ri$ x to ! d5 %e imm$iately returns to ! hunt] & does #abee4 ! same till he gets into 8 boat4 ,,catoblepas4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,e?iopia ne> to ! s\rce ,nigricapo4 ,x is n a v l>ge animal1 is sluggi% 9 all its p>ts1 & its head is s l>ge t x c>ries x ) difficulty1 9 su* wise t x always droops t[>ds ! gr\nd2 o!rwise x w\ld be a great pe/ to man1 = any "o on :om x fixes its eyes dies imm$iately4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do und\bt$ly d]iv$ ^! rem>ks z to ! ,catoblepas f ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,viii4 #ba 7al4 #cb73 ,apud ,hesp]ios ,ae?iopas fons e/ ,nigris 7diff]5t read+s71 ut pl]ique exi/imav]e1 ,nili caput4-----,juxta hunc f]a appellatur catoblepas1 modica alioqu91 cet]isque membris in]s1 caput tantum praegrave aegre f]5s2 alias int]necio humani g5]is1 omnibus qui oculos ejus vid]e1 confe/im mori5tibus4 ,aelian1 ,hi/4 ,an4 gives a f> m m9ute description ( ! creature1 b he says t x poisons bea/s n by its gaze1 b by its v5om\s brea?4 ,a!naeus #bba ,b1 m5tions bo?4 ,if ,leon>do _h kn[n ( ^! two passages1 he w\ld sc>cely h omitt$ ! poison\s brea?4 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+47 ,,! ,,basilisk4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cyr5aica & is n m ?an #ab f+]s long4 ,x has on its head a :ite spot aft] ! fa%ion ( a diadem4 ,x sc>es all s]p5ts ) its :i/l+4 ,x resembles a snake1 b does n move by wriggl+ b f ! c5tre =w>ds to ! "r4 ,x is said t "o #abef4 ( ^!1 be+ kill$ ) a spe> by "o :o 0 on horse-back1 & its v5om fl[+ on ! spe>1 n only ! man b ! horse also di$4 ,x spoils ! :eat & n only t :i* x t\*es1 b :]e x brea!s ! grass dries & ! /ones are split4 ,,! ,,weasel4 ,?is bea/ f9d+ ! lair ( ! basilisk kills x ) ! smell ( its ur9e1 & ?is smell1 inde$1 (t5 kills ! weasel itself4 ,,! ,,c]a/es4 ,?is has f\r movable little horns2 s1 :5 x wants to fe$1 x hides "u leaves all ( its body except ^! little horns :i*1 z !y move1 seem to ! birds to be "s small worms at play4 ,!n !y imm$iately swoop d[n to pick !m & ! ,c]a/es sudd5ly tw9es r\nd !m & encircles & dev\rs !m4 #abeg4 ,,! ,,amphisbo5a4 ,?is has two heads1 "o 9 its prop] place ! o!r at ! tail2 z if "o place 7 n en\gh f :i* to fl+ its v5om4 ,,! ,,iaculus4 ,?is lies on trees1 & fl+s itself d[n l a d>t1 & pi]ces ?r\gh ! wild bea/ & kills !m4 ,,! ,,asp4 ,! bite ( ?is animal _c be cur$ unless by imm$iately cutt+ out ! bitt5 "p4 ,?is pe/il5tial animal has su* a love = its mate t !y always g 9 company4 ,& if1 by mi%ap1 "o ( !m is kill$ ! o!r1 ) incr$ible swiftness1 foll[s him :o has kill$ x2 & x is s det]m9$ & eag] = v5geance t x ov]comes e difficulty1 & pass+ by e troop x seeks to hurt none b its enemy4 ,& x w travel any di/ance1 & x is impossible to avoid x unless by cross+ wat] & by v swift flight4 ,x has its eyes turn$ inw>ds1 & l>ge e>s & x he>s bett] ?an x sees4 #abeh4 ,,! ,,i*neumon4 ,?is animal is ! mortal enemy ( ! asp4 ,x is a native ( ,egypt & :5 x sees an asp ne> its place1 x runs at once to ! b$ or mud ( ! ,nile & ) ?is makes itself muddy all ov]1 !n x dries itself 9 ! sun1 sme>s itself aga9 ) mud1 & ?us1 dry+ "o aft] ! o!r1 x makes itself ?ree or f\r coat+s l a coat ( mail4 ,!n x attacks ! asp1 & fights well ) him1 s t1 tak+ its "t x cat*es him 9 ! ?roat & de/roys him4 ,,! ,,crocodile4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! ,nile1 x has f\r feet & lives on l& & 9 wat]4 ,no o!r t]re/rial creature b ?is is f\nd to h no tongue1 & x only bites by mov+ its upp] jaw4 ,x gr[s to a l5g? ( =ty feet & has claws & is arm$ ) a hide t w take any bl[4 ,by day x is on l& & at night 9 ! wat]4 ,x fe$s on fi%es1 & go+ to sleep on ! bank ( ! ,nile ) its m\? op51 a bird call$ #abei4 tro*ilus1 a v small bird1 runs at once to its m\? & hops among its tee? & goes peck+ out ! rema9s ( ! food1 & s incit+ x ) voluptu\s delight tempts x to op5 ! :ole ( its m\?1 & s x sleeps4 ,?is be+ obs]v$ by ! i*neumon x fl+s itself into its m\? & p]=ates its /oma* & b[els1 & f9ally kills x4 ,,! ,,dolph94 ,nature has giv5 su* k to animals1 t besides ! consci\sness ( _! own advantages !y "k ! disadvantages ( _! foes4 ,?us ! dolph9 und]/&s :at /r5g? lies 9 a cut f ! f9s plac$ on 8 *9e1 & h[ t5d] is ! belly ( ! crocodile2 h5ce 9 fight+ ) him x ?ru/s at him f b5ea? & rips up 8 belly & s kills him4 ,! crocodile is a t]ror to ^? t flee1 & a base c[>d to ^? t pursue him4 #abfj4 ,,! ,,hippopotamus4 ,?is bea/ :5 x feels itself ov]-full goes ab\t seek+ ?orns1 or :]e !re may be ! rema9s ( canes t h be5 split1 & x rubs aga9/ !m till a ve9 is op5$2 !n :5 ! blood has fl[$ z mu* z he ne$s1 he pla/]s himself ) mud & heals ! w\nd4 ,9 =m he is some?+ l a horse ) long haun*es1 a twi/$ tail & ! tee? ( a wild bo>1 8 neck has a mane2 ! sk9 _c be pi]c$1 unless :5 he is ba?+2 he fe$s on plants 9 ! fields & goes into !m backw>ds s t x may seem1 z ?\gh he _h come out4 ,,! ,,ibis4 ,?is bird resembles a crane1 & :5 x feels itself ill x fills its craw ) wat]1 & ) its beak makes an injection ( x4 ,,! ,,/ag4 ,^! creatures :5 !y feel !mselves bitt5 by ! spid] call$ fa!r-long-legs1 eat crabs & free !mselves ( ! v5om4 #abfa4 ,,! ,,liz>d4 ,?is1 :5 fight+ ) s]p5ts eats ! s[-?i/le & is free4 ,,! ,,swall[4 ,?is bird gives sight to its bl9d "y ones1 ) ! juice ( ! cel&9e4 ,,! ,,weasel4 ,?is1 :5 *as+ rats fir/ eats ( rue4 ,,! ,,wild ,,bo>4 ,?is bea/ cures its sickness by eat+ ( ivy4 ,,! ,,snake4 ,?is creature :5 x wants to r5ew itself ca/s its old sk91 beg9n+ ) ! head1 & *ang+ 9 "o day & "o night4 ,,! ,,pan!r4 ,?is bea/ aft] its b[els h fall5 out w /ill fight ) ! dogs & hunt]s4 #abfb4 ,,! ,,*ameleon4 ,?is creature always takes ! col\r ( ! ?+ on :i* x is re/+1 :5ce x is (t5 dev\r$ toge!r ) ! leaves on :i* ! elephant fe$s4 ,,! ,,rav54 ,:5 x has kill$ ! ,*ameleon x takes laurel z a purge4 #abfc4 ,mod]ation *ecks all ! vices4 ,! erm9e w die r ?an besmir* itself4 ,,( ,,=esight4 ,! cock does n cr[ till x has ?rice flapp$ its w+s2 ! p>rot 9 mov+ among b\ghs nev] puts its feet except+ :]e x has fir/ put its beak4 ,v[s are n made till ,hope is dead4 ,motion t5ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity4 #abfd4 ,,magnanimity4 ,! falcon nev] seizes any b l>ge birds & w soon] die ?an eat ta9t$ meat ( bad sav\r4 ,,ii4 ,,fables4 ,fables on animals 7#abfe-abgj74 #abfe4 ,a ,,fable4 ,an oy/] be+ turn$ out toge!r ) o!r fi% 9 ! h\se ( a fi%]man ne> ! sea1 he entreat$ a rat to take him to ! sea4 ,! rat purpos+ to eat him bid him op52 b z he bit him ! oy/] squeez$ 8 head & clos$2 & ! cat came & kill$ him4 #abff4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! ?ru%es rejoic$ greatly at see+ a man take ! owl & deprive h] ( lib]ty1 ty+ h] feet ) /rong bonds4 ,b ?is owl 0 aft]w>ds by means ( bird-lime ! cause ( ! ?ru%es los+ n only _! lib]ty1 b _! life4 ,?is is said = ^? c\ntries :i* rejoice 9 see+ _! gov]nors lose _! lib]ty1 :5 by t means !y !mselves lose all succ\r1 & rema9 9 bondage 9 ! p[] ( _! enemies1 los+ _! lib]ty & (t5 _! life4 #abfg4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a dog1 ly+ asleep on ! fur ( a %eep1 "o ( 8 fleas1 p]ceiv+ ! od\r ( ! greasy wool1 judg$ t ?is mu/ be a l& ( bett] liv+1 & also m secure f ! tee? & nails ( ! dog ?an :]e he f$ on ! dog2 & )\t f>!r reflection he left ! dog & w5t into ! ?ick wool4 ,!re he began ) great lab\r to try to pass among ! roots ( ! hairs2 b aft] mu* sweat+ _h to give up ! task z va91 because ^! hairs 7 s close t !y almo/ t\*$ ea* o!r1 & !re 0 no space :]e fleas c\ld ta/e ! sk94 ,h5ce1 aft] mu* lab\r & fatigue1 he began to wi% to return to 8 dog1 :o h[ev] _h already dep>t$2 s he 0 con/ra9$ aft] long rep5tance & bitt] te>s1 to die ( hung]4 #abfh4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! va9 & w&]+ butt]fly1 n cont5t ) be+ able to fly at its ease ?r\gh ! air1 ov]come by ! tempt+ flame ( ! c&le1 decid$ to fly into x2 b its sportive impulse 0 ! cause ( a sudd5 fall1 = its delicate w+s 7 burnt 9 ! flame4 ,& ! hapless butt]fly hav+ dropp$1 all scor*$1 at ! foot ( ! c&le/ick1 aft] mu* lam5tation & rep5tance1 dri$ ! te>s f its swimm+ eyes1 & rais+ its face exclaim$3 ,o false light6 h[ _m mu/ ?\ h mis]ably deceiv$ 9 ! pa/1 l me2 or if ,i mu/ inde$ see light s ne>1 ought ,i n to h kn[n ! sun f ! false gl>e ( dirty tall[8 ,a ,,fable4 ,! monkey1 f9d+ a ne/ ( small birds1 w5t up to x greatly delight$4 ,b !y1 be+ already fl$g$1 he c\ld only succe$ 9 tak+ ! smalle/2 greatly delight$ he took x 9 8 h& & w5t to 8 abode2 & hav+ begun to look at ! little bird he took to kiss+ x1 & f excess ( love he kiss$ x s mu* & turn$ x ab\t & squeez$ x till he kill$ x4 ,?is is said = ^? :o by n puni%+ _! *ildr5 let !m come to mis*ief4 #abfi4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a rat 0 besieg$ 9 8 little dwell+ by a weasel1 :i* ) unwe>i$ vigilance await$ 8 surr5d]1 :ile wat*+ 8 imm95t p]il ?r\gh a little hole4 ,mean:ile ! cat came by & sudd5ly seiz$ ! weasel & =?) dev\r$ x4 ,!n ! rat (f]$ up a sacrifice to ,jove ( "s ( 8 /ore ( nuts1 humbly ?ank+ ,8 provid5ce1 & came out ( 8 hole to enjoy 8 lately lo/ lib]ty4 ,b he 0 in/antly depriv$ ( x1 toge!r ) 8 life1 by ! cruel claws & tee? ( ! lurk+ cat4 #abgj4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! ant f\nd a gra9 ( millet4 ,! se$ feel+ itself tak5 prison] cri$ out to h]3 ,if y w d me ! k9dness to all[ me accompli% my function ( reproduction1 ,i w give y a hundr$ su* z ,i am4 ,& s x 04 ,a ,spid] f\nd a bun* ( grapes :i* = its sweetness 0 mu* resort$ to by bees & div]s k9ds ( flies4 ,x seem$ to h] t %e _h f\nd a mo/ conv5i5t spot to spread h] sn>e1 & hav+ settl$ h]self on x ) h] delicate web1 & ent]$ into h] new habitation1 !re1 e day plac+ h]self 9 ! op5+s made by ! spaces betwe5 ! grapes1 %e fell l a ?ief on ! wret*$ creatures :i* 7 n aw>e ( h]4 ,b1 aft] a few days _h pass$1 ! v9tag] came1 & cut away ! bun* ( grapes & put x ) o!rs1 ) :i* x 0 trodd52 & ?us ! grapes 7 a sn>e & pitfall bo? = ! trea*]\s spid] & ! betray$ flies4 ,an ass hav+ gone to sleep on ! ice ov] a deep lake1 8 heat dissolv$ ! ice & ! ass awoke "u wat] to 8 great grief1 & 0 =?) dr[n$4 ,a falcon1 unable to endure ) pati5ce ! disappe>ance ( a duck1 :i*1 fly+ be=e him _h plung$ "u wat]1 wi%$ to foll[ x "u wat]1 & hav+ soak$ 8 fea!rs _h to rema9 9 ! wat] :ile ! duck ris+ to ! air mock$ at ! falcon z he dr[n$4 ,! spid] wi%+ to take flies 9 h] trea*]\s net1 0 cruelly kill$ 9 x by ! hornet4 ,an eagle want+ to mock at ! owl 0 caught by ! w+s 9 bird-lime & 0 tak5 & kill$ by a man4 ,fables on lifeless objects 7#abga--abgd74 #abga4 ,! wat] f9d+ t its elem5t 0 ! lordly ocean1 0 seiz$ ) a desire to rise above ! air1 & be+ enc\rag$ by ! elem5t ( fire & ris+ z a v subtle vap\r1 x seem$ z ?\gh x 7 really z ?9 z air4 ,b hav+ ris5 v high1 x rea*$ ! air t 0 /ill m r>e & cold1 :]e ! fire =sook x1 & ! m9ute p>ticles1 be+ br\ght toge!r1 unit$ & became heavy2 :5ce its haught9ess des]t+ x1 x betook itself to flight & x fell f ! sky1 & 0 drunk up by ! dry e>?1 :]e1 be+ imprison$ = a long "t1 x did p5ance = its s94 ,c4,a4 #agb;b2 #eaf;b #abgb4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! razor hav+ "o day come =? f ! h&le :i* s]ves z its %ea? & hav+ plac$ himself 9 ! sun1 saw ! sun reflect$ 9 8 body1 :i* fill$ him ) great pride4 ,& turn+ x ov] 9 8 ?\ghts he began to say to himself3 ,& %all ,i return aga9 to t %op f :i* ,i h j come8 ,c]ta9ly n2 su* spl5did beauty %all n1 please ,god1 be turn$ to su* base uses4 ,:at folly x w\ld be t c\ld lead me to %ave ! la!r$ be>ds ( ru/ic peasants & p]=m su* m5ial s]vice6 ,is ?is body de/9$ = su* "w8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,i w hide myself 9 "s retir$ spot & !re pass my life 9 tranquil repose4 ,& hav+ ?us rema9$ hidd5 = "s mon?s1 "o day he came out into ! air1 & issu+ f 8 %ea?1 saw himself turn$ to ! similitude ( a ru/y saw :ile 8 surface no long] reflect$ ! respl5d5t sun4 ,) useless rep5tance he va9ly deplor$ ! irrep>able mis*ief say+ to himself3 ,oh6 h[ f> bett] 0 x to employ at ! b>b]s my lo/ edge ( su* exquisite ke5ness6 ,:]e is t lu/r\s surface8 ,x has be5 consum$ by ?is vexati\s & unsightly ru/4 ,! same ?+ happ5s to ^? m9ds :i* in/ead ( ex]cise give !mselves up to slo?4 ,!y are l ! razor "h spok5 (1 & lose ! ke5ness ( _! edge1 :ile ! ru/ ( ignorance spoils _! =m4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a /one ( "s size rec5tly uncov]$ by ! wat] lay on a c]ta9 spot some:at rais$1 & j :]e a delightful grove end$ by a /ony road2 "h x 0 surr\nd$ by plants decorat$ by v>i\s fl[]s ( div]s col\rs4 ,& z x saw ! great quantity ( /ones collect$ toge!r 9 ! roadway bel[1 x began to wi% x c\ld let itself fall d[n !re1 say+ to itself3 ,:at h ,i to d "h ) ^! plants8 ,i want to live 9 ! company ( ^?1 my si/]s4 ,& lett+ itself fall1 its rapid c\rse end$ among ^! long$ = companions4 ,:5 x _h be5 !re sometime x began to f9d itself con/antly toil+ "u ! :eels ( ! c>ts ! iron-%o$ feet ( horses & ( travell]s4 ,?is "o roll$ x ov]1 t "o trod ^u x2 sometimes x lift$ itself a little & !n x 0 cov]$ ) mud or ! dung ( "s animal1 & x 0 9 va9 t x look$ at ! spot :5ce x _h come z a place ( solitude & tranquil place4 ,?us x happ5s to ^? :o *oose to leave a life ( solit>y comtemplation1 & come to live 9 cities among p full ( inf9ite evil4 #abgc4 ,"s flames _h already la/$ 9 ! furnace ( a glass-bl[]1 :5 !y saw a c&le approa*+ 9 a beautiful & glitt]+ c&le/ick4 ,) ard5t long+ !y /rove to rea* x2 & "o ( !m1 quitt+ its natural c\rse1 wri!d up to an unburnt br& on :i* x f$ & pass$ at ! opposite end out by a n>r[ *9k to ! c&le :i* 0 ne>4 ,x flung itself ^u x1 & ) fi]ce jeal\sy & gre$9ess x dev\r$ x1 hav+ r$uc$ x almo/ to dea?1 &1 wi%+ to procure ! prolongation ( its life1 x tri$ to return to ! furnace :5ce x _h come4 ,b 9 va91 = x 0 compell$ to die1 ! wood p]i%+ toge!r ) ! c&le1 be+ at la/ conv]t$1 ) lam5tation & rep5tance1 into f\l smoke1 :ile leav+ all its si/]s 9 brilliant & endur+ life & beauty4 #abgd4 ,a small pat* ( sn[ f9d+ itself cl++ to ! top ( a rock :i* 0 ly+ on ! topmo/ height ( a v high m\nta9 & be+ left to its own imag9+s1 x began to reflect 9 ?is way1 say+ to itself3 ,n[1 %all n ,i be ?\ght va9 & pr\d = hav+ plac$ myself--su* a small pat* ( sn[--9 s l(ty a spot1 & = all[+ t s l>ge a quantity ( sn[ z ,i h se5 "h ar\nd me1 %\ld take a place l[] ?an m9e8 ,c]ta9ly my small dim5sions by no means m]it ?is elevation4 ,h[ easily may ,i1 9 pro( ( my insignificance1 exp]i5ce ! same fate z t :i* ! sun br\ght ab\t ye/]day to my companions1 :o 7 all1 9 a few h\rs1 de/roy$ by ! sun4 ,& ?is happ5$ f _! hav+ plac$ !mselves high] ?an became !m4 ,i w flee f ! wra? ( ! sun1 & humble myself & f9d a place befitt+ my small importance4 ,?us1 fl++ itself d[n1 x began to desc5d1 hurry+ f its high home on to ! o!r sn[2 b ! m x s\ght a l[ place ! m its bulk increas$1 s t :5 at la/ its c\rse 0 end$ on a hill1 x f\nd itself no less 9 size ?an ! hill :i* support$ x2 & x 0 ! la/ ( ! sn[ :i* 0 de/roy$ t summ] by ! sun4 ,?is is said = ^? :o1 humbl+ !mselves1 become exalt$4 ,fables on plants 7#abge-abgi74 #abge4 ,! c$>1 be+ desir\s ( produc+ a f9e & noble fruit at its summit1 set to "w to =m x ) all ! /r5g? ( its sap4 ,b ?is fruit1 :5 gr[n1 0 ! cause ( ! tall & upright tree-top be+ b5t ov]4 ,! pea*1 be+ envi\s ( ! va/ quantity ( fruit :i* %e saw borne on ! nut-tree1 h] neighb\r1 det]m9$ to d ! same1 & load$ h]self ) h] own 9 su* a way t ! weight ( ! fruit pull$ h] up by ! roots & broke h] d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! nut-tree /ood always by a road side display+ ! weal? ( its fruit to ! pass]s by1 & e "o ca/ /ones at x4 ,! fig-tree1 hav+ no fruit1 no "o look$ at x2 !n1 wi%+ to produce fruits t x might be prais$ by m51 x 0 b5t & brok5 d[n by !m4 ,! fig-tree1 /&+ by ! side ( ! elm & see+ t its b\ghs 7 b>e ( fruit1 yet t x _h ! audacity to keep ! ,sun f its own unripe figs ) its bran*es1 said to x3 ,oh elm6 art ?\ n a%am$ to /& 9 front ( me4 ,b wait till my (fspr+ are fully gr[n & y w see :]e y are6 ,b :5 h] (fspr+ 7 mature1 a troop ( soldi]s com+ by fell ^u ! fig-tree & h] figs 7 all torn (f h]1 & h] b\ghs cut away & brok54 ,!n1 :5 %e 0 ?us maim$ 9 all h] limbs1 ! elm ask$ h]1 say+3 ,o fig-tree6 :i* 0 be/1 to be )\t (fspr+1 or to be br\ght by !m into s mis]able a plight6 #abgf4 ,! plant compla9s ( ! old & dry /ick :i* /&s by its side & ( ! dry /akes t surr\nd x4 ,"o keeps x upright1 ! o!r keeps x f l[ company4 #abgg4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a nut1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ by a cr[ to ! top ( a tall campanile & releas$ by fall+ into a *9k f ! mortal grip ( its beak1 x pray$ ! wall by ! grace be/[$ on x by ,god 9 all[+ x to be s high & ?ick1 & to own su* f9e bells & ( s noble a tone1 t x w\ld succ\r x1 & t1 z x _h n be5 able to fall "u ! v]dur\s b\ghs ( its v5]able fa!r & lie 9 ! fat e>? cov]$ up by 8 fall5 leaves x w\ld n ab&on x2 because1 f9d+ itself 9 ! beak ( ! cruel cr[1 x _h !re made a v[ t if x escap$ f h] x w\ld end its life 9 a little hole4 ,at ^! words ! wall1 mov$ to compassion1 0 cont5t to %elt] x 9 ! spot :]e x _h fall52 & aft] a %ort "t ! nut began to split op5 & put =? roots betwe5 ! rifts ( ! /ones & pu% !m ap>t1 & to ?r[ out %oots f its holl[ %ell2 &1 to be brief1 ^! rose above ! build+ & ! twi/$ roots1 gr[+ ?ick]1 began to ?ru/ ! walls ap>t1 & te> out ! anci5t /ones f _! old places4 ,!n ! wall too late & 9 va9 bewail$ ! cause ( its de/ruction & 9 a %ort "t1 x wr\ght ! ru9 ( a great "p ( x4 #abgh4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! privet feel+ its t5d] b\ghs load$ ) "y fruit1 prick$ by ! %>p claws & beak ( ! insol5t blackbird1 compla9$ to ! blackbird ) piti\s remon/rance entreat+ h] t s9ce %e /ole its delici\s fruits %e %\ld n deprive x ( ! leaves ) :i* x pres]v$ !m f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun1 & t %e %\ld n dive/ x ( its t5d] b>k by scrat*+ x ) h] %>p claws4 ,to :i* ! blackbird repli$ ) angry upbraid+3 ,o1 be sil5t1 uncultur$ %rub6 ,d y n "k t ,nature made y produce ^! fruits = my n\ri%m5t2 d y n see t y are 9 ! _w only to s]ve me z food2 d y n "k1 base creature1 t next w9t] y w be food & prey = ! ,fire8 ,to :i* words ! tree li/5$ pati5tly1 & n )\t te>s4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! blackbird 0 tak5 9 a net & b\ghs 7 cut to make a cage1 9 :i* to imprison h]4 ,bran*es 7 cut1 among o!rs f ! pliant privet1 to s]ve = ! small rods ( ! cage2 & see+ h]self to be ! cause ( ! ,blackbird's loss ( lib]ty x rejoic$ & spoke z foll[s3 ,o ,blackbird1 ,i am "h1 & n yet burnt by fire z y said4 ,i %all see y 9 prison be=e y see me burnt4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! laurel & ! myrtle see+ ! pe> tree cut d[n cri$ out ) a l\d voice3 ,o pe>-tree6 :i!r are y go+8 ,:]e is ! pride y _h :5 y 7 cov]$ ) ripe fruits8 ,n[ y w no long] %ade u ) y\r mass ( leaves4 ,!n ! pe>-tree repli$3 ,i am go+ ) ! husb&man :o has cut me d[n & :o w take me to ! work%op ( a good sculptor :o by 8 art w make me take ! =m ( ,jove ! god2 & ,i %all be d$icat$ 9 a temple & ador$ by m5 9 ! place ( ,jove1 :ile y are b\nd always to rema9 maim$ & /ripp$ ( y\r b\ghs1 :i* w be plac$ r\nd me to d me hon\r4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! *esnut1 see+ a man ^u ! fig-tree1 b5d+ its b\ghs d[n & pull+ (f ! ripe fruits1 :i* he put into 8 op5 m\? de/roy+ & cru%+ !m ) 8 h>d tee?1 x toss$ its long b\ghs & ) a noisy ru/le exclaim$3 ,o fig6 h[ mu* less are y protect$ by nature ?an ,i4 ,see h[ 9 me my sweet (fspr+ are set 9 close array2 fir/ clo!d 9 s(t wrapp]s ov] :i* is ! h>d b s(tly l9$ husk2 & n cont5t ) tak+ ?is c>e ( me1 & hav+ giv5 !m s /rong a %elt]1 on ?is %e has plac$ %>p & close-set sp9es s t ! h& ( man _c hurt me4 ,!n ! fig-tree & h] (fspr+ began to laugh & hav+ laugh$ %e said3 ,i "k man to be ( su* +5uity t ) rods & /ones & /akes flung up among y\r bran*es he w b]eave y ( y\r fruits2 & :5 !y are fall51 he w trample !m ) 8 feet or ) /ones1 s t y\r (fspr+ w come out ( _! arm\r1 cru%$ & maim$2 :ile ,i am t\*$ c>efully by _! h&s1 & n l y ) /icks & /ones4 #abgi4 ,! hapless will[1 f9d+ t %e c\ld n enjoy ! pleasure ( see+ h] sl5d] bran*es gr[ or atta9 to ! height %e wi%$1 or po9t to ! sky1 by reason ( ! v9e & :atev] o!r trees t grew ne>1 b 0 always maim$ & lopp$ & spoil$1 br\ght all h] spirits toge!r & gave & devot$ itself entirely to imag9ation1 /&+ plung$ 9 long m$itation & seek+1 9 all ! _w ( plants1 ) :i* ( !m %e might ally h]self & :i* c\ld n ne$ ! help ( h] )es4 ,hav+ /ood = "s "t 9 ?is prolific imag9ation1 ) a sudd5 fla% ! g\rd pres5t$ itself to h] ?\ghts & toss+ all h] bran*es ) extreme delight1 x seem$ to h] t %e _h f\nd ! companion suit$ to h] purpose1 because ! g\rd is m apt to b9d o!rs ?an to ne$ b9d+2 hav+ come to ?is conclusion %e await$ eag]ly "s fri5dly bird :o %\ld be ! m$iator ( h] wi%es4 ,pres5tly see+ ne> h] ! magpie %e said to him3 ,o g5tle bird6 by ! memory ( ! refuge :i* y f\nd ?is morn+ among my bran*es1 :5 ! hungry cruel1 & rapaci\s falcon want$ to dev\r y1 & by t repose :i* y h always f\nd 9 me :5 y\r w+s crav$ re/1 & by ! pleasure y h enjoy$ among my b\ghs1 :5 play+ ) y\r companions or mak+ love--,i entreat y f9d ! g\rd & obta9 f h] "s ( h] se$s1 & tell h] t ^? t are born ( !m ,i w treat exactly z ?\gh !y 7 my own fle% & blood2 & 9 ?is way use all ! words y c ?9k (1 :i* are ( ! same p]suasive purport2 ?\gh1 inde$1 s9ce y are a ma/] ( language1 ,i ne$ n tea* y4 ,& if y w d me ?is s]vice ,i %all be happy to h y\r ne/ 9 ! =k ( my b\ghs1 & all y\r family )\t paym5t ( any r5t4 ,!n ! magpie1 hav+ made & confirm$ c]ta9 new /ipulations ) ! will[1--& pr9cipally t %e %\ld nev] admit ^u h] any snake or polecat1 cock$ 8 tail1 & put d[n 8 head1 & flung himself f ! b\gh1 ?r[+ 8 weight ^u 8 w+s2 & ^!1 beat+ ! fleet+ air1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 be>+ ab\t inquisitively1 :ile 8 tail s]v$ z a rudd] to /e] him1 he came to a g\rd2 !n ) a h&some b[ & a few polite words1 he obta9$ ! requir$ se$s1 & c>ri$ !m to ! will[1 :o receiv$ him ) a *e]ful face4 ,& :5 he _h scrap$ away ) 8 foot a small quantity ( ! e>? ne> ! will[1 describ+ a circle1 ) 8 beak he plant$ ! gra9s1 :i* 9 a %ort "t began to gr[1 & by _! gr[? & ! bran*es to take up all ! b\ghs ( ! will[1 :ile _! broad leaves depriv$ x ( ! beauty ( ! sun & sky4 ,& n cont5t ) s mu* evil1 ! g\rds next began1 by _! rude hold1 to drag ! ends ( ! t5d] %oots d[n t[>ds ! e>?1 ) /range twi/+ & di/ortion4 ,!n1 be+ mu* annoy$1 x %ook itself 9 va9 to ?r[ (f ! g\rd4 ,aft] rav+ = "s days 9 su* plans va9ly1 because ! firm union =bade x1 see+ ! w9d come by x comm5d$ itself to him4 ,! w9d flew h>d & op5$ ! old & holl[ /em ( ! will[ 9 two d[n to ! roots1 s t x fell into two p>ts4 ,9 va9 did x bewail itself recognis+ t x 0 born to no good end4 ,,iii4 ,,je/s ,,& ,,tales4 ,c4 ,a4 #aag;a2 #cfa;a #abhj4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a prie/1 mak+ ! r\nds ( 8 p>i% on ,ea/] ,eve1 & spr9kl+ holy wat] 9 ! h\ses z is cu/om>y1 came to a pa9t]'s room1 :]e he spr9kl$ ! wat] on "s ( 8 pictures4 ,! pa9t] turn$ r\nd1 some:at ang]$1 & ask$ him :y ?is spr9kl+ _h be5 be/[$ on 8 pictures2 !n said ! prie/1 t x 0 ! cu/om & 8 duty to d s1 & t he 0 do+ good2 & t he :o did good might look = good 9 return1 &1 inde$1 = bett]1 s9ce ,god _h promis$ t e good de$ t 0 done on e>? %\ld be rew>d$ a hundr$-fold f above4 ,!n ! pa9t]1 wait+ till he w5t out1 w5t to an upp] w9d[ & flung a l>ge pail ( wat] on ! prie/'s back1 say+3 ,"h is ! rew>d a hundr$-fold f above1 :i* y said w\ld come f ! good y _h done me ) y\r holy wat]1 by :i* y h damag$ my pictures4 #abha4 ,:5 w9e is drunk by a drunk>d1 t w9e is rev5g$ on ! dr9k]4 #abhb4 ,w9e1 ! div9e juice ( ! grape1 f9d+ itself 9 a gold5 & ri*ly wr\ght cup1 on ! table ( ,mahomet1 0 puff$ up ) pride at s mu* hon\r2 :5 sudd5ly x 0 /ruck by a contr>y reflection1 say+ to itself3 ,:at am ,i ab\t1 t ,i %\ld rejoice1 & n p]ceive t ,i am n[ ne> to my dea? & %all leave my gold5 abode 9 ?is cup to ent] into ! f\l & fetid cav]ns ( ! human body1 & to be transmut$ f a fragrant & delici\s liquor into a f\l & base "o4 ,nay1 & z ?\gh s mu* evil z ?is 7 n en\gh1 ,i mu/ = a long "t lie 9 hide\s receptacles1 toge!r ) o!r fetid & corrupt matt]1 ca/ out f human inte/9es4 ,& x cri$ to ,heav51 implor+ v5geance = s mu* insult1 & t an end might h5ce=? be put to su* contempt2 & t1 s9ce t c\ntry produc$ ! f9e/ & be/ grapes 9 ! :ole _w1 at lea/ !y %\ld n be turn$ into w9e4 ,!n ,jove made t w9e drunk by ,mahomet to rise 9 _s to 8 bra92 & t 9 s delet]i\s a mann] t x made him mad1 & gave bir? to s _m follies t :5 he _h recov]$ himself1 he made a law t no ,asiatic %\ld dr9k w9e1 & h5ce=? ! v9e & its fruit 7 left free4 ,z soon z w9e has ent]$ ! /oma* x beg9s to f]m5t & swell2 !n ! _s ( t man beg9s to ab&on 8 body1 ris+ z x 7 skyw>ds1 & ! bra9 f9ds itself p>t+ f ! body4 ,!n x beg9s to degrade him1 & make him rave l a madman1 & !n he does irrep>able evil1 kill+ 8 fri5ds4 #abhc4 ,an artizan (t5 go+ to visit a great g5tleman )\t any def9ite purpose1 ! g5tleman ask$ him :at he did ?is =4 ,! o!r said t he came !re to h a pleasure :i* 8 lord%ip c\ld n h2 s9ce to him x 0 a satisfaction to see m5 great] ?an himself1 z is ! way ) ! populace2 :ile ! g5tleman c\ld only see m5 ( less consequ5ce ?an himself2 & s lords & great m5 7 depriv$ ( t pleasure4 #abhd4 ,franciscan begg+ ,fri>s are wont1 at c]ta9 times1 to keep fa/s1 :5 !y d n eat meat 9 _! conv5ts4 ,b on j\rneys1 z !y live on *>ity1 !y h lic5se to eat :atev] is set be=e !m4 ,n[ a c\ple ( ^! fri>s on _! travels1 /opp$ at an inn1 9 company ) a c]ta9 m]*ant1 & sat d[n ) him at ! same table1 :]e1 f ! pov]ty ( ! inn1 no?+ 0 s]v$ to !m b a small roa/ *ick54 ,! m]*ant1 see+ ?is to be b little ev5 = himself1 turn$ to ! fri>s & said3 ,if my memory s]ves me1 y d n eat any k9d ( fle% 9 y\r conv5ts at ?is season4 ,at ^! words ! fri>s 7 compell$ by _! rule to admit1 )\t cavil1 t ?is 0 ! tru?2 s ! m]*ant _h 8 wi%1 & eat ! *ick5 & ! fri>s did ! be/ !y c\ld4 ,aft] d9n] ! messmates dep>t$1 all ?ree toge!r1 & aft] travell+ "s di/ance !y came to a riv] ( "s wid? & dep?4 ,all ?ree be+ on foot--! fri>s by reason ( _! pov]ty1 & ! o!r f av>ice--x 0 necess>y by ! cu/om ( company t "o ( ! fri>s1 be+ b>efoot1 %\ld c>ry ! m]*ant on 8 %\ld]s3 s hav+ giv5 8 wood5 %oes into 8 keep+1 he took up 8 man4 ,b x s happ5$ t :5 ! fri> _h got to ! middle ( ! riv]1 he aga9 rememb]$ a rule ( 8 ord]1 & /opp+ %ort1 he look$ up1 l ,sa9t ,*ri/oph]1 to ! burd5 on 8 back & said3 ,tell me1 h y any money ab\t y8--,y "k ,i h1 answ]$ ! o!r1 ,h[ d y suppose t a ,m]*ant l me %\ld g ab\t o!rwise8 ,alack6 cri$ ! fri>1 our rules =bid z to c>ry any money on our p]sons1 & =?) he dropp$ him into ! wat]1 :i* ! m]*ant p]ceiv$ 0 a faceti\s way ( be+ rev5g$ on ! indignity he _h done !m2 s1 ) a smil+ face1 & blu%+ some:at ) %ame1 he peaceably endur$ ! rev5ge4 #abhe4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a man wi%+ to prove1 by ! au?ority ( ,py?agoras1 t he _h =m]ly be5 9 ! _w1 :ile ano!r w\ld n let him f9i% 8 argum5t1 ! fir/ speak] said to ! second3 ,x is by ?is tok5 t ,i 0 =m]ly "h1 ,i rememb] t y 7 a mill]4 ,! o!r "o1 feel+ himself /ung by ^! words1 agre$ t x 0 true1 & t by ! same tok5 he rememb]$ t ! speak] _h be5 ! ass t c>ri$ ! fl\r4 ,a ,,je/4 ,x 0 ask$ ( a pa9t] :y1 s9ce he made su* beautiful figures1 :i* 7 b dead ?+s1 8 *ildr5 7 s ugly2 to :i* ! pa9t] repli$ t he made 8 pictures by day1 & 8 *ildr5 by night4 #abhf4 ,a man saw a l>ge sword :i* ano!r "o wore at 8 side4 ,said he ,poor fell[1 = a long "t ,i h se5 y ti$ to t weapon2 :y d y n release y\rself z y\r h&s are unti$1 & set y\rself free8 ,to :i* ! o!r repli$3 ,?is is none ( y\rs1 on ! contr>y x is an old /ory4 ,! =m] speak]1 feel+ /ung1 repli$3 ,i "k t y are acqua9t$ ) s few ?+s 9 ?is _w1 t ,i ?\ght any?+ ,i c\ld tell y w\ld be new to y4 #abhg4 ,a man gave up 8 intimacy ) "o ( 8 fri5ds because he (t5 spoke ill ( 8 o!r fri5ds4 ,! neglect$ fri5d "o day lam5t+ to ?is =m] fri5d1 aft] mu* compla9+1 entreat$ him to say :at might be ! cause t _h made him =get s mu* fri5d%ip4 ,to :i* he answ]$3 ,i w no long] be intimate ) y because ,i love y1 & ,i d n *oose t y1 by speak+ ill ( me1 y\r fri5d1 to o!rs1 %\ld produce 9 o!rs1 z 9 me1 a bad impression ( y\rself1 by speak+ evil to !m ( me1 y\r fri5d4 ,!re=e1 be+ no long] intimate toge!r1 x w seem z ?\gh we _h become enemies2 & 9 speak+ evil ( me1 z is y\r wont1 y w n be blam$ s mu* z if we cont9u$ intimate4 #abhh4 ,a man 0 argu+ & boa/+ t he knew _m & v>i\s tricks4 ,ano!r among ! by/&]s said3 ,i "k h[ to play a trick :i* w make :omsoev] ,i l pull (f 8 bree*es4 ,! fir/ man-- ! boa/]--said3 ,y won't make me pull (f m9e1 & ,i bet y a pair ( hose on x4 ,he :o propos$ ! game1 hav+ accept$ ! (f]1 produc$ bree*es & drew !m across ! face ( him :o bet ! pair ( hose & won ! bet #d4 ,a man said to an acqua9tance3 ,y\r eyes are *ang$ to a /range col\r4 ,! o!r repli$3 ,x (t5 happ5s1 b y h n notic$ x4 ,:5 does x happ58 said ! =m]4 ,e "t t my eyes see y\r ugly face1 f ! %ock ( s unpleas+ a sight !y sudd5ly turn pale & *ange to a /range col\r4 ,a man said to ano!r3 ,y\r eyes are *ang$ to a /range col\r4 ,! o!r repli$3 ,x is because my eyes behold y\r /range ugly face4 ,a man said t 9 8 c\ntry 7 ! /range/ ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,ano!r answ]$3 ,y1 :o 7 born !re1 confirm ?is z true1 by ! /rang5ess ( y\r ugly face4 ,footnote3 ,! joke turns1 x appe>s1 on two mean+s ( tr>re & is n easily translat$4 #abhi4 ,an old man 0 publicly ca/+ contempt on a "y "o1 & boldly %[+ t he did n fe> him2 on :i* ! "y man repli$ t 8 advanc$ age s]v$ him bett] z a %ield ?an ei!r 8 tongue or 8 /r5g?4 #abij4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a sick man f9d+ himself 9 articulo mortis he>d a knock at ! door1 & ask+ "o ( 8 s]vants :o 0 knock+1 ! s]vant w5t out1 & answ]$ t x 0 a woman call+ h]self ,madonna ,bona4 ,!n ! sick man lift+ 8 arms to ,heav5 ?ank$ ,god ) a l\d voice1 & told ! s]vants t !y 7 to let h] come 9 at once1 s t he might see "o good woman be=e he di$1 s9ce 9 all 8 life he _h nev] yet se5 "o4 #abia4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a man 0 desir$ to rise f b$1 because ! sun 0 already ris54 ,to :i* he repli$3 ,if ,i _h z f> to g1 & z mu* to d z he has1 ,i %\ld be ris5 by n[2 b hav+ b a little way to g1 ,i %all n rise yet4 #abib4 ,a man1 see+ a woman ready to hold up ! t>get = a j\/+ mat*1 exclaim$1 look+ at ! %ield1 & consid]+ 8 spe>3 ,alack6 ?is is too small a workman = s great a bus9ess4 ,,iv4 ,,prophecies4 #abic4 ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,prophecies4 ,fir/1 ( ?+s relat+ to animals2 secondly1 ( irrational creatures2 ?irdly ( plants2 f\r?ly1 ( c]emonies2 fif?ly1 ( mann]s2 six?ly1 ( cases or edicts or qu>rels2 sev5?ly1 ( cases t are impossible 9 nature p>adoxes1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ^? ?+s :i*1 ! m is tak5 f !m1 ! m !y gr[4 ,& res]ve ! great matt]s till ! end1 & ! small matt]s give at ! beg9n+4 ,& fir/ %[ ! evils & !n ! puni%m5t ( philosophical ?+s4 ,( ,ants4 ,^! creatures w =m _m communities1 :i* w hide !mselves & _! "y ones & victuals 9 d>k cav]ns1 & !y w fe$ !mselves & _! families 9 d>k places = _m mon?s )\t any light1 artificial or natural4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a--ea are 9 ! orig9al writt5 9 "o column1 beg9n+ ) ! text ( l9e #aa4 ,at ! end ( ! column is ! programme = ! arrangem5t ( ! prophecies1 plac$ "h at ! head3 ,l9es #ef--gi =m a second column1 l9es #hj--ig a ?ird "o 7see ! reproduction ( ! text on ! facsimile ,,pi4 ,,cxviii74 ,ano!r sugge/ion = ! arrangem5t ( ! prophecies is to be f\nd among ! notes #ee--eg on page #ceg4 7 ,( ,bees47 ,& _m o!rs w be depriv$ ( _! /ore & _! food1 & w be cruelly subm]g$ & dr[n$ by folks devoid ( reason4 ,oh ,ju/ice ( ,god6 ,:y do/ ?\ n wake & behold ?y creatures ?us ill us$8 7 ,( ,%eep1 ,c[s1 ,goats & ! l47 ,endless multitudes ( ^! w h _! little *ildr5 tak5 f !m ripp$ op5 & flay$ & mo/ b>b>\sly qu>t]$4 7 ,( ,nuts1 & ,olives1 & ,acorns1 & ,*esnuts1 & su* l4 7 ,_m (fspr+ %all be snat*$ by cruel ?ra%+ f ! v arms ( _! mo!rs1 & flung on ! gr\nd1 & cru%$4 7 ,( ,*ildr5 b\nd 9 ,bundles4 7 ,o cities ( ! ,sea6 ,9 y ,i see y\r citiz5s--bo? females & males--tightly b\nd1 arms & legs1 ) /rong )es by folks :o w n und]/& y\r language4 ,& y w only be able to assuage y\r sorr[s & lo/ lib]ty by means ( te>ful compla9ts & sigh+ & lam5tation among y\rselves2 = ^? :o w b9d y w n und]/& y1 nor w y und]/& !m4 7 ,( ,cats t eat ,rats47 ,9 y1 ,o cities ( ,africa y\r *ildr5 w be se5 qu>t]$ 9 _! own h\ses by mo/ cruel & rapaci\s bea/s ( y\r own c\ntry4 7 ,( ,asses t are beat547 ,footnote #dh3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hde4 ,o ,nature6 ,:]e=e art ?\ s p>tial2 be+ to "s ( ?y *ildr5 a t5d] & b5ign "m1 & to o!rs a mo/ cruel & pitiless /epmo!r8 ,i see *ildr5 ( ?9e giv5 up to slav]y to o!rs1 )\t any sort ( advantage1 & in/ead ( remun]ation = ! good !y d1 !y are paid ) ! sev]e/ suff]+1 & sp5d _! :ole life 9 b5efitt+ ^? :o ill treat !m4 ,( ,m5 :o sleep on bo>ds ( ,trees4 ,m5 %all sleep1 & eat1 & dwell among trees1 9 ! =e/s & op5 c\ntry4 ,( ,dream+4 ,m5 w seem to see new de/ructions 9 ! sky4 ,! flames t fall f x w seem to rise 9 x & to fly f x ) t]ror4 ,!y w he> e k9d ( animals speak 9 human language4 ,!y w in/antane\sly run 9 p]son 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 )\t motion4 ,!y w see ! greate/ spl5d\r 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness4 ,o6 m>vel ( ! human race6 ,:at madness has l$ y ?us6 ,y w speak ) animals ( e species & !y ) y 9 human spee*4 ,y w see y\rself fall f great heights )\t any h>m & torr5ts w accompany y1 & w m+le ) _! rapid c\rse4 ,( ,*ri/ians4 ,_m :o hold ! fai? ( ! ,son only build temples 9 ! "n ( ! ,"m4 ,( ,food :i* has be5 alive4 #hd ,a great portion ( bodies t h be5 alive w pass into ! bodies ( o!r animals2 :i* is z mu* z to say1 t ! des]t$ t5em5ts w pass piecemeal into ! inhabit$ ones1 furni%+ !m ) good ?+s1 & c>ry+ ) !m _! evils4 ,t is to say ! life ( man is =m$ f ?+s eat51 & ^! c>ry ) !m t "p ( man :i* dies 4 4 4 #abid4 ,( ,fun]al ,rites1 & ,processions1 & ,lights1 & ,bells1 & ,foll[]s4 ,! greate/ hon\rs w be paid to m51 & mu* pomp1 )\t _! k4 ,footnote3 ,a facsimile ( ?is text is on ,,pi4 ,,cxvi bel[ on ! "r1 b ! writ+ is l>g] ?an ! o!r notes on ! same %eet & ( a some:at diff]5t /yle4 ,! ink is also ( a diff]5t hue1 z may be se5 on ! orig9al %eet at ,milan4 999999#hd & foll[+2 comp>e ,no4 #hdf4 #abie4 7,( ! ,av>ici\s47 ,!re w be _m :o w eag]ly & ) great c>e & solicitude foll[ up a ?+1 :i*1 if !y only knew its malignity1 w\ld always t]rify !m4 7,( ^? m51 :o1 ! old] !y gr[1 ! m av>ici\s !y become1 :]eas1 hav+ b little "t to /ay1 !y %\ld become m lib]al47 ,we see ^? :o are reg>d$ z be+ mo/ exp]i5c$ & judici\s1 :5 !y lea/ ne$ a ?+1 seek & *]i% x ) mo/ avidity4 99,( ! ,dit*499 ,_m w be busi$ 9 tak+ away f a ?+1 :i* w gr[ 9 proportion z x is dim9i%$4 99,( a ,weight plac$ on a ,fea!r-pill[499 ,& x w be se5 9 _m bodies t by rais+ ! head !y swell visibly2 & by lay+ ! rais$ head d[n aga91 _! size w imm$iately be dim9i%$4 99,( cat*+ ,lice499 ,& _m w be hunt]s ( animals1 :i*1 ! few] !re are ! m w be tak52 & conv]sely1 ! m !re are1 ! few] w be tak54 99,( ,draw+ ,wat] 9 two ,buckets ) a s+le ,rope499 ,& _m w be busily occupi$1 ?\gh ! m ( ! ?+ !y draw up1 ! m w escape at ! o!r end4 99,( ! ,tongues ( ,pigs & ,calves 9 ,sausage-sk9s499 ,oh6 h[ f\l a ?+1 t we %\ld see ! tongue ( "o animal 9 ! guts ( ano!r4 99,( ,sieves made ( ! ,hair ( ,animals499 ,we %all see ! food ( animals pass ?r\gh _! sk9 ev]yway except+ ?r\gh _! m\?s1 & p5etrate f ! outside d[nw>ds to ! gr\nd4 997 ,( ,lant]ns4 799 ,footnote #ce3 ,lant]ns 7 9 ,italy =m]ly made ( horn4 ,! cruel horns ( p[]ful bulls w scre5 ! lights ( night aga9/ ! wild fury ( ! w9ds4 997 ,( ,fea!r-b$s4 799 ,fly+ creatures w give _! v fea!rs to support m54 997 ,( ,animals :i* walk on ,trees--we>+ wood5 ,%oes4 799 ,! mire w be s great t m5 w walk on ! trees ( _! c\ntry4 997 ,( ! ,soles ( ,%oes1 :i* are made f ! ,ox4 799 ,& 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry m5 w be se5 walk+ on ! sk9s ( l>ge bea/s4 997 ,( ,sail+ 9 ,%ips4 799 ,!re w be great w9ds by reason ( :i* ?+s ( ! ,ea/ w become ?+s ( ! ,we/2 & ^? ( ! ,s\?1 be+ involv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! w9ds1 w foll[ !m to di/ant l&s4 997 ,( ,wor%ipp+ ! ,pictures ( ,sa9ts4 799 ,m5 w speak to m5 :o he> n2 hav+ _! eyes op51 !y w n see2 !y w speak to ^!1 & !y w n be answ]$4 ,!y w implore fav\rs ( ^? :o h e>s & he> n2 !y w make light = ! bl9d4 997 ,( ,sawy]s4 799 ,!re w be _m m5 :o w move "o aga9/ ano!r1 hold+ 9 _! h&s a cutt+ tool4 ,b ^! w n d ea* o!r any injury beyond tir+ ea* o!r2 =1 :5 "o pu%es =w>d ! o!r w draw back4 ,b woe to him :o comes betwe5 !m6 ,= he w end by be+ cut 9 pieces4 997 ,( ,silk-sp9n+4 799 ,dismal cries w be he>d l\d1 %riek+ ) angui%1 & ! ho>se & smo!r$ tones ( ^? :o w be despoil$1 & at la/ left nak$ & motionless2 & ?is by reason ( ! mov]1 :i* makes e ?+ turn r\nd4 997 ,( putt+ ,bread into ! ,m\? ( ! ,ov5 & tak+ x out aga94 799 ,9 e city1 l&1 ca/le & h\se1 m5 %all be se51 :o = want ( food w take x out ( ! m\?s ( o!rs1 :o w n be able to resi/ 9 any way4 997 ,( till$ ,l&4 799 ,! ,e>? w be se5 turn$ up side d[n & fac+ ! opposite hemisph]es1 uncov]+ ! lurk+ holes ( ! fi]ce/ animals4 997 ,( ,s[+ ,se$4 799 ,!n _m ( ! m5 :o w rema9 alive1 w ?r[ ! victuals !y h pres]v$ out ( _! h\ses1 a free prey to ! birds & bea/s ( ! e>?1 )\t tak+ any c>e ( !m at all4 997 ,( ! ,ra9s1 :i*1 by mak+ ! ,riv]s muddy1 wa% away ! ,l&4 799 ,footnote #ha3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ide4 ,some?+ w fall f ! sky :i* w transport a l>ge "p ( ,africa :i* lies "u t sky t[>ds ,europe1 & t ( ,europe t[>ds ,africa1 & t ( ! ,scy?ian c\ntries w meet ) trem5d\s revolutions ,footnote #hd3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ide44 997 ,( ,wood t burns4 799 ,! trees & %rubs 9 ! great =e/s w be conv]t$ into c9d]4 997 ,( ,kilns = ,bricks & ,lime4 799 ,f9ally ! e>? w turn r$ f a conflagration ( _m days & ! /ones w be turn$ to c9d]s4 997 ,( boil$ ,fi%4 799 ,! natives ( ! wat]s w die 9 ! boil+ flood4 997 ,( ! ,olives :i* fall f ! ,olive trees1 %$d+ oil :i* makes light4 799 ,& ?+s w fall ) great =ce f above1 :i* w give u n\ri%m5t & light4 99,( ,owls & scree* owls & :at w happ5 to c]ta9 birds499 ,_m w p]i% ( da%+ _! heads 9 pieces1 & ! eyes ( _m w jump out ( _! heads by reason ( fe>ful creatures come out ( ! d>kness4 99,( flax :i* works ! cure ( m5499 ,t :i* 0 at fir/ b\nd1 ca/ out & r5t by _m & v>i\s beat]s w be respect$ & hon\r$1 & its precepts w be li/5$ to ) rev]5ce & love4 99,( ,books :i* tea* ,precepts499 ,bodies )\t s\ls w1 by _! cont5ts give u precepts by :i* to die well4 99,( ,flagellants499 ,m5 w hide !mselves "u ! b>k ( trees1 &1 scream+1 !y w make !mselves m>tyrs1 by /rik+ _! own limbs4 99,( ! ,h&les ( ,knives made ( ! ,horns ( ,%eep499 ,we %all see ! horns ( c]ta9 bea/s fitt$ to iron tools1 :i* w take ! lives ( _m ( _! k9d4 99,( ,night :5 no ,col\r c be disc]n$499 ,!re w come a "t :5 no diff]5ce c be disc]n$ betwe5 col\rs1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ w be black alike4 99,( ,swords & ,spe>s :i* by !mselves nev] hurt any "o499 ,"o :o by himself is mild en\gh & void ( all (f5ce w become t]rible & fi]ce by be+ 9 bad company1 & w mo/ cruelly take ! life ( _m m51 & w\ld kill _m m if !y 7 n h9d]$ by bodies hav+ no s\l1 t h come out ( cav]ns--t is1 brea/plates ( iron4 99,( ,sn>es & ,traps499 ,_m dead ?+s w move furi\sly1 & w take & b9d ! liv+1 & w ensn>e !m = ! enemies :o seek _! dea? & de/ruction4 997 ,( ,metals4 799 ,t %all be br\ght =? out ( d>k & obscure caves1 :i* w put ! :ole human race 9 great anxiety1 p]il & dea?4 ,to _m t seek !m1 aft] _m sorr[s !y w give delight1 & to ^? :o are n 9 _! company1 dea? ) want & mis=tune4 ,?is w lead to ! commission ( endless crimes2 ?is w increase & p]suade bad m5 to assass9ations1 robb]ies & trea*]y1 & by reason ( x ea* w be suspici\s ( 8 p>tn]4 ,?is w deprive free cities ( _! happy condition2 ?is w take away ! lives ( _m2 ?is w make m5 torm5t ea* o!r ) _m artifices deceptions & treasons4 ,o mon/r\s creature6 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be = m5 t e ?+ %\ld return to ,hell6 ,= ?is ! va/ =e/s w be deva/at$ ( _! trees2 = ?is endless animals w lose _! lives4 997 ,( ,fire4 799 ,"o %all be born f small beg9n+s :i* w rapidly become va/4 ,?is w respect no creat$ ?+1 r w x1 by its p[]1 trans=m almo/ e ?+ f its own nature into ano!r4 997 ,( ,%ips :i* s9k4 799 ,huge bodies w be se51 devoid ( life1 c>ry+1 9 fi]ce ha/e1 a multitude ( m5 to ! de/ruction ( _! lives4 997 ,( ,ox51 :i* are eat54 799 ,! ma/]s ( e/ates w eat _! own lab\r]s4 997 ,( beat+ ,b$s to r5ew !m4 799 ,m5 w be se5 s deeply ungrateful t !y w turn ^u t :i* has h>b\r$ !m1 = no?+ at all2 !y w s load x ) bl[s t a great "p ( its inside w come out ( its place1 & w be turn$ ov] & ov] 9 its body4 997 ,( ,?+s :i* are eat5 & :i* fir/ are kill$4 799 ,^? :o n\ri% !m w be kill$ by !m & afflict$ by m]ciless dea?s4 997,( ! ,reflection ( ,walls ( ,cities 9 ! ,wat] ( _! ,dit*es4799 ,! high walls ( great cities w be se5 up side d[n 9 _! dit*es4 997,( ,wat]1 :i* fl[s turbid & mix$ ) ,soil & ,du/2 & ( ,mi/1 :i* is mix$ ) ! ,air2 & ( ,fire :i* is mix$ ) its own1 & ea* ) ea*4799 ,all ! elem5ts w be se5 mix$ toge!r 9 a great :irl+ mass1 n[ borne t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! _w1 n[ t[>ds ! sky2 & n[ furi\sly ru%+ f ! ,s\? t[>ds ! froz5 ,nor?1 & sometimes f ! ,ea/ t[>ds ! ,we/1 & !n aga9 f ?is hemisph]e to ! o!r4 997,! ,_w may be divid$ into two ,hemisph]es at any ,po9t4799 ,all m5 w sudd5ly be transf]r$ into opposite hemisph]es4 997,! division ( ! ,ea/ f ! ,we/ may be made at any po9t4799 ,all liv+ creatures w be mov$ f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/2 & 9 ! same way f ,nor? to ,s\?1 & vice v]sa4 997,( ! ,motion ( ,wat] :i* c>ries wood1 :i* is dead4799 ,bodies devoid ( life w move by !mselves & c>ry ) !m endless g5]ations ( ! dead1 tak+ ! weal? f ! by/&]s4 997,( ,eggs :i* be+ eat5 _c =m ,*ick5s4799 ,oh6 h[ _m w !y be t nev] come to ! bir?6 997,( ,fi%es :i* are eat5 unborn4799 ,endless g5]ations w be lo/ by ! dea? ( ! pregnant4 997,( ! ,lam5tation on ,good ,friday4799 ,?r\gh\t ,europe !re w be a lam5tation ( great nations ov] ! dea? ( "o man :o di$ 9 ! ,ea/4 997,( ,dream+4799 ,m5 w walk & n /ir1 !y w talk to ^? :o are n pres5t1 & he> ^? :o d n speak4 997,( a ,man's ,%ad[ :i* moves ) him4799 ,%apes & figures ( m5 & animals w be se5 foll[+ ^! animals & m5 :]ev] !y flee4 ,& exactly z ! "o moves ! o!r moves2 b :at seems s wond]ful is ! v>iety ( height !y assume4 997,( our ,%ad[ ca/ by ! ,sun1 & our ,reflection 9 ! ,wat] at "o & ! same "t4799 ,_m a "t w "o man be se5 z ?ree & all ?ree move toge!r1 & (t5 ! mo/ real "o quits him4 997,( wood5 ,*e/s :i* conta9 great ,treasures4799 ,)9 walnuts & trees & o!r plants va/ treasures w be f\nd1 :i* lie hidd5 !re & well gu>d$4 997,( putt+ out ! ,light :5 go+ to ,b$4799 ,_m p]sons puff+ out a brea? ) too mu* ha/e1 w !reby lose _! sight1 & soon aft] all consci\sness4 997,( ! ,bells ( ,mules1 :i* are close to _! ,e>s4799 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,europe in/rum5ts ( v>i\s sizes w be he>d mak+ div]s h>monies1 ) great lab\r to ^? :o he> !m mo/ closely4 997,( ,asses4799 ,! sev]e/ lab\r w be repaid ) hung] & ?ir/1 & discom=t1 & bl[s1 & goad+s1 & curses1 & great abuse4 997,( ,soldi]s on horseback4799 ,_m m5 w be se5 c>ri$ by l>ge animals1 swift ( pace1 to ! loss ( _! lives & imm$iate dea?4 ,9 ! air & on e>? animals w be se5 ( div]s col\rs furi\sly c>ry+ m5 to ! de/ruction ( _! lives4 997,( ! ,/>s ( ,spurs4799 ,by ! aid ( ! />s m5 w be se5 :o w be z swift z any swift animal4 997,( a ,/ick1 :i* is dead4799 ,! motions ( a dead ?+ w make _m liv+ ones flee ) pa9 & lam5tation & cries4 997,( ,t9d]4799 ,) a /one & ) iron ?+s w be made visible :i* be=e 7 n se54 #abif4 997,( go+ 9 ,%ips4799 ,we %all see ! trees ( ! great =e/s ( ,taurus & ( ,s9ai & ( ! ,app59es & o!rs1 ru% by means ( ! air1 f ,ea/ to ,we/ & f ,nor? to ,s\?2 & c>ry1 by means ( ! air1 great multitudes ( m54 ,oh6 h[ _m v[s6 ,oh6 h[ _m dea?s6 ,oh6 h[ _m p>t+s ( fri5ds & relations6 ,oh6 h[ _m w ^? be :o w nev] aga9 see _! own c\ntry nor _! native l&1 & :o w die unburi$1 ) _! bones /rewn 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w6 997,( mov+ on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day4799 ,_m w =sake _! own dwell+s & c>ry ) !m all _! belong+s & w g to live 9 o!r p>ts4 997,( ,all ,s\ls' ,day4799 ,h[ _m w !y be :o w bewail _! deceas$ =efa!rs1 c>ry+ lights to !m4 997,( ,fri>s1 :o sp5d+ no?+ b words1 receive great gifts & be/[ ,p>adise4799 ,invisible money w procure ! triumph ( _m :o w sp5d x4 997,( ,b[s made ( ! ,horns ( ,ox54799 ,_m w !re be :o w die a pa9ful dea? by means ( ! horns ( cattle4 997,( writ+ ,lett]s f "o ,c\ntry to ano!r4799 ,m5 w speak ) ea* o!r f ! mo/ remote c\ntries1 & reply4 997,( ,hemisph]es1 :i* are inf9ite2 & :i* are divid$ by an inf9ite numb] ( ,l9es1 s t e ,man always has "o ( ^! ,l9es betwe5 8 ,feet4799 ,m5 /&+ 9 opposite hemisph]es w conv]se & d]ide ea* o!r & embrace ea* o!r1 & und]/& ea* o!r's language4 997,( ,prie/s :o say ,mass4799 ,!re w be _m m5 :o1 :5 !y g to _! lab\r w put on ! ri*e/ clo!s1 & ^! w be made aft] ! fa%ion ( aprons petticoats4 997,( ,fri>s :o are ,confessors4799 ,& unhappy wom5 w1 ( _! own free w1 reveal to m5 all _! s9s & %ameful & mo/ secret de$s4 997,( ,*ur*es & ! ,habitations ( ,fri>s4799 ,_m w !re be :o w give up "w & lab\r & pov]ty ( life & goods1 & w g to live among weal? 9 spl5did build+s1 decl>+ t ?is is ! way to make !mselves acceptable to ,god4 997,( ,sell+ ,p>adise4799 ,an inf9ite numb] ( m5 w sell publicly & unh9d]$ ?+s ( ! v highe/ price1 )\t leave f ! ,ma/] ( x2 :ile x nev] 0 !irs nor 9 _! p[]2 & human ju/ice w n prev5t x4 997,( ! ,dead :i* are c>ri$ to be buri$4799 ,! simple folks w c>ry va/ quantities ( lights to light up ! road = ^? :o h entirely lo/ ! p[] ( sight4 997,( ,d[ries = ,maid5s4799 ,& :]eas1 at fir/1 maid5s c\ld n be protect$ aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ,m51 nei!r by ! wat*fulness ( p>5ts nor by /rong walls1 ! "t w come :5 ! fa!rs & p>5ts ( ^? girls w pay a l>ge price to a man :o wants to m>ry !m1 ev5 if !y are ri*1 noble & mo/ h&some4 ,c]ta9ly ?is seems z ?\gh nature wi%$ to eradicate ! human race z be+ useless to ! _w1 & z spoil+ all creat$ ?+s4 997,( ! ,cruelty ( ,man4799 ,animals w be se5 on ! e>? :o w always be fight+ aga9/ ea* o!r ) ! greate/ loss & frequ5t dea?s on ea* side4 ,& !re w be no end to _! malignity2 by _! /rong limbs we %all see a great portion ( ! trees ( ! va/ =e/s laid l[ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 &1 :5 !y are fill$ ) food ! satisfaction ( _! desires w be to deal dea? & grief & lab\r & w>s & fury to e liv+ ?+2 & f _! immod]ate pride !y w desire to rise t[>ds heav51 b ! too great weight ( _! limbs w keep !m d[n4 ,no?+ w rema9 on e>?1 or "u ! e>? or 9 ! wat]s :i* w n be p]secut$1 di/urb$ & spoil$1 & ^? ( "o c\ntry remov$ into ano!r4 ,& _! bodies w become ! sepulture & means ( transit ( all !y h kill$4 ,o ,e>?6 :y do/ ?\ n op5 & engulf !m 9 ! fissures ( ?y va/ abyss & cav]ns1 & no long] display 9 ! sight ( heav5 su* a cruel & horrible mon/]4 #abig4 ,,prophecies4 ,!re w be _m :i* w increase 9 _! de/ruction4 997,! ,ball ( ,sn[ roll+ ov] ,sn[4799 ,!re w be _m :o1 =gett+ _! exi/5ce & _! "n1 w lie z dead on ! spoils ( o!r dead creatures4 997,sleep+ on ! ,fea!rs ( ,birds4799 ,! ,ea/ w be se5 to ru% to ! ,we/ & ! ,s\? to ! ,nor? 9 confusion r\nd & ab\t ! univ]se1 ) great noise & trembl+ or fury4 997,9 ! ,ea/ w9d :i* ru%es to ! ,we/4799 ,! sol> rays w k9dle fire on ! e>?1 by :i* a ?+ t is "u ! sky w be set on fire1 &1 be+ reflect$ by "s ob/acle1 x w b5d d[nw>ds4 997,! ,concave ,mirror k9dles a ,fire1 ) :i* we heat ! ov51 & ?is has its f\ndation b5ea? its ro(4799 ,a great "p ( ! sea w fly t[>ds heav5 & = a long "t w n return4 997,t is1 9 ,cl\ds4799 ,!re rema9s ! motion :i* divides ! mov] f ! ?+ mov$4 ,^? :o give light = div9e s]vice w be de/roy$4997,! ,bees :i* make ! ,wax = ,c&les799 ,dead ?+s w come f und]gr\nd & by _! fi]ce movem5ts w s5d numb]less human be+s out ( ! _w4 997,iron1 :i* comes f "u gr\nd is dead b ! ,weapons are made ( x :i* kill s _m ,m54799 ,! greate/ m\nta9s1 ev5 ^? :i* are remote f ! sea %ore1 w drive ! sea f its place4 997,?is is by ,riv]s :i* c>ry ! ,e>? !y wa% away f ! ,m\nta9s & be> x to ! ,sea-%ore2 & :]e ! ,e>? comes ! sea mu/ retire4799 ,! wat] dropp$ f ! cl\ds /ill 9 motion on ! flanks ( m\nta9s w lie /ill = a long p]iod ( "t )\t any motion :atev]2 & ?is w happ5 9 _m & div]s l&s4 997,sn[1 :i* falls 9 flakes & is ,wat]4799 ,! great rocks ( ! m\nta9s w ?r[ out fire2 s t !y w burn ! timb] ( _m va/ =e/s1 & _m bea/s bo? wild & tame4 997,! ,fl9t 9 ! ,t9d]-box :i* makes a ,fire t consumes all ! loads ( ,wood ( :i* ! ,=e/s are despoil$ & ) ?is ! fle% ( ,bea/s is cook$4799 ,oh6 h[ _m great build+s w be ru9$ by reason ( ,fire4 997,! ,fire ( great ,guns4799 ,ox5 w be to a great ext5t ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( cities1 & 9 ! same way horses & buffaloes4 997,by draw+ ,guns4799 #abih4 ,! ,lion tribe w be se5 te>+ op5 ! e>? ) _! claw$ paws & 9 ! caves ?us made1 bury+ !mselves toge!r ) ! o!r animals t are b5ea? !m4 ,animals w come =? f ! e>? 9 gloomy ve/ure1 :i* w attack ! human species ) a/oni%+ assaults1 & :i* by _! f]oci\s bites w make confusion ( blood among ^? !y dev\r4 ,aga9 ! air w be fill$ ) a mis*iev\s w+$ race :i* w assail m5 & bea/s & fe$ ^u !m ) mu* noise-- fill+ !mselves ) sc>let blood4 #abii4 ,blood w be se5 issu+ f ! torn fle% ( m51 & trickl+ d[n ! surface4 ,m5 w h su* cruel maladies t !y w te> _! fle% ) _! own nails4 997,! ,it*4799 ,plants w be se5 left )\t leaves1 & ! riv]s /&+ /ill 9 _! *annels4 ,! wat]s ( ! sea w rise above ! high peaks ( ! m\nta9s t[>ds heav5 & fall aga9 on to ! dwell+s ( m54 997,t is1 9 ,cl\ds4799 ,! l>ge/ trees ( ! =e/ w be se5 c>ri$ by ! fury ( ! w9ds f ,ea/ to ,we/4 997,t is across ! ,sea4799 ,m5 w ca/ away _! own victuals4 997,t is1 9 ,s[+4799 ,i4#b #bf;a #acjj4 ,human be+s w be se5 :o w n und]/& ea* o!r's spee*2 t is1 a ,g]man ) a ,turk4 ,fa!rs w be se5 giv+ _! daught]s into ! p[] ( man & giv+ up all _! =m] c>e 9 gu>d+ !m4 997,:5 ,girls are m>ri$4799 ,m5 w come out _! graves turn$ into fly+ creatures2 & !y w attack o!r m51 tak+ _! food f _! v h& or table4 997,z ,flies4799 ,_m w !re be :o1 flay+ _! "m1 w te> ! sk9 f h] back4 7,husb&m5 till+ ! ,e>?47 ,happy w !y be :o l5d e> to ! words ( ! ,dead4 7,:o read good works & obey !m47 #ajca4 ,fea!rs w raise m51 z !y d birds1 t[>ds heav5 7t is1 by ! lett]s :i* are writt5 ) quills47 ,! works ( m5's h&s w occasion _! dea?4 7,swords & ,spe>s47 ,m5 out ( fe> w cl+ to ! ?+ !y mo/ fe>4 7,t is !y w be mis]able le/ !y %\ld fall into mis]y47 ,?+s t are sep>ate %all be unit$ & acquire su* virtue t !y w re/ore to man 8 lo/ memory2 t is papyrus %eets :i* are made ( sep>ate /rips & h pres]v$ ! memory ( ! ?+s & acts ( m54 ,! bones ( ! ,dead w be se5 to gov]n ! =tunes ( him :o moves !m4 7,by ,dice47 ,cattle ) _! horns protect ! ,flame f its dea?4 7,9 a ,lant]n ,footnote #ac3 ,see note page #ceg447 ,! ,=e/s w br+ =? "y :i* w be ! cause ( _! dea?4 7,! h&le ( ! hat*et47 #acjb4 ,m5 w deal bitt] bl[s to t :i* is ! cause ( _! life4 7,9 ?ra%+ ,gra947 ,! sk9s ( animals w r\se m5 f _! sil5ce ) great outcries & curses4 7,balls = play+ ,games47 ,v (t5 a ?+ t is itself brok5 is ! occasion ( mu* union4 7,t is ! ,comb made ( split ,cane :i* unites ! ?reads ( ,silk47 ,! w9d pass+ ?r\gh ! sk9s ( animals w make m5 dance4 7,t is ! ,bag-pipe1 :i* makes p dance47 #acjc4 997 ,( ,walnut trees1 t are beat54 799 ,^? :i* h done be/ w be mo/ beat51 & _! (fspr+ tak5 & flay$ or peel$1 & _! bones brok5 or cru%$4 997 ,( ,sculpture4 799 ,alas6 :at d ,i see8 ,! ,savi\r cru- cifi$ anew4 997 ,( ! ,m\? ( ,man1 :i* is a ,sepul*re4 799 ,great noise w issue f ! sepul*res ( ^? :o di$ evil & viol5t dea?s4 997 ,( ! ,sk9s ( ,animals :i* h ! s5se ( feel+ :at is 9 ! ?+s writt54 799 ,! m y conv]se ) sk9s cov]$ ) s5tim5ts1 ! m wisdom w99 y acquire4 997 ,( ,prie/s :o be> ! ,ho/ 9 _! body4 799 ,!n almo/ all ! tab]nacles 9 :i* dwells ! ,corpus ,dom9i1 w be pla9ly se5 walk+ ab\t ( !mselves on ! v>i\s roads ( ! _w4 #acjd4 ,& ^? :o fe$ on grass w turn night into day 997 ,tall[4 799 ,& _m creatures ( l& & wat] w g up among ! />s 997 t is ,planets4799 ,! dead w be se5 c>ry+ ! liv+ 997 9 ,c>ts & ,%ips 9 v>i\s places4 799 ,food %all be tak5 out ( ! m\? ( _m 997 ! ov5's m\?4 799 ,& ^? :i* w h _! food 9 _! m\? w be depriv$ ( x by ! h&s ( o!rs 997 ! ov54 799 #acje4 997 ,( ,crucifixes :i* are sold4 799 ,i see ,*ri/ sold & crucifi$ afre%1 & 8 ,sa9ts suff]+ ,m>tyrdom4 997 ,( ,physicians1 :o live by sickness4 799 ,m5 w come into s wret*$ a plight t !y w be glad t o!rs w d]ive pr(it f _! suff]+s or f ! loss ( _! real weal?1 t is heal?4 997 ,( ! ,religion ( ,fri>s1 :o live by ! ,sa9ts :o h be5 dead a great :ile4 799 ,^? :o are dead w1 aft] a ?\- s& ye>s be ^? :o w give a livelihood to _m :o are liv+4 997 ,( ,/ones conv]t$ into ,lime1 ) :i* prison walls are made4 799 ,_m ?+s t h be5 be=e t "t de/roy$ by fire w deprive _m m5 ( lib]ty4 ,i4#b #ai;a #acjf4 997 ,( ,*ildr5 :o are suckl$4 799 ,_m ,franciscans1 ,dom9icans & ,b5$ict9es w eat t :i* at o!r times 0 eat5 by o!rs1 :o = "s mon?s to come w n be able to speak4 997 ,( ,cockles & ,sea ,snails :i* are ?r[n up by ! sea & :i* rot inside _! %ells4 799 ,h[ _m w !re be :o1 aft] !y are dead1 w putrefy inside _! own h\ses1 fill+ all ! surr\nd+ air ) a fetid smell4 #acjg4 997 ,( ,mules :i* h on !m ri* burd5s ( silv] & gold4 799 ,mu* treasure & great ri*es w be laid ^u f\r-foot$ bea/s1 :i* w convey !m to div]s places4 #acjh4 997 ,( ! ,%ad[ ca/ by a man at night ) a light4 799 ,huge figures w appe> 9 human %ape1 & ! ne>] y get to !m1 ! m w _! imm5se size dim9i%4 ,footnote page #acjg3 ,x seems to me probable t ?is note1 :i* occurs 9 ! note book us$ 9 #aejb1 :5 ,leon>do1 9 ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 visit$ ,urb9o1 0 sugge/$ by ! fam\s pillage ( ! ri*es ( ! palace ( ,guidobaldo1 ^: treasures ,ces>e ,borgia at once _h c>ri$ to ,ces5a 7see ,,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom im ,mittelalt]4 ,,xiii1 #e1 #d74 #acji4 997,( ,snakes1 c>ri$ by ,/orks4799 ,s]p5ts ( great l5g? w be se5 at a great height 9 ! air1 fight+ ) birds4 997,( great guns1 :i* come out ( a pit & a m\ld4799 ,creatures w come f und]gr\nd :i* ) _! t]rific noise w /un all :o are ne>2 & ) _! brea? w kill m5 & de/roy cities & ca/les4 #acaj4 997,( ,gra9 & o!r ,se$s4799 ,m5 w fl+ out ( _! h\ses ^? victuals :i* 7 int5d$ to su/a9 _! life4 997,( ,trees1 :i* n\ri% graft$ %oots4799 ,fa!rs & mo!rs w be se5 to take mu* m delight 9 _! /ep-*ildr5 !n 9 _! own *ildr54 997,( ! ,c5s]4799 ,"s w g ab\t 9 :ite g>m5ts ) arrogant ge/ures ?reat5+ o!rs ) metal & fire :i* w d no h>m at all to !m4 #acaa4 997,( dry+ ,fodd]4799 ,innum]able lives w be de/roy$ & innum]able vacant spaces w be made on ! e>?4 997,( ! ,life ( ,m51 :o e ye> *ange _! bodily sub/ance4799 ,m51 :5 dead1 w pass ?r\gh _! own b[els4 #acab4 997,%oemak]s4799 ,m5 w take pleasure 9 see+ _! own "w de/roy$ & injur$4 #acac4 997,( ,kids4799 ,! "t ( ,h]od w come aga91 = ! little innoc5t *ildr5 w be tak5 f _! nurses1 & w die ( t]rible w\nds inflict$ by cruel m54 ,v4 ,,draughts ,,& ,,s*emes ,,= ,,! ,,humor\s ,,writ+s4 ,s*emes = fables1 etc4 7#acad-acbc74 #acad4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! crab /&+ "u ! rock to cat* ! fi% :i* crept "u x1 x came to pass t ! rock fell ) a ru9\s d[nfall ( /ones1 & by _! fall ! crab 0 cru%$4 ,,! ,,same4 ,! spid]1 be+ among ! grapes1 caught ! flies :i* 7 fe$+ on ^? grapes4 ,!n came ! v9tage1 & ! spid] 0 cut d[n ) ! grapes4 ,! v9e t has gr[n old on an old tree falls ) ! ru9 ( t tree1 & ?r\gh t bad companion%ip mu/ p]i% ) x4 ,! torr5t c>ri$ s mu* e>? & /ones into its b$1 t x 0 !n con/ra9$ to *ange its c\rse4 ,! net t 0 wont to take ! fi% 0 seiz$ & c>ri$ away by ! ru% ( fi%4 ,! ball ( sn[ :51 z x rolls1 x desc5ds f ! sn[y m\nta9s1 increases 9 size z x falls4 ,! will[1 :i* by its long %oots hopes z x gr[s1 to out/rip e o!r plant1 f hav+ associat$ itself ) ! v9e :i* is prun$ e ye> 0 always crippl$4 #acae4 ,fable ( ! tongue bitt5 by ! tee?4 ,! c$> puff$ up ) pride ( its beauty1 sep>at$ itself f ! trees ar\nd x & 9 s do+ x turn$ away t[>ds ! w9d1 :i* n be+ brok5 9 its fury1 flung x uproot$ on ! e>?4 ,! travell]'s joy1 n cont5t 9 its h$ge1 began to fl+ its bran*es out ov] ! high road1 & cl+ to ! opposite h$ge1 & = ?is x 0 brok5 away by ! pass]s by4 #acaf4 ,! goldf9* gives victuals to its cag$ "y4 ,dea? r ?an loss ( lib]ty4 ,footnote3 ,above ?is text is ano!r note1 also ref]r+ to lib]ty2 see ,no4 #fid4 #acag4 997,( ,bags4799 ,goats w convey ! w9e to ! city4 ,l4#a #ci;b #acah4 ,all ^? ?+s :i* 9 w9t] are hidd5 "u ! sn[1 w be uncov]$ & laid b>e 9 summ]4 997= ,falsehood1 :i* _c rema9 hidd57994 #acai4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! lily set itself d[n by ! %ores ( ! ,tic9o1 & ! curr5t c>ri$ away bank & ! lily ) x4 #acbj4 ,a ,,je/4 ,:y ,hung>ian ducats h a d\ble cross on !m4 #acba4 ,a ,,simile4 ,a vase ( unbak$ clay1 :5 brok51 may be rem\ld$1 b n a bak$ "o4 #acbb4 ,see+ ! pap] all /a9$ ) ! deep blackness ( ink1 x he deeply regrets x2 & ?is proves to ! pap] t ! words1 compos$ ^u x 7 ! cause ( its be+ pres]v$4 #acbc4 ,! p5 mu/ necess>ily h ! p5knife = a companion1 & x is a useful companion%ip1 = "o is n good = mu* )\t ! o!r4 ,s*emes = prophecies 7#acbd-acbi74 #acbd4 ,! knife1 :i* is an artificial weapon1 deprives man ( 8 nails1 8 natural weapons4 ,! mirror conducts itself haughtily hold+ mirror$ 9 itself ! ,que54 ,:5 %e dep>ts ! mirror rema9s !re 444 #acbe4 ,flax is d$icat$ to dea?1 & to ! corruption ( mortals4 ,to dea?1 by be+ us$ = sn>es & nets = birds1 animals & fi%2 to corruption1 by ! flax5 %eets 9 :i* ! dead are wrapp$ :5 !y are buri$1 & :o become corrupt 9 ^! w9d+ %eets4-- ,& aga91 ?is flax does n sep>ate its fibre till x has begun to /eep & putrefy1 & ?is is ! fl[] ) :i* g>l&s & decorations = fun]als %\ld be made4 #acbf4 997,( ,peasants :o "w 9 %irts7 ,%ad[s w come f ! ,ea/ :i* w black5 ) great col\r d>kness ! sky t cov]s ,italy4 997,( ! ,b>b]s4799 ,all m5 w take refuge 9 ,africa4 #acbg4 ,! clo? :i* is held 9 ! h& 9 ! curr5t ( a runn+ /ream1 9 ! wat]s ( :i* ! clo? leaves all its f\lness & dirt1 is meant to signify ?is c4 ,by ! ?orn ) inoculat$ good fruit is signifi$ ^? natures :i* ( !mselves 7 n dispos$ t[>ds virtue1 b by ! aid ( _! preceptors !y h ! repudation ( x4 #acbh4 ,a ,,common ,,?+4 ,a wret*$ p]son w be flatt]$1 & ^! flatt]]s are always ! deceiv]s1 robb]s & murd]]s ( ! wret*$ p]son4 ,! image ( ! sun :]e x falls appe>s z a ?+ :i* cov]s ! p]son :o attempts to cov] x4 997 ,money & ,gold4 799 ,out ( cav]n\s pits a ?+ %all come =? :i* w make all ! nations ( ! _w toil & sweat ) ! greate/ torm5ts1 anxiety & lab\r1 t !y may ga9 its aid4 997 ,( ! ,dread ( ,pov]ty4 799 ,! malici\s & t]rible mon/] w cause s mu* t]ror ( itself 9 m5 t !y w ru% toge!r1 ) a rapid motion1 l madm51 ?9k+ !y are escap+ h] b\ndless =ce4 997 ,( ,advice4 799 ,! man :o may be mo/ necess>y to him :o ne$s him1 w be repaid ) +ratitude1 t is greatly contemn$4 #acbi4 997 ,( ,bees4 799 ,!y live toge!r 9 communities1 !y are de/roy$ t we may take ! honey f !m4 ,_m & v great nations w be de/roy$ 9 _! own dwell+s4 #accj4 ,,:y ,,dogs ,,take ,,pleasure ,,9 ,,smell+ ,,at ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,?is animal has a horror ( ! poor1 because !y eat poor food1 & x loves ! ri*1 because !y h good liv+ & especially meat4 ,& ! excrem5t ( animals always reta9s "s virtue ( its orig9 z is %[n by ! faeces 444 ,n[ dogs h s ke5 a smell1 t !y c disc]n by _! nose ! virtue rema9+ 9 ^! faeces1 & if !y f9d !m 9 ! /reets1 smell !m & if !y smell 9 !m ! virtue ( meat or ( o!r ?+s1 !y take !m1 & if n1 !y leave !m3 ,& to return to ! "q1 ,i say t if by means ( ?is smell !y "k t dog to be well f$1 !y respect him1 because !y judge t he has a p[]ful & ri* ma/]2 & if !y discov] no su* smell ) ! virtue ( meat1 !y judge t dog to be ( small acc\nt & to h a poor & humble ma/]1 & !re=e !y bite t dog z !y w\ld 8 ma/]4 #acca4 ,! circul> plans ( c>ry+ e>? are v useful1 inasmu* z m5 nev] /op 9 _! "w2 & x is done 9 _m ways4 ,by "o ( ^! ways m5 c>ry ! e>? on _! %\ld]s1 by ano!r 9 *e/s & o!rs on :eelb>r[s4 ,! man :o c>ries x on 8 %\ld]s fir/ fills ! tub on ! gr\nd1 & he loses "t 9 hoi/+ x on to 8 %\ld]s4 ,he ) ! *e/s loses no "t4 ,footnote3 ,! subject ( ?is text has app>5tly no connection ) ! o!r texts ( ?is section4 ,irony 7#accb74 #accb4 ,if ,petr>* 0 s fond ( bay1 x 0 because x is ( a good ta/e 9 sausages & ) tunny2 ,i _c put any value on _! fool]y4 ,footnote3 ,conte ,porro has publi%$ ^! l9es 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,/or4 ,lomb>da ,,viii1 ,,iv2 he reads ! conclud+ l9e ?us3 ,i no posso di loro gia 7sic7 co' f> tesauro4--,?is is kn[n to be by a contempor>y poet1 z ,s5atore ,morelli in=ms me4 ,tricks 7#accc-acce74 #accc4 ,we are two bro!rs1 ea* ( u has a bro!r4 ,"h ! way ( say+ x makes x appe> t ! two bro!rs h become f\r4 #accd4 ,,tricks ,,( ,,divid+4 ,take 9 ea* h& an equal numb]2 put #d f ! "r h& into ! left2 ca/ away ! rema9d]2 ca/ away an equal numb] f ! left h&2 add #e1 & n[ y w f9d #ac 9 ?is left h&2 t is-,i made y put #d f ! "r h& into ! left1 & ca/ away ! rema9d]2 n[ y\r "r h& has #d m2 !n ,i make y ?r[ away z _m f ! "r z y ?rew away f ! left2 s1 ?r[+ f ea* h& a quantity ( :i* ! rema9d] may be equal1 y n[ h #d & #d1 :i* make #h1 & t ! trick may n be detec- t$ ,i made y put #e m1 :i* made #ac4 ,,tricks ,,( ,,divid+4 ,take any numb] less ?an #ab t y please2 !n take ( m9e en\gh to make up ! numb] #ab1 & t :i* rema9s to me is ! numb] :i* y at fir/ _h2 because :5 ,i said1 take any numb] less ?an #ab z y please1 ,i took #ab into my h&1 & ( t #ab y took su* a numb] z made up y\r numb] ( #ab2 & :at y add$ to y\r numb]1 y took f m9e2 t is1 if y _h #h to g z f> z to #ab1 y took ( my #ab1 #d2 h5ce ?is #d transf]r$ f me to y r$uc$ my #ab to a rema9d] ( #h1 & y\r #h became #ab2 s t my #h is equal to y\r #h1 be=e x 0 made #ab4 ,footnote3 ,g4 ,govi says 9 ! ',saggio' p4 #bb3 ,si dilett99 ,leon>da1 di giuo*i di pre/igi e molti 787 ne descrisse1 *e si leggono poi riportati dal ,paciolo nel suo libro3 de ,viribus ,quantitatis1 e *e1 se non tutti1 sono c]to 9 gran p>te inv5zioni del ,v9ci4 #acce4 ,if y want to tea* someone a subject y d n "k y\rself1 let him measure ! l5g? ( an object unkn[n to y1 & he w le>n ! measure y did n "k be=e2--,ma/] ,giovanni da ,lodi4 ,,xxi4 ,lett]s4 ,p]sonal ,records4 ,dat$ ,notes4 ,:5 we consid] h[ sup]ficial & imp]fect are ! acc\nts ( ,leon>do's life writt5 "s "t aft] 8 dea? by ,vas>i & o!rs1 any notes or lett]s :i* c ?r[ m light on 8 p]sonal circum/ances _c fail to be 9 ! highe/ degree int]e/+4 ,! texts "h giv5 z ,nos4 #acea--acec1 set 8 resid5ce 9 ,rome 9 q a new aspect2 nay1 ! picture :i* irresi/ibly dwells 9 our m9ds aft] read+ ^! details ( 8 life 9 ! ,vatican1 =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! contempor>y life ( ,raphael at ,rome4 ,i h plac$ =emo/ ( ^! docum5ts ! v rem>kable lett]s to ! ,deft]d> ( ,syria4 ,9 ^! ,leon>do speaks ( himself z hav+ /aid among ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 & z ! biographies ( ! ma/] tell no?+ ( any su* di/ant j\rneys1 x w\ld seem mo/ obvi\s to treat ?is passage z fiction1 & s sp>e ourselves ! onus ( pro( & discussion4 ,b on close exam9ation no "o c d\bt t ^! docum5ts1 ) ! accompany+ sket*es1 are ! "w ( ,leon>do's own h&4 ,n m]ely is ! "* ( ! h&writ+ 81 b ! spell+ & ! language are 8 also4 ,9 "o respect only does ! writ+ betray any m>k$ deviation f ! re/ ( ! notes1 especially ^? treat+ on sci5tific que/ions2 namely1 9 ^! obs]vations he seems to h tak5 p>ticul> pa9s to give ! mo/ di/9ct & be/ =m ( expression to all he _h to say2 we f9d erasures & em5dations 9 almo/ e l9e4 ,he proce$$1 z we %all see1 9 ! same way 9 ! sket*es = lett]s to ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 & :at c be m natural1 ,i may ask1 ?an to f9d ! draft ( a lett] ?us alt]$ & improv$ :5 x is to conta9 an acc\nt ( a def9ite subject1 & :5 p]sonal int]e/s are 9 ! scale8 ,! f9i%$ copies z s5t (f are n kn[n to exi/2 if we _h ^! in/ead ( ! r\gh drafts1 we might unhesitat+ly h decl>$ t "s unkn[n ,italian eng9e] mu/ h be51 at t "t1 engag$ 9 ,arm5ia 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,egyptian ,sultan1 & t ,leon>do _h copi$ 8 docum5ts4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis h[ev] we %\ld h to /ate t ?is unkn[n writ] mu/ h be5 s f> "o 9 m9d ) ,leon>do z to use ! same /yle ( language & ev5 ! same l9es ( ?\ght4 ,?is explanation might--z ,i say--h be5 possible1 if only we _h ! f9i%$ lett]s4 ,b :y %\ld ^! r\gh drafts ( lett]s be reg>d$ z any?+ else ?an :at !y actually & obvi\sly are8 ,if ,leon>do _h be5 a man ( our own "t1 we might p]haps h attempt$ to acc\nt = ! facts by say+ t ,leon>do1 )\t hav+ be5 9 ! ,ea/ himself1 might h und]tak5 to write a ,romance ( :i* ! sc5e 0 laid 9 ,arm5ia1 & at ! desire ( 8 publi%] _h made sket*es ( l&scape to illu/rate ! text4 ,i feel b\nd to m5tion ?is s+ul> hypo!sis z x has actually be5 put =w>d 7see ,no4 #accf note #e72 & x w\ld c]ta9ly seem z ?\gh !re 7 no o!r possible way ( evad+ ! conclusion to :i* ^! lett]s po9t1 & _! be>+ on ! life ( ! ma/]1--absurd z ! alt]native is4 ,b1 if1 on a "q ( su* importance1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 sugge/+ !ories t h no f\ndation 9 probability1 ,i c\ld sugge/ ano!r :i*1 z comp>$ ) t ( a ,fiction by ,leon>do1 w\ld be nei!r m nor less plausible2 x is1 moreov] ! only o!r hypo!sis1 p]haps1 :i* c be devis$ to acc\nt = ^! passages1 if x 7 possible to prove t ! int]pretation t ! docum5ts !mselves sugge/1 mu/ be reject$ a priori2 viz may n ,leon>do h writt5 !m ) ! int5tion ( my/ify+ ^? :o1 aft] 8 dea?1 %\ld try to deciph] ^! manuscripts ) a view to publi%+ !m8 ,b if1 9 fact1 no objection t w /& ! te/ ( criticism c be br\ght aga9/ ! simple & direct int]pretation ( ! words z !y /&1 we are b\nd to reg>d ,leon>do's travels 9 ! ,ea/ z an e/abli%$ fact4 ,!re is1 ,i believe no?+ 9 :at we "k ( 8 biography to negative su* a fact1 especially z ! details ( 8 life = "s few ye>s are :olly unkn[n2 nor ne$ we be at a loss = evid5ce :i* may s]ve to expla9--at any rate to "s ext5t--! /rang5ess ( 8 und]tak+ su* a j\rney4 ,we h no in=mation z to ,leon>do's hi/ory betwe5 #adhb & #adhf2 x _c be prov$ t he 0 ei!r 9 ,milan or 9 ,flor5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& ! t5or ( ?is lett] does n require u to assume a long] abs5ce ?an a ye> or two4 ,=1 ev5 if 8 appo9tm5t 7(fitio7 z ,eng9e] 9 ,syria _h be5 a p]man5t "o1 x might h become unt5able--by ! dea? p]haps ( ! ,deft]d>1 8 patron1 or by 8 removal f (fice--1 & ,leon>do on 8 return home may h kept sil5ce on ! subject ( an episode :i* probably _h end$ 9 failure & disappo9tm5t4 ,f ! text ( ,no4 #acgi we c h>dly d\bt t ,leon>do int5d$ to make an excursion secretly f ,rome to ,naples1 al?\gh s f> z has hi!rto be5 kn[n1 8 biograph]s nev] allude to x4 ,9 ano!r place 7,no4 #ajgg7 he says t he _h work$ z an ,eng9e] 9 ,friuli4 ,are we to d\bt ?is /atem5t too1 m]ely because no biograph] has hi!rto giv5 u any in=mation on ! matt]8 ,9 ! geographical notes ,leon>do frequ5tly speaks ( ! ,ea/1 & ?\gh su* passages af=d no direct pro( ( 8 hav+ be5 !re1 !y %[ beyond a d\bt t1 next to ! ,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 ! ,tigris & ! ,taurus m\nta9s _h a special int]e/ 9 8 eyes4 ,z a /ill fur!r pro( ( ! futility ( ! argum5t t !re is no?+ 9 8 draw+s to %[ t he _h travell$ 9 ! ,ea/1 we f9d on ,pl4 ,,cxx a /udy ( ori5tal heads ( ,arm5ian type1--?\gh ( c\rse ?is may h be5 made 9 ,italy4 ,if ! /yle ( ^! lett]s 7 less sob]1 & ! expressions less /rictly to ! po9t ?r\gh\t1 x miglit be possible to reg>d !m z a romantic fiction in/ead ( a n>rative ( fact4 ,nay1 we h only to comp>e !m ) su* obvi\sly fanciful passages z ,no4 #aced1 ,nos4 #fgj-fgc1 & ! ,fables & ,prophecies4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss ! subject any fur!r "h2 su* explanations z ! lett] ne$s are giv5 9 ! foot notes4 ,! drafts ( lett]s to ,lodovico il ,moro are v rem>kable4 ,leon>do & ?is pr9ce 7 c]ta9ly f> less closely connect$1 ?an has hi!rto be5 suppos$4 ,x is impossible t ,leon>do c h rema9$ s long 9 ! s]vice ( ?is pr9ce1 because ! sal>y 0 good1 z is commonly /at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld seem1 t :at kept him !re1 9 spite ( 8 sore ne$ ( ! money ow$ him by ! pr9ce1 0 ! hope ( "s day be+ able to c>ry out ! project ( ca/+ ! 'gran cavallo'4 ,drafts ( ,lett]s & ,reports ref]r+ to ,arm5ia 7#accf4 #accg74 #accf4 ,,to ,,! ,,devatd> ,,( ,,syria1 ,,lieut5ant ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,sultan ,,( ,,babylon4 99#c ,! rec5t disa/] 9 our ,nor!rn p>ts :i* ,i am c]ta9 w t]rify n y alone b ! :ole _w1 :i* ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-eb are reproduc$ 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,cxvi4 #a4 ,diod>io4 ,?is ^w is n to be f\nd 9 any ,italian diction>y1 & = a long "t ,i va9ly s\ght an explanation ( x4 ,! y\?ful rem9isc5ces ( my wife af=d$ ! desir$ clue4 ,! *ief t[n ( ea* ,turki% ,villayet1 or prov9ce --su* z ,br\ssa1 = in/ance1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 is ! resid5ce ( a ,deft]d>1 :o presides ov] ! f9ancial affairs ( ! prov9ce4 ,deft]d> hane 01 9 =m] times1 ! "n giv5 to ! ,m9i/ry ( ,f9ance at ,con/ant9ople2 ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance to ! ,porte is n[ kn[n z ! ,mallie-,nazri & ! ,deft]d>s are 8 subord9ates4 ,a ,deft]d>1 at ! pres5t day is m]ely ! head ( ! f9ance dep>tm5t 9 ea* ,prov9cial di/rict4 ,) reg>d to my sugge/ion t ,leon>do's ,diod>io might be id5tical ) ! ,deft]d> ( =m] times1 ! late ,m4 ,c4 ,,defrem]ie1 ,arabic ,pr(essor1 & ,membre de l',in/itut de ,france wrote to me z foll[s3 ,votre conjecture e/ p>faitem5t fondee2 diod>io e/ ,vequival5t de devad> ou plus exactem5t devatd>1 titre d'une importante dignite en ,egypt'e1 s\s les ,maml\ks4 ,! ^w h[ev] is n ( ,turki%1 b ( ,p]so-,arabie d]ivation4 ,deft] writt5 9 arab899 lit]ally ,deft] 7,arabic7 mean+ folio2 = d> 7,p]sian7 ,bookkeep] or hold] is ! ,engli% equival5t2 & ! idea is t ( a deputy 9 comm&4 ,dur+ ! ,mamelook supremacy ov] ,syria1 :i* correspond$ 9 date ) ,leon>do's "t1 ! (fice ( ,deft]d> 0 ! ?ird 9 importance 9 ! ,/ate4 ,soltano di ,babilonia4 ,! "n ( ,babylon 0 commonly appli$ to ,cairo 9 ! middle ages4 ,= in/ance ,,breid5ba*1 ,it9]>ium ,hi]osolyma p4 #bah says3 ,at la/ we rea*$ ,babylon4 ,b ?is is n t ,babylon :i* /ood on ! fur!r %ore ( ! riv] ,*ob]1 b t :i* is call$ ! ,egyptian ,babylon4 ,x is close by ,cairo & ! twa9 are b "o & n two t[ns2 "o half is call$ ,cairo & ! o!r ,babylon1 :5ce !y are call$ toge!r ,cairo-,babylon2 orig9ally ! t[n is said to h be5 nam$ ,memphis & !n ,babylon1 b n[ x is call$ ,cairo4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ajhe1 #f4 ,egypt 0 gov]n$ f #achb till #aeag by ! ,borgite or ,t*]kessian dyna/y ( ! ,mamelook ,sultans4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^!1 ,sultan ,kait ,bey1 rul$ f #adfh-adif dur+ ^: reign ! ,gama 7or ,mosque7 ( ,kait ,bey & tomb ( ,kait ,bey ne> ! ,okella ,kait ,bey 7 erect$ 9 ,cairo1 :i* pres]ve 8 "n to ?is day4 ,"u ! rule ( ?is great & wise pr9ce _m =eign]s1 p>ticul>ly ,italians1 f\nd occupation 9 ,egypt1 z may be se5 9 ! ',viaggio di ,josaphat ,b>b>o'1 among o!r travell]s4 ,next to ,leon>do 7s ,i le>n f ,pr(4 ,jac4 ,burckh>dt ( ,bale7 ,kait ,bey's mo/ helpful eng9e] 0 a ,g]man :o 9 ab\t #adhg1 sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,mole at ,alex&ria4 ,felix ,fabri knew him & m5tions him 9 8 ,hi/oria ,suevorum1 writt5 9 #adhh4 %all be relat$ to y 9 due ord]1 %[+ fir/ ! effect & !n ! cause4 ,footnote #d3 ,! text "h breaks (f4 ,! foll[+ l9es are a fre% beg9n+ ( a lett]1 evid5tly address$ to ! same p]son1 b1 z x w\ld seem1 writt5 at a lat] date ?an ! previ\s text4 ,! num]\s corrections & am5dm5ts amply prove t x is n a copy f any acc\nt ( a j\rney by "s unkn[n p]son2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ,leon>do 0 p>ticul>ly anxi\s to *oose su* words & phrases z might be/ express 8 own ideas4 ,f9d+ myself 9 ?is "p ( ,arm5ia ,footnote #e3 ,p>ti d',erm9ia4 ,see ,no4 #ide1 note4 ,! ext5t ( ,arm5ia 9 ,leon>do's "t is only approximately kn[n4 ,9 ! ,x,vth c5tury ! ,p]sians gov]n$ ! ,ea/]n1 & ! ,arabs ! ,s\!rn portions4 ,arabic au?ors--z1 = in/ance ,abulf$a--include ,cilicia & a "p ( ,cappadocia 9 ,arm5ia1 & ,great] ,arm5ia 0 ! tract ( t c\ntry kn[n lat] z ,turcomania1 :ile ,arm5ia ,m9or 0 ! t]ritory betwe5 ,cappadocia & ! ,euphrates4 ,x 0 n till #aebb1 or ev5 #aegd t ! :ole c\ntry came "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,ottoman ,turks1 9 ! reign ( ,selim ,i4 ,! ,mamelook ,sultans ( ,egypt seem to h tak5 a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ?is1 ! mo/ ,nor!rn prov9ce ( _! empire1 :i* 0 ev5 !n 9 dang] ( be+ conqu]$ by ! ,turks4 ,9 ! autumn ( #adgg ,sultan ,kait ,bey made a j\rney ( inspection1 visit+ ,antio* & ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates ) a num]\s & brilliant escort4 ,?is t\r is briefly allud$ to by ,mood%ir$d9 p4 #efa2 & by ,,weil1 ,ges*i*te d] ,abbasid5 ,v1 p4 #ceh4 ,an anonym\s memb] ( ! suite wrote a di>y ( ! exp$ition 9 ,arabic1 :i* has be5 publi%$ by ,r4 ,v4 ,,lonzone 7',viaggio 9 ,pale/9a e ,soria di ,kaid ,ba ,,xviii sultano della ,,ii d9a/ia mamelucca1 fatto nel #adgg4 ,te/o arabo4 ,tor9o #ahgh'1 )\t notes or comm5t>y74 ,comp>e ! critique on ?is edition1 by ,j4 ,,gildemei/] 9 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 ,palae/9a ,v]e9s 7,vol4 ,ill p4 #bdf--bdi74 ,lanzone's edition seems to be no m ?an an abridg$ copy ( ! orig9al4 ,i owe to ,pr(essor ,s*e'f]1 ,membre de l',in/itut1 ! in=mation t he is 9 possession ( a manuscript 9 :i* ! text is full]1 & m correctly giv54 ,! ,mamelook dyna/y 01 z is well kn[n1 ( ,circassian orig91 & a l>ge proportion ( ! ,egyptian ,army 0 recruit$ 9 ,circassia ev5 s late z 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,t 0 a p]iod ( political /orms 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or & x is easy to suppose t ! ,sultan's m9i/]1 to :om ,leon>do addresses 8 report z 8 sup]ior1 _h a special int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ^? fronti] prov9ces4 ,only to m5tion a few hi/orical ev5ts ( ,sultan ,kait ,bey's reign1 we f9d t 9 #adhh he assi/$ ! ,circassians to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,ala$d\let1 an ,asiatic pr9ce :o _h alli$ himself ) ! ,osmanli to ?reat5 ! prov9ce2 ! consequ5ce 0 a w> 9 ,cilicia by sea & l&1 :i* broke out 9 ! foll[+ ye> betwe5 ! cont5d+ p[]s4 ,only a few ye>s e>li] ! same prov9ce _h be5 ! sc5e ( ! s-call$ ,c>am5ian w> 9 :i* ! unit$ ,v5etian1 ,neapolitan & ,sclavonic fleets _h be5 engag$4 7,see ,,corialano ,,cippico1 ,della gu]ra dei ,v5eziani nell' ,asia dal #adfi--adgd4 ,v5ezia #agif1 p4 #ed7 & we le>n incid5tally t a c]ta9 ,leon>do ,boldo1 ,gov]nor ( ,scut>i "u ,sultan ,mahm\d1--z 8 "n w\ld indicate1 "o ( ! num]\s r5egades ( ,italian bir?--play$ an important "p 9 ! negotiations = peace4 ,tu mi m&a/i4 ,! address tu to a p]sonage s high 9 (fice is s+ul> & sugge/s p]sonal intimacy2 ,leon>do seems to h be5 a fav\rite ) ! ,diod>io4 ,comp>e l9es #ed & #ee4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 & ,i believe t ,i am also 9 a position to prove ) reg>d to ^! texts1 t !y are draughts ( lett]s actually writt5 by ,leon>do2 at ! same "t ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion t %ortly aft] ,i _h discov]$ to c>ry into effect ) due love & c>e ! task = :i* y s5t me ,footnote3 #f2 & to make a beg9n+ 9 a place :i* seem$ to me to be mo/ to our purpose1 ,i ent]$ into 9999,is ! foll[+ f previ\s page89999 #c4 ,il nuovo accid5te accaduto1 or z ,leon>do fir/ wrote & !n eras$1 e accaduto un nuovo accid5te4 ,f ! sequel ?is mu/ ref] to an e>?quake1 & inde$ ^! 7 frequ5t at t p]iod1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :]e !y caus$ imm5se mis*ief4 ,see ,no4 #aaja note4 ! city ( ,cal9drafy#g1 ne> to our fronti]s4 ,?is city is situat$ at ! base ( t "p ( ! ,taurus m\nta9s :i* is divid$ f ! ,euphrates & looks t[>ds ! peaks ( ! great ,m\nt ,taurus #h to ! ,we/ #i4 ,^! peaks are ( su* a height t !y seem to t\* ! sky1 & 9 all ! _w !re is no "p ( ! e>?1 high] ?an its summit#aj1 & ! rays ( ^! texts 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus & publi- %$ a pap] on ! subject 9 ! ,zeit- s*rift fur bild5de ,kun/ 7,vol4 ,,xvi71 ,pr(4 ,govi put =w>d ?is hypo!sis to acc\nt = _! orig93 ,quanto alle notizie sul monte ,tauro1 sull',arm5ia e sull' ,asia m9ore *e si cont5gono negli altri framm5ti1 esse v5n]o prese da qual*e geografro o viaggiatore contemporaneo4 ,dall'indice imp]fetto *e accompagna quei framm5ti1 si potrebbe d$urre *e ,leon>do volesse f>ne un libro1 *e poi non v5ne compiuto4 ,a ogni modo1 non e possibile di trov>e 9 que/i brani nessun indizio di un viaggio di ,leon>do 9 ori5te1 ne della sua conv]sione alla religione di ,maometto1 come qualcuno pret5d]ebbe4 ,leon>do amava con passione gli /udi geografici1 e nel suoi scritti s'incontran spesso it9]>t1 indicazioni1 o descrizioni di luoghi1 s*izzi di c>te e abbozzi topografici di v>ie regioni1 non e qu9di /rano *e egli1 abile n>ratore com'era1 si fosse propo/o di scriv]e una specie di ,romanzo 9 =ma epi/ol>e svolg5done ,p9treccio nell',asia ,m9ore1 intorno alla quale i libri d'allora1 e =se qual*e viaggiatore amico suo1 gli avevano somm9i/rato alcuni elem5ti piu o m5o fanta/ici4 7,see ,transunti della ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9cei ,voi4 ,v ,s]4 #c74 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ,pr(4 ,govi omits to "n ! s\rces f :i* ,leon>do c\ld be suppos$ to h drawn 8 in=mation1 & ,i may leave x to ! read] to pron\nce judgm5t on ! anomaly :i* is involv$ 9 ! hypo!sis t we h "h a fragm5t ( a ,romance1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( a correspond5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i _c b admit t ! solution ( ! difficulties propos$ by ,pr(4 ,govi is1 "u ! circum/ances1 c]ta9ly ! easie/ way ( deal+ ) ! "q4 ,b we %\ld !n be equally ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ "s m ( ,leon>do's lett]s to be fragm5ts ( su* romances2 p>ticul>ly ^? ( :i* ! addresses c no long] be nam$4 ,/ill1 z reg>ds ^! drafts ( lett]s to ! ,diod>io1 if we accept ! ,romance !ory1 z pro- pos$ by ,pr(4 ,govi1 we are also compell$ to assume t ,leon>do purpos$ f ! fir/ to illu/rate 8 tale2 = x ne$s only a glance at ! sket*es on ,,pi4 ,,cxvi to ,,cxix to p]ceive t !y are connect$ ) ! texts2 & ( c\rse ! re/ ( ,leon>do's num]\s notes on matt]s p]ta9+ to ! ,ea/1 ! great] "p ( :i* are "h publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 may also be "s- h[ connect$ ) ?is /range romance4 #g4 ,citta de ,cal9dra 7,*al9dra74 ,! position ( ?is city is s exactly det]m9$1 betwe5 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,taurus range t x ought to be possible to id5tify x4 ,b x c h>dly be ! same z ! sea port ( ,cilicia ) a some:at simil> "n ,cel5d]is1 ,kel&ria1 ,cel5dria1 ,kil9dria1 n[ ! ,turki% ,guln>4 ,9 two ,catalonian ,portulans 9 ! ,biblio!que ,natio- nale 9 ,p>is-"o dat+ f ! ,,xv'h c5tury1 by ,wilhelm von ,sol]1 ! o!r by ,olivez de ,majorca1 9 l#ehd-;,i f9d ?is place call$ ,cal&ra4 ,b ,leon>do's ,cal9dra mu/ c]ta9ly h la9 m to ! ,nor? ,we/1 probably some:]e 9 ,kurdi/an4 ,! fact t ! geographical position is s c>e- fully det]m9$ by ,leon>do seems to prove t x 0 a place ( no great importance & little kn[n4 ,x is s+ul> t ! words fir/ writt5 9 #a4 #h 7 divisa dal lago 7,lake ,van871 alt]$ aft]w>ds to dall',eitfrates4 ,no/ri conf9i1 & 9 #a4 #f proposito no/ro4 ,^! ref] to ! fronti] & to ! affairs ( ! ,mamelook ,sultan1 ,l9es #fe & #ff ?r[ "s light on ! purpose ( ,leon>do's mission4 #h4 ,i corni del gra mote ,tauro4 ,comp>e ! sket*es ,,pi4 ,,cxvi-,,cxviii4 ,s long z x is im- possible to id5tify ! situation ( ,cal9dra x is mo/ difficult to decide ) any c]ta9ty :i* peak ( ! ,taurus is "h meant2 & ,i greatly regret t ,i _h no =ekn[l$ge ( ?is puzzl+ topographical "q :51 9 #ahgf1 ,i 0 pursu+ ar*aeological enquiries 9 ! ,prov9ces ( ,aleppo & ,cilicia1 & _h to travel = "s "t 9 view ( ! impos+ sn[-peaks ( ,bulgh> ,dagh & ,ala ,tepessi4 #i-aj4 ,! op9ion "h express$ z to ! height ( ! m\nta9 w\ld be unmean+1 unless x _h be5 writt5 be=e ,leon>do mov$ to ,milan1 :]e ,monte ,rosa is s conspicu\s an ! sun always fall ^u x on its ,ea/ side1 f\r h\rs be=e day-"t1 & be+ ( ! :ite/ /one ,footnote ,,ii3,pietra bian*issima4 ,! ,taurus ,m\nta9s consi/ 9 great "p ( lime/one4 x %9es respl5d5tly & fulfils ! function to ^! ,arm5ians :i* a bright moon-light w\ld 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>kness2 & by its great height x outrea*es ! utmo/ level ( ! cl\ds by a space ( f\r miles 9 a /raight l9e4 ,?is peak is se5 9 _m places t[>ds ! ,we/1 illum9at$ by ! sun aft] its sett+ ! ?ird "p ( ! night4 ,?is x is1 :i* ) y ,footnote #ad3 ,appresso di voi4 ,leon>do _h at fir/ writt5 noi z ?\gh 8 mean+ _h1be53 ,?is peak appe>$ to u to be a comet :5 y & ,i obs]v$ x 9 ,nor? ,syria 7at ,aleppo8 at ,a9tas874 ,! description ( ! curi\s reflection 9 ! ev5+1 resembl+ ! ,alp9e-gl[ is c]ta9ly n an inv5t$ fiction1 = 9 ! next l9es an explanation ( ! ph5om5on is (f]$1 or at lea/ attempt$4 we =m]ly 9 calm wea!r _h suppos$ to be a comet1 & appe>s to u 9 ! d>kness ( night1 to *ange its =m1 be+ sometimes divid$ 9 two or ?ree p>ts1 & sometimes long & sometimes %ort4 ,& ?is is caus$ by ! cl\ds on ! horizon ( ! sky :i* int]pose betwe5 "p ( ?is m\nta9 & ! sun1 & by cutt+ (f "s ( ! sol> rays ! light on ! m\nta9 is int]cept$ by v>i\s int]vals ( cl\ds1 & !re=e v>ies 9 ! =m ( its brightness4 ,,! ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,book ,footnote #ai3 ,! next #cc l9es are evid5tly ! cont5ts ( a connect$ ,report or ,book1 b n ( "o :i* he _h at h&2 m probably1 inde$1 ( "o he purpos$ writ+44 ,! praise & confession ( ! fai? ,footnote #bj3 ,p]suasione di f$e1 ( ! ,*ri/ian or ! ,mohamm$an fai?8 ,we mu/ suppose ! latt]1 at ! beg9n+ ( a docum5t address$ to s high a ,mohamm$an (ficial4 ,pr$ica probably /&s z an abbreviation = pr$icazione 7lat4 pra$icatio7 9 ! s5se ( praise or glorification2 v probably x may mean "s su* initial doxology z we f9d 9 ,mohamm$an works4 7,comp4 #a4 #dj474 ,! sudd5 inundation1 to its end4 #bc ,! de/ruction ( ! city4 #bd,! dea? ( ! p & _! despair4 ,! prea*]'s se>*1 8 release & b5evol5ce ,footnote #bh3 ,! phraseology ( ?is is too g5]al = any conjecture z to its mean+ to be wor? haz>d+4 ,description ( ! cause ( ?is fall ( ! m\nta9 ,footnote #cj3 ,ru9a del monte4 ,( c\rse by an e>?quake4 ,9 a catalogue ( e>?quakes1 entitl$ ke*f aussalssale99b an auasf ezzel-zele99h1 & writt5 by ,djelal edd94 ,! mis*ief x did4 9999,is ! foll[+ f previ\s page's footnotes89999 object 9 ! l&scape4 #d ore inanzi seems to mean1 f\r h\rs be=e ! sun's rays p5etrate to ! bottom ( ! valleys4 999999,i did put ?is footnote z #bh b n #bf because ,i _c f9d ref]5ce to #bf 9 text999999 #bf4 #bh4 ,! phraseology ( ?is is too g5]al = any conjecture z to its mean+ to be wor? haz>d+4 #cb ,fall ( sn[4 ,! f9d+ ( ! prophet #cc4 ,8 prophesy4 #ce ,! inundation ( ! l[] portion ( ,ea/]n ,arm5ia1 ! dra9+ ( :i* 0 effect$ by ! cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s4 ,h[ ! new prophet %[$ ,footnote #dj3,nova pr(eta1 #a4 #cc1 pr(eta4 ,mohamm$4 ,leon>do "h ref]s to ! ,koran3 ,9 ! "n ( ! mo/ m]ciful ,god4--,:5 ! e>? %all be %ak5 by an e>?quake2 & ! e>? %all ca/ =? h] burd5s2 & a man %all say1 :at aile? h]8 ,on t day ! e>? %all decl>e h] tid+s1 = t ?y ,"l w inspire h]4 ,on t day m5 %all g =w>d 9 di/9ct classes1 t !y may behold _! works4 ,& :oev] %all h wr\ght good ( ! weight ( an ant1 %all behold ! same4 ,& :oev] %all h wr\ght evil ( ! weight ( an ant1 %all behold ! same4 7,! ,koran1 translat$ by ,g4 ,sale1 ,*apt] ,,xcix1 p4 #deb74 t ?is de/ruction w\ld happ5 z he _h =etold4 ,description ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s ,footnote #dc3 & ! riv] ,euphrates4 ,:y ! m\nta9 %9es at ! top1 f half to a ?ird ( ! night1 & looks l a comet to ! inhabitants ( ! ,we/ aft] ! sunset1 & be=e day to ^? ( ! ,ea/4 ,:y ?is comet appe>s ( v>iable =ms1 s t x is n[ r\nd & n[ long1 & n[ aga9 divid$ into two or ?ree p>ts1 & n[ 9 "o piece1 & :5 x is to be se5 aga94 ,,( ,,! ,,%ape ,,( ,,! ,,taurus ,,m\nta9s ,footnote 99#ec--id993 ,! facsimile ( ?is passage is giv5 on ,pl4 ,,cxvii44 ,i am n to be accus$1 ,oh ,devatd>1 ( idl5ess1 z y\r *id+s seem to h9t2 b y\r excessive love = me1 :i* gave rise to ! b5efits y h conf]r$ on me ,footnote #ee is t :i* has also compell$ me to ! utmo/ pa9/ak+ 9 seek+ out & dilig5tly inve/igat+ ! cause ( s great & /up5d\s an effect4 ,& ?is c\ld n be done )\t "t2 n[1 9 ord] to satisfy y fully z to ! cause ( s great an effect1 x is requisite t ,i %\ld expla9 to y ! =m ( ! place1 & !n ,i w proce$ to ! effect1 by :i* ,i believe y w be amply satisfi$4 999999,is ! foll[+ footnote f previ\s page8999999 ,sy\?y1 ! foll[+ /atem5t occurs3 ,9 ! ye> #hhi 7#adhd ,a4,d47 !re 7 six %ocks ( e>?quake at ,aleppo4 ,!y 7 excessively viol5t & ?rew ! inhabitants into con/]nation4 ,i owe ?is communication to ! k9dness ( ,pr(4 ,*4 ,s*ef]1 ,membre de l',in/itut1 to :om ?is unpubli%$ ,arabic ,,ms4 belongs4 ,! =ego+ entries ref] to two e>?quakes 9 ,cairo1 9 #adgf & #adha3 ! foll[+ ones indicate a "t at :i* ,leon>do 01 c]ta9ly1 liv+ 9 ,milan4 999999,:]e does ?is footnote belong8999999 #cf4 ,tagliata di ,monte ,tauro4 ,! ,euphrates fl[s ?r\gh ! ,taurus range ne> ! influx ( ! ,kura ,%ai2 x ru%es ?r\gh a rift 9 ! wilde/ cliffs f #bjjj to #cjjj feet high & runs on = #ij miles 9 #cjj falls or rapids till x rea*es ,telek1 ne> :i* at a spot call$ ,gleika%1 or ! ,h>t's leap1 x measures only #ce paces across4 ,comp>e ! map on ,pl4 ,,cxix & ! explanation fo99 x on p4 #cia4 999999,:]e does ?is footnote belong8999999 #ed4 ,! =ego+ sket* ( a lett]1 l9es #e4 #ah1 appe>s to h rema9$ a fragm5t :5 ,leon>do receiv$ press+ ord]s :i* caus$ ,footnote #ei3 ,?is passage 0 evid5tly int5d$ z an improvem5t on t imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,! purport ( bo? is ess5tially ! same1 b ! fir/ is pit*$ 9 a key ( ill-disguis$ annoyance :i* is abs5t f ! second4 ,i d n see h[ ^! two v]sions c be reconcil$ ) ! romance-!ory held by ,pr(4 ,govi4 ,d n be aggriev$1 ,o ,devatd>1 by my delay 9 respond+ to y\r press+ reque/1 = ^? ?+s :i* y require ( me are ( su* a nature t !y _c be well express$ )\t "s lapse ( "t2 p>ticul>ly because1 9 ord] to expla9 ! cause ( s great an effect1 x is necess>y to describe ) accuracy ! nature ( ! place2 & by ?is means ,i c aft]w>ds easily satisfy y\r above-m5tion$ reque/4 ,footnote #fb3 ,?is passage 0 evid5tly int5d$ z an improvem5t on t imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,! purport ( bo? is ess5tially ! same1 b ! fir/ is pit*$ 9 a key ( ill-disguis$ annoyance :i* is abs5t f ! second4 ,i d n see h[ ^! two v]sions c be reconcil$ ) ! romance-!ory held by ,pr(4 ,govi4 ,i w pass ov] any description ( ! =m ( ,asia ,m9or1 or z to :at seas or l&s =m ! limits ( its outl9e & ext5t1 because ,i "k t by y\r own dilig5ce & c>efulness 9 y\r /udies y h n rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ^! matt]s 99#fe2 & ,i w g on to describe ! true =m ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9 :i* is ! cause ( ?is /up5d\s & h>mful m>vel1 & :i* w s]ve to advance u 9 our purpose 99#ff4 ,?is ,taurus is t m\nta9 :i*1 ) _m o!rs is said to be ! ridge ( ,m\nt ,caucasus2 b wi%+ to be v cle> ab\t x1 ,i desir$ to speak to "s ( ! inhabitants ( ! %ores ( ! ,caspian sea1 :o give evid5ce t ?is mu/ be ! true ,caucasus1 & t ?\gh _! m\nta9s be> ! same "n1 yet ^! are high]2 & to confirm ?is 9 ! ,scy?ian tongue ,caucasus means a v high ,footnote #fh3 ,caucasus2 ,h]odot 99,kaoxaais2 ,arm54 ,kaukaz4 peak1 & 9 fact we h no in=mation ( !re be+1 9 ! ,ea/ or 9 ! ,we/1 any m\nta9 s high4 ,& ! pro( ( ?is is t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries to ! ,we/ see ! rays ( ! sun illum9at+ a great "p ( its summit = z mu* z a qu>t] ( ! longe/ night4 ,& 9 ! same way1 9 ^? c\ntries :i* lie to ! ,ea/4 ,,( ,,! ,,/ructure ,,& ,,size ,,( ,,m\nt ,,taurus4 ,footnote #gc3 ,! /atem5ts are ( c\rse f\nd$ on ^? ( ! 'inhabitants' spok5 ( 9 #a4 #fg4 ,! %ad[ ( ?is ridge ( ! ,taurus is ( su* a height t :51 9 ! middle ( ,june1 ! ,sun is at its m]idian1 its 99him to write imm$iately & fully on ! subject m5tion$ 9 l9e #dc4 99#gc-ge4 ,footnote #ge3 ,! /atem5ts are ( c\rse f\nd$ on ^? ( ! 'inhabitants' spok5 ( 9 #a4 #fg4 %ad[ ext5ds z f> z ! bord]s ( ,s>matia1 twelve days (f2 & 9 ! middle ( ,decemb] x ext5ds z f> z ! ,hyp]borean m\nta9s1 :i* are at a mon?'s j\rney to ! ,nor? 99#ge4 ,& ! side :i* faces ! w9d is always free f cl\ds & mi/s1 because ! w9d :i* is p>t$ 9 beat+ on ! rock1 closes aga9 on ! fur!r side ( t rock1 & 9 its motion c>ries ) x ! cl\ds f all qu>t]s & leaves !m :]e x /rikes4 ,& x is always full ( ?und]bolts f ! great quantity ( cl\ds :i* accumulate !re1 :5ce ! rock is all riv5 & full ( huge debris ,footnote #gg3 ,sudd5 /orms are equally common on ! heights ( ,ar>at4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ,ar>at _c be meant "h4 ,its summit is =m$ l ! crat] ( ,vesuvius4 ,! peaks sket*$ on ,pl4 ,,cxvi-,,cxviii are probably views ( ! same m\nta91 tak5 f diff]5t sides4 ,ne> ! solit>y peak1 ,pl4 ,,cxviii ^! ?ree names are writt5 goba1 arnigas>1 c>uda1 names mo/ likely ( diff]5t peaks4 ,pl4 ,,cxvi & ,,cxvii are 9 ! orig9al on a s+le %eet fold$ d[n ! middle1 #cj c5timetres high & #dc #a_/b wide4 ,on ! rev]se ( "o half ( ! %eet are notes on peso & bilancia 7weight & balance71 on ! o!r are ! 'prophecies' pr9t$ "u ,nos4 #abic & #abid4 ,x is evid5t f ! arrangem5t t ^! 7 writt5 subsequ5tly1 on ! space :i* _h be5 left blank4 ,^! pages are facsimil$ on ,pl4 ,,cxviii4 ,9 ,pl4 ,,cxvi-,,cxviii ! size is small] ?an 9 ! orig9al2 ! map ( ,arm5ia1 ,pl4 ,,cxviii1 is on ,pl4 ,,cxix slightly enl>g$4 ,on ?is map we f9d ! foll[+ names1 beg9n+ f ! "r h& at ! top3 p>i>des mo 7= ,p>yadres ,mons1 ,arm4 ,p>*>1 n[ ,b>*al or ,kolai ,dagh2 ,trebizond is on its slope74 ,aquilone --,nor?1 ,antitaurus ,antitaurus 99 psis mo 7probably meant = ,?ospitis ,lake ,van1 ,arm4 ,dgov ,vanai1 ,tospoi1 & ! ,m\nta9 range to ! ,s\?72 ,gordis mo 7,m\nta9s ( ,gordyaea71 ! bir? place ( ! ,tigris2 ,ori5te --,ea/2 ,tigris1 & !n1 to ! left1 ,eufrates4 ,!n1 above to ! left ,argeo mo 7n[ ,erd%igas1 an ext9ct volcano1 #abjjj feet high72 ,cel5o mo 7no d\bt ,sultan ,dagh 9 ,pisidia74 ,cel5o is ! ,greek t[n ( 99,ke,aouvat-- see ,arian ,i1 #bi1 ,i--n[ ! ru9s ( ,d9eir72 ori5te --,ea/2 africo libezco 7= libeccio--,s\? ,we/74 ,9 ! middle ( ! ,euphrates riv] on ?is small map we see a %ad$ portion surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 p]haps to indicate ! inundation m5tion$ 9 l4 #ce4 ,! afflu5t to ! ,euphrates %[n z com+ ) _m w9d+s f ! high l& ( ',argeo' on ! ,we/1 is ! ,to*ma ,su1 :i* jo9s ! ma9 riv] at ,malatie4 ,i h n be5 able to discov] any map ( ,arm5ia ( ! ,x,vth or ,x,v,ith c5tury 9 :i* ! c\rse ( ! ,euphrates is laid d[n ) any ?+ l ! correctness display$ 9 ?is sket*4 ,! be/ ,i h se5 is ! ,catalonian ,portulan ( ,olivez de ,majorca1 execut$ 9 #aehd1 & x is f> beh9d ,leon>do's44 ,?is m\nta91 at its base1 is inhabit$ by a v ri* population & is full ( mo/ beautiful spr+s & riv]s1 & is f]tile & ab\nd+ 9 all good produce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? p>ts :i* face to ! ,s\?4 ,b aft] m\nt+ ab\t ?ree miles we beg9 to f9d =e/s ( great fir trees1 & bee* & o!r simil> trees2 aft] ?is1 = a space ( ?ree m miles1 !re are mead[s & va/ pa/ures2 & all ! re/1 z f> z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,taurus1 is et]nal sn[s :i* nev] disappe> at any "t1 & ext5d to a height ( ab\t f\rte5 miles 9 all4 ,f ?is beg9n+ ( ! ,taurus up to ! height ( a mile ! cl\ds nev] pass away2 ?us we h fifte5 miles1 t is1 a height ( ab\t five miles 9 a /raight l9e2 & ! summit ( ! peaks ( ! ,taurus are z mu*1 or ab\t t4 ,!re1 half way up1 we beg9 to f9d a scor*+ air & nev] feel a brea? ( w9d2 b no?+ c live long !re2 !re no?+ is br\ght =? save a few birds ( prey :i* bre$ 9 ! high fissures ( ,taurus & desc5d bel[ ! cl\ds to seek _! prey4 ,above ! wood$ hills all is b>e rock1 t is1 f ! cl\ds upw>ds2 & ! rock is ! pure/ :ite4 ,& x is impossible to walk to ! high summit on acc\nt ( ! r\gh & p]il\s asc5t4 #accg4 ,hav+ (t5 made y1 by my lett]s1 acqua9t$ ) ! ?+s :i* h happ5$1 ,i ?9k ,i ought n to be sil5t z to ! ev5ts ( ! la/ few days1 :i*--#b444 ,hav+ sev]al times-- ,hav+ _m times rejoic$ ) y by lett]s ov] y\r prosp]\s =tunes1 ,i "k n[ t1 z a fri5d y w be sad ) me ov] ! mis]able /ate 9 :i* ,i f9d myself2 & ?is is1 t dur+ ! la/ few days ,i h be5 9 s mu* tr\ble1 fe>1 p]il & loss1 besides ! mis]ies ( ! p "h1 t we h be5 envi\s ( ! dead2 & c]ta9ly ,i d n believe t s9ce ! elem5ts by _! sep>ation r$uc$ ! va/ *aos to ord]1 !y h ev] comb9$ _! =ce & fury to d s mu* mis*ief to man4 ,z f> z reg>ds u "h1 :at we h se5 & gone ?r\gh is su* t ,i c\ld n imag9e t ?+s c\ld ev] rise to su* an am\nt ( mis*ief1 z we exp]i5c$ 9 ! space ( t5 h\rs4 ,9 ! fir/ place we 7 assail$ & attack$ by ! viol5ce & fury ( ! w9ds 99#aj2 to ?is 0 add$ ! fall+ ( great m\nta9s ( sn[ :i* fill$ up all ?is valley1 ?us de/roy+ a great "p ( our city ,footnote #aa3 ,della no/ra citta 7,leon>do fir/ wrote di que/a citta74 ,f ?is we may inf] t he _h at "s "t liv$ 9 ! place 9 "q :]ev] x might be44 ,& n cont5t ) ?is ! tempe/ s5t a sudd5 flood ( wat] to subm]ge all ! l[ "p ( ?is city 99#ab2 add$ to :i* !re came a sudd5 ra91 or r a ru9\s torr5t & flood ( wat]1 s&1 mud1 & /ones1 entangl$ ) roots1 & /ems & fragm5ts ( v>i\s trees2 & e k9d ( ?+ fly+ ?r\gh ! air fell ^u u2 f9ally a great fire broke out1 n br\ght by ! w9d1 b c>ri$ z x w\ld seem1 by t5 ?\s& devils1 :i* completely burnt up all ?is neighb\rhood & x has n yet ceas$4 ,& ^? few :o rema9 unhurt are 9 su* dejection & su* t]ror t !y h>dly h c\rage to speak to ea* o!r1 z if !y 7 /unn$4 ,hav+ ab&on$ all our bus9ess1 we /ay "h toge!r 9 ! ru9s ( "s *ur*es1 m5 & wom5 m+l$ toge!r1 small & great ,footnote #ag3 ,c]te ru9e di *iese4 ,ei!r ( ,arm5ian *ur*es or ( ,mosques1 :i* x 0 n unusual to speak ( z *ur*es4 ,mas*i e femm9i insieme unite1 implies an infr+em5t ( ! usually /rict rule ( ! sep>ation ( ! sexes41 j l h]ds ( goats4 ,! neighb\rs out ( pity succ\r$ u ) victuals1 & !y _h previ\sly be5 our enemies4 ,& if ,footnote #ah3 ,i vic9i1 no/ri nimici4 ,! t[n mu/ !n h /ood q close to ! fronti] ( ! c\ntry4 ,comp>e #accf4 ,l4 #g4 vic9i ai no/ri conf9i4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan has already publi%$ l9es #d-ac 7see ,das ,mal]bu*1 ,leipzig1 #ahgc1 p4 #ij3--;8 read+ diff]s f m9e7 "u ! title ( ,description ( a l&scape ne> ,lake ,como4 ,we d 9 fact f9d1 among o!r loose %eets 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus1 c]ta9 texts ref]r+ to valleys ( ! ,alps 7see ,nos4 #ajcj1 #ajca & note p4 #bcg7 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! loose %eets1 ( :i* ! ,codex ,atlanticus has be5 =m$1 ^! happ5 to be plac$ close to ?is text4 ,! compil] /uck bo? on ! same folio %eet2 & if ?is is n ! reason = ,dr4 ,,jordan',s *oos+ su* a title 7,description c47 ,i _c imag9e :at x c h be54 ,x is1 at any rate1 a m]ely hypo!tical /atem5t4 ,! designation ( ! population ( ! c\ntry r\nd a city z ! enemy 7nemici7 is h>dly appropriate to ,italy 9 ! "t ( ,leon>do4 x _h n be5 = c]ta9 p :o succ\r$ u ) victuals1 all w\ld h di$ ( hung]4 ,n[ y see ! /ate we are 94 ,& all ^! evils are z no?+ comp>$ ) ^? :i* are promis$ to u %ortly4 ,i "k t z a fri5d y w grieve = my mis=tunes1 z ,i1 9 =m] lett]s h %[n my joy at y\r prosp]ity 444 ,footnote3 #accg4 ,on comp>+ ?is comm5cem5t ( a lett] l4 #a-b ) t 9 l4 #c & #d ( ,no4 #accf x is q evid5t t bo? ref] to ! same ev5t4 7,comp>e also ,no4 #accg l4 #aj-l#b & #ag ) ,no4 #accf l4 #bc1 #bd & #cb47 ,b ! text ,no4 #accf1 includ+ ! fragm5t l4 #c-d1 0 obvi\sly writt5 lat] ?an ! draft "h reproduc$4 ,! ,diod>io is n directly address$--! p]son address$ inde$ is n kn[n--& x seems to me highly probable t x 0 writt5 to "s o!r patron & fri5d ^: "n & position are n m5tion$4 ,notes ab\t ev5ts obs]v$ abroad 7#acch-acci74 #acch4 ,,book #dc4 ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,air ,,enclos$ ,,9 ,,wat]4 ,i h se5 motions ( ! air s furi\s t !y h c>ri$1 mix$ up 9 _! c\rse1 ! l>ge/ trees ( ! =e/ & :ole ro(s ( great palaces1 & ,i h se5 ! same fury bore a hole ) a :irl+ movem5t digg+ out a gravel pit1 & c>ry+ gravel1 s& & wat] m ?an half a mile ?r\gh ! air4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ sixte5 l9es ( ?is passage :i* treat ( ! subject z indicat$ on ! title l9e h no place 9 ?is connexion & h be5 omitt$4 99,footnote #b3 ,ho v$uto movim5ti c4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d happ5$ 9 ,italy dur+ ,leon>do's lifetime1 & x is !re=e extremely probable t ?is ref]s to ! natural ph5om5a :i* are s fully describ$ 9 ! =ego+ passage4 7,comp>e too1 ,no4 #ajba47 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! descriptions ( ! ,deluge 9 ! ,libro di ,pittura 7,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #fjg-faa71 & t ( ! fall ( a m\nta9 ,no4 #faj1 l4 #ag-cj 7 writt5 f ! vivid impressions d]iv$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,comp>e also ,pl4 ,,xxxiv-,,xl4 #acci4 ,l a :irl+ w9d :i* ru%es d[n a s&y & holl[ valley1 & :i*1 9 its ha/y c\rse1 drives to its c5tre e ?+ t opposes its furi\s c\rse 444 ,no o!rwise does ! ,nor!rn bla/ :irl r\nd 9 its tempe/u\s progress 444 9999,footnote3 ,x may be inf]r$ f ! "* ( ! writ+1 :i* is 9 ! /yle ( ! note 9 facsimile ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #big1 t ?is passage 0 writt5 betwe5 #adgj & #adhj4 ,z ! figure #f at ! end ( ! text indicates1 x 0 cont9u$ on ano!r page1 b ,i h se>*$ 9 va9 = x4 ,! rev]se ( ?is leaf is col\r$ r$ = draw+ 9 silv] po9t1 b has n be5 us$ = t purpose b = writ+ on1 & at ab\t ! same date4 ,! passages are giv5 z ,nos4 #abag1 #abah1 #abai1 #aafb & ,no4 #iid 7see note page #bah74 ,! text giv5 above is obvi\sly n a fragm5t ( a lett]1 b a record ( "s p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,no4 #acgi also seems to ref] to ,leon>do's j\rneys 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,nor does ! tempe/u\s sea bell[ s l\d1 :5 ! ,nor!rn bla/ da%es x1 ) its foam+ waves betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis2 nor ,/romboli1 nor ,m\nt ,etna1 :5 _! sulphur\s flames1 hav+ be5 =cibly conf9$1 r5d1 & bur/ op5 ! m\nta91 fulm9at+ /ones & e>? ?r\gh ! air toge!r ) ! flames !y vomit4 ,nor :5 ! inflam$ cav]ns ( ,m\nt ,etna 9999,footnote #ac3 ,mongibello is a "n commonly giv5 9 ,sicily to ,m\nt ,etna 7f ,djebel1 ,arab4m\nta974 ,fr4 ,,f]r>a1 ,descrizione dell' ,etna con la /oria delle 99eruzioni 7,pal]mo1 #ahah1 p4 #hh7 tells u1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,cronaca del ,mona/]o ,b5$ett9o di ,licordia ( an eruption ( ! ,volcano ) a great fl[ ( lava on ,sept4 #ba1 #addg4 ,! next records ( ! m\nta9 are f ! ye>s #aecc & #aecf4 ,a4 ,p]cy nei!r does m5tion any eruptions ( ,etna dur+ ! ye>s to :i* ?is note mu/ probably ref] ,memoire des tremblem5ts de t]re de la p59sule italique1 ,vol4 ,,xxii des ,memoires c\ronnees et ,memoires des savants etrang]s4 ,academie ,royal de ,belgique74 ,a lit]al int]pretation ( ! passage w\ld n1 h[ev]1 indicate an allusion to any great eruption2 p>ticul>ly 9 ! connection ) ,/romboli1 :]e ! p]iodical outbreaks 9 v %ort int]vals are v /rik+ to any obs]v]1 especially at night "t1 :5 pass+ ! isl& on ! way f ,naples to ,mess9a41 reject+ ! ill-re/a9$ elem5t vomit x =?1 back to its own region1 driv+ furi\sly be=e x e ob/acle t comes 9 ! way ( its impetu\s rage 444 ,unable to resi/ my eag] desire & want+ to see ! great 444 ( ! v>i\s & /range %apes made by =mative nature1 & hav+ w&]$ "s di/ance among gloomy rocks1 ,i came to ! entrance ( a great cav]n1 9 front ( :i* ,i /ood "s "t1 a/oni%$ & unaw>e ( su* a ?+4 ,b5d+ my back into an ar* ,i re/$ my left h& on my knee & held my "r h& ov] my d[n-ca/ & contract$ eye br[s3 (t5 b5d+ fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r1 to see :e!r ,i c\ld discov] any?+ inside1 & ?is be+ =bidd5 by ! deep d>kness )91 & aft] hav+ rema9$ !re "s "t1 two contr>y emotions arose 9 me1 fe> & desire--fe> ( ! ?reat5+ d>k cav]n1 desire to see :e!r !re 7 any m>vell\s ?+ )9 x 444 ,drafts ( ,lett]s to ,lodovico il ,moro 7#acdj-acde74 #acdj4 ,mo/ illu/ri\s ,"l1 ,hav+ n[ suffici5tly consid]$ ! specim5s ( all ^? :o proclaim !mselves skill$ contriv]s ( in/rum5ts ( w>1 & t ! inv5tion & op]ation ( ! said in/rum5ts are no?+ diff]5t to ^? 9 common use3 ,i %all endeav\r1 )\t prejudice to any "o else1 to expla9 myself to y\r ,excell5cy %[+ y\r ,lord%ip my secrets1 & !n (f]+ !m to y\r be/ pleasure & approbation to "w ) effect at opportune mom5ts z well z all ^? ?+s :i*1 9 "p1 %all be briefly not$ bel[4 ,footnote3 ,! num]\s corrections1 ! alt]ations 9 ! figures 7l4 #ah7 & ! abs5ce ( any signature prove t ?is is m]ely ! r\gh draft ( a lett] to ,lodovico il ,moro4 ,x is "o ( ! v few manuscripts :i* are writt5 f left to "r--see ! facsimile ( ! beg9n+ z "h reproduc$4 ,?is is probably ! f9al sket* ( a docum5t ! clean ( :i* copy 0 writt5 9 ! usual mann]4 ,leon>do no d\bt v r>ely wrote s1 & ?is is probably ! reason ( ! conspicu\s dissimil>ity 9 ! h&writ+1 :5 he did4 7,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xxxviii47 ,x is notewor?y too t "h ! or?ography & abbreviations are also exceptional4 ,b su* sup]ficial peculi>ities are n en\gh to /amp ! docum5t z altoge!r spuri\s4 ,x is nei!r a =g]y nor ! production ( any arti/ b ,leon>do himself4 ,z to ?is po9t ! cont5ts leave u no d\bt z to its au!nticity1 p>ticul>ly l4 #cb 7see ,no4 #gai1 :]e ?is passage is repeat$74 ,b :e!r ! fragm5t1 z we "h see x1 0 writt5 f ,leon>do's dictation--a !ory fav\r$ by ! or?ography1 ! erasures & corrections--or :e!r x may be a copy made = or by ,melzi or ,maz5ta is comp>atively unimportant4 ,!re are 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus a few o!r docum5ts n writt5 by ,leon>do himself1 b ! notes 9 8 own h& f\nd on ! rev]se pages ( ^! leaves amply prove t !y 7 c]ta9ly 9 ,leon>do's possession4 ,?is m>k ( own]%ip is want+ to ! text 9 "q1 b ! compil]s ( ! ,codex ,atlanticus1 at any rate1 accept$ x z a g5u9e docum5t4 ,) reg>d to ! probable date ( ?is project$ lett] see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #c4 #a7 ,i h a sort ( extremely light & /rong bridges1 adapt$ to be mo/ easily c>ri$1 & ) !m y may pursue1 & at any "t flee f ! enemy2 & o!rs1 secure & inde/ructible by fire & battle1 easy & conv5i5t to lift & place4 ,also me?ods ( burn+ & de/roy+ ^? ( ! enemy4 #b7 ,i "k h[1 :5 a place is besieg$1 to take ! wat] out ( ! tr5*es1 & make endless v>iety ( bridges1 & cov]$ ways & ladd]s1 & o!r ma*9es p]ta9+ to su* exp$itions4 #c7 ,item4 ,if1 by reason ( ! height ( ! banks1 or ! /r5g? ( ! place & its position1 x is impossible1 :5 besieg+ a place1 to avail oneself ( ! plan ( bomb>dm5t1 ,i h me?ods = de/roy+ e rock or o!r =tress1 ev5 if x 7 f\nd$ on a rock1 c4 #d7 ,aga9 ,i h k9ds ( mort>s2 mo/ conv5i5t & easy to c>ry2 & ) ^! c fl+ small /ones almo/ resembl+ a /orm2 & ) ! smoke ( ^! caus+ great t]ror to ! enemy1 to 8 great detrim5t & confusion4 #i7 #h99 ,& :5 ! fight %\ld be at sea ,i h k9ds ( _m ma*9es mo/ effici5t = (f5ce & def5ce2 & vessels :i* w resi/ ! attack ( ! l>ge/ guns & p[d] & fumes4 #e7 ,item499 ,i h means by secret & tortu\s m9es & ways1 made )\t noise to rea* a designat$ spot1 ev5 if x 7 ne$$ to pass "u a tr5* or a riv]4 #f7 ,item4 ,i w make cov]$ *>iots1 safe & unattackable :i*1 ent]+ among ! enemy ) _! artill]y1 !re is no body ( m5 s great b !y w\ld break !m4 ,& beh9d ^!1 infantry c\ld foll[ q unhurt & )\t any h9drance4 #g7 ,item4 ,9 case ( ne$ ,i w make big guns1 mort>s & light ordnance ( f9e & useful =ms1 out ( ! common type4 #h7 ,:]e ! op]ation ( bomb>dm5t %\ld fail1 ,i w\ld contrive catapults1 mangonels1 traboc*i & o!r ma*9es ( m>vell\s efficacy & n 9 common use4 ,& 9 %ort1 accord+ to ! v>iety ( cases1 ,i c contrive v>i\s & endless means ( (f5ce & def5ce4 #aj7 ,9 "t ( peace ,i believe ,i c give p]fect satisfaction & to ! equal ( any o!r 9 ar*itecture & ! composition ( build+s public & private2 & 9 guid+ wat] f "o place to ano!r4 ,item3 ,i c c>ry out sculpture 9 m>ble1 bronze or clay1 & also 9 pa9t+ :atev] may be done1 & z well z any o!r1 be he :om he may4 #cb ,aga91 ! bronze horse may be tak5 9 h&1 :i* is to be to ! immortal glory & et]nal hon\r ( ! pr9ce y\r fa!r ( happy memory1 & ( ! illu/ri\s h\se ( ,s=za4 ,& if any "o ( ! above-nam$ ?+s seem to any "o to be impossible or n feasible1 ,i am mo/ ready to make ! exp]im5t 9 y\r p>k1 or 9 :atev] place may please y\r ,excell5cy--to :om ,i comm5d myself ) ! utmo/ humility c4 #acda4 ,to my illu/ri\s ,"l1 ,lodovico1 ,duke ( ,b>i1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci ( ,flor5ce-- ,leon>do4 ,footnote3 ,evid5tly a note ( ! sup]scription ( a lett] to ! ,duke1 & writt51 l ! =ego+ f left to "r4 ,! manuscript conta9+ x is ( ! ye> #adic4 ,lodovico 0 n proclaim$ & /yl$ ,duke ( ,milan till ,septemb] #adid4 ,! ,duk$om ( ,b>i belong$ to ! ,s=za family till #adii4 #acdb4 ,y w\ld l to see a model :i* w prove useful to y & to me1 also x w be ( use to ^? :o w be ! cause ( our usefulness4 ,footnote3 #acdb4 #acdc4 ,^! two notes occur 9 ! same n v volum9\s ,,ms4 z ! =m] "o & x is possible t !y are fragm5ts ( ! same lett]4 ,by ! ,modello1 ! eque/rian /atue is probably meant1 p>ticul>ly z ! model ( ?is /atue 0 publicly exhibit$ 9 ?is v ye>1 #adic1 on tne occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ) ,bianca ,m>ia ,s=za4 #acdc4 ,!re are "h1 my ,"l1 _m g5tlem5 :o w und]take ?is exp5se among !m1 if !y are all[$ to enjoy ! use ( admission to ! wat]s1 ! mills1 & ! passage ( vessels & :5 x is sold to !m ! price w be repaid to !m by ! canal ( ,m>tesana4 #acdd4 ,i am greatly vex$ to be 9 necessity1 b ,i /ill m regret t ?is %\ld be ! cause ( ! h9drance ( my wi% :i* is always dispos$ to obey y\r ,excell5cy4 ,p]haps y\r ,excell5cy did n give fur!r ord]s to ,mess] ,gualti]i1 believ+ t ,i _h money en\gh4 ,i am greatly annoy$ t y %\ld h f\nd me 9 necessity1 & t my hav+ to e>n my liv+ %\ld h h9d]$ me 444 #ab ,x vexes me greatly t hav+ to e>n my liv+ has =c$ me to int]rupt ! "w & to att5d to small matt]s1 in/ead ( foll[+ up ! "w :i* y\r ,lord%ip entru/$ to me4 ,b ,i hope 9 a %ort "t to h e>n$ s mu* t ,i may c>ry x out quietly to ! satisfaction ( y\r ,excell5cy1 to :om ,i comm5d myself2 & if y\r ,lord%ip ?\ght t ,i _h money1 y\r ,lord%ip 0 deceiv$4 ,i _h to fe$ #f m5 = #ef mon?s1 & h _h #ej ducats4 #acde4 ,& if any o!r comission is giv5 me by any 444 ( ! rew>d ( my s]vice4 ,because ,i am n able to be 444 ?+s assign$ because mean:ile !y h 444 to !m 444 444 :i* !y well may settle r ?an ,i 444 n my art :i* ,i wi% to *ange & 444 giv5 "s clo?+ if ,i d>e a sum 444 ,footnote3 ,! pap] on :i* ?is is writt5 is torn d[n ! middle2 ab\t half ( ea* l9e rema9s4 ,my ,"l1 ,i kn[+ y\r ,excell5cy's m9d to be occupi$ 444 to rem9d y\r ,lord%ip ( my small matt]s & ! arts put to sil5ce t my sil5ce might be ! cause ( mak+ y\r ,lord%ip scorn 444 my life 9 y\r s]vice4 ,i hold myself ev] 9 read9ess to obey 444 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,no4 #gbc1 :]e ?is passage is repeat$4 ,( ! horse ,i w say no?+ because ,i "k ! times are bad to y\r ,lord%ip h[ ,i _h /ill to receive two ye>s' sal>y ( ! 444 ) ! two skill$ workm5 :o are con/antly 9 my pay & at my co/ t at la/ ,i f\nd myself advanc$ ! said sum ab\t #ae lire 444 works ( fame by :i* ,i c\ld %[ to ^? :o %all see x t ,i h be5 ev]y:]e1 b ,i d n "k :]e ,i c\ld be/[ my "w m 444 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,no4 #acdd l4 #ab4 ,i1 hav+ be5 work+ to ga9 my liv+ 444 ,i n hav+ be5 in=m$ :at x is1 ,i f9d myself 444 ,footnote #ai3 ,9 ,april1 #adih1 ,leon>do 0 engag$ 9 pa9t+ ! ,saletta ,nigra ( ! ,ca/ello at ,milan4 7,see ,g4 ,,mong]i1 l',arte 9 ,milano1 #ahgb1 p4 #dag47 rememb] ! commission to pa9t ! rooms 444 ,i convey$ to y\r ,lord%ip only reque/+ y 444 ,draft ( lett] to be s5t to ,piac5za 7#acdf4 #acdg74 #acdf4 ,magnific5t ,commission]s ( ,build+s ,i1 und]/&+ t y\r ,magnific5cies h made up y\r m9ds to make c]ta9 great works 9 bronze1 w rem9d y ( c]ta9 ?+s3 fir/ t y %\ld n be s ha/y or s quick to give ! commission1 le/ by ?is ha/e x %\ld become impossible to select a good model & a good ma/]2 & "s man ( small m]it may be *os51 :o by 8 insuffici5cy may cause y to 9999,footnote3 9999#acdf4 #acdg4 ,piac5za belong$ to ,milan4 ,! ,"l spok5 ( 9 ?is lett]1 is no d\bt ,lodovico il ,moro4 ,"o may inf] f ! conclud+ s5t5ce 7,no4 #acdf1 l4 #cc4 #cd & ,no4 #acdg71 t ,leon>do1 :o no d\bt compil$ ?is lett]1 did n =w>d x to ,piac5za himself1 b gave x to "s influ5tial patron1 "u ^: "n & signature a copy ( x 0 s5t to ! ,commission4 be abus$ by y\r desc5dants1 judg+ t ?is age 0 b ill suppli$ ) m5 ( good c\nsel & ) good ma/]s2 see+ t o!r cities1 & *iefly ! city ( ! ,flor5t9es1 has be5 z x 7 9 ^! v days1 end[$ ) beautiful & gr& works 9 bronze2 among :i* are ! doors ( _! ,bapti/]y4 ,& ?is t[n ( ,flor5ce1 l ,piac5za1 is a place ( int]c\rse1 ?r\gh :i* _m =eign]s pass2 :o1 see+ t ! works are f9e & ( good quality1 c>ry away a good impression1 & w say t t city is well fill$ ) wor?y inhabitants1 see+ ! works :i* be> witness to _! op9ion2 & on ! o!r h&1 ,i say see+ s mu* metal exp5d$ & s badly wr\ght1 x 7 less %ame to ! city if ! doors _h be5 ( pla9 wood2 because1 ! mat]ial1 co/+ s little1 w\ld n seem to m]it any great outlay ( skill444 ,n[ ! pr9cipal p>ts :i* are s\ght = 9 cities are _! ca!drals1 & ( ^! ! fir/ ?+s :i* /rike ! eye are ! doors1 by :i* "o passes into ^! *ur*es4 ,bew>e1 g5tlem5 ( ! ,commission1 le/ too great spe$ 9 y\r det]m9ation1 & s mu* ha/e to exp$ite ! entru/+ ( s great a "w z t :i* ,i he> y h ord]$1 be ! cause t t :i* 0 int5d$ = ! hon\r ( ,god & ( m5 %\ld be turn$ to great di%on\r ( y\r judgm5ts1 & ( y\r city1 :i*1 be+ a place ( m>k1 is ! resort & ga!r+-place ( innum]able =eign]s4 ,& ?is di%on\r w\ld result if by y\r lack ( dilig5ce y 7 to put y\r tru/ 9 "s vaunt]1 :o by 8 tricks or by fav\r %[n to him "h %\ld obta9 su* "w f y1 by :i* la/+ & v great %ame w\ld result to him & to y4 ,?us ,i _c help be+ angry :5 ,i consid] :at m5 ^? are :o h conf]r$ ) y z wi%+ to und]take ?is great "w )\t ?9k+ ( _! suffici5cy = x1 n to say m4 ,?is "o is a pott]1 t "o a mak] ( cuirasses1 ?is "o is a bell-f\nd]1 ano!r a bell r+]1 & "o is ev5 a bomb>di]2 & among !m "o 9 8 ,lord%ip's s]vice1 :o boa/$ t he 0 ! gossip ( ,mess] ,ambrosio ,f]r]e ,footnote #bf3 ,mess] ,ambrogio ,f]r]e 0 ,f>m] ( ! ,cu/oms "u ! ,duke4 ,piac5za at t "t belong$ to ,milan41 :o has "s p[] & :o has made him "s promises2 & if ?is 7 n en\gh he w\ld m\nt on horseback1 & g to 8 ,"l & obta9 su* lett]s t y c\ld nev] refuse to give him ! "w4 ,b consid] :]e ma/]s ( real tal5t & fit = su* "w are br\ght :5 !y h to compete ) su* m5 z ^!4 ,op5 y\r eyes & look c>efully le/ y\r money %\ld be sp5t 9 buy+ y\r own disgrace4 ,i c decl>e to y t f t place y w procure none b av]age works ( inf]ior & co>se ma/]s4 ,!re is no capable man1--#cc & y may believe me1--except ,leon>do ! ,flor5t9e1 :o is mak+ ! eque/rian /atue 9 bronze ( ! ,duke ,francesco & :o has no ne$ to br+ himself into notice1 because he has "w = all 8 life "t2 & ,i d\bt1 :e!r be+ s great a "w1 he w ev] f9i% x #cd4 ,! mis]able pa9/ak]s 444 ) :at hope may !y expect a rew>d ( _! m]it8 #acdg4 ,!re is "o :om 8 ,lord%ip invit$ f ,flor5ce to d ?is "w & :o is a wor?y ma/]1 b ) s v mu* bus9ess he w nev] f9i% x2 & y may imag9e t a diff]5ce !re is to be se5 betwe5 a beautiful object & an ugly "o4 ,quote ,pl9y4 ,lett] to ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito d' ,e/e4 #acdh4 ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s & mo/ ,rev]5d ,"l4 ,! ,"l ,ippolito1 ,c>d9al ( ,e/e at ,f]r>e4 ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s & mo/ ,rev]5d ,"l4 ,i arriv$ f ,milan b a few days s9ce & f9d+ t my eld] bro!r refuses to 9999,footnote3 ,?is lett] address$ to ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito d',e/e is "h giv5 f ,m>*ese ,g4 ,,campori',s publication3 ,nuovi docum5ti p] la ,vita di ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,atti e ,memorie delle ,r4 ,r4 ,deputazioni di ,/oria patria p] la prov9cie mod5esi e p>- m5esi1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,x is ! only text ?r\gh\t ?is "w :i* ,i h n myself exam9$ & copi$ f ! orig9al4 ,! le>n$ discov]] ( ?is lett]--! only lett] f ,leon>do hi!rto kn[n z hav+ be5 s5t--adds ^! int]e/+ rem>ks3 ,code/o ,c>d9ale nato ad ,ercole ,i4 nel #adgj1 arcivescovo di ,/rigonia a sette anni1 poi d',agra1 aveva conseguito nel #adig la p+ue ed ambita catt$ra di ,milano1 la dove avra conosciuto il ,v9ci1 sebb5e il poco amore *'ei pr(essava alle arti lasci cr$]e *e le prote/e di s]vitu di ,leon>do piu *e a gratitud9e p] favori ricevuti e p] op]e a lui allogate1 acc5n9o a sp]anza p] un favore *e si aspetta4 ,notabile e ancora 9 que/o prezioso docum5to la ripetuta signatura del gr&e arti/a '*e si scrive ,v9cio e ,v9cius1 non da ,v9ci come si ti5e comunem5te1 sebb5e l'una e l'altra possano val]e a signific>e cosi il casato come il paese2 re/&o a sap]e se il nome del paese di ,v9ci fosse assunto a cognome della famiglia di ,leon>do nel qual suppo/o piu propriam5to avrebbe a *iam>si ,leon>do ,v9ci1 o ,v9cio 7lat9am5te ,v9cius7 com'egli /esso amo segn>si 9 que/a lett]a1 e come scriss]o p>ec*i cont5poranei di lui1 il ,casio1 il ,ces>iano1 ,ge(frey ,tory1 il ,gaurico1 il ,b&ello1 ,raffaelle ,maffei1 il ,paciolo4 ,p] ultimo non lasc]o d'avv]tire come la lett]a del ,v9ci e assai b5 cons]vata1 di nitida e l>ga scrittura 9 =ma pi5em5te corrispond5te a quella dei suoi manoscritti1 v]gata all'uso comune da s9i/ra a de/ra1 anzi*e contr>iam5te come fu suo co/ume2 ma indubbiam5te aut5tica e =nita della m5zione e del suggello *e fresca ancora cons]va l'impronta di una te/a di pr(ilo da un picciolo antico cammeo4 7,comp>e ,no4 #acfh1 note47 c>ry into effect a w1 made ?ree ye>s ago :5 my fa!r di$--z also1 & no less1 because ,i w\ld n fail 9 a matt] ,i e/eem mo/ important--,i _c =be> to crave ( y\r mo/ ,rev]5d ,highness a lett] ( recomm5dation & fav\r to ,s] ,raphaello ,hi]onymo1 at pres5t "o ( ! illu/ri\s memb]s ( ! ,signoria be=e :om my cause is be+ argu$2 & m p>ticul>ly x has be5 laid by 8 ,excell5cy ! ,gonfaloni]e into ! h&s ( ! said ,s] ,raphaello1 t 8 ,wor%ip may h to decide & end x be=e ! fe/ival ( ,all ,sa9ts4 ,& !re=e1 my ,"l1 ,i entreat y1 z urg5tly z ,i "k h[ & am able1 t y\r ,highness w write a lett] to ! said ,s] ,raphaello 9 t admirable & press+ mann] :i* y\r ,highness c use1 recomm5d+ to him ,leon>do ,v9cio1 y\r mo/ humble s]vant z ,i am1 & %all always be2 reque/+ him & press+ him n only to d me ju/ice b to d s ) despat*2 & ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt1 f _m ?+s t ,i he>1 t ,s] ,raphaello1 be+ mo/ affectionately devot$ to y\r ,highness1 ! matt] w issue ad votum4 ,& ?is ,i %all attribute to y\r mo/ ,rev]5d ,highness' lett]1 to :om ,i once m humbly comm5d myself4 ,et b5e valeat4 ,flor5ce ,x,v,i,i,ia #g;bris #aejg4 ,e4 ,v4 ,r4 ,d4 y\r humble s]vant ,leon>dus ,v9cius1 pictor4 ,draft ( ,lett] to ! ,gov]nor ( ,milan4 #acdi4 ,i am afraid le/ ! small return ,i h made = ! great b5efits1 ,i h receiv$ f y\r ,excell5cy1 h n made y some:at angry ) me1 & t ?is is :y to s _m lett]s :i* ,i h writt5 to y\r ,lord%ip ,i h nev] _h an answ]4 ,i n[ s5d ,salai to expla9 to y\r ,lord%ip t ,i am almo/ at an end ( ! litigation ,i _h ) my bro!r2 t ,i hope to f9d myself ) y ?is ,ea/]1 & to c>ry ) me two pictures ( two ,madonnas ( diff]5t sizes4 ,^! 7 done = our mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 or = :omsoev] y\r ,lord%ip may please4 ,i %\ld be v glad to "k on my return !nce :]e ,i may h to reside1 = ,i w\ld n give any m tr\ble to y\r ,lord%ip4 ,also1 z ,i h work$ = ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 :e!r my sal>y is to cont9ue or n4 ,i wrote to ! ,presid5t z to t wat] :i* ! k+ grant$ me1 & :i* ,i 0 n put 9 possession ( because at t "t !re 0 a de>? 9 ! canal by reason ( ! great dr\ghts & because ,footnote3,comp>e ,nos4 #ajji & #ajaj4 ,leon>do has not$ ! paym5t ( ! p5sion f ! k+ 9 #aeje4 its outlets 7 n regulat$2 b he c]ta9ly promis$ me t :5 ?is 0 done ,i %\ld be put 9 possession4 ,?us ,i pray y\r ,lord%ip t y w take s mu* tr\ble1 n[ t ^! outlets are regulat$1 z to rem9d ! ,presid5t ( my matt]2 t is1 to give me possession ( ?is wat]1 because on my return ,i hope to make !re in/rum5ts & o!r ?+s :i* w greatly please our mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+4 ,no?+ else occurs to me4 ,i am always y\rs to comm&4 ,footnote3#acdi4 ,*>les d',amboise1 ,m>e*al de ,*aumont1 0 ,gov]nor ( ,milan "u ,l\is ,,xii4 ,leon>do 0 9 p]sonal communication ) him s e>ly z 9 #aejc4 ,he 0 abs5t f ,milan 9 ! autumn ( #aejf & f ,octob] l#el#j--:5 he besieg$ ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 9 ,bologna--till 8 dea?1 :i* took place at ,correggio1 ,febru>y #aa1 #aeaa4 ,francesco ,v9ci1 ,leon>do's uncle1 di$--z ,amoretti tells u--9 ! w9t] ( l#el#j-aa 7or accord+ to ,uzielli 9 #aejf871 & ,leon>do rema9$ 9 ,flor5ce = bus9ess connect$ ) 8 e/ate4 ,! lett] writt5 ) ref]5ce to ?is affair1 ,no4 #acdh1 is und\bt$ly e>li] ?an ! lett]s ,nos4 #acdi & #acej4 ,amoretti tells u1 ,memorie ,/ori*e1 *4 ,,ii1 t ! foll[+ note exi/$ on ! same leaf 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 ,i h n h[ev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ x4 ,! passage runs ?us3 ,jo sono quasi al f9e del mio letizio *e io o con mie fratetgli 444 ,ancora ricordo a ,v4 ,excia la fac5da *e o cum ,s] ,juliana mio ,fratello capo delli altri fratelli ricord&oli come se (f]se di conci> le cose no/re fra noi fratelli del comune della er$ita de mio ,zio1 e quelli co/r+a alla exp$itione1 quale cont5eva la lett]a *e lui me m&o4 ,c4 ,a4 #cfd;b2 #aach;b ,drafts ( ,lett]s to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,canals & to ,fr4 ,melzi4 #acej4 ,magnific5t ,presid5t1 ,i am s5d+ ?i!r ,salai1 my pupil1 :o is ! be>] ( ?is1 & f him y w he> by ^w ( m\? ! cause ( my444 ,magnific5t ,presid5t1 ,i444 ,magnific5t ,presid5t3--,hav+ (ttimes rememb]$ ! proposals made _m times to me by y\r ,excell5cy1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( writ+ to rem9d y\r ,lord%ip ( ! promise made to me at my la/ dep>ture1 t is ! possession ( ! twelve in*es ( wat] grant$ to me by ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+4 ,y\r ,lord%ip kn[s t ,i did n ent] into possession1 because at t "t :5 x 0 giv5 to me !re 0 a de>? ( wat] 9 ! canal1 z well by reason ( ! great dr\ght z also because ! outlets 7 n regulat$2 b y\r ,excell5cy promis$ me t z soon z ?is 0 done1 ,i %\ld h my rights4 ,aft]w>ds he>+ t ! canal 0 complete ,i wrote sev]al times to y\r ,lord%ip & to ,mess] ,girolamo da ,cusano1:o has 9 8 keep+ ! de$ ( ?is gift2 & s also ,i wrote to ,corig]o & nev] _h a reply4 ,i n[ s5d ?i!r ,salai1 my pupil1 ! be>] ( ?is1 to :om y\r ,lord%ip may tell by ^w ( m\? all t happ5$ 9 ! matt] ab\t :i* ,i petition y\r ,excell5cy4 ,i expect to g ?i!r ?is ,ea/] s9ce ,i am ne>ly at ! end ( my lawsuit1 & ,i w take ) me two pictures ( our ,lady :i* ,i h begun1 & at ! pres5t "t h br\ght !m on to a v good end2 no?+ else occurs to me4 ,my ,"l ! love :i* y\r ,excell5cy has always %[n me & ! b5efits t ,i h con/antly receiv$ f y ,i h hi!rto444 ,i am fe>ful le/ ! small return ,i h made = ! great b5efits ,i h receiv$ f y\r ,excell5cy may n h made y some:at annoy$ ) me4 ,& ?is is :y1 to _m lett]s :i* ,i h writt5 to y\r ,excell5cy ,i h nev] _h an answ]4 ,i n[ s5d to y ,salai to expla9 to y\r ,excell5cy t ,i am almo/ at ! end ( my litigation ) my bro!rs1 & t ,i hope to be ) y ?is ,ea/] & c>ry ) me two pictures on :i* are two ,madonnas ( diff]5t sizes :i* ,i began = ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 or = :omsoev] y please4 ,i %\ld be v glad to "k :]e1 on my return f ?is place1 ,i %all h to reside1 because ,i d n wi% to give m tr\ble to y\r ,lord%ip2 & !n1 hav+ work$ = ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 :e!r my sal>y is to be cont9u$ or n4 ,i write to ! ,presid5t z to ! wat] t ! k+ grant$ me ( :i* ,i _h n be5 put 9 possession by reason ( ! de>? 9 ! canal1 caus$ by ! great dr\ght & because its outlets 7 n regulat$2 b he promis$ me c]ta9ly t z soon z ! regulation 0 made1 ,i %\ld be put 9 possession ( x2 ,i !re=e pray y t1 if y %\ld meet ! said ,presid5t1 y w\ld be good en\gh1 n[ t ! outlets are regulat$1 to rem9d ! said ,presid5t to cause me to be put 9 possession ( t wat]1 s9ce ,i und]/& x is 9 great measure 9 8 p[]4 ,no?+ else occurs to me2 always y\rs to comm&4 ,good day to y ,mess] ,francesco4 ,:y1 9 ,god's "n1 ( all ! lett]s ,i h writt5 to y1 h y nev] answ]$ "o4 ,n[ wait till ,i come1 by ,god1 & ,i %all make y write s mu* t p]haps y w become sick ( x4 ,de> ,mess] ,francesco4 ,i am s5d+ ?i!r ,salai to le>n f ,8 ,magnific5ce ! ,presid5t to :at end ! regulation ( ! wat] has come s9ce1 at my dep>ture ?is regulation ( ! outlets ( ! canal _h be5 ord]$1 because ,8 ,magnific5ce ! ,presid5t promis$ me t z soon z ?is 0 done ,i %\ld be satisfi$4 ,x is n[ "s "t s9ce ,i he>d t ! canal 0 9 ord]1 z also its outlets1 & ,i imm$iately wrote to ! ,presid5t & to y1 & !n ,i repeat$ x1 & nev] _h an answ]4 ,s y w h ! goodness to answ] me z to t :i* happ5$1 & z ,i am n to hurry ! matt]1 w\ld y take ! tr\ble1 = ! love ( me1 to urge ! ,presid5t a little1 & also ,mess] ,girolamo ,cusano1 to :om y w comm5d me & (f] my duty to 8 ,magnific5ce4 99#acej4 #bh-cf4 ,draft ( a lett] to ,francesco ,melzi1 born l#dic--;a y\? !re=e ( ab\t #ag 9 #aeaj4 ,leon>do addresses 8 "y fri5d z ,mess]1 z be+ ! son ( a noble h\se4 ,melzi practis$ art "u ,leon>do z a dilettante & n z a pupil1 l ,ces>e da ,se/o & o!rs 7,see ,,l]molieff1 ,die ,gal]i5 c41 p4 #dgf74 99,drafts ( a lett] to ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 7#acea-aceb74 #acea4 ,mo/ illu/ri\s ,"l4 ,i greatly rejoice mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,"l at y\r444 ,i 0 s greatly rejoic$1 mo/ illu/ri\s ,"l1 by ! desir$ re/oration ( y\r heal?1 t x almo/ _h ! effect t my own heal? recov]$--,i h got ?r\gh my illness--my own illness left me-- --( y\r ,excell5cy's almo/ re/or$ heal?4 ,b ,i am extremely vex$ t ,i h n be5 able completely to satisfy ! wi%es ( y\r ,excell5cy1 by reason ( ! wick$ness ( t deceiv]1 = :om ,i left no?+ undone :i* c\ld be done = him by me & by :i* ,i might be ( use to him2 & 9 ! fir/ place 8 all[ances 7 paid to him be=e ! "t1 :i* ,i believe he w\ld will+ly d5y1 if ,i _h n ! writ+ sign$ by myself & ! int]pret]4 ,& ,i1 see+ t he did n "w = me unless he _h no "w to d = o!rs1 :i* he 0 v c>eful 9 sollicit+1 invit$ him to d9e ) me1 & to "w aft]w>ds ne> me1 because1 besides ! sav+ ( exp5se1 he 99#acea4 #acec4;,footnote3 ,x is cle> f ! cont5ts ( ?is notes t !y ref] to ,leon>do's resid5ce 9 ,rome 9 #aeac-aeae4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt t !y 7 address$ to ,leon>do's patron at ! "t3 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 ?ird son ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t & bro!r ( ,pope ,leo ,x 7born #adgh74 ,9 #aeab he became ! head ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic4 ,! ,pope invit$ him to ,rome1 :]e he settl$2 9 #aeac he 0 nam$ patrician ) mu* spl5did c]emonial4 ,! m$al /ruck 9 hon\r ( ! ev5t be>s ! words ,,mag4 ,,ivlian4 ,,m$ices4 ,leon>do too uses ! /yle ,magnifico1 9 8 lett]4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #acgg4 ,gl,n,o ,,capponi 7,/oria della ,repubblica di ,fir5ze1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aci7 ?us describes ! "* ( ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 :o di$ 9 #aeaf3 ,era il migliore della famiglia1 di vita placida1 gr&e sp5ditore1 t55do intorno a s99e uom9i +egnosi1 ed ogni nuova cosa voleva prov>e4 ,see too ,,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adi ,rom1 ,,viii 7book ,,xiv4 ,,iii1 #b73 ,die ,lufts*l99oss] f99ur/li*] ,gr99osse1 wozu ihn d] ,pap/ hatte erheb5 woll5 z]fiel54 ,julian w> d] edel/e all] damalig5 ,m$ici1 e9 ,m5s* von inn]li*] ,ri*tung1 unbefri$igt dur* das ,leb51 mitt5 im ,sonn5glanz d] ,h]rli*keit ,leo's ,x4 e9e dunkle ,ge/alt die wie e9 ,s*att5 vor99ub]zog4 ,giuliano liv$ 9 ! ,vatican1 & x may be safely inf]r$ f ,no4 #aceb l4 #b1 & ,no4 #acec l4 #d1 t ,leon>do did ! same4 ,f ! foll[+ unpubli%$ notice 9 ! ,vatican ar*ives1 :i* ,m4 ,eug4 ,m99untz1 libr>ian ( ! ,ecole des ,beaux arts1 ,p>is1 has done me ! fav\r to communicate to me1 we get a m accurate view ( ,leon>do's relation to ! (t5 nam$ ,,giorgio ,,t$esco3 ,nota delle provisione 7sic7 a da pag>e p] me 9 nome del no/ro ill4 ,s4 ,b]n>do ,b9i e *omp99a di ,roma1 e prima della ill99ma sua *onsorte ogni mese d4 #hjj4 ,a ,l99d da ,v9ci p] sua provisione d4 ,,xxxiii1 e pi99u d4 ,,vii al detto p] la provisione di ,giorgio t$es*o1 *e sono 9 tutto d4 #dj4 ,f ?is we le>n1 t sev5 ducats =m$ ! ,g]man's mon?ly wages1 b accord+ to ,no4 #acec l4 #g he pret5d$ t eight ducats _h be5 agre$ ^u4 w\ld acquire ! ,italian language4 ,he always promis$1 b w\ld nev] d s4 ,& ?is ,i did also1 because t ,giovanni1 ! ,g]man :o makes ! mirrors1 0 !re always 9 ! work%op1 & want$ to see & to "k all t 0 be+ done !re & made x kn[n outside 444 /rongly criticis+ x2 & because he d9$ ) ^? ( ! ,pope's gu>d1 & !n !y w5t out ) guns kill+ birds among ! ru9s2 & ?is w5t on f aft] d9n] till ! ev5+2 & :5 ,i s5t ,lor5zo to urge him to "w he said t he w\ld n h s _m ma/]s ov] him1 & t 8 "w 0 = y\r ,excell5cy's ,w>drobe2 & ?us two mon?s pass$ & s x w5t on2 & "o day f9d+ ,gian ,niccolo ( ! ,w>drobe & ask+ :e!r ! ,g]man _h f9i%$ ! "w = y\r ,magnific5ce1 he told me ?is 0 n true1 b only t he _h giv5 him two guns to clean4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ,i _h urg$ him f>!r1 be left ! work%op & began to "w 9 8 room1 & lo/ mu* "t 9 mak+ ano!r pair ( p9c]s & files & o!r tools ) screws2 & !re he work$ at mills = twi/+ silk :i* he hid :5 any "o ( my p w5t 91 & ) a ?\s& oa?s & mutt]+s1 s t none ( !m w\ld g !re any m4 ,i 0 s greatly rejoic$1 mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,"l1 by ! desir$ re/oration ( y\r heal?1 t my own illness almo/ left me4 ,b ,i am greatly vex$ at n hav+ be5 able to completely satisfy y\r ,excell5cy's wi%es by reason ( ! wick$ness ( t ,g]man deceiv]1 = :om ,i left no?+ undone by :i* ,i c\ld h hope to please him2 & secondly ,i invit$ him to lodge & bo>d ) me1 by :i* means ,i %\ld con/antly see ! "w he 0 do+ & ) great] ease correct 8 errors :ile1 besides ?is1 he w\ld le>n ! ,italian tongue1 by means ( :i* be c\ld ) m ease talk )\t an int]pret]2 8 moneys 7 always giv5 him 9 advance ( ! "t :5 due4 ,aft]w>ds he want$ to h ! models f9i%$ 9 wood1 j z !y 7 to be 9 iron1 & wi%$ to c>ry !m away to 8 own c\ntry4 ,b ?is ,i refus$ him1 tell+ him t ,i w\ld give him1 9 draw+1 ! bread?1 l5g?1 height & =m ( :at he _h to d2 & s we rema9$ 9 ill-w4 ,! next ?+ 0 t he made himself ano!r work%op & p9c]s & tools 9 8 room :]e he slept1 & !re he work$ = o!rs2 aft]w>ds he w5t to d9e ) ! ,swiss ( ! gu>d1 :]e !re are idle fell[s1 9 :i* he beat !m all2 & mo/ times !y w5t two or ?ree toge!r ) guns1 to %oot birds among ! ru9s1 & ?is w5t on till ev5+4 ,at la/ ,i f\nd h[ ?is ma/] ,giovanni ! mirror-mak] 0 he :o _h done x all1 = two reasons2 ! fir/ because he _h said t my com+ "h _h depriv$ him ( ! c\nt5ance & fav\r ( y\r ,lord%ip :i* always444 ,! o!r is t he said t 8 iron-work]s' rooms suit$ him = work+ at 8 mirrors1 & ( ?is he gave pro(2 = besides mak+ him my enemy1 he made him sell all he _h & leave 8 work%op to him1 :]e he works ) a numb] ( workm5 mak+ num]\s mirrors to s5d to ! fairs4 #aceb4 ,i 0 s greatly rejoic$1 mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,"l1 by ! wi%$ = recov]y ( y\r heal?1 t my own ills h almo/ left me2 & ,i say ,god be prais$ = x4 ,b x vexes me greatly t ,i h n be5 able completely to satisfy y\r ,excell5cy's wi%es by reason ( ! wick$ness ( t ,g]man deceiv]1 = :om ,i left no?+ undone by :i* ,i c\ld hope to please him2 & secondly ,i invit$ him to lodge & bo>d ) me1 by :i* means ,i %\ld see con/antly ! "w he 0 do+1 = :i* purpose ,i w\ld h a table fix$ at ! foot ( "o ( ^! w9d[s1 :]e he c\ld "w ) ! file & f9i% ! ?+s made bel[2 & s ,i %\ld con/antly see ! "w he might d1 & x c\ld be correct$ ) great] ease4 ,draft ( lett] writt5 at ,rome4 #acec4 ,?is o!r h9d]$ me 9 anatomy1 blam+ x be=e ! ,pope2 & likewise at ! hospital2 & he has fill$ 99#d ?is :ole ,belv$]e ) work%ops = mirrors2 & he did ! same ?+ 9 ,mae/ro ,giorgio's room4 ,he said t he _h be5 promis$ 99#g eight ducats e mon?1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ day1 :5 he set out1 or at late/ :5 he spoke ) y2 & t y agre$4 ,see+ t he seldom /ay$ 9 ! work%op1 & t he ate a great deal1 ,i s5t him ^w t1 if he lik$ ,i c\ld deal ) him sep>ately = ea* ?+ t he might make1 & w\ld give him :at we might agree to be a fair valuation4 ,he took c\nsel ) 8 neighb\r & gave up 8 room1 sell+ e ?+1 & w5t to f9d444 ,miscellane\s ,records 7#aced4 #acee7- #aced4 ,de> ,b5$etto de' ,p]t>ti4 ,:5 ! pr\d giant fell because ( ! bloody & miry /ate ( ! gr\nd x 0 z ?\gh a m\nta9 _h fall5 s t ! c\ntry %ook z ) an e>?quake1 & t]ror fell on ,pluto 9 hell4 ,f ! viol5ce ( ! %ock he lay z /unn$ on ! level gr\nd4 ,sudd5ly ! p1 see+ him z "o kill$ by a ?und]bolt1 turn$ back2 l ants runn+ wildly ov] ! body ( ! fall5 oak1 s ^! ru%+ ov] 8 ample limbs4444444444 !m ) 99#aced4;,footnote3 ,a puzzl+ passage1 meant1 z x w\ld seem1 = a je/4 ,comp>e ! description ( ,giants 9 ,dante1 ,inf4 ,,xxi & ,,xxii4 ,p]haps ,leon>do _h ! ,giant ,antaeus 9 8 m9d4 ,( him ! my? relates t he 0 a son ( ,ge1 t he f$ on lions2 t he hunt$ 9 ,libya & kill$ ! inhabitants4 ,he enjoy$ ! peculi>ity ( r5ew+ 8 /r5g? :5ev] he fell & came 9 contact ) 8 "m e>?2 b t ,h]cules lift$ him up & s conqu]$ & /rangl$ him4 ,lucan gives a full acc\nt ( ! /ruggle4 ,ph>salia ,,iv1 #fag4 ,! read+ ( ?is passage1 :i* is v indi/9ctly writt51 is 9 _m places d\btful4 frequ5t w\nds2 by :i*1 ! giant be+ r\s$ & feel+ himself almo/ cov]$ by ! multitude1 he sudd5ly p]ceives ! sm>t+ ( ! /abs1 & s5t =? a ro> :i* s\nd$ l a t]rific clap ( ?und]2 & plac+ 8 h&s on ! gr\nd he rais$ 8 t]rible face3 & hav+ lift$ "o h& to 8 head he f\nd x full ( m5 & rabble /ick+ to x l ! m9ute creatures :i* n unfrequ5tly are f\nd !re2 :]e=e ) a %ake ( 8 head he s5ds ! m5 fly+ ?r\gh ! air j z hail does :5 driv5 by ! fury ( ! w9ds4 ,_m ( ^! m5 7 f\nd to be dead2 /amp+ ) 8 feet4 ,& cl++ to 8 hair1 & /riv+ to hide 9 x1 !y behav$ l sailors 9 a /orm1 :o run up ! ropes to less5 ! =ce ( ! w9d by tak+ 9 sail4 ,news ( ?+s f ! ,ea/4 ,be x kn[n to y t 9 ! mon? ( ,june !re appe>$ a ,giant1 :o came f ! ,lybian des]t444 mad ) rage l ants4444 /ruck d[n by ! rude4 ,?is great ,giant 0 born 9 ,m\nt ,atlas & 0 a h]o 444 & _h to fight aga9/ ! ,egyptians & ,arabs1 ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,he liv$ 9 ! sea on :ales1 grampuses & %ips4 ,m>s fe>+ = 8 life took refuge "u !444 ( ,jove4 ,& at ! great fall x seem$ z ?\gh ! :ole prov9ce quak$4 #acee4 ,?is _s returns to ! bra9 :5ce x _h dep>t$1 ) a l\d voice & ) ^! words1 x mov$444 ,& if any man ?\gh he may h wisdom or goodness 444444444 ,footnote3 ,?is passage1 v difficult to deciph]1 is on ! rev]se ( a draw+ at ,w9dsor1 ,pl4 ,,cxxii1 :i* possibly has "s connection ) x4 ,! draw+ is slightly r$uc$ 9 ?is reproduction2 ! orig9al be+ #be cm4 high by #ai cm4 wide4 ,o bless$ & happy _s :5ce come/ ?\8 ,well h ,i kn[n ?is man1 mu* aga9/ my w4 ,?is "o is a receptacle ( villa9y2 he is a p]fect heap ( ! utmo/ +ratitude comb9$ ) e vice4 ,b ( :at use is x to fatigue myself ) va9 words8 ,no?+ is to be f\nd 9 !m b e =m ( s9 444 ,& if !re %\ld be f\nd among !m any t possesses any good1 !y w n be treat$ diff]5tly to myself by o!r m52 & 9 f9e1 ,i come to ! conclusion t x is bad if !y are ho/ile1 & worse if !y are fri5dly4 ,miscellane\s drafts ( lett]s & p]sonal records 7#acef--acfh74 #acef4 ,all ! ills t are or ev] 71 if !y c\ld be set to "w by him1 w\ld n satisfy ! desires ( 8 iniquit\s s\l2 & ,i c\ld n 9 any l5g? ( "t describe 8 nature to y1 b ,i conclude444 #aceg4 ,i "k "o :o1 hav+ promis$ me mu*1 less ?an my due1 be+ disappo9t$ ( 8 presumptu\s desires1 has tri$ to deprive me ( all my fri5ds2 & z he has f\nd !m wise & n pliable to 8 w1 he has m5ac$ me t1 hav+ f\nd means ( d5\nc+ me1 he w\ld deprive me ( my b5efactors4 ,h5ce ,i h in=m$ y\r ,lord%ip ( ?is1 to ! end t ?is man :o wi%es to s[ ! usual sc&als1 may f9d no soil fit = s[+ ! ?\ghts & de$s ( 8 evil nature s t he1 try+ to make y\r ,lord%ip1 ! in/rum5t ( 8 iniquit\s & malice\s nature may be disappo9t$ ( 8 desire4 #aceh4 ,& 9 ?is case ,i "k t ,i %all make few enemies see+ t no "o w believe :at ,i c say ( him2 = !y are b ,footnote3 ,bel[ ?is text we read gus/9o--,giu/9o & 9 ano!r passage on ! same page ,ju/9 is quot$ 7,no4 #abaj1 #a4 #dh74 ,! two h h[ev] no real connection4 few :om 8 vices h disgu/$1 & he only dislikes ^? m5 ^: natures are contr>y to ^? vices4 ,& _m hate _! fa!rs1 & break (f fri5d%ip ) ^? :o reprove _! vices2 & he w n p]mit any examples aga9/ !m1 nor any advice4 ,if y meet ) any "o :o is virtu\s d n drive him f y2 d him hon\r1 s t he may n h to flee f y & be r$uc$ to hid+ 9 h]mitages1 or caves or o!r solit>y places to escape f y\r trea*]y2 if !re is su* an "o among y d him hon\r1 = ^! are our ,sa9ts ^u e>?2 ^! are !y :o des]ve /atues f u1 & images2 b rememb] t _! images are n to be eat5 by y1 z is /ill done 9 "s p>ts ( ,india ,footnote #ae3 ,9 explanation ( ?is passage ,i h receiv$ ! foll[+ communication f ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,leitn] ( ,lahore3 ,s f> z ,indian cu/oms are kn[n to u1 ?is practice spok5 ( by ,leon>do z '/ill exi/+ 9 "s p>ts ( ,india' is p]fectly unkn[n2 & x is equally oppos$ to ! _s ( ,h9duism1 ,mohamm$anism & ,sikhism4 ,9 c5tral ,?ibet ! a%es ( ! dead1 :5 burnt1 are mix$ ) d\gh1 & small figures--usually ( ,buddha--are /amp$ out ( !m & "s are laid 9 ! grave :ile o!rs are di/ribut$ among ! relations4 ,! cu/om spok5 ( by ,leon>do may h prevail$ !re b ,i nev] he>d ( x4 ,possibly ,leon>do ref]s "h to cu/oms ( nations ( ,am]ica4 :]e1 :5 ! images h accord+ to !m1 p]=m$ "s miracle1 ! prie/s cut !m 9 pieces1 be+ ( wood1 & give !m to all ! p ( ! c\ntry1 n )\t paym5t2 & ea* "o grates 8 portion v f9e1 & puts x ^u ! fir/ food he eats2 & ?us believes t by fai? he has eat5 8 sa9t :o !n pres]ves him f all p]ils4 ,:at d y ?9k "h1 ,man1 ( y\r own species8 ,are y s wise z y believe y\rselves to be8 ,are ^! ?+s to be done by m58 #acei4 ,z ,i told y 9 pa/ days1 y "k t ,i am )\t any4444 ,francesco d',antonio4 ,b]n>do di ,mae/ro ,jacopo4 #acfj4 ,tell me h[ ! ?+s happ5$4 #acfa4 j lorezo #b inbiadali #c inf]ri de #d;9 lorezo #e;inno abuil #f 9 acocatu #g p] la sella #h;colte di lor #iv cavallott ,i#j;el uiagg ,i,ial ,i#b;a lurez #ac;9 biada #ad;inf]ri #ae;abuss #af;9 viagg #ag;alorz ,footnote3 ,?is seems to be ! beg9n+ ( a lett]1 b only ! fir/ words ( ! l9es h be5 pres]v$1 ! leaf be+ torn d[n ! middle4 ,no translation is possible4 #acfb4 ,& s may x please our great ,au?or t ,i may demon/rate ! nature ( man & 8 cu/oms1 9 ! way ,i describe 8 figure4 ,footnote3 ,a prep>atory note = ! passage giv5 z ,no4 #gih1 99#aa4 #da--db4 #acfc4 ,?is writ+ di/9ctly ab\t ! kite seems to be my de/9y1 because among ! fir/ recollections ( my infancy1 x seem$ to me t1 z ,i 0 9 my cradle1 a kite came to me & op5$ my m\? ) its tail1 & /ruck me sev]al times ) its tail inside my lips4 ,footnote3 ,?is note probably ref]s to ! text ,no4 #abba4 ,c4 ,a4 #bdh;a2 #gcg;a #acfd4 ,:5 ,i did well1 z a boy y us$ to put me 9 prison4 ,n[ if ,i d x be+ gr[n up1 y w d worse to me4 #acfe4 ,tell me if any?+ 0 ev] done4 #acff4 ,tell me if ev] ,i did a ?+ :i* me 4444 #acfg4 ,d n reveal1 if lib]ty is preci\s to y2 my face is ! prison ( love4 ,footnote3,?is note seems to be a quotation4 #acfh4 ,mae/ro ,leon>do ( ,flor5ce4 ,footnote3 ,s ,leon>do writes 8 "n on a %eet ) sundry %ort notes1 evid5tly to try a p54 ,comp>e ! signature ) ^? 9 ,nos4 #acda1 #acdh & #acgd 7see also ,no4 #acdf1 l4 #cc74 ,! =m ,lion>do does n occur 9 ! autographs4 ,! ,portrait ( ! ,ma/] 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,tur91 :i* is reproduc$--slightly dim9i%$--on ,pl4 ,i1 has 9 ! orig9al two l9es ( writ+ und]nea?2 "o 9 r$ *alk ( two or ?ree words is p>tly effac$3 lion>do x444 lm 7or lai872 ! second writt5 9 p5cil is z foll[s3 fatto da lui /esso assai vec*io4 ,9 bo? ( ^! ! writ+ is v l ! ,ma/]'s1 b is c]ta9ly only an imitation4 ,notes be>+ ,dates 7#acfi--acgh74 #acfi4 ,! day ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,neve ( ! ,sn[s ,augu/ ! #bnd #adgc4 ,footnote3 99,w4 ,an4 ,i4 #acfh4 #acfi4 ,?is date is on a draw+ ( a rocky l&scape4 ,see ,*ronique des ,arts #ahha no4 #bc3 ,leon>d de ,v9ci a-t-il ete au ,righi le #e a\t #adgc8 lett] by ,h4 de ,geymull]4 ,! next foll[+ date 9 ! ,,mss4 is #adgh 7see ,no4 #ffc74 #acgj4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,april #adhi1 book entitl$ ',( ! human figure'4 ,footnote3 ,:ile ! lett]s 9 ! ,,ms4 notes ( #adgc & #adgh are v ornate1 ?is note & ! texts on anatomy on ! same %eet 7= in/ance ,no4 #hje7 are 9 ! same simple h& z we see on ,pl4 ,,cxvi & ,,cxix4 ,no #acgj is ! only dat$ note ( ! ye>s betwe5 #adhj & #adhi1 & ! *>act]s are 9 all ess5tial po9ts id5tical ) ^? t we see 9 ! late/ manuscripts writt5 9 ,france 7comp>e ! facsimiles on ,pl4 ,,cxv & p4 #bed71 s t x is h>dly possible to det]m9e exactly ! date ( a manuscript f ! /yle ( ! h&writ+1 if x does n betray ! peculi>ities ( /yle z display$ 9 ! few notes dat$ previ\s to l#dhj4--;,comp>e ! facsimile ( ! manuscripts #adgi on ,pl4,,lxii1 ,no4 #b2 ,no4 #ffd1 note1 ,vol4 ,i p4 #cdf4 ,?is %[s already a m>k$ simplicity z comp>$ ) ! calligraphy ( ,i#dgh4 ,! text ,no4 #gbj belongs to ! ye> #adij2 ,no4 #aeaj to ! ye> #adib2 ,no4 #adei1 ,no4 #achd & ,no4 #adfj to ! ye> #adic2 ,no4 #adfc1 ,no4 #aeag1 ,no4 #ajbd1 #ajbe & #adfa to ! ye> #adid2 ,nos4 #aebc & #aebd to ! ye> #adig4 ,c4 ,a4 #ajc;a2 #cbe;a #acga4 ,on ! i/ ( ,augu/ #adii1 ,i wrote "h ( motion & ( weight4 ,footnote3#acga4 ,scrissi qui4 ,leon>do does n say :]e2 /ill we may assume t x 0 n 9 ,milan4 ,amoretti writes1 ,memorie ,/ori*e1 *ap4 ,,xix3 ,sembra p]tanto *e non nel #adii ma nel #aejj1 dopo il ritorno e la prigionia del duca1 sia da qui p>tito ,lion>do p] &>e a ,fir5ze2 ed e qu9di probabile1 *e i mesi di gov]no nuovo e inc]to abbia passati coll' amico suo ,francesco ,melzi a ,vaprio1 ove meglio *e altrove /udi> potea la natura1 e soprattutta le acque1 e l',adda specialm5te1 *e gia era /ato l'ogetto delle sue idro/ati*e ric]*e4 ,at t "t ,melzi 0 only six ye>s ( age4 ,! next date is #aejb2 to ?is ye> belong ,no4 #ajcd1 #ajdj1 #ajdb1 #ajdh & #ajec4 ,! note ,no4 #aebe belongs to ! ye> #aejc4 #acgb4 ,on ! #i? ( ,july #aejd1 ,w$nesday1 at sev5 o'clock1 di$ ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 not>y at ! ,palazzo del ,pode/99a1 my fa!r1 --at sev5 o'clock1 be+ eighty ye>s old1 leav+ beh9d t5 sons & two daught]s4 ,footnote3 ,?is /atem5t ( ,s] ,pi]o's age contradicts t ( ! ,riassunto della portata di ,antonio da ,v9ci 7,leon>do's gr&fa!r71 :o speaks ( ,s] ,pi]o z be+ ?irty ye>s old 9 #adeg2 & t ( ! ,riassunto della portata di ,s] ,pi]o e ,francesco1 sons ( ,antonia da ,v9ci1 :]e ,s] ,pi]o is m5tion$ z be+ =ty 9 #adfi4 ,^! docum5ts 7 publi%$ by ,g4 ,,uzielli1 ,ric]*e intorno a ,l4 da ,v9ci1 ,fir5ze1 #ahgb1 pp4 #add & #adf4 ,leon>do 01 z is well kn[n1 a natural son4 ,8 "m ',la ,cat>9a' 0 m>ri$ 9 #adeg to ,ac*attabriga di ,pi]o del ,vac*a da ,v9ci4 ,%e di$ 9 #aeai4 ,leon>do nev] m5tions h] 9 ! ,manuscripts4 ,9 ! ye> ( ,leon>do's bir? ,s] ,pi]o m>ri$ ,albi]a di ,giovanni ,amadoci1 & aft] h] dea? at ! age ( ?irty eight he aga9 m>ri$1 ,francesca1 daught] ( ,s] ,giovanni ,lanfr$i1 !n only fifte54 ,_! *ildr5 7 ,leon>do's halfbro!rs1 ,antonio 7b4 #adgf71 ,s] ,giuliano 7b4 #adgi71 ,lor5zo 7b4 #adhd71 a girl1 ,violante 7b4 #adhe71 & ano!r boy ,dom5ico 7b4 #adhf72 ,dom5ico's desc5dants /ill exi/ z a family4 ,s] ,pi]o m>ri$ = ! ?ird "t ,lucrezia di ,guglielmo ,cortigiani by :om he _h six *ildr53 ,m>gh]ita 7b4 #adia71 ,b5$etto 7b4 #adib71 ,p&olfo 7b4 #adid71 ,guglielmo 7b4 #adif71 ,b>tolommeo 7b4 #adig71 & ,giovanni7 date ( bir? unkn[n74 ,pi]9o da ,v9ci ! sculptor 7ab\t #aebj-aeed7 0 ! son ( ,b>tolommeo1 ! fif? ( ^! *ildr54 ,! dates ( _! dea?s are n kn[n1 b we may inf] f ! above passage t !y 7 all /ill liv+ 9 #aeje4 #acgc4 ,on ,w$nesday at sev5 o'clock di$ ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci on ! #i? ( ,july #aejd4 ,footnote3 ,?is & ! previ\s text x may be rem>k$ are ! only m5tion made by ,leon>do ( 8 fa!r2 ,nos4 #aebf1 #aebg & ,no4 #adfc are ( ! ye> #aejd4 #acgd4 ,begun by me1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 on ! l#b? ( ,july #aeje4 ,footnote3 ,?us he writes on ! fir/ page ( ! ,,ms4 ,! title is on ! =ego+ cov]%eet z foll[s3 ,libro titolato dis/raf=matione coe 7cio99e7 d'un corpo nvn 79 un7 altro sanza dim9uitione e acresscem5to di mat]ia4 #acge4 ,begun at ,milan on ! l#b? ( ,septemb] #aejh4 ,footnote3 ,no4 #aebh & ,no4 #aebi belong to ! same ye>4 ,! text ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d belongs to ! foll[+ ye> #aeji 7#aejh old /yle72 s also does ,no4 #ajji4-- ,nos4 #ajbb1 #ajeg & #adfd belong to #aeaa4 #acgf4 ,on ! #i? ( ,janu>y #aeac4 ,footnote3 ,no4 #adfe belongs to ! same ye>4 ,no4 #ajfe has ! next date #aead4 #acgg4 ,! ,magnifico ,giuliano de' ,m$ici left ,rome on ! #i? ( ,janu>y #aeae1 j at daybreak1 to take a wife 9 ,savoy2 & on ! same day fell ! dea? ( ! k+ ( ,france4 ,footnote3 ,giuliano de ,m$ici1 bro!r to ,pope ,leo ,x42 see note to ,nos4 #acea-acec4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aeae1 he 0 m>ri$ to ,filib]ta1 daught] ( ,filippo1 ,duke ( ,savoy1 & aunt to ,francis ,i1 ,l\is ,,xii's successor on ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,l\is ,,xii di$ on ,jan4 #a/1 & n on ,jan4 #i? z is "h /at$4-- ,?is addition is writt5 9 pal] ink & evid5tly at a lat] date4 #acgh4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,june1 ,/ ,john's day1 #aeah at ,amboise1 9 ! palace (444 ,footnote3 ,ca/ello del clli4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ^w is obscure2 x is p]haps n writt5 at full l5g?4 ,,xxii4 ,miscellane\s ,notes4 ,! incid5tal memor&a scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! ,,mss4 c h be5 = ! mo/ "p intelligible to ! writ] only2 9 _m cases _! mean+ & connection are all ! m obscure because we are 9 ignorance ab\t ! p]sons ) :om ,leon>do us$ to conv]se nor c we say :at "p he may h play$ 9 ! v>i\s ev5ts ( 8 "t4 ,vas>i & o!r e>ly biograph]s give u a v sup]ficial & f> f accurate picture ( ,leon>do's private life4 ,?\gh 8 own memor&a1 ref]r+ = ! mo/ "p to incid5ts ( no p]man5t int]e/1 d n g f> t[>ds supply+ ?is defici5cy1 !y are nev]!less ( "s importance & int]e/ z help+ u to solve ! num]\s my/]ies 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ,leon>do's long life rema9s involv$4 ,we may at any rate assume1 f ,leon>do's hav+ committ$ to pap] notes on m or less trivial matt]s on 8 pupils1 on 8 h\se-keep+1 on v>i\s kn[n & unkn[n p]sonages1 & a hundr$ o!r trifies--t at ! "t !y mu/ h be5 9 "s way important to him4 ,i h endeav\r$ to make ^! ',miscellane\s ,notes' z complete z possible1 = 9 _m cases an incid5tal memor&um w help to expla9 ! mean+ ( "s o!r note ( a simil> k9d4 ,! fir/ portion ( ^! notes 7,nos4 l#cgi--l#deg71 z well z ^? ref]r+ to 8 pupils & to o!r arti/s & artific]s :o liv$ 9 8 h\se 7#adeh--adfh17 are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ^! notes belong to ! p]iod betwe5 #adij & #aejj1 :5 ,leon>do 0 liv+ at ,milan "u ! patronage ( ,lodovico il ,moro1 a "t conc]n+ :i* we h o!rwise only v scanty in=mation4 ,if ,leon>do did really--z has always be5 suppos$1--sp5d also ! great] "p ( ! prec$+ decade 9 ,milan1 x seems h>dly likely t we %\ld n f9d a s+le note indicative ( ! fact1 or ref]r+ to any ev5t ( t p]iod1 on ! num]\s loose leaves 9 8 writ+ t exi/4 ,leon>do's life 9 ,milan betwe5 #adhi & #aejj mu/ h be5 comp>atively unev5tful4 ,! ,,mss4 & memor&a ( ^? ye>s seem to prove t x 0 a tranquil p]iod ( intellectual & arti/ic lab\r r ?an ( bu/l+ c\rt life4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! fate ( ! ,,mss4 & note books ( ! =ego+ ye>s--:e!r !y 7 de/roy$ by ,leon>do himself or h be5 lo/--x is c]ta9ly /range t no?+ :atev] exi/s to in=m u z to 8 life & do+s 9 ,milan e>li] ?an ! consecutive s]ies ( manuscripts :i* beg9 9 ! ye> #adhi4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! fact t ! notes reg>d+ 8 pupils are few & meagre4 ,except+ = ! record ( money transactions only v exceptional circum/ances w\ld h prompt$ him to make any writt5 obs]vations on ! p]sons ) :om he 0 9 daily int]c\rse1 among :om1 ( c\rse1 7 8 pupils4 ,( !m all none is s frequ5tly m5tion$ z ,salai1 b ! "* ( ! notes does n--z x seems to me--ju/ify u 9 suppos+ t he 0 any ?+ m ?an a sort ( factotum ( ,leon>do's 7see #aeai1 note74 ,leon>do's quotations f books & 8 li/s ( titles supply no?+ m ?an a h9t z to 8 occasional lit]>y /udies or recreations4 ,x 0 evid5tly no "p ( 8 ambition to be deeply read 7see ,nrs4 #aj1 #aa1 #aaei7 & he m ?an once expressly /ates 79 v>i\s passages :i* w be f\nd 9 ! =ego+ sections7 t he did n recognise ! au?ority ( ! ,anci5ts1 on sci5tific que/ions1 :i* 9 8 day 0 held p>am\nt4 ,ar*im$es is ! sole exception1 & ,leon>do frankly owns 8 admiration = ! illu/ri\s ,greek to ^: g5ius 8 own 0 s mu* ak9 7see ,no4 #adgf74 ,all 8 notes on v>i\s au?ors1 except+ ^? :i* h already be5 ins]t$ 9 ! previ\s section1 h be5 arrang$ alphabetically = ! sake ( conv5i5ce 7#adfi--aejh74 ,! passages next 9 ord] conta9 acc\nts & inv5tories pr9cipally ( h\sehold prop]ty4 ,! publication ( ^!--(t5 v trivial entries--is only ju/ifiable z prov+ t ! weal?1 ! spl5did mode ( life & lavi% exp5diture :i* h be5 attribut$ to ,leon>do are altoge!r my?ical2 unless we put =w>d ! v improbable hypo!sis t ^! notes z to money 9 h&1 outlay & receipts1 ref] ?r\gh\t to an exceptional /ate ( 8 affairs1 viz4 :5 he 0 %ort ( money4 ,! memor&a collect$ at ! end 7,no4 #aeje--aefe7 are1 9 ! orig9al1 9 ! usual writ+1 f left to "r4 ,besides1 ! /yle ( ! h&writ+ is at v>iance ) :at we %\ld expect x to be1 if really ,leon>do himself _h writt5 ^! notes4 ,mo/ ( !m are to be f\nd 9 juxtaposition ) und\bt$ly au!ntic writ+ ( 84 ,b ?is may be easily expla9$1 if we take into acc\nt ! fact1 t ,leon>do frequ5tly wrote on loose %eets4 ,he may !re=e h occasionally us$ pap] on :i* o!rs _h made %ort memor&a1 = ! mo/ "p z x w\ld seem1 = 8 use4 ,at ! end ( all ,i h giv5 ,leon>do's w f ! copy ( x pres]v$ 9 ! ,melzi ,libr>y4 ,x has already be5 pr9t$ by ,amoretti & by ,uzielli4 ,x is n kn[n :at has become ( ! orig9al docum5t4 ,memor&a be=e #aejj 7#acgi-l#dac74 #acgi4 ,f9d ,longhi & tell him t y wait = him at ,rome & w g ) him to ,naples2 make y pay ! donation ,footnote #b3 ,libro di ,vitolone see ,no4 #aejf note4 & take ! book by ,vitolone1 & ! measurem5ts ( ! public build+s4 #c ,h two cov]$ boxes made to be c>ri$ on mules1 b b$-cov]s w be be/2 ?is makes ?ree1 ( :i* y w leave "o at ,v9ci4 #d ,obta9 !44444444444444 f ,giovanni ,lomb>do ! l95 drap] ( ,v]ona4 ,buy h&k]*iefs & t[els14444 & %oes1 #d pairs ( hose1 a j]k9 (444 & sk9s1 to make new ones2 ! lake ( ,aless&ro4 ,footnote3 #g & fol4 ,x w\ld seem f ! text t ,leon>do int5d$ to h in/ructions 9 pa9t+ on pap]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ! ,art ( illum9at+ 0 q sep>ate f t ( pa9t+4 ,sell :at y _c take ) y4 ,get f ,jean de ,p>is ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 temp]a & ! way ( mak+ :ite ,footnote3 ,! my/]i\s look+ words1 q di/9ctly writt51 9 l9e #a3 +ol1 amor a1 ilopan a & on l9e #b3 enoiganod al are obvi\sly 9 ciph] & ! solution is a simple "o2 by read+ !m backw>ds we f9d = +ol3 logni-probably longi1 evid5tly ! "n ( a p]son2 = amor a3 a ,roma1 = ilopan a3 a ,napoli4 ,leon>do has done ! same 9 two passages treat+ on "s secrets ( 8 art ,nos4 #fda & #gbi1 ! only o!r places 9 :i* we f9d ?is ciph] employ$2 we may !re=e conclude t x 0 = ! sake ( secrecy t he us$ x4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 f ! t5or ( ?is passage1 t ,leon>do project$ a secret excursion to ,naples4 ,no?+ has hi!rto be5 kn[n ( ?is j\rney1 b ! significance ( ! passage w be easily und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! foll[+ notes1 f :i* we may inf] t ,leon>do really _h at ! "t plans = travell+ fur!r ?an ,naples4 ,f l9es #c1 #d & #g x is evid5t t he purpos$1 aft] sell+ e ?+ t 0 n easily portable1 to leave a *e/ 9 ! c>e ( 8 relations at ,v9ci4 ,8 luggage 0 to be pack$ into two trunks especially adapt$ = transport by mules4 ,! exact mean+ ( _m s5t5ces 9 ! foll[+ notes mu/ necess>ily rema9 obscure4 ,^! brief rem>ks on small & irrelevant affairs & s =? are h[ev] ( no hi/orical value4 ,! notes ref]r+ to ! prep>ations = 8 j\rney are m intelligible4 salt1 & h[ to make t9t$ pap]2 %eets ( pap] fold$ up2 & 8 box ( col\rs2 le>n to "w fle% col\rs 9 temp]a1 le>n to dissolve gum lac1 l9se$ 444 :ite1 ( ! g>lic ( ,piac5za2 take 'de ,pond]ibus'2 take ! works ( ,leon>do ( ,cremona4 ,remove ! small furnace 444 se$ ( lilies & (444 ,sell ! bo>ds ( ! support4 ,make him :o /ole x1 give y ! 444 le>n levell+ & h[ mu* soil a man c dig out 9 a day4 ,c4#ai;b #achj4 ,?is 0 done by ,leone 9 ! piazza ( ! ca/le ) a *a9 & an arr[4 ,footnote3 ,?is note mu/ h be5 made 9 ,milan2 z we "k f ! date ( ! ,,ms4 ,b4 #ej;b #acha4 ,,names ,,( ,,eng9e]s4 ,callias ( ,rhodes1 ,epima*us ! ,a!nian1 ,diog5es1 a philosoph]1 ( ,rhodes1 ,calc$onius ( ,?race1 ,feb> ( ,tyre1 ,callima*us ! ar*itect1 a ma/] ( fires4 ,footnote3 ,callias1 ,ar*itect ( ,aradus1 m5tion$ by ,vitruvius 7,x1 #af1 #e74--;,epima*us1 ( ,a!ns1 inv5t$ a batt]+-eng9ee = ,demetrius ,poliorketes 7,vitruvius ,x1 #af1 #d74--;,callima*us1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,cor9?ian capital 7,vitr4 ,,iv1 ,i1 #i71 & ( ! me?od ( bor+ m>ble 7,paus4 ,i1 #bf1 #g71 0 also fam\s = 8 ca/s 9 bronze 7,pl94 ,,xxxiv1 #h1 #ai74 ,he inv5t$ a lamp = ! temple ( ,a!ne ,polias1 on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns 7,paus4 ,i1 #bf1 #g7--,! o!r names1 "h m5tion$1 _c be id5tifi$4 ,a%4 ,,ii4 #ac;b #achb4 ,ask mae/ro ,lodovico = '! conduits ( wat]'4 ,footnote3 ,condotti d'acqua4 ,possibly a book1 a ,,ms4 or a map4 ,f#a4 ,uff4 #achc4 444 at ,pi/oja1 ,fioravante di ,dom5ico at ,flor5ce is my mo/ belov$ fri5d1 z ?\gh he 7 my bro!r4 ,footnote3 ,on ! same %eet is ! text ,no4 #ffc4 999999 f previ\s page8999999 ,,ii4 ',de ,pond]ibus'4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,leon>do's notes be> ?is sup]scription4 ,comp>e ,no4 #adcf1 #c4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,iii4 #a;b #achd4 ,on ! #af? day ( ,july4 ,cat]9a came on #af? day ( ,july1 #adic4 ,mess] ,m>iolo's ,morel ! ,flor5t91 has a big horse ) a f9e neck & a beautiful head4 ,! :ite /allion belong+ to ! falcon] has f9e h9d qu>t]s2 x is beh9d ! ,comas9a ,gate4 ,! big horse ( ,c]mon9o1 ( ,signor ,giulio4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,nos4 #aebb & #aeag4 ,cat]9a seems to h be5 8 h\sekeep]4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,iii4 #cj;a #ache4 ,,( ,,! ,,in/rum5t4 ,any "o :o sp5ds "o ducat may take ! in/rum5t2 & he w n pay m ?an half a ducat z a premium to ! inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t & "o grosso to ! workman e ye>4 ,i d n want sub-(ficials4 ,footnote3 ,ref]s p]haps to ! regulation ( ! wat] 9 ! canals4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,iii4 #ee;a #achf4 ,mae/ro ,giuliano da ,m>liano has a f9e h]bal4 ,he lives opposite to ,/rami ! ,c>p5t]s4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #faf1 note4 #d4 legnami]e 7milanese dialect7 legnajuolo4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,iii4 #id;a #achg4 ,*ri/(ano da ,ca/iglione :o lives at ! ,pieta has a f9e head4 ,c4,a4 #cbh;a #ihj;a #achh4 ,"w ( 444 ( ! /able ( ,galeazzo2 by ! road ( ,br]a ,footnote #d3 ,br]a1 see ,no4 #addh1 ,,ii1 #ac2 b5efice ( ,/anghe ,footnote #e3,/anghe1 see ,no4 #aeji42 b5efice ( ,porta ,nuova2 b5efice ( ,monza2 ,indaco's mi/ake2 give fir/ ! b5efices2 !n ! works2 !n +ratitude1 indignity & lam5tations4 ,h4#c #dg;b #achi4 ,*ili>*--capta9 ( #ajjj4 ,prefects--capta9s4 ,a legion1 six ?\s& & sixty ?ree m54 ,h4#b #ad;b #acij4 ,a nun lives at ,la ,colomba at ,cremona2 %e works good /raw plait1 & a fri> ( ,sa9t ,francis4,footnote3 ,la ,colomba is to ?is day ! "n ( a small h\se at ,cremona1 decorat$ ) frescoes4 ,h4#b #df;a #acia4 ,ne$le1--,niccolao1--?read1--,f]r&o1 -lacopo ,&rea1--canvas1--/one1--col\rs1 -bru%es1-pallet1-sponge1-! panel ( ! ,duke4 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #g;a #acib4 ,mess] ,gian ,dom5ico ,mezzab>ba & ,mess] ,giovanni ,franceso ,mezzab>ba4 ,by ! side ( ,mess] ,pi]o d',anghi]a4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4#b #g;b #acic4 ,conte ,francesco ,torello4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4#b #ab;a #acid4 ,giuliano ,trombetta1--,antonio di ,f]r>a1 --,oil ( 4444 ,footnote3 ,ne> ?is text is ! sket* ( a head drawn 9 r$ *alk4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4#b #bj;a #acie4 ,paul 0 snat*$ up to heav54 ,footnote3 ,see ! facsimile ( ?is note on ,pl4,,xxiii ,no4 #b4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4#b #bb;a #acif4 ,giuliano da ,m>ia1 physician1 has a /ew>d )\t h&s4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4#b #bg;a #acig4 ,h "s e>s ( corn ( l>ge size s5t f ,flor5ce4 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #eb;a #acih4 ,see ! b$/ead at ,santa ,m>ia4 ,secret4 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #ec;a #acii4 ,arrigo is to h #aa gold ,ducats4 ,arrigo is to h #d gold ducats 9 ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #fc;a #adjj4 ,give y\r ma/] ! in/ance ( a capta9 :o does n himself w9 ! victory1 b ! soldi]s d by 8 c\nsels2 & s he /ill des]ves ! rew>d4 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #fh;a #adja4 ,mess] ,pi] ,antonio4 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #fi;a #adjb4 ,oil1--yell[1--,ambrosio1--! m\?1 --! f>mh\se4 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #gh;b #adjc4 ,my de> ,aless&ro f ,p>ma1 by ! h& ( 444 ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #gh;b #adjd4 ,giovann9a1 has a fanta/ic face1--is at ,santa ,cat]9a1 at ! ,hospital4,footnote3 ,comp>e ! text on ! same page3 ,no4 #ffg4 ,i4#b ,i,ia #adje4 #bd tavole make #a p]*4 #d trabo*i make #a tavola4 #d braccia & a half make a trabocco4 ,a p]* conta9s #aicf squ>e braccia1 or #aidd4 ,i4#b #gj;b #adjf4 ,! road ( ,mess] ,m>iolo is #ac #a_/d braccia wide2 ! ,h\se ( ,evangeli/a is #ge4 ,x ent]s #g'_/b braccia 9 ! h\se ( ,m>iolo4 ,footnote3 ,on ?is page & t :i* faces x1 ,,ms4,i#b #gla1 are two diagrams ) num]\s ref]5ce numb]s1 evid5tly relat+ to ! measurem5ts ( a /reet4 ,i4#b #gb;b #adjg4 ,i ask at :at "p ( its curv$ motion ! mov+ cause w leave ! ?+ mov$ & moveable4 ,speak to ,pietro ,monti ( ^! me?ods ( ?r[+ spe>s4 ,i4#b #hg;a #adjh4 ,antonio de' ,risi is at ! c\ncil ( ,ju/ice4 ,i4#a #bh;a #adji4 ,paolo said t no ma*9e t moves ano!r 444,footnote3 ,! passage1 ( :i*1 ! beg9n+ is "h giv51 deals ) que/ions 9 me*anics4 ,! in/ances 9 :i* ,leon>do quotes ! op9ions ( 8 contempor>ies on sci5tific matt]s are s r>e z to be wor? notic+4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ija4 ,w4,p4#g4 #adaj4 ,c>avaggio4,footnote3,c>avaggio1 a village n f> f ! ,adda betwe5 ,milan & ,brescia1 :]e ,polidoro & ,mi*elangelo da ,c>avaggio 7 born4 ,?is note is giv5 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 ,i 7above1 to ! left74 ,on ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #b above to ! "r we read c]ovazo4 ,w4,a4,,ii4#e;b #adaa4 ,pulleys1--nails1--rope1--m]cury1--clo?1 ,monday4 ,w4,a4,,ii4#bjb;b #adab4 ,,memor&um4 ,magh9o1 ,speculus ( ,ma/] ,giovanni ! ,fr5*man2 ,gal5us on utility4 ,w4,x4 #adac4 ,ne> to ,cordusio is ,pi] ,antonio da ,tossano & 8 bro!r ,s]af9o4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is writt5 betwe5 l9es #bc & #bd ( ! text ,no4 #gaj4 ,corduso1 ,cordusio 7curia ducis7 ,cordus 9 ! ,milanese dialect1 is ! "n ( a ,piazza betwe5 ! ,via del ,broletto & ! ,piazza de' ,m]canti at ,milan44 ,9 ! "t ( il ,moro x 0 ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,! p]sons "h nam$ 7 memb]s ( ! noble ,milanese family de',fossani2 ,ambrogio da ,possano1 ! con- tempor>y pa9t]1 _h no connection ) !m4 #adad4 ,l4 o' ,memor&a aft] #aejj 7#adad--adcd7 #adad4 ,paul ( ,vanno*io at ,si5a 444 ,! upp] *amb] = ! apo/les4 #d ,build+s by ,bramante4 ,! gov]nor ( ! ca/le made a prison]4 ,footnote #f3 ,visconti4 ,*i fosse quel ,visconte non sapremmo indov9>e fra tanti di que/o nome4 ,arluno n>ra *e allora att]rate furono le case de' ,viconti1 de' ,ca/iglioni1 de' ,sansev]9i1 e de' ,botta e non e improbabile *e ne foss]o insultati e morti i padroni4 ,molti ,visconti annov]a lo /esso ,croni/a *e p] ess]si rallegrati del ritorno del duca 9 ,milano furono da ,francesi arre/ati1 e /rasc9ati 9--,francia come prigioni]i di /ato2 e fra que/i ,mess] ,francesco ,visconti1 e suo figliuolo ,batti/a4 7,,amoretti1 ,mem4 ,/or4 ,,xix474 ,visconti c>ri$ away & 8 son kill$4 ,giovanni della ,rosa depriv$ ( 8 money4 ,footnote #h3 ,borgonzio o ,brugonzio ,botta fu regolatore delle ducali entrate sotto il ,moro1 alla cui fuga la casa sua fu pur messa a sacco da' p>titanti francesi4 7,,amoretti1 #a4 c47 ,borgonzio began 4442 & moreov] 8 =tunes fl$4 ,! ,duke has lo/ ! /ate1 prop]ty & lib]ty & none ( 8 entreprises 0 c>ri$ out by him4 ,footnote #a3 #d--aj ,?is passage evid5tly ref]s to ev5ts 9 ,milan at ! "t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,ludovico il ,moro4 ,amoretti publi%$ x 9 ! ',memorie ,/ori*e' & add$ copi\s notes4 ,l4 ,ia #adae4 ,ambrosio ,petri1 ,/4 ,m>k1 #d bo>ds = ! w9d[1 #b 4441 #c ! sa9ts ( *apels1 #e ! ,g5oese at home4 ,l4 ,ib #adaf4 ,piece ( tape/ry1-pair ( compasses1-- ,tommaso's book1--! book ( ,giovanni ,b5ci1--! box 9 ! cu/om-h\se1--to cut ! clo?1--! sword-belt1--to sole ! boots1 --a light hat1--! cane f ! ru9$ h\ses1--! debt = ! table l951 --swimm+-belt1--a book ( :ite pap] = draw+1--*>coal4--,h[ mu* is a flor9 4444 a lea!r bodice4 ,l4#b;a #adag4 ,borges ,footnote3 ,borges4 ,a ,spani% "n4 %all get = y ! ,ar*im$es f ! bi%op ( ,padua1 & ,vitellozzo ! "o f ,borgo a ,san ,sepolcro ,footnote3 ,borgo a ,san ,sepolcro1 :]e ,luca ,paciolo1 ,leon>do's fri5d1 0 born4 ,l4 #cj;b #adah4 ,m>zocco's tablet4 ,l4 o #adai4 ,m>cello lives 9 ! h\se ( ,giacomo da ,m5g>d9o4 ,br4 ,m4 #bjb;b #adbj4 ,:]e is ,val5t9o8 ,footnote3 ,val5t9o4 ,ces>e ,borgia is probably meant4 ,aft] be+ made ,ar*bi%op ( ,val5ce by ,alex&] ,,vi he 0 commonly call$ ,val5t9us or ,val5t9o4 ,) ref]5ce to ,leon>do's engagem5ts by him see pp4 #bbd & #bdc1 note4--boots1--boxes 9 ! cu/om-h\se 4441-- ,footnote3 ,c>m9e4 ,a *ur* & mona/]y at ,flor5ce4 ! monk at ! ,c>m9e1--squ>es1--,footnotes #g an #h3 ,m>telli1 ,borgh]9i2 names ( ,flor5t9e families4 ,see ,no4 #d4 ,pi]o ,m>telli1--#h ,salvi ,borgh]9i1--s5d back ! bags1--a support = ! spectacles1--,footnote #aa3 ,san ,gallo2 possibly ,giuliano da ,san ,gallo1 ! ,flor5t9e ar*itect4 ! nude /udy ( ,san ,gallo1--! cloak4 ,porphyry1--gr\ps1--squ>e1--,footnote #af3 ,p&olf9i1 see ,no4 #aedd note4 ,p&olf9o4 #adba4 ,concave mirrors2 philosophy ( ,ari/otle2,footnote3,filos(ia d',ari/otele see ,no4 #adha note4,footnote #b3 ,avic5na 7,leon>do "h writes x ,av9ega7 ! ,arab philosoph]1 #ihj-ajcg1 = c5turies ! unimpea*able au?ority on all m$ical que/ions4 ,leon>do possibly po9ts "h to a pr9t$ edition3 ,avic5nae canonum libri ,v1 lat9e #adgf ,patavis4 ,o!r editions are1 ,padua #adgi1 & ,v5ice #adij4 ! books ( ,avic5na ,italian & ,lat9 vocabul>y2 ,mess] ,ottaviano ,palavic9o or 8 ,vitruvius ,footnote #c3 ,vitruvius4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cdc note44 bohemian knives2 ,vitruvius,footnote #f3 ,vitruvius4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cdc note42 g e ,saturday to ! hot ba? :]e y w see nak$ m52 ,meteora' ,footnote #g3 ,see ,no4 #addh1 #be41 ,ar*im$es1 on ! c5tre ( gravity ,footnote #i3 ,! works ( ,ar*im$es 7 n pr9t$ dur+ ,leon>do's life-"t42 anatomy ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ,no4 #adid4 ,aless&ro ,b5$etto2 ,! ,dante ( ,niccolo della ,croce2 ,inflate ! lungs ( a pig & obs]ve :e!r !y increase 9 wid? & 9 l5g?1 or 9 wid? dim9i%+ 9 l5g?4 ,footnote #ad3 ,johannes ,m>liani sua etate philosophorum et m$icorum pr9cipis et ducala phisic4 primi de proportione motuum velocitate que/io subtilissima incipit ex ejusdem ,m>liani orig9ali felicit] extracta1 ,m7ilano7 #adhb4 ,ano!r "w by him has ! title3 ,m>lianus m$iolan5sis4 ,que/io de caliditate corporum humanorum tempore hiemis ed e/atis et de antip>i/asi ad celebrem philosophorum et m$icorum univ]sitatem tic95sem4 #adgd4 ,m>liano1 on ,calculation1 to ,b]tuccio4 ,alb]tus1 on heav5 & e>? ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,no4 #adfi1 #a4 #g41 f ! monk ,b]n>d9o4 ,horace has writt5 on ! movem5ts ( ! heav5s4 ,f4 #bg;b #adbb4 ,( ! ?ree regul> bodies z oppos$ to "s comm5tators :o disp>age ! ,anci5ts1 :o 7 ! orig9ators ( gramm> & ! sci5ces & 444 ,w4 ,an4 ,,iii #bag;a 7,g7 #adbc4 ,! room 9 ! t[] ( ,van]i4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is writt5 inside ! sket* ( a plan ( a h\se4 ,on ! same page is ! date #aeac 7see ,no4 #acgf74 #adbd4 ,! figures y w h to res]ve = ! la/ book on %ad[s t !y may appe> 9 ! /udy ( ,g]>do ! illum9ator at ,san ,m>co at ,flor5ce4 ,g to see ,melzo1 & ! ,ambassador1 & ,mae/ro ,b]n>do4 ,footnote3 ,l4 #a-c are 9 ! orig9al writt5 betwe5 l9es #c & #d ( ,no4 #bib4 ,b ! s5se is n cle> 9 ?is connection4 ,x is sc>cely possible to dev9e ! mean+ ( ! foll[+ s5t5ce4 99#b4 #c4 ,gh]>do ,m9iatore1 a fam\s illum9ator1 #adde-adig1 to :om ,vas>i d$icat$ a section ( 8 ,lives 7,vol4 ,,ii pp4 #bcg-bdc1 ed4 ,sansoni #ahgi74 99#e4 ,b]n>do1 possibly ! pa9t] ,b]n>do ,z5ale4 #adbe4 ,h]mes ! philosoph]4 #adbf4 ,suisset1 viz4 calculator1--,tisb]1 --,angelo ,fossobron1--,alb]to4 #adbg4 ,! /ructure ( ! drawbridge %[n me by ,donn9o1 & :y c & d ?ru/ d[nw>ds4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* on ! same page z ?is text repres5ts two poles "o across ! o!r4 ,at ! ends ( ! longe/ are ! lett] c & d4 ,! s5se ( ! passage is n r5d]$ any cle>]4 #adbh4 ,! great bird w take its fir/ flight2-- on ! back ( 8 great swan1--fill+ ! univ]se ) wond]s2 fill+ all writ+s ) 8 fame & br++ et]nal glory to 8 bir?place4 ,footnote3 ,?is seems to be a speculation ab\t ! fly+ ma*9e 7comp>e p4 #bga74 #adbi4 ,?is /ratagem 0 us$ by ! ,gauls aga9/ ! ,romans1 & s great a mortality ensu$ t all ,rome 0 dress$ 9 m\rn+4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do p]haps alludes to ! ,gauls "u ,br5nus1 :o laid 8 sword 9 ! scale :5 ! tribute 0 weigh$4 #adcj4 ,alb]to da ,imola2--,algebra1 t is1 ! demon/ration ( ! equality ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 #adca4 ,johannes ,rubicissa e ,robbia4 #adcb4 ,ask ! wife ( ,biagio ,crivelli h[ ! capon nurtures & hat*es ! eggs ( ! h51--he be+ drunk4 #adcc4 ,! book on ,wat] to ,mess] ,m>co ,antonio4 ,footnote3 ,possibly ,m>c-,antonio della ,torre1 see p4 #ig4 #adcd4 ,h ,avic5na's "w on useful inv5tions translat$2 spectacles ) ! case1 /eel & =k &44441 *>coal1 bo>ds1 & pap]1 & *alk & :ite1 & wax24444 4444 = glass1 a saw = bones ) f9e tee?1 a *isel1 ink/& 44444444 ?ree h]bs1 & ,agnolo ,b5$etto4 ,get a skull1 nut1--mu/>d4 ,boots1--gloves1 socks1 combs1 pap]s1 t[els1 %irts14444 %oe-tapes1--44444 %oes1 p5knife1 p5s4 ,a sk9 = ! *e/4 ,footnote3 #d4 ,lapis4 ,comp>e ,condivi1 ,vita di ,mi*elagnolo ,buon>otti1 ,*ap4 ,,xviii43 ,ma egli 7,mi*elangelo7 non av5do *e mo/r>e1 prese una p5na 7p]cio*e 9 quel tempo il lapis non era 9 uso7 e con tal leggiadria gli dip9se una mano ecc4 ,! incid5t is ( ! ye> l#dif4--,lapis means p5cil1 & *alk 7matita74 ,betwe5 l9es #g & #h are ! texts giv5 z ,nos4 #hai & ,no4 #g4 ,undat$ memor&a 7#adce-adeg74 #adce4 ,! book ( ,pi]o ,cresc5ze1--/udies f ! nude by ,giovanni ,ambrosio1--compasses1 --! book ( ,giovanni ,giacomo4 #adcf4 ,,memor>dum4 ,to make "s provisions = my g>d51 --,giordano1 ,de ,pond]ibus,footnote #c3 ,giordano4 ,jordanus ,nemor>ius1 a ma!matician ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,no p>ticul>s ( 8 life are kn[n4 ,! title ( 8 pr9cipal "w is3 ,ari?metica decem libris demon/rata1 fir/ publi%$ at ,p>is #adif4 ,9 #aebc appe>$ at ,nuremb]g3 ,lib] 99,jordani ,nemor>ii de pond]ibus1 propositiones ,,xiii et e>undem demon/rationes1 mult>umque r]um rationes sane pul*]rimas complect5s1 nunc 9 lucem editus41--! peacemak]1 ! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea1--h two baggage trunks made1 look to ,beltraffio's ,footnote #f3 ,beltraffio1 see ,no4 #dfe1 note #b4 ,!re are sket*es by ! side ( l9es #h & #aj4 la! & h tak5 ! /one1--out leave ! books belong+ to ,mess] ,&rea ! ,g]man1-- make scales ( a long re$ & weigh ! sub/ance :5 hot & aga9 :5 cold4 ,! mirror ( ,ma/] ,luigi2 ,a b ! fl[ & ebb ( ! wat] is %[n at ! mill ( ,vaprio1--a cap4 #adcg4 ,giovanni ,fabre1--,laz>o del ,volpe1-- ! common1--,s] ,pi]o4 ,footnote3 ,^! names are ins]t$ on a plan ( plots ( l& adjo9+ ! ,arno4 #adch4 ,lactantius1 ! book ( ,b5ozzo1 gr\ps1 to b9d ! book1--a lant]n1--,s] ,pecant9o1--,p&olf9o4--,rosso--a squ>e1 --small knives1--c>riages1--curry combs-- cup4 #adci4 ,quadrant ( ,c>lo ,m>moc*i1--,mess] ,francesco ,araldo1--,s] ,b5$etto d',accie p]ello1--,b5$etto on ari?metic1--,mae/ro ,paulo1 physician1--,dom5ico di ,mi*el9o1-- 444444 ( ! ,alb]ti1--,mess] ,giovanni ,argimboldi4 #addj4 ,col\rs1 =mula1--,ar*im$es1--,m>cantonio4 ,t9n$ iron1--pi]c$ iron4 #adda4 ,see ! %op t 0 =m]ly ,b>tolommeo's1 ! /ation]4 ,footnote3 #f4 ,m>c ,antonio1 see ,no4 #adcc4 #addb4 ,! fir/ book is by ,mi*ele di ,francesco ,nab9i2 x treats on sci5ce4 #addc4 ,mess] ,francesco1 physician ( ,lucca1 ) ! ,c>d9al ,f>nese4 ,footnote3 ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,paul ,,iii 0 creat$ 9 #adic ,c>d9al di ,san ,cosimo e ,san ,damiano1 by ,alex&] ,,vi4 #addd4 ,p&olf9o's book ,footnote #a3 ,p&olf9o1 ,agnolo1 ( ,flor5ce4 ,x is to ?is day d\btful :e!r he or ,l4 ,b4 ,alb]ti 0 ! au?or ( ! fam\s "w ',del ,gov]no della ,famiglia'4 ,x is ! m probable t ,leon>do %\ld h meant ?is "w by ! words il libro1 because no o!r book is kn[n to h be5 writt5 by ,p&olf9o4 ,?is be+ ! case ?is allusion ( ,leon>do's is an important evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,p&olf9o's au?or%ip 7comp>e ,no4 #aded1 l9e #c741--knives1--a p5 = rul+1--to h ! ve/ dy$1--,! libr>y at ,/4-,m>k's1--,! libr>y at ,santo ,spirito1--,lactantius ( ! ,daldi ,footnote #g3 ,! works ( ,lactantius 7 publi%$ v (t5 9 ,italy dur+ ,leon>do's lifetime4 ,! fir/ edition publi%$ 9 #adfe 9 mona/]o sublac5si 0 also ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,italy41--,antonio ,covoni1--,a book by ,mae/ro ,paolo ,inf]mi]i1 --,boots1 %oes & hose1--7,%ell7lac1 --,an appr5tice to d ! models = me4 ,gramm>1 by ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1--,giovanni del ,sodo1--,sansov9o1 ,footnote #ae3 ,sansov9o1 ,&rea--! sculptor2 #adfj-aebi4--;a rul]1--a v %>p knife1--,spectacles1--fractions44441 --repair4444444441--,tomaso's book1-- ,mi*elagnolo's little *a92 ,le>n ! multiplication ( roots f ,mae/ro ,luca2--my map ( ! _w :i* ,giovanni ,b5ci has ,footnote #be3 ,leon>do "h probably alludes to ! map1 n execut$ by him 7,see p4 #bbd71 :i* is ) ! collection ( 8 ,,mss4 at ,w9dsor1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*aeologia ,vol4 ,,xi 7see p4 #bbd742-,socks1--clo!s f ! cu/omh\se --(fici]1--,r$ ,cordova lea!r1--,! map ( ! _w1 ( ,giovanni ,b5ci1--a pr9t1 ! di/ricts ab\t ,milan--,m>ket book4 #adde4 ,9 t at ,pavia ! movem5t is m to be admir$ ?an any ?+ else4 ,! imitation ( antique "w is bett] ?an t ( ! mod]n ?+s4 ,beauty & utility _c exi/ toge!r1 z se5 9 =tresses & 9 m54 ,! trot is almo/ ! nature ( ! free horse4 ,:]e natural vivacity is lack+ x mu/ be suppli$ by art4 ,footnote3 ,quel di ,pavia4 ,pavia is possibly a cl]ical error = ,padua1 & if s ! mean+ ( ! passage is easily arriv$ at3 ,quel di ,padua w\ld be ! bronze eque/rian /atue ( ,gattamelata1 on ! ,piazza del ,santo at ,padua execut$ by ,donatelle 9 #addc 7see pp4 #b & #c74 #addf4 ,salvadore1 ! matress mak]1 lives on ! ,piazza di ,sant' ,&rea1 y ent] by ! furri]'s4 #addg4 ,monsignore de' ,pazzi1--,s] ,antonio ,pac9i4 #addh4 ,an algebra1 :i* ! ,m>liani h1 writt5 by _! fa!r1 ,footnote #a3 ,m>liani1 an old ,milanese family1 n[ ext9ct4-- ,on ! bone1 by ! ,m>liani1-- ,on ! bone :i* p5etrates1 ,gian ,giacomo ( ,bell9zona1 to draw out ! nail ) facility1-- ,! measurem5t ( ,boccal9o1-- ,! measurem5t ( ,milan & ! suburbs1 ,footnote #e3 99#ba4 ,see ,pl4 ,,cix & ,no4 #ajaf4-- ,a book1 treat+ ( ,milan & its *ur*es :i* is to be _h at ! la/ /ation]'s on ! way to ,corduso ,footnote #f3 ,corduso1 see ,no4 #adac1 note41-- ,! measurem5t ( ! ,corte ,vec*ia1-- ,! measurem5t ( ! ,ca/le1-- ,get ! ma/] ( ari?metic to %[ y h[ to squ>e a44441-- ,get ,mess] ,fazio to %[ y ! book on proportion1-- ,get ! ,fri> di ,br]a to %[ y ! book 'de ,pond]ibus' 99#aa1-- ,( ! measurem5t ( ,san ,lor5zo1-- ,i l5t c]ta9 gr\ps to ,fra ,filippo de ,br]a1 99#ac-- ,memor&um3 to ask ,mae/ro ,giovann9o z to ! mode 9 :i* ! t[] ( ,f]r>a is wall$ )\t loopholes1-- ,ask ,mae/ro ,antonio h[ mort>s are plac$ on ba/ions by day or by night1-- ,ask ,b5$etto ,port9>i h[ ! p g on ! ice 9 ,fl&]s1-- ,on proportions by ,al*9o1 ) notes by ,m>liano1 f ,mess] ,fazio1-- ,! measurem5t ( ! sun1 promis$ me by ,mae/ro ,giovanni1 ! ,fr5*man1-- ,! cross b[ ( ,mae/ro ,gianetto1-- ,! book by ,giovanni ,tav]na t ,mess] ,fazio1-- ,y w draw ,milan #ba1-- ,! measurem5t ( ! canal1 locks & supports1 & l>ge boats2 & ! exp5se1-- ,plan ( ,milan ,footnote #bc3 ,fondam5to is commonly us$ by ,leon>do to mean gr\nd-plan4 ,see = in/ance p4 #ec41-- ,gr\ps by ,bramante ,footnote #bd3 ,gruppi4 ,see ,vol4 ,i p4 #cee1 ,no4 #fjj1 note #i41-- ,! book on cele/ial ph5om5a by ,ari/oteles1 9 ,italian ,footnote #be3 ,meteora4 ,by ?is ,leon>do means no d\bt ! f\r books 994 ,he mu/ ref] "h to a ,,ms4 translation1 z no ,italian translation is kn[n to h be5 publi%$ 7see ,no4 #adgg note741-- ,try to get ,vitolone1 :i* is 9 ! libr>y at ,pavia ,footnote #bf3 ,vitolone see ,no4 #aejf1 note4 ,libr]ia di ,pavia4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ,italian libr>ies4 ,aft] ! victory ( ,nov>a 9 ,april #aejj1 ,l\is ,,xii _h x convey$ to ,france1 'come tr(eo di vittoria'6 & :i* treats ( ,ma!matics1--,he _h a ma/] le>n$ 9 wat]works & get him to expla9 ! repairs & ! co/s1 & a lock & a canal & a mill 9 ! ,lomb>d fa%ion4 ,a gr&son ( ,gian ,angelo's1 ! pa9t] has a book on wat] :i* 0 8 fa!rs4 ,paol9o ,sc>pell9o1 call$ ,assiolo has great k ( wat] works4 #addi4 ,francesco d',antonio at ,flor5ce4 #aa4 #ac4 ,footnote3 ,br]a1 n[ ,palazzo delle ,sci5ze ed ,arti4 ,until #aega x 0 ! mona/]y ( ! ord] ( ! ,umiliati & aft]w>ds ( ! ,jesuits4 ,de pond]ibus1 comp>e ,no4 #adcf1 #c4 #ab4 ,footnote3 ,sco ,lor5zo4 ,a *ur* at ,milan1 see pp4 #ci1 #dj & #ej4 99#ac4 #bd4 ,footnote3 ,gruppi4 ,see ,vol4 ,i p4 #cee1 ,no4 #fjj1 note #i4 99#af4 ,footnote3 ,! ,port9>i 7 "o ( ! great m]*ant- families ( ,flor5ce4 #adej4 ,giuliano ,condi99#a1--,tomaso ,ridolf#a1-- ,tomaso ,paganelli1--,nicolo del,nero1--,simone ,za/i1--,nasi1--! heir ( ,lion>do ,manelli1 --,guglielmo di ,s] ,m>t9o1--,b>tolomeo del ,tovaglia1--,&rea ,arrigucci1-- ,nicolo ,capponi1--,giovanni ,port9>i4 ,footnote3 ,i4 ,guiliano ,gondi4 ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do's fa!r1 liv$ till #adhj1 9 a h\se belong+ to ,giuliano ,gondi4 ,9 #adih ?is 0 pull$ d[n to make room = ! f9e ,palazzo built on ! ,piazza ,san ,fir5ze by ,giuliano di ,san ,gallo1 :i* /ill exi/s4 ,9 ! ,riassunto del ,cata/o di ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 #adhj1 ,leon>do is n m5tion$2 x is evid5t !re=e t he 0 liv+ else:]e4 ,x may be notic$ incid5tally t 9 ! ,cata/o di ,giuliano ,gondi ( ! same ye> ! foll[+ m5tion is made ( 8 f\r elde/ sons3 ,lion>do mio figliuolo d'eta d'anni #bi1 non fa nulla1 ,giovambati/a d'eta d'anni #bh 9 ,gho/ant9opoli1 ,billi*ozo d'eta d'anni #bd a ,napoli1 ,simone d'eta d'anni #bc 9 ,ungh]ia4 ,he himself 0 a m]*ant ( gold filigree 7facciamo lavor>e una bottegha d'arte di seta 444 facciamo un po*o di trafico a ,napoli1 ,z he 0 #ei ye>s old 9 #adhj1 he c]ta9ly w\ld n h be5 alive at ! "t ( ,leon>do's dea?4 ,b ,leon>do mu/ h be5 on intimate t]ms ) ! family till ! end ( 8 life1 = 9 a lett] dat$ ,june #a4 #aeai1 9 :i* ,fr4 ,melzi1 writ+ f ,amboise1 ann\nces ,leon>do's dea? to ,giuliano da ,v9ci at ,flor5ce 7see p4 #bhd71 he says at ! end ,datem5e rispo/a p] i ,gondi 7see ,,uzielli1 ,ric]*e1 passim74 ,mo/ ( ! o!r names on ! li/ are ^? ( well-kn[n ,flor5t9e families4 #adea4 ,p&olf9o4 #adeb4 ,vespuccio w give me a book ( ,geometry4 ,footnote3 ,see ,no4 #hdd1 note1 p4 #acj4 #adec4 ,m>cantonio ,colonna at ,santi ,apo/oli4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,july #aejf ,pope ,julius ,,ii gave ,donna ,lucrezia della ,rov]e1 ! daught] ( 8 si/] ,luc*9a1 9 m>riage to ! y\?ful ,m>cantonio ,colonna1 :o1 l 8 bro!rs ,prosp]o & ,fabrizio1 became "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ,capta9s ( 8 family4 ,he gave to him ,frascati & made him a pres5t ( ! palazzo he _h built1 :5 ,c>d9al1 ne> ! *ur* ( ,santi ,apo/oli :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,palazzo ,colonna 7see ,,gregorovius1 ,ges*4 d] ,/adt ,rom4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 book ,,xiv ,i1 #c4 ,& ,,coppi1 ,mem4 ,colonnesi p4 #bea74 #aded4 ,a box1 a cage1-- ,a squ>e1 to make ! bird ,footnote #b3 ,vas>i /ates t ,leon>do inv5t$ me*anical birds :i* mov$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,comp>e ,no4 #gjc41-- ,p&olf9o's book1 mort> 81-- ,small knives1 ,v5i]i = ! 99#aded4 ,footnote3 ,mu* ( ,no4 #addd is repeat$ 9 ?is memor&um4 99,p5 = rul+1 /one1--/>1-- ,to h ! ve/ dy$1 ,alfi]i's tazza1-- ,! ,libr>ies1 ! book on cele/ial ph5om5a1-- ,lactantius ( ! g to ! h\se ( ,daldi1-- ! ,pazzi1 ,book f ,mae/ro small box1-- ,paolo ,inf]mi]i1-- ,boots1 %oes & small gimlet1-- hose1 ,lac1 44444441-- ,an appr5tice = 444441-- models1 ,gramm> ( ,lo-! am\nt ( ! r5zo de' ,m$ici1444 ,giovanni del ,sodo 44444 =4441--! brok5 ,sansov9o1 !4444 ,pi]o di ,cos9o ,footnote #af3 ,pi] di ,cosimo ! well kn[n ,flor5t9e pa9t] #adfb-aeba4 ,see ,,vas>i1 ,vite 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #acd ed4 ,sansoni #ahhj7 ab\t ,leon>do's influ5ce on ,pi]o di ,cosimo's /yle ( pa9t+41 ! w+s1-- ,filippo & ,lor5zo ,footnote #ag3 ,filippo e ,lor5zo2 probably ! pa9t]s ,filipp9o ,lippi & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i4 ,l4 di ,cr$i's pictures & ,vas>i's hi/ory ( t pa9t] be> ample evid5ce to 8 intimate relations ) ,leon>do41--,a rul]-1-- ,spectacles1--to d !44444 aga91--,to- maso's book1--,mi*elagnolo's *a91--,! multiplication ( roots1--,( ! b[ & /r9*1--,! map ( ! _w f ,b5ci1-- ,socks1--,! clo!s f ! cu/om-h\se (fici]1--,cordova lea!r1--,m>ket books1 --wat]s ( ,cronaca1--wat]s ( ,tanagl9o4441 --! caps1--,rosso's mirror2 to see him make x1--#a_/c ( :i* ,i h #e_/f1--on ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 by ,ari/otle ,footnote #cf3 ,meteora4 ,see ,no4 #addh1 #be41--;boxes ( ,lor5zo di ,pi] ,francesco ,footnote #cg3 ,lor5zo di ,pi] ,francesco & 8 bro!r ,giovanni 7 a lat]al bran* ( ! ,m$ici family & *ang$ _! "n = t ( ,popolani41--,mae/ro ,pi]o ( ! ,borgo1--,to h my book b\nd1--,%[ ! book to ,s]igatto1-- & get ! rule ( ! clock ,footnote #da3 ,possibly ?is ref]s to ! clock on ! t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io at ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,febru>y #aeab x _h be5 repair$1 & s arrang$ z to indicate ! h\rs aft] ! ,fr5* mann] 7twelve h\rs a4 m4 & z _m p4 m4741-- r+1--nutmeg1--gum1--! squ>e1--,giovan' ,bati/a at ! piazza1 de' ,mozzi1--,giovanni ,b5ci has my book & jasp]s1--brass = ! spectacles4 #adee4 ,se>* 9 ,flor5ce =444444 99#g4 #cf4 ,meteora4 ,see ,no4 #addh1 #be4 #adef4 ,b]n>do da ,ponte 444 ,val di ,lugano 444 _m ve9s = anatomical demon/ration4 ,footnote3 ,?is fragm5t>y note is writt5 on ! m>g9 ( a draw+ ( two legs4 #adeg4 ,paolo ( ,tave*ia1 to see ! m>ks 9 ! ,g]man /ones4 ,footnote3 ,?is note occurs on a p5 & ink draw+ made by ,leon>do z a sket* = ! celebrat$ l>ge c>toon 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts1 9 ,london4 ,?is c>toon is commonly suppos$ to be id5tical ) t describ$ & laud$ by ,vas>i1 :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ,flor5ce at ! "t & :i* n[ seems to be lo/4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,m>ks1 ( ,long ,ditton1 9 8 valuable pap] 7read be=e ! ,royal ,soc4 ( ,lit]ature1 ,june #bh1 #ahhb7 ,on ! ,/4 ,anne ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 has adduc$ pro( t ! c>toon n[ 9 ! ,royal ,academy 0 execut$ e>li] at ,milan4 ,! note "h giv51 :i* is writt5 on ! %eet conta9+ ! /udy = ! said c>toon1 has evid5tly no ref]5ce to ! draw+ on :i* x is writt5 b is obvi\sly ( ! same date4 ,?\gh ,i h n any op5+ "h = discuss+ ?is "q ( ! c>toon1 x seem$ to me important to po9t out t ! "* ( ! writ+ 9 ?is note does n confirm ! op9ion hi!rto held t ! ,royal ,academy c>toon 0 ! "o describ$ by ,vas>i1 b1 on ! contr>y1 supports ! hypo!sis put =w>d by ,mr4 ,m>ks4 ,notes on pupils 7#adeh-adfh47 #adeh4 ,giacomo came to live ) me on ,/4-,m>y ,magdal5's99#a day1 #adij1 ag$ #aj ye>s4 ,! second day ,i _h two %irts cut out = him1 a pair ( hose1 & a j]k91 & :5 ,i put aside "s money to pay = ^! ?+s he /ole #d lire ! money out ( ! purse2 & ,i c\ld nev] make him confess1 ?\gh ,i 0 q c]ta9 ( ! fact4--,?ief1 li>1 ob/9ate1 glutton4 ,! day aft]1 ,i w5t to sup ) ,giacomo ,&rea1 & ! said ,giacomo supp$ = two & did mis*ief = f\r2 = he brake #c cruets1 spill$ ! w9e1 & aft] ?is came to sup :]e ,i4444 ,item3 on ! #g? day ( ,septemb] he /ole a silv] po9t ( ! value ( #bb soldi f ,m>co ,footnote #f3 ,m>co1 probably ,leon>do's pupil ,m>co d',oggionno2 #adgj is suppos$ to be ! date ( 8 bir? & #aedj ( 8 dea?4 ,*e /ava con meco4 ,we may inf] f ?is t he left ! ma/] %ortly aft] ?is1 8 t]m ( /udy hav+ p]haps expir$4 :o 0 liv+ ) me1 #d lire ?is be+ ( silv]2 & he took x f 8 /udio1 & :5 ! said ,m>co _h se>*$ = x a long :ile he f\nd x hidd5 9 ! said ,giacomo's box #d lire4 ,footnote3 ,il di della ,maddal5a4 ,july #bb4 ,item3 on ! #bf? ,janu>y foll[+1 ,i1 be+ 9 ! h\se ( ,mess] ,galeazzo da ,san ,sev]9o ,footnote #i3 ,galeazza4 ,see ,no4 #gah note41 0 arrang+ ! fe/ival = 8 j\/+1 & c]ta9 footm5 hav+ undress$ to try on "s co/umes ( wild m5 = ! said fe/ival1 ,giacomo w5t to ! purse ( "o ( !m :i* lay on ! b$ ) o!r clo!s1 #b lire #d ,s1 & took out su* money z 0 9 x4 ,item3 :5 ,i 0 9 ! same h\se1 ,mae/ro ,ago/9o da ,pavia gave to me a ,turki% hide to h #b lire4 a pair ( %ort boots made ( x2 ?is ,giacomo /ole x ( me )9 a mon? & sold x to a cobbl] = #bj soldi1 ) :i* money1 by 8 own confession1 he b\ght anise comfits4 ,item3 aga91 on ! #bnd ,april1 ,giovan ,antonio ,footnote #af3;,giovan ,antonio1 probably ,beltraffio1 #adfg to #aeaf4 hav+ left a silv] po9t on a draw+ ( 81 ,giacomo /ole x1 & ?is 0 ( ! value ( #bd soldi #a lira #d ,s4 ,! fir/ ye>- ,a cloak1 #b lire1 #f %irts1 #d lire1 #c j]k9s1 #f lire1 #d pairs ( hose1 #g lire #h soldi1 #a l9$ d\blet1 #e lire1 #bd pairs ( %oes1 #f lire #e soldi1 ,a cap1 l lira1 laces1 #a lira4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do "h gives a detail$ acc\nt n only ( ! loss he & o!rs incurr$ ?r\gh ,giacomo b ( ! wild tricks ( ! y\?1 & we may !re=e assume t ! note 0 n made m]ely z a record = 8 own use1 b z a report to be =w>d$ to ! lad's fa!r or o!r responsible gu>dian4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,iii4 ,ia #adei4 ,on ! la/ day b "o ( ,septemb]2 ,?ursday ! #bg? day ( ,septemb] ,mae/ro ,tommaso came back & work$ = himself until ! la/ day b "o ( ,febru>y4 ,on ! #ah? day ( ,m>*1 #adic1 ,giulio1 a ,g]man1 came to live ) me1--,lucia1 ,pi]o1 ,leon>do4 ,on ! #f? day ( ,octob]4 #adfj4 #adic4 ,on ! #a/ day ( ,novemb] we settl$ acc\nts4 ,giulio _h to pay #d mon?s2 & ,mae/ro ,tommaso #i mon?s2 ,mae/ro ,tommaso aft]w>ds made #f c&le/icks1 #aj days' "w2 ,giulio "s fire-tongs #ae days "w4 ,!n he work$ = himself till ! #bg? ,may1 & work$ = me at a lev] till ! #ah? ,july2 !n = himself till ! #g? ( ,augu/1 & = "o day1 on ! fifte5?1 = a lady4 ,!n aga9 = me at #b locks until ! #bj? ( ,augu/4 #adfa4 ,on ! #bcrd day ( ,augu/1 #ab lire f ,pulisona4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #adid1 ,galeazzo came to live ) me1 agree+ to pay #e lire a mon? = 8 co/ pay+ on ! l#d? day ( ea* mon?4 ,8 fa!r gave me #b ,rh5i% flor9s4 ,on ! l#d? ( ,july1 ,i _h f ,galeazze #b ,rh5i% flor9s4 #adfb4 ,on ! l#e? day ( ,septemb] ,giulio began ! lock ( my /udio #adid4 #adfc4 ,saturday morn+ ! #crd ( ,augu/ #aejd ,jacopo ! ,g]man came to live ) me 9 ! h\se1 & agre$ ) me t ,i %\ld *>ge him a c>l9o a day4 #adfd4 #aeaa4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,septemb] ,antonio broke 8 leg2 he mu/ re/ #dj days4 ,footnote3 ,?is note ref]s possibly to ,beltraffio4 #adfe4 ,i left ,milan = ,rome on ! #bd? day ( ,septemb]1 #aeac1 ) ,giovanni 99#b1 ,francesco di ,melzi 99#c1 ,salai1 ,lor5zo & il ,fanfoia4 #adff4 ,on ! #crd day ( ,janu>y4 ,b5$etto c>ne on ! #ag? ( ,octob]2 he /ay$ ) me two mon?s & #ac days ( la/ ye> 99#d1 9 :i* "t he e>n$ #ch lire1 #ah soldi & #h d9>i2 he _h ( ?is #bf lire & #h soldi1 & !re rema9s to be paid = ! pa/ ye> #ab lire #aj soldi4 ,giodatti 787 came on ! #h? day ( ,septemb]1 at #d soldi a mon?1 & /ay$ ) me #c mon?s & #bd days1 & e>n$ #ei lire #ad soldi & #h d9>i2 he has _h #dc lire1 #d soldi1 !re rema9s to pay #af lire1 #aj soldi & #h d9>i4 ,b5$etto1 #bd grossoni4 #adfg4 ,gian ,m>ia #d1 ,b5$etto #d1 ,gian ,pietro 99#e #c1 ,salai #c1 ,b>tolomeo #c1 ,gh]>do #d4 99#adfe4 #b4 ,giovan2 x is n likely t ,leon>do %\ld h call$ ,giovan' ,antonio ,beltraffio at "o "t ,giovanni1 z 9 ?is note & ano!r "t ,antonio1 z 9 ,no4 #adfd :ile 9 ,no4 #adeh l4 #af we f9d ,giovan',antonio1 & 9 ,no4 #adcf1 l4#f ,beltraffio4 ,possibly ! ,giovanni "h spok5 ( is ,leon>do's less kn[n pupil ,giovan ,pietr9o 7see ,no4 #adfg1 #e74 #b4 #c4 ,francesco de' ,melzi is (t5 m5tion$1 see ,nos4 #acej4 #c4 ,salai4 ,see ,no4 #aeai note4 #d4 ,lor5zo4 ,see ,no4 #acea1 l4 #aj 7p4 #djh74 ,amoretti gives ! foll[+ note 9 ,mem4 ,/or4 ,,xxiii3 #aeje4 ,m>t$i-s]a a di #ad d'aprile4 ,v5ne ,lor5zo a />e con me*o3 disse ess]e d'eta d'anni #ag 44 a di #ae del detto aprile ebbi scudi #be d'oro dal *am]l+o di ,santa ,m>ia nuova4 ,?is1 he ass]ts is d]iv$ f a ,,ms4 m>k$ ,s1 9 qu>to4 ,?is ,,ms4 seems to h vani%$ & left no trace beh9d2 ,amoretti himself _h n se5 x1 b copi$ f a selection ( extracts made by ,oltroc*i be=e ! ,leon>do ,,mss4 7 convey$ to ,p>is on ! responsibility ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,republic4 ,lor5zo1 by ?is1 mu/ h be5 born 9 #adhg4 ,! sculptor ,lor5zetto 0 born 9 #adij4 ,amoretti has be5 l$ by ! above passage to make ! foll[+ absurd obs]vations3 ,cote/o ,lor5zo1 *e poi gli fu sempre compagno1 alm5o s9 *e /ette 9 ,italia1 s>ebb' egli ,lor5zo ,lotto b]gamasco8 ,sappiamo ess]e /ato que/o val5te dip9tore uno de' bravi scol>i del ,v9ci 7874 ,il ,fafoia1 p]haps a nickname4 ,ces>e da ,se/o1 ,leon>do's pupil1 seems to h be5 9 ,rome 9 ^! ye>s1 z we le>n f a draw+ by him 9 ! ,l\vre4 #adff4 ,?is seems to be an acc\nt = two assi/ants4 ,! "n ( ! second is sc>cely legible4 ,! ye> is n giv54 ,! note is nev]!less ( *ronological value4 ,! fir/ l9e tells u ! date :5 ! note 0 regi/]$1 ,janu>y #c;d1 & !99 ,c4,a4,f4 #bgi;a2 #hee;a #adfh4 ,salai1 #bj lire1 ,bonifacio1 #b lire1 ,b>tolomeo1 #d lire1 ,arrigo ,h>ry1 #ae lire4 ,c4,a4 #bjg;a2 #fji;a ,quotations & notes on books & au?ors 7#adfi--aejh74 #adfi4 ,book on ,ari?metic ,footnote #a3 ,la nobel op]a de ari?me?ica ne la qual se tracta tute cosse am]cantia p]t95te facta compilata p] ,pi]o borgi da ,v5iesia1 9-#dj4 ,9 f9e3 ,nela inclita cita di ,v5etia a corni4 #b augu/o4 #adhd4 fu impo/o f9e ala pres5te op]a4 ,segn4 a--p4 quad]ni4 ,v'ha p]o un' altra op]a simile di ,filippo ,cal&ro1 #adia4 ,e da consult>si su que/' ultimo1 ,f$]ici3 ,memorie ,trevigiane1 ,fiore di virtu3 pag4 #gc4 ,libricciuolo compo/o di bello /ile v]so il #acbj e piu volte impresso nel secolo ,,xv 7ri/ampato poi an*e piu t>di74 ,gli accademici della ,crusca lo ammettono nella s]ie dei te/i di l+ua4 ,v$asi ,gamba1 ,razzol9i1 ,panz]1 ,brunet1 ,le*i1 ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ',fl[]s ( ,virtue'1 ,pl9y1 ,footnote #b3 ,hi/oria naturale di ,c4 ,pl9io ,secondo1 tradocta di l+ua lat9a 9 fior5t9a p] ,*ri/ophoro ,laud9o ,opus ,nicolai ,jansonis gallici imp4 anno salutis ,m4 ,,cccc4,,lxxvi4,v5etiis 9-fol4-,diog5e ,la]tio4 ,incom9cia3 ,el libro de la vita de philosophi etc43 ,impressum ,v5etiis p] ,b]n>d9um ,cel]ium de ,lu]e1 #adhj1 9-#dj7;,g4 ,d',a474 ',lives ( ! ,philosoph]s'1 ,! ,bible1 ,footnote #c3,la ,bibia volg>e hi/oriata 7p] ,nicolo di ,mall]mi7 ,v5ecia 444 ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxi 9 kal5de di ,augu/o 7p] ,v9del9o de ,spira7 #b vol4 9-fol4 a #b col4 di #ej l912 od altra ediz4 della /essa v]sione del ,mall]mi1 ,v5etia #adga1 e sempre3 ,v5ecia p] ,gabriel de ,pi]o #adgg1 9-fol42 #b vol42 ,ottavio ,scotto da ,modoetia #adha1 ,v5etia #adhg p] ,joan ,rosso ,v]cellese1 #adij ,giovanni ,ragazo di ,montef]ato a in/antia di ,lu*an?onio di ,giunta1 ecc4--,lapid>io ,te(ra/o8 ,m&ebille3 ,le gr& lapidaire1 v]sioneitaliana ms48444 ,giorgio ,agricola non puo ess]e1 p]*e nato nel #adid1 =se ,alb]to ,magno3 de m9]alibus4 99 ,potrebbe ess]e una traduzione del poema lat9o 7,lib] lapidum seu de gemmis7 di ,m>bordio ,vet]io di ,r5nes 7morto nel ,,ii#bc da lui /esso tradotto 9 francese dal greco di ,evao re d',arabia celebre m$ico *e l'aveva compo/o p] l'imp]atore ,tib]io4 ,m>bodio scrisse il suo prima p] ,filippo ,augu/o re di ,francia4 ,vi sono an*e traduzioni 9 prosa4 ,il lapid>io o la =za e la virtu delle pietre preziose1 delle ,erbe e degli ,animali4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ',lapid>y'1 ',on w>f>e' ,footnote #d3;,il ,vegezio8444 ,il ,front9o8144 ,il ,cornazzano8444 ,noi cr$iamo piutto/o il ,valturio4 ,que/o libro doveva ess]e uno de'favoriti di ,leon>do poi*e libro di sci5za e d'arte nel tempo /esso4',epi/les ( ,filelfo'1 ,footnote3 ,! late ,m>*ese ,girolamo d',adda publi%$ a highly valuable & int]e/+ disquisition on ?is passage "u ! title3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci e la sua ,libr]ia1 note di un bibli(ilo 7,milano #ahgc4 ,ed4 di soli #ge esempl>i2 privately pr9t$74 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahhj ! ,m>*ese d',adda %[$ me a consid]able mass ( additional notes prep>$ = a second edition4 ,?is1 z he !n int5d$1 0 to come out aft] ! publication ( ?is "w ( m9e4 ,aft] ! mu* regrett$ dea? ( ! eld] ,m>*ese1 8 son1 ! ,m>*ese ,gioa*9o d',adda 0 s lib]al z to place ^! ,,ms4 mat]ials at my disposal = ! pres5t "w1 ?r\gh ! k9d int]v5tion ( ,signor ,gu/avo ,frizzoni4 ,! foll[+ passages1 ) ! initials ,g4 d',a4 are pr9ts f ! valuable notes 9 t publication1 ! ,,ms4 additions ,i h m>k$994 ,i did n h[ev] ?9k myself ju/ifi$ 9 reproduc+ "h ! acute & int]e/+ obs]vations on ! cont5ts ( mo/ ( ! r>e books "h enum]at$4 99999999bel[ mu/ belong to previ\s page's footnotes999999 obs]vations t foll[ ref] to ev5ts ( ! previ\s mon? '( la/ ye>' 7dell' anno passato74 ,leon>do _c !re=e h writt5 ?us 9 ,flor5ce :]e ! ye> 01 at t p]iod1 calculat$ z beg9n+ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* 7see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d1 note #b74 ,he mu/ !n h be5 9 ,milan4 ,:at is m important is t we ?us le>n h[ to date ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 9 all ! notes writt5 at ,milan4 ,?is cle>s up ,uzielli's d\bts3 ,a ,milano facevasi com9ci> l'anno ab inc>natione1 cioe il #be ,m>zo e a nativitate1 cioe il #be ,decembre4 ,ci sembra probabile *e ,leon>do dovesse prescegli]e lo /ile *e era 9 uso a ,fir5ze4 7,ric]*e1 p4 #hd1 note47 #adfg4 #e4 ,see ,no4 #adfe1 #b4 99999999,above mu/ belong to previ\s page's footnotes999999 ,! fir/ decade1 #e ',on ! pres]vation ( heal?'1 ,! ?ird decade1 #f ,cie*o d',ascoli1 ,! f\r? decade1 #g ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,guido1 #h ,new treatise on rhetorics1 ,pi]o ,cresc5tio1 #i ,cibaldone1 ',quadriregio'1 #aj ,a,esop1 999999 ,,ignore ,,footnotes ,,= ,,?is ,,page - ,project ,manag] 999999 ,donato1 ,footnote #aa3 ,donatus lat9e italice3 ,impressum ,v5etiis imp5sis ,johannis ,bapti/ae de ,sessa anno #adii1 9-#d994-- ,el ,psalt]io de ,david 9 l+ua volg>e 7da ,mal]mi ,v5etia nel ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxvi1 9-fol4 s4 n4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,psalms1 ,ju/9us1 ,footnote #ab3 ,comp>e ,no4 #abaj1 #dh4--,la v]sione di ,girolamo ,squ>zafico3 ,il libro di ,ju/9o po/o dilig5tem5te 9 mat]na l+ua4 ,v5etia ale spesse 7sic7 di ,johane de ,colonia ,johane ,gh]etze 444 l#dgg1 9-fol4--,m>silii ,fic9i1 ,!ologia platonica1 sive de anim>um immortalitate1 ,flor5t9e1 p] ,ant4 ,misconimum #adhb1 9-fol41 ovv]o qual*e v]sione italiana di que/o /esso libro1 ms4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ',on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,guido ,footnote #ac3 ,=se la ,hi/oria ,trojana ,guidonis od il manipulus di ,guido da ,mont]o*]ii ma piu probabilm5te ,guido d',arezzo il di cui libro3 ,micrologus1 seu discipl9a artis musicae poteva da ,leon>do av]si ms42 di que/i ne esi/ono 9 molto bibliote*e1 e fu poi impresso nel #aghd dal ,g]b]t4 ,molte sono le edizione dei sonetti di ,bur*iello ,fior5t9o1 impresse nel secolo ,,xv4 ,la prima e piu r>a e rec]cata3 ,incom9ciano li sonetti1 ecc4 7p] ,*ri/(oro ,arnaldo71 9-#d99 s5za num]i1 ri*iami o segnature1 del #adge1 e =s' an*e del #adgb1 secondo ,morelli e ,dibd91 ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,bur*iello1 ',doctr9ale' ,footnote #ad3 ,v]sione italiana det ,doctr9al de ,sapi5ce di ,guy de ,roy1 e =is'an*e l'orig9ale 9 l+ua francese4-- ,di ,pulci ,luigi1 b5*e nell' edizione3 ,flor5tiae #adgi 9-#d99 si dica3 ,il ,driadeo compo/o 9 rima octava p] ,lucio ,pulcro ,altre ediz1 del secolo ,,xv1 ,flor5tie ,miscom9i #adha1 9-#dj991 ,fir5ze1 apud ,s4 ,jacob1 de ,ripoli1 #adhc1 9-#d99 e ,antoni de ,francesco1 #adhg1 9-#d99 e ,francesco di ,jacopo #adhi1;9-#d99 ed altre ancora di ,v5ezia e s5za alcuna nota ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,driadeo1 ,morgante ,footnote #ae3 ,una delle edizioni del ,morgante impresse nel secolo ,,xv1 ecc4-- ,quale delle op]e di ,francesco ,petr>ca1 s>ebbe malagevole l'indov9>e1 ma probabilm5te il ,canzoni]e4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,petr>*4 ,john de ,m&eville ,footnote #af3 ,sono i viaggi del cavali]e ,m&eville g5tiluomo +lese4 ,scrisse il suo libro 9 l+ua francese4 ,fu /ampato replicatam5te nel secolo ,,xv 9 francese1 9 +lese ed 9 italiano 99 ed 9 t$esco2 del secolo ,,xv ne annov]ano =se piu di #bg edizioni1 di cui ne conosciamo #h 9 francese1 quattro 9 lat9o1 sei 9 t$esco e molte altre 9 volg>e4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ',on hone/ recreation' ,footnote #ag3 ,il ,plat9a 7,b>tolomeo ,sac*i7 la v]sione italiana de la hone/a voluptate1 valetud9e 7 de li obsonnii7 ,v5etia 7s5za nome di tipografo7 #adhg1 piccolo 9-#d99 gotico4 7,g4 ,d',a47--,comp>e ,no4 #hdd1 #ba4 ,manganello1 ,footnote #ah3 ,il ,manganello3 ,satira eccessivam5te vivace contro le donne ad imitazione della ,se/a di ,giov5ale4 ,manganello non e soltanto il titolo del libric9o1 sua b5 an*e il nome dell'autore *'era un milanese4 ,di que/o lib]colo r>issimo1 *e sembra impresso a ,v5ezia dallo ,zopp9o 7,nicolo d',ari/otile detto il71 s5za data1 ma dei primissimi anni del secolo ,,xvi1 e =se piu antico1 come v$remo 9 appresso1 non se ne conoscono fra bibliote*e pubbli*e e private *e due soli esempl>i 9 ,europa4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,isidoro1 ,footnote #ai3 ,cronica desid]o1 sembra si deggia legg]e piutto/o cronico disidoro2 ed 9 que/o caso s'int5d]ebbe la cronica d',isidoro tanto 9 voga a quel tempo ,com5za la ,cronica di ,sancto ,isidoro m5ore con al*une additione cavate del te/o i/orie de la ,bibia del libro di ,paulo ,oroso 4444 ,impresso 9 ,ascoli 9 casa del rev]5do miss] ,pascale 44444 p] mano di ,guglielmo de ,l9is de ,alamania ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxvii 9-#dj99 di #aeg ff4 ,e il primo libro impresso ad ,ascoli e l'edizione pr9cipe di que/a cronica 9 oggi assai r>a4 ,non lo e m5o l'edizione di ,cividal del ,friuli1 #adhj1 e quella b5 an*e di ,aquila1 #adhb1 sempre 9-#dj4 ,v$asi ,panz]1 ,ha91 ,brunet e ,p4 ,de*amps4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,! ,epi/les ( ,ovid1 ,footnote #bj3 ,le pi/ole di ,ovidio tradotte 9 prosa4 ,napoli ,sixt4 ,riess+]1 9-#dj991 oppure3 ,epi/ole volg>izzate #adhi1 9-#dj99 a due col4 impresse ne la cita 7sic7 di ,bressa p] pre3 ,bapti/a de ,f>f5go1 79 ottave7 o3 ,el libro dele ,epi/ole di ,ovidio 9 rima volg>e p] mess]e ,dom9ico de ,monticelli tos*ano4 ,brescia ,f>f5go1 9-#d99 got4 79 rima volg>e71 #adia1 ed an*e la v]sione di ,luca ,pulci4 ,fir5ze1 ,mis*om9i1 #adha1 9-#d994 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,epi/les ( ,filelfo1 ,footnote #ba3 ,see l4 #d4 ,sph]e1 ,footnote #bb3 ,jo3 de ,sacrobu/o1 o ,goro ,dati1 o ,tolosano da ,colle di cui molteplici edizioni del secolo ,,xv4 7,g4 ,d',a47 99nello da ,/r5o1 #adig1 9-#d991 ecc41 o piu probabilm5te3 ,aesopi vita fabula' lat9e cum v]sione italica allegoriis ,fr4 ,tuppi impressae1 ,napoli1 #adhc1 9-fol41 r>a edizione ornata di belle vignette incise 9 legno4 ,que/o ,esopo e an*e libro di novelle4 ,nel ,catalogo ,cicogn>a abbiamo una m9uta descrizione di que/o r>issimo volume4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,! ,je/s ( ,poggio ,footnote #bc3 ,tre edizioni delle facezie del ,poggio abbiamo 9 l+ua italiana della f9e del secolo ,,xv1 tutte s5za data4 ,facetie de ,poggio fior5t9o traducte de lat9o 9 vulg>e ornatissimo1 9-#d991 segn4 a--e 9 c>att]i romani2 l'altra3 ,facetie traducte de lat9o 9 vulg>e1 9-#d991 c>att]i gotici1 ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,*iromancy1 ,footnote #bd3 99,die ,kun/ ,cyromantia etc1 9 t$esco4 #bf ff4 di te/o e figure il tutte eseguito su tavole di legno v]so la f9e del secolo ,,xv da ,giorgio ,s*apff4 ,dibd91 ,he9eck51 ,so!by e ,*atto ne di$]o una lunga descrizione2 i primi tre accompagnati da fac-simili4 ,la data #addh *e si legge alla f9e del titolo si rif]isce al p]iodo della composizione del te/o1 non a quello della /ampa del volume b5*e tabell>io4 ,altri molti libri di ,*iromanzia si conoscono di quel tempo e s>ebbe op]a vana il cit>li tutti4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,=mul>y ( lett]s1 ,footnote #be3 ,m9iatore ,b>tolomeo4 ,=mul>io de epi/ole vulg>e missive e responsive1 altri fiori de ornali p>lam5ti al pr9cipe ,h]cule d',e/i ecc4 compo/o ecc4 ,bologna p] ,ugo di ,rug]ii1 9-#d991 del secolo ,,xv1 ,altra edizione di ,v5etia ,b]n>d9o di ,nov>a1 #adhg e ,milano p] ,joanne ,angelo ,sc9z5zel] #aejj1 9-#d994 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,five books out ( ?is li/ are not$ by ,leon>do 9 ano!r ,,ms4 7,tr4 #c73 donato1--lapid>io1--pl9io1 --aba*o1--morgante4 #adgj4 ,nonius ,m>cellus1 ,fe/us ,pompeius1 ,m>cus ,v>ro4 ,footnote3 ,nonius ,m>cellus & ,sextus ,pompeius ,fe/us 7 ,roman gramm>ians ( ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,e>ly publications ( ! works ( ,m>cellus are3 ,de proprietate s]monis1 ,romae 7ab\t #adgj71 & #adga 7place ( publication unkn[n74 ,comp5diosa doctr9a1 ad filium1 de proprietate s]monum4 ,v5ice1 #adgf4 ,,brunet1 ,manuel du libraire 7,,iv1 p4 #ig7 notes3 ,le texte de cet anci5 grammairi5 a ete reimprime plusieurs fois a la f9 du ,x,ve siecle1 avec ceux de ,pomponius ,fe/us et de ,t]5tius ,v>ro4 ,la plus anci5ne edition qui reunisse ces trois auteurs e/ celle de ,p>me1 #adhj 444 ,celles de ,v5ise1 #adhc1 #adij1 #adih1 et de ,milan1 #aejj1 t\tes 9-fol11 ont peli de valeur4 #adga4 ,map ( ,elephanta 9 ,india :i* ,antonello ,m]ciaio has f mae/ro ,maffeo2--!re = sev5 ye>s ! e>? rises & = sev5 ye>s x s9ks2--,enquire at ! /ation]s ab\t ,vitruvius4 #adgb4 ,see ',on ,%ips' ,mess] ,batti/a1 & ,front9us ',on ,acqu$ucts' ,footnote #b3 #b4 ,vitruvius de ,ar*41 et ,front9us de ,aqu$octibus4 ,flor5ce1 l#el#c4--,?is is ! e>lie/ edition ( ,front9us4--,! note ref]r+ to ?is au?or ?us sugge/s a solution ( ! problem ( ! date ( ! ,leice/] ,manuscript44 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aaac1 #be4 #adgc4 ,anaxagoras3 ,e ?+ proce$s f e ?+1 & e ?+ becomes e ?+1 & e ?+ c be turn$ into e ?+ else1 because t :i* exi/s 9 ! elem5ts is compos$ ( ^? elem5ts4 9999,wrong text6 #adgd- ,! ,ar*im$es belong+ to ! ,bi%op ( ,padua4 #adge- ,ar*im$es gave ! quadrature ( a poly- gonal figure1 b n ( ! circle4 ,h5ce ,ar*im$es nev] squ>$ any figure ) curv$ sides4 ,he squ>$ ! circle m9us ! smalle/ portion t ! intellect c conceive1 t is ! smalle/ po9t visible4 #adgf4 ,if any man c\ld h discov]$ ! utmo/ p[]s ( ! cannon1 9 all its v>i\s =ms & h giv5 su* a secret to ! ,romans1 ) :at rapidity w\ld !y h conqu]$ e c\ntry & h vanqui%$ e army1 & :at rew>d c\ld h be5 great en\gh = su* a s]vice6 ,ar*im$es inde$1 al?\gh he _h greatly damag$ ! ,romans 9 ! siege ( ,syra- cuse1 nev]!less did n fail ( be+ (f]$ great rew>ds f ^! v ,romans2 & :5 ,syracuse 0 tak51 dilig5t se>* 0 made = ,ar*im$es2 & he be+ f\nd dead great] lam5tation 0 made = him by ! ,s5ate & p ( ,rome ?an if !y _h lo/ all _! army2 & !y did n fail to hon\r him ) burial & ) a /atue4 ,at _! head 0 ,m>cus ,m>cellus4 ,& aft] ! second de/ruction ( ,syracuse1 ! sepul*re ( ,ar*im$es 0 f\nd aga9 by ,cato#be1 9 ! ru9s ( a temple4 ,s ,cato _h ! temple re/or$ & ! sepul*re he s highly hon\r$4444 ,:5ce x is writt5 t ,cato said t he 0 n s pr\d ( any ?+ he _h done z ( hav+ paid su* hon\r to ,ar*im$es4 #adgd4 ,see ,no4 #adba1 #a4 #c1 #f & ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cdc4 #adge4 ,comp>e ,no4 #aejd4 #adgf4 ,:]e ,leon>do f\nd ! /atem5t t ,cato _h f\nd & re/or$ ! tomb ( ,ar*i- m$es1 ,i d n "k4 ,x is a m]it t ,cic]o claims z 8 own 7,tusc4 ,v1 #bc7 & c]ta9ly ) a full "r to x4 ,none ( ,ar*im$es' biograph]s -n ev5 ! dilig5t ,mazzuc*elli1 m5tions any v]sion 9 :i* ,cato is nam$4 ,x is evid5tly a slip ( ! memory on ,leon>do's "p4 ,besides1 accord+ to ! passage 9 ,cic]o1 ! grave 0 n f\nd 'nelle m9e ffun tempio'-:i* is highly improbable z relat+ to a ,greek-b 9 an op5 spot 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rob+74--,see too1 z to ,ar*i- m$es1 ,no4 #adag4 ,leon>do says some:]e 9 ,,ms4 ,c4,a43 ,ar*i- tronito e una mac*9a di f9o rame1 inv5zlon d99 ,ar*i- m$e 7see ',saggiol1 p4 #bj74 ,i4#b #hb;b #adgg4 ,ari/otle1 ,book #c ( ! ,physics1 & ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as & ! o!rs on ! reb\nd ( bodies1 9 ! #g? on ,physics1 on heav5 & e>?4 ,m4 #fb;a #adgh4 ,ari/otle says t if a =ce c move a body a giv5 di/ance 9 a giv5 "t1 ! same =ce w move half ! same body twice z f> 9 ! same "t4 ,c4 ,a4 #bhd;b2 #hfe;b #adgi4 ,ari/otle 9 ,book #c ( ! ,e?ics3 ,man m]its praise or blame solely 9 su* mat- t]s z lie )9 8 option to d or n to d4 ,c4,a4 #aba;a2 #cge;a #adhj4 ,ari/otle says t e body t5ds to ma9ta9 its nature4 ,k4#b #c;b #adha4 ,on ! increase ( ! ,nile1 a small book by ,ari/otle4 ,footnote3 ,de inundatione ,nili1 is quot$ "h & by o!rs z a "w ( ,ari/otle4 ,! ,greek orig9al is lo/1 b a ,lat9 v]sion ( ! beg9n+ exi/s 7,ari/4 ,opp4 ,,iv p4 #bac ed4 ,did4 ,p>474 ,9 8 quotations f ,ari/otle ,leon>do possibly ref]s to "o ( ! foll[+ editions3 ,ari/otelis libri ,,iv de coelo et mundo2 de anima libri ,,iii2 libri ,,viii physi- corum2 libri de g5]atione et corruptione2 de s5su et s5sato444 omnia lat9e1 int]prete ,av]roe1 ,v5etiis #adhc 7fir/ ,lat9 edition74 ,!re is also a sep>ate edition ( ,lib] de coelo et mundo1 dat$ #adgc4 ,w4,a4 ,,iv4#aea;b #adhb4 ,avic5na w h x t s\l gives bir? to s\l z body to body1 & ea* memb] to itself4 ,footnote3 ,avic5na1 see too ,no4 #adba1 #a4 #b4 ,f4 o #adhc4 ,avic5na on liquids4 ,br4,m4 #ga;b #adhd4 ,rog] ,bacon1 done 9 pr9t4 ,footnote3,! e>lie/ pr9t$ edition kn[n to ,brunet ( ! works ( ,rog] ,bacon1 is a ,fr5* translation1 :i* appe>$ ab\t f\rty ye>s aft] ,leon>do's dea?4 ,c4,a4 #aci;b2 #dai;b #adhe4 ,cleom$es ! philosoph]4 ,footnote3 ,cleom$e4 ,a ,greek ma!matician ( ! ,i,vth c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,we h a ,cyclic !ory ( ,meteorica by him4 ,8 works 7 n publi%$ be=e ,leon>do's dea?4 ,tr4 #d #adhf4 ,,cornelius ,,celsus4 ,! highe/ good is wisdom1 ! *ief evil is suff]+ 9 ! body4 ,because1 z we are compos$ ( two ?+s1 t is s\l & body1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! bett]1 ! body is ! inf]ior2 wisdom belongs to ! bett] "p1 & ! *ief evil belongs to ! worse "p & is ! wor/ ( all4 ,z ! be/ ?+ ( all 9 ! s\l is wisdom1 s ! wor/ 9 ! body is suf- f]+4 ,!re=e j z bodily pa9 is ! *ief evil1 wisdom is ! *ief good ( ! s\l1 t is ) ! wise man2 & no?+ else c be comp>$ ) x4 ,footnote3 ,aulus ,cornelius ,celsus1 a ,roman physician1 kn[n z ! ,roman ,hippocrates1 probably contempor>y ) ,augu/us4 ,only 8 eight ,books ',de ,m$ic9a1 are pres]v$4 ,! e>lie/ editions are3 ,cornelius ,celsus1 de m$ic9a libr4 ,,viii41 ,milan #adha ,v5ice #adic & #adig4 ,tr4 #eg #adhg4 ,demetrius 0 wont to say t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! spee* & words ( ! fooli% & ignorant1 & ! noises & rumbl+s ( ! w9d 9 an inflat$ /oma*4 ,nor did he say s )\t reason1 = he saw no diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>ts :5ce ! noise issu$2 :e!r _! l[] p>ts or _! m\?1 s9ce "o & ! o!r 7 ( equal use & importance4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #aj4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,iii4#ic;a #adhh4 ,mae/ro ,/efano ,caponi1 a physician1 lives at ! pisc9a1 & has ,euclid ,de ,pond]ibus4 ,k4#b #b;a #adhi4 #e? ,book ( ,euclid4 ,fir/ def9ition3 a "p is a quantity ( less magnitude ?an ! great] magnitude :5 ! less is conta9$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times 9 ! great]4 ,a "p prop]ly speak+ is t :i* may be multipli$1 t is :51 be+ multipli$ by a c]ta9 numb]1 x =ms exactly ! :ole4 ,a common aggregate "p 444 ,second def9ition4 ,a great] magnitude is said to be a multiple ( a less1 :5 ! great] is measur$ by ! less4 ,by ! fir/ we def9e ! less] magnitude & by ! second ! great] is def9$4 ,a "p is spok5 ,k4#b #b;b #adij4 ( 9 relation to ! :ole2 & all _! relations lie betwe5 ^! two extremes1 & are call$ multiples4 ,s4,k4,m4,,iii4 #af;b #adia4 ,hippocrates says t ! orig9 ( m5's sp]m d]ives f ! bra91 & f ! lungs & te/icles ( our p>5ts1 :]e ! f9al decocture is made1 & all ! o!r limbs transmit _! sub/ance to ?is sp]m by means ( expiration1 because !re are no *annels ?r\gh :i* !y might come to ! sp]m4 ,footnote3 ,! works ( ,hippocrates 7 pr9t$ fir/ aft] ,leon>do's dea?4 ,a%4,,ii4 ,i,ib #adib4 ,lucretius 9 8 ?ird book ',de ,r]um ,natura'4 ,! h&s1 nails & tee? 7 7#afe7 ! weapons ( anci5t man4 ,!y also use = a /&>d a bun* ( grass ti$ to a pole 7#afg74 ,footnote3 ,lucretius1 de r]um natura libri ,,vi 7 pr9t$ fir/ ab\t #adgc1 at ,v]ona 9 #adhf1 at ,brescia 9 #adie1 at ,v5ice 9 #aejj & 9 #aeae1 & at ,flor5ce 9 #aeae4 ,! numb]s #afe & #afg not$ by ,leon>do at ! end ( ! two passages seem to indicate pages1 b if s1 none ( ! editions j m5tion$ c "h be meant1 nor d ^! numb]s ref] to ! v]ses 9 ! poems ( ,lucretius4 ,tr4 #b #adic4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us ass]ts t sev5 hundr$ ?\s& volumes ( books 7 burnt 9 ! siege ( ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,ces>4 ,footnote3 ,ammiani ,m>cell9i hi/ori>um libri qui extant ,,xiii1 publi%$ at ,rome 9 #adgd4 ,tr4 #b ,w4 ,,xxiii4 #adid4 ,mond9o says t ! muscles :i* raise ! toes are 9 ! outw>d side ( ! ?igh1 & he adds t !re are no muscles 9 ! back upp] side ( ! feet1 because nature desir$ to make !m light1 s z to move ) ease2 & if !y _h be5 fle%y !y w\ld be heavi]2 & "h exp]i5ce %[s 444 ,footnote3 ,mund9i anatomia4 ,mund9us1 ,ano?omia 7sic74 ,mund9i prae/antissimorum doctorum almi /udit tici5sis 7sic7 cura dilig5tissime em5data4 ,impressa ,papiae p] magi/rum ,antonium de ,c>fano #adgh1 9-fol42 ri/ampata3 ,bononiae ,johan4 de ,no]dl+51 #adhb1 9-fol42 ,padova p] ,mat!um ,c]donis de ,vu9dis*gretz1 #adhd1 9-#dj2 ,lipsia1 #adic1 9-#dj2 ,v5ezia1 #adid1 9-#dj e ivi #adih1 con fig4 ,que/e figure p] altro non sono1 come si e preteso1 le prime *e foss]o introdotte 9 un trattato di ,notamia4 ,nel 'fasciculus ,m$ic9ae' di ,giovanni ,ke?am1 *e riproduce ,f',anatomia' del ,mund9us1 impresso pure a ,v5ezia da ,j4 e ,g4 de ,gregoriis1 #adia1 9-fol41 cont5gosi intagli 9 legno 7si vogliono disegnati non gia incisi da ,&rea ,mantegna7 di gr&e dim5sione1 e *e furono piu volte riprodotti negli anni successivi4 ,que/' edizione del fasciculus del #adia1 /a fra no/ri libri e potrebbe b5issimo ess]e il volume d',anatomia notato da ,leon>do4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,g4 #h;a #adie4 ,( ! error ( ^? :o practice )\t k2--,footnote #c39999:]e is x89999 ,see fir/ ! ',ars poetica' ( ,horace ,footnote #e3 9999:]e is x899994 ,footnote3 ,a #c--e are writt5 on ! m>g9 at ! side ( ! title l9e ( ! text giv51 entire z ,no4 #ai #adif4 ,! heirs ( ,mae/ro ,giovanni ,ghir+allo h ! works ( ,pelacano4 #adig4 ,! catapult1 z we are told by ,nonius & ,pl9y1 is a ma*9e devis$ by ^? c4 ,footnote3 ,pl9ius1 see ,no4 #idf4 #adih4 ,i h f\nd 9 a hi/ory ( ! ,spani>ds t 9 _! w>s ) ! ,engli% ,ar*im$es ( ,syracuse :o at t "t 0 liv+ at ! c\rt ( ,eclid]ides1 ,k+ ( ! ,ciroda/ri4 ,& 9 m>itime w>f>e he ord]$ t ! %ips %\ld h tall ma/s1 & t on _! tops !re %\ld be a sp> fix$ ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aaae4 ( #dj feet long & "o ?ird ( a foot ?ick4 ,at "o end ( ?is 0 a small grappl+ iron & at ! o!r a c\nt]poise2 & !re 0 also atta*$ #ab feet ( *a92 &1 at ! end ( ?is *a91 z mu* rope z w\ld rea* f ! *a9 to ! base ( ! top1 :]e x 0 fix$ ) a small rope2 f ?is base x ran d[n to ! bottom ( ! ma/ :]e a v /rong sp> 0 atta*$ & to ?is 0 fa/5$ ! end ( ! rope4 ,b to g on to ! use ( 8 ma*9e2 ,i say t bel[ ?is grappl+ iron 0 a fire ,footnote #ad3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aabh4 :i*1 ) trem5d\s noise1 ?rew d[n its rays & a %[] ( burn+ pit*2 :i*1 p\r+ d[n on ! enemy's top1 compell$ ! m5 :o 7 9 x to ab&on ! top to :i* ! grappl+-iron _h clung4 ,?is 0 hook$ on to ! edges ( ! top & !n sudd5ly ! cord atta*$ at ! base ( ! top to support ! cord :i* w5t f ! grappl+ iron1 0 cut1 giv+ way & draw+ 9 ! enemy's %ip2 & if ! an*or--0 ca/ 444 ,footnote3 ,ar*im$es nev] visit$ ,spa91 & ! names "h m5tion$ _c be expla9$4 ,leon>do seems to quote "h f a book1 p]haps by "s que/ionable m$iaeval writ]4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,ju/i writes to me f ,madrid1 t ,spani% savants h no k ( ! s\rces f :i* ?is /ory may h be5 d]iv$4 ,leic4 #ad;b #adii4 ,!ophra/us on ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 & ( eddies1 & on wat]4 ,footnote3 ,! ,greek philosoph]s _h no opportunity to /udy ! ph5om5on ( ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide & none ( !m wrote ab\t x4 ,! movem5t ( ! wat]s 9 ! ,euripus h[ev] 0 to a few ( !m a puzzl+ problem4 ,a%4 ,,ii4 ,i,ib #aejj4 ,tryphon ( ,alex&ria1 :o sp5t 8 life at ,apollonia1 a city ( ,albania 7#afc74 ,footnote3 ,tryphon ( ,alex&ria1 a ,greek ,gramm>ian ( ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,8 treatise 99,tta,o,y ,aeijecu99 appe>$ fir/ at ,milan 9 #adgf1 9 ,con/ant9 ,lask>is's ,greek ,gramm>4 ,k4#c #bi;b #aeja4 ,mess] ,v9c5zio ,alipr&o1 :o lives ne> ! ,inn ( ! ,be>1 has ,giacomo ,&rea's ,vitruvius4 ,l4 #ec;b #aejb4 ,vitruvius says t small models are ( no avail = asc]ta9+ ! effects ( l>ge ones2 & ,i "h propose to prove t ?is conclusion is a false "o4 ,& *iefly by br++ =w>d ! v same argum5t :i* l$ him to ?is conclusion2 t is1 by an exp]im5t ) an aug]4 ,= he proves t if a man1 by a c]ta9 ex]tion ( /r5g?1 makes a hole ( a giv5 diamet]1 & aft]w>ds ano!r hole ( d\ble ! diamet]1 ?is _c be made ) only d\ble ! ex]tion ( ! man's /r5g?1 b ne$s mu* m4 ,to ?is x may v well be answ]$ t an aug] ,l4 #ec;a #aejc4 ( d\ble ! diamet] _c be mov$ by d\ble ! ex]tion1 be- cause ! sup]ficies ( a body ( ! same =m b twice z l>ge has f\r times ! ext5t ( ! sup]ficies ( ! small]1 z is %[n 9 ! two figures a & n4 ,section title3 ,notes on books & au?ors 99 ,!re are *>act]s pres5t 9 ! orig9al footnotes t h acc5ts - ,i h plac$ an a/]isk next to !m4 #aejd4 ,,( ,,squ>+ ,,! ,,circle1 ,,& ,,:o ,,x ,,0 ,,t ,,fir/ ,,discov]$ ,,x ,,by ,,accid5t4 ,vitruvius1 measur+ miles by means ( ! repeat$ revolutions ( ! :eels :i* move vehicles1 ext5d$ ov] _m ,/adia ! l9es ( ! circumf]5ces ( ! circles ( ^! :eels4 ,he became aw>e ( !m by ! animals t mov$ ! vehicles4 ,b he did n disc]n t ?is 0 a means ( f9d+ a squ>e equal to a circle4 ,?is 0 fir/ done by ,ar*im$es ( ,syracuse1 :o by multiply+ ! second diamet] ( a circle by half its circumf]5ce produc$ a rectangul> quadrilat]al equal figure to ! circle4 ,footnote3 ,vitruvius1 see also ,nos4 #aaac & #cdc4 #aj4 ,comp>e ,no4 #adge4 #aeje4 ,virgil says t a blank %ield is devoid ( m]it because among ! p ( ,a!ns ! true recognition confirm$ by te/imonies 444 ,footnote3 ,! end ( ! text _c be deciph]$4 #aejf4 ,9 ,vitolone !re are #hje conclusions problems 9 p]spective4 ,footnote3 7,witelo1 ,vitellion1 ,vitellon7 ,vitellione4 99,e da v$]si su que/o ottico prospettico del secolo ,,xiii ,luca ,pacioli1 ,paolo ,lomazzo1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ecc4 e fra i mod]ni il ,graesse1 il ,libri1 il ,brunet1 e le ,memorie pubblicate dal pr9cipe ,boncompagni1 e ',sur l' or?ographe du nom et sur la patrie de ,witelo 7,vitellion7 note de ,maximili5 ,curtze1 pr(esseur 99a ,?orn'1 ove sono descritti i molti codici esi/5ti nelle bibliote*e d' ,europa4 ,b]n>d9o ,baldi nelle sue ',vite de'matematici'1 manoscritto presso il pr9cipe ,boncompagni1 ha una biografia del ,vitellione4 ,que/o scritto del ,baldi reca la data #be ago/o #aehh4 ,discors]o poi di lui ,f$]igo ,risn]io e ,giovanni di ,mont]egio nella prefazione dell' ,alfagrano1 ,giovanni ,boteone1 ,girolamo ,c>dano1 ',de subtilitate'1 *e nota gli errori di ,vitellione4 ,visse1 secondo il ,baldi1 intorno all' anno #abfi1 ma secondo il ,re9oldo fioriva nel #abii1 av5do d$icata la sua op]a ad un frate ,guglielmo di ,monteca1 *e visse di que' tempi4 ,intorno ad un manoscritto dell' ottica di ,vitellione1 citato da ,luca ,pacioli v' ha un secondo esempl>e del ,kurlz1 con aggiunte del pr9cipe ,boncompagni1 e le illu/razioni del cav4 ,enrico ,n>ducci4 ,nel ',catalogo di manoscritti' poss$uti da ,d4 ,baldass>e de' pr9cipi ,boncompagni1 compilato da esso ,n>ducci1 ,roma1 #ahfb1 sotto al n4 #ceh1 troviamo citato3 ,vitellio1 ',p]spectiva'1 manoscritto del secolo ,,xiv4 ,la ',prospettiva di ,vitelleone' 7sic7 ,?ur+o-poloni 99e citata due volte da ,paolo ,lomazzo nel ,trattato dell' arte della pittura4 ,vitellio o ,vitello o ,witelo4 ,il suo libro fu impresso 9 foglio a ,norimb]ga nel #aece2 la secondo edizione 99e del #aeea1 sempre di ,norimb]ga1 ed una t]za di ,basilea1 #aegb4 7,see ,indag9i ,/ori*e 444 sulla ,libr]ia--,visconteo--,s=zesca del ,ca/ello di ,pavia 444 p] cura di ,g4 ,d',a41 ,milano #ahgi4 ,p4 ,i4 ,app5dice p4 #aac4 #aad74 #aejg4 ,vitolone1 at ,sa9t ,m>k's4 ,footnote3 ,altro codice di cote/a ',prospettiva' del ,vitolone troviamo notato nel ',canone bibliographico di ,nicol99o ,v'1 cons]vato alla1 ,magliabec*iana1 9 copia dell' orig9ale v]osimilm5te inviato dal ,p>5tucelli a ,cosimo de' ,m$ici 7,magliab4 cod4 segn4 #a ,,vii1 #cj c>te da #aic a #aih74 ,provi5e dal ,conv5to di ,san ,m>co e lo aveva trascritto frate ,leon>do ,scrub]ti fior5t9o1 dell' ord9e dei pr$icatori *e fu an*e bibliotec>io della ,m$icea pubblica 9 ,san ,m>co 7,see ,indag9i ,/ori*e 444 p] cura di ,g4 ,d',a4 ,p>te ,i1 p4 #ig74 ,k4#b #ab;b #aejh4 ,h[ ?is proposition ( ,x5ophon is false4 ,if y take away unequal quantities f unequal quantities1 b 9 ! same proportion1 c4 ,footnote3 ,x5ophon's works 7 publi%$ sev]al times dur+ ,leon>do's lifetime4 ,b4 #d;a ,inv5tories & acc\nts 7#aeji-aede74 #aeji4 ,on ! #bh? day ( ,april ,i receiv$ f ! ,m>*es9o #ajc lire & #ab d9>i4 ,footnote3 ,in/ead ( ! indication ( ! ye> !re is a blank space aft] d'aprile4--,m>*es9o ,/ange 0 "o ( ,lodovico il ,moro's (ficials4--,camp>e ,no4 #achh4 ,a%4 ,i4 ,ia #aeaj4 ,on ! io? day ( ,july #adib 9 #ace ,rh5i% flor9s #a4 #dde 9 d9>i ( #f soldi #a4 #aab ,s #af 9 d9>i ( #e #a_/b soldi #a4 #bi ,s #ac #i 9 gold & #c scudi l4#ec #a4 #h;,,ii 9 all ,s4,k4,m4,,iii4 #dg;a #aeaa4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 lire #abjj4 ,s4,k4,m4,,iii4 #dg;a #aeab4 ,! hall t[>ds ! c\rt is #abf paces long & #bg braccia wide4 #aeac ,! n>r[ cornice above ! hall lire #cj4 ,! cornice b5ea? t1 be+ "o = ea* picture1 lire #g1 & = ! co/ ( blue1 gold1 :ite1 pla/]1 indigo & glue #c lire2 "t #c days4 ,! pictures bel[ ^! m\ld+s ) _! pila/]s1 #ab lire ea*4 ,i calculate ! co/ = smalt1 blue & gold & o!r col\rs at #a #a_/b lire4 ,! days ,i calculate at #c1 = ! inv5tion ( ! composition1 pila/]s & o!r ?+s4 #aead4 ,item = ea* vault #g lire outlay = blue & gold #c #a_/b "t1 #d days = ! w9d[s #a #a_/b ,! cornice bel[ ! w9d[s #af soldi p] braccio item = #bd pictures ( ,roman hi/ory #ad lire ea* ,! philosoph]s #aj lire ! pila/]s1 "o ounce ( blue #aj soldi = gold #ae soldi ,total #b & #a_/b lire4 #aeae4 ,! cornice above lire #cj ,! cornice bel[ lire #g ,! compositions1 "o ) ano!r lire #ac #aeaf4 ,salai1 #f lire444 #d soldi444 #aj soldi = a *a92-- ,on ! l#d? ( ,m>* ,i _h #ac lire ,s4 #d2 #af lire rema94 #aeag4 ,h[ _m braccia high is ! level ( ! walls8-- #abc braccia ,h[ l>ge is ! hall8 ,h[ l>ge is ! g>l&8 #cj ducats4 ,on ! #bi? day ( ,janu>y1 #adid clo? = hose lire #d ,s #c l9+ ,s #af mak+ ,s #h to ,salai ,s #c a jasp] r+ ,s #ac a sp>kl+ /one ,s #aa to ,cat]9a ,s #aj to ,cat]9a ,s #aj ,h4#b #cc;a #aeah4 ,! :eel lire #g ! tire lire #aj ! %ield lire #d ! cu%ion lire #h ! ends ( ! axle-tree lire #b b$ & frame lire #cj conduit lire #aj ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #d;a #aeai4 ,p>sley #aj p>ts m9t #a "p ?yme #a "p ,v9eg> 444 & a little salt two pieces ( canvas = ,salai4 ,footnote3 ,?is note1 ( ab\t ! ye> #adid1 is ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ,salai1 & ! la/ is ( ! ye> #aeac 7see ,no4 #adfe1 #c74 ,f ! v>i\s notes 9 ! ,,mss4 he seems to h be5 ,leon>do's assi/ant & keep] only1 & sc>cely himself a pa9t]4 ,at any rate no sign$ or o!rwise au!nticat$ picture by him is kn[n to exi/4 ,vas>i speaks some:at d\btfully on ?is po9t4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4,i o #aebj4 ,on ,tuesday ,i b\ght w9e = morn+ dr9k+2 on ,friday ! #d? day ( ,septemb] ! same4 ,footnote3 ,?is note enables u to fix ! date ( ! ,manuscript1 9 :i* x is to be f\nd4 ,9 #adie ! #d? ( ,septemb] fell on a ,friday2 ! cont5ts ( ! ,manuscript d n p]mit u to assign x to a mu* e>li] or lat] date 7,comp>e ,no4 #aebb1 & ,note74 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4,i #id;b #aeba4 ,! ci/]n 444 at ! ,hospital1--#b ducats1--beans1-:ite maize1--r$ maize1--millet1--buck:eat1 --kidney beans1--beans1--peas4 ,s4,k4,m4 ,,ii4,i #ie;a #aebb4 ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,! ,,int]m5t ,,( ,,cat]9a4 ,= ! #c ,ibs ( tap]s #bg ,s ,= ! bi] #h ,s ,a pall ov] ! bi] #ab ,s ,= be>+ & plac+ ! cross #d ,s ,= be>+ ! body #h ,s ,= #d prie/s & #d cl]ks #bj ,s ,bell1 book & sponge #b ,s ,= ! grav$igg]s #af ,s ,to ! s5ior #h ,s ,= a lic5se f ! au?orities #a ,s #ajf ,s ,! doctor #b ,s ,sug> & c&les #ab ,s #abj ,s ,footnote3 ,see ,nos4 #achd & #aeag4 #aebc4 ,salai's cloak1 ! #d? ( ,april #adig4 #d braccia ( silv] clo? l4 #ae ,s #d gre5 velvet to trim x l4 #i ,s -- b9d+ l4-- ,s #i loops l4-- ,s #ab ! mak+ l4 #a ,s #e b9d+ = ! front l4-- ,s #e /it*+ "h are #ac grossoni ( 8 l4 #bf ,s #e ,salai /ole ! soldi4 #aebd4 ,on ,monday ,i b\ght #d braccia ( clo? lire #ac ,s #ad #a_/b on ! #ag? (1 ,octob] #adig4 #aebe4 ,memor&um4 ,t on ! #h? day ( ,april #aejc1 ,i1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 l5t to ,vante1 m9iature pa9t] #d gold ducats1 9 gold4 ,salai c>ri$ !m to him & gave !m into 8 own h&1 & he said he w\ld repay )9 ! space ( #dj days4 ,memor&um4 ,t on ! same day ,i paid to ,salai #c gold ducats :i* he said he want$ = a pair ( rose-col\r$ hose ) _! trimm+2 & !re rema9 #i ducats due to him-except+ t he owes me #bj ducats1 t is #ag ,i l5t him at ,milan1 & #c at ,v5ice4 ,memor&um4 ,t ,i gave ,salai #ba braccia ( clo? to make a %irt1 at io soldi ! braccio1 :i* ,i gave him on ! #bj? day ( ,april #aejc4 ,footnote3 ,) reg>d to ,vante or ,attavante1 ! m9iature pa9t] 7n ,nanni z ,i =m]ly deciph]$ ?is "n1 :i* is difficult to read2 see ,zeits*rift fur ,bild4 ,kun/1 #ahgi1 p4 #aee71 & ,vas>i1 ,lives ( ,frate ,giovanni da ,fiesole1 ( ,b>tolommeo della ,gatta1 & ( ,gh]>do1 m9iatore4 ,he1 l ,leon>do1 0 "o ( ! committee ( arti/s :o1 9 #aejc1 consid]$ ! erection & plac+ ( ,mi*el ,angelo's ,david4 ,! date ( 8 dea? is n kn[n2 he 0 ( ! same age z ,leon>do4 ,fur!r details w be f\nd 9 ',notizie di ,attavante m9iatore1 e di alcuni suoi lavori' 7,milanese's ed4 ( ,vas>i1 ,,iii1 #bca-bce74 #aebf4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,san ,pet]'s day1 ,june #bi?1 #aejd1 ,i took io ducats1 ( :i* ,i gave "o to ,tommaso my s]vant to sp5d4 ,on ,monday morn+ #a flor9 to ,salai to sp5d on ! h\se4 ,on ,?ursday ,i took #a flor9 = my own sp5d+4 ,w$nesday ev5+ #a flor9 to ,tommaso1 be=e supp]4 ,saturday morn+ #a flor9 to ,tommaso4 ,monday morn+ #a flor9 less #aj soldi4 ,?ursday to ,salai i flor9 less #aj soldi4 ,= a j]k91 #a flor94 ,= a j]k9 ,& a cap #b flor9s4 ,to ! hosi]1 #a flor94 ,to ,salai1 #a flor94 ,friday morn+1 ! #ai? ( ,july1 #a flor91 less #f soldi4 ,i h #g fl4 left1 & #bb 9 ! box4 ,tuesday1 ! #bc? day ( ,july1 #a flor9 to ,tommaso4 ,monday morn+1 to ,tommaso #a flor94 ,w$nesday morn+ #a fl4 to ,tommaso4 ,?ursday morn+ ! #a/ day ( ,augu/ #a fl4 to ,tommaso4 ,sunday1 ! #d? ( ,augu/1 #a flor94 ,friday1 ! p? day ( ,augu/ #aejd1 ,i took #aj ducats out ( ! box4 #aebg4 #aejd4 ,on ! #i? day ( ,augu/1 #aejd1 ,i took #aj flor9s 9 gold99#b 4444 99#c on ,friday ! #i? day ( ,augu/ fifte5 grossoni t is fl4 #e ,s #e 4444 giv5 to me #a flor9 9 gold on ! l#b? day ( ,augu/ 99#d 44444 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/1 #cb grossoni to ,tommaso4 ,on ! l#h? ( ! same #e grossoni to ,salai4 ,on ! #h? ( ,septemb] #f grossoni to ! workman to sp5d2 t is on ! day ( our ,lady's bir?4 ,on ! #af? day ( ,septemb] ,i gave #d grossoni to ,tommaso3 on a ,sunday4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! passage giv5 z ,no4 #adfc is writt5 betwe5 l9es #b & #c ( ?is text1 & x is possible t ! entries 9 l9es #c & #d ref] to ! paym5ts ( ,jacopo ,t$esco1 :o is !re m5tion$4 ,! fir/ words ( ^! l9es are v illegible4 99#g4 ,al fattore4 ,il ,fattore1 01 z is well kn[n1 ! nick-"n ( ,giovanni ,franceso ,p5ni1 born 9 ,flor5ce 9 #adhf1 & subsequ5tly a pupil ( ,raphael's4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i he 0 kn[n by x ev5 z a boy4 ,:e!r he is spok5 ( 9 ?is passage1 or :e!r ! ^w ,fattore %\ld be translat$ lit]ally1 ,i w n und]take to decide4 ,! latt] seems to me m probably "r4 ,section ,title3 ,inv5tories & acc\nts4 #aebh4 ,on ! day ( ,octob]1 #aejh1 ,i _h #cj scudi2 #ac ,i l5t to ,salai to make up 8 si/]'s d[ry1 & #ag ,i h left4 #aebi4 ,memor&um ( ! money ,i h _h f ! ,k+ z my sal>y f ,july #aejh till ,april next #aeji4 ,fir/ #ajj scudi1 !n #gj1 !n #ej1 !n #bj & !n #bjj flor9s at #dh soldi ! flor94 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #acej & #aefa4 #aecj4 ,saturday ! #bnd day ( ,m>* ,i _h f ,santa ,m>ia ,novella #e gold ducats1 leav+ #dej4 ,( ^! ,i gave #b ! same day to ,salai1 :o _h l5t !m to me4 ,footnote3 ,see ',conto corr5te di ,leon>do da ,v9ci con lo ,sp$ale di ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova' #aejj a #aejg1 #aeac--aebj publi%$ by ,g4 ,,uzielli1 ,ric]*e intorno a ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,fir5ze1 #ahgb1 pp4 #afd1 #afe1 #bah & #bai4 ,! date "h giv5 by ,leon>do does n occur 9 ei!r ( ! acc\nts4 #aeca4 ,?ursday1 ! eigh? day ( ,june1 ,i took #ag grossoni1 #ah soldi2 on ! same ,?ursday 9 ! morn+ ,i gave to ,salai #bb soldi = ! exp5ses4 #aecb4 ,to ,salai #d grossoni1 & = "o braccio ( velvet1 #e lire1 & #a_/b2 viz4 #aj soldi = loops ( silv]2 ,salai #ad soldi = b9d+1 ! mak+ ( ! cloak #be soldi4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aebc4 #aecc4 ,i gave to ,salai #ic lire #f soldi1 ( :i* ,i h _h #fg lire & !re rema9 #bf lire #f soldi4 #aecd4 ,to ,salai ,s #db #b doz5 ( laces ,s #h = pap]s ,s #c d #h a pair ( %oes ,s #ad = velvet ,s #ad a sword & knife ,s #ba to ! b>b] ,s #aa to ,paolo = a4444 ,s #bj ,= hav+ 8 =tune told ,s #f #aece4 ,on ,friday morn+1 "o flor9 to ,salai to sp5d2 #c soldi receiv$ bread ,s44 d w9e ,s44 d grapes ,s44 d mu%rooms ,s44 d fruit ,s44 d ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ,nos4 #aede1 l4 #d & #e1 ) simil> entries = horse's fodd]4 bran ,s44 d at ! b>b]'s ,s44 d = %oes ,s44 d #aecf4 ,on ,?ursday morn+ "o flor94 #aecg4 ,on ,sa9t ,ambrose's day f ! morn+ to ,?ursday #cf soldi4 #aech4 ,! moneys ,i h _h f ,s] ,matteo2 fir/ #bj grassoni1 !n on #ac occasions #c f4 & !n #fa grassoni1 !n #c1 & !n #c99c2 #df soldi #ab grossoni4 #aeci4 ,= pap] ,s #ah = canvas ,s #cj = pap] ,s #aj d #ai ,total ,s #gc #aedj4 #bj p\nds ( ,g]man blue1 at "o ducat ! p\nd lire #hj ,s d #fj p\nds ( :ite1 ,s44 ! p\nd lire #ae ,s d #a #a_/b p\nd at #dh ! p\nd lire #f ,s d #b p\nds ( c9nab> at ,s #ah ! p\nd lire #a ,s #af d #f p\nds ( gre5 at ,s #ab ! p\nd lire #c ,s #ab d #d p\nds ( yell[ at ,s #ab ! p\nd lire #b ,s #h d #a p\nd ( m9ium at ,s #h ! p\nd lire #j ,s #h d #d p\nds (44444 at ,s #b ! p\nd lire #j ,s #h d #f p\nds ( o*re at ,s #a ! p\nd lire #j ,s #f d black444 at ,s #b ! p\nd = #bj lire #b ,s #j d wax to make ! />s #bi p\nds at ,s--! p\nd lire #j ,s #j d #dj p\nds ( oil = pa9t+ at #e soldi ! p\nd lire #aj ,s #j d ,altoge!r lire #abj d #ah )\t ! gold4 #ah t9 = putt+ on ! gold #abj #ah #eh #aeda4 ,two l>ge hat*ets & "o v small "o1 #h brass spoons1 #d tableclo?s1 #b t[els1 #ae small napk9s1 #b co>se napk9s1 #b co>se clo?s1 #b wrapp]s1 #c pairs ( %eets1 #b pairs new & #a old4 #aedb4 ,b$ #g #j ,s r+ #g #j crock]y #b #e g>d5] #a #b 44444 #b #h port]s #b #a glasses #a fuel #c #f a lock #a ,section title3 ,miscellane\s ,notes4 #aedc4 ,new t9-w>e #c pairs ( %eets #f small b[ls1 ea* ( #d bread?s1 #f b[ls1 #b small %eets1 #b l>ge di%es1 #b tableclo?s & ,j_/#b1 #b di%es m$ium size1 #af co>se clo?s1 #b small ones #h %irts1 ,old t9-w>e #i napk9s1 #c small b[ls1 #b h&-t[els4 #d b[ls1 #c squ>e /ones1 #b small b[ls1 #a l>ge b[l1 #a platt]1 #d c&le/icks1 #a small c&le/ick4 #aedd4 ,hose ,s #dj /raw ,s #fj :eat ,s #db w9e ,s #ed bread ,s #ah meat ,s #ed eggs ,s #e salad ,s #c ! ,b>b] ,s #b d #f horses ,s #a #aede4 ,sunday meat ,s #aj d w9e ,s #ab d bran ,s #e d #d h]bs ,s #aj d butt]milk ,s #d d #d melon ,s #c d bread ,s #c d #a ,monday ,s #i #h 44444 ,s #f d w9e ,s #ab d bran ,s #i d #d butt]milk ,s #d d #d h]bs ,s #h d ,tuesday ,s d meat ,s #j d #h w9e ,s #ab d bread ,s #c d meal ,s #e d #d h]bs ,s #h d ,w$nesday w9e ,s #e d melon ,s #b d meal ,s #e d #d vegetables ,s #h ,a%4,i4 #ah;b ,notes by unkn[n p]sons among ! ,,mss4 7#aedf--aefe74 #aedf4 ,mis]acione div9a sacro sancte ,romane ecclesie tituli n c>d9alis #bwulg>it] nuncupatus v5]abili religioso fratri ,johanni ,mair d',nu/orf #cord9is pra$icatorum prov9tie teutonie 787 conv5tus ,wi5n5sis capellano #d no/ro comm5sali salutem 9 dno sempi- t]nam ,religione zelus rite ac 9 f]ite8 #e;hone/as ali>umque laudabilium probitatis et virtutum m]ita quibus apud nos fide #f;digno comm5dationis te/imonio ,magi/ri videlicet ord9is felicis recordacionis ,leon>di de #g,mansuetis de ,p]usio sigillo suo 444 u dans tibi ad 444 op]a virtutum com57salem78 #h locum et tempus success7ores7 cujus simi- lit] (ficium m9i/ratus qui pra$ecessoris sui donum 787 #i;confirmavit et de novo d$it aliorumque plurima laudatis qui op]a tua laudant #ajnos inducunt ut tibi 787 r$damus ad gratiam lib]alem h9c e/ quod nos cupi5tes4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( ?is docum5t1 :i* is v difficult to deciph]1 & is writt5 9 un9telligible ,lat91 is1 t ,leon>do di ,mansuetis recomm5ds ! ,rev4 ,mair ( ,nusdorf1 *apla9 at ,vi5na1 to "s ?ird p]son2 & says also t some?+1 :i* _h to be prov$1 has be5 prov$4 ,! re/ ( ! passages on ! same leaf are und\bt$ly 9 ,leon>do's h&4 7,nos4 #dhc1 #ffa1 #eai1 #egh1 #cib1 #ehb1 #hhg & #hid47 ,w4 ,x,i,ib #aedg4 ,johannes ,antonius di ,johannes ,ambro- sius de ,bolate4 ,he :o lets "t pass & does n gr[ 9 virtue1 ! m ,i ?9k ( x ! m ,i grieve4 ,no man has x 9 him to be virtu\s :o w give up hon\r = ga94 ,good =tune is valueless to him :o kn[s n toil4 ,! man becomes happy :o foll[s ,*ri/4 ,!re is no p]fect gift )\t great suff]+4 ,our glories & our triumphs pass away4 ,f\l lu/1 & dreams1 & luxury1 & slo? h bani%$ e virtue f ! _w2 s t our ,nature1 w&]+ & p]plex$1 has almo/ lo/ ! old & bett] track4 ,h5ce=? x 7 well to r\se ?yself f sleep4 ,! ma/] said t ly+ 9 d[n w n br+ !e to ,fame2 nor /ay+ b5ea? ! quilts4 ,he :o1 )\t ,fame1 burns 8 life to wa/e1 leaves no m ve/ige ( himself on e>? ?an w9d-bl[n smoke1 or ! foam ^u ! sea4 ,footnote3 ,f ! la/ s5t5ce we may inf] t ?is text is by ! h& ( a pupil ( ,leon>do's4-- ,on ! same %eet are ! notes ,nos4#aage & #gae 9 ,leon>do's own h&writ+4 ,section ,title3 ,miscellane\s notes4 #aedh4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,santo ,zanobio ! #bi? ( ,may #aejd1 ,i _h f ,lion>do ,v9ci #ae gold ducats & began to sp5d !m4 to ,mona ,m>g>ita ,s #fb d #d to remake ! r+ ,s #ai d #h clo!s ,s #ac good beef ,s #d eggs ,s #f debt at ! bank ,s #g velvet ,s #ab w9e ,s #f d #d meat ,s #d mulb]ries ,s #b d #d mu%rooms ,s #c d #d salad ,s #a fruit ,s #a d #d c&les ,s #c 4444 ,s #a fl\r ,s #b ,sunday #aih #h bread ,s #f w9e ,s #i d #d meat ,s #g s\p ,s #b fruit ,s #c d #d c&les ,s #c d ,monday #ca bread ,s #f d #d meat ,s #aj d #h w9e ,s #i d #d fruit ,s #d s\p ,s #a d #h #cb #aedi4 ,tuesday bread ,s #f meat ,s #aa w9e ,s #g fruit ,s #i s\p ,s #b salad ,s #a 99,footnote = #aedh & #aedi4 ,on ! same %eet is ! text ,no4 #ajae 9 ,leon>do's own h&writ+4 ,section title3 ,notes by unkn[n h&s4 #aeej4 ,to ,monna ,m>g>ita ,s #e to ,tomaso ,s #ad to ,monna ,m>g>ita d #e ,s #b on ! day ( ,san ,zanobi left44444 aft] paym5t d #ac ,s #b d #d ( ,monna ,m>g>ita altoge!r d #ad ,s #e d #d #aeea4 ,on ,monday1 ! l#c? ( ,febru>y1 ,i l5t lire ,s #g to ,lion>do to sp5d1 ,friday d #g4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is foll[$ by an acc\nt v l ! "o giv5 z ,no4 #aedi4 #aeeb4 ,/ephano ,*igi1 ,canonico444441 s]vant ( ! honorable ,c\nt ,grimani at ,s4 ,apo/oli4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #fgd1 #ba--bc4 #aeec4 ,hav+ become anxi\s4444444444 ,b]n>do di ,simone1 ,silve/ro di ,/efano1 ,b]n>do di ,jacopo1 ,francesco di ,matteo ,bonciani1 ,antonio di ,giovanni ,rub]ti1 ,antonio da ,pi/oia4444 ,antonio2 ,he :o has "t & waits = "t1 w lose 8 fri5ds & 8 money4 #aeed4 ,rev]5d ,mae/ro1 ,dom9o ,giovanni1 ,i spoke to ,mae/ro ,zac>ia z a bro!r ab\t ?is bus9ess1 & ,i made him satisfi$ ) ! arrangem5t t ,i _h wi%$2 t is1 z reg>ds ! commission t ,i _h f ! p>ties & ,i say t betwe5 u !re is no ne$ to pay money d[n1 z reg>d ! pictures ( ! 444 ,c4,a4 #ge;a2 #bbj;a #aeee4 ,( ?+s se5 ?r\gh a mi/ t :i* is ne>e/ its f>!/ limit w be lea/ visible1 & all ! m s z !y are m remote4 ,cod4,a4 #gg2;b #bbe;b #aeef4 ,!odoricus ,rex ,semp] ,augu/us4 ,c4,a4 #id;b2 #bga;b #aeeg4 ,ei!r y say ,hesp]ia alone1 & x w mean ,italy1 or y add ultima1 & x w mean ,spa94 ,umbria1 "p ( ,tuscany4 ,footnote3 ,,amoretti1 ,mem4 ,/or4 ,,xxiv1 quotes ! fir/ ?ree l9es ( ?is lett] z by ,leon>do4 ,! *a- ract] ( ! writ+ h[ev] does n fav\r ?is hypo!sis1 & /ill less ! cont5ts4 ,i %\ld reg>d x r a r\gh draft ( a lett] by "y ,melzi4 ,i h n succe$$ 9 deciph]+ completely ! #ac l9es ( ?is text4 ,amoretti reads at ! beg9n+ ,canonica di ,vaprio1 b ,vaprio seems to me a v d\btful read+4 ,footnote3 ,! notes 9 ,greek1 ,nos4 #aeeg1 #aeeh & #aefb /& 9 close connection ) ea* o!r1 b ! mean+ ( "s words is v d\btful1 & a translation is ?us r5d]$ impossible4 ,c4,a4 #aba;b2 #cgf;b #aeeh4 9999,ilav,tcov av,t,k,x,acp,xt7uv ,suo soo/ai smataupov,tou2 #b;irptoo,aiaaai w avepuuo8 ',ae#gvac ,to,t8 ,qs4oi2 #hsj7oj-ai49999 ,footnote3 ,! notes 9 ,greek1 ,nos4 #aeeg1 #aeeh & #aefb /& 9 close connection ) ea* o!r1 b ! mean+ ( "s words is v d\btful1 & a translation is ?us r5d]$ impossible4 ,c4,a4#acj;a2 #cig;a #aeei4 ,canonica ( 444 on ! #e? ( ,july #aejg2 my de>ly belov$ "m1 si/]s & c\s9 ,i h]e) in=m y t ?anks to ,god ,i am 444 ab\t ! sword :i* ,i 444 br+ x to ,maso at ! piazza 444 & ,i w settle ! bus9ess ( ,pi]o s t 444 ,c4,a4 #afd;b2 #dij;b #aefj4 ,ut b5e respondet ,naturae ars docta6 d$isset ,v9cius1 ut tribuit cet]a sic animam ,noluit ut similis magis haec =et3 alt]a sic e/3 ,possidet illius ,maurus amans animam4 ,footnote #aefj3 ,^! ?ree epigrams on ! portrait ( ,lucrezia ,crivelli1 a picture by ,leon>do :i* mu/ h be5 lo/ at a v e>ly date1 seem to h be5 d$icat$ to ,leon>do by ! poet4 ,leon>do us$ ! rev]se ( ! %eet = notes on geometry4 ,footnote3 ,! notes 9 ,greek1 ,nos4 #aeeg1 #aeeh & #aefb /& 9 close connection ) ea* o!r1 b ! mean+ ( "s words is v d\btful1 & a translation is ?us r5d]$ impossible4 ,hujus quam c]nis nom5 ,lucretia1 ,divi ,omnia cui l>ga contribu]e manu4 ,r>a huic =ma data e/2 p9xit ,leon>dos1 amavit ,maurus1 pictorum primus hic1 ille ducum4 ,naturam1 ac sup]as hac laesit imag9e ,divas ,pictor3 tantum hom9is posse manum haec doluit1 ,illae longa d>i tam magnae temp]a =mae1 ,quae spatio fu]at dep]itura brevi4 #aefa4 ,egidius ,romanus on ! =mation ( ! human body 9 ! "m's womb ,footnote #a3 ,lib] magi/ri ,egidii de pulsibus matrice conipositus 7cum comm5t>io ,g5tilis de ,fulg9eo7 publi%$ 9 #adhd at ,padova1 9 #adid & 9 #aead at ,v5ice1 & 9 #aeje at ,lyons44 ,footnote #b3b4 ,?is text appe>s to be 9 a h&writ+ diff]5t f t 9 ! note1 l4 #a4 ,"h ! read+ is n s simple z ,,amoretti gave x1 ,mem4 ,/>4 ,,xxv3 ,a ,monsieur ,lyon>d ,pe9tre du ,roy p\r ,amboyse4 ,he says too t ?is address is ( ! ye> #aeji1 & ,mr4 ,ravaisson rem>ks3 ,de cette suscription il semble qu'on peut inf]] que ,leon>d etait alors en ,france1 a la c\r de ,l\is ,,xii 444 ,p\r conclure je crois qu'il n'e/ pas pr\ve que ,leon>d de ,v9ci n'ait pas fait un voyage de quelques mois en ,france s\s ,l\is ,,xii1 entre le pr9temps de #aeji et l'automne de #aeaj4--;,i mu/ confess t ,i myself h n succe$$ 9 deciph]+ completely ?is ,fr5* writ+ ( :i* two words rema9 to me d\btful4 ,b s mu* seems to be q evid5t t ?is is n an address ( a lett] at all1 b a c]tificate or note4 ,amboisel4 #f ,i believe to be ! signature ( ,*>les d',amboise ! ,gov]nor ( ,milan4 ,if ?is explanation is ! "r "o1 x c be easily expla9$ by ! cont5ts ( ,nos4 #acej & #aebi4 ,! note1 l9e #a1 0 p]haps add$ lat] by ano!r h&2 & ,leon>do himself wrote aft]w>ds on ! same %eet "s geometrical explanations4 ,i mu/ also po9t out t ! /atem5t t ?is %eet belongs to ! ye> #aeji has absolutely no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,!re is no clue :atev] = giv+ a precise date to ?is note4 ,to ,monsieur le ,v9ci1--! horses ( ! k+'s equ]ry4444 ,cont9ue ! paym5t to ,ms4 ,lyon>d1 ,pa9t] to ! ,k+4 #f ,amboise4 #aefb4 999999 ,don't "k :at to d ab\t ^! ,greek *>act]s #aefc4 ,memor&um to ,mae/ro ,lion>do to h 444 ! /ate ( ,flor5ce4 #aefd4 ,to rem9d y\r ,excell5cy t ,ridolfo ,man9i br\ght to ,flor5ce a quantity ( cry/al besides o!r /ones su* z are 444 #aefe4 ,x,v,io99 ,c4 #f de ,ciuitate ,dei1 #b99se ,antipodes4 ,footnote3 ,a facsimile ( ?is note1 :i* ref]s to a well kn[n book by ,/4 ,augu/91 is giv5 on page #bed4 #aeff4 ,leon>do's ,w4 ,be x kn[n to all p]sons1 pres5t & to come t at ! c\rt ( our ,"l ! ,k+ at ,amboise be=e ourselves 9 p]son1 ,mess] ,leon>do da ,v9ci pa9t] to ! ,k+1 at pres5t /ay+ at ! place kn[n z ,cl\x ne> ,amboise1 duly consid]+ ! c]ta9ty ( dea? & ! unc]ta9ty ( its "t1 has ackn[l$g$ & decl>$ 9 ! said c\rt & be=e u t he has made1 accord+ to ! t5or ( ^! pres5ts1 8 te/am5t & ! decl>ation ( 8 la/ w1 z foll[s4 ,& fir/ he comm5ds 8 s\l to our ,"l1 ,almighty ,god1 & to ! ,glori\s ,virg9 ,m>y1 & to our "l ,sa9t ,mi*ael1 to all ! bless$ ,angels & ,sa9ts male & female 9 ,p>adise4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator desires to be buri$ )9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,flor5t9 at ,amboise1 & t 8 body %all be borne ?i!r by ! *apla9s ( ! *ur*4 ,item4 ,t 8 body may be foll[$ f ! said place to ! said *ur* ( ,sa9t ,flor5t9 by ! collegium ( ! said *ur*1 t is to say by ! rector & ! prior1 or by _! vic>s & *apla9s ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is ( ,amboise1 also ! less] fri>s ( ! place1 & be=e 8 body %all be c>ri$ to ! said *ur* ?is ,te/ator desires1 t 9 ! said *ur* ( ,sa9t ,flor5t9 ?ree gr& masses %all be celebrat$ by ! deacon & sub-deacon & t on ! day :5 ^! ?ree high masses are celebrat$1 ?irty l[ masses %all also be p]=m$ at ,sa9t ,gregoire4 ,item4 ,t 9 ! said *ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is simil> s]vices %all be p]=m$1 z above4 ,item4 ,t ! same %all be done 9 ! *ur* ( ! said fri>s & less] bre?r54 ,item4 ,! a=esaid ,te/ator gives & bequea?s to ,mess] ,francesco da ,melzo1 nobleman1 ( ,milan1 9 remun]ation = s]vices & fav\rs done to him 9 ! pa/1 ea* ,footnote3 ,see page #dbj4 & all ( ! books ! ,te/ator is at pres5t possess$ (1 & ! in/rum5ts & portraits app]ta9+ to 8 art & call+ z a pa9t]4 ,item4 ,! same ,te/ator gives & bequea?s h5ce=? = ev] to ,batti/a de ,vilanis 8 s]vant "o half1 t is ! moity1 ( 8 g>d5 :i* is outside ! walls ( ,milan1 & ! o!r half ( ! same g>d5 to ,salai 8 s]vant2 9 :i* g>d5 a=esaid ,salai has built & con/ruct$ a h\se :i* %all be & rema9 h5ce=? 9 all p]petuity ! prop]ty ( ! said ,salai1 8 heirs & successors2 & ?is is 9 remun]ation = ! good & k9d s]vices :i* ! said de ,vilanis & ,salai1 8 s]vants h done him 9 pa/ times until n[4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator gives to ,matur9a 8 wait+ woman a cloak ( good black clo? l9$ ) fur1 a44444 ( clo? & two ducats paid once only2 & ?is likewise is 9 remun]ation = good s]vice r5d]$ to him 9 pa/ times by ! said ,matur9a4 ,item4 ,he desires t at 8 fun]al sixty tap]s %all be c>ri$ :i* %all be borne by sixty poor m51 to :om %all be giv5 money = c>ry+ !m2 at ! discretion ( ! said ,melzo1 & ^! tap]s %all be di/ribut$ among ! f\r above m5tion$ *ur*es4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator gives to ea* ( ! said *ur*es t5 lbs4 ( wax 9 ?ick tap]s1 :i* %all be plac$ 9 ! said *ur*es to be us$ on ! day :5 ^? said s]vices are celebrat$4 ,item4 ,t alms %all be giv5 to ! poor ( ! ,hotel-,dieu1 to ! poor ( ,sa9t ,laz>e d',amboise &1 to t end1 !re %all be giv5 & paid to ! treasur]s ( t same frat]nity ! sum & am\nt ( sev5ty soldi ( ,t\rs4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator gives & bequea?s to ! said ,mess] ,francesco ,melzo1 be+ pres5t & agree+1 ! rema9d] ( 8 p5sion & ! sums ( money :i* are ow+ to him f ! pa/ "t till ! day ( 8 dea? by ! receiv] or treasur]-g5]al ,m4 ,johan ,sap91 & ea* & e sum ( money t he has already receiv$ f ! a=esaid ,sap9 ( 8 said p5sion1 & 9 case he %\ld die be=e ! said ,melzo & n o!rwise2 :i* moneys are at pres5t 9 ! possession ( ! said ,te/ator 9 ! said place call$ ,cl\x1 z he says4 ,& he likewise gives & bequea?s to ! said ,melzo all & ea* ( 8 clo!s :i* he at pres5t possesses at ! said place ( ,cl\x1 & all 9 remun]ation = ! good & k9d s]vices done by him 9 pa/ times till n[1 z well z 9 paym5t = ! tr\ble & annoyance he may incur ) reg>d to ! execution ( ?is pres5t te/am5t1 :i* h[ev]1 %all all be at ! exp5se ( ! said ,te/ator4 ,& he ord]s & desires t ! sum ( f\r hundr$ scudi del ,sole1 :i* he has deposit$ 9 ! h&s ( ! treasur] ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova 9 ! city ( ,flor5ce1 may be giv5 to 8 bro!rs n[ liv+ 9 ,flor5ce ) all ! int]e/ & usufruct t may h accru$ up to ! pres5t "t1 & be due f ! a=esaid treasur] to ! a=esaid ,te/ator on acc\nt ( ! said f\r hundr$ cr[ns1 s9ce !y 7 giv5 & consign$ by ! ,te/ator to ! said treasur]s4 ,item4 ,he desires & ord]s t ! said ,mess] ,francesco de ,melzo %all be & rema9 ! sole & only executor ( ! said w ( ! said ,te/ator2 & t ! said te/am5t %all be execut$ 9 its full & complete mean+ & accord+ to t :i* is "h n>rat$ & said1 to h1 hold1 keep & obs]ve1 ! said ,mess] ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 con/itut$ ,te/ator1 has oblig$ & obliges by ^! pres5ts ! said 8 heirs & successors ) all 8 goods moveable & immoveable pres5t & to come1 & has r5\nc$ & expressly r5\nces by ^! pres5ts all & ea* ( ! ?+s :i* to t are contr>y4 ,giv5 at ! said place ( ,cl\x 9 ! pres5ce ( ,magi/] ,spirito ,fi]i vic>1 ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is at ,amboise1 ( ,m4 ,guglielmo ,croysant prie/ & *apla91 ( ,magi/] ,cipriane ,ful*91 ,bro!r ,francesco de ,corion1 & ( ,francesco da ,milano1 a bro!r ( ! ,conv5t ( ! ,m9orites at ,amboise1 witnesses summon$ & requir$ to t end by ! indictm5t ( ! said c\rt 9 ! pres5ce ( ! a=esaid ,m4 ,francesco de ,melze :o accept+ & agree+ to ! same has promis$ by 8 fai? & 8 oa? :i* he has adm9i/]$ to u p]sonally & has sworn to u nev] to d nor say nor act 9 any way to ! contr>y4 ,& x is seal$ by 8 reque/ ) ! royal seal appos$ to legal contracts at ,amboise1 & 9 tok5 ( good fai?4 ,giv5 on ! ,x,x,i,i,ird day ( ,april ,,mdxviii1 be=e ,ea/]4 ,& on ! ,x,x,i,i,ird day ( ?is mon? ( ,april ,,mdxviii1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,guglielmo ,borian1 ,royal not>y 9 ! c\rt ( ! bailiwick ( ,amboise1 ! a=esaid ,m4 ,leon>do de ,v9ci gave & bequea!d1 by 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 z a=esaid1 to ! said ,m4 ,bapti/a de ,vilanis1 be+ pres5t & agree+1 ! "r ( wat] :i* ! ,k+ ,l\is ,,xii1 ( pi\s memory lately deceas$ gave to ?is same de ,v9ci1 ! /ream ( ! canal ( ,santo ,cri/(oro 9 ! du*y ( ,milan1 to belong to ! said ,vilanis = ev] 9 su* wise & mann] t ! said g5tleman made him ?is gift 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,francesco da ,melzo1 g5tleman1 ( ,milan & 9 m9e4 ,& on ! a=esaid day 9 ! said mon? ( ,april 9 ! said ye> ,,mdxviii ! same ,m4 ,leon>do de ,v9ci by 8 la/ w & te/am5t gave to ! a=esaid ,m4 ,bapti/a de ,vilanis1 be+ pres5t & agree+1 ea* & all ( ! articles ( furniture & ut5sils ( 8 h\se at pres5t at ! said place ( ,cl\x1 9 ! ev5t ( ! said de ,vilanis surviv+ ! a=esaid ,m4 ,leon>do de ,v9ci1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! said ,m4 ,francesco ,melzo & ( me ,not>y c4 ,borean4