,?is e,book 0 produc$ by ,*>les ,ald>ondo & ! ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s team4 ,! ,notebooks ( ,leon>do ,da ,v9ci ,volume #b ,translat$ by ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] #ahhh ,,xi4 ,! notes on ,sculpture4 ,comp>$ ) ! mass ( manuscript treat+ ( ,pa9t+1 a v small numb] ( passages be>+ on ! practice & me?ods ( ,sculpture are to be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh ! note books2 ^! are "h giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section 7,nos4 #gjf-gji74 ,!re is less cause = surprise at f9d+ t ! eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za is only incid5tally spok5 (2 =1 al?\gh ,leon>do mu/ h work$ at x = a long succession ( ye>s1 x is n 9 ! nature ( ! case t x c\ld h giv5 rise to mu* writ+4 ,we may !re=e reg>d x z p>ticul>ly =tunate t no few] ?an ?irte5 notes 9 ! ma/]'s h&writ+ c be br\ght toge!r1 :i* seem to ?r[ light on ! my/]i\s hi/ory ( ?is fam\s "w4 ,until n[ writ]s on ,leon>do 7 acqua9t$ only ) ! passages numb]$ #gab1 #gai1 #gbj1 #gbb & #gbc4 ,9 arrang+ ^! notes on sculpture ,i h giv5 ! prec$5ce to ^? :i* treat ( ! ca/+ ( ! monum5t1 n m]ely because !y are ! fulle/1 b m especially ) a view to recon/ruct+ ! monum5t1 an a*ievem5t :i* really almo/ lies )9 our rea* by comb9+ & comp>+ ! :ole ( ! mat]ials n[ br\ght to light1 alike 9 notes & 9 sket*es4 ,a good deal ( ! fir/ two passages1 ,nos4 #gaj & #gaa1 :i* ref] to ?is subject seems obscure & incompreh5sible2 /ill1 !y supplem5t ea* o!r & "o contributes 9 no small degree to ! compreh5sion ( ! o!r4 ,a v int]e/+ & in/ructive comm5t>y on ^! passages may be f\nd 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,vas>i's ,introduzione della ,scultura "u ! title ,come si fanno i modelli p] f>e di bronzo le figure gr&i e picciole1 e come le =me p] butt>le2 come si arm9o di f]ri1 e come si gett9o di metallo1 c4 ,among ! draw+s ( models ( ! m\lds = ca/+ we f9d only "o :i* seems to repres5t ! horse 9 ! act ( gallop+--,no4 #gac4 ,all ! o!r designs %[ ! horse z pac+ quietly & z ^! /udies ( ! horse are accompani$ by copi\s notes z to ! me?od ( ca/+1 ! "q z to ! position ( ! horse 9 ! model f9ally select$1 seems to be decid$ by prepond]at+ evid5ce4 ,il cavallo dello ,s=za--,c4 ,boito rem>ks v appositely 9 ! ,saggio on page #bf1 doveva sembr>e fratello al cavallo del ,colleoni4 ,e si direbbe *e que/o fosse figlio del cavallo del ,gattamelata1 il quale p>e figlio di uno dei quattro cavalli *e /avano =se sull' ,arco di ,n]one 9 ,roma 7n[ at ,v5ice74 ,! publication ( ! ,saggio also conta9s ! reproduction ( a draw+ 9 r$ *alk1 repres5t+ a horse walk+ to ! left & support$ by a scaffold+1 giv5 "h on ,pl4 ,,lxxvi1 ,no4 #a4 ,x mu/ rema9 unc]ta9 :e!r ?is repres5ts ! model z x /ood dur+ ! prep>ations = ca/+ x1 or :e!r--z seems to me highly improbable--?is sket* %[s ! model z x 0 exhibit$ 9 #adic on ! ,piazza del ,ca/ello 9 ,milan "u a triumphal ar*1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian to ,bianca ,m>ia ,s=za4 ,! only important po9t "h is to prove t /rong evid5ce seems to %[ t1 ( ! num]\s /udies = ! eque/rian /atue1 only ^? :i* repres5t ! horse pac+ agree ) ! s*emes ( ! f9al plans4 ,! second gr\p ( prep>atory sket*es1 repres5t+ ! horse z gallop+1 mu/ !re=e be consid]$ sep>ately1 a di/9ction :i*1 9 recapitulat+ ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! monum5t seems ju/ifi$ by ! note giv5 "u ,no4 #gbj4 ,galeazza ,m>ia ,s=za 0 assass9at$ 9 #adgf be=e 8 s*eme = erect+ a monum5t to 8 fa!r ,francesco ,s=za c\ld be c>ri$ into effect4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,ludovico il ,moro ! "y aspirant to ! ?rone 0 exil$ to ,pisa1 & only return$ to ,milan 9 #adgi :5 he 0 ,"l 7,gov]natore7 ( ! ,/ate ( ,milan1 9 #adhj aft] ! m9i/] ,cecco ,simonetta _h be5 murd]$4 ,x may h be5 soon aft] ?is t ,ludovico il ,moro ann\nc$ a competition = an eque/rian /atue1 & x is tol]ably c]ta9 t ,antonio del ,pollajuolo took "p 9 x1 f ?is passage 9 ,vas>i's ,life ( ?is arti/3 ,e si trovo1 dopo la morte sua1 il disegno e modello *e a ,lodovico ,s=za egli aveva fatto p] la /atua a cavallo di ,francesco ,s=za1 duca di ,milano2 il quale disegno e nel no/ro ,libro1 9 due modi3 9 uno egli ha sotto ,v]ona2 nell'altro1 egli tutto armato1 e sopra un basam5to pi5o di battaglie1 fa salt>e il cavallo addosso a un armato2 ma la cagione p]*e non mettesse que/i disegni 9 op]a1 non ho gia potuto sap]e4 ,"o ( ,pollajuolo's draw+s1 z "h describ$1 has lately be5 discov]$ by ,s5atore ,giovanni ,morelli 9 ! ,muni* ,p9aco!k4 ,"h ! pr(ile ( ! horseman is a portrait ( ,francesco ,duke ( ,milan1 & "u ! horse1 :o is gallop+ to ! left1 we see a w>rior ?r[n & ly+ on ! gr\nd2 precisely ! same idea z we f9d 9 "s ( ,leon>do's designs = ! monum5t1 z on ,pl4 ,,lxvi1 ,,lxvii1 ,,lxviii1 ,,lxix & ,,lxxii ,no4 #a2 &1 z x is impossible to expla9 ?is rem>kable co9cid5ce by suppos+ t ei!r arti/ borr[$ x f ! o!r1 we c only conclude t 9 ! t]ms ( ! competition ! subject propos$ 0 ! ,duke on a horse 9 full gallop1 ) a fall5 foe "u its ho(s4 ,leon>do may h be5 9 ! competition !re & !n1 b ! means = execut+ ! monum5t d n seem to h be5 at once =?com+4 ,x 0 n p]haps until "s ye>s lat] t ,leon>do 9 a lett] to ! ,duke 7,no4 #gai7 rem9d$ him ( ! project = ! monum5t4 ,!n1 aft] he _h obey$ a summons to ,milan1 ! plan seems to h be5 s f> modifi$1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( a remon/rance on ! "p ( ! arti/1 t a pac+ horse 0 sub/itut$ = "o gallop+1 & x may h be5 at ! same "t t ! colossal dim5sions ( ! /atue 7 fir/ decid$ on4 ,! designs giv5 on ,pl4 ,,lxx1 ,,lxxi1 ,,lxxii1 #b & #c1 ,,lxxiii & ,,lxxiv & on pp4 #d & #bd1 z well z ?ree sket*es on ,pl4 ,,lxix may be /udi$ ) ref]5ce to ! project 9 its new =m1 ?\gh x is h>dly possible to believe t 9 ei!r ( ^! we see ! design z x 0 actually c>ri$ out4 ,x is probable t 9 ,milan ,leon>do work$ less on draw+s1 ?an 9 mak+ small models ( wax & clay z prep>atory to 8 l>g] model4 ,among ! draw+s enum]at$ above1 "o 9 black *alk1 ,pl4 ,,lxxiii--! upp] sket* on ! "r h& side1 rem9ds u /rongly ( ! antique /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,if1 z x w\ld seem1 ,leon>do _h n until !n visit$ ,rome1 he might easily h kn[n ?is /atue f draw+s by 8 =m] ma/] & fri5d ,v]roc*io1 = ,v]roc*io _h be5 9 ,rome = a long "t betwe5 #adgj & #adhj4 ,9 #adgc ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv _h ?is antique eque/rian /atue re/or$ & plac$ on a new p$e/al 9 front ( ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,lut]ano4 ,leon>do1 al?\gh he 0 pa9t+ indep5d5tly z e>ly z 9 #adgb is /ill spok5 ( z work+ 9 ,v]roc*io's /udio 9 #adgg4 ,two ye>s lat] ! ,v5etian s5ate decid$ on erect+ an eque/rian /atue to ,colleoni2 & z ,v]roc*io1 to :om ! "w 0 entru/$1 did n at once move f ,flor5ce to ,v5ice--:]e he di$ 9 #adhh be=e ! ca/+ 0 complet$--b on ! contr>y rema9$ 9 ,flor5ce = "s ye>s1 p]haps ev5 till #adhe1 ,leon>do probably _h ! opportunity ( see+ all 8 designs = ! eque/rian /atue at ,v5ice & ! r$ *alk draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxxiv may be a rem9isc5ce ( x4 ,! p5 & ink draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxxii1 ,no4 #c1 rem9ds u ( ,donatello's /atue ( ,gattamelata at ,padua4 ,h[ev] x does n appe> t ,leon>do 0 ev] at ,padua be=e #adii1 b we may conclude t he took a special int]e/ 9 ?is e>ly bronze /atue & ! reports he c\ld procure ( x1 =m an incid5tal rem>k :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,a4 #ade;a2 #dcb;a1 & :i* w be giv5 9 ,vol4 ,,ii "u ,ricordi or ,memor&a4 ,among ! /udies--9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w--made 9 prep>ation /atue we may include ! ,anatomy ( ! ,horse :i* ,lomazzo & ,vas m5tion2 ! mo/ important p>ts ( ?is "w /ill exi/ 9 ! ,que5's ,li ,w9dsor4 ,x 0 beyond a d\bt compil$ by ,leon>do :5 at ,milan2 only int]e/+ records to be f\nd among ^! designs are reproduc$ 9 ,nos4 #gaf;a b x mu/ be po9t$ out t out ( #dj %eets ( /udies ( ! movem5ts ( ! belong+ to t treatise1 a horse 9 full gallop occurs b once4 ,if we may tru/ ! acc\nt giv5 by ,paulus ,jovius--ab\t l#ebg-- ,leon>do's horse 0 repres5t$ z vehem5t] incitatus et anhelatus4 ,jovius _h probably se5 ! model exhibit$ at ,milan2 b1 ne$ we1 9 fact1 inf] f ?is description t ! horse 0 gallop+8 ,comp>e ,vas>i's description ( ! ,gattamelata monum5t at ,padua3 ,egli ,donatello vi &o b5 vol5ti]i1 e fece il cavallo di bronzo1 *e e 9 sulla piazza di ,sant ,antonio1 nel quale si dimo/ra lo sbuffam5to ed il fremito del cavallo1 ed il gr&e animo e la fi]ezza vivacissimam5te espressa dall'arte nella figura *e lo cavalca4 ,^! descriptions1 x seems to me1 w\ld only s]ve to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( ! middle ages & t ( ! r5aissance4 ,we le>n f a /atem5t ( ,sabba da ,ca/iglione t1 :5 ,milan 0 tak5 by ! ,fr5* 9 #adii1 ! model su/a9$ "s injury2 & ?is in=mant1 :o1 h[ev] is n inv>iably tru/wor?y1 adds t ,leon>do _h devot$ fully sixte5 ye>s to ?is "w 7la =ma del cavallo1 intorno a cui ,leon>do avea s$ici anni cont9ui consumati74 ,?is (t5-quot$ passage has giv5 gr\nd = an assumption1 :i* has no o!r evid5ce to support x1 t ,leon>do _h liv$ 9 ,milan ev] s9ce #adhc4 ,b ,i believe x is ne>] ! tru? to suppose t ?is au?or's /atem5t alludes to ! fact t ab\t sixte5 ye>s mu/ h pa/ s9ce ! competition 9 :i* ,leon>do _h tak5 "p4 ,i mu/ 9 ^! rem>ks conf9e myself /rictly to ! task 9 h& & give no m ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,s=za monum5t ?an is ne$$ to expla9 ! texts & draw+s ,i h be5 able to reproduce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ) reg>d to ! draw+s1 ,i may obs]ve t !y are all1 ) ! foll[+ two exceptions1 9 ! ,que5's ,libr>y at ,w9dsor ,ca/le2 ! r$ *alk draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxxvi ,no4 #a is 9 ! ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 7see ,no4 #gl#b7 & ! fragm5t>y p5 & ink draw+ on page #d is 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y4 ,! draw+s f ,w9dsor on ,pl4 ,,lxvi h und]gone a trifl+ r$uction f ! size ( ! orig9als4 ,!re c no long] be ! slighte/ d\bt t ! well-kn[n engrav+ ( sev]al horsem5 7,passavant1 ,le ,pe9tre-,graveur1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #aha1 ,no4 #c7 is only a copy aft] orig9al draw+s by ,leon>do1 execut$ by "s unkn[n engrav]2 we h only to comp>e ! engrav+ ) ! facsimiles ( draw+s on ,pl4 ,,lxv1 ,no4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,lxvii1 ,,lxviii & ,,lxix :i*1 x is q evid5t1 h s]v$ z models = ! engrav]4 ,on ,pl4 ,,lxv ,no4 #a1 9 ! l>g] sket* to ! "r h&1 only ! base is di/9ctly visible1 ! figure ( ! horseman is effac$4 ,leon>do evid5tly f\nd x unsatisfactory & !re=e rubb$ x out4 ,! base ( ! monum5t--! p$e/al = ! eque/rian /atue--is repeat$ly sket*$ on a magnific5t plan4 ,9 ! sket* j m5tion$ x has ! "* ( a %r9e or a$icula to conta9 a s>cophagus4 ,captives 9 *a9s are "h repres5t$ on ! entablature ) _! backs turn$ to t portion ( ! monum5t :i* m /rictly con/itutes ! p$e/al ( ! horse4 ,! l[] portion ( ! a$icula is surr\nd$ by columns4 ,9 ! p5 & ink draw+ ,pl4 ,,lxvi--! l[] draw+ on ! "r h& side--! s>cophagus is %[n betwe5 ! columns1 & above ! entablature is a pl9? on :i* ! horse /&s4 ,b ?is arrangem5t p]haps seem$ to ,leon>do to lack solidity1 & 9 ! little sket* on ! left h&1 bel[1 ! s>cophagus is %[n z ly+ "u an ar*$ canopy4 ,9 ?is ! trophies & ! captive w>riors are deta*$ f ! angles4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! two sket*es ! place = ! trophies is m]ely indicat$ by a few /rokes2 9 ! ?ird sket* on ! left ! base is altoge!r broad]1 buttresses & p9nacles hav+ be5 add$ s z to =m ?ree ni*es4 ,! black *alk draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxviii %[s a base 9 :i* ! angles are =m$ by ni*es ) pila/]s4 ,9 ! little sket* to ! extreme left on ,pl4 ,,lxv1 ,no4 #a1 ! eque/rian /atue s]ves to cr[n a circul> temple some:at resembl+ ,bramante's tempietto ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,mont>io at ,rome1 :ile ! sket* above to ! "r displays an arrangem5t fa9tly rem9d+ u ( ! tomb ( ! ,scalig]s 9 ,v]ona4 ,! base is ?us con/ruct$ ( two plat=ms or slabs1 ! upp] "o consid]ably small] ?an ! l[] "o :i* is support$ on fly+ buttresses ) p9nacles4 ,on look+ ov] ! num]\s /udies 9 :i* ! horse is n gallop+ b m]ely walk+ =w>d1 we f9d only "o draw+ = ! p$e/al1 & ?is1 to accord ) ! alt]$ "* ( ! /atue1 is quiet] & simpl] 9 /yle 7,pl4 ,,lxxiv74 ,x rises almo/ v]tically f ! gr\nd & is exactly z long z ! pac+ horse4 ,! :ole base is "h arrang$ ei!r z an indep5d5t baldaqu9 or else z a project+ canopy ov] a recess 9 :i* ! figure ( ! deceas$ ,duke is se5 ly+ on 8 s>cophagus2 9 ! latt] case x 0 probably int5d$ z a tomb inside a *ur*4 ,"h1 too1 x 0 int5d$ to fill ! angles ) trophies or captive w>riors4 ,probably only ,no4 #gbd 9 ! text ref]s to ! "w = ! base ( ! monum5t4 ,if we comp>e ! la/ m5tion$ sket* ) ! description ( a plan = an eque/rian monum5t to ,gian ,giacomo ,trivulzio 7,no4 #gbe7 x seems by no means impossible t ?is draw+ is a prep>atory /udy = ! v monum5t conc]n+ :i* ! manuscript gives u detail$ in=mation4 ,we h no hi/orical record reg>d+ ?is sket* nor d ! ar*ives 9 ! ,trivulzio ,palace give u any in=mation4 ,! simple monum5t to ! great g5]al 9 ,san ,naz>o ,maggiore 9 ,milan consi/s m]ely ( a s>cophagus plac$ 9 recess high on ! wall ( an octagonal *apel4 ,! figure ( ! w>rior is ly+ on ! s>cophagus1 on :i* 8 "n is inscrib$2 a piece ( sculpture :i* is c]ta9ly n ,leon>do's "w4 ,gian ,giacomo ,trivulzio di$ at ,*>tres 9 #aeah1 only five mon?s be=e ,leon>do1 & x seems to me highly improbable t ?is %\ld h be5 ! date ( ?is sket*2 "u ^! circum/ances x w\ld h be5 done "u ! auspices ( ,francis ,i1 b ! ,italian g5]al 0 c]ta9ly n 9 fav\r ) ! ,fr5* mon>* at ! "t4 ,gian ,giacomo ,trivulzio 0 a sworn foe to ,ludovico il ,moro1 :om he /rove = ye>s to ov]?r[4 ,on ! #f? ,septemb] #adii he m>*$ victori\s into ,milan at ! head ( a ,fr5* army4 ,9 a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 he 0 =c$ to quit ,milan aga9 :5 ,ludovico il ,moro bore d[n ^u ! city ) a =ce ( ,swiss troops4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,april foll[+1 aft] defeat+ ,lodovico at ,nov>a1 ,trivulzio once m ent]$ ,milan z a ,conqu]or1 b 8 hopes ( becom+ ,gov]natore ( ! place 7 soon wreck$ by intrigue4 ,?is victory & triumph1 hi/orians tell u1 7 signalis$ by acts ( v5geance aga9/ ! de?ron$ ,s=za1 & x might h be5 p>ticul>ly flatt]+ to him t ! ca/+ & con/ruction ( ! ,s=za monum5t 7 susp5d$ = ! "t4 ,x mu/ h be5 at ?is mom5t--z x seems to me--t he commission$ ! arti/ to prep>e designs = 8 own monum5t1 :i* he probably int5d$ %\ld f9d a place 9 ! ,ca!dral or 9 "s o!r *ur*4 ,he1 ! husb& ( ,m>gh]ita di ,nicol9o ,colleoni1 w\ld h ?\ght t he _h a claim to ! same di/9ction & public homage z 8 less illu/ri\s connection _h receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! ,v5etian republic4 ,x 0 at ?is v "t t ,trivulzio _h a m$al /ruck ) a bu/ portrait ( himself & ! foll[+ rem>kable inscription on ! rev]se3 ,,deo ,,fav5te--#adii--;,,dictvs--#aj--;,,ia-- ,,expvlit--,,lvdovicv--,,sf-- 7,s=tiam7 ,,dvc-- 7ducem7 ,,mli 7,m$iolani7--,,noie 7nom9e7--,,regis--,,francorvm--,,eodem-- ,,ann --7anno7 ,,r$',t 7r$it7--,,lvs 7,ludovicus7--,,svp]atvs ,,et ,,captvs--,,e/--,,ab--,,eo4 ,9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,palazzo ,trivulzio !re is a ,,ms4 ( ,callima*us ,siculus writt5 at ! end ( ! ,x,vth or beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,,ms4 !re is an exquisite illum9at$ m9iature ( an eque/rian /atue ) ! "n ( ! g5]al on ! base2 x is h[ev] v d\btful :e!r ?is has any connection ) ,leon>do's design4 ,nos4 #gca-gdj1 :i* treat ( ca/+ bronze1 h probably a v indirect be>+ on ! arrangem5ts made = ca/+ ! eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za4 ,"s portions evid5tly relate to ! ca/+ ( cannon4 ,/ill1 9 our rese>*es ab\t ,leon>do's "w on ! monum5t1 we may ref] to !m z giv+ u "s clue to ! process ( bronze ca/+ at t p]iod4 ,"s practical h9ts 7#gjf-gji74 #g,o#f4 ,,( ,a ,,/atue4 ,if y wi% to make a figure 9 m>ble1 fir/ make "o ( clay1 & :5 y h f9i%$ x1 let x dry & place x 9 a case :i* %\ld be l>ge en\gh1 aft] ! figure is tak5 out ( x1 to receive also ! m>ble1 f :i* y int5d to reveal ! figure 9 imitation ( ! "o 9 clay4 ,aft] y h put ! clay figure into ?is said case1 h little rods :i* w exactly slip 9 to ! holes 9 x1 & ?ru/ !m s f> 9 at ea* hole t ea* :ite rod may t\* ! figure 9 diff]5t p>ts ( x4 ,& col\r ! portion ( ! rod t rema9s outside black1 & m>k ea* rod & ea* hole ) a c\nt]sign s t ea* may fit into its place4 ,!n take ! clay figure out ( ?is case & put 9 y\r piece ( m>ble1 tak+ (f s mu* ( ! m>ble t all y\r rods may be hidd5 9 ! holes z f> z _! m>ks2 & to be ! bett] able to d ?is1 make ! case s t x c be lift$ up2 b ! bottom ( x w always rema9 "u ! m>ble & 9 ?is way x c be lift$ ) tools ) great ease4 #gjg4 ,"s h err$ 9 tea*+ sculptors to measure ! limbs ( _! figures ) ?reads z if !y ?\ght t ^! limbs 7 equally r\nd 9 e "p :]e ^! ?reads 7 w\nd ab\t !m4 #gjh4 ,,measurem5t ,,& ,,division ,,( ,a ,,/atue4 ,divide ! head into #ab degrees1 & ea* degree divide into #ab po9ts1 & ea* po9t into #ab m9utes1 & ! m9utes into m9ims & ! m9ims into semi m9ims4 ,degree--po9t--m9ute--m9im4 #gji4 ,sculptur$ figures :i* appe> 9 motion1 w1 9 _! /&+ position1 actually look z if !y 7 fall+ =w>d4 ,footnote3 figure di rilievo4 ,leon>do applies ?is t]m exclusively to :olly deta*$ figures1 especially to ^? /&+ free4 ,?is note app>5tly ref]s to "s p>ticul> case1 ?\gh we h no k ( :at t may h be54 ,if we suppose x to ref] to ! fir/ model ( ! eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za 7see ! introduction to ! notes on ,sculpture7 ?is obs]vation may be reg>d$ z "o ( 8 argum5ts = ab&on+ ! fir/ s*eme ( ! ,s=za ,monum5t1 9 :i* ! horse 0 to be gallop+ 7see page #b74 ,x is also 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory t ! note is writt5 9 a manuscript volume already complet$ 9 #adib4 ,leon>do's op9ions z to ! %ortcom+s ( pla/ic works :5 comp>$ ) pa9t+s are giv5 "u ,no4 #fee & #fef4 ,notes on ! ca/+ ( ! ,s=za monum5t 7#gaj-gae74 #gaj4 ,?ree braces :i* b9d ! m\ld4 ,if y want to make simple ca/s quickly1 make !m 9 a box ( riv] s& wett$ ) v9eg>4 ,:5 y %all h made ! m\ld ^u ! horse y mu/ make ! ?ickness ( ! metal 9 clay4 ,obs]ve 9 alloy+ h[ _m h\rs are want$ = ea* hundr$weight4 ,9 ca/+ ea* "o keep ! furnace & its fire well /opp$ up4 ,let ! inside ( all ! m\lds be wett$ ) l9se$ oil or oil ( turp5t9e1 & !n take a h&ful ( p[d]$ borax & ,greek pit* ) aqua vitae1 & pit* ! m\ld ov] outside s t be+ "u gr\nd ! damp may n damage x8 ,to manage ! l>ge m\ld make a model ( ! small m\ld1 make a small room 9 proportion4 ,make ! v5ts 9 ! m\ld :ile x is on ! horse4 ,hold ! ho(s 9 ! tongs1 & ca/ !m ) fi% glue4 ,weigh ! p>ts ( ! m\ld & ! quantity ( metal x w take to fill !m1 & give s mu* to ! furnace t x may af=d to ea* "p its am\nt ( metal2 & ?is y may "k by weigh+ ! clay ( ea* "p ( ! m\ld to :i* ! quantity 9 ! furnace mu/ correspond4 ,& ?is is done 9 ord] t ! furnace = ! legs :5 fill$ may n h to furni% metal f ! legs to help out ! head1 :i* w\ld be impossible4 ,ca/ at ! same ca/+ z ! horse ! little door ,footnote3 ,! importance ( ! notes includ$ "u ?is numb] is n dim9i%$ by ! fact t !y h be5 lightly cross$ out ) r$ *alk4 ,possibly !y 7 ! fir/ s*eme = "s full] obs]vations :i* no long] exi/2 or p]haps !y 7 cross$ out :5 ,leon>do f\nd himself oblig$ to give up ! idea ( ca/+ ! eque/rian /atue4 ,9 ! orig9al ! fir/ two sket*es are above l4 #a1 & ! ?ird bel[ l4 #i4 #gaa4 ,,! ,,m\ld ,,= ,,! ,,horse4 ,make ! horse on legs ( iron1 /rong & well set on a good f\ndation2 !n grease x & cov] x ) a coat+1 leav+ ea* coat to dry ?or\ghly lay] by lay]2 & ?is w ?ick5 x by ! bread? ( ?ree f+]s4 ,n[ fix & b9d x ) iron z may be necess>y4 ,moreov] take (f ! m\ld & !n make ! ?ickness4 ,!n fill ! m\ld by degrees & make x good ?r\gh\t2 encircle & b9d x ) its irons & bake x inside :]e x has to t\* ! bronze4 ,,( ,,mak+ ,,! ,,m\ld ,,9 ,,pieces4 ,draw ^u ! horse1 :5 f9i%$1 all ! pieces ( ! m\ld ) :i* y wi% to cov] ! horse1 & 9 lay+ on ! clay cut x 9 e piece1 s t :5 ! m\ld is f9i%$ y c take x (f1 & !n recompose x 9 its =m] position ) its jo9s1 by ! c\nt]signs4 ,! squ>e blocks a b w be betwe5 ! cov] & ! core1 t is 9 ! holl[ :]e ! melt$ bronze is to be2 & ^! squ>e blocks ( bronze w support ! int]vals betwe5 ! m\ld & ! cov] at an equal di/ance1 & = ?is reason ^! squ>es are ( great importance4 ,! clay %\ld be mix$ ) s&4 ,take wax1 to return :at is n us$ & to pay = :at is us$4 ,dry x 9 lay]s4 ,make ! outside m\ld ( pla/]1 to save "t 9 dry+ & ! exp5se 9 wood2 & ) ?is pla/] enclose ! irons props bo? outside & inside to a ?ickness ( two f+]s2 make t]ra cotta4 ,& ?is m\ld c be made 9 "o day2 half a boat load ( pla/] w s]ve y4 ,good4 ,dam x up aga9 ) glue & clay1 or :ite ( egg1 & bricks & rubbi%4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxv4 ,! figure #dj1 close to ! sket* 9 ! middle ( ! page betwe5 l9es #af & #ag has be5 add$ by a collector's h&4 ,9 ! orig9al1 bel[ l9e #ba1 a squ>e piece ( ! page has be5 cut out ab\t #i c5timetres by #g & a blank piece has be5 gumm$ into ! place4 ,l9es #bb-bd are writt5 on ! m>g94 l4 #bg & #bh are close to ! second m>g9al sket*4 l4 #db is a note writt5 above ! ?ird m>g9al sket* & on ! back ( ?is %eet is ! text giv5 z ,no4 #fdb4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #hjb4 #gab4 ,all ! heads ( ! l>ge nails4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxvi1 ,no4 i4 ,?is draw+ has already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio delle ,op]e di ,l4 da ,v9ci4 ,milano #ahgb1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 i4 ,b1 = v>i\s reasons ,i _c reg>d ! editor's sugge/ions z satisfactory4 ,he says3 ,veggonsi le armature di legname colle quali =se v5ne so/5uto il modello1 qu&o p] le nozze di ,bianca ,m>ia ,s=za con ,massimiliano imp]atore1 esso fu collocato sotto un arco trionfale davanti al ,ca/ello4 #gac4 ,^! b9d+s g inside4 #gad4 ,salt may be made f human excrem5ts1 burnt & calc9$1 made into lees & dri$ sl[ly at a fire1 & all ! excrem5ts produce salt 9 a simil> way & ^! salts :5 di/ill$1 are v /rong4 ,footnote3 ,,vas>i repeat$ly /ates1 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( 8 ,introduzione della ,scultura1 t 9 prep>+ to ca/ bronze /atues horse-dung 0 frequ5tly us$ by sculptors4 ,if1 not)/&+ ?is1 x rema9s d\btful :e!r ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ introduc$ "h ?is text ( b little int]e/1 no su* d\bt c be atta*$ to ! sket* :i* accompanies x4 #gae4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,f\nd+ ,,aga94 ,?is may be done :5 ! furnace is made ,footnote3 ?is note is writt5 bel[ ! sket*es4 /rong & bruis$4 ,models = ! horse ( ! ,s=za monum5t 7#gaf-gah74 #gl#f4 ,mess] ,galeazzo's big g5et #gag4 ,mess] ,galeazzo's ,sicilian horse4 ,footnote3 ,^! notes are by ! side ( a draw+ ( a horse ) figur$ measurem5ts4 #gah4 ,measurem5t ( ! ,sicilian horse ! leg f beh9d1 se5 9 front1 lift$ & ext5d$4 ,footnote3 ,!re is no sket* belong+ to ?is passage4 ,galeazze "h probably means ,galeazze di ,san ,sev]9o1 ! fam\s capta9 :o m>ri$ ,bianca ! daught] ( ,ludovico il ,moro4 ,occasional ref]5ces to ! ,s=za monum5t 7#gai-gbd74 #gai4 ,aga91 ! bronze horse may be tak5 9 h&1 :i* is to be to ! immortal glory & et]nal hon\r ( ! happy memory ( ! pr9ce y\r fa!r1 & ( ! illu/ri\s h\se ( ,s=za4 ,footnote3 ,! lett] f :i* ?is passage is "h extract$ w be f\nd complete 9 section ,,xxi4 7see ! explanation ( x1 on page #b74 #gbj4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,april #adij ,i began ?is book1 & recomm5c$ ! horse4 #gba4 ,!re is to be se51 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ma & ,piac5za1 a multitude ( %ells & corals full ( holes1 /ill /ick+ to ! rocks1 & :5 ,i 0 at "w on ! great horse = ,milan1 a l>ge sackful ( !m1 :i* 7 f\nd !reab\t1 0 br\ght to me into my work%op1 by c]ta9 peasants4 #gbb4 ,believe me1 ,leon>do ! ,flor5t9e1 :o has to d ! eque/rian bronze /atue ( ! ,duke ,francesco t he does n ne$ to c>e ab\t x1 because he has "w = all 8 life "t1 &1 be+ s great a "w1 ,i d\bt :e!r he c ev] f9i% x4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is quot$ f a lett] to a committee at ,piac5za = :om ,leon>do seems to h und]tak5 to execute "s "w4 ,! lett] is giv5 entire 9 section ,,xxl2 9 x ,leon>do remon/rates z to "s unreasonable dem&s4 #gbc4 ,( ! horse ,i w say no?+ because ,i "k ! times4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage occurs 9 a r\gh copy ( a lett] to ,ludovico il ,moro1 )\t date 7see bel[ among ! lett]s74 #gbd4 ,dur+ t5 ye>s ! works on ! m>bles h be5 go+ on ,i w n wait = my paym5t beyond ! "t1 :5 my works are f9i%$4 ,footnote3 ,?is possibly ref]s to ! works = ! p$e/al ( ! eque/rian /atue conc]n+ :i* we h no f>!r in=mation 9 ! ,,mss4 ,see p4 #f4 ,! project ( ! ,trivulzio monum5t4 #gbe4 ,,! ,,monum5t ,,to ,,mess] ,,giovanni ,,jacomo ,,da ,,trevulzo4 #b ,co/ ( ! mak+ & mat]ials = ! horse #e4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 l9es #b-e1 #ab-ad1 #cc-ce1 are writt5 on ! m>g94 ,?is passage has be5 rec5tly publi%$ by ,g4 ,govi 9 ,vol4 ,v1 ,s]4 #c;a1 ( ,transunti1 ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9ea1 s$4 del #e ,giugno1 #ahha1 ) ! foll[+ introductory note3 ,desid]o intanto *e siano /ampati que/i po*i framm5ti p]*e s *e sono /ati trascritti ultimam5te1 e v]ranno messi 9 luce tra poco fuori d',italia4 ,li ripubbli*i pure *i vuole1 ma si sappia alm5o *e an*e tra noi si conoscevano1 e s'eran raccolti da anni p] comporne1 qu&o *e fosse1 una edizione ord9ata degli scritti di ,leon>do4 ,! le>n$ editor has left out l9e #bb & has writt5 #c pie = #h pi$i 9 l9e #be4 ,!re are o!r deviations ( less importance f ! orig9al4 ,a c\rs]1 z l>ge z life1 ) ! rid] requires = ! co/ ( ! metal1 duc4 #ejj4 ,& = co/ ( ! iron "w :i* is inside ! model1 & *>coal1 & wood1 & ! pit to ca/ x 91 & = b9d+ ! m\ld1 & includ+ ! furnace :]e x is to be ca/ 444 duc4 #bjj4 ,to make ! model 9 clay & !n 9 wax444444444 duc4 #dcb4 ,to ! lab\r]s = poli%+ x :5 x is ca/4 4444444 duc4 #dej4 9 all4 4 duc4 #aehb4 #ab ,co/ ( ! m>ble ( ! monum5t #ad4 ,co/ ( ! m>ble accord+ to ! draw+4 ,! piece ( m>ble "u ! horse :i* is #d braccia long1 #b braccia & #b in*es wide & #i in*es ?ick #eh hundr$weight1 at #d ,lire & #aj ,soldi p] hundr$weight44 duc4 #eh4 ,& = #ac braccia & #f in*es ( cornice1 #g 94 wide & #d 94 ?ick1 #bd hundr$weight4444444 duc4 #bd4 ,& = ! frieze & ar*itrave1 :i* is #d br4 & #f 94 long1 #b br4 wide & #f 94 ?ick1 #bi hundr$weight41 duc4 #bj4 ,& = ! capitals made ( metal1 :i* are #h1 #e in*es 94 squ>e & #b 94 ?ick1 at ! price ( #ae ducats ea*1 w come to444444 duc4 #abb4 ,& = #h columns ( #b br4 #g 941 #d #a_/b 94 ?ick1 #bj hundr$weight duc4 #bj4 ,& = #h bases :i* are #e #a_/b 94 squ>e & #b 94 high #e hund'44 duc4 #e4 ,& = ! slab ( ! tomb/one #d br4 io 94 long1 #b br4 #d #a_/b 94 wide #cf hundr$weight4444444 duc4 #cf4 ,& = #h p$e/al feet ea* #h br4 long & #f #a_/b 94 wide & #f #a_/b 94 ?ick1 #bj hundr$weight come to444 duc4 #bj4 ,& = ! cornice bel[ :i* is #d br4 & #aj 94 long1 & #b br4 & #e 94 wide1 & #d 94 ?ick1 #cb hund'44 duc4 #cb4 ,& = ! /one ( :i* ! figure ( ! deceas$ is to be made :i* is #c br4 & #h 94 long1 & #a br4 & #f 94 wide1 & #i 94 ?ick1 #cj hund'44 duc4 #cj4 ,& = ! /one on :i* ! figure lies :i* is #c br4 & #d 94 long & #a br4 & #b 941 wide & #d #a_/b 94 ?ick duc4 #af4 ,& = ! squ>es ( m>ble plac$ betwe5 ! p$e/als :i* are #h & are #i br4 long & #i 94 wide1 & #c 94 ?ick1 #h hundr$weight 4 4 4 duc4 #h4 9 all4 4 duc4 #chi4 #cc;,co/ ( ! "w 9 m>ble#ce4 ,r\nd ! base on :i* ! horse /&s !re are #h figures at #be ducats ea* 444444444444 duc4 #bjj4 ,& on ! same base !re are #h fe/oons ) "s o!r ornam5ts1 & ( ^! !re are #d at ! price ( #ae ducats ea*1 & #d at ! price ( #h ducats ea* 4444444 duc4 #ib4 ,& = squ>+ ! /ones duc4 #f4 ,aga91 = ! l>ge cornice :i* goes bel[ ! base on :i* ! horse /&s1 :i* is #ac br4 & #f 941 at #b due4 p] br4 444444 duc4 #bg4 ,& = #ab br4 ( frieze at #e due4 p] br4 44444444444 duc4 #fj4 ,& = #ab br4 ( ar*itrave at #a #a_/b duc4 p] br4 4444444 duc4 #ah4 ,& = #c rosettes :i* w be ! s(fit ( ! monum5t1 at #bj ducats ea* 4444444444 duc4 #fj4 ,& = #h flut$ columns at #h ducats ea* 444444444 duc4 #fd4 ,& = #h bases at #a ducat ea*1 duc4 #h4 ,& = #h p$e/als1 ( :i* #d are at #aj duc4 ea*1 :i* g above ! angles2 & #d at #f duc4 ea* 44 duc4 #fd4 ,& = squ>+ & c>v+ ! m\ld+ ( ! p$e/als at #b duc4 ea*1 & !re are #h 4444 duc4 #af4 ,& = #f squ>e blocks ) figures & trophies1 at #be duc4 ea* 44 duc4 #aej4 ,& = c>v+ ! m\ld+ ( ! /one "u ! figure ( ! deceas$ 4444444444 duc4 #dj4 ,= ! /atue ( ! deceas$1 to d x well 4444444444 duc4 #ajj4 ,= #f h>pies ) c&elabra1 at #be ducats ea* 444444444 duc4 #aej4 ,= squ>+ ! /one on :i* ! /atue lies1 & c>v+ ! m\ld+ 444444444444 duc4 #bj4 9 all 44 duc4 #ajge4 ,! sum total ( e ?+ add$ toge!r am\nt to 444444 duc4 #cjdf4 #gbf4 ,,m9t ,,at ,,rome4 ,x c also be made )\t a spr+4 ,b ! screw above mu/ always be jo9$ to ! "p ( ! movable %ea?3 ,m>g9 note3 ,! m9t ( ,rome4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxvi4 ,?is passage is tak5 f a note book :i* c be prov$ to h be5 us$ 9 ,rome4 ,all co9s :i* d n h ! rim complete1 are n to be accept$ z good2 & to secure ! p]fection ( _! rim x is requisite t1 9 ! fir/ place1 all ! co9s %\ld be a p]fect circle2 & to d ?is a co9 mu/ be=e all be made p]fect 9 weight1 & size1 & ?ickness4 ,!re=e h sev]al plates ( metal made ( ! same size & ?ickness1 all drawn ?r\gh ! same gauge s z to come out 9 /rips4 ,& out ( #bd ^! /rips y w /amp ! co9s1 q r\nd1 z sieves are made = sort+ *e/nuts #bg2 & ^! co9s c !n be /amp$ 9 ! way indicat$ above2 c4 #ca ,! holl[ ( ! die mu/ be uni=mly wid] ?an ! l[]1 b imp]ceptibly #ce4 ,?is cuts ! co9s p]fectly r\nd & ( ! exact ?ickness1 & weight2 & saves ! man :o cuts & weighs1 & ! man :o makes ! co9s r\nd4 ,h5ce x passes only ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! gaug] & ( ! /amp]1 & ! co9s are v sup]ior4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxvi ,no4 #b4 ,! text ( l9es #ca-ce /&s p>allel #a4 #bd-bg4 ,f>!r evid5ce ( ,leon>do's occupations & engagem5ts at ,rome "u ,pope ,leo ,x4 may be ga!r$ f "s r\gh copies ( lett]s :i* w be f\nd 9 ?is volume4 ,hi!rto no?+ has be5 kn[n ( 8 "w 9 ,rome beyond "s d\btful1 & p]haps my?ical1 /atem5ts 9 ,vas>i4 #gbg4 ,,p[d] ,,= ,,m$als4 ,! incombu/ible gr[? ( soot on wicks r$uc$ to p[d]1 burnt t9 & all ! metals1 alum1 is+lass1 smoke f a brass =ge1 ea* +r$i5t to be moi/5$1 ) aqua vitae or malmsey or /rong malt v9eg>1 :ite w9e or di/ill$ extract ( turp5t9e1 or oil2 b !re %\ld be little moi/ure1 & ca/ 9 m\lds4 ,m>g9 note3 ,on ! co9+ ( m$als 7#gbg4 #gbh74 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( scagliuolo 9 ?is passage is d\btful4 #gbh4 ,,( ,,tak+ ,,ca/s ,,( ,,m$als4 ,a pa/e ( em]y mix$ ) aqua vitae1 or iron fil+s ) v9eg>1 or a%es ( walnut leaves1 or a%es ( /raw v f9ely p[d]$4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( scagliuolo 9 ?is passage is d\btful4 ,! diamet] is giv5 9 ! lead enclos$2 x is beat5 ) a hamm] & sev]al times ext5d$2 ! lead is fold$ & kept wrapp$ up 9 p>*m5t s t ! p[d] may n be spilt2 !n melt ! lead1 & ! p[d] w be on ! top ( ! melt$ lead1 :i* mu/ !n be rubb$ betwe5 two plates ( /eel till x is ?or\ghly pulv]is$2 !n wa% x ) aqua =tis1 & ! blackness ( ! iron w be dissolv$ leav+ ! p[d] clean4 ,em]y 9 l>ge gra9s may be brok5 by putt+ x on a clo? _m times d\bl$1 & hit x sideways ) ! hamm]1 :5 x w break up2 !n mix x little by little & x c be f\nd$ ) ease2 b if y hold x on ! anvil y w nev] break x1 :5 x is l>ge4 ,any "o :o gr9ds smalt %\ld d x on plates ( temp]$ /eel ) a cone %ap$ gr9d]2 !n put x 9 aqua =tis1 :i* melts away ! /eel t may h be5 work$ up & mix$ ) ! smalt1 & :i* makes x black2 x !n rema9s purifi$ & clean2 & if y gr9d x on porphyry ! porphyry w "w up & mix ) ! smalt & spoil x1 & aqua =tis w nev] remove x because x _c dissolve ! porphyry4 ,if y want a f9e blue col\r dissolve ! smalt made ) t>t>1 & !n remove ! salt4 ,vitrifi$ brass makes a f9e r$4 #gbi4 ,,/ucco4 ,place /ucco ov] ! prom95ce ( !44444 :i* may be compos$ ( ,v5us & ,m]cury1 & lay x well ov] t prom95ce ( ! ?ickness ( ! side ( a knife1 made ) ! rul] & cov] ?is ) ! bell ( a /ill1 & y w h aga9 ! moi/ure ) :i* y appli$ ! pa/e4 ,! re/ y may dry ,m>g9 note3 ,on /ucco 7#gbi4 #gcj74 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is passage a few words h be5 writt5 9 a sort ( ciph]--t is to say backw>ds2 z 9 l4 #c er5ev = ,v5]e1 l4 #d oirucrem = ,m]curio1 l4 #ab il orreve co ec>ob = il ev]ro 787 co borace4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w be=e di giesso 9 l4 #a is unkn[n2 & ! s5se1 9 :i* sagoma is us$ "h & 9 o!r passages is obscure4-- ,v5]e & ,m]curio may mean 'm>ble' & 'lime'1 ( :i* /ucco is compos$4 #ab4 ,! mean+ ( orreve is unkn[n4 well2 aft]w>ds fire x1 & beat x or burni% x ) a good burni%]1 & make x ?ick t[>ds ! side4 ,,/ucco4 ,p[d] 444 ) borax & wat] to a pa/e1 & make /ucco ( x1 & !n heat x s t x may dry1 & !n v>ni% x1 ) fire1 s t x %9es well4 #gcj4 ,,/ucco ,,= ,,m\ld+4 ,take ( butt] #f p>ts1 ( wax #b p>ts1 & z mu* f9e fl\r z :5 put ) ^! #b ?+s melt$1 w make !m z firm z wax or modell+ clay4 ,,glue4 ,take ma/ic1 di/ill$ turp5t9e & :ite lead4 ,on bronze ca/+ g5]ally 7#gca-gdj74 #gca4 ,,to ,,ca/4 ,t>t> burnt & p[d]$ ) pla/] & ca/ cause ! pla/] to hold toge!r :5 x is mix$ up aga92 & !n x w dissolve 9 wat]4 #gcb4 ,,to ,,ca/ ,,bronze ,,9 ,,pla/]4 ,take to e #b cups ( pla/] #a ( ox-horns burnt1 mix !m toge!r & make y\r ca/ ) x4 #gcc4 ,:5 y want to take a ca/ 9 wax1 burn ! scum ) a c&le1 & ! ca/ w come out )\t bubbles4 #gcd4 #b ounces ( pla/] to a p\nd ( metal2-- walnut1 :i* makes x l ! curve4 ,footnote3 ,! second "p ( ?is is q obscure4 #gce4 ,dri$ e>? #af p\nds1 #ajj p\nds ( metal wet clay #bj1--( wet #ajj1-;half1- :i* increases #d ,ibs4 ( wat]1--#a ( wax1 #a ,ib4 ( metal1 a little less1-! scrap+s ( l95 ) e>?1 measure = measure4 ,footnote3 ,! translation is giv5 lit]ally1 b ! mean+ is q obscure4 #gcf4 ,su* z ! m\ld is1 s w ! ca/ be4 #gcg4 ,,h[ ,,ca/s ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,poli%$4 ,make a bun* ( iron wire z ?ick z ?read1 & scrub !m ) ?is & wat]2 hold a b[l und]nea? t x may n make a mud bel[4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,remove ,,! ,,r\gh ,,edges ,,f ,,bronze4 ,make an iron rod1 aft] ! mann] ( a l>ge *isel1 & ) ?is rub ov] ^? seams on ! bronze :i* rema9 on ! ca/s ( ! guns1 & :i* are caus$ by ! jo9s 9 ! m\ld2 b make ! tool heavy en\gh1 & let ! /rokes be long & broad4 ,,to ,,facilitate ,,melt+4 ,fir/ alloy "p ( ! metal 9 ! crucible1 !n put x 9 ! furnace1 & ?is be+ 9 a molt5 /ate w assi/ 9 beg9n+ to melt ! copp]4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,! ,,copp] ,,cool+ ,,9 ,,! ,,furnace4 ,:5 ! copp] cools 9 ! furnace1 be ready1 z soon z y p]ceive x1 to cut x ) a long /ick :ile x is /ill 9 a pa/e2 or if x is q cold cut x z lead is cut ) broad & l>ge *isels4 ,,if ,,y ,,h ,,to ,,make ,a ,,l>ge ,,ca/4 ,if y h to make a ca/ ( a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds d x ) two furnaces & ) #bjjj p\nds 9 ea*1 or z mu* z #cjjj p\nds at mo/4 #gch4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,proce$ ,,to ,,break ,a ,,l>ge ,,mass ,,( ,,bronze4 ,if y want to break up a l>ge mass ( bronze1 fir/ susp5d x1 & !n make r\nd x a wall on ! f\r sides1 l a tr\gh ( bricks1 & make a great fire !re94 ,:5 x is q r$ hot give x a bl[ ) a heavy weight rais$ above x1 & ) great =ce4 #gci4 ,,to ,,comb9e ,,lead ,,) ,,o!r ,,metal4 ,if y wi% = economy 9 comb9+ lead ) ! metal 9 ord] to less5 ! am\nt ( t9 :i* is necess>y 9 ! metal1 fir/ alloy ! lead ) ! t9 & !n add ! molt5 copp]4 ,h[ ,,to ,,melt ,,metal ,,9 ,a ,,furnace4 ,! furnace %\ld be betwe5 f\r well f\nd$ pill>s4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,coat+4 ,! coat+ %\ld n be m ?an two f+]s ?ick1 x %\ld be laid on 9 f\r ?icknesses ov] f9e clay & !n well fix$1 & x %\ld be fir$ only on ! inside & !n c>efully cov]$ ) a%es & c['s dung4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,gun4 ,! gun be+ made to c>ry #fjj ,ibs4 ( ball & m1 by ?is rule y w take ! measure ( ! diamet] ( ! ball & divide x into #f p>ts & "o ( ^! p>ts w be its ?ickness at ! muzzle2 b at ! bree* x mu/ always be half4 ,& if ! ball is to be #gjj lbs41 #a_/g? ( ! diamet] ( ! ball mu/ be its ?ickness 9 front2 & if ! ball is to be #hjj1 ! eigh? ( its diamet] 9 front2 & if #ijj1 #a_/h? & #a_/b #c_/af1 & if #ajjj1 #a_/i?4 ,,( ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,! ,,gun4 ,if y want x to ?r[ a ball ( /one1 make ! l5g? ( ! gun to be #f1 or z mu* z #g diamet]s ( ! ball2 & if ! ball is to be ( iron make x z mu* z #ab balls1 & if ! ball is to be ( lead1 make x z mu* z #ah balls4 ,i mean :5 ! gun is to h ! m\? fitt$ to receive #fjj lbs4 ( /one ball1 & m4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,small ,,guns4 ,! ?ickness at ! muzzle ( small guns %\ld be f a half to "o ?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! ball1 & ! l5g? f #cj to #cf balls4 #gdj4 ,,( ,,lut+ ,,! ,,furnace ,,)94 ,! furnace mu/ be lut$ be=e y put ! metal 9 x1 ) e>? f ,val5za1 & ov] t ) a%es4 ,footnote #a4 #b43 ,t]ra di ,val5za4--,val5za is nor? ( ,aless&ria on ! ,po4 ,,( ,,re/or+ ,,! ,,metal ,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,becom+ ,,cool4 ,:5 y see t ! bronze is congeal+ take "s will[-wood cut 9 small *ips & make up ! fire ) x4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,its ,,curdl+4 ,i say t ! cause ( ?is congeal+ (t5 proce$s f too mu* fire1 or f ill-dri$ wood4 ,,to ,,"k ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,fire4 ,y may "k :5 ! fire is good & fit = y\r purpose by a cle> flame1 & if y see ! tips ( ! flames dull & end+ 9 mu* smoke d n tru/ x1 & p>ticul>ly :5 ! flux metal is almo/ fluid4 ,,( ,,alloy+ ,,! ,,metal4 ,metal = guns mu/ inv>iably be made ) #f or ev5 #h p] c5t1 t is #f ( t9 to "o hundr$ ( copp]1 = ! less y put 91 ! /rong] w ! gun be4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,t9 ,,%\ld ,,be ,,add$ ,,to ,,! ,,copp]4 ,! t9 %\ld be put 9 ) ! copp] :5 ! copp] is r$uc$ to a fluid4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,ha/5 ,,! ,,melt+4 ,y c ha/5 ! melt+ :5 #b_/c;ds ( ! copp] is fluid2 y c !n1 ) a /ick ( *e/nut-wood1 repeat$ly /ir :at ( copp] rema9s entire amid/ :at is melt$4 ,introductory ,obs]vations on ! ,ar*itectural ,designs 7,,xii71 & ,writ+s on ,ar*itecture 7,,xiii74 ,until n[ v little has be5 kn[n reg>d+ ,leon>do's lab\rs 9 ! doma9 ( ,ar*itecture4 ,no build+ is kn[n to h be5 plann$ & execut$ by him1 ?\gh by "s contempor>y writ]s incid5tal allusion is made to 8 occupy+ himself ) ar*itecture1 & 8 fam\s lett] to ,lodovico il ,moro1--:i* has long be5 a well-kn[n docum5t1--9 :i* he (f]s 8 s]vice z an ar*itect to t pr9ce1 t5ds to confirm ! belief t he 0 some?+ m ?an an amateur ( ! art4 ,?is hypo!sis has lately be5 confirm$ by ! publication ( c]ta9 docum5ts1 pres]v$ at ,milan1 %[+ t ,leon>do 0 n only employ$ 9 prep>+ plans b t he took an active "p1 ) mu* cr$it1 z memb] ( a commission on public build+s2 8 "n rema9s l9k$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! build+ ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pavia & t ( ! ,ca!dral at ,milan4 ,leon>do's writ+s on ,ar*itecture are disp]s$ among a l>ge numb] ( ,,mss41 & x w\ld be sc>cely possible to ma/] _! cont5ts )\t ! opportunity ( arrang+1 sort+ & comp>+ ! :ole mass ( mat]ials1 s z to h "s compreh5sive idea ( ! :ole4 ,! sket*es1 :5 isolat$ & consid]$ by !mselves1 might appe> to be ( b little value2 x is n till we und]/& _! g5]al purport1 f comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r1 t we c =m any j e/imate ( _! true wor?4 ,leon>do seems to h _h a project = writ+ a complete & sep>ate treatise on ,ar*itecture1 su* z 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies _h compos$--,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti1 ,fil>ete1 ,francesco di ,giorgio & p]haps also ,bramante4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c be d5i$ t possibly no su* s*eme 0 connect$ ) ! isolat$ notes & rese>*es1 treat+ on special que/ions1 :i* are giv5 9 ?is "w2 t he 0 m]ely work+ at problems 9 :i*1 = "s reason or o!r he took a special int]e/4 ,a great numb] ( important build+s 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,lomb>dy dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 #adgb & #adii1 & among !m !re are sev]al by unkn[n ar*itects1 ( s high an arti/ic m]it1 t x is c]ta9ly n improbable t ei!r ,bramante or ,leon>do da ,v9ci may h be51 directly or indirectly1 conc]n$ 9 _! erection4 ,hav+ be5 engag$1 = n[ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 9 a ?or\gh /udy ( ,bramante's life & lab\rs1 ,i h tak5 a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 detect+ ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( 8 /yle z comp>$ ) ,leon>do's4 ,9 #ahfi ,i made rese>*es ab\t ! ar*itectural draw+s ( ! latt] 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus at ,milan1 = ! purpose ( f9d+ out1 if possible ! orig9al plans & sket*es ( ! *ur*es ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie at ,milan1 & ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pavia1 :i* build+s h be5 suppos$ to be ! "w bo? ( ,bramante & ( ,leon>do4 ,s9ce #ahgf ,i h repeat$ly exam9$ ,leon>do's ar*itectural /udies 9 ! collection ( 8 manuscripts 9 ! ,in/itut de ,france1 & "s ( ^! ,i h already giv5 to ! public 9 my "w on ,les ,projets ,primitifs p\r la ,basilique de ,/4 ,pi]re de ,rome1 ,p#a4 #dc4 ,9 #ahgi ,i _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! manuscript 9 ! ,palazzo ,trivulzio at ,milan1 & 9 #ahhj ,dr ,ri*t] %[$ me 9 ,london ! manuscripts 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,a%burnham1 & ^? 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i h ?us _h opportunities ( see+ mo/ ( ,leon>do's ar*itectural draw+s 9 ! orig9al1 b ( ! manuscripts tliemselves ,i h deciph]$ only ! notes :i* accompany ! sket*es4 ,x is to ,dr ,ri*t]'s ex]tions t we owe ! collect$ texts on ,ar*itecture :i* are n[ publi%$1 & :ile he has und]tak5 to be responsible = ! correct read+ ( ! orig9al texts1 he has also made x 8 task to extract ! :ole ( ! mat]ials f ! v>i\s ,,mss4 ,x has be5 my task to arrange & elucidate ! texts "u ! heads :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 ?is "w4 ,,ms4 ,b4 at ,p>is & ! ,codex ,atlanticus at ,milan are ! *ief s\rces ( our k ( ,leon>do z an ar*itect1 & ,i h rec5tly subject$ ^! to a ?or\gh re-inve/igation expressly ) a view to ?is "w4 ,a complete reproduction ( all ,leon>do's ar*itectural sket*es has n1 inde$1 be5 possible1 b z f> z ! necess>ily re/rict$ limits ( ! "w h all[$1 ! utmo/ complet5ess has be5 aim$ at1 & no ef=ts h be5 sp>$ to include e ?+ t c contribute to a k ( ,leon>do's /yle4 ,x w\ld h be5 v int]e/+1 if x _h be5 possible1 to give "s g5]al acc\nt at lea/ ( ,leon>do's "w & /udies 9 eng9e]+1 =tification1 canal-mak+ & ! l1 & x is only on mature reflection t we h reluctantly ab&on$ ?is idea4 ,leon>do's occupations 9 ^! dep>tm5ts h by no means s close a relation to lit]>y "w1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w z we are fairly ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ to 8 num]\s notes on ,ar*itecture4 ,leon>do's ar*itectural /udies fall naturally "u two heads3 ,i4 ,^? draw+s & sket*es1 (t5 accompani$ by %ort rem>ks & explanations1 :i* may be reg>d$ z designs = build+s or monum5ts int5d$ to be built4 ,) ^! !re are occasionally explanatory texts4 ,,ii4 ,!oretical inve/igations & treatises4 ,a special int]e/ atta*es to ^! because !y discuss a v>iety ( que/ions :i* are ( practical importance to ?is day4 ,leon>do's !ory z to ! orig9 & progress ( cracks 9 build+s is p]haps to be consid]$ z unique 9 its way 9 ! lit]ature ( ,ar*itecture4 ,,h5ry ,,de ,,geymull] ,,xii4 ,ar*itectural ,designs4 ,i4 ,plans = t[ns4 ,a4 ,sket*es = lay+ out a new t[n ) a d\ble sy/em ( high- level & l[-level road-ways4 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ae;b74 ,a g5]al view ( a t[n1 ) ! roads outside x slop+ up to ! high-level ways )94 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b1 #af;b4 see ,no4 #gda2 & ,,ms4 ,b4 #ae;b1 see ,no4 #gdb7 gives a p>tial view ( ! t[n1 ) its /reets & h\ses1 ) explanatory ref]5ces4 ,pl4 ,,lxxvii1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ae;b2 see ,no4 #gdc74 ,view ( a d\ble /aircaise ) two opposite flights ( /eps4 ,pl4 ,,lxxviii1 ,nos4 #b & #c 7,,ms4 ,b1 #cg;a74 ,sket*es illu/rat+ ! connection ( ! two levels ( roads by means ( /eps4 ,! l[] gall]ies are light$ by op5+s 9 ! upp] roadway4 ,b4 ,notes on remov+ h\ses 7,,ms4 ,br4 ,m41 #bgj;b1 see ,no4 #gdd74 #gda4 ,! roads m are #f braccia high] ?an ! roads p s1 & ea* road mu/ be #bj braccia wide & h #a_/b braccio slope f ! sides t[>ds ! middle2 & 9 ! middle let !re be at e braccio an op5+1 "o braccio long & "o f+] wide1 :]e ! ra9 wat] may run (f into holl[s made on ! same level z p s4 ,& on ea* side at ! extremity ( ! wid? ( ! said road let !re be an arcade1 #f braccia broad1 on columns2 & und]/& t he :o w\ld g ?r\gh ! :ole place by ! high level /reets c use !m = ?is purpose1 & he :o w\ld g by ! l[ level c d ! same4 ,by ! high /reets no vehicles & simil> objects %\ld circulate1 b !y are exclusively = ! use ( g5tlem54 ,! c>ts & burd5s = ! use & conv5i5ce ( ! inhabitants h to g by ! l[ ones4 ,"o h\se mu/ turn its back to ! o!r1 leav+ ! l[] /reets betwe5 !m4 ,provisions1 su* z wood1 w9e & su* ?+s are c>ri$ 9 by ! doors n1 & privies1 /ables & o!r fetid matt] mu/ be empti$ away und]gr\nd4 ,f "o ar* to ! next #gdb4 mu/ be #cjj braccia1 ea* /reet receiv+ its light ?r\gh ! op5+s ( ! upp] /reets1 & at ea* ar* mu/ be a w9d+ /air on a circul> plan because ! corn]s ( squ>e ones are always f\l$2 !y mu/ be wide1 & at ! fir/ vault !re mu/ be a door ent]+ into public privies & ! said /airs lead f ! upp] to ! l[] /reets & ! high level /reets beg9 outside ! city gates & slope up till at ^! gates !y h atta9$ ! height ( #f braccia4 ,let su* a city be built ne> ! sea or a l>ge riv] 9 ord] t ! dirt ( ! city may be c>ri$ (f by ! wat]4 #gdc4 ,! con/ruction ( ! /airs3 ,! /airs c d g d[n to f g1 & 9 ! same way f g goes d[n to h k4 #gdd4 ,,on ,,mov+ ,,h\ses4 ,let ! h\ses be mov$ & arrang$ 9 ord]2 & ?is w be done ) facility because su* h\ses are at fir/ made 9 pieces on ! op5 places1 & c !n be fitt$ toge!r ) _! timb]s 9 ! site :]e !y are to be p]man5t4 #i ,let ! m5 ( ! c\ntry or ! village p>tly inhabit ! new h\ses :5 ! c\rt is abs5t #ab4 ,footnote3 ,on ! same page we f9d notes ref]r+ to ,romolont9o & ,villafranca ) a sket*-map ( ! c\rse ( ! ,sodro & ! 7,lo7cra 7bo? are giv5 9 ! text f>!r on74 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! passage giv5 above1 ref]s to ! c\rt ( ,francis ,i4 ,k+ ( ,france4--,l4#i-ac are writt5 inside ! l>g] sket*1 :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 is on ! "r h& side ( ! page by ! side ( l9es #a-h4 ,! ?ree small] sket*es are bel[4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,ii4 ,plans = canals & /reets 9 a t[n4 ,pl4 ,,lxxix1 #a4 & #b1 7,,ms4 ,b1 #cg;b1 see ,no4 #gde1 & ,,ms4 ,b4 #cf;a1 see ,no4 #gdf74 ,a ,plan = /reets & canals inside a t[n1 by :i* ! cell>s ( ! h\ses are made accessible 9 boats4 ,! ?ird text giv5 "u ,no4 #gdg ref]s to works execut$ by ,leon>do 9 ,france4 #gde4 ,! front a m w give light to ! rooms2 a e w be #f braccia--a b #h braccia --b e #cj braccia1 9 ord] t ! rooms "u ! porticoes may be light$2 c d f is ! place :]e ! boats come to ! h\ses to be unload$4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ?is arrangem5t practicable1 & 9 ord] t ! inundation ( ! riv]s may n p5etrate into ! cell>s1 x is necess>y to *ose an appropriate situation1 su* z a spot ne> a riv] :i* c be div]t$ into canals 9 :i* ! level ( ! wat] w n v>y ei!r by inundations or dr\ght4 ,! con/ruction is %[n bel[2 & make *oice ( a f9e riv]1 :i* ! ra9s d n r5d] muddy1 su* z ! ,tic9o1 ! ,adda & _m o!rs4 ,footnote #ab3 ,tes9o1 ,adda e molti altri1 i4e4 riv]s com+ f ! m\nta9s & fl[+ ?r\gh lakes4 ,! con/ruction to oblige ! wat]s to keep con/antly at ! same level w be a sort ( dock1 z %[n bel[1 situat$ at ! entrance ( ! t[n2 or bett] /ill1 "s way )91 9 ord] t ! enemy may n de/roy x #ad4 ,footnote3 ,l4 #a-d are on ! left h& side & )9 ! sket* giv5 on ,pl4 ,,lxxix1 ,no4 ,i4 ,!n foll[s aft] l9e #ad1 ! draw+ ( a sluicegate--conca--( :i* ! use is expla9$ 9 ! text bel[ x4 ,on ! page #ch;a1 :i* comes next 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 is ! sket* ( an oval plan ( a t[n ov] :i* is writt5 modo di canali p] la citta & ?r\gh ! long] axis ( x canale magior is writt5 ) ,tes9o on ! prolongation ( ! canal4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 #gdf4 ,let ! wid? ( ! /reets be equal to ! av]age height ( ! h\ses4 #gdg4 ,! ma9 und]gr\nd *annel does n receive turbid wat]1 b t wat] runs 9 ! dit*es outside ! t[n ) f\r mills at ! entrance & f\r at ! outlet2 & ?is may be done by damm+ ! wat] above ,romorant94 #aa,!re %\ld be f\nta9s made 9 ea* piazza#ac4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ?is text comes imm$iately aft] ! passage giv5 z ,no4 #gdd4 ,! rema9d] ( ! writ+ on ! same page ref]s to ! con/ruction ( canals & is giv5 lat]1 9 ! ,topographical ,notes4 ,l9es #a-aa are writt5 to ! "r ( ! plan l9es #aa-ac und]nea? x4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,footnote #aj3 ,romolont9o is ,romorant91 ,s\? ( ,orleans 9 ,france4 ,,iii4 ,ca/les & ,villas4 ,a4 ,ca/les4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #a 7,p4 ,v4 fol4 #ci;b2 ,no4 d'ordre #bbhb74 ,! =tifi$ place "h repres5t$ is said by ,vall>di to be ! ca/ello at ,milan1 b )\t any satisfactory reason4 ,! high t[] beh9d ! rivell9o ravel9--seems to be int5d$ z a wat*-t[]4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b1 #bc;b74 ,a simil>ly con/ruct$ t[] probably int5d$ = ! same use4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b74 ,sket*es = corn] t[]s ) /eps = a citadel4 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #d 7,w4 ,,xvi74 ,a cupola cr[n+ a corn] t[]2 an int]e/+ example ( decorative =tification4 ,9 ?is reproduction ( ! orig9al p5 & ink draw+ x appe>s rev]s$4 ,b4 ,projects = ,palaces4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxi1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,c4 ,a1 #ge;b2 #bba;a1 see ,no4 #gdh74 ,project = a royal resid5ce at ,amboise 9 ,france4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #a 7,c4 ,a #cjh;a2 #ici;a74 ,a plan = a some:at ext5sive resid5ce1 & v>i\s details2 b !re is no text to elucidate x2 9 c\rts are writt5 ! ?ree names3 ,sam cosi giova 7,/4 ,m>k7 7,cosmo7 7,john71 ar* mo n9o ,c4 ,plans = small ca/les or ,villas4 ,! ?ree foll[+ sket*es greatly resemble ea* o!r4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,k#c #cf;b2 see ,no4 #gdi74 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b #fj;a2 ,see ,no4 #gej74 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiii 7,w4 ,,xvii74 ,! text on ?is %eet ref]s to ,cyprus 7see ,topographical ,notes ,no4 #aajc71 b seems to h no direct connection ) ! sket*es ins]t$ betwe54 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,nos4 #f & #g 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ab;a2 see ,no4 #gea74 ,a section ( a circul> pavilion ) ! plan ( a simil> build+ by ! side ( x4 ,^! two draw+s h a special hi/orical int]e/ because ! text writt5 bel[ m5tions ! ,duke & ,du*ess ( ,milan4 ,! sket* ( a villa on a t]race at ! end ( a g>d5 occurs 9 ,c4 ,a4 #aej2 & 9 ,c4 ,a4 #gg;b2 #bbe;b is ano!r sket* ( a villa some:at resembl+ ! ,belv$]e ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii1 at ,rome4 ,9 ,c4 ,a4 #fb;b2 #aic;b !re is a ,loggia4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii1 ,no4 #d 7,c4 ,a4 #chg;a2 #aaih;a7 is a t[]-%ap$ ,loggia above a f\nta94 ,! ma*9]y is v +5i\sly scre5$ f view4 #gdh4 ,! ,palace ( ! pr9ce mu/ h a piazza 9 front ( x4 ,h\ses int5d$ = danc+ or any k9d ( jump+ or any o!r movem5ts ) a multitude ( p1 mu/ be on ! gr\nd- floor2 = ,i h already witness$ ! de/ruction ( "s1 caus+ dea? to _m p]sons1 & above all let e wall1 be x ev] s ?91 re/ on ! gr\nd or on ar*es ) a good f\ndation4 ,let ! mezzan9es ( ! dwell+s be divid$ by walls made ( v ?9 bricks1 & )\t wood on acc\nt ( fire4 ,let all ! privies h v5tilation by %afts 9 ! ?ickness ( ! walls1 s z to exhale by ! ro(s4 ,! mezzan9es %\ld be vault$1 & ! vaults w be /rong] 9 proportion z !y are ( small size4 ,! ties ( oak mu/ be enclos$ 9 ! walls 9 ord] to be protect$ f fire4 ,footnote3 ,! rem>ks accompany+ ! plan reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lxxxi1 ,no4 #b are z foll[s3 ,above1 to ! left3 9 a angholo /ia la gu>dia de la s/alla 79 ! angle a may be ! keep] ( ! /able74 ,bel[ are ! words /rada dabosa 7road to ,amboise71 p>allel ) ?is fossa br #dj 7! moat #dj braccia7 fix+ ! wid? ( ! moat4 ,9 ! l>ge c\rt surr\nd$ by a portico 9 t]re ,no4--,l>gha br4#hj e lugha br #abj4 ,to ! "r ( ! ca/le is a l>ge bas9 = aquatic sports ) ! words ,gio/re colle nave cioe li gio/ra li /i5o sopra le na 7,j\/+ 9 boats t is ! m5 are to be 9 boats74 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,! privies mu/ be num]\s & go+ "o into ! o!r 9 ord] t ! /5* may n p5etrate into ! dwell+s41 & all _! doors mu/ %ut (f !mselves ) c\nt]poises4 ,! ma9 division ( ! facade ( ?is palace is into two portions2 t is to say ! wid? ( ! c\rt-y>d mu/ be half ! :ole facade2 ! #bnd 444 #gdi4 #cj braccia wide on ea* side2 ! l[] entrance leads into a hall #aj braccia wide & #cj braccia long ) #d recesses ea* ) a *imney4 ,footnote3 ,on ea* side ( ! ca/le1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxii4 ,no4 #b !re are draw+s ( details1 to ! left ,cam9o a *imney1 to ! "r ! c5tral lant]n1 sket*$ 9 r$ #h lati i4e4 an octagon4 #gej4 ,! fir//orey or t]race mu/ be entirely solid4 #gea4 ,! pavilion 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,du*ess ( ,milan4 ,! plan ( ! pavilion :i* is 9 ! middle ( ! labyr9? ( ! ,duke ( ,milan4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,,amoretti 9 ,memorie ,/ori*e ,cap4 ,x3 ,una sua op]a da riport>si a que/' anno fu il bagno fatto p] la du*essa ,beatrice nel p>co o gi>d9o del ,ca/ello4 ,lion>do non solo ne disegno il piccolo edifizio a foggia di padiglione1 nel cod4 segnato ,q4 #c1 d&one an*e sep>atam5te la pianta2 ma sotto vi scrisse3 ,padiglione del gi>d9o della du*essa2 e sotto la pianta3 ,fondam5to del padiglione *'e nel mezzo del labir9to del duca di ,milano2 nessuna data e presso il padiglione1 disegnato nella pag9a #ab1 ma poco sopra fra molti circoli intrecciati v$esi #aj ,luglio #adib e nella pag9a #b presso ad alcuni disegni di legumi qual*$uno ha letto ,settembre #adhb 9 vece di #adib1 come dovea scriv]evi1 e probabilm5te scrisse ,lion>do4 ,! orig9al text h[ev] h>dly be>s ! int]pretation put ^u x by ,,amoretti4 ,he is mi/ak5 z to ! m>k on ! ,,ms4 z well z 9 8 /atem5ts z to ! date1 = ! ,,ms4 9 "q has no date2 ! date he gives occurs1 on ! contr>y1 9 ano!r note-book4 ,f9ally1 x appe>s to me q an op5 "q :e!r ,leon>do 0 ! ar*itect :o c>ri$ out ! con/ruction ( ! dome-l ,pavilion "h %[n 9 section1 or ( ! gr\nd plan ( ! ,pavilion drawn by ! side ( x4 ,mu/ we1 9 fact1 suppose t il duca di ,milano "h m5tion$ 01 z has be5 g5]ally assum$1 ,ludovico il ,moro8 ,he did n hold ?is title f ! ,emp]or be=e #adid2 till t date he 0 only call$ ,gov]natore & ,leon>do 9 speak+ ( him1 m5tions him g5]ally z il ,moro ev5 aft] #adid4 ,on ,janu>y #ah1 #adia1 he m>ri$ ,beatrice d',e/e ! daught] ( ,ercole ,i1 ,duke ( ,f]r>a4 ,%e di$ on ! #bnd ,janu>y #adig1 & = ! reasons ,i h giv5 x seems improbable t x %\ld be ?is pr9cess :o is "h spok5 ( z ! ,du*essa di ,milano4 ,f ! /yle ( ! h&writ+ x appe>s to me to be beyond all d\bt t ! ,,ms4 ,b1 f :i* ?is passage is tak51 is old] ?an ! dat$ ,,mss4 ( #adib & #adic4 ,9 t case ! ,duke ( ,milan "h m5tion$ w\ld be ,gian ,galeazzo 7#adfi-adid7 & ! ,du*ess w\ld be 8 wife ,isabella ( ,aragon1 to :om he 0 m>ri$ on ! second ,febru>y #adhi4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 #geb4 ,! e>? t is dug out f ! cell>s mu/ be rais$ on "o side s high z to make a t]race g>d5 z high z ! level ( ! hall2 b betwe5 ! e>? ( ! t]race & ! wall ( ! h\se1 leave an int]val 9 ord] t ! damp may n spoil ! pr9cipal walls4 ,,iv4 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture4 ,a4 ,g5]al ,obs]vations4 #gec4 ,a build+ %\ld always be deta*$ on all sides s t its =m may be se54 ,footnote3 ,! orig9al text is reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,xcii1 ,no4 #a to ! left h& at ! bottom4 #ged4 ,"h !re _c & ought n to be any campanile2 on ! contr>y x mu/ /& ap>t l t ( ! ,ca!dral & ( ,san ,giovanni at ,flor5ce1 & ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pisa1 :]e ! campanile is q deta*$ z well z ! dome4 ,?us ea* c display its own p]fection4 ,if h[ev] y wi% to jo9 x to ! *ur*1 make ! lant]n s]ve = ! campanile z 9 ! *ur* at ,*i>avalle4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is writt5 by ! side ( ! plan giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xci4 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,abbey ( ,*i>avalle1 a few miles f ,milan1 has a c5tral t[] on ! int]section ( ! cross 9 ! /yle ( t ( ! ,c]tosa ( ,pavia1 b ! /yle is m$iaeval 7,a4 ,d4 #accj74 ,leon>do seems "h to mean1 t 9 a build+1 9 :i* ! circul> =m is /rongly conspicu\s1 ! campanile mu/ ei!r be sep>at$1 or rise f ! c5tre ( ! build+ & !re=e take ! =m ( a lant]n4 #gee4 ,x nev] looks well to see ! ro(s ( a *ur*2 !y %\ld r be flat & ! wat] %\ld run (f by gutt]s made 9 ! frieze4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is to ! left ( ! dom$ *ur* reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii1 ,no4 #b4 ,b4 ,! !ory ( ,dome ,ar*itecture4 ,?is subject has be5 m ext5sively treat$ by ,leon>do 9 draw+s ?an 9 writ+4 ,/ill we may fairly assume t x 0 8 purpose1 ultimately to embody ! results ( 8 inve/igation 9 a ,trattato delle ,cupole4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ials is rem>kably ext5sive4 ,,ms4 ,b is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 plans & elevations ( *ur*es ) "o or m domes--f ! simple/ =m to ! mo/ complicat$ t c be imag9$4 ,consid]+ ! evid5t connexion betwe5 a great numb] ( ^! sket*es1 z well z ! impossibility ( see+ 9 !m designs or prep>atory sket*es = any build+ int5d$ to be erect$1 ! conclusion is obvi\s t !y 7 n design$ = any p>ticul> monum5t1 b 7 !oretical & ideal rese>*es1 made 9 ord] to obta9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ! laws :i* mu/ gov]n ! con/ruction ( a great c5tral dome1 ) small] ones gr\p$ r\nd x2 & ) or )\t ! addition ( spires1 s t ea* ( ^! p>ts by itself & 9 its juxtaposition to ! o!r p>ts %\ld produce ! gr&e/ possible effect4 ,9 ^! sket*es ,leon>do seems to h exhau/$ e imag9able comb9ation4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,,ms4 ,b1 #cb;b 7see ,pl4 ,c ,,iii1 ,no4 #b7 we f9d eight geometrical patt]ns1 ea* drawn 9 a squ>e2 & 9 ,,ms4 ,c4,a41 fol4 #hg to #ih =m a :ole s]ies ( patt]ns done ) ! same int5tion4 ,! results ( "s ( ^! problems are p]haps n q satisfactory2 /ill !y _c be consid]$ to give evid5ce ( a want ( ta/e or ( any o!r defect 9 ,leon>do s ar*itectural capacity4 ,!y 7 no d\bt int5d$ exclusively = 8 own in/ruction1 &1 be=e all1 z x seems1 to illu/rate ! features or consequ5ces result+ f a giv5 pr9ciple4 ,i h already1 9 ano!r place1 ,footnote #a3 ,les ,projets ,primitifs p\r la ,basilique de ,/4 ,pi]re de ,rome1 p> ,bramante1 ,raphael etc41,vol4 ,i1 p4 #b4 po9t$ out ! law ( con/ruction = build+s cr[n$ by a l>ge dome3 namely1 t su* a dome1 to produce ! greate/ effect possible1 %\ld rise ei!r f ! c5tre ( a ,greek cross1 or f ! c5tre ( a /ructure ( :i* ! plan has "s symmetrical aff9ity to a circle1 ?is circle be+ at ! same "t ! c5tre ( ! :ole plan ( ! build+4 ,leon>do's sket*es %[ t he 0 fully aw>e1 z 0 to be expect$1 ( ?is tru?4 ,few ( !m exhibit ! =m ( a ,lat9 cross1 & :5 ?is is met )1 x g5]ally gives evid5ce ( ! det]m9ation to assign z prom95t a "p z possible to ! dome 9 ! g5]al effect ( ! build+4 ,:ile x is evid5t1 on ! "o h&1 t ! great] numb] ( ^! domes _h no p>ticul> purpose1 n be+ design$ = execution1 on ! o!r h& sev]al reasons may be f\nd = ,leon>do's p]sev]ance 9 8 /udies ( ! subject4 ,besides ! !oretical int]e/ ( ! "q = ,leon>do & 8 ,trattato & besides ! ta/e = domes prevail+ at t "t1 x seems likely t ! int5d$ erection ( "s build+ ( ! fir/ importance l ! ,duomos ( ,pavia & ,como1 ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie at ,milan1 & ! con/ruction ( a ,dome or c5tral ,t[] 7,tiburio7 on ! ca!dral ( ,milan1 may h /imulat$ ,leon>do to und]take a g5]al & ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! subject2 :il/ ,leon>do's int]c\rse ) ,bramante = t5 ye>s or m1 c h>dly h rema9$ )\t influ5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 fact n[ t "s ( ?is great ,ar*itect's /udies = ,s4 ,pet]'s at ,rome h at la/ become kn[n1 he mu/ be consid]$ h5ce=? z ! greate/ ma/] ( ,dome-,ar*itecture t ev] exi/$4 ,8 influ5ce1 direct or indirect ev5 on a g5ius l ,leon>do seems ! m likely1 s9ce ,leon>do's sket*es reveal a /yle mo/ simil> to t ( ,bramante1 ^: "n inde$1 occurs twice 9 ,leon>do's manuscript notes4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,leon>do 0 a ,flor5t9e2 ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! two pr9cipal domes ( ,flor5ce1 ,/a4 ,m>ia del ,fiore & ! ,batti/]io1 con/antly appe> z lead+ features 9 8 sket*es4 ,! *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo at ,milan1 0 at t "t /ill intact4 ,! dome is to ?is day "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful cupolas ev] con/ruct$1 & ) its two small] domes might well attract ! att5tion & /udy ( a nev] re/+ g5ius su* z ,leon>do4 ,a :ole class ( ^! sket*es betray 9 fact ! direct influ5ce ( ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,lor5zo1 & ?is also seems to h sugge/$ ! plan ( ,bramante's dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! v>i\s sket*es = ! con/ruction ( domes h be5 classifi$ & discuss$ f a g5]al po9t ( view4 ,on two %eets3 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv 7,c4,a4 #ced;b2 #aah;a7 & ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,nos4 #a-aa 7,a%4 ,,ii1 #f;b7 we see v>i\s dissimil> types1 gr\p$ toge!r2 ?us ^! two %eets may be reg>d$ z a sort ( nom5clature ( ! diff]5t types1 on :i* we %all n[ h to treat4 #a4 ,*ur*es =m$ on ! plan ( a ,greek cross4 ,gr\p ,i4 ,domes ris+ f a circul> base4 ,! simple/ type ( c5tral build+ is a circul> edifice4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #i4 ,plan ( a circul> build+ surr\nd$ by a colonnade4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #h4 ,elevation ( ! =m]1 ) a conical ro(4 ,pl4 ,,xc4 ,no4 #e4 ,a dodecagon1 z mo/ ne>ly approa*+ ! circle4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi1 ,no4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,f\r r\nd *apels are add$ at ! extremities ( ! two pr9cipal axes2--comp>e ?is plan ) fig4 #a on p4 #dd & fig4 #c on p4 #dg 7,w4 ,p4 #e;b7 :]e ! out] wall is octagonal4 ,gr\p ,,ii4 ,domes ris+ f a squ>e base4 ,! plan is a squ>e surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 & ! dome seems to be octagonal4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,! squ>e plan bel[ ! circul> build+ ,no4 #h1 & its elevation to ! left1 above ! plan3 "h ! gr\nd-plan is squ>e1 ! upp] /orey octagonal4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ?is type is %[n 9 two sket*es ,c4 ,a4 #c;a 7n reproduc$ "h71 & 9 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi1 ,no4 #e 7:i* possibly belongs to ,no4 #g on ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv74 ,pl1 ,,lxxxv1 ,no4 #d1 & p4 #de1 ,fig4 #c1 a ,greek cross1 repeat$ p4 #de1 ,fig4 #c1 is ano!r developm5t ( ! squ>e c5tral plan4 ,! rema9d] ( ^! /udies %[ two diff]5t sy/ems2 9 ! fir/ ! dome rises f a squ>e plan1--9 ! second f an octagonal base4 ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,domes ris+ f a squ>e base & f\r pill>s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! anci5t *apel ,san ,satiro1 via del ,falcone1 ,milan1 is a specim5 ( ?is type4 a7 ,fir/ type4 ,a ,dome re/+ on f\r pill>s 9 ! c5tre ( a squ>e edifice1 ) an apse 9 ! middle1 ( ea* ( ! f\r sides4 ,we h elev5 v>iations ( ?is type4 aa7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #c4 bb7 ,pl4 ,,lxxx1 ,no4 #e4 cc7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #e4 dd7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #a & #d b5ea?4 ee7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,nos4 #a1 #g1 #aj1 #aa4 b7 ,second type4 ,?is consi/s 9 add+ aisles to ! :ole plan ( ! fir/ type2 columns are plac$ betwe5 ! apses & ! aisles2 ! plan ?us obta9$ is v ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ,s4 ,lor5zo at ,milan4 ,fig4 #a on p4 #ef4 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ge;a7 %[s ! result ( ?is treatm5t adapt$ to a peculi> purpose ab\t :i* we %all h to say a few words lat] on4 ,pl4 ,,xcv1 ,no4 #a1 %[s ! same plan b ) ! addition ( a %ort nave4 ,?is plan seems to h be5 sugge/$ by ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ,s4 ,sepolcro at ,milan4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #eg;b 7see ! sket* reproduc$ on p4#ea74 ,by add+ t[]s 9 ! f\r out] angles to ! la/ nam$ plan1 we obta9 a plan :i* be>s ! g5]al features ( ,bramante's plans = ,s4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,les projets primitifs etc41 ,pl4 #i-ab4 7,see p4 #ea ,fig4 #a47 ,gr\p ,,iv4 ,domes ris+ f an octagonal base4 ,?is sy/em1 develop$ accord+ to two diff]5t s*emes1 has giv5 rise to two classes ) _m v>ieties4 ,9 a7 ,on ea* side ( ! octagon *apels ( equal =m are add$4 ,9 b7 ,! *apels are dissimil>2 ^? :i* t]m9ate ! pr9cipal axes be+ diff]5t 9 =m f ^? :i* are add$ on ! diagonal sides ( ! octagon4 a4 ,fir/ ,class4 ,! ,*apel degli ,angeli1 at ,flor5ce1 built only to a height ( ab\t #bj feet by ,brunellesco1 may be consid]$ z ! prototype ( ?is gr\p2 &1 inde$ x probably sugge/$ x4 ,! fact t we see 9 ,,ms4 ,b4 #aa;b 7,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #c7 by ! side ( ,brunellesco's plan = ! ,basilica ( ,/o4 ,spirito at ,flor5ce1 a plan almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! ,capella degli ,angeli1 confirms ?is supposition4 ,only two small diff]5ces1 or we may say improvem5ts1 h be5 introduc$ by ,leon>do4 ,fir/ly ! back ( ! *apels conta9s a ?ird ni*e1 & ea* angle ( ! ,octagon a fold$ pila/] l ^? 9 ,bramante's ,sagre/ia di ,s4 ,m4 presso ,san ,satiro at ,milan1 in/ead ( an int]val betwe5 ! two pila/]s z se5 9 ! ,batti/]o at ,flor5ce & 9 ! ,sacri/y ( ,/o4 ,spirito 9 ! same t[n & also 9 ! above nam$ *apel by ,brunellesco4 ,! fir/ set ( sket*es :i* come "u consid]ation h at fir/ sight ! appe>ance ( m]e geometrical /udies4 ,!y seem to h be5 sugge/$ by ! plan giv5 on page #dd ,fig4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ee;a7 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is writt5 ,santa ,m>ia 9 p]ti*a da ,pavia1 at ! place m>k$ ,a on ! reproduction4 a7 7,,ms4 ,b1 #cd;b1 page #dd ,fig4 #c74 ,9 ! middle ( ea* side a column is add$1 & 9 ! axes ( ! int]column> spaces a second r[ ( columns =ms an aisle r\nd ! octagon4 ,^! are plac$ at ! int]section ( a sy/em ( semicircles1 ( :i* ! sixte5 columns on ! sides ( ! octagon are ! c5tres4 b7 ,! prec$+ diagram is complet$ & becomes m monum5tal 9 /yle 9 ! sket* next to x 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ce;a1 see p4 #de ,fig4 #a74 ,an out] aisle is add$ by circles1 hav+ = radius ! di/ance betwe5 ! columns 9 ! middle sides ( ! octagon4 c7 7,,ms4 ,b4 #if;b1 see p4 #de ,fig4 #b74 ,octagon ) an aisle r\nd x2 ! angles ( bo? are =m$ by columns4 ,! out] sides are =m$ by #h ni*es =m+ *apels4 ,! ext]ior is likewise octagonal1 ) ! angles correspond+ to ! c5tre ( ea* ( ! int]ior *apels4 ,pl4 ,,xcii1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b4 #if;b74 ,detail & modification ( ! prec$+ plan--half columns aga9/ pi]s--an arrangem5t by :i* ! *apels ( ! aisle h ! same wid? ( op5+ z ! inn] ar*es betwe5 ! half columns4 ,und]nea? ?is sket* ! foll[+ note occurs3 que/o vole - av]e #ab facce - co #ab tab]naculi - come - a - b4 7,?is w h twelve sides ) twelve tab]nacles z a b47 ,9 ! rema9+ sket*es ( ?is class ! octagon is n =m$ by columns at ! angles4 ,! simple/ type %[s a ni*e 9 ! middle ( ea* side & is repeat$ on sev]al %eets1 viz3 ,,ms4 ,b #c2 ,,ms4 ,c4,a4 #ced;b 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #aa7 & ,,ms4 ,a% ,,ii #f;b2 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,no4 #i & ! elevations ,no4 #h2 ,pl4 ,,xcii1 ,no4 #c2 ,,ms4 ,b4 #d;b n reproduc$ "h & ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #b74 ,pl4 ,,xcii1 #c 7,,ms4 ,b1 #ef;b7 corresponds to a plan l ! "o 9 ,,ms4 ,b #ce;a1 9 :i* ! ni*es w\ld be visible outside or1 z 9 ! foll[+ sket*1 ) ! addition ( a ni*e 9 ! middle ( ea* *apel4 ,pl4 ,,xc1 ,no4 #f4 ,! ni*es !mselves are surr\nd$ by small] ni*es 7see also ,no4 #a on ! same plate74 ,octagon exp&$ on ea* side4 ,a4 by a squ>e *apel3 ,,ms4 ,b4 #cd;b 7n reproduc$ "h74 ,b4 by a squ>e ) #c ni*es3 ,,ms4 ,b4 #aa;b 7see ,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #c74 ,c4 by octagonal *apels3 a7 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ba;a2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #d4 b7 ,no4 #b on ! same plate4 ,und]nea? !re is ! rem>k3 que/'e come le #h cappele ano a ess]e facte 7?is is h[ ! eight *apels are to be execut$74 c7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #e4 ,elevation to ! plans on ! same %eet1 x is accompani$ by ! note3 ciasscuno de' #i tiburi no'uole - pass>e l'alteza - di - #b - quadri 7nei!r ( ! #i domes mu/ exce$ ! height ( two squ>es74 d7 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #a4 ,inside ( ! same octagon4 ,,ms4 ,b1 #cj;a1 & #cd;b2 ^! are ?ree repetitions ( p>ts ( ! same plan ) v slight v>iations4 ,d4 by a circul> *apel3 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ah;a 7see ,fig4 #a on page #dg7 gives ! plan ( ?is arrangem5t 9 :i* ! ext]ior is squ>e on ! gr\nd floor ) only f\r ( ! *apels project+1 z is expla9$ 9 ! next sket*4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix1 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ag;b4 ,elevation to ! prec$+ plan sket*$ on ! opposite side ( ! %eet1 & also m>k$ ,a4 ,x is accompani$ by ! foll[+ rem>k1 indicat+ ! !oretical "* ( ^! /udies3 que/o - edifitio - an*ora - />ebbe - b5e aff>lo dalla l9ja - a - b - c - d - insu4 7,?is edifice w\ld also produce a good effect if only ! "p above ! l9es a b1 c d1 7 execut$74 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #aa4 ,! ext]ior has ! =m ( an octagon1 b ! *apels project p>tly beyond x4 ,on ! left side ( ! sket* !y appe> l>g] ?an on ! "r side4 ,pl4 ,,xc1 ,no4 #a1 7,,ms4 ,b1 #be;b72 ,repetition ( ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #aa4 ,pl4 ,,xc1 ,no4 #b4 ,elevation to ! plan ,no4 #a1 & also to ,no4 #f ( ! same %eet4 ,e4 ,by *apels =m$ by f\r ni*es3 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv1 ,no4 #g 7! circul> plan on ! left bel[7 %[s ?is arrangem5t 9 :i* ! c5tral dome has become circul> inside & might !re=e be class$ aft] ?is gr\p4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is plan & "s o!rs ( ?is class rem9d u ( ! plan ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,augu/us z x is repres5t$ = in/ance by ,dur&4 ,see ,cab4 des ,e/ampes1 ,biblio!que ,nationale1 ,p>is1 ,topographie de ,rome1 ,v1 #f1 #hb4 ,! sket* on ! "r h& side gives mo/ likely ! elevation = ! la/ nam$ plan4 ,f4 ,by *apels ( /ill ri*] comb9ations1 :i* necessitate an octagon ( l>g] dim5sions3 ,pl4 ,,xci1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,a%4 #aa4 #h;b7 ,footnote #b3 ,! note accompany+ ?is plan is giv5 "u ,no4 #ged42 on ?is plan ! *apels !mselves appe> to be c5tral build+s =m$ l ! fir/ type ( ! ?ird gr\p4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii1 ,no4 #c4 ,pl4 ,,xci1 ,no4 #b above2 ! ext]ior ( ! prec$+ figure1 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! alt]nation ( apses & ni*es1 ! latt] conta9+ /atues ( a gigantic size1 9 proportion to ! dim5sion ( ! ni*es4 b4 ,second ,class4 ,composite plans ( ?is class are g5]ally obta9$ by comb9+ two types ( ! fir/ class--! "o work$ out on ! pr9cipal axes1 ! o!r on ! diagonal ones4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #bb %[s an elem5t>y comb9ation1 )\t any additions on ! diagonal axes1 b ) ! dim5sions ( ! squ>es on ! two pr9cipal axes exce$+ ^? ( ! sides ( ! octagon4 ,9 ! draw+ ,w4 ,p4 #e;b 7see page #dd ,fig4 #a7 ! ext]ior only ( ! edifice is octagonal1 ! int]ior be+ =m$ by a circul> colonnade2 r\nd *apels are plac$ aga9/ ! f\r sides ( ! pr9cipal axes4 ,! elevation1 drawn on ! same %eet 7see page #dg ,fig4 #c71 %[s ! :ole arrangem5t :i* is closely relat$ ) ! "o on ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi ,no4 #a1 #b4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ba;a %[s3 a7 f\r sides ) rectangul> *apels cr[n$ by p$im5ts ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #c 7plan & elevation72 b7 f\r sides ) squ>e *apels cr[n$ by octagonal domes4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #d2 ! plan und]nea?4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ah;a %[s a v>iation obta9$ by replac+ ! r\nd *apels 9 ! pr9cipal axes ( ! sket* ,,ms4 ,b4 l#h;a by squ>e ones1 ) an apse4 ,leon>do repeat$ bo? ideas = bett] comp>ison side by side1 see page #dg4 ,fig4 #b4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ag;b74 ,elevation = ! prec$+ figure4 ,! comp>ison ( ! draw+ m>k$ ,m ) ! plan on page #dg ,fig4 #b1 be>+ ! same m>k1 & ( ! elevation on ,pl4 ,,lxxxix bel[ 7m>k$ ,a7 ) ! correspond+ plan on page #dg is highly in/ructive1 z illu/rat+ ! _s 9 :i* ,leon>do pursu$ ^! /udies4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #ab %[s ! design ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #c comb9$ ) apses1 ) ! addition ( r\nd *apels on ! diagonal sides4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #ac is a v>iation ( ! prec$+ sket*4 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #c4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #be;b4 ,! r\nd *apels ( ! prec$+ sket* are replac$ by octagonal *apels1 above :i* rise campaniles4 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #d is ! elevation = ! prec$+ plan4 ,pl4 ,,xcii ,no4 #a4 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ci;b472 ! plan bel[4 ,on ! pr9cipal z well z on ! diagonal axes are diagonal *apels1 b ! latt] are sep>at$ f ! dome by semicircul> recesses4 ,! communication betwe5 ^! eight *apels =ms a squ>e aisle r\nd ! c5tral dome4 ,above ?is figure is ! elevation1 %[+ f\r campaniles on ! angles4 ,footnote #a3 ,! note accompany+ ?is draw+ is reproduc$ "u ,no4 #gec4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #c4 ,on ! pr9cipal axes are squ>e *apels ) ?ree ni*es2 on ! diagonals octagonal *apels ) ni*es4 ,cod4 ,atl4 #cdj;b gives a some:at simil> arrangem5t4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #cj4 ,! pr9cipal developm5t is ?r[n on ! diagonal axes by squ>e *apels ) ?ree ni*es2 on ! pr9cipal axes are inn] recesses communicat+ ) out] ones4 ,! plan ,pl4 ,,xciii ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b4 #bb7 diff]s f ?is only 9 s f> z ! out] semicircles h become circul> *apels1 project+ f ! ext]nal squ>e z apses2 "o ( !m s]ves z ! entrance by a semicircul> portico4 ,! elevation is drawn on ! left side ( ! plan4 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ai4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ,,ms4 ,b4 #ah1 by employ+ = ! f\r pr9cipal *apels ! type ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #c1 z we h already se5 9 ,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #b2 ! ext]ior pres5ts two v>ieties4 a7 ,! out] cont\r foll[s ! inn]4 ,footnote #b3 ,^! *apels are "h sket*$ 9 two diff]5t sizes2 x is ! small] type :i* is ?us =m$4 b7 ,x is semicircul>4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ah;b7 ,elevation to ! fir/ v>iation ,,ms4 ,b4 #ai4 ,if we 7 n c]ta9 t ?is sket* 0 by ,leon>do1 we might feel tempt$ to take x z a /udy by ,bramante = ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,les projets primitifs ,pl4 #dc4 ,,ms4 ,p4 ,v4 #ci;b4 ,9 ! pr9cipal axes ! *apels ( ,,ms4 ,b4 #ai1 & semicircul> ni*es on ! diagonals4 ,! ext]ior ( ! :ole edifice is also an octagon1 conceal+ ! =m ( ! int]ior *apels1 b ) its angles on _! axes4 ,gr\p ,v4 ,sugge/$ by ,san ,lor5zo at ,milan4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #bff ,i,ib1 #hl#b;b !re is a plan almo/ id5tical ) t ( ,san ,lor5zo4 ,! diagonal sides ( ! irregul> octagon are n indicat$4 ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ! ar*es :i*1 9 ! actual *ur*1 exi/ on ^! sides 9 ! fir/ /ory1 7 add$ 9 #aegd by ,m>timo ,bassi1 !n ?is plan & ! foll[+ section w\ld be /ill ne>] ! orig9al /ate ( ,san ,lor5zo ?an at pres5t4 ,a reproduction ( ?is slightly sket*$ plan has n be5 possible4 ,x may h[ev] be und]/ood f ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #c1 by suppress+ ! f\r pill>s correspond+ to ! apses4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #a %[s ! section 9 elevation correspond+ ) ! above-nam$ plan4 ,! recess$ *apels are decorat$ ) l>ge %ells 9 ! halfdomes l ! arrangem5t 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 b ) proportions l ^? ( ,bramante's ,sacri/y ( ,santa ,m>ia presso ,s4 ,satiro4 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #bff2 a %eet conta9+ ?ree views ( ext]iors ( ,domes4 ,on ! same %eet !re is a plan simil> to ! "o above-nam$ b ) un9t]rupt$ aisles & ) ! addition ( r\nd *apels 9 ! axes 7comp>e ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #c & page #dd ,fig4 #a71 p]haps a rem9isc5ce ( ! two *apels annex$ to ,san ,lor5zo4--,leon>do has "h sket*$ ! way ( trans=m+ ?is plan into a ,lat9 cross by means ( a nave ) side aisles4 ,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #a4 ,plan %[+ a type depriv$ ( aisles & compris$ 9 a squ>e build+ :i* is surr\nd$ by a portico4 ,x is accompani$ by ! foll[+ text3 #gef4 ,?is edifice is inhabit$ accessible bel[ & above1 l ,san ,sepolcro1 & x is ! same above z bel[1 except t ! upp] /ory has ! dome c d2 & ! ,footnote3 ,! *ur* ( ,san ,sepolcro at ,milan1 f\nd$ 9 #ajcj & repeat$ly rebuilt aft] ! middle ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 /ill /&s ov] ! crypt ( ! orig9al /ructure4 l[] has ! dome a b1 & :5 y ent] into ! crypt1 y desc5d #aj /eps1 & :5 y m\nt into ! upp] y asc5d #bj /eps1 :i*1 ) #a_/c braccio = ea*1 make #aj braccia1 & ?is is ! height betwe5 "o floor ( ! *ur* & ! o!r4 ,above ! plan on ! same %eet is a view ( ! ext]ior4 ,by ! aid ( ^! two figures & ! description1 sections ( ! edifice may easily be recon/ruct$4 ,b ! section drawn on ! left side ( ! build+ seems n to be 9 keep+ ) ! same plan1 not)/&+ ! explanatory note writt5 und]nea? x3 d5tro il difitio di sopra 7int]ior ( ! edifice above7,footnote #a3 ,! small inn] dome corresponds to a b on ! plan--x rises f ! l[] *ur* into ! upp]-- above1 & l>g]1 rises ! dome c d4 ,! aisles above & bel[ ?us correspond 7e di sopra come di sotto1 salvo*e etc474 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! section ,leon>do has n tak5 ! tr\ble to make ! =m octagonal1 b has m]ely sket*$ circul> l9es 9 p]spective4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r44 ,be=e leav+ ?is gr\p1 x is well to rem>k t ! g]m ( x seems already indicat$ by ! diagonal l9es 9 ! plans ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #aa & ,no4 #g4 ,we %all f9d ano!r application ( ! same type to ! ,lat9 cross 9 ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #c4 #b4 ,*ur*es =m$ on ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross4 ,we f9d among ,leon>do's /udies sev]al sket*es = *ur*es on ! plan ( ! ,lat9 cross2 we %all beg9 by describ+ !m1 & %all add a few obs]vations4 ,a4 ,/udies aft] exi/+ ,monum5ts4 ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #b4 7,,ms4 ,b4 #aa;b47 ,plan ( ,santo ,spirito at ,flor5ce1 a basilica built aft] ! designs ( ,brunellesco4--,leon>do has add$ ! indication ( a portico 9 front1 ei!r 8 own inv5tion or ! reproduction ( a n[ lo/ design4 ,pl4 ,,xcv ,no4 #b4 ,plan accompani$ by ! words3 ,a e santo sepolcro di milano di sopra7,a is ! upp] *ur* ( ,s4 ,sepolcro at ,milan72 al?\gh s9ce ,leon>do's "t consid]ably spoilt1 x is /ill ! same 9 plan4 ,! second plan ) its note3 ,b e la sua p>te socto t]a 7,b is its subt]ranean "p ! crypt7 /ill corresponds ) ! pres5t /ate ( ?is "p ( ! *ur* z ,i h asc]ta9$ by visit+ ! crypt ) ?is plan4 ,except+ ! addition ( a few insignificant walls1 ! /ate ( ?is int]e/+ "p ( ! *ur* /ill con=ms to ,leon>do's sket*2 b 9 ! ,ve/ibolo ! two columns ne> ! entrance ( ! w9d+ /airs are abs5t4 ,b4 ,designs or ,/udies4 ,,pl4 ,,xcv ,no4 #a4 ,plan ( a *ur* evid5tly sugge/$ by t ( ,san ,sepolcro at ,milan4 ,! c5tral "p has be5 add$ to on ! pr9ciple ( ! second type ( ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,leon>do has plac$ ! coro 7*oir7 9 ! c5tre4 ,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #b4 ,9 ! plan ! dome1 z reg>ds its int]ior1 belongs to ! ,fir/ ,class ( ,gr\p ,,iv1 & may be gr\p$ ) ! "o 9 ,,ms4 ,b4 #ce;a4 ,! nave seems to be a developm5t ( ! type repres5t$ 9 ,pl4 ,,xcv ,no4 #b1 ,b4 by add+ t[]s & two lat]al porticos,footnote #a3 ,already publi%$ 9 ,les projets primitifs ,pl4 ,,xliii44 ,on ! left is a view ( ! ext]ior ( ! prec$+ plan4 ,x is accompani$ by ! foll[+ note3 #geg4 ,?is build+ is inhabit$ bel[ & above2 ! way up is by ! campaniles1 & 9 go+ up "o has to use ! plat=m1 :]e ! drums ( ! f\r domes are1 & ?is plat=m has a p>apet 9 front1 & none ( ^! domes communicate ) ! *ur*1 b !y are q sep>ate4 ,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #af;b2 #fe;a74 ,p]spective view ( a *ur* se5 f beh9d2 ?is recalls ! ,duomo at ,flor5ce1 b ) two campaniles,footnote #b3 ,already publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio ,pl4 ,,ix44 ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #c 7,,ms4 ,b4 #eb;a74 ,! c5tral "p is a developm5t ( ,s4 ,lor5zo at ,milan1 su* z 0 execut$ at ! ,duomo ( ,pavia4 ,!re is suffici5t analogy betwe5 ! build+ actually execut$ & ?is sket* to sugge/ a direct connection betwe5 !m4 ,leon>do accompani$ ,francesco di ,giorgio,footnote #c3 ,see ,,malasp9a1 il ,duomo di ,pavia4 ,docum5ts4 :5 ! latt] 0 consult$ on ,june #ba/1 #adij z to ?is *ur*2 ! fact t ! only ^w accompany+ ! plan is3 sagre/ia1 seems to confirm our supposition1 = ! sacri/ies 7 add$ only 9 #adib1 i4 e4 f\r ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ca!dral1 :i* at t "t 0 mo/ likely /ill suffici5tly unf9i%$ to be capable ( receiv+ ! =m ( ! pres5t sket*4 ,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #b %[s ! ext]ior ( ?is design4 ,bel[ is ! note3 edifitio al proposito del fodameto figurato di socto 7edifice prop] = ! gr\nd plan figur$ bel[74 ,"h we may also m5tion ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross drawn 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 fol4 #bff 7see p4 #ej74 ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,l4 #ae;b74 ,ext]nal side view ( ,brunellesco's ,flor5t9e basilica ,san ,lor5zo1 se5 f ! ,nor?4 ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #d 7,v4 ,a4 ,v1 #a74 ,pr9cipal front ( a nave1 mo/ likely ( a *ur* on ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross4 ,we notice "h n only ! pr9cipal features :i* 7 employ$ aft]w>ds 9 ,alb]ti's front ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,novella1 b ev5 details ( a m advanc$ /yle1 su* z we are accu/om$ to meet ) only aft] ! ye> #aebj4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ,leon>do's unf9i%$ picture ( ,/4 ,j]ome 7,vatican ,gall]y7 a some:at simil> *ur* front is indicat$ 7see ! accompany+ sket*74 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,! view ( ! front ( a temple1 app>5tly a dome 9 ! c5tre ( f\r cor9?ian porticos be>+ p$im5ts 7publi%$ by ,amoretti ,tav4 ,,ii4 ,b z be+ by ,leon>do71 is tak5 f a draw+1 n[ at ! ,ambrosian ,gall]y4 ,we _c consid] ?is to be by ! h& ( ! ma/]4 ,c4 ,/udies = a =m ( a ,*ur* mo/ prop] = prea*+4 ,! problem z to :at =m ( *ur* might answ] ! requirem5ts ( ac\/ics seems to h engag$ ,leon>do's v p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! designation ( teatro giv5 to "s ( ^! sket*es1 cle>ly %[s :i* plan seem$ to him mo/ fav\rable = he>+ ! prea*]'s voice4 ,pl4 ,,xcvii1 ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,b1 #eb74 ,rectangul> edifice divid$ into ?ree naves ) an apse on ei!r side1 t]m9at$ by a semicircul> !atre ) ris+ seats1 z 9 antique build+s4 ,! pulpit is 9 ! c5tre4 ,leon>do has writt5 on ! left side ( ! sket*3 teatro da pr$ic>e 7,!atre = prea*+74 ,,ms4 ,b1 #ee;a 7see page #ef1 ,fig4 #a74 ,a dom$ *ur* aft] ! type ( ,pl4 ,,xcv1 ,no4 #a1 %[s f\r !atres occupy+ ! apses & fac+ ! squ>e coro 7*oir71 :i* is 9 ! c5tre betwe5 ! f\r pill>s ( ! dome4,footnote #a3 ,! note teatro de pr$ic>1 on ! "r side is1 ,i believe1 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,pompeo ,leoni4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,! ris+ arrangem5t ( ! seats is %[n 9 ! sket* above4 ,at ! place m>k$ ,b ,leon>do wrote teatri p] uldire messa 7r[s ( seats to he> mass71 at ,t teatri1 & at ,c coro 7*oir74 ,9 ,,ms4 ,c4,a4 #bfj1 are slight sket*es ( two plans = rectangul> *oirs & two elevations ( ! alt> & pulpit :i* seem to be 9 connection ) ^! plans4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,a% ,,ii1 #h;a 7see p4 #ef & #eg4 ,fig4 #b & #c74 ,lo*o dove si pr$ica 7,place = prea*+74 ,a mo/ s+ul> plan = a build+4 ,! int]ior is a portion ( a sph]e1 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! summit ( a column de/9$ to s]ve z ! prea*]'s pulpit4 ,! inside is some:at l a mod]n !atre1 :il/ ! ext]ior & ! gall]ies & /airs recall ! anci5t amphi!atres4 ,illu/ration ) caption3 ,page #eg1 ,fig4 #d4 ,a plan accompany+ ! two prec$+ draw+s4 ,if ?is gives ! complete =m ,leon>do int5d$ = ! edifice1 x w\ld h compris$ only ab\t two ?irds ( ! circle4 ,leon>do wrote 9 ! c5tre fondam5to1 a ^w he (t5 employ$ = plans1 & on ! left side ( ! view ( ! ext]ior3 lo*o dove si pr$i*a 7a place = prea*+ 974 ,d4 ,design = a ,mausoleum4 ,pl4 ,,xcviii 7,p4 ,v41 #ahb4 ,no4 d'ordre #bchf74 ,9 ! mid/ ( a hilly l&scape rises an artificial m\nta9 9 ! =m ( a gigantic cone1 cr[n$ by an impos+ temple4 ,at two ?irds ( ! height a t]race is cut out ) six doorways =m+ entrances to gall]ies1 ea* lead+ to ?ree sepul*ral halls1 s con/ruct$ z to conta9 ab\t five hundr$ fun]al urns1 dispos$ 9 ! cu/om>y antique /yle4 ,f two opposite sides /eps asc5d to ! t]race 9 a s+le flight & beyond x to ! temple above4 ,a l>ge circul> op5+1 l t 9 ! ,pan!on1 is 9 ! dome above :at may be ! alt>1 or p]haps ! c5tral monum5t on ! level ( ! t]race bel[4 ,! section ( a gall]y giv5 9 ! sket* to ! "r bel[ %[s ! ro( to be con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( sup]impos$ horizontal lay]s1 project+ "o beyond ! o!r1 & ea* furni%$ ) a sort ( heel1 :i* appe>s to be und]cut1 s z to give ! appe>ance ( a beam f )94 ,granite alone w\ld be adequate to ! dim5sions "h giv5 to ! key /one1 z ! ?ickness ( ! lay]s c h>dly be consid]$ to be less ?an a foot4 ,9 tak+ ?is z ! basis ( our calculation = ! dim5sions ( ! :ole con/ruction1 ! wid? ( ! *amb] w\ld be ab\t #be feet b1 judg+ f ! numb] ( urns x conta9s--& !re is no reason to suppose t ^! urns 7 l>g] ?an usual--x w\ld seem to be no m ?an ab\t #h or #aj feet4 ,! con/ruction ( ! vaults resembles ^? 9 ! gall]ies ( "s etruscan tumuli1 = in/ance ! ,regul9i ,galeassi tomb at ,c]vetri 7lately discov]$7 & also t ( ! *amb] & passages ( ! pyramid ( ,*eops & ( ! treasury ( ,atreus at ,myc5ae4 ,! upp] cone displays n only analogies ) ! monum5ts m5tion$ 9 ! note1 b also ) ,etruscan tumuli1 su* z ! ,cocumella tomb at ,vulci1 & ! ,regul9i ,galeassi tomb,footnote #a3 ,see ,,f]sguson1 ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture1 ,i1 #bia44 ,! :ole s*eme is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 ,x w\ld be difficult to decide z to :e!r any monum5t he _h se5 sugge/$ ?is idea to ,leon>do1 b x is wor? :ile to enquire1 if any monum5t1 or gr\p ( monum5ts ( an e>li] date may be suppos$ to h done s4,footnote #b3 ,!re are1 9 ,algi]s1 two ,monum5ts1 commonly call$ ,le ,madrac5 & ,le tombeau de la ,*reti5ne1 :i* some:at resemble ,leon>do's design4 ,!y are kn[n to h s]v$ z ! ,mausolea ( ! ,k+s ( ,mauritania4 ,pomponius ,mela1 ! geograph] ( ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 describes !m z hav+ be5 ,monum5tum commune regiae g5tis4 ,see ,le ,madrac51 ,rapport fait p> ,m4 le ,gr& ,rabb9 ,,ab4 ,,cah51 ,con/ant9e #ahgc--,memoire sur les f\illes executees au ,madras'en 44 p> le ,colonel ,,brunon1 ,con/ant9e l#hgc4--;,deux ,mausolees ,africa9s1 le ,madrac5 et le tombeau de la ,*reti5ne p> ,m4 ,j4 ,,de ,,lauri]e1 ,t\rs l#hgd4--,le tombeau de la ,*reti5ne1 ,mausolee des rois ,mauritani5s p> ,m4 ,,b]brugg]1 ,alg] #ahfg4--;,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,,le ,,blanc1 ( ! ,in/itut1 & ,m4 ,,lud1 ,,lalanne1 ,biblio!caire ( ! ,in/itut = hav+ fir/ po9t$ out to me ! resemblance betwe5 ^! monum5ts2 :ile ,m4 ,,ant4 ,,h]on ,,de ,vl,l,l,e,f,o,s,s,e ( ! ,l\vre 0 k9d en\gh to place ! abovem5tion$ r>e works at my disposal4 ,leon>do's obs]vations on ! coa/ ( ,africa are giv5 lat] 9 ?is "w4 ,! ,h]odium ne> ,be?lehem 9 ,pale/9e 7,jebel el ,fureidis1 ! ,frank ,m\nta97 01 accord+ to ! late/ rese>*es1 con/ruct$ on a v simil> plan4 ,see ,d] ,frank5b]g1 von ,baura? ,c4 ,,s*ick 9 ,j]usalem1 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 ,pala/9a-,v]e9s1 ,leipzag #ahhj1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pages #hh-ii & ,plates ,,iv & ,v4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,e4 ,/udies = ! ,c5tral ,t[]1 or ,tiburio ( ,milan ,ca!dral4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,fabbricc]ia del ,duomo _h to settle on ! *oice ( a model = ! cr[n+ & c5tral "p ( ?is va/ build+4 ,we le>n f a notice publi%$ by ,g4 ,l4 ,calvi ,footnote3 ,g4 ,l4 ,,calvi1 ,notizie sulla vita e sulle op]e dei pr9cipali ar*itetti scultori e pittori *e fiorirono 9 ,milano1 ,"p ,,iii1 #bj4 ,see also3 ,h4 ,,de ,,geymull]1 ,les projets primitifs etc4 ,i1 #cg & #aaf-aai4--,! ,fabbricc]ia ( ! ,duomo has lately begun ! publication ( ! ar*ives1 :i* may possibly tell u m ab\t ! "p tak5 by ,leon>do1 ?an has hi!rto be5 kn[n4 t among ! arti/s :o pres5t$ models 9 ! ye> #adhh 73 ,bramante1 ,pietro da ,gorgonzola1 ,luca ,pap]io 7,fancelli71 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci4-- ,sev]al sket*es by ,leon>do ref] to ?is important project3 ,pl4 ,,xcix1 ,no4 #b 7,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #cf;a7 a small plan ( ! :ole edifice4--,! project+ *apels 9 ! middle ( ! transept are want+ "h4 ,! nave appe>s to be %ort5$ & seems to be approa*$ by an inn] ve/ibolo4-- ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #b 7,tr4 #ba74 ,plan ( ! octagon t[]1 giv+ ! disposition ( ! buttresses2 />t+ f ! eight pill>s adjo9+ ! f\r pr9cipal pi]s & int5d$ to support ! eight angles ( ! ,tiburio4 ,^! buttresses correspond exactly ) ^? describ$ by ,bramante z exi/+ 9 ! model pres5t$ by ,omodeo4 ,footnote3 ,bramante's op9ion 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,g4 ,m,o,n,g,e,rl1 ,ar*4 /or4 ,lomb4 ,v1 fasc4 #c & aft]w>ds by me 9 ! publication m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,pl4 ,c1 #c 7,,ms4 ,tr4 #af74 ,two plans %[+ diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! buttresses1 :i* seem to be =m$ p>tly by ! int]section ( a sy/em ( po9t$ ar*es su* z t se5 9 9999 ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #e 7,,ms4 ,b1 #bg;a7 de/9$ to give a broad] base to ! drum4 ,! text und]nea? is giv5 "u ,no4 #ghh4 ,,ms4 ,b1 #c--?ree slight sket*es ( plans 9 connexion ) ! prec$+ ones4 ,pl4 ,,xcix1 ,no4#a 7,,ms4 ,tr4 #ae7 conta9s sev]al small sket*es ( sections & ext]ior views ( ! ,dome2 "s ( !m %[ buttress-walls %ap$ z inv]t$ ar*es4 ,respect+ ^! ,leon>do notes3 #geh4 ,l'arco rivescio e migliore p] f>e spalla *e l'ord9>io1 p]*e il rovescio trova sotto se muro resi/ete alla sua debolezza1 e l'ord9>io no trova nel suo debole se non aria ,! inv]t$ ar* is bett] = giv+ a %\ld] ?an ! ord9>y "o1 because ! =m] f9ds bel[ x a wall resi/+ its weakness1 :il/ ! latt] f9ds 9 its weak "p no?+ b air4 ,footnote3 ,?ree slight sket*es ( sections on ! same leaf--above ^? reproduc$ "h--are m closely connect$ ) ! l>ge draw+ 9 ! c5tre ( ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #d 7,m4,s1 ,tr4 #da7 :i* %[s a section ( a v elevat$ dome1 ) d\ble vaults1 connect$ by ribs & buttresses +5i\sly dispos$1 s z to br+ ! weight ( ! lant]n to be> on ! base ( ! dome4 ,a sket* und]nea? x %[s a r\nd pill> on :i* is indicat$ :i* "p ( its summit is to be> ! weight3 il pila/ro s>a *>i*o 9 4 a 4 b4 7,! column w be> ! weight at a b47 ,ano!r note is above on ! "r side3 ,l>*o regi]a tanto sotto asse *ome di sopra se 7,! ar* supports z mu* bel[ x i4 e4 a hang+ weight z above x74 ,pl4 ,c1 ,no4 #a 7,c4 ,a4 #cjc;a74 ,l>g] sket* ( half section ( ! ,dome1 ) a v complicat$ sy/em ( ar*es1 & a d\ble vault4 ,ea* /one is %ap$ s z to be knit or dovetail$ to its neighb\rs4 ,?us ! inside ( ! ,dome _c be se5 f bel[4 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #cjc;b4 ,a repetition ( ! prec$+ sket* ) v slight modifications4 ,figs4 #a4 & ,fig4 #b4 two skete*es ( ! dome ,,ms4 ,tr4 #i 7see ,fig4 #a & #b74 ,section ( ! ,dome ) rev]t$ buttresses betwe5 ! w9d[s1 above :i* iron an*ors or *a9s seem to be int5d$4 ,bel[ is ! sket* ( ! outside4 ,,pi4 ,,xcix1 ,no4 #c 7,c4 ,a41 #bfb;a7 f\r sket*es ( ! ext]ior ( ! ,dome4 ,c4 ,a4 #ab4 ,section1 %[+ ! po9ts ( rupture ( a go?ic vault1 9 evid5t connection ) ! sket*es describ$ above4 ,x des]ves to be notic$ h[ easily & app>5tly )\t ef=t1 ,leon>do manages to comb9e go?ic details & /ructure ) ! m mod]n %ape ( ! ,dome4 ,! foll[+ notes are on ! same leaf1 oni cosa pod]osa1 & oni cosa pod]osa desid]a de7sc5d]e72 f>!r bel[1 sev]al multiplications mo/ likely int5d$ to calculate ! weight ( "s p>ts ( ! ,dome1 ?us #af x #dg #gbj2 #gbj x #hjj #agfjjj1 next to :i* is writt53 peso del pila/ro di #i te/e 7weight ( ! pill> #i diamet]s high74 ,bel[3 #agfjjj x #h #adjhjjj2 & bel[3 ,semjlio e se ce #hj 787 il peso del tiburio 7six millions six hundr$ 787 #hj ! weight ( ! ,dome74 ,bossi haz>d$ ! !ory t ,leon>do might h be5 ! ar*itect :o built ! *ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 b !re is no evid5ce to support ?is1 ei!r 9 docum5ts or 9 ! mat]ials suppli$ by ,leon>dos manuscripts & draw+s4 ,! sket* giv5 at ! side %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! second & ?ird socle on ! apses ( ! *oir ( t *ur*2 & x is rem>kable t ^? sket*es1 9 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,ii#b1 #b;a & ,ib1 occur ) ! passage giv5 9 ,volume ,i z ,no4 #ffe & #fff ref]r+ to ! composition ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! ,refectory ( t *ur*4 ,f4 ,! ,project = lift+ up ! ,batti/]o ( ,flor5ce & sett+ x on a basem5t4 ,among ! v few details ,vas>i gives z to ! ar*itectural /udies ( ,leon>do1 we read3 ,& among ^! models & designs !re 0 "o by way ( :i* he %[$ sev]al times to _m +5i\s citiz5s :o !n gov]n$ ,flor5ce1 8 read9ess to lift up )\t ru9+ x1 ! *ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,flor5ce 7! ,batti/]o1 opposite ! ,duomo7 9 ord] to place "u x ! miss+ basem5t ) /eps2 he support$ 8 ass]tions ) reasons s p]suasive1 t :ile he spoke ! und]tak+ seem$ feasable1 al?\gh e "o ( 8 he>]s1 :5 he _h dep>t$1 c\ld see by himself ! impossibility ( s va/ an und]tak+4 ,footnote3 ,?is latt] /atem5t ( ,vas>i's mu/ be consid]$ to be exagg]at$4 ,i may ref] "h to "s data giv5 by ,,libri1 ,hi/oire des sci5ces ma!matiques en ,italie 7,,ii1 #baf1 #bag73 ,on a cru dans ces d]ni]s temps faire un miracle en mecanique en effectuant ce transport1 et cep5dant des l'annee #adee1 ,gasp>d ,nadi et ,ari/ote de ,fioravantio avai5t transporte1 a une di/ance consid]able1 la t\r de la ,magione de ,bologne1 avec ses fondem5ts1 qui avait presque quatre-v+ts pi$s de haut4 ,le cont9uateur de la *ronique de ,pugliola dit que le trajet fut de #ce pi$s et que durant le transport auquel le *roniqueur affirme avoir assi/e1 il arriva un accid5t grave qui fit p5*] de trois pi$s la t\r p5dant qu'elle etait susp5due1 mais que cet accid5t fut promptem5t rep>e 7,muratori1 ,scriptores r]4 ital4 ,tom4 ,,xviii1 col4 #gag1 #gah74 ,alidosi a rapporte une note ou ,nadi r5d compte de ce transport avec une r>e simplicite4 ,d'apres cette note1 on voit que les op]ations de ce g5re n'etai5t pas n\velles4 ,celle-ci ne c\ta que #aej livres 7monnaie d'alors7 y compris le cadeau que le ,legat fit aux deux mecanici5s4 ,dans la meme annee1 ,ari/ote r$ressa le clo*] de ,c5to1 qui p5*ait de plus de c9q pi$s 7,alidosi1 in/ruttione p4 #ahh-- ,muratori1 ,scriptores r]4 ital41 tom4 ,,xxiii1 col4 #hhh4--;,bossii1 *ronica ,m$iol41 #adib1 9-fol4 ad ann4 #adee74 ,on ne concoit pas comm5t les hi/ori5s des beaux-arts ont pu neglig] de tels hommes4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 fol4 #bic1 !re are two sket*es :i* possibly might h a be>+ on ?is bold ent]prise4 ,we f9d !re a plan ( a circul> or polygonal edifice surr\nd$ by semicircul> ar*es 9 an oblique position4 ,^! may be tak5 = ! f\ndation ( ! /eps & ( ! new plat=m4 ,9 ! p]spective elevation ! same edifice1 =m+ a polygon1 is %[n z lift$ up & re/+ on a circle ( inv]t$ ar*es :i* re/ on an o!r circle ( ar*es 9 ! ord9>y position1 b s plac$ t ! inv]t$ ar*es above re/ on ! sp&rels ( ! l[] range4 ,:at seems to confirm ! supposition t ! lift+ up ( a build+ is "h 9 "q1 is ! indication ( eng9es = w9d+ up1 su* z jacks1 & a rack & :eel4 ,z ! lift+ app>atus repres5t$ on ?is %eet does n seem p>ticul>ly applicable to an und]tak+ ( su* magnitude1 we may consid] x to be a fir/ sket* or s*eme = ! eng9es to be us$4 ,g4 ,description ( an unkn[n ,temple4 #gei4 ,twelve flights ( /eps l$ up to ! great temple1 :i* 0 eight hundr$ braccia 9 circumf]5ce & built on an octagonal plan4 ,at ! eight corn]s 7 eight l>ge pl9?s1 "o braccia & a half high1 & ?ree wide1 & six long at ! bottom1 ) an angle 9 ! middle2 on ^! 7 eight great pill>s1 /&+ on ! pl9?s z a f\ndation1 & tw5ty f\r braccia high4 ,& on ! top ( ^! 7 eight capitals ?ree braccia long & six wide1 above :i* 7 ! ar*itrave frieze & cornice1 f\r braccia & a half high1 & ?is 0 c>ri$ on 9 a /raight l9e f "o pill> to ! next & s1 cont9u+ = eight hundr$ braccia1 surr\nd$ ! :ole temple1 f pill> to pill>4 ,to support ?is entablature !re 7 t5 l>ge columns ( ! same height z ! pill>s1 ?ree braccia ?ick above _! bases :i* 7 "o braccia & a half high4 ,! asc5t to ?is temple 0 by twelve flights ( /eps1 & ! temple 0 on ! twelf?1 ( an octagonal =m1 & at ea* angle rose a l>ge pill>2 & betwe5 ! pill>s 7 plac$ t5 columns ( ! same height z ! pill>s1 ris+ at once f ! pavem5t to a height ( tw5ty eight braccia & a half2 & at ?is height ! ar*itrave1 frieze & cornice 7 plac$ :i* surr\nd$ ! temple hav+ a l5g? ( eight hundr$ braccia4 ,at ! same height1 & )9 ! temple at ! same level1 & all r\nd ! c5tre ( ! temple at a di/ance ( #bd braccia f>!r 91 are pill>s correspond+ to ! eight pill>s 9 ! angles1 & columns correspond+ to ^? plac$ 9 ! out] spaces4 ,^! rise to ! same height z ! =m] ones1 & ov] ^! ! cont9u\s ar*itrave returns t[>ds ! out] r[ ( pill>s & columns4 ,footnote3 ,ei!r ?is description is incomplete1 or1 z seems to me highly probable1 x ref]s to "s ru94 ,! enorm\s dim5sions =bid our suppos+ ?is to be any temple 9 ,italy or ,greece4 ,syria 0 ! native l& ( colossal octagonal build+s1 9 ! e>ly c5turies ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,temple ( ,baalbek1 & o!rs are ev5 l>g] ?an t "h describ$4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,v4 ,palace ar*itecture4 ,b a small numb] ( ,leon>do's draw+s ref] to ! ar*itecture ( palaces1 & our k is small z to :at /yle ,leon>do might h adopt$ = su* build+s4 ,pl4 ,,cii ,no4 #a 7,w4 ,,xviii74 ,a small portion ( a facade ( a palace 9 two /ories1 some:at resembl+ ,alb]ti's ,palazzo ,rucellai4--,comp>e ) ?is ,bramante's pa9t$ front ( ! ,casa ,silve/ri1 & a pa9t+ by ,montorfano 9 ,san ,pietro 9 ,gessate at ,milan1 ?ird *apel on ! left h& side & also ) ,bramante's palaces at ,rome4 ,! pila/]s ) arabesques1 ! ru/ica betwe5 !m1 & ! figures ov] ! w9d[ may be pa9t$ or 9 sgraffito4 ,! orig9al is drawn 9 r$ *alk4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxi ,no4 #a 7,,ms4 ,tr4 #db74 ,sket* ( a palace ) battlem5ts & decorations1 mo/ likely graffiti2 ! details rem9d u ( ^? 9 ! ,ca/ello at ,vigevano4 ,footnote #a3 ,c\nt ,,giulio ,,porro1 9 8 valuable contribution to ! ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,lomb>do1 ,anno ,,viii1 ,fasc4 ,,iv 7#ca ,dec4 #ahha73 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,libro di ,annotazioni e ,memorie1 ref]s to ?is 9 ! foll[+ note3 ,alla pag4 #da vi e uno s*izzo di volta ed accanto scrisse3 'il pila/ro s>a *>i*o 9 su #f' e potrebbe d>si *e si rif]isse alla cupola della *iesa delle ,grazie tanto piu *e a pag4 #db vi e un disegno *e rassomiglia assai al basam5to *e oggi si v$e nella p>te e/]na del coro di quella *iesa4 ,?is may h[ev] be d\bt$4 ,! draw+1 "h ref]r$ to1 on page #da ( ! same manuscript1 is reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,c ,no4 #d & describ$ on page #fa z be+ a /udy = ! cupola ( ! ,duomo ( ,milan4 ,j4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,ms4 ,mz4 #j1 conta9s a design = a palace or h\se ) a loggia 9 ! middle ( ! fir/ /ory1 ov] :i* rises an attic ) a ,p$im5t reproduc$ on page #fg4 ,! details drawn close by on ! left seem to indicate an arrangem5t ( c\pl$ columns aga9/ ! wall ( a fir/ /ory4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ad 7,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,ill #gi;a7 conta9s a v slight sket* 9 r$ *alk1 :i* mo/ probably is int5d$ to repres5t ! facade ( a palace4 ,inside is ! %ort note #g he #g 7#g & #g74 ,,ms4 ,j#b #h;a 7see pages #fh ,fig4 #a & #b7 conta9s a view ( an unkn[n palace4 ,its plan is indicat$ at ! side4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,br4 ,m4 #abf;a7see ,fig4 #c on page #fh7 !re is a sket* ( a h\se1 on :i* ,leon>do notes2 casa con tre t]razi 7h\se ) ?ree t]races74 ,pl4 ,,cx1 ,no4 #d 7,,ms4 ,l4 #cf;b7 repres5ts ! front ( a =tifi$ build+ drawn at ,ces5a 9 #aejb 7see ,no4 #ajdj74 ,"h we may also m5tion ! s+ul> build+ 9 ! allegorical composition repres5t$ on ,pl4 ,,lviii 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,9 front ( x appe>s ! head ( a sph9x or ( a dragon :i* seems to be c>ry+ ! palace away4 ,! foll[+ texts ref] to ! con/ruction ( palaces & o!r build+s de/9$ = private use3 #gfj4 ,9 ! c\rty>d ! walls mu/ be half ! height ( its wid?1 t is if ! c\rt be #dj braccia1 ! h\se mu/ be #bj high z reg>ds ! walls ( ! said c\rty>d2 & ?is c\rty>d mu/ be half z wide z ! :ole front4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,ci1 no4 #a1 & comp>e ! dim5sions "h giv51 ) ,no4 #gdh l9es #bf-bi2 & ! draw+ belong+ to x ,pl4 ,,lxxxi1 no4 #b4 ,on ! dispositions ( a /able4 #gfa4 ,,= ,,mak+ ,a ,,clean ,,/able4 ,! mann] 9 :i* "o mu/ arrange a /able4 ,y mu/ fir/ divide its wid? 9 #c p>ts1 its dep? matt]s n2 & let ^! #c divisions be equal & #f braccia broad = ea* "p & #aj high1 & ! middle "p %all be = ! use ( ! /ablema/]s2 ! #b side ones = ! horses1 ea* ( :i* mu/ be #f braccia 9 wid? & #f 9 l5g?1 & be half a braccio high] at ! head ?an beh9d4 ,let ! mang] be at #b braccia f ! gr\nd1 to ! bottom ( ! rack1 #c braccia1 & ! top ( x #d braccia4 ,n[1 9 ord] to atta9 to :at ,i promise1 t is to make ?is place1 contr>y to ! g5]al cu/om1 clean & neat3 z to ! upp] "p ( ! /able1 i4 e4 :]e ! hay is1 t "p mu/ h at its out] end a w9d[ #f braccia high & #f broad1 ?r\gh :i* by simple means ! hay is br\ght up to ! l(t1 z is %[n by ! ma*9e ,e2 & let ?is be erect$ 9 a place #f braccia wide1 & z long z ! /able1 z se5 at k p4 ,! o!r two p>ts1 :i* are on ei!r side ( ?is1 are aga9 divid$2 ^? ne>e/ to ! hay-l(t are #d braccia1 p s1 & only = ! use & circulation ( ! s]vants belong+ to ! /able2 ! o!r two :i* rea* to ! out] walls are #b braccia1 z se5 at s k1 & ^! are made = ! purpose ( giv+ hay to ! mang]s1 by means ( funnels1 n>r[ at ! top & wide ov] ! mang]1 9 ord] t ! hay %\ld n *oke !m4 ,!y mu/ be well pla/]$ & clean & are repres5t$ at #d f s4 ,z to ! giv+ ! horses wat]1 ! tr\ghs mu/ be ( /one & above !m ci/]ns ( wat]4 ,! mang]s may be op5$ z boxes are uncov]$ by rais+ ! lids4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxviii1 ,no4#a4 ,decorations = fea/s4 #gfb4 ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,con/ruct ,a ,,frame-,,"w ,,= ,,decorat+ ,,build+s4 ,! way 9 :i* ! poles ought to be plac$ = ty+ bun*es ( junip] on to !m4 ,^! poles mu/ lie close to ! framework ( ! vault+ & tie ! bun*es on ) osi] )es1 s z to clip !m ev5 aft]w>ds ) %e>s4 ,let ! di/ance f "o circle to ano!r be half a braccia2 & ! junip] sprigs mu/ lie top d[nw>ds1 beg9n+ f bel[4 ,r\nd ?is column tie f\r poles to :i* will[s ab\t z ?ick z a f+] mu/ be nail$ & !n beg9 f ! bottom & "w upw>ds ) bun*es ( junip] sprigs1 ! tops d[nw>ds1 t is upside d[n4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cii1 ,no4 #c4 ,! words "h giv5 z ! title l9e1 l9es #a--d1 are ! la/ 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4--,l9es #e--af are writt5 "u fig4 #d4 #gfc4 ,! wat] %\ld be all[$ to fall f ! :ole circle a b4 ,footnote3 ,o!r draw+s ( f\nta9s are giv5 on ,pl4 ,,ci 7,w4 ,,xx72 ! orig9al is a p5 & ink draw+ on blue pap]2 on ,pl4 ,,ciii 7,,ms4 ,b47 & ,pl4 ,,lxxxii4 ,,vi4 ,/udies ( ar*itectural details4 ,sev]al ( ,leon>do's draw+s ( ar*itectural details prove t1 l o!r great ma/]s ( t p]iod1 he _h devot$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( ! proportion ( su* details4 ,z e organic be+ 9 nature has its law ( con/ruction & gr[?1 ^! ma/]s endeav\r$1 ea* 9 8 way1 to discov] & prove a law ( proportion 9 ar*itecture4 ,! foll[+ notes 9 ,leon>do's manuscripts ref] to ?is subject4 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,ill1 #dg;b 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,a diagram1 indicat+ ! rules z giv5 by ,vitruvius & by ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti = ! proportions ( ! ,attic base ( a column4 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,ill #ee;a 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,diagram %[+ ! same rules4 #gfd4 ,b toro sup]iore 4 4 4 4 4 toro sup]iore #b;,b ne/roli 4 4 4 4 4 4 a/ragali quadre #c;,b orbiculo 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 troclea #d;,b ne/roli 4 4 4 4 4 4 a/ragali quadre #e;,b toro if]iore 4 4 4 4 4 4 toro if]iore #f;,b lata/ro 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 pl9?o ,footnote3 ,no explanation c be (f]$ ( ! mean+ ( ! lett] ,b1 :i* prec$es ea* "n4 ,x may be meant = basa 7base74 ,p]haps x ref]s to "s au?or on ar*itecture or an ar*itect 7,bramante87 :o employ$ ! designations1 ?us m>k$ = ! m\ld+s4 #c4 troclea4 ,phil&]3 ,tro*lea sive tro*alia aut re*anum4 #f4 ,lat]culus or lata/rum is ! ,lat9 "n = ,pl9?us 7pi lambda ,xiv7 b ,vitruvius adopt$ ?is ,greek "n & lata/ro seems to h be5 little 9 use4 ,x is to be f\nd besides ! text giv5 above1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 only two draw+s ( ! ,uffizi ,collection1 :]e 9 "o in/ance1 x indicates ! abacus ( a ,doric capital4 #gfe4 ,,/eps ,,( ,,urrb9o4 ,! pl9? mu/ be z broad z ! ?ickness ( ! wall aga9/ :i* ! pl9? is built4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx ,no4 #c4 ,! ha/y sket* on ! "r h& side illu/rates ! unsatisfactory effect produc$ :5 ! pl9? is n>r[] ?an ! wall4 #gff4 ,! anci5t ar*itects 444444 beg9n+ ) ! ,egyptians 787 :o1 z ,diodorus ,siculus writes1 7 ! fir/ to build & con/ruct l>ge cities & ca/les1 public & private build+s ( f9e =m1 l>ge & well proportion$ 44444 ,! column1 :i* has its ?ickness at ! ?ird "p 4444 ,! "o :i* w\ld be ?9ne/ 9 ! middle1 w\ld break 4442 ! "o :i* is ( equal ?ickness & ( equal /r5g?1 is bett] = ! edifice4 ,! second be/ z to ! usefulness w be ! "o ^: greate/ ?ickness is :]e x jo9s ) ! base4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,ciii1 ,no4 #c1 :]e ! sket*es belong+ to l9es #aj--af are reproduc$1 b rev]s$4 ,! sket* ( columns1 "h reproduc$ by a wood cut1 /&s 9 ! orig9al close to l9es #e--h4 ,! capital mu/ be =m$ 9 ?is way4 ,divide its ?ickness at ! top into #h2 at ! foot make x #e_/g1 & let x be #e_/g high & y w h a squ>e2 aft]w>ds divide ! height into #h p>ts z y did = ! column1 & !n take #a_/h = ! e*9us & ano!r eigh? = ! ?ickness ( ! abacus on ! top ( ! capital4 ,! horns ( ! abacus ( ! capital h to project beyond ! greate/ wid? ( ! bell #b_/g1 i4 e4 sev5?s ( ! top ( ! bell1 s #a_/g falls to ! projection ( ea* horn4 ,! truncat$ "p ( ! horns mu/ be z broad z x is high4 ,i leave ! re/1 t is ! ornam5ts1 to ! ta/e ( ! sculptors4 ,b to return to ! columns & 9 ord] to prove ! reason ( _! /r5g? or weakness accord+ to _! %ape1 ,i say t :5 ! l9es />t+ f ! summit ( ! column & end+ at its base & _! direction & l5g? 4441 _! di/ance ap>t or wid? may be equal2 ,i say t ?is column 444 #gfg4 ,! cyl9d] ( a body column> 9 %ape & its two opposite ends are two circles enclos$ betwe5 p>allel l9es1 & ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d] is a /raight l9e1 end+ at ! c5tre ( ^! circles1 & call$ by ! anci5ts ! axis4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do wrote ^! l9es on ! m>g9 ( a page ( ! ,trattato di ,francesco di ,giorgio1 :]e !re are sev]al draw+s ( columns1 z well z a head drawn 9 pr(ile inside an outl9e sket* ( a capital4 #gfh4 a b is #a_/c ( n m2 m o is #a_/f ( r o4 ,! ovolo projects #a_/f ( r o2 s #g #a_/e ( r o1 a b is divid$ into #i #a_/b2 ! abacus is #c_/i ! ovolo #d_/i1 ! bead-m\ld+ & ! fillet #b_/i & #a_/b4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxxv1 ,no4 #af4 ,9 ! orig9al ! draw+ & writ+ are bo? 9 r$ *alk4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #f 7,,ms4 ,a%4 ,,ii #f;b7 conta9s a small sket* ( a capital ) ! foll[+ note1 writt5 9 ?ree l9es3 ,i *orni del capitelo deono ess]e la qu>ta p>te d'uno quadro 7,! horns ( a capital mu/ measure ! f\r? "p ( a squ>e74 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,iii #gb;b conta9s two sket*es ( ornam5tations ( w9d[s4 ,9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #cjh;a2 #ich;a 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxii ,no4 #a7 !re are sev]al sket*es ( columns4 ,"o ( ! two columns on ! "r is simil> to ^? employ$ by ,bramante at ! ,canonica di ,s4 ,ambrogio4 ,! same columns appe> 9 ! sket* und]nea? ! plan ( a ca/le4 ,!re !y appe> c\pl$1 & 9 two /ories "o above ! o!r4 ,! ar*ivolls :i* seem to spr+ out ( ! columns1 are %ap$ l twi/$ cords1 meant p]haps to be twi/$ bran*es4 ,! walls betwe5 ! columns seem to be =m$ out ( blocks ( wood1 ! p$e/als are ornam5t$ ) a reticulat$ patt]n4 ,f all ?is we may suppose t ,leon>do "h _h 9 m9d ei!r "s fe/ive decoration1 or p]haps a pavilion = "s hunt+ place or p>k4 ,! sket* ( columns m>k$ #ce gives an example ( columns %ap$ l c&elabra1 a =m (t5 employ$ at t "t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,milan1 & ! surr\nd+ di/ricts = in/ance 9 ! ,cortile di ,casa ,ca/iglione n[ ,silve/re1 9 ! ca!dral ( ,como1 at ,porta della ,rana c4 #gfi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,ar*itraves ,,( ,,"o ,,or ,,sev]al ,,pieces4 ,an ar*itrave ( sev]al pieces is /rong] ?an t ( "o s+le piece1 if ^? pieces are plac$ ) _! l5g? 9 ! direction ( ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,?is is prov$ because /ones h _! gra9 or fibre g5]at$ 9 ! contr>y direction i4 e4 9 ! direction ( ! opposite horizons ( ! hemisph]e1 & ?is is contr>y to fibres ( ! plants :i* h 444 ,footnote3 ,! text is incomplete 9 ! orig9al4 ,! ,proportions ( ! /ories ( a build+ are indicat$ by a sket* 9 ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,ii#b #aa;b 7see ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ae74 ,! measures are writt5 on ! left side1 z foll[s3 br #a #a_/b--f #c_/d--;br #a_/ab--b br--#i e #a_/b--a #a_/b--;br #e--o #i--o #c brbraccia2 ooncie4 ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ac 7,,ms4 ,b4 #fb;a7 & ,pl4 ,,xciii ,no4 #a4 7,,ms4 ,b4 #ae;a7 give a few examples ( ar*es support$ on pi]s4 ,,xiii4 ,!oretical writ+s on ,ar*itecture4 ,leon>do's orig9al writ+s on ! !ory ( ,ar*itecture h come d[n to u only 9 a fragm5t>y /ate2 /ill1 !re seems to be no d\bt t he himself did n complete !m4 ,x w\ld seem t ,leon>do ent]ta9$ ! idea ( writ+ a l>ge & connect$ book on ,ar*itecture2 & x is q evid5t t ! mat]ials we possess1 :i* c be prov$ to h be5 writt5 at diff]5t p]iods1 7 not$ d[n ) a m or less def9ite aim & purpose4 ,!y might all be collect$ "u ! "o title3 ,/udies on ! ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials4 ,among !m ! inve/igations on ! subject ( fissures 9 walls are p>ticul>ly ?or\gh1 & v fully report$2 ^! passages are also especially int]e/+1 because ,leon>do 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ writ] on ar*itecture :o ev] treat$ ! subject at all4 ,"h1 z 9 all o!r cases ,leon>do c>efully avoids all ab/ract argum5t4 ,8 data are n d]iv$ f ! pr9ciples ( algebra1 b f ! laws ( me*anics1 & 8 me?od ?r\gh\t is /rictly exp]im5tal4 ,?\gh ! conclusions drawn f 8 inve/igations may n h t precision :i* we are accu/om$ to f9d 9 ,leon>do's sci5tific lab\rs1 _! int]e/ is n less5$4 ,!y prove at any rate 8 deep sagacity & wond]fully cle> m9d4 ,no "o p]haps1 :o has /udi$ ^! que/ions s9ce ,leon>do1 has comb9$ ) a sci5tific m9d any?+ l ! arti/ic delicacy ( p]ception :i* gives int]e/ & lucidity to 8 obs]vations4 ,i d n ass]t t ! arrangem5t "h adopt$ = ! passages 9 "q is t orig9ally int5d$ by ,leon>do2 b _! di/ribution into five gr\ps 0 sugge/$ by ! titles1 or head+s1 :i* ,leon>do himself prefix$ to mo/ ( ^! notes4 ,"s ( ! long] sections p]haps %\ld n1 to be 9 /rict agreem5t ) ?is division1 h be5 reproduc$ 9 _! entirety 9 ! place :]e !y occur4 ,b ! comp>atively small am\nt ( ! mat]ials we possess w r5d] !m1 ev5 s1 suffici5tly intelligible to ! read]2 x did n !re=e seem necess>y or desirable to subdivide ! passages m]ely = ! sake ( /rict classification4 ,! small numb] ( *apt]s giv5 "u ! fif? class1 treat+ on ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ro(-beams1 be>s no proportion to ! numb] ( draw+s & /udies :i* ref] to ! same subject4 ,only a small selection ( ^! are reproduc$ 9 ?is "w s9ce ! majority h no explanatory text4 ,i4 ,,on ,,fissures ,,9 ,,walls4 #ggj4 ,fir/ write ! treatise on ! causes ( ! giv+ way ( walls & !n1 sep>ately1 treat ( ! rem$ies4 ,p>allel fissures con/antly occur 9 build+s :i* are erect$ on a hill side1 :5 ! hill is compos$ ( /ratifi$ rocks ) an oblique /ratification1 because wat] & o!r moi/ure (t5 p5etrates ^! oblique seams c>ry+ 9 greasy & slipp]y soil2 & z ! /rata are n cont9u\s d[n to ! bottom ( ! valley1 ! rocks slide 9 ! direction ( ! slope1 & ! motion does n cease till !y h rea*$ ! bottom ( ! valley1 c>ry+ ) !m1 z ?\gh 9 a boat1 t portion ( ! build+ :i* is sep>at$ by !m f ! re/4 ,! rem$y = ?is is always to build ?ick pi]s "u ! wall :i* is slipp+1 ) ar*es f "o to ano!r1 & ) a good sc>p & let ! pi]s h a firm f\ndation 9 ! /rata s t !y may n break away f !m4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! solid "p ( ^! /rata1 x is necess>y to make a %aft at ! foot ( ! wall ( great dep? ?r\gh ! /rata2 & 9 ?is %aft1 on ! side f :i* ! hill slopes1 smoo? & flatt5 a space "o palm wide f ! top to ! bottom2 & aft] "s "t ?is smoo? portion made on ! side ( ! %aft1 w %[ pla9ly :i* "p ( ! hill is mov+4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,civ4 #gga4 ,! cracks 9 walls w nev] be p>allel unless ! "p ( ! wall t sep>ates f ! rema9d] does n slip d[n4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,law ,,by ,,:i* ,,build+s ,,h ,,/ability4 ,! /ability ( build+s is ! result ( ! contr>y law to ! two =m] cases4 ,t is to say t ! walls mu/ be all built up equally1 & by degrees1 to equal heights all r\nd ! build+1 & ! :ole ?ickness at once1 :atev] k9d ( walls !y may be4 ,& al?\gh a ?9 wall dries m quickly ?an a ?ick "o x w n necess>ily give way "u ! add$ weight day by day & ?us1 #af al?\gh a ?9 wall dries m quickly ?an a ?ick "o1 x w n give way "u ! weight :i* ! latt] may acquire f day to day4 ,because if d\ble ! am\nt ( x dries 9 "o day1 "o ( d\ble ! ?ickness w dry 9 two days or !reab\ts2 ?us ! small addition ( weight w be balanc$ by ! small] diff]5ce ( "t #ah4 ,! adv]s>y says t a :i* projects1 slips d[n4 ,& "h ! adv]s>y says t r slips & n c4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,progno/icate ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,cracks ,,9 ,,any ,,sort ,,( ,,wall4 ,! "p ( ! wall :i* does n slip is t 9 :i* ! obliquity projects & ov]hangs ! portion :i* has p>t$ f x & slipp$ d[n4 ,,on ,,! ,,situation ,,( ,,f\ndations ,,& ,,9 ,,:at ,,places ,,!y ,,are ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,ru94 ,:5 ! crevice 9 ! wall is wid] at ! top ?an at ! bottom1 x is a manife/ sign1 t ! cause ( ! fissure 9 ! wall is remote f ! p]p5dicul> l9e ?r\gh ! crevice4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-e ref] to ,pl4 ,,cv1 ,no4 #b4 ,l9e #i alle due anteci$ete1 see on ! same page4 ,l9es #af-ah4 ,! translation ( ?is is d\btful1 & ! mean+ 9 any case v obscure4 ,l9es #ai-bc are on ! "r h& m>g9 close to ! two sket*es on ,pl4 ,,cii1 ,no4 #c4 #ggb4 ,,( ,,cracks ,,9 ,,walls1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,wide ,,at ,,! ,,bottom ,,& ,,n>r[ ,,at ,,! ,,top ,,& ,,( ,,_! ,,causes4 ,t wall :i* does n dry uni=mly 9 an equal "t1 always cracks4 ,a wall ?\gh ( equal ?ickness w n dry ) equal quickness if x is n ev]y:]e 9 contact ) ! same m$ium4 ,?us1 if "o side ( a wall 7 9 contact ) a damp slope & ! o!r 7 9 contact ) ! air1 !n ?is latt] side w\ld rema9 ( ! same size z be=e2 t side :i* dries 9 ! air w %r9k or dim9i% & ! side :i* is kept damp w n dry4 ,& ! dry portion w break away readily f ! damp portion because ! damp "p n %r9k+ 9 ! same proportion does n coh]e & foll[ ! movem5t ( ! "p :i* dries cont9u\sly4 ,,( ,,ar*$ ,,cracks1 ,,wide ,,at ,,! ,,top1 ,,& ,,n>r[ ,,bel[4 ,ar*$ cracks1 wide at ! top & n>r[ bel[ are f\nd 9 wall$-up doors1 :i* %r9k m 9 _! height ?an 9 _! bread?1 & 9 proportion z _! height is great] ?an _! wid?1 & z ! jo9ts ( ! mort> are m num]\s 9 ! height ?an 9 ! wid?4 ,! crack dim9i%es less 9 r o ?an 9 m n1 9 proportion z !re is less mat]ial betwe5 r & o ?an betwe5 n & m4 ,any crack made 9 a concave wall is wide bel[ & n>r[ at ! top2 & ?is orig9ates1 z is "h %[n at b c d1 9 ! side figure4 #a4 ,t :i* gets wet increases 9 proportion to ! moi/ure x imbibes4 #b4 ,& a wet object %r9ks1 :ile dry+1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* evaporates f x4 ,footnote3 ,! text ( ?is passage is reproduc$ 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,cvi to ! left4 ,l4 #cf-dj are writt5 inside ! sket* ,no4 #b4 ,l4 #da-df are p>tly writt5 ov] ! sket* ,no4 #c to :i* !y ref]4 #ggc4 ,,( ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,fissures ,,9 ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,build+s4 ,! walls give way 9 cracks1 "s ( :i* are m or less v]tical & o!rs are oblique4 ,! cracks :i* are 9 a v]tical direction are caus$ by ! jo9+ ( new walls1 ) old walls1 :e!r /raight or ) ind5tations fitt+ on to ^? ( ! old wall2 =1 z ^! ind5tations _c be> ! too great weight ( ! wall add$ on to !m1 x is inevitable t !y %\ld break1 & give way to ! settl+ ( ! new wall1 :i* w %r9k "o braccia 9 e t51 m or less1 accord+ to ! great] or small] quantity ( mort> us$ betwe5 ! /ones ( ! masonry1 & :e!r ?is mort> is m or less liquid4 ,& obs]ve1 t ! walls %\ld always be built fir/ & !n fac$ ) ! /ones int5d$ to face !m4 ,=1 if y d n proce$ ?us1 s9ce ! wall settles m ?an ! /one fac+1 ! projections left on ! sides ( ! wall mu/ inevitably give way2 because ! /ones us$ = fac+ ! wall be+ l>g] ?an ^? ov] :i* !y are laid1 !y w necess>ily h less mort> laid betwe5 ! jo9ts1 & consequ5tly !y settle less2 & ?is _c happ5 if ! fac+ is add$ aft] ! wall is dry4 a b ! new wall1 c ! old wall1 :i* has already settl$2 & ! "p a b settles aft]w>ds1 al?\gh a1 be+ f\nd$ on c1 ! old wall1 _c possibly break1 hav+ a /able f\ndation on ! old wall4 ,b only ! rema9d] b ( ! new wall w break away1 because x is built f top to bottom ( ! build+2 & ! rema9d] ( ! new wall w ov]hang ! gap above ! wall t has sunk4 #ggd4 ,a new t[] f\nd$ p>tly on old masonry4 #gge4 ,,( ,,/ones ,,:i* ,,disjo9 ,,!mselves ,,f ,,_! ,,mort>4 ,/ones laid 9 regul> c\rses f bottom to top & built up ) an equal quantity ( mort> settle equally ?r\gh\t1 :5 ! moi/ure t made ! mort> s(t evaporates4 ,by :at is said above x is prov$ t ! small ext5t ( ! new wall betwe5 ,a & n w settle b little1 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! same wall betwe5 c & d4 ,! proportion w 9 fact be t ( ! ?9ness ( ! mort> 9 relation to ! numb] ( c\rses or to ! quantity ( mort> laid betwe5 ! /ones above ! diff]5t levels ( ! old wall4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cv1 ,no4 #a4 ,! top ( ! t[] is want+ 9 ?is reproduction1 & ) x ! lett] n :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 /&s above ! lett] ,a ov] ! top ( ! t[]1 :ile c /&s p]p5dicul>ly ov] d4 #ggf4 ,?is wall w break "u ! ar* e f1 because ! sev5 :ole squ>e bricks are n suffici5t to su/a9 ! spr+ ( ! ar* plac$ on !m4 ,& ^! sev5 bricks w give way 9 _! middle exactly z appe>s 9 a b4 ,! reason is1 t ! brick a has above x only ! weight a k1 :il/ ! la/ brick "u ! ar* has above x ! weight c d x a4 c d seems to press on ! ar* t[>ds ! abutm5t at ! po9t p b ! weight p o opposes resi/5ce to x1 :5ce ! :ole pressure is transmitt$ to ! root ( ! ar*4 ,!re=e ! foot ( ! ar* acts l #g #f1 :i* is m ?an d\ble ( x z4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,fissures ,,9 ,,ni*es4 #ggg4 ,,on ,,fissures ,,9 ,,ni*es4 ,an ar* con/ruct$ on a semicircle & be>+ weights on ! two opposite ?irds ( its curve w give way at five po9ts ( ! curve4 ,to prove ?is let ! weights be at n m :i* w break ! ar* a1 b1 f4 ,i say t1 by ! =ego+1 z ! extremities c & a are equally press$ ^u by ! ?ru/ n1 x foll[s1 by ! #e?1 t ! ar* w give way at ! po9t :i* is fur!/ f ! two =ces act+ on !m & t is ! middle e4 ,! same is to be und]/ood ( ! opposite curve1 d g b2 h5ce ! weights n m mu/ s9k1 b !y _c s9k by ! #g?1 )\t com+ clos] toge!r1 & !y _c come toge!r unless ! extremities ( ! ar* betwe5 !m come clos]1 & if ^! draw toge!r ! cr[n ( ! ar* mu/ break2 & ?us ! ar* w give way 9 two places z 0 at fir/ said c4 ,i ask1 giv5 a weight at a :at c\nt]acts x 9 ! direction n f & by :at weight mu/ ! weight at f be c\nt]act$4 #ggh4 ,,on ,,! ,,%r9k+ ,,( ,,damp ,,bodies ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,?ickness ,,& ,,wid?4 ,! w9d[ a is ! cause ( ! crack at b2 & ?is crack is increas$ by ! pressure ( n & m :i* s9k or p5etrate into ! soil 9 :i* f\ndations are built m ?an ! light] portion at b4 ,besides1 ! old f\ndation "u b has already settl$1 & ?is ! pi]s n & m h n yet done4 ,h5ce ! "p b does n settle d[n p]p5dicul>ly2 on ! contr>y1 x is ?r[n outw>ds obliquely1 & x _c on ! contr>y be ?r[n inw>ds1 because a portion l ?is1 sep>at$ f ! ma9 wall1 is l>g] outside ?an inside & ! ma9 wall1 :]e x is brok51 is ( ! same %ape & is also l>g] outside ?an inside2 !re=e1 if ?is sep>ate portion 7 to fall inw>ds ! l>g] w\ld h to pass ?r\gh ! small]--:i* is impossible4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t ! portion ( ! semicircul> wall :5 disunit$ f ! ma9 wall w be ?ru/ outw>ds1 & n inw>ds z ! adv]s>y says4 ,:5 a dome or a half-dome is cru%$ f above by an excess ( weight ! vault w give way1 =m+ a crack :i* dim9i%es t[>ds ! top & is wide bel[1 n>r[ on ! inn] side & wide outside2 z is ! case ) ! out] husk ( a pomegranate1 divid$ into _m p>ts l5g?wise2 = ! m x is press$ 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 t "p ( ! jo9ts w op5 mo/1 :i* is mo/ di/ant f ! cause ( ! pressure2 & = t reason ! ar*es ( ! vaults ( any apse %\ld nev] be m load$ ?an ! ar*es ( ! pr9cipal build+4 ,because t :i* weighs mo/1 presses mo/ on ! p>ts bel[1 & !y s9k into ! f\ndations2 b ?is _c happ5 to light] /ructures l ! said apses4 ,footnote3 ,! figure on ,pl4 ,,cv1 ,no4 #d belongs to ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is passage1 l9es #a-ad2 fig4 #e is sket*$ by ! side ( l9es l#e--;& foll[+4 ,! sket* bel[ ( a pomegranate ref]s to l9e #bb4 ,! draw+ fig4 #f is1 9 ! orig9al1 ov] l9e #cg & fig4 #g ov] l9e #ed4 ,:i* ( ^! two cubes w %r9k ! m uni=mly3 ! cube ,a re/+ on ! pavem5t1 or ! cube b susp5d$ 9 ! air1 :5 bo? cubes are equal 9 weight & bulk1 & ( clay mix$ ) equal quantities ( wat]8 ,! cube plac$ on ! pavem5t dim9i%es m 9 height ?an 9 bread?1 :i* ! cube above1 hang+ 9 ! air1 _c d4 ,?us x is prov$4 ,! cube %[n above is bett] %[n "h bel[4 ,! f9al result ( ! two cyl9d]s ( damp clay t is a & b w be ! pyramidal figures bel[ c & d4 ,?is is prov$ ?us3 ,! cyl9d] a re/+ on block ( /one be+ made ( clay mix$ ) a great deal ( wat] w s9k by its weight1 :i* presses on its base1 & 9 proportion z x settles & spreads all ! p>ts w be some:at ne>] to ! base because t is *>g$ ) ! :ole weight4 ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,ar*4 #ggi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,an ,,ar*8 ,! ar* is no?+ else ?an a =ce orig9at$ by two weaknesses1 = ! ar* 9 build+s is compos$ ( two segm5ts ( a circle1 ea* ( :i* be+ v weak 9 itself t5ds to fall2 b z ea* opposes ?is t5d5cy 9 ! o!r1 ! two weaknesses comb9e to =m "o /r5g?4 ,,( ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,pressure ,,9 ,,ar*es4 ,z ! ar* is a composite =ce x rema9s 9 equilibrium because ! ?ru/ is equal f bo? sides2 & if "o ( ! segm5ts weighs m ?an ! o!r ! /ability is lo/1 because ! great] pressure w outweigh ! less]4 ,,( ,,di/ribut+ ,,! ,,pressure ,,above ,,an ,,ar*4 ,next to giv+ ! segm5ts ( ! circle equal weight x is necess>y to load !m equally1 or y w fall into ! same defect z be=e4 ,,:]e ,,an ,,ar* ,,breaks4 ,an ar* breaks at ! "p :i* lies bel[ half way f ! c5tre4 ,,second ,,rupture ,,( ,,! ,,ar*4 ,if ! excess ( weight be plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! ar* at ! po9t a1 t weight t5ds to fall t[>ds b1 & ! ar* breaks at #b_/c ( its height at c e2 & g e is z _m times /rong] ?an e a1 z m o goes into m n4 ,,on ,,ano!r ,,cause ,,( ,,ru94 ,! ar* w likewise give way "u a transv]sal ?ru/1 = :5 ! *>ge is n ?r[n directly on ! foot ( ! ar*1 ! ar* la/s b a %ort "t4 #ghj4 ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,ar*4 ,! way to give /ability to ! ar* is to fill ! sp&rils ) good masonry up to ! level ( its summit4 ,,on ,,! ,,load+ ,,( ,,r\nd ,,ar*es4 ,,on ,,! ,,prop] ,,mann] ,,( ,,load+ ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,ar*4 ,,on ,,! ,,evil ,,effects ,,( ,,load+ ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,ar* ,,directly ,,above ,,its ,,cr[n4 ,,on ,,! ,,damage ,,done ,,to ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,ar* ,,by ,,?r[+ ,,! ,,pressure ,,on ,,! ,,flanks4 ,an ar* ( small curve is safe 9 itself1 b if x be heavily *>g$1 x is necess>y to /r5g!n ! flanks well4 ,an ar* ( a v l>ge curve is weak 9 itself1 & /rong] if x be *>g$1 & w d little h>m to its abutm5ts1 & its places ( giv+ way are o p4 ,footnote3 ,inside ! l>ge figure on ! righi is ! note3 ,da pes>e la =za dell' ar*o4 #gha4 ,,on ,,! ,,rem$y ,,= ,,e>?quakes4 ,! ar* :i* ?r[s its pressure p]p5dicul>ly on ! abutm5ts w fulfil its function :atev] be its direction1 upside d[n1 sideways or upright4 ,! ar* w n break if ! *ord ( ! out] ar* does n t\* ! inn] ar*4 ,?is is manife/ by exp]i5ce1 because :5ev] ! *ord a o n ( ! out] ar* n r a approa*es ! inn] ar* x b y ! ar* w be weak1 & x w be weak] 9 proportion z ! inn] ar* passes beyond t *ord4 ,:5 an ar* is load$ only on "o side ! ?ru/ w press on ! top ( ! o!r side & be transmitt$ to ! spr+ ( ! ar* on t side2 & x w break at a po9t half way betwe5 its two extremes1 :]e x is f>!/ f ! *ord4 #ghb4 ,a cont9u\s body :i* has be5 =cibly b5t into an ar*1 ?ru/s 9 ! direction ( ! /raight l9e1 :i* x t5ds to recov]4 #ghc4 ,9 an ar* judici\sly weight$ ! ?ru/ is oblique1 s t ! triangle c n b has no weight ^u x4 #ghd4 ,i "h ask :at weight w be ne$$ to c\nt]poise & resi/ ! t5d5cy ( ea* ( ^! ar*es to give way8 ,footnote3 ,! two l[] sket*es are tak5 f ! ,,ms4 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,iii1 #aj;a2 !y h !re no explanatory text4 #ghe4 ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,ar* ,,9 ,,ar*itecture4 ,! /ability ( ! ar* built by an ar*itect resides 9 ! tie & 9 ! flanks4 ,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,tie ,,9 ,,! ,,above ,,nam$ ,,ar*4 ,! position ( ! tie is ( ! same importance at ! beg9n+ ( ! ar* & at ! top ( ! p]p5dicul> pi] on :i* x re/s4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #bnd ( supports :i* says3 t "p ( a support has lea/ resi/ance :i* is f>!/ f its solid atta*m5t2 h5ce1 z ! top ( ! pi] is f>!/ f ! middle ( its true f\ndation & ! same be+ ! case at ! opposite extremities ( ! ar* :i* are ! po9ts f>!/ f ! middle1 :i* is really its upp] atta*m5t1 we h conclud$ t ! tie a b requires to be 9 su* a position z t its opposite ends are betwe5 ! f\r above-m5tion$ extremes4 ,! adv]s>y says t ?is ar* mu/ be m ?an half a circle1 & t !n x w n ne$ a tie1 because !n ! ends w n ?ru/ outw>ds b inw>ds1 z is se5 9 ! excess at a c1 b d4 ,to ?is x mu/ be answ]$ t ?is w\ld be a v poor device1 = ?ree reasons4 ,! fir/ ref]s to ! /r5g? ( ! ar*1 s9ce x is prov$ t ! circul> p>allel be+ compos$ ( two semicircles w only break :]e ^! semicircles cross ea* o!r1 z is se5 9 ! figure n m2 besides ?is x foll[s t !re is a wid] space betwe5 ! extremes ( ! semicircle ?an betwe5 ! plane ( ! walls2 ! ?ird reason is t ! weight plac$ to c\nt]balance ! /r5g? ( ! ar* dim9i%es 9 proportion z ! pi]s ( ! ar* are wid] ?an ! space betwe5 ! pi]s4 ,f\r?ly 9 proportion z ! p>ts at c a b d turn outw>ds1 ! pi]s are weak] to support ! ar* above !m4 ,! #e? is t all ! mat]ial & weight ( ! ar* :i* are 9 excess ( ! semicircle are useless & inde$ mis*iev\s2 & "h x is to be not$ t ! weight plac$ above ! ar* w be m likely to break ! ar* at a b1 :]e ! curve ( ! excess beg9s t is add$ to ! semicircle1 ?an if ! pi] 7 /raight up to its junction ) ! semicircle spr+ ( ! ar*4 ,,an ,,ar* ,,load$ ,,ov] ,,! ,,cr[n ,,w ,,give ,,way ,,at ,,! ,,left ,,h& ,,& ,,"r ,,h& ,,qu>t]s4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #g? ( ?is :i* says3 ,! opposite ends ( ! support are equally press$ ^u by ! weight susp5d$ to !m2 h5ce ! weight %[n at f is felt at b c1 t is half at ea* extremity2 & by ! ?ird :i* says3 9 a support ( equal /r5g? ?r\gh\t t portion w give way soone/ :i* is f>!/ f its atta*m5t2 :5ce x foll[s t d be+ equally di/ant f f1 e 44444 ,if ! c5t]+ ( ! ar* does n settle z ! ar* settles1 ! mort>1 z x dries1 w %r9k & deta* itself f ! bricks betwe5 :i* x 0 laid to keep !m toge!r2 & z x ?us leaves !m disjo9$ ! vault w rema9 loosely built1 & ! ra9s w soon de/roy x4 #ghf4 ,,on ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,ar*es1 ,,& ,,:]e ,,!y ,,are ,,/rong ,,or ,,weak2 ,,& ,,! ,,same ,,z ,,to ,,columns4 ,t "p ( ! ar* :i* is ne>] to ! horizontal (f]s lea/ resi/ance to ! weight plac$ on x4 ,:5 ! triangle a z n1 by settl+1 drives backw>ds ! #b_/c ( ea* #a_/b circle t is a s & 9 ! same way z m1 ! reason is t a is p]p5dicul>ly ov] b & s likewise z is above f4 ,ei!r half ( an ar*1 if ov]weight$1 w break at #b_/c ( its height1 ! po9t :i* corresponds to ! p]p5dicul> l9e above ! middle ( its bases1 z is se5 at a b2 & ?is happ5s because ! weight t5ds to fall pa/ ! po9t r4--,& if1 aga9/ its nature x %\ld t5d to fall t[>ds ! po9t s ! ar* n s w\ld break precisely 9 its middle4 ,if ! ar* n s 7 ( a s+le piece ( timb]1 if ! weight plac$ at n %\ld t5d to fall 9 ! l9e n m1 ! ar* w\ld break 9 ! middle ( ! ar* e m1 o!rwise x w break at "o ?ird f ! top at ! po9t a because f a to n ! ar* is ne>] to ! horizontal ?an f a to o & f o to s1 9 proportion z p t is great] ?an t n1 a o w be /rong] ?an a n & likewise 9 proportion z s o is /rong] ?an o a1 r p w be great] ?an p t4 ,! ar* :i* is d\bl$ to f\r times ( its ?ickness w be> f\r times ! weight t ! s+le ar* c\ld c>ry1 & m 9 proportion z ! diamet] ( its ?ickness goes a small] numb] ( times into its l5g?4 ,t is to say t if ! ?ickness ( ! s+le ar* goes t5 times into its l5g?1 ! ?ickness ( ! d\bl$ ar* w g five times into its l5g?4 ,h5ce z ! ?ickness ( ! d\ble ar* goes only half z _m times into its l5g? z t ( ! s+le ar* does1 x is reasonable t x %\ld c>ry half z mu* m weight z x w\ld h to c>ry if x 7 9 direct proportion to ! s+le ar*4 ,h5ce z ?is d\ble ar* has #d times ! ?ickness ( ! s+le ar*1 x w\ld seem t x ought to be> #d times ! weight2 b by ! above rule x is %[n t x w be> exactly #h times z mu*4 ,,t ,,pi]1 ,,:i* is ,,*>g$ ,,mo/ ,,unequally1 ,,w ,,soone/ ,,give ,,way4 ,! column c b1 be+ *>g$ ) an equal weight1 on ea* side w be mo/ durable1 & ! o!r two outw>d columns require on ! "p outside ( _! c5tre z mu* pressure z !re is inside ( _! c5tre1 t is1 f ! c5tre ( ! column1 t[>ds ! middle ( ! ar*4 ,ar*es :i* dep5d on *a9s = _! support w n be v durable4 ,,t ,,ar* ,,w ,,be ,,( ,,long] ,,duration ,,:i* ,,has ,a ,,good ,,abutm5t ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,its ,,?ru/4 ,! ar* itself t5ds to fall4 ,if ! ar* be #cj braccia & ! int]val betwe5 ! walls :i* c>ry x be #bj1 we "k t #cj _c pass ?r\gh ! #bj unless #bj becomes likewise #cj4 ,h5ce ! ar* be+ cru%$ by ! excess ( weight1 & ! walls (f]+ insuffici5t resi/ance1 "p1 & af=d room betwe5 !m1 = ! fall ( ! ar*4 ,b if y d n wi% to /r5g!n ! ar* ) an iron tie y mu/ give x su* abutm5ts z c resi/ ! ?ru/2 & y c d ?is ?us3 fill up ! sp&rels m n ) /ones1 & direct ! l9es ( ! jo9ts betwe5 !m to ! c5tre ( ! circle ( ! ar*1 & ! reason :y ?is makes ! ar* durable is ?is4 ,we "k v well t if ! ar* is load$ ) an excess ( weight above its qu>t] z a b1 ! wall f g w be ?ru/ outw>ds because ! ar* w\ld yield 9 t direction2 if ! o!r qu>t] b c 7 load$1 ! wall f g w\ld be ?ru/ inw>ds1 if x 7 n = ! l9e ( /ones x y :i* resi/s ?is4 #ghg4 ,,plan4 ,"h x is %[n h[ ! ar*es made 9 ! side ( ! octagon ?ru/ ! pi]s ( ! angles outw>ds1 z is %[n by ! l9e h c & by ! l9e t d :i* ?ru/ out ! pi] m2 t is !y t5d to =ce x away f ! c5tre ( su* an octagon4 #ghh4 ,an ,exp]im5t to %[ t a weight plac$ on an ar* does n dis*>ge itself entirely on its columns2 on ! contr>y ! great] ! weight plac$ on ! ar*es1 ! less ! ar* transmits ! weight to ! columns4 ,! exp]im5t is ! foll[+4 ,let a man be plac$ on a /eel y>d 9 ! middle ( ! %aft ( a well1 !n let him spread out 8 h&s & feet betwe5 ! walls ( ! well1 & y w see him weigh mu* less on ! /eel y>d2 give him a weight on ! %\ld]s1 y w see by exp]im5t1 t ! great] ! weight y give him ! great] ef=t he w make 9 spread+ 8 arms & legs1 & 9 press+ aga9/ ! wall & ! less weight w be ?r[n on ! /eel y>d4 ,,iv4 ,,on ,,f\ndations1 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,gr\nd ,,& ,,supports4 #ghi4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ?+ is /ability4 ,z to ! f\ndations ( ! compon5t p>ts ( temples & o!r public build+s1 ! dep?s ( ! f\ndations mu/ be> ! same proportions to ea* o!r z ! weight ( mat]ial :i* is to be plac$ ^u !m4 ,e "p ( ! dep? ( e>? 9 a giv5 space is compos$ ( lay]s1 & ea* lay] is compos$ ( heavi] or light] mat]ials1 ! l[e/ be+ ! heavie/4 ,& ?is c be prov$1 because ^! lay]s h be5 =m$ by ! s$im5t f wat] c>ri$ d[n to ! sea1 by ! curr5t ( riv]s :i* fl[ into x4 ,! heavie/ "p ( ?is s$im5t 0 t :i* 0 fir/ ?r[n d[n1 & s on by degrees2 & ?is is ! action ( wat] :5 x becomes /agnant1 hav+ fir/ br\ght d[n ! mud :5ce x fir/ fl[$4 ,& su* lay]s ( soil are se5 9 ! banks ( riv]s1 :]e _! con/ant fl[ has cut ?r\gh !m & divid$ "o slope f ! o!r to a great dep?2 :]e 9 gravelly /rata ! wat]s h run (f1 ! mat]ials h1 9 consequ5ce1 dri$ & be5 conv]t$ into h>d /one1 & ?is happ5$ mo/ 9 :at 0 ! f9e/ mud2 :5ce we conclude t e portion ( ! surface ( ! e>? 0 once at ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & vicev]sa c4 #gij4 ,! heavie/ "p ( ! f\ndations ( build+s settles mo/1 & leaves ! light] "p above x sep>at$ f x4 ,& ! soil :i* is mo/ press$1 if x be por\s yields mo/4 ,y %\ld always make ! f\ndations project equally beyond ! weight ( ! walls & pi]s1 z %[n at m a b4 ,if y d z _m d1 t is to say if y make a f\ndation ( equal wid? f ! bottom up to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & *>ge x above ) unequal weights1 z %[n at b e & at e o1 at ! "p ( ! f\ndation at b e1 ! pi] ( ! angle w weigh mo/ & ?ru/ its f\ndation d[nw>ds1 :i* ! wall at e o w n d2 s9ce x does n cov] ! :ole ( its f\ndation1 & !re=e ?ru/s less heavily & settles less4 ,h5ce1 ! pi] b e 9 settl+ cracks & p>ts f ! wall e o4 ,?is may be se5 9 mo/ build+s :i* are crack$ r\nd ! pi]s4 #gia4 ,! w9d[ a is well plac$ "u ! w9d[ c1 & ! w9d[ b is badly plac$ "u ! pi] d1 because ?is latt] is )\t support & f\ndation2 m9d !re=e nev] to make a break "u ! pi]s betwe5 ! w9d[s4 #gib4 ,,( ,,! ,,supports4 ,a pill> ( :i* ! ?ickness is increas$ w ga9 m ?an its due /r5g?1 9 direct proportion to :at its loses 9 relative height4 ,,example4 ,if a pill> %\ld be n9e times z high z x is broad--t is to say1 if x is "o braccio ?ick1 accord+ to rule x %\ld be n9e braccia high--!n1 if y place #ajj su* pill>s toge!r 9 a mass ?is w be t5 braccia broad & #i high2 & if ! fir/ pill> c\ld c>ry #ajjjj p\nds ! second be+ only ab\t z high z x is wide1 & ?us lack+ #h p>ts ( its prop] l5g?1 x1 t is to say1 ea* pill> ?us unit$1 w be> eight times m ?an :5 disconnect$2 t is to say1 t if at fir/ x w\ld c>ry t5 ?\s& p\nds1 x w\ld n[ c>ry #ij ?\s&4 ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,beams4 #gic4 ,t angle w (f] ! greate/ resi/ance :i* is mo/ acute1 & ! mo/ obtuse w be ! weake/4 ,footnote3 ,! ?ree small] sket*es accompany ! text 9 ! orig9al1 b ! l>g] "o is n directly connect$ ) x4 ,x is to be f\nd on fol4 #hi;a ( ! same ,manuscript & !re we read 9 a note1 writt5 und]nea?1 cov]*io della p]di*a del ca/ello 7ro( ( ! flag/aff ( ! ca/le71--,comp>e also ,pl4 ,,xciii1 ,no4 #a4 #gid4 ,if ! beams & ! weight o are #ajj p\nds1 h[ mu* weight w be want$ at ae to resi/ su* a weight1 t x may n fall d[n8 #gie4 ,,on ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,beams4 ,t beam :i* is m ?an #bj times z long z its greate/ ?ickness w be ( brief duration & w break 9 half2 & rememb]1 t ! "p built into ! wall %\ld be /eep$ 9 hot pit* & fillet$ ) oak bo>ds likewise s /eep$4 ,ea* beam mu/ pass ?r\gh its walls & be secur$ beyond ! walls ) suffici5t *a9+1 because 9 consequ5ce ( e>?quakes ! beams are (t5 se5 to come out ( ! walls & br+ d[n ! walls & floors2 :il/ if !y are *a9$ !y w hold ! walls /rongly toge!r & ! walls w hold ! floors4 ,aga9 ,i rem9d y nev] to put pla/] ov] timb]4 ,s9ce by expansion & %r9k+ ( ! timb] produc$ by damp & dryness su* floors (t5 crack1 & once crack$ _! divisions gradually produce du/ & an ugly effect4 ,aga9 rememb] n to lay a floor on beams support$ on ar*es2 =1 9 "t ! floor :i* is made on beams settles some:at 9 ! middle :ile t "p ( ! floor :i* re/s on ! ar*es rema9s 9 its place2 h5ce1 floors laid ov] two k9ds ( supports look1 9 "t1 z if !y 7 made 9 hills ,footnote3 #ai ,m4 ,,ravaisson1 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a gives a v diff]5t r5d]+ ( ?is passage translat+ x ?us3 ,les plan*]s qui sont s\t5us p> deux diff]5tes natures de supports p>aiss5t avec le temps faits en v\te a *olli4 ,rem>ks on ! /yle ( ,leon>do's ar*itecture4 ,a few rem>ks may "h be add$ on ! /yle ( ,leon>do's ar*itectural /udies4 ,h[ev] incomplete1 h[ev] small 9 scale1 !y all[ u to e/abli% a c]ta9 numb] ( facts & probabilities1 well wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,:5 ,leon>do began 8 /udies ! great "n ( ,brunellesco 0 /ill ! inspiration ( all ,flor5ce1 & we _c d\bt t ,leon>do 0 op5 to x1 s9ce we f9d among 8 sket*es ! plan ( ! *ur* ( ,santo ,spirito,footnote #a3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #b4 ,!n only 9 c\rse ( erection aft] ! designs ( ,brunellesco1 ?\gh he 0 already dead2 f9i%$ 9 #adha4 & a lat]al view ( ,san ,lor5zo 7,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #a71 a plan almo/ id5tical ) ! *apel ,degli ,angeli1 only begun by him 7,pl4 ,,xciv1 ,no4 #c7 :ile among ,leon>do's designs = domes sev]al cle>ly betray ! influ5ce ( ,brunellesco's ,cupola & ! lant]n ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore,footnote #b3 ,a small sket* ( ! t[] ( ! ,palazzo della ,signoria 7,,ms4 ,c4,a4 #cji7 proves t he also /udi$ m$iaeval monum5ts4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! second p]iod ( mod]n ,italian ar*itecture falls dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,leon>do's life4 ,h[ev] ! new impetus giv5 by ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti ei!r 0 n g5]ally und]/ood by 8 contempor>ies1 or ^? :o appreciat$ x1 _h no opportunity ( %[+ t !y did s4 ,x 0 only :5 tak5 up by ,bramante & develop$ by him to ! highe/ rank ( mod]n ar*itecture t ?is new influ5ce 0 g5]ally felt4 ,n[ ! peculi> feature ( ,leon>do's sket*es is t1 l ! works ( ,bramante1 !y appe> to be ! developm5t & cont9uation ( ,alb]ti's4 ,b a "q "h occurs :i* is difficult to answ]4 ,did ,leon>do1 till he quitt$ ,flor5ce1 foll[ ! direction giv5 by ! dom9ant s*ool ( ,brunellesco1 :i* w\ld !n h giv5 rise to 8 ,fir/ mann]1 or _h he1 ev5 be=e he left ,flor5ce1 felt ,alb]ti's influ5ce--ei!r ?r\gh 8 works 7,palazzo ,ruccellai1 & ! front ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella7 or ?r\gh p]sonal int]c\rse8 ,or 0 x n till he w5t to ,milan t ,alb]ti's "w began to impress him ?r\gh ,bramante1 :o probably _h kn[n ,alb]ti at ,mantua ab\t #adgj & :o n only c>ri$ out ,alb]ti's views & ideas1 b1 by 8 designs = ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 prov$ himself ! greate/ ( mod]n ar*itects4 ,:5 ,leon>do w5t to ,milan ,bramante _h already be5 liv+ !re = _m ye>s4 ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ works 9 ,milan 0 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia presso ,san ,satiro1 ,via del ,falcone,footnote #a3 ,evid5ce ( ?is ,i int5d to give lat] on 9 a ,life ( ,bramante1 :i* ,i h 9 prep>ation44 ,n[ we f9d among ,leon>dos /udies ( ,cupolas on ,plates ,,lxxxiv & ,,lxxxv & 9 ,pl4 ,,lxxx sev]al sket*es :i* seem to me to h be5 sugge/$ by ,bramante's dome ( ?is *ur*4 ,! ,,mss4 ,b & ,a%4 ,,ii conta9 ! plans ( ,s4 ,sepolcro1 ! pavilion 9 ! g>d5 ( ! duke ( ,milan1 & two *ur*es1 evid5tly inspir$ by ! *ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo at ,milan4 ,,ms4 ,b4 conta9s besides two notes relat+ to ,pavia1 "o ( !m a design = ! sacri/y ( ! ,ca!dral at ,pavia1 :i* _c be suppos$ to be dat$ lat] ?an #adib1 & x has probably "s relation to ,leon>do's call to ,pavia ,june #ba1 #adij;,footnote #b3 ,! sket* ( ! plan ( ,brunellesco's *ur* ( ,santo ,spirito at ,flor5ce1 :i* occurs 9 ! same ,manuscript1 may h be5 done f memory44 ,^! & o!r consid]ations ju/ify u 9 conclud+1 t ,leon>do made 8 /udies ( cupolas at ,milan1 probably betwe5 ! ye>s #adhg & #adib 9 anticipation ( ! erection ( "o ( ! gr&e/ *ur*es ( ,italy1 ! ,ca!dral ( ,pavia4 ,?is may expla9 ! decid$ly ,lomb>do-,bramantesque t5d5cy 9 ! /yle ( ^! /udies1 among :i* only a few rem9d u ( ! =ms ( ! cupolas ( ,s4 ,m>ia del ,fiore & ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce4 ,?us1 al?\gh :5 comp>$ ) ,bramante's "w1 sev]al ( ^! sket*es pla9ly reveal t ma/]'s influ5ce1 we f9d1 among ! sket*es ( domes1 "s1 :i* %[ already ,bramante's classic /yle1 ( :i* ! ,tempietto ( ,san ,pietro 9 ,montorio1 8 fir/ build+ execut$ at ,rome1 is ! =emo/ example,footnote #c3 ,x may be m5tion$ "h1 t 9 #adid ,bramante made a simil> design = ! lant]n ( ! ,cupola ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie44 ,on ,plate ,,lxxxiv is a sket* ( ! plan ( a simil> circul> build+2 & ! ,mausoleum on ,pl4 ,,xcviii1 no less ?an "o ( ! p$e/als = ! /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za 7,pl4 ,,lxv71 is ( ! same type4 ,! draw+s ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvi ,no4 #a & #b & ! gr\nd fl\r 7fl\r sic b %\ld be floor 87 ( ! build+ 9 ! draw+ ,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #b1 ) ! int]e/+ decoration by gigantic /atues 9 l>ge ni*es1 are also1 ,i believe1 m 9 ! /yle ,bramante adopt$ at ,rome1 ?an 9 ! ,lomb>d /yle4 ,are we to conclude f ?is t ,leon>do on 8 "p influ5c$ ,bramante 9 ! s5se ( simplify+ 8 /yle & r5d]+ x m cong5ial to antique art8 ,! answ] to ?is important "q seems at fir/ difficult to give1 = we are "h 9 pres5ce ( ,bramante1 ! greate/ ( mod]n ar*itects1 & ) ,leon>do1 ! man comp>able ) no o!r4 ,we h no k ( any build+s erect$ by ,leon>do1 & unless we admit p]sonal int]c\rse--:i* seems probable1 b ( :i* !re is no pro(--1 x w\ld be difficult to und]/& h[ ,leon>do c\ld h affect$ ,bramante's /yle4 ,! conv]se is m easily to be admitt$1 s9ce ,bramante1 z we h prov$ else:]e1 drew & built simultane\sly 9 diff]5t mann]s1 & ?\gh 9 ,lomb>dy !re is no build+ by him 9 8 classic /yle1 ! use ( brick = build+1 9 t "p ( ,italy1 may easily acc\nt = x4 ,bramante's "n is incid5tally m5tion$ 9 ,leon>do's manuscripts 9 two passages 7,nos4 #adad & #addh74 ,on ea* occasion x is only a slight pass+ allusion1 & ! nature ( ! context gives u no due in=mation z to any close connection betwe5 ! two arti/s4 ,x might be suppos$1 on ! gr\nd ( ,leon>do's relations ) ! ,ea/ giv5 9 sections ,,xvii & ,,xxi ( ?is volume1 t "s evid5ce ( ori5tal influ5ce might be detect$ 9 8 ar*itectural draw+s4 ,i d n h[ev] ?9k t any su* traces c be po9t$ out ) c]ta9ty unless p]haps ! draw+ = a ,mausoleum1 ,pl4 ,,xc ,,viii4 ,among sev]al /udies = ! con/ruction ( cupolas above a ,greek cross !re are "s 9 :i* ! =ms are decid$ly monoton\s4 ,^!1 x is cle>1 7 n design$ z models ( ta/e2 !y mu/ be reg>d$ z ! results ( c]ta9 inve/igations into ! laws ( proportion1 h>mony & contra/4 ,! designs = *ur*es1 on ! plan ( a ,lat9 cross are evid5tly int5d$ to dep>t z little z possible f ! =m ( a ,greek cross2 & !y also %[ a pref]5ce = a nave surr\nd$ ) out] porticos4 ,! ar*itectural =ms pref]r$ by ,leon>do are pila/]s c\pl$ 7,pl4 ,,lxxxii ,no4 #a2 or gr\p$ 7,pl4 ,,lxxx ,no4 #e & ,,xciv ,no4 #d71 (t5 comb9$ ) ni*es4 ,we (t5 meet ) ord]s sup]pos$1 "o 9 ea* /ory1 or two small ord]s on "o /ory1 9 comb9ation ) "o great ord] 7,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #b74 ,! drum 7tamburo7 ( ^! cupolas is g5]ally octagonal1 z 9 ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 & ) simil> r\nd w9d[s 9 its sides4 ,9 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #b x is circul> l ! model actually c>ri$ out by ,mi*ael ,angelo at ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! cupola itself is ei!r hidd5 "u a pyramidal ro(1 z 9 ! ,bapti/]y ( ,flor5ce1 ,san ,lor5zo ( ,milan & mo/ ( ! ,lomb>d *ur*es 7,pl4 ,,xci ,no4 #a & ,pl4 ,,xcii ,no4 #a72 b x m g5]ally sugge/s ! curve ( ,/a ,m>ia del ,fiore 7,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #e2 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #b2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix1 ,m2 ,pl ,,xc ,no4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xcvi ,no4 #b74 ,9 o!r cases 7,pl4 ,,lxxx ,no4 #d2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxix2 ,pl4 ,,xc ,no4 #b7 x %[s ! sides ( ! octagon cr[n$ by semicircul> p$im5ts1 z 9 ,brunellesco's lant]n ( ! ,ca!dral & 9 ! model = ! ,ca!dral ( ,pavia4 ,f9ally1 9 "s sket*es ! cupola is ei!r semicircul>1 or z 9 ,pl4 ,,lxxxvii ,no4 #b1 %[s ! beautiful l9e1 adopt$ sixty ye>s lat] by ,mi*ael ,angelo = ! exi/+ dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,x is wor? notic+ t = all ^! domes ,leon>do is n satisfi$ to decorate ! ext]ior m]ely ) asc5d+ ribs or m\ld+s1 b employs also a sy/em ( horizontal p>allels to complete ! ar*itectural sy/em4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ are ! designs = ! tiburio 7cupola7 ( ! ,milan ,ca!dral4 ,!y %[ "s ( ! =ms1 j m5tion$1 adapt$ to ! peculi> go?ic /yle ( t monum5t4 ,! few examples ( int]iors ( *ur*es recall ! /yle employ$ 9 ,lomb>dy by ,bramante1 = in/ance 9 ,s4 ,m>ia di ,canepanuova at ,pavia1 or by ,dolcebuono 9 ! ,mona/]o ,maggiore at ,milan 7see ,pl4 ,,ci ,no4 #a ,c4 ,a4 #aha;b2 #edf;b2 ,pl4 ,,lxxxiv ,no4 #aj74 ,! few indications conc]n+ palaces seem to prove t ,leon>do foll[$ ,alb]ti's example ( decorat+ ! walls ) pila/]s & a flat ru/ica1 ei!r 9 /one or by graffitti 7,pl4 ,,cii ,no4 #a & ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #ad74 ,by po9t+ out ! analogies betwe5 ,leon>do's ar*itecture & t ( o!r ma/]s we 9 no way pret5d to depreciate 8 individual & orig9al inv5tive p[]4 ,^! are at all ev5ts beyond dispute4 ,! project = ! ,mausoleum 7,pl4 ,,xcviii7 w\ld alone suffice to rank him among ! greate/ ar*itects :o ev] liv$4 ,! peculi> %ape ( ! t[] 7,pl4 ,,lxxx71 ( ! *ur*es = prea*+ 7,pl4 ,,xcvii ,no4 #a & pages #ef & #eg1 ,fig4 #a-d71 8 curi\s plan = a city ) high & l[ level /reets 7,pl4 ,,lxxvii & ,,lxxviii ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c71 8 ,loggia ) f\nta9s 7,pl4 ,,lxxxii ,no4 #d7 reveal an orig9ality1 a p[] & facility ( inv5tion = almo/ any giv5 problem1 :i* are q wond]ful4 ,9 addition to all ^! qualities he propably /ood alone 9 8 day 9 "o dep>tm5t ( ar*itectural /udy1--8 inve/igations1 namely1 z to ! resi/ance ( vaults1 f\ndations1 walls & ar*es4 ,z an application ( ^! /udies ! plan ( a semicircul> vault 7,pl4 ,,ciii ,no4 #b7 may be m5tion$ "h1 dispos$ s z to produce no ?ru/ on ! columns on :i* x re/s3 volta i botte e non ispignie i=i le colone4 ,above ! geometrical patt]ns on ! same %eet1 close to a circle inscrib$ 9 a squ>e is ! note3 la ragio d'una volta cioe il t]zo del diamitro della sua 444 del t$esco 9 domo4 ,!re are few data by :i* to judge ( ,leon>do's /yle 9 ! treatm5t ( detail4 ,on ,pl4 ,,lxxxv ,no4 #aj & ,pl4 ,,ciii ,no4 #c1 we f9d "s details ( pill>s2 on ,pl4 ,,ci ,no4 #c sl5d] pill>s design$ = a f\nta9 & on ,pl4 ,,ciii ,no4 #a ,,ms4 ,b1 is a p5 & ink draw+ ( a vase :i* also seems int5d$ = a f\nta94 ,?ree h&les seem to h be5 int5d$ to connect ! upp] p>ts ) ! base4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,leon>do1 l ,bramante1 b unlike ,mi*ael ,angelo1 br\ght inf9ite delicacy ( motive & execution to be> on ! details ( 8 "w4 ,,xiv4 ,anatomy1 ,zoology & ,physiology4 ,leon>do's em95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 z a pione] 9 ! sci5ces ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 w nev] be appreciat$ till x is possible to publi% ! mass ( manuscripts 9 :i* he l>gely treat$ ( ^! two bran*es ( le>n+4 ,9 ! pres5t "w ,i mu/ necess>ily limit myself to giv+ ! read] a g5]al view ( ^! lab\rs1 by publi%+ 8 introductory notes to ! v>i\s books on anatomical subjects4 ,i h add$ "s extracts1 & su* obs]vations z are scatt]$ incid5tally ?r\gh ^! treatises1 z s]v+ to ?r[ a light on ,leon>do's sci5tific attitude1 besides hav+ an int]e/ = a wid] circle ?an t ( speciali/s only4 ,,vas>i expressly m5tions ,leon>do's anatomical /udies1 hav+ _h occasion to exam9e ! manuscript books :i* ref] to !m4 ,accord+ to him ,leon>do /udi$ ,anatomy 9 ! companion%ip ( ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre aiutato e scambievolm5te aiut&o4--,?is le>n$ ,anatomi/ taught ! sci5ce 9 ! univ]sities fir/ ( ,padua & !n ( ,pavia1 & at ,pavia he & ,leon>do may h work$ & /udi$ toge!r4 ,we h no clue to any exact dates1 b 9 ! ye> #aejf ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre seems to h n yet left ,padua4 ,he 0 sc>cely ?irty ye>s old :5 he di$ 9 #aeab1 & 8 writ+s on anatomy h n only nev] be5 publi%$1 b no manuscript copy ( !m is kn[n to exi/4 ,?is is n ! place to enl>ge on ! connection betwe5 ,leon>do & ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre4 ,i may h[ev] obs]ve t ,i h n be5 able to discov] 9 ,leon>do's manuscripts on anatomy any m5tion ( 8 y\ng] contempor>y4 ,! few quotations :i* occur f writ]s on m$ic9e--ei!r ( antiquity or ( ! middle ages are pr9t$ 9 ,section ,,xxii4 ,"h & !re 9 ! manuscripts m5tion is made ( an anonym\s adv]s>y 7avv]s>io7 ^: views are oppos$ & refut$ by ,leon>do1 b !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t ,m>c ,antonio della ,torre %\ld h be5 ?is adv]s>y4 ,only a v small selection f ! mass ( anatomical draw+s left by ,leon>do h be5 publi%$ "h 9 facsimile1 b to =m any adequate idea ( _! sci5tific m]it !y %\ld be comp>$ ) ! co>se & inadequate figures giv5 9 ! publi%$ books ( ! e>ly "p ( ! ,,xvi4 c5tury4 ,william ,hunt]1 ! great surgeon--a compet5t judge--:o _h an opportunity 9 ! "t ( ,george ,,iii4 ( see+ ! orig9als 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y1 has ?us record$ 8 op9ion3 ,i expect$ to see little m ?an su* designs 9 ,anatomy z might be useful to a pa9t] 9 8 own pr(ession4 ,b ,i saw1 & inde$ ) a/oni%m5t1 t ,leon>do _h be5 a g5]al & deep /ud5t4 ,:5 ,i consid] :at pa9s he has tak5 ^u e "p ( ! body1 ! sup]iority ( 8 univ]sal g5ius1 8 p>ticul> excell5ce 9 me*anics & hydraulics1 & ! att5tion ) :i* su* a man w\ld exam9e & see objects :i* he has to draw1 ,i am fully p]suad$ t ,leon>do 0 ! be/ ,anatomi/1 at t "t1 9 ! _w 444 ,leon>do 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ man1 we "k (1 :o introduc$ ! practice ( mak+ anatomical draw+s 7,two introductory lett]s4 ,london #aghd1 pages #cg & #ci74 ,! illu/ri\s ,g]man ,naturali/ ,johan ,fri$ri* ,blum5back e/eem$ !m no less highly2 he 0 "o ( ! privileg$ few :o1 aft] ,hunt]1 _h ! *ance ( see+ ^! ,manuscripts4 ,he writes3 ,d] ,s*>fblick dieses gross5 ,=s*]s und ,d>/ell]s d] ,natur hat s*on auf ,d+e gea*tet1 die no* ,jahrhund]te na*h] unbem]kt geblieb5 s9d 7see ,blum5ba*'s m$ic9is*e ,biblio!k1 ,vol4 #c1 ,/4 #d1 #agie4 page #gbh74 ,^! op9ions 7 f\nd$ on ! draw+s alone4 ,up to ! pres5t day h>dly any?+ has be5 made kn[n ( ! text1 &1 = ! reasons ,i h giv51 x is my int5tion to reproduce "h no m ?an a selection ( extracts :i* ,i h made f ! orig9als at ,w9dsor ,ca/le & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,bibliography ( ! ,manuscripts1 at ! end ( ?is volume a %ort review is giv5 ( ! valuable cont5ts ( ^! ,anatomical note books :i* are at pres5t almo/ all 9 ! possession ( h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,x is1 ,i believe1 possible to assign ! date ) approximate accuracy to almo/ all ! fragm5ts1 & ,i am ?us l$ to conclude t ! great] "p ( ,leon>do's anatomical inve/igations 7 c>ri$ out aft] ! dea? ( della ,torre4 ,m]ely 9 read+ ! introductory notes to 8 v>i\s books on ,anatomy :i* are "h pr9t$ x is impossible to resi/ ! impression t ! ,ma/]'s anatomical /udies be> to a v great ext5t ! /amp ( orig9ality & indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,i4 ,,anatomy4 #gif4 ,a g5]al introduction ,i wi% to "w miracles2--x may be t ,i %all possess less ?an o!r m5 ( m peaceful lives1 or ?an ^? :o want to gr[ ri* 9 a day4 ,i may live = a long "t 9 great pov]ty1 z always happ5s1 & to all et]nity w happ51 to al*emi/s1 ! w\ld-be creators ( gold & silv]1 & to eng9e]s :o w\ld h dead wat] /ir itself into life & p]petual motion1 & to ^? supreme fools1 ! necromanc] & ! en*ant]4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! foll[+ seems to be direct$ aga9/ /ud5ts ( pa9t+ & "y arti/s r ?an aga9/ m$ical m5 & anatomi/s4 ,& y1 :o say t x w\ld be bett] to wat* an anatomi/ at "w ?an to see ^! draw+s1 y w\ld be "r1 if x 7 possible to obs]ve all ! ?+s :i* are demon/rat$ 9 su* draw+s 9 a s+le figure1 9 :i* y1 ) all y\r clev]ness1 w n see nor obta9 k ( m ?an "s few ve9s1 to obta9 a true & p]fect k ( :i* ,i h dissect$ m ?an t5 human bodies1 de/roy+ all ! o!r memb]s1 & remov+ ! v m9ute/ p>ticles ( ! fle% by :i* ^! ve9s are surr\nd$1 )\t caus+ !m to ble$1 except+ ! ins5sible ble$+ ( ! capill>y ve9s2 & z "o s+le body w\ld n la/ s long1 s9ce x 0 necess>y to proce$ ) sev]al bodies by degrees1 until ,i came to an end & _h a complete k2 ?is ,i repeat$ twice1 to le>n ! diff]5ces #ei4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-ei & #fj-hi are writt5 9 two p>allel columns4 ,:5 we "h f9d ,leon>do putt+ himself 9 ! same category z ! ,al*emi/s & ,necromanc]s1 :om he else:]e mocks at s bitt]ly1 x is evid5tly meant ironically4 ,9 ! same way ,leon>do1 9 ! introduction to ! ,books on ,p]spective sets himself ) transp>5t satire on a level ) o!r writ]s on ! subject4 ,& if y %\ld h a love = su* ?+s y might be prev5t$ by loa?+1 & if t did n prev5t y1 y might be det]r$ by ! fe> ( liv+ 9 ! night h\rs 9 ! company ( ^? corpses1 qu>t]$ & flay$ & horrible to see4 ,& if ?is did n prev5t y1 p]haps y might n be able to draw s well z is necess>y = su* a demon/ration2 or1 if y _h ! skill 9 draw+1 x might n be comb9$ ) k ( p]spective2 & if x 7 s1 y might n und]/& ! me?ods ( geometrical demon/ration & ! me?od ( ! calculation ( =ces & ( ! /r5g? ( ! muscles2 pati5ce also may be want+1 s t y lack p]sev]ance4 ,z to :e!r all ^! ?+s 7 f\nd 9 me or n ,footnote #hd3 ,leon>do frequ5tly1 & p]haps habitually1 wrote 9 note books ( a v small size & only mod]ately ?ick2 9 mo/ ( ^? :i* h be5 pres]v$ undivid$1 ea* conta9s less ?an fifty leaves4 ,?us a consid]able numb] ( su* volumes mu/ h gone to make up a volume ( ! bulk ( ! ',codex ,atlanticus' :i* n[ conta9s ne>ly #abjj deta*$ leaves4 ,9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 :i* 0 evid5tly writt5 at a late p]iod ( 8 life1 ,leon>do speaks ( 8 ,manuscript note-books z numb]+ #ab,o2 b we %\ld h>dly be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ f ?is passage t ! great] "p ( 8 ,manuscripts 7 n[ miss+ 7see ,prolegom5a1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #e-g741 ! hundr$ & tw5ty books compos$ by me w give v]dict ,yes or ,no4 ,9 ^! ,i h be5 h9d]$ nei!r by av>ice nor neglig5ce1 b simply by want ( "t4 ,f>ewell #hi4 ,plans & sugge/ions = ! arrangem5t ( mat]ials 7#gig-hjb74 #gig4 ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,?is "w mu/ beg9 ) ! conception ( man1 & describe ! nature ( ! womb & h[ ! foetus lives 9 x1 up to :at /age x resides !re1 & 9 :at way x quick5s into life & fe$s4 ,also its gr[? & :at int]val !re is betwe5 "o /age ( gr[? & ano!r4 ,:at x is t =ces x out f ! body ( ! "m1 & = :at reasons x sometimes comes out ( ! "m's womb be=e ! due "t4 ,!n ,i w describe :i* are ! memb]s1 :i*1 aft] ! boy is born1 gr[ m ?an ! o!rs1 & det]m9e ! proportions ( a boy ( "o ye>4 ,!n describe ! fully gr[n man & woman1 ) _! proportions1 & ! nature ( _! complexions1 col\r1 & physiognomy4 ,!n h[ !y are compos$ ( ve9s1 t5dons1 muscles & bones4 ,?is ,i %all d at ! end ( ! book4 ,!n1 9 f\r draw+s1 repres5t f\r univ]sal conditions ( m54 ,t is1 ,mir?1 ) v>i\s acts ( laught]1 & describe ! cause ( laught]4 ,weep+ 9 v>i\s aspects ) its causes4 ,cont5tion1 ) v>i\s acts ( kill+2 flight1 fe>1 f]ocity1 boldness1 murd] & e ?+ p]ta9+ to su* cases4 ,!n repres5t ,lab\r1 ) pull+1 ?ru/+1 c>ry+1 /opp+1 support+ & su* l ?+s4 ,fur!r ,i w\ld describe attitudes & movem5ts4 ,!n p]spective1 conc]n+ ! functions & effects ( ! eye2 & ( he>+--"h ,i w speak ( music--1 & treat ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,& !n describe ! nature ( ! s5ses4 ,?is me*anism ( man we w demon/rate 9 444 figures2 ( :i* ! ?ree fir/ w %[ ! ramification ( ! bones2 t is3 fir/ "o to %[ _! height & position & %ape3 ! second w be se5 9 pr(ile & w %[ ! dep? ( ! :ole & ( ! p>ts1 & _! position4 ,! ?ird figure w be a demon/ration ( ! bones ( ! backp>ts4 ,!n ,i w make ?ree o!r figures f ! same po9t ( view1 ) ! bones sawn across1 9 :i* w be %[n _! ?ickness & holl[ness4 ,?ree o!r figures ( ! bones complete1 & ( ! n]ves :i* rise f ! nape ( ! neck1 & 9 :at limbs !y ramify4 ,& ?ree o!rs ( ! bones & ve9s1 & :]e !y ramify4 ,!n ?ree figures ) ! muscles & ?ree ) ! sk91 & _! prop] proportions2 & ?ree ( woman1 to illu/rate ! womb & ! m5/rual ve9s :i* g to ! brea/s4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w n]vo v>ies 9 diff]5t passages1 be+ sometimes us$ = muscolo 7muscle74 #gih4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,?is depict+ ( m9e ( ! human body w be z cle> to y z if y _h ! natural man be=e y2 & ! reason is t if y wi% ?or\ghly to "k ! p>ts ( man1 anatomically1 y--or y\r eye--require to see x f diff]5t aspects1 consid]+ x f bel[ & f above & f its sides1 turn+ x ab\t & seek+ ! orig9 ( ea* memb]2 & 9 ?is way ! natural anatomy is suffici5t = y\r compreh5sion4 ,b y mu/ und]/& t ?is am\nt ( k w n cont9ue to satisfy y2 see+ ! v great confusion t mu/ result f ! comb9ation ( tissues1 ) ve9s1 art]ies1 n]ves1 s9ews1 muscles1 bones1 & blood :i*1 ( itself1 t+es e "p ! same col\r4 ,& ! ve9s1 :i* dis*>ge ?is blood1 are n disc]n$ by reason ( _! smallness4 ,moreov] integrity ( ! tissues1 9 ! process ( ! inve/igat+ ! p>ts )9 !m1 is inevitably de/roy$1 & _! transp>5t sub/ance be+ t+$ ) blood does n all[ y to recognise ! p>ts cov]$ by !m1 f ! simil>ity ( _! blood-/a9$ hue2 & y _c "k ev]y?+ ( ! "o )\t confus+ & de/roy+ ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 "s fur!r anatomy draw+s become necess>y4 ,( :i* y want ?ree to give full k ( ! ve9s & art]ies1 ev]y?+ else be+ de/roy$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,& ?ree o!rs to display ! tissues2 & ?ree = ! s9ews & muscles & ligam5ts2 & ?ree = ! bones & c>tilages2 & ?ree = ! anatomy ( ! bones1 :i* h to be sawn to %[ :i* are holl[ & :i* are n1 :i* h m>r[ & :i* are spongy1 & :i* are ?ick f ! outside inw>ds1 & :i* are ?94 ,& "s are extremely ?9 9 "s p>ts & ?ick 9 o!rs1 & 9 "s p>ts holl[ or fill$ up ) bone1 or full ( m>r[1 or spongy4 ,& all ^! conditions are sometimes f\nd 9 "o & ! same bone1 & 9 "s bones none ( !m4 ,& ?ree y mu/ h = ! woman1 9 :i* !re is mu* t is my/]i\s by reason ( ! womb & ! foetus4 ,!re=e by my draw+s e "p w be kn[n to y1 & all by means ( demon/rations f ?ree diff]5t po9ts ( view ( ea* "p2 = :5 y h se5 a limb f ! front1 ) any muscles1 s9ews1 or ve9s :i* take _! rise f ! opposite side1 ! same limb w be %[n to y 9 a side view or f beh9d1 exactly z if y _h t same limb 9 y\r h& & 7 turn+ x f side to side until y _h acquir$ a full compreh5sion ( all y wi%$ to "k4 ,9 ! same way !re w be put be=e y ?ree or f\r demon/rations ( ea* limb1 f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 s t y w be left ) a true & complete k ( all y wi% to le>n ( ! human figure,footnote #ce3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,cvii4 ,! orig9al draw+ at ,w9dsor is #bh #a_/b ,x #ai #a_/b c5timetres4 ,! upp] figures are slightly wa%$ ) ,indian ink4 ,on ! back ( ?is draw+ is ! text ,no4 #aadj44 ,?us1 9 twelve entire figures1 y w h set be=e y ! cosmography ( ?is less] _w on ! same plan z1 be=e me1 0 adopt$ by ,ptolemy 9 8 cosmography2 & s ,i w aft]w>ds divide !m into limbs z he divid$ ! :ole _w into prov9ces2 !n ,i w speak ( ! function ( ea* "p 9 e direction1 putt+ be=e y\r eyes a description ( ! :ole =m & sub/ance ( man1 z reg>ds 8 movem5ts f place to place1 by means ( 8 diff]5t p>ts4 ,& ?us1 if x please our great ,au?or1 ,i may demon/rate ! nature ( m51 & _! cu/oms 9 ! way ,i describe 8 figure4 ,& rememb] t ! anatomy ( ! n]ves w n give ! position ( _! ramifications1 nor %[ y :i* muscles !y bran* into1 by means ( bodies dissect$ 9 runn+ wat] or 9 lime wat]2 ?\gh inde$ _! orig9 & />t+ po9t may be se5 )\t su* wat] z well z ) x4 ,b _! ramifications1 :5 "u runn+ wat]1 cl+ & unite--j l flat or hemp c>d$ = sp9n+--all into a ske91 9 a way :i* makes x impossible to trace 9 :i* muscles or by :at ramification ! n]ves are di/ribut$ among ^? muscles4 #gii4 ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,anatomy ,fir/ draw ! bones1 let u say1 ( ! arm1 & put 9 ! motor muscle f ! %\ld] to ! elb[ ) all its l9es4 ,!n proce$ 9 ! same way f ! elb[ to ! wri/4 ,!n f ! wri/ to ! h& & f ! h& to ! f+]s4 ,& 9 ! arm y w put ! motors ( ! f+]s :i* op51 & ^! y w %[ sep>ately 9 _! demon/ration4 ,9 ! second demon/ration y w clo! ^! muscles ) ! second>y motors ( ! f+]s & s proce$ by degrees to avoid confusion4 ,b fir/ lay on ! bones ^? muscles :i* lie close to ! said bones1 )\t confusion ( o!r muscles2 & ) ^! y may put ! n]ves & ve9s :i* supply _! n\ri%m5t1 aft] hav+ fir/ drawn ! tree ( ve9s & n]ves ov] ! simple bones4 #hjj4 ,beg9 ! anatomy at ! head & f9i% at ! sole ( ! foot4 #hja4 #c m5 complete1 #c ) bones & n]ves1 #c ) ! bones only4 ,"h we h #ab demon/rations ( entire figures4 #hjb4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ build+ up ! man1 y w make ! /atue ) all its sup]ficial measurem5ts4 ,footnote3 ,cresci]e l'omo4 ,! mean+ ( ?is expression appe>s to be diff]5t "h & 9 ! passage ,c4,a4 #aeg;a1 #dfh;a 7see ,no4 #ebf1 ,note #a4 #b74 ,"h x c h>dly mean any?+ else ?an modell+1 s9ce ! sculptor =ms ! figure by degrees1 by add+ wet clay & ! figure consequ5tly increases or gr[s4 ,tu f>ai la /atua w\ld !n mean1 y mu/ "w out ! figure 9 m>ble4 ,if ?is int]pretation is ! correct "o1 ?is passage w\ld h no "r to f9d a place 9 ! s]ies on anatomical /udies4 ,i may say t x 0 orig9ally ins]t$ 9 ?is connection "u ! impression t di cresci]e %\ld be read descriv]e4 ,plans = ! repres5tation ( muscles by draw+s 7#hjc-hji74 #hjc4 ,y mu/ %[ all ! motions ( ! bones ) _! jo9ts to foll[ ! demon/ration ( ! fir/ ?ree figures ( ! bones1 & ?is %\ld be done 9 ! fir/ book4 #hjd4 ,rememb] t to be c]ta9 ( ! po9t ( orig9 ( any muscle1 y mu/ pull ! s9ew f :i* ! muscle spr+s 9 su* a way z to see t muscle move1 & :]e x is atta*$ to ! ligam5ts ( ! bones4 ,,note4 ,y w nev] get any ?+ b confusion 9 demon/rat+ ! muscles & _! positions1 orig91 & t]m9ation1 unless y fir/ make a demon/ration ( ?9 muscles aft] ! mann] ( l95 ?reads2 & ?us y c repres5t !m1 "o ov] ano!r z nature has plac$ !m2 & ?us1 too1 y c "n !m accord+ to ! limb !y s]ve2 = in/ance ! motor ( ! po9t ( ! great toe1 ( its middle bone1 ( its fir/ bone1 c4 ,& :5 y h ! k y w draw1 by ! side ( ?is1 ! true =m & size & position ( ea* muscle4 ,b rememb] to give ! ?reads :i* expla9 ! situation ( ! muscles 9 ! position :i* corresponds to ! c5tral l9e ( ea* muscle2 & s ^! ?reads w demon/rate ! =m ( ! leg & _! di/ance 9 a pla9 & cle> mann]4 ,i h remov$ ! sk9 f a man :o 0 s %runk by illness t ! muscles 7 worn d[n & rema9$ 9 a /ate l ?9 membrane1 9 su* a way t ! s9ews in/ead ( m]g+ 9 muscles end$ 9 wide membrane2 & :]e ! bones 7 cov]$ by ! sk9 !y _h v little ov] _! natural size4 ,footnote3 ,! photograph ,no4 #da ( ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publications3 a draw+ ( ! muscles ( ! foot1 includes a complete facsimile ( ! text ( ?is passage4 #hje4 ,:i* n]ve causes ! motion ( ! eye s t ! motion ( "o eye moves ! o!r8 ,( fr[n+ ! br[s1 ( rais+ ! br[s1 ( l[]+ ! br[s1--( clos+ ! eyes1 ( op5+ ! eyes1--( rais+ ! no/rils1 ( op5+ ! lips1 ) ! tee? %ut1 ( p\t+ ) ! lips1 ( smil+1 ( a/oni%m5t4-- ,describe ! beg9n+ ( man :5 x is caus$ 9 ! womb & :y an eight mon?s *ild does n live4 ,:at sneez+ is4 ,:at yawn+ is4 ,fall+ sickness1 spasms1 p>alysis1 %iv]+ ) cold1 sweat+1 fatigue1 hung]1 sleep9ess1 ?ir/1 lu/4 ,( ! n]ve :i* is ! cause ( movem5t f ! %\ld] to ! elb[1 ( ! movem5t f ! elb[ to ! h&1 f ! jo9t ( ! h& to ! spr++ ( ! f+]s4 ,f ! spr++ ( ! f+]s to ! middle jo9ts1 & f ! middle jo9ts to ! la/4 ,( ! n]ve :i* causes ! movem5t ( ! ?igh1 & f ! knee to ! foot1 & f ! jo9t ( ! foot to ! toes1 & !n to ! middle ( ! toes & ( ! rot>y motion ( ! leg4 #hjf4 ,,anatomy4 ,:i* n]ves or s9ews ( ! h& are ^? :i* close & "p ! f+]s & toes latt]aly8 #hjg4 ,remove by degrees all ! p>ts ( ! front ( a man 9 mak+ y\r dissection1 till y come to ! bones4 ,description ( ! p>ts ( ! bu/ & ( _! motions4 #hjh4 ,give ! anatomy ( ! leg up to ! hip1 9 all views & 9 e action & 9 e /ate2 ve9s1 art]ies1 n]ves1 s9ews & muscles1 sk9 & bones2 !n ! bones 9 sections to %[ ! ?ickness ( ! bones4 ,footnote3 ,a /raight5$ leg 9 pr(ile is sket*$ by ! side ( ?is text4 ,on corpul5cy & leanness 7#hji-haa74 #hji4 ,make ! rule & give ! measurem5t ( ea* muscle1 & give ! reasons ( all _! functions1 & 9 :i* way !y "w & :at makes !m "w c4 #d ,fir/ draw ! sp9e ( ! back2 !n clo! x by degrees1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ) ea* ( its muscles & put 9 ! n]ves & art]ies & ve9s to ea* muscle by itself2 & besides ^! note ! v]tebrae to :i* !y are atta*$2 :i* ( ! inte/9es come 9 contact ) !m2 & :i* bones & o!r organs c4 ,! mo/ prom95t p>ts ( lean p are mo/ prom95t 9 ! muscul>1 & equally s 9 fat p]sons4 ,b conc]n+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! =ms ( ! muscles 9 fat p]sons z comp>$ ) muscul> p]sons1 x %all be describ$ bel[4 ,footnote3 ,! two draw+s giv5 on ,pl4 ,,cviii no4 #a come betwe5 l9es #c & #d4 ,a good & v e>ly copy ( ?is draw+ )\t ! writt5 text exi/s 9 ! collection ( draw+s belong+ to ,*ri/'s ,college ,ox=d1 :]e x is attribut$ to ,leon>do4 #haj4 ,describe :i* muscles disappe> 9 gr[+ fat1 & :i* become visible 9 gr[+ lean4 ,& obs]ve t t "p :i* on ! surface ( a fat p]son is mo/ concave1 :5 he gr[s lean becomes m prom95t4 ,:]e ! muscles sep>ate "o f ano!r y mu/ give pr(iles & :]e !y coalesce 444 #haa4 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,figure4 ,:i* is ! "p 9 man1 :i*1 z he gr[s fatt]1 nev] ga9s fle%8 ,or :at "p :i* z a man gr[s lean nev] falls away ) a too p]ceptible dim9ution8 ,& among ! p>ts :i* gr[ fat :i* is t :i* gr[s fatte/8 ,among ^? :i* gr[ lean :i* is t :i* gr[s leane/8 ,9 v /rong m5 :i* are ! muscles :i* are ?icke/ & mo/ prom95t8 ,9 y\r anatomy y mu/ repres5t all ! /ages ( ! limbs f man's creation to 8 dea?1 & !n till ! dea? ( ! bone2 & :i* "p ( him is fir/ decay$ & :i* is pres]v$ ! longe/4 ,& 9 ! same way ( extreme leanness & extreme fatness4 ,! divisions ( ! head 7#hab4 #hac74 #hab4 ,,anatomy4 ,!re are elev5 elem5t>y tissues3-- ,c>tilage1 bones1 n]ves1 ve9s1 art]ies1 fascia1 ligam5t & s9ews1 sk91 muscle & fat4 ,,( ,,! ,,head4 ,! divisions ( ! head are #aj1 viz4 #e ext]nal & #e int]nal1 ! ext]nal are ! hair1 sk91 muscle1 fascia & ! skull2 ! int]nal are ! dura mat]1 ! pia mat]1 :i* enclose ! bra94 ,! pia mat] & ! dura mat] come aga9 und]nea? & enclose ! bra92 !n ! rete mirabile1 & ! occipital bone1 :i* supports ! bra9 f :i* ! n]ves spr+4 #hac4 a4 hair n4 sk9 c4 muscle m4 fascia o4 skull i4e4 bone b4 dura mat] d4 pia mat] f4 bra9 r4 pia mat]1 bel[ t4 dura mat] l4 rete mirablile s4 ! occipitul bone4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #c4 ,physiological problems 7#had4 #hae74 #had4 ,( ! cause ( brea?+1 ( ! cause ( ! motion ( ! he>t1 ( ! cause ( vomit+1 ( ! cause ( ! desc5t ( food f ! /oma*1 ( ! cause ( empty+ ! inte/9es4 ,( ! cause ( ! movem5t ( ! sup]flu\s matt] ?r\gh ! inte/9es4 ,( ! cause ( swall[+1 ( ! cause ( c\gh+1 ( ! cause ( yawn+1 ( ! cause ( sneez+1 ( ! cause ( limbs gett+ asleep4 ,( ! cause ( los+ s5sibility 9 any limb4 ,( ! cause ( tickl+4 ,( ! cause ( lu/ & o!r appetites ( ! body1 ( ! cause ( ur9e & also ( all ! natural excretions ( ! body4 ,footnote3 ,by ! side ( ?is text /&s ! p5 & ink draw+ reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #d2 a skull ) indications ( ! ve9s 9 ! fle%y cov]+4 #hae4 ,! te>s come f ! he>t & n f ! bra94 ,def9e all ! p>ts1 ( :i* ! body is compos$1 beg9n+ ) ! sk9 ) its out] cuticle :i* is (t5 *app$ by ! influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,,ii4 ,,zoology ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy4 ,! divisions ( ! animal k+dom 7#haf4 #hag74 #haf4 ,man4 ,! description ( man1 :i* includes t ( su* creatures z are ( almo/ ! same species1 z ,apes1 ,monkeys & ! l1 :i* are _m1 ,! ,lion & its k9dr$1 z ,pan!rs4 ,footnote #c3 ,leonza--wild cat8 ,secondo alcuni1 lo /esso *e ,leonessa2 e secondo altri con piu c]tezza1 lo /esso *e ,pant]a ,,fanfani1 ,vocabol>io page #heh4 ,wildcats 787 ,tig]s1 ,leop>ds1 ,wolfs1 ,lynxes1 ,spani% cats1 common cats & ! l4 ,! ,horse & its k9dr$1 z ,mule1 ,ass & ! l1 ) incisor tee? above & bel[4 ,! ,bull & its allies ) horns & )\t upp] incisors z ! ,buffalo1 ,/ag ,fall[ ,de]1 ,wild ,goat1 ,sw9e1 ,goat1 wild ,goats ,muskde]s1 ,*amois1 ,giraffe4 #hag4 ,describe ! v>i\s =ms ( ! inte/9es ( ! human species1 ( apes & su* l4 ,!n1 9 :at way ! leon9e species diff]1 & !n ! bov9e1 & f9ally birds2 & arrange ?is description aft] ! mann] ( a disquisition4 ,miscellane\s notes on ! /udy ( ,zoology 7#hah-hba74 #hah4 ,procure ! plac5ta ( a calf :5 x is born & obs]ve ! =m ( ! cotyl$ons1 if _! cotyl$ons are male or female4 #hai4 ,describe ! tongue ( ! woodpeck] & ! jaw ( ! crocodile4 #hbj4 ,( ! flight ( ! #d? k9d ( butt]flies t consume w+$ ants4 ,( ! ?ree pr9cipal positions ( ! w+s ( birds 9 d[nw>d flight4 ,footnote3 ,a pass+ allusion is all ,i c "h p]mit myself to ,leon>do's elaborate rese>*es into ! flight ( birds4 ,comp>e ! obs]vations on ?is subject 9 ! ,introduction to section ,,xviii & 9 ! ,bibliography ( ,manuscripts at ! end ( ! "w4 #hba4 ,( ! way 9 :i* ! tail ( a fi% acts 9 propell+ ! fi%2 z 9 ! eel1 snake & lee*4 ,footnote3 ,a sket* ( a fi%1 swimm+ upw>ds is 9 ! orig9al1 ins]t$ above ?is text4--,comp>e ,no4 #aaad4 ,comp>ative /udy ( ! /ructure ( bones & ( ! action ( muscles 7#hbb-hbf74 #hbb4 ,,( ,,! ,,palm ,,( ,,! ,,h&4 ,!n ,i w disc\rse ( ! h&s ( ea* animal to %[ 9 :at !y v>y2 z 9 ! be>1 :i* has ! ligatures ( ! s9ews ( ! toes jo9$ above ! in/ep4 #hbc4 ,a second demon/ration ins]t$ betwe5 anatomy & ! treatise on ! liv+ be+4 ,y w repres5t "h = a comp>ison1 ! legs ( a frog1 :i* h a great resemblance to ! legs ( man1 bo? 9 ! bones & 9 ! muscles4 ,!n1 9 cont9uation1 ! h9d legs ( ! h>e1 :i* are v muscul>1 ) /rong active muscles1 because !y are n encumb]$ ) fat4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is writt5 by ! side ( a draw+ 9 black *alk ( a nude male figure1 b !re is no connection betwe5 ! sket* & ! text4 #hbd4 ,"h ,i make a note to demon/rate ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 man & ! horse & 9 ! same way ) o!r animals4 ,& fir/ ,i w beg9 ) ! bones1 & !n w g on to all ! muscles :i* spr+ f ! bones )\t t5dons & end 9 !m 9 ! same way1 & !n g on to ^? :i* />t ) a s+le t5don at "o end4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #b4 #hbe4 ,note on ! b5d+s ( jo9ts & 9 :at way ! fle% gr[s ^u !m 9 _! flexions or ext5sions2 & ( ?is mo/ important /udy write a sep>ate treatise3 9 ! description ( ! movem5ts ( animals ) f\r feet2 among :i* is man1 :o likewise 9 8 infancy crawls on all f\rs4 #hbf4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,walk+ ,,9 ,,man4 ,! walk+ ( man is always aft] ! univ]sal mann] ( walk+ 9 animals ) #d legs1 inasmu* z j z !y move _! feet crosswise aft] ! mann] ( a horse 9 trott+1 s man moves 8 #d limbs crosswise2 t is1 if he puts =w>d 8 "r foot 9 walk+ he puts =w>d1 ) x1 8 left arm & vice v]sa1 inv>iably4 ,,iii4 ,,physiology4 ,comp>ative /udy ( ! organs ( s5se 9 m5 & animals4 #hbg4 ,i h f\nd t 9 ! composition ( ! human body z comp>$ ) ! bodies ( animals ! organs ( s5se are dull] & co>s]4 ,?us x is compos$ ( less +5i\s in/rum5ts1 & ( spaces less capaci\s = receiv+ ! faculties ( s5se4 ,i h se5 9 ! ,lion tribe t ! s5se ( smell is connect$ ) "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 :i* comes d[n ! no/rils1 :i* =m a spaci\s receptacle = ! s5se ( smell1 :i* ent]s by a great numb] ( c>tilag9\s vesicles ) sev]al passages lead+ up to :]e ! bra91 z be=e said1 comes d[n4 ,! eyes 9 ! ,lion tribe h a l>ge "p ( ! head = _! sockets & ! optic n]ves communicate at once ) ! bra92 b ! contr>y is to be se5 9 man1 = ! sockets ( ! eyes are b a small "p ( ! head1 & ! optic n]ves are v f9e & long & weak1 & by ! weakness ( _! action we see by day b badly at night1 :ile ^! animals c see z well at night z by day4 ,! pro( t !y c see is t !y pr[l = prey at night & sleep by day1 z nocturnal birds d also4 ,advantages 9 ! /ructure ( ! eye 9 c]ta9 animals 7#hbh-hca74 #hbh4 ,e object we see w appe> l>g] at midnight ?an at midday1 & l>g] 9 ! morn+ ?an at midday4 ,?is happ5s because ! pupil ( ! eye is mu* small] at midday ?an at any o!r "t4 ,9 proportion z ! eye or ! pupil ( ! owl is l>g] 9 proportion to ! animal ?an t ( man1 s mu* ! m light c x see at night ?an man c2 h5ce at midday x c see no?+ if its pupil does n dim9i%2 &1 9 ! same way1 at night ?+s look l>g] to x ?an by day4 #hbi4 ,,( ,,! ,,eyes ,,9 ,,animals4 ,! eyes ( all animals h _! pupils adapt$ to dilate & dim9i% ( _! own accord 9 proportion to ! great] or less light ( ! sun or o!r lum9>y4 ,b 9 birds ! v>iation is mu* great]2 & p>ticul>ly 9 nocturnal birds1 su* z horn$ owls1 & 9 ! eyes ( "o species ( owl2 9 ^! ! pupil dilates 9 su* away z to occupy ne>ly ! :ole eye1 or dim9i%es to ! size ( a gra9 ( millet1 & always pres]ves ! circul> =m4 ,b 9 ! ,lion tribe1 z pan!rs1 p>ds1 ounces1 tig]s1 lynxes1 ,spani% cats & o!r simil> animals ! pupil dim9i%es f ! p]fect circle to ! figure ( a po9t$ oval su* z is %[n 9 ! m>g94 ,b man hav+ a weak] sight ?an any o!r animal is less hurt by a v /rong light & 8 pupil increases b little 9 d>k places2 b 9 ! eyes ( ^! nocturnal animals1 ! horn$ owl--a bird :i* is ! l>ge/ ( all nocturnal birds--! p[] ( vision increases s mu* t 9 ! fa9te/ nocturnal light 7:i* we call d>kness7 x sees ) mu* m di/9ctness ?an we d 9 ! spl5d\r ( noon day1 at :i* "t ^! birds rema9 hidd5 9 d>k holes2 or if inde$ !y are compell$ to come out into ! op5 air light$ up by ! sun1 !y contract _! pupils s mu* t _! p[] ( sight dim9i%es toge!r ) ! quantity ( light admitt$4 ,/udy ! anatomy ( v>i\s eyes & see :i* are ! muscles :i* op5 & close ! said pupils ( ! eyes ( animals4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #bd1 l9es #h & fol4 #hcj4 a b n is ! membrane :i* closes ! eye f bel[1 upw>ds1 ) an opaque film1 c n b encloses ! eye 9 front & beh9d ) a transp>5t membrane4 ,x closes f bel[1 upw>ds1 because x ! eye comes d[nw>ds4 ,:5 ! eye ( a bird closes ) its two lids1 ! fir/ to close is ! nictitat+ membrane :i* closes f ! lacrymal duct ov] to ! out] corn] ( ! eye2 & ! out] lid closes f bel[ upw>ds1 & ^! two int]sect+ motions beg9 fir/ f ! lacrymatory duct1 because we h already se5 t 9 front & bel[ birds are protect$ & use only ! upp] portion ( ! eye f fe> ( birds ( prey :i* come d[n f above & beh9d2 & !y uncov] fir/ ! membrane f ! out] corn]1 because if ! enemy comes f beh9d1 !y h ! p[] ( escap+ to ! front2 & aga9 ! muscle call$ ! nictitat+ membrane is transp>5t1 because1 if ! eye _h n su* a scre51 !y c\ld n keep x op5 aga9/ ! w9d :i* /rikes aga9/ ! eye 9 ! ru% ( _! rapid flight4 ,& ! pupil ( ! eye dilates & contracts z x sees a less or great] light1 t is to say int5se brilliancy4 #hca4 ,if at night y\r eye is plac$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye ( a cat1 x w see ! eye look l fire4 ,rem>ks on ! organs ( spee* 7#hcb4 #hcc74 #hcb4 a e i o u ba be bi bo bu ca ce ci co cu da de di d du fa fe fi fo fu ga ge gi g gu la le li lo lu ma me mi mo mu na ne ni no nu pa pe pi po pu qa qe qi qo qu ra re ri ro ru sa se si s su ta te ti to tu ,! tongue is f\nd to h #bd muscles :i* correspond to ! six muscles :i* compose ! portion ( ! tongue :i* moves 9 ! m\?4 ,& :5 a o u are spok5 ) a cle> & rapid pronunciation1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to pron\nce cont9u\sly1 )\t any pause betwe51 t ! op5+ ( ! lips %\ld close by degrees2 t is1 !y are wide ap>t 9 say+ a1 clos] 9 say+ o1 & mu* clos] /ill to pron\nce u4 ,x may be %[n h[ all ! v[els are pron\nc$ ) ! f>!/ portion ( ! false palate :i* is above ! epiglottis4 #hcc4 ,if y draw 9 brea? by ! nose & s5d x out by ! m\? y w he> ! s\nd made by ! division t is ! membrane 9 ,footnote #e3 ,! text "h breaks (f4444 ,on ! conditions ( sight 7#hcd4 #hce74 #hcd4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,sight4 ,i say t sight is ex]cis$ by all animals1 by ! m$ium ( light2 & if any "o adduces1 z aga9/ ?is1 ! sight ( nocturnal animals1 ,i mu/ say t ?is 9 ! same way is subject to ! v same natural laws4 ,= x w easily be und]/ood t ! s5ses :i* receive ! images ( ?+s d n project f !mselves any visual virtue ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ,no4 #fh44 ,on ! contr>y ! atmosph]ic m$ium :i* exi/s betwe5 ! object & ! s5se incorporates 9 itself ! figure ( ?+s1 & by its contact ) ! s5se transmits ! object to x4 ,if ! object--:e!r by s\nd or by od\r--pres5ts its spiritual =ce to ! e> or ! nose1 !n light is n requir$ & does n act4 ,! =ms ( objects d n s5d _! images into ! air if !y are n illum9at$ #h2 & ! eye be+ ?us con/itut$ _c receive t f ! air1 :i* ! air does n possess1 al?\gh x t\*es its surface4 ,if y *oose to say t !re are _m animals t prey at night1 ,i answ] t :5 ! little light :i* suffices ! nature ( _! eyes is want+1 !y direct !mselves by _! /rong s5se ( he>+ & ( smell1 :i* are n imp$$ by ! d>kness1 & 9 :i* !y are v f> sup]ior to man4 ,if y make a cat leap1 by daylight1 among a quantity ( j>s & crocks y w see !m rema9 unbrok51 b if y d ! same at night1 _m w be brok54 ,night birds d n fly ab\t unless ! moon %9es full or 9 "p2 r d !y fe$ betwe5 sun-d[n & ! total d>kness ( ! night4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,no4 #eh-fg4 ,no body c be appreh5d$ )\t light & %ade1 & light & %ade are caus$ by light4 #hce4 ,,:y ,,m5 ,,advanc$ ,,9 ,,age ,,see ,,bett] ,,at ,a ,,di/ance4 ,sight is bett] f a di/ance ?an ne> 9 ^? m5 :o are advanc+ 9 age1 because ! same object transmits a small] impression ( itself to ! eye :5 x is di/ant ?an :5 x is ne>4 ,! seat ( ! common s5se4 #hcf4 ,! ,common ,s5se1 is t :i* judges ( ?+s (f]$ to x by ! o!r s5ses4 ,! anci5t speculators h conclud$ t t "p ( man :i* con/itutes 8 judgm5t is caus$ by a c5tral organ to :i* ! o!r five s5ses ref] ev]y?+ by means ( impressibility2 & to ?is c5tre !y h giv5 ! "n ,common ,s5se4 ,& !y say t ?is ,s5se is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! head betwe5 ,s5sation & ,memory4 ,& ?is "n ( ,common ,s5se is giv5 to x solely because x is ! common judge ( all ! o!r five s5ses i4e4 ,see+1 ,he>+1 ,t\*1 ,ta/e & ,smell4 ,?is ,common ,s5se is act$ ^u by means ( ,s5sation :i* is plac$ z a m$ium betwe5 x & ! s5ses4 ,s5sation is act$ ^u by means ( ! images ( ?+s pres5t$ to x by ! ext]nal in/rum5ts1 t is to say ! s5ses :i* are ! m$ium betwe5 ext]nal ?+s & ,s5sation4 ,9 ! same way ! s5ses are act$ ^u by objects4 ,surr\nd+ ?+s transmit _! images to ! s5ses & ! s5ses transf] !m to ! ,s5sation4 ,s5sation s5ds !m to ! ,common ,s5se1 & by x !y are /amp$ ^u ! memory & are !re m or less reta9$ accord+ to ! importance or =ce ( ! impression4 ,t s5se is mo/ rapid 9 its function :i* is ne>e/ to ! s5sitive m$ium & ! eye1 be+ ! highe/ is ! *ief ( ! o!rs4 ,( ?is !n only we w speak1 & ! o!rs we w leave 9 ord] n to make our matt] too long4 ,exp]i5ce tells u t ! eye appreh5ds t5 diff]5t natures ( ?+s1 t is3 ,light & ,d>kness1 "o be+ ! cause ( ! p]ception ( ! n9e o!rs1 & ! o!r its abs5ce3-- ,col\r & sub/ance1 =m & place1 di/ance & ne>ness1 motion & /illness ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e ,no4 #bc44 ,on ! orig9 ( ! s\l4 #hcg4 ,?\gh human +5uity may make v>i\s inv5tions :i*1 by ! help ( v>i\s ma*9es answ]+ ! same end1 x w nev] devise any inv5tions m beautiful1 nor m simple1 nor m to ! purpose ?an ,nature does2 because 9 h] inv5tions no?+ is want+1 & no?+ is sup]flu\s1 & %e ne$s no c\nt]poise :5 %e makes limbs prop] = motion 9 ! bodies ( animals4 ,b %e puts into !m ! s\l ( ! body1 :i* =ms !m t is ! s\l ( ! "m :i* fir/ con/ructs 9 ! womb ! =m ( ! man & 9 due "t awak5s ! s\l t is to inhabit x4 ,& ?is at fir/ lies dormant & "u ! tutelage ( ! s\l ( ! "m1 :o n\ri%es & vivifies x by ! umbilical ve91 ) all its spiritual p>ts1 & ?is happ5s because ?is umbilicus is jo9$ to ! plac5ta & ! cotyl$ons1 by :i* ! *ild is atta*$ to ! "m4 ,& ^! are ! reason :y a wi%1 a /rong crav+ or a fright or any o!r m5tal suff]+ 9 ! "m1 has m influ5ce on ! *ild ?an on ! "m2 = !re are _m cases :5 ! *ild loses its life f !m1 c4 ,?is disc\rse is n 9 its place "h1 b w be want$ = ! "o on ! composition ( animat$ bodies--& ! re/ ( ! def9ition ( ! s\l ,i leave to ! imag9ations ( fri>s1 ^? fa!rs ( ! p :o "k all secrets by inspiration4 ,footnote #eg3 lett]e incoronate4 ,by ?is t]m ,leon>do probably und]/&s n ! ,bible only1 b ! works ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 & all ! books recognis$ z sacr$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,i leave alone ! sacr$ books2 = !y are supreme tru?4 ,on ! relations ( ! s\l to ! organs ( s5se4 #hch4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,five ,,s5ses ,,are ,,! ,,m9i/]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,! s\l seems to reside 9 ! judgm5t1 & ! judgm5t w\ld seem to be seat$ 9 t "p :]e all ! s5ses meet2 & ?is is call$ ! ,common ,s5se & is n all-p]vad+ ?r\gh\t ! body1 z _m h ?\ght4 ,r is x entirely 9 "o "p4 ,because1 if x 7 all-p]vad+ & ! same 9 e "p1 !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ to make ! in/rum5ts ( ! s5ses meet 9 "o c5tre & 9 "o s+le spot2 on ! contr>y x w\ld h suffic$ t ! eye %\ld fulfil ! function ( its s5sation on its surface only1 & n transmit ! image ( ! ?+s se51 to ! s5se1 by means ( ! optic n]ves1 s t ! s\l--= ! reason giv5 above-- may p]ceive x 9 ! surface ( ! eye4 ,9 ! same way z to ! s5se ( he>+1 x w\ld h suffic$ if ! voice _h m]ely s\nd$ 9 ! por\s cavity ( ! indurat$ portion ( ! temporal bone :i* lies )9 ! e>1 )\t mak+ any f>!r transit f ?is bone to ! common s5se1 :]e ! voice conf]s ) & disc\rses to ! common judgm5t4 ,! s5se ( smell1 aga91 is compell$ by necessity to ref] itself to t same judgm5t4 ,feel+ passes ?r\gh ! p]=at$ cords & is convey$ to ?is common s5se4 ,^! cords div]ge ) inf9ite ramifications into ! sk9 :i* encloses ! memb]s ( ! body & ! visc]a4 ,! p]=at$ cords convey volition & s5sation to ! subord9ate limbs4 ,^! cords & ! n]ves direct ! motions ( ! muscles & s9ews1 betwe5 :i* !y are plac$2 ^! obey1 & ?is ob$i5ce takes effect by r$uc+ _! ?ickness2 = 9 swell+1 _! l5g? is r$uc$1 & ! n]ves %r9k :i* are int]wov5 among ! p>ticles ( ! limbs2 be+ ext5d$ to ! tips ( ! f+]s1 !y transmit to ! s5se ! object :i* !y t\*4 ,! n]ves ) _! muscles obey ! t5dons z soldi]s obey ! (fic]s1 & ! t5dons obey ! ,common c5tral ,s5se z ! (fic]s obey ! g5]al4 #bg ,?us ! jo9t ( ! bones obeys ! n]ve1 & ! n]ve ! muscle1 & ! muscle ! t5don & ! t5don ! ,common ,s5se4 ,& ! ,common ,s5se is ! seat ( ! s\l #bh1 & memory is its ammunition1 & ! impressibility is its ref]5d>y s9ce ! s5se waits on ! s\l & n ! s\l on ! s5se4 ,& :]e ! s5se t m9i/]s to ! s\l is n at ! s]vice ( ! s\l1 all ! functions ( t s5se are also want+ 9 t man's life1 z is se5 9 ^? born mute & bl9d4 ,footnote3 ,! peculi> use ( ! words n]vo1 muscolo1 corda1 s5so comune1 :i* are "h lit]ally r5d]$ by n]ve1 muscle cord or t5don & ,common ,s5se may be und]/ood f l9es #bg & #bh4 ,on involunt>y muscul> action4 #hci4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,n]ves ,,sometimes ,,act ,,( ,,!mselves ,,)\t ,,any ,,comm&s ,,f ,,! ,,o!r ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,?is is mo/ pla9ly se52 = y w see palsi$ & %iv]+ p]sons move1 & _! trembl+ limbs1 z _! head & h&s1 quake )\t leave f _! s\l & _! s\l ) all its p[] _c prev5t _! memb]s f trembl+4 ,! same ?+ happ5s 9 fall+ sickness1 or 9 p>ts t h be5 cut (f1 z 9 ! tails ( liz>ds4 ,! idea or imag9ation is ! helm & guid+-re9 ( ! s5ses1 because ! ?+ conceiv$ ( moves ! s5se4 ,pre-imag9+1 is imag9+ ! ?+s t are to be4 ,po/-imag9+1 is imag9+ ! ?+s t are pa/4 ,miscellane\s physiological obs]vations 7#hdj-hdb74 #hdj4 ,!re are f\r ,p[]s3 memory & intellect1 desire & covet\sness4 ,! two fir/ are m5tal & ! o!rs s5sual4 ,! ?ree s5ses3 sight1 he>+ & smell _c well be prev5t$2 t\* & ta/e n at all4 ,smell is connect$ ) ta/e 9 dogs & o!r glutton\s animals4 #hda4 ,i reveal to m5 ! orig9 ( ! fir/1 or p]haps second cause ( _! exi/5ce4 #hdb4 ,lu/ is ! cause ( g5]ation4 ,appetite is ! support ( life4 ,fe> or timidity is ! prolongation ( life & pres]vation ( its in/rum5ts4 ,! laws ( nutrition & ! support ( life 7#hdc-hdh74 #hdc4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,body ,,( ,,animals ,,is ,,con/antly ,,dy+ ,,& ,,be+ ,,r5ew$4 ,! body ( any ?+ :atev] t takes n\ri%m5t con/antly dies & is con/antly r5ew$2 because n\ri%m5t c only ent] into places :]e ! =m] n\ri%m5t has expir$1 & if x has expir$ x no long] has life4 ,& if y d n supply n\ri%m5t equal to ! n\ri%m5t :i* is gone1 life w fail 9 vig\r1 & if y take away ?is n\ri%m5t1 ! life is entirely de/roy$4 ,b if y re/ore z mu* is de/roy$ day by day1 !n z mu* ( ! life is r5ew$ z is consum$1 j z ! flame ( ! c&le is f$ by ! n\ri%m5t af=d$ by ! liquid ( ?is c&le1 :i* flame cont9ually ) a rapid supply re/ores to x f bel[ z mu* z is consum$ 9 dy+ above3 & f a brilliant light is conv]t$ 9 dy+ into murky smoke2 & ?is dea? is cont9u\s1 z ! smoke is cont9u\s2 & ! cont9uance ( ! smoke is equal to ! cont9uance ( ! n\ri%m5t1 & 9 ! same in/ant all ! flame is dead & all reg5]at$1 simultane\sly ) ! movem5t ( its own n\ri%m5t4 #hdd4 ,k+ ( ! animals--z ?\ ha/ describ$ him--,i %\ld r say k+ ( ! bea/s1 ?\ be+ ! greate/--because ?\ ha/ sp>$ slay+ !m1 9 ord] t !y may give !e _! *ildr5 = ! b5efit ( ! gullet1 ( :i* ?\ ha/ attempt$ to make a sepul*re = all animals2 & ,i w\ld say /ill m1 if x 7 all[$ me to speak ! entire tru? #e4 ,b we d n g outside human matt]s 9 tell+ ( "o supreme wick$ness1 :i* does n happ5 among ! animals ( ! e>?1 inasmu* z among !m are f\nd none :o eat _! own k9d1 unless ?r\gh want ( s5se 7few inde$ among !m1 & ^? be+ mo!rs1 z ) m51 albeit !y be n _m 9 numb]72 & ?is happ5s only among ! rapaci\s animals1 z ) ! leon9e species1 & leop>ds1 pan!rs lynxes1 cats & ! l1 :o sometimes eat _! *ildr52 b ?\1 besides ?y *ildr5 dev\re/ fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs & fri5ds2 nor is ?is en\gh = !e1 b ?\ goe/ to ! *ase on ! isl&s ( o!rs1 tak+ o!r m5 & ^! half-nak$1 ! 444 & ! 444 ?\ fatt5e/1 & *ase/ !m d[n ?y own ?roat#ah2 n[ does n nature produce en\gh simples1 = !e to satisfy ?yself8 & if ?\ art n cont5t ) simples1 can/ ?\ n by ! mixture ( !m make inf9ite comp\nds1 z ,plat9a wrote,footnote #ba3 ,come scrisse il ,plat9a 7,b>tolomeo ,sac*i1 a fam\s humani/74 ,! ,italian edition ( 8 treatise ,de arte coqu9>ia1 0 publi%$ "u ! title ,de la hone/ra voluptate1 e valetud9e1 ,v5ezia #adhg41 & o!r au?ors on fe$+8 ,footnote3 ,we are l$ to believe t ,leon>do himself 0 a veget>ian f ! foll[+ int]e/+ passage 9 ! fir/ ( ,&rea ,corsali's lett]s to ,giuliano de',m$ici3 ,alcuni g5tili *iamati ,guzz>ati non si cibano di cosa1 alcuna *e t5ga sangue1 ne fra essi loro cons5tono *e si noccia ad alcuna cosa animata1 come il no/ro ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 #e-ah4 ,am]igo ,vespucci1 ) :om ,leon>do 0 p]sonally acqua9t$1 writes 9 8 second lett] to ,pietro ,sod]9i1 ab\t ! inhabitants ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s aft] hav+ /ay$ !re 9 #aejc3 ,hanno una scel]ata lib]ta di viu]e2 444 si cibano di c>ne humana1 di mani]a *e il padre magia il figliuolo1 et all'incontro il figliuolo il padre secondo *e a caso e p] sorte aui5e4 ,io viddi un c]to huomo scel]atissimo *e si vantaua1 et si t5eua a non piccola gloria di hau] mangiato piu di trec5to huom9i4 ,viddi an*e vna c]ta citta1 nella quale io dimorai =se v5tisette giorni1 d\e le c>ni humane1 hau5dole salate1 eran appicate alli traui1 si come noi alli traui di cuc9a appic*iamo le c>ni di c+hali sec*e al sole o al fumo1 et massimam5te salsiccie1 et altre simil cose3 anzi si m>auigliauano gradem ete *e noi non magiaissimo della c>ne de nemici1 le quali dicono mu\]e appetito1 et ess]e di m>auiglioso sapore1 et le lodano come cibi soaui et delicati 7,lett]e due di ,am]igo ,vespucci ,fior5t9o drizzate al magnifico ,pietro ,sod]9i1 ,gonfaloni]e della eccelsa ,republica di ,fir5ze2 v>i\s editions74 #hde4 ,our life is made by ! dea? ( o!rs4 ,9 dead matt] ins5sible life rema9s1 :i*1 reunit$ to ! /oma*s ( liv+ be+s1 resumes life1 bo? s5sual & intellectual4 #hdf4 ,"h nature appe>s ) _m animals to h be5 r a cruel /epmo!r ?an a "m1 & ) o!rs n a /epmo!r1 b a mo/ t5d] "m4 #hdg4 ,man & animals are really ! passage & ! conduit ( food1 ! sepul*re ( animals & re/+ place ( ! dead1 "o caus+ ! dea? ( ! o!r1 mak+ !mselves ! cov]+ = ! corruption ( o!r dead bodies4 ,on ! circulation ( ! blood 7#hdh-hej74 #hdh4 ,dea? 9 old m51 :5 n f fev]1 is caus$ by ! ve9s :i* g f ! sple5 to ! valve ( ! liv]1 & :i* ?ick5 s mu* 9 ! walls t !y become clos$ up & leave no passage = ! blood t n\ri%es x4 #f,! incessant curr5t ( ! blood ?r\gh ! ve9s makes ^! ve9s ?ick5 & become call\s1 s t at la/ !y close up & prev5t ! passage ( ! blood4 #hdi4 ,! wat]s return ) con/ant motion f ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! sea to ! utmo/ height ( ! m\nta9s1 n obey+ ! nature ( heavi] bodies2 & 9 ?is !y resemble ! blood ( animat$ be+s :i* always moves f ! sea ( ! he>t & fl[s t[>ds ! top ( ! head2 & "h x may bur/ a ve91 z may be se5 :5 a ve9 bur/s 9 ! nose2 all ! blood rises f bel[ to ! level ( ! bur/ ve94 ,:5 ! wat] ru%es out f ! bur/ ve9 9 ! e>?1 x obeys ! law ( o!r bodies t are heavi] ?an ! air s9ce x always seeks l[ places4 ,footnote3 ,f ?is passage x is q pla9 t ,leon>do _h n m]ely a g5]al suspicion ( ! circulation ( ! blood b a v cle> conception ( x4 ,leon>do's /udies on ! muscles ( ! he>t are to be f\nd 9 ! ,,ms4 ,w4 ,an4 ,,iii4 b no in=mation ab\t !m has hi!rto be5 made public4 ,! limits ( my plan 9 ?is "w exclude all purely anatomical writ+s1 !re=e only a v brief exc]pt f ?is note book c be giv5 "h4 ,,william ,,h>vey 7born #aegh & ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ,cambridge f #afae7 is always consid]$ to h be5 ! discov]] ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,padua 9 #aeih1 & 9 #afbh br\ght out 8 memorable & important "w3 ,de motu cordis et sangu9is4 #hej4 ,t ! blood :i* returns :5 ! he>t op5s aga9 is n ! same z t :i* closes ! valves ( ! he>t4 ,"s notes on m$ic9e 7#hea-hee74 #hea4 ,make !m give y ! def9ition & rem$ies = ! case 444 & y w see t m5 are select$ to be doctors = diseases !y d n "k4 #heb4 ,a rem$y = scrat*es taught me by ! ,h]ald to ! ,k+ ( ,france4 #d ounces ( virg9 wax1 #d ounces ( colophony1 #b ounces ( inc5se4 ,keep ea* ?+ sep>ate2 & melt ! wax1 & !n put 9 ! inc5se & !n ! colophony1 make a mixture ( x & put x on ! sore place4 #hec4 ,m$ic9e is ! re/oration ( discordant elem5ts2 sickness is ! discord ( ! elem5ts infus$ into ! liv+ body4 #hed4 ,^? :o are annoy$ by sickness at sea %\ld dr9k extract ( wormwood4 #hee4 ,to keep 9 heal?1 ?is rule is wise3 ,eat only :5 y want & reli% food4 ,*ew ?or\ghly t x may d y good4 ,h x well cook$1 unspic$ & undisguis$4 ,he :o takes m$ic9e is ill advis$4 ,footnote3 ,?is appe>s to be a sket* = a poem4 #hef4 ,i tea* y to pres]ve y\r heal?2 & 9 ?is y w succ$ bett] 9 proportion z y %un physicians1 because _! m$ic9es are ! "w ( al*emi/s4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is writt5 on ! back ( ! draw+ ,pl4 ,,cviii4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #aahd4 ,,xv4 ,a/ronomy4 ,ev] s9ce ! publication by ,v5turi 9 #agig & ,libri 9 #ahdj ( "s few passages ( ,leon>do's a/ronomical notes1 sci5tific a/ronom]s h frequ5tly express$ ! op9ion1 t !y mu/ h be5 bas$ on v important discov]ies1 & t ! great pa9t] also des]v$ a conspicu\s place 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is sci5ce4 ,9 ! passages "h pr9t$1 a connect$ view is giv5 ( 8 a/ronomical /udies z !y lie scatt]$ ?r\gh ! manuscripts1 :i* h come d[n to u4 ,unlike 8 o!r purely sci5tific lab\rs1 ,leon>do devotes "h a good deal ( att5tion to ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts1 ?\gh he does n foll[ ! practice univ]sal 9 8 day ( rely+ on !m z au?orities2 he only quotes !m1 z we %all see1 9 ord] to refute _! argum5ts4 ,8 rese>*es ?r\gh\t h ! /amp ( indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! writ+s to lead u to suppose t !y 7 m]ely an epitome ( ! g5]al le>n+ common to ! a/ronom]s ( ! p]iod4 ,z e>ly z 9 ! ,x,i,vth c5tury !re 7 *airs ( a/ronomy 9 ! univ]sities ( ,padua & ,bologna1 b s late z dur+ ! entire ,x,v,ith c5tury ,a/ronomy & ,a/rology 7 /ill closely alli$4 ,x is impossible n[ to decide :e!r ,leon>do1 :5 liv+ 9 ,flor5ce1 became acqua9t$ 9 8 y\? ) ! doctr9es ( ,paolo ,toscanelli ! great a/ronom] & ma!matician 7di$ #adhb71 ( ^: influ5ce & tea*+ b little is n[ kn[n1 beyond ! fact t he advis$ & enc\rag$ ,columbus to c>ry out 8 project ( sail+ r\nd ! _w4 ,8 "n is n[h]e m5tion$ by ,leon>do1 & f ! dates ( ! manuscripts f :i* ! texts on a/ronomy are tak51 x seems highly probable t ,leon>do devot$ 8 att5tion to a/ronomical /udies less 9 8 y\? ?an 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,x 0 evid5tly 8 purpose to treat ( ,a/ronomy 9 a connect$ =m & 9 a sep>ate "w 7see ! beg9n+ ( ,nos4 #hff & #hib2 comp>e also ,no4 #aafg74 ,x is q 9 accordance ) 8 g5]al sci5tific ?or\ghness t he %\ld propose to write a special treatise on ,optics z an introduction to ,a/ronomy 7see ,nos4 #hfg & #hgg74 ,"s ( ! *apt]s belong+ to ?is ,section be> ! title ,prospettiva 7see ,nos4 #hfi & #hgj71 ?is be+ ! t]m univ]sally appli$ at ! "t to ,optics z well z ,p]spective 7see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aj1 note to ,no4 #ac1 l4 #aj74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( ! univ]se 0 /ill univ]sally accept$ z ! true "o1 & ,leon>do conceives ( ! e>? z fix$1 ) ! moon & sun revolv+ r\nd x1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! diagram to ,no4 #hig4 ,he does n g into any !ory ( ! motions ( ! planets2 ) reg>d to ^! & ! fix$ />s he only inve/igates ! ph5om5a ( _! lum9osity4 ,! sph]ical =m ( ! e>? he takes = grant$ z an axiom f ! fir/1 & he anticipates ,newton by po9t+ out ! univ]sality ( ,gravitation n m]ely 9 ! e>?1 b ev5 9 ! moon4 ,al?\gh 8 acute rese>* into ! nature ( ! moon's light & ! spots on ! moon did n br+ to light _m results ( la/+ importance beyond mak+ x evid5t t !y 7 a refutation ( ! errors ( 8 contempor>ies1 !y conta9 v>i\s explanations ( facts :i* mod]n sci5ce ne$ n modify 9 any ess5tial po9t1 & discov]ies :i* hi/ory has hi!rto assign$ to a v mu* lat] date4 ,! +5i\s !ory by :i* he tries to expla9 ! nature ( :at is kn[n z e>? %9e1 ! reflection ( ! sun's rays by ! e>? t[>ds ! moon1 say+ t x is a peculi> refraction1 orig9at+ 9 ! innum]able curv$ surfaces ( ! waves ( ! sea may be reg>d$ z absurd2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t he _h no means ( detect+ ! fundam5tal error on :i* he bas$ x1 namely3 ! assumption t ! moon 0 at a relatively %ort di/ance f ! e>?4 ,s long z ! motion ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun rema9$ unkn[n1 x 0 ( c\rse impossible to =m any e/imate ( ! moon's di/ance f ! e>? by a calculation ( its p>allax4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! telescope accurate a/ronomical obs]vations 7 only possible to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,x w\ld appe> h[ev] f c]ta9 passages 9 ! notes "h pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t1 t ,leon>do 0 9 a position to /udy ! spots 9 ! moon m closely ?an he c\ld h done ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! my/]i\s language 9 :i* ! description ( 8 in/rum5t is wrapp$1 he made use ( magnify+ glasses2 ^! d n h[ev] seem to h be5 con/ruct$ l a telescope--telescopes 7 fir/ made ab\t #afjj4 ,z ,,libri po9t$ out 7,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ma!matiques ,,iii1 #aja7 ,fraca/oro ( ,v]ona 7#adgc-aeec7 succe$$ 9 magnify+ ! moon's face by an arrangem5t ( l5ses 7comp>e ,no4 #iaj1 note71 & ?is gives probability to ,leon>do's inv5tion at a n mu* e>li] date4 ,i4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,a ,,planet4 ,! e>?'s place 9 ! univ]se 7#heg4 #heh74 #heg4 ,! equator1 ! l9e ( ! horizon1 ! ecliptic1 ! m]idian3 ,^! l9es are ^? :i* 9 all _! p>ts are equidi/ant f ! c5tre ( ! globe4 #heh4 ,! e>? is n 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,sun's orbit nor at ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b 9 ! c5tre ( its companion elem5ts1 & unit$ ) !m4 ,& any "o /&+ on ! moon1 :5 x & ! sun are bo? b5ea? u1 w\ld see ?is our e>? & ! elem5t ( wat] ^u x j z we see ! moon1 & ! e>? w\ld light x z x lights u4 ,! fundam5tal laws ( ! sol> sy/em 7#hei-hfd74 #hei4 ,=ce arises f de>? or abundance2 x is ! *ild ( physical motion1 & ! gr&-*ild ( spiritual motion1 & ! "m & orig9 ( gravity4 ,gravity is limit$ to ! elem5ts ( wat] & e>?2 b ?is =ce is unlimit$1 & by x inf9ite worlds might be mov$ if in/rum5ts c\ld be made by :i* ! =ce c\ld be g5]at$4 ,=ce1 ) physical motion1 & gravity1 ) resi/ance are ! f\r ext]nal p[]s on :i* all actions ( mortals dep5d4 ,=ce has its orig9 9 spiritual motion2 & ?is motion1 fl[+ ?r\gh ! limbs ( s5ti5t animals1 enl>ges _! muscles4 ,be+ enl>g$ by ?is curr5t ! muscles are %runk 9 l5g? & contract ! t5dons :i* are connect$ ) !m1 & ?is is ! cause ( ! =ce ( ! limbs 9 man4 ,! quality & quantity ( ! =ce ( a man are able to give bir? to o!r =ces1 :i* w be proportionally great] z ! motions produc$ by !m la/ long]4 ,footnote3 ,only "p ( ?is passage belongs1 /rictly speak+1 to ?is section4 ,! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! second p>agraph is m directly connect$ ) ! notes giv5 9 ! prec$+ section on ,physiology4 #hfj4 ,:y does n ! weight o rema9 9 its place8 ,x does n rema9 because x has no resi/ance4 ,:]e w x move to8 ,x w move t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,& :y by no o!r l9e8 ,because a weight :i* has no support falls by ! %orte/ road to ! l[e/ po9t :i* is ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,& :y does ! weight "k h[ to f9d x by s %ort a l9e8 ,because x is n indep5dant & does n move ab\t 9 v>i\s directions4 ,footnote3 ,?is text & ! sket* belong+ to x1 are reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,cxxi4 #hfa4 ,let ! e>? turn on :i* side x may ! surface ( ! wat]s w nev] move f its sph]ical =m1 b w always rema9 equidi/ant f ! c5tre ( ! globe4 ,grant+ t ! e>? might be remov$ f ! c5tre ( ! globe1 :at w\ld happ5 to ! wat]8 ,x w\ld rema9 9 a sph]e r\nd t c5tre equally ?ick1 b ! sph]e w\ld h a small] diamet] ?an :5 x enclos$ ! e>?4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hif1 l9es #dh-fd2 & ,no4 #icf4 #hfb4 ,suppos+ ! e>? at our antipodes :i* supports ! ocean 7 to rise & /& uncov]$1 f> out ( ! sea1 b rema9+ almo/ level1 by :at means aft]w>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 w\ld m\nta9s & vallies be =m$8 ,& ! rocks ) _! v>i\s /rata8 #hfc4 ,ea* man is always 9 ! middle ( ! surface ( ! e>? & "u ! z5i? ( 8 own hemisph]e1 & ov] ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 #hfd4 ,mem43 ,t ,i mu/ fir/ %[ ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?2 &1 by means ( a ray pass+ ?r\gh a small hole into a d>k *amb]1 detect its real size2 & besides ?is1 by means ( ! aque\s sph]e calculate ! size ( ! globe 444 ,"h x w be %[n1 t :5 ! sun is 9 ! m]idian ( our hemisph]e ,footnote #aj3 ,antipodi ori5tali cogli occid5tali4 ,! ^w ,antipodes does n "h be> its lit]al s5se1 b--z we may inf] f ! simultane\s ref]5ce to inhabitants ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?-- is us$ z mean+ m5 liv+ at a di/ance ( #ij degrees f ! z5i? ( ! rational horizon ( ea* obs]v]41 ! antipodes to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,we/1 alike1 & at ! same "t1 see ! sun mirror$ 9 _! wat]s2 & ! same is equally true ( ! arctic & ant>ctic poles1 if inde$ !y are inhabit$4 ,h[ to prove t ! e>? is a planet 7#hfe-hfg74 #hfe4 ,t ! e>? is a />4 #hff4 ,9 y\r disc\rse y mu/ prove t ! e>? is a /> mu* l ! moon1 & ! glory ( our univ]se2 & !n y mu/ treat ( ! size ( v>i\s />s1 accord+ to ! au?ors4 #hfg4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,prov+ ,,t ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,a ,,/>4 ,fir/ describe ! eye2 !n %[ h[ ! tw9kl+ ( a /> is really 9 ! eye & :y "o /> %\ld tw9kle m ?an ano!r1 & h[ ! rays f ! />s orig9ate 9 ! eye2 & add1 t if ! tw9kl+ ( ! />s 7 really 9 ! />s --z x seems to be--t ?is tw9kl+ appe>s to be an ext5sion z great z ! diamet] ( ! body ( ! />2 !re=e1 ! /> be+ l>g] ?an ! e>?1 ?is motion effect$ 9 an in/ant w\ld be a rapid d\bl+ ( ! size ( ! />4 ,!n prove t ! surface ( ! air :]e x lies contigu\s to fire1 & ! surface ( ! fire :]e x ends are ^? into :i* ! sol> rays p5etrate1 & transmit ! images ( ! heav5ly bodies1 l>ge :5 !y rise1 & small1 :5 !y are on ! m]idian4 ,let a be ! e>? & n d m ! surface ( ! air 9 contact ) ! sph]e ( fire2 h f g is ! orbit ( ! moon or1 if y please1 ( ! sun2 !n ,i say t :5 ! sun appe>s on ! horizon g1 its rays are se5 pass+ ?r\gh ! surface ( ! air at a slant+ angle1 t is o m2 ?is is n ! case at d k4 ,& s x passes ?r\gh a great] mass ( air2 all ( e m is a d5s] atmosph]e4 #hfh4 ,beyond ! sun & u !re is d>kness & s ! air appe>s blue4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cja4 #hfi4 ,,p]spective4 ,x is possible to f9d means by :i* ! eye %all n see remote objects z mu* dim9i%$ z 9 natural p]spective1 :i* dim9i%es !m by reason ( ! convexity ( ! eye :i* necess>ily int]sects1 at its surface1 ! pyramid ( e image convey$ to ! eye at a "r angle on its sph]ical surface4 ,b by ! me?od ,i "h tea* 9 ! m>g9 #i ^! pyramids are int]sect$ at "r angles close to ! surface ( ! pupil4 ,! convex pupil ( ! eye c take 9 ! :ole ( our hemisph]e1 :ile ?is w %[ only a s+le />2 b :]e _m small />s transmit _! images to ! surface ( ! pupil ^? />s are extremely small2 "h only "o /> is se5 b x w be l>ge4 ,& s ! moon w be se5 l>g] & its spots ( a m def9$ =m ,footnote #bj & fol43 ,telescopes 7 n 9 use till a c5tury lat]4 ,comp>e ,no4 #iaj & page #acf44 ,y mu/ place close to ! eye a glass fill$ ) ! wat] ( :i* m5tion is made 9 numb] #d ( ,book #aac ,on natural sub/ances ,footnote #bc3 libro #aac4 ,?is is p]haps ! numb] ( a book 9 "s libr>y catalogue4 ,b x may ref]1 on ! o!r h&1 to "o ( ! #abj ,books m5tion$ 9 ,no4 #gif4 l4 #hd42 = ?is wat] makes objects :i* are enclos$ 9 balls ( cry/all9e glass appe> free f ! glass4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,among ! small] objects pres5t$ to ! pupil ( ! eye1 t :i* is close/ to x1 w be lea/ appreciable to ! eye4 ,& at ! same "t1 ! exp]im5ts "h made ) ! p[] ( sight1 %[ t x is n r$uc$ to speck if ! c4 #cb;,footnote #cb3 ,comp>e ) ?is ! passage 9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #eb1 writt5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s e>li]44 ,read 9 ! m>g94 #cd,^? objects are se5 l>ge/ :i* come to ! eye at ! l>ge/ angles4 ,b ! images ( ! objects convey$ to ! pupil ( ! eye are di/ribut$ to ! pupil exactly z !y are di/ribut$ 9 ! air3 & ! pro( ( ?is is 9 :at foll[s2 t :5 we look at ! />ry sky1 )\t gaz+ m fix$ly at "o /> ?an ano!r1 ! sky appe>s all /rewn ) />s2 & _! proportions to ! eye are ! same z 9 ! sky & likewise ! spaces betwe5 !m #fa4 ,footnote3 #i4 #cb4 9 m>g9e3 l9es #cd-fa are1 9 ! orig9al1 writt5 on ! m>g9 & above !m is ! diagram to :i* ,leon>do seems to ref] "h4 #hgj4 ,,p]spective4 ,among objects mov$ f ! eye at equal di/ance1 t und]goes lea/ dim9ution :i* at fir/ 0 mo/ remote4 ,:5 v>i\s objects are remov$ at equal di/ances f>!r f _! orig9al position1 t :i* 0 at fir/ ! f>!/ f ! eye w dim9i% lea/4 ,& ! proportion ( ! dim9ution w be 9 proportion to ! relative di/ance ( ! objects f ! eye be=e !y 7 remov$4 ,t is to say 9 ! object t & ! object e ! proportion ( _! di/ances f ! eye a is qu9tuple4 ,i remove ea* f its place & set x f>!r f ! eye by "o ( ! #e p>ts into :i* ! proposition is divid$4 ,h5ce x happ5s t ! ne>e/ to ! eye has d\bl$ ! di/ance & accord+ to ! la/ proposition b "o ( ?is1 is dim9i%$ by ! half ( its :ole size2 & ! body e1 by ! same motion1 is dim9i%$ #a_/e ( its :ole size4 ,!re=e1 by t same la/ proposition b "o1 t :i* is said 9 ?is la/ proposition is true2 & ?is ,i say ( ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies :i* are m di/ant by #cejj miles :5 sett+ ?an :5 ov]head1 & yet d n increase or dim9i% 9 any s5sible degree4 #hga4 a b is ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! sun passes1 & if y c\ld measure ! size ( ! sol> rays at n m1 y c\ld accurately trace ! real l9es ( ! conv]g5ce ( ! sol> rays1 ! mirror be+ at a b1 & !n %[ ! reflect$ rays at equal angles to n m2 b1 z y want to h !m at n m1 take !m at !4 inn] side ( ! ap]ture at cd1 :]e !y maybe measur$ at ! spot :]e ! sol> rays fall4 ,!n place y\r mirror at ! di/ance a b1 mak+ ! rays d b1 c a fall & !n be reflect$ at equal angles t[>ds c d2 & ?is is ! be/ me?od1 b y mu/ use ?is mirror always 9 ! same mon?1 & ! same day1 & h\r & in/ant1 & ?is w be bett] ?an at no fix$ "t because :5 ! sun is at a c]ta9 di/ance x produces a c]ta9 pyramid ( rays4 #hgb4 a1 ! side ( ! body 9 light & %ade b1 faces ! :ole portion ( ! hemisph]e b$ e f1 & does n face any "p ( ! d>kness ( ! e>?4 ,& ! same occurs at ! po9t o2 !re=e ! space a o is ?r\gh\t ( "o & ! same brightness1 & s faces only f\r degrees ( ! hemisph]e d e f g h1 & also ! :ole ( ! e>? s h1 :i* w r5d] x d>k]2 & h[ mu* mu/ be demon/rat$ by calculation4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage1 :i* has p]haps a d\btful "r to its place 9 ?is connection1 /&s 9 ! ,manuscript betwe5 ^? giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i z ,no4 #aag & ,no4 #dbg4 #hgc4 ,,! ,,reason ,,( ,,! ,,increas$ ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,"s ma!maticians expla9 t ! sun looks l>g] z x sets1 because ! eye always sees x ?r\gh a d5s] atmosph]e1 alleg+ t objects se5 ?r\gh mi/ or ?r\gh wat] appe> l>g]4 ,to ^! ,i reply3 ,no2 because objects se5 ?r\gh a mi/ are simil> 9 col\r to ^? at a di/ance2 b n be+ simil>ly dim9i%$ !y appe> l>g]4 ,aga91 no?+ increases 9 size 9 smoo? wat]2 & ! pro( ( ?is may be se5 by ?r[+ a light on a bo>d plac$ half "u wat]4 ,b ! reason :y ! sun looks l>g] is t e lum9\s body appe>s l>g] 9 proportion z x is m remote4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #e & #f are ?us r5d]$ by ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a4 ,de meme1 aucune *ose ne croit dans l'eau plane1 et tu en f]as l'exp]i5ce en calquant un ais s\s l'eau4--,comp>e ! diagrams 9 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aad4 ,on ! lum9osity ( ! ,e>? 9 ! univ]sal space 7#hgd-hgh74 #hgd4 ,9 my book ,i propose to %[1 h[ ! ocean & ! o!r seas mu/1 by means ( ! sun1 make our _w %9e ) ! appe>ance ( a moon1 & to ! remot] worlds x looks l a />2 & ?is ,i %all prove4 ,%[1 fir/ t e light at a di/ance f ! eye ?r[s out rays :i* appe> to increase ! size ( ! lum9\s body2 & f ?is x foll[s t #b 444,footnote #aj3 ,"h ! text breaks (f2 l9es #aa & fol4 are writt5 9 ! m>g944 #aa,! moon is cold & moi/4 ,wat] is cold & moi/4 ,?us our seas mu/ appe> to ! moon z ! moon does to u4 #hge4 ,! waves 9 wat] magnify ! image ( an object reflect$ 9 x4 ,let a be ! sun1 & n m ! ruffl$ wat]1 b ! image ( ! sun :5 ! wat] is smoo?4 ,let f be ! eye :i* sees ! image 9 all ! waves includ$ )9 ! base ( ! triangle c e f4 ,n[ ! sun reflect$ 9 ! unruffl$ surface occupi$ ! space c d1 :ile 9 ! ruffl$ surface x cov]s all ! wat]y space c e 7z is prov$ 9 ! #d? ( my ,p]spective7 ,footnote #i3 ,nel qu>to della mia prospettiva4 ,if ?is ref]5ce is to ! diagrams accompany+ ! text--z is usual ) ,leon>do--& n to "s p>ticul> "w1 ! l>ge/ ( ! diagrams "h giv5 mu/ be meant4 ,x is ! l[e/ & actually ! fif?1 b he w\ld h call$ x ! f\r?1 = ! text "h giv5 is prec$$ on ! same page ( ! manuscript by a passage on :irlpools1 ) ! diagram belong+ to x also reproduc$ "h4 ,! words della mia prospettiva may !re=e indicate t ! diagram to ! prec$+ *apt] treat+ on a het]og5eal subject is to be exclud$4 ,x is a fur!r difficulty t ?is diagram belongs prop]ly to l9es #i-aj & n to ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,! reflection ( ! sun 9 wat] is also discuss$ 9 ! ,!oretical "p ( ! ,book on ,pa9t+2 see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #bjf1 #bjg4 & x w cov] m ( ! wat] 9 proportion z ! reflect$ image is remote f ! eye #aj4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al sket*1 inside ! circle 9 ! fir/ diagram1 is writt5 ,sole 7sun71 & to ! "r ( x luna 7moon74 ,?us ei!r ( ^! heav5ly bodies may be suppos$ to fill t space4 ,)9 ! l[] circle is writt5 simulacro 7image74 ,9 ! two next diagrams at ! spot "h m>k$ ,l ! ^w ,luna is writt51 & 9 ! la/ sole is writt5 9 ! top circle at a4 ,! image ( ! sun w be m brightly %[n 9 small waves ?an 9 l>ge ones--& ?is is because ! reflections or images ( ! sun are m num]\s 9 ! small waves ?an 9 l>ge ones1 & ! m num]\s reflections ( its radiance give a l>g] light ?an ! few]4 ,waves :i* int]sect l ! scales ( a fir cone reflect ! image ( ! sun ) ! greate/ spl5d\r2 & ?is is ! case because ! images are z _m z ! ridges ( ! waves on :i* ! sun %9es1 & ! %ad[s betwe5 ^! waves are small & n v d>k2 & ! radiance ( s _m reflections toge!r becomes unit$ 9 ! image :i* is transmitt$ to ! eye1 s t ^! %ad[s are imp]ceptible4 ,t reflection ( ! sun w cov] mo/ space on ! surface ( ! wat] :i* is mo/ remote f ! eye :i* sees x4 ,let a be ! sun1 p q ! reflection ( ! sun2 a b is ! surface ( ! wat]1 9 :i* ! sun is mirror$1 & r ! eye :i* sees ?is reflection on ! surface ( ! wat] occupy+ ! space o m4 c is ! eye at a great] di/ance f ! surface ( ! wat] & also f ! reflection2 h5ce ?is reflection cov]s a l>g] space ( wat]1 by ! di/ance betwe5 n & o4 #hgf4 ,x is impossible t ! side ( a sph]ical mirror1 illum9at$ by ! sun1 %\ld reflect its radiance unless ?is mirror 7 undulat+ or fill$ ) bubbles4 ,y see "h ! sun :i* lights up ! moon1 a sph]ical mirror1 & all ( its surface1 :i* faces ! sun is r5d]$ radiant4 ,:5ce x may be conclud$ t :at %9es 9 ! moon is wat] l t ( our seas1 & 9 waves z t is2 & t portion :i* does n %9e consi/s ( isl&s & t]ra firma4 ,?is diagram1 ( sev]al sph]ical bodies int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! sun1 is giv5 to %[ t1 j z ! reflection ( ! sun is se5 9 ea* ( ^! bodies1 9 ! same way t image may be se5 9 ea* curve ( ! waves ( ! sea2 & z 9 ^! _m sph]es _m reflections ( ! sun are se51 s 9 _m waves !re are _m images1 ea* ( :i* at a great di/ance is mu* magnifi$ to ! eye4 ,&1 z ?is happ5s ) ea* wave1 ! spaces int]pos$ betwe5 ! waves are conceal$2 &1 = ?is reason1 x looks z ?\gh ! _m suns mirror$ 9 ! _m waves 7 b "o cont9u\s sun2 & ! %ad[s11 mix$ up ) ! lum9\s images1 r5d] ?is radiance less brilliant ?an t ( ! sun mirror$ 9 ^! waves4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 at lett] ,a 9 ! diagram ,sole 7! sun7 is writt51 & at o oc*io 7! eye74 #hgg4 ,?is w h be=e x ! treatise on light & %ade4 ,! edges 9 ! moon w be mo/ /rongly light$ & reflect mo/ light1 because1 !re1 no?+ w be visible b ! tops ( ! waves ( ! wat] ,footnote #e3 ,i h ?\ght x unnecess>y to reproduce ! detail$ explanation ( ! !ory ( reflection on waves conta9$ 9 ! passage :i* foll[s ?is44 #hgh4 ,! sun w appe> l>g] 9 mov+ wat] or on waves ?an 9 /ill wat]2 an example is ! light reflect$ on ! /r+s ( a mono*ord4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sun4 ,! "q ( ! true & ( ! app>5t size ( ! sun 7#hgi-hhd74 #hgi4 ,,9 ,,praise ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,if y look at ! />s1 cutt+ (f ! rays 7z may be done by look+ ?r\gh a v small hole made ) ! extreme po9t ( a v f9e ne$le1 plac$ s z almo/ to t\* ! eye71 y w see ^? />s s m9ute t x w\ld seem z ?\gh no?+ c\ld be small]2 x is 9 fact _! great di/ance :i* is ! reason ( _! dim9ution1 = _m ( !m are v _m times l>g] ?an ! /> :i* is ! e>? ) wat]4 ,n[ reflect :at ?is our /> mu/ look l at su* a di/ance1 & !n consid] h[ _m />s might be add$--bo? 9 longitude & latitude--betwe5 ^? />s :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! d>k5$ sky4 ,b ,i _c =be> to condemn _m ( ! anci5ts1 :o said t ! sun 0 no l>g] ?an x appe>s2 among ^! 0 ,epicurus1 & ,i believe t he f\nd$ 8 reason on ! effects ( a light plac$ 9 our atmosph]e equidi/ant f ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,any "o look+ at x nev] sees x dim9i%$ 9 size at :atev] di/ance2 & ! rea- ,footnote #hgi-hhb3 ,:at ,leon>do says ( ,epicurus-- :o accord+ to ,,lewis1 ,! ,a/ronomy ( ! anci5ts1 & ,,madl]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,himmelskunde1 did n devote mu* att5tion to ! /udy ( cele/ial ph5om5a--1 he probably d]iv$ f ,book ,x ( ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ^: ,vitae ,philosophorum 0 n pr9t$ 9 ,greek till #aecc1 b ! ,lat9 translation appe>$ 9 #adge4 #hhj4 sons ( its size & p[] ,i %all res]ve = ,book #d4 ,b ,i wond] greatly t ,socrates ,footnote #b3 ,socrates2 ,i h little light to ?r[ on ?is ref]5ce4 ,plato's ,socrates himself decl>es on m ?an "o occasion t 9 8 y\? he _h turn$ 8 m9d to ! /udy ( cele/ial ph5om5a 7,,metewpa7 b n 9 8 lat] ye>s 7see ,g4 ,c4 ,,lewis1 ,! ,a/ronomy ( ! anci5ts1 page #aji2 ,,madl]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,himmelskunde1 page #da74 ,"h & !re 9 ,plato's writ+s we f9d incid5tal notes on ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,leon>do may v well h kn[n ( ^!1 s9ce ! ,lat9 v]sion by ,fic9us 0 pr9t$ z e>ly z #adia2 inde$ an undat$ edition exi/s :i* may v likely h appe>$ betwe5 #adhj--ij4 ,!re is b "o passage 9 ,plato1 ,ep9omis 7p4 #ihc7 :]e he speaks ( ! physical prop]ties ( ! sun & says t x is l>g] ?an ! e>?4 ,ari/otle :o goes v fully into ! subject says ! same4 ,a complete edition ( ,ari/otele's works 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice #adie-ih1 b a ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,books ,de ,coelo et ,mundo & ,de ,physica _h be5 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice z e>ly z 9 #adhc 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+74 %\ld h depreciat$ t sol> body1 say+ t x 0 ( ! nature ( inc&esc5t /one1 & ! "o :o oppos$ him z to t error 0 n f> wrong4 ,b ,i only wi% ,i _h words to s]ve me to blame ^? :o are fa9 to extol ! wor%ip ( m5 m ?an t ( ! sun2 = 9 ! :ole univ]se !re is n[h]e to be se5 a body ( great] magnitude & p[] ?an ! sun4 ,its light gives light to all ! cele/ial bodies :i* are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 & f x desc5ds all vital =ce1 = ! heat t is 9 liv+ be+s comes f ! s\l vital sp>k2 & !re is no o!r c5tre ( heat & light 9 ! univ]se z w be %[n 9 ,book #d2 & c]ta9ly ^? :o h *os5 to wor%ip m5 z gods--z ,jove1 ,saturn1 ,m>s & ! l--h fall5 into ! grave/ error1 see+ t ev5 if a man 7 z l>ge z our e>?1 he w\ld look no bigg] ?an a little /> :i* appe>s b z a speck 9 ! univ]se2 & see+ aga9 t ^! m5 are mortal1 & putrid & corrupt 9 _! sepul*res4 ,m>cellus ,footnote #bc3 ,i h no means ( id5tify+ ,m>cello :o is nam$ 9 ! m>g94 ,x may be ,nonius ,m>cellus1 an obscure ,roman ,gramm>ian ( unc]ta9 date 7betwe5 ! ,i,ind & ,v? c5turies ,a4 ,c47 ! au?or ( ! treatise ,de comp5diosa doctr9a p] litt]as ad filium 9 :i* he treats de rebus omnibus et quibusdam aliis4 ,?is 0 mu* read 9 ! middle ages4 ,! editto pr9ceps is dat$ #adgj 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+74 & _m o!rs praise ! sun4 #hha4 ,epicurus p]haps saw ! %ad[s ca/ by columns on ! walls 9 front ( !m equal 9 diamet] to ! columns f :i* ! %ad[s 7 ca/2 & ! bread? ( ! %ad[s be+ p>allel f beg9n+ to end1 he ?\ght he might inf] t ! sun also 0 directly opposite to ?is p>allel & t consequ5tly its bread? 0 n great] ?an t ( ! column2 n p]ceiv+ t ! dim9ution 9 ! %ad[ 0 ins5sibly slight by reason ( ! remot5ess ( ! sun4 ,if ! sun 7 small] ?an ! e>?1 ! />s on a great portion ( our hemisph]e w\ld h no light1 :i* is evid5ce aga9/ ,epicurus :o says ! sun is only z l>ge z x appe>s4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ! writ+ is across ! diagram4 #hhb4 ,epicurus says ! sun is ! size x looks4 ,h5ce z x looks ab\t a foot across we mu/ consid] t to be its size2 x w\ld foll[ t :5 ! moon eclipses ! sun1 ! sun ought n to appe> ! l>g]1 z x does4 ,!n1 ! moon be+ small] ?an ! sun1 ! moon mu/ be less ?an a foot1 & consequ5tly :5 our _w eclipses ! moon1 x mu/ be less ?an a foot by a f+]'s bread?2 inasmu* z if ! sun is a foot across1 & our e>? ca/s a conical %ad[ on ! moon1 x is inevitable t ! lum9\s cause ( ! cone ( %ad[ mu/ be l>g] ?an ! opaque body :i* ca/s ! cone ( %ad[4 #hhc4 ,to measure h[ _m times ! diamet] ( ! sun w g into its c\rse 9 #bd h\rs4 ,make a circle & place x to face ! s\?1 aft] ! mann] ( a sundial1 & place a rod 9 ! middle 9 su* a way z t its l5g? po9ts to ! c5tre ( ?is circle1 & m>k ! %ad[ ca/ 9 ! sun%9e by ?is rod on ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle1 & ?is %ad[ w be--let u say-- z broad z f a to n4 ,n[ measure h[ _m times ?is %ad[ w g into ?is circumf]5ce ( a circle1 & t w give y ! numb] ( times t ! sol> body w g into its orbit 9 #bd h\rs4 ,?us y may see :e!r ,epicurus 0 "r 9 say+ t ! sun 0 only z l>ge z x look$2 =1 z ! app>5t diamet] ( ! sun is ab\t a foot1 & z t sun w\ld g a ?\s& times into ! l5g? ( its c\rse 9 #bd h\rs1 x w\ld h gone a ?\s& feet1 t is #cjj braccia1 :i* is ! six? ( a mile4 ,:5ce x w\ld foll[ t ! c\rse ( ! sun dur+ ! day w\ld be ! six? "p ( a mile & t ?is v5]able snail1 ! sun w h travell$ #be braccia an h\r4 #hhd4 ,posidonius compos$ books on ! size ( ! sun4 ,footnote3 ,poseidonius ( ,apamea1 commonly call$ ! ,rhodian1 because he taught 9 ,rhodes1 0 a ,/oic philosoph]1 a contempor>y & fri5d ( ,cic]o's1 & ! au?or ( num]\s works on natural sci5ce1 among !m4 ,/rabo quotes no d\bt f "o ( 8 works1 :5 he says t ,poseidonius expla9$ h[ x 0 t ! sun look$ l>g] :5 x 0 ris+ or sett+ ?an dur+ ! re/ ( its c\rse 7,,iii1 p4 #ace74 ,kleom$es1 a lat] ,greek ,naturali/ also m5tions ?is obs]vation ( ,poseidonius' )\t nam+ ! title ( 8 "w2 h[ev]1 z ,kleom$es' ,cyclia ,!orica 0 n pr9t$ till #aece1 ,leon>do mu/ h d]iv$ 8 quotation f ,/rabo4 ,he probably wrote ?is note 9 #aejh1 & z ! orig9al ,greek 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #aeaf1 we mu/ suppose him to quote "h f ! translation by ,gu>9us ,v]on5sis1 :i* 0 pr9t$ z e>ly z #adga1 also at ,v5ice 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+74 ,( ! nature ( ,sunlight4 #hhe4 ,,( ,,! ,,pro( ,,t ,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,hot ,,by ,,nature ,,& ,,n ,,by ,,virtue4 ,( ! nature ( ,sunlight4 ,t ! heat ( ! sun resides 9 its nature & n 9 its virtue or mode ( action is abundantly prov$ by ! radiance ( ! sol> body on :i* ! human eye _c dwell & besides ?is no less manife/ly by ! rays reflect$ f a concave mirror1 :i*--:5 !y /rike ! eye ) su* spl5d\r t ! eye _c be> !m--h a brilliancy equal to ! sun 9 its own place4 ,& t ?is is true ,i prove by ! fact t if ! mirror has its concavity =m$ exactly z is requisite = ! collect+ & reflect+ ( ^! rays1 no creat$ be+ c\ld endure ! heat t /rikes f ! reflect$ rays ( su* a mirror4 ,& if y argue t ! mirror itself is cold & yet s5d =? hot rays1 ,i %\ld reply t ^? rays come really f ! sun & t x is ! ray ( ! concave mirror aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! w9d[4 ,consid]ations z to ! size ( ! sun 7#hhf-hia74 #hhf4 ,! sun does n move4 ,footnote3 ,?is s5t5ce occurs incid5tally among ma!matical notes1 & is writt5 9 unusually l>ge lett]s4 #hhg4 ,,pro( ,,t ,,! ,,ne>] ,,y ,,are ,,to ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,rays1 ,,! ,,l>g] ,,w ,,! ,,reflection ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,f ,,! ,,sea ,,appe> ,,to ,,y4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #d & fol4 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #acj1 #aca4 ,if x is f ! c5tre t ! sun employs its radiance to int5sify ! p[] ( its :ole mass1 x is evid5t t ! f>!r its rays ext5d1 ! m widely !y w be divid$2 & ?is be+ s1 y1 ^: eye is ne> ! wat] t mirrors ! sun1 see b a small portion ( ! rays ( ! sun /rike ! surface ( ! wat]1 & reflect+ ! =m ( ! sun4 ,b if y 7 ne> to ! sun--z w\ld be ! case :5 ! sun is on ! m]idian & ! sea to ! we/w>d--y w\ld see ! sun1 mirror$ 9 ! sea1 ( a v great size2 because1 z y are ne>] to ! sun1 y\r eye tak+ 9 ! rays ne>] to ! po9t ( radiation takes m ( !m 91 & a great spl5d\r is ! result4 ,& 9 ?is way x c be prov$ t ! moon mu/ h seas :i* reflect ! sun1 & t ! p>ts :i* d n %9e are l&4 #hhh4 ,take ! measure ( ! sun at ! sol/ice 9 mid-,june4 #hhi4 ,,:y ,,! ,,sun ,,appe>s ,,l>g] ,,:5 ,,sett+ ,,?an ,,at ,,noon1 ,,:5 ,,x ,,is ,,ne> ,,to ,,u4 ,e object se5 ?r\gh a curv$ m$ium seems to be ( l>g] size ?an x is4 ,footnote3 ,at ,a is writt5 sole 7! sun71 at ,b t]ra 7! e>?74 #hij4 ,because ! eye is small x c only see ! image ( ! sun z ( a small size4 ,if ! eye 7 z l>ge z ! sun x w\ld see ! image ( ! sun 9 wat] ( ! same size z ! real body ( ! sun1 s long z ! wat] is smoo?4 #hia4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,see+ ,,! ,,sun ,,eclips$ ,,)\t ,,pa9 ,,to ,,! ,,eye4 ,take a piece ( pap] & pi]ce holes 9 x ) a ne$le1 & look at ! sun ?r\gh ^! holes4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,moon4 ,on ! lum9\sity ( ! moon 7#hib-ija74 #hib4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,z ,i propose to treat ( ! nature ( ! moon1 x is necess>y t fir/ ,i %\ld describe ! p]spective ( mirrors1 :e!r plane1 concave or convex2 & fir/ :at is meant by a lum9\s ray1 & h[ x is refract$ by v>i\s k9ds ( m$ia2 !n1 :5 a reflect$ ray is mo/ p[]ful1 :e!r :5 ! angle ( incid5ce is acute1 "r1 or obtuse1 or f a convex1 a plane1 or a concave surface2 or f an opaque or a transp>5t body4 ,besides ?is1 h[ x is t ! sol> rays :i* fall on ! waves ( ! sea1 are se5 by ! eye ( ! same wid? at ! angle ne>e/ to ! eye1 z at ! highe/ l9e ( ! waves on ! horizon2 b not)/&+ ?is ! sol> rays reflect$ f ! waves ( ! sea assume ! pyramidal =m & consequ5tly1 at ea* degree ( di/ance increase proportionally 9 size1 al?\gh to our sight1 !y appe> z p>allel4 #a/4 ,no?+ t has v little weight is opaque4 #b;dly4 ,no?+ t is excessively weighty c rema9 b5ea? t :i* is heavi]4 #c;dly4 ,z to :e!r ! moon is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( its elem5ts or n4 ,&1 if x has no prop] place ( its own1 l ! e>?1 9 ! mid/ ( its elem5ts1 :y does x n fall to ! c5tre ( our elem5ts8 ,footnote #bf3 ,! problem "h prop\nd$ by ,leon>do 0 n satisfactorily answ]$ till ,newton 9 #afhb =mulat$ ! law ( univ]sal attraction & gravitation4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ijb1 l9es #e-ae4 ,&1 if ! moon is n 9 ! c5tre ( its own elem5ts & yet does n fall1 x mu/ !n be light] ?an any o!r elem5t4 ,&1 if ! moon is light] ?an ! o!r elem5ts :y is x opaque & n transp>5t8 ,:5 objects ( v>i\s sizes1 be+ plac$ at v>i\s di/ances1 look ( equal size1 !re mu/ be ! same relative proportion 9 ! di/ances z 9 ! magnitudes ( ! objects4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! diagram ,leon>do wrote sole at ! place m>k$ ,a4 #hic4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,& ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,poli%$ ,,& ,,sph]ical4 ,! image ( ! sun 9 ! moon is p[]fully lum9\s1 & is only on a small portion ( its surface4 ,& ! pro( may be se5 by tak+ a ball ( burni%$ gold & plac+ x 9 ! d>k ) a light at "s di/ance f x2 & !n1 al?\gh x w illum9ate ab\t half ( ! ball1 ! eye w p]ceive its reflection only 9 a small "p ( its surface1 & all ! re/ ( ! surface reflects ! d>kness :i* surr\nds x2 s t x is only 9 t spot t ! image ( ! light is se51 & all ! re/ rema9s invisible1 ! eye be+ at a di/ance f ! ball4 ,! same ?+ w\ld happ5 on ! surface ( ! moon if x 7 poli%$1 lu/r\s & opaque1 l all bodies ) a reflect+ surface4 ,%[ h[1 if y 7 /&+ on ! moon or on a />1 our e>? w\ld seem to reflect ! sun z ! moon does4 ,& %[ t ! image ( ! sun 9 ! sea _c appe> "o & undivid$1 z x appe>s 9 a p]fectly plane mirror4 #hid4 ,h[ %ad[s are lo/ at great di/ances1 z is %[n by ! %ad[ side ( ! moon :i* is nev] se54 ,footnote3 ,comp>e also ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #age-agi4 #hie4 ,ei!r ! moon has intr9sic lum9osity or n4 ,if x has1 :y does x n %9e )\t ! aid ( ! sun8 ,b if x has n any light 9 itself x mu/ ( necessity be a sph]ical mirror2 & if x is a mirror1 is x n prov$ 9 ,p]spective t ! image ( a lum9\s object w nev] be equal to ! ext5t ( surface ( ! reflect+ body t x illum9ates8 ,& if x be ?us ,footnote #ac3 ,at ,a1 9 ! diagram1 ,leon>do wrote sole 7! sun71 & at ,b luna o noi t]ra 7! moon or our e>?74 ,comp>e also ! text ( ,no4 #hgf41 z is "h %[n at r s 9 ! figure1 :5ce comes s great an ext5t ( radiance z t ( ! full moon z we see x1 at ! fifte5? day ( ! moon8 #hif4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,! moon has no light 9 itself2 b s mu* ( x z faces ! sun is illum9at$1 & ( t illum9$ portion we see s mu* z faces ! e>?4 ,& ! moon's night receives j z mu* light z is l5t x by our wat]s z !y reflect ! image ( ! sun1 :i* is mirror$ 9 all ^? wat]s :i* are on ! side t[>ds ! sun4 ,! outside or surface ( ! wat]s =m+ ! seas ( ! moon & ( ! seas ( our globe is always ruffl$ little or mu*1 or m or less--& ?is r\ghness causes an ext5sion ( ! numb]less images ( ! sun :i* are repeat$ 9 ! ridges & holl[s1 ! sides & fronts ( ! innum]able waves2 t is to say 9 z _m diff]5t spots on ea* wave z our eyes f9d diff]5t positions to view !m f4 ,?is c\ld n happ51 if ! aque\s sph]e :i* cov]s a great "p ( ! moon 7 uni=mly sph]ical1 = !n ! images ( ! sun w\ld be "o to ea* spectator1 & its reflections w\ld be sep>ate & indep5d5t & its radiance w\ld always appe> circul>2 z is pla9ly to be se5 9 ! gilt balls plac$ on ! tops ( high build+s4 ,b if ^? gilt balls 7 rugg$ or compos$ ( sev]al little balls1 l mulb]ries1 :i* are a black fruit compos$ ( m9ute r\nd globules1 !n ea* portion ( ^! little balls1 :5 se5 9 ! sun1 w\ld display to ! eye ! lu/re result+ f ! reflection ( ! sun1 & ?us1 9 "o & ! same body _m t9y suns w\ld be se52 & ^! (t5 comb9e at a long di/ance & appe> z "o4 ,! lu/re ( ! new moon is bright] & /rong]1 ?an :5 ! moon is full2 & ! reason ( ?is is t ! angle ( incid5ce is m obtuse 9 ! new ?an 9 ! full moon1 9 :i* ! angles ( incid5ce & reflection are highly acute4 ,! waves ( ! moon !re=e mirror ! sun 9 ! holl[s ( ! waves z well z on ! ridges1 & ! sides rema9 9 %ad[4 ,b at ! sides ( ! moon ! holl[s ( ! waves d n cat* ! sunlight1 b only _! cre/s2 & ?us ! images are few] & m mix$ up ) ! %ad[s 9 ! holl[s2 & ?is int]m+l+ ( ! %ad$ & illum9at$ spots comes to ! eye ) a mitigat$ spl5d\r1 s t ! edges w be d>k]1 because ! curves ( ! sides ( ! waves are insuffici5t to reflect to ! eye ! rays t fall ^u !m4 ,n[ ! new moon naturally reflects ! sol> rays m directly t[>ds ! eye f ! cre/s ( ! waves ?an f any o!r "p1 z is %[n by ! =m ( ! moon1 ^: rays a /rike ! waves b & are reflect$ 9 ! l9e b d1 ! eye be+ situat$ at d4 ,?is _c happ5 at ! full moon1 :5 ! sol> rays1 be+ 9 ! we/1 fall on ! extreme wat]s ( ! moon to ! ,ea/ f n to m1 & are n reflect$ to ! eye 9 ! ,we/1 b are ?r[n back ea/w>ds1 ) b slight deflection f ! /raight c\rse ( ! sol> ray2 & ?us ! angle ( incid5ce is v wide inde$4 ,! moon is an opaque & solid body & if1 on ! contr>y1 x 7 transp>5t1 x w\ld n receive ! light ( ! sun4 ,! yell[ or yolk ( an egg rema9s 9 ! middle ( ! album51 )\t mov+ on ei!r side2 n[ x is ei!r light] or heavi] ?an ?is album51 or equal to x2 if x is light]1 x ought to rise above all ! album5 & /op 9 contact ) ! %ell ( ! egg2 & if x is heavi]1 x ought to s9k1 & if x is equal1 x might j z well be at "o ( ! ends1 z 9 ! middle or bel[ #ed4 ,footnote #dh-fd3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hfa4 ,! innum]able images ( ! sol> rays reflect$ f ! innum]able waves ( ! sea1 z !y fall ^u ^? waves1 are :at cause u to see ! v broad & cont9u\s radiance on ! surface ( ! sea4 #hig4 ,t ! sun c\ld n be mirror$ 9 ! body ( ! moon1 :i* is a convex mirror1 9 su* a way z t s mu* ( its surface z is illum9at$ by ! sun1 %\ld reflect ! sun unless ! moon _h a surface adapt$ to reflect x--9 waves & ridges1 l ! surface ( ! sea :5 its surface is mov$ by ! w9d4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagrams sole is writt5 at ! place m>k$ ,a2 luna at ,c1 & t]ra at ! two spots m>k$ ,b4 ,! waves 9 wat] multiply ! image ( ! object reflect$ 9 x4 ,^! waves reflect light1 ea* by its own l9e1 z ! surface ( ! fir cone does ,footnote #ad3 ,see ! diagram p4 #ade4 ,^! are #b figures "o diff]5t f ! o!r2 "o ) undulat+ wat] & ! o!r ) smoo? wat]4 ,x is impossible t at any di/ance ! image ( ! sun ca/ on ! surface ( a sph]ical body %\ld occupy ! half ( ! sph]e4 ,"h y mu/ prove t ! e>? produces all ! same effects ) reg>d to ! moon1 z ! moon ) reg>d to ! e>?4 ,! moon1 ) its reflect$ light1 does n %9e l ! sun1 because ! light ( ! moon is n a cont9u\s reflection ( t ( ! sun on its :ole surface1 b only on ! cre/s & holl[s ( ! waves ( its wat]s2 & ?us ! sun be+ confus$ly reflect$1 f ! admixture ( ! %ad[s t lie betwe5 ! lu/r\s waves1 its light is n pure & cle> z ! sun is4 ,footnote #ch3 ,?is ref]s to ! small diagram plac$ betwe5 ,b & ,b4--4 ,! e>? betwe5 ! moon on ! fifte5? day & ! sun4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ! diagram bel[ ! "o ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,"h ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! moon on ! fifte5? day 9 ! ,we/4 ,footnote #dj4da3 ,ref]s to ! diagram bel[ ! o!rs4 ,! moon on ! fifte5? day betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 #da;,"h x is ! moon :i* has ! sun to ! ,we/ & ! e>? to ! ,ea/4 #hih4 ,,:at ,,sort ,,( ,,?+ ,,! ,,moon ,,is4 ,! moon is n ( itself lum9\s1 b is highly fitt$ to assimilate ! "* ( light aft] ! mann] ( a mirror1 or ( wat]1 or ( any o!r reflect+ body2 & x gr[s l>g] 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 l ! sun & ! o!r planets4 ,& ! reason is t e lum9\s body looks l>g] 9 proportion z x is remote4 ,x is easy to und]/& t e planet & /> is f>!r f u :5 9 ! ,we/ ?an :5 x is ov]head1 by ab\t #cejj miles1 z is prov$ on ! m>g9 ,footnote #g3 ref]s to ! fir/ diagram4--,a sole 7! sun71 ,b t]ra 7! e>?71 ,c luna 7! moon741 & if y see ! sun or moon mirror$ 9 ! wat] ne> to y1 x looks to y ( ! same size 9 ! wat] z 9 ! sky4 ,b if y rec$e to ! di/ance ( a mile1 x w look #ajj times l>g]2 & if y see ! sun reflect$ 9 ! sea at sunset1 its image w\ld look to y m ?an #aj miles long2 because t reflect$ image ext5ds ov] m ?an #aj miles ( sea4 ,& if y c\ld /& :]e ! moon is1 ! sun w\ld look to y1 z if x 7 reflect$ f all ! sea t x illum9ates by day2 & ! l& amid ! wat] w\ld appe> j l ! d>k spots t are on ! moon1 :i*1 :5 look$ at f our e>?1 appe>s to m5 ! same z our e>? w\ld appe> to any m5 :o might dwell 9 ! moon4 ,footnote3 ,?is text has already be5 publi%$ by ,,libri3 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces1 ,,iii1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,:5 ! moon is entirely light$ up to our sight1 we see its full daylight2 & at t "t1 ow+ to ! reflection ( ! sol> rays :i* fall on x & are ?r[n (f t[>ds u1 its ocean ca/s (f less moi/ure t[>ds u2 & ! less light x gives ! m injuri\s x is4 #hii4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,i say t z ! moon has no light 9 itself & yet is lum9\s1 x is inevitable b t its light is caus$ by "s o!r body4 #ijj4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,all my oppon5t's argum5ts to say t !re is no wat] 9 ! moon4 ,footnote3 ,! objections are v m9utely not$ d[n 9 ! manuscript1 b !y h>dly seem to h a place "h4 #ija4 ,answ] to ,mae/ro ,&rea da ,imola1 :o said t ! sol> rays reflect$ f a convex mirror are m+l$ & lo/ at a %ort di/ance2 :]eby x is altoge!r d5i$ t ! lum9\s side ( ! moon is ( ! nature ( a mirror1 & t consequ5tly ! light is n produc$ by ! innum]able multitude ( ! waves ( t sea1 :i* ,i decl>$ to be ! portion ( ! moon :i* is illum9at$ by ! sol> rays4 ,let o p be ! body ( ! sun1 c n s ! moon1 & b ! eye :i*1 above ! base c n ( ! ca!tus c n m1 sees ! body ( ! sun reflect$ at equal angles c n2 & ! same aga9 on mov+ ! eye f b to a4 ,footnote3 ,! l>ge diagram on ! m>g9 ( page #afa belongs to ?is *apt]4 ,explanation ( ! lum5 c9]eum 9 ! moon4 #ijb4 ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,no solid body is less heavy ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,footnote3 #a4 ,on ! m>g9 are ! words tola romant9a1 tola--f]ro /agnato 7t9n$ iron72 romant9a is "s special k9d ( %eet-iron no long] kn[n by t "n4 ,hav+ prov$ t ! "p ( ! moon t %9es consi/s ( wat]1 :i* mirrors ! body ( ! sun & reflects ! radiance x receives f x2 & t1 if ^! wat]s 7 devoid ( waves1 x w\ld appe> small1 b ( a radiance almo/ l ! sun2 --#e ,x mu/ n[ be %[n :e!r ! moon is a heavy or a light body3 =1 if x 7 a heavy body--admitt+ t at e grade ( di/ance f ! e>? great] levity mu/ prevail1 s t wat] is light] ?an ! e>?1 & air ?an wat]1 & fire ?an air & s on successively--x w\ld seem t if ! moon _h d5sity z x really has1 x w\ld h weight1 & hav+ weight1 t x c\ld n be su/a9$ 9 ! space :]e x is1 & consequ5tly t x w\ld fall t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! univ]se & become unit$ to ! e>?2 or if n ! moon itself1 at lea/ its wat]s w\ld fall away & be lo/ f x1 & desc5d t[>ds ! c5tre1 leav+ ! moon )\t any & s devoid ( lu/re4 ,b z ?is does n happ51 z might 9 reason be expect$1 x is a manife/ sign t ! moon is surr\nd$ by its own elem5ts3 t is to say wat]1 air & fire2 & ?us is1 ( itself & by itself1 susp5d$ 9 t "p ( space1 z our e>? ) its elem5t is 9 ?is "p ( space2 & t heavy bodies act 9 ! mid/ ( its elem5ts j z o!r heavy bodies d 9 ours ,footnote #ae3 ,?is passage w\ld c]ta9ly seem to e/abli% ,leon>do's claim to be reg>d$ z ! orig9al discov]] ( ! cause ( ! a%y col\r ( ! new moon 7lum5 c9]eum74 ,8 obs]vations h[ev]1 hav+ hi!rto rema9$ unkn[n to a/ronom]s1 ,moe/l9 & ,kepl] h be5 cr$it$ ) ! discov]ies :i* !y made indep5d5tly a c5tury lat]4 ,"s disconnect$ notes treat ( ! same subject 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #bci;b2 #gah;b & #gai;b2 ,p]*e la luna c9ta della p>te allum9ata dal sole 9 pon5te1 tra maggior spl5dore 9 mezzo a tal c]*io1 *e qu&o essa eclissava il sole4 ,que/o accade p]*e nell' ecliss>e il sole ella ombrava il no/ro oceano1 il qual caso non accade ess5do 9 pon5te1 qu&o il sole alluma esso oceano4 ,! editors ( ! ,saggio :o fir/ publi%$ ?is passage 7page #ab7 add ano!r %ort "o ab\t ! seasons 9 ! moon :i* ,i confess n to h se5 9 ! orig9al manuscript3 ,la luna ha ogni mese un v]no e una /ate1 e ha maggiori fr$di e maggiori caldi1 e i suoi equ9ozii son piu fr$di de' no/ri4 ,:5 ! eye is 9 ! ,ea/ & sees ! moon 9 ! ,we/ ne> to ! sett+ sun1 x sees x ) its %ad$ portion surr\nd$ by lum9\s portions2 & ! lat]al & upp] portion ( ?is light is d]iv$ f ! sun1 & ! l[] portion f ! ocean 9 ! ,we/1 :i* receives ! sol> rays & reflects !m on ! l[] wat]s ( ! moon1 & inde$ af=ds ! "p ( ! moon t is 9 %ad[ z mu* radiance z ! moon gives ! e>? at midnight4 ,!re=e x is n totally d>k1 & h5ce "s h believ$ t ! moon mu/ 9 p>ts h a light ( its own besides t :i* is giv5 x by ! sun2 & ?is light is due1 z has be5 said1 to ! above- m5tion$ cause1--t our seas are illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,aga91 x might be said t ! circle ( radiance %[n by ! moon :5 x & ! sun are bo? 9 ! ,we/ is :olly borr[$ f ! sun1 :5 x1 & ! sun1 & ! eye are situat$ z is %[n above4 ,footnote #bc4 #bd3 ,! l>g] ( ! two diagrams reproduc$ above /&s betwe5 ^! two l9es1 & ! small] "o is sket*$ 9 ! m>g94 ,at ! spot m>k$ ,a ,leon>do wrote corpo sol>e 7sol> body7 9 ! l>g] diagram & ,sole 7sun7 9 ! small] "o4 ,at ,c luna 7moon7 is writt5 & at ,b t]ra 7! e>?74 ,"s might say t ! air surr\nd+ ! moon z an elem5t1 cat*es ! light ( ! sun z our atmosph]e does1 & t x is ?is :i* completes ! lum9\s circle on ! body ( ! moon4 ,"s h ?\ght t ! moon has a light ( its own1 b ?is op9ion is false1 because !y h f\nd$ x on t dim light se5 betwe5 ! hornes ( ! new moon1 :i* looks d>k :]e x is close to ! bright "p1 :ile aga9/ ! d>kness ( ! backgr\nd x looks s light t _m h tak5 x to be a r+ ( new radiance complet+ ! circle :]e ! tips ( ! horns illum9at$ by ! sun cease to %9e ,footnote #cd3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #e44 ,& ?is diff]5ce ( backgr\nd arises f ! fact t ! portion ( t backgr\nd :i* is cont]m9\s ) ! bright "p ( ! moon1 by comp>ison ) t brightness looks d>k] ?an x is2 :ile at ! upp] "p1 :]e a portion ( ! lum9\s circle is to be se5 ( uni=m wid?1 ! result is t ! moon1 be+ bright] !re ?an ! m$ium or backgr\nd on :i* x is se5 by comp>ison ) t d>kness x looks m lum9\s at t edge ?an x is4 ,& t brightness at su* a "t itself is d]iv$ f our ocean & o!r inl&-seas4 ,^! are1 at t "t1 illum9at$ by ! sun :i* is already sett+ 9 su* a way z t ! sea !n fulfils ! same function to ! d>k side ( ! moon z ! moon at its fifte5? day does to u :5 ! sun is set4 ,& ! small am\nt ( light :i* ! d>k side ( ! moon receives be>s ! same proportion to ! light ( t side :i* is illum9at$1 z t444 ,footnote #db3 ,"h ! text breaks (f2 l9es #dc-eb are writt5 on ! m>g944 ,if y want to see h[ mu* bright] ! %ad$ portion ( ! moon is ?an ! backgr\nd on :i* x is se51 conceal ! lum9\s portion ( ! moon ) y\r h& or ) "s o!r m di/ant object4 ,on ! spots 9 ! moon 7#ijc-ijg74 #ijc4 ,,! ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,moon4 ,"s h said t vap\rs rise f ! moon1 aft] ! mann] ( cl\ds & are int]pos$ betwe5 ! moon & our eyes4 ,b1 if ?is 7 ! case1 ^! spots w\ld nev] be p]man5t1 ei!r z to position or =m2 &1 see+ ! moon f v>i\s aspects1 ev5 if ^! spots did n move !y w\ld *ange 9 =m1 z objects d :i* are se5 f diff]5t sides4 #ijd4 ,,( ,,! ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,moon4 ,o!rs say t ! moon is compos$ ( m or less transp>5t p>ts2 z ?\gh "o "p 7 some?+ l alaba/] & o!rs l cry/al or glass4 ,x w\ld foll[ f ?is t ! sun ca/+ its rays on ! less transp>5t portions1 ! light w\ld rema9 on ! surface1 & s ! d5s] "p w\ld be illum9at$1 & ! transp>5t portions w\ld display ! %ad[ ( _! d>k] dep?s2 & ?is is _! acc\nt ( ! /ructure & nature ( ! moon4 ,& ?is op9ion has f\nd fav\r ) _m philosoph]s1 & p>ticul>ly ) ,ari/otle1 & yet x is a false view--=1 9 ! v>i\s phases & frequ5t *anges ( ! moon & sun to our eyes1 we %\ld see ^! spots v>y1 at "o "t look+ d>k & at ano!r light3 !y w\ld be d>k :5 ! sun is 9 ! ,we/ & ! moon 9 ! middle ( ! sky2 = !n ! transp>5t holl[s w\ld be 9 %ad[ z f> z ! tops ( ! edges ( ^? transp>5t holl[s1 because ! sun c\ld n !n fl+ 8 rays into ! m\? ( ! holl[s1 :i* h[ev]1 at full moon1 w\ld be se5 9 bright light1 at :i* "t ! moon is 9 ! ,ea/ & faces ! sun 9 ! ,we/2 !n ! sun w\ld illum9ate ev5 ! l[e/ dep?s ( ^! transp>5t places & ?us1 z !re w\ld be no %ad[s ca/1 ! moon at ^! times w\ld n %[ u ! spots 9 "q2 & s x w\ld be1 n[ m & n[ less1 accord+ to ! *anges 9 ! position ( ! sun to ! moon1 & ( ! moon to our eyes1 z ,i h said above4 #ije4 ,,( ,,! ,,spots ,,on ,,! ,,moon4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 t ! spots on ! moon result f ! moon be+ ( v>y+ ?9ness or d5sity2 b if ?is 7 s1 :5 !re is an eclipse ( ! moon ! sol> rays w\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! portions :i* 7 ?9 z is alleg$ ,footnote #c-e3 ,eclissi4 ,?is ^w1 z x seems to me1 "h means eclipses ( ! sun2 & ! s5se ( ! passage1 z ,i und]/& x1 is t by ! =ego+ hypo!sis ! moon1 :5 x comes betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? mu/ appe> z if pi]c$1--we may say l a sieve44 ,b z we d n see ?is effect ! op9ion mu/ be false4 ,o!rs say t ! surface ( ! moon is smoo? & poli%$ & t1 l a mirror1 x reflects 9 itself ! image ( our e>?4 ,?is view is also false1 inasmu* z ! l&1 :]e x is n cov]$ ) wat]1 pres5ts v>i\s aspects & =ms4 ,h5ce :5 ! moon is 9 ! ,ea/ x w\ld reflect diff]5t spots f ^? x w\ld %[ :5 x is above u or 9 ! ,we/2 n[ ! spots on ! moon1 z !y are se5 at full moon1 nev] v>y 9 ! c\rse ( its motion ov] our hemisph]e4 ,a second reason is t an object reflect$ 9 a convex body takes up b a small portion ( t body1 z is prov$ 9 p]spective ,footnote #ah3 come e provato4 ,?is alludes to ! accompany+ diagram44 ,! ?ird reason is t :5 ! moon is full1 x only faces half ! hemisph]e ( ! illum9at$ e>?1 on :i* only ! ocean & o!r wat]s reflect bright light1 :ile ! l& makes spots on t brightness2 ?us half ( our e>? w\ld be se5 girt r\nd ) ! brightness ( ! sea light$ up by ! sun1 & 9 ! moon ?is reflection w\ld be ! smalle/ "p ( t moon4 ,f\r?ly1 a radiant body _c be reflect$ f ano!r equally radiant2 !re=e ! sea1 s9ce x borr[s its brightness f ! sun1--z ! moon does--1 c\ld n cause ! e>? to be reflect$ 9 x1 nor inde$ c\ld ! body ( ! sun be se5 reflect$ 9 x1 nor inde$ any /> opposite to x4 #ijf4 ,if y keep ! details ( ! spots ( ! moon "u obs]vation y w (t5 f9d great v>iation 9 !m1 & ?is ,i myself h prov$ by draw+ !m4 ,& ?is is caus$ by ! cl\ds t rise f ! wat]s 9 ! moon1 :i* come betwe5 ! sun & ^? wat]s1 & by _! %ad[ deprive ^! wat]s ( ! sun's rays4 ,?us ^? wat]s rema9 d>k1 n be+ able to reflect ! sol> body4 #ijg4 ,h[ ! spots on ! moon mu/ h v>i$ f :at !y =m]ly 71 by reason ( ! c\rse ( its wat]s4 ,on ! moon's halo4 #ijh4 ,,( ,,halos ,,r\nd ,,! ,,moon4 ,i h f\nd1 t ! circles :i* at night seem to surr\nd ! moon1 ( v>i\s sizes1 & degrees ( d5sity are caus$ by v>i\s gradations 9 ! d5sities ( ! vap\rs :i* exi/ at diff]5t altitudes betwe5 ! moon & our eyes4 ,& ( ^! halos ! l>ge/ & lea/ r$ is caus$ by ! l[e/ ( ^! vap\rs2 ! second1 small] "o1 is high] up1 & looks r$d] because x is se5 ?r\gh two vap\rs4 ,& s on1 z !y are high] !y w appe> small] & r$d]1 because1 betwe5 ! eye & !m1 !re is ?ick] vap\r4 ,:5ce x is prov$ t :]e !y are se5 to be r$de/1 ! vap\rs are mo/ d5se4 ,on in/rum5ts = obs]v+ ! moon 7#iji4 #iaj74 #iji4 ,if y want to prove :y ! moon appe>s l>g] ?an x is1 :5 x rea*es ! horizon2 take a l5s :i* is highly convex on "o surface & concave on ! opposite1 & place ! concave side next ! eye1 & look at ! object beyond ! convex surface2 by ?is means y w h produc$ an exact imitation ( ! atmosph]e includ$ b5ea? ! sph]e ( fire & outside t ( wat]2 = ?is atmosph]e is concave on ! side next ! e>?1 & convex t[>ds ! fire4 #iaj4 ,con/ruct glasses to see ! moon magnifi$4 ,footnote3 ,see ! ,introduction1 p4 #acf1 ,fraca/oro says 9 8 "w ,homoc5tres3 ,p] dua specilla ocul>la si quis p]spiciat1 alt]i alt]o sup]posito1 majora multo et prop9quiora videbit omnia4--,qu9 imo qua$am specilla ocul>ia fiunt tantae d5sitatis1 ut si p] ea quis aut lunam1 aut aliud sid]um spectet1 adeo prop9qua illa iudicet1 ut ne turres ipsas exc$ant 7sect4 ,,ii c4 #h & sect4 ,,iii1 c4 #bc74 ,i4 ,,! ,,/>s4 ,on ! light ( ! />s 7#iaa-iac74 #iaa4 ,! />s are visible by night & n by day1 because we are enea? ! d5se atmosph]e1 :i* is full ( innum]able articles ( moi/ure1 ea* ( :i* indep5d5tly1 :5 ! ays ( ! sun fall ^u x1 reflects a radiance1 & s ^! umb]less bright p>ticles conceal ! />s2 & if x 7 n or ?is atmosph]e ! sky w\ld always display ! />s aga9/ ts d>kness4 ,footnote3 ,see ,no4 #bif1 :i* also ref]s to />light4 #iab4 ,:e!r ! />s h _! light f ! sun or 9 !mselves4 ,"s say t !y %9e ( !mselves1 all$g+ t if ,v5us nd ,m]cury _h n a light ( _! own1 :5 !y come betwe5 ur eye & ! sun !y w\ld d>k5 s mu* ( ! sun z !y ould cov] f our eye4 ,b ?is is false1 = x is prov$ t d>k object aga9/ a lum9\s body is envelop$ & entirely onceal$ by ! lat]al rays ( ! re/ ( t lum9\s body nd s rema9s invisible4 ,z may be se5 :5 ! sun is se5 hr\gh ! b\ghs ( trees b>e ( _! leaves1 at "s di/ance he bran*es d n conceal any portion ( ! sun f our eye4 he same ?+ happ5s ) ! above m5tion$ planets :i*1 h\gh !y h no light ( _! own1 d n--z has be5 said-- onceal any "p ( ! sun f our eye #ah4 ,,second ,,argum5t4 ,"s say t ! />s appe> mo/ brilliant at night 9 proportion z !y are high] up2 & t if !y _h no light ( _! own1 ! %ad[ ( ! e>? :i* comes betwe5 !m & ! sun1 w\ld d>k5 !m1 s9ce !y w\ld n face nor be fac$ by ! sol> body4 ,b ^? p]sons h n consid]$ t ! conical %ad[ ( ! e>? _c rea* _m ( ! />s2 & ev5 z to ^? x does rea*1 ! cone is s mu* dim9i%$ t x cov]s v little ( ! />'s mass1 & all ! re/ is illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,footnote3 ,f ?is & o!r rem>ks 7see ,no4 #ijb7 x is cle> hat ,leon>do 0 famili> ) ! ph5om5a ( ,irradiation4 #ac4 ,:y ! planets appe> l>g] 9 ! ,ea/ ?an !y d ov]head1 :]eas ! contr>y %\ld be ! case1 z !y are #cejj miles ne>] to u :5 9 mid sky ?an :5 on ! horizon4 ,all ! degrees ( ! elem5ts1 ?r\gh :i* ! images ( ! cele/ial bodies pass to rea* ! eye1 are equal curves & ! angles by :i* ! c5tral l9e ( ^? images passes ?r\gh !m1 are unequal angles ,footnote #ac3 inequali1 "h & else:]e does n mean unequal 9 ! s5se ( n be+ equal to ea* o!r1 b angles :i* are n "r angles42 & ! di/ance is great]1 z is %[n by ! excess ( a b beyond a d2 & ! enl>gem5t ( ^! cele/ial bodies on ! horizon is %[n by ! #i? ( ! #g?4 ,obs]vations on ! />s4 #iad4 ,to see ! real nature ( ! planets op5 ! cov]+ & note at ! base ,footnote #d3 basa4 ,?is probably alludes to "s in/rum5t1 p]haps ! ,cam]a obscura4 "o s+le planet1 & ! reflect$ movem5t ( ?is base w %[ ! nature ( ! said planet2 b arrange t ! base may face only "o at ! "t4 ,on hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 #iae4 ,cic]o says 9 8 book ,de ,div9atione t ,a/rology has be5 practis$ five hundr$ sev5ty ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w>4 #egjjj4 ,footnote3 ,! /atem5t t ,,cic]o1 ,de ,div94 ascribes ! discov]y ( a/rology to a p]iod #egjjj ye>s be=e ! ,trojan w> ,i believe to be q errone\s4 ,accord+ to ,,erne/i1 ,clavis ,cic]oniana1 ,,*4 ,g4 ,,s*ulz 7,lexic4 ,cic]47 & ! edition ( ,de ,div94 by ,,giese ! ^w ,a/rologia occurs only twice 9 ,,cic]o3 ,de ,div94 ,,ii1 #db4 ,ad ,*aldaeorum mon/ra v5iamus1 de quibus ,eudoxus1 ,platonis auditor1 9 a/rologia judicio doctissimorum hom9um facile pr9ceps1 sic op9atur 7id quod scriptum reliquit73 ,*aldaeis 9 pra$ictione et 9 notatione cujusque vitae ex natali die m9ime esse cr$5dum4 ,he !n quotes ! condemnatory v]dict ( o!r philosoph]s z to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*aldaeans b says no?+ z to ! antiquity & orig9 ( a/ronomy4 ,,cic]o fur!r notes ,de oratore ,i1 #af t ,aratus 0 ign>us a/rologiae b t is all4 ,s f> z ,i "k ! ^w occurs n[h]e else 9 ,,cic]o2 & ! ^w ,a/ronomia he does n seem to h us$ at all4 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+47 ,( "t & its divisions 7#iaf-iah74 #iaf4 ,al?\gh "t is includ$ 9 ! class ( ,cont9u\s ,quantities1 be+ indivisible & immat]ial1 x does n come entirely "u ! head ( ,geometry1 :i* repres5ts its divisions by means ( figures & bodies ( inf9ite v>iety1 su* z are se5 to be cont9u\s 9 _! visible & mat]ial prop]ties4 ,b only ) its fir/ pr9ciples does x agree1 t is ) ! ,po9t & ! ,l9e2 ! po9t may be comp>$ to an in/ant ( "t1 & ! l9e may be lik5$ to ! l5g? ( a c]ta9 quantity ( "t1 & j z a l9e beg9s & t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 s su* a space ( "t4 beg9s & t]m9ates 9 an in/ant4 ,& :]eas a l9e is inf9itely divisible1 ! divisibility ( a space ( "t is ( ! same nature2 & z ! divisions ( ! l9e may be> a c]ta9 proportion to ea* o!r1 s may ! divisions ( "t4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is repeat$ ^w = ^w on page #aij;b ( ! same manuscript & ?is is acc\nt$ = by ! text 9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #abaf4 #iag4 ,describe ! nature ( ,"t z di/+ui%$ f ! ,geometrical def9itions4 #iah4 ,divide an h\r into #cjjj p>ts1 & ?is y c d ) a clock by mak+ ! p5dulum light] or heavi]4 ,,xvi4 ,physical ,geography4 ,leon>do's rese>*es z to ! /ructure ( ! e>? & sea 7 made at a "t1 :5 ! ext5d$ voyages ( ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese _h also excit$ a special int]e/ 9 geographical que/ions 9 ,italy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,tuscany4 ,/ill1 x ne$ sc>cely surprise u to f9d t 9 deep] que/ions1 z to ! /ructure ( ! globe1 ! primitive /ate ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! l1 he 0 f> 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,! numb] ( passages :i* treat ( su* matt]s is relatively consid]able2 l almo/ all ,leon>do's sci5tific notes !y deal p>tly ) !oretical & p>tly ) practical que/ions4 ,"s ( 8 !oretical views ( ! motion ( wat] 7 collect$ 9 a copi$ manuscript volume by an e>ly transcrib]1 b )\t any ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s\rce :5ce !y 7 d]iv$4 ,?is copy is n[ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,b>b]9i palace at ,rome & 0 publi%$ "u ! title3 ,de moto e misura dell'acqua1 by ,,francesco ,,c>d9ali1 ,bologna #ahbh4 ,9 ?is "w ! texts are arrang$ "u ! foll[+ titles3 ,libr4 ,i4 ,della sp]a dell'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,ii4 ,del moto dell'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,iii4 ,dell'onda dell'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,iv4 ,dei retrosi d'acqua2 ,libr4 ,v4 ,dell'acqua cad5te2 ,libr4 ,,vi4 ,delle rotture fatte dall'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,vii ,delle cose portate dall'acqua2 ,libr4 ,,viii4 ,dell'oncia dell'acqua e delle canne2 ,libr4 ,,ix4 ,de mol9i e d'altri ordigni d'acqua4 ,! l>ge numb] ( isolat$ obs]vations scatt]$ ?r\gh ! manuscripts1 acc\nts = our s frequ5tly f9d+ notes ( new s*emes = ! arrangem5t ( ^? relat+ to wat] & its motions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus3 ,i h pr9t$ sev]al ( ^! plans z an introduction to ! ,physical ,geography1 & ,i h actually arrang$ ! texts 9 accordance ) ! clue af=d$ by "o ( !m :i* is und\bt$ly "o ( ! late/ notes ref]r+ to ! subject 7,no4 #ibj74 ,! text giv5 z ,no4 #icj :i* is also tak5 f a late note-book ( ,leon>do's1 s]v$ z a basis = ! arrangem5t ( ! fir/ ( ! sev5 books--or sections--1 be>+ ! title3 ,( ! ,nature ( ,wat] 7,dell'acque 9 se74 ,z ,i h n made x any "p ( ?is und]tak+ to pr9t ! passages :i* ref] to purely physical pr9ciples1 x has also be5 necess>y to exclude ^? practical rese>*es :i*1 9 accordance ) indications giv5 9 #ibj1 ought to come 9 z ,books #ac1 #ad & #ae4 ,i c only incid5tally m5tion "h t ,leon>do--z x seems to me1 especially 9 8 y\?--devot$ a great deal ( att5tion to ! con/ruction ( mills4 ,?is is prov$ by a numb] ( draw+s ( v c>eful & m9ute execution1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus4 ,nor 0 x possible to include 8 consid]ations on ! regulation ( riv]s1 ! mak+ ( canals & s =? 7,no4 #ibj1 ,books #aj1 #aa & #ab72 b ^? passages 9 :i* ! /ructure ( a canal is directly connect$ ) notices ( p>ticul> places w be f\nd duly ins]t$ "u section ,,xvii 7,topographical notes74 ,9 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #e ! text ref]s to canal-mak+ 9 g5]al4 ,on "o po9t only c ! collection ( passages includ$ "u ! g5]al head+ ( ,physical ,geography claim to be complete4 ,:5 comp>+ & sort+ ! mat]ials = ?is "w ,i took p>ticul> c>e n to exclude or omit any text 9 :i* a geographical "n 0 m5tion$ ev5 incid5tally1 s9ce 9 all su* rese>*es ! *ief int]e/1 z x appe>$ to me1 atta*$ to ! "q :e!r ^! acute obs]vations on ! v>i\s local *>act]i/ics ( m\nta9s1 riv]s or seas1 _h be5 made by ,leon>do himself1 & on ! spot4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! few g5]al & some:at sup]ficial obs]vations on ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube1 on ,engl& & ,fl&]s1 mu/ h be5 obta9$ f maps or f "s in=mants1 & 9 ! case ( ,fl&]s ,leon>do himself ackn[l$ges ?is 7see ,no4 #ajjh74 ,b t mo/ ( ! o!r & m exact obs]vations 7 made1 on ! spot1 by ,leon>do himself1 may be safely assum$ f _! me?od & ! /yle 9 :i* he writes ( !m2 & we %\ld be> x 9 m9d t 9 all inve/igations1 ( :atev] k9d1 exp]i5ce is always spok5 ( z ! only basis on :i* he relies4 ,incid5tally1 z 9 ,no4 #ihd1 he ?9ks x necess>y to allude to ! total abs5ce ( all record$ obs]vations4 ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,s*emes = ! arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials 7#iai-ibh74 #iai4 ,^! books conta9 9 ! beg9n+3 ,( ! nature ( wat] itself 9 its motions2 ! o!rs treat ( ! effects ( its curr5ts1 :i* *ange ! _w 9 its c5tre & its %ape4 #ibj4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,book #a ( wat] 9 itself4 ,book #b ( ! sea4 ,book #c ( subt]ranean riv]s4 ,book #d ( riv]s4 ,book #e ( ! nature ( ! abyss4 ,book #f ( ! ob/acles4 ,book #g ( gravels4 ,book #h ( ! surface ( wat]4 ,book #i ( ! ?+s plac$ !re94 ,book #aj ( ! repair+ ( riv]s4 ,book #aa ( conduits4 ,book #ab ( canals4 ,book #ac ( ma*9es turn$ by wat]4 ,book #ad ( rais+ wat]4 ,book #ae ( matt]s worn away by wat]4 #iba4 ,fir/ y %all make a book treat+ ( places occupi$ by fre% wat]s1 & ! second by salt wat]s1 & ! ?ird1 h[ by ! disappe>ance ( ^!1 our p>ts ( ! _w 7 made light] & 9 consequ5ce m remote f ! c5tre ( ! _w4 #ibb4 ,fir/ write ( all wat]1 9 ea* ( its motions2 !n describe all its bottoms & _! v>i\s mat]ials1 always ref]r+ to ! propositions conc]n+ ! said wat]s2 & let ! ord] be good1 = o!rwise ! "w w be confus$4 ,describe all ! =ms tak5 by wat] f its greate/ to its smalle/ wave1 & _! causes4 #ibc4 ,book #i1 ( accid5tal ris+s ( wat]4 #ibd4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,place at ! beg9n+ :at a riv] c effect4 #ibe4 ,a book ( driv+ back armies by ! =ce ( a flood made by releas+ wat]s4 ,a book %[+ h[ ! wat]s safely br+ d[n timb] cut 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,a book ( boats driv5 aga9/ ! impetus ( riv]s4 ,a book ( rais+ l>ge bridges high]4 ,simply by ! swell+ ( ! wat]s4 ,a book ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! impetus ( riv]s s t t[ns may n be damag$ by !m4 #ibf4 ,a book ( ! ord]+ ( riv]s s z to pres]ve _! banks4 ,a book ( ! m\nta9s1 :i* w\ld /& =? & become l&1 if our hemisph]e 7 to be uncov]$ by ! wat]4 ,a book ( ! e>? c>ri$ d[n by ! wat]s to fill up ! great abyss ( ! seas4 ,a book ( ! ways 9 :i* a tempe/ may ( itself cle> out fill$ up sea-ports4 ,a book ( ! %ores ( riv]s & ( _! p]man5cy4 ,a book ( h[ to deal ) riv]s1 s t !y may keep _! bottom sc\r$ by _! own fl[ ne> ! cities !y pass4 ,a book ( h[ to make or to repair ! f\ndations = bridges ov] ! riv]s4 ,a book ( ! repairs :i* ought to be made 9 walls & banks ( riv]s :]e ! wat] /rikes !m4 ,a book ( ! =mation ( hills ( s& or gravel at great dep?s 9 wat]4 #ibg4 ,wat] gives ! fir/ impetus to its motion4 ,a book ( ! levell+ ( wat]s by v>i\s means1 ,a book ( div]t+ riv]s f places :]e !y d mis*ief4 ,a book ( guid+ riv]s :i* occupy too mu* gr\nd4 ,a book ( p>t+ riv]s into sev]al bran*es & mak+ !m =dable4 ,a book ( ! wat]s :i* ) v>i\s curr5ts pass ?r\gh seas4 ,a book ( deep5+ ! b$s ( riv]s by means ( curr5ts ( wat]4 ,a book ( controll+ riv]s s t ! little beg9n+s ( mis*ief1 caus$ by !m1 may n increase4 ,a book ( ! v>i\s movem5ts ( wat]s pass+ ?r\gh *annels ( diff]5t =ms4 ,a book ( prev5t+ small riv]s f div]t+ ! l>g] "o into :i* _! wat]s run4 ,a book ( ! l[e/ level :i* c be f\nd 9 ! curr5t ( ! surface ( riv]s4 ,a book ( ! orig9 ( riv]s :i* fl[ f ! high tops ( m\nta9s4 ,a book ( ! v>i\s motions ( wat]s 9 _! riv]s4 #ibh4 #a ,( inequality 9 ! concavity ( a %ip4 ,footnote #a3 ,! fir/ l9e ( ?is passage 0 add$ subsequ5tly1 evid5tly z a correction ( ! foll[+ l9e4 #a ,a book ( ! inequality 9 ! curve ( ! sides ( %ips4 #a ,a book ( ! inequality 9 ! position ( ! till]4 #a ,a book ( ! inequality 9 ! keel ( %ips4 #b ,a book ( v>i\s =ms ( ap]tures by :i* wat] fl[s out4 #c ,a book ( wat] conta9$ 9 vessels ) air1 & ( its movem5ts4 #d ,a book ( ! motion ( wat] ?r\gh a syphon4 ,footnote #g3 cicognole1 see ,no4 #iff1 #aa1 #ag4 #e ,a book ( ! meet+s & union ( wat]s com+ f diff]5t directions4 #f ,a book ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! banks ?r\gh :i* riv]s pass4 #g ,a book ( ! v>i\s =ms ( %oals =m$ "u ! sluices ( riv]s4 #h ,a book ( ! w9d+s & me&]+s ( ! curr5ts ( riv]s4 #i ,a book ( ! v>i\s places :5ce ! wat]s ( riv]s are d]iv$4 #aj ,a book ( ! configuration ( ! %ores ( riv]s & ( _! p]man5cy4 #aa ,a book ( ! p]p5dicul> fall ( wat] on v>i\s objects4 #ab ,abook ( ! c\rse ( wat] :5 x is imp$$ 9 v>i\s places4 #ab ,a book ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ob/acles :i* imp$e ! c\rse ( wat]s4 #ac ,a book ( ! concavity & globosity =m$ r\nd v>i\s objects at ! bottom4 #ad ,abook ( conduct+ navigable canals above or b5ea? ! riv]s :i* int]sect !m4 #ae ,a book ( ! soils :i* absorb wat] 9 canals & ( repair+ !m4 #af ,abook ( creat+ curr5ts = riv]s1 :i* quit _! b$s1 & = riv]s *ok$ ) soil4 ,g5]al introduction4 #ibi4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,treatise ,,on ,,wat]4 ,by ! anci5ts man has be5 call$ ! _w 9 m9iature2 & c]ta9ly ?is "n is well be/[$1 because1 inasmu* z man is compos$ ( e>?1 wat]1 air & fire1 8 body resembles t ( ! e>?2 & z man has 9 him bones ! supports & framework ( 8 fle%1 ! _w has its rocks ! supports ( ! e>?2 z man has 9 him a pool ( blood 9 :i* ! lungs rise & fall 9 brea?+1 s ! body ( ! e>? has its ocean tide :i* likewise rises & falls e six h\rs1 z if ! _w brea!d2 z 9 t pool ( blood ve9s h _! orig91 :i* ramify all ov] ! human body1 s likewise ! ocean sea fills ! body ( ! e>? ) inf9ite spr+s ( wat]4 ,! body ( ! e>? lacks s9ews & ?is is1 because ! s9ews are made expressely = movem5ts &1 ! _w be+ p]petually /able1 no movem5t takes place1 & no movem5t tak+ place1 muscles are n necess>y4 --,b 9 all o!r po9ts !y are mu* alike4 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,wat]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ,book ,i4 #icj4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book ,,on ,,wat]4 ,def9e fir/ :at is meant by height & dep?2 also h[ ! elem5ts are situat$ "o inside ano!r4 ,!n1 :at is meant by solid weight & by liquid weight2 b fir/ :at weight & lightness are 9 !mselves4 ,!n describe :y wat] moves1 & :y its motion ceases2 !n :y x becomes sl[] or m rapid2 besides ?is1 h[ x always falls1 be+ 9 contact ) ! air b l[] ?an ! air4 ,& h[ wat] rises 9 ! air by means ( ! heat ( ! sun1 & !n falls aga9 9 ra92 aga91 :y wat] spr+s =? f ! tops ( m\nta9s2 & if ! wat] ( any spr+ high] ?an ! ocean c p\r =? wat] high] ?an ! surface ( t ocean4 ,& h[ all ! wat] t returns to ! ocean is high] ?an ! sph]e ( wat]s4 ,& h[ ! wat]s ( ! equatorial seas are high] ?an ! wat]s ( ! ,nor?1 & high] b5ea? ! body ( ! sun ?an 9 any "p ( ! equatorial circle2 = exp]im5t %[s t "u ! heat ( a burn+ br& ! wat] ne> ! br& boils1 & ! wat] surr\nd+ ?is ebullition always s9ks ) a circul> eddy4 ,& h[ ! wat]s ( ! ,nor? are l[] ?an ! o!r seas1 & m s z !y become cold]1 until !y are conv]t$ into ice4 ,def9itions 7#ica4 #icb74 #ica4 ,,( ,,:at ,,is ,,wat]4 ,among ! f\r elem5ts wat] is ! second bo? 9 weight & 9 in/ability4 #icb4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,wat]4 ,sea is ! "n giv5 to t wat] :i* is wide & deep1 9 :i* ! wat]s h n mu* motion4 ,footnote3 ,only ! beg9n+ ( ?is passage is "h giv51 ! rema9d] consi/s ( def9itions :i* h no direct be>+ on ! subject4 ,( ! surface ( ! wat] 9 relation to ! globe 7#icc-icf74 #icc4 ,! c5tres ( ! sph]e ( wat] are two1 "o univ]sal & common to all wat]1 ! o!r p>ticul>4 ,! univ]sal "o is t :i* is common to all wat]s n 9 motion1 :i* exi/ 9 great quantities4 ,z canals1 dit*es1 ponds1 f\nta9s1 wells1 dead riv]s1 lakes1 /agnant pools & seas1 :i*1 al?\gh !y are at v>i\s levels1 h ea* 9 itself ! limits ( _! sup]ficies equally di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 su* z lakes plac$ at ! tops ( high m\nta9s2 z ! lake ne> ,pietra ,pana & ! lake ( ! ,sybil ne> ,norcia2 & all ! lakes t give rise to great riv]s1 z ! ,tic9o f ,lago ,maggiore1 ! ,adda f ! lake ( ,como1 ! ,m9cio f ! lake ( ,g>da1 ! ,rh9e f ! lakes ( ,con/ance & ( ,*ur1 & f ! lake ( ,luc]ne1 l ! ,tigris :i* passes ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or c>ry+ ) x ! wat]s ( ?ree lakes1 "o above ! o!r at diff]5t heights ( :i* ! highe/ is ,munace1 ! middle "o ,pallas1 & ! l[e/ ,triton2 ! ,nile aga9 fl[s f ?ree v high lakes 9 ,e?iopia4 ,footnote #e3 ,pietra ,pana1 a m\nta9 ne> ,flor5ce4 ,if = ,norcia1 we may read ,nor*ia1 ! rema9s ( ! ,etruscan city ne> ,vit]bo1 !re c be no d\bt t by ',lago della ,sibilla'--a "n n kn[n else:]e1 s f> z ,i c le>n--,leon>do meant ,lago di ,vico 7,lacus ,cim9us1 ,a54 #g74 #icd4 ,,( ,,! ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,ocean4 ,! c5tre ( ! sph]e ( wat]s is ! true c5tre ( ! globe ( our _w1 :i* is compos$ ( wat] & e>?1 hav+ ! %ape ( a sph]e4 ,b1 if y want to f9d ! c5tre ( ! elem5t ( ! e>?1 ?is is plac$ at a po9t equidi/ant f ! surface ( ! ocean1 & n equidi/ant f ! surface ( ! e>?2 = x is evid5t t ?is globe ( e>? has n[h]e any p]fect rotundity1 except+ 9 places :]e ! sea is1 or m>%es or o!r /ill wat]s4 ,& e "p ( ! e>? t rises above ! wat] is f>!r f ! c5tre4 #ice4 ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,:i* ,,*anges ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! %ells1 oy/]s1 & o!r simil> animals1 :i* orig9ate 9 sea-mud1 be> witness to ! *anges ( ! e>? r\nd ! c5tre ( our elem5ts4 ,?is is prov$ ?us3 ,great riv]s always run turbid1 be+ col\r$ by ! e>?1 :i* is /irr$ by ! friction ( _! wat]s at ! bottom & on _! %ores2 & ?is we>+ di/urbs ! face ( ! /rata made by ! lay]s ( %ells1 :i* lie on ! surface ( ! m>9e mud1 & :i* 7 produc$ !re :5 ! salt wat]s cov]$ !m2 & ^! /rata 7 cov]$ ov] aga9 f "t to "t1 ) mud ( v>i\s ?ickness1 or c>ri$ d[n to ! sea by ! riv]s & floods ( m or less ext5t2 & ?us ^! lay]s ( mud became rais$ to su* a height1 t !y came up f ! bottom to ! air4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! bottoms are s high t !y =m hills or high m\nta9s1 & ! riv]s1 :i* we> away ! sides ( ^! m\nta9s1 uncov] ! /rata ( ^! %ells1 & ?us ! s(t5$ side ( ! e>? cont9ually rises & ! antipodes s9k clos] to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & ! anci5t bottoms ( ! seas h become m\nta9 ridges4 #icf4 ,let ! e>? make :atev] *anges x may 9 its weight1 ! surface ( ! sph]e ( wat]s c nev] v>y 9 its equal di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,( ! proportion ( ! mass ( wat] to t ( ! e>? 7#icg4 #ich74 #icg4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,,less ,,?an ,,! ,,wat]4 ,"s ass]t t x is true t ! e>?1 :i* is n cov]$ by wat] is mu* less ?an t cov]$ by wat]4 ,b consid]+ ! size ( #gjjj miles 9 diamet] :i* is t ( ?is e>?1 we may conclude ! wat] to be ( small dep?4 #ich4 ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! great elevations ( ! peaks ( ! m\nta9s above ! sph]e ( ! wat] may h result$ f ?is t3 a v l>ge portion ( ! e>? :i* 0 fill$ ) wat] t is to say ! va/ cav]n inside ! e>? may h fall5 9 a va/ "p ( its vault t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 be+ pi]c$ by means ( ! c\rse ( ! spr+s :i* cont9ually we> away ! place :]e !y pass4 ,s9k+ 9 ( c\ntries l ! ,dead ,sea 9 ,syria1 t is ,sodom & ,gomorrah4 ,x is ( necessity t !re %\ld be m wat] ?an l&1 & ! visible portion ( ! sea does n %[ ?is2 s t !re mu/ be a great deal ( wat] inside ! e>?1 besides t :i* rises into ! l[] air & :i* fl[s ?r\gh riv]s & spr+s4 ,footnote3 ,! small sket* bel[ on ! left1 is plac$ 9 ! orig9al close to ! text ref]r+ to ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! !ory ( ,plato4 #ici4 ,,! ,,figures ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts4 ,( ! figures ( ! elem5ts2 & fir/ z aga9/ ^? :o d5y ! op9ions ( ,plato1 & :o say t if ! elem5ts include "o ano!r 9 ! =ms attribut$ to !m by ,plato !y w\ld cause a vacuum "o )9 ! o!r4 ,i say x is n true1 & ,i "h prove x1 b fir/ ,i desire to prop\nd "s conclusions4 ,x is n necess>y t ! elem5ts :i* include ea* o!r %\ld be ( correspond+ magnitude 9 all ! p>ts1 ( t :i* includes & ( t :i* is includ$4 ,we see t ! sph]e ( ! wat]s v>ies conspicu\sly 9 mass f ! surface to ! bottom1 & t1 f> f inve/+ ! e>? :5 t 0 9 ! =m ( a cube t is ( #h angles z ,plato w h x1 t x inve/s ! e>? :i* has innum]able angles ( rock cov]$ by ! wat] & v>i\s prom95ces & concavities1 & yet no vacuum is g5]at$ betwe5 ! e>? & wat]2 aga91 ! air inve/s ! sph]e ( wat]s toge!r ) ! m\nta9s & valleys1 :i* rise above t sph]e1 & no vacuum rema9s betwe5 ! e>? & ! air1 s t any "o :o says a vacuum is g5]at$1 speaks fooli%ly4 ,b to ,plato ,i w\ld reply t ! surface ( ! figures :i* accord+ to him ! elem5ts w\ld h1 c\ld n exi/4 ,t ! fl[ ( riv]s proves ! slope ( ! l&4 #idj4 ,,proves ,,h[ ,,! ,,e>? ,,is ,,n ,,globul> ,,& ,,n ,,be+ ,,globul> ,,_c ,,h ,a ,,common ,,c5tre4 ,we see ! ,nile come f ,s\!rn regions & trav]se v>i\s prov9ces1 runn+ t[>ds ! ,nor? = a di/ance ( #cjjj miles & fl[ into ! ,m$it]ranean by ! %ores ( ,egypt2 & if we w give to ?is a fall ( t5 braccia a mile1 z is usually all[$ to ! c\rse ( riv]s 9 g5]al1 we %all f9d t ! ,nile mu/ h its m\? t5 miles l[] ?an its s\rce4 ,aga91 we see ! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhone & ! ,danube />t+ f ! ,g]man p>ts1 almo/ ! c5tre ( ,europe1 & hav+ a c\rse "o to ! ,ea/1 ! o!r to ! ,nor?1 & ! la/ to ,s\!rn seas4 ,& if y consid] all ?is y w see t ! pla9s ( ,europe 9 _! aggregate are mu* high] ?an ! high peaks ( ! m>itime m\nta9s2 ?9k !n h[ mu* _! tops mu/ be above ! sea %ores4 ,!ory ( ! elevation ( wat] )9 ! m\nta9s4 #ida4 ,,( ,,! ,,heat ,,t ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,:]e !re is life !re is heat1 & :]e vital heat is1 !re is movem5t ( vap\r4 ,?is is prov$1 inasmu* z we see t ! elem5t ( fire by its heat always draws to itself damp vap\rs & ?ick mi/s z opaque cl\ds1 :i* x raises f seas z well z lakes & riv]s & damp valleys2 & ^! be+ drawn by degrees z f> z ! cold region1 ! fir/ portion /ops1 because heat & moi/ure _c exi/ ) cold & dryness2 & :]e ! fir/ portion /ops ! re/ settle1 & ?us "o portion aft] ano!r be+ add$1 ?ick & d>k cl\ds are =m$4 ,!y are (t5 waft$ ab\t & borne by ! w9ds f "o region to ano!r1 :]e by _! d5sity !y become s heavy t !y fall 9 ?ick ra92 & if ! heat ( ! sun is add$ to ! p[] ( ! elem5t ( fire1 ! cl\ds are drawn up high] /ill & f9d a great] degree ( cold1 9 :i* !y =m ice & fall 9 /orms ( hail4 ,n[ ! same heat :i* holds up s great a weight ( wat] z is se5 to ra9 f ! cl\ds1 draws !m f bel[ upw>ds1 f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 & leads & holds !m )9 ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 & ^!1 f9d+ "s fissure1 issue cont9u\sly & cause riv]s4 ,! relative height ( ! surface ( ! sea to t ( ! l& 7#idb-ide74 #idb4 ,,( ,,! ,,sea1 ,,:i* ,,to ,,_m ,,fools ,,appe>s ,,to ,,be ,,high] ,,?an ,,! ,,e>? ,,:i* ,,=ms ,,its ,,%ore4 b d is a pla9 ?r\gh :i* a riv] fl[s to ! sea2 ?is pla9 ends at ! sea1 & s9ce 9 fact ! dry l& t is uncov]$ is n p]fectly level--=1 if x 71 ! riv] w\ld h no motion--z ! riv] does move1 ?is place is a slope r ?an a pla92 h5ce ?is pla9 d b s ends :]e ! sph]e ( wat] beg9s t if x 7 ext5d$ 9 a cont9u\s l9e to b a x w\ld g d[n b5ea? ! sea1 :5ce x foll[s t ! sea a c b looks high] ?an ! dry l&4 ,obvi\sly no portions ( dry l& left uncov]$ by wat] c ev] be l[] ?an ! surface ( ! wat]y sph]e4 #idc4 ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,p]sons ,,:o ,,say ,,! ,,wat]s ,,7 ,,high] ,,?an ,,! ,,dry ,,l&4 ,c]ta9ly ,i wond] n a little at ! common op9ion :i* is contr>y to tru?1 b held by ! univ]sal cons5t ( ! judgm5t ( m54 ,& ?is is t all are agre$ t ! surface ( ! sea is high] ?an ! highe/ peaks ( ! m\nta9s2 & !y allege _m va9 & *ildi% reasons1 aga9/ :i* ,i w allege only "o simple & %ort reason2 ,we see pla9ly t if we c\ld remove ! %ores ( ! sea1 x w\ld inve/ ! :ole e>? & make x a p]fect sph]e4 ,n[1 consid] h[ mu* e>? w\ld be c>ri$ away to enable ! waves ( ! sea to cov] ! _w2 !re=e t :i* w\ld be c>ri$ away mu/ be high] ?an ! sea-%ore4 #idd4 ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,"s ,,p]sons ,,:o ,,say ,,t ,,! ,,wat] ,,( ,,"s ,,seas ,,is ,,high] ,,?an ,,! ,,highe/ ,,summits ,,( ,,m\nta9s2 ,,& ,,nev]!less ,,! ,,wat] ,,0 ,,=c$ ,,up ,,to ,,^! ,,summits4 ,wat] w\ld n move f place to place if x 7 n t x seeks ! l[e/ level & by a natural consequ5ce x nev] c return to a height l t ( ! place :]e x fir/ on issu+ f ! m\nta9 came to light4 ,& t portion ( ! sea :i*1 9 y\r va9 imag9+1 y say 0 s high t x fl[$ ov] ! summits ( ! high m\nta9s1 = s _m c5turies w\ld be swall[$ up & p\r$ out aga9 ?r\gh ! issue f ^! m\nta9s4 ,y c well imag9e t all ! "t t ,tigris & ,euphrates #ide4 h fl[$ f ! summits ( ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 x mu/ be believ$ t all ! wat] ( ! ocean has pass$ v _m times ?r\gh ^! m\?s4 ,& d y n believe t ! ,nile mu/ h s5t m wat] into ! sea ?an at pres5t exi/s ( all ! elem5t ( wat]8 ,und\bt$ly1 yes4 ,& if all ?is wat] _h fall5 away f ?is body ( ! e>?1 ?is t]re/rial ma*9e w\ld long s9ce h be5 )\t wat]4 ,:5ce we may conclude t ! wat] goes f ! riv]s to ! sea1 & f ! sea to ! riv]s1 ?us con/antly circulat+ & return+1 & t all ! sea & ! riv]s h pass$ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,nile an inf9ite numb] ( times ,footnote3 ,moti ,arm5i1 ,erm9i 9 ! orig9al1 9 ,m4 ,,ravaisson',s transcript monti ern9i le loro ru9e84 ,he r5d]s ?is ,le ,tigre et l',euphrate se sont dev]ses p> les sommets des montagnes avec leurs eaux de/ructives8 on p5t cro're c4 ,leon>do always writes ,erm9i1 ,erm9ia1 = ,arm5i1 ,arm5ia 7,arabic3 ,irm9iah74 ,m4 ,,ravaisson also deviates f ! orig9al 9 8 translation ( ! foll[+ passage3 ,or tu ne crois pas que le ,nil ait mis plus d'eau dans la m] qu'il n'y en a a pres5t dans t\t l'elem5t de l'eau4 ,il e/ c]ta9 que si cette eau etait tombee c4 ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,ocean4 ,refutation ( ,pl9y's !ory z to ! saltness ( ! sea 7#idf4 #idg74 #idf4 ,,:y ,,wat] ,,is ,,salt4 ,pl9y says 9 8 second book1 *apt] #ajc1 t ! wat] ( ! sea is salt because ! heat ( ! sun dries up ! moi/ure & dr9ks x up2 & ?is gives to ! wide /ret*+ sea ! sav\r ( salt4 ,b ?is _c be admitt$1 because if ! saltness ( ! sea 7 caus$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 !re c be no d\bt t lakes1 pools & m>%es w\ld be s mu* ! m salt1 z _! wat]s h less motion & are ( less dep?2 b exp]i5ce %[s u1 on ! contr>y1 t ^! lakes h _! wat]s q free f salt4 ,aga9 x is /at$ by ,pl9y 9 ! same *apt] t ?is saltness might orig9ate1 because all ! sweet & subtle portions :i* ! heat attracts easily be+ tak5 away1 ! m bitt] & co>s] "p w rema91 & ?us ! wat] on ! surface is fre%] ?an at ! bottom ,footnote #bb3 ,comp>e ,no4 #idh42 b ?is is contradict$ by ! same reason giv5 above1 :i* is1 t ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 9 m>%es & o!r wat]s1 :i* are dri$ up by ! heat4 ,aga91 x has be5 said t ! saltness ( ! sea is ! sweat ( ! e>?2 to ?is x may be answ]$ t all ! spr+s ( wat] :i* p5etrate ?r\gh ! e>?1 w\ld !n be salt4 ,b ! conclusion is1 t ! saltness ( ! sea mu/ proce$ f ! _m spr+s ( wat] :i*1 z !y p5etrate into ! e>?1 f9d m9es ( salt & ^! !y dissolve 9 "p1 & c>ry ) !m to ! ocean & ! o!r seas1 :5ce ! cl\ds1 ! begett]s ( riv]s1 nev] c>ry x up4 ,& ! sea w\ld be salt] 9 our times ?an ev] x 0 at any "t2 & if ! adv]s>y 7 to say t 9 inf9ite "t ! sea w\ld dry up or congeal into salt1 to ?is ,i answ] t ?is salt is re/or$ to ! e>? by ! sett+ free ( t "p ( ! e>? :i* rises out ( ! sea ) ! salt x has acquir$1 & ! riv]s return x to ! e>? "u ! sea4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,ii1 ,,ciii ,c4 ,itaque ,solis ardore siccatur liquor3 et hoc esse masculum sidus accepimus1 torr5s cuncta sorb5sque4 7cp4 ,,civ47 ,sic m>i late pat5ti saporem incoqui salis1 aut quia exhau/o inde dulci t5uique1 quod facillime trahat vis ignea1 omne asp]ius crassiusque l9quatur3 ideo summa aequorum aqua dulciorem pr(undam2 hanc esse v]iorem causam1 quam quod m>e t]rae sudor sit aet]nus3 aut quia plurimum ex arido misceatur illi vapore3 aut quia t]rae natura sicut m$icatas aquas inficiat 444 7cp4 ,,cv73 altissimum m>e ,,xv4 /adiorum ,fabianus tradit4 ,alii n ,ponto coadv]so ,coraxorum g5tis 7vocant ,b ,ponti7 trec5tis f]e a cont95ti /adiis imm5sam altitud9em m>is tradunt1 vadis nunquam rep]tis4 7cp4 ,,cvi ,,ciii7 ,mirabilius id faciunt aquae dulces1 juxta m>e1 ut fi/ulis emicantes4 ,nam nec aqu>um natura a miraculis cessat4 ,dulces m>i invehuntur1 leviores haud dubie4 ,ideo et m>9ae1 qu>um natura gravior1 magis invecta su/95t4 ,qua$am v]o et dulces int] se sup]meant alias4 #idg4 ,= ! ?ird & la/ reason we w say t salt is 9 all creat$ ?+s2 & ?is we le>n f wat] pass$ ov] ! a%es & c9d]s ( burnt ?+s2 & ! ur9e ( e animal1 & ! sup]fluities issu+ f _! bodies1 & ! e>? into :i* all ?+s are conv]t$ by corruption4 ,b1--to put x bett]1--giv5 t ! _w is ev]la/+1 x mu/ be admitt$ t its population w also be et]nal2 h5ce ! human species has et]nally be5 & w\ld be consum]s ( salt2 & if all ! mass ( ! e>? 7 to be turn$ into salt1 x w\ld n suffice = all human food ,footnote #bg3 ,t is1 on ! supposition t salt1 once consum$1 disappe>s = ev]42 :5ce we are =c$ to admit1 ei!r t ! species ( salt mu/ be ev]la/+ l ! _w1 or t x dies & is born aga9 l ! m5 :o dev\r x4 ,b z exp]i5ce tea*es u t x does n die1 z is evid5t by fire1 :i* does n consume x1 & by wat] :i* becomes salt 9 proportion to ! quantity dissolv$ 9 x1--& :5 x is evaporat$ ! salt always rema9s 9 ! orig9al quantity--x mu/ pass ?r\gh ! bodies ( m5 ei!r 9 ! ur9e or ! sweat or o!r excretions :]e x is f\nd aga92 & z mu* salt is ?us got rid ( z is c>ri$ e ye> into t[ns2 !re=e salt is dug 9 places :]e !re is ur9e4-- ,sea hogs & sea w9ds are salt4 ,we w say t ! ra9s :i* p5etrate ! e>? are :at is "u ! f\ndations ( cities ) _! inhabitants1 & are :at re/ore ?r\gh ! int]nal passages ( ! e>? ! saltness tak5 f ! sea2 & t ! *ange 9 ! place ( ! sea1 :i* has be5 ov] all ! m\nta9s1 caus$ x to be left !re 9 ! m9es f\nd 9 ^? m\nta9s1 c4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( sea wat] 7#idh4 #idi74 #idh4 ,! wat]s ( ! salt sea are fre% at ! greate/ dep?s4 #idi4 ,,t ,,! ,,ocean ,,does ,,n ,,p5etrate ,,"u ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! ocean does n p5etrate "u ! e>?1 & ?is we le>n f ! _m & v>i\s spr+s ( fre% wat] :i*1 9 _m p>ts ( ! ocean make _! way up f ! bottom to ! surface4 ,! same ?+ is f>!r prov$ by wells dug beyond ! di/ance ( a mile f ! said ocean1 :i* fill ) fre% wat]2 & ?is happ5s because ! fre% wat] is light] ?an salt wat] & consequ5tly m p5etrat+4 ,:i* weighs mo/1 wat] :5 froz5 or :5 n froz58 ,,fre% ,,wat] ,,p5etrates ,,m ,,aga9/ ,,salt ,,wat] ,,?an ,,salt ,,wat] ,,aga9/ ,,fre% ,,wat]4 ,t fre% wat] p5etrates m aga9/ salt wat]1 ?an salt wat] aga9/ fre% is prov$ by a ?9 clo? dry & old1 hang+ ) ! two opposite ends equally l[ 9 ! two diff]5t wat]s1 ! surfaces ( :i* are at an equal level2 & x w !n be se5 h[ mu* high] ! fre% wat] w rise 9 ?is piece ( l95 ?an ! salt2 by s mu* is ! fre% light] ?an ! salt4 ,on ! =mation ( ,gulfs 7#iej4 #iea74 #iej4 ,all inl& seas & ! gulfs ( ^? seas1 are made by riv]s :i* fl[ into ! sea4 #iea4 ,,"h ,,! ,,reason ,,is ,,giv5 ,,( ,,! ,,effects ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! ,,wat]s ,,9 ,,! ,,above ,,m5tion$ ,,place4 ,all ! lakes & all ! gulfs ( ! sea & all inl& seas are due to riv]s :i* di/ribute _! wat]s into !m1 & f imp$im5ts 9 _! d[nfall into ! ,m$it]ranean --:i* divides ,africa f ,europe & ,europe f ,asia by means ( ! ,nile & ! ,don :i* p\r _! wat]s into x4 ,x is ask$ :at imp$im5t is great en\gh to /op ! c\rse ( ! wat]s :i* d n rea* ! ocean4 ,on ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on ! l& & vice v]sa 7#ieb-ied74 #ieb4 ,,( ,,waves4 ,a wave ( ! sea always breaks 9 front ( its base1 & t portion ( ! cre/ w !n be l[e/ :i* be=e 0 highe/4 ,footnote3 ,! page ( ,,francesco ,,di ,,giorgio',s ,trattato1 on :i* ,leon>do has writt5 ?is rem>k1 conta9s "s notes on ! con/ruction ( dams1 h>b\rs c4 #iec4 ,t ! %ores ( ! sea con/antly acquire m soil t[>ds ! middle ( ! sea2 t ! rocks & promontories ( ! sea are con/antly be+ ru9$ & worn away2 t ! ,m$it]ranean seas w 9 "t discov] _! bottom to ! air1 & all t w be left w be ! *annel ( ! greate/ riv] t ent]s x2 & ?is w run to ! ocean & p\r its wat]s into t ) ^? ( all ! riv]s t are its tribut>ies4 #ied4 ,h[ ! riv] ,po1 9 a %ort "t might dry up ! ,adriatic sea 9 ! same way z x has dri$ up a l>ge "p ( ,lomb>dy4 ,! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide 7#iee-ifj74 #iee4 ,:]e !re is a l>g] quantity ( wat]1 !re is a great] fl[ & ebb1 b ! contr>y 9 n>r[ wat]s4 ,look :e!r ! sea is at its greate/ fl[ :5 ! moon is half way ov] our hemisph]e on ! m]idian4 #ief4 ,:e!r ! fl[ & ebb are caus$ by ! moon or ! sun1 or are ! brea?+ ( ?is t]re/rial ma*9e4 ,t ! fl[ & ebb are diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries & seas4 ,footnote3 #a4 ,allusion may "h be made to ! my?ological explanation ( ! ebb & fl[ giv5 9 ! ,edda4 ,utg>dloki says to ,?or 7,gylfag9n+ #dh73 ,:5 ?\ w]t dr9k+ out ( ! horn1 & x seem$ to !e t x 0 sl[ 9 empty+ a wond] befell1 :i* ,i %\ld n h believ$ possible3 ! o!r end ( ! horn lay 9 ! sea1 :i* ?\ sawe/ n2 b :5 ?\ %alt g to ! sea1 ?\ %alt see h[ mu* ?\ ha/ drunk out ( x4 ,& t m5 n[ call ! ebb tide4 ,sev]al passages 9 v>i\s manuscripts treat ( ! ebb & fl[4 ,9 collect+ !m ,i h be5 guid$ by ! rule only to transcribe ^? :i* nam$ "s p>ticul> spot4 #ieg4 ,book #i ( ! meet+ ( riv]s & _! fl[ & ebb4 ,! cause is ! same 9 ! sea1 :]e x is caus$ by ! /raits ( ,gibralt>4 ,& aga9 x is caus$ by :irlpools4 #ieh4 ,,( ,,! ,,fl[ ,,& ,,ebb4 ,all seas h _! fl[ & ebb 9 ! same p]iod1 b !y seem to v>y because ! days d n beg9 at ! same "t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 9 su* wise z t :5 x is midday 9 our hemisph]e1 x is midnight 9 ! opposite hemisph]e2 & at ! ,ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! two hemisph]es ! night beg9s :i* foll[s on ! day1 & at ! ,we/]n b\nd>y ( ^! hemisph]es beg9s ! day1 :i* foll[s ! night f ! opposite side4 ,h5ce x is to be inf]r$ t ! above m5tion$ swell+ & dim9ution 9 ! height ( ! seas1 al?\gh !y take place 9 "o & ! same space ( "t1 are se5 to v>y f ! above m5tion$ causes4 ,! wat]s are !n )drawn into ! fissures :i* />t f ! dep?s ( ! sea & :i* ramify inside ! body ( ! e>?1 correspond+ to ! s\rces ( riv]s1 :i* are con/antly tak+ f ! bottom ( ! sea ! wat] :i* has fl[$ into x4 ,a sea ( wat] is incessantly be+ drawn (f f ! surface ( ! sea4 ,& if y %\ld ?9k t ! moon1 ris+ at ! ,ea/]n end ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea mu/ !re beg9 to attract to h]self ! wat]s ( ! sea1 x w\ld foll[ t we mu/ at once see ! effect ( x at ! ,ea/]n end ( t sea4 ,aga91 z ! ,m$it]ranean sea is ab\t ! eigh? "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! aque\s sph]e1 be+ #cjjj miles long1 :ile ! fl[ & ebb only occur #d times 9 #bd h\rs1 ^! results w\ld n agree ) ! "t ( #bd h\rs1 unless ?is ,m$it]ranean sea 7 six ?\s& miles 9 l5g?2 because if su* a sup]abundance ( wat] _h to pass ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,gibralt> 9 runn+ beh9d ! moon1 ! ru% ( ! wat] ?r\gh t /rait w\ld be s great1 & w\ld rise to su* a height1 t beyond ! /raits x w\ld = _m miles ru% s viol5tly into ! ocean z to cause floods & trem5d\s see?+1 s t x w\ld be impossible to pass ?r\gh4 ,?is agitat$ ocean w\ld aft]w>ds return ! wat]s x _h receiv$ ) equal fury to ! place !y _h come f1 s t no "o ev] c\ld pass ?r\gh ^? /raits4 ,n[ exp]i5ce %[s t at e h\r !y are pass$ 9 safety1 b :5 ! w9d sets 9 ! same direction z ! curr5t1 ! /rong ebb increases ,footnote #bc3 ,9 attempt+ to get out ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 vessels are sometimes deta9$ = a consid]able "t2 n m]ely by ! causes m5tion$ by ,leon>do b by ! con/ant curr5t fl[+ ea/w>ds ?r\gh ! middle ( ! /raits ( ,gibralt>44 ,! sea does n raise ! wat] t has issu$ f ! /raits1 b x *ecks !m & ?is ret>ds ! tide2 !n x makes up ) furi\s ha/e = ! "t x has lo/ until ! end ( ! ebb movem5t4 #iei4 ,t ! fl[ & ebb are n g5]al2 = on ! %ore at ,g5oa !re is none1 at ,v5ice two braccia1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,fl&]s #ah braccia4 ,t 9 ! /raits ( ,sicily ! curr5t is v /rong because all ! wat]s f ! riv]s t fl[ into ! ,adriatic pass !re4 ,footnote3 ,a few m rec5t data may be giv5 "h to facilitate comp>ison4 ,9 ! ,adriatic ! tide rises #b & #a_/b feet1 at ,t]rac9a #a #a_/d4 ,9 ! ,engli% *annel betwe5 ,calais & ,k5t x rises f #ah to #bj feet4 ,9 ! /raits ( ,mess9a x rises no m ?an #b #a_/b feet1 & t only 9 /ormy wea!r1 b ! curr5t is all ! /rong]4 ,:5 ,leon>do acc\nts = ?is by ! s\?w>d fl[ ( all ! ,italian riv]s along ! coa/s1 ! explanation is at lea/ bas$ on a correct obs]vation2 namely t a /eady curr5t fl[s s\?w>ds along ! coa/ ( ,calabria & ano!r nor?w>ds1 along ! %ores ( ,sicily2 he seems to inf]1 f ! direction ( ! fu/1 t ! tide 9 ! ,adriatic is caus$ by x4 #ifj4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ne> to ,fl&]s1 ! sea rises & decreases e #f h\rs ab\t #bj braccia1 & #bb :5 ! moon is 9 its fav\r2 b #bj braccia is ! g5]al rule1 & ?is rule1 z x is evid5t1 _c h ! moon = its cause4 ,?is v>iation 9 ! increase & decrease ( ! sea e #f h\rs may arise f ! damm+ up ( ! wat]s1 :i* are p\r$ into ! ,m$it]ranean by ! quantity ( riv]s f ,africa1 ,asia & ,europe1 :i* fl[ into t sea1 & ! wat]s :i* are giv5 to x by ^? riv]s2 x p\rs !m to ! ocean ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 betwe5 ,abila & ,calpe ,footnote #e3 ,abila1 ,lat4 ,abyla1 ,gr4 1 n[ ,si]ra ,ximi]a ne> ,ceuta2 ,calpe1 ,lat4 ,calpe4 ,gr41 n[ ,gibralt>4 ,leon>do "h uses ! anci5t names ( ! rocks1 :i* 7 kn[n z ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules44 ,t ocean ext5ds to ! isl& ( ,engl& & o!rs f>!r ,nor?1 & x becomes damm$ up & kept high 9 v>i\s gulfs4 ,^!1 be+ seas ( :i* ! surface is remote f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 h acquir$ a weight1 :i* z x is great] ?an ! =ce ( ! incom+ wat]s :i* cause x1 gives ?is wat] an impetus 9 ! contr>y direction to t 9 :i* x came & x is borne back to meet ! wat]s com+ out ( ! /raits2 & ?is x does mo/ aga9/ ! /raits ( ,gibralt>2 ^!1 s long z ?is goes on1 rema9 damm$ up & all ! wat] :i* is p\r$ out mean:ile by ! a=em5tion$ riv]s1 is p5t up 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 & ?is might be assign$ z ! cause ( its fl[ & ebb1 z is %[n 9 ! #ba/ ( ! #d? ( my !ory4 ,,iii4 ,,subt]ranean ,,wat] ,,c\rses4 ,!ory ( ! circulation ( ! wat]s 7#ifa4 #ifb74 #ifa4 ,v l>ge riv]s fl[ "u gr\nd4 #ifb4 ,?is is meant to repres5t ! e>? cut ?r\gh 9 ! middle1 %[+ ! dep?s ( ! sea & ( ! e>?2 ! wat]s />t f ! bottom ( ! seas1 & ramify+ ?r\gh ! e>? !y rise to ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 fl[+ back by ! riv]s & return+ to ! sea4 ,obs]vations 9 support ( ! hypo!sis 7#ifc-ifi74 #ifc4 ,! wat]s circulate ) con/ant motion f ! utmo/ dep?s ( ! sea to ! highe/ summits ( ! m\nta9s1 n obey+ ! nature ( heavy matt]2 & 9 ?is case x acts z does ! blood ( animals :i* is always mov+ f ! sea ( ! he>t & fl[s to ! top ( _! heads2 & "h x is t ve9s bur/--z "o may see :5 a ve9 bur/s 9 ! nose1 t all ! blood f bel[ rises to ! level ( ! bur/ ve94 ,:5 ! wat] ru%es out ( a bur/ ve9 9 ! e>? x obeys ! nature ( o!r ?+s heavi] ?an ! air1 :5ce x always seeks ! l[e/ places4 #g ,^! wat]s trav]se ! body ( ! e>? ) inf9ite ramifications4 ,footnote3 ,! great] "p ( ?is passage has be5 giv5 z ,no4 #hdi 9 ! section on ,anatomy4 #ifd4 ,! same cause :i* /irs ! hum\rs 9 e species ( animal body & by :i* e injury is repair$1 also moves ! wat]s f ! utmo/ dep? ( ! sea to ! greate/ heights4 #ife4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( wat] t x con/itutes ! vital human ( ?is arid e>?2 & ! cause :i* moves x ?r\gh its ramifi$ ve9s1 aga9/ ! natural c\rse ( heavy matt]s1 is ! same prop]ty :i* moves ! hum\rs 9 e species ( animal body4 ,b t :i* cr[ns our wond] 9 contemplat+ x is1 t x rises f ! utmo/ dep?s ( ! sea to ! highe/ tops ( ! m\nta9s1 & fl[+ f ! op5$ ve9s returns to ! l[ seas2 !n once m1 & ) extreme swiftness1 x m\nts aga9 & returns by ! same desc5t1 ?us ris+ f ! inside to ! outside1 & go+ r\nd f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 f :5ce x ru%es d[n 9 a natural c\rse4 ,?us by ^! two movem5ts comb9$ 9 a con/ant circulation1 x travels ?r\gh ! ve9s ( ! e>?4 #iff4 ,,:e!r ,,wat] ,,rises ,,f ,,! ,,sea ,,to ,,! ,,tops ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,! wat] ( ! ocean _c make its way f ! bases to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd x1 b only s mu* rises z ! dryness ( ! m\nta9 attracts4 ,& if1 on ! contr>y1 ! ra91 :i* p5etrates f ! summit ( ! m\nta9 to ! base1 :i* is ! b\nd>y ( ! sea1 desc5ds & s(t5s ! slope opposite to ! said m\nta9 & con/antly draws ! wat]1 l a syphon ,footnote #aa3 ,cicognola1 ,syphon4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #a4 :i* p\rs ?r\gh its longe/ side1 x mu/ be ?is :i* draws up ! wat] ( ! sea2 ?us if s n 7 ! surface ( ! sea1 & ! ra9 desc5ds f ! top ( ! m\nta9 a to n on "o side1 & on ! o!r sides x desc5ds f a to m1 )\t a d\bt ?is w\ld occur aft] ! mann] ( di/ill+ ?r\gh felt1 or z happ5s ?r\gh ! tubes call$ syphons ,footnote #ag3 ,cicognola1 ,syphon4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #a44 ,& at all times ! wat] :i* has s(t5$ ! m\nta91 by ! great ra9 :i* runs d[n ! two opposite sides1 w\ld con/antly attract ! ra9 a n1 on its longe/ side toge!r ) ! wat] f ! sea1 if t side ( ! m\nta9 a m 7 long] ?an ! o!r a n2 b ?is _c be1 because no "p ( ! e>? :i* is n subm]g$ by ! ocean c be l[] ?an t ocean4 #ifg4 ,,( ,,spr+s ,,( ,,wat] ,,on ,,! ,,tops ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,x is q evid5t t ! :ole surface ( ! ocean--:5 !re is no /orm--is at an equal di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & t ! tops ( ! m\nta9s are f>!r f ?is c5tre 9 proportion z !y rise above ! surface ( t sea2 !re=e if ! body ( ! e>? 7 n l t ( man1 x w\ld be impossible t ! wat]s ( ! sea--be+ s mu* l[] ?an ! m\nta9s--c\ld by _! nature rise up to ! summits ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,h5ce x is to be believ$ t ! same cause :i* keeps ! blood at ! top ( ! head 9 man keeps ! wat] at ! summits ( ! m\nta9s4 ,footnote3 ,?is conception ( ! ris+ ( ! blood1 :i* has giv5 rise to ! comp>ison1 0 recognis$ z errone\s by ,leon>do himself at a lat] p]iod4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,,ms4 ,a1 f :i* ^! passages are tak51 0 writt5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s e>li] ?an ! ,,ms4 ,leic4 7,nos4 #ifc & #hdi7 & tw5ty-five ye>s be=e ! ,,ms4 ,w4 ,an4 ,,iv4 ,!re is1 9 ! orig9al a sket* ) ,no4 #ifh :i* is n reproduc$4 ,x repres5ts a hill ( ! same %ape z t %[n at ,no4 #ihb4 ,!re are ve9s1 or bran*$ /reams1 on ! side ( ! hill1 l ^? on ! skull ,pl4 ,,cviii1 ,no4 #d #ifh4 ,,9 ,,confirmation ,,( ,,:y ,,! ,,wat] ,,goes ,,to ,,! ,,tops ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,i say t j z ! natural heat ( ! blood 9 ! ve9s keeps x 9 ! head ( man1--= :5 ! man is dead ! cold blood s9ks to ! l[] p>ts--& :5 ! sun is hot on ! head ( a man ! blood increases & rises s mu*1 ) o!r hum\rs1 t by pressure 9 ! ve9s pa9s 9 ! head are (t5 caus$2 9 ! same way ve9s ramify ?r\gh ! body ( ! e>?1 & by ! natural heat :i* is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! conta9+ body1 ! wat] is rais$ ?r\gh ! ve9s to ! tops ( m\nta9s4 ,& ?is wat]1 :i* passes ?r\gh a clos$ conduit inside ! body ( ! m\nta9 l a dead ?+1 _c come =? f its l[ place unless x is w>m$ by ! vital heat ( ! spr+ "t4 ,aga91 ! heat ( ! elem5t ( fire &1 by day1 ! heat ( ! sun1 h p[] to draw =? ! moi/ure ( ! l[ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s & to draw !m up1 9 ! same way z x draws ! cl\ds & collects _! moi/ure f ! b$ ( ! sea4 #ifi4 ,t _m spr+s ( salt wat] are f\nd at great di/ances f ! sea2 ?is might happ5 because su* spr+s pass ?r\gh "s m9e ( salt1 l t 9 ,hung>y :]e salt is hewn out ( va/ cav]ns1 j z /one is hewn4 ,footnote3 ,! great m9e ( ,wieliczka 9 ,galicia1 out ( :i* a million cwt4 ( rock-salt are annually dug out1 ext5ds = #cjjj metres f ,we/ to ,ea/1 & #aaej metres f ,nor? to ,s\?4 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,riv]s4 ,on ! way 9 :i* ! s\rces ( riv]s are f$4 #igj4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,riv]s4 ,! body ( ! e>?1 l ! bodies ( animals1 is int]sect$ ) ramifications ( wat]s :i* are all 9 connection & are con/itut$ to give nutrim5t & life to ! e>? & to its creatures4 ,^! come f ! dep? ( ! sea &1 aft] _m revolutions1 h to return to x by ! riv]s creat$ by ! bur/+ ( ^! spr+s2 & if y *ose to say t ! ra9s ( ! w9t] or ! melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 summ] 7 ! cause ( ! bir? ( riv]s1 ,i c\ld m5tion ! riv]s :i* orig9ate 9 ! torrid c\ntries ( ,africa1 :]e x nev] ra9s--& /ill less sn[s--because ! int5se heat always melts into air all ! cl\ds :i* are borne ?i!r by ! w9ds4 ,& if y *ose to say t su* riv]s1 z increase 9 ,july & ,augu/1 come f ! sn[s :i* melt 9 ,may & ,june f ! sun's approa* to ! sn[s on ! m\nta9s ( ,scy?ia ,footnote #i3 ,scy?ia means "h1 z 9 ,anci5t ,geography1 ! :ole ( ! ,nor!rn "p ( ,asia z f> z ,india41 & t su* melt+s come d[n into c]ta9 valleys & =m lakes1 into :i* !y ent] by spr+s & subt]ranean caves to issue =? aga9 at ! s\rces ( ! ,nile1 ?is is false2 because ,scy?ia is l[] ?an ! s\rces ( ! ,nile1 &1 besides1 ,scy?ia is only #djj miles f ! ,black sea & ! s\rces ( ! ,nile are #cjjj miles di/ant f ! sea ( ,egypt into :i* its wat]s fl[4 ,! tide 9 e/u>ies4 #iga4 ,book #i1 ( ! meet+ ( riv]s & ( _! ebb & fl[4 ,! cause is ! same 9 ! sea1 :]e x is caus$ by ! /raits ( ,gibralt>2 & aga9 x is caus$ by :irlpools4 #c ,if two riv]s meet toge!r to =m a /raight l9e1 & !n bel[ two "r angles take _! c\rse toge!r1 ! fl[ & ebb w happ5 n[ 9 "o riv] & n[ 9 ! o!r above _! conflu5ce1 & pr9cipally if ! outlet = _! unit$ volume is no swift] ?an :5 !y 7 sep>ate4 ,"h occur #d in/ances4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ two l9es ( ?is passage h already be5 giv5 z ,no4 #ieg4 ,9 ! m>g91 ne> l9e #c ( ?is passage1 ! text giv5 z ,no4 #iai is writt54 ,on ! alt]ations1 caus$ 9 ! c\rses ( riv]s by _! conflu5ce 7#igb-igd74 #igb4 ,:5 a small] riv] p\rs its wat]s into a l>g] "o1 & t l>g] "o fl[s f ! opposite direction1 ! c\rse ( ! small] riv] w b5d up aga9/ ! approa* ( ! l>g] riv]2 & ?is happ5s because1 :5 ! l>g] riv] fills up all its b$ ) wat]1 x makes an eddy 9 front ( ! m\? ( ! o!r riv]1 & s c>ries ! wat] p\r$ 9 by ! small] riv] ) its own4 ,:5 ! small] riv] p\rs its wat]s into ! l>g] "o1 :i* runs across ! curr5t at ! m\? ( ! small] riv]1 its wat]s w b5d ) ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! l>g] riv]4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al sket*es ! ^w ,arno is writt5 at ! spot "h m>k$ ,a1 at ,r4 ,rifr$i1 & at ,m4 ,mugnone4 #igc4 ,:5 ! fulness ( riv]s is dim9i%$1 !n ! acute angles =m$ at ! junction ( _! bran*es become %ort] at ! sides & wid] at ! po9t2 l ! curr5t a n & ! curr5t d n1 :i* unite 9 n :5 ! riv] is at its greate/ fulness4 ,i say1 t :5 x is 9 ?is condition if1 be=e ! fulle/ "t1 d n 0 l[] ?an a n1 at ! "t ( fulness d n w be full ( s& & mud4 ,:5 ! wat] d n falls1 x w c>ry away ! mud & rema9 ) a l[] bottom1 & ! *annel a n f9d+ itself ! high]1 w fl+ its wat]s into ! l[]1 d n1 & w wa% away all ! po9t ( ! s&-spit b n c1 & ?us ! angle a c d w rema9 l>g] ?an ! angle a n d & ! sides %ort]1 z ,i said be=e4 ,footnote3 ,above ! fir/ sket* we f9d1 9 ! orig9al1 ?is note3 ,sopra il pote rubaconte alla torricella2 & by ! second1 :i* repres5ts a pi] ( a bridge1 ,sotto l'osp$al del ceppo4 #igd4 ,,wat]4 ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,a ,,sudd5 ,,ru% ,,made ,,by ,a ,,riv] ,,9 ,,its ,,b$ ,,previ\sly ,,dry4 ,9 proportion z ! curr5t ( ! wat] giv5 =? by ! dra9+ ( ! lake is sl[ or rapid 9 ! dry riv] b$1 s w ?is riv] be wid] or n>r[]1 or %all[] or deep] 9 "o place ?an ano!r1 accord+ to ?is proposition3 ! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea :i* ent]s ! ,m$it]ranean f ! ocean1 & ( ! riv]s :i* meet & /ruggle ) x1 w raise _! wat]s m or less 9 proportion z ! sea is wid] or n>r[]4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! m>g9 is a sket* ( a riv] :i* w9ds s z to =m isl&s4 ,:irlpools4 #ige4 ,:irlpools1 t is to say cav]ns2 t is to say places left by precipitat$ wat]s4 ,on ! alt]ations 9 ! *annels ( riv]s4 #igf4 ,,( ,,! ,,vibration ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! subt]ranean *annels ( wat]s1 l ^? :i* exi/ betwe5 ! air & ! e>?1 are ^? :i* unceas+ly we> away & deep5 ! b$s ( _! curr5ts4 ,! orig9 ( ! s& 9 riv]s 7#igg4 #igh74 #igg4 ,a riv] t fl[s f m\nta9s deposits a great quantity ( l>ge /ones 9 its b$1 :i* /ill h "s ( _! angles & sides1 & 9 ! c\rse ( its fl[ x c>ries d[n small] /ones ) ! angles m worn2 t is to say ! l>ge /ones become small]4 ,& f>!r on x deposits co>se gravel & !n small]1 & z x proce$s ?is becomes co>se s& & !n f9]1 & go+ on ?us ! wat]1 turbid ) s& & gravel1 jo9s ! sea2 & ! s& settles on ! sea-%ores1 be+ ca/ up by ! salt waves2 & !re results ! s& ( s f9e a nature z to seem almo/ l wat]1 & x w n /op on ! %ores ( ! sea b returns by reason ( its lightness1 because x 0 orig9ally =m$ ( rott5 leaves & o!r v light ?+s4 ,/ill1 be+ almo/--z 0 said--( ! nature ( wat] itself1 x aft]w>ds1 :5 ! wea!r is calm1 settles & becomes solid at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e by its f95ess x becomes compact & by its smoo?ness resi/s ! waves :i* glide ov] x2 & 9 ?is %ells are f\nd2 & ?is is :ite e>?1 fit = pott]y4 #igh4 ,all ! torr5ts ( wat] fl[+ f ! m\nta9s to ! sea c>ry ) !m ! /ones f ! hills to ! sea1 & by ! influx ( ! sea-wat] t[>ds ! m\nta9s2 ^! /ones 7 ?r[n back t[>ds ! m\nta9s1 & z ! wat]s rose & retir$1 ! /ones 7 toss$ ab\t by x & 9 roll+1 _! angles hit toge!r2 !n z ! p>ts1 :i* lea/ resi/$ ! bl[s1 7 worn (f1 ! /ones ceas$ to be angul> & became r\nd 9 =m1 z may be se5 on ! banks ( ! ,elsa4 ,& ^? rema9$ l>g] :i* 7 less remov$ f _! native spot2 & !y became small]1 ! f>!r !y 7 c>ri$ f t place1 s t 9 ! process !y 7 conv]t$ into small pebbles & !n into s& & at la/ into mud4 ,aft] ! sea _h rec$$ f ! m\nta9s ! br9e left by ! sea ) o!r hum\rs ( ! e>? made a concretion ( ^! pebbles & ?is s&1 s t ! pebbles 7 conv]t$ into rock & ! s& into tufa4 ,& ( ?is we see an example 9 ! ,adda :]e x issues f ! m\nta9s ( ,como & 9 ! ,tic9o1 ! ,adige & ! ,oglio com+ f ! ,g]man ,alps1 & 9 ! ,arno at ,monte ,albano ,footnote #ac3 ,at ! foot ( ,monte ,albano lies ,v9ci1 ! bir? place ( ,leon>do4 ,opposite1 on ! o!r bank ( ! ,arno1 is ,monte ,lupo41 ne> ,monte ,lupo & ,capraia :]e ! rocks1 :i* are v l>ge1 are all ( conglom]at$ pebbles ( v>i\s k9ds & col\rs4 ,v4 ,,on ,,m\nta9s4 ,! =mation ( m\nta9s 7#igi-ihc74 #igi4 ,m\nta9s are made by ! curr5ts ( riv]s4 ,m\nta9s are de/roy$ by ! curr5ts ( riv]s4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e #ghi4 #ihj4 ,t ! ,nor!rn bases ( "s ,alps are n yet petrifi$4 ,& ?is is pla9ly to be se5 :]e ! riv]s1 :i* cut ?r\gh !m1 fl[ t[>ds ! ,nor?2 :]e !y cut ?r\gh ! /rata 9 ! liv+ /one 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! m\nta9s2 &1 :]e !y jo9 ! pla9s1 ^! /rata are all ( pott]'s clay2 z is to be se5 9 ! valley ( ,lamona :]e ! riv] ,lamona1 z x issues f ! ,app59es1 does ^! ?+s on its banks4 ,t ! riv]s h all cut & divid$ ! m\nta9s ( ! great ,alps "o f ! o!r4 ,?is is visible 9 ! ord] ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 because f ! summits ( ! banks1 d[n to ! riv] ! correspond5ce ( ! /rata 9 ! rocks is visible on ei!r side ( ! riv]4 ,t ! /ratifi$ /ones ( ! m\nta9s are all lay]s ( clay1 deposit$ "o above ! o!r by ! v>i\s floods ( ! riv]s4 ,t ! diff]5t size ( ! /rata is caus$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! floods--t is to say great] or less] floods4 #iha4 ,! summits ( m\nta9s = a long "t rise con/antly4 ,! opposite sides ( ! m\nta9s always approa* ea* o!r bel[2 ! dep?s ( ! valleys :i* are above ! sph]e ( ! wat]s are 9 ! c\rse ( "t con/antly gett+ ne>] to ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,9 an equal p]iod1 ! valleys s9k mu* m ?an ! m\nta9s rise4 ,! bases ( ! m\nta9s always come clos] toge!r4 ,9 proportion z ! valleys become deep]1 ! m quickly are _! sides worn away4 #ihb4 ,9 e concavity at ! summit ( ! m\nta9s we %all always f9d ! divisions ( ! /rata 9 ! rocks4 #ihc4 ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,:i* ,,encircles ,,! ,,e>?4 ,i f9d t ( old1 ! /ate ( ! e>? 0 t its pla9s 7 all cov]$ up & hidd5 by salt wat]4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage has already be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan3 ,das ,mal]bu* des ,l4 da ,v9ci1 ,leipzig #ahgc1 p4 #hf4 ,h[ev]1 8 read+ ( ! text diff]s f m9e4 ,! au?orities = ! /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! e>?4 #ihd4 ,s9ce ?+s are mu* m anci5t ?an lett]s1 x is no m>vel if1 9 our day1 no records exi/ ( ^! seas hav+ cov]$ s _m c\ntries2 & if1 moreov]1 "s records _h exi/$1 w> & conflagrations1 ! deluge ( wat]s1 ! *anges ( languages & ( laws h consum$ e ?+ anci5t4 ,b suffici5t = u is ! te/imony ( ?+s creat$ 9 ! salt wat]s1 & f\nd aga9 9 high m\nta9s f> f ! seas4 ,,vi4 ,,geological ,,problems4 #ihe4 ,9 ?is "w y h fir/ to prove t ! %ells at a ?\s& braccia ( elevation 7 n c>ri$ !re by ! deluge1 because !y are se5 to be all at "o level1 & _m m\nta9s are se5 to be above t level2 & to inquire :e!r ! deluge 0 caus$ by ra9 or by ! swell+ ( ! sea2 & !n y mu/ %[ h[1 nei!r by ra9 nor by swell+ ( ! riv]s1 nor by ! ov]fl[ ( ?is sea1 c\ld ! %ells--be+ heavy objects--be float$ up ! m\nta9s by ! sea1 nor h c>ri$ !re by ! riv]s aga9/ ! c\rse ( _! wat]s4 ,d\bts ab\t ! deluge4 #ihf4 ,a ,,d\btful ,,po9t4 ,"h a d\bt arises1 & t is3 :e!r ! deluge1 :i* happ5$ at ! "t ( ,noah1 0 univ]sal or n4 ,& x w\ld seem n1 = ! reasons n[ to be giv53 ,we h x 9 ! ,bible t ?is deluge la/$ #dj days & #dj nights ( incessant & univ]sal ra91 & t ?is ra9 rose to t5 cubits above ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! _w4 ,& if x _h be5 t ! ra9 0 univ]sal1 x w\ld h cov]$ our globe :i* is sph]ical 9 =m4 ,& ?is sph]ical surface is equally di/ant 9 e "p1 f ! c5tre ( its sph]e2 h5ce ! sph]e ( ! wat]s be+ "u ! same conditions1 x is impossible t ! wat] ^u x %\ld move1 because wat]1 9 itself1 does n move unless x falls2 !re=e h[ c\ld ! wat]s ( su* a deluge dep>t1 if x is prov$ t x has no motion8 & if x dep>t$ h[ c\ld x move unless x w5t upw>ds8 ,"h1 !n1 natural reasons are want+2 h5ce to remove ?is d\bt x is necess>y to call 9 a miracle to aid u1 or else to say t all ?is wat] 0 evaporat$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,footnote3 ,! passages1 "h giv5 f ! ,,ms4 ,leic41 h hi!rto rema9$ unkn[n4 ,"s prelim9>y notes on ! subject are to be f\nd 9 ,,ms4 ,f #hoa & #hob2 b z comp>$ ) ! full] treatm5t "h giv51 !y are1 x seems to me1 ( second>y int]e/4 ,!y conta9 no?+ t is n repeat$ "h m cle>ly & fully4 ,,libri1 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ma!matiques ,,iii1 pages #bah--bba1 has pr9t$ ! text ( ,f #hj;a & #hj;b1 !re=e x seem$ desirable to give my reasons = n ins]t+ x 9 ?is "w4 ,t m>9e %ells c\ld n g up ! m\nta9s4 #ihg4 ,,( ,,! ,,deluge ,,& ,,( ,,m>9e ,,%ells4 ,if y 7 to say t ! %ells :i* are to be se5 )9 ! conf9es ( ,italy n[1 9 our days1 f> f ! sea & at su* heights1 _h be5 br\ght !re by ! deluge :i* left !m !re1 ,i %\ld answ] t if y believe t ?is deluge rose #g cubits above ! highe/ m\nta9s-- z he :o measur$ x has writt5--^! %ells1 :i* always live ne> ! sea-%ore1 %\ld h be5 left on ! m\nta9s2 & n su* a little way f ! foot ( ! m\nta9s2 nor all at "o level1 nor 9 lay]s ^u lay]s4 ,& if y 7 to say t ^! %ells are desir\s ( rema9+ ne> to ! m>g9 ( ! sea1 & t1 z x rose 9 height1 ! %ells quitt$ _! fir/ home1 & foll[$ ! increase ( ! wat]s up to _! highe/ level2 to ?is ,i answ]1 t ! cockle is an animal ( n m rapid movem5t ?an ! snail is out ( wat]1 or ev5 some:at sl[]2 because x does n swim1 on ! contr>y x makes a furr[ 9 ! s& by means ( its sides1 & 9 ?is furr[ x w travel ea* day f #c to #d braccia2 !re=e ?is creature1 ) s sl[ a motion1 c\ld n h travell$ f ! ,adriatic sea z f> z ,monf]rato 9 ,lomb>dy ,footnote3 ,monf]rato di ,lomb>dia4 ,! range ( hills ( ,monf]rato is 9 ,pi$mont1 & ,casale di ,monf]rato belong$1 9 ,leon>do's "t1 to ! ,m>*ese di ,mantova41 :i* is #bej miles di/ance1 9 #dj days2 :i* he has said :o took acc\nt ( ! "t4 ,& if y say t ! waves c>ri$ !m !re1 by _! gravity !y c\ld n move1 except+ at ! bottom4 ,& if y w n grant me ?is1 confess at lea/ t !y w\ld h to /ay at ! summits ( ! highe/ m\nta9s1 9 ! lakes :i* are enclos$ among ! m\nta9s1 l ! lakes ( ,l>io1 or ( ,como & il ,maggiore ,footnote3 ,lago di ,l>io4 ,lacus ,l>ius 0 ! "n giv5 by ! ,romans to ! lake ( ,como4 ,x is evid5t t x is "h a slip ( ! p5 s9ce ! ! words 9 ! ,,ms4 are3 ,come ,lago di ,l>io o'l ,mag>e e di ,como1 ,9 ! ,,ms4 aft] l9e #af we come ^u a digression treat+ ( ! weight ( wat]2 ?is has "h be5 omitt$4 ,x is #aa l9es long4 & ( ,fiesole1 & ( ,p]ugia1 & o!rs4 ,& if y %\ld say t ! %ells 7 c>ri$ by ! waves1 be+ empty & dead1 ,i say t :]e ! dead w5t !y 7 n f> remov$ f ! liv+2 = 9 ^! m\nta9s liv+ ones are f\nd1 :i* are recognisable by ! %ells be+ 9 pairs2 & !y are 9 a lay] :]e !re are no dead ones2 & a little high] up !y are f\nd1 :]e !y 7 ?r[n by ! waves1 all ! dead ones ) _! %ells sep>at$1 ne> to :]e ! riv]s fell into ! sea1 to a great dep?2 l ! ,arno :i* fell f ! ,gonfol9a ne> to ,monte ,lupo ,footnote3 ,monte ,lupo1 comp>e #igj1 #ac2 x is betwe5 ,empoli & ,flor5ce41 :]e x left a deposit ( gravel :i* may /ill be se51 & :i* has agglom]at$2 & ( /ones ( v>i\s di/ricts1 natures1 & col\rs & h>dness1 mak+ "o s+le conglom]ate4 ,& a little beyond ! s&/one conglom]ate a tufa has be5 =m$1 :]e x turn$ t[>ds ,ca/el ,flor5t9o2 f>!r on1 ! mud 0 deposit$ 9 :i* ! %ells liv$1 & :i* rose 9 lay]s accord+ to ! levels at :i* ! turbid ,arno fl[$ into t sea4 ,& f "t to "t ! bottom ( ! sea 0 rais$1 deposit+ ^! %ells 9 lay]s1 z may be se5 9 ! cutt+ at ,colle ,gonzoli1 laid op5 by ! ,arno :i* is we>+ away ! base ( x2 9 :i* cutt+ ! said lay]s ( %ells are v pla9ly to be se5 9 clay ( a blui% col\r1 & v>i\s m>9e objects are f\nd !re4 ,& if ! e>? ( our hemisph]e is inde$ rais$ by s mu* high] ?an x us$ to be1 x mu/ h become by s mu* light] by ! wat]s :i* x lo/ ?r\gh ! rift betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,ceuta2 & all ! m ! high] x rose1 because ! weight ( ! wat]s :i* 7 ?us lo/ w\ld be add$ to ! e>? 9 ! o!r hemisph]e4 ,& if ! %ells _h be5 c>ri$ by ! muddy deluge !y w\ld h be5 mix$ up1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r amid/ ! mud1 & n 9 regul> /eps & lay]s-- z we see !m n[ 9 our "t4 ,! m>9e %ells 7 n produc$ away f ! sea4 #ihh4 ,z to ^? :o say t %ells exi/$ = a long "t & 7 born at a di/ance f ! sea1 f ! nature ( ! place & ( ! cycles1 :i* c influ5ce a place to produce su* creatures--to !m x may be answ]$3 su* an influ5ce c\ld n place ! animals all on "o l9e1 except ^? ( ! same sort & age2 & n ! old ) ! "y1 nor "s ) an op]culum & o!rs )\t _! op]culum1 nor "s brok5 & o!rs :ole1 nor "s fill$ ) sea-s& & l>ge & small fragm5ts ( o!r %ells inside ! :ole %ells :i* rema9$ op52 nor ! claws ( crabs )\t ! re/ ( _! bodies2 nor ! %ells ( o!r species /uck on to !m l animals :i* h mov$ ab\t on !m2 s9ce ! traces ( _! track /ill rema91 on ! outside1 aft] ! mann] ( worms 9 ! wood :i* !y ate into4 ,nor w\ld !re be f\nd among !m ! bones & tee? ( fi% :i* "s call arr[s & o!rs s]p5ts' tongues1 nor w\ld s _m ,footnote3 ,i4 ,scilla argu$ aga9/ ?is hypo!sis1 :i* 0 /ill accept$ 9 8 days2 see3 ,la vana ,speculazione1 ,napoli #afgj4 portions ( v>i\s animals be f\nd all toge!r if !y _h n be5 ?r[n on ! sea %ore4 ,& ! deluge _c h c>ri$ !m !re1 because ?+s t are heavi] ?an wat] d n float on ! wat]4 ,b ^! ?+s c\ld n be at s great a height if !y _h n be5 c>ri$ !re by ! wat]1 su* a ?+ be+ impossible f _! weight4 ,9 places :]e ! valleys h n be5 fill$ ) salt sea wat] %ells are nev] to be se52 z is pla9ly visible 9 ! great valley ( ! ,arno above ,gonfol9a2 a rock =m]ly unit$ to ,monte ,albano1 9 ! =m ( a v high bank :i* kept ! riv] p5t up1 9 su* a way t be=e x c\ld fl[ into ! sea1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds at its foot1 x =m$ two great lakes2 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 :]e we n[ see ! city ( ,flor5ce toge!r ) ,prato & ,pi/oia1 & ,monte ,albano4 ,x foll[$ ! re/ ( its bank z f> z :]e ,s]ravalle n[ /&s4 ,f ! ,val d',arno upw>ds1 z f> z ,arezzo1 ano!r lake 0 =m$1 :i* dis*>g$ its wat]s into ! =m] lake4 ,x 0 clos$ at ab\t ! spot :]e n[ we see ,girone1 & occupi$ ! :ole ( t valley above = a di/ance ( #dj miles 9 l5g?4 ,?is valley receiv$ on its bottom all ! soil br\ght d[n by ! turbid wat]s4 ,& ?is is /ill to be se5 at ! foot ( ,prato ,magno2 x !re lies v high :]e ! riv]s h n worn x away4 ,across ?is l& are to be se5 ! deep cuts ( ! riv]s t h pass$ !re1 fall+ f ! great m\nta9 ( ,prato ,magno2 9 ^! cuts !re are no ve/iges ( any %ells or ( m>9e soil4 ,?is lake 0 jo9$ ) t ( ,p]ugia ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,cxiii4 ,a great quantity ( %ells are to be se5 :]e ! riv]s fl[ into ! sea1 because on su* %ores ! wat]s are n s salt ow+ to ! admixture ( ! fre% wat]1 :i* is p\r$ into x4 ,evid5ce ( ?is is to be se5 :]e1 ( old1 ! ,app59es p\r$ _! riv]s into ! ,adriatic sea2 = !re 9 mo/ places great quantities ( %ells are to be f\nd1 among ! m\nta9s1 toge!r ) blui% m>9e clay2 & all ! rocks :i* are torn (f 9 su* places are full ( %ells4 ,! same may be obs]v$ to h be5 done by ! ,arno :5 x fell f ! rock ( ,gonfol9a into ! sea1 :i* 0 n s v f> bel[2 = at t "t x 0 high] ?an ! top ( ,san ,m9iato al ,t$esco1 s9ce at ! highe/ summit ( ?is ! %ores may be se5 full ( %ells & oy/]s )9 its flanks4 ,! %ells did n ext5d t[>ds ,val di ,nievole1 because ! fre% wat]s ( ! ,arno did n ext5d s f>4 ,t ! %ells 7 n c>ri$ away f ! sea by ! deluge1 because ! wat]s :i* came f ! e>? al?\gh !y drew ! sea t[>ds ! e>?1 7 ^? :i* /ruck its dep?s2 because ! wat] :i* goes d[n f ! e>?1 has a /rong] curr5t ?an t ( ! sea1 & 9 consequ5ce is m p[]ful1 & x ent]s b5ea? ! sea wat] & /irs ! dep?s & c>ries ) x all sorts ( movable objects :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! e>?1 su* z ! above-m5tion$ %ells & o!r simil> ?+s4 ,& 9 proportion z ! wat] :i* comes f ! l& is muddi] ?an sea wat] x is /rong] & heavi] ?an ?is2 !re=e ,i see no way ( gett+ ! said %ells s f> 9 l&1 unless !y _h be5 born !re4 ,if y 7 to tell me t ! riv] ,loire ,footnote3 ,leon>do has writt5 ,era in/ead ( ,lo]a or ,loira--p]haps "u ! mi/ak5 idea t ,lo 0 an article41:i* trav]ses ,france cov]s :5 ! sea rises m ?an eighty miles ( c\ntry1 because x is a di/rict ( va/ pla9s1 & ! sea rises ab\t #bj braccia1 & %ells are f\nd 9 ?is pla9 at ! di/ance ( #hj miles f ! sea2 "h ,i answ] t ! fl[ & ebb 9 our ,m$it]ranean ,sea does n v>y s mu*2 = at ,g5oa x does n rise at all1 & at ,v5ice b little1 & v little 9 ,africa2 & :]e x v>ies little x cov]s b little ( ! c\ntry4 ,! c\rse ( ! wat] ( a riv] always rises high] 9 a place :]e ! curr5t is imp$$2 x behaves z x does :]e x is r$uc$ 9 wid? to pass "u ! ar*es ( a bridge4 ,fur!r rese>*es 7#ihi-iia74 #ihi4 ,a ,,confutation ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,say ,,t ,,%ells ,,may ,,h ,,be5 ,,c>ri$ ,,to ,a ,,di/ance ,,( ,,_m ,,days' ,,j\rney ,,f ,,! ,,sea ,,by ,,! ,,deluge1 ,,:i* ,,0 ,,s ,,high ,,z ,,to ,,be ,,above ,,^? ,,heights4 ,i say t ! deluge c\ld n c>ry objects1 native to ! sea1 up to ! m\nta9s1 unless ! sea _h already increas$ s z to create inundations z high up z ^? places2 & ?is increase c\ld n h occurr$ because x w\ld cause a vacuum2 & if y 7 to say t ! air w\ld ru% 9 !re1 we h already conclud$ t :at is heavy _c rema9 above :at is light1 :5ce ( necessity we mu/ conclude t ?is deluge 0 caus$ by ra9 wat]1 s t all ^! wat]s ran to ! sea1 & ! sea did n run up ! m\nta9s2 & z !y ran to ! sea1 !y ?ru/ ! %ells f ! %ore ( ! sea & did n draw !m to w>ds !mselves4 ,& if y 7 !n to say t ! sea1 rais$ by ! ra9 wat]1 _h c>ri$ ^! %ells to su* a height1 we h already said t ?+s heavi] ?an wat] _c rise ^u x1 b rema9 at ! bottom ( x1 & d n move unless by ! impact ( ! waves4 ,& if y 7 to say t ! waves _h c>ri$ !m to su* high spots1 we h prov$ t ! waves 9 a great dep? move 9 a contr>y direction at ! bottom to ! motion at ! top1 & ?is is %[n by ! turbidity ( ! sea f ! e>? wa%$ d[n ne> its %ores4 ,any?+ :i* is light] ?an ! wat] moves ) ! waves1 & is left on ! highe/ level ( ! highe/ m>g9 ( ! waves4 ,any?+ :i* is heavi] ?an ! wat] moves1 susp5d$ 9 x1 betwe5 ! surface & ! bottom2 & f ^! two conclusions1 :i* w be amply prov$ 9 _! place1 we inf] t ! waves ( ! surface _c convey %ells1 s9ce !y are heavi] ?an wat]4 ,if ! deluge _h to c>ry %ells ?ree hundr$ & f\r hundr$ miles f ! sea1 x w\ld h c>ri$ !m mix$ ) v>i\s o!r natural objects heap$ toge!r2 & we see at su* di/ances oy/]s all toge!r1 & sea-snails1 & cuttlefi%1 & all ! o!r %ells :i* congregate toge!r1 all to be f\nd toge!r & dead2 & ! solit>y %ells are f\nd wide ap>t f ea* o!r1 z we may see !m on sea-%ores e day4 ,& if we f9d oy/]s ( v l>ge %ells jo9$ toge!r & among !m v _m :i* /ill h ! cov]+ atta*$1 indicat+ t !y 7 left "h by ! sea1 & /ill liv+ :5 ! /rait ( ,gibralt> 0 cut ?r\gh2 !re are to be se51 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ma & ,piac5za1 a multitude ( %ells & corals1 full ( holes1 & /ill /ick+ to ! rocks !re4 ,:5 ,i 0 mak+ ! great horse = ,milan1 a l>ge sack full 0 br\ght to me 9 my work%op by c]ta9 peasants2 ^! 7 f\nd 9 t place & among !m 7 _m pres]v$ 9 _! fir/ fre%ness4 ,"u gr\nd1 & "u ! f\ndations ( build+s1 timb]s are f\nd ( wr\ght beams & already black4 ,su* 7 f\nd 9 my "t 9 ^? digg+s at ,ca/el ,fior5t9o4 ,& ^! _h be5 9 t deep place be=e ! s& c>ri$ by ! ,arno into ! sea1 !n cov]+ ! pla91 _h he5 rais$ to su* a height2 & be=e ! pla9s ( ,cas5t9o _h be5 s mu* l[]$1 by ! e>? be+ con/antly c>ri$ d[n f !m4 ,footnote3 ,^! l9es are writt5 9 ! m>g94 ,& if y 7 to say t ^! %ells 7 creat$1 & 7 cont9ually be+ creat$ 9 su* places by ! nature ( ! spot1 & ( ! heav5s :i* might h "s influ5ce !re1 su* an op9ion _c exi/ 9 a bra9 ( mu* reason2 because "h are ! ye>s ( _! gr[?1 numb]$ on _! %ells1 & !re are l>ge & small ones to be se5 :i* c\ld n h gr[n )\t food1 & c\ld n h f$ )\t motion--& "h !y c\ld n move ,footnote3 ,^! l9es are writt5 9 ! m>g94 #iij4 ,t 9 ! drifts1 among "o & ano!r1 !re are /ill to be f\nd ! traces ( ! worms :i* crawl$ ^u !m :5 !y 7 n yet dry4 ,& all m>9e clays /ill conta9 %ells1 & ! %ells are petrifi$ toge!r ) ! clay4 ,f _! firmness & unity "s p]sons w h x t ^! animals 7 c>ri$ up to places remote f ! sea by ! deluge4 ,ano!r sect ( ignorant p]sons decl>e t ,nature or ,heav5 creat$ !m 9 ^! places by cele/ial influ5ces1 z if 9 ^! places we did n also f9d ! bones ( fi%es :i* h tak5 a long "t to gr[2 & z if1 we c\ld n c\nt1 9 ! %ells ( cockles & snails1 ! ye>s & mon?s ( _! life1 z we d 9 ! horns ( bulls & ox51 & 9 ! bran*es ( plants t h nev] be5 cut 9 any "p4 ,besides1 hav+ prov$ by ^! signs ! l5g? ( _! lives1 x is evid5t1 & x mu/ be admitt$1 t ^! animals c\ld n live )\t mov+ to fet* _! food2 & we f9d 9 !m no in/rum5t = p5etrat+ ! e>? or ! rock :]e we f9d !m enclos$4 ,b h[ c\ld we f9d 9 a l>ge snail %ell ! fragm5ts & portions ( _m o!r sorts ( %ells1 ( v>i\s sorts1 if !y _h n be5 ?r[n !re1 :5 dead1 by ! waves ( ! sea l ! o!r light objects :i* x ?r[s on ! e>?8 ,:y d we f9d s _m fragm5ts & :ole %ells betwe5 lay] & lay] ( /one1 if ?is _h n =m]ly be5 cov]$ on ! %ore by a lay] ( e>? ?r[n up by ! sea1 & :i* 0 aft]w>ds petrifi$8 ,& if ! deluge be=e m5tion$ _h c>ri$ !m to ^! p>ts ( ! sea1 y might f9d ^! %ells at ! b\nd>y ( "o drift b n at ! b\nd>y betwe5 _m drifts4 ,we mu/ also acc\nt = ! w9t]s ( ! ye>s dur+ :i* ! sea multipli$ ! drifts ( s& & mud br\ght d[n by ! neighb\r+ riv]s1 by wa%+ d[n ! %ores2 & if y *ose to say t !re 7 sev]al deluges to produce ^! rifts & ! %ells among !m1 y w\ld also h to affirm t su* a deluge took place e ye>4 ,aga91 among ! fragm5ts ( ^! %ells1 x mu/ be presum$ t 9 ^? places !re 7 sea coa/s1 :]e all ! %ells 7 ?r[n up1 brok51 & divid$1 & nev] 9 pairs1 s9ce !y are f\nd alive 9 ! sea1 ) two valves1 ea* s]v+ z a lid to ! o!r2 & 9 ! drifts ( riv]s & on ! %ores ( ! sea !y are f\nd 9 fragm5ts4 ,& )9 ! limits ( ! sep>ate /rata ( rocks !y are f\nd1 few 9 numb] & 9 pairs l ^? :i* 7 left by ! sea1 buri$ alive 9 ! mud1 :i* subsequ5tly dri$ up &1 9 "t1 0 petrifi$4 #iia4 ,& if y *oose to say t x 0 ! deluge :i* c>ri$ ^! %ells away f ! sea = hundr$s ( miles1 ?is _c h happ5$1 s9ce t deluge 0 caus$ by ra92 because ra9 naturally =ces ! riv]s to ru% t[>ds ! sea ) all ! ?+s !y c>ry ) !m1 & n to be> ! dead ?+s ( ! sea %ores to ! m\nta9s4 ,& if y *oose to say t ! deluge aft]w>ds rose ) its wat]s above ! m\nta9s1 ! movem5t ( ! sea mu/ h be5 s sluggi% 9 its rise aga9/ ! curr5ts ( ! riv]s1 t x c\ld n h c>ri$1 float+ ^u x1 ?+s heavi] ?an itself2 & ev5 if x _h support$ !m1 9 its rec$+ x w\ld h left !m /rewn ab\t1 9 v>i\s spots4 ,b h[ are we to acc\nt = ! corals :i* are f\nd e day t[>ds ,monte ,f]rato 9 ,lomb>dy1 ) ! holes ( ! worms 9 !m1 /ick+ to rocks left uncov]$ by ! curr5ts ( riv]s8 ,^! rocks are all cov]$ ) /ocks & families ( oy/]s1 :i* z we "k1 nev] move1 b always rema9 ) "o ( _! halves /uck to a rock1 & ! o!r !y op5 to fe$ !mselves on ! animalcules t swim 9 ! wat]1 :i*1 hop+ to f9d good fe$+ gr\nd1 become ! food ( ^! %ells4 ,we d n f9d t ! s& mix$ ) seawe$ has be5 petrifi$1 because ! we$ :i* 0 m+l$ ) x has %runk away1 & ?is ! ,po %[s u e day 9 ! debris ( its banks4 ,o!r problems 7#iib-iid74 #iib4 ,:y d we f9d ! bones ( great fi%es & oy/]s & corals & v>i\s o!r %ells & sea-snails on ! high summits ( m\nta9s by ! sea1 j z we f9d !m 9 l[ seas8 #iic4 ,y n[ h to prove t ! %ells _c h orig9at$ if n 9 salt wat]1 almo/ all be+ ( t sort2 & t ! %ells 9 ,lomb>dy are at f\r levels1 & ?us x is ev]y:]e1 hav+ be5 made at v>i\s times4 ,& !y all occur 9 valleys t op5 t[>ds ! seas4 #iid4 ,f ! two l9es ( %ells we are =c$ to say t ! e>? indignantly subm]g$ "u ! sea & s ! fir/ lay] 0 made2 & !n ! deluge made ! second4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is 9 ! e>ly writ+ ( ab\t #adgj--adhj4 ,on ! same %eet are ! passages ,no4 #abag & #abai4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #acci4 ,all ! =ego+ *apt]s are f ,manuscripts ( ab\t #aeaj4 ,?is expla9s ! want ( connection & ! contradiction betwe5 ?is & ! =ego+ texts4 ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 #iie4 ,t ! brightness ( ! air is occasion$ by ! wat] :i* has dissolv$ itself 9 x into imp]ceptible molecules4 ,^!1 be+ light$ by ! sun f ! opposite side1 reflect ! brightness :i* is visible 9 ! air2 & ! azure :i* is se5 9 x is caus$ by ! d>kness t is hidd5 beyond ! air4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cjj4 ,on ! motion ( air 7#iif--iii74 #iif4 ,t ! return eddies ( w9d at ! m\? ( c]ta9 valleys /rike ^u ! wat]s & scoop !m out 9 a great holl[1 :irl ! wat] into ! air 9 ! =m ( a column1 & ( ! col\r ( a cl\d4 ,& ,i saw ?is ?+ happ5 on a s& bank 9 ! ,arno1 :]e ! s& 0 holl[$ out to a great] dep? ?an ! /ature ( a man2 & ) x ! gravel 0 :irl$ r\nd & flung ab\t = a great space2 x appe>$ 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( a great bell-t[]2 & ! top spread l ! bran*es ( a p9e tree1 & !n x b5t at ! contact ( ! direct w9d1 :i* pass$ ov] f ! m\nta9s4 #iig4 ,! elem5t ( fire acts ^u a wave ( air 9 ! same way z ! air does on wat]1 or z wat] does on a mass ( s& --t is e>?2 & _! motions are 9 ! same proportions z ^? ( ! motors act+ ^u !m4 #iih4 ,,( ,,motion4 ,i ask :e!r ! true motion ( ! cl\ds c be kn[n by ! motion ( _! %ad[s2 & 9 l mann] ( ! motion ( ! sun4 #iii4 ,to "k bett] ! direction ( ! w9ds4 ,footnote3 ,9 connection ) ?is text ,i may "h m5tion a hygromet]1 drawn & probably inv5t$ by ,leon>do4 ,a facsimile ( ?is is giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #big ) ! note3 ',modi di pes>e l'arie eddi sap]e qu&o s'a arromp]e il tepo' 7,mode ( weigh+ ! air & ( kn[+ :5 ! wea!r w *ange72 by ! sponge ,spugnea is writt54 ,! globe an organism4 #ajjj4 ,no?+ orig9ates 9 a spot :]e !re is no s5ti5t1 vegetable & rational life2 fea!rs gr[ ^u birds & are *ang$ e ye>2 hairs gr[ ^u animals & are *ang$ e ye>1 except+ "s p>ts1 l ! hairs ( ! be>d 9 lions1 cats & _! l4 ,! grass gr[s 9 ! fields1 & ! leaves on ! trees1 & e ye> !y are1 9 great "p1 r5ew$4 ,s t we might say t ! e>? has a _s ( gr[?2 t its fle% is ! soil1 its bones ! arrangem5t & connection ( ! rocks ( :i* ! m\nta9s are compos$1 its c>tilage ! tufa1 & its blood ! spr+s ( wat]4 ,! pool ( blood :i* lies r\nd ! he>t is ! ocean1 & its brea?+1 & ! increase & decrease ( ! blood 9 ! pulses1 is repres5t$ 9 ! e>? by ! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea2 & ! heat ( ! _s ( ! _w is ! fire :i* p]vades ! e>?1 & ! seat ( ! vegetative s\l is 9 ! fires1 :i* 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>? f9d v5t 9 ba?s & m9es ( sulphur1 & 9 volcanoes1 z at ,m\nt ,aetna 9 ,sicily1 & 9 _m o!r places4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ibi4 ,,xvii4 ,topographical ,notes4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! texts publi%$ 9 ?is section might p]haps h f\nd _! prop] place 9 connection ) ! =ego+ *apt]s on ,physical ,geography4 ,b ^! obs]vations on ,physical ,geography1 ( :atev] k9d !y may be1 z soon z !y are localis$ acquire a special int]e/ & importance & p>ticul>ly z be>+ on ! "q :e!r ,leon>do himself made ! obs]vations record$ at ! places m5tion$ or m]ely not$ ! /atem5ts f he>say4 ,9 a few in/ances he himself tells u t he writes at second h&4 ,9 "s cases aga91 al?\gh ! /yle & expressions us$ make x seem highly probable t he has d]iv$ 8 in=mation f o!rs-- ?\gh1 z x seems to me1 ^! cases are n v num]\s--we f9d1 on ! o!r h&1 among ^! topographical notes a great numb] ( obs]vations1 ab\t :i* x is extremely difficult to =m a decid$ op9ion4 ,( :at ! ,ma/]'s life & travels may h be5 ?r\gh\t 8 sixty-sev5 ye>s ( life we "k comp>atively little2 = a long c\rse ( "t1 & p>ticul>ly f ab\t #adhb to #adhf1 we d n ev5 "k ) c]ta9ty t he 0 liv+ 9 ,italy4 ,?us1 f a biographical po9t ( view a v great int]e/ atta*es to "s ( ! topographical notes1 & = ?is reason x seem$ t x w\ld add to _! value to arrange !m 9 a gr\p by !mselves4 ,leon>do's intimate k ) places1 "s ( :i* 7 c]ta9ly remote f 8 native home1 are ( importance z contribut+ to decide ! /ill op5 "q z to ! ext5t ( ,leon>do's travels4 ,we %all f9d 9 ^! notes a confirmation ( ! view1 t ! ,,mss4 9 :i* ! ,topographical ,notes occur are 9 only a v few in/ances su* di>ies z may h be5 9 use dur+ a j\rney4 ,^! notes are mo/ly f\nd 9 ! ,,mss4 books ( 8 lat] & quiet] ye>s1 & x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ,leon>do is v retic5t z to ! au?orities f :om he quotes 8 facts & obs]vations3 ,= in/ance1 z to ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 ! ,nile1 ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s & ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,is x likely t he1 :o decl>$ t 9 all sci5tific rese>*1 8 own exp]i5ce %\ld be ! f\ndation ( 8 /atem5ts 7see ,,xix ,philosophy ,no4 #ihg--iia17 %\ld "h h made an exception to ?is rule )\t m5tion+ x8 ,z = in/ance 9 ! discussion z to ! equilibrium ( ! mass ( wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea--a subject :i*1 x may be obs]v$1 _h at t "t attract$ ! int]e/ & /udy ( h>dly any o!r obs]v]4 ,! acute rem>ks1 9 ,nos4 #ihe--iic1 on ! pres5ce ( %ells at ! tops ( m\nta9s1 suffice to prove--z x seems to me--t x 0 n 9 8 nature to all[ himself to be betray$ into wide g5]alisations1 ext5d+ beyond ! limits ( 8 own inve/igations1 ev5 by su* brilliant results ( p]sonal /udy4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,topographical ,notes1 ?\gh sugge/+ v c>eful & ?or\gh rese>*1 d n h[ev]1 z has be5 said1 af=d necess>ily indisputable evid5ce t t rese>* 0 ,leon>do's own4 ,b x mu/ be grant$ t 9 m ?an "o in/ance probability is 9 fav\r ( ?is idea4 ,among ! passages :i* treat some:at fully ( ! topography ( ,ea/]n places by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ is a description ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s2 b z ?is text is writt5 9 ! /yle ( a =mal report &1 9 ! orig9al1 is associat$ ) c]ta9 lett]s :i* give u ! hi/ory ( its orig91 ,i h ?\ght x be/ n to sev] x f t connection4 ,x w be f\nd "u ,no4 ,,xxi 7,lett]s74 ,t ,flor5ce1 & its neighb\rhood1 :]e ,leon>do sp5t 8 e>ly ye>s1 %\ld be n[h]e m5tion$ except 9 connection ) ! projects = canals1 :i* occupi$ 8 att5tion = "s %ort "t dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 ne$ n surprise u4 ,! v>i\s passages relat+ to ! con/ruction ( canals 9 ,tuscany1 :i* are put toge!r at ! beg9n+1 are imm$iately foll[$ by ^? :i* deal ) s*emes = canals 9 ,lomb>dy2 & aft] ^! come notes on ! city & vic9ity ( ,milan z well z on ! lakes ( ,nor? ,italy4 ,! notes on "s t[ns ( ,c5tral ,italy :i* ,leon>do visit$ 9 #aejb1 :5 9 ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 are reproduc$ "h 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! note book us$ dur+ ^! travels 7,,ms4 ,l41 ,in/itut de ,france74 ,^! notes h b little int]e/ 9 !mselves except+ z sugge/+ 8 it9]>y4 ,! maps ( ! di/ricts drawn by ,leon>do at ! "t are m valuable 7see ,no4 #ajed note74 ,! names on ^! maps are n writt5 f "r to left1 b 9 ! usual mann]1 & we are p]mitt$ to inf] t !y 7 made 9 ob$i5ce to "s comm&1 possibly = ! use ( ,ces>e ,borgia himself2 ! fact t !y rema9$ nev]!less 9 ,leon>do's h&s is n surpris+ :5 we rememb] ! sudd5 political *anges & w>like ev5ts ( ! p]iod4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! maps1 :i* are "h publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 are orig9al 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 t is to say drawn f obs]vations ( ! places !mselves2 ?is is prov$ by ! fact--among o!rs--t we f9d among 8 manuscripts n only ! f9i%$ maps !mselves b ! r\gh sket*es & /udies = !m4 ,& x w\ld p]haps be difficult to po9t out among ! abundant contributions to geographical k publi%$ dur+ ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 any maps at all approa*+ ^! 9 accuracy & f9i%4 ,! int]e/+ map ( ! _w1 s f> z x 0 !n kn[n1 :i* is among ! ,leon>do ,,mss4 at ,w9dsor 7publi%$ 9 ! ',ar*aeologia' ,vol4 ,,xi7 _c be attribut$ to ! ,ma/]1 z ! ,m>*ese ,girolamo d',adda has suffici5tly prov$2 x has n !re=e be5 reproduc$ "h4 ,su* ( ,leon>do's obs]vations on places 9 ,italy z 7 made be=e or aft] 8 (ficial travels z milit>y eng9e] to ,ces>e ,borgia1 h be5 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]1 "u ,nos4 #ajcd-ajed4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ are ^? :i* relate to ! ,alps & ! ,app59es1 ,nos4 #ajeg-ajfh4 ,mo/ ( ! passages 9 :i* ,france is m5tion$ h hi!rto rema9$ unkn[n1 z well z ^? :i* treat ( ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* come at ! end ( ?is section4 ,?\gh ^! may be reg>d$ z ( a m que/ionable importance 9 _! be>+ on ! biography ( ! ,ma/] ?an ^? :i* m5tion places 9 ,france1 x mu/ be all[$ t !y are int]e/+ z %[+ ! prom95t place :i* ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ held 9 8 geographical /udies4 ,he nev] once alludes to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,i4 ,,italy4 ,canals 9 connection ) ! ,arno 7#ajja-ajjh74 #ajja4 ,,canal ,,( ,,flor5ce4 ,sluices %\ld be made 9 ! valley ( la ,*iana at ,arezzo1 s t :51 9 ! summ]1 ! ,arno lacks wat]1 ! canal may n rema9 dry3 & let ?is canal be #bj braccia wide at ! bottom1 & at ! top #cj1 & #b braccia deep1 or #d1 s t two ( ^! braccia may fl[ to ! mills & ! mead[s1 :i* w b5efit ! c\ntry2 & ,prato1 ,pi/oia & ,pisa1 z well z ,flor5ce1 w ga9 two hundr$ ?\s& ducats a ye>1 & w l5d a h& & money to ?is useful "w2 & ! ,luc*ese ! same1 = ! lake ( ,se/o w be navigable2 ,i %all direct x to ,prato & ,pi/oia1 & cut ?r\gh ,s]ravalle & make an issue into ! lake2 = !re w be no ne$ ( locks or supports1 :i* are n la/+ & s w always be giv+ tr\ble 9 work+ at !m & keep+ !m up4 ,& "k t 9 digg+ ?is canal :]e x is #d braccia deep1 x w co/ #d d9>i ! squ>e braccio2 = twice ! dep? #f d9>i1 if y are mak+ #d braccia ,footnote3 ,?is passage is illu/rat$ by a slightly sket*$ map1 on :i* ^! places are indicat$ f ,we/ to ,ea/3 ,pisa1 ,luc*a1 ,lago1 ,s]avalle1 ,pi/oja1 ,prato1 ,fir5ze4 & !re are b #b banks2 t is to say "o f ! bottom ( ! tr5* to ! surface ( ! edges ( x1 & ! o!r f ^! edges to ! top ( ! ridge ( e>? :i* w be rais$ on ! m>g9 ( ! bank4 ,& if ?is bank 7 ( d\ble ! dep? only ! fir/ bank w be increas$1 t is #d braccia increas$ by half ! fir/ co/2 t is to say t if at fir/ #d d9>i 7 paid = #b banks1 = #c x w\ld come to #f1 at #b d9>i ! bank1 if ! tr5* measur$ #af braccia at ! bottom2 aga91 if ! tr5* 7 #af braccia wide & #d deep1 com+ to #d lire = ! "w1 #d ,milan d9>i ! squ>e braccio2 a tr5* :i* 0 #cb braccia at ! bottom w\ld come to #h d9>i ! squ>e braccio4 #ajjb4 ,f ! wall ( ! ,arno at ! gate ( la ,giu/izia to ! bank ( ! ,arno at ,s>digna :]e ! walls are1 to ! mills1 is #gdjj braccia1 t is #b miles & #adjj braccia & beyond ! ,arno is #eejj braccia4 ,footnote3 #b4 ,giu/izia4 ,by ?is ! ,porta della ,giu/izia seems to be meant2 f ! ,x,vth to ! ,x,v,ith c5turies x 0 also commonly kn[n z ,porta ,guelfa1 ,porta ,san ,francesco del ,r5aio1 ,porta ,nuova1 & ,porta ,reale4 ,x 0 close to ! ,arno opposite to ! ,porta ,san ,niccolo1 :i* /ill exi/s4 #ajjc4 ,by guid+ ! ,arno above & bel[ a treasure w be f\nd 9 ea* acre ( gr\nd by :omsoev] w4 #ajjd4 ,! wall ( ! old h\ses runs t[>ds ! gate ( ,san ,nicolo4 ,footnote3 ,by ! side ( ?is text !re is an indi/9ct sket*1 resembl+ t giv5 "u ,no4#igc4 ,on ! bank is writt5 ! ^w ,casace4 ,!re !n foll[s 9 ! orig9al a passage ( #ab l9es 9 :i* ! consequ5ces ( ! w9d+s ( ! riv] are discuss$4 ,a l>g] b equally ha/y diagram on ! same page repres5ts ! %ores ( ! ,arno inside ,flor5ce z 9 two p>allel l9es4 ,f\r horizontal l9es indicate ! bridges4 ,by ! side ^! measures are /at$ 9 figures3 ,i4 7at ! ,ponte alla ,c>raja73 #bcj--l>gho br4 #ab e #b di spoda e #ad di pile e a #d pila/ri2 #b4 7at ! ,ponte ,s4 ,tr9ita72 l#hh--l>gho br4 #ae e #b di spode he #bh di pila/ri = delle spode e pila/ri s #b2 #c4 7at ! ,ponte vec*io72 pote lung br4 #aeb e l>go2 #d4 7at ! ,ponte alle ,grazie73 #bij ell>go #ab e #b di spode e #f di pili4 ,!re is1 9 ,,ms4 ,w4 ,l4 #bl#b;b1 a sket*$ plan ( ,flor5ce1 ) ! foll[+ names ( gates3 ,ni*olo--,sam9iato--,giorgo--,ghanol9i-- ,porta ,san ,fr$ian --,prato--,fa5za--,ghallo--,p9ti--,giu/i tia4 #ajje4 ,! ru9$ wall is #fdj braccia2 #acj is ! wall rema9+ ) ! mill2 #cjj braccia 7 brok5 9 #d ye>s by ,bis>no4 #ajjf4 ,!y d n "k :y ! ,arno w nev] rema9 9 a *annel4 ,x is because ! riv]s :i* fl[ into x deposit e>? :]e !y ent]1 & we> x away on ! opposite side1 b5d+ ! riv] 9 t direction4 ,! ,arno fl[s = #f miles betwe5 la ,caprona & ,leghorn2 & = #ab ?r\gh ! m>%es1 :i* ext5d #cb miles1 & #af f ,la ,caprona up ! riv]1 :i* makes #dh2 by ! ,arno f ,flor5ce beyond #af miles2 to ,vico #af miles1 & ! canal is #e2 f ,flor5ce to ,fuce*io x is #dj miles by ! riv] ,arno4 #ef miles by ! ,arno f ,flor5ce to ,vico2 by ! ,pi/oia canal x is #dd miles4 ,?us x is #ab miles %ort] by ! canal ?an by ! ,arno4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is writt5 by ! side ( a map wa%$ 9 ,indian ink1 ( ! c\rse ( ! ,arno2 x is evid5tly a sket* = a complet] map4 ,^! inve/igations may possibly be connect$ ) ! foll[+ docum5ts4 ,francesco ,guiducci alla ,balia di ,fir5ze4 ,dal ,campo contro ,pisa #bd ,luglio #aejc 7,ar*ivio di ,/ato1 ,fir5ze1 ,lett]e alla ,balia2 publi%$ by ,j4 ,,gaye1 ,c>teggio in$ito d',arti/i1 ,fir5ze #ahdj1 ,tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #fb73 ,ex ,ca/ris1 ,franciscus ,ghuiduccius1 #bd4 ,jul4 #aejc4 ,appresso fu qui hi]i con una di ,v4 ,signoria ,alex&ro degli ,albizi insieme con ,leon>do da ,v9ci et c]ti altri1 et v$uto el disegno insieme con el ghov]natore1 doppo molte discussioni et dubii conclusesi *e l'op]a fussi molto al proposito1 o si v]am5te ,arno volg]si qui1 o re/>vi con un canale1 *e alm5o viet]ebbe *e le coll9e da nemici non potrebbono ess]e (fese2 come tucto ref]iranno loro a bo*a ,v4 ,s4 ,&1 ,ar*ivio di ,/ato1 ,fir5ze1 ,libro d',entrata e ,uscita di cassa de' ,magnifici ,signori di luglio e ago/o #aejc a #ea ,t43 ,&ata di ,leon>do al ,campo sotto ,pisa4 ,spese extraord9>ie di5o d>e a di ,,xxvi di luglio ,l4 ,,lvi sol4 ,,xii p] loro a ,giovanni ,piff]o2 e sono p] tanti1 asegnia av]e spexi 9 vetture di sei *avalli a spese di vitto p] &>e *on ,lion>do da ,v9ci a livell>e ,arno 9 quello di ,pisa p] levallo del lilo suo4 7,publi%$ by ,,milanesi1 ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,italiano1 ,s]ie ,,iii1 ,tom4 ,,xvi4 ,,vas>i ass]ts3 7,leon>do7 fu il primo ancora1 *e giovanetto discorresse sopra il fiume d',arno p] mett]lo 9 canale da ,pisa a ,fior5za 7ed4 ,,sansoni1 ,,iv1 #bj74 ,! passage above is 9 "s degree illu/rat$ by ! map on ,pl4 ,,cxii1 :]e ! c\rse ( ! ,arno we/w>d f ,empoli is %[n4 #ajjg4 ,! eddy made by ! ,m5sola1 :5 ! ,arno is l[ & ! ,m5sola full4 ,footnote3 ,m5sola is a m\nta9 /ream :i* falls into ! ,arno ab\t a mile & a half above ,flor5ce4 ,a,arno1 ,i,isola1 ,m,mvgone1 ,p,pesa1 ,n,mesola4 #ajjh4 ,t ! riv] :i* is to be turn$ f "o place to ano!r mu/ be coax$ & n treat$ r\ghly or ) viol5ce2 & to d ?is a sort ( floodgate %\ld be made 9 ! riv]1 & !n l[] d[n "o 9 front ( x & 9 l mann] a ?ird1 f\r? & fif?1 s t ! riv] may dis*>ge itself into ! *annel giv5 to x1 or t by ?is means x may be div]t$ f ! place x has damag$1 z 0 done 9 ,fl&]s--z ,i 0 told by ,niccolo di ,=sore4 ,h[ to protect & repair ! banks wa%$ by ! wat]1 z bel[ ! isl& ( ,cocom]i4 ,ponte ,rubaconte 7,fig4 #a72 bel[ ! palaces ,bi/icci & ,canigiani 7,fig4 #b74 ,above ! flood gate ( la ,giu/izia 7,fig4 #c72 a b is a s& bank opposite ! end ( ! isl& ( ! ,cocom]i 9 ! middle ( ! ,arno 7,fig4 #d74 ,footnote3 ,! c\rse ( ! riv] ,arno is also discuss$ 9 ,nos4 #ihg & #ihh4 ,canals 9 ! ,milanese 7#ajji-ajac74 #ajji4 ,! canal ( ,san ,cri/(ano at ,milan made ,may #crd #aeji4 ,footnote3 ,?is obs]vation is writt5 above a wa%$ p5 & ink draw+ :i* has be5 publi%$ z ,tav4 ,,vi 9 ! 11,saggio4 ,! editors ( t "w expla9 ! draw+ z uno ,/udio di boc*e p] e/razione d'acqua4 #ajaj4 ,,( ,,! ,,canal ,,( ,,m>tesana4 ,by mak+ ! canal ( ,m>tesana ! wat] ( ! ,adda is greatly dim9i%$ by its di/ribution ov] _m di/ricts = ! irrigation ( ! fields4 ,a rem$y = ?is w\ld be to make sev]al little *annels1 s9ce ! wat] drunk up by ! e>? is ( no m use to any "o1 nor mis*ief nei!r1 because x is tak5 f no "o2 & by mak+ ^! *annels ! wat] :i* be=e 0 lo/ returns aga9 & is once m s]viceable & useful to m54 ,footnote3 el navilio di ,m>tagano is also m5tion$ 9 a note writt5 9 r$ *alk1 ,,ms4 ,h#b #ag;a ,leon>do has1 z x seems1 little to d ) ,lodovico il ,moro's s*eme to r5d] ?is canal navigable4 ,! canal _h be5 made 9 #adfj by ,b]ton9o da ,nov>a4 ,il ,moro issu$ 8 degree 9 #adic1 b ,leon>do's notes ab\t ?is canal 71 ) ! exception ( "o 7,no4 #acdc71 writt5 ab\t sixte5 ye>s lat]4 #ajaa4 ,no canal :i* is f$ by a riv] c be p]man5t if ! riv] :5ce x orig9ates is n :olly clos$ up1 l ! canal ( ,m>tesana :i* is f$ by ! ,tic9o4 #ajab4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! canal to ! mill4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! canal ( ,brivio to ! mill ( ,travaglia is #bgid trabo*i1 t is #aaagf braccia1 :i* is m ?an #c miles & two ?irds2 & "h ! canal is #eg braccia high] ?an ! surface ( ! wat] ( ! ,adda1 giv+ a fall ( two in*es 9 e hundr$ trabo*i2 & at t spot we propose to take ! op5+ ( our canal4 ,footnote3 ,! foll[+ are writt5 on ! sket*es3 ,at ! place m>k$ ,n3 navilio da dacquiue 7canal ( runn+ wat]72 at ,m3 mol9 del ,travaglia 7,mill ( ,travaglia72 at ,r3 ro*etta ssanta m>ia 7small rock ( ,santa ,m>ia72 at ,a3 ,adda2 at ,l3 ,lagho di ,le*o r+orgato alli #c corni 9 ,adda1--,con*a p]petua 7lake ( ,lecco ov]fl[+ at ,tre ,corni1 9 ,adda1-- a p]man5t sluice74 ,ne> ! second sket*1 ref]r+ to ! sluice ne> ,q3 qui la *at5a ttalie d'u peso 7"h ! *a9 is 9 "o piece74 ,at ,m 9 ! l[] sket*3 mol del travaglia1 nel cav>e la con*a il t]5o ara *otrap]o co cassa d'acqua4 7,mill ( ,travaglia1 9 digg+ out ! sluice ! soil w h z a c\nt]poise a vessel ( wat]74 #ajac4 ,if x be n report$ !re t ?is is to be a public canal1 x w be necess>y to pay = ! l&2 ,footnote #c3 il re4 ,l\is ,,xii or ,francis ,i ( ,france4 ,x is h>dly possible to d\bt t ! canals "h spok5 ( 7 int5d$ to be 9 ! ,milanese4 ,comp>e ) ?is passage ! r\gh copy ( a lett] by ,leon>do1 to ! ,presid5te dell' ,ufficio regolatore dell' acqua on ,no4 #acej4 ,see also ! note to ,no4 #gde1 #a4 #ab4 & ! k+ w pay x by remitt+ ! taxes = a ye>4 ,e/imates & prep>atory /udies = canals 7#ajad4 #ajae74 #ajad4 ,,canal4 ,! canal :i* may be #af braccia wide at ! bottom & #bj at ! top1 we may say is on ! av]age #ah braccia wide1 & if x is #d braccia deep1 at #d d9>i ! squ>e braccia2 x w only co/ #ijj ducats1 to excavate by ! mile1 if ! squ>e braccio is calculat$ 9 ord9>y braccia2 b if ! braccia are ^? us$ 9 measur+ l&1 ( :i* e #d are equal to #d #a_/b & if by ! mile we und]/& ?ree ?\s& ord9>y braccia2 turn$ into l& braccia1 ^! #cjjj braccia w lack #a_/d2 !re rema9 #bbej braccia1 :i* at #d d9>i ! braccio w am\nt to #fge ducats a mile4 ,at #c d9>i ! squ>e braccio1 ! mile w am\nt to #ejf #a_/d ducats s t ! excavation ( #cj miles ( ! canal w am\nt to #aeahg #a_/b ducats4 #ajae4 ,to make ! great canal1 fir/ make ! small] "o & conduct into x ! wat]s :i* by a :eel w help to fill ! great "o4 ,notes on build+s 9 ,milan 7#ajaf-ajai7 #ajaf4 ,indicate ! c5tre ( ,milan4 ,m(orte--porta resa--porta nova--/rada nova--navilio--porta cumana--b>co--porta giovia--porta v]cell9a--porta sco ,anbrogio--porta ,tes9ese--torre dell' ,imp]atore-- porta ,lodovica--acqua4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cix4 ,! orig9al sket* is "h r$uc$ to ab\t half its size4 ,! gates ( ! t[n are "h nam$1 beg9n+ at ! "r h& & foll[+ ! curv$ l9e4 ,9 ! bird's eye view ( ,milan bel[1 ! ca!dral is pla9ly recognisable 9 ! middle2 to ! "r is ! t[] ( ,san ,gott>do4 ,! squ>e1 above ! numb] #iadg1 is ! ,lazz>etto1 :i* 0 begun 9 #adhh4 ,on ! left ! gr\p ( build+s ( ! ',ca/ello' w be notic$4 ,on ! sket*$ ,plan ( ,flor5ce 7see ,no4 #ajjd note7 ,leon>do has writt5 on ! m>g9 ! foll[+ names ( gates ( ,milan3 ,v]cell9a --,tic9ese--,ludovica--,romana--,ori5tal e-- ,nova--,beatrice--,cumana--,comp>e too ,no4 #addh1 #aa4 #e1 #ab4 #ajag4 ,! moat ( ,milan4 ,canal #b braccia wide4 ,! ca/le ) ! moats full4 ,! fill+ ( ! moats ( ! ,ca/le ( ,milan4 #ajah4 ,,! ,,ba?4 ,to heat ! wat] = ! /ove ( ! ,du*ess take f\r p>ts ( cold wat] to ?ree p>ts ( hot wat]4 ,footnote3 ,du*essa di ,milano1 ,beatrice d',e/e1 wife ( ,ludovico il ,moro to :om %e 0 m>ri$1 9 #adia4 ,%e di$ 9 ,june #adig4 #ajai4 ,9 ! ,ca!dral at ! pulley ( ! nail ( ! cross4 ,item4 ,to place ! mass v r 9 !444 ,footnote3 ,on ?is passage ,,amoretti rem>ks 7,memorie ,/ori*e *ap4 ,,ix73 ,nell'anno /esso lo veggiamo =m>e un congegno di c>ucole e di corde1 con cui trasport>e 9 piu v5]abile e piu sicuro luogo1 cioe nell'ultima arcata della nave di mezzo della metropolitana1 la sacra reliquia del ,santo ,*iodo1 *e ivi ancor si v5]a4 ,al fol4 #ae del codice segnato ,q4 ,r4 9 #af1 egli ci ha lasciata di tal congegno una doppia figura1 cioe una di quattro c>ucole1 e una di tre colle rispettive corde1 soggiugn&ovi3 9 ,domo alla c>ucola del ,*iodo della ,croce4 ,,amoretti',s views z to ! m>k on ! ,,ms1 & ! date :5 x 0 writt5 are1 x may be obs]v$1 :olly unf\nd$4 ,! ,,ms4 ,l1 9 :i* x occurs1 is ( ! ye> #aejb1 & x is v unlikely t ,leon>do 0 9 ,milan at t "t2 ?is h[ev] w\ld n prev5t ! rem>k1 :i* is some:at obscure1 f apply+ to ! ,ca!dral at ,milan4 #ajbj4 ,,( ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,! ,,vacuum ,,=m$ ,,9 ,a ,,mom5t4 ,i saw1 at ,milan1 a ?und]bolt fall on ! t[] della ,cr$5za on its ,nor!rn side1 & x desc5d$ ) a sl[ motion d[n t side1 & !n at once p>t$ f t t[] & c>ri$ ) x & tore away f t wall a space ( #c braccia wide & two deep2 & ?is wall 0 #d braccia ?ick & 0 built ( ?9 & small old bricks2 & ?is 0 dragg$ out by ! vacuum :i* ! flame ( ! ?und]bolt _h caus$1 c4 ,footnote3 ,) ref]5ce to build+s at ,milan see also ,nos4 #gea & #gef1 & ,pl4 ,,xcv1 ,no4 #b 7expla9$ on p4 #eb71 ,pl4 ,c 7expla9$ on pages #fj-fb74 ,see also pages #be1 #ci & #dj4 ,rem>ks on natural ph5om5a 9 & ne> ,milan 7#ajba4 #ajbb74 #ajba4 ,i h already be5 to see a great v>iety 7( atmosph]ic effects74 ,& lately ov] ,milan t[>ds ,lago ,maggiore ,i saw a cl\d 9 ! =m ( an imm5se m\nta9 full ( rifts ( gl[+ light1 because ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* 0 already close to ! horizon & r$1 t+$ ! cl\d ) its own hue4 ,& ?is cl\d attract$ to x all ! little cl\ds t 7 ne> :ile ! l>ge "o did n move f its place2 ?us x reta9$ on its summit ! reflection ( ! sunlight till an h\r & a half aft] sunset1 s imm5sely l>ge 0 x2 & ab\t two h\rs aft] sunset su* a viol5t w9d arose1 t x 0 really trem5d\s & unhe>d (4 ,footnote3 di arie is want+ 9 ! orig9al b may safely be ins]t$ 9 ! context1 z ! =mation ( cl\ds is "u discussion be=e ?is text4 #ajbb4 ,on ! #aj? day ( ,decemb] at #i o'clock a4 m4 fire 0 set to ! place4 ,on ! l#h? day ( ,decemb] #aeaa at #i o'clock a4 m4 ?is second fire 0 k9dl$ by ! ,swiss at ,milan at ! place call$ ,,dcxc4 ,footnote3 ,) ^! two texts1 7l4 #a--b & l4 #c--e are 9 ! orig9al side by side7 !re are sket*es ( smoke wrea?s 9 r$ *alk4 ,note on ,pavia4 #ajbc4 ,! *imneys ( ! ca/le ( ,pavia h #f r[s ( op5+s & f ea* to ! o!r is "o braccio4 ,footnote3 ,o!r notes relat+ to ,pavia occur on p4 #dc & p4 #ec 7,pl4 ,,xcviii1 ,no4 #c74 ,comp>e ,no4 #addh1 #bf4 ,notes on ! ,s=zesca ne> ,vigevano 7#ajbd-ajbh74 #ajbd4 ,on ! #bnd day ( ,febru>y #adid4 ,at ,s=zesca ,i drew tw5ty five /eps1 #b_/c braccia to ea*1 & #h braccia wide4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx1 ,no4 #b4 ,! re/ ( ! notes on ?is page ref] to ! motion ( wat]4 ,on ! l[] sket* we read3 #d br4 7f\r braccia7 & gi>a 7= ghiaja1 s&1 gravel74 #ajbe4 ,! v9ey>ds ( ,vigevano on ! #bj? day ( ,m>* #adid4 ,footnote3 ,on "o side !re is an effac$ sket* 9 r$ *alk4 #ajbf4 ,to lock up a butt]is at ,vigevano4 #ajbg4 ,aga9 if ! l[e/ "p ( ! bank :i* lies across ! curr5t ( ! wat]s is made 9 deep & wide /eps1 aft] ! mann] ( /airs1 ! wat]s :i*1 9 _! c\rse usually fall p]p5dicul>ly f ! top ( su* a place to ! bottom1 & we> away ! f\ndations ( ?is bank c no long] desc5d ) a bl[ ( too great a =ce2 & ,i f9d ! example ( ?is 9 ! /airs d[n :i* ! wat] falls 9 ! fields at ,s=zesca at ,vigevano ov] :i* ! runn+ wat] falls = a height ( #ej braccia4 #ajbh4 ,/air ( ,vigevano bel[ ,la ,s=zesca1 #acj /eps1 #a_/d braccio high & #a_/b braccio wide1 d[n :i* ! wat] falls1 s z n to we> away any?+ at ! end ( its fall2 by ^! /eps s mu* soil has come d[n t x has dri$ up a pool2 t is to say x has fill$ x up & a pool ( great dep? has be5 turn$ into mead[s4 ,notes on ! ,nor? ,italian lake4 7#ajbi-ajcc7 #ajbi4 ,9 _m places !re are /reams ( wat] :i* swell = six h\rs & ebb = six h\rs2 & ,i1 = my "p1 h se5 "o above ! lake ( ,como call$ ,fonte ,pl9iana1 :i* increases & ebbs1 z ,i h said1 9 su* a way z to turn ! /ones ( two mills2 & :5 x fails x falls s l[ t x is l look+ at wat] 9 a deep pit4 ,footnote3 ,! f\nta9 is kn[n by ?is "n to ?is day3 x is ne> ,torno1 on ! ,ea/]n %ore ( ,como4 ,! wat]s /ill rise & fall ) ! fl[ & ebb ( ! tide z ,pl9y describ$ x 7,epi/4 ,,iv1 #cj2 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,ii1 #bjf74 #ajcj4 ,,lake ,,( ,,como4 ,,valley ,,( ,,*iav5na4 ,above ! lake ( ,como t[>ds ,g]many is ! valley ( ,*iav5na :]e ! riv] ,m]a fl[s into ?is lake4 ,"h are b>r5 & v high m\nta9s1 ) huge rocks4 ,among ^! m\nta9s are to be f\nd ! wat]-birds call$ gulls4 ,"h gr[ fir trees1 l>*es & p9es4 ,de]1 wildgoats1 *amois1 & t]rible be>s4 ,x is impossible to climb !m )\t us+ h&s & feet4 ,! peasants g !re at ! "t ( ! sn[s ) great sn>es to make ! be>s fall d[n ^! rocks4 ,^! m\nta9s :i* v closely approa* ea* o!r are p>t$ by ! riv]4 ,!y are to ! "r & left = ! di/ance ( #bj miles ?r\gh\t ( ! same nature4 ,f mile to mile !re are good inns4 ,above on ! said riv] !re are wat]falls ( #djj braccia 9 height1 :i* are f9e to see2 & !re is good liv+ at #d soldi ! reckon+4 ,?is riv] br+s d[n a great deal ( timb]4 ,,val ,,sas9a4 ,val ,sas9a runs d[n t[>ds ,italy2 ?is is almo/ ! same =m & "*4 ,!re gr[ "h _m mappello & !re are great ru9s & falls ( wat] ,footnote #ad3 ,! mean+ ( mappello is unkn[n44 ,,valley ,,( ,,introzzo4 ,?is valley produces a great quantity ( firs1 p9es & l>*es2 & f "h ,ambrogio ,f]]i has 8 timb] br\ght d[n2 at ! head ( ! ,valtell9a are ! m\nta9s ( ,bormio1 t]rible & always cov]$ ) sn[2 m>mots 787 are f\nd !re4 ,,bellaggio4 ,opposite ! ca/le ,bellaggio !re is ! riv] ,latte1 :i* falls f a height ( m ?an #ajj braccia f ! s\rce :5ce x spr+s1 p]p5dicul>ly1 into ! lake ) an inconceivable ro> & noise4 ,?is spr+ fl[s only 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,,valtell9a4 ,valtell9a1 z x is call$1 is a valley enclos$ 9 high & t]rible m\nta9s2 x produces mu* /rong w9e1 & !re is s mu* cattle t ! natives conclude t m milk ?an w9e gr[s !re4 ,?is is ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! ,adda passes1 :i* fir/ runs m ?an #dj miles ?r\gh ,g]many2 ?is riv] bre$s ! fi% temolo :i* live on silv]1 ( :i* mu* is to be f\nd 9 its s&s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry e "o c sell bread & w9e1 & ! w9e is wor? at mo/ "o soldo ! bottle & a p\nd ( veal "o soldo1 & salt t5 d9>i & butt] ! same & _! p\nd is #cj ounces1 & eggs are "o soldo ! lot4 #ajca4 ,at ,,bormio4 ,at ,bormio are ! ba?s2--,ab\t eight miles above ,como is ! ,pl9iana1 :i* increases & ebbs e six h\rs1 & its swell supplies wat] = two mills2 & its ebb+ makes ! spr+ dry up2 two miles high] up !re is ,nesso1 a place :]e a riv] falls ) great viol5ce into a va/ rift 9 ! m\nta94 ,^! excursions are to be made 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,& ! l>ge/ b>e rocks t are to be f\nd 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry are ! m\nta9s ( ,m&ello ne> to ^? ( ,lecco1 & ( ,gravidona t[>ds ,bell9zona1 #cj miles f ,lecco1 & ^? ( ! valley ( ,*iav5na2 b ! greate/ ( all is t ( ,m&ello1 :i* has at its base an op5+ t[>ds ! lake1 :i* goes d[n #bjj /eps1 & !re at all times is ice & w9d4 ,,9 ,,val ,,sas9a4 ,9 ,val ,sas9a1 betwe5 ,vimognio & ,introbbio1 to ! "r h&1 go+ 9 by ! road to ,lecco1 is ! riv] ,troggia :i* falls f a v high rock1 & z x falls x goes und]gr\nd & ! riv] ends !re4 #c miles f>!r we f9d ! build+s ( ! m9es ( copp] & silv] ne> a place call$ ,pra' ,santo ,pietro1 & m9es ( iron & curi\s ?+s4 ,la ,grigna is ! highe/ m\nta9 !re is 9 ?is "p1 & x is q b>e4 ,footnote3 #ajcj & #ajca4 ,f ! "* ( ! h&writ+ we may conclude t ^! obs]vations 7 made 9 ,leon>do's y\?2 & ,i %\ld inf] f _! cont5ts1 t !y 7 notes made 9 anticipation ( a visit to ! places "h describ$1 & d]iv$ f "s p]son 7unkn[n to u7 :o _h giv5 him an acc\nt ( !m4 #ajcb4 ,! lake ( ,pusiano fl[s into ! lake ( ,segr9o ,footnote #c3 ,! /atem5t ab\t ! lake ,segr9o is incorrect2 x is situat$ 9 ! ,valle ,ass9a1 above ! lake ( ,pusiano4 & ( ,annone & ( ,sala4 ,! lake ( ,annone is #bb braccia high] at ! surface ( its wat] ?an ! surface ( ! wat] ( ! lake ( ,lecco1 & ! lake ( ,pusiano is #bj braccia high] ?an ! lake ( ,annone1 :i* add$ to ! a=e said #bb braccia make #db braccia & ?is is ! greate/ height ( ! surface ( ! lake ( ,pusiano above ! surface ( ! lake ( ,lecco4 ,footnote3 ,?is text has 9 ! orig9al a slight sket* to illu/rate x4 #ajcc4 ,at ,santa ,m>ia 9 ! ,valley ( ,ravagnate ,footnote #b3 ,ravagnate 7,leon>do writes ,ravagna7 9 ! ,brianza is betwe5 ,oggiono & ,brivio1 ,s\? ( ! lake ( ,como4 ,m4 ,ravaisson avails himself ( ?is note to prove 8 hypo!sis t ,leon>do paid two visits to ,france4 ,see ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 #ahha pag4 #ebh3 ,au recto du meme feuillet1 on lit encore une note relative a une vallee nemonti brigatia2 il me semble qu'il s'agit bi5 des monts de ,briancon1 le ,brigantio des anci5s4 ,briancon e/ sur la r\te de ,lyon en ,italie4 ,ce fut p> le mont ,viso que pass]5t1 en a\t #aeae1 les tr\pes francaises qui allai5t remport] la victoire de ,m>ignan4 ,leon>d de ,v9ci1 +5ieur de ,francois ,i]1 comme il l'avait ete de ,l\is ,,xii1 aurait-il ete p\r quelque *ose dans le plan du celebre passage des ,alpes1 qui eut lieu en a\t #aeae1 et a la suite duquel on le vit accompagn] p>t\t le *eval]esque va9queur8 ,auraitil ete appele p> le jeune roi1 de ,rome ou l'arti/e etait alors1 des son av5em5t au trone8 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,brianza are ! rods ( *e/nuts ( #i braccia & "o out ( an av]age ( #ajj w be #ad braccia4 ,at ,v>allo di ,ponbia ne> to ,se/o on ! ,tic9o ! qu9ces are :ite1 l>ge & h>d4 ,footnote #e3 ,v>allo di ,ponbia1 ab\t t5 miles ,s\? ( ,arona is di/9ct f ,v>allo ! *ief t[n 9 ! ,val di ,sesia4 ,notes on places 9 ,c5tral ,italy1 visit$ 9 #aejb 7#ajcd-ajed74 #ajcd4 ,pigeon-h\se at ,urb9o1 ! #cj? day ( ,july #aejb4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket* is introduc$ ) ?is text1 9 ! orig9al1 9 :i* ! ^w ,scolatoro 7conduit7 is writt54 #ajce4 ,made by ! sea at ,piomb9o4 ,footnote3 ,bel[ ! sket* !re are elev5 l9es ( text ref]r+ to ! motion ( waves4 #ajcf4 ,acquap5d5te is ne> ,orvieto4 ,footnote3 ,acquap5d5te is ab\t #aj miles ,we/ ( ,orvieto1 & is to ! "r 9 ! map on ,pl4 ,,cxiii1 ne> ! lake ( ,bols5a4 #ajcg4 ,! rock ( ,ces5a4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xciv ,no4 #a1 ! l[] sket*4 ,! explanation ( ! upp] sket* is giv5 on p4 #bi4 #ajch4 ,si5a1 a b #d braccia1 a c #aj braccia4 ,/eps at ! ca/le ( ,urb9o4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx ,no4 #c2 comp>e also ,no4 #gfe4 #ajci4 ,! bell ( ,si5a1 t is ! mann] ( its movem5t1 & ! place ( ! atta*m5t ( ! clapp]4 ,footnote3 ,! text is accompani$ by an indi/9ct sket*4 #ajdj4 ,on ,/4 ,m>y's day 9 ! middle ( ,augu/1 at ,ces5a1 #aejb4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx1 ,no4 #d4 #ajda4 ,/airs ( ! palace ( ! ,c\nt ( ,urb9o1--r\gh4 ,footnote3 ,! text is accompani$ by a slight sket*4 #ajdb4 ,at ! fair ( ,san ,lor5zo at ,ces5a4 #aejb4 #ajdc4 ,w9d[s at ,ces5a4 ,footnote3 ,!re are f\r m l9es ( text :i* ref] to a slightly sket*$ diagram4 #ajdd4 ,at ,porto ,ces5atico1 on ! #f? ( ,septemb] #aejb at #i o'clock a4 m4 ,! way 9 :i* ba/ions ought to project beyond ! walls ( ! t[]s to def5d ! out] talus2 s t !y may n be tak5 by artill]y4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket*1 accompanies ?is passage4 #ajde4 ,! rock ( ! h>b\r ( ,ces5a is f\r po9ts t[>ds ! ,s\? ,we/ f ,ces5a4 #ajdf4 ,9 ,romagna1 ! realm ( all /upidity1 vehicles ) f\r :eels are us$1 ( :i* ,o ! two 9 front are small & two high ones are beh9d2 an arrangem5t :i* is v unfav\rable to ! motion1 because on ! =e :eels m weight is laid ?an on ^? beh9d1 z ,i %[$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! #e? on ,elem5ts4 #ajdg4 ,?us grapes are c>ri$ at ,ces5a4 ,! numb] ( ! digg]s ( ! dit*es is arrang$ pyramidically4 ,footnote3 ,a sket*1 repres5t+ a hook to :i* two bun*es ( grapes are hang+1 ref]s to ^! fir/ two l9es4 ,ces5a is m5tion$ aga9 ,fol4 #hb;a3 ,c>ro da ,ces5a 7a c>t f ,ces5a74 #ajdh4 ,!re might be a h>mony ( ! diff]5t falls ( wat] z y saw !m at ! f\nta9 ( ,rim9i on ! #h? day ( ,augu/1 #aejb4 #ajdi4 ,! =tress at ,urb9o4 ,footnote3 #ajdi4 ,9 ! orig9al ! text is writt5 inside ! sket* 9 ! place "h m>k$ n4 #ajej4 ,imola1 z reg>ds ,bologna1 is five po9ts f ! ,we/1 t[>ds ! ,nor? ,we/1 at a di/ance ( #bj miles4 ,ca/el ,san ,pi]o is se5 f ,imola at f\r po9ts f ! ,we/ t[>ds ! ,nor? ,we/1 at a di/ance ( #g miles4 ,fa5za /&s ) reg>d to ,imola betwe5 ,ea/ & ,s\? ,ea/ at a di/ance ( t5 miles4 ,=li /&s ) reg>d to ,fa5za betwe5 ,s\? ,ea/ & ,ea/ at a di/ance ( #bj miles f ,imola & t5 f ,fa5za4 ,=limpopoli lies 9 ! same direction at #be miles f ,imola4 ,b]t9oro1 z reg>ds ,imola1 is five po9ts f ! ,ea/ to w>ds ! ,s\? ,ea/1 at #bg miles4 #ajea4 ,imola z reg>ds ,bologna is five po9ts f ! ,we/ t[>ds ! ,nor? ,we/ at a di/ance ( #bj miles4 ,ca/el ,san ,pietro lies exactly ,nor? ,we/ ( ,imola1 at a di/ance ( #g miles4 ,fa5za1 z reg>ds ,imola lies exactly half way betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,s\? ,ea/ at a di/ance ( #aj miles2 & ,=li lies 9 ! same direction f ,imola at a di/ance ( #bj miles2 & ,=limpopolo lies 9 ! same direction f ,=li at a di/ance ( #be miles4 ,b]t9oro is se5 f ,imola two po9ts f ! ,ea/ t[>ds ! ,s\? ,ea/ at a di/ance ( #bg miles4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do ins]t$ ?is passage on ! m>g9 ( ! circul> plan1 9 wat] col\r1 ( ,imola--see ,pl4 ,,cxi ,no4 #a4--;,9 ! orig9al ! fields surr\nd+ ! t[n are light gre52 ! moat1 :i* surr\nds ! =tifications & ! w9d+s ( ! riv] ,sant]no1 are light blue4 ,! p>ts1 :i* h come out blacki% close to ! riv] are yell[ o*re 9 ! orig9al4 ,! d>k gr\ps ( h\ses inside ! t[n are r$4 ,at ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass drawn 9 ! middle ( ! t[n ,leon>do has writt5 7f "r to left73 ,mezzodi 7,s\?7 at ! top2 to ! left ,sciro*o 7,s\? ea/71 levante 7,ea/71 ,greco 7,nor? ,ea/71 ,septantrione 7,nor?71 ,maes/ro 7,nor? ,we/71 pon5te 7,we/7 ,libecco 7,s\? ,we/74 ,! ar* 9 :i* ! plan is drawn is1 9 ! orig9al1 #db c5timetres across4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] #aejb ,ces>e ,borgia 0 %ut up 9 ,imola by a sudd5 revolt ( ! ,condotti]i1 & x 0 "s weeks be=e he c\ld release himself f ?is /ate ( siege 7see ,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom im ,mittelalt]1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,book ,,xiii1 #e1 #e74 ,besides ?is incid5t ,imola plays no important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,i !re=e ?9k myself fully ju/ifi$ 9 connect+ ?is map1 :i* is at ,w9dsor1 ) ! siege ( #aejb & ) ,leon>do's engagem5ts 9 ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 because a comp>ison ( ^! texts1 ,nos4 #ajej & #ajea1 raise1 ,i believe1 ! hypo!sis to a c]ta9ty4 #ajeb4 ,f ,bonconv5ti to ,casa ,nova are #aj miles1 f ,casa ,nova to ,*iusi #i miles1 f ,*iusi to ,p]ugia1 f1 ,p]ugia to ,santa ,m>ia degli ,angeli1 & !n to ,fuligno4 ,footnote3 ,mo/ ( ! places "h describ$ lie )9 ! di/rict %[n 9 ! maps on ,pl4 ,,cxiii4 #ajec4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,augu/ #aejb1 ! libr>y at ,pes>o4 #ajed4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,on ! tops & sides ( hills =e%ort5 ! %ape ( ! gr\nd & its divisions1 b give its prop] %ape to :at is turn$ t[>ds y4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage evid5tly ref]s to ! mak+ ( maps1 su* z ,pl4 ,,cxii1 ,,cxiii1 & ,,cxiv4 ,!re is no m5tion ( su* works1 x is true1 except+ 9 ?is "o passage ( ,,ms4 ,l4 ,b ?is c sc>cely be tak5 z evid5ce aga9/ my view t ,leon>do busi$ himself v ext5sively at t "t 9 ! con/ruction ( maps2 & all ! less s9ce ! =ego+ *apt]s cle>ly prove t at a "t s full ( ev5ts ,leon>do w\ld only n[ & !n commit 8 obs]vations to pap]1 9 ! ,,ms4 ,l4 ,by ! side ( ?is text we f9d1 9 ! orig9al1 a v indi/9ct sket*1 p]haps a plan ( a position4 ,in/ead ( ?is draw+ ,i h "h ins]t$ a mu* cle>] sket* ( a position f ! same ,,ms41 ,l4 #hb;b & #hc;a4 ,!y are ! only draw+s ( l&scape1 x may be not$1 :i* occur at all 9 t ,,ms4 ,aless&ria 9 ,pi$mont 7#ajee4 #ajef74 #ajee4 ,at ,c&ia 9 ,lomb>dy1 ne> ,aless&ria della ,paglia1 9 mak+ a well = ,mess] ,gualti]i ,footnote #b3 ,mess] ,gualti]i1 ! same probably z is m5tion$ 9 ,nos4 #fgb & #acdd4 ( ,c&ia1 ! skeleton ( a v l>ge boat 0 f\nd ab\t #aj braccia und]gr\nd2 & z ! timb] 0 black & f9e1 x seem$ good to ! said ,mess] ,gualti]i to h ! m\? ( ! well l5g!n$ 9 su* a way z t ! ends ( ! boat %\ld be uncov]$4 #ajef4 ,at ,aless&ria della ,paglia 9 ,lomb>dy !re are no /ones = mak+ lime (1 b su* z are mix$ up ) an inf9ite v>iety ( ?+s native to ! sea1 :i* is n[ m ?an #bjj miles away4 ,! ,alps 7#ajeg-ajfb74 #ajeg4 ,at ,monbracco1 above ,saluzzo1--a mile above ! ,c]tosa1 at ! foot ( ,monte ,viso1 !re is a qu>ry ( flakey /one1 :i* is z :ite z ,c>r>a m>ble1 )\t a spot1 & z h>d z porphyry or ev5 h>d]2 ( :i* my wor?y gossip1 ,ma/] ,b5$etto ! sculptor1 has promis$ to give me a small slab1 = ! col\rs1 ! second day ( ,janu>y #aeaa4 ,footnote3 ,saluzzo at ! foot ( ! ,alps ,s\? ( ,tur94 ,footnote #i4 #aj43 ,mae/ro ,b5$etto scultore2 probably "s native ( ,nor!rn ,italy acqua9t$ ) ! place "h describ$4 ,h>dly ! ,flor5t9e sculptor ,b5$etto da ,majano4 ,amoretti _h publi%$ ?is passage1 & ,m4 ,ravaisson :o gave a ,fr5* translation ( x 9 ! ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts 7#ahha1 pag4 #ebh71 rem>ks z foll[s3 ,le maitre sculpteur que ,leon>d appelle son comp>e ne s]ait-il pas ,b5$etto da ,majano1 un de ceux qui jug]5t avec lui de la place a donn] au ,david de ,mi*el-,ange1 et de qui le ,l\vre a acquis recemm5t un bu/e d'apres ,philippe ,/rozzi8 ,to ?is x may be object$ t ,b5$etto da ,majano _h already la9 9 8 grave f\rte5 ye>s1 9 ! ye> #aeaa1 :5 he is suppos$ to h giv5 ! promise to ,leon>do4 ,! col\rs may h be5 giv5 to ! sculptor ,b5$etto & ! /one may h be5 9 paym5t = !m4 ,f ! description ( ! /one "h giv5 we may conclude t x is repeat$ f he>say ( ! sculptor's acc\nt ( x4 ,i d n und]/& h[1 f ?is obs]vation1 x is possible to conclude t ,leon>do 0 on ! spot4 #ajeh4 ,t !re are spr+s :i* sudd5ly break =? 9 e>?quakes or o!r convulsions & sudd5ly fail2 & ?is happ5$ 9 a m\nta9 9 ,savoy :]e c]ta9 =e/s sank 9 & left a v deep gap1 & ab\t f\r miles f "h ! e>? op5$ itself l a gulf 9 ! m\nta91 & ?rew out a sudd5 & imm5se flood ( wat] :i* sc\r$ ! :ole ( a little valley ( ! till$ soil1 v9ey>ds & h\ses1 & did ! greate/ mis*ief1 :]ev] x ov]fl[$4 #ajei4 ,! riv] ,arve1 a qu>t] ( a mile f ,g5eva 9 ,savoy1 :]e ! fair is held on midsumm]day 9 ! village ( ,sa9t ,g]vais4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket* is to be se5 by ! text4 #ajfj4 ,& ?is may be se51 z ,i saw x1 by any "o go+ up ,monbroso ,footnote3 ,i h va9ly enquir$ ( e available au?ority = a solution ( ! my/]y z to :at m\nta9 is int5d$ by ! "n ,monboso 7,comp4 ,vol4 ,i ,nos4 #cjj & #cja74 ,x seems mo/ obvi\s to ref] x to ,monte ,rosa4 ,,rosa d]iv$ f ! ,keltic ,,ros :i* survives 9 ,breton & 9 ,gaelic1 mean+1 9 its fir/ s5se1 a m\nta9 spur1 b :i* also--l ,,horn--means a v high peak2 ?us ,monte ,rosa w\ld mean lit]ally ! ,high ,peak41 a peak ( ! ,alps :i* divide ,france f ,italy4 ,! base ( ?is m\nta9 gives bir? to ! #d riv]s :i* fl[ 9 f\r diff]5t directions ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,& no m\nta9 has its base at s great a height z ?is1 :i* lifts itself above almo/ all ! cl\ds2 & sn[ seldom falls !re1 b only hail 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! cl\ds are highe/4 ,& ?is hail lies unmelt$ !re1 s t if x 7 n = ! absorption ( ! ris+ & fall+ cl\ds1 :i* does n happ5 m ?an twice 9 an age1 an enorm\s mass ( ice w\ld be pil$ up !re by ! lay]s ( hail1 & 9 ! middle ( ,july ,i f\nd x v consid]able2 & ,i saw ! sky above me q d>k1 & ! sun z x fell on ! m\nta9 0 f> bright] "h ?an 9 ! pla9s bel[1 because a small] ext5t ( atmosph]e lay betwe5 ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & ! sun4 ,footnote #f3 9 una eta4 ,?is is p]haps a slip ( ! p5 on ,leon>do's "p & %\ld be read e/ate 7summ]74 ,leic4 #i;b #ajfa4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ,v]ona ! r$ m>ble is f\nd all mix$ ) cockle %ells turn$ into /one2 "s ( !m h be5 fill$ at ! m\? ) ! cem5t :i* is ! sub/ance ( ! /one2 & 9 "s p>ts !y h rema9$ sep>ate f ! mass ( ! rock :i* enclos$ !m1 because ! out] cov]+ ( ! %ell _h int]pos$ & _h n all[$ !m to unite ) x2 :ile 9 o!r places ?is cem5t _h petrifi$ ^? :i* 7 old & almo/ /ripp$ ! out] sk94 #ajfb4 ,bridge ( ,go]tz-,wilba* 7874 ,footnote3 ,!re is a slight sket* ) ?is text1 ,leon>do seems to h int5d$ to sugge/1 ) a few p5-/rokes1 ! c\rse ( ! ,isonzo & ( ! ,wipba* 9 ! vic9ity ( ,gorizia 7,go]z74 ,he himself says 9 ano!r place t he _h be5 9 ,friuli 7see ,no4 #ajgg #a4 #ai74 ,! ,app59s 7#ajfc-ajfh74 #ajfc4 ,t "p ( ! e>? :i* 0 lighte/ rema9$ f>!/ f ! c5tre ( ! _w2 & t "p ( ! e>? became ! lighte/ ov] :i* ! greate/ quantity ( wat] fl[$4 ,& !re=e t "p became lighte/ :]e ! greate/ numb] ( riv]s fl[2 l ! ,alps :i* divide ,g]many & ,france f ,italy2 :5ce issue ! ,rhone fl[+ ,s\?w>ds1 & ! ,rh9e to ! ,nor?4 ,! ,danube or ,tanoia t[>ds ! ,nor? ,ea/1 & ! ,po to ! ,ea/1 ) innum]able riv]s :i* jo9 !m1 & :i* always run turbid ) ! soil c>ri$ by !m to ! sea4 ,! %ores ( ! sea are con/antly mov+ t[>ds ! middle ( ! sea & displace x f its orig9al position4 ,! l[e/ portion ( ! ,m$it]ranean w be res]v$ = ! b$ & curr5t ( ! ,nile1 ! l>ge/ riv] t fl[s into t sea4 ,& ) x are gr\p$ all its tribut>ies1 :i* at fir/ fell into ! sea2 z may be se5 ) ! ,po & its tribut>ies1 :i* fir/ fell into t sea1 :i* betwe5 ! ,app59es & ! ,g]man ,alps 0 unit$ to ! ,adriatic sea4 ,t ! ,gallic ,alps are ! highe/ "p ( ,europe4 #ajfd4 ,& ( ^! ,i f\nd "s 9 ! rocks ( ! high ,app59es & mo/ly at ! rock ( ,la ,v]nia4 ,footnote #f3 ,sasso della ,v]nia4 ,! fr[n+ rock betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,arno & ! ,tib]1 z ,dante describes ?is m\nta91 :i* is #abfi metres 9 height4 ,?is note is writt5 by ! side ( t giv5 z ,no4 #ajbj2 b _! connection does n make x cle> :at ,leon>do's purpose 0 9 writ+ x4 #ajfe4 ,at ,p>ma1 at ',la ,campana' on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,octob] #aead4 ,footnote #b3 ,capano1 an ,inn4 ,a note on ! petrifactions1 or fossils ne> ,p>ma w be f\nd "u ,no4 #ihi4 #ajff4 ,a me?od = dry+ ! m>% ( ,piomb9o4 ,footnote3 ,!re is a slight sket* ) ?is text 9 ! orig9al4--,piomb9o is also m5tion$ 9 ,nos4 #fji1 l4 #ee-eh 7comp>e ,pl4 ,,xxxv1 #c1 bel[74 ,also 9 ,no4 #ajce4 #ajfg4 ,! %eph]ds 9 ! ,romagna at ! foot ( ! ,ap5n9es make peculi> l>ge cavities 9 ! m\nta9s 9 ! =m ( a horn1 & on "o side !y fa/5 a horn4 ,?is little horn becomes "o & ! same ) ! said cavity & ?us !y produce by bl[+ into x a v l\d noise4 ,footnote3 ,z to ! ,romagna see also ,no4 #ajdf4 #ajfh4 ,a spr+ may be se5 to rise 9 ,sicily :i* at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> ?r[s out *esnut leaves 9 quantities2 b 9 ,sicily *esnuts d n gr[1 h5ce x is evid5t t t spr+ mu/ issue f "s abyss 9 ,italy & !n fl[ b5ea? ! sea to break =? 9 ,sicily4 ,footnote3 ,! *esnut tree is v common 9 ,sicily4 ,9 writ+ cicilia ,leon>do meant p]haps ,cilicia4 ,,ii4 ,,france4 #ajfi4 ,,g]many4 ,,france4 a4 ,au/ria1 a4 ,pic>dy4 b4 ,saxony4 b4 ,norm&y4 c4 ,nuremb]g4 c4 ,dauph9e4 d4 ,fl&]s4 ,,spa94 a4 ,biscay4 b4 ,ca/ille4 c4 ,galicia4 d4 ,portugal4 e4 ,t>agona4 f4 ,granada4 ,footnote3 ,two slightly sket*$ maps1 "o ( ,europe ! o!r ( ,spa91 are at ! side ( ^! notes4 #ajgj4 ,p]pignan4 ,roanne4 ,lyons4 ,p>is4 ,gh5t4 ,bruges4 ,holl&4 ,footnote3 ,roana does n seem to mean "h ,r\5 9 ,norm&y1 b is probably ,roanne 7,rodumna7 on ! upp] ,loire1 ,lyonnais 7,dep4 du ,loire74 ,?is t[n is n[ unimportant1 b 9 ,leon>do's "t 0 /ill a place ( "s consequ5ce4 #ajga4 ,at ,bordeaux 9 ,gascony ! sea rises ab\t #dj braccia be=e its ebb1 & ! riv] !re is fill$ ) salt wat] = m ?an a hundr$ & fifty miles2 & ! vessels :i* are repair$ !re re/ high & dry on a high hill above ! sea at l[ tide4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is is obvi\sly an exagg]ation f\nd$ on inaccurate in=mation4 ,half ( #aej miles w\ld be ne>] ! m>k4 #ajgb4 ,! ,rhone issues f ! lake ( ,g5eva & fl[s fir/ to ! ,we/ & !n to ! ,s\?1 ) a c\rse ( #djj miles & p\rs its wat]s into ! ,m$it]ranean4 #ajgc4 c d is ! g>d5 at ,blois2 a b is ! conduit ( ,blois1 made 9 ,france by ,fra ,giocondo1 b c is :at is want+ 9 ! height ( t conduit1 c d is ! height ( ! g>d5 at ,blois1 e f is ! siphon ( ! conduit1 b c1 e f1 f g is :]e ! siphon dis*>ges into ! riv]4 ,footnote3 ,! t5or ( ?is note 7see l9es #b & #c7 seems to me to indicate t ?is passage 0 n writt5 9 ,france1 b 0 writt5 f oral in=mation4 ,we h no evid5ce z to :5 ?is note may h be5 writt5 beyond ! circum/ance t ,fra ,giocondo ! ,v]onese ,ar*itect left ,france n be=e ! ye> #aeje4 ,! great] "p ( ! magnific5t ,*ateau ( ,blois has n[ disappe>$4 ,:e!r ?is note 0 made = a special purpose is unc]ta94 ,! orig9al =m & ext5t ( ! ,*ateau is %[n 9 ,&rovet1 ,les plus excell5ts ,ba/im5ts de ,france1 ,p>is ,,mdcvii1 & x may be obs]v$ t !re is 9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 a ,pavilion some:at simil> to t %[n on ,pl4 ,,lxxxviii ,no4 #g4 ,see ,s4 ,,de ,,la ,,saussaye1 ,hi/oire du ,*ateau de ,blois #d;eme edition ,blois et ,p>is p4 #age3 ,en m>iant sa fille a9ee a ,francois1 comte d',ang\leme1 ,l\is ,,xii lui avait con/itue en dot les comtes de ,blois1 d',a/i1 de ,c\cy1 de ,mont=t1 d',etampes et de ,v]tus4 ,une ordonnance de ,francois ,i4 lui laissa en #aeaf l'adm9i/ration du comte de ,blois4 ,le roi fit comm5c]1 dans la meme annee1 les travaux de celle belle p>tie du *ateau1 connue s\s le nom d'aile de ,francois ,i1 et dont n\s avons donne la description au comm5cem5t de ce livre4 ,n\s tr\vons en effet1 dans les ar*ives du ,b>on de ,f\rsanvault1 une piece qui en fixe p>faitem5t la date4 ,on y lit3 ,je1 ,baymon ,philippeaux1 commis p> le ,roy a t5ir le compte et fair le payem5t des ba/im5ts1 ediffices et rep>acions que le dit seigneur fait faire en son *a/u de ,blois1 confesse avoir eu et receu 444 la somme de trois mille livres t\rnois 444 le c9quieme j\r de juillet1 l'an mil c9q c5t et seize4 ,p4 #bd3 ,les j>d9s avai5t ete decores avec beauc\p de luxe p> les diff]5ts possesseurs du *ateau4 ,il ne re/e de t\s les batim5ts qu'ils y elev]5t que ceux des (fici]s *>ges de l'adm9i/ration et de la culture des j>d9s1 et un pavilion c>re en pi]re et en brique flanque de t]rasses a *acun de ses angles4 ,quoique defigure p> des mesures elevees sur les t]rasses1 cet edifice e/ tris-digne d'int]et p> l'orig9alite du plan1 la decoration ar*itecturale et le s\v5ir d',anne de ,bretagne qui le fit con/ruire4 ,felibi5 describes ! g>d5 z foll[s3 ,le j>d9 haut etait =t bi5 dresse p> gr&s comp>tim5s de t\tes sortes de figures1 avec des allees de meuri]s blancs et des palissades de c\dri]s4 ,deux gr&s b]ceaux de *>p5t]ie sep>oi5t t\te la longueur et la l>geur du j>d91 et dans les quatres angles des allees1 ou ces b]ceaux se croiss5t1 il y auoit #d cab9ets1 de mesme *>p5t]ie 444 ,il y a pas longtemps qu'il y auoit dans ce mesme j>d91 a l'endroit ou se croiss5t les allees du milieu1 un edifice de figure octogone1 de plus de #g ?oises de diametre et de plus de neuf ?oises de haut2 avec #d enfoncem5ts en =me de ni*es dans les #d angles des allies4 ,ce ba/im5t4444 esloit de *>p5te mais d'un extraord9airem5t bi5 travaille4 ,on y voyait p>ticuli]em5t la cordili]e qui regnati t\t aut\r en =me de cordon4 ,c> la ,reyne affectait de la mettre nonseulem5t a ses armes et a ses *iffres mais de la faire repres5t] en div]s mani]es dans t\s les ouvrages qu'on lui faisait p\r elle 444 le ba/im5t e/ati c\v]t en =me de dome qui dans son milieu avait encore un plus petit dome1 ou lant]ne vitree au-dessus de laquelle e/ait une figure doree repres5tant ,sa9t ,mi*el4 ,les deux domes e/oi5t proprem5t c\v]t d'ardoise et de plomb dore p> dehors2 p> d$ans ils esloi5t lambrissez d'une m5uis]ie tres delicate4 ,au milieu de ce ,salon il y avait un gr& bass9 octogone de m>bre blanc1 dont t\tes les faces e/oi5t enri*ies de diff]5tes sculptures1 avec les armes et les *iffres du ,roy ,l\is ,,xii et de la ,re9e ,anne1 ,dans ce bass9 il y en avait un autre pose sur un pi$e/al lequel auoit sept pi$z de diametre4 ,il e/ait de figure ronde a godrons1 avec des masques et d'autres ornem5ts tres scauamm5t taillez4 ,du milieu de ce deuxiesme bass9 s'y levoit un autre petit pi$e/al qui portait un troisiesme bass9 de trois pi$s de diametre1 aussy p>faitem5t bi5 taille2 c'e/oit de ce d]ni] bass9 que jallissoit l'eau qui se rep5doit en suitte dans les deux autres bass9s4 ,les beaux ouvrages faits d'un m>bre esgalem5t blanc et poli1 fur5t brisez p> la pesanteur de t\t l'edifice1 que les injures de l'air r5v]s]5t de fond en comble4 #ajgd4 ,! riv] ,loire at ,amboise4 ,! riv] is high] )9 ! bank b d ?an outside t bank4 ,! isl& :]e !re is a "p ( ,amboise4 ,?is is ! riv] t passes ?r\gh ,amboise2 x passes at a b c d1 & :5 x has pass$ ! bridge x turns back1 aga9/ ! orig9al curr5t1 by ! *annel d e1 b f 9 contact ) ! bank :i* lies betwe5 ! two contr>y curr5ts ( ! said riv]1 a b1 c d1 & d e1 b f4 ,x !n turns d[n aga9 by ! *annel f l1 g h1 n m1 & reunites ) ! riv] f :i* x 0 at fir/ sep>at$1 :i* passes by k n1 :i* makes k m1 r t4 ,b :5 ! riv] is v full x fl[s all 9 "o *annel pass+ ov] ! bank b d4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cxv4 ,l9es #a-g are above1 l9es #h-aj 9 ! middle ( ! l>ge isl& & ! ^w ,isola is writt5 above d 9 ! small] isl&2 a is writt5 on ! m>g9 on ! bank ( ! riv] above #a4 ,i2 9 ! reproduction x is n visible4 ,z may be se5 f ! la/ s5t5ce1 ! obs]vation 0 made aft] long /udy ( ! riv]'s c\rse1 :5 ,leon>do _h resid$ = "s "t at1 or ne>1 ,amboise4 #ajge4 ,! wat] may be damm$ up above ! level ( ,romorant9 to su* a height1 t 9 its fall x may be us$ = num]\s mills4 #ajge4 ,! riv] at ,villefran*e may be conduct$ to ,romorant9 :i* may be done by ! inhabitants2 & ! timb] ( :i* _! h\ses are built may be c>ri$ 9 boats to ,romorant9 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #gdd44 ,! riv] may be damm$ up at su* a height t ! wat]s may be br\ght back to ,romorant9 ) a conv5i5t fall4 #ajgf4 ,z to :e!r x is bett] t ! wat] %\ld all be rais$ 9 a s+le turn or 9 two8 ,! answ] is t 9 "o s+le turn ! :eel c\ld n support all ! wat] t x c raise 9 two turns1 because at ! half turn ( ! :eel x w\ld be rais+ #ajj p\nds & no m2 & if x _h to raise ! :ole1 #bjj p\nds 9 "o turn1 x c\ld n raise !m unless ! :eel 7 ( d\ble ! diamet] & if ! diamet] 7 d\bl$1 ! "t ( its revolution w\ld be d\bl$2 !re=e x is bett] & a great] advantage 9 exp5se to make su* a :eel ( half ! size 787 ! l& :i* x w\ld wat] & w\ld r5d] ! c\ntry f]tile to supply food to ! inhabitants1 & w\ld make navigable canals = m]cantile purposes4 ,! way 9 :i* ! riv] 9 its fl[ %\ld sc\r its own *annel4 ,by ! n9? ( ! ?ird2 ! m rapid x is1 ! m x we>s away its *annel2 &1 by ! conv]se proposition1 ! sl[] ! wat] ! m x deposits t :i* r5d]s x turbid4 ,& let ! sluice be movable l ! "o ,i arrang$ 9 ,friuli ,footnote #ai3 ,?is passage reveals to u ! fact t ,leon>do _h visit$ ! c\ntry ( ,friuli & t he _h /ay$ !re = "s "t4 ,no?+ :atev] 0 kn[n ( ?is previ\sly41 :]e :5 "o sluice 0 op5$ ! wat] :i* pass$ ?r\gh x dug out ! bottom4 ,!re=e :5 ! riv]s are flood$1 ! sluices ( ! mills ought to be op5$ 9 ord] t ! :ole c\rse ( ! riv] may pass ?r\gh falls to ea* mill2 !re %\ld be _m 9 ord] to give a great] impetus1 & s all ! riv] w be sc\r$4 ,& bel[ ! site ( ea* ( ! two mills !re may be "o ( ! said sluice falls2 "o ( !m may be plac$ bel[ ea* mill4 #ajgh4 ,a trabocco is f\r braccia1 & "o mile is ?ree ?\s& ( ! said braccia4 ,ea* braccio is divid$ into #ab in*es2 & ! wat] 9 ! canals has a fall 9 e hundr$ traboc*i ( two ( ^! in*es2 !re=e #ad in*es ( fall are necess>y 9 two ?\s& eight hundr$ braccia ( fl[ 9 ^! canals2 x foll[s t #ae in*es ( fall give ! requir$ mom5tum to ! curr5ts ( ! wat]s 9 ! said canals1 t is "o braccio & a half 9 ! mile4 ,& f ?is x may be conclud$ t ! wat] tak5 f ! riv] ( ,ville-fran*e & l5t to ! riv] ( ,romorant9 w44444 ,:]e "o riv] by reason ( its l[ level _c fl[ into ! o!r1 x w be necess>y to dam x up1 s t x may acquire a fall into ! o!r1 :i* 0 previ\sly ! high]4 ,! eve ( ,sa9t ,antony ,i return$ f ,romorant9 to ,amboise1 & ! ,k+ w5t away two days be=e f ,romorant94 ,f ,romorant9 z f> z ! bridge at ,saudre x is call$ ! ,saudre1 & f t bridge z f> z ,t\rs x is call$ ! ,*]4 ,i w\ld te/ ! level ( t *annel :i* is to lead f ! ,loire to ,romorant91 ) a *annel "o braccio wide & "o braccio deep4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #f-ah are p>tly reproduc$ 9 ! facsimile on p4 #bed1 & ! :ole ( l9es #ai-be4 ,! foll[+ names are writt5 along ! riv]s on ! l>g] sket*1 era f 7! ,loire7 sci] f 7! ,*]7 ?ree times4 ,pote ,sodro 7bridge ( ! ,s\dre74 ,villa fran*a 7,villefran*e7 banco 7s&bank7 ,sodro 7,s\dre74 ,! circle bel[ %[s ! position ( ,romorant94 ,! words 'orologio del sole' writt5 bel[ d n belong to ! map ( ! riv]s4 ,! foll[+ names are writt5 by ! side ( ! small] sket*-map3--tors 7,t\rs71 ,abosa 7,amboise7 bres--= ,bles 7,blois7 mo rica 7,montri*>d74 ,lione 7,lyons74 ,?is map 0 also publi%$ 9 ! ',saggio' 7,milano1 #ahgb7 ,pl4 ,,xxii1 & ! editors rem>k3 ,=se la l9ia retta *e va da ,amboise a ,romorant9 segna l'&am5to propo/o d'un ,canale1 *e poi rembra prolung>si 9 giu f9 dove /a scritto ,lione4 ,m4 ,ravaisson has enl>g$ on ?is idea 9 ! ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts 7#ahha p4 #ecj73 ,les traces de ,leon>d p]mett5t d'entrevoir que le canal comm5cant soit aupres de ,t\rs1 soit aupres de ,blois et passant p> ,romorant91 avec port d'emb>quem5t a ,villefran*e1 devait1 au dela de ,b\rges1 trav]s] l',alli] au-dess\s des afflu5ts de la ,dore et de la ,si\le1 all] p> ,m\l9s jusqu' a ,digo92 enf91 sur l'autre rive de la ,loire1 depass] les monts du ,*>olais et rejo9dre la ,saone aupres de ,macon4 ,x seems to me ra%1 h[ev]1 to f\nd s elaborate an hypo!sis on ^! sket*es ( riv]s4 ,! slight /roke go+ to ,lione is p]haps only an indication ( ! direction4--,) reg>d to ! ,loire comp>e also ,no4 #ihh4 l4 #ch4 #ajgi4 ,,! ,,road ,,to ,,orleans ,at #a_/d f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,at #a_/c f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,at #a_/d f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,at #a_/e f ! ,s\? to ! ,s\? ,ea/4 ,betwe5 ! ,s\? ,we/ & ,s\?1 to ! ,ea/ be>+ to ! ,s\?2 f ! ,s\? t[>ds ! ,ea/ #a_/h2 !nce to ! ,we/1 betwe5 ! ,s\? & ,s\? ,we/2 at ! ,s\?4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ is obscure2 a m important passage ref]r+ to ,france is to be f\nd "u ,no4 #gdd ,on ! ,g]mans 7#ajhj4 #ajha74 #ajhj4 ,! way 9 :i* ! ,g]mans clos+ up toge!r cross & int]weave _! broad lea!r %ields aga9/ ! enemy1 /oop+ d[n & putt+ "o ( ! ends on ! gr\nd :ile !y hold ! re/ 9 _! h&4 ,footnote3 ,above ! text is a sket* ( a few l9es cross+ ea* o!r & ! words de pond]ibus4 ,! mean+ ( ! passage is obscure4 #ajha4 ,! ,g]mans are wont to annoy a g>rison ) ! smoke ( fea!rs1 sulphur & realg>1 & !y make ?is smoke la/ #g or #h h\rs4 ,likewise ! husks ( :eat make a great & la/+ smoke2 & also dry dung2 b ?is mu/ be mix$ ) olive husks1 t is olives press$ = oil & f :i* ! oil has be5 extract$4 ,footnote3 ,!re is ) ?is passage a sket* ( a r\nd t[] %r\d$ 9 smoke4 ,! ,danube4 #ajhb4 ,t ! valleys 7 =m]ly 9 great "p cov]$ by lakes ! soil ( :i* always =ms ! banks ( riv]s1--& by seas1 :i* aft]w>ds1 by ! p]si/5t we>+ ( ! riv]s1 cut ?r\gh ! m\nta9s & ! w&]+ c\rses ( ! riv]s c>ri$ away ! o!r pla9s enclos$ by ! m\nta9s2 & ! cutt+ away ( ! m\nta9s is evid5t f ! /rata 9 ! rocks1 :i* correspond 9 _! sections z made by ! c\rses ( ! riv]s ,footnote #d3 ,emus1 ! ,balkan2 ,d>dania1 n[ ,s]via41 ,! ,haemus m\nta9s :i* g along ,?race & ,d>dania & jo9 ! ,s>donius m\nta9s :i*1 go+ on to ! we/w>d *ange _! "n f ,s>dus to ,rebi1 z !y come ne> ,dalmatia2 !n turn+ to ! ,we/ cross ,illyria1 n[ call$ ,sclavonia1 *ang+ ! "n ( ,rebi to ,albanus1 & go+ on /ill to ! ,we/1 !y *ange to ,m\nt ,ocra 9 ! ,nor?2 & to ! ,s\? above ,i/ria !y are nam$ ,c>uancas2 & to ! ,we/ above ,italy !y jo9 ! ,adula1 :]e ! ,danube rises #h1 :i* /ret*es to ! ,ea/ & has a c\rse ( #aejj miles2 its %orte/ l9e is ab\t l#jjj miles1 & ! same or ab\t ! same is t bran* ( ! ,adula m\nta9s *ang$ z to _! "n1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,to ! ,nor? are ! ,c>pa?ians1 clos+ 9 ! bread? ( ! valley ( ! ,danube1 :i*1 z ,i h said ext5ds ea/w>d1 a l5g? ( ab\t #ajjj miles1 & is sometimes #bjj & 9 "s places #cjj miles wide2 & 9 ! mid/ fl[s ! ,danube1 ! pr9cipal riv] ( ,europe z to size4 ,! said ,danube runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,au/ria & ,albania & nor?w>ds ?r\gh ,bav>ia1 ,pol&1 ,hung>y1 ,walla*ia & ,bosnia & !n ! ,danube or ,donau fl[s into ! ,black ,sea1 :i* =m]ly ext5d$ almo/ to ,au/ria & occupi$ ! pla9s ?r\gh :i* ! ,danube n[ c\rses2 & ! evid5ce ( ?is is 9 ! oy/]s & cockle %ells & scollops & bones ( great fi%es :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 _m places on ! sides ( ^? m\nta9s2 & ?is sea 0 =m$ by ! fill+ up ( ! spurs ( ! ,adula m\nta9s :i* !n ext5d$ to ! ,ea/ jo9+ ! spurs ( ! ,taurus :i* ext5d to ! ,we/4 ,& ne> ,bi?ynia ! wat]s ( ?is ,black ,sea p\r$ into ! ,propontis ,m>mora fall+ into ! ,aegean ,sea1 t is ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e1 aft] a long c\rse1 ! spurs ( ! ,adula m\nta9s became sep>at$ f ^? ( ! ,taurus4 ,! ,black ,sea sank l[] & laid b>e ! valley ( ! ,danube ) ! above nam$ c\ntries1 & ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or beyond ! ,taurus range to ! ,nor?1 & ! pla9s f m\nt ,caucasus to ! ,black ,sea to ! ,we/1 & ! pla9s ( ! ,don ?is side--t is to say1 at ! foot ( ! ,ural m\nta9s4 ,& ?us ! ,black ,sea mu/ h sunk ab\t #ajjj braccia to uncov] su* va/ pla9s4 ,footnote #h3 ,danubio1 9 ! orig9al ,r5o2 evid5tly a mi/ake z we may inf] f come dissi l4 #aj c4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,c\ntries ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,m$it]ranean4 ,! /raits ( ,gibralt> 7#ajhc-ajhe74 #ajhc4 ,,:y ,,! ,,sea ,,makes ,a ,,/rong] ,,curr5t ,,9 ,,! ,,/raits ,,( ,,spa9 ,,?an ,,else:]e4 ,a riv] ( equal dep? runs ) great] spe$ 9 a n>r[ space ?an 9 a wide "o1 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! wid] & ! n>r[] "o4 ,?is proposition is cle>ly prov$ by reason confirm$ by exp]im5t4 ,suppos+ t ?r\gh a *annel "o mile wide !re fl[s "o mile 9 l5g? ( wat]2 :]e ! riv] is five miles wide ea* ( ! #e squ>e miles w require #a_/e ( itself to be equal to ! squ>e mile ( wat] requir$ 9 ! sea1 & :]e ! riv] is #c miles wide ea* ( ^! squ>e miles w require ! ?ird ( its volume to make up ! am\nt ( ! squ>e mile ( ! n>r[ "p2 z is demon/rat$ 9 f g h at ! mile m>k$ n4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! place m>k$ ,a 9 ! diagram ,m>e ,m$it]ano 7,m$it]ranean ,sea7 is writt5 9 ! orig9al4 ,& at ,b1 /retto di ,spugna 7/raits ( ,spa91 i4e4 ,gibralt>74 ,comp>e ,no4 #ifj4 #ajhd4 ,,:y ,,! ,,curr5t ,,( ,,gibralt> ,,is ,,always ,,great] ,,to ,,! ,,we/ ,,?an ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,! reason is t if y put toge!r ! m\?s ( ! riv]s :i* dis*>ge into ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 y w\ld f9d ! sum ( wat] to be l>g] ?an t :i* ?is sea p\rs ?r\gh ! /raits into ! ocean4 ,y see ,africa dis*>g+ its riv]s t run nor?w>ds into ?is sea1 & among !m ! ,nile :i* runs ?r\gh #cjjj miles ( ,africa2 !re is also ! ,bagrada riv] & ! ,s*elif & o!rs4 ,footnote #e3 ,bagrada 7,leon>do writes ,bragada7 9 ,tunis1 n[ ,m$s*]da2 ,mavretano1 n[ ,s*elif4 ,likewise ,europe p\rs into x ! ,don & ! ,danube1 ! ,po1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,arno1 & ! ,tib]1 s t evid5tly ^! riv]s1 ) an inf9ite numb] ( o!rs ( less fame1 make its great bread? & dep? & curr5t2 & ! sea is n wid] ?an #ah miles at ! mo/ we/]ly po9t ( l& :]e x divides ,europe f ,africa4 #ajhe4 ,! gulf ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 z an inl& sea1 receiv$ ! pr9cipal wat]s ( ,africa1 ,asia & ,europe t fl[$ t[>ds x2 & its wat]s came up to ! foot ( ! m\nta9s t surr\nd$ x & made its %ores4 ,& ! summits ( ! ,ap5n9es /ood up out ( ?is sea l isl&s1 surr\nd$ by salt wat]4 ,africa aga91 beh9d its ,atlas m\nta9s did n expose uncov]$ to ! sky ! surface ( its va/ pla9s ab\t #cjjj miles 9 l5g?1 & ,memphis ,footnote #f3 ,mefi4 ,leon>do c only mean "h ! citadel ( ,cairo on ! ,mokattam hills4 0 on ! %ores ( ?is sea1 & above ! pla9s ( ,italy1 :]e n[ birds fly 9 flocks1 fi% 7 wont to w&] 9 l>ge %oals4 #ajhf4 ,tunis4 ,! greate/ ebb made any:]e by ! ,m$it]ranean is above ,tunis1 be+ ab\t two & a half braccia & at ,v5ice x falls two braccia4 ,9 all ! re/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea ! fall is little or none4 #ajhg4 ,libya4 ,describe ! m\nta9s ( %ift+ des]ts2 t is to say ! =mation ( waves ( s& borne by ! w9d1 & ( its m\nta9s & hills1 su* z occur 9 ,libya4 ,examples may be se5 on ! wide s&s ( ! ,po & ! ,tic9o1 & o!r l>ge riv]s4 #ajhh4 ,majorca4 ,circumfulgore is a naval ma*9e4 ,x 0 an inv5tion ( ! m5 ( ,majorca4 ,footnote3 ,! ma*9e is fully describ$ 9 ! ,,ms4 & %[n 9 a sket*4 #ajhi4 ,! ,tyrrh5e ,sea4 ,"s at ! ,tyrrh5e sea employ ?is me?od2 t is to say !y fa/5$ an an*or to "o end ( ! y>d1 & to ! o!r a cord1 ( :i* ! l[] end 0 fa/5$ to an an*or2 & 9 battle !y flung ?is an*or on to ! o>s ( ! oppon5t's boat & by ! use ( a cap/an drew x to ! side2 & ?rew s(t soap & t[1 daub$ ) pit* & set ablaze1 on to t side :]e ! an*or hung2 s t 9 ord] to escape t fire1 ! def5d]s ( t %ip _h to fly to ! opposite side2 & 9 do+ ?is !y aid$ to ! attack1 because ! galley 0 m easily drawn to ! side by reason ( ! c\nt]poise4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is illu/rat$ 9 ! orig9al by a p5 & ink sket*4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,levant4 ,! ,levant9e ,sea4 #ajij4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean #cjj riv]s fl[1 & #dj1 #bjj ports4 ,& ?is sea is #cjjj miles long4 ,_m times has ! increase ( its wat]s1 heap$ up by _! backw>d fl[ & ! bl[+ ( ! ,we/ w9ds1 caus$ ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile & ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ out ?r\gh ! ,black ,sea1 & h s mu* rais$ ! seas t !y h spread ) va/ floods ov] _m c\ntries4 ,& ^! floods take place at ! "t :5 ! sun melts ! sn[s on ! high m\nta9s ( ,e?iopia t rise up into ! cold regions ( ! air2 & 9 ! same way ! approa* ( ! sun acts on ! m\nta9s ( ,s>matia 9 ,asia & on ^? 9 ,europe2 s t ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ^! ?ree ?+s are1 & always h be51 ! cause ( trem5d\s floods3 t is1 ! return fl[ ( ! sea ) ! ,we/ w9d & ! melt+ ( ! sn[s4 ,s e riv] w ov]fl[ 9 ,syria1 9 ,sam>ia1 9 ,judea betwe5 ,s9ai & ! ,lebanon1 & 9 ! re/ ( ,syria betwe5 ! ,lebanon & ! ,taurus m\nta9s1 & 9 ,cilicia1 9 ! ,arm5ian m\nta9s1 & 9 ,pamphilia & 9 ,lycia )9 ! hills1 & 9 ,egypt z f> z ! ,atlas m\nta9s4 ,! gulf ( ,p]sia :i* 0 =m]ly a va/ lake ( ! ,tigris & dis*>g$ into ! ,indian ,sea1 has n[ worn away ! m\nta9s :i* =m$ its banks & laid !m ev5 ) ! level ( ! ,indian ocean4 ,& if ! ,m$it]ranean _h cont9u$ its fl[ ?r\gh ! gulf ( ,arabia1 x w\ld h done ! same1 t is to say1 w\ld h r$uc$ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean to t ( ! ,indian ,sea4 ,! ,r$ ,sea4 7#ajia4 #ajib74 #ajia4 ,= a long "t ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean fl[$ out ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 :i* is #ajj miles wide & #aejj long1 & full ( reefs2 & x has worn away ! sides ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 a fact :i* te/ifies1 n to an inundation f ! ,indian sea beat+ on ^! coa/s1 b to a deluge ( wat] :i* c>ri$ ) x all ! riv]s :i* ab\nd r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean1 & besides ?is !re is ! reflux ( ! sea2 & !n1 a cutt+ be+ made to ! ,we/ #cjjj miles away f ?is place1 ,gibralt> 0 sep>at$ f ,ceuta1 :i* _h be5 jo9$ to x4 ,& ?is passage 0 cut v l[ d[n1 9 ! pla9s betwe5 ,gibralt> & ! ocean at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 9 ! l[ "p1 aid$ by ! holl[+ out ( "s valleys made by c]ta9 riv]s1 :i* might h fl[$ "h4 ,h]cules ,footnote #i3 ,leon>do seems "h to m5tion ,h]cules half je/+ly & only 9 ord] to sugge/ to ! read] an allusion to ! leg5d ( ! pill>s ( ,h]cules4 came to op5 ! sea to ! we/w>d & !n ! sea wat]s began to p\r into ! ,we/]n ,ocean2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is great fall1 ! ,r$ ,sea rema9$ ! high]2 :5ce ! wat]1 ab&on+ its c\rse "h1 ev] aft] p\r$ away ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,spa94 #ajib4 ,! surface ( ! ,r$ ,sea is on a level ) ! ocean4 ,a m\nta9 may h fall5 & clos$ ! m\? ( ! ,r$ ,sea & prev5t$ ! outlet ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea ?us ov]fill$ _h = outlet ! passage bel[ ! m\nta9s ( ,gades2 =1 9 our own times a simil> ?+ has be5 se5 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e also ,no4 #accf1 ll4 #cj1 #ce & #cf4-- ,paolo ,giovio1 ! celebrat$ hi/orian 7born at ,como 9 #adhc7 reports t 9 #aeac at ! foot ( ! ,alps1 above ,bell9zona1 on ! road to ,switz]l&1 a m\nta9 fell ) a v great noise1 9 consequ5ce ( an e>?quake1 & t ! mass ( rocks1 :i* fell on ! left 7,we/]n7 side block$ ! riv] ,br5o 7,t4 ,i p4 #bah & #cde ( ,d4 ,sauvage's ,fr5* edition1 quot$ 9 ,,alexis ,,p]cy1 ,memoire des tremblem5ts de t]re de la p59sule italique2 ,academie ,royale de ,belgique4 ,t4 ,,xxii74--2 a m\nta9 fell sev5 miles across a valley & clos$ x up & made a lake4 ,& ?us mo/ lakes h be5 made by m\nta9s1 z ! lake ( ,g>da1 ! lakes ( ,como & ,lugano1 & ! ,lago ,maggiore4 ,! ,m$it]ranean fell b little on ! conf9es ( ,syria1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,gaditanean passage1 b a great deal 9 ?is passage1 because be=e ?is cutt+ 0 made ! ,m$it]ranean sea fl[$ to ! ,s\? ,ea/1 & !n ! fall _h to be made by its run ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gades4 ,at a ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean fell into ! ocean4 ,all ! pla9s :i* lie betwe5 ! sea & m\nta9s 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) salt wat]4 ,e valley has be5 made by its own riv]2 & ! proportion betwe5 valleys is ! same z t betwe5 riv] & riv]4 ,! greate/ riv] 9 our _w is ! ,m$it]ranean riv]1 :i* moves f ! s\rces ( ! ,nile to ! ,we/]n ocean4 ,& its greate/ height is 9 ,out] ,mauritania & x has a c\rse ( t5 ?\s& miles be=e x reunites ) its ocean1 ! fa!r ( ! wat]s4 ,t is #cjjj miles = ! ,m$it]ranean1 #cjjj = ! ,nile1 z f> z discov]$ & #cjjj = ! ,nile :i* fl[s to ! ,ea/1 c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cxi #b1 a sket* ( ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 :]e l9es #aa to #af may be se54 ,! l>ge figures #aeh are n 9 ,leon>do's writ+4 ,! "* ( ! writ+ leads u to conclude t ?is text 0 writt5 lat] ?an ! =ego+4 ,a slight sket* ( ! ,m$it]ranean is also to be f\nd 9 ,,ms4 ,i'1 #dg;a4 ,! ,nile 7#ajic-ajih74 #ajic4 ,!re=e we mu/ conclude ^? m\nta9s to be ( ! greate/ height1 above :i* ! cl\ds fall+ 9 sn[ give rise to ! ,nile4 #ajid4 ,! ,egyptians1 ! ,e?iopians1 & ! ,arabs1 9 cross+ ! ,nile ) camels1 are accu/om$ to atta* two bags on ! sides ( ! camel's bodies t is sk9s 9 ! =m %[n und]nea?4 ,9 ^! f\r me%es ( ! net ! camels = baggage place _! feet4 ,footnote3 ,un=tunately bo? ! sket*es :i* accompany ?is passage are too mu* effac$ to be reproduc$4 ,! upp] repres5ts ! two sacks jo9$ by ropes1 z "h describ$1 ! o!r %[s f\r camels ) rid]s swimm+ ?r\gh a riv]4 #ajie4 ,! ,tigris passes ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or & br+s ) x ! wat] ( ?ree lakes1 "o aft] ! o!r ( v>i\s elevations2 ! fir/ be+ ,munace & ! middle ,pallas & ! l[e/ ,triton4 ,& ! ,nile aga9 spr+s f ?ree v high lakes 9 ,e?iopia1 & runs nor?w>ds t[>ds ! sea ( ,egypt ) a c\rse ( #djjj miles1 & by ! %orte/ & /raighte/ l9e x is #cjjj miles4 ,x is said t x issues f ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 & has v>i\s unkn[n s\rces4 ,! said lakes are ab\t #djjj braccia above ! surface ( ! sph]e ( wat]1 t is #a mile & #a_/c1 giv+ to ! ,nile a fall ( #a braccia 9 e mile4 ,footnote #e3 ,incogniti pr9cipio4 ,! afflu5ts ( ! lakes are probably "h int5d$4 ,comp>e1 z to ! ,nile1 ,nos4 #igj1 #ajfc & #ajhd4 #ajif4 ,v _m times ! ,nile & o!r v l>ge riv]s h p\r$ out _! :ole elem5t ( wat] & re/or$ x to ! sea4 #ajig4 ,:y does ! inundation ( ! ,nile occur 9 ! summ]1 com+ f torrid c\ntries8 #ajih4 ,x is n d5i$ t ! ,nile is con/antly muddy 9 ent]+ ! ,egyptian sea & t its turbidity is caus$ by soil t ?is riv] is cont9ually br++ f ! places x passes2 :i* soil nev] returns 9 ! sea :i* receives x1 unless x ?r[s x on its %ores4 ,y see ! s&y des]t beyond ,m\nt ,atlas :]e =m]ly x 0 cov]$ ) salt wat]4 ,cu/oms ( ,asiatic ,nations 7#ajii4 #aajj74 #ajii4 ,! ,assyrians & ! p ( ,euboea accu/om _! horses to c>ry sacks :i* !y c at pleasure fill ) air1 & :i* 9 case ( ne$ !y c>ry in/ead ( ! gir? ( ! saddle above & at ! side1 & !y are well cov]$ ) plates ( cuir b\illi1 9 ord] t !y may n be p]=at$ by flights ( arr[s4 ,?us !y h n on _! m9ds _! security 9 flight1 :5 ! victory is unc]ta92 a horse ?us equipp$ enables f\r or five m5 to cross ov] at ne$4 #aajj4 ,,small ,,boats4 ,! small boats us$ by ! ,assyrians 7 made ( ?9 la?s ( will[ plait$ ov] rods also ( will[1 & b5t into ! =m ( a boat4 ,!y 7 daub$ ) f9e mud soak$ ) oil or ) turp5t9e1 & r$uc$ to a k9d ( mud :i* resi/$ ! wat] & because p9e w\ld split2 & always rema9$ fre%2 & !y cov]$ ?is sort ( boats ) ! sk9s ( ox5 9 safely cross+ ! riv] ,sicuris ( ,spa91 z is report$ by ,lucant2 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,lucan's ,ph>salia ,,iv1 #acj3 ,utque habuit ripas ,sicoris camposque reliquit1 ,primum cana salix madefacto vim9e p>vam ,texitur 9 puppim1 calsoque inducto juv5co ,vectoris pati5s tumidum sup]natat amnem4 ,sic ,v5etus /agnante ,pado1 fusoque ,britannus ,navigat oceano1 sic cum t5et omnia ,nilus1 ,cons]itur bibula ,memphitis cymbo papyro4 ,8 ratibus transjecta manus fe/9at utrimque ,succisam cav>e nemus ,! ,spani>ds1 ! ,scy?ians & ! ,arabs1 :5 !y want to make a bridge 9 ha/e1 fix hurdlework made ( will[s on bags ( ox-hide1 & s cross 9 safety4 ,rhodes 7#aaja4 #aajb74 #aaja4 ,9 f\rte5 hundr$ & eighty n9e !re 0 an e>?quake 9 ! sea ( ,atalia ne> ,rhodes1 :i* op5$ ! sea--t is its bottom--& into ?is op5+ su* a torr5t ( wat] p\r$ t = m ?an ?ree h\rs ! bottom ( ! sea 0 uncov]$ by reason ( ! wat] :i* 0 lo/ 9 x1 & !n x clos$ to ! =m] level4 ,footnote3 ,nello ottanto #i4 ,x is sc>cely likely t ,leon>do %\ld "h mean #hi ,,ad4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,,mull]- ,,/rub+ writes to me z foll[s on ?is subject3 ,) ref]5ce to ,rhodes ,ross says 7,reise auf d5 ,grie*is*5 ,inseln1 ,,iii #gj ff4 #ahdj71 t anci5t hi/ory af=ds in/ances ( sev]e e>?quakes at ,rhodes1 among o!rs "o 9 ! second ye> ( ! #ach? ,olympiad#bgj ,b4 ,c42 a rem>kably viol5t "o "u ,anton9us ,pius 7,a4 ,d4 #ach-afa7 & aga9 "u ,con/ant9e & lat]4 ,b ,leon>do expressly speaks ( an e>?quake nel m> di ,atalia presso a ,rodi1 :i* is s+ul>4 ,! t[n ( ,attalia1 f\nd$ by ,attalus1 :i* is :at he no d\bt means1 0 9 ,pamphylia & m ?an #aej ,engli% miles ,ea/ ( ,rhodes 9 a /raight l9e4 ,leake & mo/ o!r geograph]s id5tify x ) ! pres5t t[n ( ,adalia4 ,attalia is r>ely m5tion$ by ! anci5ts1 inde$ only by ,/rabo & ,pl9y & no e>?quake is spok5 (4 ,i ?9k !re=e y are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ,leon>do means #adhi4 ,9 ! elaborate catalogue ( e>?quakes 9 ! ,ea/ by ,sciale ,d%elal edd9 ,say\?y 7an unpubli%$ ,arabic ,,ms4 9 ! possession ( ,pr(4 ,,s*ef]1 7,membre de l',in/itut1 ,p>is7 m5tion is made ( a t]rible e>?quake 9 ! ye> #hfg ( ! ,moham$an ,era correspond+ to ! ye> #adhi1 & x is !re /at$ t a hundr$ p]sons 7 kill$ by x 9 ! =tress ( ,k]ak4 ,!re are ?ree places ( ?is "n4 ,k]ak on ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 ,k]ak ne> ,tahle on ! ,libanon1 :i* ,i visit$ 9 ! summ] ( l#hgf--;b nei!r ( ^! is ! place allud$ to4 ,possibly x may be ! /rongly =tifi$ t[n ( ,k]ak,kir ,moab1 to ! ,we/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,!re is no notice ab\t ?is 9 ,,alexis ,,p]cy1 ,memoire sur les tremblem5ts de t]res ress5tis dans la p59sule turco- hell5ique et en ,syrie 7,memoires c\ronnes et memoires des savants etrang]s1 ,academie ,royale de ,belgique1 ,tome ,,xxiii74 #aajb4 ,rhodes has 9 x #ejjj h\ses4 ,cyprus 7#aajc4 #aajd74 #aajc4 ,,site ,,= ,a ,,temple ,,( ,,v5us4 ,y mu/ make /eps on f\r sides1 by :i* to m\nt to a mead[ =m$ by nature at ! top ( a rock :i* may be holl[$ out & support$ 9 front by pila/]s & op5 und]nea? 9 a l>ge portico1 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,comp>e also p4 #cc ( ?is ,vol4 ,! /&+ male figure at ! side is evid5tly sugge/$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,david4 ,on ! same place a slight sket* ( horses seems to h be5 drawn fir/2 !re is no reason = assum+ t ! text & ?is sket*1 :i* h no connection ) ea* o!r1 are ( ! same date4 ,sito di ,v5]e4 ,by ?is head+ ,leon>do appe>s to mean ,cyprus1 :i* 0 always consid]$ by ! anci5ts to be ! home & bir? place ( ,aphrodite 7,kirpic 9 ,hom]74 9 :i* ! wat] may fall into v>i\s vases ( granite1 porphyry& s]p5t9e1 )9 semi-circul> recesses2 & ! wat] may ov]fl[ f ^!4 ,& r\nd ?is portico t[>ds ! ,nor? !re %\ld be a lake ) a little isl& 9 ! mid/ ( :i* %\ld be a ?ick & %ady wood2 ! wat]s at ! top ( ! pila/]s %\ld p\r into vases at _! base1 f :5ce !y %\ld fl[ 9 little *annels4 ,/>t+ f ! %ore ( ,cilicia t[>ds ! ,s\? y discov] ! beauties ( ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,! ,caspian ,sea 7#aaje4 #aajf74 #aajd4 ,f ! %ore ( ! ,s\!rn coa/ ( ,cilicia may be se5 to ! ,s\? ! beautiful isl& ( ,cyprus1 :i* 0 ! realm ( ! goddess ,v5us1 & _m navigators be+ attract$ by h] beauty1 _h _! %ips & rigg+ brok5 amid/ ! reefs1 surr\nd$ by ! :irl+ wat]s4 ,"h ! beauty ( delightful hills tempts w&]+ m>9]s to refre% !mselves amid/ _! fl[]y v]dure1 :]e ! w9ds are temp]$ & fill ! isl& & ! surr\nd+ seas ) fragrant od\rs4 ,ah6 h[ _m a %ip has "h be5 sunk4 ,ah6 h[ _m a vessel brok5 on ^! rocks4 ,"h might be se5 b>ks )\t numb]1 "s wreck$ & half cov]$ by ! s&2 o!rs %[+ ! poop & ano!r ! pr[1 "h a keel & !re ! ribs2 & x seems l a day ( judgm5t :5 !re %\ld be a resurrection ( dead %ips1 s great is ! numb] ( !m cov]+ all ! ,nor!rn %ore2 & :ile ! ,nor? gale makes v>i\s & fe>ful noises !re4 #aaje4 ,write to ,b>tolomeo ! ,turk z to ! fl[ & ebb ( ! ,black sea1 & :e!r he is aw>e if !re be su* a fl[ & ebb 9 ! ,hyrcanean or ,caspian sea4 ,footnote3 ,! h&writ+ ( ?is note po9ts to a late date4 #aajf4 ,,:y ,,wat] ,,is ,,f\nd ,,at ,,! ,,top ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,f ! /raits ( ,gibralt> to ! ,don is #cejj miles1 t is "o mile & #a_/f1 giv+ a fall ( "o braccio 9 a mile to any wat] t moves g5tly4 ,! ,caspian sea is a great deal high]2 & none ( ! m\nta9s ( ,europe rise a mile above ! surface ( our seas2 !re=e x might be said t ! wat] :i* is on ! summits ( our m\nta9s might come f ! height ( ^? seas1 & ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ into !m1 & :i* are /ill high]4 ,! sea ( ,azov4 #aajg4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! sea ( ,azov is ! highe/ "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean sea1 be+ at a di/ance ( #cejj miles f ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 z is %[n by ! map = navigation2 & x has #cejj braccia ( desc5t1 t is1 "o mile & #a_/f2 !re=e x is high] ?an any m\nta9s :i* exi/ 9 ! ,we/4 ,footnote3 ,! passage be=e ?is1 9 ! orig9al1 treats ( ! exit ( ! wat]s f ,lakes 9 g5]al4 ,! ,d>danelles4 #aajh4 ,9 ! ,bosphorus ! ,black ,sea fl[s always into ! ,egean sea1 & ! ,egean sea nev] fl[s into x4 ,& ?is is because ! ,caspian1 :i* is #djj miles to ! ,ea/1 ) ! riv]s :i* p\r into x1 always fl[s ?r\gh subt]ranean caves into ?is sea ( ,pontus2 & ! ,don does ! same z well z ! ,danube1 s t ! wat]s ( ,pontus are always high] ?an ^? ( ! ,egean2 = ! high] always fall t[>ds ! l[]1 & nev] ! l[] t[>ds ! high]4 ,con/ant9ople4 #aaji4 ,! bridge ( ,p]a at ,con/ant9ople1 #dj braccia wide1 #gj braccia high above ! wat]1 #fjj braccia long2 t is #djj ov] ! sea & #bjj on ! l&1 ?us mak+ its own abutm5ts4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,cx ,no4 #a4 ,9 #adec by ord] ( ,sultan ,moham$ ,,ii4 ! ,gold5 ,horn 0 cross$ by a pontoon bridge laid on b>rels 7see ,joh4 ,dukas' ,hi/ory ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire ,,xxxviii p4 #bgi74 --,! biograph]s ( ,mi*elangelo1 ,vas>i z well z ,condivi1 relate t at ! "t :5 ,mi*elangelo sudd5ly left ,rome1 9 #aejf1 he ent]ta9$ "s int5tion ( go+ to ,con/ant9ople1 !re to s]ve ! ,sultan1 :o s\ght to engage him1 by means ( c]ta9 ,franciscan ,monks1 = ! purpose ( con/ruct+ a bridge to connect ,con/ant9ople ) ,p]a4 ,see ,,vas>i1 ,vite 7ed4 ,sansoni ,,vii1 #afh73 ,mi*elangelo1 v$uto que/a furia del papa1 dubit&o di lui1 ebbe1 secondo *e si dice1 voglia di &>s5e 9 ,go/ant9opoli a s]vire il ,turco1 p] mezzo di c]ti frati di ,san ,francesco1 *e desid]ava av]lo p] f>e un ponte *e passassi da ,go/ant9opoli a ,p]a4 ,& ,,condivi1 ,vita di ,m4 ,buon>oti *ap4 #cj2 ,mi*elangelo allora v$5dosi condotto a que/o1 tem5do dell'ira del papa1 p5so d'&>s5e 9 ,levante2 massimam5te ess5do /ato dal ,turco ric]cato con gr&issime promesse p] mezzo di c]ti frati di ,san ,francesco1 p] vol]s5e s]vire 9 f>e un ponte da ,co/ant9opoli a ,p]a ed 9 altri aff>i4 ,leon>do's plan = ?is bridge 0 made 9 #aejb4 ,we may !re=e conclude t at ab\t t "t ! ,sultan ,bajazet ,,ii4 _h ei!r ann\nc$ a competition 9 ?is matt]1 or t ?r\gh 8 ag5ts ,leon>do _h fir/ be5 call$ ^u to c>ry out ! s*eme4 ,! ,euphrates4 #aaaj4 ,if ! riv] w turn to ! rift f>!r on x w nev] return to its b$1 z ! ,euphrates does1 & ?is may d at ,bologna ! "o :o is disappo9t$ = 8 riv]s4 ,c5trae ,asia4 #aaaa4 ,m\nts ,caucasus1 ,com$orum1 & ,p>opemisidae are jo9$ toge!r betwe5 ,bactria & ,india1 & give bir? to ! riv] ,oxus :i* takes its rise 9 ^! m\nta9s & fl[s #ejj miles t[>ds ! ,nor? & z _m t[>ds ! ,we/1 & dis*>ges its wat]s into ! ,caspian sea2 & is accompani$ by ! ,oxus1 ,d>gados1 ,ar?amis1 ,x>iaspes1 ,d>gamaim1 ,ocus & ,m>gus1 all v l>ge riv]s4 ,f ! opposite side t[>ds ! ,s\? rises ! great riv] ,indus :i* s5ds its wat]s = #fjj miles ,s\?w>ds & receives z tribut>ies 9 ?is c\rse ! riv]s ,x>adrus1 ,hyphasis1 ,vadris1 ,v&abal ,bislaspus to ! ,ea/1 ,sua/es & ,coe to ! ,we/1 unit+ ) ^! riv]s1 & ) _! wat]s x fl[s #hjj miles to ! ,we/2 !n1 turn+ back by ! ,arbiti m\nta9s makes an elb[ & turns ,s\?w>ds1 :]e aft] a c\rse ( ab\t #ajj miles x f9ds ! ,indian ,sea1 9 :i* x p\rs itself by sev5 bran*es4 ,on ! side ( ! same m\nta9s rises ! great ,ganges1 :i* riv] fl[s ,s\?w>ds = #ejj miles & to ! ,s\?we/ a ?\s& 444 & ,s>abas1 ,di>nuna1 ,soas & ,scilo1 ,condranunda are its tribut>ies4 ,x fl[s into ! ,indian sea by _m m\?s4 ,on ! natives ( hot c\ntries4 #aaab4 ,m5 born 9 hot c\ntries love ! night because x refre%es !m & h a horror ( light because x burns !m2 & !re=e !y are ( ! col\r ( night1 t is black4 ,& 9 cold c\ntries x is j ! contr>y4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* "h ins]t$ is 9 ,,ms4 ,h#c #ee;b4 ,,xviii4 ,naval ,w>f>e4--,me*anical ,appliances4--,music4 ,su* !oretical que/ions1 z h be5 laid be=e ! read] 9 ,sections ,,xvi & ,,xvii1 ?\gh !y 7 ! *ief subjects ( ,leon>do's /udies ( ! sea1 did n exclusively claim 8 att5tion4 ,a few passages h be5 collect$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section1 :i* prove t he _h turn$ 8 m9d to ! practical problems ( navigation1 & m especially ( naval w>f>e4 ,:at we "k = c]ta9 ( 8 life gives u no data1 x is true1 z to :5 or :]e ^! matt]s came "u 8 consid]ation2 b ! fact rema9s c]ta9 bo? f ^! notes 9 8 manuscripts1 & f ! well kn[n lett] to ,ludovico il ,moro 7,no4 #acdj71 9 :i* he expressly /ates t he is z capable z any man1 9 ?is v dep>tm5t4 ,! num]\s notes z to ! laws & rationale ( ! flight ( birds1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh sev]al note-books4 ,an acc\nt ( ^! is giv5 9 ! ,bibliography ( ! manuscripts at ! end ( ?is "w4 ,x seems probable t ! idea :i* l$ him to ^! inve/igations 0 8 desire to con/ruct a fly+ or a]ial ma*9e = man4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ! notes on ! two subjects are q unconnect$ 9 ! manuscripts1 & t ^? on ! flight ( birds are by f> ! mo/ num]\s & ext5sive4 ,! two mo/ important passages t treat ( ! con/ruction ( a fly+ ma*9e are ^? already publi%$ z ,tav4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #a & ,tav4 ,,xviii 9 ! ,saggio delle op]e di ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,milan #ahgb74 ,! passages--,nos4 #aabj-aabe--;"h pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t & hi!rto unkn[n--ref] to ! same subject &1 ) ! exception ( "o already publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio-- ,no4 #aabf--!y are1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only notes1 among ! num]\s obs]vations on ! flight ( birds1 9 :i* ! ph5om5a are incid5tally & expressly connect$ ) ! idea ( a fly+ ma*9e4 ,! notes on ma*9es ( w>1 ! con/ruction ( =tifications1 & simil> matt]s :i* fall )9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,eng9e]1 h n be5 includ$ 9 ?is "w1 = ! reasons giv5 on page #bf ( ?is ,vol4 ,an exception has be5 made 9 fav\r ( ! passages ,nos4 #aabg & #aabh1 because !y h a m g5]al int]e/1 z be>+ on ! important "q3 :5ce ! ,ma/] d]iv$ 8 k ( ^! matt]s4 ,?\gh x w\ld be ra% to ass]t t ,leon>do 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! sci5ce ( m9+ into ,italy1 x may be confid5tly said t he is "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s :o c be prov$ to h kn[n & und]/ood x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is almo/ beyond d\bt t 9 ! ,ea/ at t "t1 ! :ole sci5ce ( besieg+ t[ns & m9+ 9 p>ticul>1 0 f> m advanc$ ?an 9 ,europe4 ,?is gives a peculi> value to ! expressions us$ 9 ,no4 #aabg4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d 9 ! manuscripts any passage :atev] :i* ?r[s any light on ,leon>do's great reputation z a musician4 ,no?+ !re9 illu/rates ,,vas>ps well-kn[n /atem5t3 ,avv5ne *e morto ,giovan ,galeazze duca di ,milano1 e creato ,lodovico ,s=za nel grado m$esimo anno #adid1 fu condotto a ,milano con gran riputazione ,lion>do al duca1 il quale molto si dilettava del suono della lira1 p]*e sonasse2 e ,lion>do porto quello /rum5to *'egli aveva di sua mano fabbricato d'arg5to gran p>te1 9 =ma d'un tes*io di cavallo1 cosa bizz>ra e nuova1 accioc*e l'armonia fosse con maggior tuba e piu sonora di voce2 laonde sup]o tutti i musici *e quivi erano concorsi a son>e4 ,! only notes on musical matt]s are ^? giv5 z ,nos4 #aabi & #aacj1 :i* expla9 c]ta9 arrangem5ts 9 in/rum5ts4 ,! %ip's logs ( ,vitruvius1 ( ,alb]ti & ( ,leon>do #aaac4 ,,on ,,movem5ts2--,,to ,,"k ,,h[ ,,mu* ,a ,,%ip ,,advances ,,9 ,,an ,,h\r4 ,! anci5ts us$ v>i\s devices to asc]ta9 ! di/ance gone by a %ip ea* h\r1 among :i* ,vitruvius ,footnote #f3 ,see ,,vitruvius1 ,de ,ar*itectura lib4 ,x4 ,c4 #ad 7p4 #bfd 9 ! edition ( ,rose & ,mull]- ,/rub+74 ,! ,g]man edition publi%$ at ,bale 9 #aedc has1 on fol4 #eif1 an illu/ration ( ! contrivance1 z describ$ by ,vitruvius4 gives "o 9 8 "w on ,ar*itecture :i* is j z fallaci\s z all ! o!rs2 & ?is is a mill :eel :i* t\*es ! waves ( ! sea at "o end & 9 ea* complete revolution describes a /raight l9e :i* repres5ts ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel ext5d$ to a /raightness4 ,b ?is inv5tion is ( no wor? except+ on ! smoo? & motionless surface ( lakes4 ,b if ! wat] moves toge!r ) ! %ip at an equal rate1 !n ! :eel rema9s motionless2 & if ! motion ( ! wat] is m or less rapid ?an t ( ! %ip1 !n nei!r has ! :eel ! same motion z ! %ip s t ?is inv5tion is ( b little use4 ,!re is ano!r me?od tri$ by exp]im5t ) a kn[n di/ance betwe5 "o isl& & ano!r2 & ?is is done by a bo>d or "u ! pressure ( w9d :i* /rikes on x ) m or less swiftness4 ,?is is 9 ,batti/a ,alb]ti ,footnote #be3 ,,leon ,,batti/a ,,alb]ti1 ,de ,ar*itectura lib4 ,v41 c4 #ab treats 'de le navi e p>ti loro'1 b !re is no ref]5ce to ! ma*9e1 m5tion$ by ,leon>do4 ,alb]ti says "h3 ,noi abbiamo trattato lungam5te 9 altro luogo de' modi de le navi1 ma 9 que/o luogo ne abbiamo detto quel tanto *e si bisogna4 ,to ?is ! foll[+ note is add$ 9 ! mo/ rec5t ,italian edition3 ,que/o libro e tuttora in$ito e porta il titolo1 secondo ,gesn]o di ',lib] navis'44 ,batti/a ,alb]ti's me?od :i* is made by exp]im5t on a kn[n di/ance betwe5 "o isl& & ano!r4 ,b su* an inv5tion does n succe$ except+ on a %ip l ! "o on :i* ! exp]im5t 0 made1 & x mu/ be ( ! same burd5 & h ! same sails1 & ! sails 9 ! same places1 & ! size ( ! waves mu/ be ! same4 ,b my me?od w s]ve = any %ip1 :e!r ) o>s or sails2 & :e!r x be small or l>ge1 broad or long1 or high or l[1 x always s]ves ,footnote #eb3 ,leon>do does n reveal ! me?od inv5t$ by him44 ,me?ods ( /ay+ & mov+ 9 wat] #aaad4 ,h[ an army ought to cross riv]s by swimm+ ) air-bags 444 ,h[ fi%es swim ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hba42 ( ! way 9 :i* !y jump out ( ! wat]1 z may be se5 ) dolph9s2 & x seems a wond]ful ?+ to make a leap f a ?+ :i* does n resi/ b slips away4 ,( ! swimm+ ( animals ( a long =m1 su* z eels & ! l4 ,( ! mode ( swimm+ aga9/ curr5ts & 9 ! rapid falls ( riv]s4 ,( ! mode ( swimm+ ( fi%es ( a r\nd =m4 ,h[ x is t animals :i* h n long h9d qu>tres _c swim4 ,h[ x is t all o!r animals :i* h feet ) toes1 "k by nature h[ to swim1 except+ man4 ,9 :at way man ought to le>n to swim4 ,( ! way 9 :i* man may re/ on ! wat]4 ,h[ man may protect himself aga9/ :irlpools or eddies 9 ! wat]1 :i* drag him d[n4 ,h[ a man dragg$ to ! bottom mu/ seek ! reflux :i* w ?r[ him up f ! dep?s4 ,h[ he ought to move 8 arms4 ,h[ to swim on 8 back4 ,h[ he c & h[ he _c /ay "u wat] unless he c hold 8 brea? #ac4 ,h[ by means ( a c]ta9 ma*9e _m p may /ay "s "t "u wat]4 ,h[ & :y ,i d n describe my me?od ( rema9+ "u wat]1 or h[ long ,i c /ay )\t eat+2 & ,i d n publi% nor divulge ^! by reason ( ! evil nature ( m5 :o w\ld use !m z means ( de/ruction at ! bottom ( ! sea1 by s5d+ %ips to ! bottom1 & s9k+ !m toge!r ) ! m5 9 !m4 ,& al?\gh ,i w imp>t o!rs1 !re is no dang] 9 !m2 because ! m\? ( ! tube1 by :i* y brea!1 is above ! wat] support$ on bags or corks #ai4 ,footnote3 ,l4 #ac-ai w also be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,i ,no4 #a4 ,on naval w>f>e 7#aaae4 #aaaf74 #aaae4 ,suppos+ 9 a battle betwe5 %ips & galleys t ! %ips are victori\s by reason ( ! high ( heir tops1 y mu/ haul ! y>d up almo/ to ! top ( ! ma/1 & at ! extremity ( ! y>d1 t is ! end :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! enemy1 h a small cage fa/5$1 wrapp$ up bel[ & all r\nd 9 a great mattress full ( cotton s t x may n be injur$ by ! bombs2 !n1 ) ! cap/an1 haul d[n ! opposite end ( ?is y>d & ! top on ! opposite side w g up s high1 t x w be f> above ! r\nd-top ( ! %ip1 & y w easily drive out ! m5 t are 9 x4 ,b x is necess>y t ! m5 :o are 9 ! galley %\ld g to ! opposite side ( x s z to af=d a c\nt]poise to ! weight ( ! m5 plac$ inside ! cage on ! y>d4 #aaaf4 ,if y want to build an armada = ! sea employ ^! %ips to ram 9 ! enemy's %ips4 ,t is1 make %ips #ajj feet long & #h feet wide1 b arrang$ s t ! left h& r[]s may h _! o>s to ! "r side ( ! %ip1 & ! "r h& ones to ! left side1 z is %[n at ,m1 s t ! lev]age ( ! o>s may be long]4 ,& ! said %ip may be "o foot & a half ?ick1 t is made ) cross beams )9 & )\t1 ) planks 9 contr>y directions4 ,& ?is %ip mu/ h atta*$ to x1 a foot bel[ ! wat]1 an iron-%od spike ( ab\t ! weight & size ( an anvil2 & ?is1 by =ce ( o>s may1 aft] x has giv5 ! fir/ bl[1 be drawn back1 & driv5 =w>d aga9 ) fury give a second bl[1 & !n a ?ird1 & s _m z to de/roy ! o!r %ip4 ,! use ( swimm+ belts4 #aaag4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,escap+ ,,9 ,a ,,tempe/ ,,& ,,%ipwreck ,,at ,,sea4 ,h a coat made ( lea!r1 :i* mu/ be d\ble across ! brea/1 t is hav+ a hem on ea* side ( ab\t a f+] bread?4 ,?us x w be d\ble f ! wai/ to ! knee2 & ! lea!r mu/ be q air-tight4 ,:5 y want to leap into ! sea1 bl[ out ! skirt ( y\r coat ?r\gh ! d\ble hems ( ! brea/2 & jump into ! sea1 & all[ y\rself to be c>ri$ by ! waves2 :5 y see no %ore ne>1 give y\r att5tion to ! sea y are 91 & always keep 9 y\r m\? ! air-tube :i* leads d[n into ! coat2 & if n[ & aga9 y require to take a brea? ( fre% air1 & ! foam prev5ts y1 y may draw a brea? ( ! air )9 ! coat4 ,footnote3 ,,amoretti1 ,memorie ,/ori*e1 ,tav4 ,,ii4 ,b4 ,fig4 #e1 gives ! same figure1 some:at alt]$4 #f4 ,la canna dell' aria4 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 ,i4 ,note ,on ! gravity ( wat]4 #aaah4 ,if ! weight ( ! sea be>s on its bottom1 a man1 ly+ on t bottom & hav+ l#jjj braccia ( wat] on 8 back1 w\ld h en\gh to cru% him4 ,div+ app>atus & ,skat+ 7#aaai-aaba74 #aaai4 ,( walk+ "u wat]4 ,me?od ( walk+ on wat]4 ,footnote3 ,! two sket*es belong+ to ?is passage are giv5 by ,,amoretti1 ,memorie ,/ori*e4 ,tav4 ,,ii1 ,fig4 #c & #d4 #aabj4 ,j z on a froz5 riv] a man may run )\t mov+ 8 feet1 s a c> might be made t w\ld slide by itself4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+s ( c>ts by ! side ( ?is text h no direct connection ) ! problem z /at$ 9 words4--,comp>e ,no4 #addh1 l4 #ag4 #aaba4 ,a def9ition z to :y a man :o slides on ice does n fall4 ,footnote3 ,an indi/9ct sket* accompanies ! passage1 9 ! orig9al4 ,on ,fly+ ma*9es 7#aabb-aabf74 #aabb4 ,man :5 fly+ mu/ /& free f ! wai/ upw>ds s z to be able to balance himself z he does 9 a boat s t ! c5tre ( gravity 9 himself & 9 ! ma*9e may c\nt]balance ea* o!r1 & be %ift$ z necessity dem&s = ! *anges ( its c5tre ( resi/ance4 #aabc4 ,rememb] t y\r fly+ ma*9e mu/ imitate no o!r ?an ! bat1 because ! web is :at by its union gives ! arm\r1 or /r5g? to ! w+s4 ,if y imitate ! w+s ( fea!r$ birds1 y w f9d a mu* /rong] /ructure1 because !y are p]vi\s2 t is1 _! fea!rs are sep>ate & ! air passes ?r\gh !m4 ,b ! bat is aid$ by ! web t connects ! :ole & is n p]vi\s4 #aabd4 ,,to ,,escape ,,! ,,p]il ,,( ,,de/ruction4 ,de/ruction to su* a ma*9e may occur 9 two ways2 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! break+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! second w\ld be :5 ! ma*9e %\ld turn on its edge or ne>ly on its edge1 because x ought always to desc5d 9 a highly oblique direction1 & almo/ exactly balanc$ on its c5tre4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/--! break+ ( ! ma*9e--1 t may be prev5t$ by mak+ x z /rong z possible2 & 9 :i*ev] direction x may t5d to turn ov]1 "o c5tre mu/ be v f> f ! o!r2 t is1 9 a ma*9e #cj braccia long ! c5tres mu/ be #d braccia "o f ! o!r4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #adbh4 #aabe4 ,bags by :i* a man fall+ f a height ( #f braccia may avoid hurt+ himself1 by a fall :e!r into wat] or on ! gr\nd2 & ^! bags1 /rung toge!r l a ros>y1 are to be fix$ on "o's back4 #aabf4 ,an object (f]s z mu* resi/ance to ! air z ! air does to ! object4 ,y may see t ! beat+ ( its w+s aga9/ ! air supports a heavy eagle 9 ! highe/ & r>e/ atmosph]e1 close to ! sph]e ( elem5tal fire4 ,aga9 y may see ! air 9 motion ov] ! sea1 fill ! swell+ sails & drive heavily lad5 %ips4 ,f ^! in/ances1 & ! reasons giv51 a man ) w+s l>ge en\gh & duly connect$ might le>n to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! air1 & by conqu]+ x1 succe$ 9 subjugat+ x & ris+ above x4 ,footnote3 ,a p>a*ute is "h sket*$1 ) an explanatory rem>k4 ,x is reproduc$ on ,tav4 ,,xvi 9 ! ,saggio1 & 93 ,leon>do da ,v9ci als ,+5ieur etc41 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,ges*i*te d] ,te*nik und d] induktiv5 ,wiss5s*aft51 von ,dr4 ,h]mann ,gro!1 ,b]l9 #ahgd1 p4 #ej4 ,( m9+4 #aabg4 ,if y want to "k :]e a m9e runs1 place a drum ov] all ! places :]e y suspect t x is be+ made1 & ^u ?is drum put a c\ple ( dice1 & :5 y are ov] ! spot :]e !y are m9+1 ! dice w jump a little on ! drum at e bl[ :i* is giv5 und]gr\nd 9 ! m9+4 ,!re are p]sons :o1 hav+ ! conv5i5ce ( a riv] or a lake 9 _! l&s1 h made1 close to ! place :]e !y suspect t a m9e is be+ made1 a great res]voir ( wat]1 & h c\nt]m9$ ! enemy1 & hav+ f\nd !m1 h turn$ ! wat] ^u !m & de/roy$ a great numb] 9 ! m9e4 ,( ,greek fire4 #aabh4 ,,greek ,,fire4 ,take *>coal ( will[1 & saltpetre1 & sulphuric acid1 & sulphur1 & pit*1 ) frank9c5se & camphor1 & ,e?iopian wool1 & boil !m all toge!r4 ,?is fire is s ready to burn t x cl+s to ! timb]s ev5 "u wat]4 ,& add to ?is composition liquid v>ni%1 & bitum9\s oil1 & turp5t9e & /rong v9eg>1 & mix all toge!r & dry x 9 ! sun1 or 9 an ov5 :5 ! bread is tak5 out2 & !n /ick x r\nd hemp5 or o!r t[1 m\ld+ x into a r\nd =m1 & /udd+ x all ov] ) v %>p nails4 ,y mu/ leave 9 ?is ball an op5+ to s]ve z a fusee1 & cov] x ) ros9 & sulphur4 ,aga91 ?is fire1 /uck at ! top ( a long plank :i* has "o braccio l5g? ( ! end po9t$ ) iron t x may n be burnt by ! said fire1 is good = avoid+ & keep+ (f ! %ips1 s z n to be ov]:elm$ by _! onset4 ,aga9 ?r[ vessels ( glass full ( pit* on to ! enemy's %ips :5 ! m5 9 !m are int5t on ! battle2 & !n by ?r[+ simil> burn+ balls ^u !m y h x 9 y\r p[] to burn all _! %ips4 ,footnote3 ,v5turi has giv5 ano!r %ort text ab\t ! ,greek fire 9 a ,fr5* translation 7,essai ,section ,,xiv74 ,he adds t ! orig9al text is to be f\nd 9 ,,ms4 ,b4 #cj 7874 ,libri speaks ( x 9 a note z foll[s 7,hi/oire des sci5ces ma!matiques en ,italie ,vol4 ,,ii p4 #abi73 ,la composition du feu gregeois e/ une des *ases qui ont ete les plus *]*ees et qui sont encore les plus d\teuses4 ,on dit qu'il fut inv5te au septieme siecle de l'ere *reti5ne p> l'ar*itecte ,call9ique 7,con/ant9i ,porphyrog5etae op]a1 ,lugd4 ,batav4 #afag1-- 9-#hvo2 p4 #agb1 de adm91 imp]4 exp4 #dh71 et il se tr\ve s\v5t m5tionne p> les ,hi/ori5s ,byzant9s4 ,tantot on le langait avec des ma*9es1 comme on lanc]ait une ban*e1 tantot on le s\fflait avec de longs tubes1 comme on s\ffl]ait un gaz ou un liquide enflamme 7,annae ,comn5ae ,alexias1 p4 #cce1 lib4 ,,xi4--,aeliani et ,leonis1 imp]atoris tactica1 ,lugd4-,bat4 #afac1 9-#d4 "p4 #b a1 p4 #cbb1 ,leonis tact4 cap4 l#i4--;,jo9ville1 hi/oire du ,sa9t ,l\is collect4 ,petitot tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #bce74 ,les ecriva9s contempora9s dis5t que l'eau ne p\vait pas ete9dre ce feu1 mais qu'avec du v9aigre et du sable on y p>v5ait4 ,suivant quelques hi/ori5s le feu gregeois etait compose de s\fre et de res9e4 ,m>cus ,graecus 7,lib] ignium1 ,p>is1 #ahjd1 9-#dj7 donne plusieurs mani]es de le faire qui ne sont pas tres intelligibles1 mais p>mi lesquelles on tr\ve la composition de la p\dre a canon4 ,leon>d de ,v9ci 7,,mss4 de ,leon>d de ,v9ci1 vol4 ,b4 f4 #cj17 dit qu'on le faisait avec du *>bon de saule1 du salpetre1 de l'eau de vie1 de la res9e1 du s\fre1 de la poix et du camphre4 ,mais il e/ probable que n\s ne savons pas qu'elle etait sa composition1 surt\t a cause du secret qu'en faisai5t les ,grecs4 ,en effet1 l'emp]eur ,con/ant9 ,porphyrog5ete recomm5de a son fils de ne jamais en donn] aux ,b>b>es1 et de leur repondre1 s'ils en dem&ai5t1 qu'il avait ete apporti du ciel p> un ange et que le secret en avait ete confie aux ,*reti5s 7,con/ant9i ,porphyrog5netae op]a1 p4 #bf-bg1 de adm94 imp]41 cap4 #ab74 ,( ,music 7#aabi4 #aacj74 #aabi4 ,a drum ) cogs work+ by :eels ) spr+s #b4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] consi/s ( explanations ( ! sket*es %[n on ,pl4 ,,cxxi4 ,l9es #a & #b ( ! text are to be se5 at ! top at ! left h& side ( ! fir/ sket* ( a drum4 ,l9es #c-e ref] to ! sket* imm$iately bel[ ?is4 ,l9e #f is writt5 z ! side ( ! sev5? sket*1 & l9es #g & #h at ! side ( ! eigh?4 ,l9es #i-af are at ! bottom 9 ! middle4 ,! rema9d] ( ! text is at ! side ( ! draw+ at ! bottom4 ,a squ>e drum ( :i* ! p>*m5t may be drawn tight or slack5$ by ! lev] a b #e4 ,a drum = h>mony #f4 #g ,a clapp] = h>mony2 t is1 ?ree clapp]s toge!r4 #i ,j z "o & ! same drum makes a deep or acute s\nd accord+ z ! p>*m5ts are m or less tight5$1 s ^! p>*m5ts v>i\sly tight5$ on "o & ! same drum w make v>i\s s\nds #af4 ,keys n>r[ & close toge!r2 7bic*i7 f> ap>t2 ^! w be "r = ! trumpet %[n above4 a mu/ ent] 9 ! place ( ! ord9>y keys :i* h ! 444 9 ! op5+s ( a flute4 #aacj4 ,tymbals to be play$ l ! mono*ord1 or ! s(t flute4 #f ,"h !re is to be a cyl9d] ( cane aft] ! mann] ( clapp]s ) a musical r\nd call$ a ,canon1 :i* is sung 9 f\r p>ts2 ea* s+] s++ ! :ole r\nd4 ,!re=e ,i "h make a :eel ) #d tee? s t ea* too? takes by itself ! "p ( a s+]4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al !re are "s m sket*es1 to :i* ! text1 f l9e #f1 ref]s4 ,!y are /udies = a contrivance exactly l ! cyl9d] 9 our musical boxes4 #aaca4 ,( decorations4 ,:ite & sky-blue clo?s1 wov5 9 *ecks to make a decoration4 ,clo?s ) ! ?reads drawn at a b c d e f g h i k1 to g r\nd ! decoration4 ,,xix4 ,philosophical ,maxims4 ,morals4 ,polemics & ,speculations4 ,vas>i indulges 9 sev]e /rictures on ,leon>do's religi\s views4 ,he speaks1 among o!r ?+s1 ( 8 capricci nel filos(> delle cose naturali & says on ?is po9t3 ,p] il *e fece nell'animo un concetto si eretico *e e' non si acco/ava a qualsi voglia religione1 /im&o p] avv5tura assai piu lo ess] filos(o *e cri/iano 7see ! fir/ edition ( ',le ,vite'74 ,b ?is accusation on ! "p ( a writ] 9 ! days ( ! ,inquisition is n a v s]i\s "o--& ! less s1 s9ce1 ?r\gh\t ! manuscripts1 we f9d no?+ to support x4 ,"u ! head+ ( ,philosophical ,maxims ,i h collect$ all ! passages :i* c give u a cle> compreh5sion ( ,leon>do's ideas ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve t !re is absolutely no?+ 9 !m to lead to ! inf]5ce t he 0 an a!i/4 ,8 views ( nature & its laws are no d\bt v unlike ^? ( 8 contempor>ies1 & h a mu* clos] aff9ity to ^? :i* f9d g5]al acceptance at ! pres5t day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s f ,leon>do's w 7see ,no4 #aeff7 t1 9 ! ye> be=e 8 dea?1 he _h pr(ess$ to adh]e to ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 & ?is evid5tly f 8 own p]sonal desire & impulse4 ,! incr$ible & demon/rably fictiti\s leg5d ( ,leon>do's dea? 9 ! arms ( ,francis ! ,fir/1 is giv51 ) o!rs1 by ,vas>i & fur!r embelli%$ by ?is odi\s comm5t3 ,mo/rava tuttavia quanto avea (feso ,dio e gli uom9i del mondo1 non av5do op]ato nell'arte come si conv5iva4 ,?is la/ accusation1 x may be rem>k$1 is above all evid5ce ( ! sup]ficial "* ( ! in=mation :i* ,vas>i 0 9 a position to give ab\t ,leon>do4 ,x seems to imply t ,leon>do 0 disda9ful ( dilig5t lab\r4 ,) reg>d to ! second1 ref]r+ to ,leon>do's morality & deal+s ) 8 fell[ m51 ,vas>i himself nullifies x by ass]t+ ! v contr>y 9 sev]al passages4 ,a fur!r refutation may be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ! lett] 9 :i* ,melsi1 ! "y ,milanese nobleman1 ann\nces ! ,ma/]'s dea? to ,leon>do's bro!rs3 ,cr$o siate c]tificati della morte di ,mae/ro ,lion>do fratello vo/ro1 e mio quanto optimo padre1 p] la cui morte s>ebbe impossibile *e io potesse esprim]e il dolore *e io ho preso2 e 9 m5tre *e que/e mia membra si so/]ranno insieme1 io poss$]o una p]petua infelicita1 e m]itam5te p]*e svisc]ato et ard5tissimo amore mi portava giornalm5te4 ,e dolto ad ognuno la p]dita di tal uomo1 quale non e piu 9 pode/a della natura1 ecc4 ,x is true t1 9 ,april #adgf1 we f9d ! names ( ,leon>do & ,v]roc*io ent]$ 9 ! ,libro degli ,uffiziali di notte e de' ,mona/]i z break+ ! laws2 b we imm$iately aft] f9d ! note ,absoluti cum condizione ut retambur5tur 7,tambur9i 0 ! "n giv5 to ! w>rant cases ( ! night police74 ,! acquittal !re=e did n exclude ! possibility ( a repetition ( ! *>ge4 ,x 0 9 fact repeat$1 two mon?s lat]1 & on ?is occasion ! ,ma/] & 8 pupil 7 aga9 fully acquitt$4 ,v]roc*io 0 at ?is "t =ty & ,leon>do f\r-&-tw5ty4 ,! docum5ts ref]r+ to ?is affair are 9 ! ,/ate ,ar*ives ( ,flor5ce2 !y h be5 )held f publication1 b x seem$ to me desirable to give ! read] ?is brief acc\nt ( ! lead+ facts ( ! /ory1 z ! vague h9ts ( x1 :i* h rec5tly be5 made public1 may h giv5 to ! incid5t an aspect :i* x _h n 9 reality1 & :i* x does n des]ve4 ,! passages "h class$ "u ! head ,morals reveal ,leon>do to u z a man ^: life & conduct 7 unfail+ly gov]n$ by l(ty pr9ciples & aims4 ,he c\ld sc>cely h record$ 8 /]n reprobation & unmeasur$ contempt = m5 :o d no?+ useful & /rive only = ri*es1 if 8 own life & ambitions _h be5 su* z !y h s (t5 be5 misrepres5t$4 ,at a p]iod l t1 :5 sup]/ition /ill ex]cis$ unlimit$ dom9ion ov] ! m9ds n m]ely ( ! illit]ate cr[d1 b ( ! cultivat$ & le>n$ classes1 x 0 v natural t ,leon>do's views z to ,al*emy1 ,gho/s1 ,magicians1 & ! l %\ld be met ) /]n reprobation :5ev] & :]ev] he may h express$ !m2 ?is acc\nts = ! argum5tative tone ( all 8 utt]ances on su* subjects :i* ,i h collect$ 9 ,subdivision ,,iii ( ?is section4 ,to ^! ,i h add$ "s passages :i* ?r[ light on ,leon>do's p]sonal views on ! ,univ]se4 ,!y are1 )\t exception1 *>act]is$ by a broad _s ( naturalism ( :i* ! pr9ciples are m /rictly appli$ 9 8 essays on ,a/ronomy1 & /ill m on ,physical ,geography4 ,to avoid repetition1 only su* notes on ,philosophy1 ,morals & ,polemics1 h be5 includ$ 9 ?is section z occur z indep5d5t texts 9 ! orig9al ,,mss4 ,sev]al moral reflections h already be5 giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i1 9 section ,allegorical repres5tations1 ,mottoes & ,emblems4 ,o!rs w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,nos4 #i to #ab1 ,vol4 ,i1 are also passages ( an argum5tative "*4 ,x did n seem requisite to repeat "h ^! & simil> passages1 s9ce _! direct connection ) ! context is f> clos] 9 places :]e !y h appe>$ already1 ?an x w\ld be "h4 ,i4 ,,philosophical ,,maxims4 ,pray]s to ,god 7#aacb4 #aacc74 #aacb4 ,i obey ,!e ,"l1 fir/ = ! love ,i ought1 9 all reason to be> ,!e2 secondly = t ,?\ can/ %ort5 or prolong ! lives ( m54 #aacc4 ,a ,,pray]4 ,?\1 ,o ,god1 do/ sell u all good ?+s at ! price ( lab\r4 ,! p[]s ( ,nature 7#aacd-aaci74 #aacd4 ,o admirable imp>tiality ( ,?9e1 ,?\ fir/ ,mov]2 ,?\ ha/ n p]mitt$ t any =ce %\ld fail ( ! ord] or quality ( its necess>y results4 #aace4 ,necessity is ! mi/ress & guide ( nature4 ,necessity is ! !me & ! inv5tress1 ! et]nal curb & law ( nature4 #aacf4 ,9 _m cases "o & ! same ?+ is attract$ by two /rong =ces1 namely ,necessity & ,pot5cy4 ,wat] falls 9 ra92 ! e>? absorbs x f ! necessity = moi/ure2 & ! sun evaporates x1 n f necessity1 b by its p[]4 #aacg4 ,weight1 =ce & casual impulse1 toge!r ) resi/ance1 are ! f\r ext]nal p[]s 9 :i* all ! visible actions ( mortals h _! be+ & _! end4 #aach4 ,our body is dep5dant on heav5 & heav5 on ! ,_s4 #aaci4 ,! motive p[] is ! cause ( all life4 ,psy*ology 7#aadj-aadg74 #aadj4 ,& y1 ,o ,man1 :o w disc]n 9 ?is "w ( m9e ! wond]ful works ( ,nature1 if y ?9k x w\ld be a crim9al ?+ to de/roy x1 reflect h[ mu* m crim9al x is to take ! life ( a man2 & if ?is1 8 ext]nal =m1 appe>s to !e m>vell\sly con/ruct$1 rememb] t x is no?+ z comp>$ ) ! s\l t dwells 9 t /ructure2 = t inde$1 be x :at x may1 is a ?+ div9e4 ,leave x !n to dwell 9 ,8 "w at ,8 good w & pleasure1 & let n y\r rage or malice de/roy a life--= inde$1 he :o does n value x1 does n himself des]ve x ,footnote #ai3 ,9 ,,ms4 ,,ii #ae;a is ! note3 *i no /ima la vita1 non la m]ita44 ,footnote3 ,?is text is on ! back ( ! draw+s reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,cvii4 ,comp>e ,no4 #gih1 #ce note on p4 #aaa3 ,comp>e also ,no4 #hcg & #hch4 #aada4 ,! s\l c nev] be corrupt$ ) ! corruption ( ! body11 b is 9 ! body z x 7 ! air :i* causes ! s\nd ( ! organ1 :]e :5 a pipe bur/s1 ! w9d w\ld cease to h any good effect4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hde4 #aadb4 ,! "p always has a t5d5cy to reunite ) its :ole 9 ord] to escape f its imp]fection4 ,! _s desires to rema9 ) its body1 because1 )\t ! organic in/rum5ts ( t body1 x c nei!r act1 nor feel any?+4 #aadc4 ,if any "o wi%es to see h[ ! s\l dwells 9 its body1 let him obs]ve h[ ?is body uses its daily habitation2 t is to say1 if ?is is devoid ( ord] & confus$1 ! body w be kept 9 disord] & confusion by its s\l4 #aadd4 ,:y does ! eye see a ?+ m cle>ly 9 dreams ?an ) ! imag9ation be+ awake8 #aade4 ,! s5ses are ( ! e>?2 ,reason1 /&s ap>t 9 contemplation4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hdb4 #aadf4 ,e action ne$s to be prompt$ by a motive4 ,to "k & to w are two op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,disc]n+1 judg+1 delib]at+ are acts ( ! human m9d4 #aadg4 ,all our k has its orig9 9 our preceptions4 ,sci5ce1 its pr9ciples & rules 7#aadh--aafa7 #aadh4 ,sci5ce is ! obs]vation ( ?+s possible1 :e!r pres5t or pa/2 presci5ce is ! k ( ?+s :i* may come to pass1 ?\gh b sl[ly4 #aadi4 ,exp]i5ce1 ! int]pret] betwe5 =mative nature & ! human race1 tea*es h[ t nature acts among mortals2 & be+ con/ra9$ by necessity _c act o!rwise ?an z reason1 :i* is its helm1 requires h] to act4 #aaej4 ,wisdom is ! daught] ( exp]i5ce4 #aaea4 ,nature is full ( inf9ite causes t h nev] occur$ 9 exp]i5ce4 #aaeb4 ,tru? 0 ! only daught] ( ,"t4 #aaec4 ,exp]i5ce nev] errs2 x is only y\r judgm5ts t err by promis+ !mselves effects su* z are n caus$ by y\r exp]im5ts4 ,exp]i5ce does n err2 only y\r judgm5ts err by expect+ f h] :at is n 9 h] p[]4 ,m5 wrongly compla9 ( ,exp]i5ce2 ) great abuse !y accuse h] ( lead+ !m a/ray b !y set ,exp]i5ce aside1 turn+ f x ) compla9ts z to our ignorance caus+ u to be c>ri$ away by va9 & fooli% desires to promise ourselves1 9 h] "n1 ?+s t are n 9 h] p[]2 say+ t %e is fallaci\s4 ,m5 are unju/ 9 compla9+ ( innoc5t ,exp]i5ce1 con/antly accus+ h] ( error & ( false evid5ce4 #aaed4 ,in/rum5tal or me*anical sci5ce is ( all ! noble/ & ! mo/ useful1 see+ t by means ( ?is all animat$ bodies t h movem5t p]=m all _! actions2 & ^! movem5ts are bas$ on ! c5tre ( gravity :i* is plac$ 9 ! middle divid+ unequal weights1 & x has de>? & weal? ( muscles & also lev] & c\nt]lev]4 #aaee4 ,,( ,,me*anics4 ,me*anics are ! ,p>adise ( ma!matical sci5ce1 because "h we come to ! fruits ( ma!matics4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ffj1 #aa4 #ai--bb 7,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ccb74 #aaef4 ,e in/rum5t requires to be made by exp]i5ce4 #aaeg4 ,! man :o blames ! supreme c]ta9ty ( ma!matics fe$s on confusion1 & c nev] sil5ce ! contradictions ( sophi/ical sci5ces :i* lead to an et]nal quack]y4 #aaeh4 ,!re is no c]ta9ty 9 sci5ces :]e "o ( ! ma!matical sci5ces _c be appli$1 or :i* are n 9 relation ) ^! ma!matics4 #aaei4 ,any "o :o 9 discussion relies ^u au?ority uses1 n 8 und]/&+1 b r 8 memory4 ,good culture is born ( a good disposition2 & s9ce ! cause is m to be prais$ ?an ! effect1 ,i w r praise a good disposition )\t culture1 ?an good culture )\t ! disposition4 #aafj4 ,sci5ce is ! capta91 & practice ! soldi]s4 #aafa4 ,,( ,,! ,,errors ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,dep5d ,,on ,,practice ,,)\t ,,sci5ce4 ,^? :o fall 9 love ) practice )\t sci5ce are l a sailor :o ent]s a %ip )\t a helm or a compass1 & :o nev] c be c]ta9 :i!r he is go+4 ,,ii4 ,,morals4 ,:at is life8 7#aafb4 #aafc74 #aafb4 ,n[ y see t ! hope & ! desire ( return+ home & to "o's =m] /ate is l ! mo? to ! light1 & t ! man :o ) con/ant long+ awaits ) joy ea* new spr+ "t1 ea* new summ]1 ea* new mon? & new ye>--deem+ t ! ?+s he longs = are ev] too late 9 com+--does n p]ceive t he is long+ = 8 own de/ruction4 ,b ?is desire is ! v qu9tess5ce1 ! _s ( ! elem5ts1 :i* f9d+ itself imprison$ ) ! s\l is ev] long+ to return f ! human body to its giv]4 ,& y mu/ "k t ?is same long+ is t qu9tess5ce1 insep>able f nature1 & t man is ! image ( ! _w4 #aafc4 ,o ,"t6 consum] ( all ?+s2 ,o envi\s age6 ?\ do/ de/roy all ?+s & dev\r all ?+s ) ! rel5tless tee? ( ye>s1 little by little 9 a sl[ dea?4 ,hel51 :5 %e look$ 9 h] mirror1 see+ ! )]$ wr9kles made 9 h] face by old age1 wept & wond]$ :y %e _h twice be5 c>ri$ away4 ,o ,"t6 consum] ( all ?+s1 & ,o envi\s age6 by :i* all ?+s are all dev\r$4 ,dea?4 #aafd4 ,e evil leaves beh9d a grief 9 our memory1 except ! supreme evil1 t is dea?1 :i* de/roys ?is memory toge!r ) life4 ,h[ to sp5d life 7#aafe-aagj74 #aafe4 #j sleep]s6 :at a ?+ is slumb]6 ,sleep resembles dea?4 ,ah1 :y !n do/ ?\ n "w 9 su* wise z t aft] dea? ?\ may/ reta9 a resemblance to p]fect life1 :51 dur+ life1 ?\ art 9 sleep s l to ! hapless dead8 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #fgf1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cec4 #aaff4 ,"o pu%es d[n ! o!r4 ,by ^! squ>e-blocks are meant ! life & ! /udies ( m54 #aafg4 ,! k ( pa/ times & ( ! places on ! e>? is bo? an ornam5t & nutrim5t to ! human m9d4 #aafh4 ,to lie is s vile1 t ev5 if x 7 9 speak+ well ( godly ?+s x w\ld take (f some?+ f ,god's grace2 & ,tru? is s excell5t1 t if x praises b small ?+s !y become noble4 ,beyond a d\bt tru? be>s ! same relation to falsehood z light to d>kness2 & ?is tru? is 9 itself s excell5t t1 ev5 :5 x dwells on humble & l[ly matt]s1 x is /ill inf9itely above unc]ta9ty & lies1 disguis$ 9 high & l(ty disc\rses2 because 9 our m9ds1 ev5 if ly+ %\ld be _! fif? elem5t1 ?is does n prev5t t ! tru? ( ?+s is ! *ief nutrim5t ( sup]ior intellects1 ?\gh n ( w&]+ wits4 ,b y :o live 9 dreams are bett] pleas$ by ! sophi/ical reasons & frauds ( wits 9 great & unc]ta9 ?+s1 ?an by ^? reasons :i* are c]ta9 & natural & n s f> above u4 #aafi4 ,avoid /udies ( :i* ! result dies ) ! work]4 #aagj4 ,m5 are 9 error :5 !y lam5t ! flight ( "t1 accus+ x ( be+ too swift1 & n p]ceiv+ t x is suffici5t z x passes2 b good memory1 ) :i* nature has end[$ u1 causes ?+s long pa/ to seem pres5t4 #aaga4 ,le>n+ acquir$ 9 y\? arre/s ! evil ( old age2 & if y und]/& t old age has wisdom = its food1 y w s conduct y\rself 9 y\? t y\r old age w n lack = n\ri%m5t4 #aagb4 ,! acquisition ( any k is always ( use to ! intellect1 because x may ?us drive out useless ?+s & reta9 ! good4 ,= no?+ c be lov$ or hat$ unless x is fir/ kn[n4 #aagc4 ,z a day well sp5t procures a happy sleep1 s a life well employ$ procures a happy dea?4 #aagd4 ,! wat] y t\* 9 a riv] is ! la/ ( t :i* has pass$1 & ! fir/ ( t :i* is com+4 ,?us x is ) "t pres5t4 ,life if well sp5t1 is long4 #aage4 ,j z food eat5 )\t c>+ = x is turn$ into loa?some n\ri%m5t1 s /udy )\t a ta/e = x spoils memory1 by reta9+ no?+ :i* x has tak5 94 #aagf4 ,j z eat+ aga9/ "o's w is injuri\s to heal?1 s /udy )\t a lik+ = x spoils ! memory1 & x reta9s no?+ x takes 94 #aagg4 ,on ,m\nt ,etna ! words freeze 9 y\r m\? & y may make ice ( !m4,footnote #b3 ,!re is no clue to expla9 ?is /range s5t5ce4 ,j z iron ru/s unless x is us$1 & wat] putrifies or1 9 cold1 turns to ice1 s our intellect spoils unless x is kept 9 use4 ,y d ill if y praise1 & /ill worse if y reprove 9 a matt] y d n und]/&4 ,:5 ,=tune comes1 seize h] 9 front ) a sure h&1 because beh9d %e is bald4 #aagh4 ,x seems to me t m5 ( co>se & clumsy habits & ( small k d n des]ve su* f9e in/rum5ts nor s great a v>iety ( natural me*anism z m5 ( speculation & ( great k2 b m]ely a sack 9 :i* _! food may be /[$ & :5ce x may issue1 s9ce !y _c be judg$ to be any ?+ else ?an vehicles = food2 = x seems to me !y h no?+ ab\t !m ( ! human species b ! voice & ! figure1 & = all ! re/ are mu* bel[ bea/s4 #aagi4 ,"s !re are :o are no?+ else ?an a passage = food & augm5tors ( excrem5t & fill]s ( privies1 because ?r\gh !m no o!r ?+s 9 ! _w1 nor any good effects are produc$1 s9ce no?+ b full privies results f !m4 ,on fooli%ness & ignorance 7#aahj--aahb74 #aahj4 ,! greate/ deception m5 suff] is f _! own op9ions4 #aaha4 ,folly is ! %ield ( %ame1 z unread9ess is t ( pov]ty glorifi$4 #aahb4 ,bl9d ignorance misleads u ?us & delights ) ! results ( lascivi\s joys4 ,because x does n "k ! true light4 ,because x does n "k :at is ! true light4 ,va9 spl5d\r takes f u ! p[] ( be+ 4444 behold6 = its va9 spl5d\r we g into ! fire1 ?us bl9d ignorance does mislead u4 ,t is1 bl9d ignorance s misleads u t 444 ,o6 wret*$ mortals1 op5 y\r eyes4 ,on ri*es 7#aahc--aahg74 #aahc4 ,t is n ri*es1 :i* may be lo/2 virtue is our true good & ! true rew>d ( its possessor4 ,t _c be lo/2 t nev] des]ts u1 b :5 life leaves u4 ,z to prop]ty & ext]nal ri*es1 hold !m ) trembl+2 !y (t5 leave _! possessor 9 contempt1 & mock$ at = hav+ lo/ !m4 #aahd4 ,e man wi%es to make money to give x to ! doctors1 de/roy]s ( life2 !y !n ought to be ri*4 ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hef4 ,man has mu* p[] ( disc\rse :i* = ! mo/ "p is va9 & false2 animals h b little1 b x is useful & true1 & a small tru? is bett] ?an a great lie4 #aahe4 ,he :o possesses mo/ mu/ be mo/ afraid ( loss4 #aahf4 ,he :o wi%es to be ri* 9 a day w be hang$ 9 a ye>4 #aahg4 ,t man is ( supreme folly :o always wants = fe> ( want+2 & 8 life flies away :ile he is /ill hop+ to enjoy ! good ?+s :i* he has ) extreme lab\r acquir$4 ,rules ( ,life 7#aahh-abjb74 #aahh4 ,if y gov]n$ y\r body by ! rules ( virtue y w\ld n walk on all f\rs 9 ?is _w4 ,y gr[ 9 reputation l bread 9 ! h&s ( a *ild4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ s5t5ce is obscure4 ,comp>e ,nos4 #hbe1 #hbf4 #aahi4 ,savage he is :o saves himself4 #aaij4 ,we ought n to desire ! impossible4 ,footnote3 ,! writ+ ( ?is note1 :i* is exce$+ly m9ute1 is reproduc$ 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,xli ,no4 #e above ! fir/ diagram4 #aaia4 ,ask c\nsel ( him :o rules himself well4 ,ju/ice requires p[]1 insight1 & w2 & x resembles ! que5-bee4 ,he :o does n puni% evil comm&s x to be done4 ,he :o takes ! snake by ! tail w pres5tly be bitt5 by x4 ,! grave w fall 9 ^u him :o digs x4 #aaib4 ,! man :o does n re/ra9 wantonness1 allies himself ) bea/s4 ,y c h no dom9ion great] or less ?an t ov] y\rself4 ,he :o ?9ks little1 errs mu*4 ,x is easi] to cont5d ) evil at ! fir/ ?an at ! la/4 ,no c\nsel is m loyal ?an t giv5 on %ips :i* are 9 p]il3 ,he may expect loss :o acts on ! advice ( an inexp]i5c$ y\?4 #aaic4 ,:]e !re is mo/ feel+1 !re is ! greate/ m>tyrdom2--a great m>tyr4 #aaid4 ,! memory ( b5efits is a frail def5ce aga9/ +ratitude4 ,reprove y\r fri5d 9 secret & praise him op5ly4 ,be n false ab\t ! pa/4 #aaie4 ,a ,,simile ,,= ,,pati5ce4 ,pati5ce s]ves u aga9/ insults precisely z clo!s d aga9/ ! cold4 ,= if y multiply y\r g>m5ts z ! cold increases1 t cold _c hurt y2 9 ! same way increase y\r pati5ce "u great (f5ces1 & !y _c hurt y\r feel+s4 #aaif4 ,to speak well ( a base man is mu* ! same z speak+ ill ( a good man4 #aaig4 ,envy w\nds ) false accusations1 t is ) detraction1 a ?+ :i* sc>es virtue4 #aaih4 ,we are deceiv$ by promises & "t disappo9ts u 444 ,footnote #b3 ,! re/ ( ?is passage may be r5d]$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b none ( !m give a satisfactory mean+4 #aaii4 ,fe> arises soon] ?an any ?+ else4 #abjj4 ,j z c\rage imp]ils life1 fe> protects x4 ,?reats alone are ! weapons ( ! ?reat5$ man4 ,:]ev] good =tune ent]s1 envy lays siege to ! place & attacks x2 & :5 x dep>ts1 sorr[ & rep5tance rema9 beh9d4 ,he :o walks /raight r>ely falls4 ,x is bad if y praise1 & worse if y reprove a ?+1 ,i mean1 if y d n und]/& ! matt] well4 ,x is ill to praise1 & worse to reprim& 9 matt]s t y d n und]/&4 #abja4 ,words :i* d n satisfy ! e> ( ! he>] we>y him or vex him1 & ! symptoms ( ?is y w (t5 see 9 su* he>]s 9 _! frequ5t yawns2 y !re=e1 :o speak be=e m5 ^: good w y desire1 :5 y see su* an excess ( fatigue1 abridge y\r spee*1 or *ange y\r disc\rse2 & if y d o!rwise1 !n in/ead ( ! fav\r y desire1 y w get dislike & ho/ility4 ,& if y w\ld see 9 :at a man takes pleasure1 )\t he>+ him speak1 *ange ! subject ( y\r disc\rse 9 talk+ to him1 & :5 y pres5tly see him int5t1 )\t yawn+ or wr9kl+ 8 br[ or o!r actions ( v>i\s k9ds1 y may be c]ta9 t ! matt] ( :i* y are speak+ is su* z is agreeable to him c4 #abjb4 ,! lov] is mov$ by ! belov$ object z ! s5ses are by s5sible objects2 & !y unite & become "o & ! same ?+4 ,! "w is ! fir/ ?+ born ( ?is union2 if ! ?+ lov$ is base ! lov] becomes base4 ,:5 ! ?+ tak5 into union is p]fectly adapt$ to t :i* receives x1 ! result is delight & pleasure & satisfaction4 ,:5 t :i* loves is unit$ to ! ?+ belov$ x c re/ !re2 :5 ! burd5 is laid d[n x f9ds re/ !re4 ,politics 7#abjc4 #abjd74 #abjc4 ,!re w be et]nal fame also = ! inhabitants ( t t[n1 con/ruct$ & enl>g$ by him4 ,all communities obey & are l$ by _! magnates1 & ^! magnates ally !mselves ) ! lords & subjugate !m 9 two ways3 ei!r by consangu9ity1 or by =tune2 by consangu9ity1 :5 _! *ildr5 are1 z x 71 ho/ages1 & a security & pl$ge ( _! suspect$ fidelity2 by prop]ty1 :5 y make ea* ( ^! build a h\se or two inside y\r city :i* may yield "s rev5ue & he %all h4442 #aj t[ns1 five ?\s& h\ses ) ?irty ?\s& inhabitants1 & y w disp]se ?is great congregation ( p :i* /& l goats "o beh9d ! o!r1 fill+ e place ) fetid smells & s[+ se$s ( pe/il5ce & dea?2 ,& ! city w ga9 beauty wor?y ( its "n & to y x w be useful by its rev5ues1 & ! et]nal fame ( its aggr&izem5t4 ,footnote3 ,^! notes 7 possibly writt5 9 prep>ation = a lett]4 ,! mean+ is obscure4 #abjd4 ,to pres]ve ,nature's *iefe/ boon1 t is fre$om1 ,i c f9d means ( (f5ce & def5ce1 :5 x is assail$ by ambiti\s tyrants1 & fir/ ,i w speak ( ! situation ( ! walls1 & also ,i %all %[ h[ communities c ma9ta9 _! good & j ,lords4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #abff4 ,,iii4 ,,polemics4--,,speculation4 ,aga9/ ,speculators 7#abje4 #abjf74 #abje4 ,oh6 speculators on ?+s1 boa/ n ( kn[+ ! ?+s t nature ord9>ily br+s ab\t2 b rejoice if y "k ! end ( ^? ?+s :i* y y\rself devise4 #abjf4 ,oh6 speculators on p]petual motion h[ _m va9 projects ( ! l "* y h creat$6 ,g & be ! companions ( ! se>*]s = gold4 ,footnote3 ,ano!r %ort passage 9 ,,ms4 ,i1 ref]r+ also to speculators1 is giv5 by ,,libri 7,hi/1 des ,sci5ces ma?4 ,,iii1 #bbh73 ,sic*e voi speculatori non vi fidate delli autori *e anno sol col immag9atione voluto f>si int]preti tra la natura e l'omo1 ma sol di quelli *e non coi ci5ni della natura1 ma cogli effetti delle sue esp]i5ze anno es]citati i loro +egni4 ,aga9/ al*emi/s 7#abjg4 #abjh74 #abjg4 ,! false int]pret]s ( nature decl>e t quicksilv] is ! common se$ ( e metal1 n rememb]+ t nature v>ies ! se$ accord+ to ! v>iety ( ! ?+s %e desires to produce 9 ! _w4 #abjh4 ,& _m h made a trade ( delusions & false miracles1 deceiv+ ! /upid multitude4 ,aga9/ fri>s4 #abji4 ,ph>isees--t is to say1 fri>s4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hcg1 #aa4 #ed-eg1 ,no4 #abif 7p4 #cfc & #cfd71 & ,no4 #acje 7p4 #cgj74 ,aga9/ writ]s ( epitomes4 #abaj4 ,abbreviators d h>m to k & to love1 see+ t ! love ( any ?+ is ! (fspr+ ( ?is k1 ! love be+ ! m f]v5t 9 proportion z ! k is m c]ta94 ,& ?is c]ta9ty is born ( a complete k ( all ! p>ts1 :i*1 :5 comb9$1 compose ! totality ( ! ?+ :i* ought to be lov$4 ,( :at use !n is he :o abridges ! details ( ^? matt]s ( :i* he pr(esses to give ?or\gh in=mation1 :ile he leaves beh9d ! *ief "p ( ! ?+s ( :i* ! :ole is compos$8 ,x is true t impati5ce1 ! "m ( /upidity1 praises brevity1 z if su* p]sons _h n life long en\gh to s]ve !m to acquire a complete k ( "o s+le subject1 su* z ! human body2 & !n !y want to compreh5d ! m9d ( ,god 9 :i* ! univ]se is includ$1 weigh+ x m9utely & m9c+ x into inf9ite p>ts1 z if !y _h to dissect x6 ,oh6 human /upidity1 d y n p]ceive t1 ?\gh y h be5 ) y\rself all y\r life1 y are n yet aw>e ( ! ?+ y possess mo/ (1 t is ( y\r folly8 & !n1 ) ! cr[d ( sophi/s1 y deceive y\rselves & o!rs1 despis+ ! ma!matical sci5ces1 9 :i* tru? dwells & ! k ( ! ?+s includ$ 9 !m4 ,& !n y occupy y\rself ) miracles1 & write t y possess in=mation ( ^? ?+s ( :i* ! human m9d is incapable & :i* _c be prov$ by any in/ance f nature4 ,& y fancy y h wr\ght miracles :5 y spoil a "w ( "s speculative m9d1 & d n p]ceive t y are fall+ into ! same error z t ( a man :o /rips a tree ( ! ornam5t ( its bran*es cov]$ ) leaves m+l$ ) ! sc5t$ blossoms or fruit4444444 ,footnote #dh3 ,giv/9o1 ,m>cus ,junianus ,ju/9us1 a ,roman hi/orian ( ! second c5tury1 :o compil$ an epitome f ! g5]al hi/ory writt5 by ,trogus ,pompeius1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,! "w ( ! latt] writ] no long] exi/4 z ,ju/9us did1 9 abridg+ ! hi/ories writt5 by ,trogus ,pompeius1 :o _h writt5 9 an ornate /yle all ! wor?y de$s ( 8 =efa!rs1 full ( ! mo/ admirable & ornam5tal passages2 & s compos$ a bald "w wor?y only ( ^? impati5t spirits1 :o fancy !y are los+ z mu* "t z t :i* !y employ usefully 9 /udy+ ! works ( nature & ! de$s ( m54 ,b ^! may rema9 9 company ( bea/s2 among _! associates %\ld be dogs & o!r animals full ( rap9e & !y may hunt ) !m aft]44441 & !n foll[ helpless bea/s1 :i* 9 "t ( great sn[s come ne> to y\r h\ses ask+ alms z f _! ma/]4444 ,on spirits 7#abaa--abac74 #abaa4 ,o ma!maticians %$ light on ?is error4 ,! _s has no voice1 because :]e !re is a voice !re is a body1 & :]e !re is a body space is occupi$1 & ?is prev5ts ! eye f see+ :at is plac$ beh9d t space2 h5ce ! surr\nd+ air is fill$ by ! body1 t is by its image4 #abab4 ,!re c be no voice :]e !re is no motion or p]cussion ( ! air2 !re c be no p]cussion ( ! air :]e !re is no in/rum5t1 !re c be no in/rum5t )\t a body2 & ?is be+ s1 a _s c h nei!r voice1 nor =m1 nor /r5g?4 ,& if x 7 to assume a body x c\ld n p5etrate nor ent] :]e ! passages are clos$4 ,& if any "o %\ld say t by air1 compress$ & compact$ toge!r1 a _s may take bodies ( v>i\s =ms & by ?is means speak & move ) /r5g?--to him ,i reply t :5 !re are nei!r n]ves nor bones !re c be no =ce ex]cis$ 9 any k9d ( movem5t made by su* imag9>y spirits4 ,bew>e ( ! tea*+ ( ^! speculators1 because _! reason+ is n confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 #abac4 ,( all human op9ions t is to be reput$ ! mo/ fooli% :i* deals ) ! belief 9 ,necromancy1 ! si/] ( ,al*emy1 :i* gives bir? to simple & natural ?+s4 ,b x is all ! m wor?y ( repreh5sion ?an al*emy1 because x br+s =? no?+ b :at is l itself1 t is1 lies2 ?is does n happ5 9 ,al*emy :i* deals ) simple products ( nature & ^: function _c be ex]cis$ by nature itself1 because x has no organic in/rum5ts ) :i* x c "w1 z m5 d by means ( _! h&s1 :o h produc$1 = in/ance1 glass c4 b ?is ,necromancy ! flag & fly+ bann]1 bl[n by ! w9ds1 is ! guide ( ! /upid cr[d :i* is con/antly witness to ! dazzl+ & endless effects ( ?is art2 & !re are books full1 decl>+ t en*antm5ts & spirits c "w & speak )\t tongues & )\t organic in/rum5ts-- )\t :i* x is impossible to speak-- & c c>ry heavie/ weights & raise /orms & ra92 & t m5 c be turn$ into cats & wolves & o!r bea/s1 al?\gh inde$ x is ^? :o affirm ^! ?+s :o fir/ became bea/s4 ,& surely if ?is ,necromancy did exi/1 z is believ$ by small wits1 !re is no?+ on ! e>? t w\ld be ( s mu* importance alike = ! detrim5t & s]vice ( m51 if x 7 true t !re 7 9 su* an art a p[] to di/urb ! calm s]5ity ( ! air1 conv]t+ x into d>kness & mak+ coruscations or w9ds1 ) t]rific ?und] & lightn+s ru%+ ?r\gh ! d>kness1 & ) viol5t /orms ov]?r[+ high build+s & root+ up =e/s2 & ?us to oppose armies1 cru%+ & annihilat+ !m2 &1 besides ^! frightful /orms may deprive ! peasants ( ! rew>d ( _! lab\rs4--,n[ :at k9d ( w>f>e is !re to hurt ! enemy s mu* z to deprive him ( ! h>ve/8 ,:at naval w>f>e c\ld be comp>$ ) ?is8 ,i say1 ! man :o has p[] to comm& ! w9ds & to make ru9\s gales by :i* any fleet may be subm]g$1 --surely a man :o c\ld comm& su* viol5t =ces w\ld be "l ( ! nations1 & no human +5uity c\ld resi/ 8 cru%+ =ce4 ,! hidd5 treasures & gems repos+ 9 ! body ( ! e>? w\ld all be made manife/ to him4 ,no lock nor =tress1 ?\gh impregnable1 w\ld be able to save any "o aga9/ ! w ( ! necromanc]4 ,he w\ld h himself c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air f ,ea/ to ,we/ & ?r\gh all ! opposite sides ( ! univ]se4 ,b :y %\ld ,i enl>ge fur!r ^u ?is8 ,:at is !re t c\ld n be done by su* a craftsman8 ,almo/ no?+1 except to escape dea?4 ,h]eby ,i h expla9$ 9 "p ! mis*ief & ! usefulness1 conta9$ 9 ?is art1 if x is real2 & if x is real :y has x n rema9$ among m5 :o desire x s mu*1 hav+ no?+ to d ) any deity8 ,= ,i "k t !re are numb]less p :o w\ld1 to satisfy a :im1 de/roy ,god & all ! univ]se2 & if ?is necromancy1 be+1 z x 71 s necess>y to m51 has n be5 left among !m1 x c nev] h exi/$1 nor w x ev] exi/ accord+ to ! def9ition ( ! _s1 :i* is invisible 9 sub/ance2 = )9 ! elem5ts !re are no incorporate ?+s1 because :]e !re is no body1 !re is a vacuum2 & no vacuum c exi/ 9 ! elem5ts because x w\ld be imm$iately fill$ up4 ,turn ov]4 #abad4 ,,( ,,spirits4 ,we h said1 on ! o!r side ( ?is page1 t ! def9ition ( a _s is a p[] conjo9$ to a body2 because x _c move ( its own accord1 nor c x h any k9d ( motion 9 space2 & if y 7 to say t x moves itself1 ?is _c be )9 ! elem5ts4 ,=1 if ! _s is an incorporeal quantity1 ?is quantity is call$ a vacuum1 & a vacuum does n exi/ 9 nature2 & grant+ t "o 7 =m$1 x w\ld be imm$iately fill$ up by ! ru%+ 9 ( ! elem5t 9 :i* ! vacuum _h be5 g5]at$4 ,!re=e1 f ! def9ition ( weight1 :i* is ?is--,gravity is an accid5tal p[]1 creat$ by "o elem5t be+ drawn to or susp5d$ 9 ano!r--x foll[s t an elem5t1 n weigh+ any?+ comp>$ ) itself1 has weight 9 ! elem5t above x & light] ?an x2 z we see t ! p>ts ( wat] h no gravity or levity comp>$ ) o!r wat]1 b if y draw x up into ! air1 !n x w\ld acquire weight1 & if y 7 to draw ! air b5ea? ! wat] !n ! wat] :i* rema9s above ?is air w\ld acquire weight1 :i* weight c\ld n su/a9 itself by itself1 :5ce collapse is inevitable4 ,& ?is happ5s 9 wat]2 :]ev] ! vacuum may be 9 ?is wat] x w fall 92 & ?is w\ld happ5 ) a _s amid ! elem5ts1 :]e x w\ld cont9u\sly g5]ate a vacuum 9 :atev] elem5t x might f9d itself1 :5ce x w\ld be inevitable t x %\ld be con/antly fly+ t[>ds ! sky until x _h quitt$ ^! elem5ts4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,a ,,_s ,,has ,a ,,body ,,amid ,,! ,,elem5ts4 ,we h prov$ t a _s _c exi/ ( itself amid ! elem5ts )\t a body1 nor c x move ( itself by volunt>y motion unless x be to rise upw>ds4 ,b n[ we w say h[ su* a _s tak+ an a]ial body w\ld be inevitably melt into air2 because if x rema9$ unit$1 x w\ld be sep>at$ & fall to =m a vacuum1 z is said above2 !re=e x is inevitable1 if x is to be able to rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! air1 t x %\ld absorb a c]ta9 quantity ( air2 & if x 7 m+l$ ) ! air1 two difficulties arise2 t is to say3 ,x mu/ r>efy t portion ( ! air ) :i* x m+les2 & = ?is cause ! r>efi$ air mu/ fly up ( itself & w n rema9 among ! air t is heavi] ?an itself2 & besides ?is ! subtle spiritual ess5ce disunites itself1 & its nature is modifi$1 by :i* t nature loses "s ( its fir/ virtue4 ,add$ to ^! !re is a ?ird difficulty1 & ?is is t su* a body =m$ ( air assum$ by ! spirits is expos$ to ! p5etrat+ w9ds1 :i* are incessantly sund]+ & disp]s+ ! unit$ portions ( ! air1 revolv+ & :irl+ amid/ ! re/ ( ! atmosph]e2 !re=e ! _s :i* is infus$ 9 ?is #abae4 air w\ld be dismemb]$ or r5t & brok5 up ) ! r5d+ ( ! air into :i* x 0 incorporat$4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,,! ,,_s1 ,,hav+ ,,tak5 ,,?is ,,body ,,( ,,air1 ,,c ,,move ,,( ,,itself ,,or ,,n4 ,x is impossible t ! _s infus$ into a c]ta9 quantity ( air1 %\ld move ?is air2 & ?is is prov$ by ! above passage :]e x is said3 ! _s r>efies t portion ( ! air 9 :i* x incorporates itself2 !re=e ?is air w rise high above ! o!r air & !re w be a motion ( ! air caus$ by its lightness & n by a volunt>y movem5t ( ! _s1 & if ?is air is enc\nt]$ by ! w9d1 accord+ to ! #crd ( ?is1 ! air w be mov$ by ! w9d & n by ! _s incorporat$ 9 x4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,,! ,,_s ,,c ,,speak ,,or ,,n4 ,9 ord] to prove :e!r ! _s c speak or n1 x is necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to def9e :at a voice is & h[ x is g5]at$2 & we w say t ! voice is1 z x 71 ! movem5t ( air 9 friction aga9/ a d5se body1 or a d5se body 9 friction aga9/ ! air1--:i* is ! same ?+4 ,& ?is friction ( ! d5se & ! r>e cond5ses ! r>e & causes resi/ance2 aga91 ! r>e1 :5 9 swift motion1 & ! r>e 9 sl[ motion cond5se ea* o!r :5 !y come 9 contact & make a noise & v great upro>2 & ! s\nd or murmur made by ! r>e mov+ ?r\gh ! r>e ) only mod]ate swiftness1 l a great flame g5]at+ noises 9 ! air2 & ! trem5d\s upro> made by ! r>e m+l+ ) ! r>e1 & :5 t air :i* is bo? swift & r>e ru%es into t :i* is itself r>e & 9 motion1 x is l ! flame ( fire :i* issues f a big gun & /rik+ aga9/ ! air2 & aga9 :5 a flame issues f ! cl\d1 !re is a concussion 9 ! air z ! bolt is g5]at$4 ,!re=e we may say t ! _s _c produce a voice )\t movem5t ( ! air1 & air 9 x !re is none1 nor c x emit :at x has n2 & if desires to move t air 9 :i* x is incorporat$1 x is necess>y t ! _s %\ld multiply itself1 & t _c multiply :i* has no quantity4 ,& 9 ! #d? place x is said t no r>e body c move1 if x has n a /able spot1 :5ce x may take its motion2 mu* m is x s :5 an elem5t has to move )9 its own elem5t1 :i* does n move ( itself1 except+ by uni=m evaporation at ! c5tre ( ! ?+ evaporat$2 z occurs 9 a sponge squeez$ 9 ! h& held "u wat]2 ! wat] escapes 9 e direction ) equal movem5t ?r\gh ! op5+s betwe5 ! f+]s ( ! h& 9 :i* x is squeez$4 ,z to :e!r ! _s has an articulate voice1 & :e!r ! _s c be he>d1 & :at he>+ is1 & see+2 ! wave ( ! voice passes ?r\gh ! air z ! images ( objects pass to ! eye4 ,non5tity4 #abaf4 ,e quantity is intellectually conceivable z inf9itely divisible4 ,amid ! va/ness ( ! ?+s among :i* we live1 ! exi/5ce ( no?+ness holds ! fir/ place2 its function ext5ds ov] all ?+s t h no exi/5ce1 & its ess5ce1 z reg>ds "t1 lies precisely betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future1 & has no?+ 9 ! pres5t4 ,?is no?+ness has ! "p equal to ! :ole1 & ! :ole to ! "p1 ! divisible to ! indivisible2 & ! product ( ! sum is ! same :e!r we divide or multiply1 & 9 addition z 9 subtraction2 z is prov$ by ari?meticians by _! t5? figure :i* repres5ts z]o2 & its p[] has n ext5sion among ! ?+s ( ,nature4 ,:at is call$ ,no?+ness is to be f\nd only 9 "t & 9 spee*4 ,9 "t x /&s betwe5 ! pa/ & future & has no exi/5ce 9 ! pres5t2 & ?us 9 spee* x is "o ( ! ?+s ( :i* we say3 ,!y are n1 or !y are impossible4 ,) reg>d to "t1 no?+ness lies betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future1 & has no?+ to d ) ! pres5t1 & z to its nature x is to be class$ among ?+s impossible3 h5ce1 f :at has be5 said1 x has no exi/5ce2 because :]e !re is no?+ !re w\ld necess>ily be a vacuum4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #iaf4 ,reflections on ,nature 7#abag-abai74 #abag4 ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,lightn+ ,,9 ,,cl\ds4 ,o mighty & once liv+ in/rum5t ( =mative nature4 ,incapable ( avail+ ?yself ( ?y va/ /r5g? ?\ ha/ to ab&on a life ( /illness & to obey ! law :i* ,god & "t gave to procreative nature4 ,ah6 h[ _m a "t ! %oals ( t]rifi$ dolph9s & ! huge tunny-fi% 7 se5 to flee be=e ?y cruel fury1 to escape2 :il/ ?y fulm9ations rais$ 9 ! sea a sudd5 tempe/ ) buffet+ & subm]sion ( %ips 9 ! great waves2 & fill+ ! uncov]$ %ores ) ! t]rifi$ & desp]ate fi%es :i* fl$ f !e1 & left by ! sea1 rema9$ 9 spots :]e !y became ! abundant prey ( ! p 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,o "t1 swift robb] ( all creat$ ?+s1 h[ _m k+s1 h[ _m nations ha/ ?\ undone1 & h[ _m *anges ( /ates & ( v>i\s ev5ts h happ5$ s9ce ! wondr\s =ms ( ?is fi% p]i%$ "h 9 ?is cav]n\s & w9d+ recess4 ,n[ de/roy$ by "t ?\ lie/ pati5tly 9 ?is conf9$ space ) bones /ripp$ & b>e2 s]v+ z a support & prop = ! sup]impos$ m\nta94 ,footnote3 ,! "* ( ! h&writ+ po9ts to an e>ly p]iod ( ,leon>do's life4 ,x has become v indi/9ct1 & is at pres5t exce$+ly difficult to deciph]4 ,"s passages rema9 d\btful4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #acci1 writt5 on ! same %eet4 #abah4 ,! wat]y elem5t 0 left enclos$ betwe5 ! rais$ banks ( ! riv]s1 & ! sea 0 se5 betwe5 ! uplift$ e>? & ! surr\nd+ air :i* has to envelope & enclose ! complicat$ ma*9e ( ! e>?1 & ^: mass1 /&+ betwe5 ! wat] & ! elem5t ( fire1 rema9$ mu* re/rict$ & depriv$ ( its indisp5sable moi/ure2 ! riv]s w be depriv$ ( _! wat]s1 ! fruitful e>? w put =? no m h] light v]dure2 ! fields w no m be deck$ ) wav+ corn2 all ! animals1 f9d+ no fre% grass = pa/ure1 w die & food w !n be lack+ to ! lions & wolves & o!r bea/s ( prey1 & to m5 :o aft] _m ef=ts w be compell$ to ab&on _! life1 & ! human race w die out4 ,9 ?is way ! f]tile & fruitful e>? w rema9 des]t$1 arid & /]ile f ! wat] be+ %ut up 9 its int]ior1 & f ! activity ( nature x w cont9ue a little "t to increase until ! cold & subtle air be+ gone1 x w be =c$ to end ) ! elem5t ( fire2 & !n its surface w be left burnt up to c9d] & ?is w be ! end ( all t]re/rial nature4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #acci1 writt5 on ! same %eet4 #abai4 ,:y did nature n orda9 t "o animal %\ld n live by ! dea? ( ano!r8 ,nature1 be+ incon/ant & tak+ pleasure 9 creat+ & mak+ con/antly new lives & =ms1 because %e kn[s t h] t]re/rial mat]ials become !reby augm5t$1 is m ready & m swift 9 h] creat+1 ?an "t 9 8 de/ruction2 & s %e has orda9$ t _m animals %all be food = o!rs4 ,nay1 ?is n satisfy+ h] desire1 to ! same end %e frequ5tly s5ds =? c]ta9 poison\s & pe/il5tial vap\rs ^u ! va/ increase & congregation ( animals2 & mo/ ( all ^u m51 :o increase va/ly because o!r animals d n fe$ ^u !m2 &1 ! causes be+ remov$1 ! effects w\ld n foll[4 ,?is e>? !re=e seeks to lose its life1 desir+ only cont9ual reproduction2 & z1 by ! argum5t y br+ =w>d & demon/rate1 l effects always foll[ l causes1 animals are ! image ( ! _w4 ,,xx4 ,humor\s ,writ+s4 ,j z ,mi*aelangelo's occasional poems reflect 8 private life z well z ! g5]al disposition ( 8 m9d1 we may f9d 9 ! writ+s collect$ 9 ?is section1 ! transcript ( ,leon>do's fanciful nature1 & we %\ld probably n be f> wrong 9 assum+1 t he himself _h recit$ ^! fables 9 ! company ( 8 fri5ds or at ! c\rt fe/ivals ( pr9ces & patrons4 ,era tanto piacevole nella conv]sazione-- s relates ,vas>i--*e tirava a se gli animi delle g5ti4 ,& ,paulus ,jovius says 9 8 %ort biography ( ! arti/3 ,fuit +5io valde comi1 nitido1 lib]ali1 vultu autem longe v5u/issimo1 et cum elegantiae omnis delici>umque maxime !atralium mirificus inv5tor ac arbit] esset1 ad lyramque scito can]et1 cunctis p] omnem aetatem pr9cipibus mire placuit4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! fables are ! orig9al (fspr+ ( ,leon>do's bra91 & n borr[$ f any =eign s\rce2 inde$ ! s*emes & plans = ! composition ( fables collect$ 9 division ,v seem to af=d an ext]nal pro( ( ?is1 if ! fables !mselves did n r5d] x self-evid5t4 ,sev]al ( !m-- = in/ance ,no4 l#bgi--;are s /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( ,leon>do's views ( natural sci5ce t we _c d !m ju/ice till we are acqua9t$ ) 8 !ories on su* subjects2 & ?is is equally true ( ! ',prophecies'4 ,i h prefix$ to ^! qua9t writ+s ! ',/udies on ! life & habits ( animals' :i* are s+ul> f _! peculi> aphori/ic /yle1 & ,i h transcrib$ !m 9 exactly ! ord] 9 :i* !y are writt5 9 ,,ms4 ,h4 ,?is is "o ( ! v r>e in/ances 9 :i* "o subject is treat$ 9 a consecutive s]ies ( notes1 all 9 "o ,,ms41 & ,leon>do has also dep>t$ f 8 ord9>y habits1 by occasionally n complet+ ! text on ! page x is begun4 ,^! brief notes ( a some:at my/]i\s be>+ h be5 plac$ "h1 simply because !y may possibly h be5 int5d$ to s]ve z h9ts = fables or allegories4 ,!y c sc>cely be reg>d$ z prep>atory = a natural hi/ory1 r !y w\ld seem to be extracts4 ,on ! "o h& ! names ( "s ( ! animals seem to prove t ,leon>do c\ld n "h be record+ obs]vations ( 8 own2 on ! o!r h& ! notes on _! habits & life appe> to me to dwell precisely on :at mu/ h int]e/$ him mo/--s f> z x is possible to =m any complete e/imate ( 8 nature & ta/es4 ,9 ,no4 #abic l9es #a-aj1 we h a sket* ( a s*eme = gr\p+ ! ,prophecies4 ,i h n h[ev] avail$ myself ( x z a clue to _! arrangem5t "h because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! texts are n s num]\s z to r5d] ! sugge/$ classification useful to ! read]1 &1 also1 because 9 read+ ! long s]ies1 z !y occur 9 ! orig9al1 we may foll[ ! au?or's m9d2 & "h & !re x is n difficult to see h[ "o !me sugge/$ ano!r4 ,i h h[ev] reg>d$ ,leon>do's s*eme = ! classification ( ! ,prophecies z available = t ( ! ,fables & ,je/s1 & h adh]$ to x z f> z possible4 ,among ! hum\r\s writ+s ,i might p]haps h includ$ ! ',rebusses'1 ( :i* !re are sev]al 9 ! collection ( ,leon>do's draw+s at ,w9dsor2 x seems to me n likely t _m or all ( !m c\ld be solv$ at ! pres5t day & ! ,,mss4 ?r[ no light on !m4 ,nor %\ld ,i be ju/ifi$ if ,i int5d$ to include 9 ! lit]>y works ! well-kn[n c>icatures ( human faces attribut$ to ,leon>do-- ( :i*1 h[ev]1 x may be incid5tally obs]v$1 ! great] numb] are 9 my op9ion und\bt$ly spuri\s4 ,two only h necess>ily be5 giv5 ow+ to _! pres5ce 9 text1 :i* x 0 desir$ to reproduce3 ,vol4 ,i page #cbf1 & ,pl4 ,,cxxii4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t "s satirical int5tion is convey$ by ! draw+ on ,pl4 ,,lxiv 7text ,no4 #fhh74 ,my reason = n pres5t+ ,leon>do to ! read] z a poet is ! fact t ! maxims & morals 9 v]se :i* h be5 ascrib$ to him1 are n to be f\nd 9 ! manuscripts1 & ,pr(4 ,uzielli has already prov$ t !y _c be by him4 ,h5ce x w\ld seem t only a few %ort v]ses c be attribut$ to him ) any c]ta9ty4 ,i4 ,,/udies ,,on ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,animals4 #abbj4 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,virtue4 ,! gold-f9* is a bird ( :i* x is relat$ t1 :5 x is c>ri$ into ! pres5ce ( a sick p]son1 if ! sick man is go+ to die1 ! bird turns away its head & nev] looks at him2 b if ! sick man is to be sav$ ! bird nev] loses sight ( him b is ! cause ( cur+ him ( all 8 sickness4 ,l unto ?is is ! love ( virtue4 ,x nev] looks at any vile or base ?+1 b r cl+s always to pure & virtu\s ?+s & takes up its abode 9 a noble he>t2 z ! birds d 9 gre5 woods on fl[]y bran*es4 ,& ?is ,love %[s itself m 9 adv]sity ?an 9 prosp]ity2 z light does1 :i* %9es mo/ :]e ! place is d>ke/4 #abba4 ,,envy4 ,we read ( ! kite t1 :5 x sees its "y ones gr[+ too big 9 ! ne/1 out ( envy x pecks _! sides1 & keeps !m )\t food4 ,,*e]fulness4 ,*e]fulness is prop] to ! cock1 :i* rejoices ov] e little ?+1 & cr[s ) v>i$ & lively movem5ts4 ,,sadness4 ,sadness resembles ! rav51 :i*1 :5 x sees its "y ones born :ite1 dep>ts 9 great grief1 & ab&ons !m ) doleful lam5tations1 & does n fe$ !m until x sees 9 !m "s few black fea!rs4 #abbb4 ,,peace4 ,we read ( ! beav] t :5 x is pursu$1 kn[+ t x is = ! virtue conta9$ 9 its m$ic9al te/icles & n be+ able to escape1 x /ops2 & to be at peace ) its pursu]s1 x bites (f its te/icles ) its %>p tee?1 & leaves !m to its enemies4 ,,rage4 ,x is said ( ! be> t :5 x goes to ! haunts ( bees to take _! honey1 ! bees hav+ begun to /+ him he leaves ! honey & ru%es to rev5ge himself4 ,& z he seeks to be rev5g$ on all ^? t /+ him1 he is rev5g$ on none2 9 su* wise t 8 rage is turn$ to madness1 & he fl+s himself on ! gr\nd1 va9ly exasp]at+1 by 8 h&s & feet1 ! foes aga9/ :i* he is def5d+ himself4 #abbc4 ,,gratitude4 ,! virtue ( gratitude is said to be m develop$ 9 ! birds call$ hoopoes :i*1 kn[+ ! b5efits ( life & food1 !y h receiv$ f _! fa!r & _! "m1 :5 !y see !m gr[ old1 make a ne/ = !m & brood ov] !m & fe$ !m1 & ) _! beaks pull out _! old & %abby fea!rs2 & !n1 ) a c]ta9 h]b re/ore _! sight s t !y return to a prosp]\s /ate4 ,,av>ice4 ,! toad fe$s on e>? & always rema9s lean2 because x nev] eats en\gh3-- x is s afraid le/ x %\ld want = e>?4 #abbd4 ,,+ratitude4 ,pigeons are a symbol ( +ratitude2 = :5 !y are old en\gh no long] to ne$ to be f$1 !y beg9 to fight ) _! fa!r1 & ?is /ruggle does n end until ! "y "o drives ! fa!r out & takes ! h5 & makes h] 8 own4 ,,cruelty4 ,! basilisk is s utt]ly cruel t :5 x _c kill animals by its baleful gaze1 x turns ^u h]bs & plants1 & fix+ its gaze on !m )]s !m up4 #abbe4 ,,g5]osity4 ,x is said ( ! eagle t x is nev] s hungry b t x w leave a "p ( its prey = ! birds t are r\nd x1 :i*1 be+ unable to provide _! own food1 are necess>ily dep5d5t on ! eagle1 s9ce x is ?us t !y obta9 food4 ,,discipl9e4 ,:5 ! wolf goes cunn+ly r\nd "s /able ( cattle1 & by accid5t puts 8 foot 9 a trap1 s t he makes a noise1 he bites 8 foot (f to puni% himself = 8 folly4 #abbf4 ,,flatt]]s ,,or ,,syr5s4 ,! syr5 s+s s sweetly t %e lulls ! m>9]s to sleep2 !n %e climbs ^u ! %ips & kills ! sleep+ m>9]s4 ,,prud5ce4 ,! ant1 by h] natural =esight provides 9 ! summ] = ! w9t]1 kill+ ! se$s %e h>ve/s t !y may n g]m9ate1 & on !m1 9 due "t %e fe$s4 ,,folly4 ,! wild bull hav+ a horror ( a r$ col\r1 ! hunt]s dress up ! trunk ( a tree ) r$ & ! bull runs at ?is ) great fr5zy1 ?us fix+ 8 horns1 & =?) ! hunt]s kill him !re4 #abbg4 ,,ju/ice4 ,we may lik5 ! virtue ( ,ju/ice to ! k+ ( ! bees :i* ord]s & arranges e ?+ ) judgm5t4 ,= "s bees are ord]$ to g to ! fl[]s1 o!rs are ord]$ to lab\r1 o!rs to fight ) ! wasps1 o!rs to cle> away all dirt1 o!rs to accompagny & escort ! k+2 & :5 he is old & has no w+s !y c>ry him4 ,& if "o ( !m fails 9 8 duty1 he is puni%$ )\t reprieve4 ,,tru?4 ,al?\gh p>tridges /eal ea* o!r's eggs1 nev]!less ! "y born ( ^! eggs always return to _! true "m4 #abbh4 ,,fidelity1 ,,or ,,loyalty4 ,! cranes are s fai?ful & loyal to _! k+1 t at night1 :5 he is sleep+1 "s ( !m g r\nd ! field to keep wat* at a di/ance2 o!rs rema9 ne>1 ea* hold+ a /one 9 8 foot1 s t if sleep %\ld ov]come !m1 ?is /one w\ld fall & make s mu* noise t !y w\ld wake up aga94 ,& !re are o!rs :i* sleep toge!r r\nd ! k+2 & ?is !y d e night1 *ang+ 9 turn s t _! k+ may nev] f9d !m want+4 ,,falsehood4 ,! fox :5 x sees a flock ( h]ons or magpies or birds ( t k9d1 sudd5ly fl+s himself on ! gr\nd ) 8 m\? op5 to look z he 7 dead2 & ^! birds want to peck at 8 tongue1 & he bites (f _! heads4 #abbi4 ,,lies4 ,! mole has v small eyes & x always lives "u gr\nd2 & x lives z long z x is 9 ! d>k b :5 x comes into ! light x dies imm$iately1 because x becomes kn[n2--& s x is ) lies4 ,,val\r4 ,! lion is nev] afraid1 b r fights ) a bold _s & savage onslaught aga9/ a multitude ( hunt]s1 always seek+ to injure ! fir/ t injures him4 ,,fe> ,,or ,,c[>dice4 ,! h>e is always fright5$2 & ! leaves t fall f ! trees 9 autumn always keep him 9 t]ror & g5]ally put him to flight4 #abcj4 ,,magnanimity4 ,! falcon nev] preys b on l>ge birds2 & x w let itself die r ?an fe$ on little ones1 or eat /9k+ meat4 ,,va9 ,,glory4 ,z reg>ds ?is vice1 we read t ! peacock is m guilty ( x ?an any o!r animal4 ,= x is always contemplat+ ! beauty ( its tail1 :i* x spreads 9 ! =m ( a :eel1 & by its cries attracts to itself ! gaze ( ! creatures t surr\nd x4 ,& ?is is ! la/ vice to be conqu]$4 #abca4 ,,con/ancy4 ,con/ancy may be symbolis$ by ! pho5ix :i*1 kn[+ t by nature x mu/ be resuscitat$1 has ! con/ancy to endure ! burn+ flames :i* consume x1 & !n x rises anew4 ,,incon/ancy4 ,! swall[ may s]ve = ,incon/ancy1 = x is always 9 movem5t1 s9ce x _c endure ! smalle/ discom=t4 ,,cont95ce4 ,! camel is ! mo/ lu/ful animal !re is1 & w foll[ ! female = a ?\s& miles4 ,b if y keep x con/antly ) its "m or si/] x w leave !m alone1 s temp]ate is its nature4 #abcb4 ,,incont95ce4 ,! unicorn1 ?r\gh its intemp]ance & n kn[+ h[ to control itself1 = ! love x be>s to fair maid5s =gets its f]ocity & wildness2 & lay+ aside all fe> x w g up to a seat$ damsel & g to sleep 9 h] lap1 & ?us ! hunt]s take x4 ,,humility4 ,we see ! mo/ /rik+ example ( humility 9 ! lamb :i* w submit to any animal2 & :5 !y are giv5 = food to imprison$ lions !y are z g5tle to !m z to _! own "m1 s t v (t5 x has be5 se5 t ! lions =be> to kill !m4 #abcc4 ,,pride4 ,! falcon1 by reason ( its haught9ess & pride1 is fa9 to "l x & rule ov] all ! o!r birds ( prey1 & longs to be sole & supreme2 & v (t5 ! falcon has be5 se5 to assault ! eagle1 ! ,que5 ( birds4 ,,ab/95ce4 ,! wild ass1 :5 x goes to ! well to dr9k1 & f9ds ! wat] tr\bl$1 is nev] s ?ir/y b t x w ab/a9 f dr9k+1 & wait till ! wat] is cle> aga94 ,,gluttony4 ,! vulture is s addict$ to gluttony t x w g a ?\s& miles to eat a c>rion c>case2 !re=e is x t x foll[s armies4 #abcd4 ,,*a/ity4 ,! turtle-dove is nev] false to its mate2 & if "o dies ! o!r pres]ves p]petual *a/ity1 & nev] aga9 sits on a gre5 b\gh1 nor ev] aga9 dr9ks ( cle> wat]4 ,,un*a/ity4 ,! bat1 ow+ to unbridl$ lu/1 obs]ves no univ]sal rule 9 pair+1 b males ) males & females ) females pair promiscu\sly1 z x may happ54 ,,mod]ation4 ,! erm9e out ( mod]ation nev] eats b once 9 ! day2 x w r let itself be tak5 by ! hunt]s ?an take refuge 9 a dirty lair1 9 ord] n to /a9 its purity4 #abce4 ,,! ,,eagle4 ,! eagle :5 x is old flies s high t x scor*es its fea!rs1 & ,nature all[+ t x %\ld r5ew its y\?1 x falls into %all[ wat] ,footnote #e3 ,! mean+ is obscure44 ,& if its "y ones _c be> to gaze on ! sun ,footnote #f3 ,! mean+ is obscure4--2 x does n fe$ !m ) any bird1 t does n wi% to die4 ,animals :i* mu* fe> x d n approa* its ne/1 al?\gh x does n hurt !m4 ,x always leaves "p ( its prey uneat54 ,,lum]pa1--,,fame4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ,asia ,major1 & %9es s brightly t x absorbs its own %ad[1 & :5 x dies x does n lose ?is light1 & its fea!rs nev] fall out1 b a fea!r pull$ out %9es no long]4 #abcf4 ,,! ,,pelican4 ,?is bird has a great love = its "y2 & :5 x f9ds !m 9 its ne/ dead f a s]p5t's bite1 x pi]ces itself to ! he>t1 & ) its blood x ba!s !m till !y return to life4 ,,! ,,salam&]4 ,?is has no dige/ive organs1 & gets no food b f ! fire1 9 :i* x con/antly r5ews its scaly sk94 ,! salam&]1 :i* r5ews its scaly sk9 9 ! fire1--= virtue4 ,,! ,,cameleon4 ,?is lives on air1 & !re x is ! prey ( all ! birds2 s 9 ord] to be saf] x flies above ! cl\ds & f9ds an air s r>efi$ t x _c support ! bird t foll[s x4 ,at t height no?+ c g unless x has a gift f ,heav51 & t is :]e ! *ameleon flies4 #abcg4 ,,! ,,alepo1 ,a ,,fi%4 ,! fi% alepo does n live out ( wat]4 ,,! ,,o/ri*4 ,?is bird conv]ts iron into n\ri%m5t1 & hat*es its eggs by its gaze2--,armies "u comm&]s4 ,,! ,,swan4 ,! swan is :ite )\t any spot1 & x s+s sweetly z x dies1 its life end+ ) t song4 ,,! ,,/ork4 ,?is bird1 by dr9k+ saltwat] purges itself ( di/emp]s4 ,if ! male f9ds 8 mate unfai?ful1 he ab&ons h]2 & :5 x gr[s old its "y ones brood ov] x1 & fe$ x till x dies4 #abch4 ,,! ,,gras%opp]4 ,?is sil5ces ! cuckoo ) its song4 ,x dies 9 oil & revives 9 v9eg>4 ,x s+s 9 ! greate/ heats ,,! ,,bat4 ,! m light !re is ! bl9d] ?is creature becomes2 z ^? :o gaze mo/ at ! sun become mo/ dazzl$4--,= ,vice1 t _c rema9 :]e ,virtue appe>s4 ,,! ,,p>tridge4 ,?is bird *anges f ! female into ! male & =gets its =m] sex2 & out ( envy x /eals ! eggs f o!rs & hat*es !m1 b ! "y ones foll[ ! true "m4 ,,! ,,swall[4 ,?is bird gives sight to its bl9d "y ones by means ( cel&9e4 #abci4 ,,! ,,oy/]4--,,= ,,trea*]y4 ,?is creature1 :5 ! moon is full op5s itself wide1 & :5 ! crab looks 9 he ?r[s 9 a piece ( rock or seawe$ & ! oy/] _c close aga91 :]eby x s]ves = food to t crab4 ,?is is :at happ5s to him :o op5s 8 m\? to tell 8 secret4 ,he becomes ! prey ( ! trea*]\s he>]4 ,,! ,,basilisk4--,,cruelty4 ,all snakes flie f ?is creature2 b ! weasel attacks x by means ( rue & kills x4 ,,! ,,asp4 ,?is c>ries in/antane\s dea? 9 its fangs2 &1 t x may n he> ! *>m] x /ops its e>s ) its tail4 #abdj4 ,,! ,,dragon4 ,?is creature entangles itself 9 ! legs ( ! elephant :i* falls ^u x1 & s bo? die1 & 9 its dea? x is av5g$4 ,,! ,,vip]4 ,%e1 9 pair+ op5s h] m\? & at la/ cl5*es h] tee? & kills h] husb&4 ,!n ! "y ones1 gr[+ )9 h] body r5d h] op5 & kill _! "m4 ,,! ,,scorpion4 ,saliva1 spit out :5 fa/+ w kill a scorpion4 ,?is may be lik5$ to ab/95ce f gre$9ess1 :i* removes & heals ! ills :i* result f t gluttony1 & op5s ! pa? ( virtue4 #abda4 ,,! ,,crocodile4 ,,hypocrisy4 ,?is animal cat*es a man & /raightway kills him2 aft] he is dead1 x weeps = him ) a lam5table voice & _m te>s4 ,!n1 hav+ done lam5t+1 x cruelly dev\rs him4 ,x is ?us ) ! hypocrite1 :o1 = ! smalle/ matt]1 has 8 face ba!d ) te>s1 b %[s ! he>t ( a tig] & rejoices 9 8 he>t at ! woes ( o!rs1 :ile we>+ a pitiful face4 ,,! ,,toad4 ,! toad flies f ! light ( ! sun1 & if x is held !re by =ce x puffs itself out s mu* z to hide its head bel[ & %ield itself f ! rays4 ,?us does ! foe ( cle> & radiant virtue1 :o c only be con/ra9$ly br\ght to face x ) puff$ up c\rage4 #abdb4 ,,! ,,cat]pill>4--,,= ,,virtue ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* by means ( assidu\s c>e is able to weave r\nd itself a new dwell+ place ) m>vell\s artifice & f9e workman%ip1 comes out ( x aft]w>ds ) pa9t$ & lovely w+s1 ) :i* x rises t[>ds ,heav54 ,,! ,,spid]4 ,! spid] br+s =? out ( h]self ! delicate & +5i\s web1 :i* makes h] a return by ! prey x takes4 ,footnote3 ,two notes are und]nea? ?is text4 ,! fir/3 'nessuna *osa e da ttem]e piu *e lla sozza fama' is a repetition ( ! fir/ l9e ( ! text giv5 9 ,vol4 ,i ,no4 #fie4 ,! second3 fati*a fugga *olla fama 9 braccio quasi o*ultata c is writt5 9 r$ *alk & is evid5tly an incomplete s5t5ce4 #abdc4 ,,! ,,lion4 ,?is animal1 ) 8 ?und]+ ro>1 r\ses 8 "y ! ?ird day aft] !y are born1 tea*+ !m ! use ( all _! dormant s5ses & all ! wild ?+s :i* are 9 ! wood flee away4 ,?is may be comp>$ to ! *ildr5 ( ,virtue :o are r\s$ by ! s\nd ( praise & gr[ up 9 hon\rable /udies1 by :i* !y are m & m elevat$2 :ile all t is base flies at ! s\nd1 %unn+ ^? :o are virtu\s4 ,aga91 ! lion cov]s ov] its foot tracks1 s t ! way x has gone may n be kn[n to its enemies4 ,?us x beseems a capta9 to conceal ! secrets ( 8 m9d s t ! enemy may n "k 8 purpose4 #abdd4 ,,! ,,t>antula4 ,! bite ( ! t>antula fixes a man's m9d on "o idea2 t is on ! ?+ he 0 ?9k+ ( :5 he 0 bitt54 ,,! ,,scree*-,,owl ,,& ,,! ,,owl4 ,^! puni% ^? :o are sc(f+ at !m by peck+ out _! eyes2 = nature has s ord]$ x1 t !y may ?us be f$4 #abde4 ,,! ,,elephant4 ,! huge elephant has by nature :at is r>ely f\nd 9 man2 t is ,hone/y1 ,prud5ce1 ,ju/ice1 & ! ,obs]vance ( ,religion2 inasmu* z :5 ! moon is new1 ^! bea/s g d[n to ! riv]s1 & !re1 solemnly cleans+ !mselves1 !y ba!1 & s1 hav+ salut$ ! planet1 return to ! woods4 ,& :5 !y are ill1 be+ laid d[n1 !y fl+ up plants t[>ds ,heav5 z ?\gh !y w\ld (f] sacrifice4 --,!y bury _! tusks :5 !y fall out f old age4--,( ^! two tusks !y use "o to dig up roots = food2 b !y save ! po9t ( ! o!r = fight+ )2 :5 !y are tak5 by hunt]s & :5 worn out by fatigue1 !y dig up ^! buri$ tusks & ransom !mselves4 #abdf4 ,!y are m]ciful1 & "k ! dang]s1 & if "o f9ds a man alone & lo/1 he k9dly puts him back 9 ! road he has miss$1 if he f9ds ! footpr9ts ( ! man be=e ! man himself4 ,x dreads betrayal1 s x /ops & bl[s1 po9t+ x out to ! o!r elephants :o =m 9 a troop & g w>ily4 ,^! bea/s always g 9 troops1 & ! olde/ goes 9 front & ! second 9 age rema9s ! la/1 & ?us !y enclose ! troop4 ,out ( %ame !y pair only at night & secretly1 nor d !y !n rejo9 ! h]d b fir/ ba! 9 ! riv]4 ,! females d n fight z ) o!r animals2 & x is s m]ciful t x is mo/ unwill+ by nature ev] to hurt ^? weak] ?an itself4 ,& if x meets 9 ! middle ( its way a flock ( %eep #abdg4 x puts !m aside ) its trunk1 s z n to trample !m "u foot2 & x nev] hurts any ?+ unless :5 provok$4 ,:5 "o has fall5 into a pit ! o!rs fill up ! pit ) bran*es1 e>? & /ones1 ?us rais+ ! bottom t he may easily get out4 ,!y greatly dread ! noise ( sw9e & fly 9 confusion1 do+ no less h>m !n1 ) _! feet1 to _! own k9d ?an to ! enemy4 ,!y delight 9 riv]s & are always w&]+ ab\t ne> !m1 ?\gh on acc\nt ( _! great weight !y _c swim4 ,!y dev\r /ones1 & ! trunks ( trees are _! fav\rite food4 ,!y h a horror ( rats4 ,flies delight 9 _! smell & settle on _! back1 & ! bea/ scrapes its sk9 mak+ its folds ev5 & kills !m4 #abdh4 ,:5 !y cross riv]s !y s5d _! "y ones up aga9/ ! /ream ( ! wat]2 ?us1 be+ set t[>ds ! fall1 !y break ! unit$ curr5t ( ! wat] s t ! curr5t does n c>ry !m away4 ,! dragon fl+s itself "u ! elephant's body1 & ) its tail x ties its legs2 ) its w+s & ) its arms x also cl+s r\nd its ribs & cuts its ?roat ) its tee?1 & ! elephant falls ^u x & ! dragon is bur/4 ,?us1 9 its dea? x is rev5g$ on its foe4 ,,! ,,dragon4 ,^! g 9 companies toge!r1 & !y tw9e !mselves aft] ! mann] ( roots1 & ) _! heads rais$ !y cross lakes1 & swim to :]e !y f9d bett] pa/ure2 & if !y did n ?us comb9e #abdi4 !y w\ld be dr[n$1 !re=e !y comb9e4 ,,! ,,s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t is a v l>ge animal4 ,:5 x sees a bird 9 ! air x draws 9 its brea? s /rongly t x draws ! birds into its m\? too4 ,m>cus ,regulus1 ! consul ( ! ,roman army 0 attack$1 ) 8 army1 by su* an animal & almo/ defeat$4 ,& ?is animal1 be+ kill$ by a catapult1 measur$ #abc feet1 t is #fd #a_/b braccia & its head 0 high above all ! trees 9 a wood4 ,,! ,,boa787 ,?is is a v l>ge snake :i* entangles itself r\nd ! legs ( ! c[ s t x _c move & !n sucks x1 9 su* wise t x almo/ dries x up4 ,9 ! "t ( ,claudius ! ,emp]or1 !re 0 kill$1 on ! ,vatican ,hill1 #abej4 "o :i* _h inside x a boy1 entire1 t x _h swall[$4 ,,! ,,macli4--,,caught ,,:5 ,,asleep4 ,?is bea/ is born 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,x has ! %ape ( a great horse1 except+ t ! great l5g? ( its neck & ( its e>s make a diff]5ce4 ,x fe$s on grass1 go+ backw>ds1 = x has s long an upp] lip t if x w5t =w>ds x w\ld cov] up ! grass4 ,its legs are all 9 "o piece2 = ?is reason :5 x wants to sleep x leans aga9/ a tree1 & ! hunt]s1 spy+ out ! place :]e x is wont to sleep1 saw ! tree almo/ ?r\gh1 & !n1 :5 x leans aga9/ x to sleep1 9 its sleep x falls1 & ?us ! hunt]s take x4 ,& e o!r mode ( tak+ x is 9 va91 because x is incr$ibly swift 9 runn+4 #abea4 ,,! ,,bison ,,:i* ,,does ,,injury ,,9 ,,its ,,flight4 ,?is bea/ is a native ( ,paeonia & has a neck ) a mane l a horse4 ,9 all its o!r p>ts x is l a bull1 except+ t its horns are 9 a way b5t inw>ds s t x _c butt2 h5ce x has no safety b 9 flight1 9 :i* x fl+s out its excrem5t to a di/ance ( #djj braccia 9 its c\rse1 & ?is burns l fire :]ev] x t\*es4 ,,lions1 ,,p>ds1 ,,pan!rs1 ,,tig]s4 ,^! keep _! claws 9 ! %ea?1 & nev] put !m out unless !y are on ! back ( _! prey or _! enemy4 ,,! ,,lioness4 ,:5 ! lioness def5ds h] "y f ! h& ( ! hunt]1 9 ord] n to be fright5$ by ! spe>s %e keeps h] eyes on ! gr\nd1 to ! end t %e may n by h] flight leave h] "y ones prison]s4 #abeb4 ,,! ,,lion4 ,?is animal1 :i* is s t]rible1 fe>s no?+ m ?an ! noise ( empty c>ts1 & likewise ! cr[+ ( cocks4 ,& x is mu* t]rifi$ at ! sight ( "o1 & looks at its comb ) a fright5$ aspect1 & is /rangely al>m$ :5 its face is cov]$4 ,,! ,,pan!r ,,9 ,,africa4 ,?is has ! =m ( ! lioness b x is tall] on its legs & slimm] & long bodi$2 & x is all :ite & m>k$ ) black spots aft] ! mann] ( rosettes2 & all animals delight to look ^u ^! rosettes1 & !y w\ld always be /&+ r\nd x if x 7 n = ! t]ror ( its face2 #abec4 !re=e kn[+ ?is1 x hides its face1 & ! surr\nd+ animals gr[ bold & come close1 ! bett] to enjoy ! sight ( s mu* beauty2 :5 sudd5ly x seizes ! ne>e/ & at once dev\rs x4 ,,camels4 ,! ,bactrian h two humps2 ! ,arabian "o only4 ,!y are swift 9 battle & mo/ useful to c>ry burd5s4 ,?is animal is extremely obs]vant ( rule & measure1 = x w n move if x has a great] weight ?an x is us$ to1 & if x is tak5 too f> x does ! same1 & sudd5ly /ops & s ! m]*ants are oblig$ to lodge !re4 #abed4 ,,! ,,tig]4 ,?is bea/ is a native ( ,hyrcania1 & x is some?+ l ! pan!r f ! v>i\s spots on its sk94 ,x is an animal ( t]rible swiftness2 ! hunt] :5 he f9ds its "y ones c>ries !m (f ha/ily1 plac+ mirrors 9 ! place :5ce he takes !m1 & at once escapes on a swift horse4 ,! pan!r return+ f9ds ! mirrors fix$ on ! gr\nd & look+ into !m believes x sees its "y2 !n scrat*+ ) its paws x discov]s ! *eat4 ,=?)1 by means ( ! sc5t ( its "y1 x foll[s ! hunt]1 & :5 ?is hunt] sees ! tigress he drops "o ( ! "y ones & %e takes x1 & hav+ c>ri$ x to ! d5 %e imm$iately returns to ! hunt] & does #abee4 ! same till he gets into 8 boat4 ,,catoblepas4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,e?iopia ne> to ! s\rce ,nigricapo4 ,x is n a v l>ge animal1 is sluggi% 9 all its p>ts1 & its head is s l>ge t x c>ries x ) difficulty1 9 su* wise t x always droops t[>ds ! gr\nd2 o!rwise x w\ld be a great pe/ to man1 = any "o on :om x fixes its eyes dies imm$iately4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do und\bt$ly d]iv$ ^! rem>ks z to ! ,catoblepas f ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,,viii4 #ba 7al4 #cb73 ,apud ,hesp]ios ,ae?iopas fons e/ ,nigris 7diff]5t read+s71 ut pl]ique exi/imav]e1 ,nili caput4-----,juxta hunc f]a appellatur catoblepas1 modica alioqu91 cet]isque membris in]s1 caput tantum praegrave aegre f]5s2 alias int]necio humani g5]is1 omnibus qui oculos ejus vid]e1 confe/im mori5tibus4 ,aelian1 ,hi/4 ,an4 gives a f> m m9ute description ( ! creature1 b he says t x poisons bea/s n by its gaze1 b by its v5om\s brea?4 ,a!naeus #bba ,b1 m5tions bo?4 ,if ,leon>do _h kn[n ( ^! two passages1 he w\ld sc>cely h omitt$ ! poison\s brea?4 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+47 ,,! ,,basilisk4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cyr5aica & is n m ?an #ab f+]s long4 ,x has on its head a :ite spot aft] ! fa%ion ( a diadem4 ,x sc>es all s]p5ts ) its :i/l+4 ,x resembles a snake1 b does n move by wriggl+ b f ! c5tre =w>ds to ! "r4 ,x is said t "o #abef4 ( ^!1 be+ kill$ ) a spe> by "o :o 0 on horse-back1 & its v5om fl[+ on ! spe>1 n only ! man b ! horse also di$4 ,x spoils ! :eat & n only t :i* x t\*es1 b :]e x brea!s ! grass dries & ! /ones are split4 ,,! ,,weasel4 ,?is bea/ f9d+ ! lair ( ! basilisk kills x ) ! smell ( its ur9e1 & ?is smell1 inde$1 (t5 kills ! weasel itself4 ,,! ,,c]a/es4 ,?is has f\r movable little horns2 s1 :5 x wants to fe$1 x hides "u leaves all ( its body except ^! little horns :i*1 z !y move1 seem to ! birds to be "s small worms at play4 ,!n !y imm$iately swoop d[n to pick !m & ! ,c]a/es sudd5ly tw9es r\nd !m & encircles & dev\rs !m4 #abeg4 ,,! ,,amphisbo5a4 ,?is has two heads1 "o 9 its prop] place ! o!r at ! tail2 z if "o place 7 n en\gh f :i* to fl+ its v5om4 ,,! ,,iaculus4 ,?is lies on trees1 & fl+s itself d[n l a d>t1 & pi]ces ?r\gh ! wild bea/ & kills !m4 ,,! ,,asp4 ,! bite ( ?is animal _c be cur$ unless by imm$iately cutt+ out ! bitt5 "p4 ,?is pe/il5tial animal has su* a love = its mate t !y always g 9 company4 ,& if1 by mi%ap1 "o ( !m is kill$ ! o!r1 ) incr$ible swiftness1 foll[s him :o has kill$ x2 & x is s det]m9$ & eag] = v5geance t x ov]comes e difficulty1 & pass+ by e troop x seeks to hurt none b its enemy4 ,& x w travel any di/ance1 & x is impossible to avoid x unless by cross+ wat] & by v swift flight4 ,x has its eyes turn$ inw>ds1 & l>ge e>s & x he>s bett] ?an x sees4 #abeh4 ,,! ,,i*neumon4 ,?is animal is ! mortal enemy ( ! asp4 ,x is a native ( ,egypt & :5 x sees an asp ne> its place1 x runs at once to ! b$ or mud ( ! ,nile & ) ?is makes itself muddy all ov]1 !n x dries itself 9 ! sun1 sme>s itself aga9 ) mud1 & ?us1 dry+ "o aft] ! o!r1 x makes itself ?ree or f\r coat+s l a coat ( mail4 ,!n x attacks ! asp1 & fights well ) him1 s t1 tak+ its "t x cat*es him 9 ! ?roat & de/roys him4 ,,! ,,crocodile4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! ,nile1 x has f\r feet & lives on l& & 9 wat]4 ,no o!r t]re/rial creature b ?is is f\nd to h no tongue1 & x only bites by mov+ its upp] jaw4 ,x gr[s to a l5g? ( =ty feet & has claws & is arm$ ) a hide t w take any bl[4 ,by day x is on l& & at night 9 ! wat]4 ,x fe$s on fi%es1 & go+ to sleep on ! bank ( ! ,nile ) its m\? op51 a bird call$ #abei4 tro*ilus1 a v small bird1 runs at once to its m\? & hops among its tee? & goes peck+ out ! rema9s ( ! food1 & s incit+ x ) voluptu\s delight tempts x to op5 ! :ole ( its m\?1 & s x sleeps4 ,?is be+ obs]v$ by ! i*neumon x fl+s itself into its m\? & p]=ates its /oma* & b[els1 & f9ally kills x4 ,,! ,,dolph94 ,nature has giv5 su* k to animals1 t besides ! consci\sness ( _! own advantages !y "k ! disadvantages ( _! foes4 ,?us ! dolph9 und]/&s :at /r5g? lies 9 a cut f ! f9s plac$ on 8 *9e1 & h[ t5d] is ! belly ( ! crocodile2 h5ce 9 fight+ ) him x ?ru/s at him f b5ea? & rips up 8 belly & s kills him4 ,! crocodile is a t]ror to ^? t flee1 & a base c[>d to ^? t pursue him4 #abfj4 ,,! ,,hippopotamus4 ,?is bea/ :5 x feels itself ov]-full goes ab\t seek+ ?orns1 or :]e !re may be ! rema9s ( canes t h be5 split1 & x rubs aga9/ !m till a ve9 is op5$2 !n :5 ! blood has fl[$ z mu* z he ne$s1 he pla/]s himself ) mud & heals ! w\nd4 ,9 =m he is some?+ l a horse ) long haun*es1 a twi/$ tail & ! tee? ( a wild bo>1 8 neck has a mane2 ! sk9 _c be pi]c$1 unless :5 he is ba?+2 he fe$s on plants 9 ! fields & goes into !m backw>ds s t x may seem1 z ?\gh he _h come out4 ,,! ,,ibis4 ,?is bird resembles a crane1 & :5 x feels itself ill x fills its craw ) wat]1 & ) its beak makes an injection ( x4 ,,! ,,/ag4 ,^! creatures :5 !y feel !mselves bitt5 by ! spid] call$ fa!r-long-legs1 eat crabs & free !mselves ( ! v5om4 #abfa4 ,,! ,,liz>d4 ,?is1 :5 fight+ ) s]p5ts eats ! s[-?i/le & is free4 ,,! ,,swall[4 ,?is bird gives sight to its bl9d "y ones1 ) ! juice ( ! cel&9e4 ,,! ,,weasel4 ,?is1 :5 *as+ rats fir/ eats ( rue4 ,,! ,,wild ,,bo>4 ,?is bea/ cures its sickness by eat+ ( ivy4 ,,! ,,snake4 ,?is creature :5 x wants to r5ew itself ca/s its old sk91 beg9n+ ) ! head1 & *ang+ 9 "o day & "o night4 ,,! ,,pan!r4 ,?is bea/ aft] its b[els h fall5 out w /ill fight ) ! dogs & hunt]s4 #abfb4 ,,! ,,*ameleon4 ,?is creature always takes ! col\r ( ! ?+ on :i* x is re/+1 :5ce x is (t5 dev\r$ toge!r ) ! leaves on :i* ! elephant fe$s4 ,,! ,,rav54 ,:5 x has kill$ ! ,*ameleon x takes laurel z a purge4 #abfc4 ,mod]ation *ecks all ! vices4 ,! erm9e w die r ?an besmir* itself4 ,,( ,,=esight4 ,! cock does n cr[ till x has ?rice flapp$ its w+s2 ! p>rot 9 mov+ among b\ghs nev] puts its feet except+ :]e x has fir/ put its beak4 ,v[s are n made till ,hope is dead4 ,motion t5ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity4 #abfd4 ,,magnanimity4 ,! falcon nev] seizes any b l>ge birds & w soon] die ?an eat ta9t$ meat ( bad sav\r4 ,,ii4 ,,fables4 ,fables on animals 7#abfe-abgj74 #abfe4 ,a ,,fable4 ,an oy/] be+ turn$ out toge!r ) o!r fi% 9 ! h\se ( a fi%]man ne> ! sea1 he entreat$ a rat to take him to ! sea4 ,! rat purpos+ to eat him bid him op52 b z he bit him ! oy/] squeez$ 8 head & clos$2 & ! cat came & kill$ him4 #abff4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! ?ru%es rejoic$ greatly at see+ a man take ! owl & deprive h] ( lib]ty1 ty+ h] feet ) /rong bonds4 ,b ?is owl 0 aft]w>ds by means ( bird-lime ! cause ( ! ?ru%es los+ n only _! lib]ty1 b _! life4 ,?is is said = ^? c\ntries :i* rejoice 9 see+ _! gov]nors lose _! lib]ty1 :5 by t means !y !mselves lose all succ\r1 & rema9 9 bondage 9 ! p[] ( _! enemies1 los+ _! lib]ty & (t5 _! life4 #abfg4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a dog1 ly+ asleep on ! fur ( a %eep1 "o ( 8 fleas1 p]ceiv+ ! od\r ( ! greasy wool1 judg$ t ?is mu/ be a l& ( bett] liv+1 & also m secure f ! tee? & nails ( ! dog ?an :]e he f$ on ! dog2 & )\t f>!r reflection he left ! dog & w5t into ! ?ick wool4 ,!re he began ) great lab\r to try to pass among ! roots ( ! hairs2 b aft] mu* sweat+ _h to give up ! task z va91 because ^! hairs 7 s close t !y almo/ t\*$ ea* o!r1 & !re 0 no space :]e fleas c\ld ta/e ! sk94 ,h5ce1 aft] mu* lab\r & fatigue1 he began to wi% to return to 8 dog1 :o h[ev] _h already dep>t$2 s he 0 con/ra9$ aft] long rep5tance & bitt] te>s1 to die ( hung]4 #abfh4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! va9 & w&]+ butt]fly1 n cont5t ) be+ able to fly at its ease ?r\gh ! air1 ov]come by ! tempt+ flame ( ! c&le1 decid$ to fly into x2 b its sportive impulse 0 ! cause ( a sudd5 fall1 = its delicate w+s 7 burnt 9 ! flame4 ,& ! hapless butt]fly hav+ dropp$1 all scor*$1 at ! foot ( ! c&le/ick1 aft] mu* lam5tation & rep5tance1 dri$ ! te>s f its swimm+ eyes1 & rais+ its face exclaim$3 ,o false light6 h[ _m mu/ ?\ h mis]ably deceiv$ 9 ! pa/1 l me2 or if ,i mu/ inde$ see light s ne>1 ought ,i n to h kn[n ! sun f ! false gl>e ( dirty tall[8 ,a ,,fable4 ,! monkey1 f9d+ a ne/ ( small birds1 w5t up to x greatly delight$4 ,b !y1 be+ already fl$g$1 he c\ld only succe$ 9 tak+ ! smalle/2 greatly delight$ he took x 9 8 h& & w5t to 8 abode2 & hav+ begun to look at ! little bird he took to kiss+ x1 & f excess ( love he kiss$ x s mu* & turn$ x ab\t & squeez$ x till he kill$ x4 ,?is is said = ^? :o by n puni%+ _! *ildr5 let !m come to mis*ief4 #abfi4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a rat 0 besieg$ 9 8 little dwell+ by a weasel1 :i* ) unwe>i$ vigilance await$ 8 surr5d]1 :ile wat*+ 8 imm95t p]il ?r\gh a little hole4 ,mean:ile ! cat came by & sudd5ly seiz$ ! weasel & =?) dev\r$ x4 ,!n ! rat (f]$ up a sacrifice to ,jove ( "s ( 8 /ore ( nuts1 humbly ?ank+ ,8 provid5ce1 & came out ( 8 hole to enjoy 8 lately lo/ lib]ty4 ,b he 0 in/antly depriv$ ( x1 toge!r ) 8 life1 by ! cruel claws & tee? ( ! lurk+ cat4 #abgj4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! ant f\nd a gra9 ( millet4 ,! se$ feel+ itself tak5 prison] cri$ out to h]3 ,if y w d me ! k9dness to all[ me accompli% my function ( reproduction1 ,i w give y a hundr$ su* z ,i am4 ,& s x 04 ,a ,spid] f\nd a bun* ( grapes :i* = its sweetness 0 mu* resort$ to by bees & div]s k9ds ( flies4 ,x seem$ to h] t %e _h f\nd a mo/ conv5i5t spot to spread h] sn>e1 & hav+ settl$ h]self on x ) h] delicate web1 & ent]$ into h] new habitation1 !re1 e day plac+ h]self 9 ! op5+s made by ! spaces betwe5 ! grapes1 %e fell l a ?ief on ! wret*$ creatures :i* 7 n aw>e ( h]4 ,b1 aft] a few days _h pass$1 ! v9tag] came1 & cut away ! bun* ( grapes & put x ) o!rs1 ) :i* x 0 trodd52 & ?us ! grapes 7 a sn>e & pitfall bo? = ! trea*]\s spid] & ! betray$ flies4 ,an ass hav+ gone to sleep on ! ice ov] a deep lake1 8 heat dissolv$ ! ice & ! ass awoke "u wat] to 8 great grief1 & 0 =?) dr[n$4 ,a falcon1 unable to endure ) pati5ce ! disappe>ance ( a duck1 :i*1 fly+ be=e him _h plung$ "u wat]1 wi%$ to foll[ x "u wat]1 & hav+ soak$ 8 fea!rs _h to rema9 9 ! wat] :ile ! duck ris+ to ! air mock$ at ! falcon z he dr[n$4 ,! spid] wi%+ to take flies 9 h] trea*]\s net1 0 cruelly kill$ 9 x by ! hornet4 ,an eagle want+ to mock at ! owl 0 caught by ! w+s 9 bird-lime & 0 tak5 & kill$ by a man4 ,fables on lifeless objects 7#abga--abgd74 #abga4 ,! wat] f9d+ t its elem5t 0 ! lordly ocean1 0 seiz$ ) a desire to rise above ! air1 & be+ enc\rag$ by ! elem5t ( fire & ris+ z a v subtle vap\r1 x seem$ z ?\gh x 7 really z ?9 z air4 ,b hav+ ris5 v high1 x rea*$ ! air t 0 /ill m r>e & cold1 :]e ! fire =sook x1 & ! m9ute p>ticles1 be+ br\ght toge!r1 unit$ & became heavy2 :5ce its haught9ess des]t+ x1 x betook itself to flight & x fell f ! sky1 & 0 drunk up by ! dry e>?1 :]e1 be+ imprison$ = a long "t1 x did p5ance = its s94 #abgb4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! razor hav+ "o day come =? f ! h&le :i* s]ves z its %ea? & hav+ plac$ himself 9 ! sun1 saw ! sun reflect$ 9 8 body1 :i* fill$ him ) great pride4 ,& turn+ x ov] 9 8 ?\ghts he began to say to himself3 ,& %all ,i return aga9 to t %op f :i* ,i h j come8 ,c]ta9ly n2 su* spl5did beauty %all n1 please ,god1 be turn$ to su* base uses4 ,:at folly x w\ld be t c\ld lead me to %ave ! la!r$ be>ds ( ru/ic peasants & p]=m su* m5ial s]vice6 ,is ?is body de/9$ = su* "w8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,i w hide myself 9 "s retir$ spot & !re pass my life 9 tranquil repose4 ,& hav+ ?us rema9$ hidd5 = "s mon?s1 "o day he came out into ! air1 & issu+ f 8 %ea?1 saw himself turn$ to ! similitude ( a ru/y saw :ile 8 surface no long] reflect$ ! respl5d5t sun4 ,) useless rep5tance he va9ly deplor$ ! irrep>able mis*ief say+ to himself3 ,oh6 h[ f> bett] 0 x to employ at ! b>b]s my lo/ edge ( su* exquisite ke5ness6 ,:]e is t lu/r\s surface8 ,x has be5 consum$ by ?is vexati\s & unsightly ru/4 ,! same ?+ happ5s to ^? m9ds :i* in/ead ( ex]cise give !mselves up to slo?4 ,!y are l ! razor "h spok5 (1 & lose ! ke5ness ( _! edge1 :ile ! ru/ ( ignorance spoils _! =m4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a /one ( "s size rec5tly uncov]$ by ! wat] lay on a c]ta9 spot some:at rais$1 & j :]e a delightful grove end$ by a /ony road2 "h x 0 surr\nd$ by plants decorat$ by v>i\s fl[]s ( div]s col\rs4 ,& z x saw ! great quantity ( /ones collect$ toge!r 9 ! roadway bel[1 x began to wi% x c\ld let itself fall d[n !re1 say+ to itself3 ,:at h ,i to d "h ) ^! plants8 ,i want to live 9 ! company ( ^?1 my si/]s4 ,& lett+ itself fall1 its rapid c\rse end$ among ^! long$ = companions4 ,:5 x _h be5 !re sometime x began to f9d itself con/antly toil+ "u ! :eels ( ! c>ts ! iron-%o$ feet ( horses & ( travell]s4 ,?is "o roll$ x ov]1 t "o trod ^u x2 sometimes x lift$ itself a little & !n x 0 cov]$ ) mud or ! dung ( "s animal1 & x 0 9 va9 t x look$ at ! spot :5ce x _h come z a place ( solitude & tranquil place4 ,?us x happ5s to ^? :o *oose to leave a life ( solit>y comtemplation1 & come to live 9 cities among p full ( inf9ite evil4 #abgc4 ,"s flames _h already la/$ 9 ! furnace ( a glass-bl[]1 :5 !y saw a c&le approa*+ 9 a beautiful & glitt]+ c&le/ick4 ,) ard5t long+ !y /rove to rea* x2 & "o ( !m1 quitt+ its natural c\rse1 wri!d up to an unburnt br& on :i* x f$ & pass$ at ! opposite end out by a n>r[ *9k to ! c&le :i* 0 ne>4 ,x flung itself ^u x1 & ) fi]ce jeal\sy & gre$9ess x dev\r$ x1 hav+ r$uc$ x almo/ to dea?1 &1 wi%+ to procure ! prolongation ( its life1 x tri$ to return to ! furnace :5ce x _h come4 ,b 9 va91 = x 0 compell$ to die1 ! wood p]i%+ toge!r ) ! c&le1 be+ at la/ conv]t$1 ) lam5tation & rep5tance1 into f\l smoke1 :ile leav+ all its si/]s 9 brilliant & endur+ life & beauty4 #abgd4 ,a small pat* ( sn[ f9d+ itself cl++ to ! top ( a rock :i* 0 ly+ on ! topmo/ height ( a v high m\nta9 & be+ left to its own imag9+s1 x began to reflect 9 ?is way1 say+ to itself3 ,n[1 %all n ,i be ?\ght va9 & pr\d = hav+ plac$ myself--su* a small pat* ( sn[--9 s l(ty a spot1 & = all[+ t s l>ge a quantity ( sn[ z ,i h se5 "h ar\nd me1 %\ld take a place l[] ?an m9e8 ,c]ta9ly my small dim5sions by no means m]it ?is elevation4 ,h[ easily may ,i1 9 pro( ( my insignificance1 exp]i5ce ! same fate z t :i* ! sun br\ght ab\t ye/]day to my companions1 :o 7 all1 9 a few h\rs1 de/roy$ by ! sun4 ,& ?is happ5$ f _! hav+ plac$ !mselves high] ?an became !m4 ,i w flee f ! wra? ( ! sun1 & humble myself & f9d a place befitt+ my small importance4 ,?us1 fl++ itself d[n1 x began to desc5d1 hurry+ f its high home on to ! o!r sn[2 b ! m x s\ght a l[ place ! m its bulk increas$1 s t :5 at la/ its c\rse 0 end$ on a hill1 x f\nd itself no less 9 size ?an ! hill :i* support$ x2 & x 0 ! la/ ( ! sn[ :i* 0 de/roy$ t summ] by ! sun4 ,?is is said = ^? :o1 humbl+ !mselves1 become exalt$4 ,fables on plants 7#abge-abgi74 #abge4 ,! c$>1 be+ desir\s ( produc+ a f9e & noble fruit at its summit1 set to "w to =m x ) all ! /r5g? ( its sap4 ,b ?is fruit1 :5 gr[n1 0 ! cause ( ! tall & upright tree-top be+ b5t ov]4 ,! pea*1 be+ envi\s ( ! va/ quantity ( fruit :i* %e saw borne on ! nut-tree1 h] neighb\r1 det]m9$ to d ! same1 & load$ h]self ) h] own 9 su* a way t ! weight ( ! fruit pull$ h] up by ! roots & broke h] d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,! nut-tree /ood always by a road side display+ ! weal? ( its fruit to ! pass]s by1 & e "o ca/ /ones at x4 ,! fig-tree1 hav+ no fruit1 no "o look$ at x2 !n1 wi%+ to produce fruits t x might be prais$ by m51 x 0 b5t & brok5 d[n by !m4 ,! fig-tree1 /&+ by ! side ( ! elm & see+ t its b\ghs 7 b>e ( fruit1 yet t x _h ! audacity to keep ! ,sun f its own unripe figs ) its bran*es1 said to x3 ,oh elm6 art ?\ n a%am$ to /& 9 front ( me4 ,b wait till my (fspr+ are fully gr[n & y w see :]e y are6 ,b :5 h] (fspr+ 7 mature1 a troop ( soldi]s com+ by fell ^u ! fig-tree & h] figs 7 all torn (f h]1 & h] b\ghs cut away & brok54 ,!n1 :5 %e 0 ?us maim$ 9 all h] limbs1 ! elm ask$ h]1 say+3 ,o fig-tree6 :i* 0 be/1 to be )\t (fspr+1 or to be br\ght by !m into s mis]able a plight6 #abgf4 ,! plant compla9s ( ! old & dry /ick :i* /&s by its side & ( ! dry /akes t surr\nd x4 ,"o keeps x upright1 ! o!r keeps x f l[ company4 #abgg4 ,a ,,fable4 ,a nut1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ by a cr[ to ! top ( a tall campanile & releas$ by fall+ into a *9k f ! mortal grip ( its beak1 x pray$ ! wall by ! grace be/[$ on x by ,god 9 all[+ x to be s high & ?ick1 & to own su* f9e bells & ( s noble a tone1 t x w\ld succ\r x1 & t1 z x _h n be5 able to fall "u ! v]dur\s b\ghs ( its v5]able fa!r & lie 9 ! fat e>? cov]$ up by 8 fall5 leaves x w\ld n ab&on x2 because1 f9d+ itself 9 ! beak ( ! cruel cr[1 x _h !re made a v[ t if x escap$ f h] x w\ld end its life 9 a little hole4 ,at ^! words ! wall1 mov$ to compassion1 0 cont5t to %elt] x 9 ! spot :]e x _h fall52 & aft] a %ort "t ! nut began to split op5 & put =? roots betwe5 ! rifts ( ! /ones & pu% !m ap>t1 & to ?r[ out %oots f its holl[ %ell2 &1 to be brief1 ^! rose above ! build+ & ! twi/$ roots1 gr[+ ?ick]1 began to ?ru/ ! walls ap>t1 & te> out ! anci5t /ones f _! old places4 ,!n ! wall too late & 9 va9 bewail$ ! cause ( its de/ruction & 9 a %ort "t1 x wr\ght ! ru9 ( a great "p ( x4 #abgh4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! privet feel+ its t5d] b\ghs load$ ) "y fruit1 prick$ by ! %>p claws & beak ( ! insol5t blackbird1 compla9$ to ! blackbird ) piti\s remon/rance entreat+ h] t s9ce %e /ole its delici\s fruits %e %\ld n deprive x ( ! leaves ) :i* x pres]v$ !m f ! burn+ rays ( ! sun1 & t %e %\ld n dive/ x ( its t5d] b>k by scrat*+ x ) h] %>p claws4 ,to :i* ! blackbird repli$ ) angry upbraid+3 ,o1 be sil5t1 uncultur$ %rub6 ,d y n "k t ,nature made y produce ^! fruits = my n\ri%m5t2 d y n see t y are 9 ! _w only to s]ve me z food2 d y n "k1 base creature1 t next w9t] y w be food & prey = ! ,fire8 ,to :i* words ! tree li/5$ pati5tly1 & n )\t te>s4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! blackbird 0 tak5 9 a net & b\ghs 7 cut to make a cage1 9 :i* to imprison h]4 ,bran*es 7 cut1 among o!rs f ! pliant privet1 to s]ve = ! small rods ( ! cage2 & see+ h]self to be ! cause ( ! ,blackbird's loss ( lib]ty x rejoic$ & spoke z foll[s3 ,o ,blackbird1 ,i am "h1 & n yet burnt by fire z y said4 ,i %all see y 9 prison be=e y see me burnt4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! laurel & ! myrtle see+ ! pe> tree cut d[n cri$ out ) a l\d voice3 ,o pe>-tree6 :i!r are y go+8 ,:]e is ! pride y _h :5 y 7 cov]$ ) ripe fruits8 ,n[ y w no long] %ade u ) y\r mass ( leaves4 ,!n ! pe>-tree repli$3 ,i am go+ ) ! husb&man :o has cut me d[n & :o w take me to ! work%op ( a good sculptor :o by 8 art w make me take ! =m ( ,jove ! god2 & ,i %all be d$icat$ 9 a temple & ador$ by m5 9 ! place ( ,jove1 :ile y are b\nd always to rema9 maim$ & /ripp$ ( y\r b\ghs1 :i* w be plac$ r\nd me to d me hon\r4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! *esnut1 see+ a man ^u ! fig-tree1 b5d+ its b\ghs d[n & pull+ (f ! ripe fruits1 :i* he put into 8 op5 m\? de/roy+ & cru%+ !m ) 8 h>d tee?1 x toss$ its long b\ghs & ) a noisy ru/le exclaim$3 ,o fig6 h[ mu* less are y protect$ by nature ?an ,i4 ,see h[ 9 me my sweet (fspr+ are set 9 close array2 fir/ clo!d 9 s(t wrapp]s ov] :i* is ! h>d b s(tly l9$ husk2 & n cont5t ) tak+ ?is c>e ( me1 & hav+ giv5 !m s /rong a %elt]1 on ?is %e has plac$ %>p & close-set sp9es s t ! h& ( man _c hurt me4 ,!n ! fig-tree & h] (fspr+ began to laugh & hav+ laugh$ %e said3 ,i "k man to be ( su* +5uity t ) rods & /ones & /akes flung up among y\r bran*es he w b]eave y ( y\r fruits2 & :5 !y are fall51 he w trample !m ) 8 feet or ) /ones1 s t y\r (fspr+ w come out ( _! arm\r1 cru%$ & maim$2 :ile ,i am t\*$ c>efully by _! h&s1 & n l y ) /icks & /ones4 #abgi4 ,! hapless will[1 f9d+ t %e c\ld n enjoy ! pleasure ( see+ h] sl5d] bran*es gr[ or atta9 to ! height %e wi%$1 or po9t to ! sky1 by reason ( ! v9e & :atev] o!r trees t grew ne>1 b 0 always maim$ & lopp$ & spoil$1 br\ght all h] spirits toge!r & gave & devot$ itself entirely to imag9ation1 /&+ plung$ 9 long m$itation & seek+1 9 all ! _w ( plants1 ) :i* ( !m %e might ally h]self & :i* c\ld n ne$ ! help ( h] )es4 ,hav+ /ood = "s "t 9 ?is prolific imag9ation1 ) a sudd5 fla% ! g\rd pres5t$ itself to h] ?\ghts & toss+ all h] bran*es ) extreme delight1 x seem$ to h] t %e _h f\nd ! companion suit$ to h] purpose1 because ! g\rd is m apt to b9d o!rs ?an to ne$ b9d+2 hav+ come to ?is conclusion %e await$ eag]ly "s fri5dly bird :o %\ld be ! m$iator ( h] wi%es4 ,pres5tly see+ ne> h] ! magpie %e said to him3 ,o g5tle bird6 by ! memory ( ! refuge :i* y f\nd ?is morn+ among my bran*es1 :5 ! hungry cruel1 & rapaci\s falcon want$ to dev\r y1 & by t repose :i* y h always f\nd 9 me :5 y\r w+s crav$ re/1 & by ! pleasure y h enjoy$ among my b\ghs1 :5 play+ ) y\r companions or mak+ love--,i entreat y f9d ! g\rd & obta9 f h] "s ( h] se$s1 & tell h] t ^? t are born ( !m ,i w treat exactly z ?\gh !y 7 my own fle% & blood2 & 9 ?is way use all ! words y c ?9k (1 :i* are ( ! same p]suasive purport2 ?\gh1 inde$1 s9ce y are a ma/] ( language1 ,i ne$ n tea* y4 ,& if y w d me ?is s]vice ,i %all be happy to h y\r ne/ 9 ! =k ( my b\ghs1 & all y\r family )\t paym5t ( any r5t4 ,!n ! magpie1 hav+ made & confirm$ c]ta9 new /ipulations ) ! will[1--& pr9cipally t %e %\ld nev] admit ^u h] any snake or polecat1 cock$ 8 tail1 & put d[n 8 head1 & flung himself f ! b\gh1 ?r[+ 8 weight ^u 8 w+s2 & ^!1 beat+ ! fleet+ air1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 be>+ ab\t inquisitively1 :ile 8 tail s]v$ z a rudd] to /e] him1 he came to a g\rd2 !n ) a h&some b[ & a few polite words1 he obta9$ ! requir$ se$s1 & c>ri$ !m to ! will[1 :o receiv$ him ) a *e]ful face4 ,& :5 he _h scrap$ away ) 8 foot a small quantity ( ! e>? ne> ! will[1 describ+ a circle1 ) 8 beak he plant$ ! gra9s1 :i* 9 a %ort "t began to gr[1 & by _! gr[? & ! bran*es to take up all ! b\ghs ( ! will[1 :ile _! broad leaves depriv$ x ( ! beauty ( ! sun & sky4 ,& n cont5t ) s mu* evil1 ! g\rds next began1 by _! rude hold1 to drag ! ends ( ! t5d] %oots d[n t[>ds ! e>?1 ) /range twi/+ & di/ortion4 ,!n1 be+ mu* annoy$1 x %ook itself 9 va9 to ?r[ (f ! g\rd4 ,aft] rav+ = "s days 9 su* plans va9ly1 because ! firm union =bade x1 see+ ! w9d come by x comm5d$ itself to him4 ,! w9d flew h>d & op5$ ! old & holl[ /em ( ! will[ 9 two d[n to ! roots1 s t x fell into two p>ts4 ,9 va9 did x bewail itself recognis+ t x 0 born to no good end4 ,,iii4 ,,je/s ,,& ,,tales4 #abhj4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a prie/1 mak+ ! r\nds ( 8 p>i% on ,ea/] ,eve1 & spr9kl+ holy wat] 9 ! h\ses z is cu/om>y1 came to a pa9t]'s room1 :]e he spr9kl$ ! wat] on "s ( 8 pictures4 ,! pa9t] turn$ r\nd1 some:at ang]$1 & ask$ him :y ?is spr9kl+ _h be5 be/[$ on 8 pictures2 !n said ! prie/1 t x 0 ! cu/om & 8 duty to d s1 & t he 0 do+ good2 & t he :o did good might look = good 9 return1 &1 inde$1 = bett]1 s9ce ,god _h promis$ t e good de$ t 0 done on e>? %\ld be rew>d$ a hundr$-fold f above4 ,!n ! pa9t]1 wait+ till he w5t out1 w5t to an upp] w9d[ & flung a l>ge pail ( wat] on ! prie/'s back1 say+3 ,"h is ! rew>d a hundr$-fold f above1 :i* y said w\ld come f ! good y _h done me ) y\r holy wat]1 by :i* y h damag$ my pictures4 #abha4 ,:5 w9e is drunk by a drunk>d1 t w9e is rev5g$ on ! dr9k]4 #abhb4 ,w9e1 ! div9e juice ( ! grape1 f9d+ itself 9 a gold5 & ri*ly wr\ght cup1 on ! table ( ,mahomet1 0 puff$ up ) pride at s mu* hon\r2 :5 sudd5ly x 0 /ruck by a contr>y reflection1 say+ to itself3 ,:at am ,i ab\t1 t ,i %\ld rejoice1 & n p]ceive t ,i am n[ ne> to my dea? & %all leave my gold5 abode 9 ?is cup to ent] into ! f\l & fetid cav]ns ( ! human body1 & to be transmut$ f a fragrant & delici\s liquor into a f\l & base "o4 ,nay1 & z ?\gh s mu* evil z ?is 7 n en\gh1 ,i mu/ = a long "t lie 9 hide\s receptacles1 toge!r ) o!r fetid & corrupt matt]1 ca/ out f human inte/9es4 ,& x cri$ to ,heav51 implor+ v5geance = s mu* insult1 & t an end might h5ce=? be put to su* contempt2 & t1 s9ce t c\ntry produc$ ! f9e/ & be/ grapes 9 ! :ole _w1 at lea/ !y %\ld n be turn$ into w9e4 ,!n ,jove made t w9e drunk by ,mahomet to rise 9 _s to 8 bra92 & t 9 s delet]i\s a mann] t x made him mad1 & gave bir? to s _m follies t :5 he _h recov]$ himself1 he made a law t no ,asiatic %\ld dr9k w9e1 & h5ce=? ! v9e & its fruit 7 left free4 ,z soon z w9e has ent]$ ! /oma* x beg9s to f]m5t & swell2 !n ! _s ( t man beg9s to ab&on 8 body1 ris+ z x 7 skyw>ds1 & ! bra9 f9ds itself p>t+ f ! body4 ,!n x beg9s to degrade him1 & make him rave l a madman1 & !n he does irrep>able evil1 kill+ 8 fri5ds4 #abhc4 ,an artizan (t5 go+ to visit a great g5tleman )\t any def9ite purpose1 ! g5tleman ask$ him :at he did ?is =4 ,! o!r said t he came !re to h a pleasure :i* 8 lord%ip c\ld n h2 s9ce to him x 0 a satisfaction to see m5 great] ?an himself1 z is ! way ) ! populace2 :ile ! g5tleman c\ld only see m5 ( less consequ5ce ?an himself2 & s lords & great m5 7 depriv$ ( t pleasure4 #abhd4 ,franciscan begg+ ,fri>s are wont1 at c]ta9 times1 to keep fa/s1 :5 !y d n eat meat 9 _! conv5ts4 ,b on j\rneys1 z !y live on *>ity1 !y h lic5se to eat :atev] is set be=e !m4 ,n[ a c\ple ( ^! fri>s on _! travels1 /opp$ at an inn1 9 company ) a c]ta9 m]*ant1 & sat d[n ) him at ! same table1 :]e1 f ! pov]ty ( ! inn1 no?+ 0 s]v$ to !m b a small roa/ *ick54 ,! m]*ant1 see+ ?is to be b little ev5 = himself1 turn$ to ! fri>s & said3 ,if my memory s]ves me1 y d n eat any k9d ( fle% 9 y\r conv5ts at ?is season4 ,at ^! words ! fri>s 7 compell$ by _! rule to admit1 )\t cavil1 t ?is 0 ! tru?2 s ! m]*ant _h 8 wi%1 & eat ! *ick5 & ! fri>s did ! be/ !y c\ld4 ,aft] d9n] ! messmates dep>t$1 all ?ree toge!r1 & aft] travell+ "s di/ance !y came to a riv] ( "s wid? & dep?4 ,all ?ree be+ on foot--! fri>s by reason ( _! pov]ty1 & ! o!r f av>ice--x 0 necess>y by ! cu/om ( company t "o ( ! fri>s1 be+ b>efoot1 %\ld c>ry ! m]*ant on 8 %\ld]s3 s hav+ giv5 8 wood5 %oes into 8 keep+1 he took up 8 man4 ,b x s happ5$ t :5 ! fri> _h got to ! middle ( ! riv]1 he aga9 rememb]$ a rule ( 8 ord]1 & /opp+ %ort1 he look$ up1 l ,sa9t ,*ri/oph]1 to ! burd5 on 8 back & said3 ,tell me1 h y any money ab\t y8--,y "k ,i h1 answ]$ ! o!r1 ,h[ d y suppose t a ,m]*ant l me %\ld g ab\t o!rwise8 ,alack6 cri$ ! fri>1 our rules =bid z to c>ry any money on our p]sons1 & =?) he dropp$ him into ! wat]1 :i* ! m]*ant p]ceiv$ 0 a faceti\s way ( be+ rev5g$ on ! indignity he _h done !m2 s1 ) a smil+ face1 & blu%+ some:at ) %ame1 he peaceably endur$ ! rev5ge4 #abhe4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a man wi%+ to prove1 by ! au?ority ( ,py?agoras1 t he _h =m]ly be5 9 ! _w1 :ile ano!r w\ld n let him f9i% 8 argum5t1 ! fir/ speak] said to ! second3 ,x is by ?is tok5 t ,i 0 =m]ly "h1 ,i rememb] t y 7 a mill]4 ,! o!r "o1 feel+ himself /ung by ^! words1 agre$ t x 0 true1 & t by ! same tok5 he rememb]$ t ! speak] _h be5 ! ass t c>ri$ ! fl\r4 ,a ,,je/4 ,x 0 ask$ ( a pa9t] :y1 s9ce he made su* beautiful figures1 :i* 7 b dead ?+s1 8 *ildr5 7 s ugly2 to :i* ! pa9t] repli$ t he made 8 pictures by day1 & 8 *ildr5 by night4 #abhf4 ,a man saw a l>ge sword :i* ano!r "o wore at 8 side4 ,said he ,poor fell[1 = a long "t ,i h se5 y ti$ to t weapon2 :y d y n release y\rself z y\r h&s are unti$1 & set y\rself free8 ,to :i* ! o!r repli$3 ,?is is none ( y\rs1 on ! contr>y x is an old /ory4 ,! =m] speak]1 feel+ /ung1 repli$3 ,i "k t y are acqua9t$ ) s few ?+s 9 ?is _w1 t ,i ?\ght any?+ ,i c\ld tell y w\ld be new to y4 #abhg4 ,a man gave up 8 intimacy ) "o ( 8 fri5ds because he (t5 spoke ill ( 8 o!r fri5ds4 ,! neglect$ fri5d "o day lam5t+ to ?is =m] fri5d1 aft] mu* compla9+1 entreat$ him to say :at might be ! cause t _h made him =get s mu* fri5d%ip4 ,to :i* he answ]$3 ,i w no long] be intimate ) y because ,i love y1 & ,i d n *oose t y1 by speak+ ill ( me1 y\r fri5d1 to o!rs1 %\ld produce 9 o!rs1 z 9 me1 a bad impression ( y\rself1 by speak+ evil to !m ( me1 y\r fri5d4 ,!re=e1 be+ no long] intimate toge!r1 x w seem z ?\gh we _h become enemies2 & 9 speak+ evil ( me1 z is y\r wont1 y w n be blam$ s mu* z if we cont9u$ intimate4 #abhh4 ,a man 0 argu+ & boa/+ t he knew _m & v>i\s tricks4 ,ano!r among ! by/&]s said3 ,i "k h[ to play a trick :i* w make :omsoev] ,i l pull (f 8 bree*es4 ,! fir/ man-- ! boa/]--said3 ,y won't make me pull (f m9e1 & ,i bet y a pair ( hose on x4 ,he :o propos$ ! game1 hav+ accept$ ! (f]1 produc$ bree*es & drew !m across ! face ( him :o bet ! pair ( hose & won ! bet #d4 ,a man said to an acqua9tance3 ,y\r eyes are *ang$ to a /range col\r4 ,! o!r repli$3 ,x (t5 happ5s1 b y h n notic$ x4 ,:5 does x happ58 said ! =m]4 ,e "t t my eyes see y\r ugly face1 f ! %ock ( s unpleas+ a sight !y sudd5ly turn pale & *ange to a /range col\r4 ,a man said to ano!r3 ,y\r eyes are *ang$ to a /range col\r4 ,! o!r repli$3 ,x is because my eyes behold y\r /range ugly face4 ,a man said t 9 8 c\ntry 7 ! /range/ ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,ano!r answ]$3 ,y1 :o 7 born !re1 confirm ?is z true1 by ! /rang5ess ( y\r ugly face4 ,footnote3 ,! joke turns1 x appe>s1 on two mean+s ( tr>re & is n easily translat$4 #abhi4 ,an old man 0 publicly ca/+ contempt on a "y "o1 & boldly %[+ t he did n fe> him2 on :i* ! "y man repli$ t 8 advanc$ age s]v$ him bett] z a %ield ?an ei!r 8 tongue or 8 /r5g?4 #abij4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a sick man f9d+ himself 9 articulo mortis he>d a knock at ! door1 & ask+ "o ( 8 s]vants :o 0 knock+1 ! s]vant w5t out1 & answ]$ t x 0 a woman call+ h]self ,madonna ,bona4 ,!n ! sick man lift+ 8 arms to ,heav5 ?ank$ ,god ) a l\d voice1 & told ! s]vants t !y 7 to let h] come 9 at once1 s t he might see "o good woman be=e he di$1 s9ce 9 all 8 life he _h nev] yet se5 "o4 #abia4 ,a ,,je/4 ,a man 0 desir$ to rise f b$1 because ! sun 0 already ris54 ,to :i* he repli$3 ,if ,i _h z f> to g1 & z mu* to d z he has1 ,i %\ld be ris5 by n[2 b hav+ b a little way to g1 ,i %all n rise yet4 #abib4 ,a man1 see+ a woman ready to hold up ! t>get = a j\/+ mat*1 exclaim$1 look+ at ! %ield1 & consid]+ 8 spe>3 ,alack6 ?is is too small a workman = s great a bus9ess4 ,,iv4 ,,prophecies4 #abic4 ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,prophecies4 ,fir/1 ( ?+s relat+ to animals2 secondly1 ( irrational creatures2 ?irdly ( plants2 f\r?ly1 ( c]emonies2 fif?ly1 ( mann]s2 six?ly1 ( cases or edicts or qu>rels2 sev5?ly1 ( cases t are impossible 9 nature p>adoxes1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ^? ?+s :i*1 ! m is tak5 f !m1 ! m !y gr[4 ,& res]ve ! great matt]s till ! end1 & ! small matt]s give at ! beg9n+4 ,& fir/ %[ ! evils & !n ! puni%m5t ( philosophical ?+s4 7,( ,ants47 ,^! creatures w =m _m communities1 :i* w hide !mselves & _! "y ones & victuals 9 d>k cav]ns1 & !y w fe$ !mselves & _! families 9 d>k places = _m mon?s )\t any light1 artificial or natural4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a--el are 9 ! orig9al writt5 9 "o column1 beg9n+ ) ! text ( l9e #aa4 ,at ! end ( ! column is ! programme = ! arrangem5t ( ! prophecies1 plac$ "h at ! head3 ,l9es #ef--gi =m a second column1 l9es #hj--ig a ?ird "o 7see ! reproduction ( ! text on ! facsimile ,,pi4 ,,cxviii74 ,ano!r sugge/ion = ! arrangem5t ( ! prophecies is to be f\nd among ! notes #ee--eg on page #ceg4 7,( ,bees47 ,& _m o!rs w be depriv$ ( _! /ore & _! food1 & w be cruelly subm]g$ & dr[n$ by folks devoid ( reason4 ,oh ,ju/ice ( ,god6 ,:y do/ ?\ n wake & behold ?y creatures ?us ill us$8 7,( ,%eep1 ,c[s1 ,goats & ! l47 ,endless multitudes ( ^! w h _! little *ildr5 tak5 f !m ripp$ op5 & flay$ & mo/ b>b>\sly qu>t]$4 7,( ,nuts1 & ,olives1 & ,acorns1 & ,*esnuts1 & su* l47 ,_m (fspr+ %all be snat*$ by cruel ?ra%+ f ! v arms ( _! mo!rs1 & flung on ! gr\nd1 & cru%$4 7,( ,*ildr5 b\nd 9 ,bundles47 ,o cities ( ! ,sea6 ,9 y ,i see y\r citiz5s--bo? females & males--tightly b\nd1 arms & legs1 ) /rong )es by folks :o w n und]/& y\r language4 ,& y w only be able to assuage y\r sorr[s & lo/ lib]ty by means ( te>ful compla9ts & sigh+ & lam5tation among y\rselves2 = ^? :o w b9d y w n und]/& y1 nor w y und]/& !m4 7,( ,cats t eat ,rats47 ,9 y1 ,o cities ( ,africa y\r *ildr5 w be se5 qu>t]$ 9 _! own h\ses by mo/ cruel & rapaci\s bea/s ( y\r own c\ntry4 7,( ,asses t are beat547 ,footnote #dh3 ,comp>e ,no4 #hde4 ,o ,nature6 ,:]e=e art ?\ s p>tial2 be+ to "s ( ?y *ildr5 a t5d] & b5ign "m1 & to o!rs a mo/ cruel & pitiless /epmo!r8 ,i see *ildr5 ( ?9e giv5 up to slav]y to o!rs1 )\t any sort ( advantage1 & in/ead ( remun]ation = ! good !y d1 !y are paid ) ! sev]e/ suff]+1 & sp5d _! :ole life 9 b5efitt+ ^? :o ill treat !m4 7,( ,m5 :o sleep on bo>ds ( ,trees47 ,m5 %all sleep1 & eat1 & dwell among trees1 9 ! =e/s & op5 c\ntry4 7,( ,dream+47 ,m5 w seem to see new de/ructions 9 ! sky4 ,! flames t fall f x w seem to rise 9 x & to fly f x ) t]ror4 ,!y w he> e k9d ( animals speak 9 human language4 ,!y w in/antane\sly run 9 p]son 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 )\t motion4 ,!y w see ! greate/ spl5d\r 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness4 ,o6 m>vel ( ! human race6 ,:at madness has l$ y ?us6 ,y w speak ) animals ( e species & !y ) y 9 human spee*4 ,y w see y\rself fall f great heights )\t any h>m & torr5ts w accompany y1 & w m+le ) _! rapid c\rse4 7,( ,*ri/ians47 ,_m :o hold ! fai? ( ! ,son only build temples 9 ! "n ( ! ,"m4 7,( ,food :i* has be5 alive47 #hd ,a great portion ( bodies t h be5 alive w pass into ! bodies ( o!r animals2 :i* is z mu* z to say1 t ! des]t$ t5em5ts w pass piecemeal into ! inhabit$ ones1 furni%+ !m ) good ?+s1 & c>ry+ ) !m _! evils4 ,t is to say ! life ( man is =m$ f ?+s eat51 & ^! c>ry ) !m t "p ( man :i* dies 4 4 4 #abid4 7,( ,fun]al ,rites1 & ,processions1 & ,lights1 & ,bells1 & ,foll[]s47 ,! greate/ hon\rs w be paid to m51 & mu* pomp1 )\t _! k4 ,footnote3 ,a facsimile ( ?is text is on ,,pi4 ,,cxvi bel[ on ! "r1 b ! writ+ is l>g] ?an ! o!r notes on ! same %eet & ( a some:at diff]5t /yle4 ,! ink is also ( a diff]5t hue1 z may be se5 on ! orig9al %eet at ,milan4 #abie4 7,( ! ,av>ici\s47 ,!re w be _m :o w eag]ly & ) great c>e & solicitude foll[ up a ?+1 :i*1 if !y only knew its malignity1 w\ld always t]rify !m4 7,( ^? m51 :o1 ! old] !y gr[1 ! m av>ici\s !y become1 :]eas1 hav+ b little "t to /ay1 !y %\ld become m lib]al47 ,we see ^? :o are reg>d$ z be+ mo/ exp]i5c$ & judici\s1 :5 !y lea/ ne$ a ?+1 seek & *]i% x ) mo/ avidity4 7,( ! ,dit*47 ,_m w be busi$ 9 tak+ away f a ?+1 :i* w gr[ 9 proportion z x is dim9i%$4 7,( a ,weight plac$ on a ,fea!r-pill[47 ,& x w be se5 9 _m bodies t by rais+ ! head !y swell visibly2 & by lay+ ! rais$ head d[n aga91 _! size w imm$iately be dim9i%$4 7,( cat*+ ,lice47 ,& _m w be hunt]s ( animals1 :i*1 ! few] !re are ! m w be tak52 & conv]sely1 ! m !re are1 ! few] w be tak54 7,( ,draw+ ,wat] 9 two ,buckets ) a s+le ,rope47 ,& _m w be busily occupi$1 ?\gh ! m ( ! ?+ !y draw up1 ! m w escape at ! o!r end4 7,( ! ,tongues ( ,pigs & ,calves 9 ,sausage-sk9s47 ,oh6 h[ f\l a ?+1 t we %\ld see ! tongue ( "o animal 9 ! guts ( ano!r4 7,( ,sieves made ( ! ,hair ( ,animals47 ,we %all see ! food ( animals pass ?r\gh _! sk9 ev]yway except+ ?r\gh _! m\?s1 & p5etrate f ! outside d[nw>ds to ! gr\nd4 7,( ,lant]ns47 ,footnote #ce3 ,lant]ns 7 9 ,italy =m]ly made ( horn4 ,! cruel horns ( p[]ful bulls w scre5 ! lights ( night aga9/ ! wild fury ( ! w9ds4 7,( ,fea!r-b$s47 ,fly+ creatures w give _! v fea!rs to support m54 7,( ,animals :i* walk on ,trees--we>+ wood5 ,%oes47 ,! mire w be s great t m5 w walk on ! trees ( _! c\ntry4 7,( ! ,soles ( ,%oes1 :i* are made f ! ,ox47 ,& 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry m5 w be se5 walk+ on ! sk9s ( l>ge bea/s4 7,( ,sail+ 9 ,%ips47 ,!re w be great w9ds by reason ( :i* ?+s ( ! ,ea/ w become ?+s ( ! ,we/2 & ^? ( ! ,s\?1 be+ involv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! w9ds1 w foll[ !m to di/ant l&s4 7,( ,wor%ipp+ ! ,pictures ( ,sa9ts47 ,m5 w speak to m5 :o he> n2 hav+ _! eyes op51 !y w n see2 !y w speak to ^!1 & !y w n be answ]$4 ,!y w implore fav\rs ( ^? :o h e>s & he> n2 !y w make light = ! bl9d4 7,( ,sawy]s47 ,!re w be _m m5 :o w move "o aga9/ ano!r1 hold+ 9 _! h&s a cutt+ tool4 ,b ^! w n d ea* o!r any injury beyond tir+ ea* o!r2 =1 :5 "o pu%es =w>d ! o!r w draw back4 ,b woe to him :o comes betwe5 !m6 ,= he w end by be+ cut 9 pieces4 7,( ,silk-sp9n+47 ,dismal cries w be he>d l\d1 %riek+ ) angui%1 & ! ho>se & smo!r$ tones ( ^? :o w be despoil$1 & at la/ left nak$ & motionless2 & ?is by reason ( ! mov]1 :i* makes e ?+ turn r\nd4 7,( putt+ ,bread into ! ,m\? ( ! ,ov5 & tak+ x out aga947 ,9 e city1 l&1 ca/le & h\se1 m5 %all be se51 :o = want ( food w take x out ( ! m\?s ( o!rs1 :o w n be able to resi/ 9 any way4 7,( till$ ,l&47 ,! ,e>? w be se5 turn$ up side d[n & fac+ ! opposite hemisph]es1 uncov]+ ! lurk+ holes ( ! fi]ce/ animals4 7,( ,s[+ ,se$47 ,!n _m ( ! m5 :o w rema9 alive1 w ?r[ ! victuals !y h pres]v$ out ( _! h\ses1 a free prey to ! birds & bea/s ( ! e>?1 )\t tak+ any c>e ( !m at all4 7,( ! ,ra9s1 :i*1 by mak+ ! ,riv]s muddy1 wa% away ! ,l&47 ,footnote #ha3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ide4 ,some?+ w fall f ! sky :i* w transport a l>ge "p ( ,africa :i* lies "u t sky t[>ds ,europe1 & t ( ,europe t[>ds ,africa1 & t ( ! ,scy?ian c\ntries w meet ) trem5d\s revolutions ,footnote #hd3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ide44 7,( ,wood t burns47 ,! trees & %rubs 9 ! great =e/s w be conv]t$ into c9d]4 7,( ,kilns = ,bricks & ,lime47 ,f9ally ! e>? w turn r$ f a conflagration ( _m days & ! /ones w be turn$ to c9d]s4 7,( boil$ ,fi%47 ,! natives ( ! wat]s w die 9 ! boil+ flood4 7,( ! ,olives :i* fall f ! ,olive trees1 %$d+ oil :i* makes light47 ,& ?+s w fall ) great =ce f above1 :i* w give u n\ri%m5t & light4 7,( ,owls & scree* owls & :at w happ5 to c]ta9 birds47 ,_m w p]i% ( da%+ _! heads 9 pieces1 & ! eyes ( _m w jump out ( _! heads by reason ( fe>ful creatures come out ( ! d>kness4 7,( flax :i* works ! cure ( m547 ,t :i* 0 at fir/ b\nd1 ca/ out & r5t by _m & v>i\s beat]s w be respect$ & hon\r$1 & its precepts w be li/5$ to ) rev]5ce & love4 7,( ,books :i* tea* ,precepts47 ,bodies )\t s\ls w1 by _! cont5ts give u precepts by :i* to die well4 7,( ,flagellants47 ,m5 w hide !mselves "u ! b>k ( trees1 &1 scream+1 !y w make !mselves m>tyrs1 by /rik+ _! own limbs4 7,( ! ,h&les ( ,knives made ( ! ,horns ( ,%eep47 ,we %all see ! horns ( c]ta9 bea/s fitt$ to iron tools1 :i* w take ! lives ( _m ( _! k9d4 7,( ,night :5 no ,col\r c be disc]n$47 ,!re w come a "t :5 no diff]5ce c be disc]n$ betwe5 col\rs1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ w be black alike4 7,( ,swords & ,spe>s :i* by !mselves nev] hurt any "o47 ,"o :o by himself is mild en\gh & void ( all (f5ce w become t]rible & fi]ce by be+ 9 bad company1 & w mo/ cruelly take ! life ( _m m51 & w\ld kill _m m if !y 7 n h9d]$ by bodies hav+ no s\l1 t h come out ( cav]ns--t is1 brea/plates ( iron4 7,( ,sn>es & ,traps47 ,_m dead ?+s w move furi\sly1 & w take & b9d ! liv+1 & w ensn>e !m = ! enemies :o seek _! dea? & de/ruction4 7,( ,metals47 ,t %all be br\ght =? out ( d>k & obscure caves1 :i* w put ! :ole human race 9 great anxiety1 p]il & dea?4 ,to _m t seek !m1 aft] _m sorr[s !y w give delight1 & to ^? :o are n 9 _! company1 dea? ) want & mis=tune4 ,?is w lead to ! commission ( endless crimes2 ?is w increase & p]suade bad m5 to assass9ations1 robb]ies & trea*]y1 & by reason ( x ea* w be suspici\s ( 8 p>tn]4 ,?is w deprive free cities ( _! happy condition2 ?is w take away ! lives ( _m2 ?is w make m5 torm5t ea* o!r ) _m artifices deceptions & treasons4 ,o mon/r\s creature6 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be = m5 t e ?+ %\ld return to ,hell6 ,= ?is ! va/ =e/s w be deva/at$ ( _! trees2 = ?is endless animals w lose _! lives4 7,( ,fire47 ,"o %all be born f small beg9n+s :i* w rapidly become va/4 ,?is w respect no creat$ ?+1 r w x1 by its p[]1 trans=m almo/ e ?+ f its own nature into ano!r4 7,( ,%ips :i* s9k47 ,huge bodies w be se51 devoid ( life1 c>ry+1 9 fi]ce ha/e1 a multitude ( m5 to ! de/ruction ( _! lives4 7,( ,ox51 :i* are eat547 ,! ma/]s ( e/ates w eat _! own lab\r]s4 7,( beat+ ,b$s to r5ew !m47 ,m5 w be se5 s deeply ungrateful t !y w turn ^u t :i* has h>b\r$ !m1 = no?+ at all2 !y w s load x ) bl[s t a great "p ( its inside w come out ( its place1 & w be turn$ ov] & ov] 9 its body4 7,( ,?+s :i* are eat5 & :i* fir/ are kill$47 ,^? :o n\ri% !m w be kill$ by !m & afflict$ by m]ciless dea?s4 7,( ! ,reflection ( ,walls ( ,cities 9 ! ,wat] ( _! ,dit*es47 ,! high walls ( great cities w be se5 up side d[n 9 _! dit*es4 7,( ,wat]1 :i* fl[s turbid & mix$ ) ,soil & ,du/2 & ( ,mi/1 :i* is mix$ ) ! ,air2 & ( ,fire :i* is mix$ ) its own1 & ea* ) ea*47 ,all ! elem5ts w be se5 mix$ toge!r 9 a great :irl+ mass1 n[ borne t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! _w1 n[ t[>ds ! sky2 & n[ furi\sly ru%+ f ! ,s\? t[>ds ! froz5 ,nor?1 & sometimes f ! ,ea/ t[>ds ! ,we/1 & !n aga9 f ?is hemisph]e to ! o!r4 7,! ,_w may be divid$ into two ,hemisph]es at any ,po9t47 ,all m5 w sudd5ly be transf]r$ into opposite hemisph]es4 7,! division ( ! ,ea/ f ! ,we/ may be made at any po9t47 ,all liv+ creatures w be mov$ f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/2 & 9 ! same way f ,nor? to ,s\?1 & vice v]sa4 7,( ! ,motion ( ,wat] :i* c>ries wood1 :i* is dead47 ,bodies devoid ( life w move by !mselves & c>ry ) !m endless g5]ations ( ! dead1 tak+ ! weal? f ! by/&]s4 7,( ,eggs :i* be+ eat5 _c =m ,*ick5s47 ,oh6 h[ _m w !y be t nev] come to ! bir?6 7,( ,fi%es :i* are eat5 unborn47 ,endless g5]ations w be lo/ by ! dea? ( ! pregnant4 7,( ! ,lam5tation on ,good ,friday47 ,?r\gh\t ,europe !re w be a lam5tation ( great nations ov] ! dea? ( "o man :o di$ 9 ! ,ea/4 7,( ,dream+47 ,m5 w walk & n /ir1 !y w talk to ^? :o are n pres5t1 & he> ^? :o d n speak4 7,( a ,man's ,%ad[ :i* moves ) him47 ,%apes & figures ( m5 & animals w be se5 foll[+ ^! animals & m5 :]ev] !y flee4 ,& exactly z ! "o moves ! o!r moves2 b :at seems s wond]ful is ! v>iety ( height !y assume4 7,( our ,%ad[ ca/ by ! ,sun1 & our ,reflection 9 ! ,wat] at "o & ! same "t47 ,_m a "t w "o man be se5 z ?ree & all ?ree move toge!r1 & (t5 ! mo/ real "o quits him4 7,( wood5 ,*e/s :i* conta9 great ,treasures47 ,)9 walnuts & trees & o!r plants va/ treasures w be f\nd1 :i* lie hidd5 !re & well gu>d$4 7,( putt+ out ! ,light :5 go+ to ,b$47 ,_m p]sons puff+ out a brea? ) too mu* ha/e1 w !reby lose _! sight1 & soon aft] all consci\sness4 7,( ! ,bells ( ,mules1 :i* are close to _! ,e>s47 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,europe in/rum5ts ( v>i\s sizes w be he>d mak+ div]s h>monies1 ) great lab\r to ^? :o he> !m mo/ closely4 7,( ,asses47 ,! sev]e/ lab\r w be repaid ) hung] & ?ir/1 & discom=t1 & bl[s1 & goad+s1 & curses1 & great abuse4 7,( ,soldi]s on horseback47 ,_m m5 w be se5 c>ri$ by l>ge animals1 swift ( pace1 to ! loss ( _! lives & imm$iate dea?4 ,9 ! air & on e>? animals w be se5 ( div]s col\rs furi\sly c>ry+ m5 to ! de/ruction ( _! lives4 7,( ! ,/>s ( ,spurs47 ,by ! aid ( ! />s m5 w be se5 :o w be z swift z any swift animal4 7,( a ,/ick1 :i* is dead47 ,! motions ( a dead ?+ w make _m liv+ ones flee ) pa9 & lam5tation & cries4 7,( ,t9d]47 ,) a /one & ) iron ?+s w be made visible :i* be=e 7 n se54 #abif4 7,( go+ 9 ,%ips47 ,we %all see ! trees ( ! great =e/s ( ,taurus & ( ,s9ai & ( ! ,app59es & o!rs1 ru% by means ( ! air1 f ,ea/ to ,we/ & f ,nor? to ,s\?2 & c>ry1 by means ( ! air1 great multitudes ( m54 ,oh6 h[ _m v[s6 ,oh6 h[ _m dea?s6 ,oh6 h[ _m p>t+s ( fri5ds & relations6 ,oh6 h[ _m w ^? be :o w nev] aga9 see _! own c\ntry nor _! native l&1 & :o w die unburi$1 ) _! bones /rewn 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w6 7,( mov+ on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day47 ,_m w =sake _! own dwell+s & c>ry ) !m all _! belong+s & w g to live 9 o!r p>ts4 7,( ,all ,s\ls' ,day47 ,h[ _m w !y be :o w bewail _! deceas$ =efa!rs1 c>ry+ lights to !m4 7,( ,fri>s1 :o sp5d+ no?+ b words1 receive great gifts & be/[ ,p>adise47 ,invisible money w procure ! triumph ( _m :o w sp5d x4 7,( ,b[s made ( ! ,horns ( ,ox547 ,_m w !re be :o w die a pa9ful dea? by means ( ! horns ( cattle4 7,( writ+ ,lett]s f "o ,c\ntry to ano!r47 ,m5 w speak ) ea* o!r f ! mo/ remote c\ntries1 & reply4 7,( ,hemisph]es1 :i* are inf9ite2 & :i* are divid$ by an inf9ite numb] ( ,l9es1 s t e ,man always has "o ( ^! ,l9es betwe5 8 ,feet47 ,m5 /&+ 9 opposite hemisph]es w conv]se & d]ide ea* o!r & embrace ea* o!r1 & und]/& ea* o!r's language4 7,( ,prie/s :o say ,mass47 ,!re w be _m m5 :o1 :5 !y g to _! lab\r w put on ! ri*e/ clo!s1 & ^! w be made aft] ! fa%ion ( aprons petticoats4 7,( ,fri>s :o are ,confessors47 ,& unhappy wom5 w1 ( _! own free w1 reveal to m5 all _! s9s & %ameful & mo/ secret de$s4 7,( ,*ur*es & ! ,habitations ( ,fri>s47 ,_m w !re be :o w give up "w & lab\r & pov]ty ( life & goods1 & w g to live among weal? 9 spl5did build+s1 decl>+ t ?is is ! way to make !mselves acceptable to ,god4 7,( ,sell+ ,p>adise47 ,an inf9ite numb] ( m5 w sell publicly & unh9d]$ ?+s ( ! v highe/ price1 )\t leave f ! ,ma/] ( x2 :ile x nev] 0 !irs nor 9 _! p[]2 & human ju/ice w n prev5t x4 7,( ! ,dead :i* are c>ri$ to be buri$47 ,! simple folks w c>ry va/ quantities ( lights to light up ! road = ^? :o h entirely lo/ ! p[] ( sight4 7,( ,d[ries = ,maid5s47 ,& :]eas1 at fir/1 maid5s c\ld n be protect$ aga9/ ! viol5ce ( ,m51 nei!r by ! wat*fulness ( p>5ts nor by /rong walls1 ! "t w come :5 ! fa!rs & p>5ts ( ^? girls w pay a l>ge price to a man :o wants to m>ry !m1 ev5 if !y are ri*1 noble & mo/ h&some4 ,c]ta9ly ?is seems z ?\gh nature wi%$ to eradicate ! human race z be+ useless to ! _w1 & z spoil+ all creat$ ?+s4 7,( ! ,cruelty ( ,man47 ,animals w be se5 on ! e>? :o w always be fight+ aga9/ ea* o!r ) ! greate/ loss & frequ5t dea?s on ea* side4 ,& !re w be no end to _! malignity2 by _! /rong limbs we %all see a great portion ( ! trees ( ! va/ =e/s laid l[ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 &1 :5 !y are fill$ ) food ! satisfaction ( _! desires w be to deal dea? & grief & lab\r & w>s & fury to e liv+ ?+2 & f _! immod]ate pride !y w desire to rise t[>ds heav51 b ! too great weight ( _! limbs w keep !m d[n4 ,no?+ w rema9 on e>?1 or "u ! e>? or 9 ! wat]s :i* w n be p]secut$1 di/urb$ & spoil$1 & ^? ( "o c\ntry remov$ into ano!r4 ,& _! bodies w become ! sepulture & means ( transit ( all !y h kill$4 ,o ,e>?6 :y do/ ?\ n op5 & engulf !m 9 ! fissures ( ?y va/ abyss & cav]ns1 & no long] display 9 ! sight ( heav5 su* a cruel & horrible mon/]4 #abig4 ,,prophecies4 ,!re w be _m :i* w increase 9 _! de/ruction4 7,! ,ball ( ,sn[ roll+ ov] ,sn[47 ,!re w be _m :o1 =gett+ _! exi/5ce & _! "n1 w lie z dead on ! spoils ( o!r dead creatures4 7,sleep+ on ! ,fea!rs ( ,birds47 ,! ,ea/ w be se5 to ru% to ! ,we/ & ! ,s\? to ! ,nor? 9 confusion r\nd & ab\t ! univ]se1 ) great noise & trembl+ or fury4 7,9 ! ,ea/ w9d :i* ru%es to ! ,we/47 ,! sol> rays w k9dle fire on ! e>?1 by :i* a ?+ t is "u ! sky w be set on fire1 &1 be+ reflect$ by "s ob/acle1 x w b5d d[nw>ds4 7,! ,concave ,mirror k9dles a ,fire1 ) :i* we heat ! ov51 & ?is has its f\ndation b5ea? its ro(47 ,a great "p ( ! sea w fly t[>ds heav5 & = a long "t w n return4 7,t is1 9 ,cl\ds47 ,!re rema9s ! motion :i* divides ! mov] f ! ?+ mov$4 ,^? :o give light = div9e s]vice w be de/roy$47,! ,bees :i* make ! ,wax = ,c&les7 ,dead ?+s w come f und]gr\nd & by _! fi]ce movem5ts w s5d numb]less human be+s out ( ! _w4 7,iron1 :i* comes f "u gr\nd is dead b ! ,weapons are made ( x :i* kill s _m ,m547 ,! greate/ m\nta9s1 ev5 ^? :i* are remote f ! sea %ore1 w drive ! sea f its place4 7,?is is by ,riv]s :i* c>ry ! ,e>? !y wa% away f ! ,m\nta9s & be> x to ! ,sea-%ore2 & :]e ! ,e>? comes ! sea mu/ retire47 ,! wat] dropp$ f ! cl\ds /ill 9 motion on ! flanks ( m\nta9s w lie /ill = a long p]iod ( "t )\t any motion :atev]2 & ?is w happ5 9 _m & div]s l&s4 7,sn[1 :i* falls 9 flakes & is ,wat]47 ,! great rocks ( ! m\nta9s w ?r[ out fire2 s t !y w burn ! timb] ( _m va/ =e/s1 & _m bea/s bo? wild & tame4 7,! ,fl9t 9 ! ,t9d]-box :i* makes a ,fire t consumes all ! loads ( ,wood ( :i* ! ,=e/s are despoil$ & ) ?is ! fle% ( ,bea/s is cook$47 ,oh6 h[ _m great build+s w be ru9$ by reason ( ,fire4 7,! ,fire ( great ,guns47 ,ox5 w be to a great ext5t ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( cities1 & 9 ! same way horses & buffaloes4 7,by draw+ ,guns47 #abih4 ,! ,lion tribe w be se5 te>+ op5 ! e>? ) _! claw$ paws & 9 ! caves ?us made1 bury+ !mselves toge!r ) ! o!r animals t are b5ea? !m4 ,animals w come =? f ! e>? 9 gloomy ve/ure1 :i* w attack ! human species ) a/oni%+ assaults1 & :i* by _! f]oci\s bites w make confusion ( blood among ^? !y dev\r4 ,aga9 ! air w be fill$ ) a mis*iev\s w+$ race :i* w assail m5 & bea/s & fe$ ^u !m ) mu* noise-- fill+ !mselves ) sc>let blood4 #abii4 ,blood w be se5 issu+ f ! torn fle% ( m51 & trickl+ d[n ! surface4 ,m5 w h su* cruel maladies t !y w te> _! fle% ) _! own nails4 7,! ,it*47 ,plants w be se5 left )\t leaves1 & ! riv]s /&+ /ill 9 _! *annels4 ,! wat]s ( ! sea w rise above ! high peaks ( ! m\nta9s t[>ds heav5 & fall aga9 on to ! dwell+s ( m54 7,t is1 9 ,cl\ds47 ,! l>ge/ trees ( ! =e/ w be se5 c>ri$ by ! fury ( ! w9ds f ,ea/ to ,we/4 7,t is across ! ,sea47 ,m5 w ca/ away _! own victuals4 7,t is1 9 ,s[+47 #acjj4 ,human be+s w be se5 :o w n und]/& ea* o!r's spee*2 t is1 a ,g]man ) a ,turk4 ,fa!rs w be se5 giv+ _! daught]s into ! p[] ( man & giv+ up all _! =m] c>e 9 gu>d+ !m4 7,:5 ,girls are m>ri$47 ,m5 w come out _! graves turn$ into fly+ creatures2 & !y w attack o!r m51 tak+ _! food f _! v h& or table4 7,z ,flies47 ,_m w !re be :o1 flay+ _! "m1 w te> ! sk9 f h] back4 7,husb&m5 till+ ! ,e>?47 ,happy w !y be :o l5d e> to ! words ( ! ,dead4 7,:o read good works & obey !m47 #ajca4 ,fea!rs w raise m51 z !y d birds1 t[>ds heav5 7t is1 by ! lett]s :i* are writt5 ) quills47 ,! works ( m5's h&s w occasion _! dea?4 7,swords & ,spe>s47 ,m5 out ( fe> w cl+ to ! ?+ !y mo/ fe>4 7,t is !y w be mis]able le/ !y %\ld fall into mis]y47 ,?+s t are sep>ate %all be unit$ & acquire su* virtue t !y w re/ore to man 8 lo/ memory2 t is papyrus %eets :i* are made ( sep>ate /rips & h pres]v$ ! memory ( ! ?+s & acts ( m54 ,! bones ( ! ,dead w be se5 to gov]n ! =tunes ( him :o moves !m4 7,by ,dice47 ,cattle ) _! horns protect ! ,flame f its dea?4 7,9 a ,lant]n ,footnote #ac3 ,see note page #ceg447 ,! ,=e/s w br+ =? "y :i* w be ! cause ( _! dea?4 7,! h&le ( ! hat*et47 #acjb4 ,m5 w deal bitt] bl[s to t :i* is ! cause ( _! life4 7,9 ?ra%+ ,gra947 ,! sk9s ( animals w r\se m5 f _! sil5ce ) great outcries & curses4 7,balls = play+ ,games47 ,v (t5 a ?+ t is itself brok5 is ! occasion ( mu* union4 7,t is ! ,comb made ( split ,cane :i* unites ! ?reads ( ,silk47 ,! w9d pass+ ?r\gh ! sk9s ( animals w make m5 dance4 7,t is ! ,bag-pipe1 :i* makes p dance47 #acjc4 7,( ,walnut trees1 t are beat547 ,^? :i* h done be/ w be mo/ beat51 & _! (fspr+ tak5 & flay$ or peel$1 & _! bones brok5 or cru%$4 7,( ,sculpture47 ,alas6 :at d ,i see8 ,! ,savi\r cru- cifi$ anew4 7,( ! ,m\? ( ,man1 :i* is a ,sepul*re47 ,great noise w issue f ! sepul*res ( ^? :o di$ evil & viol5t dea?s4 7,( ! ,sk9s ( ,animals :i* h ! s5se ( feel+ :at is 9 ! ?+s writt547 ,! m y conv]se ) sk9s cov]$ ) s5tim5ts1 ! m wisdom w y acquire4 7,( ,prie/s :o be> ! ,ho/ 9 _! body47 ,!n almo/ all ! tab]nacles 9 :i* dwells ! ,corpus ,dom9i1 w be pla9ly se5 walk+ ab\t ( !mselves on ! v>i\s roads ( ! _w4 #acjd4 ,& ^? :o fe$ on grass w turn night into day 7,tall[47 ,& _m creatures ( l& & wat] w g up among ! />s 7t is ,planets47 ,! dead w be se5 c>ry+ ! liv+ 79 ,c>ts & ,%ips 9 v>i\s places47 ,food %all be tak5 out ( ! m\? ( _m 7 ! ov5's m\?47 ,& ^? :i* w h _! food 9 _! m\? w be depriv$ ( x by ! h&s ( o!rs 7! ov547 #acje4 7,( ,crucifixes :i* are sold47 ,i see ,*ri/ sold & crucifi$ afre%1 & 8 ,sa9ts suff]+ ,m>tyrdom4 7,( ,physicians1 :o live by sickness47 ,m5 w come into s wret*$ a plight t !y w be glad t o!rs w d]ive pr(it f _! suff]+s or f ! loss ( _! real weal?1 t is heal?4 7,( ! ,religion ( ,fri>s1 :o live by ! ,sa9ts :o h be5 dead a great :ile47 ,^? :o are dead w1 aft] a ?\- s& ye>s be ^? :o w give a livelihood to _m :o are liv+4 7,( ,/ones conv]t$ into ,lime1 ) :i* prison walls are made47 ,_m ?+s t h be5 be=e t "t de/roy$ by fire w deprive _m m5 ( lib]ty4 #acjf4 7,( ,*ildr5 :o are suckl$47 ,_m ,franciscans1 ,dom9icans & ,b5$ict9es w eat t :i* at o!r times 0 eat5 by o!rs1 :o = "s mon?s to come w n be able to speak4 7,( ,cockles & ,sea ,snails :i* are ?r[n up by ! sea & :i* rot inside _! %ells47 ,h[ _m w !re be :o1 aft] !y are dead1 w putrefy inside _! own h\ses1 fill+ all ! surr\nd+ air ) a fetid smell4 #acjg4 7,( ,mules :i* h on !m ri* burd5s ( silv] & gold47 ,mu* treasure & great ri*es w be laid ^u f\r-foot$ bea/s1 :i* w convey !m to div]s places4 #acjh4 7,( ! ,%ad[ ca/ by a man at night ) a light47 ,huge figures w appe> 9 human %ape1 & ! ne>] y get to !m1 ! m w _! imm5se size dim9i%4 ,footnote page #acjg3 ,x seems to me probable t ?is note1 :i* occurs 9 ! note book us$ 9 #aejb1 :5 ,leon>do1 9 ! s]vice ( ,ces>e ,borgia1 visit$ ,urb9o1 0 sugge/$ by ! fam\s pillage ( ! ri*es ( ! palace ( ,guidobaldo1 ^: treasures ,ces>e ,borgia at once _h c>ri$ to ,ces5a 7see ,,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom im ,mittelalt]4 ,,xiii1 #e1 #d74 #acji4 7,( ,snakes1 c>ri$ by ,/orks47 ,s]p5ts ( great l5g? w be se5 at a great height 9 ! air1 fight+ ) birds4 7,( great guns1 :i* come out ( a pit & a m\ld47 ,creatures w come f und]gr\nd :i* ) _! t]rific noise w /un all :o are ne>2 & ) _! brea? w kill m5 & de/roy cities & ca/les4 #acaj4 7,( ,gra9 & o!r ,se$s47 ,m5 w fl+ out ( _! h\ses ^? victuals :i* 7 int5d$ to su/a9 _! life4 7,( ,trees1 :i* n\ri% graft$ %oots47 ,fa!rs & mo!rs w be se5 to take mu* m delight 9 _! /ep-*ildr5 !n 9 _! own *ildr54 7,( ! ,c5s]47 ,"s w g ab\t 9 :ite g>m5ts ) arrogant ge/ures ?reat5+ o!rs ) metal & fire :i* w d no h>m at all to !m4 #acaa4 7,( dry+ ,fodd]47 ,innum]able lives w be de/roy$ & innum]able vacant spaces w be made on ! e>?4 7,( ! ,life ( ,m51 :o e ye> *ange _! bodily sub/ance47 ,m51 :5 dead1 w pass ?r\gh _! own b[els4 #acab4 7,%oemak]s47 ,m5 w take pleasure 9 see+ _! own "w de/roy$ & injur$4 #acac4 7,( ,kids47 ,! "t ( ,h]od w come aga91 = ! little innoc5t *ildr5 w be tak5 f _! nurses1 & w die ( t]rible w\nds inflict$ by cruel m54 ,v4 ,,draughts ,,& ,,s*emes ,,= ,,! ,,humor\s ,,writ+s4 ,s*emes = fables1 etc4 7#acad-acbc74 #acad4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! crab /&+ "u ! rock to cat* ! fi% :i* crept "u x1 x came to pass t ! rock fell ) a ru9\s d[nfall ( /ones1 & by _! fall ! crab 0 cru%$4 ,,! ,,same4 ,! spid]1 be+ among ! grapes1 caught ! flies :i* 7 fe$+ on ^? grapes4 ,!n came ! v9tage1 & ! spid] 0 cut d[n ) ! grapes4 ,! v9e t has gr[n old on an old tree falls ) ! ru9 ( t tree1 & ?r\gh t bad companion%ip mu/ p]i% ) x4 ,! torr5t c>ri$ s mu* e>? & /ones into its b$1 t x 0 !n con/ra9$ to *ange its c\rse4 ,! net t 0 wont to take ! fi% 0 seiz$ & c>ri$ away by ! ru% ( fi%4 ,! ball ( sn[ :51 z x rolls1 x desc5ds f ! sn[y m\nta9s1 increases 9 size z x falls4 ,! will[1 :i* by its long %oots hopes z x gr[s1 to out/rip e o!r plant1 f hav+ associat$ itself ) ! v9e :i* is prun$ e ye> 0 always crippl$4 #acae4 ,fable ( ! tongue bitt5 by ! tee?4 ,! c$> puff$ up ) pride ( its beauty1 sep>at$ itself f ! trees ar\nd x & 9 s do+ x turn$ away t[>ds ! w9d1 :i* n be+ brok5 9 its fury1 flung x uproot$ on ! e>?4 ,! travell]'s joy1 n cont5t 9 its h$ge1 began to fl+ its bran*es out ov] ! high road1 & cl+ to ! opposite h$ge1 & = ?is x 0 brok5 away by ! pass]s by4 #acaf4 ,! goldf9* gives victuals to its cag$ "y4 ,dea? r ?an loss ( lib]ty4 ,footnote3 ,above ?is text is ano!r note1 also ref]r+ to lib]ty2 see ,no4 #fid4 #acag4 7,( ,bags47 ,goats w convey ! w9e to ! city4 #acah4 ,all ^? ?+s :i* 9 w9t] are hidd5 "u ! sn[1 w be uncov]$ & laid b>e 9 summ]4 7= ,falsehood1 :i* _c rema9 hidd574 #acai4 ,a ,,fable4 ,! lily set itself d[n by ! %ores ( ! ,tic9o1 & ! curr5t c>ri$ away bank & ! lily ) x4 #acbj4 ,a ,,je/4 ,:y ,hung>ian ducats h a d\ble cross on !m4 #acba4 ,a ,,simile4 ,a vase ( unbak$ clay1 :5 brok51 may be rem\ld$1 b n a bak$ "o4 #acbb4 ,see+ ! pap] all /a9$ ) ! deep blackness ( ink1 x he deeply regrets x2 & ?is proves to ! pap] t ! words1 compos$ ^u x 7 ! cause ( its be+ pres]v$4 #acbc4 ,! p5 mu/ necess>ily h ! p5knife = a companion1 & x is a useful companion%ip1 = "o is n good = mu* )\t ! o!r4 ,s*emes = prophecies 7#acbd-acbi74 #acbd4 ,! knife1 :i* is an artificial weapon1 deprives man ( 8 nails1 8 natural weapons4 ,! mirror conducts itself haughtily hold+ mirror$ 9 itself ! ,que54 ,:5 %e dep>ts ! mirror rema9s !re 444 #acbe4 ,flax is d$icat$ to dea?1 & to ! corruption ( mortals4 ,to dea?1 by be+ us$ = sn>es & nets = birds1 animals & fi%2 to corruption1 by ! flax5 %eets 9 :i* ! dead are wrapp$ :5 !y are buri$1 & :o become corrupt 9 ^! w9d+ %eets4-- ,& aga91 ?is flax does n sep>ate its fibre till x has begun to /eep & putrefy1 & ?is is ! fl[] ) :i* g>l&s & decorations = fun]als %\ld be made4 #acbf4 7,( ,peasants :o "w 9 %irts7 ,%ad[s w come f ! ,ea/ :i* w black5 ) great col\r d>kness ! sky t cov]s ,italy4 7,( ! ,b>b]s47 ,all m5 w take refuge 9 ,africa4 #acbg4 ,! clo? :i* is held 9 ! h& 9 ! curr5t ( a runn+ /ream1 9 ! wat]s ( :i* ! clo? leaves all its f\lness & dirt1 is meant to signify ?is c4 ,by ! ?orn ) inoculat$ good fruit is signifi$ ^? natures :i* ( !mselves 7 n dispos$ t[>ds virtue1 b by ! aid ( _! preceptors !y h ! repudation ( x4 #acbh4 ,a ,,common ,,?+4 ,a wret*$ p]son w be flatt]$1 & ^! flatt]]s are always ! deceiv]s1 robb]s & murd]]s ( ! wret*$ p]son4 ,! image ( ! sun :]e x falls appe>s z a ?+ :i* cov]s ! p]son :o attempts to cov] x4 7,money & ,gold47 ,out ( cav]n\s pits a ?+ %all come =? :i* w make all ! nations ( ! _w toil & sweat ) ! greate/ torm5ts1 anxiety & lab\r1 t !y may ga9 its aid4 7,( ! ,dread ( ,pov]ty47 ,! malici\s & t]rible mon/] w cause s mu* t]ror ( itself 9 m5 t !y w ru% toge!r1 ) a rapid motion1 l madm51 ?9k+ !y are escap+ h] b\ndless =ce4 7,( ,advice47 ,! man :o may be mo/ necess>y to him :o ne$s him1 w be repaid ) +ratitude1 t is greatly contemn$4 #acbi4 7,( ,bees47 ,!y live toge!r 9 communities1 !y are de/roy$ t we may take ! honey f !m4 ,_m & v great nations w be de/roy$ 9 _! own dwell+s4 #accj4 ,,:y ,,dogs ,,take ,,pleasure ,,9 ,,smell+ ,,at ,,ea* ,,o!r4 ,?is animal has a horror ( ! poor1 because !y eat poor food1 & x loves ! ri*1 because !y h good liv+ & especially meat4 ,& ! excrem5t ( animals always reta9s "s virtue ( its orig9 z is %[n by ! faeces 444 ,n[ dogs h s ke5 a smell1 t !y c disc]n by _! nose ! virtue rema9+ 9 ^! faeces1 & if !y f9d !m 9 ! /reets1 smell !m & if !y smell 9 !m ! virtue ( meat or ( o!r ?+s1 !y take !m1 & if n1 !y leave !m3 ,& to return to ! "q1 ,i say t if by means ( ?is smell !y "k t dog to be well f$1 !y respect him1 because !y judge t he has a p[]ful & ri* ma/]2 & if !y discov] no su* smell ) ! virtue ( meet1 !y judge t dog to be ( small acc\nt & to h a poor & humble ma/]1 & !re=e !y bite t dog z !y w\ld 8 ma/]4 #acca4 ,! circul> plans ( c>ry+ e>? are v useful1 inasmu* z m5 nev] /op 9 _! "w2 & x is done 9 _m ways4 ,by "o ( ^! ways m5 c>ry ! e>? on _! %\ld]s1 by ano!r 9 *e/s & o!rs on :eelb>r[s4 ,! man :o c>ries x on 8 %\ld]s fir/ fills ! tub on ! gr\nd1 & he loses "t 9 hoi/+ x on to 8 %\ld]s4 ,he ) ! *e/s loses no "t4 ,footnote3 ,! subject ( ?is text has app>5tly no connection ) ! o!r texts ( ?is section4 ,irony 7#accb74 #accb4 ,if ,petr>* 0 s fond ( bay1 x 0 because x is ( a good ta/e 9 sausages & ) tunny2 ,i _c put any value on _! fool]y4 ,footnote3 ,conte ,porro has publi%$ ^! l9es 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,/or4 ,lomb>da ,,viii1 ,,iv2 he reads ! conclud+ l9e ?us3 ,i no posso di loro gia 7sic7 co' f> tesauro4--,?is is kn[n to be by a contempor>y poet1 z ,s5atore ,morelli in=ms me4 ,tricks 7#accc-acce74 #accc4 ,we are two bro!rs1 ea* ( u has a bro!r4 ,"h ! way ( say+ x makes x appe> t ! two bro!rs h become f\r4 #accd4 ,,tricks ,,( ,,divid+4 ,take 9 ea* h& an equal numb]2 put #d f ! "r h& into ! left2 ca/ away ! rema9d]2 ca/ away an equal numb] f ! left h&2 add #e1 & n[ y w f9d #ac 9 ?is left h&2 t is-,i made y put #d f ! "r h& into ! left1 & ca/ away ! rema9d]2 n[ y\r "r h& has #d m2 !n ,i make y ?r[ away z _m f ! "r z y ?rew away f ! left2 s1 ?r[+ f ea* h& a quantity ( :i* ! rema9d] may be equal1 y n[ h #d & #d1 :i* make #h1 & t ! trick may n be detec- t$ ,i made y put #e m1 :i* made #ac4 ,,tricks ,,( ,,divid+4 ,take any numb] less ?an #ab t y please2 !n take ( m9e en\gh to make up ! numb] #ab1 & t :i* rema9s to me is ! numb] :i* y at fir/ _h2 because :5 ,i said1 take any numb] less ?an #ab z y please1 ,i took #ab into my h&1 & ( t #ab y took su* a numb] z made up y\r numb] ( #ab2 & :at y add$ to y\r numb]1 y took f m9e2 t is1 if y _h #h to g z f> z to #ab1 y took ( my #ab1 #d2 h5ce ?is #d transf]r$ f me to y r$uc$ my #ab to a rema9d] ( #h1 & y\r #h became #ab2 s t my #h is equal to y\r #h1 be=e x 0 made #ab4 ,footnote #accd3 ,g4 ,govi says 9 ! ',saggio' p4 #bb3 ,si dilett ,leon>da1 di giuo*i di pre/igi e molti 787 ne descrisse1 *e si leggono poi riportati dal ,paciolo nel suo libro3 de ,viribus ,quantitatis1 e *e1 se non tutti1 sono c]to 9 gran p>te inv5zioni del ,v9ci4 #acce4 ,if y want to tea* someone a subject y d n "k y\rself1 let him measure ! l5g? ( an object unkn[n to y1 & he w le>n ! measure y did n "k be=e2--,ma/] ,giovanni da ,lodi4 ,,xxi4 ,lett]s4 ,p]sonal ,records4 ,dat$ ,notes4 ,:5 we consid] h[ sup]ficial & imp]fect are ! acc\nts ( ,leon>do's life writt5 "s "t aft] 8 dea? by ,vas>i & o!rs1 any notes or lett]s :i* c ?r[ m light on 8 p]sonal circum/ances _c fail to be 9 ! highe/ degree int]e/+4 ,! texts "h giv5 z ,nos4 #acea--acec1 set 8 resid5ce 9 ,rome 9 q a new aspect2 nay1 ! picture :i* irresi/ibly dwells 9 our m9ds aft] read+ ^! details ( 8 life 9 ! ,vatican1 =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! contempor>y life ( ,raphael at ,rome4 ,i h plac$ =emo/ ( ^! docum5ts ! v rem>kable lett]s to ! ,deft]d> ( ,syria4 ,9 ^! ,leon>do speaks ( himself z hav+ /aid among ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 & z ! biographies ( ! ma/] tell no?+ ( any su* di/ant j\rneys1 x w\ld seem mo/ obvi\s to treat ?is passage z fiction1 & s sp>e ourselves ! onus ( pro( & discussion4 ,b on close exam9ation no "o c d\bt t ^! docum5ts1 ) ! accompany+ sket*es1 are ! "w ( ,leon>do's own h&4 ,n m]ely is ! "* ( ! h&writ+ 81 b ! spell+ & ! language are 8 also4 ,9 "o respect only does ! writ+ betray any m>k$ deviation f ! re/ ( ! notes1 especially ^? treat+ on sci5tific que/ions2 namely1 9 ^! obs]vations he seems to h tak5 p>ticul> pa9s to give ! mo/ di/9ct & be/ =m ( expression to all he _h to say2 we f9d erasures & em5dations 9 almo/ e l9e4 ,he proce$$1 z we %all see1 9 ! same way 9 ! sket*es = lett]s to ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 & :at c be m natural1 ,i may ask1 ?an to f9d ! draft ( a lett] ?us alt]$ & improv$ :5 x is to conta9 an acc\nt ( a def9ite subject1 & :5 p]sonal int]e/s are 9 ! scale8 ,! f9i%$ copies z s5t (f are n kn[n to exi/2 if we _h ^! in/ead ( ! r\gh drafts1 we might unhesitat+ly h decl>$ t "s unkn[n ,italian eng9e] mu/ h be51 at t "t1 engag$ 9 ,arm5ia 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,egyptian ,sultan1 & t ,leon>do _h copi$ 8 docum5ts4 ,"u ?is hypo!sis h[ev] we %\ld h to /ate t ?is unkn[n writ] mu/ h be5 s f> "o 9 m9d ) ,leon>do z to use ! same /yle ( language & ev5 ! same l9es ( ?\ght4 ,?is explanation might--z ,i say--h be5 possible1 if only we _h ! f9i%$ lett]s4 ,b :y %\ld ^! r\gh drafts ( lett]s be reg>d$ z any?+ else ?an :at !y actually & obvi\sly are8 ,if ,leon>do _h be5 a man ( our own "t1 we might p]haps h attempt$ to acc\nt = ! facts by say+ t ,leon>do1 )\t hav+ be5 9 ! ,ea/ himself1 might h und]tak5 to write a ,romance ( :i* ! sc5e 0 laid 9 ,arm5ia1 & at ! desire ( 8 publi%] _h made sket*es ( l&scape to illu/rate ! text4 ,i feel b\nd to m5tion ?is s+ul> hypo!sis z x has actually be5 put =w>d 7see ,no4 #accf note #e72 & x w\ld c]ta9ly seem z ?\gh !re 7 no o!r possible way ( evad+ ! conclusion to :i* ^! lett]s po9t1 & _! be>+ on ! life ( ! ma/]1--absurd z ! alt]native is4 ,b1 if1 on a "q ( su* importance1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 sugge/+ !ories t h no f\ndation 9 probability1 ,i c\ld sugge/ ano!r :i*1 z comp>$ ) t ( a ,fiction by ,leon>do1 w\ld be nei!r m nor less plausible2 x is1 moreov] ! only o!r hypo!sis1 p]haps1 :i* c be devis$ to acc\nt = ^! passages1 if x 7 possible to prove t ! int]pretation t ! docum5ts !mselves sugge/1 mu/ be reject$ a priori2 viz may n ,leon>do h writt5 !m ) ! int5tion ( my/ify+ ^? :o1 aft] 8 dea?1 %\ld try to deciph] ^! manuscripts ) a view to publi%+ !m8 ,b if1 9 fact1 no objection t w /& ! te/ ( criticism c be br\ght aga9/ ! simple & direct int]pretation ( ! words z !y /&1 we are b\nd to reg>d ,leon>do's travels 9 ! ,ea/ z an e/abli%$ fact4 ,!re is1 ,i believe no?+ 9 :at we "k ( 8 biography to negative su* a fact1 especially z ! details ( 8 life = "s few ye>s are :olly unkn[n2 nor ne$ we be at a loss = evid5ce :i* may s]ve to expla9--at any rate to "s ext5t--! /rang5ess ( 8 und]tak+ su* a j\rney4 ,we h no in=mation z to ,leon>do's hi/ory betwe5 #adhb & #adhf2 x _c be prov$ t he 0 ei!r 9 ,milan or 9 ,flor5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& ! t5or ( ?is lett] does n require u to assume a long] abs5ce ?an a ye> or two4 ,=1 ev5 if 8 appo9tm5t 7(fitio7 z ,eng9e] 9 ,syria _h be5 a p]man5t "o1 x might h become unt5able--by ! dea? p]haps ( ! ,deft]d>1 8 patron1 or by 8 removal f (fice--1 & ,leon>do on 8 return home may h kept sil5ce on ! subject ( an episode :i* probably _h end$ 9 failure & disappo9tm5t4 ,f ! text ( ,no4 #acgi we c h>dly d\bt t ,leon>do int5d$ to make an excursion secretly f ,rome to ,naples1 al?\gh s f> z has hi!rto be5 kn[n1 8 biograph]s nev] allude to x4 ,9 ano!r place 7,no4 #ajgg7 he says t he _h work$ z an ,eng9e] 9 ,friuli4 ,are we to d\bt ?is /atem5t too1 m]ely because no biograph] has hi!rto giv5 u any in=mation on ! matt]8 ,9 ! geographical notes ,leon>do frequ5tly speaks ( ! ,ea/1 & ?\gh su* passages af=d no direct pro( ( 8 hav+ be5 !re1 !y %[ beyond a d\bt t1 next to ! ,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 ! ,tigris & ! ,taurus m\nta9s _h a special int]e/ 9 8 eyes4 ,z a /ill fur!r pro( ( ! futility ( ! argum5t t !re is no?+ 9 8 draw+s to %[ t he _h travell$ 9 ! ,ea/1 we f9d on ,pl4 ,,cxx a /udy ( ori5tal heads ( ,arm5ian type1--?\gh ( c\rse ?is may h be5 made 9 ,italy4 ,if ! /yle ( ^! lett]s 7 less sob]1 & ! expressions less /rictly to ! po9t ?r\gh\t1 x miglit be possible to reg>d !m z a romantic fiction in/ead ( a n>rative ( fact4 ,nay1 we h only to comp>e !m ) su* obvi\sly fanciful passages z ,no4 #aced1 ,nos4 #fgj-fgc1 & ! ,fables & ,prophecies4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss ! subject any fur!r "h2 su* explanations z ! lett] ne$s are giv5 9 ! foot notes4 ,! drafts ( lett]s to ,lodovico il ,moro are v rem>kable4 ,leon>do & ?is pr9ce 7 c]ta9ly f> less closely connect$1 ?an has hi!rto be5 suppos$4 ,x is impossible t ,leon>do c h rema9$ s long 9 ! s]vice ( ?is pr9ce1 because ! sal>y 0 good1 z is commonly /at$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld seem1 t :at kept him !re1 9 spite ( 8 sore ne$ ( ! money ow$ him by ! pr9ce1 0 ! hope ( "s day be+ able to c>ry out ! project ( ca/+ ! 'gran cavallo'4 ,drafts ( ,lett]s & ,reports ref]r+ to ,arm5ia 7#accf4 #accg74 #accf4 ,to ,,! ,,devatd> ,,( ,,syria1 ,,lieut5ant ,,( ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,sultan ,,( ,,babylon4 #c ,! rec5t disa/] 9 our ,nor!rn p>ts :i* ,i am c]ta9 w t]rify n y alone b ! :ole _w1 :i* ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-eb are reproduc$ 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,cxvi4 #a4 ,diod>io4 ,?is ^w is n to be f\nd 9 any ,italian diction>y1 & = a long "t ,i va9ly s\ght an explanation ( x4 ,! y\?ful rem9isc5ces ( my wife af=d$ ! desir$ clue4 ,! *ief t[n ( ea* ,turki% ,villayet1 or prov9ce --su* z ,br\ssa1 = in/ance1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 is ! resid5ce ( a ,deft]d>1 :o presides ov] ! f9ancial affairs ( ! prov9ce4 ,deft]d> hane 01 9 =m] times1 ! "n giv5 to ! ,m9i/ry ( ,f9ance at ,con/ant9ople2 ! ,m9i/] ( ,f9ance to ! ,porte is n[ kn[n z ! ,mallie-,nazri & ! ,deft]d>s are 8 subord9ates4 ,a ,deft]d>1 at ! pres5t day is m]ely ! head ( ! f9ance dep>tm5t 9 ea* ,prov9cial di/rict4 ,) reg>d to my sugge/ion t ,leon>do's ,diod>io might be id5tical ) ! ,deft]d> ( =m] times1 ! late ,m4 ,c4 ,,defrem]ie1 ,arabic ,pr(essor1 & ,membre de l',in/itut de ,france wrote to me z foll[s3 ,votre conjecture e/ p>faitem5t fondee2 diod>io e/ ,vequival5t de devad> ou plus exactem5t devatd>1 titre d'une importante dignite en ,egypt'e1 s\s les ,maml\ks4 ,! ^w h[ev] is n ( ,turki%1 b ( ,p]so-,arabie d]ivation4 ,deft] writt5 9 arab8 lit]ally ,deft] 7,arabic7 mean+ folio2 = d> 7,p]sian7 ,bookkeep] or hold] is ! ,engli% equival5t2 & ! idea is t ( a deputy 9 comm&4 ,dur+ ! ,mamelook supremacy ov] ,syria1 :i* correspond$ 9 date ) ,leon>do's "t1 ! (fice ( ,deft]d> 0 ! ?ird 9 importance 9 ! ,/ate4 ,soltano di ,babilonia4 ,! "n ( ,babylon 0 commonly appli$ to ,cairo 9 ! middle ages4 ,= in/ance ,,breid5ba*1 ,it9]>ium ,hi]osolyma p4 #bah says3 ,at la/ we rea*$ ,babylon4 ,b ?is is n t ,babylon :i* /ood on ! fur!r %ore ( ! riv] ,*ob]1 b t :i* is call$ ! ,egyptian ,babylon4 ,x is close by ,cairo & ! twa9 are b "o & n two t[ns2 "o half is call$ ,cairo & ! o!r ,babylon1 :5ce !y are call$ toge!r ,cairo-,babylon2 orig9ally ! t[n is said to h be5 nam$ ,memphis & !n ,babylon1 b n[ x is call$ ,cairo4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ajhe1 #f4 ,egypt 0 gov]n$ f #achb till #aeag by ! ,borgite or ,t*]kessian dyna/y ( ! ,mamelook ,sultans4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ^!1 ,sultan ,kait ,bey1 rul$ f #adfh-adif dur+ ^: reign ! ,gama 7or ,mosque7 ( ,kait ,bey & tomb ( ,kait ,bey ne> ! ,okella ,kait ,bey 7 erect$ 9 ,cairo1 :i* pres]ve 8 "n to ?is day4 ,"u ! rule ( ?is great & wise pr9ce _m =eign]s1 p>ticul>ly ,italians1 f\nd occupation 9 ,egypt1 z may be se5 9 ! ',viaggio di ,josaphat ,b>b>o'1 among o!r travell]s4 ,next to ,leon>do 7s ,i le>n f ,pr(4 ,jac4 ,burckh>dt ( ,bale7 ,kait ,bey's mo/ helpful eng9e] 0 a ,g]man :o 9 ab\t #adhg1 sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,mole at ,alex&ria4 ,felix ,fabri knew him & m5tions him 9 8 ,hi/oria ,suevorum1 writt5 9 #adhh4 #c4 ,il nuovo accid5te accaduto1 or z ,leon>do fir/ wrote & !n eras$1 e accaduto un nuovo accid5te4 ,f ! sequel ?is mu/ ref] to an e>?quake1 & inde$ ^! 7 frequ5t at t p]iod1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :]e !y caus$ imm5se mis*ief4 ,see ,no4 #aaja note4 %all be relat$ to y 9 due ord]1 %[+ fir/ ! effect & !n ! cause4 ,footnote #d3 ,! text "h breaks (f4 ,! foll[+ l9es are a fre% beg9n+ ( a lett]1 evid5tly address$ to ! same p]son1 b1 z x w\ld seem1 writt5 at a lat] date ?an ! previ\s text4 ,! num]\s corrections & am5dm5ts amply prove t x is n a copy f any acc\nt ( a j\rney by "s unkn[n p]son2 b1 on ! contr>y1 t ,leon>do 0 p>ticul>ly anxi\s to *oose su* words & phrases z might be/ express 8 own ideas4 ,f9d+ myself 9 ?is "p ( ,arm5ia ,footnote #e3 ,p>ti d',erm9ia4 ,see ,no4 #ide1 note4 ,! ext5t ( ,arm5ia 9 ,leon>do's "t is only approximately kn[n4 ,9 ! ,x,vth c5tury ! ,p]sians gov]n$ ! ,ea/]n1 & ! ,arabs ! ,s\!rn portions4 ,arabic au?ors--z1 = in/ance ,abulf$a--include ,cilicia & a "p ( ,cappadocia 9 ,arm5ia1 & ,great] ,arm5ia 0 ! tract ( t c\ntry kn[n lat] z ,turcomania1 :ile ,arm5ia ,m9or 0 ! t]ritory betwe5 ,cappadocia & ! ,euphrates4 ,x 0 n till #aebb1 or ev5 #aegd t ! :ole c\ntry came "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,ottoman ,turks1 9 ! reign ( ,selim ,i4 ,! ,mamelook ,sultans ( ,egypt seem to h tak5 a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ?is1 ! mo/ ,nor!rn prov9ce ( _! empire1 :i* 0 ev5 !n 9 dang] ( be+ conqu]$ by ! ,turks4 ,9 ! autumn ( #adgg ,sultan ,kait ,bey made a j\rney ( inspection1 visit+ ,antio* & ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates ) a num]\s & brilliant escort4 ,?is t\r is briefly allud$ to by ,mood%ir$d9 p4 #efa2 & by ,,weil1 ,ges*i*te d] ,abbasid5 ,v1 p4 #ceh4 ,an anonym\s memb] ( ! suite wrote a di>y ( ! exp$ition 9 ,arabic1 :i* has be5 publi%$ by ,r4 ,v4 ,,lonzone 7',viaggio 9 ,pale/9a e ,soria di ,kaid ,ba ,,xviii sultano della ,,ii d9a/ia mamelucca1 fatto nel #adgg4 ,te/o arabo4 ,tor9o #ahgh'1 )\t notes or comm5t>y74 ,comp>e ! critique on ?is edition1 by ,j4 ,,gildemei/] 9 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 ,palae/9a ,v]e9s 7,vol4 ,ill p4 #bdf--bdi74 ,lanzone's edition seems to be no m ?an an abridg$ copy ( ! orig9al4 ,i owe to ,pr(essor ,s*e'f]1 ,membre de l',in/itut1 ! in=mation t he is 9 possession ( a manuscript 9 :i* ! text is full]1 & m correctly giv54 ,! ,mamelook dyna/y 01 z is well kn[n1 ( ,circassian orig91 & a l>ge proportion ( ! ,egyptian ,army 0 recruit$ 9 ,circassia ev5 s late z 9 ! ,x,vth c5tury4 ,t 0 a p]iod ( political /orms 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or & x is easy to suppose t ! ,sultan's m9i/]1 to :om ,leon>do addresses 8 report z 8 sup]ior1 _h a special int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ^? fronti] prov9ces4 ,only to m5tion a few hi/orical ev5ts ( ,sultan ,kait ,bey's reign1 we f9d t 9 #adhh he assi/$ ! ,circassians to resi/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ,ala$d\let1 an ,asiatic pr9ce :o _h alli$ himself ) ! ,osmanli to ?reat5 ! prov9ce2 ! consequ5ce 0 a w> 9 ,cilicia by sea & l&1 :i* broke out 9 ! foll[+ ye> betwe5 ! cont5d+ p[]s4 ,only a few ye>s e>li] ! same prov9ce _h be5 ! sc5e ( ! s-call$ ,c>am5ian w> 9 :i* ! unit$ ,v5etian1 ,neapolitan & ,sclavonic fleets _h be5 engag$4 7,see ,,corialano ,,cippico1 ,della gu]ra dei ,v5eziani nell' ,asia dal #adfi--adgd4 ,v5ezia #agif1 p4 #ed7 & we le>n incid5tally t a c]ta9 ,leon>do ,boldo1 ,gov]nor ( ,scut>i "u ,sultan ,mahm\d1--z 8 "n w\ld indicate1 "o ( ! num]\s r5egades ( ,italian bir?--play$ an important "p 9 ! negotiations = peace4 ,tu mi m&a/i4 ,! address tu to a p]sonage s high 9 (fice is s+ul> & sugge/s p]sonal intimacy2 ,leon>do seems to h be5 a fav\rite ) ! ,diod>io4 ,comp>e l9es #ed & #ee4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 & ,i believe t ,i am also 9 a position to prove ) reg>d to ^! texts1 t !y are draughts ( lett]s actually writt5 by ,leon>do2 at ! same "t ,i mu/ n omit to m5tion t %ortly aft] ,i _h discov]$ ^! texts 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus & publi%$ a pap] on ! subject 9 ! ,zeits*rift fur bild5de ,kun/ 7,vol4 ,,xvi71 ,pr(4 ,govi put =w>d ?is hypo!sis to acc\nt = _! orig93 ,quanto alle notizie sul monte ,tauro1 sull',arm5ia e sull' ,asia m9ore *e si cont5gono negli altri framm5ti1 esse v5n]o prese da qual*e geografro o viaggiatore contemporaneo4 ,dall'indice imp]fetto *e accompagna quei framm5ti1 si potrebbe d$urre *e ,leon>do volesse f>ne un libro1 *e poi non v5ne compiuto4 ,a ogni modo1 non e possibile di trov>e 9 que/i brani nessun indizio di un viaggio di ,leon>do 9 ori5te1 ne della sua conv]sione alla religione di ,maometto1 come qualcuno pret5d]ebbe4 ,leon>do amava con passione gli /udi geografici1 e nel suoi scritti s'incontran spesso it9]>t1 indicazioni1 o descrizioni di luoghi1 s*izzi di c>te e abbozzi topografici di v>ie regioni1 non e qu9di /rano *e egli1 abile n>ratore com'era1 si fosse propo/o di scriv]e una specie di ,romanzo 9 =ma epi/ol>e svolg5done ,p9treccio nell',asia ,m9ore1 intorno alla quale i libri d'allora1 e =se qual*e viaggiatore amico suo1 gli avevano somm9i/rato alcuni elem5ti piu o m5o fanta/ici4 7,see ,transunti della ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9cei ,voi4 ,v ,s]4 #c74 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ,pr(4 ,govi omits to "n ! s\rces f :i* ,leon>do c\ld be suppos$ to h drawn 8 in=mation1 & ,i may leave x to ! read] to pron\nce judgm5t on ! anomaly :i* is involv$ 9 ! hypo!sis t we h "h a fragm5t ( a ,romance1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( a correspond5ce4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i _c b admit t ! solution ( ! difficulties propos$ by ,pr(4 ,govi is1 "u ! circum/ances1 c]ta9ly ! easie/ way ( deal+ ) ! "q4 ,b we %\ld !n be equally ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ "s m ( ,leon>do's lett]s to be fragm5ts ( su* romances2 p>ticul>ly ^? ( :i* ! addresses c no long] be nam$4 ,/ill1 z reg>ds ^! drafts ( lett]s to ! ,diod>io1 if we accept ! ,romance !ory1 z pro- pos$ by ,pr(4 ,govi1 we are also compell$ to assume t ,leon>do purpos$ f ! fir/ to illu/rate 8 tale2 = x ne$s only a glance at ! sket*es on ,,pi4 ,,cxvi to ,,cxix to p]ceive t !y are connect$ ) ! texts2 & ( c\rse ! re/ ( ,leon>do's num]\s notes on matt]s p]ta9+ to ! ,ea/1 ! great] "p ( :i* are "h publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 may also be someh[ connect$ ) ?is /range romance4 #g4 ,citta de ,cal9dra 7,*al9dra74 ,! position ( ?is city is s exactly det]m9$1 betwe5 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,taurus range t x ought to be possible to id5tify x4 ,b x c h>dly be ! same z ! sea port ( ,cilicia ) a some:at simil> "n ,cel5d]is1 ,kel&ria1 ,cel5dria1 ,kil9dria1 n[ ! ,turki% ,guln>4 ,9 two ,catalonian ,portulans 9 ! ,biblio!que ,natio- nale 9 ,p>is-"o dat+ f ! ,,xv'h c5tury1 by ,wilhelm von ,sol]1 ! o!r by ,olivez de ,majorca1 9 l#ehd-;,i f9d ?is place call$ ,cal&ra4 ,b ,leon>do's ,cal9dra mu/ c]ta9ly h la9 m to ! ,nor? ,we/1 probably some:]e 9 ,kurdi/an4 ,! fact t ! geographical position is s c>e- fully det]m9$ by ,leon>do seems to prove t x 0 a place ( no great importance & little kn[n4 ,x is s+ul> t ! words fir/ writt5 9 #a4 #h 7 divisa dal lago 7,lake ,van871 alt]$ aft]w>ds to dall',eitfrates4 ,no/ri conf9i1 & 9 #a4 #f proposito no/ro4 ,^! ref] to ! fronti] & to ! affairs ( ! ,mamelook ,sultan1 ,l9es #fe & #ff ?r[ "s light on ! purpose ( ,leon>do's mission4 #h4 ,i corni del gra mote ,tauro4 ,comp>e ! sket*es ,,pi4 ,,cxvi-,,cxviii4 ,s long z x is im- possible to id5tify ! situation ( ,cal9dra x is mo/ difficult to decide ) any c]ta9ty :i* peak ( ! ,taurus is "h meant2 & ,i greatly regret t ,i _h no =ekn[l$ge ( ?is puzzl+ topographical "q :51 9 #ahgf1 ,i 0 pursu+ ar*aeological enquiries 9 ! ,prov9ces ( ,aleppo & ,cilicia1 & _h to travel = "s "t 9 view ( ! impos+ sn[-peaks ( ,bulgh> ,dagh & ,ala ,tepessi4 #i-aj4 ,! op9ion "h express$ z to ! height ( ! m\nta9 w\ld be unmean+1 unless x _h be5 writt5 be=e ,leon>do mov$ to ,milan1 :]e ,monte ,rosa is s conspicu\s an object 9 ! l&scape4 #d ore inanzi seems to mean1 f\r h\rs be=e ! sun's rays p5etrate to ! bottom ( ! valleys4 to c>ry into effect ) due love & c>e ! task = :i* y s5t me ,footnote3 #f2 & to make a beg9n+ 9 a place :i* seem$ to me to be mo/ to our purpose1 ,i ent]$ into ! city ( ,cal9drafy#g1 ne> to our fronti]s4 ,?is city is situat$ at ! base ( t "p ( ! ,taurus m\nta9s :i* is divid$ f ! ,euphrates & looks t[>ds ! peaks ( ! great ,m\nt ,taurus #h to ! ,we/ #i4 ,^! peaks are ( su* a height t !y seem to t\* ! sky1 & 9 all ! _w !re is no "p ( ! e>?1 high] ?an its summit#aj1 & ! rays ( ! sun always fall ^u x on its ,ea/ side1 f\r h\rs be=e day-"t1 & be+ ( ! :ite/ /one ,footnote #aa3,pietra bian*issima4 ,! ,taurus ,m\nta9s consi/ 9 great "p ( lime/one4 x %9es respl5d5tly & fulfils ! function to ^! ,arm5ians :i* a bright moon-light w\ld 9 ! mid/ ( ! d>kness2 & by its great height x outrea*es ! utmo/ level ( ! cl\ds by a space ( f\r miles 9 a /raight l9e4 ,?is peak is se5 9 _m places t[>ds ! ,we/1 illum9at$ by ! sun aft] its sett+ ! ?ird "p ( ! night4 ,?is x is1 :i* ) y ,footnote #ad3 ,appresso di voi4 ,leon>do _h at fir/ writt5 noi z ?\gh 8 mean+ _h1be53 ,?is peak appe>$ to u to be a comet :5 y & ,i obs]v$ x 9 ,nor? ,syria 7at ,aleppo8 at ,a9tas874 ,! description ( ! curi\s reflection 9 ! ev5+1 resembl+ ! ,alp9e-gl[ is c]ta9ly n an inv5t$ fiction1 = 9 ! next l9es an explanation ( ! ph5om5on is (f]$1 or at lea/ attempt$4 we =m]ly 9 calm wea!r _h suppos$ to be a comet1 & appe>s to u 9 ! d>kness ( night1 to *ange its =m1 be+ sometimes divid$ 9 two or ?ree p>ts1 & sometimes long & sometimes %ort4 ,& ?is is caus$ by ! cl\ds on ! horizon ( ! sky :i* int]pose betwe5 "p ( ?is m\nta9 & ! sun1 & by cutt+ (f "s ( ! sol> rays ! light on ! m\nta9 is int]cept$ by v>i\s int]vals ( cl\ds1 & !re=e v>ies 9 ! =m ( its brightness4 ,,! ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,book ,footnote #ai3 ,! next #cc l9es are evid5tly ! cont5ts ( a connect$ ,report or ,book1 b n ( "o :i* he _h at h&2 m probably1 inde$1 ( "o he purpos$ writ+44 ,! praise & confession ( ! fai? ,footnote #bj3 ,p]suasione di f$e1 ( ! ,*ri/ian or ! ,mohamm$an fai?8 ,we mu/ suppose ! latt]1 at ! beg9n+ ( a docum5t address$ to s high a ,mohamm$an (ficial4 ,pr$ica probably /&s z an abbreviation = pr$icazione 7lat4 pra$icatio7 9 ! s5se ( praise or glorification2 v probably x may mean "s su* initial doxology z we f9d 9 ,mohamm$an works4 7,comp4 #a4 #dj474 ,! sudd5 inundation1 to its end4 #bc ,! de/ruction ( ! city4 #bd,! dea? ( ! p & _! despair4 ,! prea*]'s se>*1 8 release & b5evol5ce ,footnote #bh3 ,! phraseology ( ?is is too g5]al = any conjecture z to its mean+ to be wor? haz>d+4 ,description ( ! cause ( ?is fall ( ! m\nta9 ,footnote #cj3 ,ru9a del monte4 ,( c\rse by an e>?quake4 ,9 a catalogue ( e>?quakes1 entitl$ ke*f aussalssaleb an auasf ezzel-zeleh1 & writt5 by ,djelal edd94 ,! mis*ief x did4 #cb ,fall ( sn[4 ,! f9d+ ( ! prophet #cc4 ,8 prophesy4 #ce ,! inundation ( ! l[] portion ( ,ea/]n ,arm5ia1 ! dra9+ ( :i* 0 effect$ by ! cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s4 ,h[ ! new prophet %[$ ,footnote #dj3,nova pr(eta1 #a4 #cc1 pr(eta4 ,mohamm$4 ,leon>do "h ref]s to ! ,koran3 ,9 ! "n ( ! mo/ m]ciful ,god4--,:5 ! e>? %all be %ak5 by an e>?quake2 & ! e>? %all ca/ =? h] burd5s2 & a man %all say1 :at aile? h]8 ,on t day ! e>? %all decl>e h] tid+s1 = t ?y ,"l w inspire h]4 ,on t day m5 %all g =w>d 9 di/9ct classes1 t !y may behold _! works4 ,& :oev] %all h wr\ght good ( ! weight ( an ant1 %all behold ! same4 ,& :oev] %all h wr\ght evil ( ! weight ( an ant1 %all behold ! same4 7,! ,koran1 translat$ by ,g4 ,sale1 ,*apt] ,,xcix1 p4 #deb74 t ?is de/ruction w\ld happ5 z he _h =etold4 ,description ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s #dc & ! riv] ,euphrates4 ,:y ! m\nta9 %9es at ! top1 f half to a ?ird ( ! night1 & looks l a comet to ! inhabitants ( ! ,we/ aft] ! sunset1 & be=e day to ^? ( ! ,ea/4 ,:y ?is comet appe>s ( v>iable =ms1 s t x is n[ r\nd & n[ long1 & n[ aga9 divid$ into two or ?ree p>ts1 & n[ 9 "o piece1 & :5 x is to be se5 aga94 ,,( ,,! ,,%ape ,,( ,,! ,,taurus ,,m\nta9s ,footnote #ec-id3 ,! facsimile ( ?is passage is giv5 on ,pl4 ,,cxvii44 ,i am n to be accus$1 ,oh ,devatd>1 ( idl5ess1 z y\r *id+s seem to h9t2 b y\r excessive love = me1 :i* gave rise to ! b5efits y h conf]r$ on me ,footnote #ee is t :i* has also compell$ me to ! utmo/ pa9/ak+ 9 seek+ out & dilig5tly inve/igat+ ! cause ( s great & /up5d\s an effect4 ,& ?is c\ld n be done )\t "t2 n[1 9 ord] to satisfy y fully z to ! cause ( s great an effect1 x is requisite t ,i %\ld expla9 to y ! =m ( ! place1 & !n ,i w proce$ to ! effect1 by :i* ,i believe y w be amply satisfi$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,tagliata di ,monte ,tauro4 ,! ,euphrates fl[s ?r\gh ! ,taurus range ne> ! influx ( ! ,kura ,%ai2 x ru%es ?r\gh a rift 9 ! wilde/ cliffs f #bjjj to #cjjj feet high & runs on = #ij miles 9 #cjj falls or rapids till x rea*es ,telek1 ne> :i* at a spot call$ ,gleika%1 or ! ,h>t's leap1 x measures only #ce paces across4 ,comp>e ! map on ,pl4 ,,cxix & ! explanation = x on p4 #cia4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! =ego+ sket* ( a lett]1 l9es #e4 #ah1 appe>s to h rema9$ a fragm5t :5 ,leon>do receiv$ press+ ord]s :i* caus$ him to write imm$iately & fully on ! subject m5tion$ 9 l9e #dc4 ,footnote #ei3 ,?is passage 0 evid5tly int5d$ z an improvem5t on t imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,! purport ( bo? is ess5tially ! same1 b ! fir/ is pit*$ 9 a key ( ill-disguis$ annoyance :i* is abs5t f ! second4 ,i d n see h[ ^! two v]sions c be reconcil$ ) ! romance-!ory held by ,pr(4 ,govi4 ,d n be aggriev$1 ,o ,devatd>1 by my delay 9 respond+ to y\r press+ reque/1 = ^? ?+s :i* y require ( me are ( su* a nature t !y _c be well express$ )\t "s lapse ( "t2 p>ticul>ly because1 9 ord] to expla9 ! cause ( s great an effect1 x is necess>y to describe ) accuracy ! nature ( ! place2 & by ?is means ,i c aft]w>ds easily satisfy y\r above-m5tion$ reque/4 ,footnote #fb3 ,?is passage 0 evid5tly int5d$ z an improvem5t on t imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,! purport ( bo? is ess5tially ! same1 b ! fir/ is pit*$ 9 a key ( ill-disguis$ annoyance :i* is abs5t f ! second4 ,i d n see h[ ^! two v]sions c be reconcil$ ) ! romance-!ory held by ,pr(4 ,govi4 ,i w pass ov] any description ( ! =m ( ,asia ,m9or1 or z to :at seas or l&s =m ! limits ( its outl9e & ext5t1 because ,i "k t by y\r own dilig5ce & c>efulness 9 y\r /udies y h n rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ^! matt]s #fe2 & ,i w g on to describe ! true =m ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9 :i* is ! cause ( ?is /up5d\s & h>mful m>vel1 & :i* w s]ve to advance u 9 our purpose #ff4 ,?is ,taurus is t m\nta9 :i*1 ) _m o!rs is said to be ! ridge ( ,m\nt ,caucasus2 b wi%+ to be v cle> ab\t x1 ,i desir$ to speak to "s ( ! inhabitants ( ! %ores ( ! ,caspian sea1 :o give evid5ce t ?is mu/ be ! true ,caucasus1 & t ?\gh _! m\nta9s be> ! same "n1 yet ^! are high]2 & to confirm ?is 9 ! ,scy?ian tongue ,caucasus means a v high ,footnote #fh3 ,caucasus2 ,h]odot ,kaoxaais2 ,arm54 ,kaukaz4 peak1 & 9 fact we h no in=mation ( !re be+1 9 ! ,ea/ or 9 ! ,we/1 any m\nta9 s high4 ,& ! pro( ( ?is is t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries to ! ,we/ see ! rays ( ! sun illum9at+ a great "p ( its summit = z mu* z a qu>t] ( ! longe/ night4 ,& 9 ! same way1 9 ^? c\ntries :i* lie to ! ,ea/4 ,,( ,,! ,,/ructure ,,& ,,size ,,( ,,m\nt ,,taurus4 ,footnote #gc3 ,! /atem5ts are ( c\rse f\nd$ on ^? ( ! 'inhabitants' spok5 ( 9 #a4 #fg4 ,! %ad[ ( ?is ridge ( ! ,taurus is ( su* a height t :51 9 ! middle ( ,june1 ! ,sun is at its m]idian1 its %ad[ ext5ds z f> z ! bord]s ( ,s>matia1 twelve days (f2 & 9 ! middle ( ,decemb] x ext5ds z f> z ! ,hyp]borean m\nta9s1 :i* are at a mon?'s j\rney to ! ,nor? #ge4 ,& ! side :i* faces ! w9d is always free f cl\ds & mi/s1 because ! w9d :i* is p>t$ 9 beat+ on ! rock1 closes aga9 on ! fur!r side ( t rock1 & 9 its motion c>ries ) x ! cl\ds f all qu>t]s & leaves !m :]e x /rikes4 ,& x is always full ( ?und]bolts f ! great quantity ( cl\ds :i* accumulate !re1 :5ce ! rock is all riv5 & full ( huge debris ,footnote #gg3 ,sudd5 /orms are equally common on ! heights ( ,ar>at4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ,ar>at _c be meant "h4 ,its summit is =m$ l ! crat] ( ,vesuvius4 ,! peaks sket*$ on ,pl4 ,,cxvi-,,cxviii are probably views ( ! same m\nta91 tak5 f diff]5t sides4 ,ne> ! solit>y peak1 ,pl4 ,,cxviii ^! ?ree names are writt5 goba1 arnigas>1 c>uda1 names mo/ likely ( diff]5t peaks4 ,pl4 ,,cxvi & ,,cxvii are 9 ! orig9al on a s+le %eet fold$ d[n ! middle1 #cj c5timetres high & #dc #a_/b wide4 ,on ! rev]se ( "o half ( ! %eet are notes on peso & bilancia 7weight & balance71 on ! o!r are ! 'prophecies' pr9t$ "u ,nos4 #abic & #abid4 ,x is evid5t f ! arrangem5t t ^! 7 writt5 subsequ5tly1 on ! space :i* _h be5 left blank4 ,^! pages are facsimil$ on ,pl4 ,,cxviii4 ,9 ,pl4 ,,cxvi-,,cxviii ! size is small] ?an 9 ! orig9al2 ! map ( ,arm5ia1 ,pl4 ,,cxviii1 is on ,pl4 ,,cxix slightly enl>g$4 ,on ?is map we f9d ! foll[+ names1 beg9n+ f ! "r h& at ! top3 p>i>des mo 7= ,p>yadres ,mons1 ,arm4 ,p>*>1 n[ ,b>*al or ,kolai ,dagh2 ,trebizond is on its slope74 ,aquilone --,nor?1 ,antitaurus ,antitaurus psis mo 7probably meant = ,?ospitis ,lake ,van1 ,arm4 ,dgov ,vanai1 ,tospoi1 & ! ,m\nta9 range to ! ,s\?72 ,gordis mo 7,m\nta9s ( ,gordyaea71 ! bir? place ( ! ,tigris2 ,ori5te --,ea/2 ,tigris1 & !n1 to ! left1 ,eufrates4 ,!n1 above to ! left ,argeo mo 7n[ ,erd%igas1 an ext9ct volcano1 #abjjj feet high72 ,cel5o mo 7no d\bt ,sultan ,dagh 9 ,pisidia74 ,cel5o is ! ,greek t[n ( ,ke,aouvat-- see ,arian ,i1 #bi1 ,i--n[ ! ru9s ( ,d9eir72 ori5te --,ea/2 africo libezco 7= libeccio--,s\? ,we/74 ,9 ! middle ( ! ,euphrates riv] on ?is small map we see a %ad$ portion surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 p]haps to indicate ! inundation m5tion$ 9 l4 #ce4 ,! afflu5t to ! ,euphrates %[n z com+ ) _m w9d+s f ! high l& ( ',argeo' on ! ,we/1 is ! ,to*ma ,su1 :i* jo9s ! ma9 riv] at ,malatie4 ,i h n be5 able to discov] any map ( ,arm5ia ( ! ,x,vth or ,x,v,ith c5tury 9 :i* ! c\rse ( ! ,euphrates is laid d[n ) any ?+ l ! correctness display$ 9 ?is sket*4 ,! be/ ,i h se5 is ! ,catalonian ,portulan ( ,olivez de ,majorca1 execut$ 9 #aehd1 & x is f> beh9d ,leon>do's44 ,?is m\nta91 at its base1 is inhabit$ by a v ri* population & is full ( mo/ beautiful spr+s & riv]s1 & is f]tile & ab\nd+ 9 all good produce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? p>ts :i* face to ! ,s\?4 ,b aft] m\nt+ ab\t ?ree miles we beg9 to f9d =e/s ( great fir trees1 & bee* & o!r simil> trees2 aft] ?is1 = a space ( ?ree m miles1 !re are mead[s & va/ pa/ures2 & all ! re/1 z f> z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,taurus1 is et]nal sn[s :i* nev] disappe> at any "t1 & ext5d to a height ( ab\t f\rte5 miles 9 all4 ,f ?is beg9n+ ( ! ,taurus up to ! height ( a mile ! cl\ds nev] pass away2 ?us we h fifte5 miles1 t is1 a height ( ab\t five miles 9 a /raight l9e2 & ! summit ( ! peaks ( ! ,taurus are z mu*1 or ab\t t4 ,!re1 half way up1 we beg9 to f9d a scor*+ air & nev] feel a brea? ( w9d2 b no?+ c live long !re2 !re no?+ is br\ght =? save a few birds ( prey :i* bre$ 9 ! high fissures ( ,taurus & desc5d bel[ ! cl\ds to seek _! prey4 ,above ! wood$ hills all is b>e rock1 t is1 f ! cl\ds upw>ds2 & ! rock is ! pure/ :ite4 ,& x is impossible to walk to ! high summit on acc\nt ( ! r\gh & p]il\s asc5t4 #accg4 ,footnote3 #accg4 ,on comp>+ ?is comm5cem5t ( a lett] l4 #a-b ) t 9 l4 #c & #d ( ,no4 #accf x is q evid5t t bo? ref] to ! same ev5t4 7,comp>e also ,no4 #accg l4 #aj-l#b & #ag ) ,no4 #accf l4 #bc1 #bd & #cb47 ,b ! text ,no4 #accf1 includ+ ! fragm5t l4 #c-d1 0 obvi\sly writt5 lat] ?an ! draft "h reproduc$4 ,! ,diod>io is n directly address$--! p]son address$ inde$ is n kn[n--& x seems to me highly probable t x 0 writt5 to "s o!r patron & fri5d ^: "n & position are n m5tion$4 ,hav+ (t5 made y1 by my lett]s1 acqua9t$ ) ! ?+s :i* h happ5$1 ,i ?9k ,i ought n to be sil5t z to ! ev5ts ( ! la/ few days1 :i*--#b444 ,hav+ sev]al times-- ,hav+ _m times rejoic$ ) y by lett]s ov] y\r prosp]\s =tunes1 ,i "k n[ t1 z a fri5d y w be sad ) me ov] ! mis]able /ate 9 :i* ,i f9d myself2 & ?is is1 t dur+ ! la/ few days ,i h be5 9 s mu* tr\ble1 fe>1 p]il & loss1 besides ! mis]ies ( ! p "h1 t we h be5 envi\s ( ! dead2 & c]ta9ly ,i d n believe t s9ce ! elem5ts by _! sep>ation r$uc$ ! va/ *aos to ord]1 !y h ev] comb9$ _! =ce & fury to d s mu* mis*ief to man4 ,z f> z reg>ds u "h1 :at we h se5 & gone ?r\gh is su* t ,i c\ld n imag9e t ?+s c\ld ev] rise to su* an am\nt ( mis*ief1 z we exp]i5c$ 9 ! space ( t5 h\rs4 ,9 ! fir/ place we 7 assail$ & attack$ by ! viol5ce & fury ( ! w9ds #aj2 to ?is 0 add$ ! fall+ ( great m\nta9s ( sn[ :i* fill$ up all ?is valley1 ?us de/roy+ a great "p ( our city ,footnote #aa3 ,della no/ra citta 7,leon>do fir/ wrote di que/a citta74 ,f ?is we may inf] t he _h at "s "t liv$ 9 ! place 9 "q :]ev] x might be44 ,& n cont5t ) ?is ! tempe/ s5t a sudd5 flood ( wat] to subm]ge all ! l[ "p ( ?is city #ab2 add$ to :i* !re came a sudd5 ra91 or r a ru9\s torr5t & flood ( wat]1 s&1 mud1 & /ones1 entangl$ ) roots1 & /ems & fragm5ts ( v>i\s trees2 & e k9d ( ?+ fly+ ?r\gh ! air fell ^u u2 f9ally a great fire broke out1 n br\ght by ! w9d1 b c>ri$ z x w\ld seem1 by t5 ?\s& devils1 :i* completely burnt up all ?is neighb\rhood & x has n yet ceas$4 ,& ^? few :o rema9 unhurt are 9 su* dejection & su* t]ror t !y h>dly h c\rage to speak to ea* o!r1 z if !y 7 /unn$4 ,hav+ ab&on$ all our bus9ess1 we /ay "h toge!r 9 ! ru9s ( "s *ur*es1 m5 & wom5 m+l$ toge!r1 small & great ,footnote #ag3 ,c]te ru9e di *iese4 ,ei!r ( ,arm5ian *ur*es or ( ,mosques1 :i* x 0 n unusual to speak ( z *ur*es4 ,mas*i e femm9i insieme unite1 implies an infr+em5t ( ! usually /rict rule ( ! sep>ation ( ! sexes41 j l h]ds ( goats4 ,! neighb\rs out ( pity succ\r$ u ) victuals1 & !y _h previ\sly be5 our enemies4 ,& if ,footnote #ah3 ,i vic9i1 no/ri nimici4 ,! t[n mu/ !n h /ood q close to ! fronti] ( ! c\ntry4 ,comp>e #accf4 ,l4 #g4 vic9i ai no/ri conf9i4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan has already publi%$ l9es #d-ac 7see ,das ,mal]bu*1 ,leipzig1 #ahgc1 p4 #ij3--;8 read+ diff]s f m9e7 "u ! title ( ,description ( a l&scape ne> ,lake ,como4 ,we d 9 fact f9d1 among o!r loose %eets 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus1 c]ta9 texts ref]r+ to valleys ( ! ,alps 7see ,nos4 #ajcj1 #ajca & note p4 #bcg7 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! loose %eets1 ( :i* ! ,codex ,atlanticus has be5 =m$1 ^! happ5 to be plac$ close to ?is text4 ,! compil] /uck bo? on ! same folio %eet2 & if ?is is n ! reason = ,dr4 ,,jordan',s *oos+ su* a title 7,description c47 ,i _c imag9e :at x c h be54 ,x is1 at any rate1 a m]ely hypo!tical /atem5t4 ,! designation ( ! population ( ! c\ntry r\nd a city z ! enemy 7nemici7 is h>dly appropriate to ,italy 9 ! "t ( ,leon>do4 x _h n be5 = c]ta9 p :o succ\r$ u ) victuals1 all w\ld h di$ ( hung]4 ,n[ y see ! /ate we are 94 ,& all ^! evils are z no?+ comp>$ ) ^? :i* are promis$ to u %ortly4 ,i "k t z a fri5d y w grieve = my mis=tunes1 z ,i1 9 =m] lett]s h %[n my joy at y\r prosp]ity 444 ,notes ab\t ev5ts obs]v$ abroad 7#acch-acci74 #acch4 ,,book #dc4 ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,air ,,enclos$ ,,9 ,,wat]4 ,i h se5 motions ( ! air s furi\s t !y h c>ri$1 mix$ up 9 _! c\rse1 ! l>ge/ trees ( ! =e/ & :ole ro(s ( great palaces1 & ,i h se5 ! same fury bore a hole ) a :irl+ movem5t digg+ out a gravel pit1 & c>ry+ gravel1 s& & wat] m ?an half a mile ?r\gh ! air4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ sixte5 l9es ( ?is passage :i* treat ( ! subject z indicat$ on ! title l9e h no place 9 ?is connexion & h be5 omitt$4 ,footnote #b3 ,ho v$uto movim5ti c4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d happ5$ 9 ,italy dur+ ,leon>do's lifetime1 & x is !re=e extremely probable t ?is ref]s to ! natural ph5om5a :i* are s fully describ$ 9 ! =ego+ passage4 7,comp>e too1 ,no4 #ajba47 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! descriptions ( ! ,deluge 9 ! ,libro di ,pittura 7,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #fjg-faa71 & t ( ! fall ( a m\nta9 ,no4 #faj1 l4 #ag-cj 7 writt5 f ! vivid impressions d]iv$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,comp>e also ,pl4 ,,xxxiv-,,xl4 #acci4 ,footnote3 ,x may be inf]r$ f ! "* ( ! writ+1 :i* is 9 ! /yle ( ! note 9 facsimile ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #big1 t ?is passage 0 writt5 betwe5 #adgj & #adhj4 ,z ! figure #f at ! end ( ! text indicates1 x 0 cont9u$ on ano!r page1 b ,i h se>*$ 9 va9 = x4 ,! rev]se ( ?is leaf is col\r$ r$ = draw+ 9 silv] po9t1 b has n be5 us$ = t purpose b = writ+ on1 & at ab\t ! same date4 ,! passages are giv5 z ,nos4 #abag1 #abah1 #abai1 #aafb & ,no4 #iid 7see note page #bah74 ,! text giv5 above is obvi\sly n a fragm5t ( a lett]1 b a record ( "s p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,no4 #acgi also seems to ref] to ,leon>do's j\rneys 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,l a :irl+ w9d :i* ru%es d[n a s&y & holl[ valley1 & :i*1 9 its ha/y c\rse1 drives to its c5tre e ?+ t opposes its furi\s c\rse 444 ,no o!rwise does ! ,nor!rn bla/ :irl r\nd 9 its tempe/u\s progress 444 ,nor does ! tempe/u\s sea bell[ s l\d1 :5 ! ,nor!rn bla/ da%es x1 ) its foam+ waves betwe5 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis2 nor ,/romboli1 nor ,m\nt ,etna1 :5 _! sulphur\s flames1 hav+ be5 =cibly conf9$1 r5d1 & bur/ op5 ! m\nta91 fulm9at+ /ones & e>? ?r\gh ! air toge!r ) ! flames !y vomit4 ,nor :5 ! inflam$ cav]ns ( ,m\nt ,etna ,footnote #ac3 ,mongibello is a "n commonly giv5 9 ,sicily to ,m\nt ,etna 7f ,djebel1 ,arab4m\nta974 ,fr4 ,,f]r>a1 ,descrizione dell' ,etna con la /oria delle eruzioni 7,pal]mo1 #ahah1 p4 #hh7 tells u1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,cronaca del ,mona/]o ,b5$ett9o di ,licordia ( an eruption ( ! ,volcano ) a great fl[ ( lava on ,sept4 #ba1 #addg4 ,! next records ( ! m\nta9 are f ! ye>s #aecc & #aecf4 ,a4 ,p]cy nei!r does m5tion any eruptions ( ,etna dur+ ! ye>s to :i* ?is note mu/ probably ref] ,memoire des tremblem5ts de t]re de la p59sule italique1 ,vol4 ,,xxii des ,memoires c\ronnees et ,memoires des savants etrang]s4 ,academie ,royal de ,belgique74 ,a lit]al int]pretation ( ! passage w\ld n1 h[ev]1 indicate an allusion to any great eruption2 p>ticul>ly 9 ! connection ) ,/romboli1 :]e ! p]iodical outbreaks 9 v %ort int]vals are v /rik+ to any obs]v]1 especially at night "t1 :5 pass+ ! isl& on ! way f ,naples to ,mess9a41 reject+ ! ill-re/a9$ elem5t vomit x =?1 back to its own region1 driv+ furi\sly be=e x e ob/acle t comes 9 ! way ( its impetu\s rage 444 ,unable to resi/ my eag] desire & want+ to see ! great 444 ( ! v>i\s & /range %apes made by =mative nature1 & hav+ w&]$ "s di/ance among gloomy rocks1 ,i came to ! entrance ( a great cav]n1 9 front ( :i* ,i /ood "s "t1 a/oni%$ & unaw>e ( su* a ?+4 ,b5d+ my back into an ar* ,i re/$ my left h& on my knee & held my "r h& ov] my d[n-ca/ & contract$ eye br[s3 (t5 b5d+ fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r1 to see :e!r ,i c\ld discov] any?+ inside1 & ?is be+ =bidd5 by ! deep d>kness )91 & aft] hav+ rema9$ !re "s "t1 two contr>y emotions arose 9 me1 fe> & desire--fe> ( ! ?reat5+ d>k cav]n1 desire to see :e!r !re 7 any m>vell\s ?+ )9 x 444 ,drafts ( ,lett]s to ,lodovico il ,moro 7#acdj-acde74 #acdj4 ,footnote3 ,! num]\s corrections1 ! alt]ations 9 ! figures 7l4 #ah7 & ! abs5ce ( any signature prove t ?is is m]ely ! r\gh draft ( a lett] to ,lodovico il ,moro4 ,x is "o ( ! v few manuscripts :i* are writt5 f left to "r--see ! facsimile ( ! beg9n+ z "h reproduc$4 ,?is is probably ! f9al sket* ( a docum5t ! clean ( :i* copy 0 writt5 9 ! usual mann]4 ,leon>do no d\bt v r>ely wrote s1 & ?is is probably ! reason ( ! conspicu\s dissimil>ity 9 ! h&writ+1 :5 he did4 7,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xxxviii47 ,x is notewor?y too t "h ! or?ography & abbreviations are also exceptional4 ,b su* sup]ficial peculi>ities are n en\gh to /amp ! docum5t z altoge!r spuri\s4 ,x is nei!r a =g]y nor ! production ( any arti/ b ,leon>do himself4 ,z to ?is po9t ! cont5ts leave u no d\bt z to its au!nticity1 p>ticul>ly l4 #cb 7see ,no4 #gai1 :]e ?is passage is repeat$74 ,b :e!r ! fragm5t1 z we "h see x1 0 writt5 f ,leon>do's dictation--a !ory fav\r$ by ! or?ography1 ! erasures & corrections--or :e!r x may be a copy made = or by ,melzi or ,maz5ta is comp>atively unimportant4 ,!re are 9 ! ,codex ,atlanticus a few o!r docum5ts n writt5 by ,leon>do himself1 b ! notes 9 8 own h& f\nd on ! rev]se pages ( ^! leaves amply prove t !y 7 c]ta9ly 9 ,leon>do's possession4 ,?is m>k ( own]%ip is want+ to ! text 9 "q1 b ! compil]s ( ! ,codex ,atlanticus1 at any rate1 accept$ x z a g5u9e docum5t4 ,) reg>d to ! probable date ( ?is project$ lett] see ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #c4 ,mo/ illu/ri\s ,"l1 ,hav+ n[ suffici5tly consid]$ ! specim5s ( all ^? :o proclaim !mselves skill$ contriv]s ( in/rum5ts ( w>1 & t ! inv5tion & op]ation ( ! said in/rum5ts are no?+ diff]5t to ^? 9 common use3 ,i %all endeav\r1 )\t prejudice to any "o else1 to expla9 myself to y\r ,excell5cy %[+ y\r ,lord%ip my secrets1 & !n (f]+ !m to y\r be/ pleasure & approbation to "w ) effect at opportune mom5ts z well z all ^? ?+s :i*1 9 "p1 %all be briefly not$ bel[4 #a7 ,i h a sort ( extremely light & /rong bridges1 adapt$ to be mo/ easily c>ri$1 & ) !m y may pursue1 & at any "t flee f ! enemy2 & o!rs1 secure & inde/ructible by fire & battle1 easy & conv5i5t to lift & place4 ,also me?ods ( burn+ & de/roy+ ^? ( ! enemy4 #b7 ,i "k h[1 :5 a place is besieg$1 to take ! wat] out ( ! tr5*es1 & make endless v>iety ( bridges1 & cov]$ ways & ladd]s1 & o!r ma*9es p]ta9+ to su* exp$itions4 #c7 ,item4 ,if1 by reason ( ! height ( ! banks1 or ! /r5g? ( ! place & its position1 x is impossible1 :5 besieg+ a place1 to avail oneself ( ! plan ( bomb>dm5t1 ,i h me?ods = de/roy+ e rock or o!r =tress1 ev5 if x 7 f\nd$ on a rock1 c4 #d7 ,aga9 ,i h k9ds ( mort>s2 mo/ conv5i5t & easy to c>ry2 & ) ^! c fl+ small /ones almo/ resembl+ a /orm2 & ) ! smoke ( ^! caus+ great t]ror to ! enemy1 to 8 great detrim5t & confusion4 #i7 #h ,& :5 ! fight %\ld be at sea ,i h k9ds ( _m ma*9es mo/ effici5t = (f5ce & def5ce2 & vessels :i* w resi/ ! attack ( ! l>ge/ guns & p[d] & fumes4 #e7 ,item4 ,i h means by secret & tortu\s m9es & ways1 made )\t noise to rea* a designat$ spot1 ev5 if x 7 ne$$ to pass "u a tr5* or a riv]4 #f7 ,item4 ,i w make cov]$ *>iots1 safe & unattackable :i*1 ent]+ among ! enemy ) _! artill]y1 !re is no body ( m5 s great b !y w\ld break !m4 ,& beh9d ^!1 infantry c\ld foll[ q unhurt & )\t any h9drance4 #g7 ,item4 ,9 case ( ne$ ,i w make big guns1 mort>s & light ordnance ( f9e & useful =ms1 out ( ! common type4 #h7 ,:]e ! op]ation ( bomb>dm5t %\ld fail1 ,i w\ld contrive catapults1 mangonels1 traboc*i & o!r ma*9es ( m>vell\s efficacy & n 9 common use4 ,& 9 %ort1 accord+ to ! v>iety ( cases1 ,i c contrive v>i\s & endless means ( (f5ce & def5ce4 #aj7 ,9 "t ( peace ,i believe ,i c give p]fect satisfaction & to ! equal ( any o!r 9 ar*itecture & ! composition ( build+s public & private2 & 9 guid+ wat] f "o place to ano!r4 ,item3 ,i c c>ry out sculpture 9 m>ble1 bronze or clay1 & also 9 pa9t+ :atev] may be done1 & z well z any o!r1 be he :om he may4 #cb ,aga91 ! bronze horse may be tak5 9 h&1 :i* is to be to ! immortal glory & et]nal hon\r ( ! pr9ce y\r fa!r ( happy memory1 & ( ! illu/ri\s h\se ( ,s=za4 ,& if any "o ( ! above-nam$ ?+s seem to any "o to be impossible or n feasible1 ,i am mo/ ready to make ! exp]im5t 9 y\r p>k1 or 9 :atev] place may please y\r ,excell5cy--to :om ,i comm5d myself ) ! utmo/ humility c4 #acda4 ,to my illu/ri\s ,"l1 ,lodovico1 ,duke ( ,b>i1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci ( ,flor5ce-- ,leon>do4 ,footnote3 ,evid5tly a note ( ! sup]scription ( a lett] to ! ,duke1 & writt51 l ! =ego+ f left to "r4 ,! manuscript conta9+ x is ( ! ye> #adic4 ,lodovico 0 n proclaim$ & /yl$ ,duke ( ,milan till ,septemb] #adid4 ,! ,duk$om ( ,b>i belong$ to ! ,s=za family till #adii4 #acdb4 ,y w\ld l to see a model :i* w prove useful to y & to me1 also x w be ( use to ^? :o w be ! cause ( our usefulness4 ,footnote3 #acdb4 #acdc4 ,^! two notes occur 9 ! same n v volum9\s ,,ms4 z ! =m] "o & x is possible t !y are fragm5ts ( ! same lett]4 ,by ! ,modello1 ! eque/rian /atue is probably meant1 p>ticul>ly z ! model ( ?is /atue 0 publicly exhibit$ 9 ?is v ye>1 #adic1 on tne occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ) ,bianca ,m>ia ,s=za4 #acdc4 ,!re are "h1 my ,"l1 _m g5tlem5 :o w und]take ?is exp5se among !m1 if !y are all[$ to enjoy ! use ( admission to ! wat]s1 ! mills1 & ! passage ( vessels & :5 x is sold to !m ! price w be repaid to !m by ! canal ( ,m>tesana4 #acdd4 ,i am greatly vex$ to be 9 necessity1 b ,i /ill m regret t ?is %\ld be ! cause ( ! h9drance ( my wi% :i* is always dispos$ to obey y\r ,excell5cy4 ,p]haps y\r ,excell5cy did n give fur!r ord]s to ,mess] ,gualti]i1 believ+ t ,i _h money en\gh4 ,i am greatly annoy$ t y %\ld h f\nd me 9 necessity1 & t my hav+ to e>n my liv+ %\ld h h9d]$ me 444 #ab ,x vexes me greatly t hav+ to e>n my liv+ has =c$ me to int]rupt ! "w & to att5d to small matt]s1 in/ead ( foll[+ up ! "w :i* y\r ,lord%ip entru/$ to me4 ,b ,i hope 9 a %ort "t to h e>n$ s mu* t ,i may c>ry x out quietly to ! satisfaction ( y\r ,excell5cy1 to :om ,i comm5d myself2 & if y\r ,lord%ip ?\ght t ,i _h money1 y\r ,lord%ip 0 deceiv$4 ,i _h to fe$ #f m5 = #ef mon?s1 & h _h #ej ducats4 #acde4 ,& if any o!r comission is giv5 me by any 444 ( ! rew>d ( my s]vice4 ,because ,i am n able to be 444 ?+s assign$ because mean:ile !y h 444 to !m 444 444 :i* !y well may settle r ?an ,i 444 n my art :i* ,i wi% to *ange & 444 giv5 "s clo?+ if ,i d>e a sum 444 ,my ,"l1 ,i kn[+ y\r ,excell5cy's m9d to be occupi$ 444 to rem9d y\r ,lord%ip ( my small matt]s & ! arts put to sil5ce t my sil5ce might be ! cause ( mak+ y\r ,lord%ip scorn 444 my life 9 y\r s]vice4 ,i hold myself ev] 9 read9ess to obey 444 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,no4 #gbc1 :]e ?is passage is repeat$4 ,( ! horse ,i w say no?+ because ,i "k ! times are bad to y\r ,lord%ip h[ ,i _h /ill to receive two ye>s' sal>y ( ! 444 ) ! two skill$ workm5 :o are con/antly 9 my pay & at my co/ t at la/ ,i f\nd myself advanc$ ! said sum ab\t #ae lire 444 works ( fame by :i* ,i c\ld %[ to ^? :o %all see x t ,i h be5 ev]y:]e1 b ,i d n "k :]e ,i c\ld be/[ my "w m 444 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,no4 #acdd l4 #ab4 ,i1 hav+ be5 work+ to ga9 my liv+ 444 ,i n hav+ be5 in=m$ :at x is1 ,i f9d myself 444 ,footnote #ai3 ,9 ,april1 #adih1 ,leon>do 0 engag$ 9 pa9t+ ! ,saletta ,nigra ( ! ,ca/ello at ,milan4 7,see ,g4 ,,mong]i1 l',arte 9 ,milano1 #ahgb1 p4 #dag47 rememb] ! commission to pa9t ! rooms 444 ,i convey$ to y\r ,lord%ip only reque/+ y 444 ,footnote3 ,! pap] on :i* ?is is writt5 is torn d[n ! middle2 ab\t half ( ea* l9e rema9s4 ,draft ( lett] to be s5t to ,piac5za 7#acdf4 #acdg74 ,footnote3 #acdf4 #acdg4 ,piac5za belong$ to ,milan4 ,! ,"l spok5 ( 9 ?is lett]1 is no d\bt ,lodovico il ,moro4 ,"o may inf] f ! conclud+ s5t5ce 7,no4 #acdf1 l4 #cc4 #cd & ,no4 #acdg71 t ,leon>do1 :o no d\bt compil$ ?is lett]1 did n =w>d x to ,piac5za himself1 b gave x to "s influ5tial patron1 "u ^: "n & signature a copy ( x 0 s5t to ! ,commission4 #acdf4 ,magnific5t ,commission]s ( ,build+s ,i1 und]/&+ t y\r ,magnific5cies h made up y\r m9ds to make c]ta9 great works 9 bronze1 w rem9d y ( c]ta9 ?+s3 fir/ t y %\ld n be s ha/y or s quick to give ! commission1 le/ by ?is ha/e x %\ld become impossible to select a good model & a good ma/]2 & "s man ( small m]it may be *os51 :o by 8 insuffici5cy may cause y to be abus$ by y\r desc5dants1 judg+ t ?is age 0 b ill suppli$ ) m5 ( good c\nsel & ) good ma/]s2 see+ t o!r cities1 & *iefly ! city ( ! ,flor5t9es1 has be5 z x 7 9 ^! v days1 end[$ ) beautiful & gr& works 9 bronze2 among :i* are ! doors ( _! ,bapti/]y4 ,& ?is t[n ( ,flor5ce1 l ,piac5za1 is a place ( int]c\rse1 ?r\gh :i* _m =eign]s pass2 :o1 see+ t ! works are f9e & ( good quality1 c>ry away a good impression1 & w say t t city is well fill$ ) wor?y inhabitants1 see+ ! works :i* be> witness to _! op9ion2 & on ! o!r h&1 ,i say see+ s mu* metal exp5d$ & s badly wr\ght1 x 7 less %ame to ! city if ! doors _h be5 ( pla9 wood2 because1 ! mat]ial1 co/+ s little1 w\ld n seem to m]it any great outlay ( skill444 ,n[ ! pr9cipal p>ts :i* are s\ght = 9 cities are _! ca!drals1 & ( ^! ! fir/ ?+s :i* /rike ! eye are ! doors1 by :i* "o passes into ^! *ur*es4 ,bew>e1 g5tlem5 ( ! ,commission1 le/ too great spe$ 9 y\r det]m9ation1 & s mu* ha/e to exp$ite ! entru/+ ( s great a "w z t :i* ,i he> y h ord]$1 be ! cause t t :i* 0 int5d$ = ! hon\r ( ,god & ( m5 %\ld be turn$ to great di%on\r ( y\r judgm5ts1 & ( y\r city1 :i*1 be+ a place ( m>k1 is ! resort & ga!r+-place ( innum]able =eign]s4 ,& ?is di%on\r w\ld result if by y\r lack ( dilig5ce y 7 to put y\r tru/ 9 "s vaunt]1 :o by 8 tricks or by fav\r %[n to him "h %\ld obta9 su* "w f y1 by :i* la/+ & v great %ame w\ld result to him & to y4 ,?us ,i _c help be+ angry :5 ,i consid] :at m5 ^? are :o h conf]r$ ) y z wi%+ to und]take ?is great "w )\t ?9k+ ( _! suffici5cy = x1 n to say m4 ,?is "o is a pott]1 t "o a mak] ( cuirasses1 ?is "o is a bell-f\nd]1 ano!r a bell r+]1 & "o is ev5 a bomb>di]2 & among !m "o 9 8 ,lord%ip's s]vice1 :o boa/$ t he 0 ! gossip ( ,mess] ,ambrosio ,f]r]e ,footnote #bf3 ,mess] ,ambrogio ,f]r]e 0 ,f>m] ( ! ,cu/oms "u ! ,duke4 ,piac5za at t "t belong$ to ,milan41 :o has "s p[] & :o has made him "s promises2 & if ?is 7 n en\gh he w\ld m\nt on horseback1 & g to 8 ,"l & obta9 su* lett]s t y c\ld nev] refuse to give him ! "w4 ,b consid] :]e ma/]s ( real tal5t & fit = su* "w are br\ght :5 !y h to compete ) su* m5 z ^!4 ,op5 y\r eyes & look c>efully le/ y\r money %\ld be sp5t 9 buy+ y\r own disgrace4 ,i c decl>e to y t f t place y w procure none b av]age works ( inf]ior & co>se ma/]s4 ,!re is no capable man1--#cc & y may believe me1--except ,leon>do ! ,flor5t9e1 :o is mak+ ! eque/rian /atue 9 bronze ( ! ,duke ,francesco & :o has no ne$ to br+ himself into notice1 because he has "w = all 8 life "t2 & ,i d\bt1 :e!r be+ s great a "w1 he w ev] f9i% x #cd4 ,! mis]able pa9/ak]s 444 ) :at hope may !y expect a rew>d ( _! m]it8 #acdg4 ,!re is "o :om 8 ,lord%ip invit$ f ,flor5ce to d ?is "w & :o is a wor?y ma/]1 b ) s v mu* bus9ess he w nev] f9i% x2 & y may imag9e t a diff]5ce !re is to be se5 betwe5 a beautiful object & an ugly "o4 ,quote ,pl9y4 ,lett] to ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito d' ,e/e4 #acdh4 ,footnote3 ,?is lett] address$ to ! ,c>d9al ,ippolito d',e/e is "h giv5 f ,m>*ese ,g4 ,,campori',s publication3 ,nuovi docum5ti p] la ,vita di ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,atti e ,memorie delle ,r4 ,r4 ,deputazioni di ,/oria patria p] la prov9cie mod5esi e p>m5esi1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,x is ! only text ?r\gh\t ?is "w :i* ,i h n myself exam9$ & copi$ f ! orig9al4 ,! le>n$ discov]] ( ?is lett]--! only lett] f ,leon>do hi!rto kn[n z hav+ be5 s5t--adds ^! int]e/+ rem>ks3 ,code/o ,c>d9ale nato ad ,ercole ,i4 nel #adgj1 arcivescovo di ,/rigonia a sette anni1 poi d',agra1 aveva conseguito nel #adig la p+ue ed ambita catt$ra di ,milano1 la dove avra conosciuto il ,v9ci1 sebb5e il poco amore *'ei pr(essava alle arti lasci cr$]e *e le prote/e di s]vitu di ,leon>do piu *e a gratitud9e p] favori ricevuti e p] op]e a lui allogate1 acc5n9o a sp]anza p] un favore *e si aspetta4 ,notabile e ancora 9 que/o prezioso docum5to la ripetuta signatura del gr&e arti/a '*e si scrive ,v9cio e ,v9cius1 non da ,v9ci come si ti5e comunem5te1 sebb5e l'una e l'altra possano val]e a signific>e cosi il casato come il paese2 re/&o a sap]e se il nome del paese di ,v9ci fosse assunto a cognome della famiglia di ,leon>do nel qual suppo/o piu propriam5to avrebbe a *iam>si ,leon>do ,v9ci1 o ,v9cio 7lat9am5te ,v9cius7 com'egli /esso amo segn>si 9 que/a lett]a1 e come scriss]o p>ec*i cont5poranei di lui1 il ,casio1 il ,ces>iano1 ,ge(frey ,tory1 il ,gaurico1 il ,b&ello1 ,raffaelle ,maffei1 il ,paciolo4 ,p] ultimo non lasc]o d'avv]tire come la lett]a del ,v9ci e assai b5 cons]vata1 di nitida e l>ga scrittura 9 =ma pi5em5te corrispond5te a quella dei suoi manoscritti1 v]gata all'uso comune da s9i/ra a de/ra1 anzi*e contr>iam5te come fu suo co/ume2 ma indubbiam5te aut5tica e =nita della m5zione e del suggello *e fresca ancora cons]va l'impronta di una te/a di pr(ilo da un picciolo antico cammeo4 7,comp>e ,no4 #acfh1 note47 ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s & mo/ ,rev]5d ,"l4 ,! ,"l ,ippolito1 ,c>d9al ( ,e/e at ,f]r>e4 ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s & mo/ ,rev]5d ,"l4 ,i arriv$ f ,milan b a few days s9ce & f9d+ t my eld] bro!r refuses to c>ry into effect a w1 made ?ree ye>s ago :5 my fa!r di$--z also1 & no less1 because ,i w\ld n fail 9 a matt] ,i e/eem mo/ important--,i _c =be> to crave ( y\r mo/ ,rev]5d ,highness a lett] ( recomm5dation & fav\r to ,s] ,raphaello ,hi]onymo1 at pres5t "o ( ! illu/ri\s memb]s ( ! ,signoria be=e :om my cause is be+ argu$2 & m p>ticul>ly x has be5 laid by 8 ,excell5cy ! ,gonfaloni]e into ! h&s ( ! said ,s] ,raphaello1 t 8 ,wor%ip may h to decide & end x be=e ! fe/ival ( ,all ,sa9ts4 ,& !re=e1 my ,"l1 ,i entreat y1 z urg5tly z ,i "k h[ & am able1 t y\r ,highness w write a lett] to ! said ,s] ,raphaello 9 t admirable & press+ mann] :i* y\r ,highness c use1 recomm5d+ to him ,leon>do ,v9cio1 y\r mo/ humble s]vant z ,i am1 & %all always be2 reque/+ him & press+ him n only to d me ju/ice b to d s ) despat*2 & ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt1 f _m ?+s t ,i he>1 t ,s] ,raphaello1 be+ mo/ affectionately devot$ to y\r ,highness1 ! matt] w issue ad votum4 ,& ?is ,i %all attribute to y\r mo/ ,rev]5d ,highness' lett]1 to :om ,i once m humbly comm5d myself4 ,et b5e valeat4 ,flor5ce ,x,v,i,i,ia #g;bris #aejg4 ,e4 ,v4 ,r4 ,d4 y\r humble s]vant ,leon>dus ,v9cius1 pictor4 ,draft ( ,lett] to ! ,gov]nor ( ,milan4 #acdi4 ,i am afraid le/ ! small return ,i h made = ! great b5efits1 ,i h receiv$ f y\r ,excell5cy1 h n made y some:at angry ) me1 & t ?is is :y to s _m lett]s :i* ,i h writt5 to y\r ,lord%ip ,i h nev] _h an answ]4 ,i n[ s5d ,salai to expla9 to y\r ,lord%ip t ,i am almo/ at an end ( ! litigation ,i _h ) my bro!r2 t ,i hope to f9d myself ) y ?is ,ea/]1 & to c>ry ) me two pictures ( two ,madonnas ( diff]5t sizes4 ,^! 7 done = our mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 or = :omsoev] y\r ,lord%ip may please4 ,i %\ld be v glad to "k on my return !nce :]e ,i may h to reside1 = ,i w\ld n give any m tr\ble to y\r ,lord%ip4 ,also1 z ,i h work$ = ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 :e!r my sal>y is to cont9ue or n4 ,i wrote to ! ,presid5t z to t wat] :i* ! k+ grant$ me1 & :i* ,i 0 n put 9 possession ( because at t "t !re 0 a de>? 9 ! canal by reason ( ! great dr\ghts & because ,footnote3,comp>e ,nos4 #ajji & #ajaj4 ,leon>do has not$ ! paym5t ( ! p5sion f ! k+ 9 #aeje4 its outlets 7 n regulat$2 b he c]ta9ly promis$ me t :5 ?is 0 done ,i %\ld be put 9 possession4 ,?us ,i pray y\r ,lord%ip t y w take s mu* tr\ble1 n[ t ^! outlets are regulat$1 z to rem9d ! ,presid5t ( my matt]2 t is1 to give me possession ( ?is wat]1 because on my return ,i hope to make !re in/rum5ts & o!r ?+s :i* w greatly please our mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+4 ,no?+ else occurs to me4 ,i am always y\rs to comm&4 ,footnote3#acdi4 ,*>les d',amboise1 ,m>e*al de ,*aumont1 0 ,gov]nor ( ,milan "u ,l\is ,,xii4 ,leon>do 0 9 p]sonal communication ) him s e>ly z 9 #aejc4 ,he 0 abs5t f ,milan 9 ! autumn ( #aejf & f ,octob] l#el#j--:5 he besieg$ ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 9 ,bologna--till 8 dea?1 :i* took place at ,correggio1 ,febru>y #aa1 #aeaa4 ,francesco ,v9ci1 ,leon>do's uncle1 di$--z ,amoretti tells u--9 ! w9t] ( l#el#j-aa 7or accord+ to ,uzielli 9 #aejf871 & ,leon>do rema9$ 9 ,flor5ce = bus9ess connect$ ) 8 e/ate4 ,! lett] writt5 ) ref]5ce to ?is affair1 ,no4 #acdh1 is und\bt$ly e>li] ?an ! lett]s ,nos4 #acdi & #acej4 ,amoretti tells u1 ,memorie ,/ori*e1 *4 ,,ii1 t ! foll[+ note exi/$ on ! same leaf 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 ,i h n h[ev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ x4 ,! passage runs ?us3 ,jo sono quasi al f9e del mio letizio *e io o con mie fratetgli 444 ,ancora ricordo a ,v4 ,excia la fac5da *e o cum ,s] ,juliana mio ,fratello capo delli altri fratelli ricord&oli come se (f]se di conci> le cose no/re fra noi fratelli del comune della er$ita de mio ,zio1 e quelli co/r+a alla exp$itione1 quale cont5eva la lett]a *e lui me m&o4 ,drafts ( ,lett]s to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,canals & to ,fr4 ,melzi4 #acej4 ,magnific5t ,presid5t1 ,i am s5d+ ?i!r ,salai1 my pupil1 :o is ! be>] ( ?is1 & f him y w he> by ^w ( m\? ! cause ( my444 ,magnific5t ,presid5t1 ,i444 ,magnific5t ,presid5t3--,hav+ (ttimes rememb]$ ! proposals made _m times to me by y\r ,excell5cy1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( writ+ to rem9d y\r ,lord%ip ( ! promise made to me at my la/ dep>ture1 t is ! possession ( ! twelve in*es ( wat] grant$ to me by ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+4 ,y\r ,lord%ip kn[s t ,i did n ent] into possession1 because at t "t :5 x 0 giv5 to me !re 0 a de>? ( wat] 9 ! canal1 z well by reason ( ! great dr\ght z also because ! outlets 7 n regulat$2 b y\r ,excell5cy promis$ me t z soon z ?is 0 done1 ,i %\ld h my rights4 ,aft]w>ds he>+ t ! canal 0 complete ,i wrote sev]al times to y\r ,lord%ip & to ,mess] ,girolamo da ,cusano1:o has 9 8 keep+ ! de$ ( ?is gift2 & s also ,i wrote to ,corig]o & nev] _h a reply4 ,i n[ s5d ?i!r ,salai1 my pupil1 ! be>] ( ?is1 to :om y\r ,lord%ip may tell by ^w ( m\? all t happ5$ 9 ! matt] ab\t :i* ,i petition y\r ,excell5cy4 ,i expect to g ?i!r ?is ,ea/] s9ce ,i am ne>ly at ! end ( my lawsuit1 & ,i w take ) me two pictures ( our ,lady :i* ,i h begun1 & at ! pres5t "t h br\ght !m on to a v good end2 no?+ else occurs to me4 ,my ,"l ! love :i* y\r ,excell5cy has always %[n me & ! b5efits t ,i h con/antly receiv$ f y ,i h hi!rto444 ,i am fe>ful le/ ! small return ,i h made = ! great b5efits ,i h receiv$ f y\r ,excell5cy may n h made y some:at annoy$ ) me4 ,& ?is is :y1 to _m lett]s :i* ,i h writt5 to y\r ,excell5cy ,i h nev] _h an answ]4 ,i n[ s5d to y ,salai to expla9 to y\r ,excell5cy t ,i am almo/ at ! end ( my litigation ) my bro!rs1 & t ,i hope to be ) y ?is ,ea/] & c>ry ) me two pictures on :i* are two ,madonnas ( diff]5t sizes :i* ,i began = ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 or = :omsoev] y please4 ,i %\ld be v glad to "k :]e1 on my return f ?is place1 ,i %all h to reside1 because ,i d n wi% to give m tr\ble to y\r ,lord%ip2 & !n1 hav+ work$ = ! mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+1 :e!r my sal>y is to be cont9u$ or n4 ,i write to ! ,presid5t z to ! wat] t ! k+ grant$ me ( :i* ,i _h n be5 put 9 possession by reason ( ! de>? 9 ! canal1 caus$ by ! great dr\ght & because its outlets 7 n regulat$2 b he promis$ me c]ta9ly t z soon z ! regulation 0 made1 ,i %\ld be put 9 possession ( x2 ,i !re=e pray y t1 if y %\ld meet ! said ,presid5t1 y w\ld be good en\gh1 n[ t ! outlets are regulat$1 to rem9d ! said ,presid5t to cause me to be put 9 possession ( t wat]1 s9ce ,i und]/& x is 9 great measure 9 8 p[]4 ,no?+ else occurs to me2 always y\rs to comm&4 ,good day to y ,mess] ,francesco4 ,:y1 9 ,god's "n1 ( all ! lett]s ,i h writt5 to y1 h y nev] answ]$ "o4 ,n[ wait till ,i come1 by ,god1 & ,i %all make y write s mu* t p]haps y w become sick ( x4 ,de> ,mess] ,francesco4 ,i am s5d+ ?i!r ,salai to le>n f ,8 ,magnific5ce ! ,presid5t to :at end ! regulation ( ! wat] has come s9ce1 at my dep>ture ?is regulation ( ! outlets ( ! canal _h be5 ord]$1 because ,8 ,magnific5ce ! ,presid5t promis$ me t z soon z ?is 0 done ,i %\ld be satisfi$4 ,x is n[ "s "t s9ce ,i he>d t ! canal 0 9 ord]1 z also its outlets1 & ,i imm$iately wrote to ! ,presid5t & to y1 & !n ,i repeat$ x1 & nev] _h an answ]4 ,s y w h ! goodness to answ] me z to t :i* happ5$1 & z ,i am n to hurry ! matt]1 w\ld y take ! tr\ble1 = ! love ( me1 to urge ! ,presid5t a little1 & also ,mess] ,girolamo ,cusano1 to :om y w comm5d me & (f] my duty to 8 ,magnific5ce4 ,footnote3 #acej4 #bh-cf4 ,draft ( a lett] to ,francesco ,melzi1 born l#dic--;a y\? !re=e ( ab\t #ag 9 #aeaj4 ,leon>do addresses 8 "y fri5d z ,mess]1 z be+ ! son ( a noble h\se4 ,melzi practis$ art "u ,leon>do z a dilettante & n z a pupil1 l ,ces>e da ,se/o & o!rs 7,see ,,l]molieff1 ,die ,gal]i5 c41 p4 #dgf74 ,drafts ( a lett] to ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 7#acea-aceb74 #acel4 ,mo/ illu/ri\s ,"l4 ,i greatly rejoice mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,"l at y\r444 ,i 0 s greatly rejoic$1 mo/ illu/ri\s ,"l1 by ! desir$ re/oration ( y\r heal?1 t x almo/ _h ! effect t my own heal? recov]$--,i h got ?r\gh my illness--my own illness left me-- --( y\r ,excell5cy's almo/ re/or$ heal?4 ,b ,i am extremely vex$ t ,i h n be5 able completely to satisfy ! wi%es ( y\r ,excell5cy1 by reason ( ! wick$ness ( t deceiv]1 = :om ,i left no?+ undone :i* c\ld be done = him by me & by :i* ,i might be ( use to him2 & 9 ! fir/ place 8 all[ances 7 paid to him be=e ! "t1 :i* ,i believe he w\ld will+ly d5y1 if ,i _h n ! writ+ sign$ by myself & ! int]pret]4 ,& ,i1 see+ t he did n "w = me unless he _h no "w to d = o!rs1 :i* he 0 v c>eful 9 sollicit+1 invit$ him to d9e ) me1 & to "w aft]w>ds ne> me1 because1 besides ! sav+ ( exp5se1 he ,footnote #acea4 #acec3 ,x is cle> f ! cont5ts ( ?is notes t !y ref] to ,leon>do's resid5ce 9 ,rome 9 #aeac-aeae4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt t !y 7 address$ to ,leon>do's patron at ! "t3 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 ?ird son ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t & bro!r ( ,pope ,leo ,x 7born #adgh74 ,9 #aeab he became ! head ( ! ,flor5t9e ,republic4 ,! ,pope invit$ him to ,rome1 :]e he settl$2 9 #aeac he 0 nam$ patrician ) mu* spl5did c]emonial4 ,! m$al /ruck 9 hon\r ( ! ev5t be>s ! words ,,mag4 ,,ivlian4 ,,m$ices4 ,leon>do too uses ! /yle ,magnifico1 9 8 lett]4 ,comp>e also ,no4 #acgg4 ,gl,n,o ,,capponi 7,/oria della ,repubblica di ,fir5ze1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aci7 ?us describes ! "* ( ,giuliano de' ,m$ici1 :o di$ 9 #aeaf3 ,era il migliore della famiglia1 di vita placida1 gr&e sp5ditore1 t55do intorno a se uom9i +egnosi1 ed ogni nuova cosa voleva prov>e4 ,see too ,,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adi ,rom1 ,,viii 7book ,,xiv4 ,,iii1 #b73 ,die ,lufts*loss] fur/li*] ,grosse1 wozu ihn d] ,pap/ hatte erheb5 woll5 z]fiel54 ,julian w> d] edel/e all] damalig5 ,m$ici1 e9 ,m5s* von inn]li*] ,ri*tung1 unbefri$igt dur* das ,leb51 mitt5 im ,sonn5glanz d] ,h]rli*keit ,leo's ,x4 e9e dunkle ,ge/alt die wie e9 ,s*att5 vorub]zog4 ,giuliano liv$ 9 ! ,vatican1 & x may be safely inf]r$ f ,no4 #aceb l4 #b1 & ,no4 #acec l4 #d1 t ,leon>do did ! same4 ,f ! foll[+ unpubli%$ notice 9 ! ,vatican ar*ives1 :i* ,m4 ,eug4 ,muntz1 libr>ian ( ! ,ecole des ,beaux arts1 ,p>is1 has done me ! fav\r to communicate to me1 we get a m accurate view ( ,leon>do's relation to ! (t5 nam$ ,,giorgio ,,t$esco3 ,nota delle provisione 7sic7 a da pag>e p] me 9 nome del no/ro ill4 ,s4 ,b]n>do ,b9i e *ompa di ,roma1 e prima della illma sua *onsorte ogni mese d4 #hjj4 ,a ,ldo da ,v9ci p] sua provisione d4 ,,xxxiii1 e piu d4 ,,vii al detto p] la provisione di ,giorgio t$es*o1 *e sono 9 tutto d4 #dj4 ,f ?is we le>n1 t sev5 ducats =m$ ! ,g]man's mon?ly wages1 b accord+ to ,no4 #acec l4 #g he pret5d$ t eight ducats _h be5 agre$ ^u4 w\ld acquire ! ,italian language4 ,he always promis$1 b w\ld nev] d s4 ,& ?is ,i did also1 because t ,giovanni1 ! ,g]man :o makes ! mirrors1 0 !re always 9 ! work%op1 & want$ to see & to "k all t 0 be+ done !re & made x kn[n outside 444 /rongly criticis+ x2 & because he d9$ ) ^? ( ! ,pope's gu>d1 & !n !y w5t out ) guns kill+ birds among ! ru9s2 & ?is w5t on f aft] d9n] till ! ev5+2 & :5 ,i s5t ,lor5zo to urge him to "w he said t he w\ld n h s _m ma/]s ov] him1 & t 8 "w 0 = y\r ,excell5cy's ,w>drobe2 & ?us two mon?s pass$ & s x w5t on2 & "o day f9d+ ,gian ,niccolo ( ! ,w>drobe & ask+ :e!r ! ,g]man _h f9i%$ ! "w = y\r ,magnific5ce1 he told me ?is 0 n true1 b only t he _h giv5 him two guns to clean4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ,i _h urg$ him f>!r1 be left ! work%op & began to "w 9 8 room1 & lo/ mu* "t 9 mak+ ano!r pair ( p9c]s & files & o!r tools ) screws2 & !re he work$ at mills = twi/+ silk :i* he hid :5 any "o ( my p w5t 91 & ) a ?\s& oa?s & mutt]+s1 s t none ( !m w\ld g !re any m4 ,i 0 s greatly rejoic$1 mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,"l1 by ! desir$ re/oration ( y\r heal?1 t my own illness almo/ left me4 ,b ,i am greatly vex$ at n hav+ be5 able to completely satisfy y\r ,excell5cy's wi%es by reason ( ! wick$ness ( t ,g]man deceiv]1 = :om ,i left no?+ undone by :i* ,i c\ld h hope to please him2 & secondly ,i invit$ him to lodge & bo>d ) me1 by :i* means ,i %\ld con/antly see ! "w he 0 do+ & ) great] ease correct 8 errors :ile1 besides ?is1 he w\ld le>n ! ,italian tongue1 by means ( :i* be c\ld ) m ease talk )\t an int]pret]2 8 moneys 7 always giv5 him 9 advance ( ! "t :5 due4 ,aft]w>ds he want$ to h ! models f9i%$ 9 wood1 j z !y 7 to be 9 iron1 & wi%$ to c>ry !m away to 8 own c\ntry4 ,b ?is ,i refus$ him1 tell+ him t ,i w\ld give him1 9 draw+1 ! bread?1 l5g?1 height & =m ( :at he _h to d2 & s we rema9$ 9 ill-w4 ,! next ?+ 0 t he made himself ano!r work%op & p9c]s & tools 9 8 room :]e he slept1 & !re he work$ = o!rs2 aft]w>ds he w5t to d9e ) ! ,swiss ( ! gu>d1 :]e !re are idle fell[s1 9 :i* he beat !m all2 & mo/ times !y w5t two or ?ree toge!r ) guns1 to %oot birds among ! ru9s1 & ?is w5t on till ev5+4 ,at la/ ,i f\nd h[ ?is ma/] ,giovanni ! mirror-mak] 0 he :o _h done x all1 = two reasons2 ! fir/ because he _h said t my com+ "h _h depriv$ him ( ! c\nt5ance & fav\r ( y\r ,lord%ip :i* always444 ,! o!r is t he said t 8 iron-work]s' rooms suit$ him = work+ at 8 mirrors1 & ( ?is he gave pro(2 = besides mak+ him my enemy1 he made him sell all he _h & leave 8 work%op to him1 :]e he works ) a numb] ( workm5 mak+ num]\s mirrors to s5d to ! fairs4 #aceb4 ,i 0 s greatly rejoic$1 mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,"l1 by ! wi%$ = recov]y ( y\r heal?1 t my own ills h almo/ left me2 & ,i say ,god be prais$ = x4 ,b x vexes me greatly t ,i h n be5 able completely to satisfy y\r ,excell5cy's wi%es by reason ( ! wick$ness ( t ,g]man deceiv]1 = :om ,i left no?+ undone by :i* ,i c\ld hope to please him2 & secondly ,i invit$ him to lodge & bo>d ) me1 by :i* means ,i %\ld see con/antly ! "w he 0 do+1 = :i* purpose ,i w\ld h a table fix$ at ! foot ( "o ( ^! w9d[s1 :]e he c\ld "w ) ! file & f9i% ! ?+s made bel[2 & s ,i %\ld con/antly see ! "w he might d1 & x c\ld be correct$ ) great] ease4 ,draft ( lett] writt5 at ,rome4 #acec4 ,?is o!r h9d]$ me 9 anatomy1 blam+ x be=e ! ,pope2 & likewise at ! hospital2 & he has fill$ #d ?is :ole ,belv$]e ) work%ops = mirrors2 & he did ! same ?+ 9 ,mae/ro ,giorgio's room4 ,he said t he _h be5 promis$ #g eight ducats e mon?1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ day1 :5 he set out1 or at late/ :5 he spoke ) y2 & t y agre$4 ,see+ t he seldom /ay$ 9 ! work%op1 & t he ate a great deal1 ,i s5t him ^w t1 if he lik$ ,i c\ld deal ) him sep>ately = ea* ?+ t he might make1 & w\ld give him :at we might agree to be a fair valuation4 ,he took c\nsel ) 8 neighb\r & gave up 8 room1 sell+ e ?+1 & w5t to f9d444 ,miscellane\s ,records 7#aced4 #acee74 #aced4 ,footnote3 ,a puzzl+ passage1 meant1 z x w\ld seem1 = a je/4 ,comp>e ! description ( ,giants 9 ,dante1 ,inf4 ,,xxi & ,,xxii4 ,p]haps ,leon>do _h ! ,giant ,antaeus 9 8 m9d4 ,( him ! my? relates t he 0 a son ( ,ge1 t he f$ on lions2 t he hunt$ 9 ,libya & kill$ ! inhabitants4 ,he enjoy$ ! peculi>ity ( r5ew+ 8 /r5g? :5ev] he fell & came 9 contact ) 8 "m e>?2 b t ,h]cules lift$ him up & s conqu]$ & /rangl$ him4 ,lucan gives a full acc\nt ( ! /ruggle4 ,ph>salia ,,iv1 #fag4 ,! read+ ( ?is passage1 :i* is v indi/9ctly writt51 is 9 _m places d\btful4 ,de> ,b5$etto de' ,p]t>ti4 ,:5 ! pr\d giant fell because ( ! bloody & miry /ate ( ! gr\nd x 0 z ?\gh a m\nta9 _h fall5 s t ! c\ntry %ook z ) an e>?quake1 & t]ror fell on ,pluto 9 hell4 ,f ! viol5ce ( ! %ock he lay z /unn$ on ! level gr\nd4 ,sudd5ly ! p1 see+ him z "o kill$ by a ?und]bolt1 turn$ back2 l ants runn+ wildly ov] ! body ( ! fall5 oak1 s ^! ru%+ ov] 8 ample limbs4444444444 !m ) frequ5t w\nds2 by :i*1 ! giant be+ r\s$ & feel+ himself almo/ cov]$ by ! multitude1 he sudd5ly p]ceives ! sm>t+ ( ! /abs1 & s5t =? a ro> :i* s\nd$ l a t]rific clap ( ?und]2 & plac+ 8 h&s on ! gr\nd he rais$ 8 t]rible face3 & hav+ lift$ "o h& to 8 head he f\nd x full ( m5 & rabble /ick+ to x l ! m9ute creatures :i* n unfrequ5tly are f\nd !re2 :]e=e ) a %ake ( 8 head he s5ds ! m5 fly+ ?r\gh ! air j z hail does :5 driv5 by ! fury ( ! w9ds4 ,_m ( ^! m5 7 f\nd to be dead2 /amp+ ) 8 feet4 ,& cl++ to 8 hair1 & /riv+ to hide 9 x1 !y behav$ l sailors 9 a /orm1 :o run up ! ropes to less5 ! =ce ( ! w9d by tak+ 9 sail4 ,news ( ?+s f ! ,ea/4 ,be x kn[n to y t 9 ! mon? ( ,june !re appe>$ a ,giant1 :o came f ! ,lybian des]t444 mad ) rage l ants4444 /ruck d[n by ! rude4 ,?is great ,giant 0 born 9 ,m\nt ,atlas & 0 a h]o 444 & _h to fight aga9/ ! ,egyptians & ,arabs1 ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,he liv$ 9 ! sea on :ales1 grampuses & %ips4 ,m>s fe>+ = 8 life took refuge "u !444 ( ,jove4 ,& at ! great fall x seem$ z ?\gh ! :ole prov9ce quak$4 #acee4 ,?is _s returns to ! bra9 :5ce x _h dep>t$1 ) a l\d voice & ) ^! words1 x mov$444 ,& if any man ?\gh he may h wisdom or goodness 444444444 ,footnote3 ,?is passage1 v difficult to deciph]1 is on ! rev]se ( a draw+ at ,w9dsor1 ,pl4 ,,cxxii1 :i* possibly has "s connection ) x4 ,! draw+ is slightly r$uc$ 9 ?is reproduction2 ! orig9al be+ #be cm4 high by #ai cm4 wide4 ,o bless$ & happy _s :5ce come/ ?\8 ,well h ,i kn[n ?is man1 mu* aga9/ my w4 ,?is "o is a receptacle ( villa9y2 he is a p]fect heap ( ! utmo/ +ratitude comb9$ ) e vice4 ,b ( :at use is x to fatigue myself ) va9 words8 ,no?+ is to be f\nd 9 !m b e =m ( s9 444 ,& if !re %\ld be f\nd among !m any t possesses any good1 !y w n be treat$ diff]5tly to myself by o!r m52 & 9 f9e1 ,i come to ! conclusion t x is bad if !y are ho/ile1 & worse if !y are fri5dly4 ,miscellane\s drafts ( lett]s & p]sonal records 7#acef--acfh74 #acef4 ,all ! ills t are or ev] 71 if !y c\ld be set to "w by him1 w\ld n satisfy ! desires ( 8 iniquit\s s\l2 & ,i c\ld n 9 any l5g? ( "t describe 8 nature to y1 b ,i conclude444 #aceg4 ,i "k "o :o1 hav+ promis$ me mu*1 less ?an my due1 be+ disappo9t$ ( 8 presumptu\s desires1 has tri$ to deprive me ( all my fri5ds2 & z he has f\nd !m wise & n pliable to 8 w1 he has m5ac$ me t1 hav+ f\nd means ( d5\nc+ me1 he w\ld deprive me ( my b5efactors4 ,h5ce ,i h in=m$ y\r ,lord%ip ( ?is1 to ! end t ?is man :o wi%es to s[ ! usual sc&als1 may f9d no soil fit = s[+ ! ?\ghts & de$s ( 8 evil nature s t he1 try+ to make y\r ,lord%ip1 ! in/rum5t ( 8 iniquit\s & malice\s nature may be disappo9t$ ( 8 desire4 #aceh4 ,footnote3 ,bel[ ?is text we read gus/9o--,giu/9o & 9 ano!r passage on ! same page ,ju/9 is quot$ 7,no4 #abaj1 #a4 #dh74 ,! two h h[ev] no real connection4 ,& 9 ?is case ,i "k t ,i %all make few enemies see+ t no "o w believe :at ,i c say ( him2 = !y are b few :om 8 vices h disgu/$1 & he only dislikes ^? m5 ^: natures are contr>y to ^? vices4 ,& _m hate _! fa!rs1 & break (f fri5d%ip ) ^? :o reprove _! vices2 & he w n p]mit any examples aga9/ !m1 nor any advice4 ,if y meet ) any "o :o is virtu\s d n drive him f y2 d him hon\r1 s t he may n h to flee f y & be r$uc$ to hid+ 9 h]mitages1 or caves or o!r solit>y places to escape f y\r trea*]y2 if !re is su* an "o among y d him hon\r1 = ^! are our ,sa9ts ^u e>?2 ^! are !y :o des]ve /atues f u1 & images2 b rememb] t _! images are n to be eat5 by y1 z is /ill done 9 "s p>ts ( ,india ,footnote #ae3 ,9 explanation ( ?is passage ,i h receiv$ ! foll[+ communication f ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,leitn] ( ,lahore3 ,s f> z ,indian cu/oms are kn[n to u1 ?is practice spok5 ( by ,leon>do z '/ill exi/+ 9 "s p>ts ( ,india' is p]fectly unkn[n2 & x is equally oppos$ to ! _s ( ,h9duism1 ,mohamm$anism & ,sikhism4 ,9 c5tral ,?ibet ! a%es ( ! dead1 :5 burnt1 are mix$ ) d\gh1 & small figures--usually ( ,buddha--are /amp$ out ( !m & "s are laid 9 ! grave :ile o!rs are di/ribut$ among ! relations4 ,! cu/om spok5 ( by ,leon>do may h prevail$ !re b ,i nev] he>d ( x4 ,possibly ,leon>do ref]s "h to cu/oms ( nations ( ,am]ica4 :]e1 :5 ! images h accord+ to !m1 p]=m$ "s miracle1 ! prie/s cut !m 9 pieces1 be+ ( wood1 & give !m to all ! p ( ! c\ntry1 n )\t paym5t2 & ea* "o grates 8 portion v f9e1 & puts x ^u ! fir/ food he eats2 & ?us believes t by fai? he has eat5 8 sa9t :o !n pres]ves him f all p]ils4 ,:at d y ?9k "h1 ,man1 ( y\r own species8 ,are y s wise z y believe y\rselves to be8 ,are ^! ?+s to be done by m58 #acei4 ,z ,i told y 9 pa/ days1 y "k t ,i am )\t any4444 ,francesco d',antonio4 ,b]n>do di ,mae/ro ,jacopo4 #acfj4 ,tell me h[ ! ?+s happ5$4 #acfa4 j lorezo #b inbiadali #c inf]ri de #d;9 lorezo #e;inno abuil #f 9 acocatu #g p] la sella #h;colte di lor #iv cavallott ,i#j;el uiagg ,i,ial ,i#b;a lurez #ac;9 biada #ad;inf]ri #ae;abuss #af;9 viagg #ag;alorz ,footnote3 ,?is seems to be ! beg9n+ ( a lett]1 b only ! fir/ words ( ! l9es h be5 pres]v$1 ! leaf be+ torn d[n ! middle4 ,no translation is possible4 #acfb4 ,& s may x please our great ,au?or t ,i may demon/rate ! nature ( man & 8 cu/oms1 9 ! way ,i describe 8 figure4 ,footnote3 ,a prep>atory note = ! passage giv5 z ,no4 #gih1 #aa4 #da--db4 #acfc4 ,?is writ+ di/9ctly ab\t ! kite seems to be my de/9y1 because among ! fir/ recollections ( my infancy1 x seem$ to me t1 z ,i 0 9 my cradle1 a kite came to me & op5$ my m\? ) its tail1 & /ruck me sev]al times ) its tail inside my lips4 ,footnote3 ,?is note probably ref]s to ! text ,no4 #abba4 #acfd4 ,:5 ,i did well1 z a boy y us$ to put me 9 prison4 ,n[ if ,i d x be+ gr[n up1 y w d worse to me4 #acfe4 ,tell me if any?+ 0 ev] done4 #acff4 ,tell me if ev] ,i did a ?+ :i* me 4444 #acfg4 ,d n reveal1 if lib]ty is preci\s to y2 my face is ! prison ( love4 ,footnote3 ,?is note seems to be a quotation4 #acfh4 ,mae/ro ,leon>do ( ,flor5ce4 ,footnote3 ,s ,leon>do writes 8 "n on a %eet ) sundry %ort notes1 evid5tly to try a p54 ,comp>e ! signature ) ^? 9 ,nos4 #acda1 #acdh & #acgd 7see also ,no4 #acdf1 l4 #cc74 ,! =m ,lion>do does n occur 9 ! autographs4 ,! ,portrait ( ! ,ma/] 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,tur91 :i* is reproduc$--slightly dim9i%$--on ,pl4 ,i1 has 9 ! orig9al two l9es ( writ+ und]nea?2 "o 9 r$ *alk ( two or ?ree words is p>tly effac$3 lion>do x444 lm 7or lai872 ! second writt5 9 p5cil is z foll[s3 fatto da lui /esso assai vec*io4 ,9 bo? ( ^! ! writ+ is v l ! ,ma/]'s1 b is c]ta9ly only an imitation4 ,notes be>+ ,dates 7#acfi--acgh74 #acfi4 ,! day ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,neve ( ! ,sn[s ,augu/ ! #bnd #adgc4 ,footnote3 ,w4 ,an4 ,i4 #acfh4 #acfi4 ,?is date is on a draw+ ( a rocky l&scape4 ,see ,*ronique des ,arts #ahha no4 #bc3 ,leon>d de ,v9ci a-t-il ete au ,righi le #e a\t #adgc8 lett] by ,h4 de ,geymull]4 ,! next foll[+ date 9 ! ,,mss4 is #adgh 7see ,no4 #ffc74 #acgj4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,april #adhi1 book entitl$ ',( ! human figure'4 ,footnote3 ,:ile ! lett]s 9 ! ,,ms4 notes ( #adgc & #adgh are v ornate1 ?is note & ! texts on anatomy on ! same %eet 7= in/ance ,no4 #hje7 are 9 ! same simple h& z we see on ,pl4 ,,cxvi & ,,cxix4 ,no #acgj is ! only dat$ note ( ! ye>s betwe5 #adhj & #adhi1 & ! *>act]s are 9 all ess5tial po9ts id5tical ) ^? t we see 9 ! late/ manuscripts writt5 9 ,france 7comp>e ! facsimiles on ,pl4 ,,cxv & p4 #bed71 s t x is h>dly possible to det]m9e exactly ! date ( a manuscript f ! /yle ( ! h&writ+1 if x does n betray ! peculi>ities ( /yle z display$ 9 ! few notes dat$ previ\s to l#dhj4--;,comp>e ! facsimile ( ! manuscripts #adgi on ,pl4,,lxii1 ,no4 #b2 ,no4 #ffd1 note1 ,vol4 ,i p4 #cdf4 ,?is %[s already a m>k$ simplicity z comp>$ ) ! calligraphy ( ,i#dgh4 ,! text ,no4 #gbj belongs to ! ye> #adij2 ,no4 #aeaj to ! ye> #adib2 ,no4 #adei1 ,no4 #achd & ,no4 #adfj to ! ye> #adic2 ,no4 #adfc1 ,no4 #aeag1 ,no4 #ajbd1 #ajbe & #adfa to ! ye> #adid2 ,nos4 #aebc & #aebd to ! ye> #adig4 #acga4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #adii1 ,i wrote "h ( motion & ( weight4 ,footnote3#acga4 ,scrissi qui4 ,leon>do does n say :]e2 /ill we may assume t x 0 n 9 ,milan4 ,amoretti writes1 ,memorie ,/ori*e1 *ap4 ,,xix3 ,sembra p]tanto *e non nel #adii ma nel #aejj1 dopo il ritorno e la prigionia del duca1 sia da qui p>tito ,lion>do p] &>e a ,fir5ze2 ed e qu9di probabile1 *e i mesi di gov]no nuovo e inc]to abbia passati coll' amico suo ,francesco ,melzi a ,vaprio1 ove meglio *e altrove /udi> potea la natura1 e soprattutta le acque1 e l',adda specialm5te1 *e gia era /ato l'ogetto delle sue idro/ati*e ric]*e4 ,at t "t ,melzi 0 only six ye>s ( age4 ,! next date is #aejb2 to ?is ye> belong ,no4 #ajcd1 #ajdj1 #ajdb1 #ajdh & #ajec4 ,! note ,no4 #aebe belongs to ! ye> #aejc4 #acgb4 ,on ! #i? ( ,july #aejd1 ,w$nesday1 at sev5 o'clock1 di$ ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 not>y at ! ,palazzo del ,pode/a1 my fa!r1 --at sev5 o'clock1 be+ eighty ye>s old1 leav+ beh9d t5 sons & two daught]s4 ,footnote3 ,?is /atem5t ( ,s] ,pi]o's age contradicts t ( ! ,riassunto della portata di ,antonio da ,v9ci 7,leon>do's gr&fa!r71 :o speaks ( ,s] ,pi]o z be+ ?irty ye>s old 9 #adeg2 & t ( ! ,riassunto della portata di ,s] ,pi]o e ,francesco1 sons ( ,antonia da ,v9ci1 :]e ,s] ,pi]o is m5tion$ z be+ =ty 9 #adfi4 ,^! docum5ts 7 publi%$ by ,g4 ,,uzielli1 ,ric]*e intorno a ,l4 da ,v9ci1 ,fir5ze1 #ahgb1 pp4 #add & #adf4 ,leon>do 01 z is well kn[n1 a natural son4 ,8 "m ',la ,cat>9a' 0 m>ri$ 9 #adeg to ,ac*attabriga di ,pi]o del ,vac*a da ,v9ci4 ,%e di$ 9 #aeai4 ,leon>do nev] m5tions h] 9 ! ,manuscripts4 ,9 ! ye> ( ,leon>do's bir? ,s] ,pi]o m>ri$ ,albi]a di ,giovanni ,amadoci1 & aft] h] dea? at ! age ( ?irty eight he aga9 m>ri$1 ,francesca1 daught] ( ,s] ,giovanni ,lanfr$i1 !n only fifte54 ,_! *ildr5 7 ,leon>do's halfbro!rs1 ,antonio 7b4 #adgf71 ,s] ,giuliano 7b4 #adgi71 ,lor5zo 7b4 #adhd71 a girl1 ,violante 7b4 #adhe71 & ano!r boy ,dom5ico 7b4 #adhf72 ,dom5ico's desc5dants /ill exi/ z a family4 ,s] ,pi]o m>ri$ = ! ?ird "t ,lucrezia di ,guglielmo ,cortigiani by :om he _h six *ildr53 ,m>gh]ita 7b4 #adia71 ,b5$etto 7b4 #adib71 ,p&olfo 7b4 #adid71 ,guglielmo 7b4 #adif71 ,b>tolommeo 7b4 #adig71 & ,giovanni7 date ( bir? unkn[n74 ,pi]9o da ,v9ci ! sculptor 7ab\t #aebj-aeed7 0 ! son ( ,b>tolommeo1 ! fif? ( ^! *ildr54 ,! dates ( _! dea?s are n kn[n1 b we may inf] f ! above passage t !y 7 all /ill liv+ 9 #aeje4 #acgc4 ,on ,w$nesday at sev5 o'clock di$ ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci on ! #i? ( ,july #aejd4 ,footnote3 ,?is & ! previ\s text x may be rem>k$ are ! only m5tion made by ,leon>do ( 8 fa!r2 ,nos4 #aebf1 #aebg & ,no4 #adfc are ( ! ye> #aejd4 #acgd4 ,begun by me1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 on ! l#b? ( ,july #aeje4 ,footnote3 ,?us he writes on ! fir/ page ( ! ,,ms4 ,! title is on ! =ego+ cov]%eet z foll[s3 ,libro titolato dis/raf=matione coe 7cioe7 d'un corpo nvn 79 un7 altro sanza dim9uitione e acresscem5to di mat]ia4 #acge4 ,begun at ,milan on ! l#b? ( ,septemb] #aejh4 ,footnote3 ,no4 #aebh & ,no4 #aebi belong to ! same ye>4 ,! text ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d belongs to ! foll[+ ye> #aeji 7#aejh old /yle72 s also does ,no4 #ajji4-- ,nos4 #ajbb1 #ajeg & #adfd belong to #aeaa4 #acgf4 ,on ! #i? ( ,janu>y #aeac4 ,footnote3 ,no4 #adfe belongs to ! same ye>4 ,no4 #ajfe has ! next date #aead4 #acgg4 ,! ,magnifico ,giuliano de' ,m$ici left ,rome on ! #i? ( ,janu>y #aeae1 j at daybreak1 to take a wife 9 ,savoy2 & on ! same day fell ! dea? ( ! k+ ( ,france4 ,footnote3 ,giuliano de ,m$ici1 bro!r to ,pope ,leo ,x42 see note to ,nos4 #acea-acec4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aeae1 he 0 m>ri$ to ,filib]ta1 daught] ( ,filippo1 ,duke ( ,savoy1 & aunt to ,francis ,i1 ,l\is ,,xii's successor on ! ?rone ( ,france4 ,l\is ,,xii di$ on ,jan4 #a/1 & n on ,jan4 #i? z is "h /at$4-- ,?is addition is writt5 9 pal] ink & evid5tly at a lat] date4 #acgh4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,june1 ,/ ,john's day1 #aeah at ,amboise1 9 ! palace (444 ,footnote3 ,ca/ello del clli4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ^w is obscure2 x is p]haps n writt5 at full l5g?4 ,,xxii4 ,miscellane\s ,notes4 ,! incid5tal memor&a scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! ,,mss4 c h be5 = ! mo/ "p intelligible to ! writ] only2 9 _m cases _! mean+ & connection are all ! m obscure because we are 9 ignorance ab\t ! p]sons ) :om ,leon>do us$ to conv]se nor c we say :at "p he may h play$ 9 ! v>i\s ev5ts ( 8 "t4 ,vas>i & o!r e>ly biograph]s give u a v sup]ficial & f> f accurate picture ( ,leon>do's private life4 ,?\gh 8 own memor&a1 ref]r+ = ! mo/ "p to incid5ts ( no p]man5t int]e/1 d n g f> t[>ds supply+ ?is defici5cy1 !y are nev]!less ( "s importance & int]e/ z help+ u to solve ! num]\s my/]ies 9 :i* ! hi/ory ( ,leon>do's long life rema9s involv$4 ,we may at any rate assume1 f ,leon>do's hav+ committ$ to pap] notes on m or less trivial matt]s on 8 pupils1 on 8 h\se-keep+1 on v>i\s kn[n & unkn[n p]sonages1 & a hundr$ o!r trifies--t at ! "t !y mu/ h be5 9 "s way important to him4 ,i h endeav\r$ to make ^! ',miscellane\s ,notes' z complete z possible1 = 9 _m cases an incid5tal memor&um w help to expla9 ! mean+ ( "s o!r note ( a simil> k9d4 ,! fir/ portion ( ^! notes 7,nos4 l#cgi--l#deg71 z well z ^? ref]r+ to 8 pupils & to o!r arti/s & artific]s :o liv$ 9 8 h\se 7#adeh--adfh17 are arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ^! notes belong to ! p]iod betwe5 #adij & #aejj1 :5 ,leon>do 0 liv+ at ,milan "u ! patronage ( ,lodovico il ,moro1 a "t conc]n+ :i* we h o!rwise only v scanty in=mation4 ,if ,leon>do did really--z has always be5 suppos$1--sp5d also ! great] "p ( ! prec$+ decade 9 ,milan1 x seems h>dly likely t we %\ld n f9d a s+le note indicative ( ! fact1 or ref]r+ to any ev5t ( t p]iod1 on ! num]\s loose leaves 9 8 writ+ t exi/4 ,leon>do's life 9 ,milan betwe5 #adhi & #aejj mu/ h be5 comp>atively unev5tful4 ,! ,,mss4 & memor&a ( ^? ye>s seem to prove t x 0 a tranquil p]iod ( intellectual & arti/ic lab\r r ?an ( bu/l+ c\rt life4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! fate ( ! ,,mss4 & note books ( ! =ego+ ye>s--:e!r !y 7 de/roy$ by ,leon>do himself or h be5 lo/--x is c]ta9ly /range t no?+ :atev] exi/s to in=m u z to 8 life & do+s 9 ,milan e>li] ?an ! consecutive s]ies ( manuscripts :i* beg9 9 ! ye> #adhi4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ! fact t ! notes reg>d+ 8 pupils are few & meagre4 ,except+ = ! record ( money transactions only v exceptional circum/ances w\ld h prompt$ him to make any writt5 obs]vations on ! p]sons ) :om he 0 9 daily int]c\rse1 among :om1 ( c\rse1 7 8 pupils4 ,( !m all none is s frequ5tly m5tion$ z ,salai1 b ! "* ( ! notes does n--z x seems to me--ju/ify u 9 suppos+ t he 0 any ?+ m ?an a sort ( factotum ( ,leon>do's 7see #aeai1 note74 ,leon>do's quotations f books & 8 li/s ( titles supply no?+ m ?an a h9t z to 8 occasional lit]>y /udies or recreations4 ,x 0 evid5tly no "p ( 8 ambition to be deeply read 7see ,nrs4 #aj1 #aa1 #aaei7 & he m ?an once expressly /ates 79 v>i\s passages :i* w be f\nd 9 ! =ego+ sections7 t he did n recognise ! au?ority ( ! ,anci5ts1 on sci5tific que/ions1 :i* 9 8 day 0 held p>am\nt4 ,ar*im$es is ! sole exception1 & ,leon>do frankly owns 8 admiration = ! illu/ri\s ,greek to ^: g5ius 8 own 0 s mu* ak9 7see ,no4 #adgf74 ,all 8 notes on v>i\s au?ors1 except+ ^? :i* h already be5 ins]t$ 9 ! previ\s section1 h be5 arrang$ alphabetically = ! sake ( conv5i5ce 7#adfi--aejh74 ,! passages next 9 ord] conta9 acc\nts & inv5tories pr9cipally ( h\sehold prop]ty4 ,! publication ( ^!--(t5 v trivial entries--is only ju/ifiable z prov+ t ! weal?1 ! spl5did mode ( life & lavi% exp5diture :i* h be5 attribut$ to ,leon>do are altoge!r my?ical2 unless we put =w>d ! v improbable hypo!sis t ^! notes z to money 9 h&1 outlay & receipts1 ref] ?r\gh\t to an exceptional /ate ( 8 affairs1 viz4 :5 he 0 %ort ( money4 ,! memor&a collect$ at ! end 7,no4 #aeje--aefe7 are1 9 ! orig9al1 9 ! usual writ+1 f left to "r4 ,besides1 ! /yle ( ! h&writ+ is at v>iance ) :at we %\ld expect x to be1 if really ,leon>do himself _h writt5 ^! notes4 ,mo/ ( !m are to be f\nd 9 juxtaposition ) und\bt$ly au!ntic writ+ ( 84 ,b ?is may be easily expla9$1 if we take into acc\nt ! fact1 t ,leon>do frequ5tly wrote on loose %eets4 ,he may !re=e h occasionally us$ pap] on :i* o!rs _h made %ort memor&a1 = ! mo/ "p z x w\ld seem1 = 8 use4 ,at ! end ( all ,i h giv5 ,leon>do's w f ! copy ( x pres]v$ 9 ! ,melzi ,libr>y4 ,x has already be5 pr9t$ by ,amoretti & by ,uzielli4 ,x is n kn[n :at has become ( ! orig9al docum5t4 ,memor&a be=e #aejj 7#acgi-l#dac74 #acgi4 ,f9d ,longhi & tell him t y wait = him at ,rome & w g ) him to ,naples2 make y pay ! donation ,footnote #b3 ,libro di ,vitolone see ,no4 #aejf note4 & take ! book by ,vitolone1 & ! measurem5ts ( ! public build+s4 #c ,h two cov]$ boxes made to be c>ri$ on mules1 b b$-cov]s w be be/2 ?is makes ?ree1 ( :i* y w leave "o at ,v9ci4 #d ,obta9 !44444444444444 f ,giovanni ,lomb>do ! l95 drap] ( ,v]ona4 ,buy h&k]*iefs & t[els14444 & %oes1 #d pairs ( hose1 a j]k9 (444 & sk9s1 to make new ones2 ! lake ( ,aless&ro4 ,footnote3 #g & fol4 ,x w\ld seem f ! text t ,leon>do int5d$ to h in/ructions 9 pa9t+ on pap]4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t ! ,art ( illum9at+ 0 q sep>ate f t ( pa9t+4 ,sell :at y _c take ) y4 ,get f ,jean de ,p>is ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 temp]a & ! way ( mak+ :ite ,footnote3 ,! my/]i\s look+ words1 q di/9ctly writt51 9 l9e #a3 +ol1 amor a1 ilopan a & on l9e #b3 enoiganod al are obvi\sly 9 ciph] & ! solution is a simple "o2 by read+ !m backw>ds we f9d = +ol3 logni-probably longi1 evid5tly ! "n ( a p]son2 = amor a3 a ,roma1 = ilopan a3 a ,napoli4 ,leon>do has done ! same 9 two passages treat+ on "s secrets ( 8 art ,nos4 #fda & #gbi1 ! only o!r places 9 :i* we f9d ?is ciph] employ$2 we may !re=e conclude t x 0 = ! sake ( secrecy t he us$ x4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 f ! t5or ( ?is passage1 t ,leon>do project$ a secret excursion to ,naples4 ,no?+ has hi!rto be5 kn[n ( ?is j\rney1 b ! significance ( ! passage w be easily und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! foll[+ notes1 f :i* we may inf] t ,leon>do really _h at ! "t plans = travell+ fur!r ?an ,naples4 ,f l9es #c1 #d & #g x is evid5t t he purpos$1 aft] sell+ e ?+ t 0 n easily portable1 to leave a *e/ 9 ! c>e ( 8 relations at ,v9ci4 ,8 luggage 0 to be pack$ into two trunks especially adapt$ = transport by mules4 ,! exact mean+ ( _m s5t5ces 9 ! foll[+ notes mu/ necess>ily rema9 obscure4 ,^! brief rem>ks on small & irrelevant affairs & s =? are h[ev] ( no hi/orical value4 ,! notes ref]r+ to ! prep>ations = 8 j\rney are m intelligible4 salt1 & h[ to make t9t$ pap]2 %eets ( pap] fold$ up2 & 8 box ( col\rs2 le>n to "w fle% col\rs 9 temp]a1 le>n to dissolve gum lac1 l9se$ 444 :ite1 ( ! g>lic ( ,piac5za2 take 'de ,pond]ibus'2 take ! works ( ,leon>do ( ,cremona4 ,remove ! small furnace 444 se$ ( lilies & (444 ,sell ! bo>ds ( ! support4 ,make him :o /ole x1 give y ! 444 le>n levell+ & h[ mu* soil a man c dig out 9 a day4 #achj4 ,?is 0 done by ,leone 9 ! piazza ( ! ca/le ) a *a9 & an arr[4 ,footnote3 ,?is note mu/ h be5 made 9 ,milan2 z we "k f ! date ( ! ,,ms4 #acha4 ,,names ,,( ,,eng9e]s4 ,callias ( ,rhodes1 ,epima*us ! ,a!nian1 ,diog5es1 a philosoph]1 ( ,rhodes1 ,calc$onius ( ,?race1 ,feb> ( ,tyre1 ,callima*us ! ar*itect1 a ma/] ( fires4 ,footnote3 ,callias1 ,ar*itect ( ,aradus1 m5tion$ by ,vitruvius 7,x1 #af1 #e74--;,epima*us1 ( ,a!ns1 inv5t$ a batt]+-eng9ee = ,demetrius ,poliorketes 7,vitruvius ,x1 #af1 #d74--;,callima*us1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,cor9?ian capital 7,vitr4 ,,iv1 ,i1 #i71 & ( ! me?od ( bor+ m>ble 7,paus4 ,i1 #bf1 #g71 0 also fam\s = 8 ca/s 9 bronze 7,pl94 ,,xxxiv1 #h1 #ai74 ,he inv5t$ a lamp = ! temple ( ,a!ne ,polias1 on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns 7,paus4 ,i1 #bf1 #g7--,! o!r names1 "h m5tion$1 _c be id5tifi$4 #achb4 ,ask mae/ro ,lodovico = '! conduits ( wat]'4 ,footnote3 ,condotti d'acqua4 ,possibly a book1 a ,,ms4 or a map4 #achc4 444 at ,pi/oja1 ,fioravante di ,dom5ico at ,flor5ce is my mo/ belov$ fri5d1 z ?\gh he 7 my bro!r4 ,footnote3 ,on ! same %eet is ! text ,no4 #ffc4 #achd4 ,on ! #af? day ( ,july4 ,cat]9a came on #af? day ( ,july1 #adic4 ,mess] ,m>iolo's ,morel ! ,flor5t91 has a big horse ) a f9e neck & a beautiful head4 ,! :ite /allion belong+ to ! falcon] has f9e h9d qu>t]s2 x is beh9d ! ,comas9a ,gate4 ,! big horse ( ,c]mon9o1 ( ,signor ,giulio4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,nos4 #aebb & #aeag4 ,cat]9a seems to h be5 8 h\sekeep]4 #ache4 ,,( ,,! ,,in/rum5t4 ,any "o :o sp5ds "o ducat may take ! in/rum5t2 & he w n pay m ?an half a ducat z a premium to ! inv5tor ( ! in/rum5t & "o grosso to ! workman e ye>4 ,i d n want sub-(ficials4 ,footnote3 ,ref]s p]haps to ! regulation ( ! wat] 9 ! canals4 #achf4 ,mae/ro ,giuliano da ,m>liano has a f9e h]bal4 ,he lives opposite to ,/rami ! ,c>p5t]s4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #faf1 note4 #d4 legnami]e 7milanese dialect7 legnajuolo4 #achg4 ,*ri/(ano da ,ca/iglione :o lives at ! ,pieta has a f9e head4 #achh4 ,"w ( 444 ( ! /able ( ,galeazzo2 by ! road ( ,br]a ,footnote #d3 ,br]a1 see ,no4 #addh1 ,,ii1 #ac2 b5efice ( ,/anghe ,footnote #e3,/anghe1 see ,no4 #aeji42 b5efice ( ,porta ,nuova2 b5efice ( ,monza2 ,indaco's mi/ake2 give fir/ ! b5efices2 !n ! works2 !n +ratitude1 indignity & lam5tations4 #achi4 ,*ili>*--capta9 ( #ajjj4 ,prefects--capta9s4 ,a legion1 six ?\s& & sixty ?ree m54 #acij4 ,a nun lives at ,la ,colomba at ,cremona2 %e works good /raw plait1 & a fri> ( ,sa9t ,francis4 ,footnote3 ,la ,colomba is to ?is day ! "n ( a small h\se at ,cremona1 decorat$ ) frescoes4 #acia4 ,ne$le1--,niccolao1--?read1--,f]r&o1 -lacopo ,&rea1--canvas1--/one1--col\rs1 --bru%es1--pallet1--sponge1--! panel ( ! ,duke4 #acib4 ,mess] ,gian ,dom5ico ,mezzab>ba & ,mess] ,giovanni ,franceso ,mezzab>ba4 ,by ! side ( ,mess] ,pi]o d',anghi]a4 #acic4 ,conte ,francesco ,torello4 #acid4 ,giuliano ,trombetta1--,antonio di ,f]r>a1 --,oil ( 4444 ,footnote3 ,ne> ?is text is ! sket* ( a head drawn 9 r$ *alk4 #acie4 ,paul 0 snat*$ up to heav54 ,footnote3 ,see ! facsimile ( ?is note on ,pl4 ,,xxiii ,no4 #b4 #acif4 ,giuliano da ,m>ia1 physician1 has a /ew>d )\t h&s4 #acig4 ,h "s e>s ( corn ( l>ge size s5t f ,flor5ce4 #acih4 ,see ! b$/ead at ,santa ,m>ia4 ,secret4 #acii4 ,arrigo is to h #aa gold ,ducats4 ,arrigo is to h #d gold ducats 9 ! middle ( ,augu/4 #adjj4 ,give y\r ma/] ! in/ance ( a capta9 :o does n himself w9 ! victory1 b ! soldi]s d by 8 c\nsels2 & s he /ill des]ves ! rew>d4 #adja4 ,mess] ,pi] ,antonio4 #adjb4 ,oil1--yell[1--,ambrosio1--! m\?1 --! f>mh\se4 #adjc4 ,my de> ,aless&ro f ,p>ma1 by ! h& ( 444 #adjd4 ,giovann9a1 has a fanta/ic face1--is at ,santa ,cat]9a1 at ! ,hospital4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! text on ! same page3 ,no4 #ffg4 #adje4 #bd tavole make #a p]*4 #d trabo*i make #a tavola4 #d braccia & a half make a trabocco4 ,a p]* conta9s #aicf squ>e braccia1 or #aidd4 #adjf4 ,! road ( ,mess] ,m>iolo is #ac #a_/d braccia wide2 ! ,h\se ( ,evangeli/a is #ge4 ,x ent]s #g #a_/b braccia 9 ! h\se ( ,m>iolo4 ,footnote3 ,on ?is page & t :i* faces x1 ,,ms4,i#b #gla1 are two diagrams ) num]\s ref]5ce numb]s1 evid5tly relat+ to ! measurem5ts ( a /reet4 #adjg4 ,i ask at :at "p ( its curv$ motion ! mov+ cause w leave ! ?+ mov$ & moveable4 ,speak to ,pietro ,monti ( ^! me?ods ( ?r[+ spe>s4 #adjh4 ,antonio de' ,risi is at ! c\ncil ( ,ju/ice4 #adji4 ,paolo said t no ma*9e t moves ano!r 4444 ,footnote3 ,! passage1 ( :i* ! beg9n+ is "h giv51 deals ) que/ions 9 me*anics4 ,! in/ances 9 :i* ,leon>do quotes ! op9ions ( 8 contempor>ies on sci5tific matt]s are s r>e z to be wor? notic+4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ija4 #adaj4 ,c>avaggio4 ,footnote3 ,c>avaggio1 a village n f> f ! ,adda betwe5 ,milan & ,brescia1 :]e ,polidoro & ,mi*elangelo da ,c>avaggio 7 born4 ,?is note is giv5 9 facsimile on ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 ,i 7above1 to ! left74 ,on ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #b above to ! "r we read c]ovazo4 #adaa4 ,pulleys1--nails1--rope1--m]cury1--clo?1 ,monday4 #adab4 ,,memor&um4 ,magh9o1 ,speculus ( ,ma/] ,giovanni ! ,fr5*man2 ,gal5us on utility4 #adac4 ,ne> to ,cordusio is ,pi] ,antonio da ,tossano & 8 bro!r ,s]af9o4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is writt5 betwe5 l9es #bc & #bd ( ! text ,no4 #gaj4 ,corduso1 ,cordusio 7curia ducis7 ,cordus 9 ! ,milanese dialect1 is ! "n ( a ,piazza betwe5 ! ,via del ,broletto & ! ,piazza de' ,m]canti at ,milan44 ,9 ! "t ( il ,moro x 0 ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,! p]sons "h nam$ 7 memb]s ( ! noble ,milanese family de',fossani2 ,ambrogio da ,possano1 ! contempor>y pa9t]1 _h no connection ) !m4 #adad4 ,memor&a aft] #aejj 7#adad--adcd7 #adad4 ,paul ( ,vanno*io at ,si5a 444 ,! upp] *amb] = ! apo/les4 #d ,build+s by ,bramante4 ,! gov]nor ( ! ca/le made a prison]4 #f ,visconti c>ri$ away & 8 son kill$4 ,footnote #f3 ,visconti4 ,*i fosse quel ,visconte non sapremmo indov9>e fra tanti di que/o nome4 ,arluno n>ra *e allora att]rate furono le case de' ,viconti1 de' ,ca/iglioni1 de' ,sansev]9i1 e de' ,botta e non improbabile *e ne foss]o insultati e morti i padroni4 ,molti ,visconti annov]a lo /esso ,croni/a *e p] ess]si rallegrati del ritorno del duca 9 ,milano furono da' ,francesi arre/ati1 e /rasc9ati 9 ,francia come prigioni]i di /ato2 e fra que/i ,mess] ,francesco ,visconti1 e suo figliuolo ,batti/a4 7,,amoretti1 ,mem4 ,/or4 ,,xix474 ,giovanni della ,rosa depriv$ ( 8 money4 ,borgonzio began 44442 & moreov] 8 =tunes fl$4 ,footnote #h3 ,borgonzio o ,brugonzio ,botta fu regolatore delle ducali entrate sotto il ,moro1 alla cui fuga la casa sua fu pur messa a sacco da' p>titanti francesi4 7,,amoretti1 l4 c47 ,! ,duke has lo/ ! /ate1 prop]ty & lib]ty & none ( 8 entreprises 0 c>ri$ out by him4 ,footnote3 l4 #d--aj ,?is passage evid5tly ref]s to ev5ts 9 ,milan at ! "t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,ludovico il ,moro4 ,amoretti publi%$ x 9 ! ',memorie ,/ori*e' & add$ copi\s notes4 #adae4 ,ambrosio ,petri1 ,/4 ,m>k1 #d bo>ds = ! w9d[1 #b 4441 #c ! sa9ts ( *apels1 #e ! ,g5oese at home4 #adaf4 ,piece ( tape/ry1--pair ( compasses1-- ,tommaso's book1--! book ( ,giovanni ,b5ci1--! box 9 ! cu/om-h\se1--to cut ! clo?1--! sword-belt1--to sole ! boots1 --a light hat1--! cane f ! ru9$ h\ses1--! debt = ! table l951 --swimm+-belt1--a book ( :ite pap] = draw+1--*>coal4--,h[ mu* is a flor9 44441 a lea!r bodice4 #adag4 ,borges %all get = y ! ,ar*im$es f ! bi%op ( ,padua1 & ,vitellozzo ! "o f ,borgo a ,san ,sepolcro ,footnote #c3 ,borgo a ,san ,sepolcro1 :]e ,luca ,paciolo1 ,leon>do's fri5d1 0 born4 ,footnote3 ,borges4 ,a ,spani% "n4 #adah4 ,m>zocco's tablet4 #adai4 ,m>cello lives 9 ! h\se ( ,giacomo da ,m5g>d9o4 #adbj4 ,:]e is ,val5t9o8--boots1--boxes 9 ! cu/om-h\se14441--,footnote #e3 ,c>m9e4 ,a *ur* & mona/]y at ,flor5ce4 ! monk at ! ,c>m9e1--squ>es1--,footnotes #g & #h3 ,m>telli1 ,borgh]9i2 names ( ,flor5t9e families4 ,see ,no4 #d4 ,pi]o ,m>telli1--#h ,salvi ,borgh]9i1--s5d back ! bags1--a support = ! spectacles1--,footnote #aa3 ,san ,gallo2 possibly ,giuliano da ,san ,gallo1 ! ,flor5t9e ar*itect4 ! nude /udy ( ,san ,gallo1--! cloak4 ,porphyry1--gr\ps1--squ>e1--,footnote #af3 ,p&olf9i1 see ,no4 #aedd note4 ,p&olf9o4 ,footnote3 ,val5t9o4 ,ces>e ,borgia is probably meant4 ,aft] be+ made ,ar*bi%op ( ,val5ce by ,alex&] ,,vi he 0 commonly call$ ,val5t9us or ,val5t9o4 ,) ref]5ce to ,leon>do's engagem5ts by him see pp4 #bbd & #bdc1 note4 #adba4 ,concave mirrors2 philosophy ( ,ari/otle2,footnote #b3 ,avic5na 7,leon>do "h writes x ,av9ega7 ! ,arab philosoph]1 #ihj-ajcg1 = c5turies ! unimpea*able au?ority on all m$ical que/ions4 ,leon>do possibly po9ts "h to a pr9t$ edition3 ,avic5nae canonum libri ,v1 lat9e #adgf ,patavis4 ,o!r editions are1 ,padua #adgi1 & ,v5ice #adij4 ! books ( ,avic5na ,italian & ,lat9 vocabul>y2 ,mess] ,ottaviano ,palavic9o or 8 ,vitruvius ,footnote #c3 ,vitruvius4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cdc note44 bohemian knives2 ,vitruvius,footnote #f3 ,vitruvius4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cdc note42 g e ,saturday to ! hot ba? :]e y w see nak$ m52 ',meteora' ,footnote #g3 ,meteora4 ,see ,no4 #addh1 #be41 ,ar*im$es1 on ! c5tre ( gravity2 ,footnote #i3 ,! works ( ,ar*im$es 7 n pr9t$ dur+ ,leon>do's life-"t4 anatomy ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ,no4 #adid4 ,aless&ro ,b5$etto2 ,! ,dante ( ,niccolo della ,croce2 ,inflate ! lungs ( a pig & obs]ve :e!r !y increase 9 wid? & 9 l5g?1 or 9 wid? dim9i%+ 9 l5g?4 ,footnote #ad3 ,johannes ,m>liani sua etate philosophorum et m$icorum pr9cipis et ducalis phisic4 primi de proportione motuum velocitate que/io subtilissima incipit ex ejusdem ,m>liani orig9ali felicit] extracta1 ,m7ilano7 #adhb4 ,ano!r "w by him has ! title3 ,m>lianus m$iolan5sis4 ,que/io de caliditate corporum humanorum tempore hiemis ed e/atis et de antip>i/asi ad celebrem philosophorum et m$icorum univ]sitatem tic95sem4 #adgd4 ,m>liano1 on ,calculation1 to ,b]tuccio4 ,alb]tus1 on heav5 & e>? ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,no4 #adfi1 #a4 #g41 f ! monk ,b]n>d9o4 ,horace has writt5 on ! movem5ts ( ! heav5s4 ,footnote3 ,filos(ia d',ari/otele see ,no4 #adha note4 #adbb4 ,( ! ?ree regul> bodies z oppos$ to "s comm5tators :o disp>age ! ,anci5ts1 :o 7 ! orig9ators ( gramm> & ! sci5ces & 444 #adbc4 ,! room 9 ! t[] ( ,van]i4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is writt5 inside ! sket* ( a plan ( a h\se4 ,on ! same page is ! date #aeac 7see ,no4 #acgf74 #adbd4 ,! figures y w h to res]ve = ! la/ book on %ad[s t !y may appe> 9 ! /udy ( ,g]>do ! illum9ator at ,san ,m>co at ,flor5ce4 ,g to see ,melzo1 & ! ,ambassador1 & ,mae/ro ,b]n>do4 ,footnote3 ,l4 #a-c are 9 ! orig9al writt5 betwe5 l9es #c & #d ( ,no4 #bib4 ,b ! s5se is n cle> 9 ?is connection4 ,x is sc>cely possible to dev9e ! mean+ ( ! foll[+ s5t5ce4 #b4 #c4 ,gh]>do ,m9iatore1 a fam\s illum9ator1 #adde-adig1 to :om ,vas>i d$icat$ a section ( 8 ,lives 7,vol4 ,,ii pp4 #bcg-bdc1 ed4 ,sansoni #ahgi74 #e4 ,b]n>do1 possibly ! pa9t] ,b]n>do ,z5ale4 #adbe4 ,h]mes ! philosoph]4 #adbf4 ,suisset1 viz4 calculator1--,tisb]1 --,angelo ,fossobron1--,alb]to4 #adbg4 ,! /ructure ( ! drawbridge %[n me by ,donn9o1 & :y c & d ?ru/ d[nw>ds4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* on ! same page z ?is text repres5ts two poles "o across ! o!r4 ,at ! ends ( ! longe/ are ! lett] c & d4 ,! s5se ( ! passage is n r5d]$ any cle>]4 #adbh4 ,! great bird w take its fir/ flight2-- on ! back ( 8 great swan1--fill+ ! univ]se ) wond]s2 fill+ all writ+s ) 8 fame & br++ et]nal glory to 8 bir?place4 ,footnote3 ,?is seems to be a speculation ab\t ! fly+ ma*9e 7comp>e p4 #bga74 #adbi4 ,?is /ratagem 0 us$ by ! ,gauls aga9/ ! ,romans1 & s great a mortality ensu$ t all ,rome 0 dress$ 9 m\rn+4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do p]haps alludes to ! ,gauls "u ,br5nus1 :o laid 8 sword 9 ! scale :5 ! tribute 0 weigh$4 #adcj4 ,alb]to da ,imola2--,algebra1 t is1 ! demon/ration ( ! equality ( "o ?+ to ano!r4 #adca4 ,johannes ,rubicissa e ,robbia4 #adcb4 ,ask ! wife ( ,biagio ,crivelli h[ ! capon nurtures & hat*es ! eggs ( ! h51--he be+ drunk4 #adcc4 ,! book on ,wat] to ,mess] ,m>co ,antonio4 ,footnote3 ,possibly ,m>c-,antonio della ,torre1 see p4 #ig4 #adcd4 ,h ,avic5na's "w on useful inv5tions translat$2 spectacles ) ! case1 /eel & =k &44441 *>coal1 bo>ds1 & pap]1 & *alk & :ite1 & wax24444 4444 = glass1 a saw = bones ) f9e tee?1 a *isel1 ink/& 44444444 ?ree h]bs1 & ,agnolo ,b5$etto4 ,get a skull1 nut1--mu/>d4 ,boots1--gloves1 socks1 combs1 pap]s1 t[els1 %irts14444 %oe-tapes1--44444 %oes1 p5knife1 p5s4 ,a sk9 = ! *e/4 ,footnote3 #d4 ,lapis4 ,comp>e ,condivi1 ,vita di ,mi*elagnolo ,buon>otti1 ,*ap4 ,,xviii43 ,ma egli 7,mi*elangelo7 non av5do *e mo/r>e1 prese una p5na 7p]cio*e 9 quel tempo il lapis non era 9 uso7 e con tal leggiadria gli dip9se una mano ecc4 ,! incid5t is ( ! ye> l#dif4--,lapis means p5cil1 & *alk 7matita74 ,betwe5 l9es #g & #h are ! texts giv5 z ,nos4 #hai & ,no4 #g4 ,undat$ memor&a 7#adce-adeg74 #adce4 ,! book ( ,pi]o ,cresc5ze1--/udies f ! nude by ,giovanni ,ambrosio1--compasses1 --! book ( ,giovanni ,giacomo4 #adcf4 ,,memor>dum4 ,to make "s provisions = my g>d51 --,giordano1 ,de ,pond]ibus,footnote #c3 ,giordano4 ,jordanus ,nemor>ius1 a ma!matician ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,no p>ticul>s ( 8 life are kn[n4 ,! title ( 8 pr9cipal "w is3 ,ari?metica decem libris demon/rata1 fir/ publi%$ at ,p>is #adif4 ,9 #aebc appe>$ at ,nuremb]g3 ,lib] ,jordani ,nemor>ii de pond]ibus1 propositiones ,,xiii et e>undem demon/rationes1 mult>umque r]um rationes sane pul*]rimas complect5s1 nunc 9 lucem editus41--! peacemak]1 ! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea1--h two baggage trunks made1 look to ,beltraffio's ,footnote #f3 ,beltraffio1 see ,no4 #dfe1 note #b4 ,!re are sket*es by ! side ( l9es #h & #aj4 la! & h tak5 ! /one1--out leave ! books belong+ to ,mess] ,&rea ! ,g]man1-- make scales ( a long re$ & weigh ! sub/ance :5 hot & aga9 :5 cold4 ,! mirror ( ,ma/] ,luigi2 ,a b ! fl[ & ebb ( ! wat] is %[n at ! mill ( ,vaprio1--a cap4 #adcg4 ,giovanni ,fabre1--,laz>o del ,volpe1-- ! common1--,s] ,pi]o4 ,footnote3 ,^! names are ins]t$ on a plan ( plots ( l& adjo9+ ! ,arno4 #adch4 ,lactantius1 ! book ( ,b5ozzo1 gr\ps1--to b9d ! book1--a lant]n1--,s] ,pecant9o1--,p&olf9o4--,rosso--a squ>e1 --small knives1--c>riages1--curry combs-- cup4 #adci4 ,quadrant ( ,c>lo ,m>moc*i1--,mess] ,francesco ,araldo1--,s] ,b5$etto d',accie p]ello1--,b5$etto on ari?metic1--,mae/ro ,paulo1 physician1--,dom5ico di ,mi*el9o1-- 444444 ( ! ,alb]ti1--,mess] ,giovanni ,argimboldi4 #addj4 ,col\rs1 =mula1--,ar*im$es1--,m>cantonio4 ,t9n$ iron1--pi]c$ iron4 #adda4 ,see ! %op t 0 =m]ly ,b>tolommeo's1 ! /ation]4 ,footnote3 #f4 ,m>c ,antonio1 see ,no4 #adcc4 #addb4 ,! fir/ book is by ,mi*ele di ,francesco ,nab9i2 x treats on sci5ce4 #addc4 ,mess] ,francesco1 physician ( ,lucca1 ) ! ,c>d9al ,f>nese4 ,footnote3 ,aless&ro ,f>nese1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,paul ,,iii 0 creat$ 9 #adic ,c>d9al di ,san ,cosimo e ,san ,damiano1 by ,alex&] ,,vi4 #addd4 ,p&olf9o's book ,footnote #a3 ,p&olf9o1 ,agnolo1 ( ,flor5ce4 ,x is to ?is day d\btful :e!r he or ,l4 ,b4 ,alb]ti 0 ! au?or ( ! fam\s "w ',del ,gov]no della ,famiglia'4 ,x is ! m probable t ,leon>do %\ld h meant ?is "w by ! words il libro1 because no o!r book is kn[n to h be5 writt5 by ,p&olf9o4 ,?is be+ ! case ?is allusion ( ,leon>do's is an important evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,p&olf9o's au?or%ip 7comp>e ,no4 #aded1 l9e #c741--knives1--a p5 = rul+1--to h ! ve/ dy$1--,! libr>y at ,/4-,m>k's1--,! libr>y at ,santo ,spirito1--,lactantius ( ! ,daldi ,footnote #g3 ,! works ( ,lactantius 7 publi%$ v (t5 9 ,italy dur+ ,leon>do's lifetime4 ,! fir/ edition publi%$ 9 #adfe 9 mona/]o sublac5si 0 also ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,italy41--,antonio ,covoni1--,a book by ,mae/ro ,paolo ,inf]mi]i1 --,boots1 %oes & hose1--7,%ell7lac1 --,an appr5tice to d ! models = me4 ,gramm>1 by ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1--,giovanni del ,sodo1--,sansov9o1 ,footnote #ae3 ,sansov9o1 ,&rea--! sculptor2 #adfj-aebi4--;a rul]1--a v %>p knife1--,spectacles1--fractions44441 --repair4444444441--,tomaso's book1-- ,mi*elagnolo's little *a92 ,le>n ! multiplication ( roots f ,mae/ro ,luca2--my map ( ! _w :i* ,giovanni ,b5ci has ,footnote #be3 ,leon>do "h probably alludes to ! map1 n execut$ by him 7,see p4 #bbd71 :i* is ) ! collection ( 8 ,,mss4 at ,w9dsor1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*aeologia ,vol4 ,,xi 7see p4 #bbd742-,socks1--clo!s f ! cu/omh\se-(fici]1--,r$ ,cordova lea!r1--,! map ( ! _w1 ( ,giovanni ,b5ci1--a pr9t1 ! di/ricts ab\t ,milan--,m>ket book4 ,get ! ,fri> di ,br]a to %[ y ! book 'de ,pond]ibus' ,footnote #aa3 ,br]a1 n[ ,palazzo delle ,sci5ze ed ,arti4 ,until #aega x 0 ! mona/]y ( ! ord] ( ! ,umiliati & aft]w>ds ( ! ,jesuits4 ,de pond]ibus1 comp>e ,no4 #adcf1 #c41-- ,( ! measurem5t ( ,san ,lor5zo1-- ,i l5t c]ta9 gr\ps to ,fra ,filippo de ,br]a1 ,footnote #ac3 ,br]a1 n[ ,palazzo delle ,sci5ze ed ,arti4 ,until #aega x 0 ! mona/]y ( ! ord] ( ! ,umiliati & aft]w>ds ( ! ,jesuits4 ,de pond]ibus1 comp>e ,no4 #adcf1 #c4-- ,memor&um3 to ask ,mae/ro ,giovann9o z to ! mode 9 :i* ! t[] ( ,f]r>a is wall$ )\t loopholes1-- ,ask ,mae/ro ,antonio h[ mort>s are plac$ on ba/ions by day or by night1-- ,ask ,b5$etto ,port9>i h[ ! p g on ! ice 9 ,fl&]s1-- ,on proportions by ,al*9o1 ) notes by ,m>liano1 f ,mess] ,fazio1-- ,! measurem5t ( ! sun1 promis$ me by ,mae/ro ,giovanni1 ! ,fr5*man1-- ,! cross b[ ( ,mae/ro ,gianetto1-- ,! book by ,giovanni ,tav]na t ,mess] ,fazio1-- ,y w draw ,milan #ba1-- ,! measurem5t ( ! canal1 locks & supports1 & l>ge boats2 & ! exp5se1-- ,plan ( ,milan ,footnote #bc3 ,fondam5to is commonly us$ by ,leon>do to mean gr\nd-plan4 ,see = in/ance p4 #ec41-- ,gr\ps by ,bramante ,footnote #bd3 ,gruppi4 ,see ,vol4 ,i p4 #cee1 ,no4 #fjj1 note #i41-- ,! book on cele/ial ph5om5a by ,ari/oteles1 9 ,italian ,footnote #be3 ,meteora4 ,by ?is ,leon>do means no d\bt ! f\r books4 ,he mu/ ref] "h to a ,,ms4 translation1 z no ,italian translation is kn[n to h be5 publi%$ 7see ,no4 #adgg note741-- ,try to get ,vitolone1 :i* is 9 ! libr>y at ,pavia ,footnote #bf3 ,vitolone see ,no4 #aejf1 note4 ,libr]ia di ,pavia4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ,italian libr>ies4 ,aft] ! victory ( ,nov>a 9 ,april #aejj1 ,l\is ,,xii _h x convey$ to ,france1 'come tr(eo di vittoria'6 & :i* treats ( ,ma!matics1--,he _h a ma/] le>n$ 9 wat]works & get him to expla9 ! repairs & ! co/s1 & a lock & a canal & a mill 9 ! ,lomb>d fa%ion4 ,a gr&son ( ,gian ,angelo's1 ! pa9t] has a book on wat] :i* 0 8 fa!rs4 ,paol9o ,sc>pell9o1 call$ ,assiolo has great k ( wat] works4 ,footnote #ab3 ,sco ,lor5zo4 ,a *ur* at ,milan1 see pp4 #ci1 #dj & #ej4 ,footnote #ac4 #bd3 ,gruppi4 ,see ,vol4 ,i p4 #cee1 ,no4 #fjj1 note #i4 ,footnote #af3 ,! ,port9>i 7 "o ( ! great m]*ant- families ( ,flor5ce4 #addi4 ,francesco d',antonio at ,flor5ce4 #adej4 ,giuliano ,condi#a1--,tomaso ,ridolfi1-- ,tomaso ,paganelli1--,nicolo del ,n]o1--,simone ,za/i1--,nasi1--! heir ( ,lion>do ,manelli1 --,guglielmo di ,s] ,m>t9o1--,b>tolomeo del ,tovaglia1--,&rea ,arrigucci1-- ,nicolo ,capponi1--,giovanni ,port9>i4 ,footnote3 ,i4 ,guiliano ,gondi4 ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do's fa!r1 liv$ till #adhj1 9 a h\se belong+ to ,giuliano ,gondi4 ,9 #adih ?is 0 pull$ d[n to make room = ! f9e ,palazzo built on ! ,piazza ,san ,fir5ze by ,giuliano di ,san ,gallo1 :i* /ill exi/s4 ,9 ! ,riassunto del ,cata/o di ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 #adhj1 ,leon>do is n m5tion$2 x is evid5t !re=e t he 0 liv+ else:]e4 ,x may be notic$ incid5tally t 9 ! ,cata/o di ,giuliano ,gondi ( ! same ye> ! foll[+ m5tion is made ( 8 f\r elde/ sons3 ,lion>do mio figliuolo d'eta d'anni #bi1 non fa nulla1 ,giovambati/a d'eta d'anni #bh 9 ,gho/ant9opoli1 ,billi*ozo d'eta d'anni #bd a ,napoli1 ,simone d'eta d'anni #bc 9 ,ungh]ia4 ,he himself 0 a m]*ant ( gold filigree 7facciamo lavor>e una bottegha d'arte di seta 444 facciamo un po*o di trafico a ,napoli4 ,z he 0 #ei ye>s old 9 #adhj1 he c]ta9ly w\ld n h be5 alive at ! "t ( ,leon>do's dea?4 ,b ,leon>do mu/ h be5 on intimate t]ms ) ! family till ! end ( 8 life1 = 9 a lett] dat$ ,june #a4 #aeai1 9 :i* ,fr4 ,melzi1 writ+ f ,amboise1 ann\nces ,leon>do's dea? to ,giuliano da ,v9ci at ,flor5ce 7see p4 #bhd71 he says at ! end ,datem5e rispo/a p] i ,gondi 7see ,,uzielli1 ,ric]*e1 passim74 ,mo/ ( ! o!r names on ! li/ are ^? ( well-kn[n ,flor5t9e families4 #adea4 ,p&olf9o4 #adeb4 ,vespuccio w give me a book ( ,geometry4 ,footnote3 ,see ,no4 #hdd1 note1 p4 #acj4 #adec4 ,m>cantonio ,colonna at ,santi ,apo/oli4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,july #aejf ,pope ,julius ,,ii gave ,donna ,lucrezia della ,rov]e1 ! daught] ( 8 si/] ,luc*9a1 9 m>riage to ! y\?ful ,m>cantonio ,colonna1 :o1 l 8 bro!rs ,prosp]o & ,fabrizio1 became "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ,capta9s ( 8 family4 ,he gave to him ,frascati & made him a pres5t ( ! palazzo he _h built1 :5 ,c>d9al1 ne> ! *ur* ( ,santi ,apo/oli :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,palazzo ,colonna 7see ,,gregorovius1 ,ges*4 d] ,/adt ,rom4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 book ,,xiv ,i1 #c4 ,& ,,coppi1 ,mem4 ,colonnesi p4 #bea74 #aded4 ,a box1 a cage1-- ,a squ>e1 to make ! bird ,footnote #b3 ,vas>i /ates t ,leon>do inv5t$ me*anical birds :i* mov$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,comp>e ,no4 #gjc41-- ,p&olf9o's book1 mort> 81-- ,small knives1 ,v5i]i = ! ,footnote3 ,mu* ( ,no4 #addd is repeat$ 9 ?is memor&um4 ,p5 = rul+1 /one1--/>1-- ,to h ! ve/ dy$1 ,alfi]i's tazza1-- ,! ,libr>ies1 ! book on cele/ial ph5om5a1-- ,lactantius ( ! g to ! h\se ( ,daldi1-- ! ,pazzi1 ,book f ,mae/ro small box1-- ,paolo ,inf]mi]i1-- ,boots1 %oes & small gimlet1-- hose1 ,lac1 44444441-- ,an appr5tice = 444441-- models1 ,gramm> ( ,lo- ! am\nt ( ! r5zo de' ,m$ici1 444 ,giovanni del ,sodo 44444 =4441--! brok5 ,sansov9o1 !4444 ,pi]o di ,cos9o ! w+s1-- ,footnote #af3 ,pi] di ,cosimo ! well kn[n ,flor5t9e pa9t] #adfb-aeba4 ,see ,,vas>i1 ,vite 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #acd ed4 ,sansoni #ahhj7 ab\t ,leon>do's influ5ce on ,pi]o di ,cosimo's /yle ( pa9t+4 ,filippo & ,lor5zo ,footnote #ag3 ,filippo e ,lor5zo2 probably ! pa9t]s ,filipp9o ,lippi & ,lor5zo di ,cr$i4 ,l4 di ,cr$i's pictures & ,vas>i's hi/ory ( t pa9t] be> ample evid5ce to 8 intimate relations ) ,leon>do41--,a rul]-1-- ,spectacles1--to d !44444 aga91--,tomaso's book1--,mi*elagnolo's *a91--,! multiplication ( roots1--,( ! b[ & /r9*1--,! map ( ! _w f ,b5ci1-- ,socks1--,! clo!s f ! cu/om-h\se (fici]1--,cordova lea!r1--,m>ket books1 --wat]s ( ,cronaca1--wat]s ( ,tanagl9o4441 --! caps1--,rosso's mirror2 to see him make x1--#a_/c ( :i* ,i h #e_/f1--on ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 by ,ari/otle ,footnote #cf3 ,meteora4 ,see ,no4 #addh1 #be41--;boxes ( ,lor5zo di ,pi] ,francesco ,footnote #cg3 ,lor5zo di ,pi] ,francesco & 8 bro!r ,giovanni 7 a lat]al bran* ( ! ,m$ici family & *ang$ _! "n = t ( ,popolani41--,mae/ro ,pi]o ( ! ,borgo1--,to h my book b\nd1--,%[ ! book to ,s]igatto1-- & get ! rule ( ! clock ,footnote #da3 ,possibly ?is ref]s to ! clock on ! t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io at ,flor5ce4 ,9 ,febru>y #aeab x _h be5 repair$1 & s arrang$ z to indicate ! h\rs aft] ! ,fr5* mann] 7twelve h\rs a4 m4 & z _m p4 m4741-- r+1--nutmeg1--gum1--! squ>e1--,giovan' ,bati/a at ! piazza1 de' ,mozzi1--,giovanni ,b5ci has my book & jasp]s1--brass = ! spectacles4 #adee4 ,se>* 9 ,flor5ce =444444 #adef4 ,b]n>do da ,ponte 444 ,val di ,lugano 444 _m ve9s = anatomical demon/ration4 ,footnote3 ,?is fragm5t>y note is writt5 on ! m>g9 ( a draw+ ( two legs4 #adeg4 ,paolo ( ,tave*ia1 to see ! m>ks 9 ! ,g]man /ones4 ,footnote3 ,?is note occurs on a p5 & ink draw+ made by ,leon>do z a sket* = ! celebrat$ l>ge c>toon 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts1 9 ,london4 ,?is c>toon is commonly suppos$ to be id5tical ) t describ$ & laud$ by ,vas>i1 :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ,flor5ce at ! "t & :i* n[ seems to be lo/4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,m>ks1 ( ,long ,ditton1 9 8 valuable pap] 7read be=e ! ,royal ,soc4 ( ,lit]ature1 ,june #bh1 #ahhb7 ,on ! ,/4 ,anne ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 has adduc$ pro( t ! c>toon n[ 9 ! ,royal ,academy 0 execut$ e>li] at ,milan4 ,! note "h giv51 :i* is writt5 on ! %eet conta9+ ! /udy = ! said c>toon1 has evid5tly no ref]5ce to ! draw+ on :i* x is writt5 b is obvi\sly ( ! same date4 ,?\gh ,i h n any op5+ "h = discuss+ ?is "q ( ! c>toon1 x seem$ to me important to po9t out t ! "* ( ! writ+ 9 ?is note does n confirm ! op9ion hi!rto held t ! ,royal ,academy c>toon 0 ! "o describ$ by ,vas>i1 b1 on ! contr>y1 supports ! hypo!sis put =w>d by ,mr4 ,m>ks4 ,notes on pupils 7#adeh-adfh47 #adeh4 ,giacomo came to live ) me on ,/4-,m>y ,magdal5's,footnote3 ,il di della ,maddal5a4 ,july #bb4 day1 #adij1 ag$ #aj ye>s4 ,! second day ,i _h two %irts cut out = him1 a pair ( hose1 & a j]k91 & :5 ,i put aside "s money to pay = ^! ?+s he /ole #d lire ! money out ( ! purse2 & ,i c\ld nev] make him confess1 ?\gh ,i 0 q c]ta9 ( ! fact4--,?ief1 li>1 ob/9ate1 glutton4 ,! day aft]1 ,i w5t to sup ) ,giacomo ,&rea1 & ! said ,giacomo supp$ = two & did mis*ief = f\r2 = he brake #c cruets1 spill$ ! w9e1 & aft] ?is came to sup :]e ,i 4444 ,item3 on ! #g? day ( ,septemb] he /ole a silv] po9t ( ! value ( #bb soldi f ,m>co,footnote #f3 ,m>co1 probably ,leon>do's pupil ,m>co d',oggionno2 #adgj is suppos$ to be ! date ( 8 bir? & #aedj ( 8 dea?4 ,*e /ava con meco4 ,we may inf] f ?is t he left ! ma/] %ortly aft] ?is1 8 t]m ( /udy hav+ p]haps expir$4 :o 0 liv+ ) me1 #d lire ?is be+ ( silv]2 & he took x f 8 /udio1 & :5 ! said ,m>co _h se>*$ = x a long :ile he f\nd x hidd5 9 ! said ,giacomo's box #d lire4 ,item3 on ! #bf? ,janu>y foll[+1 ,i1 be+ 9 ! h\se ( ,mess] ,galeazzo da ,san ,sev]9o ,footnote #i3 ,galeazzo4 ,see ,no4 #gah note41 0 arrang+ ! fe/ival = 8 j\/+1 & c]ta9 footm5 hav+ undress$ to try on "s co/umes ( wild m5 = ! said fe/ival1 ,giacomo w5t to ! purse ( "o ( !m :i* lay on ! b$ ) o!r clo!s1 #b lire #d ,s1 & took out su* money z 0 9 x4 ,item3 :5 ,i 0 9 ! same h\se1 ,mae/ro ,ago/9o da ,pavia gave to me a ,turki% hide to h 7#b lire47 a pair ( %ort boots made ( x2 ?is ,giacomo /ole x ( me )9 a mon? & sold x to a cobbl] = #bj soldi1 ) :i* money1 by 8 own confession1 he b\ght anise comfits4 ,item3 aga91 on ! #bnd ,april1 ,giovan ,antonio ,footnote #af3 ,giovan ,antonio1 probably ,beltraffio1 #adfg to #aeaf4 hav+ left a silv] po9t on a draw+ ( 81 ,giacomo /ole x1 & ?is 0 ( ! value ( #bd soldi 7#a lira #d ,s47 ,! fir/ ye>- ,a cloak1 #b lire1 #f %irts1 #d lire1 #c j]k9s1 #f lire1 #d pairs ( hose1 #g lire #h soldi1 #a l9$ d\blet1 #e lire1 #bd pairs ( %oes1 #f lire #e soldi1 ,a cap1 #a lira1 laces1 #a lira4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do "h gives a detail$ acc\nt n only ( ! loss he & o!rs incurr$ ?r\gh ,giacomo b ( ! wild tricks ( ! y\?1 & we may !re=e assume t ! note 0 n made m]ely z a record = 8 own use1 b z a report to be =w>d$ to ! lad's fa!r or o!r responsible gu>dian4 #adei4 ,on ! la/ day b "o ( ,septemb]2 ,?ursday ! #bg? day ( ,septemb] ,mae/ro ,tommaso came back & work$ = himself until ! la/ day b "o ( ,febru>y4 ,on ! #ah? day ( ,m>*1 #adic1 ,giulio1 a ,g]man1 came to live ) me1--,lucia1 ,pi]o1 ,leon>do4 ,on ! #f? day ( ,octob]4 #adfj4 #adic4 ,on ! #a/ day ( ,novemb] we settl$ acc\nts4 ,giulio _h to pay #d mon?s2 & ,mae/ro ,tommaso #i mon?s2 ,mae/ro ,tommaso aft]w>ds made #f c&le/icks1 #aj days' "w2 ,giulio "s fire-tongs #ae days "w4 ,!n he work$ = himself till ! #bg? ,may1 & work$ = me at a lev] till ! #ah? ,july2 !n = himself till ! #g? ( ,augu/1 & = "o day1 on ! fifte5?1 = a lady4 ,!n aga9 = me at #b locks until ! #bj? ( ,augu/4 #adfa4 ,on ! #bcrd day ( ,augu/1 #ab lire f ,pulisona4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,m>* #adid1 ,galeazzo came to live ) me1 agree+ to pay #e lire a mon? = 8 co/ pay+ on ! l#d? day ( ea* mon?4 ,8 fa!r gave me #b ,rh5i% flor9s4 ,on ! l#d? ( ,july1 ,i _h f ,galeazzo #b ,rh5i% flor9s4 #adfb4 ,on ! #ae? day ( ,septemb] ,giulio began ! lock ( my /udio #adid4 #adfc4 ,saturday morn+ ! #crd ( ,augu/ #aejd ,jacopo ! ,g]man came to live ) me 9 ! h\se1 & agre$ ) me t ,i %\ld *>ge him a c>l9o a day4 #adfd4 #aeaa4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,septemb] ,antonio broke 8 leg2 he mu/ re/ #dj days4 ,footnote3 ,?is note ref]s possibly to ,beltraffio4 #adfe4 ,i left ,milan = ,rome on ! #bd? day ( ,septemb]1 #aeac1 ) ,giovanni ,footnote #b3 ,giovan2 x is n likely t ,leon>do %\ld h call$ ,giovan' ,antonio ,beltraffio at "o "t ,giovanni1 z 9 ?is note & ano!r "t ,antonio1 z 9 ,no4 #adfd :ile 9 ,no4 #adeh l4 #af we f9d ,giovan',antonio1 & 9 ,no4 #adcf1 l4#f ,beltraffio4 ,possibly ! ,giovanni "h spok5 ( is ,leon>do's less kn[n pupil ,giovan ,pietr9o 7see ,no4 #adfg1 #e741 ,francesco di ,melzi ,footnote #b1c3 ,francesco de' ,melzi is (t5 m5tion$1 see ,nos4 #acej41 ,salai ,footnote #c3 ,salai4 ,see ,no4 #aeai note41 ,lor5zo & il ,fanfoia4 ,footnote #d3 ,lor5zo4 ,see ,no4 #acea1 l4 #aj 7p4 #djh74 ,amoretti gives ! foll[+ note 9 ,mem4 ,/or4 ,,xxiii3 #aeje4 ,m>t$i--s]a a di #ad d'aprile4 ,v5ne ,lor5zo a />e con me*o3 disse ess]e d'eta d'anni #ag 44 a di #ae del detto aprile ebbi scudi #be d'oro dal *am]l+o di ,santa ,m>ia nuova4 ,?is1 he ass]ts is d]iv$ f a ,,ms4 m>k$ ,s1 9 qu>to4 ,?is ,,ms4 seems to h vani%$ & left no trace beh9d2 ,amoretti himself _h n se5 x1 b copi$ f a selection ( extracts made by ,oltroc*i be=e ! ,leon>do ,,mss4 7 convey$ to ,p>is on ! responsibility ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,republic4 ,lor5zo1 by ?is1 mu/ h be5 born 9 #adhg4 ,! sculptor ,lor5zetto 0 born 9 #adij4 ,amoretti has be5 l$ by ! above passage to make ! foll[+ absurd obs]vations3 ,cote/o ,lor5zo1 *e poi gli fu sempre compagno1 alm5o s9 *e /ette 9 ,italia1 s>ebb' egli ,lor5zo ,lotto b]gamasco8 ,sappiamo ess]e /ato que/o val5te dip9tore uno de'bravi scol>i del ,v9ci 7874 ,il ,fafoia1 p]haps a nickname4 ,ces>e da ,se/o1 ,leon>do's pupil1 seems to h be5 9 ,rome 9 ^! ye>s1 z we le>n f a draw+ by him 9 ! ,l\vre4 #adff4 ,on ! #crd day ( ,janu>y4 ,b5$etto came on ! #ag? ( ,octob]2 he /ay$ ) me two mon?s & #ac days ( la/ ye>1 9 :i* "t he e>n$ #ch lire1 #ah soldi & #h d9>i2 he _h ( ?is #bf lire & #h soldi1 & !re rema9s to be paid = ! pa/ ye> #ab lire #aj soldi4 ,giodatti 787 came on ! #h? day ( ,septemb]1 at #d soldi a mon?1 & /ay$ ) me #c mon?s & #bd days1 & e>n$ #ei lire #ad soldi & #h d9>i2 he has _h #dc lire1 #d soldi1 !re rema9s to pay #af lire1 #aj soldi & #h d9>i4 ,b5$etto1 #bd grossoni4 ,footnote3 ,?is seems to be an acc\nt = two assi/ants4 ,! "n ( ! second is sc>cely legible4 ,! ye> is n giv54 ,! note is nev]!less ( *ronological value4 ,! fir/ l9e tells u ! date :5 ! note 0 regi/]$1 ,janu>y #c;d1 & ! obs]vations t foll[ ref] to ev5ts ( ! previ\s mon? '( la/ ye>' 7dell'anno passato74 ,leon>do _c !re=e h writt5 ?us 9 ,flor5ce :]e ! ye> 01 at t p]iod1 calculat$ z beg9n+ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* 7see ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d1 note #b74 ,he mu/ !n h be5 9 ,milan4 ,:at is m important is t we ?us le>n h[ to date ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 9 all ! notes writt5 at ,milan4 ,?is cle>s up ,uzielli's d\bts3 ,a ,milano facevasi com9ci> l'anno ab inc>natione1 cioe il #be ,m>zo e a nativitate1 cioe il #be ,decembre4 ,ci sembra probabile *e ,leon>do dovesse prescegli]e lo /ile *e era 9 uso a ,fir5ze4 7,ric]*e1 p4 #hd1 note47 #adfg4 ,gian ,m>ia #d1 ,b5$etto #d1 ,gian ,pietro #e #c1 ,salai #c1 ,b>tolomeo #c1 ,gh]>do #d4 #adfh4 ,salai1 #bj lire1 ,bonifacio1 #b lire1 ,b>tolomeo1 #d lire1 ,arrigo ,h>ry1 #ae lire4 ,quotations & notes on books & au?ors 7#adfi-aejh74 #adfi4 ,book on ,ari?metic ,footnote #a3 ,la nobel op]a de ari?me?ica ne la qual se tracta tute cosse am]cantia p]t95te facta compilata p] ,pi]o borgi da ,v5iesia1 9-#dj4 ,9 f9e3 ,nela inclita cita di ,v5etia a corni4 #b augu/o4 #adhd4 fu impo/o f9e ala pres5te op]a4 ,segn4 a--p4 quad]ni4 ,v'ha p]o un' altra op]a simile di ,filippo ,cal&ro1 #adia4 ,e da consult>si su que/' ultimo1 ,f$]ici3 ,memorie ,trevigiane1 ,fiore di virtu3 pag4 #gc4 ,libricciuolo compo/o di bello /ile v]so il #acbj e piu volte impresso nel secolo ,,xv 7ri/ampato poi an*e piu t>di74 ,gli accademici della ,crusca lo ammettono nella s]ie dei te/i di l+ua4 ,v$asi ,gamba1 ,razzol9i1 ,panz]1 ,brunet1 ,le*i1 ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a471 ',fl[]s ( ,virtue'1 ,pl9y ,footnote #b3 ,hi/oria naturale di ,c4 ,pl9io ,secondo1 tradocta di l+ua lat9a 9 fior5t9a p] ,*ri/ophoro ,laud9o ,opus ,nicolai ,jansonis gallici imp4 anno salutis ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxvi4 ,v5etiis 9-fol4--,diog5e ,la]tio4 ,incom9cia3 ,el libro de la vita de philosophi etc43 ,impressum ,v5etiis p] ,b]n>d9um ,cel]ium de ,lu]e1 #adhj1 9-#dj 7,g4 ,d',a4741 ',lives ( ! ,philosoph]s'1 ,! ,bible ,footnote #c3 ,la ,bibia volg>e hi/oriata 7p] ,nicolo di ,mall]mi7 ,v5ecia 444 ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxi 9 kal5de di ,augu/o 7p] ,v9del9o de ,spira7 #b vol4 9-fol4 a #b col4 di #ej l912 od altra ediz4 della /essa v]sione del ,mall]mi1 ,v5etia #adga1 e sempre3 ,v5ecia p] ,gabriel de ,pi]o #adgg1 9-fol42 #b vol42 ,ottavio ,scotto da ,modoetia #adha1 ,v5etia #adhg p] ,joan ,rosso ,v]cellese1 #adij ,giovanni ,ragazo di ,montef]ato a in/antia di ,lu*an?onio di ,giunta1 ecc4--,lapid>io ,te(ra/o8 ,m&ebille3 ,le gr& lapidaire1 v]sione italiana ms48444 ,giorgio ,agricola non puo ess]e1 p]*e nato nel #adid1 =se ,alb]to ,magno3 de m9]alibus4 ,potrebbe ess]e una traduzione del poema lat9o 7,lib] lapidum seu de gemmis7 di ,m>bordio ,vet]io di ,r5nes 7morto nel #aabc da lui /esso tradotto 9 francese dal greco di ,evao re d',arabia celebre m$ico *e l'aveva compo/o p] l'imp]atore ,tib]io4 ,m>bodio scrisse il suo prima p] ,filippo ,augu/o re di ,francia4 ,vi sono an*e traduzioni 9 prosa4 ,il lapid>io o la =za e la virtu delle pietre preziose1 delle ,erbe e degli ,animali4 7,g4 ,d',a471 ',lapid>y'1 ',on w>f>e' ,footnote #d3 ,il ,vegezio8 444 ,il ,front9o8 444 ,il ,cornazzano8444 ,noi cr$iamo piutto/o il ,valturio4 ,que/o libro doveva ess]e uno de'favoriti di ,leon>do poi*e libro di sci5za e d'arte nel tempo /esso41 ',epi/les ( ,filelfo'1 ,footnote3 ,! late ,m>*ese ,girolamo d',adda publi%$ a highly valuable & int]e/+ disquisition on ?is passage "u ! title3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci e la sua ,libr]ia1 note di un bibli(ilo 7,milano #ahgc4 ,ed4 di soli #ge esempl>i2 privately pr9t$74 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahhj ! ,m>*ese d',adda %[$ me a consid]able mass ( additional notes prep>$ = a second edition4 ,?is1 z he !n int5d$1 0 to come out aft] ! publication ( ?is "w ( m9e4 ,aft] ! mu* regrett$ dea? ( ! eld] ,m>*ese1 8 son1 ! ,m>*ese ,gioa*9o d',adda 0 s lib]al z to place ^! ,,ms4 mat]ials at my disposal = ! pres5t "w1 ?r\gh ! k9d int]v5tion ( ,signor ,gu/avo ,frizzoni4 ,! foll[+ passages1 ) ! initials ,g4 d',a4 are pr9ts f ! valuable notes 9 t publication1 ! ,,ms4 additions ,i h m>k$4 ,i did n h[ev] ?9k myself ju/ifi$ 9 reproduc+ "h ! acute & int]e/+ obs]vations on ! cont5ts ( mo/ ( ! r>e books "h enum]at$4 ,footnote3 #adfg4 #e4 ,see ,no4 #adfe1 #b4 ,! fir/ decade1 #e ',on ! pres]vation ( heal?'1 ,! ?ird decade1 #f ,cie*o d',ascoli1 ,! f\r? decade1 #g ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,guido1 #h ,new treatise on rhetorics1 ,pi]o ,cresc5tio1 #i ,cibaldone1 ',quadriregio'1 #aj ,aesop1 ,donato1 ,footnote #aa3 ,donatus lat9e italice3 ,impressum ,v5etiis imp5sis ,johannis ,bapti/ae de ,sessa anno #adii1 9-#d4-- ,el ,psalt]io de ,david 9 l+ua volg>e 7da ,mal]mi ,v5etia nel ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxvi1 9-fol4 s4 n4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,psalms1 ,ju/9us1 ,footnote #ab3 ,comp>e ,no4 #abaj1 #dh4--,la v]sione di ,girolamo ,squ>zafico3 ,il libro di ,ju/9o po/o dilig5tem5te 9 mat]na l+ua4 ,v5etia ale spesse 7sic7 di ,johane de ,colonia ,johane ,gh]etze 444 l#dgg1 9-fol4--,m>silii ,fic9i1 ,!ologia platonica1 sive de anim>um immortalitate1 ,flor5t9e1 p] ,ant4 ,misconimum #adhb1 9-fol41 ovv]o qual*e v]sione italiana di que/o /esso libro1 ms4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ',on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,guido ,footnote #ac3 ,=se la ,hi/oria ,trojana ,guidonis od il manipulus di ,guido da ,mont]o*]ii ma piu probabilm5te ,guido d',arezzo il di cui libro3 ,micrologus1 seu discipl9a artis musicae poteva da ,leon>do av]si ms42 di que/i ne esi/ono 9 molto bibliote*e1 e fu poi impresso nel #aghd dal ,g]b]t4 ,molte sono le edizione dei sonetti di ,bur*iello ,fior5t9o1 impresse nel secolo ,,xv4 ,la prima e piu r>a e rec]cata3 ,incom9ciano li sonetti1 ecc4 7p] ,*ri/(oro ,arnaldo71 9-#d s5za num]i1 ri*iami o segnature1 del #adge1 e =s' an*e del #adgb1 secondo ,morelli e ,dibd91 ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,bur*iello1 ',doctr9ale' ,footnote #ad3 ,v]sione italiana det ,doctr9al de ,sapi5ce di ,guy de ,roy1 e =is'an*e l'orig9ale 9 l+ua francese4-- ,di ,pulci ,luigi1 b5*e nell' edizione3 ,flor5tiae #adgi 9-#d si dica3 ,il ,driadeo compo/o 9 rima octava p] ,lucio ,pulcro ,altre ediz1 del secolo ,,xv1 ,flor5tie ,miscom9i #adha1 9-#dj1 ,fir5ze1 apud ,s4 ,jacob1 de ,ripoli1 #adhc1 9-#d e ,antoni de ,francesco1 #adhg1 9-#d e ,francesco di ,jacopo #adhi1;9-#d ed altre ancora di ,v5ezia e s5za alcuna nota ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,driadeo1 ,morgante ,footnote #ae3 ,una delle edizioni del ,morgante impresse nel secolo ,,xv1 ecc4-- ,quale delle op]e di ,francesco ,petr>ca1 s>ebbe malagevole l'indov9>e1 ma probabilm5te il ,canzoni]e4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,petr>*4 ,john de ,m&eville ,footnote #af3 ,sono i viaggi del cavali]e ,m&eville g5tiluomo +lese4 ,scrisse il suo libro 9 l+ua francese4 ,fu /ampato replicatam5te nel secolo ,,xv 9 francese1 9 +lese ed 9 italiano ed 9 t$esco2 del secolo ,,xv ne annov]ano =se piu di #bg edizioni1 di cui ne conosciamo #h 9 francese1 quattro 9 lat9o1 sei 9 t$esco e molte altre 9 volg>e4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ',on hone/ recreation' ,footnote #ag3 ,il ,plat9a 7,b>tolomeo ,sac*i7 la v]sione italiana de la hone/a voluptate1 valetud9e 7 de li obsonnii7 ,v5etia 7s5za nome di tipografo7 #adhg1 piccolo 9-#d gotico4 7,g4 ,d',a47--,comp>e ,no4 #hdd1 #ba4 ,manganello1 ,footnote #ah3 ,il ,manganello3 ,satira eccessivam5te vivace contro le donne ad imitazione della ,se/a di ,giov5ale4 ,manganello non e soltanto il titolo del libric9o1 sua b5 an*e il nome dell'autore *'era un milanese4 ,di que/o lib]colo r>issimo1 *e sembra impresso a ,v5ezia dallo ,zopp9o 7,nicolo d',ari/otile detto il71 s5za data1 ma dei primissimi anni del secolo ,,xvi1 e =se piu antico1 come v$remo 9 appresso1 non se ne conoscono fra bibliote*e pubbli*e e private *e due soli esempl>i 9 ,europa4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,isidoro1 ,footnote #ai3 ,cronica desid]o1 sembra si deggia legg]e piutto/o cronico disidoro2 ed 9 que/o caso s'int5d]ebbe la cronica d',isidoro tanto 9 voga a quel tempo ,com5za la ,cronica di ,sancto ,isidoro m5ore con al*une additione cavate del te/o i/orie de la ,bibia del libro di ,paulo ,oroso 4444 ,impresso 9 ,ascoli 9 casa del rev]5do miss] ,pascale 44444 p] mano di ,guglielmo de ,l9is de ,alamania ,m4,,cccc4,,lxxvii 9-#d di #aeg ff4 ,e il primo libro impresso ad ,ascoli e l'edizione pr9cipe di que/a cronica 9 oggi assai r>a4 ,non lo e m5o l'edizione di ,cividal del ,friuli1 #adhj1 e quella b5 an*e di ,aquila1 #adhb1 sempre 9-#d4 ,v$asi ,panz]1 ,ha91 ,brunet e ,p4 ,de*amps4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,! ,epi/les ( ,ovid1 ,footnote #bj3 ,le pi/ole di ,ovidio tradotte 9 prosa4 ,napoli ,sixt4 ,riess+]1 9-#d1 oppure3 ,epi/ole volg>izzate #adhi1 9-#d a due col4 impresse ne la cita 7sic7 di ,bressa p] pre3 ,bapti/a de ,f>f5go1 79 ottave7 o3 ,el libro dele ,epi/ole di ,ovidio 9 rima volg>e p] mess]e ,dom9ico de ,monticelli tos*ano4 ,brescia ,f>f5go1 9-#d got4 79 rima volg>e71 #adia1 ed an*e la v]sione di ,luca ,pulci4 ,fir5ze1 ,mis*om9i1 #adha1 9-#d4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,epi/les ( ,filelfo1 ,footnote #ba3 ,see l4 #d4 ,sph]e1 ,footnote #bb3 ,jo3 de ,sacrobu/o1 o ,goro ,dati1 o ,tolosano da ,colle di cui molteplici edizioni del secolo ,,xv4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,! ,je/s ( ,poggio1 ,footnote #bc3 ,tre edizioni delle facezie del ,poggio abbiamo 9 l+ua italiana della f9e del secolo ,,xv1 tutte s5za data4 ,facetie de ,poggio fior5t9o traducte de lat9o 9 vulg>e ornatissimo1 9-#dj1 segn4 a--e 9 c>att]i romani2 l'altra3 ,facetie traducte de lat9o 9 vulg>e1 9-#dj1 c>att]i gotici1 ecc4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,*iromancy1 ,footnote #bd3 ,die ,kun/ ,cyromantia etc1 9 t$esco4 #bf ff4 di te/o e figure il tutte eseguito su tavole di legno v]so la f9e del secolo ,,xv da ,giorgio ,s*apff4 ,dibd91 ,he9eck51 ,so!by e ,*atto ne di$]o una lunga descrizione2 i primi tre accompagnati da fac-simili4 ,la data #addh *e si legge alla f9e del titolo si rif]isce al p]iodo della composizione del te/o1 non a quello della /ampa del volume b5*e tabell>io4 ,altri molti libri di ,*iromanzia si conoscono di quel tempo e s>ebbe op]a vana il cit>li tutti4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,=mul>y ( lett]s1 ,footnote #be3 ,m9iatore ,b>tolomeo4 ,=mul>io de epi/ole vulg>e missive e responsive1 altri fiori de ornali p>lam5ti al pr9cipe ,h]cule d',e/i ecc4 compo/o ecc4 ,bologna p] ,ugo di ,rug]ii1 9-#dj1 del secolo ,,xv4 ,altra edizione di ,v5etia ,b]n>d9o di ,nov>a1 #adhg e ,milano p] ,joanne ,angelo ,sc9z5zel] #aejj1 9-#dj4 7,g4 ,d',a47 ,five books out ( ?is li/ are not$ by ,leon>do 9 ano!r ,,ms4 7,tr4 #c73 donato1 -- lapid>io1 -- pl9io1 -- aba*o1 -- morgante4 #adgj4 ,nonius ,m>cellus1 ,fe/us ,pompeius1 ,m>cus ,v>ro4 ,footnote3 ,nonius ,m>cellus & ,sextus ,pompeius ,fe/us 7 ,roman gramm>ians ( ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 ,e>ly publications ( ! works ( ,m>cellus are3 ,de proprietate s]monis1 ,romae 7ab\t #adgj71 & #adga 7place ( publication unkn[n74 ,comp5diosa doctr9a1 ad filium1 de proprietate s]monum4 ,v5ice1 #adgf4 ,,brunet1 ,manuel du libraire 7,,iv1 p4 #ig7 notes3 ,le texte de cet anci5 grammairi5 a ete reimprime plusieurs fois a la f9 du ,x,ve siecle1 avec ceux de ,pomponius ,fe/us et de ,t]5tius ,v>ro4 ,la plus anci5ne edition qui reunisse ces trois auteurs e/ celle de ,p>me1 #adhj 444 ,celles de ,v5ise1 #adhc1 #adij1 #adih1 et de ,milan1 #aejj1 t\tes 9-fol41 ont peu de valeur4 #adga4 ,map ( ,elephanta 9 ,india :i* ,antonello ,m]ciaio has f mae/ro ,maffeo2--!re = sev5 ye>s ! e>? rises & = sev5 ye>s x s9ks2--,enquire at ! /ation]s ab\t ,vitruvius4 #adgb4 ,see ',on ,%ips' ,mess] ,batti/a1 & ,front9us ',on ,acqu$ucts' ,footnote #b3 #b4 ,vitruvius de ,ar*41 et ,front9us de ,aqu$octibus4 ,flor5ce1 #aeac4--,?is is ! e>lie/ edition ( ,front9us4--,! note ref]r+ to ?is au?or ?us sugge/s a solution ( ! problem ( ! date ( ! ,leice/] ,manuscript44 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aaac1 #be4 #adgc4 ,anaxagoras3 ,e ?+ proce$s f e ?+1 & e ?+ becomes e ?+1 & e ?+ c be turn$ into e ?+ else1 because t :i* exi/s 9 ! elem5ts is compos$ ( ^? elem5ts4 #adgd4 ,! ,ar*im$es belong+ to ! ,bi%op ( ,padua4 ,footnote3 ,see ,no4 #adba1 #a4 #c1 #f & ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #cdc4 #adge4 ,ar*im$es gave ! quadrature ( a polygonal figure1 b n ( ! circle4 ,h5ce ,ar*im$es nev] squ>$ any figure ) curv$ sides4 ,he squ>$ ! circle m9us ! smalle/ portion t ! intellect c conceive1 t is ! smalle/ po9t visible4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aejd4 #adgf4 ,if any man c\ld h discov]$ ! utmo/ p[]s ( ! cannon1 9 all its v>i\s =ms & h giv5 su* a secret to ! ,romans1 ) :at rapidity w\ld !y h conqu]$ e c\ntry & h vanqui%$ e army1 & :at rew>d c\ld h be5 great en\gh = su* a s]vice6 ,ar*im$es inde$1 al?\gh he _h greatly damag$ ! ,romans 9 ! siege ( ,syracuse1 nev]!less did n fail ( be+ (f]$ great rew>ds f ^! v ,romans2 & :5 ,syracuse 0 tak51 dilig5t se>* 0 made = ,ar*im$es2 & he be+ f\nd dead great] lam5tation 0 made = him by ! ,s5ate & p ( ,rome ?an if !y _h lo/ all _! army2 & !y did n fail to hon\r him ) burial & ) a /atue4 ,at _! head 0 ,m>cus ,m>cellus4 ,& aft] ! second de/ruction ( ,syracuse1 ! sepul*re ( ,ar*im$es 0 f\nd aga9 by ,cato#be1 9 ! ru9s ( a temple4 ,s ,cato _h ! temple re/or$ & ! sepul*re he s highly hon\r$4444 ,:5ce x is writt5 t ,cato said t he 0 n s pr\d ( any ?+ he _h done z ( hav+ paid su* hon\r to ,ar*im$es4 ,footnote3 ,:]e ,leon>do f\nd ! /atem5t t ,cato _h f\nd & re/or$ ! tomb ( ,ar*im$es1 ,i d n "k4 ,x is a m]it t ,cic]o claims z 8 own 7,tusc4 ,v1 #bc7 & c]ta9ly ) a full "r to x4 ,none ( ,ar*im$es' biograph]s --n ev5 ! dilig5t ,mazzuc*elli1 m5tions any v]sion 9 :i* ,cato is nam$4 ,x is evid5tly a slip ( ! memory on ,leon>do's "p4 ,besides1 accord+ to ! passage 9 ,cic]o1 ! grave 0 n f\nd 'nelle ru9e d'un tempio'--:i* is highly improbable z relat+ to a ,greek--b 9 an op5 spot 7,h4 ,,mull]-,,/rub+74--,see too1 z to ,ar*im$es1 ,no4 #adag4 ,leon>do says some:]e 9 ,,ms4 ,c4,a43 ,ar*itronito e una mac*9a di f9o rame1 inv5zlon d' ,ar*im$e 7see ',saggio'1 p4 #bj74 #adgg4 ,ari/otle1 ,book #c ( ! ,physics1 & ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as & ! o!rs on ! reb\nd ( bodies1 9 ! #g? on ,physics1 on heav5 & e>?4 #adgh4 ,ari/otle says t if a =ce c move a body a giv5 di/ance 9 a giv5 "t1 ! same =ce w move half ! same body twice z f> 9 ! same "t4 #adgi4 ,ari/otle 9 ,book #c ( ! ,e?ics3 ,man m]its praise or blame solely 9 su* matt]s z lie )9 8 option to d or n to d4 #adhj4 ,ari/otle says t e body t5ds to ma9ta9 its nature4 #adha4 ,on ! increase ( ! ,nile1 a small book by ,ari/otle4 ,footnote3 ,de inundatione ,nili1 is quot$ "h & by o!rs z a "w ( ,ari/otle4 ,! ,greek orig9al is lo/1 b a ,lat9 v]sion ( ! beg9n+ exi/s 7,ari/4 ,opp4 ,,iv p4 #bac ed4 ,did4 ,p>474 ,9 8 quotations f ,ari/otle ,leon>do possibly ref]s to "o ( ! foll[+ editions3 ,ari/otelis libri ,,iv de coelo et mundo2 de anima libri ,,iii2 libri ,,viii physi- corum2 libri de g5]atione et corruptione2 de s5su et s5sato444 omnia lat9e1 int]prete ,av]roe1 ,v5etiis #adhc 7fir/ ,lat9 edition74 ,!re is also a sep>ate edition ( ,lib] de coelo et mundo1 dat$ #adgc4 #adhb4 ,avic5na w h x t s\l gives bir? to s\l z body to body1 & ea* memb] to itself4 ,footnote3 ,avic5na1 see too ,no4 #adba1 #a4 #b4 #adhc4 ,avic5na on liquids4 #adhd4 ,rog] ,bacon1 done 9 pr9t4 ,footnote3 ,! e>lie/ pr9t$ edition kn[n to ,brunet ( ! works ( ,rog] ,bacon1 is a ,fr5* translation1 :i* appe>$ ab\t f\rty ye>s aft] ,leon>do's dea?4 #adhe4 ,cleom$es ! philosoph]4 ,footnote3 ,cleom$e4 ,a ,greek ma!matician ( ! ,i,vth c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,we h a ,cyclic !ory ( ,meteorica by him4 ,8 works 7 n publi%$ be=e ,leon>do's dea?4 #adhf4 ,,cornelius ,,celsus4 ,! highe/ good is wisdom1 ! *ief evil is suff]+ 9 ! body4 ,because1 z we are compos$ ( two ?+s1 t is s\l & body1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! bett]1 ! body is ! inf]ior2 wisdom belongs to ! bett] "p1 & ! *ief evil belongs to ! worse "p & is ! wor/ ( all4 ,z ! be/ ?+ ( all 9 ! s\l is wisdom1 s ! wor/ 9 ! body is suff]+4 ,!re=e j z bodily pa9 is ! *ief evil1 wisdom is ! *ief good ( ! s\l1 t is ) ! wise man2 & no?+ else c be comp>$ ) x4 ,footnote3 ,aulus ,cornelius ,celsus1 a ,roman physician1 kn[n z ! ,roman ,hippocrates1 probably contempor>y ) ,augu/us4 ,only 8 eight ,books ',de ,m$ic9a'1 are pres]v$4 ,! e>lie/ editions are3 ,cornelius ,celsus1 de m$ic9a libr4 ,,viii41 ,milan #adha ,v5ice #adic & #adig4 #adhg4 ,demetrius 0 wont to say t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! spee* & words ( ! fooli% & ignorant1 & ! noises & rumbl+s ( ! w9d 9 an inflat$ /oma*4 ,nor did he say s )\t reason1 = he saw no diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>ts :5ce ! noise issu$2 :e!r _! l[] p>ts or _! m\?1 s9ce "o & ! o!r 7 ( equal use & importance4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #aj4 #adhh4 ,mae/ro ,/efano ,caponi1 a physician1 lives at ! pisc9a1 & has ,euclid ,de ,pond]ibus4 #adhi4 #e? ,book ( ,euclid4 ,fir/ def9ition3 a "p is a quantity ( less magnitude ?an ! great] magnitude :5 ! less is conta9$ a c]ta9 numb] ( times 9 ! great]4 ,a "p prop]ly speak+ is t :i* may be multipli$1 t is :51 be+ multipli$ by a c]ta9 numb]1 x =ms exactly ! :ole4 ,a common aggregate "p 444 ,second def9ition4 ,a great] magnitude is said to be a multiple ( a less1 :5 ! great] is measur$ by ! less4 ,by ! fir/ we def9e ! less] magnitude & by ! second ! great] is def9$4 ,a "p is spok5 #adij4 ( 9 relation to ! :ole2 & all _! relations lie betwe5 ^! two extremes1 & are call$ multiples4 #adia4 ,hippocrates says t ! orig9 ( m5's sp]m d]ives f ! bra91 & f ! lungs & te/icles ( our p>5ts1 :]e ! f9al decocture is made1 & all ! o!r limbs transmit _! sub/ance to ?is sp]m by means ( expiration1 because !re are no *annels ?r\gh :i* !y might come to ! sp]m4 ,footnote3 ,! works ( ,hippocrates 7 pr9t$ fir/ aft] ,leon>do's dea?4 #adib4 ,lucretius 9 8 ?ird book ',de ,r]um ,natura'4 ,! h&s1 nails & tee? 7 7#afe7 ! weapons ( anci5t man4 ,!y also use = a /&>d a bun* ( grass ti$ to a pole 7#afg74 ,footnote3 ,lucretius1 de r]um natura libri ,,vi 7 pr9t$ fir/ ab\t #adgc1 at ,v]ona 9 #adhf1 at ,brescia 9 #adie1 at ,v5ice 9 #aejj & 9 #aeae1 & at ,flor5ce 9 #aeae4 ,! numb]s #afe & #afg not$ by ,leon>do at ! end ( ! two passages seem to indicate pages1 b if s1 none ( ! editions j m5tion$ c "h be meant1 nor d ^! numb]s ref] to ! v]ses 9 ! poems ( ,lucretius4 #adic4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us ass]ts t sev5 hundr$ ?\s& volumes ( books 7 burnt 9 ! siege ( ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,ces>4 ,footnote3 ,ammiani ,m>cell9i hi/ori>um libri qui extant ,,xiii1 publi%$ at ,rome 9 #adgd4 #adid4 ,mond9o says t ! muscles :i* raise ! toes are 9 ! outw>d side ( ! ?igh1 & he adds t !re are no muscles 9 ! back upp] side ( ! feet1 because nature desir$ to make !m light1 s z to move ) ease2 & if !y _h be5 fle%y !y w\ld be heavi]2 & "h exp]i5ce %[s 444 ,footnote3 ,mund9i anatomia4 ,mund9us1 ,ano?omia 7sic74 ,mund9i prae/antissimorum doctorum almi /udii tici5sis 7sic7 cura dilig5tissime em5data4 ,impressa ,papiae p] magi/rum ,antonium de ,c>fano #adgh1 9-fol42 ri/ampata3 ,bononiae ,johan4 de ,no]dl+51 #adhb1 9-fol42 ,padova p] ,mat!um ,c]donis de ,vu9dis*gretz1 #adhd1 9-#dj2 ,lipsia1 #adic1 9-#dj2 ,v5ezia1 #adid1 9-#dj e ivi #adih1 con fig4 ,que/e figure p] altro non sono1 come si e preteso1 le prime *e foss]o introdotte 9 un trattato di ,notamia4 ,nel 'fasciculus ,m$ic9ae' di ,giovanni ,ke?am1 *e riproduce l'',anatomia' del ,mund9us1 impresso pure a ,v5ezia da ,j4 e ,g4 de ,gregoriis1 #adia1 9-fol41 cont5gonsi intagli 9 legno 7si vogliono disegnati non gia incisi da ,&rea ,mantegna7 di gr&e dim5sione1 e *e furono piu volte riprodotti negli anni successivi4 ,que/' edizione del fasciculus del #adia1 /a fra no/ri libri e potrebbe b5issimo ess]e il volume d',anatomia notato da ,leon>do4 7,g4 ,d',a47 #adie4 ,( ! error ( ^? :o practice )\t k2--#c ,see fir/ ! ',ars poetica' ( ,horace #e4 ,footnote3 ,a #c-e are writt5 on ! m>g9 at ! side ( ! title l9e ( ! text giv51 entire z ,no4 #ai #adif4 ,! heirs ( ,mae/ro ,giovanni ,ghir+allo h ! works ( ,pelacano4 #adig4 ,! catapult1 z we are told by ,nonius & ,pl9y1 is a ma*9e devis$ by ^? c4 ,footnote3 ,pl9ius1 see ,no4 #idf4 #adih4 ,i h f\nd 9 a hi/ory ( ! ,spani>ds t 9 _! w>s ) ! ,engli% ,ar*im$es ( ,syracuse :o at t "t 0 liv+ at ! c\rt ( ,eclid]ides1 ,k+ ( ! ,ciroda/ri4 ,& 9 m>itime w>f>e he ord]$ t ! %ips %\ld h tall ma/s1 & t on _! tops !re %\ld be a sp> fix$ ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aaae4 ( #dj feet long & "o ?ird ( a foot ?ick4 ,at "o end ( ?is 0 a small grappl+ iron & at ! o!r a c\nt]poise2 & !re 0 also atta*$ #ab feet ( *a92 &1 at ! end ( ?is *a91 z mu* rope z w\ld rea* f ! *a9 to ! base ( ! top1 :]e x 0 fix$ ) a small rope2 f ?is base x ran d[n to ! bottom ( ! ma/ :]e a v /rong sp> 0 atta*$ & to ?is 0 fa/5$ ! end ( ! rope4 ,b to g on to ! use ( 8 ma*9e2 ,i say t bel[ ?is grappl+ iron 0 a fire ,footnote #ad3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aabh4 :i*1 ) trem5d\s noise1 ?rew d[n its rays & a %[] ( burn+ pit*2 :i*1 p\r+ d[n on ! enemy's top1 compell$ ! m5 :o 7 9 x to ab&on ! top to :i* ! grappl+-iron _h clung4 ,?is 0 hook$ on to ! edges ( ! top & !n sudd5ly ! cord atta*$ at ! base ( ! top to support ! cord :i* w5t f ! grappl+ iron1 0 cut1 giv+ way & draw+ 9 ! enemy's %ip2 & if ! an*or--0 ca/ 444 ,footnote3 ,ar*im$es nev] visit$ ,spa91 & ! names "h m5tion$ _c be expla9$4 ,leon>do seems to quote "h f a book1 p]haps by "s que/ionable m$iaeval writ]4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,ju/i writes to me f ,madrid1 t ,spani% savants h no k ( ! s\rces f :i* ?is /ory may h be5 d]iv$4 #adii4 ,!ophra/us on ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 & ( eddies1 & on wat]4 ,footnote3 ,! ,greek philosoph]s _h no opportunity to /udy ! ph5om5on ( ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide & none ( !m wrote ab\t x4 ,! movem5t ( ! wat]s 9 ! ,euripus h[ev] 0 to a few ( !m a puzzl+ problem4 #aejj4 ,tryphon ( ,alex&ria1 :o sp5t 8 life at ,apollonia1 a city ( ,albania 7#afc74 ,footnote3 ,tryphon ( ,alex&ria1 a ,greek ,gramm>ian ( ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,8 treatise ,tta,o,y ,aeijecu appe>$ fir/ at ,milan 9 #adgf1 9 ,con/ant9 ,lask>is's ,greek ,gramm>4 #aeja4 ,mess] ,v9c5zio ,alipr&o1 :o lives ne> ! ,inn ( ! ,be>1 has ,giacomo ,&rea's ,vitruvius4 #aejb4 ,vitruvius says t small models are ( no avail = asc]ta9+ ! effects ( l>ge ones2 & ,i "h propose to prove t ?is conclusion is a false "o4 ,& *iefly by br++ =w>d ! v same argum5t :i* l$ him to ?is conclusion2 t is1 by an exp]im5t ) an aug]4 ,= he proves t if a man1 by a c]ta9 ex]tion ( /r5g?1 makes a hole ( a giv5 diamet]1 & aft]w>ds ano!r hole ( d\ble ! diamet]1 ?is _c be made ) only d\ble ! ex]tion ( ! man's /r5g?1 b ne$s mu* m4 ,to ?is x may v well be answ]$ t an aug] #aejc4 ( d\ble ! diamet] _c be mov$ by d\ble ! ex]tion1 be- cause ! sup]ficies ( a body ( ! same =m b twice z l>ge has f\r times ! ext5t ( ! sup]ficies ( ! small]1 z is %[n 9 ! two figures a & n4 #aejd4 ,,( ,,squ>+ ,,! ,,circle1 ,,& ,,:o ,,x ,,0 ,,t ,,fir/ ,,discov]$ ,,x ,,by ,,accid5t4 ,vitruvius1 measur+ miles by means ( ! repeat$ revolutions ( ! :eels :i* move vehicles1 ext5d$ ov] _m ,/adia ! l9es ( ! circumf]5ces ( ! circles ( ^! :eels4 ,he became aw>e ( !m by ! animals t mov$ ! vehicles4 ,b he did n disc]n t ?is 0 a means ( f9d+ a squ>e equal to a circle4 ,?is 0 fir/ done by ,ar*im$es ( ,syracuse1 :o by multiply+ ! second diamet] ( a circle by half its circumf]5ce produc$ a rectangul> quadrilat]al equal figure to ! circle ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ,no4 #adge44 ,footnote3 ,vitruvius1 see also ,nos4 #aaac & #cdc4 #aeje4 ,virgil says t a blank %ield is devoid ( m]it because among ! p ( ,a!ns ! true recognition confirm$ by te/imonies 444 ,footnote3 ,! end ( ! text _c be deciph]$4 #aejf4 ,9 ,vitolone !re are #hje conclusions problems 9 p]spective4 ,footnote3 7,witelo1 ,vitellion1 ,vitellon7 ,vitellione4 ,e da v$]si su que/o ottico prospettico del secolo ,,xiii ,luca ,pacioli1 ,paolo ,lomazzo1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ecc4 e fra i mod]ni il ,graesse1 il ,libri1 il ,brunet1 e le ,memorie pubblicate dal pr9cipe ,boncompagni1 e ',sur l' or?ographe du nom et sur la patrie de ,witelo 7,vitellion7 note de ,maximili5 ,curtze1 pr(esseur a ,?orn'1 ove sono descritti i molti codici esi/5ti nelle bibliote*e d' ,europa4 ,b]n>d9o ,baldi nelle sue ',vite de'matematici'1 manoscritto presso il pr9cipe ,boncompagni1 ha una biografia del ,vitellione4 ,que/o scritto del ,baldi reca la data #be ago/o #aehh4 ,discors]o poi di lui ,f$]igo ,risn]io e ,giovanni di ,mont]egio nella prefazione dell' ,alfagrano1 ,giovanni ,boteone1 ,girolamo ,c>dano1 ',de subtilitate'1 *e nota gli errori di ,vitellione4 ,visse1 secondo il ,baldi1 intorno all' anno #abfi1 ma secondo il ,re9oldo fioriva nel #abii1 av5do d$icata la sua op]a ad un frate ,guglielmo di ,monteca1 *e visse di que' tempi4 ,intorno ad un manoscritto dell' ottica di ,vitellione1 citato da ,luca ,pacioli v'ha un secondo esempl>e del ,kurlz1 con aggiunte del pr9cipe ,boncompagni1 e le illu/razioni del cav4 ,enrico ,n>ducci4 ,nel ',catalogo di manoscritti' poss$uti da ,d4 ,baldass>e de' pr9cipi ,boncompagni1 compilato da esso ,n>ducci1 ,roma1 #ahfb1 sotto al n4 #ceh1 troviamo citato3 ,vitellio1 ',p]spectiva'1 manoscritto del secolo ,,xiv4 ,la ',prospettiva di ,vitelleone' 7sic7 ,?ur+o-poloni e citata due volte da ,paolo ,lomazzo nel ,trattato dell' arte della pittura4 ,vitellio o ,vitello o ,witelo4 ,il suo libro fu impresso 9 foglio a ,norimb]ga nel #aece2 la secondo edizione e del #aeea1 sempre di ,norimb]ga1 ed una t]za di ,basilea1 #aegb4 7,see ,indag9i ,/ori*e 444 sulla ,libr]ia-,visconteo-,s=zesca del ,ca/ello di ,pavia 444 p] cura di ,g4 ,d',a41 ,milano #ahgi4 ,p4 ,i4 ,app5dice p4 #aac4 #aad74 #aejg4 ,vitolone1 at ,sa9t ,m>k's4 ,footnote3 ,altro codice di cote/a ',prospettiva' del ,vitolone troviamo notato nel ',canone bibliographico di ,nicolo ,v'1 cons]vato alla1 ,magliabec*iana1 9 copia dell' orig9ale v]osimilm5te inviato dal ,p>5tucelli a ,cosimo de' ,m$ici 7,magliab4 cod4 segn4 #a ,,vii1 #cj c>te da #aic a #aih74 ,provi5e dal ,conv5to di ,san ,m>co e lo aveva trascritto frate ,leon>do ,scrub]ti fior5t9o1 dell' ord9e dei pr$icatori *e fu an*e bibliotec>io della ,m$icea pubblica 9 ,san ,m>co 7,see ,indag9i ,/ori*e 444 p] cura di ,g4 ,d',a4 ,p>te ,i1 p4 #ig74 #aejh4 ,h[ ?is proposition ( ,x5ophon is false4 ,if y take away unequal quantities f unequal quantities1 b 9 ! same proportion1 c4 ,footnote3 ,x5ophon's works 7 publi%$ sev]al times dur+ ,leon>do's lifetime4 ,inv5tories & acc\nts 7#aeji--aede74 #aeji4 ,on ! #bh? day ( ,april ,i receiv$ f ! ,m>*es9o #ajc lire & #ab d9>i4 ,footnote3 ,in/ead ( ! indication ( ! ye> !re is a blank space aft] d'aprile4--,m>*es9o ,/ange 0 "o ( ,lodovico il ,moro's (ficials4--,comp>e ,no4 #achh4 #aeaj4 ,on ! #aj? day ( ,july #adib 9 #ace ,rh5i% flor9s #a4 #dde 9 d9>i ( #f soldi #a4 #aab ,s #af 9 d9>i ( #e #a_/b soldi #a4 #bi ,s #ac #i 9 gold & #c scudi #a4 #ec ----------------------------- #a4 #haa 9 all #aeaa4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y1 lire #abjj4 #aeab4 ,! hall t[>ds ! c\rt is #abf paces long & #bg braccia wide4 #aeac4 ,! n>r[ cornice above ! hall lire #cj4 ,! cornice b5ea? t1 be+ "o = ea* picture1 lire #g1 & = ! co/ ( blue1 gold1 :ite1 pla/]1 indigo & glue #c lire2 "t #c days4 ,! pictures bel[ ^! m\ld+s ) _! pila/]s1 #ab lire ea*4 ,i calculate ! co/ = smalt1 blue & gold & o!r col\rs at #a #a_/b lire4 ,! days ,i calculate at #c1 = ! inv5tion ( ! composition1 pila/]s & o!r ?+s4 #aead4 ,item = ea* vault #g lire outlay = blue & gold #c #a_/b "t1 #d days = ! w9d[s #a #a_/b ,! cornice bel[ ! w9d[s #af soldi p] braccio item = #bd pictures ( ,roman hi/ory #ad lire ea* ,! philosoph]s #aj lire ! pila/]s1 "o ounce ( blue #aj soldi = gold #ae soldi ,total #b & #a_/b lire4 #aeae4 ,! cornice above lire #cj ,! cornice bel[ lire #g ,! compositions1 "o ) ano!r lire #ac #aeaf4 ,salai1 #f lire 444 #d soldi 444 #aj soldi = a *a92-- ,on ! l#d? ( ,m>* ,i _h #ac lire ,s4 #d2 #af lire rema94 #aeag4 ,h[ _m braccia high is ! level ( ! walls8-- #abc braccia ,h[ l>ge is ! hall8 ,h[ l>ge is ! g>l&8 #cj ducats4 ,on ! #bi? day ( ,janu>y1 #adid clo? = hose lire #d ,s #c l9+ ,s #af mak+ ,s #h to ,salai ,s #c a jasp] r+ ,s #ac a sp>kl+ /one ,s #aa to ,cat]9a ,s #aj to ,cat]9a ,s #aj #aeah4 ,! :eel lire #g ! tire lire #aj ! %ield lire #d ! cu%ion lire #h ! ends ( ! axle-tree lire #b b$ & frame lire #cj conduit lire #aj ,s4,k4,m4,,ii4#b #d;a #aeai4 ,p>sley #aj p>ts m9t #a "p ?yme #a "p ,v9eg> 444 & a little salt two pieces ( canvas = ,salai4 ,footnote3 ,?is note1 ( ab\t ! ye> #adid1 is ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ,salai1 & ! la/ is ( ! ye> #aeac 7see ,no4 #adfe1 #c74 ,f ! v>i\s notes 9 ! ,,mss4 he seems to h be5 ,leon>do's assi/ant & keep] only1 & sc>cely himself a pa9t]4 ,at any rate no sign$ or o!rwise au!nticat$ picture by him is kn[n to exi/4 ,vas>i speaks some:at d\btfully on ?is po9t4 #aebj4 ,on ,tuesday ,i b\ght w9e = morn+ dr9k+2 on ,friday ! #d? day ( ,septemb] ! same4 ,footnote3 ,?is note enables u to fix ! date ( ! ,manuscript1 9 :i* x is to be f\nd4 ,9 #adie ! #d? ( ,septemb] fell on a ,friday2 ! cont5ts ( ! ,manuscript d n p]mit u to assign x to a mu* e>li] or lat] date 7,comp>e ,no4 #aebb1 & ,note74 #aeba4 ,! ci/]n 444 at ! ,hospital1 --#b ducats1 --beans1 --:ite maize1 --r$ maize1 --millet1 --buck:eat1 --kidney beans1 --beans1 --peas4 #aebb4 ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,! ,,int]m5t ,,( ,,cat]9a4 ,= ! #c lbs ( tap]s #bg ,s ,= ! bi] #h ,s ,a pall ov] ! bi] #ab ,s ,= be>+ & plac+ ! cross #d ,s ,= be>+ ! body #h ,s ,= #d prie/s & #d cl]ks #bj ,s ,bell1 book & sponge #b ,s ,= ! grav$igg]s #af ,s ,to ! s5ior #h ,s ,= a lic5se f ! au?orities #a ,s #ajf ,s ,! doctor #b ,s ,sug> & c&les #ab ,s #abj ,s ,footnote3 ,see ,nos4 #achd & #aeag4 #aebc4 ,salai's cloak1 ! #d? ( ,april #adig4 #d braccia ( silv] clo? l4 #ae ,s #d gre5 velvet to trim x l4 #i ,s -- b9d+ l4-- ,s #i loops l4-- ,s #ab ! mak+ l4 #a ,s #e b9d+ = ! front l4-- ,s #e /it*+ "h are #ac grossoni ( 8 l4 #bf ,s #e ,salai /ole ! soldi4 #aebd4 ,on ,monday ,i b\ght #d braccia ( clo? lire #ac ,s #ad #a_/b on ! #ag? (1 ,octob] #adig4 #aebe4 ,memor&um4 ,t on ! #h? day ( ,april #aejc1 ,i1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 l5t to ,vante1 m9iature pa9t] #d gold ducats1 9 gold4 ,salai c>ri$ !m to him & gave !m into 8 own h&1 & he said he w\ld repay )9 ! space ( #dj days4 ,memor&um4 ,t on ! same day ,i paid to ,salai #c gold ducats :i* he said he want$ = a pair ( rose-col\r$ hose ) _! trimm+2 & !re rema9 #i ducats due to him--except+ t he owes me #bj ducats1 t is #ag ,i l5t him at ,milan1 & #c at ,v5ice4 ,memor&um4 ,t ,i gave ,salai #ba braccia ( clo? to make a %irt1 at #aj soldi ! braccio1 :i* ,i gave him on ! #bj? day ( ,april #aejc4 ,footnote3 ,) reg>d to ,vante or ,attavante1 ! m9iature pa9t] 7n ,nanni z ,i =m]ly deciph]$ ?is "n1 :i* is difficult to read2 see ,zeits*rift fur ,bild4 ,kun/1 #ahgi1 p4 #aee71 & ,vas>i1 ,lives ( ,frate ,giovanni da ,fiesole1 ( ,b>tolommeo della ,gatta1 & ( ,gh]>do1 m9iatore4 ,he1 l ,leon>do1 0 "o ( ! committee ( arti/s :o1 9 #aejc1 consid]$ ! erection & plac+ ( ,mi*el ,angelo's ,david4 ,! date ( 8 dea? is n kn[n2 he 0 ( ! same age z ,leon>do4 ,fur!r details w be f\nd 9 ',notizie di ,attavante m9iatore1 e di alcuni suoi lavori' 7,milanese's ed4 ( ,vas>i1 ,,iii1 #bca-bce74 #aebf4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,san ,pet]'s day1 ,june #bi?1 #aejd1 ,i took io ducats1 ( :i* ,i gave "o to ,tommaso my s]vant to sp5d4 ,on ,monday morn+ #a flor9 to ,salai to sp5d on ! h\se4 ,on ,?ursday ,i took #a flor9 = my own sp5d+4 ,w$nesday ev5+ #a flor9 to ,tommaso1 be=e supp]4 ,saturday morn+ #a flor9 to ,tommaso4 ,monday morn+ #a flor9 less #aj soldi4 ,?ursday to ,salai #a flor9 less #aj soldi4 ,= a j]k91 #a flor94 ,= a j]k9 ,& a cap #b flor9s4 ,to ! hosi]1 #a flor94 ,to ,salai1 #a flor94 ,friday morn+1 ! #ai? ( ,july1 #a flor91 less #f soldi4 ,i h #g fl4 left1 & #bb 9 ! box4 ,tuesday1 ! #bc? day ( ,july1 #a flor9 to ,tommaso4 ,monday morn+1 to ,tommaso #a flor94 ,w$nesday morn+ #a fl4 to ,tommaso4 ,?ursday morn+ ! #a/ day ( ,augu/ #a fl4 to ,tommaso4 ,sunday1 ! #d? ( ,augu/1 #a flor94 ,friday1 ! #i? day ( ,augu/ #aejd1 ,i took #aj ducats out ( ! box4 #aebg4 #aejd4 ,on ! #i? day ( ,augu/1 #aejd1 ,i took #aj flor9s 9 gold#b 444 #c on ,friday ! #i? day ( ,augu/ fifte5 grossoni t is fl4 #e ,s #e 444 giv5 to me #a flor9 9 gold on ! #ab? day ( ,augu/ #d 444 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/1 #cb grossoni to ,tommaso4 ,on ! #ah? ( ! same #e grossoni to ,salai4 ,on ! #h? ( ,septemb] #f grossoni to ! workman to sp5d2 t is on ! day ( our ,lady's bir?4 ,on ! #af? day ( ,septemb] ,i gave #d grossoni to ,tommaso3 on a ,sunday4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! passage giv5 z ,no4 #adfc is writt5 betwe5 l9es #b & #c ( ?is text1 & x is possible t ! entries 9 l9es #c & #d ref] to ! paym5ts ( ,jacopo ,t$esco1 :o is !re m5tion$4 ,! fir/ words ( ^! l9es are v illegible4 ,footnote #g3 ,al fattore4 ,il ,fattore1 01 z is well kn[n1 ! nick-"n ( ,giovanni ,franceso ,p5ni1 born 9 ,flor5ce 9 #adhf1 & subsequ5tly a pupil ( ,raphael's4 ,accord+ to ,vas>i he 0 kn[n by x ev5 z a boy4 ,:e!r he is spok5 ( 9 ?is passage1 or :e!r ! ^w ,fattore %\ld be translat$ lit]ally1 ,i w n und]take to decide4 ,! latt] seems to me m probably "r4 #aebh4 ,on ! day ( ,octob]1 #aejh1 ,i _h #cj scudi2 #ac ,i l5t to ,salai to make up 8 si/]'s d[ry1 & #ag ,i h left4 #aebi4 ,memor&um ( ! money ,i h _h f ! ,k+ z my sal>y f ,july #aejh till ,april next #aeji4 ,fir/ #ajj scudi1 !n #gj1 !n #ej1 !n #bj & !n #bjj flor9s at #dh soldi ! flor94 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #acej & #aefa4 #aecj4 ,saturday ! #bnd day ( ,m>* ,i _h f ,santa ,m>ia ,novella #e gold ducats1 leav+ #dej4 ,( ^! ,i gave #b ! same day to ,salai1 :o _h l5t !m to me4 ,footnote3 ,see ',conto corr5te di ,leon>do da ,v9ci con lo ,sp$ale di ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova' #aejj a #aejg1 #aeac-aebj publi%$ by ,g4 ,,uzielli1 ,ric]*e intorno a ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,fir5ze1 #ahgb1 pp4 #afd1 #afe1 #bah & #bai4 ,! date "h giv5 by ,leon>do does n occur 9 ei!r ( ! acc\nts4 #aeca4 ,?ursday1 ! eigh? day ( ,june1 ,i took #ag grossoni1 #ah soldi2 on ! same ,?ursday 9 ! morn+ ,i gave to ,salai #bb soldi = ! exp5ses4 #aecb4 ,to ,salai #d grossoni1 & = "o braccio ( velvet1 #e lire1 & #a_/b2 viz4 #aj soldi = loops ( silv]2 ,salai #ad soldi = b9d+1 ! mak+ ( ! cloak #be soldi4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #aebc4 #aecc4 ,i gave to ,salai #ic lire #f soldi1 ( :i* ,i h _h #fg lire & !re rema9 #bf lire #f soldi4 #aecd4 ,to ,salai ,s #db #b doz5 ( laces ,s #h = pap]s ,s #c d #h a pair ( %oes ,s #ad = velvet ,s #ad a sword & knife ,s #ba to ! b>b] ,s #aa to ,paolo = a 444 ,s #bj ,= hav+ 8 =tune told ,s #f #aece4 ,on ,friday morn+1 "o flor9 to ,salai to sp5d2 #c soldi receiv$ bread ,s44 d w9e ,s44 d grapes ,s44 d mu%rooms ,s44 d fruit ,s44 d ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ,nos4 #aede1 l4 #d & #e1 ) simil> entries = horse's fodd]4 bran ,s44 d at ! b>b]'s ,s44 d = %oes ,s44 d #aecf4 ,on ,?ursday morn+ "o flor94 #aecg4 ,on ,sa9t ,ambrose's day f ! morn+ to ,?ursday #cf soldi4 #aech4 ,! moneys ,i h _h f ,s] ,matteo2 fir/ #bj grassoni1 !n on #ac occasions #c f4 & !n #fa grassoni1 !n #c1 & !n #cc2 #df soldi #ab grossoni4 #aeci4 ,= pap] ,s #ah = canvas ,s #cj = pap] ,s #aj d #ai ,total ,s #gc #aedj4 #bj p\nds ( ,g]man blue1 at "o ducat ! p\nd lire #hj ,s d #fj p\nds ( :ite1 ,s44 ! p\nd lire #ae ,s d #a #a_/b p\nd at #d ,s ! p\nd lire #f ,s d #b p\nds ( c9nab> at ,s #ah ! p\nd lire #a ,s #af d #f p\nds ( gre5 at ,s #ab ! p\nd lire #c ,s #ab d #d p\nds ( yell[ at ,s #ab ! p\nd lire #b ,s #h d #a p\nd ( m9ium at ,s #h ! p\nd lire #j ,s #h d #d p\nds ( 444 at ,s #b ! p\nd lire #j ,s #h d #f p\nds ( o*re at ,s #a ! p\nd lire #j ,s #f d black 444 at ,s #b ! p\nd = #bj lire #b ,s #j d wax to make ! />s #bi p\nds at ,s--! p\nd lire #j ,s #j d #dj p\nds ( oil = pa9t+ at #e soldi ! p\nd lire #aj ,s #j d ,altoge!r lire #abj d #ah )\t ! gold4 #ah t9 = putt+ on ! gold #abj #ah #eh #aeda4 ,two l>ge hat*ets & "o v small "o1 #h brass spoons1 #d tableclo?s1 #b t[els1 #ae small napk9s1 #b co>se napk9s1 #b co>se clo?s1 #b wrapp]s1 #c pairs ( %eets1 #b pairs new & #a old4 #aedb4 ,b$ #g #j ,s r+ #g #j crock]y #b #e g>d5] #a #b 44444 #b #h port]s #b #a glasses #a fuel #c #f a lock #a ,section title3 ,miscellane\s ,notes4 #aedc4 ,new t9-w>e #c pairs ( %eets #f small b[ls1 ea* ( #d bread?s1 #f b[ls1 #b small %eets1 #b l>ge di%es1 #b tableclo?s & #a_/b1 #b di%es m$ium size1 #af co>se clo?s1 #b small ones #h %irts1 ,old t9-w>e #i napk9s1 #c small b[ls1 #b h&-t[els4 #d b[ls1 #c squ>e /ones1 #b small b[ls1 #a l>ge b[l1 #a platt]1 #d c&le/icks1 #a small c&le/ick4 #aedd4 ,hose ,s #dj /raw ,s #fj :eat ,s #db w9e ,s #ed bread ,s #ah meat ,s #ed eggs ,s #e salad ,s #c ! ,b>b] ,s #b d #f horses ,s #a #aede4 ,sunday meat ,s #aj d w9e ,s #ab d bran ,s #e d #d h]bs ,s #aj d butt]milk ,s #d d #d melon ,s #c d bread ,s #c d #a ,monday ,s #i #h 44444 ,s #f d w9e ,s #ab d bran ,s #i d #d butt]milk ,s #d d #d h]bs ,s #h d ,tuesday ,s d meat ,s #j d #h w9e ,s #ab d bread ,s #c d meal ,s #e d #d h]bs ,s #h d ,w$nesday w9e ,s #e d melon ,s #b d meal ,s #e d #d vegetables ,s #h ,notes by unkn[n p]sons among ! ,,mss4 7#aedf-aefe74 #aedf4 ,mis]acione div9a sacro sancte ,romane ecclesie tituli n c>d9alis #bwulg>it] nuncupatus v5]abili religioso fratri ,johanni ,mair d',nu/orf #cord9is pra$icatorum prov9tie teutonie 787 conv5tus ,wi5n5sis capellano #d no/ro comm5sali salutem 9 dno sempit]nam ,religione zelus rite ac 9 f]ite8 #e;hone/as ali>umque laudabilium probitatis et virtutum m]ita quibus apud nos fide #f;digno comm5dationis te/imonio ,magi/ri videlicet ord9is felicis recordacionis ,leon>di de #g,mansuetis de ,p]usio sigillo suo 444 u dans tibi ad 444 op]a virtutum com57salem78 #h locum et tempus success7ores7 cujus similit] (ficium m9i/ratus qui pra$ecessoris sui donum 787 #i;confirmavit et de novo d$it aliorumque plurima laudatis qui op]a tua laudant #ajnos inducunt ut tibi 787 r$damus ad gratiam lib]alem h9c e/ quod nos cupi5tes4 ,footnote3 ,! mean+ ( ?is docum5t1 :i* is v difficult to deciph]1 & is writt5 9 un9telligible ,lat91 is1 t ,leon>do di ,mansuetis recomm5ds ! ,rev4 ,mair ( ,nusdorf1 *apla9 at ,vi5na1 to "s ?ird p]son2 & says also t some?+1 :i* _h to be prov$1 has be5 prov$4 ,! re/ ( ! passages on ! same leaf are und\bt$ly 9 ,leon>do's h&4 7,nos4 #dhc1 #ffa1 #eai1 #egh1 #cib1 #ehb1 #hhg & #hid47 #aedg4 ,johannes ,antonius di ,johannes ,ambrosius de ,bolate4 ,he :o lets "t pass & does n gr[ 9 virtue1 ! m ,i ?9k ( x ! m ,i grieve4 ,no man has x 9 him to be virtu\s :o w give up hon\r = ga94 ,good =tune is valueless to him :o kn[s n toil4 ,! man becomes happy :o foll[s ,*ri/4 ,!re is no p]fect gift )\t great suff]+4 ,our glories & our triumphs pass away4 ,f\l lu/1 & dreams1 & luxury1 & slo? h bani%$ e virtue f ! _w2 s t our ,nature1 w&]+ & p]plex$1 has almo/ lo/ ! old & bett] track4 ,h5ce=? x 7 well to r\se ?yself f sleep4 ,! ma/] said t ly+ 9 d[n w n br+ !e to ,fame2 nor /ay+ b5ea? ! quilts4 ,he :o1 )\t ,fame1 burns 8 life to wa/e1 leaves no m ve/ige ( himself on e>? ?an w9d-bl[n smoke1 or ! foam ^u ! sea4 ,footnote3 ,f ! la/ s5t5ce we may inf] t ?is text is by ! h& ( a pupil ( ,leon>do's4-- ,on ! same %eet are ! notes ,nos4#aage & #gae 9 ,leon>do's own h&writ+4 #aedh4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,santo ,zanobio ! #bi? ( ,may #aejd1 ,i _h f ,lion>do ,v9ci #ae gold ducats & began to sp5d !m4 to ,mona ,m>g>ita ,s #fb d #d to remake ! r+ ,s #ai d #h clo!s ,s #ac good beef ,s #d eggs ,s #f debt at ! bank ,s #g velvet ,s #ab w9e ,s #f d #d meat ,s #d mulb]ries ,s #b d #d mu%rooms ,s #c d #d salad ,s #a fruit ,s #a d #d c&les ,s #c 444 ,s #a fl\r ,s #b ,sunday #aih #h bread ,s #f w9e ,s #i d #d meat ,s #g s\p ,s #b fruit ,s #c d #d c&les ,s #c d ,monday #ca bread ,s #f d #d meat ,s #aj d #h w9e ,s #i d #d fruit ,s #d s\p ,s #a d #h #cb #aedi4 ,tuesday bread ,s #f meat ,s #aa w9e ,s #g fruit ,s #i s\p ,s #b salad ,s #a ,footnote #aedh & #aedi3 ,on ! same %eet is ! text ,no4 #ajae 9 ,leon>do's own h&writ+4 #aeej4 ,to ,monna ,m>g>ita ,s #e to ,tomaso ,s #ad to ,monna ,m>g>ita d #e ,s #b on ! day ( ,san ,zanobi left 444 aft] paym5t d #ac ,s #b d #d ( ,monna ,m>g>ita altoge!r d #ad ,s #e d #d #aeea4 ,on ,monday1 ! l#c? ( ,febru>y1 ,i l5t lire ,s #g to ,lion>do to sp5d1 ,friday d #g4 ,footnote3 ,?is note is foll[$ by an acc\nt v l ! "o giv5 z ,no4 #aedi4 #aeeb4 ,/ephano ,*igi1 ,canonico 4441 s]vant ( ! honorable ,c\nt ,grimani at ,s4 ,apo/oli4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,no4 #fgd1 #ba-bc4 #aeec4 ,hav+ become anxi\s 444 ,b]n>do di ,simone1 ,silve/ro di ,/efano1 ,b]n>do di ,jacopo1 ,francesco di ,matteo ,bonciani1 ,antonio di ,giovanni ,rub]ti1 ,antonio da ,pi/oia4444 ,antonio2 ,he :o has "t & waits = "t1 w lose 8 fri5ds & 8 money4 #aeed4 ,rev]5d ,mae/ro1 ,dom9o ,giovanni1 ,i spoke to ,mae/ro ,zac>ia z a bro!r ab\t ?is bus9ess1 & ,i made him satisfi$ ) ! arrangem5t t ,i _h wi%$2 t is1 z reg>ds ! commission t ,i _h f ! p>ties & ,i say t betwe5 u !re is no ne$ to pay money d[n1 z reg>d ! pictures ( ! 444 #aeee4 ,( ?+s se5 ?r\gh a mi/ t :i* is ne>e/ its f>!/ limit w be lea/ visible1 & all ! m s z !y are m remote4 #aeef4 ,!odoricus ,rex ,semp] ,augu/us4 #aeeg4 ,ei!r y say ,hesp]ia alone1 & x w mean ,italy1 or y add ultima1 & x w mean ,spa94 ,umbria1 "p ( ,tuscany4 ,footnote3 ,! notes 9 ,greek1 ,nos4 #aeeg1 #aeeh & #aefb /& 9 close connection ) ea* o!r1 b ! mean+ ( "s words is v d\btful1 & a translation is ?us r5d]$ impossible4 #aeeh4 ,footnote3 ,greek ,*>act]s #aeei4 ,canonica ( 444 on ! #e? ( ,july #aejg2 my de>ly belov$ "m1 si/]s & c\s9 ,i h]e) in=m y t ?anks to ,god ,i am 444 ab\t ! sword :i* ,i 444 br+ x to ,maso at ! piazza 444 & ,i w settle ! bus9ess ( ,pi]o s t 444 ,footnote3 ,,amoretti1 ,mem4 ,/or4 ,,xxiv1 quotes ! fir/ ?ree l9es ( ?is lett] z by ,leon>do4 ,! "* ( ! writ+ h[ev] does n fav\r ?is hypo!sis1 & /ill less ! cont5ts4 ,i %\ld reg>d x r a r\gh draft ( a lett] by "y ,melzi4 ,i h n succe$$ 9 deciph]+ completely ! #ac l9es ( ?is text4 ,amoretti reads at ! beg9n+ ,canonica di ,vaprio1 b ,vaprio seems to me a v d\btful read+4 #aefj4 ,ut b5e respondet ,naturae ars docta6 d$isset ,v9cius1 ut tribuit cet]a - sic animam - ,noluit ut similis magis haec =et3 alt]a sic e/3 ,possidet illius ,maurus amans animam4 ,footnote3 ,^! ?ree epigrams on ! portrait ( ,lucrezia ,crivelli1 a picture by ,leon>do :i* mu/ h be5 lo/ at a v e>ly date1 seem to h be5 d$icat$ to ,leon>do by ! poet4 ,leon>do us$ ! rev]se ( ! %eet = notes on geometry4 ,hujus quam c]nis nom5 ,lucretia1 ,divi ,omnia cui l>ga contribu]e manu4 ,r>a huic =ma data e/2 p9xit ,leon>dos1 amavit ,maurus1 pictorum primus hic1 ille ducum4 ,naturam1 ac sup]as hac laesit imag9e ,divas ,pictor3 tantum hom9is posse manum haec doluit1 ,illae longa d>i tam magnae temp]a =mae1 ,quae spatio fu]at dep]itura brevi4 #aefa4 ,egidius ,romanus on ! =mation ( ! human body 9 ! "m's womb ,footnote #a3 ,lib] magi/ri ,egidii de pulsibus matrice conipositus 7cum comm5t>io ,g5tilis de ,fulg9eo7 publi%$ 9 #adhd at ,padova1 9 #adid & 9 #aead at ,v5ice1 & 9 #aeje at ,lyons44 ,footnote #b3b4 ,?is text appe>s to be 9 a h&writ+ diff]5t f t 9 ! note1 l4 #a4 ,"h ! read+ is n s simple z ,,amoretti gave x1 ,mem4 ,/>4 ,,xxv3 ,a ,monsieur ,lyon>d ,pe9tre du ,roy p\r ,amboyse4 ,he says too t ?is address is ( ! ye> #aeji1 & ,mr4 ,ravaisson rem>ks3 ,de cette suscription il semble qu'on peut inf]] que ,leon>d etait alors en ,france1 a la c\r de ,l\is ,,xii 444 ,p\r conclure je crois qu'il n'e/ pas pr\ve que ,leon>d de ,v9ci n'ait pas fait un voyage de quelques mois en ,france s\s ,l\is ,,xii1 entre le pr9temps de #aeji et l'automne de #aeaj4--;,i mu/ confess t ,i myself h n succe$$ 9 deciph]+ completely ?is ,fr5* writ+ ( :i* two words rema9 to me d\btful4 ,b s mu* seems to be q evid5t t ?is is n an address ( a lett] at all1 b a c]tificate or note4 ,amboisel4 #f ,i believe to be ! signature ( ,*>les d',amboise ! ,gov]nor ( ,milan4 ,if ?is explanation is ! "r "o1 x c be easily expla9$ by ! cont5ts ( ,nos4 #acej & #aebi4 ,! note1 l9e #a1 0 p]haps add$ lat] by ano!r h&2 & ,leon>do himself wrote aft]w>ds on ! same %eet "s geometrical explanations4 ,i mu/ also po9t out t ! /atem5t t ?is %eet belongs to ! ye> #aeji has absolutely no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,!re is no clue :atev] = giv+ a precise date to ?is note4 ,to ,monsieur le ,v9ci1--! horses ( ! k+'s equ]ry4444 ,cont9ue ! paym5t to ,ms4 ,lyon>d1 ,pa9t] to ! ,k+4 #f ,amboise4 #aefb4 ,footnote3 ,greek ,*>act]s #aefc4 ,memor&um to ,mae/ro ,lion>do to h 444 ! /ate ( ,flor5ce4 #aefd4 ,to rem9d y\r ,excell5cy t ,ridolfo ,man9i br\ght to ,flor5ce a quantity ( cry/al besides o!r /ones su* z are 444 #aefe4 ,,xvi ,c4 #f de ,ciuitate ,dei1 se ,antipodes4 ,footnote3 ,a facsimile ( ?is note1 :i* ref]s to a well kn[n book by ,/4 ,augu/91 is giv5 on page #bed4 #aeff4 ,leon>do's ,w4 ,be x kn[n to all p]sons1 pres5t & to come t at ! c\rt ( our ,"l ! ,k+ at ,amboise be=e ourselves 9 p]son1 ,mess] ,leon>do da ,v9ci pa9t] to ! ,k+1 at pres5t /ay+ at ! place kn[n z ,cl\x ne> ,amboise1 duly consid]+ ! c]ta9ty ( dea? & ! unc]ta9ty ( its "t1 has ackn[l$g$ & decl>$ 9 ! said c\rt & be=e u t he has made1 accord+ to ! t5or ( ^! pres5ts1 8 te/am5t & ! decl>ation ( 8 la/ w1 z foll[s4 ,& fir/ he comm5ds 8 s\l to our ,"l1 ,almighty ,god1 & to ! ,glori\s ,virg9 ,m>y1 & to our "l ,sa9t ,mi*ael1 to all ! bless$ ,angels & ,sa9ts male & female 9 ,p>adise4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator desires to be buri$ )9 ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,flor5t9 at ,amboise1 & t 8 body %all be borne ?i!r by ! *apla9s ( ! *ur*4 ,item4 ,t 8 body may be foll[$ f ! said place to ! said *ur* ( ,sa9t ,flor5t9 by ! collegium ( ! said *ur*1 t is to say by ! rector & ! prior1 or by _! vic>s & *apla9s ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is ( ,amboise1 also ! less] fri>s ( ! place1 & be=e 8 body %all be c>ri$ to ! said *ur* ?is ,te/ator desires1 t 9 ! said *ur* ( ,sa9t ,flor5t9 ?ree gr& masses %all be celebrat$ by ! deacon & sub-deacon & t on ! day :5 ^! ?ree high masses are celebrat$1 ?irty l[ masses %all also be p]=m$ at ,sa9t ,gregoire4 ,item4 ,t 9 ! said *ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is simil> s]vices %all be p]=m$1 z above4 ,item4 ,t ! same %all be done 9 ! *ur* ( ! said fri>s & less] bre?r54 ,item4 ,! a=esaid ,te/ator gives & bequea?s to ,mess] ,francesco da ,melzo1 nobleman1 ( ,milan1 9 remun]ation = s]vices & fav\rs done to him 9 ! pa/1 ea* ,footnote3 ,see page #dbj4 & all ( ! books ! ,te/ator is at pres5t possess$ (1 & ! in/rum5ts & portraits app]ta9+ to 8 art & call+ z a pa9t]4 ,item4 ,! same ,te/ator gives & bequea?s h5ce=? = ev] to ,batti/a de ,vilanis 8 s]vant "o half1 t is ! moity1 ( 8 g>d5 :i* is outside ! walls ( ,milan1 & ! o!r half ( ! same g>d5 to ,salai 8 s]vant2 9 :i* g>d5 a=esaid ,salai has built & con/ruct$ a h\se :i* %all be & rema9 h5ce=? 9 all p]petuity ! prop]ty ( ! said ,salai1 8 heirs & successors2 & ?is is 9 remun]ation = ! good & k9d s]vices :i* ! said de ,vilanis & ,salai1 8 s]vants h done him 9 pa/ times until n[4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator gives to ,matur9a 8 wait+ woman a cloak ( good black clo? l9$ ) fur1 a 444 ( clo? & two ducats paid once only2 & ?is likewise is 9 remun]ation = good s]vice r5d]$ to him 9 pa/ times by ! said ,matur9a4 ,item4 ,he desires t at 8 fun]al sixty tap]s %all be c>ri$ :i* %all be borne by sixty poor m51 to :om %all be giv5 money = c>ry+ !m2 at ! discretion ( ! said ,melzo1 & ^! tap]s %all be di/ribut$ among ! f\r above m5tion$ *ur*es4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator gives to ea* ( ! said *ur*es t5 lbs4 ( wax 9 ?ick tap]s1 :i* %all be plac$ 9 ! said *ur*es to be us$ on ! day :5 ^? said s]vices are celebrat$4 ,item4 ,t alms %all be giv5 to ! poor ( ! ,hotel-,dieu1 to ! poor ( ,sa9t ,laz>e d',amboise &1 to t end1 !re %all be giv5 & paid to ! treasur]s ( t same frat]nity ! sum & am\nt ( sev5ty soldi ( ,t\rs4 ,item4 ,! said ,te/ator gives & bequea?s to ! said ,mess] ,francesco ,melzo1 be+ pres5t & agree+1 ! rema9d] ( 8 p5sion & ! sums ( money :i* are ow+ to him f ! pa/ "t till ! day ( 8 dea? by ! receiv] or treasur]-g5]al ,m4 ,johan ,sap91 & ea* & e sum ( money t he has already receiv$ f ! a=esaid ,sap9 ( 8 said p5sion1 & 9 case he %\ld die be=e ! said ,melzo & n o!rwise2 :i* moneys are at pres5t 9 ! possession ( ! said ,te/ator 9 ! said place call$ ,cl\x1 z he says4 ,& he likewise gives & bequea?s to ! said ,melzo all & ea* ( 8 clo!s :i* he at pres5t possesses at ! said place ( ,cl\x1 & all 9 remun]ation = ! good & k9d s]vices done by him 9 pa/ times till n[1 z well z 9 paym5t = ! tr\ble & annoyance he may incur ) reg>d to ! execution ( ?is pres5t te/am5t1 :i* h[ev]1 %all all be at ! exp5se ( ! said ,te/ator4 ,& he ord]s & desires t ! sum ( f\r hundr$ scudi del ,sole1 :i* he has deposit$ 9 ! h&s ( ! treasur] ( ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova 9 ! city ( ,flor5ce1 may be giv5 to 8 bro!rs n[ liv+ 9 ,flor5ce ) all ! int]e/ & usufruct t may h accru$ up to ! pres5t "t1 & be due f ! a=esaid treasur] to ! a=esaid ,te/ator on acc\nt ( ! said f\r hundr$ cr[ns1 s9ce !y 7 giv5 & consign$ by ! ,te/ator to ! said treasur]s4 ,item4 ,he desires & ord]s t ! said ,mess] ,francesco de ,melzo %all be & rema9 ! sole & only executor ( ! said w ( ! said ,te/ator2 & t ! said te/am5t %all be execut$ 9 its full & complete mean+ & accord+ to t :i* is "h n>rat$ & said1 to h1 hold1 keep & obs]ve1 ! said ,mess] ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 con/itut$ ,te/ator1 has oblig$ & obliges by ^! pres5ts ! said 8 heirs & successors ) all 8 goods moveable & immoveable pres5t & to come1 & has r5\nc$ & expressly r5\nces by ^! pres5ts all & ea* ( ! ?+s :i* to t are contr>y4 ,giv5 at ! said place ( ,cl\x 9 ! pres5ce ( ,magi/] ,spirito ,fi]i vic>1 ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,d5is at ,amboise1 ( ,m4 ,guglielmo ,croysant prie/ & *apla91 ( ,magi/] ,cipriane ,ful*91 ,bro!r ,francesco de ,corion1 & ( ,francesco da ,milano1 a bro!r ( ! ,conv5t ( ! ,m9orites at ,amboise1 witnesses summon$ & requir$ to t end by ! indictm5t ( ! said c\rt 9 ! pres5ce ( ! a=esaid ,m4 ,francesco de ,melze :o accept+ & agree+ to ! same has promis$ by 8 fai? & 8 oa? :i* he has adm9i/]$ to u p]sonally & has sworn to u nev] to d nor say nor act 9 any way to ! contr>y4 ,& x is seal$ by 8 reque/ ) ! royal seal appos$ to legal contracts at ,amboise1 & 9 tok5 ( good fai?4 ,giv5 on ! ,x,x,i,i,ird day ( ,april ,,mdxviii1 be=e ,ea/]4 ,& on ! ,x,x,i,i,ird day ( ?is mon? ( ,april ,,mdxviii1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,guglielmo ,borian1 ,royal not>y 9 ! c\rt ( ! bailiwick ( ,amboise1 ! a=esaid ,m4 ,leon>do de ,v9ci gave & bequea!d1 by 8 la/ w & te/am5t1 z a=esaid1 to ! said ,m4 ,bapti/a de ,vilanis1 be+ pres5t & agree+1 ! "r ( wat] :i* ! ,k+ ,l\is ,,xii1 ( pi\s memory lately deceas$ gave to ?is same de ,v9ci1 ! /ream ( ! canal ( ,santo ,cri/(oro 9 ! du*y ( ,milan1 to belong to ! said ,vilanis = ev] 9 su* wise & mann] t ! said g5tleman made him ?is gift 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,francesco da ,melzo1 g5tleman1 ( ,milan & 9 m9e4 ,& on ! a=esaid day 9 ! said mon? ( ,april 9 ! said ye> ,,mdxviii ! same ,m4 ,leon>do de ,v9ci by 8 la/ w & te/am5t gave to ! a=esaid ,m4 ,bapti/a de ,vilanis1 be+ pres5t & agree+1 ea* & all ( ! articles ( furniture & ut5sils ( 8 h\se at pres5t at ! said place ( ,cl\x1 9 ! ev5t ( ! said de ,vilanis surviv+ ! a=esaid ,m4 ,leon>do de ,v9ci1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! said ,m4 ,francesco ,melzo & ( me ,not>y c4 ,borean4