,?is e,book 0 produc$ by ,*>les ,ald>ondo & ! ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s team4 ,! ,notebooks ( ,leon>do ,da ,v9ci ,volume #a ,translat$ by ,jean ,paul ,ri*t] #ahhh ,,preface4 ,a s+ul> fatality has rul$ ! de/9y ( ne>ly all ! mo/ fam\s ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's works4 ,two ( ! ?ree mo/ important 7 nev] complet$1 ob/acles hav+ aris5 dur+ 8 life-"t1 :i* oblig$ him to leave !m unf9i%$2 namely ! ,s=za ,monum5t & ! ,wall-pa9t+ ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i1 :ile ! ?ird--! picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp] at ,milan--has suff]$ irrem$iable injury f decay & ! repeat$ re/orations to :i* x 0 recklessly subject$ dur+ ! ,x,v,i,ith & ,x,v,i,i,ith c5turies4 ,nev]!less1 no o!r picture ( ! ,r5aissance has become s wellkn[n & popul> ?r\gh copies ( e description4 ,vas>i says1 & rightly1 9 8 ,life ( ,leon>do1 t he lab\r$ mu* m by 8 ^w ?an 9 fact or by de$1 & ! biograph] evid5tly _h 9 8 m9d ! num]\s works 9 ,manuscript :i* h be5 pres]v$ to ?is day4 ,to u1 n[1 x seems almo/ inexplicable t ^! valuable & int]e/+ orig9al texts %\ld h rema9$ s long unpubli%$1 & inde$ =gott54 ,x is c]ta9 t dur+ ! ,x,v,ith & ,x,v,i,ith c5turies _! exceptional value 0 highly appreciat$4 ,?is is prov$ n m]ely by ! prices :i* !y comm&$1 b also by ! exceptional int]e/ :i* has be5 atta*$ to ! *ange ( own]%ip ( m]ely a few pages ( ,manuscript4 ,t1 not)/&+ ?is eag]ness to possess ! ,manuscripts1 _! cont5ts rema9$ a my/]y1 c only be acc\nt$ = by ! _m & great difficulties att5d+ ! task ( deciph]+ !m4 ,! h&writ+ is s peculi> t x requires consid]able practice to read ev5 a few deta*$ phrases1 mu* m to solve ) any c]ta9ty ! num]\s difficulties ( alt]native read+s1 & to ma/] ! s5se z a connect$ :ole4 ,vas>i obs]ves ) ref]5ce to ,leon>dos writ+3 he wrote backw>ds1 9 rude *>act]s1 & ) ! left h&1 s t any "o :o is n practis$ 9 read+ !m1 _c und]/& !m4 ,! aid ( a mirror 9 read+ rev]s$ h&writ+ appe>s to me available only = a fir/ exp]im5tal read+4 ,speak+ f my own exp]i5ce1 ! p]si/5t use ( x is too fatigu+ & inconv5i5t to be practically advisable1 consid]+ ! enorm\s mass ( ,manuscripts to be deciph]$4 ,& z1 aft] all1 ,leon>do's h&writ+ runs backw>ds j z all ,ori5tal "* runs backw>ds--t is to say f "r to left--! difficulty ( read+ direct f ! writ+ is n insup]able4 ,?is obvi\s peculi>ity 9 ! writ+ is n1 h[ev]1 by any means ! only ob/acle 9 ! way ( ma/]+ ! text4 ,leon>do made use ( an or?ography peculi> to himself2 he _h a fa%ion ( amalgamat+ sev]al %ort words into "o long "o1 or1 aga91 he w\ld q arbitr>ily divide a long ^w into two sep>ate halves2 add$ to ?is !re is no punctuation :atev] to regulate ! division & con/ruction ( ! s5t5ces1 nor are !re any acc5ts--& ! read] may imag9e t su* difficulties 7 almo/ suffici5t to make ! task seem a desp]ate "o to a beg9n]4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ! good int5tions ( "s ( ,leon>do s mo/ rev]5t admir]s %\ld h fail$4 ,leon>dos lit]>y lab\rs 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts bo? ( ,art & ( ,sci5ce 7 ^? ess5tially ( an enquir]1 h5ce ! analytical me?od is t :i* he employs 9 argu+ out 8 inve/igations & diss]tations4 ,! va/ /ructure ( 8 sci5tific !ories is consequ5tly built up ( num]\s sep>ate rese>*es1 & x is mu* to be lam5t$ t he %\ld nev] h collat$ & arrang$ !m4 ,8 love = detail$ rese>*--z x seems to me--0 ! reason t 9 almo/ all ! ,manuscripts1 ! diff]5t p>agraphs appe> to u to be 9 utt] confusion2 on "o & ! same page1 obs]vations on ! mo/ dissimil> subjects foll[ ea* o!r )\t any connection4 ,a page1 = in/ance1 w beg9 ) "s pr9ciples ( a/ronomy1 or ! motion ( ! e>?2 !n come ! laws ( s\nd1 & f9ally "s precepts z to col\r4 ,ano!r page w beg9 ) 8 inve/igations on ! /ructure ( ! inte/9es1 & end ) philosophical rem>ks z to ! relations ( poetry to pa9t+2 & s =?4 ,leon>do himself lam5t$ ?is confusion1 & = t reason ,i d n ?9k t ! publication ( ! texts 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur 9 ! orig9als w\ld at all fulfil 8 int5tions4 ,no read] c\ld f9d 8 way ?r\gh su* a labyr9?2 ,leon>do himself c\ld n h done x4 ,add$ to ?is1 m ?an half ( ! five ?\s& manuscript pages :i* n[ rema9 to u1 are writt5 on loose leaves1 & at pres5t arrang$ 9 a mann] :i* has no ju/ification beyond ! fancy ( ! collector :o fir/ br\ght !m toge!r to make volumes ( m or less ext5t4 ,nay1 ev5 9 ! volumes1 ! pages ( :i* 7 numb]$ by ,leon>do himself1 _! ord]1 s f> z ! connection ( ! texts 0 conc]n$1 0 obvi\sly a matt] ( indiff]5ce to him4 ,! only po9t he seems to h kept 9 view1 :5 fir/ writ+ d[n 8 notes1 0 t ea* obs]vation %\ld be complete to ! end on ! page on :i* x 0 begun4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule are extremely few1 & x is c]ta9ly notewor?y t we f9d 9 su* cases1 9 b\nd volumes ) 8 numb]$ pages1 ! writt5 obs]vations3 turn ov]1 ,?is is ! cont9uation ( ! previ\s page1 & ! l4 ,is n ?is suffici5t to prove t x 0 only 9 q exceptional cases t ! writ] int5d$ ! consecutive pages to rema9 connect$1 :5 he %\ld1 at la/1 c>ry out ! (t5 plann$ arrangem5t ( 8 writ+s8 ,:at ?is f9al arrangem5t 0 to be1 ,leon>do has 9 mo/ cases indicat$ ) consid]able complet5ess4 ,9 o!r cases ?is au?oritative clue is want+1 b ! difficulties aris+ f ?is are n insup]able2 =1 z ! subject ( ! sep>ate p>agraphs is always di/9ct & well def9$ 9 itself1 x is q possible to con/ruct a well-plann$ :ole1 out ( ! scatt]$ mat]ials ( 8 sci5tific sy/em1 & ,i may v5ture to /ate t ,i h devot$ especial c>e & ?\ght to ! due execution ( ?is responsible task4 ,! beg9n+ ( ,leon>do's lit]>y lab\rs dates f ab\t 8 ?irty-sev5? ye>1 & he seems to h c>ri$ !m on )\t any s]i\s int]ruption till 8 dea?4 ,?us ! ,manuscripts t rema9 repres5t a p]iod ( ab\t ?irty ye>s4 ,)9 ?is space ( "t 8 h&writ+ alt]$ s little t x is impossible to judge f x ( ! date ( any p>ticul> text4 ,! exact dates1 inde$1 c only be assign$ to c]ta9 note-books 9 :i* ! ye> is incid5tally indicat$1 & 9 :i* ! ord] ( ! leaves has n be5 alt]$ s9ce ,leon>do us$ !m4 ,! assi/ance ^! af=d = a *ronological arrangem5t ( ! ,manuscripts is g5]ally self evid5t4 ,by ?is clue ,i h assign$ to ! orig9al ,manuscripts n[ scatt]$ ?r\gh ,engl&1 ,italy & ,france1 ! ord] ( _! production1 z 9 _m matt]s ( detail x is highly important to be able to v]ify ! "t & place at :i* c]ta9 obs]vations 7 made & regi/]$4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,bibliography ( ! ,manuscripts giv5 at ! end ( ,vol4 ,,ii1 may be reg>d$ z an ,index1 n f> %ort ( complete1 ( all ,leon>do s lit]>y works n[ extant4 ,! consecutive numb]s 7f #a to #aeff7 at ! head ( ea* passage 9 ?is "w1 indicate _! logical sequ5ce ) ref]5ce to ! subjects2 :ile ! lett]s & figures to ! left ( ea* p>agraph ref] to ! orig9al ,manuscript & numb] ( ! page1 on :i* t p>ticul> passage is to be f\nd4 ,?us ! read]1 by ref]r+ to ! ,li/ ( ,manuscripts at ! beg9n+ ( ,volume ,i1 & to ! ,bibliography at ! end ( ,volume ,,ii1 c1 9 e in/ance1 easily asc]ta91 n m]ely ! p]iod to :i* ! passage belongs1 b also exactly :]e x /ood 9 ! orig9al docum5t4 ,?us1 too1 by foll[+ ! sequ5ce ( ! numb]s 9 ! ,bibliographical index1 ! read] may recon/ruct ! orig9al ord] ( ! ,manuscripts & recompose ! v>i\s texts to be f\nd on ! orig9al %eets--s mu* ( x1 t is to say1 z by its subject-matt] came )9 ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be "h obs]v$ t ,leon>do s ,manuscripts conta91 besides ! passages "h pr9t$1 a great numb] ( notes & diss]tations on ,me*anics1 ,physics1 & "s o!r subjects1 _m ( :i* c\ld only be satisfactorily dealt ) by speciali/s4 ,i h giv5 z complete a review ( ^! writ+s z seem$ necess>y 9 ! ,bibliographical notes4 ,9 #afea1 ,raphael ,tri*et ,dufresne1 ( ,p>is1 publi%$ a selection f ,leon>do's writ+s on pa9t+1 & ?is treatise became s popul> t x has s9ce be5 repr9t$ ab\t two-&-tw5ty times1 & 9 six diff]5t languages4 ,b none ( ^! editions 7 d]iv$ f ! orig9al texts1 :i* 7 suppos$ to h be5 lo/1 b f e>ly copies1 9 :i* ,leon>do's text _h be5 m or less mutilat$1 & :i* 7 all fragm5t>y4 ,! olde/ & on ! :ole ! be/ copy ( ,leon>do's essays & precepts on ,pa9t+ is 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y2 ?is has be5 twice pr9t$1 fir/ by ,manzi1 9 #ahag1 & secondly by ,ludwig1 9 #ahhb4 ,/ill1 ?is anci5t copy1 & ! publi%$ editions ( x1 conta9 mu* = :i* x w\ld be ra% to hold ,leon>do responsible1 & "s portions--su* z ! v important rules = ! proportions ( ! human figure--are :olly want+2 on ! o!r h& !y conta9 passages :i*1 if !y are g5u9e1 _c n[ be v]ifi$ f any orig9al ,manuscript extant4 ,^! copies1 at any rate nei!r give u ! orig9al ord] ( ! texts1 z writt5 by ,leon>do1 nor d !y af=d any sub/itute1 by connect+ !m on a rational s*eme2 inde$1 9 _! *aotic confusion !y are any?+ r ?an satisfactory read+4 ,! fault1 no d\bt1 re/s ) ! compil] ( ! ,vatican copy1 :i* w\ld seem to be ! s\rce :5ce all ! publi%$ & ext5sively kn[n texts 7 d]iv$2 =1 in/ead ( arrang+ ! passages himself1 he 0 satisfi$ ) record+ a sugge/ion = a f9al arrangem5t ( !m into eight di/9ct p>ts1 )\t attempt+ to c>ry out 8 s*eme4 ,"u ! mi/ak5 idea t ?is plan ( di/ribution might be t1 n ( ! compil]1 b ( ,leon>do himself1 ! v>i\s editors1 d[n to ! pres5t day1 h v injudici\sly cont9u$ to adopt ?is ord]--or r disord]4 ,i1 l o!r enquir]s1 _h giv5 up ! orig9al ,manuscript ( ! ,trattato della ,pittura = lo/1 till1 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahhj1 ,i 0 enabl$1 by ! lib]ality ( ,"l ,a%burnham1 to inspect 8 ,manuscripts1 & 0 s happy z to discov] among !m ! orig9al text ( ! be/-kn[n portion ( ! ,trattato 9 8 magnific5t libr>y at ,a%burnham ,place4 ,?\gh ?is discov]y 0 ( a fragm5t only--b a consid]able fragm5t--incit+ me to fur!r se>*1 x gave ! key to ! my/]y :i* _h s long envelop$ ! fir/ orig9 ( all ! kn[n copies ( ! ,trattato4 ,! ext5sive rese>*es ,i 0 subsequ5tly enabl$ to prosecute1 & ! results ( :i* are comb9$ 9 ?is "w1 7 only r5d]$ possible by ! unre/rict$ p]mission grant$ me to inve/igate all ! ,manuscripts by ,leon>do disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & to reproduce ! highly important orig9al sket*es !y conta91 by ! process ( photogravure4 ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 graci\sly accord$ me special p]mission to copy = publication ! ,manuscripts at ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,w9dsor4 ,! ,commission ,c5trale ,adm9i/rative de l',in/itut de ,france1 ,p>is1 gave me1 9 ! mo/ lib]al mann]1 9 answ] to an application f ,sir ,fr$]ic ,leighton1 ,p4 ,r4 ,a41 ,correspond+ memb] ( ! ,in/itut1 free p]mission to "w = sev]al mon?s 9 _! private collection at deciph]+ ! ,manuscripts pres]v$ !re4 ,! same fav\r :i* ,"l ,a%burnham _h already grant$ me 0 ext5d$ to me by ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 ! ,m>*ese ,trivulsi1 & ! ,curators ( ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan1 by ! ,conte ,manzoni at ,rome & by o!r private own]s ( ,manuscripts ( ,leon>do's2 z also by ! ,directors ( ! ,l\vre at ,p>is2 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice2 ! ,uffizi at ,flor5ce2 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,tur92 & ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,i am also greatly indebt$ to ! ,libr>ians ( ^! v>i\s collections = mu* assi/ance 9 my lab\rs2 & m p>ticul>ly to ,monsieur ,l\is ,lalanne1 ( ! ,in/itut de ,france1 ! ,abbate ,c]iani1 ( ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y1 ,mr4 ,maude ,?ompson1 ,keep] ( ,manuscripts at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,mr4 ,holmes1 ! ,que5s ,libr>ian at ,w9dsor1 ! ,revd ,v]e ,bayne1 ,libr>ian ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,college at ,ox=d1 & ! ,revd ,a4 ,napi]1 ,libr>ian to ! ,e>l ( ,leice/] at ,holkham ,hall4 ,9 correct+ ! ,italian text = ! press1 ,i h _h ! advantage ( valuable advice f ! ,comm5datore ,giov4 ,morelli1 ,s5atore del ,regno1 & f ,signor ,gu/avo ,frizzoni1 ( ,milan4 ,! translation1 "u _m difficulties1 ( ! ,italian text into ,engli%1 is ma9ly due to ,mrs4 ,r4 ,c4 ,bell2 :ile ! r5d]+ ( sev]al ( ! mo/ puzzl+ & important passages1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! second half ( ,vol4 ,i1 ,i owe to ! indefatigable int]e/ tak5 9 ?is "w by ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,poynt] ,r4 ,a4 ,f9ally ,i mu/ express my ?anks to ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,m>ks1 ( ,long ,ditton1 :o has mo/ k9dly assi/$ me ?r\gh\t 9 ! revision ( ! pro( %eets4 ,! notes & diss]tations on ! texts on ,ar*itecture 9 ,vol4 ,,ii ,i owe to my fri5d ,b>on ,h5ri de ,geymull]1 ( ,p>is4 ,i may fur!r m5tion ) reg>d to ! illu/rations1 t ! negatives = ! production ( ! photo-gravures by ,monsieur ,duj>d9 ( ,p>is 7 all tak5 direct f ! orig9als4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t mo/ ( ! draw+s "h reproduc$ 9 facsimile h nev] be5 publi%$ be=e4 ,z ,i am n[1 on ! t]m9ation ( a "w ( sev]al ye>s' duration1 9 a position to review ! g5]al t5\r ( ,leon>dos writ+s1 ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to add a ^w z to my own e/imate ( ! value ( _! cont5ts4 ,i h already %[n t x is due to no?+ b a =tuit\s succession ( un=tunate circum/ances1 t we %\ld n1 long s9ce1 h kn[n ,leon>do1 n m]ely z a ,pa9t]1 b z an ,au?or1 a ,philosoph]1 & a ,naturali/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 m ?an "o dep>tm5t 8 pr9ciples & discov]ies 7 inf9itely m 9 accord ) ! tea*+s ( mod]n sci5ce1 ?an ) ! views ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,= ?is reason 8 extraord9>y gifts & m]its are f> m likely to be appreciat$ 9 our own "t ?an !y c\ld h be5 dur+ ! prec$+ c5turies4 ,he has be5 unju/ly accus$ ( hav+ squ&]$ 8 p[]s1 by beg9n+ a v>iety ( /udies & !n1 hav+ h>dly begun1 ?r[+ !m aside4 ,! tru? is t ! lab\rs ( ?ree c5turies h h>dly suffic$ = ! elucidation ( "s ( ! problems :i* occupi$ 8 mighty m9d4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt has borne witness t he 0 ! fir/ to />t on ! road t[>ds ! po9t :]e all ! impressions ( our s5ses conv]ge 9 ! idea ( ! ,unity ( ,nature ,nay1 yet m may be said4 ,! v words :i* are inscrib$ on ! monum5t ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt himself1 at ,b]l91 are p]haps ! mo/ appropriate 9 :i* we c sum up our e/imate ( ,leon>do's g5ius3 ,maje/ati naturae p> +5ium4 ,,london1 ,april #ahhc4 ,f4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i4 ,,prolegom5a ,,& ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,pa9t+ ,clavis ,sigillorum & ,index ( ,manuscripts4--,! au?or's int5tion to publi% 8 ,,mss4 7#a74--,! prep>ation ( ! ,,mss4 = publication 7#b74--;,admonition to read]s 7#c74--,! disord] 9 ! ,,mss4 7#d74--,sugge/ions = ! arrangem5t ( ,,mss4 treat+ ( p>ticul> subjects 7#e--h74--;,g5]al introductions to ! book on pa9t+ 7#i--ac74--,! plan ( ! book on pa9t+ 7#ad--ag74--,! use ( ! book on pa9t+ 7#ah74--,necessity ( !oretical k 7#ai1 #bj74--,! function ( ! eye 7#ba--bc74--,v>iability ( ! eye 7#bd74--;,focus ( sight 7#be74--;,diff]5ces ( p]ception by "o eye & by bo? eyes 7#bf--bi74--,! comp>ative size ( ! image dep5ds on ! am\nt ( light 7#cj--ci74 ,,ii4 ,,l9e> ,,p]spective ,g5]al rem>ks on p]spective 7#dj--da74--,! elem5ts ( p]spective3--( ! po9t 7#db--df74--,( ! l9e 7#dg--dh74--,! nature ( ! outl9e 7#di74--;,def9ition ( p]spective 7#ej74--,! p]ception ( ! object dep5ds on ! direction ( ! eye 7#ea74--;,exp]im5tal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! pyramid ( sight 7#eb--ee74--,! relations ( ! di/ance po9t to ! vani%+ po9t 7#ee--ef74--;,h[ to measure ! pyramid ( vision 7#eg74--,! production ( ! pyramid ( vision 7#eh--fd74--,pro( by exp]im5t 7#fe--ff74--;,g5]al conclusions 7#fg74--,t ! contr>y is impossible 7#fh74--;,a p>allel case 7#fi74--,! function ( ! eye1 z expla9$ by ! cam]a obscura 7#gj--ga74--,! practice ( p]spective 7#gb--gc74--,refraction ( ! rays fall+ ^u ! eye 7#gd--ge74--,! inv]sion ( ! images 7#gf74--,! int]section ( ! rays 7#gg--hb74--;,demon/ration ( p]spective by means ( a v]tical glass plane 7#hc--he47--,! angle ( sight v>ies ) ! di/ance 7#hf--hh74--,opposite pyramids 9 juxtaposition 7#hi74--,on simple & complex p]spective 7#ij74--,! prop] di/ance ( objects f ! eye 7#ia--ib74--,! relative size ( objects ) reg>d to _! di/ance f ! eye 7#ic--ih74--,! app>5t size ( objects d5n$ by calculation 7#ii--ajf74--,on natural p]spective 7#ajg--aji74 ,,iii4 ,,six ,,books ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,g5]al ,,introduction4--,prolegom5a 7#aaj74--,s*eme ( ! books on light & %ade 7#aaa74--;,diff]5t pr9ciples & plans ( treatm5t 7#aab--aaf74--;,diff]5t sorts ( light 7#aag--aah74--;,def9ition ( ! nature ( %ad[s 7#aai--abb74--,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( %ad[s 7#abc--abe74--,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( light 7#abf--abg74--;,g5]al rem>ks 7#abh--abi74--;,,fir/ ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,on ! nature ( light 7#acj--aca74--,! diff]5ce betwe5 light & lu/re 7#acb--ace74--,! relations ( lum9\s to illum9at$ bodies 7#acf74 --,exp]im5ts on ! relation ( light & %ad[ )9 a room 7#acg--adj74--,light & %ad[ ) reg>d to ! position ( ! eye 7#ada--ade74--,! law ( ! incid5ce ( light 7#adf--adg74--,,second ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,gradations ( /r5g? 9 ! %ad[s 7#adh--adi74--,on ! int5sity ( %ad[s z dep5d5t on ! di/ance f ! light 7#aej--aeb74--,on ! proportion ( light & %ad[ 7#aec--aeg74--,,?ird ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,def9ition ( d]iv$ %ad[ 7#aeh--aei74--;,diff]5t sorts ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#afj--afb74--,on ! relation ( d]iv$ & prim>y %ad[ 7#afc--afe74--,on ! %ape ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#aff--agd74--,on ! relative int5sity ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#age--agi74--,%ad[ z produc$ by two lights ( diff]5t size 7#ahj--aha74--,! effect ( light at diff]5t di/ances 7#ahb74--;,fur!r complications 9 ! d]iv$ %ad[s 7#ahc--ahg74--;,,f\r? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,on ! %ape ( ca/ %ad[s 7#ahh--aia74--,on ! outl9es ( ca/ %ad[s 7#aib--aie74--,on ! relative size ( ca/ %ad[s 7#aif4 #aig74--;,effects on ca/ %ad[s by ! tone ( ! back gr\nd 7#aih74--;,a disput$ proposition 7#aii74--,on ! relative dep? ( ca/ %ad[s 7#bjj--bjb74--;,,fif? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,pr9ciples ( reflection 7#bjc4 #bjd74--,on rev]b]ation 7#bje74--,reflection on wat] 7#bjf4 #bjg74--;,exp]im5ts ) ! mirror 7#bjh--baj74--;,app5dix3--,on %ad[s 9 movem5t 7#baa--bab74--,,six? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4--,! effect ( rays pass+ ?r\gh holes 7#bac4 #bad74--,on gradation ( %ad[s 7#bae4 #baf74--,on relative proportion ( light & %ad[s 7#baf--bba74 ,,iv4 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,disappe>ance ,def9ition 7#bbb4 #bbc74--;,an illu/ration by exp]im5t 7#bbd74--;,a guid+ rule 7#bbe74---;,an exp]im5t 7#bbf74--,on indi/9ctness at %ort di/ances 7#bbg--bca74--,on indi/9ctness at great di/ances 7#bcb--bcd74--,! importance ( light & %ade 9 ! ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti 7#bce--bci74--,! effect ( light or d>k backgr\nds on ! app>5t size ( objects 7#bdj--bej74--,propositions on ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti f ,,ms4 ,c4 7#bej--bfb74 ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,col\rs ,! reciprocal effects ( col\rs on objects plac$ opposite ea* o!r 7#bfc--bga74--;,comb9ation ( diff]5t col\rs 9 ca/ %ad[s 7#bgb74--,! effect ( col\rs 9 ! cam]a obscura 7#bgc4 #bgd74--,on ! col\rs ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#bge4 #bgf74--,on ! nature ( col\rs 7#bgg4 #bgh74--,on gradations 9 ! dep? ( col\rs 7#bgi4 #bhj74--,on ! reflection ( col\rs 7#bha--bhc74--,on ! use ( d>k & light col\rs 9 pa9t+ 7#bhd--bhf74--,on ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ 7#bhg--bhh74 ,,vi4 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,col\r ,,& ,,a]ial ,,p]spective ,g5]al rules 7#bhi--bia74--;,an exceptional case 7#bib74--;,an exp]im5t 7#bic74--,! practice ( ! ,prospettiva de' colori 7#bid74--,! rules ( a]ial p]spective 7#bie--big74--,on ! relative d5sity ( ! atmosph]e 7#bih--bii74--,on ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e 7#cjj--cjg74 ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,proportions ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,figure ,prelim9>y obs]vations 7#cjh4 #cji74--,proportions ( ! head & face 7#caj--cah74--,proportions ( ! head se5 9 front 7#cai--cba74--,proportions ( ! foot 7#cbb--cbc74--,relative proportions ( ! h& & foot 7#cbd74--,relative proportions ( ! foot & ( ! face 7#cbe--cbg74--,proportions ( ! leg 7#cbh--cca74--,on ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole body 7#ccb74--,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! :ole figure 7#ccc74--,! relative proportions ( ! head & ( ! torso 7#ccd74--,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! leg 7#cce4 #ccf74--,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! foot 7#ccg74--,! proportions ( ! :ole figure 7#cch--cda74--,! torso f ! front & back 7#cdb74--,vitruvius' s*eme ( proportions 7#cdc74--,! arm & head 7#cdd74--,proportions ( ! arm 7#cde--cdi74--,! movem5t ( ! arm 7#cej--ced74--,! movem5t ( ! torso 7#cee--cfa74--,! proportions v>y at diff]5t ages 7#cfb--cfg74--,! movem5t ( ! human figure 7#cfh--cge74--,( walk+ up & d[n 7#cge--cgi74--,on ! human body 9 action 7#chj--chh74--,on hair fall+ d[n 9 curls 7#chi74--,on drap]ies 7#cij--cib74 ,,viii4 ,,botany ,,= ,,pa9t]s1 ,,& ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,l&scape ,,pa9t+ ,classification ( trees 7#cic74--,! relative ?ickness ( ! bran*es to ! trunk 7#cid--cif74--,! law ( proportion 9 ! gr[? ( ! bran*es 7#cig--djb74--,! direction ( gr[? 7#djc--djg74--,! =ms ( trees 7#djh--daa74--,! ins]tion ( ! leaves 7#dab--dai74--,light on bran*es & leaves 7#dbj--dbb74--,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 a leaf 7#dbc--dbf74--,( ! transp>5cy ( leaves 7#dbg--dbi74--,! gradations ( %ade & col\r 9 leaves 7#dcj--dcd74--;,a classification ( trees accord+ to _! col\rs 7#dce74--,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 trees 7#dcf--ddj74--,! di/ribution ( light & %ade ) ref]5ce to ! position ( ! spectator 7#dda--ddc74--,! effects ( morn+ light 7#ddd--ddh74--,! effects ( midday light 7#ddi74--,! appe>ance ( trees 9 ! di/ance 7#dej--dea74--,! ca/ %ad[ ( trees 7#deb4 #dec74--,light & %ade on gr\ps ( trees 7#ded--deg74--,on ! treatm5t ( light = l&scapes 7#deh--dfd74--,on ! treatm5t ( light = views ( t[ns 7#dfe--dfi74--,! effect ( w9d on trees 7#dgj--dgc74--,light & %ade on cl\ds 7#dgd--dgg74--,on images reflect$ 9 wat] 7#dgh74--,( ra9b[s & ra9 7#dgi4 #dhj74--,( fl[] se$s 7#dha74 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,i4 ,,moral ,,precepts ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,pa9t+4--,h[ to asc]ta9 ! dispositions = an arti/ic c>e] 7#dhb74--,! c\rse ( in/ruction = an arti/ 7#dhc--dhe74--,! /udy ( ! antique 7#dhf4 #dhg74--,! necessity ( anatomical k 7#dhh4 #dhi74--;,h[ to acquire practice 7#dij74--;,indu/ry & ?or\ghness ! fir/ conditions 7#dia--dic47--,! arti/'s private life & *oice ( company 7#dic4 #did74--,! di/ribution ( "t = /udy+ 7#die-- #dig74--,on ! productive p[] ( m9or arti/s 7#dih--eja74--;,a caution aga9/ "o-sid$ /udy 7#ejb74--;,h[ to acquire univ]sality 7#ejc--ejf74--,useful games & ex]cises 7#ejg4 #ejh74--;,,ii4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,/udio4--,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,helps ,,= ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,p]spective4--,,on ,,judg+ ,,( ,a ,,picture4--,on ! size ( ! /udio 7#eji74--,on ! con/ruction ( w9d[s 7#eaj--eab74--,on ! be/ light = pa9t+ 7#eac--ebj74--,on v>i\s helps 9 prep>+ a picture 7#eba--ecj74--,on ! managem5t ( works 7#eca4 #ecb74--,on ! limitations ( pa9t+ 7#ecc--ece74--,on ! *oice ( a position 7#ecf4 #ecg74--,! app>5t size ( figures 9 a picture 7#ech4 #eci74--,! "r position ( ! arti/1 :5 pa9t+ & ( ! spectator 7#edj--edg74--;,,iii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,& ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4--,gradations ( light & %ade 7#edh74--,on ! *oice ( light = a picture 7#edi--eed74--,! di/ribution ( light & %ade 7#eee--eei74--,! juxtaposition ( light & %ade 7#efj4 #efa74--,on ! light+ ( ! backgr\nd 7#efb--efe74--,on ! light+ ( :ite objects 7#eff74--,! me?ods ( a]ial p]spective 7#efg--egj74--;,,iv4 ,,( ,,portrait ,,& ,,figure ,,pa9t+4--,( sket*+ figures & portraits 7#ega4 #egb74--,! position ( ! head 7#egc74--,( ! light on ! face 7#egd--egf74--;,g5]al sugge/ions = hi/orical pictures 7#egg--eha74--;,h[ to repres5t ! diff]5ces ( age & sex 7#ehb4 #ehc74--,( repres5t+ ! emotions 7#ehd74--,( repres5t+ imag9>y animals 7#ehe74--,! selection ( =ms 7#ehf--eia74--;,h[ to pose figures 7#eib74--,( appropriate ge/ures 7#eic--fjj74--,v4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,compositions4--,( pa9t+ battle-pieces 7#fja--fjc74--,( depict+ night-sc5es 7#fjd74--,( depict+ a tempe/ 7#fje4 #fjf74--,( repres5t+ ! deluge 7#fjg--fji74--,( depict+ natural ph5om5a 7#faj4 #faa74--,,vi4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,mat]ials4--,( *alk & pap] 7#fab--fag74--,on ! prep>ation & use ( col\rs 7#fah--fbg74--,( prep>+ ! panel 7#fbh74--,! prep>ation ( oils 7#fbi--fcd74--,on v>ni%es 7#fce-- #fcg74--,on *emical mat]ials 7#fch--fej74--,,vii4 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+4--,! relation ( art & nature 7#fea4 #feb74--,pa9t+ is sup]ior to poetry 7#fec4 #fed74--,pa9t+ is sup]ior to sculpture 7#fee4 #fef74--;,aphorisms 7#feg--fei74--,on ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 7#ffj4 #ffa74--,! pa9t]'s scope 7#ffb74 ,x4 ,,/udies ,,& ,,sket*es ,,= ,,pictures ,,& ,,decorations ,on pictures ( ! ,madonna 7#ffc74--;,b]n>do di ,b&9o's portrait 7#ffd74--,notes on ! ,la/ ,supp] 7#ffe--ffh74--,on ! battle ( ,anghi>i 7#ffi74--;,allegorical repres5tations ref]r+ to ! duke ( ,milan 7#fgj--fgc74--;,allegorical repres5tations 7#fgd--fgh74--;,arrangem5t ( a picture 7#fgi74--,li/ ( draw+s 7#fhj74--,mottoes & ,emblems 7#fha--gjb74 ,! au?or's int5tion to publi% 8 ,,mss4 #a4 ,h[ by a c]ta9 ma*9e _m may /ay "s "t "u wat]4 ,& h[ & :]e=e ,i d n describe my me?od ( rema9+ "u wat] & h[ long ,i c rema9 )\t eat+4 ,& ,i d n publi% nor divulge ^!1 by reason ( ! evil nature ( m51 :o w\ld use !m = assass9ations at ! bottom ( ! sea by de/roy+ %ips1 & s9k+ !m1 toge!r ) ! m5 9 !m4 ,nev]!less ,i w imp>t o!rs1 :i* are n dang]\s because ! m\? ( ! tube ?r\gh :i* y brea! is above ! wat]1 support$ on air sacks or cork4 ,footnote3 ,! leaf on :i* ?is passage is writt51 is head$ ) ! words ,casi #ci1 & mo/ ( ^! cases beg9 ) ! ^w ',come'1 l ! two "h giv51 :i* are ! #bf? & #bg?4 #g4 ,sugh]o4 ,9 ! ,codex ,antlanticus #cgg;a2 #aagj;a !re is a sket*1 drawn ) ! p51 repres5t+ a man ) a tube 9 8 m\?1 & at ! f>!r end ( ! tube a disk4 ,by ! tube ! ^w ',*anna' is writt51 & by ! disk ! ^w 'sugh]o'4 ,! prep>ation ( ! ,,mss4 = publication4 #b4 ,:5 y put toge!r ! sci5ce ( ! motions ( wat]1 rememb] to include "u ea* proposition its application & use1 9 ord] t ?is sci5ce may n be useless4-- ,footnote3 ,a comp>atively small portion ( ,leon>do's notes on wat]-p[] 0 publi%$ at ,bologna 9 #ahbh1 "u ! title3 ,del moto e misura dell',acqua1 di ,l4 da ,v9ci4 ,admonition to read]s4 #c4 ,let no man :o is n a ,ma!matician read ! elem5ts ( my "w4 ,! disord] 9 ! ,,mss4 #d4 ,begun at ,flor5ce1 9 ! h\se ( ,pi]o di ,braccio ,m>telli1 on ! #bbnd day ( ,m>* #aejh4 ,& ?is is to be a collection )\t ord]1 tak5 f _m pap]s :i* ,i h copi$ "h1 hop+ to arrange !m lat] ea* 9 its place1 accord+ to ! subjects ( :i* !y may treat4 ,b ,i believe t be=e ,i am at ! end ( ?is task ,i %all h to repeat ! same ?+s sev]al times2 = :i*1 ,o read]6 d n blame me1 = ! subjects are _m & memory _c reta9 !m all & say3 ',i w n write ?is because ,i wrote x be=e4' ,& if ,i wi%$ to avoid fall+ into ?is fault1 x w\ld be necess>y 9 e case :5 ,i want$ to copy a passage t1 n to repeat myself1 ,i %\ld read ov] all t _h gone be=e2 & all ! m s9ce ! int]vals are long betwe5 "o "t ( writ+ & ! next4 ,footnote3 #a4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury ,pi]o di ,braccio ,m>telli is frequ5tly m5tion$ z ,commiss>io della ,signoria4 ,he 0 fam\s = 8 le>n+ & at 8 dea? left f\r books on ,ma!matics ready = ! press2 comp4 ,,litta1 ,famiglie celebri ,italiane1 ,famiglia ,m>telli di ,fir5ze4--,9 ! ,(ficial ,catalogue ( ,,mss4 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus41 ,new ,s]ies ,vol4 ,i41 :]e ?is passage is pr9t$1 ,b>to has be5 wrongly giv5 = ,braccio4 #b4 addi #bb di m>zo #aejh4 ,! ,*ri/ian era 0 comput$ 9 ,flor5ce at t "t f ! ,inc>nation 7,lady day1 ,m>* #be?74 ,h5ce ?is %\ld be #aeji by our reckon+4 #c4 racolto tratto di molte c>te le quali io ho qui copiate4 ,we mu/ suppose t ,leon>do means t he has copi$ out 8 own ,,mss4 & n ^? ( o!rs4 ,! fir/ ?irte5 leaves ( ! ,,ms4 9 ! ,brit4 ,mus4 are a fair copy ( "s notes on physics4 ,sugge/ions = ! arrangem5t ( ,,mss treat+ ( p>ticul> subjects47#e-h74 #e4 ,( digg+ a canal4 ,put ?is 9 ! ,book ( useful inv5tions & 9 prov+ !m br+ =w>d ! propositions already prov$4 ,& ?is is ! prop] ord]2 s9ce if y wi%$ to %[ ! usefulness ( any plan y w\ld be oblig$ aga9 to devise new ma*9es to prove its utility & ?us w\ld confuse ! ord] ( ! =ty ,books & also ! ord] ( ! diagrams2 t is to say y w\ld h to mix up practice ) !ory1 :i* w\ld produce a confus$ & incoh]5t "w4 #f4 ,i am n to blame = putt+ =w>d1 9 ! c\rse ( my "w on sci5ce1 any g5]al rule d]iv$ f a previ\s conclusion4 #g4 ,! ,book ( ! sci5ce ( ,me*anics mu/ prec$e ! ,book ( useful inv5tions4--,h y\r books on anatomy b\nd6 ,footnote3 #d4 ,! num]\s notes on anatomy writt5 on loose leaves & n[ 9 ! ,royal collection at ,w9dsor c be/ be classifi$ 9 f\r ,books1 correspond+ to ! diff]5t "* & size ( ! pap]4 ,:5 ,leon>do speaks ( 'li tua libri di notomia'1 he probably means ! ,,mss4 :i* /ill exi/2 if ?is hypo!sis is correct ! pres5t condition ( ^! leaves might seem to prove t he only c>ri$ out 8 purpose ) "o ( ! ,books on anatomy4 ,a borr[$ book on ,anatomy is m5tion$ 9 ,f4,o4 #h4 ,! ord] ( y\r book mu/ proce$ on ?is plan3 fir/ simple beams1 !n 7^?7 support$ f bel[1 !n susp5d$ 9 "p1 !n :olly susp5d$4 ,!n beams z support+ o!r weights ,footnote3 #d4 ,leon>do's notes on ,me*anics are extraord9>ily num]\s2 b1 = ! reasons assign$ 9 my introduction1 !y h n be5 includ$ 9 ! pres5t "w44 ,g5]al introductions to ! book on ,pa9t+ 7#i-ac74 #i4 ,,introduction4 ,see+ t ,i c f9d no subject specially useful or pleas+--s9ce ! m5 :o h come be=e me h tak5 = _! own e useful or necess>y !me--,i mu/ d l "o :o1 be+ poor1 comes la/ to ! fair1 & c f9d no o!r way ( provid+ himself ?an by tak+ all ! ?+s already se5 by o!r buy]s1 & n tak5 b refus$ by reason ( _! less] value4 ,i1 !n1 w load my humble pack ) ?is despis$ & reject$ m]*&ise1 ! refuse ( s _m buy]s2 & w g ab\t to di/ribute x1 n inde$ 9 great cities1 b 9 ! poor] t[ns1 tak+ su* a price z ! w>es ,i (f] may be wor?4 ,footnote3 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out t !re is 9 ?is ',proemio' a cov]t irony4 ,9 ! second & ?ird prefaces1 ,leon>do *>act]ises 8 rivals & oppon5ts m closely4 ,8 prote/ is direct$ aga9/ ,neo-lat9ism z pr(ess$ by mo/ ( ! humani/s ( 8 "t2 its futility is n[ no long] que/ion$4 #aj4 ,,introduction4 ,i "k t _m w call ?is useless "w ,footnote3 #c4 que/a ess]e op]a inutile4 ,by op]a we mu/ "h und]/& libro di pittura & p>ticul>ly ! treatise on ,p]spective42 & !y w be ^? ( :om ,demetrius ,footnote3 #d4 ,demetrio4 ,) reg>d to ! passage attribut$ to ,demetrius1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m,,ll] ,,/r,,b+ writes1 ,i "k n :at to make ( x4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ,demetrius ,phal]eus t is meant & x c h>dly be ,demetrius ,poliorcetes4 ,:o !n c x be--= ! "n is a v common "o8 ,x may be a cl]ical error = ,demades & ! maxim is q 9 ! _s ( 8 writ+s ,i h n h[ev] be5 able to f9d any correspond+ passage ei!r 9 ! ',fragm5ts' 7,c4 ,,mull]1 ,orat4 ,att41 ,,ii4 #dda7 nor 9 ! ,supplem5ts collect$ by ,,dietz 7,rhe94 ,mus41 vol4 #bi1 p4 #ajh74 ,! same passage occurs z a simple ,memor&um 9 ! ,,ms4 ,tr4 #eg1 app>5tly z a note = ?is ',proemio' ?us af=d+ "s data z to ! "t :]e ^! introductions 7 writt54 decl>$ t he took no m acc\nt ( ! w9d t came out _! m\? 9 words1 ?an ( t !y expell$ f _! l[] p>ts3 m5 :o desire no?+ b mat]ial ri*es & are absolutely devoid ( t ( wisdom1 :i* is ! food & ! only true ri*es ( ! m9d4 ,= s mu* m wor?y z ! s\l is ?an ! body1 s mu* m noble are ! possessions ( ! s\l ?an ^? ( ! body4 ,& (t51 :5 ,i see "o ( ^! m5 take ?is "w 9 8 h&1 ,i wond] t he does n put x to 8 nose1 l a monkey1 or ask me if x is some?+ good to eat4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! ,proemio d prospettiva cio dell'uffitio dell'oc*io 7see ,no4 #ba7 /&s betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ "o1 ,no4 #i4 ,,introduction4 ,i am fully conci\s t1 n be+ a lit]>y man1 c]ta9 presumptu\s p]sons w ?9k t !y may reasonably blame me2 alleg+ t ,i am n a man ( lett]s4 ,fooli% folks6 d !y n "k t ,i might retort z ,m>ius did to ! ,roman ,patricians ,footnote #ba3 ,come ,m>io disse ai patriti ,romani4 ,i am unable to f9d ! words "h attribut$ by ,leon>do to ,m>ius1 ei!r 9 ,plut>*'s ,life ( ,m>ius or 9 ! ,apoph!gmata 7,moralia1 p4#bjb74 ,nor d !y occur 9 ! writ+s ( ,val]ius ,maximus 7:o frequ5tly m5tions ,m>ius7 nor 9 ,velleius ,pat]culus 7,,ii1 #aa to #dc71 ,dio ,cassius1 ,aulus ,gellius1 or ,macrobius4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,,m5delson ( ,dorpat1 ! editor ( ,h]odian1 assures me t no su* passage is ! f\nd 9 t au?or 7communication f ,dr4 ,,mull] ,,/rub+74 ,leon>do evid5tly meant to allude to "s well kn[n incid5t 9 ,roman hi/ory & ! m5tion ( ,m>ius is ! result probably ( "s confusion4 ,we may p]haps read1 = ,m>ius1 ,m55ius ,agrippa1 ?\gh 9 t case x is true we mu/ alt] ,patriti to ,plebei4 ,! *ange is a s]i\s "o4 b x w\ld r5d] ! passage p]fectly cle>4 by say+3 ,t !y1 :o deck !mselves out 9 ! lab\rs ( o!rs w n all[ me my own4 ,!y w say t ,i1 hav+ no lit]>y skill1 _c prop]ly express t :i* ,i desire to treat ( ,footnote #bf3 le mie cose 4444 *e d'altra p>ola4 ,?is c h>dly be reconcil$ ) ,mons4 ,,ravaisson',s e/imate ( ,l4 da ,v9ci's le>n+4 ,leon>d de ,v9ci etait un admirateur et un disciple des anci5s1 aussi bi5 dans l'art que dans la sci5ce et il t5ait a pass] p\r tel meme aux yeux de la po/]ite4 ,gaz4 des ,beaux arts4 ,oct4 #ahgg42 b !y d n "k t my subjects are to be dealt ) by exp]i5ce r ?an by words ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,footnote #bf2 & exp]i5ce has be5 ! mi/ress ( ^? :o wrote well4 ,& s1 z mi/ress1 ,i w cite h] 9 all cases4 #aa4 ,?\gh ,i may n1 l !m1 be able to quote o!r au?ors1 ,i %all rely on t :i* is mu* great] & m wor?y3--on exp]i5ce1 ! mi/ress ( _! ,ma/]s4 ,!y g ab\t puff$ up & pomp\s1 dress$ & decorat$ ) ! fruits1 n ( _! own lab\rs1 b ( ^? ( o!rs4 ,& !y w n all[ me my own4 ,!y w scorn me z an inv5tor2 b h[ mu* m might !y--:o are n inv5tors b vaunt]s & declaim]s ( ! works ( o!rs--be blam$4 ,,introduction4 ,& ^? m5 :o are inv5tors & int]pret]s betwe5 ,nature & ,man1 z comp>$ ) boa/]s & declaim]s ( ! works ( o!rs1 mu/ be reg>d$ & n o!rwise e/eem$ ?an z ! object 9 front ( a mirror1 :5 comp>$ ) its image se5 9 ! mirror4 ,= ! fir/ is some?+ 9 itself1 & ! o!r no?+ness4--,folks little indebt$ to ,nature1 s9ce x is only by *ance t !y we> ! human =m & )\t x ,i might class !m ) ! h]ds ( bea/s4 #ab4 ,_m w ?9k !y may reasonably blame me by alleg+ t my pro(s are oppos$ to ! au?ority ( c]ta9 m5 held 9 ! highe/ rev]5ce by _! inexp]i5c$ judgm5ts2 n consid]+ t my works are ! issue ( pure & simple exp]i5ce1 :o is ! "o true mi/ress4 ,^! rules are suffici5t to enable y to "k ! true f ! false--& ?is aids m5 to look only = ?+s t are possible & ) due mod]ation--& n to wrap y\rself 9 ignorance1 a ?+ :i* c h no good result1 s t 9 despair y w\ld give y\rself up to melan*oly4 #ac4 ,among all ! /udies ( natural causes & reasons ,light *iefly delights ! behold]2 & among ! great features ( ,ma!matics ! c]ta9ty ( its demon/rations is :at preem95tly 7t5ds to7 elevate ! m9d ( ! inve/igator4 ,p]spective1 !re=e1 mu/ be pref]r$ to all ! disc\rses & sy/ems ( human le>n+4 ,9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce ! beam ( light is expla9$ on ^? me?ods ( demon/ration :i* =m ! glory n s mu* ( ,ma!matics z ( ,physics & are grac$ ) ! fl[]s ( bo? ,footnote3 #e4 ,su* ( ,leon>do's notes on ,optics or on ,p]spective z be> exclusively on ,ma!matics or ,physics c\ld n be includ$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! libro di pittura :i* is "h pres5t$ to ! read]4 ,!y are h[ev] b few44 ,b its axioms be+ laid d[n at great l5g?1 ,i %all abridge !m to a conclusive brevity1 arrang+ !m on ! me?od bo? ( _! natural ord] & ( ma!matical demon/ration2 sometimes by d$uction ( ! effects f ! causes1 & sometimes argu+ ! causes f ! effects2 add+ also to my own conclusions "s :i*1 ?\gh n includ$ 9 !m1 may nev]!less be inf]r$ f !m4 ,?us1 if ! ,"l--:o is ! light ( all ?+s--v\*safe to enlight5 me1 ,i w treat ( ,light2 :]e=e ,i w divide ! pres5t "w into #c ,p>ts ,footnote3 #aj4 ,9 ! middle ages--= in/ance1 by ,,rog] ,,bacon1 by ,,vitellone1 ) ^: works ,leon>do 0 c]ta9ly famili>1 & by all ! writ]s ( ! ,r5aissance ,p]spective & ,optics 7 n reg>d$ z di/9ct sci5ces4 ,p]spective1 inde$1 is 9 its wide/ application ! sci5ce ( see+4 ,al?\gh to ,leon>do ! two sci5ces 7 cle>ly sep>ate1 x is n s z to _! names2 ?us we f9d axioms 9 ,optics "u ! head+ ,p]spective4 ,accord+ to ?is arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials = ! !oretical portion ( ! libro di pittura propositions 9 ,p]spective & 9 ,optics /& side by side or occur alt]nately4 ,al?\gh ?is p>ticul> *apt] deals only ) ,optics1 x is n improbable t ! words p>tir la pres5te op]a 9 #c p>ti may ref] to ! same division into ?ree sections :i* is spok5 ( 9 *apt]s #ad to #ag44 ,! plan ( ! book on ,pa9t+ 7#ad--ag74 #ad4 ,,on ,,! ,,?ree ,,bran*es ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,!re are ?ree bran*es ( p]spective2 ! fir/ deals ) ! reasons ( ! 7app>5t7 dim9ution ( objects z !y rec$e f ! eye1 & is kn[n z ,dim9i%+ ,p]spective4--,! second conta9s ! way 9 :i* col\rs v>y z !y rec$e f ! eye4 ,! ?ird & la/ is conc]n$ ) ! explanation ( h[ ! objects 9 a picture ought to be less f9i%$ 9 proportion z !y are remote 7& ! names are z foll[s73 ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,! ,p]spective ( ,col\r4 ,! ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance4 ,footnote3 #ac4 ,f ! "* ( ! h&writ+ ,i inf] t ?is passage 0 writt5 be=e ! ye> #adij44 #ae4 ,,on ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,p]spective4 ,! divisions ( ,p]spective are #c1 z us$ 9 draw+2 ( ^!1 ! fir/ includes ! dim9ution 9 size ( opaque objects2 ! second treats ( ! dim9ution & loss ( outl9e 9 su* opaque objects2 ! ?ird1 ( ! dim9ution & loss ( col\r at long di/ances4 ,footnote3 ,! division is "h ! same z 9 ! previ\s *apt] ,no4 #ad1 & ?is is wor?y ( note :5 we connect x ) ! fact t a space ( ab\t #bj ye>s mu/ h int]v5$ betwe5 ! writ+ ( ! two passages4 #af4 ,,! ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,p]spective1 z be>+ on draw+1 is divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal sections2 ( :i* ! fir/ treats ( ! dim9ution 9 ! size ( bodies at diff]5t di/ances4 ,! second "p is t :i* treats ( ! dim9ution 9 col\r 9 ^! objects4 ,! ?ird deals ) ! dim9i%$ di/9ctness ( ! =ms & outl9es display$ by ! objects at v>i\s di/ances4 #ag4 ,,on ,,! ,,sections ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 pa9t+ is t ! objects x repres5ts %\ld appe> 9 relief1 & t ! gr\nds surr\nd+ !m at diff]5t di/ances %all appe> )9 ! v]tical plane ( ! =egr\nd ( ! picture by means ( ! #c bran*es ( ,p]spective1 :i* are3 ! dim9ution 9 ! di/9ctness ( ! =ms ( ! objects1 ! dim9ution 9 _! magnitude2 & ! dim9ution 9 _! col\r4 ,& ( ^! #c classes ( ,p]spective ! fir/ results f ! /ructure ( ! eye1 :ile ! o!r two are caus$ by ! atmosph]e :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! eye & ! objects se5 by x4 ,! second ess5tial 9 pa9t+ is appropriate action & a due v>iety 9 ! figures1 s t ! m5 may n all look l bro!rs1 c4 ,footnote3 ,?is & ! two =ego+ *apt]s mu/ h be5 writt5 9 #aeac to #aeaf4 ,!y und\bt$ly indicate ! s*eme :i* ,leon>do wi%$ to c>ry out 9 arrang+ 8 rese>*es on ,p]spective z appli$ to ,pa9t+4 ,?is is important because x is an evid5ce aga9/ ! supposition ( ,h4 ,,ludwig & o!rs1 t ,leon>do _h collect$ 8 pr9ciples ( ,p]spective 9 "o book s e>ly z be=e #aejj2 a ,book :i*1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 mu/ h be5 lo/ at a v e>ly p]iod1 or de/roy$ possibly1 by ! ,fr5* 767 9 #aejj 7see ,h4 ,,ludwig4 ,l4 da ,v9ci3 ,das ,bu* van d] ,mal]ei4 ,vi5na #ahhb ,,iii1 #g & #h74 ,! use ( ! book on ,pa9t+4 #ah4 ,^! rules are ( use only 9 correct+ ! figures2 s9ce e man makes "s mi/akes 9 8 fir/ compositions & he :o kn[s !m n1 _c am5d !m4 ,b y1 kn[+ y\r errors1 w correct y\r works & :]e y f9d mi/akes am5d !m1 & rememb] nev] to fall into !m aga94 ,b if y try to apply ^! rules 9 composition y w nev] make an end1 & w produce confusion 9 y\r works4 ,^! rules w enable y to h a free & s\nd judgm5t2 s9ce good judgm5t is born ( cle> und]/&+1 & a cle> und]/&+ comes ( reasons d]iv$ f s\nd rules1 & s\nd rules are ! issue ( s\nd exp]i5ce--! common "m ( all ! sci5ces & arts4 ,h5ce1 be>+ 9 m9d ! precepts ( my rules1 y w be able1 m]ely by y\r am5d$ judgm5t1 to criticise & recognise e ?+ t is out ( proportion 9 a "w1 :e!r 9 ! p]spective or 9 ! figures or any ?+ else4 ,necessity ( !oretical k 7#ai4 #bj74 #ai4 ,,( ,,! ,,mi/akes ,,made ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,practise ,,)\t ,,k4 ,^? :o are 9 love ) practice )\t k are l ! sailor :o gets into a %ip )\t rudd] or compass & :o nev] c be c]ta9 :e!r he is go+4 ,practice mu/ always be f\nd$ on s\nd !ory1 & to ?is ,p]spective is ! guide & ! gateway2 & )\t ?is no?+ c be done well 9 ! matt] ( draw+4 #bj4 ,! pa9t] :o draws m]ely by practice & by eye1 )\t any reason1 is l a mirror :i* copies e ?+ plac$ 9 front ( x )\t be+ consci\s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! function ( ! eye 7#ba-bc74 #ba4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,p]spective3--,,t ,,is ,,( ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,behold "h ,o read]6 a ?+ conc]n+ :i* we _c tru/ our =efa!rs1 ! anci5ts1 :o tri$ to def9e :at ! ,s\l & ,life are--:i* are beyond pro(1 :]eas ^? ?+s1 :i* c at any "t be cle>ly kn[n & prov$ by exp]i5ce1 rema9$ = _m ages unkn[n or falsely und]/ood4 ,! eye1 ^: function we s c]ta9ly "k by exp]i5ce1 has1 d[n to my own "t1 be5 def9$ by an inf9ite numb] ( au?ors z "o ?+2 b ,i f9d1 by exp]i5ce1 t x is q ano!r4 ,footnote #ac3 ,comp>e ! note to ,no4 #gj4 ,footnote3 ,9 section #ac we already f9d x indicat$ t ! /udy ( ,p]spective & ( ,optics is to be bas$ on t ( ! functions ( ! eye4 ,leon>do also ref]s to ! sci5ce ( ! eye1 9 8 a/ronomical rese>*es1 = in/ance 9 ,,ms4 ,f #be;b ',ord9e del prov>e la t]ra ess]e una /ella3 ,imprima dif9isce l'oc*io'1 c4 ,comp>e also ,,ms4 ,e #ae;b & ,f #fj;b4 ,! pr9ciples ( a/ronomical p]spective4 #bb4 ,"h 9 ! eye =ms1 "h col\rs1 "h ! "* ( e "p ( ! univ]se are conc5trat$ to a po9t2 & t po9t is s m>vell\s a ?+ 444 ,oh6 m>vell\s1 ,o /up5d\s ,necessity--by ?y laws ?\ do/ compel e effect to be ! direct result ( its cause1 by ! %orte/ pa?4 ,^! inde$ are miracles2444 ,9 s small a space x c be reproduc$ & re>rang$ 9 its :ole expanse4 ,describe 9 y\r anatomy :at proportion !re is betwe5 ! diamet]s ( all ! images 9 ! eye & ! di/ance f !m ( ! cry/all9e l5s4 #bc4 ,,( ,,! #aj ,,attributes ,,( ,,! ,,eye1 ,,all ,,conc]n$ ,,9 ,,pa9t+4 ,pa9t+ is conc]n$ ) all ! #aj attributes ( sight2 :i* are3--,d>kness1 ,light1 ,solidity & ,col\r1 ,=m & ,position1 ,di/ance & ,prop9quity1 ,motion & ,re/4 ,?is little "w ( m9e w be a tissue ( ! /udies ( ^! attributes1 rem9d+ ! pa9t] ( ! rules & me?ods by :i* he %\ld use 8 art to imitate all ! works ( ,nature :i* adorn ! _w4 #bd4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,v>iability ( ! eye4 #a/4 ,! pupil ( ! eye contracts1 9 proportion to ! increase ( light :i* is reflect$ 9 x4 #bnd4 ,! pupil ( ! eye exp&s 9 proportion to ! dim9ution 9 ! day light1 or any o!r light1 t is reflect$ 9 x4 #crd4 ,footnote3 #h4 ,! subject ( ?is ?ird proposition we f9d fully discuss$ 9 ,,ms4 ,g4 #dd;a44 ,! eye p]ceives & recognises ! objects ( its vision ) great] int5sity 9 proportion z ! pupil is m widely dilat$2 & ?is c be prov$ by ! case ( nocturnal animals1 su* z cats1 & c]ta9 birds--z ! owl & o!rs--9 :i* ! pupil v>ies 9 a high degree f l>ge to small1 c41 :5 9 ! d>k or 9 ! light4 #d?4 ,! eye out ( doors 9 an illum9at$ atmosph]e sees d>kness beh9d ! w9d[s ( h\ses :i* nev]!less are light4 #e?4 ,all col\rs :5 plac$ 9 ! %ade appe> ( an equal degree ( d>kness1 among !mselves4 #f?4 ,b all col\rs :5 plac$ 9 a full light1 nev] v>y f _! true & ess5tial hue4 #be4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,focus ( sight4 ,if ! eye is requir$ to look at an object plac$ too ne> to x1 x _c judge ( x well--z happ5s to a man :o tries to see ! tip ( 8 nose4 ,h5ce1 z a g5]al rule1 ,nature tea*es u t an object c nev] be se5 p]fectly unless ! space betwe5 x & ! eye is equal1 at lea/1 to ! l5g? ( ! face4 ,diff]5ces ( p]ception by "o eye & by bo? eyes 7#bf-bi74 #bf4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,:5 bo? eyes direct ! pyramid ( sight to an object1 t object becomes cle>ly se5 & compreh5d$ by ! eyes4 #bg4 ,objects se5 by "o & ! same eye appe> sometimes l>ge1 & sometimes small4 #bh4 ,! motion ( a spectator :o sees an object at re/ (t5 makes x seem z ?\gh ! object at re/ _h acquir$ ! motion ( ! mov+ body1 :ile ! mov+ p]son appe>s to be at re/4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,objects 9 relief1 :5 se5 f a %ort di/ance ) "o eye1 look l a p]fect picture4 ,if y look ) ! eye a1 b at ! spot c1 ?is po9t c w appe> to be at d1 f1 & if y look at x ) ! eye g1 h w appe> to be at m4 ,a picture c nev] conta9 9 itself bo? aspects4 #bi4 ,let ! object 9 relief t be se5 by bo? eyes2 if y w look at ! object ) ! "r eye m1 keep+ ! left eye n %ut1 ! object w appe>1 or fill up ! space1 at a2 & if y %ut ! "r eye & op5 ! left1 ! object 7w occupy !7 space b2 & if y op5 bo? eyes1 ! object w no long] appe> at a or b1 b at e1 r1 f4 ,:y w n a picture se5 by bo? eyes produce ! effect ( relief1 z real relief does :5 se5 by bo? eyes2 & :y %\ld a picture se5 ) "o eye give ! same effect ( relief z real relief w\ld "u ! same conditions ( light & %ade8 ,footnote3 ,9 ! sket*1 m is ! left eye & n ! "r1 :ile ! text rev]ses ?is lett]+4 ,we mu/ !re=e suppose t ! face 9 :i* ! eyes m & n are plac$ is opposite to ! spectator4 #cj4 ,! comp>ative size ( ! image dep5ds on ! am\nt ( light 7#cj-ci74 ,! eye w hold & reta9 9 itself ! image ( a lum9\s body bett] ?an t ( a %ad$ object4 ,! reason is t ! eye is 9 itself p]fectly d>k & s9ce two ?+s t are alike _c be di/+ui%$1 !re=e ! night1 & o!r d>k objects _c be se5 or recognis$ by ! eye4 ,light is totally contr>y & gives m di/9ctness1 & c\nt]acts & diff]s f ! usual d>kness ( ! eye1 h5ce x leaves ! impression ( its image4 #ca4 ,e object we see w appe> l>g] at midnight ?an at midday1 & l>g] 9 ! morn+ ?an at midday4 ,?is happ5s because ! pupil ( ! eye is mu* small] at midday ?an at any o!r "t4 #cb4 ,! pupil :i* is l>ge/ w see objects ! l>ge/4 ,?is is evid5t :5 we look at lum9\s bodies1 & p>ticul>ly at ^? 9 ! sky4 ,:5 ! eye comes out ( d>kness & sudd5ly looks up at ^! bodies1 !y at fir/ appe> l>g] & !n dim9i%2 & if y 7 to look at ^? bodies ?r\gh a small op5+1 y w\ld see !m small] /ill1 because a small] "p ( ! pupil w\ld ex]cise its function4 ,footnote3 #i4 buso 9 ! ,lomb4 dialect is ! same z buco4 #cc4 ,:5 ! eye1 com+ out ( d>kness sudd5ly sees a lum9\s body1 x w appe> mu* l>g] at fir/ sight ?an aft] long look+ at x4 ,! illum9at$ object w look l>g] & m brilliant1 :5 se5 ) two eyes ?an ) only "o4 ,a lum9\s object w appe> small] 9 size1 :5 ! eye sees x ?r\gh a small] op5+4 ,a lum9\s body ( an oval =m w appe> r\nd] 9 proportion z x is f>!r f ! eye4 #cd4 ,:y :5 ! eye has j se5 ! light1 does ! half light look d>k to x1 & 9 ! same way if x turns f ! d>kness ! half light look v bright8 #ce4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,if ! eye1 :5 out ( doors 9 ! lum9\s atmosph]e1 sees a place 9 %ad[1 ?is w look v mu* d>k] ?an x really is4 ,?is happ5s only because ! eye :5 out 9 ! air contracts ! pupil 9 proportion z ! atmosph]e reflect$ 9 x is m lum9\s4 ,& ! m ! pupil contracts1 ! less lum9\s d ! objects appe> t x sees4 ,b z soon z ! eye ent]s into a %ady place ! d>kness ( ! %ad[ sudd5ly seems to dim9i%4 ,?is occurs because ! great] ! d>kness into :i* ! pupil goes ! m its size increases1 & ?is increase makes ! d>kness seem less4 ,footnote #ad3 ,la luce entr]4 ,luce occurs "h 9 ! s5se ( pupil ( ! eye z 9 no #ea3 ,c4 ,a4 #hd;b2 #bde;a2 ,i--#e2 & 9 _m o!r places4 #cf4 ,,on ,,p]spective4 ,! eye :i* turns f a :ite object 9 ! light ( ! sun & goes into a less fully light$ place w see ev]y?+ z d>k4 ,& ?is happ5s ei!r because ! pupils ( ! eyes :i* h re/$ on ?is brilliantly light$ :ite object h contract$ s mu* t1 giv5 at fir/ a c]ta9 ext5t ( surface1 !y w h lo/ m ?an #c_/d ( _! size2 &1 lack+ 9 size1 !y are also defici5t 9 see+ p[]4 ,?\gh y might say to me3 ,a little bird 7!n7 com+ d[n w\ld see comp>atively little1 & f ! smallness ( 8 pupils ! :ite might seem black6 ,to ?is ,i %\ld reply t "h we mu/ h reg>d to ! proportion ( ! mass ( t portion ( ! bra9 :i* is giv5 up to ! s5se ( sight & to no?+ else4 ,or--to return--?is pupil 9 ,man dilates & contracts accord+ to ! brightness or d>kness ( 7surr\nd+7 objects2 & s9ce x takes "s "t to dilate & contract1 x _c see imm$iately on go+ out ( ! light & into ! %ade1 nor1 9 ! same way1 out ( ! %ade into ! light1 & ?is v ?+ has already deceiv$ me 9 pa9t+ an eye1 & f t ,i le>nt x4 #cg4 ,exp]im5t %[+ ! dilatation & contraction ( ! pupil1 f ! motion ( ! sun & o!r lum9>ies4 ,9 proportion z ! sky is d>k] ! />s appe> ( l>g] size1 & if y 7 to light up ! m$ium ^! />s w\ld look small]2 & ?is diff]5ce arises solely f ! pupil :i* dilates & contracts ) ! am\nt ( light 9 ! m$ium :i* is int]pos$ betwe5 ! eye & ! lum9\s body4 ,let ! exp]im5t be made1 by plac+ a c&le above y\r head at ! same "t t y look at a />2 !n gradually l[] ! c&le till x is on a level ) ! ray t comes f ! /> to ! eye1 & !n y w see ! /> dim9i% s mu* t y w almo/ lose sight ( x4 ,footnote3 ,no ref]5ce is made 9 ! text to ! lett]s on ! accompany+ diagram4 #ch4 ,! pupil ( ! eye1 9 ! op5 air1 *anges 9 size ) e degree ( motion f ! sun2 & at e degree ( its *anges "o & ! same object se5 by x w appe> ( a diff]5t size2 al?\gh mo/ frequ5tly ! relative scale ( surr\nd+ objects does n all[ u to detect ^! v>iations 9 any s+le object we may look at4 #ci4 ,! eye--:i* sees all objects rev]s$--reta9s ! images = "s "t4 ,?is conclusion is prov$ by ! results2 because1 ! eye hav+ gaz$ at light reta9s "s impression ( x4 ,aft] look+ 7at x7 !re rema9 9 ! eye images ( int5se brightness1 t make any less brilliant spot seem d>k until ! eye has lo/ ! la/ trace ( ! impression ( ! /rong] light4 ,,ii4 ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,we see cle>ly f ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( section #di1 :]e ! au?or directly addresses ! pa9t]1 t he mu/ c]ta9ly h int5d$ to include ! elem5ts ( ma!matics 9 8 ,book on ! art ( ,pa9t+4 ,!y are !re=e "h plac$ at ! beg9n+4 ,9 section #ej ! !ory ( ! ,pyramid ( ,sight is di/9ctly & expressly put =w>d z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( l9e> p]spective1 & sections #eb to #eg treat ( x fully4 ,?is !ory ( sight c sc>cely be trac$ to any au?or ( antiquity4 ,su* passages z occur 9 ,euclid = in/ance1 may1 x is true1 h prov$ sugge/ive to ! pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 b x w\ld be ra% to say any ?+ decisive on ?is po9t4 ,leon ,batti/a ,alb]ti treats ( ! ,pyramid ( ,sight at "s l5g? 9 8 fir/ ,book ( ,pa9t+2 b 8 explanation diff]s widely f ,leon>do's 9 ! details4 ,leon>do1 l ,alb]ti1 may h borr[$ ! broad l9es ( 8 !ory f "s views commonly accept$ among pa9t]s at ! "t2 b he c]ta9ly work$ out its application 9 a p]fectly orig9al mann]4 ,! axioms z to ! p]ception ( ! pyramid ( rays are foll[$ by explanations ( its orig91 & pro(s ( its univ]sal application 7#eh--fi74 ,! au?or recurs to ! subject ) endless v>iations2 x is evid5tly ( fundam5tal importance 9 8 arti/ic !ory & practice4 ,x is unnecess>y to discuss h[ f> ?is !ory has any sci5tific value at ! pres5t day2 s mu* z ?is1 at any rate1 seems c]ta93 t f ! arti/'s po9t ( view x may /ill claim to be ( imm5se practical utility4 ,accord+ to ,leon>do1 on "o h&1 ! laws ( p]spective are an inali5able condition ( ! exi/5ce ( objects 9 space2 on ! o!r h&1 by a natural law1 ! eye1 :atev] x sees & :]ev] x turns1 is subject$ to ! p]ception ( ! pyramid ( rays 9 ! =m ( a m9ute t>get4 ,?us x sees objects 9 p]spective indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! spectator1 s9ce ! eye receives ! images by means ( ! pyramid ( rays j z a magnet attracts iron4 ,9 connection ) ?is we h ! function ( ! eye expla9$ by ! ,cam]a obscura1 & ?is is all ! m int]e/+ & important because no writ] previ\s to ,leon>do _h treat$ ( ?is subject 7#gj--gc74 ,subsequ5t passages1 ( no less special int]e/1 betray 8 k ( refraction & ( ! inv]sion ( ! image 9 ! cam]a & 9 ! eye 7#gd--hb74 ,f ! pr9ciple ( ! transmission ( ! image to ! eye & to ! cam]a obscura he d$uces ! means ( produc+ an artificial con/ruction ( ! pyramid ( rays or--:i* is ! same ?+--( ! image4 ,! fundam5tal axioms z to ! angle ( sight & ! vani%+ po9t are ?us pres5t$ 9 a mann] :i* is z complete z x is simple & intelligible 7#hf--hi74 ,leon>do di/+ui%es betwe5 simple & complex p]spective 7#ij1 #ia74 ,! la/ sections treat ( ! app>5t size ( objects at v>i\s di/ances & ( ! way to e/imate x 7#ib--aji74 ,g5]al rem>ks on p]spective 7#dj-da74 #dj4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,p]spective is ! be/ guide to ! art ( ,pa9t+4 ,footnote3 #dj4 ,comp>e #ec1 #b4 #da4 ,! art ( p]spective is ( su* a nature z to make :at is flat appe> 9 relief & :at is 9 relief flat4 ,! elem5ts ( p]spective--,( ! ,po9t 7#db-df74 #db4 ,all ! problems ( p]spective are made cle> by ! five t]ms ( ma!maticians1 :i* are3--! po9t1 ! l9e1 ! angle1 ! sup]ficies & ! solid4 ,! po9t is unique ( its k9d4 ,& ! po9t has nei!r height1 bread?1 l5g?1 nor dep?1 :5ce x is to be reg>d$ z indivisible & z hav+ no dim5sions 9 space4 ,! l9e is ( ?ree k9ds1 /raight1 curv$ & s9u\s & x has nei!r bread?1 height1 nor dep?4 ,h5ce x is indivisible1 except+ 9 its l5g?1 & its ends are two po9ts4 ,! angle is ! junction ( two l9es 9 a po9t4 #dc4 ,a po9t is n "p ( a l9e4 #dd4 ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,po9t4 ,! smalle/ natural po9t is l>g] ?an all ma!matical po9ts1 & ?is is prov$ because ! natural po9t has cont9uity1 & any ?+ t is cont9u\s is inf9itely divisible2 b ! ma!matical po9t is indivisible because x has no size4 ,footnote3 ,?is def9ition 0 ins]t$ by ,leon>do on a ,,ms4 copy on p>*m5t ( ! well-kn[n ,trattato d',ar*itettura civile e milit>e c4 by ,,francesco ,,di ,,giorgio2 opposite a passage :]e ! au?or says3 ',9 prima he da sap]e *e punto quella p>ie della quale he nulla--,l9ia he lun*eza s5za pieza2 c4 #de4 #a1 ,! sup]ficies is a limitation ( ! body4 #b1 & ! limitation ( a body is no "p ( t body4 #d1 & ! limitation ( "o body is t :i* beg9s ano!r4 #c1 t :i* is n "p ( any body is no?+4 ,no?+ is t :i* fills no space4 ,if "o s+le po9t plac$ 9 a circle may be ! />t+ po9t ( an inf9ite numb] ( l9es1 & ! t]m9ation ( an inf9ite numb] ( l9es1 !re mu/ be an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts sep>able f ?is po9t1 & ^! :5 reunit$ become "o aga92 :5ce x foll[s t ! "p may be equal to ! :ole4 #df4 ,! po9t1 be+ indivisible1 occupies no space4 ,t :i* occupies no space is no?+4 ,! limit+ surface ( "o ?+ is ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 #b4 ,t :i* is no "p ( any body is call$ no?+4 #a4 ,t :i* has no limitations1 has no =m4 ,! limitations ( two cont]m9\s bodies are int]*angeably ! surface ( ea*4 ,all ! surfaces ( a body are n p>ts ( t body4 ,( ! l9e 7#dg-dh74 #dg4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,l9e4 ,! l9e has 9 itself nei!r matt] nor sub/ance & may r be call$ an imag9>y idea ?an a real object2 & ?is be+ its nature x occupies no space4 ,!re=e an inf9ite numb] ( l9es may be conceiv$ ( z int]sect+ ea* o!r at a po9t1 :i* has no dim5sions & is only ( ! ?ickness 7if ?ickness x may be call$7 ( "o s+le l9e4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,may ,,conclude ,,t ,a ,,sup]ficies ,,t]m9ates ,,9 ,a ,,po9t8 ,an angul> surface is r$uc$ to a po9t :]e x t]m9ates 9 an angle4 ,or1 if ! sides ( t angle are produc$ 9 a /raight l9e1 !n--beyond t angle--ano!r surface is g5]at$1 small]1 or equal to1 or l>g] ?an ! fir/4 #dh4 ,,( ,,draw+ ,,outl9e4 ,consid] ) ! greate/ c>e ! =m ( ! outl9es ( e object1 & ! "* ( _! undulations4 ,& ^! undulations mu/ be sep>ately /udi$1 z to :e!r ! curves are compos$ ( ar*$ convexities or angul> concavities4 #di4 ,! nature ( ! outl9e4 ,! b\nd>ies ( bodies are ! lea/ ( all ?+s4 ,! proposition is prov$ to be true1 because ! b\nd>y ( a ?+ is a surface1 :i* is n "p ( ! body conta9$ )9 t surface2 nor is x "p ( ! air surr\nd+ t body1 b is ! m$ium int]po/$ betwe5 ! air & ! body1 z is prov$ 9 its place4 ,b ! lat]al b\nd>ies ( ^! bodies is ! l9e =m+ ! b\nd>y ( ! surface1 :i* l9e is ( invisible ?ickness4 ,:]e=e ,o pa9t]6 d n surr\nd y\r bodies ) l9es1 & above all :5 repres5t+ objects small] ?an nature2 = n only w _! ext]nal outl9es become indi/9ct1 b _! p>ts w be invisible f di/ance4 #ej4 ,def9ition ( ,p]spective4 ,draw+ is bas$ ^u p]spective1 :i* is no?+ else ?an a ?or\gh k ( ! function ( ! eye4 ,& ?is function simply consi/s 9 receiv+ 9 a pyramid ! =ms & col\rs ( all ! objects plac$ be=e x4 ,i say 9 a pyramid1 because !re is no object s small t x w n be l>g] ?an ! spot :]e ^! pyramids are receiv$ into ! eye4 ,!re=e1 if y ext5d ! l9es f ! edges ( ea* body z !y conv]ge y w br+ !m to a s+le po9t1 & necess>ily ! said l9es mu/ =m a pyramid4 ,p]spective is no?+ m ?an a rational demon/ration appli$ to ! consid]ation ( h[ objects 9 front ( ! eye transmit _! image to x1 by means ( a pyramid ( l9es4 ,! ,pyramid is ! "n ,i apply to ! l9es :i*1 />t+ f ! surface & edges ( ea* object1 conv]ge f a di/ance & meet 9 a s+le po9t4 ,p]spective is a rational demon/ration1 by :i* we may practically & cle>ly und]/& h[ objects transmit _! own image1 by l9es =m+ a ,pyramid 7c5tr$7 9 ! eye4 ,p]spective is a rational demon/ration by :i* exp]i5ce confirms t e object s5ds its image to ! eye by a pyramid ( l9es2 & bodies ( equal size w result 9 a pyramid ( l>g] or small] size1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 _! di/ance1 "o f ! o!r4 ,by a pyramid ( l9es ,i mean ^? :i* />t f ! surface & edges ( bodies1 &1 conv]g+ f a di/ance meet 9 a s+le po9t4 ,a po9t is said to be t :i* hav+ no dim5sions _c be divid$1 & ?is po9t plac$ 9 ! eye receives all ! po9ts ( ! cone4 ,footnote3 #ej4 #a-e4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! ,proem4 ,no4 #ba4 ,! p>agraphs plac$ 9 brackets3 l9es #a-i1 #aj-ad1 & #ag--bj1 are evid5tly m]e sket*es &1 z su*1 7 cancell$ by ! writ]2 b !y s]ve z a comm5t>y on ! f9al p>agraph1 l9es #bb-bi4 #ea4 ,,9 ,,:at ,,way ,,! ,,eye ,,sees ,,objects ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,x4 ,! p]ception ( ! object dep5ds on ! direction ( ! eye4 ,suppos+ t ! ball figur$ above is ! ball ( ! eye & let ! small portion ( ! ball :i* is cut (f by ! l9e s t be ! pupil & all ! objects mirror$ on ! c5tre ( ! face ( ! eye1 by means ( ! pupil1 pass on at once & ent] ! pupil1 pass+ ?r\gh ! cry/all9e hum\r1 :i* does n int]f]e 9 ! pupil ) ! ?+s se5 by means ( ! light4 ,& ! pupil hav+ receiv$ ! objects1 by means ( ! light1 imm$iately ref]s !m & transmits !m to ! intellect by ! l9e a b4 ,& y mu/ "k t ! pupil transmits no?+ p]fectly to ! intellect or common s5se except+ :5 ! objects pres5t$ to x by means ( light1 rea* x by ! l9e a b2 z1 = in/ance1 by ! l9e b c4 ,= al?\gh ! l9es m n & f g may be se5 by ! pupil !y are n p]fectly tak5 91 because !y d n co9cide ) ! l9e a b4 ,& ! pro( is ?is3 ,if ! eye1 %[n above1 wants to c\nt ! lett]s plac$ 9 front1 ! eye w be oblig$ to turn f lett] to lett]1 because x _c disc]n !m unless !y lie 9 ! l9e a b2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! l9e a c4 ,all visible objects rea* ! eye by ! l9es ( a pyramid1 & ! po9t ( ! pyramid is ! apex & c5tre ( x1 9 ! c5tre ( ! pupil1 z figur$ above4 ,footnote3 #ea4 ,9 ?is problem ! eye is conceiv$ ( z fix$ & immovable2 ?is is pla9 f l9e #aa4 ,exp]im5tal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! pyramid ( sight 7#eb-ee74 #eb4 ,p]spective is a rational demon/ration1 confirm$ by exp]i5ce1 t all objects transmit _! image to ! eye by a pyramid ( l9es4 ,by a pyramid ( l9es ,i und]/& ^? l9es :i* />t f ! edges ( ! surface ( bodies1 & conv]g+ f a di/ance1 meet 9 a s+le po9t2 & ?is po9t1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ,i w %[ to be situat$ 9 ! eye :i* is ! univ]sal judge ( all objects4 ,by a po9t ,i mean t :i* _c be divid$ into p>ts2 !re=e ?is po9t1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! eye1 be+ indivisible1 no body is se5 by ! eye1 t is n l>g] ?an ?is po9t4 ,?is be+ ! case x is inevitable t ! l9es :i* come f ! object to ! po9t mu/ =m a pyramid4 ,& if any man seeks to prove t ! s5se ( sight does n reside 9 ?is po9t1 b r 9 ! black spot :i* is visible 9 ! middle ( ! pupil1 ,i might reply to him t a small object c\ld nev] dim9i% at any di/ance1 z x might be a gra9 ( millet or ( oats or ( "s simil> ?+1 & t object1 if x 7 l>g] ?an ! said black spot w\ld nev] be se5 z a :ole2 z may be se5 9 ! diagram bel[4 ,let a4 be ! seat ( sight1 b e ! l9es :i* rea* ! eye4 ,let e d be ! gra9s ( millet )9 ^! l9es4 ,y pla9ly see t ^! w nev] dim9i% by di/ance1 & t ! body m n c\ld n be entirely cov]$ by x4 ,!re=e y mu/ confess t ! eye conta9s )9 itself "o s+le indivisible po9t a1 to :i* all ! po9ts conv]ge ( ! pyramid ( l9es />t+ f an object1 z is %[n bel[4 ,let a4 b4 be ! eye2 9 ! c5tre ( x is ! po9t above m5tion$4 ,if ! l9e e f is to ent] z an image into s small an op5+ 9 ! eye1 y mu/ confess t ! small] object _c ent] into :at is small] ?an itself unless x is dim9i%$1 & by dim9i%+ x mu/ take ! =m ( a pyramid4 #ec4 ,,p]spective4 ,p]spective comes 9 :]e judgm5t fails z to ! di/ance 9 objects :i* dim9i%4 ,! eye c nev] be a true judge = det]m9+ ) exactitude h[ ne> "o object is to ano!r :i* is equal to x 9 size1 if ! top ( t o!r is on ! level ( ! eye :i* sees !m on t side1 except+ by means ( ! v]tical plane :i* is ! /&>d & guide ( p]spective4 ,let n be ! eye1 e f ! v]tical plane above m5tion$4 ,let a b c d be ! ?ree divisions1 "o bel[ ! o!r2 if ! l9es a n & c n are ( a giv5 l5g? & ! eye n is 9 ! c5tre1 !n a b w look z l>ge z b c4 c d is l[] & f>!r (f f n1 !re=e x w look small]4 ,& ! same effect w appe> 9 ! ?ree divisions ( a face :5 ! eye ( ! pa9t] :o is draw+ x is on a level ) ! eye ( ! p]son he is pa9t+4 #ed4 ,,to ,,prove ,,h[ ,,objects ,,rea* ,,! ,,eye4 ,if y look at ! sun or "s o!r lum9\s body & !n %ut y\r eyes y w see x aga9 inside y\r eye = a long "t4 ,?is is evid5ce t images ent] into ! eye4 ,! relations ( ! di/ance po9ts to ! vani%+ po9t 7#ee-ef74 #ee4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,all objects transmit _! image to ! eye 9 pyramids1 & ! ne>] to ! eye ^! pyramids are int]sect$ ! small] w ! image appe> ( ! objects :i* cause !m4 ,!re=e1 y may int]sect ! pyramid ) a v]tical plane ,footnote #d3 ,p>iete4 ,comp>e ! def9itions 9 #he1 #b-e1 #f-bg4 ,^! l9es ref] exclusively to ! ?ird diagram4 ,= ! bett] und]/&+ ( ?is x %\ld be obs]v$ t c s mu/ be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! section or pr(ile ( a squ>e plane1 plac$ horizontally 7comp4 l9es #aa1 #ad1 #ag7 = :i* ! ^w pianura is subsequ5tly employ$ 7#bj1 #bb74 ,l9es #f-ac conta9 c]ta9 prelim9>y obs]vations to guide ! read] 9 und]/&+ ! diagram2 ! la/ ?ree seem to h be5 add$ z a supplem5t4 ,leon>do's mi/ake 9 writ+ t d5ota 7l9e #f7 = f d5ota has be5 rectifi$4 :i* rea*es ! base ( ! pyramid z is %[n 9 ! plane a n4 ,! eye f & ! eye t are "o & ! same ?+2 b ! eye f m>ks ! di/ance1 t is to say h[ f> y are /&+ f ! object2 & ! eye t %[s y ! direction ( x2 t is :e!r y are opposite1 or on "o side1 or at an angle to ! object y are look+ at4 ,& rememb] t ! eye f & ! eye t mu/ always be kept on ! same level4 ,= example if y raise or l[] ! eye f ! di/ance po9t f y mu/ d ! same ) ! direction po9t t4 ,& if ! po9t f %[s h[ f> ! eye is di/ant f ! squ>e plane b does n %[ on :i* side x is plac$--&1 if 9 ! same way1 ! po9t t %[ s ! direction & n ! di/ance1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 bo? y mu/ use bo? po9ts & !y w be "o & ! same ?+4 ,if ! eye f c\ld see a p]fect squ>e ( :i* all ! sides 7 equal to ! di/ance betwe5 s & c1 & if at ! ne>e/ end ( ! side t[>ds ! eye a pole 7 plac$1 or "s o!r /raight object1 set up by a p]p5dicul> l9e z %[n at r s--!n1 ,i say1 t if y 7 to look at ! side ( ! squ>e t is ne>e/ to y x w appe> at ! bottom ( ! v]tical plane r s1 & !n look at ! f>!r side & x w\ld appe> to y at ! height ( ! po9t n on ! v]tical plane4 ,?us1 by ?is example1 y c und]/& t if ! eye is above a numb] ( objects all plac$ on ! same level1 "o beyond ano!r1 ! m remote !y are ! high] !y w seem1 up to ! level ( ! eye1 b no high]2 because objects plac$ ^u ! level on :i* y\r feet /&1 s long z x is flat--ev5 if x be ext5d$ into inf9ity--w\ld nev] be se5 above ! eye2 s9ce ! eye has 9 itself ! po9t t[>ds :i* all ! cones t5d & conv]ge :i* convey ! images ( ! objects to ! eye4 ,& ?is po9t always co9cides ) ! po9t ( dim9ution :i* is ! extreme ( all we c see4 ,& f ! base l9e ( ! fir/ pyramid z f> z ! dim9i%+ po9t ,footnote3 ,! two diagrams above ! *apt] are expla9$ by ! fir/ five l9es4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 m lett]s ?an are ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 a circum/ance we frequ5tly f9d occasion to rem>k4 #ef4 !re are only bases )\t pyramids :i* con/antly dim9i% up to ?is po9t4 ,& f ! fir/ base :]e ! v]tical plane is plac$ t[>ds ! po9t 9 ! eye !re w be only pyramids )\t bases2 z %[n 9 ! example giv5 above4 ,n[1 let a b be ! said v]tical plane & r ! po9t ( ! pyramid t]m9at+ 9 ! eye1 & n ! po9t ( dim9ution :i* is always 9 a /raight l9e opposite ! eye & always moves z ! eye moves--j z :5 a rod is mov$ its %ad[ moves1 & moves ) x1 precisely z ! %ad[ moves ) a body4 ,& ea* po9t is ! apex ( a pyramid1 all hav+ a common base ) ! int]v5+ v]tical plane4 ,b al?\gh _! bases are equal _! angles are n equal1 because ! dim9i%+ po9t is ! t]m9ation ( a small] angle ?an t ( ! eye4 ,if y ask me3 ,by :at practical exp]i5ce c y %[ me ^! po9ts8 ,i reply--s f> z conc]ns ! dim9i%+ po9t :i* moves ) y --:5 y walk by a pl\gh$ field look at ! /raight furr[s :i* come d[n ) _! ends to ! pa? :]e y are walk+1 & y w see t ea* pair ( furr[s w look z ?\gh !y tri$ to get ne>] & meet at ! f>!r end4 ,footnote3 ,= ! easi] und]/&+ ( ! diagram & ( its connection ) ! prec$+ ,i may "h rem>k t ! squ>e plane %[n above 9 pr(ile by ! l9e c s is "h indicat$ by e d o p4 ,accord+ to l9es #a1 #c a b mu/ be imag9$ z a plane ( glass plac$ p]p5dicul>ly at o p4 #eg4 ,h[ to measure ! pyramid ( vision4 ,z reg>ds ! po9t 9 ! eye2 x is made m intelligible by ?is3 ,if y look into ! eye ( ano!r p]son y w see y\r own image4 ,n[ imag9e #b l9es />t+ f y\r e>s & go+ to ! e>s ( t image :i* y see 9 ! o!r man's eye2 y w und]/& t ^! l9es conv]ge 9 su* a way t !y w\ld meet 9 a po9t a little way beyond y\r own image mirror$ 9 ! eye4 ,& if y want to measure ! dim9ution ( ! pyramid 9 ! air :i* occupies ! space betwe5 ! object se5 & ! eye1 y mu/ d x accord+ to ! diagram figur$ bel[4 ,let m n be a t[]1 & e f a1 rod1 :i* y mu/ move backw>ds & =w>ds till its ends correspond ) ^? ( ! t[] ,footnote #i3 ,i sua /remi 44 della /orre 7its ends 444 ( ! t[]7 ?is is ! case at e f42 !n br+ x ne>] to ! eye1 at c d & y w see t ! image ( ! t[] seems small]1 z at r o4 ,!n aga9 br+ x clos] to ! eye & y w see ! rod project f> beyond ! image ( ! t[] f a to b & f t to b1 & s y w disc]n t1 a little f>!r )91 ! l9es mu/ conv]ge 9 a po9t4 ,! ,production ( pyramid ( ,vision 7#eh-fj74 #eh4 ,,p]spective4 ,! in/ant ! atmosph]e is illum9at$ x w be fill$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( images :i* are produc$ by ! v>i\s bodies & col\rs assembl$ 9 x4 ,& ! eye is ! t>get1 a load/one1 ( ^! images4 #ei4 ,! :ole surface ( opaque bodies displays its :ole image 9 all ! illum9at$ atmosph]e :i* surr\nds !m on all sides4 #fj4 ,t ! atmosph]e attracts to itself1 l a load/one1 all ! images ( ! objects t exi/ 9 x1 & n _! =ms m]ely b _! nature may be cle>ly se5 by ! sun1 :i* is a hot & lum9\s body4 ,all ! atmosph]e1 :i* is ! all-p]vad+ matt]1 absorbs light & heat1 & reflects 9 itself ! image ( ! s\rce ( t heat & spl5d\r &1 9 ea* m9ute/ portion1 does ! same4 ,! ,nor?pole does ! same z ! load/one %[s2 & ! moon & ! o!r planets1 )\t suff]+ any dim9ution1 d ! same4 ,among t]re/rial ?+s musk does ! same & o!r p]fumes4 #fa4 ,all bodies toge!r1 & ea* by itself1 give (f to ! surr\nd+ air an inf9ite numb] ( images :i* are all-p]vad+ & ea* complete1 ea* convey+ ! nature1 col\r & =m ( ! body :i* produces x4 ,x c cle>ly be %[n t all bodies are1 by _! images1 all-p]vad+ 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & ea* complete 9 itself z to sub/ance =m & col\r2 ?is is se5 by ! images ( ! v>i\s bodies :i* are reproduc$ 9 "o s+le p]=ation ?r\gh :i* !y transmit ! objects by l9es :i* int]sect & cause rev]s$ pyramids1 f ! objects1 s t !y are upside d[n on ! d>k plane :]e !y are fir/ reflect$4 ,! reason ( ?is is-- ,footnote3 ,! diagram int5d$ to illu/rate ! /atem5t 7,pl4 ,,ii ,no4 i7 occurs 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #c & #d4 ,! ?ree circles mu/ be und]/ood to repres5t ?ree lum9\s bodies :i* transmit _! images ?r\gh p]=ations 9 a wall into a d>k *amb]1 accord+ to a law :i* is m fully expla9$ 9 #ge8ha4 ,s f> z conc]ns ! pres5t passage ! diagram is only int5d$ to expla9 t ! images ( ! ?ree bodies may be made to coalesce at any giv5 spot4 ,9 ! circles are writt51 giallo--yell[1 bi*o--:ite1 rosso--r$4 ,! text breaks (f at l9e #h4 ,! p>agraph ,no4#dj foll[s "h 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 #fb4 ,e po9t is ! t]m9ation ( an inf9ite numb] ( l9es1 :i* div]ge to =m a base1 & imm$iately1 f ! base ! same l9es conv]ge to a pyramid imag+ bo? ! col\r & =m4 ,no soon] is a =m creat$ or comp\nd$ ?an sudd5ly inf9ite l9es & angles are produc$ f x2 & ^! l9es1 di/ribut+ !mselves & int]sect+ ea* o!r 9 ! air1 give rise to an inf9ite numb] ( angles opposite to ea* o!r4 ,giv5 a base1 ea* opposite angle1 w =m a triangle hav+ a =m & proportion equal to ! l>g] angle2 & if ! base goes twice into ea* ( ! #b l9es ( ! pyramid ! small] triangle w d ! same4 #fc4 ,e body 9 light & %ade fills ! surr\nd+ air ) inf9ite images ( itself2 & ^!1 by inf9ite pyramids diffus$ 9 ! air1 repres5t ?is body ?r\gh\t space & on e side4 ,ea* pyramid t is compos$ ( a long assemblage ( rays includes )9 itself an inf9ite numb] ( pyramids & ea* has ! same p[] z all1 & all z ea*4 ,a circle ( equidi/ant pyramids ( vision w give to _! object angles ( equal size2 & an eye at ea* po9t w see ! object ( ! same size4 ,! body ( ! atmosph]e is full ( inf9ite pyramids compos$ ( radiat+ /raight l9es1 :i* are produc$ f ! surface ( ! bodies 9 light & %ade1 exi/+ 9 ! air2 & ! f>!r !y are f ! object :i* produces !m ! m acute !y become & al?\gh 9 _! di/ribution !y int]sect & cross !y nev] m+le toge!r1 b pass ?r\gh all ! surr\nd+ air1 indep5d5tly conv]g+1 spread+1 & diffus$4 ,& !y are all ( equal p[] & value2 all equal to ea*1 & ea* equal to all4 ,by ^! ! images ( objects are transmitt$ ?r\gh all space & 9 e direction1 & ea* pyramid1 9 itself1 includes1 9 ea* m9ute/ "p1 ! :ole =m ( ! body caus+ x4 #fd4 ,! body ( ! atmosph]e is full ( inf9ite radiat+ pyramids produc$ by ! objects exi/+ 9 x4 ,^! int]sect & cross ea* o!r ) indep5d5t conv]g5ce )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r & pass ?r\gh all ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e2 & are ( equal =ce & value--all be+ equal to ea*1 ea* to all4 ,& by means ( ^!1 images ( ! body are transmitt$ ev]y:]e & on all sides1 & ea* receives 9 itself e m9ute/ portion ( ! object t produces x4 ,pro( by exp]im5t 7#fe-ff74 #fe4 ,,p]spective4 ,! air is fill$ ) endless images ( ! objects di/ribut$ 9 x2 & all are repres5t$ 9 all1 & all 9 "o1 & all 9 ea*1 :5ce x happ5s t if two mirrors are plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to face ea* o!r exactly1 ! fir/ w be reflect$ 9 ! second & ! second 9 ! fir/4 ,! fir/ be+ reflect$ 9 ! second takes to x ! image ( itself ) all ! images repres5t$ 9 x1 among :i* is ! image ( ! second mirror1 & s1 image )9 image1 !y g on to inf9ity 9 su* a mann] z t ea* mirror has )9 x a mirror1 ea* small] ?an ! la/ & "o inside ! o!r4 ,?us1 by ?is example1 x is cle>ly prov$ t e object s5ds its image to e spot :5ce ! object itself c be se52 & ! conv]se3 ,t ! same object may receive 9 itself all ! images ( ! objects t are 9 front ( x4 ,h5ce ! eye transmits ?r\gh ! atmosph]e its own image to all ! objects t are 9 front ( x & receives !m into itself1 t is to say on its surface1 :5ce !y are tak5 9 by ! common s5se1 :i* consid]s !m & if !y are pleas+ commits !m to ! memory4 ,:5ce ,i am ( op9ion3 ,t ! invisible images 9 ! eyes are produc$ t[>ds ! object1 z ! image ( ! object to ! eye4 ,t ! images ( ! objects mu/ be dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,an in/ance may be se5 9 sev]al mirrors plac$ 9 a circle1 :i* w reflect ea* o!r endlessly4 ,:5 "o has rea*$ ! o!r x is return$ to ! object t produc$ x1 & !nce--be+ dim9i%$--x is return$ aga9 to ! object & !n comes back once m1 & ?is happ5s endlessly4 ,if y put a light betwe5 two flat mirrors ) a di/ance ( #a braccio betwe5 !m y w see 9 ea* ( !m an inf9ite numb] ( lights1 "o small] ?an ano!r1 to ! la/4 ,if at night y put a light betwe5 ! walls ( a room1 all ! p>ts ( t wall w be t9t$ ) ! image ( t light4 ,& !y w receive ! light & ! light w fall on !m1 mutually1 t is to say1 :5 !re is no ob/acle to int]rupt ! transmission ( ! images4 ,?is same example is se5 9 a great] degree 9 ! di/ribution ( ! sol> rays :i* all toge!r1 & ea* by itself1 convey to ! object ! image ( ! body :i* causes x4 ,t ea* body by itself alone fills ) its images ! atmosph]e ar\nd x1 & t ! same air is able1 at ! same "t1 to receive ! images ( ! endless o!r objects :i* are 9 x1 ?is is cle>ly prov$ by ^! examples4 ,& e object is ev]y:]e visible 9 ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! :ole 9 e smalle/ "p ( x2 & all ! objects 9 ! :ole1 & all 9 ea* smalle/ "p2 ea* 9 all & all 9 e "p4 #ff4 ,! images ( objects are all diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e :i* receives !m2 & all on e side 9 x4 ,to prove ?is1 let a c e be objects ( :i* ! images are admitt$ to a d>k *amb] by ! small holes n p & ?r[n ^u ! plane f i opposite to ^! holes4 ,z _m images w be produc$ 9 ! *amb] on ! plane z ! numb] ( ! said holes4 #fg4 ,g5]al conclusions4 ,all objects project _! :ole image & lik5ess1 diffus$ & m+l$ 9 ! :ole ( ! atmosph]e1 opposite to !mselves4 ,! image ( e po9t ( ! bodily surface1 exi/s 9 e "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,all ! images ( ! objects are 9 e "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! :ole1 & ea* "p ( ! image ( ! atmosph]e is reflect$ 9 ea* po9t ( ! surface ( ! bodies pres5t$ to x4 ,!re=e bo? ! "p & ! :ole ( ! images ( ! objects exi/1 bo? 9 ! :ole & 9 ! p>ts ( ! surface ( ^! visible bodies4 ,:5ce we may evid5tly say t ! image ( ea* object exi/s1 z a :ole & 9 e "p1 9 ea* "p & 9 ! :ole int]*angeably 9 e exi/+ body4 ,z is se5 9 two mirrors plac$ opposite to ea* o!r4 #fh4 ,t ! contr>y is impossible4 ,x is impossible t ! eye %\ld project f itself1 by visual rays1 ! visual virtue1 s9ce1 z soon z x op5s1 t front portion ( ! eye :i* w\ld give rise to ?is emanation w\ld h to g =? to ! object & ?is x c\ld n d )\t "t4 ,& ?is be+ s1 x c\ld n travel s high z ! sun 9 a mon?'s "t :5 ! eye want$ to see x4 ,& if x c\ld rea* ! sun x w\ld necess>ily foll[ t x %\ld p]petually rema9 9 a cont9u\s l9e f ! eye to ! sun & %\ld always div]ge 9 su* a way z to =m betwe5 ! sun & ! eye ! base & ! apex ( a pyramid4 ,?is be+ ! case1 if ! eye consi/$ ( a million worlds1 x w\ld n prev5t its be+ consum$ 9 ! projection ( its virtue2 & if ?is virtue w\ld h to travel ?r\gh ! air z p]fumes d1 ! w9ds w\ld b5t x & c>ry x into ano!r place4 ,b we d 9 fact see ! mass ( ! sun ) ! same rapidity z an object at ! di/ance ( a braccio1 & ! p[] ( sight is n di/urb$ by ! bl[+ ( ! w9ds nor by any o!r accid5t4 ,footnote3 ,! view "h refut$ by ,leon>do 0 ma9ta9$ among o!rs by ,bramant9o1 ,leon>do's ,milanese contempor>y4 ,,lomazzo writes z foll[s 9 8 ,trattato dell' ,arte della pittura c4 7,milano #aehd4 ,libr4 ,v cp4 ,,xxi73 ,sovviemmi di av] gi letto 9 c]ti scritti alcune cose di ,bramant9o milanese1 celebratissimo pittore1 att55te alla prospettiva1 le quali ho voluto rif]ire1 e quasi intess]e 9 que/o luogo1 aff9* sappiamo qual fosse l'op9ione di cosi *i>o e famoso pittore intorno alla prospettiva 4 4 ,scrive ,bramant9o *e la prospettiva una cosa *e contraf il naturale1 e *e ci si fa 9 tre modi ,circa il primo modo *e si fa con ragione1 p] ess]e la cosa 9 po*e p>ole conclusa da ,bramant9o 9 mani]a *e giudico non pot]si dir meglio1 cont55dovi si tutta ,p>te del pr9cipio al f9e1 io rif]ir p] appunto le proprie p>ole sue 7cp4 ,,xxii1 ,prima prospettiva di ,bramant9o74 ,la prima prospettiva fa le cose di punto1 e l'altra non mai1 e la t]za pi appresso4 ,adunque la prima si dim&a prospettiva1 cio ragione1 la quale fa l'effetto dell' oc*io1 fac5do cresc]e e cal>e secondo gli effetti degli oc*i4 ,que/o cresc]e e cal>e non proc$e della cosa propria1 *e 9 se p] ess] lontana1 ovv]o vic9a1 p] quello effetto non pu cresc]e e sm9uire1 ma proc$e dagli effetti degli oc*i1 i quali sono piccioli1 e p]ci vol5do v$]e tanto gran cosa1 bisogna *e m&9o fuora la virt visiva1 la quale si dilata 9 tanta l>ghezza1 *e piglia tutto quello *e vuoi v$]e1 ed arriv&o a quella cosa la v$e dove 3 e da lei agli oc*i p] quello circuito f9o all' oc*io1 e tutto quello t]m9e pi5o di quella cosa4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ,leon>do _h made 8 memor&um refut+ ?is view1 at ,milan 9 #adib #fi4 ,a p>allel case4 ,j z a /one flung into ! wat] becomes ! c5tre & cause ( _m circles1 & z s\nd diffuses itself 9 circles 9 ! air3 s any object1 plac$ 9 ! lum9\s atmosph]e1 diffuses itself 9 circles1 & fills ! surr\nd+ air ) inf9ite images ( itself4 ,& is repeat$1 ! :ole e-:]e1 & ! :ole 9 e smalle/ "p4 ,?is c be prov$ by exp]im5t1 s9ce if y %ut a w9d[ t faces we/ & make a hole ,footnote3 #f4 ,"h ! text breaks (f4 4 4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,,libri1 ,hi/oire des sci5ces ma?matiques en ,italie4 ,tome ,,iii1 p4 #dc4 ,! function ( ! eye z expla9$ by ! cam]a obscura 7#gj4 #ga74 #gj4 ,if ! object 9 front ( ! eye s5ds its image to ! eye1 ! eye1 on ! o!r h&1 s5ds its image to ! object1 & no portion :atev] ( ! object is lo/ 9 ! images x ?r[s (f1 = any reason ei!r 9 ! eye or ! object4 ,!re=e we may r believe x to be ! nature & pot5cy ( our lum9\s atmosph]e :i* absorbs ! images ( ! objects exi/+ 9 x1 ?an ! nature ( ! objects1 to s5d _! images ?r\gh ! air4 ,if ! object opposite to ! eye 7 to s5d its image to ! eye1 ! eye w\ld h to d ! same to ! object1 :5ce x might seem t ^! images 7 an emanation4 ,b1 if s1 x w\ld be necess>y to admit t e object became rapidly small]2 because ea* object appe>s by its images 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,t is3 ! :ole object 9 ! :ole atmosph]e1 & 9 ea* "p2 & all ! objects 9 ! :ole atmosph]e & all ( !m 9 ea* "p2 speak+ ( t atmosph]e :i* is able to conta9 9 itself ! /raight & radiat+ l9es ( ! images project$ by ! objects4 ,f ?is x seems necess>y to admit t x is 9 ! nature ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! objects1 & :i* attracts ! images ( ?+s to itself l a load/one1 be+ plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,,prove ,,h[ ,,all ,,objects1 ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,"o ,,position1 ,,are ,,all ,,ev]y:]e ,,& ,,all ,,9 ,,ea* ,,"p4 ,i say t if ! front ( a build+--or any op5 piazza or field--:i* is illum9at$ by ! sun has a dwell+ opposite to x1 & if1 9 ! front :i* does n face ! sun1 y make a small r\nd hole1 all ! illum9at$ objects w project _! images ?r\gh t hole & be visible inside ! dwell+ on ! opposite wall :i* may be made :ite2 & !re1 9 fact1 !y w be upside d[n1 & if y make simil> op5+s 9 sev]al places 9 ! same wall y w h ! same result f ea*4 ,h5ce ! images ( ! illum9at$ objects are all ev]y:]e on ?is wall & all 9 ea* m9ute/ "p ( x4 ,! reason1 z we cle>ly "k1 is t ?is hole mu/ admit "s light to ! said dwell+1 & ! light admitt$ by x is d]iv$ f "o or _m lum9\s bodies4 ,if ^! bodies are ( v>i\s col\rs & %apes ! rays =m+ ! images are ( v>i\s col\rs & %apes1 & s w ! repres5tations be on ! wall4 ,footnote3 #gj4 #ae--bc4 ,?is section has already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio delle ,op]e di ,leon>do da ,v9ci ,milan #ahgb1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,g4 ,govi obs]ves ^u x1 t ,leon>do is n to be reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( ! ,cam]a obscura1 b t he 0 ! fir/ to expla9 by x ! /ructure ( ! eye4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,cam]a obscura fir/ occurs 9 ,,ces>e ,,ces>9i's ,italian v]sion ( ,vitruvius1 pub4 #aebc1 f\r ye>s aft] ,leon>do's dea?4 ,ces>9i expressly names ,b5$ett9o ,don ,papnutio z ! inv5tor ( ! ,cam]a obscura4 ,9 8 explanation ( ! function ( ! eye by a comp>ison ) ! ,cam]a obscura ,leon>do 0 ! precursor ( ,g4 ,,c>dano1 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,bologna 7di$ #aegf7 & x appe>s highly probable t ?is is1 9 fact1 ! v discov]y :i* ,leon>do ascribes to himself 9 section #ba )\t giv+ any fur!r details4 #ga4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,objects ,,receiv$ ,,by ,,! ,,eye ,,int]sect ,,)9 ,,! ,,cry/all9e ,,hum\r ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,an exp]im5t1 %[+ h[ objects transmit _! images or pictures1 int]sect+ )9 ! eye 9 ! cry/all9e hum\r1 is se5 :5 by "s small r\nd hole p5etrate ! images ( illum9at$ objects into a v d>k *amb]4 ,!n1 receive ^! images on a :ite pap] plac$ )9 ?is d>k room & r ne> to ! hole & y w see all ! objects on ! pap] 9 _! prop] =ms & col\rs1 b mu* small]2 & !y w be upside d[n by reason ( t v int]section4 ,^! images be+ transmitt$ f a place illum9at$ by ! sun w seem actually pa9t$ on ?is pap] :i* mu/ be extremely ?9 & look$ at f beh9d4 ,& let ! little p]=ation be made 9 a v ?9 plate ( iron4 ,let a b e d e be ! object illum9at$ by ! sun & o r ! front ( ! d>k *amb] 9 :i* is ! said hole at n m4 ,let s t be ! %eet ( pap] int]cept+ ! rays ( ! images ( ^! objects upside d[n1 because ! rays be+ /raight1 a on ! "r h& becomes k on ! left1 & e on ! left becomes f on ! "r2 & ! same takes place inside ! pupil4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] is already kn[n ?r\gh a translation into ,fr5* by ,,v5turi4 ,comp>e 8 ',essai sur les ouvrages physico-ma?matiques de ,l4 da ,v9ci avec des fragm5ts tirs de ses ,manuscrits1 apports de l',italie4 ,lu a la premi]e classe de l',in/itut national des ,sci5ces et ,arts4' ,p>is1 ,an ,v 7#agig74 ,! practice ( p]spective 7#gb4 #gc74 #gb4 ,9 ! practice ( p]spective ! same rules apply to light & to ! eye4 #gc4 ,! object :i* is opposite to ! pupil ( ! eye is se5 by t pupil & t :i* is opposite to ! eye is se5 by ! pupil4 ,refraction ( ! rays fall+ ^u ! eye 7#gd4 #ge7 #gd4 ,! l9es s5t =? by ! image ( an object to ! eye d n rea* ! po9t )9 ! eye 9 /raight l9es4 #ge4 ,if ! judgm5t ( ! eye is situat$ )9 x1 ! /raight l9es ( ! images are refract$ on its surface because !y pass ?r\gh ! r>] to ! d5s] m$ium4 ,if1 :5 y are "u wat]1 y look at objects 9 ! air y w see !m out ( _! true place2 & ! same ) objects "u wat] se5 f ! air4 ,! int]section ( ! rays 7#gf-hb74 #gf4 ,! inv]sion ( ! images4 ,all ! images ( objects :i* pass ?r\gh a w9d[ glass pane f ! free out] air to ! air conf9$ )9 walls1 are se5 on ! opposite side2 & an object :i* moves 9 ! out] air f ea/ to we/ w seem 9 its %ad[1 on ! wall :i* is light$ by ?is conf9$ air1 to h an opposite motion4 #gg4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,on ,,:i* ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,bodies ,,pass ,,9 ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,m>g9s ,,( ,,! ,,op5+s ,,by ,,:i* ,,!y ,,ent]4 ,:at diff]5ce is !re 9 ! way 9 :i* images pass ?r\gh n>r[ op5+s & ?r\gh l>ge op5+s1 or 9 ^? :i* pass by ! sides ( %ad$ bodies8 ,by mov+ ! edges ( ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! images are admitt$1 ! images ( immovable objects are made to move4 ,& ?is happ5s1 z is %[n 9 ! #i? :i* demon/rates3 ,footnote #aa3 p] la #i;a *e dicie4 ,:5 ,leon>do ref]s ?us to a numb] x s]ves to indicate m>g9al diagrams2 ?is c 9 "s in/ances be di/9ctly prov$4 ,! n9? sket* on ! page ,w4 ,l4 #ade b corresponds to ! middle sket* ( ! ?ree reproduc$4 ! images ( any object are all ev]y:]e1 & all 9 ea* "p ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,x foll[s t if "o ( ! edges ( ! hole by :i* ! images are admitt$ to a d>k *amb] is mov$ x cuts (f ^? rays ( ! image t 7 9 contact ) x & gets ne>] to o!r rays :i* previ\sly 7 remote f x c4 ,,( ,,! ,,movem5t ,,( ,,! ,,edge ,,at ,,! ,,"r ,,or ,,left1 ,,or ,,! ,,upp]1 ,,or ,,l[] ,,edge4 ,if y move ! "r side ( ! op5+ ! image on ! left w move be+ t ( ! object :i* ent]$ on ! "r side ( ! op5+2 & ! same result w happ5 ) all ! o!r sides ( ! op5+4 ,?is c be prov$ by ! #bnd ( ?is :i* %[s3 all ! rays :i* convey ! images ( objects ?r\gh ! air are /raight l9es4 ,h5ce1 if ! images ( v l>ge bodies h to pass ?r\gh v small holes1 & beyond ^! holes recov] _! l>ge size1 ! l9es mu/ necess>ily int]sect4 ,footnote3 #gg4 #b4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree diagrams ,leon>do _h drawn only "o ( ! two m>g9s1 et m4 #gh4 ,necessity has provid$ t all ! images ( objects 9 front ( ! eye %all int]sect 9 two places4 ,"o ( ^! int]sections is 9 ! pupil1 ! o!r 9 ! cry/all9e l5s2 & if ?is 7 n ! case ! eye c\ld n see s great a numb] ( objects z x does4 ,?is c be prov$1 s9ce all ! l9es :i* int]sect d s 9 a po9t4 ,because no?+ is se5 ( objects except+ _! surface2 & _! edges are l9es1 9 contradi/9ction to ! def9ition ( a surface4 ,& ea* m9ute "p ( a l9e is equal to a po9t2 = smalle/ is said ( t ?an :i* no?+ c be small]1 & ?is def9ition is equival5t to ! def9ition ( ! po9t4 ,h5ce x is possible = ! :ole circumf]5ce ( a circle to transmit its image to ! po9t ( int]section1 z is %[n 9 ! #d? ( ?is :i* %[s3 all ! smalle/ p>ts ( ! images cross ea* o!r )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r4 ,^! demon/rations are to illu/rate ! eye4 ,no image1 ev5 ( ! smalle/ object1 ent]s ! eye )\t be+ turn$ upside d[n2 b z x p5etrates into ! cry/all9e l5s x is once m rev]s$ & ?us ! image is re/or$ to ! same position )9 ! eye z t ( ! object outside ! eye4 #gi4 ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,only "o l9e ( ! image1 ( all ^? t rea* ! visual virtue1 has no int]section2 & ?is has no s5sible dim5sions because x is a ma!matical l9e :i* orig9ates f a ma!matical po9t1 :i* has no dim5sions4 ,accord+ to my adv]s>y1 necessity requires t ! c5tral l9e ( e image t ent]s by small & n>r[ op5+s into a d>k *amb] %all be turn$ upside d[n1 toge!r ) ! images ( ! bodies t surr\nd x4 #hj4 ,,z ,,to ,,:e!r ,,! ,,c5tral ,,l9e ,,( ,,! ,,image ,,c ,,be ,,int]sect$1 ,,or ,,n1 ,,)9 ,,! ,,op5+4 ,x is impossible t ! l9e %\ld int]sect itself2 t is1 t its "r %\ld cross ov] to its left side1 & s1 its left side become its "r side4 ,because su* an int]section dem&s two l9es1 "o f ea* side2 = !re c be no motion f "r to left or f left to "r 9 itself )\t su* ext5sion & ?ickness z admit ( su* motion4 ,& if !re is ext5sion x is no long] a l9e b a surface1 & we are inve/igat+ ! prop]ties ( a l9e1 & n ( a surface4 ,& z ! l9e1 hav+ no c5tre ( ?ickness _c be divid$1 we mu/ conclude t ! l9e c h no sides to int]sect ea* o!r4 ,?is is prov$ by ! movem5t ( ! l9e a f to a b & ( ! l9e e b to e f1 :i* are ! sides ( ! surface a f e b4 ,b if y move ! l9e a b & ! l9e e f1 ) ! front5ds a e1 to ! spot c1 y w h mov$ ! opposite ends f b t[>ds ea* o!r at ! po9t d4 ,& f ! two l9es y w h drawn ! /raight l9e c d :i* cuts ! middle ( ! int]section ( ^! two l9es at ! po9t n )\t any int]section4 ,=1 y imag9e ^! two l9es z hav+ bread?1 x is evid5t t by ?is motion ! fir/ w entirely cov] ! o!r--be+ equal ) x--)\t any int]section1 9 ! position c d4 ,& ?is is suffici5t to prove our proposition4 #ha4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,innum]able ,,rays ,,f ,,innum]able ,,images ,,c ,,conv]ge ,,to ,a ,,po9t4 ,j z all l9es c meet at a po9t )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r--be+ )\t bread? or ?ickness--9 ! same way all ! images ( surfaces c meet !re2 & z ea* giv5 po9t faces ! object opposite to x & ea* object faces an opposite po9t1 ! conv]g+ rays ( ! image c pass ?r\gh ! po9t & div]ge aga9 beyond x to reproduce & re-magnify ! real size ( t image4 ,b _! impressions w appe> rev]s$--z is %[n 9 ! fir/1 above2 :]e x is said t e image int]sects z x ent]s ! n>r[ op5+s made 9 a v ?9 sub/ance4 ,read ! m>g9al text on ! o!r side4 ,9 proportion z ! op5+ is small] ?an ! %ad$ body1 s mu* less w ! images transmitt$ ?r\gh ?is op5+ int]sect ea* o!r4 ,! sides ( images :i* pass ?r\gh op5+s into a d>k room int]sect at a po9t :i* is ne>] to ! op5+ 9 proportion z ! op5+ is n>r[]4 ,to prove ?is let a b be an object 9 light & %ade :i* s5ds n its %ad[ b ! image ( its d>k5$ =m ?r\gh ! op5+ d e :i* is z wide z ?is %ad$ body2 & its sides a b1 be+ /raight l9es 7z has be5 prov$7 mu/ int]sect betwe5 ! %ad$ object & ! op5+2 b ne>] to ! op5+ 9 proportion z x is small] ?an ! object 9 %ade4 ,z is %[n1 on y\r "r h& & y\r left h&1 9 ! two diagrams a b c n m o :]e1 ! "r op5+ d e1 be+ equal 9 wid? to ! %ad$ object a b1 ! int]section ( ! sides ( ! said %ad$ object occurs half way betwe5 ! op5+ & ! %ad$ object at ! po9t c4 ,b ?is _c happ5 9 ! left h& figure1 ! op5+ o be+ mu* small] ?an ! %ad$ object n m4 ,x is impossible t ! images ( objects %\ld be se5 betwe5 ! objects & ! op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! images ( ^! bodies are admitt$2 & ?is is pla91 because :]e ! atmosph]e is illum9at$ ^! images are n =m$ visibly4 ,:5 ! images are made d\ble by mutually cross+ ea* o!r !y are inv>iably d\bly z d>k 9 tone4 ,to prove ?is let d e h be su* a d\bl+ :i* al?\gh x is only se5 )9 ! space betwe5 ! bodies 9 b & i ?is w n h9d] its be+ se5 f f g or f f m2 be+ compos$ ( ! images a b i k :i* run toge!r 9 d e h4 ,footnote3 #ha4 ,on ! orig9al diagram at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] ,leon>do has writt5 azurro 7blue7 :]e 9 ! facsimile ,i h m>k$ ,a1 & giallo 7yell[7 :]e ,b /&s4 ,footnote3 #ae--bc4 ,^! l9es /& betwe5 ! diagrams ,i & ,,iii4 ,footnote3 #bd--ec4 ,^! l9es /& betwe5 ! diagrams ,i & ,,ii4 ,footnote3 #ed--ig are writt5 along ! left side ( diagram ,i4 #hb4 ,an exp]im5t %[+ t ?\gh ! pupil may n be mov$ f its position ! objects se5 by x may appe> to move f _! places4 ,if y look at an object at "s di/ance f y & :i* is bel[ ! eye1 & fix bo? y\r eyes ^u x & ) "o h& firmly hold ! upp] lid op5 :ile ) ! o!r y pu% up ! "u lid--/ill keep+ y\r eyes fix$ on ! object gaz$ at--y w see t object d\ble2 "o image rema9+ /eady1 & ! o!r mov+ 9 a contr>y direction to ! pressure ( y\r f+] on ! l[] eyelid4 ,h[ false ! op9ion is ( ^? :o say t ?is happ5s because ! pupil ( ! eye is displac$ f its position4 ,h[ ! above m5tion$ facts prove t ! pupil acts upside d[n 9 see+4 ,footnote3 #hb4 #ad--ag4 ,! subject indicat$ by ^! two head+s is fully discuss$ 9 ! two *apt]s t foll[ !m 9 ! orig9al2 b x did n seem to me appropriate to include !m "h4 ,demo/ration ( p]spective by means ( a v]tical glass plane 7#hc-he74 #hc4 ,,( ,,! ,,plane ,,( ,,glass4 ,p]spective is no?+ else ?an see+ place or objects beh9d a plane ( glass1 q transp>5t1 on ! surface ( :i* ! objects beh9d t glass are to be drawn4 ,^! c be trac$ 9 pyramids to ! po9t 9 ! eye1 & ^! pyramids are int]sect$ on ! glass plane4 #hd4 ,pictorial p]spective c nev] make an object at ! same di/ance1 look ( ! same size z x appe>s to ! eye4 ,y see t ! apex ( ! pyramid f c d is z f> f ! object c d z ! same po9t f is f ! object a b2 & yet c d1 :i* is ! base made by ! pa9t]'s po9t1 is small] ?an a b :i* is ! base ( ! l9es f ! objects conv]g+ 9 ! eye & refract$ at s t1 ! surface ( ! eye4 ,?is may be prov$ by exp]im5t1 by ! l9es ( vision & !n by ! l9es ( ! pa9t]'s plumbl9e by cutt+ ! real l9es ( vision on "o & ! same plane & measur+ on x "o & ! same object4 #he4 ,,p]spective4 ,! v]tical plane is a p]p5dicul> l9e1 imag9$ z 9 front ( ! c5tral po9t :]e ! apex ( ! pyramids conv]ge4 ,& ?is plane be>s ! same relation to ?is po9t z a plane ( glass w\ld1 ?r\gh :i* y might see ! v>i\s objects & draw !m on x4 ,& ! objects ?us drawn w\ld be small] ?an ! orig9als1 9 proportion z ! di/ance betwe5 ! glass & ! eye 0 small] ?an t betwe5 ! glass & ! objects4 ,,p]spective4 ,! diff]5t conv]g+ pyramids produc$ by ! objects1 w %[1 on ! plane1 ! v>i\s sizes & remot5ess ( ! objects caus+ !m4 ,,p]spective4 ,all ^? horizontal planes ( :i* ! extremes are met by p]p5dicul> l9es =m+ "r angles1 if !y are ( equal wid? ! m !y rise to ! level ( eye ! less ?is is se51 & ! m ! eye is above !m ! m w _! real wid? be se54 ,,p]spective4 ,! f>!r a sph]ical body is f ! eye ! m y w see ( x4 ,! angle ( sight v>ies ) ! di/ance 7#hf-hh7 #hf4 ,a simple & natural me?od2 %[+ h[ objects appe> to ! eye )\t any o!r m$ium4 ,! object t is ne>e/ to ! eye always seems l>g] ?an ano!r ( ! same size at great] di/ance4 ,! eye m1 see+ ! spaces o v x1 h>dly detects ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & !4 reason ( ?is is t x is close to !m ,footnote #f3 ,x is q inconceivable to me :y ,m4 ,,ravaisson1 9 a note to 8 ,fr5* translation ( ?is simple passage %\ld h rem>k$3 ,il e/ clair que c'e/ p> erreur que ,leon>d a crit p] ess] vis9o au lieu de p] non ess] vis9o4 7,see 8 pr9t$ ed4 ( ,,ms4 ,a4 p4 #ch472 b if ^! spaces are m>k$ on ! v]tical plane n o ! space o v w be se5 at o r1 & 9 ! same way ! space v x w appe> at r q4 ,& if y c>ry ?is out 9 any place :]e y c walk r\nd1 x w look out ( proportion by reason ( ! great diff]5ce 9 ! spaces o r & r q4 ,& ?is proce$s f ! eye be+ s mu* bel[ ne> ! plane t ! plane is =e%ort5$4 ,h5ce1 if y want$ to c>ry x out1 y w\ld h to arrange to see ! p]spective ?r\gh a s+le hole :i* mu/ be at ! po9t m1 or else y mu/ g to a di/ance ( at lea/ #c times ! height ( ! object y see4 ,! plane o p be+ always equally remote f ! eye w reproduce ! objects 9 a satisfactory way1 s t !y may be se5 f place to place4 #hg4 ,h[ e l>ge mass s5ds =? its images1 :i* may dim9i% ?r\gh inf9ity4 ,! images ( any l>ge mass be+ inf9itely divisible may be inf9itely dim9i%$4 #hh4 ,objects ( equal size1 situat$ 9 v>i\s places1 w be se5 by diff]5t pyramids :i* w ea* be small] 9 proportion z ! object is f>!r (f4 #hi4 ,p]spective1 9 deal+ ) di/ances1 makes use ( two opposite pyramids1 "o ( :i* has its apex 9 ! eye & ! base z di/ant z ! horizon4 ,! o!r has ! base t[>ds ! eye & ! apex on ! horizon4 ,n[1 ! fir/ includes ! visible univ]se1 embrac+ all ! mass ( ! objects t lie 9 front ( ! eye2 z x might be a va/ l&scape se5 ?r\gh a v small op5+2 = ! m remote ! objects are f ! eye1 ! great] numb] c be se5 ?r\gh ! op5+1 & ?us ! pyramid is con/ruct$ ) ! base on ! horizon & ! apex 9 ! eye1 z has be5 said4 ,! second pyramid is ext5d$ to a spot :i* is small] 9 proportion z x is f>!r f ! eye2 & ?is second p]spective pyramid results f ! fir/4 #ij4 ,,simple ,,p]spective4 ,simple p]spective is t :i* is con/ruct$ by art on a v]tical plane :i* is equally di/ant f ! eye 9 e "p4 ,complex p]spective is t :i* is con/ruct$ on a gr\nd-plan 9 :i* none ( ! p>ts are equally di/ant f ! eye4 #ia4 ,,p]spective4 ,no surface c be se5 exactly z x is1 if ! eye t sees x is n equally remote f all its edges4 #ib4 ,,:y ,,:5 ,,an ,,object ,,is ,,plac$ ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,eye ,,its ,,edges ,,are ,,indi/9ct4 ,:5 an object opposite ! eye is br\ght too close to x1 its edges mu/ become too confus$ to be di/+ui%$2 z x happ5s ) objects close to a light1 :i* ca/ a l>ge & indi/9ct %ad[1 s is x ) an eye :i* e/imates objects opposite to x2 9 all cases ( l9e> p]spective1 ! eye acts 9 ! same way z ! light4 ,& ! reason is t ! eye has "o lead+ l9e 7( vision7 :i* dilates ) di/ance & embraces ) true disc]nm5t l>ge objects at a di/ance z well z small ones t are close4 ,b s9ce ! eye s5ds out a multitude ( l9es :i* surr\nd ?is *ief c5tral "o & s9ce ^! :i* are f>!/ f ! c5tre 9 ?is cone ( l9es are less able to disc]n ) accuracy1 x foll[s t an object br\ght close to ! eye is n at a due di/ance1 b is too ne> = ! c5tral l9e to be able to disc]n ! outl9es ( ! object4 ,s ! edges fall )9 ! l9es ( weak] disc]n+ p[]1 & ^! are to ! function ( ! eye l dogs 9 ! *ase :i* c put up ! game b _c take x4 ,?us ^! _c take 9 ! objects1 b induce ! c5tral l9e ( sight to turn ^u !m1 :5 !y h put !m up4 ,h5ce ! objects :i* are se5 ) ^! l9es ( sight h confus$ outl9es4 ,! relative size ( objects ) reg>d to _! di/ance f ! eye 7#ic-ih74 #ic4 ,,p]spective4 ,small objects close at h& & l>ge ones at a di/ance1 be+ se5 )9 equal angles1 w appe> ( ! same size4 #id4 ,,p]spective4 ,!re is no object s l>ge b t at a great di/ance f ! eye x does n appe> small] ?an a small] object ne>4 #ie4 ,among objects ( equal size t :i* is mo/ remote f ! eye w look ! smalle/4 ,footnote3 ,?is axiom1 suffici5tly cle> 9 itself1 is 9 ! orig9al illu/rat$ by a v l>ge diagram1 con/ruct$ l t "h reproduc$ "u ,no4 #ajh4 ,! same idea is repeat$ 9 ,c4 ,a4 ,i a2 ,i a1 /at$ z foll[s3 ,infra le cose d'equal gr&eza quella si dimo/ra di m9or figura *e s>a pi di/ante dall' o*io4-- #if4 ,:y an object is less di/9ct :5 br\ght ne> to ! eye1 & :y ) spectacles1 or )\t ! nak$ eye sees badly ei!r close or f> (f z ! case may be4 #ig4 ,,p]spective4 ,among objects ( equal size1 t :i* is mo/ remote f ! eye w look ! smalle/4 #ih4 ,,p]spective4 ,no second object c be s mu* l[] ?an ! fir/ z t ! eye w n see x high] ?an ! fir/1 if ! eye is above ! second4 ,,p]spective4 ,& ?is second object w nev] be s mu* high] ?an ! fir/ z t ! eye1 be+ bel[ !m1 w n see ! second z l[] ?an ! fir/4 ,,p]spective4 ,if ! eye sees a second squ>e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a small] "o1 t is ne>]1 ! second1 l>g] squ>e w appe> to be surr\nd$ by ! small] "o4 ,,p]spective--,,proposition4 ,objects t are f>!r (f c nev] be s l>ge b t ^? 9 front1 ?\gh small]1 w conceal or surr\nd !m4 ,,def9ition4 ,?is proposition c be prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,= if y look ?r\gh a small hole !re is no?+ s l>ge t x _c be se5 ?r\gh x & ! object s se5 appe>s surr\nd$ & enclos$ by ! outl9e ( ! sides ( ! hole4 ,& if y /op x up1 ?is small /opp+ w conceal ! view ( ! l>ge/ object4 ,! app>5t size ( objects def9$ by calculation 7#ii-aje7 #ii4 ,,( ,,l9e> ,,p]spective4 ,l9e> ,p]spective deals ) ! action ( ! l9es ( sight1 9 prov+ by measurem5t h[ mu* small] is a second object ?an ! fir/1 & h[ mu* ! ?ird is small] ?an ! second2 & s on by degrees to ! end ( ?+s visible4 ,i f9d by exp]i5ce t if a second object is z f> beyond ! fir/ z ! fir/ is f ! eye1 al?\gh !y are ( ! same size1 ! second w seem half ! size ( ! fir/ & if ! ?ird object is ( ! same size z ! #bnd1 & ! #crd is z f> beyond ! second z ! #bnd f ! fir/1 x w appe> ( half ! size ( ! second2 & s on by degrees1 at equal di/ances1 ! next f>!/ w be half ! size ( ! =m] object4 ,s long z ! space does n exce$ ! l5g? ( #bj braccia4 ,b1 beyond #bj braccia figures ( equal size w lose #b_/d & at #dj braccia !y w lose #i_/aj1 & #ai_/bj at #fj braccia1 & s on dim9i%+ by degrees4 ,?is is if ! picture plane is di/ant f y twice y\r own height4 ,if x is only z f> (f z y\r own height1 !re w be a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ braccia & ! second4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] is includ$ 9 ,,dufresne',s & ,,manzi',s editions ( ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+4 ,h4 ,,ludwig1 9 8 comm5t>y1 calls ?is *apt] e9es d] wi*tig/5 im ganz5 ,tractat1 b at ! same "t he ass]ts t its sub/ance has be5 s completely disfigur$ 9 ! be/ ,,ms4 copies t we ought n to reg>d ,leon>do z responsible = x4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ?is *apt]1 ! old ,,ms4 copies agree ) ! orig9al z x is reproduc$ above4 ,f ! *apt]s giv5 lat] 9 ?is edition1 :i* 7 writt5 at a subsequ5t date1 x w\ld appe> t ,leon>do correct$ himself on ^! po9ts4 #ajj4 ,,( ,,! ,,dim9ution ,,( ,,objects ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,di/ances4 ,a second object z f> di/ant f ! fir/ z ! fir/ is f ! eye w appe> half ! size ( ! fir/1 ?\gh !y be ( ! same size really4 ,,( ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,dim9ution4 ,if y place ! v]tical plane at "o braccio f ! eye1 ! fir/ object1 be+ at a di/ance ( #d braccia f y\r eye w dim9i% to #c_/d ( its height at t plane2 & if x is #h braccia f ! eye1 to #g_/h2 & if x is #af braccia (f1 x w dim9i% to #ae_/af ( its height & s on by degrees1 z ! space d\bles ! dim9ution w d\ble4 #aja4 ,beg9 f ! l9e m f ) ! eye bel[2 !n g up & d ! same ) ! l9e n f1 !n ) ! eye above & close to ! #b gauges on ! gr\nd look at m n2 !n z c m is to m n s w n m be to n s4 ,if a n goes #c times into f b1 m p w d ! same into p g4 ,!n g backw>ds s f> z t c d goes twice into a n & p g w be equal to g h4 ,& m p w g into h p z (t5 z d c into o p4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ ?ree l9es are un=tunately v obscure4 #ajb4 ,i ,,give ,,! ,,degrees ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,se5 ,,by ,,! ,,eye ,,z ,,! ,,musician ,,does ,,! ,,notes ,,he>d ,,by ,,! ,,e>4 ,al?\gh ! objects se5 by ! eye d1 9 fact1 t\* ea* o!r z !y rec$e1 ,i w nev]!less f\nd my rule on spaces ( #bj braccia ea*2 z a musician does ) notes1 :i*1 ?\gh !y c be c>ri$ on "o into ! next1 he divides into degrees f note to note call+ !m #a/1 #bnd1 #crd1 #d?1 #e?2 & has affix$ a "n to ea* degree 9 rais+ or l[]+ ! voice4 #ajc4 ,,p]spective4 ,let f be ! level & di/ance ( ! eye2 & a ! v]tical plane1 z high z a man2 let e be a man1 !n ,i say t on ! plane ?is w be ! di/ance f ! plane to ! #bnd man4 #ajd4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! dim9ution ( objects ( equal size 9 consequ5ce ( _! v>i\s remot5ess f ! eye w be> among !mselves ! same proportions z ^? ( ! spaces betwe5 ! eye & ! diff]5t objects4 ,f9d out h[ mu* a man dim9i%es at a c]ta9 di/ance & :at its l5g? is2 & !n at twice t di/ance & at #c times1 & s make y\r g5]al rule4 #aje4 ,! eye _c judge :]e an object high up ought to desc5d4 #ajf4 ,,p]spective4 ,if two simil> & equal objects are plac$ "o beyond ! o!r at a giv5 di/ance ! diff]5ce 9 _! size w appe> great] 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to ! eye t sees !m4 ,& conv]sely !re w seem to be less diff]5ce 9 _! size 9 proportion z !y are remote f ! eve4 ,?is is prov$ by ! proportions ( _! di/ances among !mselves2 =1 if ! fir/ ( ^! two objects 7 z f> f ! eye1 z ! #bnd f ! fir/ ?is w\ld be call$ ! second proportion3 s9ce1 if ! fir/ is at #a braccia f ! eye & ! #bnd at two braccia1 two be+ twice z mu* z "o1 ! fir/ object w look twice z l>ge z ! second4 ,b if y place ! fir/ at a hundr$ braccia f y & ! second at a hundr$ & "o1 y w f9d t ! fir/ is only s mu* l>g] ?an ! second z #ajj is less ?an #aja2 & ! conv]se is equally true4 ,& aga91 ! same ?+ is prov$ by ! #d? ( ?is book :i* %[s t among objects t are equal1 !re is ! same proportion 9 ! dim9ution ( ! size z 9 ! increase 9 ! di/ance f ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,on natural p]spective 7#ajg--aji74 #ajg4 ,,( ,,equal ,,objects ,,! ,,mo/ ,,remote ,,look ,,! ,,smalle/4 ,! practice ( p]spective may be divid$ into 444 p>ts ,footnote #d3 9 444 p>te4 ,! space = ! numb] is left blank 9 ! orig9al41 ( :i* ! fir/ treats ( objects se5 by ! eye at any di/ance2 & x %[s all ^! objects j z ! eye sees !m dim9i%$1 )\t oblig+ a man to /& 9 "o place r ?an ano!r s long z ! plane does n produce a second =e%ort5+4 ,b ! second practice is a comb9ation ( p]spective d]iv$ p>tly f art & p>tly f nature & ! "w done by its rules is 9 e portion ( x1 influ5c$ by natural p]spective & artificial p]spective4 ,by natural p]spective ,i mean t ! plane on :i* ?is p]spective is repres5t$ is a flat surface1 & ?is plane1 al?\gh x is p>allel bo? 9 l5g? & height1 is =c$ to dim9i% 9 its remot] p>ts m ?an 9 its ne>] ones4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! fir/ ( :at has be5 said above1 & its dim9ution is natural4 ,b artificial p]spective1 t is t :i* is devis$ by art1 does ! contr>y2 = objects equal 9 size increase on ! plane :]e x is =e%ort5$ 9 proportion z ! eye is m natural & ne>] to ! plane1 & z ! "p ( ! plane on :i* x is figur$ is f>!r f ! eye4 ,& let ?is plane be d e on :i* are se5 #c equal circles :i* are beyond ?is plane d e1 t is ! circles a b c4 ,n[ y see t ! eye h sees on ! v]tical plane ! sections ( ! images1 l>ge/ ( ^? t are f>!/ & smalle/ ( ! ne>e/4 #ajh4 ,"h foll[s :at is want+ 9 ! m>g9 at ! foot on ! o!r side ( ?is page4 ,natural p]spective acts 9 a contr>y way2 =1 at great] di/ances ! object se5 appe>s small]1 & at a small] di/ance ! object appe>s l>g]4 ,b ?is said inv5tion requires ! spectator to /& ) 8 eye at a small hole & !n1 at t small hole1 x w be v pla94 ,b s9ce _m 7m5's7 eyes endeav\r at ! same "t to see "o & ! same picture produc$ by ?is artifice only "o c see cle>ly ! effect ( ?is p]spective & all ! o!rs w see confusion4 ,x is well !re=e to avoid su* complex p]spective & hold to simple p]spective :i* does n reg>d planes z =e%ort5$1 b z mu* z possible 9 _! prop] =m4 ,?is simple p]spective1 9 :i* ! plane int]sects ! pyramids by :i* ! images are convey$ to ! eye at an equal di/ance f ! eye is our con/ant exp]i5ce1 f ! curv$ =m ( ! pupil ( ! eye on :i* ! pyramids are int]sect$ at an equal di/ance f ! visual virtue4 ,footnote #bd3 la prima di sopra i4 e4 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree diagrams :i*1 9 ! orig9al ,,ms41 are plac$ 9 ! m>g9 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 #aji4 ,,( ,a ,,mixture ,,( ,,natural ,,& ,,artificial ,,p]spective4 ,?is diagram di/+ui%es natural f artificial p]spective4 ,b be=e proce$+ any f>!r ,i w def9e :at is natural & :at is artificial p]spective4 ,natural p]spective says t ! m remote ( a s]ies ( objects ( equal size w look ! small]1 & conv]sely1 ! ne>] w look ! l>g] & ! app>5t size w dim9i% 9 proportion to ! di/ance4 ,b 9 artificial p]spective :5 objects ( unequal size are plac$ at v>i\s di/ances1 ! smalle/ is ne>] to ! eye ?an ! l>ge/ & ! greate/ di/ance looks z ?\gh x 7 ! lea/ ( all2 & ! cause ( ?is is ! plane on :i* ! objects are repres5t$2 & :i* is at unequal di/ances f ! eye ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,& ?is dim9ution ( ! plane is natural1 b ! p]spective %[n ^u x is artificial s9ce x n[h]e agrees ) ! true dim9ution ( ! said plane4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t :5 ! eye is some:at remov$ f ! /ation po9t ( ! p]spective t x has be5 gaz+ at1 all ! objects repres5t$ look mon/r\s1 & ?is does n occur 9 natural p]spective1 :i* has be5 def9$ above4 ,let u say !n1 t ! squ>e a b c d figur$ above is =e%ort5$ be+ se5 by ! eye situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! side :i* is 9 front4 ,b a mixture ( artificial & natural p]spective w be se5 9 ?is tetragon call$ el ma9 ,footnote #bj3 el ma9 is q legibly writt5 9 ! orig9al2 ! mean+ & d]ivation ( ! ^w are equally d\btful41 t is to say e f g h :i* mu/ appe> to ! eye ( ! spectator to be equal to a b c d s long z ! eye rema9s 9 its fir/ position betwe5 c & d4 ,& ?is w be se5 to h a good effect1 because ! natural p]spective ( ! plane w conceal ! defects :i* w\ld o!rwise seem mon/r\s4 ,,iii4 ,six books on ,light & ,%ade4 ,l9e> ,p]spective _c be imm$iately foll[$ by ei!r ! prospettiva de' p]dim5ti or ! prospettiva de' colori or ! a]ial p]spective2 s9ce ^! bran*es ( ! subject presuppose a k ( ! pr9ciples ( ,light & ,%ade4 ,no apology1 !re=e1 is "h ne$$ = plac+ ^! imm$iately aft] ,l9e> ,p]spective4 ,we h v>i\s plans sugge/$ by ,leon>do = ! arrangem5t ( ! mass ( mat]ials treat+ ( ?is subject4 ,among ^! ,i h giv5 ! pref]5ce to a s*eme prop\nd$ 9 ,no4 ,,iii1 because1 9 all probability1 we h "h a f9al & def9ite purpose express$4 ,sev]al au?ors h express$ x z _! op9ion t ! ,p>is ,manuscript ,c is a complete & f9i%$ treatise on ,light & ,%ade4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,light & ,%ade =m by f> ! l>g] portion ( ?is ,,ms4 :i* consi/s ( two sep>ate p>ts2 /ill1 ! mat]ials are f> f be+ f9ally arrang$4 ,x is also evid5t t he "h inve/igates ! subject f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,physici/ r ?an f t ( ! ,pa9t]4 ,! plan ( a s*eme ( arrangem5t sugge/$ 9 ,no4 ,,iii & adopt$ by me has be5 /rictly adh]$ to = ! fir/ f\r ,books4 ,= ! ?ree la/1 h[ev]1 few mat]ials h come d[n to u2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! ?ree ,books w\ld f9d a f> m appropriate place 9 a "w on ,physics ?an 9 a treatise on ,pa9t+4 ,= ?is reason ,i h collect$ 9 ,book ,v all ! *apt]s on ,reflections1 & 9 ,book ,,vi ,i h put toge!r & arrang$ all ! sections ( ,,ms4 ,c t belong to ! book on ,pa9t+1 s f> z !y relate to ,light & ,%ade1 :ile ! sections ( ! same ,,ms4 :i* treat ( ! ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti h1 ( c\rse1 be5 exclud$ f ! s]ies on ,light & ,%ade4 ,footnote ,,iii3 ,?is text has already be5 publi%$ ) "s slight v>iations 9 ,dozio's pamphlet ,degli scritti e disegni di ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,milan #ahga1 pp4 #cj--ca4 ,dozio did n transcribe x f ! orig9al ,,ms4 :i* seems to h rema9$ unkn[n to him1 b f an old copy 7,,ms4 ,h4 #bbg 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y74 ,,g5]al ,,introduction4 ,prolegom5a4 #aaj4 ,y mu/ fir/ expla9 ! !ory & !n ! practice4 ,fir/ y mu/ describe ! %ad[s & lights on opaque objects1 & !n on transp>5t bodies4 ,s*eme ( ! books on ,light & %ade4 #aaa4 ,,introduction4 ,hav+ already treat$ ( ! nature ( %ad[s & ! way 9 :i* !y are ca/ ,footnote #b3 ,av5do io tractato4--,we may suppose t he "h ref]s to "s p>ticul> ,,ms41 possibly ,p>is ,c41 ,i w n[ consid] ! places on :i* !y fall2 & _! curvature1 obliquity1 flatness or1 9 %ort1 any "* ,i may be able to detect 9 !m4 ,%ad[ is ! ob/ruction ( light4 ,%ad[s appe> to me to be ( supreme importance 9 p]spective1 because1 )\t !m opaque & solid bodies w be ill def9$2 t :i* is conta9$ )9 _! outl9es & _! b\nd>ies !mselves w be ill-und]/ood unless !y are %[n aga9/ a backgr\nd ( a diff]5t tone f !mselves4 ,& !re=e 9 my fir/ proposition conc]n+ %ad[ ,i /ate t e opaque body is surr\nd$ & its :ole surface envelop$ 9 %ad[ & light4 ,& on ?is proposition ,i build up ! fir/ ,book4 ,besides ?is1 %ad[s h 9 !mselves v>i\s degrees ( d>kness1 because !y are caus$ by ! abs5ce ( a v>iable am\nt ( ! lum9\s rays2 & ^! ,i call ,prim>y %ad[s because !y are ! fir/1 & insep>able f ! object to :i* !y belong4 ,& on ?is ,i w f\nd my second ,book4 ,f ^! prim>y %ad[s !re result c]ta9 %ad$ rays :i* are diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e & ^! v>y 9 "* accord+ to t ( ! prim>y %ad[s :5ce !y are d]iv$4 ,i %all !re=e call ^! %ad[s ,d]iv$ %ad[s because !y are produc$ by o!r %ad[s2 & ! ?ird ,book w treat ( ^!4 ,aga9 ^! d]iv$ %ad[s1 :]e !y are int]cept$ by v>i\s objects1 produce effects z v>i\s z ! places :]e !y are ca/ & ( ?is ,i w treat 9 ! f\r? ,book4 ,& s9ce all r\nd ! d]iv$ %ad[s1 :]e ! d]iv$ %ad[s are int]cept$1 !re is always a space :]e ! light falls & by reflect$ disp]sion is ?r[n back t[>ds its cause1 x meets ! orig9al %ad[ & m+les ) x & modifies x some:at 9 its nature2 & on ?is ,i w compose my fif? ,book4 ,besides ?is1 9 ! six? ,book ,i w inve/igate ! _m & v>i\s div]sities ( reflections result+ f ^! rays :i* w modify ! orig9al %ad[ by imp>t+ "s ( ! v>i\s col\rs f ! diff]5t objects :5ce ^! reflect$ rays are d]iv$4 ,aga91 ! sev5? ,book w treat ( ! v>i\s di/ances t may exi/ betwe5 ! spot :]e ! reflect$ rays fall & t :]e !y orig9ate1 & ! v>i\s %ades ( col\r :i* !y w acquire 9 fall+ on opaque bodies4 ,diff]5t pr9ciples & plans ( treatm5t 7#aab--aaf74 #aab4 ,fir/ ,i w treat ( light fall+ ?r\gh w9d[s :i* ,i w call ,re/rict$ ,light & !n ,i w treat ( light 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 to :i* ,i w give ! "n ( diffus$ ,light4 ,!n ,i w treat ( ! light ( lum9\s bodies4 #aac4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! conditions ( %ad[ & light z se5 by ! eye are #c4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is :5 ! eye & ! light are on ! same side ( ! object se52 ! #bnd is :5 ! eye is 9 front ( ! object & ! light is beh9d x4 ,! #crd is :5 ! eye is 9 front ( ! object & ! light is on "o side1 9 su* a way z t a l9e drawn f ! object to ! eye & "o f ! object to ! light %\ld =m a "r angle :]e !y meet4 #aad4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,?is is ano!r section3 t is1 ( ! nature ( a reflection 7f7 an object plac$ betwe5 ! eye & ! light "u v>i\s aspects4 #aae4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,z reg>ds all visible objects #c ?+s mu/ be consid]$4 ,^! are ! position ( ! eye :i* sees3 t ( ! object se5 ) reg>d to ! light1 & ! position ( ! light :i* illum9ates ! object1 b is ! eye1 a ! object se51 c ! light1 a is ! eye1 b ! illum9at+ body1 c is ! illum9at$ object4 #aaf4 ,let a be ! light1 b ! eye1 c ! object se5 by ! eye & 9 ! light4 ,^! %[1 fir/1 ! eye betwe5 ! light & ! body2 ! #bnd1 ! light betwe5 ! eye & ! body2 ! #crd ! body betwe5 ! eye & ! light1 a is ! eye1 b ! illum9at$ object1 c ! light4 #aag4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,light ,,t ,,illum9ate ,,opaque ,,bodies4 ,! fir/ k9d ( ,light :i* may illum9ate opaque bodies is call$ ,direct light--z t ( ! sun or any o!r light f a w9d[ or flame4 ,! second is ,diffus$ univ]sal light1 su* z we see 9 cl\dy wea!r or 9 mi/ & ! l4 ,! #crd is ,subdu$ light1 t is :5 ! sun is entirely bel[ ! horizon1 ei!r 9 ! ev5+ or morn+4 #aah4 ,,( ,,light4 ,! lights :i* may illum9ate opaque bodies are ( #d k9ds4 ,^! are3 diffus$ light z t ( ! atmosph]e1 )9 our horizon4 ,& ,direct1 z t ( ! sun1 or ( a w9d[ or door or o!r op5+4 ,! ?ird is ,reflect$ light2 & !re is a #d? :i* is t :i* passes ?r\gh semi transp>5t bodies1 z l95 or pap] or ! l1 b n transp>5t l glass1 or cry/al1 or o!r diaphan\s bodies1 :i* produce ! same effect z ?\gh no?+ int]v5$ betwe5 ! %ad$ object & ! light t falls ^u x2 & ?is we w discuss fully 9 our disc\rse4 ,def9ition ( ! nature ( %ad[s 7#aai--abb74 #aai4 ,,:at ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[ ,,are4 ,%ad[ is ! abs5ce ( light1 m]ely ! ob/ruction ( ! lum9\s rays by an opaque body4 ,%ad[ is ( ! nature ( d>kness4 ,light on an object is ( ! nature ( a lum9\s body2 "o conceals & ! o!r reveals4 ,!y are always associat$ & insep>able f all objects4 ,b %ad[ is a m p[]ful ag5t ?an light1 = x c imp$e & entirely deprive bodies ( _! light1 :ile light c nev] entirely expel %ad[ f a body1 t is f an opaque body4 #abj4 ,%ad[ is ! dim9ution ( light by ! int]v5tion ( an opaque body4 ,%ad[ is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! lum9\s rays :i* are cut (f by an opaque body4 ,?is is prov$ because ! %ad[ ca/ is ! same 9 %ape & size z ! lum9\s rays 7 :i* are trans=m$ into a %ad[4 #aba4 ,%ad[ is ! dim9ution alike ( light & ( d>kness1 & /&s betwe5 d>kness & light4 ,a %ad[ may be inf9itely d>k1 & also ( inf9ite degrees ( abs5ce ( d>kness4 ,! beg9n+s & ends ( %ad[ lie betwe5 ! light & d>kness & may be inf9itely dim9i%$ & inf9itely increas$4 ,%ad[ is ! means by :i* bodies display _! =m4 ,! =ms ( bodies c\ld n be und]/ood 9 detail b = %ad[4 #abb4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,%ad[ p>takes ( ! nature ( univ]sal matt]4 ,all su* matt]s are m p[]ful 9 _! beg9n+ & gr[ weak] t[>ds ! end1 ,i say at ! beg9n+1 :atev] _! =m or condition may be & :e!r visible or invisible4 ,& x is n f small beg9n+s t !y gr[ to a great size 9 "t2 z x might be a great oak :i* has a feeble beg9n+ f a small acorn4 ,yet ,i may say t ! oak is mo/ p[]ful at its beg9n+1 t is :]e x spr+s f ! e>?1 :i* is :]e x is l>ge/ 7,to return37 ,d>kness1 !n1 is ! /ronge/ degree ( %ad[ & light is its lea/4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]1 make y\r %ad[ d>ke/ close to ! object t ca/s x1 & make ! end ( x fad+ into light1 seem+ to h no end4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( %ad[s4 7#abc-abe74 #abc4 ,d>kness is abs5ce ( light4 ,%ad[ is dim9ution ( light4 ,primitive %ad[ is t :i* is insep>able f a body n 9 ! light4 ,d]iv$ %ad[ is t :i* is dis5gag$ f a body 9 %ad[ & p]vades ! air4 ,a ca/ transp>5t %ad[ is t :i* is surr\nd$ by an illum9at$ surface4 ,a simple %ad[ is "o :i* receives no light f ! lum9\s body :i* causes x4 ,a simple %ad[ beg9s )9 ! l9e :i* />ts f ! edge ( ! lum9\s body a b4 #abd4 ,a simple %ad[ is "o :]e no light at all int]f]es ) x4 ,a comp\nd %ad[ is "o :i* is some:at illum9at$ by "o or m lights4 #abe4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,a ,,%ad[ ,,t ,,is ,,insep>able ,,f ,a ,,body ,,& ,a ,,ca/ ,,%ad[8 ,an insep>able %ad[ is t :i* is nev] abs5t f ! illum9at$ body4 ,z1 = in/ance a ball1 :i* s long z x is 9 ! light always has "o side 9 %ad[ :i* nev] leaves x = any movem5t or *ange ( position 9 ! ball4 ,a sep>ate %ad[ may be & may n be produc$ by ! body itself4 ,suppose ! ball to be "o braccia di/ant f a wall ) a light on ! opposite side ( x2 ?is light w ?r[ ^u ! wall exactly z broad a %ad[ z is to be se5 on ! side ( ! ball t is turn$ t[>ds ! wall4 ,t portion ( ! ca/ %ad[ w n be visible :5 ! light is bel[ ! ball & ! %ad[ is ?r[n up t[>ds ! sky & f9d+ no ob/ruction on its way is lo/4 #abf4 ,,h[ ,,!re ,,are #b ,,k9ds ,,( ,,light1 ,,"o ,,sep>able ,,f1 ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,insep>able ,,f ,,bodies4 ,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( light 7#abf1 #abg74 ,sep>ate light is t :i* falls ^u ! body4 ,insep>able light is ! side ( ! body t is illum9at$ by t light4 ,"o is call$ prim>y1 ! o!r d]iv$4 ,&1 9 ! same way !re are two k9ds ( %ad[3--,"o prim>y & ! o!r d]iv$4 ,! prim>y is t :i* is insep>able f ! body1 ! d]iv$ is t :i* proce$s f ! body convey+ to ! surface ( ! wall ! =m ( ! body caus+ x4 #abg4 ,h[ !re are #b diff]5t k9ds ( light2 "o be+ call$ diffus$1 ! o!r re/rict$4 ,! diffus$ is t :i* freely illum9ates objects4 ,! re/rict$ is t :i* be+ admitt$ ?r\gh an op5+ or w9d[ illum9ates !m on t side only4 ,footnote3 ,at ! spot m>k$ ,a 9 ! fir/ diagram ,leon>do wrote lume co/retto 7re/rict$ light74 ,at ! spot ,b on ! second diagram he wrote lume lib]o 7diffus$ light74 ,g5]al rem>ks 7#abh4 #abi74 #abh4 ,light is ! *as] away ( d>kness4 ,%ade is ! ob/ruction ( light4 ,prim>y light is t :i* falls on objects & causes light & %ade4 ,& d]iv$ lights are ^? portions ( a body :i* are illum9at$ by ! prim>y light4 ,a prim>y %ad[ is t side ( a body on :i* ! light _c fall4 ,! g5]al di/ribution ( %ad[ & light is t sum total ( ! rays ?r[n (f by a %ad$ or illum9at$ body pass+ ?r\gh ! air )\t any int]f]5ce & ! spot :i* int]cepts & cuts (f ! di/ribution ( ! d>k & light rays4 ,& ! eye c be/ di/+ui% ! =ms ( objects :5 x is plac$ betwe5 ! %ad$ & ! illum9at$ p>ts4 #abi4 ,,memor&um ,,( ,,?+s ,i ,,require ,,to ,,h ,,grant$ ,,z ,,axioms ,,9 ,,my ,,explanation ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,i ask to h ?is mu* grant$ me--to ass]t t e ray pass+ ?r\gh air ( equal d5sity ?r\gh\t1 travels 9 a /raight l9e f its cause to ! object or place x falls ^u4 ,,fir/ ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,on ! nature ( light 7#acj4 #aca74 #acj4 ,! reason by :i* we "k t a light radiates f a s+le c5tre is ?is3 ,we pla9ly see t a l>ge light is (t5 mu* broad] ?an "s small object :i* nev]!less--& al?\gh ! rays ( ! l>ge light are mu* m ?an twice ! ext5t ( ! small body--always has its %ad[ ca/ on ! ne>e/ surface v visibly4 ,let c f be a broad light & n be ! object 9 front ( x1 ca/+ a %ad[ on ! plane1 & let a b be ! plane4 ,x is cle> t x is n ! broad light t w ca/ ! %ad[ n on ! plane1 b t ! light has )9 x a c5tre is %[n by ?is exp]im5t4 ,! %ad[ falls on ! plane z is %[n at m o t r4 ,footnote #ac3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 no explanatory text is plac$ aft] ?is title-l9e2 b a space is left = x & ! text beg9n+ at l9e #ae comes next4 ,:y1 to two eyes or 9 front ( two eyes d #c objects appe> z two8 ,:y1 :5 y e/imate ! direction ( an object ) two sights ! ne>] appe>s confus$4 ,i say t ! eye projects an inf9ite numb] ( l9es :i* m+le or jo9 ^? rea*+ x :i* come to x f ! object look$ at4 ,& x is only ! c5tral & s5sible l9e t c disc]n & discrim9ate col\rs & objects2 all ! o!rs are false & illusory4 ,& if y place #b objects at half an arm's l5g? ap>t if ! ne>] ( ! two is close to ! eye its =m w rema9 f> m confus$ ?an t ( ! second2 ! reason is t ! fir/ is ov]come by a great] numb] ( false l9es ?an ! second & s is r5d]$ vague4 ,light acts 9 ! same mann]1 = 9 ! effects ( its l9es 7rays71 & p>ticul>ly 9 p]spective1 x mu* resembles ! eye2 & its c5tral rays are :at ca/ ! true %ad[4 ,:5 ! object 9 front ( x is too quickly ov]come ) dim rays x w ca/ a broad & disproportionate %ad[1 ill def9$2 b :5 ! object :i* is to ca/ ! %ad[ & cuts (f ! rays ne> to ! place :]e ! %ad[ falls1 !n ! %ad[ is di/9ct2 & ! m s 9 proportion z ! light is f> (f1 because at a long di/ance ! c5tral ray is less ov]come by false rays2 because ! l9es f ! eye & ! sol> & o!r lum9\s rays pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e are oblig$ to travel 9 /raight l9es4 ,unless !y are deflect$ by a d5s] or r>] air1 :5 !y w be b5t at "s po9t1 b s long z ! air is free f grossness or moi/ure !y w pres]ve _! direct c\rse1 always c>ry+ ! image ( ! object t int]cepts !m back to _! po9t ( orig94 ,& if ?is is ! eye1 ! int]cept+ object w be se5 by its col\r1 z well z by =m & size4 ,b if ! int]cept+ plane has 9 x "s small p]=ation op5+ into a d>k] *amb]--n d>k] 9 col\r1 b by abs5ce ( light--y w see ! rays ent] ?r\gh ?is hole & transmitt+ to ! plane beyond all ! details ( ! object !y proce$ f bo? z to col\r & =m2 only e ?+ w be upside d[n4 ,b ! size ( ! image :]e ! l9es are recon/ruct$ w be 9 proportion to ! relative di/ance ( ! ap]ture f ! plane on :i* ! l9es fall on "o h& & f _! orig9 on ! o!r4 ,!re !y int]sect & =m #b pyramids ) _! po9t meet+ a common apex & _! bases opposite4 ,let a b be ! po9t ( orig9 ( ! l9es1 d e ! fir/ plane1 & c ! ap]ture ) ! int]section ( ! l9es2 f g is ! inn] plane4 ,y w f9d t a falls ^u ! inn] plane bel[ at g1 & b :i* is bel[ w g up to ! spot f2 x w be q evid5t to exp]im5t]s t e lum9\s body has 9 itself a core or c5tre1 f :i* & to :i* all ! l9es radiate :i* are s5t =? by ! surface ( ! lum9\s body & reflect$ back to x2 or :i*1 hav+ be5 ?r[n out & n int]cept$1 are disp]s$ 9 ! air4 #aca4 ,,! ,,rays ,,:e!r ,,%ad$ ,,or ,,lum9\s ,,h ,,great] ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,effect ,,at ,,_! ,,po9ts ,,?an ,,at ,,_! ,,sides4 ,al?\gh ! po9ts ( lum9\s pyramids may ext5d into %ad$ places & ^? ( pyramids ( %ad[ into illum9at$ places1 & ?\gh among ! lum9\s pyramids "o may />t f a broad] base ?an ano!r2 nev]!less1 if by reason ( _! v>i\s l5g? ^! lum9\s pyramids acquire angles ( equal size _! light w be equal2 & ! case w be ! same ) ! pyramids ( %ad[2 z may be se5 9 ! int]sect$ pyramids a b c & d e f1 :i* ?\gh _! bases diff] 9 size are equal z to bread? & light4 ,footnote3 #ea--ee3 ,?is supplem5t>y p>agraph is indicat$ z be+ a cont9uation ( l9e #de1 by two small crosses4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 light & lu/re 7#acb--ace74 #acb4 ,( ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & lu/re2 & t lu/re is n includ$ among col\rs1 b is saturation ( :it5ess1 & d]iv$ f ! surface ( wet bodies2 light p>takes ( ! col\r ( ! object :i* reflects x 7to ! eye7 z gold or silv] or ! l4 #acc4 ,,( ,,! ,,highe/ ,,lights ,,:i* ,,turn ,,& ,,move ,,z ,,! ,,eye ,,moves ,,:i* ,,sees ,,! ,,object4 ,suppose ! body to be ! r\nd object figur$ "h & let ! light be at ! po9t a1 & let ! illum9at$ side ( ! object be b c & ! eye at ! po9t d3 ,i say t1 z lu/re is e :]e & complete 9 ea* "p1 if y /& at ! po9t d ! lu/re w appe> at c1 & 9 proportion z ! eye moves f d to a1 ! lu/re w move f c to n4 #acd4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,heigh light or lu/re on any object is n situat$ necess>ily 9 ! middle ( an illum9at$ object1 b moves z & :]e ! eye moves 9 look+ at x4 #ace4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,lu/re4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & ! lu/re :i* is se5 on ! poli%$ surface ( opaque bodies8 ,! lights :i* are produc$ f ! poli%$ surface ( opaque bodies w be /ation>y on /ation>y objects ev5 if ! eye on :i* !y /rike moves4 ,b reflect$ lights w1 on ^? same objects1 appe> 9 z _m diff]5t places on ! surface z diff]5t positions are tak5 by ! eye4 ,,:at ,,bodies ,,h ,,light ,,^u ,,!m ,,)\t ,,lu/re8 ,opaque bodies :i* h a h>d & r\gh surface nev] display any lu/re 9 any portion ( ! side on :i* ! light falls4 ,,:at ,,bodies ,,w ,,display ,,lu/re ,,b ,,n ,,look ,,illum9at$8 ,^? bodies :i* are opaque & h>d ) a h>d surface reflect light lu/re f e spot on ! illum9at$ side :i* is 9 a position to receive light at ! same angle ( incid5ce z !y occupy ) reg>d to ! eye2 b1 z ! surface mirrors all ! surr\nd+ objects1 ! illum9at$ body is n recognisable 9 ^! portions ( ! illum9at$ body4 #acf4 ,! relations ( lum9\s to illum9at$ bodies4 ,! middle ( ! light & %ade on an object 9 light & %ade is opposite to ! middle ( ! prim>y light4 ,all light & %ad[ expresses itself 9 pyramidal l9es4 ,! middle ( ! %ad[ on any object mu/ necess>ily be opposite ! middle ( its light1 ) a direct l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,! middle ( ! light w be at a1 t ( ! %ad[ at b4 ,aga91 9 bodies %[n 9 light & %ade ! middle ( ea* mu/ co9cide ) ! c5tre ( ! body1 & a /raight l9e w pass ?r\gh bo? & ?r\gh t c5tre4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms41 at ! spot m>k$ a ( ! fir/ diagram ,leon>do wrote primitiuo1 & at ! spot m>k$ c--primitiva 7prim>y72 at ! spot m>k$ b he wrote dirivatiuo & at d d]iuatiua 7d]iv$74 ,exp]im5ts on ! relation ( light & %ad[ )9 a room 7#acg--adj74 #acg4 ,,%[s ,,h[ ,,light ,,f ,,any ,,side ,,conv]ges ,,to ,,"o ,,po9t4 ,al?\gh ! balls a b c are light$ f "o w9d[1 nev]!less1 if y foll[ ! l9es ( _! %ad[s y w see !y int]sect at a po9t =m+ ! angle n4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is passage is slightly sket*$ on ,pl4 ,,xxxii2 a squ>e ) ?ree balls bel[ x4 ,! fir/ ?ree l9es ( ! text belong+ to x are writt5 above ! sket* & ! six o!rs bel[ x4 #ach4 ,e %ad[ ca/ by a body has a c5tral l9e direct$ to a s+le po9t produc$ by ! int]section ( lum9\s l9es 9 ! middle ( ! op5+ & ?ickness ( ! w9d[4 ,! proposition /at$ above1 is pla9ly se5 by exp]im5t4 ,?us if y draw a place ) a w9d[ look+ nor?w>ds1 & let ?is be s f1 y w see a l9e />t+ f ! horizon to ! ea/1 :i*1 t\*+ ! #b angles ( ! w9d[ o f1 rea*es d2 & f ! horizon on ! we/ ano!r l9e1 t\*+ ! o!r #b angles r s1 & end+ at c2 & _! int]section falls exactly 9 ! middle ( ! op5+ & ?ickness ( ! w9d[4 ,aga91 y c /ill bett] confirm ?is pro( by plac+ two /icks1 z %[n at g h2 & y w see ! l9e drawn f ! c5tre ( ! %ad[ direct$ to ! c5tre m & prolong$ to ! horizon n f4 ,footnote3 ,b "h /&s = c]*io del' orizonte tramontano on ! orig9al diagram 7! circle ( ! horizon t[>ds ! ,nor?72 ,a = levante 7,ea/7 & ,c = ponete 7,we/74 #aci4 ,e %ad[ ) all its v>iations1 :i* becomes l>g] z its di/ance f ! object is great]1 has its ext]nal l9es int]sect+ 9 ! middle1 betwe5 ! light & ! object4 ,?is proposition is v evid5t & is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,=1 if a b is a w9d[ )\t any object int]pos$1 ! lum9\s atmosph]e to ! "r h& at a is se5 to ! left at d4 ,& ! atmosph]e at ! left illum9ates on ! "r at c1 & ! l9es int]sect at ! po9t m4 ,footnote3 ,a "h /&s = levante 7,ea/71 ,b = pon5te 7,we/74 #adj4 ,e body 9 light & %ade is situat$ betwe5 #b pyramids "o d>k & ! o!r lum9\s1 "o is visible ! o!r is n4 ,b ?is only happ5s :5 ! light ent]s by a w9d[4 ,suppos+ a b to be ! w9d[ & r ! body 9 light & %ade1 ! light to ! "r h& z w pass ! object to ! left & g on to p2 ! light to ! left at k w pass to ! "r ( ! object at i & g on to m & ! two l9es w int]sect at c & =m a pyramid4 ,!n aga9 a b falls on ! %ad$ body at i g & =ms a pyramid f i g4 f w be d>k because ! light a b c nev] fall !re2 i g c w be illum9at$ because ! light falls ^u x4 ,light & %ad[ ) reg>d to ! position ( ! eye 7#ada--ade74 #ada4 ,e %ad$ body t is l>g] ?an ! pupil & t int]poses betwe5 ! lum9\s body & ! eye w be se5 d>k4 ,:5 ! eye is plac$ betwe5 ! lum9\s body & ! objects illum9at$ by x1 ^! objects w be se5 )\t any %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i* 9 ! orig9al /&s above l9e #a is giv5 on ,plate ,,ii1 ,no #b4 ,!n1 aft] a blank space ( ab\t eight l9es1 ! diagram ,plate ,,ii ,no #c is plac$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,!re is no explanation ( x beyond ! "o l9e writt5 "u x4 #adb4 ,:y ! #b lights "o on ea* side ( a body hav+ two pyramidal sides ( an obtuse apex leave x devoid ( %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* illu/rat+ ?is is on ,plate ,,xli ,no #a4 #adc4 ,a body 9 %ad[ situat$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye c nev] display its illum9at$ portion unless ! eye c see ! :ole ( ! prim>y light4 ,footnote3 ,a /&s = corpo 7body71 ,b = lume 7light74 #add4 ,! eye :i* looks 7at a spot7 half way betwe5 ! %ad[ & ! light :i* surr\nds ! body 9 %ad[ w see t ! deepe/ %ad[s on t body w meet ! eye at equal angles1 t is at ! same angle z t ( sight4 ,footnote3 ,9 bo? ^! diagrams ,a /&s = lume 7light7 ,b = ombra 7%ad[74 #ade4 ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,aspects ,,& ,,( ,,objects ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,!m4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & y look t[>ds ! ,we/ y w see e ?+ 9 full light & totally )\t %ad[ because y see !m f ! same side z ! sun3 & if y look t[>ds ! ,s\? or ,nor? y w see all objects 9 light & %ade1 because y see bo? ! side t[>ds ! sun & ! side away f x2 & if y look t[>ds ! com+ ( ! sun all objects w %[ y _! %ad$ side1 because on t side ! sun _c fall ^u !m4 ,! law ( ! incid5ce ( light4 #adf4 ,! edges ( a w9d[ :i* are illum9at$ by #b lights ( equal degrees ( brightness w n reflect light ( equal brightness into ! *amb] )94 ,if b is a c&le & a c our hemisph]e bo? w illum9ate ! edges ( ! w9d[ m n1 b light b w only illum9ate f g & ! hemisph]e a w light all ( d e4 #adg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,t "p ( a body :i* receives ! lum9\s rays at equal angles w be 9 a high] light ?an any o!r "p ( x4 ,& ! "p :i* ! lum9\s rays /rike betwe5 less equal angles w be less /rongly illum9at$4 ,,second ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,gradations ( /r5g? 9 ! %ad[s 7#adh4 #adi74 #adh4 ,,t ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,body ,,9 ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,w ,,be ,,lea/ ,,lum9\s ,,:i* ,,is ,,se5 ,,"u ,,! ,,lea/ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,light4 ,t "p ( ! object :i* is m>k$ m is 9 ! highe/ light because x faces ! w9d[ a d by ! l9e a f2 n is 9 ! second grade because ! light b d /rikes x by ! l9e b e2 o is 9 ! ?ird grade1 z ! light falls on x f c d by ! l9e c h2 p is ! l[e/ light b "o z c d falls on x by ! l9e d v2 q is ! deepe/ %ad[ = no light falls on x f any "p ( ! w9d[4 ,9 proportion z c d goes into a d s w n r s be d>k] ?an m1 & all ! re/ is space )\t %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is *apt] is ,no4 #a on ,plate ,,iii4 ,! lett]s a b e d & r are n reproduc$ 9 facsimile ( ! orig9al1 b h be5 replac$ by ord9>y type 9 ! m>g94 #e-ab4 ,! orig9al text ( ^! l9es is reproduc$ )9 ! diagram4--,comp>e ,no #bge4 #adi4 ,! light :i* falls on a %ad$ body at ! acute/ angle receives ! highe/ light1 & ! d>ke/ portion is t :i* receives x at an obtuse angle & bo? ! light & ! %ad[ =m pyramids4 ,! angle c receives ! highe/ grade ( light because x is directly 9 front ( ! w9d[ a b & ! :ole horizon ( ! sky m x4 ,! angle a diff]s b little f c because ! angles :i* divide x are n s unequal z ^? bel[1 & only t portion ( ! horizon is int]cept$ :i* lies betwe5 y & x4 ,al?\gh x ga9s z mu* on ! o!r side its l9e is nev]!less n v /rong because "o angle is small] ?an its fell[4 ,! angles e i w h less light because !y d n see mu* ( ! light m s & ! light v x & _! angles are v unequal4 ,yhe angle k & ! angle f are ea* plac$ betwe5 v unequal angles & !re=e h b little light1 because at k x has only ! light p t1 & at f only t q2 o g is ! l[e/ grade ( light because ?is "p has no light at all f ! sky2 & !nce come ! l9es :i* w recon/ruct a pyramid t is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! pyramid c2 & ?is pyramid l is 9 ! fir/ grade ( %ad[2 = ?is too is plac$ betwe5 equal angles directly opposite to ea* o!r on ei!r side ( a /raight l9e :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body & goes to ! c5tre ( ! light4 ,! sev]al lum9\s images ca/ )9 ! frame ( ! w9d[ at ! po9ts a & b make a light :i* surr\nds ! d]iv$ %ad[ ca/ by ! solid body at ! po9ts #d & #f4 ,! %ad$ images increase f o g & end at #g & #h4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is *apt] is ,no4 #b on ,plate ,,iii4 ,9 ! orig9al x is plac$ betwe5 l9es #c & #d1 & 9 ! reproduction ^! are %[n 9 "p4 ,! semi circle above is m>k$ orizonte 7horizon74 ,! numb] #f at ! left h& side1 outside ! facsimile1 is 9 ! place ( a figure :i* has become indi/9ct 9 ! orig9al4 ,on ! int5sity ( %ad[s z dep5d5t on ! di/ance f ! light 7#aej-aeb74 #aej4 ,! small] ! light t falls ^u an object ! m %ad[ x w display4 ,& ! light w illum9ate a small] portion ( ! object 9 proportion z x is ne>] to x2 & conv]sely1 a l>g] ext5t ( x 9 proportion z x is f>!r (f4 ,a light :i* is small] ?an ! object on :i* x falls w light up a small] ext5t ( x 9 proportion z x is ne>] to x1 & ! conv]se1 z x is f>!r f x4 ,b :5 ! light is l>g] ?an ! object illum9at$ x w light a l>g] ext5t ( ! object 9 proportion z x is ne>] & ! conv]se :5 !y are f>!r ap>t4 #aea4 ,t portion ( an illum9at$ object :i* is ne>e/ to ! s\rce ( light w be ! mo/ /rongly illum9at$4 #aeb4 ,t portion ( ! prim>y %ad[ w be lea/ d>k :i* is f>!/ f ! edges4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ w be d>k] ?an ! prim>y %ad[ :]e x is contigu\s ) x4 ,on ! proportion ( light & %ade 7#aec-aeg74 #aec4 ,t portion ( an opaque body w be m 9 %ade or m 9 light1 :i* is ne>] to ! d>k body1 by :i* x is %ad$1 or to ! light t illum9ates x4 ,objects se5 9 light & %ade %[ 9 great] relief ?an ^? :i* are :olly 9 light or 9 %ad[4 #aed4 ,,( ,,p]spective4 ,! %ad$ & illum9at$ sides ( opaque objects w display ! same proportion ( light & d>kness z _! objects ,footnote #f3 ,! mean+ ( obbietti 7objects7 is expla9$ 9 no #aec1 l9es #a-d4--;,betwe5 ! title-l9e & ! next !re is1 9 ! orig9al1 a small diagram repres5t+ a circle describ$ r\nd a squ>e44 #aee4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! outl9es & =m ( any "p ( a body 9 light & %ade are indi/9ct 9 ! %ad[s & 9 ! high lights2 b 9 ! portions betwe5 ! light & ! %ad[s !y are highly conspicu\s4 #aef4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,among objects 9 v>i\s degrees ( %ade1 :5 ! light proce$s f a s+le s\rce1 !re w be ! same proportion 9 _! %ad[s z 9 ! natural dim9ution ( ! light & ! same mu/ be und]/ood ( ! degrees ( light4 #aeg4 ,a s+le & di/9ct lum9\s body causes /rong] relief 9 ! object ?an a diffus$ light2 z may be se5 by comp>+ "o side ( a l&scape illum9at$ by ! sun1 & "o ov]%ad[$ by cl\ds1 & s illum9at$ only by ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,?ird ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,def9ition ( d]iv$ %ad[ 7#aeh4 #aei74 #aeh4 ,d]iv$ %ad[ _c exi/ )\t prim>y %ad[4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fir/ ( ?is :i* says3 ,d>kness is ! total abs5ce ( light1 & %ad[ is an alleviation ( d>kness & ( light1 & x is m or less d>k or light 9 proportion z ! d>kness is modifi$ by ! light4 #aei4 ,%ad[ is dim9ution ( light4 ,d>kness is abs5ce ( light4 ,%ad[ is divid$ into two k9ds1 ( :i* ! fir/ is call$ prim>y %ad[1 ! second is d]iv$ %ad[4 ,! prim>y %ad[ is always ! basis ( ! d]iv$ %ad[4 ,! edges ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ are /raight l9es4 ,footnote3 ,! !ory ( ! ombra dirivativa--a te*nical expression = :i* !re is no precise ,engli% equival5t is elaborately treat$ by ,leon>do4 ,b bo? text & diagrams 7z ,pl4 ,,iv1 #a-c & ,pl4 ,v7 mu/ at once conv9ce ! /ud5t t ! di/9ction he makes betwe5 ombra primitiva & ombra dirivativa is n m]ely ju/ifiable b sci5tific4 ,ombra dirivativa is by no means a m]e ab/ract idea4 ,?is is easily prov$ by repeat+ ! exp]im5t made by ,leon>do1 & by fill+ ) smoke ! room 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! ombra dirivativa is inve/igat$1 :5 ! %ad[ becomes visible4 ,nor is x difficult to p]ceive h[ mu* ( ,leon>do's tea*+ dep5d$ on ?is !ory4 ,! recognis$1 b extremely complicat$ sci5ce ( ca/ %ad[s--p]cussione dell' ombre dirivative z ,leon>do calls !m--is ?us r5d]$ m intelligible if n actually simpl]1 & we mu/ assume ?is !ory z our *ief guide ?r\gh ! inve/igations :i* foll[4 ,! d>kness ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ dim9i%es 9 proportion z x is remote f ! prim>y %ad[4 ,diff]5t sorts ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#afj-afb74 #afj4 ,,%ad[ ,,& ,,light4 ,! =ms ( %ad[s are ?ree3 inasmu* z if ! solid body :i* ca/s ! %ad[ is equal 79 size7 to ! light1 ! %ad[ resembles a column )\t any t]m9ation 79 l5g?74 ,if ! body is l>g] ?an ! light ! %ad[ resembles a truncat$ & inv]t$ pyramid1 & its l5g? has also no def9$ t]m9ation4 ,b if ! body is small] ?an ! light1 ! %ad[ w resemble a pyramid & come to an end1 z is se5 9 eclipses ( ! moon4 #afa4 ,,( ,,simple ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,! simple d]iv$ %ad[ is ( two k9ds3 "o k9d :i* has its l5g? def9$1 & two k9ds :i* are undef9$2 & ! def9$ %ad[ is pyramidal4 ,( ! two undef9$1 "o is a column & ! o!r spreads out2 & all ?ree h rectil9e> outl9es4 ,b ! conv]g+1 t is ! pyramidal1 %ad[ proce$s f a body t is small] ?an ! light1 & ! column> f a body equal 9 size to ! light1 & ! spread+ %ad[ f a body l>g] ?an ! light2 c4 ,,( ,,comp\nd ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,comp\nd d]iv$ %ad[s are ( two k9ds2 t is column> & spread+4 #afb4 ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,d]iv$ %ad[s are ( ?ree k9ds ( :i* "o is spread+1 ! second column>1 ! ?ird conv]g+ to ! po9t :]e ! two sides meet & int]sect1 & beyond ?is int]section ! sides are inf9itely prolong$ or /raight l9es4 ,& if y say1 ?is %ad[ mu/ t]m9ate at ! angle :]e ! sides meet & ext5d no f>!r1 ,i d5y ?is1 because above 9 ! fir/ on %ad[ ,i h prov$3 t a ?+ is completely t]m9at$ :5 no portion ( x goes beyond its t]m9at+ l9es4 ,n[ "h1 9 ?is %ad[1 we see ! conv]se ( ?is1 9 z mu* z :]e ?is d]iv$ %ad[ orig9ates we obvi\sly h ! figures ( two pyramids ( %ad[ :i* meet at _! angles4 ,h5ce1 if1 z my oppon5t says1 ! fir/ pyramid ( %ad[ t]m9ates ! d]ivative %ad[ at ! angle :5ce x />ts1 !n ! second pyramid ( %ad[--s says ! adv]s>y--mu/ be caus$ by ! angle & n f ! body 9 %ad[2 & ?is is disprov$ ) ! help ( ! #bnd ( ?is :i* says3 ,%ad[ is a condition produc$ by a body ca/+ a %ad[1 & int]pos$ betwe5 ?is %ad[ & ! lum9\s body4 ,by ?is x is made cle> t ! %ad[ is n produc$ by ! angle ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ b only by ! body ca/+ ! %ad[2 c4 ,if a sph]ical solid body is illum9at$ by a light ( elongat$ =m ! %ad[ produc$ by ! longe/ portion ( ?is light w h less def9$ outl9es ?an t :i* is produc$ by ! bread? ( ! same light4 ,& ?is is prov$ by :at 0 said be=e1 :i* is3 ,t a %ad[ w h less def9$ outl9es 9 proportion z ! light :i* causes x is l>g]1 & conv]sely1 ! outl9es are cle>] 9 proportion z x is small]4 ,footnote3 ,! two diagrams to ?is *apt] are on ,plate ,,iv1 ,no4 #a4 ,on ! relation ( d]iv$ & prim>y %ad[ 7#afc-afe74 #afc4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ c nev] resemble ! body f :i* x proce$s unless ! light is ( ! same =m & size z ! body caus+ ! %ad[4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ _c be ( ! same =m z ! prim>y %ad[ unless x is int]cept$ by a plane p>allel to x4 #afd4 ,,h[ ,a ,,ca/ ,,%ad[ ,,c ,,nev] ,,be ,,( ,,! ,,same ,,size ,,z ,,! ,,body ,,t ,,ca/s ,,x4 ,if ! rays ( light proce$1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 f a s+le po9t & are diffus$ 9 a sph]e r\nd ?is po9t1 radiat+ & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! air1 ! f>!r !y spread ! wid] !y mu/ spread2 & an object plac$ betwe5 ! light & a wall is always imag$ l>g] 9 its %ad[1 because ! rays t /rike x ,footnote3 #g4 ,! foll[+ l9es are want+ to complete ! logical connection4 w\ld1 by ! "t !y h rea*$ ! wall1 h become l>g]4 #afe4 ,any %ad[ ca/ by a body 9 light & %ade is ( ! same nature & "* z t :i* is insep>able f ! body4 ,! c5tre ( ! l5g? ( a %ad[ always corresponds to t ( ! lum9\s body ,footnote #f3 ,?is second /atem5t ( ! same idea z 9 ! =m] s5t5ce1 b 9 diff]5t words1 does n1 9 ! orig9al1 come next to ! =ego+2 sections #agb & #abg are plac$ betwe5 !m44 ,x is inevitable t e %ad[ mu/ h its c5tre 9 a l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! light4 ,on ! %ape ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#aff-agd74 #aff4 ,,( ,,! ,,pyramidal ,,%ad[4 ,! pyramidal %ad[ produc$ by a column> body w be n>r[] ?an ! body itself 9 proportion z ! simple d]iv$ %ad[ is int]sect$ f>!r f ! body :i* ca/s x4 ,footnote #aff3 ,comp>e ! fir/ diagram to ,no4 #afa4 ,if we "h conceive ( ! outl9es ( ! pyramid ( %ad[ on ! gr\nd z prolong$ beyond its apex ?is gives rise to a second pyramid2 ?is is :at is spok5 ( at ! beg9n+ ( ,no4 #aff4 #afg4 ,! ca/ %ad[ w be longe/ :5 ! light is l[e/4 ,! ca/ %ad[ w be %orte/ :5 ! light is highe/4 #afh4 ,bo? ! prim>y & d]iv$ %ad[ w be l>g] :5 caus$ by ! light ( a c&le ?an by diffus$ light4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l>g] & small] %ad[s w be 9 inv]se proportion to ! l>g] & small] lights caus+ !m4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! diagrams ,a /&s = celo 7sky71 ,b = cadela 7c&le74 #afi4 ,,all ,,bodies1 ,,9 ,,proportion ,,z ,,!y ,,are ,,ne>] ,,to1 ,,or ,,f>!r ,,f ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,light1 ,,w ,,produce ,,long] ,,or ,,%ort] ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,among bodies ( equal size1 t "o :i* is illum9at$ by ! l>ge/ light w h ! %orte/ %ad[4 ,exp]im5t confirms ?is proposition4 ,?us ! body m n is surr\nd$ by a l>g] am\nt ( light ?an ! body p q1 z is %[n above4 ,let u say t v c a b d x is ! sky1 ! s\rce ( light1 & t s t is a w9d[ by :i* ! lum9\s rays ent]1 & s m n & p q are bodies 9 light & %ade z expos$ to ?is light2 m n w h a small d]iv$ %ad[1 because its orig9al %ad[ w be small2 & ! d]ivative light w be l>ge1 aga91 because ! orig9al light c d w be l>ge & p q w h m d]iv$ %ad[ because its orig9al %ad[ w be l>g]1 & its d]iv$ light w be small] ?an t ( ! body m n because t portion ( ! hemisph]e a b :i* illum9ates x is small] ?an ! hemisph]e c d :i* illum9ates ! body m n4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram1 giv5 on ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #b1 /&s 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #b & #g1 :ile ! text ( l9es #c to #f is writt5 on its left side4 ,9 ! reproduction ( ?is diagram ! lett] v at ! out] "r-h& end has be5 omitt$4 #agj4 ,! %ad[ m be>s ! same proportion to ! %ad[ n z ! l9e b c to ! l9e f c4 #aga4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,( diff]5t %ad[s ( equal /r5g? t :i* is ne>e/ ! eye w seem ! lea/ /rong4 ,:y is ! %ad[ e a b 9 ! fir/ grade ( /r5g?1 b c 9 ! second2 c d 9 ! ?ird8 ,! reason is t z f e a b ! sky is n[h]e visible1 x gets no light :atev] f ! sky1 & s has no direct prim>y light4 b c faces ! portion ( ! sky f g & is illum9at$ by x4 c d faces ! sky at h k4 c d1 be+ expos$ to a l>g] ext5t ( sky ?an b c1 x is reasonable t x %\ld be m light$4 ,& ?us1 up to a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! wall a d w gr[ light] = ! reasons "h giv51 until ! d>kness ( ! room ov]p[]s ! light f ! w9d[4 #agb4 ,:5 ! light ( ! atmosph]e is re/rict$ by an op5+ & illum9ates bodies :i* ca/ %ad[s1 ^! bodies be+ equally di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! w9d[1 t :i* is mo/ obliquely plac$ w ca/ ! l>ge/ %ad[ beyond x4 #agc4 ,^! bodies /&+ ap>t 9 a room light$ by a s+le w9d[ w h d]ivative %ad[s m or less %ort accord+ z !y are m or less opposite to ! w9d[4 ,among ! %ad[s ca/ by bodies ( equal mass b at unequal di/ances f ! op5+ by :i* !y are illum9at$1 t %ad[ w be ! longe/ ( ! body :i* is lea/ 9 ! light4 ,& 9 proportion z "o body is bett] illum9at$ ?an ano!r its %ad[ w be %ort] ?an ano!r4 ,! proportion n m & e v k be> to r t & v x corresponds ) t ( ! %ad[ x to #d & y4 ,! reason :y ^? bodies :i* are plac$ mo/ 9 front ( ! middle ( ! w9d[ ?r[ %ort] %ad[s ?an ^? obliquely situat$ is3--,t ! w9d[ appe>s 9 its prop] =m & to ! obliquely plac$ ones x appe>s =e%ort5$2 to ^? 9 ! middle1 ! w9d[ %[s its full size1 to ! oblique ones x appe>s small]2 ! "o 9 ! middle faces ! :ole hemisph]e t is e f & ^? on ! side h only a /rip2 t is q r faces a b2 & m n faces c d2 ! body 9 ! middle hav+ a l>g] quantity ( light ?an ^? at ! sides is light$ f a po9t mu* bel[ its c5tre1 & ?us ! %ad[ is %ort]4 ,& ! pyramid g #d goes into l y exactly z (t5 z a b goes into e f4 ,! axis ( e d]ivative %ad[ passes ?r\gh #f #a_/b ,footnote #ca3 passa p] #f #a_/b 7passes ?r\gh #f #a_/b74 ,! mean+ ( ^! words is probably ?is3 ,ea* ( ! ?ree axes ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ int]sects ! c5tre 7mezzo7 ( ! prim>y %ad[ 7ombra orig9ale7 &1 by prolongation upw>ds crosses six l9es4 ,?is is self evid5t only 9 ! middle diagram2 b x is equally true ( ! side figures if we conceive ( ! l9es #d f1 x n v m1 y l k v1 & #d e1 z prolong$ beyond ! semicircle ( ! horizon4 & is 9 a /raight l9e ) ! c5tre ( ! prim>y %ad[1 ) ! c5tre ( ! body ca/+ x & ( ! d]ivative light & ) ! c5tre ( ! w9d[ &1 f9ally1 ) ! c5tre ( t portion ( ! s\rce ( light :i* is ! cele/ial hemisph]e1 y h is ! c5tre ( ! d]iv$ %ade1 l h ( ! prim>y %ad[1 l ( ! body ?r[+ x1 l k ( ! d]iv$ light1 v is ! c5tre ( ! w9d[1 e is ! f9al c5tre ( ! orig9al light af=d$ by t portion ( ! hemisph]e ( ! sky :i* illum9ates ! solid body4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! diagram on ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #c4 ,9 ! orig9al ?is draw+ is plac$ betwe5 l9es #c & #bb2 ! re/1 f l9e #d to l9e #ba1 is writt5 on ! left h& m>g94 #agd4 ,,! ,,f>!r ,,! ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[ ,,is ,,prolong$ ,,! ,,light] ,,x ,,becomes4 ,y w f9d t ! proportion ( ! diamet] ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ to t ( ! prim>y %ad[ w be ! same z t betwe5 ! d>kness ( ! prim>y %ad[ & t ( ! d]iv$ %ad[4 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ,no4 #agg4 ,let a b be ! diamet] ( ! prim>y %ad[ & c d t ( ! d]iv$ %ad[1 ,i say t a b go+1 z y see1 ?ree times into d c1 ! %ad[ d c w be ?ree times z light z ! %ad[ a b4 ,footnote #h3 ,comp>e ,no4 #agg4 ,if ! size ( ! illum9at+ body is l>g] ?an t ( ! illum9at$ body an int]section ( %ad[ w occur1 beyond :i* ! %ad[s w run (f 9 two opposite directions z if !y 7 caus$ by two sep>ate lights4 ,on ! relative int5sity ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#age-agi74 #age4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ is /rong] 9 proportion z x is ne>] to its place ( orig94 #agf4 ,,h[ ,,%ad[s ,,fade ,,away ,,at ,,long ,,di/ances4 ,%ad[s fade & are lo/ at long di/ances because ! l>g] quantity ( illum9at$ air :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & ! object se5 t9ts ! %ad[ ) its own col\r4 #agg4 a b w be d>k] ?an c d 9 proportion z c d is broad] ?an a b4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ! ^w lume 7light7 is writt5 at ! apex ( ! pyramid4 #agh4 ,x c be prov$ :y ! %ad[ o p c h is d>k] 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! l9e p h & is light] 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! l9e o c4 ,let ! light a b1 be a w9d[1 & let ! d>k wall 9 :i* ?is w9d[ is1 be b s1 t is1 "o ( ! sides ( ! wall4 ,!n we may say t ! l9e p h is d>k] ?an any o!r "p ( ! space o p c h1 because ?is l9e faces ! :ole surface 9 %ad[ ( ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ! diagram is plac$ betwe5 l9es #bg & #bh4 ! wall b s4 ,! l9e o c is light] ?an ! o!r "p ( ?is space o p c h1 because ?is l9e faces ! lum9\s space a b4 ,:]e ! %ad[ is l>g]1 or small]1 or equal ! body :i* ca/s x4 ,fir/ ( ! "* ( divid$ lights4 ,footnote #ad3 lumi divisi4 ,! text "h breaks (f abruptly4 ,,( ,,! ,,comp\nd ,,%ad[ ,f1 ,r1 ,c1 ,h ,,caus$ ,,by ,a ,,s+le ,,light4 ,! %ad[ f r c h is "u su* conditions z t :]e x is f>!/ f its inn] side x loses dep? 9 proportion4 ,to prove ?is3 ,let d a1 be ! light & f n ! solid body1 & let a e be "o ( ! side walls ( ! w9d[ t is d a4 ,!n ,i say--accord+ to ! #bnd proposition3 t ! surface ( any body is affect$ by ! tone ( ! objects surr\nd+ x1--t ! side r c1 :i* faces ! d>k wall a e mu/ p>ticipate ( its d>kness &1 9 ! same way t ! out] surface :i* faces ! light d a p>ticipates ( ! light2 ?us we get ! outl9es ( ! extremes on ea* side ( ! c5tre includ$ betwe5 !m4 ,?is is divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,! fir/ ! extremes1 :i* include ! comp\nd %ad[1 secondly ! comp\nd %ad[ betwe5 ^! extremes4 #agi4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,light ,,z ,,f ,,its ,,c5tre4 ,if x 7 ! :ole ( ! light t caus$ ! %ad[s beyond ! bodies plac$ 9 front ( x1 x w\ld foll[ t any body mu* small] ?an ! light w\ld ca/ a pyramidal %ad[2 b exp]i5ce n %[+ ?is1 x mu/ be ! c5tre ( ! light t produces ?is effect4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is passage is betwe5 l9es #d & #e 9 ! orig9al4 ,comp4 ! reproduction ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #d4 ,! text & draw+ ( ?is *apt] h already be5 publi%$ ) tol]able accuracy4 ,see ,m4 ,,jordan3 ,das ,mal]bu* des ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,leipzig #ahgc1 ,p4 #ij4 ,,pro(4 ,let a b be ! wid? ( ! light f a w9d[1 :i* falls on a /ick set up at "o foot f a c ,footnote #f3 ba/one 7/ick74 ,! diagram has a sph]e 9 place ( a /ick44 ,& let a d be ! space :]e all ! light f ! w9d[ is visible4 ,at c e t "p ( ! w9d[ :i* is betwe5 l b _c be se54 ,9 ! same way a m _c be se5 f d f & !re=e 9 ^! two portions ! light beg9s to fail4 ,%ad[ z produc$ by two lights ( diff]5t size 7#ahj4 #aha74 #ahj4 ,a body 9 light & %ade plac$ betwe5 two equal lights side by side w ca/ %ad[s 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( light4 ,& ! %ad[s w be "o d>k] ?an ! o!r 9 proportion z "o light is ne>] to ! said body ?an ! o!r on ! opposite side4 ,a body plac$ at an equal di/ance betwe5 two lights w ca/ two %ad[s1 "o deep] ?an ! o!r 9 proportion1 z ! light :i* causes x is bright] ?an ! o!r4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ! l>g] diagram is plac$ above ! fir/ l9e2 ! small] "o betwe5 l4 #d #e4 #aha4 ,a light :i* is small] ?an ! body x illum9ates produces %ad[s ( :i* ! outl9es end )9 ! surface ( ! body1 & n mu* comp\nd %ad[2 & falls on less ?an half ( x4 ,a light :i* is l>g] ?an ! body x illum9ates1 falls on m ?an half ( x1 & produces mu* comp\nd %ad[4 ,! effect ( light at diff]5t di/ances4 #ahb4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,ca/ ,,by ,a ,,body ,,plac$ ,,betwe5 #b ,,equal ,,lights4 ,a body plac$ betwe5 #b equal lights w ca/ #b %ad[s ( itself 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( ! #b lights2 & if y move ?is body plac+ x ne>] to "o ( ! lights ! %ad[ ca/ t[>ds ! ne>] light w be less deep ?an t :i* falls t[>ds ! m di/ant "o4 ,fur!r complications 9 ! d]iv$ %ad[s 7#ahc-ahg74 #ahc4 ,! greate/ dep? ( %ad[ is 9 ! simple d]iv$ %ad[ because x is n light$ by ei!r ( ! two lights a b1 c d4 ,! next less deep %ad[ is ! d]iv$ %ad[ e f n2 & 9 ?is ! %ad[ is less by half1 because x is illum9at$ by a s+le light1 t is c d4 ,?is is uni=m 9 natural tone because x is light$ ?r\gh\t by "o only ( ! two lum9\s bodies #aj4 ,b x v>ies ) ! conditions ( %ad[1 inasmu* z ! f>!r x is away f ! light ! less x is illum9at$ by x #ac4 ,! ?ird degree ( dep? is ! middle %ad[ ,footnote #ae3 ,we ga!r f :at foll[s t q g r "h means ombra m$ia 7! middle %ad[744 ,b ?is is n uni=m 9 natural tone2 because ! ne>] x gets to ! simple d]iv$ %ad[ ! deep] x is ,footnote #ah3 ,comp>e l9es #aj-ac1 & x is ! uni=mly gradual dim9ution by increase ( di/ance :i* is :at modifies x ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,footnote #ah3 t is to say ! dep? ( a %ad[ increases 9 proportion to ! di/ance f ! two lights4 ,! f\r? is ! %ad[ k r s & ?is is all ! d>k] 9 natural tone 9 proportion z x is ne>] to k s1 because x gets less ( ! light a o1 b by ! accid5t ( di/ance x is r5d]$ less deep1 because x is ne>] to ! light c d1 & ?us is always expos$ to bo? lights4 ,! fif? is less deep 9 %ad[ ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs because x is always entirely expos$ to "o ( ! lights & to ! :ole or "p ( ! o!r2 & x is less deep 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! two lights1 & 9 proportion z x is turn$ t[>ds ! out] side x t2 because x is m expos$ to ! second light a b4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram to ?is section is giv5 on ,pl4 ,v4 ,to ! left is ! facsimile ( ! beg9n+ ( ! text belong+ to x4 #ahd4 ,,( ,,simple ,,%ad[s4 ,:y1 at ! int]sections a1 b ( ! two comp\nd %ad[s e f & m e1 is a simple %ad[ pfoduc$ z at e h & m g1 :ile no su* simple %ad[ is produc$ at ! o!r two int]sections c d made by ! v same comp\nd %ad[s8 ,,answ]4 ,comp\nd %ad[ are a mixture ( light & %ade & simple %ad[s are simply d>kness4 ,h5ce1 ( ! two lights n & o1 "o falls on ! comp\nd %ad[ f "o side1 & ! o!r on ! comp\nd %ad[ f ! o!r side1 b :]e !y int]sect no light falls1 z at a b2 !re=e x is a simple %ad[4 ,:]e !re is a comp\nd %ad[ "o light or ! o!r falls2 & "h a difficulty arises = my adv]s>y s9ce he says t1 :]e ! comp\nd %ad[s int]sect1 bo? ! lights :i* produce ! %ad[s mu/ ( necessity fall & !re=e ^! %ad[s ought to be neutralis$2 inasmu* z ! two lights d n fall !re1 we say t ! %ad[ is a simple "o & :]e only "o ( ! two lights falls1 we say ! %ad[ is comp\nd1 & :]e bo? ! lights fall ! %ad[ is neutralis$2 = :]e bo? lights fall1 no %ad[ ( any k9d is produc$1 b only a light backgr\nd limit+ ! %ad[4 ,"h ,i %all say t :at my adv]s>y said 0 true3 b he only m5tions su* tru?s z are 9 8 fav\r2 & if we g on to ! re/ he mu/ conclude t my proposition is true4 ,& t is3 ,t if bo? lights fell on ! po9t ( int]section1 ! %ad[s w\ld be neutralis$4 ,?is ,i confess to be true if nei!r ( ! two %ad[s fell 9 ! same spot2 because1 :]e a %ad[ & a light fall1 a comp\nd %ad[ is produc$1 & :]ev] two %ad[s or two equal lights fall1 ! %ad[ _c v>y 9 any "p ( x1 ! %ad[s & ! lights bo? be+ equal4 ,& ?is is prov$ 9 ! eigh? proposition on proportion :]e x is said t if a giv5 quantity has a s+le unit ( =ce & resi/ance1 a d\ble quantity w h d\ble =ce & d\ble resi/ance4 ,,def9ition4 ,! int]section n is produc$ by ! %ad[s caus$ by ! light b1 because ?is light b produces ! %ad[ x b1 & ! %ad[ s b1 b ! int]section m is produc$ by ! light a :i* causes ! %ad[ s a1 & ! %ad[ x a4 ,b if y uncov] bo? ! lights a b1 !n y get ! two %ad[s n m bo? at once1 & besides ^!1 two o!r1 simple %ad[s are produc$ at r o :]e nei!r ( ! two lights falls at all4 ,! grades ( dep? 9 comp\nd %ad[s are few] 9 proportion z ! lights fall+ on1 & cross+ !m are less num]\s4 #ahf4 ,:y ! int]sections at n be+ compos$ ( two comp\nd d]iv$ %ad[s1 =ms a comp\nd %ad[ & n a simple "o1 z happ5s ) o!r int]sections ( comp\nd %ad[s4 ,?is occurs1 accord+ to ! #bnd diagram ( ?is prop4 :i* says3--,! int]section ( d]iv$ %ad[s :5 produc$ by ! int]section ( column> %ad[s caus$ by a s+le light does n produce a simple %ad[4 ,& ?is is ! coroll>y ( ! #a/ prop4 :i* says3--,! int]section ( simple d]iv$ %ad[s nev] results 9 a deep] %ad[1 because ! deepe/ %ad[s all add$ toge!r _c be d>k] ?an "o by itself4 ,s9ce1 if _m deepe/ %ad[s increas$ 9 dep? by _! duplication1 !y c\ld n be call$ ! deepe/ %ad[s1 b only "p-%ad[s4 ,b if su* int]sections are illum9at$ by a second light plac$ betwe5 ! eye & ! int]sect+ bodies1 !n ^? %ad[s w\ld become comp\nd %ad[s & be uni=mly d>k j z mu* at ! int]section z ?r\gh\t ! re/4 ,9 ! #a/ & #bnd above1 ! int]sections i k w n be d\bl$ 9 dep? z x is d\bl$ 9 quantity4 ,b 9 ?is #crd1 at ! int]sections g n !y w be d\ble 9 dep? & 9 quantity4 #ahg4 ,,h[ ,,& ,,:5 ,,! ,,surr\nd+s ,,9 ,,%ad[ ,,m+le ,,_! ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[ ,,) ,,! ,,light ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,lum9\s ,,body4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ ( ! d>k walls on ea* side ( ! bright light ( ! w9d[ are :at m+le _! v>i\s degrees ( %ade ) ! light d]iv$ f ! w9d[2 & ^! v>i\s dep?s ( %ade modify e portion ( ! light1 except :]e x is /ronge/1 at c4 ,to prove ?is let d a be ! prim>y %ad[ :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! po9t e1 & d>k5s x by its d]iv$ %ad[2 z may be se5 by ! triangle a e d1 9 :i* ! angle e faces ! d>k5$ base d a e2 ! po9t v faces ! d>k %ad[ a s :i* is "p ( a d1 & z ! :ole is great] ?an a "p1 e :i* faces ! :ole base ( ! triangle1 w be 9 deep] %ad[ ?an v :i* only faces "p ( x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! conclusion %[n 9 ! above diagram1 t w be less d>k5$ ?an v1 because ! base ( ! t is "p ( ! base ( ! v2 & 9 ! same way x foll[s t p is less 9 %ad[ ?an t1 because ! base ( ! p is "p ( ! base ( ! t4 ,& c is ! t]m9al po9t ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ & ! *ief beg9n+ ( ! highe/ light4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram on ,pl4 ,,iv1 ,no4 #e belongs to ?is passage2 b x mu/ be not$ t ! text expla9s only ! figure on ! "r-h& side4 ,,f\r? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,on ! %ape ( ! ca/ %ad[s 7#ahh-aia74 #ahh4 ,! =m ( ! %ad[ ca/ by any body ( uni=m d5sity c nev] be ! same z t ( ! body produc+ x4 ,footnote3 ,comp4 ! draw+ on ,,pi4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #e4 #ahi4 ,no ca/ %ad[ c produce ! true image ( ! body :i* ca/s x on a v]tical plane unless ! c5tre ( ! light is equally di/ant f all ! edges ( t body4 #aij4 ,if a w9d[ a b admits ! sunlight into a room1 ! sunlight w magnify ! size ( ! w9d[ & dim9i% ! %ad[ ( a man 9 su* a way z t :5 ! man makes t dim %ad[ ( himself1 approa* to t :i* def9es ! real size ( ! w9d[1 he w see ! %ad[s :]e !y come into contact1 dim & confus$ f ! /r5g? ( ! light1 %utt+ (f & n all[+ ! sol> rays to pass2 ! effect ( ! %ad[ ( ! man ca/ by ?is contact w be exactly t figur$ above4 ,footnote3 ,x is sc>cely possible to r5d] ! mean+ ( ?is s5t5ce ) /rict accuracy2 ma9ly because ! grammatical con/ruction is defective 9 ! mo/ important "p--l9e #d4 ,9 ! v slight orig9al sket* ! %ad[ t\*es ! upp] ar* ( ! w9d[ & ! correction1 "h giv5 is p]haps n ju/ifi$4 #aia4 ,a %ad[ is nev] se5 z ( uni=m dep? on ! surface :i* int]cepts x unless e portion ( t surface is equidi/ant f ! lum9\s body4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #g? :i* says3--,! %ad[ w appe> light] or /rong] z x is surr\nd$ by a d>k] or a light] backgr\nd4 ,& by ! #h? ( ?is3--,! backgr\nd w be 9 p>ts d>k] or light]1 9 proportion z x is f>!r f or ne>] to ! lum9\s body4 ,&3--,( v>i\s spots equally di/ant f ! lum9\s body ^? w always be 9 ! highe/ light on :i* ! rays fall at ! smalle/ angles3 ,! outl9e ( ! %ad[ z x falls on inequalities 9 ! surface w be se5 ) all ! cont\rs simil> to ^? ( ! body t ca/s x1 if ! eye is plac$ j :]e ! c5tre ( ! light 04 ,! %ad[ w look d>ke/ :]e x is f>!/ f ! body t ca/s x4 ,! %ad[ c d1 ca/ by ! body 9 %ad[ a b :i* is equally di/ant 9 all p>ts1 is n ( equal dep? because x is se5 on a back gr\nd ( v>y+ brightness4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! ?ree diagrams on ,pl4 ,,vi1 no #a :i*1 9 ! orig9al accompany ?is section4 ,on ! outl9es ( ca/ %ad[s 7#aib-aie74 #aib4 ,! edges ( a d]iv$ %ad[ w be mo/ di/9ct :]e x is ca/ ne>e/ to ! prim>y %ad[4 #aic4 ,z ! d]iv$ %ad[ gets m di/ant f ! prim>y %ad[1 ! m ! ca/ %ad[ diff]s f ! prim>y %ad[4 #aid4 ,,( ,,%ad[s ,,:i* ,,nev] ,,come ,,to ,,an ,,end4 ,! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 a light & ! body light$ by x1 ! light be+ ! l>g]1 ! m vague w be ! outl9es ( ! %ad[ ( t object4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[ w be mo/ confus$ t[>ds ! edges ( its int]ception by a plane1 :]e x is remote/ f ! body ca/+ x4 #aie4 ,:at is ! cause :i* makes ! outl9es ( ! %ad[ vague & confus$8 ,:e!r x is possible to give cle> & def9ite outl9es to ! edges ( %ad[s4 ,on ! relative size ( %ad[s 7#aif4 #aig74 #aif4 ,,! ,,body ,,:i* ,,is ,,ne>e/ ,,to ,,! ,,light ,,ca/s ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,%ad[1 ,,& ,,:y8 ,if an object plac$ 9 front ( a s+le light is v close to x y w see t x ca/s a v l>ge %ad[ on ! opposite wall1 & ! f>!r y remove ! object f ! light ! small] w ! image ( ! %ad[ become4 ,,:y ,a ,,%ad[ ,,l>g] ,,?an ,,! ,,body ,,t ,,produces ,,x ,,becomes ,,out ,,( ,,proportion4 ,! disproportion ( a %ad[ :i* is l>g] ?an ! body produc+ x1 results f ! light be+ small] ?an ! body1 s t x _c be at an equal di/ance f ! edges ( ! body ,footnote #aa3 ,h4 ,,ludwig 9 8 edition ( ! old copies1 9 ! ,vatican libr>y--9 :i* ?is *apt] is includ$ "u ,nos4 #fab1 #fac & #fad alt]s ?is passage z foll[s3 quella p>te *'e piu prop9qua piu cresce *e le di/anti1 al?\gh ! ,vatican copy agrees ) ! orig9al ,,ms4 9 hav+ di/ante 9 ! =m] & prop9que 9 ! latt] place4 ,?is suppos$ am5dm5t seems to me to inv]t ! facts4 ,suppos+ = in/ance1 t on ,pl4 ,,xxxi ,no4 #c4 f is ! spot :]e ! light is t illum9ates ! figure !re repres5t$1 & t ! l9e beh9d ! figure repres5ts a wall on :i* ! %ad[ ( ! figure is ?r[n4 ,x is evid5t1 t 9 t case ! ne>e/ portion1 9 ?is case ! "u "p ( ! ?igh1 is v little magnifi$ 9 ! %ad[1 & ! remot] p>ts1 = in/ance ! head1 are m magnifi$42 & ! portions :i* are mo/ remote are made l>g] ?an ! ne>] portions = ?is reason ,footnote #ab3 ,see ,footnote #aa4 ,,:y ,a ,,%ad[ ,,:i* ,,is ,,l>g] ,,?an ,,! ,,body ,,caus+ ,,x ,,has ,,ill-,,def9$ ,,outl9es4 ,! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds a light is almo/ l light itself = brightness & col\r2 b ! f>!r (f x is ! m x loses ?is resemblance4 ,an object :i* ca/s a l>ge %ad[ & is ne> to ! light1 is illum9at$ bo? by t light by ! lum9\s atmosph]e2 h5ce ?is diffus$ light gives ! %ad[ ill-def9$ edges4 #aig4 ,a lum9\s body :i* is long & n>r[ 9 %ape gives m confus$ outl9es to ! d]iv$ %ad[ ?an a sph]ical light1 & ?is contradicts ! proposition next foll[+3 ,a %ad[ w h its outl9es m cle>ly def9$ 9 proportion z x is ne>] to ! prim>y %ad[ or1 ,i %\ld say1 ! body ca/+ ! %ad[2 ,footnote #ad3 ,! lett]+ ref]s to ! l[] diagram1 ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #e4 ! cause ( ?is is ! elongat$ =m ( ! lum9\s body a c1 c4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,footnote #ad4 ,effects on ca/ %ad[s by ! tone ( ! back gr\nd4 #aih4 ,,( ,,modifi$ ,,%ad[s4 ,modifi$ %ad[s are ^? :i* are ca/ on light walls or o!r illum9at$ objects4 ,a %ad[ looks d>ke/ aga9/ a light backgr\nd4 ,! outl9es ( a d]iv$ %ad[ w be cle>] z !y are ne>] to ! prim>y %ad[4 ,a d]iv$ %ad[ w be mo/ def9$ 9 %ape :]e x is int]cept$1 :]e ! plane int]cepts x at ! mo/ equal angle4 ,^? p>ts ( a %ad[ w appe> d>ke/ :i* h d>k] objects opposite to !m4 ,& !y w appe> less d>k :5 !y face light] objects4 ,& ! l>g] ! light object opposite1 ! m ! %ad[ w be light5$4 ,& ! l>g] ! surface ( ! d>k object ! m x w d>k5 ! d]iv$ %ad[ :]e x is int]cept$4 ,a disput$ proposition4 #aii4 ,,( ,,! ,,op9ion ,,( ,,"s ,,t ,a ,,triangle ,,ca/s ,,no ,,%ad[ ,,on ,a ,,plane ,,surface4 ,c]ta9 ma!maticians h ma9ta9$ t a triangle1 ( :i* ! base is turn$ to ! light1 ca/s no %ad[ on a plane2 & ?is !y prove by say+ #e t no sph]ical body small] ?an ! light c rea* ! middle ) ! %ad[4 ,! l9es ( radiant light are /raight l9es #f2 !re=e1 suppose ! light to be g h & ! triangle l m n1 & let ! plane be i k2 !y say ! light g falls on ! side ( ! triangle l n1 & ! portion ( ! plane i q4 ,?us aga9 h l g falls on ! side l m1 & !n on m n & ! plane p k2 & if ! :ole plane ?us faces ! lights g h1 x is evid5t t ! triangle has no %ad[2 & t :i* has no %ad[ c ca/ none4 ,?is1 9 ?is case appe>s cr$ible4 ,b if ! triangle n p g 7 n illum9at$ by ! two lights g & h1 b by i p & g & k nei!r side is light$ by m ?an "o s+le light3 t is i p is invisible to h g & k w nev] be light$ by g2 h5ce p q w be twice z light z ! two visible portions t are 9 %ad[4 ,footnote3 #e--f4 ,?is passage is s obscure t x w\ld be ra% to (f] an explanation4 ,sev]al words seem to h be5 omitt$4 ,on ! relative dep? ( ca/ %ad[s 7#bjj-bjb74 #bjj4 ,a spot is mo/ 9 ! %ade :5 a l>ge numb] ( d>k5$ rays fall ^u x4 ,! spot :i* receives ! rays at ! wide/ angle & by d>k5$ rays w be mo/ 9 ! d>k2 a w be twice z d>k z b1 because x orig9ates f twice z l>ge a base at an equal di/ance4 ,a spot is mo/ illum9at$ :5 a l>ge numb] ( lum9\s rays fall ^u x4 d is ! beg9n+ ( ! %ad[ d f1 & t+es c b a little2 d e is half ( ! %ad[ d f & gives a deep] tone :]e x is ca/ at b ?an at f4 ,& ! :ole %ad$ space e gives its tone to ! spot a4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram "h ref]r$ to is on ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #b4 #bja4 ,a n w be d>k] ?an c r 9 proportion to ! numb] ( times t a b goes into c d4 #bjb4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by an object on a plane w be small] 9 proportion z t object is light$ by feebl] rays4 ,let d e be ! object & d c ! plane surface2 ! numb] ( times t d e w g into f g gives ! proportion ( light at f h to d c4 ,! ray ( light w be weak] 9 proportion to its di/ance f ! hole ?r\gh :i* x falls4 ,,fif? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,pr9ciples ( reflection 7#bjc4 #bjd74 #bjc4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,ca/ ,,by ,,objects ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,def9$4 ,if ! object is ! m\nta9 "h figur$1 & ! light is at ! po9t a1 ,i say t f b d & also f c f !re w be no light b f reflect$ rays4 ,& ?is results f ! fact t rays ( light c only act 9 /raight l9es2 & ! same is ! case ) ! second>y or reflect$ rays4 #bjd4 ,! edges ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ are def9$ by ! hues ( ! illum9at$ objects surr\nd+ ! lum9\s body :i* produces ! %ad[4 ,on rev]b]ation4 #bje4 ,,( ,,rev]b]ation4 ,rev]b]ation is caus$ by bodies ( a bright nature ) a flat & semi opaque surface :i*1 :5 ! light /rikes ^u !m1 ?r[ x back aga91 l ! reb\nd ( a ball1 to ! =m] object4 ,,:]e ,,!re ,,c ,,be ,,no ,,reflect$ ,,lights4 ,all d5se bodies h _! surfaces occupi$ by v>i\s degrees ( light & %ade4 ,! lights are ( two k9ds1 "o call$ orig9al1 ! o!r borr[$4 ,orig9al light is t :i* is inh]5t 9 ! flame ( fire or ! light ( ! sun or ( ! atmosph]e4 ,borr[$ light w be reflect$ light2 b to return to ! promis$ def9ition3 ,i say t ?is lum9\s rev]b]ation is n produc$ by ^? portions ( a body :i* are turn$ t[>ds d>k5$ objects1 su* z %ad$ spots1 fields ) grass ( v>i\s height1 woods :e!r gre5 or b>e2 9 :i*1 ?\gh t side ( ea* bran* :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! orig9al light has a %>e ( t light1 nev]!less ! %ad[s ca/ by ea* bran* sep>ately are s num]\s1 z well z ^? ca/ by "o bran* on ! o!rs1 t f9ally s mu* %ad[ is ! result t ! light c\nts = no?+4 ,h5ce objects ( ?is k9d _c ?r[ any reflect$ light on opposite objects4 ,reflection on wat] 7#bjf4 #bjg74 #bjf4 ,,p]spective4 ,! %ad[ or object mirror$ 9 wat] 9 motion1 t is to say 9 small wavelets1 w always be l>g] ?an ! ext]nal object produc+ x4 #bjg4 ,x is impossible t an object mirror$ on wat] %\ld correspond 9 =m to ! object mirror$1 s9ce ! c5tre ( ! eye is above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is is made pla9 9 ! figure "h giv51 :i* demon/rates t ! eye sees ! surface a b1 & _c see x at l f1 & at r t2 x sees ! surface ( ! image at r t1 & does n see x 9 ! real object c d4 ,h5ce x is impossible to see x1 z has be5 said above unless ! eye itself is situat$ on ! surface ( ! wat] z is %[n bel[ #ac4 ,footnote3 ,a /&s = o*io eye1 ,b = aria air1 ,c = acqua wat]1 ,d = cateto ca!tus4--,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ! second diagram is plac$ bel[ l9e #ac4 ,exp]im5ts ) ! mirror 7#bjh-baj74 #bjh4 ,,! ,,mirror4 ,if ! illum9at$ object is ( ! same size z ! lum9\s body & z t 9 :i* ! light is reflect$1 ! am\nt ( ! reflect$ light w be> ! same proportion to ! int]m$iate light z ?is second light w be> to ! fir/1 if bo? bodies are smoo? & :ite4 #bji4 ,describe h[ x is t no object has its limitation 9 ! mirror b 9 ! eye :i* sees x 9 ! mirror4 ,= if y look at y\r face 9 ! mirror1 ! "p resembles ! :ole 9 z mu* z ! "p is ev]y:]e 9 ! mirror1 & ! :ole is 9 e "p ( ! same mirror2 & ! same is true ( ! :ole image ( any object plac$ opposite to ?is mirror1 c4 #baj4 ,no man c see ! image ( ano!r man 9 a mirror 9 its prop] place ) reg>d to ! objects2 because e object falls on ! surface ( ! mirror at equal angles4 ,& if ! "o man1 :o sees ! o!r 9 ! mirror1 is n 9 a direct l9e ) ! image he w n see x 9 ! place :]e x really falls2 & if he gets into ! l9e1 he cov]s ! o!r man & puts himself 9 ! place occupi$ by 8 image4 ,let n o be ! mirror1 b ! eye ( y\r fri5d & d y\r own eye4 ,y\r fri5d's eye w appe> to y at a1 & to him x w seem t y\rs is at c1 & ! int]section ( ! visual rays w occur at m1 s t ei!r ( y t\*+ m w t\* ! eye ( ! o!r man :i* %all be op54 ,& if y t\* ! eye ( ! o!r man 9 ! mirror x w seem to him t y are t\*+ y\r own4 ,app5dix3--,on %ad[s 9 movem5t 7#baa4 #bab74 #baa4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,& ,,its ,,motion4 ,:5 two bodies ca/+ %ad[s1 & "o 9 front ( ! o!r1 are betwe5 a w9d[ & ! wall ) "s space betwe5 !m1 ! %ad[ ( ! body :i* is ne>e/ to ! plane ( ! wall w move if ! body ne>e/ to ! w9d[ is put 9 transv]se motion across ! w9d[4 ,to prove ?is let a & b be two bodies plac$ betwe5 ! w9d[ n m & ! plane surface o p ) suffici5t space betwe5 !m z %[n by ! space a b4 ,i say t if ! body a is mov$ t[>ds s ! %ad[ ( ! body b :i* is at c w move t[>ds d4 #bab4 ,,( ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,%ad[s4 ,! motion ( a %ad[ is always m rapid ?an t ( ! body :i* produces x if ! light is /ation>y4 ,to prove ?is let a be ! lum9\s body1 & b ! body ca/+ ! %ad[1 & d ! %ad[4 ,!n ,i say t 9 ! "t :ile ! solid body moves f b to c1 ! %ad[ d w move to e2 & ?is proportion 9 ! rapidity ( ! movem5ts made 9 ! same space ( "t1 is equal to t 9 ! l5g? ( ! space mov$ ov]4 ,?us1 giv5 ! proportion ( ! space mov$ ov] by ! body b to c1 to t mov$ ov] by ! %ad[ d to e1 ! proportion 9 ! rapidity ( _! movem5ts w be ! same4 ,b if ! lum9\s body is also 9 movem5t ) a velocity equal to t ( ! solid body1 !n ! %ad[ & ! body t ca/s x w move ) equal spe$4 ,& if ! lum9\s body moves m rapidly ?an ! solid body1 ! motion ( ! %ad[ w be sl[] ?an t ( ! body ca/+ x4 ,b if ! lum9\s body moves m sl[ly ?an ! solid body1 !n ! %ad[ w move m rapidly ?an t body4 ,,six? ,,book ,,on ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,! effect ( rays pass+ ?r\gh holes 7#bac4 #bad74 #bac4 ,,p]spective4 ,if y transmit ! rays ( ! sun ?r\gh a hole 9 ! %ape ( a /> y w see a beautiful effect ( p]spective 9 ! spot :]e ! sun's rays fall4 ,footnote3 ,9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s ( ,,ms4 ,c ! ord] ( ! orig9al pag+ has be5 adh]$ to1 & is %[n 9 p>5!sis4 ,leon>do himself has b r>ely work$ out ! subject ( ^! propositions4 ,! space left = ! purpose has occasionally be5 made use ( = q diff]5t matt]4 ,ev5 ! num]\s diagrams1 mo/ ( !m v delicately sket*$1 lett]$ & numb]$1 :i* occur on ^! pages1 are h>dly ev] expla9$1 ) ! exception ( ^? few :i* are "h giv54 #bad4 ,no small hole c s modify ! conv]g5ce ( rays ( light z to prev5t1 at a long di/ance1 ! transmission ( ! true =m ( ! lum9\s body caus+ !m4 ,x is impossible t rays ( light pass+ ?r\gh a p>allel slit1 %\ld n display ! =m ( ! body caus+ !m1 s9ce all ! effects produc$ by a lum9\s body are 9 fact ! reflection ( t body3 ,! moon1 %ap$ l a boat1 if transmitt$ ?r\gh a hole is figur$ 9 ! surface x falls on z a boat%ap$ object4 ,footnote #h3 ,9 ! ,,ms4 a blank space is left aft] ?is "q4 ,:y ! eye sees bodies at a di/ance1 l>g] ?an !y measure on ! v]tical plane84 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt]1 tak5 f ano!r ,,ms4 may1 z an exception1 be plac$ "h1 z x ref]s to ! same subject z ! prec$+ section4 ,on gradation ( %ad[s 7#bae4 #baf74 #bae4 ,al?\gh ! bread? & l5g? ( lights & %ad[ w be n>r[] & %ort] 9 =e%ort5+1 ! quality & quantity ( ! light & %ade is n increas$ nor dim9i%$4 #c,! function ( %ade & light :5 dim9i%$ by =e%ort5+1 w be to give %ad[ & to illum9ate an object opposite1 accord+ to ! quality & quantity 9 :i* !y fall on ! body4 #e;,9 proportion z a d]iv$ %ad[ is ne>] to its p5ultimate extremities ! deep] x w appe>1 g z beyond ! int]section faces only ! "p ( ! %ad[ m>k$ y z2 ?is by int]section takes ! %ad[ f m n b by direct l9e x takes ! %ad[ a m h5ce x is twice z deep z g z4 ,y x1 by int]section takes ! %ad[ n o1 b by direct l9e ! %ad[ n m a1 !re=e x y is ?ree times z d>k z z g2 x f1 by int]section faces o b & by direct l9e o n m a1 !re=e we mu/ say t ! %ad[ betwe5 f x w be f\r times z d>k z ! %ad[ z g1 because x faces f\r times z mu* %ad[4 ,let a b be ! side :]e ! prim>y %ad[ is1 & b c ! prim>y light1 d w be ! spot :]e x is int]cept$1f g ! d]iv$ %ad[ & f e ! d]iv$ light4 ,& ?is mu/ be at ! beg9n+ ( ! explanation4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 ! text ( ,no4 #beb prec$es ! "o giv5 "h4 ,9 ! text ( ,no4 #bae !re is a blank space ( ab\t f\r l9es betwe5 ! l9es #b & #c4 ,! diagram giv5 on ,pl4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b is plac$ betwe5 l9es #d & #e4 ,betwe5 l9es #e & #f !re is ano!r space ( ab\t ?ree l9es & "o l9e left blank betwe5 l9es #h & #i4 ,! read] w f9d ! mean+ ( ! :ole passage mu* cle>] if he fir/ reads ! f9al l9es #aa--ac4 ,comp>e also l9e #d ( ,no4 #bgj4 ,on relative proportion ( light & %ad[s 7#baf--bba74 #baf4 ,t "p ( ! surface ( a body on :i* ! images reflection f o!r bodies plac$ opposite fall at ! l>ge/ angle w assume _! hue mo/ /rongly4 ,9 ! diagram bel[1 #h is a l>g] angle ?an #d1 s9ce its base a n is l>g] ?an e n ! base ( #d4 ,?is diagram bel[ %\ld end at a n #d #h4 #d,t portion ( ! illum9at$ surface on :i* a %ad[ is ca/ w be brighte/ :i* lies contigu\s to ! ca/ %ad[4 ,j z an object :i* is light$ up by a great] quantity ( lum9\s rays becomes bright]1 s "o on :i* a great] quantity ( %ad[ falls1 w be d>k]4 ,let #d be ! side ( an illum9at$ surface #d #h1 surr\nd+ ! ca/ %ad[ g e #d4 ,& ?is spot #d w be light] ?an #h1 because less %ad[ falls on x ?an on #h4 ,s9ce #d faces only ! %ad[ i n2 & #h faces & receives ! %ad[ a e z well z i n :i* makes x twice z d>k4 ,& ! same ?+ happ5s :5 y put ! atmosph]e & ! sun 9 ! place ( %ade & light4 #ab ,! di/ribution ( %ad[1 orig9at+ 91 & limit$ by1 plane surfaces plac$ ne> to ea* o!r1 equal 9 tone & directly opposite1 w be d>k] at ! ends ?an at ! beg9n+1 :i* w be det]m9$ by ! incid5ce ( ! lum9\s rays4 ,y w f9d ! same proportion 9 ! dep? ( ! d]iv$ %ad[s a n z 9 ! ne>ness ( ! lum9\s bodies m b1 :i* cause !m2 & if ! lum9\s bodies 7 ( equal size y w\ld /ill f>!r f9d ! same proportion 9 ! light ca/ by ! lum9\s circles & _! %ad[s z 9 ! di/ance ( ! said lum9\s bodies4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram orig9ally plac$ betwe5 l9es #c & #d is on ,pl4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #c4 ,9 ! diagram giv5 above l9e #ad ( ! orig9al1 & "h pr9t$ 9 ! text1 ! words corpo lum9oso lum9\s body are writt5 9 ! circle m1 lum9oso 9 ! circle b & ombroso body 9 %ad[ 9 ! circle o4 #bag4 ,,t ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,reflection ,,w ,,be ,,brighte/ ,,:]e ,,! ,,reflect$ ,,rays ,,are ,,%orte/4 #b ,! d>kness occasion$ by ! ca/+ ( comb9$ %ad[s w be 9 con=mity ) its cause1 :i* w orig9ate & t]m9ate betwe5 two plane surfaces ne> toge!r1 alike 9 tone & directly opposite ea* o!r4 #d ,9 proportion z ! s\rce ( light is l>g]1 ! lum9\s & %ad[ rays w be m mix$ toge!r4 ,?is result is produc$ because :]ev] !re is a l>g] quantity ( lum9\s rays1 !re is mo/ light1 b :]e !re are few] !re is lea/ light1 consequ5tly ! %ad[ rays come 9 & m+le ) !m4 ,footnote3 ,diagrams are ins]t$ be=e l9es #b & #d4 #bah4 ,9 all ! proportions ,i lay d[n x mu/ be und]/ood t ! m$ium betwe5 ! bodies is always ! same4 #b ,! small] ! lum9\s body ! m di/9ct w ! transmission ( ! %ad[s be4 #c ,:5 ( two opposite %ad[s1 produc$ by ! same body1 "o is twice z d>k z ! o!r ?\gh simil> 9 =m1 "o ( ! two lights caus+ !m mu/ h twice ! diamet] t ! o!r has & be at twice ! di/ance f ! opaque body4 ,if ! object is l[ly mov$ across ! lum9\s body1 & ! %ad[ is int]cept$ at "s di/ance f ! object1 !re w be ! same relative proportion betwe5 ! motion ( ! d]iv$ %ad[ & ! motion ( ! prim>y %ad[1 z betwe5 ! di/ance f ! object to ! light1 & t f ! object to ! spot :]e ! %ad[ is int]cept$2 s t ?\gh ! object is mov$ sl[ly ! %ad[ moves fa/4 ,footnote3 ,!re are diagrams ins]t$ be=e l9es #b & #c b !y are n reproduc$ "h4 ,! diagram above l9e #f is writt5 ^u z foll[s3 at ,a lume 7light71 at ,b obbietto 7body71 at ,c ombra d'obbietto 7%ad[ ( ! object74 #bai4 ,a lum9\s body w appe> less brilliant :5 surr\nd$ by a bright backgr\nd4 #b ,i h f\nd t ! />s :i* are ne>e/ to ! horizon look l>g] ?an ! o!rs because light falls ^u !m f a l>g] proportion ( ! sol> body ?an :5 !y are above u2 & hav+ m light f ! sun !y give m light1 & ! bodies :i* are mo/ lum9\s appe> ! l>ge/4 ,z may be se5 by ! sun ?r\gh a mi/1 & ov]head2 x appe>s l>g] :]e !re is no mi/ & dim9i%$ ?r\gh mi/4 ,no portion ( ! lum9\s body is ev] visible f any spot )9 ! pyramid ( pure d]iv$ %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,betwe5 l9es #a & #b !re is 9 ! orig9al a l>ge diagram :i* does n ref] to ?is text4 #bbj4 ,a body on :i* ! sol> rays fall betwe5 ! ?9 bran*es ( trees f> ap>t w ca/ b a s+le %ad[4 #b ,if an opaque body & a lum9\s "o are 7bo?7 sph]ical ! base ( ! pyramid ( rays w be> ! same proportion to ! lum9\s body z ! base ( ! pyramid ( %ade to ! opaque body4 #d ,:5 ! transmitt$ %ad[ is int]cept$ by a plane surface plac$ opposite to x & f>!r away f ! lum9\s body ?an f ! object :i* ca/s x x w appe> proportionately d>k] & ! edges m di/9ct4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 is plac$ above l9e #b1 is simil> to ! "o1 "h giv5 on page #gc 7section #abj74--,! diagram "h giv5 9 ! m>g9 /&s1 9 ! orig9al1 betwe5 l9es #c & #d4 #bba4 ,a body illum9at$ by ! sol> rays pass+ betwe5 ! ?ick bran*es ( trees w produce z _m %ad[s z !re are bran*es betwe5 ! sun & itself4 ,:]e ! %ad[-rays f an opaque pyramidal body are int]cept$ !y w ca/ a %ad[ ( bifurcate outl9e & v>i\s dep? at ! po9ts4 ,a light :i* is broad] ?an ! apex b n>r[] ?an ! base ( an opaque pyramidal body plac$ 9 front ( x1 w cause t pyramid to ca/ a %ad[ ( bifurcate =m & v>i\s degrees ( dep?4 ,if an opaque body1 small] ?an ! light1 ca/s two %ad[s & if x is ! same size or l>g]1 ca/s b "o1 x foll[s t a pyramidal body1 ( :i* "p is small]1 "p equal to1 & "p l>g] ?an1 ! lum9\s body1 w ca/ a bifurcate %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,betwe5 l9es #b & #c !re are 9 ! orig9al two l>ge diagrams4 ,,iv4 ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance4 ,! !ory ( ! ,prospettiva de' p]dim5ti w\ld1 9 _m important details1 be q un9telligible if x _h n be5 l$ up by ! pr9ciples ( light & %ade on :i* x is bas$4 ,! ^w ,prospettiva 9 ! language ( ! "t includ$ ! pr9ciples ( optics2 :at ,leon>do und]/ood by ,p]dim5ti w be cle>ly se5 9 ! e>ly *apt]s1 ,nos4 #bbb--bbd4 ,x is 9 ! v nature ( ! case t ! f>!r explanations giv5 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s mu/ be limit$ to g5]al rules4 ,! sections giv5 z #bbg--bca ,on indi/9ctness at %ort di/ances h1 x is true1 only an indirect be>+ on ! subject2 b on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 #bcb--bcd1 ,on indi/9ctness at great di/ances1 g fully into ! matt]1 & 9 *apt]s #bce--bci1 :i* treat ,( ! importance ( light & %ade 9 ! ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance1 ! practical issues are di/9ctly insi/$ on 9 _! relation to ! !ory4 ,?is is naturally foll[$ by ! /atem5ts z to ! effect ( light or d>k backgr\nds on ! app>5t size ( bodies 7,nos4 #bdj--bej74 ,at ! end ,i h plac$1 9 ! ord] ( ! orig9al1 ^? sections f ! ,,ms4 ,c :i* treat ( ! ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance & s]ve to "s ext5t to complete ! treatm5t ( ! subject 7#bea--bfb74 ,def9ition 7#bbb4 #bbc74 #bbb4 ,,( ,,! ,,dim9i%$ ,,di/9ctness ,,( ,,! ,,outl9es ,,( ,,opaque ,,bodies4 ,if ! real outl9es ( opaque bodies are indi/+ui%able at ev5 a v %ort di/ance1 !y w be m s at long di/ances2 &1 s9ce x is by its outl9es t we are able to "k ! real =m ( any opaque body1 :5 by its remot5ess we fail to disc]n x z a :ole1 mu* m mu/ we fail to disc]n its p>ts & outl9es4 #bbc4 ,,( ,,! ,,dim9ution ,,9 ,,p]spective ,,( ,,opaque ,,objects4 ,among opaque objects ( equal size ! app>5t dim9ution ( size w be 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! eye ( ! spectator2 b x is an inv]se proportion1 s9ce1 :]e ! di/ance is great]1 ! opaque body w appe> small]1 & ! less ! di/ance ! l>g] w ! object appe>4 ,& ?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( l9e> p]spective & x foll[s3--#aa;e object z x becomes m remote loses fir/ ^? p>ts :i* are smalle/4 ,?us ( a horse1 we %\ld lose ! legs be=e ! head1 because ! legs are ?9n] ?an ! head2 & ! neck be=e ! body = ! same reason4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! la/ "p ( ! horse :i* w\ld be disc]nible by ! eye w\ld be ! mass ( ! body 9 an oval =m1 or r 9 a cyl9drical =m & ?is w\ld lose its app>5t ?ickness be=e its l5g?--accord+ to ! #bnd rule giv5 above1 c4 ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e l9e #aa44 ,if ! eye rema9s /ation>y ! p]spective t]m9ates 9 ! di/ance 9 a po9t4 ,b if ! eye moves 9 a /raight horizontal l9e ! p]spective t]m9ates 9 a l9e & ! reason is t ?is l9e is g5]at$ by ! motion ( ! po9t & our sight2 !re=e x foll[s t z we move our sight eye1 ! po9t moves1 & z we move ! po9t1 ! l9e is g5]at$1 c4 ,an illu/ration by exp]im5t4 #bbd4 ,e visible body1 9 s f> z x affects ! eye1 includes ?ree attributes2 t is to say3 mass1 =m & col\r2 & ! mass is recognisable at a great] di/ance f ! place ( its actual exi/5ce ?an ei!r col\r or =m4 ,aga91 col\r is disc]nible at a great] di/ance ?an =m1 b ?is law does n apply to lum9\s bodies4 ,! above proposition is pla9ly %[n & prov$ by exp]im5t2 because3 if y see a man close to y1 y disc]n ! exact appe>ance ( ! mass & ( ! =m & also ( ! col\r+2 if he goes to "s di/ance y w n recognise :o he is1 because ! "* ( ! details w disappe>1 if he goes /ill f>!r y w n be able to di/+ui% 8 col\r+1 b he w appe> z a d>k object1 & /ill f>!r he w appe> z a v small d>k r\nd$ object4 ,x appe>s r\nd$ because di/ance s greatly dim9i%es ! v>i\s details t no?+ rema9s visible b ! l>g] mass4 ,& ! reason is ?is3 ,we "k v well t all ! images ( objects rea* ! s5ses by a small ap]ture 9 ! eye2 h5ce1 if ! :ole horizon a d is admitt$ ?r\gh su* an ap]ture1 ! object b c be+ b a v small fraction ( ?is horizon :at space c x fill 9 t m9ute image ( s va/ a hemisph]e8 ,& because lum9\s bodies h m p[] 9 d>kness ?an any o!rs1 x is evid5t t1 z ! *amb] ( ! eye is v d>k1 z is ! nature ( all color$ cavities1 ! images ( di/ant objects are confus$ & lo/ 9 ! great light ( ! sky2 & if !y are visible at all1 appe> d>k & black1 z e small body mu/ :5 se5 9 ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram belong+ to ?is passage is plac$ betwe5 l9es #e & #f2 x is ,no4 #d on ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,a guid+ rule4 #bbe4 ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,t ,,int]poses ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,eye ,,& ,,visible ,,objects4 ,an object w appe> m or less di/9ct at ! same di/ance1 9 proportion z ! atmosph]e exi/+ betwe5 ! eye & t object is m or less cle>4 ,h5ce1 z ,i "k t ! great] or less quantity ( ! air t lies betwe5 ! eye & ! object makes ! outl9es ( t object m or less indi/9ct1 y mu/ dim9i% ! def9it5ess ( outl9e ( ^? objects 9 proportion to _! increas+ di/ance f ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,an exp]im5t4 #bbf4 ,:5 ,i 0 once 9 a place on ! sea1 at an equal di/ance f ! %ore & ! m\nta9s1 ! di/ance f ! %ore look$ mu* great] ?an t f ! m\nta9s4 ,on indi/9ctness at %ort di/ances 7#bbg-bca74 #bbg4 ,if y place an opaque object 9 front ( y\r eye at a di/ance ( f\r f+]s' bread?1 if x is small] ?an ! space betwe5 ! two eyes x w n int]f]e ) y\r see+ any ?+ t may be beyond x4 ,no object situat$ beyond ano!r object se5 by ! eye c be conceal$ by ?is ne>] object if x is small] ?an ! space f eye to eye4 #bbh4 ,! eye _c take 9 a lum9\s angle :i* is too close to x4 #bbi4 ,t "p ( a surface w be bett] light$ on :i* ! light falls at ! great] angle4 ,& t "p1 on :i* ! %ad[ falls at ! greate/ angle1 w receive f ^? rays lea/ ( ! b5efit ( ! light4 #bcj4 ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,! edges ( an object plac$ 9 front ( ! pupil ( ! eye w be less di/9ct 9 proportion z !y are clos] to ! eye4 ,?is is %[n by ! edge ( ! object n plac$ 9 front ( ! pupil d2 9 look+ at ?is edge ! pupil also sees all ! space a c :i* is beyond ! edge2 & ! images ! eye receives f t space are m+l$ ) ! images ( ! edge1 s t "o image confuses ! o!r1 & ?is confusion h9d]s ! pupil f di/+ui%+ ! edge4 #bca4 ,! outl9es ( objects w be lea/ cle> :5 !y are ne>e/ to ! eye1 & !re=e remot] outl9es w be cle>]4 ,among objects :i* are small] ?an ! pupil ( ! eye ^? w be less di/9ct :i* are ne>] to ! eye4 ,on indi/9ctness at great di/ances 7#bcb-bcd74 #bcb4 ,objects ne> to ! eye w appe> l>g] ?an ^? at a di/ance4 ,objects se5 ) two eyes w appe> r\nd] ?an if !y are se5 ) only "o4 ,objects se5 betwe5 light & %ad[ w %[ ! mo/ relief4 #bcc4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,our true p]ception ( an object dim9i%es 9 proportion z its size is dim9i%$ by di/ance4 #bcd4 ,,p]spective4 ,:y objects se5 at a di/ance appe> l>ge to ! eye & 9 ! image on ! v]tical plane !y appe> small4 ,,p]spective4 ,i ask h[ f> away ! eye c disc]n a non-lum9\s body1 z1 = in/ance1 a m\nta94 ,x w be v pla9ly visible if ! sun is beh9d x2 & c\ld be se5 at a great] or less di/ance accord+ to ! sun's place 9 ! sky4 ,footnote3 ,! clue to ! solution ( ?is problem 7l9es #a-c7 is giv5 9 l9es #d-f1 ,no4 #bcb4 ,objects se5 ) bo? eyes appe> solid s9ce !y are se5 f two di/9ct po9ts ( sight sep>at$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! eyes1 b ?is solidity _c be repres5t$ 9 a flat draw+4 ,comp>e ,no4 #ece4 ,! importance ( light & %ade 9 ! p]spective ( disappe>ance 7#bce-bci74 #bce4 ,an opaque body se5 9 a l9e 9 :i* ! light falls w reveal no prom95ces to ! eye4 ,= in/ance1 let a be ! solid body & c ! light2 c m & c n w be ! l9es ( incid5ce ( ! light1 t is to say ! l9es :i* transmit ! light to ! object a4 ,! eye be+ at ! po9t b1 ,i say t s9ce ! light c falls on ! :ole "p m n ! portions 9 relief on t side w all be illum9at$4 ,h5ce ! eye plac$ at c _c see any light & %ade &1 n see+ x1 e portion w appe> ( ! same tone1 !re=e ! relief 9 ! prom95t or r\nd$ p>ts w n be visible4 #bcf4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,:5 y repres5t 9 y\r "w %ad[s :i* y c only disc]n ) difficulty1 & ( :i* y _c di/+ui% ! edges s t y appreh5d !m confus$ly1 y mu/ n make !m %>p or def9ite le/ y\r "w %\ld h a wood5 effect4 #bcg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,y w obs]ve 9 draw+ t among ! %ad[s "s are ( undi/+ui%able gradation & =m1 z is %[n 9 ! #crd proposition :i* says3 ,r\nd$ surfaces display z _m degrees ( light & %ade z !re are v>ieties ( brightness & d>kness reflect$ f ! surr\nd+ objects4 #bch4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,y :o draw f nature1 look 7c>efully7 at ! ext5t1 ! degree1 & ! =m ( ! lights & %ad[s on ea* muscle2 & 9 _! position l5g?wise obs]ve t[>ds :i* muscle ! axis ( ! c5tral l9e is direct$4 #bci4 ,an object :i* is s brilliantly illum9at$ z to be almo/ z bright z light w be visible at a great] di/ance1 & ( l>g] app>5t size ?an is natural to objects s remote4 ,! effect ( light or d>k backgr\nds on ! app>5t size ( objects 7#bdj-bej74 #bdj4 ,a %ad[ w appe> d>k 9 proportion to ! brilliancy ( ! light surr\nd+ x & conv]sely x w be less conspicu\s :]e x is se5 aga9/ a d>k] backgr\nd4 #bda4 ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,p]spective4 ,an object ( equal bread? & col\r ?r\gh\t1 se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( v>i\s col\rs w appe> unequal 9 bread?4 ,& if an object ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t1 b ( v>i\s col\rs1 is se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( uni=m col\r1 t object w appe> ( v>i\s bread?4 ,& ! m ! col\rs ( ! backgr\nd or ( ! object se5 aga9/ ! gr\nd v>y1 ! great] w ! app>5t v>iations 9 ! bread? be ?\gh ! objects se5 aga9/ ! gr\nd be ( equal bread? ?r\gh\t4 #bdb4 ,a d>k object se5 aga9/ a bright backgr\nd w appe> small] ?an x is4 ,a light object w look l>g] :5 x is se5 aga9/ a backgr\nd d>k] ?an itself4 #bdc4 ,,( ,,light4 ,a lum9\s body :5 obscur$ by a d5se atmosph]e w appe> small]2 z may be se5 by ! moon or sun veil$ by mi/s4 ,,( ,,light4 ,( sev]al lum9\s bodies ( equal size & brilliancy & at an equal di/ance1 t w look ! l>ge/ :i* is surr\nd$ by ! d>ke/ backgr\nd4 ,,( ,,light4 ,i f9d t any lum9\s body :5 se5 ?r\gh a d5se & ?ick mi/ dim9i%es 9 proportion to its di/ance f ! eye4 ,?us x is ) ! sun by day1 z well z ! moon & ! o!r et]nal lights by night4 ,& :5 ! air is cle>1 ^! lum9>ies appe> l>g] 9 proportion z !y are f>!r f ! eye4 #bdd4 ,t portion ( a body ( uni=m bread? :i* is aga9/ a light] backgr\nd w look n>r[] ?an ! re/4 #d e is a giv5 object1 itself d>k & ( uni=m bread?2 a b & c d are two backgr\nds "o d>k] ?an ! o!r2 b c is a bright backgr\nd1 z x might be a spot light$ by ! sun ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 a d>k room4 ,!n ,i say t ! object e g w appe> l>g] at e f ?an at g h2 because e f has a d>k] backgr\nd ?an g h2 & aga9 at f g x w look n>r[] f be+ se5 by ! eye o1 on ! light backgr\nd b c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! diagram to :i* ! text1 l9es #a-aa1 ref]s1 is plac$ 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #c & #d1 & is giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #c4 ,l9es #ab to #ad are expla9$ by ! l[] ( ! two diagrams on ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #d4 ,9 ! orig9al ^! are plac$ aft] l9e #ad4 ,t "p ( a lum9\s body1 ( equal bread? & brilliancy ?r\gh\t1 w look l>ge/ :i* is se5 aga9/ ! d>ke/ backgr\nd2 & ! lum9\s body w seem on fire4 #bde4 ,,:y ,,bodies ,,9 ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,h ,,_! ,,outl9es ,,alt]$ ,,by ,,! ,,col\r ,,& ,,brightness ,,( ,,! ,,objects ,,s]v+ ,,z ,a ,,backgr\nd ,,to ,,!m4 ,if y look at a body ( :i* ! illum9at$ portion lies & ends aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 t "p ( ! light :i* w look brighte/ w be t :i* lies aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd at d4 ,b if ?is bright] "p lies aga9/ a light backgr\nd1 ! edge ( ! object1 :i* is itself light1 w be less di/9ct ?an be=e1 & ! highe/ light w appe> to be betwe5 ! limit ( ! backgr\nd m f & ! %ad[4 ,! same ?+ is se5 ) reg>d to ! d>k side1 inasmu* z t edge ( ! %ad$ portion ( ! object :i* lies aga9/ a light backgr\nd1 z at l1 x looks mu* d>k] ?an ! re/4 ,b if ?is %ad[ lies aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 ! edge ( ! %ad$ "p w appe> light] ?an be=e1 & ! deepe/ %ade w appe> betwe5 ! edge & ! light at ! po9t o4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagram o is inside ! %ad$ surface at ! level ( d4 #bdf4 ,an opaque body w appe> small] :5 x is surr\nd$ by a highly lum9\s backgr\nd1 & a light body w appe> l>g] :5 x is se5 aga9/ a d>k] backgr\nd4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! height ( build+s at night1 :5 lightn+ fla%es beh9d !m2 x sudd5ly seems1 :5 x light5s1 z ?\gh ! height ( ! build+ 7 dim9i%$4 ,= ! same reason su* build+s look l>g] 9 a mi/1 or by night ?an :5 ! atmosph]e is cle> & light4 #bdg4 ,,on ,,light ,,betwe5 ,,%ad[s ,:5 y are draw+ any object1 rememb]1 9 comp>+ ! grades ( light 9 ! illum9at$ portions1 t ! eye is (t5 deceiv$ by see+ ?+s light] ?an !y are4 ,& ! reason lies 9 our comp>+ ^? p>ts ) ! contigu\s p>ts4 ,s9ce if two sep>ate p>ts are 9 diff]5t grades ( light & if ! less bright is cont]m9\s ) a d>k portion & ! bright] is cont]m9\s ) a light backgr\nd--z ! sky or some?+ equally bright--1 !n t :i* is less light1 or ,i %\ld say less radiant1 w look ! bright] & ! bright] w seem ! d>k]4 #bdh4 ,( objects equally d>k 9 !mselves & situat$ at a consid]able & equal di/ance1 t w look ! d>ke/ :i* is f>!/ above ! e>?4 #bdi4 ,,to ,,prove ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,t ,,lum9\s ,,bodies ,,appe> ,,l>g]1 ,,at ,a ,,di/ance1 ,,?an ,,!y ,,are4 ,if y place two light$ c&les side by side half a braccio ap>t1 & g f !m to a di/ance #bjj braccia y w see t by ! increas$ size ( ea* !y w appe> z a s+le lum9\s body ) ! light ( ! two flames1 "o braccio wide4 ,,to ,,prove ,,h[ ,,y ,,may ,,see ,,! ,,real ,,size ,,( ,,lum9\s ,,bodies4 ,if y wi% to see ! real size ( ^! lum9\s bodies1 take a v ?9 bo>d & make 9 x a hole no bigg] ?an ! tag ( a lace & place x z close to y\r eye z possible1 s t :5 y look ?r\gh ?is hole1 at ! said light1 y c see a l>ge space ( air r\nd x4 ,!n by rapidly mov+ ?is bo>d backw>ds & =w>ds be=e y\r eye y w see ! light increase & dim9i%4 ,propositions on p]spective ( disappe>ance f ,,ms4 ,c4 7#bej-bfb74 #bej4 ,( sev]al bodies ( equal size & equally di/ant f ! eye1 ^? w look ! smalle/ :i* are aga9/ ! lighte/ backgr\nd4 ,e visible object mu/ be surr\nd$ by light & %ade4 ,a p]fectly sph]ical body surr\nd$ by light & %ade w appe> to h "o side l>g] ?an ! o!r 9 proportion z "o is m highly light$ ?an ! o!r4 #bea4 ,,p]spective4 ,no visible object c be well und]/ood & compreh5d$ by ! human eye except+ f ! diff]5ce ( ! backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! edges ( ! object t]m9ate & by :i* !y are b\nd$1 & no object w appe> to /& out sep>ate f t backgr\nd s f> z ! outl9es ( its bord]s are conc]n$4 ,! moon1 ?\gh x is at a great di/ance f ! sun1 :51 9 an eclipse1 x comes betwe5 our eyes & ! sun1 appe>s to ! eyes ( m5 to be close to ! sun & affix$ to x1 because ! sun is !n ! backgr\nd to ! moon4 #beb4 ,a lum9\s body w appe> m brilliant 9 proportion z x is surr\nd$ by deep] %ad[4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i*1 9 ! orig9al1 is plac$ aft] ?is text1 has no connection ) x4 #bec4 ,! /raight edges ( a body w appe> brok5 :5 !y are cont]m9\s ) a d>k space /reak$ ) rays ( light4 ,footnote3 ,"h aga9 ! diagrams 9 ! orig9al h no connection ) ! text4 #bed4 ,( sev]al bodies1 all equally l>ge & equally di/ant1 t :i* is mo/ brightly illum9at$ w appe> to ! eye ne>e/ & l>ge/4 ,footnote3 ,"h aga9 ! diagrams 9 ! orig9al h no connection ) ! text4 #bee4 ,if sev]al lum9\s bodies are se5 f a great di/ance al?\gh !y are really sep>ate !y w appe> unit$ z "o body4 #bef4 ,if sev]al objects 9 %ad[1 /&+ v close toge!r1 are se5 aga9/ a bright backgr\nd !y w appe> sep>at$ by wide int]vals4 #beg4 ,( sev]al bodies ( equal size & tone1 t :i* is f>!/ w appe> ! lighte/ & smalle/4 #beh4 ,( sev]al objects equal 9 size1 brightness ( backgr\nd & l5g? t :i* has ! flatte/ surface w look ! l>ge/4 ,a b> ( iron equally ?ick ?r\gh\t & ( :i* half is r$ hot1 af=ds an example1 = ! r$ hot "p looks ?ick] ?an ! re/4 #bei4 ,( sev]al bodies ( equal size & l5g?1 & alike 9 =m & 9 dep? ( %ade1 t w appe> smalle/ :i* is surr\nd$ by ! mo/ lum9\s backgr\nd4 #bfj4 ,,diff]5t ,,portions ,,( ,a ,,wall ,,surface ,,w ,,be ,,d>k] ,,or ,,bright] ,,9 ,,proportion ,,z ,,! ,,light ,,or ,,%ad[ ,,falls ,,on ,,!m ,,at ,a ,,l>g] ,,angle4 ,! =ego+ proposition c be cle>ly prov$ 9 ?is way4 ,let u say t m q is ! lum9\s body1 !n f g w be ! opaque body2 & let a e be ! above-m5tion$ plane on :i* ! said angles fall1 %[+ pla9ly ! nature & "* ( _! bases4 ,!n3 a w be m lum9\s ?an b2 ! base ( ! angle a is l>g] ?an t ( b & x !re=e makes a great] angle :i* w be a m q2 & ! pyramid b p m w be n>r[] & m o c w be /ill f9]1 & s on by degrees1 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to e1 ! pyramids w become n>r[] & d>k]4 ,t portion ( ! wall w be ! d>ke/ :]e ! bread? ( ! pyramid ( %ad[ is great] ?an ! bread? ( ! pyramid ( light4 ,at ! po9t a ! pyramid ( light is equal 9 /r5g? to ! pyramid ( %ad[1 because ! base f g is equal to ! base r f4 ,at ! po9t d ! pyramid ( light is n>r[] ?an ! pyramid ( %ad[ by s mu* z ! base s f is less ?an ! base f g4 ,divide ! =ego+ proposition into two diagrams1 "o ) ! pyramids ( light & %ad[1 ! o!r ) ! pyramids ( light only4 #bfa4 ,among %ad[s ( equal dep? ^? :i* are ne>e/ to ! eye w look lea/ deep4 #bfb4 ,! m brilliant ! light giv5 by a lum9\s body1 ! deep] w ! %ad[s be ca/ by ! objects x illum9ates4 ,v4 ,!ory ( col\rs4 ,leon>do's !ory ( col\rs is ev5 m intimately connect$ ) 8 pr9ciples ( light & %ade ?an 8 ,p]spective ( ,disappe>ance & is 9 fact m]ely an app5dix or supplem5t to ^? pr9ciples1 z we ga!r f ! titles to sections #bfd1 #bfg1 & #bgf1 :ile o!rs aga9 7,nos4 #bha1 #bhb7 are head$ ,prospettiva4 ,a v few ( ^! *apt]s are to be f\nd 9 ! olde/ copies & editions ( ! ,treatise on ,pa9t+1 & al?\gh ! mat]ial !y af=d is b meag] & ! connection betwe5 !m b slight1 we mu/ /ill attribute to !m a special !oretical value z well z practical utility--all ! m s because our k ( ! !ory & use ( col\rs at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance is /ill extremely limit$4 ,! reciprocal effects ( col\rs on objects plac$ opposite ea* o!r 7#bfc-bgb74 #bfc4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! hue ( an illum9at$ object is affect$ by t ( ! lum9\s body4 #bfd4 ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,! surface ( any opaque body is affect$ by ! col\r ( surr\nd+ objects4 #bfe4 ,a %ad[ is always affect$ by ! col\r ( ! surface on :i* x is ca/4 #bff4 ,an image produc$ 9 a mirror is affect$ by ! col\r ( ! mirror4 #bfg4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,e portion ( ! surface ( a body is v>i$ 9 hue by ! reflect$ col\r ( ! object t may be opposite to x4 ,,example4 ,if y place a sph]ical body betwe5 v>i\s objects t is to say ) direct sunlight on "o side ( x1 & on ! o!r a wall illum9at$ by ! sun1 :i* wall may be gre5 or ( any o!r col\r1 :ile ! surface on :i* x is plac$ may be r$1 & ! two lat]al sides are 9 %ad[1 y w see t ! natural col\r ( t body w assume some?+ ( ! hue reflect$ f ^? objects4 ,! /ronge/ w be giv5 by ! lum9\s body2 ! second by ! illum9at$ wall1 ! ?ird by ! %ad[s4 ,!re w /ill be a portion :i* w take a t9t f ! col\r ( ! edges4 #bfh4 ,! surface ( e opaque body is affect$ by ! col\r ( ! objects surr\nd+ x4 ,b ?is effect w be /rong or weak 9 proportion z ^? objects are m or less remote & m or less /rongly col\r$4 #bfi4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! surface ( e opaque body assumes ! hues reflect$ f surr\nd+ objects4 ,! surface ( an opaque body assumes ! hues ( surr\nd+ objects m /rongly 9 proportion z ! rays t =m ! images ( ^? objects /rike ! surface at m equal angles4 ,& ! surface ( an opaque body assumes a /rong] hue f ! surr\nd+ objects 9 proportion z t surface is :it] & ! col\r ( ! object bright] or m highly illum9at$4 #bgj4 ,,( ,,! ,,rays ,,:i* ,,convey ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,air ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,objects4 ,all ! m9ute/ p>ts ( ! image int]sect ea* o!r )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r4 ,to prove ?is let r be "o ( ! sides ( ! hole1 opposite to :i* let s be ! eye :i* sees ! l[] end o ( ! l9e n o4 ,! o!r extremity _c transmit its image to ! eye s z x has to /rike ! end r & x is ! same ) reg>d to m at ! middle ( ! l9e4 ,! case is ! same ) ! upp] extremity n & ! eye u4 ,& if ! end n is r$ ! eye u on t side ( ! holes w n see ! gre5 col\r ( o1 b only ! r$ ( n accord+ to ! #g? ( ?is :]e x is said3 ,e =m projects images f itself by ! %orte/ l9e1 :i* necess>ily is a /raight l9e1 c4 ,footnote3 #ac4 ,?is probably ref]s to ! diagram giv5 "u ,no4 #ff4 #bga4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! surface ( a body assumes 9 "s degree ! hue ( ^? ar\nd x4 ,! col\rs ( illum9at$ objects are reflect$ f ! surfaces ( "o to ! o!r 9 v>i\s spots1 accord+ to ! v>i\s positions ( ^? objects4 ,let o be a blue object 9 full light1 fac+ all by itself ! space b c on ! :ite sph]e a b e d e f1 & x w give x a blue t+e1 m is a yell[ body reflect$ onto ! space a b at ! same "t z o ! blue body1 & !y give x a gre5 col\r 7by ! #bnd proposition ( ?is :i* %[s t blue & yell[ make a beautiful gre5 c47 ,& ! re/ w be set =? 9 ! ,book on ,pa9t+4 ,9 t ,book x w be %[n1 t1 by transmitt+ ! images ( objects & ! col\rs ( bodies illum9at$ by sunlight ?r\gh a small r\nd p]=ation & into a d>k *amb] onto a plane surface1 :i* itself is q :ite1 c4 ,b e ?+ w be upside d[n4 ,comb9ation ( diff]5t col\rs 9 ca/ %ad[s4 #bgb4 ,t :i* ca/s ! %ad[ does n face x1 because ! %ad[s are produc$ by ! light :i* causes & surr\nds ! %ad[s4 ,! %ad[ caus$ by ! light e1 :i* is yell[1 has a blue t+e1 because ! %ad[ ( ! body a is ca/ ^u ! pavem5t at b1 :]e ! blue light falls2 & ! %ad[ produc$ by ! light d1 :i* is blue1 w be yell[ at c1 because ! yell[ light falls !re & ! surr\nd+ backgr\nd to ^! %ad[s b c w1 besides its natural col\r1 assume a hue comp\nd$ ( yell[ & blue1 because x is light$ by ! yell[ light & by ! blue light bo? at once4 ,%ad[s ( v>i\s col\rs1 z affect$ by ! lights fall+ on !m4 ,t light :i* causes ! %ad[ does n face x4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagram we f9d 9 ! circle e giallo 7yell[7 & ! cirle d azurro 7blue7 & also "u ! circle ( %ad[ to ! left giallo is writt5 & "u t to ! "r azurro4 ,9 ! second diagram :]e f\r circles are plac$ 9 a r[ we f9d writt51 beg9n+ at ! left h&1 giallo 7yell[71 azurro 7blue71 v]de 7gre571 rosso 7r$74 ,! effect ( col\rs 9 ! cam]a obscura 7#bgc-bgd74 #bgc4 ,! edges ( a col\r7ed object7 transmitt$ ?r\gh a small hole are m conspicu\s ?an ! c5tral portions4 ,! edges ( ! images1 ( :atev] col\r1 :i* are transmitt$ ?r\gh a small ap]ture into a d>k *amb] w always be /rong] ?an ! middle portions4 #bgd4 ,,( ,,! ,,int]sections ,,( ,,! ,,images ,,9 ,,! ,,pupil ,,( ,,! ,,eye4 ,! int]sections ( ! images z !y ent] ! pupil d n m+le 9 confusion 9 ! space :]e t int]section unites !m2 z is evid5t1 s9ce1 if ! rays ( ! sun pass ?r\gh two panes ( glass 9 close contact1 ( :i* "o is blue & ! o!r yell[1 ! rays1 9 p5etrat+ !m1 d n become blue or yell[ b a beautiful gre54 ,& ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 9 ! eye1 if ! images :i* 7 yell[ or gre5 %\ld m+le :]e !y meet & int]sect z !y ent] ! pupil4 ,z ?is does n happ5 su* a m+l+ does n exi/4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,rays ,,compos$ ,,( ,,! ,,images ,,( ,,objects1 ,,& ,,( ,,_! ,,int]sections4 ,! directness ( ! rays :i* transmit ! =ms & col\rs ( ! bodies :5ce !y proce$ does n t+e ! air nor c !y affect ea* o!r by contact :]e !y int]sect4 ,!y affect only ! spot :]e !y vani% & cease to exi/1 because t spot faces & is fac$ by ! orig9al s\rce ( ^! rays1 & no o!r object1 :i* surr\nds t orig9al s\rce c be se5 by ! eye :]e ^! rays are cut (f & de/roy$1 leav+ !re ! spoil !y h convey$ to x4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! #d? proposition1 on ! col\r ( bodies1 :i* says3 ,! surface ( e opaque body is affect$ by ! col\r ( surr\nd+ objects2 h5ce we may conclude t ! spot :i*1 by means ( ! rays :i* convey ! image1 faces--& is fac$ by ! cause ( ! image1 assumes ! col\r ( t object4 ,on ! col\rs ( d]iv$ %ad[s 7#bge4 #bgf74 #bge4 ,,any ,,%ad[ ,,ca/ ,,by ,,an ,,opaque ,,body ,,small] ,,?an ,,! ,,light ,,caus+ ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,w ,,?r[ ,a ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[ ,,:i* ,,is ,,t+$ ,,by ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,light4 ,let n be ! s\rce ( ! %ad[ e f2 x w assume its hue4 ,let o be ! s\rce ( h e :i* w 9 ! same way be t+$ by its hue & s also ! col\r ( v h w be affect$ by p :i* causes x2 & ! %ad[ ( ! triangle z k y w be affect$ by ! col\r ( q1 because x is produc$ by x4 #g ,9 proportion z c d goes into a d1 w n r s be d>k] ?an m2 & ! re/ ( ! space w be %ad[less #aa4 f g is ! highe/ light1 because "h ! :ole light ( ! w9d[ a d falls2 & ?us on ! opaque body m e is 9 equally high light2 z k y is a triangle :i* includes ! deepe/ %ad[1 because ! light a d _c rea* any "p ( x4 x h is ! #bnd grade ( %ad[1 because x receives only #a_/c ( ! light f ! w9d[1 t is c d4 ,! ?ird grade ( %ad[ is h e1 :]e two ?irds ( ! light f ! w9d[ is visible4 ,! la/ grade ( %ad[ is b d e f1 because ! highe/ grade ( light f ! w9d[ falls at f4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram ,pl4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a belongs to ?is *apt] z well z ! text giv5 9 ,no4 #adh4 ,l9es #g-aa 7comp>e l9es #h-ab ( ,no4 #adh7 :i* are writt5 )9 ! diagram1 evid5tly apply to bo? sections & h !re=e be5 ins]t$ 9 bo?4 #bgf4 ,,( ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,simple ,,d]iv$ ,,%ad[s4 ,! col\r ( d]iv$ %ad[s is always affect$ by t ( ! body t[>ds :i* !y are ca/4 ,to prove ?is3 let an opaque body be plac$ betwe5 ! plane s c t d & ! blue light d e & ! r$ light a b1 !n ,i say t d e1 ! blue light1 w fall on ! :ole surface s c t d except+ at o p :i* is cov]$ by ! %ad[ ( ! body q r1 z is %[n by ! /raight l9es d q o e r p4 ,& ! same occurs ) ! light a b :i* falls on ! :ole surface s c t d except+ at ! spot obscur$ by ! %ad[ q r2 z is %[n by ! l9es d q o1 & e r p4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! %ad[ n m is expos$ to ! blue light d e2 b1 z ! r$ light a b _c fall !re1 n m w appe> z a blue %ad[ on a r$ backgr\nd t9t$ ) blue1 because on ! surface s c t d bo? lights c fall4 ,b 9 ! %ad[s only "o s+le light falls2 = ?is reason ^! %ad[s are ( m$ium dep?1 s9ce1 if no light :atev] m+l$ ) ! %ad[1 x w\ld be ( ! fir/ degree ( d>kness c4 ,b 9 ! %ad[ at o p ! blue light does n fall1 because ! body q r int]poses & int]cepts x !re4 ,only ! r$ light a b falls !re & t+es ! %ad[ ( a r$ hue & s a ruddy %ad[ appe>s on ! backgr\nd ( m+l$ r$ & blue4 ,! %ad[ ( q r at o p is r$1 be+ caus$ by ! blue light d e2 & ! %ad[ ( q r at o' p' is blue be+ caus$ by ! r$ light a b4 ,h5ce we say t ! blue light 9 ?is in/ance causes a r$ d]iv$ %ad[ f ! opaque body q' r'1 :ile ! r$ light causes ! same body to ca/ a blue d]iv$ %ad[2 b ! prim>y %ad[ on ! d>k side ( ! body itself is n ( ei!r ( ^? hues1 b a mixture ( r$ & blue4 ,! d]iv$ %ad[s w be equal 9 dep? if !y are produc$ by lights ( equal /r5g? & at an equal di/ance2 ?is is prov$4 ,footnote #ec3 ,! text is unf9i%$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al diagram ,leon>do has writt5 )9 ! circle q r corpo obroso 7body 9 %ad[72 at ! spot m>k$ ,a1 lum9oso azzurro 7blue lum9\s body72 at ,b1 lum9oso rosso 7r$ lum9\s body74 ,at ,e we read ombra azzurra 7blue t9t$ %ad[7 & at ,d ombra rossa 7r$ t9t$ %ad[74 ,on ! nature ( col\rs 7#bgg4 #bgh74 #bgg4 ,no :ite or black is transp>5t4 #bgh4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,footnote #c ,s9ce :ite is n a col\r b ! neutral recipi5t ( e col\r ,footnote #c3 il bianco non e colore ma e inpot5tia ricettiva d'ogni colore 7:ite is n a col\r1 b ! neutral recipi5t ( e col\r74 ,,leon ,,batt4 ,,alb]ti ,della pittura libro ,i1 ass]ts on ! contr>y3 ,il bianco e'l n]o non sono v]i colori1 ma sono alt]atione delli altri colori 7ed4 ,,janits*ek1 p4 #fg2 ,vi5na #ahgg741 :5 x is se5 9 ! op5 air & high up1 all its %ad[s are blui%2 & ?is is caus$1 accord+ to ! #d? prop41 :i* says3 ! surface ( e opaque body assumes ! hue ( ! surr\nd+ objects4 ,n[ ?is :ite body be+ depriv$ ( ! light ( ! sun by ! int]position ( "s body betwe5 ! sun & itself1 all t portion ( x :i* is expos$ to ! sun & atmosph]e assumes ! col\r ( ! sun & atmosph]e2 ! side on :i* ! sun does n fall rema9s 9 %ad[ & assumes ! hue ( ! atmosph]e4 ,& if ?is :ite object did n reflect ! gre5 ( ! fields all ! way to ! horizon nor get ! brightness ( ! horizon itself1 x w\ld c]ta9ly appe> simply ( ! same hue z ! atmosph]e4 ,on gradations 9 ! dep? ( col\rs 7#bgi4 #bhj74 #bgi4 ,s9ce black1 :5 pa9t$ next to :ite1 looks no black] ?an :5 next to black2 & :ite :5 next to black looks no :it] ?an :ite1 z is se5 by ! images transmitt$ ?r\gh a small hole or by ! edges ( any opaque scre5 444 #bhj4 ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,( sev]al col\rs1 all equally :ite1 t w look :ite/ :i* is aga9/ ! d>ke/ backgr\nd4 ,& black w look int5se/ aga9/ ! :ite/ backgr\nd4 ,& r$ w look mo/ vivid aga9/ ! yell[e/ backgr\nd2 & ! same is ! case ) all col\rs :5 surr\nd$ by _! /ronge/ contra/s4 ,on ! reflection ( col\rs 7#bha-bhc74 #bha4 ,,p]spective4 ,e object devoid ( col\r 9 itself is m or less t+$ by ! col\r ( ! object plac$ opposite4 ,?is may be se5 by exp]i5ce1 inasmu* z any object :i* mirrors ano!r assumes ! col\r ( ! object mirror$ 9 x4 ,& if ! surface ?us p>tially col\r$ is :ite ! portion :i* has a r$ reflection w appe> r$1 or any o!r col\r1 :e!r bright or d>k4 ,,p]spective4 ,e opaque & col\rless body assumes ! hue ( ! col\r reflect$ on x2 z happ5s ) a :ite wall4 #bhb4 ,,p]spective4 ,t side ( an object 9 light & %ade :i* is t[>ds ! light transmits ! images ( its details m di/9ctly & imm$iately to ! eye ?an ! side :i* is 9 %ad[4 ,,p]spective4 ,! sol> rays reflect$ on a squ>e mirror w be ?r[n back to di/ant objects 9 a circul> =m4 ,,p]spective4 ,any :ite & opaque surface w be p>tially col\r$ by reflections f surr\nd+ objects4 ,footnote #bha4 #bhb3 ,! title l9e ( ^! *apt]s is 9 ! orig9al simply pro1 :i* may be an abbreviation = ei!r ,propositione or ,prospettiva--tak+ ,prospettiva ( c\rse 9 its wide/ s5se1 z we (t5 f9d x us$ 9 ,leon>do's writ+s4 ,! title pro has "h be5 und]/ood to mean ,prospettiva1 9 accordance ) ! sugge/ion af=d$ by page #aj;b ( ?is same ,,ms41 :]e ! fir/ section is head$ ,prospettiva 9 full 7see ,no4 #id71 :ile ! f\r foll[+ sections are head$ m]ely pro 7see ,no4 #he74 #bhc4 ,,:at ,,portion ,,( ,a ,,col\r$ ,,surface ,,ought ,,9 ,,reason ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,mo/ ,,int5se4 ,if a is ! light1 & b illum9at$ by x 9 a direct l9e1 c1 on :i* ! light _c fall1 is light$ only by reflection f b :i*1 let u say1 is r$4 ,h5ce ! light reflect$ f x1 w be affect$ by ! hue ( ! surface caus+ x & w t+e ! surface c ) r$4 ,& if c is also r$ y w see x mu* m int5se ?an b2 & if x 7 yell[ y w\ld see !re a col\r betwe5 yell[ & r$4 ,on ! use ( d>k & light col\rs 9 pa9t+ 7#bhd--bhf74 #bhd4 ,,:y ,,beautiful ,,col\rs ,,mu/ ,,be ,,9 ,,! ,,highe/ ,,light4 ,s9ce we see t ! quality ( col\r is kn[n only by means ( light1 x is to be suppos$ t :]e !re is mo/ light ! true "* ( a col\r 9 light w be be/ se52 & :]e !re is mo/ %ad[ ! col\r w be affect$ by ! tone ( t4 ,h5ce1 ,o ,pa9t]6 rememb] to %[ ! true quality ( col\rs 9 bright lights4 #bhe4 ,an object repres5t$ 9 :ite & black w display /rong] relief ?an 9 any o!r way2 h5ce ,i w\ld rem9d y ,o ,pa9t]6 to dress y\r figures 9 ! lighte/ col\rs y c1 s9ce1 if y put !m 9 d>k col\rs1 !y w be 9 too slight relief & inconspicu\s f a di/ance4 ,& ! reason is t ! %ad[s ( all objects are d>k4 ,& if y make a dress d>k !re is little v>iety 9 ! lights & %ad[s1 :ile 9 light col\rs !re are _m grades4 #bhf4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,col\rs se5 9 %ad[ w display m or less ( _! natural brilliancy 9 proportion z !y are 9 fa9t] or deep] %ad[4 ,b if ^! same col\rs are situat$ 9 a well-light$ place1 !y w appe> bright] 9 proportion z ! light is m brilliant4 ,,! ,,adv]s>y4 ,! v>iety ( col\rs 9 %ad[ mu/ be z great z t ( ! col\rs 9 ! objects 9 t %ad[4 ,,! ,,answ]4 ,col\rs se5 9 %ad[ w display less v>iety 9 proportion z ! %ad[s 9 :i* !y lie are deep]4 ,& evid5ce ( ?is is to be _h by look+ f an op5 space into ! doorways ( d>k & %ad[y *ur*es1 :]e ! pictures :i* are pa9t$ 9 v>i\s col\rs all look ( uni=m d>kness4 ,h5ce at a consid]able di/ance all ! %ad[s ( diff]5t col\rs w appe> ( ! same d>kness4 ,x is ! light side ( an object 9 light & %ade :i* %[s ! true col\r4 ,on ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ 7#bhg4 #bhh74 #bhg4 ,treat ( ! ra9b[ 9 ! la/ book on ,pa9t+1 b fir/ write ! book on col\rs produc$ by ! mixture ( o!r col\rs1 s z to be able to prove by ^? pa9t]s' col\rs h[ ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are produc$4 #bhh4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,ra9b[ ,,are ,,produc$ ,,by ,,! ,,sun4 ,! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are n produc$ by ! sun1 = !y occur 9 _m ways )\t ! sun%9e2 z may be se5 by hold+ a glass ( wat] up to ! eye2 :51 9 ! glass--:]e !re are ^? m9ute bubbles always se5 9 co>se glass--ea* bubble1 ev5 ?\gh ! sun does n fall on x1 w produce on "o side all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[2 z y may see by plac+ ! glass betwe5 ! day light & y\r eye 9 su* a way z t x is close to ! eye1 :ile on "o side ! glass admits ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e1 & on ! o!r side ! %ad[ ( ! wall on "o side ( ! w9d[2 ei!r left or "r1 x matt]s n :i*4 ,!n1 by turn+ ! glass r\nd y w see ^! col\rs all r\nd ! bubbles 9 ! glass c4 ,& ! re/ %all be said 9 its place4 ,,t ,,! ,,eye ,,has ,,no ,,"p ,,9 ,,produc+ ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,ra9b[4 ,9 ! exp]im5t j describ$1 ! eye w\ld seem to h "s %>e 9 ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 s9ce ^! bubbles 9 ! glass d n display ! col\rs except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! eye4 ,b1 if y place ! glass full ( wat] on ! w9d[ sill1 9 su* a position z t ! out] side is expos$ to ! sun's rays1 y w see ! same col\rs produc$ 9 ! spot ( light ?r[n ?r\gh ! glass & ^u ! floor1 9 a d>k place1 bel[ ! w9d[2 & z ! eye is n "h conc]n$ 9 x1 we may evid5tly1 & ) c]ta9ty pron\nce t ! eye has no %>e 9 produc+ !m4 ,,( ,,! ,,col\rs ,,9 ,,! ,,fea!rs ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,birds4 ,!re are _m birds 9 v>i\s regions ( ! _w on ^: fea!rs we see ! mo/ spl5did col\rs produc$ z !y move1 z we see 9 our own c\ntry 9 ! fea!rs ( peacocks or on ! necks ( ducks or pigeons1 c4 ,aga91 on ! surface ( antique glass f\nd und]gr\nd & on ! roots ( turnips kept = "s "t at ! bottom ( wells or o!r /agnant wat]s we see t ea* root displays col\rs simil> to ^? ( ! real ra9b[4 ,!y may also be se5 :5 oil has be5 plac$ on ! top ( wat] & 9 ! sol> rays reflect$ f ! surface ( a diamond or b]yl2 aga91 ?r\gh ! angul> facet ( a b]yl e d>k object aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ! atmosph]e or any ?+ else equally pale-col\r$ is surr\nd$ by ^! ra9b[ col\rs betwe5 ! atmosph]e & ! d>k body2 & 9 _m o!r circum/ances :i* ,i w n m5tion1 z ^! suffice = my purpose4 ,,vi4 ',prospettiva de' colri' 7,p]spective ( ,col\r7 & ',prospettiva a]ea' 7,a]ial ,p]spective74 ,leon>do di/9ctly sep>ates ^! bran*es ( 8 subject1 z may be se5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,no4 #bie4 ,attempts h be5 made to ca/ d\bts on ! results :i* ,leon>do arriv$ at by exp]im5t on ! p]spective ( col\r1 b n ) ju/ice1 z may be se5 f ! orig9al text ( section #bid4 ,! "q z to ! composition ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is insep>able f a discussion on ,a]ial ,p]spective1 =ms a sep>ate !ory :i* is treat$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,inde$ ! au?or ent]s into x s fully t we _c escape ! conviction t he mu/ h dwelt ) p>ticul> pleasure on ?is "p ( 8 subject1 & t he atta*$ great importance to giv+ x a "* ( g5]al applicability4 ,g5]al rules 7#bhi--bia74 #bhi4 ,! v>iety ( col\r 9 objects _c be disc]n$ at a great di/ance1 except+ 9 ^? p>ts :i* are directly light$ up by ! sol> rays4 #bij4 ,z to ! col\rs ( objects3 at long di/ances no diff]5ce is p]ceptible 9 ! p>ts 9 %ad[4 #bia4 ,,( ,,! ,,visibility ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,:i* col\r /rikes mo/8 ,an object at a di/ance is mo/ conspicu\s1 :5 x is lighte/1 & ! d>ke/ is lea/ visible4 ,an exceptional case4 #bib4 ,( ! edges outl9es ( %ad[s4 ,"s h mi/y & ill def9$ edges1 o!rs di/9ct ones4 ,no opaque body c be devoid ( light & %ade1 except x is 9 a mi/1 on gr\nd cov]$ ) sn[1 or :5 sn[ is fall+ on ! op5 c\ntry :i* has no light on x & is surr\nd$ ) d>kness4 ,& ?is occurs only 9 sph]ical bodies1 because 9 o!r bodies :i* h limbs & p>ts1 ^? sides ( limbs :i* face ea* o!r reflect on ea* o!r ! accid5tal hue & tone ( _! surface4 ,an exp]im5t4 #bic4 ,,all ,,col\rs ,,are ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,undi/+ui%able ,,& ,,undisc]nible4 ,all col\rs at a di/ance are undi/+ui%able 9 %ad[1 because an object :i* is n 9 ! highe/ light is incapable ( transmitt+ its image to ! eye ?r\gh an atmosph]e m lum9\s ?an itself2 s9ce ! less] brightness mu/ be absorb$ by ! great]4 ,= in/ance3 ,we1 9 a h\se1 c see t all ! col\rs on ! surface ( ! walls are cle>ly & in/antly visible :5 ! w9d[s ( ! h\se are op52 b if we 7 to g out ( ! h\se & look 9 at ! w9d[s f a little di/ance to see ! pa9t+s on ^? walls1 in/ead ( ! pa9t+s we %\ld see an uni=m deep & col\rless %ad[4 ,! practice ( ! prospettiva de colori4 #bid4 ,,h[ ,a ,,pa9t] ,,%\ld ,,c>ry ,,out ,,! ,,p]spective ,,( ,,col\r ,,9 ,,practice4 ,9 ord] to put into practice ?is p]spective ( ! v>iation & loss or dim9ution ( ! ess5tial "* ( col\rs1 obs]ve at e hundr$ braccia "s objects /&+ 9 ! l&scape1 su* z trees1 h\ses1 m5 & p>ticul> places4 ,!n 9 front ( ! fir/ tree h a v /eady plate ( glass & keep y\r eye v /eady1 & !n1 on ?is plate ( glass1 draw a tree1 trac+ x ov] ! =m ( t tree4 ,!n move x on "o side s f> z t ! real tree is close by ! side ( ! tree y h drawn2 !n col\r y\r draw+ 9 su* a way z t 9 col\r & =m ! two may be alike1 & t bo?1 if y close "o eye1 seem to be pa9t$ on ! glass & at ! same di/ance4 ,!n1 by ! same me?od1 repres5t a second tree1 & a ?ird1 ) a di/ance ( a hundr$ braccia betwe5 ea*4 ,& ^! w s]ve z a /&>d & guide :5ev] y "w on y\r own pictures1 :]ev] !y may apply1 & w enable y to give due di/ance 9 ^? works4 #ad ,b ,i h f\nd t z a rule ! second is #d_/e ( ! fir/ :5 x is #bj braccia beyond x4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt] is "o ( ^? copi$ 9 ! ,manuscript ( ! ,vatican libr>y ,urb9as #abgj1 & ! orig9al text is r5d]$ "h ) no o!r alt]ations1 b 9 ! or?ography4 ,h4 ,,ludwig1 9 8 edition ( ?is copy translates l9es #ad & #ae ?us3 ,i* f9de ab] als ,regel1 dass d] zweite um vi] ,funftel des er/5 abnimmt1 w5n er namli* zwanzig ,ell5 vom er/5 entf]nt i/ 7874 ,he adds 9 8 comm5t>y3 ,das ,ende d] ,numm] i/ wohl j$5falls v]/ummelt4 ,h[ev] ! translation giv5 above %[s t x admits ( a diff]5t r5d]+4 ,! rules ( a]ial p]spective 7#bie--big74 #bie4 ,,( ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( p]spective :i* ,i call ,a]ial ,p]spective1 because by ! atmosph]e we are able to di/+ui% ! v>iations 9 di/ance ( diff]5t build+s1 :i* appe> plac$ on a s+le l9e2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 we see sev]al build+s beyond a wall1 all ( :i*1 z !y appe> above ! top ( ! wall1 look ( ! same size1 :ile y wi% to repres5t !m 9 a picture z m remote "o ?an ano!r & to give ! effect ( a some:at d5se atmosph]e4 ,y "k t 9 an atmosph]e ( equal d5sity ! remote/ objects se5 ?r\gh x1 z m\nta9s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great quantity ( atmosph]e betwe5 y\r eye & !m--appe> blue & almo/ ( ! same hue z ! atmosph]e itself ,footnote #aj3 quado il sole e p] leuante 7:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/74 ,app>5tly ! au?or ref]s "h to morn+ light 9 g5]al4 ,h4 ,,ludwig h[ev] translates ?is passage f ! ,vatican copy w5n namli* die ,sonne 7dah9t]7 im ,o/5 /eht4 :5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,footnote #aj4 ,h5ce y mu/ make ! ne>e/ build+ above ! wall ( its real col\r1 b ! m di/ant ones make less def9$ & blu]4 ,^? y wi% %\ld look f>!/ away y mu/ make proportionately blu]2 ?us1 if "o is to be five times z di/ant1 make x five times blu]4 ,& by ?is rule ! build+s :i* above a giv5 l9e appe> ( ! same size1 w pla9ly be di/+ui%$ z to :i* are ! m remote & :i* l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 #bif4 ,! m$ium ly+ betwe5 ! eye & ! object se51 t+es t object ) its col\r1 z ! blu5ess ( ! atmosph]e makes ! di/ant m\nta9s appe> blue & r$ glass makes objects se5 beyond x1 look r$4 ,! light %$ r\nd !m by ! />s is obscur$ by ! d>kness ( ! night :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & ! radiant light ( ! />s4 #big4 ,take c>e t ! p]spective ( col\r does n disagree ) ! size ( y\r objects1 hat is to say3 t ! col\rs dim9i% f _! natural vividness 9 proportion z ! objects at v>i\s di/ances dimmi% f _! natural size4 ,on ! relative d5sity ( ! atmosph]e 7#bih--bij74 #bih4 ,,:y ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,mu/ ,,be ,,repres5t$ ,,z ,,pal] ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,l[] ,,portion4 ,because ! atmosph]e is d5se ne> ! e>?1 & ! high] x is ! r>] x becomes4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ if y look t[>ds ! ,we/ & a little way to ! ,s\? & ,nor?1 y w see t ?is d5se atmosph]e receives m light f ! sun ?an ! r>]2 because ! rays meet ) great] resi/ance4 ,& if ! sky1 z y see x1 ends on a l[ pla91 t l[e/ portion ( ! sky w be se5 ?r\gh a d5s] & :it] atmosph]e1 :i* w weak5 its true col\r z se5 ?r\gh t m$ium1 & !re ! sky w look :it] ?an x is above y1 :]e ! l9e ( sight travels ?r\gh a small] space ( air *>g$ ) heavy vap\r4 ,& if y turn to ! ,ea/1 ! atmosph]e w appe> d>k] z y look l[] d[n because ! lum9\s rays pass less freely ?r\gh ! l[] atmosph]e4 #bii4 ,,( ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,treat+ ,,remote ,,objects ,,9 ,,pa9t+4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t ! atmosph]e :i* lies close/ to ! level gr\nd is d5s] ?an ! re/1 & t :]e x is high] up1 x is r>] & m transp>5t4 ,! l[] portions ( l>ge & l(ty objects :i* are at a di/ance are n mu* se51 because y see !m along a l9e :i* passes ?r\gh a d5s] & ?ick] section ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! summits ( su* heights are se5 along a l9e :i*1 ?\gh x />ts f y\r eye 9 a d5se atmosph]e1 /ill1 z x ends at ! top ( ^? l(ty objects1 ceases 9 a mu* r>] atmosph]e ?an exi/s at _! base2 = ?is reason ! f>!r ?is l9e ext5ds f y\r eye1 f po9t to po9t ! atmosph]e becomes m & m r>e4 ,h5ce1 ,o ,pa9t]6 :5 y repres5t m\nta9s1 see t f hill to hill ! bases are pal] ?an ! summits1 & 9 proportion z !y rec$e beyond ea* o!r make ! bases pal] ?an ! summits2 :ile1 ! high] !y are ! m y mu/ %[ ( _! true =m & col\r4 ,on ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e 7#cjj-cjg74 #cjj4 ,,( ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,i say t ! blu5ess we see 9 ! atmosph]e is n intr9sic col\r1 b is caus$ by w>m vap\r evaporat$ 9 m9ute & ins5sible atoms on :i* ! sol> rays fall1 r5d]+ !m lum9\s aga9/ ! inf9ite d>kness ( ! fi]y sph]e :i* lies beyond & includes x4 ,& ?is may be se51 z ,i saw x by any "o go+ up ,footnote #e3 ,) reg>d to ! place spok5 ( z ,m'oboso 7comp>e ,no4 #cja l9e #bj7 its id5tity w be discuss$ "u ,leon>do's ,topographical notes 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,monboso1 a peak ( ! ,alps :i* divide ,france f ,italy4 ,! base ( ?is m\nta9 gives bir? to ! f\r riv]s :i* fl[ 9 f\r diff]5t directions ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,& no m\nta9 has its base at s great a height z ?is1 :i* lifts itself almo/ above ! cl\ds2 & sn[ seldom falls !re1 b only hail 9 ! summ]1 :5 ! cl\ds are highe/4 ,& ?is hail lies unmelt$ !re1 s t if x 7 n = ! absorption ( ! ris+ & fall+ cl\ds1 :i* does n happ5 twice 9 an age1 an enorm\s mass ( ice w\ld be pil$ up !re by ! hail1 & 9 ! middle ( ,july ,i f\nd x v consid]able4 ,!re ,i saw above me ! d>k sky1 & ! sun z x fell on ! m\nta9 0 f> bright] "h ?an 9 ! pla9s bel[1 because a small] ext5t ( atmosph]e lay betwe5 ! summit ( ! m\nta9 & ! sun4 ,aga9 z an illu/ration ( ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e ,i w m5tion ! smoke ( old & dry wood1 :i*1 z x comes out ( a *imney1 appe>s to turn v blue1 :5 se5 betwe5 ! eye & ! d>k di/ance4 ,b z x rises1 & comes betwe5 ! eye & ! bright atmosph]e1 x at once %[s ( an a%y grey col\r2 & ?is happ5s because x no long] has d>kness beyond x1 b ?is bright & lum9\s space4 ,if ! smoke is f "y1 gre5 wood1 x w n appe> blue1 because1 n be+ transp>5t & be+ full ( sup]abundant moi/ure1 x has ! effect ( cond5s$ cl\ds :i* take di/9ct lights & %ad[s l a solid body4 ,! same occurs ) ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 :5 ov]*>g$ ) moi/ure appe>s :ite1 & ! small am\nt ( heat$ moi/ure makes x d>k1 ( a d>k blue col\r2 & ?is w suffice u s f> z conc]ns ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e2 ?\gh x might be add$ t1 if ?is transp>5t blue 7 ! natural col\r ( ! atmosph]e1 x w\ld foll[ t :]ev] a l>g] mass air int]v5$ betwe5 ! eye & ! elem5t ( fire1 ! azure col\r w\ld be m int5se2 z we see 9 blue glass & 9 sapphires1 :i* are d>k] 9 proportion z !y are l>g]4 ,b ! atmosph]e 9 su* circum/ances behaves 9 an opposite mann]1 inasmu* z :]e a great] quantity ( x lies betwe5 ! eye & ! sph]e ( fire1 x is se5 mu* :it]4 ,?is occurs t[>ds ! horizon4 ,& ! less ! ext5t ( atmosph]e betwe5 ! eye & ! sph]e ( fire1 ! deep] is ! blue col\r1 z may be se5 ev5 on l[ pla9s4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 z ,i say1 t ! atmosph]e assumes ?is azure hue by reason ( ! p>ticles ( moi/ure :i* cat* ! rays ( ! sun4 ,aga91 we may note ! diff]5ce 9 p>ticles ( du/1 or p>ticles ( smoke1 9 ! sun beams admitt$ ?r\gh holes into a d>k *amb]1 :5 ! =m] w look a% grey & ! ?9 smoke w appe> ( a mo/ beautiful blue2 & x may be se5 aga9 9 9 ! d>k %ad[s ( di/ant m\nta9s :5 ! air betwe5 ! eye & ^? %ad[s w look v blue1 ?\gh ! brighte/ p>ts ( ^? m\nta9s w n diff] mu* f _! true col\r4 ,b if any "o wi%es = a f9al pro( let him pa9t a bo>d ) v>i\s col\rs1 among !m an int5se black2 & ov] all let him lay a v ?9 & transp>5t coat+ ( :ite4 ,he w !n see t ?is transp>5t :ite w n[h]e %[ a m beautiful blue ?an ov] ! black--b x mu/ be v ?9 & f9ely gr\nd4 ,footnote #g3 reta "h has ! s5se ( malanno4 #cja4 ,exp]i5ce %[s u t ! air mu/ h d>kness beyond x & yet x appe>s blue4 ,if y produce a small quantity ( smoke f dry wood & ! rays ( ! sun fall on ?is smoke1 & if y !n place beh9d ! smoke a piece ( black velvet on :i* ! sun does n %9e1 y w see t all ! smoke :i* is betwe5 ! eye & ! black /uff w appe> ( a beautiful blue col\r4 ,& if in/ead ( ! velvet y place a :ite clo? smoke1 t is too ?ick smoke1 h9d]s1 & too ?9 smoke does n produce1 ! p]fection ( ?is blue col\r4 ,h5ce a mod]ate am\nt ( smoke produces ! f9e/ blue4 ,wat] viol5tly eject$ 9 a f9e spray & 9 a d>k *amb] :]e ! sun beams are admitt$ produces ^! blue rays & ! m vividly if x is di/ill$ wat]1 & ?9 smoke looks blue4 ,?is ,i m5tion 9 ord] to %[ t ! blu5ess ( ! atmosph]e is caus$ by ! d>kness beyond x1 & ^! in/ances are giv5 = ^? :o _c confirm my exp]i5ce on ,monboso4 #cjb4 ,:5 ! smoke f dry wood is se5 betwe5 ! eye ( ! spectator & "s d>k space or object1 x w look blue4 ,?us ! sky looks blue by reason ( ! d>kness beyond x4 ,& if y look t[>ds ! horizon ( ! sky1 y w see ! atmosph]e is n blue1 & ?is is caus$ by its d5sity4 ,& ?us at ea* degree1 z y raise y\r eyes above ! horizon up to ! sky ov] y\r head1 y w see ! atmosph]e look d>k] blue & ?is is because a small] d5sity ( air lies betwe5 y\r eye & ! out] d>kness4 ,& if y g to ! top ( a high m\nta9 ! sky w look proportionately d>k] above y z ! atmosph]e becomes r>] betwe5 y & ! out] d>kness2 & ?is w be m visible at ea* degree ( increas+ height till at la/ we %\ld f9d d>kness4 ,t smoke w look blue/ :i* rises f ! drie/ wood & :i* is ne>e/ to ! fire & is se5 aga9/ ! d>ke/ backgr\nd1 & ) ! sunlight ^u x4 #cjc4 ,a d>k object w appe> blue/ 9 proportion z x has a great] mass ( lum9\s atmosph]e betwe5 x & ! eye4 ,z may be se5 9 ! col\r ( ! sky4 #cjd4 ,! atmosph]e is blue by reason ( ! d>kness above x because black & :ite make blue4 #cje4 ,9 ! morn+ ! mi/ is d5s] above ?an bel[1 because ! sun draws x upw>ds2 h5ce tall build+s1 ev5 if ! summit is at ! same di/ance z ! base h ! summit invisible4 ,!re=e1 also1 ! sky looks d>ke/ 9 col\r ov]head1 & t[>ds ! horizon x is n blue b r betwe5 smoke & du/ col\r4 ,! atmosph]e1 :5 full ( mi/1 is q devoid ( blu5ess1 & only appe>s ( ! col\r ( cl\ds1 :i* %9e :ite :5 ! wea!r is f9e4 ,& ! m y turn to ! we/ ! d>k] x w be1 & ! bright] z y look to ! ea/4 ,& ! v]dure ( ! fields is blui% 9 a ?9 mi/1 b gr[s grey 9 a d5se "o4 ,! build+s 9 ! we/ w only %[ _! illum9at$ side1 :]e ! sun %9es1 & ! mi/ hides ! re/4 ,:5 ! sun rises & *ases away ! haze1 ! hills on ! side :]e x lifts beg9 to gr[ cle>]1 & look blue1 & seem to smoke ) ! vani%+ mi/s2 & ! build+s reveal _! lights & %ad[s2 ?r\gh ! ?9n] vap\r !y %[ only _! lights & ?r\gh ! ?ick] air no?+ at all4 ,?is is :5 ! movem5t ( ! mi/ makes x "p horizontally1 & !n ! edges ( ! mi/ w be indi/9ct aga9/ ! blue ( ! sky1 & t[>ds ! e>? x w look almo/ l du/ bl[n up4 ,9 proportion z ! atmosph]e is d5se ! build+s ( a city & ! trees 9 a l&scape w look few]1 because only ! talle/ & l>ge/ w be se54 ,d>kness affects e ?+ ) its hue1 & ! m an object diff]s f d>kness1 ! m we see its real & natural col\r4 ,! m\nta9s w look few1 because only ^? w be se5 :i* are f>!/ ap>t2 s9ce1 at su* a di/ance1 ! d5sity increases to su* a degree t x causes a brightness by :i* ! d>kness ( ! hills becomes divid$ & vani%es inde$ t[>ds ! top4 ,!re is less mi/ betwe5 l[] & ne>] hills & yet little is to be di/+ui%$1 & lea/ t[>ds ! bottom4 #cjf4 ,! surface ( an object p>takes ( ! col\r ( ! light :i* illum9ates x2 & ( ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & t object1 t is ( ! col\r ( ! transp>5t m$ium ly+ betwe5 ! object & ! eye2 & among col\rs ( a simil> "* ! second w be ( ! same tone z ! fir/1 & ?is is caus$ by ! increas$ ?ickness ( ! col\r ( ! m$ium ly+ betwe5 ! object & ! eye4 #cjg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,( v>i\s col\rs :i* are none ( !m blue t :i* at a great di/ance w look blue/ is ! ne>e/ to black2 & s1 conv]sely1 ! col\r :i* is lea/ l black w at a great di/ance be/ pres]ve its own col\r4 ,h5ce ! gre5 ( fields w assume a blu] hue ?an yell[ or :ite w1 & conv]sely yell[ or :ite w *ange less ?an gre51 & r$ /ill less4 ,,vii4 ,on ! ,proportions & on ! ,movem5ts ( ! ,human ,figure4 ,leon>do's rese>*es on ! proportions & movem5ts ( ! human figure mu/ h be5 = ! mo/ "p complet$ & writt5 be=e ! ye> #adih2 = ,,luca ,,paciolo writes1 9 ! d$ication to ,ludovico il ,moro1 ( 8 book ,div9a ,proportione1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 t ye>3 ,leon>do da v5ci 444 hau$o gia co tutta diligetia al degno libro de pictura e movim5ti humani po/o f9e4 ,! selection ( ,leon>do's axioms conta9$ 9 ! ,vatican copy attributes ^! words to ! au?or3 e il re/o si dira nella univ]sale misura del huomo4 7,,manzi1 p4 #adg2 ,,ludwig1 ,no4 #bfd74 ,,lomazzo1 aga91 9 8 ,idea del ,tempio della ,pittura ,milano #aeij1 cap4 ,,iv1 says3 ,lion>do ,v9ci 444 dimo/ro anco 9 figura tutte le proporzioni dei membri del corpo umano4 ,! ,vatican copy includes b v few sections ( ! ,univ]sale misura del huomo & until n[ no?+ has be5 made kn[n ( ! orig9al ,,mss4 on ! subject :i* h suppli$ ! v ext5sive mat]ials = ?is portion ( ! "w4 ,! collection at ,w9dsor1 belong+ to h] ,maje/y ! ,que51 includes by f> ! mo/ important "p ( ,leon>do's inve/igations on ?is subject1 con/itut+ ab\t half ( ! :ole ( ! mat]ials "h publi%$2 & ! l>ge numb] ( orig9al draw+s adds greatly to ! int]e/ :i* ! subject itself mu/ comm&4 ,luca ,paciolo w\ld seem to h _h ^! ,,mss4 7:i* ,i h di/+ui%$ by ! initials ,w4 ,p47 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ! passage quot$ above4 ,/ill1 c]ta9 notes ( a lat] date--su* z ,nos4 #cfj1 #cfb & #cfc1 f ,,ms4 ,e1 writt5 9 #aeac--ad1 suffici5tly prove t ,leon>do did n consid] 8 e>li] /udies on ! ,proportions & ,movem5ts ( ! ,human ,figure f9al & complete1 z we might suppose f ,luca ,paciolo's /atem5t4 ,or else he took ! subject up aga9 at a subsequ5t p]iod1 s9ce 8 =m] rese>*es _h be5 c>ri$ on at ,milan betwe5 #adij & #aejj4 ,inde$ x is highly probable t ! anatomical /udies :i* he 0 pursu+ zvi? s mu* zeal betwe5 #aeaj--af %\ld h l$ him to reconsid] ! subject ( ,proportion4 ,prelim9>y obs]vations 7#cjh4 #cji74 #cjh4 ,e man1 at ?ree ye>s old is half ! full height he w gr[ to at la/4 #cji4 ,if a man #b braccia high is too small1 "o ( f\r is too tall1 ! m$ium be+ :at is admirable4 ,betwe5 #b & #d comes #c2 !re=e take a man ( #c braccia 9 height & measure him by ! rule ,i w give y4 ,if y tell me t ,i may be mi/ak51 & judge a man to be well proportion$ :o does n con=m to ?is division1 ,i answ] t y mu/ look at _m m5 ( #c braccia1 & out ( ! l>g] numb] :o are alike 9 _! limbs *oose "o ( ^? :o are mo/ graceful & take y\r measurem5ts4 ,! l5g? ( ! h& is #a_/c ( a braccio #h in*es & ?is is f\nd #i times 9 man4 ,& ! face ,footnote #g3 ,! acc\nt "h giv5 ( ! braccio is ( importance 9 und]/&+ "s ( ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,te/a mu/ "h be und]/ood to mean ! face4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ?is section are illu/rat$ 9 "p on ,pl4 ,,xi4 is ! same1 & f ! pit ( ! ?roat to ! %\ld]1 & f ! %\ld] to ! nipple1 & f "o nipple to ! o!r1 & f ea* nipple to ! pit ( ! ?roat4 ,proportions ( ! head & face 7#caj-cah74 #caj4 ,! space betwe5 ! p>t+ ( ! lips ! m\? & ! base ( ! nose is "o-sev5? ( ! face4 ,! space f ! m\? to ! bottom ( ! *9 c d is ! f\r? "p ( ! face & equal to ! wid? ( ! m\?4 ,! space f ! *9 to ! base ( ! nose e f is ! ?ird "p ( ! face & equal to ! l5g? ( ! nose & to ! =ehead4 ,! di/ance f ! middle ( ! nose to ! bottom ( ! *9 g h1 is half ! l5g? ( ! face4 ,! di/ance f ! top ( ! nose1 :]e ! eyebr[s beg91 to ! bottom ( ! *91 i k1 is two ?irds ( ! face4 ,! space f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to ! top ( ! *9 l m1 t is :]e ! *9 ends & passes into ! l[] lip ( ! m\?1 is ! ?ird ( ! di/ance f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to ! bottom ( ! *9 & is ! twelf? "p ( ! face4 ,f ! top to ! bottom ( ! *9 m n is ! six? "p ( ! face & is ! fifty f\r? "p ( a man's height4 ,f ! f>!/ projection ( ! *9 to ! ?roat o p is equal to ! space betwe5 ! m\? & ! bottom ( ! *91 & a f\r? ( ! face4 ,! di/ance f ! top ( ! ?roat to ! pit ( ! ?roat bel[ q r is half ! l5g? ( ! face & ! eighte5? "p ( a man's height4 ,f ! *9 to ! back ( ! neck s t1 is ! same di/ance z betwe5 ! m\? & ! roots ( ! hair1 t is ?ree qu>t]s ( ! head4 ,f ! *9 to ! jaw bone v x is half ! head & equal to ! ?ickness ( ! neck 9 pr(ile4 ,! ?ickness ( ! head f ! br[ to ! nape is once & #c_/d t ( ! neck4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+s to ?is text1 l9es #a-aj are on ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 ,i4 ,! two upp] sket*es ( heads1 ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 belong to l9es #aa-ad1 & 9 ! orig9al are plac$ imm$iately bel[ ! sket*es reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #a4 #caa4 ,! di/ance f ! atta*m5t ( "o e> to ! o!r is equal to t f ! meet+ ( ! eyebr[s to ! *91 & 9 a f9e face ! wid? ( ! m\? is equal to ! l5g? f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to ! bottom ( ! *94 #cab4 ,! cut or depression bel[ ! l[] lip ( ! m\? is half way betwe5 ! bottom ( ! nose & ! bottom ( ! *94 ,! face =ms a squ>e 9 itself2 t is its wid? is f ! out] corn] ( "o eye to ! o!r1 & its height is f ! v top ( ! nose to ! bottom ( ! l[] lip ( ! m\?2 !n :at rema9s above & bel[ ?is squ>e am\nts to ! height ( su* ano!r squ>e1 a b is equal to ! space betwe5 c d2 d n 9 ! same way to n c1 & likewise s r1 q p1 h k are equal to ea* o!r4 ,x is z f> betwe5 m & s z f ! bottom ( ! nose to ! *94 ,! e> is exactly z long z ! nose4 ,x is z f> f x to j z f ! nose to ! *94 ,! p>t+ ( ! m\? se5 9 pr(ile slopes to ! angle ( ! jaw4 ,! e> %\ld be z high z f ! bottom ( ! nose to ! top ( ! eye-lid4 ,! space betwe5 ! eyes is equal to ! wid? ( an eye4 ,! e> is ov] ! middle ( ! neck1 :5 se5 9 pr(ile4 ,! di/ance f #d to #e is equal to t f s to r4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 ,no4 ,i1 :]e ! text ( l9es #c-ac is also giv5 9 facsimile4 #cac4 7a b7 is equal to 7c d74 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #c4 ,ref]5ce may also be made "h to two p5 & ink draw+s ( heads 9 pr(ile ) figur$ measurem5ts1 ( :i* !re is no description 9 ! ,,ms4 ,^! are giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #b4--;,a head1 to ! left1 ) "p ( ! torso ,w4 ,p4 #e;a1 ,no4 #a on ! same plate is f ,,ms4 ,a #b;b & 9 ! orig9al occurs on a page ) :olly irrelevant text on matt]s ( natural hi/ory4 ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 8 edition ( ! ,p>is ,,ms4 ,a has reproduc$ ?is head & discuss$ x fully note on page #ab2 he has h[ev] some:at alt]$ ! orig9al measurem5ts4 ,! complicat$ calculations :i* ,m4 ,,ravaisson has giv5 appe> to me 9 no way ju/ifi$4 ,! sket*1 z we see x1 c h>dly h be5 int5d$ = any ?+ m ?an an exp]im5tal attempt to asc]ta9 relative proportions4 ,we d n f9d t ,leon>do made use ( circul> l9es 9 any o!r /udy ( ! proportions ( ! human head4 ,at ! same "t we see t ! proportions ( ?is sket* are n 9 accordance ) ! rules :i* he usually obs]v$ 7see = in/ance ,no4 #caj74 ,! head a f #a_/f l>g] ?an n f4 #cae4 ,f ! eyebr[ to ! junction ( ! lip ) ! *91 & ! angle ( ! jaw & ! upp] angle :]e ! e> jo9s ! temple w be a p]fect squ>e4 ,& ea* side by itself is half ! head4 ,! holl[ ( ! *eek bone occurs half way betwe5 ! tip ( ! nose & ! top ( ! jaw bone1 :i* is ! l[] angle ( ! sett+ on ( ! e>1 9 ! frame "h repres5t$4 ,f ! angle ( ! eye-socket to ! e> is z f> z ! l5g? ( ! e>1 or ! ?ird ( ! face4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,! text1 9 ! orig9al is writt5 beh9d ! head4 ,! h&writ+ w\ld seem to indicate a date e>li] ?an #adhj4 ,on ! same leaf !re is a draw+ 9 r$ *alk ( two horsem5 ( :i* only a portion ( ! upp] figure is "h visible4 ,! :ole leaf measures #bb #a_/b c5timetres wide by #bi long1 & is numb]$ #abg 9 ! top "r-h& corn]4 #caf4 ,f a to b--t is to say f ! roots ( ! hair 9 front to ! top ( ! head--ought to be equal to c d2--t is f ! bottom ( ! nose to ! meet+ ( ! lips 9 ! middle ( ! m\?4 ,f ! inn] corn] ( ! eye m to ! top ( ! head a is z f> z f m d[n to ! *9 s4 s c f b are all at equal di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+ 9 silv]-po9t on blui% t9t$ pap]--,pl4 ,x--:i* belongs to ?is *apt] has be5 p>tly drawn ov] 9 ink by ,leon>do himself4 #cag4 ,f ! top ( ! head to ! bottom ( ! *9 is #a_/i1 & f ! roots ( ! hair to ! *9 is #a_/i ( ! di/ance f ! roots ( ! hair to ! gr\nd4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! face is equal to ! space betwe5 ! m\? & ! roots ( ! hair & is #a_/ab ( ! :ole height4 ,f ! top ( ! e> to ! top ( ! head is equal to ! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! *9 to ! la*rymatory duct ( ! eye2 & also equal to ! di/ance f ! angle ( ! *9 to t ( ! jaw2 t is ! #a_/af ( ! :ole4 ,! small c>tilage :i* projects ov] ! op5+ ( ! e> t[>ds ! nose is half-way betwe5 ! nape & ! eyebr[2 ! ?ickness ( ! neck 9 pr(ile is equal to ! space betwe5 ! *9 & ! eyes1 & to ! space betwe5 ! *9 & ! jaw1 & x is #a_/ah ( ! height ( ! man4 #cah4 a b1 c d1 e f1 g h1 i k are equal to ea* o!r 9 size except+ t d f is accid5tal4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,proportions ( ! head se5 9 front 7#cai-cba74 #cai4 a n o f are equal to ! m\?4 a c & a f are equal to ! space betwe5 "o eye & ! o!r4 n m o f q r are equal to half ! wid? ( ! eye lids1 t is f ! inn] la*rymatory corn] ( ! eye to its out] corn]2 & 9 l mann] ! division betwe5 ! *9 & ! m\?2 & 9 ! same way ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! nose betwe5 ! eyes4 ,& ^! spaces1 ea* 9 itself1 is ! #ai? "p ( ! head1 n o is equal to ! l5g? ( ! eye or ( ! space betwe5 ! eyes4 m c is #a_/c ( n m measur+ f ! out] corn] ( ! eyelids to ! lett] c4 b s w be equal to ! wid? ( ! no/ril4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xii4 #cbj4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! pupils ( ! eyes is #a_/c ( ! face4 ,! space betwe5 ! out] corn]s ( ! eyes1 t is :]e ! eye ends 9 ! eye socket :i* conta9s x1 ?us ! out] corn]s1 is half ! face4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! face at ! l9e ( ! eyes is equal to ! di/ance f ! roots ( ! hair 9 front to ! p>t+ ( ! lips4 ,footnote3 ,!re are1 ) ?is section1 two sket*es ( eyes1 n reproduc$ "h4 #cba4 ,! nose w make a d\ble squ>e2 t is ! wid? ( ! nose at ! no/rils goes twice into ! l5g? f ! tip ( ! nose to ! eyebr[s4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 9 pr(ile ! di/ance f ! extreme side ( ! no/ril :]e x jo9s ! *eek to ! tip ( ! nose is equal to ! wid? ( ! nose 9 front f "o no/ril to ! o!r4 ,if y divide ! :ole l5g? ( ! nose--t is f ! tip to ! ins]tion ( ! eyebr[s1 into #d equal p>ts1 y w f9d t "o ( ^! p>ts ext5ds f ! tip ( ! no/rils to ! base ( ! nose1 & ! upp] division lies betwe5 ! inn] corn] ( ! eye & ! ins]tion ( ! eyebr[s2 & ! two middle p>ts toge!r are equal to ! l5g? ( ! eye f ! inn] to ! out] corn]4 ,footnote3 ,! two bottom sket*es on ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d face ! six l9es ( ?is section1--,) reg>d to ! proportions ( ! head 9 pr(ile see ,no4 #cab4 #cbb4 ,! great toe is ! six? "p ( ! foot1 tak+ ! measure 9 pr(ile1 on ! inside ( ! foot1 f :]e ?is toe spr+s f ! ball ( ! sole ( ! foot to its tip a b2 & x is equal to ! di/ance f ! m\? to ! bottom ( ! *94 ,if y draw ! foot 9 pr(ile f ! outside1 make ! little toe beg9 at ?ree qu>t]s ( ! l5g? ( ! foot1 & y w f9d ! same di/ance f ! ins]tion ( ?is toe z to ! f>!/ prom95ce ( ! great toe4 #cbc4 ,= ea* man respectively ! di/ance betwe5 a b is equal to c d4 #cbd4 ,relative proportion ( ! h& & foot4 ,! foot is z mu* long] ?an ! h& z ! ?ickness ( ! arm at ! wri/ :]e x is ?9ne/ se5 fac+4 ,aga91 y w f9d t ! foot is z mu* long] ?an ! h& z ! space betwe5 ! inn] angle ( ! little toe to ! la/ projection ( ! big toe1 if y measure along ! l5g? ( ! foot4 ,! palm ( ! h& )\t ! f+]s goes twice into ! l5g? ( ! foot )\t ! toes4 ,if y hold y\r h& ) ! f+]s /raight out & close toge!r y w f9d x to be ( ! same wid? z ! wide/ "p ( ! foot1 t is :]e x is jo9$ onto ! toes4 ,& if y measure f ! prom95ce ( ! inn] ancle to ! end ( ! great toe y w f9d ?is measure to be z long z ! :ole h&4 ,f ! top angle ( ! foot to ! ins]tion ( ! toes is equal to ! h& f wri/ jo9t to ! tip ( ! ?umb4 ,! smalle/ wid? ( ! h& is equal to ! smalle/ wid? ( ! foot betwe5 its jo9t into ! leg & ! ins]tion ( ! toes4 ,! wid? ( ! heel at ! l[] "p is equal to t ( ! arm :]e x jo9s ! h&2 & also to ! leg :]e x is ?9ne/ :5 view$ 9 front4 ,! l5g? ( ! longe/ toe1 f its fir/ division f ! great toe to its tip is ! f\r? ( ! foot f ! c5tre ( ! ancle bone to ! tip1 & x is equal to ! wid? ( ! m\?4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! m\? & ! *9 is equal to t ( ! knuckles & ( ! ?ree middle f+]s & to ! l5g? ( _! fir/ jo9ts if ! h& is spread1 & equal to ! di/ance f ! jo9t ( ! ?umb to ! outset ( ! nails1 t is ! f\r? "p ( ! h& & ( ! face4 ,! space betwe5 ! extreme poles inside & outside ! foot call$ ! ancle or ancle bone a b is equal to ! space betwe5 ! m\? & ! inn] corn] ( ! eye4 #cbe4 ,! foot1 f :]e x is atta*$ to ! leg1 to ! tip ( ! great toe is z long z ! space betwe5 ! upp] "p ( ! *9 & ! roots ( ! hair a b2 & equal to five six?s ( ! face4 #cbf4 a d is a head's l5g?1 c b is a head's l5g?4 ,! f\r small] toes are all equally ?ick f ! nail at ! top to ! bottom1 & are #a_/ac ( ! foot4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #a1 a draw+ ( a foot ) ! text 9 ?ree l9es bel[ x4 #cbg4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! foot w lie betwe5 ! elb[ & ! wri/ & betwe5 ! elb[ & ! inn] angle ( ! arm t[>ds ! brea/ :5 ! arm is fold$4 ,! foot is z long z ! :ole head ( a man1 t is f "u ! *9 to ! topmo/ "p ( ! head,footnote #b3 nel modo *e qui i figurato4 ,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d1 ! upp] figure4 ,! text breaks (f at ! end ( l9e #b & ! text giv5 "u ,no4 #cba foll[s bel[4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t ! second sket* on ,w4 ,p4 #caa has 9 ! orig9al no explanatory text4 9 ! way "h figur$4 ,proportions ( ! leg 7#cbh-cca74 #cbh4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! calf ( ! leg is at a ?ird ( its height a b1 & is a tw5tie? "p ?ick] ?an ! greate/ ?ickness ( ! foot4 a c is half ( ! head1 & equal to d b & to ! ins]tion ( ! five toes e f4 d k dim9i%es "o six? 9 ! leg g h4 g h is #a_/c ( ! head2 m n increases "o six? f a e & is #g_/ab ( ! head1 o p is #a_/aj less ?an d k & is #f_/ag ( ! head4 a is at half ! di/ance betwe5 b q1 & is #a_/d ( ! man4 r is half way betwe5 s & b,footnote #aa3 b is "h & lat] on measur$ on ! "r side ( ! foot z se5 by ! spectator44 ,! concavity ( ! knee outside r is high] ?an t inside a4 ,! half ( ! :ole height ( ! leg f ! foot r1 is half way betwe5 ! prom95ce s & ! gr\nd b4 v is half way betwe5 t & b4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ?igh se5 9 front is equal to ! greate/ wid? ( ! face1 t is #b_/c ( ! l5g? f ! *9 to ! top ( ! head2 z r is #e_/f ( #g to v2 m n is equal to #g v & is #a_/d ( r b1 x y goes #c times into r b1 & into r s4 ,footnote #bb-ce3 ,! sket* illu/rat+ ^! l9es is on ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #bb3 a b entra 9 c f #f e #f 9 c n4 ,accurate measurem5t h[ev] obliges u to read #g = #f4 a b goes six times into c f & six times into c n & is equal to g h2 i k l m goes #d times into d f1 & #d times into d n & is #c_/g ( ! foot2 p q r s goes #c times into d f1 & #c times into b n2 ,footnote3 #be4 y is n to be f\nd on ! diagram & x occurs twice2 ?is makes ! passage v obscure4 x y is #a_/h ( x f & is equal to n q4 #c #g is #a_/i ( n f2 #d #e is #a_/aj ( n f ,footnote3 #bb-bg4 ,comp>e ) ?is l9es #ah-bd ( ,no4 #cca1 & ! sket* ( a leg 9 pr(ile ,pl4 ,,xv44 ,i want to "k h[ mu* a man increases 9 height by /&+ on tip-toe & h[ mu* p g dim9i%es by /oop+2 & h[ mu* x increases at n q likewise 9 b5d+ ! foot4 ,footnote #cd3 e f #d dal cazo4 ,by read+ i = e ! s5se ( ?is passage is made cle>4 e f is f\r times 9 ! di/ance betwe5 ! g5itals & ! sole ( ! foot2 ,footnote #ce3 #b is n to be f\nd 9 ! sket* :i* r5d]s ! passage obscure4 ,! two la/ l9es are pla9ly legible 9 ! facsimile4 #c #g is six times f #c to #b & is equal to g h & i k4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+ ( a leg se5 9 front ,pl4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #a belongs to ! text f l9es #c-ba4 ,! measurem5ts 9 ?is section %\ld be comp>$ ) ! text ,no4 #cca1 l9es #a-ac1 & ! sket* ( a leg se5 9 front on ,pl4 ,,xv4 #cbi4 ,! l5g? ( ! foot f ! end ( ! toes to ! heel goes twice into t f ! heel to ! knee1 t is :]e ! leg bone fibula jo9s ! ?igh bone femur4 #ccj4 a n b are equal2 c n d are equal2 n c makes two feet2 n d makes #b feet4 ,footnote3 ,see ! l[] sket*1 ,pl4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #a4 #cca4 m n o are equal4 ,! n>r[e/ wid? ( ! leg se5 9 front goes #h times f ! sole ( ! foot to ! jo9t ( ! knee1 & is ! same wid? z ! arm1 se5 9 front at ! wri/1 & z ! longe/ measure ( ! e>1 & z ! ?ree *ief divisions into :i* we divide ! face2 & ?is measurem5t goes #d times f ! wri/ jo9t ( ! h& to ! po9t ( ! elb[4 #ad ,! foot is z long z ! space f ! knee betwe5 a & b2 & ! patella ( ! knee is z long z ! leg betwe5 r & s4 #ah ,! lea/ ?ickness ( ! leg 9 pr(ile goes #f times f ! sole ( ! foot to ! knee jo9t & is ! same wid? z ! space betwe5 ! out] corn] ( ! eye & ! op5+ ( ! e>1 & z ! ?icke/ "p ( ! arm se5 9 pr(ile & betwe5 ! inn] corn] ( ! eye & ! ins]tion ( ! hair4 a b c d are all relatively ( equal l5g?1 c d goes twice f ! sole ( ! foot to ! c5tre ( ! knee & ! same f ! knee to ! hip4 #bh;a b c are equal2 a to b is #b feet--t is to say measur+ f ! heel to ! tip ( ! great toe4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xv4 ,! text ( l9es #b-ag is to ! left ( ! front view ( ! leg1 to :i* x ref]s4 ,l9es #ah-bg are 9 ! middle column & ref] to ! leg se5 9 pr(ile & turn$ to ! left1 on ! "r h& side ( ! writ+4 ,l9es #bj-cj are above1 to ! left & apply to ! sket* bel[ !m4 ,"s f>!r rem>ks on ! proportion ( ! leg w be f\nd 9 ,no4 #ccf1 l9es #f1 #g4 ,on ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole body4 #ccb4 ,9 kneel+ d[n a man w lose ! f\r? "p ( 8 height4 ,:5 a man kneels d[n ) 8 h&s fold$ on 8 brea/ ! navel w m>k half 8 height & likewise ! po9ts ( ! elb[s4 ,half ! height ( a man :o sits--t is f ! seat to ! top ( ! head--w be :]e ! arms fold bel[ ! brea/1 & bel[ ! %\ld]s4 ,! seat$ portion--t is f ! seat to ! top ( ! head--w be m ?an half ! man's :ole height by ! l5g? ( ! scrotum4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #b4 ,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! :ole figure4 #ccc4 ,! cubit is "o f\r? ( ! height ( a man & is equal to ! greate/ wid? ( ! %\ld]s4 ,f ! jo9t ( "o %\ld] to ! o!r is two faces & is equal to ! di/ance f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! navel4 ,footnote #i3 dalla detta somita4 ,x w\ld seem m accurate to read "h dal detto ombilico4 ,f ?is po9t to ! g5itals is a face's l5g?4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ) ?is ! sket*es on ! o!r page ( ! same leaf4 ,pl4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #b4 ,! relative proportions ( ! head & ( ! torso4 #ccd4 ,f ! roots ( ! hair to ! top ( ! brea/ a b is ! six? "p ( ! height ( a man & ?is measure is equal4 ,f ! outside "p ( "o %\ld] to ! o!r is ! same di/ance z f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! navel & ?is measure goes f\r times f ! sole ( ! foot to ! l[] end ( ! nose4 ,! ?ickness ( ! arm :]e x spr+s f ! %\ld] 9 front goes #f times into ! space betwe5 ! two outside edges ( ! %\ld]s & #c times into ! face1 & f\r times into ! l5g? ( ! foot & ?ree into ! h&1 inside or outside4 ,footnote3 ,! ?ree sket*es ,pl4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #b belong to ?is text4 ,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! leg 7#cce4 #ccf74 #cce4 a b c are equal to ea* o!r & to ! space f ! armpit ( ! %\ld] to ! g5itals & to ! di/ance f ! tip ( ! f+]s ( ! h& to ! jo9t ( ! arm1 & to ! half ( ! brea/2 & y mu/ "k t c b is ! ?ird "p ( ! height ( a man f ! %\ld]s to ! gr\nd2 d e f are equal to ea* o!r & equal to ! greate/ wid? ( ! %\ld]s4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #a4 #ccf4 --,top ( ! *9--hip--! ins]tion ( ! middle f+]4 ,! end ( ! calf ( ! leg on ! inside ( ! ?igh4--,! end ( ! swell+ ( ! %9 bone ( ! leg4 #f ,! smalle/ ?ickness ( ! leg goes #c times into ! ?igh se5 9 front4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #b1 middle sket*4 ,! relative proportions ( ! torso & ( ! foot4 #ccg4 ,! torso a b 9 its ?9ne/ "p measures a foot2 & f a to b is #b feet1 :i* makes two squ>es to ! seat--its ?9ne/ "p goes #c times into ! l5g?1 ?us mak+ #c squ>es4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl1 ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 ! l[] sket*4 ,! proportions ( ! :ole figure 7#cch-cda74 #cch4 ,a man :5 he lies d[n is r$uc$ to #a_/i ( 8 height4 #cci4 ,! op5+ ( ! e>1 ! jo9t ( ! %\ld]1 t ( ! hip & ! ancle are 9 p]p5dicul> l9es2 a n is equal to m o4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #b1 ! upp] sket*4 #cdj4 ,f ! *9 to ! roots ( ! hair is #a_/aj ( ! :ole figure4 ,f ! jo9t ( ! palm ( ! h& to ! tip ( ! longe/ f+] is #a_/aj4 ,f ! *9 to ! top ( ! head #a_/h2 & f ! pit ( ! /oma* to ! top ( ! brea/ is #a_/f1 & f ! pit bel[ ! brea/ bone to ! top ( ! head #a_/d4 ,f ! *9 to ! no/rils #a_/c ,"p ( ! face1 ! same f ! no/rils to ! br[ & f ! br[ to ! roots ( ! hair1 & ! foot is #a_/f1 ! elb[ #a_/d1 ! wid? ( ! %\ld]s #a_/d4 #cda4 ,! wid? ( ! %\ld]s is #a_/d ( ! :ole4 ,f ! jo9t ( ! %\ld] to ! h& is #a_/c1 f ! p>t+ ( ! lips to bel[ ! %\ld]-blade is "o foot4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( a man f ! brea/ to ! sp9e is "o #h? ( 8 height & is equal to ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! *9 & ! top ( ! head4 ,! greate/ wid? is at ! %\ld]s & goes #d4 ,! torso f ! front & back4 #cdb4 ,! wid? ( a man "u ! arms is ! same z at ! hips4 ,a man's wid? across ! hips is equal to ! di/ance f ! top ( ! hip to ! bottom ( ! buttock1 :5 a man /&s equally balanc$ on bo? feet2 & !re is ! same di/ance f ! top ( ! hip to ! armpit4 ,! wai/1 or n>r[] "p above ! hips w be half way betwe5 ! arm pits & ! bottom ( ! buttock4 ,footnote3 ,! l[] sket* ,pl4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #b1 is drawn by ! side ( l9e #a4 ,vitruvius' s*eme ( proportions4 #cdc4 ,vitruvius1 ! ar*itect1 says 9 8 "w on ar*itecture t ! measurem5ts ( ! human body are di/ribut$ by ,nature z foll[s3 t is t #d f+]s make #a palm1 & #d palms make #a foot1 #f palms make #a cubit2 #d cubits make a man's height4 ,& #d cubits make "o pace & #bd palms make a man2 & ^! measures he us$ 9 8 build+s4 ,if y op5 y\r legs s mu* z to decrease y\r height #a_/ad & spread & raise y\r arms till y\r middle f+]s t\* ! level ( ! top ( y\r head y mu/ "k t ! c5tre ( ! outspread limbs w be 9 ! navel & ! space betwe5 ! legs w be an equilat]al triangle4 ,! l5g? ( a man's outspread arms is equal to 8 height4 ,f ! roots ( ! hair to ! bottom ( ! *9 is ! t5? ( a man's height2 f ! bottom ( ! *9 to ! top ( 8 head is "o eigh? ( 8 height2 f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! top ( 8 head w be "o six? ( a man4 ,f ! top ( ! brea/ to ! roots ( ! hair w be ! sev5? "p ( ! :ole man4 ,f ! nipples to ! top ( ! head w be ! f\r? "p ( a man4 ,! greate/ wid? ( ! %\ld]s conta9s 9 itself ! f\r? "p ( ! man4 ,f ! elb[ to ! tip ( ! h& w be ! fif? "p ( a man2 & f ! elb[ to ! angle ( ! armpit w be ! eigh? "p ( ! man4 ,! :ole h& w be ! t5? "p ( ! man2 ! beg9n+ ( ! g5itals m>ks ! middle ( ! man4 ,! foot is ! sev5? "p ( ! man4 ,f ! sole ( ! foot to bel[ ! knee w be ! f\r? "p ( ! man4 ,f bel[ ! knee to ! beg9n+ ( ! g5itals w be ! f\r? "p ( ! man4 ,! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! *9 to ! nose & f ! roots ( ! hair to ! eyebr[s is1 9 ea* case ! same1 & l ! e>1 a ?ird ( ! face4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xviii4 ,! orig9al leaf is #ba c5timetres wide & #cc #a_/b long4 ,at ! ends ( ! scale bel[ ! figure are writt5 ! words diti 7f+]s7 & palmi 7palms74 ,! passage quot$ f ,vitruvius is ,book ,,iii1 ,cap4 #a1 & ,leon>do's draw+ is giv5 9 ! editions ( ,vitruvius by ,,fra ,,giocondo 7,v5ezia #aeaa1 fol41 ,fir5ze #aeac1 #hvo47 & by ,,ces>iano 7,como #aeba74 ,! arm & head4 #cdd4 ,f b to a is "o head1 z well z f c to a & ?is happ5s :5 ! elb[ =ms a "r angle4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xli1 ,no4 #a4 ,proportions ( ! arm 7#cde-cdi74 #cde4 ,f ! tip ( ! longe/ f+] ( ! h& to ! %\ld] jo9t is f\r h&s or1 if y w1 f\r faces4 a b c are equal & ea* int]val is #b heads4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #a-c are giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xv bel[ ! front view ( ! leg2 l9es #d & #e are bel[ aga91 on ! left side4 ,! lett]+ ref]s to ! b5t arm ne> ! text4 #cdf4 ,! h& f ! longe/ f+] to ! wri/ jo9t goes #d times f ! tip ( ! longe/ f+] to ! %\ld] jo9t4 #cdg4 a b c are equal to ea* o!r & to ! foot & to ! space betwe5 ! nipple & ! navel d e w be ! ?ird "p ( ! :ole man4 f g is ! f\r? "p ( a man & is equal to g h & measures a cubit4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #a4 #a4 mamol9o 7bamb9o1 little *ild7 may mean "h ! navel4 #cdh4 a b goes #d times into a c & #i into a m4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm betwe5 ! elb[ & ! h& goes #f times into a m & is equal to r f4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! elb[ goes #d times into c m1 & is equal to h n g4 ,! smalle/ ?ickness ( ! arm above ! elb[ x y is n ! base ( a squ>e1 b is equal to half ! space h #c :i* is f\nd betwe5 ! inn] jo9t ( ! arm & ! wri/ jo9t4 #aa,! wid? ( ! wri/ goes #ab times into ! :ole arm2 t is f ! tip ( ! f+]s to ! %\ld] jo9t2 t is #c times into ! h& & #i into ! arm4 ,! arm :5 b5t is #d heads4 ,! arm f ! %\ld] to ! elb[ 9 b5d+ increases 9 l5g?1 t is 9 ! l5g? f ! %\ld] to ! elb[1 & ?is increase is equal to ! ?ickness ( ! arm at ! wri/ :5 se5 9 pr(ile4 ,& ! space betwe5 ! bottom ( ! *9 & ! p>t+ ( ! lips1 is equal to ! ?ickness ( ! #b middle f+]s1 & to ! wid? ( ! m\? & to ! space betwe5 ! roots ( ! hair on ! =ehead & ! top ( ! head ,footnote3 ,que/e cose4 ,?is passage seems to h be5 writt5 on purpose to rectify ! =ego+ l9es4 ,! error is expla9$ by ! accompany+ sket* ( ! bones ( ! arm44 ,all ^! di/ances are equal to ea* o!r1 b !y are n equal to ! above-m5tion$ increase 9 ! arm4 ,! arm betwe5 ! elb[ & wri/ nev] increases by be+ b5t or ext5d$4 ,! arm1 f ! %\ld] to ! inn] jo9t :5 ext5d$4 ,:5 ! arm is ext5d$1 p n is equal to n a4 ,& :5 x is b5t n a dim9i%es #a_/f ( its l5g? & p n does ! same4 ,! out] elb[ jo9t increases #a_/g :5 b5t2 & ?us by be+ b5t x increases to ! l5g? ( #b heads4 ,& on ! inn] side1 by b5d+1 x is f\nd t :]eas ! arm f :]e x jo9s ! side to ! wri/1 0 #b heads & a half1 9 b5d+ x loses ! half head & measures only two3 "o f ! %\ld] jo9t to ! end by ! elb[1 & ! o!r to ! h&4 ,! arm :5 fold$ w measure #b faces up to ! %\ld] f ! elb[ & #b f ! elb[ to ! ins]tion ( ! f\r f+]s on ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! l5g? f ! base ( ! f+]s to ! elb[ nev] alt]s 9 any position ( ! arm4 ,if ! arm is ext5d$ x decreases by #a_/c ( ! l5g? betwe5 b & h2 & if--be+ ext5d$--x is b5t1 x w increase ! half ( o e4 ,footnote #ei-fa3 ,! figure sket*$ 9 ! m>g9 is h[ev] drawn to diff]5t proportions4 ,! l5g? f ! %\ld] to ! elb[ is ! same z f ! base ( ! ?umb1 inside1 to ! elb[ a b c4 ,footnote #fb-fd3 ,! arm sket* on ! m>g9 ( ! ,,ms4 is id5tically ! same z t giv5 bel[ on ,pl4 ,,xx :i* may !re=e be ref]r$ to 9 ?is place4 ,9 l9e #fb we read !re=e z c = m n4 ,! smalle/ ?ickness ( ! arm 9 pr(ile z c goes #f times betwe5 ! knuckles ( ! h& & ! dimple ( ! elb[ :5 ext5d$ & #ad times 9 ! :ole arm & #db 9 ! :ole man #fd4 ,! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm 9 pr(ile is equal to ! greate/ ?ickness ( ! arm 9 front2 b ! fir/ is plac$ at a ?ird ( ! arm f ! %\ld] jo9t to ! elb[ & ! o!r at a ?ird f ! elb[ t[>ds ! h&4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xvii4 ,l9es #a-aj & #aa-ae are writt5 9 two columns bel[ ! ext5d$ arm1 & at ! tips ( ! f+]s we f9d ! words3 f9e d'unghie 7ends ( ! nails74 ,"p ( ! text--l9es #bb to #be--;is visible by ! side ( ! sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxxv1 ,no4 #a4 #cdi4 ,f ! top ( ! %\ld] to ! po9t ( ! elb[ is z f> z f t po9t to ! jo9ts ( ! f\r f+]s ) ! palm ( ! h&1 & ea* is #b faces4 #e;a e is equal to ! palm ( ! h&1 r f & o g are equal to half a head & ea* goes #d times into a b & b c4 ,f c to m is #a_/b a head2 m n is #a_/c ( a head & goes #f times into c b & into b a2 a b loses #a_/g ( its l5g? :5 ! arm is ext5d$2 c b nev] alt]s2 o w always be ! middle po9t betwe5 a & s4 y l is ! fle%y "p ( ! arm & measures "o head2 & :5 ! arm is b5t ?is %r9ks #b_/e ( its l5g?2 o a 9 b5d+ loses #a_/f & s does o r4 a b is #a_/g ( r c4 f s w be #a_/h ( r c1 & ea* ( ^? #b measurem5ts is ! l>ge/ ( ! arm2 k h is ! ?9ne/ "p betwe5 ! %\ld] & ! elb[ & x is #a_/h ( ! :ole arm r c2 o p is #a_/e ( r l2 c z goes #ac times into r c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xx :]e ! text is also se5 f l9es #e-bc4 ,! movem5t ( ! arm 7#cej-ced74 #cej4 ,9 ! inn]mo/ b5d ( ! jo9ts ( e limb ! reliefs are conv]t$ into a holl[1 & likewise e holl[ ( ! inn]mo/ b5ds becomes a convexity :5 ! limb is /raight5$ to ! utmo/4 ,& 9 ?is v great mi/akes are (t5 made by ^? :o h insuffici5t k & tru/ to _! own inv5tion & d n h rec\rse to ! imitation ( nature2 & ^! v>iations occur m 9 ! middle ( ! sides ?an 9 front1 & m at ! back ?an at ! sides4 #cea4 ,:5 ! arm is b5t at an angle at ! elb[1 x w produce "s angle2 ! m acute ! angle is1 ! m w ! muscles )9 ! b5d be %ort5$2 :ile ! muscles outside w become ( great] l5g? ?an be=e4 ,z is %[n 9 ! example2 d c e w %r9k consid]ably2 & b n w be mu* ext5d$4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #b4 #ceb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! arm1 z x turns1 ?ru/s back its %\ld] t[>ds ! middle ( ! back4 #cec4 ,! pr9cipal movem5ts ( ! h& are #aj2 t is =w>ds1 backw>ds1 to "r & to left1 9 a circul> motion1 up or d[n1 to close & to op51 & to spread ! f+]s or to press !m toge!r4 #ced4 ,,( ,,! ,,motions ,,( ,,! ,,f+]s4 ,! movem5ts ( ! f+]s pr9cipally consi/ 9 ext5d+ & b5d+ !m4 ,?is ext5sion & b5d+ v>y 9 mann]2 t is1 sometimes !y b5d altoge!r at ! fir/ jo9t2 sometimes !y b5d1 or ext5d1 half way1 at ! #bnd jo9t2 & sometimes !y b5d 9 _! :ole l5g? & 9 all ! ?ree jo9ts at once4 ,if ! #b fir/ jo9ts are h9d]$ f b5d+1 !n ! #crd jo9t c be b5t ) great] ease ?an be=e2 x c nev] b5d ( itself1 if ! o!r jo9ts are free1 unless all ?ree jo9ts are b5t4 ,besides all ^! movem5ts !re are #d o!r pr9cipal motions ( :i* #b are up & d[n1 ! two o!rs f side to side2 & ea* ( ^! is effect$ by a s+le t5don4 ,f ^! !re foll[ an inf9ite numb] ( o!r movem5ts always effect$ by two t5dons2 "o t5don ceas+ to act1 ! o!r takes up ! movem5t4 ,! t5dons are made ?ick inside ! f+]s & ?9 outside2 & ! t5dons inside are atta*$ to e jo9t b outside !y are n4 ,footnote #bf3 ,?is head l9e has1 9 ! orig9al1 no text to foll[4 ,( ! /r5g? & effect ( ! #c t5dons inside ! f+]s at ! #c jo9ts4 ,! movem5t ( ! torso 7#cee-cfa74 #cee4 ,obs]ve ! alt]$ position ( ! %\ld] 9 all ! movem5ts ( ! arm1 go+ up & d[n1 inw>ds & outw>ds1 to ! back & to ! front1 & also 9 circul> movem5ts & any o!rs4 ,& d ! same ) ref]5ce to ! neck1 h&s & feet & ! brea/ above ! lips c4 #cef4 ,?ree are ! pr9cipal muscles ( ! %\ld]1 t is b c d1 & two are ! lat]al muscles :i* move x =w>d & backw>d1 t is a o2 a moves x =w>d1 & o pulls x back2 & b$ raises x2 a b c moves x upw>ds & =w>ds1 & c d o upw>ds & backw>ds4 ,its own weight almo/ suffices to move x d[nw>ds4 ,! muscle d acts ) ! muscle c :5 ! arm moves =w>d2 & 9 mov+ backw>d ! muscle b acts ) ! muscle c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxi4 ,9 ! orig9al ! lett]+ has be5 writt5 9 ink ^u ! r$ *alk draw+ & ! outl9es ( ! figures h 9 mo/ places be5 ink$ ov]4 #ceg4 ,,( ,,! ,,lo9s1 ,,:5 ,,b5t4 ,! lo9s or backbone be+ b5t4 ,! brea/s are are always l[] ?an ! %\ld]blades ( ! back4 ,if ! brea/ bone is ar*$ ! brea/s are high] ?an ! %\ld]blades4 ,if ! lo9s are upright ! brea/ w always be f\nd at ! same level z ! %\ld]blades4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #a4 #ceh4 a b ! t5don & ankle 9 rais+ ! heel approa* ea* o!r by a f+]'s bread?2 9 l[]+ x !y sep>ate by a f+]'s bread?4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #b4 ,comp>e ?is facsimile & text ) ,pl4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #b1 & p4 #aeb ( ,,manzi',s edition4 ,also ) ,no4 #bgd ( ,,ludwig',s edition ( ! ,vatican ,copy4 #cei4 ,j s mu* z ! "p d a ( ! nude figure decreases 9 ?is position s mu* does ! opposite "p increase2 t is3 9 proportion z ! l5g? ( ! "p d a dim9i%es ! normal size s does ! opposite upp] "p increase beyond its normal size4 ,! navel does n *ange its position to ! male organ2 & ?is %r9k+ arises because :5 a figure /&s on "o foot1 t foot becomes ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! sup]impos$ weight4 ,?is be+ s1 ! middle betwe5 ! %\ld]s is ?ru/ above x out ( x p]p5dicul> l9e1 & ?is l9e1 :i* =ms ! c5tral l9e ( ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body1 becomes b5t at its upp] extremity s z to be above ! foot :i* supports ! body2 & ! transv]se l9es are =c$ into su* angles t _! ends are l[] on ! side :i* is support$4 ,z is %[n at a b c4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #c4 #cfj4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,note 9 ! motions & attitudes ( figures h[ ! limbs v>y1 & _! feel+1 = ! %\ld]blades 9 ! motions ( ! arms & %\ld]s v>y ! l9e ( ! back bone v mu*4 ,& y w f9d all ! causes ( ?is 9 my book ( ,anatomy4 #cfa4 ,,( ,,*ange ,,( ,,attitude4 ,! pit ( ! ?roat is ov] ! feet1 & by ?r[+ "o arm =w>d ! pit ( ! ?roat is ?r[n (f t foot4 ,& if ! leg is ?r[n =w>d ! pit ( ! ?roat is ?r[n =w>d2 &4 s x v>ies 9 e attitude4 #cfb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,indicate :i* are ! muscles1 & :i* ! t5dons1 :i* become prom95t or retreat 9 ! diff]5t movem5ts ( ea* limb2 or :i* d nei!r b are passive4 ,& rememb] t ^! indications ( action are ( ! fir/ importance & necessity 9 any pa9t] or sculptor :o pr(esses to be a ma/] c4 ,& indicate ! same 9 a *ild1 & f bir? to decrepitude at e /age ( its life2 z infancy1 *ildhood1 boyhood1 y\? c4 ,& 9 ea* express ! alt]ations 9 ! limbs & jo9ts1 :i* swell & :i* gr[ ?9n]4 #cfc4 ,o ,anatomical ,pa9t]6 bew>e le/ ! too /rong indication ( ! bones1 s9ews & muscles1 be ! cause ( y\r becom+ wood5 9 y\r pa9t+ by y\r wi% to make y\r nude figures display all _! feel+4 ,!re=e1 9 endeav\r+ to rem$y ?is1 look 9 :at mann] ! muscles clo! or cov] _! bones 9 old or lean p]sons2 & besides ?is1 obs]ve ! rule z to h[ ^! same muscles fill up ! spaces ( ! surface t ext5d betwe5 !m1 :i* are ! muscles :i* nev] lose _! prom95ce 9 any am\nt ( fatness2 & :i* too are ! muscles ( :i* ! atta*m5ts are lo/ to sight 9 ! v lea/ plumpness4 ,& 9 _m cases sev]al muscles look l "o s+le muscle 9 ! increase ( fat2 & 9 _m cases1 9 gr[+ lean or old1 "o s+le muscle divides into sev]al muscles4 ,& 9 ?is treatise1 ea* 9 its place1 all _! peculi>ities w be expla9$--& p>ticul>ly z to ! spaces betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ea* limb c4 ,aga91 d n fail to obs]ve ! v>iations 9 ! =ms ( ! above m5tion$ muscles1 r\nd & ab\t ! jo9ts ( ! limbs ( any animal1 z caus$ by ! div]sity ( ! motions ( ea* limb2 = on "s side ( ^? jo9ts ! prom95ce ( ^! muscles is :olly lo/ 9 ! increase or dim9ution ( ! fle% ( :i* ^! muscles are compos$1 c4 ,footnote3 ,,de ,,rossi rem>ks on ?is *apt]1 9 ! ,roman edition ( ! ,trattato1 p4 #ejd3 ,non 9 que/o luogo solo1 ma 9 altri ancora oss]v] il lettore1 *e ,lion>do va fung5do quelli *e fanno abuso della loro dottr9a anatomica1 e sicuram5te con ci ha 9 mira il suo rivale ,bon>roti1 *e di anatomia facea tanta pompa4 ,note1 t ,leon>do wrote ?is passage 9 ,rome1 probably "u ! imm$iate impression ( ,,mi*aelangelo',s pa9t+s 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel & ( ,,raphael',s ,isaiah 9 ,sant' ,ago/9o4 #cfd4 ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,boys ,,& ,,m54 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? betwe5 ! jo9ts 9 m5 & boys =1 9 man1 f ! top ( ! %\ld] by ! neck to ! elb[1 & f ! elb[ to ! tip ( ! ?umb & f "o %\ld] to ! o!r1 is 9 ea* in/ance two heads1 :ile 9 a boy x is b "o because ,nature con/ructs 9 u ! mass :i* is ! home ( ! intellect1 be=e =m+ t :i* conta9s ! vital elem5ts4 #cfe4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,:i* are ! muscles :i* subdivide 9 old age or 9 y\?1 :5 becom+ lean8 ,:i* are ! p>ts ( ! limbs ( ! human frame :]e no am\nt ( fat makes ! fle% ?ick]1 nor any degree ( leanness ev] dim9i%es x8 ,! ?+ s\ght = 9 ?is "q w be f\nd 9 all ! ext]nal jo9ts ( ! bones1 z ! %\ld]1 elb[1 wri/s1 f+]-jo9ts1 hips1 knees1 ankle-bone & toes & ! l2 all ( :i* %all be told 9 its place4 ,! greate/ ?ickness acquir$ by any limb is at ! "p ( ! muscles :i* is f>!/ f its atta*m5ts4 ,fle% nev] increases on ^? portions ( ! limb :]e ! bones are ne> to ! surface4 ,at b r d a c e f ! increase or dim9ution ( ! fle% nev] makes any consid]able diff]5ce4 ,nature has plac$ 9 front ( man all ^? p>ts :i* feel mo/ pa9 "u a bl[2 & ^! are ! %9 ( ! leg1 ! =ehead1 & ! nose4 ,& ?is 0 done = ! pres]vation ( man1 s9ce1 if su* pa9 7 n felt 9 ^! p>ts1 ! numb] ( bl[s to :i* !y w\ld be expos$ mu/ be ! cause ( _! de/ruction4 ,describe :y ! bones ( ! arm & leg are d\ble ne> ! h& & foot respectively4 ,& :]e ! fle% is ?ick] or ?9n] 9 ! b5d+ ( ! limbs4 #cff4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,e "p ( ! :ole mu/ be 9 proportion to ! :ole4 ,?us1 if a man is ( a /\t %ort figure he w be ! same 9 all 8 p>ts3 t is ) %ort & ?ick arms1 wide ?ick h&s1 ) %ort f+]s ) _! jo9ts ( ! same "*1 & s on ) ! re/4 ,i w\ld h ! same ?+ und]/ood z apply+ to all animals & plants2 9 dim9i%+1 ! v>i\s p>ts d s 9 due proportion to ! size1 z also 9 enl>g+4 #cfg4 ,,( ,,! ,,agreem5t ,,( ,,! ,,proportion ,,( ,,! ,,limbs4 ,& aga91 rememb] to be v c>eful 9 giv+ y\r figures limbs1 t !y mu/ appe> to agree ) ! size ( ! body & likewise to ! age4 ,?us a y\? has limbs t are n v muscul> n /rongly ve9$1 & ! surface is delicate & r\nd1 & t5d] 9 col\r4 ,9 man ! limbs are s9ewy & muscul>1 :ile 9 old m5 ! surface is wr9kl$1 rugg$ & knotty1 & ! s9ews v prom95t4 ,,h[ ,,"y ,,boys ,,h ,,_! ,,jo9ts ,,j ,,! ,,rev]se ,,( ,,^? ,,( ,,m51 ,,z ,,to ,,size4 ,little *ildr5 h all ! jo9ts sl5d] & ! portions betwe5 !m are ?ick2 & ?is happ5s because no?+ b ! sk9 cov]s ! jo9ts )\t any o!r fle% & has ! "* ( s9ew1 connect+ ! bones l a ligature4 ,& ! fat fle%9ess is laid on betwe5 "o jo9t & ! next1 & betwe5 ! sk9 & ! bones4 ,b1 s9ce ! bones are ?ick] at ! jo9ts ?an betwe5 !m1 z a mass gr[s up ! fle% ceases to h t sup]fluity :i* x _h1 betwe5 ! sk9 & ! bones2 :5ce ! sk9 cl+s m closely to ! bone & ! limbs gr[ m sl5d]4 ,b s9ce !re is no?+ ov] ! jo9ts b ! c>tilag9\s & s9ewy sk9 ?is _c dry up1 &1 n dry+ up1 _c %r9k4 ,?us1 & = ?is reason1 *ildr5 are sl5d] at ! jo9ts & fat betwe5 ! jo9ts2 z may be se5 9 ! jo9ts ( ! f+]s1 arms1 & %\ld]s1 :i* are sl5d] & dimpl$1 :ile 9 man on ! contr>y all ! jo9ts ( ! f+]s1 arms1 & legs are ?ick2 & :]ev] *ildr5 h holl[s m5 h prom95ces4 ,! movem5t ( ! human figure 7#cfh-cge74 #cfh4 ,( ! mann] ( repres5t+ ! #ah actions ( man4 ,repose1 movem5t1 runn+1 /&+1 support$1 sitt+1 lean+1 kneel+1 ly+ d[n1 susp5d$4 ,c>ry+ or be+ c>ri$1 ?ru/+1 pull+1 /rik+1 be+ /ruck1 press+ d[n & lift+ up4 ,z to h[ a figure %\ld /& ) a weight 9 its h& ,footnote #h3 ,! orig9al text ends "h4 ,rememb]4 #cfi4 ,a sitt+ man _c raise himself if t "p ( 8 body :i* is front ( 8 axis c5tre ( gravity does n weigh m ?an t :i* is beh9d t axis or c5tre )\t us+ 8 arms4 ,a man :o is m\nt+ any slope f9ds t he mu/ involunt>ily ?r[ ! mo/ weight =w>d1 on ! high] foot1 r ?an beh9d--t is 9 front ( ! axis & n beh9d x4 ,h5ce a man w always1 involunt>ily1 ?r[ ! great] weight t[>ds ! po9t :i!r he desires to move ?an 9 any o!r direction4 ,! fa/] a man runs1 ! m he leans =w>d t[>ds ! po9t he runs to & ?r[s m weight 9 front ( 8 axis ?an beh9d4 ,a man :o runs d[n hill ?r[s ! axis onto 8 heels1 & "o :o runs up hill ?r[s x into ! po9ts ( 8 feet2 & a man runn+ on level gr\nd ?r[s x fir/ on 8 heels & !n on ! po9ts ( 8 feet4 ,?is man _c c>ry 8 own weight unless1 by draw+ 8 body back he balances ! weight 9 front1 9 su* a way z t ! foot on :i* he /&s is ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #d4 #cgj4 ,h[ a man proce$s to raise himself to 8 feet1 :5 he is sitt+ on level gr\nd4 #cga4 ,a man :5 walk+ has 8 head 9 advance ( 8 feet4 ,a man :5 walk+ across a long level pla9 fir/ leans r backw>ds & !n z mu* =w>ds4 ,footnote #c-f3 ,he /rides =w>d ) ! air ( a man go+ d[n hill2 :5 we>y1 on ! contr>y he walks l a man go+ up hill4 #cgb4 ,a man :5 runn+ ?r[s less weight on 8 legs ?an :5 /&+ /ill4 ,& 9 ! same way a horse :i* is runn+ feels less ! weight ( ! man he c>ries4 ,h5ce _m p]sons ?9k x wond]ful t1 9 runn+1 ! horse c re/ on "o s+le foot4 ,f ?is x may be /at$ t :5 a weight is 9 progressive motion ! m rapid x is ! less is ! p]p5dicul> weight t[>ds ! c5tre4 #cgc4 ,if a man1 9 tak+ a jump f firm gr\nd1 c leap #c braccia1 & :5 he 0 tak+ 8 leap x 7 to rec$e #a_/c ( a braccio1 t w\ld be tak5 (f 8 =m] leap2 & s if x 7 ?ru/ =w>d #a_/c ( a braccio1 by h[ mu* w\ld 8 leap be increas$8 #cgd4 ,,( ,,draw+4 ,:5 a man :o is runn+ wants to neutralise ! impetus t c>ries him on he prep>es a contr>y impetus :i* is g5]at$ by 8 hang+ backw>ds4 ,?is c be prov$1 s9ce1 if ! impetus c>ries a mov+ body ) a mom5tum equal to #d & ! mov+ body wants to turn & fall back ) a mom5tum ( #d1 !n "o mom5tum neutralises ! o!r contr>y "o1 & ! impetus is neutralis$4 ,( walk+ up & d[n 7#cge-cgi7 #cge4 ,:5 a man wants to /op runn+ & *eck ! impetus he is =c$ to hang back & take %ort quick /eps4 ,footnote3 ,l9es #e-ca ref] to ! two upp] figures1 & ! l[] figure to ! "r is expla9$ by ! la/ "p ( ! *apt]4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( a man :o lifts "o ( 8 feet f ! gr\nd always re/s on ! c5tre ( ! sole ( ! foot he /&s on4 ,a man1 9 go+ up /airs involunt>ily ?r[s s mu* weight =w>d & on ! side ( ! upp] foot z to be a c\nt]poise to ! l[] leg1 s t ! lab\r ( ?is l[] leg is limit$ to mov+ itself4 ,! fir/ ?+ a man does 9 m\nt+ /eps is to relieve ! leg he is ab\t to lift ( ! weight ( ! body :i* 0 re/+ on t leg2 & besides ?is1 he gives to ! opposite leg all ! re/ ( ! bulk ( ! :ole man1 includ+ ! weight ( ! o!r leg2 he !n raises ! o!r leg & sets ! foot ^u ! /ep to :i* he wi%es to raise himself4 ,hav+ done ?is he re/ores to ! upp] foot all ! weight ( ! body & ( ! leg itself1 & places 8 h& on 8 ?igh & ?r[s 8 head =w>d & repeats ! movem5t t[>ds ! po9t ( ! upp] foot1 quickly lift+ ! heel ( ! l[] "o2 & ) ?is impetus he lifts himself up & at ! same "t ext5ds ! arm :i* re/$ on 8 knee2 & ?is ext5sion ( ! arm c>ries up ! body & ! head1 & s /raight5s ! sp9e :i* 0 curv$4 #cb ,! high] ! /ep is :i* a man has to m\nt1 ! f>!r =w>d w he place 8 head 9 advance ( 8 upp] foot1 s z to weigh m on a ?an on b2 ?is man w n be on ! /ep m4 ,z is %[n by ! l9e g f4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #a4 ,! l[] sket* to ! left belongs to ! f\r fir/ l9es4 #cgf4 ,i ask ! weight pressure ( ?is man at e degree ( motion on ^! /eps1 :at weight he gives to b & to c4 ,footnote #h3 ,^! l9es are1 9 ! orig9al1 writt5 9 ink ,obs]ve ! p]p5dicul> l9e bel[ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! man4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #b4 #cgg4 ,9 go+ up /airs if y place y\r h&s on y\r knees all ! lab\r tak5 by ! arms is remov$ f ! s9ews at ! back ( ! knees4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #c4 #cgh4 ,! s9ew :i* guides ! leg1 & :i* is connect$ ) ! patella ( ! knee1 feels x a great] lab\r to c>ry ! man upw>ds1 9 proportion z ! leg is m b5t2 & ! muscle :i* acts ^u ! angle made by ! ?igh :]e x jo9s ! body has less difficulty & has a less weight to lift1 because x has n ! additional weight ( ! ?igh itself4 ,& besides ?is x has /rong] muscles1 be+ ^? :i* =m ! buttock4 #cgi4 ,a man com+ d[n hill takes little /eps1 because ! weight re/s ^u ! h9d] foot1 :ile a man m\nt+ takes wide /eps1 because 8 weight re/s on ! =emo/ foot4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #d4 ,on ! human body 9 action 7#chj-chh74 #chj4 ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,body ,,9 ,,action4 ,:5 y want to repres5t a man z mov+ "s weight consid] :at ! movem5ts are t are to be repres5t$ by diff]5t l9es2 t is to say ei!r f bel[ upw>ds1 ) a simple movem5t1 z a man does :o /oops =w>d to take up a weight :i* he w lift z he /raight5s himself4 ,or z a man does :o wants to squa% some?+ backw>ds1 or to =ce x =w>ds or to pull x d[nw>ds ) ropes pass$ ?r\gh pullies ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ! sket* on page #aih & on #bja 7,s4 ,k4 ,m4 ,,ii4#a #hf;b744 ,& "h rememb] t ! weight ( a man pulls 9 proportion z 8 c5tre ( gravity is di/ant f 8 fulcrum1 & to ?is is add$ ! =ce giv5 by 8 legs & b5t back z he raises himself4 #cha4 ,aga91 a man has ev5 a great] /ore ( /r5g? 9 8 legs ?an he ne$s = 8 own weight2 & to see if ?is is true1 make a man /& on ! %ore-s& & !n put ano!r man on 8 back1 & y w see h[ mu* he w s9k 94 ,!n take ! man f (f 8 back & make him jump /raight up z high z he c1 & y w f9d t ! pr9t ( 8 feet w be made deep] by ! jump ?an f hav+ ! man on 8 back4 ,h5ce1 "h1 by #b me?ods x is prov$ t a man has d\ble ! /r5g? he requires to support 8 own body4 #chb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,if y h to draw a man :o is 9 motion1 or lift+ or pull+1 or c>ry+ a weight equal to 8 own1 9 :at way mu/ y set on 8 legs bel[ 8 body8 ,footnote3 ,9 ! ,,ms4 ?is "q rema9s unansw]$4 #chc4 ,,( ,,! ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,man4 ,a man pull+ a dead weight balanc$ aga9/ himself _c pull m ?an 8 own weight4 ,& if he has to raise x he w be able to raise z mu* m ?an 8 weight z 8 /r5g? may be m ?an t ( o!r m54 ,footnote #g3 ,! /roke at ! end ( ?is l9e f9i%es 9 ! orig9al 9 a sort ( loop or fl\ri%1 & a simil> fl\ri% occurs at ! end ( ! previ\s passage writt5 on ! same page4 ,m4 ,,ravaisson reg>ds ^! z numb]s 7comp>e ! photograph ( page #cj;b 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a74 ,he rem>ks3 ,ce *iffre #h et1 a la f9 de l'al9ea prec$5t1 le *iffre #g sont1 dans le manuscrit1 des r5vois4 ,! greate/ =ce a man c apply1 ) equal velocity & impetus1 w be :5 he sets 8 feet on "o end ( ! balance or lev] & !n presses 8 %\ld]s aga9/ "s /able body4 ,?is w raise a weight at ! o!r end ( ! balance lev]1 equal to 8 own weight & add$ to t z mu* weight z he c c>ry on 8 %\ld]s4 #chd4 ,no animal c simply move by its dead weight a great] weight ?an ! sum ( its own weight outside ! c5tre ( 8 fulcrum4 #che4 ,a man :o wants to s5d an arr[ v f> f ! b[ mu/ be /&+ entirely on "o foot & rais+ ! o!r s f> f ! foot he /&s on z to af=d ! requisite c\nt]poise to 8 body :i* is ?r[n on ! front foot4 ,& he mu/ n hold 8 arm fully ext5d$1 & 9 ord] t he may be m able to be> ! /ra9 he mu/ hold a piece ( wood :i* !re is 9 all crossb[s1 ext5d+ f ! h& to ! brea/1 & :5 he wi%es to %oot he sudd5ly leaps =w>d at ! same in/ant & ext5ds 8 arm ) ! b[ & releases ! /r+4 ,& if he dext]\sly does e ?+ at once x w g a v long way4 #chf4 ,:5 two m5 are at ! opposite ends ( a plank t is balanc$1 & if !y are ( equal weight1 & if "o ( !m wants to make a leap into ! air1 !n 8 leap w be made d[n f 8 end ( ! plank & ! man w nev] g up aga9 b mu/ rema9 9 8 place till ! man at ! o!r end da%es up ! bo>d4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #c4 #chg4 ,( deliv]+ a bl[ to ! "r or left4 ,footnote3 ,f\r sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #a belong to ?is passage4 ,! re/ ( ! sket*es & notes on t page are ( a miscellane\s nature4 #chh4 ,:y an impetus is n sp5t at once b dim9i%es gradually 9 "s "o direction8 ,footnote #a3 ,! pap] has be5 damag$ at ! end ( l9e #a4 ,! impetus acquir$ 9 ! l9e a b c d is sp5t 9 ! l9e d e b n s completely b t "s ( its =ce rema9s 9 x & to ?is =ce is add$ ! mom5tum 9 ! l9e d e ) ! =ce ( ! motive p[]1 & x mu/ foll[ ?an ! impetus multipli$ by ! bl[ is great] t ! simple impetus produc$ by ! mom5tum d e4 ,footnote #h3 ,! sket* ,no4 #b on ,pl4 ,,xxiv /&s1 9 ! orig9al1 betwe5 l9es #g & #h4 ,comp>e also ! sket*es on ,pl4 ,,liv4 ,a man :o has to deal a great bl[ ) 8 weapon prep>es himself ) all 8 =ce on ! opposite side to t :]e ! spot is :i* he is to hit2 & ?is is because a body z x ga9s 9 velocity ga9s 9 =ce aga9/ ! object :i* imp$es its motion4 ,on hair fall+ d[n 9 curls4 #chi4 ,obs]ve ! motion ( ! surface ( ! wat] :i* resembles t ( hair1 & has two motions1 ( :i* "o goes on ) ! fl[ ( ! surface1 ! o!r =ms ! l9es ( ! eddies2 ?us ! wat] =ms eddy+ :irlpools "o "p ( :i* are due to ! impetus ( ! pr9cipal curr5t & ! o!r to ! incid5tal motion & return fl[4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxv4 ,:]e also ! text ( ?is passage is giv5 9 facsimile4 ,on drap]ies 7#cij--cib74 #cij4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,folds ,,9 ,,drap]y4 ,t "p ( a fold :i* is f>!/ f ! ends :]e x is conf9$ w fall mo/ ne>ly 9 its natural =m4 ,e ?+ by nature t5ds to rema9 at re/4 ,drap]y1 be+ ( equal d5sity & ?ickness on its wrong side & on its "r1 has a t5d5cy to lie flat2 !re=e :5 y give x a fold or plait =c+ x out ( its flatness note well ! result ( ! con/ra9t 9 ! "p :]e x is mo/ conf9$2 & ! "p :i* is f>!/ f ?is con/ra9t y w see relapses mo/ into ! natural /ate2 t is to say lies free & fl[+4 ,,example4 ,footnote #ac3 a c sia4 ,9 ! orig9al text b is writt5 in/ead ( c--an evid5t slip ( ! p54 ,let a b c be ! fold ( ! drap]y spok5 ( above1 a c w be ! places :]e ?is fold$ drap]y is held fa/4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! "p ( ! drap]y :i* is f>!/ f ! plait$ ends w rev]t mo/ to its natural =m4 ,!re=e1 b be+ f>!/ f a & c 9 ! fold a b c x w be wid] !re ?an any:]e else4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #f1 & comp>e ! draw+ f ,w9dsor ,pl4 ,,xxx = f>!r illu/ration ( :at is "h /at$4 #cia4 ,,( ,,small ,,folds ,,9 ,,drap]ies4 ,h[ figures dress$ 9 a cloak %\ld n %[ ! %ape s mu* z t ! cloak looks z if x 7 next ! fle%2 s9ce y surely _c wi% ! cloak to be next ! fle%1 = y mu/ suppose t betwe5 ! fle% & ! cloak !re are o!r g>m5ts :i* prev5t ! =ms ( ! limbs appe>+ di/9ctly ?r\gh ! cloak4 ,& ^? limbs :i* y all[ to be se5 y mu/ make ?ick] s t ! o!r g>m5ts may appe> to be "u ! cloak4 ,b only give some?+ ( ! true ?ickness ( ! limbs to a nymph ,footnote #i3 ,una nifa4 ,comp>e ! beautiful draw+ ( a ,nymph1 9 black *alk f ! ,w9dsor collection1 ,pl4 ,,xxvi4 or an angel1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 ?9 drap]ies1 press$ & cl++ to ! limbs ( ! figures by ! action ( ! w9d4 #cib4 ,y ought n to give to drap]y a great confusion ( _m folds1 b r only introduce !m :]e !y are held by ! h&s or ! arms2 ! re/ y may let fall simply :]e x is its nature to fl[2 & d n let ! nude =ms be brok5 by too _m details & int]rupt$ folds4 ,h[ drap]ies %\ld be drawn f nature3 t is to say if y\want to repres5t wooll5 clo? draw ! folds f t2 & if x is to be silk1 or f9e clo? or co>se1 or ( l95 or ( crape1 v>y ! folds 9 ea* & d n repres5t dresses1 z _m d1 f models cov]$ ) pap] or ?9 lea!r :i* w deceive y greatly4 ,footnote3 ,! little p5 & ink draw+ f ,w9dsor 7,w4 #ajb71 giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #g1 cle>ly illu/rates ! /atem5t made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is passage2 ! writ+ ( ! ciph] #ai on ! same page is 9 ,leon>do's h&2 ! ciph] #ba is c]ta9ly n4 ,,viii4 ,botany = ,pa9t]s & ,elem5ts ( ,l&scape ,pa9t+4 ,! *apt]s compos+ ?is portion ( ! "w consi/ ( obs]vations on ,=m1 ,light & ,%ade 9 ,plants1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,trees summ$ up 9 c]ta9 g5]al rules by :i* ! au?or int5ds to guide ! arti/ 9 ! pictorial repres5tation ( l&scape4 ,) ^! ! fir/ pr9ciples ( a ,!ory ( ,l&scape pa9t+ are laid d[n--a !ory z pr(\ndly ?\ght out 9 its ma9 l9es z x is lucidly work$ out 9 its details4 ,9 read+ ^! *apt]s ! conviction is irresi/ible t su* a ,botany = pa9t]s is or ought to be ( simil> importance 9 ! practice ( pa9t+ z ! pr9ciples ( ! ,proportions & ,movem5ts ( ! human figure i4 e4 ,anatomy = pa9t]s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,leon>do1 9 lay+ d[n ^! rules1 did n int5d to write on ,botany 9 ! prop] sci5tific s5se--8 own rese>*es on t subject h no place "h2 x ne$ only be obs]v$ t !y are easily di/+ui%$ by _! "* & cont5ts f ^? :i* are "h collect$ & arrang$ "u ! title ',botany = pa9t]s'4 ,9 "s cases :]e ?is division might appe> d\btful1--z = in/ance 9 ,no4 #djb--! ,pa9t] is directly address$ & enjo9$ to take ! rule to he>t z ( special importance 9 8 art4 ,! orig9al mat]ials are pr9cipally d]iv$ f ,,ms4 ,g1 9 :i* we (t5 f9d ?is subject treat$ on sev]al pages 9 succession )\t any ( t int]mixture ( o!r matt]s1 :i* is s frequ5t 9 ,leon>do's writ+s4 ,?is ,,ms41 too1 is "o ( ! late/2 :5 x 0 writt51 ! great pa9t] 0 already m ?an sixty ye>s ( age1 s we c sc>cely d\bt t he reg>d$ all he wrote z 8 f9al views on ! subject4 ,& ! same rem>k applies to ! *apt]s f ,,mss4 ,e & ,m :i* 7 also writt5 betwe5 #aeac--ae4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 h[ev]1 x has be5 desirable to sacrifice--) few exceptions--! orig9al ord] ( ! passages z writt51 ?\gh x 0 ) mu* reluctance & only aft] long hesitation t ,i resign$ myself to ?is necessity4 ,nor d ,i mean to impugn ! logical connection ( ! au?or's ideas 9 8 ,,ms42 b x w be easily und]/ood t ! sequ5ce ( disconnect$ notes1 z !y occurr$ to ,leon>do & 7 writt5 d[n f "t to "t1 might be h>dly satisfactory z a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( 8 pr9ciples4 ,! read] w f9d 9 ! ,app5dix an exact acc\nt ( ! ord] ( ! *apt]s 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 & f ! data !re giv5 c re/ore !m at w4 ,z ! mat]ials are "h arrang$1 ! /ructure ( ! tree z reg>ds ! gr[? ( ! bran*es comes fir/ 7#cid-daa7 & !n ! ins]tion ( ! leaves on ! /ems 7#dab-dai74 ,!n foll[ ! laws ( ,light & ,%ade z appli$1 fir/1 to ! leaves 7#dbj-dcd71 &1 secondly1 to ! :ole tree & to gr\ps ( trees 7#dce-deg74 ,aft] ! rem>ks on ! ,light & ,%ade 9 l&scapes g5]ally 7#deh-dfd71 we f9d special obs]vations on t ( views ( t[ns & build+s 7#dfe-dfi74 ,to ! !ory ( ,l&scape ,pa9t+ belong also ! passages on ! effect ( ,w9d on ,trees 7#dgj-dgc7 & on ! ,light & ,%ade ( ,cl\ds 7#dgd-dgg71 s9ce we f9d 9 ^! c]ta9 comp>isons ) ! effect ( ,light & ,%ade on ,trees 7e4 g43 9 ,no4 #dgf1 #d4 #e2 & ,no4 #dgg1 #i4 #ab74 ,! *apt]s giv5 9 ! ,app5dix ,nos4 #dgh & #dha h h>dly any connection ) ! subjects previ\sly treat$4 ,classification ( trees4 #cic4 ,,trees4 ,small1 l(ty1 /raggl+1 ?ick1 t is z to foliage1 d>k1 light1 russet1 bran*$ at ! top2 "s direct$ t[>ds ! eye1 "s d[nw>ds2 ) :ite /ems2 ?is transp>5t 9 ! air1 t n2 "s /&+ close toge!r1 "s scatt]$4 ,! relative ?ickness ( ! bran*es to ! trunk 7#cic--cif74 #cid4 ,all ! bran*es ( a tree at e /age ( its height :5 put toge!r are equal 9 ?ickness to ! trunk bel[ !m4 ,all ! bran*es ( a wat] c\rse at e /age ( its c\rse1 if !y are ( equal rapidity1 are equal to ! body ( ! ma9 /ream4 #cie4 ,e ye> :5 ! b\ghs ( a plant or tree h made an end ( matur+ _! gr[?1 !y w h made1 :5 put toge!r1 a ?ickness equal to t ( ! ma9 /em2 & at e /age ( its ramification y w f9d ! ?ickness ( ! said ma9 /em2 z3 i k1 g h1 e f1 c d1 a b1 w always be equal to ea* o!r2 unless ! tree is poll>d--if s ! rule does n hold good4 ,all ! bran*es h a direction :i* t5ds to ! c5tre ( ! tree m4 ,footnote3 ,! two sket*es ( leafless trees "o above ano!r on ! left h& side ( ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #a1 belong to ?is passage4 #cif4 ,if ! plant n gr[s to ! ?ickness %[n at m1 its bran*es w correspond 9 ?ickness to ! junction a b 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr[? inside z well z outside4 ,! bran*es ( trees or plants h a twi/ :]ev] a m9or bran* is giv5 (f2 & ?is giv+ (f ! bran* =ms a =k2 ?is said =k occurs betwe5 two angles ( :i* ! l>ge/ w be t :i* is on ! side ( ! l>g] bran*1 & 9 proportion1 unless accid5t has spoilt x4 ,footnote3 ,! sket*es illu/rat+ ?is are on ! "r h& side ( ,,pi4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 ,i1 & ! text is also giv5 !re 9 facsimile4 #cig4 ,!re is no boss on bran*es :i* has n be5 produc$ by "s bran* :i* has fail$4 ,! l[] %oots on ! bran*es ( trees gr[ m ?an ! upp] ones & ?is occurs only because ! sap t n\ri%es !m1 be+ heavy1 t5ds d[nw>ds m ?an upw>ds2 & aga91 because ^? bran*es :i* gr[ d[nw>ds turn away f ! %ade :i* exi/s t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! plant4 ,! old] ! bran*es are1 ! great] is ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! upp] & _! l[] %oots & 9 ^? dat+ f ! same ye> or epo*4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* accompany+ ?is 9 ! ,,ms4 is s effac$ t an exact reproduction 0 impossible4 #cih4 ,,( ,,! ,,sc>s ,,on ,,trees4 ,! sc>s on trees gr[ to a great] ?ickness ?an is requir$ by ! sap ( ! limb :i* n\ri%es !m4 #cii4 ,! plant :i* gives out ! smalle/ ramifications w pres]ve ! /raighte/ l9e 9 ! c\rse ( its gr[?4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage is illu/rat$ by two p>tly effac$ sket*es4 ,"o ( ^! closely resembles ! l[] "o giv5 "u ,no4 #djh1 ! o!r also repres5ts %ort closely set b\ghs on an upright trunk4 #djj4 ,,( ,,! ,,ramification4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ramification ! %oot always has ! c5tral l9e axis ( its ?ickness direct$ to ! c5tral l9e axis ( ! plant itself4 #dja4 ,9 />t+ f ! ma9 /em ! bran*es always =m a base ) a prom95ce z is %[n at a b c d4 #djb4 ,,:y1 ,,v ,,frequ5tly1 ,,timb] ,,has ,,ve9s ,,t ,,are ,,n ,,/raight4 ,:5 ! bran*es :i* gr[ ! second ye> above ! bran* ( ! prec$+ ye>1 are n ( equal ?ickness above ! antec$5t bran*es1 b are on "o side1 !n ! vig\r ( ! l[] bran* is div]t$ to n\ri% ! "o above x1 al?\gh x may be some:at on "o side4 ,b if ! ramifications are equal 9 _! gr[?1 ! ve9s ( ! ma9 /em w be /raight p>allel & equidi/ant at e degree ( ! height ( ! plant4 ,:]e=e1 ,o ,pa9t]6 y1 :o d n "k ^! laws6 9 ord] to escape ! blame ( ^? :o und]/& !m1 x w be well t y %\ld repres5t e ?+ f nature1 & n despise su* /udy z ^? d :o "w only = money4 ,! direction ( gr[? 7#djc-djg74 #djc4 ,,( ,,! ,,ramifications ,,( ,,plants4 ,! plants :i* spread v mu* h ! angles ( ! spaces :i* divide _! bran*es m obtuse 9 proportion z _! po9t ( orig9 is l[] d[n2 t is ne>] to ! ?icke/ & olde/ portion ( ! tree4 ,!re=e 9 ! y\nge/ portions ( ! tree ! angles ( ramification are m acute4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! sket*es on ! l[] portion ( ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #b4 #djd4 ,! tips ( ! b\ghs ( plants & trees1 unless !y are borne d[n by ! weight ( _! fruits1 turn t[>ds ! sky z mu* z possible4 ,! upp] side ( _! leaves is turn$ t[>ds ! sky t x may receive ! n\ri%m5t ( ! dew :i* falls at night4 ,! sun gives _s & life to plants & ! e>? n\ri%es !m ) moi/ure4 #i ,) reg>d to ?is ,i made ! exp]im5t ( leav+ only "o small root on a g\rd & ?is ,i kept n\ri%$ ) wat]1 & ! g\rd br\ght to p]fection all ! fruits x c\ld produce1 :i* 7 ab\t #fj g\rds ( ! long k9d1 &i set my m9d dilig5tly to consid] ?is vitality & p]ceiv$ t ! dews ( night 7 :at suppli$ x abundantly ) moi/ure ?r\gh ! ins]tion ( its l>ge leaves & gave n\ri%m5t to ! plant & its (fspr+--or ! se$s :i* its (fspr+ _h to produce--#ba4 ,! rule ( ! leaves produc$ on ! la/ %oot ( ! ye> w be t !y w gr[ 9 a contr>y direction on ! tw9 bran*es2 t is1 t ! ins]tion ( ! leaves turns r\nd ea* bran* 9 su* a way1 z t ! six? leaf above is produc$ ov] ! six? leaf bel[1 & ! way !y turn is t if "o turns t[>ds its companion to ! "r1 ! o!r turns to ! left1 ! leaf s]v+ z ! n\ri%+ brea/ = ! %oot or fruit :i* gr[s ! foll[+ ye>4 ,footnote3 ,a ,fr5* translation ( l9es #i-ab 0 giv5 by ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 ! ,gazette des ,beaux ,arts1 ,oct4 #ahgg2 8 pap] also conta9s "s valuable in=mation z to botanical sci5ce 9 ! anci5t classical writ]s & at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 #dje4 ,! l[e/ bran*es ( ^? trees :i* h l>ge leaves & heavy fruits1 su* z nut-trees1 fig-trees & ! l1 always droop t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,! bran*es always orig9ate above 9 ! axis ( ! leaves4 #djf4 ,! upp] %oots ( ! lat]al bran*es ( plants lie clos] to ! p>5t bran* ?an ! l[] ones4 #djg4 ,! l[e/ bran*es1 aft] !y h =m$ ! angle ( _! sep>ation f ! p>5t /em1 always b5d d[nw>ds s z n to cr[d aga9/ ! o!r bran*es :i* foll[ !m on ! same /em & to be bett] able to take ! air :i* n\ri%es !m4 ,z is %[n by ! angle b a c2 ! bran* a c aft] x has made ! corn] ( ! angle a c b5ds d[nw>ds to c d & ! less] %oot c dries up1 be+ too ?94 ,! ma9 bran* always goes bel[1 z is %[n by ! bran* f n m1 :i* does n g to f n o4 ,! =ms ( trees 7#djh--daa74 #djh4 ,! elm always gives a great] l5g? to ! la/ bran*es ( ! ye>'s gr[? ?an to ! l[] ones2 & ,nature does ?is because ! highe/ bran*es are ^? :i* h to add to ! size ( ! tree2 & ^? at ! bottom mu/ get dry because !y gr[ 9 ! %ade & _! gr[? w\ld be an imp$im5t to ! entrance ( ! sol> rays & ! air among ! ma9 bran*es ( ! tree4 ,! ma9 bran*es ( ! l[] "p b5d d[n m ?an ^? above1 s z to be m oblique ?an ^? upp] ones1 & also because !y are l>g] & old]4 #dji4 ,9 g5]al almo/ all ! upright portions ( trees curve some:at turn+ ! convexity t[>ds ! ,s\?2 & _! bran*es are long] & ?ick] & m abundant t[>ds ! ,s\? ?an t[>ds ! ,nor?4 ,& ?is occurs because ! sun draws ! sap t[>ds t surface ( ! tree :i* is ne>e/ to x4 ,& ?is may be obs]v$ if ! sun is n scre5$ (f by o!r plants4 #daj4 ,! *]ry-tree is ( ! "* ( ! fir tree z reg>ds its ramification plac$ 9 /ages r\nd its ma9 /em2 & its bran*es spr+1 #d or five or #f toge!r opposite ea* o!r2 & ! tips ( ! topmo/ %oots =m a pyramid f ! middle upw>ds2 & ! walnut & oak =m a hemisph]e f ! middle upw>ds4 #daa4 ,! b\gh ( ! walnut :i* is only hit & beat5 :5 x has br\ght to p]fection444 ,footnote3 ,! end ( ! text & ! sket* 9 r$ *alk belong+ to x1 are entirely effac$4 ,! ins]tion ( ! leaves 7#dab--dai74 #dab4 ,,( ,,! ,,ins]tion ,,( ,,! ,,bran*es ,,on ,,plants4 ,su* z ! gr[? ( ! ramification ( plants is on _! pr9cipal bran*es1 s is t ( ! leaves on ! %oots ( ! same plant4 ,^! leaves h ,footnote #f3 ,quattro modi 7f\r modes74 ,only ?ree are describ$ 9 ! text1 ! f\r? is only sugge/$ by a sket*4 ,?is passage occurs 9 ,,manzi',s edition ( ! ,trattato1 p4 #cii1 b )\t ! sket*es & ! text is mutilat$ 9 an important "p4 ,! :ole passage has be5 comm5t$ on1 f ,,manzi',s v]sion1 9 ,"p ,i ( ! ,nuovo ,giornale ,botanico ,italiano1 by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,,uzielli 7,flor5ce #ahfi1 ,vol4 ,i74 ,he rem>ks z to ! 'f\r modes'3 ,leon>do1 come si v$e nelle l9ie s5t5ti da solo tre esempli4 ,que/a ed altre inessattezze fanno desid]>e1 sia esam9ato di nuovo il manoscritto ,vaticano4 ,?is has s9ce be5 done by ,d4 ,,knapp ( ,tub+51 & 8 accurate copy has be5 publi%$ by ,h4 ,,ludwig1 ! pa9t]4 ,! passage 9 "q occurs 9 8 edition z ,no4 #hcc2 & !re also ! draw+s are want+4 ,! space = !m has be5 left vacant1 b 9 ! ,vatican copy 'ni5te' has be5 writt5 on ! m>g92 & 9 x1 z well z 9 ,,ludwig',s & ,,manzi',s edition1 ! text is mutilat$4 f\r modes ( gr[+ "o above ano!r4 ,! fir/1 :i* is ! mo/ g5]al1 is t ! six? always orig9ates ov] ! six? bel[ ,footnote #h3 la se/a di sotto4 ,disposizione #b_/e o #a_/e4 ,leon>do oss]vo probabilm5te soltanto la prima 7,u,z,i,e,l,ll742 ! second is t two ?ird ones above are ov] ! two ?ird ones bel[ ,footnote #aj3 t]ze di sotto3 ,int5de qui s5za dubbio p>l>e di foglie decussate1 9 cui il t]zo v]ticello e nel piano del primo 7,,uzielli742 & ! ?ird way is t ! ?ird above is ov] ! ?ird bel[ ,footnote #aa3 #c;a di sotto3 ,disposizione #a_/b 7,,uzielli744 ,footnote3 ,see ! f\r sket*es on ! upp] portion ( ! page reproduc$ z fig4 #b on ,p#a4 ,,xxvii4 #dac4 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,elm4 ,! ramification ( ! elm has ! l>ge/ bran* at ! top4 ,! fir/ & ! la/ b "o are small]1 :5 ! ma9 trunk is /raight4 ,! space betwe5 ! ins]tion ( "o leaf to ! re/ is half ! extreme l5g? ( ! leaf or some:at less1 = ! leaves are at an int]val :i* is ab\t ! #crd ( ! wid? ( ! leaf4 ,! elm has m leaves ne> ! top ( ! b\ghs ?an at ! base2 & ! broad surface ( ! leaves v>ies little z to angle & aspect4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #c4 ,above ! sket* & close "u ! numb] ( ! page is ! ^w 'olmo' 7elm74 #dad4 ,9 ! walnut tree ! leaves :i* are di/ribut$ on ! %oots ( ?is ye> are fur!r ap>t f ea* o!r & m num]\s 9 proportion z ! bran* f :i* ?is %oot spr+s is a "y "o4 ,& !y are ins]t$ m closely & less 9 numb] :5 ! %oot t be>s !m spr+s f an old bran*4 ,its fruits are borne at ! ends ( ! %oots4 ,& its l>ge/ b\ghs are ! l[e/ on ! b\ghs !y spr+ f4 ,& ?is arises f ! weight ( its sap :i* is m apt to desc5d ?an to rise1 & consequ5tly ! bran*es :i* spr+ f !m & rise t[>ds ! sky are small & sl5d] #bj2 & :5 ! %oot turns t[>ds ! sky its leaves spread out f x at an angle ) an equal di/ribution ( _! tips2 & if ! %oot turns to ! horizon ! leaves lie flat2 & ?is arises f ! fact t leaves )\t exception1 turn _! und]side to ! e>? #bi4 ,! %oots are small] 9 proportion z !y spr+ ne>] to ! base ( ! b\gh !y spr+ f4 ,footnote3 ,see ! two sket*es on ,pl ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #d4 ,! second ref]s to ! passage l9es #bj-cj4 #dae4 ,,( ,,! ,,ins]tion ,,( ,,! ,,leaves ,,on ,,! ,,bran*es4 ,! ?ickness ( a bran* nev] dim9i%es )9 ! space betwe5 "o leaf & ! next except+ by s mu* z ! ?ickness ( ! bud :i* is above ! leaf & ?is ?ickness is tak5 (f f ! bran* above ! node z f> z ! next leaf4 ,nature has s plac$ ! leaves ( ! late/ %oots ( _m plants t ! six? leaf is always above ! fir/1 & s on 9 succession1 if ! rule is n accid5tally int]f]$ )2 & ?is occurs = two useful ends 9 ! plant3 ,fir/ t z ! %oot & ! fruit ( ! foll[+ ye> spr+ f ! bud or eye :i* lies above & 9 close contact ) ! ins]tion ( ! leaf 9 ! axil1 ! wat] :i* falls ^u ! %oot c run d[n to n\ri% ! bud1 by ! drop be+ caught 9 ! holl[ axil at ! ins]tion ( ! leaf4 ,& ! second advantage is1 t z ^! %oots develop 9 ! foll[+ ye> "o w n cov] ! next bel[1 s9ce ! #e come =? on five diff]5t sides2 & ! six? :i* is above ! fir/ is at "s di/ance4 #daf4 ,,( ,,! ,,ramifications ,,( ,,trees ,,& ,,_! ,,foliage4 ,! ramifications ( any tree1 su* z ! elm1 are wide & sl5d] aft] ! mann] ( a h& ) spread f+]s1 =e%ort5$4 ,& ^! are se5 9 ! di/ribution ?us3 ! l[] portions are se5 f above2 & ^? t are above are se5 f bel[2 & ^? 9 ! middle1 "s f bel[ & "s f above4 ,! upp] "p is ! extreme top ( ?is ramification & ! middle portion is m =e%ort5$ ?an any o!r ( ^? :i* are turn$ ) _! tips t[>ds y4 ,& ( ^? p>ts ( ! middle ( ! height ( ! tree1 ! longe/ w be t[>ds ! top ( ! tree & w produce a ramification l ! foliage ( ! common will[1 :i* gr[s on ! banks ( riv]s4 ,o!r ramifications are sph]ical1 z ^? ( su* trees z put =? _! %oots & leaves 9 ! ord] ( ! six? be+ plac$ above ! fir/4 ,o!rs are ?9 & light l ! will[ & o!rs4 #dag4 ,y w see 9 ! l[] bran*es ( ! eld]1 :i* puts =? leaves two & two plac$ crosswise at "r angles "o above ano!r1 t if ! /em rises /raight up t[>ds ! sky ?is ord] nev] fails2 & its l>ge/ leaves are on ! ?icke/ "p ( ! /em & ! smalle/ on ! sl5d]e/ "p1 t is t[>ds ! top4 ,b1 to return to ! l[] bran*es1 ,i say t ! leaves on ^! are plac$ on !m crosswise l ^? on ! upp] bran*es2 & z1 by ! law ( all leaves1 !y are compell$ to turn _! upp] surface t[>ds ! sky to cat* ! dew at night1 x is necess>y t ^? s plac$ %\ld twi/ r\nd & no long] =m a cross4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #e4 #dah4 ,a leaf always turns its upp] side t[>ds ! sky s t x may ! bett] receive1 on all its surface1 ! dew :i* drops g5tly f ! atmosph]e4 ,& ^! leaves are s di/ribut$ on ! plant z t "o %all cov] ! o!r z little z possible1 b %all lie alt]nately "o above ano!r z may be se5 9 ! ivy :i* cov]s ! walls4 ,& ?is alt]nation s]ves two ends2 t is1 to leave int]vals by :i* ! air & sun may p5etrate betwe5 !m4 ,! #bnd reason is t ! drops :i* fall f ! fir/ leaf may fall onto ! f\r? or--9 o!r trees--onto ! six?4 #dai4 ,e %oot & e fruit is produc$ above ! ins]tion 9 ! axil ( its leaf :i* s]ves x z a "m1 giv+ x wat] f ! ra9 & moi/ure f ! dew :i* falls at night f above1 & (t5 x protects !m aga9/ ! too great heat ( ! rays ( ! sun4 ,,light ,,on ,,bran*es ,,& ,,leaves 7#dbj--dbb74 #dbj4 ,t "p ( ! body w be mo/ illum9at$ :i* is hit by ! lum9\s ray com+ betwe5 "r angles4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #a4 #dba4 ,"y plants h m transp>5t leaves & a m lu/r\s b>k ?an old ones2 & p>ticul>ly ! walnut is light] col\r$ 9 ,may ?an 9 ,septemb]4 #dbb4 ,,( ,,! ,,accid5ts ,,( ,,col\r+ ,,9 ,,trees4 ,! accid5ts ( col\r 9 ! foliage ( trees are #d4 ,t is3 %ad[1 light1 lu/re reflect$ light & transp>5cy4 ,,( ,,! ,,visibility ,,( ,,^! ,,accid5ts4 ,^! accid5ts ( col\r 9 ! foliage ( trees become confus$ at a great di/ance & t :i* has mo/ bread? :e!r light or %ade1 c4 w be mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 a leaf 7#dbc-dbf74 #dbc4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,( ,a ,,leaf4 ,sometimes a leaf has ?ree accid5ts ( light t is3 %ade1 lu/re reflect$ light & transp>5cy transmitt$ light4 ,?us1 if ! light 7 at n z reg>ds ! leaf s1 & ! eye at m1 x w\ld see a 9 full light1 b 9 %ad[ & c transp>5t4 #dbd4 ,a leaf ) a concave surface se5 f ! "u side & up-side-d[n w sometimes %[ itself z half 9 %ade1 & half transp>5t4 ,?us1 if o p is ! leaf & ! light m & ! eye n1 ?is w see o 9 %ad[ because ! light does n fall ^u x betwe5 equal angles1 nei!r on ! upp] nor ! "u side1 & p is light$ on ! upp] side & ! light is transmitt$ to its "u side4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #b1 ! upp] sket* on ! page4 ,9 ! orig9al !y are drawn 9 r$ *alk4 #dbe4 ,al?\gh ^? leaves :i* h a poli%$ surface are to a great ext5t ( ! same col\r on ! "r side & on ! rev]se1 x may happ5 t ! side :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! atmosph]e w h some?+ ( ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e2 & x w seem to h m ( ?is col\r ( ! atmosph]e 9 proportion z ! eye is ne>] to x & sees x m =e%ort5$4 ,&1 )\t exception ! %ad[s %[ z d>k] on ! upp] side ?an on ! l[]1 f ! contra/ (f]$ by ! high lights :i* limit ! %ad[s4 ,! "u side ( ! leaf1 al?\gh its col\r may be 9 itself ! same z t ( ! upp] side1 %[s a /ill f9] col\r--a col\r t is gre5 v]g+ on yell[--& ?is happ5s :5 ! leaf is plac$ betwe5 #dbf4 ! eye & ! light :i* falls ^u x f ! opposite side4 ,& its %ad[s are 9 ! same positions z ^? 7 ( ! opposite side4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]6 :5 y d trees close at h&1 rememb] t if ! eye is almo/ "u ! tree y w see its leaves "s on ! upp] & "s on ! "u side1 & ! upp] side w be blu] 9 proportion z !y are se5 m =e%ort5$1 & ! same leaf sometimes %[s "p ( ! "r side & "p ( ! "u side1 :5ce y mu/ make x ( two col\rs4 ,( ! transp>5cy ( leaves 7#dbg-dbi74 #dbg4 ,! %ad[s 9 transp>5t leaves se5 f ! "u side are ! same %ad[s z !re are on ! "r side ( ?is leaf1 !y w %[ ?r\gh to ! und]side toge!r ) lights1 b ! lu/re reflect$ light c nev] %[ ?r\gh4 #dbh4 ,:5 "o gre5 has ano!r gre5 beh9d x1 ! lu/re on ! leaves & _! transp>5t lights %[ m /rongly ?an 9 ^? :i* are se5 aga9/ ! brightness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,& if ! sun illum9ates ! leaves )\t _! com+ betwe5 x & ! eye & )\t ! eye fac+ ! sun1 !n ! reflect$ lights & ! transp>5t lights are v /rong4 ,x is v effective to %[ "s bran*es :i* are l[ d[n & d>k & s set (f ! illum9at$ gre5s :i* are at "s di/ance f ! d>k gre5s se5 bel[4 ,t "p is d>ke/ :i* is ne>e/ to ! eye or :i* is f>!/ f ! lum9\s atmosph]e4 #dbi4 ,nev] pa9t leaves transp>5t to ! sun1 because !y are confus$2 & ?is is because on ! transp>5cy ( "o leaf w be se5 ! %ad[ ( ano!r leaf :i* is above x4 ,?is %ad[ has a di/9ct outl9e & a c]ta9 dep? ( %ade & sometimes is z mu* z half or a ?ird ( ! leaf :i* is %ad$2 & consequ5tly su* an arrangem5t is v confus$ & ! imitation ( x %\ld be avoid$4 ,! light %9es lea/ ?r\gh a leaf :5 x falls ^u x at an acute angle4 ,! gradations ( %ade & col\r 9 leaves 7#dcj-dcd74 #dcj4 ,! %ad[s ( plants are nev] black1 = :]e ! atmosph]e p5etrates !re c nev] be utt] d>kness4 #dca4 ,if ! light comes f m & ! eye is at n ! eye w see ! col\r ( ! leaves a b all affect$ by ! col\r ( m --t is ( ! atmosph]e2 & b c w be se5 f ! "u side z transp>5t1 ) a beautiful gre5 col\r v]g+ on yell[4 ,if m is ! lum9\s body light+ up ! leaf s all ! eyes t see ! "u side ( ?is leaf w see x ( a beautiful light gre51 be+ transp>5t4 ,9 v _m cases ! positions ( ! leaves w be )\t %ad[ or 9 full light1 & _! "u side w be transp>5t & ! "r side lu/r\s reflect+ light4 #dcb4 ,! will[ & o!r simil> trees1 :i* h _! b\ghs lopp$ e #c or #d ye>s1 put =? v /raight bran*es1 & _! %ad[ is ab\t ! middle :]e ^! b\ghs spr+2 & t[>ds ! extreme ends !y ca/ b little %ade f hav+ small leaves & few & sl5d] bran*es4 ,h5ce ! b\ghs :i* rise t[>ds ! sky w h b little %ade & little relief2 & ! bran*es :i* are at an angle f ! horizon1 d[nw>ds1 spr+ f ! d>k "p ( ! %ad[ & gr[ ?9n] by degrees up to _! ends1 & ^! w be 9 /rong relief1 be+ 9 gradations ( light aga9/ a backgr\nd ( %ad[4 ,t tree w h ! lea/ %ad[ :i* has ! fewe/ bran*es & few leaves4 #dcc4 ,,( ,,d>k ,,leaves ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,transp>5t ,,ones4 ,:5 ! leaves are int]pos$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye1 !n t :i* is ne>e/ to ! eye w be ! d>ke/1 & ! mo/ di/ant w be ! lighte/1 n be+ se5 aga9/ ! atmosph]e2 & ?is is se5 9 ! leaves :i* are away f ! c5tre ( ! tree1 t is t[>ds ! light4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #b1 ! l[] sket*4 #dcd4 ,,( ,,! ,,lights ,,on ,,d>k ,,leaves4 ,! lights on su* leaves :i* are d>ke/1 w be mo/ ne> to ! col\r ( ! atmosph]e t is reflect$ 9 !m4 ,& ! cause ( ?is is t ! light on ! illum9at$ portion m+les ) ! d>k hue to compose a blue col\r2 & ?is light is produc$ by ! blu5ess ( ! atmosph]e :i* is reflect$ 9 ! smoo? surface ( ^! leaves & adds to ! blue hue :i* ?is light usually produces :5 x falls on d>k objects4 ,,( ,,! ,,lights ,,on ,,leaves ,,( ,a ,,yell[i% ,,gre54 ,b leaves ( a gre5 v]g+ on yell[ :5 !y reflect ! atmosph]e d n produce a reflection v]g+ on blue1 inasmu* z e ?+ :i* appe>s 9 a mirror takes "s col\r f t mirror1 h5ce ! blue ( ! atmosph]e be+ reflect$ 9 ! yell[ ( ! leaf appe>s gre51 because blue & yell[ mix$ toge!r make a v f9e gre5 col\r1 !re=e ! lu/re ( light leaves v]g+ on yell[ w be gre5i% yell[4 ,a classification ( trees accord+ to _! col\rs4 #dce4 ,! trees 9 a l&scape are ( v>i\s k9ds ( gre51 inasmu* z "s v]ge t[>ds blackness1 z firs1 p9es1 cypresses1 laurels1 box & ! l4 ,"s t5d to yell[ su* z walnuts1 & pe>s1 v9es & v]dure4 ,"s are bo? yell[i% & d>k z *esnuts1 holm-oak4 ,"s turn r$ 9 autumn z ! s]vice-tree1 pomegranate1 v9e1 & *]ry2 & "s are :iti% z ! will[1 olive1 re$s & ! l4 ,trees are ( v>i\s =ms 444 ,! proportions ( light & %ade 9 trees 7#dcf-ddj74 #dcf4 ,,( ,a ,,g5]ally ,,di/ribut$ ,,light ,,z ,,light+ ,,up ,,trees4 ,t "p ( ! trees w be se5 to lie 9 ! lea/ d>k %ad[ :i* is f>!/ f ! e>?4 ,to prove x let a p be ! tree1 n b c ! illum9at$ hemisph]e ! sky1 ! "u portion ( ! tree faces ! e>? p c1 t is on ! side o1 & x faces a small "p ( ! hemisph]e at c d4 ,b ! highe/ "p ( ! convexity a faces ! greate/ "p ( ! hemisph]e1 t is b c4 ,= ?is reason--& because x does n face ! d>kness ( ! e>?--x is 9 full] light4 ,b if ! tree has d5se foliage1 z ! laurel1 arbutus1 box or holm oak1 x w be diff]5t2 because1 al?\gh a does n face ! e>?1 x faces ! d>k gre5 ( ! leaves cut up by _m %ad[s1 & ?is d>kness is reflect$ onto ! "u sides ( ! leaves imm$iately above4 ,?us ^! trees h _! d>ke/ %ad[s ne>e/ to ! middle ( ! tree4 #dcg4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,( ,,v]dure4 ,! %ad[s ( v]dure are always some:at blue1 & s is e %ad[ ( e object2 & !y assume ?is hue m 9 proportion z !y are remote f ! eye1 & less 9 proportion z !y are ne>]4 ,! leaves :i* reflect ! blue ( ! atmosph]e always pres5t !mselves to ! eye edgewise4 ,,( ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,"p ,,( ,,v]dure ,,& ,,( ,,m\nta9s4 ,! illum9at$ portion1 at a great di/ance1 w appe> mo/ ne>ly ( its natural col\r :]e ! /ronge/ light falls ^u x4 #dch4 ,,( ,,trees ,,t ,,are ,,light$ ,,by ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,by ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,9 trees t are illum9at$ bo? by ! sun & ! atmosph]e & t h leaves ( a d>k col\r1 "o side w be illum9at$ by ! atmosph]e only & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is light w t5d to blu5ess1 :ile on ! o!r side !y w be illum9at$ by ! atmosph]e & ! sun2 & ! side :i* ! eye sees illum9at$ by ! sun w reflect light4 #dci4 ,,( ,,depict+ ,a ,,=e/ ,,sc5e4 ,! trees & plants :i* are mo/ ?ickly bran*$ ) sl5d] bran*es ought to h less d>k %ad[ ?an ^? trees & plants :i*1 hav+ broad] leaves1 w ca/ m %ad[4 #ddj4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,9 ! position ( ! eye :i* sees t portion ( a tree illum9at$ :i* turns t[>ds ! light1 "o tree w nev] be se5 to be illum9at$ equally ) ! o!r4 ,to prove ?is1 let ! eye be c :i* sees ! two trees b d :i* are illum9at$ by ! sun a2 ,i say t ?is eye c w n see ! light 9 ! same proportion to ! %ade1 9 "o tree z 9 ! o!r4 ,because1 ! tree :i* is ne>e/ to ! sun w display s mu* ! /rong] %ad[ ?an ! m di/ant "o1 9 proportion z "o tree is ne>] to ! rays ( ! sun t conv]ge to ! eye ?an ! o!r2 c4 ,y see t ! eye c sees no?+ ( ! tree d b %ad[1 :ile ! same eye c sees ? tree b half 9 light & half 9 %ade4 ,:5 a tree is se5 f bel[1 ! eye sees ! top ( x z plac$ )9 ! circle made by its b\ghs#bc4 ,rememb]1 ,o ,pa9t]6 t ! v>iety ( dep? ( %ade 9 any "o p>ticul> species ( tree is 9 proportion to ! r>ity or d5sity ( _! bran*es4 ,footnote3 ,! two l[] sket*es on ! left ( ,pl ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #c1 ref] to l9es #ba-bc4 ,! upp] sket* has app>5tly be5 effac$ by ,leon>do himself4 ,! di/ribution ( light & %ade ) ref]5ce to ! position ( ! spectator 7#dda-ddc74 #dda4 ,! %ad[s ( trees plac$ 9 a l&scape d n display !mselves 9 ! same position 9 ! trees on ! "r h& & ^? on ! left2 /ill m s if ! sun is to ! "r or left4 ,z is prov$ by ! #d? :i* says3 ,opaque bodies plac$ betwe5 ! light & ! eye display !mselves entirely 9 %ad[2 & by ! #e?3 ,! eye :5 plac$ betwe5 ! opaque body & ! light sees ! opaque body entirely illum9at$4 ,& by ! #f?3 ,:5 ! eye & ! opaque body are plac$ betwe5 d>kness & light1 x w be se5 half 9 %ad[ & half 9 light4 ,footnote3 ,see ! figure on ! "r h& side ( ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #c4 ,! fir/ five l9es ( ! text are writt5 bel[ ! diagram & above x are ! la/ eight l9es ( ! text1 giv5 z ,no4 #dfa4 #ddb4 ,,( ,,! ,,h]bs ,,( ,,! ,,field4 ,( ! plants :i* take a %ad[ f ! plants :i* spr+ among !m1 ^? :i* are on ?is side 9 front ( ! %ad[ h ! /ems light$ up on a backgr\nd ( %ad[1 & ! plants on :i* ! %ad[s fall h _! /ems d>k on a light backgr\nd2 t is on ! backgr\nd beyond ! %ad[4 ,,( ,,trees ,,:i* ,,are ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,eye ,,& ,,! ,,light4 ,( ! trees :i* are betwe5 ! eye & ! light ! "p 9 front w be light2 b ?is light w be brok5 by ! ramifications ( transp>5t leaves--be+ se5 f ! "u side--& lu/r\s leaves--be+ se5 f ! upp] side2 & ! backgr\nd bel[ & beh9d w be d>k gre51 be+ 9 %ad[ f ! front portion ( ! said tree4 ,?is occurs 9 trees plac$ above ! eye4 #ddc4 ,,f ,,:5ce ,,to ,,depict ,a ,,l&scape ,l&scapes %\ld be repres5t$ s t ! trees may be half 9 light & half 9 %ad[2 b x is bett] to d !m :5 ! sun is cov]$ ) cl\ds1 = !n ! trees are light$ by ! g5]al light ( ! sky1 & ! g5]al d>kness ( ! e>?4 ,& !n !y are d>ke/ 9 c]ta9 p>ts 9 proportion z ^? p>ts are ne>e/ to ! middle ( ! tree & to ! e>?4 ,! effects ( morn+ light 7#ddd-ddh74 #ddd4 ,,( ,,trees ,,to ,,! ,,s\?4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ea/ ! trees to ! ,s\? & to ! ,nor? h almo/ z mu* light z %ad[4 ,b a great] %>e ( light 9 proportion z !y lie to ! ,we/ & a great] %>e ( %ad[ 9 proportion z !y lie to ! ,ea/4 ,,( ,,mead[s4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! v]dure ( ! mead[s & ( o!r small plants is ( a mo/ beautiful gre5 f be+ transp>5t to ! sun2 ?is does n occur 9 ! mead[s to ! ,we/1 & 9 ^? to ! ,s\? & ,nor? ! grass is ( a mod]ately brilliant gre54 #dde4 ,,( ,,! #d ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,compass ,,9 ,,l&scapes4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ all ! portions ( plants light$ by x are ( a mo/ lively v]dure1 & ?is happ5s because ! leaves light$ by ! sun )9 ! half ( ! horizon t is ! ,ea/]n half1 are transp>5t2 & )9 ! ,we/]n semicircle ! v]dure is ( a dull hue & ! moi/ air is turbid & ( ! col\r ( grey a%es1 n be+ transp>5t l t 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* is q cle> & all ! m s 9 proportion z x is moi/]4 ,! %ad[s ( ! trees to ! ,ea/ cov] a l>ge portion ( !m & are d>k] 9 proportion z ! foliage ( ! trees is ?ick]4 #ddf4 ,,( ,,trees ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! trees se5 t[>ds ! ,ea/ w h ! light :i* surr\nds !m all r\nd _! %ad[s1 except+ on ! side t[>ds ! e>?2 unless ! tree has be5 prun$ bel[ 9 ! pa/ ye>4 ,& ! trees to ! ,s\? & ,nor? w be half 9 %ade & half 9 light1 & m or less 9 %ade or 9 light 9 proportion z !y are m or less to ! ,ea/ or to ! ,we/4 ,! position ( ! eye above or bel[ v>ies ! %ad[s & lights 9 trees1 inasmu* z ! eye plac$ above sees ! tree ) ! little %ad[1 & ! eye plac$ bel[ ) a great deal ( %ad[4 ,! col\r ( ! gre5 9 plants v>ies z mu* z _! species4 #ddg4 ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s ,,9 ,,trees4 ,! sun be+ 9 ! ,ea/ to ! "r1 ! trees to ! ,we/ or left ( ! eye w %[ 9 small relief & almo/ imp]ceptible gradations1 because ! atmosph]e :i* lies betwe5 ! eye & ^? trees is v d5se ,footnote #g3 p] la #g;a di que/o4 ,?is possibly ref]r$ to some?+ writt5 on ! sev5? page ( ?is note book m>k$ ,g4 ,un=tunately x has be5 cut out & lo/41 see ! #g? ( ?is--& !y h no %ade2 = ?\gh a %ad[ exi/s 9 e detail ( ! ramification1 x results t ! images ( ! %ade & light t rea* ! eye are confus$ & m+l$ toge!r & _c be p]ceiv$ on acc\nt ( _! m9ut5ess4 ,& ! pr9cipal lights are 9 ! middle ( ! trees1 & ! %ad[s to w>ds ! edges2 & _! sep>ation is %[n by ! %ad[s ( ! int]vals betwe5 ! trees2 b :5 ! =e/s are ?ick ) trees ! ?9 edges are b little se54 #ddh4 ,,( ,,trees ,,to ,,! ,,ea/4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! trees are d>k] t[>ds ! middle :ile _! edges are light4 ,! effects ( midday light4 #ddi4 ,,objects ,,9 ,,high ,,light ,,%[ ,,b ,,little1 ,,b ,,betwe5 ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[ ,,!y ,,/& ,,out ,,well4 ,to repres5t a l&scape *oose t ! sun %all be at noon & look t[>ds ! ,we/ or ,ea/ & !n draw4 ,& if y turn t[>ds ! ,nor?1 e object plac$ on t side w h no %ad[1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are ne>e/ to ! direction ( ! %ad[ ( y\r head4 ,& if y turn t[>ds ! ,s\? e object on t side w be :olly 9 %ad[4 ,all ! trees :i* are t[>ds ! sun & h ! atmosph]e = _! backgr\nd are d>k1 & ! o!r trees :i* lie aga9/ t d>kness w be black v d>k 9 ! middle & light] t[>ds ! edges4 ,! appe>ance ( trees 9 ! di/ance 7#dej4 #dea74 #dej4 ,,( ,,! ,,spaces ,,%[+ ,,! ,,sky ,,9 ,,trees ,,!mselves4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! p>ts 9 ! mass ( trees1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! trees 9 ! air1 are1 at great di/ances1 invisible to ! eye2 =1 :]e x is an ef=t ev5 to see ! :ole x is mo/ difficult to disc]n ! p>ts4--,b a confus$ mixture is ! result1 p>tak+ *iefly ( ! hue :i* pr$om9ates4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! leaves consi/ ( p>ticles ( illum9at$ air :i* are v mu* small] ?an ! tree & are lo/ sight ( soon] ?an ! tree2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t !y are n !re4 ,h5ce1 necess>ily1 a comp\nd$ effect is produc$ ( ! sky & ( ! %ad[s ( ! tree 9 %ade1 :i* bo? toge!r /rike ! eye :i* sees !m4 ,,( ,,trees ,,:i* ,,conceal ,,^! ,,spaces ,,9 ,,"o ,,ano!r4 ,t "p ( a tree w %[ ! fewe/ spaces1 beh9d :i* a l>ge numb] ( trees are /&+ betwe5 ! tree & ! air sky2 ?us 9 ! tree a ! spaces are n conceal$ nor 9 b1 z !re is no tree beh9d4 ,b 9 c only half %[s ! spaces fill$ up by ! tree d1 & "p ( ! tree d is fill$ up by ! tree e & a little f>!r on all ! spaces 9 ! mass ( ! trees are lo/1 & only t at ! side rema9s4 #dea4 ,,( ,,trees4 ,:at outl9es are se5 9 trees at a di/ance aga9/ ! sky :i* s]ves z _! backgr\nd8 ,! outl9es ( ! ramification ( trees1 :]e !y lie aga9/ ! illum9at$ sky1 display a =m :i* m ne>ly approa*es ! sph]ical on proportion z !y are remote1 & ! ne>] !y are ! less !y appe> 9 ?is sph]ical =m2 z 9 ! fir/ tree a :i*1 be+ ne> to ! eye1 displays ! true =m ( its ramification2 b ?is %[s less 9 b & is altoge!r lo/ 9 c1 :]e n m]ely ! bran*es ( ! tree _c be se5 b ! :ole tree is di/+ui%$ ) difficulty4 ,e object 9 %ad[1 ( :atev] =m x may be1 at a great di/ance appe>s to be sph]ical4 ,& ?is occurs because1 if x is a squ>e body1 at a v %ort di/ance x loses its angles1 & a little f>!r (f x loses /ill m ( its small] sides :i* rema94 ,& ?us be=e ! :ole is lo/ to sight ! p>ts are lo/1 be+ small] ?an ! :ole2 z a man1 :o 9 su* a di/ant position loses 8 legs1 arms & head be=e ! mass ( 8 body1 !n ! outl9es ( l5g? are lo/ be=e ^? ( bread?1 & :]e !y h become equal x w\ld be a squ>e if ! angles rema9$2 b z !y are lo/ x is r\nd4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* ,no4 #d1 ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 belongs to ?is passage4 ,! ca/ %ad[ ( trees 7#deb4 #dec74 #deb4 ,! image ( ! %ad[ ( any object ( uni=m bread? c nev] be exactly ! same z t ( ! body :i* ca/s x4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxviii1 ,no4 #e4 ,light & %ade on gr\ps ( trees 7#dec-deg74 #dec4 ,all trees se5 aga9/ ! sun are d>k t[>ds ! middle & ?is %ad[ w be ( ! %ape ( ! tree :5 ap>t f o!rs4 ,! %ad[s ca/ by trees on :i* ! sun %9es are z d>k z ^? ( ! middle ( ! tree4 ,! %ad[ ca/ by a tree is nev] less ?an ! mass ( ! tree b becomes tall] 9 proportion z ! spot on :i* x falls1 slopes t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,! %ad[ w be d5se/ 9 ! middle ( ! tree :5 ! tree has ! fewe/ bran*es4 ,footnote3 ,! ?ree diagrams :i* accompany ?is text are plac$1 9 ! orig9al1 be=e l9es #g-aa4 ,at ! spots m>k$ ,b ,leon>do wrote ,alb]o 7tree74 ,at ,a is ! ^w ,sole 7sun71 at ,c ,monte 7m\nta97 at ,d piano 7pla97 & at ,e cima 7summit74 ,e bran* p>ticipates ( ! c5tral %ad[ ( e o!r bran* & consequ5tly ( t ( ! :ole tree4 ,! =m ( any %ad[ f a bran* or tree is circumscrib$ by ! light :i* falls f ! side :5ce ! light comes2 & ?is illum9ation gives ! %ape ( ! %ad[1 & ?is may be ( ! di/ance ( a mile f ! side :]e ! sun is4 ,if x happ5s t a cl\d %\ld any:]e ov]%ad[ "s "p ( a hill ! %ad[ ( ! trees !re w *ange less ?an 9 ! pla9s2 = ^! trees on ! hills h _! bran*es ?ick]1 because !y gr[ less high ea* ye> ?an 9 ! pla9s4 ,!re=e z ^! bran*es are d>k by nature & be+ s full ( %ade1 ! %ad[ ( ! cl\ds _c d>k5 !m any m2 b ! op5 spaces betwe5 ! trees1 :i* h no /rong %ad[ *ange v mu* 9 tone & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* v>y f gre52 t is pl\gh$ l&s or fall5 m\nta9s or b>r5 l&s or rocks4 ,:]e ! trees are aga9/ ! atmosph]e !y appe> all ! same col\r--if inde$ !y are n v close toge!r or v ?ickly cov]$ ) leaves l ! fir & simil> trees4 ,:5 y see ! trees f ! side f :i* ! sun lights !m1 y w see !m almo/ all ( ! same tone1 & ! %ad[s 9 !m w be hidd5 by ! leaves 9 ! light1 :i* come betwe5 y\r eye & ^? %ad[s4 ,,trees ,,at ,a ,,%ort ,,di/ance4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! head+ alb]i vic9i 7trees at a %ort di/ance7 is 9 ! orig9al manuscript writt5 9 ! m>g94 ,:5 ! trees are situat$ betwe5 ! sun & ! eye1 beyond ! %ad[ :i* spreads f _! c5tre1 ! gre5 ( _! leaves w be se5 transp>5t2 b ?is transp>5cy w be brok5 9 _m places by ! leaves & b\ghs 9 %ad[ :i* w come betwe5 y & !m1 or1 9 _! upp] portions1 !y w be accompani$ by _m lights reflect$ f ! leaves4 #ded4 ,! trees ( ! l&scape /& out b little f ea* o!r2 because _! illum9at$ portions come aga9/ ! illum9at$ portions ( ^? beyond & diff] little f !m 9 light & %ade4 #dee4 ,( trees se5 f bel[ & aga9/ ! light1 "o beyond ! o!r & ne> toge!r4 ,! topmo/ "p ( ! fir/ w be 9 great "p transp>5t & light1 & w /& out aga9/ ! d>k portion ( ! second tree4 ,& ?us x w be ) all 9 succession t are plac$ "u ! same conditions4 ,let s be ! light1 & r ! eye1 c d n ! fir/ tree1 a b c ! second4 ,!n ,i say t r1 ! eye1 w see ! portion c f 9 great "p transp>5t & light$ by ! light s :i* falls ^u x f ! opposite side1 & x w see x1 on a d>k gr\nd b c because t is ! d>k "p & %ad[ ( ! tree a b c4 ,b if ! eye is plac$ at t x w see o p d>k on ! light backgr\nd n g4 ,( ! transp>5t & %ad[y p>ts ( trees1 t :i* is ne>e/ to y is ! d>ke/4 #def4 ,t "p ( a tree :i* has %ad[ = backgr\nd1 is all ( "o tone1 & :]ev] ! trees or bran*es are ?icke/ !y w be d>ke/1 because !re are no little int]vals ( air4 ,b :]e ! b\ghs lie aga9/ a backgr\nd ( o!r b\ghs1 ! bright] p>ts are se5 lighte/ & ! leaves lu/r\s f ! sunlight fall+ on !m4 #deg4 ,9 ! composition ( leafy trees be c>eful n to repeat too (t5 ! same col\r ( "o tree aga9/ ! same col\r ( ano!r beh9d x2 b v>y x ) a light]1 or a d>k]1 or a /rong] gre54 ,on ! treatm5t ( light = l&scapes 7#deh-dfd74 #deh4 ,! l&scape has a f9] azure tone :51 9 f9e wea!r ! sun is at noon ?an at any o!r "t ( ! day1 because ! air is purifi$ ( moi/ure2 & look+ at x "u t aspect y w see ! trees ( a beautiful gre5 at ! outside & ! %ad[s d>k t[>ds ! middle2 & 9 ! remot] di/ance ! atmosph]e :i* comes betwe5 y & !m looks m beautiful :5 !re is some?+ d>k beyond4 ,& /ill ! azure is mo/ beautiful4 ,! objects se5 f ! side on :i* ! sun %9es w n %[ y _! %ad[s4 ,b1 if y are l[] ?an ! sun1 y c see :at is n se5 by ! sun & t w be all 9 %ade4 ,! leaves ( ! trees1 :i* come betwe5 y & ! sun are ( two pr9cipal col\rs :i* are a spl5did lu/re ( gre51 & ! reflection ( ! atmosph]e :i* lights up ! objects :i* _c be se5 by ! sun1 & ! %ad$ portions :i* only face ! e>?1 & ! d>ke/ :i* are surr\nd$ by some?+ t is n d>k4 ,! trees 9 ! l&scape :i* are betwe5 y & ! sun are f> m beautiful ?an ^? y see :5 y are betwe5 ! sun & !m2 & ?is is s because ^? :i* face ! sun %[ _! leaves z transp>5t t[>ds ! ends ( _! bran*es1 & ^? t are n transp>5t--t is at ! ends--reflect ! light2 & ! %ad[s are d>k because !y are n conceal$ by any ?+4 ,! trees1 :5 y place y\rself betwe5 !m & ! sun1 w only display to y _! light & natural col\r1 :i*1 9 itself1 is n v /rong1 & besides ?is "s reflect$ lights :i*1 be+ aga9/ a backgr\nd :i* does n diff] v mu* f !mselves 9 tone1 are n conspicu\s2 & if y are l[] d[n ?an !y are situat$1 !y may also %[ ^? portions on :i* ! light ( ! sun does n fall & ^! w be d>k4 ,9 ! ,w9d4 ,b1 if y are on ! side :5ce ! w9d bl[s1 y w see ! trees look v mu* light] ?an on ! o!r sides1 & ?is happ5s because ! w9d turns up ! "u side ( ! leaves1 :i*1 9 all trees1 is mu* :it] ?an ! upp] sides2 &1 m especially1 w !y be v light inde$ if ! w9d bl[s f ! qu>t] :]e ! sun is1 & if y h y\r back turn$ to x4 ,footnote3 ,at ,s1 9 ! orig9al is ! ^w ,sole 7sun7 & at ,n p>te di nuvolo 7! side ( ! cl\ds74 #dei4 ,:5 ! sun is cov]$ by cl\ds1 objects are less conspicu\s1 because !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 ! light & %ade ( ! trees & ( ! build+s be+ illum9at$ by ! brightness ( ! atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! objects 9 su* a way t ! %ad[s are few1 & ^! few fade away s t _! outl9e is lo/ 9 haze4 #dfj4 ,,( ,,trees ,,& ,,lights ,,on ,,!m4 ,! be/ me?od ( practice 9 repres5t+ c\ntry sc5es1 or ,i %\ld say l&scapes ) _! trees1 is to *oose !m s t ! sun is cov]$ ) cl\ds s t ! l&scape receives an univ]sal light & n ! direct light ( ! sun1 :i* makes ! %ad[s %>p & too /rongly diff]5t f ! lights4 #dfa4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,9 l&scapes :i* repres5t a sc5e 9 w9t]4 ,! m\nta9s %\ld n be %[n blue1 z we see 9 ! m\nta9s 9 ! summ]4 ,& ?is is prov$ ,footnote #e4 #f43 ,p] la #d;a di que/o4 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 :at ?is quotation ref]s to4 ,que/o c]ta9ly does n mean ! ,,ms4 9 h&1 nor any o!r n[ kn[n to u4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! phrase 9 l9e #ae3 p] la #b;a di que/o4 9 ! #d? ( ?is :i* says3 ,among m\nta9s se5 f a great di/ance ^? w look ( ! blue/ col\r :i* are 9 !mselves ! d>ke/2 h5ce1 :5 ! trees are /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 !y w %[ a blu] t+e :i* w be 9 itself d>k]2 !re=e1 :5 ! trees h lo/ _! leaves !y w look ( a gray col\r1 :ile1 ) _! leaves1 !y are gre51 & 9 proportion z ! gre5 is d>k] ?an ! grey hue ! gre5 w be ( a blu] t+e ?an ! gray4 ,also by ! #bnd ( ?is3 ,! %ad[s ( trees cov]$ ) leaves are d>k] ?an ! %ad[s ( ^? trees :i* h lo/ _! leaves 9 proportion z ! trees cov]$ ) leaves are d5s] ?an ^? )\t leaves--& ?us my mean+ is prov$4 ,! def9ition ( ! blue col\r ( ! atmosph]e expla9s :y ! l&scape is blu] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]4 #dfb4 ,,( ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,a ,,l&scape4 ,if ! slope ( a hill comes betwe5 ! eye & ! horizon1 slop+ t[>ds ! eye1 :ile ! eye is opposite ! middle ( ! height ( ?is slope1 !n t hill w increase 9 d>kness ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,?is is prov$ by ! #g? ( ?is :i* says t a tree looks d>ke/ :5 x is se5 f bel[2 ! proposition is v]ifi$1 s9ce ?is hill w1 on its upp] half %[ all its trees z mu* f ! side :i* is light$ by ! light ( ! sky1 z f t :i* is 9 %ade f ! d>kness ( ! e>?2 :5ce x mu/ result t ^! trees are ( a m$ium d>kness4 ,& f ?is middle spot t[>ds ! base ( ! hill1 ^! trees w be light] by degrees by ! conv]se ( ! #g? & by ! said #g?3 ,= trees s plac$1 ! ne>] !y are to ! summit ( ! hill ! d>k] !y necess>ily become4 ,b ?is d>kness is n 9 proportion to ! di/ance1 by ! #h? ( ?is :i* says3 ,t object %[s d>ke/ :i* is se5 9 ! cle>e/ atmosph]e2 & by ! #aj?3 ,t %[s d>ke/ :i* /&s out aga9/ a light] backgr\nd4 ,footnote3 ,! quotation 9 ?is passage aga9 _c be v]ifi$4 #dfc4 ,,( ,,l&scapes4 ,! col\rs ( ! %ad[s 9 m\nta9s at a great di/ance take a mo/ lovely blue1 mu* pur] ?an _! illum9at$ portions4 ,& f ?is x foll[s t :5 ! rock ( a m\nta9 is r$di% ! illum9at$ portions are violet 787 & ! m !y are light$ ! m !y display _! prop] col\r4 #dfd4 ,a place is mo/ lum9\s :5 x is mo/ remote f m\nta9s4 ,on ! treatm5t ( light = views ( t[ns 7#dfe-dfi74 #dfe4 ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ad[ ,,9 ,a ,,t[n4 ,:5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! eye is above ! c5tre ( a t[n1 ! eye w see ! ,s\!rn "p ( ! t[n ) its ro(s half 9 %ade & half 9 light1 & ! same t[>ds ! ,nor?2 ! ,ea/]n side w be all 9 %ad[ & ! ,we/]n w be all 9 light4 #dff4 ,( ! h\ses ( a t[n1 9 :i* ! divisions betwe5 ! h\ses may be di/+ui%$ by ! light :i* fall on ! mi/ at ! bottom4 ,if ! eye is above ! h\ses ! light se5 9 ! space t is betwe5 "o h\se & ! next s9ks by degrees into ?ick] mi/2 & yet1 be+ less transp>5t1 x appe>s :it]2 & if ! h\ses are "s high] ?an ! o!rs1 s9ce ! true col\r is always m disc]nible ?r\gh ! ?9n] atmosph]e1 ! h\ses w look d>k] 9 proportion z !y are high] up4 ,let n o p q repres5t ! v>i\s d5sity ( ! atmosph]e ?ick ) moi/ure1 a be+ ! eye1 ! h\se b c w look lighte/ at ! bottom1 because x is 9 a ?ick] atmosph]e2 ! l9es c d f w appe> equally light1 = al?\gh f is m di/ant ?an c1 x is rais$ into a ?9n] atmosph]e1 if ! h\ses b e are ( ! same height1 because !y cross a brightness :i* is v>i$ by mi/1 b ?is is only because ! l9e ( ! eye :i* />ts f above ends by pi]c+ a l[] & d5s] atmosph]e at d ?an at b4 ,?us ! l9e a f is l[] at f ?an at c2 & ! h\se f w be se5 d>k] at e f ! l9e e k z f> z m1 ?an ! tops ( ! h\ses /&+ 9 front ( x4 #dfg4 ,,( ,,t[ns ,,or ,,o!r ,,build+s ,,se5 ,,9 ,,! ,,ev5+ ,,or ,,! ,,morn+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,mi/4 ,( build+s se5 at a great di/ance 9 ! ev5+ or ! morn+1 z 9 mi/ or d5se atmosph]e1 only ^? portions are se5 9 brightness :i* are light$ up by ! sun :i* is ne> ! horizon2 & ^? portions :i* are n light$ up by ! sun rema9 almo/ ( ! same col\r & m$ium tone z ! mi/4 ,,:y ,,objects ,,:i* ,,are ,,high ,,up ,,& ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,are ,,d>k] ,,?an ,,! ,,l[] ,,ones1 ,,ev5 ,,if ,,! ,,mi/ ,,is ,,uni=mly ,,d5se4 ,( objects /&+ 9 a mi/ or o!r d5se atmosph]e1 :e!r f vap\r or smoke or di/ance1 ^? w be mo/ visible :i* are ! highe/4 ,& among objects ( equal height t w be ! d>ke/ /ronge/ :i* has = backgr\nd ! deepe/ mi/4 ,?us ! eye h look+ at a b c1 t[]s ( equal height1 "o ) ano!r1 sees c ! top ( ! fir/ t[] at r1 at two degrees ( dep? 9 ! mi/2 & sees ! height ( ! middle t[] b ?r\gh "o s+le degree ( mi/4 ,!re=e ! top ( ! t[] c appe>s /rong] ?an ! top ( ! t[] b1 c4 #dfh4 ,,( ,,! ,,smoke ,,( ,a ,,t[n4 ,smoke is se5 bett] & m di/9ctly on ! ,ea/]n side ?an on ! ,we/]n :5 ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/2 & ?is arises f two causes2 ! fir/ is t ! sun1 ) its rays1 %9es ?r\gh ! p>ticles ( ! smoke & lights !m up & makes !m visible4 ,! second is t ! ro(s ( ! h\ses se5 9 ! ,ea/ at ?is "t are 9 %ad[1 because _! obliquity does n all[ ( _! be+ illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,& ! same ?+ occurs ) du/2 & bo? "o & ! o!r look ! light] 9 proportion z !y are d5s]1 & !y are d5se/ t[>ds ! middle4 #dfi4 ,,( ,,smoke ,,& ,,du/4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ ! smoke ( cities w n be visible 9 ! ,we/1 because on t side x is n se5 p5etrat$ by ! sol> rays1 nor on a d>k backgr\nd2 s9ce ! ro(s ( ! h\ses turn ! same side to ! eye z !y turn t[>ds ! sun1 & on ?is light backgr\nd ! smoke is n v visible4 ,b du/1 "u ! same aspect1 w look d>k] ?an smoke be+ ( d5s] mat]ial ?an smoke :i* is moi/4 ,! effect ( w9d on trees 7#dgj-dgc74 #dgj4 ,,( ,,repres5t+ ,,w9d4 ,9 repres5t+ w9d1 besides ! b5d+ ( ! b\ghs & ! rev]s+ ( _! leaves t[>ds ! qu>t] :5ce ! w9d comes1 y %\ld also repres5t !m amid cl\ds ( f9e du/ m+l$ ) ! tr\bl$ air4 #dga4 ,describe l&scapes ) ! w9d1 & ! wat]1 & ! sett+ & ris+ ( ! sun4 ,,! ,,w9d4 ,all ! leaves :i* hung t[>ds ! e>? by ! b5d+ ( ! %oots ) _! bran*es1 are turn$ up side d[n by ! gu/s ( w9d1 & "h _! p]spective is rev]s$2 =1 if ! tree is betwe5 y & ! qu>t] ( ! w9d1 ! leaves :i* are t[>ds y rema9 9 _! natural aspect1 :ile ^? on ! opposite side :i* ought to h _! po9ts 9 a contr>y direction h1 by be+ turn$ ov]1 _! po9ts turn$ t[>ds y4 #dgb4 ,trees /ruck by ! =ce ( ! w9d b5d to ! side t[>ds :i* ! w9d is bl[+2 & ! w9d be+ pa/ !y b5d 9 ! contr>y direction1 t is 9 rev]se motion4 #dgc4 ,t portion ( a tree :i* is f>!/ f ! =ce :i* /rikes x is ! mo/ injur$ by ! bl[ because x be>s mo/ /ra92 ?us nature has =ese5 ?is case by ?ick5+ !m 9 t "p :]e !y c be mo/ hurt2 & mo/ 9 su* trees z gr[ to great heights1 z p9es & ! l4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! sket* drawn ) a p5 & wa%$ ) ,indian ink on ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #a4 ,9 ! ,vatican copy we f9d1 "u a section entitl$ 'del fumo'1 ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,era sotto di que/o capitulo un rompim5to di montagna1 p] d5tro delle quali roture s*]zaua fiame di fuoco1 disegnate di p5na et ombrate d'acqu>ella1 da u$]e cosa mirabile et uiua 7,ed4 ,,manzi1 p4 #bce4 ,ed4 ,,ludwig1 ,vol4 ,i1 #dfj74 ,?is appe>s to ref] to ! left h& portion ( ! draw+ "h giv5 f ! ,w9dsor collection1 & f ?is x mu/ be inf]r$1 t ! leaf z x n[ exi/s 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 0 already sep>at$ f ! orig9al ,,ms4 at ! "t :5 ! ,vatican copy 0 made4 ,light & %ade on cl\ds 7#dgd-dgg74 #dgd4 ,describe h[ ! cl\ds are =m$ & h[ !y dissolve1 & :at cause raises vap\r4 #dge4 ,! %ad[s 9 cl\ds are light] 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to ! horizon4 ,footnote3 ,! draw+ belong+ to ?is 0 9 black *alk & is totally effac$4 #dgf4 ,:5 cl\ds come betwe5 ! sun & ! eye all ! upp] edges ( _! r\nd =ms are light1 & t[>ds ! middle !y are d>k1 & ?is happ5s because t[>ds ! top ^! edges h ! sun above !m :ile y are bel[ !m2 & ! same ?+ happ5s ) ! position ( ! bran*es ( trees2 & aga9 ! cl\ds1 l ! trees1 be+ some:at transp>5t1 are light$ up 9 "p1 & at ! edges !y %[ ?9n]4 ,b1 :5 ! eye is betwe5 ! cl\d & ! sun1 ! cl\d has ! contr>y effect to ! =m]1 = ! edges ( its mass are d>k & x is light t[>ds ! middle2 & ?is happ5s because y see ! same side z faces ! sun1 & because ! edges h "s transp>5cy & reveal to ! eye t portion :i* is hidd5 beyond !m1 & :i*1 z x does n cat* ! sunlight l t portion turn$ t[>ds x1 is necess>ily some:at d>k]4 ,aga91 x may be t y see ! details ( ^! r\nd$ masses f ! l[] side1 :ile ! sun %9es on ! upp] side & z !y are n s situat$ z to reflect ! light ( ! sun1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance !y rema9 d>k4 ,! black cl\ds :i* are (t5 se5 high] up ?an ^? :i* are illum9at$ by ! sun are %ad$ by o!r cl\ds1 ly+ betwe5 !m & ! sun4 ,aga91 ! r\nd$ =ms ( ! cl\ds t face ! sun1 %[ _! edges d>k because !y lie aga9/ ! light backgr\nd2 & to see t ?is is true1 y may look at ! top ( any cl\d t is :olly light because x lies aga9/ ! blue ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is d>k] ?an ! cl\d4 ,footnote3 ,a draw+ 9 r$ *alk f ! ,w9dsor collection 7see ,pl4 ,,xxix71 repres5t+ a l&scape ) /orm-cl\ds1 may s]ve to illu/rate ?is section z well z ! foll[+ "o4 #dgg4 ,,( ,,cl\ds1 ,,smoke ,,& ,,du/ ,,& ,,! ,,flames ,,( ,a ,,furnace ,,or ,,( ,a ,,burn+ ,,kiln4 ,! cl\ds d n %[ _! r\nd$ =ms except+ on ! sides :i* face ! sun2 on ! o!rs ! r\ndness is imp]ceptible because !y are 9 ! %ade4 ,footnote3 ,! text ( ?is *apt] is giv5 9 facsimile on ,pls4 ,,xxxvi & ,,xxxvii4 ,! two halves ( ! leaf =m b "o 9 ! orig9al4 ,on ! m>g9 close to l9es #d & #e is ! note3 rossore d'aria inv]so l'orizonte--7( ! r$ness ( ! atmosph]e ne> ! horizon74 ,! sket*es on ! l[] portion ( ! page w be spok5 ( 9 ,no4 #ffh4 ,if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! cl\ds 9 ! ,we/1 ! eye plac$ betwe5 ! sun & ! cl\ds sees ! edges ( ! r\nd$ =ms compos+ ^! cl\ds z d>k1 & ! portions :i* are surr\nd$ by ?is d>k edge are light4 ,& ?is occurs because ! edges ( ! r\nd$ =ms ( ^! cl\ds are turn$ t[>ds ! upp] or lat]al sky1 :i* is reflect$ 9 !m4 ,bo? ! cl\d & ! tree display no r\ndness at all on _! %ad$ side4 ,on images reflect$ 9 wat]4 #dgh4 ,pa9t]s (t5 deceive !mselves1 by repres5t+ wat] 9 :i* !y make ! wat] reflect ! objects se5 by ! man4 ,b ! wat] reflects ! object f "o side & ! man sees x f ! o!r2 & x (t5 happ5s t ! pa9t] sees an object f bel[1 & ?us "o & ! same object is se5 f h9d "p be=e & upside d[n1 because ! wat] %[s ! image ( ! object 9 "o way1 & ! eye sees x 9 ano!r4 ,( ra9b[s & ra9 7#dgi4 #dhj74 #dgi4 ,! col\rs 9 ! middle ( ! ra9b[ m+le toge!r4 ,! b[ 9 itself is n 9 ! ra9 nor 9 ! eye t sees x2 ?\gh x is g5]at$ by ! ra91 ! sun1 & ! eye4 ,! ra9b[ is always se5 by ! eye t is betwe5 ! ra9 & ! body ( ! sun2 h5ce if ! sun is 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ra9 is 9 ! ,we/ x w appe> on ! ra9 9 ! ,we/4 #dhj4 ,:5 ! air is cond5s$ into ra9 x w\ld produce a vacuum if ! re/ ( ! air did n prev5t ?is by fill+ its place1 z x does ) a viol5t ru%2 & ?is is ! w9d :i* rises 9 ! summ] "t1 accompani$ by heavy ra94 ,( fl[] se$s4 #dha4 ,all ! fl[]s :i* turn t[>ds ! sun p]fect _! se$s2 b n ! o!rs2 t is to say ^? :i* get only ! reflection ( ! sun4 ,,ix4 ,! ,practice ( ,pa9t+4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to (f] any excuses = ! division c>ri$ out 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! text into practical sugge/ions & !oretical enquiries4 ,x 0 evid5tly int5d$ by ,leon>do himself z we conclude f incid5tal rem>ks 9 ! ,,mss4 7= in/ance ,no #aaj74 ,! fact t ?is arrangem5t 0 nev] c>ri$ out ei!r 9 ! old ,,ms4 copies or 9 any edition s9ce1 is easily acc\nt$ = by ! g5]al disord] :i* results f ! provisional di/ribution ( ! v>i\s *apt]s 9 ! old copies4 ,we h e reason to believe t ! e>lie/ copyi/s1 9 di/ribut+ ! mat]ials collect$ by !m1 did n 9 ! lea/ consid] ! ord] 9 :i* ! orig9al ,,ms4lay be=e !m4 ,x is evid5t t almo/ all ! *apt]s :i* ref] to ! call+ & life ( ! pa9t]--& :i* are "h br\ght toge!r 9 ! fir/ section 7,nos4 #dhb-ejh7--may be ref]r$ to two di/9ct p]iods 9 ,leon>do's life2 mo/ ( !m c be dat$ z belong+ to ! ye> #adib or to #aeae4 ,at ab\t ?is lat] "t ,leon>do may h =m$ ! project ( complet+ 8 ,libro della ,pittura1 aft] an int]val ( "s ye>s1 z x w\ld seem1 dur+ :i* 8 int]e/ 9 ! subject _h fall5 some:at into ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! second section1 :i* treats fir/ ( ! arti/'s /udio1 ! con/ruction ( a suitable w9d[ =ms ! object ( c>eful inve/igations2 ! special importance atta*$ to ?is by ,leon>do is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,8 !ory ( ! incid5ce ( light :i* 0 fully discuss$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w1 0 to him by no means ( m]e ab/ract value1 b1 be+ d$uc$1 z he says1 f exp]i5ce 7or exp]im5t7 0 requir$ to prove its utility 9 practice4 ,connect$ ) ?is we f9d sugge/ions = ! *oice ( a light ) practical h9ts z to sket*+ a picture & "s o!r precepts ( a practical "* :i* mu/ come "u consid]ation 9 ! c\rse ( complet+ ! pa9t+4 ,9 all ?is ,i h foll[$ ! same pr9ciple ( arrangem5t 9 ! text z 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! ,!ory ( ,pa9t+1 ?us ! sugge/ions = ! ,p]spective ( a picture1 7,nos4 #ecf-efi71 are foll[$ by ! !ory ( light & %ade = ! practical me?od ( optics 7,nos4 #edh--eff7 & ?is by ! practical precepts or ! treatm5t ( a]ial p]spective 7#efg--egj74 ,9 ! passage on ,portrait & ,figure ,pa9t+ ! pr9ciples ( pa9t+ z appli$ to a bu/ & head are sep>at$ & plac$ fir/1 s9ce ! advice to figure pa9t]s mu/ h "s connection ) ! pr9ciples ( ! treatm5t ( composition by :i* !y are foll[$4 ,b ?is arrangem5t ( ! text made x seem advisable n to pick out ! practical precepts z to ! repres5tation ( trees & l&scape f ! close connection 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally plac$--unlike ! re/ ( ! practical precepts--) ! !ory ( ?is bran* ( ! subject4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be s\ght "u ! section entitl$ ,botany = ,pa9t]s4 ,z a supplem5t to ! ,libro di ,pittura ,i h "h add$ ^? texts :i* treat ( ! ,pa9t]'s mat]ials1--z *alk1 draw+ pap]1 col\rs & _! prep>ation1 ( ! managem5t ( oils & v>ni%es2 9 ! app5dix are "s notes on *emical sub/ances4 ,possibly "s ( ^!1 if n all1 may h /ood 9 connection ) ! prep>ation ( col\rs4 ,x is 9 ! v nature ( ?+s t ,leon>do's incid5tal indications z to col\rs & ! l %\ld be n[-a-days extremely obscure & c\ld only be expla9$ by pr(essional exp]ts--by !m ev5 9 b few in/ances4 ,x might !re=e h seem$ advisable to reproduce exactly ! orig9al text )\t (f]+ any translation4 ,! r5d]+ "h giv5 is m]ely an attempt to sugge/ :at ,leon>do's mean+ may h be54 ,,lomazzo tells u 9 8 ,trattato dell'arte della ,pittura1 ,scultura ed ,ar*itettura 7,milano #aehd1 libro ,,ii1 ,cap4 ,,xiv73 ,va discorr5do ed argom5t&o ,leon>do ,v9ci 9 un suo libro letto da me 787 que/i anni passati1 *'egli scrisse di mano /anca ai prieghi di ,,ludovico ,,s=za duca di ,milano1 9 det]m9azione di que/a que/ione1 se e piu nobile la pittura o la scultura2 dic5do *e quanto piu un'arte porta seco fatica di corpo1 e sudore1 tanto piu e vile1 e m5 pregiata4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( any book specially writt5 = ,lodovico il ,moro on ! sup]iority ( ,pa9t+ ov] sculpture is p]haps my?ical4 ,! v>i\s passages 9 praise ( ,pa9t+ z comp>$ n m]ely ) ,sculpture b ) ,poetry1 are scatt]$ among ,,mss4 ( v diff]5t dates4 ,besides1 ! way1 9 :i* ! subject is discuss$ appe>s n to support ! supposition1 t ^! texts 7 prep>$ at a special reque/ ( ! ,duke4 ,i4 ,,moral ,,precepts ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,h[ to asc]ta9 ! dispositions = an arti/ic c>e]4 #dhb4 ,a ,,w>n+ ,,conc]n+ ,,y\?s ,,wi%+ ,,to ,,be ,,pa9t]s4 ,_m are !y :o h a ta/e & love = draw+1 b no tal5t2 & ?is w be disc]nible 9 boys :o are n dilig5t & nev] f9i% _! draw+s ) %ad+4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction = an arti/ 7#dhc-dhe74 #dhc4 ,! y\? %\ld fir/ le>n p]spective1 !n ! proportions ( objects4 ,!n he may copy f "s good ma/]1 to accu/om himself to f9e =ms4 ,!n f nature1 to confirm by practice ! rules he has le>nt4 ,!n see = a "t ! works ( v>i\s ma/]s4 ,!n get ! habit ( putt+ 8 art into practice & "w4 ,footnote3 ,! ,vatican copy & num]\s abridgem5ts all place ?is *apt] at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,trattato1 & 9 consequ5ce ,,dufresne & all subsequ5t editors h done ! same4 ,9 ! ,vatican copy h[ev] all ! g5]al consid]ations on ! relation ( pa9t+ to ! o!r arts are plac$ fir/1 z introductory4 #dhd4 ,,( ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,draw4 ,fir/ draw f draw+s by good ma/]s done f works ( art & f nature1 & n f memory2 !n f pla/ic "w1 ) ! guidance ( ! draw+ done f x2 & !n f good natural models & ?is y mu/ put into practice4 #dhe4 ,,precepts ,,= ,,draw+4 ,! arti/ ought fir/ to ex]cise 8 h& by copy+ draw+s f ! h& ( a good ma/]4 ,& hav+ acquir$ t practice1 "u ! criticism ( 8 ma/]1 he %\ld next practise draw+ objects 9 relief ( a good /yle1 foll[+ ! rules :i* w pres5tly be giv54 ,! /udy ( ! antique 7#dhf4 #dhg74 #dhf4 ,,( ,,draw+4 ,:i* is be/1 to draw f nature or f ! antique8 & :i* is m difficult to d outl9es or light & %ade8 #dhg4 ,x is bett] to imitate copy ! antique ?an mod]n "w4 ,footnote #dhf1 #dhg3 ,^! are ! only two passages 9 :i* ,leon>do alludes to ! importance ( antique art 9 ! tra9+ ( an arti/4 ,! "q ask$ 9 ,no4 #dhf rema9s unansw]$ by him & x seems to me v d\btful :e!r ! op9ion /at$ 9 ,no4 #dhg is to be reg>d$ z a reply to x4 ,?is op9ion /&s 9 ! ,,ms4 9 a connection--z w be expla9$ lat] on--:i* seems to require u to limit its application to a s+le special case4 ,at any rate we may suspect t :5 ,leon>do put ! "q1 he felt "s hesitation z to ! answ]4 ,among 8 v num]\s draw+s ,i h n be5 able to f9d a s+le /udy f ! antique1 ?\gh a draw+ 9 black *alk1 at ,w9dsor1 ( a man on horseback 7,,pi4 ,,lxxiii7 may p]haps be a rem9isc5ce ( ! /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius at ,rome4 ,x seems to me t ! drap]y 9 a p5 & ink draw+ ( a bu/1 also at ,w9dsor1 has be5 borr[$ f an antique model 7,pl4 ,,xxx74 ,g4 ,g4 ,rossi has1 ,i believe1 correctly int]pret$ ,leon>do's feel+ t[>ds ! antique 9 ! foll[+ note on ?is passage 9 manzi's edition1 p4 #eja3 ,sappiamo dalla /oria1 *e i valorosi arti/i ,toscani dell'et dell'oro dell'arte /udi>ono sugli anti*i m>mi raccolti dal ,magnifico ,,lor5zo ,,de' ,,m$ici4 ,p>e *e il ,v9ci a tali monum5ti non si acco/asse4 ,que/' uomo sempre riconosce p] mae/ra la natura1 e que/o pr9cipio lo /r+eva alla sola imitazione d essa--,comp>e ,no4 #aj1 #bf--bh footnote4 ,! necessity ( anatomical k 7#dhh4 #dhi74 #dhh4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,x is indisp5sable to a ,pa9t] :o w\ld be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! limbs 9 all ! positions & actions ( :i* !y are capable1 9 ! nude1 to "k ! anatomy ( ! s9ews1 bones1 muscles & t5dons s t1 9 _! v>i\s movem5ts & ex]tions1 he may "k :i* n]ve or muscle is ! cause ( ea* movem5t & %[ ^? only z prom95t & ?ick5$1 & n ! o!rs all ov] ! limb1 z _m d :o1 to seem great draughtsm51 draw _! nude figures look+ l wood1 devoid ( grace2 s t y w\ld ?9k y 7 look+ at a sack ( walnuts r ?an ! human =m1 or a bundle ( radi%es r ?an ! muscles ( figures4 #dhi4 ,,h[ ,,x ,,is ,,necess>y ,,to ,a ,,pa9t] ,,t ,,he ,,%\ld ,,"k ,,! ,,intr9sic ,,=ms ,,/ructure ,,( ,,man4 ,! pa9t] :o is famili> ) ! nature ( ! s9ews1 muscles1 & t5dons1 w "k v well1 9 giv+ movem5t to a limb1 h[ _m & :i* s9ews cause x2 & :i* muscle1 by swell+1 causes ! contraction ( t s9ew2 & :i* s9ews1 exp&$ into ! ?9ne/ c>tilage1 surr\nd & support ! said muscle4 ,?us he w v>i\sly & con/antly demon/rate ! diff]5t muscles by means ( ! v>i\s attitudes ( 8 figures1 & w n d1 z _m :o1 9 a v>iety ( movem5ts1 /ill display ! v same ?+s modell+ 9 ! arms1 back1 brea/ & legs4 ,& ^! ?+s are n to be reg>d$ z m9or faults4 ,h[ to acquire practice4 #dij4 ,,( ,,/udy ,,& ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,/udy4 ,i say t fir/ y ought to le>n ! limbs & _! me*anism1 & hav+ ?is k1 _! actions %\ld come next1 accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y occur 9 man4 ,& ?irdly to compose subjects1 ! /udies = :i* %\ld be tak5 f natural actions & made f "t to "t1 z circum/ances all[2 & pay att5tion to !m 9 ! /reets & piazze & fields1 & note !m d[n ) a brief indication ( ! =ms2 ,footnote #e3 ,l9es #e-g expla9$ by ! l[] portion ( ! sket* ,no4 #a on ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ?us = a head make an o1 & = an arm a /raight or a b5t l9e1 & ! same = ! legs & ! body1 ,footnote #g3 ,l9es #e-g expla9$ by ! l[] portion ( ! sket* ,no4 #a on ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 & :5 y return home "w out ^! notes 9 a complete =m4 ,! ,adv]s>y says t to acquire practice & d a great deal ( "w x is bett] t ! fir/ p]iod ( /udy %\ld be employ$ 9 draw+ v>i\s compositions done on pap] or on walls by div]s ma/]s1 & t 9 ?is way practice is rapidly ga9$1 & good me?ods2 to :i* ,i reply t ! me?od w be good1 if x is bas$ on works ( good composition & by skill$ ma/]s4 ,b s9ce su* ma/]s are s r>e t !re are b few ( !m to be f\nd1 x is a sur] way to g to natural objects1 ?an to ^? :i* are imitat$ f nature ) great det]ioration1 & s =m bad me?ods2 = he :o c g to ! f\nta9 does n g to ! wat]-j>4 ,footnote3 ,?is passage has be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan1 ,das ,mal]buck des ,l4 da ,v9ci1 p4 #hi2 8 read+ h[ev] v>ies slightly f m9e4 ,indu/ry & ?or\ghness ! fir/ conditions 7#dia-dic47 #dia4 ,,:at ,,rules ,,%\ld ,,be ,,giv5 ,,to ,,boys ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,pa9t4 ,we "k = c]ta9 t sight is "o ( ! mo/ rapid actions we c p]=m4 ,9 an in/ant we see an inf9ite numb] ( =ms1 /ill we only take 9 ?or\ghly "o object at a "t4 ,suppos+ t y1 ,read]1 7 to glance rapidly at ! :ole ( ?is writt5 page1 y w\ld in/antly p]ceive t x 0 cov]$ ) v>i\s lett]s2 b y c\ld n1 9 ! "t1 recognise :at ! lett]s 71 nor :at !y 7 meant to tell4 ,h5ce y w\ld ne$ to see !m ^w by ^w1 l9e by l9e to be able to und]/& ! lett]s4 ,aga91 if y wi% to g to ! top ( a build+ y mu/ g up /ep by /ep2 o!rwise x w be impossible t y %\ld rea* ! top4 ,?us ,i say to y1 :om nature prompts to pursue ?is art1 if y wi% to h a s\nd k ( ! =ms ( objects beg9 ) ! details ( !m1 & d n g on to ! second /ep till y h ! fir/ well fix$ 9 memory & 9 practice4 ,& if y d o!rwise y w ?r[ away y\r "t1 or c]ta9ly greatly prolong y\r /udies4 ,& rememb] to acquire dilig5ce r ?an rapidity4 #dib4 ,,h[ ,,t ,,dilig5ce ,,accuracy ,,%\ld ,,fir/ ,,be ,,le>nt ,,r ,,?an ,,rapid ,,execution4 ,if y1 :o draw1 desire to /udy well & to good purpose1 always g sl[ly to "w 9 y\r draw+2 & discrim9ate 94 ! lights1 :i* h ! highe/ degree ( brightness1 & to :at ext5t & likewise 9 ! %ad[s1 :i* are ^? t are d>k] ?an ! o!rs & 9 :at way !y int]m+le2 !n _! masses & ! relative proportions ( "o to ! o!r4 ,& note 9 _! outl9es1 :i* way !y t5d2 & :i* "p ( ! l9es is curv$ to "o side or ! o!r1 & :]e !y are m or less conspicu\s & consequ5tly broad or f9e2 & f9ally1 t y\r light & %ade bl5d )\t /rokes & bord]s b look+ l smoke4 ,& :5 y h ?us s*ool$ y\r h& & y\r judgm5t by su* dilig5ce1 y w acquire rapidity be=e y are aw>e4 ,! arti/'s private life & *oice ( company 7#dic-did74 #dic4 ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,9 ,,! ,,c\ntry4 ,a pa9t] ne$s su* ma!matics z belong to pa9t+4 ,& ! abs5ce ( all companions :o are ali5at$ f 8 /udies2 8 bra9 mu/ be easily impress$ by ! v>iety ( objects1 :i* successively come be=e him1 & also free f o!r c>es ,footnote #f3 ,leon>do "h seems to be speak+ ( 8 own me?od ( "w z display$ 9 8 ,,mss4 & ?is passage expla9s1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! peculi>ities 9 _! arrangem5t44 ,& if1 :5 consid]+ & def9+ "o subject1 a second subject int]v5es--z happ5s :5 an object occupies ! m9d1 !n he mu/ decide :i* ( ^! cases is ! m difficult to "w out1 & foll[ t up until x becomes q cle>1 & !n "w out ! explanation ( ! o!r ,footnote #aa3 ,leon>do "h seems to be speak+ ( 8 own me?od ( "w z display$ 9 8 ,,mss4 & ?is passage expla9s1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! peculi>ities 9 _! arrangem5t44 ,& above all he mu/ keep 8 m9d z cle> z ! surface ( a mirror1 :i* assumes col\rs z v>i\s z ^? ( ! diff]5t objects4 ,& 8 companions %\ld be l him z to _! /udies1 & if su* _c be f\nd he %\ld keep 8 speculations to himself alone1 s t at la/ he w f9d no m useful company ?an 8 own4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! title l9e ,leon>do _h orig9ally writt5 del pictore filos(o 7! philosophical pa9t]71 b he himself /ruck outfilos(o4 ,comp>e 9 ,no4 #cfc pictora notomi/a 7anatomical pa9t]74 ,! orig9al text is p>tly reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,ci4 #did4 ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,9 ,,8 ,,/udio4 ,to ! end t well-be+ ( ! body may n injure t ( ! m9d1 ! pa9t] or draughtsman mu/ rema9 solit>y1 & p>ticul>ly :5 int5t on ^? /udies & reflections :i* w con/antly rise up be=e 8 eye1 giv+ mat]ials to be well /or$ 9 ! memory4 ,:ile y are alone y are entirely y\r own ma/] & if y h "o companion y are b half y\r own1 & ! less s 9 proportion to ! indiscretion ( 8 behavi\r4 ,& if y h _m companions y w fall deep] into ! same tr\ble4 ,if y %\ld say3 ,i w g my own way & )draw ap>t1 ! bett] to /udy ! =ms ( natural objects1 ,i tell y1 y w n be able to help (t5 li/5+ to _! *att]4 ,& s1 s9ce "o _c s]ve two ma/]s1 y w badly fill ! "p ( a companion1 & c>ry out y\r /udies ( art ev5 worse4 ,& if y say3 ,i w )draw s f> t _! words _c rea* me & !y _c di/urb me1 ,i c tell y t y w be ?\ght mad4 ,b1 y see1 y w at any rate be alone4 ,& if y mu/ h companions %ip f9d x 9 y\r /udio4 ,?is may assi/ y to h ! advantages :i* arise f v>i\s speculations4 ,all o!r company may be highly mis*iev\s4 ,! di/ribution ( "t = /udy+ 7#die-dig74 #die4 ,,( ,,:e!r ,,x ,,is ,,bett] ,,to ,,draw ,,) ,,companions ,,or ,,n4 ,i say & insi/ t draw+ 9 company is mu* bett] ?an alone1 = _m reasons4 ,! fir/ is t y w\ld be a%am$ to be se5 beh9dh& among ! /ud5ts1 & su* %ame w lead y to c>eful /udy4 ,secondly1 a :olesome emulation w /imulate y to be among ^? :o are m prais$ ?an y\rself1 & ?is praise ( o!rs w spur y on4 ,ano!r is t y c le>n f ! draw+s ( o!rs :o d bett] ?an y\rself2 & if y are bett] ?an !y1 y c pr(it by y\r contempt = _! defects1 :ile ! praise ( o!rs w incite y to f>!r m]its4 ,footnote3 ,! contradiction by ?is passage ( ! =ego+ *apt] is only app>5t4 ,x is q cle>1 f ! nature ( ! reason+ :i* is "h us$ to prove t x is m improv+ to "w ) o!rs ?an to "w alone1 t ! /udies ( pupils only are "u consid]ation "h4 #dif4 ,,( ,,/udy+1 ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k1 ,,:5 ,,y ,,wake1 ,,or ,,9 ,,b$ ,,be=e ,,y ,,g ,,to ,,sleep4 ,i myself h prov$ x to be ( no small use1 :5 9 b$ 9 ! d>k1 to recall 9 fancy ! ext]nal details ( =ms previ\sly /udi$1 or o!r notewor?y ?+s conceiv$ by subtle speculation2 & ?is is c]ta9ly an admirable ex]cise1 & useful = impress+ ?+s on ! memory4 #dig4 ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,= ,,/udy+ ,,selection ,,( ,,subjects4 ,w9t] ev5+s ought to be employ$ by "y /ud5ts 9 look+ ov] ! ?+s prep>$ dur+ ! summ]2 t is1 all ! draw+s f ! nude done 9 ! summ] %\ld be br\ght toge!r & a *oice made ( ! be/ /udies ( limbs & bodies among !m1 to apply 9 practice & commit to memory4 ,,( ,,positions4 ,aft] ?is 9 ! foll[+ summ] y %\ld select "s "o :o is well gr[n & :o has n be5 br\ght up 9 d\blets1 & s may n be ( /iff c>riage1 & make him g ?r\gh a numb] ( agile & graceful actions2 & if 8 muscles d n %[ pla9ly )9 ! outl9es ( 8 limbs t does n matt] at all4 ,x is en\gh t y c see good attitudes & y c correct ! draw+ ( ! limbs by ^? y /udi$ 9 ! w9t]4 ,footnote3 ,an injunction to /udy 9 ! ev5+ occurs also 9 ,no4 #ebd4 ,on ! productive p[] ( m9or arti/s 7#dih-eja74 #dih4 ,he is a poor disciple :o does n excel 8 ma/]4 #dii4 ,nor is ! pa9t] praisewor?y :o does b "o ?+ well1 z ! nude figure1 heads1 drap]ies1 animals1 l&scapes or o!r su* details1 irrespective ( o!r "w2 = !re c be no m9d s inept1 t aft] devot+ itself to "o s+le ?+ & do+ x con/antly1 x %\ld fail to d x well4 ,footnote3 ,9 ,,manzi',s edition 7p4 #ejb7 ! pa9t] ,g4 ,g4 ,bossi indignantly rem>ks on ?is passage4 ,p>la il ,v9ce 9 que/o luogo come se tutti gli arti/i avess]o quella sublimita d'+egno capace di abbracci>e tutte le cose1 di cui era egli dotato ,& he !n m5tions ! case ( ,,claude ,,lorra94 ,b he ov]looks ! fact t 9 ,leon>do's "t l&scape pa9t+ made no pret5sions to indep5d5ce b 0 reckon$ among ! details 7p>ticul>i1 l9es #c1 #d74 #ejj4 ,,t ,a ,,pa9t] ,,is ,,n ,,admirable ,,unless ,,he ,,is ,,univ]sal4 ,"s may di/9ctly ass]t t ^? p]sons are "u a delusion :o call t pa9t] a good ma/] :o c d no?+ well b a head or a figure4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is no great a*ievem5t2 aft] /udy+ "o s+le ?+ = a life-"t :o w\ld n h atta9$ "s p]fection 9 x8 ,b1 s9ce we "k t pa9t+ embraces & includes 9 itself e object produc$ by nature or result+ f ! =tuit\s actions ( m51 9 %ort1 all t ! eye c see1 he seems to me b a poor ma/] :o c only d a figure well4 ,= d y n p]ceive h[ _m & v>i\s actions are p]=m$ by m5 only2 h[ _m diff]5t animals !re are1 z well z trees1 plants1 fl[]s1 ) _m m\nta9\s regions & pla9s1 spr+s & riv]s1 cities ) public & private build+s1 ma*9es1 too1 fit = ! purposes ( m51 div]s co/umes1 decorations & arts8 ,& all ^! ?+s ought to be reg>d$ z ( equal importance & value1 by ! man :o c be t]m$ a good pa9t]4 #eja4 ,,( ,,! ,,mis]able ,,pret5ces ,,made ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,falsely ,,& ,,unwor?ily ,,acquire ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,pa9t]s4 ,n[ !re is a c]ta9 race ( pa9t]s :o1 hav+ /udi$ b little1 mu/ ne$ take z _! /&>d ( beauty m]e gold & azure1 & ^!1 ) supreme conceit1 decl>e t !y w n give good "w = mis]able paym5t1 & t !y c\ld d z well z any o!r if !y 7 well paid4 ,b1 ye fooli% folks6 _c su* arti/s keep "s good "w1 & !n say3 ?is is a co/ly "w & ?is m mod]ate & ?is is av]age "w & %[ t !y c "w at all prices8 ,a caution aga9/ "o-sid$ /udy4 #ejb4 ,,h[1 ,,9 ,,important ,,works1 ,a ,,man ,,%\ld ,,n ,,tru/ ,,entirely ,,to ,,8 ,,memory ,,)\t ,,condesc5d+ ,,to ,,draw ,,f ,,nature4 ,any ma/] :o %\ld v5ture to boa/ t he c\ld rememb] all ! =ms & effects ( nature w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to me to be grac$ ) extreme ignorance1 inasmu* z ^! effects are inf9ite & our memory is n ext5sive en\gh to reta9 !m4 ,h5ce1 ,o6 pa9t]1 bew>e le/ ! lu/ ( ga9 %\ld supplant 9 y ! dignity ( art2 = ! acquisition ( glory is a mu* great] ?+ ?an ! glory ( ri*es4 ,h5ce1 = ^! & o!r reasons :i* might be giv51 fir/ /rive 9 draw+ to repres5t y\r int5tion to ! eye by expressive =ms1 & ! idea orig9ally =m$ 9 y\r imag9ation2 !n g on tak+ out or putt+ 91 until y h satisfi$ y\rself4 ,!n h liv+ m51 drap$ or nude1 z y may h purpos$ 9 y\r "w1 & take c>e t 9 dim5sions & size1 z det]m9$ by p]spective1 no?+ is left 9 ! "w :i* is n 9 h>mony ) reason & ! effects 9 nature4 ,& ?is w be ! way to w9 hon\r 9 y\r art4 ,h[ to acquire univ]sality 7#ejc-ejf74 #ejc4 ,,( ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,! ,,figures4 ,! pa9t] %\ld aim at univ]sality1 because !re is a great want ( self-respect 9 do+ "o ?+ well & ano!r badly1 z _m d :o /udy only ! rules ( measure & proportion 9 ! nude figure & d n seek aft] v>iety2 = a man may be well proportion$1 or he may be fat & %ort1 or tall & ?91 or m$ium4 ,& a pa9t] :o takes no acc\nt ( ^! v>ieties always makes 8 figures on "o patt]n s t !y might all be tak5 = bro!rs2 & ?is is a defect t dem&s /]n repreh5sion4 #ejd4 ,,h[ ,,some?+ ,,may ,,be ,,le>nt ,,ev]y:]e4 ,nature has b5efic5tly provid$ t ?r\gh\t ! _w y may f9d some?+ to imitate4 #eje4 ,,( ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,acquir+ ,,univ]sality4 ,x is an easy matt] to m5 to acquire univ]sality1 = all t]re/rial animals resemble ea* o!r z to _! limbs1 t is 9 _! muscles1 s9ews & bones2 & !y d n v>y except+ 9 l5g? or 9 ?ickness1 z w be %[n "u ,anatomy4 ,b !n !re are aquatic animals :i* are ( great v>iety2 ,i w n try to conv9ce ! pa9t] t !re is any rule = !m = !y are ( inf9ite v>iety1 & s is ! insect tribe4 #ejf4 ,,pa9t+4 ,! m9d ( ! pa9t] mu/ resemble a mirror1 :i* always takes ! col\r ( ! object x reflects & is completely occupi$ by ! images ( z _m objects z are 9 front ( x4 ,!re=e y mu/ "k1 ,oh ,pa9t]6 t y _c be a good "o if y are n ! univ]sal ma/] ( repres5t+ by y\r art e k9d ( =m produc$ by nature4 ,& ?is y w n "k h[ to d if y d n see !m1 & reta9 !m 9 y\r m9d4 ,h5ce z y g ?r\gh ! fields1 turn y\r att5tion to v>i\s objects1 &1 9 turn look n[ at ?is ?+ & n[ at t1 collect+ a /ore ( div]s facts select$ & *os5 f ^? ( less value4 ,b d n d l "s pa9t]s :o1 :5 !y are we>i$ ) ex]cis+ _! fancy dismiss _! "w f _! ?\ghts & take ex]cise 9 walk+ = relaxation1 b /ill keep fatigue 9 _! m9d :i*1 ?\gh !y see v>i\s objects ar\nd !m1 does n appreh5d !m2 b1 ev5 :5 !y meet fri5ds or relations & are salut$ by !m1 al?\gh !y see & he> !m1 take no m cognisance ( !m ?an if !y _h met s mu* empty air4 ,useful games & ex]cises 7#ejg4 #ejh74 #ejg4 ,,( ,,games ,,to ,,be ,,play$ ,,by ,,^? ,,:o ,,draw4 ,:51 ,oh draughtsm51 y desire to f9d relaxation 9 games y %\ld always practise su* ?+s z may be ( use 9 y\r pr(ession1 by giv+ y\r eye good practice 9 judg+ accurately ( ! bread? & l5g? ( objects4 ,?us1 to accu/om y\r m9d to su* ?+s1 let "o ( y draw a /raight l9e at r&om on a wall1 & ea* ( y1 tak+ a blade ( grass or ( /raw 9 8 h&1 try to cut x to ! l5g? t ! l9e drawn appe>s to him to be1 /&+ at a di/ance ( #aj braccia2 !n ea* "o may g up to ! l9e to measure ! l5g? he has judg$ x to be4 ,& he :o has come ne>e/ ) 8 measure to ! l5g? ( ! patt]n is ! be/ man1 & ! w9n]1 & %all receive ! prize y h settl$ be=eh&4 ,aga9 y %\ld take =%ort5$ measures3 t is take a spe>1 or any o!r cane or re$1 & fix on a po9t at a c]ta9 di/ance2 & let ea* "o e/imate h[ _m times he judges t its l5g? w g into t di/ance4 ,aga91 :o w draw be/ a l9e "o braccio long1 :i* %all be te/$ by a ?read4 ,& su* games give occasion to good practice = ! eye1 :i* is ( ! fir/ importance 9 pa9t+4 #ejh4 ,a ,,way ,,( ,,develop+ ,,& ,,ar\s+ ,,! ,,m9d ,,to ,,v>i\s ,,inv5tions4 ,i _c =be> to m5tion among ^! precepts a new device = /udy :i*1 al?\gh x may seem b trivial & almo/ ludicr\s1 is nev]!less extremely useful 9 ar\s+ ! m9d to v>i\s inv5tions4 ,& ?is is1 :5 y look at a wall spott$ ) /a9s1 or ) a mixture ( /ones1 if y h to devise "s sc5e1 y may discov] a resemblance to v>i\s l&scapes1 beautifi$ ) m\nta9s1 riv]s1 rocks1 trees1 pla9s1 wide valleys & hills 9 v>i$ arrangem5t2 or aga9 y may see battles & figures 9 action2 or /range faces & co/umes1 & an endless v>iety ( objects1 :i* y c\ld r$uce to complete & well drawn =ms4 ,& ^! appe> on su* walls confus$ly1 l ! s\nd ( bells 9 ^: jangle y may f9d any "n or ^w y *oose to imag9e4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,/udio4--,,in/rum5ts ,,& ,,helps ,,= ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,p]spective4--,,on ,,judg+ ,,( ,a ,,picture4 ,on ! size ( ! /udio4 #eji4 ,small rooms or dwell+s discipl9e ! m9d1 l>ge ones weak5 x4 ,on ! con/ruction ( w9d[s 7#eaj-eab74 #eaj4 ,! l>g] ! wall ! less ! light w be4 #eaa4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( light af=d$ 9 cell>s by v>i\s =ms ( w9d[s4 ,! lea/ useful & ! colde/ is ! w9d[ at a4 ,! mo/ useful1 ! lighte/ & w>me/ & mo/ op5 to ! sky is ! w9d[ at b4 ,! w9d[ at c is ( m$ium utility4 ,footnote3 ,f a ref]5ce to ! notes on ! "r light = pa9t+ x becomes evid5t t ! obs]vations made on cell>-w9d[s h a direct be>+ on ! con/ruction ( ! /udio-w9d[4 ,9 ! diagram b z well z 9 t "u ,no4 #eaj ! w9d[-op5+ is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 b only1 x w\ld seem1 9 ord] to emphasize ! advantage ( walls con/ruct$ on ! plan !re %[n4 #eab4 ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,w9d[ ,,& ,,its ,,advantage4 ,! pa9t] :o works f nature %\ld h a w9d[1 :i* he c raise & l[]4 ,! reason is t sometimes y w want to f9i% a ?+ y are draw+1 close to ! light4 ,let a b c d be ! *e/ on :i* ! "w may be rais$ or l[]$1 s t ! "w moves up & d[n & n ! pa9t]4 ,& e ev5+ y c let d[n ! "w & %ut x up above s t 9 ! ev5+ x may be 9 ! fa%ion ( a *e/ :i*1 :5 %ut up1 may s]ve ! purpose ( a b5*4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #b4 ,9 ?is plate ! l9es h un=tunately lo/ _! %>pness1 = ! accid5tal loss ( ! negative has necessitat$ a reproduction f a positive4 ,b hav+ =m]ly publi%$ ?is sket* by ano!r process1 9 ,,von ,,lutz[',s ,zeits*rift fur bild5de ,kun/ 7,vol4 ,,xvii1 pg4 #ac7 ,i h reproduc$ x "h 9 ! text4 ,! %>pness ( ! outl9e 9 ! orig9al sket* is "h pres]v$ b x gives x f ! rev]s$ side4 ,on ! be/ light = pa9t+ 7#eac-ebj74 #eac4 ,:i* light is be/ = draw+ f nature2 :e!r high or l[1 or l>ge or small1 or /rong & broad1 or /rong & small1 or broad & weak or small & weak8 ,footnote3 ,! "q "h put is unansw]$ 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 #ead4 ,,( ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,! ,,light4 ,a broad light high up & n too /rong w r5d] ! details ( objects v agreeable4 #eae4 ,,t ,,! ,,light ,,= ,,draw+ ,,f ,,nature ,,%\ld ,,be ,,high ,,up4 ,! light = draw+ f nature %\ld come f ! ,nor? 9 ord] t x may n v>y4 ,& if y h x f ! ,s\?1 keep ! w9d[ scre5$ ) clo?1 s t ) ! sun %9+ ! :ole day ! light may n v>y4 ,! height ( ! light %\ld be s arrang$ z t e object %all ca/ a %ad[ on ! gr\nd ( ! same l5g? z itself4 #eaf4 ,,! ,,k9d ,,( ,,light ,,requisite ,,= ,,pa9t+ ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,an object w display ! greate/ diff]5ce ( light & %ade :5 x is se5 9 ! /ronge/ light1 z by sunlight1 or1 at night1 by ! light ( a fire4 ,b ?is %\ld n be mu* us$ 9 pa9t+ because ! works rema9 crude & ungraceful4 ,an object se5 9 a mod]ate light displays little diff]5ce 9 ! light & %ade2 & ?is is ! case t[>ds ev5+ or :5 ! day is cl\dy1 & works !n pa9t$ are t5d] & e k9d ( face becomes graceful4 ,?us1 9 e ?+ extremes are to be avoid$3 ,too mu* light gives crud5ess2 too little prev5ts our see+4 ,! m$ium is be/4 ,,( ,,small ,,lights4 ,aga91 lights ca/ f a small w9d[ give /rong diff]5ces ( light & %ade1 all ! m if ! room light$ by x be l>ge1 & ?is is n good = pa9t+4 #eag4 ,,pa9t+4 ,! lum9\s air :i* ent]s by pass+ ?r\gh orifices 9 walls into d>k rooms w r5d] ! place less d>k 9 proportion z ! op5+ cuts into ! walls :i* surr\nd & cov] 9 ! pavem5t4 #eah4 ,,( ,,! ,,quality ,,( ,,light4 ,9 proportion to ! numb] ( times t a b goes into c d w x be m lum9\s ?an c d4 ,& simil>ly1 9 proportion z ! po9t e goes into c d w x be m lum9\s ?an c d2 & ?is light is useful = c>v]s ( delicate "w4 ,footnote #e3 ,= ! same reason a w9d[ ?us con/ruct$ w\ld be conv5i5t = an illum9ator or a m9iature pa9t]4 ,footnote3 ,m4 ,,ravaisson 9 8 edition ( ! ,p>is ,,ms4 ,a rem>ks on ?is passage3 ,la figure porte les lettres f et g1 auxquelles ri5 ne r5voie dans l'explication2 p> consequ5t1 cette explication e/ incomplete4 ,la figure sembl]ait1 d'ailleurs1 se rapport] a l'effet de la reflexion p> un miroir concave4 ,s f> z ,i c see ! text is n imp]fect1 nor is ! s5se obscure4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t c d "h indicate ! wall ( ! room opposite to ! w9d[ e & ! semicircle describ$ by f g /&s = ! ar* ( ! sky2 ?is occurs 9 v>i\s diagrams1 = example "u #eaa4 ,a simil> semicircle1 ,pl ,,iii1 ,no4 #b 7& comp>e ,no4 #adi7 is expressly call$ 'orizonte' 9 writ+4 #eai4 ,t ! light %\ld fall ^u a picture f "o w9d[ only4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! case ( objects 9 ?is =m4 ,if y want to repres5t a r\nd ball at a c]ta9 height y mu/ make x oval 9 ?is %ape1 & /& s f> (f z t by =e%ort5+ x appe>s r\nd4 #ebj4 ,,( ,,select+ ,,! ,,light ,,:i* ,,gives ,,mo/ ,,grace ,,to ,,faces4 ,if y %\ld h a c\rt y>d t y c at pleasure cov] ) a l95 awn+ t light w be good4 ,or :5 y want to take a portrait d x 9 dull wea!r1 or z ev5+ falls1 mak+ ! sitt] /& ) 8 back to "o ( ! walls ( ! c\rt y>d4 ,note 9 ! /reets1 z ev5+ falls1 ! faces ( ! m5 & wom51 & :5 ! wea!r is dull1 :at s(tness & delicacy y may p]ceive 9 !m4 ,h5ce1 ,oh ,pa9t]6 h a c\rt arrang$ ) ! walls t9t$ black & a n>r[ ro( project+ )9 ! walls4 ,x %\ld be #aj braccia wide & #bj braccia long & #aj braccia high & cov]$ ) a l95 awn+2 or else pa9t a "w t[>ds ev5+ or :5 x is cl\dy or mi/y1 & ?is is a p]fect light4 ,on v>i\s helps 9 prep>+ a picture 7#eba-ecj74 #eba4 ,to draw a nude figure f nature1 or any ?+ else1 hold 9 y\r h& a plumb-l9e to enable y to judge ( ! relative position ( objects4 #ebb4 ,,( ,,draw+ ,,an ,,object4 ,:5 y draw take c>e to set up a pr9cipal l9e :i* y mu/ obs]ve all ?r\gh\t ! object y are draw+2 e ?+ %\ld be> relation to ! direction ( ?is pr9cipal l9e4 #ebc4 ,,( ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,draw+ ,a ,,place ,,accurately4 ,h a piece ( glass z l>ge z a half %eet ( royal folio pap] & set ?us firmly 9 front ( y\r eyes t is1 betwe5 y\r eye & ! ?+ y want to draw2 !n place y\rself at a di/ance ( #b_/c ( a braccia f ! glass fix+ y\r head ) a ma*9e 9 su* a way t y _c move x at all4 ,!n %ut or entirely cov] "o eye & ) a bru% or r$ *alk draw ^u ! glass t :i* y see beyond x2 !n trace x on pap] f ! glass1 aft]w>ds transf] x onto good pap]1 & pa9t x if y l1 c>efully att5d+ to ! arial p]spective4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,place ,,y\r ,,figures ,,correctly4 ,if y want to acquire a practice ( good & correct attitudes = y\r figures1 make a squ>e frame or net1 & squ>e x out ) ?read2 place ?is betwe5 y\r eye & ! nude model y are draw+1 & draw ^! same squ>es on ! pap] on :i* y mean to draw ! figure1 b v delicately4 ,!n place a pellet ( wax on a spot ( ! net :i* w s]ve z a fix$ po9t1 :i*1 :5ev] y look at y\r model1 mu/ cov] ! pit ( ! ?roat2 or1 if 8 back is turn$1 x may cov] "o ( ! v]tebrae ( ! neck4 ,?us ^! ?reads w guide y z to ea* "p ( ! body :i*1 9 any giv5 attitude w be f\nd bel[ ! pit ( ! ?roat1 or ! angles ( ! %\ld]s1 or ! nipples1 or hips & o!r p>ts ( ! body2 & ! transv]se l9es ( ! net w %[ y h[ mu* ! figure is high] ov] ! leg on :i* x is pos$ ?an ov] ! o!r1 & ! same ) ! hips1 & ! knees & ! feet4 ,b always fix ! net p]p5dicul>ly s t all ! divisions t y see ! model divid$ into by ! net "w correspond ) y\r draw+ ( ! model on ! net "w y h sket*$4 ,! squ>es y draw may be z mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! net z y wi% t y\r figure %\ld be small] ?an nature4 ,aft]w>ds rememb] :5 draw+ figures1 to use ! rule ( ! correspond+ proportions ( ! limbs z y h le>nt x f ! frame & net4 ,?is %\ld be #c braccia & a half high & #c braccia wide2 #g braccia di/ant f y & #a braccio f ! model4 ,footnote3 ,leon>do is commonly cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! arrangem5t ( a plate ( glass commonly kn[n z ! v]tical plane4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,,von ,,brucke 9 8 ,bru*/ucke aus d] ,!orie d] bild5d5 ,kun/e1 ,leipzig #ahgg1 pg4 #c1 writes on ?is contrivance4 ,uns]e ,gla/afel i/ die sog5annte ,gla/afel des ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 die 9 ,ge/alt e9] ,gla/afel vorge/ellte ,bildfla*e4 #ebd4 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,draw+ ,,an ,,object ,,9 ,,relief ,,at ,,night4 ,place a %eet ( n too transp>5t pap] betwe5 ! relievo & ! light & y c draw ?us v well4 ,footnote3 ,bodies ?us illum9at$ w %[ on ! surface ( ! pap] h[ ! copyi/ has to di/ribute light & %ade4 #ebe4 ,if y want to repres5t a figure on a wall1 ! wall be+ =e%ort5$1 :ile ! figure is to appe> 9 its prop] =m1 & z /&+ free f ! wall1 y mu/ proce$ ?us3 h a ?9 plate ( iron & make a small hole 9 ! c5tre2 ?is hole mu/ be r\nd4 ,set a light close to x 9 su* a position z t x %9es ?r\gh ! c5tral hole1 !n place any object or figure y please s close to ! wall t x t\*es x & draw ! outl9e ( ! %ad[ on ! wall2 !n fill 9 ! %ade & add ! lights2 place ! p]son :o is to see x s t he looks ?r\gh t same hole :]e at fir/ ! light 02 & y w nev] be able to p]suade y\rself t ! image is n deta*$ f ! wall4 ,footnote3 uno piccolo spiracelo nel mezzo4 ,m4 ,,ravaisson1 9 8 edition ( ,,ms4 ,a 7,p>is71 p4 #eb1 reads nel muro--evid5tly a mi/ake = nel mezzo :i* is q pla9ly writt52 & he translates x fait lui une petite ouv]ture dans le mur1 add+ 9 a note3 les mots 'dans le mur' p>aiss5t etre de trop4 ,leon>do a du les ecrire p> di/raction ,b 'nel mezzo' is cle>ly legible ev5 on ! photograph facsimile giv5 by ,ravaisson himself1 & ! objection he raises disappe>s at once4 ,x is n always wise or safe to try to prove our au?or's abs5ce ( m9d or inadv]t5ce by app>5t difficulties 9 ! s5se or connection ( ! text4 #ebf4 ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,figure ,,on ,a ,,wall #ab ,,braccia ,,high ,,:i* ,,%all ,,look #bd ,,braccia ,,high4 ,if y wi% to draw a figure or any o!r object to look #bd braccia high y mu/ d x 9 ?is way4 ,fir/1 on ! surface m r draw half ! man y wi% to repres5t2 !n ! o!r half2 !n put on ! vault m n ! re/ ( ! figure spok5 ( above2 fir/ set out ! v]tical plane on ! floor ( a room ( ! same %ape z ! wall ) ! cov$ "p on :i* y are to pa9t y\r figure4 ,!n1 beh9d x1 draw a figure set out 9 pr(ile ( :atev] size y please1 & draw l9es f x to ! po9t f &1 z ^! l9es cut m n on ! v]tical plane1 s w ! figure come on ! wall1 ( :i* ! v]tical plane gives a lik5ess1 & y w h all ! relative heights & prom95ces ( ! figure4 ,& ! bread? or ?ickness :i* are on ! upright wall m n are to be drawn 9 _! prop] =m1 s9ce1 z ! wall rec$es ! figure w be =e%ort5$ by itself2 b t "p ( ! figure :i* goes into ! cove y mu/ =e%ort51 z if x 7 /&+ upright2 ?is dim9ution y mu/ set out on a flat floor & !re mu/ /& ! figure :i* is to be transf]r$ f ! v]tical plane r n,footnote #ag3 *e lev]ai dalla p>iete r n4 ,! lett]s ref] to ! l>g] sket*1 ,no4 #c on ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 9 its real size & r$uce x once m on a v]tical plane2 & ?is w be a good me?od ,footnote #ah3 ,leon>do "h says no?+ z to h[ ! image =e%ort5$ by p]spective & ?us produc$ on ! v]tical plane is to be transf]r$ to ! wall2 b f :at is said 9 ,nos4 #ebe & #ebc we may conclude t he 0 famili> ) ! process ( ca/+ ! enl>g$ %ad[ ( a squ>+ net on ! surface ( a wall to guide him 9 draw+ ! figure4 ,p>iete di rilieuo2 sur une p>ai en relief 7,,ravaisson74 ,auf e9] ,s*nittl9ie zum ,aufri*t5 7,,ludwig74 ,! explanation ( ?is puzzl+ expression mu/ be s\ght 9 ,no4 #ede1 l9es #ae-ag44 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 #c4 ,! second sket*1 :i* 9 ! plate is incomplete1 is "h reproduc$ & complet$ f ! orig9al to illu/rate ! text4 ,9 ! orig9al ! l>g] diagram is plac$ betwe5 l9es #e & #f4 #a4 #b4 ,c4 ,a4 #aeg;a2 #dfc;a has ! simil> head+3 'del cressci]e della figura'1 & ! text beg9s3 ,se voli f>e #a;a figura gr&e b c b "h x breaks (f4 ,! translation "h giv5 r5d]s ! mean+ ( ! passage z ,i ?9k x mu/ be und]/ood4 ,! ,,ms4 is p]fectly legible & ! con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce is simple & cle>2 difficulties c only arise f ! v fullness ( ! mean+1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! end ( ! passage4 #ebg4 ,if y w\ld to draw a cube 9 an angle ( a wall1 fir/ draw ! object 9 its own prop] %ape & raise x onto a v]tical plane until x resembles ! angle 9 :i* ! said object is to be repres5t$4 #ebh4 ,:y are pa9t+s se5 m correctly 9 a mirror ?an out ( x8 #ebi4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,mirror ,,is ,,! ,,ma/] ,,& ,,guide ,,( ,,pa9t]s4 ,:5 y want to see if y\r picture corresponds ?r\gh\t ) ! objects y h drawn f nature1 take a mirror & look 9 t at ! reflection ( ! real ?+s1 & comp>e ! reflect$ image ) y\r picture1 & consid] :e!r ! subject ( ! two images duly corresponds 9 bo?1 p>ticul>ly /udy+ ! mirror4 ,y %\ld take ! mirror = y\r guide--t is to say a flat mirror--because on its surface ! objects appe> 9 _m respects z 9 a pa9t+4 ,?us y see1 9 a pa9t+ done on a flat surface1 objects :i* appe> 9 relief1 & 9 ! mirror--also a flat surface--!y look ! same4 ,! picture has "o plane surface & ! same ) ! mirror4 ,! picture is intangible1 9 s f> z t :i* appe>s r\nd & prom95t _c be grasp$ 9 ! h&s2 & x is ! same ) ! mirror4 ,& s9ce y c see t ! mirror1 by means ( outl9es1 %ad[s & lights1 makes objects appe> 9 relief1 y1 :o h 9 y\r col\rs f> /rong] lights & %ades ?an ^? 9 ! mirror1 c c]ta9ly1 if y compose y\r picture well1 make t also look l a natural sc5e reflect$ 9 a l>ge mirror4 ,footnote3 ,i und]/& ! conclud+ l9es ( ?is passage z foll[s3 ,if y draw ! upp] half a figure on a l>ge %eet ( pap] laid out on ! floor ( a room 7sala be piana7 to ! same scale 7con le sue v]e grosseze7 z ! l[] half1 already drawn ^u ! wall 7l9es #aj1 #aa7y mu/ !n r$uce !m on a 'p>iete di rilievo1' a curv$ v]tical plane :i* s]ves z a model to reproduce ! =m ( ! vault4 #ecj4 ,,( ,,judg+ ,,y\r ,,own ,,pictures4 ,we "k v well t errors are bett] recognis$ 9 ! works ( o!rs ?an 9 our own2 & t (t51 :ile reprov+ little faults 9 o!rs1 y may ignore great ones 9 y\rself4 ,to avoid su* ignorance1 9 ! fir/ place make y\rself a ma/] ( p]spective1 !n acquire p]fect k ( ! proportions ( m5 & o!r animals1 & also1 /udy good ar*itecture1 t is s f> z conc]ns ! =ms ( build+s & o!r objects :i* are on ! face ( ! e>?2 ^! =ms are inf9ite1 & ! bett] y "k !m ! m admirable w y\r "w be4 ,& 9 cases :]e y lack exp]i5ce d n %r9k f draw+ !m f nature4 ,b1 to c>ry out my promise above 9 ! title--,i say t :5 y pa9t y %\ld h a flat mirror & (t5 look at y\r "w z reflect$ 9 x1 :5 y w see x rev]s$1 & x w appe> to y l "s o!r pa9t]'s "w1 s y w be bett] able to judge ( its faults ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,aga91 x is well t y %\ld (t5 leave (f "w & take a little relaxation1 because1 :5 y come back to x y are a bett] judge2 = sitt+ too close at "w may greatly deceive y4 ,aga91 x is good to retire to a di/ance because ! "w looks small] & y\r eye takes 9 m ( x at a glance & sees m easily ! discords or disproportion 9 ! limbs & col\rs ( ! objects4 ,on ! managem5t ( works 7#eca4 #ecb74 #eca4 ,,( ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,le>n+ ,,well ,,by ,,he>t4 ,:5 y want to "k a ?+ y h /udi$ 9 y\r memory proce$ 9 ?is way3 ,:5 y h drawn ! same ?+ s _m times t y ?9k y "k x by he>t1 te/ x by draw+ x )\t ! model2 b h ! model trac$ on flat ?9 glass & lay ?is on ! draw+ y h made )\t ! model1 & note c>efully :]e ! trac+ does n co9cide ) y\r draw+1 & :]e y f9d y h gone wrong2 & be> 9 m9d n to repeat ! same mi/akes4 ,!n return to ! model1 & draw ! "p 9 :i* y 7 wrong aga9 & aga9 till y h x well 9 y\r m9d4 ,if y h no flat glass = trac+ on1 take "s v ?9 kidts-k9 p>*m5t1 well oil$ & dri$4 ,& :5 y h us$ x = "o draw+ y c wa% x clean ) a sponge & make a second4 #ecb4 ,,t ,a ,,pa9t] ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,curi\s ,,to ,,he> ,,! ,,op9ions ,,( ,,e ,,"o ,,on ,,8 ,,"w4 ,c]ta9ly :ile a man is pa9t+ he ought n to %r9k f he>+ e op9ion4 ,= we "k v well t a man1 ?\gh he may n be a pa9t]1 is famili> ) ! =ms ( o!r m5 & v capable ( judg+ :e!r !y are hump back$1 or h "o %\ld] high] or l[] ?an ! o!r1 or too big a m\? or nose1 & o!r defects2 &1 z we "k t m5 are compet5t to judge ( ! works ( nature1 h[ mu* m ought we to admit t !y c judge ( our errors2 s9ce y "k h[ mu* a man may be deceiv$ 9 8 own "w4 ,& if y are n consci\s ( ?is 9 y\rself /udy x 9 o!rs & pr(it by _! faults4 ,!re=e be curi\s to he> ) pati5ce ! op9ions ( o!rs1 consid] & weigh well :e!r ^? :o f9d fault h gr\nd or n = blame1 &1 if s am5d2 b1 if n make z ?\gh y _h n he>d1 or if he %\ld be a man y e/eem %[ him by argum5t ! cause ( 8 mi/ake4 ,on ! limitations ( pa9t+ 7#ecc-ece7 #ecc4 ,,h[ ,,9 ,,small ,,objects ,,errors ,,are ,,less ,,evid5t ,,?an ,,9 ,,l>ge ,,ones4 ,9 objects ( m9ute size ! ext5t ( error is n s p]ceptible z 9 l>ge ones2 & ! reason is t if ?is small object is a repres5tation ( a man or ( "s o!r animal1 f ! imm5se dim9ution ! details _c be work$ out by ! arti/ ) ! f9i% t is requisite4 ,h5ce x is n actually complete2 &1 n be+ complete1 its faults _c be det]m9$4 ,= in/ance3 ,look at a man at a di/ance ( #cjj braccia & judge att5tively :e!r he be h&some or ugly1 or v rem>kable or ( ord9>y appe>ance4 ,y w f9d t ) ! utmo/ ef=t y _c p]suade y\rself to decide4 ,& ! reason is t at su* a di/ance ! man is s mu* dim9i%$ t ! "* ( ! details _c be det]m9$4 ,& if y wi% to see h[ mu* ?is man is dim9i%$ by di/ance hold "o ( y\r f+]s at a span's di/ance f y\r eye1 & raise or l[] x till ! top jo9t t\*es ! feet ( ! figure y are look+ at1 & y w see an incr$ible r$uction4 ,= ?is reason we (t5 d\bt z to ! p]son ( a fri5d at a di/ance4 #ecd4 ,,:y ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,c ,,nev] ,,appe> ,,deta*$ ,,z ,,natural ,,objects ,,d4 ,pa9t]s (t5 fall into despair ( imitat+ nature :5 !y see _! pictures fail 9 t relief & vividness :i* objects h t are se5 9 a mirror2 :ile !y allege t !y h col\rs :i* = brightness or dep? f> exce$ ! /r5g? ( light & %ade 9 ! reflections 9 ! mirror1 ?us display+ _! own ignorance r ?an ! real cause1 because !y d n "k x4 ,x is impossible t pa9t$ objects %\ld appe> 9 su* relief z to resemble ^? reflect$ 9 ! mirror1 al?\gh bo? are se5 on a flat surface1 unless !y are se5 ) only "o eye2 & ! reason is t two eyes see "o object beh9d ano!r z a & b see m & n4 m _c exactly occupy ! space ( n because ! base ( ! visual l9es is s broad t ! second body is se5 beyond ! fir/4 ,b if y close "o eye1 z at s ! body f w conceal r1 because ! l9e ( sight proce$s f a s+le po9t & makes its base 9 ! fir/ body1 :5ce ! second1 ( ! same size1 c nev] be se54 ,footnote3 ,?is passage conta9s ! solution ( ! problem propos$ 9 ,no4 #bi1 l9es #aj-ad4 ,leon>do 0 evid5tly famili> ) ! law ( optics on :i* ! con/ruction ( ! /]eoscope dep5ds4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,,von ,,brucke1 ,bru*/ucke aus d] ,!orie d] bild5d5 ,kun/e1 pg4 #fi3 ,s*on ,leon>do da ,v9ci wus/e1 dass e9 no* s gut gemaltes ,bild nie d5 voll5 ,e9druck d] ,korp]li*keit geb5 kann1 wie ihn die ,natur selb/ giebt4 ,er erkl>t dies au* 9 ,kap4 ,,liii und ,kap4 ,,cccxli 7ed4 ,,du ,,fresne7 des ',trattato' 9 sa*gemass] ,weise aus dem ,seh5 mit beid5 ,aug54 ,*ap4 #ec ( ,,du ,,fresne',s edition corresponds to ,no4 #ecd ( ?is "w4 #ece4 ,,:y ,,( ,,two ,,objects ,,( ,,equal ,,size ,a ,,pa9t$ ,,"o ,,w ,,look ,,l>g] ,,?an ,a ,,solid ,,"o4 ,! reason ( ?is is n s easy to demon/rate z _m o!rs4 ,/ill ,i w endeav\r to accompli% x1 if n :olly1 at any rate 9 "p4 ,! p]spective ( dim9ution demon/rates by reason1 t objects dim9i% 9 proportion z !y are f>!r f ! eye1 & ?is reason+ is confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce1 ! l9es ( sight t ext5d betwe5 ! object & ! eye1 :5 !y are direct$ to ! surface ( a pa9t+ are all int]sect$ at uni=m limits1 :ile ^? l9es :i* are direct$ t[>ds a piece ( sculpture are int]sect$ at v>i\s limits & are ( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,! l9es :i* are longe/ ext5d to a m remote limb ?an ! o!rs & !re=e t limb looks small]4 ,z !re are num]\s l9es ea* long] ?an ! o!rs--s9ce !re are num]\s p>ts1 ea* m remote ?an ! o!rs & ^!1 be+ f>!r (f1 necess>ily appe> small]1 & by appe>+ small] x foll[s t _! dim9ution makes ! :ole mass ( ! object look small]4 ,b ?is does n occur 9 pa9t+2 s9ce ! l9es ( sight all end at ! same di/ance !re c be no dim9ution1 h5ce ! p>ts n be+ dim9i%$ ! :ole object is undim9i%$1 & = ?is reason pa9t+ does n dim9i%1 z a piece ( sculpture does4 ,on ! *oice ( a position 7#ecf-ecg7 #ecf4 ,,h[ ,,high ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,sight ,,%\ld ,,be ,,plac$4 ,! po9t ( sight mu/ be at ! level ( ! eye ( an ord9>y man1 & ! f>!/ limit ( ! pla9 :]e x t\*es ! sky mu/ be plac$ at ! level ( t l9e :]e ! e>? & sky meet2 except+ m\nta9s1 :i* are indep5d5t ( x4 #ecg4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,draw ,,figures ,,= ,,hi/orical ,,pictures4 ,! pa9t] mu/ always /udy on ! wall on :i* he is to picture a /ory ! height ( ! position :]e he wi%es to arrange 8 figures2 & :5 draw+ 8 /udies = !m f nature he mu/ place himself ) 8 eye z mu* bel[ ! object he is draw+ z1 9 ! picture1 x w h to be above ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,o!rwise ! "w w look wrong4 ,! app>5t size ( figures 9 a picture 7#ech-eci7 #ech4 ,,( ,,plac+ ,a ,,figure ,,9 ,,! ,,=egr\nd ,,( ,a ,,hi/orical ,,picture4 ,y mu/ make ! =emo/ figure 9 ! picture less ?an ! size ( nature 9 proportion to ! numb] ( braccia at :i* y place x f ! front l9e1 & make ! o!rs 9 proportion by ! above rule4 #eci4 ,,p]spective4 ,y are ask$1 ,o ,pa9t]1 :y ! figures y draw on a small scale accord+ to ! laws ( p]spective d n appe>--not)/&+ ! demon/ration ( di/ance--z l>ge z real ones--_! height be+ ! same z 9 ^? pa9t$ on ! wall4 ,& :y pa9t$ objects se5 at a small di/ance appe> l>g] ?an ! real ones8 ,! "r position ( ! arti/1 :5 pa9t+1 & ( ! spectator 7#edj-edg7 #edj4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,:5 y draw f nature /& at a di/ance ( #c times ! height ( ! object y wi% to draw4 #eda4 ,,( ,,draw+ ,,f ,,relief4 ,9 draw+ f ! r\nd ! draughtsman %\ld s place himself t ! eye ( ! figure he is draw+ is on a level ) 8 own4 ,?is %\ld be done ) any head he may h to repres5t f nature because1 )\t exception1 ! figures or p]sons y meet 9 ! /reets h _! eyes on ! same level z y\r own2 & if y place !m high] or l[] y w see t y\r draw+ w n be true4 #edb4 ,,:y ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,figures ,,"o ,,above ,,ano!r ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,avoid$4 ,! univ]sal practice :i* pa9t]s adopt on ! walls ( *apels is greatly & reasonably to be condemn$4 ,inasmu* z !y repres5t "o hi/orical subject on "o level ) a l&scape & build+s1 & !n g up a /ep & pa9t ano!r1 v>y+ ! po9t ( sight1 & !n a ?ird & a f\r?1 9 su* a way z t on "o wall !re are #d po9ts ( sight1 :i* is supreme folly 9 su* pa9t]s4 ,we "k t ! po9t ( sight is opposite ! eye ( ! spectator ( ! sc5e2 & if y w\ld h me tell y h[ to repres5t ! life ( a sa9t divid$ into sev]al pictures on "o & ! same wall1 ,i answ] t y mu/ set out ! =egr\nd ) its po9t ( sight on a level ) ! eye ( ! spectator ( ! sc5e1 & ^u ?is plane repres5t ! m important "p ( ! /ory l>ge & !n1 dim9i%+ by degrees ! figures1 & ! build+s on v>i\s hills & op5 spaces1 y c repres5t all ! ev5ts ( ! hi/ory4 ,& on ! rema9d] ( ! wall up to ! top put trees1 l>ge z comp>$ ) ! figures1 or angels if !y are appropriate to ! /ory1 or birds or cl\ds or simil> objects2 o!rwise d n tr\ble y\rself ) x = y\r :ole "w w be wrong4 #edc4 ,a ,,picture ,,( ,,objects ,,9 ,,p]spective ,,w ,,look ,,m ,,lifelike ,,:5 ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,po9t ,,f ,,:i* ,,! ,,objects ,,7 ,,drawn4 ,if y want to repres5t an object ne> to y :i* is to h ! effect ( nature1 x is impossible t y\r p]spective %\ld n look wrong1 ) e false relation & disagreem5t ( proportion t c be imag9$ 9 a wret*$ "w1 unless ! spectator1 :5 he looks at x1 has 8 eye at ! v di/ance & height & direction :]e ! eye or ! po9t ( sight 0 plac$ 9 do+ ?is p]spective4 ,h5ce x w\ld be necess>y to make a w9d[1 or r a hole1 ( ! size ( y\r face ?r\gh :i* y c look at ! "w2 & if y d ?is1 beyond all d\bt y\r "w1 if x is correct z to light & %ade1 w h ! effect ( nature2 nay y w h>dly p]suade y\rself t ^? objects are pa9t$2 o!rwise d n tr\ble y\rself ab\t x1 unless inde$ y make y\r view at lea/ #bj times z f> (f z ! greate/ wid? or height ( ! objects repres5t$1 & ?is w satisfy any spectator plac$ any:]e opposite to ! picture4 ,if y want ! pro( briefly %[n1 take a piece ( wood 9 ! =m ( a little column1 eight times z high z x is ?ick1 l a column )\t any pl9? or capital2 !n m>k (f on a flat wall #dj equal spaces1 equal to its wid? s t betwe5 !m !y make #dj columns resembl+ y\r little column2 y !n mu/ fix1 opposite ! c5tre space1 & at #d braccia f ! wall1 a ?9 /rip ( iron ) a small r\nd hole 9 ! middle ab\t z l>ge z a big pe>l4 ,close to ?is hole place a light t\*+ x4 ,!n place y\r column aga9/ ea* m>k on ! wall & draw ! outl9e ( its %ad[2 aft]w>ds %ade x & look ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! iron plate4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al !re is a wide space betwe5 l9es #c & #d 9 :i* we f9d two sket*es n belong+ to ! text4 ,x is unnecess>y to give prom95ce to ! po9ts 9 :i* my read+ diff]s f t ( ,m4 ,,ravaisson or to ju/ify myself1 s9ce !y are all ( second>y importance & c also be imm$iately v]ifi$ f ! photograph facsimile 9 8 edition4 #edd4 ,a dim9i%$ object %\ld be se5 f ! same di/ance1 height & direction z ! po9t ( sight ( y\r eye1 or else y\r k w produce no good effect4 ,& if y w n1 or _c1 act on ?is pr9ciple--because z ! plane on :i* y pa9t is to be se5 by sev]al p]sons y w\ld ne$ sev]al po9ts ( sight :i* w\ld make x look discordant & wrong--place y\rself at a di/ance ( at lea/ #aj times ! size ( ! objects4 ,! less] fault y c fall into !n1 w be t ( repres5t+ all ! objects 9 ! =egr\nd ( _! prop] size1 & on :i*ev] side y are /&+ ! objects ?us se5 w dim9i% !mselves :ile ! spaces betwe5 !m w h no def9ite ratio4 ,=1 if y place y\rself 9 ! middle ( a /raight r[ ( objects1 & look at sev]al columns arrang$ 9 a l9e y w see1 beyond a few columns sep>at$ by int]vals1 t ! columns t\*2 & beyond :]e !y t\* !y cov] ea* o!r1 till ! la/ column projects b v little beyond ! la/ b "o4 ,?us ! spaces betwe5 ! columns are by degrees entirely lo/4 ,s1 if y\r me?od ( p]spective is good1 x w produce ! same effect2 ?is effect results f /&+ ne> ! l9e 9 :i* ! columns are plac$4 ,?is me?od is n satisfactory unless ! objects se5 are view$ f a small hole1 9 ! middle ( :i* is y\r po9t ( sight2 b if y proce$ ?us y\r "w w be p]fect & w deceive ! behold]1 :o w see ! columns z !y are "h figur$4 ,"h ! eye is 9 ! middle1 at ! po9t a & ne> to ! columns4 ,footnote3 ,! diagram :i* /&s above ?is *apt] 9 ! orig9al ) ! note belong+ to x3 a b e la ripruova 7a b is ! pro(7 has obvi\sly no connection ) ! text4 ,! second sket* alone is reproduc$ & /&s 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #bb & #bc4 #ede4 ,if y _c arrange t ^? :o look at y\r "w %\ld /& at "o p>ticul> po9t1 :5 con/ruct+ y\r "w1 /& back until y\r eye is at lea/ #bj times z f> (f z ! greate/ height & wid? ( y\r "w4 ,?is w make s little diff]5ce :5 ! eye ( ! spectator moves1 t x w be h>dly appreciable1 & x w look v good4 ,if ! po9t ( sight is at t y w\ld make ! figures on ! circle d b e all ( "o size1 z ea* ( !m be>s ! same relation to ! po9t t4 ,b consid] ! diagram giv5 bel[ & y w see t ?is is wrong1 & :y ,i %all make b small] ?an d e ,footnote #h3 ,! second diagram ( ?is *apt] /&s 9 ! orig9al betwe5 l9es #h & #i44 ,x is easy to und]/& t if #b objects equal to ea* o!r are plac$ side by side ! "o at #c braccia di/ance looks small] ?an t plac$ at #b braccia4 ,?is h[ev] is r !oretical ?an = practice1 because y /& close by ,footnote #aa3 ,in/ead ( 'se preso' 7sie presso7 ,m4 ,,ravaisson reads 'sempre se' :i* gives rise to ! unmean+ r5d]+3 'p>ceque t\j\rs 444'4 ,all ! objects 9 ! =egr\nd1 :e!r l>ge or small1 are to be drawn ( _! prop] size1 & if y see !m f a di/ance !y w appe> j z !y ought1 & if y see !m close !y w dim9i% ( !mselves4 ,footnote #ae3 ,comp>e ,no4 #ebf l9e #ah4 ,take c>e t ! v]tical plan on :i* y "w out ! p]spective ( ! objects se5 is ( ! same =m z ! wall on :i* ! "w is to be execut$4 #edf4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! size ( ! figures repres5t$ ought to %[ y ! di/ance !y are se5 f4 ,if y see a figure z l>ge z nature y "k x appe>s to be close to ! eye4 #edg4 ,,:]e ,a ,,spectator ,,%\ld ,,/& ,,to ,,look ,,at ,a ,,picture4 ,suppos+ a b to be ! picture & d to be ! light1 ,i say t if y place y\rself betwe5 c & e y w n und]/& ! picture well & p>ticul>ly if x is done 9 oils1 or /ill m if x is v>ni%$1 because x w be lu/r\s & some:at ( ! nature ( a mirror4 ,& = ?is reason ! ne>] y g t[>ds ! po9t c1 ! less y w see1 because ! rays ( light fall+ f ! w9d[ on ! picture are reflect$ to t po9t4 ,b if y place y\rself betwe5 e & d y w get a good view ( x1 & ! m s z y approa* ! po9t d1 because t spot is lea/ expos$ to ^! reflect$ rays ( light4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,%ade ,,& ,,a]ial ,,p]spective4 ,gradations ( light & %ade4 #edh4 ,,( ,,pa9t+3 ,,( ,,! ,,d>kness ,,( ,,! ,,%ad[s1 ,,or ,i ,,may ,,say1 ,,! ,,brightness ,,( ,,! ,,lights4 ,al?\gh practical pa9t]s attribute to all %ad$ objects--trees1 fields1 hair1 be>ds & sk9--f\r degrees ( d>kness 9 ea* col\r !y use3 t is to say fir/ a d>k f\ndation1 secondly a spot ( col\r some:at resembl+ ! =m ( ! details1 ?irdly a some:at bright] & m def9$ portion1 f\r?ly ! lights :i* are m conspicu\s ?an o!r p>ts ( ! figure2 /ill to me x appe>s t ^! gradations are inf9ite ^u a cont9u\s surface :i* is 9 itself inf9itely divisible1 & ,i prove x ?us3--,footnote #g3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #a2 ! two upp] sket*es4 ,let a g be a cont9u\s surface & let d be ! light :i* illum9ates x2 ,i say--by ! #d? proposition :i* says t t side ( an illum9at$ body is mo/ highly light$ :i* is ne>e/ to ! s\rce ( light--t !re=e g mu/ be d>k] ?an c 9 proportion z ! l9e d g is long] ?an ! l9e d c1 & consequ5tly t ^! gradations ( light--or r ( %ad[1 are n #d only1 b may be conceiv$ ( z inf9ite1 because c d is a cont9u\s surface & e cont9u\s surface is inf9itely divisible2 h5ce ! v>ieties 9 ! l5g? ( l9es ext5d+ betwe5 ! light & ! illum9at$ object are inf9ite1 & ! proportion ( ! light w be ! same z t ( ! l5g? ( ! l9es betwe5 !m2 ext5d+ f ! c5tre ( ! lum9\s body to ! surface ( ! illum9at$ object4 ,on ! *oice ( light = a picture 7#edi-eed74 #edi4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,mu/ ,,place ,,himself ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,light1 ,,to ,,give ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,relief4 ,let a b be ! w9d[1 m ! po9t ( light4 ,i say t on :i*ev] side ! pa9t] places himself he w be well plac$ if only 8 eye is betwe5 ! %ad$ & ! illum9at$ portions ( ! object he is draw+2 & ?is place y w f9d by putt+ y\rself betwe5 ! po9t m & ! division betwe5 ! %ad[ & ! light on ! object to be drawn4 #eej4 ,,t ,,%ad[s ,,ca/ ,,by ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,light ,,%\ld ,,be ,,avoid$1 ,,because ,,!y ,,are ,,equally ,,/rong ,,at ,,! ,,ends ,,& ,,at ,,! ,,beg9n+4 ,! %ad[s ca/ by ! sun or any o!r p>ticul> light h n a pleas+ effect on ! body to :i* !y belong1 because ! p>ts rema9 confuse1 be+ divid$ by di/9ct outl9es ( light & %ade4 ,& ! %ad[s are ( equal /r5g? at ! end & at ! beg9n+4 #eea4 ,,h[ ,,light ,,%\ld ,,be ,,?r[n ,,^u ,,figures4 ,! light mu/ be arrang$ 9 accordance ) ! natural conditions "u :i* y wi% to repres5t y\r figures3 t is1 if y repres5t !m 9 ! sun%9e make ! %ad[s d>k ) l>ge spaces ( light1 & m>k _! %ad[s & ^? ( all ! surr\nd+ objects /rongly on ! gr\nd4 ,& if y repres5t !m z 9 dull wea!r give little diff]5ce ( light & %ade1 )\t any %ad[s at _! feet4 ,if y repres5t !m z )9 doors1 make a /rong diff]5ce betwe5 ! lights & %ad[s1 ) %ad[s on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! w9d[ is scre5$ & ! walls :ite1 !re w be little diff]5ce ( light4 ,if x is light$ by firelight make ! high lights ruddy & /rong1 & ! %ad[s d>k1 & ^? ca/ on ! walls & on ! floor w be cle>ly def9$ & ! f>!r !y are f ! body ! broad] & long] w !y be4 ,if ! light is p>tly f ! fire & p>tly f ! out] day1 t ( day w be ! /rong] & t ( ! fire almo/ z r$ z fire itself4 ,above all see t ! figures y pa9t are broadly light$ & f above1 t is to say all liv+ p]sons t y pa9t2 = y w see t all ! p y meet out 9 ! /reet are light$ f above1 & y mu/ "k t if y saw y\r mo/ intimate fri5d ) a light on 8 face f bel[ y w\ld f9d x difficult to recognise him4 #eeb4 ,,( ,,help+ ,,! ,,app>5t ,,relief ,,( ,a ,,picture ,,by ,,giv+ ,,x ,,artificial ,,light ,,& ,,%ade4 ,to increase relief ( a picture y may place1 betwe5 y\r figure & ! solid object on :i* its %ad[ falls1 a l9e ( bright light1 divid+ ! figure f ! object 9 %ad[4 ,& on ! same object y %all repres5t two light p>ts :i* w surr\nd ! %ad[ ca/ ^u ! wall by ! figure plac$ opposite #f2 & d ?is frequ5tly ) ! limbs :i* y wi% %\ld /& out some:at f ! body !y belong to2 p>ticul>ly :5 ! arms cross ! front ( ! brea/ %[1 betwe5 ! %ad[ ca/ by ! arms on ! brea/ & ! %ad[ on ! arms !mselves1 a little light seem+ to fall ?r\gh a space betwe5 ! brea/ & ! arms2 & ! m y wi% ! arm to look deta*$ f ! brea/ ! broad] y mu/ make ! light2 always contrive also to arrange ! figures aga9/ ! backgr\nd 9 su* a way z t ! p>ts 9 %ad[ are aga9/ a light backgr\nd & ! illum9at$ portions aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd4 ,footnote #f3 ,comp>e ! two diagrams "u ,no4 #efe4 #eec4 ,,( ,,situation4 ,rememb] to note ! situation ( y\r figures2 = ! light & %ade w be "o ?+ if ! object is 9 a d>k place ) a p>ticul> light1 & ano!r ?+ if x is 9 a light place ) direct sunlight2 "o ?+ 9 a d>k place ) a diffus$ ev5+ light or a cl\dy sky1 & ano!r 9 ! diffus$ light ( ! atmosph]e light$ by ! sun4 #eed4 ,,( ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,to ,,be ,,made ,,( ,a ,,pa9t]',s ,,"w4 ,fir/ y mu/ consid] :e!r ! figures h ! relief requir$ by _! situation & ! light :i* illum9ates !m2 = ! %ad[s %\ld n be ! same at ! extreme ends ( ! composition z 9 ! middle1 because x is "o ?+ :5 figures are surr\nd$ by %ad[s & ano!r :5 !y h %ad[s only on "o side4 ,^? :i* are 9 ! middle ( ! picture are surr\nd$ by %ad[s1 because !y are %ad$ by ! figures :i* /& betwe5 !m & ! light4 ,& ^? are light$ on "o side only :i* /& betwe5 ! pr9cipal gr\p & ! light1 because :]e !y d n look t[>ds ! light !y face ! gr\p & ! d>kness ( ! gr\p is ?r[n on !m3 & :]e !y d n face ! gr\p !y face ! brilliant light & x is _! own d>kness %ad[+ !m1 :i* appe>s !re4 ,9 ! second place obs]ve ! di/ribution or arrangem5t ( figures1 & :e!r !y are di/ribut$ appropriately to ! circum/ances ( ! /ory4 ,?irdly1 :e!r ! figures are actively int5t on _! p>ticul> bus9ess4 #eee4 ,,( ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lights4 ,fir/ give a g5]al %ad[ to ! :ole ( t ext5d$ "p :i* is away f ! light4 ,!n put 9 ! half %ad[s & ! /rong %ad[s1 comp>+ !m ) ea* o!r &1 9 ! same way give ! ext5d$ light 9 half t9t1 aft]w>ds add+ ! half lights & ! high lights1 likewise comp>+ !m toge!r4 ,! di/ribution ( light & %ade 7#eef-eei7 #eef4 ,,( ,,%ad[s ,,on ,,bodies4 ,:5 y repres5t ! d>k %ad[s 9 bodies 9 light & %ade1 always %[ ! cause ( ! %ad[1 & ! same ) reflections2 because ! d>k %ad[s are produc$ by d>k objects & ! reflections by objects only mod]ately light$1 t is ) dim9i%$ light4 ,& !re is ! same proportion betwe5 ! highly light$ "p ( a body & ! "p light$ by a reflection z betwe5 ! orig9 ( ! lights on ! body & ! orig9 ( ! reflections4 #eeg4 ,,( ,,lights ,,& ,,%ad[s4 ,i mu/ rem9d y to take c>e t e portion ( a body1 & e smalle/ detail :i* is ev] s little 9 relief1 mu/ be giv5 its prop] importance z to light & %ade4 #eeh4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,on ,,figures ,,correspond ,,to ,,! ,,light ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,:5 y draw a figure & y wi% to see :e!r ! %ad[ is ! prop] complem5t to ! light1 & nei!r r$d] nor yell[] ?an is ! nature ( ! col\r y wi% to repres5t 9 %ade1 proce$ ?us4 ,ca/ a %ad[ ) y\r f+] on ! illum9at$ portion1 & if ! accid5tal %ad[ t y h made is l ! natural %ad[ ca/ by y\r f+] on y\r "w1 well & good2 & by putt+ y\r f+] ne>] or f>!r (f1 y c make d>k] or light] %ad[s1 :i* y mu/ comp>e ) y\r own4 #eei4 ,,( ,,surr\nd+ ,,bodies ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,%ad[4 ,take c>e t ! %ad[s ca/ ^u ! surface ( ! bodies by diff]5t objects mu/ undulate accord+ to ! v>i\s curves ( ! limbs :i* ca/ ! %ad[s1 & ( ! objects on :i* !y are ca/4 ,! juxtaposition ( light & %ade 7#efj1 #efa74 #efj4 ,,on ,,pa9t+4 ,! comp>ison ( ! v>i\s qualities ( %ad[s & lights n infrequ5tly seems ambigu\s & confus$ to ! pa9t] :o desires to imitate & copy ! objects he sees4 ,! reason is ?is3 ,if y see a :ite drap]y side by side ) a black "o1 t "p ( ! :ite drap]y :i* lies aga9/ ! black "o w c]ta9ly look mu* :it] ?an ! "p :i* lies aga9/ some?+ :it] ?an itself4 ,footnote3 ,x is evid5t f ?is t s e>ly z 9 #adib ,leon>do's writ+ 9 p]spective 0 s f> advanc$ t he c\ld quote 8 own /atem5ts4--,z be>+ on ?is subject comp>e :at is said 9 ,no4 #bhj4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is %[n 9 my book on p]spective4 #efa4 ,,( ,,%ad[s4 ,:]e a %ad[ ends 9 ! light1 note c>efully :]e x is pal] or deep] & :]e x is m or less indi/9ct t[>ds ! light2 &1 above all1 9 pa9t+ y\?ful figures ,i rem9d y n to make ! %ad[ end l a /one1 because fle% has a c]ta9 transp>5cy1 z may be se5 by look+ at a h& held betwe5 ! eye & ! sun1 :i* %9es ?r\gh x ruddy & bright4 ,place ! mo/ highly col\r$ "p betwe5 ! light & %ad[4 ,& to see :at %ad[ t9t is ne$$ on ! fle%1 ca/ a %ad[ on x ) y\r f+]1 & accord+ z y wi% to see x light] or d>k] hold y\r f+] ne>] to or f>!r f y\r picture1 & copy t %ad[4 ,on ! light+ ( ! backgr\nd 7#efb-efe74 #efb4 ,,( ,,! ,,backgr\nds ,,= ,,pa9t$ ,,figures4 ,! gr\nd :i* surr\nds ! =ms ( any object y pa9t %\ld be d>k] ?an ! high lights ( ^? figures1 & light] ?an _! %ad[$ "p3 c4 #efc4 ,,( ,,! ,,backgr\nd ,,t ,,! ,,pa9t] ,,%\ld ,,adopt ,,9 ,,8 ,,works4 ,s9ce exp]i5ce %[s u t all bodies are surr\nd$ by light & %ade x is necess>y t y1 ,o ,pa9t]1 %\ld s arrange t ! side :i* is 9 light %all t]m9ate aga9/ a d>k body & likewise t ! %ad[ side %all t]m9ate aga9/ a light body4 ,& by foll[+ ?is rule y w add greatly to ! relief ( y\r figures4 #efd4 ,a mo/ important "p ( pa9t+ consi/s 9 ! backgr\nds ( ! objects repres5t$2 aga9/ ^! backgr\nds ! outl9es ( ^? natural objects :i* are convex are always visible1 & also ! =ms ( ^! bodies aga9/ ! backgr\nd1 ev5 ?\gh ! col\rs ( ! bodies %\ld be ! same z t ( ! backgr\nd4 ,?is is caus$ by ! convex edges ( ! objects n be+ illum9at$ 9 ! same way z1 by ! same light1 ! backgr\nd is illum9at$1 s9ce ^! edges w (t5 be light] or d>k] ?an ! backgr\nd4 ,b if ! edge is ( ! same col\r z ! backgr\nd1 beyond a d\bt x w 9 t "p ( ! picture int]f]e ) y\r p]ception ( ! outl9e1 & su* a *oice 9 a picture ought to be reject$ by ! judgm5t ( good pa9t]s1 inasmu* z ! purpose ( ! pa9t] is to make 8 figures appe> deta*$ f ! backgr\nd2 :ile 9 ! case "h describ$ ! contr>y occurs1 n only 9 ! picture1 b 9 ! objects !mselves4 #efe4 ,t y ought1 :5 repres5t+ objects above ! eye & on "o side--if y wi% !m to look deta*$ f ! wall--to %[1 betwe5 ! %ad[ on ! object & ! %ad[ x ca/s a middle light1 s t ! body w appe> to /& away f ! wall4 ,on ! light+ ( :ite objects4 #eff4 ,,h[ ,,:ite ,,bodies ,,%\ld ,,be ,,repres5t$4 ,if y are repres5t+ a :ite body let x be surr\nd$ by ample space1 because z :ite has no col\r ( its own1 x is t+$ & alt]$ 9 "s degree by ! col\r ( ! objects surr\nd+ x4 ,if y see a woman dress$ 9 :ite 9 ! mid/ ( a l&scape1 t side :i* is t[>ds ! sun is bright 9 col\r1 s mu* s t 9 "s portions x w dazzle ! eyes l ! sun itself2 & ! side :i* is t[>ds ! atmosph]e1--lum9\s ?r\gh be+ int]wov5 ) ! sun's rays & p5etrat$ by !m--s9ce ! atmosph]e itself is blue1 t side ( ! woman's figure w appe> /eep$ 9 blue4 ,if ! surface ( ! gr\nd ab\t h] be mead[s & if %e be /&+ betwe5 a field light$ up by ! sun & ! sun itself1 y w see e portion ( ^? folds :i* are t[>ds ! mead[ t+$ by ! reflect$ rays ) ! col\r ( t mead[4 ,?us ! :ite is transmut$ into ! col\rs ( ! lum9\s & ( ! non-lum9\s objects ne> x4 ,! me?ods ( a]ial 7#efg--egj74 #efg4 ,,:y ,,faces ,,se5 ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,look ,,d>k4 ,we see q pla9ly t all ! images ( visible objects t lie be=e u1 :e!r l>ge or small1 rea* our s5se by ! m9ute ap]ture ( ! eye2 & if1 ?r\gh s small a passage ! image c pass ( ! va/ ext5t ( sky & e>?1 ! face ( a man--be+ by comp>ison ) su* l>ge images almo/ no?+ by reason ( ! di/ance :i* dim9i%es x1--fills up s little ( ! eye t x is indi/+ui%able4 ,hav+1 also1 to be transmitt$ f ! surface to ! s5se ?r\gh a d>k m$ium1 t is to say ! cry/all9e l5s :i* looks d>k1 ?is image1 n be+ /rong 9 col\r becomes affect$ by ?is d>kness on its passage1 & on rea*+ ! s5se x appe>s d>k2 no o!r reason c 9 any way be assign$4 ,if ! po9t 9 ! eye is black1 x is because x is full ( a transp>5t hum\r z cle> z air & acts l a p]=ation 9 a bo>d2 on look+ into x x appe>s d>k & ! objects se5 ?r\gh ! bright air & a d>k "o become confus$ 9 ?is d>kness4 ,,:y ,a ,,man ,,se5 ,,at ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,di/ance ,,is ,,n ,,recognisable4 ,! p]spective ( dim9ution %[s u t ! f>!r away an object is ! small] x looks4 ,if y look at a man at a di/ance f y ( an arr['s flight1 & hold ! eye ( a small ne$le close to y\r own eye1 y c see ?r\gh x sev]al m5 ^: images are transmitt$ to ! eye & w all be compris$ )9 ! size ( ! ne$le's eye2 h5ce1 if ! man :o is at ! di/ance ( an arr['s flight c s5d 8 :ole image to y\r eye1 occupy+ only a small space 9 ! ne$le's eye h[ c y expect 9 s small a figure to di/+ui% or see ! nose or m\? or any detail ( 8 p]son8 &1 n see+ ^! y _c recognise ! man1 s9ce ^! features1 :i* he does n %[1 are :at give m5 diff]5t aspects4 #efh4 ,,! ,,reason ,,:y ,,small ,,figures ,,%\ld ,,n ,,be ,,made ,,f9i%$4 ,i say t ! reason t objects appe> dim9i%$ 9 size is because !y are remote f ! eye2 ?is be+ ! case x is evid5t t !re mu/ be a great ext5t ( atmosph]e betwe5 ! eye & ! objects1 & ?is air int]f]es ) ! di/9ctness ( ! =ms ( ! object4 ,h5ce ! m9ute details ( ^! objects w be indi/+ui%able & unrecognisable4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]1 make y\r small] figures m]ely indicat$ & n highly f9i%$1 o!rwise y w produce effects ! opposite to nature1 y\r supreme guide4 ,! object is small by reason ( ! great di/ance betwe5 x & ! eye1 ?is great di/ance is fill$ ) air1 t mass ( air =ms a d5se body :i* int]v5es & prev5ts ! eye see+ ! m9ute details ( objects4 #efi4 ,:5ev] a figure is plac$ at a consid]able di/ance y lose fir/ ! di/9ctness ( ! smalle/ p>ts2 :ile ! l>g] p>ts are left to ! la/1 los+ all di/9ctness ( detail & outl9e2 & :at rema9s is an oval or sph]ical figure ) confus$ edges4 #egj4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! d5sity ( a body ( smoke looks :ite bel[ ! horizon :ile above ! horizon x is d>k1 ev5 if ! smoke is 9 itself ( a uni=m col\r1 ?is uni=mity w v>y accord+ to ! v>iety 9 ! gr\nd on :i* x is se54 ,,iv4 ,,( ,,portrait ,,& ,,figure ,,pa9t+4 ,( sket*+ figures & portraits 7#ega-egb74 #ega4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,le>n ,,to ,,compose ,,figures ,,9 ,,gr\ps ,,9 ,,hi/orical ,,pictures4 ,:5 y h well le>nt p]spective & h by he>t ! p>ts & =ms ( objects1 y mu/ g ab\t1 & con/antly1 z y g1 obs]ve1 note & consid] ! circum/ances & behavi\r ( m5 9 talk+1 qu>rell+ or laugh+ or fight+ toge!r3 ! action ( ! m5 !mselves & ! actions ( ! by/&]s1 :o sep>ate !m or :o look on4 ,& take a note ( !m ) slight /rokes ?us1 9 a little book :i* y %\ld always c>ry ) y4 ,& x %\ld be ( t9t$ pap]1 t x may n be rubb$ out1 b *ange ! old :5 full = a new "o2 s9ce ^! ?+s %\ld n be rubb$ out b pres]v$ ) great c>e2 = ! =ms1 & positions ( objects are s inf9ite t ! memory is incapable ( reta9+ !m1 :]e=e keep ^! sket*es z y\r guides & ma/]s4 ,footnote3 ,among ,leon>do's num]\s note books ( pocket size n "o has col\r$ pap]1 s no sket*es answ]+ to ?is description c be po9t$ out4 ,! fact t mo/ ( ! notes are writt5 9 ink1 militates aga9/ ! supposition t !y 7 made 9 ! op5 air4 #egb4 ,,( ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,keep+ ,,9 ,,m9d ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,a ,,face4 ,if y want to acquire facility = be>+ 9 m9d ! expression ( a face1 fir/ make y\rself famili> ) a v>iety ( =ms ( sev]al heads1 eyes1 noses1 m\?s1 *9s & *eeks & necks & %\ld]s3 ,& to put a case3 ,noses are ( #aj types3 /raight1 bulb\s1 holl[1 prom95t above or bel[ ! middle1 aquil9e1 regul>1 flat1 r\nd or po9t$4 ,^! hold good z to pr(ile4 ,9 full face !y are ( #aa types2 ^! are equal ?ick 9 ! middle1 ?9 9 ! middle1 ) ! tip ?ick & ! root n>r[1 or n>r[ at ! tip & wide at ! root2 ) ! no/rils wide or n>r[1 high or l[1 & ! op5+s wide or hidd5 by ! po9t2 & y w f9d an equal v>iety 9 ! o!r details2 :i* ?+s y mu/ draw f nature & fix !m 9 y\r m9d4 ,or else1 :5 y h to draw a face by he>t1 c>ry ) y a little book 9 :i* y h not$ su* features2 & :5 y h ca/ a glance at ! face ( ! p]son y wi% to draw1 y c look1 9 private1 :i* nose or m\? is mo/ l1 or !re make a little m>k to recognise x aga9 at home4 ,( grotesque faces ,i ne$ say no?+1 because !y are kept 9 m9d )\t difficulty4 ,! position ( ! head4 #egc4 ,,h[ ,,y ,,%\ld ,,set ,,to ,,"w ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,head ,,( ,,:i* ,,all ,,! ,,p>ts ,,%all ,,agree ,,) ,,! ,,position ,,giv5 ,,to ,,x4 ,to draw a head 9 :i* ! features %all agree ) ! turn & b5d ( ! head1 pursue ?is me?od4 ,y "k t ! eyes1 eyebr[s1 no/rils1 corn]s ( ! m\?1 & sides ( ! *91 ! jaws1 *eeks1 e>s & all ! p>ts ( a face are squ>ely & /raightly set ^u ! face4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ! draw+s & ! text belong+ to !m on ,pl4 ,,ix4 7,no4 #cae71 ,pl4 ,x 7,no4 #caf71 ,pl4 ,,xl 7,no4 #cah7 & ,pl4 ,,xii4 7,no4 #cai74 ,!re=e :5 y h sket*$ ! face draw l9es pass+ f "o corn] ( ! eye to ! o!r2 & s = ! plac+ ( ea* feature2 & aft] hav+ drawn ! ends ( ! l9es beyond ! two sides ( ! face1 look if ! spaces inside ! same p>allel l9es on ! "r & on ! left are equal #ab4 ,b be sure to rememb] to make ^! l9es t5d to ! po9t ( sight4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #d1 ! slight sket* on ! left h& side4 ,! text ( ?is passage is writt5 by ! side ( x4 ,9 ?is sket* ! l9es seem int5tionally incorrect & conv]g+ to ! "r 7comp>e ,i4 #ab7 in/ead ( p>allel4 ,comp>e too ) ?is text ! draw+ 9 r$ *alk f ,w9dsor ,ca/le :i* is reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #b4 ,( ! light on ! face 7#egd-egf74 #egd4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,"k ,,:i* ,,side ,,( ,,an ,,object ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,m ,,or ,,less ,,lum9\s ,,?an ,,! ,,o!r4 ,let f be ! light1 ! head w be ! object illum9at$ by x & t side ( ! head on :i* ! rays fall mo/ directly w be ! mo/ highly light$1 & ^? p>ts on :i* ! rays fall mo/ aslant w be less light$4 ,! light falls z a bl[ might1 s9ce a bl[ :i* falls p]p5dicul>ly falls ) ! greate/ =ce1 & :5 x falls obliquely x is less =cible ?an ! =m] 9 proportion to ! wid? ( ! angle4 ,exempli gratia if y ?r[ a ball at a wall ( :i* ! extremities are equally f> f y ! bl[ w fall /raight1 & if y ?r[ ! ball at ! wall :5 /&+ at "o end ( x ! ball w hit x obliquely & ! bl[ w n tell4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,no4 #d2 ! sket* on ! "r h& side4 #ege4 ,,! ,,pro( ,,& ,,reason ,,:y ,,among ,,! ,,illum9at$ ,,p>ts ,,c]ta9 ,,portions ,,are ,,9 ,,high] ,,light ,,?an ,,o!rs4 ,s9ce x is prov$ t e def9ite light is1 or seems to be1 d]iv$ f "o s+le po9t ! side illum9at$ by x w h its highe/ light on ! portion :]e ! l9e ( radiance falls p]p5dicul>ly2 z is %[n above 9 ! l9es a g1 & also 9 a h & 9 l a2 & t portion ( ! illum9at$ side w be lea/ lum9\s1 :]e ! l9e ( incid5ce /rikes x betwe5 two m dissimil> angles1 z is se5 at b c d4 ,& by ?is means y may also "k :i* p>ts are depriv$ ( light z is se5 at m k4 ,:]e ! angles made by ! l9es ( incid5ce are mo/ equal !re w be ! highe/ light1 & :]e !y are mo/ unequal x w be d>ke/4 ,i w make fur!r m5tion ( ! reason ( reflections4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxii4 ,! text1 "h giv5 complete1 is on ! "r h& side4 ,! small circles above ! beg9n+ ( l9es #e & #aa z well z ! circle above ! text on ,pl4 ,,xxxi1 are 9 a pal] ink & evid5tly add$ by a lat] h& 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! text z belong+ to ! ,libro di ,pittura 7see ,prolegom5a4 ,no4 #ab1 p4 #c74 ,! text on ! left h& side ( ?is page is giv5 z ,nos4 #egg & #acg4 #egf4 ,:]e ! %ad[ %\ld be on ! face4 ,g5]al sugge/ions = hi/orical pictures 7#egg-eha74 #egg4 ,:5 y compose a hi/orical picture take two po9ts1 "o ! po9t ( sight1 & ! o!r ! s\rce ( light2 & make ?is z di/ant z possible4 #egh4 ,hi/orical pictures ought n to be cr[d$ & confus$ ) too _m figures4 #egi4 ,,precepts ,,9 ,,pa9t+4 ,let y sket*es ( hi/orical pictures be swift & ! work+ out ( ! limbs n be c>ri$ too f>1 b limit$ to ! position ( ! limbs1 :i* y c aft]w>ds f9i% z y please & at y\r leisure4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxviii1 ,no4 #b4 ,! p5 & ink draw+ giv5 !re z ,no4 #c may also be comp>$ ) ?is passage4 ,x is 9 ! ,w9dsor collection :]e x is numb]$ #aja4 #ehj4 ,! sore/ mis=tune is :5 y\r views are 9 advance ( y\r "w4 #eha4 ,( compos+ hi/orical pictures4 ,( n consid]+ ! limbs 9 ! figures 9 hi/orical pictures2 z _m d :o1 9 ! wi% to repres5t ! :ole ( a figure1 spoil _! compositions4 ,& :5 y place "o figure beh9d ano!r take c>e to draw ! :ole ( x s t ! limbs :i* come 9 front ( ! ne>] figures may /& out 9 _! natural size & place4 ,h[ to repres5t ! diff]5ces ( age & sex 7#ehb-ehc74 #ehb4 ,h[ ! ages ( man %\ld be depict$3 t is1 ,infancy1 ,*ildhood1 ,y\?1 ,manhood1 ,old age1 ,decrepitude4 ,footnote3 ,no answ] is "h giv5 to ?is "q1 9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 #ehc4 ,old m5 ought to be repres5t$ ) sl[ & heavy movem5ts1 _! legs b5t at ! knees1 :5 !y /& /ill1 & _! feet plac$ p>allel & ap>t2 b5d+ l[ ) ! head lean+ =w>d1 & _! arms b little ext5d$4 ,wom5 mu/ be repres5t$ 9 mode/ attitudes1 _! legs close toge!r1 _! arms closely fold$1 _! heads incl9$ & some:at on "o side4 ,old wom5 %\ld be repres5t$ ) eag]1 swift & furi\s ge/ures1 l inf]nal furies2 b ! action %\ld be m viol5t 9 _! arms & head ?an 9 _! legs4 ,little *ildr51 ) lively & contort$ movem5ts :5 sitt+1 &1 :5 /&+ /ill1 9 %y & timid attitudes4 ,footnote3 bracci raccolte4 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xxxiii4 ,?is draw+1 9 silv] po9t on yell[i% t9t$ pap]1 ! lights height5$ ) :ite1 repres5ts two female h&s laid toge!r 9 a lap4 ,above is a ?ird f9i%$ /udy ( a "r h&1 app>5tly hold+ a veil f ! head across ! bosom4 ,?is draw+ evid5tly dates f be=e #aejj & 0 v probably done at ,flor5ce1 p]haps z a prep>atory /udy = "s picture4 ,! type ( h& ) its sl5d] ?9 =ms is m l ! /yle ( ! ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s 9 ! ,l\vre ?an any lat] works--z ! ,mona ,lisa = in/ance4 ,( repres5t+ ! emotions4 #ehd4 ,,t ,a ,,figure ,,is ,,n ,,admirable ,,unless ,,x ,,expresses ,,by ,,its ,,action ,,! ,,passion ,,( ,,its ,,s5tim5t4 ,t figure is mo/ admirable :i* by its actions be/ expresses ! passion t animates x4 ,,h[ ,,an ,,angry ,,man ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,figur$4 ,y mu/ make an angry p]son hold+ someone by ! hair1 wr5*+ 8 head aga9/ ! gr\nd1 & ) "o knee on 8 ribs2 8 "r arm & fi/ rais$ on high4 ,8 hair mu/ be ?r[n up1 8 br[ d[nca/ & knit1 8 tee? cl5*$ & ! two corn]s ( 8 m\? grimly set2 8 neck swell$ & b5t =w>d z he leans ov] 8 foe1 & full ( furr[s4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,repres5t ,a ,,man ,,9 ,,despair4 ,y mu/ %[ a man 9 despair ) a knife1 hav+ already torn op5 8 g>m5ts1 & ) "o h& te>+ op5 ! w\nd4 ,& make him /&+ on 8 feet & 8 legs some:at b5t & 8 :ole p]son lean+ t[>ds ! e>?2 8 hair fly+ 9 disord]4 ,( repres5t+ imag9>y animals4 #ehe4 ,,h[ ,,y ,,%\ld ,,make ,,an ,,imag9>y ,,animal ,,look ,,natural4 ,y "k t y _c inv5t animals )\t limbs1 ea* ( :i*1 9 itself1 mu/ resemble ^? ( "s o!r animal4 ,h5ce if y wi% to make an animal1 imag9$ by y1 appe> natural--let u say a ,dragon1 take = its head t ( a ma/iff or h\nd1 ) ! eyes ( a cat1 ! e>s ( a porcup9e1 ! nose ( a greyh\nd1 ! br[ ( a lion1 ! temples ( an old cock1 ! neck ( a wat] tortoise4 ,footnote3 ,! sket* "h ins]t$ ( two m5 on horseback fight+ a dragon is ! facsimile ( a p5 & ink draw+ belong+ to ,,b>on ,,edmond ,,de ,,ro?s*ild ( ,p>is4 ,! selection ( =ms4 #ehf4 ,,( ,,! ,,delusions ,,:i* ,,arise ,,9 ,,judg+ ,,( ,,! ,,limbs4 ,a pa9t] :o has clumsy h&s w pa9t simil> h&s 9 8 works1 & ! same w occur ) any limb1 unless long /udy has taught him to avoid x4 ,!re=e1 ,o ,pa9t]1 look c>efully :at "p is mo/ ill-fav\r$ 9 y\r own p]son & take p>ticul> pa9s to correct x 9 y\r /udies4 ,= if y are co>se1 y\r figures w seem ! same & devoid ( *>m2 & x is ! same ) any "p t may be good or poor 9 y\rself2 x w be %[n 9 "s degree 9 y\r figures4 #ehg4 ,,( ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,beautiful ,,faces4 ,x seems to me to be no small *>m 9 a pa9t] :5 he gives 8 figures a pleas+ air1 & ?is grace1 if he h x n by nature1 he may acquire by incid5tal /udy 9 ?is way3 ,look ab\t y & take ! be/ p>ts ( _m beautiful faces1 ( :i* ! beauty is confirm$ r by public fame ?an by y\r own judgm5t2 = y might be mi/ak5 & *oose faces :i* h "s resemblance to y\r own4 ,= x w\ld seem t su* resemblances (t5 please u2 & if y %\ld be ugly1 y w\ld select faces t 7 n beautiful & y w\ld !n make ugly faces1 z _m pa9t]s d4 ,= (t5 a ma/]'s "w resembles himself4 ,s select beauties z ,i tell y1 & fix !m 9 y\r m9d4 #ehh4 ,( ! limbs1 :i* ought to be c>efully select$1 & ( all ! o!r p>ts ) reg>d to pa9t+4 #ehi4 ,:5 select+ figures y %\ld *oose sl5d] ones r ?an lean & wood5 ones4 #eij4 ,,( ,,! ,,muscles ,,( ,,animals4 ,! holl[ spaces int]pos$ betwe5 ! muscles mu/ n be ( su* a "* z t ! sk9 %\ld seem to cov] two /icks laid side by side l c1 nor %\ld !y seem l two /icks some:at remote f su* contact s t ! sk9 hangs 9 an empty loose curve z at f2 b x %\ld be l i1 laid ov] ! spongy fat t lies 9 ! angles z ! angle n m o2 :i* angle is =m$ by ! contact ( ! ends ( ! muscles & z ! sk9 _c fold d[n into su* an angle1 nature has fill$ up su* angles ) a small quantity ( spongy &1 z ,i may say1 vesicul> fat1 ) m9ute bladd]s 9 x full ( air1 :i* is cond5s$ or r>efi$ 9 !m accord+ to ! increase or ! dim9ution ( ! sub/ance ( ! muscles2 9 :i* latt] case ! concavity i always has a l>g] curve ?an ! muscle4 #eia4 ,,( ,,undulat+ ,,movem5ts ,,& ,,equipoise ,,9 ,,figures ,,& ,,o!r ,,animals4 ,:5 repres5t+ a human figure or "s graceful animal1 be c>eful to avoid a wood5 /iffness2 t is to say make !m move ) equipoise & balance s z n to look l a piece ( wood2 b ^? y want to repres5t z /rong y mu/ n make s1 except+ 9 ! turn ( ! head4 ,h[ to pose figures4 #eib4 ,,( ,,grace ,,9 ,,! ,,limbs4 ,! limbs %\ld be adapt$ to ! body ) grace & ) ref]5ce to ! effect t y wi% ! figure to produce4 ,& if y wi% to produce a figure t %all ( itself look light & graceful y mu/ make ! limbs elegant & ext5d$1 & )\t too mu* display ( ! muscles2 & ^? few t are ne$$ = y\r purpose y mu/ indicate s(tly1 t is1 n v prom95t & )\t /rong %ad[s2 ! limbs1 & p>ticul>ly ! arms easy2 t is1 none ( ! limbs %\ld be 9 a /raight l9e ) ! adjo9+ p>ts4 ,& if ! hips1 :i* are ! pole ( a man1 are by reason ( 8 position1 plac$ s1 t ! "r is high] ?an ! left1 make ! po9t ( ! high] %\ld] 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e above ! highe/ prom95ce ( ! hip1 & let ?is "r %\ld] be l[] ?an ! left4 ,let ! pit ( ! ?roat always be ov] ! c5tre ( ! jo9t ( ! foot on :i* ! man is lean+4 ,! leg :i* is free %\ld h ! knee l[] ?an ! o!r1 & ne> ! o!r leg4 ,! positions ( ! head & arms are endless & ,i %all !re=e n enl>ge on any rules = !m4 ,/ill1 let !m be easy & pleas+1 ) v>i\s turns & twi/s1 & ! jo9ts gracefully b5t1 t !y may n look l pieces ( wood4 ,( appropriate ge/ures 7#eic-fjj74 #eic4 ,a picture or repres5tation ( human figures1 ought to be done 9 su* a way z t ! spectator may easily recognise1 by means ( _! attitudes1 ! purpose 9 _! m9ds4 ,?us1 if y h to repres5t a man ( noble "* 9 ! act ( speak+1 let 8 ge/ures be su* z naturally accompany good words2 &1 9 ! same way1 if y wi% to depict a man ( a brutal nature1 give him fi]ce movem5ts2 z ) 8 arms flung out t[>ds ! li/5]1 & 8 head & brea/ ?ru/ =w>d beyond 8 feet1 z if foll[+ ! speak]'s h&s4 ,?us x is ) a deaf & dumb p]son :o1 :5 he sees two m5 9 conv]sation--al?\gh he is depriv$ ( he>+--c nev]!less und]/&1 f ! attitudes & ge/ures ( ! speak]s1 ! nature ( _! discussion4 ,i once saw 9 ,flor5ce a man :o _h become deaf :o1 :5 y spoke v l\d did n und]/& y1 b if y spoke g5tly & )\t mak+ any s\nd1 und]/ood m]ely f ! movem5t ( ! lips4 ,n[ p]haps y w say t ! lips ( a man :o speaks l\dly d n move l ^? ( "o speak+ s(tly1 & t if !y 7 to move !m alike !y w\ld be alike und]/ood4 ,z to ?is argum5t1 ,i leave ! decision to exp]im5t2 make a man speak to y g5tly & note ! motion ( 8 lips4 ,footnote3 ,! fir/ t5 l9es ( ?is text h already be5 publi%$1 b ) a slightly diff]5t read+ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,,jordan3 ,das ,mal]bu* ,leon>do da ,v9ci's p4 #hf4 #eid4 ,,( ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,man ,,speak+ ,,to ,a ,,multitude4 ,:5 y wi% to repres5t a man speak+ to a numb] ( p1 consid] ! matt] ( :i* he has to treat & adapt 8 action to ! subject4 ,?us1 if he speaks p]suasively1 let 8 action be appropriate to x4 ,if ! matt] 9 h& be to set =? an argum5t1 let ! speak]1 ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& hold "o f+] ( ! left h&1 hav+ ! two small] ones clos$2 & 8 face al]t1 & turn$ t[>ds ! p ) m\? a little op51 to look z ?\gh he spoke2 & if he is sitt+ let him appe> z ?\gh ab\t to rise1 ) 8 head =w>d4 ,if y repres5t him /&+ make him lean+ slightly =w>d ) body & head t[>ds ! p4 ,^! y mu/ repres5t z sil5t & att5tive1 all look+ at ! orator's face ) ge/ures ( admiration2 & make "s old m5 9 a/oni%m5t at ! ?+s !y he>1 ) ! corn]s ( _! m\?s pull$ d[n & drawn 91 _! *eeks full ( furr[s1 & _! eyebr[s rais$1 & wr9kl+ ! =ehead :]e !y meet4 ,aga91 "s sitt+ ) _! f+]s clasp$ hold+ _! we>y knees4 ,aga91 "s b5t old man1 ) "o knee cross$ ov] ! o!r2 on :i* let him hold 8 h& ) 8 o!r elb[ re/+ 9 x & ! h& support+ 8 be>d$ *94 ,footnote3 ,! sket*es introduc$ "h are a facsimile ( a p5 & ink draw+ 9 ! ,l\vre :i* ,h]r ,,c>l ,,brun consid]s z /udies = ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie 7see ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,,lxi1 pp4 #ba1 #bg & #bh 9 ,,dohme',s ,kun/ und ,kun/l]1 ,leipzig1 ,seemann74 ,i %all n "h ent] into any discussion ( ?is sugge/ion2 b z a ju/ification = introduc+ ! draw+ 9 ?is place1 ,i may po9t out t "s ( ! figures illu/rate ?is passage z p]fectly z ?\gh !y _h be5 drawn = t express purpose4 ,i h discuss$ ! probability ( a connection betwe5 ?is sket* & ! picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp] on p4 #cce4 ,! orig9al draw+ is #bg #c_/d c5timetres wide by #ba high4--,! draw+ 9 silv] po9t on r$di% pap] giv5 on ,pl4 ,,lii4 ,no4 #a--! orig9al at ,w9dsor ,ca/le--may also s]ve to illu/rate ! subject ( appropriate ge/ures1 treat$ 9 ,nos4 #eic & #eid4 #eie4 ,,( ,,! ,,disposition ,,( ,,limbs4 ,z reg>ds ! disposition ( limbs 9 movem5t y w h to consid] t :5 y wi% to repres5t a man :o1 by "s *ance1 has to turn backw>ds or to "o side1 y mu/ n make him move 8 feet & all 8 limbs t[>ds ! side to :i* he turns 8 head4 ,r mu/ y make ! action proce$ by degrees & ?r\gh ! diff]5t jo9ts2 t is1 ^? ( ! foot1 ! knee & ! hip & ! neck4 ,& if y set him on ! "r leg1 y mu/ make ! left knee b5d inw>ds1 & let 8 foot be slightly rais$ on ! outside1 & ! left %\ld] be some:at l[] ?an ! "r1 :ile ! nape ( ! neck is 9 a l9e directly ov] ! out] ancle ( ! left foot4 ,& ! left %\ld] w be 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e above ! toes ( ! "r foot4 ,& always set y\r figures s t ! side to :i* ! head turns is n ! side to :i* ! brea/ faces1 s9ce nature = our conv5i5ce has made u ) a neck :i* b5ds ) ease 9 _m directions1 ! eye wi%+ to turn to v>i\s po9ts1 ! diff]5t jo9ts4 ,& if at any "t y make a man sitt+ ) 8 arms at "w on some?+ :i* is sideways to him1 make ! upp] "p ( 8 body turn ^u ! hips4 ,footnote3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #e4 ,! orig9al draw+ at ,w9dsor ,ca/le is numb]$ #ajd4 #eif4 ,:5 y draw ! nude always sket* ! :ole figure & !n f9i% ^? limbs :i* seem to y ! be/1 b make !m act ) ! o!r limbs2 o!rwise y w get a habit ( nev] putt+ ! limbs well toge!r on ! body4 ,nev] make ! head turn ! same way z ! torso1 nor ! arm & leg move toge!r on ! same side4 ,& if ! face is turn$ to ! "r %\ld]1 make all ! p>ts l[] on ! left side ?an on ! "r2 & :5 y turn ! body ) ! brea/ outw>ds1 if ! head turns to ! left side make ! p>ts on ! "r side high] ?an ^? on ! left4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 a mu* defac$ sket* is to be se5 by ! side ( ! second "p ( ?is *apt]2 its fad$ condition has r5d]$ reproduction impossible4 ,9 ,m4 ,,ravaisson',s facsimile ! outl9es ( ! head h probably be5 t\*$ up4 ,?is passage h[ev] is fitly illu/rat$ by ! draw+s on ,pl4 ,,xxi4 #eig4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,( ! nature ( movem5ts 9 man4 ,d n repeat ! same ge/ures 9 ! limbs ( m5 unless y are compell$ by ! necessity ( _! action1 z is %[n 9 a b4 ,footnote3 ,see ,pl4 ,v1 :]e "p ( ! text is also reproduc$4 ,! effac$ figure to ! extreme left has evid5tly be5 cancell$ by ,leon>do himself z unsatisfactory4 #eih4 ,! motions ( m5 mu/ be su* z sugge/ _! dignity or _! bas5ess4 #eii4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,make y\r "w c>ry out y\r purpose & mean+4 ,t is :5 y draw a figure consid] well :o x is & :at y wi% x to be do+4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,) reg>d to any action :i* y give 9 a picture to an old man or to a "y "o1 y mu/ make x m en]getic 9 ! "y man 9 proportion z he is /rong] ?an ! old "o2 & 9 ! same way ) a "y man & an infant4 #fjj4 ,,( ,,sett+ ,,on ,,! ,,limbs4 ,! limbs :i* are us$ = lab\r mu/ be muscul> & ^? :i* are n mu* us$ y mu/ make )\t muscles & s(tly r\nd$4 ,,( ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,figures4 ,repres5t y\r figures 9 su* action z may be fitt$ to express :at purpose is 9 ! m9d ( ea*2 o!rwise y\r art w n be admirable4 ,v4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,compositions4 ,( pa9t+ battle pieces 7#fja-fjc74 #fja4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,repres5t+ ,a ,,battle4 ,fir/ y mu/ repres5t ! smoke ( artill]y m+l+ 9 ! air ) ! du/ & toss$ up by ! movem5t ( horses & ! combatants4 ,& ?is mixture y mu/ express ?us3 ,! du/1 be+ a ?+ ( e>?1 has weight2 & al?\gh f its f95ess x is easily toss$ up & m+les ) ! air1 x nev]!less readily falls aga94 ,x is ! f9e/ "p t rises highe/2 h5ce t "p w be lea/ se5 & w look almo/ ( ! same col\r z ! air4 ,! high] ! smoke mix$ ) ! du/-lad5 air rises t[>ds a c]ta9 level1 ! m x w look l a d>k cl\d2 & x w be se5 t at ! top1 :]e ! smoke is m sep>ate f ! du/1 ! smoke w assume a blui% t+e & ! du/ w t5d to its col\r4 ,?is mixture ( air1 smoke & du/ w look mu* light] on ! side :5ce ! light comes ?an on ! opposite side4 ,! m ! combatants are 9 ?is turmoil ! less w !y be se51 & ! less contra/ w !re be 9 _! lights & %ad[s4 ,_! faces & figures & _! appe>ance1 & ! muskete]s z well z ^? ne> !m y mu/ make ( a gl[+ r$4 ,& ?is gl[ w dim9i% 9 proportion z x is remote f its cause4 ,! figures :i* are betwe5 y & ! light1 if !y be at a di/ance1 w appe> d>k on a light backgr\nd1 & ! l[] "p ( _! legs ne> ! gr\nd w be lea/ visible1 because !re ! du/ is co>se/ & d5se/ #ai4 ,& if y introduce horses gallop+ outside ! cr[d1 make ! little cl\ds ( du/ di/ant f ea* o!r 9 proportion to ! /rides made by ! horses2 & ! cl\ds :i* are fur!/ remov$ f ! horses1 %\ld be lea/ visible2 make !m high & spread+ & ?91 & ! ne>] ones w be m conspicu\s & small] & d5s] #bc4 ,! air mu/ be full ( arr[s 9 e direction1 "s %oot+ upw>ds1 "s fall+1 "s fly+ level4 ,! balls f ! guns mu/ h a tra9 ( smoke foll[+ _! flight4 ,! figures 9 ! =egr\nd y mu/ make ) du/ on ! hair & eyebr[s & on o!r flat places likely to reta9 x4 ,! conqu]ors y w make ru%+ onw>ds ) _! hair & o!r light ?+s fly+ on ! w9d1 ) _! br[s b5t d[n1 ,footnote3 #ai--bc4 ,comp>e #fjh4 #eg--ge4 #fjb4 & ) ! opposite limbs ?ru/ =w>d2 t is :]e a man puts =w>d ! "r foot ! left arm mu/ be advanc$4 ,& if y make any "o fall51 y mu/ %[ ! place :]e he has slipp$ & be5 dragg$ along ! du/ into blood /a9$ mire2 & 9 ! half-liquid e>? arr\nd %[ ! pr9t ( ! tramp+ ( m5 & horses :o h pass$ t way4 ,make also a horse dragg+ ! dead body ( 8 ma/]1 & leav+ beh9d him1 9 ! du/ & mud1 ! track :]e ! body 0 dragg$ along4 ,y mu/ make ! conqu]$ & beat5 pale1 _! br[s rais$ & knit1 & ! sk9 above _! br[s furr[$ ) pa91 ! sides ( ! nose ) wr9kles go+ 9 an ar* f ! no/rils to ! eyes1 & make ! no/rils drawn up--:i* is ! cause ( ! l9es ( :i* ,i speak--1 & ! lips ar*$ upw>ds & discov]+ ! upp] tee?2 & ! tee? ap>t z ) cry+ out & lam5tation4 ,& make "s "o %ield+ 8 t]rifi$ eyes ) "o h&1 ! palm t[>ds ! enemy1 :ile ! o!r re/s on ! gr\nd to support 8 half rais$ body4 ,o!rs repres5t %\t+ ) _! m\?s op51 & runn+ away4 ,y mu/ scatt] arms ( all sorts among ! feet ( ! combatants1 z brok5 %ields1 lances1 brok5 swords & o!r su* objects4 ,& y mu/ make ! dead p>tly or entirely cov]$ ) du/1 :i* is *ang$ into crimson mire :]e x has m+l$ ) ! fl[+ blood ^: col\r %[s x issu+ 9 a s9u\s /ream f ! corpse4 ,o!rs mu/ be repres5t$ 9 ! agonies ( dea? gr9d+ _! tee?1 roll+ _! eyes1 ) _! fi/s cl5*$ aga9/ _! bodies & _! legs contort$4 ,"s might be %[n dis>m$ & beat5 d[n by ! enemy1 turn+ ^u ! foe1 ) tee? & nails1 to take an inhuman & bitt] rev5ge4 ,y might see "s rid]less horse ru%+ among ! enemy1 ) 8 mane fly+ 9 ! w9d1 & do+ no little mis*ief ) 8 heels4 ,"s maim$ w>rior may be se5 fall5 to ! e>?1 cov]+ himself ) 8 %ield1 :ile ! enemy1 b5d+ ov] him1 tries to deal him a dea?/roke4 ,!re aga9 might be se5 a numb] ( m5 fall5 9 a heap ov] a dead horse4 ,y w\ld see "s ( ! victors leav+ ! fight & issu+ f ! cr[d1 rubb+ _! eyes & *eeks ) bo? h&s to clean !m ( ! dirt made by _! wat]+ eyes sm>t+ f ! du/ & smoke4 ,! res]ves may be se5 /&+1 hopeful b cauti\s2 ) wat*ful eyes1 %ad+ !m ) _! h&s & gaz+ ?r\gh ! d5se & murky confusion1 att5tive to ! comm&s ( _! capta94 ,! capta9 himself1 8 /aff rais$1 hurries t[>ds ^! auxili>ies1 po9t+ to ! spot :]e !y are mo/ ne$$4 ,& !re may be a riv] into :i* horses are gallop+1 *urn+ up ! wat] all r\nd !m into turbul5t waves ( foam & wat]1 toss$ into ! air & among ! legs & bodies ( ! horses4 ,& !re mu/ n be a level spot t is n trampl$ ) gore4 #fjc4 ,,( ,,light+ ,,! ,,l[] ,,p>ts ,,( ,,bodies ,,close ,,toge!r1 ,,z ,,( ,,m5 ,,9 ,,battle4 ,z to m5 & horses repres5t$ 9 battle1 _! diff]5t p>ts w be d>k 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to ! gr\nd on :i* !y /&4 ,& ?is is prov$ by ! sides ( wells :i* gr[ d>k] 9 proportion to _! dep?1 ! reason ( :i* is t ! deepe/ "p ( ! well sees & receives a small] am\nt ( ! lum9\s atmosph]e ?an any o!r "p4 ,& ! pavem5t1 if x be ( ! same col\r z ! legs ( ^! said m5 & horses1 w always be m light$ & at a m direct angle ?an ! said legs c4 #fjd4 ,,( ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,repres5t ,a ,,night ,,sc5e4 ,t :i* is entirely b]eft ( light is all d>kness2 giv5 a night "u ^! conditions & t y want to repres5t a night sc5e1--arrange t !re %all be a great fire1 !n ! objects :i* are ne>e/ to ?is fire w be mo/ t+$ ) its col\r2 = ^? objects :i* are ne>e/ to a col\r$ light p>ticipate mo/ 9 its nature2 z !re=e y give ! fire a r$ col\r1 y mu/ make all ! objects illum9at$ by x ruddy2 :ile ^? :i* are f>!r f ! fire are m t9t$ by ! black hue ( night4 ,! figures :i* are se5 aga9/ ! fire look d>k 9 ! gl>e ( ! firelight because t side ( ! objects :i* y see is t+$ by ! d>kness ( ! night & n by ! fire2 & ^? :o /& at ! side are half d>k & half r$2 :ile ^? :o are visible beyond ! edges ( ! flame w be fully light$ by ! ruddy gl[ aga9/ a black backgr\nd4 ,z to _! ge/ures1 make ^? :i* are ne> x scre5 !mselves ) _! h&s & cloaks z a def5ce aga9/ ! int5se heat1 & ) _! faces turn$ away z if ab\t to retire4 ,( ^? f>!r (f repres5t sev]al z rais+ _! h&s to scre5 _! eyes1 hurt by ! intol]able gl>e4 ,( depict+ a tempe/ 7#fje4 #fjf74 #fje4 ,describe a w9d on l& & at sea4 ,describe a /orm ( ra94 #fjf4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,repres5t ,a ,,tempe/4 ,if y wi% to repres5t a tempe/ consid] & arrange well its effects z se51 :5 ! w9d1 bl[+ ov] ! face ( ! sea & e>?1 removes & c>ries ) x su* ?+s z are n fix$ to ! g5]al mass4 ,& to repres5t ! /orm accurately y mu/ fir/ %[ ! cl\ds scatt]$ & torn1 & fly+ ) ! w9d1 accompani$ by cl\ds ( s& bl[n up f ! sea %ore1 & b\ghs & leaves swept along by ! /r5g? & fury ( ! bla/ & scatt]$ ) o!r light objects ?r\gh ! air4 ,trees & plants mu/ be b5t to ! gr\nd1 almo/ z if !y w\ld foll[ ! c\rse ( ! gale1 ) _! bran*es twi/$ out ( _! natural gr[? & _! leaves toss$ & turn$ ab\t ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #b44 ,( ! m5 :o are !re "s mu/ h fall5 to ! gr\nd & be entangl$ 9 _! g>m5ts1 & h>dly to be recogniz$ = ! du/1 :ile ^? :o rema9 /&+ may be beh9d "s tree1 ) _! arms r\nd x t ! w9d may n te> !m away2 o!rs ) _! h&s ov] _! eyes = ! du/1 b5d+ to ! gr\nd ) _! clo!s & hair /ream+ 9 ! w9d4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,pl4 ,,xxxiv1 ! "r h& l[] sket*4 ,let ! sea be r\gh & tempe/u\s & full ( foam :irl$ among ! l(ty waves1 :ile ! w9d fl+s ! light] spray ?r\gh ! /ormy air1 till x resembles a d5se & swa?+ mi/4 ,( ! %ips t are !re9 "s %\ld be %[n ) r5t sails & ! tatt]s flutt]+ ?r\gh ! air1 ) ropes brok5 & ma/s split & fall54 ,& ! %ip itself ly+ 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea & wreck$ by ! fury ( ! waves ) ! m5 %riek+ & cl++ to ! fragm5ts ( ! vessel4 ,make ! cl\ds driv5 by ! impetuosity ( ! w9d & flung aga9/ ! l(ty m\nta9 tops1 & wrea!d & torn l waves beat+ ^u rocks2 ! air itself t]rible f ! deep d>kness caus$ by ! du/ & fog & heavy cl\ds4 ,( repres5t+ ! deluge 7#fjg-fji74 #fjg4 ,,to ,,repres5t ,,! ,,deluge4 ,! air 0 d>k5$ by ! heavy ra9 ^: oblique desc5t driv5 aslant by ! ru% ( ! w9ds1 flew 9 drifts ?r\gh ! air n o!rwise ?an z we see du/1 v>i$ only by ! /raight l9es ( ! heavy drops ( fall+ wat]4 ,b x 0 t+$ ) ! col\r ( ! fire k9dl$ by ! ?und]-bolts by :i* ! cl\ds 7 r5t & %att]$2 & ^: fla%es reveal$ ! broad wat]s ( ! inundat$ valleys1 above :i* 0 se5 ! v]dure ( ! b5d+ tree tops4 ,neptune w be se5 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat] ) 8 trid5t1 & #ae let ,a,eolus ) 8 w9ds be %[n entangl+ ! trees float+ uproot$1 & :irl+ 9 ! huge waves4 ,! horizon & ! :ole hemisph]e 7 obscure1 b lurid f ! fla%es ( ! incessant lightn+4 ,m5 & birds might be se5 cr[d$ on ! tall trees :i* rema9$ uncov]$ by ! swell+ wat]s1 orig9ators ( ! m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ! great abysses ,footnote #bc3 ,comp>e ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,no4 #igi44 #fjh4 ,,( ,,! ,,deluge ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,repres5t ,,x ,,9 ,a ,,picture4 ,let ! d>k & gloomy air be se5 buffet$ by ! ru% ( contr>y w9ds & d5se f ! cont9u$ ra9 m+l$ ) hail & be>+ hi!r & ?i!r an inf9ite numb] ( bran*es torn f ! trees & mix$ ) numb]less leaves4 ,all r\nd may be se5 v5]able trees1 uproot$ & /ripp$ by ! fury ( ! w9ds2 & fragm5ts ( m\nta9s1 already sc\r$ b>e by ! torr5ts1 fall+ into ^? torr5ts & *ok+ _! valleys till ! swoll5 riv]s ov]fl[ & subm]ge ! wide l[l&s & _! inhabitants4 ,aga91 y might h se5 on _m ( ! hill-tops t]rifi$ animals ( diff]5t k9ds1 collect$ toge!r & subdu$ to tam5ess1 9 company ) m5 & wom5 :o _h fl$ !re ) _! *ildr54 ,! wat]s :i* cov]$ ! fields1 ) _! waves 7 9 great "p /rewn ) tables1 b$/eads1 boats & v>i\s o!r contrivances made f necessity & ! fe> ( dea?1 on :i* 7 m5 & wom5 ) _! *ildr5 amid s\nds ( lam5tation & weep+1 t]rifi$ by ! fury ( ! w9ds :i* ) _! tempe/u\s viol5ce roll$ ! wat]s "u & ov] & ab\t ! bodies ( ! dr[n$4 ,nor 0 !re any object light] ?an ! wat] :i* 0 n cov]$ ) a v>iety ( animals :i*1 hav+ come to a truce1 /ood toge!r 9 a fright5$ cr[d--among !m wolves1 foxes1 snakes & o!rs--fle+ f dea?4 ,& all ! wat]s da%+ on _! %ores seem$ to be battl+ !m ) ! bl[s ( dr[n$ bodies1 bl[s :i* kill$ ^? 9 :om any life rema9$ #ai4 ,y might h se5 assemblages ( m5 :o1 ) weapons 9 _! h&s1 def5d$ ! small spots t rema9$ to !m aga9/ lions1 wolves & bea/s ( prey :o s\ght safety !re4 ,ah6 :at dreadful noises 7 he>d 9 ! air r5t by ! fury ( ! ?und] & ! lightn+s x fla%$ =?1 :i* d>t$ f ! cl\ds deal+ ru9 & /rik+ all t oppos$ its c\rse4 ,ah6 h[ _m y might h se5 clos+ _! e>s ) _! h&s to %ut out ! trem5d\s s\nds made 9 ! d>k5$ air by ! rag+ ( ! w9ds m+l+ ) ! ra91 ! ?und]s ( heav5 & ! fury ( ! ?und]-bolts4 ,o!rs 7 n cont5t ) %utt+ _! eyes1 b laid _! h&s "o ov] ! o!r to cov] !m ! clos] t !y might n see ! cruel slaught] ( ! human race by ! wra? ( ,god4 ,ah6 h[ _m lam5ts6 & h[ _m 9 _! t]ror flung !mselves f ! rocks6 ,huge bran*es ( great oaks load$ ) m5 7 se5 borne ?r\gh ! air by ! impetu\s fury ( ! w9ds4 ,h[ _m 7 ! boats upset1 "s entire1 & "s brok5 9 pieces1 on ! top ( p lab\r+ to escape ) ge/ures & actions ( grief =etell+ a fe>ful dea?4 ,o!rs1 ) desp]ate act1 took _! own lives1 hopeless ( be+ able to endure su* suff]+2 & ( ^!1 "s flung !mselves f l(ty rocks1 o!rs /rangl$ !mselves ) _! own h&s1 o!r seiz$ _! own *ildr5 & viol5tly slew !m at a bl[2 "s w\nd$ & kill$ !mselves ) _! own weapons2 o!rs1 fall+ on _! knees recomm5d$ !mselves to ,god4 ,ah6 h[ _m mo!rs wept ov] _! dr[n$ sons1 hold+ !m ^u _! knees1 ) arms rais$ spread out t[>ds heav5 & ) words & v>i\s ?reat5+ ge/ures1 upbraid+ ! wra? ( ! gods4 ,o!rs ) clasp$ h&s & f+]s cl5*$ gnaw$ !m & dev\r$ !m till !y bl$1 cr\*+ ) _! brea/ d[n on _! knees 9 _! int5se & unbe>able angui%4 ,h]ds ( animals 7 to be se51 su* z horses1 ox51 goats & sw9e already environ$ by ! wat]s & left isolat$ on ! high peaks ( ! m\nta9s1 huddl$ toge!r1 ^? 9 ! middle climb+ to ! top & tread+ on ! o!rs1 & fight+ fi]cely !mselves2 & _m w\ld die = lack ( food4 ,already _h ! birds begun to settle on m5 & on o!r animals1 f9d+ no l& uncov]$ :i* 0 n occupi$ by liv+ be+s1 & already _h fam9e1 ! m9i/] ( dea?1 tak5 ! lives ( ! great] numb] ( ! animals1 :5 ! dead bodies1 n[ f]m5t$1 :]e leav+ ! dep? ( ! wat]s & 7 ris+ to ! top4 ,among ! buffet+ waves1 :]e !y 7 beat+ "o aga9/ ! o!r1 &1 l z balls full ( air1 reb\nd$ f ! po9t ( concussion1 ^! f\nd a re/+ place on ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,& above ^! judgem5ts1 ! air 0 se5 cov]$ ) d>k cl\ds1 riv5 by ! =k$ fla%es ( ! rag+ bolts ( heav51 light+ up on all sides ! dep? ( ! gloom4 ,! motion ( ! air is se5 by ! motion ( ! du/ ?r[n up by ! horse's runn+ & ?is motion is z swift 9 aga9 fill+ up ! vacuum left 9 ! air :i* enclos$ ! horse1 z he is rapid 9 pass+ away f ! air4 ,p]haps x w seem to y t y may reproa* me ) hav+ repres5t$ ! curr5ts made ?r\gh ! air by ! motion ( ! w9d not)/&+ t ! w9d itself is n visible 9 ! air4 ,to ?is ,i mu/ answ] t x is n ! motion ( ! w9d b only ! motion ( ! ?+s c>ri$ along by x :i* is se5 9 ! air4 ,,! ,,divisions4 ,footnote #gf3 ,^! obs]vations1 add$ at ! bottom ( ! page conta9+ ! full description ( ! doluge seem to indicate t x 0 ,leon>do's int5tion to elaborate ! subject /ill f>!r 9 a sep>ate treatise4 ,d>kness1 w9d1 tempe/ at sea1 floods ( wat]1 =e/s on fire1 ra91 bolts f heav51 e>?quakes & ru9s ( m\nta9s1 ov]?r[ ( cities ,footnote #ha3 ,spianam5ti di citta 7ov]?r[ ( cities74 ,a consid]able numb] ( draw+s 9 black *alk1 at ,w9dsor1 illu/rate ?is cata/rophe4 ,mo/ ( !m are mu* rubb$2 "o ( ! lea/ injur$ is reproduc$ at ,pl4 ,,xxxix4 ,comp>e also ! p5 & ink sket* ,pl4 ,,xxxvi44 ,:irlw9ds :i* c>ry wat] sp\ts bran*es ( trees1 & m5 ?r\gh ! air4 ,b\ghs /ripp$ (f by ! w9ds1 m+l+ by ! meet+ ( ! w9ds1 ) p ^u !m4 ,brok5 trees load$ ) p4 ,%ips brok5 to pieces1 beat5 on rocks4 ,flocks ( %eep4 ,hail /ones1 ?und]bolts1 :irlw9ds4 ,p on trees :i* are unable to to support !m2 trees & rocks1 t[]s & hills cov]$ ) p1 boats1 tables1 tr\ghs1 & o!r means ( float+4 ,hills cov]$ ) m51 wom5 & animals2 & lightn+ f ! cl\ds illum9at+ e ?+4 ,footnote3 ,?is *apt]1 :i*1 ) ! next "o1 is writt5 on a loose %eet1 seems to be ! passage to :i* "o ( ! compil]s ( ! ,vatican copy allud$ :5 he wrote on ! m>g9 ( fol4 #cf3 ,qua mi ricordo della mirabile discritione del ,diluuio dello autore4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t ^! *apt]s are among ^? :i* h nev] be=e be5 publi%$4 ,! description 9 ,no4 #fjg may be reg>d$ z a prelim9>y sket* = ?is "o4 ,z ! ,,ms4 ,g4 79 :i* x is to be f\nd7 mu/ be attribut$ to ! p]iod ( ab\t #aeae we may d$uce f x ! approximate date ( ! draw+s on ,pl4 ,,xxxiv1 ,,xxxv1 ,nos4 #b & #c1 ,,xxxvi & ,,xxxvii1 s9ce !y obvi\sly belong to ?is text4 ,! draw+s ,no4 #b on ,pl4 ,,xxxv are1 9 ! orig9al1 side by side ) ! text ( ,no4 #fjh2 l9es #eg to #gf are %[n 9 ! facsimile4 ,9 ! draw+ 9 ,indian ink giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xxxiv we see ,w9d-gods 9 ! sky1 correspond+ to ! allusion to ,aeolus 9 ,no4 #fjg #a4 #ae4-,plates ,,xxxvi & ,,xxxvii =m "o %eet 9 ! orig9al4 ,! texts reproduc$ on ^! ,plates h h[ev] no connection ) ! sket*es1 except+ ! sket*es ( cl\ds on ! "r h& side4 ,^! texts are giv5 z ,no4 #dgg4 ,! gr\p ( small figures on ,pl4 ,,xxxvii1 to ! left1 seems to be int5d$ = a 'congregatione d'uom9i4' ,see ,no4 #fjh1 #a4 #ai4 #fji4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,deluge4 ,let !re be fir/ repres5t$ ! summit ( a rugg$ m\nta9 ) valleys surr\nd+ its base1 & on its sides let ! surface ( ! soil be se5 to slide1 toge!r ) ! small roots ( ! bu%es1 d5ud+ great portions ( ! surr\nd+ rocks4 ,& desc5d+ ru9\s f ^! precipices 9 its boi/]\s c\rse1 let x da% along & lay b>e ! twi/$ & gn>l$ roots ( l>ge trees ov]?r[+ _! roots upw>ds2 & let ! m\nta9s1 z !y are sc\r$ b>e1 discov] ! pr(\nd fissures made 9 !m by anci5t e>?quakes4 ,! base ( ! m\nta9s may be 9 great "p clo!d & cov]$ ) ru9s ( %rubs1 hurl$ d[n f ! sides ( _! l(ty peaks1 :i* w be mix$ ) mud1 roots1 b\ghs ( trees1 ) all sorts ( leaves ?ru/ 9 ) ! mud & e>? & /ones4 ,& into ! dep? ( "s valley may h fall5 ! fragm5ts ( a m\nta9 =m+ a %ore to ! swoll5 wat]s ( its riv]2 :i*1 hav+ already bur/ its banks1 w ru% on 9 mon/r\s waves2 & ! greate/ w /rike ^u & de/roy ! walls ( ! cities & f>mh\ses 9 ! valley #ad4 ,!n ! ru9s ( ! high build+s 9 ^! cities w ?r[ up a great du/1 ris+ up 9 %ape l smoke or wrea!d cl\ds aga9/ ! fall+ ra92 ,b ! swoll5 wat]s w sweep r\nd ! pool :i* conta9s !m /rik+ 9 eddy+ :irlpools aga9/ ! diff]5t ob/acles1 & leap+ into ! air 9 muddy foam2 !n1 fall+ back1 ! beat5 wat] w aga9 be da%$ into ! air4 ,& ! :irl+ waves :i* fly f ! place ( concussion1 & ^: impetus moves !m across o!r eddies go+ 9 a contr>y direction1 aft] _! recoil w be toss$ up into ! air b )\t da%+ (f f ! surface4 ,:]e ! wat] issues f ! pool ! sp5t waves w be se5 spread+ out t[>ds ! outlet2 & !re fall+ or p\r+ ?r\gh ! air & ga9+ weight & impetus !y w /rike on ! wat] bel[ pi]c+ x & ru%+ furi\sly to rea* its dep?2 f :i* be+ ?r[n back x returns to ! surface ( ! lake1 c>ry+ up ! air t 0 subm]g$ ) x2 & ?is rema9s at ! outlet 9 foam m+l$ ) logs ( wood & o!r matt]s light] ?an wat]4 ,r\nd ^! aga9 are =m$ ! beg9n+s ( waves :i* increase ! m 9 circumf]5ce z !y acquire m movem5t2 & ?is movem5t rises less high 9 proportion z !y acquire a broad] base & ?us !y are less conspicu\s z !y die away4 ,b if ^! waves reb\nd f v>i\s objects !y !n return 9 direct opposition to ! o!rs foll[+ !m1 obs]v+ ! same law ( increase 9 _! curve z !y h already acquir$ 9 ! movem5t !y />t$ )4 ,! ra91 z x falls f ! cl\ds is ( ! same col\r z ^? cl\ds1 t is 9 its %ad$ side2 unless inde$ ! sun's rays %\ld break ?r\gh !m2 9 t case ! ra9 w appe> less d>k ?an ! cl\ds4 ,& if ! heavy masses ( ru9 ( l>ge m\nta9s or ( o!r gr& build+s fall into ! va/ pools ( wat]1 a great quantity w be flung into ! air & its movem5t w be 9 a contr>y direction to t ( ! object :i* /ruck ! wat]2 t is to say3 ,! angle ( reflection w be equal to ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,( ! objects c>ri$ d[n by ! curr5t1 ^? :i* are heavie/ or r l>ge/ 9 mass w keep f>!/ f ! two opposite %ores4 ,! wat] 9 ! eddies revolves m swiftly 9 proportion z x is ne>] to _! c5tre4 ,! cre/s ( ! waves ( ! sea tumble to _! bases fall+ ) friction on ! bubbles ( _! sides2 & ?is friction gr9ds ! fall+ wat] into m9ute p>ticles & ?is be+ conv]t$ into a d5se mi/1 m+les ) ! gale 9 ! mann] ( curl+ smoke & wrea?+ cl\ds1 & at la/ x1 rises into ! air & is conv]t$ into cl\ds4 ,b ! ra9 :i* falls ?r\gh ! atmosph]e be+ driv5 & toss$ by ! w9ds becomes r>] or d5s] accord+ to ! r>ity or d5sity ( ! w9ds t buffet x1 & ?us !re is g5]at$ 9 ! atmosph]e a moi/ure =m$ ( ! transp>5t p>ticles ( ! ra9 :i* is ne> to ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,! waves ( ! sea :i* break on ! slope ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd x1 w foam f ! velocity ) :i* !y fall aga9/ ^! hills2 9 ru%+ back !y w meet ! next wave z x comes & & aft] a l\d noise return 9 a great flood to ! sea :5ce !y came4 ,let great numb]s ( inhabitants--m5 & animals ( all k9ds--be se5 driv5 #ed by ! ris+ ( ! deluge to ! peaks ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s a=esaid4 ,! wave ( ! sea at ,piomb9o is all foam+ wat]4 ,footnote #ee4 #ef3 ,^! two l9es are writt5 bel[ ! bottom sket* on ,pl4 ,,xxxv1 #c4 ,! ,,ms4 ,leic4 be+ writt5 ab\t ! ye> #aeaj or lat]1 x does n seem to me to foll[ t ! sket*es mu/ h be5 made at ,piomb9o1 :]e ,leon>do 0 9 ! ye> #aejb & possibly return$ !re subsequ5tly 7see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,topographical notes74 ,( ! wat] :i* leaps up f ! spot :]e great masses fall on its surface4 ,( ! w9ds ( ,piomb9o at ,piomb9o4 ,eddies ( w9d & ra9 ) b\ghs & %rubs mix$ 9 ! air4 ,empty+ ! boats ( ! ra9 wat]4 ,footnote3 ,! sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxxv #c /& by ! side ( l9es #ad to #ed4 ,( depict+ natural ph5om5a 7#faj4 #faa74 #faj4 ,! trem5d\s fury ( ! w9d driv5 by ! fall+ 9 ( ! hills on ! caves )9--by ! fall+ ( ! hills :i* s]v$ z ro(s to ^! cav]ns4 ,a /one flung ?r\gh ! air leaves on ! eye :i* sees x ! impression ( its motion1 & ! same effect is produc$ by ! drops ( wat] :i* fall f ! cl\ds :5 x #af ra9s4 #ag ,a m\nta9 fall+ on a t[n1 w fl+ up du/ 9 ! =m ( cl\ds2 b ! col\r ( ?is du/ w diff] f t ( ! cl\ds4 ,:]e ! ra9 is ?icke/ let ! col\r ( ! du/ be less conspicu\s & :]e ! du/ is ?icke/ let ! ra9 be less conspicu\s4 ,& :]e ! ra9 is m+l$ ) ! w9d & ) ! du/ ! cl\ds creat$ by ! ra9 mu/ be m transp>5t ?an ^? ( du/ alone4 ,& :5 flames ( fire are m+l$ ) cl\ds ( smoke & wat] v opaque & d>k cl\ds w be =m$ ,footnote #bf-bh3 ,comp>e ,pl4 ,,xl1 #a--! draw+ 9 ,indian ink on ! left h& side1 :i* seems to be a rem9isc5ce ( 8 obs]vations ( an eruption 7see 8 rem>ks on ,m\nt ,etna 9 ,vol ,,ii744 ,& ! re/ ( ?is subject w be treat$ 9 detail 9 ! book on pa9t+4 ,footnote3 ,see ! sket*es & text on ,pl4 ,,xxxviii1 ,no4 #a4 ,l9es #a-af are !re giv5 on ! left h& side1 #ag-cj on ! "r4 ,! f\r l9es at ! bottom on ! "r are giv5 z ,no4 #dgb4 ,above ^! texts1 :i* are writt5 backw>ds1 !re are 9 ! orig9al sixte5 l9es 9 a l>g] writ+ f left to "r1 b only half ( ?is is "h visible4 ,!y treat ( ! physical laws ( motion ( air & wat]4 ,x does n seem to me t !re is any reason = conclud+ t ?is writ+ f left to "r is spuri\s4 ,comp>e ) x ! facsimile ( ! r\gh copy ( ,leon>do's lett] to ,ludovico il ,moro 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #faa4 ,p 7 to be se5 eag]ly emb>k+ victuals on v>i\s k9ds ( ha/ily made b>ks4 ,b little ( ! waves 7 visible 9 ^? places :]e ! d>k cl\ds & ra9 7 reflect$4 ,b :]e ! fla%es caus$ by ! bolts ( heav5 7 reflect$1 !re 7 se5 z _m bright spots1 caus$ by ! image ( ! fla%es1 z !re 7 waves to reflect !m to ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,! numb] ( ! images produc$ by ! fla% ( lightn+ on ! waves ( ! wat] 7 multipli$ 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! spectator's eye4 ,s also ! numb] ( ! images 0 dim9i%$ 9 proportion z !y 7 ne>] ! eye :i* saw !m ,footnote #bb4 #bc3 ,com'e provato4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,nos4 #hgd-hgh & #hib-ija1 z x has be5 prov$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! lum9osity ( ! moon1 & ( our m>9e horizon :5 ! sun's rays are reflect$ 9 x & ! eye :i* receives ! reflection is remote f ! sea4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,arti/',s ,,mat]ials4 ,( *alk & pap] 7#fab--fag74 #fab4 ,to make po9ts crayons = col\r+ dry4 ,temp] ) a little wax & d n dry x2 :i* wax y mu/ dissolve ) wat]3 s t :5 ! :ite lead is ?us temp]$1 ! wat] be+ di/ill$1 may g (f 9 vap\r & ! wax may rema92 y w ?us make good crayons2 b y mu/ "k t ! col\rs mu/ be gr\nd ) a hot /one4 #fac4 ,*alk dissolves 9 w9e & 9 v9eg> or 9 aqua =tis & c be recomb9$ ) gum4 #fad4 ,,pap] ,,= ,,draw+ ,,^u ,,9 ,,black ,,by ,,! ,,aid ,,( ,,y\r ,,spittle4 ,take p[d]$ gall nuts & vitriol1 p[d] !m & spread !m on pap] l a v>ni%1 !n write on x ) a p5 wett$ ) spittle & x w turn z black z ink4 #fae4 ,if y want to make =e%ort5$ lett]s /ret* ! pap] 9 a draw+ frame & !n draw y\r lett]s & cut !m out1 & make ! sunbeams pass ?r\gh ! holes on to ano!r /ret*$ pap]1 & !n fill up ! angles t are want+4 #faf4 ,?is pap] %\ld be pa9t$ ov] ) c&le soot temp]$ ) ?9 glue1 !n sme> ! leaf ?9ly ) :ite lead 9 oil z is done to ! lett]s 9 pr9t+1 & !n pr9t 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,?us ! leaf w appe> %ad$ 9 ! holl[s & light$ on ! p>ts 9 relief2 :i* h[ev] comes out "h j ! contr>y4 ,footnote3 ,?is text1 :i* accompanies a facsimile impression ( a leaf ( sage1 has already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,saggio delle ,op]e di ,l4 da ,v9ci1 ,milano #ahgb1 p4 #aa4 ,g4 ,,govi obs]ves on ?is passage3 ,=se aveva egli p5sato ancora a f>si un erb>io1 od alm5o a riprodurre facilm5te su c>ta le =me e i p>ticol>i delle foglie di div]se piante2 poi*e 7modific&o un metodo *e probabilm5te gli eia /ato insegnato da altri1 e *e piu t>di si legge ripetuto 9 molti ricett>ii e libri di segreti71 accanto a una foglia di ,salvia impressa 9 n]o su c>ta bianca1 lascio scritto3 ,que/a c>ta 444 ,erano i primi t5tativi di quella riproduzione imm$iata delle p>ti vegetali1 *e poi sotto il nome d',impressione ,naturale1 fu condotta a tanta p]fezione 9 que/i ultimi tempi dal signor de ,hau] e da altri4 #fag4 ,v excell5t w be a /iff :ite pap]1 made ( ! usual mixture & filt]$ milk ( an h]b call$ calves foot2 & :5 ?is pap] is prep>$ & damp$ & fold$ & wrapp$ up x may be mix$ ) ! mixture & ?us left to dry2 b if y break x be=e x is moi/5$ x becomes some:at l ! ?9 pa/e call$ lasagne & y may !n damp x & wrap x up & put x 9 ! mixture & leave x to dry2 or aga9 ?is pap] may be cov]$ ) /iff transp>5t :ite & s>donio & !n damp$ s t x may n =m angles & !n cov]$ up ) /rong transp>5t size & z soon z x is firm cut x two f+]s1 & leave x to dry2 aga9 y may make /iff c>dbo>d ( s>donio & dry x & !n place x betwe5 two %eets ( papyrus & break x inside ) a wood5 mallet ) a h&le & !n op5 x ) c>e hold+ ! l[] %eet ( pap] flat & firm s t ! brok5 pieces be n sep>at$2 !n h a %eet ( pap] cov]$ ) hot glue & apply x on ! top ( all ^! pieces & let !m /ick fa/2 !n turn x upside d[n & apply transp>5t size sev]al times 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! pieces1 ea* "t p\r+ 9 fir/ "s black & !n "s /iff :ite & ea* "t leav+ x to dry2 !n smoo? x & poli% x4 ,on ! prep>ation & use ( col\rs 7#fah-fbg74 #fah4 ,to make a f9e gre5 take gre5 & mix x ) bitum5 & y w make ! %ad[s d>k]4 ,!n1 = light] %ades gre5 ) yell[ o*re1 & = /ill light] gre5 ) yell[1 & = ! high lights pure yell[2 !n mix gre5 & turm]ic toge!r & glaze e ?+ ) x4 ,to make a f9e r$ take c9nab> or r$ *alk or burnt o*re = ! d>k %ad[s & = ! light] ones r$ *alk & v]milion & = ! lights pure v]milion & !n glaze ) f9e lake4 ,to make good oil = pa9t+4 ,"o "p ( oil1 "o ( ! fir/ ref9+ & "o ( ! second4 #fai4 ,use black 9 ! %ad[1 & 9 ! lights :ite1 yell[1 gre51 v]milion & lake4 ,m$ium %ad[s2 take ! %ad[ z above & mix x ) ! fle% t9ts j allud$ to1 add+ to x a little yell[ & a little gre5 & occasionally "s lake2 = ! %ad[s take gre5 & lake = ! middle %ades4 ,footnote #fah & #fai3 ,if we may judge f ! fl\ri%es ) :i* ! writ+ is ornam5t$ ^! passages mu/ h be5 writt5 9 ,leon>do's y\?4 #fbj4 ,y c make a f9e o*re by ! same me?od z y use to make :ite4 #fba4 ,a ,,f9e ,,yell[4 ,dissolve realg> ) "o "p ( orpim5t1 ) aqua =tis4 ,,:ite4 ,put ! :ite into an e>!n pot1 & lay x no ?ick] ?an a /r+1 & let x /& 9 ! sun undi/urb$ = #b days2 & 9 ! morn+ :5 ! sun has dri$ (f ! night dews4 #fbb4 ,to make r$di% black = fle% t9ts take r$ rock cry/als f ,rocca ,nova or g>nets & mix !m a little2 aga9 arm5ian bole is good 9 "p4 #fbc4 ,! %ad[ w be burnt 1t]ra-v]te'4 #fbd4 ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,col\rs4 ,if "o ounce ( black mix$ ) "o ounce ( :ite gives a c]ta9 %ade ( d>kness1 :at %ade ( d>kness w be produc$ by #b ounces ( black to #a ounce ( :ite8 #fbe4 ,remix black1 gre5i% yell[ & at ! end blue4 #fbf4 ,v]digris ) aloes1 or gall or turm]ic makes a f9e gre5 & s x does ) saffron or burnt orpim5t2 b ,i d\bt :e!r 9 a %ort "t !y w n turn black4 ,ultram>9e blue & glass yell[ mix$ toge!r make a beautiful gre5 = fresco1 t is wall-pa9t+4 ,lac & v]digris make a good %ad[ = blue 9 oil pa9t+4 #fbg4 ,gr9d v]digris _m times col\r$ ) lemon juice & keep x away f yell[ 7874 ,( prep>+ ! panel4 #fbh4 ,,to ,,prep>e ,a ,,panel ,,= ,,pa9t+ ,,on4 ,! panel %\ld be cypress or pe> or s]vice-tree or walnut4 ,y mu/ coat x ov] ) ma/ic & turp5t9e twice di/ill$ & :ite or1 if y l1 lime1 & put x 9 a frame s t x may exp& & %r9k accord+ to its moi/ure & dryness4 ,!n give x a coat ( aqua vitae 9 :i* y h dissolv$ ars5ic or corrosive sublimate1 #b or #c times4 ,!n apply boil$ l9se$ oil 9 su* a way z t x may p5etrate e "p1 & be=e x is cold rub x well ) a clo? to dry x4 ,ov] ?is apply liquid v>ni% & :ite ) a /ick1 !n wa% x ) ur9e :5 x is dry1 & dry x aga94 ,!n p\nce & outl9e y\r draw+ f9ely & ov] x lay a prim+ ( #cj p>ts ( v]digris ) "o ( v]digris ) two ( yell[4 ,footnote3 ,m4 ,,ravaisson',s read+ v>ies f m9e 9 ! foll[+ passages3 #a4op]o allor 8 bo alloro8 ou bi5 de lauri]4 #f4 fregalo b5e con un panno4 ,he reads pane = panno & r5d]s x4 ,frotte le bi5 avec un pa9 de facon jusqu'a ce qu'il etc4 #g4 colla /ecca po laua4 ,he reads polacca avec le c\teau de bois 8 polonais 84 ,! prep>ation ( oils 7#fbi--fcd74 #fbi4 ,,oil4 ,make "s oil ( mu/>d se$2 & if y wi% to make x ) great] ease mix ! gr\nd se$s ) l9se$ oil & put x all "u ! press4 #fcj4 ,,to ,,remove ,,! ,,smell ,,( ,,oil4 ,take ! rank oil & put t5 p9ts into a j> & make a m>k on ! j> at ! height ( ! oil2 !n add to x a p9t ( v9eg> & make x boil till ! oil has sunk to ! level ( ! m>k & ?us y w be c]ta9 t ! oil is return$ to its orig9al quantity & ! v9eg> w h gone (f 9 vap\r1 c>ry+ ) x ! evil smell2 & ,i believe y may d ! same ) nut oil or any o!r oil t smells badly4 #fca4 ,s9ce walnuts are envelop$ 9 a ?9 r9d1 :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( 4441 if y d n remove x :5 y make ! oil f !m1 ?is sk9 t+es ! oil1 & :5 y "w ) x ?is sk9 sep>ates f ! oil & rises to ! surface ( ! pa9t+1 & ?is is :at makes x *ange4 #fcb4 ,,to ,,re/ore ,,oil ,,col\rs ,,t ,,h ,,become ,,dry4 ,if y want to re/ore oil col\rs t h become dry keep !m soak+ 9 s(t soap = a night &1 ) y\r f+]1 mix !m up ) ! s(t soap2 !n p\r !m into a cup & wa% !m ) wat]1 & 9 ?is way y c re/ore col\rs t h got dry4 ,b take c>e t ea* col\r has its own vessel to itself add+ ! col\r by degrees z y re/ore x & m9d t !y are ?or\ghly s(t5$1 & :5 y wi% to use !m = temp]a wa% !m five & six times ) spr+ wat]1 & leave !m to settle2 if ! s(t soap %\ld be ?ick ) any ( ! col\rs pass x ?r\gh a filt]4 ,footnote3 ,! same rem>k applies to ^! sections z to ,no4 #fah & #fai4 #fcc4 ,,oil4 ,mu/>d se$ p\nd$ ) l9se$ oil4 #fcd4 444 outside ! b[l #b f+]s l[] ?an ! level ( ! oil1 & pass x into ! neck ( a bottle & let x /& & ?us all ! oil w sep>ate f ?is milky liquid2 x w ent] ! bottle & be z cle> z cry/al2 & gr9d y\r col\rs ) ?is1 & e co>se or viscid "p w rema9 9 ! liquid4 ,y mu/ "k t all ! oils t h be5 creat$ 9 seads or fruits are q cle> by nature1 & ! yell[ col\r y see 9 !m only comes ( y\r n kn[+ h[ to draw x out4 ,fire or heat by its nature has ! p[] to make !m acquire col\r4 ,see = example ! exudation or gums ( trees :i* p>take ( ! nature ( ros92 9 a %ort "t !y h>d5 because !re is m heat 9 !m ?an 9 oil2 & aft] "s "t !y acquire a c]ta9 yell[ hue t5d+ to black4 ,b oil1 n hav+ s mu* heat does n d s2 al?\gh x h>d5s to "s ext5t into s$im5t x becomes f9]4 ,! *ange 9 oil :i* occurs 9 pa9t+ proce$s f a c]ta9 fungus ( ! nature ( a husk :i* exi/s 9 ! sk9 :i* cov]s ! nut1 & ?is be+ cru%$ along ) ! nuts & be+ ( a nature mu* resembl+ oil mixes ) x2 x is ( s subtle a nature t x comb9es ) all col\rs & !n comes to ! surface1 & ?is x is :i* makes !m *ange4 ,& if y want ! oil to be good & n to ?ick51 put into x a little camphor melt$ ov] a sl[ fire & mix x well ) ! oil & x w nev] h>d54 ,footnote3 ,! same rem>k applies to ^! sections z to ,no4 #fah & #fai4 ,on v>ni%es or p[d]s 7#fce-fcg74 #fce4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,take cypress oil & di/il x & h a l>ge pit*]1 & put 9 ! extract ) s mu* wat] z may make x appe> l amb]1 & cov] x tightly s t none may evaporate4 ,& :5 x is dissolv$ y may add 9 y\r pit*] z mu* ( ! said solution1 z %all make x liquid to y\r ta/e4 ,& y mu/ "k t amb] is ! gum ( ! cypress-tree4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,& s9ce v>ni% p[d] is ! res9 ( junip]1 if y di/il junip] y c dissolve ! said v>ni% p[d] 9 ! ess5ce1 z expla9$ above4 #fcf4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,not* a junip] tree & give x wat] at ! roots1 mix ! liquor :i* exudes ) nut-oil & y w h a p]fect v>ni% p[d]1 made l amb] v>ni% p[d]1 f9e & ( ! be/ quality make x 9 ,may or ,april4 #fcg4 ,,v>ni% ,,or ,,p[d]4 ,m]cury ) ,jupit] & ,v5us1--a pa/e made ( ^! mu/ be correct$ by ! m\ld 787 cont9u\sly1 until ,m]cury sep>ates itself entirely f ,jupit] & ,v5us4 ,footnote3 ,"h1 & 9 ,no4 #fda ,m]curio seems to mean quicksilv]1 ,giove /&s = iron1 ,v5]e = copp] & ,saturno = lead4 ,on *emical mat]ials 7#fch-fej74 #fch4 ,note h[ aqua vitae absorbs into itself all ! col\rs & smells ( fl[]s4 ,if y want to make blue put iris fl[]s into x & = r$ solanum b]ries 787 #fci4 ,salt may be made f human excrem5t burnt & calc9$ & made into lees1 & dri$ by a sl[ fire1 & all dung 9 l mann] yields salt1 & ^! salts :5 di/ill$ are v pung5t4 #fdj4 ,sea wat] filt]$ ?r\gh mud or clay1 leaves all its saltness 9 x4 ,wooll5 /uffs plac$ on bo>d %ip absorb fre% wat]4 ,if sea wat] is di/ill$ "u a retort x becomes ( ! fir/ excell5ce & any "o :o has a little /ove 9 8 kit*5 c1 ) ! same wood z he cooks )1 di/il a great quantity ( wat] if ! retort is a l>ge "o4 #fda4 ,,m\ld7874 ,! m\ld 787 may be ( ,v5us1 or ( ,jupit] & ,saturn & plac$ frequ5tly 9 ! fire4 ,& x %\ld be work$ ) f9e em]y & ! m\ld 787 %\ld be ( ,v5us & ,jupit] impa/$ ov] 787 ,v5us4 ,b fir/ y w te/ ,v5us & ,m]cury mix$ ) ,jove1 & take means to cause ,m]cury to disp]se2 & !n fold !m well toge!r s t ,v5us or ,jupit] be connect$ z ?9ly z possible4 ,footnote3 ,see ! note to #fcg4 #fdb4 ,nitre1 vitriol1 c9nab>1 alum1 salt ammoniac1 sublimat$ m]cury1 rock salt1 alcali salt1 common salt1 rock alum1 alum s*i/ 7871 ars5ic1 sublimate1 realg>1 t>t>1 orpim5t1 v]degris4 #fdc4 ,pit* f\r ounces virg9 wax1 f\r ounces inc5se1 two ounces oil ( roses "o ounce4 #fdd4 ,f\r ounces virg9 wax1 f\r ounces ,greek pit*1 two ounces inc5se1 "o ounce oil ( roses1 fir/ melt ! wax & oil !n ! ,greek pit* !n ! o!r ?+s 9 p[d]4 #fde4 ,v ?9 glass may be cut ) scissors & :5 plac$ ov] inlaid "w ( bone1 gilt1 or /a9$ ( o!r col\rs y c saw x ?r\gh toge!r ) ! bone & !n put x toge!r & x w reta9 a lu/re t w n be scrat*$ nor worn away by rubb+ ) ! h&4 #fdf4 ,,to ,,dilute ,,:ite ,,w9e ,,& ,,make ,,x ,,purple4 ,p[d] gall nuts & let ?is /& #h days 9 ! :ite w9e2 & 9 ! same way dissolve vitriol 9 wat]1 & let ! wat] /& & settle v cle>1 & ! w9e likewise1 ea* by itself1 & /ra9 !m well2 & :5 y dilute ! :ite w9e ) ! wat] ! w9e w become r$4 #fdg4 ,put m>casite into aqua =tis & if x turns gre51 "k t x has copp] 9 x4 ,take x out ) saltpetre & s(t soap4 #fdh4 ,a :ite horse may h ! spots remov$ ) ! ,spani% haematite or ) aqua =tis or ) 444 ,removes ! black hair on a :ite horse ) ! s+e+ iron4 ,=ce him to ! gr\nd4 #fdi4 ,,fire4 ,if y want to make a fire :i* w set a hall 9 a blaze )\t injury d ?is3 fir/ p]fume ! hall ) a d5se smoke ( inc5se or "s o!r odorif]\s sub/ance3 ,x is a good trick to play4 ,or boil t5 p\nds ( br&y to evaporate1 b see t ! hall is completely clos$ & ?r[ up "s p[d]$ v>ni% among ! fumes & ?is p[d] w be support$ by ! smoke2 !n g into ! room sudd5ly ) a light$ tor* & at once x w be 9 a blaze4 #fej4 ,,fire4 ,take away t yell[ surface :i* cov]s oranges & di/ill !m 9 an alembic1 until ! di/illation may be said to be p]fect4 ,,fire4 ,close a room tightly & h a brasi] ( brass or iron ) fire 9 x & spr9kle on x two p9ts ( aqua vitae1 a little at a "t1 s t x may be conv]t$ into smoke4 ,!n make "s "o come 9 ) a light & sudd5ly y w see ! room 9 a blaze l a fla% ( lightn+1 & x w d no h>m to any "o4 ,,vii4 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,! relation ( art & nature 7#fea4 #feb74 #fea4 ,:at is fair 9 m51 passes away1 b n s 9 art4 #feb4 ,,he ,,:o ,,despises ,,pa9t+ ,,loves ,,nei!r ,,philosophy ,,nor ,,nature4 ,if y condemn pa9t+1 :i* is ! only imitator ( all visible works ( nature1 y w c]ta9ly despise a subtle inv5tion :i* br+s philosophy & subtle speculation to ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( all =ms--seas & pla9s1 trees1 animals1 plants & fl[]s--:i* are surr\nd$ by %ade & light4 ,& ?is is true k & ! legitimate issue ( nature2 = pa9t+ is born ( nature--or1 to speak m correctly1 we w say x is ! gr&*ild ( nature2 = all visible ?+s are produc$ by nature1 & ^! h] *ildr5 h giv5 bir? to pa9t+4 ,h5ce we may ju/ly call x ! gr&*ild ( nature & relat$ to ,god4 ,pa9t+ is sup]ior to poetry 7#fec4 #fed74 #fec4 ,,t ,,pa9t+ ,,surpasses ,,all ,,human ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,subtle ,,consid]ations ,,belong+ ,,to ,,x4 ,! eye1 :i* is call$ ! w9d[ ( ! s\l1 is ! pr9cipal means by :i* ! c5tral s5se c mo/ completely & abundantly appreciate ! inf9ite works ( nature2 & ! e> is ! second1 :i* acquires dignity by he>+ ( ! ?+s ! eye has se54 ,if y1 hi/orians1 or poets1 or ma!maticians _h n se5 ?+s ) y\r eyes y c\ld n report ( !m 9 writ+4 ,& if y1 #j poet1 tell a /ory ) y\r p51 ! pa9t] ) 8 bru% c tell x m easily1 ) simpl] complet5ess & less t$i\s to be und]/ood4 ,& if y call pa9t+ dumb poetry1 ! pa9t] may call poetry bl9d pa9t+4 ,n[ :i* is ! worse defect8 to be bl9d or dumb8 ,?\gh ! poet is z free z ! pa9t] 9 ! inv5tion ( 8 fictions !y are n s satisfactory to m5 z pa9t+s2 =1 ?\gh poetry is able to describe =ms1 actions & places 9 words1 ! pa9t] deals ) ! actual similitude ( ! =ms1 9 ord] to repres5t !m4 ,n[ tell me :i* is ! ne>] to ! actual man3 ! "n ( man or ! image ( ! man4 ,! "n ( man diff]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b 8 =m is nev] *ang$ b by dea?4 #fed4 ,& if ! poet gratifies ! s5se by means ( ! e>1 ! pa9t] does s by ! eye--! wor?i] s5se2 b ,i w say no m ( ?is b t1 if a good pa9t] repres5ts ! fury ( a battle1 & if a poet describes "o1 & !y are bo? toge!r put be=e ! public1 y w see :]e mo/ ( ! spectators w /op1 to :i* !y w pay mo/ att5tion1 on :i* !y w be/[ mo/ praise1 & :i* w satisfy !m be/4 ,und\bt$ly pa9t+ be+ by a long way ! m intelligible & beautiful1 w please mo/4 ,write up ! "n ( ,god ,*ri/ 9 "s spot & setup ,8 image opposite & y w see :i* w be mo/ rev]5c$4 ,pa9t+ compreh5ds 9 itself all ! =ms ( nature1 :ile y h no?+ b words1 :i* are n univ]sal z =m is1 & if y h ! effects ( ! repres5tation1 we h ! repres5tation ( ! effects4 ,take a poet :o describes ! beauty ( a lady to h] lov] & a pa9t] :o repres5ts h] & y w see to :i* nature guides ! enam\r$ critic4 ,c]ta9ly ! pro( %\ld be all[$ to re/ on ! v]dict ( exp]i5ce4 ,y h rank$ pa9t+ among ! me*anical arts b1 9 tru?1 if pa9t]s 7 z apt at prais+ _! own works 9 writ+ z y are1 x w\ld n lie "u ! /igma ( s base a "n4 ,if y call x me*anical because x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 manual1 & t x is ! h& :i* produces :at is to be f\nd 9 ! imag9ation1 y too writ]s1 :o set d[n manually ) ! p5 :at is devis$ 9 y\r m9d4 ,& if y say x is me*anical because x is done = money1 :o falls into ?is error--if error x c be call$--m ?an y8 ,if y lecture 9 ! s*ools d y n g to :oev] pays y mo/8 ,d y d any "w )\t pay8 ,/ill1 ,i d n say ?is z blam+ su* views1 = e =m ( lab\r looks = its rew>d4 ,& if a poet %\ld say3 ,i w inv5t a fiction ) a great purpose1 ! pa9t] c d ! same1 z ,apelles pa9t$ ,calumny4 ,if y 7 to say t poetry is m et]nal1 ,i say ! works ( a copp]smi? are m et]nal /ill1 = "t pres]ves !m long] ?an y\r works or ours2 nev]!less !y h n mu* imag9ation #bi4 ,& a picture1 if pa9t$ on copp] ) enamel col\rs may be yet m p]man5t4 ,we1 by our arts may be call$ ! gr&sons ( ,god4 ,if poetry deals ) moral philosophy1 pa9t+ deals ) natural philosophy4 ,poetry describes ! action ( ! m9d1 pa9t+ consid]s :at ! m9d may effect by ! motions ( ! body4 ,if poetry c t]rify p by hide\s fictions1 pa9t+ c d z mu* by depict+ ! same ?+s 9 action4 ,suppos+ t a poet applies himself to repres5t beauty1 f]ocity1 or a base1 a f\l or a mon/r\s ?+1 z aga9/ a pa9t]1 he may 9 8 ways br+ =? a v>iety ( =ms2 b w ! pa9t] n satisfy m8 are !re n pictures to be se51 s l ! actual ?+s1 t !y deceive m5 & animals8 ,pa9t+ is sup]ior to sculpture 7#fee4 #fef74 #fee4 ,,t ,,sculpture ,,is ,,less ,,intellectual ,,?an ,,pa9t+1 ,,& ,,lacks ,,_m ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,nature4 ,i myself1 hav+ ex]cis$ myself no less 9 sculpture ?an 9 pa9t+ & do+ bo? "o & ! o!r 9 ! same degree1 x seems to me t ,i c1 )\t invidi\sness1 pron\nce an op9ion z to :i* ( ! two is ( ! greate/ m]it & difficulty & p]fection4 ,9 ! fir/ place sculpture requires a c]ta9 light1 t is f above1 a picture c>ries ev]y:]e ) x its own light & %ade4 ,?us sculpture owes its importance to light & %ade1 & ! sculptor is aid$ 9 ?is by ! nature1 ( ! relief :i* is inh]5t 9 x1 :ile ! pa9t] ^: art expresses ! accid5tal aspects ( nature1 places 8 effects 9 ! spots :]e nature mu/ necess>ily produce !m4 ,! sculptor _c div]sify 8 "w by ! v>i\s natural col\rs ( objects2 pa9t+ is n defective 9 any p>ticul>4 ,! sculptor :5 he uses p]spective _c make x 9 any way appe> true2 t ( ! pa9t] c appe> l a hundr$ miles beyond ! picture itself4 ,_! works h no a]ial p]spective :atev]1 !y _c repres5t transp>5t bodies1 !y _c repres5t lum9\s bodies1 nor reflect$ lights1 nor lu/r\s bodies--z mirrors & ! l poli%$ surfaces1 nor mi/s1 nor d>k skies1 nor an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s :i* ne$ n be told = fe> ( t$ium4 ,z reg>ds ! p[] ( resi/+ "t1 ?\gh !y h ?is resi/ance ,footnote #ai3 ,f :at is "h said z to pa9t+ on copp] x is v evid5t t ,leon>do 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( pa9t+ 9 oil on ?9 copp] plates1 introduc$ by ! ,flemi% pa9t]s ( ! ,x,v,i,ith c5tury4 ,j4 ,,l]molieff has already po9t$ out t 9 ! v>i\s collections conta9+ pictures by ! great ma/]s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ^? pa9t$ on copp] 7= in/ance ! fam\s read+ ,magdal5 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y7 are ! works ( a mu* lat] date 7see ,zeits*rift fur bild5de ,kun/4 ,vol4 ,x pg4 #ccc1 &3 ,w]ke itali5is*] ,ma/] 9 d5 ,gal]i5 von ,mun*51 ,dresd5 und ,b]l94 ,leipzig #ahhj1 pg4 #aeh & #aei47--;,comp>e ,no4 #fed1 #bi41 a picture pa9t$ on ?ick copp] cov]$ ) :ite enamel on :i* x is pa9t$ ) enamel col\rs & !n put into ! fire aga9 & bak$1 f> exce$s sculpture 9 p]man5ce4 ,x may be said t if a mi/ake is made x is n easy to rem$y x2 x is b a poor argum5t to try to prove t a "w be ! nobl] because ov]sights are irrem$iable2 ,i %\ld r say t x w be m difficult to improve ! m9d ( ! ma/] :o makes su* mi/akes ?an to repair ! "w he has spoilt4 #fef4 ,we "k v well t a really exp]i5c$ & good pa9t] w n make su* mi/akes2 on ! contr>y1 ) s\nd rules he w remove s little at a "t t he w br+ 8 "w to a good issue4 ,aga9 ! sculptor if work+ 9 clay or wax1 c add or r$uce1 & :5 8 model is f9i%$ x c easily be ca/ 9 bronze1 & ?is is ! la/ op]ation & is ! mo/ p]man5t =m ( sculpture4 ,inasmu* z t :i* is m]ely ( m>ble is liable to ru91 b n bronze4 ,h5ce a pa9t+ done on copp] :i* z ,i said ( pa9t+ may be add$ to or alt]$1 resembles sculpture 9 bronze1 :i*1 hav+ fir/ be5 made 9 wax c\ld !n be alt]$ or add$ to2 & if sculpture 9 bronze is durable1 ?is "w 9 copp] & enamel is absolutely imp]i%able4 ,bronze is b d>k & r\gh aft] all1 b ?is latt] is cov]$ ) v>i\s & lovely col\rs 9 inf9ite v>iety1 z has be5 said above2 or if y w h me only speak ( pa9t+ on panel1 ,i am cont5t to pron\nce betwe5 x & sculpture2 say+ t pa9t+ is ! m beautiful & ! m imag9ative & ! m copi\s1 :ile sculpture is ! m durable b x has no?+ else4 ,sculpture %[s ) little lab\r :at 9 pa9t+ appe>s a miracul\s ?+ to d2 to make :at is impalpable appe> palpable1 flat objects appe> 9 relief1 di/ant objects seem close4 ,9 fact pa9t+ is adorn$ ) inf9ite possibilities :i* sculpture _c comm&4 ,aphorisms 7#feg-fei74 #feg4 ,,( ,,pa9t+4 ,m5 & words are ready made1 & y1 ,o ,pa9t]1 if y d n "k h[ to make y\r figures move1 are l an orator :o kn[s n h[ to use 8 words4 #feh4 ,z soon z ! poet ceases to repres5t 9 words :at exi/s 9 nature1 he 9 fact ceases to resemble ! pa9t]2 = if ! poet1 leav+ su* repres5tation1 proce$s to describe ! fl[]y & flatt]+ spee* ( ! figure1 :i* he wi%es to make ! speak]1 he !n is an orator & no long] a poet nor a pa9t]4 ,& if he speaks ( ! heav5s he becomes an a/rolog]1 & philosoph]2 & a !ologian1 if he disc\rses ( nature or ,god4 ,b1 if he re/ricts himself to ! description ( objects1 he w\ld ent] ! li/s aga9/ ! pa9t]1 if ) words he c\ld satisfy ! eye z ! pa9t] does4 #fei4 ,?\gh y may be able to tell or write ! exact description ( =ms1 ! pa9t] c s depict !m t !y w appe> alive1 ) ! %ad[ & light :i* %[ ! expression ( a face2 :i* y _c accompli% ) ! p5 ?\gh x c be a*iev$ by ! bru%4 ,on ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ 7#ffj4 #ffa74 #ffj4 ,,t ,,pa9t+ ,,decl9es ,,& ,,det]iorates ,,f ,,age ,,to ,,age1 ,,:5 ,,pa9t]s ,,h ,,no ,,o!r ,,/&>d ,,?an ,,pa9t+ ,,already ,,done4 ,h5ce ! pa9t] w produce pictures ( small m]it if he takes = 8 /&>d ! pictures ( o!rs4 ,b if he w /udy f natural objects he w be> good fruit2 z 0 se5 9 ! pa9t]s aft] ! ,romans :o always imitat$ ea* o!r & s _! art con/antly decl9$ f age to age4 ,aft] ^! came ,giotto ! ,flor5t9e :o--n cont5t ) imitat+ ! works ( ,cimabue 8 ma/]--be+ born 9 ! m\nta9s & 9 a solitude inhabit$ only by goats & su* bea/s1 & be+ guid$ by nature to 8 art1 began by draw+ on ! rocks ! movem5ts ( ! goats ( :i* he 0 keep]4 ,& ?us he began to draw all ! animals :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 su* wise t aft] mu* /udy he excell$ n only all ! ma/]s ( 8 "t b all ^? ( _m bygone ages4 ,aft]w>ds ?is art decl9$ aga91 because ev]yone imitat$ ! pictures t 7 already done2 ?us x w5t on f c5tury to c5tury until ,tomaso1 ( ,flor5ce1 nicknam$ ,masaccio1 %[$ by 8 p]fect works h[ ^? :o take = _! /&>d any "o b nature--! mi/ress ( all ma/]s--we>y !mselves 9 va94 ,&1 ,i w\ld say ab\t ^! ma!matical /udies t ^? :o only /udy ! au?orities & n ! works ( nature are desc5dants b n sons ( nature ! mi/ress ( all good au?ors4 ,oh6 h[ great is ! folly ( ^? :o blame ^? :o le>n f nature ,footnote #bb3 lasci&o />e li autori4 ,9 ?is obs]vation we may detect an indirect evid5ce t ,leon>do reg>d$ 8 k ( natural hi/ory z d]iv$ f 8 own inve/igations1 z well z 8 !ories ( p]spective & optics4 ,comp>e :at he says 9 praise ( exp]i5ce 7,vol ,,ii2 ,,xix741 sett+ aside ^? au?orities :o !mselves 7 ! disciples ( nature4 #ffa4 ,t ! fir/ draw+ 0 a simple l9e drawn r\nd ! %ad[ ( a man ca/ by ! sun on a wall4 ,! pa9t]'s scope4 #ffb4 ,! pa9t] /rives & competes ) nature4 ,x4 ,/udies & ,sket*es = ,pictures & ,decorations4 ,an arti/'s manuscript notes c h>dly be expect$ to conta9 any ?+ m ?an incid5tal ref]5ces to ^? ma/]pieces ( 8 "w ( :i* ! fame1 s\nd$ 9 ! writ+s ( 8 contempor>ies1 has left a glori\s e*o to po/]ity4 ,we ne$ n !re=e be surpris$ to f9d t ! texts "h reproduc$ d n af=d u su* compreh5sive in=mation z we c\ld wi%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sket*es & /udies prep>$ by ,leon>do = ! two gr&e/ compositions he ev] execut$3 ,! ,fresco ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 ! ,refectory ( ,santa ,m>ia delle ,grazie at ,milan1 & ! ,c>toon ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i1 = ! ,palazzo della ,signoria at ,flor5ce--h be5 pres]v$2 &1 ?\gh f> f complete1 are s mu* m num]\s ?an ! manuscript notes1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t 9 value & int]e/ !y amply comp5sate = ! meag]ness ( ! writt5 sugge/ions4 ,! notes = ! composition ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 :i* are giv5 "u nos4 #ffe & #fff occur 9 a ,,ms4 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,,ii#b1 writt5 9 ! ye>s #adid-adie4 ,?is ,,ms4 sket* 0 not$ d[n n m ?an ?ree or f\r ye>s be=e ! pa9t+ 0 execut$1 :i* ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t at ! "t :5 x 0 writt5 ! pa9t] _h n made up 8 m9d def9itely ev5 z to ! g5]al s*eme ( ! "w2 & f ?is we may also conclude t ! draw+s ( apo/les' heads at ,w9dsor1 9 r$ *alk1 mu/ be ascrib$ to a lat] date4 ,!y are /udies = ! head ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 ! f\r? figure on ,*ri/'s left h&--see ,pl4 ,,xl ,,vii1 ! sket* 79 black *alk7 = ! head ( ,/4 ,philip1 ! ?ird figure on ! left h&--see ,pl4 ,,xl ,,viii1 = ,/4 ,pet]'s "r arm--see ,pl4 ,,xlix1 & = ! expressive head ( ,judas :i* has un=tunately some:at suff]$ by subsequ5t re/oration ( outl9es1--see ,pl4 ,l4 ,accord+ to a tradition1 z unf\nd$ z x is improbable1 ,leon>do made use ( ! head ( ,padre ,b&elli1 ! prior ( ! conv5t1 z ! prototype ( 8 ,judas2 ?is h[ev] has already be5 contradict$ by ,amoretti ,memorie /ori*e cap4 ,,xiv4 ,! /udy ( ! head ( a crim9al on ,pl4 ,,li has1 x seems to me1 a bett] claim to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! prep>atory sket*es = ! head ( ,judas4 ,! ,w9dsor collection conta9s two old copies ( ! head ( ,/4 ,simon1 ! figure to ! extreme left ( ,*ri/1 bo? ( ab\t equal m]it 7!y are m>k$ z ,nos4 #ba & #cf7--! second 0 reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,viii ( ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publication 9 #ahgh4 ,!re is also at ,w9dsor a draw+ 9 black *alk ( fold$ h&s 7m>k$ ) ! old ,no4 #bab2 ,no4 ,,lxi ( ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publication7 :i* ,i believe to be a copy ( ! h&s ( ,/4 ,john1 by "s unkn[n pupil4 ,a reproduction ( ! excell5t draw+s ( heads ( ,apo/les 9 ! possession ( ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ! ,gr& ,du*ess ( ,weim> w\ld h be5 out ( my prov9ce 9 ?is "w1 &1 ) reg>d to !m1 ,i mu/ conf9e myself to po9t+ out t ! diff]5ce 9 /yle does n all[ ( our plac+ ! ,weim> draw+s 9 ! same category z ^? "h reproduc$4 ,! mode ( gr\p+ 9 ! ,weim> draw+s is ( itself suffici5t to indicate t !y 7 n execut$ be=e ! picture 0 pa9t$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 aft]w>ds1 & x is1 on ! face ( x1 incr$ible t s great a ma/] %\ld ?us h copi$ f 8 own "w4 ,! draw+ ( ,*ri/'s head1 9 ! ,br]a palace at ,milan 0 p]haps orig9ally ! "w ( ,leon>do's h&2 x has un=tunately be5 entirely ret\*$ & re-drawn1 s t no decisive op9ion c be =m$ z to its g5u95ess4 ,! r$ *alk draw+ reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,xlvi is 9 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice2 x 0 probably made be=e ! text1 ,nos4 #ffd & #ffe1 0 writt54 ,! two p5 & ink sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xlv seem to belong to an ev5 e>li] date2 ! m f9i%$ draw+ ( ! two1 on ! "r h&1 repres5ts ,*ri/ ) only ,/4 ,john & ,judas & a ?ird disciple ^: action is precisely t describ$ 9 ,no4 #fff1 ,pl4 #d4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ! o!r sket*es on ?is page & ! l9es ( text bel[ ! circle 7conta9+ ! solution ( a geometrical problem7 h no ref]5ce to ! picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,) ?is figure ( ,*ri/ may be comp>$ a simil> p5 & ink draw+ reproduc$ on page #big bel[ on ! left h&2 ! orig9al is 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,on ?is page aga9 ! re/ ( ! sket*es h no direct be>+ on ! composition ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 n ev51 z x seems to me1 ! gr\p ( f\r m5 at ! bottom to ! "r h&--:o are li/5+ to a fif?1 9 _! mid/ address+ !m4 ,moreov] ! writ+ on ?is page 7an explanation ( a disk %ap$ in/rum5t7 is c]ta9ly n 9 ! same /yle z we f9d con/antly us$ by ,leon>do aft] ! ye> #adhi4 ,x may be incid5tally rem>k$ t no sket*es are kn[n = ! portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 nor d ! ,,ms4 notes ev] allude to x1 ?\gh accord+ to ,vas>i ! ma/] _h x 9 h& = fully f\r ye>s4 ,leon>do's c>toon = ! picture ( ! battle ( ,anghi>i has %>$ ! fate ( ! rival "w1 ,mi*aelangelo's ,ba!rs summon$ to ,battle4 ,bo? h be5 lo/ 9 "s :olly inexplicable mann]4 ,i _c "h ent] into ! rem>kable hi/ory ( ?is "w2 ,i c only give an acc\nt ( :at has be5 pres]v$ to u ( ,leon>do's s*eme & prep>ations = execut+ x4 ,! ext5t ( ! mat]ial 9 /udies & draw+s 0 till n[ q unkn[n4 ,_! publication "h may give "s adequate idea ( ! gr&eur ( ?is fam\s "w4 ,! text giv5 z ,no4 #ffi conta9s a description ( ! p>ticul>s ( ! battle1 b = ! reasons giv5 9 ! note to ?is text1 ,i mu/ ab&on ! idea ( tak+ ?is passage z ! basis ( my attempt to recon/ruct ! picture z ! arti/ conceiv$ & execut$ x4 ,i may "h rem9d ! read] t ,leon>do prep>$ ! c>toon 9 ! ,sala del ,papa ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella at ,flor5ce & work$ !re f ! end ( ,octob] #aejc till ,febru>y #aejd1 & !n 0 busi$ ) ! pa9t+ 9 ! ,sala del ,consiglio 9 ! ,palazzo della ,signoria1 till ! "w 0 int]rupt$ at ! end ( ,may #aejf4 7,see ,milanesi's note to ,vas>i pp4 #dc--de ,vol4 ,,iv ed4 #ahhj47 ,vas>i1 z is well kn[n1 describes only "o sc5e or episode ( ! c>toon--! ,battle = ! ,/&>d 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! composition1 z x w\ld seem2 & ?is only 0 ev] f9i%$ z a mural decoration 9 ! ,sala del ,consiglio4 ,?is portion ( ! composition is famili> to all f ! disfigur$ copy engrav$ by ,edel9ck4 ,m>iette _h already v acutely obs]v$ t ,edel9ck mu/ surely h work$ f a ,flemi% copy ( ! picture4 ,!re is 9 ! ,l\vre a draw+ by ,rub5s 7,no4 #efe7 :i* also repres5ts f\r horsem5 fight+ r\nd a /&>d & :i* agrees ) ,edel9ck's engrav+1 b ! engrav+ rev]ses ! draw+4 ,an e>li] ,flemi% draw+1 su* z may h s]v$ z ! model = bo? ,rub5s & ,edel9ck1 is 9 ! ,uffizi collection 7see ,philpots's ,photograph1 ,no4 #gcb74 ,x seems to be a "w ( ! second half ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury1 a "t :5 bo? ! picture & ! c>toon _h already be5 de/roy$4 ,x is app>5tly ! production ( a n v skill$ h&4 ,raphael ,tri*et du ,fresne1 #afea1 m5tions t a small picture by ,leon>do himself ( ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d 0 !n extant 9 ! ,tuil]ies2 by ?is he probably means ! pa9t+ on panel :i* is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,madame ,timbal 9 ,p>is1 & :i* has lately be5 engrav$ by ,hauss\lli] z a "w by ,leon>do4 ,! picture1 :i* is v c>efully pa9t$1 seems to me h[ev] to be ! "w ( "s unkn[n ,flor5t9e pa9t]1 & probably execut$ )9 ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ! ,x,v,ith c5tury4 ,at ! same "t1 x w\ld seem to be a copy n f ,leon>do's c>toon1 b f 8 picture 9 ! ,palazzo della ,signoria2 at any rate ?is little picture1 & ! small ,flemi% draw+ 9 ,flor5ce are ! olde/ f9i%$ copies ( ?is episode 9 ! great composition ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,9 8 ,life ( ,raphael1 ,vas>i tells u t ,raphael copi$ c]ta9 works ( ,leon>do's dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,flor5ce4 ,raphael's fir/ visit to ,flor5ce la/$ f ! middle ( ,octob] #aejd till ,july #aeje1 & he revisit$ x 9 ! summ] ( #aejf4 ,! ha/y sket*1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d & reproduc$ on page #ccg also repres5ts ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d & seems to h be5 made dur+ 8 fir/ /ay1 & !re=e n f ! fresco b f ! c>toon2 =1 on ! same %eet we also f9d1 besides an old man's head drawn 9 ,leon>do's /yle1 "s /udies = ! figure ( ,/4 ,john ! ,m>tyr :i* ,raphael us$ 9 #aeje 9 8 great fresco 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,sev]o at ,p]ugia4 ,( ,leon>do's /udies = ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i ,i mu/ 9 ! fir/ place po9t to five1 on ?ree ( :i*--,pl4 ,,lii #b1 ,pl4 ,,liii1 ,pl4 ,,lvi--we f9d /udies = ! episode ( ! ,/&>d4 ,! /&>d be>]1 :o1 9 ! above nam$ copies is se5 /oop+1 hold+ on to ! /aff across 8 %\ld]1 is imm$iately recognisable z ! left-h& figure 9 ,raphael's sket*1 & we f9d x 9 a simil> attitude 9 ,leon>do's p5 & ink draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,pl4 ,,lii1 #b--! l[] figure to ! "r4 ,x is n difficult to id5tify ! same figure 9 two m complicat$ gr\ps 9 ! p5 & ink draw+s1 n[ 9 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice--,pl4 ,,liii1 & ,pl4 ,,liv--:]e we also f9d "s /udies ( foot soldi]s fight+4 ,on ! %eet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,pl4 ,,lii1 #b--we f9d1 among o!rs1 "o gr\p ( ?ree horses gallop+ =w>ds3 "o horseman is ?r[n & protects himself ) 8 buckl] aga9/ ! lance ?ru/s ( two o!rs on horseback1 :o try to pi]ce him z !y ride pa/4 ,! same action is repeat$1 ) "s v>iation1 9 two sket*es 9 p5 & ink on a ?ird %eet1 9 ! ,accademia at ,v5ice1 ,pl4 ,,lv2 a co9cid5ce :i* sugge/s ! probability ( su* an incid5t hav+ actually be5 repres5t$ on ! c>toon4 ,we are n1 x is true1 9 a position to decl>e ) any c]ta9ty :i* ( ^! ?ree dissimil> sket*es may h be5 ! ne>e/ to ! gr\p f9ally adopt$ 9 execut+ ! c>toon4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to "o ( ! gr\ps ( horsem5 x is possible to det]m9e ) p]fect c]ta9ty n only :i* arrangem5t 0 pref]r$1 b ! position x occupi$ 9 ! composition4 ,! gr\p ( horsem5 on ,pl4 ,,lvii is a draw+ 9 black *alk at ,w9dsor1 :i* is !re attribut$ to ,leon>do1 b :i* appe>s to me to be ! "w ( ,ces>e da ,se/o1 & ! ,comm5datore ,giov4 ,morelli supports me 9 ?is view4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t da ,se/o1 z a pupil ( ,leon>do's1 made ?is draw+ f 8 ma/]'s c>toon1 if we comp>e x ) ! copy made by ,raphael--"h reproduc$1 = j above ! fight+ horseman 9 ,raphael's copy x is possible to detect a horse :i* is se5 f beh9d1 go+ at a sl[] pace1 ) 8 tail fly+ out to ! "r & ! same horse may be se5 9 ! v same attitude c>ry+ a dimly sket*$ rid]1 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,ces>e da ,se/o's draw+4 ,if a v mu* rubb$ draw+ 9 black *alk at ,w9dsor--,pl4 ,,lvi--is1 z x appe>s to be1 ! rev]s$ impression ( an orig9al draw+1 x is n difficult to supplem5t f x ! portions drawn by ,ces>e da ,se/o4 ,nay1 x may prove possible to recon/ruct ! :ole ( ! lo/ c>toon f ! mass ( mat]ials we n[ h at h& :i* we may reg>d z ! nucleus ( ! composition4 ,a l>ge p5 & ink draw+ by ,raphael 9 ! ,dresd5 collection1 repres5t+ ?ree horsem5 fight+1 & ano!r1 by ,ces>e da ,se/o1 9 ! ,uffizi1 ( light horsem5 fight+ are a fur!r contribution :i* w help u to recon/ruct x4 ,! sket* reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lv gives a sugge/ive example ( ! way 9 :i* foot-soldi]s may h be5 introduc$ into ! c>toon z fight+ among ! gr\ps ( horsem52 & ,i may "h take ! opportunity ( m5tion+ t1 = reasons :i* x w\ld be out ( place to enl>ge ^u "h1 ,i believe ! two g5u9e draw+s by ,raphael's h& 9 8 ,v5etian sket*-book z x is call$--"o ( a /&>d be>] m>*+ t[>ds ! left1 & "o ( two foot-soldi]s arm$ ) spe>s & fight+ ) a horseman--to be und\bt$ly copies f ! c>toon ( ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,leon>do's two draw+s1 pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,buda-,pe/h & reproduc$ on pages #cch & #cci are prelim9>y /udies = ! heads ( fight+ w>riors4 ,! two heads drawn 9 black *alk 7pg4 #cch7 & ! "o se5 9 pr(ile1 turn$ to ! left1 drawn 9 r$ *alk 7pg4 #cci71 correspond exactly ) ^? ( two horsem5 9 ! sc5e ( ! fight r\nd ! /&>d z we see !m 9 ,madame ,timbal's picture & 9 ! o!r f9i%$ copies4 ,an old copy ( ! la/ nam$ draw+ by a pupil ( ,leon>do is 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 ,a4 #ahg;b2 #efa;b 7,see ,saggio1 ,tav4 ,,xxii74 ,leon>do us$ to make su* f9i%$ /udies ( heads z ^?1 drawn on deta*$ %eets1 be=e beg9n+ 8 pictures f 8 draw+s--comp>e ! prep>atory /udies = ! fresco ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 giv5 on ,pl4 ,,xlvii & ,pl4 ,l4 ,o!r draw+s ( heads1 all *>act]is$ by ! expression ( vehem5t excitem5t t is appropriate to m5 fight+1 are to be se5 at ,w9dsor 7,no4 #dd7 & at ! ,accademia at ,v5ice 7,,iv1 #ac72 at ! back ( "o ( ! draw+s at ,buda-,pe/h !re is ! bu/ ( a w>rior c>ry+ a spe> on 8 left %\ld]1 hold+ up ! left arm 7,see ,csatakepek a ,,xvi--lk ,szazadbol osszeallitotta ,pvlszky ,k>oly74 ,^! draw+s may h be5 made = o!r portions ( ! c>toon1 ( :i* no copies exi/1 & ?us we are unable to id5tify ^! prep>atory draw+s4 ,f9ally ,i may add t a sket* ( fight+ horse & foot soldi]s1 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,?i]s & publi%$ by ,*>les ,blanc 9 8 ,vies des ,pe9tres c h>dly be accept$ z g5u9e4 ,x is n to be f\nd1 z ,i am in=m$1 among ! late ,presid5t's prop]ty1 & no "o appe>s to "k :]e x n[ is4 ,an attempt$ recon/ruction ( ! ,c>toon1 :i* is n only unsuccessful b p]fectly unf\nd$1 is to be se5 9 ! li?ograph by ,b]g]et1 publi%$ 9 ,*>les ,blanc's ,vies des pe9tres & repr9t$ 9 ,! great ,arti/s4 ,l4 da ,v9ci1 p4 #hj4 ,?is mislead+ pa/iccio may n[ be reject$ )\t hesitation4 ,!re are yet a few orig9al draw+s by ,leon>do :i* might be m5tion$ "h z possibly belong+ to ! c>toon ( ! ,battle2 su* z ! p5 & ink sket*es on ,pl4 ,,xxi & on ,pl4 ,,xxxviii1 ,no4 #c1 b we %\ld risk too wide a dep>ture f ! doma9 ( asc]ta9$ fact4 ,) reg>d to ! col\rs & o!r mat]ials us$ by ,leon>do ! read] may be ref]r$ to ! quotations f ! acc\nts = ! picture 9 "q giv5 by ,milanesi 9 8 edition ( ,vas>i 7,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #dd1 note7 :]e we f9d entries ( a simil> "* to ^? 9 ,leon>do's note books = ! ye> #aeje2 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 #ab 7see ,no4 #fcf74 ,t ,leon>do 0 employ$ 9 design+ decorations & o!r prep>ations = high fe/ivals1 p>ticul>ly = ! c\rt ( ,milan1 we le>n n only f ! writ+s ( 8 contempor>ies b f 8 own incid5tal allusions2 = in/ance 9 ,,ms4 ,c4 l#e;b 7#a71 l4 #i4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! texts ref]r+ to ?is ,i h plac$ ^? fir/1 9 :i* hi/orical p]sonages are nam$--,nos4 #fgj-fgd4 ,among ! descriptions ( ,allegorical subjects two texts lately f\nd at ,ox=d h be5 includ$1 ,nos4 #fgf & #fgg4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because !y are accompani$ by l>ge sket*es :i* r5d] ! mean+ ( ! texts p]fectly cle>4 ,x is v intelligible t 9 o!r cases1 :]e !re are no illu/rative sket*es1 ! notes mu/ necess>ily rema9 obscure or admit ( v>i\s int]pretations4 ,! lit]ature ( ! "t af=ds ample evid5ce ( ! use ( su* allegorical repres5tations1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! ,c>nival & 9 ,leon>do's notes we f9d ! ,c>nival expressly m5tion$--,nos4 #fhe & #gjd4 ,vas>i 9 8 ,life ( ,pontormo1 p>ticul>ly describes t arti/'s v>i\s und]tak+s = ,c>nival fe/ivities4 ,^! v graphic descriptions appe> to me to ?r[ great light 9 m ways ?an "o on ! mean+ ( ,leon>do's v>i\s notes z to allegorical repres5tations & also on mottoes & emblems--,nos4 #fha-gjb4 ,9 pass+ judgm5t on ! allegorical sket*es & emblems x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ev5 z pictures !y 7 always accompani$ by explanations 9 words4 ,sev]al f9i%$ draw+s ( allegorical compositions or figures h be5 pres]v$1 b z !y h no correspond+ explanation 9 ! ,,mss4 !y _h no claim to be reproduc$ "h4 ,! female figure on ,pl4 ,,xxvi may p]haps be reg>d$ z a /udy = su* an allegorical pa9t+1 ( :i* ! purport w\ld h be5 expla9$ by an inscription4 ,on ,madonna pictures4 #ffc4 ,9 ! autumn ( #adgh ,i began ! two ,madonna pictures4 ,footnote3 ,photographs ( ?is page h be5 publi%$ by ,,braun1 ,no4 #dci1 & ,,philpot1 ,no4 #gah4 #a4 ,incom9ciai4 ,we h no o!r in=mation z to ! two pictures ( ! ,madonna "h spok5 (4 ,z ,leon>do "h tells u t he _h begun two ,madonnas at ! same "t1 ! ^w 'incom9ciai' may be und]/ood to mean t he _h begun at ! same "t prep>atory /udies = two pictures to be pa9t$ lat]4 ,if ?is is s1 ! non-exi/5ce ( ! pictures may be expla9$ by suppos+ t !y 7 only plann$ & nev] execut$4 ,i may "h m5tion a few /udies = pictures ( ! ,madonna :i* probably belong to ?is e>ly "t2 p>ticul>ly a draw+ 9 silv]-po9t on blui% t9t$ pap] at ,w9dsor--see ,pl4 ,,xl1 ,no4 #c--1 a draw+ ( :i* ! details h almo/ disappe>$ 9 ! orig9al b h be5 r5d]$ q di/9ct 9 ! reproduction2 secondly a slight p5 & ink sket* 91 ! ,codex ,,vall>di1 9 ! ,l\vre1 fol4 #fd1 ,no4 #bcaf2 aga9 a silv] po9t draw+ ( a ,virg9 & *ild drawn ov] aga9 ) ! p5 9 ! ,8 de la ,salle collection also 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,no4 #aja4 7,see ,vicomte ,,bo? ,,de ,,tauzia1 ,notice des dess9s de la collection ,8 de la ,salle1 exposes au ,l\vre4 ,p>is #ahha1 pp4 #hj1 #ha47 ,?is draw+ is1 x is true1 traditionally ascrib$ to ,raphael1 b ! au?or ( ! catalogue v ju/ly po9ts out its great resemblance ) ! sket*es = ,madonnas 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* are indisputably ,leon>do's4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,,h5ry ,,wallis 9 ! ,art ,j\rnal1 ,new ,s]4 ,no4 #ad1 ,feb4 #ahhb4 ,if ! non-exi/5ce ( ! two pictures "h allud$ to ju/ifies my hypo!sis t only /udies = su* pictures are meant by ! text1 x may also be suppos$ t ! draw+s 7 made = "s comrade 9 ,,v]roc*io',s ateli]4 7,see ,,vas>i1 ,sansoni's ed4 ,flor5ce #ahhj4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #efd73 ,e p]*e a ,l]5zo piaceva fuor di modo la mani]a di ,lion>do1 la seppe cosi b5e imit>e1 *e niuno fu *e nella pulitezza e nel f9ir l'op]e con dilig5za l'imitasse pi di lui4 ,leon>do's notes give me no opportunity ( discuss+ ! pictures execut$ by him 9 ,flor5ce1 be=e he mov$ to ,milan4 ,s ! /udies = ! unf9i%$ picture ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi--9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce--_c be describ$ "h1 nor w\ld any discussion ab\t ! picture 9 ! ,l\vre ,la ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s be appropriate 9 ! abs5ce ( all allusion to x 9 ! ,,mss4 ,!re=e1 :5 ,i pres5tly add a few rem>ks on ?is pa9t+ 9 explanation ( ! ,ma/]'s draw+s = x1 x w be n m]ely ) a view to facilitate critical rese>*es ab\t ! picture n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 :i* by "s critics has be5 pron\nc$ to be a replica ( ! ,l\vre picture1 b also because ,i take ?is opportunity ( publi%+ sev]al f9i%$ /udies ( ! ,ma/]'s :i*1 ev5 if !y 7 n made 9 ,flor5ce b lat] 9 ,milan1 mu/ h be5 prior to ! pa9t+ ( ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,! orig9al picture 9 ,p>is is at pres5t s disfigur$ by du/ & v>ni% t ! curr5t reproductions 9 photography actually give evid5ce m ( ! injuries to :i* ! picture has be5 expos$ ?an ( ! orig9al "w itself4 ,! wood-cut giv5 on p4 #cdd1 is only int5d$ to give a g5]al notion ( ! composition4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ! outl9e & expression ( ! heads1 :i* 9 ! picture is obscur$ b n de/roy$1 is "h altoge!r miss$4 ,! facsimiles :i* foll[ are f draw+s :i* appe> to me to be /udies = ,la ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s4 #a4 ,a draw+ 9 silv] po9t on br[n ton$ pap] ( a woman's head look+ to ! left4 ,9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,tur91 app>5tly a /udy f nature = ! ,angel's head 7,pl4 ,,xlii74 #b4 ,a /udy ( drap]y = ! left leg ( ! same figure1 done ) ! bru%1 ,indian ink on gre5i% pap]1 ! lights height5$ ) :ite4 ,! orig9al is at ,w9dsor1 ,no4 #bbc4 ,! reproduction ,pl4 ,,xliii is defective 9 ! %ad[ on ! upp] "p ( ! ?igh1 :i* is n s deep z 9 ! orig9al2 x %\ld also be obs]v$ t ! folds ( ! drap]y ne> ! hips are some:at alt]$ 9 ! f9i%$ "w 9 ! ,l\vre1 :ile ! ,london copy %[s a great] resemblance to ?is /udy 9 t p>ticul>4 #c4 ,a /udy 9 r$ *alk = ! bu/ ( ! ,infant ,*ri/--,no4 #c 9 ! ,w9dsor collection 7,pl4 ,,xliv74 ,! well-kn[n silv]-po9t draw+ on pale gre5 pap]1 9 ! ,l\vre1 ( a boy's head 7,no4 #cfc 9 ,,reiset1 ,notice des dess9s1 ,ecoles d',italie7 seems to me to be a slightly alt]$ copy1 ei!r f ! orig9al picture or f ?is r$ *alk /udy4 #d4 ,a silv]-po9t /udy on gre5i% pap]1 = ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 reproduc$ on p4 #cdb4 ,?is 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,codex ,vall>di & is n[ exhibit$ among ! draw+s 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! lights are1 9 ! orig9al1 height5$ ) :ite2 ! outl9es1 p>ticul>ly r\nd ! head & e>1 are visibly re/or$4 ,!re is a /udy ( an out/ret*$ h&--,no4 #bhh 9 ! ,w9dsor collection--:i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y ,publication1 #ahgh1 simply "u ! title (3 ,no4 #gb ,/udy ( a h&1 po9t+ :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i reg>d z a copy by a pupil4 ,! action occurs 9 ! kneel+ angel ( ! ,p>is picture & n 9 ! ,london copy4 ,^! f\r g5u9e /udies =m1 ,i believe1 a valuable sub/itute 9 ! abs5ce ( any ,,ms4 notes ref]r+ to ! celebrat$ ,p>is picture4 ,b]n>do di ,b&9o's ,portrait4 #ffd4 ,a tan-col\r$ small cap1 ,a d\blet ( black s]ge1 ,a black j]k9 l9$ ,a blue coat l9$1 ) fur ( foxes' brea/s1 & ! coll> ( ! j]k9 cov]$ ) black & :ite /ippl$ velvet ,b]n>do di ,b&9o ,b>oncelli2 black hose4 ,footnote3 ,^! elev5 l9es ( text are by ! side ( ! p5 & ink draw+ ( a man hang$--,pl4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 #a4 ,?is draw+ 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahgi at ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts 9 ,p>is & ! compil]s ( ! catalogue amus$ !mselves by giv+ ! victim's "n z foll[s3 ,un p5du1 vetu d'une longue robe1 les ma9s lies sur le dos 444 ,b]n>do di ,b5d9o ,b>ontigni1 m>*& de pantalons 7see ,catalogue descriptif des ,dess9s de ,mailres anci5s exposes a l',ecole des ,beaux ,arts1 ,p>is #ahgi2 ,no4 #hc1 pp4 #i-aj74 ,n[1 ! crim9al repres5t$ "h1 is none o!r ?an ,b]n>d9o di ,b&9o ,b>oncelli ! murd]] ( ,giuliano de',m$ici1 ^: "n z a coadjutor 9 ! conspiracy ( ! ,pazzi has ga9$ a melan*oly notoriety by ! trag$y ( ! #bf? ,april #adgh4 ,b]n>do 0 desc5d$ f an anci5t family & ! son ( ! man :o1 "u ,k+ ,f]rante1 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice 9 ,naples4 ,8 ru9$ =tunes1 x w\ld seem1 induc$ him to jo9 ! ,pazzi2 he & ,francesco ,pazzi 7 entru/$ ) ! task ( murd]+ ,giuliano de',m$ici on ! fix$ day4 ,_! victim n appe>+ 9 ! ca!dral at ! h\r :5 !y expect$ him1 ! two conspirators ran to ! palace ( ! ,m$ici & induc$ him to accompany !m4 ,giuliano !n took 8 place 9 ! *ancel ( ! ,ca!dral1 & z ! (ficiat+ prie/ rais$ ! ,ho/--! sign agre$ ^u--,b]n>do /abb$ ! unsuspect+ ,giuliano 9 ! brea/ ) a %ort sword2 ,giuliano /epp$ backw>ds & fell dead4 ,! attempt on ,lor5zo's life h[ev]1 by ! o!r conspirators at ! same mom5t1 fail$ ( success4 ,b]n>do no soon] saw t ,lor5zo tri$ to make 8 escape t[>ds ! sacri/y1 ?an he ru%$ ^u him1 & /ruck d[n ,francesco ,nori :o endeav\r$ to protect ,lor5zo4 ,h[ ,lor5zo !n took refuge beh9d ! braz5 doors ( ! sacri/y1 & h[1 z soon z ,giuliano's dea? 0 made kn[n1 ! fur!r plans ( ! conspirators 7 defeat$1 :ile a t]rible v5geance ov]took all ! p]petrators & accomplices1 ?is is no place to tell4 ,b]n>do ,b&9i alone seem$ to be fav\r$ by =tune2 he hid fir/ 9 ! t[] ( ! ,ca!dral1 & !n escap$ undiscov]$ f ,flor5ce4 ,poliziano1 :o 0 ) ,lor5zo 9 ! ,ca!dral1 says 9 8 ',conjurationis ,pactianae ,comm5t>ium'3 ,b&9us fugitans 9 ,tiph]natem incidit1 a quo 9 aciem receptus ,s5as p]v5it4 ,& ,g9o ,capponi 9 summ+ up ! reports ( ! num]\s contempor>y n>rators ( ! ev5t1 says3 ,b]n>do ,b&9i ricov]ato 9 ,co/ant9opoli1 fu p] ord9e del ,sultano preso e consegnato a un ,antonio di ,b]n>d9o dei ,m$ici1 *e ,lor5zo aveva m&ato appo/a 9 ,tur*ia3 cos era gr&e la pot5za di que/' uomo e gr&e la voglia di f>ne mo/ra e *e non re/asse 9 vita *i aveagli ucciso il fratello1 fu egli applicato app5a giunto 7,/oria della ,republica di ,fir5ze ,,ii1 #cgg1 #cgh74 ,details ab\t ! dates may be f\nd 9 ! ,*roni*etta di ,belfr$ello ,/r9ati ,alfi]i3 ,b]n>do di ,b&9o ,b&9i sopradetto ne v5ne preso da ,go/ant9opoti a d #ad4 ,dicembre #adgi e disam9ato1 *e fu al ,b>gello1 fu impiccato alle f9e/re di detto ,b>gello allato alla ,doana a d #bi4 ,dicembre ,,mcccclxxix *e po*i d /ette4 ,x may h[ev] be m5tion$ ) ref]5ce to ! mode ( writ+ ! "n ( ! assass9 t1 ?\gh mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies wrote ,b]n>do ,b&9i1 9 ! ,breve ,*ronicon ,c>oli ,petri de ,joann9is he is call$ ,b]n>do di ,b&9i ,b>oncelli2 &1 9 ! ,s5t5tiae ,dom9i ,mat?aei de ,toscana1 ,b]n>dus ,joannis ,b&9i de ,b>oncellis1 z is writt5 on ,leon>do's draw+ ( him :5 hang$4 ,n[ ,,vas>i1 9 ! life ( ,&rea del ,ca/agno 7,vol4 ,,ii1 #fhj2 ed4 ,milanesi #ahgh71 tells u t 9 #adgh ?is pa9t] 0 commission$ by ord] ( ! ,signoria to repres5t ! memb]s ( ! ,pazzi conspiracy z traitors1 on ! facade ( ! ,palazzo del ,pode/--! ,b>gello4 ,?is /atem5t is obvi\sly f\nd$ on a mi/ake1 = ,&rea del ,ca/agno 0 already dead 9 #adeg4 ,he _h h[ev] be5 commission$ to pa9t ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi1 :5 decl>$ a rebel & exil$ 9 #adcd1 & 8 adh]5ts1 z hang+ head d[nw>ds2 & 9 consequ5ce he _h acquir$ ! nickname ( ,&rea degl' ,impiccati4 ,on ! #ba/ ,july #adgh ! ,c\ncil ( ,eight came to ! foll[+ resolution3 item s]vatis etc4 delib]av]unt et santiav]unt ,s&ro ,botticelli pro ejus labore 9 p+5do proditores flor4 quadrag9ta l>gos 7see ,g4 ,,milanesi1 ,ar*4 />4 ,,vi 7#ahfb7 p4 #e note47 ,z has be5 told1 ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 0 murd]$ on ! #bf? ,april #adgh1 & we see by ?is t only ?ree mon?s lat] ,botticelli 0 paid = 8 pa9t+ ( ! proditores4 ,we c h[ev] h>dly suppose t all ! memb]s ( ! conspiracy 7 depict$ by him 9 fresco on ! facade ( ! palace1 s9ce no few] ?an eighty _h be5 condemn$ to dea?4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ :e!r1 besides ,botticelli1 any o!r pa9t]s1 p]haps ,leon>do1 0 commission$1 :5 ! crim9als _h be5 hang$ 9 p]son out ( ! w9d[s ( ! ,palazzo del ,pode/ to repres5t !m !re aft]w>ds 9 effigy 9 memory ( _! disgrace4 ,nor d we "k :e!r ! assass9 :o _h escap$ may at fir/ n h be5 provisionally repres5t$ z hang$ 9 effigy4 ,n[1 :5 we try to connect ! hi/orical facts ) ?is draw+ by ,leon>do reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 ,i1 & ! full description ( ! conspirator's dress & its col\r on ! same %eet1 !re seems to be no reasonable d\bt t ,b]n>do ,b&9i is "h repres5t$ z he 0 actually hang$ on ,decemb] #bi?1 #adgi1 aft] 8 capture at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! dress is c]ta9ly n t 9 :i* he committ$ ! murd]4 ,a long furr$ coat might v well be worn at ,con/ant9ople or at ,flor5ce 9 ,decemb]1 b h>dly 9 ,april4 ,! d\bt rema9s :e!r ,leon>do describ$ ,b]n>do's dress s fully because x /ruck him z rem>kable1 or :e!r we may n r suppose t ?is sket* 0 actually made f nature ) ! int5tion ( us+ x z a /udy = a wall pa9t+ to be execut$4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! draw+ has all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 made = ?is purpose4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! sket* "u discussion proves1 at any rate1 t ,leon>do 0 9 ,flor5ce 9 ,decemb] #adgi1 & ! note t accompanies x is valuable z add+ "o m *>act]i/ic specim5 to ! v small numb] ( 8 ,,mss4 t c be prov$ to h be5 writt5 betwe5 #adgj & #adhj4 ,notes on ! ,la/ ,supp] 7#ffe-ffh74 #ffe4 ,"o :o 0 dr9k+ & has left ! glass 9 its position & turn$ 8 head t[>ds ! speak]4 ,ano!r1 twi/+ ! f+]s ( 8 h&s toge!r turns ) /]n br[s to 8 companion #f4 ,ano!r ) 8 h&s spread op5 %[s ! palms1 & %rugs 8 %\ld]s up 8 e>s mak+ a m\? ( a/oni%m5t #h4 #i ,ano!r speaks into 8 neighb\r's e> & he1 z he li/5s to him1 turns t[>ds him to l5d an e> #aj1 :ile he holds a knife 9 "o h&1 & 9 ! o!r ! loaf half cut ?r\gh by ! knife4 #ac ,ano!r :o has turn$1 hold+ a knife 9 8 h&1 upsets ) 8 h& a glass on ! table #ad4 ,footnote #ffe1 #fff3 ,9 ! orig9al ,,ms4 !re is no sket* to accompany ^! passages1 & if we comp>e !m ) ^? draw+s made by ,leon>do 9 prep>ation = ! composition ( ! picture--,pl4 ,,xlv1 ,,xlvi--1 7comp>e also ,pl4 ,,lii1 #a & ! draw+s on p4 #big7 x is impossible to recognise 9 !m a fai?ful int]pretation ( ! :ole ( ?is text2 b1 if we comp>e ^! passages ) ! f9i%$ picture 7see p4 #ccd7 we %all see t 9 _m places !y co9cide4 ,= in/ance1 comp>e ,no4 #ffe1 #a4 #f--h1 ) ! f\r? figure on ! "r h& ( ,*ri/4 ,! v>i\s actions describ$ 9 l9es #i--aj1 #ac--ad are to be se5 9 ! gr\p ( ,pet]1 ,john & ,judas2 9 ! f9i%$ picture h[ev] x is n a glass b a salt cell> t ,judas is upsett+4 #fff4 ,ano!r lays 8 h& on ! table & is look+4 ,ano!r bl[s 8 m\?ful4 #c ,ano!r leans =w>d to see ! speak] %ad+ 8 eyes ) 8 h&4 #e ,ano!r draws back beh9d ! "o :o leans =w>d1 & sees ! speak] betwe5 ! wall & ! man :o is lean+ ,footnote3 #f4 *9ato4 ,i h to express my regret = hav+ misread ?is ^w1 writt5 c9ato 9 ! orig9al1 & hav+ alt]$ x to ciclo :5 ,i fir/ publi%$ ?is text1 9 ',! ,academy' = ,nov4 #h1 #ahgi imm$iately aft] ,i _h discov]$ x1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! small biography ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci 7,great ,arti/s7 p4 #bi44 ,footnote3 ,9 ,no4 #fff4 ,l9e ,i mu/ ref] to ! fur!/ figure on ! left2 #c1 #e & #f describe actions :i* are giv5 to ! gr\p ( disciples on ! left h& ( ,*ri/4 #ffg4 ,,*ri/4 ,c\nt ,giovanni1 ! "o ) ! ,c>d9al ( ,mort>o4 ,footnote3 ,z ?is note is 9 ! same small ,manuscript z ! passage "h imm$iately prec$+ x1 ,i may be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ,leon>do meant to use ! features ( ! p]son "h nam$ z a suitable model = ! figure ( ,*ri/4 ,! celebrat$ draw+ ( ! head ( ,*ri/1 n[ hang+ 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at ,milan1 has obvi\sly be5 s mu* re/or$ t x is n[ impossible to say1 :e!r x 0 ev] g5u9e4 ,we h only to comp>e x ) ! und\bt$ly g5u9e draw+s ( heads ( ! disciples 9 ,,pi4 ,,xlvii1 ,,xlviii & ,l1 to admit t n a s+le l9e ( ! ,milan draw+ 9 its pres5t /ate c be by ! same h&4 #ffh4 ,philip1 ,simon1 ,mat!w1 ,?omas1 ,james ! ,great]1 ,pet]1 ,philip1 ,&rew1 ,b>?olomew4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,xlvi4 ,! names ( ! disciples are giv5 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are writt5 9 ! orig9al1 f "r to left1 above ea* head4 ,! orig9al draw+ is "h slightly r$uc$ 9 scale2 x measures #ci c5timetres 9 l5g? by #bf 9 bread?4 #ffi4 ,on ! battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,flor5t9e ,n]i di ,g9o ,capponi ,b]n>detto de' ,m$ici ,mi*eletto1 ,niccolo da ,pisa ,conte ,francesco ,pietro ,gian ,paolo ,guelfo ,ors9o1 ,mess] ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi ,beg9 ) ! address ( ,niccolo ,picc99o to ! soldi]s & ! bani%$ ,flor5t9es among :om are ,mess] ,r9aldo degli ,albizzi & o!r ,flor5t9es4 ,!n let x be %[n h[ he fir/ m\nt$ on horseback 9 arm\r2 & ! :ole army came aft] him--#dj squadrons ( cavalry1 & #bjjj foot soldi]s w5t ) him4 ,v e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! ,patri>* w5t up a hill to reconnoitre ! c\ntry1 t is ! hills1 fields & ! valley wat]$ by a riv]2 & f !nce he beheld ,niccolo ,pic99o com+ f ,borgo ,san ,sepolcro ) 8 p1 & ) a great du/2 & p]ceiv+ !m he return$ to ! camp ( 8 own p & address$ !m4 ,hav+ spok5 he pray$ to ,god ) clasp$ h&s1 :5 !re appe>$ a cl\d 9 :i* ,sa9t ,pet] appe>$ & spoke to ! ,patri>*4--#ejj cavalry 7 s5t =w>d by ! ,patri>* to h9d] or *eck ! ru% ( ! enemy4 ,9 ! =emo/ troop ,francesco ! son ( ,niccolo ,picc99o #bd 0 ! fir/ to attack ! bridge :i* 0 held by ! ,patri>* & ! ,flor5t9es4 ,beyond ! bridge to 8 left he s5t =w>d "s infantry to engage ours1 :o drove !m back1 among :om 0 _! capta9 ,mi*eletto #bi ^: lot x 0 to be t day at ! head ( ! army4 ,"h1 at ?is bridge !re is a sev]e /ruggle2 our m5 conqu] & ! enemy is repuls$4 ,"h ,guido & ,a/orre1 8 bro!r1 ! ,"l ( ,fa5za ) a great numb] ( m51 re-=m$ & r5ew$ ! fight1 & ru%$ ^u ! ,flor5t9es ) su* =ce t !y recov]$ ! bridge & pu%$ =w>d z f> z ! t5ts4 ,b ,simonetto advanc$ ) #fjj horse1 & fell ^u ! enemy & drove !m back once m f ! place1 & recaptur$ ! bridge2 & beh9d him came m m5 ) #bjjj horse soldi]s4 ,& ?us = a long "t !y f\ght ) v>y+ =tune4 ,b !n ! ,patri>*1 9 ord] to div]t ! enemy1 s5t =w>d ,niccolo da ,pisa #dd & ,napoleone ,ors9o1 a be>dless lad1 foll[$ by a great multitude ( m51 & !n 0 done ano!r great feat ( arms4 ,at ! same "t ,niccolo ,picc99o urg$ =w>d ! remnant ( 8 m51 :o once m made ours give way2 & if x _h n be5 t ! ,patri>* set himself at _! head &1 by 8 words & de$s controll$ ! capta9s1 our soldi]s w\ld h tak5 to flight4 ,! ,patri>* _h "s artill]y plac$ on ! hill & ) ^! he disp]s$ ! enemy's infantry2 & ! disord] 0 s complete t ,niccolo began to call back 8 son & all 8 m51 & !y took to flight t[>ds ,borgo4 ,& !n began a great slaught] ( m52 none escap$ b ! =emo/ ( ^? :o _h fl$ or :o hid !mselves4 ,! battle cont9u$ until sunset1 :5 ! ,patri>* gave 8 m9d to recall+ 8 m5 & bury+ ! dead1 & aft]w>ds a trophy 0 erect$4 ,footnote3 #ffi4 ,?is passage does n seem to me to be 9 ,leon>do's h&1 ?\gh x has hi!rto be5 g5]ally accept$ z g5u9e4 ,n only is ! writ+ unlike 81 b ! spell+ also is q diff]5t4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ?is passage is a description ( ! ev5ts ( ! battle drawn up = ! ,pa9t] by ord] ( ! ,signoria1 p]haps by "s hi/orian commission$ by !m1 to s]ve z a s*eme or programme ( ! "w4 ,! :ole t5or ( ! /yle seems to me to argue 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory2 & besides1 x w\ld be 9 no way surpris+ t su* a docum5t %\ld h be5 pres]v$ among ,leon>do's autographs4 ,allegorical repres5tations ref]r+ to ! duke ( ,milan 7#fgj-fgc74 #fgj4 ,erm9e ) blood ,galeazzo1 betwe5 calm wea!r & a repres5tation ( a tempe/4 ,footnote3 #fgj4 ,only ! beg9n+ ( ?is text is legible2 ! writ+ is mu* effac$ & ! s5se is consequ5tly obscure4 ,x seems to ref] l ! foll[+ passage to an allegorical picture4 #fga4 ,il ,moro ) spectacles1 & ,envy depict$ ) ,false ,report & ,ju/ice black = il ,moro4 ,lab\r z hav+ a bran* ( v9e or a screw 9 h] h&4 #fgb4 ,il ,moro z repres5t+ ,good ,=tune1 ) hair1 & robes1 & 8 h&s 9 front1 & ,mess] ,gualti]i tak+ him by ! robes ) a respectful air f bel[1 hav+ come 9 f ! front #e4 ,aga91 ,pov]ty 9 a hide\s =m runn+ beh9d a y\?4 ,il ,moro cov]s him ) ! skirt ( 8 robe1 & ) 8 gilt sceptre he ?reat5s ! mon/]4 ,a plant ) its roots 9 ! air to repres5t "o :o is at 8 la/2--a robe & ,fav\r4 ,( tricks or ( magpies & ( burlesque poems or ( />l+s4 ,^? :o tru/ !mselves to live ne> him1 & :o w be a l>ge cr[d1 ^! %all all die cruel dea?s2 & fa!rs & mo!rs toge!r ) _! families w be dev\r$ & kill$ by cruel creatures4 ,footnote3 #a--aj h already be5 publi%$ by ,amoretti 9 ,memorie ,/ori*e cap4 ,,xii4 ,he adds ?is note ) reg>d to ,gualti]i3 ,a que/o ,m4 ,gualti]i come ad uomo g5]oso e b5efico scrive il ,bell9cioni un ,sonetto 7pag1 #agd7 p] *i$]gli un piac]e2 e 'l ,tantio r5d5do ragione a ,lodovico il ,moro1 p]*e pubblicasse le ,rime del ,bell9cioni2 ci hammi impo/o1 gli dice3 l'humano fidele1 prud5te e sollicito executore delli tuoi com&am5ti ,gualt]o1 *e fa 9 tutte le cose ove tu possi f> utile1 ogni /udio vi metti4 ,a some:at my/]i\s & evid5tly allegorical composition--a p5 & ink draw+--at ,w9dsor1 see ,,pl ,,lviii1 conta9s a gr\p ( figures 9 :i* p]haps ! idea is work$ out :i* is spok5 ( 9 ! text1 l9es #a-e4 #fgc4 ,he 0 black] ?an a hornet1 8 eyes 7 z r$ z a burn+ fire & he rode on a tall horse six spans across & m ?an #bj long ) six giants ti$ up to 8 saddle-b[ & "o 9 8 h& :i* he gnaw$ ) 8 tee?4 ,& beh9d him came bo>s ) tusks /ick+ out ( _! m\?s1 p]haps t5 spans4 ,allegorical repres5tations 7#fgd--fgh74 #fgd4 ,above ! helmet place a half globe1 :i* is to signify our hemisph]e1 9 ! =m ( a _w2 on :i* let !re be a peacock1 ri*ly decorat$1 & ) 8 tail spread ov] ! gr\p2 & e ornam5t belong+ to ! horse %\ld be ( peacock's fea!rs on a gold gr\nd1 to signify ! beauty :i* comes ( ! grace be/[$ on him :o is a good s]vant4 ,on ! %ield a l>ge mirror to signify t he :o truly desires fav\r mu/ be mirror$ 9 8 virtues4 ,on ! opposite side w be repres5t$ ,=titude1 9 l mann] 9 h] place ) h] pill> 9 h] h&1 rob$ 9 :ite1 to signify 444 ,& all cr[n$2 & ,prud5ce ) #c eyes4 ,! h\s+ ( ! horse %\ld be ( pla9 clo? ( gold closely spr9kl$ ) peacock's eyes1 & ?is holds good = all ! h\s+s ( ! horse1 & ! man's dress4 ,& ! man's cre/ & 8 neck-*a9 are ( peacock's fea!rs on gold5 gr\nd4 ,on ! left side w be a :eel1 ! c5tre ( :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! horse's h9d] ?igh piece1 & 9 ! c5tre ,prud5ce is se5 rob$ 9 r$1 ,*>ity sitt+ 9 a fi]y *>iot & ) a bran* ( laurel 9 h] h&1 to signify ! hope :i* comes ( good s]vice4 #ba ,mess] ,antonio ,grimani ( ,v5ice companion ( ,antonio ,m>ia #bc4 ,footnote3 ,mess] ,antonio ,gri4 ,8 "n ?us abbreviat$ is1 !re c be no d\bt1 ,grimani4 ,antonio ,grimani 0 ! fam\s ,doge :o 9 #adii comm&$ ! ,v5etian fleet 9 battle aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,b aft] ! abortive conclusion ( ! exp$ition--,ludovico be+ ! ally ( ! ,turks :o took possession ( ,friuli--1 ,grimani 0 driv5 into exile2 he w5t to live at ,rome ) 8 son ,c>d9al ,dom5ico ,grimani4 ,on be+ recall$ to ,v5ice he fill$ ! (fice ( ,doge f #aeba to #aebc4 ,antonio ,m>ia probably means ,antonio ,m>ia ,grimani1 ! ,patri>* ( ,aquileia4 #fge4 ,fame %\ld be depict$ z cov]$ all ov] ) tongues in/ead ( fea!rs1 & 9 ! figure ( a bird4 #fgf4 ,pleasure & ,pa9 repres5t z tw9s1 s9ce !re nev] is "o )\t ! o!r2 & z if !y 7 unit$ back to back1 s9ce !y are contr>y to ea* o!r4 #f ,clay1 gold4 ,footnote3 #g4 oro4 fango3 gold1 clay4 ,^! words /& bel[ ! allegorical figure4 ,if y take ,pleasure "k t he has beh9d him "o :o w deal y ,tribulation & ,rep5tance4 #i ,?is repres5ts ,pleasure toge!r ) ,pa91 & %[ !m z tw9s because "o is nev] ap>t f ! o!r4 ,!y are back to back because !y are oppos$ to ea* o!r2 & !y exi/ z contr>ies 9 ! same body1 because !y h ! same basis1 inasmu* z ! orig9 ( pleasure is lab\r & pa91 & ! v>i\s =ms ( evil pleasure are ! orig9 ( pa94 ,!re=e x is "h repres5t$ ) a re$ 9 8 "r h& :i* is useless & )\t /r5g?1 & ! w\nds x inflicts are poison$4 ,9 ,tuscany !y are put to support b$s1 to signify t x is "h t va9 dreams come1 & "h a great "p ( life is consum$4 ,x is "h t mu* preci\s "t is wa/$1 t is1 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! m9d is compos$ & re/$1 & ! body is made fit to beg9 new lab\rs2 !re aga9 _m va9 pleasures are enjoy$2 bo? by ! m9d 9 imag9+ impossible ?+s1 & by ! body 9 tak+ ^? pleasures t are (t5 ! cause ( ! fail+ ( life4 ,& = ^! reasons ! re$ is held z _! support4 ,footnote3 #fgf4 ,! p5 & ink draw+ on ,,pi4 ,,lix belongs to ?is passage4 ,footnote3 #h4 tribolatione4 ,9 ! draw+ caltrops may be se5 ly+ 9 ! old man's "r h&1 o!rs are fall+ & o!rs aga9 are %ewn on ! gr\nd4 ,simil> caltrops are drawn 9 ,,ms4 ,tri4 p4 #ih & und]nea? !m1 z well z on page #if ! words triboli di f]ro are writt54 ,f ! accompany+ text x appe>s t !y 7 int5d$ to be scatt]$ on ! gr\nd at ! bottom ( dit*es to h9d] ! advance ( ! enemy4 ,c\nt ,giulio ,porro :o publi%$ a %ort acc\nt ( ! ,trivulzio ,,ms4 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,/orico ,lomb>do1 ,anno ,,viii "p ,,iv 7,dec4 #ca1 #ahha7 has ?is note on ! passages treat+ ( triboli3 ,e qui aggiung] *e anni sono qu&o v5ne fabbricata la nuova cavall]izza presso il ca/ello di ,milano1 ne furono trovati due *e io ho v$uto ed erano precisam5te quali si trovano descritti e disegnati da ,leon>do 9 que/o codice4 ,!re c !re=e be no d\bt t ?is means ( def5ce 0 9 g5]al use1 :e!r x 7 orig9ally ,leon>do's inv5tion or n4 ,! play on ! ^w tribolatione1 z x occurs 9 ! draw+ at ,ox=d1 mu/ !n h be5 q intelligible4 ,footnote3 #i--bb4 ,^! l9es1 9 ! orig9al1 are writt5 on ! left side ( ! page & ref] to ! figure %[n on ,,pi4 ,,lxi4 ,next to x is plac$ ! gr\p ( ?ree figures giv5 9 ,,pi4 ,,lx ,no4 ,i4 ,l9es #ba & #bb1 :i* are writt5 "u x1 are ! only explanation giv54 ,evil-?9k+ is ei!r ,envy or ,+ratitude4 #fgg4 ,envy mu/ be repres5t$ ) a contemptu\s motion ( ! h& t[>ds heav51 because if %e c\ld %e w\ld use h] /r5g? aga9/ ,god2 make h] ) h] face cov]$ by a mask ( fair seem+2 %[ h] z w\nd$ 9 ! eye by a palm bran* & by an olive-bran*1 & w\nd$ 9 ! e> by laurel & myrtle1 to signify t victory & tru? are odi\s to h]4 ,_m ?und]bolts %\ld proce$ f h] to signify h] evil speak+4 ,let h] be lean & hagg>d because %e is 9 p]petual torm5t4 ,make h] he>t gnaw$ by a swell+ s]p5t1 & make h] ) a quiv] ) tongues s]v+ z arr[s1 because %e (t5 (f5ds ) x4 ,give h] a leop>d's sk91 because ?is creature kills ! lion out ( envy & by deceit4 ,give h] too a vase 9 h] h& full ( fl[]s & scorpions & toads & o!r v5om\s creatures2 make h] ride ^u dea?1 because ,envy1 nev] dy+1 nev] tires ( rul+4 ,make h] bridle1 & load h] ) div]s k9ds ( arms because all h] weapons are deadly4 ,tol]ation4 ,intol]able4 ,no soon] is ,virtue born ?an ,envy comes into ! _w to attack x2 & soon] w !re be a body )\t a %ad[ ?an ,virtue )\t ,envy4 ,footnote3 ,! l>g] ( ! two draw+s on ,,pi4 ,,lxi is expla9$ by ! fir/ #ba l9es ( ?is passage4 ,l4 #bb & #bc1 :i* are writt5 above ! space betwe5 ! two draw+s1 d n seem to h any ref]5ce to ei!r4 ,l4 #bd-bg are bel[ ! allegorical tw9 figure :i* !y s]ve to expla94 #fgh4 ,:5 ,pluto's ,p>adise is op5$1 !n !re may be devils plac$ 9 twelve pots l op5+s into hell4 ,"h w be ,dea?1 ! ,furies1 a%es1 _m nak$ *ildr5 weep+2 liv+ fires made ( v>i\s col\rs4444 #fgi4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ,sa9t ,augu/9 ,sa9t ,pet] ,paul ,elisabe? ,sa9t ,cl>a4 ,b]n>d9o ,our ,lady ,l\is ,bonav5tura ,an?ony ( ,padua4 ,sa9t ,francis4 ,francis1 ,an?ony1 a lily & book2 ,b]n>d9o ) ! monogram ( ,jesus1 ,l\is ) #c fleur de lys on 8 brea/ & ! cr[n at 8 feet1 ,bonav5tura ) ,s]aphim1 ,sa9t ,cl>a ) ! tab]nacle1 ,elisabe? ) a ,que5's cr[n4 ,footnote3 #fgi4 ,! text ( ! fir/ six l9es is writt5 )9 a squ>e space ( ! same size z ! copy "h giv54 ,! names are writt5 9 ! m>g9 foll[+ ! ord] 9 :i* !y are "h pr9t$4 ,9 l9es #g--ab ! names ( ^? sa9ts are repeat$ ( :om x seem$ necess>y to po9t out ! emblems4 ,li/ ( draw+s4 #fhj4 ,a head1 full face1 ( a "y man ) f9e fl[+ hair1 ,_m fl[]s drawn f nature1 ,a head1 full face1 ) curly hair1 ,c]ta9 figures ( ,sa9t ,j]ome1 #f ,! measurem5ts ( a figure1 ,draw+s ( furnaces4 ,a head ( ! ,duke1 #i _m designs = knots1 #d /udies = ! panel ( ,sa9t ,angelo ,a small composition ( ,girolamo da ,fegl9e1 ,a head ( ,*ri/ done ) ! p51 #ac #h ,sa9t ,seba/ians1 ,sev]al compositions ( ,angels1 ,a *alc$ony1 ,a head 9 pr(ile ) f9e hair1 ,"s pit*]s se5 9787 p]spective1 ,"s ma*9es = %ips1 ,"s ma*9es = wat]works1 ,a head1 a portrait ( ,atalanta rais+ h] face2 ,! head ( ,g]onimo da ,fegl9e1 ,! head ( ,gian ,francisco ,borso1 ,sev]al ?roats ( old wom51 ,sev]al heads ( old m51 ,sev]al nude figures1 complete1 ,sev]al arms1 eyes1 feet1 & positions1 ,a ,madonna1 f9i%$1 ,ano!r1 ne>ly 9 pr(ile1 ,head ( ,our ,lady asc5d+ into ,heav51 ,a head ( an old man ) long *91 ,a head ( a gypsy girl1 ,a head ) a hat on1 ,a repres5tation ( ! ,passion1 a ca/1 ,a head ( a girl ) h] hair ga!r$ 9 a knot1 ,a head1 ) ! br[n hair dress$4 ,footnote3 #fhj4 ,?is has already be5 publi%$ by ,,amoretti ,memorie /ori*e cap4 ,,xvi4 ,8 read+ v>ies some:at f t "h giv51 e4 g4 l4 #e & #f4 ,c]ti ,sangirolami 9 su d'una figura2 & in/ead ( ,i4 #ac4 ,un ,san ,ba/iano4 ,footnote3 #fhj4 #i4 ,molti disegni di gruppi4 ,,vas>i 9 8 life ( ,leon>do 7,,iv1 #ba1 ed4 ,,milanesi #ahhj7 says3 ,oltre* p]se tempo f9o a disegn>e gruppi di corde fatti con ord9e1 e *e da un capo seguissi tutto il re/o f9o all' altro1 tanto *e s'empiessi un tondo2 *e se ne v$e 9 i/ampa uno difficilissimo e molto bello1 e nel mezzo vi sono que/e p>ole3 ,leon>dus ,v9ci ,accademia4 ,gruppi mu/ "h be und]/ood z a te*nical expression = ^? twi/$ ornam5ts :i* are well kn[n ?r\gh wood cuts4 ,,amoretti m5tions six diff]5t ones 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y4 ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,,delaborde = k9dly in=m+ me t ! orig9al blocks ( ^! are pres]v$ 9 8 dep>tm5t 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 9 ,p>is4 ,on ! cov] ( ^! volumes is a copy f "o ( !m4 ,! size ( ! orig9al is #bc #a_/b c5timetres by #bf #a_/d4 ,! c5tre portion ( ano!r is giv5 on p4 #cfa4 ,g4 ,govi rem>ks on ^! ornam5ts 7,saggio p4 #bb73 ,code/i gruppi eran probabilm5te de/9ati a s]vir di modello a f]ri da rilegatori p] adorn> le c>telle degli scol>i 7874 ,fregi somigliantissimi a que/i troviamo infatti impressi 9 oro sui c>toni di v>i volumi contemporanei1 e li v$iam pur figur>e nelle lett]e iniziali di alcune edizioni del tempo4 ,dr] :o copi$ !m1 omitt+ ! inscription1 add$ to ! second impressions 8 own monogram4 ,9 8 di>y he designates !m simply z ,die se*s ,knot5 7see ,,?aus+1 ,life ( ,a4 ,dr] ,i1 #cfb1 #cfc74 ,9 ,leon>do's ,,mss4 we f9d "h & !re little sket*es or sugge/ions = simil> ornam5ts4 ,comp>e too ,g4 ,,mong]i1 ,l',arte 9 ,milano1 p4 #cae :]e an ornam5t ( ! same "* is giv5 f ! old decorations ( ! vault$ ceil+ ( ! ,sacri/y ( ,s4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie4 ,footnote3 #fhj1 #ag4 ,! mean+ 9 :i* ! ^w coppi1 lit]ally pit*]s1 is "h us$ ,i am unable to det]m9e2 b a *ange to copie seems to me too d\btful to be risk$4 #fha4 ,/ubborn rig\r4 ,doom$ rig\r4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 #b1 ! two upp] p5 & ink draw+s4 ,! orig9als1 9 ! ,w9dsor collection are slightly wa%$ ) col\r4 ,! backgr\nd is blue sky2 ! pl\gh & ! in/rum5t ) ! compass are r$di% br[n1 ! sun is t9t$ yell[4 #fhb4 ,ob/acles _c cru% me ,e ob/acle yields to /]n resolve ,he :o is fix$ to a /> does n *ange 8 m9d4 ,footnote3 ,?is text is writt5 to elucidate two sket*es :i* 7 obvi\sly ! fir/ sket*es = ! draw+s reproduc$ on ,,pl ,,lxii1 ,no4 #b4 #fhc4 ,ivy is a type ( longevity4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! orig9al !re is1 ne> ?is text1 a sket* ( a coat wrea!d above ! wai/ ) ivy4 #fhd4 ,tru? ! sun4 falsehood a mask4 innoc5ce1 malignity4 ,fire de/roys falsehood1 t is sophi/ry1 & re/ores tru?1 driv+ out d>kness4 ,fire may be repres5t$ z ! de/roy ( all sophi/ry1 & z ! image & demon/ration ( tru?2 because x is light & drives out d>kness :i* conceals all ess5ces or subtle ?+s4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lxiii4 ,l4 #a-h are 9 ! middle ( ! page2 #a4 #i-ad to ! "r bel[2 #a4 #ae-bb bel[ 9 ! middle column4 ,! re/ ( ! text is bel[ ! sket*es on ! left4 ,!re are "s o!r passages on ?is page relat+ to geometry4 ,,tru?4 ,fire de/roys all sophi/ry1 t is deceit2 & ma9ta9s tru? alone1 t is gold4 ,tru? at la/ _c be hidd54 ,dissimulation is ( no avail4 ,dissimulation is to no purpose be=e s great a judge4 ,falsehood puts on a mask4 ,no?+ is hidd5 "u ! sun4 ,fire is to repres5t tru? because x de/roys all sophi/ry & lies2 & ! mask is = ly+ & falsehood :i* conceal tru?4 #fhe4 ,movem5t w cease be=e we are we>y ( be+ useful4 ,movem5t w fail soon] ?an usefulness4 ,dea? soon] ?an ,i am nev] we>y ( we>9ess4 be+ useful1 ,9 s]v+ o!rs ,i is a motto = c>nval4 _c d en\gh4 ,)\t fatigue4 ,no lab\r is suffici5t to tire me4 ,h&s into :i* ducats & preci\s /ones fall l sn[2 !y nev] become tir$ by s]v+1 b ?is s]vice is only = its utility & n = our ,i am nev] we>y own b5efit4 ( be+ useful4 ,naturally nature has s dispos$ me4 #fhf4 ,?is %all be plac$ 9 ! h& ( ,+ratitude4 ,wood n\ri%es ! fire t consumes x4 #fhg4 ,,to ,,repres5t ,,+ratitude4 ,:5 ! sun appe>s :i* dispels d>kness 9 g5]al1 y put out ! light :i* dispell$ x = y 9 p>ticul> = y\r ne$ & conv5i5ce4 #fhh4 ,on ?is side ,adam & ,eve on ! o!r2 ,o mis]y ( mank9d1 ( h[ _m ?+s d y make y\rself ! slave = money6 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lxiv4 ,! figures ( ,adam & ,eve 9 ! cl\ds "h allud$ to w\ld seem to symbolise _! sup]iority to all e>?ly ne$s4 #fhi4 ,?us are base unions sund]$4 ,footnote3 ,a mu* blurr$ sket* is on ! page by ?is text4 ,x seems to repres5t an unravell$ plait or tissue4 #fij4 ,con/ancy does n beg91 b is t :i* p]sev]es4 ,footnote3 ,a draw+ 9 r$ *alk1 also rubb$1 :i* /&s 9 ! orig9al 9 ! middle ( ?is text1 seems to me to be int5d$ = a sword hilt1 held 9 a fi/4 #fia4 ,love1 ,fe>1 & ,e/eem1-- ,write ^! on ?ree /ones4 ,( s]vants4 #fib4 ,prud5ce ,/r5g?4 #fic4 ,fame alone raises h]self to ,heav51 because virtu\s ?+s are 9 fav\r ) ,god4 ,disgrace %\ld be repres5t$ upside d[n1 because all h] de$s are contr>y to ,god & t5d to hell4 #fid4 ,%ort lib]ty4 #fie4 ,no?+ is s mu* to be fe>$ z ,evil ,report4 ,?is ,evil ,report is born ( life4 #fif4 ,n to disobey4 #fig4 ,a fell$ tree :i* is %oot+ aga94 ,i am /ill hopeful4 ,a falcon1 ,"t4 ,footnote3 ,i4 ,alb]o tagliato4 ,?is emblem 0 display$ dur+ ! ,c>nival at ,flor5ce 9 #aeac4 ,see ,,vas>i ,,vi1 #bea1 ed4 ,,milanesi #ahha4 ,b ! co9cid5ce is probably accid5tal4 #fih4 ,tru? "h makes ,falsehood torm5t ly+ tongues4 #fii4 ,su* z h>m is :5 x hurts me n1 is good :i* avails me n4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #b4 ,comp>e ?is sket* ) t on ,,pi4 ,,lxii1 ,no4 #b4 ,bel[ ! two l9es ( ! text !re are two m l9es3 li g*i 7giun*i7 *e ritg le paglucole 7pagliucole7 *elli 7*e li7 anniegano4 #gjj4 ,he :o (f5ds o!rs1 does n secure himself4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #c4 #gja4 ,+ratitude4 ,footnote3 ,see ,,pi4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #d4 ,bel[ ! bottom sket*es are ! un9telligible words /a /illi4 ,= ,+ratitudo comp>e also ,nos4 #fhf & #fhg4 #gjb4 ,"o's ?\ghts turn t[>ds ,hope4 ,footnote3 #gjb4 ,by ! side ( ?is passage is a sket* ( a cage ) a bird sitt+ 9 x4 ,ornam5ts & ,decorations = fea/s 7#gjc-gje74 #gjc4 ,a bird1 = a com$y4 ,footnote3 ,! biographies say s mu*1 & ! au?or's notes say s little ( ! inv5tion attribut$ to ,leon>do ( mak+ artificial birds fly ?r\gh ! air1 t ! text "h giv5 is ( exceptional int]e/ f be+ accompani$ by a sket*4 ,x is a v slight draw+ ( a bird ) outspread w+s1 :i* appe>s to be slid+ d[n a /ret*$ /r+4 ,leon>do's fly+ ma*9es & 8 /udies ( ! flight ( birds w be ref]r$ to lat]4 #gjd4 ,a ,,dress ,,= ,,! ,,c>nival4 ,to make a beautiful dress cut x 9 ?9 clo? & give x an odorif]\s v>ni%1 made ( oil ( turp5t9e & ( v>ni% 9 gra91 ) a pi]c$ /5cil1 :i* mu/ be wett$1 t x may n /ick to ! clo?2 & ?is /5cil may be made 9 a patt]n ( knots :i* aft]w>ds may be fill$ up ) black & ! gr\nd ) :ite millet4,footnote #g3 ,! gra9s ( black & :ite millet w\ld /ick to ! v>ni% & look l embroid]y4 ,footnote3 ,s] ,giuliano1 da ,v9ci ! pa9t]'s bro!r1 _h be5 commission$1 ) "s o!rs1 to ord] & to execute ! g>m5ts ( ! ,allegorical figures = ! ,c>nival at ,flor5ce 9 #aeae--af2 ,,vas>i h[ev] is incorrect 9 say+ ( ! ,flor5t9e ,c>nival ( #aeac3 equelli *e feciono ed ord9>ono gli abiti delle figure furono ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci1 padre di ,lon>do1 e ,b]n>d9o di ,giordano1 bellissimi +egni 7,see ,,milanesi',s ed4 ,voi4 ,,vi1 pg4 #bea47 #gje4 ,sn[ tak5 f ! high peaks ( m\nta9s might be c>ri$ to hot places & let to fall at fe/ivals 9 op5 places at summ] "t4